bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerson, Darwin, and The Custom of The Country
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: November 2023

Readers of Edith Wharton have for some years recognized her appreciation of—and affinity with—Darwin and Darwinism, which was a major part of her self-schooling in the sciences, especially between 1906 and 1908. Accordingly, in The Custom of the Country, Ralph Marvell’s analysis of social dislocation employs a Darwinian heuristic to present a precis of the plot dynamic. A son of Old New York and an important figure in the novel, Ralph declares traditional families like his own to be a species endangered by the late nineteenth-century nouveau riche “invading race,” by which Wharton means a line of descent, not a genetic category. As a young aspirant poet-critic, who is newly appreciative of his heritage, Ralph understands his family and their cohorts to be casualties of a recent historical-evolutionary rupture. The new modern, invasive “race” of plutocrats, with their headquarters on Wall Street and their domiciles on Fifth Avenue, are fast conquering an enervated Old New York comprised of the ladies and gentlemen of Washington Square. Ralph assesses the invaders’ “modern tendencies” as a deplorable “chaos of indiscriminate appetites” from the monetary to the gustatory, these over and against the moderate and temperate “coherent and respectable” ideals of his family’s waning Old New York (N, 669). More than social change or a reversible decline in mores and manners, this phenomenon is a Darwinian process of encroachment and extinction. As a record of the contest between base and higher morality, The Custom of the Country is arguably Wharton’s most thoroughgoing socially Darwinian narrative.
Wharton and The Age of Film
Authors: Cahir Linda Costanzo
Published: November 2023

A surprisingly large number of Edith Wharton’s works—her short stories, novels, novellas, and even her autobiography—have been adapted to film and television. While the temptation in explaining this anomaly is to take the high road and presume that Wharton’s extraordinary writing talents and her acute capacity to analyze American society compel the attention of filmmakers, it would be more accurate to state that Wharton’s popularity on screen typifies a simple principle of cinematic production: certain literary works lend themselves more naturally to the economic function of the screen. Edith Wharton’s writing has the functional qualities that filmmakers traditionally seek.

Producers and financiers of film foremost favor and scout for strong narrative realism, and they value upscale properties, like Wharton’s writings, because they confer an immediate integrity on any movie based on such a source. Wharton, specifically, appeals to cinematic translation because of the solid materiality of her writing, a quality that translates well into the visual medium of moviemaking.
Lost Words/Lost Worlds
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

We saw in the last chapter how languages, like species, are highly adapted to their environments and that all extinctions have as their cause environmental change. Although our opening quotation to this chapter is taken from a work of fiction, it provides a useful metaphor of a process of unraveling or disintegrating, a language being picked apart in pieces after exposure to a hostile environment—in this case, to the gradual encroachment of another culture and language.

In this chapter we examine this process of change and its consequences in more detail with some case studies. In particular, we illustrate how many of the changes affecting endangered languages tend to eliminate linguistic complexity, along with much of what is culturally distinctive—for example, vocabulary for local flora, fauna, native traditions and knowledge. The knowledge contained in indigenous languages has much to con­ tribute to scientific theories through the uncovering of potentially invaluable perspectives on a variety of problems such as land management, marine technology, plant cultivation, and animal husbandry.
The Ecology of Language
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

We saw in the previous three chapters that the world contains a diversity of languages and peoples far greater than most people realize. This diversity is now under dramatic threat. In the next three chapters, we will give an account of how this situation came about. One cannot understand why languages die out, however, without also understanding the other side of the coin—namely, why so many different languages have developed and persisted throughout human history. In this chapter, then, we consider how language diversity comes about, the social forces which maintain it, and then the factors which may destroy it.
The Economic Wave
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

We have seen how European populations, their crops, and their languages have replaced indigenous peoples in most of the New World, Australia, and New Zealand over the last five hundred years. We also saw that this expansionary wave was ultimately limited by geography. Most of non-European Eurasia was already full of dense farming populations. The moist tropics were unhealthy and difficult for Europeans to colonize. Thus these areas do not have major populations of European descent, and Europeans, whose population is now stable or declining, are no longer expanding their geographical range.

