bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limitations of Riess and Farrar's Rapid-Acquisition, High-Efficiency Paradigm for Unsignalled Shuttlebox Avoidance
Authors: Cotton M. M.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats were given brief, inescapable shocks in a shuttlebox on the average of one every 5, 10, or 20 sec., respectively. Each group was divided into four subgroups, able to reduce the probability of occurrence of the next shock by 75%, 50%, 25%, or not at all, respectively. For all initial shock rates a greater reduction in the probability of occurrence of shock led to a higher percentage of avoidable shocks being avoided. The ratio of non-shock-elicited responses to shocks increased for initial shock rates of one per 5 and 10 sec. when associated with greater reductions in shock probability but the ratio decreased for an initial shock rate of one per 20 sec. for greater reductions in shock probability. The most plausible explanation is in terms of the stimulus control of behavior similar to that invoked for operant behavior under multiple probabilistic scheduling of positive reinforcement.
Co-Adaptation: Adaptive Behavior of Systems
Authors: Hust Bruce Edward
Published: September 2011

This study revitalized thinking about human interaction as “co-adaptation” or processes of interpersonal adjustment derived from the developing organization of one's social systems. Using this model, certain social behaviors could be predicted from the interplay of structural forces of status in a given system. Peer groupings of children in special education were constructed of either average or widely divergent statuses, based upon sociometric ratings among classmates. These experimental groups were independently engaged in a game situation in which competition and cooperation were alternative coping strategies. Behavioral expressions of co-adaptation, gauged along dimensions of productivity and cohesiveness, were quantified from videotapes of each group's participation. The contrasted groups behaved differently across trials, mostly in keeping with differential predictions for structural dynamics and inferred “atmospheres.” The relevance of the construct of co-adaptation to a variety of social systems and to the general notion of adaptive behavior was discussed.
Married is Better: Attitudes toward Single Persons as a Function of Their Age
Authors: Jacobson Marsha B.
Published: September 2011

In a study of attitudes toward older single people subjects were given a brief description of a target person which varied that character's marital status (single or married), age (25 or 35 yr.), and sex, and were asked to rate the character on a variety of evaluative dimensions. As hypothesized, the older single person was evaluated less positively on social dimensions than the younger single person or the married person of either age. However, no interaction between marital status and age occurred on professional dimensions. Further, contrary to hypothesis, older single women were not evaluated more negatively than older single men. The disparity in results between the social and professional dimensions is discussed.
The Ghiselli Self-Description Inventory as a Predictor of Managerial Success
Authors: Bowin Robert B. , Leonard Marilynn R.
Published: September 2011

A group of middle managers in two medium-sized business enterprises completed the Ghiselli Self-description Inventory, an empirically based instrument designed to identify the traits and talents of successful managers. These middle managers were also evaluated by their vice presidents as to whether they had achieved enough success to warrant consideration for promotion. The Inventory failed to distinguish between those who were successful ( n = 11) and those who were unsuccessful ( n = 13) managers.
Reaction Time in Relation to Amplitude of the Achilles Tendon Reflex
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: September 2011

The Achilles tendon reflex was elicited by mechanical percussion of the tendon at the rate of 1 blow/sec. in 32 healthy males, aged 28 to 56 yr. Amplitude of the reflex was recorded electromyographically while subjects performed a reaction task in which 75-db tones, presented at random and without a warning signal, were the stimuli. Conditions of the test were designed to provide a wide range of arousal states from drowsiness to alertness. Findings showed that there is little or no relationship—either linear or inverted-U shaped—between the reaction time and amplitude of the Achilles tendon reflex recorded immediately prior to the presentation of the auditory stimuli.
Use of Contracts in Psychotherapy
Authors: Motta Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The use of contracts in psychotherapy is presented as a way of helping to address questions regarding the ‘cost effectiveness’ of psychotherapy. Contracts are also shown to be of value in protecting the client, increasing therapist's accountability, and enhancing the researcher's capability of conducting investigations on the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures. Difficulties in writing highly specific contracts for clients' vague complaints are pointed out and a parallel is drawn between the process of contracting and certain aspects of the peer review system which is being supported by the American Psychological Association.
Validity of the MMPI Prison Maladjustment Scale in Identifying Disciplinary Transfers among Federally Incarcerated Male Offenders
Authors: White Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The ability of the Prison Maladjustment scale of the MMPI to differentiate between disciplinary transfer and nontransfer minimum security federal prisoners was investigated. There was no difference between the scores of the two groups on the scale ( Ms = 25.8 and 23.2, respectively) or on comparisons of other correctional data, age, and ethnic background. It appears that the scale alone or in combination with other data will be a poor predictor of transfer. Also, the rate of transfer was so low as to make accurate prediction from any criteria extremely unlikely.
Race Differences in Feminism and Guilt
Authors: Slane Steve , Morrow Lisa
Published: September 2011

