bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educating Students to Give Them a Sustainable Competitive Advantage
Authors: Hopkins Christopher D. , Raymond Mary Anne , Carlson Les
Published: September 2011

With an increasingly competitive job market, this study focuses on what marketing educators can do to help students develop a sustainable competitive advantage. The authors conducted a survey of students, faculty, and recruiters to develop a better understanding of what skills and characteristics might be of value to each group of respondents and to ascertain where differences might exist across respondent groups. Although the basic skills (i.e., critical thinking, communication) recruiters seek have not changed much from previous studies, recruiters rated critical thinking skills, such as problem solving, much higher than either faculty or students. Graduates must be accountable and show the impact and rationale behind decisions. In other words, educators must continue to stress reading, writing, and “arith-metrics.” The lessons learned herein include ways to engage students, strengthen communication skills, incorporate skill development workshops, use professional speakers in marketing organizations, and promote services available outside the classroom as well as help students develop multiple skill sets in class. Educators should also encourage students to be open-minded, creative, and explore opportunities including internships and positions that may not be their current career choice. Finally, educators should discuss pros and cons of going straight through school or working before attending graduate school.
Determination of creep and damage properties for P92 at 675 °C
Authors: Saber M , Tanner D W J , Sun W , Hyde T H
Published: September 2011

In order to predict the service life of components that operate at high temperatures, such as steam carrying pipes in conventional power plants, the material creep behaviour needs to be determined. There are little creep data available on grade P92 (9Cr2W) steel (a potential successor to P91) as it is a relatively new material; therefore a testing programme has been undertaken. This paper presents the results of uniaxial and notched bar creep tests on P92 parent material (PM) and P92 weld metal (WM) at 675 °C. The PM had higher failure times and lower minimum creep strain rates for tests in the same stress range (80–100 MPa) as the WM, but the PM and WM values tend to converge at high stress, with a significant difference between the failure times as applied stress decreases. The notch strengthening effect was found to decrease as the applied stress decreased. Processing of the test data including the calculation of the minimum creep strain rates has been performed to determine the material constants required for Norton’s steady state creep and both the Kachanov and the Liu and Murakami creep damage models. Material constant sets for creep of P92 PM and WM at 675 °C, including a parameter to describe the effect of a multiaxial stress state, have been obtained that give a good fit to the test data. Validation was achieved using finite element analysis.
Stiffness and design for strength of trapezoidal Belleville springs
Authors: Pedersen N L , Pedersen P
Published: September 2011

Belleville springs or coned disc springs are commonly used in machine design. The geometric dimensions of the spring and the determination of non-linear force–displacement curve are regulated by different standards. However, the theory behind Belleville spring design standards is founded on a study published in 1936. Furthermore, the common spring design with cross-sections of uniform thickness poses problems in terms of non-uniformity of stress distribution. In view of this, non-linear three-dimensional finite element analyses of spring designs including uniform or variable thickness are carried out in this paper. Finite element results are compared with analytical predictions and critically analysed in terms of the effect of Poisson ratio, overall stiffness, and stress distribution in the spring. This is done in order to verify the range of validity of design standards. Finite element analysis emerges as a powerful and computationally cheap approach to assess the structural behaviour of Belleville springs regardless of their geometry and level of non-linearity.
Thermomechanical deformations in photovoltaic laminates
Authors: Paggi M , Kajari-Schröder S , Eitner U
Published: September 2011

Recent experimental results based on the digital image correlation technique (U. Eitner, M. Köntges, R. Brendel, Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, 2010, 94, 1346–1351) show that the gap between solar cells embedded into a standard photovoltaic laminate varies with temperature. The variation of this gap is an important quantity to assess the integrity of the electric connection between solar cells when exposed to service conditions. In this paper, the thermo-elastic deformations in photovoltaic laminates are analytically investigated by developing different approximate models based on the multilayered beam theory. It is found that the temperature-dependent thermo-elastic properties of the encapsulating polymer layer are responsible for the deviation from linearity experimentally observed in the diagram relating the gap variation to the temperature. The contribution of the different material constituents to the homogenized elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of the composite system is also properly quantified through the definition of weight factors of practical engineering use.
Optimized brake-based control of path lateral deviation for mitigation of secondary collisions
Authors: Yang D , Gordon T J , Jacobson B , Jonasson M , Lidberg M
Published: September 2011

