bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commissioning and beam characterization of the first gantry‐mounted accelerator pencil beam scanning proton system
Authors: Kang M. , Pang D.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To present and discuss beam characteristics and commissioning process of the first gantry‐mounted accelerator single room pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton system.

Methods

The Mevion HYPERSCAN employs a design configuration with a synchrocyclotron mounted on the gantry to eliminate the traditional beamline and a nozzle that contains the dosimetry monitoring chambers, the energy modulator (Energy Selector (ES)), and an Adaptive Aperture (AA). To characterize the beam, we measured the integrated depth dose (IDDs) for 12 energies, from highest energy of 227 MeV down to 28 MeV with a range difference ~ 2 cm between the adjacent energies, using a large radius Bragg peak chamber; single‐spot profiles in air at five locations along the beam central axis using radiochromic EBT3 film and cross compared with a scintillation detector; and determined the output using a densely packed spot map. To access the performance of AA, we measured interleaf leakage and the penumbra reduction effect. Monte Carlo simulation using TOPAS was performed to study spot size variation along the beam path, beam divergence, and energy spectrum.

Results

This proton system is calibrated to deliver 1 Gy dose at 5 cm depth in water using the highest beam energy by delivering 1 MU/spot to a 10 × 10 cm2 map with a 2.5 mm spot spacing. The spot size in air varies from 4 mm to 26 mm from 227 MeV to 28 MeV at the isocenter plane with the nozzle retracted 23.6 cm from isocenter. The beam divergence of 28 MeV beam is ~ 52.7 mrad, which is nearly 22 times that of 227 MeV proton beam. The binary design of the ES has resulted in shifts of the effective SSD toward the isocenter as the energy is modulated lower. The peaks of IDD curves have a constant 80%‐80% width of 8.4 mm at all energies. The interleaf leakage of the AA is less than 1.5% at the highest energy; and the AA can reduce the penumbra by 2 mm to 13 mm for the 227 and 28 MeV energies at isocenter plane in air.

Conclusions

The unique design of the HYPERSCAN proton system has yielded beam characteristics significantly different from that of other proton systems in terms of the Bragg peak shapes, spot sizes, and the penumbra sharpening effect of the AA. The combination of the ES and AA has made PBS implementation possible without using beam transport line and range shifter devices. Different considerations may be required in treatment planning optimization to account for different design and beam characteristics.
Metabolic compounds within the porcine uterine environment are unique to the type of conceptus present during the early stages of blastocyst elongation
Authors: Walsh Sophie C. , Miles Jeremy R. , Yao Linxing , Broeckling Corey D. , Rempel Lea A. , Wright‐Johnson Elane C. , Pannier Angela K.
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to identify metabolites within the porcine uterine milieu during the early stages of blastocyst elongation. At Days 9, 10, or 11 of gestation, reproductive tracts of White cross‐bred gilts (n = 38) were collected immediately following harvest and flushed with Roswell Park Memorial Institute‐1640 medium. Conceptus morphologies were assessed from each pregnancy and corresponding uterine flushings were assigned to one of five treatment groups based on these morphologies: (a) uniform spherical (n = 8); (b) heterogeneous spherical and ovoid (n = 8); (c) uniform ovoid (n = 8); (d) heterogeneous ovoid and tubular (n = 8); and (e) uniform tubular (n = 6). Uterine flushings from these pregnancies were submitted for nontargeted profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)–MS techniques. Unsupervised multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using pcaMethods and univariate analysis of variance was performed in R with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. PCA analysis of the GC–MS and UPLC–MS data identified 153 and 104 metabolites, respectively. After FDR adjustment of the GC–MS and UPLC–MS data, 38 and 59 metabolites, respectively, differed (p < .05) in uterine flushings from pregnancies across the five conceptus stages. Some metabolites were greater (p  < .05) in abundance for uterine flushings containing earlier stage conceptuses (i.e., spherical), such as uric acid, tryptophan, and tyrosine. In contrast, some metabolites were greater (p < .05) in abundance for uterine flushings containing later stage conceptuses (i.e., tubular), such as creatinine, serine, and urea. These data illustrate several putative metabolites that change within the uterine milieu during early porcine blastocyst elongation.
Study of expression of genes potentially responsible for reduced fitness in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 and identification of new biomarkers of testicular function
Authors: Ergoli Manuela , Venditti Massimo , Picillo Esther , Minucci Sergio , Politano Luisa
Published: December 2019

