bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Mammalian Cell Lines with lac Operator-Tagged Chromosomes: Figure 1.
Authors: Strukov Yuri G. , Belmont Andrew S.
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

The discovery and use of fluorescent proteins to label chromosomal proteins has yielded basic structural information as well as insights into dynamics that were previously inaccessible. This protocol describes a method for tagging specific chromosome sites using the lac operator/repressor system, wherein direct repeats of bacterial operator sequences are coupled with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged proteins that recognize these sequences. Direct lac operator repeats are generated by directional cloning. Although the use of direct repeats, as opposed to inverted repeats, reduces recombination within the bacterial host at high copy number, even the direct repeats are unstable, requiring the use of special bacterial hosts and low-copy-number plasmids for cloning. The introduction of the lac operator repeats into eukaryotic cells uses traditional transformation methods. Techniques for the isolation of stable cell clones with varying transgene copy numbers are described in the protocol, as are several methods for visual screening of large numbers of stable cell clones to isolate rare clones containing labeled chromosomal regions with desired features.
Transfecting Neural Crest Cells in Avian Embryos Using In Ovo Electroporation
Authors: Kadison Stephanie R. , Krull Catherine E.
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

This protocol outlines a method for introducing genes into the neural crest cells of avian embryos at vagal/cardiac and trunk levels. Electroporation offers the unique opportunity to misexpress genes or “knock down” the expression of their protein products using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) within targeted populations of cells. Electroporated cells can be visualized by using DNA plasmids that contain enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or other fluorescent reporter proteins.
Protein Nanospheres for Gene Delivery
Authors: Kommareddy Sushma , Amiji Mansoor M.
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

Nanoparticles have been widely used to overcome the barriers for drug delivery. Those prepared from natural polymers have a significant advantage over others prepared from synthetic polymers. This article outlines the advantages of gelatin for the preparation of nanoparticles and a method for preparing them. The uses of nanoparticles are also discussed. Cell trafficking can be studied using nanoparticles encapsulated with electron-dense material (e.g., gold); such particles are then visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DNA-encapsulated nanoparticles can be used for transfection and other methods of gene delivery. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of transfection studies is outlined briefly.
The Indian triatomine genus Linshcosteus (Reduviidae)
Authors: GHAURI M. S. K.
Published: January 2008

The Indian genus Linshcosteus is revised and a key provided to the three species L.carnifex Distant; L.confumus sp.n.; L.costalis sp.n. One or both of the new species described here is the host of the egg parasite Gryon linshcostei Masner (Scelionidae) which may be used in the biological control of the Triatoma vectors of Chagas' disease in South America.
The eggs of stick insects (Phasmida): a review with descriptions of the eggs of eleven species
Authors: CLARK J. T.
Published: January 2008

The terms used in the descriptive morphology of phasmid eggs are compared and standardized, and a check list of all known figures of phasmid eggs is presented. The eggs of eleven species commonly reared in Britain are described. About 5 % of phasmid species are known from the egg stage.
Macrolarviparous reproduction in Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Flerrar P.
Published: January 2008

Female flies of the subfamily Ameniinae were found by dissection to be macrolarviparous. The two ovaries each comprise two ovarioles, and a single egg passes at a time intoa large, muscular uterus, where it hatches and develops through the soft and rather featureless first larval instar. The larva moults in utero to a strongly spined, active second instar, with long, curved mandibular hooks and this stage is presumed to parasitize snails.

Details are given of the larval morphology of Amenia and Paramenia spp., and the indications that these give about taxonomic affinities. The posterior spiracles are sunk in a deep pit, as is found amongst Sarcophagidae. It is concluded that on the basis of adult and larval characters the Ameniinae is a somewhat specialized group of flies, most closely related to Calliphoridae and with some affinity to Sarcophagidae.
The British species of Aphelinus with notes and descriptions of other European Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Graham M. W. R. DE V.
Published: January 2008

A key is provided to eleven species of Aphelinus, and one misidentified European species is described as thomsoni sp.n. Redescriptions are given of four little known or misidentified species of Coccophagus. Some new synonymy is proposed inAphelinidae, and lectotypes are designated for most of the species involved. Thirty–twospecies in eleven genera are discussed.
A fake Heliconius (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Authors: Turner JOHN R. G. , HOLZINGER RUTH
Published: January 2008

Four ‘doubtful species’ are listed in catalogues of the genus Heliconius. All are non–existent: (1) H. Carolina (Herbst) is a forgery made from trimmed fragments of at least three butterflies, the two identifiable ones both beingH. erato; (2) H.cinereo–fuscus (Goeze) is a faded specimen of H.ricini; (3) H.arcuatus (Goeze) is so inadequately described that its identity cannot be determined, although it is apparently some species of heliconiine or ithomiine;(4)H.euclea (Godart) is the valid senior name of an ithomiid in the genus Hypothyris.
A new genus and species of mealybug with a consideration of morphological convergence in three arboreal species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: MILLER DOUGLASS R. , DENNO ROBERT F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Descriptions and illustrations are given of male and female instars of the mealybug Plotococcus eugeniae, gen.n. and sp.n. This pseudococcid inhabits the dense hammock vegetation of southern Florida and is found primarily on Eugenia. It has the unusual habit of infesting many microhabitats on leaf undersurfaces rather than limiting its distribution to primary and secondary veins as do most leaf‐inhabiting mealybugs. Plotococcus eugeniae has unusually long legs, tarsal claws, antennae, and lateral wax filaments. Leptococcus metroxyli Reyne from New Guinea and Macrocepicoccus loranthi Morrison from Guyana also have these features. These species are redescribed and illustrated, and morphological comparisons are given that document the similarity of gross body structure among all three taxa. Evidence is presented suggesting that the unique morphology of these species has evolved independently through selection for dispersal as adult females.
Geographical patterns of evolution in Neotropical Lepidoptera: differentiation of the species ofMelinaeaandMechanitis(Nymphalidae, Ithomiinae)*
Authors: S. BROWN KEITH
Published: January 2008

