bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidizer Ratio and Oxygen Balance Influence on the Emission Spectra of Green‐Colored Pyrotechnic Flames
Authors: Juknelevicius Dominykas , Kubilius Rytis , Ramanavicius Arunas
Published: November 2015

The pyrotechnic flames of Ba(NO3)2, NH4ClO4, and shellac compositions have been analyzed spectrophotometrically. The oxidizer ratio and oxygen balance were varied in a series of compositions to investigate how this ratio influences the flame emission spectra and burning properties of pyrotechnic compositions. The burning rate, emission spectra, and chromaticity data and their analysis are presented.
Copper‐Catalyzed Double Intramolecular Ullmann Coupling for the Synthesis of Diastereomerically and Enantiomerically Pure 4b,9b‐Dihydrobenzofuro[3,2‐b]benzofurans
Authors: Imrich Hans‐Georg , Conrad Jürgen , Beifuss Uwe
Published: November 2015

The copper‐catalyzed double intramolecular Ullmann coupling of syn‐1,2‐bis(2‐bromoaryl)ethane‐1,2‐diols with catalytic amounts of CuII oxinate as the copper source, K3PO4 as a base, and KI as a reductant in aqueous acetonitrile selectively delivers 4b,9b‐dihydrobenzofuro[3,2‐b]benzofurans in diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure form and yields of up to 90 %. The substrates can be obtained in both diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure form by catalytic dihydroxylation of the corresponding (E)‐stilbenes.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of 2‐C‐Branched and 1,2‐Annulated Carbohydrates
Authors: Vankar Yashwant D. , Linker Torsten
Published: November 2015

The importance of carbohydrate chemistry in biological and medicinal chemistry has led to enormous developments in the synthesis of carbohydrate mimics. In this context, the synthesis of branched sugars in general and of 2‐C‐branched carbohydrates in particular, as well as the synthesis of 1,2‐annulated sugars, have received immense attention. They serve not only as carbohydrate mimics in the form of stand‐alone molecules, but also as useful intermediates in the synthesis of many natural products, their analogues, and glycosidase inhibitors. This microreview covers the recent synthetic efforts in this area and puts the subject matter into proper perspective for future developments.
Experimental Investigation of Variations in Spark Timing using a Spark‐Ignition Engine with Hydrogen‐Blended Gasoline
Authors: Shivaprasad K. V. , Chitragar P. R. , Kumar G. N.
Published: November 2015

This study describes an experiment conducted using an electronically controllable single‐cylinder high‐speed gasoline engine to analyze the performance and emissions characteristics of various hydrogen–gasoline blends. The experiments have been conducted for various engine speeds and spark timings at the wide open throttle position. The experimental results revealed that the engine brake thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure first increase and then decrease with the increase engine speed at all spark timings. The minimum amount of brake specific energy consumption was observed for 20 % hydrogen addition in the total fuel blend at 3000 rpm engine speed and 14 °crank angle (CA) before top dead center (BTDC) spark timing. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were reduced with the retardation of spark timings. Nitrogen oxide emissions were continuously increased with the addition of hydrogen in the fuel blend as well as spark timing advance.
Why were doctors unable to accomplish their rural‐aid mission in China? A qualitative study
Authors: Yu Hongxing , Luo Jie , Yao Lan , Qian Bo , Shi Tianwei , Feng Youmei
Published: November 2015

Background

To alleviate the difficulties of rural residents in receiving timely healthcare, the Chinese government launched a medical rural‐aid program that solicited urban medical professionals to go to rural hospitals for a 1‐year tenure. However, many of urban doctors did not accomplish this task. In this study, we attempted to investigate the reasons behind the failure to fulfill this program and to explore a more feasible solution.

Methods

Eleven doctors and nurses participated in the focus group discussions. Twenty‐five interviewees, including health administrative officials, doctors and managers from both urban tertiary hospitals and county‐level hospitals, participated in semi‐structured in‐depth telephone interviews. The interview data were summarized and analyzed using the grounded theory.

Results

The failure of this program was attributed to multiple causes, such as problems with the recipient hospitals, the support hospitals and the participating doctors, and overall defects in the program strategy itself. One major reason is the competition between the recipient hospitals and the support hospitals, which distorted the original purpose of this rural‐aid program.

Conclusion

The rural‐aid program strategy should be adjusted. The recipient hospitals should be township‐level health centers rather than county‐level hospitals. In addition, the relevant policies should be amended and improved accordingly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group Flow: The Genesis of Innovation
Authors: Buss Laurie
Published: November 2015

With the ever‐increasing complexity of systems, most managers and engineers understand that innovation and solutions require collaboration among multiple contributors. To facilitate harnessing the power of the group, group flow is conducive to efficient and creative work, energizes and engages team members, and supports each of the principles for agile development and design thinking.

Group flow occurs when all members of a group are mutually experiencing flow (also called “being in the zone”), with the group's task demanding equal focus and effort from all members. The outcome of engaging group flow is to achieve something greater and more rapidly than each member could do on his or her own: creative solutions, genuine innovation, and decisions with profitable results. with profitable results.

