bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sources of academic localism and globalism in Russian sociology: The choice of professional ideologies and occupational niches among social scientists
Authors: Sokolov Mikhail
Published: July 2018

Why do social scientists choose certain theoretical and methodological stances over others? Three broad explanatory models can be derived from literature on the sociology of social sciences: (1) worldview, arguing that intellectual preferences reflect general cultural and political orientations of broad social groupings to which an individual belongs; (2) status, according to which all forms of hierarchies are reproduced in the academic field through preferences for innovative research by those occupying dominant positions and their avoidance by agents lacking resources; (3) ecological, holding that opportunity structures existing at the historical moment at which an individual enters the academic field determines the theory choice. We analyse the adoption of a Russian variety of the indigenous sociology intellectual movement and a corresponding counter-movement to explore the biographical antecedents of choosing one side over the other in an important disciplinary debate. In doing so, we rely on statistical data from a community study of sociology in Leningrad-St Petersburg between 1984 and 2011. The worldview hypothesis finds the strongest support; choice of declared preference for national or international scholarship reflects more general liberal or conservative attitudes characteristic of certain milieus existing in Russian society.
Statistical and Perceived Diversity and Their Impacts on Neighborhood Social Cohesion in Germany, France and the Netherlands
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

The question whether ethnic diversity is associated with declining social cohesion has produced much controversy. We maintain that more attention must be paid to cognitive mechanisms to move the debate ahead. Using survey data from 938 localities in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, we explore a crucial individual-level mechanism: perceptions of diversity. We not only consider perceptions of the amount, but also of the qualitative nature of diversity. By asking about various qualitative aspects of diversity, we test the cognitive salience of three explanations that have been proposed in the literature for negative diversity effects: out-group biases, asymmetric preferences and coordination problems. We show that all three mechanisms matter. Perceptions both mediate statistical diversity effects, and have important explanatory power of their own. Moreover, we are able to address the question to what extend the relationship of perceived diversity and neighborhood social cohesion varies across policy contexts. Based on assumptions in the literature about positive impacts of inclusive and culturally pluralist immigrant integration policy approaches, we hypothesize that ethno-cultural diversity is less negatively related to neighborhood social cohesion in more inclusive policy contexts. Our results provide partial support for this hypothesis as perceived diversity has a significantly stronger negative impact on neighborhood cohesion in Germany.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought preprints - Harry Helson’s Adaptation-Level Theory, Happiness Treadmills, and Behavioral Economics
Authors: Edwards José
Published: July 2018

Psychologist Harry Helson [1898-1977] developed Adaptation-Level (AL) theory during the 1930s-70s, while economics was being refined through ordinalism and expected utility theory. This essay accounts for the process of transmission of AL theory from psychophysics, to behavioral psychology and eventually economics. It explains how the concept of adaptation reflectance, originally intended to explain color vision, developed into an experimental approach that caught the attention of both psychologists and economists working on welfare analysis and behavioral research. It also argues that the history of AL theory – so far absent from narratives about economics and psychology – is worth exploring in order to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the two disciplines.
A Developmental Paradigm for English Language Instruction at Preparatory Year Programs
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Al-Shehri Saleh
Published: July 2018

Preparatory Year Programs (PYP) at Saudi universities are meant to narrow the gap between high school and tertiary education. Improving English language proficiency and skills among newly admitted university students is also a major objective of these programs. However, PYP programs do not achieve much outside the ordinary to set students on the road to the university. In particular, low-level English language proficiency and poor language skills are still apparent among most PYP students. Hence, this study is an attempt to conceptualize some of the challenges and obstacles faced by both English as a foreign language(EFL) teachers and students at the PYP program at a Saudi university. The study then develops a paradigm that can improve EFL practices and pedagogies within similar PYP programs. A number of 48 EFL teachers within the PYP program participated in the study, and then challenges were categorized into six subcategories relevant to the context of the study. Teacher participants' feedback was formulated into a developmental paradigm. The study used a questionnaire with open-ended questions. Results were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive research method. Findings of the study can be implemented by policymakers and educators within PYP programs.
Deliberative democracy
Authors: Smith Cobi Alison
Published: July 2018

Deliberative democracy is a political theory that requires legitimate decision making to be based on deliberation among citizens. The theory is often contrasted with the purely aggregative voting methods used in many democratic societies, as well as the self-interested bargaining typified in economics. Deliberative democracy is compatible with science and technology communication theory in that both broad theories promote participation, engagement, and accessible knowledge for all people, not just for the powerful or elite. In contrast to methods of public engagement with science and technology such as cafés scientifique (or science cafés), deliberative procedures are generally more focused on outcomes and decisions rather than on purely discussions. While enhanced knowledge and participation are benefits in both types of activity, deliberative processes typically involve a definitive conclusion of some sort. Consensus conferences typically seek this type of conclusion, as do citizen juries and deliberative polls.
Race, Power and Economic Extraction in Benton Harbor, MI
Authors: Seamster Louise
Published: July 2018

