bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can periodontal disease affect conception? A literature review
Authors: Ludovichetti Francesco Saverio , Signoriello Anna Giulia , Gobbato Edoardo Alvise , Artuso Anna , Stellini Edoardo , Mazzoleni Sergio
Published: January 2021

Today periodontal health is considered as an integral part of systemic health itself and no longer as a single factor. The literature recognizes that the presence of periodontal disease can represent a risk factor for numerous systemic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. In recent years, we have witnessed a progressive interest regarding the influence exerted by this condition on reproduction, as well as the possible repercussions on conception possibilities. Upon analyzing a limited number of studies available for the correlation between periodontal disease and female infertility, it could be inferred that this condition can be equated to the presence of a real outbreak of infection and therefore exert its influence, not only through bacterial translocation in the bloodstream, causing the systemic dissemination of pathogens, but also through the production of cytokines and immunoglobulins by inflammatory mediators. This situation limits bacterial growth, but it could cause damage to the fetus, to the reproductive system, and could hinder conception attempts. Although further research is needed to better clarify the mechanism underlying the possible correlation between periodontal disease and female infertility, the present article aims to review all the available literature on this topic.

Lay summary

In recent years, interest regarding the influence of gum disease on conception has increased. Since serious gum disease (periodontitis) can be compared to an outbreak of infection, studies suggest that the bacteria that mediate inflammation do not remain confined only to the gum tissue, but can enter the bloodstream and spread, thus spreading the infection and having a whole-body effect. This situation could cause damage to the developing baby, to the reproductive system and could hinder conception attempts. Constant maintenance of oral health is definitely necessary. It is important for the professionals involved (gynecologists, obstetricians, dentists, etc.) to communicate and collaborate on these issues. Dentists could advise on the correct hygienic maintenance not only to pregnant women, but also to those who are planning a pregnancy in order to avoid the occurrence of unfavorable conditions.
Unternehmensbewertung bei Sicherheit
Authors: Breuer Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

Gegenstand der Unternehmensbewertung ist primär die Ermittlung von Zahlungsbereitschaften von Käufern und Zahlungsanforderungen von Verkäufern im Zusammenhang mit Zahlungsströmen. Auf dem unvollkommenen Kapitalmarkt unterscheiden sich diese beiden Arten von Werten voneinander und hängen ferner von Zeitpräferenzen und Anfangsvermögen der Entscheider ab. Auf dem vollkommenen Markt kollabieren all diese subjektiven Werte zu einem einzigen objektiven Marktwert. Ein für Käufer und Verkäufer wohlfahrtssteigender Handel ist damit nicht mehr möglich.
Die geldpolitischen Maßnahmen der EZB und der Fed im Zuge der Covid-19-Pandemie
Authors: Fendel Ralf , Neugebauer Frederik
Published: January 2021

Covid-19 hat zu einem massiven Einbruch der globalen Wirtschaft geführt und zugleich erhebliche Verwerfungen auf den Finanzmärkten verursacht. Als Reaktion haben Zentralbanken weitreichende Maßnahmen beschlossen, um die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Krise abzumildern. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die kürzlich beschlossenen geldpolitischen Maßnahmen von EZB und Fed.
Supply-Side Model of Academic Publishing in Croatia (2012–2018)
Authors: Horvat Filip , Velagić Zoran
Published: January 2021

The paper examines and presents the scale and structure of recent (2012–2018) academic publishing in Croatia, with a focus on academic books and journals, the participation of institutions and publishers, scientific fields and disciplines, and invested financial means. As Croatian academic production to a large extent depends on subsidies, the paper is based on the analyses of data from seven years of subventions, which the Croatian Ministry of Sciences and Education allocates to national academic publish­ers, regardless if they are academic institutions or privately owned publish­ers. Conducted analyses provide detailed insight into the model of supply-side academic publishing and into national academic publishing in general. The topics – academic publishing and system of subsidies – have rarely been addressed in recent research. Thus, this paper offers new insights for researchers (e.g. providing knowledge about the scale and structure of academic publishing), provides evaluation possibilities for policymakers (e.g. to design the tools for monitoring and improving the system of public subsidies), and provide comparable perspective for national academic pub­lishing in the context of European academic publishing setting.
Bookstores in Lithuania in 2013–2018: Less Physical Bookstores, Less Choice of Books
Authors: Gudinavičius Arūnas
Published: January 2021

