bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baseline map of organic carbon in Australian soil to support national carbon accounting and monitoring under climate change
Authors: Viscarra Rossel Raphael A. , Webster Richard , Bui Elisabeth N. , Baldock Jeff A.
Published: March 2014

We can effectively monitor soil condition—and develop sound policies to offset the emissions of greenhouse gases—only with accurate data from which to define baselines. Currently, estimates of soil organic C for countries or continents are either unavailable or largely uncertain because they are derived from sparse data, with large gaps over many areas of the Earth. Here, we derive spatially explicit estimates, and their uncertainty, of the distribution and stock of organic C in the soil of Australia. We assembled and harmonized data from several sources to produce the most comprehensive set of data on the current stock of organic C in soil of the continent. Using them, we have produced a fine spatial resolution baseline map of organic C at the continental scale. We describe how we made it by combining the bootstrap, a decision tree with piecewise regression on environmental variables and geostatistical modelling of residuals. Values of stock were predicted at the nodes of a 3‐arc‐sec (approximately 90 m) grid and mapped together with their uncertainties. We then calculated baselines of soil organic C storage over the whole of Australia, its states and territories, and regions that define bioclimatic zones, vegetation classes and land use. The average amount of organic C in Australian topsoil is estimated to be 29.7 t ha−1with 95% confidence limits of 22.6 and 37.9 t ha−1. The total stock of organic C in the 0–30 cm layer of soil for the continent is 24.97 Gt with 95% confidence limits of 19.04 and 31.83 Gt. This represents approximately 3.5% of the total stock in the upper 30 cm of soil worldwide. Australia occupies 5.2% of the global land area, so the total organic C stock of Australian soil makes an important contribution to the global carbon cycle, and it provides a significant potential for sequestration. As the most reliable approximation of the stock of organic C in Australian soil in 2010, our estimates have important applications. They could support Australia's National Carbon Accounting System, help guide the formulation of policy around carbon offset schemes, improve Australia's carbon balances, serve to direct future sampling for inventory, guide the design of monitoring networks and provide a benchmark against which to assess the impact of changes in land cover, land management and climate on the stock of C in Australia. In this way, these estimates would help us to develop strategies to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change.
Factors associated with cognitive decline in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus during a 6‐year observation
Authors: Umegaki Hiroyuki , Kawamura Takahiko , Umemura Toshitaka , Kawano Naoko
Published: March 2014

Aims

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk for cognitive decline in older adults. The current study was carried out to determine the factors associated with cognitive decline.

Methods

The older T2DM patients (aged ≥65 years, mean age 79.2 ± 5.1 years) were observed for 6 years, and the mean values in clinical indicators of participants with and without cognitive decline over a 6‐year period were compared. Then, multiple logistic analysis was carried out to determine the factors associated with cognitive decline. Separate analyses were also carried out for each of five cognitive assessments (Mini‐Mental State Examination, word immediate and delayed recall, Stroop test, digit symbol substitution).

Results

In the composite of several cognitive assessments, higher age and a lower level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with cognitive decline in older T2DM patients. Lower systolic blood pressure was associated with a decline in delayed word list recall. Higher plasma insulin level was associated with a decline in the Stroop test performance.

Conclusion

Lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly associated with general cognitive decline in older T2DM patients during our 6‐year observation. Several other factors were also associated with cognitive assessments of various cognitive domains. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 302–310.
Leukemia‐associated aberrant immunophenotype in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: changes at refractory disease or first relapse and clinicopathological findings
Authors: Cui W. , Zhang D. , Cunningham M. T. , Tilzer L.
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is commonly used to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) during the course of chemotherapy or relapse. Only one study addressed the immunophenotypic changes in refractory disease. We studied changes in leukemia‐associated aberrant immunophenotype (LAIP) in patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Method

We analyzed 47 patients (refractory = 22; relapsed = 25) by MFC, morphology, and cytogenetic studies.

Results

Thirty‐five patients (74%) showed variably changed LAIPs. The frequently altered LAIPs were lack of lineage‐specific antigen and lineage infidelity. The most frequently changed marker was CD13, followed by CD33, CD56, CD7, CD4, and CD11b. Cytogenetic clonal evolution at persistence/relapse was observed in 15 patients (32%). Morphologically, three patients (6%) showed significant changes at relapse. Patients with refractory AML had a higher association with poor cytogenetic risk and classification of AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes. Positive MRD at postinduction was of prognostic significance. Allogeneic stem cell transplant improved overall survival.

