bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lesser known Nigerian edible oils and fats II.—Ito seed oil
Authors: Girgis Pamela
Published: November 2006

The seeds of Cucumeropsis edulis (Hook, f.) Cogn., family Cucurbitaceae, are a common component of the average Nigerian diet and a rich source of oil. This study shows the oil to be very suitable for edible purposes, since it possesses good keeping qualities, and has a high content of linoleic and oleic acids, which together make up about 64% of its total fatty acid content. the main characteristics of the oil are described.
Suppression of sprouting in stored potatoes by volatile organic compounds
Authors: Meigh D. F.
Published: November 2006

A number of readily available volatile compounds have been tested, at concentrations of not greater than 100 μg/l in air, as inhibitors of sprouting of stored potatoes. Some of these compounds were found to be as effective, on a small scale, as the nonyl alcohol used commercially. No compounds of exceptional merit were found.
Investigations on starches from major starch crops grown in Ghana I.—Hot paste viscosity and gel‐forming power
Authors: Rašper V.
Published: November 2006

The most important rheological properties of starches of several major starch crops grown in Ghana were examined. the consistency changes during the whole pasting cycle and the gel‐forming power were tested with starches of several species of yams (Dioscorea), plantain (Musa paradisiaca) cultivars, cocoyams (both Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Colocasia antiquorum) and several local varieties of cassava (Manihot utilissima). Most of the yam starches gave very viscous pastes yielding very strong and ‘short’ gels on cooling, some of them with a very high retrogradation tendency. the rheological properties of plantain starches were similar to those of yam starches; cocoyam starches produced pastes which had lower viscosity and exhibited some breakdown on prolonged heating and stirring and a poorer setback on cooling. With ‘new’ cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) the gel‐forming power, however, was higher than that of cassava and sweet‐potato starches.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops: VIII.—Sand culture N, P, K, mg experiments with black currant (Ribes nigrum L.)
Authors: Bould C.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made, by means of factorial sand‐culture pot experiments, of the relationship between N, P, K and Mg treatments and their concentrations in the laminae of leaves from the mid‐third region of non‐fruiting shoots sampled in early July, and shoot growth, blossom number, fruit set, berry weight, ascorbic acid content and crop yield. Plants were propagated from hardwood cuttings and grown as biennials. from these studies it has been possible to suggest tentative standards for classifying the nutrient status of black‐currant plants in relation to growth and crop yield. the highest crop yields were associated with the following leaf‐lamina concentrations in July; N, 3.0%; P, 0.3%; K, 1.5% and Mg, 0.15 % in dry matter.
Seasonal variation in some of the lipid components of sprats (Sprattus sprattus)
Authors: Hardy R. , MacKie P.
Published: November 2006

The lipid content and composition of sprats caught during the 1967–68 fishing season have been measured. the fatty acid composition was found to be similar to that observed in other pelagic fish. the lipid content, however, fell during the season from 18 to 11‐5 % and the degree of un saturation also decreased. This latter diminution was brought about mainly by falls in the polygenetic content of the triglyceride fraction of the lipids. During the period of the analysis the α‐tocopherol and ubiquinone 50 content of the fish showed a marked increase. a simple and relatively efficient method of analysis for these components is reported.
Inhibition of digestive enzymes by condensed tannins from green and ripe carobs
Authors: Tamir Musha , Alumot Eugenia
Published: November 2006

The degree of inhibition of trypsin, β‐amylase and lipase by condensed carob tannins was determined, and compared with that caused by a glucoside of m‐digallic acid. the carob tannins were strongly inhibitory to all the enzymes assayed; β‐amylase was the most sensitive and lipase the least sensitive. Only in the case of lipase was the hydrolysable tannin a more active inhibitor than the condensed carob tannins. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone reactivated trypsin and lipsse, but not β‐amylase.

The inhibitors were found to change the maximum reaction velocities of crystalline trypsin and β‐amylase, indicating non‐competitive reaction kinetics.
Application of immunodiffusion in detecting the presence of barley in wheat flour
Authors: Liuzzi Antonia , Angeletti P. U.
Published: November 2006

An immunological method for detection of barley contamination in wheat flour was developed. a rabbit antiserum to barley proteins was tested against different protein concentrations of barley and wheat extracts by the immunodiffusion technique. It was possible to identify with barley a typical precipitin band which is not present with wheat flour. the barley antiserum was then adsorbed by wheat and tested against wheat proteins contaminated with barley proteins at different concentrations. the results indicated that it is possible to detect a contamination of 5 % of barley proteins in wheat proteins. Samples of commercially available barley and wheat flour were also tested on agar plates against the barley anti‐serum adsorbed from wheat. Again it was possible to detect a contamination of 5% of barley flour in wheat flour. It appears that this is a simple but specific immunological method suitable for routine testing.
Modification of flour proteins by disulphide interchange reactions
Authors: McDermott E. E. , Stevens D. J. , Pace J.
Published: November 2006

