bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration of Mn cations in delithiated lithium manganese oxides
Authors: Kan Yongchun , Hu Yuan , Lin Chi-Kai , Ren Yang , Sun Yang-Kook , Amine Khalil , Chen Zonghai
Published: August 2014

The sequence of phase transformation from Li2−xMnO3 to Mn3O4 at elevated temperatures was identified using in situ high energy X-ray diffraction.
A partial differential equation for pseudocontact shift
Authors: Charnock G. T. P. , Kuprov Ilya
Published: August 2014

It is demonstrated that pseudocontact shift (PCS), viewed as a scalar or a tensor field in three dimensions, obeys an elliptic partial differential equation with a source term that depends on the Hessian of the unpaired electron probability density.
Anion-exchange membranes in electrochemical energy systems
Authors: Varcoe John R. , Atanassov Plamen , Dekel Dario R. , Herring Andrew M. , Hickner Michael A. , Kohl Paul. A. , Kucernak Anthony R. , Mustain William E. , Nijmeijer Kitty , Scott Keith , Xu Tongwen , Zhuang Lin
Published: August 2014

A detailed perspective on the use of anion-exchange membranes in fuel cells, electrolysers, flow batteries, reverse electrodialysis, and bioelectrochemical systems.
Photoemission from diamond films and substrates into water: dynamics of solvated electrons and implications for diamond photoelectrochemistry
Authors: Hamers R. J. , Bandy J. A. , Zhu D. , Zhang L.
Published: August 2014

Illumination of diamond with above-bandgap light results in emission of electrons into water and formation of solvated electrons. Here we characterize the materials factors that affect that dynamics of the solvated electrons produced by illumination of niobium substrates and of diamond thin films grown on niobium substrates using transient absorption spectroscopy, and we relate the solvated electron dynamics to the ability to reduce N2 to NH3. For diamond films grown on niobium substrates for different lengths of time, the initial yield of electrons is similar for the different samples, but the lifetime of the solvated electrons increases approximately 10-fold as the film grows. The time-averaged solvated electron concentration and the yield of NH3 produced from N2 both show maxima for films grown for 1–2 hours, with thicknesses of 100–200 nm. Measurements at different values of pH on boron-doped diamond films show that the instantaneous electron emission is nearly independent of pH, but the solvated electron lifetime becomes longer as the pH is increased from pH = 2 to pH = 5. Finally, we also illustrate an important caveat arising from the fact that charge neutrality requires that light-induced emission of electrons from diamond must be accompanied by corresponding oxidation reactions. In situations where the valence band holes cannot readily induce solution-phase oxidation reactions, the diamond itself can be etched by reacting with water to produce CO. Implications for other reactions such as photocatalytic CO2 reduction are discussed, along with strategies for mitigating the potential photo-etching phenomena.
Slurry nebulization in plasmas for analysis of advanced ceramic materials
Authors: Wang Zheng , Yang Pengyuan
Published: August 2014

The current state of research on slurry nebulization in plasmas for the analysis of advanced materials is thoroughly surveyed.
Superhydrophobic bull's-eye for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Song Wuzhou , Psaltis Demetri , Crozier Kenneth B.
Published: August 2014

We present a micro-patterned silicon structure that enables the preparation of a SERS substrate and pre-concentration of the analyte molecules.
2-Methoxypyridine derivatives: synthesis, liquid crystalline and photo-physical properties
Authors: N. Ahipa T. , Adhikari Airody Vasudeva
Published: August 2014

Design and synthesis of fourteen new bent shaped luminescent mesogens carrying a pyridine core with various polar substituents are reported.
A hydrazide-anchored dendron scaffold for chemoselective ligation strategies
Authors: O'Donovan Liz , De Bank Paul A.
Published: August 2014

We report the design and synthesis of a dendron scaffold, enabling the chemoselective decoration of target molecules with multiple copies of functional species, such as peptides,viaa hydrazone bond.
Oleic acid assisted formation mechanism of CuInS2 nanocrystals with tunable structures
Authors: Gong Fengcong , Tian Shouqin , Liu Baoshun , Xiong Dehua , Zhao Xiujian
Published: August 2014

CuInS2 nanocrystals with different phase structures were synthesized by a facile heat-up method through simply adjusting the OA dosage. This is because a high OA dosage could facilitate the formation and crystallization of the CuIn(SR)x intermediate, giving a metastable wurtzite CuInS2 structure, while low OA dosage would lead to low crystallinity of the intermediate, producing a stable zinc-blende phase.
Nanoengineered CdSe quantum dot–montmorillonite composites: an efficient photocatalyst under visible light irradiation
Authors: Chikate Rajeev C. , Kadu Brijesh S. , Damle Madhura A.
Published: August 2014

Intercalated CdSe–CTAB–MMT nanocomposites with uniform dispersion of CdSe QD's are fabricated by a facile self-assembly approach that significantly enhances visible light induced photocatalytic degradation of Indigo Carmine.
Epoxidation of styrene over Fe(Cr)-MIL-101 metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Sun Jian , Yu Guangli , Huo Qisheng , Kan Qiubin , Guan Jingqi
Published: August 2014

Fe(Cr)-MIL-101 metal–organic frameworks as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation of styrene.
Energetic performances of pure silica STF and MTT-type zeolites under high pressure water intrusion
Authors: Ryzhikov A. , Khay I. , Nouali H. , Daou T. J. , Patarin J.
Published: August 2014

