bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household Finance Management and the Labour Market: A Case Study in Hartlepool
Authors: Morris Lydia
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on the results of a survey carried out in Hartlepool towards the end of 1989. It considers the problems posed by data collection through survey methods to enquire into the management of household finances, and adopts a procedure which first examines treatment of the man's wage, and follows with additional questions about use of the woman's wage, access to personal spending money, and the location of final authority over spending.

The data are based on a comparison between four different groupings with reference to the man's employment status: Group A: couples in which the man has been unemployed for at least the last 12 months.

Group B: couples in which the man is currently employed and has held the same job for at least the last twelve months. Group C: couples in which the man has been recently recruited to employment.

Group D: a residual group covering any other status, notably early retirement, sickness, disability or student status. An age range of 20–55 was imposed.

Marked contrasts were found between these groupings though further variation was introduced by employment for the woman. Broadly speaking there are two instances of heightened financial influence for women: low income prompts female management, whilst women's employment (and therefore higher income) increases joint management. It is in the traditional and declining situation of a sole male earner in which female authority or influence is at its lowest.
Research Note: Strategies in Eliciting Sensitive Sexual Information: The Case of Gay Men
Authors: Coxon Tony , Davies P.M. , Hunt A.J. , McManus T.J. , Rees C.M. , Weatherburn P.
Published: August 2010

Project SIGMA's research on gay men's sexual behaviour and Aids and HIV infection has posed complex ethnographic and methodological problems which have required unorthodox and innovative strategies for their solution. Three main problem areas included: value-conflict between interviewer/HIV tester roles; Issues concerning data confidentiality and legal interference, and the elicitation of detailed sexual behaviour. The procedures developed have clear applicability to other research concerned with covert, stigmatised and legally-sensitive behaviour or data.
Genetic Risk and Reproduction
Authors: Parsons Evelyn , Atkinson Paul
Published: August 2010

Research was conducted with women who had experience of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne) in the family. Intensive, qualitative interviews were conducted with a two-generational sample of women. This paper concentrates on the reported experiences of women who became pregnant while being aware of medically defined genetic carrier risk. Three types of reproductive decision-making are identified: risk-taking, risk-refusing and risk modifying. It is argued that there is no simple relationship between women's genetic risk and their subsequent reproductive actions. Of more significance is the women's prior biographical experience, their interpretation of the information available to them, their definition of the situation, and their reproductive expectations. Genetic risk information, transmitted in the genetic counselling discourse, does not determine women's actions, which are accounted for in terms of an interpretative perspective.
Privatisation and Economism: An Investigation Amongst ‘Producers’ in Two Privatised Public Utilities in Britain
Authors: Nichols Theo , Davidson Julia O'Connell
Published: August 2010

Both academic and political debate about the effects of privatisation upon employees in privatised companies has taken place in something of an empirical vacuum. In particular, there is a lack of systematic enquiries into the major privatised utilities. Despite the lack of evidence, a number of claims have been advanced, both about the impact of privatisation upon the political attitudes of employees, and about its effects on working conditions, worker motivation and behaviour. This paper presents the results of a survey of 442 employees in two privatised public utilities. It is divided into two parts, looking first at the more general social and political attitudes of these employees, then presenting their views on the impact of privatisation on the company they work for, and on their working lives. The findings reported here lend little support either to new right claims about privatisation's transformative powers or to the view that ‘for most people … privatisation will make very little difference at all’ (Saunders and Harris, 1990).
Black Self-Organization in Trade Unions
Authors: Virdee Satnam , Grint Keith
Published: August 2010

This paper considers the significance of self-organization for black and minority workers in trade unions. It embodies a review of the theoretical and empirical evidence in support of black self-organization within unions; that is, a strategy of relative autonomy rather than separatism or submersion within a race-blind union. The theoretical support is derived from arguments concerning identity, participation and power. Much of the empirical material is based upon interviews with black and white lay members and shop stewards from three branches (‘Helthten’, Shaften’ and ‘Mounten’) of the National and Local Government Officers union (NALGO) and with NALGO national officials between 1989 and 1990.
Who ‘Dominates’ Whom? Social Class, Conjugal Households and Political Identification
Authors: Mills Colin
Published: August 2010

The existence of cross-class families, where the wife's occupation is taken to be superior to that of the husband, has been seen as a challenge to conventional ways of allocating class positions to partners in the conjugal household. Data from the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative survey conducted in 1986 are used to estimate the numerical importance of such families. Three approaches to the class allocation of men and women in conjugal households are outlined: individual, conventional and dominance. The predictive validity of these approaches is then assessed with the dependent variable drawn from the domain of political party identification. The outcomes of the exercise suggest that the conventional approach may require some slight finessing with respect to female respondents in cross-class families who are active full-time in the labour market, but in the main still gives acceptable results.
Tideline and Turn: Possible Reasons for the Continuing Low HIV Prevalence among Glasgow's Injecting Drug Users
Authors: Bloor Michael , Frischer Martin , Taylor Avril , Covell Robert , Goldberg David , Green Stephen , McKeganey Neil , Platt Stephen
Published: August 2010

