bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rake Face Action of Cutting Lubricants: An Analysis of, and Experiments on, the Machining of Iron Lubricated by Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Childs T. H. C.
Published: November 2018

A number of suggestions are current concerning the rake face action of cutting lubricants; that they reduce the shear stress between chip and tool uniformly over the whole chip–tool contact area; that they reduce the contact length between chip and tool; and that they induce conditions on the rake face of the tool in which the interfacial shear stress between chip and tool decreases rapidly with distance from the cutting edge of the tool. The present work describes experiments on the dry and lubricated orthogonal machining of high permeability iron which have enabled it to be decided which of these theories is correct.

The workpiece flow pattern in lubricated machining has been recorded with sufficient accuracy to enable the slip-line field for the flow to be calculated. The shear-stress distribution along the plastic part of the chip-tool contact length has been deduced from the angles at which the slip lines meet the rake face. It has been found that even when the workpiece was flooded with carbon tetrachloride, sticking friction occurred between the chip and tool near the cutting edge of the tool, although good lubrication occurred in the region where the chip left the tool. It has therefore been concluded that the lubricant acted to induce a steep interfacial shear-stress gradient along the chip–tool contact length.

The cause of the shear-stress gradient along the rake face in lubricated cutting is discussed in terms of the varying conformity between the chip and tool along the chip–tool contact length. Near the cutting edge of the tool, gross plastic deformation of the workpiece caused the chip to flow into intimate contact with the rake face of the tool, denying lubricant a path along the rake face to the cutting edge.

A theory of the mechanics of orthogonal cutting is presented which explains how the shear-stress gradient along the chip–tool contact length causes the characteristic features of lubricated machining, namely the formation of thin and, in particular, tightly curled chips with a small area of contact with the tool rake face
Mechanics of Oblique Machining: Predicting Chip Geometry and Cutting Forces from Work Material Properties and Cutting Conditions
Authors: Lin G. C. I. , Oxley P. L. B.
Published: November 2018

An approximate theory of oblique machining is obtained by assuming that the plastic deformation in the plane normal to the cutting edge is equivalent to the flow in orthogonal machining. Equations are derived from which the chip geometry, including the direction of chip flow, and the three components of cutting force can be calculated for given cutting conditions and material properties. Results of machining tests are used to calculate the flow stress properties of the work material which are then used with the oblique machining theory to predict forces etc. Predicted and experimental results are shown.
The Editor’s Note: On learning, brains, and zombies
Authors: Heller Rafael
Published: November 2018

Kappan editor Rafael Heller reflects on how much progress has been made in the learning sciences in recent decades. Brain research, as well as cognitive and developmental psychology, has now produced findings that can and should inform classroom practice. However, educators must be cautious about mistaken old ideas that refuse to die.
The science and poetry in learning (and teaching) to read
Authors: Wolf Maryanne
Published: November 2018

Because reading is not a natural process like language, young learners must be taught to read. Knowledge about how the reading brain develops has critical implications for understanding which teaching methods to use and helps reconceptualize previous debates. In this excerpt from Reader Come Home: The Reading Brain in a Digital World, Maryanne Wolf describes how many different parts of the brain must work together when reading and why each requires attention in teaching. She delves into research into different reader profiles, each of which needs different emphases in reading instruction, and she explains the value of teaching approaches that include both explicit instruction in decoding and deep reading processes, and engagement by learner and teacher with the world of words and stories.
What we know (and think we know) about the learning brain: An interview with Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa
Authors: Heller Rafael
Published: November 2018

Kappan‘s editor talks with Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, a leader in the international movement to translate findings from neuroscience into usable knowledge for educators. Topics include neuromyths (common, but erroneous, beliefs about how the brain works), the current scientific consensus about how people learn, and the contributions that the science can make to teacher education and professional development.
In co-planning, scheduling is just the tip of the iceberg
Authors: Pylman Stacey
Published: November 2018

A great deal of teacher planning involves an invisible process of envisioning how plans might unfold in the classroom. Novice teachers can benefit from seeing how experienced teachers work through this process, but, too often, co-planning sessions between mentors and novices focus on selecting activities to fill out a lesson, rather than delving into the reasons for those choices. Stacey Pylman recommends that mentors make their co-planning sessions into a time for novices to learn. As a reminder of the elements of an effective planning session, she offers the acronym ICEBERG: Intentionally prepare, Clarify content, Explain why, Break for questions, Envision aloud, Return to the objective, and Gradually release decisions.
Leadership: Small steps, big changes
Authors: Starr Joshua P.
Published: November 2018

High-profile initiatives may not be the best way to bring about lasting improvement, says Josh Starr. Instead of focusing on superstar teachers or ambitious new programs, districts should look for ways to help average teachers make regular, ongoing progress. On the leadership level, this developing a clear vision of district goals and working to ensure there is alignment to those goals in every part of the system.
Doing Indefinite Time: Penal Confinement and the Life-Imprisoned Offender in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden
Authors: Schartmueller Doris
Published: November 2018

