bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE APPLICATION OF EQUATED YIELD AND REAL VALUE APPROACHES TO MARKET VALUATION: I
Authors: CROSBY NEIL
Published: February 2008

Equated yield and other contemporary investment valuation techniques are usually defended as techniques which are relevant for the analysis of market values or prices, but not relevant for market valuation. Part one of this paper investigates the reasons behind this view and suggests that a proper technique should have a logical base and be as objective as possible in the use of comparables. Each part concentrates upon the Market Valuation of freehold reversionary property investments. The logic of both conventional and contemporary techniques is investigated by examining the changing perceptions of investors since the Second World War. It is concluded that equated yield techniques can lay claim to a logical base. The analysis of comparables by each method is then examined and it is concluded that, at this stage of a valuation, equivalent yield analysis is objective but equated yield analysis requires subjective assumptions. This conclusion is re‐examined in part two of the paper.
A NOTE OF THE ANALYSIS OF DEPRECIATION AND OBSOLESCENCE
Authors: BROWN GERALD
Published: February 2008

Analysing depreciation and obsolescence requires a model which separates the effect of abnormal changes in the market from the underlying growth trends. The model presented by Sykes fails to recognise the economic principles involved and, therefore, gives rise to results which are open to misinterpretation. Using the best methods available it is shown that over the period from 1978–85 there is no evidence to suggest that valuers have been misinterpreting growth prospects in either the office or retail sectors. There is some evidence, however, to suggest that this may be the case as far as the industrial sector is concerned. There is insufficient data available at present to confirm whether this trend is one which is likely to be sustained over very long periods. At the practical level it is shown that by combining properties into portfolios it is possible to diversify away the effects of obsolescence.
MORTGAGE‐EQUITY CASH FLOW ANALYSIS
Authors: ROBINSON JON
Published: February 2008

This paper synthesises the mortgage‐equity capitalisation technique, often used in property investment analysis and valuation practice in the United States of America, and the equated yield technique used in the United Kingdom. The mortgate‐equity technique considers two components of value, namely, debt and equity. It is usually applied to the nett income receivable in the first year, (conventional income capitalisation). Equated yield is a form of cash flow analysis which allows for the assessment of rental income projections. The combination of the two techniques, where debt capital is treated as an actual series of cash flows, leads to a discounted cash flow rate of return being available for equity capital. This measure should be of interest to property companies and occupying investors. The approach is demonstrated using a simple example, and some sample tables of equated yield on equity are appended.
THE DIRECT COMPARISON METHOD OF VALUATION AND STATISTICAL VARIABILITY
Authors: ADAIR ALASTAIR , McGREAL STANLEY
Published: February 2008

The problem of obtaining suitable comparables has been recognised as the principal weakness in the direct comparison method of valuation. This paper utilising a data‐base derived for Northern Ireland highlights the degree of statistical variability that exists in residential property values. It is shown that knowledge of variability can aid the valuer in looking wider for comparables in certain property types while also bringing attention to situations in which spurious comparables are statistically more probable. In conclusion the case is forwarded for a ‘pooled’ data base in which the level of information available for the valuer could be greatly enhanced.
THE UNITISATION OF A HYPOTHETICAL OFFICE INVESTMENT
Authors: FENNER JOHN
Published: February 2008

Property Income Certificates (PINCS) were conceived as a means of unitising properties. They will enable investors to acquire a direct investment in part of a property as if they owned an interest in the property itself. In this way they can enjoy the income and capital growth from the property proportionate to their holding. The tax treatment applied to them will be similar to that appropriate to a holder of property. PINCS once floated will be saleable without restriction. Minority investors will have protections and a voice in the management of the relevant company. This paper discusses the legal framework, which, whilst novel, will be relatively simple to establish. The floating of a property on the PINCS market will follow similar principles to those adopted in the listing of a property company.
A CERTAINTY EQUIVALENT EXPECTATIONS MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE SYSTEMATIC RISK OF PROPERTY INVESTMENTS
Authors: BROWN GERALD
Published: February 2008

In order to develop our understanding of valuation models and so extend this to encompass the important area of performance measurement and its interpretation, it is essential to have a framework which will enable such developments to take place. This paper presents a theoretical model based on a certainty equivalent approach which enables the market risk of individual properties and portfolios to be assessed on an expectations basis. The data requirements for using the model are not onerous and with simple extensions it can be adapted to cope with changes in risk that occur when variations in the lease structure are anticipated. Understanding the influence of systematic or market risk is essential if our understanding of valuation is to improve. Systematic risk is the single most important factor which determines the premium which should be allowed to compensate for risk. This aspect has been largely ignored in the property literature with the result that risk premium figures are frequently assumed to be constant across all sectors and properties. This paper derives a model which attempts to overcome some of these problems. Due to data limitations empirical tests of the model cannot be regarded as conclusive. However, those tests that have been carried out suggest that the model could be used for estimating the required rate of return of both sectors and individual properties. It also has considerable potential in estimating growth expectations for groups of properties and can thus be used in the decision‐making process. Much, however, remains to be done.
DAILY ACCRUAL OF RENT AND THE DEFINITION OF CAPITAL VALUE OF AN INVESTMENT
Authors: BORNAND DAVID
Published: February 2008