This is an early report of data from an on-going, repeated, cross-sectional study of a community sample of Glasgow injecting drug users. Although HIV was first detected among Glasgow's drug injectors in 1985, data from the first two years of our annual samples (1990 and 1991) indicate that HIV prevalence continues to be low in this population, in the order of 1 or 2 per cent. Possible reasons for this apparent continuing low prevalence are examined. It is suggested that substantial risk reduction – reductions in injection equipment-sharing, reductions in numbers of sharing partners and restrictions in social circles of sharing partners – may have been sufficient reasons, in conjunction with limited contributions to near-stabilisation from the disproportionate attrition of the numerator population through death and cessation of injecting.
Learning to Feel: The Neglected Sociology of Social Movements
Authors: Groves Julian McAllister
Published: August 2010

This paper discusses the experience and ideology of emotions among animal rights activists, and more broadly, the applicability of the sociology of emotions to the field of social movements. I examine the case of a social movement which relies heavily on empathy in its initial recruitment, and which has been derisively labeled by outsiders as ‘emotional’. I explain recruitment to animal rights activism by showing how activists develop a ‘vocabulary of emotions’ to rationalize their participation to others and themselves, along with managing the emotional tone of the movement by limiting the kinds of people who can take part in debates about animal cruelty. The interactive nature in which emotions develop in social movements is stressed over previous approaches to emotions in the social movement literature, which treat emotions as impulsive or irrational.
Working Together, Working Apart: Management Culture in a Manufacturing Firm
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a case study of management culture in a manufacturing organisation. Its general aim is to assess the usefulness of the concept ‘culture’ as it applies to organisations. After first establishing that the organisational members had a sense that their organisation was an unique ‘family’ the article then proceeds to argue that this ‘togetherness’ was, in many contexts, divided. Managers also had a series of conflictual orientations to other members that were partially defined by the managers organisational role but were also underwritten by assumptions about organisational history, community, biography and profession. The paper concludes by suggesting that, at this level of analysis, managers are not often an unified block with a common identity and that management culture is hence best seen as a map of oppositions and commonalities that reflects the wider culture that the organisation is a part of.
Feminist Politics, Domestic Violence and the State
Authors: Charles Nickie
Published: August 2010

This paper explores the relationship between feminist politics and the state around the issue of domestic violence. Its focus is the refuge movement in Wales. Feminist analyses of the state and feminist political practice identify the state as an important object of struggle. A particular form of feminist politics, the refuge movement, has engaged with the state while retaining its autonomy. It has been instrumental in effecting legal changes which bestow certain rights on women threatened with domestic violence, and in increasing women's access to resources in the form of temporary refuge and permanent housing. Feminist political practice can affect the distribution of resources through engaging with the state, thereby enabling women to challenge the gendered power relations which structure their daily lives.
The Mass Coloration of Man‐made Fibres
Authors: ACKROYD PHILIP
Published: August 2010

This paper traces the co‐development, to date, of colorants, man‐made fibres, masscoloration techniques and equipment, and end‐uses for mass‐coloured fibres. Additional references not quoted in the text are listed in a classified Appendix.
The Development of Colour Science
Authors: PATTERSON DAVID
Published: August 2010

Colour Science has developed over many years as the result of the interaction between a number of penetrating theoretical advances in the understanding of the nature of colour perception and their practical application, made possible by technical advances in optics and electronics. This review traces the development of the subject to its present stage, where colour can be specified and measured numerically, and the results used both in specifying colour tolerances and in predicting colour recipes.
Safety and Toxicological Aspects in Handling Chemicals in the Colour‐using Industry
Authors: GADIAN T.
Published: August 2010

The possible medical hazards in the coloration industry cancer, skin, and general toxic are discussed. The evidence from past and recent work does not point to the existence of a cancer hazard, and indicates that the other risks are not of a high degree. This does not imply any relaxation of the safety measures already in use, because one cannot eliminate the possibility that if this were to be done, cases might occur.
Coloration of Rubber and Plastics
Authors: WHITE HENRY G.
Published: August 2010

If it is possible to summarize a summary or review of this nature, then the author is trying to indicate that the plasties industry has settled down from its early turbulent upsurge after World War II and is in a period of steady and sustained growth with its technology well mapped out. Alterations in the range of colorants to cater for it are proceeding though with minor improvements in stability as the goal. The major changes may come about in the methods of colouring and in factory conditions, this being partly stimulated by change of attitude towards health and safety at work; the way in which these changes can happen is now reasonably clear and there should he optimism that the next decade will produce many of the improvements which can currently be seen to be needed.
Developments in Space Dyeing for the Carpet Industry
Authors: ROBERTS BARRIE P.
Published: August 2010

Developments have been divided into four categories, namely

random printing of webs

regular printing of warps including non‐aqueous methods

knit‐deknit

yarn package impregnation.