Penal confinement in Danish, Finnish, and Swedish prisons has become a topic of growing interest in comparative penal research. While prison sentences in these countries are characterized by reintegration, offenders serving life sentences with unknown dates of release pose particular challenges. This study involved comparing and contrasting the enforcement of life sentences in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden through comparative legal research and interviews with criminal justice practitioners. The findings suggest reintegrative efforts for life-imprisoned offenders are in theory the same as those for any other prisoner but, in practice, some implementation difficulties arise due to the indefinite character of their sentence.
China and Venezuela: South-South Cooperation or Rearticulated Dependency?
Authors: To Emma Miriam Yin-Hang , Acuña Rodrigo
Published: November 2018

China’s increased participation in the world market and its consequent demand for energy has contributed to exacerbating the vulnerability of many externally oriented resource-rich countries. As a consequence, since the early 2000s the relationship between China and Venezuela has gone far beyond trade to an “energy cooperation” model with joint ventures and development funds not only in oil but also in nonresource sectors of the Venezuelan economy. Despite massive increases in social expenditure, Latin American theorists arguing from a neo-dependency perspective have questioned the long-term benefits of this so-called cooperation. They have characterized the relationship as “neoextractivist” in reference to the historically dependent relationship between Latin America and countries in the Global North. Whether the relationship is seen as based on South-South cooperation or on rearticulated global political and economic inequalities depends on whether the focus is on the behavior of the Chinese state and Chinese companies or on bilateral agreements between the two states. Although politically the relationship is based on cooperation, economically it displays many of the structural problems that Venezuela has faced since the discovery of oil.

La mayor participación de China en el mercado mundial y la consiguiente demanda de energía han contribuido a exacerbar la vulnerabilidad de muchos países ricos en recursos con orientación externa. Como consecuencia, desde principios de la década de 2000, la relación entre China y Venezuela ha ido mucho más allá del comercio a un modelo de “cooperación energética” con empresas conjuntas y fondos de desarrollo no solo en el sector petrolero sino también en los sectores de la economía venezolana fuera de los recursos. A pesar de los aumentos masivos en el gasto social, los teóricos latinoamericanos que argumentan desde una perspectiva neo-dependentista han cuestionado los beneficios a largo plazo de esta llamada cooperación. Han caracterizado la relación como "neoextractivista" en referencia a la relación históricamente dependiente entre América Latina y los países del Norte Global. Si se considera que la relación se basa en la cooperación Sur-Sur o en desigualdades políticas y económicas globales rearticuladas depende de si la atención se centra en el comportamiento del estado chino y las empresas chinas o en los acuerdos bilaterales entre los dos estados. Aunque políticamente la relación se basa en la cooperación, económicamente muestra muchos de los problemas estructurales que Venezuela ha enfrentado desde el descubrimiento del petróleo.
An adaptive robust control scheme for robot manipulators with unknown backlash nonlinearity in gears
Authors: Ahangarian Abhari Soheil , Hashemzadeh Farzad , Baradarannia Mahdi , Kharrati Hamed
Published: November 2018

This paper presents an adaptive robust control algorithm for the nonlinear dynamics of robot manipulators with unknown backlash in gears. The basic nonlinear model of a serial manipulator robot is used for the controller design, and this is combined with the nonlinear proposed dead zone model, based on the input and output torque. The main idea of providing this model is to achieve a dynamic model of the system considering the backlash of the robot joint gears, and having less complexity such that the developed controller does not need the inverse backlash model. The adaptive robust controller is developed, without using the inverse backlash model. The proposed controller is designed based on an unknown dead zone parameter and it guarantees the stability and path tracking of the robot trajectory with unknown dead zone parameter in the desired range. Numerical simulations are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Finally, the efficiency and capability of the proposed controller in dealing with the unknown backlash nonlinearities in gears of the manipulator are demonstrated by experimental results with a five-bar manipulator.
The securitisation of migration: Its limits and consequences
Authors: Jaskulowski Krzysztof
Published: November 2018

For several years, receiving-country states have increasingly defined immigration as a security issue. This article reviews five recent books that analyse the securitisation of migration from different perspectives. The reviewed books address the securitisation of borders, refugees and their protection, and the consequences of securitisation for migrant minorities. All five books offer a valuable contribution to the literature and expand our knowledge. They fill gaps in existing knowledge, review and systematise the literature, and set new directions for future research. They also convincingly demonstrate the dangers and ambivalence of securitisation politics, including thousands of migrants’ deaths and difficulties with migrant integration. They provoke the reader to think about alternatives to securitisation.
Differentiation Theory and the Global South as a Metageography of International Relations
Authors: Kleinschmidt Jochen
Published: November 2018

