bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five Women Martyrs
Authors: Brock Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Five named women, to whom a wayside shrine in Crete is dedicated, can be identified as five Persian martyrs under Shapur II, executed by their former teacher. As a first step in tracing how their cult reached Crete, the Syriac narrative of their martyrdom is compared with the accounts in the Synaxarium Constantinopolitanum and the Synaxaristes of St Nikodemos.
Eclipsed in Exile
Authors: McNary-Zak Bernadette
Published: May 2020

Due to fortuitous timing just prior to his third exile, Archbishop Athanasius of Alexandria learned about, and secured copies of, two imperial letters written against him by Emperor Constantine’s son, Emperor Constantius. These letters are included in a continuation of Athanasius’s Defense before Constantius (Apologia ad Constantium). Scholars have long recognized and debated the importance of these two imperial letters in reconstructing the events surrounding the Christianization of the kingdom of Axum. This chapter examines these letters in order to revisit the circumstances under which Athanasius fled his city and to shift the focus of attention to a dormant feature of his episcopal career, his relationship to Christians beyond the boundaries of the Roman Empire.
Progressive congenital emphysema detected in an elderly adult
Authors: Fonseca-Paricio Mario , Khaing Phue , Gupta Ena , Kane Gregory C.
Published: May 2020

Congenital emphysema is a rare congenital disease which typically manifests in infants and newborns.  Even more unusual is detection in later adult life though this has been reported.
An Ambidextrous Communication Strategy: Policy Makers vs Citizens
Authors: Netti Giulia
Published: May 2020

This paper is a qualitative research, deals with studying which communication strategy is used by politicians, whether explorational, exploitative, or ambidextrous communication and how citizens, instead, view such strategy choices carried out by politicians. Moreover, the study analyzes whether ambidextrous communication strategies allow citizens to achieve greater knowledge and awareness regarding sustainability issues (SDGs), compared to what occurs if the politician uses a different communication strategy.The Study 1 was conducted through a semi-structured interview to Italian parliamentarians (senators and deputies) of the XVII and XVIII legislatures. The number of parliamentarians who agreed to the interview was 24 parliamentarians.In the study 2 a survey was conducted on a sample of Italian citizens through various communication channels, mainly through Whastapp and Facebook. The final aim of survey to identify whether the joint use of both communication channels may reinforce citizens’ awareness about sustainable development goals. The citizens what responded to the survey were 289.The results of the two studies show that the use of ambidextrous communication strategy, ie the joint use of the exploitative and explorational communications, is preferred by politicians to the use of only one of the strategies and that there is a positive correlation between the ambidextrous communication strategy of politicians and greater awareness of citizens about sustainability issues (SDGs). These results demonstrate that the hypotheses identified are supported.Although this study has significant implications for how politicians should communicate, it also has different limits.
Exploring Motivational Strategies Practiced by Saudi High School Female EFL Teachers
Authors: Alharbi Aisha T.
Published: May 2020

This study looked into Saudi female English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ perception of their motivational practices in the actual classroom in public and private schools. Forty (n=40) EFL teachers filled out a questionnaire consisting of forty-four motivational strategies that were based on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "very important" to "not important." Descriptive statistics have been used to determine the most and the least important teaching strategies viewed by EFL teachers in private and public schools. To determine if there was any difference between private and public schools’ teachers on how they viewed each strategy in terms of importance, inferential statistics, t-test has been implemented. The study revealed that participants in both educational contexts indicate that “teachers’ proper behavior” is the most significant motivational strategy while “having an encouraging environment” in the EFL classroom was ranked the least important strategy. The findings show that there existed a striking similarity between the two sets of teachers in regard to their perceptions of the importance of motivational strategies. The study suggests that English-as-a-Second-Language book planners should keep textbook materials in harmony with motivational strategies practiced by EFL teachers.
Governmental Measures towards the Coronavirus Crisis Management: An Applied Study from the Viewpoint of Faculty Members in Jordanian Universities
Authors: Aladwan Abdalhaleem Manaa
Published: May 2020

This study is considered one of the rare studios in the world that examine the effect of government measures towards managing the Coronavirus crisis, according to the researcher's knowledge, the study relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, as well as on interviews with those in charge of crisis management in Jordan, (254) questionnaires were obtained from the study population sample, the Sampling unit was represented by faculty members in the departments of political science, media, and economics in Jordanian universities. The study reached the following: the high level of government measure implementation in the face of the Corona crisis, that the level of corona crisis management was moderate, and the effect of governmental measures on the management of the Corona crisis is an applied study from the viewpoint of faculty members in Jordanian universities. The study recommended the development of comprehensive visual and written media programs to educate citizens about the risk of disease, intensify health measures through preventive tracking teams for early detection of cases, that security measures not be at the expense of public freedoms, and find solutions to current and expected economic problems due to the crisis.
Movement on the Altar: Gothic Tabernacle-altarpieces in the Crown of Aragon (and Their Context)
Authors: Velasco Gonzàlez Alberto
Published: May 2020