The theory of investment valuation does not address the issue of what should be done about income for part‐years, restricting itself instead to cases where the lengths of time involved are whole numbers of years. The market, on the other hand, does appear to have a way of dealing with this problem, although it disguises the reality of what is actually happening. This article examines the logic of the device employed (rent apportionment) and discusses its role in preserving the distinction between capital and income.
MARKETING MEGATRENDS
Authors: Sheth Jagdish N.
Published: February 2008

A number of fundamental, and mostly irreversible, demographic and technological changes are taking place right in front of our eyes. Unfortunately, many marketing practitioners don't see them, even though they are living through them; this is partly because these changes are evolutionary rather than revolutionary and partly because of their preoccupation with tactical operations, annual budget battles, and continual reorganizations.
STALKING THE “AHA” FACTOR IN PRODUCT INNOVATION—ACCIDENT OR DESIGN?
Authors: Joshua Abend C.
Published: February 2008

After all is said about new product strategy, we are still faced with the elusive prospect of generating a successful idea. Where do we look? How do ideas happen? Can they be made to occur? And, how do we know at the outset that the concepts we create will bring us into the winner's circle? Let's get down to fundamentals. Our quest is usually success driven. If that is so, the scenario is product turnaround or next generation, and that requires product innovation, and that can come from idea management. Success centers around the prospect of having a better and presumably profitable mousetrap in the right place at the right time. How can we devise strategies for dreaming up such a mouse‐trap? Can we chart a direct path from the present to some undefined product configuration in the future? For the most part that process in industry is often chancy or subject to happenstance. Management mindset sometimes presumes that in some strange way the right ideas and concepts will come forth from within the organization, although it is generally not known how this is to be achieved. We often rely on the belief or hope that a solution will emerge which will achieve an innovative “aha” breakthrough that will increase the prospects for product success. Leaving aside inspiration, wishful thinking, hunch, luck, and other subjective approaches, I would like to identify a few ways by which the “aha” factor might be more aggressively pursued and more consistently bagged.
BENEFIT SEGMENTATION –20 YEARS LATER
Authors: Haley Russell I.
Published: February 2008

During the more than twenty years since its inception the technique of Benefit Segmentation has become a familiar method of analyzing markets to discover segmentation opportunities. Almost every major marketer of consumer goods and services has attempted to use this method one or more times. However, the degree of success which has attended its use has varied. In this article its originator, Dr. Russell I. Haley, examines the reasons for this variation, offers guidelines for proper use, and suggests directions for further improvements in the method.
NEW CRITERIA FOR CONCEPT EVALUATION
Authors: Tauber Edward M.
Published: February 2008

Traditional concept testing has reached a plateau. Researchers have learned to successfully predict trial but have not discovered a way to determine marketplace success or failure at the concept stage. The key to making progress in this area is to define an opportunity prior to concept evaluation. This article elaborates on ways for defining such opportunities.
NEW PRODUCT MARKETING IN AN ERA OF TRANSITION
Authors: Dunham Andrea
Published: February 2008

This paper argues for a different approach to new product marketing in today's era of transition. When marketers must respond to multiple factors of discontinuity, which are creating accelerated change, they need new kinds of information. By explaining how marketers can learn to deal with change through future focused information, with examples from the financial services industry and packaged foods, this paper illustrates the value of a new approach.
MAKING INTERACTIVE PRODUCTS COME ALIVE
Authors: Durgee Jeffrey F.
Published: February 2008

Interactive products include all of the new computerized vending, service, and consumer products such as video games, automatic tellers, and telecommunications shopping systems. Human factors researchers and other behavioral scientists who study these machines seek to make them more “user friendly.” Most of their research, however, is aimed at making them less uncomfortable and less difficult to use. In contrast, this paper describes a paradigm for making these machines more stimulating and fun to use. A case study is provided which describes how this paradigm was applied in the design of a teaching machine, the “Talking Typewriter,” a forerunner of Texas Instrument's successful “Speak 'N Spell” and today's educational software packages.
THE CHALLENGES OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES MARKETING
Authors: Van Doren Doris C. , Smith Louise W. , Biglin Ronald J.
Published: February 2008

