bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonist pharmacokinetics and pharmaco -dynamics: A foundation for distinguishing mechanisms of bleeding and anticipated risk for platelet-directed therapies
Authors: Becker Richard , Gurbel Paul
Published: February 2010

The platelet P2Y12 receptor is involved in all aspects of arterial thrombosis, including adhesion, activation, aggregation, secretion and development of a stable aggregate on which coagulation proteins can assemble and fibrin strands can mesh. Inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor has been shown convincingly to reduce cardiovascular events among patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention (PCI). Current studies are exploring whether there is a threshold of platelet aggregation below which only more bleeding occurs, without a concomitant reduction in clinical events. The following review considers the potential relevance of reversible and irreversible mechanisms of P2Y12 inhibition to bleeding risk, posing the question, “Is it not only how much but how a platelet P2Y12 receptor is inhibited that determines the attributable safety profile?”
A genetic variant in the gene encoding fibrinogen beta chain predicted development of hypertension in Chinese men
Authors: Ong Kwok Leung , Tso Annette , Cherny Stacey , Sham Pak Chung , Lam Karen , Jiang Chao Qiang , Thomas Neil , Lam Tai Hing , Cheung Bernard
Published: February 2010

Fibrinogen, a major determinant of blood viscosity, is an acute phase protein associated with cardiovascular disease. We studied the association of hypertension with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding the fibrinogen β chain (FGB). Three tagging SNPs (rs1025154, rs4220 and rs1044291) were selected from the HapMap database on Han Chinese. Genotypes were determined in 1,294 unrelated subjects from the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study cohort. There were 199 hypertensive subjects at baseline. Among 1,095 subjects normotensive at baseline, 178 developed hyper-tension during a median follow-up period of 6.4 years. Among the three tagging SNPs, rs4220 showed significant association with hypertension at both baseline (odds ratio [OR]=1.49, p=0.004) and at follow-up (OR=1.32, p=0.013). The minor A allele of this SNP was associated with higher plasma fibrinogen level (β=0.144, p<0.001 at baseline and β=0.130, p<0.001 at follow-up). Among subjects normotensive at baseline, this SNP was also associated with the development of hyper-tension in men (OR=1.52, p=0.022), but not in women. The SNP rs4220 in FGB, which leads to the substitution of arginine by lysine at position 448, is independently associated with plasma fibrinogen level and hypertension in Hong Kong Chinese. This suggests a possible causal role of fibrinogen in hypertension development, especially in men.
Nucleic acid aptamers as antithrombotic agents: Opportunities in extracellular therapeutics
Authors: Povsic Thomas , Cohen Mauricio , Rusconi Christopher , Sullenger Bruce , Becker Richard
Published: February 2010

Antithrombotic therapy for the acute management of thrombotic disorders has been stimulated and guided actively by our current understanding of platelet biology, coagulation proteases, and vascular science. A translatable platform for coagulation, based soundly on biochemistry, enzymology and cellular events on platelets and tissue factor-baring cells, introduces fundamental constructs, mechanistic clarity, and an unparalleled opportunity for accelerating the development and clinical investigation of both disease- and patient-specific therapies. In the current review, we build upon and expand substantially our observations surrounding nucleic acids as antithrombotic agents.
Early Deaths in Patients With Heart Failure Discharged From the Emergency Department
Authors: Lee Douglas S. , Schull Michael J. , Alter David A. , Austin Peter C. , Laupacis Andreas , Chong Alice , Tu Jack V. , Stukel Thérèse A.
Published: January 2010

Background—

Although approximately one third of patients with heart failure (HF) visiting the emergency department (ED) are discharged home, little is known about their care and outcomes.

Methods and Results—

We examined the acute care and early outcomes of patients with HF who visited an ED and were discharged without hospital admission in Ontario, Canada, from April 2004 to March 2007. Among 50 816 patients (age, 76.4±11.6 years; 49.4% men) visiting an ED for HF, 16 094 (31.7%) were discharged without hospital admission. A total of 4.0% died within 30 days from admission, and 1.3% died within 7 days of discharge from the ED. Although multiple (≥2) previous HF admissions (odds ratio [OR], 1.64; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.31), valvular heart disease (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.84), peripheral vascular disease (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.93), and respiratory disease (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.63) increased the risk of 30-day death among those discharged from the ED, presence of these conditions did not increase the likelihood of admission. Patients were more likely to be admitted if they were older (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.10 per decade), arrived by ambulance (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.93 to 2.12), had a higher triage acuity score (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 3.84 to 4.42), or received resuscitation in the ED (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.68 to 3.04). In those with comparable predicted risks of death, subsequent 90-day mortality rates were higher among discharged than admitted patients (11.9% versus 9.5%; log-rank
P
=0.016).