The emphasis is on nylon, although the ability to colour other carpet fibres by space dyeing techniques is discussed. Finally, space dyeing as an industry is reviewed and the reasons for the slowing of its rate of growth during this decade is outlined.
Developments in Jet Dyeing
Authors: RATCUFFE JACK. D.
Published: August 2010

This paper is not intended to review the very considerable number of jet‐dyeing machines developed in the last six years and currently being offered by numerous manufacturers from all parts of the world. Rather, it is an attempt to assess the major designs available and consider their relative merits and demerits. At least one machine, representative of each different type, has been evaluated at Spondon or in Europe under commercial conditions. These trials have been carried out on a wide range of fabrics including both woven and knitted goods. The effect of fabric construction, fabric weight and yarn content has also been examined. The yarns used in these fabrics have included flat and textured polyester, flat and textured Tricel*, Tricelon*, Dicel*, Dicelon*. Courtelle*. nylon, cotton and various cellulosic blends.
Migrating Cationic Dyes for Acrylic Fibres
Authors: BIEDERMANN W.
Published: August 2010

The area covered by this paper ‐ migrating dyes for acrylic fibres ‐ has been dealt with more than once in recent years. A review of this work is given here.
Economics of Dyeing Processes
Authors: Shore John
Published: August 2010

Recently published work concerned with the internal cost structure of textile coloration processes is reviewed and an attempt is made to identify development trends from this viewpoint. The emphasis is on cost comparisons between processes and the degree of contribution by the various factors to the overall cost of the process. The information discussed is classified according to substrate, i.e. synthetic yarn and tow, synthetic fabrics, cotton and polyester blends, because this brings together methods of dyeing which are sufficiently similar to permit useful cross‐ comparisons Comments on the costs of scouring and bleaching cotton are included in the section on batchwise dyeing of knitted fabrics, but washing‐off and thermal treatments are best dealt with in the context of continuous dyeing. Polyester—cotton dyeing, where there is most scope for rationalization and cost‐optimization because of the expensive and timeconsuming nature of conventional batchwise procedures, is left until last. The review concludes with a re‐statement of certain underlying trends which govern the relative cost‐effectiveness of different methods of coloration.
Evaluation and Testing of Dyes Before Use in Textile Dyeing
Authors: Park J. , Shore J.
Published: August 2010

Progress in methods of test for dyes and dyed textiles is reviewed. This is a broad topic which touches on many aspects of coloration technology and inevitably the treatment of some areas of the subject has to be brief and incomplete. Many recent trends in dye application technology affect both the nature of tests to be applied and the criteria considered when interpreting the results of the tests. This subject is reviewed from the viewpoints of both the dye manufacturer and the dye user, in order to bring out the essential similarities in approach. Typical parameters of dye selection are tabulated and classified according to the nature and purpose of the tests involved.
Dyeability Tests for Textile Substrates
Authors: Park J. , Shore J.
Published: August 2010

Although conventional chemical methods of analysis make a major contribution to the identification, analytical investigation and diagnosis of faults in textiles, much useful information can be gained quickly and easily by the use of dyes in simple tests which exploit the known dye‐uptake or dye‐resist characteristics of untreated or modified fibres and blends. This review outlines some of these possibilities, specifically referring to the identification of different fibre types, examination of degraded or damaged material, assessment of the intrinsic dyeability and degree of dye‐affinity variation in synthetic filament yarns, and investigation of the type and uniformity of distribution of synthetic‐resin material in finished fabrics.
The Practical Significance of pH and Methods of Control
Authors: Burdett B C
Published: August 2010

Knowledge required for the basic understanding of pH values is outlined. The practical significance of pH with respect to dye exhaustion and stability of fibres and dyes is discussed. The relationships between the pH‐control and temperature‐control of dyeing processes, and the implementation of pH control are discussed. Methods of control of pH in temperature‐controlled and pH‐controlled dyeing processes are illustrated.
Colouring Wood
Authors: Hilditch E A
Published: August 2010

Before the development of synthetic dyes, natural materials and extracts were used to colour wood, but few remain in use.

