bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ordinary Couples? Mate Selection in International Marriage in Nigeria
Authors: Imamura Anne E.
Published: April 2019

This paper uses data collected from foreign women married to Nigerians to examine theoretical rationales that have been given for mate selection in intermarriages.

Findings support the hypothesis that international marriages occur for a variety of reasons just as other marriages do. Data do not support arguments in the literature which explain mate selection in intermarriage by propinquity, hypergamy, rebellion or sex ratio.

In addition, data suggest that shared statuses such as being students together may be more salient than either nationality or ethnicity during the period of mate selection. There is a danger that outsiders (including researchers), may overemphasize the dimension of nationality and overlook similarities. The international nature of the relationship may be of little or no concern to the couple at the time of mate selection. It may become extremely important, however, after mariage occurs.
Cultural Differences Between Americans of Japanese and European Ancestry in Parental Valuing of Social Competence
Authors: O'Reilly Joseph P. , Tokuno Kenneth A. , Ebata Aaron T.
Published: April 2019

Recognizing the importance of cultural contexts on the development of social competence, this paper examines the differences in parents’ rankings of importance of 8 social competency items. Mothers and fathers of Japanese and European ancestry rated the items for children ranging from 8 to 18 years of age. A multiple analysis of covariance disclosed a significant main effect for ethnicity and for the ethnicity by age of child interaction. The results are interpreted with respect to Ogbu’s model of cultural ecology. The possible impact of cultural differences within the family context with regard to the development of social competence in the child is discussed.
Marital Perceived Agreement and Actual Agreement Over the Family Life Cycle
Authors: White James M.
Published: April 2019

This study examines the relationship between perceptual accuracy in marriage and stages of the family life cycle. Unlike marital quality, perceptual accuracy does not seem to be significantly related to stage of the family life cycle. The results suggest that husband�s perception of agreement on issues is closer to actual dyadic agreement than is the wife�s perception of agreement. Even though family life cycle stages are not significantly related to perception variables, the number of children is significantly related. Contrary to expectations, the results suggest that as the number of children increases, so does the actual agreement between husband and wife.
Kinship, Life Cycle, and Education in Lusaka
Authors: Schuster Ilsa
Published: April 2019

Kinship relaions of educated and uneducated women change in the passage from childhood to adolescene, young adulthood, and maturity. Socioeconomic and demographic changes have caused a widening of kinship networks and individualizing the uses to which the kinship network is put in contemporary life. Women who achieve conomic autonomy change from childhood dependence to early adult independence to mature interdependene. Economically dependent women, overwhelmingly the poor and uneducated, remain lifelong dependents on blood kin. Brittle marriages and the absence of state welfare benefits ensure the survival of blood kin ties as the major form of social security for both educated and uneducated women.
Marital Fertility and Family Structure among the Urban Population of Iran
Authors: Paydarfar Ali A.
Published: April 2019

The relationship between family type and fertility in Shiraz, a southern city of Iran, is inconsistent with the general proposition, which argues that extended family encourages high fertility and the nuclear family does not. In this analysis several socio-demographic variables (duration of marriage, marital age of couples, and educational/occupational status of wife) were controlled. The findings indicate that the couples living in nuclear families have significantly larger numbers of live births than the couples living in the extended families. A plausible explanation might be that the couples privacy in the nuclear families and their social and psychological needs for children encourage high fertilty while the economic burden of dependents in extended families discourage the couples for having large family size.

This study is based on 1062 household interview cases collected in a random sample survey conducted in the city of Shiraz by the author in 1968-69.
Impact of Wage Labour on Household Fission in Rural Iran
Authors: Mir-Hosseini Ziba
Published: April 2019

The paper examines the impact of wage labour on the development cycles of households in four villages in Kalar- dasht, northern Iran. It is based on field work carried out in 1977 and 1978. One of the villages, affected by the expansion of tourism and the extension of state activity, experienced dramatic change. The other three, more isolated, did not.

The analyses show: first, that although there exists a common set of ideals in relation to family structure, the degree of conformity to these ideals varies in response to economic requirements (and strains); second, the consequences of a cash economy for various socio-economic groups; and third, the differences between various forms of domestic economy in their adaptation to change. The cash economy precipitated fission among the landless; compromised the economic viability of herders; and caused partial separation of landed households, which become residentially separate while retaining the joint ownership of family land.
Effects of Prior Marriage Children on Adjustment in Remarriage: A Canadian Study
Authors: Hobart Charles , Brown David
Published: April 2019

