bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Philosophers of Peace: Hobbes and Kant on International Order
Authors: Anderson-Gold Sharon
Published: June 2012

In their theories of international order, Hobbes and Kant are not as far apart as earlier interpreters have claimed. Both consider peace between states and mutual respect for their sovereign independence to be necessary for securing domestic order. For both Hobbes and Kant, order arises from the very “independency” of states in a manner that is different from the independence of individuals in a state of nature. Both regard the independency of states and their commitment to the prosperity of their subjects as principles that support a long-term orientation toward peaceable cooperation. The most significance difference between Hobbes and Kant concerning international order arises from Kant’s attributing to individuals a cosmopolitan right that makes the international order more subject to potential conflict concerning the rights of individuals, but also gives his theory a stronger normative framework for the development of shared norms than what is found in Hobbes’s political theory.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and King Wu’s First Great Pronouncement
Authors: Schneewind Sarah
Published: June 2012

Documents that legitimate the overthrow of an old regime and the establishment of a new one may look similar simply because of similar political needs. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence justifies rejection of the king and of monarchy itself. It shares a rhetorical structure with a Han-era reconstruction/forgery of a speech by King Wu, who overthrew the Shang dynasty and established the Zhou state in the name of a new, non-ancestral deity, Heaven. Scholars have traced many influences on Jefferson’s thinking and on the content of the Declaration, but none accounts for its structure. A full translation of the Shang Shu or Book of History/Documents was published in French several years before the Declaration was written. We know that Jefferson himself had already read about China before 1776, for we have a letter in which he recommends Chinese translations to a relative. It is possible – although it cannot be definitively shown – that he had read King Wu’s Pronouncement and had it in mind when writing the Declaration. Whether or not the connection exists, the comparison of the two texts can be pedagogically useful in history classes.
United Nations Resolutions and the Struggle to Curb the Illicit Trade in Conflict Diamonds in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Koyame Mungbalemwe
Published: June 2012

This article examines the extent to which revenues from the trade in rough diamonds have funded civil war in African countries and the difficulties encountered by the United Nations in putting an end to it. As case studies, the article considers the conflicts in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone where the illicit trade in rough diamonds, also referred to as “conflict diamonds” or “blood diamonds,” provided most of the funds used by rebel groups in their war efforts. The article further examines the role played by the diamond industry, the international community and diamond importing countries such as the United States and Belgium in the trade of conflict diamonds. The article concludes that several resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council concerning “conflict diamonds” were at times not successful because of indifference on the part of the international community.
Land Policy Reform, Customary Rule of Law and the Peace Process in Sierra Leone
Authors: Unruh Jon
Published: June 2012

Armed conflict is particularly destructive to socio-legal relations regarding land and property. Reconstruction priorities increasingly include the reform of property legislation as part of efforts to address the causes and reasons for continuation of conflicts. However, a pervasive problem is that postwar laws are extremely difficult to connect with informal on-the-ground developments regarding perceptions of spatially-based rights as populations pursue livelihoods, grievances and aspirations. Left unattended, the problem constitutes a potential flashpoint for a return to conflict. This article examines this connection for postwar Sierra Leone, in order to highlight issues and questions of potential utility. The stakes are high for successfully connecting postwar land tenure laws with informal socio-legal realities. For Sierra Leone, a primary issue is the presence of a large population without access to land, tenure insecurity discouraging investment, large-scale food insecurity and rural unemployment while significant swathes of arable and previously cultivated land stands idle.
Protecting Human Rights amidst Poverty and Inequality: The South African Post-apartheid Experience on the Right of Access to Housing
Authors: Mubangizi John C.
Published: June 2012

A significant gain of the new political and constitutional dispensation ushered in South Africa in 1994 was a commitment to the protection of human rights. However, protecting human rights in a country where the gap between the rich and the poor is among the largest in the world was always going to be a daunting challenge. The challenge is even more daunting with the protection of socio-economic rights such as the right of access to adequate housing. This article explores the challenges that South Africa faces in protecting human rights in the face of persistent poverty of over half of the country's population, vast economic disparities and gross inequality. Focusing on the right of access to adequate housing, the author explores some prospects arising from the roles played by the constitution; domestic courts; other state institutions as well as non-state actors. The article concludes that although the challenges are real, the prospects are promising. However, a lot must be done if the democratic miracle that has characterized South African society over the last fifteen years is to be maintained.
Evidence in International Criminal Trials: Lessons and Contributions from the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: Hassan-Morlai Patrick Matthew
Published: June 2012

