bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and Photo Response Behaviour of InSe and CuInSe2 Nanostructures Using Tris(5‐methyl‐2‐pyridylselenolato)indium(III) as Molecular Precursor
Authors: Karmakar Gourab , Tyagi Adish , Wadawale Amey , Kedarnath Gotluru , Srivastava Amit P. , Betty Chirayath. A. , Singh Vishal
Published: October 2018

This report presents the synthesis of organoselenium compound {SeC5H3(Me‐5)N}2 (1) and corresponding derivative of In(III), [In{SeC5H3(Me‐5)N}3] (2) and their characterization by elemental analysis, heteronuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 77Se) spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The utilization of In(III) complex as molecular precursor has been demonstrated for the preparation of rare cubic phase of InSe. The complex has also been used for the preparation of tetragonal CuInSe2. The crystal structure, phase purity, morphology and elemental composition of these nanostructures were evaluated by powder X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques. The effect of increase in temperature is manifested in the increase of particle size of InSe and morphological variation from sheet to polygon in case of CuInSe2. The optical band gap of the nanostructures as deduced from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) found to be in the range 1.84‐1.75 eV for InSe and 1.99‐1.78 eV for CuInSe2 which are optimum for solar energy harvesting. The band gap values are blue shifted relative to their respective bulk counterparts indicating quantum confinement effect in the nanostructures. Both InSe and CuInSe2 nanostructures showed photo response with faster switching characteristics which makes them promising candidate for alternative low cost photon absorber material.
A3B Porphyrins Bearing Thienyl/Pyridyl Moieties Obtained via Scrambling: Characterization, DNA interaction and Anticancer Studies
Authors: Ramesh Jagadeesan , Arunkumar Chellaiah , Sujatha Subramaniam
Published: October 2018

Condensation of 3‐pyridine carboxaldehyde with 2/3‐thienyl dipyrromethanes in presence of acid catalyst gives 5‐(3′‐pyridyl)‐10,15,20‐tri(2/3‐thienyl)porphyrins (S1a and S2a) due to scrambling along with the expected trans‐porphyrins. The corresponding copper(II) and zinc(II) porphyrins were also synthesized. Moreover, to study their biological properties their cationic derivatives were obtained. All the complexes were characterized by UV‐Vis, fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. The cationic porphyrins bind with DNA non‐intercalatively; show singlet oxygen mediated photocleavage; phototoxic to A549 lung cancer cells through apoptotic pathway.
Homochiral Metal Organic Frameworks and Their Usage for the Enantio‐Purification of Racemic Drugs
Authors: Ullah Shakir , Yunus Uzma , Bhatti Moazzam H. , Southon Peter D. , Iqbal Kiran , Zaidi Sadia
Published: October 2018

Three new homochiral MOFs (MOF‐808‐S‐ibuprofen, MOF‐808‐S‐proline and MOF‐808‐S‐lactic acid) were synthesized via the post synthetic modification of achiral MOF‐808 and were characterized by various analytical tools. The new homochiral MOFs (HCMOFs) were examined for the enantioselective adsorption of racemic drugs. The n‐hexane solution of racemic ibuprofen, ketoprofen and flurbiprofen were allowed to adsorb in the chiral channels of the HCMOFs. The drugs were desorbed form porous HCMOFs and analysed by chiral HPLC. MOF‐808‐S‐ibuprofen selectively adsorbed R‐ibuprofen and R‐ketoprofen with enantiomeric excess (ee) of 50 and 56% respectively.
Synthesis of Novel Structure Based Low Generation Branched Salicylaldimine Nickel Complexes and Their Catalysis of Ethylene Oligomerization
Authors: Zhang Na , Fu Zijian , Jiang Yan , Guo Daizong , Chen Liduo , Wang Jun
Published: October 2018

A series of salicylaldimine nickel complexes bearing low generation branched molecules with naphthenic, straight and branched chain as cores have been synthesized by one‐pot method in high yield and were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The complexes C1‐C3 could form active catalysts in ethylene oligomerization reactions upon activation with co‐catalyst methylaluminoxane (MAO), triethylaluminium (AlMe3), ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC), AlEtCl2 or AlEt2Cl. The catalytic performance was affected by reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, ethylene pressure, Al/Ni molar ration and reaction time. The catalytic activity could reach up to 105 oligomer mol−1 (Ni) h−1 and the products were C4, C6, C8 and trace higher carbon olefins (C10‐C18) under the optimum reaction conditions. When AlEt3 was used as co‐catalyst, the major product was C4 olefin. However the tandem reaction of ethylene oligomerization and Friedel‐Crafts occurred as chlorinated alkylaluminum reagents were used as co‐catalyst. In addition, the catalytic result showed that the kind of substituent groups in cores of branched salicylaldimine nickel complexes had a significant effect on the catalytic activity, and the distribution of ethylene oligomerization products was affected by co‐catalyst and solvent.
Stress and sleep remain significant predictors of health after controlling for negative affect
Authors: Benham Grant , Charak Ruby
Published: October 2018