Conclusions

LAIP alterations in refractory/relapsed AMLs are common findings. Presence of persistent disease indicates a poor prognosis, regardless of cytogenetic risk or expression of CD7 or CD56. Discordance between cytogenetic and LAIP changes suggests that gross cytogenetic clonal evolution during disease progression only partly contributes to immunophenotypic instability.
Infant psychiatry viewed from a world perspective
Authors: OSOFSKY JOY D.
Published: March 2014

Infant psychiatry, a relatively new and growing field, recognizing that clinically relevant problems can be identified in infants and young children. Infant mental health emphasizes the importance of both preventive intervention and treatment approaches. The World Association for Infant Mental Health is an interdisciplinary and international organization devoted to furthering our understanding of infant psychiatry with the following goals: (i) to promote education, research and study of the effects of emotional development during infancy on later normal and pathological development; (ii) to promote research and study of the mental health of parents, families, and other caregivers of infants; (iii) to promote the development of scientifically based programs of care, intervention, and prevention of mental impairment in infancy; and (iv) to facilitate international cooperation among individuals concerned with promoting optimal development of individuals. In this paper, I will present current work on major areas of concern for infant psychiatry and relate them to psychoanalytic perspectives in this area.
Theoretical and treatment issues of personality disorders in individualistic and collectivistic societies
Authors: KIM HAEAHM
Published: March 2014

The author will attempt to equate so‐called personality disorders with what used to be called psychoneurosis. Some suggestions for theoretical and technical modifications to apply psychoanalysis and psychotherapy on selective cases within the current managed care environment have been offered. In order to develop a comprehensive and effective psychotherapy system, a collaboration of psychotherapists both in collectivistic and individualistic societies is highly desirable. Furthermore, the differences of personality disorder and neurosis in both social structure are either minimal or insignificant from a psychotherapeutic point of view.
Human rights of psychiatrically disturbed persons in the tropical Pacific
Authors: WILSON LAWRENCE G.
Published: March 2014

The management of acutely disturbed patients in smaller Pacific island communities presents many clinical challenges as well as ethical and human rights questions. The aggressive, excited, sexually inappropriate, and possibly violent disturbed person frequently will need physical restraint and possible seclusion in a secure environment. In practical terms, on many Pacific islands the only physically secure room is a jail cell. This environment will protect others and possibly protect the out‐of‐control person from themselves. After protection, the next requirements are adequate information about the person and clinically informed individuals who can make a diagnosis and commence treatment in the jail environment. Adequately trained people who can diagnose and suggest initial treatment are few and widely dispersed in Pacific island communities. Two representative case vignettes from the author's experience as a World Health Organization short‐term consultant in Tonga and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana islands illustrate the tension between a disturbed person's right to adequate treatment and the right of a citizen/patient to be free of coercion.
An investigation of adult outcome of hyperactive children in Shanghai
Authors: YAN WEN‐WEI
Published: March 2014

Approximately 1–5% of school children have been diagnosed as hyperactive but little is known about their outcome. Children diagnosed as hyperactive in 1979 were followed up for 15 years in order to evaluate their outcome. The manifestations of 197 hyperactive children and 103 normal controls were investigated through follow up with their parents, and the differences were analyzed. Subjects who were diagnosed as MBD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder) in 1979 continued to reveal typical symptoms in 70% of cases and completed less than formal schooling, while only 85% could go through middle school and were less often employed in higher‐level professions, and did not exhibit significantly more conduct problems as a whole group compared with normal controls. About 30% of formerly hyperactive children are able to succeed in their academic or occupational performance. However, the adult lives of the others are influenced by such a development deficit.
Traditional Chinese medical treatment to invigorate blood and relieve stasis treatment of schizophrenia: Comparison with antipsychotics treatment
Authors: WANG BIN
Published: March 2014