In this article, I argue that while the Global South has replaced the Third World as the prevalent term for describing structural global inequalities in International Relations, little research is directed at its theoretical implications. I discuss the conceptual evolution of the term from the Third World narrative, interpreting the literature as an implicit rejection of myopic ontologies relying on economic, cultural, or political hierarchies. I then suggest connecting the terminology to the theory of functional differentiation. By avoiding forms inherited from classical social theory, the Global South can be conceptualized in a more productive way that is better attuned to contemporary theoretical discussions.
Expressing emotion through vocal performance: Acoustic cues and the effects of a mindfulness induction
Authors: Tan Daphne , Diaz Frank M. , Miksza Peter
Published: November 2018

Previous research suggests that musicians modulate a predictable set of acoustic cues to convey distinct emotions. The current study focuses on singers, testing the validity of cues previously reported for a wide range of instruments. The study also asks: What effect might a musician’s mindfulness have on their expressive performance? Two groups of highly skilled vocalists recorded performances of a novel melody with four distinct emotions. Prior to the performance task, an experimental group took part in a guided mindfulness induction, while a control group engaged in a self-selected relaxation activity; state mindfulness was assessed immediately after. Recordings were analyzed for tempo, temporal variation, intensity, mean centroid, vibrato rate, vibrato extent, and attack slope; individual notes with particular scale-degree functions were also compared. Results show that the two groups of participants had similar cue usage, although those in the experimental condition had higher mindfulness scores and attributed improvements in focus and awareness to the induction task. Participants as a whole used cues in the predicted directions, and significant differences were found on all acoustical measures, except vibrato rate, as a function of expressed emotion. Results also indicate that participants modified intonation to distinguish between positive and negative emotions.
Sexual abuse: a perversion of attachment?
Authors: Ezquerro Arturo
Published: November 2018

This article provides a historical overview of sexual abuse theory (all in the mind?) within the development of psychoanalytic theory. It aims, from an attachment perspective, to increase awareness of the problem in psychotherapy and other institutions with a view to maximizing prevention and support for the survivors. The article challenges societal and institutional attitudes of secrecy, collusive silence, denial and lies, which perpetuate this relational crime.
Childhood Maltreatment Experiences, Attachment, Sexual Offending: Testing a Theory
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Yoder Jamie , Brown Adam
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study was to empirically examine the theoretical model proposed by Grady, Levenson, and Bolder used to explain the relationships between experiencing trauma, attachment styles, and risk factors associated with sexual offending. The specific risk factors tested were emotional, behavioral, and cognitive regulation deficits. The research questions were as follows: (1) What specific childhood traumatic experiences (physical and sexual abuse and/or other domestic trauma events) are associated with anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachments? (2) Are anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment styles differentially linked to dysregulation outcomes (emotional, behavioral and cognitive shift, and inhibitions)? (3) Do insecure attachment styles explain why childhood trauma is associated with dysregulation? and (4) Do these early life experiences contribute to sexual offending behavior? The sample included 200 male youth adjudicated for either a sexual or nonsexual crime and living in the community or a residential facility. The average age of the youth was 17.17 years ( SD = 1.81 years). Structural equation modeling was used to determine the direct and indirect relationships between abuse and traumatic experiences, anxious-avoidant and ambivalent-anxious attachment styles, and regulation deficits. Authors found a direct relationship between physical abuse and both of the attachment styles, separately. Both anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment styles related similarly to regulation deficits. Separately, anxious-ambivalent and anxious-avoidant attachment styles served as mediators between physical abuse and regulation deficits. Sexual abuse predicted the later commission of sexual crimes with no influence from attachment style. Finally, domestic trauma independently predicted regulation deficits in the model that included anxious-ambivalent attachment but had no effect on deficits in the model that included anxious-avoidant attachment. Implications for treatment include the need to consider using attachment-based interventions and prevention strategies, and a trauma-informed approach when working with justice involved youth. Suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Motion optimization algorithm designing for swarm quadrotors in application of grasping objects
Authors: Khodayari Houri , Pazooki Farshad , Khodayari AliReza
Published: November 2018

In this study, the process of designing a motion optimization algorithm for swarm quadrotor robots is presented. Motions equations of swarm are written based on Lagrangian energy equations. A potential function is applied on the equations to optimize the swarm motion. The applied potential function enables each of the swarm members to move toward an independent target coordinate as motion starts and simultaneously connecting with other members. As a result, the necessity of having the members aggregated within an area close to the swarm center is eliminated. This algorithm is supposed to act on swarm of quadrotors; therefore a validated dynamic model of quadrotor and a designed controller are introduced to discuss the possible applications. The designed algorithm is then applied to grasp an object. In order to establish grasping, particle swarm optimization method is used. Finally, the algorithm is simulated in MATLAB for a two-member swarm of quadrotors for grasping the object. Simulation results indicate increased work space for the members along the motion path and reduced mission time.
Periodic solutions and stability analysis of electrodynamic tethers for 13 degree international geomagnetic reference field
Authors: Yang Yu-wei , Cai Hong
Published: November 2018