Data for this study were collected by interviewing husbands and wives, simultaneously and independently, in 232 remarried and 102 first married families. Information was collected on perceived relationships with children of various categories and on the perceived effects of each child on the husband-wife relationships, as well as on marital adjustment in each family. Preliminary data analyses show that there are significant differences in the relationships of (step) parents with various categories of children, and in the ways these relationships are seen to affect spousal relations.
Does the Family Have a Future?
Authors: Keller Suzanne
Published: April 2019

This paper considers some contemporary demographic, occupational, and ideological challenges to the American family and their implications for future developments. Recent discoveries in biology are also touched upon with a view to their effects on reproductive and marital behavior. Both short range and longe range changes are examined, as is the receptivity of various segments of the American public to these changes.
Closeness to Non - Primary Relatives in the American Kinship System
Authors: Coult Allan D. , Rabenstein Robert W.
Published: April 2019

American ties with secondary or more distant kin are nearly always mediated through ties with both parents in one’s own household. The structuring of kinship through affinal linkages takes place distinctively within the domestic household cycle, with relatives more important in the childhood/young married rather than the puberty/middle age phase. Additionally further differentiation and patterning develops around sex, generational, lineal, and collateral divisions of family organization. In absence of clear-cut corporate systems of kinship the ties developing through affinal relatives take on a significance as yet unappreciated by students of American social organization. Seventeen substantive conclusions are listed at the close of the paper.
Economic Events and Illegitimacy in Developed Countries
Authors: Cutright Phillips
Published: April 2019

Some traditional “explanations” of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates are reviewed. After discussing the four immediate causes of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates, we study the relationship between economic events and illegitimacy rates in developed nations. Trends in unemployment Some traditional “explanations” of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates are reviewed. After discussing the four immediate causes of levels and trends in illegitimacy rates, we study the relationship between economic events and illegitimacy rates in developed nations. Trends in unemployment are not related to illegitimacy trends; the level of wealth is not associated with high or low rates. In the 1950-1960 decade a strong negative relationship between the rate of economic growth and change in illegitimacy rates was documented for 11 early and 12 late marriage countries. A multivariate analysis, which included two demographic variables and economic growth rates, examined the direct and indirect effects of economic growth rates on illegitimacy rates.

Analysis of the relationship of family of family allowance benefits and illegitimacy allowed us to reject the idea that the introduction of these programs has stimulated illegitimacy rates.
Muslim-Hindu Differentials in Family Planning Knowledge and Attitude in Rural East Pakistan
Authors: Aitken Annie , Stoeckel John
Published: April 2019

The dynamics of the relationship between Hindu and Muslim religious affiliation and knowledge of and attitude toward family planning are presented for a probability sample of all currently married females in 247 villages of Comilla-Kotwali thana, East Pakistan. Previous research has demonstrated that the differential found between the two religions could not be attributed to differences in the Hindu and Muslim ideologies. The practice of Purdah among the Muslims is suggested as a factor which contributes toward Hindu-Muslim differences. Such social and demographic factors as socioeconomic status (husband’s occupation, education, and landholding), age, age at mar1:1-a_ge, and education of women, total llvmg children, and cooperative membership were considered as other possible reasons for the differential. It was found that even when these social and demographic factors were controlled the Muslim-Hindu differential was relatively constant. Hindu women were found to have a consistently greater proportion with knowledge of and favorable attitudes toward family planning.
Birth Order and Familial Influences in the Middle East
Authors: Tomeh Aida K.
Published: April 2019

The relationship between birth order and familial influences on the decision to go to college and on other related areas to post-college expectations is analyzed in a study based on a total sample of women college students in the Middle East. The basic finding of the study is that first-born girls tend to be more influenced by one or both parents than last-born children. This pattern is distinct in certain segments of the population, with special emphasis on paternal authority. Friends, teachers, and other adults outside the family are consistently undermined by all sibling ranks, whereas self-initiative is equally important for all children. Theoretically, the continued reliance on the family as a primary group not permeated by the influence of secondary groups, implies the solidarity of the nuclear family in the Middle Eastern society. Moreover, the relatively high dependance on some members of the family, on the part of first-born girls as compared to last-horns, supports the proposition that the former group acts as a carrier of the traditional culture.
Mormon Polygyny in the Nineteenth Century: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Wyatt Gary
Published: April 2019

Scholars have tended to explain the practice of polygyny in terms of three explanations: a sexual explanation, a demographic explanation, and an economic explanation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the practice of Mormon polygyny from a theoretical perspective. After analyzing the literature relating to Mormon polygyny, as well as first hand accounts of this practice, I conclude that these three justifications have little to offer in terms of explaining why the Mormons practiced polygyny. The impetus for polygyny among the Mormons appears to have been ideological, while its demise appears to have been related to material factors. The theoretical ideas of the Weberian tradition offer a more useful explanation for Mormon polygyny.
A Multidimensional Theory of Early Modern Western Childhood
Authors: Johnson G. David
Published: April 2019

