bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorchemie ‐ europäisch
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

Mit Optimismus gestalten die europäischen Chlorhersteller ihre Zukunft. Doch Chlor ist kein Dogma für die Industrie. Sie erkennt an, daß neben dem unbestreitbaren Nutzen chlorhaltiger Produkte in der Anwendung auch ökologische Risiken bestehen, die begrenzt werden müssen ‐ so die Aussagen von der EuroChlor‐Conference “Environment and the Chlorine Industry” am 9. und 10. Februar 1995 in Brüssel.
Alzheimersche Demenz und Nikotin
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Mit der öffentlichen Bekanntgabe Ronald Reagans vom 6. November 1994, daß er an der Alzheimerschen Demenz leide, ist diese häufigste degenerative Erkrankung des alternden menschlichen Gehirns noch weiter in das Bewußtsein der Öffentlichkeit gedrungen. Ursächlich noch immer ungeklärt, werden derzeit sehr unterschiedliche Ansätze zur Entwicklung einer Arzneimitteltherapie verfolgt. Unter diesen gewinnt die nikotinisch cholinerge Hypothese zunehmend an Überzeugungskraft.
Über Ursachen unserer Mißverständnisse
Authors: Weise Eberhard , van Embden I. C. Meerkamp
Published: December 2010

Fehler in der Kommunikation führen zu Mißverständnissen. Simplifizieren, Bewerten und Beurteilen, Bilanzieren durch Wiegen und Abwägen, richtig angewandt, sind Vorgehensweisen, die helfen können, durch Verständigung wieder zu besserem gegenseitigem Verstehen in der Gesellschaft zu gelangen.
Mit Diplom in den Beruf
Authors: Felcht Utz‐Hellmuth
Published: December 2010

Chemiker sollten den persönlichen Nutzen einer Promotion stärker hinterfragen und öfter als bisher auf diesen Abschluß verzichten. Dies fordert der Arbeitsdirektor und Forschungsvorstand der Hoechst AG, Prof. Dr. Utz‐Hellmuth Felcht, und eröffnet damit eine sicher kontroverse Diskussion.
Titrationsautomaten
Authors: Majer Hansjörg , Hägele Gerhard
Published: December 2010

Titrationen, neben der Gravimetrie die ältesten Analysenverfahren überhaupt, sind schnell, vielseitig, kostengünstig und apparativ einfach, wobei moderne Titrationsautomaten nicht viel mit den bekannten Schellbach‐Büretten gemein haben. Wichtig: Titrationsverfahren sind Absolutmethoden.
Biblio im OLE‐Gewand
Authors: Fels Gregor
Published: December 2010

Hat sich das lange Warten gelohnt? Einer der Klassiker der Literaturverwaltungsprogramme, das VCH Biblio von Martin Kreutzer und Karsten Krohn, hat mit der Version 3.0 ein Windows‐Gesicht erhalten und ist dadurch im Funktionsumfang vielfältiger geworden.
Degussa in Antwerpen
Authors: Hauthal H. G.
Published: December 2010

In ihren größten Produktionsstandort außerhalb Deutschlands hat Degussa bisher etwa 30 Milliarden BEF (Neuwert) investiert. Jüngstes Beispiel für die dynamische Entwicklung des Feinchemieverbunds: die Inbetriebnahme der Isophorondiamin‐Anlage.
Theoretische Chemie 1995
Authors: Koch Wolfram , Müller‐Plathe Florian , Zülicke Lutz
Published: December 2010

Kleine und mittlere Moleküle können dank neuer Ansätze wie der Dichtefunktional/Hartree‐Fock‐Hybridmethoden immer genauer berechnet werden. Tiefe Einblicke in Details des Reaktionsgeschehens bringt die Molekül‐ und Reaktionsdynamik durch das Wechselspiel von Experiment und Theorie. Aber auch Systeme von einigen zehntausend Atomen sind dank Kraftfeldmethoden kein Tabu mehr für Theoretiker.
Job‐Börse, Trends und Projekte
Authors: Mädefessel‐Herrmann Kristin
Published: December 2010

Im Brennpunkt des Interesses lagen während der InCom '96 vornehmlich die stark anwendungsbezogenen Vorträge sowie das Arbeitsmarkt‐Forum. Qualitätsmanagement, Software und Sensorik zählten sicher zu den Schwerpunktthemen. In der instrumentellen Analytik geht der Trend weiter in Richtung Automatisierung und Komplettlösungen.
GLP bei computergestützten Systemen
Authors: Grigat Horst , Ertz Kathrin , Krebber Ralph
Published: December 2010

Die Grundsätze der Guten Laborpraxis sind zu berücksichtigen, wenn computergestützte Systeme in einer GLP‐Prüfung verwendet werden. Die Autoren geben eine Auslegung.
Photosynthese
Authors: Weitzel Karl‐Michael
Published: December 2010

Die Photosynthese von Pflanzen und Bakterien ist der wichtigste Energie liefernde Prozeß des irdischen Lebens, wegen der fortbestehenden Abhängigkeit (∼ 95%) von fossilen Brennstoffen auch der technischen Zivilisation. Ihr Stoffumsatz ist gewaltig. Pflanzen und Cyanobakterien erneuern den Sauerstoffgehalt der Atmosphäre alle 2000 Jahre.
Internet‐basierte Kommunikationsmedien bei Hoechst
Authors: Vennen Hartmut
Published: December 2010