A measure of feminism and Mosher's Forced-choice Guilt Inventory, which assesses sexual guilt, guilt about hostility, morality conscience, and total guilt, were administered to 179 white and 34 black women. Correlations indicated that women high on feminism scored lower on the four measures than nonfeminists. Black and white women did not differ in strength of feminist beliefs, but separate correlations performed for black and white women indicated that for black women feminism was related to less guilt about hostility while in white women feminism was related to less sexual guilt and morality conscience but was unrelated to guilt about hostility. The results suggest that the underrepresentation of black women in the women's liberation movement reflects the different needs of black and white women, not differences in strength of feminist beliefs.
Note on Internal Consistency of Canadian Self-Esteem Inventory for Adults
Authors: Ludwig David A. , Blau Gary J. , Lenihan Marisue
Published: September 2011

56 female nurses participated in a study to investigate the internal consistency of the Canadian Self-esteem Inventory for Adults. In this item structures and reliabilities of several subscales did not match those found in the test manual. Further analysis suggested that poor response variance contributed to these findings.
Adults' Meaning in Life
Authors: De Vogler Karen L. , Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

The present study, by using 96 subjects ranging in age from 30 to 80 yr., set out to extend knowledge about meaning in life content areas of college students to the entire adult life span. The subjects were asked to write about, rank in order, and give an example of each of the three strongest meanings in their life. High interrater reliability (91% agreement) was achieved in categorizing the essays on meaning. Only 3% reported no meaning. The category of Relationships was most often reported followed by Belief, Health, Growth, Life Work, Service, and Understanding. The accompanying revisions, as well as suggested modifications, appear to be appropriate for describing categories of meaning across the adult life span.
The Dynamics of Learning with ILIA
Authors: Shelly Maynard W. , Hoyle Lawrence , Whitacre Tamara
Published: September 2011

A speculative framework as to how learning under the computerized instructional system ILIA might take place is developed. The framework assumes a network of associations that tends to preserve its own “logic,” particularly when the network is complex. Learning occurs through the changes that are required to preserve this logic when the material being taught is introduced through the ILIA system. Some informal observations are consistent with the speculative framework. Finally it is shown how the ILIA system could be used by an agent in search of a particular terrorist.
Factorial Study of Component Procedures in Desensitization Treatment of Test Anxiety among College Students
Authors: McGlynn F. Dudley , Bichajian Charles , Giesen J. Martin , Rullan Christy M. , Pulver Lance
Published: September 2011

Heart rate and skin conductance during testing were obtained from 38 highly test-anxious college students before and after they were exposed to one of four experimental treatments and from 9 low test-anxious students who were not exposed to any treatment. The treatments varied factorially the major procedural components of systematic desensitization by crossing graded versus ungraded visualization of a standard test-anxiety hierarchy with the presence versus the absence of concurrent instructions for muscular relaxation. Heart rate during testing was not a correlate of reported test anxiety. Skin conductance during testing was a correlate of reported anxiety, but it was not influenced robustly by any of the experimental treatments. There was some evidence of sensitization when graded imaginal rehearsal was not paired with relaxation.
Sensitivity of the Activation-Deactivation Check List to Activation during Physical Activities
Authors: Bird Evelyn I.
Published: September 2011

Although the Thayer Activation-Deactivation Check List has been used for the phenomenological report of activation levels during cognitive and fine motor tasks, more vigorous tasks such as those in industry and athletics have not ben investigated. Hence, the check list was used to compare General Activation during five activities with different subjects and varied energy requirements: a repetitive manipulative industrial-type task, a recreational team game, an elite athletic competition, a demanding individual sport for novice competitors, and for contrast, a relaxation session. The results indicated construct validity in that the relaxation session, monotonous industrial task, and sitting in the laboratory showed lower activation scores than participation in recreational or competitive athletics. Replications using both the standard form and short form of this check list under differing conditions gave similar results. Thayer's check list is an efficient and economical tool for the measurement of self-reported levels of activation within subjects and across field situations.
Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, Motivation and Satisfaction with Growth: A Study of Industrial Engineers
Authors: Helphingstine Stephan R. , Head Thomas C. , Sørensen Peter F.
Published: September 2011

