bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxygen profiles in egg masses predicted from a diffusion–reaction model
Authors: Woods H. Arthur , Moran Amy L.
Published: February 2008

We developed a novel diffusion–reaction model to describe spatial and temporal changes in oxygen concentrations in gelatinous egg masses containing live, respiring embryos. We used the model in two ways. First, we constructed artificial egg masses of known metabolic density using embryos of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechnius neumayeri, measured radial oxygen profiles at two temperatures, and compared our measurements to simulated radial oxygen profiles generated by the model. We parameterized the model by measuring the radius of the artificial masses, metabolic densities (=embryo metabolic rate×embryo density) and oxygen diffusion coefficients at both ambient (–1.5°C) or slightly warmer (+1.5–2°C)temperatures. Simulated and measured radial oxygen profiles were similar,indicating that the model captured the major biological features determining oxygen distributions. Second, we used the model to analyze sources of error in step-change experiments for determining oxygen diffusion coefficients(D), and to determine the suitability of simpler, analytical equations for estimating D. Our analysis indicated that embryo metabolism can lead to large (several-fold) overestimates of D if the analytical equation is fitted to step-down-traces of central oxygen concentration (i.e. external oxygen concentration stepped from some high value to zero). However, good estimates of D were obtained from step-up-traces. We used these findings to estimate D in egg masses of three species of nudibranch molluscs: two Antarctic species (Tritonia challengeriana and Tritoniella belli; –1.5 and +2°C)and one temperate Pacific species (Tritonia diomedea; 12 and 22°C). D for all three species was approximately 8×10–6 cm2 s–1, and there was no detectable effect of temperature on estimated D. For the Antarctic species, D in egg masses was 70–90% of its value in seawater of similar temperature.
Temperature–oxygen interactions in Antarctic nudibranch egg masses
Authors: Woods H. Arthur , Moran Amy L.
Published: February 2008

The Southern Ocean is one of the coldest, most stable marine environments on Earth and represents a unique environment for investigating metabolic consequences of low temperature. Here we test predictions of a new diffusion–reaction model of O2 distributions in egg masses,using egg masses of the Antarctic nudibranch mollusk, Tritonia challengeriana. When warmed from –1.5° to +1.5°C, embryos of T. challengeriana showed large increases in O2consumption (Q10 values of 9.6–30.0). Oxygen electrode measurements in intact masses showed, however, that O2 levels were high throughout and virtually unaffected by temperature. The model suggested that both effects stemmed from very low metabolic densities in egg masses. Detailed morphological measurements of egg masses of T. challengeriana and a temperate congener, T. diomedea, revealed large differences in structure that may be related to O2availability. Egg masses of T. challengeriana were approximately twice as thick. However, the most dramatic effects were observed in embryos:embryos of T. challengeriana were >32 times larger (by volume)than embryos of T. diomedea. Antarctic embryos also were contained singly in large egg capsules (∼500 μm diameter). Consequently,Antarctic embryos occurred at much lower densities, with very low metabolic densities.
Forensic Science Expertise for International Criminal Proceedings: An Old Problem, a New Context and a Pragmatic Resolution
Authors: Klinkner Melanie
Published: February 2008

Expert witness testimony provides an important source of information for international criminal proceedings, and forensic science expertise from mass graves is no exception: findings from exhumations and examinations have featured in the ad hoc tribunals' trials and judgments. Whilst the issues surrounding the law-science relationship have been explored within the realm of national legal systems, the mixed system adopted by these tribunals presents an established discussion with a new context. Using forensic archaeology as an example, this article explores some theoretical underpinnings and practical realities surrounding the use of forensic science during international criminal investigations into mass graves before looking at how Trial Chambers aim to establish the relevance and credibility of forensic science evidence. As little guidance regarding admissibility of expert evidence is provided, it is through the case-specific legal process of cross-examination and presentation of counter-expertise that methodological issues are resolved. This, together with reliance on normative principles, is the pragmatic approach adopted to discern reliability of expert opinion.
Computer Misuse: The Implications of the Police and Justice Act 2006
Authors: Fafinski Stefan
Published: February 2008

While the Police and Justice Act 2006 is largely concerned with policing reform, there are also some long-overdue amendments to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 buried within it. These amendments attempt to bring the 1990 Act up to date, thereby enabling it to encompass new forms of mischief brought about by the technological advances of the preceding 16 years. This article considers the rationale behind those amendments and examines their implications on the contemporary information technology landscape.
Policing Male Rape and Sexual Assault
Authors: Rumney Philip N. S.
Published: February 2008

