bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphids on Bt Cotton, 1996
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Three tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated Bt cotton planted 1 May. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No insecticides had been previously applied to the test areas. Treatments were applied to Test 1 on 19 Jun, Test 2 on 24 Jun and Test 3 on 25 Jun, respectively. In Test 1, insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 80015 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 34 psi. In Tests 2 and 3 insecticides were applied with a hand-boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 80015 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 24 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling ten plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot. Treatments were evaluated in Test 1 on 21 (2 DAT) and 26 Jun (7 DAT), Test 2 on 27 Jun (3 DAT) and 1 Jul (7 DAT), and Test 3 on 28 Jun (3 DAT) and 2 Jul (7 DAT). Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm), and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.30, 0.87, 0.03 and 0.08 inch rainfall on 19, 20, 22, and 24 Jun, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Aphid Control (Trial 1), 1996
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Howell Michael S. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

This test was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides for control of cotton aphids in Mississippi. Plots were 4 rows wide and 50 ft long with four untreated rows or a 10 ft planted buffer between plots. Plants in each plot were sampled on a three to four day interval early in the growing season for cotton aphids by selecting ten random plants in each plot. One leaf from the terminal and one leaf four nodes below the terminal (mid level) were sampled on each plant. The total number of aphids on the top leaves and mid leaves was recorded. Treatment was initiated when population levels were rapidly increasing. Insecticide applications were applied on 23 Jun and 10 Jul with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with two TX4 hollow cone nozzles per row traveling 4 mph and delivering 5 gpa. Plots within a replicate were sprayed sequentially to maintain true replicate integrity. Yield was estimated by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.
Spider Mite Control on Cotton, 1996
Authors: Studebaker Glenn
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected miticides against TSM was evaluated. Test plots consisted of four 48-inch rows 40 ft. long. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 12 Jul with a hand-held boom calibrated to deliver 15.8 gpa through two TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles per row at 60 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3, 6, 14 and 28 DAT by counting the number of TSM on 10 leaves per plot.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticide Testing, 1996
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at tight cluster (7 May), pink (13 May), petal fall (30 May), and as cover sprays on 11 Jun, 26 Jun, 8 Jul, 23 Jul, 7 Aug, and 19 Aug. Treatments of the standard compound, Guthion, were applied at petal fall and during the lst-6th cover (1C-6C) sprays. Treatments of CM-002X and CM-007 were applied at pink, petal fall, and during the lst-6th cover sprays. CGA-59205 was applied at petal fall and 21 days later (20 Jun). Several different schedules of Knack 0.86 EC and Knack 40 WP, (10 g AI/100 gal) in a control program were compared with either Confirm 70WP or Guthion 3F. Treatments were replicated 3 times on single tree plots (2 ‘McIntosh’ trees and 1 ‘Cortland’) and arranged in a RCB design.
Effects of Insecticides on Thrips Populations, Peanut Injury, Growth and Yield, 1995
Authors: Mulder P.G.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated for tobacco thrips control and for effects on growth and yield of Okrun runner type peanut in Ft. Cobb, Oklahoma. Peanuts were planted on 36-inch rows on 13 Jun. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractor-mounted John Deere granular applicator. The hopperbox Orthene treatment was planted last, to avoid planter box contamination. Preweighed amounts of Orthene 75S were added evenly over the seed, alternating one-third seed then one-third chemical until the boxes were filled. Post-emergence foliar treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. Post-emergence spray treatments were applied 15 days after planting (28 Jun). A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows wide by 40 ft long. Treatments were evaluated by comparing: plant stand counts per l/1000th of an acre and injury ratings based on a 0 to 6 scale where 0 = no thrips injured leaves and 6 = 100 percent injured leaves. In addition, thrips control was evaluated by collecting 5 unopened quadrifoliate leaves per plot on 20 Jun, 3 Jul, 7 Jul, 17 Jul and 27 Jul. Only the initial three samplings are reported. Unopened leaves were placed in vials of alcohol and returned to the laboratory where adult and larval thrips were separated and counted under a dissecting microscope. Yields were based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from 2 rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each 1/3 acre, of 18-yr-old trees on MM 111 rootstock. Trees