My dissertation investigates twin financial interventions—urban development and emergency management—in a single small town. Once a thriving city drawing blacks as blue-collar workers during the Great Migration, Benton Harbor, Michigan has suffered from waves of out-migration, debt, and alleged poor management. Benton Harbor’s emphasis on high-end economic development to attract white-collar workers and tourism, amidst the poverty, unemployment, and disenfranchisement of black residents, highlights an extreme case of American urban inequality. At the same time, many bystanders and representative observers argue that this urban redevelopment scheme and the city’s takeover by the state represent Benton Harbor residents’ only hope for a better life. I interviewed 44 key players and observers in local politics and development, attended 20 public meetings, conducted three months of observations, and collected extensive archival data. Examining Benton Harbor’s time under emergency management and its luxury golf course development as two exemplars of a larger relationship, I find that the top-down processes allegedly intended to alleviate Benton Harbor’s inequality actually reproduce and deepen the city’s problems. I propose that the beneficiaries of both plans constitute a white urban regime active in Benton Harbor. I show how the white urban regime serves its interests by operating an extraction machine in the city, which serves to reproduce local poverty and wealth by directing resources toward the white urban regime and away from the city.
Vínculos familiares: una clave explicativa de la felicidad
Authors: Beytía Pablo
Published: July 2018

Este artículo busca exponer sistemáticamente la estrecha relación entre los vínculos familiares y la felicidad. El argumento se desarrolla en cuatro secciones. Primero, se busca sistematizar la literatura sobre la relación entre los vínculos sociales (en general) y la felicidad, esbozando un modelo teórico a partir de dicha evidencia. Posteriormente, se explora en detalle el grado de felicidad asociado a dos tipos de vínculos familiares centrales: las relaciones de pareja (segunda sección) y la paternidad (tercera sección). Finalmente, se desarrolla una síntesis sobre la relación entre los vínculos familiares y la felicidad, analizando brevemente algunas condiciones familiares que en América Latina tienden a favorecer el desarrollo del bienestar subjetivo.
Analysis of level, pattern, and determinants of population flows between Bahia and São Paulo
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Análise do nível, padrão e determinantes dos fluxos populacionais entre Bahia e São PauloAbstract: The main goal of this research is to analyze whether the pattern of concentration of migrants in a specific area of destination is the same as that of the area of origin of those migrants. The 2000 Brazilian Census has migration data for regions of origin (municipality) and destination (group of census tracts). Migration flows from 415 municipalities in the state of Bahia to 875 groups of census tracts in the mesoregion (metropolitan region) of São Paulo are analyzed. In Bahia, migrants are more likely to leave municipalities with low levels of education, which are surrounded by municipalities with the same levels of education. In São Paulo, migrants are more likely to move into areas with low education, and high proportion of population working, which are surrounded by areas with different levels in covariates. Low-skilled migrants are moving into areas with higher opportunities of jobs, but with low-skilled population.Resumo: A migração do Nordeste para São Paulo era caracterizada por fluxos de áreas rurais para áreas urbanas nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Pessoas de classes sociais desfavorecidas migravam, e ainda migram, do Nordeste para São Paulo em busca de emprego. Nas últimas décadas, a migração interna se tornou mais complexa, com uma maior variedade de lugares de origem e destino, assim como uma mudança nas características sócio-econômicas dos migrantes. A análise descritiva de concentração dos migrantes sugeriu que os municípios com baixas taxas de emigração estão localizados em áreas mais desenvolvidas da Bahia. Os grupos de municípios com alta emigração se situam em áreas centrais do Estado, as quais são conhecidas por apresentarem baixos índices sócio-econômicos e de desenvolvimento. Em relação à análise de concentração de imigrantes na mesorregião de São Paulo, observa-se que os grupos de áreas de ponderação com altas taxas de imigração estão espalhados no oeste e nordeste dessa malha urbana. As áreas com baixas taxas de imigração estão concentradas nas áreas centrais da mesorregião e no sudeste dessa área urbana. Em relação aos modelos de regressão espacial, os resultados estatisticamente significantes indicam que os migrantes da Bahia para São Paulo tendem a apresentar baixa escolaridade e se dirigem para áreas com altas oportunidades de empregos, mas com uma população no destino que também apresenta baixos níveis educacionais.
Creativity in the EFL Classroom: Exploring Teachers’ Knowledge and Perceptions
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Hana NEDJAH , Hacène HAMADA
Published: July 2018

