bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability and change of illness identity in Belgian youth with type 1 diabetes: a latent transition analysis
Authors: Van Laere Elise , Oris Leen , Schepers Korneel , Vanderhaegen Janne , Campens Sara , Moons Philip , Hilbrands Robert , Luyckx Koen
Published: December 2024

Background

Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are tasked with integrating their illness into their identity, a process conceptualized as illness identity. To date, longitudinal person-centered studies are lacking that substantiate qualitative research capturing illness identity as a process.

Purpose

First, the current study examined patterns of stability and change among illness identity profiles in youth with T1D. Second, the study investigated how these profiles and patterns are related to background and medical characteristics, psychological, and contextual variables.

Methods

This 4-wave longitudinal study (covering 3 years) included 558 adolescents and emerging adults with T1D at baseline recruited from the Belgian Diabetes Registry (age range = 14-26 years, 54% female). Latent transition analysis was used to examine (1) illness identity profiles and (2) patterns of stability and change among these profiles. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the profiles’ and patterns’ associations with the background and medical characteristics, psychological, and contextual variables.

Results

Three illness identity profiles emerged: the more-integrated profile, the less-integrated profile, and the least-integrated profile. Although most individuals remained within their profile across 3 years, several meaningful transitions occurred as well. Age, self-esteem, diabetes distress, and psychological control were related to profile membership, whereas only illness duration was related to transitional patterns.

Conclusion

The present study informed both theory and clinical practice on how illness identity is experienced by youth with T1D from a person-centered perspective. In addition, the results provided insight into which aspects are meaningfully related to illness identity integration, supporting tailored interventions for youth with T1D.
Systematic review of family-based interventions integrating cultural and family resilience components to improve Black adolescent health outcomes
Authors: Quattlebaum Mary , Wilson Dawn K , Simmons Timothy , Martin Pamela P
Published: December 2024

Background

Past reviews have shown that culturally salient resilience interventions buffer the negative effects of racial discrimination on psychological and behavioral outcomes among Black youth. However, these prior reviews neglect to integrate trials targeting physical health and/or health-promoting outcomes, synthesize trials based on methodological rigor, or systematically assess efficacy or resilience intervention components.

Purpose

This systematic review expands on past research by (1) providing an up to-date literature review on family-based cultural resilience interventions across a range of health-related outcomes (physical health, health behaviors, health risk-taking behaviors, and psychological), (2) evaluating the rigor of these interventions, (3) analyzing the efficacy of rigorous interventions, and (4) describing the resilience intervention components of rigorous interventions.

Methods

Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted from 1992 to 2022. Studies were included if they were family-based resilience interventions targeting health-related outcomes among Black adolescents ages 10-17 years.

Results

Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria, 10 of which were not included in past reviews. Overall, 10 trials demonstrated high methodological rigor, 9 of which were efficacious. Most rigorous, efficacious trials targeted health risk-taking behaviors outcomes (~66%), whereas none targeted health promotion behaviors (physical activity, diet). Resilience components of rigorous efficacious interventions included racial socialization (racial coping, cultural pride) and family resilience (communication, routine), with fewer integrating racial identity (self-concept, role models) and cultural assets (spirituality, communalism).

Conclusions

These findings suggest the need to replicate existing rigorous strengths-based resilience interventions and address broader outcomes, including health-promoting behaviors, in the future.
Longitudinal timing of physical activity and associated cardiometabolic and behavioral health outcomes in young adults
Authors: Bailey Caitlin P , Elmi Angelo , Qian Jingyi , DiPietro Loretta , Tackney Mia S , Napolitano Melissa A
Published: December 2024

Background

This is the first study to examine longitudinal associations between self-selected timing of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and health outcomes in young adults over 18 months.

Methods

Young adults (N = 434, Mage = 23.9, SDage = 4.6 years) enrolled in a weight management trial recorded 4-7 days of ActiGraph wear time at ≥1 time point (baseline, months 6, 12, and 18). Time-of-day categories were based on quartiles of the temporal distribution of MVPA min/h at baseline: morning (06:00-11:59), afternoon (12:00-15:59), evening (16:00-18:59), and night (19:00-00:59). The proportion of weekly MVPA accumulated during each time category was the predictor in longitudinal linear mixed-effects models predicting body mass index (BMI) and total weekly MVPA. Longitudinal quasibinomial generalized estimating equations models predicted cardiometabolic risk. Interactions were tested, and marginal trend estimates were generated for sex and age subgroups.

Results

The analytic sample was 79% female and 49% non-Hispanic White, with a mean (±SD) weekly MVPA of 311 ± 167 min at baseline. In adjusted models, there were no associations with BMI. Morning MVPA was inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk (OR [95% CI]: 0.99 [0.98-0.99]) for both sex and age groups. Evening MVPA was inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk for 26-35 year olds (0.98 [0.97-0.99]). Morning MVPA was associated with greater total MVPA across subgroups, and afternoon MVPA was associated with less total MVPA in women.