Present day colouring uses synthetic dyes or pigment or natural pigment dissolved or dispersed in water, hydrocarbon solvents, alcohols or glycols.

Properties of each group and factors affecting choices of combinations for colouring solid wood are reviewed both for indoor and outdoor use.
Metal‐complex Dyes for Wool and Nylon — 1930 to date
Authors: Beffa F , Back G
Published: August 2010

An introduction outlining the scope and limitations of this paper is followed by a brief explanation of the essential structural features of metal‐complex dyes.

The earliest metal‐complex dyes were produced directly within the fibre material by reacting a metallisable dye with a chromium compoundin situ. The first chromium complex dyes prepared in substance, were the chromium complexes containing sulpho‐groups, synthesised by R Bohn of BASF, in 1912, the application of which was first made possible after the discovery by Ciba of a satisfactory dyeing process based on the use of a dyebath made strongly acid with sulphuric acid. These two classes of dye dominated the dyeing industry into the 1950s.

At that time 1:2 metal‐complex dyes without sulphonic acid groups but containing nonionic substituents as solubilising groups were introduced. These complexes were applicable from neutral to weakly acid dyebaths, which minimised the damage to the fibres. These dyeings were characterised by high fastness to light and wet treatments. Later, for commercial reasons, sulphonic acid groups were again introduced into the dye molecule to increase their hydrophilic properties. These dyes also have become well established as a result of the introduction of new dyeing methods and the development of dyeing auxiliaries designed to promote level dyeing.

In addition to these types of metal‐complex dyes, further metal‐complex dyes selected from the extensive patent literature of the last 50 years because of their interesting structure are described.
Flame‐retardant Finishing of Textiles
Authors: Horrocks A R
Published: August 2010

The need for flame‐retardant finishing of textiles is examined in the context of the hazards of textile flammability, associated legislation and procedures for assessing textile burning behaviour.

The functions of flame‐retardant finishes and durable finishes developed specifically for cellulose, wool and man‐made fibres are described in depth. Multipurpose finishes for both cellulose and wool textiles in which flame retardancy is only one property conferred on the textile are examined. Fibre blends present a particular problem and special attention is paid to discussing those finishes applied to polyester/cotton blended fabrics.

The laundering behaviour and consequent finish durability are reviewed. In addition, the effects that applying flame‐retardant finishes have on textile properties and performance are considered.

Recent developments in methods used to apply flame‐retardant finishes are outlined.
The dyeing and printing of silk fabrics
Authors: Chu K Y , Provost J R
Published: August 2010

Wth the recent increase in the printing of natural jibres, silk, the ‘queen of fibres’ is again increasing in popularity. Apart from the traditional indusby of printing scarves, ties and evening gowns there is an increasing trend of more silk in the ‘young’ fashion areas. Dyers and printers of silk have, for obvious reasons, kept their ‘know how’, based on many years of experience, secret and little information on the practical processing of silk has appeared in the technical litemture. The present paper will attempt to reuiew the prepamtion, dyeing and printing of silk based on our experiences in the laboratory, pilot plant and in some cases on practical mill expenience.
Methods of measuring the colour of opaque fluorescent materials
Authors: McKinnon R A
Published: August 2010

In the last half century, there has been an increase in the manufacture and use of opaque fluorescent materials and with this has come the need to measure the colour of these materials. The different types of fluorescent materials are considered and the methods which can be used to specify the colour of a fluorescent sample are described in this paper.
Discharge and resist printing ‐ a review
Authors: Provost J R
Published: August 2010

A review of the contemporary methods used by printers, on a world‐wide basis, to produce discharge print effects is given in this paper. Discharge‐resist and ‘true’ resist methods are also included as developments in these areas have been a recent trend. Prints produced by these methods are, in many cases, indistinguishable from prints produced by conventional discharge methods using reducing agents.

A review of the major literature and patent situation over the last fifteen years is given, together with an indication of possible future trends.
Laboratory dyeing ‐ the current scene
Authors: Harvey H N , Park J
Published: August 2010

Since the last review of this subject, few major developments have taken place with laboratory dyeing equipment but incremental improvements have assisted in increasing the accuracy and effectiveness of such equipment. Laboratory automation, however, has become established at various levels of sophistication. This has greatly improved the limits of accuracy that can be imposed on the laboratory dyeing process with a resultant increase in accuracy and reproducibility. Whilst the above developments are reviewed, the opportunity has been taken to discuss state‐of‐the‐art practices in laboratory dyeing.
Flame‐retarded polyurethane foam: furniture testing and specification
Authors: Paul K T
Published: August 2010