As a response to the new requirements and needs of this fast-changing information era, higher education systems all over the world are focusing on developing learners’ higher mental competences including creative thinking. The current study aims at exploring teachers’ knowledge about the general concepts of creative thinking and its related skills. Moreover, the study attempts to investigate teachers’ perceptions about creativity and its incorporation in the English foreign language (EFL) Classroom. To examine these issues, a questionnaire was administered to twenty-seven EFL teachers from the English department of Badji Mokhtar university, Algeria. The Findings reveal that although teachers hold positive perceptions about promoting creative thinking in the EFL classroom, they generally consider creativity as a quite confusing concept and have uncertain knowledge about its characteristics
Development and validation of a 2x2 model of time-related academic behavior: Procrastination and timely engagement.
Authors: Strunk Kamden K , Cho YoonJung , Steele Misty
Published: July 2018

Procrastination is an educational concern for classroom instructors because of its negativepsychological and academic impacts on students. However, the traditional view ofprocrastination as a unidimensional construct is insufficient in two regards. First, the constructneeds to be viewed more broadly as time-related academic behavior, encompassing bothprocrastination and timely engagement. Secondly, the underlying motivation of these behaviorsneeds to be considered. Therefore, we developed and validated a 2×2 model of time-relatedacademic behavior. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factorstructure, and correlation with a unidimensional measure of procrastination also supported thismodel. Furthermore, the 2×2 model demonstrated significantly better fit to the data thanpotentially competing models. Structural equation modeling with achievement goals revealedthat the 2×2 model unveiled relationships previously obscured in the traditional model, includingthat procrastination appeared to be used as a performance-enhancing strategy, while timelyengagement was used to enhance mastery. The theoretical and practical implications of thesenew relationships are discussed.
An Experiment in Using Visual Attention Metrics to Think About Experience and Design Choices in Past Places
Authors: Opitz Rachel
Published: July 2018

The influence of the visual properties of a built space or landscape on the behaviors of people within them, and the manipulation of these visual properties to cue or constrain behaviors are subjects of longstanding archaeological interest. Advances in cognitive neurosciences and a suite of improved computational modeling tools, combined with the proliferation of detailed 3D models of archaeological complexes and landscapes, offer an opportunity for new approaches to these topics based on models of low level perceptual cues and visual attention. The approach described here takes aim at the question of where people will look, rather than simply what is visible, with the goal of investigating the intentions of designers of spaces, and visual aspects of the experience of a place. In simple terms, our approach involves placing detailed 3D models of built spaces or landscapes into a digital environment. An individual then virtually walks through the space and what is visible at each moment is recorded in the form of a video stream, which may be broken down into a sequence of scenes. This set of scenes is then analyzed using software that calculates and maps the visual saliency of each scene and the path of focuses of attention (FOA) over time. This set of saliency maps, raw images, and FOA paths provide the basis for further interpretation. This paper presents an initial experiment to illustrate the approach, carried out in the eastern passage at Knowth, one of the main mounds in the Brú na Bóinne in Ireland.
Sexual Orientation and Social Attitudes
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: July 2018

Gender, race, and class strongly predict social attitudes and are at the core of social scientific theory and empirical analysis. Sexuality (i.e., sexual orientation), however, is not as central a factor by which we conceptualize and systematize society. This study examines the impact of sexual orientation, gender, race, and education across attitudinal topics covered by the General Social Survey. Sexual orientation is an important part of people’s lives that, as I demonstrate, is a strong and exceptionally consistent predictor of social attitudes across issues regardless of whether it is measured with partnering behavior or self-identification. When sexual behavior and identity differ, however, identity is more influential. This pattern lends support to a marginalized identity explanation for why sexual minorities are consistently liberal. I conclude that future work should pay more attention to sexuality as a core factor in social scientific theory and empirical analysis.
An Integrated Pipeline Architecture for Modeling Urban Land Use, Travel Demand, and Traffic Assignment
Authors: Waddell Paul , Boeing Geoff , Gardner Max , Porter Emily
Published: July 2018

