bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control measurements of road lighting
Authors: Gordon P.
Published: December 2008

There is a demand for measurements of road lighting installations, both when new and periodically during their service life. In many countries such measurements are carried out only rarely, or not at all, mainly because of their laboriousness and the lack of appropriate measuring instruments. This paper presents a method and a measuring device enabling quick and easy control measurements of road lighting.
Combination of illuminants and its effect on colour rendering
Authors: Embrechts J.J.
Published: December 2008

It is shown how to represent the relation between a spectral power distribution (SPD) and its general colour rendering index by means of three spectral parameters By, Gy and Ry. Using this parametric approach, the combination of two illuminants and its effect on colour rendering are analysed. The main conclusion is that the usual illuminants (whose chromaticity lies near the black-body locus) behave as if they could be classified into two classes. If two SPDS are mixed in a proportion α, the law a(α) is concave without maximum if they belong to the same class and with maximum if not. Some variations to this law may occur when the illuminants differ greatly in chromaticity.
Obstructed spaces in interior lighting design: Computer analysis
Authors: Carter D.J. , McEwan I.
Published: December 2008

Most general lighting installations are planned assuming that the space between luminaire plane and working plane is empty. In reality, however, building interiors contain objects which project above the working plane and which may influence interior visual conditions in ways which cannot be predicted by existing design methods. A computer program is described which enables the designer to undertake accurate analysis of the illuminance conditions within an obstructed interior for a specified configuration of room geometry, room contents and lighting equipment. In case study computed results are compared with measurements from a real installation.
Matrix signs for motorways: System design and optimum photometric features
Authors: Padmos P. , van den Brink T.D.J. , Alferdinck J.W.A.M. , Folles E.
Published: December 2008

A system of computer-controlled variable message signs (matrix signs), which was implemented several years ago on many sections of Dutch freeways, is described. The signs can display messages like speed limits and 'change lane'. The main conclusions from an evaluation study are that the system reduces the number of accidents considerably, but has less influence on traffic flow. Field trials to determine optimum display features are described. These trials provided relations between the most relevant photometric quantities: horizon luminance, message luminance, pixel intensity and inter-pixel distance. Practical examples of the control of the sign's light output as a function of varying ambient light level are given.
Diffusing windows: Errors in calculated illuminance
Authors: Boyd I.H.
Published: December 2008

A computer-based procedure has been developed for calculating the illuminance factor from a diffusing window illuminated by parallel or diffuse light, taking into account its non-uniform luminance. This paper compares the small errors which arise when the luminance distribution of the panel is derived from the measured photometric properties of one of a series of five reference materials with the much larger errors which result when the panel is regarded as a uniform diffuser.
Rotating disc visibility meter: Novel design
Authors: Santamaria J. , Plaza A. , Bescós J.
Published: December 2008

A novel contrast reducing visibility meter is presented, based on luminance combination by twin rotating discs. The discs are painted in diffusing white and are illuminated by an internal adjustable veiling source so as to decrease the task luminance and simultaneously to serve as a veiling light screen. Light rays enter and leave through a narrow periscope placed on top of the box containing the system and the observer is placed at a distance from the periscope. In this way the instrument reduces the visual field as little as possible and the influence of all possible sources of glare in the visual field is considered.
Lighting research for lighting practice
Authors: Rea M.S.
Published: December 2008

The first of a proposed biannual series of meetings of the national laboratories of Canada, Great Britain and the United States to discuss topics related to the indoor environment took place on 27-29 January 1988. The theme of the first meeting was the practical implications of lighting research. Researchers from the National Research Council Canada, the Building Research Establishment (UK) and the National Bureau of Standards (USA) participated.
Fundamental vision: A glaring case
Authors: Perry M.J.
Published: December 2008

A brief history is given of the development of lighting design criteria. The reasons why a substantial proportion of the criteria are founded on implicit measures of the visual response are discussed. The current models of discomfort glare are given as an example. The successful application of the discomfort glare models is attributed to the ability of the visual system to adapt to a wide range of conditions. These models, it is argued, are not precise. As the discomfort glare models are apparently adequate for most practical purposes, the question 'Is there any need for change?' is addressed. A methodology founded on visual science is proposed for advancing an improved discomfort glare model. Visual channels are introduced; spatial adaptation is discussed as one visual mechanism which may contribute to discomfort glare. The paper concludes that two options are avaialble vis a vis discomfort glare: accept the status quo or develop a new model founded on understanding of the visual response. The latter choice will naturally lead to improved understanding of 'lighting quality'.
Measurements of the luminous efficacy of daylight
Authors: Littlefair P.J.
Published: December 2008

