bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which strategies are used against insect pests: a survey in 120 institutions of public heritage
Authors: Nicosia Grazia
Published: January 2015

A quantitative survey was conducted to identify the characteristics of infestations in contemporary art institutions. This survey helped us understanding the mechanism of infestation in French heritage institutions according to the type of institution. Our results show a correlation between the nature of the infestation, its understanding and the themes of the collection. This factual study provides a better assessment of institutions‘ risk management and their probable infestation depending on the type institution. Given these data, we are able to observe the typical features of contemporary art collections and their infestation by highlighting the fact that the insect is not only a pest, but is a constituent element of the artwork.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of the drug store beetle, Stegobium paniceum (L.), a serious pest of old books
Authors: Ignatowicz Stanislaw , Janczukowicz Krystyna , Olejarski Pawel
Published: January 2015

Recently (January 2010), we have found that drugstore beetle, Stegobium paniceum (L.), is a serious pest of old books in a religious library in Cracow, Poland. About 80% old books were found more or less damaged by this pest. As the result of larval activity, many holes and tunnels were formed in damaged books. Some of them were old, some of them were new tunnels with live larvae and pupae. Many characteristic emergence holes of the adults were found in the book bindings. Around books there was an enormous amount of dust as a result of larval feeding activity. Live and dead adults were found around old books and within the library room, especially near windows. The Integrated Pest Management program was suggested to the owners and curator of the library to control infestation and to avoid the continuation of the damage.
Controlled atmospheres against insect pests in museums: a review and some considerations
Authors: Berzolla Alessia , Reguzzi Maria Cristina , Chiappini Elisabetta
Published: January 2015

Controlled atmospheres using nitrogen represent a safe and effective method for both objects and human health. The use of this technique against pests in museums has received an increasing amount of interest during the last twenty years. This paper looks at the researches into anoxic treatments that use nitrogen from the late ‘80s until now. At the moment, the recommended protocol suggests an oxygen percentage below 1% for at least three weeks. Considering that the major practical problems of controlled atmospheres are connected to treatment time and low oxygen percentage, it is very important to develop more flexible protocols that consider higher oxygen percentages or shorter treatment times, exploiting temperature and/or relative humidity. At oxygen percentage higher than those commonly used, temperature and relative humidity are very critical to insects’ development and success. Preliminary data (unpublished) show that it is possible to adapt the application of the controlled atmospheres to different situations, taking advantage of favorable conditions already present in the considered situation and at the same time to use the other parameters at more favorable levels.
The use of phytochemicals as fumigants for the control of stored product insect pests
Authors: Shaaya Eli , Kostyukovsky Moshe
Published: January 2015

The current study is aimed to evaluate the potential use of the known isothyiocyanates, as compared to a new isothyiocyanate (ITC) isolated from Eruca sativa (salad rocket) as fumigants for the control of stored product insects. The biological activity of methyl iodide (CH3I), carbon disulphide (CS2), benzaldehyde (C7H6O) and essential oils were also evaluated. The toxicity of the various fumigants was assessed against adults and larvae of a number of major stored product insects. ITCs are known to have high toxicity and only very low concentrations are needed for the control of stored product insects. Eruca sativa is used worldwide as a food supplement. Methylthio butyl ITC, the main bioactive component in this plant has high toxicity against insects, but lower mammalian toxicity as compared to other active ITCs. This makes this compound a potential candidate for insect control. Comparative studies with CH3I, CS2 and C7H6O showed that the first was the most active compound against stored product insects followed by the second and third. C7H6O was found active, but very sorptive; therefore it was less effective against insects. The activity of a large number of essential oils (EOs) isolated from aromatic plants was also evaluated.
Combined effect of Azadirachta indica and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri against subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes
Authors: Murugan Kadarkarai , Vasugi Chellamuthu
Published: January 2015

Laboratory study has been conducted on the bioactivities of entomopathogenic nematodes and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) against worker termites of Reticulitermes flavipes. Neem at various concentrations did not affect the survivability of nematodes, whereas neem had considerable impact on the survivability of worker termites and this may be due to the presence of active neem compounds (Azadirachtin, salanin etc.). Mortality was 40% on 4th day at lower concentration of 1.0% NSKE treatment; whereas mortality has been increased to 70% at higher concentration (4.0%) on 4th day. There was 100% mortality after the combined treatment with 4.0% NSKE + 600 infective juvenile Steinernema glaseri, even at the first day of the experiment. In the present experiment, neem extract does not affected the survival of the nematodes. Hence, nematode and neem extract can be used for soil-insect control particularly for the subterranean termites.
Wood impregnated with metal chelates dissolved in organic media tested for termite resistance
Authors: Maistrello Lara , Berzolla Alessia , Macias-Pavon Irene , Vignali Francesca , Predieri Giovanni , Chiappini Elisabetta
Published: January 2015