The disulphide interchange between the flour proteins gliadin and glutenin, and three low mo), wt. disulphides has been studied. Suitable reaction conditions have been established, and the extent of interchange has been measured. the ‘mixed’ disulphide reaction products have been examined by gel‐filtration.
Total and free amino acids in fishmeals and vacuum‐dried codfish organs, flesh, bones, skin and stomach contents
Authors: Arnesen G.
Published: November 2006

The total and free amino acid contents of Icelandic fishmeals and of various codfish organs were determined. They were compared with the available lysine found in these samples.
Breakdown of the insecticide ‘Gardona’ on plants and in soils
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Wright A. N.
Published: November 2006

The breakdown of the insecticide ‘Gardona’ (2‐chloro‐1‐(2′, 4′, 5′,‐trichlorophenyl)‐vinyl dimethyl phosphate, previously known as SD 8447) has teen studied, on cabbages, apple foliage and fruit, and rice, and in soils, using radio‐isotope techniques under laboratory conditions.

There was some isomerisation of ‘Gardona’ to its α‐isomer on foliage. the initial half‐life of ‘Gardona’ was about 1 day on the leaves and 4–5 days in medium loam soil. on foliage and in soils breakdown occurred by hydrolysis of the P‐O‐C bond to give initially 2,4,5‐trichlorophenacyl chloride and demethyl ‘Gardona’ followed by reactions of the former involving reduction of the ketone group and reductive dechlorination to form a number of eight‐carbon compounds.

On foliage and on apple fruit the major breakdown products are conjugates of 1‐(2′,4′,5′‐trichlorophenyl)ethan‐1‐ol with sugars other than β‐D‐glucose.

The breakdown products are of low toxicity to rats and, apart from the o‐isomer, none has insecticidal activity and none inhibits cholinesterase.
Source of contamination in micronutrient deficiency work in pot culture
Authors: O'Sullivan M.
Published: November 2006

During the course of micronutrient deficiency studies on several pot cultures, zinc contamination from a white plastic label was observed. White plants adjacent to the label showed rapid growth, those not in the vicinity of the label died.
Varietal differences in albumin and globulin fractions of Triticum aestivum and T. durum
Authors: Silano V. , De Cillis U. , Pocchiari F.
Published: November 2006

Albumin and globulin fractions of several varieties of Triticum aestivum and T. durum were analysed by disc‐electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel.

With this procedure 14 albumin and 15 globulin bands were obtained.

After aniline blue‐black staining, all albumin bands were coloured blue‐black, whereas the globulins were green.

Varietal differences were found mostly in the fast‐moving albumin electrophoretic bands.
Seed fats of some New Zealand liliaceae
Authors: Morice Isobel M.
Published: November 2006

The seed fats of Herpolirion novae‐zelandiae, Xeronema callistemon, Dianella intermedia, two species of Arthropodium and six of Bulbinella, members of the family Liliaceae, have been examined, and found to contain as their predominant fatty acids linoleic 65–87%, oleic 7–24% and palmitic 5–16%. They are similar to Group 1 of Astelia (Liliaceae). Iphigenia novae‐zelandiae (Liliaceae) shows a different pattern of fatty acids, containing 17% hexadecenoic, 20% palmitic, 26% linoleic and 34% oleic acids as well as trace amounts of C12, C14, C15 and C17 alkanoic and C15 and C17 alkenoic acids. It is thereby distinguished from the other New Zealand Liliaceae, the New Zealand Agavaceae and the New Zealand Juncaceae.
Stationary reaction stage in colorimetric α‐amylase assay
Authors: Möttönen K.
Published: November 2006

The properties of the Hagberg halving‐lime method, the I.C.C. standard method and a new method, based on the stationary reaction stage, for colorimetric assay of α‐amylase, are discussed and compared with each other. the first two were considered to be basically equivalent, and experimental comparison has been made only between the halving‐time method and the new method.

In the stationary‐stage method (SSM), part of the reaction curve between log concentrations of the α‐amylase sample solution and the corresponding linear extinction values of the iodine‐stained samples, taken from the reaction exhibits a straight line relationship. This part is concluded to represent the stationary stage of the amylolytic hydrolysis reaction. the reaction end‐point, at the intersection of the stationary stage straight line and the zero extinction line, reveals both the concentration of the sample solution and the absolute quantity of the sample substance needed to cause a zero extinction in the test conditions.

The α‐amylase activity values, obtained by the halving‐time method, were found to be strongly dependent on the enzyme concentration of the sample solution, whereas in the SSM the detrimental concentration effect is eliminated.

The α‐amylase activity values obtained by SSM are consistently lower than the means of the corresponding values obtained by the halving‐time method at each concentration of the sample solution.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: X.—Bromide residues in maize, pulses and nuts
Authors: Thompson R. H. , Hill E. G.
Published: November 2006

Results are presented for the determination of bromide residues in maize, in pulses and in four types of nuts sampled on arrival in British ports mostly during the five years up to June 1968. in the maize, which had been fumigated in the ships' holds before export, 75 % of the 155 samples examined contained less than 50 ppm but some contained more than 200 ppm. the problems of fumigating bulk maize and the extent to which variations in bromide residue are evened out during grain handling operations in the port granary are discussed. the samples of pulses generally contained less than 50 ppm but some samples of haricot beans contained more than 100 ppm. Out of 164 samples of groundnuts from 11 countries only one contained more than 200 ppm. Those containing more than 100 ppm came from countries in which nuts are sometimes fumigated more than once. None of the walnuts or almonds examined contained more than 100 ppm but two samples of Brazil nuts had more than this.