Many well‐qualified professionals feel that the quality of their services should be high enough to permit them to “hang out a shingle” and wait for clients to come. In doing so, the professional is exerting no control over his or her type of practice. The controversy surrounding the issue of advertising in the professions has clouded the large issue of professional services marketing. The article describes in depth the challenges of one profession, law, in order to demonstrate the perspective and challenges for marketing. Lawyers have been selected since they deal with many changes—the impact of redefinition caused by changes in the regulatory environment, the overabundance in the field, new methods of competition, the consumerism movement, and a poor public image. Practical methods are described to help the professionals understand their business better. By recognizing their practice as both a profession and a business, professionals can develop an ethical, dignified marketing plan—which may or may not include advertising—in order to place themselves in a better position to utilize their unique expertise with clients who can best appreciate their talents.
RECENT CROSS‐CURRENTS IN BRAND NAME DEVELOPMENT—AND HOW TO COPE WITH THEM
Authors: Lefkowith Edwin F. , Moldenhauer Charles A.
Published: February 2008

Today's marketing executives face an increasingly difficult task in developing and selecting brand names that can contribute to the successful introduction of a new product. Of all the factors in the marketing mix, the product brand name is probably the least volatile, and that makes the choice of an effective one all the more important. Once the name is established, it is generally a given throughout the marketing effort. Several cross‐currents in today's market‐place make the name choice an even greater challenge these days.
WHAT'S WRONG WITH PRINT ADVERTISING TODAY AND HOW TO FIX IT
Authors: Becker Mike
Published: February 2008

Editor's Comment: Under ordinary circumstances this article (originally a speech at the Advertising Age Creative Seminar) would have been recommended to an advertising publication. However, we feel strongly that Mr. Becker's comments have significant importance for all advertisers, especially those who spend most of their money in television. While he is specifically addressing those who would create print advertising, it is enlightening for the buyers of advertising to “overhear” the coach in the locker room. Print advertising, as he points out, is often sadly neglected by the client and the agency thus reinforcing the view that it is unimportant. Not so!
TELEVISION'S NEW TECHNOLOGY: HARDWARE PLUS SOFTWARE EQUAL SEGMENTATION RESEARCH
Authors: Domzal Teresa J. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: February 2008

The necessity to assess television programming as programming (rather than merely as a vehicle to deliver advertising audiences) is discussed against the background of commercial television's rapidly changing technology, a principal effect of which has been to fragment formerly “mass” audiences. Traditional ratings data (because they lack adequate quantitative detail, contain no qualitative information, and measure programs only after they are aired) are becoming an insufficient basis for making either programming or advertising decisions. As audiences become increasingly segmented, the necessity to understand them (exactly who they are and why they watch particular programs) becomes apparent‐whether for purposes of developing programs, scheduling them, or ascertaining whether they constitute an efficient vehicle within which to place advertising messages. Audience understanding can come only from a considerably expanded base of systematic research.
TWO QUESTIONS ALMOST EVERYONE FORGETS TO ASK THEIR ADVERTISING AGENCY
Authors: Hizar Thomas W.
Published: February 2008

Principles cannot improve a creative product. Only increased creativity can improve a creative product. Adherence to certain principles can, however, help increase creativity and insure that the creative people get the information they need in a form they can use. Principles can provide afunctional set of parameters within which the creative process can most productively occur. And by identifying generally agreed upon evaluative criteria, the ability to recognize good creativity is increased and protection is provided against good creativity being dismissed arbitrarily.
COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING'S DILEMMA: HOW TO ATTACK THE COMPETITION WITHOUT ALIENATING HIS CUSTOMER
Authors: Byer William J. , Cooke Ernest F.
Published: February 2008

Although many advertisers are reluctant to use Comparative Advertising, it is obviously increasing in popularity. One difficulty with comparative advertising is that the intended buyers may perceive it as threatening their self‐image because they view the comparison as an attack on their presently preferred brand. The purpose in writing this paper is to recognize and discuss this potential problem and to show how comparative advertisements may be structured to support the customers' previous decisions while inducing them to switch.
BEYOND SOCIAL TREND DATA
Authors: Friedmann Roberto , French Warren
Published: February 2008