Wood manufactured products are subjected to biological decay due to fungi and insects. The use of copper chelates as biocides was proposed, due to their high stability which minimizes copper leaching into the environment. Considering the remarkable effectiveness showed by copper chelates on brown rot fungi, zinc and copper salicylate complexes were prepared in order to have metal chelates soluble in organic media available. The present study aimed at evaluating these metal chelates complexes as preservative agents for wood treatment against termites. Trials were performed on Reticulitermes lucifugus (Rossi) and Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabricius). Results showed that in both termite species wood consumption was significantly lower on Cu-chelates treated samples compared to untreated wood, whereas the wood slices impregnated with Zn-chelates and the organic media alone gave an intermediate response. Interestingly, in one case solvent-impregnated wood was significantly more attractive than untreated wood for both species and further investigations are being carried out to clarify this behaviour.
Some additions to the Scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Crete with a check list of the species known from the island
Authors: Pellizzari Giuseppina , Porcelli Francesco , Seljak Gabrijel , Kozár Ferenc
Published: January 2015

A list of the scale insects (Homoptera: C occoidea) recorded by the authors for the Greek island of C rete is reported. This includes twenty-seven species new to the island The most interesting records are Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky (Kermesidae), only recorded previously from Israel, and Getulaspis bupleuri (Marchal) (Diaspididae), only known previously from North A frica and the Middle E ast. With the present additions, the number of scale insect species recorded on C rete has reached 82. A revised check list of the scales presently known from the island is also provided.
Comparative testing of different methods for evaluation of Varroa destructor infestation of honey bee colonies
Authors: Dobrynin Nikolay D. , Colombo Mario , Eördegh Francesca Romana
Published: January 2015

Different methods for evaluation of the degree of Varroa destructor infestation of honey bee colonies were tested. The methods using in vivo evaluation were the most sparing for the bees but less precise. The methods using evaluation with the killing of the bees or brood were the most precise but less sparing for bees.
First report of Eurytoma plotnikovi Nik. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), a seed parasite of pistachio, in Sicily (Italy)
Authors: Longo Santi , Suma Pompeo
Published: January 2015

The pistachio seed wasp, Eurytoma plotnikovi Nik.(Hymenoptera, E urytomidae), is a new pest recently arrived in pistachio orchards in central-western Sicily (Italy). Information on the damaging effects of this seed wasp in the affected areas is provided.
Characterization of microbial communities in pest colonized books by molecular biology tools
Authors: Palla Franco
Published: January 2015

This work presents the identification of bacteria and fungi colonies in insect infesting books, by cultural-independent methodologies based on molecular biology techniques. Microbial genomic DNA extraction, in vitro amplification of specific target sequences by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), sequencing and sequence analysis were performed. These procedures minimized the samples amount, optimized the diagnostic studies on bacteria and fungi colonization and allowed the identification of many species also in complex microbial consortia. The molecular techniques for sure accomplish and integrate the microbiological standard methods (in vitro culture) and morphological analyses (OM, SEM, CLSM), in order to understand the role of microorganisms in bio-deterioration of cultural assets. This monitoring is also indispensable to shed light on the risk for visitors and/or professionals to contract potential illnesses within indoor environments.
A database devoted to the insects of the cultural heritage
Authors: Fohrer Fabien , Martinez Michel , Dorkeld Franck
Published: January 2015

This database, implemented by both the CICRP and the INRA, gathers the most important pests affecting the cultural heritage. These insects represent a serious threat to the preservation of cultural properties such as museum collections, libraries and archives, movable objects and immovable objects in historical buildings. It is an easy tool for identifying the species of interest. It also permits very prompt undertaking of the required actions against the infestations. This database is of interest to any professional in charge of the conservation of the cultural heritage along with any other professional or scientist interested in these subjects.
Damage by insect pests to the Djingarey Ber Mosque in Timbuktu: detection and control
Authors: Maistrello Lara , D’Ilario Josephine , Bicheron Gautier , Bouleau Christophe
Published: January 2015

The Djingarey Ber Mosque in Timbuktu (Mali) is one of the most significant earthen construction in West Africa. Originally constructed in 1327, it was included in 1988 on the World Heritage UNESCO List for its unique architecture and historical importance. During its restoration, recently undertaken by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, the wooden parts of the roof and architraves showed clear signs of threatening insect presence. In order to identify the pests responsible of the damage, evaluate its extent and suggest a proper control strategy, a detailed survey was performed inside the Mosque complex and in its immediate surroundings. The entomological inspection, performed in the dry-cold season, allowed to detect signs of insect damage in most of the wooden elements, even in the recently replaced beams, but also in walls, pillars and the precious decorated panels. Damages in the wood elements could be attributed to Amitermes evuncifer Silvestri (Termitidae), Bostrychoplites zycheli Marseuli (Bostrichidae) and Lyctus africanus Lesne (Lyctidae), which were collected alive on site. Injures in the walls and decorated panels appeared to be performed by hymenopterans such as “plasterer bees” (Colletidae) and Sphecidae. From the evaluation of the type and extent of damage in relation to the architecture and materials used in its construction and decoration, the most serious pest and the worse threat for the mosque is represented by termites. Control and preventive measures, in the view of a sustainable, long-lasting integrated management are suggested.
African Traditional Sculpture and Aesthetic Realism
Authors: Mangiri SG
Published: January 2015