Upholstered furniture has been shown to present a significant fire hazard as it is relatively easy to ignite from small sources, such as cigarettes and matches, and burns rapidly producing large amounts of heat, smoke and toxic gases. Current UK legislation, controls and specifications largely concern the ignition resistance of materials and composites used in upholstered furniture. Ignition resistance is directly related to the probability of a fire starting in a given situation, but does not necessarily affect the fire severity and its consequences. The rate of fire development is governed by the rates of generation of heat, smoke and toxic gases and also by the rate of flame spread. At present there is no widely accepted way of determining these properties although tests to do so are being developed. This paper will review work on the burning behaviour of upholstered furniture, the development of combustion‐modified polyurethane foams, methods of test for ignitability and performance specifications. It will also review the methods used to determine the rates of fire development and will indicate the possibilities for the future.
Diffusion of dyes in natural fibres
Authors: Brady P R
Published: August 2010

This review provides a summary of research on the penetration of dyes into natural fibres. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between diffusion and the structural morphology of the fibres. The types of commonly dyed natural fibres, the methods of measurement of diffusion and the data that have been collected by the use of each method are reviewed. The applicability of general theories of dyeing to natural fibres is also examined. Recent developments that have led to the direct observation of penetration pathways in wool fibres are described, together with the insights obtained into diffusion phenomena. Areas for future work are briefly indicated.
Viewpoint: Empirical research on firms' boundaries
Authors: Hubbard Thomas N.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  Empirical research on the determinants of firms' boundaries has flourished over the past 25 years. This article discusses the progress that has been made to date, emphasizing the intellectual advances made by researchers in this literature during this period. I stress empirical researchers' important role in operationalizing theoretical concepts and relate how success on this dimension brings these concepts to bear on real‐life, make‐or‐buy decisions. I also discuss shortcomings in the current literature – in particular the paucity of research on how variation in firms' boundaries can affect economic outcomes – and point to how and where such shortcomings might be overcome.
Trade liberalization and productivity dynamics: evidence from Canada
Authors: Lileeva Alla
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  The paper investigates the productivity effects of the Canada‐U.S. Free Trade Agreement on Canadian manufacturing. It finds that Canadian tariff cuts increased exit rates among moderately productive non‐exporting plants. This led to the reallocation of market share towards highly productive plants, which explains the aggregate productivity gains observed when Canadian tariffs were reduced. The U.S. tariff cuts led to the within‐plant productivity gains in exporters and, especially, new entrants into the export market. Any lack of output responses and labour‐shedding as a consequence of the FTA was experienced by non‐exporting plants, while exporters captured the gains from the FTA.
Financial constraints and investment: assessing the impact of a World Bank credit program on small and medium enterprises in Sri Lanka
Authors: Aivazian Varouj A. , Santor Eric
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This paper examines the investment behaviour of a sample of small, credit‐constrained firms in Sri Lanka. Using a unique panel data set, we analyze and compare the activities of two groups of small firms distinguished by their differential access to financing; one group consists of firms with subsidized loans from the World Bank, while the other group consists of firms without such subsidies. The paper shows that the program led to higher levels of investment for financially constrained firms. However, the evidence is inconclusive on whether the program improved economic efficiency.
Reconsidering the empirical evidence on the Grossman‐Helpman model of endogenous protection
Authors: Ederington Josh , Minier Jenny
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  The emergence of the Grossman and Helpman (1994) model of endogenous protection as the preëminent model in the political economy of trade literature has been significantly advanced by the finding that its predictions about the cross‐industry pattern of protection are broadly consistent with the data. However, in their empirical implementation of the Grossman‐Helpman model, researchers have assumed the presence of multiple policy instruments and extraneous political factors. We argue that incorporating these assumptions into the theory significantly changes its predictions about the cross‐industry pattern of protection. JEL classification: F1
Overseas business costs and firm export performance
Authors: Kneller Richard , Pisu Mauro , Yu Zhihong
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  The recent microeconomic literature on international trade has highlighted the importance of firm characteristics and trade costs for exports. This study provides evidence on one type of those costs, the costs of doing business overseas, from a theoretical and empirical perspective. Controlling for firm‐ and industry‐level covariates, we find that improvements in the business environment of foreign countries lead to an increase in the export intensity of exporters in the UK manufacturing sector and additional export market entry. Further investigation suggests that important determinants of foreign business costs include factors relating to legal structure, property rights, and business regulation.
Productivity effects of international outsourcing: evidence from plant‐level data
Authors: Görg Holger , Hanley Aoife , Strobl Eric
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  We investigate the impact of international outsourcing on productivity using plant‐level data for Irish manufacturing. Specifically, we distinguish the effect of outsourcing of materials from services inputs. Moreover, we examine whether the impact on productivity is different for plants being more embedded in international markets through exporting or being part of a multinational. Our results show robust evidence for positive effects from outsourcing of services inputs for exporters, either domestic or foreign owned. By contrast, we find no statistically significant evidence of an impact of international outsourcing of services on productivity for firms not operating on the export market.
Viewpoint: From cities to productivity and growth in developing countries
Authors: Duranton Gilles
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This paper reviews the evidence about the effects of urbanization and cities on productivity and economic growth in developing countries using a consistent theoretical framework. As in developed economies, there is strong evidence that cities in developing countries bolster productive efficiency. Regarding whether cities promote self‐sustained growth, the evidence is suggestive but ultimately inconclusive. These findings imply that the traditional agenda of aiming to raise within‐city efficiency should be continued. Furthermore, reducing the obstacles to the reallocation of factors across cities is also desirable.
From rent seeking to human capital: a model where resource shocks cause transitions from stagnation to growth
Authors: Lagerlöf Nils‐Petter , Tangerås Thomas
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  We present a growth model where agents divide time between rent seeking in the form of resource competition and working in a human capital sector. The latter is interpreted as trade or manufacturing. Rent seeking exerts negative externalities on the productivity of human capital. Adding shocks, in the form of fluctuations in the size of the contested resource, the model can replicate a long phase with stagnant incomes and high levels of rent seeking, interrupted by small, failed growth spurts, eventually followed by a permanent transition to a sustained growth path where rent seeking vanishes in the limit. The model also generates a rise and fall of the so‐called natural resource curse: before the takeoff, an increase in the size of the contested resource has a positive effect on incomes; shortly after the takeoff, the effect is negative; and on the balanced growth path the growth rate of per capita income is independent of resource shocks.
Trade negotiations, domestic policies, and the Most Favored Nation clause
Authors: Hochman Gal
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  This paper illustrates how restricting trade instruments to non‐discrimination links trade agreements to non‐trade agreements and, under certain conditions, helps governments further lower tariffs and/or domestic standards (policies). These conditions are: (i) governments' objective functions are sufficiently concave with respect to domestic standards (policies); (ii) domestic standards are sufficiently valued; and (iii) policies are strategic complements. These can then be used as a rationale for restricting safeguard measures to non‐discrimination.
Networks of knowledge among unionized firms
Authors: Mauleon Ana , Sempere‐Monerris Jose J. , Vannetelbosch Vincent
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  We develop a model of strategic networks in order to analyze how trade unions will affect the stability of R&D networks through which knowledge is transmitted in an oligopolistic industry. Whenever firms settle wages, the partially connected network is likely to emerge in the long run if and only if knowledge spillovers are large enough. However, when unions settle wages, the complete network is the unique stable network. In other words, the stronger the union bargaining power is, the more symmetric stable R&D networks will be. In terms of network efficiency, the partially connected network (when firms settle wages) does not Pareto dominate the complete network (when unions settle wages) and vice versa.
Sequential peak‐load pricing: the case of airports and airlines
Authors: Basso Leonardo J. , Zhang Anming
Published: August 2010

