bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation in Humans Receiving Δ
9
-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Lau R. Jane , Tubergen David G. , Barr Mason , Domino Edward F. , Benowitz N. , Jones Reese T.
Published: October 2006

Eight otherwise healthy male chronic marijuana smokers were hospitalized for a period of 30 days. Initially they received placebo, then a sustained dose of 210 milligrams of Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC) per day for 18 days, followed by placebo. Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin were examined during each of these periods. Neither the daily ingestion of marijuana extract containing 210 milligrams of Δ
9
-THC for 18 days nor the history of chronic marijuana smoking had a depressive effect on the lymphocyte responses of these subjects to phytohemagglutinin.
Tunneling in Ligand Binding to Heme Proteins
Authors: Alberding N. , Austin R. H. , Beeson K. W. , Chan S. S. , Eisenstein L. , Frauenfelder H. , Nordlund T. M.
Published: October 2006

Rebinding of carbon monoxide to the beta chain of hemoglobin after photodissociation by a laser flash is intramolecular below about 200 K. Above 25 K, rebinding occurs via classical over-the-barrier motion; below, quantum-mechanical tunneling dominates. Both are described by an energy spectrum peaked at
E
peak
= 4.0 kilojoules per mole. The barrier width
d
(
E
), determined from the energy dependence of the tunneling rate, depends on barrier height,
d
(
E
) ≈ 0.05 nanometer × (
E
/
E
peak
)
1.5
.
Activity-Dependent Decrease in NMDA Receptor Responses During Development of the Visual Cortex
Authors: Carmignoto Giorgio , Vicini Stefano
Published: October 2006

Plasticity of the developing visual system has been regarded as the best model for changes of neuronal connections under the influence of the environment.
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are crucial for experience-dependent synaptic modifications that occur in the developing visual cortex. NMDA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in layer IV neurons of the visual cortex lasted longer in young rats than in adult rats, and the duration of the EPSCs became progressively shorter, in parallel with the developmental reduction in synaptic plasticity. This decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC duration is delayed when the animals are reared in the dark, a condition that prolongs developmental plasticity, and is prevented by treatment with tetrodotoxin, a procedure that inhibits neural activity. Application of L-glutamate to outside-out patches excised from layer IV neurons of young, but not of adult, rats activated prolonged bursts of NMDA channel openings. A modification of the NMDA receptor gating properties may therefore account for the age-dependent decline of visual cortical plasticity.
Intrasubject Conditioning as a Function of the Intensity of the Unconditioned Stimulus
Authors: Spence K. W. , Haggard D. F. , Ross L. E.
Published: October 2006

Subjects conditioned concurrently to two different conditioned stimuli, light and tone, exhibited a significantly higher level of conditioning to the stimulus paired with a strong unconditioned stimulus than to the stimulus paired with a weak one. The findings suggest that habit strength in aversive conditioning varies with the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus.
Field Observations on Effects of Alaska Earthquake of 10 July 1958
Authors: Tocher Don , Miller Don J.
Published: October 2006

The Alaska earthquake of 10 July 1958 was caused by movement on the Fairweather fault amounting to at least 21½ feet horizontally and 3½ feet vertically. Effects of strong shaking were evident over a large area in southeastern Alaska. In Lituya Bay an enormous wave, possibly resulting from a rockslide, reached a maximum height of more than 1700 feet.
Flower Induction in Japanese Chrysanthemums with Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Harada H. , Nitsch J. P.
Published: October 2006

Gibberellic acid, when applied in lanolin to apices of three Japanese varieties of
Chrysanthemum morifolium
, induced bolting and flowering. These varieties are not sensitive to photoperiod but require a cold treatment in order to flower. On the other hand, the varieties of
Chrysanthemum
which belong to the short-day group are not induced to flower by gibberellic acid.
Hetero Blood Types and Breeding Performance
Authors: Plum Mogens
Published: October 2006

The phenomenon of hybrid vigor apparently depends to some extent upon the degree of diversity between the genes of the two parents. Results are presented which suggest that diversity of cellular antigens might be used as an indicator of general genetic diversity between mates.
Great Basin Petroglyphs and Prehistoric Game Trails
Authors: Heizer Robert F. , Baumhoff Martin A.
Published: October 2006

Aboriginal petroglyphs ("rock-writing") in western and central Nevada have, up to now, remained a puzzle to archeologists as regards their function and location. Recent field investigation strongly suggests that these are connected with hunting magic, presumably aimed at success in the chase, and that they are located along routes of deer migration.
Isotope Dilution Method for Assay of Inagglutinable Erythrocytes
Authors: Atwood K. C. , Scheinberg S. L.
Published: October 2006

The number of cells that remain free in the presence of agglutinin is usually much larger than the number of inagglutinable cells. The true inagglutinable proportion can be found by successive agglutinations of a labeled population in the presence of unlabeled carrier cells. By this means it is shown that group A persons possess non-A erythrocytes in proportions of the order of 10
–3
.
Contact Occluders: a Method for Restricting Vision in Animals
Authors: Mishkin Mortimer , Gunkel Ralph D. , Rosvold H. Enger
Published: October 2006

Preliminary observations show that contact occluders can be used to produce temporary "blindness" in monkeys. This report also describes how such occluders can be made.
Development of Communication between Young Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Mason William A.
Published: October 2006