Conclusions

Over 18 months, incremental health benefits may accrue with optimal activity timing in young adults. Activity-based interventions designed to improve cardiometabolic and behavioral health outcomes in young adults may be optimized by tailoring timing recommendations to demographic factors.
A hypothetical intervention on the use of hearing aids for the risk of dementia in people with hearing loss in UK Biobank
Authors: Mur J , Klee M , Wright H R , Solomon A , Johnson C , Littlejohns T J , Muniz-Terrera G , Leist A K
Published: December 2024

Observational studies have reported that hearing aid (HA) use is associated with a reduced risk of dementia diagnosis, suggesting a possible protective effect. However, extant observational studies do not explicitly model causal effects, while randomised controlled trials on the effect of HA on dementia exhibit short follow-up. Here we used self-report, hearing tests, and healthcare records in UK Biobank to design a hypothetical intervention for the effect of HA use on the risk of dementia diagnosis in people with incident hearing loss (HL). HA users exhibited a higher risk of dementia diagnosis than non-users (RR=1.43, 95%CI=1.08-1.88). Associations between HA use and dementia diagnosis were robust across sensitivity analyses (RRs: 1.34-1.59) but adjustment for primary healthcare utilisation (0.77, 0.44-1.33) or primary and secondary care utilisation (0.68, 0.39-1.18) substantially decreased the observed effect. The decrease in effect estimates upon adjustment for primary (1.30, 0.95-1.78) and primary and secondary healthcare utilisation (1.30, 0.94-1.78) was smaller when participants with relatively early diagnoses of HL were included in the sample compared to when they were not. While the findings are not conclusive, they suggest residual confounding by healthcare utilisation and dating of HL diagnosis in participants without primary care data in UK Biobank.
A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of a Calcium-Channel Blocker and an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Chinese and European Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Chang-Yuan , Bilo Grzegorz , Soranna Davide , Zambon Antonella , Kyriakoulis Konstantinos G , Kollias Anastasios , Ceravolo Isabella , Cassago Silvia , Pengo Martino F , Destounis Antonios , Stergiou George S , Wang Ji-Guang , Parati Gianfranco
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

In a post hoc analysis of a multinational, randomized trial, we investigated whether the efficacy and safety of nifedipine-gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) and ramipril differed between Chinese and European patients with hypertension.

METHODS

Previously treated (after 2-week washout) and untreated patients with clinic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140/90 mmHg (systolic/diastolic), daytime ambulatory BP ≥ 135/85 mmHg and standard deviation of home systolic BP > 7 mmHg, and/or daytime BP > 12 mmHg were randomly assigned to treatment based on nifedipine-GITS 30 mg or ramipril 10 mg for 12 months. Clinic, ambulatory and home BP were measured at baseline, 10 weeks and 12 months after randomization.

RESULTS

A total of 67 Chinese and 101 European patients were analyzed and they differed in age (50.9 vs. 54.6 years, respectively), body mass index (24.5 vs. 27.0 kg/m2), clinic diastolic BP (87.9 vs. 92.5 mmHg), heart rate (75.0 vs. 70.8 beats/minute), and nighttime diastolic BP (79.3 vs. 75.9 mmHg) (all P < 0.05). However, within each ethnicity, patients were comparable for clinical characteristics between the nifedipine-GITS and ramipril groups (P > 0.05). In both the Chinese and European patients, BP was similarly reduced with nifedipine-GITS and ramipril, except that daytime systolic/diastolic BP reductions were 7.4/4.1 mmHg greater in the ramipril than nifedipine-GITS group in Chinese (P = 0.02). The safety profile differed between the Chinese and European patients (P for drug*ethnicity interaction ≤ 0.05) for all adverse events (lower incidence on nifedipine-GITS in Chinese), ankle edema (higher on nifedipine-GITS in Europeans), and dry cough (higher on ramipril in Chinese).

CONCLUSION

In the Chinese and European patients with hypertension, nifedipine-GITS and ramipril had similar BP lowering efficacy, but different safety profile and tolerability.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION

Identifier at clinicaltrials.gov NCT02499822 (Registration date: 16 July 2015)
Factors Associated With Discussing High Blood Pressure Readings in Clinical Notes
Authors: Chapman Cole G , Polgreen Philip M , Suneja Manish , Carter Barry L , Polgreen Linnea A
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Blood pressure (BP) is routinely measured and recorded at healthcare visits, but high BP (HBP) measurements are not always discussed in clinical notes. Our objective was to identify patient- and visit-level factors associated with discussion of HBP measurements in clinical notes, among patients without prior diagnosis of hypertension.

METHODS

Data from 2016 to 2022 for all patients with any BP record of 140/90 mmHg or greater were obtained from University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics electronic medical records. Patients with any prior hypertension diagnosis were excluded. We used a multi-level regression model to evaluate differences in the rates of discussing HBP. The model included varying intercepts for visit specialty and non-varying slopes and intercepts for patient- and visit-level features.

