bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tirailleurs Sénégalais
Authors: Lunn Joe
Published: November 2011

The Tirailleurs Sénégalais (Senegalese Rifles) were West African infantry serving the French colonial state between 1857 and 1960. Created by the governor of Senegal, Colonel Louis Faidherbe, to spearhead French expansion into the West African interior, they remained the primary instrument for maintaining French authority in their sub‐Saharan colonies until they were disbanded on the eve of independence. Beyond their primary task of maintaining civic order, they also projected French military power, serving in three distinct historic roles—in leading the French conquest of West Africa from 1854 to 1914, in defending France from German invasion during two world wars, and in combating liberation movements against French colonial rule during the interwar period and especially after 1945.
Tito, Josip Broz (1892–1980)
Authors: Ashbrook John E.
Published: November 2011

Josip Broz, later to adopt the name Tito after his release from prison in 1933, was the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II and of communist Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) from 1945 to his death in 1980. Tito's success in leading a resistance movement against Axis and collaborationist (quisling) forces in Yugoslavia earned him a loyal following and a reputation as one of the most successful guerilla‐turned‐conventional commanders of the twentieth century. In the 1960s he became a founding member and leader of the non‐aligned movement. He died as president of Yugoslavia in 1980.
Tojo Hideki, General (1884–1948)
Authors: Farrell Brian P.
Published: November 2011

Tojo Hideki served as prime minister of Japan from October 1941 to July 1944 and in that capacity led Japan into the Pacific War. Tojo was born into an army family in Tokyo in 1884 and groomed for a military career from childhood. Graduating from the Military Academy in 1905, Tojo embarked on a career dominated by staff positions, passing out with high honors from the Staff College in 1915. Another characteristic that marked Tojo's career was enthusiastic involvement in service and national politics. In 1929 Tojo helped found the One Evening Society, one of many pressure groups formed by younger officers in the army determined to push Japan along a more imperial path. Tojo was an ultra‐nationalist who believed Japan must rely on its own power to establish itself as the dominant force in Asia. He was also a strong social and political conservative who believed Japan should purge itself of liberal democracy and establish authoritarian government. Rounding off Tojo's personality was sincere devotion to the emperor and his authority.
Tours/Poitiers, Battle of (732)
Authors: Rogers Clifford J.
Published: November 2011

The 732 Battle of Poitiers or Tours (actually fought somewhere between those two cities) has long been viewed as one of the most important of European history, for several reasons. Even in the Middle Ages it was considered a crucial turning point in the long struggle between Islam and Christendom, which until then had gone mostly in favor of the Muslims. It was also recognized as a significant milestone in the rise of the Franks, and particularly of the Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel, founder of the Carolingian dynasty, and thus a key step on the way to the creation of the Carolingian empire under Martel's grandson Charlemagne, which had such a transformative effect on the broad sweep of European history. By the late eighteenth century, a third argument for the great significance of the battle had been put forward. In 1796, George Ellis suggested that Martel was sufficiently impressed with the Muslim cavalry he encountered at Poitiers, and sufficiently disappointed with his own inability to follow up on his battlefield victory, that in its aftermath he began a great effort to supply himself with more mounted troops. This he accomplished by taking lands from the church and redistributing them to his soldiers, with the church retaining nominal ownership. As Heinrich Brunner argued much more fully a century later, this would effectively make the Battle of Poitiers the spark that initiated the development of feudalism in Europe.
Túpac Amaru Rebellions (1572, 1780–1782)
Authors: England Shawn
Published: November 2011

Two separate Andean revolts against Spanish authority bear the name of Túpac Amaru. The first one in 1572 heralded the apparent final Inca resistance against the initial imposition of Spanish authority in the highland regions of Peru and Bolivia; the other transpired in 1780–1782, during the twilight of Spain's imperial might. In both cases the lineage of the rebel leadership was of utmost importance. The term “Inca” refers to a family dynasty established by Manco Inca, the original Sapa Inca, or supreme ruler of the Inca Empire. In the years following the Spanish conquest of the Andes, a number of individuals claiming descent from Manco attempted to preserve and restore the Inca Empire, and these included Túpac Amaru I and Túpac Amaru II.
Turenne, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de (1611–1675)
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: November 2011

Few, if any, commanders have received considerable responsibilities at such a young age as Turenne. Born in 1611, Turenne obtained a captaincy in the army of his uncle, Frederick Henry of Nassau, stadtholder of the United Provinces, as early as 1625. He won a special commendation from his uncle for skill and courage at the siege of ’s‐Hertogenbosch in 1629. Appointed by Cardinal Richelieu as colonel of an infantry regiment, he won promotion to
maréchal de camp
after his courage displayed at the siege of La Mothe in 1634. He was at the siege of Mainz the following year and distinguished himself in a skillful retreat to Metz arising from a shortage of provisions. He was wounded at the capture of Saverne in 1636 but participated the following year at the capture of Landrecies. In 1638, he directed the ultimately successful assault on Breisach—a key fortress on the Rhine reputed to be impregnable. In 1639–1640 he served in Italy, and in 1641 was in sole command during the capture of Cuneo, Ceva, and Mondovì. In 1642 he was second‐in‐command during the capture of Roussillon, while the following year he was back in Italy, where he captured Trino before being recalled to France.
Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578)
Authors: Spafford David
Published: November 2011