Despite various global and local economic crises, the shift of some readers to screen reading, growing online shopping habits, and the shorter time spent on reading books, physical bookstores are able to change and retain their customers. This research is a continuation of a 2013 study in order to capture the current situation and identify the changes that have taken place in Lithuanian physical bookstores over the past five years. During the research, the list of bookstores operating in Lithuania compiled in 2013 was updated and clarified, and an analysis of the collected data and comparison with the data of 2013 were performed. The results showed that from 2013 to 2018 the number of bookstores in Lithuania decrea­sed by 18.8%, to 168 units. On average, the number of inhabitants per Lithuanian bookstore increased by 16.2% and reached 16,720 inhabi­tants per bookstore; the number of municipalities with no bookstores at all increased to 15 (9 in 2013). The largest Lithuanian bookstore networks remained the same: Vaga and Pegasas, which maintained almost the same number of bookstores – 33 bookstores at the end of 2018. The number of medium-sized bookstore networks decreased, and only one of the nine small bookstore networks (2–3 bookstores), which owned two bookstores in 2013, remained. Such changes show that the two major bookstore networks Vaga and Pegasas are strengthening their market position. Calculated by the number of bookstores, in 2018 they already ran 39% of the market. The range of available books in physical Lithuanian bookstores has decreased – from an average 9 thousand titles in 2013 up to 6 thousand titles in 2018. It seems that the 2004–2008 race between physical bookstores for the largest range of book titles in the past is now witnessing an increase in the choice of additional goods in bookstores, sometimes even exceeding their book sales. The decrease and change in the number and range of physical bookstores in Lithuania since 2008 was due to several reasons – from the economic crisis at that time, the continuing decline of the population to the decline of book reading ha­bits, and the transition of some readers to on-screen reading and online shopping.
The Intellectual Games of Teodor Narbutt: Šiauriai as the Museum of the Lithuanian Antiquities
Authors: Griškaitė Reda
Published: January 2021

The article analyses a particular 19th century manor, classed among the category of the so-called intellectual manors – Teodor Narbutt’s (or Teodor Mateusz Ostyk-Narbutt, 1784–1864) Šiauriai manor (Pol. Szawry; Grodno Province, since 1843 – Vilnius Province, Lyda County). All the texts by Narbutt – fictional as well as the scientific works, including the famous Dzieje narodu litewskiego (The History of the Lithuanian Nation, vol. 1–9, Vilnius, 1835–1841) – were collected in this place. Throughout the years, the manor became a unique workshop for the historian in which one could find a rich library, collections of manuscripts, and Lithuanian artefacts. Up until now, the researchers have focused most of their attention on the contents and the assembly of Narbutt’s collection of books and periodical publications, while the collection of artefacts has received less limelight. The collections of historical documents, numismatic objects, and art pieces, which for the landowner-historian were no less important, have also been left on the margins. The aim of this article is: by employing the already analysed and completely new archival resources, take a different look at the col­lections once stored in Šiauriai, while, at the same time, cultivating the idea that the gathering of them was particularly purposeful and was perceived as a formation of a “compulsory” material, necessary for the writing of the history of Lithuania.
Publishing in small European countries
Authors: Kovač Miha , Gudinavičius Arūnas
Published: January 2021

This special issue of Knygotyra is a result of long-lasting collaboration between researchers of few small language countries. We hope this issue will contribute to better understanding the peculiarities of publishing on such markets.
The Necessity of a Court Approval in Civil Proceedings on the Withdrawal of Life-Supporting Treatment for Terminally Ill Patients
Authors: Lytvynenko Anatoliy A.
Published: January 2021

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the positions of the courts in respect with the necessity of a court’s authorization to terminate life-support. Some courts hold that it is mandatory in any case, while the other reduce the role of the tribunals only to disputes arising from the decision to withdraw life-support.
Perspektif Jurnalisme Profetik Pada Reportase Investigatif Episode “Geliat PSK ABG” di Trans TV
Authors: Kulsum Umi , Darajat Deden Mauli
Published: January 2021

Kehadiran program reportase investigasi diminati penonton selain karena substansi pemberitaannya yang mendalam juga sarana kritik sosial. Di antaranya adalah episode Geliat PSK ABG Trans TV yang ditayangkan pada 8 Februari 2015, yang mengungkap praktik prostitusi di salah satu sekolah di Jawa Barat. Menariknya, guru mengetahui bahkan terlibat dalam praktik prostitusi tersebut. Artinya, kasus prostitusi saat ini tidak hanya melibatkan orang dewasa tetapi telah menyasar anak sekolah. Alasan utamanya adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan finansial yang tidak tercukupi, dan mirisnya hal ini menjadi hal lumrah. Selain itu tayangan yang berdurasi 15 menit ini banyak menggunakan simbol-simbol Islam, seperti penggunaan kata alim dan pelibatan wanita berjilbab.Untuk memahami wacana tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis wacana Teun A. Van Dijk. Metode ini menganalisis suatu wacana dilihat dari tiga level, yaitu teks, kognisi sosial dan konteks sosial. Untuk data kognisi sosial dilakukan dengan cara wawancara mendalam dengan produser tayangan tersebut, sementara konteks sosial diteliti dengan mengkaji isu yang berkembang di masyarakat. Adapun pendekatan penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-deskriptif.
Dialog Pemikiran Tentang Norma Riba, Bunga Bank, Dan Bagi Hasil di Kalangan Ulama
Authors: Ahyani Hisam , Permana Dian , Abduloh Agus Yosep
Published: January 2021