Integrating land use, travel demand, and traffic models represents a gold standard for regional planning, but is rarely achieved in a meaningful way, especially at the scale of disaggregate data. In this report, we present a new pipeline architecture for integrated modeling of urban land use, travel demand, and traffic assignment. Our land use model, UrbanSim, is an open-source microsimulation platform used by metropolitan planning organizations worldwide for modeling the growth and development of cities over long (~30 year) time horizons. UrbanSim is particularly powerful as a scenario analysis tool, enabling planners to compare and contrast the impacts of different policy decisions on long term land use forecasts in a statistically rigorous way. Our travel demand model, ActivitySim, is an agent-based modeling platform that produces synthetic origin--destination travel demand data. Finally, we use a static user equilibrium traffic assignment model based on the Frank-Wolfe algorithm to assign vehicles to specific network paths to make trips between origins and destinations. This traffic assignment model runs in a high-performance computing environment. The resulting congested travel time data can then be fed back into UrbanSim and ActivitySim for the next model run. This technical report introduces this research area, describes this project's achievements so far in developing this integrated pipeline, and presents an upcoming research agenda.
Can diversity promote trust? Neighbourhood context and trust in the police in Northern Ireland
Authors: Bradford Ben , Topping John , Martin Richard , Jackson Jonathan
Published: July 2018

The association between trust in the police and neighbourhood-level factors such as deprivation, disorder and social cohesion is well established. As an embodiment of the effort to reproduce normative social order, the police garner trust when community settings are perceived as orderly, cohesive and well-functioning. Conversely, trust is undermined when order and cohesion seem attenuated or under threat. Yet, little attention has been paid to the association between neighbourhood diversity and trust in the police. Allport’s contact hypothesis suggests that because diversity increases intergroup contact and thus a sense of cohesion, it may promote trust in the police. In this paper we use data from a nationally representative survey conducted in 2014, combined with Census and other local-area data, to explore the association between ethno-religious diversity and trust in the Police Service of Northern Ireland. We find that trust is higher in more diverse areas, primarily because Catholics living in such areas report significantly higher levels of trust than their counterparts living in less diverse areas. We interpret these results in light of what policing means in contemporary Northern Ireland and consider the implications for attempts to enhance police-community trust in segregated and divided societies more generally.
Challenging the techno-politics of anonymity: the case of cryptomarket users
Authors: Bancroft Angus , Reid Peter Scott
Published: July 2018

Anonymity is treated as a problem of governance that can be subject to technical resolution. We use the example of the darknet to critically examine this approach. We explore the background assumptions that have been made about anonymity as a quality of social life. We conceive of anonymity as a way of engaging and maintaining social relationships in an anonymous mode. We draw on a study of darknet ‘cryptomarket’ users who mainly use the darknet to buy and sell illicit drugs, discuss drug quality and share information on safe and effective use. We identify the personal satisfaction that comes from interacting anonymously online, the challenges this represents for maintaining trusted interactions and how they are overcome, and the combination of technology and action involved in maintaining anonymity. We argue that attempts to promote de-anonymising norms and technology are based on an erroneous understanding of what anonymity is.
College Work: The Occupational Status of Students and its Implications for College Persistence
Authors: Raley Kelly
Published: July 2018

AbstractChildren from advantaged backgrounds tend to obtain more education and consequently have higher status occupations as adults. Researchers often conceptualize the transition from school to work as discrete and the influence of education on employment characteristics as unidirectional. The goal of this research is to identify whether jobs during college are part of the status attainment process. First, it describes characteristics of student employment by family background, number of years in college, and season. College students from the most advantaged backgrounds have higher status jobs. Regardless of family background, students who have been college-enrolled for more years have higher levels of occupational status. Second, the analyses investigate the association between occupational status and college persistence. In typical college student jobs, employment (especially extensive employment) is negatively associated with college persistence. This negative association between employment and college persistence reverses, however, and becomes positive as occupational status increases.
Science circus
Authors: Smith Cobi Alison
Published: July 2018

Science circuses are interactive, usually traveling, exhibitions that present science-themed shows or displays to audiences in an entertaining, theatrical manner. They are a method of communication used to conveythe wonders of science and technology and promote the process of scientific discovery.
Dissecting Explanatory Power
Authors: Ylikoski Petri , Kuorikoski Jaakko
Published: July 2018

Comparisons of rival explanations or theories often involve vague appeals to explanatory power. In this paper, we dissect this metaphor by distinguishing between different dimensions of the goodness of an explanation: non-sensitivity, cognitive salience, precision, detail, factual accuracy and degree of integration. These dimensions are partially independent and often come into conflict. Our main contribution is to go beyond simple stipulation or description by explicating why these factors are taken to be explanatory virtues in the first place. We accomplish this by using the contrastive-counterfactual approach to explanation and the view of understanding as an inferential ability. By combining these perspectives, we show how the explanatory power of an explanation in a given dimension can be assessed by showing the range of answers it provides to what-if-things-had-been-different questions and the theoretical and pragmatic importance of these questions. We also show how our account explains intuitions linking explanation to unification or to the exhibition of a mechanism.
When the World Around You Is Changing: Investigating the Influence of Alienation and Indifference on Voter Turnout
Authors: Wuttke Alexander
Published: July 2018