Historical findings on the nature of childhood in early modern times (1450- 1800) are compared for three national cases: England, France, and the American Colonies. The intellectual context for the study is the issue of modernity and the family: After some three decades of concentrated study, what can we now say about the origins of modern forms of childhood? A set of outstanding facts regarding the transformation of childhood are presented. On most measures, the cases of the American Colonics and England developed modern forms prior to their devlopment in France. The single exception was the earlier experience of fertility declines in France. A multidimentional theory of childhood change is presented which posits that ecological, political-economic, and ideological conditions are each necessary to the development of the full range of aspects that make-up modern childhood.
The Impact of Women’s Socioeconomic Position on Marriage Patterns in Sub-Saharan Afirca
Authors: Kaufmann Georgia L. , Meekers Dominique
Published: April 2019

Several theories have suggested that Western influences would gradually alter traditional African family systems. Although the predicted convergence toward a Western type of nuclear family has not occurred, there have been important changes in African nuptiality patterns. This article examines theories stating that differentials and changes in marriage patterns are related to the relative status of women. In particular, we assess to what extent factors such as women’s inheritance rights, women’s involvement in trade and politics, and women’s contribution to agricultural labor affect the nuptiality pattern of a society.
What African American Mothers Perceive They Socialize Their Children to Value When Telling Them Brer Rabbit Stories
Authors: Leslie Annie Ruth
Published: April 2019

Sociologists and psychologists observe that African American mothers socialize their children to enduring Black “cultural motifs” and “styles of behavior” rather than “informed Black values.” Yet, little empirical data exists on what African American mothers socialize—or perceive they socialize—children to value. Using a qualitative, quasi-analytic inductive technique, in-depth interviews with 30 low- income African American mothers, who participated in African American Brer Rabbit storytelling, were examined. The findings suggest that the women’s teachings about Brer Rabbit’s trickery include “informed Black values.” The women teach that tricks per se are undesirable; however, Brer Rabbit’s tricks are good because they dramatize highly valued, group-affirming traits, such as “thinking ahead,” “thinking well,” “using your head instead of your fist,” and “protecting the physically small and defenseless against the physically big and powerful.” A discussion of the women’s Africentric group-affirming teachings is presented.
Cancer Among Black Families: Diffusion as a Strategy of Prevention and Intervention
Authors: Bonner Florence B.
Published: April 2019

Compared with Whites, African Americans experience nearly 50% greater mortality rates for cancer, heart disease and stroke, cirrhosis, diabetes, accidents and homicides, and infant mortality. This is despite recent unprecedented increases in knowledge and capacity to diagnose, treat and cure disease. To seek a better understanding of this situation, at least in one area (cancer), comprehensive information has been gathered by the Cancer Education Prevention and Research Office (CEPRO) at Howard University. The overriding goal of this project is to increase knowledge about and participation of African Americans in prevention and intervention behavior. Towards this end a quasi-experimental health intervention model is used to measure changes in a group of intervening variables (such as health promotion knowledge, awareness and behavior), which research indicates should influence the dependent variable of cancer incidence.

Preliminary data has shown that African American women are more likely to seek information, actively participate in programs, and are generally the source of information for family members. The findings also indicate that younger, less well-educated segments of the African American population are less likely to participate in screening and early detection efforts. Thus, outreach strategies to strengthen prevention and intervention and to increase survivor rates of cancer in the African American community may rest with women.
Male Violence Against Men and Women in the Caribbean: The Case of Jamaica
Authors: Haniff Nesha Z.
Published: April 2019

This article examines violence against women based on data from one month in 1994. It presents the levels of violence experienced by women and men and analyzes the context of that violence. In addition, the article explores the relationship between male-on-male violence and male-on-female violence as well as the power of the “gun man” in the community.

For women, the forces which combine to keep them victimized are very powerful. This article explores the manner in which the community supports a woman’s silence and views it as a way of ensuring safety for the community. In this manner, for a woman who is a victim of violence from a male partner, there is more support in the community and the legal system for her silence than her voice. Victims of domestic violence do not have the sympathy of the police, the community, or even her relatives who at some level find ways to blame her.
Race, Family Structure and Rural Poverty: An Assessment of Population and Structural Change
Authors: Horton Hayward Denick , Allen Beverlyn Lundy
Published: April 2019