The arrival of tabernacle-altarpieces in regions under the Crown of Aragon makes up part of a complex context revolving around the evolution of altar furnishings from the late Romanesque to the early Gothic period. The late 13th century and first half of the 14th century saw a series of fundamental movements – changes – prior to the verticalization of altarpieces. All of this took place at the same time that specific types of altar furnishing that already existed during the Romanesque, such as those presenting a sculptural image inside a tabernacle, became steeped in new features, and evolved by taking on movable wings at the sides which could be ritually opened up. This lent them a certain theatricality and the ability to conceal and reveal, while also allowing for processes activating the central image presiding over them. These, specifically, are some of the main contributions of tabernacle-altarpieces to the history of Christian altar furnishing. In the Crown of Aragon, this type of furnishing does not appear to have become very widespread, given that we only have documentary evidence of it in Catalonia and Aragon. All the same, the exemplars that have survived respond to models and types that exactly match those found throughout the kingdom of Castile and the rest of Europe, both those presenting sculptural reliefs on their wings and those with pictorial representations. Finally, we should point out that their chronological presence spanned practically the entire Gothic period, from the early Linear Gothic years until well into the 15th century.
Images and Altar Structures in Romanesque Catalonia: A Restored Virgin and Child Sculpture in the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya
Authors: Camps Soria Jordi
Published: May 2020

Medieval images that have survived to the present time are known to be decontextualised, and very often appear as isolated or free-standing objects, as is the case with statues of the Virgin and Child. Those still preserved in churches have been adapted to structures built subsequent to their creation, and quite often have been transferred to different locations, but many statues held in museums and collections lack their corresponding base or surrounding structure. In Catalonia, the example of Sant Martí d’Envalls (Angoustrine, Cerdanya, Pyrénées Orientales), which dates to the early 13th century, clearly shows that many sculptures were integrated into larger altar ensembles in combination with highly elaborate imagery. The restoration of a sculpture of the Virgin in the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC 15926) carried out in 2018 has allowed us to review some of these issues. The position of the Child, leaning purposefully to his right, suggests that the carving was part of an ensemble that depicted the Adoration of the Magi and some other scene – similar to the ensemble from Sant Martí Sarroca, where the image was centred in an edicule, flanked by the Annunciation and the Adoration of the Magi. The image is also interesting from a museological perspective, since during the first half of the 20th century it was exhibited under a custom-made structure. We will discuss the relationship between the sculpture under study and other images of the Virgin dating from the 12th and 13th centuries in Catalonia that could have formed part of altar ensembles.
Tabernacle-altarpieces in Central Europe: Examples, Types, Iconography
Authors: Kemperdick Stephan
Published: May 2020

A first survey of tabernacle-altarpieces in the German-speaking countries reveals that probably less than 20 specimens can be traced from the time before c. 1450; most of them are only preserved in fragments. They can be found in the north (Stralsund) as well as in middle and southern Germany and the Alpine region. Among them are large, sumptuous works like the former high altar retable of Stams monastery in Tyrol or the life-size ‘Madonna with the Stags’ in Erfurt, both from around 1370/80. The only coherent group in the corpus, however, is formed by four smaller tabernacles that probably were made for the Nuremberg convent of the Poor Clares around 1360/70. In terms of iconography, the Virgin as the Apocalyptic Woman appears remarkably often at the centre of tabernacle-altarpieces, starting with the Erfurt Madonna. A later example of this type is the large Virgin in the Sun on a pier of St Sebaldus church in Nuremberg, donated by the Imhof-family around 1440. Originally the centre of a tabernacle with wings, it stood next to and above an altar with a painted retable; thus the two works must have formed a kind of ensemble. Most of the known tabernacle-altarpieces were designed as a kind of vertical cabinet or as a tower; in the latter case, ground-plans vary between rectangle, pentagon and T-shape. Starting around mid-14th century, there are also some retables with scenic arrangements of sculptures in broad shrines that basically follow the construction of tabernacle-altarpieces.
Tabernacle-altarpieces: Variety within Unity
Authors: Gutiérrez Baños Fernando , Kroesen Justin , Andersen Elisabeth
Published: May 2020

Altarpieces are among the most outstanding and celebrated achievements of medieval art. They were the fruits of the joint efforts, skills and ambitions of artists and patrons. Often combining different media, they reflected a great deal of the faith, ideals, hopes, anxieties and devotions of Christian communities. Altarpieces were erected in churches of all ranks, from cathedrals and monumental abbeys down to modest country churches. Over the ages, medieval altarpieces continuously grew larger and more magnificent. They became symbols of the identity and pride of communities and individuals, for whom they sometimes even became the object of emulation.
Movement as Theater
Authors: Nagar Richa , Sangathan Sangtin Kisan Mazdoor , Theatre Parakh
Published: May 2020