This article aims to contribute to the discourse on the development of a system of international criminal justice. The paper discusses the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), in particular, certain of its rules of evidence and their role in ensuring just, fair and expeditious trials for breaches of international humanitarian and international human rights law during the Sierra Leone conflict which lasted between 1991 and 2002. In the conclusion, the author considers whether the manner in which the SCSL interpreted and applied specific rules of evidence helped it to meet and contribute to the objectives of a system of international criminal justice. These objectives include holding violators of international norms accountable; guaranteeing procedural proprietary; giving legitimacy to the process and bestowing confidence in international criminal justice institutions. Though not without criticism, the author concludes that they did.
Evaluating EIV, OLS, and SEM Estimators of Group Slope Differences in the Presence of Measurement Error
Authors: Culpepper Steven Andrew
Published: June 2012

Measurement error significantly biases interaction effects and distorts researchers’ inferences regarding interactive hypotheses. This article focuses on the single-indicator case and shows how to accurately estimate group slope differences by disattenuating interaction effects with errors-in-variables (EIV) regression. New analytic findings were presented along with simulation results to compare the relative bias, power, and Type I error rates of EIV, ordinary least squares (OLS), and sparse (i.e., single indicator) multigroup structural equation model (SEM) estimators of interaction effects in the presence of measurement error. The results suggest that EIV was less biased than were OLS and sparse SEM. Furthermore, OLS and sparse SEM were unable to control the Type I error rate for tests of slope differences in circumstances where groups differ in predictor reliability. Additional derivations examined the impact of using Cronbach’s alpha, which is typically a lower bound for reliability, with EIV. The results provided evidence that using alpha does result in overcorrected EIV estimates and the bias in EIV estimates associated with using Cronbach’s alpha increases with variability in item loadings and bias decreases as either test length or the average loading increases. The bias in EIV estimates when using alpha is not larger than the bias produced by using OLS or sparse SEM. In summary, the results provide compelling evidence that researchers should use EIV instead of OLS and sparse SEM to estimate group slope differences in the presence of measurement error.
Civic Recreation and a Theory of Civic Production
Authors: Hart-Brinson Peter
Published: June 2012

The debate on civic decline inspired by Putnam’s “bowling alone” thesis exposed an important limitation in three dominant conceptions of the civic. Whether conceptualized as a locus, type, or motivation for action, the boundaries distinguishing the civic from other categories of political action are permeable and indistinct. This article develops a theory of civic production to better account for the inherent normativity and “porousness” of this analytic category. I conceptualize the civic as a variable, contingent outcome or product of a contentious performance undertaken in some venue for some reason. The phenomenon of “civic recreation,” a form of fund-raising that combines a leisure activity with a public cause, underscores the necessity of a theory of civic production. I draw from social movement theory and from ethnographic data from one fitness fund-raiser to illustrate some of the key processes and outcomes for which a theory of civic production must account.
The Genomic Challenge to the Social Construction of Race
Authors: Shiao Jiannbin Lee , Bode Thomas , Beyer Amber , Selvig Daniel
Published: June 2012

Recent research on the human genome challenges the basic assumption that human races have no biological basis. In this article, we provide a theoretical synthesis that accepts the existence of genetic clusters consistent with certain racial classifications as well as the validity of the genomic research that has identified the clusters, without diminishing the social character of their context, meaning, production, or consequences. The first part of this article describes the social constructionist account of race as lacking biological reality, its main shortcomings, and our proposed solution: the concept of clinal classes. The second part discusses the character of the group differences that would be consistent with clinal classes and introduces the concept of genomic individualism, which extends an emerging model for understanding biosocial causation to include the genetic effects of ancestry. The third part develops the argument for a “bounded nature” reformulation of racial constructionism that reconceptualizes racial and ethnic categorization as the social perception of ancestry. The final part summarizes the article’s contributions and outlines implications for future research.
Space for the future: Exhibiting China in the world at the Shanghai Expo
Authors: Nordin Astrid
Published: June 2012

China’s modernization and rise is commonly understood as a key factor that will shape future world order. This article examines narratives at Expo 2010 Shanghai China as an instance of the local constitution of this future world. Such imaginations of China and/in the world actively create the future, through assumptions about time and space that structure the possible imaginations of China, the World, and their interrelation. This article examines how the technological and conceptual innovations that play out at the Expo draw on two common cosmologies, the ‘unit-based’ cosmology of the international state system and a Chinese ‘holistic’ imaginary of tianxia (all-under-heaven). It shows how these two cosmologies order universal/particular, time/space, and self/other through Beijing’s ‘harmonious world’ policy. It argues that the two cosmologies are not mutually exclusive, but are deployed at the Expo in ways that reinforce one another by ordering spatial difference through teleological time. The effect is a story of China and the World where others are not different; they are just behind. This is a problem because the reduction of spatial difference to place in a historical queue makes it difficult to imagine plural futures, as opposed to The Future already inscribed in the story.
Flexible friends? Flexible working time arrangements, blurred work-life boundaries and friendship
Authors: Pedersen Vivi Bach , Lewis Suzan
Published: June 2012