A communication situation is described in which the rewards of both members of a pair of monkeys cannot exceed chance levels unless the operator monkey responds to cues provided by the informant monkey which indicate the location of food. Performance under these test conditions improved progressively to levels consistently above chance.
Mammalian Cytochrome
b
Authors: Feldman Donald , Wainio W. W.
Published: October 2006

Digestion of a preparation of cytochromes
b
and
c
1
with pancreatic protease followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation resulted in a soluble cytochrome
b
uncontaminated by cytochrome
c
1
. This preparation, which was free of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity, had an estimated Δ
E
1 cm
1g/ml
of 102 for its alpha-peak. In the reduced form absorption maxima were found at 560 to 562, 530 to 532, and 427 to 428 mμ, and in the oxidized form, at 413 mμ.
Catalepsy in Two Common Marine Animals
Authors: Gunter Gordon , McCaughan Della
Published: October 2006

Two common marine animals of the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts,
Sicyonia brevirostris
, a penaeid shrimp, and
Opsanus beta
, a toadfish, may be induced to go into cataleptic states in the laboratory when they are threatened or molested. The behaviors of these two animals as they go into catalepsy are described. There is considerable paling in the fish but none in the shrimp.
Occurrence of β-Aminoisobutyric Acid in
Mytilus edulis
Authors: Awapara J. , Allen K.
Published: October 2006

β-Aminoisobutyric acid was isolated from organ extracts of
Mytilus edulis.
Ion-exchange resins and large-scale paper chromatography were used to isolate minute quantities of the compound. β-Aminoisobutyric acid was identified by paper chromatography in several solvents and by conversion to DNP-β-aminoisobutyric acid and subsequent chromatography of the derivative in several solvents.
Parietal Eye Nerve in the Fence Lizard
Authors: Eakin Richard M. , Stebbins Robert C.
Published: October 2006

A nerve from the parietal eye of the western fence lizard,
Sceloporus occidentalis
, is described as leaving inconspicuously from the third-eye and extending caudally under the dura mater and then ventrally along the left anterolateral surface of the epiphysis to the habenular commissure of the brain. The existence of a parietal nerve must be considered in interpreting the effects of parietalectomy.
Masculinity and Smoking
Authors: Seltzer Carl C.
Published: October 2006

Study of the relative strength of the masculine component in a series of males reveals a significant association with their differential smoking habits. Weakness of the masculine component is significantly more frequent in smokers than in nonsmokers and most frequent in the heavier smokers.
Hollow Crystals from Buffer Solutions of Sodium Diethyl Barbiturate
Authors: Seip W. F. , Barnes F. W.
Published: October 2006

Buffer solutions of sodium 5,5′-diethyl barbiturate, after standing at 4° to 8°C for 7 weeks, were observed to contain large tubular crystals. The crystals appear to have the composition of 5.5′-diethyl barbituric acid. They can be grown readily from fresh seeded solutions.
Potential Genetic Variability of Wild Pairs of
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Milkman Roger
Published: October 2006

Eleven of 21 wild pairs of
Drosophila melanogaster
tested gave rise to at least 1 fly with crossvein defects out of 1000 F
2
progeny. Considered in the light of additional information, the results support the idea that an individual possesses to a large degree the potential variability of the population of which he is a member.
Incorporation of Tritiated-Thymidine into Nuclei of Shoot Apical Meristems
Authors: Gifford Ernest M.
Published: October 2006

Tritiated thymidine enters readily into certain excised plant parts and into small aquatic plants. Attempts to introduce the radioisotope into shoot tips of seed plants via the roots have not proved satisfactory. The label readily enters the shoot if applied directly to immature leaves of a bud after the application of a wetting agent.
Penetration of Lead by the Wood Piddock
Martesia striata
Authors: Springer V. G. , Beeman E. R.
Published: October 2006

An attack by
Martesia striata
Linnaeus on the lead sheathing of a power cable is described. This is the third such attack recorded and all have occurred in Florida waters. A guide for describing future attacks is recommended with the hope that the specific conditions under which attacks occur can be learned.
Rh
0
(D) Genotype and Red Cell Rh
0
(D) Antigen Content
Authors: Masouredis S. P.
Published: October 2006

The Rh
0
(D) content of red cells obtained from different individuals as determined with I
181
anti-Rh
0
(D) showed a bimodal distribution. Family studies indicate that the cells with the lower antigen content represent the heterozygous Rh
0
(D) state and that the cells with 1.6 times more Rh
0
(D) correspond to the homozygous state.
Preservation of Honey Bee Semen
Authors: Taber Stephen , Blum Murray S.
Published: October 2006

Fertilized eggs have been obtained from queen honey bees (
Apis mellifera
L.) inseminated with sperm that had been stored in vitro at above-freezing temperatures for up to 68 days. The effects of various experimental storage treatments on semen are described. Semen shipped by ordinary mail has been successfully used for artificial insemination.
Response of
Cupressus funebris
Tissue Cultures to Gibberellins
Authors: Straus Jacob , Epp Rodney R.
Published: October 2006

Gibberellins are a specific growth requirement of tissue cultures derived from the staminate cones of
Cupressus funebris
. The tissue originally required coconut milk for growth. However, a mixture of acid-hydrolyzed casein hydrolyzate and gibberellins replaces the coconut milk entirely and permits even better growth. It is tentatively suggested that coconut milk contains gibberellins or related substances and that these substances are involved in the nitrogen metabolism of the tissue.
Tyrosyl Phosphorylation and Activation of MAP Kinases by p56

lck
Authors: Ettehadieh Elham , Sanghera Jasbinder S. , Pelech Steven L. , Hess-Bienz Denise , Watts Julian , Shastri Nilabh , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: October 2006