This article examines an issue that has been largely ignored in the growing literature on the treatment of sexual offences within the criminal justice system, i.e. the treatment of adult male rape and sexual assault complainants by the police. This analysis is based upon a series of interviews with men who have reported their experiences of rape and sexual assault. It considers issues of victim care and satisfaction with the performance of the police, along with other criminal justice professionals. These experiences are placed in a broader research context that indicates some of the features of men's treatment by the police, along with recurrent themes that are also seen in the treatment of female complainants. Finally, this article critically considers claims that the criminal justice's treatment of male and female rape is influenced by gender bias.
An Instinct for Detection: Psychological Perspectives on CCTV Surveillance
Authors: Scott-Brown K. C. , Cronin P. D. J.
Published: February 2008

The aim of this article is to inform and stimulate a proactive, multidisciplinary approach to research and development in surveillance-based detective work. In this article we review some of the key psychological issues and phenomena that practitioners should be aware of. We look at how human performance can be explained with reference to our biological and evolutionary legacy. We show how critical viewing conditions can be in determining whether observers detect or overlook criminal activity in video material. We examine situations where performance can be surprisingly poor, and cover situations where, even once confronted with evidence of these detection deficits, observers still underestimate their susceptibility to them. Finally we explain why the emergence of these relatively recent research themes presents an opportunity for police and law enforcement agencies to set a new, multidisciplinary research agenda focused on relevant and pressing issues of national and international importance.
Co-Offending in UK Police Recorded Crime Data
Authors: Hodgson Beth
Published: February 2008

This article examines patterns of co-offending in UK police recorded crime statistics over a five-year period between 1998 and 2003. The data comprised 110,323 cleared offences in one of four police districts in South Yorkshire. It was found that the probability of co-offending increases with the length of the criminal career; the proportion of offences involving co-offenders decreases as the criminal career progresses; and the proportion of solo offending increases with increasing age.
A Polyaxial System for Testing of Jointed Rock Mass Models
Authors: Rao K. Seshagiri , Tiwari Rajendra P.
Published: February 2008

A polyaxial loading system was designed and developed at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India for laboratory testing of mechanical behavior of rock mass. The large-scale rock mass models of different joint geometry can be tested under polyaxial stress state simulating in situ stress conditions using this true-triaxial system. The system consists of a 1000 kN capacity vertical frame, a biaxial frame of 300 kN capacity fitted with two pairs of hydraulic jacks and platens, constant confining pressure unit for applying, monitoring, and maintaining horizontal stresses (σ2 and σ3) on specimen faces, eight-channel data acquisition system, and a personal computer to record all load and deformation data. Its working was verified by conducting true-triaxial testing on several models specimens of sand-lime blocks having three sets of orthogonal joints.
Was the Taco Invented in Southern California?
Authors: pilcher jeffrey m.
Published: February 2008

This essay examines the history of the taco in Mexico and the United States as a way of shifting the focus of "McDonaldization" from technology to ethnicity. It begins with the origins of the taco in Mexico to show that it was a product of modernity rather than an ancient tradition transformed by Yankee ingenuity. It then examines patent records, cookbooks, and archival sources to demonstrate that all aspects of the Mexican American taco, including the pre-fried taco shell, were actually invented within the ethnic community. Indeed, new forms of tacos were one of the many ways in which ethnic women mediated the boundaries between Mexican family traditions and U.S. cultural citizenship. These sources also refute corporate hagiography attributing the fast food taco to Glen Bell, founder of Taco Bell. Finally, using GIS to map taco shops against tract-level census data, the essay concludes that non-ethnic fast food chains succeeded by marketing tacos as a form of exoticism or safe danger within the segregated landscape of 1950s Los Angeles.
The Milk Haul
Authors: smith peter andrey
Published: February 2008

Maine farmer Jesse Haskell delivers raw milk from farms to processing plants. The 24-year-old works two sides of Northern New England's dairy industry: He milks cows for a national cooperative that sells organic milk to yogurt manufacturer Stonyfield Farm and he transports hormone-free milk from Maine's conventional dairy farms to Oakhurst Dairy. In an increasingly specialized industry, Haskell has the unique vantage of both a farmer and a milk hauler. En route, he works hard but tries to make light of the serious, long-term commitment he has made to the uncertain future of the region's niche dairying business.
Allusion and Influence in Elvis Costello
Authors: Griffiths Dai
Published: February 2008

At a certain point in musical history, perhaps the post-modern moment, past styles were made available, especially by recording technology, with the result that allusion to past works became a common feature. This paper unpicks the consequences of allusiveness in an artist’s work, leading to the idea that what is gained in playful or scholarly allusion might be lost in the potential to influence others. Three ways in which Elvis Costello alludes to the past are reviewed, systematically: in words, in music, but also in deed, actions that look back to a prior model. In order to draw consequences for the writing of musical history, finally, a distinction is made between ‘talking about influence’ and ‘talking about inter-textuality’, representing different premises on the part of the historian.
Tantric Revisionings: New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion, by Geoffrey Samuel
Authors: Child Louise
Published: February 2008

Tantric Revisionings: New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion, by Geoffrey Samuel. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2005 x +393 pp., £60.00. ISBN 0-7546-5280-7 (hb).
Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues, edited by Peter Flügel
Authors: Vallely Anne
Published: February 2008

Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues, edited by Peter Flügel. Abingdon: Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2006. (Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies), xvi + 478pp., £100. ISBN 0-415-36099-4 (hb).
Buddhist Nuns in Taiwan and Sri Lanka: A Critique of the Feminist Perspective, by Wei-Yi Cheng
Authors: King Ursula
Published: February 2008

Buddhist Nuns in Taiwan and Sri Lanka: A Critique of the Feminist Perspective, by Wei-Yi Cheng. London; New York: Routledge, 2007 (Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism). x + 226pp., £80.00. ISBN-10: 0-415-39042-7; ISBN-13: 978-0-415-39042-2 (hb).
In Vitro Model of Bromodeoxyuridine or Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Uptake by Activated Macrophages from Labeled Stem Cells: Implications for Cellular Therapy
Authors: Pawelczyk Edyta , Arbab Ali S. , Chaudhry Aneeka , Balakumaran Arun , Robey Pamela G. , Frank Joseph A.
Published: February 2008

There is increasing interest in using exogenous labels such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) to label cells to identify transplanted cells and monitor their migration by fluorescent microscopy or in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. Direct implantation of cells into target tissue can result in >80% cell death due to trauma or apoptosis. Bystander uptake of labeled cells by activated macrophages (AM) can confound the interpretation of results. This study investigated the frequency of BrdU or SPION uptake by AM using the Boyden chamber model of inflammation. SPION/BrdU-labeled bone marrow stromal cells or HeLa cells, AM, and mouse fibroblasts (MF) or human fibroblasts (HF) were mixed in various ratios in Matrigel in the upper chamber and incubated for up to 96 hours. The AM were chemotactically induced to migrate to the lower chamber. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of AM from lower and upper chambers, in the presence of either MF or HF using anti-CD68, anti-BrdU, anti-dextran antibodies, revealed 10%–20% dextran-positive or 10% BrdU-positive AM after 96 hours of incubation. Transfer of iron to AM accounted for <10% of the total iron in labeled cells. The uptake of BrdU and SPION was dependent on the ratio of labeled cells to inflammatory cells and microenvironmental conditions. Direct implantation of BrdU/SPION-labeled cells into target tissue can result in uptake of label by AM; therefore, care should be taken to validate by histology transplanted cells for bystander cell markers and correlation with MRI results.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Thrombopoietin Inhibits Murine Mast Cell Differentiation
Authors: Martelli Fabrizio , Ghinassi Barbara , Lorenzini Rodolfo , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Rana Rosa Alba , Nishikawa Mitsuo , Partamian Sandra , Migliaccio Giovanni , Migliaccio Anna Rita
Published: February 2008

We have recently shown that Mpl, the thrombopoietin receptor, is expressed on murine mast cells and on their precursors and that targeted deletion of the Mpl gene increases mast cell differentiation in mice. Here we report that treatment of mice with thrombopoietin or addition of this growth factor to bone marrow-derived mast cell cultures severely hampers the generation of mature cells from their precursors by inducing apoptosis. Analysis of the expression profiling of mast cells obtained in the presence of thrombopoietin suggests that thrombopoietin induces apoptosis of mast cells by reducing expression of the transcription factor Mitf and its target antiapoptotic gene Bcl2.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Alkaline Phosphatase-Positive Colony Formation Is a Sensitive, Specific, and Quantitative Indicator of Undifferentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: O'Connor Michael D. , Kardel Melanie D. , Iosfina Ioulia , Youssef David , Lu Min , Li Michael M. , Vercauteren Suzanne , Nagy Andras , Eaves Connie J.
Published: February 2008

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be maintained in vitro as immortal pluripotent cells but remain responsive to many differentiation-inducing signals. Investigation of the initial critical events involved in differentiation induction would be greatly facilitated if a specific, robust, and quantitative assay for pluripotent hESCs with self-renewal potential were available. Here we describe the results of a series of experiments to determine whether the formation of adherent alkaline phosphatase-positive (AP+) colonies under conditions optimized for propagating undifferentiated hESCs would meet this need. The findings can be summarized as follows. (a) Most colonies obtained under these conditions consist of ≥30 AP+ cells that coexpress OCT4, NANOG, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81. (b) Most such colonies are derived from SSEA3+ cells. (c) Primary colonies contain cells that produce secondary colonies of the same composition, including cells that initiate multilineage differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs). (d) Colony formation is independent of plating density or the colony-forming cell (CFC) content of the test population over a wide range of cell concentrations. (e) CFC frequencies decrease when differentiation is induced by exposure either to retinoic acid or to conditions that stimulate EB formation. Interestingly, this loss of AP+ clonogenic potential also occurs more rapidly than the loss of SSEA3 or OCT4 expression. The CFC assay thus provides a simple, reliable, broadly applicable, and highly specific functional assay for quantifying undifferentiated hESCs with self-renewal potential. Its use under standardized assay conditions should enhance future elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate hESC propagation and their early differentiation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Gli1 Induces G2/M Arrest and Apoptosis in Hippocampal but Not Tumor-Derived Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Galvin Katherine E. , Ye Hong , Erstad Derek J. , Feddersen Rod , Wetmore Cynthia
Published: February 2008