In the first issue of this Journal, Florence Shelly states that the proper use of social‐trend data can help market‐ing managers in at least four areas by providing: 1. a future outlook for specific business units; 2. an input for brand / product strategy; 3. a basis for checking specific tactics; and, 4. an enriched understanding of market segments. Perhaps, the major point of that article is not just what it says, but what it implies‐the need for a marketing philosophy of “implementation based on anticipation.” In conceptualizing this philosophy, the correct use of social‐ trend data can be seen as the first step necessary in strategic‐marketing planning—the tip of the iceberg. However, the strategies adopted by American marketers over the past two decades do not demonstrate that the levels of marketing myopia which Levitt discussed in the 60's have diminished. What is even more disconcerting is that the tools for reducing marketing myopia are not obscure trade secrets; as a matter of fact, they can be found in most introductory marketing textbooks. Environmental scanning, the prime instrument available for this purpose, deserves a closer look in relation to its worth for managerial decision making.
EXTENDED WARRANTIES, SERVICE CONTRACTS, AND MAINTENANCE AGREEMENTS—A MARKETING OPPORTUNITY?
Authors: Day Ellen , Fox Richard J.
Published: February 2008

AB Product warranties, in general, have not been employed by marketers as an important strategic tool, yet the business in extended warranties, service contracts, and maintenance agreements appears to be booming. But why? This article examines current practices, discusses critical issues raised in prior studies and the authors' recent research, and presents suggestions for the marketing of service and maintenance agreements. There is evidence to suggest that the long‐term market potential of many current offerings may be limited; however, careful consideration in defining the prime target markets and designing new types of agreements can help ensure success. The purpose of this article is threefold: first, to offer a brief review of current practices, which profiles the diversity of offerings and corporate philosophies; second, to discuss critical issues raised in prior studies and in our research; and finally, to present suggestions for the marketing of such offerings.
GOING GLOBAL: CHOICES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Farley Laurence J.
Published: February 2008

I would like to share with you what some of the experiences in globalizing have been at Black & Decker, what some of the choices have been, and what future challenges are seen.
GLOBAL MARKETS OR GLOBAL COMPETITION?
Authors: Sheth Jagdish
Published: February 2008

The recent debate generated by Levitt's advocacy of standardization is certainly not a new controversy; it goes back to earlier writings in the late fifties and early sixties. I would like here to clarify the issue rather than take sides with one or the other school of thought.
DIMENSIONS OF THE MATURE MARKET
Authors: Lazer William
Published: February 2008

Misconceptions abound about the nature of mature market segments. Marketing to mature consumers does not mean marketing to the elderly, or to the poor. Our aging population is in a state of transition where long extensions of productive working lives will reshape product and market opportunities. Mature market segments represent growth markets with high discretionary consideration. While a significantly larger proportion of mature households will enjoy substantial income increases, their economic well‐being is more directly associated with wealth, assets, and financial obligations. Their consumption behavior is shaped by the existence of a mate, and their physical and psychological mobility.
LOW‐COST PRODUCT USE TESTING FOR R&D GUIDANCE AND EARLY MARKET EVALUATION
Authors: Kramer B.J.
Published: February 2008

The topic of “low‐cost product use testing for R&D guidance and early market evaluation” entails four different business concepts. It implies that the most successful path to total new product development incorporates testing that (1) is centered around human use evaluation, (2) is designed primarily to guide R&D scientists and engineers, (3) provides some early marketing strategy development for the brand manager before the product is fully developed, and (4) is inexpensive. That has been precisely the case at Gillette for the past 18 years.
MARKETING WARFARE
Authors: Ries Al , Trout Jack
Published: February 2008

Advertising has become a strategic weapon rather than a tactical one. Advertisers no longer run ads to sell products, they run ads to establish a position. Advertising is too expensive to justify on the basis of today's results. A one‐minute commercial on the 1987 Super Bowl costs you more than a million dollars. Yesterday, readership was the key measure of an ad's effectiveness. Today, most advertisers pay little attention to readership reports and coupon contents. They want to know what position they occupy in the minds of the prospects.
ANTICIPATING COMPETITIVE REACTION: MARKETING STRATEGY IN THE 1980s
Authors: Lynn Robert A.
Published: February 2008

The main focus of marketing strategists is increasingly aimed toward coping with competition, despite continuing challenges in markets themselves. Competition is a key factor that marketing strategists face. Competitors' market moves demand timely and creative reaction. To get usable advance estimates of such probable moves, it is essential to have a system for careful monitoring of competitors. All proactive strategic actions should anticipate the market reactions that competitors are likely to make to them. Unfortunately, ways to cope with actual and potential competition, however, still receive only brief treatment in the pertinent literature. This article examines the competitive features of modern market environments and considers how marketing strategists attempt to cope with them.
MEDIATING EFFECTS OF TRIAL AND LEARNING ON INVOLVEMENT‐ASSOCIATED CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Whan Park C. , Assael Henry , Chaiy Seoil
Published: February 2008