T cell signaling via the CD4 surface antigen is mediated by the associated tyrosyl protein kinase p56

lck

. The 42-kilodalton mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p42

mapk

) was tyrosyl-phosphorylated and activated after treatment of the murine T lymphoma cell line 171CD4+, which expresses CD4, with antibody to CD3. Treatment of the CD4-deficient cell line 171 with the same antibody did not result in phosphorylation or activation of p42

mapk

. Purified p56

lck

both tyrosyl-phosphorylated and stimulated the seryl-threonyl phosphotransferase activity of purified p44

mpk

, a MAP kinase isoform from sea star oocytes. A synthetic peptide modeled after the putative regulatory phosphorylation site in murine p42

mapk

(Tyr
185
) was phosphorylated by p56

lck

with a similar V
max
, but a fivefold lower Michaelis constant (Km) than a peptide containing the Tyr
394
autophosphorylation site from p56

lck

. MAP kinases may participate in protein kinase cascades that link Src family protein-tyrosyl kinases to seryl-threonyl kinases such as those encoded by
rsk
and
raf
, which are putative substrates of MAP kinases.
Association of cdk2 Kinase with the Transcription Factor E2F During S Phase
Authors: Pagano Michele , Draetta Giulio , Jansen-Dürr Pidder
Published: October 2006

The transcription factor E2F controls the expression of several proliferation-related genes and is a target of the adenovirus E1A oncogene. In human cells, both cyclin A and the cdk2 protein kinase were found in complexes with E2F. Although the total amounts of cdk2 were constant in the cell cycle, binding to E2F was detected only when cells entered S phase, a time when the cdk2 kinase is activated. These data suggest that the interaction between cdk2 and E2F requires an active kinase that has cyclin A as a targeting component.
Antithyroid Effects of Aminotriazole
Authors: Jukes T. H. , Shaffer C. B.
Published: October 2006

Aminotriazole, like other antithyroid compounds and low-iodine diets, produces adenomatous changes in the thyroid glands of rats when fed continuously for long periods. Such changes are reversible if the antithyroid regime is discontinued. The antithyroid compounds that are naturally present in food are not regarded as causes of cancer.
Differential Sensitivity of Peripheral Retina to Intermittent White Light
Authors: Mowbray G. H. , Gebhard J. W.
Published: October 2006

The ability of the eye to detect differences in the interruption rate of white light was investigated for various rates and for several locations on the temporal periphery of the right eye. The complex relationship previously reported was again found, but only for stimulation of the fovea. The results from the peripheral regions indicate that differential sensitivity is a decreasing function of the rate of intermittence.
Factors in Phoretic Association of a Mite and Fly
Authors: Greenberg Bernard , Carpenter Paul D.
Published: October 2006

Combined rearing of the mite
Myianoetus muscarum
(L.), and the fly
Muscina stabulans
(Fall.) has revealed adaptations of the hypopus to a series of fly factors. These adaptations favor the mite's dispersal. Hypopi are attracted to the pupa by a volatile substance and cluster on the anterior end, from which the fly emerges.
Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation—A Refutation
Authors: Samuel Arthur L.
Published: October 2006

The machine is not a threat to mankind, as some people think. The machine does not possess a will, and its so-called "conclusions" are only the logical consequences of its input, as revealed by the mechanistic functioning of an inanimate assemblage of mechanical and electrical parts.
Feeding in Conflict Situations and Following Thwarting
Authors: Tugendhat Beatrice
Published: October 2006

It is possible to quantify many different aspects of feeding behavior. In order to specify and differentiate the effects of deprivation levels, conflict, and thwarting, one cannot use only a single measure of this behavior pattern.
Discovery of Eocene Sediments in Subsurface of Cape Cod
Authors: Zeigler J. M. , Hoffmeister W. S. , Giese Graham , Tasha Herman
Published: October 2006

Spores, pollen, and charcoal taken from two wells drilled near the tip of Cape Cod have been identified as Eocene. These are the first Eocene rocks to be identified in Massachusetts. Interpretation of seismic records taken in the Gulf of Maine and Cape Cod Bay will be influenced by this discovery.
Experimental Study of Teratogenic Effect of Emotional Stress in Rats
Authors: Härtel Anna , Härtel Gottfried
Published: October 2006

The teratogenic effect of audiovisual and immobilization stress was studied in rats. Groups of 15 animals were subjected from the 9th to the 12th day of pregnancy to one or the other of these types of stress or to stress combined with administration of vitamin A. It was shown that the stresses alone had no effect on congenital malformations. Immobilization stress seemed to potentiate the teratogenic effect of vitamin A.
Use of Pectinase in Preparation of Mitochondria from Tobacco-Tissue Cultures
Authors: Tamaoki Taiki , Hildebrandt A. C. , Riker A. J.
Published: October 2006

Mitochondrial particles were isolated from tobacco cells in tissue cultures which were disintegrated with pectinase. The pectinase treatment of the tissue cultures reduced the dry weight of the particulate preparations and eliminated glutinous material, but caused little change in oxidative and phosphorylative activities. The pectinase apparently did not affect the enzymatically active sites of the particles.
Molecular Diversity of Glutamate Receptors and Implications for Brain Function
Authors: Nakanishi Shigetada
Published: October 2006

The glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and are important in memory acquisition, learning, and some neurodegenerative disorders. This receptor family is classified in three groups: the
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-kainate, and metabotropic receptors. Recent molecular studies have shown that many receptor subtypes exist in all three groups of the receptors and exhibit heterogeneity in function and expression patterns. This article reviews the molecular and functional diversity of the glutamate receptors and discusses their implications for integrative brain function.
Behavioral Method for Study of Pain in the Monkey
Authors: Weitzman Elliot D. , Ross Gilbert S. , Hodos William , Galambos Robert
Published: October 2006

A behavioral method is described in which increasing intensities of electric shocks were applied to the gasserian ganglia of alert monkeys. The animals were trained to press a lever to regulate the shock level. "Pain thresholds" were thereby obtained, and these thresholds were modified by varying the shock duration and by administration of morphine.
Transport of Calcareous Fragments by Reef Fishes
Authors: Bardach John E.
Published: October 2006

The weight of sand, coral scrapings, algal fragments, and other calcareous materials which pass through the intestines of reef fishes was calculated on a hectare-per-year basis. It was found that browsing omnivorous reef fishes which rely, in part, on a plant diet ingested and redeposited at least 2300 kg of such material on a 1-hectare study reef near Bermuda. Reasons are presented why this estimate, certainly in order of magnitude, should be applicable to coral reefs in general.
Olfactory Bulb Response of Rabbit
Authors: Iwase Yoshihiko , Uruha Masanobu
Published: October 2006

An approach to understanding the properties of dendrites is to record the response of the olfactory bulb where the dendrites of mitral cells form the glomeruli. After the stimulations of the bulb and nasal mucosa, the responses appear different, but they are fundamentally composed of three successive potentials, suggesting that the last one is the action potential of glomerular dendrites.
Quantitative Analysis of Evolution of the Brain in Mammals
Authors: Jerison Harry J.
Published: October 2006

Empirical equations derived from brain size (
E
) and body size (
P
) of archaic-Eocene, Oligocene, and Recent mammals were all of the form,
E
=
kP
2/3
;
k
= 0.03 for the Eocene, 0.06 for the Oligocene, and 0.12 for the Recent groups. It is suggested that
k,
which has been used as an index of cephalization in contemporary mammals, may be an appropriate measure of brain evolution in the mammals as a class.
Operant Behavior during Sleep
Authors: Granda Allen M. , Hammack John T.
Published: October 2006

Operant-conditioning techniques were employed to produce organized behavior during sleep as defined by the electroencephalographic record. Patterned responding was found in so-called "light" and "deeper" electroencephalograph stages as well as in the awake record. Results suggest that the use of the electroencephalographic record as a reliable indicator of the sleep-awakefulness continuum be re-examined.
Effect of Low Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis Rates of Two Races ofOxyria
Authors: Billings W. D. , Clebsch E. E. C. , Mooney H. A.
Published: October 2006

Alpine plants ofOxyria digynahave higher apparent photosynthesis rates at various carbon dioxide concentrations than arctic, sea-level plants of the same species. The ability to utilize carbon dioxide effectively at low concentrations may be involved in the survival of plants at high elevations.
Thermal Reinforcement and Thermoregulatory Behavior in the Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Authors: Rozin Paul N. , Mayer Jean
Published: October 2006

Goldfish in a warm environment can cause a small drop in the temperature of their environment by pressing a lever. The fish regulate the temperature of their environment, keeping the temperature between 33.5° and 36.5°C most of the time.
Localization of Carbonic Anhydrase in the Nervous System
Authors: Giacobini Ezio
Published: October 2006

Single-cell analyses of carbonic anhydrase demonstrate that this enzyme is selectively concentrated in the glial and choroid cells of the rat brain. The nerve cells show a very low carbonic anhydrase activity. This specific localization supports the view that glial carbonic anhydrase is implicated in a mechanism for the active transport of chloride from the capillaries to the interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
Epileptogenic Cerebral Electrical Activity and Serotonin Levels
Authors: Wada Juhn A.
Published: October 2006

Chronically epileptic cats and monkeys showed marked activation of paroxysmal electrographic abnormalities both in the original focus and in a number of structures with secondarily altered functional states after intraperitoneal injection of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (10 to 25 mg/kg) plus vitamin B
6
. Much less 5-hydroxytryptophan was required to produce such epileptogenic activation if the animals had previously been treated with Marsilid, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Marked paroxysmal activity in epileptic animals was also produced by injection of Marsilid alone or of Marsilid in combination with reserpine. Since all of the activating agents used have been shown by others to elevate brain serotonin levels, the epileptogenic activation may be correlated with such high levels. Since the effects were at least partially blocked by atropine, such "serotonin-induced" activation may possibly involve some cholinergic mechanism.
Decarboxylase Inhibitors Affect Convulsion Thresholds to Hexafluorodiethyl Ether
Authors: Truitt Edward B. , Ebersberger Ethel M.
Published: October 2006