The changing nature and demands of work raise concerns about how workers can find time for activities such as friendship and leisure, which are important for well-being. This article brings friendship into the work-life debate by exploring how individuals do friendship in a period characterized by time dilemmas, blurred work-life boundaries and increased employer- and employee-led flexible working. Interviews with employees selected according to their working time structures were supplemented by time use diaries. Findings indicate that despite various constraints, participants found strategies for making time for friendship by blurring boundaries between friends and family and between friends and work. However, the impacts of flexible working time structures were complex and double-edged.
Young women on the margins of the labour market
Authors: Escott Karen
Published: June 2012

This article examines worklessness among young women living in 10 disadvantaged communities across England. The data shows that despite dynamic economic circumstances and New Labour’s work incentives, responses to the employment aspirations of many young women were inadequate. In addition to the influence of social characteristics such as ethnicity and qualifications in determining employment rates, experiences of discrimination, poor health and caring responsibilities affect many young women. Neighbourhood variations in the reasons for worklessness, even among highly employable young women, suggest that the multiple issues affecting disadvantaged groups are also influenced by local job markets. Occupational segregation and clustering into particular industries are added constraints for young women which are largely ignored in welfare policies seeking to address youth unemployment.
Maternal employment and gender role attitudes: dissonance among British men and women in the transition to parenthood
Authors: Schober Pia , Scott Jacqueline
Published: June 2012

This study examines how changes in gender role attitudes of couples after childbirth relate to women’s paid work and the type of childcare used. Identifying attitude-practice dissonances matters because how they get resolved influences mothers’ future employment. Previous research examined changes in women’s attitudes and employment, or spouses’ adaptations to each others’ attitudes. This is extended by considering how women and men in couples simultaneously adapt to parenthood in terms of attitude and behavioural changes and by exploring indirect effects of economic constraints. Structural equation models and regression analysis based on the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2007) are applied. The results suggest that less traditional attitudes among women and men are more likely in couples where women’s postnatal labour market participation and the use of formal childcare contradict their traditional prenatal attitudes. Women’s prenatal earnings have an indirect effect on attitude change of both partners through incentives for maternal employment.
Introduction: What is a ‘gene’ and why does it matter for political science?
Authors: Hatemi Peter K , Byrne Enda , McDermott Rose
Published: June 2012

A recent stream of influential research suggests that the inclusion of behavioral genetic models can further inform our understanding of political preferences and behaviors. But it has often remained unclear what these models mean, or how they might matter for the broader discourse in the political science literature. The initial wave of behavioral genetic research focused on foundational discovery, and has begun to outline the basic properties of genetic influence on political traits, while a second wave of research has begun to link genetic findings to broader aspects of political behaviors. In the introduction to this special issue, we explicate how genes operate, the most common forms of behavioral genetic analyses, and their recent applications toward political behaviors. In so doing, we discuss what these findings mean for political science, and describe how best to interpret them. We note potential limitations of behavioral genetic approaches and remain cautious against the overextension of such models. The five articles that follow strive to move beyond discovery and focus more on the integration of behavioral genetic models with mainstream theories of political behavior to analyze problems of interest to political scientists.
The genetics of political participation, civic duty, and political efficacy across cultures: Denmark and the United States
Authors: Klemmensen Robert , Hatemi Peter K , Hobolt Sara Binzer , Petersen Inge , Skytthe Axel , Nørgaard Asbjørn S
Published: June 2012

Recent studies have shown that variation in political attitudes and participation can be attributed to both genes and the environment. This finding raises the question of why genes matter to participation, and by which pathways. Two hypotheses suggest that feelings of civic duty and sense of political efficacy intermediate the relationship between genes and political participation and, thus, that these traits have a common heritable component. If so, how robust are the relationships across cultural contexts? Utilizing two new twin studies on political traits, one in Denmark and one in the United States, we show that the heritability of political participation and political efficacy is remarkably similar across cultures. Moreover, most of the covariation between efficacy and political participation is accounted for by a common underlying genetic component.
School choice and educational opportunity: Rationales, outcomes and racial disparities
Authors: Ben-Porath Sigal
Published: June 2012

This article examines the rationales for school choice, and the significance of choice mechanisms for racial disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes. It identifies tensions between liberty-based rationales and equality-based rationales, and surveys research findings on the outcomes of school choice policies, especially with regard to the racial composition of schools and distribution of opportunities. It concludes that school choice policies are multifarious and lack cohesion, that many existing mechanisms of choice lack proper public justification, and that the outcomes of these policies and mechanisms are at odds with most of the goals identified by their advocates, particularly for minority families.
Effect of single and duplex surface treatments on wear properties of CP-Ti
Authors: Alsaran A , Albayrak Ç
Published: June 2012