Water intrusion–extrusion was studied in pure silica MTT- and STF-type hydrophobic zeolites.
Effect of different gel electrolytes on graphene-based solid-state supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Qiao , Li Xinming , Zang Xiaobei , Cao Yachang , He Yijia , Li Peixu , Wang Kunlin , Wei Jinquan , Wu Dehai , Zhu Hongwei
Published: August 2014

Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene films with different gel electrolytes are demonstrated. During the bending and cycling of graphene-based solid-state supercapacitor, the stability was maintained without sacrificing the electrochemical performance.
Retracted Article: Radio frequency triggered curcumin delivery from thermo and pH responsive nanoparticles containing gold nanoparticles and its in vivo localization studies in an orthotopic breast tumor model
Authors: Rejinold N. Sanoj , Thomas Reju George , Muthiah Muthunarayanan , Chennazhi K. P. , Park In-Kyu , Jeong Yong Yeon , Manzoor K. , Jayakumar R.
Published: August 2014

RF responsive gold nanoparticles containing curcumin encapsulated chitosan-graft-poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) induced apoptosis on 4T1 breast cancer cells on RF exposure.
Size-dependent thermal decomposition and kinetics of ultrafine alkali metal styphnates
Authors: Liu Rui , Zhao Wenyuan , Zhang Tonglai , Yang Li , Zhou Zunning , Qi Shuyuan
Published: August 2014

The styphnate of smaller size possesses lower decomposition temperature and higher reactivity.
Nitridation effect of the α-Al2O3 substrates on the quality of the GaN films grown by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Wang Wenliang , Liu Zuolian , Yang Weijia , Lin Yunhao , Zhou Shizhong , Qian Huirong , Wang Haiyan , Lin Zhiting , Li Guoqiang
Published: August 2014

High-quality GaN films with sharp and abrupt interfaces have been achieved on nitrided α-Al2O3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The effect of nitridation on the properties and the growth mechanism of GaN films have been carefully studied.
An efficient and reusable ionic liquid catalyst for the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Zhu Anlian , Bai Shukun , Jin Wei , Liu Ruixia , Li Lingjun , Zhao Yang , Wang Jianji
Published: August 2014

Ionic liquid [DMEA][HSO4] was found to be an efficient and reusable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes under solvent-free conditions. The excellent catalytic performances are believed to come from the synergetic effect of the cation and anion of the ionic liquid.
Uranium recovery from seawater: development of fiber adsorbents prepared via atom-transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Saito Tomonori , Brown Suree , Chatterjee Sabornie , Kim Jungseung , Tsouris Costas , Mayes Richard T. , Kuo Li-Jung , Gill Gary , Oyola Yatsandra , Janke Christopher J. , Dai Sheng
Published: August 2014

Fiber adsorbents synthesizedviaATRP.
Multi-shelled hollow carbon nanospheres for lithium–sulfur batteries with superior performances
Authors: Chen Shuangqiang , Huang Xiaodan , Sun Bing , Zhang Jinqiang , Liu Hao , Wang Guoxiu
Published: August 2014

Multi-shelled hollow carbon nanospheres with a high specific surface area of 1050 m2g−1were prepared by an aqueous emulsion approach, which achieved a high percentage of sulfur loading (86 wt%). When applied as cathodes in lithium–sulfur batteries, the composites delivered a high specific capacity of 1350 mA h g−1at a current rate of 0.1 C, significantly enhanced cyclability and high rate performance.
The luminescent properties of CuAlO2
Authors: Byrne Daragh , Cowley Aidan , Bennett Nick , McGlynn Enda
Published: August 2014

The room temperature Raman, photoluminescence and low temperature photoluminescence properties are examined to give a deeper understanding of CuAlO2.
Self-assembled buffer layer from conjugated diblock copolymers with ethyleneoxide side chains for high efficiency polymer solar cells
Authors: Shi Yueqin , Tan Licheng , Chen Lie , Chen Yiwang
Published: August 2014

A remarkable improvement of 7.3% in the PCE is obtained through the spontaneous migration of diblock copolymers during the spin-coating process.
Electron energy level engineering in Zn1−xCdxSe nanocrystals
Authors: Sonawane Kiran G. , Phadnis Chinmay , Tatikondewar Laxman , Sudarsan V. , Kshirsagar Anjali , Mahamuni Shailaja
Published: August 2014

Variation in composition provides an additional degree of freedom in nanocrystals design.
Cluster validity index for adaptive clustering algorithms
Authors: Cui Hongyan , Xie Mingzhi , Cai Yunlong , Huang Xu , Liu Yunjie
Published: August 2014