Abstract.  We investigate airport peak‐load pricing using a vertical structure of airport and airlines. We find that a profit‐maximizing airport would charge higher peak and off‐peak runway prices and a higher peak/off‐peak price differential than a public airport. Consequently, airport privatization would lead to both fewer total passengers and fewer passengers in the peak period. Although peak‐travelling passengers benefit from fewer delays, this low level of peak congestion is not efficient, suggesting that airport privatization cannot be judged based on its effect on congestion alone. We also examine pricing behaviour of a public airport constrained to charge a time independent price.
Multinational companies, backward linkages, and labour demand elasticities
Authors: Görg Holger , Henry Michael , Strobl Eric , Walsh Frank
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper investigates the link between nationality of ownership and wage elasticities of labour demand at the level of the plant. In particular, we examine whether labour demand in multinationals becomes less elastic with respect to the wage if the plant has backward linkages with the local economy. Our empirical evidence, based on a rich plant level dataset, shows that the extent of local linkages does indeed generally reduce the wage elasticity of labour demand. This result is economically important and holds for a number of different specifications.
Does FDI in manufacturing cause FDI in business services? Evidence from French firm‐level data
Authors: Nefussi Benjamin , Schwellnus Cyrille
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper uses a large French firm‐level data set to evaluate the determinants of location choices in services. In a first step, estimates for four broad services sectors are compared with the estimates for the manufacturing sector. Using a discrete choice model, we find that this framework does fairly well in explaining location choices in services and that the parameter estimates for services are close to the ones for manufacturing. We then investigate whether the similarity in estimated parameters is due to a complementarity between location choices in manufacturing and in services, in the sense that manufacturing location choices may cause the location of services. A particularly appropriate services sector, for this purpose is the business services sector, for which input‐output linkages with the manufacturing sector are particularly strong. It is found that the downstream demand of French manufacturing firms has a positive effect on the location choice probabilities of French business services firms. This effect is robust.
COPING WITH INFLATION AND EXCHANGE RATE SHOCKS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY
Authors: DE WET W.
Published: August 2010

