Co-Laminar Flow Cell with Power Density of 2 Wcm-2
Authors: Goulet Marc-Antoni , Ibrahim Omar , Kjeang Erik 
Published: February 2020

Early studies have demonstrated the feasibility of circulating liquid electrolytes for gaseous reactant separation such as in alkaline fuel cells [1,2]. More recently, a new class of electrochemical cell based on co-laminar flow to maintain separation of liquid reactants is gaining considerable interest among academic researchers [3]. Without any physical separators or costly membranes, some of these inexpensive co-laminar flow cells (CLFCs) are being developed for disposable applications such as point of care biomedical devices [4], while others are targeting higher power applications such as on-chip cooling of microprocessors [5].

This presentation demonstrates the effectiveness of co-laminar flow for reactant separation which also exploits the high ionic conductivity of sulfuric acid to minimize ohmic loss. The cell being showcased is based on a previous design relying on vanadium redox reactants and flow-through porous electrodes [6]. By optimization of electrolyte formulation and CLFC architecture and implementation of current collectors, the cell depicted in Fig. 1 achieves very low area specific resistance ASR = 0.12 Ω·cm2. In addition, these changes to the cell design reduce the overall device footprint by half, leading to a cross-sectional power density of 0.88 Wcm-2.

The optimized cell design is further enhanced with a novel in situ flowing deposition method for improving both the electrochemical surface area and mass transport properties of the porous carbon paper electrodes [7,8]. By dynamically depositing carbon nanotubes at the entrance of and within the carbon paper flow-through porous electrodes, the cross-sectional peak power density is increased to a record breaking 2.01 Wcm-2, as shown in Fig. 2. When normalized by the volume of both electrodes and the center channel, this equates to a peak volumetric power density of 13.4 Wcm-3.

The CLFC performance demonstrated in this study provides a new benchmark for electrochemical cells based on co-laminar flow of reactants. In addition, the simple design principles and methods developed in this work are likely to be applicable to other electrochemical flow cells such as the larger scale flow batteries being developed for grid energy storage.

Acknowledgements

Funding for this research provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canada Foundation for Innovation, and British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund is highly appreciated.

References

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[2] K. Kordesch, V. Hacker, J. Gsellmann, M. Cifrain, G. Faleschini, P. Enzinger, et al., Alkaline fuel cells applications, J. Power Sources. 86 (2000) 162–165.

[3] M.-A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Co-laminar flow cells for electrochemical energy conversion, J. Power Sources. 260 (2014) 186–196.

[4] J.W. Lee, E. Kjeang, A perspective on microfluidic biofuel cells., Biomicrofluidics. 4 (2010) 41301.

[5] M.M. Sabry, A. Sridhar, D. Atienza, P. Ruch, B. Michel, Integrated Microfluidic Power Generation and Cooling for Bright Silicon MPSoCs, in: Proc. IEEE/ACM 2014 Des. Autom. Test Eur. Conf., 2014: pp. 70–75.

[6] M.-A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Reactant recirculation in electrochemical co-laminar flow cells, Electrochim. Acta. 140 (2014) 217–224.

[7] M.-A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Process of increasing energy conversion and electrochemical efficiency of a scaffold using a deposition material, (2015) US Patent Application 14/842,812.

[8] M.-A. Goulet, A. Habisch, E. Kjeang, In Situ Enhancement of Flow-through Porous Electrodes with Carbon Nanotubes via Flowing Deposition, Electrochim. Acta. PA-16-124 (2016) under review.

Figure 1