Everyday a large number of records of surfing internet are generated. In various situations when the authors are analysing internet data they do not know the cluster structure of the author's database of traffic features, such as when the border of cluster members is vague, and the clusters’ partitions have different shapes, how to establish an algorithm to solve the clustering problem? Adaptive clustering algorithms can meet this challenge. Moreover, how to determinate the number of clusters when not only fuzzy cluster but also hard cluster are used? To address those problems, a new cluster validity index is proposed in this study. The proposed index focuses on the information of the geometrical structure of dataset by analysing the neighbourhood of data objects, which makes the index independent of the traditional fuzzy membership matrix. The new index consists of two parts, namely the ‘compactness’ and ‘separation measure’. The compactness indicates the degree of the similarity among the data objects in the same cluster. The separation measure indicates the degree of dissimilarity among the data objects in different clusters. The performance of their proposed index is excellent underpinned by the outcomes from the experiments based on both artificial datasets and real world datasets.
Robustification of time varying linear quadratic optimal control based on output integral sliding modes
Authors: Galván‐Guerra Rosalba , Fridman Leonid
Published: August 2014

A hierarchical observer for an uncertain linear time‐varying system is designed generalising the output integral sliding‐mode approach. The observer is based on a step by step reconstruction of the output and its derivatives, to reconstruct the state theoretically exactly right after the initial time, eliminating completely the effects of the uncertainties/perturbations. The observed state is used in linear quadratic control with an output integral sliding‐mode technique, allowing the uncertain system to behave as a nominal (uncertainties/perturbations free) one. The proposed approach is tested by computer simulations.
Design of a textile ultra‐wideband antenna with stable performance for body‐centric wireless communications
Authors: Sun Yiye , Cheung Sing Wai , Yuk Tung Ip
Published: August 2014

The study proposes a flexible ultra‐wideband (UWB) textile antenna for body‐centric wireless system. The antenna consists of a circle‐shaped radiator, a tapered microstrip‐fed line and a ground plane with a rectangular slot. For body‐centric applications, a cloth with 100% cotton is used as the substrate in the design of the antenna. To emulate the on‐body condition, the antenna is studied when it is bent and crumpled, and when the feed line and ground plane are misaligned because of human body movement. The antenna is studied using computer simulation, and is also prototyped and measured for verification of simulation results. The feeding cable used in measurement affects the measured results, which is also studied. Simulated and measured results agree very well. Results show that the flexible UWB textile antenna has good performance in terms of bandwidth, realised gain, efficiency and radiation patterns, making it a good candidate for body‐centric wireless communications.
Hohlraum glint and laser pre-pulse detector for NIF experiments using velocity interferometer system for any reflector
Authors: Moody J. D. , Clancy T. J. , Frieders G. , Celliers P. M. , Ralph J. , Turnbull D. P.
Published: August 2014

Laser pre-pulse and early-time laser reflection from the hohlraum wall onto the capsule (termed “glint”) can cause capsule imprint and unwanted early-time shocks on indirect drive implosion experiments. In a minor modification to the existing velocity interferometer system for any reflector diagnostic on NIF a fast-response vacuum photodiode was added to detect this light. The measurements show evidence of laser pre-pulse and possible light reflection off the hohlraum wall and onto the capsule.
Development progress of the Materials Analysis and Particle Probe
Authors: Lucia M. , Kaita R. , Majeski R. , Bedoya F. , Allain J. P. , Boyle D. P. , Schmitt J. C. , Onge D. A. St.
Published: August 2014

The Materials Analysis and Particle Probe (MAPP) is a compact in vacuo surface science diagnostic, designed to provide in situ surface characterization of plasma facing components in a tokamak environment. MAPP has been implemented for operation on the Lithium Tokamak Experiment at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), where all control and analysis systems are currently under development for full remote operation. Control systems include vacuum management, instrument power, and translational/rotational probe drive. Analysis systems include onboard Langmuir probes and all components required for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy, direct recoil spectroscopy, and thermal desorption spectroscopy surface analysis techniques.
Photoacoustic elastic bending in thin film–substrate system: Experimental determination of the thin film parameters
Authors: Todorović D. M. , Rabasović M. D. , Markushev D. D. , Sarajlić M.
Published: August 2014

The aim of this work is the development of photoacoustic (PA) method for the measurement and determination of parametres of thin films (with a thickness of less than 1 μm). Experimental study of the optical, thermal, and elastic characteristics of the thin film on Si substrate by PA elastic bending method was given. Thin film–semiconductor (Si) sample is modeled by simultaneous analysis of the plasma, thermal, and elastic wave equations. Two normalization procedures of the PA elastic bending signal in function of the modulation frequency of the optical excitation were established. The experimental PA elastic bending signals were measured and analysed. Without loss of generality, the TiO2 thin film (with a thickness of 0.5 μm) on Si substrate (circular plate) was experimentaly studied. We have studied the PA elastic bending signals in order to obtain the values of optical, thermal, and elastic parameters of TiO2 film. The analysis shows that it is possible to develop noncontact and nondestructive experimental method—PA elastic bending method for thin film study, with possibility to obtain the optical, thermal, and elastic parameters of the film thinner than 1 μm.
High-pressure phase transition of MH3 (M: Er, Ho)
Authors: Hou Pugeng , Tian Fubo , Li Da , Chu Binhua , Zhao Zhonglong , Liu Bingbing , Cui Tian
Published: August 2014