This research found that the Norma of Riba in Islamic Economics is a khilafiyah problem as well as the law of Bank Interest, in principle, mutual tolerance and mutual respect and respect for inter-opinions must be put forward. This is because each group of ulama has devoted their energy to seeking the law of the problem, and in the end their opinion remains different. Profit sharing norms in Islamic economics are an innovative step in an Islamic economy that is not only in accordance with people's behavior, but more than that profit sharing is a social balance step in obtaining economic opportunities. Thus, the profit sharing system can be seen as a more effective measure to prevent conflict between the rich and the poor from occurring in social life. The impact of Bank Interest (Riba) on the Country's Economy, among others, has an impact on several sectors including the Economic Impact. The higher the interest rate, the higher the price to be set on an item. Social Impact, the social impact of society related to Riba in terms of unfair income. Impact of Company Resilience, only companies that have resilience will survive
Incidence and Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools
Authors: Zimmerman Kanecia O. , Akinboyo Ibukunoluwa C. , Brookhart M. Alan , Boutzoukas Angelique E. , McGann Kathleen A. , Smith Michael J. , Maradiaga Panayotti Gabriela , Armstrong Sarah C. , Bristow Helen , Parker Donna , Zadrozny Sabrina , Weber David J. , Benjamin Daniel K. ,   FOR THE ABC SCIENCE COLLABORATIVE
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND:

In an effort to mitigate the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), North Carolina closed prekindergarten through grade 12 public schools to in-person instruction on March 14, 2020. On July 15, 2020, North Carolina’s governor announced schools could open via remote learning or a hybrid model that combined in-person and remote instruction. In August 2020, 56 of 115 North Carolina school districts joined The ABC Science Collaborative (ABCs) to implement public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission and share lessons learned. We describe secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within participating school districts during the first 9 weeks of in-person instruction in the 2020–2021 academic year.

METHODS:

From August 15, 2020 to October 23, 2020, 11 of 56 school districts participating in ABCs were open for in-person instruction for all 9 weeks of the first quarter and agreed to track incidence and secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Local health department staff adjudicated secondary transmission. Superintendents met weekly with ABCs faculty to share lessons learned and develop prevention methods.

RESULTS:

Over 9 weeks, 11 participating school districts had >90 000 students and staff attend school in person. Among these students and staff, 773 community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections were documented by molecular testing. Through contact tracing, health department staff determined an additional 32 infections were acquired within schools. No instances of child-to-adult transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were reported within schools.

CONCLUSIONS:

In the first 9 weeks of in-person instruction in North Carolina schools, we found extremely limited within-school secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as determined by contact tracing.
Variación poblacional de tres especies de piqueros (Suliformes: Sulidae) en isla Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano, según la temperatura del mar
Authors: Perlaza Gamboa Alejandro , Giraldo Alan , Payán Luis Fernando , Estela Felipe A.
Published: January 2021

Introducción: La alteración de la temperatura del ambiente pelágico puede repercutir en la variación poblacional de los consumidores tope como las aves marinas. Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta poblacional de tres especies de piqueros en isla Gorgona (Pacífico colombiano) con respecto a la variabilidad local y regional de las condiciones de temperatura superficial del mar (TSM). Métodos: Se analizaron las tendencias mensuales de la abundancia de Sula leucogaster, Sula nebouxii y Sula variegata en relación a la variación de la TSM en el área de influencia de Gorgona, la región de San José en la costa del Perú y la región Niño 1+2. Resultados: La mayor correlación positiva se presentó entre S. nebouxii y S. variegata con la TSM de la región Niño 1+2, con un desfase de cuatro y cinco meses, respectivamente. Este desfase temporal posiblemente corresponde al tiempo que demora su migración entre la costa peruana y Gorgona. En contraste, la abundancia de S. leucogaster disminuyó al aumentar la TSM mensual de Gorgona. Conclusiones: Es probable que las tendencias descritas estén relacionadas con la disminución de la productividad y disponibilidad de presas asociadas con temperaturas más cálidas en estas áreas. Se sugiere que la TSM puede influir sobre las tendencias de abundancia de los tres piqueros, y su continuo monitoreo permitirá mejorar el conocimiento sobre la variación natural de estas poblaciones.
Trophic ecology of the fish Leporinus piau (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in an area influenced by a dam in the Parnaíba River
Authors: Feitosa Francimário S. , Rezende Carla Ferreira
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Hydroelectric dams have several impacts on migratory fish, such as decreasing their abundance, local extinctions, and changes in the assemblage structure. Objective: To investigate the trophic and reproductive strategies of Leporinus piau upstream and downstream from a hydroelectric dam in the Parnaíba River. Methods: We identified food items and calculated trophic niche breadth in both sites to characterize the feeding strategy. We conducted permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) to determine differences in diet between sites, followed by a SIMPER analysis in order to show which items were the most dissimilar. To characterize the reproductive strategy, we analyzed weight/length relationship, body condition factor, gonadosomatic index, and size at first maturity. Results: Leporinus piau was classified as an omnivore with a predominantly plant-based diet at both sites. The diet and niche breadth varied between sites. The condition factor differed between sites while size at first maturity differed between sites and sexes. Conclusions: Leporinus piau variations upstream and downstream from a hydroelectric dam in the Parnaíba River are results of differences in life histories traits, as identified in the life history theory, which clarifies the differences on trophic and reproductive strategies.
Variación espacio-temporal de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en la Lindosa, Guayana colombiana
Authors: Córdoba-Ariza Paula Gabriela , Rincón-Palau Katterine , Donato-R. Jhon Ch. , González-Trujillo Juan David
Published: January 2021