Part Two revolves around protests and campaigns that have formed Sangtin Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan's battles with the Indian state, its development apparatus, and the intimate and violent hierarchies of caste, class, religion, and gender within and against which SKMS saathis live and fight every day. It describes SKMS's struggles to bring water to a dry irrigation channel and to win unemployment compensation under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). Significantly, these stories are simultaneously about articulating a vision of solidarity through the continuous work of evolving complex relationships and political analyses among SKMS saathis, including a Savarna writer, such as the author herself, who is not a kisan or mazdoor and who earns her living as a university professor in the USA.
The Racial Setting of Hawai‘i in the 1920s
Authors: Okamura Jonathan Y.
Published: May 2020

This chapter situates the Fukunaga case in the racial setting of Hawai‘i during the 1920s, when the anti-Japanese movement peaked before World War II. It begins by discussing Haole political and economic power, which resulted from Haole’s enforcing race as the dominant organizing principle of social relations. Also outlined is the anti-Japanese movement, which sought to subordinate Japanese Americans because they were considered the most dangerous threat to Haole domination. The chapter discusses previous racial injustices against Japanese and Filipino labor leaders in the 1920s who had upset the racial hierarchy by organizing plantation strikes. It concludes that the racial setting was demarcated by an uneven racial divide between Haoles and non-Haoles because Native Hawaiians had much greater political access than most of the latter.
Capture, Confession, and Court
Authors: Okamura Jonathan Y.
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers the ensuing four days in the case and brings out the speed with which it proceeded in the criminal justice system after Fukunaga’s capture. The major events considered include his arrest as a result of spending some of the ransom money, his immediate admission of guilt, and the prompt publication in the newspapers of such incriminating statements by him. The chapter analyzes the official transcript of his police interrogation, which came to be referred to as his “confession,” that provided detailed information about his crime. It also notes the responses of the Japanese American community to the crime, including by their newspapers. The chapter concludes with a review of Fukunaga’s prompt arraignment in court for first-degree murder and appointment of his two attorneys.
Aftermath of Death Sentence
Authors: Okamura Jonathan Y.
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers the period after Fukunaga was given the death sentence to more than a year later, including his execution in November 1929. It reviews the legal appeals to save him from being hanged, which went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. The chapter also discusses the public assertions of colorblindness in the case by the Honolulu daily newspapers, the Nippu Jiji, and the presiding judge at his trial, which all sought to deny the decisive role that race played in his conviction. It outlines the advocacy efforts by the Japanese American community organized by the Hawaii Hochi to obtain a new trial for Fukunaga and the opposition to that campaign led by the Honolulu press, including the Nippu Jiji.
Dirty Jokes and Bawdy Songs
Authors: Davis Susan G.
Published: May 2020

Born into a poor Jewish family, folklorist Gershon Legman (1917-99) made an independent career for himself in the study of erotic literature and obscene folklore. The book is the first full biography of this major figure in twentieth-century folklore study. Drawing on unprecedented research in Legman’s papers, the author traces his working and personal life from the 1930s American landscape of underground publishing, through midcentury sex research, through to his recovery and publication, in the 1960 and 1970s, of suppressed and censored folklore texts. Gershon Legman expanded the study of folklore in a series of authoritative works on topics ranging from limericks, folk songs, and jokes to the history of erotica publishing. Legman’s work prefigured the history of sexuality and the body, while he used the language of folklore to create a romantic outsider’s vision of American culture freed from repression.
The book places Legman in the censorship battles of his times, connecting him to other important thinkers on sex and to the expansion of folklore as an academic discipline in the twentieth century. As it weighs the effect of Legman’s long exile in France, the book describes the twentieth century’s narrowing intellectual space for marginal, contrarian thinkers.
The Hell Drawer
Authors: Davis Susan G.
Published: May 2020

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Legman completed and published two volumes of his studies of sexual humor, The Rationale of the Dirty Joke and No Laughing Matter. In these books he presented thousands of jokes on sexual and bodily topics, framed by his own version of a Freudian approach to humor. This chapter lays out Legman’s organization of the materials dredged up in his decades of joke collecting, outlines his theories of humor, and places his books in the expansion of scholarly interest in humor in the 1960s and 1970s. Legman was almost alone in emphasizing aggression as a largely unconscious motive in joke telling and in emphasizing that jokes expressed unresolved psychic conflicts. The Rationale of the Dirty Joke was more warmly received than Legman’s second volume of jokes, in large part because No Laughing Matter dealt with the nastiest jokes in Legman’s collection. The chapter also examines the academic and popular reactions to both books and details Legman’s difficulties with publishers, especially around the issue of royalties for his work.
Cinematic Segregation
Authors: Durkin Hannah
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Dunham’s interventions in World War II-era U.S. cinema. Focusing on three of Dunham’s Hollywood films, Carnival of Rhythm (1941), Star Spangled Rhythm (1942), and Stormy Weather (1943), the chapter recovers Dunham’s groundbreaking contribution as a Black woman choreographer to midcentury U.S. cinema. Establishing that Dunham was the first Black choreographer to gain onscreen credit for her work in Hollywood, it shows how her performances represented a negotiation of studio-era racial codes but also how she mediated such codes and was able to assert her authorship by presenting a vision of Black dancing womanhood in Hollywood that was pioneering its open engagement with sensuality, cultural diversity, and choreographic allusions to ballet and modern dance.
Joanna Russ
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: May 2020