This chapter investigates the amount of variability in individual turnout decisions over time and its dependence on the changing characteristics of political parties as one feature of the political context. Electoral participation in the German federal elections from 1994 to 2013 was characterized by inertia for most eligible voters. However, one reason for dynamics in turnout behavior is changes in individual alienation with regard to the political parties. When voters develop a more favorable view of the political parties than in the previous election in terms of the parties’ generalized evaluation or perceived competence, then they are motivated to switch from abstention to voting (and vice versa). But the political parties’ capacity to raise turnout rates is rather narrow compared to the influence of other determinants, such as the perceived duty to vote.Wuttke, Alexander (2017). "When the world around you is changing: Investigating the Influence of Alienation and Indifference on Voter Turnout", in: Schoen, Harald; Roßteutscher, Sigrid; Schmitt-Beck, Rüdiger; Weßels, Bernhard; Wolf, Christof (eds.): "Voters and Voting in Context", Oxford University Press, pp. pp. 146–166.
Unbundling Open Access dimensions: a conceptual discussion to reduce terminology inconsistencies
Authors: Martín-Martín Alberto , Costas Rodrigo , van Leeuwen Thed , López-Cózar Emilio Delgado
Published: July 2018

The current ways in which documents are made freely accessible in the Web no longer adhere to the models established Budapest/Bethesda/Berlin (BBB) definitions of Open Access (OA). Since those definitions were established, OA-related terminology has expanded, trying to keep up with all the variants of OA publishing that are out there. However, the inconsistent and arbitrary terminology that is being used to refer to these variants are complicating communication about OA-related issues. This study intends to initiate a discussion on this issue, by proposing a conceptual model of OA. Our model features six different dimensions (prestige, user rights, stability, immediacy, peer-review, and cost). Each dimension allows for a range of different options. We believe that by combining the options in these six dimensions, we can arrive at all the current variants of OA, while avoiding ambiguous and/or arbitrary terminology. This model can be an useful tool for funders and policy makers who need to decide exactly which aspects of OA are necessary for each specific scenario.
How Black are Lakisha and Jamal? Racial Perceptions from Names Used in Correspondence Audit Studies
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael
Published: July 2018

Online correspondence audit studies have emerged as the primary method to examine racial discrimination. Although audits use distinctive names to signal race, few studies scientifically examine data regarding the perception of race from names. Different names treated as black or white may be perceived in heterogeneous ways. I conduct a survey experiment that asks respondents to identify the race they associate with a series of names. I alter the first names given to each respondent and inclusion of last names. Names more commonly given by highly educated black mothers (e.g., Jalen and Nia) are less likely to be perceived as black than names given by less educated black mothers (e.g., DaShawn and Tanisha). The results suggest that a large body of social science evidence on racial discrimination operates under a misguided assumption that all black names are alike and the findings from correspondence audits are likely sensitive to name selection.
The MFA in Creative Writing: The Uses of a “Useless” Credential
Authors: Childress Clayton , Gerber Alison
Published: July 2018

Childress, Clayon and Alison Gerber. 2015. “The MFA in Creative Writing: The Uses of a ‘Useless’ Credential.” Professions and Professionalism 5(2).
Stylized Facts in the Social Sciences
Authors: Hirschman Daniel
Published: July 2018

Stylized facts are empirical regularities in search of theoretical, causal explanations. Stylized facts are both positive claims (about what is in the world) and normative claims (about what merits scholarly attention). Much of canonical social science research can be usefully characterized as the production or contestation of stylized facts. Beyond their value as grist for the theoretical mill of social scientists, stylized facts also travel directly into the political arena. Drawing on three recent examples, I show how stylized facts can interact with existing folk causal theories to reconstitute political debates and how tensions in the operationalization of folk concepts drive contention around stylized fact claims.
Inducing Patent Infringement
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

It is a fundamental principle of patent law that no one infringes a patentunless they practice the complete invention. Nonetheless, patent courtshave long recognized that focusing only on the party who actually practicesthe invention will sometimes let off the hook the party who most deservesto be held liable. Thus, for over a century patent courts have extendedliability to one who does not himself infringe, but who actively inducesinfringement by another. Since 1952, this principle has been enshrined insection 271(b) of the patent statute. As an idea, it has provenuncontroversial.Surprisingly, however, despite the venerable nature of inducement in patentlaw, the actual content of the inducement requirement has remainedsomething of a mystery. In particular, courts have proven unable to decidetwo fundamental issues - what it means actually to induce infringement, andwhat the inducer must know and intend in order to be liable for acting.Though the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, whichwas created in 1982, now handles all patent appeals, it has not broughtuniformity to either issue. Indeed, there are Federal Circuit opinionstaking diametrically opposed positions on the law of inducement. Thisconfusion is doubly unfortunate given that the Supreme Court has recentlyimported the law of inducement from patent into copyright law. Before weadopt the concept of inducement in copyright cases, it would seem helpfulto know what exactly it means in patent cases.In this article, I set out the fundamental disagreements among the courtsas to the conduct and intent prongs of inducement. I explore the policiesbehind inducement law, and suggest that these disagreements can best beresolved not by picking one side or the other, but by thinking ofinducement as a sliding scale inquiry in which a more specific intent toinfringe is required to find liability if the defendant's conduct isotherwise less egregious. This resolution not only makes policy sense, andintegrates section 271(b) with the rest of the statute, but it may evenhave the virtue of explaining most of the apparently conflicting caselaw.Application of this sliding scale approach also has implications forsecondary liability in copyright law.
The New Science of Sex Difference
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

