bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Roman ‘Virtues’
Authors: Mattingly Harold
Published: August 2011

Juvenal in his First Satire (vv. 115, 116) remarks on the curious fact that Pecunia, though so devoutly worshipped, yet has no temple of her own

ut colitur Pax atque Fides, Victoria, Virtus, quaeque salutato crepitat Concordia nido.

She is not actually like them an object of cult. The modern reader, while relishing the bitterness of the gibe, is left vaguely wondering how the Romans could seriously worship such ‘personifications’ as Pax or Fides, and his wonder will only increase, if he follows up the subject and traces the cult of the ‘Virtues’ in literature, in inscriptions and, above all, in the imperial coinage. When we talk of ‘personifications,’ we feel ourselves at once in the realm of poetic or artistic imagery and fancy; the ancient Roman, when he spoke of similar figures, felt himself in the realm of religious fact.
Religion and Science
Authors: Clark Walter Eugene
Published: August 2011

The word religion, as commonly used, refers to complex institutions which are made up of many different elements. I am not so much interested in the complex institutions which we call religions as I am in isolating from them the element which causes us to call them religions. I am interested in the religious attitude of mind rather than in religion as an institution. Similarly, in regard to science, I am interested in the scientific attitude of mind rather than in applied science. To most people the word science means applied science rather than the scientific attitude of mind.
Aldhelm's Diocese of Sherborne Bewestan Wuda
Authors: Magoun Francis Peabody
Published: August 2011

On the death of Hædde, bishop of the West-Saxons (676–705) with his see at Winchester (Ha), the West-Saxon diocese as then constituted was subdivided; in Freeman's words this was “the great ecclesiastical event of the reign of Ine,” king of Wessex from 688 to 726. The simplest, earliest and really most authoritative statement of the matter in general is that of Bede:

Quo [Haeddi] defuncto, episcopatus prouinciae illius [Occidentalium Saxonum] in duas parrochias divisus est. Una data Daniheli,…altera Aldhelmo.
Barlaam and Ioasaph
Authors: Wolff Robert Lee
Published: August 2011

Source of half a hundred medieval popular romances, the Greek version of the Barlaam and Ioasaph legend has been variously ascribed to three different authors widely separated in time: to St. John of Damascus (c. 676–749), to an anonymous author supposed to have flourished about 600, and to St. Euthymius (d. 1028), a monk of Mount Athos. All three attributions are at present current; it now seems clear that we must discard the first two, and that we are justified in naming Euthymius as the author of this Greek version. The oriental language from which he derived this version we can now identify as Georgian. A brief summary of the evidence which may be adduced for all three attributions is in order here.
St. Luke's Debt to St. Matthew
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: August 2011

The argument pursued in these pages is based, substantially, not on theories of Christian development to which it has been sought to bring the literary data into conformity, but on a direct application to those data of general principles of comparative documentary criticism. It may be worth while to state some of those principles in their generalized form:

1. Where two or more documents correspond in contents, order and language beyond the degree that is necessitated by their subject or probably explicable by accidental coincidence, there is a presumption that, unless inter-dependent, they share (immediately or mediately) a common written or oral source.

2. Where these correspondences or identities attain a certain degree of minuteness the balance is tilted against the hypothesis of merely oral connection.

3. Unless external considerations urge, it is unscientific to conjecture hypothetical documents to explain correspondences for which a theory of direct inter-dependence is sufficient.

4. In determining the direction of dependence (i.e. whether document A depends on document B, or vice versa) weight must be given to the internal coherence of subject-matter on the one hand, and to the employment of merely external links in combining material on the other hand. We may also be helped by a knowledge of the literary methods and the psychology of one or both authors, and especially by evidence of an author's deviation from his habitual style or vocabulary under the influence of a source.
Solomon Stoddard, 1643–1729
Authors: Miller Perry
Published: August 2011

The town of Northampton was settled in 1654, by pioneers coming up the valley from Connecticut. The physical tasks of the first years kept them from forming a church, but in 1659 they called Eleazar Mather to be their parson, who came with his bride Esther, daughter of the Reverend John Warham of Windsor. Mathers were either long or very short lived; Eleazar died on July 24, 1669, leaving Esther a widow of twenty-five, with three children and an estate of £524, of which £60 were in books, and Northampton went in search of a new pastor. In the forthright New England of the seventeenth century there was a method in such situations so frequently observed that it might almost be called a custom. When a minister died, after a town had invested in him to the extent of land and a house, and the widow was of marriageable age, they summoned a young bachelor to the pulpit. A few months after Eleazar's death, Solomon Stoddard, eight years out of Harvard, came by invitation to exhibit a sample of his preaching; on March 18, 1670, he married Esther Mather. She bore him twelve children and in her old age, though very “lame of the Sciatica,” she still was spinning “at the Linen-wheel”; she outlived her husband by seven years and died in 1736 at the age of ninety-two.
Soul Gods
Authors: Montgomery J. A.
Published: August 2011