Joanna Russ (1937-2011) was an outstanding writer, critic, and theorist of science fiction at a time when female writers were marginal to the genre, and very few women, perhaps only Judith Merril and Joanna herself, had significant influence on the field. In her university teaching and in her writing she championed the integration of new social models and higher literary standards into genre works. In her review columns for the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction she dissected the masters of the New Wave with appreciation, wit, and incisive intelligence. Her experimental novel The Female Man (1975) is an essential seventies Feminist text, still relevant today; her groundbreaking academic articles are recognized as foundation studies in feminist and science fiction literary scholarship. Drawing on Jeanne Cortiel’s lesbian feminist appraisal of Russ, Demand My Writing (1999), Farah Mendelsohn’s essay collection On Joanna Russ (2009), and a wide range of contemporary sources, this book aims to give context to her career in the America of her times, from the Cold War domestic revival through the 1960s decade of protest and the Second Wave feminism of the 1970s and 1980s, into the twenty-first century, examining her novels, her remarkable short fiction, her critical and autobiographical works, her role in the science fiction community, and her contributions to feminist debate.
Joanna Russ, Trans-Temp Agent
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: May 2020

“Joanna Russ: Trans-Temp Agent” describes Joanna’s New York childhood in a close-knit (secular) Ashkenazi Jewish community; the precocious, passionate “sense of wonder” that informed her love of science, and science fiction; and the disillusion with stifling 1950s gender-roles that led young women of her generation to feminism. After Cornell University and a difficult, male-dominated theater course at Yale, she struggled with depression, experimented in the gothic mode, and sold uncanny tales to the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. An invitation to the Milford conference marked her entry to the literary sf community. The chapter discusses published fiction from 1959-1970, with emphasis on “The Forever House” (1959) and the life-changing “Alyx” series, including the short novel Picnic on Paradise.
Joining the Cultural Minority
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: May 2020

“Joining the Cultural Minority” examines the influence of Nabokov on Joanna’s modernist, postrealist sensibility, her “fictional autobiography” project, and her insistence on the “fictiveness of fiction.” The chapter discusses issues of agency and assimilation in her fifth novel. A “re-visioning and re-perceiving” of a work by Joanna’s friend Suzette Halden Elgin, related to Joanna’s important 1970 story “The Second Inquisition,” The Two of Us (1978) features a talented young “Trans-Temp” agent who realizes that if other women are chattels, her own, special status is an illusion. Reviews, essays, and stories discussed include “Recent Feminist Utopias”; “On the Yellow Wallpaper”; “Not for Years but for Decades”; and the engaging, juvenile “coming of age” story Kitattinny, all of which confirm a shift toward feminism and away from feminist sf.
“Will the Real Men Stand Up?”
Authors: Bailey Marlon M. , Richardson Matt
Published: May 2020

Given the ways that the exercise of racism and the ideology of black inferiority have depended upon entrenched images of black hypersexuality, it may be unsurprising that representations of intracommunal sexual fetishization and performance obscure the presence of racism. Nonetheless, such representations can also lead us to misinterpret how racial subordination is inculcated, negotiated, and challenged within the black community. The many responses to Karrine Steffans, her book Confessions of a Video Vixen, and the new cultural figure she represents (the video vixen, model, ‘jump off’, ‘groupie’, or ‘ho’) reveal the multiple investments in the representation of black women, and by extension, black men and their sexualities. Blake argues that although dominant discourses would lay blame for the circulation of misogynist images at the doorstep of the black community, understanding the formation of such a figure requires a far more complex reading. In addition to addressing the contemporary exercise of gendered racism, intracommunal discussions and debates about black sexuality (inspired by the video vixen) show that black popular culture can create new discursive spaces. Sometimes it also exposes intracommunal negotiations over the effects of racial subordination, the contemporary meanings of racial community, and the politics of black hypersexuality.
Branded Beautiful
Authors: Bascomb Lia T.
Published: May 2020