Subsequent war tales have consolidated Uesugi Kenshin's reputation as perhaps the most brilliant general in Japan's golden age of military geniuses, the Warring States period (1467–1600).
Vattel, Emmerich de (1714–1767)
Authors: Tallett Frank
Published: November 2011

A Swiss lawyer and diplomat, Vattel was one of a distinguished group of eighteenth‐century jurists that included Montesquieu and Christian Wolff who brought the emerging discipline of international law to bear on the conduct of warfare. Vattel's most influential work,Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi NaturelleorThe Law of Nations, published in 1758, was a general manual of statesmanship and international relations that dealt also with issues of war. It built upon the earlier work of Hugo Grotius and continued to exercise a significant influence upon statesmen and diplomats until the time of World War I. Many of his underlying propositions anticipated the stipulations of the Hague and Geneva Conventions.
Vegetius Renatus, Flavius (ca. fourth century)
Authors: Morillo Stephen
Published: November 2011

Flavius Renatus Vegetius was a late Roman writer on military affairs whose treatise, titled alternately
De re militari
or
Epitoma rei militaris
, enjoyed long circulation in Europe. Although its actual influence during much of that time is a matter of scholarly dispute, it is the only Republican or early imperial military manual to have survived intact, and it is therefore an important source despite its problematic nature.
Veterans
Authors: Gambone Michael D.
Published: November 2011

Throughout history, the military has been a permanent component of civilization. With each new era, from the most primitive to the contemporary modern world, the need for social groups to survive has been paramount and individuals have fought to pursue that goal. While success has varied across the centuries, as civilizations have increased in size and complexity, militaries accordingly have grown in size and scope.
Wallenstein, Albrecht von (1583–1634)
Authors: Parrott David
Published: November 2011

Albrecht von Wallenstein was one of the most celebrated military leaders of seventeenthcentury Europe, and brought to its highest point a system of warfare based on private contracting, organization, and finance.
War and Sexuality
Authors: Grayzel Susan R.
Published: November 2011

Even without accepting ideas popularized by Sigmund Freud at the turn of the twentieth century that human beings are driven by drives toward sexual pleasure (the life instinct orEros) and deadly violence (the death instinct orThanatos), an understanding of war and sexuality sheds light on every type of military conflict: local, civil, and international. All wars have involved both men and women to some extent and the actions of most militaries have had an effect on sexual behavior. By suggesting that the warrior is the epitome of manhood, ideas about the relationship between military valor and human sexuality have varied. Ideas have circulated that abstinence makes for better fighters, who can channel sexual urges into those toward violence, but so too have notions that better fighters demand and require satisfaction of sexual appetites beyond the norm. The study of war provides ample examples of the core significance of gender cross‐culturally and cross‐chronologically (Goldstein 2001).
War Photography
Authors: Brandon Laura
Published: November 2011

Photographic images that range from dead, fly‐infested US Civil War casualties to napalmed Vietnam War victims and to the bloodied survivors of the “War on Terror” form part of our visual understanding of war. War photographs enable us to be spectators to conflict and to empathize with or react to its worst horrors and greatest successes. As a result, both the protagonists and protestors of war use photographs to document, promote, and justify their actions and attitudes to the public. Photographers themselves are complicit in these activities. In the twenty‐first century, however, more than at any other time, the boundaries between professional and amateur photography (photography is here defined as both the act of taking a photograph and the photograph itself), photojournalism, and photographic art are blurred. Amateur photographs achieve worldwide distribution through the Internet, artist–photographers participate in official military art programs, and photojournalists exhibit their photographs in art galleries. Furthermore, for the public and for photographers themselves, photography increasingly is about the spectacle of war as much as it is about its documentation. Perhaps one of the most compelling recent links between war, art, photography, and spectacle was when the shocking photographs taken by American military personnel of Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib jail were printed straight off the Internet and exhibited at the International Center of Photography in New York in October and November 2004.
War Poetry
Authors: Winn James A.
Published: November 2011