In this study, 80 schizophrenic patients, divided into two groups of 40, were treated with traditional Chinese medicine to invigorate the blood and relieve stasis and antipsychotic drugs, and were observed by the rating methods of BPRS, TESS, CGI scale and hemorheology test. The results show that such traditional Chinese medicine to invigorate blood and relieve stasis has fewer side effects on schizophrenic patients than do antipsychotic drugs, and there is objective evidence of hemorheology changes. Traditional Chinese medicine is superior to antipsychotic drugs in the effects of anti‐anxiety–depression and antipsychomotor inhibition, but it is less effective in controlling psychomotor excitation compared with antipsychotic drugs.
Introduction of the treatment method of Thai traditional medicine: Its validity and future perspectives
Authors: DISAYAVANISH CHAMLONG , DISAYAVANISH PRIMPROA
Published: March 2014

Thai traditional medicine is one of the most valuable heritages handed down from Thai ancestors. In spite of increasing popularity of Western modern medicine, Thai traditional medicine is still widely used in taking care of health in daily life especially among the rural Thais. For the past decade, the government and private organizations have worked in collaboration to restore the values and popularity of Thai traditional medicine. Recently, the Ministry of Public Health has promoted the use of herbal medicine, and the Center for Herbal Information has collected data and performed scientific studies on this matter. Thai Massage Restoration Project has also revised the text on Thai traditional massage, which is now widely practised. The future prospects of Thai traditional medicine are rather positive because the Foundation for Restoring Thai Traditional Medicine and the College of Ayurvedic Medicine have the program and curriculum to produce personnel on traditional medicine. They have also attempted to integrate the basic knowledge of Western medicine into the study and practice of Thai traditional medicine.
Genetic and epidemiological research at the National Institute on Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital
Authors: HIGUCHI SUSUMU , HAYASHIDA MOTOI
Published: March 2014

The National Institute on Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital, Japan, was designated as a WHO Collaborating Center on Research and Training of alcohol‐related problems in 1988. As part of the collaboration and contribution to the WHO, the institute has made significant efforts for the advancement of alcohol research. This article summarizes recent research activities at the institute, focusing on two areas of research: epidemiological and genetic studies.
Invasions cause biodiversity loss and community simplification in vertebrate food webs
Authors: Galiana Núria , Lurgi Miguel , Montoya José M. , López Bernat C.
Published: March 2014

Global change is increasing the occurrence of perturbation events on natural communities, with biological invasions posing a major threat to ecosystem integrity and functioning worldwide. Most studies addressing biological invasions have focused on individual species or taxonomic groups to understand both, the factors determining invasion success and their effects on native species. A more holistic approach that considers multispecies communities and species’ interactions can contribute to a better understanding of invasion effects on complex communities. Here we address biological invasions on species‐rich food webs. We performed in silico experiments on empirical vertebrate food webs by introducing virtual species characterised by different ecological roles and belonging to different trophic groups. We varied a number of invasive species traits, including their diet breadth, the number of predators attacking them, and the bioenergetic thresholds below which invader and native species become extinct. We found that simpler food webs were more vulnerable to invasions, and that relatively less connected mammals were the most successful invaders. Invasions altered food web structure by decreasing species richness and the number of links per species, with most extinctions affecting poorly connected birds. Our food web approach allows identifying the combinations of trophic factors that facilitate or prevent biological invasions, and it provides testable predictions on the effects of invasions on the structure and dynamics of multitrophic communities.
Heart Rate Variability Findings as a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation in Middle‐Aged Population
Authors: PERKIÖMÄKI JUHA , UKKOLA OLAVI , KIVINIEMI ANTTI , TULPPO MIKKO , YLITALO ANTTI , KESÄNIEMI Y. ANTERO , HUIKURI HEIKKI
Published: March 2014

Heart Rate Variability and Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Autonomic nervous system modifies atrial electrophysiologic properties and arrhythmia vulnerability.

Methods

Heart rate (HR) variability, an indicator of cardiac autonomic regulation, was measured in 784 subjects (mean age 51 ± 6 years; 54% males) from a standardized 45‐minute period in a study population (n = 1,045), which consisted of randomly selected hypertensive and age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects at the time of recruitment in 1991–1992 (the OPERA study).