While scientists across the academy have abandoned the nature/nurture dichotomy, evidence for the influences of society on our biology is greater than ever. This article reviews new developments in the biological sciences—in the sub-fields of genetics, hormones, and neuroscience—with special attention to the implications for sociologists interested in gender. The article closes with an argument that embracing these developments has both theoretical and methodological promise and can enhance rather than harm research and activism regarding gender equality and other social hierarchies.
Divided Infringement Claims
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Patent law is territorial. It is also designed to deal with thecircumstance of unified infringement by a single actor. But modern commerceis not limited by national boundaries or by corporate forms. Patentswritten to cover modern technologies, particularly network computingtechnologies, are attempting to bring the distributed acts of differentusers around the globe into the ambit of a territorial legal system thatlooks for a single infringer. Not surprisingly, the effort to do so hascreated significant problems for patent cases.Two of those problems are the subject of our article. They involve what wecall divided or distributed patent claims - claims that are infringed onlyby aggregating the conduct of more than one actor, or aggregating conductthat occurs in more than one country. Patent law doesn't deal well witheither class of divided patent claim. Prosecutors and litigators need to beaware of these problems in order to most effectively represent theirclients.
Digital astroturfing in politics: Definition, typology, and countermeasures
Authors: Kovic Marko , Rauchfleisch Adrian , Sele Marc , Caspar Christian
Published: July 2018

In recent years, several instances of political actors who created fake grassroots activity on the Internet have been uncovered. We propose to call such fake online grassroots activity digital astroturfing, and we define it as a form of manufactured, deceptive and strategic top-down activity on the Internet initiated by political actors that mimics bottom-up activity by autonomous individuals. The goal of this paper is to lay out a conceptual map of the phenomenon of digital astroturfing in politics. To that end, we introduce, first, a typology of digital astroturfing according to three dimensions (target, actor type, goals), and, second, the concept of digital astroturfing repertoires, the possible combinations of tools, venues and actions used in digital astroturfing efforts. Furthermore, we explore possible restrictive and incentivizing countermeasures against digital astroturfing. Finally, we discuss prospects for future research: Even though empirical research on digital astroturfing is difficult, it is neither impossible nor futile.
Dangerous Citizens Online: A Case Study of an Author–Press–Library Partnership
Authors: Kennison Rebecca , Panourgiá Neni , Tartar Helen
Published: July 2018

Article describing the collaboration that brought the Dangerous Citizens project to the web (http://dangerouscitizens.columbia.edu/)
Journalism, Advocacy, and the Social Construction of Consensus
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

Scholarship examining media coverage of social problems largely examines coverage of contentious issues. In this study, I contribute to our understanding of journalist practices by examining coverage of an issue over which there is a US consensus: female genital cutting (FGC). With an analysis of newspaper coverage supplemented by interviews and primary documents, I find that, in contrast to existing literature that shows that reporters must refrain from issue advocacy, when consensus is widespread reporters can and do collaborate with advocates, harmonize with opinion writers, and use their physical presence and access to newsprint to pressure the state. Journalists, however, do not simply respond to consensus. Instead, I find that they can actively construct consensus by offering unique frames that depoliticize advocacy. These findings contribute to our understanding of media coverage of social problems by illustrating how consensus is both shaped by and shapes journalist practices.
Back to the future: authors, publishers and ideas in a copy-friendly environment
Authors: Pievatolo Maria Chiara
Published: July 2018