The use of poetry to celebrate military victories, praise heroic acts, and mourn the slain is much older than alphabetic writing. Biblical scholars believe that the “Song of Miriam” in the book of Exodus—“Sing ye to the L
ORD
, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea” (Exodus 15:21, KJV)—preserves part of a poem actually sung to celebrate the defeat of Pharaoh's pursuing army (ca. 1450
BCE
). The longer and more elaborate “Song of Deborah” (Judges 5), commemorating the defeat and death of the Canaanite captain Sisera, is also among the oldest portions of the Hebrew Bible. It probably dates from the eighth century
BCE
—the same century in which the Greek oral poet Homer composed the
Iliad
. Poetry in ancient cultures was a way to preserve knowledge, and wars were among the events these cultures most wished to remember. But ease of memorization was not the only reason why poetry became a preferred medium for tales of war. In the ancient world as in many later periods, poets embraced warfare as an opportunity to display their creative powers, and soldiers trusted poets to make their deeds immortal. So powerful were the images of war poems that allegorical poems on other topics had already begun to draw upon them in ancient times. The Sanskrit
Bhagavad‐Gita
(first written down in the first century
CE
, but composed much earlier) stages its philosophical and moral dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna in a chariot on a battlefield; the Christian
Psychomachia
of Prudentius (405
CE
) depicts the struggle between vices and virtues as a battle.
War propaganda
Authors: Marlin Randal
Published: November 2011

Derived from the Latin “propagare,” meaning “to propagate,” the word “propaganda” can be interpreted broadly to apply to purposeful dissemination of ideas, spreading of information, or inculcation of attitudes with the aim of advancing some cause of the propagator. On this understanding it is neither good nor bad in itself, but derives its goodness or badness from the nature of the messages or attitudes communicated and the purpose of the disseminator. So understood, propaganda is, with certain qualifications, itself morally neutral. It would be wrong, though, to assume that contemporary English speakers will understand the word in this neutral sense. On the contrary, it is commonly understood in a narrower, pejorative sense. Reference to another's communications as “propaganda” is ordinarily treated as an accusation of manipulation, deceit, disingenuousness or suchlike, and can be expected to elicit some attempt at rebuttal.
Warfare by sea in the ancient Mediterranean
Authors: Potts Samuel
Published: November 2011

Attempts to control the sea and its wealth played an intermittently important role in the history of the ancient Mediterranean. Warships represented the cutting edge of ancient military technology, and were, for those states that sought sea power, a significant investment of both money and manpower. Seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean was subject to severe limitations in comparison with the navies of later ages. Ancient warships were invariably oarpowered galleys, which combined large crews with very limited room for food and water; such vessels were obliged to put to shore daily to obtain both supplies and rest for their rowers. Most warships could be driven by sail as well as oar, but here too there were fundamental limits. Navigational charts and instruments were virtually nonexistent and wind and weather conditions made sailing practically impossible for up to a third of any given year.
White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1805)
Authors: Dai Yingcong
Published: November 2011

The White Lotus Rebellion started as a sectarian rebellion in 1796 in central China when the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) underwent a transition from the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736–1795) to his son, the Jiaqing emperor (r. 1796–1820). In suppressing the rebellion, the Qing military commanders proactively took advantage of the war to serve their own interest, making the campaign a long‐lasting and extremely costly one.
Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924)
Authors: LaSaine John T.
Published: November 2011

The twenty‐eighth President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, led his nation through the turbulent years from 1913 to 1921. He was the first Southern‐born candidate, and only the second Democrat to reach the presidency since the Civil War. In 1886 he earned one of the early PhD degrees granted by an American university, subsequently gaining prominence as a political scientist and as president of Princeton University. In 1910, Wilson won the New Jersey governorship on a platform of progressive reform. Wilsonian progressivism, seeking to reconcile the circumstances of an industrialized, urbanized, multi‐ethnic world power with historic American liberal and democratic ideals, appealed across ideological, partisan and regional divisions, and set him on course for the White House. Apparently protean, Wilsonianism rested on a deep, immutable foundation of religious belief. The son of a Presbyterian minister, descended from generations of Calvinist preachers and theologians, Wilson saw history unfolding a Divine plan.
World WarI: Western Front
Authors: Woodward David R.
Published: November 2011

The general European war that followed Archduke Ferdinand's assassination at Sarajevo (June 28, 1914) soon became global, spreading to other corners of the world, from Africa to Asia to the Pacific. But the war remained an essentially European conflict; and no European front proved more crucial in determining victory for either side than the Western Front in France and Flanders. On this front, the first modern US Army also made its debut.
World War
II
: Battle of Britain
Authors: Robson Stuart
Published: November 2011

Despite the myths that encrusted it even before it began, despite the necessary revisions historians have made to our understanding of it, the Battle of Britain mattered. By holding Germany off, Britain was able to become an unsinkable aircraft carrier anchored off the coast of Occupied Europe, the western base for its liberation.
World War
II
: The defeat and occupation of
France
Authors: Hood Chalmers
Published: November 2011