Results

During a mean follow‐up of 16.5 ± 3.5 years, 76 subjects (9.7%) had developed symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF), needing hospitalization. HR did not predict the occurrence of AF. Among the various spectral and time‐domain HR variability indexes, only the low‐frequency (LF) spectral component independently predicted AF. In the Cox regression analysis, the hazard ratio of reduced HR corrected LF (LFccv ≤ 1.59%, optimal cutoff from the ROC curve) in predicting the AF was 3.28 (95% CI: 2.06–5.24; P < 0.001). In the multiple Cox regression model, including LFccv and other predictors of AF, such as age, gender, hypertension, history of coronary artery disease, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, β‐blocking, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and aspirin medication, left atrial size, left ventricular mass index, and left ventricular size obtained by echocardiography, only LFccv (hazard ratio 2.81; 95% CI: 1.64–4.81; P < 0.001), age (P = 0.006), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of AF.

Conclusions

Impaired LF oscillation of HR predicts new‐onset AF in a middle‐aged population emphasizing the important role of autonomic nervous system in the genesis of symptomatic AF.
Family‐based analysis identified CD2 as a susceptibility gene for primary open angle glaucoma in Chinese Han population
Authors: Liu Ting , Xie Lin , Ye Jian , He Xiangge
Published: March 2014

Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by optic disc cupping and irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells. Few genes have been detected that influence POAG susceptibility and little is known about its genetic architecture. In this study, we employed exome sequencing on three members from a high frequency POAG family to identify the risk factors of POAG in Chinese population. Text‐mining method was applied to identify genes associated with glaucoma in literature, and protein–protein interaction networks were constructed. Furthermore, reverse transcription PCR and Western blot were performed to confirm the differential gene expression. Six genes, baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis protein repeat containing 6 (BIRC6), CD2, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), polycystic kidney and hepatic disease gene 1 (PKHD1), phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and fucosyltransferase 7 (FUT7), which might be associated with POAG, were identified. Both the mRNA expression levels and protein expression levels of HSP27 were increased in astrocytes from POAG patients compared with those from normal control, suggesting that mutation in CD2 might pose a risk for POAG in Chinese population. In conclusion, novel rare variants detected by exome sequencing may hold the key to unravelling the remaining contribution of genetics to complex diseases such as POAG.
Mobilising flood risk management services from rural land: principles and practice
Authors: Morris J. , Beedell J. , Hess T.M.
Published: March 2014

Increased exposure of urban areas to flood risk, especially related to climate change, has promoted interest in sustainable approaches to flood risk management (FRM), including the use of natural processes. In this context, the study set out to review the potential contribution of rural land management to the alleviation of flood risk and the suitability of a range of instruments, such as land sales, leasebacks, easements and annual payments that have been, or can be used to mobilise the provision of FRM services by land managers. Insights from literature, key informants, a review of international experience and a stakeholder workshop were used. Frameworks were developed to conceptualise and guide the selection of mechanisms of exchange between buyers and sellers of rural land‐based FRM services. Key challenges concern the definition of units of FRM service and the design of exchange mechanisms to satisfy the different needs of flood risk managers, land managers and other interests.
Anatectic record and contrasting P–T paths of aluminous gneisses from the central Grenville Province
Authors: Lasalle S. , Indares A.
Published: March 2014