Results are also presented for the increase in bromide residue after the fumigation of consignments in Britain and the reasons for the wide variations observed are discussed.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: XI.—Further studies of malathion in imported cereals
Authors: Thompson R. H. , Hill E. G.
Published: November 2006

Results are presented for the determination of malathion in wheat, received from nine countries, and in maize from six countries, sampled on arrival in British ports. Wheat samples from Australia contained between 1.6 and 7.4 ppm and those from other countries mostly less than 0.3 ppm. of the maize samples, one dusty sample contained 7.3 ppm but none of the others had more than 1 ppm. Samples were also taken of mixed cereal dust from port granaries and of dust from a wheat cargo at various stages of processing into animal feeding stuffs. Despite the high malathion content of the original dust, that of the finished meals was below 2 ppm except for one sample which had 6.9 ppm.
Effect of pH on cellulose digestion under in vitro conditions
Authors: Terry R. A. , Tilley J. M. A. , Outen G. E.
Published: November 2006

The extent of cellulose digestion by rumen micro‐organisms in vitro is dependent on the pH of the medium. Digestion is greatly reduced at pH values similar to those found within the rumen of sheep fed with diets rich in readily digestible carbohydrates.

It is suggested that this may be one of the reasons for reduced digestion of the fibre component of forages when carbohydrate supplements are fed.
Utilisation, by chicks, of carotene from fresh and dried plant sources
Authors: Ascarelli I. , Minkov U. , Nir I.
Published: November 2006

Some factors (autoclaving, addition of ethoxyquin, drying, degree of grinding) influencing utilisation of carotene from plant origin were investigated.

Low storage of vitamin A in liver and low excretion of carotene in faeces, when fresh lucerne was given, indicated that carotene‐destroying enzymes of plant origin are likely to act before the lucerne is eaten and while it is passing through the intestines.

Addition of ethoxyquin to autoclaved lucerne improved the utilisation of carotene. This indicates nonenzymic oxidation of carotene in the digestive tract.

Carotene was more effectively utilised from lucerne meal than when given as green lucerne even if autoclaved and with ethoxyquin added.

It seems that the influence of non‐enzymic factors on the availability of carotene from various dried plants is small and uniform, because carotene was utilised equally from these sources.

The particle size (degree of grinding) had no significant influence on the utilisation of carotene from lucerne meal and it seemed that coarser meals could be used without hindering the utilisation of carotene or other carotenoids by chicks.
Synthesis and pesticidal activity of phenazines II.—Alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio and alkylsulphonyl phenazines
Authors: Cross B. , Dunn C. L. , Payne D. H. , Tipton J. D.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of forty‐one phenazines, mono‐substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio and alkylsulphonyl groups is described.

Phytotoxicity was highest in the alkyl series and both 1‐ and 2‐methylphenazines are highly effective. herbicides.

Although several n‐alkyl, branched alkyl and n‐alkoxyphenazines were highly fungicidal and acaricidal, only 2‐t‐octylphenazine combined high dual activity with negligible phytotoxicity.
Comparative digestibility of groundnut and soyabean meal in vitro and in chicks
Authors: Bielorai Rachel
Published: November 2006

In vitro experiments showed that there is less trypsin‐inhibiting activity in raw groundnut meal (RG) than in raw soyabean meal (RS). Some of the typical effects which were observed in chicks fed RS were seen also in chicks fed RG, but to a different extent, i.e. growth retardation, pancreas hypertrophy, and a high percentage of intestinal nitrogen precipitated by trichloracetic acid. These effects were not obtained in chicks fed toasted groundnut meal or in those fed toasted soyabean meal.

Some relationships between in vitro experiments and growth retardation, pancreas hypertrophy and the undigestible nitrogen fraction in the intestine of chicks fed RG and RS are discussed.
Nutritional studies on whole‐extract coagulated leaf protein and fractionated chloroplastic and cytoplasmic proteins from lucerne (Medzcago satzva)
Authors: Rau B. H. Subba , Mahadeviah S. , Singh N.
Published: November 2006

Leaf extracts were prepared from the green vegetation of lucerne (Medicugo sativa). The leaf protein was coagulated by steam injection and the chloroplastic and cytoplasmic proteins were fractionated by a differential heat treatment. The proximate composition of various materials was analysed and nutritive value was studied with reference to growth of weanling albino rats. The effects of processing on the distribution of major constituents among the different products and their bearing on nutrition are discussed.