Ein Internet‐Anschluß soll bei Hoechst bald Bestandteil jedes Arbeitsplatzes sein. Aber auch heute wird elektronische Kommunikation bereits betrieben ‐ in Form des firmeninternen “Hoechst Wide Web” sowie des “Hoechst Internet Forum”.
Hormonähnlich wirkende Stoffe in der Umwelt
Authors: Greim Helmut
Published: December 2010

Anläßlich des 4. Presseseminars der GDCh am 21. und 22. November 1997 in Königstein/Ts. legte der designierte neue Vorsitzende des Beratergremiums für Altstoffe (BUA), der Toxikologe Prof. Dr. Helmut Greim, einen ersten Sachstandsbericht über „Endocrine Disruptors”︁ vor.
Physikalische Chemie 1997
Authors: Gradzielski Michael , Kitzerow Hainz , Hainze Gürgen , Smie Andreas , Krischer Katharina , Blümich Bernhard , Blümler P.
Published: December 2010

Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet selbstaggregierender Systeme (von Tensiden über Vesikel und Mikroemulsionen als Mikroreaktoren für Nanopartikel bis zu selbstaggregierenden Monoschichten), Neues zu Flüssigkristallen, Mikroelektrochemie und oszillierende Systeme sind Schwerpunkte dieses Trendberichts. Besonders ausführlich wird außerdem auf Methodik und die mittlerweile breitgefächerten Anwendungen der ortsaufgelösten NMR (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) eingegangen.
Schizophrenie; Genmutation oder gescheiterte neurale Kontrolle?
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Genetische Untersuchungen an mehreren Familien mit erheblicher Schizophrenie haben einen spezifischen Dinucleotidpolymorphismus als mit der Krankheit assoziiert identifiziert. Einige Neuropsychologen sehen die Krankheit dagegen als Folge einer gestörten Lateralisierung des Gehirns. Was stimmt?
Neuropsychologische Auswirkungen von Streß
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Streß beeinflußt das System Acetylcholin und cholinerge Neurotransmission ‐eng mit Lern‐ und Gedächtnisvorgängen verbunden ‐ kurz‐ und langfristig: Zunächst wird die kognitive Aktivität erhöht, in der zweiten Phase können psychiatrische Störungen auftreten. Streß erhöht aber auch die Durchlässigkeit der Blut‐Hirn‐Schranke. Diese /Kombination könnte die Ursache des Gulf War Syndroms sein.
Direkte Genregulation durch Calcium
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Bisher war bekannt, daß Ca2+die Genexpression nur indirekt, d. h. durch Aktivierung von Proteinkinasen und ‐phosphatasen beeinflussen kann, die wiederum den Phosphorylierungsgrad von Transkriptionsfaktoren und damit deren Aktivität regulieren. Nun wurde gefunden, daß der sekundäre Botenstoff auch direkt an einen Repressor binden und diesen damit inaktivieren kann.
Multiarm star‐like unimolecular micelles with a dendritic core and a dual thermosensitive shell
Authors: Luo Shizhong , Hu Xianglong , Ling Congxiang , Liu Xi , Chen Shuaishuai , Han Mengcheng
Published: December 2010

Stimuli‐responsive unimolecular polymeric micelles have attracted much interest because of their unique structures and properties. In this paper, the double phase transition behavior of unimolecular dendritic three‐layer nanostructures with dual thermoresponsive shells is studied. By using a hydrophobic hyperbranched polyester (Bolton H40)‐based macro reversible addition‐fragmentation transfer (macro‐RAFT) agent, the polymerizations of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N‐isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM) were conducted via the successive RAFT process. The dendritic core‐shell architecture prepared, i.e. H40‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylmethacrylamide) (H40‐PNIPAM‐b‐PNIPMAM), exists as unimolcular polymeric micelles with hydrophobic dendritic H40 as the core, PNIPAM as the inner shell and PNIPMAM as the corona. Upon continuous heating through the lower critical solution temperatures of PNIPAM and PNIPMAM, dendritic H40‐PNIPAM‐b‐PNIMAM exhibits two‐stage thermoresponsive collapse. Different parts of the shells of H40‐PNIPAM‐b‐PNIMAM were selectively labeled with pyrene (Py) to result in H40‐PNIPAM(Py)‐b‐PNIMAM with inner shell labeling and H40‐PNIPAM‐b‐PNIMAM(Py) with outer corona labeling. Laser light scattering, UV‐visible transmittance, micro‐differential scanning calorimetry and excimer fluorescence measurements were used in combination to probe the conformational changes of chains located at the inner layer and outer corona during the two‐stage collapse upon heating. Results from all four techniques support the double phase transition behavior of this kind of three‐layer dendritic polymer. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, characterization and properties of novel biodegradable multiblock copolymers comprising poly(butylene succinate) and poly(1,2‐propylene terephthalate) with hexamethylene diisocyanate as a chain extender
Authors: Zheng Liuchun , Li Chuncheng , Zhang Dong , Guan Guohu , Xiao Yaonan , Wang Dujing
Published: December 2010