This paper considers brake-based lateral control of a passenger vehicle, for reducing secondary collision risk following an initial impact in a traffic accident. Since secondary collisions are associated with deviations from the original travel path, the control problem is formulated via brake control sequences that minimize lateral path deviation. Optimal sequences are found not to conform to any simple control mode; sometimes all brakes are released, sometimes all wheels are locked, or the brakes may be applied in differential mode. In general, the optimal strategy combines several such actuation modes, and analysis shows it is related to the utilization of instantaneous vehicle force and moment capacity, indicating that a closed-loop control strategy may be developed based on the real-time estimation of tyre force limits during the post-impact event. Yaw motion control is related to response discontinuity and multiple equilibria found in the optimal response – a small change in initial yaw velocity generates large changes in the ensuing vehicle motion and thus in the aimed equilibrium point of the vehicle’s orientation. Overall it is found that braking control strongly influences the post-impact path of the impacted vehicle, and may therefore form the basis of a practical system for avoiding secondary collisions in future traffic accidents.
Flow regime effects over non-cavitating diesel injection nozzles
Authors: Payri R , Salvador F J , Gimeno J , García A
Published: September 2011

The research conducted and explained in this paper aims to explore and understand the influence of flow regime (laminar, transition or turbulent) inside diesel injector nozzles. For this purpose, an experimental study based on mass flow rate and momentum flux measurements on three convergent nozzles has been carried out. The combination of both types of measurement has been helpful to obtain information about the nature of the flow and its consequences on important variables, such as injection effective velocity and effective area of nozzle outlet orifices. As a main result of the investigation, and depending of the flow regime, a differentiated behaviour has been observed which was clearly reflected in the non-dimensional flow parameters defined and used through the study.
Redesign of the vehicle bonnet structure for pedestrian safety
Authors: Teng T-L , Ngo V-L
Published: September 2011

Redesign of the structure of the bonnet to improve pedestrian head protection has recently received considerable attention from automobile manufacturers and industry institutes. The fatality of a head injury is based on the head injury criterion (HIC) value. This HIC value is calculated on the basis of the resultant acceleration of the head’s centre of gravity (hereafter called the head centre) during head impacts. This study analyses the constitution of and variation in the resultant acceleration in head-to-bonnet impacts, and how each component of acceleration exactly contributes to the resultant acceleration of the head centre. This study also considers how the structural design parameters affect each component of acceleration. The causes that make the characteristic variation in the resultant acceleration differ from the optimal characteristic pulse will be analysed and discussed in detail. Based on the results of this analysis, the sudden increase in K (the curvature of the head centre’s motion) after several milliseconds of the impact process must be eliminated. The sudden increase in K in this duration does not depend on the mass and stiffness of the bonnet but does depend on the characteristics of the reinforcement structure. Therefore, a new design of the bonnet reinforcement structure has eliminated the sudden increase in K. The bonnet reinforcement structure, as well as the bonnet thickness, have been designed to make the resultant acceleration of the head centre close to the optimal acceleration pulse. The results of this study contribute to efforts to design an improved vehicle bonnet structure and to pave the way for developing pedestrian protection technologies.
Investigation of the potential of corona ignition to control gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion
Authors: Suess M , Guenthner M , Schenk M , Rottengruber H-S
Published: September 2011

A complex task regarding the control of the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion process is the control of combustion timing, represented by the crank angle at which 50 per cent of the fuel mass inside the cylinder is burned (MFB50). The most important parameters for transient MFB50 control are the mass of (hot) residual gas inside the cylinder (e.g. retained by internal exhaust gas recirculation), the injection strategy (in the case of direct fuel injection), and the spark timing. In this paper, the potential of a corona ignition system is examined in comparison with a conventional spark ignition system for the HCCI combustion process. For this purpose, thermodynamic investigations have been carried out on a single-cylinder research engine, combined with one-dimensional gas exchange analyses and high-speed visualization of combustion in a transparent engine. It could be demonstrated that both ignition systems are capable of influencing the autoignition process. The corona ignition system, however, allows a much later ignition point for achieving the same MFB50. This is due to the spatial character of the initial ignition area of corona ignition. In addition, the corona ignition system is more robust with respect to a change in the boundary conditions, such as a variation in the residual gas rate or the mixture composition. It is therefore more reliable in initiating autoignition, even in critical operating conditions. Additionally, it was found that the corona ignition system permits the combustion to be influenced by means of a variation in the ignition energy, which appeared to be not the case for the conventional ignition system.
Finite-time position tracking control of rigid hydraulic manipulators based on high-order terminal sliding mode
Authors: Wang X , Sun X , Li S , Ye H
Published: September 2011