In 2008 the city of Paris sponsored a photo exhibition of long‐concealed pictures of Paris during the German Occupation, 1940–1944. André Zucca, a well‐known French wedding photographer, shot them in color for
Signal
, the slick magazine for German troops serving abroad. Now, Parisians could see an entirely different image of how the war played out in France. The streets were clean. Women in the latest fashions attended the races. Parisians even swam in the Seine River and basked on its banks. Was this the war Frenchmen had known? Public outrage erupted, but the mayor held his ground and kept the exhibition doors open, adding a sign that warned visitors the images might be troubling.
World War
II
:
German
invasion of
Poland
(September 1–October 5, 1939)
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2011

In older accounts of the start of World War II, what supposedly opened the door to the German invasion of Poland was the Nazi–Soviet Pact announced on August 23, 1939. In fact, Adolf Hitler had ordered the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, or German High Command) to draw up operational plans for invading Poland four months earlier, in April 1939. These plans, code‐named
Fall Weiss
(Case White), were complete before the ink was dry on the Nazi–Soviet Pact. Moreover, his intentions to eliminate Poland as an independent state, and even as a nation, long predated any operational plans. Hitler's fellow dictator and ally, Benito Mussolini of Italy, was informed of the planned attack only on August 24. Asked at the last minute to contribute troops, he declined, recoiling in fear from what he saw as reckless aggression that might launch a general European war for which Italy was decidedly unprepared. Assurances of Germany's peaceful intentions were given to Paris and London right up until the attack. Hitler even offered a humbug alliance to Britain—against his extant Italian, Japanese, and
de facto
Soviet allies—should Britain allow him a free hand in the east. But not everything went Hitler's way. He had to postpone the attack when Mussolini refused Italian participation, which surprised Hitler. France had formally allied with Poland in the spring. Now London, too, announced a formal military alliance with Warsaw, affirming its less formal guarantee also made in the spring. That meant the British and French empires were committed to coming to Warsaw's aid if Poland was attacked. Meanwhile, Poland hastened to complete its own mobilization, which it had begun late due to a perceived need to keep workers in factories and laborers on farms during the harvest season. Warsaw was also fearful of provoking Germany during a crisis over Danzig that the Polish government still hoped to solve through diplomacy. The German Führer waited only a few days after losing his Italian ally and confirming two Great Power enemies to the potential enemy order of battle. With characteristic abruptness, he reversed course again, ordering that the planned invasion go ahead.
World War
II
: Mediterranean campaign
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: November 2011

World War II came to the Mediterranean on June 10, 1940, when Italy's Benito Mussolini declared war on Britain and France. For the next five years, the Allied and Axis powers would struggle for control of that ancient sea and its shores: a maritime highway, and a geographical link between continents and oceans. The Mediterranean campaign was and is the subject of intense debate and controversy. “What in the world are we doing in the desert? Who would fight over sand?” Not an unreasonable question posed by some of those who found themselves in North Africa. At the time, US Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall strongly opposed the 1942 Anglo‐American invasion of French North Africa, codenamed Operation Torch, on the grounds that the Mediterranean theater was “fundamentally unsound,” a mere sideshow that delayed a cross‐Channel invasion, the “Second Front” that would divert German forces. Some historians regard the Mediterranean campaign as barely worth an “extended footnote,” a strategic mistake that led to the socalled “blind alley” of the Italian campaign.
Yamashita Tomoyuki, General (1885–1946)
Authors: Farrell Brian P.
Published: November 2011

Yamashita Tomoyuki will always be known as the Tiger of Malaya, a sobriquet bestowed by a fawning Japanese press after he conquered Singapore in February 1942. Born on November 18, 1885 in Shikoku, Japan, Yamashita was a professional soldier in the Imperial Japanese Army. Yamashita's great ability earned him an unusually varied career, including regimental, staff, and high command appointments, foreign service, and finally the honor of being handpicked to command two of the most important campaigns the army fought during World War II. He commanded in turn a company, a regiment — the elite 3rd Regiment of the Imperial Guards Division — a brigade and a division — leading both in combat in China — an army, and finally two army groups. In staff postings Yamashita helped modernize Japanese army doctrine and organization, but was ensnared along the way in bitter factional feuding that marred the army from the 1920s onwards. This put him into conflict with Tojo Hideki, later Japan's wartime prime minister, and in 1936 he suffered the displeasure of the emperor himself. This last consequence provoked Yamashita to become a charismatic fire‐eater in command, seeking expiation by earning glory or even death in battle.
Zhukov, Georgii Konstantinovich (1896–1974)
Authors: Stone David R.
Published: November 2011