In this exploration of novel biodegradable polyesters, multiblock copolymers based on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(1,2‐propylene terephthalate) (PPT) were successfully synthesized with hexamethylene diisocyanate as a chain extender. The amorphous and rigid PPT segment was chosen to modify PBS. The structures of the polymers were characterized using1H NMR and13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction; the physical properties were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, mechanical testing and enzymatic degradation. The results indicate that the copolymers possess satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, with impact strength 186% higher than that of PBS homopolymer, while tensile strength, flexural strength, thermal stability and melting point (Tm) are slightly decreased. Crystallization and biodegradation rates are still acceptable at 5 wt% PPT, although they are decreased by the introduction of PPT. The addition of appropriate amounts of PPT can improve the impact strength effectively without an obviously deleterious effect on tensile strength, flexural strength, thermal stability,Tm, crystallization rate and biodegradability. This study describes a convenient route to novel multiblock copolymers comprising crystallizable aliphatic and amorphous aromatic polyesters, which are promising for commercialization as biodegradable materials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Correlation between trunk control, respiratory muscle strength and spirometry in patients with stroke: An observational study
Authors: Jandt Sílvia Raquel , da Sil Caballero Raphael Maciel , Junior Luiz Alberto Forgiarini , Dias Alexandre Simões
Published: December 2010

Introduction. Stroke is the main cause of chronic disability in adults, and the effect of a stroke on the respiratory system depends on the structures affected by the lesion. Objectives. To evaluate the correlation between trunk control, respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in individuals who suffered stroke. Methods. Observational, quantitative and descriptive study. Twenty‐three patients who had a clinical diagnosis of ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. The trunk control was assessed through the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), and the respiratory muscle strength was assessed by manovacuometry by measuring the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP). For pulmonary function analysis, we measured forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the Tiffeneau index (TIFF) through spirometry. Results. A consistent and statistically significant correlation was found between TIS and PEF (r = 0.489, p = 0.024) and between TIS and EPmax (r = 0.517, p = 0.016). No relation was found between the other variables of pulmonary function and TIS. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that there is a relation between trunk control and respiratory muscular strength, especially concerning the expiratory muscles. However, there seems to be no relation between trunk control and pulmonary function in this series of individuals who suffered stroke. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology‐based modeling of intrinsically disordered proteins: Balancing intrinsic folding and intermolecular interactions
Authors: Ganguly Debabani , Chen Jianhan
Published: December 2010

Coupled binding and folding is frequently involved in specific recognition of so‐called intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), a newly recognized class of proteins that rely on a lack of stable tertiary fold for function. Here, we exploit topology‐based Gō‐like modeling as an effective tool for the mechanism of IDP recognition within the theoretical framework of minimally frustrated energy landscape. Importantly, substantial differences exist between IDPs and globular proteins in both amino acid sequence and binding interface characteristics. We demonstrate that established Gō‐like models designed for folded proteins tend to over‐estimate the level of residual structures in unbound IDPs, whereas under‐estimating the strength of intermolecular interactions. Such systematic biases have important consequences in the predicted mechanism of interaction. A strategy is proposed to recalibrate topology‐derived models to balance intrinsic folding propensities and intermolecular interactions, based on experimental knowledge of the overall residual structure level and binding affinity. Applied to pKID/KIX, the calibrated Gō‐like model predicts a dominant multistep sequential pathway for binding‐induced folding of pKID that is initiated by KIX binding via the C‐terminus in disordered conformations, followed by binding and folding of the rest of C‐terminal helix and finally the N‐terminal helix. This novel mechanism is consistent with key observations derived from a recent NMR titration and relaxation dispersion study and provides a molecular‐level interpretation of kinetic rates derived from dispersion curve analysis. These case studies provide important insight into the applicability and potential pitfalls of topology‐based modeling for studying IDP folding and interaction in general. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution and evolutionary consequences of marginal thermostability in proteins
Authors: Goldstein Richard A.
Published: December 2010

When we seek to explain the characteristics of living systems in their evolutionary context, we are often interested in understanding how and why certain properties arose through evolution, and how these properties then affected the continuing evolutionary process. This endeavor has been assisted by the use of simple computational models that have properties characteristic of natural living systems but allow simulations over evolutionary timescales with full transparency. We examine a model of the evolution of a gene under selective pressure to code for a protein that exists in a prespecified folded state at a given growth temperature. We observe the emergence of proteins with modest stabilities far below those possible with the model, with a denaturation temperature tracking the simulation temperature, despite the absence of selective pressure for such marginal stability. This demonstrates that neither observations of marginally stable proteins, nor even instances where increased stability interferes with function, provide evidence that marginal stability is an adaptation. Instead the marginal stability is the result of a balance between predominantly destabilizing mutations and selection that shifts depending on effective population size. Even if marginal stability is not an adaptation, the natural tendency of proteins toward marginal stability, and the range of stabilities that occur during evolution, may have significant effect on the evolutionary process. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An automated method for consistent helix assignment using turn information
Authors: Koch Oliver , Cole Jason
Published: December 2010