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic disorder caused by trinucleotide CTG expansion in DMPK gene, often affecting the neighboring genes. Endocrine system is involved, resulting in hypogonadism and reproductive abnormalities, but molecular mechanisms underlying the reduced fertility observed in DM1 are very complex and partially unknown. To better characterize these mechanisms, an analysis of sperm parameters and anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) values was performed in 20 DM1 patients. About 50% of them showed hypoposia and azoospermia; the remaining, despite an adequate volume of ejaculate, had oligo‐astheno‐teratozoospermia. Interestingly, the lowest AMH levels better correlated with the main sperm alterations. The pattern of expression of DMPK, SIX5, and RSPH6A genes, evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, showed a substantial reduction of the expression in both peripheral blood and in seminal plasma of patients, compared to controls. An impairment of testis‐specific RSPH6A protein expression and localization was observed in sperm protein extracts by WB analysis and in isolated spermatozoa by immunofluorescence. These results support the hypothesis that CTG expansion also affects the expression of neighboring genes and contributes to gonad defects observed in DM1, suggesting the possibility of using them as markers for normal fertility in humans.
Micronutrients in Liver Disease: Roles, Risk Factors for Deficiency, and Recommendations for Supplementation
Authors: Kozeniecki Michelle , Ludke Rachel , Kerner Jennifer , Patterson Brittney
Published: December 2019

Micronutrients are essential components of the diet and are required to maintain fundamental bodily functions. Liver disease has a profound effect on nutrient intake, metabolism of nutrients, and nutrition status, often resulting in some degree of malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiency. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can impair metabolic processes at the cellular and biochemical level even before clinical and physical alterations are seen. It is essential that micronutrient status is evaluated as part of a comprehensive nutrition assessment for all patients with chronic or advanced liver disease. Early intervention to correct suspected or confirmed deficiencies may minimize symptoms and improve clinical outcomes and quality of life. In this narrative review, different types of liver disease and associated micronutrient abnormalities are outlined, and methods of micronutrient assessment and supplementation are discussed.
The influence of emotional intelligence on leadership styles: A profile of executives in ASEZA organization
Authors: Karasneh Abed Al‐Fatah , Al‐Momani Enas Ali
Published: December 2019

This article reports new insight into the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) dimensions and leadership style at the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA). Multiple regression results have revealed a negative significant association between EI and leadership style in three major dimensions of EI, namely, self‐awareness, motivation, and empathy. Stepwise regression analysis revealed a significant positive association of self‐regulation and social skills dimensions on ASEZA's leadership style. Results further indicated that there are no significant differences between the dimensions of EI and demographic factors as well as between leadership and undertaken demographic factors. However, no research has focused on the relationship between EI and leadership style in ASEZA‐Jordan context. The current research identified this gap in the literature by connecting leadership through EI. Implications are that leaders lacking all or some EI dimensions are less likely to have a healthy relationship with their subordinates and are likely to be classified as being ineffective leaders. Organizations could benefit from being able to differentiate ineffective leaders from leaders who suffer from some or all EI dimensions. Therefore, the lack of some major EI dimensions in an organization like ASEZA negatively influences its competitive advantage as well as its performance.
Landowner functional types to characterize response to invasive forest insects
Authors: Holt Jonathan R. , Borsuk Mark E. , Butler Brett J. , Kittredge David B. , Laflower Danelle , MacLean Meghan G. , Markowski‐Lindsay Marla , Orwig David , Thompson Jonathan R.
Published: December 2019

Invasive forest insects can induce tree mortality in two ways: (a) by directly harming trees; or (b) by influencing forest owners to pre‐emptively harvest threatened trees. This study investigates forest owners’ intentions to harvest trees threatened by invasive insects.

Our first objective is to identify and characterize agent functional types (AFTs) of family forest owners in the northeastern United States using a set of contingent behaviour questions contained in a mail survey. We establish AFTs as a form of dimension reduction, effectively casting landowners into a typology in which each type (AFT) has distinct probabilities of tree harvesting in response to forest insects. Our analysis identifies three functional types of landowners: ‘Cutters’ (46% of respondents; high intent to harvest trees impacted by invasive forest insects), ‘Responsive Cutters’ (42% of respondents; intent sensitive to insect impact severity), and ‘Non‐cutters’ (12% of respondents; low intent to cut).

Our second objective is to model AFT membership to predict the distribution of AFTs across the landscape. Predictors are chosen from a set of survey, geographic and demographic features. Our best AFT‐prediction model has three predictor variables: parcel size (hectares of forest), geographical region, and town‐level forested fraction. Application of the model provides a high‐resolution probability distribution of AFTs across the landscape.

By coupling human and insect behaviour, our results allow for holistic assessments of how invasive forest insects disturb forests, inclusive of the management response to these pests.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The linear and curvilinear relation between personality and subjective well‐being in visual artists: Perceived creation stress as a mediator
Authors: Chen Chen , Wang Kexin , Chen Shuang , Zhou Yixin , Zhou Mingjie
Published: December 2019

The aims of this study were to investigate the associations among personality traits, perceived creation stress, and life satisfaction in visual artists, as well as examine the mediating role of perceived creation stress. We recruited 201 visual artists in Beijing's Songzhuang art colony to participate in this study and used the Mini International Personality Item Pool‐Five‐Factor Model measure, the Perceived Creation Stress Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Extraversion and conscientiousness positively predicted life satisfaction, and conscientiousness was negatively associated with creation stress. Positive U‐shaped curvilinear relationships between personality traits and life satisfaction (neuroticism, conscientiousness, extroversion, and agreeableness) characterized the nonlinear relationship model. Meanwhile, perceived creation stress mediated the relationship between conscientiousness (both linear and quadratic) and life satisfaction. Our findings highlighted the dark‐side traits (e.g., neuroticism, introversion, low agreeableness, and conscientiousness) associated with visual artists' subjective well‐being.
Synthesis, aphicidal activity and conformation of novel insect kinin analogues as potential eco‐friendly insecticides
Authors: Zhang Chuanliang , Li Xinlu , Song Dunlun , Ling Yun , Zhou Yuanlin , Yang Xinling
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