Introducción: Describir los patrones de biodiversidad y los mecanismos que los subyacen es indispensable para afrontar las desenfrenadas presiones sobre los ecosistemas de agua dulce en el trópico. Esto es particularmente relevante en regiones escasamente estudiadas como el escudo guayanés colombiano Objetivo: Describir la estructura taxonómica y funcional de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados, y evaluar su variación a lo largo de escalas espaciales y temporales Métodos: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados de cuatro ríos fueron muestreadas durante la época seca del 2017 y 2018. Adicionalmente, se evaluaron los patrones de diversidad dentro y entre los ríos y entre diferentes meses de muestreo en uno de los cursos hídricos. Los patrones de diversidad fueron evaluados mediante la comparación de los patrones entre y dentro de los ríos de la diversidad alfa (diferencias en la riqueza y abundancia de taxones entre comunidades) y de la diversidad beta (diferencias en la composición de taxones entre comunidades). La diversidad alfa fue estimada usando los números de Hill, mientras que la diversidad beta se estimó usando los índices de Sorensen y Morisita-Horn y comparada usando un análisis de similaridad (ANOSIM). Resultados: La composición de taxones fue distinta dentro (escala de mesohábitat) y entre los ríos (escala regional). Sin embargo, la composición de FFG cambió entre, pero no dentro de los ríos. La comparación de los números de Hill y de la composición de taxones sugiere que el tipo de mesohábitat es un factor determinante de la diversidad taxonómica pero no de la diversidad de FFG en distintas escalas. En la escala temporal, la diversidad alfa fue baja para los meses con altas precipitaciones (febrero-abril) y alta para la temporada seca (enero). La diversidad beta temporal fue alta para los periodos muestreados y los procesos de anidamiento fueron el componente más notable de la diversidad beta a lo largo del año.  Conclusión: Los ríos de la Serranía de la Lindosa albergan una alta diversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos. La estacionalidad y las diferencias en la heterogeneidad del hábitat dentro de los ríos parecen determinar los patrones de diversidad observados a diferentes escalas temporales y espaciales. Profundizar en su estudio es necesario para entender el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas y mejorar la habilidad para generar estrategias de manejo y conservación.
Páramos Neotropicales como unidades biogeográficas
Authors: Diaz Acevedo Carlos Javier , Romero-Alarcon Leidy Viviana , Miranda-Esquivel Daniel Rafael
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El Páramo se ha definido desde diversos acercamientos, teniendo en cuenta factores de fácil reconocimiento o medición. A nivel biogeográfico se ha evaluado con métodos ampliamente criticados para la identificación de áreas de endemismo. El análisis de endemicidad, pese a su importancia y amplio reconocimiento, no se ha utilizado como herramienta para evaluar el Páramo. Objetivo: Determinar si los páramos neotropicales es una o varias unidades biogeográficas. Métodos: Incluimos registros de Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta y Spermatophyta, para los que encontramos 7 025 especies con 193 250 presencias viables obtenidas desde GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) [a septiembre de 2018]. Usamos cada grupo taxonómico como una partición independiente, y generamos particiones adicionales como plantas totales (Plantas-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), animales totales (Animales-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia) y evidencia total (Plantas-T + Animales-T). Utilizamos el criterio de optimalidad para identificar áreas de endemismo. Realizamos el análisis usando dos tamaños de cuadrícula 0.5 y 0.25°. Con las áreas obtenidas, calculamos la intersección con los polígonos que representan las definiciones de páramo generadas por otros autores. Resultados: Con los dos tamaños de cuadrícula identificamos áreas de endemismo en diferentes sectores; sin embargo, el tamaño de 0.25° nos permitió mayor resolución al identificar los sectores en alta montaña. Estos sectores corresponden a ocho zonas que denominamos subprovincias: Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Cordillera Central-Occidental, Norte de Ecuador, Centro-Sur de Ecuador y Talamanca, las cuales fueron congruentes entre un 4 y un 66 % con las definiciones previas. Conclusiones: Páramo se ha planteado como una sola unidad biogeográfica; sin embargo, dado nuestros análisis, lo identificamos como ocho subprovincias biogeográficas, congruentes con estudios previamente publicados.
Validación de una prueba serológica para detectar la infección por Helicobacter pylori en Costa Rica
Authors: Chacón Ericka Méndez , Ramírez Vanessa , Malespín-Bendaña Wendy , Pérez-Pérez Guillermo , Une Clas
Published: January 2021