Family structure has been cited as a major factor in the differential rates of poverty between Blacks and Whites. However, most studies have focused primarily on the urban Black family. Relatively little attention has been given to poverty among Black families in rural areas. Moreover, sociologists have yet to place the rural Black family in the context of the broader changes occurring within the American industrial economy. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which poverty among rural Black families has changed over the 1980-1990 decade. Specifically, the following questions are addressed: 1) What are the relative effects of place and family structure on levels of poverty for rural Black families? and 2) What are the theoretical implications of rural-urban differentials in Black family poverty? The logit analysis of U.S. Census data for 1980 and 1990 revealed that family structure increased in its importance in determining poverty differentials between rural and urban Black families. Moreover, despite controls for demographic and social factors, Black families continue to experience levels of poverty that exceed that of White families in both rural and urban environments. These findings suggest that, while the economic restructuring may have had a greater impact upon rural Black families than commonly assumed, racial discrimination still plays a major role in determining poverty levels for both rural and urban Black families.
Conflicts between Family Strategies and State Policy in a Global Society
Authors: Settles Barbara H.
Published: April 2019

The mismatch in scale between the coping strategies and resources of family units and their kinship connections and the scope of state policy, international economic and political institutions and access to mobility has often led to seeing the individual and family as a dependent variable in scientific studies of ethnicity and migration.

The relationships between families and nationstates in the issue of immigration is one in which it would seem that the dominant influence would flow from the state to the family. The nationstate is challenged not only by those who would immigrate, but also by the larger world systems of economic and social change. While globalization is recognized widely in economic and technological arenas now the global issues are found at the local level and are felt by individuals and their families.

Four areas of legal regulations are reviewed and discussed in terms of how families deal with them: Travel, Domicile, Economic, and Political Policies. In this paper the perspective is turned to look at the individual and his or her families interactions with the nation-state to advance their own goals within the context of globalization.
Family Influence Upon Religion
Authors: Zimmerman Carle C.
Published: April 2019

Religion is an institution upholding a system of “sacred” acts as contrasted with others called “worldly” or “profane.” All of them, from “primitive” to the most advanced types - such as Confucianism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and their numerous derivatives - have classified family relations as the most important of “sacred acts” of a wordly type. A true believer must not only love “God” but be very faithful in family obligations such as in carrying out the roles of husband, wife, parent, child or of kin. Thus religions institutionalize the quintessence of the basic mores. The religion is a “collective” and not an individual “fact.” Thus the family is only partly subservient to individual wishes. It is also a religious and legal-political institution. This may be called the “triple field” aspect of family sociology. When a couple join in matrimony the biological mating has religious and political significance. The moral and political rights, obligations and duties of the couple and their issue are also altered. Family, Society, and Civilization intertwine through religious beliefs. This system of interrelationships explains why times such as the present see a concurrent weakening of faiths, family relations and public order.
The Jewish Family and Religion
Authors: Schlesinger Benjamin
Published: April 2019

In order to understand the relationship of Jewish religion and the Jewish family one has to examine some of the major basic sources dealing with Jewish life.

The paper highlights selected commentaries related to the Jewish family, found in the Old Testament and the Talmud. The basic values related to the Jewish family as expounded by the Talmud are explained.

The relationship of the celebration of Jewish religious holidays and family life are summarized, and the life cycle and its allied practices are noted.

The paper concludes with a summary taken from the work of Nachum N. Glatzer, which explains the strengths inherent in classical Jewish family life.
Arranged Marriages: An Assessment of The Attitudes of The College Students in India
Authors: Rao V. V. Prakasa , Rao V. Nandini
Published: April 2019

The major purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the forces of modernization and the attitudes of college students toward mate selection. It is assumed that the younger generation tends to be more receptive toward change and more liberal than the older generation and hence the younger people would serve as a barometer to assess the changes in the family structure, especially arranged marriages. The traditional norms require the elders to arrange marriages for their children. Data were collected in the Summer of 1973 from a sample of 182 junior and senior college students in Hyderabad, India. For the measurement of attitudes toward arranged marriages, we resorted to the scales developed by J. Henry Korson. Eight socio-economic and demographic characteristics were selected to examine their relationship with the attitudes toward mate selection. An analysis of responses to the question on mate selection indicates that male students, non-Brahmins, Hindus and the students from high income families tend to be more liberal and express more independent attitudes in higher proportion than their counterparts. An overwhelming majority of the students would like to have the opportunity to meet their future spouse while only about one-fifth of the student body supports the traditional practice of not meeting future spouse before marriage. In general, the study reveals that a significant number of students appear ready to exercise some decision-making power in the process of mate selection, thereby challenging the traditional norms.
Sexual Dialetics and Strategy in Berber Marriage
Authors: Joseph Roger
Published: April 2019