Group flow requires autonomy to define the goal and methodology, a protective environment, and tools to direct the focus of group members. By implementing the methodologies in this paper, the transformative systems engineer and leader will begin to see more engagement by employees and a proliferation of profitable new ideas. The author and members of the INCOSE Transformational Systems Engineering Caucus have experienced that a culture conducive to group flow holds immense potential for reward as the genesis of innovation.
Situational Awareness: A Transformational Perspective
Authors: McKinney Dorothy , Iyengar Nirmal , White Dean
Published: November 2015

The Transformation Systems Engineering Caucus, established in the last few years, identifies ways in which systems engineering might become more effective through adaptation of approaches, techniques, and methods from other fields to systems engineering, and the synthesis of new combinations of these approaches. Situational awareness is central in two steps of applying transformational practices and insights to systems engineering efforts: (1) in noticing that there is a need or opportunity to use transformational approaches, and (2) in identifying the specific transformational approaches, methods, techniques, and insights which offer the greatest likelihood of success in completing the systems engineering effort. The purpose of this paper is to describe these uses of situational awareness in support of transformational systems engineering.
Combining Time Variation and Mixed Frequencies: an Analysis of Government Spending Multipliers in Italy
Authors: Cimadomo Jacopo , D'Agostino Antonello
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we propose a time‐varying parameter vector autoregression (VAR) model with stochastic volatility which allows for estimation on data sampled at different frequencies. Our contribution is twofold. First, we extend the methodology developed by Cogley and Sargent (Drifts and volatilities: monetary policies and outcomes in the post WWII U.S.Review of Economic Studies2005;8: 262–302) and Primiceri (Time varying structural vector autoregressions and monetary policy.Review of Economic Studies2005;72: 821–852) to a mixed‐frequency setting. In particular, our approach allows for the inclusion of two different categories of variables (high‐frequency and low‐frequency) into the same time‐varying model. Second, we use this model to study the macroeconomic effects of government spending shocks in Italy over the 1988:Q4–2013:Q3 period. Italy—as well as most other euro area economies—is characterized by short quarterly time series for fiscal variables, whereas annual data are generally available for a longer sample before 1999. Our results show that the proposed time‐varying mixed‐frequency model improves on the performance of a simple linear interpolation model in generating the true path of the missing observations. Second, our empirical analysis suggests that government spending shocks tend to have positive effects on output in Italy. The fiscal multiplier, which is maximized at the 1‐year horizon, follows a U‐shape over the sample considered: it peaks at around 1.5 at the beginning of the sample; it then stabilizes between 0.8 and 0.9 from the mid 1990s to the late 2000s, before rising again to above unity during the recent crisis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and Estimation of Online Price Competition With an Unknown Number of Firms
Authors: An Yonghong , Baye Michael R. , Hu Yingyao , Morgan John , Shum Matt
Published: November 2015

This paper considers identification and estimation of a general model for online price competition. We show that when the number of competing firms is unknown the underlying parameters of the model can still be identified and estimated employing recently developed results on measurement errors. We illustrate our methodology using UK data for personal digital assistants and employ the estimates to simulate competitive effects. Our results reveal that heightened competition has differential effects on the prices paid by different consumer segments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Maintains Osteocyte Viability in Multiple Myeloma Patients by Reducing Both Apoptosis and Autophagy: A New Function for Proteasome Inhibitors
Authors: Toscani Denise , Palumbo Carla , Dalla Palma Benedetta , Ferretti Marzia , Bolzoni Marina , Marchica Valentina , Sena Paola , Martella Eugenia , Mancini Cristina , Ferri Valentina , Costa Federica , Accardi Fabrizio , Craviotto Luisa , Aversa Franco , Giuliani Nicola
Published: November 2015

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by severely imbalanced bone remodeling. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of proteasome inhibitors (PIs), a class of drugs known to stimulate bone formation, on the mechanisms involved in osteocyte death induced by MM cells. First, we performed a histological analysis of osteocyte viability on bone biopsies on a cohort of 37 MM patients with symptomatic disease. A significantly higher number of viable osteocytes was detected in patients treated with a bortezomib (BOR)-based regimen compared with those treated without BOR. Interestingly, both osteocyte autophagy and apoptosis were affected in vivo by BOR treatment. Thereafter, we checked the in vitro effect of BOR to understand the mechanisms whereby BOR maintains osteocyte viability in bone from MM patients. We found that osteocyte and preosteocyte autophagic death was triggered during coculturing with MM cells. Our evaluation was conducted by analyzing either autophagy markers microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 beta (LC3B) and SQSTM1/sequestome 1 (p62) levels, or the cell ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy. PIs were found to increase the basal levels of LC3 expression in the osteocytes while blunting the myeloma-induced osteocyte death. PIs also reduced the autophagic death of osteocytes induced by high-dose dexamethasone (DEX) and potentiated the anabolic effect of PTH(1-34). Our data identify osteocyte autophagy as a new potential target in MM bone disease and support the use of PIs to maintain osteocyte viability and improve bone integrity in MM patients. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
So many options, where do we start? An overview of the care transitions literature
Authors: Kansagara Devan , Chiovaro Joseph C , Kagen David , Jencks Stephen , Rhyne Kerry , O'Neil Maya , Kondo Karli , Relevo Rose , Motu'apuaka Makalapua , Freeman Michele , Englander Honora
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Health systems are faced with a large array of transitional care interventions and patient populations to whom such activities might apply.

