bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Ratios of Cajanus Cajan L. under the Stress of Cadmium and its Correlation with Pigment Content and Pigment Ratios
Authors: Maurya Renu , Gopal R.
Published: April 2008

Laser-induced fluorescence spectra were used to characterize the effect of cadmium on the pigment status of the leaves of Cajanus cajan L. Laser-induced fluorescence spectra of untreated as well as cadmium treated (0.01 mM, 0.10 mM, and 1.00 mM) Cajanus cajan L. were recorded using the 355 nm line of a Nd:YAG laser as the excitation source and a monochromator with an intensified charge-coupled device as a detector in the region 400–800 nm. The fluorescence intensity ratios (FIR) of control as well as treated Cajanus cajan L. have been calculated by evaluating curve fitted parameters using a Gaussian spectral function. In addition, some growth parameters, such as photosynthetic pigment content, were also measured. The 355 nm line of the laser-light-excited leaves not only showed a fluorescence emission in the red spectral region (650–800 nm), but also in the blue-green region (400–570 nm). The chlorophyll FIR F690/F740 strongly correlated with the photosynthetic pigment content (total chlorophyll and carotenoids) and its ratio. Consequently, a correlation was also seen between the ratio of the blue-green fluorescence F470/F540 and the photosynthetic pigment content. The results indicated that the plants treated with 0.01 mM of cadmium exhibited better growth, while higher concentrations of cadmium were hazardous for Cajanus cajan L.
Raman Signal Processing Software for Automated Identification of Mineral Phases and Biosignatures on Mars
Authors: Sobron Pablo , Sobron Francisco , Sanz Aurelio , Rull Fernando
Published: April 2008

Data from the ESA ExoMars Rover Mission will provide invaluable input for further studies in astro/exobiology. The search for mineral products as indicators of present and/or past biogenetic activities in Mars' surface and subsurface samples is the main objective of the compact Raman-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument. The inherent features of Raman spectroscopy and LIBS make the combined instrument a unique and very powerful tool in the search for biomarkers and hence it is regarded as the highest priority instrument for mineral analysis within the mission. We have developed a software package for the on-board processing of the instrument's data outputs, including spectral conditioning and search-match characterization of mineral phases and biomarkers. In this paper we show the mathematical and physical basis of the software package.
Book Reviews: Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge: New Methods for Trace Evidence Analysis
Authors: Thompson Robert Q.
Published: April 2008

Please forward book reviews to the Book Review Editor, Alexander Scheeline, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801.
Pulsed Terahertz Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy
Authors: Newnham David A. , Taday Philip F.
Published: April 2008

Pulsed terahertz attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra of solid materials and liquids covering the 10 cm−1 to 120 cm−1 (0.3 THz to 3.6 THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum are recorded using a terahertz pulsed spectrometer and silicon ATR modules. Pulsed terahertz ATR measurements are completed nondestructively using small amounts of sample (typically 1 mg for solids) and no sample preparation. Many terahertz analyses can be run in rapid sequence, minimizing the analysis time.
Near-Infrared Analysis of Whole Kernel Barley: Comparison of Three Spectrometers
Authors: Sohn Miryeong , Himmelsbach David S. , Barton Franklin E. , Griffey Carl A. , Brooks Wynse , Hicks Kevin B.
Published: April 2008

This study was conducted to develop calibration models for determining quality parameters of whole kernel barley using a rapid and nondestructive near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic method. Two hundred and five samples of whole barley grains of three winter-habit types (hulled, malt, and hull-less) produced over three growing seasons and from various locations in the United States were used in this study. Among these samples, 137 were used for calibration and 68 for validation. Three NIR instruments with different resolutions, one Fourier transform instrument (4 cm−1 resolution), and two dispersive instruments (8 nm and 10 nm bandpass) were utilized to develop calibration models for six components (moisture, starch, β-glucan, protein, oil, and ash) and the results were compared. Partial least squares regression was used to build models, and various methods for preprocessing of spectral data were used to find the best model. Our results reveal that the coefficient of determination for calibration models (NIR predicted versus reference values) ranged from 0.96 for moisture to 0.79 for β-glucan. The level of precision of the model developed for each component was sufficient for screening or classification of whole kernel barley, except for β-glucan. The higher resolution Fourier transform instrument gave better results than the lower resolution instrument for starch and β-glucan analysis. The starch model was most improved by the increased resolution. There was no advantage of using a higher resolution instrument over a lower resolution instrument for other components. Most of the components were best predicted using first-derivative processing, except for β-glucan, where second-derivative processing was more informative and precise.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy as a Sensitive and Selective Technique for the Detection of Folic Acid in Water and Human Serum
Authors: Stokes Robert J. , McBride Eileen , Wilson Clive G. , Girkin John M. , Smith W. Ewen , Graham Duncan
Published: April 2008

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is shown to give linear and sensitive concentration-dependent detection of folic acid using silver nanoparticles created via ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduction. Optical detection by SERS overcomes the primary limitation of photodissociation encountered during the application of other shorter wavelength ultraviolet (UV)/near-UV techniques such as fluorescence based microscopy. The SERS approach in water-based samples was demonstrated and optimized using several longer wavelengths of excitation (514.5, 632.8, and 785 nm). Excitation in the green (514.5 nm) was found to achieve the best balance between photodissociation and SERS efficiency. Linear concentration dependence was observed in the range of 0.018 to 1 μM. The importance of folic acid in a clinical setting and the potential applications of this technique in a biological environment are highlighted. We demonstrate the potential to transfer this technique to real biological samples by the detection of folic acid in human serum samples by SERS.
Novel Spectropolarimeter Employing Fixed Polarizers for the Determination of Optically Active Samples
Authors: Calleja-Amador Carlos , Rabbe Dennis H. , Busch Kenneth W. , Busch Marianna A.
Published: April 2008