Conclusions—

Patients with HF who are discharged from the ED have substantial risks of early death, which, in some cases, may exceed that of hospitalized patients.
Vitamin B1 Analog Benfotiamine Prevents Diabetes-Induced Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure Through Akt/Pim-1–Mediated Survival Pathway
Authors: Katare Rajesh G. , Caporali Andrea , Oikawa Atsuhiko , Meloni Marco , Emanueli Costanza , Madeddu Paolo
Published: January 2010

Background—

The increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus will result in a new epidemic of heart failure unless novel treatments able to halt diabetic cardiomyopathy early in its course are introduced. This study aimed to determine whether the activity of the Akt/Pim-1 signaling pathway is altered at critical stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy and whether supplementation with vitamin B1 analog benfotiamine (BFT) helps to sustain the above prosurvival mechanism, thereby preserving cardiomyocyte viability and function.

Methods and Results—

Untreated streptozotocin-induced type 1 or leptin-receptor mutant type 2 diabetic mice showed diastolic dysfunction evolving to contractile impairment and cardiac dilatation and failure. BFT (70 mg/kg
−1
/d
−1
) improved diastolic and systolic function and prevented left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increase and chamber dilatation in both diabetic models. Moreover, BFT improved cardiac perfusion and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis. In hearts of untreated diabetic mice, the expression and activity of Akt/Pim-1 signaling declined along with O-
N
-acetylglucosamine modification of Akt, inhibition of pentose phosphate pathway, activation of oxidative stress, and accumulation of glycation end products. Furthermore, diabetes reduced pSTAT3 independently of Akt. BFT inhibited these effects of diabetes mellitus, thereby conferring cardiomyocytes with improved resistance to high glucose-induced damage. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 and dominant-negative Akt inhibited antiapoptotic action of BFT-induced and Pim-1 upregulation in high glucose-challenged cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions—

These results show that BFT protects from diabetes mellitus-induced cardiac dysfunction through pleiotropic mechanisms, culminating in the activation of prosurvival signaling pathway. Thus, BFT merits attention for application in clinical practice.
Mapping Cardiac Pacemaker Circuits
Authors: Efimov Igor R. , Fedorov Vadim V. , Joung Boyoung , Lin Shien-Fong
Published: February 2010

Abstract:Historically, milestones in science are usually associated with methodological breakthroughs. Likewise, the advent of electrocardiography, microelectrode recordings and more recently optical mapping have ushered in new periods of significance of advancement in elucidating basic mechanisms in cardiac electrophysiology. As with any novel technique, however, data interpretation is challenging and should be approached with caution, as it cannot be simply extrapolated from previously used methodologies and with experience and time eventually becomes validated. A good example of this is the use of optical mapping in the sinoatrial node (SAN): when microelectrode and optical recordings are obtained from the same site in myocardium, significantly different results may be noted with respect to signal morphology and as a result have to be interpreted by a different set of principles. Given the rapid spread of the use of optical mapping, careful evaluation must be made in terms of methodology with respect to interpretation of data gathered by optical sensors from fluorescent potential-sensitive dyes. Different interpretations of experimental data may lead to different mechanistic conclusions. This review attempts to address the origin and interpretation of the “double component” morphology in the optical action potentials obtained from the SAN region. One view is that these 2 components represent distinctive signals from the SAN and atrial cells and can be fully separated with signal processing. A second view is that the first component preceding the phase 0 activation represents the membrane currents and intracellular calcium transients induced diastolic depolarization from the SAN. Although the consensus from both groups is that ionic mechanisms, namely the joint action of the membrane and calcium automaticity, are important in the SAN function, it is unresolved whether the double-component originates from the recording methodology or represents the underlying physiology. This overview aims to advance a common understanding of the basic principles of optical mapping in complex 3D anatomic structures.
Hithpael and Niphal in Biblical Hebrew: Semantic and Morphological Overlap
Authors: Baden Joel S.
Published: January 2010

The well-established semantic overlap between the niphal and hithpael in Biblical Hebrew is explained by the morphological similarities between the two stems in the imperfect form in the consonantal text. This claim is supported by a statistical analysis indicating that the first root consonant of some verb classes has assimilated rather than undergone metathesis more commonly than has previously been thought.
“. . . A Mighty Hunter before YHWH”: Genesis 10:9 and the Moral-Theological Evaluation of Nimrod
Authors: Hom Mary Katherine Y. H.
Published: January 2010

The key to interpreting in Gen 10:9 lies not so much in ,but , which posits a relation between Nimrod and YHWH that expresses the superlative with regard to the strength of Nimrod’s abilities. Connections between Gen 10:8-12 and 11:1-9 reinforce a negative assessment of Nimrod’s character.
Languages of Identity and Obligation: Daniel as Bilingual Book
Authors: Portier-Young Anathea E.
Published: January 2010

Sociolinguistics provides a theoretical framework for viewing the bilingualism of the book of Daniel as a deliberate rhetorical strategy. The author(s) of Daniel began their discourse in Hebrew, switched to Aramaic, and concluded in Hebrew to move its audience to a recognition of a new context in which the claims of empire had dissolved and claims of covenant alone remained. In so doing, the author(s) invited the audience to find their place within the world of the visions, forsaking a stance of collaboration with the reigning Seleucid empire in order to adopt a posture of resistance rooted in covenant.
Zechariah’s Vision of the Ephah (Zech. 5:5-11)
Authors: Assis Elie
Published: January 2010