PURPOSE

To summarize the health and utilization effects of transitional care interventions, and to identify common themes about intervention types, patient populations, or settings that modify these effects.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (January 1950–May 2014), reference lists, and technical advisors.

STUDY SELECTION

Systematic reviews of transitional care interventions that reported hospital readmission as an outcome.

DATA EXTRACTION

We extracted transitional care procedures, patient populations, settings, readmissions, and health outcomes. We identified commonalities and compiled a narrative synthesis of emerging themes.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Among 10 reviews of mixed patient populations, there was consistent evidence that enhanced discharge planning and hospital‐at‐home interventions reduced readmissions. Among 7 reviews in specific patient populations, transitional care interventions reduced readmission in patients with congestive heart failure and general medical populations. In general, interventions that reduced readmission addressed multiple aspects of the care transition, extended beyond hospital stay, and had the flexibility to accommodate individual patient needs. There was insufficient evidence on how caregiver involvement, transition to sites other than home, staffing, patient selection practices, or care settings modified intervention effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Successful interventions are comprehensive, extend beyond hospital stay, and have the flexibility to respond to individual patient needs. The strength of evidence should be considered low because of heterogeneity in the interventions studied, patient populations, clinical settings, and implementation strategies. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:221–230. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Changes in clustered extreme precipitation events in South China and associated atmospheric circulations
Authors: Li Huixin , Chen Huopo , Wang Huijun
Published: November 2015

Previous studies have documented that the summer precipitation over South China (SC) has experienced a prominent inter‐decadal increase in 1992/1993, and the possible mechanism has been well revealed. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in extreme precipitation and clustered extreme precipitation events in recent decades using station observations and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data. The results indicate that extreme precipitation also experienced a significant inter‐decadal increase around 1992/1993. Significant changes can also be found in the associated atmospheric circulations, such as the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and the westerly jet stream over East Asia. In addition, the water vapour transport (WVT) related to extreme precipitation differed from mean conditions. For extreme precipitation events, the WVT from the Northwest Pacific and Indian Oceans was much stronger when compared with mean precipitation. When extreme precipitation events were clustered, the increased WVT mainly originated from the South China Sea and Northwest Pacific Ocean. Further analysis indicates that the WVT increased from the Indian Ocean but decreased from the Northwest Pacific after 1992/1993; this finding explains the significant increase in the clustered extreme precipitation events over SC after 1992/1993. In addition, the atmospheric stratification has become more unstable since 1992/1993.
On assessment of the relationship between changes of sea ice extent and climate in the Arctic
Authors: Alekseev Genrikh , Glok Natalia , Smirnov Alexander
Published: November 2015

An increase of surface air temperature (SAT) in the marine Arctic (a part of the Arctic covered with sea ice in winter) shows a good relationship with reduction of sea ice extent (SIE) in summer. For instance, a strong correlation (a coefficient equal to −0.93) was found between the summer SAT in the marine Arctic and satellite‐derived 1980–2014 September sea ice index (the average of SIE in the Arctic since 1978, in millions of km2). Based on this finding, anomalies of Arctic September SIE were reconstructed from the beginning of 20th century using a linear regression relationship. This reconstructed SIE shows a substantial decrease in the 1930–1940s with a minimum occurring in 1936, which, however, is only a half of the decline in 2012. The strong relationship between the summer SAT and September SIE was used to assess the onset of summer sea ice disappearance in the Arctic Ocean. According to the estimates made with a simple regression model, we can expect a seasonally ice‐free Arctic Ocean as early as in the mid‐2030s. An impact of the inflow of warm and salty Atlantic water (AW) on winter SIE was evaluated as an example for the Barents Sea. This evaluation reveals a coherent spatial pattern of the AW spreading, presented by surface salinity distribution, and the position of sea ice edge, and significant correlation between the inflow of the AW and maximal SIE. This publication presents a revised version of an ‘Arctic sea ice extent in changing climate’ report (Alekseev et al., 2015).
The earliest securely dated hominin fossil in Italy and evidence of Acheulian occupation during glacial MIS 16 at Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy)
Authors: Pereira Alison , Nomade Sébastien , Voinchet Pierre , Bahain Jean Jacques , Falguères Christophe , Garon Henri , Lefèvre David , Raynal Jean Paul , Scao Vincent , Piperno Marcello
Published: November 2015