Anatectic aluminous gneisses, some derived from sedimentary rocks of broadly pelitic composition and others from hydrothermally altered felsic volcanic rocks, are exposed in the mid‐P and high‐P segments of the hinterland in the central Grenville Province. These gneisses consist dominantly of garnet, biotite, K‐feldspar, plagioclase and quartz, with sillimanite or kyanite, and display microstructural evidence of anatexis by fluid‐absent reactions consuming muscovite and/or biotite. Melt‐related microstructures, such as inter‐granular films and/or interstitial quartz or feldspar enclosing relict phases, are most abundant in the metasedimentary samples. Despite anatexis at granulite facies conditions, the hydrothermally altered rocks preserve earlier features attributed to the circulation of hydrothermal fluids, such as sillimanite seams, dismembered quartz veins and garnet‐rich aluminous nodules in a K‐feldspar‐dominated matrix. Microstructural and mineral chemical data, integrated with P–T pseudosections calculated with thermocalc for the metasedimentary rocks, permit qualitative constraints on the P–T paths. Data from a high‐P kyanite‐bearing sample are consistent with a steep prograde P–T path up to ~14.5 kbar and 860–900 °C, followed by decompression with minor cooling to the solidus at ~11 kbar and 870 °C. This pressure‐dominated P–T path is similar to those inferred in other parts of the high‐P segment in the central Grenville Province. In contrast, the P–T path predicted from a mid‐P sillimanite‐bearing paragneiss has a strong temperature gradient with P–T of ~9.5 kbar and 850 °C at the thermal peak, and a retrograde portion down to ~8 kbar and 820 °C. In a broad sense, these two contrasting P–T patterns are consistent with predictions of thermo‐mechanical modelling of large hot orogens in which P–T paths with strong pressure gradients exhume deeper rocks in the orogenic flanks, whereas P–T paths with strong temperature gradients in the orogenic core reflect protracted lateral transport of ductile crust beneath a plateau.
“What Daughters, what Wives, what Mothers, Think You, They are?” Gender and the Transformation of Executions in theUnitedStates
Authors: Linders Annulla
Published: March 2014

The transformation from public to private executions is generally understood as a consequence of the rationalization of authority in conjunction with growing class tensions and the emergence of bourgeois sentimentality. What is missing from this analysis is the role gender played. The exclusion of women from the execution site captures a more general tension around womanhood in the nineteenth century, but that tension was expressed differently depending on women's class and race locations. Using newspaper coverage of executions as my primary data source, I show that the interpretive challenges posed by women at the execution site varied by the social positions they occupied.
The Performance of Power: Sam Watson a Miners' Leader on Many Stages
Authors: Beynon Huw , Austrin Terry
Published: March 2014

This paper draws on the biography of Sam Watson, a miners' leader in the North East of England, to examine the ways in which power relations operated within the British labour movement in the forties and fifties. At that time the Marshall Plan and the concern by the US government to control the spread of communism in Europe provided a critical backdrop with the CIA's labor attaché programme providing links between the AFL and the CIOand the British TUC. Recent research has identified the significant role played in the development of these arrangements by Watson.

The reliance of the Labour Party on the networks of national, regional and local trade unions has not been a central concern of students of this period. Certainly in accounts of the Marshall Plan, national figures like Ernest Bevin predominate. The “unveiling” here of Watson suggests the possibility of more fruitful investigations on a wider canvass. His relationship with the US mission in itself raises questions as to the social and political processes that made it possible for a middle ranking trade union official to occupy such a significant position of power and influence.

The article draws on archival research and, most significantly, upon interviews conducted by the authors in the late seventies with key trade union officals and polticians. It explores the different ways that Watson dealt with communism and with members of the Communist Party, and the key role he played during critical struggles within the Labour Party. The detail of the “insider” accounts reveals the complex ways in which power was performed across and within different arenas – in North East England as regional secretary of the NUM; in London on the national executive committees of the Labour Party and NUM; and abroad as a member, then Chair, of the Labour Party's International Committee.
The Assessment of Carotid Atherosclerosis Using a New Multipurpose Ultrasound Probe
Authors: Evensen Kristin , Dahl Arve , Ronning Ole M. , Russell David
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Multipurpose ultrasound probes combined with ultra‐mobile ultrasound instrumentation have the potential to increase the availability and use of ultrasound examinations in the assessment of atherosclerotic burden and cardiac disease. The aim of this study was to compare the agreement of a newly developed multipurpose probe to a standard linear carotid probe in detection of atherosclerosis of the precerebral arteries.

METHODS

We examined 103 patients with a multipurpose probe (General Electric, G9L MPP‐9 MHz) and a standard linear probe (General Electric, Vivid 7‐M12L‐14 MHz). Measurements included intima‐media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid arteries (CCA), carotid bifurcations (BIF), internal carotid arteries (ICA), and detection of carotid plaques and stenoses.

RESULTS

We found a significant level of agreement between the two probes for all IMT measurements with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of: left CCA .91, left BIF .68, left ICA .75, right CCA .84, right BIF .74, and right ICA .59. Agreement with regard to carotid plaque and stenosis detection had kappa values of .94 and .93.