RESULTS

The final sample included 278,766 outpatient visits for 27,423 patients, of which 61,739 visits had HBP. Only 31% of visits with HBP had associated clinical notes with a discussion of HBP. Even in primary-care-related clinics, HBP measurements were discussed in only 70% of visits. Factors associated with decreased odds of HBP being discussed in clinical notes included fever (OR: 0.46; 95%CI: 0.24–0.86) or external injury or pain (0.84; 0.79–0.90), and a larger number of comorbidities (6+: 0.27; 0.22–0.32). Discussion of HBP in clinical notes was more likely among visits of patients with prior visits where HBP was discussed in clinical notes (12.36; 11.75–13.01).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that discussion of HBP is relatively uncommon. Increasing discussion of hypertension in clinical notes could decrease hypertension-related diagnostic inertia.
Augmenting small biomedical datasets using generative AI methods based on self-organizing neural networks
Authors: Ultsch Alfred , Lötsch Jörn
Published: December 2024

Small sample sizes in biomedical research often led to poor reproducibility and challenges in translating findings into clinical applications. This problem stems from limited study resources, rare diseases, ethical considerations in animal studies, costly expert diagnosis, and others. As a contribution to the problem, we propose a novel generative algorithm based on self-organizing maps (SOMs) to computationally increase sample sizes. The proposed unsupervised generative algorithm uses neural networks to detect inherent structure even in small multivariate datasets, distinguishing between sparse “void” and dense “cloud” regions. Using emergent SOMs (ESOMs), the algorithm adapts to high-dimensional data structures and generates for each original data point k new points by randomly selecting positions within an adapted hypersphere with distances based on valid neighborhood probabilities. Experiments on artificial and biomedical (omics) datasets show that the generated data preserve the original structure without introducing artifacts. Random forests and support vector machines cannot distinguish between generated and original data, and the variables of original and generated data sets are not statistically different. The method successfully augments small group sizes, such as transcriptomics data from a rare form of leukemia and lipidomics data from arthritis research. The novel ESOM-based generative algorithm presents a promising solution for enhancing sample sizes in small or rare case datasets, even when limited training data are available. This approach can address challenges associated with small sample sizes in biomedical research, offering a tool for improving the reliability and robustness of scientific findings in this field. Availability: R library “Umatrix” (https://cran.r-project.org/package=Umatrix).
Theoretical study on aromatic characters in π-stacked multimers composed of antiaromatic molecules
Authors: Sugimori Ryota , Ikeuchi Masato , Kishi Ryohei , Kitagawa Yasutaka
Published: December 2024

Corminboeuf et al. theoretically predicted that closely π-stacked dimers of antiaromatic molecules tend to exhibit aromatic characters in the sense of magnetic and structural criteria due to the strong intermolecular orbital interactions. This phenomenon is usually called stacked-ring aromaticity. Several experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to elucidate the aromaticity switching mechanism in the π-stacked dimers and proposed molecular systems realizing this type of phenomenon. So far, most of these studies focused on the aromatic characters of dimers. This paper aims to examine aromatic characters of π-stacked multimers of antiaromatic molecules where the number of monomers, N, is more than 2. We constructed theoretical and calculation models of π-stacked N-mers consisting of cyclobutadienes with different stacking distances d. Applying the theoretical analyses based on the Hückel theory, we clarified the mechanisms of N-, d-, and monomer position dependences of aromatic characters that are evaluated from the density functional theory calculations of these models. It is found that the terminal monomers in the π-stacked N-mer (N > 2) exhibit the most significant antiaromatic character, whereas the second terminal monomers show the most reduced antiaromatic characters at small d. These results demonstrate that, in addition to the stacking distance and configuration, the number and the positions of monomers can be useful factors in controlling the aromaticity switching in π-stacked assemblies of antiaromatic molecules.
Refractory benign familial pemphigus successfully treated with dupilumab: a case series
Authors: Simon Gozalbo Ana , Mauleon Fernandez Cristina , Carrascosa de Lome Raquel , Martin Diaz Maria A , de la Cueva Dobao Pablo
Published: December 2024

Benign familial pemphigus (BFP) is a chronic autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by the appearance of flaccid blisters that progress to painful erythematous macerated plaques and erosions in intertriginous areas. Although various treatments for BFP exist, current treatments are not consistently effective, and BFP symptoms often cause a decreased quality of life. We report a case series of three patients with refractory moderate-to-severe BFP who were successfully treated with dupilumab. We also describe their clinical evolution over a follow-up period of 18 months. All patients reported a decrease in pruritus and improved skin findings, with no adverse side-effects. However, increased dosing was required in one patient to achieve optimal control of the disease. We also discuss previously reported cases of BFP treated with biologics. Dupilumab appears to be a useful and safe treatment option for patients with refractory BFP.
An integrated pathway for influenza vaccination across primary and secondary care using a clinical decision support system: model definition and predictive impact analysis
Authors: Specchia Maria Lucia , Beccia Flavia , Cacciuttolo Maria Gabriella , Tona Diego Maria , Di Pumpo Matteo , Porcelli Martina , Lontano Alberto , Corona Valerio Flavio , Laurenti Patrizia , Boccia Stefania , Pastorino Roberta
Published: December 2024

