bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China and Counter-Terrorism
Authors: Small Andrew
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the factors that have shaped the operating environment of the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement” (ETIM) and “Turkestan Islamic Party” (TIP) and the broader strategic context in which Chinese counter-terrorism policy operates. It demonstrates that for much of the period since 2001 ETIM and TIP’s operating environment was conditioned by the central role of Pakistan, which through its sponsorship of the Taliban and other militants gave it a unique capacity to influence how these groups behaved towards China. This situation has been overturned by renewed Pakistani military operations in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) that have displaced TIP, while the Syrian conflict reconditioned the pathway to Uyghur militant recruitment away from South Asia to the Middle East. The net effect of this, the chapter concludes, is that after many years in which Beijing was able to mediate major elements of its counter-terrorism policy through its closest security partner, Pakistan, it is now being required to countenance a more direct role in addressing the threat across virtually all dimensions of policy – politically, economically, and potentially even militarily.
We Are The Voice of the Grass
Authors: Hoekema David A.
Published: February 2019

From the 1980s until the late 2000s the northern region of Uganda in East Africa endured a reign of terror imposed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and its founder Joseph Kony. The LRA movement’s brutal tactics—abducting boys for training as soldiers, kidnapping girls as officers’ sexual partners, raping and maiming and killing innocent villagers—captured the world’s attention through Western visitors’ social media campaigns. Far less visible was the creation of a new organization to combat its destructive effects by leaders of the Protestant, Catholic, and Muslim communities in the Acholi region. Overcoming centuries of mistrust, they came together to relieve the suffering the LRA inflicted, to bring government and rebels to the negotiating table, and to assist in post-conflict recovery. This study describes the courageous work of the Acholi Religious Leaders’ Peace Initiative and its contributions to resolving one of the most horrific conflicts in recent history and helping families and communities recover from a quarter century of civil war. Drawing on published accounts of East African history, journalistic reports of the conflict and its aftermath, and extensive personal interviews in Uganda with organization leaders and LRA survivors, the author sets the background for Kony’s rebellion and draws lessons from the work of ARLPI that shed new light on how religion relates to politics, how conflict can be resolved, and how a community can reclaim its future through locally initiated initiatives against overwhelming obstacles.
How the World Sees Uganda
Authors: Hoekema David A.
Published: February 2019

In the late 19th century explorers and missionaries brought home accounts of the interior regions of East Africa that fed the curiosity—and exploited the credulity—of audiences in Europe. Some saw a continent of cruel tyrants exploiting their people and enslaving, if not cooking and eating, their adversaries. Others found an Eden of harmonious living in happy isolation from the corruptions of the outside world. In 2012 another similarly distorted image of Uganda was viewed a hundred million times around the world when it was posted online by an activist group seeking the military defeat of Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army. As a foil to such exaggerated pictures, the author recounts the testimony of an LRA survivor concerning her years in captivity and her life after escaping.
From Kingdoms to Protectorate to New Nation
Authors: Hoekema David A.
Published: February 2019

To set the background for the civil war in northern Uganda and the interfaith organization that was created to work for its resolution, the present chapter reviews the history of the region. Beginning with indigenous populations organized into kingdoms and ethnic communities, the slave trade that linked East Africa with the Middle East, and the competition among European powers for regional control, the chapter traces the transition from British protectorate to independent nation and the tumultuous period that followed, under the repressive regimes of Milton Obote and Idi Amin.
Peace Comes to Northern Uganda
Authors: Hoekema David A.
Published: February 2019