The vision of the ephah (Zech. 5:5-11) is probably the most obscure of all of Zechariah’s visions. Its symbolic meaning is not mentioned, and the prophet himself does not comprehend it. Some commentators hold that the prophecy is a rebuke to the Judeans, others hold that the intention is to foretell the fall of Judah’s enemies. All interpretations of the vision do not address the problem, namely that wickedness will be reestablished in Shinar and will not be eliminated as expected. Why would the prophet propose that a house be built for the sinner outside the land rather than inflict on wickedness the punishment prescribed in other biblical sources? The thesis advanced in this paper is that the vision of the ephah is an anti-Samaritan prophecy. The woman in the ephah represents the Samaritans; the vision foresees their return to their original home in Babylon, where their temple would be erected. This interpretation provides a full explanation of the tension between the reference to the woman as wickedness and her happy ending in her permanent home in the Land of Shinar. The prophet wanted to advance the theological argument that the ultimate solution of the dispute between the two groups would be for the Samaritans to build their own house, that is, their own separate temple, in Shinar—their original historical homelands, and far away from Yehud.
From 'International' to 'Transnational' Environmental Law? A Legal Assessment of the Contribution of the 'Equator Principles' to International Environmental Law
Authors: Ong David
Published: January 2010

This article assesses the contribution of a 'transnational', non-State actor agreement, namely, the 'Equator Principles', in terms of its possible contribution to both the making and implementation of international environmental law. It examines the provenance of the 'Equator Principles', as well as how far these Principles purport to interpret and apply important international environmental principles. While several formal difficulties remain to be overcome, this article considers the case for the inclusion of significant transnational, non-State actors like the Equator Banks and their agreements, such as the 'Equator Principles', within the international legal system as a further and alternative means of implementing these important environmental principles.
Are Individual-Level and Country-Level Value Structures Different? Testing Hofstede’s Legacy With the Schwartz Value Survey
Authors: Fischer Ronald , Vauclair C.-Melanie , Fontaine Johnny R. J. , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: February 2010

Hofstede identified four value dimensions at the country level but did not find matching dimensions at the individual level. Schwartz discriminated different sets of value constructs at individual and country-levels, based on separate analyses per level. In this article, the authors directly examine the degree of similarity or isomorphism between the structure of values in individual- and country-level analyses, using multidimensional scaling followed by generalized Procrustes analysis. Using data from the Schwartz Value Survey from 53 and 66 countries, the authors find substantial similarity in structure across levels, but indices fall somewhat short of structural isomorphism. The authors then test hypotheses regarding possible causes of the less than perfect isomorphism between the levels. Number of countries (sample size at country level) and structural shifts in individual items account for some of the lack of isomorphism. Implications for future cross-cultural research are discussed.
Parenting Beliefs and Physical Discipline Practices Among Southeast Asian Immigrants: Parenting in the Context of Cultural Adaptation to the United States
Authors: Tajima Emiko A. , Harachi Tracy W.
Published: February 2010

Despite their growing representation in the U.S. population, little is known about parenting among Southeast Asians. This study explores child-rearing beliefs and physical discipline practices of first-generation Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrant or refugee parents in the United States, identifies ethnic group differences, and examines the impact of acculturation on parenting beliefs and the use of physical discipline. Analyses also document the extent of intergenerational transmission of physical discipline among these groups and identify factors that predict “breaking the cycle.” Significant predictors include ethnic group, socioeconomic conditions, and child factors. Greater acculturation to the United States increases the likelihood of breaking the cycle. Results illustrate how discipline practices and parenting beliefs may be shaped in the context of acculturation. This study offers important findings for research and practice with ethnic minority groups.
Dependence of Adhesion Property of SMR L-based Adhesives on Antioxidants
Authors: Poh B.T. , Chin S.F. , Tan P.L.
Published: February 2010

The viscosity, tack, peel, and shear strength of Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR L grade)-based pressure-sensitive adhesives was studied in the presence of two types of antioxidants, that is, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) using coumarone-indene resin and toluene as the tackifier and solvent, respectively. The concentration of antioxidant was varied from 1 to 4 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr). A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on polyethylene terephthalate substrate to give a coating thickness of 90 μm. Viscosity was determined by a HAAKE Rotary Viscometer. Tack, peel, and shear strength were measured using a Lloyd Adhesion Tester operating at 30 cm/min. Results indicate that the viscosity and shear strength decreases with increasing antioxidant concentration, an observation that is attributed to the plasticizing effect of the antioxidants. However, tack and peel strength shows the reverse behavior, a phenomenon that is associated to the increasing wettability and compatibility of adhesive on the substrate as antioxidant concentration is increased. Except for the shear strength, BHT antioxidant consistently exhibits a higher viscosity, tack, and peel strength compared to TMQ antioxidant.
Coping with constitutional indeterminacy
Authors: Hedrick Todd
Published: February 2010

In this article, I argue that political philosophers like Rawls and Habermas that characterize their methods as non-metaphysical or postmetaphysical depend on constitutions in order to provide a positive and public reference point for democratic participants. Michelman shows how this dependency is problematic, by contending that disagreement about the meaning of constitutional rights and the indeterminacy of their application undermines the rationality of consensus. I argue that his concerns raise serious problems for Rawls’ theory. Habermas, on the other hand, has some tools to deal with Michelman’s critique — namely, his distinction between discourses of justification and application, and his idea of constitutional patriotism — but he must concede that much of the substance of constitutional democracy is basically up for grabs. I conclude by suggesting why these consequences are less threatening than they may seem.
A new path to the waterfall: A narrative on a use of entrepreneurial narrative
Authors: Gartner William B.
Published: January 2010