A high level of product involvement is typically assumed to accompany higher information search, a fewer number of acceptable alternatives, and a higher number of choice criteria than does low level of product involvement. Inferring the level of product involvement from these behavioral or evaluative characteristics is, however, potentially misleading. Two factors are identified as mediating the relationship between the high level of involvement and these characteristics: (1) product trial, and (2) the consumer learning stage. The results of the present study support this view. Even for high involving products, considerable variations exist in these characteristics, depending on product trialability and consumer learning stage. Several strategic marketing implications stemming from these results are offered.
INFLUENCE ON BRAND EVALUATION: CONSUMERS' BEHAVIOR AND MARKETING STRATEGIES
Authors: Akhter Humayun , Reardon Richard , Andrews Craig
Published: February 2008

A model based on representational thinking is presented to explain the role of environment in brand evaluation. With respect to retail settings, we conclude that the environment of a retail setting is not of critical importance in brand evaluation when consumers have elaborate representations of their target brands. When their representations for target brands are less elaborate, consumers' evaluations of these brands will be derived from their representations of either the physical or social environment, or both, to the extent that these representations are well elaborated. The strategic marketing implications of the above relationships are also discussed.
NEW PRODUCTS — “I CAN FEEL WHEN THEY'RE RIGHT”
Authors: Baum Herbert M.
Published: February 2008

Working on new products creates the adrenaline that keeps marketing people pumped up. They can feel the big winners at the concept stage almost every time. Naturally, there are many disappointments too. It's the marginal ones that cause the insomnia…those that can turn into 90‐day wonders, or become six‐month disappointments, or run into the sophomore slump that generally precedes terminal drop‐out.
BEYOND CONSUMER DECISION MAKING
Authors: Mowen John C.
Published: February 2008

This article proposes that consumer purchase behavior may be viewed from three perspectives — the decision making, the experiential, and the behavioral influence. The decision‐making perspective holds that buying behavior results from consumers' engaging in a problem‐solving task in which they move through a series of stages. The experiential perspective argues that in certain instances consumers make purchases in order to create feelings, experiences, and emotions rather than to solve problems. The behavioral influence approach proposes that in other instances consumers act in response to environmental pressures. Each approach can be linked to the predominant effect of one of the three components of the classic hierarchy of effects. Managerial implications of the three perspectives on consumer buying behavior are discussed.
GRAY MARKETS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Lowe Larry S. , McCrohan Kevin
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the gray market for consumer products, with a particular emphasis on the reasons for gray market growth, the distinct channels of distribution for gray market products, and the means by which the gray markets may be terminated. Secondary emphasis is provided on the factors that lead to gray market emergence and on the impact of exchange rates on gray markets. A major conclusion of the analysis is that gray markets for consumer products will continue to grow as manufacturers benefit from gray markets. This growth will be associated with products manufactured and distributed within the national market rather than imported products which fueled the gray market growth of the previous five years.
PERSONAL INVENTORY DECISIONS — WHAT SHOULD WE FIND OUT?
Authors: Troutt Marvin D.
Published: February 2008

This paper calls attention to the profound differences between personal inventory decision making and the corresponding decision making of business organizations. It is argued first that the motivations and criteria being used by consumers are vastly different from the assumptions of models such as the well known EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) model. Next the implications for marketing are discussed. A research agenda is then proposed for filling in some of what is currently unknown.
MARKETING TO OUR AGING POPULATION: RESPONDING TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Authors: Schewe Charles D.
Published: February 2008

Marketers, public policy makers, and society in general have tended to use chronological age as a means of defining the maturing consumer market. Yet people age physiologically—and chronological age is not always a reasonable correlate to this process. This article discusses some natural physiological processes and presents some implications for marketing.
INDICATORS OF MATERIALISM IN CHILDREN'S FREE SPEECH: AGE AND GENDER COMPARISONS
Authors: Lipscomb Thomas J.
Published: February 2008

Many leading authorities contend that “materialism,” the disposition to own and consume products, is a basic core value of the contemporary culture of the United States. Little is known, however, regarding the manner in which children's interest in consumer products changes with age. This article examines this and related issues, citing empirical evidence of age‐ and gender‐based patterns with respect to materialism as evidenced by reference to consumer products in children's conversations with peers.
THE SEARCH FOR THE IDEAL
Authors: Broome Agnew
Published: February 2008

The search for the ideal is a continuing element in human history. Without ideals, few advances would be made. However, unwillingness to accept anything but the ideal constitutes in its extreme form a neurosis, perhaps totally incapacitating the person who suffers from it. Librarianship has been, and is, afflicted with a version of this disease. The central feature is the inability to reduce standards, however arbitrary the standards and whatever the current circumstances. The library system is designed around these standards, which are inviolable, the fixed elements in an otherwise adaptable system. How this operates can best be shown by examples.
THE BRITISH LIBRARY AND THE FUTURE OF INTERLIBRARY LENDING
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