Over the past ten years South Africa has moved to an increasingly open economy, characterised by a (relatively) low inflation and large and unpredictable movements in the prices of financial assets. One of these asset prices is the value of the South African currency. This volatility in the exchange rate has a direct impact on inflation. Using the interest rate as operational target, a central bank might ignore or underestimate the exchange rate transmission mechanism through which the economy is influenced. This paper proposes a Monetary Conditions Index for South Africa that can be used as a policy rule or simply as an important information variable in conducting monetary policy under an inflation‐targeting regime with a volatile exchange rate.
Modeling of a Methane Fuelled Direct Carbon Fuel Cell System
Authors: Hemmes K. , Houwing M. , Woudstra N.
Published: August 2010

Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) have great thermodynamic advantages over other high temperature fuel cells such as molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cell. They can have 100% fuel utilization, no Nernst loss (at the anode), and the CO2 produced at the anode is not mixed with other gases and is ready for re-use or sequestration. So far only studies have been reported on cell development. In this paper we study in particular the integration of the production of clean and reactive carbon particles from methane as a fuel for the direct carbon fuel cell. In the thermal decomposition process heat is upgraded to chemical energy in the carbon and hydrogen produced. The hydrogen is seen as a product as well as the power and heat. Under the assumptions given the net system electric efficiencies are 22.9% (based on methane lower heating value, LHV) and 20.7% (higher heating value, HHV). The hydrogen production efficiencies are 65.5% (based on methane LHV) and 59.1% (HHV), which leads to total system efficiencies of 88.4% (LHV) and 79.8% (HHV). Although a pure CO2 stream is produced at the anode outlet, which is seen as a large advantage of DCFC systems, this advantage is unfortunately reduced due to the need for CO2 in the cathode air stream. Due to the applied assumed constraint that the cathode outlet stream should at least contain 4% CO2 for the proper functioning of the cathode, similar to MCFC cathodes, a major part of the pure CO2 has to be mixed with incoming air. Further optimization of the DCFC and the system is needed to obtain a larger fraction of the output streams as pure CO2 for sequestration or re-use.
Effects of Distributed Generation on Voltage Levels in a Radial Distribution Network Without Communication
Authors: Auld Allie E. , Brouwer Jack , Smedley Keyue M. , Samuelsen Scott
Published: August 2010

The challenges associated with incorporating a large amount of distributed generation (DG), including fuel cells, into a radial distribution feeder are examined using a dynamic MATLAB/SIMULINK™ model. Two generic distribution feeder models are used to investigate possible scenarios where voltage problems may occur. Modern inverter topologies make ancillary services, such as on-demand reactive power generation/consumption economical to include, which expands the design space across which DG can function in the distribution system. The simulation platform enables testing of the following local control goals: DG connected with unity power factor, DG and load connected with unity power factor, DG connected with local voltage regulation (LVR), and DG connected with real power curtailment. Both the LVR and curtailment strategies can regulate the voltage of the simple circuit case, but the circuit utilizing a substation with load drop compensation has no universal solution. Even DG with a penetration level around 10% of rated circuit power can cause overvoltage problems with load drop compensation. The real power curtailment control strategy creates the best overall circuit efficiency, while all other control strategies result in low light load efficiency at high DG penetrations. The lack of a universal solution implies that some degree of communication will be needed to reliably install a large amount of DG on a distribution circuit.
Numerical Simulation of a High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fabrication Process
Authors: Bhamidipati K. L. , Harris T. A. L.
Published: August 2010

Cost, durability, and reliability are the major issues hindering the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Electrolyte membranes present in the fuel cell fails under chemical, thermal, and mechanical influences, which, in turn, results in the overall fuel cell failure. In the present work, 2D studies are performed to understand the effect of manufacturing processing conditions and materials on the quality of the high-temperature membranes. Multiphase computational fluid dynamics models are used for solving the flow behavior of a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid. The viscosity and velocities were found to have a profound effect on the membrane structure.
Control Performance Study on the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems
Authors: Zhang Huisheng , Weng Shilie , Su Ming , Zhang Wenshu
Published: August 2010