measured 15 ft. in height and 14 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 x 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree replications per treatment, with 2 replications per mini-block in a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by 1 unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates of application were 25 Apr [pink (P)], 13 May [petal fall (PF)], 30 May [first cover (1C)], 13 Jun [second cover (2C)], 26 Jun [third cover (3C)], 11 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 25 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 7 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 21 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], and 5 Sep [eighth cover (8C)]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects on the periphery of test trees periodically during the season. RAA control was determined by counting colonies per tree. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was determined by sampling 20 leaves/tree (5 replications), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeding mines during a 5 minute period per tree.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Redlegged Grasshopper on Mature Soybean Adjacent to Mustard Greens, 1995
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

Mature soybeans were sprayed with different insecticides to prevent the redlegged grasshoppers from moving into adjacent mustard greens. The study was located in a commercial soybean field in Webbers Falls, OK. Soybean pods were mature and plants were bare of foliage at treatment application. Insecticides were applied with a bicycle sprayer equipped with 10 Tee Jet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 8.8 gpa at 2.7 mph. Treatments were applied 19 Oct in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 16 ft X 75 ft and 2 untreated rows separated plots. Adult redlegged grasshoppers were counted just prior to treatment and at 2 and 6 DAT. On each observation date one count of flying grasshoppers was made by each of 2 observers while walking through each plot.
Effects of Insecticides on Non-Target Insects in Sugarcane, 1996
Authors: Woolwine A.E. , Rodriguez L. M. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T.E.
Published: December 2017

The impact of 5 different insecticide treatments (generally used to control SCB) against non-target insects was evaluated in a RCB design with 4 replications except Baythroid which had 3 replications. Treatments were randomly assigned to sugarcane field plots (ca. 1.03 to 2.12 acres each). Plots were treated on 15 Aug and 4 Sep with chemicals applied in water using an Ag Cat B aircraft with swaths of 54 ft delivering 2 gpa finished formulation. Non-target arthropods were monitored continuously using 3 pitfall traps (pt jars filled with 150 ml 70% ethanol and 60 ml mineral oil) embedded in the soil surface in the center of each plot and spaced 20 m apart. Traps were sheltered by a 22 cm diam disc supported on a tripod 4 cm above the soil surface. Traps were first installed on 19 Aug, collected and replaced on 9 Sep and the last set removed on 30 Sep.
Wheat Stem Sawfly Control on Winter Wheat, 1996
Authors: Blodgett Sue L. , Goosey Hayes , Waters Deb , Tharp Cecil , Johnson Greg
Published: December 2017

Three insecticide treatments were evaluated for WSS control on a commercial farm near Dutton, MT. Winter wheat was treated on 19 Jun in 40 X 7 ft plots oriented along the edge of the wheat strip, adjacent to fallow where WSS activity is greater. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made using a backpack, CO2-pressured sprayer equipped with TeeJet XR8002VS nozzles, calibrated to deliver 8.2 gpa at 30 psi. WSS adults were sampled by taking 10 consecutive sweeps using a standard (15-inch diam) sweep net and larvae were sampled by splitting 20 stems per plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and separating means using Tukey.
Control of Black Cutworm Larvae on a Bentgrass Fairway, 1996
Authors: Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on a golf course fairwa; of Columbia Hills Country Club at Columbia Station in Lorain Co., OH. Insecticides were applied the evening of 30 Jul to plots 6 X 20 ft (1.8 x 6.1 m arranged in a RCB replicated four times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8006VS nozzles at 29 psi (2.04 kg/cm2) pressurt that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). The experimental area received no post-treatment irrigation between applications and data acqui sition. Environmental conditons at time of treatment were as follows: BCW - approximately 6/yd2, various instars; turf-level, dry, 1/2 inch (13 mm) ht 100% creeping bentgrass, ¼ inch (6 mm) thatch depth; soil-moist, 78°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 79°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm); weather-mostly cloudy, 80°F 0-10 mph (0-16 km/h). Counts of the BCW carcasses present on surface of each plot were recorded the morning following treatment approximately 11 hours after treatment. Evaluation was done on the morning of 1 Aug, approximately 36 hours after treatment, by recording the number of BCW live lar vae flushed to the surface using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Joy dishwashing detergent per 2 gal (7.6 liter) water in two 1 yd2 (0.9 X 0.9 m) areas ii each plot.