AbstractBiosystematic analysis incorporating abundant new field data from many parts of the Neotropics has led to an ordered revision of the mimetic ithomiine generaMelinaeaandMechanitis.The various polytypic species of these general probably served as prime movers for the differentiation of other mimetic butterflies in Quaternary forest refuges. The revisions are presented in the form of supplements to the works of Richard M. Fox on these genera, with analyses based on his divisions. Seven species (or monophyletic species‐groups) and sixty‐three well‐differentiated geographic subspecies (six of these described here for the first time) are recognized inMelinaea.Specimens are illustrated which demonstrate intergradation between refuge‐derived subspecies. Five species and fifty‐two differentiated subspecies are recognized inMechanitis, whose members are more abundant and gregarious, more plastic, and apparently more vagile than those ofMelinaea, resulting in fewer clear‐cut mimetic associations, more extensive blurring of differentiation patterns, and apparently fewer incipient biological species in this genus than inMelinaea.
A new species of Aphis from Potentilla palustris, with a discussion of related species
Authors: PRIOR R. N. B. , STROYAN H. L. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new species of Aphis, A, comari spm., is described from shoots and leaves of Potentilla (Comarum) palustris (L.) Scop. in England and Wales. Its biology and relationship to previously described species of Aphis L. from Potentilla species and Sanguisorba minor Scop. are discussed.
Proposals for a stable classification of the Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: LEWIS D. J. , YOUNG D.G. , FAIRCHILD G. B. , MINTER D. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.A practical system of classification and nomenclature for the Phlebotomine sandflies of the world is suggested, in the light of a re‐examination of the early taxonomic literature and a critical appraisal of recent studies. A stable and simple classification of the sandflies as the subfamily Phlebotominae, family Psychodidae, is given, in which are recognized only five genera but a larger number of subgenera, species groups and lesser, informal, categories.

The various groupings, many of which are discussed, are considered to form a stable general framework with flexible subdivisions into which recent and future ideas may be assimilated. The system should cause minimum confusion and give maximum ease of data‐retrieval to taxonomists and other scientists concerned with the classification of sandflies for pure or applied purposes.
Taxonomic review of immature dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: EDMONDS W. D. , HALFFTER GONZALO
Published: January 2008

Discussion of the taxonomy of scarabaeine larvae includes: (i) a redescription of the subfamily Scarabaeinae based upon larval characters, (ii) descriptions of known genera based upon larvae, and (iii) a key to known genera. Twenty‐five genera representing each of the six currently recognized tribes and most subtribes are considered:Onthophagus, Liatongus, Oniticellus, Onitis, Bubas, Dichotomius, Ontherus, Ateuchus, Scatimus, Canthidium, Neocanthidium, Copris, Heliocopris, Phanaeus, Coprophanaeus, Sulcophanaeus, Sisyphus, Gymnopleurus, Scarabaeus, Megathopa, Canthon. Deltochilum, Canthochilum, Arachnodes and Eurysternus.Four others are treated briefly:Chironitis, Synapsis, Catharsius, Nesosisyphus.On morphological and other grounds,ScatimusandHeliocoprisare removed from the subtribe Coprina and reassigned to Dichotomiina. There is little about the variation among larvae studied which supports or weakens the current tribal classification based upon adults as there emerge no combinations of larval characters which satisfactorily define generic groupings. Discussion of scarabaeine pupae is limited to description of pupal support projections of known genera and to definition of the support system characteristic of the subfamily, which is functionally related to nesting behaviour culminating in metamorphosis within a spheroid pupation chamber.
The subgenus Scaptodrosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: BOCK I. R. , PARSONS P. A.
Published: January 2008

Four major subgenera, Drosophila, Sophophora, Hirtodrosophila and Scaptodrosophila, and several minor subgenera, have been recognized in the genus Drosophila. The hitherto little studied subgenus Scaptodrosophila, possessing a complicated synonymy, contains 144 named species, or about 11% of the total described in the genus; it is likely that many more Scaptodrosophila species await discovery. Scaptodrosophila probably originated in tropical Asia, and the greatest Scaptodrosophila faunas occur in Asia, south‐east Asia, New Guinea, Australia and Africa, with very few species in north and south America and Europe. Scaptodrosophila species usually possess a pair of prescutellar bristles, a propleural bristle, and three large subequal sternopleural bristles; other morphological features are more variable. Ecological information concerning the majority of Scaprodrosophila species is scanty or absent, but known feeding or breeding sites include tree sap, fungi, fruit, flowers and 1eaf litter; larvae of at least one species are gall forming in plant tissues. The establishment of species groups is complicated by lack of detailed knowledge of many species, but six groups containing four or more species are recognized.
Further notes on family‐group names of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: FITTON M. G. , GAULD I. D.
Published: January 2008