Wear behaviours of nitrided, anodised and duplex treated commercially pure (CP)-Ti were investigated using a pin on disc tribotester. First, CP-Ti was nitrided and then anodised at different temperatures and times. Phase structure, cross-section and surface hardness of coatings were examined with XRD, SEM and microhardness tester. Formation of TiN and anatase phases were observed after nitriding and anodising respectively. Thickness of the oxide layer along with hardness increased with increasing the anodisation potential and time. A porous structure with circular tube also formed on the surface after anodising. The duplex treatment caused the formation of rutile phase in the oxide layer. It was finally demonstrated that the duplex treatment increased the load bearing capacity due to an increase in the core hardness of CP-Ti which resulted in a reduction of the friction coefficient and wear rate of CP-Ti.
Effect of weight percentage gain on properties of electroless Ni–P plating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric
Authors: Zhang H
Published: June 2012

In this paper, electroless Ni–P plating on polyethylene terephthalatefabrics (PET) with different weight percentage gains was fabricated in the laboratory. The effects of weight percentage gain on the properties of air permeability, electromagnetic shielding performance, sound absorption, thermal stability and tensile were investigated. The results showed that the exponential relationship between air permeability and weight percentage gain could be obtained. Similarly, the linear relationship between fabric thickness and weight percentage gain could be obtained. As the weight percentage gain increased, the shielding effectiveness increased, whereas the surface resistance decreased at first, and then reached to a certain level. When the distance of air gap behind fabric and the frequency of sound wave were given, the sound absorption coefficient increased with increasing weight percentage gain at first, reached a maximum value at the weight percentage gain of 90% and then decreased beyond 90%. The tensile properties of the electroless Ni–P plated polyethylene terephthalate fabric were greatly influenced by the thickness of the coated metal. The linear relationship between tensile strain and Young's modulus existed.
Zukunft der Automation?
Authors: Bettenhausen Kurt Dirk
Published: June 2012

Die Automation steht vor einigen wichtigen Richtungsentscheidungen in Bezug auf ihre zukünftige Rolle und Positionierung sowie die zugehörigen technisch-technologischen Inhalte. Der vorliegende Artikel hinterfragt mögliche Szenarien aus verschiedenen Perspektiven. Die Kernaussage ist positiv: Automation hat eine Zukunft — wir müssen sie nur gemeinsam gestalten!
Synthesis and characterization of tetrapyridophenazine ligand and its novel 1-D metal-organic wave-like coordination polymer of Ni(II) ion
Authors: Abbasi Alireza , Geranmayeh Shokoofeh , Saniee Vala , Juibari Nafise Modanlou , Badiei Alireza
Published: June 2012

A protonated tpphz ligand, H2tpphz · 2 H2O · 2 Cl, 1, and novel 1-D coordination polymer of the type [Ni2(μ2-tpphz)(μ2-tp)(H2O)6]
n
· (tp) · 3.65(H2O), 2 (where tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c:3′′,2′′-h:2′′′,3′′′-j]phenazine, and H2tp = terephthalic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The asymmetric units in both structures consist of half of their formula. In the crystal structure 1, different types of hydrogen bonds together with π—π stacking are dominant. In the structure of 2, Ni(II) ion is coordinated by two N atoms from tpphz, one oxygen atoms from terephthalic acid and three water oxygen atoms in a distorted meridional octahedral geometry. Each tp ligand bridges two Ni(II) centers through monodentate carboxylate group. In the overall structure of 2, the Ni(II) centers are connected by tp and tpphz ligands to create a 1-D wave-like chain with a period of 20.91 Å running parallel down [1, 2].
Fenofibrate administration to arthritic rats increases adiponectin and leptin and prevents oxidative muscle wasting
Authors: Castillero Estíbaliz , Martín Ana Isabel , Nieto-Bona Maria Paz , Fernández-Galaz Carmen , López-Menduiña María , Villanúa María Ángeles , López-Calderón Asunción
Published: June 2012