A novel spectropolarimeter, based on modification of an ordinary, inexpensive, multiwavelength ultraviolet (UV)–visible–near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer, is described and applied to the determination of sucrose, sucrose inversion, and enantiomeric composition of solutions of ( R)-(+)-limonene and ( S)-(–)-limonene. The instrument has no moving parts, and optical rotation measurements are encoded as an apparent absorbance. Apparent absorbance measurements can be combined with multivariate statistical analysis over a wide spectral range, and a background correction technique that employs the sample as its own blank provides an effective means of correcting for the presence of chromophores that also absorb over the wavelengths of interest. The instrument was tested against an ordinary polarimeter and showed good performance with both colorless and colored samples.
Mode-Mismatched Dual-Beam Differential Thermal Lensing with Optical Scheme Design Optimized Using Expert Estimation for Analytical Measurements
Authors: Proskurnin Mikhail A. , Volkov Mikhail E.
Published: April 2008

The optimization of the optical scheme design of a mode-mismatched dual-beam thermal-lens spectrometer for differential (dual-cell) measurements in a far-field mode using diffraction thermal-lens theory is carried out. A criterion for an expert estimation of the quality of the spectrometer design for differential thermal-lens measurements in analytical chemistry (sensitivity, low limits of detection, and quantification) is also developed. The theoretical calculations agree well with previous papers on differential thermal lensing. Using the example of iron(II) tris-(1,10-phenanthrolinate), it is shown that the blank signal compensation in differential thermal lens spectrometry provides a decrease in the limit of detection by an order of magnitude compared to the decrease in single-cell measurements. Using an artificial two-component mixture of ferroin and potassium dichromate, it is shown that dual-beam differential thermal lens spectrometry makes it possible to determine trace components against 900-fold excess amounts of interfering substances.
Novel Near-Infrared Sampling Apparatus for Single Kernel Analysis of Oil Content in Maize
Authors: Janni James , Weinstock B. Ré , Hagen Lisa , Wright Steve
Published: April 2008

A method of rapid, nondestructive chemical and physical analysis of individual maize ( Zea mays L.) kernels is needed for the development of high value food, feed, and fuel traits. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a robust nondestructive method of trait determination. However, traditional NIR bulk sampling techniques cannot be applied successfully to individual kernels. Obtaining optimized single kernel NIR spectra for applied chemometric predictive analysis requires a novel sampling technique that can account for the heterogeneous forms, morphologies, and opacities exhibited in individual maize kernels. In this study such a novel technique is described and compared to less effective means of single kernel NIR analysis. Results of the application of a partial least squares (PLS) derived model for predictive determination of percent oil content per individual kernel are shown.
Assessing Intellectual Disability in Children: Are IQ Measures Sufficient, or Even Necessary?
Authors: Colmar Susan , Maxwell Amanda , Miller Leanne
Published: April 2008

A number of critical issues concerning the assessment of children with intellectual disabilities, including definitional problems, psychometric factors, and practical difficulties, are raised in this article. It is suggested that school counsellors and psychologists should consider these issues when assessing children with probable or known intellectual disabilities, particularly when using IQ tests. The use of adaptive scales as an additional means of defining and measuring intellectual disability is also examined. Although no ideal means of formally assessing children with intellectual disabilities is put forward, a range of concerns is explored and some suggestions for appropriate additions and caveats to present practice are proposed.
Students With Severe Challenging Behaviour in Regular Classrooms: Prevalence and Characteristics
Authors: Carter Mark , Clayton Mark , Stephenson Jennifer
Published: April 2008

This article reports on part of a commissioned research study into students with severe challenging behaviour in primary schools serviced by the Catholic Education Office (Parramatta Diocese) in western Sydney. The focus of the study was on the prevalence of severe challenging behaviour and the nature of presenting behaviour. Questionnaires were directed to school staff and information was obtained from 41 of the 53 primary schools in the diocese. Using very conservative criteria, the estimate of numbers of students with severe challenging behaviour was approximately 1 per school. Students were typically male and were academically below average. The most frequently reported challenging behaviour (e.g., calling out, out of seat) was inherently minor in nature for the most part, but at high frequency this could be extremely disruptive to the operation of a classroom. More serious behaviours, such as physical aggression to other school students and staff, were also reported at concerning frequency, noting that such behaviours place staff and other students at risk. The present study adds to the limited Australian data describing students in regular schools with challenging behaviour by providing specific information on the classroom frequency of such behaviour and the academic performance of students.
The Use of Group Therapy as a Means of Facilitating Cognitive–Behavioural Instruction for Adolescents With Disruptive Behaviour
Authors: Larmar Stephen
Published: April 2008

This article reports on the findings of an action research enquiry examining the efficacy of group therapy as a means of facilitating cognitive–behavioural instruction for students who exhibit disruptive behaviours. A curriculum comprising the key tenets of cognitive–behaviour modification was developed and taught over a 9-week period to a group of 12 Year 7 adolescent students selected from a primary school in the Brisbane metropolitan district, Queensland, Australia. Six of the participants for the investigation were identified as ‘at-risk’ of engaging in disruptive behaviours based on extensive observations from members of the school administration team. The remaining students served as role models of prosocial behaviours throughout the intervention. Each session incorporated group discussions and physical challenges that were formulated to facilitate investigation of key concepts of cognitive– behavioural therapy. The findings that emerged from the investigation provide support for the use of group therapy for this form of intervention.
The Legacy of the Journal of Accounting Case Research (1992–2007)/L'HÉRITAGE DE LA JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING CASE RESEARCH (1992–2007)
Authors: Krause Michael J.
Published: April 2008