The Early Middle Pleistocene site of Notarchirico (Basilicata, Italy) is a 7‐m‐thick fluvially emplaced sedimentary sequence rich in volcanic materials coming from the Monte Vulture stratovolcano. This site consists of 11 archaeological layers, some of which have yielded handaxes. One femur attributed to Homo heidelbergensis was also recovered from an upper level. We present in this study new 40Ar/39Ar and electron spin resonance ages that delimit the time of occupation of Notarchirico to between 670 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and 614 ± 4 ka (12 ka), therefore spanning mainly the glacial Marine Isotope Stage 16. Handaxes found in archaeosurface F are now securely dated to between 670 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and 661 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and prove that hominid populations living in southern Italy used Acheulian technology as early as the beginning of this stage. Futhermore, we placed the age of the human femur between 661 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and 614± 4 ka (12 ka). This fossil is therefore the oldest Middle Pleistocene human fossil discovered in Italy so far. Thanks to this new chronological framework, Notarchirico is now a key site in our understanding of the Early Acheulian culture in Western Europe.
Later Holocene vegetation history of the Isles of Scilly, UK: coastal influence and human land use in a small island context
Authors: Perez Marta , Fyfe Ralph M. , Charman Dan J. , Gehrels W. Roland
Published: November 2015

Small islands tend to experience exacerbated environmental/social vulnerabilities, due to isolation, size and a small resource base. The response of social communities to environmental stress can be addressed by compiling palaeoecological proxies for land management alongside archaeological records. This paper presents pollen data from four new late Holocene sequences that lie around sea‐level on the Isles of Scilly (south‐west England), to understand the impact of coastal change on island communities. Interpretation of sequences near the coastal zone can be confounded by problems in disentangling human impact from maritime and wetland influence. Multivariate analysis is used to separate samples influenced by maritime conditions and wetland development from ‘inland’ human land management practices. During the Bronze Age clearance of woodland resulted in an intensively managed pastoral system and archaeological datasets indicate that maritime resources formed an important part of the subsistence economy. Despite coastal change that resulted in loss of land area and reduced the extent of the intertidal zone, the pollen data and evidence from existing archaeological data show continuity through later prehistory and into the medieval period. The archaeological data and pollen evidence point towards a highly resilient community that employed a mixed and varied subsistence base.
Consumer Socialization and the Role of Branding in Hazardous Adolescent Drinking
Authors: Harris Fiona , Gordon Ross , MacKintosh Anne Marie , Hastings Gerard
Published: November 2015

This study examines the relationship between alcohol marketing and consumer socialization to alcohol brands (assessed here using aided and unaided brand recognition and brand saliency), and the associated relationship between consumer socialization and hazardous alcohol consumption among a cohort of adolescents surveyed in Scotland. The research addresses gaps in the consumer socialization literature, by examining how marketing influences brand consumer socialization, and how brand consumer socialization influences subsequent hazardous consumption behavior over time, using a robust longitudinal design that assesses causal relationships while controlling for a wide range of important confounding variables. The results demonstrate the contribution of marketing to adolescents’ brand socialization to alcohol and the impact of this socialization on subsequent drinking behaviors. Implications for marketing managers, parents, policymakers, and consumer researchers are discussed, together with suggestions for future consumer research.
Do Eco‐friendly VMD and Store Reputation Increase Satisfaction of Retail Customers?
Authors: Shin Jong‐Kuk , Park Min‐Sook , Moon Min Kyung
Published: November 2015

This study builds on previous research to investigate the effect of the benefits of eco‐friendly VMD (visual merchandising) on satisfaction as well as the effect of satisfaction on store attitude. This also testifies the moderating effects how the benefits of eco‐friendly VMD affect customer satisfaction by store reputation. A total of 363 responses were used to examine the process through which core benefits and relational benefits of retailers with eco‐friendly VMD affect psychological satisfaction and social satisfaction. This is a unique study offering empirical evidence that psychological and social satisfactions are the mechanisms through which benefits of eco‐friendly VMD lead to store attitude. Results indicate that information benefit and psychological benefit result in positive psychological satisfaction and social satisfaction, which in turn leads to positive store attitude in retail customers.
The Role of Beneficiaries’ Group Identity in Determining Successful Appeal Strategies for Charitable Giving
Authors: Park Kiwan , Lee Seojin Stacey
Published: November 2015

What types of message appeals in charity advertisements are most likely to convince people to donate? Using university rivalry (Studies 1 and 2), nationality (Study 3), and freely chosen groups (Study 4), this research proposes that the beneficiaries’ group identity moderates the relative effectiveness of three benefit foci of message appeals in charity advertisements. The results indicate that other‐benefit appeals produce greater donation intentions than external self‐benefit appeals for in‐group beneficiaries, whereas external self‐benefit appeals produce greater donation intentions than other‐benefit appeals for rival (Studies 1–3), dissociative (Study 4), and neutral (Study 4) out‐group beneficiaries. Emotional‐benefit appeals are more effective than external self‐benefit appeals for in‐group beneficiaries, and are more effective than other‐benefit appeals for neutral out‐group beneficiaries, whereas they are less effective than external self‐benefit appeals for dissociative out‐group beneficiaries (Study 4). Empathy and belief in personal benefits mediate the interaction effect of benefit focus and beneficiary group on donation intentions (Studies 3 and 4). Theoretical and managerial implications of the current findings are discussed.
On the low rank solution of the Q‐weighted nearest correlation matrix problem
Authors: Duan Xue‐Feng , Bai Jian‐Chao , Li Jiao‐Fen , Peng Jing‐Jing
Published: November 2015