In the calculation of daylight availability and lighting energy use in buildings, luminous efficacy is important because it enables calculation of daylight illuminances from the more widely available radiation data. This paper presents the results of a year's measurement of luminous efficacy at Garston, Hertfordshire, UK. Direct sunlight efficacies tended to increase with solar altitude, typically from 70 lm W-1 at 10° to 95 lm W-1 at 60° solar altitude. Global (sun and sky) efficacies increased slightly with solar altitude, mean values being 107 Im W-1 for clear skies and 109 lm W-1 under average conditions. Diffuse sky efficacies exhibited a roughly linear relationship with cloud cover, decreasing from 144 Im W-1 under clear skies to 115 lm W-1 for overcast conditions. The paper contains empirical functions and data tables to enable daylight data to be generated directly from the most common types of solar radiation data.
Luminous flux measurement
Authors: Gentile C. , Rastello M.L. , Rossi G. , Soardo P.
Published: December 2008

A precision goniophotometer developed at the Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale, Turin, has been used to measure the luminous flux of standard lamps, with a view to realising a total luminous flux scale by relating the lumen to the candela through its fundamental definition. The instrument is described and measurement errors assessed.
Subjective lighting needs of the old and the pathological eye
Authors: Lindner H. , Hübmer K. , Schlote H.W. , Röhl F.
Published: December 2008

This paper is a report on the subjective lighting needs of 225 subjects comprising younger and older normals as well as patients with cataract and glaucoma. Six single tests were performed to determine the lighting demand for various vision tasks and to choose the most pleasant light colour. From the findings, recommendations are derived as to the illuminance level for people with poor vision, the level of interior lighting when watching television in homes, and for relaxation. The colour of light preferred by all groups of subjects was 'warm white'.
Automated lighting in opera design
Authors: Taylor David I.
Published: December 2008

The Los Angeles Music Centre Opera Company's production of Tristan and Isolde in December 1987 began a new era in theatrical lighting design. The designer is no longer restricted by conventional lighting technology—(s)he has finally gained full control of the medium. However, this new-found freedom requires a greater discipline in the design process and a reappraisal of the criteria for lighting design development in the theatre of the future.
Categorical colour perception under low-pressure sodium lighting with small amounts of added incandescent illumination
Authors: Boynton R.M. , Purl K.F.
Published: December 2008

Under monochromatic illumination, such as that produced by low-pressure sodium sources, only variations in lightness can be perceived. This paper investigates the degree to which the addition of small amounts of full-spectrum incandescent illumination can improve colour categorisation.
Field measurement of illuminance
Authors: Carter D.J. , Sexton R.C. , Miller M.S.
Published: December 2008

A variety of methods have been developed for field measurement of working plane illuminance from interior artificial lighting. The methods recommended by the various national lighting bodies are generally similar to, or derivatives of, the methods set out in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, IES Lighting Handbook or DIN Standard. All the methods require measurement of illuminance at points on a grid at working-plane height, but the grid size and position of the measuring points differ. The IES method, and its derivatives, position the grid relative to the luminaire locations; the CIBSE and DIN methods use a grid which is a function of room size. The techniques of analysis of the field measurement results also differ. This paper reports the results of a series of comparative field measurements taken in typical installations according to the recommendations of the various lighting codes. Modifications to the CIBSE method are suggested.
Gloom as a psychophysical phenomenon
Authors: Shepherd A.J. , Julian W.G. , Purcell A.T.
Published: December 2008

An aim of interior lighting design is to produce a lighting arrangement which not only provides adequate task illuminance but also a pleasantly lit environment. Unfortunately, current lighting design practice tends to emphasise task area illuminances, a practice which frequently leads to interiors being judged to be inadequately lit despite measured task area illuminances being more than adequate. Some observers have described such interiors as 'gloomy'. This paper reports on the first stage of a study of the gloom effect. The overall objective is to produce a predictive model for this psychophysical phenomenon, but this first stage reviews the previous, largely anecdotal, work on the subject and establishes experimentally that gloom is a commonly held experience. That this is so enables the exploration of those physical, psychological and physiological elements which may be the determinants of the experience.
Visual environment of a control room
Authors: Sato Masato , Inui Masao , Nakamura Yoshiki , Takeuchi Yoshio
Published: December 2008