The discovery of ecofriendly insecticides through a new strategy for aphid control is important because of the substantial resistance and unexpected eco‐toxicity to honeybees caused by traditional insecticides. The insect kinins, a class of multifunctional insect neuropeptides, are considered for potential application in pest control. In our previous work we developed several series of insect kinin analogues and found a promising lead II‐1 with good aphicidal activity. To seek further eco‐friendly aphicides, the optimization of II‐1 is carried out in this study.

RESULTS

Fifteen novel Yaa3 modified analogues based on the lead II‐1 were synthesized. The aphicidal tests indicated that IV‐3, IV‐5 and IV‐10 exhibited significant activity against the soybean aphid Aphis glycines with LC50 values of 0.0029, 0.0072 and 0.0086 mmol L–1, respectively, higher than that of lead II‐1 and the commercial Pymetrozine. The molecular modeling results showed that analogues II‐1, IV‐3, IV‐5, IV‐7 and IV‐10 formed a β‐turn‐like conformation, while the conformation of analogues IV‐1, IV‐2 and IV‐9 seemed to be linear. Some structural elements favorable for the activity were proposed based on the conformation‐activity relationship of the analogues.

CONCLUSION

Insect kinin analogues derived from lead II‐1 by modifying the hydrolysis site Yaa3 with natural, sterically hindered α‐ and β‐amino acids showed great potential as eco‐friendly insecticides. Inspiringly, the most active analogue IV‐3 can be a candidate for further development. The β‐turn‐like conformation and the orientation of the aromatic rings of the side chain of Phe2 and Trp4 may be critical factors beneficial to activity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) transgenics expressing Bt ICPs, Cry2Aa and Cry1AcF under nethouse containment implicated an effective control against herbivory by Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Authors: Ramkumar Nikhil , Rathinam Maniraj , Singh Shweta , Kesiraju Karthik , Muniyandi Vikraman , Singh Nagendra Kumar , Dash Prasanta K , Sreevathsa Rohini
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Pigeonpea is a source of quality proteins and the main constituent of a well‐balanced diet for majority of Indian population. One of the major constraints in the production of pigeonpea is a polyphagous insect pest, Helicoverpa armigera. Non‐availability of resistant sources in the germplasm and limitations in conventional breeding have been key factors for continued yield losses. Additionally, hazards of chemical fertilizers on the environment have prompted the scientific community to develop alternative strategies. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins (ICPs) have emerged as the most reliable source for the control of insect pests through transgenics.

RESULTS

Transgenic pigeonpea plants harboring validated Bt ICPs, Cry2Aa and Cry1AcF were developed by a non‐tissue culture based in planta transformation strategy and assessed for integration of Transfer‐DNA (T‐DNA) and efficacy against pod borer under in vitro conditions. For the first time this study demonstrates the successful evaluation of 19 transgenic pigeonpea events (11 with cry2Aa and 8 with cry1AcF) under soil and pot conditions in a nethouse containment. The stability in the performance was assessed stringently by deliberate H. armigera larval challenging. The trial identified ten promising events of both the genes that portrayed reduced damage to the herbivore.

CONCLUSION

We present the first ever successful evaluation of pigeonpea transgenics with the ability to mitigate pod borer under nethouse conditions. The transgenics depicted molecular evidence for the stability of T‐DNA integration, consistency in the expression of Cry proteins and resistance against H. armigera. These events can form a pool of useful transgenics to manage the devastating pod borer. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Laboratory selection, resistance risk assessment, multi‐resistance, and management of Tetranychus urticae Koch to bifenthrin, bifenazate and cyflumetofen on cowpea
Authors: Liu Zhenxiu , Zhou Lijuan , Yao Qiang , Liu Yaqian , Bi Xiaoyang , Huang Jiguang
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Tetranychus urticae (T. urticae) Koch is an important pest of vegetable crops worldwide. In this study, bioassays were carried out to analyze the resistance risk, multi‐resistance and management of T. urticae Koch to bifenthrin, bifenazate and cyflumetofen on cowpea.

RESULTS

The resistance ratios of the adult T. urticae population to bifenthrin (G16), bifenazate (G12) and cyflumetofen (G12) were 31.29, 9.38 and 5.81, respectively. Realized heritability (h
2) analysis showed that, under a selection pressure of 50–90% mortality, the generations needed to increase 10‐fold LC50 values of bifenthrin, bifenazate and cyflumetofen were 3.64–8.05, 5.75–12.71, and 10.93–24.15, respectively. No obvious multi‐resistance among these three acaricides was observed. Synergist bioassay results showed that microsomal multifunctional oxidase (MFO) was involved in bifenthrin resistance of T. urticae, with a synergistic ratio of 22.38. However, MFO and GSTs were not the main factors conferring the resistance to bifenazate. MFO, glutathione S‐transferases(GSTs), together with esterase contributed to the development of the resistance to cyflumetofen. Additionally, the toxicity selection index test showed that bifenazate was safe to the natural enemy Neoseiulus barkeri (N. barkeri) with a toxicity selection index (TSI) >484.85, while bifenthrin was the least safe (TSI = 0.92).