Introducción: Helicobacter pylori es una bacteria Gram negativa capaz de sobrevivir y multiplicarse en la mucosa gástrica humana. Es el factor más importante en el desarrollo de gastritis atrófica crónica, úlcera péptica, linfoma MALT y adenocarcinoma. Se estima que la mitad de la población mundial está infectada con esta bacteria. La baja en calidad de vida y el costo económico causados por la infección por H. pylori son importantes. Existen varios métodos para su diagnóstico, pero algunos son invasivos, de alto costo o ambos. Objetivo: Comparar una prueba serológica de bajo costo basada en la técnica de ELISA para detección de IgG, usando la prueba de urea en aliento (PYtest) como método de referencia. Métodos: Se calculó el área bajo la curva ROC, sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. Se utilizaron 45 muestras de suero para validar la prueba de ELISA, mientras que para su evaluación se usaron otras 185 muestras de suero. Resultados: El punto de corte para discriminar entre positivos y negativos para la infección por H. pylori fue de 0.75 en la razón de densidad óptica entre los sueros de las muestras y el control positivo. A mayor valor de la razón, más probabilidad de ser positivo para la infección. Usando este criterio, la prueba tuvo una sensibilidad del 91.4 % y una especificidad del 93.7 %. Todos los valores diagnósticos mejoran al considerar una zona gris.Conclusiones: En la población estudiada, la prueba serológica se comporta de forma equivalente a la prueba de urea en aliento. Tiene la ventaja de que es más asequible a la población general por su bajo costo. La prueba podría ser usada en investigación clínica a gran escala.
Phylogeny and latitudinal biogeography of the Papillomaviridae Family
Authors: Zambrano-Mila Marlon S. , Sibaja-Cordero Jeffrey A. , Alfaro-Núñez Alonzo
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), a fundamental ecology pattern for higher organisms, has explained the increase of species diversity from the poles towards the tropics. Can we explain the biodiversity of Papillomaviruses based on this pattern? Objective: To analyse the phylogenetic diversity and phylogeography of most known genotypes and species belonging to Papillomaviridae Family isolated and molecularly characterized by distant latitudinal locations around the world. Methods: We collected 238 gene sequences encoding for the L1 and L2 viral capsid proteins from PaVE database. A geographical heat map based on the PV locations allowed to analyse the distribution and the number of PV species per country. Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree based on concatenated amino acid sequences L1 and L2 was constructed using a combination of Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods with Geneious version 11.2.1 and BEAST version 1.8.4.  Statistical analysis with Principal Coordinate Analyses (PCA) using the Jaccard similarity index for presence-absence were carried out to test the similarity of the groups in the phylogenetic tree based on their viral species, the host and origin country lists. Distance-based redundancy analysis generated an ordination plot of the similarity of viral species list per group of the phylogenetic tree vs. host species per group, the country list per group and the number of samples per group. Finally, the significance of each model was tested by Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: A clear tendency of most of the papillomavirus (PV) species clustering in the Northern regions appeared. Our phylogenetic analyses largely support the taxonomic division into major papillomavirus genera (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Lambda, Xi, Upsilon and Chi papillomaviruses), as reported in previous studies. Chelonid PV’s, a papillomavirus in turtles, appeared as the oldest group for all papillomaviruses. Minor inconsistencies were found within some of the major taxonomic groups explained by the exhausted phylogenetic analyses. Due to the different sampling data efforts with little replication in certain groups, hosts and countries, numerical models did not fit to the proposed hypothesis. Conclusions: Phylogeographical analysis allowed determining the global distribution of papillomaviruses species diversity per latitudinal location. As most of the papillomavirus (PV) species were clustered in the Northern regions, this may clearly represent a statistical bias because larger efforts in PV studies have historically been done in the US and Europe. The biogeographical trend of a latitudinal diversity gradient does not apply for papillomaviruses. Even though no support to the phylogeographical pattern of LDG for PV was obtained, our results may only be the product of a socio-economical-scientific artefact and not a natural phenomenon.
Mexico’s Biocultural Diversity in Peril
Authors: Vidal Omar , Brusca Richard C.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Places with high species diversity have high linguistic diversity, whereas areas with low species diversity tend to have low linguistic diversity. Objective: To characterize the intriguing relationship between biological and cultural diversity, a correlation that has been discussed at a global scale, but here tested for the first time in Mexico. Methods: We compiled exhaustive databases on both endangered species and endangered languages, and reviewed available literature on Mexico’s biocultural diversity with a focus on endangered and critically endangered species and languages. Results: With 364 living languages, Mexico is the world’s fifth most linguistically diverse country, but 64 of these languages are facing a very high risk of disappearance and 13 have already disappeared. Mexico is also the fourth most biologically diverse country, but 1 213 species of its flora and fauna are threatened with extinction and at least 127 species were recently extinct. Conclusions: Indigenous peoples are custodians of much of the world’s biocultural diversity. As the world grows less linguistically and culturally diverse, it is also becoming less biologically diverse. Mexico’s biological and linguistic diversity show strong geographic overlap, with the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, Guerrero, and Michoacán harboring most species and most languages. Similarly, Mexico’s biodiversity hotspots mirror language hotspots, and areas with the highest number of endangered species overlap with areas where the endangerment of languages is also the highest.