This paper studies the output of the Journal of Accounting Case Research (JACR) from its inception in 1992 through its amalgamation into the CAAA's journal Accounting Perspectives in 2007. JACR had the important distinction of being the only periodical devoted solely to publishing accounting cases. This paper summarizes JACR's output by topic, specific accounting field of study, and targeted audience, as well as information on authors and their academic institutions. These analyses suggest that JACR promoted diversity in the scholarship of accounting education, produced valuable learning aids, and provided important publication opportunities for scholars with an interest in the development of instructional cases.

L'auteur se penche sur l'héritage de la publication Journal of Accounting Case Research (JACR), depuis sa création en 1992 jusqu'à sa fusion avec la publication de l'ACPC Perspectives comptables, en 2007. Fait important, le JACR se caractérisait par son statut de seul périodique consacré exclusivement à la publication d'études de cas en comptabilité (Weinstein, 2005). L'auteur présente sommairement le patrimoine du JACR selon les sujets, les domaines d'études précis de la comptabilité et les publics visés, de même que les données relatives aux auteurs et aux établissements universitaires auxquels ils sont attachés. Ces analyses semblent indiquer que le JACR a fait la promotion de la diversité dans la recherche en comptabilité, a produit de précieux outils d'apprentissage et a largement ouvert ses pages aux chercheurs intéressés à l'élaboration d'études de cas destinées à l'enseignement.
Absence and Rescue of Morphine Withdrawal in GIRK/Kir3 Knock-out Mice
Authors: Cruz Hans G. , Berton Frédérique , Sollini Monica , Blanchet Christophe , Pravetoni Marco , Wickman Kevin , Lüscher Christian
Published: April 2008

Although morphine induces both analgesia and dependence through μ-opioid receptors (MORs), the respective contributions of the intracellular effectors engaged by MORs remain unknown. To examine the contribution of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+(GIRK, Kir3) channels to morphine dependence and analgesia, we quantified naloxone-precipitated withdrawal behavior and morphine analgesia using GIRK knock-out (−/−) mice. The morphine withdrawal syndrome was strongly attenuated, whereas morphine analgesia was mostly preserved in mice lacking both GIRK2 and GIRK3 (GIRK2/3−/−mice). In acute slices containing the locus ceruleus (LC) from GIRK2/3−/−mice, the increase in spontaneous firing typically associated with morphine withdrawal was absent. Moreover, although morphine elicited normal presynaptic inhibition in the LC, postsynaptic GIRK currents were completely abolished in GIRK2/3−/−mice. Altogether, these data suggested that morphine-evoked postsynaptic inhibition of the LC was required for the induction of dependence. Consistent with this hypothesis, morphine withdrawal behavior was rescued in GIRK2/3−/−mice by ablation of adrenergic fibers using the neurotoxinN-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine. Our data suggest that inhibition of adrenergic tone is required for the induction of dependence, and that channels containing GIRK2 and GIRK3 serve as an inhibitory gate.
β-Amyloid1–42Induces Neuronal Death through the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor
Authors: Sotthibundhu Areechun , Sykes Alex M. , Fox Briony , Underwood Clare K. , Thangnipon Wipawan , Coulson Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2008

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptide Aβ, degeneration of the cholinergic innervation to the hippocampus (the septohippocampal pathway), and progressive impairment of cognitive function, particularly memory. Aβ is a ligand for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which is best known for mediating neuronal death and has been consistently linked to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Here we examined whether p75NTRis required for Aβ-mediated effects. Treatment of wild-type but not p75NTR-deficient embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons with human Aβ1–42peptide induced significant cell death. Furthermore, injection of Aβ1–42into the hippocampus of adult mice resulted in significant degeneration of wild-type but not p75NTR-deficient cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, indicating that the latter are resistant to Aβ-induced toxicity. We also found that neuronal death correlated with Aβ1–42peptide-stimulated accumulation of the death-inducing p75NTRC-terminal fragment generated by extracellular metalloprotease cleavage of full-length p75NTR. Although neuronal death was prevented in the presence of the metalloprotease inhibitor TAPI-2 (tumor necrosis factor-α protease inhibitor-2), Aβ1–42-induced accumulation of the C-terminal fragment resulted from inhibition of γ-secretase activity. These results provide a novel mechanism to explain the early and characteristic loss of cholinergic neurons in the septohippocampal pathway that occurs in Alzheimer's disease.
Alterations in Ca2+-Buffering in Prion-Null Mice: Association with Reduced Afterhyperpolarizations in CA1 Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Powell Andrew D. , Toescu Emil C. , Collinge John , Jefferys John G. R.
Published: April 2008