Motivated by the potential high temperature superconductivity in hydrogen-rich materials, high-pressure structures of ErH3 and HoH3 were studied by using genetic algorithm method. Our calculations indicate that both ErH3 and HoH3 transform from P-3c1 structure to a monoclinic C2/m structure at about 15 GPa, and then transforms into a cubic Fm-3m structure at about 40 GPa. ErH3 and HoH3 adopt the same P63/mmc structure with space group P63/mmc at above about 220 and 196 GPa, respectively. For ErH3, the P63/mmc phase is stable up to at least 300 GPa, while for HoH3, a phase transformation P63/mmc → Cmcm occurs at about 216 GPa, and the Cmcm phase is stable up to at least 300 GPa. The P-3c1 ErH3 and HoH3 are calculated to demonstrate non-metallic character, and the other phases are all metallic phases.
Cauchy's formulas for random walks in bounded domains
Authors: Mazzolo Alain , de Mulatier Clélia , Zoia Andrea
Published: August 2014

Cauchy's formula was originally established for random straight paths crossing a body $B \subset \mathbb {R}^{n}$B⊂Rn and basically relates the average chord length through B to the ratio between the volume and the surface of the body itself. The original statement was later extended in the context of transport theory so as to cover the stochastic paths of Pearson random walks with exponentially distributed flight lengths traversing a bounded domain. Some heuristic arguments suggest that Cauchy's formula may also hold true for Pearson random walks with arbitrarily distributed flight lengths. For such a broad class of stochastic processes, we rigorously derive a generalized Cauchy's formula for the average length travelled by the walkers in the body, and show that this quantity depends indeed only on the ratio between the volume and the surface, provided that some constraints are imposed on the entrance step of the walker in B. Similar results are also obtained for the average number of collisions performed by the walker in B.
Modeling kinetics and equilibrium of membranes with fields: Milestoning analysis and implication to permeation
Authors: Cardenas Alfredo E. , Elber Ron
Published: August 2014

Coarse graining of membrane simulations by translating atomistic dynamics to densities and fields with Milestoning is discussed. The space of the membrane system is divided into cells and the different cells are characterized by order parameters presenting the number densities. The dynamics of the order parameters are probed with Milestoning. The methodology is illustrated here for a phospholipid membrane system (a hydrated bilayer of DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) lipid molecules). Significant inhomogeneity in membrane internal number density leads to complex free energy landscape and local maps of transition times. Dynamics and distributions of cavities within the membrane assist the permeation of nonpolar solutes such as xenon atoms. It is illustrated that quantitative and detailed dynamics of water transport through DOPC membrane can be analyzed using Milestoning with fields. The reaction space for water transport includes at least two slow variables: the normal to the membrane plane, and the water density.
Insertion of liquid crystal molecules into hydrocarbon monolayers
Authors: Popov Piotr , Lacks Daniel J. , Jákli Antal , Mann Elizabeth K.
Published: August 2014

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the molecular mechanisms of vertical surface alignment of liquid crystals. We study the insertion of nCB (4-Cyano-4′-n-biphenyl) molecules with n = 0,…,6 into a bent-core liquid crystal monolayer that was recently found to provide good vertical alignment for liquid crystals. The results suggest a complex-free energy landscape for the liquid crystal within the layer. The preferred insertion direction of the nCB molecules (core or tail first) varies with n, which can be explained by entropic considerations. The role of the dipole moments was found to be negligible. As vertical alignment is the leading form of present day liquid crystal displays (LCD), these results will help guide improvement of the LCD technology, as well as lend insight into the more general problem of insertion of biological and other molecules into lipid and surfactant layers.
Hamiltonian and action formalisms for two-dimensional gyroviscous magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Morrison P. J. , Lingam M. , Acevedo R.
Published: August 2014

A general procedure for constructing action principles for continuum models via a generalization of Hamilton's principle of mechanics is described. Through the procedure, an action principle for a gyroviscous magnetohydrodynamics model is constructed. The model is shown to agree with a reduced version of Braginskii's fluid equations. The construction reveals the origin of the gyromap, a device used to derive previous gyrofluid models. Also, a systematic reduction procedure is presented for obtaining the Hamiltonian structure in terms of the noncanonical Poisson bracket. The construction procedure yields a class of Casimir invariants, which are then used to construct variational principles for equilibrium equations with flow and gyroviscosity. The procedure for obtaining reduced fluid models with gyroviscosity is also described.
Bound to unbound state route and propagation of dark solitons showing acoustical memory
Authors: Roy Rakesh , Giri Pradipta , Das Bappa , Choudhary Kamal , Ghosal Aniruddha , Bandyopadhyay A. K.
Published: August 2014

The dark and bright solitons in different systems are already known. If the intrinsic field is only considered, then the modal dynamics for small oscillations could be characterized by the bound state in a limited range of frequency, revealed via associated Legendre polynomial. The pairing and interplay between the dark and bright solitons occur. The disappearance of the bound state after a critical frequency gives rise to dark solitons in the unbound states that propagate through the domains. Above the upper boundary of the bound states, the estimated frequencies of dark solitons match with those experimentally found for ‘acoustical memory’.
“Many-poled” r-matrix Lie algebras, Lax operators, and integrable systems
Authors: Skrypnyk T.
Published: August 2014