Aproximación morfológica y molecular al conocimiento de las ofiuras (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) en el Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas (Pacífico Norte, Costa Rica)
Authors: Sánchez Andrea Varela , Templado José , Machordom Annie
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El conocimiento de la Clase Ophiuroidea es muy escaso y deficiente, a pesar de ser la que presenta el mayor número de especies del Filo Echinodermata con hasta 2 100. Además, apenas existen publicaciones dedicadas específicamente al grupo de las ofiuras en la vertiente pacífica de Costa Rica. Objetivo: La caracterización morfológica y genética de las ofiuras de la franja intermareal y sublitoral somero del Parque Nacional Marino Las Baulas (Pacífico de Costa Rica). Métodos: El periodo de recolecta se extendió entre enero y abril de 2018 y tuvo lugar a lo largo de siete localidades: Punta del Morro, Playa Carbón, Playa Ventanas, Playa Grande, Playa Tamarindo Ciudad, Playa Tamarindo y Playa Langosta. Se ha realizado la caracterización de 214 ofiuras mediante claves taxonómicas, descripciones originales y el marcador mitocondrial citocromo c oxidasa subunidad I (COI). Resultados: En total, combinando los caracteres morfológicos y genéticos, se han identificado 11 especies, cuatro de las cuales podrían ser nuevas, nueve constituyen nuevos registros en el parque y una de las especies se ha encontrado por primera vez en Costa Rica (Ophiophragmus aff. stellatus). Además, se han identificado individuos juveniles y se han encontrado dos especies crípticas. Conclusión: Del estudio molecular se concluye que el marcador COI es útil para delimitar molecularmente las especies y establecer relaciones filogenéticas para los niveles taxonómicos de género y especie, pero no para los superiores. Se aportan observaciones morfológicas e imágenes como contribución a la taxonomía del grupo.
Reconstrucción histórica de la precipitación en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, México, mediante anillos de crecimiento en Taxodium mucronatum (Cupressaceae)
Authors: Osorio-Osorio José Antonio , Astudillo-Sánchez Claudia Cecilia , Villanueva-Díaz José , Soria-Díaz Leroy , Vargas-Tristán Virginia
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El conocimiento histórico del clima es fundamental para analizar su variabilidad en el tiempo y su impacto en los ecosistemas y poblaciones humanas. Objetivo: Analizar el crecimiento anual de los árboles de sabino, también conocido como ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) del río Sabinas para reconstruir la variabilidad de precipitación histórica en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, Tamaulipas, México. Métodos: Se fecharon los crecimientos anuales de 116 muestras de sabino, a partir de las cuales se desarrolló una cronología de 544 años (1474-2017). El periodo que sustentó un número de muestras adecuado para el análisis climático se extiende de 1550 a 2017 (468 años). Resultados: Con base en el análisis de función respuesta se determinó que la precipitación de invierno-primavera (noviembre-mayo) influyó de manera significativa en el crecimiento de los sabinos en el área de estudio (r= 0.77, P < 0.001). La reconstrucción registró una variabilidad climática alta a nivel interanual y entre décadas, en la cual, se identificó la presencia de sequías a principios y finales de cada siglo, así como la presencia de sequías extremas cíclicas cada 50 años. Estas sequías destacaron por su impacto social y económico a nivel nacional y regional. Las sequías más importantes son el “Año Uno Conejo” de acuerdo con el calendario Azteca, en 1558; la sequía de1696 con un impacto fuerte en el noreste de México; “El Año del Hambre” en 1785-1786, en México desde 1784; la sequía de 1801 que trajo consigo la escasez de alimentos; la de 1951 dentro del periodo de “Migración masiva del sector rural”; y la sequía más reciente, registrada en 2011. Las lluvias extremas más representativas sucedieron en 1756 y 1816. Conclusiones: De seguir el patrón de precipitación registrado en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, es posible esperar la presencia de sequías extremas a mediados y finales del siglo XXI.
Reproduction of fishes of the Verde River, upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil
Authors: Neves Josias Batista , André Gubiani Éder , Leandro da Silva Pedro Rogério , Baumgartner Dirceu , Baumgartner Gilmar
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Introduction: Understanding the various aspects of the reproductive biology of fish is a key step towards applying effective strategies for sustainable management of fishery resources. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the sex ratio, reproductive period and lengths at first maturity for 30 fish species caught in the Verde River, upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil. Methods: Fish were sampled monthly from November 2010 to March 2011 and from October 2011 to February 2012, and sampled quarterly from May to August in 2011 and 2012; totaling 14 samples. Fish were measured and weighed in the laboratory. In addition, gender and gonadal developmental stage were identified macroscopically. Subsequently, the sex ratio was determined and significant differences were tested using the chi-square (χ²) method. The reproductive period was determined with the use of gonadal developmental stages and the gonadosomatic index. Lastly, length at first maturity was estimated only for the species that presented individuals with sufficient immature and mature gonads to adjust the model. Results: Of the captured individuals, 51.5 % were male, and 48.5 % were female. Fifteen species showed significant differences in their sex ratios. The reproductive period for most species occurred from October to February, with reproductive peaks in November, December and January. The length at first maturity was estimated for only five species, including Salminus brasiliensis, a keystone species. Conclusions: The sex ratios revealed that for many species, there is a predominance of males over females, which was not expected for this parameter. The reproductive period follows the same pattern observed in Neotropical fish. However, it is noteworthy that some species are starting their reproduction in August.
Hábitos alimenticios de Caranx vinctus (Perciformes: Carangidae), especie de importancia comercial en la bahía de Acapulco, Guerrero, México
Authors: Vázquez Ozuna María Isabel , Cerdenares Ladrón de Guevara Genoveva , Rojas Herrera Agustín Aucencio , Violante González Juan , García Ibañez Sergio , Rosas Guerrero Victor Manuel
Published: January 2021