The article in the April, 1941 number of the REVIEW on The Epitaph of Julius Terentius by C. B. Welles, and the following Postscript by A. D. Nock, are of great interest for their presentation of Graeco-Roman thought on the state of departed souls. The writer would note some scanty correspondences from the Oriental field.
The Nature of Prophecy in the Light of Recent Study
Authors: Rowley H. H.
Published: August 2011

‘The central place in the field of Old Testament religion’ says Hertzberg ‘is undoubtedly occupied by the prophets. It is therefore little wonder that research and investigation has concentrated ever more directly on this point: What are the prophets, and what is their significance for the spiritual development of men?’ For a generation now the most keenly discussed question in this connection has been that of ‘ecstasy,’ and the extent to which the prophets were subject to abnormal experiences. It has been held that ‘ecstasy’ is of theesseof prophecy, and that it provided a criterion without which neither the prophet nor his audience would be satisfied. Yet at best the ‘ecstatic theory’ could tell us only the How? rather than the What? of prophecy.
A New Document of the Last Pagan Revival in the West, 393–394 A.D.
Authors: Bloch Herbert
Published: August 2011

During the summer of 1938 an important discovery was made in Ostia. In the area at the west of the magnificent Horrea Epagathiana was excavated a temple dedicated to Hercules Invictus according to an altar set in its pronaos. Although inscriptions and works of art referring to Hercules had come to light in Ostia before, these findings in themselves were not sufficient evidence to indicate the existence of an important cult of Hercules in Ostia. So the discovery of a large temple of Hercules came as a complete surprise.
Magical Amulets
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

Most of the objects to be discussed in this paper belong to the class known as “Gnostic” amulets. That term has been so widely accepted that there is something to be said for retaining it; for even those who recognize its inaccuracy find it a convenient designation for things that cannot easily be brought under any other descriptive name.
Latens Deus
Authors: Bikerman Elie
Published: August 2011

Parlant de la carrière terrestre du Sauveur, Augustin dit: “ainsi apparut-il, un homme d'entre les hommes, Dieu caché.” Cette formule saissisante met en relief l'aspect particulier sous lequel le ministère de Jésus se présente dans les évangiles canoniques. Selon les hagiographes, Jésus cherchait à cacher sa nature véritable, ses miracles, sa doctrine, sa présence même, et, pourtant, il ne cessa pas de se manifester. “Il ne voulait pas qu'on le sût, mais il ne put demeurer caché” (Mc. 7, 24). Les pères de l'église, de Justin à Athanase et Chrysostome, insistaient sur ce clairobscur dans l'image évangélique du Fils de Dieu. Les miracles et les faits de Jésus révélaient depuis le baptême la divinité cachée dans la chair, dit à ce propos Méliton de Sardes. Mais les esprits forts haussaient les épaules. Si Jésus veut ne pas être reconnu et pourtant on le reconnait, c'est donc que sa volonté est impuissante.
The Prophets and the Omri Dynasty
Authors: Parzen Herbert
Published: August 2011

The Omri dynasty, in Israel, despite its relatively brief career of about half a century, is of unusual significance for the history of Judaism in general and of prophecy in particular. For the prophetic struggle against the House of Omri was motivated by principles that were inherent in prophecy.
The Occasion of Luke III:1–2
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Various views have been held in the past concerning the purpose of the sixfold chronology in Luke. “The breaking of this oppressive silence [since the time of Malachi] by the voice of the Baptist caused a thrill through the whole Jewish population throughout the world. Lk. shows his appreciation of the magnitude of the crisis by the sixfold attempt to give it an exact date.” From this we may pass to a somewhat calmer later view. “The evangelist is using here a form which he has taken over from an alien sphere. … It is derived from secular historiography, which has the habit of making prominent important events, especially those with which the principal narrative begins, by means of circumstantial datings and synchronisms.”
Note on Mark 6. 20
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

In the first part of this verse it is said that Herod feared John the Baptist, knowing him to be a just and holy man, and protected him; the second part presents some difficulties which can best be discussed with the text before us. In the Textus Receptus the words are καὶ ἀκούσας αὐτοῦ πολλὰ ἐποίει, καὶ ἡδέως αὐτοῦ ἤκουεν. The authorities for the words with which we are concerned are reported as follows from Legg's critical apparatus, somewhat abbreviated:

ηπορει και א ΒLΘ Cop(bo), item ηπορειτο και W: εποιει και ACDNΠΣΦ ל Minusc. omn. Vss. pler.
Some Remarks on the Evasion of the Usury Laws in the Middle Ages
Authors: Rabinowitz Jacob J.
Published: August 2011

The device of using a Christian straw man as an intermediary, for the purpose of evading the usury laws, which is mentioned in the three thirteenth century Hebrew documents quoted in Heichelheim's article, also appears in a case decided by the Court of The Exchequer of The Jews in 1272. In this case a Jew borrowed money from another Jew at interest, using the above device, and gave the creditor a mortgage on a certain house as security for the debt. The debtor then sold the mortgaged house to a Christian. Upon default by the debtor the creditor sought to recover the debt from the mortgaged property which was then in the hands of the Christian purchaser. The case is interesting because the court refused to be misled by the evasive practice and adjudged the transaction usurious, and also because of the insight it affords into the working of the medieval mind with regard to the question of usury. An English court, consisting of Christian judges, apparently held that although it was permissible for a Jew to take usury from a Christian, it was unlawful for him to take usury from another Jew.
The Technique of Exorcism
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