The low rank solution of the Q‐weighted nearest correlation matrix problem is studied in this paper. Based on the property of Q‐weighted norm and the Gramian representation, we first reformulate the Q‐weighted nearest correlation matrix problem as a minimization problem of the trace function with quadratic constraints and then prove that the solution of the minimization problem the trace function is the stationary point of the original problem if it is rank‐deficient. Finally, the nonmonotone spectral projected gradient method is constructed to solve them. Numerical examples illustrate that the new method is feasible and effective. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐dimensional surface stress tensor formulation for simulation of adhesive contact in finite deformation
Authors: Fan Houfu , Li Shaofan
Published: November 2015

A three‐dimensional surface adhesive contact formulation is proposed to simulate macroscale adhesive contact interaction characterized by the van der Waals interaction between arbitrarily shaped deformable continua under finite deformation. The proposed adhesive contact formulation uses a double‐layer surface integral to replace the conventional double volume integration to compute the adhesive contact force vector. Considering nonlinear finite deformation, we have derived the surface stress tensor and the corresponding tangent stiffness matrix in a Galerkin weak formulation. With the surface stress formulation, the adhesive contact problems are solved in the framework of nonlinear continuum mechanics by using the standard Lagrange finite element method. Surface stress tensors are formulated for both interacting bodies. Numerical examples show that the proposed surface contact algorithm is accurate, efficient, and reliable for three‐dimensional adhesive contact problems of large deformations for both quasi‐static and dynamic simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
vibro‐Lanczos, a symmetric Lanczos solver for vibro‐acoustic simulations
Authors: Tabak Umut , Rixen Daniel J.
Published: November 2015

An efficient symmetric Lanczos method for the solution of vibro‐acoustic eigenvalue problems is presented in this paper. Although finite element discretization results in real but nonsymmetric system matrices, we show that an efficient iteration scheme on a symmetric representation can be built up by using a transformation matrix. In order to decrease the numerical costs of the orthogonalizations performed, we propose to use a partial orthogonalization scheme for the symmetric case. The proposed method is tested on two large problems in order to demonstrate its efficiency and accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low PAPP‐A: the impact of ultrasound to evaluate fetal growth
Authors: Razavi Armin S. , Chasen Stephen T.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Our objective was to describe utilization and impact of sonographic growth assessment in pregnancies with low pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A).

Methods

Singleton pregnancies with PAPP‐A ≤5th percentile and no other risk factors for fetal growth restriction from January 2011–June 2013 were included. Antepartum and delivery data were obtained by reviewing medical records. Outcomes of pregnancies referred for sonographic growth assessment were compared with those not referred for ultrasound. Fisher's exact test, chi‐square analysis, and Mann–Whitney U were used for statistical comparison.

Results

Two hundred ninety‐five patients were included. Of 285 pregnancies reaching the third trimester, 77.5% were referred for ultrasound, with the initial scan at a median gestational age of 28 weeks [26–29]. Referral for growth scans was associated with earlier gestational age at delivery and higher rates of delivery for fetal indications. Those who did not undergo growth scans were more likely to deliver a small for gestational age infant at term, 20.7% versus 35.0% (p = 0.04). There was one third‐trimester fetal demise, occurring in a patient who had been undergoing growth scans.

Conclusion

Growth scans in those with low PAPP‐A were associated with delivery at earlier gestational age, with higher rates of delivery for fetal indications and lower rates of small for gestational age newborns at term. No significant differences in neonatal outcomes were observed. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics of the red blood cell carbonylome during blood banking of erythrocyte concentrates
Authors: Delobel Julien , Prudent Michel , Tissot Jean‐Daniel , Lion Niels
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is a daily medical procedure. Erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) can be stored up to 56 days at 4°C in saline additive solution mainly composed of adenine and sugar. Such nonphysiological conditions induce the occurrence of storage lesions, such as alterations of metabolism, protein oxidation, and deterioration of rheological properties. Their accumulation tends to decrease the main EC therapeutic property, that is, the oxygenation capacity. Protein carbonylation is a marker of oxidative stress and aging, and its occurrence during RBC storage was earlier characterized as a time‐dependent and cellular compartment dependent modification.

Experimental design

Three ECs from independent donations were followed. The carbolynome was here characterized in soluble and membrane extracts (n‐dodecyl β‐d‐maltoside‐based extraction buffer) of RBCs stored for 6, 27, and 41 days, through biotin hydrazide derivatization, biotin–avidin affinity purification, SDS‐PAGE separation, and LC‐MS/MS analyses.

Results

A total of 142 and 20 proteins were identified as carbonylated in soluble and membrane extracts, respectively. Particularly, a time‐dependent evolution of 26.8% of the soluble carbonylome was observed.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Affected cellular mechanisms involve antioxidant defenses, metabolism pathways, and proteasomal degradation. To better store RBCs those functions have to be preserved, which opens new routes of investigation in transfusion medicine.
Comparative Study of 9×19 mm Ammunition Combustion Products and Residues
Authors: Rotariu Traian , Petre Răzvan , Zecheru Teodora , Suceska Muhamed , Petrea Nicoleta , Eşanu Sorin
Published: November 2015