We might assume that the remaining indigenous languages of the rest of the world—Africa and the tropical Pacific, for example, both rich in linguistic diversity—are safe from encroaching domination. However, a glance at the language situations of these areas shows that this is not so, for there are many examples of shifts to dominant languages which occur without a corresponding movement of people.
Skepticism about Minimalismand about Nonminimalism, Too
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The search must be for a function which might (indeed, must) involve the making of policy, yet which differs from the legislative and executive functions; which is peculiarly suited to the capabilities of the courts; which will not likely be performed elsewhere if the courts do not assume it; which can be so exercised as to be acceptable in a society that generally shares Judge [Learned] Hand’s satisfaction in a “sense of common venture”; which will be effective when needed; and whose discharge by the courts will not lower the quality of the other departments’ performance by denuding them of the dignity and burden of their own responsibility.
Native Son: Frank Bird Linderman
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

The lure of the west struck Frank Bird Linderman early and inexorably, just as it had Wood, Grinnell, and McClintock. In 1885, at age sixteen, he left his family in Illinois and lit out for Montana Territory, hoping he was not too late to experience the authentic frontier. Naive, romantic, and determined, Linder-man convinced another boy and the latter’s black servant to accompany him. In contrast to Huckleberry Finn, these American boys had parental approval and even some money. For transportation, they chose neither a raft nor a flat-boat up the Missouri River; rather, they boarded a westbound train. Once they reached their destination, Linderman’s companions quickly became disillusioned with the adventure and returned home, sharing neither his dreams nor his compulsions. Frank stayed.
Mabel Dodge Luhan: Muse of Taos
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

Mabel Dodge Luhan has long been identified with northern New Mexico and the Taos Pueblo. Yet her first trip to the American Southwest brought her, not to Taos in 1917, but to El Paso in 1913. Accompanying her lover, journalist and radical John Reed, who was covering the Mexican Revolution, Mabel Dodge dashed off postcards from the border’s edge to friends Gertrude Stein and Carl Van Vechten.
Ecological Change and Exotic Invaders
Authors: Wilson Karen A , Hrabik Thomas R
Published: November 2023

Advances in invasion ecology are often hindered by a gross lack of preinvasion information. In aquatic systems, this inadequacy is exacerbated by the challenges inherent in observing underwater habitats, and, as with terrestrial invasions, many invasions are often well under way before they are discovered. The North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site has provided an especially valuable research platform for the analysis of the spread and influence of exotic species by providing pre-invasion data and the early detection of invaders. Our long-term data function as an ecological context for short term investigations into mechanisms behind species invasions. Without long-term information, observations of ephemeral interactions and time lags in response to the invader are lost. The serendipitous discovery of two invasive species, the rainbow smelt and the rusty crayfish, in the LTER lakes in northern Wisconsin has led to a research program that has provided insights on the invasion patterns and mechanisms of these two organisms. We have been able to extrapolate our results to assess the threat represented by these organisms to other lakes in the region.
Introduction
Authors: Schmid Carol L
Published: November 2023

I first became interested in language relations during a stay in Switzerland in 1970–71. Having grown up in California, I found it fascinating to live in the midst of four language communities. I was struck by the orderly and matter-of-fact way in which linguistic and cultural differences were treated in this small multicultural society. My interest in questions of linguistic coexistence and conflict was reawakened upon moving to Canada, another multilingual society. In Canada, by contrast, matters of language and culture excited the temperaments and sentiments of both linguistic groups. Against this backdrop, I decided to pursue the study of language conflict in the United States. Although the United States has always been home to several non-English languages, the English-Only movement resurfaced in the 1980s after lying dormant for almost half a century.
Identity and Social Incorporation In Multilingual Switzerland
Authors: Schmid Carol L
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines identity and social incorporation in Switzerland. As the United States embarks upon the twenty-first century, it must look to other models of integrating linguistic and ethnic minorities into the American polity. We have seen in previous chapters that America’s ability to reconcile political unity and cultural diversity has been challenged in the last third of the twentieth century. A massive wave of immigration from Latin America and Asia has transformed the character of many local communities, fueling demands for bilingual services in the public and private sectors. The specter of linguistic diversity has, in turn, sparked insecurity about national cohesion and fostered a movement to designate English as the official language of the United States.
Applied Behavior Analysis and Discrete Trial Training: Separating Methods from Curriculum
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the methods of ABA/DTT, but is not meant to substitute for a manual or hands-on training on how to use ABA/DTT with children with autism. This chapter is also not to be taken as a recommendation that this is the appropriate method to use for any one particular child at any one particular point in development. There will be much discussion of when features of ABA/DTT may be particularly helpful and certainly appropriate as well as guidelines for ongoing reassessment of a child’s progress using the method, to track whether it is accomplishing identified goals. This chapter is meant to be a way for parents who may be considering an ABA/ DTT program to judge ways how it may be helpful to their child.

For classroom teachers, this chapter on ABA/DTT is meant to help IEP planning around when and how much ABA/DTT may benefit a particular child. In addition, the information here may be useful to alert teachers or home ABA/ DTT therapists and tutors about potential pitfalls and some problem-solving strategies that may be worth considering.
The TEACCH Curriculum
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

A major organizing force in the development of classroom-based curricula for children with autism has come from the work at Project TEACCH at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Spear-headed by Dr. Eric Schopler, who founded and for many years edited the journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, this approach to teaching children with autism was the first to utilize what, in the terms used in this book, are autism learning disability-specific methods. TEACCH is an acronym for Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children.