Control of Black Turfgrass Ataenius Adults on a Golf Course Fairway, 1995
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on an irrigated golf course fairway at Westfield Country Club, Westfield Center, in Medina Co., OH. Insecticides were applied 15 May to plots 6 ft by the width of the fairway (>65 ft) replicated four times. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8006VS nozzles at 35 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2. The granular treatments were applied with a 2-ft drop spreader. After all treatments were applied, the area was irrigated with approximately ¼ inch of water. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: BTA - ovipositing adults present; turf-level dry, % inch ht, 100% bentgrass, 1 inch of thatch; soil - moist, 60°F at 1 inch and 3 inches deep; weather - sunny, 64°F, 0-8 mph wind. Evaluation was done on 10 Jul by counting number of live BTA larvae in 10 samples 4% inches in diam from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by DMRT at P = 0.05.
Spring Application of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides for Control of Sod Webworms, 1996
Authors: Baxendale F.P. , Weinhold A.P. , Schild J. , Merrigan T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of sod webworm larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the Gering Cemetery, in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. The turf (80% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% perennial rye and tall fescue) was maintained at a mowing height of 2.5 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silt loam; soil organic matter, 2.3%; soil pH, 8.4. Weather conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: soil moisture 16% by wt; air temperature 70°F; soil temperature 62°F; relative humidity 29%; wind direction and velocity 157° at 11 mph. Plots were 7 x 7 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Treatments were applied on 6 May. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO, sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 2 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inches of water. A total of 0.67 inch of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 3,7, and 14 DAT (10, 14, and 21 May) by mixing 0.5 oz of Lemon Dawn® per gal of water and applying one gal of the dilution to each of two 6 ft sampling areas per plot (12.0 ft2 total area). Larvae that moved to the grass surface after twenty minutes, were collected and counted.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of White Grubs, 1996
Authors: Gibb T. J. , Buhler W. G. , Gerber C. K.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted on 2 X 2 ft plots at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center in West Lafayette, IN. The plots were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times. A PVC cylinder (6 inch inside diameter) was buried 4 inches into the soil and projected 1 inch above the soil in the center of each plot. Five 3rd instar JB grubs were infested within each cylinder on 1 Oct. Merit 0.5G was used as the insecticide standard treatment and was applied with a homemade salt shaker on 3 Jul. Orthene and Tame treatments were applied on 4 Oct. Dispersible formulations were applied through a TeeJet® 11003 spray tip attached to a 60-ml plastic syringe at a volume of 2 gal water / 1000 ft2. All plots received 0.5 inch of irrigation immediately after treatment. There were two untreated plots in each replicate. Thatch depth (natural) was 0.13 - 0.25 inches on a silt loam soil. Efficacy was evaluated 25 Oct by extracting the cylinders, separating the soil and grass, and recording the number of live grubs.
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Merit 7SWP, Tempo 20WP, Merit 75WP Plus Tempo 20WP, and Experimental Formulations on Established Fescue Turfgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 4 X 6 ft arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 182 ml of water/24 ft2 or delivering 2 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (31 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 69°F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.75 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 34.4% sand, 48.7% silt, 16.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 24.1%; organic matter, 5.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.2; application time, mid-morning; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area received 0.1 inch of irrigation. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period 6 DAT (6 Aug) and 14 DAT (14 Aug). Two flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Ant Control on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

An irrigated bentgrass section of the ninth fairway at Shadow Ridge Golf Course in Ionia, MI was divided into forty eight 12 X 12 ft plots with a 3 ft walkway between them. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. The treatments were applied on 12 Jun and 9 Jul with a CO2 powered R&D backpack boom sprayer at 175 gal finished spray/acre at 50 psi with four 8008 nozzles. Evaluations were made on 12 Jun, 20 Jun, 26 Jun, 2 Jul, 9 Jul, 19 Jul, and 25 Jul by counting active ant mounds in each plot.