For each finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {g}$\end{document}g, starting from a general \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {g}\otimes \mathfrak {g}$\end{document}g⊗g-valued solution r(u, v) of the generalized non-dynamical classical Yang-Baxter equation, we construct “N-poled” infinite-dimensional Lie algebras \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\widetilde{\mathfrak {g}}^{-,N}_r$\end{document}g̃r−,N of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {g}$\end{document}g-valued meromorphic functions with the poles in a fixed set of points ν1, …,νN. We apply the constructed algebras to the theory of finite-dimensional integrable systems and theory of soliton equations and obtain with their help the most general form of anisotropic chiral field-type equations as well as the most general form of integrable N-top systems and integrable cases of N interacting Kirchhoff systems.
Magnetic interactions in γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 nanocomposites
Authors: El Mendili Y. , Bardeau J.-F. , Grasset F. , Greneche J.-M. , Cador O. , Guizouarn T. , Randrianantoandro N.
Published: August 2014

Structural and magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles of 4 nm diameter, dispersed into silica SiO2 matrix with a wide range value of volume fraction (0.05 to 1), were investigated. Produced γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 nanocomposites consist of an assembly of very small single domain magnetic object (<10 nm) with a random distribution of both inter-particle distance and direction of particle magnetic moment. We focused on the determination of a magnetic percolation threshold, defined as the magnetic particles concentration value above which the magnetic properties of isolated particles vanished in favor of a magnetic collective behavior induced by magnetic interactions. A percolation threshold value of 0.63 was obtained by a local probe technique such as 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry and confirmed by global magnetic measurements through zero-field cooled, field-cooled, and ac susceptibility data. Below this threshold, dynamic ac magnetization measurements show a thermally activated Arrhenius dependence of the blocking temperature of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and above this critical value, one observes a slowing down of their dynamic properties, which lead toward the establishment of a spin-glass like state.
Laser damage in silicon: Energy absorption, relaxation, and transport
Authors: Rämer A. , Osmani O. , Rethfeld B.
Published: August 2014

Silicon irradiated with an ultrashort 800 nm-laser pulse is studied theoretically using a two temperature description that considers the transient free carrier density during and after irradiation. A Drude model is implemented to account for the highly transient optical parameters. We analyze the importance of considering these density-dependent parameters as well as the choice of the Drude collision frequency. In addition, degeneracy and transport effects are investigated. The importance of each of these processes for resulting calculated damage thresholds is studied. We report damage thresholds calculations that are in very good agreement with experimental results over a wide range of pulse durations.
Light pressure acceleration with frequency-tripled laser pulse
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Shen Baifei , Zhang Xiaomei , Ji Liangliang , Wang Wenpeng , Zhao Xueyan , Xu Jiancai , Yu Yahong , Yi Longqing , Shi Yin , Xu Tongjun , Zhang Lingang
Published: August 2014

Light pressure acceleration of ions in the interaction of the frequency-tripled (3ω) laser pulse and foil target is studied, and a promising method to increase accelerated ion energy is shown. Results show that at a constant laser energy, much higher ion energy peak value is obtained for 3ω laser compared with that using the fundamental frequency laser. The effect of energy loss during frequency conversion on ion acceleration is considered, which may slightly decrease the acceleration effect.
Note: Periodic error measurement in heterodyne interferometers using a subpicometer accuracy Fabry-Perot interferometer
Authors: Zhu Minhao , Wei Haoyun , Wu Xuejian , Li Yan
Published: August 2014

Periodic error is the major problem that limits the accuracy of heterodyne interferometry. A traceable system for periodic error measurement is developed based on a nonlinearity free Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometer. The displacement accuracy of the F-P interferometer is 0.49 pm at 80 ms averaging time, with the measurement results referenced to an optical frequency comb. Experimental comparison between the F-P interferometer and a commercial heterodyne interferometer is carried out and it shows that the first harmonic periodic error dominates in the commercial heterodyne interferometer with an error amplitude of 4.64 nm.
Three-dimensional printing of scintillating materials
Authors: Mishnayot Y. , Layani M. , Cooperstein I. , Magdassi S. , Ron G.
Published: August 2014

We demonstrate, for the first time, the applicability of three-dimensional printing techniques to the manufacture of scintillation detectors. We report on the development of a formulation, usable in stereolithographic printing, that exhibits scintillation efficiency on the order of 30% of that of commercial polystyrene based scintillators. We discuss the applicability of these techniques and propose future enhancements that will allow tailoring the printed scintillation detectors to various applications.
Two-dimensional electron and hole gases in InxGa1−
xN/AlyGa1−
yN/GaN heterostructure for enhancement mode operation
Authors: Yan Junda , Wang Xiaoliang , Wang Quan , Qu Shenqi , Xiao Hongling , Peng Enchao , Kang He , Wang Cuimei , Feng Chun , Yin Haibo , Jiang Lijuan , Li Baiquan , Wang Zhanguo , Hou Xun
Published: August 2014