Chronic inflammation induces skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia. In arthritic rats, fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα (PPARA)) agonist, reduces wasting of gastrocnemius, a predominantly glycolytic muscle, by decreasing atrogenes and myostatin. Considering that fenofibrate increases fatty acid oxidation, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether fenofibrate is able to prevent the effect of arthritis on serum adipokines and on soleus, a type I muscle in which oxidative metabolism is the dominant source of energy. Arthritis was induced by injection of Freund's adjuvant. Four days after the injection, control and arthritic rats were gavaged daily with fenofibrate (300 mg/kg bw) or vehicle over 12 days. Arthritis decreased serum leptin, adiponectin, and insulin (P<0.01) but not resistin levels. In arthritic rats, fenofibrate administration increased serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin. Arthritis decreased soleus weight, cross-sectional area, fiber size, and its Pparα mRNA expression. In arthritic rats, fenofibrate increased soleus weight, fiber size, and Pparα expression and prevented the increase in Murf1 mRNA. Fenofibrate decreased myostatin, whereas it increased MyoD (Myod1) and myogenin expressions in the soleus of control and arthritic rats. These data suggest that in oxidative muscle, fenofibrate treatment is able to prevent arthritis-induced muscle wasting by decreasing Murf1 and myostatin expression and also by increasing the myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD and myogenin. Taking into account the beneficial action of adiponectin on muscle wasting and the correlation between adiponectin and soleus mass, part of the anticachectic action of fenofibrate may be mediated through stimulation of adiponectin secretion.
Haemodynamic changes induced by intrasaccular packing on intracranial aneurysms: A computational fluid dynamic study
Authors: Ugron Ádám , Szikora István , Paál György
Published: June 2012

Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is a routine medical practice. The most widely used technique is the packing the aneurysm sac with an embolic material. To gain deeper understanding in the effects of specific treatment methods, the intra-aneurysmal haemodynamics are studied with the help of patient-specific computational models. Numerical simulations demonstrated that embolisation with liquid polymer results in an overall decrease of the wall shear stress and pressure in the aneurysm region. Within the range of clinically relevant packing density, simulation of coil embolisation showed homogenisation and decrease of the wall loads on the aneurysm sac. Increasing the packing density above 20% produces little or no further reduction of intra-aneurysmal flow. Sufficient packing of the aneurysm sac results in significant intra-aneurysmal flow decrease associated with reduced wall loads but locally increased pressure or wall shear stress zones may appear depending on the specific vessel geometry.
Ampullary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma presenting as obstructive jaundice 10 years after radical nephrectomy
Authors: Kim Ha-Yeon , Lee Gi-Hoon , Jun Chung-Hwan , Park Kang-Jin , Cho Sung-Bum , Kim Jin-Woong , Joo Young-Eun
Published: June 2012

Metastasis to the ampulla of Vater from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rarely encountered. We present the case of a 50-year-old male admitted with complaints of right upper quadrant pain and jaundice. The medical history consisted of a right radical nephrectomy, right adrenalectomy, and brain mass excision for RCC and metastasis. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a round ampullary mass with ulceration. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed an enhancing mass in the ampulla of Vater, total pancreas, and left adrenal gland. Pathologic examination of a biopsy specimen was compatible with metastatic RCC of the clear cell type. A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram revealed complete obstruction of the distal common bile duct. A metal stent was inserted for bile drainage via the percutaneous transhepatic route. Patients with a history of RCC should undergo a careful long-term follow-up to detect and evaluate metastasis to usual and unusual sites.
Debunking the Science Behind Attention-Deficit/HyperactivityDisorder as a “Brain Disorder”
Authors: Galves Albert , Walker David
Published: June 2012

This article is a reaction to the following three statements that were included in a brochure published by Division 29 (Psychotherapy) of the American Psychological Association (APA) and Celltech Pharmaceuticals:

“ADD/ADHD is generally considered a neuro-chemical disorder.”

“Most people with ADD/ADHD are born with the disorder, though it may not be recognized until adulthood.”

“ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, a difficult family environment, poor teaching or inadequate nutrition.”

The article reviews research that contradicts the statements and concludes that the statements are not adequately supported by scientific evidence.
Terms Used to Describe Pediatric Videofluoroscopic Feeding Studies: A Delphi Survey
Authors: St. Pierre Astrid E. , Reelie Bronwyn A. , Dolan Allison R. , Stokes Rochelle H. , Duivestein Janice A. , Holsti Liisa
Published: June 2012

Background. The prevalence of pediatric feeding and swallowing disorders is high in the special needs population. Videofluoroscopic feeding studies (VFFS) are used to assess feeding, but the accurate interpretation of VFFS depends on consistent use of terminology for describing a physiological swallow. No consensus exists regarding the terminology used for reporting VFFS findings.

Purpose. The goal of this study was to achieve consensus among pediatric therapists on definitions for terminology used to describe the results of VFFS.

Methods. Using a Delphi process, therapists from British Columbia rated definitions most appropriate for each term. They also were asked to add definitions that they thought would more accurately describe the terms.

Findings. Consensus was achieved on at least one definition for each of the terms used to describe the results of VFFS.