Dose-Response Tests with Neem Azal-T Against the Cabbage Moth, 1995
Authors: Meadow Richard , Seljåsen Randi
Published: December 2017

Cabbage plants in pots were inverted and dipped in 1.5 liters of a solution of Neem Azal-T (Trifolio-M GmbH, Germany). Neem Azal-T contains 5% azadirachtin, generally considered the active ingredient in neem extracts. Neem Azal-T was diluted in water at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 ppm azadirachtin. Each plant was held in the solution for 60 sees. After dipping, the plants were set in a screened insectary to dry for 3 hours, cabbage moth larvae in the early 2nd instar were placed in net bags, 20 larvae per bag, and the bags were placed over each plant and secured at the base of the stem. The plants were arranged on the concrete insectary floor in a RCB design with 5 replications. The average air temperature during the experiment was 15.5°C. The average day length was 18 h. The experiment lasted 16 days, at which time larval mortality was assessed.
Laboratory Tests for Adult Red Shoulder Bug Control with Beauveria Bassiana Fungus, 1996
Authors: Reinert James A. , Knauf T. A. , Maranz S. J. , Bishr M.
Published: December 2017

Red shoul der bug is a household nuisance pest across the range of its primary host, Chinaberry. When Chinaberry is present in the landscape, this pest often reaches high populations on the developing yellow berries. A large number of adults migrate into houses throughout the summer and early fall. Adults were collected on 23 Jul as they migrated up/down the trunk of 3 Chinaberry trees on the campus at Texas A&M Univ. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Dallas, TX. In the lab, 5 randomly selected adults were introduced into 9 cm diam X 15 mm deep plastic feeding chambers labeled for each treatment in a RCB design with 5 replicates. Each chamber received 2 water-saturated 7.5 cm diam filter papers, to provide high humidity, and two chinaberry fruits as a food source during the study. Four concentrations of BioCide-TRF™ (Mycotrol GH-ES) Beauveria bassiana (2.0 X 1013 conidia/qt), oneof Dursban (standard), and an untreated check were evaluated. Adults within each chamber were anesthetized with CO2 gas, and a 2.5 μ/ droplet of the respective test material was applied to the prothorax of each adult. Silwet (0.04%) was added to each material as a wetting agent to ensure adherence to the normally hydrophobic insect cuticle. Treated insects were observed daily for mortality; all dead insects were held for several days to confirm the fungus activity, as indicated by an expression of mycelia from the joints of dead insects.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Citrus, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Different rates of Experimental CM-006, alone and tank-mixed with NR 435 Oil, were. compared with the standard acaricide Agri-Mek + NR 435 oil. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on plots of 6 trees each in a block of 11 -yr-old grapefruit trees planted on 18 X 24 ft. spacing. Treatment sprays were applied 20 May using a FMC 1229 single volute commercial air blast sprayer operating at 1 mph, with nozzling and pressure calibrated to apply 200 gpa. At weekly intervals post treatment, 25 fruit per replicate (100/treatment) were randomly selected and examined for CRM in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1 cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
California Red Scale Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1995
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of three insect growth regulators (IGR) and a new chemistry insecticide for the control of CRS were compared with an organophosphate insecticide and an untreated check. The insecticides were applied to 12 year old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. Various rates, timings, and numbers of insecticide treatments were applied to single trees, replicated 10 times, based on pretreatment densities of CRS. Admire was applied to the soil on 4 May and irrigated for 8 hours. Foliar treatments were timed for emergence of 1st generation (25, 26 May) or 2nd generation (2, 4 Aug) scale crawler activity. All foliar spray applications were made with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 1200 gpa (14–15 gallons per tree). Twig sampling was conducted by counting 1 st and 2nd instar scale and 3rd instar female scale from five randomly selected 2 yr-old twig samples per tree. Five randomly selected fruit per tree were also evaluated when fruit became available. At harvest, the percentage of fruit infested with ≥10 CRS was evaluated for each of the treatments.