Hydraulic manipulators have highly non-linear dynamics. In this paper, the position tracking control of hydraulic manipulators is investigated. The model considers manipulator dynamics, hydraulic actuator dynamics, and the friction effect of the actuators. A control scheme using a high-order terminal sliding mode (TSM) control method is proposed. Two explicit TSM control laws are derived for position tracking control. Both control laws globally finite-time stabilize the tracking error system. Compared with the conventional control methods, the proposed high-order TSM control scheme can provide a faster convergence and a higher tracking accuracy. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Heterogeneity in Self-Assessed Health Status Among the Elderly in India
Authors: Mazumdar Sumit , Gerdtham Ulf-Goran
Published: September 2011

The authors examine the observed heterogeneity in self-assessed health (SAH) among the aged in India using data on health and living conditions of the elderly in India from the 60th Round of National Sample Survey (2004-2005). Results indicate that almost one fourth of the old in India rate their health as poor, and there exists considerable interstate variations in SAH ratings. Based on hypotheses framed on the basis of preliminary evidence, the article uses ordered probit models to find that probabilities of reporting poor health are increasingly clustered and more likely among the poor, single, lower-educated, and economically inactive groups among the elderly, with those states with a higher proportion of older people reporting poor subjective health status. Physical mobility appears to have a strong and direct bearing on SAH. The authors also identify unobserved heterogeneity among the states and also among the health rating categories.
Monitoring and Respiratory Health Assessment of the Population Exposed to Cooking Fuel Emissions in a Rural Area of Jalgaon District, India
Authors: Ingale Lalit T. , Dube Kamalesh J. , Sarode Dhananjay B. , Attarde Sanjay B. , Ingle Sopan T.
Published: September 2011

Indoor air pollution is an ongoing problem in developing countries. Respiratory diseases are common worldwide in rural communities. This study was undertaken to estimate the respirable particulate matter (PM10) concentrations emitted from cooking fuels and their effects on the respiratory health of the rural population of Jalgaon district. The respiratory status of the exposed population was assessed by conducting pulmonary function tests in the study area. The levels of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second were lower, and difficulty in respiration and frequent coughing were more common with higher odds ratios (OR) of 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-2.83) and 1.84 (95% CI = 0.95-2.10) in agrowaste-user female subjects. Ventilatory impairment among the agrowaste-user subjects was higher than among users of gas and wood. Difficulty in respiration and frequent coughing were strongly associated in wood-user female subjects as well with ORs of 2.10 (95% CI = 0.85-2.49) and 1.79 (95% CI = 0.91-1.98), respectively. Chest pain was significantly associated in agrowaste- and wood-user female subjects. This study confirms an association between the reductions in lung efficiency with high PM10 exposure in the rural population. The result of this study reveals an association between respiratory diseases symptoms and indoor air quality in the biomass-using rural population of Jalgaon district.
An Asset-Focused Health Needs Assessment in a Rural Community in North India
Authors: Mathias Kaaren R , Mathias Joseph MP , Hill Philip C
Published: September 2011

Introduction. Health needs assessment (HNA) targets health resources to needs yet is rarely used in low-resource contexts such as the Indian villages. Methods. The authors combined rapid participatory appraisal (RPA) and HNA tools into 4 steps: ( a) define HNA parameters, objectives, and community; ( b) describe community demographics, health status, felt needs, assets, and health services; ( c) analysis; and ( d) design interventions considering felt needs, assets, impact potential, and organizational resources. Results. Community felt needs focused on lack of access to personal health services. Major morbidities included respiratory and diarrheal disease and maternal/child health problems. Formal anthropometry revealed high prevalence of underweight and stunting. Community assets included high land ownership, educated unmarried women, and operational government services. Conclusions. In low-resource developing country contexts with poor information systems, HNA is possible and useful. Including RPA and community participation to also assess assets resulted in programs responding to communities’ needs using existing resources.
University of Illinois at Chicago’s Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Violence
Authors: Schewe Paul , Bell Carl C. , Bennett Larry , Goldstein Paul J. , Gordon Rebecca , Mattaini Mark , O’Brien Patricia , Riger Stephanie , Risser Heather J. , Rosenbaum Dennis P. , Schuck Amie M. , Simmons Barbara , Ullman Sarah E.
Published: September 2011