A new automated helix assignment method is presented that leads to a more consistent definition of the helix termini, especially of the helix C‐terminus. The method assigns a helix to segments of protein chain where adjacent helical turn structures are observed, capped by specific distorted turn types (e.g., open helical turns without a hydrogen bond) or capping motifs (e.g., the Schellman motif). Helix termini are detected by observing the behavior of the NH group in N‐termini and the CO group in C‐termini; in each case, the respective group must be free to interact with hydrogen bonding partners outside of the putative helix for a helix terminus to be assigned. The presented assignment method and SHAFT‐assigned helices are part of Secbase and are made available with Relibase+ 3.0 and the free web version of Relibase 3.0. The method can also be used for the helix assignments of additional protein structures. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cavitation of liquid flow in electrospray mass spectrometry especially for addition of internal calibrant in ‘accurate mass’ measurements
Authors: Lord Gwyn A. , Lim Chang‐Kee
Published: December 2010

‘Accurate mass’ measurements in electrospray mass spectrometry are becoming more prevalent with the increasing availability of mass spectrometers with sufficient resolution. A reference compound is ideally admitted separately but almost simultaneously with the analyte and this is achieved by use of a ‘dual sprayer’ or voltage switching between reference and sample sprayers. This paper describes a novel third method, relying on cavitation (segmentation) of the liquid stream containing the reference compound, allowing the sample to ionise independently from the sample, thus preventing interference. The technique may also find application in kinetic experiments, such as protein folding studies.

A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) injector was also used to provide a reference compound, producing Gaussian‐shaped profiles of varying ion intensity, thus allowing easier selection of a desirable measurement point where the intensities of the reference and analyte were similar. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface swabbing technique for the rapid screening for pesticides using ambient pressure desorption ionization with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Edison Sara. E. , Lin Lora A. , Gamble Bryan M. , Wong Jon , Zhang Kai
Published: December 2010

A rapid screening method for pesticides has been developed to promote more efficient processing of produce entering the United States. Foam swabs were used to recover a multiclass mixture of 132 pesticides from the surfaces of grapes, apples, and oranges. The swabs were analyzed using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization coupled with a high‐resolution Exactive Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. By using a DART helium temperature gradient from 100–350°C over 3 min, a minimal separation of analytes based on volatility differences was achieved. This, combined with the Exactive's mass resolution of 100 000, allowed the chromatographic step, along with the typical compositing and extraction steps associated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) approaches, to be eliminated. Detection of 86% of the analytes present was consistently achieved at levels of 2 ng/g (per each apple or orange) and 10 ng/g (per grape). A resolution study was conducted with four pairs of isobaric compounds analyzed at a mass resolution of 100 000. Baseline separation was achieved with analyte ions differing in mass by 25 ppm and analyte ions with a mass difference of 10 ppm were partially resolved. In addition, field samples that had undergone traditional sample preparation using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and safe) were analyzed using both LC/MS and DART‐MS and the results from the two techniques were found to be comparable in terms of identification of the pesticides present. The use of swabs greatly increased sample throughput by reducing sample preparation and analysis time. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/electrospray time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the characterisation of cyclic phosphazenes
Authors: Veldboer Katrin , Schürmann Thomas , Vogel Martin , Wiemhöfer Hans‐Dieter , Karst Uwe
Published: December 2010

Cyclic phosphazenes with different substituents were synthesised and investigated by liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene was functionalised with aliphatic substituents as alcohols and amines, leading to product mixtures, which were subsequently analysed. In contrast to classical methods of structural analysis such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or X‐ray crystallography, which are restricted to pure compounds, these complex mixtures can favourably be analysed by means of LC/ESI‐MS. The main products could be separated from by‐products and, moreover, all the components of the unknown mixture were unambiguously identified by accurate mass measurements. For all compounds with different side‐chain ratios, remaining chlorine atoms or hydroxyl groups and even for spiro or ansa products, molecular structures could be suggested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in measuring the δ13C of the soil surface CO2 efflux
Authors: Midwood Andrew J. , Millard Peter
Published: December 2010

The δ13C of the soil surface efflux of carbon dioxide (δ13CRS) has emerged as a powerful tool enabling investigation of a wide range of soil processes from characterising entire ecosystem respiration to detailed compound‐specific isotope studies. δ13CRS can be used to trace assimilated carbon transfer below ground and to partition the overall surface efflux into heterotrophic and autotrophic components. Despite this wide range of applications no consensus currently exists on the most appropriate method of sampling this surface efflux of CO2 in order to measure δ13CRS. Here we consider and compare the methods which have been used, and examine the pitfalls. We also consider a number of analysis options, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), tuneable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) and cavity ring‐down laser spectroscopy (CRDS). δ13CRS is typically measured using chamber systems, which fall into three types: closed, open and dynamic. All are imperfect. Closed chambers often rely on Keeling plots to estimate δ13CRS, which may not be appropriate without free turbulent air mixing. Open chambers have the advantage of being able to maintain steady‐state conditions but analytical errors may become limiting with low efflux rates. Dynamic chambers like open chambers are complex, and controlling pressure fluctuations caused by air movement is a key concern. Both open and dynamic chambers in conjunction with field portable TDLS and CRDS analysis systems have opened up the possibility of measuring δ13CRS in real time permitting new research opportunities and are on balance the most suited to this type of measurement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Era for Cancer Treatment: Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Mediated Thermal Therapies
Authors: Kennedy Laura C. , Bickford Lissett R. , Lewinski Nastassja A. , Coughlin Andrew J. , Hu Ying , Day Emily S. , West Jennifer L. , Drezek Rebekah A.
Published: December 2010