Traditional African sculpture which is one of the essences of modern art movements in the world of art has not been attributed with that aesthetic identity. However, a close look at the traditional African sculpture reveals the artistic and aesthetic qualities. African traditional sculpture was regarded as mere objects or crafts. That possibly was due to the evaluation of traditional African sculptures with the standard of other cultures. This paper therefore, examines characterizations; identify the elements of aesthetics in relation to traditional African sculptures and the intellectual and creative ingenuity of the African traditional sculptor. The study applied the exploratory approach and it is hoped that the observations made on aesthetics on traditional sculpture will shed some light on the general concept of aesthetics. This is to provide a contributive account to the existing literature on African aesthetics.
Exploring the Role of Trade and Migrations in Nigeria-Ghana Relations in the Pre-Colonial and Colonial Periods
Authors: Aremu JO
Published: January 2015

Long before Ghana and Nigeria became independent countries in 1957 and 1960 respectively, peoples of both countries have had rewarding contacts. These involved inter-group relations in the political, economic, religious, cultural, administrative and recreational fields of human endeavour. Of these facilitators of inter-group relations, the two most outstanding elements that defined their relations before and during the colonial period were trade and migrations. The basic theme of this paper is therefore to document the nature and form of this trade network facilitated largely by the Hausa’s and Yoruba’s of Nigeria and the Akan peoples of the Gold Coast during the period of this study; and how the booming trade contact and colonial economic policy motivated great inter-state migrations between the two countries during the colonial period. The paper further explores the various motivations for inter-state migrations between the two countries in the pre-colonial and colonial periods.Key words: Trade, Migration, Intergroup relations, Nigeria, Gold Coast
Strategies for Effective Governance in Nigeria: University of Benin in Focus
Authors: Ogunbadeniyi O , Uhunmwuangho SO
Published: January 2015

This paper presents strategies for effective governance in Nigeria with emphasis on the University of Benin.The question of good and effective governance has captured the attention of University Managers. Governing Councils of Universities have also made this issue a critical prerequisite in their quest for excellence. Accordingly, the issue of effective governance has gained universal currency as nations and international institutions seek appropriate mechanisms to enhance the role of government by making it more transparent, accountable, responsive and responsible to the constituencies in the 21st century. In the Nigeria nation, the greatest obstacle to the nascent democracy include the pervasive insecurity of lives and property, as evidenced by the spate of armed robbery attacks, political assassinations, power distribution coupled with the seeming helplessness of security agencies to handle criminal acts. The situation is worsened by the increasing number of unemployed Nigerians some of whom are ready recruits for criminal activities. The above statement from an editorial comment by a national daily in Nigeria epitomizes the central focus of this paper, the aim of which is to strategize on the effective governance in Nigeria nation. The paper painstakingly appraised many of these issues and concluded that all stakeholders in the federal polity should thread softly, be objective, rational, altruistic and magnanimous in order not to make the existence of true federalism (social, political and economic cohesive existence of the people, peace and tranquility) a fleeting illusion and a mirage. It also focused on critical issues of delegation of authority, why some leaders fail to delegate, the kind of crisis it has generated and the kind of measures that can ameliorate the ugly trend.Key words: Governance, Politics, Council, Society, Nigeria, State.
Internal Security Crisis in Nigeria: Causes, Types, Effects and Solutions
Authors: Egbefo DO , Salihu HA
Published: January 2015

The main objective of this research is to show that the causes of internal security are inevitable and it is part of the fabrics of the society. What the society showed strive for is regulation of crisis or its amicable settlement whenever it arises. Since the extinction of security crisis seems impossible, all the society needs is a mechanism for security crisis management and control. Security crisis is inevitable because it can originate in individual and group reactions to situations of scarce recourses, to division of function within society and differentiation of power and resultant competition for scarce supplies of goods, states, valued roles and power as an end itself. A society without security threat is a dead society since security crisis is a reality of human existence and therefore a means of understanding social behavior. Thus in this paper, internal security crisis as it relates to its causes, types, effects and solutions seems a more sensible starting point in addressing the threat to Nigeria’s existence.
Book Review: Nigeria Since Independence: Forever Fragile?
Authors: Egbe ODJ
Published: January 2015