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is necessary for sustaining the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), yet little is known about its mechanisms. Whereas Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3, the primary mediators of Shh signaling, were all expressed in hippocampal neural progenitors, Shh treatment of NSCs induced only Gli1 expression. Acute depletion of Gli1 in postnatal NSCs by short-hairpin RNA decreased proliferation, whereas germline deletion of Gli1 did not affect NSC proliferation, suggesting a difference in mechanisms of Gli1 compensation that may be developmentally dependent. To determine whether Gli1 was sufficient to enhance NSC proliferation, we overexpressed this mitogen and were surprised to find that Gli1 resulted in decreased proliferation, accumulation of NSCs in the G2/M phase of cell cycle, and apoptosis. In contrast, Gli1-expressing lineage-restricted neural precursors demonstrated a 4.5-fold proliferation enhancement. Expression analyses of Gli1-expressing NSCs identified significant induction of Gadd45a and decreased cyclin A2 and Stag1 mRNA, genes involved in the G2-M transition and apoptosis. Furthermore, Gadd45a overexpression was sufficient to partially recapitulate the Gli1-induced G2/M accumulation and cell death of NSCs. In contrast to normal stem cells, tumor-derived stem cells had markedly higher basal Gli1 expression and did not undergo apoptosis with further elevation of Gli1. Our data suggest that Gli1-induced apoptosis may serve as a protective mechanism against premature mitosis and may give insight into mechanisms by which nonmalignant stem cells restrain hyperproliferation in the context of potentially transforming mitogenic signals. Tumor-derived stem cells apparently lack these mechanisms, which may contribute to their unrestrained proliferation and malignant potential.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Role of Adipocyte Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Obesity-Related Elevations in Endocannabinoids
Authors: D'Eon Tara M. , Pierce Kerry A. , Roix Jeffery J. , Tyler Andrew , Chen Hong , Teixeira Sandra R.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE— Obesity is associated with an overactive endocannabinoid (EC) system. The mechanisms responsible for increased ECs in obese individuals are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the role of adipocyte insulin resistance in intracellular EC metabolism.

METHODS— We used 3T3-L1 adipocytes and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice to examine the role of obesity and insulin resistance in the regulation and/or dysregulation of intracellular ECs.

RESULTS— For the first time, we provide evidence that insulin is a major regulator of EC metabolism. Insulin treatment reduced intracellular ECs (2-arachidonylglycerol [2-AG] and anandamide [AEA]) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This corresponded with insulin-sensitive expression changes in enzymes of EC metabolism. In insulin-resistant adipocytes, patterns of insulin-induced enzyme expression were disturbed in a manner consistent with elevated EC synthesis and reduced EC degradation. Expression profiling of adipocytes from DIO mice largely recapitulated in vitro changes, suggesting that insulin resistance affects the EC system in vivo. In mice, expression changes of EC synthesis and degradation enzymes were accompanied by increased plasma EC concentrations (2-AG and AEA) and elevated adipose tissue 2-AG.

CONCLUSIONS— Our findings suggest that insulin-resistant adipocytes fail to regulate EC metabolism and decrease intracellular EC levels in response to insulin stimulation. These novel observations offer a mechanism whereby obese insulin-resistant individuals exhibit increased concentrations of ECs.
Management of Hypertension in Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Steigerwalt Susan
Published: February 2008

In Brief

Diabetes is associated with markedly increased cardiovascular risk, a risk compounded with imposition of chronic kidney disease (CKD). More than 80% of people with diabetes and CKD have hypertension, and many have an obliterated nocturnal blood pressure “dip,” the normal physiological drop in blood pressure during sleep. Appropriate blood pressure measurement is the Achilles heel of hypertension management, especially in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This review elaborates on the evidence regarding one of the most important therapeutic targets in DKD, namely, control of blood pressure to < 130/80 mmHg, and provides detailed information about appropriate blood pressure measurement and treatments to best achieve that target.
Accuracy of the withdrawal reflex for localization of the site of cervical disk herniation in dogs: 35 cases (2004–2007)
Authors: Forterre Franck , Konar Martin , Tomek Ales , Doherr Markus , Howard Judith , Spreng David , Vandevelde Marc , Jaggy André
Published: February 2008

Objective—To evaluate the accuracy of neurologic examination versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in localization of cervical disk herniation and evaluate the usefulness of withdrawal reflex testing in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—35 client-owned dogs with a single-level cervical disk herniation as determined via MRI.

Procedures—1 of 2 board-certified neurologists performed a complete neurologic examination in each dog. Clinical signs of a cervical lesion included evidence of neck pain and tetraparesis. The withdrawal reflex was used for neuroanatomic localization (C1-C5 or C6-T2). Agreement between results of neurologic and MRI examinations was determined.