Nanotechnology‐based cancer treatment approaches potentially provide localized, targeted therapies that aim to enhance efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve patient quality of life. Gold‐nanoparticle‐mediated hyperthermia shows particular promise in animal studies, and early clinical testing is currently underway. In this article, the rapidly evolving field of gold nanoparticle thermal therapy is reviewed, highlighting recent literature and describing current challenges to clinical translation of the technology.
Modafinil‐induced conditioned place preference via dopaminergic system in mice
Authors: Nguyen Thi‐Lien , Tian Yu‐Hua , You In‐Jee , Lee Seok‐Yong , Jang Choon‐Gon
Published: December 2010

Modafinil, a psychostimulant, is used in the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that modafinil may have reinforcing effects. However, a possible rewarding property of modafinil has not been fully investigated. In this study, we assessed the potential rewarding property of modafinil using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in mice. Using radiolabeled ligands, we observed changes in dopamine, glutamate, and GABA receptor binding in the brains of mice after treatment with modafinil. Modafinil produced significant CPP in mice at an intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of 125 mg kg−1and prevented normal body weight gain of mice in a dose‐dependent manner. A significant reduction in normal body weight gain was observed when mice were administrated 125 mg kg−1modafinil. In addition, there were widespread changes in receptor binding in the brains of modafinil‐treated mice; Dopamine D1binding was increased in the caudate putamen, the accumbens, and the substantia nigra, while dopamine D2binding was decreased in the caudate putamen and the accumbens. Dopamine transporter (DAT) binding was increased in the prefrontal cortex, the caudate putamen, and the nucleus accumbens. No changes were observed in NMDA and GABAAreceptor binding. These data indicate that modafinil had a significant rewarding property and could be abused as a recreational drug. Dopamine systems may play a key role in the rewarding property of modafinil. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
123I‐NKJ64: A novel single photon emission computed tomography radiotracer for imaging the noradrenaline transporter in brain
Authors: Tavares Adriana Alexandre S. , Jobson Nicola K. , Dewar Deborah , Sutherland Andrew , Pimlott Sally L.
Published: December 2010

Dysregulation of noradrenergic function has been implicated in a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including depression and Alzheimer's disease. The noradrenaline transporter (NAT) is a major target for antidepressant drugs, including reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Therefore, the development of a radiotracer for imaging of the NAT is desirable. In this study, NKJ64, a novel iodinated analog of reboxetine, was radiolabeled and evaluated as a potential single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) radiotracer for imaging the NAT in brain. Biological evaluation of the novel radiotracer,123/125I‐NKJ64, was carried out in rats using: in vitro ligand binding assays; in vitro and ex vivo autoradiography; in vivo biodistribution studies and ex vivo pharmacological blocking studies.125I‐NKJ64 displayed saturable binding with high affinity for NAT in cortical homogenates (KD= 4.82 ± 0.87 nM, mean ± SEM,n= 3). In vitro and ex vivo autoradiography showed the regional distribution of123I‐NKJ64 binding to be consistent with the known density of NAT in brain. Following i.v. injection there was rapid uptake of123I‐NKJ64 in brain, with maximum uptake of 2.93% ± 0.14% (mean ± SEM,n= 3) of the injected dose. The specific to nonspecific ratio (locus coeruleus:caudate putamen) of123I‐NKJ64 uptake measured byex vivoautoradiography was 2.8 at 30 min post i.v. injection. The prior administration of reboxetine significantly reduced the accumulation of123I‐NKJ64 in the locus coeruleus (>50% blocking). The data indicate that further evaluation of123I‐NKJ64 in nonhuman primates is warranted in order to determine its utility as a SPECT radiotracer for imaging of NAT in brain. Synapse , 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allantoic cysts and posterior urethral valves: a case report
Authors: Bureau M. , Bolduc S.
Published: December 2010

Allantoic cysts are a somewhat rare entity. They are identifiable on antenatal ultrasound examination but are not easily distinguishable from pseudocysts, which are often associated with a poor prognosis. Their etiology remains obscure and obstructive uropathies have been proposed to be one of the underlying mechanisms. We report on a case in which both allantoic cysts and a patent urachus were detected antenatally and turned out to be associated with posterior urethral valves (PUV). The cysts were first seen in the early second trimester, with a full fetal bladder and patent urachus. They disappeared by the 29th week. During the subsequent sonographic examinations, the bladder was emptying regularly. The kidneys remained normal throughout the pregnancy. It is hypothesized that the increased pressure within the urinary tract kept the urachus patent, led to the formation of allantoic cysts and, later, to their perforation; this allowed the fetus to empty his bladder and kept him from the usual complications of PUV. This case emphasizes the importance of detection and characterization of umbilical cord cysts on antenatal ultasound examination and suggests that obstructive uropathies should be included in the differential diagnosis of umbilical cord cyst communicating with the fetal bladder. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Good’ or ‘bad’ wind power forecasts: a relative concept
Authors: Bessa R. J. , Miranda V. , Botterud A. , Wang J.
Published: December 2010