In the curious collection of lapidary and magical lore known as the Kyranides directions are given for making a ring with certain special virtues. The stone is to be νεμεσίτης, which is explained as a name given to a stone chipped from an altar of Nemesis made of λίθος κραταιός. We can only translate those words as “hard stone,” but the expression seems to be a technical term for a particular stone which we cannot identify. Upon such a stone a figure of Nemesis is to be carved; she is represented as a maiden resting her foot upon a wheel, holding in her left hand a cubit-rule (πῆχυς), in her right a twig (ῥάβδος). The writer concludes, ἐὰν οὖν τὸν δακτύλιον τοῦτον προσενέγκῃς δαιμονιζομένῳ, παραῦτα ὁ δαίμων ἐξομολογήσας ἑαυτὸν φεύξεται. These words are the occasion for this paper; but before proceeding to discuss them, something should be said about the design prescribed in the passage.
The Name “Iscariot”
Authors: Torrey Charles C.
Published: August 2011

One of the puzzles of the Gospel tradition has been the interpretation of the epithet which distinguishes the betrayer of Jesus from other bearers of the very common name Judas. The attempt to explain it has brought forth perhaps as many impossible theories as any other New Testament riddle of the kind. The most recent authoritative work dealing with Palestinian affairs, the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 6 (1942), merely mentions three attempted explanations of the name: 1. “man of Kerioth”; 2. derivation from Hebrew sheker (“falsehood”); 3. from Latin scortea, meaning the “leather bag” which Judas as treasurer carried (John 12: 6, 13: 29). The reader is left to make his own choice, as no preference is expressed.
Three Theological Fragments
Authors: Sanders Henry A.
Published: August 2011

In the Michigan Collection there are three fragmentary papyri, which have these points in common: they are definitely Christian in character and though fairly legible have not thus far been identified. All seem to be of an homiletic or interpretive character but the extent of each is too small to admit of a more definite classification. All of the other Christian fragments in the Michigan Collection have already been published and the fact that these have thus far proved uninterpretable is a sufficient reason why they should no longer be kept in concealment. I am accordingly taking advantage of the kindness of the Editor to print them in the Harvard Theological Review. I hope that another may succeed, where I have failed, and in case such an interpretation or identification calls for changes in the readings here published, I shall be glad to reëxamine the papyri or even to send photographs.
The Grief of Persephone
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: August 2011

Some time ago I sought to give an account of a famous fragment of Pindar which till then had lacked any commentary that satisfied me. My results have been criticized in the most friendly and courteous manner by Professor Ivan Linforth in the course of a work which no one interested in Orphic literature can afford to neglect. It seems worth while to ask how much of my conclusion is still valid if it be taken for granted that his results will in their turn stand the careful examination deserved by all good research into complicated problems.
Problems of the History of Greek Religion in the Hellenistic and Roman Age
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

Facing as I do the great and difficult task of writing the second part of my History of Greek Religion, I should like beforehand to state some of the main problems and to bring out some dominant ideas. The subject is so vast that I can offer but a subjective selection; yet let me remark that my standpoint is not that of syncretism as a whole but that of Greek religion, which seems to me to be a factor of syncretism at times neglected.
A Colloquialism in Plato, Rep., 621b 8
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: August 2011

Καὶ οὕτως, ὦ Γλαύκων, μῦθος ἐσώθη καὶ οὔκ ἀπώλετο, καὶ ἡμᾶς ἂν σώσειεν ἂν πειθὠμεθα αὐτῷ.

With these words Plato ends the myth of Er. The modern commentators, Adam and the rest, give parallels from elsewhere in his works for the phrase and cite the explanation of Proclus and the scholiast, that it was customary in antiquity to end a story with μῦθος ἀπώλɛτο, “as they wished to show that fables tell what is not so, and as soon as they are spoken they are not.”
Tennant's Struggle with a “Desperate Task”
Authors: Frisbee Graham
Published: August 2011

In his essay, “On God and the Absolute,” F. H. Bradley declares that the “assertor of an imperfect God is, whether he knows it or not, face to face with a desperate task or a forlorn alternative. He must try to show (how I cannot tell) that the entire rest of the Universe, outside his limited God, is known to be still weaker and more limited. Or he must appeal to us to follow our Leader blindly and, for all we know, to a common and overwhelming defeat.” The appeal of the second course, even when it is set forth in the spirited and heroic manner of William James, cannot survive a full realization of what is involved in such a prospect. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most of the more sober-minded theologians who hold the idea of a limited God attempt to do so in the first form suggested by Bradley. F. R. Tennant belongs to this group. And it is his attempt to accomplish the “desperate task” that we propose to examine.
Theodore of Mopsuestia on the Exorcism of the Cilicium
Authors: Quasten Johannes
Published: August 2011