In the early 2000s the civil war in northern Uganda raged on, and ARLPI continued to pursue its goals of assistance to the war’s victims and advocacy for a resolution. Growing international awareness brought more humanitarian assistance and more pressure on the Ugandan government to end the suffering; but government attacks continued, and brutal reprisals followed. Indictment of LRA leaders by the International Criminal Court in The Hague complicated the peace process, because of fears of arrest and extradition. ARLPI and other concerned observers succeeded at last in convening peace talks in Juba in 2006, leading to the withdrawal of LRA forces from Uganda in the years following, in spite of the lack of any formally authorized agreement.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the Trinity Washington University/CARA (Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate) study of international sisters. By definition, an international sister is a Catholic sister who was born outside the United States and currently works, studies, or resides in the United States. The study located over 4,000 international sisters from 83 countries on six continents living in the United States at the present time. Quantitative and qualitative data describe the demographics of the international sisters, their pathways to the United States, their satisfactions, concerns, challenges, and contributions. The story of the international sisters is embedded in the wider historical and contemporary narratives of immigration to the United States. Archival data on the lives of two international sisters in the United States a century ago illustrate the historical dimension of the narrative, and recent quantitative data on global migration patterns point to the broader significance of this study.
A Diverse Presence
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides a look at the demographics of Catholic international sisters in the United States today. The demographics highlight the immense diversity of these sisters. Multiple questions examine facets of the identity of international sisters, such as their continent of origin, year of arrival in the United States, ethnic/cultural background, native language, age distribution and age of arrival in the United States, level of education, and legal status. Other questions explore their current ministry status (active or retired), the various ministries in which they are involved, their current living situation, their type of housing, and the resources that aid them in adjusting to life in the United States.
Bonds of Belonging
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the level of satisfaction that Catholic international sisters have regarding various aspects of their life in the United States. Those aspects include issues such as food, transportation, healthcare, financial support, community life, the welcome they received, and other social and spiritual support. These aspects are analyzed in relation to other variables, including living arrangements, ministry, and ethnic/cultural background. In general, the international sisters are satisfied with the various aspects of their lives, but satisfaction is somewhat higher among European, Australian, and Canadian respondents than it is among sisters from other areas of the world. Sisters living with members of their own institute tend to be more satisfied than sisters living alone or with sisters from other institutes.
Intercultural Challenges
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on issues of concern to Catholic international sisters. These issues involve structural, social, and emotional concerns. Some of these relate to language. Others relate to issues of health and social connectedness. The survey questions asked for the sisters’ concerns about specific individual health issues (i.e., illness, anxiety, tiredness, depression, weight issues, overwork), or about social connectedness (e.g., loneliness, a sense of belonging, ability to participate in the life of the respondent’s own institute). Data are analyzed relative to variables including living arrangements, ethnic/cultural background, and age. These concerns varied by the ethnic backgrounds of the sisters and by their current living arrangements.
Vows and Visas
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T.
Published: February 2019

International sisters have several options available to stay legally in the United States, including U.S. citizenship and legal permanent residency. This chapter describes the various visa statuses of the international sisters studied in this book, the impact of their legal status on their ministry and life, and some avenues of legal support available to international sisters. The chapter describes some of their challenges with obtaining legal status and provides an introduction to a sample of national Catholic organizations whose mission is to serve immigrants, and in some cases, international sisters. The chapter also includes an introduction to several national ethnic- and racially specific organizations of sisters as well as institutions of higher education that provide support for the international sisters.
International Sister Students Today
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides demographic data on international sisters who are currently studying in the United States. It describes how U.S. Catholic colleges and universities and institutes of women religious collaborate in providing education for these sisters by using two types of qualitative data. The chapter includes interviews with administrators of Catholic universities and religious institutes. It also includes some data from the survey of international sisters who are students in the United States. The chapter describes pathways to the universities and the types of support resources that international sisters receive from universities and religious institutes. It describes the impact that international sisters have on fellow students and, upon their return, on their home countries.
“Bridges of Reconciliation”
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

A host of religious individuals and groups became politically active on behalf of world peace at the height of the Cold War. Those groups tried to add a religious dimension to the debates about Cold War international relations, while at the same time pushing the religious conceptualization of peace into the political realm. The Cold War turned religious groups and individuals into political activists. These activists still promulgated peace as an internal state of spiritual harmony, common to many of the world’s largest religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism. But they added a new dimension that stressed its communal, political, and global aspirations. They merged the ideals of peace activism and ecumenism in the postwar world by relying on the universal code enshrined in the global human rights agenda, doing so a decade before the secular human rights revolution erupted in the 1970s.
Gendered Peace, Women’s Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra
Published: February 2019