The name Phygadeuontinae Foerster, 1868 is chosen, from those available, for the ichneumonid subfamily known previously as the Hemitelinae, Gelinae or Cryptinae. These latter three names are incorrect under theInternational Code.The operation of the first reviser principle in this case is explained. Other additions and corrections to the treatment of family‐group names of Ichneumonidae recently published by the same authors are also given.
The affinities of Loboscelidia Westwood (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Loboscelidiinae)
Authors: DAY MICHAEL C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The structure of the abdomen of males and females of Loboscelidia Westwood has been examined in order to establish the probable relationships of the family‐group taxon based on Loboscelida. The abdomens are described, figured and compared with those of possible sister‐groups. Other aspects of morphology and life‐history are discussed or summarized. In conclusion,. the Loboscelidiinae is placed as a subfamily of Chrysididae closely related to the Amiseginae. Loboscelidia is shown to be noticeably sexually dimorphic. Scelidoloba Maa & Yoshimoto is newly synonymized with Loboscelidia, and a replacement name is proposed for an included species.
Labellar microstructure in tsetse flies (Glossinidae)
Authors: POPHAM EDWARD J. , ABDILLAHI M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Stereo‐electron micrographs of the labellar armature of eleven of the commoner species of Glossina indicate that the most generalized type of labellum occurs in G.palpalis, a species which feeds on a wide range of animals. The species of the fusca and morsitans groups show independently evolved adaptations to feeding on bovids and other mammals. G.brevipalpis has a generalized type of labellum with special adaptations to feeding on hippopotamus and suids and the labellum of G.longipennis is specialized for feeding on elephant and rhinoceros. The range of labellar structure within Glossina is not entirely consistent with the traditional classification of the genus into fusca, palpalis and morsitans species‐groups.
Function, homology and terminology in insect wings
Authors: WOOTTON ROBIN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The history of current systems of wing nomenclature is summarized, and the underlying principles reviewed. The homologies of wing areas are clarified, with particular reference to the functions and positions of longitudinal lines of bending in the wings. Distinction is drawn between flexion‐lines, primarily aerodynamic in function, and fold‐lines, which are primarily concerned with wing‐folding. Of these the claval furrow ‐ a flexion‐line ‐ and the jugal fold‐line are, when recognizable, nearly constant in position, and are hence valid area boundaries and useful landmarks in vein identification. The vannal fold‐line and the median flexion‐line are variable in position, and hence unsatisfactory area boundaries. The nature and functioning of fold‐ and flexion‐lines in the axilla of Locusta are described and illustrated, and names are proposed. Conflicting aspects of commonly‐used systems of wing terminology are evaluated; and illustrated recommendations are put forward for consistent naming of veins, branches and wing areas.
The larvae of the British species of Chrysolina (ChrysomeKdae)
Authors: MARSHALL JANE E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An illustrated key is given to the larvae of fifteen of the sixteen British species of the genus Chrysolina Motschulsky. Brief descriptive notes, distribution and host plant data are included for each species.
Species of the genus Thrips from India (Thysanoptera)
Authors: BHATTI J. S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The species of Thrips Linnaeus from the Indian region are revised, and a key is provided to the thirty‐three valid species, including eight new species and one new subspecies, Eight species customarily included in Taenio‐thrips Amyot & Serville are here included in Thrips and six species are newly placed in synonymy: Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (=Thrips exilicornis Hood from Africa); Thrips palmi Karny (=leucadophilus Priesner from Sudan); Thrips brunneus Anan. & Jaga. (=speratus zur Strassen from South West Africa); Thrips tabaci Lind.(=kallarensis (Anan.) from India); Thrips sumatrensis Priesner (=lucaenae Moulton from Guam); Thrips simplex (Morison) (=Taeniothrips quinani Moulton from South Africa). Isoneurothrips Bagnall is regarded as a synonym of Thrips, and Isothrips is treated as a synonym rather than as a sub‐genus. Two nominal species, beharensis (Ram. & Marg.) and rostratus (Ram. & Marg.) are considered unrecognizable at present.
Second stage larvae of nasal botflies (Oestridae) from African antelopes
Authors: HOWARD G. W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A key is provided to second stage larvae of the nine species of Oestrinae known to infest the nasal passages of African antelopes. Second stage larvae of Kirkioestrus blanchardi Gedoelst and Oestrus macdonaldi Rodhain & Bequaert are described for the first time while expanded descriptions are given for K.minutus (R. & B.), O.aureoargentatus R. & B. and O.variolosus (hew): the validity of these descriptions is supported by the coincidence of second instar cuticles and identifiable third instar cuticles in mature, pharate, second stage larvae. The antelope‐infesting species of Gedoelstia R. & B. and Rhinoestrus Brauer are also included. The use of posterior spiracles for the recognition of these larvae is discussed together with a consideration of their possible biological significance. Hosts and distributions are given for these nasal bots and their differing host specificities are discussed.
A new species of Dysmicoccus Ferris (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) from India
Authors: AVASTHI R. K. , SHAFEE S. ADAM
Published: January 2008