Influenza is an important public health issue given its significant burden of disease. In Italy, the unsatisfactory coverage rate in people ≥65 years underlines the need to improve the current vaccination pathway. This study aims to define an integrated pathway across primary and secondary care, facilitated by a digital clinical decision support system (CDSS), to enhance vaccination coverage in people ≥65 years by actively recruiting patients in hospitals and administering vaccination. Moreover, the study seeks to gauge the potential epidemiological and economic impact of this approach. The methodology consisted of two main phases: definition of the integrated pathway and CDSS and estimation of the potential epidemiological and economic impact resulting from the implementation of the pathway in the whole Lazio region. Assuming an increase of influenza vaccination coverage from the current rate of 60% to 65% in ≥65 years old population in the Lazio region thanks to the pathway implementation, an increase of 8% in avoided influenza cases, avoided influenza- or pneumonia-related hospitalizations and avoided influenza-related outpatient visits was estimated with a relative increase in savings for hospitalizations and outpatient visits of up to 11.85%. Setting the vaccination coverage at 70%, the impact is doubled. Alongside offering a predictive estimate of the pathway’s potential impact, both epidemiological and economic, this project, with its robust methodology, may serve as a scalable and transferable model for enhancing vaccination coverage at national and international level.
Tuning out tenderness: the influence of gender and friends on U.S. adolescents’ emotional self-socialization via film selection and avoidance
Authors: Meier Matthew L , Mares Marie-Louise
Published: December 2024

Teen boys often face peer pressures to avoid “feminine” emotions, such as tenderness. Media selections may reflect such pressures and constitute emotional self-socialization into traditional gender roles. An online experiment with 402 13- and 14-year-olds, based on Knobloch-Westerwick’s SESAM model, tested hypotheses about gendered selections/avoidance of hostile and tender content. Randomized to imagine watching a film alone or with friends, teens rated their interest in different film emotions and their likelihood of viewing eight films (pre-tested hostile or tender), then selected and viewed four trailers. Boys (vs. girls and nonbinary youths) gave higher ratings to hostile films and lower ratings to tender films. Baseline tender affect (lower in boys vs. girls and nonbinary youths) negatively predicted number of hostile trailers viewed which in turn negatively predicted post-test tenderness, consistent with emotional self-socialization. Imagined viewing condition did not moderate gender differences except in post hoc interactions with gender mix of friends.
Trauma-informed healthcare systems: an evaluation of trauma-informed care training for hospital-based healthcare professionals in the aftermath of the 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye
Authors: Şimşek Zeynep , Uğur Büşra
Published: December 2024

Disasters are complex global problems with an increasing impact with rising prevalence of associated illness, mortality, and intensifying health inequities. In recent years, there has been an emphasis on integrating trauma-informed care approaches into health policies and protocols. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the benefits of a trauma-informed healthcare training program for hospital-based healthcare providers with a focus on knowledge acquisition, empowerment of professional practice, and personal well-being. The program was implemented in the aftermath of the 2023 earthquakes in southeastern Türkiye. The training consisted of four modules, developed based on psychological trauma theories and behavior change theories, and was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach. Assessments were conducted at the end of the training program, at baseline, and at a 6-month follow-up. A structured questionnaire including items covering the content of the training, trainer effectiveness, and program suitability was administered at the end of the training program. At 6 months, participants completed an 18-item follow-up questionnaire which assessed their understanding of the principles of the trauma-informed care approach. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MTI) was also administered, and themes regarding the impact of the training program were extracted through in-depth individual qualitative interviews. Data were obtained from 501 program participants. The intervention program was found to improve healthcare workers’ understanding of trauma, professional practices, and interpersonal relationships, and significantly reduced symptoms of burnout. These results demonstrate the critical role of trauma-informed training programs in hospitals in disaster-affected regions, especially when assistance to survivors will be enhanced by strengthening healthcare workers’ resilience and improving their perceptions of service efficacy and value. The study highlights the need for more widespread adoption of these training initiatives and emphasizes that they may play significant future roles in transforming trauma-informed healthcare systems in disaster-prone countries and regions.
The transcription factor ClWRKY61 interacts with ClLEA55 to enhance salt tolerance in watermelon
Authors: Lan Guangpu , Xuan Changqing , Guo Yidong , Huang Xin , Feng Mengjiao , Yuan Li , Li Hao , Ma Jianxiang , Zhang Yong , Wang Zhongyuan , Yang Jianqiang , Yu Rong , Luan Feishi , Zhang Xian , Wei Chunhua
Published: December 2024