During the early years of the Cold War, women were active participants in all major peace advocacy groups, and they continued to work in traditional women’s peace organizations, such as the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). They also created new groups, such as the Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Women Strike for Peace (WSP), and Another Mother for Peace (AMfP). Some groups relied heavily on their identity as women and mothers, others not at all. Regardless of how much or little they emphasized a special feminine disposition toward peace, these activists believed that their common experiences as women and mothers united them across national, ideological, and religious divides. Gendered language in the Cold War discourse on peace reinforced the notion that women had a special predisposition toward peace. The gendering of peace empowered women in the political realm, but it also allowed male-dominated political elites to marginalize peace as a women’s issue.
Introduction to DNA
Authors: Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Allemand Jean-François , Michalet Xavier , Strick Terence
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides a quick introduction to the structural properties of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It describes the famed double-helical structure of DNA, the more complex 3D structures adopted by RNA, and the random (possibly) twisted coil that nucleic acid can display at large scales.
The Mechanical Properties of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Allemand Jean-François , Michalet Xavier , Strick Terence
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews models which describe the elastic properties of stretched polymers—the Kratky–Porod, Freely Jointed Chain (FJC), and Worm-Like Chain (WLC) models—and the effect of self-avoidance on results derived from these. The models are compared with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stretching experiments. Dynamics of a single polymer in the presence (Zimm model) or absence (Rouse model) of hydrodynamic interactions between its segments is described, and results on the dynamics of dsDNA and ssDNA of various lengths are discussed. Theoretical and experimental behaviour of twisted DNA is described, deducing the molecule’s torsional modulus and its coupling between stretching and twisting. After discussing the braiding of two DNA molecules and simulation of the twisting and stretching of DNA molecules, this chapter describes the results of stretching experiments on ssDNA and RNA, where self-avoiding and base-pairing interactions contribute to elastic behaviour.
DNA Helicases
Authors: Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Allemand Jean-François , Michalet Xavier , Strick Terence
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the application of single-molecule approaches in the study of helicases. It describes the main helicase families and possible mechanisms of their action, and the problems of bulk experiments on helicases resulting from rehybridization of unwound strands in the wake of the enzyme; this problem is absent for RecBCD, a helicase which also possesses exonuclease activity. Two mechanisms for helicase are then discussed: passive, whereby the helicase advances by trapping DNA fork fluctuations, and active, where the DNA forces itself through the double-helical molecule. It presents two prototypical examples: RecQ, an active enzyme, and gp41, a passive one . It then shows how single-molecule experiments can be used to estimate the enzymatic step size by analysing the unwinding noise. They further led to the discovery of strand-switching. Finally, FRET experiments can be used to study the mechanisms of helicases, as demonstrated by a study of the Rep helicase.
Topoisomerases
Authors: Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Allemand Jean-François , Michalet Xavier , Strick Terence
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses single-molecule approaches in the study of topoisomerases. After introducing the problem posed by DNA entanglement, it describes type I and type II topoisomerases, which solve that issue. Single-molecule assays have nailed down the different mechanisms of bacterial and eukaryotic type I topoisomerases. The properties of type II topoisomerases are then described. Single-molecule experiments have shown that they relax DNA torsion by two units, passing one dsDNA segment through a break in another segment. However, while topoII relaxes positive and negative supercoils similarly, topoIV relaxes positive supercoils quickly and processively, but negative ones slowly and distributively. This chiral discrimination is compared with the activity of the enzyme on two catenated DNA molecules. After describing single-molecule assays of the activity of gyrases, in-vivo investigations of single fluorescently labelled topoIV units in single E.coli are discussed, with concluding remarks on the future of single-molecule DNA/protein studies.
Essentials of Electricity and Magnetism
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

A review of the basic elements of electricity and magnetism is presented with an introduction to Maxwell’s equations for steady-state in a vacuum. The modifications to these equations necessary to account for time varying sources are shown to produce to a causal unification of magnetic and electric fields. The application of Maxwell’s equations in the presence of matter leads to the concepts of electric and magnetic polarization of matter. Electromagnetic radiation arises directly from Maxwell’s time-dependent equations and the basic response of materials to this radiation is discussed. Finally, electromagnetic conservation laws are derived, including electromagnetic energy and linear and angular momentum.
The Potentials
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

The concepts of scalar and vector potentials are introduced and the electric and magnetic fields are shown to be derived from specific forms of these potentials. The choice of these forms is restricted by gauge considerations, and the Lorenz gauge is introduced as the one most applicable for radiation. Using this, the wave equations prescribing the potentials in terms of the source conditions are presented. The modifications of vector and scalar potentials to account for speed of light and causality lead to the concept of “retarded time.” The potentials can be expressed in terms of moments of the source along with concepts of “near,” “intermediate,” and “far” zones to facilitate derivation of approximate expressions for the potentials evaluated at appropriate distances from the source. Finally, expressions for the vector potential in terms of the electric and magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments of the source in the approximation zones are presented.
Relativistic Electrodynamics
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