The Soviet Union's leading general during World War II. Born a peasant, Zhukov was drafted into imperial Russia's army during World War I and decorated for valor. Joining the Communist Red Army in 1918, he fought in the Russian Civil War, rising to become commander of a cavalry squadron. He advanced quickly through the ranks of the Soviet officer corps after the Civil War, particularly when the Great Purges of 1937–1938 removed a large proportion of the Red Army's high command. Taking over the Soviet 1st Army Group in Mongolia in 1939 along with units of the Soviet puppet Mongolian People's Republic, he crushed Japanese forces at the Battle of Nomonhan on the Khalkhin‐Gol River, convincing the Japanese government to move east and south against western colonial possessions, not against the Soviet Union. In the fight against Japan, Zhukov displayed many of the hallmarks of his later command style: the application of massive force to achieve breakthroughs, the careful coordination of infantry, artillery, armor, and aviation to encircle and destroy enemy formations, and the ruthless sacrifice of soldiers to achieve victory.
Does One Keto Group Matter? Structure‐Activity Relationships of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives Modified at Position C‐11
Authors: Csuk René , Schwarz Stefan , Kluge Ralph , Ströhl Dieter
Published: November 2011

Several triterpenoic acids display a remarkable cytotoxicity on tumor cells. Glycyrrhetinic acid – the main content of the licorice root – possesses an apoptotic effect on tumor cells. Previous studies pointed out the presence of a keto group at position C‐11 in glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as the main reason for its apoptotic activity. Several pairs of derivatives were synthesized differing only at position C‐11. These compounds were tested in a sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity screening on 12 tumor cell lines and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3). Our results show that there is no direct relation between the existence of the C‐11 keto group and the apoptotic activity of the compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Acid Activated Montmorillonite and Vermiculite Clays by Thermal Desorption and Differential Scanning Calorimetric Techiques.
Authors: RAVICHANDRAN J. , SIVASANKAR B.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Quinonediimines with Nitrosation Reagents.
Authors: ZAKATOV V. V. , DUBINA V. L. , TORUBAROV I. V.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Introduction of Two Substituents onto 7‐Oxabicyclo(2.2.1)hept‐ 5‐en‐2‐one Derivatives via Radical Phenylselanyl‐Group Transfer Reactions.
Authors: RENAUD P. , VIONNET J.‐P.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Use of New Fluorogenic Precipitating Substrates.
Authors: NALEWAY J. J. , FOX C. M. J. , ROBINHOLD D. , TERPETSCHNIG E. , OLSON N. A. , HAUGLAND R. P.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Constituents of Cladanthus Arabicus.
Authors: WICHLACZ M. , DANIEWSKI W. M. , DANIEKIEWICZ W. , GUMULKA M. , DROZDZ B. , GRABARCZYK H.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Analogue Systems. Part 9. Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazines. Part 16. Bridged Azapeptides, a Class of Novel 1,4,5,6‐Tetrahydro‐1,2,4‐ triazin‐3(2H)ones.
Authors: GANTE J. , NEUNHOEFFER H. , SCHMIDT A.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active α‐Hydroxy Lactones by Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylations of Ketene Acetals, Enol Ethers, and Ene Lactones.
Authors: CURRAN D. P. , KO S.‐B.
Published: November 2011

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Remediation of Radionuclide Pollutants through Biosorption – an Overview
Authors: Das Nilanjana
Published: November 2011

The development of nuclear science and technology has led to the increase of nuclear wastes containing radionuclides to be released and disposed in the environment. Pollution caused by radionuclides is a serious problem throughout the world. To solve the problem, substantial research efforts have been directed worldwide to adopt sustainable technologies for the treatment of radionuclide containing wastes. Biosorption represents a technological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent remediation technology for cleaning up radionuclides from aqueous environment. A variety of biomaterials viz. algae, fungi, bacteria, plant biomass, etc. have been reported for radionuclide remediation with encouraging results. This paper reviews the achievements and current status of radionuclide remediation through biosorption which will provide insights into this research frontier.
Pollution Source Investigation and Water Quality Management in the Carp Lake Watershed, Taiwan
Authors: Yen Chia‐Hsien , Chen Ku‐Fan , Sheu Yih‐Terng , Lin Chi‐Chwen , Horng Jao‐Jia
Published: November 2011

In this study, a full survey of pollutant sources and water quality was conducted, followed by the application of a water quality model (Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, WASP) to establish strategies of water quality control in Carp Lake, Taiwan. Results of the field investigation show that both point and non‐point source (NPS) pollutants were responsible for the poor water quality. The contributions of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from point source and NPS pollution were 45.9 and 55.1%, respectively. About 80% of total phosphorus (TP) were contributed by NPS. Additionally, point source and NPS pollution discharged 55.5 and 44.5% of NH3–N load, respectively. The Carlson's Trophic State Index ranged from 61.9 to 69.2 showing serious eutrophic problems in Carp Lake. The calculated BOD, NH3–N, and TP carrying capacity were approximately 2.8, 0.42, and 0.15 kg per day, respectively. However, the current pollutant loadings are approximately 3.0–5.5 times the calculated carrying capacity. With the help of the calibrated WASP model, remedial strategies for the lake water from short‐term to long‐term were developed. The completion of the small local sewer system to remove 80% of the point source pollution can serve as a short‐term goal while 40–60% of NPS removal by natural treatment systems may serve as a mid‐term goal. Furthermore, 80% of both source point and NPS pollution removal can be considered as a long‐term strategy. Results of heavy metal analysis show that the enriched sediment would be safe for agricultural applications.
Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with Pt/CNTs Catalysts in Cell Reversal Conditions by Hydrogen Starvation
Authors: Jung D.‐W. , Park S. , Kim S.‐H. , Kim J.‐B. , Oh E.‐S.
Published: November 2011

The durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with Pt catalysts supported on carbon nanotube (CNT) was investigated after a few hundred accelerated cell reversal process (RP) cycles generated by hydrogen deficiency. A variety of characterization techniques, including cell performance tests, were applied to examine the effects of CNT support on the degradation of Pt catalysts: transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. During the RP cycle tests, most degradation by carbon corrosion occurred at the outlet region of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) where hydrogen starvation seriously occurred. By using the CNT as the support of Pt catalysts in the MEA cathode, carbon corrosion was reduced and growth of Pt particles by agglomeration and sintering significantly decreased. Compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst, the cell durability of the Pt/CNT catalyst was enhanced under the RP condition.
Common structural correlates of trait impulsiveness and perceptual reasoning in adolescence
Authors: Schilling Christina , Kühn Simone , Romanowski Alexander , Banaschewski Tobias , Barbot Alexis , Barker Gareth J. , Brühl Rüdiger , Büchel Christian , Charlet Katrin , Conrod Patricia J. , Czech Katharina , Dalley Jeff W. , Flor Herta , Häke Ines , Ittermann Bernd , Ivanov Nikolay , Mann Karl , Lüdemann Katharina , Martinot Jean‐Luc , Palafox Carla , Paus Tomas , Poline Jean‐Baptiste , Reuter Jan , Rietschel Marcella , Robbins Trevor W. , Smolka Michael N. , Ströhle Andreas , Walaszek Bernadeta , Kathmann Norbert , Schumann Gunter , Heinz Andreas , Garavan Hugh , Gallinat Jürgen ,   the IMAGEN consortium
Published: November 2011

Background: Trait impulsiveness is a potential factor that predicts both substance use and certain psychiatric disorders. This study investigates whether there are common structural cerebral correlates of trait impulsiveness and cognitive functioning in a large sample of healthy adolescents from the IMAGEN project. Methods: Clusters of gray matter (GM) volume associated with trait impulsiveness, Cloningers' revised temperament, and character inventory impulsiveness (TCI‐R‐I) were identified in a whole brain analysis using optimized voxel‐based morphometry in 115 healthy 14‐year‐olds. The clusters were tested for correlations with performance on the nonverbal tests (Block Design, BD; Matrix Reasoning, MT) of the Wechsler Scale of Intelligence for Children IV reflecting perceptual reasoning. Results: Cloningers' impulsiveness (TCI‐R‐I) score was significantly inversely associated with GM volume in left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Frontal clusters found were positively correlated with performance in perceptual reasoning tasks (Bonferroni corrected). No significant correlations between TCI‐R‐I and perceptual reasoning were observed. Conclusions: The neural correlate of trait impulsiveness in the OFC matches an area where brain function has previously been related to inhibitory control. Additionally, orbitofrontal GM volume was associated with scores for perceptual reasoning. The data show for the first time structural correlates of both cognitive functioning and impulsiveness in healthy adolescent subjects. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrant expression of CD133 and musashi‐1 in preneoplastic and neoplastic human oral squamous epithelium and their correlation with clinicopathological factors
Authors: Ravindran Gokulan , Devaraj Halagowder
Published: November 2011

Background

The present study focuses on the expression pattern of the stem cell markers CD133 and Musashi‐1 in precancerous and cancerous tissues of oral epithelium. The study also aims to investigate the correlation of CD133 and Musashi‐1 expression with clinicopathological factors.

Methods

Immunohistochemical analysis was done to investigate the expression pattern of CD133 and Musashi‐1, whereas, the coexpression of CD133 and Musashi‐1 was studied using immunofluorescence analysis.

Results

A gradual increase in the expression of CD133 and Musashi‐1 was observed from normal to dysplasia to carcinoma. In addition, the expression of CD133 and Musashi‐1 shows significant difference between the stages and histological types of oral carcinoma. Interestingly, coexpression of CD133 and Musashi‐1 was observed in oral carcinoma and CAL27 cells.

Conclusions

A gradual increase in the expression of CD133 and Musashi‐1 from normal to dysplasia to carcinoma suggests the possible involvement of these 2 proteins in oral carcinogenesis. The overexpression of CD133 and Musashi‐1 in advanced stages and also in poorly differentiated tumors reveals their relationship with invasion and differentiation status of oral carcinoma cells. Moreover, the significant positive correlation between CD133 and Musashi‐1 expression suggests that they might have a functional relationship in oral carcinoma cells, which needs further investigation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Myofibroblast persistence and collagen type I accumulation in the human stenotic trachea
Authors: Corrêa Reis João Gustavo , Takiya Christina Maeda , Lima Carvalho Antonia , Souza Mota Rafael , De‐Ary‐Pires Bernardo , Pires‐Neto Mário Ary , de Ary‐Pires Ricardo
Published: November 2011

Background

Postintubation tracheal stenosis (PITS) is associated with an increased use of assisted ventilation in intensive care units. We investigated both collagen type I accumulation and myofibroblast localization in human PITS lesions excised for surgical therapeutic procedures, compared with normal tracheas.