Employees who work in control rooms for long periods monitoring and handling control panels often experience psychological stress and fatigue. A pleasant visual environment can play an important role in alleviating this. In this study, the relationship between a pleasant atmosphere and the physical factors constituting the visual environment of the control room is examined. A series of experiments were carried out using fifteenth-scale models of control rooms. The semantic differential rating method was applied to evaluate the atmosphere of each model. The important physical factors chosen as parameters were the illuminating system, reflectance of louvres, illuminance level, height of ceiling, colour of control panels, presence of windows, presence of potted plants and so on. Semantic differential rating data were analysed by factor analysis. The two psychological factors 'spaciousness' and 'friendliness', were extracted, and the relationship between these factors and the physical factors was clarified.
Modification of the split-flux formulae for mean daylight factor and internal reflected component with large external obstructions
Authors: Tregenza P.R.
Published: December 2008

The original split-flux formulae take into account external obstructions which form a horizontal band. The formulae are extended in this Note to include large vertical obstructions, such as projecting wings of a building, and overhanging canopies. They incorporate a more detailed assessment of light reflected from obstructions.
Spectral radiance factors: Measurement by a gonioradiometric method
Authors: Embrechts J.
Published: December 2008

An experimental procedure is given for measuring the distribution of light intensity reflected by materials commonly used in interiors. Measurements are carried out in the spectral domain, using a spectrophotometer as detector. They are restricted to the plane of incidence. Preliminary results for grazing incidence show that these materials do not generally behave as uniform diffusers. This conclusion could be important in lighting simulations where the Lambert law is always used extensively. The specular component tends to desaturate the colour of the sample.
Sky-scanning luminance meters: Proposal using fibre-optic photocells
Authors: Hayman S.
Published: December 2008

Current proposals for sky-scanning luminance meters are restricted by limited sensitivity, calibration difficulties, aiming problems, complexity of scanning mechanism, lengthy scan time and high cost. A scanner is proposed, based upon fibre-optic detectors, which could overcome a number of these constraints.
Review Paper: Innovative daylighting: Review of systems and evaluation methods
Authors: Littlefair Paul J
Published: December 2008

New day lighting systems such as the light pipe, light shelf, mirrored louvres and prismatic glazing have two main objectives: to bring daylight deeper into a space, and to control and distribute direct sunlight so that this can be used as an effective working illuminant. While a large number of devices has been proposed, little has been done to show rigorously whether they do in fact save energy or improve the internal environment. This paper describes the available systems and gives initial design guidelines. Sunlight-only systems appear to be inappropriate for the UK; enough diffuse sky light must enter the space and this can be checked using the average daylight factor method in the CIBSE Applications Manual Window Design. Whatever system is chosen, it should cope with the sun's movements; it is unreasonable to expect occupants to make adjustments continually. Good control of electric lighting will be required and maintenance needs to be carefully planned. Further work is still necessary before the cost effectiveness of these systems can be evaluated. The paper outlines photometric and calculation techniques being developed to assess these new options in daylighting design.
Effect of headlamp area on discomfort glare
Authors: Sivak M. , Simmons C.J. , Flannagan M.
Published: December 2008

This laboratory study evaluated the effect of the size of the glare source on discomfort glare. The subjects performed two simultaneous tasks: continuous compensatory tracking, and evaluation of discomfort from glare stimuli presented periodically in the near visual periphery. The glare stimuli were circles of two sizes (approximately 0.3 and 0.6° in diameter), and produced five illuminance levels (from 0.03 to 3.1 lux) at the observer's eye. Subjects used a nine-point response scale to evaluate discomfort glare. The results indicate that there was a small but statistically significant effect of the size of glare source, with the smaller glare stimuli resulting in more discomfort glare. The mean difference over the range of glare illuminances tested was 0.2 points on the nine-point response scale.
Modulation of light from fluorescent lamps
Authors: Wilkins A.J. , Clark C.
Published: December 2008

The temporal modulation of light from halophosphate, triphosphor and multiband fluorescent lamps (controlled by a conventional choke circuit) was measured as a function of wavelength. Within each category, all lamps had similar functions for peak-peak modulation. At the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum all lamps showed a modulation near 100%. Halophosphate and multiband lamps had a low modulation at the long-wavelength end of the spectrum and gave the lowest overall modulation. Certain deluxe lamps had a modulation greater than 80% throughout the spectrum. The modulation of photopic energy, and energy transduced by the photoreceptors was calculated. Triphosphor lamps gave greater modulation than halophosphate, the lowest modulation being from warm-white halophosphate lamps.
Lighting energy savings from daylight: Estimation at the sketch design stage
Authors: Lynes J.A. , Littlefair P.J.
Published: December 2008