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrated the T. urticae developed higher resistance risk to bifenthrin compared to bifenazate and cyflumetofen and no obvious multi‐resistance among these three acaricides, providing guidance for designing appropriate strategies for the effective application of bifenthrin, bifenazate and cyflumetofen in the field and delaying the development of insecticide resistance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Nitrification is the primary source for NO in N‐saturated subtropical forest soils: Results from in situ15N labeling
Authors: Kang Ronghua , Yu Longfei , Dörsch Peter , Mulder Jan
Published: December 2019

Rationale

Acidic subtropical forest soils that receive high atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition have been identified as important sources of nitric oxide (NO). The relative importance of major processes producing NO is unclear.

Methods

To partition NO sources, we conducted an in situ tracing experiment with 15NH4NO3 and NH415NO3 in well‐drained acid soils of an N‐saturated subtropical forest in Chongqing, southwest China.

Results

In the 15NH4NO3 treatment, the 15N signature of NO emitted from the foot of the hillslope (Lower site) was similar to that of the NH4+ pool, indicating predominant autotrophic nitrification for NO formation. In the NH415NO3 treatment, the 15N enrichment of NO was smaller than that of the NO3− pool, suggesting minor contribution of denitrification to NO production (~15%).

Conclusions

Nitrification is the main process responsible for NO emissions, even in monsoonal summers when soil water‐filled pore space values are relatively high.
Robotic single‐site myomectomy: A hybrid technique reducing operative time and blood loss
Authors: Won Seyeon , Lee Nara , Kim Miseon , Kim Mi Kyoung , Kim Mi‐La , Jung Yong Wook , Yun Bo Seong , Seong Seok Ju
Published: December 2019

Background

To introduce a hybrid robotic single‐site myomectomy (H‐RSSM) technique that includes laparoscopic single‐site myoma excision followed by robotic single‐site suture and compare its surgical outcomes with those of conventional robotic single‐site myomectomy (RSSM) using the da Vinci Si surgical system.

Methods

Medical records of 89 consecutive women who underwent H‐RSSM and 131 consecutive women who underwent RSSM were retrospectively reviewed. Patients characteristics and surgical outcomes were evaluated and compared between two groups.

Results

The H‐RSSM group had a significantly reduced operation time (98.7 ± 31.7 vs 141.4 ± 54.4 min, P < .001) and lower estimated blood loss (131.5 ± 78.1 vs 212.3 ± 189.8 mL, P < .001). Peritoneal adhesions were reported significantly more in the H‐RSSM group than in the RSSM group (27.0% vs 9.2%, P < .001).

Conclusion

H‐RSSM was found to be associated with reduced operative time and lower estimated blood loss. However, further prospective studies are needed to clarify these advantages.
Empirical rainfall‐based model for defining baseflow and dynamical water use rights
Authors: Gómez Derly , Wendland Edson , de Carvalho Diniz Melo Davi
Published: December 2019

Water managers and stakeholders usually face uncertainty in water availability due to the challenge of incorporating the dynamic nature of precipitation into the water management system. Surface water rights are commonly related to the baseflow component, which is part of the precipitation incident on a watershed. This study proposes an empirical linear model to predict baseflow in perennial streams based on a moving average of antecedent rainfall data and the basin time response. The short‐term responses of three nested basins were estimated using cross Fourier spectral analysis, and the proposed model was applied to two nested basin scales (1,867 and 3,519 km2), located in southeastern Brazil. Results indicate that the aquifer stores the rainfall water with regulation times of approximately 60 days for the fast‐subsurface flow and approximately 2–3 years for the slow groundwater flow in both basins. Differences between our model results and monthly 95% exceedance discharge (Q95) were as high as 10 m3 s−1 between September and November in the largest basin, revealing how conservative Q95 can be as a criterion for water allocation purposes. Despite the simplicity, our empirical rainfall‐based model is structurally consistent and robust in representing the hydrological processes involving precipitation, groundwater storage and baseflow interactions at multiple scales by using few inputs and calibration parameters. Because it considers a range of rainfall periods, from past to present, our model contributes to a dynamic, predictive, and integrated water rights management.
Biodegradable Nanocarriers Resembling Extracellular Vesicles Deliver Genetic Material with the Highest Efficiency to Various Cell Types
Authors: Tarakanchikova Yana , Alzubi Jamal , Pennucci Valentina , Follo Marie , Kochergin Boris , Muslimov Albert , Skovorodkin Ilya , Vainio Seppo , Antipina Maria N. , Atkin Vsevolod , Popov Alexey , Meglinski Igor , Cathomen Toni , Cornu Tatjana I. , Gorin Dmitry A. , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Nazarenko Irina
Published: December 2019