Hill, J.N.C (2012). Nigeria since independence: Forever fragile? 173pp. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Fiction as a Blend of Fact and Imagination in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus
Authors: Nnyagu UE
Published: January 2015

Fiction is an imaginative story rather than being a documentation of any historical fact. However, fiction,as a branch of literature,reflects the author’s society. This is why fiction is believed to be a mirror through which a society is seen. Since fiction is something that mirrors society, facts and imagination are always well blended by the author. What this means is that historical and realistic facts are always the writer’s source of inspiration. The question now is how well has the writer blended facts and imaginations in his work? This research work therefore aims to ascertain how well Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie has blended facts and imagination in her Purple Hibiscus. The researcher has equally reviewed scholar’s opinions on the concept “Fiction.” This he believes would aid him pass judgment on Adichie’s work. To consolidate his work and make it very categorical, the researcher draws copious excerpts from the novel. This he believes will enable the reader to understand the work with ease. In analyzing the work, the researcher believes that among other approaches, sociological approach is more adequate in analysis of the fiction.
Effect of Process Approach to Writing on Senior Secondary Students’ Achievement in Writing (Plateau Central Senatorial District)
Authors: Daze BD , Ebibi JO
Published: January 2015

This study set out to ascertain the effect of process approach to writing on senior secondary students’ achievement in writing in Plateau Central Senatorial District. The study also examined the differential effect of process approach to writing on male and female students’ achievement in writing. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. The sample consisted of 128 senior secondary students selected from two co-educational secondary schools from Plateau State using a random sampling technique. The study adopted a quasi-experimental non equivalent pretest-posttest research design. One intact class was assigned the experimental group and the other the control group. Data were generated using Students’ Essay Writing Achievement Test (SEWAT) which was an instrument designed by the researcher. Means and standard deviations were used to answer research questions and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses. Hypotheses tested revealed that students exposed to process approach to writing exhibited higher achievement (p=0.00˂0.05) in writing than those who were taught writing using the conventional methods. In addition, male and female students taught using process approach to writing did not differ significantly in achievement (p=0.95>0.05). Based on the findings, it was recommended that teachers of English language should be encouraged to use process approach in teaching writing and that more emphasis should be placed on teaching strategies that will focus on building and developing students’ writing skills.Key words: process approach, product approach, essay, writing, achievement.
Prophet Ezekiel on Individual Responsibility: Implications for Nation Building in Nigeria
Authors: Umeanolue IL
Published: January 2015

The idea of imposing blame on others for the problems of the present day Nigeria is a question of great concern as it was to prophet Ezekiel during the exile. A critical observation has shown that many people do not like to be associated with failures and blames. This retards the growth of a nation. Nation building consists in all activities which bring positive improvement in a society. Thus, individual responsibility is an indispensable part of the activities which bring development in a nation. The theme of ‘individual responsibility’ in Ezekiel is to be found in three passages of the book (Ezek. 14:12-23; 18:1-32 and 33:10-20). In Ezekiel’s time, Israelites tried to shy away from their individual responsibility when things went wrong. They believed that it was primarily because of the sins of their ancestors that they were suffering in exile. Ezekiel advocated individual responsibility to avoid fatalism. This paper therefore studied the concept of individual responsibility in the book of Ezekiel and its implications for contemporary Nigerians who believe that Nigeria has been vandalized by the past generations especially the past political leaders. The paper concluded that if the concept of individual responsibility as preached by prophet Ezekiel is properly applied and internalized by contemporary Nigerians, there will be positive improvement in life and standard of the nation.
Evaluation of Two Indigenous Multipurpose Shrub Species for Agroforestry Practices in Nigeria
Authors: Udofia SI , Uluocha OB , Owoh PW , Asuquoekpo CR
Published: January 2015

Trees integrated with crops in time and space help nutrient cycling on farms by increasing the supply and availability of nutrient in the crop root zone and reducing nutrient losses. An analysis to determine the nutrient composition of two indigenous multipurpose shrubs (Uvaria chamae p. beauv and Icacina trichantha oliv) of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, was conducted in the lowland rainforest agro-ecological zone. The roots and leaves of the shrubs were collected from the three agro-ecological (mangrove, freshwater swamp and lowland rainforest) zones and analysed for nutrient contents including the soils. Nitrogen content was determined using Kjeldahl method while phosphorus and potassium were determined by flame photometry method. The results indicated a great variability in the nutrient composition of the two species. Nitrogen content in the leaves and roots of Icacina trichantha was 2.78% and 1.17% while that of Uvaria chamae was 1.85% and 0.65% respectively. The percentage phosphorus composition in the roots of Icacina trichantha was 0.09% while that of Uvaria chamae was 0.07%. Whereas in the leaves sample, Uvaria chamae had phosphorus content of 0.10%, the percentage composition of potassium in Uvaria chamae was 0.09% while Icacina trichantha had 0.05% respectively. In the roots, Icacina trichantha and Uvaria chamae had 0.11% and 0.09% potassium content respectively. The two indigenous multipurpose shrubs contained essential nutrient sources for growth and high crop yield. It is therefore recommended that farmers could intercrop these species with food crops in their farmland to improved soil fertility.Keywords: Evaluation, indigenous, multipurpose shrubs, agroforestry, Nigeria
Effectiveness of Using Floating Drum Bio-Digester to Treat Domestic Sewage
Authors: Adeniran KA , Kareem KY
Published: January 2015