Western Bean Cutworm Control in Dry Beans with Foliar Sprays, 1996
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Beans were planted 31 May and furrow irrigated. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Eight treatments and one untreated check were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each plot was 6 rows by 25 ft long. Western bean cutworm larvae were reared from egg masses in laboratory petri plates on garden bean leaves. Approximately 100 1st and 2nd instar larvae per plot were released on 26 Jul and 100 larvae again on 29 Jul by placing bean leaflet sections containing larvae within the plant canopy on randomly selected plants in the center two plot rows. All treatments were applied on 6 Aug, a second application of both Bt formulations on 12 Aug, and a third application of both Bt formulations on 19 Aug. A broadcast S was applied with a backpack, CO2 sprayer at a rate of 20 gpa (30 psi; 4, 10X hollow cone nozzles). On 27-28 Aug, pods were collected from the center two plot rows. These pods were inspected for damage and percentages of damaged pods and seeds per treatment were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keul’s multiple means comparison (P = .05).
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Hinova’ cabbage was transplanted at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 28 Jun. Treflan 4 E at 2 pts/acre was incorporated 27 Jun prior to planting. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 39 ft long, and separated by 11 ft alleys. Plants were on 1 ft spacing within the rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 2, 13, 26 Aug, and 13 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gpa at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and inspected for DBM, ICW, and CL small (lst-2nd instars) and large (≥3rd instars) larvae, and ICW and CL eggs, on 29 Jul, 7, 19 Aug, 3, 9, and 19 Sep. To rate marketability, 20 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 26 Sep, and rated according to Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800). On 1 Oct., five plants per plot were randomly selected and the heads were removed and weighed.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Boltz Melanie , Cain Carol
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 31 Jul. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 29 Aug; 4, 11, 19, 25 Sep and 2 Oct. Foliage injury was rated on a scale of 1–6; 1 = no apparent insect feeding; 2 = minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3 = moderate insect feeding on wrapper outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4 = moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11 -30% of leaf area eaten; 6 = considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Insecticide Evaluation II, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 0.8 acre block of 17-yr-old trees on MM106 rootstock. Trees measured 13.5 ft in height and 14.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 18 X 24 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single plot of 3 rows X 8 trees/row for each of two spray treatments which were separated by a single untreated plot of 4 rows X 8 trees/row. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa in treatment 1 and 250 gpa in treatment 2. Dates of application were 2 May [petal fall (PF)], 14 May [first cover (1C)], 29 May [second cover (2C)], 12 Jun [third cover (3C)], 24 Jun [fourth cover (4C)], 8 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 22 Jul [sixth cover (6C)], 5 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], 19 Aug [eighth cover (8C)], and 2 Sep [ninth cover (9C)]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments prebloom were COCS, Dithane, and Nova. Other materials applied postbloom at various times in tank mix with treatment 1 were Nova, Dithane, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting arthropod pests or injury on 4 single-tree replications of ‘Delicious’ for European red mite, and ‘Golden Delicious’ for all other pests, in each plot periodically during the season. RAA control was evaluated by counting colonies per tree. Control of SA was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 5 terminals per tree. Treatment effect against WALH and RLH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. PLH control was determined by counting adults and nymphs on the 5 youngest leaves on each of 10 terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was deter-mined by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. STLM control was evaluated by counting all tissue-feeder mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples and up to 100 drop apples per replication of ‘Golden Delicious’ on 17 Sep. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit were also rated for russeting as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface).
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control with Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Golden Queen’ sweet corn was seeded on 22 I Apr near Calabash, NC in Brunswick Co. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft were used I between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Test 1 and Test 2 were in the same field with a 75 ft spacing of untreated area between the two test sites. Applications were made to both Test 1 and Test 2 twice a week on 27 and 30 Jun, and 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 Jul. Insect-damaged ears were assayed on 21 Jul when all ears were harvested from both tests.