The geomagnetic field plays a crucial role in the operation of the electrodynamic tether system in the space. Using the 13 degree International Geomagnetic Reference Field to model the geomagnetic field, the libration dynamic equation of the system is established. The nonlinear libration dynamic equation of the system is a typical chaotic system. In the dynamic equation, there are four free parameters: the orbital inclination, the orbital eccentricity, the altitude of the perigee and the electrodynamic parameter. After adding dummy control terms into the dynamic system, the extended time delayed autosynchronization control method is employed to calculate the periodic solutions of the dynamic equation. The shapes and amplitudes of the periodic libration motions change with the free parameters regularity. Based on the Floquet theory, the stabilities of the periodic solutions are analyzed. The orbit time during which the initial periodic libration turns to the rotation motion is defined as the failure time. It is used to measure the instability of the periodic solution and validate the results from the Floquet theory. Simulations show that the results from the failure time are consistent with the results from the Floquet theory. For all parameters, the periodic solutions are all unstable. In addition, the relationships between the instabilities of the periodic solutions and the free parameters are obtained.
Solid rocket motor design employing an efficient performance matching approach
Authors: Zeping Wu , Donghui Wang , Wenjie Wang , Okolo Patrick N , Weihua Zhang
Published: November 2018

Solid rocket motor design matching the thrust requirement of the overall vehicle has become an exigent task. In the present research, an efficient performance matching optimization approach is proposed and applied to the solid rocket motor design. To obtain reliable solid rocket motor designs, refined performance evaluation is accomplished successfully based on the coupling of the level set grain burnback analysis and one-dimensional ballistic simulation by the time-stepping algorithm. Due to the heavy computing burden of the coupled performance solver, a novel progressive matching optimization approach is proposed. This approach depends on partial but not full-burn thrust profile to eliminate inferior candidates, predict superior candidates, advance the simulation and drive the candidates converging to the specified performance. Validation of the proposed solid rocket motor design approach is carried out by two test cases possessing different thrust requirements, and results indicate that the proposed approach is practical and efficient.
Field performance evaluation of dual rapid HIV and syphilis tests in three antenatal care clinics in Zambia
Authors: Kasaro Margaret P , Bosomprah Samuel , Taylor Melanie M , Sindano Ntazana , Phiri Caroline , Tambatamba Bushimbwa , Malumo Sarai , Freeman Bethany , Chibwe Bertha , Laverty Maura , Owiredu Morkor N , Newman Lori , Sikazwe Izukanji
Published: November 2018

This cross-sectional study of 3212 pregnant women assessed the field performance, acceptability, and feasibility of two dual HIV/syphilis rapid diagnostic tests, the Chembio DPP HIV-syphilis Assay and the SD Bioline HIV/syphilis Duo in antenatal clinics. Sensitivity and specificity for HIV and syphilis were calculated compared to the rapid Determine HIV-1/2 with Uni-Gold to confirm positive results for HIV and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay for syphilis. RPR titers ≥1:4 were used to define active syphilis detection. Acceptability and feasibility were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. For Chembio, the HIV sensitivity was 90.6% (95%CI = 87.4, 93.0) and specificity was 97.2% (95%CI = 96.2, 97.8); syphilis sensitivity was 68.6% (95%CI = 61.9, 74.6) and specificity was 98.5% (95%CI = 97.8, 98.9). For SD Bioline, HIV sensitivity was 89.4% (95%CI = 86.1, 92.0) and specificity was 96.3% (95%CI = 95.3, 97.1); syphilis sensitivity was 66.2% (95%CI = 59.4, 72.4) and specificity was 97.2% (95%CI = 96.4, 97.9). Using the reference for active syphilis, syphilis sensitivity was 84.7% (95%CI = 76.1, 90.6) for Chembio and 81.6% (95%CI = 72.7, 88.1) for SD Bioline. Both rapid diagnostic tests were assessed as highly acceptable and feasible. In a field setting, the performance of both rapid diagnostic tests was comparable to other published field evaluations and each was rated highly acceptable and feasible. These findings can be used to guide further research and proposed scale up in antenatal clinic settings.
Now trending: Coping with non-parallel trends in difference-in-differences analysis
Authors: Ryan Andrew M , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Linden Ariel , Burgess James F
Published: November 2018

