bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flight Loads
Authors: Sandifer R. H.
Published: August 2016

For centuries man has watched with envy the easy flight of birds and has tried to simulate their basic form, structural principles and methods of control. Often too much enthusiasm and too little technical knowledge has ended in disaster, and the most successful people were those who relied upon models for their initial data.

The Wright Brothers were among the first to apply an engineering approach to the problems concerning the magnitude of loads occurring on wing and control surfaces. To this end they constructed a wind tunnel as long ago as 1901 and succeeded in measuring actual forces on model aeroplanes, and in comparing them with systematic glider experiments. They continued to develop their research along these lines to achieve the first power flight in December 1903.
Safety Factors
Authors: Williams J.K.
Published: August 2016

Three of the primary considerations involved in the design of an aeroplane are safety, weight and serviceaability. The structure weight being a major item in the design which can influence its efficiency as a flying machine, the considerations of safety and serviceability have always to be studied with respect to their effect on the weight of the structure. The history of the development of aircraft structural design indicates clearly the tremendous amout of work which has been devoted to the development of higher strength materials and more accurate stressing and testing methods, always with the aim of ensuring adequate safety and reliability consistent with efficiency of design, construction, and operation.
Summary of Discussions
Authors: Barrett Anthony J.
Published: August 2016

The Society's All-Day Discussion on Aircraft Design Philosophy was extremely well supported and at one stage there were more than 350 members and visitors present. As is inevitable on these occasions there was insufficient time available for all those who wished to make a contribution to do so, even though the four lecturers had reduced their contributions to a bare minimum by presenting summarised versions of their papers.

With such an all-embracing title as Aircraft Design Philosophy it was obvious that some main channel of exploration would have to be chosen; that which evolved during the planning of this event was structural safety, as will be apparent from the discussion. The preparation of a summary of discussions presents a number of problems.
Schneider Trophy Machine Design, 1927
Authors: Mitchell R. J.
Published: August 2016

In January, 1926, Major Buchanan gave a lecture before this Society on the Schneider Trophy Race for 1925. He then gave a very complete history of the race and full information about the machines up to that period. I propose to give a brief description of the development which has taken place since then in the design of British high–speed seaplanes.

After the failure of the British team to win the race in America in 1925 it was brought home to all interested that our machines were a long way inferior to the American machines, and that if we wished to again hold our own in this important field of aviation we should have to treat the matter much more seriously. Furthermore, it became obvious to all that machines could no longer be entered for these races by private enterprise. It is true that the Air Ministry had loaned the machines for the race, but very little opportunity had been given for research and experimental work, and the engine designers and aircraft designers had been working independently.
Some Aspects of the Production Problem in Aircraft
Authors: Sigrist F.
Published: August 2016

The above meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the rooms of the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2., on Thursday, November 29th, 1928.

The President : 'The technical aspects of the production of aircraft were of considerable importance because, from whatever point of view one regarded aircraft, economical and rapid production were essential. Mr. Sigrist is a Director of the Hawker Engineering Co. He was associated with Mr. Sopwith as far back as 1910 and had been intimately connected with the affairs of the Sopwith Company—particularly the technical affairs relating to design and construction. He had been responsible for the design of one of the first British machines to win the Schneider Trophy. His wide experience would enable him lo speak with special authority on the technical aspects of the production of aircraft. The Society was particularly glad to welcome Mr. Sigrist as a lecturer for the first time before them.
Aero Engine Problems in Flight with Particular Reference to Carburation
Authors: Penn R. J.
Published: August 2016

Unlike the motor-car engine, which is generally designed, built and tested in association with the vehicle which it eventually propels, the aero engine is often designed and built with little or no knowledge of the types of aircraft in which it will be employed. The remainder of the power plant, fuel, water and oil systems of the car are also designed at the same time and to suit the chassis, but the aero engine, in the various types of aircraft, is likely to be coupled to many different forms of these systems, and consequently numerous problems arise between the completion of the acceptance tests of an engine and the final approval of an aircraft power plant for flight tests.
Recent Progress of Aeronautical Science in France
Authors: Franck Mons. P.
Published: August 2016

I greatly appreciated the invitation of your Society to give this lecture on recent progress of aeronautical science in France; and if I hesitated a moment to accept it was only because I feared the difficulty of the task.

As a matter of fact, aeronautical science covers such a wide field that it is difficult to give an exact idea of the progress made in the different branches. Many results are obtained by the improvement of various details, and it is not easy to see clearly the influence of every one of them. I shall endeavour to be as clear as possible, and to describe to you the main purposes of. the French engineers and the results they have obtained in the way of their realisation.