Introducción: Caranx vinctus es una especie importante en las pesquerías locales, utilizada como fuente de proteína para el consumo humano, sin embargo, su ecología trófica es poco conocida en las costas de Pacífico mexicano. Objetivo: Conocer los hábitos alimenticios de C. vinctus. Métodos: Se analizaron los contenidos estomacales de 268 ejemplares, capturados mediante el arte de pesca, chinchorro playero, en la sociedad cooperativa Playa las Hamacas, en la Bahía de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Se aplicó el índice de importancia relativa específica de la presa (% PSIRI) para determinar las principales categorías alimenticias (ítems). La amplitud de la dieta se calculó utilizando el índice de Levin. Las posibles diferencias en la dieta por sexo, madurez sexual o temporada se identificaron a través del índice Morisita Horn y un análisis multivariado ANOSIM. Resultados: Los principales ítems fueron crustáceos representados principalmente por larvas megalopa de Portunoidae (16.51 %), Teleostei (12.7 %), materia orgánica no identificada (11.2 %), y Anchoa ischana (10.6 %) El índice de Levin indica baja amplitud del nicho trófico (Bi = 0.29) por lo que se le puede considerar como un depredador especialista con marcadas preferencias hacia algunos tipos alimentarios. El índice de Morisita Horn indicó que, se presentó un traslape entre las dietas por sexo (hembras y machos Cλ = 0.84), pero no entre madurez sexual (Juveniles y adultos Cλ = 0.56) y temporadas (Lluvias y secas Cλ = 0.03). Un análisis ANOSIM indicó que había diferencias significativas en la dieta de C. vinctus por sexo, madurez sexual y temporada. Conclusión: Se estableció que de manera general C. vinctus es una especie zooplantófaga e ictiófaga (Nivel Trófico = 3.39).
Productive traits, blood biochemical parameters and meat quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) fed with supplement of nutmeg extract (Myristica fragrans)
Authors: Stoev Ts. , Zhelyazkov G.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary nutmeg extract (Myristica fragrans) supplement on the survival rate, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), economic efficiency (ECR), blood biochemical parameters, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), cultivated in a recirculation system. One hundred and sixty rainbow trouts were distributed in two experimental variants, each with two replications with 80 fish in one group. The average initial live weight of trouts from control (C) and experimental (E) groups was 13.43±0.33 g and 13.46±0.29 g, respectively. Fish were reared in concrete tanks with effective volume of 0.8 m3, part of a recirculation system. Trouts were fed „Aqua garant UNI“ extruded feed produced by Garant-Tiernahrung Gesellschaft m.b.H. – Austria, with pellet size of 2 mm. The feed of fish from the experimental group was supplemented with 1% powdered nutmeg extract (P.I.C.Co LTD), by lubricating the pellets with 5 ml sunflower oil/100 g feed. Control rainbow trouts received feed lubricated with the same amount of sunflower oil. Fish from both groups were fed 3 times daily and their ration was 3% of body weight. The experimental period lasted 60 days. The dietary supplementation of rainbow trouts with nutmeg extract had a negative impact on growth performance and economic efficiency of farming of the species. Final live weight and average individual weight gain were lower, and FCR and ECR values were inferior vs controls. The nutmeg extract had also an adverse effect on water content and dry matter of meat from supplemented fish. A positive effect was demonstrated only on meat fat content, which was substantially lower compared to that of control fish. Despite the higher SFA as well as lower UFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-6 and n-3 fatty acid content of trout meat that received nutmeg extract with feed, the PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios remained within the favourable range for human nutrition, e.g. >0.4 and <5, respectively.
Species composition and density of weeds in a grain maize crop depending of soil tillage
Authors: Yankov P. , Drumeva M.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The study was carried out during 2014-2016 on slightly leached chernozem soil type. The species composition and density of weeds were studied in grain maize grown after previous crop wheat under the following main soil tillage types: ploughing at 24-26 cm, chisel plough at 24-26 cm and no-tillage (direct sowing). The additional tilths of the areas with ploughed and loosened soil included single disking in autumn and double pre-sowing harrowing in spring. A total herbicide was applied for control of the emerging weeds in the variant with direct sowing. The weed control was done according to the standard technology for growing of the crop in this region – treatment with herbicides at stage 3rd-5th leaf of the plants. Weed infestation was read in spring prior to the pre-sowing tillage, immediately before the vegetation treatment with herbicides, and after harvesting. The type of main soil tillage had a statistically significant effect on the species composition and the density of weeds in the grain maize crops grown after previous crop wheat. The use of ploughing, in parallel with the use of chemicals for weed control, decreased the weed infestation in the maize crops. The lower density of weeds under this main soil tillage type was related to changes in the composition and the relative percentage of the respective species in the total infestation. The use of tilths without turning the surface layer and no-tillage in the crop rotation, in spite of the application of herbicides, contributed to the increase of the amount of weeds. The reason for this was the higher variability of weed species typical for shallow tillage types.
Diversity of Lactobacillus microflora in homemade raw sausages during the ripening
Authors: StojanovskI S. , Cilev G. , Trajanoska B. , Stamatova-Yovcheva K. , Yovchev D.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The main purpose of our study is to prove the diversity of the Lactobacillus microflora in domestic raw sausages during ripening. Raw sausages from pork meat (bacon from the neck, front pig shoulder, pork belly) with the addition of salt, red chili pepper and mint were prepared for that purpose. They matured in a maturation chamber for 60 days. A total of 6 samples from different stages of natural ripening of raw sausages were taken for testing. The raw sausage samples were diluted in saline solution, homogenized, serially diluted in the same solution and plated on MRS agar; the plates were incubated at 42°C for 24 – 48 h. A total of 24 strains were isolated and identified as Lactobacillus spp. based on their growth, gram-stain activity, catalase and oxidase. Their affiliation to this genus was confirmed by PCR with genus specific primers, 16S ribosomal RNA. The results show different Lactobacillus species: Lactobacillus plantarum – 37%, Lactobacillus sakei – 28%, Lactobacillus brevis – 20% and Lactobacillus curvatus 15%.
Environmental issues as a non-financial reporting area using the example of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Authors: Czaja-Cieszyńska Hanna
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article is to assess the comparability of non-financial disclosures on the impact of economic activity on the natural environment in reports of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The ten largest listed companies listed in the WIG-20 index were selected for the study. The analysis of the reports was based on the following disclosure categories: Materials and raw materials, Fuels and energy, Water, Biodiversity, Emissions to the atmosphere, Waste and Effluents, and Others. Within these categories, 14 key environmental non-financial indicators were defined. The empirical study carried out confirmed that the non-financial reports analyzed in all of the seven categories of disclosures were not fully comparable. The research methods used were: literature studies, analysis of legal regulations, analysis of secondary data, as well as methods of induction and synthesis.
O filozofii Karola Wojtyły i nauczaniu Jana Pawła II w kontekście ochrony osoby i wspólnoty
Authors: Grabińska Teresa
Published: January 2021