Efficient delivery of genetic material to primary cells remains challenging. Here, efficient transfer of genetic material is presented using synthetic biodegradable nanocarriers, resembling extracellular vesicles in their biomechanical properties. This is based on two main technological achievements: generation of soft biodegradable polyelectrolyte capsules in nanosize and efficient application of the nanocapsules for co‐transfer of different RNAs to tumor cell lines and primary cells, including hematopoietic progenitor cells and primary T cells. Near to 100% efficiency is reached using only 2.5 × 10−4 pmol of siRNA, and 1 × 10−3 nmol of mRNA per cell, which is several magnitude orders below the amounts reported for any of methods published so far. The data show that biodegradable nanocapsules represent a universal and highly efficient biomimetic platform for the transfer of genetic material with the utmost potential to revolutionize gene transfer technology in vitro and in vivo.
Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Hydrogels from Starch, Citric Acid, and Itaconic Acid: Swelling Capacity and Metal Chelation Properties
Authors: Duquette Daniel , Nzediegwu Christopher , Portillo‐Perez Guillermo , Dumont Marie‐Josée , Prasher Shiv
Published: December 2019

In this study, eco‐friendly superabsorbent hydrogels are prepared by the grafting and crosslinking reactions of itaconic acid and citric acid with starch, using potassium persulfate as the free radical initiator. The structure and morphology of the hydrogels are studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of the citric acid to starch ratio on the swelling properties is evaluated, and it is found that equal parts of citric acid and starch produced the highest swelling ratio of 188 g distilled water per g hydrogel. The hydrogels also exhibit pH‐dependent behavior, such that the maximum swelling ratio of 232 g/g is obtained at pH 8. Finally, the metal chelation properties of the hydrogel are tested in solutions of copper, nickel, and zinc, and the adsorption capacity followed the trend Cu > Ni > Zn based on the Freundlich parameter KF.
Testing microservice architectures for operational reliability
Authors: Pietrantuono Roberto , Russo Stefano , Guerriero Antonio
Published: December 2019

Microservice architectures (MSA) is an emerging software architectural paradigm for service‐oriented applications, well‐suited for dynamic contexts requiring loosely coupled independent services, frequent software releases and decentralized governance. A key problem in the engineering of MSA applications is the estimate of their reliability, which is difficult to perform prior to release due frequent releases/service upgrades, dynamic service interactions, and changes in the way customers use the applications. This paper presents an in vivo testing method, named EMART, to faithfully assess the reliability of an MSA application in operation. EMART is based on an adaptive sampling strategy, leveraging monitoring data about microservices usage and failure/success of user demands. We present results of evaluation of estimation accuracy, confidence and efficiency, through a set of controlled experiments with publicly available subjects. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absence of heterozygosity detected by single‐nucleotide polymorphism array in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Liu J. , He Z. , Lin S. , Wang Y. , Huang L. , Huang X. , Luo Y.
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To investigate the general occurrence and clinical significance of absence of heterozygosity (AOH), detected by single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array on prenatal diagnosis.

Methods

We recruited pregnancies undergoing invasive prenatal diagnosis at our fetal medicine center over a 6‐year period. All fetuses underwent SNP array using the Affymetrix CytoScan HD array platform. AOH was defined as a chromosomal homozygosity segment with neutral copy number. Cases with AOH over 10 Mb in size or with suspected pathogenicity were further analyzed, and the clinical features and outcome were reviewed.

Results

Of 10 294 recruited fetuses, 100 (0.97%) with AOH were identified; in 81 (81.0%) of these, AOH occurred in a single chromosome, while 19 (19.0%) patients had multiple AOHs in different chromosomes. AOH was observed in all chromosomes, chromosomes X, 2 and 16 being the most frequently involved. The length of AOH ranged from partial chromosome (9.002–80.222 Mb) to the entire chromosome. Similar AOH regions displayed varied clinical manifestations. In total, 55 patients presented with concomitant ultrasound abnormalities, the most common being multiple abnormalities (14/55 (25.5%)), genitourinary malformations (8/55 (14.5%)), skeletal malformations (5/55 (9.1%)) and small‐for‐gestational age (5/55 (9.1%)). Notably, the rate of adverse perinatal outcome (including termination of pregnancy, neonatal death, fetal death, selective reduction and miscarriage) in fetuses with AOH and ultrasound abnormalities (30/48 (62.5%)) was higher than in those without ultrasound abnormalities (6/40 (15.0%)) (P < 0.001). Further non‐invasive prenatal testing using cell‐free fetal DNA from maternal blood indicated chromosomal copy number abnormalities in 11 patients; however, they were confirmed as AOH by SNP array of the amniotic fluid.