The results showed the spray‐dried leaf extract to be unsuitable as food because of the association of various water‐soluble constituents, and the coagulated leaf protein to be satisfactory. Nutritionally, the chloroplastic material was inferior and the cytoplasmic one superior to the unfractionated leaf protein. The close association of nutritional improvement with an increase in protein content suggests that the nonprotein constituents act as low‐digestibility diluents and probably damage the food value by various interactions.
Effect of storage and lipid extraction on the properties of leaf protein
Authors: Buchanan R. A.
Published: November 2006

At 4° and 28° extensive oxidation of leaf protein occurred, but there was little change in the digestibility of the protein, or in the N and P contents of the lipid. After heating at 60° the amount of extracted lipid decreased: a small decrease in digestibility was attributed to heat damage rather than oxidation of the lipid. Losses in digestibility after heatingat 100° wereattributable to two different reactions: (a)a lipid complexing reaction which depends on moisture content, but not on the presence of oxygen and (b) modification of the protein. The latter reaction occurred more slowly and depended mainly on the period of heating at 100°; it did not occur in completely dry protein, was not influenced by the presence of leaf lipid, and was not affected by lipid solvent extraction after heating.

The possibility that lipid‐protein complexing during preparation of leaf protein causes losses in digestibility is discussed. Similarities between the behaviour of leaf proteins and fishmeal on storage and heating are also discussed.
Interference by cyanide with the measurements of papain hydrolysis
Authors: Buchanan R. A. , Byers M.
Published: November 2006

Potassium cyanide, a commonly used activator for the proteolytic enzyme papain, may be bound by the Strecker reaction to form cyanohydrins in digestion mixtures. The formation of these N‐containing complexes depends on the pH of the digest, incubation time and temperature, and the amount of reducing sugar present. They are soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), so the N in the complexes will be estimated together with the non‐protein N released during digestion. Their formation probably accounts for some experimental discrepancies observed when studying the action of KCN‐activated papain on extracted leaf proteins, and calculating the percentage hydrolysis from the amount of N found in the TCA‐soluble fraction.

A procedure for digesting leaf proteins by papain is described that uses thioglycollic acid as activator, and the N is estimated in the undissolved substrate and the TCA‐precipitable fraction, instead of in the TCA‐soluble fraction.
Proteases of the soyabean II.—Specificity of the active fractions
Authors: Pinsky A. , Grossman S.
Published: November 2006

Six proteolytic fractions of the soyabean differed in specificity on synthetic substrates. Their Michaelis constants on poly (L‐glutamic acid) differed one from the other. The optimum pH values of proteolytic action were slightly lower than that of the crude extract. The fractions did not autolyse, nor did one fraction hydrolyse any other. Finally, none of the fractions exhibited trypsin‐like activity, as characterised by ability to hydrolyse benzoylarginine ethyl ester, either at their optimum pH or at the pH optimum of trypsin.
Importance of dietary protein level in the carcass analysis method for determining net protein utilisation in the chick
Authors: Fisher H. , Griminger P.
Published: November 2006

Two series of studies concerning chick NPU (net protein utilisation) determinations were carried out. In the first, two levels of dietary protein were compared with diets deficient in methionine or lysine. While the 10% protein level gave higher absolute NPU values than the 13% level, the former may lead to erroneous conclusions if the dietary protein is deficient in lysine. Since lysine is required in very low amounts for maintenance and the 10% protein level provides little more than the maintenance needs of the chick, the 13% level is to be preferred; this level provides sufficient excess for growth purposes so that a lysine deficiency can be more effectively recognised by the NPU value obtained.

In the second series of experiments, three levels of fibre and maize oil were included factorially in a 13% protein diet composed of isolated soya protein supplemented with methionine. The combination of 3% fibre and 6% maize oil gave considerably higher NPU values than were obtained with any of the other combinations, although there was a general trend for higher NPU values with increased dietary energy. No adequate explanation for this finding is available at present.
Effects of plant growth regulators on locusts and cotton stainer bugs
Authors: Carlisle D. B. , Ellis Peggy E. , Osborne Daphne J.
Published: November 2006

Gibberellic acid is a necessary dietary constituent for normal fast maturation in the desert locust. Diets short of gibberellins, such as senescent vegetation, produce a state of adult diapause. The synthetic plant growth retardant (2‐chloroethyl)‐trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), either injected into locusts or fed to them as a separate dietary constituent, inhibits meiosis and so retards or prevents sexual maturation. Once this stage of gametogenesis has passed (late in nymphal life) CCC appears to have no further effect, but a single injection just before the onset of meiosis will sterilise locusts completely. Cotton stainers provided with a solution of CCC in their drinking water during the same period of larval life show impaired reproductive function and produce deformed offspring. CCC acts directly upon the insects, quite apart from any secondary effect produced by the altered physiology of the food plant.
Use of growth retardants on chrysanthemums: Effect on pest populations
Authors: Worthing C. R.
Published: November 2006

Numbers of the aphid, Myzus persicae, and the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, were compared on two chrysanthemum cultivars treated with commercial rates of B995, chlormequat chloride and chlorphonium chloride. The growth retardants did not give effective pest control on this host, but in some trials the populations were significantly lower where chlormequat chloride and chlorphonium chloride was used. They appear to act indirectly and reduced the survival rate of nymphal M. persicae.
Interactions between steroids in the growth of Phytophthora
Authors: Elliott C. G. , Knights B. A.
Published: November 2006