The limitations of the paradigmatic mode of thought as an approach for describing and understanding the nature of entrepreneurial intentions and actions and their interrelationships with circumstance is explored by showing how the author’s previous empirical scholarship often fails to offer insights into the intention/action/circumstance condition (IACC) in entrepreneurship. As a way to understand and describe the IACC in entrepreneurship, the rubric ‘narrative’ is offered as a ‘solution.’ The author suggests a particular narrative gambit (the ‘new path’) for studying entrepreneurship.
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease In Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Holmberg C.A. , Henrickson R.V. , Malaga C. , Schneider R. , Gribble D.
Published: January 2010

In a colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 42 cases of nontuberculous mycobacterial-related disease were identified from 1970 to 1978. The disease affected young and old colony-born and wild-caught monkeys of both sexes. Serotypes 1, 2, 4, 8, and 18 of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare group were isolated from different monkeys. The lesions were primarily intestinal in 36 monkeys. Lesions of the large intestine, small intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes were characterized by diffuse accumulations of large macrophages containing many acid-fast bacteria. Acid-fast bacteria could not be identified histologically in four monkeys with typical histories of diarrhea and weight loss, positive skin reactions to the tuberculin test with M. avium tuberculin, and isolation of the organism from tissues on one or more occasions. Two monkeys had histologically positive lesions limited to the lungs, although chronic colitis of undetermined cause was present.
Infection by Spirilla in the Stomach of the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Sato T. , Takeuchi A.
Published: January 2010

Light and electron microscopy showed gastric spirilla in the gastric mucosa of 45 clinically normal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In paraffin sections, gastric spirilla were best shown by silver impregnation stains. When stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE), gastric spirilla may be mistaken for strands of mucus. In thick sections of epon-embedded tissue, gastric spirilla looked like “corkscrews” with up to 12 coils. They were 8 μm long and 0.7 μm wide, and had characteristic bipolar flagella. They were concentrated in the gastric glands at the isthmus, were less common at the neck and base, and were absent in the gastric lumen. Gastric spirilla were associated closely with parietal cells and could penetrate their cytoplasm. Gastric spirilla elicit neither changes of host cytocomponents nor an inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa.
Infection of the Colon of the Rhesus Monkey by Spiral-Shaped Organisms
Authors: Zeller J. , Takeuchi A.
Published: January 2010

Intestinal spirochetosis, an infection of the mucosa by spiral-shaped organisms, was studied in clinically normal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by histology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The incidence of intestinal spirochetosis was 42% in 221 monkeys. Spiral organisms stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) appeared as a broad basophilic haze on the colonic surface and were strongly positive by the Warthin-Starry stain.

Spiral-shaped bacteria include two structurally different organisms: spirochetes and flagellated microbes. They intimately populated the brush border of the surface of the epithelium of the large intestine. They were absent in the crypts and in the small intestine. Infection by spirochetes produced no alteration of cytocomponents of the underlying host structures. Spirochetes and flagellates infrequently penetrated beyond the brush border into the epithelial cytoplasm and also into the lamina propria. Even in cases where invasion was documented, no inflammatory response was found.
Mucosal Microhernias in the Nonhuman Primate Colon: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Colonic Disease
Authors: Scott G. B. D.
Published: January 2010

Microhernias of colonic mucosal glands through the muscularis mucosae are common in human and nonhuman primate colons, and are related to submucosal lymphoid nodules. In nonhuman primates they have been shown to play an important role in the spread of inflammatory diseases from the lamina propria to the submucosa by allowing the infective agents to pass through the muscularis mucosae.

The lymphoid tissue of the alimentary tract is composed predominantly of B lymphocytes and produces humoral antibodies. This property of the lymphoid component of these microhernias may thus play a significant role in determining which infective colonic diseases penetrate into the submucosa and which remain largely confined to the lamina propria.
An Analysis of the Association of Gastroenteric Lesions with Chronic Wasting Syndrome of Marmosets
Authors: Chalifoux L. V. , Bronson R. T. , Escajadillo A. , McKenna S.
Published: January 2010

Retrospective pathology data from necropsies of 162 marmosets, Saguinus oedipus, were studied to determine the nature of chronic wasting syndrome, a poorly defined entity associated with a high mortality rate in many marmoset colonies. Paraffin sections of the gastroenteric organs of 116 of these marmosets were re-examined in detail; lesions were identified, quantitated, and analyzed with a method of multiple chi-square testing for possible associations between findings. Five distinct disease entities were identified: prosthenorchosis, amebiasis, paramyxovirus disease, sepsis, and chronic colitis. Lesions of several of these often occurred in the same monkey, and all but the first were associated with cachexia. Lesions of chronic colitis were crypt abscesses, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear infiltration of the lamina propria, epithelial cell atypia, karyorrhexis, and lymphoid hyperplasia. The cause of chronic colitis was not identified, nor was any explanation found for weight loss and increased susceptibility to disease.
A Survey of Pancreatic Lesions in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: McClure H. M. , Chandler F. W.
Published: January 2010