The concept of action is introduced using Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, and is used to describe the relativistic mechanics of a free particle: free particle canonical 4-momentum and angular momentum 4-tensor. The problem of a charged particle in an external field is considered in detail, resulting in the relativistic version of the Lorentz force law. The electromagnetic field is described using the action principle: The Lagrange density function and the recovery of Maxwell’s equations and charge conservation. The simplest Lagrangian density that can be constructed from a four-vector field is known as the “proca Lagrangian,” but it is shown to predict a massive photon. Finally, the canonical stress-energy tensor is derived along with conservation laws.
Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation in Materials
Authors: Freeman Richard , King James , Lafyatis Gregory
Published: February 2019

The formulation of generalize electromagnetic scattering is given. Previously derived multipole expansions using the language of scattering are presented and applied to resonant and plasmon resonances. Formal scattering theory is introduced, and the integral scattering equation is derived and used to find the Born expansion and to prove the optical theorem. Partial wave analysis for the scaler scattering problem is discussed with connections between quantum (wave theory) and classical views. Vector spherical harmonics and the extension of partial wave analysis to the scattering of vector fields of electromagnetic waves are presented. Finally, Mie scattering is considered in detail with applications including glory scattering and whisper gallery mode resonances.
Truth in Lending? Consumer Credit and Social Policy after Crowther
Authors: Aveyard Stuart , Corthorn Paul , O’Connell Sean
Published: February 2019

Chapter 7 addresses consumer protection issues from the 1970s onwards. It discusses the increasingly complex connections between mortgage and consumer credit, particularly in terms of second mortgages. It discusses the consumer credit protection put in place by the Consumer Credit Act. It explains how important decisions taken at that point increased further the UK’s diverse and liberalized consumer credit markets and enabled the survival (and growth) of forms of sub-prime credit that died elsewhere in Europe. The chapter also addresses issues around credit discrimination on the grounds of race and gender. It probes the reaction of consumer groups to the backlash to consumerism and the liberalization of personal finance markets under the Thatcher regime. The chapter also breaks new ground in exploring the impact of Europe, with an exploration of the hostile response that emerged when the European Parliament’s Consumer Directive threatened to curtail the UK’s consumer credit markets.
‘Too Much of a Good Thing’
Authors: Aveyard Stuart , Corthorn Paul , O’Connell Sean
Published: February 2019

By the 1980s, the Labour and Conservative parties were more receptive to radical ideas that had great implications for the consumer credit market. Labour’s left pursued plans to nationalize financial institutions. The Conservatives embraced monetarism as a solution to Britain’s high levels of inflation. While ideology played a role, it does not provide sufficient explanation for the liberalization that followed. Hire purchase terms controls were eventually abolished in 1982, alongside the more generalized attempts to restrict personal lending, but the persistent search for a more effective means to the same end continued for longer than might have been supposed. Liberalization, in turn, led to a boom in the use of consumer credit in the 1980s, producing renewed Labour demands for its restraint. The debate that followed is revealing of how new technological and international influences made devising a workable system of credit control ever more difficult.
Human–animal relationships in the urban wild
Authors: Magle Seth
Published: February 2019

As our planet continues to urbanise, an increasing abundance and diversity of wildlife find ways to persist within cities and towns. I summarise general patterns of urban wildlife and also describe common interactions between people and wildlife in cities. Some of these encounters are very harmful, including property damage, transmission of disease, or attacks against humans or their pets. However, urban wildlife also have positive impacts on cities and urban residents, by providing ecosystem services such as pest control, and by inspiring a feeling of connection with nature. I discuss the implications of human attitudes for long-term coexistence between people and animals in cities, and point to areas for future research. As the biodiversity crisis continues to worsen, and as the planet continues to be modified by humans at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we make a place for wildlife within and near to our cities.
The importance of HAIs, HARs and HABs
Authors: Melfi Vicky , Hosey Geoff
Published: February 2019

There are many commonalities in human–animal interactions (HAIs) and human–animal relationships (HARs), which enable us to build a framework to better understand them. Thinking about HAIs and HARs collectively also enables us to consider the costs and benefits of them to both humans and animals, and society more widely. On balance, positive HAIs and HARs are ideal, so should be supported and promoted within our society. But how can we do this? This chapter explores the importance of HAIs, HARs and HABs for us all, and considers how they might be developed, maintained and appreciated.
Sampling Strategies and Protocols for Freshwater Ecology and Conservation
Authors: Barmuta Leon A.
Published: February 2019