Prion protein (PrP) is a normal component of neurons, which confers susceptibility to prion diseases. Despite its evolutionary conservation, its normal function remains controversial. PrP-deficient (Prnp0/0) mice have weaker afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) in cerebellar and hippocampal neurons. Here we show that the AHP impairment in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells is selective for the slow AHP, and is not caused by an impairment of either voltage-gated Ca2+channels or Ca2+-activated K+channels. Instead,Prnp0/0neurons have twofold to threefold stronger Ca2+buffering and double the Ca2+extrusion rate. InPrnp0/0neurons thapsigargin abolished the stronger Ca2+buffering and extrusion, and thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid abolished the weakening of the slow AHPs. These data implicate sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase in the enhanced Ca2+buffering, and extrusion into the endoplasmic reticulum, which contains substantial amounts of PrP in wild-type mice. Altered Ca2+homeostasis can explain several phenotypes identified inPrnp0/0mice.
No Evidence for Chronic Demyelination in Spared Axons after Spinal Cord Injury in a Mouse
Authors: Lasiene Jurate , Shupe Larry , Perlmutter Steve , Horner Philip
Published: April 2008

The pattern of remyelination after traumatic spinal cord injury remains elusive, with animal and human studies reporting partial to complete demyelination followed by incomplete remyelination. In the present study, we found that spared rubrospinal tract (RST) axons of passage traced with actively transported dextrans and examined caudally to the lesion 12 weeks after mouse spinal cord contusion injury were fully remyelinated. Spared axons exhibited a marginally reduced myelin thickness and significantly shorter internodes. CASPR (contactin-associated protein) and Kv1.2 channels were used to identify internodes and paranodal protein distribution properties were used as an index of myelin integrity. This is the first time the CNS myelin internode length was measured in a mouse. To better understand the significance of shortened internodes and thinner myelin in spared axons, we modeled conduction properties using McIntyre's et al. model of myelinated axons. Mathematical modeling predicted a 21% decrease in the conduction velocity of remyelinated RST axons attributable to shortened internodes. To determine whether demyelination could be present on axons exhibiting a pathological transport system, we used the retroviral reporter system. Virally delivered green fluorescent protein unveiled a small population of dystrophic RST axons that persist chronically with evident demyelination or abnormal remyelination. Collectively, these data show that lasting demyelination in spared axons is rare and that remyelination of axons of passage occurs in the chronically injured mouse spinal cord.
Functional Structure of the Mitral Cell Dendritic Tuft in the Rat Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Djurisic Maja , Popovic Marko , Carnevale Nicholas , Zecevic Dejan
Published: April 2008

The input–output transform performed by mitral cells, the principal projection neurons of the olfactory bulb, is one of the key factors in understanding olfaction. We used combined calcium and voltage imaging from the same neuron and computer modeling to investigate signal processing in the mitral cells, focusing on the glomerular dendritic tuft. The main finding was that the dendritic tuft functions as a single electrical compartment for subthreshold signals within the range of amplitudes detectable by voltage-sensitive dye recording. These evoked EPSPs had uniform characteristics throughout the glomerular tuft. The Ca2+transients associated with spatially uniform subthreshold synaptic potentials were comparable but not equal in amplitude in all regions. The average range of normalized amplitudes of the EPSP-driven Ca2+signals from different locations on dendritic branches in the glomerular tuft was relatively narrow and appeared to be independent of the dendritic surface-to-volume ratio. The computer simulations constrained by the imaging data indicated that a synchronized activation of ∼100 synapses randomly distributed on tuft branches was sufficient to generate spatially homogenous EPSPs. This number of activated synapses is consistent with the data from anatomical studies. Furthermore, voltage attenuation of the EPSP along the primary dendrite at physiological temperature was weak compared with other cell types. In the model, weak attenuation of the EPSP along the primary dendrite could be accounted for by passive electrical properties of the mitral cell.
Spectrotemporal Processing Differences between Auditory Cortical Fast-Spiking and Regular-Spiking Neurons
Authors: Atencio Craig A. , Schreiner Christoph E.
Published: April 2008

Excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons constitute the main elements of cortical circuitry and have distinctive morphologic and electrophysiological properties. Here, we differentiate them by analyzing the time course of their action potentials (APs) and characterizing their receptive field properties in auditory cortex. Pyramidal neurons have longer APs and discharge as regular-spiking units (RSUs), whereas basket and chandelier cells, which are inhibitory interneurons, have shorter APs and are fast-spiking units (FSUs). To compare these neuronal classes, we stimulated cat primary auditory cortex neurons with a dynamic moving ripple stimulus and constructed single-unit spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) and their associated nonlinearities. FSUs had shorter latencies, broader spectral tuning, greater stimulus specificity, and higher temporal precision than RSUs. The STRF structure of FSUs was more separable, suggesting more independence between spectral and temporal processing regimens. The nonlinearities associated with the two cell classes were indicative of higher feature selectivity for FSUs. These global functional differences between RSUs and FSUs suggest fundamental distinctions between putative excitatory and inhibitory interneurons that shape auditory cortical processing.
A Causal Role for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep
Authors: Faraguna Ugo , Vyazovskiy Vladyslav V. , Nelson Aaron B. , Tononi Giulio , Cirelli Chiara
Published: April 2008