High salinity can severely inhibit the growth and development of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). WRKY proteins are believed to mediate the adaptation of plants to abiotic stresses. Here, we identified the ClWRKY61 gene, which positively regulates the tolerance of watermelon to salt stress. Knockout of the ClWRKY61 reduced salt tolerance, while overexpression of the ClWRKY61 enhanced salt tolerance in watermelon according to phenotypic and physiological analyses. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that ClWRKY61 interacts with the ClLEA55 protein, and this interaction was further confirmed by luciferase complementation imaging, transient bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and GST pull-down assays. Knockout of the ClLEA55 resulted in lower salt tolerance compared to the wild-type plants. RNA-seq analysis indicated 421 up-regulated and 133 down-regulated genes in the ClWRKY61 knockout line under salt stress, containing 293 differentially expressed genes with W-box in their promoters. After salt treatment of watermelon seedlings, qRT-PCR assays evidenced that the expression of genes encoding phytoene synthase, MYB transcription factor, sucrose synthase, alpha/beta-hydrolases superfamily protein, glutathione reductase, and sugar transporter were significantly increased; while the expression of genes encoding LEA protein, WRKY transcription factor, ERF transcription factor, alpha-glucan water dikinase, and calcium-dependent protein kinase were significantly decreased in ClWRKY61 knockout lines. These results provide an opportunity to mediate the regulation of salt stress in watermelon with WRKY proteins.
Elaborating the Role of Narrative and Self-Determination Theory in Video Game Design Research
Authors: Lu Amy Shirong , Moller Arlen C
Published: December 2024

Narratives, defined as stories involving two or more events arranged in a chronological or causal sequence, are fundamental and ubiquitous characteristics of human communication and serve as an integral feature of many video games. Moreover, narratives can be understood in nuanced ways through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Yet, the intersection of SDT and video game narratives has been surprisingly underexplored. This article reviews research on narrative media and examines how narratives can be integrated into games from the perspective of SDT and potential boundary conditions. We then explore how concepts from narrative theories and SDT can be integrated. The goal of this integration is to help guide future game design and identify new questions for future research related to: (1) the integration of parable narratives in video games, specifically parable narratives featuring characters’ personal transformation and growth and (2) predicting which video games people choose and prefer. We argue that scholars working with narrative theories and SDT can collaborate to advance video game research.
Investigation on the reversal effect of closantel on colistin resistance in MCR-1 positive Escherichia coli based on dose–response relationship
Authors: Cui Xiao-Die , Liu Shuo-Bo , Wang Rui-Yun , He Dan-Dan , Pan Yu-Shan , Yuan Li , Zhai Ya-Jun , Hu Gong-Zheng
Published: December 2024

Background

The lack of research on the dose–response relationship of adjuvants in reversing colistin resistance will lead to a lack of scientific theoretical basis for determining the dosage of adjuvants in clinical combination therapy plans or their compound formulations.

Objectives

This study investigates the dose–response relationship of the deworming drug closantel (CST) on the reversal of colistin resistance in mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Methods

Firstly, the reversal effect of different concentrations of CST on colistin resistance in mcr-1-positive E. coli was analysed using broth microdilution method, checkerboard method and time-killing curves. Then, the inhibitory effect of CST on the development of colistin resistance, as well as the haemolytic and cytotoxic properties of CST, was analysed. Finally, the in vivo efficacy of the combination of CST and colistin was evaluated.

Results

Both the checkerboard assays and the time-killing curves indicate that there is a special dose–response relationship between CST and its reversal effect on colistin resistance, which is not concentration-dependent. High reversal efficiency can be achieved within a low concentration range. However, as the CST concentration increases, the ability to reverse colistin resistance remains unchanged or decreases, which resulted in a gradual decrease in reversal efficiency. Additionally, CST can inhibit the development of colistin resistance and reduce the cytotoxicity of colistin. Importantly, in a mouse model of E. coli infection, the combination of CST and colistin showed a significant therapeutic effect.

Conclusions

This study indicates a special dose–response relationship between CST and its reversal effect on colistin resistance, which was not concentration-dependent.
Choice of the Type of School and Outcomes for Youth in the Labour Market in Togo
Authors: Koudjom Etayibtalnam , Ngoko Eric Hubert , Limazie Mazignada Sika , Mafang Lionie
Published: December 2024