For the industrial engineering jobs included in the study job characteristics were associated with two of the three outcome variables as predicted by the Hackman-Oldham model. Individual job characteristics had differential impact on outcomes while moderating variables exhibited little or no influence.
Determinants of the Therapeutic Bond: How to Engage Patients
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present discussion enunciates several determinants which influence the degree to which bonding (between patient and therapist) takes place within a psychotherapeutic interaction. These parameters have been sometimes regarded as “innate” or “untrainable” since they remained unspecified and were therefore heeded differently by different therapists. More careful attention to these verifiable dimensions might help minimize the likelihood of premature termination—a formidable obstacle to implementing an effective treatment plan for many therapists.
Clients' Satisfaction and Interpersonal Trust among Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W. , Garrison Jesse L.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire on clients' satisfaction was given to 40 psychiatric patients in a state hospital program. Responses showed generally high satisfaction (74%). Comparisons with earlier surveys in the same program suggested that feedback of results to the program staff without concentrated efforts by management to induce change may not be sufficient to improve reported satisfaction by patients. Clients' satisfaction correlated .43 with Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale, but neither measure was significantly related to staff ratings of patients' behavioral adjustment or to demographic variables.
Female Volunteers for Psychological Experiments May Be More Homogeneous than Non-Volunteering Women
Authors: Watson John S.
Published: September 2011

A survey of the literature yielded a slight tendency for women who volunteered for psychological experiments to be more homogeneous on various personality measures than non-volunteering women.
Motivational Strategies in Effective Management of Day-to-Day Job Performance
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weitzel William , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

This investigation studied the relationships of various motivational strategies used by supervisors to the day-to-day contributions and experiences of subordinates. 141 nursing staff completed questionnaires examining (1) 13 aspects of the way their supervisors were seen responding to their day-to-day job performance and (2) 6 performance-related work outcomes. The majority of the motivational strategies were significantly related to most of the outcomes. Their superiors' characteristic ways of managing day-to-day subordinates' job performance were linked to important work outcomes. Particularly important in this regard were participative behaviors and immediate application of rewards but not punishments.
Self-Concepts of Young Nigerian Adolescents
Authors: Jegede R. Olukayode , Bamgboye E. Afolabi
Published: September 2011

A longitudinal study of 375 boys and 380 girls just beginning the seventh grade was started in November 1977. The sample, whose mean age was 13.06 yr. ( SD = 1.66), was representative of seventh grade students in Oyo State, one of the 19 states in Nigeria. Health, height, onset of menarche in girls, intellectual maturity, and certain social factors were most closely associated with self-concepts.
Naturalistic Observation in Assessment of Behavioral Marital Therapy
Authors: Follingstad Diane R. , Haynes Stephen N.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to gather preliminary naturalistic observations on the effects of behavioral marital therapy. A second purpose was to gather preliminary data on the importance of the sequence of components of a behavioral marital treatment involving communication training and training in negotiation and contracting. Marital satisfaction of seven couples participating in a marital intervention program was assessed with questionnaires and home observations during a baseline period, after a didactic education phase, after training in communication, and after training in negotiation and contracting. Four couples received communication skills training prior to training in negotiation and contracting; three couples received these components in the reverse order. A 1-yr. follow-up of marital satisfaction was also conducted. Significant increases were noted in self-reported marital satisfaction throughout the program although there was no significant relationship between outcome and the sequence of the two main treatment components. Data from naturalistic observation showed decreases in the rate of both negative and positive behaviors in marital interaction over the course of therapy.
Anomia in Rural Women: A Longitudinal Comparison of Two Measures
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Atilano Raymond B. , Hawkins Kimball
Published: September 2011

3-yr. longitudinal interview data for 58 rural women support the greater reliability and stability of the nine-item Robinson and Shaver (1973) instrument than the original Srole (1956) Anomia instrument. Three-year test-retest correlations were .56 and .45, respectively. These suggest adequate stability for research purposes. Both measures indicated a low degree of alienation for these rural women.
Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Systematic Psychology
Authors: Fine Reuben
Published: September 2011

Psychoanalysis has often been attacked by experimental psychologists as “anecdotal” and “unscientific.” This paper attempts to show that the correct position is the exact reverse. Psychoanalysis as a theoretical structure should be regarded as a scientific systematic psychology. Its major ingredients are naturalistic observation and integration of material from many different sources. When looked at in this way, it is seen that psychoanalysis really represents the heart of psychology; without some reference to psychodynamics no psychological statement makes complete sense. A careful examination of some recent psychological literature shows that current “scientific psychology” as usually seen by academicians is often either irrelevant or trivial or erroneous. A total rethinking of the science in the light of psychoanalytic psychology is essential. Then it will be clear that psychology, based on psychoanalysis, also embraces history, anthropology, economics, literary criticism and all the other sciences that deal with man.
Indications and Contraindications in the Use of Therapist's Self-Disclosure
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present discussion enunciates the indications and contraindications in the use of therapist's self-disclosure as a technique, method, or procedure in psychotherapy. The controversy regarding the distinctions between counseling and psychotherapy presumably stemmed from Rogers' (1951) introduction of a method of treatment which deviated markedly from classical psychotherapeutic techniques. Perhaps the most salient divergence and radical departure involved the therapist's attitude of congruence—an attitude which accorded the therapist increased authenticity and spontaneity during the therapeutic interaction—which was subsequently labeled by Jourard (1971) as self-disclosure or transparency. This contrasts sharply with the traditional “blank screen” posture characteristic of psychodynamic modes of treatment. The putative clinical advantages of disclosure by the therapist were contrasted with their potential disadvantages. It was tentatively concluded that this procedure might best be regarded as a technique cf counseling rather than one of psychotherapy per se.
Comparative Analysis of Immigration and Suicide
Authors: Stack Steven
Published: September 2011