Alpha-methyl dihydroxyphenylalanine (α-MeDOPA) and alpha-methyl meta-tyrosine (α-MMT) do not lower significantly the convulsion thresholds to hexafluorodiethyl ether in the mouse, whereas reserpine and tetrabenazine produce marked lowering of these thresholds. Other workers have shown that α-MeDOPA and α-MMT decrease brain norepinephrine concentrations much more than brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations, while reserpine and tetrabenazine decrease the brain level of these two amines in a parallel fashion. Thus, the fact that α-MeDOPA and α-MMT, even in very large doses, do not lower convulsion thresholds and in some cases raise them suggests that the decline in 5-hydroxytryptamine may be implicated in the lowering of convulsion thresholds produced by reserpine and other, similar agents.
Iron Chelates in Soybean Exudate
Authors: Tiffin L. O. , Brown J. C.
Published: October 2006

Soybean exudates contain iron compounds which can be separated electrophoretically into anodic bands and eluted with water. Chromatography of the water extracts separated iron from chelating agents which were identified as malic acid and malonic acid. Hence organic acids seem to function in the translocation of iron in plants.
Moon Illusion and Emmert's Law
Authors: King William L. , Gruber Howard E.
Published: October 2006

The perceived size of an afterimage varies with the part of the sky to which it is projected in a manner predictable from Emmert's Law and the appearance of the sky as a flattened dome. This effect is directly analogous to the moon illusion.
Dimethylacetamide: A Hitherto Unrecognized Hallucinogenic Agent
Authors: Weiss Arthur J. , Mancall Elliott L. , Koltes John A. , White Joseph C. , Jackson Laird G.
Published: October 2006

Dimethylacetamide in large doses was found to be a potent hallucinogenic drug in the human. Characteristic electroencephalographic changes accompanied the clinical abnormalities.
Celsius versus Centigrade: The Nomenclature of the Temperature Scale of Science
Authors: Stimson H. F.
Published: October 2006

The temperature scale used by scientists in America has been called centigrade, while in many countries it was called Celsius for its inventor. In 1948 the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures, representing 33 nations that subscribed to the Treaty of the Meter, adopted the name Celsius. This name, however, did not come into general use by scientists in America, partly because they were unaware of the official action of the conference and partly because some preferred the old name. At the 11th General Conference in 1960 the scale was defined in a way that makes the adjective centigrade inexact. The name Celsius is correct and its use by American scientists would help make the nomenclature of temperature uniform in all countries.
Diurnal Torpidity in the California Pocket Mouse
Authors: Tucker Vance A.
Published: October 2006

The California pocket mouse,
Perognathus californicus,
compensates for food supplies which are less than the normal requirement by undergoing a variable period of daily torpor. At an ambient temperature of 15°C, the body temperature of a torpid mouse drops to 16°C, and the metabolism falls to 15 percent of the basal rate. Several other species of pocket mice also show this phenomenon.
Cell Membrane Fusion and the Fertilization Mechanism in Plants and Animals
Authors: Friedmann I.
Published: October 2006

Plasmatic fusion in both plant and animal fertilization seems to start with the coalescence of cell membranes of the gametes. In male gametes, the area of fusion is predetermined: in some algae it is the flagellar tip, while in animal organisms it is the acrosome filament. These organelles thus fulfill comparable roles in the mechanism of fertilization.
Impaired Long-Term Potentiation, Spatial Learning, and Hippocampal Development in
fyn
Mutant Mice
Authors: Grant Seth G. N. , O'Dell Thomas J. , Karl Kevin A. , Stein Paul L. , Soriano Philippe , Kandel Eric R.
Published: October 2006

Mice with mutations in four nonreceptor tyrosine kinase genes,
fyn
,
src
,
yes
, and
abl
, were used to study the role of these kinases in long-term potentiation (LTP) and in the relation of LTP to spatial learning and memory. All four kinases were expressed in the hippocampus. Mutations in
src
,
yes
, and
abl
did not interfere with either the induction or the maintenance of LTP. However, in
fyn
mutants, LTP was blunted even though synaptic transmission and two short-term forms of synaptic plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation, were normal. In parallel with the blunting of LTP,
fyn
mutants showed impaired spatial learning, consistent with a functional link between LTP and learning. Although
fyn
is expressed at mature synapses, its lack of expression during development resulted in an increased number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region. Thus, a common tyrosine kinase pathway may regulate the growth of neurons in the developing hippocampus and the strength of synaptic plasticity in the mature hippocampus.
Salmonella
Species in Turtles
Authors: Boycott J. A.
Published: October 2006

Salmonella
spp. occur abundantly in the feces of the turtles
Testudo graeca
and
T. hermanni
but rarely in other testudines. These organisms do not seem to produce any kind of infection in the turtles. One possible explanation for the infestation is the coprophagic habit of
T. graeca
and
T. hermanni
.
Serum Uric Acid in Mongolism
Authors: Fuller Ray W. , Luce Merton W. , Mertz Edwin T.
Published: October 2006

A highly significant increase (
P
< .01) in average uric acid level was found in the blood serum of mongoloids when levels were compared with those in normal control subjects or nonmongoloid, mentally retarded subjects. The possible relationship of these findings to other abnormalities known to exist in mongolism is discussed.
Myotonia in a Horse
Authors: Steinberg Sheldon , Botelho Stella
Published: October 2006

Congenital myotonia, similar to that which has been reported in humans and in goats, is here reported for the first time in another species. Evidence is given to show (i) that the myotonic phenomenon is present despite complete block of neuromuscular transmission; (ii) prior to injection of curare, synchronous activity of muscle fibers may result not only from ephaptic stimulation of neighboring fibers but also from reflex firing; and (iii) water deprivation does not relieve the myotonia.
Complete Reversal of Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in Rats by a Single Fetal Pancreas
Authors: Mullen Yoko S. , Clark William R. , Molnar I. Gabriella , Brown Josiah
Published: October 2006