Melon Thrips Management on Eggplant, 1997
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park. The field was set up in a RCB design with seven treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of a double row of eggplant planted at 30-inch between-plant spacing. Each row consisted of 14 plants for a total length of approximately 35 ft. A spacing of 8-ft width separated treatment plots. Blocks were separated by a 4-ft spacing. Total field size was 0.35 acre. Treatments were applied at 60 psi with an output of 100 gpa using a compressed CO2 sprayer. One flat fan 6504 spray nozzle was used. Treatments were applied at 7-day intervals on 25 Jun, 2, 9, and 19 Jul. In-sect surveys were made on a weekly basis 5-days after the previous treatment application for a total of three post-treatment surveys. At each survey, one-half of the third leaf from the apical growing tip was sampled and placed in separate plastic zip-lock bags. Ten randomly selected leaves were sampled per treatment plot. Each sample was washed separately with a detergent solution and the thrips were collected on a 150-mesh sieve. Thrips were recorded by developmental stages first instar larvae (LI), second instar larvae (LII), and adults (A). Percent MT feeding damage under the calyx of the fruit was also recorded on the mature fruit harvested from the treated plots.
Control of Western Black Flea Beettle on Mustard Greens, 1997
Authors: Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at the Horticulture Field Research Farm north of Ft. Collins, CO. Plots were established by transplanting, 4 June, “Green Wave” mustard to single 32-in rows, at 12-inch in-row spacing. Experimental design was a RCB, with 4 replications and individual plots consisted of two 15-ft rows. Treatments were first applied 14 Jun, using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 18 gpa. A reapplication was made 17 Jun. Evaluations were made by counting all flea beetles on the center 4 plants from each row per plot (8 plants/plot total).
New and Labeled Foliar Materials and Tank Mixesl To Control Insects on Potatoes, 1997
Authors: Nault Brian A. , Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 3 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 20-ft-long rows. Plots were separated across rows by 3 ft and within rows by 6 ft of bare ground. There were 6 treatments plus an untreated control arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Insecticide application timings were targeted for control of CPB, not ECB. Initial applications were made on 28 May when small (LI + L2) and large (L3 + L4) CPB larvae were present and many of the egg masses in the field had hatched. Two additional applications were made at 14-d intervals (11 and 30 Jun). Insecticides were applied using a propane-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows calibrated to deliver 46 il. of spray/acre at 40 psi. Data were taken weekly from 3 through 30 Jun from the center 2 rows of each plot and included the following: the number of CPB adults, egg masses, small and large larvae/10 randomly selected stems in each plot, the number of ECB-damaged stems/20 randomly chosen stems per plot, and a visual estimation of percent defoliation within each plot. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 10 Jul and tubers were graded and weighed.
Evaluation of Selected Foliar Insecticides for Control of White Grub and Whitefringed Beetle on Sweetpotatoes, 1997
Authors: Story R. N. , Hammond A. M. , Murray M. J. , McLemore W. B. , Cannon James M.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted at the Sweet Potato Research Station, LSU AC, Chase, LA, to determine the efficacy of 9 insecticide treatments for the control of white grub and whitefringed beetle. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was planted on 9 Jun. Plots were 4 rows wide (40 inches/row) and 40 ft long. Insecticides were applied on an approximately weekly basis starting one month after transplanting (10, 17, 24, 31 Jul; 7, 14, 21, 28 Aug; 4, 11, 18 Sep). A CO2-pressurized tractor mounted system was used (40 psi) with a four-row boom (20 inches spacing) containing 8 nozzles (Cone Jet tx-vs-6) and calibrated to deliver 15 gpa. Sweetpotatoes were harvested on 25 Sep and rated for damage. From each plot, 25 roots were randomly selected and the presence or absence of white grub and whitefringed beetle feeding damage was determined.
Control of Southern Armyworm on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Fall 1996
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 4 Sep, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15-ft row with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 30 Sep, 14, 21, 28 Oct, 4, 18 Nov, and 3 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa the first two applications, 90 gpa the third application and 120 gpa the last four applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 14, 26 Nov, and 11 Dec. The number and weight of un-damaged fruit and fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined.