Results—Agreement between neurologic and MRI diagnoses was 65.8%. In 11 dogs in which the lesion was clinically localized to the C6-T2 segment on the basis of a decreased withdrawal reflex in the forelimbs, MRI revealed an isolated C1-C5 disk lesion. In 1 dog, in which the lesion was suspected to be at the C1-C5 level, MRI revealed a C6-T2 lesion. Cranial cervical lesions were significantly associated with an incorrect neurologic diagnosis regarding site of the lesion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the withdrawal reflex in dogs with cervical disk herniation is not reliable for determining the affected site and that a decreased withdrawal reflex does not always indicate a lesion from C6 to T2.
Salmon poisoning disease in two Malayan sun bears
Authors: Gai Jackie J. , Marks Stanley L.
Published: February 2008

Case Description—2 captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) were evaluated because of acute onset of vomiting, mucoid diarrhea, lethargy, and anorexia 1 week after eating live trout from a northern California reservoir.

Clinical Findings—In 1 of the bears, a CBC and serum biochemical analyses revealed mild anemia, mild eosinophilia, moderate lymphopenia, moderate hypoalbuminemia, and high serum G-glutamyltransferase activity. Ultrasonographic examination of the same bear revealed ascites and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Histologic examination of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens revealed moderate to severe lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic gastritis, enteritis, and colitis. Ova of Nanophyetus salmincola, the trematode vector of Neorickettsia helminthoeca (a rickettsial organism that causes salmon poisoning disease), were detected in fecal samples from both bears.

Treatment and Outcome—The bears were treated with oxytetracycline, doxycycline, praziquantel, and famotidine. Within 1 week after initiation of treatment, the appetite and fecal consistency of each bear were considered normal. Fecal ova shedding began 4 days after onset of clinical signs and ceased 9 days later.

Clinical Relevance—Salmon poisoning disease can be rapidly fatal in untreated animals, but if diagnosed early and treated appropriately, full recovery can be achieved. Domestic dogs and captive exotic bears are highly susceptible to clinical disease after ingestion of trematode-infected fish. Salmon poisoning disease may develop outside the geographic range in which the causative organism is endemic as a result of the transplantation of infected fish for sport fishing; veterinarians practicing in areas where infected fish may be transplanted should be aware of appropriate diagnostic and treatment protocols.
Relationship of IQ to Suicide and Homicide Rate: An International Perspective
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Connelly Heather Joy , Lester David , Arikawa Hiroko , Mancuso Leah
Published: February 2008

IQs were correlated with the z score of suicide rate minus z score of homicide rate using nine regions of the world—established market economies, formerly socialized Europe, India, China, other Asian nations, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America/Caribbean, Middle East Crescent, and the USA. Correlations were .85 and .83 with crude rates and age-adjusted rates, respectively. The homicide findings are consistent with previous research in individual countries showing that less intelligent persons commit homicide more often. However, the present findings of a positive correlation between IQ and suicide rates are the opposite of what has been found in the more definitive studies within countries. Explanations for the apparent paradox and for the findings more generally were offered.
Improved Advising Ratings in an Undergraduate Psychology Program
Authors: Rajecki D. W. , Lauer Joan B.
Published: February 2008

During the late 1990s, the psychology department of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis made investments in its undergraduate advising program in terms of additional professional personnel, a new orientation course, an experimental intrusive advising track, innovative peer activities, and expanded physical facilities. Against this backdrop of innovations, from 1995 to 2001 an exit survey of graduating seniors ( N= 311) showed improved evaluations of departmental counseling services. Ratings of the obtainability of advising on courses and the quality of course and career advising all showed significant upward shifts over the seven years of study. Regarding a specific innovation, students who completed a 1-hr. orientation course gave higher mean counseling ratings than those not enrolled.
Life and Neighborhood Satisfaction of Black and White Residents in a Middle-Class Suburb of Johannesburg
Authors: Westaway Margaret S.
Published: February 2008

Prior research indicates that Black South Africans are generally less satisfied with their lives and neighborhoods than White South Africans. 375 Black and 358 White adult residents of a multiracial, middle-class suburb of Johannesburg rated, from 0 to 10, their satisfaction with 9 personal and 9 environmental quality of life domains. Two items, also rated from 0 to 10, assessed satisfaction with life and the neighborhood. Although there were no differences between Black and White suburbanites on life satisfaction scores, the Black group reported being more satisfied with the neighborhood than the White group. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that health and personal safety explained the highest variance in life (29% for the Black group and 43% for the White group) and neighborhood (26% for the Black group and 18% for the White group) satisfaction.
Depression and Cocaine Dependence
Authors: López Ana , Becoña Elisardo
Published: February 2008