This article describes an interdisciplinary center at the University of Illinois at Chicago focused on collaborative research on violence. Our center is unique in its emphasis on developing infrastructure and distinctive processes for overcoming obstacles to interdisciplinary research; the involvement of outside policy makers, advocates, and service providers in jointly discussing and developing research proposals; the breadth of commitments from leading violence researchers and administrators across five colleges; and the innovativeness of proposed research projects that support interdisciplinary activity and show promise for funding. The center has developed an infrastructure to address violence-related issues in both research and teaching. This article discusses the challenges of implementation and boundary spanning in a university context and makes recommendations for sustainability.
What Factors Affect Management Quality? State Infrastructure Management and the Government Performance Project
Authors: Jimenez Benedict S. , Pagano Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Whether the US$131 billion set aside for infrastructure projects under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 can make a lasting contribution to improving the nation’s public infrastructure will depend, in part, on the quality of infrastructure management systems and practices in the states. In this article, we examine the factors that influence how well state governments plan for and manage public infrastructure using results from the 2005 and 2008 Government Performance Project. The pooled Tobit regression analysis shows that capital management quality is affected by political variables such as divided legislatures and legislative term limits, fiscal institutions including tax and expenditure limits, and environmental demand factors, specifically the extent of urbanization.
Perinatal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis exposed to disease-modifying drugs
Authors: Lu E , Dahlgren L , Sadovnick AD , Sayao A , Synnes A , Tremlett H
Published: September 2011

Background: The incidence of disease-modifying drug (DMD) exposure during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown and limited data exists regarding the potential harm of DMD exposure during pregnancy.

Objective: To investigate the incidence and effect of in utero DMD exposure on perinatal outcomes.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis by linking two provincial, population-based databases, the British Columbia (BC) MS database with the BC Perinatal Database Registry. Delivery (duration of the second stage of labor, assisted vaginal delivery and Cesarean section) and neonatal (birth weight, gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score and congenital anomalies) outcomes were compared between women exposed and unexposed to a DMD within 1 month prior to conception and/or during pregnancy. Findings were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: In all, 311 women with relapsing–remitting MS delivered 418 singleton babies between April 1998 and March 2009. 21/101 (21%) of births to MS women treated with DMD prior to pregnancy were exposed to a DMD. In all cases, exposure was documented as unintentional and DMD treatment was stopped within 2 months of gestation. The overall incidence of exposure was 21/418 (5%). DMD exposure was associated with a trend towards a greater risk of assisted vaginal delivery compared to the DMD naïve groups (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.0–9.2). All other comparisons of perinatal outcomes were unremarkable.

Conclusion: The incidence of DMD exposure was relatively low and no cases were intentional. Further studies are needed to ascertain the safety of DMD exposure during pregnancy in MS.
The effects of heat stress on cognition in persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hämäläinen P , Ikonen A , Romberg A , Helenius H , Ruutiainen J
Published: September 2011

Background: Heat sensitivity and cognitive deficits are typical manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although cognitive deficits are quite well characterized, practically no data exist on the effects of heat on cognitive performances in MS.

Objective: To assess the effects of short-term heat stress on cognitive functioning in subjects with MS.

Methods: A total of 23 heat-sensitive MS and 19 healthy control (HC) subjects participated. Moderate heat exposure took place in a Finnish sauna. Cognitive functioning was measured with tests of sustained attention and processing speed, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT 3” and 2”) and the computerized visual vigilance test, before, during and after heat exposure.

Results: During the heat exposure, the core body temperature of the MS group rose significantly more ( p = 0.002) than that of the HC group. The heat stress worsened the performance of the MS group in the PASAT 3” ( p = 0.025) but not in the other cognitive measures. The performance in the PASAT 3” was reversed almost to the baseline level only 1- h after the heat exposure.

Conclusions: A significant increase in core body temperature during heat stress is associated with a mild and reversible worsening of the PASAT 3” performance, while visual vigilance performance seems to remain almost unaffected.
The Confucian legacy and its implications for physical education in Taiwan
Authors: Junwei Yu  , Bairner Alan
Published: September 2011

Through a particular case study, this article seeks to demonstrate the relevance of cultural history to physical activity and physical education. For generations of East Asian people who have lived with the influence of Confucianism, the disposition to engage with sport has commonly been absent. Over a number of centuries, the Chinese constructed a unique wen-version of manhood — in other words, an anti-physical culture, which contrasted sharply with the Western world’s muscular Christianity and also with Japan’s samurai spirit, both of which associated physical fitness with an ideal of vigorous masculinity. This article examines the origins and development of the Confucian perspective, considers modern challenges to that perspective, most notably in the People’s Republic of China, and outlines the extent to which it remains highly influential in at least one East Asian country — namely, Taiwan. We conclude that, as a consequence of the influence of Confucianism, an unfortunate imbalance between wen and wu persists in modern Taiwan with important implications for physical education, sport and certain forms of exercise.
The impact of the COPET programme on student PE teachers’ teaching practice experiences
Authors: Dunning Carol , Meegan Sarah , Woods Catherine , Belton Sarah Jane
Published: September 2011