To assess the energy implications of window design requires inter alia a knowledge of the effects of interior daylight on electric lighting use. Current methods for predicting lighting energy savings are unsuitable for use at the initial design stage because they require details of lighting layout, control sensor locations and window shape and position. Average daylight factor has been recommended for use as a daylighting criterion at the sketch design stage because it is easy to calculate and can be related directly to glazing area. This paper shows how lighting energy savings under both photoelectric (switching or dimming) and manual control can be predicted from the average daylight factor in the space. The new methods dispense with the need to calculate point daylight factors, and do not require a knowledge of luminaire layout or control sensor positions. Although not directly addressed in this paper, the link with glazing area enables the thermal and lighting energy consequences of windows to be evaluated and compared at the early stages of design.
Illuminance uniformity on desks: Where is the limit?
Authors: Slater Anthony I. , Boyce Peter R.
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews the current uniformity recommendations and shows that they may no longer be appropriate. A study to investigate the acceptable illuminance uniformity across a desk top is described. The illuminance patterns used were representative of those produced by over-spaced luminaires, selective luminaire dimming, e.g. using HF regulation, or lamp failure. Subjects were asked to carry out simulated office tasks and then to rate the various attributes of the lighting and its acceptability. Their task performance was also measured. The results showed that although the subjects were aware of the lack of evenness of the lighting, for tasks which occupied only part of the desk, an illuminance uniformity across the desk below current recommendations was acceptable and task performance was unaffected.
Global and diffuse illuminances: Estimation of monthly average hourly values
Authors: Soler A.
Published: December 2008

In this paper, using data obtained for locations in the United Kingdom, we introduce the rEg = Ehg /EDg versus So plots, and the rEd = Ehd /EDd versus So plots for the hours centred at 0.5 h ..., 1.5 h ..., 2.5 h ... from the solar noon, where Ehg is the monthly average hourly global illuminance, Ehd the monthly average hourly diffuse illuminance, EDg the monthly average daily global illuminance, EDd the monthly average daily diffuse illuminance (all of them on a horizontal surface), and So the monthly average daily number of hours from sunrise to sunset. From the best fits obtained, Ehg can be computed if EDg and So are known, and Ehd if EDd and So are known.
Electrode behaviour of pulsed high-pressure sodium lamps
Authors: Anders A.
Published: December 2008

Pulsed high-pressure sodium discharge lamps were investigated by the voltage noise method. The abrupt disappearance of the high-frequency noise of the burning voltage indicated a transition from the vapour arc mode to the thermionic arc mode 100-500 pulses after igniting the lamp. The mass loss of electrode material during one start-up was estimated to be in the same order of magnitude as in the case of a conventional inductive ballast. Under the given conditions, the electrodes worked in a pure thermionic mode when the lamp had reached its final state, providing a sufficient lamp lifetime.
Sumpner's principle: A discussion
Authors: Cuttle C.
Published: December 2008

Sumpner's principle interrelates mean room surface illuminance and its direct and indirect components, and offers a flexible approach to estimating illuminances. Designers may identify parameters of interest and generate expressions for their calculation, and this is illustrated by examining illuminance as it affects room surface appearance and object appearance. Procedures are given for estimating average illuminances of selected object surfaces and room planes, including that of the horizontal working plane.
Fluorescent lamps: Dynamic analysis with two-temperature representation of electron energy distribution
Authors: Wani K.
Published: December 2008

A dynamic simulation method which has been developed for a low-pressure mercury rare-gas positive column is applied to an analysis of an AC operation of fluorescent lamps. Calculations are carried out for fluorescent lamps with inner diameters of 15.5 mm, 18 mm and 24 mm driven by an AC power source through a single choke at the frequencies of 60 Hz and 50 kHz. Calculated waveforms of lamp voltage and current agree well with experimental ones for both operating frequencies. This technique gives us dynamic characteristics of plasma parameters, and opens a way to computer aided design of the fluorescent lamps.
High-pressure discharge lamps: Approaches to modelling
Authors: Cifuentes L.
Published: December 2008

Two approaches to modelling high-pressure discharge lamps are discussed. 'Spectral' models attempt to predict a spectrum based on a one-dimensional (radial) treatment of the discharge with detailed atomic and molecular physics and radiative transport, but neglect two- and three-dimensional effects. 'Energy transport' models aim to predict the temperature distribution and flow patterns throughout the discharge tube in three dimensions, but simplify radiative transport and do not address the spectral prediction. The current trend of using commercially available modelling packages as the basis for three-dimensional lamp models is considered. Further progress will probably involve general energy transport models including heat transfer, fluid flow, electrical, magnetic and chemical effects; and local models to deal with more specialised phenomena such as electrode damage.
Lumen design method for obstructed interiors
Authors: Carter D.J. , Bougdah H.
Published: December 2008