Ecological questions are better addressed by framing multiple working hypotheses and designing sampling to assess their relative merits, often using multiple lines of evidence. Most applications in conservation are likely to differ from ‘pure’ ecology by preferring predictive rather than explanatory approaches. Often the complexity of freshwater ecosystems dictate combining both model- and design-based sampling strategies. Recent developments provide several options to improve ‘standard’ designs. Increasingly accessible geospatial databases have facilitated habitat-based strategies which can improve sampling efficiencies for both standing water bodies and dendritic networks of river systems. Modern organism-centric strategies strongly emphasise estimating detectability of the target species. This helps refine estimates for capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods and sampling strategies for rare taxa. It also provides the basis for occupancy modelling, which is becoming increasingly popular for broad-scale issues. New technologies in remote sensing, videography, camera trapping, and eDNA will likely further accelerate specialised, more cost-effective sampling strategies.
Changes Over Time
Authors: Gell Peter A. , Perga Marie-Elodie , Finlayson C. Max
Published: February 2019

Freshwater systems are continuously shaped by cyclical and directional forces of change, whether they be natural or anthropogenic. Beyond gradual transitions disturbances can reset their internal dynamics generating an abrupt ecological shift. Long-term data sets of gradual or abrupt change can be accessed by exhuming the physical, chemical, and biological remains archived in the sediment layers within lakes and wetlands. Long-term monitoring programmes offer more detailed evidence, usually over shorter time frames. In combination these records attest to the response of wetlands to climate and the impact of industrialised people. Humans have modified lake ecosystems for millennia and the condition of many wetland ecosystems have changed such that they are now regarded as novel. Long-term records provide targets for wetland restoration and can identify the main drivers of degradation. Identification of the character of modern Ramsar wetlands may be enhanced by reference to records of past state.
Restoration of Freshwaters: Principles and Practice
Authors: Sayer Carl , Bennion Helen , Gurnell Angela , Goodyer Emma , Kotze Donovan , Lindsay Richard
Published: February 2019

Freshwater ecosystems are in major decline at the global scale and there is an urgent need for successful restoration projects. Although freshwater restoration is a relatively new science, it is at the point where important principles and approaches that underlie success can be broadly established. Covering the full spectrum of freshwater habitats, including rivers, lakes, ponds, and various wetland types, this chapter sets out and discusses six key restoration principles concerned with project targets, diagnosing and tackling underlying and restraining influences, natural recovery and landscape-scale processes, as well as monitoring and working with stakeholders.
Word-Son
Authors: Briggman Anthony
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 investigates the standing of the Word-Son in relation to God the Father. The first section explores the contours of Irenaeus’ doctrine of reciprocal immanence and identifies features left unexplained. The second section explains these features by studying the logic that appears in the earlier polemical arguments of Against Heresies 2. The third section continues examining the polemical arguments of AH 2, but now with a focus upon the comments Irenaeus makes about the production of a simple, spiritual substance—his comments about divine production. Taken together these sections further establish Irenaeus’ understanding of the intra-Trinitarian relationship of the Word-Son to the Father, including the nature and generation of the Word-Son. In contrast to characterizations of Irenaeus’ theology as economic or modalistic, we see that Irenaeus affirmed an eternal and distinct coexistence of the Word-Son with God the Father as the one God.
Introduction
Authors: Hennessey Thomas , Braniff Máire , McAuley James W. , Tonge Jonathan , Whiting Sophie A.
Published: February 2019

The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) was the dominant party in Northern Ireland from the 1920s until the end of the twentieth century. The twenty-first century has been much more of a struggle. The UUP was punished, not rewarded, by many in the Protestant Unionist British community for conceding too much to Irish nationalists in the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. Those concerned about the deal defected to the more militant Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). The story of the UUP during the peace process and in the decades since the 1998 Agreement is examined in subsequent chapters. The volume draws upon the first-ever dataset on UUP members constructed by the authors to examine who belongs to the UUP, explore what they think of their party and others, and assess their views on the political changes which have seen their party come under pressure.
Country Before Party
Authors: Hennessey Thomas , Braniff Máire , McAuley James W. , Tonge Jonathan , Whiting Sophie A.
Published: February 2019