Teaching practice is a decisive event in a student teacher’s training and shapes the beginnings of their life in the teaching profession. It is widely recognized that student teachers’ learning opportunities can be maximized during teaching practice by cooperating teacher contribution (Hardy, 1999; O’Sullivan, 2003; Rikard and Veal, 1996; Tjeerdsma, 1998). Though the practice of cooperating teachers being involved in teacher education has been in place in other countries for many years, it is a relatively new concept in Ireland. This study aimed to explore student teachers’ perspectives of the impact of a cooperating physical education (PE) teachers’ programme that was implemented during teaching practice.

The programme was piloted with 30 student teachers and 26 cooperating teachers during a two week teaching practice placement. Three focus group interviews were held with 14 student teachers to examine their experiences and to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme. The findings revealed that increased interaction with a cooperating teacher had a positive impact on the student teacher’s teaching and learning experience. Recommendations for future improvement of the programme are based on developing a larger cohort of willing cooperating teachers to ensure that all student teachers are afforded equal opportunities with regard to feedback and support during teaching practice.
Teachers’ self-efficacy, achievement goals, attitudes and intentions to implement the new Greek physical education curriculum
Authors: Gorozidis Georgios , Papaioannou Athanasios
Published: September 2011

The network of relations between Physical Education (PE) teachers’ self-efficacy, goal orientations, attitudes, intentions and behaviours concerning the implementation of a new PE curriculum was examined. Participants were 290 Greek junior high school PE teachers. Two years after the introduction of the new curriculum, participants responded to de-identified questionnaires with acceptable psychometric properties. Mastery-oriented and high self-efficacious teachers had positive attitudes towards the new curriculum, implemented the biggest number of teaching plans and they intended to do the same in the future. Performance approach goal orientation had low positive relationship with the implementation of teaching plans and no relationship with intention to do the same in the future, while performance avoidance goal was not related to any determinant of curriculum implementation and intention. The effects of mastery goal orientation on intention and behaviour were mediated by self-efficacy to achieve an educational aim which is an end in itself, that is, the promotion of students’ self-regulation in exercise settings. The effects of performance approach goal orientation on behaviour were mediated by self-efficacy to achieve a curricular goal which is a means to promote other educational aims, that is, the adoption of student-centred teaching styles. Teaching experience was negatively related to implementation of the new curriculum and with most of its determinants. Strategies aiming to strengthen teachers’ self-efficacy, mastery goals, attitudes and intentions to implement a new curriculum are suggested.
Observational analysis of student activity modes, lesson contexts and teacher interactions during games classes in high school (11—16 years) physical education
Authors: Roberts Simon , Fairclough Stuart
Published: September 2011

This purpose of this study was to examine student activity, lesson contexts and teacher interactions during secondary school physical education, using a recently validated systematic observation instrument termed the System for Observing the Teaching of Games in Physical Education (SOTG-PE). Thirty, single-gender high school (11—16 years) physical education games lessons were systematically observed and recorded using SOTG-PE. Results showed the pupils were engaged in high levels of inactivity. The highest level of inactivity was recorded (52.8 percent) in the striking/fielding category. In the lesson context category general management was recorded highest (47.4 percent). The highest recorded teacher interactions across the three games categories were verbally promoting technical behaviour (40.9 percent).
Cancer information and anxiety: Applying the Extended Parallel Process Model
Authors: Evans Ruth EC , Beeken Rebecca J , Steptoe Andrew , Wardle Jane
Published: September 2011

There is concern that public education about testicular cancer (TC) may cause unnecessary anxiety. Psychological theory suggests that if threat (eg, TC) information is accompanied with threat control strategies (eg, testicular self-examination; TSE) anxiety is less likely. Male students ( N=443) were randomized to either a TC or TC +TSE information group or a no information control group, and assessed at three time points. Anxiety levels did not differ between the groups and exposure to TC+TSE resulted in greater perceived message benefit, increased intention to self-examine and lower message denigration. This suggests TC information is not anxiogenic, but inclusion of TSE information may improve acceptance of disease awareness information.
Key stakeholders’ perspectives towards childhood obesity treatment: A qualitative study
Authors: Staniford Leanne Jane , Breckon Jeff David , Copeland Robert James , Hutchison Andrew
Published: September 2011