Difference-in-differences (DID) analysis is used widely to estimate the causal effects of health policies and interventions. A critical assumption in DID is “parallel trends”: that pre-intervention trends in outcomes are the same between treated and comparison groups. To date, little guidance has been available to researchers who wish to use DID when the parallel trends assumption is violated. Using a Monte Carlo simulation experiment, we tested the performance of several estimators (standard DID; DID with propensity score matching; single-group interrupted time-series analysis; and multi-group interrupted time-series analysis) when the parallel trends assumption is violated. Using nationwide data from US hospitals (n = 3737) for seven data periods (four pre-interventions and three post-interventions), we used alternative estimators to evaluate the effect of a placebo intervention on common outcomes in health policy (clinical process quality and 30-day risk-standardized mortality for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia). Estimator performance was assessed using mean-squared error and estimator coverage. We found that mean-squared error values were considerably lower for the DID estimator with matching than for the standard DID or interrupted time-series analysis models. The DID estimator with matching also had superior performance for estimator coverage. Our findings were robust across all outcomes evaluated.
Book Review: A Timely Manual on the Capability Approach
Authors: Omkarnath Goddanti
Published: November 2018

Ingrid Robeyns, Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice: The Capability Approach Re-Examined. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017, 256 pp. ISBN: 978-1-78374-421-3.
Combination long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic medication in adolescents with severe psychosis and aggression: a case series
Authors: McInnis Peter , Kasinathan John
Published: November 2018

Objectives:

We examine the use of combination long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic medication for adolescents with severe psychosis and aggression. We discuss benefits and risks with this approach, for a highly challenging small group of young people.

Methods:

A clinical summary is given of three adolescents admitted to a secure adolescent forensic inpatient unit, and the literature is reviewed.

Results:

In these adolescents with severe psychosis, aggression and violent offending, combination LAI antipsychotics effectively treated psychosis and enabled transfer to less restrictive settings. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores decreased significantly with treatment, without any severe adverse effects.

Conclusions:

Combination LAI antipsychotics may be an effective treatment for adolescents with severe psychosis and aggression where clozapine is not a realistic therapeutic option. Close monitoring for side-effects, clear documentation of clinical reasoning and appropriate safeguards are important.
Metabolic risk in patients participating in residential rehabilitation programs: how are we doing?
Authors: Meehan Tom , Jones Donna , Stedman Terry
Published: November 2018

Objectives:

To examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with clinical, demographic and lifestyle factors in patients with mental illness participating in residential rehabilitation.

Methods:

A physical health audit of all consumers ( n = 364) in publicly funded residential rehabilitation programs in Queensland was carried out in late 2016. Data collection focused on clinical, demographic and lifestyle factors associated with physical health.

Results:

Central obesity was identified in 80% of males and 89% of females and half of the patients (49.4%) met criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The prevalence of MetS in Indigenous patients (66.1%) was 20% higher than the rate found in non-Indigenous patients (46.1%). Smoking, substance abuse, gender, Indigenous background, length of stay and rarely eating fruit and vegetables were individually associated with MetS.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of MetS in this cohort is almost double that of the general population, while the rate in Indigenous patients is among the highest reported for those with mental illness. Rehabilitation staff are encouraged to engage more fully in the monitoring of physical health status, sharing this information with consumers and primary care providers, and encouraging consumers to play a greater role in managing their physical health.
Fatal bronchopneumonia caused by skunk adenovirus 1 in an African pygmy hedgehog
Authors: Needle David B. , Selig Martin K. , Jackson Kenneth A. , Delwart Eric , Tighe Ellyn , Leib Stephen L. , Seuberlich Torsten , Pesavento Patricia A.
Published: November 2018

Eleven adult African pygmy hedgehogs ( Atelerix albiventris) were added to a group of 35 animals, and within 10 d, respiratory distress affected 8 of 35 resident animals in the group, but none of the introduced animals. Three animals died following onset of clinical signs. Tissues from one animal were collected and submitted for histopathology, which revealed acute necrotizing bronchopneumonia and tracheitis with intraepithelial intranuclear inclusion bodies. Electron microscopy identified 75–90 nm diameter encapsulated icosahedral virions. Degenerate nested PCR analysis identified adenovirus within the affected lung tissue. Deep sequencing showed 100% homology to skunk adenovirus 1 (SkAdV-1). Adenoviruses are usually species-adapted and -specific, but our case supports the single previous report of non-skunk infection with SkAdV-1, indicating that this virus can infect other species, and further shows that it can cause fatal disease.
The Protective Effects of Preconditioning With Dioscin on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Ventricular Arrhythmias by Increasing Connexin 43 Expression in Rats
Authors: Cheng Jin , Sun Chuang , Zhang Jingyu , Zou Qing , Hao Qimeng , Xue Yugang
Published: November 2018

