bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘They rush you and push you too much … and you can't really get any good response off them’: A qualitative examination of family involvement in care of people with dementia in acute care
Authors: Moyle Wendy , Bramble Marguerite , Bauer Michael , Smyth Wendy , Beattie Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

Aim

To explore the role and needs of the family carer across different acute care contexts and their level of involvement in the care of their relative with dementia in this setting.

Methods

A pragmatic, exploratory‐descriptive qualitative approach. A convenience sample of 30 family carers across three sites completed semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Family carers wanted to be involved in the acute care of their family member with dementia. They acknowledged the importance of a central source of information, educated staff, guidelines on roles and processes, and positive communication, as well as respect from staff for the carer's knowledge of the older person and their needs. They also highlighted the need for medical staff to discuss with them the family member's treatment and care.

Conclusion

There is a need for family‐focused interventions to improve communication and involvement of family in the care of family members with dementia in the acute setting.
The Role of Trading Volume in the “Volatility Puzzle”
Authors: Lee Dong Wook
Published: October 2015

We find that the negative average‐return differential between high‐ and low‐volatility stocks—the so‐called “volatility puzzle”—is particularly more pronounced when both groups of stocks have large trading volume. Conversely, the return differential is completely absent among low‐turnover stocks. Such a high turnover‐conditional volatility‐future return relation is long‐lived and present in various segments of the market and in different time‐periods—e.g., in both small and large stocks and during low‐ as well as high‐investor sentiment periods. While the information contents of large trading volume are likely to be multi‐dimensional—thereby allowing for different explanations, our results at least suggest that trading volume is a useful empirical guide to where to (not) find the average return differential between low‐ and high‐volatility stocks. We also illustrate, in a setting that is neutral about market efficiency, how trading volume interacts with volatility and affects future returns.
Role of Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase and Tryptophan 2,3‐Dioxygenase in Patients with Recurrent Miscarriage
Authors: Obayashi Yuki , Ozaki Yasuhiko , Goto Shinobu , Obayashi Shintaro , Suzumori Nobuhiro , Ohyama Fumio , Tone Shigenobu , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi
Published: October 2015

Problem

An indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and a tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO) lead to dysfunction of T cell and immunological tolerance between fetus and mother in early pregnancy. We investigated the role of IDO and TDO in patients with recurrent miscarriage.

Methods of study

Cervical mucus, decidua, and villi were surgically collected from patients with recurrent miscarriage from April 2010 to March 2013. Samples of cervical mucus were divided into two groups: the delivery group and the miscarriage group. The samples of cervical mucus in the miscarried group and tissue of villi and decidua were divided into normal chromosome group (normal chromosome analysis of villi) and abnormal chromosome group (abnormal chromosome analysis of villi). We performed immunohistochemistry, SDS–PAGE, and Western Blot analysis and measured the activity of IDO and TDO.

Results

The activity of IDO and TDO in cervical mucus was not significantly different between the delivery group and the miscarriage group, and between the normal chromosome group and abnormal chromosome group. The expression of TDO in villi and decidua was not significantly different between the normal chromosome group and the abnormal chromosome group. The activity of IDO and TDO in villi and decidua was not significantly different between the normal chromosome group and the abnormal chromosome group. The expression of IDO in villi was significantly higher in the normal chromosome group than in the abnormal chromosome group.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the difference of expression of IDO and dysfunctional activation of IDO in villi may play an important role in unexplained recurrent miscarriage.
Long‐term venous access insertion: ‘the learning curve’
Authors: Fosh Beverley , Canepa Maximiliano , Eaton Michael
Published: October 2015

Background

The central venous access port device (CVAPD) provides reliable vascular access and is used for delivery of fluids and for obtaining blood samples. However, it can carry some intra‐ and post‐operative complications such as thrombosis, pneumothorax, catheter fracture and port malposition. This article describes one surgeon's experience over a 16‐year period and strategies to avoid complications.

Methods

The data were prospectively collected from 1996 to 2012 (16‐year period). Collected data included age and gender of the patient, pathology, type of port used, anaesthetic type, side and site of insertion, and complications.

Results

A total of 958 devices were implanted. The average age of the patient was 57.8 years. Sixty‐eight complications were recorded with an average complication rate of 7.1%. This rate decreased from 23% between 1996 and 1997 to 3.6% from 2010 to 2013. Venous thrombosis was the main source of complications with an incidence of 2.5%. This complication occurred in seven of the first 86 patients (8.1%, 1996–1998) and decreased to 1.9% between 2000 and 2013. Twenty infections (2%), five pneumothoraces secondary to insertion (0.5%), one port malposition (0.1%) and three fractures of the catheter (0.3%) occurred over the 16 years.