Over the past three decades, there has been a dramatic global increase in childhood obesity. A better understanding of stakeholders’ perceptions of intervention requirements could contribute to developing more effective interventions for childhood obesity. This study provides a qualitative, in-depth, analysis of stakeholders’ (children, parents and health professionals) perspectives toward the efficacy of childhood obesity treatment interventions. Twenty-six stakeholders were recruited using purposive sampling; semi-structured interviews were adopted to explore stakeholders’ perceptions with data analysed using a framework approach. Stakeholders concurred that treatment should be family-based incorporating physical activity, nutrition and psychological components, and be delivered in familiar environments to recipients. However, incongruence existed between stakeholders towards the sustainability of obesity treatment interventions. Parents and children reported needing ongoing support to sustain behavioural changes made during treatment, while health professionals suggested interventions should aim to create autonomous individuals who exit treatment and independently sustain behaviour change. This study provides an insight into issues of stakeholder involvement in the obesity intervention design and delivery process. To promote long-term behaviour change, there needs to be increased congruence between the delivery and receipt of childhood obesity treatment interventions. Interventions need to incorporate strategies that promote autonomous and self-regulated motivation, to enhance families’ confidence in sustaining behaviour change independent of health professional support.
Parenting goals: Predictors of parent involvement in disease management of children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth M , Iannotti Ronald J , Schneider Stefan , Nansel Tonja R , Haynie Denise L , Sobel Douglas O
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of diabetes-specific parenting goals for parents of children with type 1 diabetes and to examine whether parenting goals predict a change in parenting involvement in disease management. An independent sample of primary caretakers of 87 children aged 10 to 16 years with type 1 diabetes completed the measure of parenting goals (diabetes-specific and general goals); both parent and child completed measures of parent responsibility for diabetes management at baseline and 6 months. Parents ranked diabetes-specific parenting goals as more important than general parenting goals, and rankings were moderately stable over time. Parenting goals were related to parent responsibility for diabetes management. The relative ranking of diabetes-specific parenting goals predicted changes in parent involvement over 6 months, with baseline ranking of goals predicting more parental involvement at follow-up. Parenting goals may play an important role in family management of type 1 diabetes.
Perceived sanction risk, individual propensity and adolescent offending: Assessing key findings from the deterrence literature in a Dutch sample
Authors: Pauwels Lieven , Weerman Frank , Bruinsma Gerben , Bernasco Wim
Published: September 2011

Deterrence studies have shown that perceived sanction risk is related to delinquent behaviour, independent of other variables, and that this relation may be conditioned by individual propensity towards crime. The principal goal of this study is to assess these findings with data from a sample of 843 Dutch adolescents. First, we analysed whether perceived sanction risk (perceived apprehension risk and perceived consequences if one is caught offending) has a relationship with offending, independent of one’s morality and self-control. Second, we examined possible interactions between perceived sanction risk and self-control, and between perceived sanction risk and morality. We also explored associations between specific offences (burglary, vandalism and assault), offence-specific measures of low morality (how right or wrong are burglary, vandalism and assault) and specific measures of perceived sanction risks. The findings demonstrate that perceived sanction risk is related to lower offending and that self-control is related to less offending, whereas low levels of morality are related to higher levels of offending. When offence-specific measures are used, the relation between perceived sanctions and offending seems to be dependent on one’s level of morality. Our results suggest that the less a person morally supports specific types of offending, the more strongly that person is affected by perceived sanctions. The implications of these findings for future studies of deterrence are discussed.
Evaluating Executive Leadership Programs
Authors: Watkins Karen E. , Lysø Ingunn Hybertsen , deMarrais Kathleen
Published: September 2011