Prior research has shown that the predictive power of a stress–health model can be improved by the addition of sleep as a predictor variable. However, negative affect (NA) may act as a confounding variable in stress–health relationships: a source of bias that potentially inflates the observed relationship between stress and health. The current study examines whether stress and sleep remain significant predictors of health after controlling for trait NA. An online survey containing well‐established measures of stress, sleep, health, and NA was completed by 460 undergraduates. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that stress and sleep remained significant predictors of self‐reported health after controlling for the effects of NA. Our findings support the notion that stress–health models can be improved by the integration of sleep as an additional predictor variable and demonstrate that the stress/sleep–health relationships are not fully explained by dispositional NA. From a theoretical perspective, the inclusion of NA measures allows researchers to tease apart the unique contributions of predictor variables. This knowledge can subsequently be put to the test with greater confidence in the design of interventions that seek to improve health through stress reduction and improved sleep.
A NanoFlare‐Based Strategy for In Situ Tumor Margin Demarcation and Neoadjuvant Gene/Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Yan Rong , Chen Jie , Wang Jianhao , Rao Jiaming , Du Xuancheng , Liu Yongming , Zhang Leshuai , Qiu Lin , Liu Bo , Zhao Yuan‐Di , Jiang Pengju , Chen Chunying , Li Yong‐Qiang
Published: October 2018

Accurate tumor margin demarcation in situ remains a paramount challenge. Herein, a NanoFlare (also known as spherical‐nucleic‐acid technology) based strategy is reported for in situ tumor margin delineation by transforming and amplifying the pathophysiological redox signals of tumor microenvironment. The NanoFlare designed (named AuNS‐ASON) is based on gold nanostar (AuNS) coated with a dense shell of disulfide bridge‐inserted and cyanine dyes‐labeled antisense oligonucleotides (ASON) targeting survivin mRNA. The unique anisotropic ASON‐spike nanostructure endows the AuNS‐ASON with universal cellular internalization of tumor cells, while the disulfide bridge inserted confers response specificity toward redox activation. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the AuNS‐ASON can discriminate tumor cells rapidly with activated fluorescence signals (>100‐fold) in 2 h, and further achieve synergistic gene/photothermal tumor cells ablation upon near‐infrared laser irradiation. Remarkably, in situ tumor margin delineation with high accuracy and outstanding spatial resolution (<100 µm) in mice bearing different tumors is obtained based on the AuNS‐ASON, providing intraoperative guidance for tumor resection. Moreover, the AuNS‐ASON can enable efficient neoadjuvant gene/photothermal therapy before surgery to reduce tumor extent and increase resectability. The concept of NanoFlare‐based microenvironment signal transformation and amplification could be used as a general strategy to guide the design of activatable nanoprobes for cancer theranostics.
An empirical study on how project context impacts on code cloning
Authors: Perez‐Castillo Ricardo , Piattini Mario
Published: October 2018

Code cloning can seriously affect software quality. Code clones are various fragments of syntactically or semantically equivalent code. Some authors argue that code clones have a negative impact on maintainability and understandability, since clones propagate defects and make it mandatory to pay attention to several copies. However, other authors believe clones are not necessarily bad, since self‐admitted clones favor system stability and allow developers to move projects forward. Although some root causes and effects of cloning have been widely studied, there is not much relevant work analyzing how certain projects context factors impact on code cloning. This work presents an empirical validation of six open source projects by considering certain factors from Git repositories measured throughout a total of 70 releases for the 6 systems. The factors analyzed were the number of commits and committers per release, the average size of the commits and the size of the system in each release. The main conclusion obtained from the study is that, while the number of commits and committers and the system size do not significantly affect cloning, larger commits lead to a higher cloning ratio. These insights contribute to predicting and preventing code cloning, thus enabling a software quality improvement.
Monitoring Fast, Voxel‐Scale Cure Kinetics via Sample‐Coupled‐Resonance Photorheology
Authors: Fiedler‐Higgins Callie I. , Cox Lewis M. , DelRio Frank W. , Killgore Jason P.
Published: October 2018

Photopolymerizable materials are the focus of extensive research across a variety of fields ranging from additive manufacturing to regenerative medicine. However, poorly understood material mechanical and rheological properties during polymerization at the relevant exposure powers and single‐voxel length‐scales limit advancements in part performance and throughput. Here, a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, sample‐coupled‐resonance photorheology (SCRPR), to locally characterize the mechano‐rheological properties of photopolymerized materials on the relevant reaction kinetic timescales, is demonstrated. By coupling an AFM tip to a photopolymer and exposing the coupled region to a laser, two fundamental photopolymerization phenomena: (1) timescales of photopolymerization at high laser power and (2) reciprocity between photodose and material properties are studied. The ability to capture rapid kinetic changes occurring during polymerization with SCRPR is demonstrated. It is found that reciprocity is only valid for a finite range of exposure powers in the verification material and polymerization is highly localized in a low‐diffusion system. After polymerization, in situ imaging of a single polymerized voxel is performed using material‐appropriate topographic and nanomechanical modalities of the AFM while still in the as‐printed environment.
Biomimetic Graphite Foils with High Foldability and Conductivity
Authors: Wu Mingmao , Zhang Miao , Ma Hongyun , Qu Liangti , Li Chun
Published: October 2018