The mystagogical catecheses of Theodore of Mopsuestia which were published for the first time in the year 1933 by Mingana have enriched our knowledge of the Eastern Liturgy in an unexpected way. Investigations have been made concerning the Eucharistic service which he describes. The rite of Baptism which he presents is of no less importance, as we find the more we study its details.
Pre-Maccabean Documents in the Passover Haggadah
Authors: Finkelstein Louis
Published: August 2011

In an article published in the Harvard Theological Review, XXXI, pp. 291–317, I endeavored to show that the Midrash based on Deuteronomy 26. 5–8, which forms the core of the Passover Haggadah (hereinafter M) was composed in pre-Maccabean times, probably in the third century B.C., when Palestine was ruled by the Ptolemies. I propose in the present article to consider three other parts of the Haggadah, which I believe are likewise pre-Maccabean. They are (1) the opening passage (hereinafter A); (2) the alternative opening (hereinafter B) prescribed by Rab in the third century of the Christian Era, and included in extant rituals after A; and (3) the poem Dayyenu, “it would have been ample for us” (hereinafter D). Evidence will be presented associating B and D particularly with the high priesthood of Jason, the son of Simeon the Righteous, and high priest in Jerusalem from 175 to 172 B.C. In connection with the discussion of these passages, it will be necessary to study also (4) the Baraita of the Four Sons (hereinafter E), which has also been incorporated into the Passover Haggadah. (A baraita is a formulated, normative statement, originating with the earlier Rabbinic scholars, i.e. those of the Mishnaic or tannaitic period, ending about the year 220 of the Christian Era; but not included in the Mishna itself.)
The Epitaph of Julius Terentius
Authors: Welles C. B.
Published: August 2011

Investigation of the Agora area at Dura was begun in 1931, and continued in the following seasons of work. It is now possible to trace in some detail the history of the site, which developed from an open square only partly enclosed by simple market buildings into a complex of public and private structures. From one of the latter, a private house built in the late second century in the northwest part of the area (G5H), came the inscription which is the subject of the present paper.
Postscript
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: August 2011

This invocation of the ‘soul gods’ or ‘divine souls’ to receive Terentius, and the material which Welles has collected in illustration of it, may have a bearing on the ordo commendationis animae. The form of the Rituale Romanum, reprinted in each volume of the Breviary, includes one prayer with these words

Suscipiat eum sanctus Michael Archangelus Dei … Veniant illi obviam sancti Angeli Dei et perducant eum in civitatem caelestem Jerusalem. Suscipiat eum beatus Petrus Apostolus, cui a Deo claves regni caelestis traditae sunt. Adjuvet eum sanctus Paulus Apostolus.…
A Norman Finale of the Exultet and the Rite of Sarum
Authors: Kantorowicz Ernst H.
Published: August 2011

The peculiarities of the Exultet in the South-Italian Church have often been the subject of scholarly investigation. Quite recently, several new studies have been devoted to this famous and indeed very beautiful liturgical prose hymn which was sung on the Saturday of Holy Week. Among these peculiarities, the practice, for example, of writing the hymn on a long scroll and of embellishing the text with illuminations was observed nowhere but in Southern Italy. This scroll, as is well known, was intended to fall more and more over the ambo so that, as the archdeacon sang the text, the congregation could at the same time gaze at the illustrations to the respective parts of the prayer. Word and illustration thus supported each other in a singular way.
Another Instance of ὀρθοποδεῖν
Authors: Winter J. G.
Published: August 2011

Readers of the Journal of Theological Studies may recall the interesting note by Mr. C. H. Roberts in the issue of January, 1939, vol. XL, no. 157, pp. 55–56. In connection with the occurrence of the verb in Galatians 2, 14 (ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε εἶδον ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κτλ.), Mr. Roberts calls attention to the appearance of the noun ὀρθοποδία in a recently published private letter of A.D. 117 (Papiri della R. Università di Milano, No. 24), which contains the sentence: νὴ τὴν σήν μοι σωτηρίαν καὶ τὴν τοῦ τεκνίου μου καὶ ὀρθοποδίαν, ἧς πέπεισμαί σε κήδεσθαι οὐκ ἔλασσόν μου κτλ.
Christopher Meidel and the First Norwegian Contacts with Quakerism
Authors: Cadbury Henry J.
Published: August 2011

Fifteen years ago when some two million Americans of Norwegian ancestry were celebrating the centennial of the first migration from Norway to America I published in these pages an account of the Quaker antecedents of the famous voyage of the sloop Restaurationen. From English, Norwegian and American sources it was possible to recount the story of a group of Norwegian prisoners of war in prison ships on the Thames who were befriended and converted by English Quakers and returned home in 1814 to Stavanger and elsewhere to establish Quaker meetings. One of these men, Lars Larsen, with men of like independence, such as Cleng Peersen who preceded him and Knud Andersen Slogvig who followed, organized an escape from the clerical oppressions in Norway, purchased a small ship, and landing in New York in October 1825, proceeded inland to found in western New York the first of many Norwegian settlements in the United States. The following scattered data are now collected to indicate some earlier contacts between the English Quakers and Norway.
Desired Haven
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