Past research on the relationship between immigration and suicide has focused on a few case studies of the bivariate relationship in nations marked by considerable forced immigration. The present study expands the sample to 34 nations characterized by voluntary immigration. Using the techniques of multiple regression analysis, it confirms the immigration-suicide linkage.
Test Anxiety, Level and Accuracy of Predicted Performance
Authors: Lusk Sally Lechlitner
Published: September 2011

142 upper-division university students' predictions of their performance on two examinations were compared by test anxiety, as determined by a measure of state-test-anxiety. The students' predictions significantly differed by test anxiety; the predicted score was inversely related to test anxiety. For the group as a whole, the accuracy of the predictions did not differ by level of test anxiety. The accuracy of predictions by females for one examination differed significantly; the highly test anxious students had greater accuracy. Additional studies of students' expectations, as well as their performance goals, will provide data useful to planning interventions for test anxiety.
Effects of Perceptions of Presence of Audience and Achievement Instructions on Performance of a Simple Task
Authors: Musick Susan A. , Beehr Terry A. , Gilmore David C.
Published: September 2011

Task performance was investigated under achievement- or nonachievement-related and real, perceived, or no-audience conditions (101 females and 19 males). The achievement conditions had no effect, but performance with both a real and a perceived audience was stronger than with no audience. Personality measures were administered to test for their moderating effects, but the results were not significant.
Attributions of Interpersonal Values and Teaching Effectiveness
Authors: McAvin Martha Woodbridge , Gordon Leonard V.
Published: September 2011

In the present study, 178 high school students first indicated how effective they felt their teachers were, and then completed the Survey of Interpersonal Values as they felt that their teachers would if the latter were responding frankly. The students followed the same procedure with a second teacher of their choice. As had been hypothesized, teachers who were considered to be the more effective tended to have attributed to them higher Benevolence and lower Recognition and Leadership scores on the survey. In prior research, these same interpersonal values characteristics had been attributed to counselors judged to be the more effective. Whether more effective teachers manifest those characteristics or simply have those characteristics attributed to them is a matter for future research to determine.
Self-Concept and Imitation
Authors: Boyce Danny , Knight Jeff , Lewis Carol , Patton Fred , Richman Charles L.
Published: September 2011

4-yr.-olds, 18 girls and 18 boys, either imitated or failed to imitate a sequence of modeled acts. Children who imitated at least one modeled act showed higher self-concept scores following modeling than those children who failed to imitate. Imitators vs non-imitators did not differ in their self-concept scores prior to modeling. Results were discussed in terms of a competence model.
Graffiti of Canadian High School Students
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: September 2011

This study classified sex and cultural differences as reflected by inscriptions in washrooms and confirmed hypotheses that (1) females will write more graffiti than males, (2) there will be no sex differences in the proportion of sex-related graffiti to the total number of graffiti between males' and females' washrooms, (3) female students will write more sex-romantic graffiti than males, and male students will write more sex-erotic graffiti than females, and (4) French Canadians will write more political than any other graffiti than English Canadians. Two English and two French high schools were selected for the purpose. Wales and Brewers' (1973) scheme to classify the graffiti was used. The results are strikingly different from earlier studies. These differences might be explained in the terms of changes in prevailing attitudes and values of the society. Canadian data show more political graffiti than comparable American data.
One Aspect of the Development of Preschoolers' Communicative Competence: Specific Answers to Specific Questions
Authors: Pellegrini A. D.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the development of preschoolers' ability to respond appropriately to specific questions 36 children (22 girls and 14 boys, age range 38 to 69 mo.) were videotaped in same-age dyads while they each did 2 jig-saw puzzles. The following question/response sequences were coded from the transcripts of the puzzle sessions: choice questions/choice responses; product questions/product responses; process questions/process responses. Only the oldest children, 5-yr.-olds, consistently responded appropriately to each type of question. Significant relations were detected between each type of question and appropriate response only for the 5-yr.-olds.
Note on Adjustment of Married American School Teachers in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bardo John W. , Bardo Deborah J.
Published: September 2011