Conclusions

Genetic counseling regarding a prenatal diagnosis of AOH remains challenging. To evaluate comprehensively its significance, we propose a management strategy involving further serial ultrasound examinations, parental verification, whole‐exome sequencing, placental study and effective follow‐up. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
LiDAR measurements for an onshore wind farm: Wake variability for different incoming wind speeds and atmospheric stability regimes
Authors: Zhan Lu , Letizia Stefano , Valerio Iungo Giacomo
Published: December 2019

Wind measurements were performed with the UTD mobile LiDAR station for an onshore wind farm located in Texas with the aim of characterizing evolution of wind‐turbine wakes for different hub‐height wind speeds and regimes of the static atmospheric stability. The wind velocity field was measured by means of a scanning Doppler wind LiDAR, while atmospheric boundary layer and turbine parameters were monitored through a met‐tower and SCADA, respectively. The wake measurements are clustered and their ensemble statistics retrieved as functions of the hub‐height wind speed and the atmospheric stability regime, which is characterized either with the Bulk Richardson number or wind turbulence intensity at hub height. The cluster analysis of the LiDAR measurements has singled out that the turbine thrust coefficient is the main parameter driving the variability of the velocity deficit in the near wake. In contrast, atmospheric stability has negligible influence on the near‐wake velocity field, while it affects noticeably the far‐wake evolution and recovery. A secondary effect on wake‐recovery rate is observed as a function of the rotor thrust coefficient. For higher thrust coefficients, the enhanced wake‐generated turbulence fosters wake recovery. A semi‐empirical model is formulated to predict the maximum wake velocity deficit as a function of the downstream distance using the rotor thrust coefficient and the incoming turbulence intensity at hub height as input. The cluster analysis of the LiDAR measurements and the ensemble statistics calculated through the Barnes scheme have enabled to generate a valuable dataset for development and assessment of wind farm models.
Advances in imaging strategies for in vivo tracking of exosomes
Authors: Betzer Oshra , Barnoy Eran , Sadan Tamar , Elbaz Idan , Braverman Cara , Liu Zhuang , Popovtzer Rachela
Published: December 2019

Exosomes have many biological functions as short‐ and long distance nanocarriers for cell‐to‐cell communication. They allow the exchange of complex information between cells, and thereby modulate various processes such as homeostasis, immune response and angiogenesis, in both physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, due to their unique abilities of migration, targeting, and selective internalization into specific cells, they are promising delivery vectors. As such, they provide a potentially new field in diagnostics and treatment, and may serve as an alternative to cell‐based therapeutic approaches. However, a major drawback for translating exosome treatment to the clinic is that current understanding of these endogenous vesicles is insufficient, especially in regards to their in vivo behavior. Tracking exosomes in vivo can provide important knowledge regarding their biodistribution, migration abilities, toxicity, biological role, communication capabilities, and mechanism of action. Therefore, the development of efficient, sensitive and biocompatible exosome labeling and imaging techniques is highly desired. Recent studies have developed different methods for exosome labeling and imaging, which have allowed for in vivo investigation of their bio‐distribution, physiological functions, migration, and targeting mechanisms. These improved imaging capabilities are expected to greatly advance exosome‐based nanomedicine applications.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Absorption‐free calibration on X‐ray fluorescence analysis of high‐speed steel with glass bead preparation
Authors: Nakayama Kenichi , Wagatsuma Kazuaki
Published: December 2019

This article describes a novel idea on preparation of a glass bead for X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, to determine alloyed elements in high‐speed steel without any matrix correction. The quantification method using the glass bead is generally effective to reduce secondary X‐ray absorption and enhancement (matrix effect) by coexisting elements in a sample. Although the glass bead is normally prepared based on a flux‐to‐sample ratio, the suggested method mainly controls an absolute amount of the sample in the glass bead to prevent from any interference with the matrix elements. As a result, the alloyed elements, except tungsten, in high‐speed steels could be determined with high precision and accuracy, independent of the flux‐to‐sample ratio. However, the fluorescent X‐ray intensity of tungsten Lα line (8.40 keV) was obviously influenced by the sample amount (iron content) in a glass bead; in this case, the Mα line (1.77 keV) could be employed alternatively.
Metal Complexes of Donor‐functionalized Fluorinatedβ‐Ketoiminates – Synthesis, Structure, and CVD Application
Authors: Kaiser Kevin , Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Wölper Christoph , Schulz Stephan
Published: December 2019

Six alkali metal complexes of partly‐fluorinated, donor‐functionalizedβ‐ketoiminate ligands [L1Li (1), L1Na (2), L1K (3), L1Cs (4), L1= OC(CF3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2OCH3; L2Li (5), L2Na (6), L2= OC(CF3)CHC(CH3)NCH2CH2N(CH3)2] were prepared and structurally characterized. Reactions of L1Li with PtCl2gave the homoleptic Pt complex L12Pt (7), which was characterized spectroscopically and by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and whose promising application as CVD precursor (chemical vapor deposition) is shown. Polycrystalline, pure Pt films were grown at 500 °C on SiO2@Si(100) substrates at 10–3mbar and characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, EDX and XPS.
A Simple Method for Reliable Estimation of the Bubble Energy in the Underwater Explosion
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Bagheri Vahid , Damiri Sajjad
Published: December 2019