In this paper, a numerical study of InxGa1−xN/AlyGa1−yN/GaN heterostructure is presented. The dependence of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) sheet densities on variables, such as InxGa1−xN layer thickness and In content, and AlyGa1−yN barrier layer thickness and Al content, are systematically investigated. The effect of P-type doping in InxGa1−xN on 2DEG and 2DHG sheet densities in this heterostructure is also studied. It is shown that the strong reverse electric field in InxGa1−xN cap layer contributes to the depletion of 2DEG at the AlyGa1-yN/GaN interface. When InxGa1−xN layer thickness and In content increases, 2DEG sheet density decreases significantly. P-type doping shows less influence on 2DEG compared to the polarization electric field in InxGa1−xN layer. In addition, there exist critical values for all the variables beyond which 2DHG appears at the interface of InxGa1−xN/AlyGa1−yN. Once 2DHG appears, it will prevent 2DEG from being further depleted. With proper design of AlyGa1−yN layer, the coexistence of 2DEG and 2DHG in InxGa1−xN/AlyGa1−yN/GaN structure can be avoided, showing that this structure has great potential in the fabrication of enhancement mode (E-mode) high electron mobility transistors.
Nanosecond laser-induced damage at different initial temperatures of Ta2O5 films prepared by dual ion beam sputtering
Authors: Xu Cheng , Jia Jiaojiao , Yang Di , Fan Heliang , Qiang Yinghuai , Liu Jiongtian , Hu Guohang , Li Dawei
Published: August 2014

Ta2O5 films were deposited by dual ion beam sputtering method. The nanosecond laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) at different initial temperatures and time of the films was investigated by an in situ high temperature laser-induced damage testing platform. It was shown that, when the initial temperature increased from 298 K to 383 K, the LIDT at 1064 nm and 12 ns significantly decreased by nearly 14%. Then the LIDT at 1064 nm and 12 ns decreased slower with the same temperature increment. Different damage morphologies were found at different initial temperatures. At low initial temperatures, it was the defects-isolated damage while at high initial temperatures it was the defects-combined damage. The theoretical calculations based on the defect-induced damage model revealed that both the significant increase of the highest temperature and the duration contributed to the different damage morphologies. With the initial temperature being increased, the thermal-stress coupling damage mechanism transformed gradually to the thermal dominant damage mechanism.
Influence of substrate material, orientation, and surface termination on GaN nanowire growth
Authors: Schuster Fabian , Weiszer Saskia , Hetzl Martin , Winnerl Andrea , Garrido Jose A. , Stutzmann Martin
Published: August 2014

In this work, we investigate the fundamental role of the substrate material, surface orientation, and termination on GaN nanowire (NW) nucleation and growth. First of all, the use of a patterned a-Si/diamond substrate confirms that NW shape and dimension are mainly determined by the applied growth conditions instead of the nature of the substrate. More important is the surface orientation as it defines growth direction and epitaxial relationship towards the GaN NWs, where both (111) and (100) surfaces yield NW growth for equivalent growth conditions. (110) substrates are found to be not suited for NW growth. Finally, the surface termination of diamond is demonstrated to survive the employed growth conditions and, therefore, to affect the nucleation of nanowires and the electronic properties of the heterointerface by its surface dipoles. This difference in nucleation is exploited as an alternative approach for selective area growth without deposition of a foreign mask material, which might also be transferable to other substrates.
Angular momentum and torque described with the complex octonion
Authors: Weng Zi-Hua
Published: August 2014

The paper aims to adopt the complex octonion to formulate the angular momentum, torque, and force etc in the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. Applying the octonionic representation enables one single definition of angular momentum (or torque, force) to combine some physics contents, which were considered to be independent of each other in the past. J. C. Maxwell used simultaneously two methods, the vector terminology and quaternion analysis, to depict the electromagnetic theory. It motivates the paper to introduce the quaternion space into the field theory, describing the physical feature of electromagnetic and gravitational fields. The spaces of electromagnetic field and of gravitational field can be chosen as the quaternion spaces, while the coordinate component of quaternion space is able to be the complex number. The quaternion space of electromagnetic field is independent of that of gravitational field. These two quaternion spaces may compose one octonion space. Contrarily, one octonion space can be separated into two subspaces, the quaternion space and S-quaternion space. In the quaternion space, it is able to infer the field potential, field strength, field source, angular momentum, torque, and force etc in the gravitational field. In the S-quaternion space, it is capable of deducing the field potential, field strength, field source, current continuity equation, and electric (or magnetic) dipolar moment etc in the electromagnetic field. The results reveal that the quaternion space is appropriate to describe the gravitational features, including the torque, force, and mass continuity equation etc. The S-quaternion space is proper to depict the electromagnetic features, including the dipolar moment and current continuity equation etc. In case the field strength is weak enough, the force and the continuity equation etc can be respectively reduced to that in the classical field theory.
Spin-Hall nano-oscillator: A micromagnetic study
Authors: Giordano A. , Carpentieri M. , Laudani A. , Gubbiotti G. , Azzerboni B. , Finocchio G.
Published: August 2014

This Letter studies the dynamical behavior of spin-Hall nanoscillators from a micromagnetic point of view. The model parameters have been identified by reproducing recent experimental data quantitatively. Our results indicate that a strongly localized mode is observed for in-plane bias fields such as in the experiments, while predict the excitation of an asymmetric propagating mode for large enough out-of plane bias field similarly to what observed in spin-torque nanocontact oscillators. Our findings show that spin-Hall nanoscillators can find application as spin-wave emitters for magnonic applications where spin waves are used for transmission and processing information on nanoscale.
Boundary between the thermal and statistical polarization regimes in a nuclear spin ensemble
Authors: Herzog B. E. , Cadeddu D. , Xue F. , Peddibhotla P. , Poggio M.
Published: August 2014