How could scholars survive in a copy-friendly environment jeopardizing the established system of scholarly publishing in which scientific publishers seemed to be authors' best friends? A backward itinerary across three German Enlightenment thinkers who took part to the debate on (unauthorized) reprinting shows us ways – usual and unusual - in which culture can flourish in a copy-friendly environment. While Fichte endorsed an intellectual property theory, took the function of publishers for granted and neglected the interests of the public, Kant saw authors as speakers and justified publishers' rights only as long as they work as spokespersons helping writers to reach the public. Eventually Lessing's project was designed to foster authors' autonomy by means of a subscription system that could have worked only on the basis of a free information flow and of direct relationships with and within the public itself. Such a condition can be compared with the situation of ancient auctores, with one difference: while the ancient communities of knowledge were educated minorities, because of the limitations of orality and manuscript media system, we have now the opportunity to take Enlightenment seriously.
Aibo: Copyright Law and Technological Protection Measures
Authors: Rimmer Matthew
Published: July 2018

Case Note. Rimmer, Matthew (2001) Aibo: Copyright law and technological protection measures. 22 (12) Incite, 31 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/inCiteALIA/2001/363.html
Visualizations of personal social networks on Facebook and community structure: an exploratory study
Authors: Gkini Christina , Brailas Alexios
Published: July 2018

We studied the community structure pattern in the visualizations of ten personal social networks on Facebook at a single point in time. It seems to be a strong tendency towards community formation in online personal, social networks: somebody’s friends are usually also friends between them, forming subgroups of more densely connected nodes. Research on community structure in social networks usually focuses on the networks’ statistical properties. There is a need for qualitative studies bridging the gap between network topologies and their sociological implications. To this direction, visual representations of personal networks in social media could be a valuable source of empirical data for qualitative interpretation. Most of the personal social networks’ visualizations in the present study are very highly clustered with densely-knit overlapping subgroups of friends and interconnected between them through wide bridges. This network topology pattern seems to be quite efficient, allowing for a fast spread and diffusion of information across the whole social network.
“Doing Fear.” The Influence of Hetero-femininity on (Trans)women’s Fears of Victimization
Authors: Yavorsky Jill , Sayer Liana C
Published: July 2018

Through 26 in-depth interviews with male-to-female transsexuals (transwomen), this study examines transwomen’s perceptions of safety, pre- and post-transition. The majority reported higher levels of fear and believed they would be unable to fight off an attacker post-transition even though most were large-statured and were socialized as males. Exposure to heterosexual practices and to cultural messages depicting women as physically weak and sexually vulnerable, and transwomen’s embodiment of hetero-femininity play a central role in increasing their fears. Their experiences as women are powerful enough to override decades of prior male experiences and expose the socially-constructed nature of fear and bodily agency.
The Complexity of Textual Borrowing in Learning English As a Foreign Language
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Sutopo Djoko
Published: July 2018

Exploring the notion of ownership of text and learning was potential to understand the question of textual borrowing. However, this relationship remained under-explored. This study would address two key research questions: (1) How did learners of English as a foreign language paraphrase texts and (2) How were their attitudes towards plagiarism. Data were drawn from texts produced by undergraduate students of English Department in reading comprehension classes. Two stages of analyses were carried out. Firstly description of quality of paraphrasing the texts by the learners were presented and distributed. Secondly, the learners’ attitudes towards plagiarism were described. These analyses were used as starting point to interpret the student plagiarism. Findings and discussion revealed that 20% of the learners’ works were 100% unique. They agreed to say that plagiarizing was as bad as stealing an exam and that plagiarism impoverished the investigative spirit. The rest were plagiarized ranging from 5% up to 24%. They said that sometimes they felt tempted to plagiarize because so many other students were doing it. They argued sometimes they copied a sentence or two just to become inspired for further writing. Pedagogically, it implies that since paraphrasing is using one’s own words to express someone else's ideas, students should be encouraged to cite a source accurately and define unfamiliar words instead of being punished. They need to change any words or phrases that match the original so closely. The ideas and meaning of the original source must be maintained and words must be their own.
Dealing with Overlapping Copyrights on the Internet
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