This chapter investigates how white homonormative narratives perform tyrannous acts that distort understandings of queerness for people of color. As white queerness romanticizes and celebrates “coming out”—becoming the universal marker of liberation—these fascinations forge a space where other, discrete ways of being in the world appear anachronistic, backwards, or rare. McCune re-opens the case of “white men on the Down Low (DL),” if you will—to elucidate how the larger discourse of the queer triumphant, or queer progress, activates an erasure of all queers (white included) who do not fit the mold of the “out and proud” gay subject. This elision constructs a cultural amnesia around other ways of knowing sexuality outside of coming out—which enables a mis-remembering of a white queer past and present, devoid of discretion. Secondly, these constructions of a white queer past sanitize white queerness and enable a discourse that not only impacts how white queers perpetually privilege progress narratives, but potentially demonizes or distorts queers of color who perform often more illegible enactments of queerness. Bringing back the film Brokeback Mountain as a shape-shifting cultural text—globalizing an understanding of the foregone closet—the chapter forces an interracial non-romance between discretion in whiteface and blackface. Brokeback Mountain and other resonant texts perform a popular queer historiography, which misreads or under-reads the broader histories and social realities of queer people within and outside of the U.S.
The Mist and the Rain
Authors: Stallings L. H.
Published: May 2020

A contemporary folk tale centered on auto-eroticism and spirituality
Kansas City vs. Oakland
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C.
Published: May 2020

The book discusses a sports rivalry between two cities--Kansas City, Missouri and Oakland, California--during one of the most tumultuous periods in U.S. history, the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s. Kansas City and Oakland sought major league teams to show the rest of the world that they were no longer minor league in stature. Their efforts to attract big-league franchises pitted the two cities against each other. After they succeeded in landing those franchises, the cities’ football and baseball teams regularly fought each other--sometimes literally--on the field. By 1977 Kansas City and Oakland would be much changed from what they had been only a decade previously. Their sports teams had brought them widespread attention and athletic glory, just as they had craved. They also had done much to try to improve themselves by building not only new sports facilities but also new cultural, retail, and transportation centers. But those triumphs came at a cost amid wrenching clashes over race and labor relations, pitched battles over urban renewal, and heated controversies over the lot of professional athletes. The book tells parallel stories: that of the clashes between the cities’ sports teams, and that of the struggles of the cities themselves to show that they had become “big league” through sports and other major civic initiatives.
A’s vs. Royals, Part II
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the baseball rivalry that developed between the Oakland A’s and the Kansas City Royals. The A’s won two more world championships but still fought with owner Charles Finley, who drew condemnation for his actions during the 1973 World Series. The Royals had developed a talented core through trades and their farm system but could not beat the A’s when it counted the most, and the team experienced turmoil of its own. Kansas City’s and Oakland’s decisions to build new sports facilities outside their central business districts contributed to the decline of the two cities’ downtowns, which the cities tried to counter through an array of urban renewal projects that in turn provoked controversy.
Sophonisba Breckinridge
Authors: Jabour Anya
Published: May 2020

Sophonisba Breckinridge (1866-1948) was involved in virtually every reform--including legal aid for immigrants, civil rights for blacks, labor legislation for workers, juvenile courts for youth, and citizenship rights for women--of both the Progressive and New Deal eras. She also played an important role in the development of the welfare state. As a social scientist, a social worker, and a public policy consultant, she played a key role in the development and the implementation of the 1935 Social Security Act. Breckinridge’s influence extended beyond national boundaries. As a founding member of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom and the first American woman to represent the United States at an international diplomatic conference, she promoted international cooperation and exemplified feminist pacifism. Nationally and internationally renowned in her own lifetime, since her death Breckinridge has been largely forgotten. By foregrounding the life and work of this forgotten feminist, this biography of Breckinridge provides a fresh interpretation of women’s activism in modern America. A close look at Breckinridge’s lifelong commitment to social justice reveals previously unappreciated connections between women’s work on behalf of racial justice, civil liberties, world peace, social services, international relations, labor organizing, immigration policy, public health, child welfare, and women’s rights. Spanning the decades from the Civil War to the Cold War and covering a broad range of topics, this book demonstrates both the continuity and the diversity of women’s activism in modern America.
“A Woman’s Work” and “The Work of the World”
Authors: Jabour Anya
Published: May 2020