An anaerobic floating drum digester was used in treating domestic sewage. The volumetric capacity of the digester plant was estimated as 258.99 litres with a 250 litre-gas holder tank. The gas holder tank was fitted into the digester tank with a clearance of about 2cm to allow the former rise freely when biogas is generated in the digester tank. An inlet pipe was introduced for loading the wastes into the digester and an outlet pipe for dislodging, with an overflow pipe which indicates the maximum extent to which the digester could be filled. A gas valve was incorporated at the top of the dome-shaped gas holder to control the gas flow. With the aid of a thermocouple wire fitted into the digester and a multimetre, the temperature of the sewage was monitored at a succession of 4 hours for a hydraulic retention period of 42 days. Sewage was obtained from a freshly dug soak away and fed into the bio-digester through the inlet pipe. Physical, chemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out before and during digestion process on daily basis. Results show that Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the sewage before and after treatment was 96.50 mg/l and 55.50 mg/l respectively. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was 81.60 mg/l and 59.00 mg/l, before and after treatment respectively. The dissolved oxygen (DO) reduced from 124.80 mg/l to 84.30mg/l after a hydraulic retention period of 42 days. These results of the resulting treated water agreed to a reasonable level with the standards slated in the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2006) standards for safe disposal of wastewater.Keywords: Anaerobic bio-digester, domestic sewage, dislodging, thermocouple.
Effects of Oil Spillage on Soil Fertility in Udu Local Government Area in Delta State
Authors: Ugboma PP
Published: January 2015

The study examines the effects of oil spillage on soil fertility in Udu Local Government Area of Delta State, with the aim of determining the effects of oil spillage on physical and chemical properties of the soils. Soil samples were collected from two experimental sites namely: oil polluted and non oil polluted plots in the study area. Sixteen (16) plots were marked out at 60m x 60m apart and subdivided into quadrants of 1m x 1m for data collection, soil samples were collected with most probable instruments and analysed for physical and chemical properties in the soil. The result from the analysis revealed that oil spillage has effects on soil fertility in Udu Area of Delta State. The study also revealed that oil spillage adversely affects crop productivity in the area. And the result from the t-test analysis showed t value of 4.863, indicating significant effects of oil spillage on soil fertility in Udu area of Delta state. The study recommended prevention of the occurrence of oil spillage as the best alternative. Others include cleaning up exercise and payment of adequate compensation to affected communities.Keywords: Oil, Spillage, Soil Fertility, Udu Area
Enhancing the Production of Cassava in the Rural Sector of the Nigerian Economy through Integrated Rural Development
Authors: Okosun VA , Aihie-Ezomo J
Published: January 2015

The main rhythm of this paper is on enhancing the production of cassava in the rural sector of the Nigerian economy through integrated rural development. A macroscopic new of the rural nook and crannies in the southwest, southeast and south-south etc of Nigeria will reveal that the rural inhabitants are peasants engaged mainly in agriculture. However, the production of cassava, one of the main root crops that will earn Nigeria huge foreign exchange is benighted with avalanche or plethora of problems. An elaborate and articulate policy of rural development mounted by various tier of government with the assistance of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) will not only galvanize cassava production in the rural sector. It will be the orifice that will enhance and synergy cassava production in the nation. It is only through this medium that the production of cassava in the Nigeria will witness an unprecedented boom. Consequently, the paper defines the concept of rural development. The paper is explicated with the aid of bottom up approach and participatory approach. It also examines the various pitfalls bedevilling the production of Nigeria. Finally, a new paradigm shift in the production of cassava was  orchestrated.
Effect of the Mode of Admission on the Performance of NCE Biology Students in Osun State College of Education, Ila Orangun
Authors: Farounbi AI
Published: January 2015