TEMCH is built on exploiting the relative strengths and preferences of individuals with autism by creating learning, working, and living environments that might be called “autism-friendly.” The guiding philosophy of TEACCH is to create learning and living environments that, as much as possible, are in synch with who children and adults with autism are. Many features of TEACCH take advantage of what children with autism do best—like organizing their worlds visually. Other features of TEACCH take potential limitations of the child with autism and turn them into strengths—like creating a very routine-based school day that appeals to children who prefer rigid, predictable routines.
Henry David Thoreau 1817—1862
Authors: Cain William E
Published: November 2023

Thoreau was born on his maternal grandmother’s farm, on verginia Road, in Concord, Massachusetts, on July 12, 1817, the third child of John and Cynthia (Dunbar) Thoreau. On October he was christened David Henry Thoreau, named after an uncle who had died in Concord in July. Not until the mid-1830s did he identify himself as Henry David Thoreau. Like much else about this private man, so candid about his principles yet guarded about himself, the reason for the change of name is unclear. Perhaps Thoreau switched his first and middle names to affirm a measure of independence from his family and to signify the new person he had become through his Harvard education and friendships with Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalists. Some of his Concord neighbors saw his change of name as rebellious and downright foolish. But “Henry” was what Thoreau’s family had called him since birth, and there is no evidence that they objected to his decision.
From the Reaktionsnorm to the Evolution of Adaptive Plasticity: A Historical Sketch 1909-1999
Authors: Sarkar Sahotra
Published: November 2023

This chapter gives a brief history of the norm of reaction (NoR) from its initial introduction to current disputes about the evolutionary etiology of adaptive plasticity, focusing on conceptual issues. The following section describes how the NoR fared in the West until the 1940s and how a conceptual framework for genetics that had no place for the NoR was constructed (see also Sultan 1992). I then describe the fate of the NoR in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, how it was used to deflate claims of the inheritance of acquired characters, how it was incorporated into theories of organic selection, and how it was repatriated to the West. These two sections are short; a more detailed discussion can be found in Sarkar ( 1999). Then follows a description of how the evolutionary etiology of adaptive NoRs emerged as a topic of controversy between those who espoused specific plasticity genes and those who viewed the adaptation of NoRs as a by-product of selection for trait means. In the final section, I optimistically explore the possibility that molecular genetic data may not only resolve this controversy but may also yield new insights into the genesis and evolution of the NoR and phenotypic plasticity.
Cognitive Dimensions Of Social Science
Authors: Turner Mark
Published: November 2023

What will be the future of social science? Where exactly do we stand, and where do we go from here? What kinds of problems should we be addressing, with what kinds of approaches and arguments? In Cognitive Dimensions of Social Science, Mark Turner offers an answer to these pressing questions: social science is headed toward convergence with cognitive science. Together they will give us a new and better approach to the study of what human beings are, what human beings do, what kind of mind they have, and how that mind developed over the history of the species. Turner, one of the originators of the cognitive scientific theory of conceptual integration, here explores how the application of that theory enriches the social scientific study of meaning, culture, identity, reason, choice, judgment, decision, innovation, and invention. About fifty thousand years ago, humans made a spectacular advance: they became cognitively modern. This development made possible the invention of the vast range of knowledge, practices, and institutions that social scientists try to explain. For Turner, the anchor of all social science - anthropology, political science, sociology, economics - must be the study of the cognitively modern human mind. In this book, Turner moves the study of those extraordinary mental powers to the center of social scientific research and analysis.
Stress, Coping, and Health
Authors: Carver Charles S
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the confluence of two sets of processes as they come to bear on a class of outcomes. The processes are stress and coping. The outcome is health. This topic is enormous in its scope. The literature of stress itself is broad enough to have had a handbook devoted to it (Goldberger & Breznitz, 1993); the same is true of the literature on coping (Zeidner & Endler, 1996). Although those handbooks are by now dated, the years since their publication have brought only further growth in their respective literatures (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004). It will be obvious, then, that this chapter does not survey the literature of stress and coping in its entirety. Rather, it addresses a set of basic issues, problems, and conceptual themes that have arisen within the literature bearing on stress, coping, and health.
Social Support
Authors: Taylor Shelley E
Published: November 2023