Conclusion

The surgeon's complications of CVAPD insertion requiring removal or revision of the port were considerably reduced as the surgeon's experience increases. It is suggested that all surgeons whose practice includes CVAPD insertion will have an initial learning curve, and strategies described in this paper may help decrease the number of complications.
Accumulation of Multipotent Progenitor Cells on Polymethylpentene Membranes During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Lehle Karla , Friedl Lucas , Wilm Julius , Philipp Alois , Müller Thomas , Lubnow Matthias , Schmid Christof
Published: October 2015

Multipotent progenitor cells were mobilized during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We hypothesize that these cells also adhered onto polymethylpentene (PMP) fibers within the membrane oxygenator (MO) during adult ECMO support. Mononuclear cells were removed from the surface of explanted PMP‐MOs (n = 16). Endothelial‐like outgrowth and mesenchymal‐like cells were characterized by flow cytometric analysis using different surface markers. Spindle‐shaped attaching cells were identified early, but without proliferative activity. After long‐term cultivation palisading type or cobblestone‐type outgrowth cells with high proliferative activity appeared and were characterized as (i) leukocytoid CD45+/CD31+ (CD133+/VEGFR‐II+/CD90+/CD14+/CD146dim/CD105dim); (ii) endothelial‐like CD45−/CD31+ (VEGF‐RII+/CD146+/CD105+/CD133−/CD14−/CD90−); and (iii) mesenchymal‐like cells CD45−/CD31− (CD105+/CD90+/CD133dim/VEGFR‐II−/CD146−/CD14−). The distribution of the cell populations depended on the MO and cultivation time. Endothelial‐like cells formed capillary‐like structures and did uptake Dil‐acetylated low‐density lipoprotein. Endothelial‐ and mesenchymal‐like cells adhered on the surface of PMP‐MOs. Further research is needed to identify the clinical relevance of these cells.
The NADPH Oxidase Nox4 mediates tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Helfinger V. , Henke N. , Harenkamp S. , Walter M. , Epah J. , Penski C. , Mittelbronn M. , Schröder K.
Published: October 2015

Aim

The aim of this work was to identify the role of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 for tumour angiogenesis in a slow‐growing tumour model in mice.

Methods

Tumour angiogenesis was studied in tumours induced by the carcinogen 3‐methylcholanthrene (MCA) in wild‐type and Nox knockout mice. Mice were killed when the tumour reached a diameter of 1.5 cm and tumour tissue was used for histological and molecular analysis.

Results

3‐methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma in wild‐type, Nox1y/‐, Nox2y/‐ and Nox4‐/‐ mice. Histological analysis of vessel density using anti‐CD31 staining showed a significant 38% reduction in tumour vascularization in fibrosarcomas of Nox4‐/‐ mice. In contrast, tumour angiogenesis was doubled in Nox1 knockout mice, whereas knockout of Nox2 had no effect on tumour‐vessel density. As underlying mechanisms, we identified a defect in hypoxia signalling in Nox4‐/‐ mice. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha (Hif‐1α) accumulation in the tumours was attenuated as was the expression of the Hif‐1α‐dependent pro‐angiogenic genes vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, glucose transporter 1 and adrenomedullin.

Conclusion

By regulating the tumour‐vessel density through stabilization of Hif‐1α and induction of VEGF expression, Nox4 promotes tumour angiogenesis and may represent a novel target for anti‐angiogenic tumour therapy.
The Impact of Self‐Categorizing as “Homeless” on Well‐Being and Service Use
Authors: Walter Zoe C. , Jetten Jolanda , Parsell Cameron , Dingle Genevieve A.
Published: October 2015

Gaining entry to homeless services typically requires individuals to self‐identify as homeless, however, this label may be at odds with how individuals see themselves. Furthermore, because of the considerable stigma attached to homelessness, individuals’ self‐categorization has potentially important implications for their well‐being and for whether they engage with homeless services in order to obtain housing and psychosocial outcomes. We examined this question qualitatively and quantitatively with an Australian sample of 114 residents of homeless accommodation centers. Results showed that self‐categorization as “homeless” was accepted by 55% of respondents and rejected by 31%. Fourteen percent of participants expressed ambivalence about self‐categorizing as homeless. Respondents who rejected the “homeless” label reported greater personal well‐being and lower negative mood symptoms than people who accepted the label, independent of the duration of their homelessness. Self‐categorization was not, however, related to service use. We conclude that an understanding of how individuals self‐categorize and negotiate externally imposed labels is an important factor in explaining their well‐being while in homeless accommodation services. Implications for public policy and service providers are discussed.
ENDOGENOUS TIMING IN QUALITY CHOICES AND PRICE COMPETITION
Authors: Lambertini Luca , Tampieri Alessandro
Published: October 2015

We modify the price‐setting version of the vertically differentiated duopoly model by Aoki (2003) by introducing an extended game in which firms noncooperatively choose the timing of moves at the quality stage. Our results show that there are multiple equilibria in pure strategies, whereby firms always select sequential play at the quality stage. We also investigate the mixed‐strategy equilibrium, revealing that the probability of generating outcomes out of equilibrium is higher than the probability of playing one Nash equilibria in pure strategies. In the alternative case with full market coverage, we show that the quality stage is solved in dominant strategies and therefore the choice of roles becomes irrelevant as the Nash and Stackelberg solutions coincide. With full market coverage and corner solution, the results show that the game has a unique subgame perfect equilibrium in pure strategies, where the high‐quality firm takes the lead in the quality stage.
Altered Machinery of Protein Synthesis in Alzheimer's: From the Nucleolus to the Ribosome
Authors: Hernández‐Ortega Karina , Garcia‐Esparcia Paula , Gil Laura , Lucas José J. , Ferrer Isidre
Published: October 2015