The bubble energy is the main part of the chemical energy of the explosive that is formed upon the propagation of a shock wave through the water for the underwater explosion. A simple method is introduced for reliable prediction of the bubble energy of composite explosives containing aluminum (Al) and/or ammonium perchlorate (AP). It is shown that the bubble energy of composite Al/AP explosives depends on the number of moles of chlorine, carbon, and Al atoms. Experimental data of 56 composite Al/AP explosives are used to construct and test the novel model of the bubble energy. Statistical parameters of the new model, in external validation containing 35 composite Al/AP explosives as the training set, have the values 0.43 and 1.15 MJ·kg–1 for the root mean squared error (RMSE) and maximum of errors (Max Error) of the new model, respectively. The values of RMSE and Max Error for 21 composite Al/AP explosives as test set are also 0.60 and 2.22 MJ·kg–1, respectively. Cross validations of the new method corresponding to the coefficients of determination for leave‐one‐out (Q2LOO) and the fivefold cross validation (Q25CV) are 0.8573 and 0.8403, respectively, which confirms goodness‐of‐fit, goodness‐of‐prediction, accuracy and precision of the novel model. It is shown that the novel correlation can be applied for pure and composite explosives, which do not contain Al/AP.
From Hand-Counting to GIS: Richardson in the Information Age
Authors: Gleditsch Kristian Skrede , Weidmann Nils B.
Published: December 2019

Richardson made pioneering contributions to the study of geography and its influence on social and political dynamics. We use the research of Richardson as a point of departure to examine how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and spatial data provide opportunities to answer old and new questions in conflict research. There is an enduring interest in how geographical features influence political interactions and outcomes and increasing attention to how key factors highlighted vary spatially both within countries and beyond national boundaries. We focus on key motivations for using spatially disaggregated data and show how such data can help advance core research questions, drawing on examples from the study of violent conflict.
Instanton R-matrix and $$ \mathcal{W} $$-symmetry
Authors: Procházka Tomáš
Published: December 2019

Abstract

We study the relation between

$$ {\mathcal{W}}_{1+\infty } $$

W

1
+
∞

algebra and Arbesfeld-Schiffmann­ Tsymbaliuk Yangian using the Maulik-Okounkov R-matrix. The central object linking these two pictures is the Miura transformation. Using the results of Nazarov and Sklyanin we find an explicit formula for the mixed R-matrix acting on two Fock spaces associated to two different asymptotic directions of the affine Yangian. Using the free field representation we propose an explicit identification of Arbesfeld-Schiffmann-Tsymbaliuk generators with the generators of Maulik-Okounkov Yangian. In the last part we use the Miura transformation to give a conformal field theoretic construction of conserved quantities and ladder operators in the quantum mechanical rational and trigonometric Calogero-Sutherland models on which a vector representation of the Yangian acts.
The wage curve and local monopsony power
Authors: Jokinen Juho
Published: December 2019

Using longitudinal micro-data from Finland, a country with a geographically dispersed population and relatively long distances between local labor markets, this paper examines the responsiveness of the pay level to local unemployment conditions. In particular, this study tests the hypothesis that the pay level is more responsive to the unemployment level in less agglomerated and more remote regions as might be expected if employers have a higher degree of monopsony power in such regions. The results consistently suggest that the pay level is lower in localities with a higher unemployment level and, hence, provide strong support for the so-called wage curve hypothesis, which predicts that a negative relationship exists between local unemployment and the pay level. Although the results provide some evidence that the magnitude of the regional pay–unemployment relationship varies across different regions of the country, the findings do not provide consistent support for the monopsony power hypothesis. In particular, after controlling for unobserved worker heterogeneity, the responsiveness of the pay level to the local unemployment conditions is similar across regions with different degrees of economic agglomeration.
Nondestructive quantitative characterisation of material phases in metal additive manufacturing using multi-energy synchrotron X-rays microtomography
Authors: Xavier Matheus S. , Yang Sam , Comte Christophe , Bab-Hadiashar Alireza , Wilson Neil , Cole Ivan
Published: December 2019

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) has found emerging application in the aerospace, biomedical and defence industries. However, the lack of reproducibility and quality issues are regarded as the two main drawbacks to AM. Both of these aspects are affected by the distribution of defects (e.g. pores) in the AM part. Computed tomography (CT) allows the determination of defect sizes, shapes and locations, which are all important aspects for the mechanical properties of the final part. In this paper, data-constrained modelling (DCM) with multi-energy synchrotron X-rays is employed to characterise the distribution of defects in 316L stainless steel specimens manufactured with laser metal deposition (LMD). It is shown that DCM offers a more reliable method to the determination of defect levels when compared to traditional segmentation techniques through the calculation of multiple volume fractions inside a voxel, i.e. by providing sub-voxel information. The results indicate that the samples are dominated by a high number of small light constituents (including pores) that would not be detected under the voxel size in the majority of studies reported in the literature using conventional thresholding methods.
Magnetic Spiderman, a New Surgical Training Device: Study of Safety and Educational Value in a Liver Transplantation Surgical Training Program
Authors: Wang Yue , Chen Huan , Tang Bo , Ma Tao , Li Qingshan , Zhu Haoyang , Zhang Xiaogang , Lv Yi , Dong Dinghui
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Difficulties with liver transplantation (LT)‐related surgical techniques are great challenges for young surgeons. Thus, young surgeons need to undergo systematic preclinical training. However, an optimal training system for LT is still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the safety and educational value of the Magnetic Spiderman (MS) during LT‐related surgical techniques training, particularly during training for the preparation of the donor's liver and vascular reconstruction.