Dysmicoccus williamsi sp.n. is described and illustrated. A key is provided for the indentification of Oriental species of Dysmicoccus Ferris.
The Aslauga purpurascens complex of entomophagous butterflies (Lycaenidae)
Authors: COTTERELL C. B.
Published: January 2008

The Aslauga purpurascens complex is revised and six species are recognized: purpurascens Holland, marshalli Butler (=purpurascens marginaria Talbot syn.n.), latifurca sp.n., orientalis sp.n., atrophifurca sp.n. and australis spn. All species are described and illustrated and keys provided for their identification. Characters used in previous studies and in the present study are discussed and the literature is reviewed. The biology of the species is discussed with special reference to the appetitive sexual behaviour of adult males and to possible hostspecificity in larval predation of membracids and coccids. The significance of the geographical distribution of the species is examined.
A re‐examination of the scuttle‐fly genus Rhynchomicropteron (Phoridae), with two new species from Sarawak
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: January 2008

A re‐examination of puliciforme Annandale, the type‐species of Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, reveals errors in the original description; puliciforme is redescribed and Longirostrum Disney synonymized with Rhynchomicropteron which is redefined. Two new species, muluensis and vallacki, are described from Sarawak and a key to the six species of Rhynchomicropteron provided.
A new lyonetiid moth, a pest of winged‐bean
Authors: BRADLEY J. D. , CARTER D. J.
Published: January 2008

. Leucoptera psophocarpella sp.n., a minute lyonetiid moth (wing‐span ±4 mm) whose larvae damage the leaves of winged‐bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC.) (Leguminosae) in Papua New Guinea, is described from the adult, larva and pupa. This species is known locally as the ‘winged‐bean blotch miner’ because of the characteristic damage caused by the larvae. Figures are given of the diagnostic external, venational and genitalic characters of the adult and chaetotactic and morphological characters of the larva and pupa.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: platyscelis‐grovip systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the second in a series designed to cover taxonomi‐cally all species‐groupsof Agra,whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. A clear understanding of their phylo‐geny and distribution may provide very good data with which to test recently proposed hypotheses of tropical species richness and endemism, particularly the forest refugium and flood‐zone hypothesis. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process.

Four names are presented in new combinations:Agra baccii(Straneo),Agra platyscelis(Chaudoir),Agra guy anensis(Chaudoir) andAgra semiviridis(Straneo). All these species were originally placed inAgridia.One synonymy was detected;Agra clangorisLiebke is a junior synonymat A. guy anensis(Chaudoir).

Sixteen new species ofAgraare described from the following type‐localities:howdenorum(Simla, 5.0 miles north of Arima, Trinidad, West Indies),ecaligis(Rio Bobonanza, Mentalva, Ecuador),yodella(Gourdonville, French Guiana),limulus(Tarapoto, Peru),tumatumari(Rio Potaro, Tumatumari, Guyana),varzeicola(Parana Costa da Ilha de Curari (Rio Solimoes), Amazonas, Brazil),ariasi(Reserva Ducke, 26.0 km northeast of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil),oliven‐cana(Sao Paulo d'Olivenija, Amazonas, Brazil),iquitosana(Iquitos, Peru),tarapotoana(Tarapoto, Peru),titan(type area ‐ French Guiana),seabrae(Mangabeira, near Mocajuba, Para, Brazil),caliga(Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Republic of Panama),yeti(Rosario Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil),sasquatch(Bele'm, Para, Brazil),azureipennis(type area – Northern Venezuela). Twenty‐one species arrayed in three subgroups are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Panama south to Bolivia, east to the mouth of the Amazon River and north along the coast of the Guyanas; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.

Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the five groups of SectionErythropusis completed. Species distributions correspond to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes of organisms.
Evolutionary significance and generic classification of the Williamsiellina (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
Authors: MOUND LAURENCE A. , WALKER ANNETTE K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Despite the short maxillary stylets of its members, the Williamsiellina is interpreted as a highly derived, rather than as an ancestral, group of Phlaeothripidae. Four genera are placed in synonymy with Sophiothrips Hood (Nanothrips Faure; Zaxenothrips Crawford; Bagnalliola Priesner;Nanimothrips zur Strassen) as a result of studies on three new species. Two of these (aleurodisci and duvali) comprise a new species‐group endemic to New Zealand; the third (greensladei) is found in Australia and New Zealand but is closely related to species from the Azores and Southern France,
Palaearctic moth‐flies: a review of the Trichomyiinae (Psychodidae)
Authors: WAGNER R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Four species of Trichomyiinae are recorded from the Palaearctic region and a key to them is provided. Trichomyia urbica Haliday, T.parvula Szabo and the genitalia of T.itocoae Tokunaga & Komyo are redescribed. T.malkkyi sp.n., from Greece, is described. Detailed information is given on the structure of the sclerotized parts of the abdomen and on the internal genitalia of some Palaearctic, Nearctic and South American Trichomyiinae. The monophyly of some species‐groups is briefly discussed, but the interrelationships of these groups remain obscure.
Separation of Helophorus grandis, maritimus and occidentalis sp.n. (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) by banded chromosome analysis
Authors: ANGUS R. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Examination of the chromosomes shows that Helophorus grandis Ill. is a species quite separate from H.maritimus Rey. Further investigation shows that while the karyotype of H.grandis is the same in populations from southern England, northern and central France, and the northern half of Spain, that of H.maritimus from the Camargue is sufficiently different from supposed maritimus from central Spain for the Spanish specimens to be regarded as a separate species, here described as H.occidentalis sp.n. Aedeagophores of the three species are figured, along with additional maritimus‐like material.