A seafaring people gifted with a lively imagination will not fail to enrich its language with figures suggested by the moods of the sea and by the hardships and dangers of the sailor's calling. Hence it is a commonplace to say that the literature of Greece abounds in brilliant and memorable similes and metaphors drawn from this inexhaustible source, as also in well-worn expressions whose marine origin is only dimly felt. Because of a religious coloring that it gradually acquired, one of these figures may be appropriately discussed here; the more so because as we examine its history, it may be possible to correct a certain tendency to derive this religious tone from proximate rather than ultimate sources.
A species-rich molluscan assemblage in a coralligenous bottom of the Alboran Sea (south-western Mediterranean): intra-annual changes and ecological considerations
Authors: Urra Javier , Rueda José L. , Gofas Serge , Marina Pablo , Salas Carmen
Published: August 2011

The composition and structure of a molluscan assemblage inhabiting an outcrop with a coralligenous community was studied in southern Spain. A total of 117 molluscan species were identified, with gastropods as the dominant group.Calyptraea chinensiswas the dominant species and the family Conidae presented the highest number of species. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index and the Evenness showed non-significant changes between cold and warm months, displaying high values (~4 bits and ~0.8 bits respectively). Some of the dominant and/or frequent species are strictly associated with coralligenous-building organisms, such asNeosimnia speltawith gorgonians. Regarding trophic guilds, carnivores are the dominant group, followed by filter feeders due to the high abundance ofC. chinensis. Regarding biogeographical distributions, most of these species (<95%) are widely distributed in European waters, the number of strictly Mediterranean species being very low. The Alboran Sea represents the distributional limit towards the Mediterranean for some species found in this bottom, such as the AtlanticBela powisiana. Rocky–coralligenous bottoms are scarce in the western Alboran Sea but support a high species richness molluscan assemblage, displaying higher diversity values than the surrounding soft bottoms and increasing the biodiversity at local scale. This high biodiversity is partly explained by the coexistence of different taxa with contrasting biogeographical affinities promoted by the geographical location of the area. Due to this, conservation efforts should be required to protect this stretch of coastline where one of the most biodiverse invertebrate assemblages along the European coasts can be found.
The consequences of obesity and excess weight gain in pregnancy
Authors: Norman Jane E. , Reynolds Rebecca
Published: August 2011

The prevalence of obesity in pregnancy is rising exponentially; about 15–20% of pregnant women now enter pregnancy with a BMI which would define them as obese. This paper provides a review of the strong links between obesity and adverse pregnancy outcome which operate across a range of pregnancy complications. For example, obesity is associated with an increased risk of maternal mortality, gestational diabetes mellitus, thromboembolism, pre-eclampsia and postpartum haemorrhage. Obesity also complicates operative delivery; it makes operative delivery more difficult, increases complications and paradoxically increases the need for operative delivery. The risk of the majority of these complications is amplified by excess weight gain in pregnancy and increases in proportion to the degree of obesity, for example, women with extreme obesity have OR of 7·89 for gestational diabetes and 3·84 for postpartum haemorrhage compared to their lean counterparts. The consequences of maternal obesity do not stop once the baby is born. Maternal obesity programmes a variety of long-term adverse outcomes, including obesity in the offspring at adulthood. Such an effect is mediated at least in part via high birthweight; a recent study has suggested that the odds of adult obesity are two-fold greater in babies weighing more than 4 kg at birth. The mechanism by which obesity causes adverse pregnancy outcome is uncertain. This paper reviews the emerging evidence that hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance may both play a role: the links between hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and both increased birthweight and insulin resistance have been demonstrated in two large studies. Lastly, we discuss the nature and rationale for possible intervention strategies in obese pregnant women.
Infant nutrition and allergy
Authors: Mišak Zrinjka
Published: August 2011

Over the past several decades, the incidence of atopic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergies has increased dramatically. Although atopic diseases have a clear genetic basis, environmental factors, including early infant nutrition, may have an important influence on their development. Therefore, attempts have been made to reduce the risk of the development of allergy using dietary modifications, mainly focused on longer breast-feeding and delayed introduction or elimination of foods identified as potentially most allergenic. Recently, there is also an increasing interest in the active prevention of atopy using specific dietary components. Many studies have shown that breast-feeding may have the protective effect against future atopic dermatitis and early childhood wheezing. Concerning complementary feeding, there is evidence that the introduction of complementary foods before 4 months of age may increase the risk for atopic dermatitis. However, there is no current convincing evidence that delaying introduction of solids after 6 months of age has a significant protective effect on the development of atopic disease regardless of whether infants are fed cow's milk protein formula or human subject's milk, and this includes delaying the introduction of foods that are considered to be highly allergic, such as fish, eggs and foods containing peanut protein. In conclusion, as early nutrition may have profound implications for long-term health and atopy later in life, it presents an opportunity to prevent or delay the onset of atopic diseases.
Predation by snakes thwarts trial reintroduction of the Endangered woma pythonAspidites ramsayi
Authors: Read J. L. , Johnston G. R. , Morley T. P.
Published: August 2011