The main objectives of French aeronautical progress have been safety in flight, development of commercial aviation, and metal construction. In every part of aeronautical science we shall find progress along those lines. They concern aerodynamics, building of aircraft, flying boats, motors and aerial navigation.
An Historical Survey of Italian Aeronautics
Authors: Giacomelli R.
Published: August 2016

In the development of Italian aeronautics four periods can be distinguished :

A first period, covering the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, in which the first idea of the technical possibility of human flight, both on the heavier and on lighter than air principles, was conceived in Italy and the physico–mechanical conditions of animal flight explained. In thfs period are to be met the names of Leonardo da Vinci, Francesco Lana and Alfonso Borelli working on independent lines.

A second period, in which Italy produced a number of distinguished aeronauts, among whom Vincenzo Lunardi and Francesco Zambeccari became well known in England for having carried out in London the first balloon ascents in 1784-85. In this period, which, starting with the discovery of the brothers Montgolfier, does not go farther than the first decades of the 19th century, Italy did not combine with an interest in practical air navigation any actual scientific contribution to its development.
The Regulation of Air Traffic
Authors: Turner Cresswell
Published: August 2016

Valuable lives and thousands of pounds worth of equipment are lost in collisions each year.

The graphs of civil aviation traffic show that an accident in May of 1922 was followed in June by a drop in the average monthly passenger traffic of 325 passengers. A more serious accident in May, 1923, was followed by a drop in traffic during May and June of 750 passengers.

There is thus every incentive to minimise the risk of collision as far as possible, if only from an economical standpoint, as apart from the humanitarian.

Under the existing regulations there is danger of collision not only from all points of the compass in a horizontal plane—and, even at sea, with rules based on a thousand years’ experience, collisions are all too frequent—but from every conceivable direction of which the pilot is the unfortunate centre.

Rule of the Air No. 29 is perhaps the best exposition of the present state of affairs in air navigation.
Seaplanes
Authors: Guidoni A.
Published: August 2016

In 1908 the flights of the Wright Brothers and of Mr. de la Grange turned my attention to aviation. A graduate from engineering and naval constructors' schools and a Lieutenant in the R.N.C.C., I first devoted myself to building an aerodynamical whirling arm (Photo I) which enabled me to carry out some research on aerofoils and airscrew models. As in the Froude's tank, forces, spaces, times and revolutions were registered on continuous diagrams.

Then, in 1910, I started the construction of my first aeroplane, which never went in the air, although it had been provided with an automatic stability device.

From the beginning I understood the importance of being a pilot myself, before taking any risks, so I obtained my licence in 1911, on a land Farman. At that time licences were granted in a very few hours. I remember I had been only twelve times in the air and had had two hours’ flying training altogether.
A Consideration of the Design of a Light Flying Boat
Authors: Oswald John S. L.
Published: August 2016

The first point to consider is whether the design should take the form of a monoplane or a biplane. For a reasonably low wing loading and high aspect ratio one immediately finds that the structural weight of the wings alone comes-out rather heavy for a monoplane. If to this be added the necessarily relatively high structure weight of the hull and floats, one is led to the conclusion that to keep the weight down so that the machine may come under the term “ light,” a biplane seems preferable to a monoplane. There is also the point that it is desirable to keep the ailerons well clear of the water. This is easily arranged in the case of a biplane by having the ailerons on the top wing only.

One next considers whether it would be preferable to have a twin-float seaplane or a flying boat design. The flying boat can be moored out in all weathers short of a gale. This is a great advantage from the ordinary user's point of view. The twin-float seaplane does not possess, in one's opinion, this advantage to the same degree.
Older Driver Safety: A Survey of Psychologists’ Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practices
Authors: Love Janet , Tuokko Holly
Published: August 2016

Utilisant un sondage en ligne, nous avons examiné les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques en ce qui concerne les problèmes de sécurité des conducteurs âgés détenus par des psychologues cliniciens de tout le Canada qui se sont identifiés comme travaillant avec au moins quelques conducteurs de plus de 60 ans. Quatre-vingt-quatre psychologues ont répondu au sondage, et beaucoup étaient au courant des questions relatives à la sécurité des conducteurs âgés, bien que seulement environ la moitié ont déclaré que l’évaluation de l’aptitude à conduire est une question importante dans leur pratique. La majorité (75%) ont indiqué qu’ils bénéficieraient de l’éducation relative à l’évaluation de l’aptitude à conduire. La principale recommandation qui ressort de cette enquête est qu’il faut des efforts accrus pour sensibiliser les psychologues sur l’évaluation liée à la conduite et les questions réglementaires en général, mais en particulier en ce qui concerne les personnes âgées. En tant que la population vieillit, il est d’une importance croissante que tous les fournisseurs de soins de santé comprennent l’influence des conditions mentales—y compris des troubles cognitifs et de la démence—sur les compétences de conduite.
Does Scotland Have an Established Church?
Authors: Munro C. R.
Published: August 2016