This paper reports a study on the importance of the training criteria for wind power forecasting and calls into question the generally assumed neutrality of the ‘goodness’ of particular forecasts. The study, focused on the Spanish Electricity Market as a representative example, combines different training criteria and different users of the forecasts to compare them in terms of the benefits obtained. In addition to more classical criteria, an information theoretic learning training criterion, called parametric correntropy, is introduced as a means to correct problems detected in other criteria and achieve more satisfactory compromises among conflicting criteria, namely forecasting value and quality. We show that the interests of wind farm owners may lead to a preference for biased forecasts, which may be in conflict with the larger needs of secure operating policies. The ideas and conclusions are supported by results from three real wind farms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, Crystal Structure, Thermal Decomposition, and Explosive Properties of a Novel Energetic Compound [Zn(N2H4)2(N3)2]n: A New High‐Nitrogen Material (N = 65.60 %)
Authors: Wu Bi‐Dong , Yang Li , Wang Shi‐Wei , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Zhou Zun‐Ning , Yu Kai‐Bei
Published: December 2010

A new multi‐ligand coordination polymer of zinc(II) hydrazine azide, [Zn(N2H4)2(N3)2]n, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectrum. Its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis: triclinic, space group P$\bar{1}$, a = 0.4121(1) nm, b = 0.6281(1) nm, c = 0.7072(2) nm, α = 68.443(6)°, β = 89.360(11)°, γ = 89.197(9)°,V = 0.1702(1) nm3, Dc = 2.083 g·cm–3, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0316, wR2 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0780 and S = 0.998. The ZnII ion is hexacoordinated with two azido ligands by μ1‐azido bridges and four hydrazine molecules, which serve as bidentate ligands through the nitrogen atoms. The thermal decomposition mechanism of the title complex was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry‐derivative thermogravimetry (TG‐DTG) techniques. Under nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 20 K·min–1, the thermal decomposition of the complex contained one main endothermic process and two main successive exothermic processes between 474 K and 648 K in the DSC curve. Its combustion heat was measured by oxygen bomb calorimetry. The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were calculated by the Kissinger’s method, Ozawa‐Doyle’s method, pervasive integral method, and differential method, respectively. The sensitivity properties of [Zn(N2H4)2(N3)2]n were also determined with standard methods, which was very sensitive to external stimulus.
Nonconscious effects of peculiar beliefs on consumer psychology and choice
Authors: Kramer Thomas , Block Lauren
Published: December 2010

Irrational or illogical beliefs are referred to variously as magical thinking, peculiar beliefs, superstitious beliefs, and half‐beliefs. We first distinguish the various terms according to their most common and relevant usage for consumer psychologists and define a conceptual structure for the roles of conscious and nonconscious processes associated with peculiar beliefs in decision‐making. We present a study that provides initial evidence of the effect of nonconscious, experiential processing on the impact of peculiar beliefs in a consumer auction‐based sales scenario. We also offer propositions that extend the theory on peculiar beliefs to their nonconscious effects on consumer psychology and choice.
Nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in aplastic anaemia
Authors: He Ling , Miao Xiaoyan , Lv Guangyan , Yang Peiman , Wu Wenguo , Jia Li
Published: December 2010

Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a disease characterised by bone marrow hypocellularity and peripheral blood pancytopenia. AA is also associated with mitochondrial aberrations. The present study was undertaken primarily to test the hypothesis that a nutrient mixture could affect the nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in AA mice. BALB/c AA mice were induced by a combination of hypodermic injections of acetylphenylhydrazine (100 mg/kg), X-rays (2·0 Gy) and intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg). We treated these mice with nutrient mixture-supplemented diets in a dose-dependent manner (1445·55, 963·7, 674·59 mg/kg per d), and the effects of the nutrient mixture for mitochondrial rehabilitation were analysed in AA mice. Transmission electron microscopy showed that mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities in bone marrow cells, splenocytes and hepatocytes of the nutrient mixture groups were restored markedly, compared with the AA group. Mitochondrial membrane potentials of the nutrient mixture groups were increased remarkably. Western blot analysis also revealed that the nutrient mixture significantly inhibited cytochromecrelease of mitochondria in the AA group. Furthermore, the mitochondrial DNA content of the nutrient mixture groups was also increased. Our data suggest that the nutrient mixture may promote the rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations, and consequently protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in AA mice.
Consistency of fat mass–fat-free mass relationship across ethnicity and sex groups
Authors: Broyles Stephanie T. , Bouchard Claude , Bray George A. , Greenway Frank L. , Johnson William D. , Newton Robert L. , Ravussin Eric , Ryan Donna H. , Smith Steven R. , Katzmarzyk Peter T.
Published: December 2010