Approximately 3,000 microslides of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections of pancreas from 1,000 nonhuman primates were reviewed. Sections were from 557 females and 443 males; 658 were adults of unknown age and 342 were laboratory-born animals of known age. The latter included 94 animals less than one year old, 92 from one to five years old, and 156 from five to more than 20 years old. There were 326 squirrel monkeys, 319 rhesus monkeys, 100 great apes, 123 other macaques, 61 other Old World monkeys, 39 other New World monkeys, and 32 prosimians. Pancreatic lesions of varied severity found in 187 (18.7%) of these nonhuman primates included focal parenchymal or periductal accumulations of mononuclear inflammatory cells with varied degrees of periductal fibrosis in 77; hyalinized islets (amyloidosis) in 29; acute or chronic diffuse pancreatitis in 18; chronic focal pancreatitis with or without ductal hyperplasia in ten; neoplasms in 11; hemorrhage of the parenchyma or islets in eight; parasites in seven; lymphoid or ectopic splenic nodules of the parenchyma in six; acinar ectasia in six; focal parenchymal fat in six; ectopic pancreas in four; parenchymal cysts without fibrosis in three; acinar cell atrophy in one; and cystic fibrosis-like changes in one.
A Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis of Pug Dogs
Authors: Cordy D. R. , Holliday T. A.
Published: January 2010

Clinical and pathologic features of a sporadic, necrotizing meningoencephalitis affecting adolescent and mature pug dogs are described. Many of the affected animals were closely related. Acute and chronic forms occur, with clinical signs reflecting the pathologic affinity of the disease for the cerebral hemispheres. No etiologic agent has been identified. The extensive necrosis and affinity for the cerebral hemispheres are similar to alphatype herpesvirus encephalitides of other species.
Hereditary Polycystic Kidney Disease Associated with Osteorenal Syndrome in Rats
Authors: Kaspareit-Rittinghausen J. , Rapp K. , Deerberg F. , Wcislo A. , Messow C.
Published: January 2010

Hereditary polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was seen in Han: SPRD rats and identified as an autosomal, incomplete dominant trait. Homozygous animals died at 3 to 4 weeks of age, while heterozygous males were severely ill or moribund within about 6 months. Heterozygous females developed PKD to a lesser extent than males and survived longer. Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteodystrophia fibrosa were seen in most males but were absent in females. In male rats metastatic calcification was found in kidneys, lungs, glandular and forestomach, blood vessels, and heart. In a few uremic males ulcerative enteritis occurred in cecum and colon. Blood urea nitrogen values were significantly increased in both sexes.
Congenital Hypomyelinating Polyneuropathy in Two Golden Retriever Littermates
Authors: Braund K. G. , Mehta J. R. , Toivio-Kinnucan M. , Amling K. A. , Shell L. G. , Matz M. E.
Published: January 2010

Serial peripheral nerve biopsies from two golden retriever littermates with chronic neurologic disease were taken for morphologic and morphometric evaluation. Teased nerve preparations were difficult to interpret due to the lightness of myelin staining. Light and electron microscopic findings were characterized by the following: reduced number of myelinated axons, presence of myelinated sheaths inappropriately thin for the caliber of the fiber, poor myelin compaction, increased numbers of Schwann cell nuclei, increased concentration of neurofilaments in myelinated axons, many Schwann cells with voluminous cytoplasm, and increased perineurial collagen. Onion bulb formation was not seen. In contrast to control data, a poor correlation was seen between numbers of myelin lamellae (ML) and axonal circumference (AC). The frequency distribution of ML ranged from 5 to 55 lamellae in affected animals (mean, 28 lamellae) compared to 20 to 140 lamellae in controls (mean, 66 lamellae). The ML/AC ratio was significantly reduced ( P < 0.001) in nerves of affected dogs. Morphometric results indicated that fibers of all calibers were hypomyelinated.
Acute Airsacculitis in Turkeys Inoculated withPasteurella multocida
Authors: Ficken M. D. , Barnes H. J.
Published: January 2010

Thirty female turkeys, inoculated into the caudal thoracic air sacs with Pasteurella multocida. were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation (PI). The air sac reacted rapidly and intensely with exudation of heterophils. Circulating leukocyte and thrombocyte numbers remained normal except for an absolute lymphopenia by 6 hours PI. P. multocida was initially isolated from blood at 3 hours PI. Total cell counts increased markedly in air sac lavage fluids by 1.5 hours PI and continued to increase until 6 hours PI. Heterophils predominated in lavage fluids (>94%), with macrophages comprising the remaining cells. Microscopically, occasional heterophils were present within air sac blood vessels and perivascularly by 0.5 hour PI. They became more numerous by 1.5 and 3 hours PI when transepithelial migration into the air sac lumen was seen. By 6 hours PI, there was diffuse, severe swelling of air sac epithelium and mesothelium. and bacteria were located in air sac intcrstitium. Ultrastructurally, endothelial and air sac epithelial cells were swollen and vacuolated. Interdigitating processes of air sac epithelial cells were separated. These results indicate that air sacs can be the portal of entry for P. multocida into the systemic circulation, probably via damaged air sac epithelium.
Sequential Changes in the Harderian and Exorbital Lacrimal Glands in Wistar Rats Infected with Sialodacryoadenitis Virus
Authors: Percy D. H. , Wojcinski Z. W. , Schunk M. K.
Published: January 2010