The objective of this research is to analyse the impact of the choice of a type of school by parents on the wage of young individuals in the labour market in Togo. To do this, the multinomial endogenous switching model has been specified and estimated. The empirical analysis is based on the Harmonised Survey on Household Living Conditions (EHCVM, 2018–2019) conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies in Togo (INSEED) on 16,821 young people aged between 15 and 35 years. The results reveal that the variables relating to the distances that separate the schools from the homes of the young individual's parents (distance to public school and distance to private school), male gender, age, level of secondary and higher education, the Maritime and Kara regions of residence and socio-professional category (employed father, employed mother) are the main determinants of parents' choice to enrol their children in a type of school. In addition, the results indicate that young people in the age group considered with access to private-type training have advantages in the labour market in terms of wage increases compared to young individuals with access to other types of training or who have not chosen any training. These results provide useful information for public policies in Togo. They imply that policies aimed at reducing inequalities amongst young people in the labour market should consider the type of school attended by the young people as an effective tool to achieve these objectives.
Asymmetric Response of Poverty to Growth and Inequality in South Africa: Implications for Current and Future Shocks
Authors: Ngepah Nicholas
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction, given inequality in South Africa. It focuses on whether the poor suffer more losses of welfare during economic recessions and depressions than they gain during expansions. It further explores the factors that can assist the poor to stay afloat during times of economic shocks. Individuals in micro-datasets are matched with municipality-level data and in binary, truncated, panel, instrumental variables and quantile regression techniques to estimate poverty and welfare effects of positive and negative economic growth rates. The study finds that, whilst economic growth reduces poverty, it is not enough to compensate for the poverty-raising effects of inequality. Moreover, economic decline raises poverty, but economic prosperity more than compensates by a higher magnitude. The study also reveals that social grants, free health care and free basic education policies have limited effects on poverty reduction during economic downturns. Additionally, the provision of good education up to tertiary level and access to the labour market are crucial for sustaining poverty reduction efforts in South Africa. The findings call for policy measures that reduce inequality and promote economic growth to help cushion the poor during times of significant economic decline.
Examining Poverty Dynamics in Ghana: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data
Authors: Gafa Dede Woade , Hodey Louis Sitsofe , Senadza Bernardin
Published: December 2024

This article examines poverty dynamics in Ghana using the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Surveys and a synthetic panel based on the Ghana Living Standards Surveys. It provides insight into the extent of poverty mobility and persistence in Ghana, and the factors that explain poverty transitions. The results show that upward mobility has been a key feature of Ghana's poverty transitions between 2006 and 2019. However, there are still high probabilities of poverty persistence and downward mobility among initially poor and non-poor households, respectively. Furthermore, notable heterogeneities exist in poverty transitions across socioeconomic groups. Poverty is more chronic in rural areas and the northern parts of Ghana compared with urban and southern regions, respectively, and among households headed by persons from opportunity-deprived backgrounds. Other characteristics such as the number of dependants, sex, occupation and level of education of the household head are important correlates of poverty persistence and downward mobility in Ghana. Hence, addressing chronic poverty requires targeted policies that foster more inclusive and sustainable growth in rural areas and northern parts of Ghana, and improved access to opportunities for people from disadvantaged backgrounds, the unemployed, and those in vulnerable employment.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Income Inequalities in Cameroon: The Influence of Employment Status
Authors: Nda'Chi Deffo Rodrigue , Tchoumdop Michèle Estelle Ndonou , Kamga Benjamin Fomba
Published: December 2024

Due to interruptions and closures of activities resulting from social distancing measures implemented to limit the spread of the virus, individuals have seen their incomes reduced, increasing poverty and pre-crisis inequalities. These inequalities have been exacerbated by measures such as the increase in family allowances, which only benefit civil servants. The objective of this study is to analyse the contribution of the activity situation due to COVID-19 to household income inequalities in Cameroon. The data used are those collected from 604 households by CEREG as part of an IDRC-funded study on the impact of public policies related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal. The Gini and Theil inequality indices show increased income inequality in households where the head is not employed. The conditional quantile regression shows that employment status has a significant and higher effect during severe restrictions on the incomes of typical households in the 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles. On the other hand, this increased the distribution of income inequalities within households in the first three quartiles, more than 70% of which can be explained by the change in behaviour resulting from the loss of employment by the heads of household. This result is confirmed by the fact that the share of employment in the formation of income inequalities fell during severe restrictions, according to the Shapley decomposition.
Bone microarchitecture and strength in men and women with PLS3 gene variants assessed with HR-pQCT
Authors: Zervou Zografia , Bevers Melissa S A M , Wyers Caroline E , Bruggenwirth Hennie T , Demirdas Serwet , van den Bergh Joop P , Zillikens M Carola
Published: December 2024

X-linked osteoporosis, caused by PLS3 genetic variants, is a rare bone disease, clinically affecting mainly men. Limited data are available on bone microarchitecture and genotype–phenotype correlations in this disease. Our aims were to assess bone microarchitecture and strength in adults with PLS3 variants using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and to explore differences in the phenotype from HR-pQCT between PLS3 variants. HR-pQCT scans were obtained from the distal radius and tibia of 13 men and 3 women with PLS3 variants. Results were compared with age- and sex-matched controls from a normative dataset from literature and expressed as Z-scores. Median age was 46 yr for men and 48 yr for women. In men, total bone area was large (median Z-score: 1.33 radius; 1.46 tibia) due to a large trabecular area (+1.73 radius; +1.87 tibia), while the cortical area was small (−2.61 radius; −2.84 tibia). Total volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) was low due to low trabecular (−3.46 radius; −3.37 tibia) and cortical BMD (−2.87 radius; −2.26 tibia). Regarding bone microarchitecture, the largest deviations were found in trabecular number (−2.18 radius; −1.64 tibia), trabecular separation (+2.32 radius; +1.65 tibia), and cortical thickness (−2.99 radius; −2.46 tibia), whereas trabecular thickness and cortical porosity were normal (−0.36 and −0.58 radius; 0.09 and −0.79 tibia). Additionally, failure load was low (−2.39 radius; −2.2 tibia). Results in the women deviated less from normative data. Men with frameshift/nonsense variants seemed to have more deviant trabecular and cortical microarchitecture and strength, at both scan locations, than those with missense/in-frame insertion variants. In conclusion, HR-pQCT provides valuable insights into bone area, BMD, microarchitecture, and strength in adults with PLS3 variants and can be used to explore genotype–phenotype relationships. Longitudinal analyses in larger groups are needed to study the natural course of the disease and treatment effects.
Maternal body size affects sex allocation in a gregarious parasitoid
Authors: Holditch Zane G , DiMartini Claudia , Turcotte Karas , Shuster Stephen M
Published: December 2024