Complete reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in adult rats will follow transplantation of a single fetal pancreas if the organ is first grown in a normal syngeneic carrier before transfer to the diabetic recipient. Careful control of the blood sugar of diabetic recipients may enhance the function of a single donor organ and thus improve histocompatibility matching.
Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Raymond Samuel , Aurell Barbro
Published: October 2006

Improved resolution of serum protein mixtures is effected by electrophoresis, first in a 5 percent acrylamide gel following which a strip of the resolved pattern is embedded in 8 percent gel and subjected to a second electrophoresis separation at right angles to the first. Lactic dehydrogenase enzymes appear as small rectangular spots lying on an oblique straight line passing through the point of initial application.
Placebo Effect in the Rat
Authors: Herrnstein R. J.
Published: October 2006

Scopolamine hydrobromide disrupts the learned behavior of rats in a predictable manner. Physiological saline mimics to some extent the effect of the drug when the two substances are alternately administered in a series of injections. This placebo effect appears to be an instance of simple Pavlovian conditioning.
The Stump-Tailed Macaque: A Promising Laboratory Primate
Authors: Kling Arthur , Orbach J.
Published: October 2006

Members of
Macaca speciosa
have characteristics that make them suitable primates for neuropsychological investigation. They work well in discrimination training, have a varied behavioral repertoire and social interaction, and seem to be at least as intelligent as
M. mulatta
. They are docile and submit readily to laboratory routine.
Cyanogenic Glandular Apparatus of a Millipede
Authors: Eisner T. , Eisner H. E. , Hurst J. J. , Kafatos F. C. , Meinwald J.
Published: October 2006

The cyanogenic secretion of the polydesmoid millipede
Apheloria corrugata
(Wood) is discharged from paired, serially arranged glands, each consisting of two compartments. In one compartment is stored an undissociated cyanogenic compound, and in the other, a chemical factor that triggers cyanogenesis. The gland is constructed in such a way that the contents of the two compartments are mixed, and cyanogenesis is initiated, at the very instant of discharge. The stored cyanide precursor may be mandelonitrile.
Thalidomide: Effect upon Pregnancy in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Lucey Jerold F. , Behrman Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Thalidomide was administered to 44 female rhesus monkeys immediately after they had mated. There were no live births from these animals, whereas there were 11 live births in 57 untreated monkeys. The results are statistically significant. The hypothesis is advanced that thalidomide killed the embryo prior to implantation.
Olfactory Epithelium: Unitary Responses in the Tortoise
Authors: Shibuya Tatsuaki , Shibuya Sachiko
Published: October 2006

In the tortoise,
Gopherus polyphemus
, single unit spikes in the olfactory epithelium in response to amyl acetate were positive relative to the slow potential. The number of spikes in a response train was 4 to 15, the duration 3 to 4 msec, the height 0.5 to 2 mv. The height of successive spikes in a train decreased. The decrement in height, the number, and the frequency of spikes changed with the strength of the odor.
Carbon: A New Crystalline Phase
Authors: Aust R. B. , Drickamer H. G.
Published: October 2006

The electrical resistance of single crystal graphite shows a very sharp increase at above 150 kilobars, accompanied by a drifting upward with time. The behavior is typical of a first-order phase transition, and is irreversible. X-rays on the material after removal from the cell show lines of a new material with a structure which can be indexed as a cubic lattice with a unit cell edge of 5.545 angstroms. The density of the new phase is estimated at 2.80 grams per cubic centimeter.
Helicoplacoidea: A New Class of Echinoderms
Authors: Durham J. W. , Caster K. E.
Published: October 2006

A fusiform, spirally coiled and pleated, free-living, heavily placate echinoderm with an expansible test has been discovered in the Lower Cambrian
Olenellus
zone of California. It is characterized by 10 "interambulacral" areas, a single principal endothecal ambulacrum with a short branch, and oral and apical regions at opposite poles. A new class, the Helicoplacoidea is proposed for the new genus
Helicoplacus
, with two new species,
H. gilberti
(type species) and
H. curtisi
.
Xenon Oxyfluoride
Authors: Smith D. F.
Published: October 2006

The incomplete hydrolysis of XeF
6
has been used to prepare a xenon oxyfluoride, XeOF
4
. The latter is a clear, colorless liquid, freezing at -41°C. The infrared and Raman spectra show that the XeOF
4
molecule has a fourfold symmetry axis. The large Xe—O stretching force constant indicates the Xe—O bond has appreciable double bond character.
Pleistocene Sea Levels, Southeastern Virginia
Authors: Oaks Robert Q. , Coch Nicholas K.
Published: October 2006

Detailed study of post-Miocene stratigraphy in southeastern Virginia reveals at least 13 formations which show six Pliocene (?) and Pleistocene cycles of emergence and submergence, with maximum submergent sea levels near +45, +45, +20, +25, +15, and 0 feet, respectively. The newly established stratigraphic framework disproves earlier interpretations of "terrace-stratigraphy" and sea level chronologies.
Cerebral Heterostimulation in a Monkey Colony
Authors: Delgado José M. R.
Published: October 2006