Case studies of well-documented snake reintroductions are limited, despite their potential value for conservation and ecosystem recovery. The Endangered womaAspidites ramsayiis a large boid snake that has declined considerably and is now threatened throughout much of central Australia. We describe a trial release of captive-bred womas into the feral predator-free Arid Recovery Reserve in northern South Australia. All of the reintroduced womas were killed within 4 months, with predation by the mulga snakePseudechis australisconfirmed or implied in all cases. Lessons learned for the conditioning of captive-bred snakes for wild release and the role of the mulga snake in structuring Australian arid-zone snake assemblages are discussed.
Conservation of the jaguarPanthera oncain a community-dominated landscape in montane forests in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Figel Joe J. , Durán Elvira , Bray David Barton
Published: August 2011

We examined the presence of the jaguarPanthera onca, and human–jaguar interactions, in a community-dominated montane tropical forest landscape with formally recognized indigenous/community conserved areas in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca state, Mexico. We used camera traps to detect jaguars, and social data were collected through informal interviews and 46 semi-structured and 106 structured interviews with community leaders and members. During June 2007–June 2008 camera traps registered two jaguars in the four study communities after 1,164 trap nights, with a photo-capture rate of 7.8 jaguar captures per 1,000 trap nights. Interviews documented 86 jaguar sightings since 1990. Despite some history of livestock predation, 68% of the interviewed farmers indicated jaguar presence was positive, 20% that jaguar presence was both positive and negative, and 12% thought jaguars were a negative presence. All of the respondents with negative attitudes had either owned cattle previously or lost cattle to predation. Despite ongoing risks to jaguars the emergence of community-conserved areas, local conservation initiatives, and a community-imposed hunting ban are supported by 93% of community members. An emerging culture of conservation in the study communities suggests there is an opportunity for jaguar conservation on community lands that should be explored elsewhere in jaguar range countries.
Fear of the unknown: local knowledge and perceptions of the Eurasian lynxLynx lynxin western Macedonia
Authors: Lescureux Nicolas , Linnell John D. C. , Mustafa Sabit , Melovski Dime , Stojanov Aleksandar , Ivanov Gjorge , Avukatov Vasko , von Arx Manuela , Breitenmoser Urs
Published: August 2011

The remnant population of Balkan lynxLynx lynx martinoiis small, isolated and highly threatened. Since 2006 a conservation project has surveyed its status and promoted its recovery in Albania and Macedonia. Eurasian lynx are often associated with conflicts of an economic or social nature, and their conservation requires a focus on the people sharing the landscape with the species. In this study we adopt methods and conceptual frameworks from anthropology to explore the local knowledge and perceptions of lynx among rural hunters and livestock breeders in the western mountains of the Republic of Macedonia in south-east Europe. The main finding was that local people rarely saw or interacted with lynx. As the level of interactions with this species is very low, the lynx doesn’t appear to be a species associated with conflicts in Macedonia. There was also a general lack of both scientific and local knowledge, which has led to somewhat negative attitudes, mainly based on myths and rumours. Poaching of lynx and their prey seem to be the main barriers to lynx conservation.
Prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis in persons aged ⩾15 years in Bangladesh: results from a national survey, 2007–2009
Authors: ZAMAN K. , HOSSAIN S. , BANU S. , QUAIYUM M. A. , BARUA P. C. , SALIM M. A. HAMID , BEGUM V. , ISLAM M. AKRAMUL , AHMED J. , RIFAT M. , COOREMAN E. , VAN DER WERF M. J. , BORGDORFF M. , VAN LETH F.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the nationwide prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) in Bangladesh. A multi-stage cluster survey of a random sample of persons aged ⩾15 years was included in 40 clusters (20 urban, 20 rural). Two sputum samples were collected from study participants and tested initially by fluorescence microscopy and confirmed by the Ziehl–Neelsen method. The crude and adjusted prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using standard methods. A total of 33 new smear-positive TB cases were detected among 52 098 individuals who participated in the study. The average participation rate was over 80%. The overall crude prevalence of new smear-positive TB in persons aged ⩾15 years was estimated as 63·3/100 000 (95% CI 43·6–88·9) and the adjusted prevalence was 79·4/100 000 (95% CI 47·1–133·8). TB prevalence was higher in males (n=24) and in rural areas (n=20). The prevalence was highest in the 55–64 years age group (201/100 000) and lowest in 15–24 years age group (43·0/100 000). The prevalence was higher in persons with no education (138·6/100 000, 95% CI 78·4–245·0). The overall prevalence of smear-positive TB was significantly lower than the prevalence estimate of the previous nationwide survey in Bangladesh in 1987–1988 (870/100 000).
Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children in Shanghai 2007–2010
Authors: ZENG M. , LI Y.-F. , WANG X.-H. , LU G.-P. , SHEN H.-G. , YU H. , ZHU Q.-R.
Published: August 2011