Flea Beetle Control Compared for 3 Varieties of Spring Canola, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded 28 May at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA, at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart. Plots were 6 X 20 ft. replicated 4 times in a RCBD, situated next to a crested wheat grass field. At planting treatments of Gaucho 75 ST at 16.0 oz/cwt. were applied as a seed treatment to each variety. Checks for the 3 varieties were established. A mean of 80 FB per 6.6 ft of row were present on 2d after emergence (DAE). The plants were in the early cotyledon stage of growth. FB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = no damage, and 6 = total destruction of apical meristem on 2-DAE, 5-DAE, 8-DAE, 12-DAE, and 18-DAE.
Late-Season Flea Beetle Control on Spring Canola, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded 28 May at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Plots were 6 X 20 ft. replicated 4 times in a RCBD, situated next to a crested wheat grass field. Treatments of CR-10 at 2.5 lb product/acre were applied as granules with the seed, and 4 rates of Gaucho 75 ST were applied as seed treatments at planting. Four other treatments were made at the appearance of flea beetles 2 d after emergence (DAE) with a COz_ powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi. An untreated check was established. A mean of 80 FB per 6.6 ft of row were present at the time of treat-ment. The plants were in the early-cotyledon stage of growth. FB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = damage, and 6 = total destruction of apical meristem at the pre-treatment count, 2-DAT, 5-DAT, 9-DAT, and 15-DAT.
Southwestern Corn Borer Control on Irrigated Corn, 1997
Authors: Royer T. A. , Giles K. L.
Published: December 2017

Seven insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of second-generation southwestern corn borer on irrigated corn at the Panhandle Research Station, Goodwell, OK. Each treatment was applied to plots measuring 7 ft X 25 ft and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. On 5 Aug, pre-treatment counts of egg masses collected during pollen shed indicated SWCB populations were 2-3 times higher than the economic threshold. Insecticide treatments were applied on 6 Aug with a CO2-charged hand held sprayer through 0015 flat-fan nozzles at 30 psi for a total volume of 20 gpa. On 26 Aug, 10 plants per plot were split from root to tassel and evaluated for the number of borer-induced tunnels and borer larvae. Plots were harvested for yield on 3 Oct. Data were subjected to ANOVA and individual means compared by Fishers protected LSD.
Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Second-Generation European Corn Borer, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Each plot consisted of four 30-inch-wide by 100-ft-long rows with four replications. Treatments were applied to the center two rows of each plot leaving two untreated rows between each plot. A RCB design with four replications was utilized. Two untreated check plots were included in each replication and were averaged for the ANOVA. Manual ECB infestations to simulate the second generation were made at corn anthesis on 8 Aug, by applying one ECB egg mass (black-head stage) per leaf axil above and below the ear node to 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle two rows of a 4-row plot. All insecticide treatments were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV). Liquid insecticides were applied on 21 Aug, with two 8003 TeeJet flat-fan nozzles (one per row), as a broadcast over the row, with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 9.7 gpa at 20 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph. The height of the nozzles above the whorls was 10 to 12 inches.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Alternatives for Tobacco Budworm Control, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 1 May in a Faceville loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 45 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S on 19 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. A single application was applied to all plots on 30 Jun. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow-cone nozzle per row. On 8 Jul, 25 terminals from each plot (total 100 per treatment) were examined for terminal and square damage by TBW and live larvae. Plots were not harvested. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Nucotn 33B Cotton, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size as 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 untreated rows between plots and a 10-ft planted buffer at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 11 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row and calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 40 psi at 3 mph. Carrier of the in-secticide was water. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of two levels on the plant: upper (first fully expanded leaf), and mid (mainstem leaf located one-third down the plant), aphids were counted on the underside of each leaf. Yield (lb of seed cotton per acre) was determined by mechani-cally harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and measuring the actual area picked.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphid on Cotton, 1997C
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted to evaluate the ef-ficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated cotton planted 1 May at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No foliar insec-ticides were applied to the plots before the test was initiated. Prior to treatment, cotton plants with infestations of cotton aphids in the plant terminals (20/plot) were identified with plastic tags. Treatments were applied 27 Jun with a handboom and CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/row) at 28 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 5 tagged plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 3, 6, and 11 DAT. Treatments were evaluated on 30 Jun (3 DAT), 3 (6 DAT), and 8 Jul (11 DAT). Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300-mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm), and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.11 and 1.98 inches rainfall on 28 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Mint Root Borer in Peppermint, 1995 and 1996
Authors: Gillespie Robert L.