The Introduction discusses how examining Breckinridge’s life work offers new insight into feminist activism in twentieth-century America. A careful study of Breckinridge’s life and work significantly reshapes our understanding of both the chronology and the contours of U.S. feminism, requiring us to acknowledge the continuity of feminist activism across the Progressive era and the New Deal, rethink the notion of feminist leadership, reevaluate academic endeavors as central to American activism, and recognize the diversity and the interrelatedness of the many issues that women considered “feminist” in modern America. By foregrounding the life and work of this forgotten feminist, my biography of Breckinridge presents a more complete--and more complex--story of women’s activism in modern America. Breckinridge’s lifelong commitment to social activism illuminates American women’s participation in the struggle for social justice both in the United States and beyond its borders.
Women against War
Authors: Jabour Anya
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 focuses on Breckinridge’s involvement in an international women’s movement dedicated to feminism, pacifism, and justice that flourished in the United States and Europe during and after World War I. This chapter explores the origins of Breckinridge’s pacifism, her introduction to feminist-pacifism during World War I, and her continuing commitment to internationalism in the isolationist 1920s. Breckinridge maintained her commitment to social justice and her participation in international social work circles even at the height of the Red Scare.
Of Fathers and Mothers
Authors: Aparicio Frances R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter unravels both the identification and alienation between Intralatino/a children and their parents given the performance of gender and sexuality. I examine the case of Daniel, who is Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Mexican-American, but who identifies strongly with his mother and with her Dominican national identity, thus illustrating the traditional theories regarding the mother’s central role in transmitting culture, especially in mixed families. I also discuss the profound pain of two other Intralatino/as, Mario and Maria Isabel, who counteract Daniel’s narrative by distancing themselves from the problematic gendered and sexual behavior of their respective father and mother. By reading them together, the three narratives critically reflect on gender identities—both their own and those of their parents, revealing how gender and sexuality inform the disavowal of national identities among Intralatino/as.
Negotiating Spanish
Authors: Aparicio Frances R.
Published: May 2020

Focusing on the diverse meanings that the Spanish language has had in cementing and resisting national, horizontal hierarchies among U.S. Latino/as, I specifically examine how Spanish is a key site for struggles over legitimacy among many Intralatino/as who are second-generation Spanish speakers. These interviews reveal the anxieties over Latino authenticity for Intralatino/as whose Spanish is not fluent, and the processes of reclaiming Spanish that allows some of them to reaffirm power and agency within their families and social networks. This chapter also discusses the multiple instances of linguistic transculturations in Intralatino families that complicate traditional narratives about language maintenance and loss.
Passing for Mexican
Authors: Aparicio Frances R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the relational and situational aspects of Intralatino/a identity constructions in Chicago, examining specific acts of passing as Mexican, the dominant Latino community in this city. Redefining “passing” as “rhetoric” rather than cultural betrayal, I examine the anecdotes of Mexiricans, MexiGuatemalans, and a Salvadoran/Puerto Rican who grew up in a Mexican neighborhood. I identify three forms of Mexicanization in Chicago and discuss the ways in which those who are partially Mexican or not Mexican at all feel pressured to publicly identify as Mexican. I conclude noting that the intimate affective conflicts of each family inform and contradict the public perceptions of Intralatino/as as always already Mexicanized.
Reflecting the Public Appetite in Text and Music
Authors: Kelly Barbara L.
Published: May 2020

Claude Debussy’s final works were written under the twin shadows of terminal illness and World War I. In response to the latter, he emphasized his stature as a “musicien français” and used quotation and paratexts to challenge the boundaries of abstract music. Noël des enfants qui n’ont plus de maison, a work often dismissed as blatant propaganda, stands out for its lack of discretion in text and music. The reception of the performance of Noël at charity concerts and at a concert organized by Jane Bathori confirms both its contemporaneous importance and its ambiguous place in Debussy’s music and thought. Reframing that work in the context of the Great War facilitates a reconsideration of the whole of Debussy’s wartime compositions.
Profitable Patriotism
Authors: Warfield Patrick
Published: May 2020

World War I gave John Philip Sousa, always an astute businessman, several opportunities to reshape his image and rebuild his career. Sousa embraced first neutrality, and then preparedness, notably in championing “Wake Up, America” during his residency at New York’s Hippodrome. When the country entered the war, Sousa was acclaimed for his quintessential patriotism, and he enlisted in the Naval Reserve to train bandsmen at the Great Lakes Training Station. He even changed his appearance, shaving off his celebrated beard; and he joined in anti-German jingoism, writing a wedding march as a substitute for Wagner and Mendelssohn. By war’s end, he had recaptured the public imagination and rebuilt his legend for the years to come.
Women at the Pedals
Authors: Leonard Kendra Preston
Published: May 2020

Women played many musical roles in the film industry. They accompanied silent films at the organ with existing repertoire, made new compositions of incidental music and songs, and improvised accompaniments at the keyboard; they constructed and disseminated cue sheets and educated their fellow musicians and the public in trade journals and newspapers; and they were inventors: Alice Smythe Jay created a mechanism to synchronize piano rolls with films, while Carrie Hetherington invented and promoted the Fotoplayer. In World War I, with men serving abroad, women were increasingly vital to the industry, advancing the cause of professional women throughout the music industry.
The Beginning of the End of Something
Authors: Ertan Deniz
Published: May 2020