Whatever may be thought about the question of the possible disestablishment of the Church of England, there is one premise which the protagonists do not dispute. Nobody doubts that the Church of England is established. Well informed persons also know that, as one aspect of struggling with ‘the Irish question’ in the nineteenth century, the union of the Churches of England and Ireland was dissolved, and the Church disestablished, so far as the island of Ireland was concerned, by the Irish Church Act 1869. Besides, there was disestablishment for the territory of Wales and Monmouthshire by the Welsh Church Act 1914, an Act which is something of a constitutional curiosity: as there is not a separate Welsh legal system, it is very rare for legislation to distinguish between English and Welsh territory, as that Act does.
Developments in Schizophrenia Treatment
Authors: Gorman Jack M.
Published: August 2016

Several years ago, a research group from the United Kingdom announced in the prestigious scientific journal Nature that a gene for schizophrenia had been located. This was greeted with widespread applause. Even the editors of Nature believed that a major piece of the puzzle for schizophrenia had at last been found.

Sadly, the bubble soon burst. Despite many attempts, no one was able to replicate the initial finding, and it is now widely felt to have been a mistake. This is no longer surprising. Use of the restriction fragment length polymorphism approach to finding genes for complex disorders like schizophrenia has been notably unsuccessful. Currently, journal editors are alerted to the receipt of claims that a gene for some disorder has been found, only to be burnt by the next dozen failures to replicate the finding. The schizophrenia “finding” was a great disappointment.
Treating Schizophrenia Now and Developing Strategies for the Next Decade
Authors: Tamminga Carol A.
Published: August 2016

This paper focuses on treatments for schizophrenia (SZ)—treatments we have now and those we hope to have in the future. The treatments we have are based on serendipity, but are effective nonetheless. Pharmacologic characteristics of the most-prescribed drugs are reviewed. It is apparent that a spectrum of effective drugs exist to support individualized therapy. With a view to future discovery, a strategy is proposed for rational antipsychotic drug development. A few concrete examples from the author's own laboratory illustrate an application of the proposal. These data would support the existence of a drugtarget in the anterior cingulate and/or hippocampal cortex. The studies suggest a focus on the limbic cortex for SZ pathophysiology. It would depend on future discovery to test whether this proposal will be productive. For sure, the rapid advance of basic neuroscience provides untold promise for the future.
Magnetoencephalography and Magnetic Source Imaging: Technology Overview and Applications in Psychiatric Neuroimaging
Authors: Rojas Donald C. , Arciniegas David B. , Teale Peter D. , Reite Martin L.
Published: August 2016

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an electrophysiologic brain imaging technology that has been applied to the study of mental illness, particularly schizophrenia. Like electroencephalography, it provides excellent temporal resolution, and in combination with magnetic resonance imaging, can also provide good spatial resolution. Studies of the auditory system in schizophrenia using MEG have demonstrated an abnormality in functional cerebral asymmetry, in which persons with schizophrenia typically show reduced, or reversed, cerebral asymmetry compared with normal subjects. This abnormality is sex-specific; it is more pronounced in males with schizophrenia. These findings have not been demonstrated using other neuroimaging strategies. Thus, MEG appears to offer a unique and valuable contribution to psychiatric neuroimaging. Current research and clinical applications of MEG are limited, however, by the high cost of instrumentation. The cost of MEG systems should improve as more applications are developed, in schizophrenia as well as other neuropsychiatric conditions, and hospitals begin to invest in the technology.
Response of the Norepinephrine System to Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Szabo Steven T. , Blier Pierre
Published: August 2016

Environmental stimuli and drugs affect the norepinephrine (NE) system and may be linked to the manifestation and treatment of anxiety and affective disorders. The activity of locus ceruleus NE neurons in the brainstem can alter the function offorebrain structures associated with several psychiatric disorders. In particular, NE neurons send and receive projections from sensory afferents, limbic areas, and cortical areas implicated in higher-order brain malfunctions and the symptomatology of anxiety and affective disorders. In turn, anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs are able to offset perturbations of NE activity and forebrain structures with a time course congruent with their therapeutic action. All antide-pressants, even the agents selective for other biogenic amines or peptides, act on the NE system. In the present review, the effects of antidepressants on NE neurons are summarized and applied to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, with emphasis placed on mechanisms of action.
Formal Thought Disorder and Semantic Memory in Schizophrenia
Authors: Elvevåg Brita , Goldberg Terry E.
Published: August 2016