Published: December 2017

In 1995, we used two trials to evaluate the effect of Steinernema carpocapsae (Biovector) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 E) on the subsample population of MRB larvae. Eighteen pairwise comparisons were used in each trial to assess the level of control by each treatment. Plots were 12 ft by 30 ft. The application date for nematodes was 8 Sep 95 and 9 Sep 95 for chlorpyrifos. In 1996, a RCB design, replicated 4 times, was used to evaluate MRB larval control with Steinernema riobravis and chlorpyrifos. Each plot was subsampled twice for MRB larvae. Plot size was 12 ft by 600 ft. Treatments were applied on 4 Oct 96. The evaluation involved pre- and post-treatment sampling to determine if the field population exceeded the economic threshold of 2 to 3 larvae/ft2 and evaluate the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes and chlorpyrifos on MRB sample populations. Pre-treatment sampling for MRB larvae began the second week of Aug in both years. In 1995, rhizomes from 18, 1-ft2 subsamples were randomly collected and berlesed to determine the pre-treatment MRB larval sample population in the 35-acre study field. In 1996, 24, 1 ft2 subsamples in the 40-acre study field were similarly assessed. In both years, pre-treatment sample population exceeded the economic threshold though the subsample larval counts varied widely from 0 to 11 /ft2 in 1995 and 1 to 16/ft2 in 1996. Treatments were applied using a 12-ft grain drill modified to spray nematodes or the insecticide into the silt created by the double discs. The packer wheels located behind the spray nozzles sealed the treatments be-low the soil surface. Packing is important because chlorpyrifos volatilizes and photodegrades and nematodes desiccate rapidly if exposed to the sun and hot temperatures that commonly occur in our area. This application method placed the controls where MRB larvae are located, generally no deeper than 1 inch below the soil surface. Controls were injected at 6-inch intervals at 24 psi and 50 gpa. We used a 30-mesh screen and an orifice size of 41 in each spray nozzle to reduce nematode mortality as they passed through the spray nozzle. Trials were located on commercial peppermint farms near Othello, WA (Adams Co.).
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 60949A and Exp 80572B in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides. On 6 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and planted by hand with treated or untreated seed at 100 lb seed/acre. Seed treated (at the rate shown in the table) with EXP 80572B 44.1 FC was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. Selected plots were treated with EXP 60949A 1.5 G at the rates shown in the table. Fertilizer, seed, and insecticide were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flushed (temporary flood for 24^18 h then drain). Rice emerged 15 May. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 5 Jun (21 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before the permanent flood, selected plots were treated with EXP 60949A 1.5 G at the rates shown in the table. On 19 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 173 lb/acre. On 19 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3G at 20 lb/acre. All granular insecticides were applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 28 Jun and 14 Jul (23 and 39 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (7 Sep = 117 d from emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Dimilin and Boron on Soybean in Virginia, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Holshouser D. L.
Published: December 2017

Dimilin 2 L and Boron 10 (1.0 lb B/gal), alone and tank mixed, were evaluated for effects on BLB adults, GCW larvae, leaf defoliation, pod number and yield of soybean. Asana XL was included as an insecticide standard, as was an untreated control. ‘Accomac’ soybean was planted 29 May at the Tidewater Agric. Res. and Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA, using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied as foliar sprays with water on 8 August at the R3 soybean growth stage (beginning pod development, with a 3/16-inch long pod at one of the 4 uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf) using a tractor sprayer calibrated to deliver 15.0 gpa at 50 psi through 3, D3-23 hollow cone nozzles per row. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 8 rows by 50 ft. Insect samples were taken using a standard beat cloth on 6 row ft per plot on 18, 26, 31 and 38 days after treatment (DAT). Defoliation was assessed by visual inspection of all leaves on 10 plants per plot. Pod number was determined just prior to harvest by counting all pods on 20 plants per plot (5 adjacent plants in the row, in 4 locations in each plot). Yield was determined by harvesting 2, 2-row samples per plot (a total of 200 row ft per plot) using a commercial soybean combine.