As the number of spins in an ensemble is reduced, the statistical fluctuations in its polarization eventually exceed the mean thermal polarization. This transition has now been surpassed in a number of recent nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, which achieve nanometer-scale detection volumes. Here, we measure nanometer-scale ensembles of nuclear spins in a KPF6 sample using magnetic resonance force microscopy. In particular, we investigate the transition between regimes dominated by thermal and statistical nuclear polarization. The ratio between the two types of polarization provides a measure of the number of spins in the detected ensemble.
Modifying Action Sounds Influences People's Emotional Responses and Bodily Sensations
Authors: Tonetto Leandro Miletto , Klanovicz Cristiano Porto , Spence Charles
Published: August 2014

We report an experiment designed to investigate the effect of modifying the sound of high-heeled shoes on women's self-reported valence, arousal, and dominance scores, as well as any changes to a variety of measures of bodily sensation. We also assessed whether self-evaluated personality traits and the enjoyment associated with wearing heels were correlated with these effects. Forty-eight women walked down a “virtual runway” while listening to four interaction sounds (leather- and polypropylene-soled high-heeled shoes contacting ceramic flooring or carpet). Analysis of the questionnaires that the participants completed indicated that the type of sonic interaction impacted valence, arousal, and dominance scores, as well as the evaluated bodily sensations. There were also correlations between these scores and both self-evaluated personality traits and the reported enjoyment associated with wearing high heels. These results demonstrate the effect that the sound of a woman's physical interaction with the environment can have, especially when her contact with the ground while walking makes a louder sound. More generally, these results demonstrate that the manipulation of product extrinsic sounds can modify people's evaluation of their emotional outcomes (valence, arousal, and dominance), as well as their bodily sensations.
Biomass and litter accumulation patterns in species-rich shrublands for fire hazard assessment
Authors: Westcott V. C. , Enright N. J. , Miller B. P. , Fontaine J. B. , Lade J. C. , Lamont B. B.
Published: August 2014

Fuel age is an imprecise surrogate for fire hazard in species-rich Mediterranean-type shrublands. We present an efficient method for aerial biomass and litter estimation of shrublands on sandy and calcareous substrates in south-western Australia that enables fuel accumulation patterns to be compared independently of vegetation age. For sites ranging 3–16 years since last fire, total available fuel loads were 2.7–7.6tha–1 for the sandplain and 2.6–8.14tha–1 for the calcareous shrublands. Despite calcareous shrublands having higher soil nutrient concentrations and winter rainfall, total available fuel loads were similar between community types over the range of fuel ages examined. Sandplain biomass was dominated by resprouters and calcareous sites, by non-sprouters. Topographic variation in fuel loads was observed among sandplain sites, with greater available biomass and litter on the deeper sands of dunes compared to swales. More rapid fuel accumulation at the youngest sites and more uniform canopy structure in the calcareous shrublands indicate that they have the potential to support fire at shorter intervals than the sandplain. For each community type, an allometric equation based on the relationship between average maximum plant height and total available fuel was derived that enables rapid estimation of fuel loads that is more accurate than using fuel age.
A unified cell biological perspective on axon–myelin injury
Authors: Simons Mikael , Misgeld Thomas , Kerschensteiner Martin
Published: August 2014

Demyelination and axon loss are pathological hallmarks of the neuroinflammatory disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). Although we have an increasingly detailed understanding of how immune cells can damage axons and myelin individually, we lack a unified view of how the axon–myelin unit as a whole is affected by immune-mediated attack. In this review, we propose that as a result of the tight cell biological interconnection of axons and myelin, damage to either can spread, which might convert a local inflammatory disease process early in MS into the global progressive disorder seen during later stages. This mode of spreading could also apply to other neurological disorders.
John Capgrave
Authors: Winstead Karen A.
Published: August 2014

John Capgrave (b. 1393–d. 1464), an Augustinian friar from King’s Lynn, Norfolk, was one of medieval England’s most prolific authors. His earliest surviving work is a Latin commentary on Genesis, one of many Latin theological tracts attributed to him, most of which are now lost. In 1440, he composed his first known work in Middle English, a verse life of Saint Norbert of Xanten, the founder of the Premonstratensian order, at the request of John Wygenhale, a Premonstratensian abbot in nearby West Dereham. More saints’ lives followed. Capgrave addressed a verse life (c. 1445) of one of the most popular saints of the time, Katherine of Alexandria, to a general audience; wrote a life of Augustine of Hippo (c. 1450) for an unnamed gentlewoman; and supplied a life of Gilbert of Sempringham (1451) for the Gilbertine nuns at Sempringham. Though Capgrave was long thought to have written the Nova Legenda Anglie, a voluminous anthology of lives of British saints, Peter Lucas has effectively refuted that attribution. Besides saints’ lives, Capgrave’s works include a pilgrim’s guide to Rome, The Solace of Pilgrims, completed shortly after his own pilgrimage in 1450, and historical works. A set of biographies about illustrious people named Henry was dedicated to King Henry VI in 1446. Capgrave’s final project, the Abbreviation of Chronicles, was a concise history of the world (with particular attention, in later sections, to England), from Creation to the 1417 Council of Constance. Augustinian historians undertook much of the early research on Capgrave in the twentieth century. Because most of his works survive in manuscripts that he wrote or corrected himself, Capgrave has also been studied by scholars concerned with dialect and with matters of paleography and codicology. Lately literary scholars have taken an interest in Capgrave’s work. His Life of Saint Katherine, especially, is remarkable for its scope and complexity, with rich characterizations, extended forays into history and theology, and the first extended discussion in English literature of whether women are fit to rule. Once regarded as a dull denizen of a cultural wasteland, Capgrave, like many of his contemporaries, has benefited from revisionist scholarship on the fifteenth century. He is now widely regarded by medievalists as an innovator and a liberal thinker who, though orthodox, championed religious reform.
Role of Cardiac- and Myeloid-MyD88 Signaling in Endotoxin Shock
Authors: Feng Yan , Zou Lin , Chen Chan , Li Dan , Chao Wei
Published: August 2014