Ribosomes and protein synthesis have been reported to be altered in the cerebral cortex at advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Modifications in the hippocampus with disease progression have not been assessed. Sixty‐seven cases including middle‐aged (MA) and AD stages I–VI were analyzed. Nucleolar chaperones nucleolin, nucleophosmin and nucleoplasmin 3, and upstream binding transcription factor RNA polymerase I gene (UBTF) mRNAs are abnormally regulated and their protein levels reduced in AD. Histone modifications dimethylated histone H3K9 (H3K9me2) and acetylated histone H3K12 (H3K12ac) are decreased in CA1. Nuclear tau declines in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG), and practically disappears in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles. Subunit 28 ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) expression is altered in CA1 and DG in AD. Several genes encoding ribosomal proteins are abnormally regulated and protein levels of translation initiation factors eIF2α, eIF3η and eIF5, and elongation factor eEF2, are altered in the CA1 region in AD. These findings show alterations in the protein synthesis machinery in AD involving the nucleolus, nucleus and ribosomes in the hippocampus in AD some of them starting at first stages (I–II) preceding neuron loss. These changes may lie behind reduced numbers of dendritic branches and reduced synapses of CA1 and DG neurons which cause hippocampal atrophy.
Differenzialdiagnosen, Simulatoren und ungewöhnliche Formen des Kontaktekzems
Authors: Kränke Birger , Schuster Christian
Published: October 2015

Wie alle Ekzemkrankheiten sind sowohl das irritative als auch das allergische Kontaktekzem primär über ihr morphologisches Erscheinungsbild „Ekzem“ definiert. Zusätzlich gilt aber als unabdingbar für die Diagnosestellung, dass sie als spezifisches Reaktionsmuster an Haut (und Schleimhaut) erst durch den direkten oder indirekten Kontakt mit einem Allergen oder Irritans ausgelöst werden. In der Theorie und im Lehrbuch lassen sich die für ein Ekzem typischen Charakteristika einfach beschreiben, doch in der täglichen Praxis können die Erscheinungsbilder vielfältig und durchaus uncharakteristisch sein: Kontaktreaktionen können auch lichenoid, lymphomatoid, granulomatös, pigmentiert, purpurisch oder multiforme‐artig auftreten und somit das eigentlich typische „Ekzembild“ vermissen lassen. Dadurch wird der Kreis der zu berücksichtigenden Differenzialdiagnosen deutlich erweitert. Komplizierend kommt hinzu, dass eine signifikante Zahl an Auslösern, die nicht über einen Kontaktmechanismus krankheitsauslösend wirken, unerwünschte Reaktionen entsprechend der Morphologie eines Ekzems und dem Verteilungsmuster eines Kontaktekzems auslösen können. In diesem Zusammenhang sind vor allem Medikamente und hier besonders die zunehmend in der Onkologie verwendeten Kinaseblocker zu nennen. Die Kenntnis dieser Zusammenhänge ist essentiell für die adäquate diagnostische wie auch therapeutische Betreuung eines Patienten mit vermeintlichem oder tatsächlichem Kontaktekzem.
Modified subcutaneously pedicled flap
Authors: Koller Josef , Hintersteininger Arno , Brugger‐Jentsch Karin
Published: October 2015

The subcutaneously pedicled flap, also known as V‐Y flap, belongs to the group of island flaps whose blood supply (unlike the horizontally perfused advancement and transposition flaps) comes from subcutaneous blood vessels perpendicular to the skin surface. Because of the outstanding perfusion of this type of flap, we remove up to one‐third of the cranial flap pedicle to form a skin flap (3–4 mm thick), resulting in a significant increase in the defect size able to be covered by the V‐Y flap. Moreover, in the infraorbital region – as far as topographically feasible – this flap is pulled further cranially (in the direction of the defect to be closed) by an obliquely placed periosteal suture. This offsets any potential distal tension on the flap and has thus proven beneficial in preventing an ectropion.
Gonococcal infections in Austria: a long‐term observation of prevalence and resistance profiles from 1999 to 2014
Authors: Stary Angelika , Heller‐Vitouch Claudia , Binder Michael , Geusau Alexandra , Stary Georg , Rappersberger Klemens , Komericki Peter , Hoepfl Reinhard , Haller Maria
Published: October 2015

Background and objectives

The increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cephalosporins for Neisseria gonorrhoeae has given rise to concerns regarding potentially untreatable gonococcal infections. The goal was to ascertain the prevalence of gonorrhea in a Viennese patient group and determine resistance patterns. Another objective was to evaluate resistance profiles and MIC values of gonococcal isolates in an Austria‐wide surveillance project.

Patients and methods

From 1999 to 2014, 350,000 individuals were tested for gonococci at the Viennese Outpatient Clinic. In addition, from 2010 to 2014, the MICs of recommended antibiotics was determined in 3,584 gonococcal isolates, initially by agar dilution and breakpoint determination, and, from 2012 onwards, by Etest®.