No aedeagal or other morphological features for distinguishing maritimus and Occidentalis have been discovered. The implications of the discovery of two species of an H.maritimus complex are discussed.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests:famulagroup offormicariagroup systematics (carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the third in a series designed to cover taxonomically all species groups ofAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. A clear understanding of phylogeny and distribution of these beetles may provide very good data with which to test recently proposed hypotheses of tropical species richness and endemism, particularly the forest refugium‐flood‐zone hypothesis. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. In this paper, two species groups,famulaandformicaria, are discussed.

Three names are presented in new combinations:Agra rubricollis(Chaudoir),Agra smuragdinipennis(Steinheil),Agra phaenicodera(Bates). All these species were originally placed inAgridiaand now are considered as part ofAgra, formicariagroup. One synonymy (formicaria = batesii), previously recognized by Chaudoir, is questioned but left standing because of no recourse to type material offormicariaThomson.

Twelve new species of Agra in two species groups are described from the following type localities:famula group; cuneolus(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus),tessera(BRAZIL, Pará Santarem),campana(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Panama, Cerro Campana),spina(BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Rosario Oeste),fortuna(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Chiriqui, Fortuna);formicariagroup;blumax(BRAZIL, Sāo Paulo, Mato de Governo),inpa(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus),zona(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),aeroides(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Sāo Paulo d'Olivenqa),leuhea(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, 5.0 miles northwest of Gamboa),vation(PERU, Loreto, Pebas),moira(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaus area, Paraná do Xiboreninho). Twenty species arrayed in two groups and ten subgroups are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Costa Rica south to Bolivia and east to the middle of the Amazon Basin;most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.

Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the five groups of SectionErythropusis completed. Species distributions correspond to pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes or groups of organisms.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: palmata‐group systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the fourth in a series designed to cover taxomomical‐ly all species groups ofAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. In this paper, one species group,palmata, is discussed; it is divided into six subgroups:dominula, cavei, dora, tingomaria, valentinaandpalmata.

Thirty‐two new speciesof Agraare described from the following type‐localities:eucera(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),eucnemes(type area: ECUADOR),demerasae(GUYANA, Demerasa),nox(type area: FRENCH GUIANA),nigrarima(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley),sironyx(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley),atlas(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Simla, 5.0 miles north of Arima),rufarima(WEST INDIES, Trinidad),littleorum(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Rio Demiti),constans(BRAZIL, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant),serra(BRAZIL, Para, Santarem),xingu(BRAZIL, Para, Sao Felix do Xingu),goyazella(BRAZIL, Goyas, Jatahy),cachimbo(BRAZIL, Para, Cachimbo),tarapoto(PERU, Tarapoto),iota(PERU, Rio Ucayali, mouth),cavei(PARAGUAY, Cordillera, Caapuce),notichlora(PARAGUAY, Santisma Trinidad),dora(PERU, Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 km (air) SW Puerto Maldonado),satipo(PERU, Satipo),notiocyanea(BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz, Sara),tingomaria(PERU, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley),pearsoni(PERU, Lago Yarina‐cocha),stockwelli(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),paloma(MEXICO, Oaxaca, Palomeres),kayae(MEXICO, Chiapas, Arroyo Santa Maria, east slope Sierra de Colmena),belize(BELIZE, Rio Temas),atriperna(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),orabrocha(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island),dorazul(COLOMBIA, Santander),cyaneucnemes(COLOMBIA, Minca),vesedes(type‐area: northern South America). Thirty‐nine species are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Oaxaca, Mexico, south to Bolivia, east to Brazilia and north to Guyana; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.

Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis of the five groups of SectionErythropuswill be presented in a separate paper. Species distributions correspond to Pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes or groups of organisms.
The systematic position of Antirrhea and Caerois, with comments on the classification of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: DeVRIES PHILIP J. , KITCHING IAN J. , VANE‐WRIGHT R. I.
Published: January 2008