Graphite foils have displayed a large potential in a variety of applications. However, their poor mechanical performance strongly limits their applications in flexible devices. Here, a hierarchical nacre‐like graphite foil with greatly improved mechanical properties (tensile strength: 54 MPa, toughness: 513 kJ m−3) and high conductivity (1400 S cm−1) is reported. The biomimetic graphite foil has a brick‐and‐mortar‐like structure with exfoliated expanded graphite (EEG) platelets as bricks and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as mortar, in which rGO sheets efficiently fill the interspaces and voids between EEG platelets and bridge the adjacent EEG platelets, synergistically reinforcing its mechanical performance and enhancing its conductivity. When evaluated as a current collector for flexible and foldable supercapacitors, the device delivers a long cycle life over 5000 cycle folding tests with 100% capacitance retention. The biomimetic graphite foil provides a new material platform for flexible and wearable electronic devices.
Controlled Synthesis and Photonics Applications of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanowires
Authors: Zhang Xuehong , Chen Shula , Wang Xiao , Pan Anlian
Published: October 2018

Metal halide perovskite nanowires (NW)s have recently demonstrated potential applications in integrated photonics devices such as lasers and photodetectors due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics. Here, the rapid progress in the synthesis methods and photonics applications of organic–inorganic hybrid and all‐inorganic halide perovskite NWs are reviewed systematically. The controlled synthesis methods are mainly classified into solution‐phase synthesis, vapor‐phase synthesis, and other synthesis methods. The photonics applications of the halide perovskite NWs, including lasers, photodetectors, solar cells, and other applications, are also introduced and discussed. Finally, the summary and perspectives for halide perovskite NWs are provided.
Advances in Ink‐Jet Printing of MnO2‐Nanosheet Based Pseudocapacitors
Authors: ten Elshof Johan E. , Wang Yang
Published: October 2018

An overview of recent progress in the development of 2D manganese oxide nanosheet‐based pseudocapacitors is provided, with emphasis on underlying methods and strategies. 2D manganese oxide nanosheets are sheet‐like monocrystallites of ≈0.5 nm thickness and lateral dimensions of 50–5000 nm. MnO2 nanosheets are synthesized in the form of colloids, which can be readily utilized in wet‐chemical processes like ink‐jet printing. The synthetic strategies to make 2D δ‐MnO2 nanosheets by bottom‐up and top‐down approaches are discussed, and the relationship between the ionic defect structure of δ‐MnO2 nanosheets and their pseudocapacitance is explained. The basic principles and experimental challenges of ink‐jet printing of 2D materials at high resolution, and the development of 2D nanosheet‐based inks are discussed, with emphasis on δ‐MnO2, graphene, and graphene oxide. The fabrication and performance of δ‐MnO2 nanosheet derived pseudocapacitors, including ink‐jet printed flexible microsupercapacitors, is described. The relationship between the electrode thickness and layer architecture and the specific capacitance is explained.
Bromodomain Drug Discovery – the Past, the Present, and the Future
Authors: Pervaiz Mehrosh , Mishra Pankaj , Günther Stefan
Published: October 2018

With the bromodomain (BRD) inhibitor JQ1, a remarkable success story of BRD4 as a novel drug target has been set off that yielded many anti‐cancer drugs that are now in clinical trials. But not all of the great prospects of BRDs as drug targets may become true. First evaluations of ongoing clinical trials revealed that treatment with BET‐inhibitors can be accompanied with significant toxic side effects and the validation of the therapeutic benefit of BET‐inhibitors compared to existing therapies is still pending. New strategies that may overcome possible obstacles in BRD drug discovery include combination therapies with other agents, dual target inhibitors, and proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Furthermore, non‐BET proteins seem promising drug targets as well. Most recently, BRDs have been identified as putative targets to treat parasitic diseases such as malaria. Milestones in BRD drug discovery are reviewed and promising new developments are evaluated.
Identifying the best practices of airlines’ green operations strategy: A cross‐regional worldwide survey
Authors: Migdadi Yazan Khalid Abed‐Allah
Published: October 2018

The aim of this paper is to report the best practices of airlines’ green operations strategies throughout the world by surveying airlines from different regions. To realize this goal, a sample of 23 airlines from different regions (North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East) was surveyed. The sample suited the availability of the secondary published data. For the study, the annual sustainability reports of surveyed airlines from the period of 2013 to 2016 were reviewed. The reports were retrieved from the Global Reporting Initiative website and from airline websites. To gain insight into the best practices, two analytical approaches were adopted: cross‐sampling and cluster analysis. The study revealed that the best practices are related to several green indicators, and the actions in best practice were closer to process‐oriented than to technology‐oriented actions. This is one of a very few studies to report the best practices in green operations strategy over time by airlines at the global level.
Decay rate and asymmetries of Σ+ → pμ+μ−
Authors: He Xiao-Gang , Tandean Jusak , Valencia German
Published: October 2018