In an established colony a subordinate monkey repeatedly pressed a lever which stimulated the caudate nucleus of the boss monkey by radio and inhibited his aggressive behavior. In other experiments, timed stimulations of the posteroventral nucleus of the thalamus of the boss monkey, paired with a tone, increased his aggressiveness and established conditioned escape responses of the whole group. Both types of experiments may be useful in neurophysiological and pharmacological investigations.
Sweating: Its Rapid Response to Muscular Work
Authors: van Beaumont W. , Bullard Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Marked increases in sweating rate occurred within 1.5 seconds after the initiation of muscular activity in a warm room. This increase did not seem dependent upon thermal stimuli, but was related to the work rate, and the ambient temperature, or the sweating rate during the pre-exercise period.
Cortical Evoked Potentials and Perception of Paired Flashes
Authors: Donchin E. , Wicke J. D. , Lindsley D. B.
Published: October 2006

Digital computer techniques have been employed to extract cortical evoked potentials to paired visual stimuli. Changes in the evoked potentials have been related to perceptual phenomena varying as a function of the interval between flashes. Evoked potentials to paired stimuli, which gave rise to perceptual interactions, could be approximated by algebraic summation of the responses to the stimuli when presented separately.
Eocene Epiphyllous Fungi
Authors: Dilcher David L.
Published: October 2006

Fossil fungi belonging to the Meliolaceae and Microthyriaceae were found in Eocene deposits in Tennessee. Germinated spores for each form of fungus were identified. One of the two forms of the genus
Meliola
, (Meliolaceae) appears to have parasitized the leaf upon which it grew. The vegetative, sexual, and asexual reproductive structures are preserved in a member of the genus
Asterina
(Microthyriaceae). The discovery of these fungi indicates that Western Tennessee was warm and humid during the Eocene.
Lysosomes in the Renal Papillae of Rats: Formation Induced by Potassium-Deficient Diet
Authors: Morrison Ashton B. , Panner Bernard , Gasic Gabriel
Published: October 2006

Lysosomes appeared in the cytoplasm of cells of the renal papillae of rats fed on a potassium-deficient diet. The lysosomes were identified by their morphologic appearance when examined by electron microscopy, and by their acid phosphatase activity shown by both light and electron microscopic examination of Gomori-treated tissue.
Synthesis of α-Linolenic Acid by
Leishmania enriettii
Authors: Korn Edward D. , Greenblatt Charles L.
Published: October 2006

The zooflagellate
Leishmania enriettii
synthesizes α-linolenic acid as determined by experiments with stearic acid uniformly labeled with C
14
. This is the first demonstration of the synthesis of α-linolenic acid by a nonphotosynthetic organism.
Red Blood Cells: Change in Shape in Capillaries
Authors: Guest M. Mason , Bond Ted P. , Cooper Richard G. , Derrick John R.
Published: October 2006

Evidence obtained from high-speed cinephotography of the microcirculation in the mesentery of the dog shows that the shape of the red blood cell is changed during its flow through capillaries from a biconcave disk to a paraboloid with a hollow bell-like center. The degree of deformation is dependent upon the velocity of flow in the capillaries. Although the effect of change in shape on the surface area of the cell is uncertain, a larger portion of the surface is brought into closer proximity to the capillary wall than in a cell that is in the form of a biconcave disk. Thus, the change in shape may have functional significance related to the exchange of respiratory gases.
Ultraviolet Absorption in Epidermoid Cancer Cells
Authors: Kamentsky Louis A. , Derman Herbert , Melamed Myron R.
Published: October 2006

The "excessive functional activity" of some cancer cells first found by Caspersson has been observed in fixed, stained smears of cervical epidermoid carcinomas from four patients. Preliminary results suggest that there may be a characteristic difference between the absorption profiles of some epidermoid cancer cells and other cells found in cytological smears. It is our belief that with an appropriate electronic scanning system such cells can be detected by measurements of their absorptions at two different wavelengths. However, the effect on the absorptions of cells with abnormalities other than cancer, and whether every epidermoid carcinoma will contain such cells, must yet be determined.
Autokinetic Movement: Selective Manipulation of Directional Components by Image Stabilization
Authors: Matin Leonard , MacKinnon G. Ernest
Published: October 2006

With the retinal image of a 35-minute circular target stabilized against horizontal eye movements, horizontal autokinesis is markedly reduced. It is suggested that this result is consistent with an eye movement interpretation of autokinetic movement, and further, that the response patterns reported here are similar to those that might be expected from recent work describing cortical single unit movement detectors.
Hypothesis for a Pressure-Sensitive Mechanism in Muscle Spindles
Authors: Bridgman Charles F. , Eldred Earl
Published: October 2006

The suggestion is made that the mammalian muscle spindle may serve in part as a pressure sensor. Pressure acting nonuniformly on the spindle would express the intracapsular fluid distad, thus elongating the capsule. "Intracapsular fibers," those intrafusal muscle fibers inserting into the capsule, would be lengthened, whereas "percapsular fibers" passing beyond the capsule would be relatively unaffected. Since "flower-spray" terminals are preferentially associated with the smaller intrafusal fibers, they would chiefly be concerned with the pressure sensing mechanism. Observations in support of this hypothesis are given.
Mass Spectral Studies of Surface Catalysis: The Production of Free Radicals at 40°C
Authors: Martin T. W. , Rummel R. E.
Published: October 2006