Based on a Wagner tree analysis of ninety‐two characters (eighty‐five larval, one egg, six adult), the nymphalid butterfly genera Antirrhea and Caerois are demonstrated to be the closest relatives of the genus Morpho. Accordingly, Antirrhea and Caerois are formally transferred from the Satyrinae to the Morphinae. Without these two genera, the Morphinae (sensu Ehrlich) is at best a paraphyletic group. During the study, fourteen nymphalid genera were treated as potential outgroups. The analysis suggests that many currently accepted higher taxa within the Nymphalidae are probably untenable: the Satyrinae and Nymphalinae (sensu Ehrlich) are both probably polyphyletic; the Biinae (sensu Miller) must be abandoned, being polyphyletic; the Charaxidae (sensu Rydon), although probably monophyletic, appear to form a group subordinate to part of the ‘Satyrinae’; and Apatura does not cluster with the ‘Nymphalinae’, but appears to form the sister‐group of the ‘Satyrinae’ (less Antirrhea and Caerois) plus the Charaxinae. Re‐analyses of reduced data sets, in which potentially homoplasious larval head‐horn and adult wing venational characters were eliminated, leaves these conclusions essentially unaltered. The authors suggest that a solution to the seemingly intractable problem posed by nymphalid higher classification can be sought by the application of cladistic analysis to a large data set gathered from all developmental stages, with special emphasis on detailed comparative larval morphology.
HarpactusShuckard, 1837, the valid name for the genus currently calledDienoplusFox, 1894 (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: PULAWSKI WOJCIECH J.
Published: January 2008

HarpactusShuckard, 1837 (an unjustified emendation of the preoccupied nameArpactusJurine, 1807) is an available name and must be restored as the valid name for the genus now calledDienoplusFox, 1894. The latter name has been incorrectly interpreted as valid by Pate (1937), de Beaumont(1954a)and all subsequent authors.
The Stigmella oxyacanthella species‐group in Europe (Nepticulidae: Lepidoptera)
Authors: SCHOORL J. W. (PIM) , NIEUKERKEN ERIK J. VAN , WILKINSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: January 2008

The Stigmella oxyacanthella species‐group sensu Johansson 1971, is revised here. Ten European species are recognized: torminalis (Wood), regiella (Herrich‐Schäffer), crataegella (Klimesch), hahniella (Wörz), magdalenae (Klimesch), nylandriella (Tengström), oxyacanthella (Stainton), pyri (Glitz), minusculella (Herrich‐Schäffer) and desperatella (Frey). Two species previously attributed to the group are here excluded: aceris (Frey) and aeneella (Heinemann). The latter is synonymized with Stigmella anomalella (Göze).

Ten lectotypes are designated and an identification key to all the species is provided. Descriptions of adults and their genitalia and of larvae and their biology are given. The group has a holarctic distribution.
Morphological and enzyme electrophoretic studies on the relationships of the European Epeorus species (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae)
Authors: ZURWERRA ANDREAS , TOMKA IVAN , LAMPEL GEROLF
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Forty‐two enzyme‐substrate systems were tested on starch gels in order to characterize the Ephemeroptera biochemically. Of these, twelve systems were useful and enabled the evaluation of sixteen loci. This biochemical method correlated well with the results of the morphological characterization of the four European Epeorus taxa, which are subdivided into two groups: E.sylvicola‐E.torrentium and E.alpicola‐E.yougoslavicus. Our biochemical comparison with the type species of Iron (I.longimanus) from North America clearly shows that all four European taxa belong to the genus Epeorus and that Iron is a distinct genus. Keys to larvae and imagines are provided.
A review of the Banchus‐group of ichneumon‐flies, with a revision of the Australian genus Philogalleria (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: FITTON M. G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The composition and relationships of the Banchus genus‐group are discussed. A key to the genera is provided and for each genus a diagnosis and notes are given. A new genus and species are described. The genus Philogalleria Cameron is revised: six species (five of them new) are recognized, described and keyed. Rhynchobanchus is newly recorded from Britain and a key is given to its European species.
A critical review of the taxonomy of Gulgastrura reticulosa (Collembola: Hypogastruridae), a cave springtail from Korea
Authors: LEE BYUNG‐HOON , THIBAUD JEAN‐MARC
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The cave collembolan Gulgastrura reticulosa was re‐examined from a systematic point of view, using data obtained from scanning electron microscopy and investigation of temperature tolerances and moulting cycles. Absences of the third antennal organ, postantennal organ, pseudocellus, eyes and furca were confirmed, along with the prominent development, by contrast, of an “apical organ” at the apex of the antenna. The intermoulting period was shown to be 110 days on average at 9.5°C which is almost twice as long as the longest known intermoulting period for a collembolan. These exceptional characteristics are suggestive of drastic divergence from existing family groups of Collembola. It is suggested that the erection of a new family, separate from the Hypogastruridae to which Gulgastrura was assigned by the original author, may become appropriate some time in the future when evidence other than of morphology becomes available supporting this divergence. Gulgastrura is apparently limited to cave entrances, rendering the animal enigmatic in view of the usual occurrence of troglobites deep in caves.
The taxonomic status of Architipula fragmentosa (Bode) and the family Eoasilidae (Diptera) from the Lower Jurassic
Authors: KRZEMIŃSKI WIESLAW , KOVALEV VLADIMIR G.
Published: January 2008