An account of developments in the BLLD's services in the last two or three years, with a review of the present situation. BLLD is now handling an estimated three‐quarters of all inter/ending requests originating in the UK, and an increasing volume of overseas demand. The acquisition policy of the BLLD, the rationale behind a central loan collection, and the satisfaction rate achieved by it (currently 84%) are stated. The main recent improvements have been in dealing with items not in BLLD's stock. These include microfilming of catalogues of selected libraries; special arrangements with several major libraries (including the copyright libraries) and important special libraries to serve as immediate back‐ups; photocopying of serials in the BL Reference Division; ISBN recording by the regions; and the rationalisation of author‐title union catalogues. A comprehensive acquisition programme has just been initiated for individual music scores. Matters to be further studied include the loan provision of fiction and non‐book materials, international lending, methods of transmitting requests, the possibility of a national van network, and the effect of BLLD photocopying on journal sales. A continued rapid growth in demand on the BLLD can be expected. The implications of recent developments for the regions will need to be kept under review.
BLLD PROGRESS REPORT 1974/75
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

This report covers the first full year of operation of the British Library Lending Division. During the year, integration of the staff of the former NLLST and NCL has been completed, there has been an unprecedented increase in demand, arrangements with back‐up libraries came into full operation, and the International Federation of Library Associations established at Boston Spa an Office for International Lending. The Standing Conference of National and University Libraries made its first award for functional efficiency in new library buildings to Phase I of the new building, and outline planning permission was received from the local authority for an eight‐storey Phase III building. The translation service offered by the BLLD, and the seminars and courses arranged at Boston Spa, were put on a cost recovery basis from January 1975. Finally, the acquisition of music scores was expanded into a comprehensive programme, in order to give a parallel service for music scores to that given for serials and monographs.
INTERLENDING POLICIES AND PLANS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Authors: Heydrich Jürgen
Published: February 2008

The present interlending situation in West Germany is outlined with a description of the several union catalogues which exist. The increase in interlending is examined and an explanation sought for it. Some deficiencies of German library provision are identified. The use of telex and the Datex system is seen as part of the solution but the limited capacity of the present computerised system has lead German librarians to carry out various experiments with it, based on the Cologne Union Catalogue. Various other projects, mostly based on Cologne, such as the use of ADP or microfiche for catalogues, are also outlined. The author concludes by pointing out that a German equivalent of the British Library would gain little support for both cultural and political reasons.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT COURSES IN THE BRITISH LIBRARY
Authors: Myatt AG , Russon D
Published: February 2008

The British Library has recently reviewed its role in the provision of short courses. Courses that the Library currently provides are described and future plans discussed. It will concentrate on two types of course a) user education and b) disseminating its special library/information knowledge and experience to others in the library/information field. Little is known about the need for user education amongst different classes and level of user. The Library will therefore develop initially a programme of courses which extends its experience and aims to discover the needs of a range of different users.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING AROUND THE WORLD—A REVIEW OF RECENT PAPERS— IV
Authors: CJ Vickers Stephen
Published: February 2008

A review of recent papers dealing with interlending in New Zealand, Nigeria and West Germany and the problems of centralised collections, communication, and union catalogues.
SCANDIAPLAN REPORT ON INTERLIBRARY LENDING: A SUMMARY
Authors: Terry MJC
Published: February 2008

This paper summarises a report on interlending in Scandinavia. The report, which is in Swedish, is important in that it is a review and discussion of research studies, practical trends and principles related to interlending.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING AROUND THE WORLD — A REVIEW OF RECENT PAPERS — V
Authors: Vickers Stephen
Published: February 2008

A review of some recent papers on a variety of aspects of interlibrary lending in the United States, Canada, Australia, Scandinavia and East and West Germany. Particular attention is paid to the problems of net lenders, to possible solutions such as improvements to union catalogues, an efficient library network or centralised collections, and to the associated problems of copyright legislation and publishers. It also looks at the value of telex and the lending of non‐book media.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Wood David N , Ekers A
Published: February 2008