Abstract

The LHCb Collaboration has recently reported evidence for the rare hyperon decay Σ+ → pμ
+
μ
− that is consistent with the standard model expectation. Motivated by this new result we revisit the calculation of this mode including both long and short distance contributions. In the standard model this mode is completely dominated by long distance physics and thus subject to large uncertainties. We present a range of predictions for the rate, the dimuon invariant mass spectrum, and a muon polarization asymmetry that covers these uncertainties as well as known constraints. We study the interplay between short and long distance contributions which could result in additional asymmetries, but we find that they are negligible within the standard model. We propose a parameterization of these asymmetries in terms of a couple of constants that can arise from new physics.
Superconformal partition functions and non-perturbative topological strings
Authors: Lockhart Guglielmo , Vafa Cumrun
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We propose a non-perturbative definition for refined topological strings. This can be used to compute the partition function of superconformal theories in 5 dimensions on squashed S
5 and the superconformal index of a large number of 6 dimensional (2, 0) and (1, 0) theories, including that of N coincident M5 branes. The result can be expressed as an integral over the product of three combinations of topological string amplitudes. SL(3,
Z) modular transformations acting by inverting the coupling constants of the refined topological string play a key role.
Government of India Policy of Fixing Minimum Support Price for Agriculture Products in relation to Water Resources of Peninsular India
Authors: Sawkar R. H. , Joshi Mukund , Swaminath M. H. , Guruprasad G.
Published: October 2018

85% of water resources is used in agriculture. Price of water is not taken into account while declaring the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for different crops by Government of India (GoI). Origin of water, depletion of groundwater table and its effect on sea level changes and climate are discussed with reference to geomorphology of Sahyadri hill range, where both east and west flowing rivers of peninsular India take their origin. New price based on incentive to be given to farmers who take up growing crops using less water compared to rice and sugarcane is suggested.
Assessment of Vulnerability of Rock Slope Considering Material and Seismic Variability
Authors: Roy Nishant , Sarkar Rajib , Sarkar Kripamoy , Jat Mahesh Kumar , Fulwaria Gaurav
Published: October 2018

Stability analysis of rock slopes has always been a critical and challenging task for the geotechnical engineering professionals. The complexities associated with the stability analysis arise due to the heterogeneous, anisotropic and variable nature of the rock mass. Assessment of slope stability becomes further challenging under earthquake motions which are random in nature. Thus, uncertainties in both material and loading parameters are required to be considered for a robust assessment of the vulnerability of slopes in geologically complex and seismically active regions.

In the present study, the influence of variability in geological properties on the slope stability has been considered within the framework of First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Reliability analysis has been performed for a typical slope profile using the Response Surface Method (RSM) and FORM leading to the identification of critical design parameters along with the quantification of the system performance in terms of reliability index. Subsequently, dynamic time history analyses have been performed for generating the seismic fragility curves of the rock slope as a function of increasing earthquake intensity. Thus, the study attempts to present a methodology for assessing the vulnerability of a rock slope with due consideration of the variation in both the material properties and seismic loading.
Cross-Association Analysis of Barren Measures Lithologies and Microfacies, Talcher Coalfield, Odisha
Authors: Hota Rabindra Nath
Published: October 2018

Cross-association analysis of lithologies and microfacies of two borehole sections of the Barren Measures Formation, Talcher coalfield situated 12 km apart show strikingly dissimilar results. In case of lithologies, one-to-one correlation becomes significant, which suggests continuity of the formation throughout the Barren Measures Formation and prevalence of braided stream depositional environment. However, lack of significant correlation of microfacies suggests existence of different sub-environments at different parts of the Barren Measures Formation during each stage of sedimentation. When channel facies were laid down at one place, homotaxial leeve, floodplain and swamp facies were deposited elsewhere.
Oil Shale Prospects of Imo Formation Niger Delta Basin, Southeastern Nigeria: Palynofacies, Organic Thermal Maturation and Source Rock Perspective
Authors: Kingsley Okeke Kachikwulu , Umeji Obianuju P.
Published: October 2018

The search for oil and gas in the Nigerian inland basins and efficacy of the unconventional oil shale in hydrocarbon generation have necessitated the palynofacies characterization, thermal maturation and source rock evaluation of the Imo Formation, updip Niger Delta basin to determine its palynofacies constituents and oil shale potential. The standard acid maceration technique, palynofacies description as well as palynomorph colour index chart systematically compared to thermal alteration index and vitrinite reflectance index values were utilized for the study.

The palynofacies components of the Imo Formation is dominant of yellow and brown amorphous organic matter, marine taxa, opaque particles, with few dark brown structured phytoclasts and terrestrial microflora. The source rock content is interpreted as Kerogen Type II - oil prone with abundant marine palynomorphs, amorphous organic matter and few terrestrial microfossils. The spore/pollen colour of the strata is light brown signifying mature and oil generation zone. This correlates to thermal alteration index (TAI) 2+ to 3 and vitrinite reflectance index (%Ro) values of 0.5% to 1.0%.