Results

During the observation period, the prevalence of gonorrhea increased eightfold, with a significantly greater number of quinolone, penicillin, and tetracycline‐ resistant strains. In gonococcal strains isolated from across Austria, there was an increase in cefixime and ceftriaxone MICs toward breakpoints. Twenty‐one isolates showed cefixime resistance, and while there was an increase in azithromycin resistance from 0.9 % (2013) to 3.2 % (2014), no resistance to ceftriaxone was observed.

Conclusion

Currently, there is no imminent risk of untreatable gonorrhea in Austria. However, continuing the use of gonococcal cultures as a diagnostic tool for establishing resistance profiles is essential in order to monitor trends in the development of Neisseria (N.) gonorrhoeae resistance.
Patient perspectives on treating psoriasis with classic inpatient dithranol therapy: a retrospective patient survey
Authors: Painsi Clemens , Patscheider Michael , Inzinger Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Bernhard , Quehenberger Franz , Wolf Peter
Published: October 2015

Background

Evidence of the efficacy of dithranol and patient perspectives on the treatment is scant.

Patients and Methods

Using a telephone interview survey, we collected retrospective data from 63 patients (41 men [65.1 %] and 22 women [34.9 %]) who had been treated with classic inpatient dithranol (CID). PsoRA (www.psoriasisregistry.at) was used to obtain clinical data and treatment responses, which were then correlated with the interview responses.

Results

Fifty‐two (82.5 %) patients achieved a PASI75 and 51 (81 %) a PASI90 response within a median of 12.5 (range: 3 to 25) days. Ten out of twelve (83 %) patients showed a satisfactory response to CID (PASI75 or greater reduction) despite the fact that they had previously failed to adequately respond to methotrexate, oral retinoids, cyclosporine, or ustekinumab. Overall, patients recalled a median recurrence‐free interval of four (95 % CI: 3–9) months after responding to CID, which was positively correlated with the patients’ recommendation of (p = 0.018) and their overall high satisfaction with the treatment (p = 0.012).

Conclusions

Despite the known limitations of CID, this survey indicates that dithranol remains a highly efficacious and valuable treatment option as induction therapy in psoriasis. CID can be effective in patients who have failed to respond to systemic therapy, including traditional agents and biologics.
Epidermale Barriere bei hereditären Ichthyosen, atopischer Dermatitis und Psoriasis
Authors: Schmuth Matthias , Blunder Stefan , Dubrac Sandrine , Gruber Robert , Moosbrugger‐Martinz Verena
Published: October 2015

Zahlreiche Hautkrankheiten gehen mit Störungen der Hautbarriere einher. Man unterscheidet primäre und sekundäre Barrierestörungen. Erstere sind monogen durch Defekte in Schlüsselkomponenten der Epidermis bedingt (z.B. Ichthyosen). Sekundäre Barrierestörungen treten bei entzündlichen Hautkrankheiten auf, bei denen die epidermale Homöostase beeinträchtigt ist (z.B. Ekzeme, Psoriasis u.v.a.m.). Bei diesen Erkrankungen hemmt die Entzündung den Aufbau oder Erhalt intakter Barrierstrukturen. Neue Forschungsergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass bei der atopischen Dermatitis und in geringerem Maß bei der Psoriasis eine Kombination primärer und sekundärer Barrierestörungen vorliegt. Voraussichtlich lassen sich zukünftig Subtypen dieser Erkrankungen definieren, bei denen die eine oder die andere Komponente im Vordergrund steht.

Several skin disorders are associated with impaired skin barrier function. Primary dysfunction is caused by monogenic defects in key components of the epidermis (for example ichthyoses). Secondary barrier impairment occurs in inflammatory dermatoses marked by disturbed epidermal homeostasis (eczema, psoriasis, etc.). In these disorders, inflammation impedes the synthesis or maintenance of skin barrier structures. Recent evidence suggests a combination of primary and secondary barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis and, to a lesser extent, also in psoriasis. In the future, subtypes of atopic dermatitis may likely be defined, in which one or the other component is prevalent.
Muscle growth is reduced in 15‐month‐old children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Herskind Anna , Ritterband‐Rosenbaum Anina , Willerslev‐Olsen Maria , Lorentzen Jakob , Hanson Lars , Lichtwark Glen , Nielsen Jens B
Published: October 2015

Aim

Lack of muscle growth relative to bone growth may be responsible for development of contractures in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Here, we used ultrasonography to compare growth of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in children with and without CP.

Method

Twenty‐six children with spastic CP (15 males, 11 females; mean age 35mo, range 8–65mo) and 101 typically developing children (47 males, 54 females; mean age 29mo, range 1–69mo) were included. Functional abilities of children with CP equalled levels I to III in the Gross Motor Function Classification System. Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume was constructed from serial, transverse, two‐dimensional ultrasonography images.

Results

In typically developing children, medial gastrocnemius volume increased linearly with age. Among children with CP, medial gastrocnemius volume increased less with age and deviated significantly from typically developing children at 15 months of age (p<0.05). Bone length increased with age without significant difference (p=0.49).