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with high disability and mortality worldwide. This study was to explore the roles of dioscin in the myocardial IR rats and discover the related molecular mechanisms. Rats were divided into 5 groups: sham, IR, IR + 15 mg/kg dioscin, IR + 30 mg/kg dioscin, and IR + 60 mg/kg dioscin. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product (RPP) were evaluated at 10 minutes before ischemia, immediately after ischemia, and at the beginning, middle, and end of reperfusion. Arrhythmia score and myocardial infarct size were examined in rats of all groups. The serum creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CKMB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein amount of total connexin 43 (T-Cx43) and phosphorylated connexin 43 (P-Cx43) was evaluated by Western blot. Ischemia reperfusion significantly decreased HR, MAP, and RPP of rats compared to the sham group. However, dioscin significantly attenuated the above phenomena in a dose-dependent manner. Dioscin markedly inhibited IR-induced increase in arrhythmias score, infarct size, and serum CKMB and cTnI levels. In addition, dioscin strikingly induced IR-repressed expression of T-Cx43 and P-Cx43. Our results suggested that dioscin pretreatment exhibited protective effects against myocardial IR injury. Moreover, we found that dioscin attenuated myocardial IR-induced ventricular arrhythmias via upregulating Cx43 expression and activation.
Team Creative Brief: Creative and Account Teams Speak Out on Best Practices
Authors: Blakeman Robyn , Taylor Maureen
Published: November 2018

As a communication tool, the creative brief should seamlessly blend business goals with creative vision. This article investigates the role the creative brief plays as an internal communication tool between account and creative teams. Two data sets were collected. Two open-ended e-mail surveys gathered responses from 33 agency account management members and 42 creative and art directors, asking about their perceptions of the creative brief. Based on the two data sets, we offer pedagogical suggestions to advertising professors for ways to embed more discussions of communication and teamwork into creative brief assignments.
Laminar drainage implant
Authors: Jacobovitz Sergio , Massote José Aloísio , Cronemberger Sebastião
Published: November 2018

Objective:

To assess the feasibility of a novel surgical technique in painful blind eyes.

Design:

A prospective safety study conducted at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Participants/samples:

A total of 15 end-stage glaucomatous eyes without light perception vision.

Methods:

After implantation, conjunctival hyperemia, discharge, erosion, aqueous humor leakage, corneal edema, hyphema, anterior chamber cells and depth, dislocation of the implant, and filtering bleb height were assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Intraocular pressure was measured preoperatively and 24 months following surgery. A numerical rating scale was used to evaluate pain. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography was also assessed.

Results:

Laminar drainage implant surgery was performed in all patients without major complications. Mean intraocular pressure was significantly reduced after surgery without hypotensive medication (preoperatively 54.5 ± 5.1 mmHg vs 24 months after surgery 37.0 ± 15.4 mmHg, p = 0.003). Subjective ocular pain intensity also reduced (preoperatively 10 vs at 24-month follow-up visits 0). Corneal edema incidence reduced from 85.7% (95% confidence interval: 57.2%–98.2%) to 16.7% (95% confidence interval: 2.1%–48.4%) at the 24-month follow-up. No patients experienced a prolonged flat anterior chamber or erosion of overlying tissues.

Conclusion:

The surgery was feasible and safe in painful blind eyes.
The effect of conjoint tendon release on gait after direct anterior total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Zomar Bryn O , Bryant Dianne , Hunter Susan , Howard James L , Lanting Brent A
Published: November 2018

Introduction:

There has been considerable interest in the direct anterior (DA) approach to total hip arthroplasty (THA) recently. To facilitate exposure of the proximal femur it is sometimes necessary to release the conjoint tendon.

Aim:

To prospectively investigate whether release of the conjoint tendon has an impact on gait in the early postoperative period.

Methods:

We measured gait velocity, stride length, single-limb support and single-limb support symmetry preoperatively, at discharge from the hospital, and 2, 6 and 12 weeks and postoperatively. Participants also completed the Timed Up and Go and a series of questionnaires (WOMAC, SF-12, Harris Hip Score, and pain VAS) at each visit.

Results:

36 participants undergoing a DA THA with a single surgeon were enrolled in this study. 22 participants had a release of the conjoint tendon during their surgery. We found no differences between the groups for any gait, patient-reported or surgical outcomes ( p < 0.05). There was a total of 3 complications reported in the release group, and 1 complication in the group that did not have a release.

Conclusion:

Although the conjoint tendon has an important role in the biomechanics of the hip, we found release of the conjoint tendon during the DA approach for THA to have no impact on gait or patient reported outcomes within 12 weeks post-surgery. Therefore, if the exposure of the proximal femur is limited, a low threshold for release of the conjoint tendon is recommended to improve visualisation.
The Restorative Value of the Urban Environment: A Systematic Review of the Existing Literature
Authors: Weber Anke Maria , Trojan Jörg
Published: November 2018

Background:

Stress poses a major issue in our modern society, making restoration an important research focus. Restoration likelihood has mostly been observed in nature, which was compared with urban environments that have little restorative potential, eg, industrial areas. However, many people reside in and need to find restoration in cities. The main aim of this review is to summarize research that has focused on investigating restoration possibilities in urban environments and the environmental elements interacting with the restoration likelihood of an urban environment.