As executive leadership development programs become more informal and experiential, traditional evaluation models of learning transfer based on fixed objectives do not capture emerging program outcomes. What is needed is a more robust approach for increasingly complex environments that looks at open objectives and changes that have occurred that affect both the individual and the organization. This article presents an evaluation model based on a Theory of Change approach that identifies critical incidents of new behavior and explores changes at individual and organizational levels. This evaluation model relies on repositioning management learning in leadership development programs and incorporates theories of action, workplace, and organizational learning. Two case studies of executive leadership development in the United States and Europe demonstrate the model’s usefulness. Both studies explore emerging program outcomes using in-depth interviews with participants in the leadership programs. Key stakeholders include individuals who design and deliver leadership development programs as well as the leaders who must make difficult decision regarding where to invest limited development dollars. In addition, evaluators of those programs as well as scholars of both evaluation and of leadership development will find this approach of interest. The approach is useful both for guiding practice and for developing knowledge about what types of learning occur in these programs and what persists.
Gender Differences in Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment of Infrainguinal Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Gallagher Katherine A. , Meltzer Andrew J. , Ravin Reid A. , Graham Ashley , Connolly Peter , Escobar Guillermo , Shrikhande Gautam , McKinsey James F.
Published: September 2011

Objective: Our goal was to assess the outcomes of females compared to males treated with endovascular lower extremity interventions in order to determine optimal therapy based on gender. Methods: We performed a retrospective review evaluating the outcomes of primary transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and PTA + stenting (PTA + S) for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patency rates and limb salvage were the primary end points. Results: A total of 1017 lesions were analyzed in 537 patients (229 male and 308 female) between 2004 and 2009. There were no differences between genders in lesion characteristics. Women were more likely to have interventions for critical limb ischemia (CLI). In CLI patients with superficial femoral artery (SFA) and tibial lesions, women had better patency rates ( P < .005). Conclusions: Women have better patency rates compared with men following treatment of some CLI lesions. Interestingly, women are treated more frequently for CLI when compared to men. For some lesion types in women, PTA alone was equivalent to PTA + S. Our results suggest that outcomes may be optimized by tailoring interventions to gender.
HIV Risk Behavior among Youth in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Guilamo-Ramos Vincent , Jaccard James , Lushin Viktor , Martinez Roberto , Gonzalez Bernardo , McCarthy Katharine
Published: September 2011

Existing literature related to HIV in the Dominican Republic has tended to neglect the unique role of tourism areas as distinct ecologies facilitative of sexual risk behavior, particularly HIV vulnerability and transmission. Furthermore, limited attention has focused on Dominican adolescents living in close proximity to tourism areas who have become increasingly exposed to alcohol due to the expanding tourism industry in the Dominican Republic. While most previous analyses of the effects of alcohol on adolescent sexual risk behavior have focused on the transient effects of alcohol on judgment and decision making, the effects of chronic alcohol use on sexual behavior has been a neglected area of research. Our study explores the relationship between chronic alcohol use, the parent–adolescent relationship, affective factors such as self-esteem, and intentions to engage in sex. We examine the above factors within the context of tourism areas which represent a unique ecology of alcohol availability and consumption and HIV risk. We discuss implications for developing applied family-based programs to target Dominican adolescent alcohol use and sexual risk behavior in tourism areas of high alcohol exposure.
Renegotiating difficult pasts: Two documentary dramas on Bloody Sunday, Derry 1972
Authors: Pötzsch Holger
Published: September 2011

Drawing upon theories of social and cultural memory, commemoration, and memory politics, this article explores how two British documentary dramas – Greengrass’s Bloody Sunday and McDougall and McGovern’s Sunday (both 2002) – re-enact the events of Bloody Sunday, Derry 1972, where British paratroopers shot and killed 13 unarmed demonstrators and wounded another 14. Moving from a textual analytical focus to a historical contextualization and recontextualization of the two films, I argue that Sunday and Bloody Sunday adopt different narrative and temporal frames and, as a consequence, expose competing perspectives on the question of preconditions and responsibilities for the atrocity. In connecting both films to the Saville inquiry’s final report published in 2010, I sketch out how they relate to an emerging historical mainstream discourse. I conclude that the differences exhibited bear witness to the impossibility of ultimately arresting constant discursive renegotiations of shared pasts – every (historical) vision seems to imply certain blind spots.
Nerve surgery and gene therapy: a neurobiological and clinical perspective
Authors: Hoyng S. A. , Tannemaat M. R. , De Winter F. , Verhaagen J. , Malessy M. J. A.
Published: September 2011

Despite major microsurgical improvements the clinical outcome of peripheral nerve surgery is still regarded as suboptimal. Over the past decade several innovative techniques have been developed to extend the armamentarium of the nerve surgeon. This review evaluates the potential of gene therapy in the context of peripheral nerve repair. First the main challenges impeding peripheral nerve regeneration are presented. This is followed by a short introduction to gene therapy and an overview of its most important advantages over the classical delivery of therapeutic proteins. Next, this review focuses on the most promising viral vectors capable of targeting the peripheral nervous system and their first application in animal models. In addition, the challenges of translating these experimental results to the clinic, the limitations of current vectors and the further developments needed, are discussed. Finally, four strategies are presented on how gene therapy could help patients that have to undergo reconstructive nerve surgery in the future.
An overture to basic science aspects of nerve injuries
Authors: Carlstedt T.
Published: September 2011