The abundance of the amorphous organic matter of marine origin suggests good source rock which indicates good oil shale prospects. The oil shale prospects of the Imo Formation in the study area are hindered by the low abundance of the palynofacies associations. Field evidence indicate that the grey to slightly light grey shales in hand specimen, as against black carbonaceous shales rich in organic matter suggests that the environmental conditions affected the quality of the organic kerogen. The oil yields may be compensated by the great volume of marine shale deposited in the formation and the abundance of amorphous organic matter of marine origin which is known to be an excellent indicator of oil. The palynofacies model enhances the understanding of palynofacies events and oil shale quality which can be tied to the development of unconventional oil shale, oil fields and subsequent exploration drive in the area.
Aluminum phosphide poisoning
Authors: Hena Zachary , McCabe Megan E. , Perez Michelle M. , Sharma Madhu , Sutton Nicole J. , Peek Giles J. , Clark Bradley C.
Published: October 2018

Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is an insecticide and rodenticide that produces phosphine gas when exposed to moisture. Exposure to AIP has been described as through inhalation and ingestion routes and is typically either accidental or a suicidal attempt. The result is potential multiorgan toxicity involving the heart, kidneys, lungs, and liver, with an overall mortality related to exposure reported from 30% to 77%. The initial symptoms are nonspecific and can include epigastric pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and dyspnea. Patients rapidly experience multisystem organ failure, cardiovascular collapse, and, finally, death. We report the case of a 3 year old girl with AlP poisoning who developed cardiogenic shock, ventricular arrhythmias, respiratory failure, liver injury, and significant acute kidney injury (AKI). She was successfully supported with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 16 days, treated with lidocaine and magnesium sulfate for ventricular arrhythmias, and received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and hemodialysis for 24 days for metabolic acidosis secondary to AKI. Despite her severe clinical presentation, she had complete normalization of her end-organ dysfunction with no neurological sequelae. This case demonstrates the high index of suspicion required for AlP poisoning given the potential for rapid progression and severe multiorgan toxicity. The authors recommend prompt referral to a tertiary care center with ECMO and CRRT capability in cases of suspected or documented AlP poisoning.
Venous Thromboembolism is Associated With Lack of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Low Vitamin D Levels
Authors: Ehsanian Reza , Timmerman Molly A. , Wright Jerry M. , McKenna Stephen , Dirlikov Ben , Crew James
Published: October 2018

Background

The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevalence of low vitamin D (LVitD) in spinal cord injury (SCI) has motivated vitamin D testing and supplementation. This is an exploratory study of data collected at a time before the routine clinical practice of vitamin D supplementation, allowing for evaluation of the natural history of vitamin D levels in patients with SCI.

Objective

To determine if vitamin D supplementation in persons with SCI and LVitD levels is associated with decreased prevalence of VTE.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Rehabilitation Center at a Level I Trauma Center.

Participants

Patients with SCI admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation (N = 282).

Main Outcome Measures

VTE prevalence in patients with LVitD levels, grouped by presence or absence of vitamin D supplementation.

Results

Of the acute inpatient SCI population, 80% (227/282) of patients demonstrated vitamin D levels <30 ng/mL (LVitD). Although the incidence of VTE was almost double in the LVitD group, 19% (43/227) of the patients in the LVitD group had VTE versus 9% (5/55) of patients with vitamin D levels ≥30 ng/mL (normal VitD [NVitD]); this difference was not statistically significant (P = .108, Cramer's V = .104). When the role of vitamin D supplementation was analyzed, individuals in the LVitD group who received no vitamin D supplementation (LVitDSuppNegative) had a higher incidence of VTE (statistically significant) compared to the LVitD group with vitamin D supplementation (LVitDSuppPositive) (24% [42/178] vs. 2% [1/49]) (P < .001, Cramer's V = .226). In post hoc exploratory analyses, the VTE rate of patients in the LVitDSuppNegative group was noted to be significantly higher than that in all other patient groups combined (P < .001, Cramer's V = .229). A binary logistic regression model incorporating clinical covariates also showed this grouping to be significant.

Conclusion

A significant association appears to exist between lack of vitamin D supplementation and VTE occurrence in persons with acute SCI and LVitD levels.

Level of Evidence

III
Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together? Rights Protection (Weiquan) Lawyering in China
Authors: KEGE Li
Published: October 2018

As the idiom goes, birds of a feather flock together. This ancient proverb is frequently used to portray the phenomenon of people associating with those with have similar characteristics and tastes. However, in the name ofweiquanlawyers, myriad lawyers flock together with different beliefs and diverse values. Within this pool of lawyers, in addition to those lawyers who are driven by public interest, some lawyers who have eagerly labelled themselves asweiquanlawyers are profit-oriented in nature. This paper aims to provide a new typology to present a better understanding of the role ofweiquanlawyers, by jointly taking into consideration the lawyers’ motivations and adaptive strategies. In this regard,weiquanlawyers in China can be categorized into four ideal types: routine practitioners, rational activists, progressive reformers, and cynical criticizers.
A review of climate reconstructions from terrestrial climate archives covering the first millennium AD in northwestern Europe
Authors: Riechelmann Dana F.C. , Gouw-Bouman Marjolein T.I.J.
Published: October 2018