Slow-wave activity (SWA), the EEG power between 0.5 and 4 Hz during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, is one of the best characterized markers of sleep need, because it increases as a function of preceding waking duration and decreases during sleep, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that SWA is high at sleep onset because it reflects the occurrence, during the previous waking period, of widespread synaptic potentiation in cortical and subcortical areas. Consistent with this hypothesis, we recently showed that the more rats explore, the stronger is the cortical expression of BDNF during wakefulness, and the larger is the increase in SWA during the subsequent sleep period. There is compelling evidence that BDNF plays a causal role in synaptic potentiation, and exogenous application of BDNFin vivois sufficient to induce long-term increases in synaptic strength. We therefore performed cortical unilateral microinjections of BDNF in awake rats and measured SWA during the subsequent sleep period. SWA during NREM sleep was higher in the injected hemisphere relative to the contralateral one. The effect was reversible within 2 h, and did not occur during wakefulness or rapid eye movement sleep. Asymmetries in NREM SWA did not occur after vehicle injections. Furthermore, microinjections, during wakefulness, of a polyclonal anti-BDNF antibody or K252a, an inhibitor of BDNF TrkB receptors, led to a local SWA decrease during the following sleep period. These effects were also reversible and specific for NREM sleep. These results show a causal link between BDNF expression during wakefulness and subsequent sleep regulation.
The Distinct Temporal Origins of Olfactory Bulb Interneuron Subtypes
Authors: Batista-Brito Renata , Close Jennie , Machold Robert , Fishell Gord
Published: April 2008

Olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are a heterogeneous population produced beginning in embryogenesis and continuing through adulthood. Understanding how this diversity arises will provide insight into how OB microcircuitry is established as well as adult neurogenesis. Particular spatial domains have been shown to contribute specific interneuron subtypes. However, the temporal profile by which OB interneuron subtypes are produced is unknown. Using inducible genetic fate mapping ofDlx1/2precursors, we analyzed the production of seven OB interneuron subtypes and found that the generation of each subpopulation has a unique temporal signature. Within the glomerular layer, the production of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive interneurons is maximal during early embryogenesis and decreases thereafter. In contrast, the generation of calbindin interneurons is maximal during late embryogenesis and declines postnatally, whereas calretinin (CR) cell production is low during embryogenesis and increases postnatally. Parvalbumin interneurons within the external plexiform layer are produced only perinatally, whereas the generation of 5T4-positive granule cells in the mitral cell layer does not change significantly over time. CR-positive granule cells are not produced at early embryonic time points, but constitute a large percentage of the granule cells born after birth. Blanes cells in contrast are produced in greatest number during embryogenesis. Together we provide the first comprehensive analysis of the temporal generation of OB interneuron subtypes and demonstrate that the timing by which these populations are produced is tightly orchestrated.
Prominent Role of the Spinal Central Pattern Generator in the Recovery of Locomotion after Partial Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Barrière Grégory , Leblond Hugues , Provencher Janyne , Rossignol Serge
Published: April 2008

The re-expression of hindlimb locomotion after complete spinal cord injuries (SCIs) is caused by the presence of a spinal central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. After partial SCI, however, the role of this spinal CPG in the recovery of hindlimb locomotion in the cat remains mostly unknown. In the present work, we devised a dual-lesion paradigm to determine its possible contribution after partial SCI. After a partial section of the left thoracic segment T10 or T11, cats gradually recovered voluntary quadrupedal locomotion. Then, a complete transection was performed two to three segments more caudally (T13–L1) several weeks after the first partial lesion. Cats that received intensive treadmill training after the partial lesion expressed bilateral hindlimb locomotion within hours of the complete lesion. Untrained cats however showed asymmetrical hindlimb locomotion with the limb on the side of the partial lesion walking well before the other hindlimb. Thus, the complete spinalization revealed that the spinal CPG underwent plastic changes after the partial lesions, which were shaped by locomotor training. Over time, with further treadmill training, the asymmetry disappeared and a bilateral locomotion was reinstated. Therefore, although remnant intact descending pathways must contribute to voluntary goal-oriented locomotion after partial SCI, the recovery and re-expression of the hindlimb locomotor pattern mostly results from intrinsic changes below the lesion in the CPG and afferent inputs.
American Ethnological Society
Authors: Rothstein Fran
Published: April 2008

•AES Book Prizes: Sharon Stevens Prize •Sharon Stevens Prize Awarded to Charles Hirschkind Rosemary Coombe  •Sharon Stevens Prize Awarded to Julia Elyachar Richard Handler  •AES Senior Book Prize Prize Committee: Carla Freeman (Chair) Donna Goldstein and Ken Guess Carla Freeman
Association for Africanist Anthropology
Authors: Coffman Jennifer E
Published: April 2008

•Post‐Election Kenya •AfAA Membership Continues to Increase •AfAA Awards Reminder
National Association for the Practice of Anthropology
Authors: Miller Christine
Published: April 2008

•Thoughts on Theory and Applied Anthropology •NAPA News and Notes
Section for Anthropological Sciences
Authors: Lyon Stephen
Published: April 2008

•The Website: Anthrosiences.org •Anthro‐Sciences Listserv
Society for Psychological Anthropology
Authors: Chapin Bambi
Published: April 2008

•Knowledges of the Self and Social Action: A Report from the 2007 AAA Meeting Yehuda Goodman
Atrophic rhinitis vaccine composition triggers different serological profiles that do not correlate with protection
Authors: Magyar Tibor , Donkó Tamás , Kovács Ferenc
Published: April 2008