The effect of the mode of admission on the level of performance of students in NCE Biology was investigated in this study. The study made use of seven years records between 1997 and 2004 when students could be admitted through preliminary studies or by direct entry through JAMB if qualified. The results of the students were analyzed according to their respective mode of admission. Data collected were analyzed with t, f, and Chi square tests as applicable. It was observed that student intake continue to increase from year to year with more females admitted than males within the period under study. Students admitted directly into NCE programme performed significantly better than those that pass through pre-NCE. It was also observed that the mean CGPA reduces as student intake increases. It is recommended that pre-NCE students should be made to write JAMB and Post-JAMB examination to qualify.Keywords: Direct Entry, mode, Pre–NCE, Pre–Male, Pre–Female, Direct Male, Direct Female, Grade Point Average
The global impact of the transport sectors on atmospheric aerosol in 2030 – Part 1: Land transport and shipping
Authors: Righi M. , Hendricks J. , Sausen R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Using the EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) global climate-chemistry model coupled to the aerosol module MADE (Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for Europe, adapted for global applications), we simulate the impact of land transport and shipping emissions on global atmospheric aerosol and climate in 2030. Future emissions of short-lived gas and aerosol species follow the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) designed in support of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We compare the resulting 2030 land-transport- and shipping-induced aerosol concentrations to the ones obtained for the year 2000 in a previous study with the same model configuration. The simulations suggest that black carbon and aerosol nitrate are the most relevant pollutants from land transport in 2000 and 2030 and their impacts are characterized by very strong regional variations during this time period. Europe and North America experience a decrease in the land-transport-induced particle pollution, although in these regions this sector remains a major source of surface-level pollution in 2030 under all RCPs. In Southeast Asia, however, a significant increase is simulated, but in this region the surface-level pollution is still controlled by other sources than land transport. Shipping-induced air pollution is mostly due to aerosol sulfate and nitrate, which show opposite trends towards 2030. Sulfate is strongly reduced as a consequence of sulfur reduction policies in ship fuels in force since 2010, while nitrate tends to increase due to the excess of ammonia following the reduction in ammonium sulfate. The aerosol-induced climate impact of both sectors is dominated by aerosol-cloud effects and is projected to decrease between 2000 and 2030, nevertheless still contributing a significant radiative forcing to Earth's radiation budget.
Validation of OMI total ozone retrievals from the SAO ozone profile algorithm and three operational algorithms with Brewer measurements
Authors: Bak J. , Liu X. , Kim J. H. , Chance K. , Haffner D. P.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The accuracy of total ozone computed from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) optimal estimation (OE) ozone profile algorithm (SOE) applied to the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is assessed through comparisons with ground-based Brewer spectrometer measurements from 2005 to 2008. We also compare the three OMI operational ozone products, derived from the NASA Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) algorithm, the KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithm, and KNMI's Optimal Estimation (KOE) algorithm. The best agreement is observed between SAO and Brewer, with a mean difference of within 1% at most individual stations. The KNMI OE algorithm systematically overestimates Brewer total ozone by 2% at low and mid-latitudes and 5% at high latitudes while the TOMS and DOAS algorithms underestimate it by ~1.65% on average. Standard deviations of ~1.8% are calculated for both SOE and TOMS, but DOAS and KOE have higher values of 2.2% and 2.6%, respectively. The stability of the SOE algorithm is found to have insignificant dependence on viewing geometry, cloud parameters, or total ozone column. In comparison, the KOE–Brewer differences are significantly correlated with solar and viewing zenith angles and show significant deviations depending on cloud parameters and total ozone amount. The TOMS algorithm exhibits similar stability to SOE with respect to viewing geometry and total column ozone, but has stronger cloud parameter dependence. The dependence of DOAS on observational geometry and geophysical conditions is marginal compared to KOE, but is distinct compared to the SOE and TOMS algorithms. Comparisons of all four OMI products with Brewer show no apparent long-term drift, but seasonal features are evident, especially for KOE and TOMS. The substantial differences in the KOE vs. SOE algorithm performance cannot be sufficiently explained by the use of soft calibration (in SOE) and the use of different a priori error covariance matrices; however, other algorithm details cause fitting residuals larger by a factor of 2–3 for KOE.
Explicit representation of subgrid variability in cloud microphysics yields weaker aerosol indirect effect in the ECHAM5-HAM2 climate model
Authors: Tonttila J. , Järvinen H. , Räisänen P.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The impacts of representing cloud microphysical processes in a stochastic subcolumn framework are investigated, with emphasis on estimating the aerosol indirect effect. It is shown that subgrid treatment of cloud activation and autoconversion of cloud water to rain reduce the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud properties and thus reduce the global mean aerosol indirect effect by 19%, from −1.59 to −1.28 W m−2. This difference is partly related to differences in the model basic state; in particular, the liquid water path (LWP) is smaller and the shortwave cloud radiative forcing weaker when autoconversion is computed separately for each subcolumn. However, when the model is retuned so that the differences in the basic state LWP and radiation balance are largely eliminated, the global-mean aerosol indirect effect is still 14% smaller (i.e. −1.37 W m−2) than for the model version without subgrid treatment of cloud activation and autoconversion. The results show the importance of considering subgrid variability in the treatment of autoconversion. Representation of several processes in a self-consistent subgrid framework is emphasized. This paper provides evidence that omitting subgrid variability in cloud microphysics contributes to the apparently chronic overestimation of the aerosol indirect effect by climate models, as compared to satellite-based estimates.