Group living is perhaps the most significant adaptation of primate species, including human beings. Whereas other animals are armed with weapons, such as sharp teeth or claws, and defensive resources, such as thick skin and speed, primate species depend critically on group living for survival (Caporeal, 1997; Dunbar, 1996). This tendency to come together is especially great under threat. Even chimpanzees, known for their solitary behavior, may abandon this style in favor of group activity when there is an enhanced risk of predation (Boesch, 1991). In times of intense stress, humans are much the same. Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, some of the most common methods people reported using to cope with this threatening event involved turning to others, including family, friends, and even strangers (Galea et al., 2002). There are, of course, tangible benefits to social affiliation under threat. For example, following a disaster, such as a fire, a flood, or a bombing, the presence of many hands can locate survivors and get them to safety. But the presence of others has long been known to foster adjustment to threatening events in other ways, specifically by protecting against adverse changes in mental and physical health that may otherwise occur in response to stress. Social support is now so widely acknowledged as a critical resource for managing stressful occurrences that more than 1,100 articles on the topic appear in the research and clinical literatures each year.
Adjustment to Chronic Disease: Progress and Promise in Research
Authors: Stanton Annette L , Revenson Tracey A
Published: November 2023

In 1961, a seminal, observational study of adjustment to chronic disease appeared in the Archives of General Psychiatry (Visotsky, Hamburg, Goss, & Lebovits, 1961). Its authors posed questions regarding adjustment to polio that continue to stimulate research on chronic disease today: “How is it possible to deal with such powerful, pervasive, and enduring stresses as are involved in severe polio? What are the types of coping behavior that contribute to favorable outcomes?” (p. 28). Four decades later, theoretical and empirical consideration of these questions has produced multifaceted conceptualizations of adjustment to chronic disease, theoretical frameworks for understanding determinants of adjustment, and empirical evidence regarding factors that contribute to untoward or favorable outcomes. In this chapter, we begin with a brief discussion of the prevalence and impact of chronic disease and then consider what is meant by adjustment to chronic disease. We go on to discuss themes in theories of contributors to adjustment. Finally, we address implications for intervention and future research.
Beyond the Myths of Coping with Loss: Prevailing Assumptions Versus Scientific Evidence
Authors: Wortman Camille B , Boerner Kathrin
Published: November 2023

The death of a loved one is a ubiquitous human experience and is often regarded as a serious threat to health and well-being. Coming to terms with personal loss is considered to be an important part of successful adult development (Baltes & Skrotzki, 1995). In this chapter, we draw from our own research and that of others to explore how people are affected by the death of a loved one. In our judgment, such losses provide an excellent arena in which to study basic processes of stress and adaptation to change. Unlike many stressful life experiences, bereavement cannot be altered by the coping efforts of survivors. Indeed, the major coping task faced by the bereaved is to reconcile themselves to a situation that cannot be changed and find a way to carry on with their own lives. By learning more about how people react to a loved one’s death, and how they come to terms with what has happened, we can begin to clarify the theoretical mechanisms through which major losses can have deleterious effects on subsequent mental and physical health. In our judgment, one of the most fascinating things about studying bereavement is the extraordinary variability that has been found regarding how people react to the death of a loved one. Some people are devastated and never again regain their psychological equilibrium; others emerge from the loss relatively unscathed and perhaps even strengthened (Elison & McGonigle, 2003; Parkes & Weiss, 1983). Yet at this point, we know relatively little about the diverse ways that people respond to the loss of a loved one, and why some people react with intense and prolonged distress while others do not. Do people who have the most rewarding and satisfying relationships with their loved one suffer the most following the loved one’s death? Or is it those with conflictual or ambivalent relationships who experience the most distress following the loss of a loved one, as clinicians have frequently argued (see, e.g., Freud, 1917/1957; Parkes & Weiss, 1983; Rando, 1993). Among those who fail to show distress following the loss, is this best understood as denial, lack of attachment, or resilience in the face of loss?
Icelandic Expletive Constructions and the Distribution of Subject Types
Authors: Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
Published: November 2023

Icelandic expletive-associate1 constructions show that the widespread view that the expletive enforces the so-called Definiteness Effect on the associate, or the ‘logical subject,’ cannot be correct. Uncontroversial data presented below tell us this, notably the fact that universally quantifying noun phrases are allowed as associates in Icelandic expletive constructions. The prime concern of this chapter will be to discuss this fact along with other issues pertaining to the distribution of subject types, as well as the role played by the expletive.
Expletives, Subjects, and Topics in Finnish
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Nikanne Urpo
Published: November 2023