Large changes in landscape, vegetation, and culture in northwestern (NW) Europe during the first millennium AD seem concurrent with climatic shifts. Understanding of this relation requires high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstructions. Therefore, we compiled available climate reconstructions from sites across NW Europe (extent research area: 10°W–20°E, 45°–60°N) through review of literature and the underlying data, to identify supraregional climatic changes in this region. All reconstructions cover the period from AD 1 to 1000 and have a temporal resolution of ≤50 yr. This resulted in 22 climate reconstructions/proxy records based on different palaeoclimate archives: chironomids (1), pollen (6), Sphagnum mosses (1), stalagmites (8), testate amoebae (4), and tree rings (2). Comparing all temperature reconstructions, we conclude that summer temperatures between AD 1 and 250 were relatively high, and the period between AD 250 and 700 was characterised by colder summer conditions. The period from AD 700 to 1000 was again characterised by warmer summers. These temperature shifts occurred in the whole of NW Europe. In contrast, the compilation of precipitation reconstructions does not show a common pattern across NW Europe either as a result of a heterogeneous precipitation pattern or the lack of suitable and consistent precipitation proxies.
Early Exercise Decision in American Options with Dividends, Stochastic Volatility, and Jumps
Authors: Cosma Antonio , Galluccio Stefano , Pederzoli Paola , Scaillet Olivier
Published: October 2018

Using a fast numerical technique, we investigate a large database of investors’ suboptimal nonexercise of short-maturity American call options on dividend-paying stocks listed on the Dow Jones. The correct modeling of the discrete dividend is essential for a correct calculation of the early exercise boundary, as confirmed by theoretical insights. Pricing with stochastic volatility and jumps instead of the Black–Scholes–Merton benchmark cuts the amount lost by investors through suboptimal exercise by one-quarter. The remaining three-quarters are largely unexplained by transaction fees and may be interpreted as an opportunity cost for the investors to monitor optimal exercise.
NOTES FROM ROME 2017–18
Authors: Keay Simon
Published: October 2018

This gazette presents to the reader outside Rome news of recent archaeological activity (primarily in 2017, but also in the first half of 2018) gleaned from public lectures, conferences, exhibitions and newspaper reports.
The role of bicultural adaptation, familism, and family conflict in Mexican American adolescents’ cortisol reactivity
Authors: Gonzales Nancy A. , Johnson Megan , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A. , Tein Jenn-Yun , Eskenazi Brenda , Deardorff Julianna
Published: October 2018

Scarce research has examined stress responsivity among Latino youths, and no studies have focused on the role of acculturation in shaping cortisol stress response in this population. This study assessed Mexican American adolescents’ Mexican and Anglo cultural orientations and examined prospective associations between their patterns of bicultural orientation and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal cortisol reactivity to an adapted Trier Social Stress Test. The sample included 264 youths from a longitudinal birth cohort study who completed the Trier Social Stress Test and provided saliva samples at age 14. The youths completed assessments of cultural orientation at age 12, and family conflict and familism at age 14. Analyses testing the interactive effects of Anglo and Mexican orientation showed significant associations with cortisol responsivity, including the reactivity slope, peak levels, and recovery, but these associations were not mediated by family conflict nor familism values. Findings revealed that bicultural youth (high on both Anglo and Mexican orientations) showed an expected pattern of high cortisol responsivity, which may be adaptive in the context of a strong acute stressor, whereas individuals endorsing only high levels of Anglo orientation had a blunted cortisol response. Findings are discussed in relation to research on biculturalism and the trade-offs and potential recalibration of a contextually responsive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis for acculturating adolescents.
Spatial Variations in Vent Chemistry at the Lucky Strike Hydrothermal Field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (37°N): Updates for Subseafloor Flow Geometry From the Newly Discovered Capelinhos Vent
Authors: Chavagnac V. , Leleu T. , Fontaine F. , Cannat M. , Ceuleneer G. , Castillo A.
Published: October 2018

This study aims at characterizing the subseafloor architecture of the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (LSHF) based on an extensive chemical database of the various vents. Our analysis is motivated by the discovery in 2013 of a new active high‐temperature site, named Capelinhos, approximately 1.5 km east of the LSHF. Capelinhos fluids display particular chemical features with chloride and metal (Fe and Mn) concentrations 2 times lower and 4 times higher, respectively, compared to other vent sites. Trace element partitioning over the entire chlorinity range indicates a single deep fluid source feeding all the venting sites. Applying the Si‐Cl geothermobarometer at Capelinhos, we find phase separation conditions at 435–440 °C and 370–390 bars (2,500–2,800 m below seafloor) consistent with former estimates for the LSHF, while temperatures of fluid‐rock last equilibrium are estimated at ~400 °C for Capelinhos and 350–375 °C for the other sites based on the Fe‐Mn geothermometer. We interpret these discrepancies in thermodynamic conditions beneath the sites in terms of crustal residence time, which are likely related to permeability variations across the hydrothermal upflow zone. We propose that conductive cooling of the upflowing fluids from the phase separation zone to the seafloor, beneath the main field vent sites, lowers the T conditions of last fluid‐rock equilibrium, enabling ~65% of Fe mobilized in the reaction zone to be stored. In comparison, Capelinhos fluids are transported more rapidly from the reaction zone to the seafloor along a high‐angle fracture system. The fluids venting at Capelinhos are more representative of the deeper part of the hydrothermal reaction zone.
Thermal Structure and Composition of Saturn's Upper Atmosphere From Cassini/Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer Measurements
Authors: Yelle Roger V. , Serigano J. , Koskinen T. T. , Hörst S. M. , Perry M. E. , Perryman R. S. , Waite J. Hunter
Published: October 2018