In this article, we review attempts to account for the thought disorder present in some schizophrenic patients in terms of cognitive deficits in the domains of working memory, attention, language, and semantic memory. Although each psychological construct can account for some of the data described here, establishment of a primary cognitive impairment responsible for thought disorder is not forthcoming, perhaps due to its underlying multidimensional pathology. While the relationship of working memory, attention, and language processing to thought disorder is ambiguous, semantic memory is emerging as a promising construct, that may yield insight into cognitive mechanisms that underlie thought disorder and neuroleptic responsiveness.
Probing the Function of 5-HT1B/1DReceptors in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Whale Richard , Cowen Philip J.
Published: August 2016

Pharmacological challenge tests provide a method of assessing the functional responsiveness of serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes in the human brain. A number of selective agonist ligands for the 5-HT1B/1Dreceptor are available for human use; however, these compounds do not distinguish between 5-HT1Band 5-HT1Dreceptors, which is somewhat of a disadvantage. Acute administration of sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan all increase plasma growth hormone in healthy subjects, possibly via activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1Dreceptors. This response is blunted in major depression. Sumatriptan lowers plasma prolactin, perhaps via activation of presynaptic 5-HT1Breceptors. This response is not altered during repeated treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), suggesting that 5-HT1Breceptors retain the ability to restrain 5-HT outflow during short-term SSRI treatment.
Perimenopause and Mood Disturbance: An Update
Authors: Soares Cláudio N. , Cohen Lee S.
Published: August 2016

This review characterizes perimenopause, including biologic changes, the influence of psychosocial factors, and the most common clinical manifestations. Clinic-based studies and community-based surveys addressing the prevalence of depressive symptoms in perimenopausal women are critically reviewed. Also discussed is the potentially greater vulnerability to mood disturbance during perimenopause in response to hormonal variability. A therapeutic algorithm for management of depressive symptoms in middle-aged perimenopausal women is presented. The role of estrogen in the treatment of perimenopausal depressive symptoms is addressed. In addition, the article contains a review of the existing data on the potential efficacy of estrogen as an antidepressant agent (monotherapy, augmentation strategy, or prophylaxis).
Temperament and Its Implications for Neuroimaging of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Schwartz Carl E. , Rauch Scott L.
Published: August 2016

We review the attributes of inhibited and uninhibited infant temperaments, and their developmental trajectories into early adulthood. Inborn individual differences in infants' propensity to respond to novel people and objects are associated with persistent differences in the responsivity of the amygdala to novelty, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, after more than 20 years of development. Because an inhibited temperament is a risk factor for developing later psychiatric disorders, particularly generalized social anxiety disorder, temperamental differences are confounds in neuroimaging and genetic studies. Longitudinal studies are a unique tool for understanding the developmental and temperamental risk factors for psychiatric disorder.
Identification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Pedigrees and Substance Use Disorder Pedigrees Through an ADHD Proband Sample
Authors: Bauer Amy , Ram Ranga , Schindler Kim M. , Pato Michele T. , Macciardi Fabio , Gnagy Elizabeth , Burrows-MacLean Lisa , Pelham William , Pato Carlos N.
Published: August 2016

Substance use disorder (SUD) pedigrees identified through an attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) proband may be helpful in teasing apart the genetic risks for both ADHD and SUD (ie, alcohol or drug use). Pedigrees segregating for both SUD and ADHD may represent a subset of both of these common disorders that share a related genetic basis. We determined the number of SUD and ADHD pedigrees in a sample of 175 ADHD probands. We found 52 ADHD pedigrees, indicating that at least 29.7% were familial cases. We also found 50 SUD pedigrees; 13 families contained both an alcohol and a drug pedigree, 35 families were alcohol-only pedigrees, and two families were drug-only pedigrees. The incidence of drug-only pedigrees is significantly higher (P<0.01) in families with familial ADHD. This was also true for families with both drug and alcohol pedigrees (P<0.01). The total number of SUD pedigrees and the families with alcohol-alone pedigrees were not significantly different in ADHD pedigrees compared with nonfamilial ADHD families.
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Genetic Investigations
Authors: Muglia Pierandrea , Macciardi Fabio , Kennedy James L.
Published: August 2016