Presence of depression in cocaine-dependent users is relevant for treatment of these persons. This study assessed the presence of depressive symptomatology with a published Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory for a sample of 115 Spanish cocaine-dependent users who were in outpatient treatment at Centers of Drug Dependence of Galicia, Spain. The mean score was 13.7 ( SD=10.3), with 24.3% of the sample having scores which indicate clinical depression (cut off ≥ 21). These data underscore the need to assess the presence of depression in cocaine-dependent users who require treatment.
Assessment of an Abstinence-Oriented, Outpatient Drug Addiction Service in Greece
Authors: Paparrigopoulos Thomas , Liappas John , Mellos Eleftherios , Rabavilas Andreas
Published: February 2008

The ‘Athena’ service is an abstinence-oriented, outpatient substance addiction unit in Greece. To appraise the operation of the service, 459 clients who contacted the unit during a 3 -yr. period were assessed in terms of treatment retention and situation upon discharge from the program; 182 of them had four or more appointments with the service and were thoroughly assessed using a battery of measures pertaining to their situation at discharge and their patterns of abuse and related problems. Most help-seekers were single, unemployed, young men who regularly used heroin (89%) intravenously (35%). From those who got involved in the therapeutic process (40%), 72% had positively modified their drug abuse by the time of discharge from the program (mean duration of treatment: approx. three months); the largest improvement (42%) was recorded in their psychological condition. Treatment retention was significantly higher for cannabis abusers than heroin addicts; longer treatment duration was significantly associated with a positive situation at discharge, while higher education was associated with a less favorable outcome regarding the abuse of the principal substance. These findings suggest that such outpatient programs may help a significant number of individuals who get involved in the therapeutic process and should be considered effective for treatment of substance abuse among the diversity of treatment modalities.
Psychiatric Nurses' Reactions to Assault upon Them by Inpatients: A Survey in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Chwen-Hwa , Wang Tze-Fang , Liu Chia-Yih
Published: February 2008

106 nurses ( M age = 28.9, SD = 6.7 yr.) employed by two mental hospitals in northern Taiwan were surveyed about their reactions to assault by inpatients. 84% of the participants reported having been assaulted. “Body soreness in the area where hit” was the most common somatic reaction, “anger” was the most common emotional reaction, and “fear of the patient who assaulted me” was the most common social reaction to assault. Duration of occupational experience, older age, and increased social support were significantly correlated with less severe reactions to assault. Results are similar to those of prior studies of American nurses.
Psychometric Properties of the Brand Personality Scale: Evidence from a Business School
Authors: Caruana Albert , Berthon Pierre , Pitt Leyland F. , Berthon J-P.
Published: February 2008

The Brand Personality Scale has received considerable attention and has been frequently used and cited in the branding literature. This paper describes an investigation of the psychometric characteristics of the Brand Personality Scale in a business school context where umbrella branding is used. A sample ( N = 262) of students attending the MBA program of a major business school in eastern USA completed the scale. Results indicate problems with the scale's dimensionality, poor reliability, convergent and nomological validity of the Ruggedness dimension, and lack of support for discriminant validity. Managerial and research implications and limitations are noted.
Developing Attitude Statements toward Illegal Immigration: Transcultural Reliability and Utility
Authors: Ommundsen Reidar , van der Veer Kees , Van Le Hao , Krumov Krum , Larsen Knud S.
Published: February 2008

This is a report on the utility of a scale measuring attitudes toward illegal immigrants in two samples from nations that have more people moving out of the country than moving into the country. The Attitude toward Illegal Immigrants Scale was administered to 219 undergraduates from Sofia University in Bulgaria, and 179 undergraduates from Hanoi State University in Vietnam. Results yielded a scale with no sex differences, and acceptable alpha coefficients. Item analysis identified the most contributory and least contributory items, with considerable overlap in the two samples. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was carried out to examine the structure.
Notes on Problems of “Validity Generalization” and Situational Specificity
Authors: Tiffany Donald W. , Tiffany Phyllis G.
Published: February 2008

This note provides additional research findings, using the Tiffany Control Scales, to re-emphasize that behavior typically changes when situations change. These and other findings reiterate the fact that many psychological tests should reflect situational differences and their effect on behavioral variance.
Development and Initial Validation of a Cognitive-Based Work-Nonwork Conflict Scale
Authors: Ezzedeen Souha R. , Swiercz Paul M.
Published: February 2008

Current research related to work and life outside work specifies three types of work-nonwork conflict: time, strain, and behavior-based. Overlooked in these models is a cognitive-based type of conflict whereby individuals experience work-nonwork conflict from cognitive preoccupation with work. Four studies on six different groups ( N = 549) were undertaken to develop and validate an initial measure of this construct. Structural equation modeling confirmed a two-factor, nine-item scale. Hypotheses regarding cognitive-based conflict's relationship with life satisfaction, work involvement, work-nonwork conflict, and work hours were supported. The relationship with knowledge work was partially supported in that only the cognitive dimension of cognitive-based conflict was related to extent of knowledge work. Hypotheses regarding cognitive-based conflict's relationship with family demands were rejected in that the cognitive dimension correlated positively rather than negatively with number of dependent children and perceived family demands. The study provides encouraging preliminary evidence of scale validity.
In Situ Materials and Structural Assessment of Stress-Laminated Deck Bridge Treated with Chromate Copper Arsenate
Authors: Gentry T. Russell , Wacker James P. , Brohammer Karl N. , Wells John
Published: February 2008