Relationships with adjustment of married American teachers in Victoria, Australia, were examined. Positive relationships were obtained between husbands' and wives' feelings of belongingness and satisfaction with the work environment, however, the degrees to which husbands and wives missed relatives who remained in the U.S.A. were independent.
Comparison of Modeling and Cognitive Rehearsal in Reduction of Snake Avoidance
Authors: Barrios Francisco X. , Somervill John W. , Henke Kristen J. , Merritt Becky R.
Published: September 2011

The increased interest in cognitive activity among behavioral clinicians has led to the development of new treatment strategies incorporating these variables, such as cognitive rehearsal. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative contributions of cognitive rehearsal and modeling in the modification of phobic fear reactions. 60 female college students, previously screened for high levels of anxiety and avoidance behavior toward snakes, participated in a 19-step behavioral avoidance test. Subjects were divided into six groups: a no-modeling condition, a modeling only condition, two cognitive rehearsal only conditions (coping and distraction), and two cognitive rehearsal plus modeling conditions. Principal dependent variables were number of behavioral steps completed, degree of self-reported anxiety, and subjects' self-efficacy expectations. Between-group differences on these variables, although in the expected direction, did not reach statistical significance. A significant correlation of .83 was obtained between self-efficacy expectations and approach behavior.
Factor Analysis (R-Technique) of Ipsatized Data May Be Misleading
Authors: Davis Todd M. , Chissom Brad
Published: September 2011

Despite cautions in the literature against factor analyzing (R-technique) non-independent or ipsative data, several such studies have reported apparently meaningful results. This paper examines the results of factor analysis for six different sets of contrived data with known properties. Comparisons between the known factor structure and obtained results suggest that the number of factors initially extracted will be significantly under- or overestimated and that less than 60% of factored items will be correctly loaded. These findings provide empirical support for rational notes of caution in the use of factor analytic procedures as applied to ipsative data.
Clinical Applications of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory with University Women
Authors: Ireland Mardy S.
Published: September 2011

The present paper examines current definitions and functions of masculinity and femininity as seen through the experience of university women who seek psychotherapy. Among these clients there appear to be several clinical groupings which reflect the salient categories originally offered by Bem's (1974) Sex-role Inventory: feminine type, masculine type, undifferentiated type, and androgynous type. Each type brings to therapy a differing set of interpersonal and intrapersonal difficulties. A theoretical model is briefly described and utilized to describe the personality dynamics of these four clinical composites and also provides the basis for discussion. Sex-role research is reviewed as it is pertinent to the psychological difficulties of these four types. Descriptions of the clinical profiles are then presented and are followed by a discussion which explores the implications for the psychology of women.
Sex-Role Identity across Two Cultures
Authors: Gackenbach Jayne
Published: September 2011

Cross-cultural data on 57 U.S. and 24 Australian women are provided for the Bem Sex-role Inventory. Femininity scores significantly differed; American women scored more feminine than Australian women. There was no cultural difference in masculinity or androgyny scores.
Comparison of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised for a Referred Population
Authors: Breen Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons were made between the PPVT-R and WISC-R with 32 elementary school-aged students referred for learning disabilities and emotional disturbance. Significant differences were noted between the mean revised Peabody standard score and each of the three Wechsler intelligence quotients. Significant correlations were found for all comparisons.
Binge Eating in Normal Weight and Overweight Individuals
Authors: Edelman Barbara
Published: September 2011

The incidence of emotional distress-related eating was investigated through a structured interview given to a sample of 49 men and 51 women, 21 to 55 yr. of age. The interview was designed to uncover the incidence of emotional distress-related eating, types of situations under which it occurs, and its relationship to body weight. Results indicated emotional distress-related eating occurs frequently particularly among women (51% reported binge eating at least 3 times per month). There was a great deal of individual variability in motives given for binge eating but typically only one or two motives applied to a given subject. There was no relationship between amount of overweight and binge eating. 27% of subjects reported regularly eating in response to environmental stimuli. The implications for psychosomatic and externality theories of obesity are discussed.
Avoidance of Existential-Ontological Confrontation: A Review of Research
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Ruznisky Sonja A. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