Implications. Accurate interpretation of swallowing issues may improve the care of infants and children with feeding and swallowing difficulties.
Effects of Social Exchange and Trust on Knowledge Sharing and Service Innovation
Authors: Monica Hu Meng-Lei , Ou Tsung-Lin , Chiou Haw-Jeng , Lin Lee-Cheng
Published: June 2012

Using a real case with 466 employees, we investigated the relationships among knowledge sharing (KS), service innovation, leader-member exchange (LMX) quality, team-member exchange (TMX) quality, and trust in Taiwan's international tourist hotels. The empirical results demonstrated
that LMX quality and TMX quality mediated the relationship between KS and service innovation, and that trust moderated the relationship between KS and both LMX quality and TMX quality. These findings can be applied to improve communication among employees, enhance knowledge sharing, and promote
service innovation.
Assessing Self-Supporting Behaviors of Chinese Children
Authors: Ling Hui , Huang Xi-ting , Yang Bing-jun , Wang Lijuan
Published: June 2012

Self-support (Zili) is a personality trait rooted in the Chinese culture. Based on the results of open-ended interviews, 2 dimensions, field and function related to external behavior and internal psychology, respectively, were examined in relation to school children's self-supporting
behaviors. A survey was then constructed for assessing self-supporting behaviors of children aged between 6 and 12 years. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the factor structure of the survey was clear. The survey was found to be stable and internally consistent according
to the reliability test.
Mental Health of a Police Force: Estimating Prevalence of Work-Related Depression in Australia without a Direct National Measure
Authors: Lawson Katrina J. , Rodwell John J. , Noblet Andrew J.
Published: June 2012

The risk of work-related depression in Australia was estimated based on a survey of 631 police officers. Psychological wellbeing and psychological distress items were mapped onto a measure of depression to identify optimal cutoff points. Based on a sample of police officers, Australian workers, in general, are at risk of depression when general psychological wellbeing is considerably compromised. Large-scale estimation of work-related depression in the broader population of employed persons in Australia is reasonable. The relatively high prevalence of depression among police officers emphasizes the need to examine prevalence rates of depression among Australian employees.
Role Ambiguity, Employee Gender, and Workplace Friendship
Authors: Chen Chien-Yu , Mao Hsiao-Yen , Hsieh An-Tien
Published: June 2012

The importance of workplace friendship is recognized by researchers and practitioners, but its antecedents with respect to work roles are not well understood. Employees' gender might moderate a relationship between work roles and friendships. Data from a survey of 221 international tourist hotel employees showed that a key aspect of job support, role ambiguity, was negatively related to having workplace friendships. However, employees' gender did not moderate this relationship. Role clarity (the opposite of role ambiguity) may facilitate workplace friendships.
English Adaptation versus Mother Tongue: Reliability of the English Version of Moddi—F Administered to Hong Kong Chinese College Students
Authors: Chan Wallace C. H. , Wittkowski Joachim
Published: June 2012

Two samples of Hong Kong college students completed the English and the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI—F), respectively. Results show substantially lower coefficients of internal consistency in the English version when compared with its Chinese counterpart. The construct validity of the instrument, i.e., the statistical relationships between its subtests, was confirmed. Whenever available, the use of a questionnaire that is worded in the participants' mother tongue is recommended.
Prosocial Consequences of Imitation
Authors: Müller Barbara C. N. , Maaskant Anna J. , Van Baaren Rick B. , Dijksterhuis AP
Published: June 2012

Research has shown that helping behavior can be primed easily. However, helping decreases significantly in the presence of inhibition cues, signaling high costs for the executor. On the other hand, multiple studies demonstrated that helping behavior increases after being mimicked. The present study investigated whether imitation still increases helping when more substantial costs are involved. Helping behavior was operationalized as the willingness to accompany the confederate on a 15–20 minute walk to the train station. Results show that even in the face of these high costs, participants who were mimicked agreed more often to help the confederate than participants who were anti-mimicked. These findings suggest that mimicry not only makes people more helpful when it comes to small favors, but also allows them to ignore the substantial costs possibly involved in helping others.
Relationship Outcomes in Indian-American Love-Based and Arranged Marriages
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Lakhanpal Saloni , Anguiano Carlos
Published: June 2012

The meaning and purpose of marriage, and the manner in which spouses are selected, varies across cultures. Although many cultures have a tradition of arranged marriage, researchers interested in marital dynamics generally have focused on love-based marriages. Consequently, there is little information on relational outcomes within arranged marriages. This study compared relationship outcomes in love-based and arranged marriages contracted in the U.S. A community sample of 58 Indian participants living in the U.S. (28 arranged marriages, 30 love-based marriages) completed measures of marital satisfaction, commitment, companionate love, and passionate love. Men reported greater amounts of commitment, passionate love, and companionate love than women. Unexpectedly, no differences were found between participants in arranged and love-based marriages; high ratings of love, satisfaction, and commitment were observed in both marriage types. The overall affective experiences of partners in arranged and love marriages appear to be similar, at least among Indian adults living in contemporary U.S. society.
Geometry of isotypic Kronecker webs
Authors: Kryński Wojciech
Published: June 2012