A bridge consisting of three 6.7-m spans with a stress-laminated deck was constructed in 1991 in the Spirit Creek State Forest near Augusta, Georgia. The bridge was constructed by the Georgia Forestry Commission, with guidance from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL). Water-borne chromated copper arsenate lumber was used for the deck, instead of the oil-borne preservatives recommended by AASHTO. The bridge was initially monitored by FPL and remained in service from 1994 to 2001 with no maintenance, at which time the bridge was inspected and load tested and the posttensioning bars were restressed. In 2005 the bridge was again inspected and load tested, and the bars were retensioned. The results of the inspection and load tests are presented. The overall condition of the bridge is reported, along with details on the moisture condition, overall deck deflection, and timber strains under load. Details on the loss of posttensioning forces in the bars, and an investigation of the causes of this loss, are presented.
Aesthetics, Design-Build, and Workhorse Bridges
Authors: Abraham Ryan , Showers Joe
Published: February 2008

Design requirements for workhorse bridges, such as highway overpasses, underpasses, and interchange ramps, traditionally have been oriented to addressing site constraints, conforming to codes and standards, meeting utilitarian needs, and minimizing construction costs. This practice of exclusively addressing economic and utilitarian requirements has often resulted in a highway landscape that the public characterizes as monotonous or disconnected from the surrounding urban or natural environment. This concern regarding the aesthetics of workhorse bridges has been voiced during the public involvement process. However, many projects are financially constrained, and there is often no dedicated budget for aesthetic enhancements. One of the challenges facing the workhorse bridge designer is how to define cost-effective design strategies to respond to public concerns regarding aesthetics. One approach to addressing aesthetic concerns on workhorse bridges has been developed by design-build teams. Transportation agency owners increasingly have used the design-build process for construction of highway construction projects. Increasingly, the scope of contemporary design-build projects includes requirements related to their visual character. Some of the approaches and strategies to aesthetics that design-build teams have developed are examined, and suggestions are made for ways that these can be applied to more conventional procurement methods. In addition, a case study of a project on I-25 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is presented to illustrate the relationship of a designer-builder's approach to aesthetics.
Improving Redundancy of Two-Girder Bridges
Authors: Crampton Douglas D. , McGormley Jonathan C. , Hill Howard J.
Published: February 2008

As the U.S. bridge inventory ages and traffic volumes increase, state highway departments are spending more on maintaining their current structures to extend the service life of the current bridge inventory. This includes two-girder bridges that are currently classified as fracture critical and nonredundant. Because of increased inspection costs associated with these fracture-critical bridges, many state highway departments are electing to evaluate alternate load paths and implement retrofit methods on existing bridge structures to avoid bridge replacement. Significant improvements to member and system redundancy can be achieved by using relatively straightforward retrofit methods and materials. Implementation of web reinforcement plate retrofits is discussed as a possible technique to improve redundancy and reduce the fracture potential of two-girder bridge structures. In each of two presented case studies, the bridge owner selected the design criteria of the redundancy retrofit (such as fracture environment, postfracture capacity, and postfracture performance). The industry lacks a clear, objective, and quantifiable definition of redundancy, and there is no rational minimum benchmark that can be quantified in the design standards.
Effects of Multiple Damage-Heat Straightening Repairs on Steel Beams
Authors: Kowalkowski Keith , Varma Amit H.
Published: February 2008

Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the effects of multiple cycles of damage followed by heat straightening repair on the structural properties and fracture toughness of steel bridge beams. Six W24×76 (or equivalent) beam specimens made from A7, A588, or A36 steel (two beam specimens of each steel type) were subjected to three cycles of damage followed by heat straightening repair. In each cycle, the beam specimens were damaged statically in weak axis bending and were repaired with several half-depth vee heats and an external restraining force. Material specimens were machined from the flanges of the damaged-repaired beam specimens and tested according to ASTM standards. The material test results indicated that multiple damage-repair cycles did not have a significant influence on the elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and surface hardness of the steels. Multiple damage-repair cycles generally increase the yield stress and reduce the ductility of the steels. The Charpy V-notch fracture toughness of A7 and A36 steel beams repaired with maximum heating temperature (Tmax) equal to 650°C was lower than the fracture toughness of the corresponding undamaged steels. The CVN fracture toughness of A588 steel beams repaired with Tmax equal to 650°C and the A36 steel beam repaired with Tmax equal to 760°C was higher than the fracture toughness of the corresponding undamaged steels. Material specimens that were removed from locations closer to the flange-web interface consistently had lower fracture toughness and ductility.
Design of I-40 Bridges in Guadalupe County, New Mexico
Authors: Bowser Joan D. , Jones Zann , Camp Jimmy D. , Meyers Robert
Published: February 2008