The intention of this work is to investigate the control characteristics of molten carbonate fuel cell hybrid systems through dynamic simulation. Because of the complexity and interaction between different components in the hybrid systems, several parameters, such as the turbine rotational speed, the temperatures within the fuel cell, the differential pressure between the anodic and the cathodic side, and the steam-to-carbon ratio, need to be monitored and kept within safe limits. On the other hand, the system response to load variations is required to be as quick as possible in order to meet the energy demand. Several control loops were introduced into the hybrid system. This paper focuses on the control performance to regulate the net electrical power from the hybrid system, avoiding malfunctions or damage. The results for several operating conditions are presented and discussed.
Various Lanthanum Ferrite-Based Cathode Materials With Ni and Cu Substitution for Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Haanappel V. A. C. , Bär B. , Tropartz C. , Mertens J. , Tietz F.
Published: August 2010

The electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells with cathodes made of La0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Ni0.2O3−δ, La0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ, La0.58Sr0.4Fe0.6Cu0.2Co0.2O3−δ, La0.58Sr0.4Fe0.7Cu0.1Co0.2O3−δ, and La2Ni0.6Cu0.4O4 has been investigated. As reference, electrochemical data from cells with La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ cathodes were taken into account. The cathode layers were sintered at various temperatures. After testing, cross-sectional analyses were made in order to investigate microstructural changes in the various layers. Electrochemical tests have shown that only cells with a non-sintered Cu-containing cathode or with a similar cathode treated with relatively low sintering temperatures can be considered for SOFC applications. However, it was clear that the tested cells with cathodes including Cu and/or Ni showed electrochemical performance which was always lower than that of reference cells with La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ cathode. No electrochemical measurements were possible with cathodes sintered at or above 1000°C. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that in all these cases the presence of Cu exhibited severe chemical interaction with the electrolyte. In addition, several undesired phases were formed in the cathode as well as in the diffusion barrier layer. The extent of these phases and the interaction with the electrolyte layer increased with increasing sintering temperature.
An Analytical Solution to Predict the Inception of Two-Phase Flow in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Bansode A. S. , Sundararajan T. , Das Sarit K.
Published: August 2010

The presence of liquid water at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell hinders the reactant supply to the electrode and is known as electrode flooding. The flooding at the cathode due to the presence of two-phase flow of water is one of the major performance limiting conditions. A pseudo-two-dimensional analytical model is developed to predict the inception of two-phase flow along the length of the cathode channel. The diffusion of the water is considered to take place only across the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The current density corresponding to the inception of two-phase flow, called the threshold current density, is found to be a function of the channel length and height, GDL thickness, velocity, and relative humidity of the air at the inlet and cell temperature. Thus, for given design and operating conditions, the analytical model is capable of predicting the inception of two-phase flow, and therefore a flooding condition can be avoided in the first place.
Influence of Different Aspects of the SOFC Anode Environment on the Oxidation Behavior of Porous Samples Made of Crofer
Authors: Antepara I. , Rivas M. , Villarreal I. , Burgos N. , Castro F.
Published: August 2010

Crofer can be considered as the reference interconnect material in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) working under 800°C. Thanks to its thermal expansion coefficient, it is suitable to replace ceramic components, such as the interconnect and the metal support, and it can be cost effective. Several research groups, including Ikerlan, have used porous substrates with the same composition as Crofer (PM from H.C. Starck GmbH, Goslar, Germany) as the metal support for their SOFC cells. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of certain variables (time, temperature, vapor content, cycling, porosity, and current flow), while other aspects are constant (sample composition and particle size and shape).
Patterns of Airflow in Circular Tubes Caused by a Corona Jet With Concentric and Eccentric Wire Electrodes
Authors: Lakeh Reza Baghaei , Molki Majid
Published: August 2010

A computational investigation is conducted to study the patterns of airflow induced by corona discharge in the cross section of a circular tube. The secondary flow induced by corona wind in various flow passages has been the subject of numerous investigations. The flow patterns are often identified by multiple recirculation bubbles. Such flow patterns have also been anticipated for circular cross sections where the corona discharge is activated by an electrode situated at the center of the cross section. In this investigation, it is shown that, contrary to public perception, a symmetric corona discharge does not generate a secondary flow in circular cross sections. This investigation then proceeds to demonstrate that the flow responsible for thermal enhancements in circular tubes often reported in the published literature is induced only when there is a slight asymmetry in the position of the electrode. The present computations are performed in two parts. In part one, the electric field equations are solved using the method of characteristics. In part two, the flow equations are solved using a finite-volume method. It is shown that the method of characteristics effectively eliminates the dispersion errors observed in other numerical solutions. The present computations show that the flow in the eccentric configuration is characterized by a corona jet that is oriented along the eccentricity direction and two recirculation zones situated on either sides of the jet. In addition to the computational approach, a number of analytical solutions are presented and compared with the computational results.