An isotypic Kronecker web is a family of corank m foliations $\{ \mathcal{F}_t \} _{t \in \mathbb{R}P^1 } $ such that the curve of annihilators t ↦ (T
x
F
t)⊥ ∈ Grm(T
x* M) is a rational normal curve in the Grassmannian Grm(T
x*M) at any point x ∈ M. For m = 1 we get Veronese webs introduced by I. Gelfand and I. Zakharevich [Gelfand I.M., Zakharevich I., Webs, Veronese curves, and bi-Hamiltonian systems, J. Funct. Anal., 1991, 99(1), 150–178]. In the present paper, we consider the problem of local classification of isotypic Kronecker webs and for a given web we construct a canonical connection. We compute the curvature of the connection in the case of webs of equal rank and corank. We also show the correspondence between Kronecker webs and systems of ODEs for which certain sets of differential invariants vanish. The equations are given up to contact transformations preserving independent variable. As a particular case, with m = 1 we obtain the correspondence between Veronese webs and ODEs.
Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil from different locations using infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography
Authors: Paíga Paula , Mendes Lurdes , Albergaria José , Delerue-Matos Cristina
Published: June 2012

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are important environmental contaminants which are toxic to human and environmental receptors. Several analytical methods have been used to quantify TPH levels in contaminated soils, specifically through infrared spectrometry (IR) and gas chromatography (GC). Despite being two of the most used techniques, some issues remain that have been inadequately studied: a) applicability of both techniques to soils contaminated with two distinct types of fuel (petrol and diesel), b) influence of the soil natural organic matter content on the results achieved by various analytical methods, and c) evaluation of the performance of both techniques in analyses of soils with different levels of contamination (presumably non-contaminated and potentially contaminated). The main objectives of this work were to answer these questions and to provide more complete information about the potentials and limitations of GC and IR techniques. The results led us to the following conclusions: a) IR analysis of soils contaminated with petrol is not suitable due to volatilisation losses, b) there is a significant influence of organic matter in IR analysis, and c) both techniques demonstrated the capacity to accurately quantify TPH in soils, irrespective of their contamination levels.
Identification and determination of relatedness of lactobacilli using different DNA amplification methods
Authors: Turková Kristýna , Rittich Bohuslav , Španová Alena
Published: June 2012

Several DNA amplification-based methods were used for identification and evaluation of the relation between lactobacilli isolated from breastfed full-term infant faeces (31 strains), dairy products (5 strains) and silage (1 strain). Twenty-seven strains isolated from infant faeces were identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (9), Lactobacillus gasseri (6), Lactobacillus paracasei (4), Lactobacillus fermentum (4), Lactobacillus salivarius (2), Lactobacillus plantarum (1), and Lactobacillus helveticus (1) using 10 species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), multiplex PCR for the Lactobacillus casei group, and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Four strains were not identified. Six strains isolated from dairy products and silage were identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus. A repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) with primer (GTG)5 and a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) with primer M13 were used for confirmation of species identification. Fingerprints were used for evaluation of the relatedness of lactobacilli. Differences between strains from infant faeces, dairy products, and silage were not detected.
Evaluation of the stress-strain properties in the thickness direction - particularly for thin and strong papers
Authors: Fellers Christer , Andersson Christian
Published: June 2012

The performance of the paper in a number of converting operations such as creasing, bending, printing, and plastic coating put great demands on the mechanical properties in the thickness direction of the material. The knowledge of strength, elastic- and plastic behavior in tension and compression in the thickness direction is needed for a comprehensive description of the performance of the material in these operations. In spite of its importance, very few publications deal with the evaluation of the entire tensile stress-strain curve of paper in the thickness direction. A likely reason for this is the intrinsic difficulty of testing a thin, uneven, porous, fibrous and compressible material such as paper with sufficient precision and testing time efficiency. The z-directional strength test is usually performed by fastening the paper by means of double-adhesive tape to metal platens. The platens are fastened in a testing machine and strained to break. The adhesion of the tape is the limiting factors for how strong papers that can be tested. The tape-based method also is expected to have a lower limit in grammage due to the penetration of the adhesive. The aim of the present publication was to show a procedure how to evaluate the entire stress-elongation curve in the z-direction of papers, using a lamination method for fastening the paper to the metal platens. From this curve the z-strength, z-modulus, z-strain at break, zenergy at break and z-fracture energy could be extracted. Such information is, so far, non-existing in the literature.
Engineering fracture mechanics analysis of paper materials
Authors: Mäkelä Petri
Published: June 2012