A wide variety of free radicals can be produced thermally at temperatures as low as 40°C by a new catalytic method which provides a means for studying the mechanism of many catalytic hydrogenation-dehydrogenation processes. Initial results include the first chemical evidence for the existence of the H
3
molecule.
Melatonin Synthesis in the Pineal Gland: Effect of Light Mediated by the Sympathetic Nervous System
Authors: Wurtman Richard J. , Axelrod Julius , Fischer Josef E.
Published: October 2006

Exposure to light reduces the ability of the rat pineal gland to synthesize melatonin and decreases the weight of the gland. When the sympathetic nerves to the pineal gland are cut, light no longer has an effect on melatonin synthesis or pineal weight. The response of the gland does not require that the gonads or the pituitary gland be present.
Structural Basis of the Intrasteric Regulation of Myosin Light Chain Kinases
Authors: Knighton Daniel R. , Pearson Richard B. , Sowadski Janusz M. , Means Anthony R. , Ten Eyck Lynn F. , Taylor Susan S. , Kemp Bruce E.
Published: October 2006

The smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) catalytic core was modeled by using the crystallographic coordinates of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (cAPK) and a bound pseudosubstrate inhibitor peptide, PKI(5-24). Despite only 30% identity in amino acid sequence, the MLCK sequence can be readily accommodated in this structure. With the exception of the short B-helix, all major elements of secondary structure in the core are very likely conserved. The active site of the modeled MLCK complements the known requirements for peptide substrate recognition. MLCK contains a pseudosubstrate sequence that overlaps the calmodulin binding domain and has been proposed to act as an intrasteric inhibitor and occupy the substrate binding site in the absence of Ca
2+
-calmodulin. The pseudosubstrate sequence can be modeled easily into the entire backbone of PKI(5-24). The results demonstrate that the intrasteric model for regulation of MLCK by intramolecular competitive inhibition is structurally plausible.
Fossil Microorganisms: Possible Presence in Precambrian Shield of Western Australia
Authors: Marshall C. G. A. , May J. W. , Perret C. J.
Published: October 2006

A quartzite believed to be at least 2700 million years old contains pockets of minute red or yellow objects presumably composed of hematite and goethite, respectively. The size and morphology of the objects suggests that most of them may be the remains of microorganisms of at least two species.
Density Gradient Centrifugation of a Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: O'Connor T. E. , Rauscher F. J. , Zeigel R. F.
Published: October 2006

The Rauscher leukemia virus separated as a single band upon density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride, rubidium chloride, sucrose, potassium citrate, or potassium tartrate. Prolonged exposure to concentrated potassium citrate or potassium tartrate solutions caused lysis of the virus; the resulting products, having different densities, separated on the density gradients.
Attack Elicited by Stimulation of the Thalamus of Cats
Authors: MacDonnell Malcolm F. , Flynn John P.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of sites in the medial thalamus leads to attack upon rats. This attack summates with attack elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. Stimulation of other thalamic sites suppresses hypothalamic attack, while excitation of still others facilitates it.
Tonic Influence of Rostral Brain Structures on Pressure Regulatory Mechanisms in the Cat
Authors: Reis Donald J. , Cuénod Michel
Published: October 2006

Transection of vagi and carotid sinus nerves in anesthetized cats results in a rise of blood pressure and subsequent decerebration results in a fall. Decerebration alone results in a slight drop in blood pressure unchanged by subsequent nerve section. Rostral brain structures principally influence tonically brainstem mechanisms subserving baroreceptor reflex excitability rather than those maintaining normal blood pressure.
Visual Hallucinations during Sensory Deprivation: A Problem of Criteria
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Vernon Jack
Published: October 2006

Attempts to elicit visual hallucinations in sensory deprivation indicate the desirability of adopting a set of criteria for identifying hallucinations as distinct from reported visual sensations in general.
Selection of Hybrids from Matings of Fibroblasts in vitro and Their Presumed Recombinants
Authors: Littlefield John W.
Published: October 2006

When two clonal lines of mouse fibroblasts, each containing a drug-resistant marker, are grown together for 4 days, hybrid cells can be detected by selective conditions. These hybrid cells are presumed to be the result of mating. By the same method evidence can be obtained which suggests that mating may be followed by segregation.
Rubella Antibodies in Human Serum: Detection by the Indirect Fluorescent-Antibody Technique
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Maassab Hunein F. , Veronelli Jorge A. , Francis Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

Antibodies for rubella virus were detected in human serum and titrated by the indirect method of immunofluorescence; a chronically infected, continuous line of monkey kidney cells was used as antigen. Positive reactions were obtained with serums from convalescent patients or persons who had been exposed to the virus while serums from patients in the acute stage of the disease and those from unexposed individuals were negative.
Thermal Reduction of Bicarbonate to Formate
Authors: Hisatsune I. C. , Hartman K. O.
Published: October 2006

Thermal decomposition of infrared pellets of sodium or potassium bicarbonates dispersed in KCl, KBr, or KI matrices leads to the production of bicarbonate monomer ions and finally formate ions, as well as other expected products. These products can be identified readily from the infrared spectra of the pressed disks.
Specific Inhibition of Antibody Formation by Passively Administered 19
S
and 7
S
Antibody
Authors: Finkelstein Martin S. , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: October 2006

Intravenously administered 7
S
antibody is more effective than 19
S
antibody in inhibiting the formation of antibody to bacteriophage φX174. Since considerable amounts of 7
S
antibody are needed for inhibition, serum antibody formation may act as a "feedback" mechanism to prevent hyperimmunization.