Methods

We analyzed 2 segments of normal tracheas and 10 segments of PITS that were stained by hematoxylin–eosin and picrosirius red techniques and processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against both α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐sma) for myofibroblast detection, and collagen type I.

Results

We showed a significant increase in collagen deposition in PITS specimens compared with normal tracheas. We found spindle‐shaped α‐sma‐positive cells (myofibroblasts) in the subepithelial layer of all pathologic tracheas, and the persistence of an intense myofibroblast network at PITS sites.

Conclusions

Tracheal wall thickening in PITS is due to a deranged collagen remodeling that is related to myofibroblast activation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Novel thermal effect at nanoshell heating by pulsed laser irradiation: hoop‐shaped hot zone formation
Authors: Avetisyan Yuri A. , Yakunin Alexander N. , Tuchin Valery V.
Published: November 2011

Photonic nanotechnologies have good perspectives to be widely used in biophotonics. In this study we have developed an approach for calculation of nanoparticle temperature field accounting for absorbed local intensity at pulse laser radiation of composite spherical nanoparticles (nanoshells). This approach allowed us to analyze spatial inhomogeneities of light field diffracted into a nanoshell and corresponding distribution of the absorption energy and to provide numerical solution of time‐dependent heat conduction equation accounting for corresponding spatially inhomogeneous distribution of heating sources. We were able to predict the appearance of a novel thermal effect – hoop‐shaped hot zone on the nanoshell surface. The observed effect has potential applications in cell biology and medicine for controlled cell optoporation and nanosurgery, as well as cancer cell killing. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman analysis of insulin denaturation induced by high‐pressure and thermal treatments
Authors: Mangialardo S. , Piccirilli F. , Perucchi A. , Dore P. , Postorino P.
Published: November 2011

Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate different conformational states of bovine pancreatic insulin: the native form and several structurally modified states with different extent of denaturation induced by thermo‐chemical treatment and by applying very high pressure (up to 8 GPa) using a diamond anvil cell. High‐pressure results confirm the peculiar strength to volume compression of insulin and largely extend the pressure range of its structural stability (0–4.2 GPa). Above 4.2 GPa, insulin undergoes an irreversible structural transition that, once pressure is released, leaves the sample in a new conformational state. The protein secondary structure after the pressure treatment results in a structure that is somewhat intermediate between that of the native and the thermo‐chemical fibrillar samples. The analysis of the pressure dependence of the Raman spectrum and of several specific spectroscopic markers allows us to follow the path from the native to new pressure‐denatured protein conformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a TiCl4 Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst Supported on Spherical MgCl2 · nEtOH for the Polymerization of Ethylene and Propylene
Authors: Almeida Lidiane A. , Marques Maria de Fátima V.
Published: November 2011

Experiments designed to prepare Ziegler‐Natta catalysts with controlled particle morphology are reported. Different dealcoholation processes are used on the adduct MgCl2 · nEtOH to prepare the catalysts: either thermal treatment or chemical dealcoholation employing different substances such as titanium tetrachloride, triethylaluminium, dichlorodimethylsilane, and chlorotrimethylsilane. In addition, dichlorodimethylsilane dealcoholation is also performed after thermal treatment. SEM analysis of adducts, supports, and catalysts is carried out. The obtained catalysts are characterized through impregnated titanium content evaluation. The polyethylenes and poly(propylene)s obtained employing the so prepared catalysts show spherical morphology when examined by optical microscopy.

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Which Dimensions of Fatigue Should be Measured in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Delphi Study
Authors: Nikolaus Stephanie , Bode Christina , Taal Erik , van de Laar Mart AFJ
Published: November 2011

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients experience fatigue as a multidimensional symptom. The aim of the present study was to use health professionals and patients alike to identify which dimensions of fatigue should be measured in RA.

Methods

Twelve fatigue dimensions were constructed, based on items from traditional questionnaires and items generated from interviews. Health professionals and patients evaluated these dimensions, related to an initial pool of 294 items, in a Delphi procedure. Dimensions were selected if rated important by at least 80% of the participants.

Results

Ten rheumatologists, 20 nurses and 15 patients participated. All fatigue dimensions were selected directly (severity, frequency, duration, changes in fatigue, perceived causes of fatigue, energy, sleep/rest, body feeling, cognition/concentration, coping, negative emotions/mood and consequences). No additional dimensions emerged from participants' comments and suggestions.