Atrophic rhinitis (AR) is a widespread and economically important disease of swine caused byBordetella bronchisepticaandPasteurella multocida. It can be controlled by vaccination. This study investigates the effect of altering the composition (adjuvants and/or addition of formalin-inactivatedP. multocidatoxin, fPMT) of conventional vaccines on the serological profile and on protection against AR in swine. A significantly higherB. bronchisepticaspecific antibody titre was detected for vaccines with novel immunostimulants, the best being Montanide IMS 1313 (1:630 compared to 1:274 obtained with alum). The highestB. bronchisepticaantibody titre was demonstrated for a combination ofB. bronchiseptica— fPMT, while PMT antibody titre was highest for monovalent fPMT (both adjuvanted with IMS 1313). The AR-specific antibodies were transmitted from dams to their offspring in similar titres and with the same hierarchy of effectiveness. After aB. bronchiseptica — P. multocidabacterial challenge, piglets from dams vaccinated with fPMT combined withB. bronchisepticaorB. bronchiseptica — P. multocidabacterins showed the lowest nasal lesions scores (4.5 and 3.2, respectively, out of a possible maximum score of 18). These combinations, both of which were adjuvanted with IMS 1313, gave the best protection against experimentally induced AR. Our results show that the adjuvant and the antigen composition of the vaccine strongly affect seroconversion, and that the AR-specific antibody titre does not necessarily correlate with the degree of protection.
Effect of various dietary fat supplementations on liver lipid and glycogen of high-yielding dairy cows in the peripartal period
Authors: Karcagi Roland , Gaál Tibor , Wágner László , Husvéth Ferenc
Published: April 2008

In a model experiment, Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were fed on a cornsilage-based diet supplemented with 11.75 MJ NElper day of calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids (CAS) or hydrogenated triglyceride (HTG) or without fat supplementation (control). All diets were fed to the cows over a period from 21 ± 3 days (d) prior to the expected calving to d 100 ± 5 postpartum. On d 25 (basal sample) and d 14 prepartum as well as on d 5 and 25 postpartum liver samples were collected by percutaneous biopsy. Total lipid content, fatty acid composition and glycogen of liver tissues were determined. At d 5 postpartum, both control and CAS cows had higher liver lipid (P < 0.05) and lower glycogen (P < 0.05) concentrations than cows in the HTG group. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were detected in liver fat content among the groups at d 14 prepartum or d 25 postpartum. The glycogen concentration slightly decreased in the liver of cows in each treatment group from d 14 prepartum to d 5 postpartum; however, this decrease was more intensive in both the control and CAS groups than in the HTG group. The variations in liver lipid concentrations were accompanied by significant changes in the proportion of C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 fatty acids in the liver lipids. The results show that HTG supplementation exerted more advantageous effects on liver lipid and glycogen metabolism than did CAS supplementation.
A vena cava inferioron keresztül a jobb pitvarba terjedő mellékveserák sikeres műtéti eltávolításar
Authors: Péterffy Árpád , Dezső Balázs , Adler Ildikó , Árkossy Péter , Szerafin Tamás
Published: April 2008

Absztrakt

A szerzők egy 47 éves asszony esetét ismertetik, akinek bal oldali mellékveserák eltávolítása után néhány hónap múlva helyileg kiújult a daganata, és a vena cava inferioron keresztül beterjedt a jobb pitvarba. A vena cava inferiort szinte teljesen kitöltő tumorthrombus jelentős májpangást, ascitest és alsó végtagi vizenyőt okozott. A tumorthrombust extracorporalis keringés és 20°C testhőmérsékletnél teljes keringésmegállítás segítségével, a jobb pitvar feltárásával, szem ellenőrzése mellett sikerült egészben eltávolítani. Egy hónappal később eltávolításra került a bal oldali mellékvese helyén kiújult daganat is. A szövettani vizsgálatok közepesen differenciált adrenocorticalis carcinomát mutattak, 10% feletti proliferációs rátával. A beteg a legutóbbi műtéte óta onkológiai gondozásban részesül, egy éve panasz- és daganatmentes. Klinikai tapasztalatok alapján megállapítható, hogy a vena cava inferiorba beterjedő különböző eredetű tumorthrombus eltávolítása extracorporalis keringés segítségével (keringés megállításával vagy anélkül) biztonságosan elvégezhető, és a túlélési esélyek jók, ha az elsődleges daganat is eltávolítható.
Mediation in health
Authors: Decastello Alice
Published: April 2008

A szerző bemutatja az alternatív vitarendezési módszer egyik típusát, a közvetítést. A mediációs eljárás lényege, hogy a felek között nem peres eljárás keretén belül egy független, pártatlan harmadik személy, a közvetítő vagy mediátor közreműködésével az egyezség létrejöjjön, amelyben a felek egyező akarattal vesznek részt. A mediátor az eljárás folyamán nem dönt, nem vizsgálja a vétkességet, nem ad jogi tanácsot, nem nyilváníthat saját véleményt, feladata, hogy a felek rövid időn belül (120 nap) közelítsék álláspontjukat, és egyezséget kössenek. A szerző összefoglalja a magyar egészségügyi közvetítői törvény hatálybalépése óta a gyakorlatból levonható tanulságokat, és bemutatja a közvetítői eljárás előnyeit a peres eljárással szemben (az utóbbi hosszadalmas évekig is elhúzódhat). A közvetítés nagy előnye, hogy a mediátort és a feleket titoktartási kötelezettség terheli, az eljárás olcsóbb, mint a bírói út, a felek „megőrizhetik arcukat” (saving face), mivel elkerülik a perből adódó győztes és vesztes pozíciók konfrontálódását, és ezáltal a győztes-győztes formula érvényesül. A szerző elemzi továbbá az eddig hozzáférhető részletes adatokat. A jövőben a törvény módosítását javasoljuk. Különösen sürgető ez a biztosító és a szolgáltató között, miután a felelősségbiztosítás nem fedezi a bíróság által megítélt kártérítési összeget, így a szolgáltató csődközeli állapotba kerülhet; tekintettel arra, hogy a felső limitösszegen felüli (esetenként ötmillió forint) különbözetet a szolgáltató saját költségvetéséből – fenntartási kerete terhére – kényszerül kifizetni. Továbbá szükséges a szakértői tevékenység áttekintése és módosítása, valamint elkerülhetetlen lenne az adatszolgáltatás kötelezővé tétele, mivel enélkül követhetetlen a mediációs eljárások száma az egészségügyben. Ma ugyanis kvázi szívességi alapon történik adatszolgáltatás – ami nem támogatható.
Association between birth weight and childhood obesity in a metropolitan survey
Authors: Péter Szabolcs , Bíró Lajos , Németh Ádám , Antal Magda
Published: April 2008