In parasitoid wasps, body size is a key predictor of reproductive success, as size is often correlated with increased gamete production. In Hymenoptera, due to haplodiploid sex determination, sperm are required to produce daughters but not sons, so sex allocation relies on a female’s ability to obtain and manage a finite supply of sperm. Body size may, therefore, affect sex allocation if smaller males provide fewer sperm, or if larger, more fertile females deplete their sperm supplies by fertilizing more eggs. We examined the importance of male and female body size on offspring production and sex allocation in the parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker). We predicted larger females would experience constrained sex allocation due to limited sperm, especially if mated with smaller males. We categorized 80 males and 80 females by size (large or small) into 4 mating groups: large females with large or small males, and small females with large or small males. We analyzed brood size and offspring sex ratios after each female oviposited on 12 pupae of Sarcophaga bullata (Parker). Overall, larger females produced more offspring and a greater proportion of males. Sex ratios became more male-biased with increased offspring production, indicating that sperm depletion had affected sex allocation in larger females. In contrast, male size did not affect sex allocation, but exhibited a small positive effect on females’ offspring production. Our study highlights a complex relationship between body size, fecundity, and sex allocation, enhancing our understanding of reproductive strategies in haplodiploid organisms.
Multiscale habitat selection of an imperiled subspecies of Least Chipmunk (Neotamias minimus): when a generalist is really a specialist
Authors: McKibben Fiona E , Frey Jennifer K
Published: December 2024

Habitat loss is a leading cause of species endangerment, yet information about habitat is anecdotal for most mammals. The Least Chipmunk (Neotamias minimus) is the most widespread chipmunk in North America and is purportedly a habitat generalist, which should buffer it against habitat loss. However, the southernmost subspecies (Peñasco Least Chipmunk [N. m. atristriatus]) in the Sacramento Mountains of southern New Mexico has declined significantly and has been proposed for listing as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. The declining subspecies presents a conundrum because it could be either a habitat generalist experiencing declines due to factors other than habitat loss or a habitat specialist experiencing habitat loss. We investigated multiscale habitat selection by N. m. atristriatus at the landscape, home-range, and within-home-range scales. We hypothesized that habitat selection by the Peñasco Least Chipmunk would be influenced by plant community type, topography, disturbance, ecological edge, and understory structure. For the landscape scale we conducted surveys using remote cameras and tested predictions using occupancy models. At the home-range and within-home-range scales, we obtained used locations via radiotelemetry and tested predictions by comparing habitat features at used and available locations. At all 3 scales, chipmunks selected for open stands of relatively large trees interspersed with meadows containing low cover provided by shrubs. This specialized vegetation structure was principally provided by a distinctive Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii)–Gooseberry Currant (Ribes montigenum) plant community. Chipmunks avoided disturbance including burnt forests, ski runs, and roads. We conclude that the Peñasco Least Chipmunk is a habitat specialist across multiple scales and that the loss of its required habitat has been the principal cause of its decline.
Soil-hydrological properties in response to grazing practices in the alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Fu Ruiyu , Chen Qiaoyan , Du Yangong , Dai Licong , Guo Xiaowei , Fan Bo , Li Qian , Hu Zhongmin
Published: December 2024

Alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) are experiencing severe degradation due to intensified human activity and climate changes. However, there has been little attention paid to the effects of grazing practices on the soil-hydrological properties of degraded alpine meadows. In this study, three grazing practices were established in an alpine Kobresia meadow: free grazing, reduced grazing, and grazing exclusion. We found the 0-10 cm soil water retention capacity (SWR) and plant available water content (AWC) in grazing exclusion treatment were higher than that reduced grazing and free grazing treatments, whereas the 20-40 cm display the opposite pattern. The AWC and SWR variations were closed related to soil properties, the redundancy analysis shown that SWR and AWC were positive related to soil organic matter (SOM), total porosity (TP), capillary porosity (CP), while negative correlations with soil bulk density (BD), clay, and silt content, and RDA1 and RDA2 explained 81.71% of the total variability in SWR and AWC. Structural equation modeling found that soil organic matter (SOM) was identified as the most important factor affecting SWR, with a direct standardized coefficient of 0.91, while CP was the key factor influencing AWC, with a direct standardized coefficient of 0.97. Therefore, the higher 0-10 cm SWR and AWC in grazing exclusion treatment may attributed to its higher SOM and CP, respectively. Furthermore, root biomass can affect SWR and AWC via its direct effect and direct through altering BD and SOM. Our study suggests that the response of soil hydrological properties to grazing practices was different, grazing exclusion only increase topsoil water retention capacity but not favor deep soil water retention capacity. We thus should take different grazing practices to improve the soil water conservation of degraded grassland in future grazing management.
Reimagining retirement for statisticians
Authors: Golbeck Amanda L , Mazumdar Madhu
Published: December 2024