Official publications at the British Library Lending Division include the published and ‘semi‐published’ documents of national and inter‐governmental departments, agencies and fringe bodies, together with local government publications. The maintenance of such a collection presents special problems and the Division has a special section to deal with these. The general principles for selection depend upon the categories being acquired. British official publications published by HMSO are received on a subscription basis. Those not published by HMSO are either selected individually, or acquired under depository arrangements with the issuing Department. British local government publications are being acquired through a firm specializing in local government documentation. Foreign official publications are either acquired on demand, or obtained through back up libraries such as the Official Publications Library of the British Library Reference Division or via international interlibrary loan. There are special arrangements to acquire the output of particular inter‐governmental organizations such as OECD, FAO, Unesco, IAEA and the Division has been a main depository library for all EC publications since 1973. Thousands of official reports from the United States are acquired through agencies such as NTIS and ERIC. Recording and shelving of official publications vary according to the type of publication eg serial, monograph, microfiche etc. Some of the material acquired is indexed in the Division's publication British Reports, Translations and Theses and selected input is forwarded for inclusion in SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
A STUDY OF THE AVAILABILITY AND USE OF OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS IN LIBRARIES
Authors: Johansson Eve
Published: February 2008

The problems of identification and acquisition of official publications are common to most countries both developed and developing. A study of the availability and use of official publications in libraries was carried out in 1981. 565 libraries in 50 countries were sent questionnaires; the response rate was 35%. Most respondents reported a growing volume of official publications and had ambitious collection development policies. Heavy reliance was placed on deposit but purchase was used as the main tool of collection building. Bibliographic control is seriously deficient and presents problems for tracing new publications. The organization of official publications varies between different parts of the world, from complete integration in the main library stock to wholly separate collections — the latter is most common in North America and Africa. Little information was available about the use of official publications. Interlending arrangements did not appear to be a major issue.
A MODEL NATIONAL INTERLENDING SYSTEM FOR BRAZIL
Authors: de Figueiredo Evaristo Marcia
Published: February 2008

The need for adequate access to documents continues to grow, as does the total volume of the world's publications. Improvements in bibliographic control in the last 10 years have led both to fuller coverage of documents and to better and faster access to references. Document access relies more and more on interlibrary access because the great growth in number and cost of publications is making libraries increasingly unable to provide their readers with all the publications they need. Alternative models of interlibrary provision, according to centralization or decentralization of collections form a useful framework for considering the best solutions for Brazil. In practice, models must always be mixed, and the most important element in planning is to find the optimum balance of centralization and decentralization appropriate to each country. In Brazil, the best solution would almost certainly be the creation of a core collection of scientific and technical journals (excluding medicine and agriculture), a decentralized system for monographs, except Brazilian monographs, and the creation of a single supply centre for report literature. No special provision would be made for conference proceedings, or foreign official publications. Dissertations would be made available by the relevant universities. Trade literature should be collected in major industrial centres for consultation purposes.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ISSUES IN DOCUMENT DELIVERY
Authors: Ghikas Mary W
Published: February 2008

Document delivery is a rapidly growing area of interest, yet public policy issues have not been clearly defined and discussed. For that reason, it is essential to begin by defining what we mean by ‘public’ and ‘private’ sector and by the term ‘document delivery’. Public policy issues can then be identified in four areas: (1) marketplace competition, (2) intellectual property, (3) fair use of public resources, and (4) public good. Because past perception of the issues has been vague, the volume of activity and the economic stakes relatively low, it is still possible for public/private sector roles to be defined in a non‐combative atmosphere, to mutually‐beneficial ends.
THE USE OF MICROCOMPUTERS IN INTERLIBRARY LENDING
Authors: Ede Stuart J , Wheatley Michael L
Published: February 2008

Microcomputers and general purpose software packages can be successfully used in the automation of aspects of interlibrary lending (ILL) systems. The main components of such microcomputer systems are outlined and the software packages which can be used as system building‐blocks are considered. Brief overviews are given of several available ILL administration systems: Administration of Interlending by Microcomputer (AIM), Fast Inter‐Library Loan and Statistics (FILLS), Automatiska Fjärrlåne Rutiner i ett Kraftfullt Arrangemang (AFRIKA) and two others. The commonest use of microcomputers for ILL is for transmission of requests. Specific examples considered are the OCLC ILL Micro Enhancer, the Montana State Library system and the Leicester Polytechnic ARTTel software. The successful systems described indicate that ILL functions can be automated on a microcomputer at low cost and with minimal expertise.
INTERLENDING IN THE UK 1985
Authors: White Brenda
Published: February 2008

A national survey of interlibrary lending in the UK was undertaken during the two weeks beginning 11 February 1985 to establish the current pattern of activity and to compare it with the picture as painted in a 1977 survey. Data collection forms were sent to all 5,804 UK addresses on the British Library Document Supply Centre's list of registered users. An actual response of 2,331 (41%) was achieved, recording a total of 76,402 transactions. The broad pattern of interlending appears to have remained constant over the last eight years. Categories of material in demand and the types of library from which the demand originates are almost exactly the same in 1985 as in 1977. Performance has, however, deteriorated: supply times are slower; the number of applications required for a single item has increased. The Document Supply Centre remains the principal interlending channel and source of supply: co‐operatives and regional systems carry only a small share of the total traffic; the efficiency of location tools seems to be low; new technology has made little impression on interlending. Most requests (72%) are sent unchecked to the Document Supply Centre, which seems to reflect the confidence fostered by the existence of a large, centralized and dedicated resource.
JOURNAL HOLDINGS AND INTERLIBRARY LENDING POLICIES IN THE PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY: A SURVEY OF ICI PHARMACEUTICALS DIVISION
Authors: Haygarth Jackson OBE Angela R
Published: February 2008