Finnish exhibits an unusual combination of properties relating to ‘the subject’: (a) it is a null-subject language, (b) it has obligatory expletives, (c) it is topic-prominent in the sense that the external argument need not be the subject but can be any category which can serve as the topic of the sentence. The Finnish facts to be dis cussed here therefore have consequences for the formulation of parameters concerning null subjects and the EPP, among other things.
Parameters of Subject Inflection in Italian Dialects
Authors: Manzini M Rita , Savoia Leonardo M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider the null-subject parameter, with the implications it has for Chomsky’s 1995, 1998 theory of the EPP and agreement. We take the view that null-subject languages lexicalize the EPP feature through the finite verb (cf. Pollock 1996), while non-null-subject languages lexicalize the EPP feature through a D head or a DP. We further devise a derivation whereby a thematic feature (or, to be precise, an aspectual one) is attracted by D in accordance with the model of Manzini and Roussou 1999. This allows us to dispense with the empty category pro.
On Inversion in Wh-questions in Romance
Authors: Barbosa Pilar
Published: November 2023

In most Romance languages, a subject may not intervene between a non-d-linked wh-argument and the inflected verb in main questions, as illustrated below for standard Italian (Iberian Spanish, Romanian, European Portuguese, and Catalan behave essentially in the same way):

Several researchers (Ambar 1988; Raposo 1994; Rizzi 1991, 1997; Rizzi & Roberts 1989; Torrego 1984; Uriagereka 1995; among many others) have proposed that obligatory adjacency between fronted wh-arguments and inflection in Romance is due to overt Infl that is raising to the C-system. In this approach, Romance inversion in questions is analyzed on a par with English subject-Aux inversion:
New Thoughts on Stylistic Inversion
Authors: Kayne Richard S , pollock jean-yves
Published: November 2023

‘Stylistic Inversion’ (SI), or more neutrally, nonclitic (see section 5) Subjectrelated Inversion, is the (unfortunate) term used in the generative literature over the last twenty-five years to refer to the syntactic computation(s) responsible for the postverbal position of the subject DP in French sentences like (la, b):

Unlike many other Romance languages, French allows only a limited set of sentence types to take postverbal subjects; thus (2a, b, c) are sharply ungrammatical, unlike their counterparts in Italican or Spanish:
An Old Man’s Toy
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

On Einstein’s seventy-sixth and last birthday, March 14, 1955, his neighbor Eric Rogers presented him with a toy constructed of a heavy ball, a spring, a broomstick, and other commonly found objects. The contraption is shown in Figures I.la, lb, le. A brass ball attached to a string hangs outside a metal cup into which the ball can fit snugly. The string passes through a hole in the cup and down through a pipe, where it is tied to a spring. This entire assembly is mounted on a curtain rod so that one can hold on to the whole contraption easily. Finally, the cup and ball assembly is enclosed in a transparent glass sphere to give it a finished look.
Ghost Riders in the Sky
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

In the title song from the movie Ghostbusters, Ray Parker, Jr., sang of finding an invisible man sleeping in your bed. Imagine coming home after a tiring day. With a sigh of relief, you flop into bed. But a creepy feeling immediately seizes you—there is somebody else in the bed. You jump up and look around. You see nothing, but from the way the bed sags, you know whoever it is weighs a whole lot. You grope around with your hand, but you feel only thin air. What ya gonna do? Rush out of the room screaming? Who ya gonna call?
Crowned with a Halo
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

In a mystery, until the culprit has actually been apprehended, the detective can only examine the scene of the crime for clues. Similarly, until the experimenters actually catch the wimp, physicists can only study the wimp’s effect on the universe. Since the dark matter outweighs ordinary matter, the physicist detectives reason, the wimp must have had enormous impact on galaxy formation.
The Thinking Man and the Laughing God
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

We have traveled far, through time and space, from the plague years of the late seventeenth century to the plague years of the late twentieth century, from the apple, to the old man’s toy, to wriggling bits of string. From our detour through a universe opened up for us by the old man’s insight as expressed in his toy, we have finally returned to gaze at the mystery of gravity.
Conceptual Categorization
Authors: Mandler Jean M
Published: November 2023

For the past 15 years my research has concentrated on how infants form their first concepts. Because forming a concept usually involves forming a category, I often call concepts conceptual categories. This is a cumbersome expression, but I believe it is important to distinguish two different kinds of mental structures: co ceptual and perceptual categories. Some researchers find this distinction unnecessary, but the view of categorization as a uniform process faces difficulty in accounting for many facets of mental life. As the chapters in this book testify, categorization itself is ubiquitous in mental functioning. But even though some basis of similarity is involved in all kinds of categories, content differs radically. We can categorize on the basis of single or multiple dimensions (square, loud, red), the behavior of things (animate and inanimate), abstract meaning (good and evil), and even ad hoc bases (things to take if the house catches on fire; Barsalou, 1973). This range of content from perceptual dimensions to abstract ideas, combined with the fact that some categorization is deliberate and requires effortful retrieval, whereas other categorization occurs automatically without effort, makes it highly unlikely that all categorization rests on a single process. I refer the reader to a summary of both psychological and neurological evidence showing that adults engage in more than one kind of categorization (Smith, Patalano, & Jonides, 1998). Later in this chapter I summarize some developmental evidence that also militates against the view that all categorization is of the same form. The most obvious example is that we all form perceptual categories as a natural part of perceiving, but on deliberate categorization tasks both children and adults do many different things, such as categorize on the basis of overall appearance, single dimensions, or meaning. This range of variation in the kind of processing that is taking place means that whenever one talks about categorization it is crucial to specify the kind of categories one has in mind. The widespread failure to do so accounts for many of the controversies in this area of research.
Prosody In Oral Narratives
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: November 2023