Method:

This review focuses on studies addressing the topic of restoration possibilities in urban settings in built and human-made natural urban environments. The studies were searched via Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and PSYNDEX. All studies concerned with restoration in urban environments were included. However, studies concerned with nonoriginal data, solely investigating effects of natural environments or treating urban environments as a control for restoration in nature, were excluded from the review. Overall, 39 studies corresponded to the criteria and were included.

Results:

Natural elements in urban environments have a restorative potential and can increase the restorativeness of urban settings. Furthermore, built urban environments vary in their restorative potential, but promising results have been uncovered as well. Architectural elements, cultural, and leisure areas had a restorative value, whereas the findings on streets and residential areas differ. In sum, many urban locations can have restorative effects, but these effects may be influenced by factors such as cultural background, age, social components, and individual dispositions.

Discussion:

Certain urban environments hold a restorative potential. However, the literature on restoration in urban environments is still quite scarce and therefore has been of little practical use. Even though applying the findings to real-life environments is desirable, it might prove difficult, considering the overall sparse evidence. More research on the predictors of restoration likelihood (eg, social factors), generational and cultural differences, and comparisons between natural and urban environments is recommended.
The Benefits of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in the Muscular and Functional Capacity of Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Mello Carolina Luana de , Conceição Thaís Martins Albanaz da , Dal Pont Tarcila , Peruzzolo Catherine Corrêa , Lúcio Mariana Nunes , Paulin Elaine
Published: November 2018

Cirrhosis causes systemic and metabolic changes that culminate in various complications, such as compromised pulmonary function, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, weight loss, and muscle weakness with significant physical function limitations. Our aim is to evaluate the effects of training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on the muscular and functional capacity of patients with cirrhosis classified as Child-Pugh B and C. A total of 72 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis will be recruited and randomized to perform an NMES protocol for 50 minutes, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. The evaluations will be performed at the beginning and after 12 sessions, and patients will be submitted to a pulmonary function test, an ultrasound evaluation of the rectus femoris, an evaluation of peripheral muscle strength, a submaximal exercise capacity test associated with an evaluation of peripheral tissue oxygenation, a quality of life evaluation, and orientation about monitoring daily physical activities. The evaluators and patients will be blinded to the allocation of the groups. Training Group will be treated with the following parameters: frequency of 50 Hz, pulse width of 400 μs, rise and fall times of 2 s, and on:off 1:1; Sham Group: 5 Hz, 100 μs, on:off 1:3. The data will be analyzed using the principles of the intention to treat. This study provides health professionals with information on the benefits of this intervention. In this way, we believe that the results of this study could stimulate the use of NMES as a way of rehabilitating patients with more severe cirrhosis, with the objective of improving these patients’ functional independence.
The relationship between casino corporate social responsibility and casino customer loyalty
Authors: Chen McCain Shiang-Lih , Lolli Jeffrey C , Liu Emma , Jen Eric
Published: November 2018

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a popular, and even expected, strategy for promoting an organization’s public persona. CSR is particularly important in the casino industry since many customers associate the casino industry with negative images such as crime and drugs; therefore, casinos try to enhance their social image through CSR activities. This study investigated how casinos’ CSR activities (economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic) influenced customer loyalty (CL). Partial Least Squares (PLS)-structural equation modeling analysis was used to examine the hypotheses on a sample of 251 casino’s customer in the United States. Results of this study showed that the dimensions of philanthropic and legal responsibilities had varying effects on CL. In contrast, economic and ethical responsibilities didn’t significantly affect CL.
Polyamorous Parenting: Stigma, Social Regulation, and Queer Bonds of Resistance
Authors: Klesse Christian
Published: November 2018

As a response to the greater visibility of alternative relationship and family forms, polyamory (i.e. the practice of consensual multipartner relationships) has recently moved to the centre of public media attention. Questions of polyamory have emerged as a major concern within law, social policy, family sociology, and gender and sexuality studies. Yet certain core issues have remained underexplored. This includes the distinctive nature of polyamorous intimacy, the structure of polyamorous household formations, and the dynamics of care work within poly families. In particular, poly parenting has been subject to tabooisation and scandalisation. Governing bodies, the judiciary, and educational institutions have remained largely ignorant of polyamorous relationships. Research documents the exclusions of poly families (and individuals) from access to legal provisions and protections and their common discrimination in the courts, namely, in custody cases. It further highlights the discrimination of poly-identified adolescents in school and college settings and the predicament that poly families face when interacting with public institutions (including schools and kindergartens). Insights into parenting practices and the organisation of childcare are vital for understanding the transformative potential of polyamorous ways of relating. It is also important for challenging the common demonisation and stigmatisation of polyamory within conservative family politics that perceives polyamory exclusively from a harm perspective. This article will review and critically analyse existing research on poly parenting focussing on three dimensions: (a) parenting practices, (b) social and legal discrimination, and (c) parental response to stigmatisation. The article argues for a stronger incorporation of queer perspectives within the guiding frameworks of research into parenting in consensually non-monogamous and polyamorous relationships to highlight the transformative potential of the ‘queer bonds’ that sustain many of these practices.
The Member-Level Determinants and Consequences of Party Legislative Obstruction in the U.S. Senate
Authors: Algara Carlos , Zamadics Joseph C.
Published: November 2018