Twin, family, and adoption studies indicate that genetic factors play a major role in predisposition to schizophrenia. To date, molecular genetic studies have implicated many different chromosomal locations for the disorder. However, no one site replicates across the majority of investigations. This creates an impasse in the study of schizophrenia genetics, because of the large number of chromosomal sites that require further detailed research. It is difficult to plan to move ahead with expensive and labor-intensive research in an attempt to determine the etiologie genetic factor, when any given site proves to be only weakly positive. Therefore, the use of a hypothesis-driven approach may be cost effective, and may ultimately have more power to detect etiologie genes. Several lines of evidence suggest that a neurodevelopmental defect may play an important role in the etiology of this disorder. Neurodevelopment is a complex process in which genetic and nongenetic factors may interact to create the mature differentiated neuron, with its particular network of synaptic connections. A reasonable chance exists that polymorphisms of the genes that control normal development of the central nervous system (CNS) may produce a slightly altered trajectory of brain development, predisposing individuals to schizophrenia. This assumption has led geneticists to begin to study neurodevelopmental genes in schizophrenia subjects. This article reviews and discusses genetic studies of some developmental genes in schizophrenia. Genetic association and linkage studies of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, and neurotrophin-3, or NT-3), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), synapsin, and synaptosome-associated protein with a mass of 25 kd (SNAP-25) have proven to be of most interest.
Anxiety and the Blues After Breast Cancer: How Common Are They?
Authors: Rowland Julia H.
Published: August 2016

A number of myths exist concerning the psychological impact of breast cancer. Primary among these is the belief that women with breast cancer have greater emotional disability than individuals with other diseases or the population at large. While research has shown that women cope remarkably well with a diagnosis of breast cancer, an understanding of the key periods of anxiety and primary stressors is crucial to the overall psychological and medical management plan. While psychopharmacologic therapy may be indicated for women with breast cancer, it is rarely sufficient and should be combined with effective psychosocial interventions such as group therapy.
Pharmacotherapy for Social Phobia: What Works, What Might Work, and What Does Not Work at All
Authors: Van Ameringen Michael , Mancini Catherine , Farvolden Peter , Oakman Jonathan
Published: August 2016

Social phobia is a common psychiatric disorder that is often associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity and disability. In the past, clinicians have underutilized pharmacotherapy as a treatment option for this disorder. This article provides a review of current pharmacotherapeutic options for social phobia, including a review of the results to date of numerous controlled trials, a description of the recent results of open trials of new and promising agents, and a summary of the information available on the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of children and adolescents.
Role of Serotonin and Serotonin-Selective Pharmacotherapy in Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Pettinati Helen M. , Oslin David , Decker Kelly
Published: August 2016

The majority of studies that have examined the usefulness of pharmacotherapies selective for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) as a treatment for alcohol dependence have been standard, double-blind clinical trials that include patients with a variety of clinical presentations. Almost all of the early studies evaluated heavy social drinkers and found only a modest advantage for 5-HT pharmacotherapies in reducing the number of drinks per day. Also, the advantage of these pharmacotherapies was observed primarily when these agents were given at higher daily dosages than suggested prescribing practices for use as an antidepressant. The few studies that evaluated treatment-seeking patients found that 5-HT pharmacotherapies were not instrumental in reducing drinking rates compared with placebo. These results led to a dampening of enthusiasm for use of these agents in treating alcohol dependence. However, more recent investigations have begun to target subgroups with potential abnormalities in 5-HT neurotransmission. The thinking is that these medications should be most useful in alcohol-dependent individuals who have more clearly delineated suggestive signs of 5-HT dysfunction, such as concomitant depression or anxiety. Although few results are available to date, there is growing evidence to suggest that alcohol-dependent subgroups are differentially responsive to 5-HT pharmacotherapies with respect to drinking-related outcomes. This may explain the modest and variable 5-HT pharmacotherapeutic effects that were reported in the earlier studies, which included large heterogeneous patient groups. Further investigations are needed to confirm these initial optimistic results.
Combination Pharmacotherapy in Alcoholism: A Novel Treatment Approach
Authors: Farren Conor K. , Rezvani Amir H. , Overstreet David , O'Malley Stephanie
Published: August 2016

Combination pharmacotherapy has proven effective in a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. However, compared with other affective disorders, few studies have explored the use of combination therapy in alcoholism, and the majority have been limited to animal models. There is evidence to support a role for combination therapy in alcoholism. For example, several neurochemical systems, including the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and opioidergic, appear to affect alcohol intake. Studies in several different types of alcohol-preferring rats have suggested that coadministration of agents to target more than one of these systems simultaneously may produce beneficial effects on alcohol intake, while avoiding problematic effects, such as alterations in food or water intake. Data from preliminary clinical studies have shown trends toward combination therapy reducing alcohol intake in humans. While such findings are encouraging, they must be explored further in larger, randomized, double-blind trials.
Stroke Risk Factors
Authors: Tuhrim Stanley
Published: August 2016

Despite advances in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction, the most effective method of reducing stroke morbidity and mortality is the identification and modification of stroke risk factors. Modifiable stroke risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, hyperhomocystinemia, and carotid stenosis. Improved identification of individuals at increased stroke risk due to these factors can reduce individual risk and the cost to society of the consequences of stroke.
Recurrent Depression: Patient Characteristics, Clinical Course, and Current Recommendations for Management
Authors: Kocsis James H.
Published: August 2016