Top-down estimates of European CH4 and N2O emissions based on four different inverse models
Authors: Bergamaschi P. , Corazza M. , Karstens U. , Athanassiadou M. , Thompson R. L. , Pison I. , Manning A. J. , Bousquet P. , Segers A. , Vermeulen A. T. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Schmidt M. , Ramonet M. , Meinhardt F. , Aalto T. , Haszpra L. , Moncrieff J. , Popa M. E. , Lowry D. , Steinbacher M. , Jordan A. , O'Doherty S. , Piacentino S. , Dlugokencky E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. European CH4 and N2O emissions are estimated for 2006 and 2007 using four inverse modelling systems, based on different global and regional Eulerian and Lagrangian transport models. This ensemble approach is designed to provide more realistic estimates of the overall uncertainties in the derived emissions, which is particularly important for verifying bottom-up emission inventories. We use continuous observations from 10 European stations (including 5 tall towers) for CH4 and 9 continuous stations for N2O, complemented by additional European and global discrete air sampling sites. The available observations mainly constrain CH4 and N2O emissions from north-western and eastern Europe. The inversions are strongly driven by the observations and the derived total emissions of larger countries show little dependence on the emission inventories used a priori. Three inverse models yield 26–56% higher total CH4 emissions from north-western and eastern Europe compared to bottom-up emissions reported to the UNFCCC, while one model is close to the UNFCCC values. In contrast, the inverse modelling estimates of European N2O emissions are in general close to the UNFCCC values, with the overall range from all models being much smaller than the UNFCCC uncertainty range for most countries. Our analysis suggests that the reported uncertainties for CH4 emissions might be underestimated, while those for N2O emissions are likely overestimated.
Observations and simulations of three-dimensional radiative interactions between Arctic boundary layer clouds and ice floes
Authors: Schäfer M. , Bierwirth E. , Ehrlich A. , Jäkel E. , Wendisch M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Based on airborne spectral imaging observations three-dimensional (3-D) radiative effects between Arctic boundary layer clouds and ice floes have been identified and quantified. A method is presented to discriminate sea ice and open water in case of clouds from imaging radiance measurements. This separation simultaneously reveals that in case of clouds the transition of radiance between open water and sea ice is not instantaneously but horizontally smoothed. In general, clouds reduce the nadir radiance above bright surfaces in the vicinity of sea ice – open water boundaries, while the nadir radiance above dark surfaces is enhanced compared to situations with clouds located above horizontal homogeneous surfaces. With help of the observations and 3-D radiative transfer simulations, this effect was quantified to range between 0 and 2200 m distance to the sea ice edge. This affected distance Δ L was found to depend on both, cloud and sea ice properties. For a ground overlaying cloud in 0–200 m altitude, increasing the cloud optical thickness from τ = 1 to τ = 10 decreases Δ L from 600 to 250 m, while increasing cloud base altitude or cloud geometrical thickness can increase Δ L; Δ L(τ = 1/10) = 2200 m/1250 m for 500–1000 m cloud altitude. To quantify the effect for different shapes and sizes of the ice floes, various albedo fields (infinite straight ice edge, circles, squares, realistic ice floe field) were modelled. Simulations show that Δ L increases by the radius of the ice floe and for sizes larger than 6 km (500–1000 m cloud altitude) asymptotically reaches maximum values, which corresponds to an infinite straight ice edge. Furthermore, the impact of these 3-D-radiative effects on retrieval of cloud optical properties was investigated. The enhanced brightness of a dark pixel next to an ice edge results in uncertainties of up to 90 and 30% in retrievals of cloud optical thickness and effective radius reff, respectively. With help of Δ L quantified here, an estimate of the distance to the ice edge for which the retrieval errors are negligible is given.
The climatology of dust aerosol over the arabian peninsula
Authors: Shalaby A. , Rappenglueck B. , Eltahir E. A. B.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Dust storms are considered to be a natural hazard over the Arabian Peninsula, since they occur all year round with maximum intensity and frequency in Spring and Summer. The Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) has been used to study the climatology of atmospheric dust over the Arabian Peninsula from 1999 to 2012. This relatively long simulation period samples the meteorological conditions that determine the climatology of mineral dust aerosols over the Arabian Peninsula. The modeled Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has been compared against ground-based observations of three Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations that are distributed over the Arabian Peninsula and daily space based observations from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), the Moderate resolution Imaging SpectroRadimeter (MODIS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The large scale atmospheric circulation and the land surface response that lead to dust uplifting have been analyzed. While the modeled AOD shows that the dust season extends from March to August with two pronounced maxima, one over the northern Arabian Peninsula in March with AOD