The lumen method is the most popular design tool used for interior general lighting schemes due to its simplicity, economy, and ready availability of design data. This paper puts forward proposals for modifying the existing procedure to enable the designer firstly, to space the luminaires at an appropriate distance to overcome the anticipated effects of obstructions on illuminance uniformity and, secondly, to take account of the consequences of the likely light losses caused by obstructions. The significant variables affecting magnitude of light loss in obstructed interiors are identified and their relative importance established. The form of the data necessary for the designer is decribed and an example of the complete design process given.
Elements of photometry, brightness and visibility
Authors: Bodmann H.W.
Published: December 2008

The paper reviews research work on brightness equivalence, brightness magnitude, detection and discrimination including ocular scanning and transient adaptation. In particular physiologically oriented models are described where it is possible to account for the experimental results. Some implications for photometry, lighting and signalling are mentioned.
Light sources and closed-circuit television
Authors: Vermeulen J.
Published: December 2008

Closed-circuit television is often used for security purposes or for traffic control. The ultimate quality of the screen image depends on a number of factors; the camera (optics, camera sensor and video processor) and the lighting quality of the scene being the most obvious. The monitor is not considered in this paper, because its performance is standardised. Though entirely logical, it is less well known that the spectral distribution of the light source also has a significant influence on the quality of monochrome pictures. This has sometimes resulted in unexpectedly poor picture quality. In this paper the influence of the spectral distribution is discussed in relation to the other elements in the CCTV chain and guidance is given for the practical design of lighting systems for CCTV.
Legibility and readability of light refecting matrix variable message road signs†
Authors: Collins J.J. , Hall R.D.
Published: December 2008

Driving is a dynamic task. Hence, for a given message, readability depends on legibility distance and reading time. In laboratory simulation and outdoor tests, the variables of pixel shape, letter width/height ratio, font and letter separation were studied. Nearly 100 subjects took part in the laboratory simulation using monochrome slides. Half the subjects assessed legibility distance while the remainder determined reading time. The method of limits was used to determine the thresholds for legibility distance and reading time for nearly 50 different formats of matrix sign. For legibility distance, the thresholds found in the laboratory were validated using real signs in an outdoor situation. However, it was not possible to validate reading times in a similar manner due to lack of availability of sufficiently large full scale signs. Variations in format had a marked effect on legibility distance, but a lesser impact on reading time. In general, letters with any regular shaped pixel, a width/height ratio approaching 1.0, an upper case font and a letter separation of two pixels were found to be most effective.
High-pressure sodium lamps: Practical design model
Authors: Strok J.M.
Published: December 2008

A model is presented which predicts HPS lamp efficacy to within about 5 1m W-1 over a wide span of design space. When the input wattage is fixed and the cold-spot temperature of standard colour HPS arc tubes is varied, a universal curve of normalised lamp efficacy versus relative electric field is followed. The curve peaks where the spectral power distribution is optimum for luminous efficacy. Published lumen ratings and physical measurements were used to determine an arc thermal conduction loss of 6.6 ± 0.5 W cm -1 for commercially available products.
Light scattering by rough surfaces: Electromagnetic model for lighting simulations
Authors: Embrechts J.J.
Published: December 2008

A model for light scattering by rough surfaces is presented. It is based on the Kirchhoff approximation of the electromagnetic field. In particular, the approach of Beckmann is extended and developed to meet the requirements of lighting engineers. The intensity scattered by a normally distributed rough surface is derived for any angles of incidence and scattering. It is then analysed and transformed into photometric quantities such as radiance and radiance factors. The final expression of the model is fairly concise, with only a few parameters. It is compared with measurements of the intensity scattered by a rough surface. Frosted glass has been chosen for the surfaces because it is homogeneous and transparent, such that no volume scattering was present. When shadowing effects are taken into account, it is shown that the relative deviation from measured intensities is less than 30% for significant values.
Real Convergence and the EU Accession Countries
Authors: Holmes Mark J. , Wang Ping
Published: December 2008

We test for long–run real interest rate parity involving the ten new member states that joined the European Union in 2004 and the US, UK and Germany. We utilise a novel panel data approach whereby unit root tests are conducted within a seemingly unrelated regression framework. This procedure provides increased power over univariate unit root tests and offers key advantages over existing panel data tests insofar as cross–sectional dependency is addressed and individual stationary panel members are identified. In contrast to existing peripheral Eurozone members, we find that a majority of the new member states are characterised by real interest parity.
Mispricing, Volume, Volatility and Open Interest
Authors: Vipul
Published: December 2008