World War I, with its attendant music and noise, was followed immediately by an influenza epidemic (the “Spanish flu”) that was met by a resounding silence. To meet the epidemic, theatres closed and gatherings were prohibited; Western culture itself paused until the danger passed. Realistic portrayals and responses through music were rare (in contrast to the war), but they may be detectable in works by artists as diverse as Charles Tomlinson Griffes and Blind Willie Johnson. The nationalism of the conflict yielded to a new transnationalism, neither peaceful nor stable, described most memorably by Randolph Bourne, himself a victim of the disease.
Postlude: Not an End
Authors: Brooks William , Bashford Christina , Magee Gayle
Published: May 2020

The Great War—the “war to end all wars”—ended nothing. In fact, the social and political consequences of the war, as well as the musical ones, continue to resonate even today. After a fifteen-year hiatus, during which the great powers nursed their wounds and grudges, the run-up to the continuation started: Adolf Hitler took power in Germany. And after World War II, there was Korea … and Algeria … and Vietnam … and Iraq …...
Defining Girlhood in India
Authors: Tambe Ashwini
Published: May 2020

At what age do girls gain the maturity to make sexual choices? This question provokes especially vexed debates in India, where early marriage is a widespread practice. India has served as a focal problem site in NGO campaigns and intergovernmental conferences setting age standards for sexual maturity. Over the last century, the country shifted the legal age of marriage from twelve, among the lowest in the world, to eighteen, at the high end of the global spectrum.
Ashwini Tambe illuminates the ideas that shaped such shifts: how the concept of adolescence as a sheltered phase led to delaying both marriage and legal adulthood; how the imperative of population control influenced laws on marriage age; and how imperial moral hierarchies between nations provoked defensive postures within India. Tambe's transnational feminist approach to legal history shows how intergovernmental debates influenced Indian laws and how expert discourses in India changed UN terminology about girls. Ultimately, the well-meaning focus on child marriage became tethered less to the well-being of girls themselves and more to parents' interests, population control targets, and the preservation of national reputation.
Investing in the Girl Child, 1989–2015
Authors: Tambe Ashwini
Published: May 2020

This chapter turns focus to girls as a conceptual category. In particular, it traces the rise of the figure of the “girl child” in 1990s Indian discourses and then in UN discourses. Chapter 6 shows how attention to girls spiked in state policies and corporate campaigns in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It traces a discursive explosion: from a trickle of references in the early 1990s, “girls” and, specifically, the “girl child,” came to occupy increasing attention in the mid-1990s and then even greater institutional stature from about 2005 into the next decade. The chapter proposes possible reasons for the increasing attention to girls, such as discourses in development studies circles, nervousness about some feminist advocacy causes, as well as corporate interests. It show how the celebration of girlhood has enabled a specific kind of advocacy: a turn toward productive investment in girls. A key contribution of this chapter is to show how intellectual influences traveled in multidirectional ways: the term “girl child” traveled from Indian contexts to UN contexts. While a bulk of the chapter focuses on intergovernmental UN contexts, the last part moves back to India, showing how the new orientation toward investing in girls has been taken up in programs initiated by states and the national government.
Conclusion
Authors: Tambe Ashwini
Published: May 2020

The conclusion reflects on the eleven decades examined across this book and looks ahead to what the lessons of this study are. What becomes clear from this history is a shift from protecting girls from forced sex to seeing their potential fertility as a population threat to then seeing girls as targets of investment. The chapter notes that the expansion of girlhood as a special life phase has been accompanied by the gathering force of protectionist parental control. It recounts, across each chapter, how laws ostensibly focused on protecting adolescent girls were simultaneously aligned with other forces, such as national prestige, imperial ideologies, economic development priorities, and parental anxieties about respectable reproduction. It closes by proposing directions for future exploration
A History of the Ozarks, Volume 2
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: May 2020

A History of the Ozarks, Vol. 2: The Conflicted Ozarks focuses on the long era of Civil War and Reconstruction, stretching roughly from the 1850s through the 1880s. The book begins with an analysis of slavery (the most thorough examination of the institution in the region to date) and the secession crisis. Almost half the book deals with the four years of civil warfare, including a summary of the formal, battlefield war in the Ozarks and an examination of various facets of the home front, from guerrilla fighters to the role of women. It also features the most comprehensive portrait of the long Reconstruction era in the Ozarks, including a comparison of political Reconstruction in Arkansas and Missouri as well as an extended treatment of social and economic reconstruction that chronicles railroad building, manufacturing, extractive industry, and the development of educational institutions in the postwar years. In addition to the continuation of volume 1’s argument that the story of the Ozarks is mostly an unexceptional, regional variation of the American story, volume 2 is built on the thematic concept of multiple layers of conflict in the region--divisions over slavery, wartime violence and its stubborn continuation in the Reconstruction era, and the continuing conflicted identity of the Ozarks as part southern and part midwestern, part Union and part Confederate, part modern and part backwoods.
The Savagery of War
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 continues a linear discussion of the war but also notes the Civil War’s metamorphosis into a different kind of conflict in its final two years in the Ozarks. Following the Battle of Prairie Grove in December 1862--chronicled in the previous chapter--the remainder of the conflict sees little action by large armies of either side. Instead, the official military activity concentrates on raids, counterinsurgency efforts, and punitive attacks. Much of the chapter deals with life on the home front in the Ozarks no-man’s-land and the guerrilla fighters who came to represent the region’s war over the final two years.
The Struggle for Reconciliation and Control
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 chronicles the period of political Reconstruction in the post-Civil War years, from 1865 to about 1874. Despite the formal end of war, the region did not see an end to bloodshed, as former rebels and Federals continued to struggle for political and social control in their neighborhoods and counties. The experiences of Arkansas and Missouri continued to diverge in the postwar era, with Arkansas and other former Confederate states falling under congressional Reconstruction in 1867. The chapter includes a discussion of the experience of uncertain freedom for emancipated slaves.
Globetrotters and Rebels
Authors: de la Torre Alejandro
Published: May 2020