This article addresses the problems presented by the effective overlap ofcopyright's exclusive rights in the context of transmission on computernetworks. Simple activities such as sending email or posting to Web pagesmay implicate the reproduction right, the adaptation right, thedistribution right, the performance and display rights, and the new digitalperformance as well as triggering liability for contributory infringementand under the proposed transmission right. The article suggests that thisoverlap creates serious problems not only for user rights and defenses, butalso for copyright owners who wish to license only a subset of their rightsor who wish to divide ownership of their copyright. The article considersas possible solutions to this problem a theory of implied license, as wellas a unified statutory transmission right that displaces other exclusiverights.
Characterization of fertility levels in Brazil, 1970–2010
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Almeida Mariana E , Gonçalves Guilherme Quaresma
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Caracterização dos níveis de fecundidade no Brasil, 1970-2010Abstract: We analyze the 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010 Brazilian Demographic Censuses, in order to investigate the associated factors with a woman having had a live birth during the year prior to each census. We estimated logistic regression models for women aged 10–49 years. As independent variables, we selected region of residence, rural/urban location, presence of electricity, color/race, religion, marital status, labor market participation, time of residence in the municipality, information about whether they had a stillbirth, age, education, and parity. Our findings confirm that the probability a woman had a child is higher in the North and Northeast regions, as well as in households without electricity. Women that have a greater chance of having had a child are black/brown, Catholic, married, non-labor market participants, short-term migrants, experienced a stillbirth, between 20–29 years of age, have less education, and have higher parity. Patterns have been changing throughout time, thus posing questions for further analyses.Resumo: Analisamos os Censos Demográficos do Brasil de 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010, com o objetivo de investigar os fatores associados com a mulher ter tido filho nascido vivo no ano anterior ao censo. Estimamos modelos de regressão logística para mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos. Como variáveis independentes, selecionamos região de residência, localidade rural/urbana, presença de eletricidade, cor/raça, religião, estado conjugal, participação no mercado de trabalho, tempo de residência no município, informação se a mulher teve um filho nascido morto, idade, educação e parturição. Nos resultados confirmam que a probabilidade da mulher ter tido um filho é maior nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, assim como em domicílios com eletricidade. Mulheres que tiveram maior chance de ter tido um filho são pretas/pardas, católicas, casadas, não participantes no mercado de trabalho, migrantes no curto prazo, tiveram filho nascido morto, estão entre 20 e 29 anos de idade, possuem baixa escolaridade e possuem mais filhos. Os padrões têm mudado ao longo do tempo, levantando importantes questões para análises futuras.
Demography in the Big Data Revolution: Changing the Culture to Forge New Frontiers
Authors: Bohon Stephanie
Published: July 2018

Despite the widespread and rapidly growing popularity of Big Data, researchers have yet to agree on what the concept entails, what tools are still needed to best interrogate these data, whether or not Big Data’s emergence represents a new academic field or simply a set of tools, and how much confidence we can place on results derived from Big Data. Despite these ambiguities, most would agree that Big Data and the methods for analyzing it represent a remarkable potential for advancing social science knowledge. In my Presidential address to the Southern Demographic Association, I argue that demographers have long collected and analyzed Big Data in a small way, by parsing out the points of information that we can manipulate with familiar models and restricting analyses to what typical computing systems can handle or restricted-access data disseminators will allow. In order to better interrogate the data we already have, we need to change the culture of demography to treat demographic microdata as Big. This includes shaping the definition of Big Data, changing how we conceptualize models, and re-evaluating how we silo confidential data.
I Don’t Make Objects, I Make Projects: Selling Things and Selling Selves in Contemporary Artmaking
Authors: Gerber Alison , Childress Clayton
Published: July 2018

Gerber, Alison and Clayton Childress. 2017. “I Don’t Make Objects, I Make Projects: Selling Things and Selling Selves in Contemporary Artmaking.” Cultural Sociology 11(2):234–54.
Trademarks and the Boundaries of the Firm
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Coase's theory of the firm has become a familiar tool to analyze the structure and organization of businesses. Such analyses have increasingly focused on property based theories of the firm, including intellectual property. In previous work we have discussed the application of this model to patents, copyrights, and trade secrets. Here we take up the theory of the firm with regard to trademarks, which act as signals of firm reputation, and so have application and effects that differ substantially from other forms of intellectual property. Using the framework from our previous analyses, we examine the propensity of trademarks to lower transactions costs between firms, as well as within firms, suggesting that such doctrines will have significant effects on the size and structure of the firm.
Eloquent Silences in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot and Harold Pinter’s The Dumb Waiter
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Kouachi Rawiya
Published: July 2018

This paper analyzes Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1954) and Harold Pinter’s The Dumb Waiter (2003) by focusing on their affinities and differences. It is an analytical literary study from a linguistic standpoint using Kenny’s (2011) ideas. In addition to focusing on differences, the aim of this study is to scrutinize silence and its different meanings inasmuch as silence is a distinctive feature that groups and differentiates both plays. The study sheds light on a different aspect of research. Hence, besides focusing on interpreting speeches, this paper analyzes silences in both plays. It vindicates that silences are as important in literary interpretation as speeches. While Beckett’s silences indicate the void of modern life, Pinter’s silences convey threats and violence. Albeit much attention is given to verbal utterances and silences are generally neglected in terms of literary analysis, they are a sine qua non in terms of understanding Beckett’s Waiting for Godot and Pinter’s The Dumb Waiter and most importantly understanding the different languages of silence that greatly contribute to the whole meaning of both plays. Consequently, silences deserve much attention in literary interpretation as speeches and they are highly eloquent.