Interdependence of the mispricing, volatility, volume and open interest of stock futures and the volatility and volume of their underlying shares is examined in a vector autoregressive framework. There is evidence of significant mispricing that persists for one day but is not explained by other variables. An increase in the volatility of futures is generally followed by an increase in the volatility of the underlying. The volatility and volume of futures and the underlying exhibit alter–nating increase/decrease cycles with up to five–day lags. These properties can be very useful in forecasting the mispricing and the volatility, volume and open interest for futures and their underlying shares. Futures mispricing does not change financial activities in any predictable manner.
Equity Transfers and Market Reactions
Authors: Gao Lei , Kling Gerhard
Published: December 2008

Our logit models explain positive or negative short–term market reactions due to equity transfers in China. In contrast to former studies, we classify transfers into private transactions, privatisations, transfers among state–owned enterprises (SOEs) and nationalisations. We control for uncompensated transactions, transfers of holding rights, replacements of the CEO and related party transactions. Privatisations trig–ger positive responses, whereas nationalisations cause declining stock prices. The market appreciates reforms in the state–owned sector if reorganisations include the transfer of holding rights and not just replacing the CEO. Uncompensated transfers and non–transparent transactions of related parties diminish gains for minority shareholders.
Comprehensiveness Is a Cliché
Authors: KOVANEN PÄIVI SELINA
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to explore professionals' orientation toward child assessment and planning. Semistructured questionnaire data and interview data were collected from child neurological units in Finland. Legislation in Finland does not specifically provide guidelines for family centeredness and comprehensiveness in early intervention, yet professionals have widely accepted these approaches in their work with children with disabilities and their families. Results of this study indicated that practices were not implemented consistently. Professionals' varying perceptions of the concept of comprehensiveness and family involvement seemed to interfere with the implementation of these guidelines.
Itinerant Early Childhood Special Education Services
Authors: DINNEBEIL LAURIE A. , McINERNEY WILLIAM F. , ROTH JEANETTE , RAMASWAMY VIDYA
Published: December 2008

This article describes a survey of itinerant early childhood special education teachers in one state. Itinerant teachers address the Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals and objectives of children who receive special education services in their homes or in a community-based program. Itinerant teachers who responded to this survey identified a range of strategies they use as part of their jobs. Most of the strategies identified as frequently used involve providing direct services to children. Teachers reported infrequent implementation of indirect services such as modeling intervention techniques and writing intervention plans for general education teachers or parents. Itinerant teachers reported being satisfied with their job and were generally welcomed in classrooms and homes.
Fulfilling the Promise of Early Intervention
Authors: PERRY DEBORAH F. , GREER MAUREEN , GOLDHAMMER KARLEEN , MACKEY-ANDREWS SUSAN D.
Published: December 2008

Although Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs) specify the services families should receive, not all services planned for children and families are actually delivered. Analyses of data from more than 6,000 IFSPs in Indiana revealed that on average half of the service hours on IFSPs were actually delivered to children and families. Four types of early intervention services were most commonly delivered to enrolled children: occupational, physical, speech therapy, and special instruction. Mean rates of delivery for these services equaled or exceeded 55%. Several factors were associated with different rates of delivered services, including the child's current age, age at referral, and the length of time the child was enrolled in early intervention.
Early Interventionists' Perspectives on Professional Comfort as Consultants
Authors: WESLEY PATRICIA W. , BUYSSE VIRGINIA , SKINNER DEBRA
Published: December 2008

Consultation is one approach that has been advocated to increase staff knowledge and skills and improve the quality of inclusive early childhood programs. This study involved eight focus groups with 86 early intervention specialists to explore dimensions of professional comfort related to working as a consultant in early intervention. Content analyses of the focus group transcripts revealed six themes representing factors affecting professional comfort with consultation: (a) child characteristics, (b) consultee characteristics, (c) program characteristics, (d) consultant characteristics, (e) available resources, and (f) the consultant's history with the program. A subsequent cultural models analysis indicated the absence of a shared conceptual framework for consultation. Moreover, it revealed two assumptions underlying consultants' statements about their practices: Providing consultation about children and families is parallel to providing direct services to children and families, and effective consultation is impeded by the consultee's lack of understanding regarding the consultation process.
The Needs of Early Childhood Education for The Handicapped: A Song for the 80's
Authors: Anastasiow Nicholas J.
Published: December 2008

In light of the reduction of support at the national level, the author suggests a renewed attention to seeking broad based local support for early identification and intervention with young handicapped infants and children. Issues discussed concern the need to locate more handicapped children at younger ages and to broaden the training base and role of the personnel who would serve them. A stance of optimism is suggested as the guiding principle for the next 4 years.
Early Education Services for Children with Handicaps-Where Have We Been, Where Are We Now, and Where Are We Going?
Authors: DeWeerd Jane
Published: December 2008