In the oral narrative, as in other discourse genres discussed in this volume, the phonological functions of prosody will again play a role. For example, storytellers use paratones to mark component shifts in narratives just as lecturers do to delineate topics. However, this chapter also emphasizes the paralinguistic aspects of prosody. Within the genre of the oral narrative, I will argue that intensified prosody can bring particular story events to the foreground. Certain key words, for example, may be uttered with a higher-than-usual pitch; vowels may be lengthened; pauses may be used strategically to provoke tension; volume may be increased at crucial points for a crescendo effect. The use of such prosodic “performance features” (Wolfson, 1982) is not an all-or-nothing choice but a matter of degree, depending on the speaker’s leyel of emotional involvement with the text, the situation, the audience, and the norms of the speech community. Unlike the phonological aspects ofintonation, which have a finite inventory of forms and corresponding functions, pitch, volume, voice quality, and timing can be manipulated to achieve an infinite variety of emotional, attitudinal, and stylistic effects.
The Adventures of a Social Poet:Langston Hughes from the Popular Front to Black Power
Authors: Smethurst James
Published: November 2023

One of the peculiar things about critical assessments of Langston Hughes’s career is the still pronounced tendency to think of Hughes as primarily a Harlem Renaissance writer. In recent years there have been critical efforts to rethink Hughes’s post–Harlem Renaissance work, particularly that of his “revolutionary” period in the 1930s and his work during the civil rights and Black Power eras. However, critics still quite commonly regard the “red” poetry as second-rate didactic efforts lacking the lyricism and nuance of voice found in other periods of Hughes’s work and dismiss the early Black Power–period poems as weak and opportunistic efforts to repackage Hughes’s work in order to find a niche in changing times (Ford; Sundquist; Vendler). What is peculiar about these assessments is that the later Hughes resonates with popular African American audiences so strongly, the fame of such early poems as “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” and “Mother to Son” notwithstanding. It is largely the later poetry, drama, fiction, and sketches, the “Simple” stories, such poems as “Harlem,” “Theme for English B,” and “Let America Be America,” such plays as Black Nativity and Simply Heavenly, that have made Hughes among the most beloved writers for a general black readership—and for many post–World War II black artists and intellectuals.
Decoding de Gaulle
Authors: Connelly Matthew
Published: November 2023

On June 4, 1958, three days after he had accepted full powers from an assembly that could seemingly deny him nothing, Charles de Gaulle stood before a vast, cheering crowd at the Forum in Algiers. He began his speech with a few simple words: Je vous ai compris. “I have understood you.” The crowd erupted again as men and women openly cried.3
A Normal Asset With Cultural Differences
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

The extensive interest in disordered narcissism has usually overshadowed studies of narcissistic functioning within what can be considered the normal range. Less is known about the overall vicissitudes within and interactions between normal healthy and exceptional forms of narcissism and how they contrast or interweave in an individual with depreciated or pathological narcissism. Likewise, the importance of normal narcissistic functioning for individual mental health and capacity to live an optimal life has mostly been taken for granted. Healthy narcissistic functions, such as a sense of the right to one’s own life, striving for the best in life, appreciation of health and beauty, and ability to compete as well as to protect and defend oneself, are usually first attended to when they are absent or noticed as extreme. Nevertheless, healthy narcissism plays a crucial role in the human capacity to manage challenges, successes, and changes; to overcome defeats, illnesses, trauma, and losses; to love and be productive and creative; and to experience happiness, satisfaction, and acceptance of the course of one’s life.
Developmental Aspects of Kin Bias in Behavior
Authors: Berman Carol M
Published: November 2023

Immatures in many nonhuman primate species both show varying degrees of kin bias in their social interaction with other members of their group and may be subject to the effects of kin bias on the part of group members from an early age. Although recent studies raise the possibility of a role for phenotypic matching in kin bias, current perspectives view preferences for kin among young primates primarily as outcomes of early association with the mother and her close associates (who tend to be kin) and with similarlyaged peers (chapter 13). However, this is usually where the discussion of the development of kin preference ends. Relatively little research has focused on the processes and precise mechanisms by which early associations translate into preferences for kin. Nor do we understand the processes by which preferences for kin remain stable or change over the course of development. In many cases, early kin-based preferences endure until adulthood and appear to form the basis for long-term affiliation and exchange of benefits. In other cases, the effects are more temporary, and hence potentially provide only shorter term benefits.
John and Adam
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