Interpretation

Muscle growth in children with CP initially follows that of typically developing children, but decreases at 15 months of age. This may be related to reduced physical activity and neural activation of the muscle. Interventions stimulating muscle growth in young children with CP may be important to prevent contractures.
Prevalence and risk of diabetes based on family history in the Shanghai High‐Risk Diabetic Screen (SHiDS) study
Authors: Zhang Y. , Chen H. , Lu H. , Shen Y. , Chen R. , Fang P. , Du X. , Bao Y. , Wang C. , Jia W.
Published: October 2015

Aims

To evaluate the prevalence and risk of diabetes based on family history in high‐risk subjects and also to evaluate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in these subjects.

Methods

Data were analysed from 9756 participants in the Shanghai High‐Risk Diabetic Screen (SHiDS) Project. Family history of diabetes was classified according to parental and sibling diabetes status. The prevalence and odds ratios were calculated for each grouping after adjusting for other risk factors. Insulin resistance and sensitivity were evaluated using oral glucose tolerance test‐derived indices that were validated by hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic clamps.

Results

A total of 30.4% of the subjects had a family history of diabetes in a first‐degree relative. The proportions of subjects with a father, mother or sibling with diabetes were 7.5, 11.9 and 5.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of diabetes in subjects with sibling history, maternal history or paternal history of diabetes were 39.3, 38.3 and 36.4%, respectively. Sibling history was a strong risk factor for diabetes (odds ratio 1.53, 95% CI 1.27–1.84; P < 0.05). Insulin secretion was significantly lower in those with a maternal or sibling history of diabetes; however, insulin sensitivity was not significantly different among subjects with a family history of diabetes.

Conclusions

Sibling history of diabetes was more strongly associated with diabetes risk than parental history among high‐risk subjects. Subjects with a sibling or maternal history of diabetes had significantly lower insulin secretion. Sibling history is an important and independent risk factor for diabetes even among multi‐risk populations. Those with a sibling history of diabetes warrant intensive care and follow‐up screening.
Cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular safety of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibition: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled cardiovascular outcome trials
Authors: Abbas A. S. , Dehbi H.‐M. , Ray K. K.
Published: October 2015

The full licensing of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors in the USA and Europe requires demonstration of cardiovascular (CV) safety with an upper boundary of harm of <30%. We report a total of 3334 CV events during 86 716 person‐years of follow‐up in 36 543 patients, when combining data from three trials with formal and prospectively assessed endpoints. Fixed‐effect meta‐analysis showed that, compared with placebo, DPP‐4 inhibition did not increase the upper boundary of risk for the composite endpoint, nor for any individual component by >30%. Relative risks (RRs) were: 0.99 [confidence interval (CI) 0.93–1.06] for composite CV‐specific death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non‐fatal stroke; 1.01 (CI 0.91–1.12) for CV‐specific death; 0.98 (CI 0.89–1.09) for non‐fatal MI; and 1.00 (CI 0.86–1.16) for non‐fatal stroke. The risk of acute pancreatitis was increased (RR 1.79; CI 1.13–2.81), equating to 5.5 extra cases/10 000 patients/year (weighted mean) and a number needed to harm of 1940/year. These data provide reassurance about the safety of DPP‐4 inhibitors with regard to individual atherothrombotic events and a safety signal for pancreatitis.
Review of head‐to‐head comparisons of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists
Authors: Madsbad Sten
Published: October 2015

Currently, six glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) are approved for treating type 2 diabetes. These fall into two classes based on their receptor activation: short‐acting exenatide twice daily and lixisenatide once daily; and longer‐acting liraglutide once daily, exenatide once weekly, albiglutide once weekly and dulaglutide once weekly. The phase III trial of a seventh GLP‐1RA, taspoglutide once weekly, was stopped because of unacceptable adverse events (AEs). Nine phase III head‐to‐head trials and one large phase II study have compared the efficacy and safety of these seven GLP‐1RAs. All trials were associated with notable reductions in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, although liraglutide led to greater decreases than exenatide formulations and albiglutide, and HbA1c reductions did not differ between liraglutide and dulaglutide. As the short‐acting GLP‐1RAs delay gastric emptying, they have greater effects on postprandial glucose levels than the longer‐acting agents, whereas the longer‐acting compounds reduced plasma glucose throughout the 24‐h period studied. Liraglutide was associated with weight reductions similar to those with exenatide twice daily but greater than those with exenatide once weekly, albiglutide and dulaglutide. The most frequently observed AEs with GLP‐1RAs were gastrointestinal disorders, particularly nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Nauseaoccurred less frequently, however, with exenatide once weekly and albiglutide than exenatide twice daily and liraglutide. Both exenatide formulations and albiglutide may be associated with higher incidences of injection‐site reactions than liraglutide and dulaglutide. GLP‐1RA use in clinical practice should be customized for individual patients, based on clinical profile and patient preference. Ongoing assessments of novel GLP‐1RAs and delivery methods may further expand future treatment options.
Professional karate‐do and mixed martial arts fighters present with a high prevalence of temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Bonotto Daniel , Namba Eli Luis , Veiga Danielle Medeiros , Wandembruck Fernanda , Mussi Felipe , Afonso Cunali Paulo , Ribeiro Rosa Edvaldo Antonio , Azevedo‐Alanis Luciana Reis
Published: October 2015

Background/aim

Facial trauma in sports has been associated with temporomandibular disorders. Because of the intensity and duration of training needed for elite‐level competitions, high‐performance athletes can have two to five times more traumatic injuries than recreational athletes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in high‐performance martial arts fighters and compare it with the prevalence in recreational athletes and non‐athletes.