We retrospectively analysed the epidemiological data of all hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases from the largest paediatric infectious diseases centre in Shanghai between 2007 and 2010. A total of 28 058 outpatients were diagnosed with HFMD, of which 3948 (14·07%) were hospitalized, 730 (2·60%) had complications with neurological disorders and pulmonary oedema/haemorrhage, and 11 (0·04%) died. The peak season was the summer months. Boys were more affected than girls. Since 2008, the major population group affected has shifted from native Shanghainese children attending preschool to migrant children and younger children cared for at home. Children aged 1–4 years constituted 82·27% of cases. EV-A71 was tested in clinical samples taken from severe cases in 2009 and 2010, and from most inpatients in 2010. EV-A71 was positive in 99·17% and 86·31% of severe cases, respectively in 2009 and 2010. All 12 cases with pulmonary oedema or haemorrhage were infected with EV-A71. Ten (90·90%) of 11 fatal cases were attributable to EV-A71 infection. In 2010, EV-A71-positive cases accounted for 54·12% of inpatients. The dominant circulation of EV-A71 led to the outbreak of HFMD and occurrence of severe and fatal cases.
Seroepidemiology ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in women from the North of Portugal in their childbearing years
Authors: LOPES A. P. , DUBEY J. P. , MOUTINHO O. , GARGATÉ M. J. , VILARES A. , RODRIGUES M. , CARDOSO L.
Published: August 2011

Seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection and associated risk factors were investigated in 401 women of childbearing age from the North of Portugal. Of the 98 (24·4%) seropositive women, 92 (93·9%) only had immunoglobulin (Ig)G, two (2·0%) only had IgM, and four (4·1%) others had both IgG and IgM. Risk factors forT. gondiiinfection in women were: engaging in soil-related activities without gloves [odds ratio (OR) 8·4], consumption of unwashed raw vegetables or fruit (OR 7·6), and consumption of smoked or cured (non-cooked) processed pork products (OR 2·5). Most women of childbearing age from the North Portugal are susceptible to primary infection withT. gondiiand, therefore, the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis remains high.
Transcriptional regulation of seed storage protein genes inArabidopsisand cereals
Authors: Xi Dong-Mei , Zheng Cheng-Chao
Published: August 2011

Seed storage proteins (SSPs) are synthesized during development and the expression of their genes is under tight tissue-specific and temporal transcriptional regulation. In this review we summarize the current knowledge concerning the regulatory steps controlling SSP synthesis inArabidopsisand cereals, which involves the interaction ofcisregulatory elements with correspondingtrans-acting factors. In some cases, the regulation of SSP genes requires the concerted action of multiple transcription factors (TFs). There is an evolutionary conservation between the prolamins (the main group of SSPs in many cereal grains) and a major group of dicot seed albumins; this relates to both the regulatory elements and the TFs that are functionally exchangeable between the monocot and dicot species.
Single coronary artery–right ventricular fistula
Authors: Carretero Juan M. , Palacios Jorge R. , Prada Fredy H.
Published: August 2011

We report a rare case of a male child aged 4 years and 5 months who was diagnosed with a coronary artery fistula and left single coronary artery. Pre-operative evaluation with echocardiography and selective angiography showed a dilated and tortuous single coronary artery draining into the right ventricular outflow tract. The coronary fistula was ligated. The post-operative and clinical courses were uneventful.
Greenhouse gas emission, mitigation and innovation of adaptation technology in a North–South economy
Authors: Onuma Ayumi , Arino Yosuke
Published: August 2011

Adaptation has the attributes of a private good that aims to protect a country from climate change, while mitigation, which contributes to the reduction of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, has the properties of a public good. This paper attempts to investigate how the innovation of adaptation technology by a developed country (the North) may affect a developing country (the South) as well as the North through changes of mitigation in both countries. We show that the efficacy of adaptation determines the level of both countries' mitigation, and thereby causes them to be better or worse off. For both countries to be better off, it is required that the innovation be neither very effective nor very ineffective. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by introducing an international transfer system in which the North is taxed according to the level of adaptation, both countries can be better off even if the innovation is highly effective.
NetNotes
Authors: Phillips Thomas E.
Published: August 2011

Selected postings to the Microscopy Listserver from May 1, 2011 to July 1, 2011. Complete listings and subscription information can be obtained at http://www.microscopy.com. Postings may have been edited to conserve space or for clarity.
Microscopy Today Innovation Awards
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: August 2011

This issue showcases the winners of the second annual Microscopy Today Innovation Awards competition. These awards were established to honor innovative microscopy-related products and methods that appeared in the previous year.
Perceived Burden of Informal Caregivers of a Chronically Ill Older Family Member
Authors: Gräßel Elmar , Adabbo Raffaela
Published: August 2011

The burden of caregivers has been intensively researched for the past 30 years and has resulted in a multitude of individual findings. This review illustrates the significance of the hypothetical construct of perceived burden for the further development and design of the homecare situation. Following explanations regarding the term informal caregiver, we derive the construct burden from its conceptual association with the transactional stress model of Lazarus and Folkman. Once the extent and characteristics of burden have been set forth, we then present the impact of perceived burden as the care situation. The question of predictors of burden will lead into the last section from which implications can be derived for homecare and relief of caregivers.
Goal Attainment and Treatment Compliance in a Cognitive-Behavioral Telephone Intervention for Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia
Authors: Wilz Gabriele , Schinköthe Denise , Soellner Renate
Published: August 2011