The I-40 in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, contains a set of three bridges. They are medium-span overpasses accommodating two lanes of traffic each. The design team used this routine forum to address several design problems with innovative solutions. In addition, aesthetics were considered from the early stages of design. These two-span bridges are designed continuous for live load by using high-strength prestressed concrete U-beams and cast-in-place deck construction. Three-point bearing provides uniform support of the girders. To alleviate problems with harping and end debonding, strands were added in the top flange, debonded in the center of the beam, and then cut after release. Spread footings on top of backfill of mechanically stabilized earth support the abutments to reduce differential settlement between the approach and the abutment. Differential settlement between pier and abutments was included in the design to account for differences in footing support. The semi-integral abutment stubwall was shortened on each end to allow the integral wingwalls to slide freely; this solved a common movement restraint problem. Aesthetics were considered from the beginning of the project. Three-dimensional modeling was used to visualize the completed form. Artwork was created to form uniform recessions in the concrete. Average bridge costs for these structures, including aesthetics, were below state average. This economy can be attributed to several factors, including simplicity and construction considerations in design, consultation during design with suppliers and contractors, use of repetitive parts and materials, and a creative bid process.
Brady Street Posttensioned Concrete Pedestrian Bridge in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Authors: Nenaydykh Yan , Sloutsky Boris , Kurian Anil
Published: February 2008

The Brady Street pedestrian bridge connects a bluff-top neighborhood and a regional bike trail to the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, lakefront at McKinley Park. The existing structure was a pedestrian stairway system that was functionally obsolete and did not meet current requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The new bridge is an outstanding Wisconsin one-of-a-kind, posttensioned concrete bridge spanning Lincoln Memorial Drive, a major arterial street, as well as a bike path that connects the Brady Street District to the Oak Leaf Trail and to the lakefront. The design concept and the challenges faced while an aesthetically pleasing landmark in Milwaukee was developed are described.
Effects of Initial Surface Treatment Timing on Chloride Concentrations in Concrete Bridge Decks
Authors: Birdsall Aimee W. , Guthrie W. Spencer , Bentz Dale P.
Published: February 2008

In consideration of concrete cover thickness and the presence of stay-in-place metal forms (SIPMFs), research was done to determine the latest timing of initial surface treatment applications on concrete bridge decks subjected to external chloride loading before chlorides accumulate in sufficient quantities to initiate corrosion of the reinforcing steel. Chloride concentration data for this research were collected from 12 concrete bridge decks located within the Interstate 215 corridor in Salt Lake City, Utah. Numerical modeling was used to generate a chloride loading function and to determine the diffusion coefficient of each deck. On the basis of average diffusion coefficients for decks with and without SIPMFs, chloride concentration profiles were computed through time for cover thicknesses of 2.0 in. (50.8 mm), 2.5 in. (63.5 mm), and 3.0 in. (76.2 mm). The results of the work show that the average diffusion coefficient for bridge decks with SIPMFs is approximately twice that of decks without SIPMFs and that, on average, each additional 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of cover beyond 2.0 in. allows an extra 2 years for decks with SIPMFs and 5 years for decks without SIPMFs before a surface treatment must be placed to prevent excessive accumulation of chlorides. Although the data generated in this research are based on conditions typical of bridge decks in Utah, they clearly illustrate the effect of cover depth and the presence of SIPMFs. This information may be especially valuable to bridge engineers and managers responsible for programming surface treatments on concrete bridge decks.
Reliability-Based Procedure for Developing Load and Resistance Factor Seismic Bridge Design Specifications
Authors: Mechakhchekh Abdallah , Ghosn Michel
Published: February 2008

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) codes are calibrated to produce designs with consistent and uniform levels of risk for the whole range of design applications. Ongoing research concerned with the development of LRFD seismic design specifications for bridges has concentrated on the application of seismic hazard analysis procedures to propose uniform hazard design spectra without directly addressing the contributions of the uncertainties in bridge response estimation and material properties to the overall risk of bridge failure. A proposed procedure includes the uncertainties associated with estimating the response of concrete bridge columns as represented by their response modification factors during the risk analysis of typical bridge columns. The effects of the random nature of the material properties and those of the modeling uncertainties on the risk and reliability of bridge columns are evaluated. This information, along with results from probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, is used in a comprehensive reliability analysis to calibrate a balanced set of response modification factors for the force-based design of bridge columns at a representative high-seismicity site in San Francisco, California. The implementation of such a reliability-based calibration of the response modification factors into future versions of the AASHTO bridge seismic specifications will ensure that the code will provide uniform and consistent levels of reliability for bridges of different configurations situated in various regions of the United States.