CONCLUSION

The multipurpose probe showed agreement with a standard linear probe in detecting atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and has therefore the potential for use in both cardiac and precerebral ultrasound examinations.
How Peer Norms of Inclusion and Exclusion Predict Children's Interest in Cross‐Ethnic Friendships
Authors: Tropp Linda R. , O'Brien Thomas C. , Migacheva Katya
Published: March 2014

The present research examines how perceived inclusive and exclusive peer norms for cross‐ethnic relations contribute to predicting interest in cross‐ethnic friendship among ethnic minority and majority children. Across two survey studies, European American and African American children (Study 1) and European American and Latino American children (Study 2) reported on the extent to which they perceived inclusive and exclusive peer norms for cross‐ethnic relations, as well as their own interest in developing cross‐ethnic friendships. Results from both studies showed that perceiving inclusive norms for cross‐ethnic relations from in‐group peers uniquely predicted children's interest in cross‐group friendships, beyond what can be accounted for by perceiving exclusive norms from in‐group peers and preexisting cross‐group friendships. Similar effects were observed for ethnic minority and majority children, and even after controlling for children's prior cross‐group friendships. Implications of these findings for future research and efforts to promote inclusion among ethnic minority and majority children are discussed.
Consistency and specificity in burglars who commit prolific residential burglary: Testing the core assumptions underpinning behavioural crime linkage
Authors: Bouhana Noémie , Johnson Shane D. , Porter Mike
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Behavioural crime linkage is underpinned by two assumptions: (a) that offenders exhibit some degree of consistency in the way they commit offences (their modus operandi [MO]); and, (b) that offenders can be differentiated on the basis of their offence behaviour. The majority of existing studies sample at most three crimes from an offender's series of detected crimes and do not examine whether patterns differ across offenders. Here, we examine patterns observed across the entire detected series of each sampled offender, and assess how homogeneous patterns are across offenders.

Methods

Using a non‐parametric resampling approach, we analyse the entire crime series of 153 prolific burglars to determine if they exhibit consistency and specificity in the way they commit offences.

Results

Findings suggest that offenders exhibit consistency in the way they commit offences. With respect to specificity, our results suggest that patterns are not homogeneous across offenders or the type of MO considered – some offenders exhibit more specificity than do others, and offenders are more distinctive for some aspects of their MO (particularly spatial choices) than they are for others.

Conclusions

The findings provide support for the underlying principles of crime linkage, but suggest that some aspects of an offender's MO either conform to a common preference, or are perhaps more influenced by situational factors than stable scripted preferences. That some offenders fail to demonstrate sufficient specificity for accurate linkage suggests that identifying which crimes are likely to be the work of offenders who display more specificity a priori constitutes one challenge for future research of this kind.
Host and guest: an applied hermeneutic study of mental health nurses' practices on inpatient units
Authors: McCaffrey Graham
Published: March 2014

The metaphor of host and guest has value for exploring the practice and role identity of nurses on inpatient mental health units. Two complementary texts, one from the ancient Zen record of Lin‐chi, and the other from the contemporary hermeneutic philosopher Richard Kearney, are used to elaborate meanings of host and guest that can be applied to the situation of mental health nurses. In a doctoral study with a hermeneutic design, I addressed the topic of nurse–patient relationship using an interpretive framework that included sources from Buddhist thought. The positions of host and guest emerged from interviews with nurses as one interpretive theme to open up new understanding of the topic. The two texts, originally distant in era and culture, both employ the host and guest metaphor. They are applied to extracts from interviews to open up discussions of hierarchy, status, patients' perspectives, otherness and resistances as features of nurses' complex experience. These provide insights into understanding practice and suggest implications for how institutional environments shape practice. An intercultural reading of texts can provide a source of new understanding of nurse–patient relationships.
Are field‐based exergames useful in preventing childhood obesity? A systematic review
Authors: Gao Z. , Chen S.
Published: March 2014