Material and Methods

The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders was used to diagnose and classify professional karate‐do practitioners (group I; n = 24), amateur karate‐do practitioners (group II; n = 17), high‐performance mixed martial arts fighters (group III; n = 13), and non‐athletes (n = 28). The groups were compared with the chi‐square test and tested for the difference between two proportions using a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05).

Results

The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in groups I (54.2%; P = 0.003) and III (61.5%; P = 0.002) was significantly higher than in group IV (14.3%). The prevalence in group II was similar to that in group IV (P > 0.05). A diagnosis of arthralgia from disk displacement was made more frequently in groups I (45.8%; P = 0.013) and III (38.5%; P = 0.012) than in group IV (7.1%). The chronic pain associated with TMD was low intensity and low disability.

Conclusions

While there was a high prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in the professional athletes in our study, the prevalence of the condition in recreational athletes was similar to that in individuals who did not practice martial arts.
Biological control of Dothistroma needle blight on pine with Aneurinibacillus migulanus
Authors: Alenezi F. N. , Fraser S. , Bełka M. , Doğmuş T.H. , Heckova Z. , Oskay F. , Belbahri L. , Woodward S.
Published: October 2015

The ability of two strains of the antibiotic‐producing bacillus Aneurinibacillus migulanus to control Dothistroma septosporum infection of pine was tested in artificial inoculation experiments on 2‐year‐old Pinus contorta plants. Disease severity (% needles with conidiomata) on control plants was 5.8 ± 1.7%, compared with 6.2 ± 2.0% on plants treated with A. migulanus NCTC 7096. In contrast, treatment with A. migulanus Nagano reduced Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) severity to 1.1 ± 0.4%. The conidial density and percentage germination of D. septosporum on needles were also greatly reduced on seedlings treated with A. migulanus Nagano compared with the A. migulanus NCTC 7096 and control treatments. The results suggest that A. migulanus Nagano has potential as a biological control agent for use against DNB in forest nurseries.
Interactions between callus cultures of Pinus sylvestris and pine fungi with different trophic properties
Authors: Nawrot‐Chorabik K. , Grad B. , Kowalski T.
Published: October 2015

Fungal virulence may be studied using tissues cultures of host plants in dual cultures in vitro, enabling analyses of interactions with undifferentiated cells of their host plants. Three genotypes of Pinus sylvestris callus, initiated by somatic embryogenesis, were used for establishing dual cultures with fungi pathogenic, endophytic or saprotrophic on pine needles or shoots. Fungal growth towards the plant callus tissue differed, depending on the life strategy of the fungus. The pathogen Gremmeniella abietina proved the slowest colonizer of callus whereas the saprotrophic Phacidium lacerum was the fastest. Gremmeniella abietina partially overgrew the callus, causing extensive necrosis and death within 10 days after inoculation. Anthostomella formosa, an endophyte of pines, did not cause evident symptoms of callus degradation: after 10 days of dual culture, the callus cells remained greenish and at least 50% of cells were alive. In dual cultures Ph. lacerum, callus remained alive until the end of the experiment, maintaining a white‐creamy colour with a loose cell structure. Electrophoresis of protein extracts from the callus showed the presence of additional bands of 25–35 kDa only in host tissues challenged with the pathogen G. abietina, possibly indicating the production of pathogenesis‐related proteins. This work has shown that pine callus does not respond equally to challenge with different fungal isolates. In general, one‐third of the isolates of each fungus examined showed greater virulence compared to other isolates.
Changes in balance function with chronic antiepileptic drug therapy: A twin and sibling study
Authors: Shiek Ahmad Baemisla , Wark John D. , Petty Sandra J. , O'Brien Terence J. , Gorelik Alexandra , Sambrook Phillip N. , Hill Keith D.
Published: October 2015

Objective

To investigate cross‐sectional and longitudinal differences in static and dynamic standing balance measures and lower limb muscle strength in patients who are treated chronically with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Methods

Twenty‐six AED exposure–discordant same‐gender twin and sibling pairs were studied. Clinical and laboratory balance examinations were conducted twice, separated by at least 1 year. The mean within‐pair differences in balance measures were calculated cross‐sectionally at baseline and follow‐up, and longitudinally.

Results

No significant mean within‐pair difference was found at baseline in age (44 years), weight, and height (p > 0.05). Between study assessments, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) interval was 3.0 (2.1–4.3) years in users and 2.9 (2.0–4.4) years in nonusers. The median duration of AED therapy was 19 (11–21) years.

At baseline and follow‐up, cross‐sectional sway measures from posturography (Chattecx Balance System) and clinical static balance tests showed poorer performance in users compared to nonusers on several test conditions (p = 0.002–0.032). At follow‐up, the users took longer than nonusers to complete the Four‐Square‐Step Test (p = 0.005) and Five‐Times‐Sit‐to‐Stand Test (p = 0.018).