A significant proportion of depressed patients will experience multiple episodes of depression throughout their lifetimes, and, in recent years, attention has been paid to the identification of risk factors associated with a recurrent course of major depression. Residual depressive symptoms following acute phase therapy appears to be the most important clinical risk factor leading to recurrence. However, advances in empirically-supported treatment algorithms and guidelines, and in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, provide physicians with the tools necessary to improve short- and long-term outcomes in the treatment of depression. Additionally, recent developments in genetic and psychological vulnerability research have sought to further improve outcomes by identifying markers in patients who may likely experience multiple depressive episodes.
HIV Infection with Immunodeficiency Presenting with Subacute Cognitive Decline: Recent Illustrative Cases
Authors: Costello Daniel , Davis John , Venna Nagagopal
Published: August 2016

We describe three recent patients in whom evaluation of subacute, progressive encephalopathy led to the initial diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The clinical neurological picture of a predominance of abnormalities of mental function with few elementary neurological deficits, in conjunction with a paucity of systemic symptoms and lack of evidence for prior opportunistic infections preceding the encephalopathy are notable. The cognitive, behavioral, and neuropsychiatric disturbances are described in detail to illustrate the range of manifestations of disordered mental states associated with encephalopathy in individuals with HIV infection. The importance of a comprehensive and broad-minded work-up by brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and specific microbiological tests in delineating the potential multifactorial pathogenesis of the cerebral syndromes in relation to the HIV infection is emphasized. The gratifying long-term clinical improvements in parallel with resolution of neuroimaging and other laboratory abnormalities in response, to antiretroviral drug treatment are reported.
Dr. Moebius and His Syndrome
Authors: Trimble Michael
Published: August 2016

Neuropsychiatric practice provides for the interested practitioner a bewildering yet exciting array of symptoms and syndromes. Some are quite common, such as a psychosis is in epilepsy, but many are rare, and sometimes the rarer they are, the more startling and challenging they seem. Take the Moebius syndrome. This is an unusual condition in which there is a congenital palsy of some cranial nerves—most notably the 6th and 7th—usually with hypoplasia or agenesis of the respective nerve nuclei. For example, the patient I was asked to see, because of unremitting seizures, was a girl in her late teens, who had never had any facial expression. She could not smile or express laughter, she could not look angry, she could not contort her face to tears or grief. But did she feel emotions? Of course. She got angry like the rest of us, teared when sad, and was able laugh. The vocalizations of her affects were all present, she simply could not show emotions.

Not surprisingly, this had affected her social development, and inhibited her interactions with her peers. She was frustrated by this inhibition and, in the course of her adolescence, had developed depression and panic attacks, which had been mistakenly diagnosed as epilepsy. This is one variant of the pseudoseizure spectrum.
Who is Exaggerating Cognitive Impairment and Who is Not?
Authors: Rohling Martin L. , Allen Lyle M. , Green Paul
Published: August 2016

This chart review examined the effects of effort on neuropsychological assessment and test performance patterns among genuine and exaggerating patients, with and without neurological findings, as aids to diagnosing symptom exaggeration. The sample consisted of 561 consecutive patients involved in compensation claims. With a flexible neuropsychological test (NPT) battery, the claims were assessed over 2 days. The sample included 303 patients evaluated for traumatic brain injury, 55 patients with neurological disease, and 203 patients assessed for other conditions (eg, depression or chronic pain). An average of 38 ability measures per patient were used to generate an overall NPT domain score. Composite scores were also computed for symptom validity tests, self-report measures of psychiatric symptoms, and memory complaint inventory. Seven NPT cognitive subdomain scores were multiply regressed onto the symptom validity test composite, accounting for 45% of its total variance. Patients were also assigned to Genuine or Exaggerator groups based on symptom validity test performance. The NPT for Exaggerating patients averaged 1.43 standard deviations below that of Genuine patients, suggesting that NPT scores for most Exaggerating patients are underestimates of their true ability. Factor analysis results differed between these groups. As a result, clinicians might avoid falsely identifying genuine patients as exaggerating by incorporating their self-reports of psychiatric symptoms and memory complaints into the diagnostic process.
Two and Three-dimensional Analyses of Brain White Matter Architecture Using Diffusion Imaging
Authors: Mori Susumu
Published: August 2016