The second chapter reveals how and why the UUP took risks in negotiating the Belfast Agreement. This section documents the flaws and ambiguities which the leadership failed to resolve, notably in respect of the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons. The chapter details the rationale behind the decision of party leader David Trimble to ‘jump first’ into government in advance of IRA decommissioning and assesses the fallout within the UUP. Were internal divisions and disunity within the UUP inevitable and if so why? How important was the issue of paramilitary prisoner releases to Trimble? The chapter analyses whether and how the UUP could have extracted more from the Belfast Agreement and also assesses the structural difficulties confronting Trimble in terms of managing dissent within his own party.
Electoral Politics
Authors: Hennessey Thomas , Braniff Máire , McAuley James W. , Tonge Jonathan , Whiting Sophie A.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 analyses the electoral consequences of the UUP’s support for the Belfast Agreement. The UUP fell from its perch, suffering electoral collapse and the loss of all the party’s Westminster MPs by 2010, before temporarily recovering in 2015 only to lose Westminster representation again two years later. The electoral problems of the UUP arose as unionists lost confidence in the Belfast Agreement. The UUP was engulfed by internal chaos and the DUP picked off the talent from its rival, outwitting the UUP politically and offering impressive internal discipline. The DUP claimed to offer the unionist electorate a better arrangement than the deal negotiated by the UUP, a successful electoral pitch. The chapter assesses the UUP’s attempts to shore up its position, via a variety of alliances—with the Conservatives in 2010, via electoral pacts with the DUP in 2015 and a cross-community pitch for nationalist vote transfers in 2017.
Who are the UUP Members—and What do they Believe?
Authors: Hennessey Thomas , Braniff Máire , McAuley James W. , Tonge Jonathan , Whiting Sophie A.
Published: February 2019

The fourth chapter provides the first detailed data on the demography, geography, and viewpoints of the UUP membership. The chapter examines if the UUP is still in any way the party of ‘Big House’ unionism, one with a more middle-class membership, or with members enjoying higher incomes, than those belonging to the DUP. The chapter profiles the party base in terms of when members joined—and why. This section assesses where the UUP, traditionally strong in middle-class areas and in rural parts of Northern Ireland, such as Fermanagh, continues to attract members. It then considers members’ views of their own political positions and those of their party in terms of left–right distinctions, support for political institutions, and policy preferences.
Conclusion
Authors: Hennessey Thomas , Braniff Máire , McAuley James W. , Tonge Jonathan , Whiting Sophie A.
Published: February 2019

The book concludes by summarizing the nature of the UUP’s membership, outlook, and vision and evaluating whether the party can ever again become the dominant unionist party in its ongoing battle with the DUP. The conclusion asks whether the UUP’s vision of liberal and civic forms of unionism continues to differ from the cultural unionism articulated by the DUP and assess the UUP’s vision of a ‘shared future’. The conclusion assesses the significance of UUP internal change and modernization. It offers wider assertions concerning how ethnic parties prosper in divided political systems, considering whether it is better to operate as a ‘catch-us’ party, appealing to one’s ethnic kin, or risk a ‘catch-all’ strategy, attempting to broaden political and electoral appeals beyond the communal chasm.
Creating Economy
Authors: Townley Barbara , Roscoe Philip , Searle Nicola
Published: February 2019

Creativity is at the vanguard of contemporary capitalism, valorized as a form of capital in its own right. It is the centrepiece of the vaunted ‘creative economy’, and within the latter, the creative industries. But what is economic about creativity? How can creative labour become the basis for a distinctive global industry? And how has the solitary artist, a figment of Romantic thought, become the creative entrepreneur of twenty-first-century economic imagining? Such questions have long provoked scholars interested in economics, sociology, management and law. This book offers a fresh approach to the theoretical problems of cultural economy, through a focus on intellectual property (IP) within the creative industries. IP and its associated rights (IPR) are followed as they journey through the creative economy, creating a hybrid IP/IPR that shapes creative products and configures the economic agency of creative producers. The book argues that IP/IPR is the central mechanism in organizing the market for creative goods, helping to manage risk, settle what is valuable, extract revenues, and protect future profits.. Most importantly, IP/IPR is crucial in the dialectic between symbolic and economic value on which the creative industries depend: IP/IPR hold the creative industries together. The book is based on a detailed empirical study of creative producers in the UK, extending sociological studies of markets to an analysis of the UK’s creative industries. It makes an important, empirically grounded contribution to debates around creativity, entrepreneurship, and precarity in creative industries and will be of interest to scholars and policymakers alike.
IP/IPR as a Market Object
Authors: Townley Barbara , Roscoe Philip , Searle Nicola
Published: February 2019

The creative economy is driven by the transfer of property; tradable property is the ‘product’ of the creative industries. The chapter explores how intellectual property (IP)/intellectual property rights (IPR) function to constitute creative work as a market object that can be disentangled and sold. The chapter deals first with the performative role of law in constructing market objects. We examine how law, with its focus on authorship and originality, embodies a particular conception of solitary artistic creation, inherited from nineteenth-century Romantic aesthetics; at the same time, the law also mandates property rights as a means of constituting a market object, and these property rights necessitate a creator to whom they can attach. Both aspects seem highly artificial in view of the collaborative and collective processes that produce creative work and it becomes clear that creative producers have to manage this multifaceted, liminal object in the shape of the IP/IPR nexus.
Things to Make and Do
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: February 2019