equal to 0.4 and one over the southern Arabian Peninsula in July with AOD equal to 0.7, the observations show that the dust season extends from April to August with two pronounced maxima, one over the northern Arabian Peninsula in April with AOD equal to 0.5 and one over the southern Arabian Peninsula in July with AOD equal to 0.5. In spring a high pressure dominates the Arabian Peninsula and is responsible for advecting dust from southern and western part of the Arabian Peninsula to northern and eastern part of the Peninsula. Also, fast developed cyclones in northern Arabian Peninsula are responsible for producing strong dust storms over Iraq and Kuwait. However, in summer the main driver of the surface dust emission is the strong northerly wind ("Shamal") that transport dust from the northern Arabian Peninsula toward south parallel to the Arabian Gulf. The AERONET shortwave Top of Atmosphere Radiative Forcing (TOARF) and at the Bottom of Atmosphere Radiative Forcing (BOARF) have been analyzed and compared with the modeled direct radiative forcing of mineral dust aerosol. The annual modeled TOARF and BOARF are −3.3 and −12 W m−2, respectively. However, the annual observed TOARF and BOARF are significantly different at −10 and −52 W m−2, respectively. The analysis of observed and modeled TOARF agrees with previous studies in highlighting the need for more accurate specification of surface albedo over the region. Due to the high surface albedo of the central Arabian Peninsula, mineral dust aerosols tend to warm the atmosphere in summer (June–August).
An objective determination of optimal site locations for detecting expected trends in upper-air temperature and total column ozone
Authors: Kreher K. , Bodeker G. E. , Sigmond M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In the first study reported on here, requirements on random uncertainty of instantaneous temperature measurements, sampling frequency, season and pressure, required to ensure a minimum random uncertainty of monthly mean temperatures, have been explored. These results then inform analyses conducted in a second study which seeks to identify the optimal location of sites for detecting projected trends in upper-air temperatures in the shortest possible time. The third part of the paper presents a similar analysis for the optimal locations of sites to detect projected trends in total column ozone. Results from the first study show that only for individual measurement random uncertainties > 0.2 K does the measurement random uncertainty start to contribute significantly to the random uncertainty of the monthly mean. Analysis of the effects of the individual measurement random uncertainty and sampling strategy on the ability to detect upper-air temperature trends shows that only when the measurement random uncertainty exceeds 2 K, and measurements are made just once or twice a month, is the quality of the trend determination compromised. The time to detect a trend in some upper-air climate variable is a function of the unforced variance in the signal, the degree of autocorrelation, and the expected magnitude of the trend. For middle tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperatures, the first two quantities were derived from Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) measurements while projected trends were obtained by averaging 21st century trends from simulations made by 11 chemistry–climate models (CCMs). For total column ozone, variance and autocorrelation were derived from the Bodeker Scientific total column ozone database with projected trends obtained from median values from 21 CCM simulations of total column ozone changes over the 21st century. While the optimal sites identified in this analysis for detecting temperature and total column ozone trends in the shortest time possible result from our use of only one of a wide range of objective strategies, these results provide additional incentives for initiating measurement programmes at these sites or, if already in operation, to continue to be supported.
Historical TOC concentration minima during peak sulfur deposition in two Swedish lakes
Authors: Bragée P. , Mazier F. , Nielsen A. B. , Rosén P. , Fredh D. , Broström A. , Granéli W. , Hammarlund D.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Decadal-scale variations in total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in lake water since AD 1200 in two small lakes in southern Sweden were reconstructed based on visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) of their recent sediment successions. In order to assess the impacts of local land-use changes, regional variations in sulfur, and nitrogen deposition and climate variations on the inferred changes in TOC concentration, the same sediment records were subjected to multi-proxy palaeolimnological analyses. Changes in lake-water pH were inferred from diatom analysis, whereas pollen-based land-use reconstructions (Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm) together with geochemical records provided information on catchment-scale environmental changes, and comparisons were made with available records of climate and population density. Our long-term reconstructions reveal that inferred lake-water TOC concentrations were generally high prior to AD 1900, with additional variability coupled mainly to changes in forest cover and agricultural land-use intensity. The last century showed significant changes, and unusually low TOC concentrations were inferred at AD 1930–1990, followed by a recent increase, largely consistent with monitoring data. Variations in sulfur emissions, with an increase in the early 1900s to a peak around AD 1980 and a subsequent decrease, were identified as an important driver of these dynamics at both sites, while processes related to the introduction of modern forestry and recent increases in precipitation and temperature may have contributed, but the effects differed between the sites. The increase in lake-water TOC concentration from around AD 1980 may therefore reflect a recovery process. Given that the effects of sulfur deposition now subside and that the recovery of lake-water TOC concentrations has reached pre-industrial levels, other forcing mechanisms related to land management and climate change may become the main drivers of TOC concentration changes in boreal lake waters in the future.