Two distinctive approaches have been utilized to investigate marriage and the family among the Berbers of North Africa. One has found its focus in the formal organization of political entities; the other in the interaction of volitional individuals seeking to use the moral-legal code for their personal benefit. This paper seeks to examine the paradigmatic consequences of an interplay between these two perspectives. The problem under examination is the selection of mates. Although the formal model emphasizes the role of the male in determining marriage partners, an alternative yet complimentary viewpoint, placing emphasis on the fluidity of social relationships and the social significance of females, suggests that Berbers possesss an underlying tendency towards bilateral structure and that women play a crucial decision shaping role in the selection of mates and the ordering of familial structure.
The application of nitrogen to increase gas recovery from depleten gas deposits
Authors: Kondrat R. М. , Khaidarova L. I.
Published: April 2019

The research results on residual natural gas displacement from depleted gas deposits by various non-hydrocarbon gases are analyzed. The use of nitrogen for this purpose is proved. The research results and industrial experience in obtaining nitrogen from air and purifying nitrogen from the products of gas production wells in case of nitrogen injection into depleted gas deposits to increase gas recovery are summarized.
Efeitos da torta de neem no controle alternativo de nematoides gastrintestinais em ovinos: Revisão
Authors: Fonseca Renan , De Fatima Madella de Oliveira Aparecida , Vilhena Freire Martins Isabella , Molinari Donatele Dirlei , Albani de Oliveira Fabricio , Raquel Quirino Celia
Published: April 2019

One of the main problems of sheep farming is the parasitism caused by gastrointestinal nematodes that causes great losses in the activity and that makes economic production unfeasible. For this reason, the use without technical criteria of chemical products becomes more frequent in the properties, thus contributing to the parasitic resistance. Due to this resistance created by parasites to synthetic anthelmintics, the need to seek new active principles effective in the control of endoparasites is well known, with phytotherapy being a sustainable alternative. In this context the use of plant extracts popularly known as neem (Azadiractha indica) containing insecticidal activity may become a viable alternative in the fight against gastrointestinal nematodes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the possible potential of the use of neem pie (Azadiractha indica) as an alternative source for the control of endoparasites in sheep farming, minimizing the use of synthetic chemicals that are harmful to the environment.
Caracterização clínica, laboratorial e patológica de equino naturalmente acometido por acidente botrópico
Authors: Tolentino Laura
Published: April 2019

Horses are considerably more sensitive to ophidian venom compared to other species of domestic animals. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings of an equine treated at the University Veterinary Hospital Prof. Dr. Ivon Macêdo Tabosa of the Federal University of Campina Grande - Campus Patos - PB, afflicted by botrópico accident. As in most cases the snake involved cannot be visualized the diagnosis depends, fundamentally, on the prior knowledge of the clinical-pathological condition. The presence of a coagulation disorder (thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage and increased coagulation time), renal failure (marked increase of urea and creatinine), hepatic (decreased albumin and globulin) and muscle damage (considerable increase of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Creatine Kinase). In addition to the clinical signs and laboratory findings that showed a botrópico accident, the presence of edema in the limb affected by two symmetrical perforations and the presence of coagulation changes in several organs such as the glottis, diaphragm and stomach can be verified at necropsy. It is noticed that the knowledge of these alterations is of relevant importance to the clinician helping to elucidate the diagnosis of animals affected by botrópico accidents, considering that the time is primordial in the elaboration of an emergency protocol.
KELAYAKAN CD INTERAKTIF PADA SUBMATERI ORGAN TUMBUHAN DI KELAS XI SMA
Authors: Utami Rati , Daningsih Entin , Marlina Reni
Published: April 2019

Abstrak

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji kelayakan CD interaktif sebagai media pembelajaran pada submateri organ tumbuhan di kelas XI. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif. Pembuatan CD interaktif dilakukan dengan memasukkan media teks, gambar, audio, animasi, dan video menggunakan aplikasi Adobe Flash Professional cc 2015. Validasi media dilakukan oleh enam orang validator yang terdiri dari tiga ahli materi dan tiga ahli media. Ahli materi terdiri dari satu orang dosen Pendidikan Biologi dan dua orang guru Biologi yang menggunakan KTSP. Ahli media terdiri dari dua orang dosen ahli media dan guru Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi. Validasi CD interaktif oleh ahli materi diperoleh RTVtk sebesar 3,63, sedangkan validasi oleh ahli media diperoleh RTVtk 3,72. Hasil validasi menyatakan bahwa media CD interaktif layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran pada organ tumbuhan.