So often reactive and responsive in its own self-understanding, the discipline of international law appears in this book as agentive, creative, and pivotal. Scholars and practitioners of international law turn out, in its pages, to be makers and purveyors of objects that the discipline can, in varying ways and degrees, call its own. The world and its objects have been, and might yet otherwise be, of international law’s making. This chapter reflects on what kind of making this might entail and what it might mean, in this context, to write of an object juridically. It tackles these questions by exploring six modes of making and doing ongoing in the book, including modes of grappling with object loss (drawing from Freud), and how these variably elucidate the role of objects, and subject–object relations, in sustaining international law as a discipline.
Barcelona Traction Share
Authors: Fontanelli Filippo , Bianco Giuseppe
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses a share certificate issued by the defunct Barcelona Traction company, and explores the layers of its meaning and significance. First, to the general public it tells the story of a Canadian company, with Spanish subsidiaries, whose shares were mainly owned by Belgian citizens. Second, it reminds lawyers of the dispute between Belgium and Spain before the International Court of Justice, in the matter of the corporate hijacking of the company at the hands of Francisco Franco’s cronies. Third, it evokes to international jurists controversial technicalities like the nationality of transnational corporations and the nature of state obligations owed erga omnes, that is, to the international community. The chapter illustrates how a piece of paper has—within a certain epistemic circle—quasi-mystical connotations, speaking to the promises and the unfulfilled potential of international law.
Déchiqueteuse (Paper-Shredder)
Authors: Tallgren Immi
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses la déchiqueteuse (the paper-shredder) as an emblematic object of the epistemic hygiene of international law and as a symbol of the politics of mastering law’s past. Of what is at first sight just an everyday technological object of bureaucracy, the chapter tells an exciting story of the international legislative moments, following the traces of the files of international law up to where they end up being recycled. An agreement, a map, a report are all both sheets of paper and relics of power, telling about the rendering of order, the structuring and clarifying of space, the granting and codifying of rights, and the marking of territories. The chapter hints at how in the broadest metaphoric sense la déchiqueteuse is part of the story of international law as ideas that turn into text and images with authority, and then enter the world, before exiting it in tiny shreds.
Manganese Nodules
Authors: Ranganathan Surabhi
Published: February 2019

This chapter chooses as its object a curious mineral formation found on the deep seabed: manganese nodules. Resembling piles of ‘dirty potatoes’—according to the report of the nineteenth-century Challenger expedition—manganese nodules were rediscovered in the mid-twentieth. Corporations and industrially advanced states viewed these nodules, containing concentrations of key metals, as a promising substitute for the land-based natural resources that decolonization had threatened to place in precarious supply for some time. For developing states, the nodules became part of the quest for a new international economic order; they appeared a conduit for economic redistribution, technological innovation, and political equality between states. The chapter examines how the nodules and their co-option into various political and economic agendas shaped both the development of the law of the sea, and the privileging of an extractive imaginary of the ocean floor above alternative visions.
Opium
Authors: Hohmann Jessie
Published: February 2019

This chapter takes three historical moments—the opium wars, the ‘war on drugs’, and the ‘war on terror’, and uses these episodes to demonstrate the various ways in which interests over opium are caught up in, interrelated with, and co-productive of, international legal regimes. In particular, the chapter focuses on the ways in which opium illuminates paradoxes around and within the concept of sovereignty, and specifically how opium as an object of international law has enabled interventions in sovereign states. Physical interventions in sovereign territory, economic interventions enabled by laws that concern both the facilitation and prohibition of trade, and moral interventions based on standards of morality and civilization are considered.
Postcard from the ICTY
Authors: Rigney Sophie
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines a postcard, readily available at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). It argues that the postcard demonstrates international criminal law’s preoccupation with two aims: ending impunity, and providing a meaningful voice for victims. The chapter also examines how the postcard is used in the branding and marketing of international criminal law. But why does an object designed to ‘market’ an international criminal tribunal use language and imagery that suggests guilt? And what does the placement of the victim’s and accused’s handcuffs tell us about the place of the victim and the accused in these trials? As a marketing technique, this postcard promotes certain aspects of international criminal law—but in doing so, it reinforces unhelpful tropes of good versus evil, of ‘deserving’ victimhood, and of conviction as a core component of international criminal law.
Sugar
Authors: Fakhri Michael
Published: February 2019