The raw diffusion tensor imaging data obtained after tensor calculations contain six tensor elements in each pixel. This unique data structure poses difficulties in visualizing and analyzing diffusion tensor imaging data. One of the most commonly used visualization techniques is the use of color-coded maps. This presents fiber orientation information as a mixture of three principal colors. These maps can reveal white matter substructures that may not be visible in conventional magnetic resonance imaging. By extending the fiber-orientation information into three-dimensional space, three-dimensional trajectories of white matter tracts can then be estimated. Once locations and trajectories of tracts of interest are identified, this technique allows for the utilization of tract-specific magnetic resonance analyses and/or macroscopic characterization of white matter anatomy. As an example, anatomical deformation of the white matter resultant of brain tumor is demonstrated. The potentials and limitations of the three-dimensional tract reconstruction techniques are also highlighted.
Does Diabetes Protect or Provoke Alzheimer's Disease? Insights Into the Pathobiology and Future Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Grossman Hillel
Published: August 2016

Diabetes mellitus has long been considered a risk factor for the development of vascular dementia. Epidemiologic evidence has suggested that diabetes mellitus significantly increases risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease, independent of vascular risk factors. As insulin's role as a neuromodulator in the brain has been described, its significance for AD has also emerged. Insulin dysregulation may contribute to AD pathology through several mechanisms including decreased cortical glucose utilization particularly in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex; increased oxidative stress through the formation of advanced glycation end-products; increased Tau phosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation; increased β-amyloid aggregation through inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme. Future treatment of AD might involve pharmacologic and dietary manipulations of insulin and glucose regulation.
Lithium and Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Tondo Leonardo , Baldessarini Ross J. , Hennen John
Published: August 2016

Can timely diagnosis and treatment of depression reduce the risk of suicide? Studies of treatment effects on mortality in major mood disorders remain rare and are widely considered difficult to carry out ethically. Despite close associations of suicide with major affective disorders and related comorbidity, the available evidence provides little support for sustained reductions of suicide risk by most mood-altering treatments, including antidepressants. Studies designed to evaluate clinical benefits of mood-stabilizing treatments in bipolar disorders, however, provide comparisons of suicidal rates with and without treatment or under different treatment conditions. This emerging body of research provides consistent evidence of reduced rates of suicides and attempts during long-term treatment with lithium. This effect may not generalize to proposed alternatives, particularly carbamazepine. Our recent international collaborative studies found compelling evidence for prolonged reduction of suicidal risks during treatment with lithium, as well as sharp increases soon after its discontinuation, all in close association with depressive recurrences. Depression was markedly reduced, and suicide attempts were less frequent, when lithium was discontinued gradually. These findings indicate that studies of the effects of long-term treatment on suicide risk are feasible and that more timely diagnosis and treatment for all forms of major depression, but particularly for bipolar depression, should further reduce suicide risk.
Pharmacologic Management of Sexual Dysfunction: Benefits and Limitations
Authors: Segraves Robert Taylor
Published: August 2016

What is the current knowledge concerning the pharmacologic treatment of human sexual dysfunction? A number of interventions, including oral phophodiesterase inhibitors and intracorporeal agents with vasodilatory effects, are available to treat male erectile disorder. Serotonergic drugs have been shown to be effective in the treatment of rapid ejaculation. Various lines of research suggest that high dosages of androgenic agents may eventually have a role in the treatment of decreased libido in females. There may be a role for phophodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of a subgroup of women with arousal disorders. Normal sexual function involves successful integration of biological, psychological, and interpersonal influences. Clinical psychiatry with its biopsychosocial model should incorporate the treatment of human sexual dysfunction within its purview.
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy
Authors: Cohen Lee S.
Published: August 2016

The presentations and clinical courses of patients with bipolar disorder differ greatly by gender. In addition, medical therapy must be tailored differently for men and women because of emerging safety concerns unique to the female reproductive system. In November 2005, these topics were explored by a panel of experts in psychiatry, neurology, and reproductive health at a closed roundtable meeting in Dallas, Texas. This clinical information monograph summarizes the highlights of that meeting.

Compared to men with bipolar disorder, women have more pervasive depressive symptoms and experience more major depressive episodes. They are also at higher risk for obesity and certain other medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Mood changes across the menstrual cycle are common, although the severity, timing, and type of changes are variable. Bipolar disorder is frequently associated with menstrual abnormalities and ovarian dysfunction, including polycystic ovarian syndrome. Although some cases of menstrual disturbance precede the treatment of bipolar disorder, it is possible that valproate and/or antipsychotic treatment may play a contributory role in young women.