There have been many sweeping changes in early education for handicapped children during the last 30 years. This article describes some of the developments in service delivery, parent/family participation, staffing roles, training, and product development during that time. Evidence of effectiveness of early intervention programs and Information on the cost of providing services is presented. The impact and capability of some early childhood model projects is discussed. Information on the need for services for young handicapped children and the availability of services is presented and the outlook for the future considered.
A Survey of Federally Funded Model Programs for Handicapped Infants: Implications for Research and Practice
Authors: Karnes Merle B. , Linnemeyer Susan A. , Shwedel Allan M.
Published: December 2008

Increased understanding of the relationship between infancy and subsequent development has led to the establishment of model programs for handicapped infants. During 1979-1980, a total of 30 demonstration and outreach projects for handicapped infants between the ages of 0 to 3 were funded by the United States Department of Education, Office of Special Education. A survey of these 30 projects reveals that a wide range of innovative services has been developed to aid handicapped infants and their parents. In addition to the results of the survey, detailed descriptions of seven projects are provided along with suggestions for applied research and practices that can be readily adapted by other projects serving similar populations.
Project KIDS: Infant Education for the Handicapped in an Urban Public School System
Authors: Turner Ruth , Rogers Alberta M.
Published: December 2008

The Dallas Independent School District (DISD) provides for the delivery of services to handicapped students from birth to 6 years of age through the Project KIDS (Kindling Individual Development Systems) program. Currently in its fifth year, the program has served a heterogeneous population of 453 individual students in home, center, and school based settings. Based on the DISD experience, advantages to the Involvement of urban public school systems in actively serving this young population are identified and recommendations to potential program planners are offered including (a) begin on a small scale basis, (b) use existing organization structures, (c) include program evaluation and systematic data collection, and (d) expect the ecology of the child to impact the program.
Designing Instructional Activities for Young Handicapped Children
Authors: Kaczmarek Louise A. , Glasser Dell Amy
Published: December 2008

In the assessment and prescriptive teaching process, there is generally a one to one correspondence between goals and objectives and curricula. This approach, referred to as one objective-one activity teaching, has been especially successful in teaching new skills to handicapped children under 5 years of age, but it has largely failed in teaching the more severely handicapped of those children how to apply those skills to novel situations. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of one objective-one activity teaching as well as those of haphazard teaching. It then proposes several new directions that encourage the variety and flexibility of haphazard teaching and the precision of one objective-one activity teaching in the design of activities for preschoolers with handicaps ranging from mild to severe.
Step by Step Integration of Handicapped Preschool Children in a Day Care Center for Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Smith Craig , Greenberg Michael
Published: December 2008

This article reports the effects of step by step integration of cognitively and/or behaviorally handicapped preschool children in a day care program designed to serve nonhandicapped children. Four children attending a therapeutic preschool in the morning were selected and gradually integrated into an afternoon program at a nearby day care facility. Effects were measured using time sampling observational techniques. Results were mixed. Some negative effects were suggested by the data. The report concludes that integration on the preschool level in nonoptimal, practical situations poses some definite risks and drawbacks. Further research in such settings should precede the formulation of preschool integration as social policy.
Coping, Stress, and Learning
Authors: Zeitlin Shirley
Published: December 2008

Handicapped young children, because of their vulnerability, usually have less adaptive behaviors to cope with the stresses of daily living. This article defines and describes coping and stress, their relationship to learning, and how they are assessed for educational planning for preschool handicapped children. The Coping Inventory, an observation assessment instrument, is used to show how the teaching and leaming of coping behavior can be part of each child's educational plan.
Parental Adaptation to a Young Handicapped Child: The Father's Role
Authors: Gallagher James J. , Cross Arthur , Scharfman Wendy
Published: December 2008

While there has been an upsurge of interest in the role of the family in caring for handicapped children, much of that attention has been focused upon the mother-child relationships. The purpose of the current study is to explore the influence of the father In caring for the handicapped child. The subjects in the study were 50 pairs of parents of moderately to severely handicapped children enrolled in a preschool demonstration program for handicapped children. Staff ratings were used to differentiate parents classified as successful from those who were classified as average, and measuring instruments of stress, support, and family role were provided In addition to a personal interview schedule. Two sets of families did not differ significantly on stress or social support, though there was some indication that the mothers in the successful families were more highly educated and more self-confident. The fathers believed they should participate more in family activities involving the handicapped child and the mother agreed in such a need. Although the fathers generally appeared supportive, they seemed to be searching for specific ways in which they could illustrate such support. The family roles played in these families were reflective of a traditional family style of the father as provider and protector and the mother as a homemaker or, at most, part-time worker. In many respects these families seem to resemble effective families of other nonhandicapped children and have managed to place the problem of having a handicapped child in context along with other needs of the family unit. A more effective role for the father in such families needs more careful investigation.
Efficacy Report: Early Education Project
Authors: Simmons-Martin Audrey
Published: December 2008