Philosophical and classical as well as popular literature have persistently focused on the existential condition of the human individual. Despite this continued attention, research on the content dimensions identified with existentialism and ontology has lagged. A number of studies were undertaken to document the effects of an ontological orientation to the world. Essential is an awareness of reality and the harsh inevitabilities of life, such as death, rejection, loneliness, et cetera. Drawing on the work of Nietzsche, several constructs were delineated for special study to assist the psychometric documentation of choice of an avoiding versus a confronting strategy to the human condition. Several scales were developed using current techniques. Included are scales designed to assess general avoidance, death, loneliness, and three varieties of the experience of rejection—of self, by. others, and of others. Several studies indicate respectable reliability and supporting validity for the scales. The scales are relatively free of stylistic response variances of social desirability, acquiescence, and satiation. Differences among high, medium, and low scorers on death, loneliness, and rejection appear independent of stress levels specific to these content dimensions. Results suggest advantages and disadvantages to strategies of awareness.
Satisfaction in Communication: An Examination of the Downs-Hazen Measure
Authors: Crino Michael D. , White Michael C.
Published: September 2011

First-line supervisors from five textile mills located in the southeast completed the eight-scale Downs-Hazen measure of satisfaction in communication. These data were examined to determine the dimensional stability and the intrascale internal consistency of the measure. The results indicate that, although an eight-factor solution is reasonable, only in a few instances is the generated subscale structure as originally hypothesized. Further, the subscales do not appear orthogonal.
Birth Order and Family Learning Environments
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to examine relations between birth order and profiles of dimensions of family learning environments. Data were collected from 885 Australian families. Each family had an 11-yr.-old child and the analyses related to those children, 442 girls and 443 boys. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to assess the environmental dimensions of parents': achievement orientations, press for English, press for reading, press for independence, achievement-value orientations, and aspirations. Generally, the findings indicated that, although there was moderate separation among environmental profiles for girls and boys of different birth-order positions, there was also an extreme overlap of profiles among the groups.
Comparative Effectiveness of Individual Imagery Psychotherapy vs Didactic Self-Help Seminars
Authors: Morrison James K. , Becker Robert E. , Isaacs Kathryn
Published: September 2011

Twenty-three clients undergoing 15 sessions of individual imagery psychotherapy (emotive-reconstructive therapy) were compared with 23 persons participating in 8 2-hr., 20-min. didactic, self-help seminars to assess the comparative effectiveness of each treatment on self-attributions as measured by the semantic differential. As predicted, results indicated that both treatments were effective in producing a significant increase of positive self-attributions, but that the clients in individual therapy reported significantly more positive attributions than the self-help group. The superior effect produced by individual therapy is discussed within the context of its greater cost in time and money. It is suggested that some therapeutic effects, e.g., increased self-image, may be more inexpensively and efficiently obtained by means of didactic seminars rather than individual psychotherapy.
Adults' Estimates of Sociometric Status of Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Kleck Robert E. , De Jong William
Published: September 2011

12 male and 12 female counselors' estimates of the sociometric status of 60 boys and 61 girls were compared to their peer-rated acceptance within small, same-sex living groups at a 3-wk. camp. Adults' estimates and child-derived ranks for liking were strongly correlated for both physically handicapped and nonhandicapped children of both sexes. Physical attractiveness may be a mediator of the relationship between these judgments.
Inconsistencies in Attribution of Control and Blame
Authors: Hayworth J.
Published: September 2011

It is contended that individuals are not consistent in attributing control and blame to the same source. An attempt was made to examine this by the use of psychometric scales. Two groups, 40 college students (27 males and 13 females), aged from 18 to 39 yr., and 163 expectant mothers, aged from 19 to 41 yr. who were patients at an ante-natal clinic, were tested. Students' scores on the attribution of control to external sources tended to be incongruently related to internal attribution of blame. For the expectant women, scores on the two measures were unrelated. Perhaps these inconsistent attributions could be formulated into more precise descriptors of individual coping styles. Such inconsistencies might also be predictors of stress responsiveness, or vulnerability to specific illness such as depression.
Differentially Talented Females: Some Critical Methodological Issues for the 1980s
Authors: McCarthy S. Viterbo
Published: September 2011

Usually psychometric studies have searched for the personality correlates associated with L (high linguistic and low quantitative ability) and Q (low linguistic and high quantitative ability) patterns. Neuropsychological studies, on the other hand, have searched for the cortical processes associated with L and Q patterns or for the psychological functions (presumably linguistic and visuospatial) associated with left- and right-hemispheric processing, respectively. To further our understanding of the relationship of L and Q patterns to personality correlates and modes of information processing and to clarify conflicting interpretations attributed to sex and sex-role factors, a cohort-sequential methodology and a convergence of psychometry with neuropsychology are recommended; three critical methodological issues are explored.
Disorganized Recall, Hypnotic Amnesia and Subjects' Faking: More Disconfirmatory Evidence
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Radtke H. Lorraine , Bertrand Lorne D. , Addie Diane L. , Drummond Joan
Published: September 2011