It is shown that several steroids in mixture with cholesterol inhibit the cholesterol‐dependent oospore production by Phytophthora cactorum in culture. It is suggested that in plants, precursors of the phytosterols might compete with sterols to reduce the sporulation of pathogens, such as Phytophthora and Pythium spp., which are dependent on the r hosts for the sterols required for their reproduction. A high proportion of precursor compared with sterol would thus enhance the disease resistance of the host.
Factors affecting the systemic antifungal activity of some chemically related compounds
Authors: Garraway J. L. , Cook S. E.
Published: November 2006

Some phenols, phenolic glycosides and derivatives of sulphanilic acid were tested for direct (in vitro) and systemic activity against some rust and mildew fungi. Results against Uromyces fabae are quoted. Some of the highly substituted phenols were toxic to U. fabae, but there was little systemic activity in broad beans and wheat shoots with phenols or phenolic glycosides. Although 4‐aminobenzenesulphonamides and 4‐aminobenzenesulphonylureas were relatively inactive in vitro, they showed appreciable systemic activity. Modification of the structure of compounds to confer solubility in water did not necessarily improve systemic activity.
Assessing the response of forest trees to fertilisers
Authors: Jack W. H.
Published: November 2006

Some of the problems of statistical design of fertiliser experiments with forest plots are described, and the significance of apparently anomalous results from the customary methods of measuring growth of forest trees is discussed.
Uptake of nutrients following fertilization of sitka spruce on deep peat in Northern Ireland
Authors: Dickson D. A.
Published: November 2006

The effects are described of broadcast application of mineral phosphate at rates from 0–400 units† P2O5per acre and top‐dressing treatments with nitrogen and potassium at rates up to 30 units N and 180 units K2O per acre on the growth and nutrient uptake of newly planted Sitka spruce on deep oligotrophic peat in western Northern Ireland. Rate of tree growth and P uptake increased progressively over four years with increasing phosphate application. Applied K appreciably increased rate of growth, length of growing season and K uptake, but tree response decreased in the fifth season after application. Nitrogen application has had little effect except in the year of planting.

Levels of N and K in Sitka foliage at the end of the first growing season were very much higher than in subsequent years.
Fertilizers in forestry‐the future
Authors: Binns W. O.
Published: November 2006

Present results with fertilizers in Forestry Commission forests are used, with several qualifications, as a basis for estimating the approximate fertilizer requirements by the Commission up to the year 2010.
Association between loss of volatiles and reduced incidence of breakdown in Jonathan apples achieved by warming during storage
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , McGlasson W. B.
Published: November 2006

The amounts of n‐butyl, iso‐amyl and n‐hexyl alcohols, and their acetate esters, and the ratios of acetate ester :alcohol given off by Jonathan apples during storage at−1° were examined. After 14 weeks' storage, warming of the fruit at 20° for three days resulted in increased emanation of the alcohols and esters, and an increase in the ratios of ester :alcohol given off during subsequent storage at −1°. The increase in ester alcohol ratios indicated that warming had a differential effect on the metabolism of these compounds These data support the hypothesis that loss of acetate is involved in controlling the development of low‐temperature breakdown in apples.
Theoretical triglyceride content of vegetable oils by a radiochemical technique—effect of sediment
Authors: Marcopoulos C. A. , Manolkidis K. A.
Published: November 2006

The refining loss for a variety of olive, maize and cottonseed oils as determined in the laboratory by a chromatographic method was checked by a radiochemical procedure. By labeling oil samples with 14C‐tripalmitate and applying the principle of isotope dilution analysis, the absolute content of neutral oil and the theoretical triglyceride content were determined.

In order to find out the effect of the sediment in an oil on the deviation of the chromatographic refining loss from the theoretical triglyceride content, various oil samples with high amounts of sediment were compared with normal samples with a low or moderate percentage of sediment.

Relations are proposed for the calculation of the theoretical triglyceride content from the one determined by the chromatographic method.
Evaluation of whisky distillery by‐products I.—Chemical composition and losses during transport and storage of malt distiller's grains
Authors: Miller T. B.
Published: November 2006

Samples of wet malt distiller's grains (MDG) have been analysed to assess the quality of the material and the variation between the effects of distilleries on quality and the losses incurred during transport and farm storage.

Comparative analyses of MDG and the parent barley showed that the recoveries of soluble carbohydrate, protein, holocellulose, lipid and minerals in the MDG and malt culms amounted to 16, 54, 90, 95 and 32% respectively, which indicates a depletion of soluble carbohydrate and minerals (particularly potassium) and a concentration of structural components and lipid.

A survey of the material leaving 12 different distilleries over a period of 6 weeks showed little difference in composition between distilleries. Transport losses were negligible.