Are Senators cross-pressured by party influence and constituent demands on procedural votes? We present a theory positing that Senators are indeed cross-pressured between these two demands and that electorally vulnerable members use the increased salience of procedural votes to differentiate themselves from their party. In an analysis of Senate procedural votes since the 92nd Congress, we develop a new spatial measure of obstruction preference and demonstrate our finding in three ways. First, obstruction preferences have become more polarized as the Senate experiences more intense legislative obstruction. Second, electorally vulnerable members are most likely to break from their party on procedural votes. Third, we find that voters electorally reward majority party Senators who break from their party and behave like minority party obstructionists. Our findings suggest that, unlike the House, Senate procedural votes are special opportunities for lawmakers to separate themselves from their party.
“I Wish I Could Grow a Full Beard”: The Amateur Pogonotropher on the Beardbrand YouTube Channel
Authors: Schneider Christopher J.
Published: November 2018

Pogonotrophy refers to beard cultivation including growth and grooming practices. This exploratory study contributes to the little understood role of beard culture on YouTube. Scholarship examining the relationship between social media platforms such as YouTube and beard culture is almost nonexistent. This gap in the research allows us to ask the following: What sorts of content do users circulate about beards on YouTube? And, how does this content contribute to how users interact and learn about beards? A total of 62,061 user-generated comments across 310 videos featured on the Beardbrand YouTube channel were collected and examined using qualitative media analysis. Three themes emerged from an analysis of these data: the yeard quest, the ideal type, and how to beard. The findings illustrate the important role that YouTube plays in fostering contemporary beard culture. Suggestions for future research are noted.
Biotechnological Management of Angiopathic Wounds: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Jiang Yufeng , Li Meirong , Fu Xiaobing
Published: November 2018

Angiopathic wound is a wound that develops as a result of a local vascular lesion. Angiogenesis is an important aspect underlying repair, and increased angiogenesis could accelerate and improve the healing outcome. Biotherapy has been used more and more in clinic and brings hope for angiopathic wound treatment, through the rapid recovery of angiogenesis and regulation and correction of the whole wound microenvironment. In this article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies ranging from presentation of angiogenic growth factors, genetic strategies, stem cells, and biomaterials engineering in angiopathic wound treatment.
Pierre Franco (1505-1578): An Innovative Surgeon of the 16th Century in the Treatment of Hernia and Lithotomy
Authors: Markatos Konstantinos , Karamanou Marianna , Korres Demetrios , Tsourouflis Gerasimos , Damaskos Christos , Garmpis Nikolaos , Androutsos Georgios
Published: November 2018

Pierre Franco (1505-1578) was a brilliant surgeon of the Renaissance, a contemporary of Ambroise Paré. He made an impact on the history of surgery with his innovative approaches in the treatment of hernia, lithotomy, and the use of the suprapubic incision. The purpose of this study is to present a detailed account of his work, innovations, and achievements as well as the impact he made on the surgery of the Renaissance.
Effects of Chahuangjing on Decorporation and Radiation Protection Against Tritiated Water
Authors: Zuo Xueyong , Chen Qiu , Li Houwen , Zhang Ke , Wang Kongzhao , Tu Yu , Hu Mingjiang , Cui Fengmei , Liu Yulong
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chahuangjing, a novel traditional Chinese medicinal compound, on decorporation and radiation protection against tritiated water (HTO). Sixty male specific-pathogen-free-grade C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 12 groups: mice in 4 control groups were intraperitoneally injected with sterile water; mice in 4 HTO groups were intraperitoneally injected with 11.1 × 105 Bq/g of HTO; and mice in the other 4 groups were administered with HTO and a Chahuangjing compound (0.2 mL, once daily). After 1, 7, 14, and 21 days, the mice were killed and samples were collected. A liquid scintillation counting method was used for tritium measurement. A fully automated hematology analyzer was used to assess blood samples. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was analyzed using commercial kits. Chahuangjing significantly increased decorporation and shortened the effective half-life of tritium. To a certain extent, Chahuangjing alleviated the HTO-induced reduction in white blood cells and elevated red blood cells after HTO exposure. Moreover, Chahuangjing alleviated the HTO-induced reduction in SOD activity and reduced MDA. Our study demonstrated that Chahuangjing can enhance the elimination of tritium and reduce free radicals to alleviate HTO-induced radiation injury.