Abstract. A sequential light and electron microscopic study of the exorbital and Harderian lacrimal glands was done on 2.5- to 15-month-old Wistar rats exposed to sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus. Typical coronaviral particles were readily demonstrated in cytoplasmic vesicles of Harderian and exorbital glands examined at 6 days post-inoculation. Lesions were seen in a relatively high percentage of lacrimal glands in infected animals of all ages, with no obvious age-related variations in the incidence and extent of changes. Lesions frequently persisted for a longer interval post-exposure in lacrimal glands than in salivary glands. The persistence of lesions commonly seen in Harderian glands was attributed, at least in part, to the cytotoxic effects of porphyrincontaining secretions released during the acute necrotizing stages of the disease. The persistence of lesions in some lacrimal glands indicates that they are useful tissues for microscopic examination for the retrospective provisional diagnosis of SDA. Persistent lesions also indicate that normal functions of these glands may be compromised for up to several weeks following outbreaks of SDA.
Early Lesions of Proliferative Enteritis in Pigs and Hamsters
Authors: McOrist S. , Lawson G. H. K. , Rowland A. C. , MacIntyre N.
Published: January 2010

Gnotobiotic pigs and conventional hamsters were given suspensions of intestinal mucosa from a pig with proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy and killed 10 or 21 days later. Affected animals had evidence of marked proliferation of immature enterocytes in the intestinal crypts. Numerous Campylobacter-like organisms were in the cytoplasm of enterocytes, and in some instances, bacteria were closely associated with enter-ocytes. Some intracellular bacteria lying below the microvillous border were within membrane-bound structures. Immunofluorescence and electron immunogold staining with specific antibodies indicated that these organisms were antigenically different from curved bacteria in the crypt lumen of early lesions. This study indicates that the life cycle of the intracellular organisms may involve entry into crypt enterocytes from the intestinal lumen with subsequent intracellular multiplication.
Lectin Histochemistry of Normal and Herpesvirus-infected Bovine Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Mosier D. A. , Simons K. R. , Briggs D. J. , Uhlich G. A.
Published: January 2010

Proliferation of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 in the nasal cavity following stress or viral infection is an important event in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Enhanced adhesion of P. haemolytica to nasal mucosa could be one factor that predisposes animals to this proliferation. Nasal mucosa from normal and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV1)-infected cattle were examined histochemically for their glycoconjugate composition. Twenty lectins were screened, six of which were chosen for subsequent study. Three of these were specific for N-acetylgalactosamine (NAGal) (Dolichos biflorus, Glycine max, and Vicia villosa), and one each was specific for N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose ( Griffonia simplicifolia-I), mannose/glucose ( Canavalia ensiformis), and N-acetylglucosamine ( Triticum vulgaris). For the surface mucosa and submucosal glands, there was greater reactivity in samples from BHV1 -infected than from normal cattle for all six lectins. Reactivity was most prominent for the NAGal-specific lectins. Neuraminidase treatment of samples from normal and BHV1-infected cattle tended to result in greater lectin reactivity. Lectin reactivity was generally more intense in focally inflamed areas, but diffuse reactivity was not substantially affected by inflammation. BHV1-induced alteration of nasal mucosal glycoconjugates could enhance adhesion and colonization of P. haemolytica to nasal surfaces and may be one factor responsible for the increased number of P. haemolytica serotype 1 in the nasal cavity following viral infection.
Early Development of Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) Virus-induced Orchitis in Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Shigesato M. , Takeda M. , Hirasawa K. , Itagaki S. , Doi K.
Published: January 2010

Lesions associated with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in the testes of Syrian hamsters were investigated. Histopathologic changes were first detectable by light microscopy at 3 days postinoculation (DPI). Immunohistochemically, virus antigens were detected in the cytoplasm of germ cells and Sertoli cells in some seminiferous tubules beginning at 2 DPI. The following ultrastructural changes were observed: 1) swelling of mitochondria and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum in germ cells, 2) large number of residual bodies in seminiferous tubules, 3) aggregates of virus-like particles in the cytoplasm of degenerated cells and tubular lumen, 4) condensation of cytoplasm and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum in Sertoli cells, and 5) degenerative changes in capillary endothelial cells.
Symmetric Bilateral Brachymetacarpalia of a Dog
Authors: Hudson L. C. , Money D. W.
Published: January 2010

Malformations of the canine manus are infrequently cited in the literature but include polydactylia and syndactylia. Here, a case of brachymetacarpalia affecting the second and fifth metacarpal bones of both forelimbs of a mixed-breed dog is described. The initial impression of shortened digits was disproved by statistical comparison with normal skeletons, but the presence of shortened metacarpal bones was demonstrated. Other malformations of the manus and appropriate terminology are briefly discussed.
Spontaneous Osteosarcoma of the Meninges in an Albino Rat
Authors: Pace V. , Persohn E. , Heider K.
Published: January 2010