Six-Year-Old Adam Winthrop was entranced with the new world in which he found himself following his father ‘s move to Groton, Suffolk, in 1554. The air was free of the coal-smoke miasma of London but filled with the smells of the open fields of the countryside. Cattle and sheep grazed along the local streams, and hares were a common sight. The sounds also differed from those of Cornhill, but, more important, sounds in the country- side were distinct, striking against a general quietness as opposed to the backdrop of constant noise that characterized the urban soundscape. Walking the local lanes, Adam and his brother and sisters could hear the rustling of leaves as the wind blew through the trees, the chirping of birds, the gurgle of brooks. Birds in the trees, frogs in ponds, dogs barking on nearby farms, and the grunts of pigs, lowing of cattle, and neighing of horses all put their stamp on life in Groton. Mixed with these, of course, were some familiar sounds, such as the peal of church bells marking the time, calling to worship, tolling the passing of a neighbor. Men in the fields talked and argued, shouted and sang.
The Decision to Migrate
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

July 28, 1629. John Winthrop and Emmanuel Downing were riding toward the Sempringham estate of the earl of Lincoln. They had left the rolling hills of Suffolk a few days before and were traversing the East Anglian fens, twelve hundred square miles of low-lying land that is a mixture of water, bog, and swamp. The underlying peat nourished grasses, sedges, rushes, and wild- flowers along the fringes of the open waters. They moved along narrow causeways from village to village, each perched on high ground rising out of the marshy landscape. Some of those primitive roads dated back to the days of the Romans. In the morning the mists rising off the slow-moving, almost stagnant water obscured the path until burned off by the summer sun. In the evening there were brilliant sunsets over the flat terrain. On this particular day, as they approached the crossing of the River Ouse near Littleport, they could see in the distance the Isle of Eels, where, many years before, Hereward the Wake had held out against the forces of William the Conqueror. On the highest point of that island, the sun was reflecting off the lantern tower of the cathedral of Ely. Riding along, they saw locals fishing for eels, abundant in the surrounding waters and a staple of the local diet.
New Trials and Disappointments
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

May 1640. It was a cool evening, such as one often experiences in a New England spring, and John and Margaret Winthrop sat by the fire in their Boston hall discussing the new tests God had delivered. While his judgment and leadership were valued when the colony was threatened, in normal times old jealousies resurfaced. Recently a delegation had urged him not to stand for the governorship in the 1640 election. Probably the freemen would have returned Winthrop to office, but some deputies and assistants had again raised concerns that he was becoming too powerful, and the delegation had expressed fears that if he was elected again the breach would widen. John had bowed to their wishes. Now, the election was over and Thomas Dudley had been chosen governor, with Richard Bellingham as deputy governor.
Polls, Priming, and the Politics of Welfare Reform
Authors: Weaver R Kent
Published: November 2023

Welfare reform was one of the most contentious legislative issues in the early and mid-199os. The Clinton administration in 1992 and the new Republican congressional majority in 1994 both came into office with ambitious policy agendas for low-income families generally and for reform of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program (AFDC) in particular.
Family Medicine
Authors: Catinella A Peter , Leiser Jennifer Paul
Published: November 2023

Family practice is an official medical specialty under the jurisdiction of the American Board of Family Practice. To qualify as a specialty, a field carries a unique focus of care and special training to justify that designation. Specialties define their unique focus of care using several criteria. Some specialties, such as pediatrics or internal medi-cine, focus on patients of a certain age. Some, like obstetrics and gynecology, care for patients of one gender. Some care for patients experiencing cer-tain kinds of disease or disease of certain organs, such as oncology or cardiology. Some focus on a certain set of therapeutic skills, such as general surgery. Family physicians describe themselves as another kind of specialist.
Pediatrics
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Chen Alex Y , Lewis Sara M
Published: November 2023

Pediatrics is the specialty devoted to the care of children. Pediatrics requires expert knowledge about children, not only regarding childhood dis-eases. Pediatricians care for patients between birth and 18 years of age. In 1996, there were approxi-mately 34,100 pediatricians in the United States (Chang & Halfon, 1997; Randolph & Pathman, 2001). Pediatricians are distributed somewhat unevenly in the United States; there are relatively more pediatricians available in urban areas as compared to rural areas. On average, there is 1 pediatrician per 7,150 children in urban areas and 1 pediatrician per 24,400 children in rural America (Randolph & Pathman, 2001).
Interpersonal and Family Systems Perspectives
Authors: Ross David Waters Nina
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we address the importance to primary care psychologists of an interpersonal-systemic view of persons and their medical and psychological problems. Although the interper-sonal aspects of health care have been particularly important in family medicine, a field whose name bespeaks commitment to each patient’s context, it is important in all aspects of primary care. Awareness of context facilitates sensitivity to the interpersonal aspects of the practice of medicine. Furthermore, delivery of the highest quality health care requires attention to each patient’s unique social context. Psychologists can help physicians look beyond each disease episode to the web of relationships in which the patient is integrated, thereby facilitating broader systemic thinking that may ultimately bring greater healing to pa-tients and their families.
Depression and Mood Disorders
Authors: Freedland Kenneth E , Carney Robert M , Skala Judith A
Published: November 2023