During the last decades, authorities’ awareness on environmental and human health impact at national and international level has increased in the field of small arms ammunition containing lead and antimony. Thus, the evolution of environmental policies regarding production and use of heavy metals and their compounds, especially in EU countries, implied extensive studies on the environmental implications of 9×19 mm caliber ammunition use, especially in indoor shooting ranges. In this context, the paper describes the experimental studies performed on Pb‐containing conventional FMJ (full metal jacketed) ammunition and comparative measurements on new ammunition designed for training. The combustion products and residues from conventional Pb‐containing ammunition and Cu‐based “greener” ammunition were compared in terms of gaseous products, metal concentration in aerosols and metal concentrations in solid residues. Gas emissions and solid residues were measured for four different types of ammunitions. The results showed that the copper content of the residue is significantly higher in case of Cu‐containing composite bullets. For the ammunition equipped with Pb bullet, an important percentage of the Pb residue is generated by erosion of the exposed part of the bullet core. On the other hand, the ammunition containing Cu‐composite bullet generates large quantities of Cu residues, which have similar environmental impact and less impact on human health. Gas analysis indicated the presence of CO and NOx and, surprisingly, high concentrations of HCN, CH4, and NH3. Lower gas concentrations are obtained for the composite bullets due to an incomplete combustion of gun propellant.
Ethanol sensing characteristics of Zn0.99M0.01O (M = Al/Ni) nanopowders
Authors: Luthra Vandna , Singh Anita , Pugh David C. , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a comparative study on gas sensing properties of pure and doped ZnO nano powders. To facilitate doping, Aluminum and nickel precursors were used as dopant/co‐dopants using a simple and reproducible co‐precipitation method. Pure ZnO and samples with compositions Zn0.99M0.01O (M = Al/Ni) and Zn0­.99Al0.005Ni0.005O were prepared to evaluate the effect of Al/Ni doping/co‐doping. The samples were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrical conductivity of these samples was measured. A temperature variation of electrical conductivity was used to calculate activation energy of various samples. The samples were subjected to ethanol tests at concentration ranging between 10 and 50 ppm. The metal ion doping showed a marked increase in relative responsiveness of all doped samples. The variation in gas sensing response has been correlated with electrical conductivity, activation energy, and morphology of these samples. This report clearly demonstrates inter‐connection of multiple factors influencing gas sensing properties of metal oxide semiconductors (MOS). Similar tests performed with methanol exposure show much reduced relative responses for all the samples in comparison to ethanol. These studies can be exploited for tailoring of futuristic sensors with improved responses.
Simulation of an indium gallium nitride quantum well light‐emitting diode with the non‐equilibrium Green's function method
Authors: Shedbalkar Akshay , Andreev Zhelio , Witzigmann Bernd
Published: November 2015

This work presents a quantum mechanical simulation of an indium gallium nitride (InGaN) based light‐emitting diode (LED) using the non‐equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method. Due to the wurtzite crystal structure, such LEDs exhibit strong polarization‐induced electric fields at heterointerfaces. Standard simulation methods based on the drift‐diffusion (DD) model do not take into account potentially important transport mechanisms such as quantum mechanical tunneling or non‐equilibrium carrier distributions in the device. These effects are included in the NEGF model, while the semi‐classical models employ parametrized approximations. In principle, the NEGF simulation therefore allows a more realistic view of the physical process that take place in the LEDs.
Synthesis and characterization of CZTSSe nanoparticle inks for photovoltaic devices
Authors: Ergun Ridvan , Calli Cagdas , Arici Elif
Published: November 2015

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) is one of the promising materials as absorber layers in thin film solar cells. It contains earth abundant and non‐toxic elements. With a broad optical band gap at 1.5 eV as well as a high absorbance coefficient of 10–4 cm–1, CZTS is also a good light harvesting material. The aim of this study is to investigate the synthesis of kesterite rich CZTSSe using hot injection method in oleylamine. The material properties such as crystallinity, stoichiometry, and absorbance were studied depending on the synthesis and post‐treatment conditions by thin‐film X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy, dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and UV‐Vis absorption spectra. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization angle insensitive dual‐band perfect metamaterial absorber for solar cell applications
Authors: Rufangura Patrick , Sabah Cumali
Published: November 2015

A metamaterial absorber that effectively harvests solar energy is being proposed in this paper using a simple and high flexible structure. The proposed structure unit cell comprises of three vital layers. The ground metallic plane, an intermediate dielectric spacer while patches are wisely prepared on the top of a dielectric spacer. Geometrical parameters of the proposed metamaterial is studied in order to get insight on their impact for the absorption behaviour of the structure. The results from simulation provides two excellent absorption resonance (99.96% and 99.37%) in the visible spectrum range of electromagnetic wave. Due to the excellent symmetry of the proposed metamaterial design, its absorption coefficient is polarisation insensitive for a wide range of incident angles of electromagnetic radiations. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystallization and phase separation mechanism of silicon oxide thin films fabricated via e‐beam evaporation of silicon monoxide
Authors: Gunduz Deniz Cihan , Tankut Aydin , Sedani Salar , Karaman Mehmet , Turan Rasit
Published: November 2015

In this work, silicon oxide thin films were synthesized via e‐beam evaporation of silicon monoxide. Subsequent annealing experiments were carried out to induce Si nanocrystals (Si NCs) formation. A broad range of annealing durations and temperatures were studied. Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to study the mechanism of phase separation in silicon oxide films and crystallization of Si.