Introduction: The evaluation of effective interventions is still needed to prevent family caregivers of persons with dementia from becoming physically or mentally ill. However, in most existing intervention studies, primary outcomes are not well matched to the treatment goals. Method: A randomized controlled trial (N = 229) was conducted to compare a treatment group (CBT), a treated control group, and an untreated control group. In theses analyses we focused on the primary outcome measurement (GAS) as a perceived treatment success as well as treatment compliance and participants’ evaluation. Results: Results showed that 30.1% achieved complete goal attainment, 39.8% partial goal attainment, and 24.1% declared no change (overachievement 2.4%; deterioration 3.6%). Discussion: The intervention can be considered to have been successful.
Eddy overturning of the Antarctic Slope Front controls glacial melting in the Eastern Weddell Sea
Authors: Nøst O. A. , Biuw M. , Tverberg V. , Lydersen C. , Hattermann T. , Zhou Q. , Smedsrud L. H. , Kovacs K. M.
Published: August 2011

The Eastern Weddell Sea is characterized by narrow continental shelves and Warm Deep Water (WDW) is located in close proximity to the ice shelves in this region. The exchange of WDW across the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) determines the rate of basal ice shelf melting. Here, we present a unique data set consisting of 2351 vertical profiles of temperature and salinity collected by southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and a profile beneath the Fimbul Ice Shelf (FIS), obtained via drilling through 395 m of ice. This data set reveals variations in salinity and temperature through winter, and using a conceptual model of the coastal salt budget we quantify the main exchange processes. Our data show that modified WDW, with temperatures below −1.5°C, is advected onto the shelf and into the ice shelf cavities by an eddy overturning of the ASF. The onshore Ekman flux of surface waters during summer is the main source of freshwater that leads to the formation of low salinity shelf waters in the region. The modified WDW that reaches beneath the ice shelves is too cold for basal ice shelf melting to create such low salinity water. A high‐resolution model of an idealized ASF–continental shelf–ice shelf system supports the conclusions from the data analysis. The inflow of WDW onto the continental shelf and into the ice shelf cavity occurs within a bottom boundary layer where the eddy advection in the model is particularly strong, in close agreement with the observed vertical profile of temperature beneath the FIS.
The effect of alternative real‐time wind forcing on Southern Ocean sea ice simulations
Authors: Stössel Achim , Zhang Zhaoru , Vihma Timo
Published: August 2011

Southern Ocean (SO) sea ice simulations are particularly sensitive to wind forcing. Two real‐time wind data sets covering the same period are employed to force SO sea ice in a sea ice–ocean general circulation model. Both data sets are analysis products, featuring the same temporal resolution but differing in their horizontal resolution and their source. Even in simulations where the upper ocean temperature is constrained by satellite‐derived sea ice concentration, the sea ice simulations and associated surface buoyancy fluxes reveal pronounced differences along the Antarctic coastline. While the discrepancies cannot unambiguously be related to the different resolution of the wind forcing, their concentration along the coastline is indicative of being related to the representation of orography, such as coastal steep slopes and mountain ranges, including their ruggedness. Along the coast of the Weddell Sea, the net ice production rate increases by about a factor of 3 with the higher‐resolution winds. On the other hand, along east Antarctica, the lower‐resolution winds result in higher ice production, due to a generally stronger (overestimated) offshore component, presumably related to the smoother orography extending seaward beyond the coastline. This regionally opposite behavior leads to a relatively weak difference in total dense water formation around Antarctica and thus global deep ocean properties and circulation. Overall, the results indicate that long‐term climate model projections are likely to be highly sensitive to model resolution in the Antarctic coastal zone.
Comparative Effects of Glucose- and Mannitol-Induced Osmolar Stress on Blood—Brain Barrier Function in Ovine Fetuses and Lambs
Authors: Stonestreet Barbara S , Sadowska Grazyna B , Hanumara R Choudary , Petrache Mihaela , Petersson Katherine H , Patlak Clifford S
Published: August 2011

We examined the effects of hyperglycemic hyperosmolality on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability during development. We hypothesized that the barrier becomes more resistant to hyperglycemic hyperosmolality during development, and the immature BBB is more resistant to glucose than to mannitol hyperosmolality. We quantified the BBB response to hyperosmolality with the blood-to-brain transfer constant ( Ki) in immature fetuses, premature, and newborn lambs. Ki increased as a function of increases in osmolality. A segmented regression model described the relationship between Ki and osmolality. At lower osmolalities, changes in Ki were minimal but after a threshold, increases were linear. We examined responses of Ki to hyperglycemic hyperosmolality by comparing the thresholds and slopes of the second regression segments. Lower thresholds and steeper slopes indicate greater vulnerability to hyperosmolality. Thresholds increased ( P < 0.05) during development in pons and superior colliculus. Thresholds were higher ( P < 0.05) during glucose than mannitol hyperosmolality in thalamus, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus and medulla of premature lambs, and in cerebrum and cerebellum of newborns. We conclude that BBB permeability increased as a function of changes in glucose osmolality, the barrier becomes more resistant to glucose hyperosmolality in two brain regions during development, and the barrier is more resistant to glucose than to mannitol hyperosmolality in some brain regions of premature and newborn lambs.