The fossil species Architipula fragmentosa (Bode) comb. nov. (Diptera: Nematocera: Limoniidae) from the German Upper Lias (Lower Jurassic) is redescribed. This species was originally described by Bode (1953) in a new monotypic genus as Eoasilidea fragmentosa and placed in the Brachycera, with Eoasilidea as the type‐genus of a new family Eoasilidae. This family is here synonymized with the Limoniidae (Nematocera), and the genus Eoasilidea is synonymized with Architipula Handlirsch.
A world revision of Strobilomyia gen.n.: the anthomyiid seed pests of conifers (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: MICHELSEN VERNER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The world species of anthomyiid cone and seed pests are revised. A new genus, Strobilomyia gen.n., is erected for the eighteen species, including seven new to science, presently recognized. Author's views on homologies in the male and female terminalia of Anthomyiidae and other Diptera Cyclorrhapha are amplified as background for the terminology employed. The monophyly and systematic position of Strobilomyia are discussed with reassessions of related genera: Lasiomma Stein, Chirosia Rondani, Egle Robineau‐Desvoidy and Acklandia Hennig. Zoogeographic aspects, especially vicariance across the Beringia, are analysed from a partial hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among the species of Strobilomyia in conjunction with paleo‐environmental data. New generic synonyms are: Macrophorbia Malloch, Crinurina Karl, Si‐nohylemya Hsue (all=Lasiomma); Acrostilpna Ringdahl, Shakshainia Suwa, Meliniella Suwa (all=Chirosia). The species recognized in Strobilomyia (with geographic range and host trees in parentheses) are: anthracina (Czerny) (Palearctic, Picea); neanthracina sp.n. (Nearctic, Picea and ITsuga); appalachensis sp.n. (E. Nearctic); melania (Ackland) (Europe, Larix); sibirica sp.n. (N.E. Europe, Siberia, Larix); viaria (Huckett) (E. Palearctic, Nearctic, Larix); infrequens (Ackland) (Palearctic, Larix); luteoforceps (Fan & Fang) (E. Palearctic, Larix); baicalensis (Elberg) (E. Palearctic, Larix); laricicola (Karl) (Palearctic, Larix); laricis sp.n. (Nearctic, Larix); macalpinei sp.n. (W. Canada, Larix); carbonaria (Ringdahl) (C. Europe, E. Nearctic, Abies); svenssoni sp.n. (N. Europe, Mongolia); suwai sp.n. (Japan); todocola (Suwa) (Japan, Abies); abietis (Huckett) (Nearctic, Abies); and oriens (Suwa) (E. Palearctic, Abies).
Egg bursters in the Chrysomelidae, with a review of their occurrence in the Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea (Coleoptera)
Authors: COX MICHAEL L.
Published: January 2008

The literature on the occurrence of egg bursters in first instar larvae of the Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea is reviewed. The egg bursters and chaetotaxy of the tubercles on which they occur are described for the larvae of 221 chrysomelid species, representing fifteen of the nineteen subfamilies. The value of these as subfamily, generic and specific characters is discussed and also their use as indicators of the phylogenetic relationships among these different groups. Possible explanations are proposed for the absence of egg bursters in certain chrysomelid subfamilies.
The first vespiform tineid moth (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)
Authors: ROBINSON GADEN S. , CARTER DAVID J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Vespitinea gurkharum gen. et sp.n. is described from specimens reared from a bracket‐fungus (Ganoderma ‐ Polyporaceae) from lowland rain‐forest in Brunei. This striking wasp‐like moth is suggested to be a Batesian mimic of species of Vespidae and Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) and the first example of this mimicry type recorded from the Tineoidea. Abdominal, eye and wing‐coupling modifications suggest that it is diurnal and a behavioural mimic. The systematic position of Vespitinea is discussed with reference to biology and adult and larval morphology.
A revision of the western Palaearctic species ofUrophoraRobineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: WHITE IAN M. , KORNEYEV VALERY A.
Published: January 2008

AbstractA key is provided to twenty‐four western Palaearctic species ofUrophoraRobineau‐Desvoidy. The hosts of twenty‐three species which attack Asteraceae are listed, including those being used or investigated as possible weed biocontrol agents. The species are divided into four species groups and the differing host relationships and types of galls induced by these groups are discussed.U.lopholomaesp.n. andU.affinisssp.calcitrapaessp.n., associated withCentaurea (Lopholoma)spp. andC. (Calcitrapa)spp. respectively, are described.U. algerica(Hering) andU.sjumorum(Rohdendorf) are both treated as subspecies ofU. quadrifasciata(Meigen).U.ponticais given full specific status andU.hispanicais removed from synonymy. The following new synonymies are made (junior synonyms in parentheses):U. angustifascia(Hering) (=Euribia phaeoceraHering);U. cardui(Linnaeus) (=U. reaumuriiRobineau‐Desvoidy, lectotype designated);U. jaceana(Hering) (=E.conyzaeHering);U.maura(Frauenfeld) (=E. tectaHering);U. mauritanicaMacquart (=U. lejuraRondani,Trypeta macruraLoew);U.solstitialis(Linnaeus) (=E.sonderupiHering,U. veruata Rondani);U.stylata(Fabricius) (=E.piaHering,U. vulcaanicaRondani);U. terebrans(Loew) (=E. approximataHering,T. eriolepidisLoew,E. manniHendel). The possibility thatU. quadrifasciatais a species complex is discussed; it is also suggested thatU.affinisandU.jaceanarepresent the morphological extremes of a complex. The misuse of the nameMusca stylataFabricius in the genusMyopitesBlot is noted.
The implications of function on the origin and homologies of the dipterous wing
Authors: WOOTTON ROBIN J. , ENNOS A. ROLAND
Published: January 2008

Abstract The origin of Diptera, and the homologies of the dipteran wing, are re‐examined in the light of recent studies on the flight biomechanics and functional wing morphology of Diptera and ofPanorpa. Significant Diptera apomorphies are identified, relevant fossils discussed, and a hypothetical wing ground‐plan figured.