A születési testtömeg és a gyermek-/serdülőkori túlsúly, illetve elhízás közötti kapcsolat vonatkozásában az epidemiológiai vizsgálatok ellentmondóak.
Célkitűzés:
A vizsgálatban arra kerestünk választ, hogy milyen összefüggés van a születési testtömeg és a gyermek-/serdülőkori túlsúly és elhízás között.
Módszer:
Vizsgálatunkban fővárosi iskolákban tanuló gyermekek és serdülők születési testtömegét és aktuális antropometriai adatait dolgoztuk fel. A túlsúlyt/elhízást a nemre, korra standardizált testtömegindex alapján, illetve az elhízást a testzsírszázalék ismeretében is megállapítottuk.
Eredmények:
Összesen 1334, 7–19 éves tanuló (725 fiú, 609 lány) adatait értékeltük. A kis, illetve a normális testtömeggel születettek között a túlsúly/elhízás előfordulási aránya hasonló volt (19,36%, ill. 18,96%), míg a nagy születési testtömegű tanulók esetén ez az arány 25,98% volt. Az utóbbi csoportban testzsírszázalék alapján is több volt az elhízott, mint a kis és normális születési testtömegű csoportban (18,11% vs 12,89% és 12,66%).
Következtetések:
A macrosomiával születettek között a későbbiekben nagyobb arányban fordul elő túlsúly, illetve elhízás, különösen gyermekkorban.
Escolha de cultivares de soja com base na composição química dos grãos como perspectiva para maximização dos lucros nas indústrias processadoras
Authors: Sbardelotto Adriana , Leandro Gideon Villar
Published: April 2008

Apresenta-se um modelo matemático baseado em programação linear para dar suporte às decisões referentes à escolha de cultivares de soja para processamento (extração de óleo e produção de farelo), de forma que esta escolha possa maximizar os lucros da indústria processadora. Este estudo utilizou amostras de nove cultivares de soja produzidas no município de Dois Vizinhos, região sudoeste do Estado do Paraná. Análises laboratoriais forneceram as respectivas composições dos grãos, os subprodutos, os resíduos e as perdas. O modelo permitiu estimar os retornos econômicos proporcionados à indústria processadora por meio do cultivo individual e pela média destas. A partir da análise dos resultados, conclui-se que a composição química dos grãos processados tem influência direta nos resultados econômicos da indústria e que o esmagamento das cultivares "BRS133", "CD215", "EMBRAPA48", "BRS184", "SPRING8350" e "M-SOY5826" pode maximizar os lucros da indústria processadora, enquanto que o esmagamento das cultivares "CD 205", "CD 206" e "BRS 214" pode reduzir os lucros, em relação à média obtida pelas cultivares avaliadas.
Potencial de uso agrícola e nutricional de cultivares crioulas de feijão
Authors: Ribeiro Nerinéia Dalfollo , Antunes Irajá Ferreira , Poersch Nerison Luiz , Rosa Simone Saydelles da , Teixeira Marcelo Grandi , Gomes Ana Lúcia da Silva
Published: April 2008

O valor nutricional e o potencial de uso agrícola de cultivares crioulas de feijão não têm sido suficientemente avaliados, sendo este o objetivo deste trabalho. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2004/05 e 2005/06, em Santa Maria, RS, no delineamento experimental de látice triplo 6 x 6. Os tratamentos consistiram de 32 cultivares crioulas de feijão e quatro cultivares desenvolvidas pela pesquisa. Interação cultivar x ano foi observada em relação ao rendimento de grãos, à coloração do tegumento dos grãos e ao ciclo, evidenciando resposta diferenciada das cultivares crioulas aos anos de avaliação. Foi possível a identificação de cultivares crioulas com elevado potencial de rendimento de grãos, com coloração de tegumento de grãos adequada para os diferentes grupos comerciais, com precocidade e teor elevado de fibra alimentar. Nesse sentido, as cultivares crioulas - "21 INT-ps 1", "9 BR-ps 5", "9 BR-ps 15", "9 BR-ps 13", "9 BR-ps 7", "38 MO M-ps 11" e "36 BR MP-ps 14" - são promissoras para uso em programas de melhoramento genético devido ao elevado potencial de uso agrícola. A cultivar crioula "24 OP-ps 1" apresentou o maior teor de fibra alimentar e o seu potencial de uso como alimento funcional deve ser investigado.
Ajuste do processo de micropropagação de barbatimão
Authors: Nicioli Patrícia Matile , Paiva Renato , Nogueira Raírys Cravo , Santana José Raniere Ferreira de , Silva Luciano Coutinho , Silva Diogo Pedrosa Corrêa da , Porto Jorge Marcelo Padovani
Published: April 2008