Losses of dry matter during storage ranged from 11 to 21 % depending on length of storage. The addition of salt did not result in a consistent reduction in these losses.
Persistence and effectiveness of thionazin against potato aphids on three soils in Southern England
Authors: Pain B. F. , Skrentny R. F.
Published: November 2006

Degradation curves were determined for thionazin applied to the soil in potato plots at three sites. Thionazin persisted longer in an acid, sandy soil than in an alkaline, clay soil, and residues were detected in the sandy soil a year after application. Results of residue analyses were confirmed by determining the kills of aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) ‘sleeved’ on to potato plants. Natural infestation by potato aphids was effectively decreased only on plots treated with thionazin at 40 Ib/acre (44.84 kg/ha) on the acid sandy soil.
Degradation of commercial ddt in silage
Authors: Henzell R. F. , Lancaster R. J.
Published: November 2006

The fate of DDT present in ensiled pasture herbage has been studied in laboratory silos of 2 kg capacity. The DDT was extensively decomposed in the process, but the accumulation of equally objectionable degradation products, identified as pp‐DDD gave a net reduction of about 50%. These changes appeared to be unrelated to the type of silage fermentation that ocuurred. The results suggest enbsilage to be a useful management procedure in dealing with DDT‐contaminated pasture.
Herbicides in forestry
Authors: Brown R. M.
Published: November 2006

The present use and future potential of herbicides for control of grass‐herbaceous broadleaved weeds, woody weeds, heather and bracken is discussed.
Production of volatile organic compounds by pears
Authors: Fidler J. C. , North C. J.
Published: November 2006

There is considerable variation between the rates of production of volatile organic compounds by different cultivars of pears, as has been shown for apples; the rates are lower in controlled atmosphere (C.A.) storage than in air.

When pears which have been cold stored, in air or in C.A. are ripened at a higher temperature, the rate of evolution of ethylene rises rapidly to a high value, but subsequently declines as the pears develop overripe symptoms.
Production of volatile organic compounds by apples
Authors: Fidler J. C. , North C. J.
Published: November 2006

There is great variation in the rate at which different apple cultivars produce volatiles.

The rate of production of volatiles, in terms of loss of carbon, is some 0.3–1.0% of the loss of CO2; depending on conditions of storage, some 50–95% of the carbon lost as volatiles is accounted for by ethylene.

Increase in concentration of CO2 in the storage atmosphere reduces the rate of production of volatiles. Reduction of the oxygen concentration to a low level has the same effect, and ethylene production ceases in the complete absence of oxygen.

The peel of the fruit is more active in production of ethylene than is the pulp; the rate of production is greater for small apples than for large. When the volatiles are removed from the storage atmosphere, the rate of production increases.

The incidence of superficial scald, and the shape of the time/rate graph for ethylene are related. This could be due to an effect of climate during the growing period, affecting the porosity of the peel.
Mineral composition of apples X.—A rapid method for preparing samples of fruit for analysis
Authors: Perring M. A.
Published: November 2006

Samples of apples can be prepared for sub‐sampling for analysis by blending them with an equal mass of water for 2 min at 17,000 rev/min. If seeds are present, or if the suspension of apple is to be fed into an automated analytical system an extra 2 min in a homogeniser fitted with a fine mesh is necessary. Analytical results are reproducible and in agreement, within the limits of variation due to the ashing and analytical methods and the number of apples chosen to make the sample, with those for samples prepared by freezing and grating.

The results for magnesium indicate that about 5 % may be lost in the process of freezing and grating.
Effect of storage temperature on the ageing of concentrated wheat starch gels
Authors: Colwell K. H. , Axford D. W. E. , Chamberlain N. , Elton G. A. H.
Published: November 2006

Flour Milling and Baking Research Association, Chorleywood, Rickmansworth, Herts.

Using differential thermal analysis (d.t.a.) the progress of ageing of concentrated wheat starch gels stored at temperatures from−1° to 43° has been investigated.

A very close relationship has been found between the ageing of starch gels as measured by d.t.a. and the staling of bread as measured by crumb firmness at storage temperatures of−1°, 10° and 21° but some differences have been found at 32° and 43°. The results at −1°, 10° and 21 ° provide very strong confirmatory evidence that starch crystallisation is the chief factor in the firming of bread. At elevated storage temperatures (32° and 43°) the róle of starch crystallisation in the firming of bread apparently gradually diminishes. Analysis of the results indicates that the mechanism of crystallisation of the starch, instantaneous nucleation followed by rod‐like growth of crystals, is the same over the whole range of storage temperatures −1° to 43°. Evidence is also presented to show that there is a possibility that at higher storage temperatures a more symmetrically perfect crystal structure is being formed.
Response of laying hens fed on a restricted isocaloric intake basis to oil supplementation of a low‐fat ration
Authors: Balnave D.
Published: November 2006

Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry, Queen's University, Belfast and Ministry of Agriculture, N. Ireland

Two experiments are described in which varying levels of corn oil or cod liver oil were added to the diet of birds previously maintained from one day old on a low‐fat cornflour‐based diet containing 0–35% linpleic acid. All diets were fed at three different metabolisable energy (ME) intake levels, the birds being fed a weighed quantity of food daily.