What is the secret to a happy life after a successful career in the statistical sciences? One answer is continuing engagement with the profession, say Amanda L. Golbeck and Madhu Mazumdar
Should older people be allowed to drive?
Authors: Hewson Paul , Farr Jon
Published: December 2024

Delving into UK data on driving and road collisions, Paul Hewson and Jon Farr explore the complex issues around old age and fitness to drive.
Precarious joy: Meena Alexander, postsecularism, and bhakti poetry
Authors: Ratti Manav
Published: December 2024

This article compares the poetry of Meena Alexander with India’s traditions of bhakti poetry and reads it through a critical lens of postcolonial postsecularism. The devotional and egalitarian strands of bhakti poetry inform Alexander’s questioning of the hierarchies and taxonomies of gender, race, and religion. In turn, bhakti brought Alexander faith and helped her understand her life’s precarities, ones grounded in both worldly and spiritual struggle. A framework of postcolonial postsecularism addresses the aspects of religion and secularism that appealed to Alexander. These aspects include political secularism’s commitment to inclusiveness, minority rights, and democracy. They also include the need for faith, values, and ethics that religion seeks to fulfill.
Harnessing Hope and Bolstering Knowledge of How to Quit: A Qualitative Investigation of Including Efficacy Content in Tobacco Risk Communication via Daily SMS
Authors: Brinken Lillian , Shiells Kate , Ferguson Stuart G , Franja Stefania , Blackwell Anna , Braboszcz Claire , Maynard Olivia M
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Tobacco warning labels typically feature confronting health-risk messages that aim to evoke fear to change behavior. Evidence shows these graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) can be effective but can also lead to unintended responses, including avoidance or defensiveness. Theory suggests that targeting beliefs about the likelihood and benefits of successfully quitting may increase adaptive responses to risk information.

Methods

Participants with nil imminent quitting intentions were recruited to a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the United Kingdom investigating the effects of receiving daily textual SMS messages targeting risk, self-efficacy, and response-efficacy beliefs on cessation behavior. To explore their experiences receiving SMS messages during the RCT as well as their naturalistic exposure to GHWLs, we undertook a qualitative investigation conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 participants. Four main themes were generated via thematic analysis.

Results

Participants found efficacy messaging motivating, reporting increased hope for cessation. Further, these messages bolstered knowledge about cessation benefits and treatment options, which may increase treatment-related health literacy. Self-efficacy and response-efficacy messages were well-received and seen to complement each other whereas naturalistic exposure to GHWLs was associated with defensive responses and the use of strategies to manage negative affect. GHWLs were seen to contribute to the stigmatization of people who smoke (PWS) as part of a broader denormalization of smoking.

Conclusions

GHWLs in their current form can have unintended consequences for PWS and can lead to defensive responses. By contrast, messages that address efficacy beliefs can increase hope, knowledge of cessation supports, and motivation, thus supporting adaptive responses to smoking health risks.

Implications

Continued use of confronting graphic health warning labels in their current form should be reconsidered. Future policy and research should investigate how efficacy content can be effectively integrated into tobacco packaging to optimize the impact of this space in targeting determinants of cessation. Efficacy content can give people who smoke hope for the future and valuable information about pathways to cessation. These benefits may have applications in other streams of health promotion such as primary care, m-health initiatives, or public service announcements.
Slow burn: Re-examining the legacy of Conservative Party modernization
Authors: Critch Nathan , Kerr Peter , Kettell Steven
Published: December 2024

This article reconsiders the longer-term legacy of David Cameron’s attempts to ‘modernize’ the Conservative Party. In doing so, we aim to make three main contributions to existing scholarship. Firstly, whilst Cameron’s modernization project is judged to have been a failure by most scholars, we show that Conservative leaders post-Cameron have continued a process of party adaptation that exhibits striking continuities with many of its key elements. Secondly, whilst these developments have co-existed alongside a ratcheting up of seemingly ‘anti-modernizing’ populist and nationalist rhetoric, we contend that such moves show important continuities with Cameron’s own attempts to balance modernization with gestures towards Thatcherite politics. Thirdly, we offer a re-conceptualization of Conservative Party modernization as a fluid and contingent aspect of Conservative Party statecraft marked by an oscillation between, and sometimes a fusing of, modernizing rhetoric with more traditional Tory appeals.