Celem niniejszej książki jest przypomnienie personalistycznej antropologii św. Jana Pawła II, nieśmiało zrekonstruowanej w oparciu o Jego filozofię, precyzyjnie budowaną przez Niego, jeszcze jako Karola Wojtyłę, a następnie upowszechnianą w Jego nauczaniu papieskim. To upowszechnianie kierowane było do serc i umysłów ludzi współczesnych w celu odkrycia w sobie owego potencjału osobowego, zwłaszcza w dobie apoteozy indywidualizmu. Tekst książki powstawał w postaci mniejszych całości pod koniec lat 90. XX wieku i w pierwszych latach wieku XXI. Mimo upływu czasu nie stracił na aktualności, ale to wyłącznie dzięki autentycznej posłudze myślenia św. Jana Pawła II, która promieniuje tak silnie swym dziełem, że jest w stanie przywrócić współczesnemu człowiekowi jego ontyczną osobowość, spokrewnioną z osobą Boską, nie zaś – jak w tych najbardziej radykalnych projektach posthumanistów, mamić go wcieleniem się w byt nadprzyrodzony.
The Election of John Paul II: the Reaction from the Soviet Union
Authors: Beliakova N. A. , Bilotas V. P.
Published: January 2021

The article presents a panorama of the religious life of Catholics in the republics of the Soviet Union at the time of the election of Pope John Paul II. The authors describe concepts that dominated the thinking of the Soviet leadership in its relations with the Vatican, and note the absence of a clear strategy at the international level. They pay close attention to the consolidated protest movement of Catholics in the Soviet Union of the 1970s, especially in Lithuania, and how the Lithuanian Catholic samizdat reflected the reaction to the election of a new Pope. The authors emphasize that by the time of John Paul II’s election, among the Catholics of the Soviet Union there was a growing protest movement, there was regular criticism of the Vatican's ‘Eastern Policy’, and there were public organizations that put the issue of discrimination against believers and churches on the public agenda. The article also describes the efforts of the Sovietleadership to consolidate the countries of Eastern Europe in the context of its relations with the Vatican, its attempts to use to its advantage the differences between political trends within the clergy of the Catholic Church.
Proposta de classificação dos diferentes tipos de estudos epidemiológicos descritivos
Authors: Merchán-Hamann Edgar , Tauil Pedro Luiz
Published: January 2021

Resumo A categoria dos estudos epidemiológicos descritivos é tema relevante, uma vez que existem inconsistências na literatura quanto a sua nomenclatura e classificação. Foram revistos livros de textos acadêmicos de epidemiologia, 19 estrangeiros e seis nacionais, sendo o critério principal tê-los disponíveis para revisão detalhada dos capítulos de epidemiologia descritiva e tipos de estudo. Em 11 livros, os autores dão prioridade aos estudos analíticos. Doze textos estrangeiros e dois brasileiros incluem estudos descritivos, apesar de a maioria não explicitar uma categoria específica com esse nome. Propõe-se uma classificação com base nas respostas a questões norteadoras de pesquisa, incluindo os seguintes tipos de estudos: relato de caso, série de casos, coorte clínica, estudo de prevalência, estudo de incidência (coorte) e estudo ecológico descritivo. Discutem-se as potencialidades do seu uso, a implementação de novos métodos de análise e sua relevância na vigilância à saúde.