Kata Kunci: kelayakan, CD interaktif organ tumbuhan, validasi.
Systematic Review of Public Value
Authors: Sami Abdul , Jusoh Ahmad , Md Nor Khalil , Irfan Asmara , Qureshi Muhammad Imran
Published: April 2019

Public value is a new and important concept in the field of public administration. A large number of researchers has focused on the concept of public value during the last 10 years or so. This concept gives a new idea of public management with the theme of peopleâ€™s first approach to facilitate them. Public value creation is the main concern of public managers in todayâ€™s public sector organizations. This paper presents a systematic literature review of 413 articles published on the topic of public value in Scopus index journals from 1995 to 2018. A large number of articles on public value shows the importance of the concept of public value. This systematic literature review reveals that most of the work on public value has been done in developed countries like USA, UK, Australia, and Netherland and developing countries are far behind on the research of public value.
Social and Population-Related Determinants in the Development of Small Towns in Poland
Authors: Janiszewska Anna , Klima Ewa
Published: April 2019

The demographic changes that have been occurring in Poland for several decades concern all cities and towns, including those with the lowest population number – up to 20 thousand inhabitants. The article proposes a quantitative analysis of selected phenomena related to population and society in small Polish towns. The two most crucial demographic issues of Polish urban units, depopulation and population ageing, were analysed with the use of simple typological methods. The analysis was conducted on the basis of available statistical data. Additionally, a spatial perspective on the issue was presented.
Identity of Place in the Branding of Small and Medium-Sized Communes
Authors: Dudek-Mańkowska Sylwia
Published: April 2019

The place brand is an extremely complex and multidimensional concept. Creation of a strong territorial brand is largely dependent on identifying aspects which define the attractiveness of a given place. As the literature on the subject and studies prepared by experts tend to devote a lot of attention to large urban centres, I decided to analyse how small and middle-sized local government units deal with the brand building process. The aim of the study was to determine the aspect of attractiveness that build identities of small and medium-sized communes (gminas), the dimensions of identities of such communes, and the typological classes of communes defined on the basis of these dimensions. Local authorities tend to perceive place brands primarily through the prism of key attributes of individual places. Natural attributes and attractions, geographical location, events, and sport facilities are the building blocks of attractiveness for small and middle-sized local government units. The key dimensions of the communes’ identities are the aspects of their attractiveness in terms of settlement, tourism and economic activity. The conducted analysis allowed also to distinguish communes with strong and distinctive identities, communes whose identities are defined primarily by their offer dedicated to the residents, ones defined most strongly by their business and cultural offers, communes whose identity is not very clear and requires intervention, as well as communes with a high level of tourist attractiveness and good recreational offerings.
Ograniczenie wolności i praw człowieka podczas stanu wyjątkowego w polskim prawodawstwie
Authors: Kazimierczuk Marcin
Published: April 2019

Regulacje rangi konstytucyjnej i ustawowej w sprawie stanu wyjątkowego mają za cel zapewnienie skutecznego funkcjonowania państwa w warunkach kryzysowych w sferze wewnętrznej i doprowadzenie do jak najszybszej restytucji stanu normalnego. Polski ustawodawca przewiduje niezwykle restrykcyjny model reżimu stanu wyjątkowego w zakresie korzystania z konstytucyjnie zagwarantowanych wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela. Zwłaszcza w sferze wolności osobistej jednostki obostrzenia są jeszcze większe niż w wypadku wprowadzenia stanu wojennego.
Wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące zwalczania terroryzmu w kontekście prawa do rzetelnego procesu
Authors: Matusiak-Frącczak Magdalena
Published: April 2019

Terrorism is nowadays one of the biggest threats to international peace and security. Nevertheless, its combatting must be compatible with the requirements of human rights protection, including the right to a fair trial. First the article discusses procedural guarantees of suspects of terrorist crimes in criminal proceedings. Then the article deliberates the aspects of judicial control of targeted sanctions. The next part will constitute the exploration of the legal professional privilege in the discussed area. Finally, the article will discuss the judicial control of targeted killing. The aim of the article is to prove that actually the right to a fair trial and the procedural guarantees enshrined therein constitute a guarantee to other human rights.
Środki tymczasowe w stanach nadzwyczajnych. Uwagi na tle sprawy Gruzja v. Federacja Rosyjska przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości
Authors: Morawska Elżbieta Hanna
Published: April 2019

The article deals with some aspects of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction considered in recently decided dispute between Georgia and Russian Federation. The analysis essentially covers the question of provisional measures: the conditions for their indication, their legal nature and function.

The article refers to measures indicated under Article 41 of the Statute of the ICJ which allows the Court to indicate provisional measures providing interim protection to the rights of either party to a pending dispute. Having regard to the relevant case-law of the ICJ, two issues are discussed, namely the existence of prima facie jurisdiction and risk of irreparable prejudice and urgency.

In addition to the measures referred to specific measures aimed at preserving specific rights, the article draws attention to the Interim measure of general nature with the view of ensuring the non-aggravation of the dispute between the Parties.

As Russia does not recognize the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ, the greater part of the article are dedicated to questions regarding the jurisdictional basis for Georgia’s action before the ICJ and the issues of the procedural preconditions for the sesin of the Court in the compromissory clause, under art. 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD).