The model developed by Forbes (1987) of how body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) change during periods of weight loss or gain (Δ body weight (BW)) assumed that they change in relationship to a constantC = 10·4, where ΔFFM/ΔBW = 10·4/(10·4+FM). Forbes derivedCbased on aggregated, cross-sectional data from a small sample of women. The objective of the present study was to reanalyse the relationship described by Forbes and to explore whether this relationship is consistent across ethnicity and sex groups using cross-sectional data from a large sample of white and African-American men and women. Baseline data from white and African-American men and women aged 18–60 years, who participated in a clinical study at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center since 2001 and who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, were available for analysis. To overcome differences in BMI distributions among the ethnicity-by-sex groups, a stratified random sample of participants was selected within each group such that numbers in each BMI category ( < 25, 25–29·9, 30–34·9, 35–39·9, 40+ kg/m2) were proportional to those within the group with the smallest sample size, yielding a sample of 1953 individuals. Linear regression models assessed the FM–FFM relationship across the four ethnicity-by-sex groups. The FM–FFM relationship varied little by ethnicity (P = 0·57) or by sex (P = 0·26). The constant describing the FM–FFM relationship was estimated to be 9·7 (95 % CI 9·0, 10·3). In conclusion, results from our large, biethnic sample of men and women found a FM–FFM relationship very close to that originally described by Forbes, absent of significant variability by ethnicity or sex.
The Making of Abiezer Coppe
Authors: HESSAYON ARIEL
Published: December 2010

This article seeks to uncover the origins of the ‘Ranters’ by examining Abiezer Coppe's early life and social network. It suggests that Coppe's background, experiences and milieu – particularly his Baptist phase and the associations he made during this period – are crucial to appreciate the genesis of the ‘Ranters’. As such it should be regarded as a further contribution towards the growing consensus that the origins of ‘radicalism’ in the English Revolution are to be located in the religion of the ‘hotter sort’ of Protestants lower down the social scale.
Epidemiology of intestinal helminth parasites in stray dogs from markets in south-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Okoye I.C. , Obiezue N.R. , Okorie C.E. , Ofoezie I.E.
Published: December 2010

A survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of stray dogs (Canis familiaris) was conducted at Obollo-Afor and Ekwulobia markets, in Enugu and Anambra States, south-eastern Nigeria, respectively, to determine the patterns of infection among dogs in different parts of south-eastern Nigeria. Faecal samples collected, using long forceps, from every dog encountered in the markets between June 2007 and December 2008 were analysed by the Kato–Katz technique. Out of 413 dogs examined in both markets, 217 (52.6%) were infected with at least one of five parasites (Toxocaraspp.,Dipylidium caninum,Ancylostoma caninum,Taeniaspp. andTrichuris vulpis). Overall faecal egg intensity of infection was 49.9 ± 58.7 eggs/g (epg). The prevalence of infection was comparable between the markets and between the male and female dogs, but varied significantly (P < 0.05) by age, decreasing from 78.9% in pups to 36.0% in adult dogs. The mean intensity pattern was similar to that of prevalence, decreasing from 86.7 ± 63.0 epg in pups to 22.1 ± 34.4 in adults. The most important individual parasite infection wasAncylostomaspp. (39.2%; 30.0 ± 41.2 epg) whileT. vulpiswas the least important (1.9%; 0.7 ± 5.4 epg). Generally, prevalence and intensity patterns of each parasite were also comparable between the markets and between sexes, but significantly (P < 0.05) age-dependent. The implications of these findings to public health in Nigeria and other endemic countries are discussed in relation to options for cost-effective control design and implementation.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: December 2010

The Social Policy Digest went online in 2002, and since then has developed into a major web-based resource on UK social policy issues. By the end of 2010 it contained around 28,000 entries, covering policy developments and research findings across the whole range of social policy fields.
The Stability and Consolidation of the Francoist Regime. The Case of Eastern Andalusia, 1936–1950
Authors: COBO ROMERO FRANCISCO , DEL ARCO BLANCO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , LÓPEZ TERESA MARÍA ORTEGA
Published: December 2010

The stabilisation and longevity of Franco's regime can be explained by the interpenetration of society and the institutions of the ‘New State’ in three overlapping areas: firstly, in the sphere of the shared culture of the community of civil war victors; secondly, through repression, based on the decisive collaboration of those supporting Francoism, which cut short any possible opposition; thirdly, in the socio-economic sphere, where those making up the groups supporting the ‘New State’ would see their personal interests fulfilled. At the same time, the defeated would be ensnared in a maze of misery and silence, abandoning any political concerns and concentrating instead on survival. Accordingly, the regime proved able to win support from a broad range of social groups while also eliminating any signs of opposition.
The Return of the State?
Authors: Delwaide Jacobus
Published: December 2010