A greater annual rate of deterioration in sway was found in users compared to nonusers using posturography on the anteroposterior tilting platform task with distraction (p = 0.032). In both groups, higher baseline sway predicted greater annual deterioration in sway in all platform conditions (β = 0.3–0.5, p < 0.001–0.013). The annual change in measures did not differ between groups in the clinical balance and lower limb strength assessments.

Significance

In this longitudinal twin and sibling study, chronic AED users had poorer standing balance compared to nonusers. Users showed greater deterioration in postural sway with one dynamic platform condition. AEDs may progressively impair balance mechanisms, although this requires further investigations. Repeated dynamic posturography could provide a basis for preventive trials for maintaining or improving balance.
Oxygen supplementation before induction of general anaesthesia in horses
Authors: van Oostrom H. , Schaap M. W. H. , van Loon J. P. A. M.
Published: October 2015

Reasons for performing study

Hypoventilation or apnoea, caused by the induction of general anaesthesia, may cause hypoxaemia. Preoxygenation may lengthen the period before this happens. No scientific studies are published on preoxygenation in equine anaesthesia.

Objectives

To determine whether supplementation of oxygen at a flow rate of 15 l/min for 3 min via a nasal cannula before induction of general anaesthesia is effective in elevating the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) directly after induction.

Study design

Randomised, prospective clinical trial.

Methods

A total of 18 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 adult horses undergoing elective anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of 2 groups. The first group (control) received no oxygen supplementation before induction of general anaesthesia, whereas the second group (oxygen) did. All horses were anaesthetised with intravenous detomidine, butorphanol, ketamine, midazolam and isoflurane. Directly after induction (T = 0) and 30 min later (T = 30) an arterial blood sample was taken for blood gas analysis. At T = 30 an estimate of intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) was calculated.

Results

At T = 0 arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was significantly higher in the oxygen group compared with the control group (11.0 ± 2.6 kPa vs. 7.4 ± 1.6 kPa; mean ± s.d., P = 0.005) and at T = 30 differences were not statistically significant. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and Qs/Qt did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

Supplementing oxygen by a nasal cannula before induction of general anaesthesia in horses is feasible and does effectively elevate the PaO2 immediately after induction. Future research is needed to determine whether supplementation of oxygen before induction of general anaesthesia in horses will affect outcomes.
Mutually enhancing anti‐inflammatory activities of dimethyl fumarate and NF‐κB inhibitors – implications for dose‐sparing combination therapies
Authors: Hund Anna‐Carina , Lockmann Anike , Schön Michael P.
Published: October 2015

Fumaric acid esters, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in particular, have been established for the therapy of psoriasis and, more recently, multiple sclerosis. In the light of therapy‐limiting dose‐dependent side effects, such as gastrointestinal irritation, reducing the effective doses of FAE is a worthwhile goal. In search of strategies to maintain the anti‐inflammatory activity of DMF at reduced concentrations, we found that NF‐κB inhibition augmented key anti‐inflammatory effects of DMF in two complementary experimental settings in vitro. At non‐toxic concentrations, both proteasome inhibition with bortezomib as well as blocking NF‐κB activation through KINK‐1, a small molecule inhibitor of IKKβ‐profoundly enhanced DMF‐dependent inhibition of nuclear NF‐κB translocation in TNFα‐stimulated human endothelial cells. This resulted in significant and selective co‐operative down‐regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules crucial for leucocyte extravasation, namely E‐selectin (CD62E), VCAM‐1 (CD106) and ICAM‐1 (CD54), on both mRNA and protein levels. Functionally, these molecular changes led to synergistically decreased rolling and firm adhesion of human lymphocytes on TNF‐activated endothelial cells, as demonstrated in a dynamic flow chamber system. If our in vitro findings can be translated into clinical settings, it is conceivable that anti‐inflammatory effects of DMF can be achieved with lower doses than currently used, thus potentially reducing unwanted side effects.
The contrasting effects of short‐ and long‐term habitat drainage on the population dynamics of freshwater turtles in a human‐dominated landscape
Authors: Owen‐Jones Zoey , Priol Pauline , Thienpont Stephanie , Cheylan Marc , Sauret Gabrielle , Coïc Christophe , Besnard Aurélien
Published: October 2015

Most studies on the effect of drought on the biodiversity of freshwater systems have focussed on natural droughts. We sought to assess the effects of artificial drainage on the population dynamics of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis). We investigated whether the probability of survival and emigration/immigration was affected by short‐term drawdown (for a few months over winter) or long‐term habitat drainage (a full year of drying out) in this long‐lived species of low dispersal ability.

The study was replicated in two different areas using a Capture–Recapture monitoring programme over 5 years. In the two areas, we marked 1412 and 282 individuals, respectively. Short‐term drawdown had no impact on the vital rates of this species, while long‐term drainage promoted greater mobility among the ponds in both areas. This increase in movement might reduce survival, due to road mortality, or result in turtles leaving the study area.

Moreover, as the transition probability between ponds was higher when ponds were close together and directly connected, for instance by a ditch, the construction and maintenance of ditches might reduce the effects of drainage. To implement effective conservation plans, studies that aim to assess the effect of human disturbance should monitor population dynamics and vital rates to allow a more complete picture of the real impacts.
Inflammation‐associated upregulation of the sulfated steroid transporter Slc10a6 in mouse liver and macrophage cell lines
Authors: Kosters Astrid , Abebe Demesew F. , Felix Julio C. , Dawson Paul A. , Karpen Saul J.
Published: October 2015

Aim

Slc10a6, an incompletely characterized member of the SLC10A bile acid transporter family, was one of the most highly induced RNA transcripts identified in a screen for inflammation‐responsive genes in mouse liver. This study aimed to elucidate a role for Slc10a6 in hepatic inflammation.