It will also comment on whether the dispute between Georgia and Russia really concerned the issues of “the interpretation or application” of CERD,  or respect for others international law principles, i.e. the legality of the use of force, sovereignty, territorial integrity and self-determination.
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN FOR BIAXIAL TENSION
Authors: Zhidkov A. V. , Kiselev V. G. , Lyubimov A. K. , Sergeev O. A. , Basalin A. V.
Published: April 2019

Applying the approaches of topology optimization, we consider the problem of substantiation of the configuration of the 2D test specimen, in the workspace of which the biaxial stress-strain state is realized.
The original area occupied by the specimen is a square plate with a given side size made of an isotropic material. At the boundaries of the region, segments of fixed length are established on which boundary conditions are specified. The length of the segments is determined by the dimensions of the grippers of the testing machine. In the central part of the specimen is located the working area of the square form where the definition of displacements is carried out using measuring devices. The dimensions of the working area are selected taking into account the region of the used measuring devices. The test specimen is considered as a complex system consisting of working and auxiliary parts interacting with each other. The latter ensures the transfer of forces from the testing machine to the working part. The basic criterion determining the performance of this system is the criterion of accuracy of determining the deformations (displacements) in the working part. The implementation of the criterion is possible by ensuring the necessary stiffness of the overall system, i.e. the system's ability to carry the effect of external loads with allowable deformations that do not violate the performance of the system. The specimen design scheme for biaxial stretching used in the topological optimization process is reduced to the scheme of a two-dimensional plate of variable thickness which is in a plane stress state and occupies the initial region. The original search field is replaced by its finite element approximation. The objective function to be maximized is the stiffness of the system, and the design variables are the thicknesses of 2D finite elements. The specimen volume is set. A technique is proposed that allows determining the distribution of the material ensuring the achievement of the maximum integral stiffness of the system. The analysis of results of numerical simulation using the technique showed the need for holes on the specimen sleeves used in the experiments.
VIBRATIONS OF A BEAM IN A FIELD OF COLOR NOISE
Authors: Krysko V. A. , Papkova I. V. , Kutepov I. E. , Krysko A. V.
Published: April 2019

An attempt is made to clear vibrations of a beam resting on a viscoelastic support from noise effects. It is assumed that Bernoulli-Euler hypothesis holds. Effects of white, red, pink, purple and blue noise are considered. Noise is accounted for as a component of an alternating distributed load. Equations of motion of the beam areobtained as partial derivatives from Hamilton-Ostrogradski principle. Partial derivative equations are reduced to a Cauchy problem, using a second-order accuracy finite difference method, which is solved by Runge-Kutta-type methods.
To clear vibrations of the beam from noise, the main component method was applied. This method was used to process the solutions of linear partial differential equations describing vibrations of rectangular beams resting on a viscoelastic support.
Solutions of the equations were represented in the form of a 2D data array corresponding to deflections in the nodes of the beam at different times. The quality of clearing was assessed by comparing the Fourier power spectra obtained in the absence of noise effects with those that had noise effects, and after clearing. Problems for beams simply supported at both ends, fully fixed at both ends, simply supported at one end and fully fixed at the other one are considered. It was possible to clear the signals from four types of noise: white, pink, blue and purple.
FIND THE BEAUTY IN INDONESIA WITH ONGIS TRAVEL
Authors: Sari Diva Artha Puspita , Anenlie Joshua , Tjokrosoeharto Marvanico , Suljic Husjina H.
Published: April 2019

Ongis travel is a tour operator which is located in Malang City, the hospitality that Ongis Travel offered as a guide to accompany your journey down the sights of interest in Malang City, East Java and beyond. Ongis Travel hope that visiting as a rarely activities will be more than just fun; therefore it is our pleasure to professionally make your sightseeing experience into recording a memorable footsteps. Malang City has a variety of charm in their tourism that is interesting to be explored. In this city Ongis Travel has been born and has been groing up by guiding domestic or foreign tourist. In the spirit of Ongis Travel services, we capture every moment of exquisite happiness. Therefore, the decision of choosing Ongis travel is a privilege worth.

Ongis Travel marketing are up to date and they are using all kinds of social media like Instagram, website and Facebook. Ongis Travel update their tour in videos and post it on YouTube which the edit of the video, camera quality is too good to be compared with other tour and travel in Malang City. However, Ongis Travel post all of their marketing in Indonesian language so the foreign customers cannot actually understand it.

Recomended Service Idea for Ongis Travel is to make a promotion using digital marketing that will be written or spoken in English language and Team 16 will make a business proposal regarding partnership with other tour and travel agency or agent in Europe and United State. In the business proposal there will be written both law regarding the agreement that both parties wanted. This proposal will be signed and approved in legal international business law.