Wagstaff hypothesized that subjects' faking may account for the disorganization in the clustering of recall that frequently accompanies suggested amnesia for a list of categorized words. According to this hypothesis subjects who learned a categorized word list will cluster inefficiently when they are explicitly instructed to pretend that they have forgotten some of the words. This hypothesis also predicts that subjects asked to mix up words from different categories during recall and simultaneously to recall only a specific number of the words will have difficulty carrying out both tasks. We present two experiments that tested both of these predictions and disconfirmed them both. Our findings are inconsistent with a faking hypothesis of hypnotic amnesia.
Processing Differences in Relations between Ability and Field-Independence
Authors: Shore Bruce M. , Hymovitch Judidale , Lajoie Susanne P.
Published: September 2011

Scores on 21 tests of field-independence and convergent and divergent thinking from 375 adolescents were correlated and factor analyzed. Significant small to moderate correlations of ability and field independence were noted. Boys possibly used spatial cues directly on tasks of field-independence scores and girls verbal skills to transform the tasks to areas of their cognitive strength. Scores were interpreted as style not sex differences. A new look at test performance was proposed in terms of adapting tests to one's strengths in addition to accommodating to the demands of tests in the consideration of cognitive flexibility.
Relational Learning in Redundant-Oddity Tasks as a Function of Number of Identical Stimuli
Authors: Sugimura Takeshi
Published: September 2011

80 kindergarten children were given a redundant-oddity task with three or six stimuli, which could be solved by relational and absolute responding, and then given a probe task with three or six stimuli to assess which response had been learned. The subjects under the 6 (oddity) −6 (probe) condition responded perfectly in the relational manner whereas only 35% of the subjects under the 6–3 condition responded relationally. The extreme decrement in the number of relational learners suggests that the facilitation of oddity learning by increasing numbers of identical stimuli is not responsible for responding to the truly conceptual relation among stimuli but is for responding to the perceptual distinctiveness of stimuli.
Salience and Hindsight Biases in Judgements of World Events
Authors: Guerin Bernard
Published: September 2011

The present study tested the effects of salience and hindsight biases on judgements of the likelihood of real and fictitious world events. Those events that are salient or have already occurred were predicted to be assigned overestimated probabilities compared to similar matched world events. In two studies utilizing four different types of events, deaths, revolutions, troop movements, and national independence, evidence for such biases was found. However, in two cases where a salient feature was the unexpectedness of the event, hindsight biases were not found.
Social Network Characteristics of Hospitalized Depressed Patients
Authors: Brim John , Witcoff Connie , Wetzel Richard D.
Published: September 2011

22 patients with primary or secondary affective disorder and 22 hospitalized control patients with no history of psychiatric disorder completed questionnaires about their relationships with other people. Similar questionnaires were completed by one friend or relative of 20 patients and 20 control subjects about the subjects' social network. Depressed patients reported that significantly fewer people were available who would offer them help or who had similar interests. They reported less contact with members of their social network. The friends or relatives of depressed patients reported the patients had fewer friends who shared values or were concerned than did those of the control group. The data were interpreted as consistent with both the helplessness and behavioral models of depression.
Characteristics of Elderly Participants in Three Types of Leisure Groups
Authors: Mellinger Jeanne , Holt Robert
Published: September 2011

145 participants in three types of programs for elderly persons were compared on leisure activities, attitudes toward leisure, social contacts, morale, and demographic variables. The results of discriminant function analyses indicate that older adults participating in RSVP ( n = 30), recreation programs ( n = 45), and nutrition programs ( n = 70) differed in significant ways. Volunteers were highly active, service-oriented people who had fewer social contacts and placed less value on social activities. Recreation group members were sociable, fairly active people with stable living arrangements, who valued friendship and social contacts. Nutrition group members also valued social contacts, but they were much less active, experienced more difficulties with transportation and sensory-motor problems, and appeared to have somewhat lower morale. The patterns observed in the three programs were quite distinct. Development of future programs for elderly persons can be guided by avoiding duplication of service among existing programs and by focusing on possible need patterns of non-participating elderly.
Self-Concept and Identification of Students Needing a Counseling Center
Authors: McClure Robert , Mitchell Christina , Greschuck Dixie
Published: September 2011

This study discriminated between students who used a university counseling center and those who did not on the basis of several simple measures. Highly neurotic subjects, those who acknowledged problems freely, and subjects with low self-concepts were more likely to use the counseling center. Canonical function predicted use of a counseling center for a second group of students. Such information may be used to plan preventive counseling early for those with potential problems.
Consumers' Perception of Manufacturers' Suggested List Price
Authors: Ahmed Sadrudin A. , Gulas Gary M.
Published: September 2011