A search of the rat tumor literature revealed no papers on naturally occurring primary osteosarcoma of meninges. In humans, this tumor, arising primarily from the meninges, is unusual; only two cases have been reported. We report on a spontaneously occurring osteosarcoma arising from meninges in a 2-year-old female albino rat. The diagnosis was made on the basis of gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural findings. The diagnosis of this neoplasm is supported by the fact that a primitive mesenchymal cell in the meninges is capable of giving rise to a wide variety of neoplasms.
Toxicologic Pathology: Modern Challenges and the Need for a New Educational Strategy
Authors: Tryphonas L. , Schwartz L. W. , Levin S. , Haschek W. M.
Published: January 2010

STP and ACVP must be guided by the opinions voiced by their memberships, but ultimately both organizations must provide leadership and vision relative to the future of the discipline and the professionals they serve. The process of training and certification of anatomic and clinical pathologists is not broken nor is the product flawed. However, as was recognized earlier with veterinary pathology and more recently with clinical pathology, it is now time to recognize the specialty of toxicologic pathology. This specialty has moved beyond the traditional veterinary pathology training, which focuses on infectious disease, large animal and companion animal pathology, and diagnostics. One cannot expect that the undirected graduate will naturally develop excellence in the principles of toxicology or understand mechanisms of xenobiotic metabolism. There is a need to readdress the educational process and the standards of excellence by which specialists in toxicologic pathology are measured. Our commitment to improving recognized deficiencies and establishment of expectations will move toxicologic pathology forward and create opportunities for those who follow.
Spontaneous Mucolipidosis in a Cat: An Animal Model of Human I-Cell Disease
Authors: Bosshard N. U. , Hubler M. , Arnold S. , Briner J. , Spycher M. A. , Sommerlade H.-J. , von Figura K. , Gitzelmann R.
Published: January 2010

A 7-month-old female cat was seen for abnormal facial features and abnormality of gait. Facial dysmorphism, large paws in relation to body size, dysostosis multiplex, and poor growth were noted, and mucopolysaccharidosis was suspected. A negative urine test for sulfated glycosaminoglycans and extreme stiffness of skin indicated a mucolipidosis hitherto unknown in animals. Deficiency of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.17) activity was demonstrated in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts, which had the appearance of inclusion cells (I-cells). Activities of a set of lysosomal hydrolases were abnormally low in fibroblasts and excessive in blood plasma. Postmortem morphology revealed lysosomal inclusions predominantly in fibroblasts but also in endothelial cells and chondrocytes, i.e., in cells of mesenchymal origin. Storage lysosomes contained oligosaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, and lipids. Tissues most affected were bones, cartilage, skin, and other connective tissues such as those in heart valves, aortic wall, and vocal cords. Parenchymal cells of liver and kidney were unaffected, as was skeletal muscle. Only a few of the cerebral cortical neurons had lipid inclusions; in sciatic nerve some axons were affected, but other peripheral nerves were normal. There were striking clinical, biochemical, and morphologic similarities between the disorder in this cat and the human I-cell disease.
Lesions Associated with Mineral Deposition in the Lymph Node and Lung of the Dog
Authors: Day M. J. , Pearson G. R. , Lucke V. M. , Lane S. J. , Sparks R. S. J.
Published: January 2010

This report includes details of the clinical and pathologic features of 31 dogs with a range of systemic illness and granulomatous lymphadenopathy associated with the presence of birefringent crystalline material within lymph nodes. Similar crystalline material was found in the lymph nodes of dogs with lymphoma (n = 9) and as an incidental finding within the canine lung (n = 9). The mineral content of these crystals was determined by electron microprobe analysis and interpreted in light of the composition of known geological or human-made compounds. A wide range of elements was identified including silicon, sulfur, copper, calcium, and aluminium, with lesser proportions of phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium, titanium, nickel, and chromium. Many of these compounds may have originated from exogenous natural and human-made sources, but some compounds (notably phosphates and sulfates) are uncommon or not found in nature and may have been formed within the tissues of the body (biomineralization). The inflammatory response induced by the presence of these minerals within lymphoid tissue may trigger altered immunoregulation, accounting for the spectrum of disease observed.
PCR and RT-PCR Analysis of Infection and Transcriptional Activity of Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus (WDSV) in Organs of Adult Walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum)
Authors: Poulet F. M. , Bowser P. R. , Casey J. W.
Published: January 2010