Background:

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor molecule critical for host innate immunity. Studies have shown that signaling via MyD88 contributes to cytokine storm, cardiac dysfunction, and high mortality during endotoxin shock. However, the specific contribution of MyD88 signaling of immune and cardiac origins to endotoxin shock remains unknown.

Methods:

Tissue-specific MyD88 deletion models: Cre-recombinase transgenic mice with α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) or lysozyme M promoters were cross-bred with MyD88-loxP (MyD88fl/fl) mice, respectively, to generate cardiomyocyte- (α-MHC-MyD88−/−) or myeloid-specific (Lyz-MyD88−/−) MyD88 deletion models and their respective MyD88fl/fl littermates. Endotoxin shock model: Mice were subjected to 15 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (intraperitoneal injection). Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography and cytokines by multiplex assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

α-MHC-MyD88−/− mice had 61 and 87% reduction in MyD88 gene and protein expression in cardiomyocytes, respectively, whereas Lyz-MyD88−/− had 73 and 67% decrease, respectively, in macrophages (n = 3 per group). After lipopolysaccharide treatment, the two groups of MyD88fl/fl littermates had 46% (n = 10) and 60% (n = 15) of mortality, respectively. Both α-MHC-MyD88−/− and Lyz-MyD88−/− mice had markedly improved survival. Compared with the MyD88fl/fl littermates, Lyz-MyD88−/− mice had warmer body temperature, attenuated systemic and cardiac inflammatory cytokine production, and significantly improved cardiac function, whereas α-MHC-MyD88−/− mice had decreased myocardial inducible nitric oxide synthase induction and modestly preserved cardiac function.

Conclusions:

Both cardiomyocyte- and myeloid-MyD88 signaling play a role in cardiac dysfunction and mortality during endotoxin shock. Myeloid-MyD88 signaling plays a predominant role in systemic and cardiac inflammation after endotoxin challenge.
Cisplatin+Vinorelbine Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Salivary Gland Malignancies (RMSGM)
Authors: Airoldi Mario , Garzaro Massimiliano , Pedani Fulvia , Ostellino Oliviero , Succo Giovanni , Riva Giuseppe , Sensini Matteo , Naqe Nertila , Bellini Elisa , Raimondo Luca , Pecorari Giancarlo
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

Recurrent or metastatic salivary gland malignancies (RMSGM) are not suitable for conventional treatment. We report the clinical outcomes of 60 patients affected by RMSGM who were treated with DDP+VNB as a first-line or second-line scheme.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty patients between 2001 and 2008, affected by RMSGM were enrolled in this cohort prospective study; they received the following first-line or second-line chemotherapy (CT), for a maximum of 6 cycles: DDP at 80 mg/m2 on day 1+VNB at 25 mg/m2 on day 1 and 8, at 3-week intervals.

Results:

Seventy percent of the patients received DDP+VNB as the first-line CT and 30% of them received it as the second-line CT. After 5 cycles (median) of first-line DDP+VNB, 7% of the patients achieved a complete response, 24% achieved a partial response, 33% achieved an no change, and 36% achieved a PD. After 4 cycles (median) of second-line CT, 0 patients achieved a CR, 5% achieved a PR, 33% achieved an NC, and 62% achieved a PD. The median overall survival period was 10 months for those who received the first-line CT and 4 months for those who received the second-line CT. The best ORR (54%) and median survival were observed, during first-line treatment, in adenocarcinomas, whereas undifferentiated tumours were unresponsive with a poor median survival (4.6 mo).

Conclusions:

Adenocarcinomas show the best response and prognosis with DDP+VNB scheme that seems to be an effective and well-tolerated first-line CT for RMSGM, whereas it has only low palliative activity as a second-line CT.
To be or not to be planktonic? Self‐inhibition of biofilm development
Authors: Nagar Elad , Schwarz Rakefet
Published: August 2014

The transition between planktonic growth and biofilm formation represents a tightly regulated developmental shift that has substantial impact on cell fate. Here, we highlight different mechanisms through which bacteria limit their own biofilm development. The mechanisms involved in these self‐inhibition processes include: (i) regulation by secreted small molecules, which govern intricate signalling cascades that eventually decrease biofilm development, (ii) extracellular polysaccharides capable of modifying the physicochemical properties of the substratum and (iii) extracellular DNA that masks an adhesive structure. These mechanisms, which rely on substances produced by the bacterium and released into the extracellular milieu, suggest regulation at the communal level. In addition, we provide specific examples of environmental cues (e.g. blue light or glucose level) that trigger a cellular response reducing biofilm development. All together, we describe a diverse array of mechanisms underlying self‐inhibition of biofilm development in different bacteria and discuss possible advantages of these processes.