Depression is one of the most common disorders seen in primary medical care clinics (Katon, 1987), and more patients are treated for depres-sion by primary care providers than by mental health specialists (Regier et al., 1993). Depressive disorders cause substantial emotional distress, functional impairment, and disability (Wells & Sherbourne, 1999). They are associated with high utilization of primary care and other medical ser-vices (Carbone et al., 2000), and they are among the most expensive disorders in the United States in terms of health care expenditures and lost pro-ductivity (Simon et al., 2000).
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Czajkowski Laura A , Casey Kenneth R , Jones Christopher R
Published: November 2023

Sleep disorders are prevalent, treatable, and fre-quently undiagnosed. Approximately one third of the adult population complains of occasional insomnia. Some 70 million Americans have clini-cally significant sleep problems. Daytime sleepi-ness resulting from sleep deprivation is very com-mon. The average total sleep time has decreased by an estimated 25% over the last century in the U.S. Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep ap-nea (OSA), restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement syndrome (RLS/PLMS), and narco-lepsy frequently result in sleepiness. Excessive daytime sleepiness produces impaired quality of life, diminished attention/concentration and cog-nitive performance, impaired productivity, and increased risk of vehicle and occupational acci-dents. The National Sleep Foundation (2002) re-ported that 51% of the American workforce ex-periences symptoms of sleepiness that interfere with productivity.
Stress
Authors: Carpenter Bruce N , Steffen Patrick R
Published: November 2023

Stress is a process so widespread and fundamental to our conceptions of functioning that it is difficult to imagine practicing primary care psychol-ogy without frequently encountering it. Nearly everyone reports experiencing stress from time to time, even though it is often so embedded in daily activities that one may not recognize symp-toms or conceptualize experiences from a stress perspective. Although commonplace, stress is hard-ly benign, with significant numbers of primary care patients experiencing major problems arising primarily from stress and many others having medical and psychological difficulties exacerbated by stress.
The Tropical Downpour
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4, I described why cumulus convection occurs in the Tropics and how it serves to transport heat and moisture away from the ocean surface. Now let’s have a closer look at the individual clouds that do this work. Everyone who lives in maritime tropical climates, or who as had a holiday in the Tropics, is familiar with the “tropical downpour.” Nice weather lasts for many hours or days, but eventually, an impressive cumulonimbus cloud, often capped with a cirrus “anvil,” bears down, usually from the east. An example of such a cumulonimbus cloud is shown on p. 33. As the cloud approaches, the sky near the horizon darkens, the wind shifts and blows away from the storm, and the air temperature drops by several degrees, providing temporary relief from the heat and humidity. Then the rain comes in torrents, usually lasting only a few minutes, and it is often followed by an hour or so of light, steady rain. Then it is all over. On land, these tropical showers are most frequent in the late afternoon, but over the ocean, they occur more frequently at night or early morning. In the late 1940s, researchers fat with surplus aircraft from World War II conducted a series of investigations of ordinary convective showers and thunderstorms, by flying through the clouds at various stages of their development. The “Thunderstorm Project,” as it was called, described in detail the structure and evolution of convective showers, characterizing their life cycle as evolving through three stages, as shown in Figure 6.1.
Nature’s Steam Engine
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

Thus the great nineteenth-century French scientist Carnot attributed to the flow of heat the grand motions of the atmosphere, the flow of rivers, and the forces inside the earth that drive earthquakes and volcanoes. Physicists such as Carnot were motivated, in part, by a desire to understand the theory underlying the operation of steam engines, and they were particularly concerned to determine how efficient such engines can be made. Carnot showed that for any engine to convert heat energy into mechanical energy, heat has to flow from a high-temperature reservoir to a low-temperature reservoir, and he suggested that the fraction of heat energy that can be converted is proportional to the difference between the temperatures of the two reservoirs. Carnot’s other great contribution to thermodynamics was his demonstration that a particular kind of heat engine maximizes the conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy. This ideal heat engine works on a particular thermodynamic cycle in which a working substance is transformed in four steps, ending up in the same state that it began.