Analysis of measurements of the H2 density in Saturn's equatorial thermosphere indicates temperatures from 340 to 370 K. The deepest measurements, obtained during Cassini's final plunge into the atmosphere, measure the thermospheric temperature profile. The measurements are well fit by a Bates profile with an exospheric temperature of 354 K and a temperature gradient at 1.2 × 10−4 Pa of 0.4 K/km, corresponding to a thermal conduction flux of 7.3 × 10−5 W/m2. The helium profiles are consistent with diffusive equilibrium. The CH4 profiles are not in diffusive equilibrium but instead have a roughly constant mixing ratio relative to H2. We interpret this as the signature of a downward external flux of ∼1013 m−2 s−1. Saturn's rings are the most likely source of this external material.
Material Flux From the Rings of Saturn Into Its Atmosphere
Authors: Perry M. E. , Waite J. H. , Mitchell D. G. , Miller K. E. , Cravens T. E. , Perryman R. S. , Moore L. , Yelle R. V. , Hsu H.‐W. , Hedman M. M. , Cuzzi J. N. , Strobel D. F. , Hamil O. Q. , Glein C. R. , Paxton L. J. , Teolis B. D. , McNutt R. L.
Published: October 2018

During Cassini's final, spectacular months, in situ instruments made the first direct measurements of nanoparticles, finding an exceptionally large flow from the rings into Saturn's atmosphere. Cassini's Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer measured material in three altitude bands and found a global‐integrated flux of 2–20 × 104 kg/s that is dominated by hydrocarbon material <104u. Ranging from clusters of a few molecules to radii of several nanometers, nanoparticles are ubiquitous throughout Saturn's rings but embedded in the regolith of larger particles and not detectable as independent particles using remote observations. The smallest nanoparticles are susceptible to atmosphere drag by Saturn's tenuous exosphere that reaches the inner edge of the D ring. The unsustainable large flux suggests a recent disturbance of Saturn's inner ring material, possibly associated with the clumping that appeared in the D68 ringlet in 2015.
Insights on the Surge Behavior of Storstrømmen and L. Bistrup Bræ, Northeast Greenland, Over the Last Century
Authors: Mouginot J. , Bjørk A. A. , Millan R. , Scheuchl B. , Rignot E.
Published: October 2018

We use a multisensor approach to assess the surge history over the past century of Storstrømmen and L. Bistrup Bræ, which drain the Northeast Ice Stream, Greenland. Storstrømmen surged around 1910 and Bistrup in 1913 and during the 1950s. Between 1978 and 1982, the speed of Storstrømmen peaked at 3 km/year during an active surge phase that lasted 10 years and the glacier has stayed in a quiescent phase since. Bistrup started to surge in 1988, peaked in 1993, and stopped in 1996. Both glaciers displayed a slow surge initiation and termination. Since 1993, ice builds up in the upper part of Storstrømmen at a 1 m/year, its lower part is thinning at its ablation rate of 1.4 m/year, and the grounding line has retreated by 10 km between 1992 and 2017, or 400 m/year. At these current rates, we project that Storstrømmen will meet presurge conditions in 2027–2030.
Eclipse‐Induced Changes to Topside Ion Composition and Field‐Aligned Ion Flows in the August 2017 Solar Eclipse: e‐POP Observations
Authors: Yau Andrew W. , Foss Victoria , Howarth Andrew D. , Perry Gareth W. , Watson Christopher , Huba Joseph
Published: October 2018

We present in situ ion composition and velocity measurements during the August 2017 solar eclipse from the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP), which crossed the path of totality at ~640‐km altitude within 10 min of totality passing. These measurements reveal two distinct H+ ion populations, an ~40% decrease in topside plasma density, a similar drop in upward but not downward H+ ion flux, and a downward O+ ion velocity of ~100 m/s. These features are directly linked to changes in the H+/O+ composition and in interhemispheric or field‐aligned light ion flow and to a reduction in the negative spacecraft potential. These observed features were absent on the preceding, noneclipse days and corroborate the reduction in F region plasma density and topside total electron content observed by the Global Positioning System receivers on board. They are attributed to the temporary reduction of photoionization in the eclipsed F region.
An Artificial Neural Network for Inferring Solar Wind Proxies at Mars
Authors: Ruhunusiri Suranga , Halekas J. S. , Espley J. R. , Eparvier F. , Brain D. , Mazelle C. , Harada Y. , DiBraccio G. A. , Dong Y. , Ma Y. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Mitchell D. L. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: October 2018

We present a novel method to determine solar wind proxies from sheath measurements at Mars. Specifically, we develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to simultaneously infer seven solar wind proxies: ion density, ion speed, ion temperature, and interplanetary magnetic field magnitude and its vector components, using spacecraft measurements of ion moments, magnetic field magnitude, magnetic field components in the sheath, and the solar extreme ultraviolet flux. The ANN was trained and tested using 3 years of data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. When compared with MAVEN spacecraft's in situ measured values of the solar wind parameters, we find that the ANN proxies for the solar wind ion density, ion speed, ion temperature, and interplanetary magnetic field magnitude have percentage differences of 50% or less for 84.4%, 99.9%, 86.8%, and 79.8% of the instances, respectively. For the cone angle and clock angle proxies, 69.1% and 53.3% of instances, respectively, have angle differences of 30∘ or less.
Stronger Contributions of Urbanization to Heat Wave Trends in Wet Climates
Authors: Liao Weilin , Liu Xiaoping , Li Dan , Luo Ming , Wang Dagang , Wang Shaojian , Baldwin Jane , Lin Lijie , Li Xia , Feng Kuishuang , Hubacek Klaus , Yang Xuchao
Published: October 2018