Neither ME intake nor dietary corn oil or cod liver oil supplementation had any significant influence on egg size. Increasing levels of dietary ME increased the number of eggs laid, the response being very rapid and occurring within the first 28 days. Any effect of dietary com oil was exerted mainly through the size of eggs laid, although these differences in egg size were not great enough to attain statistical significance. The response to dietary corn oil was not as rapid as the response to dietary ME and no significant effect of corn oil was observed until the second 28‐day period. Dietary corn oil increased the efficiency of conversion of dietary ME to egg product but dietary cod liver oil was without effect.
Analysis of hop wax
Authors: Delanghe L.
Published: November 2006

A method for complete analysis of hop wax is described. Preparative scale gas chromatography was used for separation of constituent acids and alcohols in amounts sufficient for further analysis.
Nutrient elements in the herbage of white clover, red clover, lucerne and sainfoin
Authors: Whitehead D. C. , Jones E. C.
Published: November 2006

White clover, red clover, lucerne and sainfoin were grown in the field, and the mineral composition and cation/anion balance of the herbage were determined on samples taken at advancing stages of growth on eight occasions from 29 April to 18 July.

The elements which showed the greatest differences in content between species were calcium, sodium, and molybdenum. White clover was consistently higher than the other species in nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine and molybdenum. Sainfoin was consistently and substantially lower in calcium and sodium than the other species.

Evidence based on the total contents of cations and inorganic anions and on determinations of ash alkalinity indicated that white clover and red clover had the highest contents of organic acids, sainfoin having substantially lower, and lucerne intermediate, levels.
Effect of applying increasing levels of nitrogen to ryegrass: I.—Composition of various nitrogenous fractions and free amino acids
Authors: Goswami A. K. , Willcox J. S.
Published: November 2006

Heavy application of fertiliser N caused a rise in the non‐protein N content of the plant which was accompanied by a sharp rise in the free amino acid N, other organic nitrogenous constituents and nitrate N. The peptide N fraction of the plant was high when no nitrogen was applied, decreased with moderate supply of N and rose again slightly when heavy doses of N were applied. There was a steady increase in true‐protein content with increase of N application; without N, accumulation of asparagine was noted. With a limited supply of N the dicarboxylic amino acids increased and also there was a considerable reduction of asparagine. Heavy fertilisation with N increased considerably the contents of asparagine and glutamine, the increase of glutamine being greater than that of asparagine, and was also accompanied by an increased content of all the amino acids.
Effect of applying increasing levels of nitrogen to ryegrass: II.—Amino acid composition of peptide and protein fractions
Authors: Goswami A. K. , Willcox J. S.
Published: November 2006

Amino acid concentrations in the peptide fraction of S22 ryegrass increased with total N content but when amino acid N was expressed as percentage of peptide N little variation was noted with increasing maturity or with increasing level of N application. Also under these conditions true protein increased but when expressed as a percentage of total protein N there was little change in the amino acid make‐up of this fraction. Total dicarboxylic amino acid N and amide N maintained a 1 : 1 ratio in the peptide fractions under these conditions. Glycine and phenylalanine contents were relatively higher in the peptide fractions, and leucine and valine contents were relatively higher in the protein fractions. Proline content was unusually high in the free state, intermediate in the peptide fraction and lowest in the proteins. The amino acid make‐up of the peptide fraction was more closely related to the protein fraction than to the free amino acid fraction and the free amino acids and their amides had some influence in determining the composition of the peptide fraction.
Immunochemical study of changes in the soluble proteins of wheat during germination
Authors: Daussant J. , Abbott Donald C.
Published: November 2006

During germination and early growth the general immuno‐electrophoretic pattern of soluble proteins of two wheat species showed similar changes. Several of the antigenie proteins detected, including the esterase and peroxidase, did not appear to be modified up to 13 days from the start of germination. Others decreased in quantity or disappeared altogether. In contrast to the esterase and peroxidase, the amylolytic enzymes exhibited marked changes. The antigenic β‐amylases existing in electrophoretically different forms in the mature wheat seeds appeared to change to an electrophoretically more homogeneous form in germinated seeds. The (β‐amylase in germinated wheat seeds retained its antigenic resemblance to the forms of the mature seeds but differed in other aspects from these isozymes. The antigenic α‐amylase of germinated seeds was shown to be absent from the mature seeds, even as an inactive‐form. Its increase in activity during germination was ascribed to a synthesis rather than activation of a precursor or proenzyme.
Characterisation of Phaseolus vulgaris Cultivars by their electrophoretic patterns
Authors: Adriaanse A. , Klop W. , Robbers J. E.
Published: November 2006

Characterisation of 32 cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris has been obtained by densitograms of protein patterns, which were evaluated by starch‐gel electrophoresis of protein fractions obtained by single extraction of bean seeds with water. Experiments indicated that the protein patterns are unlikely to be affected by external conditions such as N fertilisation, climatic conditions and soil properties.
Kinetics of drying apple slices
Authors: Sykes S. M. , Kelly F. H. C.
Published: November 2006

The process of drying apple tissue under most conditions may be divided into two main periods viz primary and secondary falling‐rate periods. For most drying conditions the secondary falling‐rate period is longer and has the greater influence on the overall rate. When the drying capacity of the air is very low an initial constant‐rate period may occur.

The drying rate constant varies with temperature with an Arrhenius‐type relationship and the available evidence suggests that temperature‐induced changes in the rate may be caused by vapor pressure changes

Air velocity and relative humidity have their greatest influence in the early part of the drying process Towards the end of drying, internal resistance to water movement becomes rate‐controlling, and external factors have little influence.