The pathogenesis of walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) infection was investigated in adult walleyes ( Stizostedion vitreum). Three tumor-bearing and three tumor-free walleyes were collected in the spring from Oneida Lake, New York, and analyzed for viral infection and transcriptional activity. Specifically, the target organs for viral infection and supporting viral transcriptional activity were determined by assessing for the presence of WDSV DNA and RNA in the brain, liver, kidney, skin, and spleen. For each organ, WDSV DNA and RNA were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR (RTPCR) respectively. Quantitative estimates of the number of viral DNA and RNA copies were obtained in each case by comparing the signal intensity of the sample to that of external controls. WDSV RNA/DNA ratios, based on those quantitative estimates, were computed for each organ. An RNA/DNA ratio of 3 was arbitrarily chosen as the threshold above which there was viral transcriptional activity. Viral DNA was found in all the organs examined from the three tumor-free walleyes. In those three tumor-free walleyes, low levels of WDSV RNA were detected in only one kidney and two spleen samples. In the three tumor-bearing walleyes, viral DNA was found in one brain, one kidney, two liver, and two skin samples. In contrast to the few organs from tumor-free walleyes in which WDSV RNA was detected, in tumor-bearing walleyes WDSV RNA was present in the one brain examined and in 2/3 kidney, 2/3 liver, 3/3 skin, and 3/3 spleen samples. A WDSV RNA/DNA ratio above 3 was obtained in all three tumor-bearing walleyes but in only one tumor-free fish. These data indicated that 1) both tumor-bearing and tumor-free walleyes were infected by WDSV, 2) many cell types were targeted by WDSV and supported viral transcription, and 3) tumor-bearing walleyes harbored a transcriptionally active WDSV, whereas tumor-free walleyes contained mostly silent WDSV DNA.
Equine Papillary Ependymoma
Authors: Carrigan M. J. , Higgins R. J. , Carlson G. P. , Naydan D. K.
Published: January 2010

A 17-year-old Arabian gelding with progressive neurologic signs had a velvety, reddish brain tumor protruding from the ventral midline caudal to the optic chiasma. Histologically, the tumor had a papillary formation with a single layer of elongate cells radially oriented around a central fibrovascular core. Intracytoplasmic globular inclusions were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and weakly positive for vimentin. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions were comprised of whorling intermediate filaments. Neoplastic cells also had cytoplasmic interdigitations and numerous zona adherens and often rested on a basal lamina. The tumor was diagnosed as a papillary ependymoma.
Congenital Cleft Vertebral Centrum and Intra- and Extraspinal Cyst in a Foal
Authors: Doige C. E.
Published: January 2010

A midsagittal centrum cleft of T5-6, malformation and fusion of T3-7, intra- and extraspinal cyst, and myelodysplasia were found in a 3-month-old female Arabian foal that had experienced posterior ataxia since birth. Based on studies in other species, ecto-endodermal adhesions early in embryogenesis leading to formation of an enterogenous cyst is the most probable pathogenesis.
How Do Parents Make Adolescents Feel Loved? Perspectives on Supportive Parenting From Adolescents in 12 Cultures
Authors: McNeely Clea A. , Barber Brian K.
Published: January 2010

The conceptualization and measurement of parental support is predominately the work of adult researchers from the West. This mixed-method study reports the parental behaviors that adolescents themselves perceive as supportive. Data come from the Cross-National Adolescent Project, a survey of adolescents in 12 nations or ethnic groups in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Americas, the Balkans, Europe, and the Middle East. The authors find that adolescents in all 12 settings validated the substantive content of existing survey measures of parental supportive behaviors. Adolescents in all settings also expanded the list of supportive behaviors. When parents provide a rare and valued commodity, it is perceived as love. The specific commodities, which include quality time, basic necessities, and support for education, vary across culture. In the discussion the authors describe how parenting strategies that have been interpreted previously as reinforcing distinct cultural purposes may, in fact, serve the same purpose.
Report on the European Survey Research Association Conference 2009 in Warsaw
Authors: van der Zouwen Johannes
Published: February 2010

Rapport sur la conférence 2009 à Varsovie de l’Association européenne de recherche par enquête : Après les conférences de Barcelone (2005) et de Prague (2007), cette conférence a vu la présentation de quelques 360 papiers sur une douzaine de thèmes. Il y avait aussi trois présentations plénières et deux workshops sur les problèmes d’enquêtes sociologiques.
A fatal case of potential chronic overdoses of prescribed and proprietary remedies
Authors: Takase Izumi , Yamamoto Yoshio , Nakagawa Tokiko , Nishi Katsuji
Published: January 2010

A 33-year-old man was found in a state of cardiopulmonary arrest. He was transported to an emergency hospital but was pronounced dead. He had suffered from depression for about 8 years and had attempted suicide repeatedly. A search by the police found 645 empty Press Through Package (PTP) sheets. They had included neuroleptics, antidepressants, hypnotics, proprietary antitussives containing caffeine, proprietary cold remedies containing caffeine, and other unidentified drugs. An autopsy showed higher rectal temperature (38°C), severe pulmonary edema (left: 681 g, right: 821 g), and a large amount of urine in the bladder (about 760 mL). Toxicological analyses using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that doses of clomipramine hydrochloride (a tricyclic antidepressant), chlorpromazine (a phenothiazine), and caffeine (a methylxanthine derivative) were within the toxic range (0.68, 0.64, and 34.24 [μg/mL], respectively). Histological examination showed centrilobular necrosis of the liver with small fat droplets. We concluded that he had died of pulmonary edema due to combined drug intoxication including proprietary antitussives and cold remedies. Furthermore, there was a strong possibility that he had habitually taken overdoses of those drugs. Herein, the risk of misuse of prescribed and proprietary drugs, especially for people with psychological problems, should be reemphasized.