Correspondents played a vital role in the Spanish anarchist press. They helped to build a global libertarian community; three specific cases narrated in this chapter describe how a nucleus of Spanish-speaking anarchist readers developed in North America. The correspondents’ work made possible, in large part, the connection between local hubs and other communities of libertarian readers in distant places. Such links describe the emergence of a powerful transnational “print culture” that gradually incorporated the United States (as a political, economic, and cultural space) in the ideological panorama of Ibero-American Spanish-speaking anarchism. In this sense, the image of the United States, as a symbolic reference for exploitation, found a fertile ground in the transnational Spanish-language anarchist print network beginning at the end of the nineteenth century.
Anarchism and the End of Empire
Authors: Castañeda Christopher J.
Published: May 2020

This essay examines the conflict that arose among some Spanish-born (peninsular) cigar makers in New York and Cuban separatists. During the 1890s, a vibrant anarchist community developed in Brooklyn, New York, that published a periodical, El Despertar (1891-1902) and interacted with anarchists in Spain, Florida, and Cuba among other locations. As the conflict between Spanish colonial authority over Cuba became increasingly contentious and violent, tensions between some Cubans and Spaniards increased as well, particularly among Cubans who felt that many Spanish anarchists were indifferent to the separatist cause. Jose C. Campos, a Cuban émigré living in Brooklyn, addressed these issues in a number of essays printed in El Despertar and other workers’ newspapers and attempted to redirect anxiety and anger toward capitalism instead of destructive infighting among Spanish-speaking cigar workers.
“How to Go Forward”: Catastrophe and Comedy in the Science in the Capital Trilogy
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: May 2020

Robinson’s Science in the Capital trilogy (condensed in 2015 to the one-volume Green Earth) dramatizes how climate change unsettles traditional understandings of ecology and politics. By treating science as an integral part of an ethical and spiritual solution to environmental crisis, Forty Signs of Rain, Fifty Degrees Below, and Sixty Days and Counting depict an ongoing project of national, as well as spiritual, renewal. Drawing on work in climatology, bioinformatics, and neuroscience, as well as Buddhist and Transcendentalist thought, Robinson sets large-scale efforts to restart the stalled Gulf Stream against intersecting narratives of romance and political intrigue in twenty-first- century Washington, D.C. In Frank Vanderwal, a scientist at the heart of efforts to deal with the consequences of abrupt climate change, the novelist dramatizes the tensions—between mind and body, love and work, and frustration and activism—that define the means and the obstacles to an eco-cultural transformation.
The Future in Black and White
Authors: Pinto Samantha
Published: May 2020

Focusing on Adrienne Kennedy's 1976 drama, A Movie Star Has to Star in Black and White, and Fran Ross's 1974 novel, Oreo, this essay argues for a radical reinterpretation of post-civil rights cultural and political legacies. Each author has been neglected in classrooms and criticism of the period, and in our stories about what constitutes paradigmatic black artistic practice of the time just beyond the height of the civil rights era. This essay renarrates this moment in African American literature, culture, and politics with these two authors at its center, marking the two texts as finding both danger and pleasure in popular performances of sexuality, gender, and race as they constitute a contemporary black feminist practice.
Renegotiating Racial Discourse
Authors: Singleton Jermaine
Published: May 2020

Published in 1975, Gayl Jones’s Corregidora emerged amid the onset of post-civil rights era politics of black respectability and neoliberal ideology and policies that rendered black communities and bodies paradoxically more “public” and “private.” This essay posits Jones’s novel as a corrective to these ideological and existential binds. Thinking through psychoanalytic theories of mourning and melancholia, queer of color theories of identity formation, and the work of black feminist scholars, this essay explores how Jones draws on the blues aesthetic to fashion a novel that accounts for the process of racial subject formation at the intersections of buried social memory and ongoing practices of racialization and underscores the individualistic contours of racial identity without stabilizing hegemonic discourses of racial ideology.