It is well known that urban areas are typically hotter than the surrounding (vegetated) rural areas. However, the contribution of urbanization to the trends of extreme temperature events such as heat waves (HWs) is less understood. Using a homogenized meteorological dataset drawn from nearly 2,000 stations in China, we find that urban and rural areas have different HW trends and the urban‐rural contrast of HW trends varies across climate regimes. In wet climates, the increasing trends of HWs in urban areas are greater than those in rural areas, suggesting a positive contribution of urbanization to HW trends. In arid regions, the urbanization contribution to HW trends is smaller and even negative. The stronger urbanization contribution to HW trends in wet climates is linked to the smaller variability of urban heat island intensity. This study highlights the important role of local hydroclimate in modulating the urbanization contribution to extreme temperatures.
Shear Flows Accelerate Mixing Dynamics in Hyporheic Zones and Hillslopes
Authors: Bandopadhyay Aditya , Davy Philippe , Le Borgne Tanguy
Published: October 2018

Topographic relief and river bedforms generate nested streamline patterns, which drive the propagation and mixing at depth of changes in surface water concentration or temperature. While concentration distributions and biogeochemical reactions in such flow cells are often studied under steady state transport conditions, there is increasing evidence that transient mixing processes may have a significant contribution to effective mixing and reaction rates. Here we show that these streamline patterns act as shear flows, which significantly accelerate mixing dynamics within flow cells and can lead to the formation of transient mixing hot spots at depth. We provide analytical solutions that quantify the dynamics of mixing in a flow cell for a pulse and a front initial solute distribution, which represent two idealized end‐members of more complex solute distributions in natural systems. These results provide new insights into the patterns and dynamics of mixing at hyporheic zone, hillslope, and catchment scales.
Future Changes in Seasonality of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Subtropical Highs
Authors: Song Fengfei , Leung L. Ruby , Lu Jian , Dong Lu
Published: October 2018

The subtropical highs have a zonal mean and a zonally asymmetric component related to the Hadley cell and land‐sea contrast, respectively. Based on 37 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models, relative roles of the Hadley cell and land‐sea contrast in future changes of the North Pacific and North Atlantic subtropical highs (NPSH and NASH) are evaluated. Both the NPSH and NASH are significantly enhanced during boreal spring (April–June) but not in summer (July–September). Although the zonally asymmetric component contributes to more than half of the enhancement during spring, the zonal mean component is responsible for the interseasonal contrast of the responses of the NPSH and NASH between spring and summer. The seasonally dependent Hadley cell changes are due to changes in tropical precipitation related to sea surface temperature (SST) warming, while enhanced land‐sea contrast has comparable effects on the NPSH and NASH during both spring and summer, with important implications to U.S. regional precipitation.
The Rings of Jupiter as Seen by the Electron and Proton Radiation Belt Model Salammbô
Authors: Nénon Q. , Sicard A. , Caron P.
Published: October 2018

A modeling of the effect of the rings of Jupiter on trapped >3‐MeV electrons and protons is proposed. The effect is then added to the physical model Salammbô and discussed against in situ measurements obtained by the Pioneer 11 and Galileo Probe missions. It is first shown that there is no evidence of an effect of the rings on the Jovian radiation belts, thanks to the new internal magnetic field model proposed by the Juno mission. Two grain populations are then studied: small grains, with a radius lower than 100 μm, are shown to not affect observable >3‐MeV trapped particles. The normal optical depth of grains with a radius larger than 2 cm, which may exist in the main ring, is constrained to be lower than 10−7 by the Salammbô model.
Effects of Thermal Fluctuations on Temperature Anisotropy Instabilities in the Solar Wind
Authors: López Rodrigo A. , Yoon Peter H.
Published: October 2018

The proton temperature anisotropy in the solar wind, when plotted as a two‐dimensional histogram in (β∥,T⊥/T∥) phase space, shows that the bulk of the data are broadly distributed in quasi‐isotropic state, while the fringe of data distribution is apparently regulated by various marginal stability conditions. The physical origin of magnetic field fluctuations in the stable regime is an open question. Among plausible mechanisms is the spontaneous thermal emission process. Discrete particle effects are central to the theory of spontaneous emission and reabsorption of electromagnetic fluctuations in plasmas. The present paper formulates the quasi‐linear theory of temperature anisotropy‐driven instabilities in which discrete particle effects are taken into account. The hybrid simulation is also carried out with varying number of superparticles per cell in order to unveil the underlying relationship between the theoretical and simulated discrete particle effects. The present paper demonstrates that the inherent numerical noise in the particle simulation is not always undesirable but may actually be exploited in order to control the degree of particle discreteness. Such a finding may have a significant implication for simulating the solar wind plasmas.