The distribution channel that has ben chosen by Team 16 are Tour and Travel Agency in USA and Europe, and Tour and Travel Agent. The partnership will be beneficial for both parties because Ongis Travel, Tour and Travel Agencies and Tour Agents will exchange customer, Indonesian traveler that wanted to travel to Europe or USA will be given to Tour and Travel Agencies and Tour Agents and Foreigners that apply in Tour and Travel Agencies and Tour Agents that wanted to travel to Indonesia will be given to Ongis Travel.
POPULARIZING THE EXISTANCE OF MALANG AND BATU WITH KIRANA TOUR AND TRAVEL
Authors: Hariono Lavenia , Lay Elwin Graciano , Primaputri Sarah Maulida
Published: April 2019

The globalization era and the next decades are a crucial time for the relationship between tour and travel and sustainable development. The need to preserve the world’s inherent assets for future generations is becoming an imperative goal not only for tour and travel, but also for all other industries that use the earth’s natural resources. The scale of tour and travel’s contribution to the global economy and its potential for enabling sustainable development are becoming more real for governments, entrepreneurs, and others who involved in tour and travel industry.

Nowadays, Tour and travel’s are tourism industries that become one of the largest industries in the world. Economically, it creates jobs and contributes to increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as brings in capital investment and exports. Socially and culturally, tour and traveloffers the opportunity of providing jobs for minority and disadvantaged groups, creating adequate training in management skills, education and technology to local people and increasing incomes in rural and local economies, thereby contributing to the alleviation of poverty in developing countries. Environmentally, it is essential for tour and travel to maintain an optimal balance of its natural resources to ensure the ongoing arrival of tourists to destinations.

In Kirana Tour and Travels, marketing strategy will be based mainly on make sure customers know about the existence of Kirana and the services that Kirana’s give. Because the purpose is to make the right information available to the right target customers. This will be done through implementing a market penetration strategy that will make sure that Kirana’s tour and travel is well known and respected in the tourism industry. Kirana make sure that the prices take into consideration customers budgets, know that it exists, and how to contact Kirana. The marketing always communicate the sense of quality in every picture, every promotion, and every publication. Kirana’s promotional strategy will involve integrating advertising, events, personal selling, public relations, direct marketing and the Internet (specially in media social), details of which are provided in the marketing section of this plan.
DEVELOPING TOURISM BUSINESS PROGRAM OF SAHID MONTANA HOTEL MALANG
Authors: Santoso Erica Delia , Rahmatullah Dimas , Angeline Lavinia , Raznan Raynardi , Mubaroq Husni , Lin Eileen Wong Han
Published: April 2019

Sahid Montana is a 3 star hotel that located in the central of Malang City. This hotel has its own uniqueness and strenght, not like another modern hotel this hotel still keep the traditional culture. Therefore Sahid Montana want to go international by making some tour packages in Malang City and surrounding like Batu City and tourist can visit some nature tourism (mountains, beach, etc.). Sahid Montana doesn’t has country selection beacause there are so many tourist from many countries come to Malang City and stay in this hotel. To make Sahid Montana go international, this hotel need to develop the tourism in Malang so they need to do some promotion strategy like making website, social media, and participate in some international event. To develop Malang tourism,Team 19 offer 2 tour packages like Adventure Day for more nature tour and Hidden Malang for many unique places in Malang. The are some risk that Sahid might get by offering this packages to tourist like hotel has to spend more money for the promotion, tourist who come to Malang City is not so much so it’s impossible to get many tourist customers, and maybe the weather that we don’t know if it suddenly change (rain will ruin our nature tour). The recomendation that we suggest is developing the promotion strategy and buiding customers loyalty for Sahid Montana so customers will come again to this hotel.
MACHINE PROCESSING, COOLING, AND MILK PACKAGING WITH 3-IN-1 INTEGRATED PROCESS SYSTEM
Authors: Pratama Yan Dwi , Arimbi Niken Sari Kiss , Hidayat Muhammad Sefriza Toriq , Anggoro Fajar Septiawan Dwi , Khalifah Aisyah Nur , Budijono Agung Prijo
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide solutions to problems that exist in SMEs Cow Milk Momoo, especially the problem of production process that the process is still using the traditional way and the tool is still relatively simple.The method used is to utilize Temperature Controller, Motor Wiper, and Heat Exchanger technology which is soaked in water in Processing machine, cooling, and packing of Cow Milk. The expected result is the increasing of productivity and efficiency of production process so that productivity of SME Cow Milk can be increased 2 times fold which initially yields an average of 100 liters of Cow Milk / day can produce up to 200 liters of Cow Milk / day