Massive government-financed rescue operations for banking and insurance industries in the United States and in Europe, seeking to contain the financial crisis that culminated in 2008, amounted to ‘the biggest, broadest and fastest government response in history.’1This ‘great stabilisation,’ asThe Economistcalled it, resulting in ‘quasi’ or ‘shadow nationalization,’2cast doubt on the notion, fashionable at the height of the neoliberal wave, that the state was essentially on its way out, as many of its tasks and responsibilities were oozing steadily and irreversibly toward the market. The state and, by the same token, the political seemed back – with a vengeance, triggering solemn announcements of ‘the return of the state’ and ‘the end of the ideology of public powerlessness.’3Observers concurred. ‘Free-market capitalism, globalization, and deregulation’ had been ‘rising across the globe for 30 years,’ yet that era now had ended: ‘Global economic and financial integration are reversing. The role of the state, together with financial and trade protectionism, is ascending.’4Triggering a perceived ‘paradigm shift towards a more European, a more social state,’ even in the United States and in China, the crisis was seen to herald a move ‘back towards a mixed economy.’5The question, meanwhile, remained: had the state indeed withdrawn as much during the neoliberal era as is often assumed?
Crisis in Eastern Europe: The Downside of a Market Economy Revealed?
Authors: Hoen Herman W.
Published: December 2010

After the collapse of communism, the Central and Eastern European countries decided to implement a market economy embedded in a democratic order. A constituent element of the transition was a fully-fledged integration with the global economy. One of the consequences of this integration is that the countries are now severely hit by the financial crisis. Until recently, however, it all looked flourishing and economic growth figures indicated a steady catch up with average welfare levels in the European Union (EU). On the website of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development an essay competition was launched for those who were born in 1989. In an introductory statement, a Russian joke is quoted: ‘Everything the Communists told us about communism was a complete and utter lie. Unfortunately, everything the Communists told us about capitalism turned out to be true’.1This article addresses the impact of the financial crisis in Central and Eastern Europe and in essence starts from this quote. It seeks to explain the extent to which the financial crisis in the Central and Eastern Europe question reveals the downside of a capitalist system embedded in a global economic order.
Sound Ideas and Absurd Consequences: Reflections of a Legal Historian
Authors: Van Caenegem R. C.
Published: December 2010

During the 60 years that I have been writing – and speculating – on public law (my first book on medieval criminal law came out in 1954), I have been repeatedly struck by a particular phenomenon to which I would now like to draw attention: that sound ideas and useful innovations eventually – when relentlessly taken to their extreme consequences and pushed along the abstract lines of their inner logic – lead to absurd or even nefarious results, defeating the original intention.
Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations of a series of hot flow anomaly events
Authors: Zhang H. , Sibeck D. G. , Zong Q.‐G. , Gary S. P. , McFadden J. P. , Larson D. , Glassmeier K.‐H. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: December 2010

A series of seven hot flow anomaly (HFA) events has been observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) C spacecraft just upstream from the subsolar bow shock from 0100 to 1300 UT on 19 August 2008. Both young (no shocks at edges, two distinct ion populations) and mature (strong shocks at edges, a single hot ion population) HFAs have been observed. Further upstream, THEMIS B observed four proto‐HFAs (density and magnetic field strength depletions, plasma heating but no flow deflections) which later developed into HFAs observed by THEMIS C. We present evidence indicating that electromagnetic right‐hand resonant ion beam instabilities heat ions inside HFAs. Observations of small‐amplitude perturbations (ΔB/B < 50%) consistent with the resonant ion beam instability in a proto‐HFA, 30 s electromagnetic waves (ΔB/B ∼ 1) in a young HFA, and magnetic pulsations in a mature HFA (ΔB/B ∼ 4) indicate that they are at early, middle, and late (nonlinear) stages of the electromagnetic right‐hand resonant ion beam instabilities. Both young and mature HFAs are associated with strong electromagnetic waves near the lower hybrid frequency (0.1–1 Hz). The lower hybrid waves are the likely source of the electron heating inside HFAs. THEMIS B observations of four proto‐HFAs which later developed into HFAs observed by THEMIS C indicate that these four HFAs might extend beyond 14 RE upstream from the bow shock, while the other three HFAs may extend between 5 and 14 RE upstream from the bow shock. We present an example of an HFA that lies displaced toward the side of the tangential discontinuity with a quasi‐parallel bow shock configuration rather than lying centered on the driving interplanetary magnetic field discontinuity.
Toward a dynamic representation of hydrological connectivity at the hillslope scale in semiarid areas
Authors: Smith Mark W. , Bracken Louise J. , Cox Nicholas J.
Published: December 2010

Hydrological connectivity has emerged as an effective means to understand and manage fluxes of water and transport of nutrients and sediment at the catchment scale, especially as fluxes are modified by changing climate and land use. However, hydrology has not yet adopted it as a unifying concept given uncertainties regarding different conceptions and gaps in understanding of how connectivity functions at different temporal and spatial scales. This paper outlines a conceptual model of hydrological connectivity for semiarid hillslopes and highlights the direction that future attempts to quantify dynamic hydrological connectivity might take. Rainfall‐runoff analysis emphasizes the influence of antecedent moisture and temporal storm structure on hillslope‐scale flood generation. Plot‐scale field flume experiments demonstrate the spatial and temporal variability of flow resistance. The morphological runoff zone framework is presented as a method to upscale such results to the hillslope and incorporate the broader‐scale issue of hillslope form. The need to design field experiments to inform attempts to model feedbacks between runoff depth and flow resistance forms the central argument of this paper. Patterns of infiltration and resistance across entire flow paths and their variability throughout a storm event are the key to understanding dynamic hydrological connectivity at the hillslope scale.