Raman spectroscopy results show that SiO cannot be considered as a composite mixture of Si and SiO2. Results suggest that phase separation and crystallization are two separate processes even at relatively high temperatures. Amorphous Si formation was observed at annealing temperatures as low as 800 °C. A minimum annealing temperature of between 800 and 900 °C is required to form Si NCs. XPS results show a strong phase separation at annealing temperature of 1100 °C. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kinetic Study on the Oxidation of Elements in Hot Metal during Vanadium‐Extraction Process
Authors: Huang Weijun , Yu Shan , Shen Xiang , Xu Lei , Wang Nan , Chen Min
Published: November 2015

A kinetic model of vanadium extraction from the metal bath has been established for describing the oxidation behavior of different elements including [V], [Ti], [Si], [Cr], [Mn], and [C] in the metal bath based on a 70 t practical vanadium‐extraction converter. The results show that the calculated values using the models are in good agreement with practical measured values. The calculation results also show that the oxidation of silicon and titanium in the metal bath is rapid at the initial stage of blowing (0–1.5 min), and ends after 2 min. The intensive oxidation of vanadium happens at the intermediate stages of blowing (1.5–4.5 min), and the content of vanadium in the metal bath decreases from 0.278 to 0.04 mass%. At the final stage (4.5–5 min), the oxidation order of vanadium and carbon reverses, causing vigorous oxidation of carbon. Besides, manganese and chromium are oxidized throughout the intermediate and final stages, competing with vanadium for oxygen. To promote vanadium extraction from the metal bath under the conditions studied, the combined coolants should be adopted.
Praxisgerechte Nachweise zur Tragfähigkeit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Sandwichelementen mittels Fachwerkmodellen
Authors: Naujoks Bernd , Misiek Thomas
Published: November 2015

Die Schnittgrößenermittlung für Systeme aus schubweichen Sandwichelementen kann auf einfache Art mittels Fachwerkmodellen erfolgen. Ausgehend von einer kurzen Darstellung der mechanischen Zusammenhänge werden die Modellierung, die Auswertung der Teilschnittgrößen sowie die Nachweisführung erläutert. Abschließend werden diese Erläuterungen mit Beispielen ergänzt.

Practical checks at ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state of sandwich panels using truss systems. The calculation of internal forces of systems with shear‐flexible sandwich panels can be easily done using truss‐systems. Starting with a short presentation of the mechanical context, modelling, evaluation of internal forces and verification are explained. Examples support the explanation.
Sandwichelemente als aussteifendes Schubfeld und tragende Wandscheibe
Authors: Naujoks Bernd , Hörnel‐Metzger Beate
Published: November 2015

Sandwichelemente werden als Dach‐ und Wandbauteile derzeit ausschließlich auf eine tragende Unterkonstruktion montiert. Sie sind deshalb als Sekundärbauteile eines Gebäudes zu betrachten und werden als selbsttragende Bauteile klassifiziert. In statischer Hinsicht sind sie jedoch Ein‐ oder Mehrfeldträger, die neben ihrem Eigengewicht auch Wind‐ und Schneelasten abtragen. Es sind lediglich Biegemomente und Querkräfte vorhanden.

Bei Gebäuden aus Sandwichelementen ohne Unterkonstruktion werden die Paneele zusätzlich in ihrer Ebene belastet. Dies geschieht zum einen in vertikaler Richtung als lastabtragende Wandscheibe, zum anderen als aussteifende Dach‐ oder Wandscheibe. Dieses Tragverhalten wurde am Institut für Sandwichtechnik (iS‐mainz) der Hochschule Mainz in Axial‐ und Schubfeldversuchen untersucht.

Sandwich panels as bracing diaphragm and load bearing wall. Traditionally, are structural components for wall cladding and roof covering of a building. They are mounted on a load‐bearing substructure. Thus, they are considered as secondary structural component of a building and are classified as self‐supporting structural members. Statically, they act as single or multi span beams. They transfer self‐weight and external loads from wind and snow to the substructure. Only bending moments and shear forces occur.

When the conventional bracing members are missing, the sandwich elements are subjected additionally to loads in the plane of the panel. On the one hand they serve in vertical direction as load bearing wall, on the other hand they stabilize the building against horizontal loads. This load‐bearing behaviour was investigated in axial load and wall racking tests at iS‐mainz.
Windlastempfehlungen für Attikabereiche von Industriehallen auf Basis von Windkanalversuchen
Authors: Kemper Frank H. , Colomer Segura Carles , Feldmann Markus , Kuhnhenne Markus
Published: November 2015

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse von experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung von Windlasten für Attiken von Industriebauten vorgestellt. Die Wirkung einer Attika ist zwar im Hinblick auf die effektiven Lastkomponenten im Bereich der randnahen Dachfläche in der Windlastnorm DIN EN 1991‐1‐4 [1] geregelt, nicht jedoch welche Windlast auf die Attika selbst angesetzt werden muss. Anhand von maßstäblichen Messungen an typischen Industriebaukörpern mit Flachdachausbildung konnten nun im Rahmen der durchgeführten Untersuchungen Lastempfehlungen entwickelt werden, die zukünftig im Rahmen der Bemessung von Attiken eingesetzt werden können.