Methods

Mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg/kg) or interleukin (IL)‐1β (5 mg/kg) for various time points. Cells were treated with LPS (1 μg/mL) at various time points, with cell signaling inhibitors, nuclear receptor ligands and Slc10a6 substrates. All mRNA levels were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Slc10a6 mRNA levels were upregulated in mouse liver at 2 h (7‐fold), 4 h (100‐fold) and 16 h (50‐fold) after LPS treatment, and 35‐fold by the cytokine IL‐1β (4 h). Both absence of the nuclear receptor Fxr and pretreating mice with the synthetic retinoid X receptor‐α ligand LG268 attenuated the LPS upregulation of Slc10a6 mRNA by 60–75%. In vitro, Slc10a6 mRNA was induced 30‐fold by LPS in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages in a time‐dependent manner (maximum at 8 h). The Slc10a6 substrate dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) enhanced LPS induction of CCL5 mRNA, a pro‐inflammatory chemokine, by 50% in RAW264.7 cells. This effect was abrogated in the presence of anti‐inflammatory nuclear receptor ligands 9‐cis‐retinoic acid and dexamethasone.

Conclusion

Dramatic upregulation of Slc10a6 mRNA by LPS combined with enhanced LPS stimulation of CCL5 expression by the Slc10a6 substrate DHEAS in macrophages suggests that Slc10a6 function contributes to the hepatic inflammatory response.
Differences between Black and White South Africans in product failure attributions, anger and complaint behaviour
Authors: Donoghue Suné , Strydom Nina , Andrews Lynda , Pentecost Robin , de Klerk Helena M
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this research is to extend an understanding of how Black and White South African consumers’ causal attributions for major household appliance performance failures impact on their anger and subsequent complaint behaviour. A survey was administered to Black and White South African consumers who were dissatisfied with the performance of a major household appliance item. Respondents resided in a major metropolitan area. The findings showed that, compared to Whites, the Black South Africans felt a low but significantly higher external locus of causality and lower control, and experienced a higher level of anger regarding product failure. The level of anger determined the decision to take complaint action, but racial group determined the type of action taken. Blacks complained more actively to retailers and engaged more in private complaint action than Whites. These findings may show that Black South Africans are developing a more individualistic orientation as consumers. Therefore, researchers should consider the effect of cultural swapping when researching consumer behaviour in multicultural countries. Implications for retailers in terms of complaint handling are indicated.
Is there a link between dietary phytoestrogens and reproductive health in men? A meta‐analysis of data from the USA and China
Authors: Lim David , Shaw Ian C.
Published: October 2015

The human health implications of exposure to environmental pollutants and food components (e.g. phytoestrogens) that mimic the female hormone 17β‐estradiol (xenoestrogens) are a subject of significant debate. In this study, we use published data on human dietary phytoestrogen intake and sperm concentrations in the USA and China to assess effects on sperm concentration as a marker of male reproductive health. Comparison of the phytoestrogen intake and sperm concentration trends shows that in the USA phytoestrogen intake has increased from 0.8 mg day−1 in 1993 to 13.7 mg day−1 in 2005 and sperm concentration is trending down (not statistically significant), whereas in China phytoestrogen intake has decreased from 64.7 mg day−1 in 1991 to 15.6 mg day−1 in 2008, and the sperm concentration has increased from 55 × 106 mL−1 in 1999 to 74 × 106 mL−1 in 2008. We present this as evidence that phytoestrogen intake via food might, at least in part, be responsible for sperm concentration trends.
Preparation, antioxidant activity and protective effect of coconut testa oil extraction on oxidative damage to human serum albumin
Authors: Zhang Yufeng , Zheng Yajun , Duan Kejun , Gui Qing
Published: October 2015

Extraction, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition analysis of coconut testa oil (CTO), antioxidant activity and the protective effect on oxidative damage to human serum albumin (HSA) of coconut testa oil extract (CTOE) were investigated. Results showed that the optimal extract condition of CTO was B3A2C2 (temperature of 60 °C, material‐to‐solvent of 1:4 g mL−1 and extraction time of 3 h) with the maximum oil yield (76.83 ± 0.53%). The obtained CTO was nondrying oil with iodine value of 14.69 g per 100 g, and lauric acid was the main component of 42.28%. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of CTOE can reach to 49.81% at 2.5 mg mL−1, while antioxidant activity (AA) on the oxidation of linoleic acid dropped from 56.82% to 31.70% during the first 80 min. CTOE could prevent HSA from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide via inhibiting the formation of protein carbonyl and increase of hydroperoxides content effectively. Total phenolic content was 68 mg g−1, and the epicatechin and catechin were 2.74 and 2.26 mg g−1 in its phenolic compositions, respectively. These all suggested CTO and CTOE might be new worthy exploiting functional sources.