Conclusions

This study revealed 12 fatigue dimensions. This underlines the multidimensionality of fatigue in RA and the need for comprehensive measurement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incrementally non‐linear plasticity applied to rock joint modelling
Authors: Duriez Jérôme , Darve Félix , Donzé Frédéric‐Victor
Published: November 2011

Rock joint constitutive modelling is discussed through two new rock joint constitutive relations and a discrete numerical model. Regarding the constitutive relations, we emphasise the number of ‘tensorial zones’, that is, domains of constitutive incremental linearity; they involve four zones for the first (called ‘quadrilinear’) and an infinite number for the second one (called ‘incrementally nonlinear’). Using these formulations, a large class of loading paths can be considered. Hardening through shearing and relations between the normal and tangential directions of the joint (e.g., dilatancy) can be described. Their predictive abilities are checked. Plastic features are included even if the relations are defined outside the elasto‐plastic formalism. These relations obey, hence, the physical evidence as the plastic limit criterion and flow rule. The flow rule is nonassociated, and the corresponding link with the nonsymmetry of the constitutive matrix is examined. Comparisons between the two relations and the discrete numerical model, that is, a direct numerical simulation, which is fundamentally different, also are discussed within the context of infilled rock joints. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐doped white organic light‐emitting diodes based on ultra‐thin emitting layer with aggregation‐induced emission
Authors: Wang Xu‐Peng , Qian Yan , Zhu Tong‐Jun , Cai Min‐Min , Mi Bao‐Xiu , Jiang Xue‐Yin , Gao Zhi‐Qiang , Huang Wei , Zhang Zhi‐Lin
Published: November 2011

Based on two aggregation‐induced light‐emitting materials, N‐(4‐(benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐hydroxyphenyl) anthracene‐9‐carboxamide for yellow emission and N‐(4‐(benzo[d]oxazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐tert‐butylbenzamide for Blue emission, non‐doped white organic light‐emitting diodes have been realized. The maximum efficiency of 2.2 cd/A and the Commission International de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.32, 0.33) are achieved. Moreover, the device efficiency and color coordinates change slightly with increasing driving current density up to 500 mA/cm2, showing a good color stability and a small efficiency roll‐off. This may due to both better confinement of excitons within the emitting layer and the utilization of a thin layer of emitting material with aggregation‐induced emission.
Depth strain profile with sub‐nm resolution in a thin silicon film using medium energy ion scattering
Authors: Jalabert D. , Pelloux‐Gervais D. , Béché A. , Hartmann J. M. , Gergaud P. , Rouvière J. L. , Canut B.
Published: November 2011

The depth strain profile in silicon from the Si (001) substrate to the surface of a 2 nm thick Si/12 nm thick SiGe/bulk Si heterostructure has been determined by medium energy ion scattering (MEIS). It shows with sub‐nanometer resolution and high strain sensitivity that the thin Si cap presents residual compressive strain caused by Ge diffusion coming from the fully strained SiGe layer underneath. The strain state of the SiGe buffer have been checked by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and nano‐beam electron diffraction (NBED) measurements.
EFFECTS OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES ON FISH PASSAGE, BIOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES AND HYDRAULIC ENVIRONMENTS IN WESTERN IOWA STREAMS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY REVIEW
Authors: Thomas J. T. , Culler M. E. , Dermisis D. C. , Pierce C. L. , Papanicolaou A. N. (Thanos) , Stewart T. W. , Larson C. J.
Published: November 2011

Land use changes and channelization of streams in the deep loess region of western Iowa have led to stream channel incision, altered flow regimes, increased sediment inputs, decreased habitat diversity and reduced lateral connectivity of streams and floodplains. Grade control structures (GCSs) are built in streams to prevent further erosion, protect infrastructure and reduce sediment loads. However, GCS can have a detrimental impact on fisheries and biological communities. We review three complementary biological and hydraulic studies on the effects of GCS in these streams. GCS with steep (≥1:4 rise : run) downstream slopes severely limited fish passage, but GCS with gentle slopes (≤1:15) allowed greater passage. Fish assemblages were dominated by species tolerant of degradation, and Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores were indicative of fair or poor biotic integrity. More than 50% of fish species had truncated distributions. After modification of GCS to reduce slopes and permit increased passage, IBI scores increased and several species were detected further upstream than before modification. Total macroinvertebrate density, biomass and taxonomic diversity and abundance of ecologically sensitive taxa were greater at GCS than in reaches immediately upstream, downstream or ≥1 km from GCS. A hydraulic study confirmed results from fish passage studies; minimum depths and maximum current velocities at GCS with gentle slopes (≤1:15) were more likely to meet minimum criteria for catfish passage than GCS with steeper slopes. Multidisciplinary approaches such as ours will increase understanding of GCS‐associated factors influencing fish passage, biological assemblage structure and other ecological relationships in streams. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.