Recommendation of wind load models for parapets on industrial roofs based on wind tunnel measurements. The present contribution shows the results of experimental investigations to determine the wind loading on parapets of industrial buildings with a flat roof. Whereat the presence of parapets is considered in DIN EN 1991‐1‐4 with respect to their effect on the pressure coefficients at the roof, an appropriate load recommendation for their own design is missing. Based on wind tunnel measurements on scaled models of typical industrial buildings with flat roof, load recommendations have been elaborated to be used in the future design of parapets.
Nachhaltigkeit im Metallleichtbau
Authors: Kuhnhenne Markus , Feldmann Markus
Published: November 2015

Zum 01.07.2015 ist an der RWTH Aachen die neue Professur “Nachhaltigkeit im Metallleichtbau“, die vom Internationalen Verband für den Metallleichtbau (IFBS) unterstützt und gefördert wird, eingerichtet worden. Die Professur, bekleidet von Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Markus Kuhnhenne, wird sich in Forschung und Lehre mit Aspekten des statisch‐konstruktiven Entwurfs, der Bauphysik und insbesondere der Nachhaltigkeit von Gebäudehüllen mit Metallleichtbauelementen beschäftigen. Darüber hinaus bieten sich vielfältige interdisziplinäre Forschungsthemen zu klassischen und verwandten Themen des Stahlbaus an.

Durch die Professur wurde den wachsenden Aufgaben der Forschung und studentischen Ausbildung sowohl für klassische als auch neue Produkte des Metallleichtbaus auf akademischer Ebene Rechnung getragen. Dem Metallleichtbau und dem Stahlbau bieten sich so zukünftig weitere Chancen für synergetische und nachhaltige Lösungen.

Ein wichtiger Aspekt dabei ist die Betrachtung des gesamten Lebensweges eines Gebäudes. So lautet der Grundgedanke des nachhaltigen Bauens, dass in allen Phasen des Lebenszyklus von Gebäuden – von der Planung, der Erstellung über die Nutzung und Erneuerung bis zum Rückbau – eine Minimierung des Verbrauches von Energie und Ressourcen angestrebt wird.

Bauelemente aus Metall können bei Beachtung der Anforderungen an das nachhaltige Bauen dazu beitragen, zukunftsfeste und ressourcenschonende Gebäude herzustellen.

Sustainable Metal Building Envelopes – New professorship at RWTH Aachen University. Since 01.07.2015 the new professorship, “Sustainable Metal Building Envelopes”, which is supported and promoted by the International Association for Metal Building Envelopes (IFBS), has been established. The professorship, hold by Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Markus Kuhnhenne, will deal with aspects of static and structural design, building physics and especially sustainability of building envelopes with lightweight metal constructions in research and education. In addition, a variety of interdisciplinary research themes related to classical topics of steel construction is suitable.

The new professorship meets the growing tasks of research and education for classical as well as new products of lightweight metal construction on an academic level. Thus, the lightweight metal construction as well as the steel construction can maximize their opportunities for synergetic and sustainable solutions in the future.

An important aspect is the consideration of the entire life cycle of a building, as the main idea of sustainable construction is that at all stages of the life cycle of buildings – from planning, construction, use as well as renovation and demolition – a minimization of the of energy consumption and use of resources is envisaged.

Considering the requirements for sustainable construction, metal building products can help to establish resource‐efficient buildings viable for the future.
Zur Verwendung höherfester Stähle im Hochregallagerbau
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Schulze Bertelsbeck Marc
Published: November 2015

Der rasante Aufschwung in der Logistikindustrie verbunden mit der Entwicklung automatisierter Fördersysteme führt zu immer größeren Hochregallagern mit Bauhöhen bis zu 50 m. Damit stößt die derzeitige Konstruktionspraxis von Hochregallagern in Silobauweise an ihre statisch‐konstruktiven Grenzen. Zudem kann aufgrund der komplexen Profilausbildung der dünnwandigen, kaltgeformten Regalprofile die Tragfähigkeit nicht in allen Fällen nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐3 [1] ermittelt werden.

In dem hier vorgestellten Forschungsprojekt wurde untersucht, ob der Einsatz höherfester Stähle zu einer Optimierung des Tragsystems führen kann. Des Weiteren wurde analysiert, ob die Bemessungsregeln der DIN EN 1993‐1‐3 [1] auf die Regalprofile übertragen werden können.

The use of high‐strength steel in high‐bay racking systems. The booming logistics industry and the development of high sophisticated automatic storage and retrieval systems lead to larger high‐bay racking systems with heights up to 50 m. This pushes the current design practice of high‐bay racking systems in silo construction to its static and constructive limits. Unfortunately, DIN EN 1993‐1‐3 [1] does not give design provisions for the special thin‐walled, cold‐formed rack profiles.

The research project focuses on two aspects: Using high‐strength steel to optimize the rack systems as well as further developing design rules of DIN EN 1993‐1‐3 [1] to predict the load‐bearing capacity of rack profiles.