The aim of the present work was to develop an analytic fracture mechanics procedure that enables accurate predictions of failure of paper materials. Analytic expressions for prediction of the critical force and critical elongation of edge-notched paper webs were developed based on isotropic deformation theory of plasticity and J-integral theory. The analytic expressions were applied to predict the critical force and elongation of paper webs with different edge-notch sizes for six different paper materials. The accuracy of the analytic failure predictions was verified by numerical predictions and experiments on edge-notched paper webs, showing that the developed engineering fracture mechanics analysis procedure predicted failure accurately.
Mass transfer of water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen on modified cellulose fiber-based materials
Authors: Bedane Alemayehu H. , Huang Qinglin , Xiao Huining , Mladen
Published: June 2012

Mass transfer properties of fibre network and coated paper are essential for understanding the barrier properties of the products and further advance in their application. In this study, different unmodified and coated papers, e.g., (Poly lactic acid (PLA), zein grafted paper) were prepared and characterized with regard to mass transfer properties. Water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) transmission rates through the cellulose paper films were measured and the results discussed. The effects of sample film thickness and samples were found to be strongly dependent on the temperature and the relative humidity difference (mass transfer driving force). On the other hand water vapor permeabilities relative humidity. Water vapor diffusivities of the samples were also measured from the uptake rate measurements using Fickian diffusion slab model for a wide range of relative modified samples were found to be generally low compared to unmodified (reference) paper sample. Among the investigated samples, PLA/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane POSS-bentonite modified paper sample showed higher mass transfer resistance to water vapour and the gases investigated in this study (CO2and O2). It showed lower water transmission rate (104 g/m2.day) compared to PLA-coated paper (130 g/m2.day), zein coated paper (179 g/m2.day) and control sample (359 g/m2.day) at the relative humidity gradient RH=74% and temperature of 25 oC. The oxygen transmission rate for PLA/(POSS-Bentonite) coated paper was found to be lower than for the other modified papers. Zein grafted paper showed better barrier property for water vapor than oxygen. Water vapor permeation through paper films shows an Arrhenius type of dependency with temperature, indicating activated process. The activation energies reveal diffusion dominated process for all paper samples investigated in this study, according to the solution-diffusion mechanism used to describe the permeation processes.
Fold cracking of coated paper: The effect of pulp fiber composition and beating
Authors: Youn Hye Jung , Sim Kyujeong , Oh Kyu Deok , Lae Lee Hak , Han Chang Sun , Yeu Seung Uk , Lee Yong Min
Published: June 2012

Fold cracking of coated papers has become important because of the increase in the coat weight and the content of low cost co-binder. The effects of base paper characteristics of coated paper were investigated to reduce fold cracking. We evaluated the fold cracking of coated paper prepared with different mixing ratios and beating degrees of pulp fibers. Hardwood bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) and softwood bleached kraft pulp (Sw- BKP) were used to prepare base papers for coating. The mechanical and structural properties of base paper such as tensile strength, strain at break, short span compressive strength, and formation were measured. The fold cracking was affected by mixing ratio of pulp fibers. Base paper consisting of Hw-BKP and Sw-BKP at a 90:10 mixing ratio showed the least fold cracking. When the amount of Sw-BKP was greater than 10% or if only Hw- BKP was used, the fold cracking increased on coated paper. When the pulp was highly beaten, the mechanical strength of paper was improved, but the fold cracking was severe. An increase in the tensile strength did not reduce the fold cracking.
Effects of coating formulation on coating thermal properties and coated paper print quality in xerography
Authors: Yan Ning , Liang Chong , Vidal David , Zou Xuejun
Published: June 2012

The effects of coating formulation on thermal characteristics of coating layers (namely thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and heat conductivity) were systematically studied and their impact on xerography print quality was evaluated. Model coatings were prepared using ground calcium carbonate or kaolin pigment mixed with styrene butadiene latex binder in various proportions (from 6 to 25 pph). As expected, porosity was shown to be a key parameter for thermal conductivity of the coating layers, and is mainly determined by the latex concentration. Particle size distribution (PSD) and pigment morphology also affected the thermal characteristics of the coating layers. It was found that the bulk thermal conductivity of the coating layers can be accurately predicted by a geometric mean model based on the pigment, latex and air contents. Print quality on model coated papers was evaluated in terms of print gloss, toner adhesion and pairwise visual ranking. It was demonstrated that print gloss is improved by decreasing the bulk thermal conductivity of the coatings. The coating formulated with the pigments with the steepest PSD and 10 pph of latex had a relatively low thermal conductivity and the best print quality.