Methods

For the donor liver preparation training, the pulling force of the MS was measured using 16 porcine livers. Another 40 porcine livers were divided into two groups: MS group (used MS in the preparation of the liver) (n = 25) and manual group (took manual assistance in the preparation of the liver) (MA group, n = 15). In vascular reconstruction training, 25 pairs of porcine iliac veins were used to practice reconstruction. Five LT experts evaluated the MS for its use in LT‐related surgical techniques training.

Results

During the donor liver preparation training, the number of assistants required in the MS group was significantly less than the number required in the MA group (0 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1; P < 0.001). However, the number of vasculature leaking points was similar between the two groups (0.2 ± 0.1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.2; P = 0.51). In vascular reconstruction training, the trainee alone could complete the vascular reconstruction training, with a reconstruction success rate of 80% (20/25). All five experts considered the MS a viable alternative to assistants, with the ability to facilitate single surgeon training for LT. Four out of five (80%) experts considered MS quite safe for surgery and effective at keeping the surgical field clear.

Conclusion

MS can reduce the number of assistants to zero in LT‐related techniques training without increasing the risk of the operation, thus facilitating training for LT.
Nectar- and stigma exudate-specific expression of an acidic chitinase could partially protect certain apple cultivars against fire blight disease
Authors: Kurilla Anita , Toth Timea , Dorgai Laszlo , Darula Zsuzsanna , Lakatos Tamas , Silhavy Daniel , Kerenyi Zoltan , Dallmann Geza
Published: December 2019

Main conclusion

Certain apple cultivars accumulate to high levels in their nectar and stigma exudate an acidic chitinase III protein that can protect against pathogens including fire blight disease causingErwinia amylovora.

To prevent microbial infections, flower nectars and stigma exudates contain various antimicrobial compounds.Erwinia amylovora, the causing bacterium of the devastating fire blight apple disease, is the model pathogen that multiplies in flower secretions and infects through the nectaries. AlthoughErwinia-resistant apples are not available, certain cultivars are tolerant. It was reported that in flower infection assay, the ‘Freedom’ cultivar wasErwiniatolerant, while the ‘Jonagold’ cultivar was susceptible. We hypothesized that differences in the nectar protein compositions lead to different susceptibility. Indeed, we found that an acidic chitinase III protein (Machi3-1) selectively accumulates to very high levels in the nectar and the stigma exudate of the ‘Freedom’ cultivar. We show that three differentMachi3-1alleles exist in apple cultivars and that only the5B-Machi3-1allele expresses the Machi3-1 protein in the nectar and the stigma exudate. We demonstrate that the5B-Machi3-1allele was introgressed from theMalus floribunda821 clone into different apple cultivars including the ‘Freedom’. Our data suggest that MYB-binding site containing repeats of the 5B-Machi3-1promoter is responsible for the strong nectar- and stigma exudate-specific expression. As we found that in vitro, the Machi3-1 protein impairs growth and biofilm formation ofErwiniaat physiological concentration, we propose that the Machi3-1 protein could partially protect5B-Machi3-1allele containing cultivars againstErwiniaby inhibiting the multiplication and biofilm formation of the pathogen in the stigma exudate and in the nectar.
Sex-specific effects of the in ovo environment on early-life phenotypes in eiders
Authors: Öst Markus , Noreikiene Kristina , Angelier Frederic , Jaatinen Kim
Published: December 2019

Maternal effects affect offspring phenotype and fitness. However, the roles of offspring sex-specific sensitivity to maternal glucocorticoids and sex-biased maternal investment remain unclear. It is also uncertain whether telomere length (a marker associated with lifespan) depends on early growth in a sex-specific manner. We assessed whether maternal traits including corticosterone (CORT; the main avian glucocorticoid) and in ovo growth rate are sex-specifically related to offspring CORT exposure, relative telomere length (RTL) and body condition in eiders (Somateria mollissima). We measured feather CORT (fCORT), RTL and body condition of newly hatched ducklings, and growth rate in ovo was expressed as tarsus length at hatching per incubation duration. Maternal traits included baseline plasma CORT, RTL, body condition and breeding experience. We found that fCORT was negatively associated with growth rate in daughters, while it showed a positive association in sons. Lower offspring fCORT was associated with higher maternal baseline plasma CORT, and fCORT was higher in larger clutches and in those hatching later. The RTL of daughters was negatively associated with maternal RTL, whereas that of males was nearly independent of maternal RTL. Higher fCORT in ovo was associated with longer RTL at hatching in both sexes. Duckling body condition was mainly explained by egg weight, and sons had a slightly lower body condition. Our correlational results suggest that maternal effects may have heterogeneous and even diametrically opposed effects between the sexes during early development. Our findings also challenge the view that prenatal CORT exposure is invariably associated with shorter telomeres.