This paper concentrates on the journal literature and the need to maintain a steady state library within ICI Pharmaceuticals Division. Reference is made to library management policy opposite the journal holdings and the reliance and importance of the supply of additional papers from the British Library Document Supply Centre. The paper includes an account of interlibrary lending changes and statistics covering the last thirty years.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY IN INDONESIA
Authors: Martwardaja Soetrisno
Published: February 2008

The failings of the disorganized and under‐used Indonesian library services led to the development of a national system of information networks. Based on different subject areas and centred at established national institutions, the networks have differing responsibilities to users and have developed services accordingly, the provision of secondary literature to encourage collection use being particularly important.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING AT NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE POLYTECHNIC LIBRARY: A STUDY OF SUPPLY TIMES, JANUARY—MARCH 1986
Authors: Renwick Lynn
Published: February 2008

A survey of total supply time for interlibrary loan requests from despatch of request to receipt of item was conducted at Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic Library during the three weeks beginning 27 January 1986. The purposes of the survey were to determine the supply time of items received from the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC), and to compare the performance of two transport scheme van delivery services in use. All requests sent to BLDSC over a period of 2½ weeks were monitored. BLDSC satisfied 71% of requests sent to it by the Polytechnic from stock, 51% being supplied within one week. The average supply time for an item was 5.9 days. As expected, the vast majority (98%) of items received were delivered by van. There would appear to be little to choose between the two van services used with regard to number of items delivered and speed of delivery.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: XIII
Authors: Cornish Graham P
Published: February 2008

The review begins by looking at the current debate in Australia over charges for interlending. Apart from the practical issue of raising money, the debate has broadened into a political one about charging for publicly funded services. One solution suggested is that the public library sector operates one system and the academic another. The problem of cancellations and resource sharing is examined in Belgium, where it has been planned; Australia, where it has not; and Hungary, where plans are urgently sought. A recent ICSTI report highlights the role of serials in document delivery and attempts to provide a methodology by which data on use can be monitored without involving high expenditure. A detailed study of interlending in Southern Africa emphasizes the amount of interdependence in the region and provides data not available previously on patterns of traffic. The origins of ILL requests can provide useful data for collection development but their diversity is emphasized by a little survey from the USA. Actually moving documents about is a matter given little attention, but a study of the UK system provides a valuable insight into how this is done in a compact geographical area, whereas in France the chaotic postal regulations cause numerous problems. The application of a theory from population studies to ILL looks attractive but is largely untested and founded on doubtful premises. The involvement of state agencies in the USA when setting up ILL systems varies and a contrast is drawn between the situation in Massachusetts, where the Library Board have taken the lead, and a more general study of state involvement which sees that role as largely to encourage and provide a suitable ‘atmosphere’ in which co‐operation can develop. The study of Southern Africa leads to the development of the idea that the national bookstock should be built up in response to demand rather than availability, a theory supported by the reported growth in international demand from Bulgaria as it expands its economy. Finally, for those feeling depressed by the type of work they do or their status, there is encouragement in a paper dealing with just these problems and concluding that the ILL librarian is a vital part of the whole information network.
INTERLIBRARY LOAN: AN OLD IDEA IN A NEW SETTING
Authors: White Herbert S
Published: February 2008

Today it is access rather than ownership which is the important question to users. Timely delivery of information is costly, but the price must be paid. Library users have been trained by librarians to be passive and to expect delays in their requests for information. This attitude springs from acceptance of interlibrary loan as a moral precept rather than a pragmatic commodity, an idea which now conflicts with librarians' responsibilities as managers of an accountable resource. Accepting the premise that resource sharing is the priority of the future, librarians must determine ILL costs honestly, in order to provide the supplier with a fair incentive. They must shape their procedures to the needs of their clients and they must allow for ILL as an alternative to purchase in their acquisition budgets. Since ILL is only another form of acquisition (albeit ‘temporary acquisition’) it is both irrational and unfair to charge clients for this service. If ILL is worth doing, it is worth doing well, ensuring timely, high quality service. ILL should take its place as a normal and necessary element of any library's acquisition policy: no library is an island.