Does the lack of improvement in surgical treatment of nerve injury despite thousands of years of research disturb you? Do you think that basic science has not really contributed to any advancement in the treatment of nerve injury? Have you contributed? Do you think that new molecular biology knowledge in nerve injury and repair is important? Knowing from basic science that the immature nervous system is more fragile would you agree with the view that to be ‘aggressive’ in surgery of the newborn with a brachial plexus injury could be unscrupulous? As molecular biology of the nervous system has demonstrated that the best conditions for regeneration occur immediately after an injury do you find the approach of postponing surgery until at least 3 months after a closed nerve injury to be ignorant and even negligent? Taking into account the normal occurrence of inhibitory molecules in the uninjured peripheral nerve do you think that functional improvement from end to side nerve repair is a myth? Are the recent attempts to artificially enhance nerve regeneration for instance in synthetical conduits like nature seen ‘through a glass darkly’? Do you agree that new concepts in surgical treatment of nerve injury are timely? Do you have the time?
Therapeutic options in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Zimmermann Heiner , Trappe Ralf Ulrich
Published: September 2011

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are the second most frequent malignancies after solid organ transplantation and cover a wide spectrum ranging from polyclonal early lesions to monomorphic lymphoma. Available treatment modalities include immunosuppression reduction, immunotherapy with anti-B-cell monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapy, antiviral therapy, cytotoxic T-cell therapy as well as surgery and irradiation. Owing to the small number of cases and the heterogeneity of PTLD, current treatment strategies are mostly based on case reports and small, often retrospective studies. Moreover, many studies on the treatment of PTLD have involved a combination of different treatment options, complicating the evaluation of individual treatment components. However, there has been significant progress over the last few years. Three prospective phase II trials on the efficacy of rituximab monotherapy have shown significant complete remission rates without any relevant toxicity. A prospective, multicenter, international phase II trial evaluating sequential treatment with rituximab and CHOP-based chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) is ongoing and preliminary results have been promising. Cytotoxic T-cell therapy targeting Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells has shown low toxicity and high efficacy in a phase II trial and will be a future therapeutic option at specialized centers. Here, we review the currently available data on the different treatment modalities with a focus on PTLD following solid organ transplantation in adult patients.
Phenotype, effector function, and tissue localization of PD-1-expressing human follicular helper T cell subsets
Authors: Wang Chuanwu , Hillsamer Peter , Kim Chang H
Published: September 2011

Background

It is well established that PD-1 is expressed by follicular T cells but its function in regulation of human T helper cells has been unclear. We investigated the expression modality and function of PD-1 expressed by human T cells specialized in helping B cells.

Results

We found that PD-1-expressing T cells are heterogeneous in PD-1 expression. We identified three different PD-1-expressing memory T cell subsets (i.e. PD-1low (+), PD-1medium (++), and PD-1high (+++)cells). PD-1+++T cells expressed CXCR5 and CXCR4 and were localized in the rim of germinal centers. PD-1+or PD-1++cells expressed CCR7 and were present mainly in the T cell area or other parts of the B cell follicles. Utilizing a novel antigen density-dependent magnetic sorting (ADD-MS) method, we isolated the three T cell subsets for functional characterization. The germinal center-located PD-1+++T cells were most efficient in helping B cells and in producing IL-21 and CXCL13. Other PD-1-expressing T cells, enriched with Th1 and Th17 cells, were less efficient than PD-1+++T cells in these capacities. PD-1+++T cells highly expressed Ki-67 and therefore appear active in cell activation and proliferation in vivo. IL-2 is a cytokine important for proliferation and survival of the PD-1+++T cells. In contrast, IL-21, while a major effector cytokine produced by the PD-1-expressing T helper cells, had no function in generation, survival, or proliferation of the PD-1-expressing helper T cells at least in vitro. PD-1 triggering has a suppressive effect on the proliferation and B cell-helping function of PD-1+++germinal center T cells.

Conclusion

Our results revealed the phenotype and effector function of PD-1-expressing T helper cell subsets and indicate that PD-1 restrains the B cell-helping function of germinal center-localized T cells to prevent excessive antibody response.