Association of Trends in Child Undernutrition and Implementation of the National Rural Health Mission in India: A Nationally Representative Serial Cross-Sectional Study on Data from 1992 – 2015
Authors: Soni Apurv , Fahey Nisha , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Li Wenjun , Simas Tiffany Moore , Nimbalkar Somashekhar , Allison Jeroan 
Published: March 2022

Background

India launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 to strengthen its primary healthcare system in high-focus and northeast focus states. One of the NRHM objectives was to reduce child undernutrition in India.

Methods and Findings

We used data from 1992, 1998, 2005, and 2015 National Family Health Surveys of India to evaluate trends in child undernutrition prevalence before and after NRHM and across different categories of focus states. Stunting, Wasting, and Comprehensive Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) was assessed using WHO growth curves to assess chronic, acute, and overall undernutrition. The study included 187,452 children aged 3 years or under. Survey-weighted and confounder-adjusted average annualized reduction rates (AARR) and predicted probability ratios were used to assess trends and socioeconomic disparities for child undernutrition, respectively. Nationwide, the prevalence of all types of undernutrition decreased from 1992 to 2015. However, the trends varied before and after NRHM implementation and differentially by focus states. After NRHM, acute undernutrition declined more rapidly among high-focus states (AARR 1.0%) but increased in normal-focus states (AARR -1.9% per year; p<0.001). In contrast, the prevalence of chronic undernutrition declined more rapidly (AARR 1.6%) in the normal focus states in comparison to high-focus states (0.3%; p=0.01). Income and caste-based disparities in acute undernutrition decreased but did not disappear after the implementation of the NRHM. However, similar disparities in prevalence of chronic undernutrition appear to be exacerbated after the implementation of the NRHM. Major limitations of this study include the observational and cross-sectional design, which preclude our ability to draw causal inferences.

Conclusion

Our results suggests that NRHM implementation might be associated with improvement in wasting (acute) rather than stunting (chronic) forms of undernutrition. Strategies to combat undernutrition equitably, especially in high-focus states are needed.

AUTHOR SUMMARY

Why was this study done?

India has the largest number of undernourished children of any country worldwide

India’s government launched a public health program called National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) that had a focus on improving maternal and child health

Impact of the NRHM has been studied on infant mortality rate but nationwide estimates of association of NRHM with child undernutrition rates remains unelucidated

What did the researchers do and find?

We carried out a cross-sectional study based on nationally representative serial data gathered through the National Family Health Surveys in 1992, 1998, 2005, and 2015 on a total 187,452 children, which represented national population of children aged 3 years and under residing in India in the respective survey years

The study reports that the prevalence of undernutrition and trends in its changes before and after implementation of NRHM differed across different indicators of undernutrition.

The prevalence of wasting (acute undernutrition) declined at a faster rate in the post-NRHM period among the states where NRHM was prioritized while the prevalence of acute undernutrition increased during the post-NRHM where NRHM was not implemented. Conversely, prevalence of stunting (chronic undernutrition) declined at a faster rate among the normal focus states in the post-NRHM period in comparison to high and northeast focus states.

Socioeconomic disparities for chronic and overall undernutrition persisted or widened over time. We observed a decline in wealth, maternal-education, rural, and caste-based disparities for acute undernutrition after the implementation of the NRHM.

What do these findings mean?

Policies enacted under the NRHM may be associated with a reduction in acute form of child undernutrition

Policies enacted under the NRHM may be associated with modest reduction in wealth, education, or caste-based disparities for acute form of child undernutrition, however, the disparities for chronic undernutrition among children were not associated by the NRHM