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar um protocolo de micropropagação para o barbatimão. Para indução de brotações, os segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio de cultura MS com diferentes concentrações de cinetina (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5mg L-1). Para indução de raízes, brotações obtidas "in vitro" foram inicialmente transferidas para meio MS contendo 50% da concentração de sais e com diferentes concentrações de ANA (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4mg L-1). Posteriormente, as brotações foram transferidas para meio MS contendo 50% da concentração de sais, suplementado com carvão ativado. Para a aclimatização, as plantas obtidas foram transferidas para tubetes contendo diferentes substratos e, então, envolvidas com saco plástico transparente para auxiliar temporariamente na manutenção da umidade. As concentrações de 1 e 5mg L-1 de cinetina foram as mais eficientes na indução de gemas e brotos, respectivamente. Brotações com maiores comprimentos foram observadas em meio de cultura suplementado com 1mg L-1 de cinetina. Raízes em maior número e comprimento foram observados em meio de cultura suplementado com 4mg L-1 de ANA. Os substratos utilizados não afetaram significativamente a taxa de sobrevivência das plantas durante a fase de aclimatização.
Effects of weaning age and weight on lamb growth rate of Morada Nova breed raised in a tropical extensive production system
Authors: Selaive -Villarroel Arturo Bernardo , Maciel Marcus Brocardo , Oliveira Nelson Manzoni de
Published: April 2008

The aim of this research were to study the effect of weaning age and weight on post-growing rate (PWG) and to estimate the optimal weaning age (WA) and weight (WW) of Morada Nova-white variety breed lambs raised under extensive system conditions. A total of 31 male and female lambs were evaluated, being 19 lambs born in April/May 2001 and 12 lambs born in February/March 2002. Lambs were distributed in the following treatments at weaning: 1) weaning age = T1: weaned at 60 days; T2: weaned at 75 days; T3: weaned at 90 days, and 2) weaning weight = T1: weaned with 9 to 10.4kg weigth; T2: weaned with 10.5 to 12.4kg weight and T3: weaned with above 12.5kg weight. The PWG was recorded through successive weightings done every fourteen days from weaning to 180 days of age. Data were analysed through a statistical model that included age and weight at weaning, sex and year of birth as fixed effects. Lambs weaned with 60, 75 and 90 days of age showed non-significant differences (P>0.05) on PWG. However, WW had a significant influence (P<0.05) on lamb weight. The group weaned with 9-10.4kg had smaller live weight than those weaned with 10.5-12.4kg or above 12.5kg. No differences were found between these last two groups. Also, sex had significant effect (P<0.05) on lamb growing with males being heavier than females (20.7kg and 17.6kg, respectively). Year of birth did not affect PWG. It was concluded that weight at weaning is more important than age at weaning on post-weaning growing of lambs. The most efficient live weaning weight on white Morada Nova lambs raised in extensive system production is over 10.5kg.
Substituição do milho por polpa cítrica em rações com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros confinados
Authors: Rodrigues Gustavo Henrique , Susin Ivanete , Pires Alexandre Vaz , Mendes Clayton Quirino , Araujo Rafael Canonenco de , Packer Irineu Umberto , Ribeiro Michele Ferreira , Gerage Luciana Vieira
Published: April 2008

A polpa cítrica desidratada (PC) é um subproduto altamente energético e com potencial para substituir o milho em rações de cordeiros desmamados precocemente. Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliarem-se os efeitos da substituição do milho por PC no desempenho de cordeiros e na digestibilidade das rações. No Experimento 1, 64 cordeiros Santa Inês, com peso vivo inicial de 18 (±0,6) kg e 73 (±1) dias de idade, foram utilizados para avaliar o ganho de peso médio diário (GMD), o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e a conversão alimentar (CA). No experimento 2, 12 cordeiros foram mantidos em gaiolas para ensaio de metabolismo para determinar a digestibilidade aparente das rações no trato digestório total e o metabolismo de nitrogênio. Nos dois experimentos, os cordeiros foram alimentados com uma ração contendo 90% de concentrado (milho moído e/ou PC, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10% de feno de "coastcross" (Cynodon spp). A PC foi adicionada em 23,7; 46,1 e 68,4% da MS, substituindo o milho em 33, 67 e 100%, respectivamente. No Experimento 1, foi observado a maximização do GMD (267g dia-1) e do CMS (1,01kg dia-1), até o teor de substituição de 33% do milho pela PC. No Experimento 2, houve efeito linear (P<0,05) decrescente na digestibilidade da MS (P<0,03) e do PB (P<0,10). Por outro lado, a digestibilidade da FDN aumentou linearmente com a adição da PC. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos na digestiblidade aparente da matéria orgânica e no balanço de nitrogênio.
Neuropatia paraneoplásica associada ao mastocitoma canino
Authors: Rodigheri Sabrina Marin , Daleck Carlos Roberto , Calazans Sabryna Gouveia , Fernandes Simone Crestoni , De Nardi Andrigo Barboza , Cesar Jane Regina França , Castro João Humberto Teotônio de
Published: April 2008

As síndromes paraneoplásicas compreendem um grupo diverso de alterações clínicas associadas a neoplasias e ocorrem em sítios distantes do tumor primário ou de suas metástases. As neuropatias paraneoplásicas são distúrbios raros em cães, mas representam morbidade significativa e servem como importantes indicadores diagnósticos e prognósticos. O presente trabalho relata a ocorrência de dois casos de neuropatia paraneoplásica em cães com mastocitoma, considerando a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico e as formas de tratamento utilizadas.