The story of sugar provides the earliest modern examples of international trade institutions. The Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies (1899) and the Sugar Union (1902) were created to respond to the precipitous drop in the global price of sugar and the ensuing social unrest. This chapter investigates how these institutions were constructed by people who took different imperial agendas and linked them to various understandings of the market and assumptions about nature. The Imperial Department, as part of the Kew Gardens network, served the new idea of economic botany. It relied on colonial law and concepts of private property to make plants, knowledge, and experts publically available within the British Empire. Whereas the Sugar Union was a multilateral institution committed to free trade, it developed legal innovations that transformed sugar cane and beet into a global commodity by reconstructing an international market and buttressing the British Empire.
Western Sahara Boundary Marker
Authors: Smith Jeffrey J
Published: February 2019

In a remote part of Africa, a boundary marker can be found where the frontiers of Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara meet. It marks the entry to the liberated zone of the Saharawi people’s homeland and presumptive state. The marker is a reminder of the role of territory in modern international law and law’s unfinished business of the self-determination of colonized peoples. The role of territory and boundaries in international law is considered. The paradoxes in law of the particular circumstances of a partly occupied Western Sahara, where its people constitute themselves both as national liberation movement and state, are addressed. The idea of national identity informing a desired marking of terrestrial space with certainty is explored. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the role of the border in a Westphalian system of law.
Fantasy, Speculation, and the British State Lottery in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Harris Bob
Published: February 2019

The state lottery in the eighteenth century was a striking success, both as a support to public finance and as a financial product. This chapter seeks to explain this success, but also examine who adventured in the lottery and with what motivations. Systematic data on purchase of tickets is sparse, but overall patterns are fairly clear, as is the extent to which lottery speculations fed off fantasies of easy and rapid enrichment and, for many, a consequent transformation in social circumstances and status. In this way, the success of the lottery can shed light on contemporary preoccupations with upward social mobility and the achievement of independence, as well as attitudes towards risk and economic gain.
A Devout and Commercial People
Authors: Barker Hannah
Published: February 2019

The tradesmen and women who form the focus of this chapter appeared in contemporary eighteenth-century texts as a diverse, yet distinct social group: above unskilled workers, but below merchants and those in the professions. By integrating this largely overlooked, but important, social group into our vision of eighteenth-century society this chapter will reconsider existing understandings of class and identity, particularly concerning the ‘middling sorts’: that group most readily associated with Langford’s A Polite and Commercial People. Though Manchester’s tradesmen and women were certainly commercial, it is not so clear that they were best described in terms of politeness. By exploring the nature of personal religious belief alongside the effects of religious change over the long eighteenth century, this chapter will suggest that the lives of a significant proportion of Manchester’s residents were dominated by their devotion to business as well as to religion, whilst they tended to ignore those more fashionable forms of behaviour associated with polite manners and sensibility.
Antiquarian Transformations in Historical Scholarship
Authors: Sweet Rosemary
Published: February 2019

One of the most impressive aspects of A Polite and Commercial People is Paul Langford’s skilful synthesis of a bewildering array of lesser known authors and publications to tap into opinion and sentiment on social, economic, political, and cultural questions, including the remarkable popularity of works of antiquarianism (as well as history) amongst eighteenth-century readers. The progress of manners, a thematic undercurrent throughout the book, allowed eighteenth-century antiquaries such as John Brand and Joseph Strutt to look back upon the manners and customs of the past as the expressions of different social mores, characteristic of ruder, less polished times. Through innovative interdisciplinary research which combined written and visual sources, material culture and architectural analysis, this interest developed into historical accounts of manners and customs, sports and pastimes, which documented the everyday practices of the English people from the time of the Roman conquest onwards: it offered in effect a history of the domestic life of the English people. The historicization of domesticity or everyday life was notably elaborated upon in historical novels by antiquarian-minded writers such as Walter Scott (who had himself worked on Strutt’s failed novel Queenhoo Hall), Harrison Ainsworth, and Bulwer Lytton. Rather than focusing upon novels, however, this chapter analyses how ‘domesticity’ and ‘domestic life’, particularly of the middling sorts, became categories of antiquarian and historical research from the later eighteenth century through to the mid-nineteenth century and in the process provided a social history of the mores and lifestyle of Britain’s polite and commercial classes.