Pregnancy does not protect against mood episodes in untreated women. Maintenance of euthymia during pregnancy is critical because relapse during this period strongly predicts a difficult postpartum course. Suspending therapy in the first months of pregnancy may be an option for some women with mild-to-moderate illness, or those with a long history of euthymia during pre-pregnancy treatment. However, a mood stabilizer should be reintroduced either in the later stages of pregnancy or in the immediate postpartum period. Preliminary data suggest that fetal exposure to some mood stabilizers may raise the risk of major congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental delays. For women planning to become pregnant, clinicians may consider switching to other drugs before conception. The value and drawbacks of breastfeeding during treatment must be considered in partnership with the patient, with close monitoring of nursing infants thereafter. The risks and benefits of medical treatment for women with bipolar disorder should be carefully reconsidered at each stage of their reproductive lives, with a flexible approach that is responsive to the changing needs of patients and their families.
Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder
Authors: Rabins Peter V. , Cummings Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2016

Involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED), a distressing and potentially debilitating condition characterized by uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying, causes extensive social and occupational dysfunction amongst patients. However, despite affecting more than one million people worldwide, IEED is often overlooked or misdiagnosed, and current treatments are compromised by uncertain efficacy. In this supplement we review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of IEED, and discuss new pharmacologic interventions which may afford opportunities for symptom control amongst IEED sufferers.

Although the uncontrollable episodes of emotion which characterize IEED were first described more than a century ago, a bewildering profusion of terminology has since confused and hampered the efforts of physicians to recognize and treat this condition. In the first article, John E. Duda, MD, examines the history of IEED in the medical literature, and evaluates the prevalence of the condition amongst patients in whom emotional or affective motor control has become dysregulated, either as a result of brain damage from neurological disease or as a result of brain injury.
The Electoral Sweet Spot in the Lab
Authors: St-Vincent Simon Labbé , Blais André , Pilet Jean-Benoit
Published: August 2016

Carey and Hix (2011) propose that a proportional electoral system with a moderate number of seats per district offers the best compromise between (1) accurate representation and (2) strong accountability. The argument is that there is a district magnitude (DM) level where the trade-off between proportionality and fragmentation of parties is optimal. This DM is called the sweet spot. We explore this proposition through lab experiments conducted in Brussels and Montreal. We find that the probability of achieving a “good” outcome on both proportionality and the number of parties is slightly higher at moderate DMs. We note, however, that this probability remains low.
Continuity and Change at the Journal of Experimental Political Science
Authors: Dickson Eric S.
Published: August 2016

These are exciting times for experimental political science. The community of experimental researchers is growing quickly, and these scholars are applying increasingly sophisticated techniques to the study of an ever-widening range of substantive problems. I'm excited, and feel honored, to have been chosen as the new editor of JEPS during this phase of the field's evolution.
Differences in Pre-Attentive Processes of Sound Intensity Change	Between High- and Low-Sensation Seekers
Authors: He Siqi , Chai Yao , He Jinbo , Guo Yongyu , Näätänen Risto
Published: August 2016

Abstract. High-sensation seekers are prone to search for changing stimuli. Pre-attentive processes reveal the earliest cortical change detection in response to external stimulus changes. This study recorded the mismatch negativity (MMN) to intensity increments and decrements in a repetitive tone in high- and low-sensation seekers. It was found that the MMN amplitude for intensity-decrement deviants was larger in high- than low-sensation seekers. However, with regard to deviant-increment stimulation, the difference between the two groups was not significant. Consequently, the sensitivity of high-sensitivity seekers to pre-attentively detect a decrease in sound intensity is higher than that of low-sensation seekers.
Skin Conductance and Subjective Arousal in Anxiety, Depression, and	Comorbidity
Authors: Rosebrock Laina E. , Hoxha Denada , Norris Catherine , Cacioppo John T. , Gollan Jackie K.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Skin conductance (SC), an autonomic arousal measure of the sympathetic nervous system, is a sensitive and useful index of physiological arousal. However, SC data does not always align with self-reports of arousal. SC, self-reported arousal, and their association, known as emotion coherence, may be altered with the presence of major psychiatric illness. This study investigated group differences on SC reactivity and self-reported arousal while viewing positive, negative, neutral, and threat images between participants diagnosed with major depression with and without anxiety disorders relative to a healthy comparison group. Additionally, the strength and direction of association between SC reactivity and arousal ratings (emotion coherence) was examined within groups. Unmedicated participants were recruited via online and paper advertisements around Chicago and categorized into one of four groups (Depressed: n = 35, Anxious: n = 44, Comorbid: n = 38, Healthy: n = 29). SC and affect ratings were collected during and after a standardized emotional picture viewing task. SC reactivity was significantly higher during threat images, regardless of group. During threat image presentation, increased SC reactivity occurred during the last few seconds before picture offset; for all other stimulus types, SC reactivity decreased significantly after picture offset. Anxious and comorbid participants rated emotional images as more arousing than healthy participants; there were no observed differences in arousal ratings between depressed and healthy participants. Heightened reactivity in anxiety may manifest in arousal ratings without corresponding increased SC reactivity to emotional images. Results do not suggest underlying altered psychophysiology in this sample of depressed or anxious participants.