The Early Education Project is a center-based program conducted in a home demonstration center. The project serves parents of children under 6 years of age who are diagnosed or strongly suspected to have educationally significant hearing impairment. The primary goal of this early intervention is to initiate the acquisition of receptive and expressive language by these children. Although the pupils in the program are the parents, tools to assess their skills were not available for our evaluation. Since the ultimate goal was development of the child's language we elected to evaluate it. However, existing scales of language development in the normally hearing child are inappropriate for measuring language growth in the deaf child since many of the items describe responses to auditory stimuli. Therefore, the Scales of Early Communication Skills were designed by Moog and Geers specifically for hearing-impaired children just beginning to acquire language skills. The items were intended to evaluate speech and language development. The research department conducted the program evaluation. Forty-four children were given five successive language evaluations over a 2½ year period. Statistical analysis of these ratings demonstrated that scores increased consistently, reliably, and linearly throughout all age ranges.
Effectiveness of an Early Intervention Program as Indexed by Measures of Child Change
Authors: Bricker Diane , Sheehan Robert
Published: December 2008

The Preschool Program at the Center on Human Development provided enrolled children a daily program of cohesive, structured activities that were conducted in integrated classroom settings that included nonhandicapped children. Necessary support services, such as physical therapy and language therapy, were provided. An active program of parental involvement was conducted to meet the diverse needs of families. Child progress data collected over 2 years were analyzed. Two standardized instruments and two programmatically oriented instruments were employed to measure the programmatic impact on the enrolled children. These measures were administered in fall and again in the spring for two consecutive years. The children included in the analyses ranged in age from 6 months to 5 years and spanned the developmental continuum from normal to severely impaired. In general, analysis of the pre- and posttest group performance data indicated reliable differences on all tests. Analysis on subgroups of normal, at-risk, mild, moderate, and severely handicapped were conducted and indicated that significant gains were often made by subgroups as well. These results, in conjunction with other findings, suggest that the project goals were met.
Effects of the Perry Preschool Program on Youths Through Age 15
Authors: Schweinhart Lawrence J. , Weikart David P.
Published: December 2008

The Perry Preschool study is a longitudinal experiment designed to reveal the effects of early educational intervention on children at risk. The study, begun in 1962, has been following 123 children from age 3 to their current age of 19. They were assigned on a random basis either to an experimental group, who received a program of preschool education and home visits, or to a control group, who received no early childhood program. The children who attended preschool showed long-lasting improvements in their commitment to school, scholastic achievement, and school placement. Placements In programs of special education were cut in half—39% of the control group versus 19% of the experimental group. The scholastic achievement of those who attended preschool was consistently higher than that of those who did not attend preschool, even 10 years later. Children who attended preschool demonstrated higher motivation, placed a higher value on schooling, and did more homework. Teenagers who had attended preschool engaged in less delinquent behavior. The Perry Preschool Program was found to be cost-beneficial. The cost per child for a two-year program was $5,984 in 1979 dollars. The benefits were (a) $3,353 per child saved by the public schools because children with preschool required fewer years of special education, (b) $10,798 per child in increased lifetime eamings projected from improved educational status, and (c) $668 per child estimated as the value of the mothers' released time while their children attended preschool. These benefits amounted to a 248% return on the original investment.
Learning Through Coping: An Effective Preschool Program
Authors: Zeitlin Shirley
Published: December 2008

The more effectively a child copes, the more effectively he or she learns. This premise was validated in a two year study of Leaming through Coping, a preschool program for 3- to 5-year-old children with diverse handicapping conditions. Learning through Coping has three critical elements: the child's classroom program, the parent program, and the school system's involvement with the child. In the classroom program, the teacher and staff use the Model for Personalized Leaming to write IEP's. In this model, the learning of educational skills and adaptive coping behaviors are interrelated. Pre- and post-tests showed gains for the children In all areas of development. The parent program has six goals based on the assumption that parents must be able to cope with their own needs in order to be responsive to their handicapped children. In Learning through Coping, parents set personal goals based on their completion of a Needs Assessment Form. The psychologist sets informal goals based on observed, but unidentified needs. How both sets of goals were met was evaluated in the validation study. As a result of the participation of the children and their parents in Learning through Coping and the continuing involvement of the schools' child study teams. 64% of the children were placed successfully in regular kindergarten classes.