An explanation of the observed drying characteristics of apple tissue in terms of the diffusion of water vapour through a ‘skin’ of dried cells is suggested.
Pectinesterase extraction from sharabi apples
Authors: Al‐Delaimy K. S. , Ali S. H.
Published: November 2006

Pectinesterase (PE) was extracted from apples (cv. Sharabi) and assayed. pH and NaQ concentration influenced the extraction process of PE from the apple fruit. The highest PE extraction value at pH 7.5 and with 1.5 M‐NaCl solution was 4.2 μ equiv.‐COOH/min/g fresh fruit. Lower extraction values were found both with 2‐5 M‐NaCl and distilled water. Treatment of the tissue at pH 3.25 and pH 6.5 resulted in similar extraction values.
Extraction and analysis of amesto acids from apple tree material
Authors: Hill‐Cottingham D. G. , Cooper Demise R.
Published: November 2006

Two extractants are suggested for use with apple tree material: ethanol/water/N‐HCI, 75 : 25 :2 by vol., for all tissues except leaves; and ethanol‐chloroform‐water, 12 : 5 : 3 by vol., for leaves. The ability of these solutions to extract the nitrogenous constituents of apple tree tissues has been compared with that of other extractants. Some improvements are suggested for the analysis of amides by hydrolysis and of amino acids by thin‐layer electrophoresis/thin‐layer chromatography.

Details of the recommended methods for freeze‐drying and milling tree material and for the extraction and quantitative analysis of amino acids are also given.
Determination of microgramme quantities of dissolved sulphate in surface waters, soils and plants
Authors: Little I. P. , Reeve R. , Proud G. M. , Lulham Ann
Published: November 2006

A rapid and simple method is described for determining sulphate in surface waters and water extracts of soils by precipitating it as lead sulphate in 40% ethanol and measuring the residual lead in solution by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sulphate may be determined in concentrations as low as 1 ppm in the solutions.

This method can also be used to determine sulphur in plant material after it has been converted to dissolved sulphate by combustion in an oxygen‐filled flask.
Fatty acid composition of the fats of the rumen and abomasum of sheep
Authors: Shorland F. B. , Earle Mary D.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of the abomasum and rumen tissues of 16‐week old and 80‐week old Romney ewes fed on pasture has been determined. For 16‐week old lambs it was comparable to that of the longissimus dorsi of 26‐week old lambs. At 80 weeks the rumen lipids showed a highly significant decrease in total saturated fatty acids, myristic acid and lower saturated acids with a corresponding increase in total unsaturated and octadecenoic (oleic) acids. The abomasum lipids showed similar changes.

The reduced contents of myristic, lauric and decanoic acids in the lipids of the older animals were consistent with the removal of these acids from the diet. Whereas before weaning the dietary fetty acids are rich in myristic, lauric and decanoic acids, the fatty acids of sheep at pasture comprise mainly linotenic and palmitic acids.

Consideration of the results of other investigations suggests that the changes in the fatty acid composition of the lipids of grazing sheep with age observed for the rumen and abomasum tissues may apply to muscle and fatty tissues generally.
Subjective evaluation of the colour of pig muscle: I.—Accuracy of subjective measurements of colour
Authors: Hegarty P. V. J.
Published: November 2006

A randomly‐selected viewing panel scored the colour of commercially important pig muscles under standard viewing conditions. The variation in scores between different observers for a given muscle was highly significant. Panel members who had previously used this method of subjectively evaluating colour reproduced their scores more accurately than did those members who were using the method for the first time. Training is therefore important before members of a viewing panel are selected. No correlation was found between the degree of red‐green colour blindness and the accuracy of observers in duplicating their colour scores. There was no difference in the accuracy of scoring between men and women. The accuracy of individual observers did, however, vary between muscles. A high content of pig intramuscular fat (‘marbling’) appeared to reduce considerably the accuracy of scoring.
Cashewnut moisture relations
Authors: Okwelogu T. N. , Mackay P. J.
Published: November 2006

Investigations on the moisture relations of raw cashewnuts at tropical temperatures (about 27°) are described; a description is included of a laboratory method suitable for use as a reference method, which involves the use of toluene in a Dean & Stark distillation apparatus. This method was found to be reliable to within 0.3%.

There was some evidence that differences in the moisture contents of these nuts stored under identical conditions may be partly due to differences in the kernel/shell weight ratio, and that this ratio is probably higher in small than in larger nuts. This might explain the slight tendency for the moisture content of heavy nuts to be greater than that of lighter nuts.

Nuts stored in moving air took up moisture more rapidly and attained equilibrium moisture, content much faster than in apparently still air.

It was found that at an equilibrium moisture content the shell moisture content could be used to predict the moisture contents of the whole nut and kernel.

Above 75% R.H., cashewnuts at 27° became visibly invaded by microflora including members of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium and Rhizopus. Sorption and desorption curves were produced, relating the ambient relative humidities to the corresponding equilibrium moisture contents of fresh nuts stored in apparently still air at 27°. From this relationship the maximum safe moisture content for raw cashewnuts was estimated to lie between 8.9 and 9.2%, being that in equilibrium with surrounding air at 70% R.H. and 27°.