The arculus, the modified clavus and the anteroposterior asymmetry of the fly wing seem to be adaptations to a mode of flight in which instantaneous wing pitch and camber are controlled automatically, rather than by muscular action; probably in association with the development of asynchronous power musculature.

Tillyard's Cu2 (=CUP) is believed to be a secondary pseudo‐vein, his 1A to be the true CuP and 2A to be 1A.

The late Permian fossil Permotipula Patricia is almost certainly a member of the Diptera stem‐group, possibly even of the crown‐group. The Mesozoic Laurentipteridae and the Permian Permotanyderidae are other possible, but not certain, stem‐group members.
Tests of male soft scale insects (Homoptera: Coccidae) from America north of Mexico, including a key to the species
Authors: MILLER GARY L. , WILLIAMS MICHAEL L.
Published: January 2008

Tests (pupal covers) of twenty‐eight species of male Coccidae, representing fifteen genera from America north of Mexico, are described and illustrated. Tests of each of the species exhibit morphological differences which are useful in identification. Terminology is given for the sutures, corresponding plates, and related structures of the generalized test and a key is provided for separation of the described species.
Phenetic and ecological relationships between species of the subgenus Hercostomus (Gymnopternus) in western Europe with the description of two new species (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: POLLET M.
Published: January 2008

As revised here, the subgenus Gymnopternus Loew of the genus Hercostomus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) comprises nine western European species. H. aerosus, H. metallicus and H. assimilis are re‐described, and H. silvestris and H. blankaartensis are described as new. Keys to males and females are given which include all western European species of this subgenus. A phenogram based on twenty‐seven morphological attributes is compared with cluster analyses based on the habitat preferences and seasonal activity patterns. The results are discussed in the light of the niche separation versus coexistence principles.
A review of theAgabus affinisgroup (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), with the description of a new species from Siberia and a proposed phylogeny
Authors: NILSSON ANDERS N. , LARSON DAVID J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Agabus yakutiaesp.n., from Siberia, is placed in theA.affinis(Paykull) species‐group, characterized by the unique structure of the male stridulatory organ formed by sternum 3 and the metafemora. The group is defined, the two Nearctic and four Palaearctic species included are reviewed, and a key is given for their identification. Phylogenetic relationships with otherAgabusspecies groups are discussed, and a phylogeny for the species in theaffinis‐groupis suggested.
Revision of the aberrant New World genus Coenosopsia Diptera: Anthomyiidae, with a discussion of anthomyiid relationships
Authors: Michelsen Verner
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Morphological evidence from the adults males, females corroborates the recent transfer of the problematic New World genus Coenosopsia from the Muscidae to the Anthomyiidae. It is argued that the calyptrate families Anthomyiidae and Muscidae are sister­groups, and that a Neotropical anthomyiid clade, Coenosopsia Malloch +Phaonantho Albuquerque, constitutes the sister‐group of the remaining Anthomyiidae. At present, this clade is largely confined to tropical forests of South and Central America, i.e. an environment avoided by practically all other members of this pronouncedly cold‐adapted, boreal family. The first, earliest Coenozoic, biotic exchange between North and South America and subsequent biotic isolation are proposed to lie behind the primary dichotomy of the Anthomyiidae. Five species of Coenosopsia, with apparently perfectly allopatric ranges, are recog nized: the Neotropical C.prima Malloch from Ecuador to SE Mexico, C.peruviana sp.n. from Peru, C.brasiliensis sp.n. from Brazil, and C.mexicana sp.n. from SW Mexico, and the Nearctic C.floridensis sp.n. from N Mexico and SE United States.
Study on the systematic position of Metriini based on characters of the larval head (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: EUTEL ROLF G. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Characters of the head of larvae ofMetrius contractusEschscholtz, Ozaenini and Paussini are interpreted phylogenetically. The monophyly of Metriini + Ozaenini + Paussini is substantiated by several synapomorphies such as hyperprognathism and strong constriction of the neck. Ozaenini and Paussini together form the sister‐group of Metriini. Ozaenini are paraphyletic. The monophyly of Paussini + Ozaenini excludingPachytelesis indicated by two possible synapomorphies. Several synapomorphies are shared byPhysea+ Paussini. Secondary prognathism, large membranous submento‐mental area and other derived features are considered autapomorphies of Paussini. Paussini excludingPlatyrhopalopsisare characterized by the loss of the palpifer. The monophyly of a group which comprises Geadephaga excluding Trachypachini is suggested by several synapomorphic features. A very basal position of the metriine—paussine lineage within Carabidae is indicated by several plesiomorphic features. A hypopharyngeal filter apparatus with a dense fringe of well‐arranged, long hairs is a possible autapomorphy of Anisochaeta. The results of this study do not indicate a close relationship between the metriine—paussine lineage and the tribes Brachinini and Crepidogastrini as has been suggested in recent works.