Although the Canadian Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs has recently increased the monitoring of deceptive advertising, Canadian law continues to recognize most price comparisons as harmless. This paper presents evidence of the influence of price comparisons in showroom catalogs and newspaper advertisements. In a survey of 257 Canadian consumers, over 50% of the respondents associated the manufacturers' suggested list price with the price charged by a majority of stores in the local area. Cross-classification of responses on the basis of language, sex, education, and income yielded only one statistically significant difference for language.
Supervisors' and Subordinates' Communication Experiences in Managing Job Performance: Two Blind Wisemen Describing an Elephant?
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weitzel William , Deszca Gene
Published: September 2011

Agreement of supervisor and subordinate on (1) communications practices and (2) processes and outcomes in managing job performance and conducting interviews appraising performance were examined. Little agreement was present. In addition, supervisors generally held more favourable impressions of these experiences than did their subordinates. Possible reasons for this low agreement and implications for improving job performance and enhancing managerial skills are proposed.
The Conservatism Scale and Theologically Conservative Pastors
Authors: Gilbert Marvin G.
Published: September 2011

Previous research with clergymen indicates a positive relationship between theological position (conservative-liberal) and the related construct dimension for authoritarianism, dogmatism, and conservatism. This study extends Wilson and Patterson's research of conservatism in New Zealand by examining the responses to their Conservatism Scale by theologically conservative pastors (Assemblies of God) in the United States. The data indicate the pastors were a very homogeneous group of males with reference to general conservatism, as Wilson and Patterson would predict. Theological conservatism may have had the effect of restricting variability of Conservatism scores. The constructs of general conservatism, as measured by the Conservatism Scale, and theological conservatism may be very similar.
Is There Compassion in Principled Moral Judgment?
Authors: Simmons Dale D.
Published: September 2011

Principled moral judgment, as measured by Rest's (1974) P-score, was not significantly associated with Purpose-in-Life Test scores but was significantly associated with placement at higher priority of the Rokeach Survey values of Mature Love and being Capable, Imaginative, and Logical and with placement at lower priority of a World at Peace and being Clean, Obedient, and Polite. The P-score was not significantly related to being Broadminded, Courageous, Forgiving, Helpful, Loving, or Responsible, suggesting that compassion is not a necessary consequence of principled moral reasoning. Subjects were 51 college men and 48 women.
Pre-Exposure to Flavor and Conditioned Taste Aversion: Amphetamine and Lithium Reinforcers
Authors: Wellman Paul J.
Published: September 2011

The experiment compared the influence of pre-exposure to a .1% saccharin CS on the conditioned taste aversion induced by lithium chloride (.15 M) and by d-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg) in 44 female Long-Evans hooded rats. Nonpre-exposed rats displayed substantial lithium- and amphetamine-induced taste aversions while pre-exposed rats (6 days) displayed significant attenuation of taste aversion induced by lithium or amphetamine. Although the aversions induced by these reinforcers are anatomically and pharmacologically independent, manipulations of conditioning variables were not sufficient to dissociate these reinforcers.
Within- and Between-Subjects Differences in the Effect of Morphine in Mice
Authors: Bardo Michael T. , Gunion Mark W.
Published: September 2011

Within- and between-subjects experimental designs were used to assess the effects of morphine in mice. In the within-subjects design, mice were tested for activity and responsivity to pain before and after an injection of morphine (15 mg/kg), and the effect of morphine was calculated as a difference between pre- and post-injection tests. In the between-subjects design, mice were tested for activity and responsivity to pain after an injection of either morphine or saline and the effect of morphine was calculated as a difference between morphine- and saline-injected animals. The between-subjects design was more sensitive than the within-subjects design in detecting morphine-induced locomotor and analgesic effects across four repeated injections of morphine.
Infantile Autism: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Etiology, and Prognosis—A Research Review
Authors: Brooker Alan E. , Mareth Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

The limited literature on infantile autism is examined for information on clinical features, differential diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis. While personal history usually provides a basis for clinical diagnosis, there are few data on which to plan effectively.
Life Changes, Cessation and Maintenance of Smoking: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Prochaska James O. , Lapsanski Duane V.
Published: September 2011

Positive and negative life changes in the 6 mo. prior to treatment were related to cessation and maintenance of smoking. 20 subjects who initially quit smoking during treatment and those 8 who maintained cessation at 4 mo. reported significantly fewer positive life changes prior to treatment. Negative life changes were unrelated to success in therapy. The results support Sarason, Johnson, and Siegel, who in 1978 argued for the utility of differentiating between positive and negative life changes