Exergames have started to find their way into field‐based settings, such as schools, communities and homes, as a possible solution to curbing physical inactivity and childhood obesity. However, a clear view of the effects of field‐based exergaming on children's obesity‐related outcomes is lacking. Hence, a systematic review on this topic is warranted. This review synthesizes the impact of field‐based exergames on children's physical and psychosocial outcomes. A total of 34 articles conducted in field‐based settings were identified from 104 peer‐reviewed publications that investigated the effects of exergames. Upon screening, these articles met the inclusion criteria and a high inter‐rater agreement for inclusion was reached between the authors. The effects of field‐based exergames on children's habitual physical activity (PA) and obesity‐related outcomes (e.g. weight loss, body composition) remain unclear due to design problems, measurement issues and other methodology concerns. In addition, exergame is appealing to children, although strategies are warranted to sustain their interests. In summary, exergames are desirable as a promising addition to promote PA and health. Professionals may integrate exergames at field settings to promote a physically active lifestyle among children with the goal of curbing childhood obesity.
Latest concept of Lewy body disease
Authors: Kosaka Kenji
Published: March 2014

We proposed the term ‘Lewy body disease’ (LBD) in 1980. Subsequently, we classified LBD into three types according to the distribution pattern of Lewy bodies: a brainstem type, a transitional type and a diffuse type. Later, we added the cerebral type. As we have proposed since 1980, LBD has recently been used as a generic term, including Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. LBD has neuropathological characteristics whereby numerous Lewy bodies are present in the central and sympathetic nervous systems, and it is a type of alpha‐synucleinopathy because the main component of Lewy body is alpha‐synuclein. In this paper we explain the most recent concept of LBD from the historical viewpoint.
Frequency of Ear Symptoms and Hearing Loss in Ichthyosis: A Pilot Survey Study
Authors: Huang Jennifer T. , Mallon Kaitlin , Hamill Shannon , Ohlms Laurie A. , Liang Marilyn G.
Published: March 2014

Ichthyoses comprise a heterogeneous array of skin conditions resulting from impairment of cornification. Although ear structures can be affected, ear‐related symptoms have never been investigated in patients with ichthyosis. In this pilot survey study, our aim was to determine the frequency of ear symptoms, hearing loss, and related medical interventions in patients with ichthyosis. Our secondary aim was to compare the frequency of these items according to age group. An online survey using Redcap was developed and posted online on the Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types website for 6 months. Patients or parents of patients with ichthyosis were asked to complete the survey. Data analysis excluded patients with keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness syndrome and surveys that had fewer than two completed items. One hundred thirty‐five unique surveys were used for data analysis. Of all participants, 80% reported ear pruritus, 66% reported trouble hearing, 29% reported frequent ear pain, 28% had abnormal hearing test results, and 16% had used hearing aids. Of the 88 participants who reported trouble hearing, 24 (27.3%) had never been to a hearing specialist. Significantly more participants older than 18 years of age (74%, 57/77) reported trouble hearing than participants age 18 years and younger (53%, 31/58; p = 0.02). The frequencies of other ear symptoms and hearing loss were not statistically significantly different between the age groups. Ear pruritus, ear pain, and hearing loss are important concerns in patients with all forms of ichthyosis in all age groups. Early diagnosis and intervention may improve the quality of life of patients with ichthyosis.
Superficial Hemosiderotic Lymphovascular Malformation (Hobnail Hemangioma): A Report of Six Cases
Authors: Joyce Joel C. , Keith Phillip J. , Szabo Sara , Holland Kristen E.
Published: March 2014

Hobnail hemangioma (HH), initially termed targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma, is a rare, often solitary lesion classically characterized by a central brown or violaceous papulonodule surrounded at times by an ecchymotic halo. This lesion is typically found on the trunk or limbs of children or young to middle‐aged adults. Numerous case reports have found HHs to have a reproducible histologic appearance. Although the exact histogenesis of these lesions is unknown, multiple recent immunohistochemical studies suggest a lymphatic origin of these lesions. We present six cases of children with HHs with classic histology but with variability in their clinical appearance. Because the clinical presence of a targetoid halo is inconsistent and the hobnail phenomenon is not specific, we favor the designation of superficial hemosiderotic lymphovascular malformation instead of HH or targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma as a more unifying term for this rare clinical entity. By eliminating confounding terminologies (in this case, incorporation of “hemangioma” in the name of this entity), we also hope to encourage a swifter change in practice to move away from erroneous diagnostic considerations.
Pustular Psoriasis in Childhood and Adolescence: A 20‐Year Single‐Center Experience
Authors: Popadic Svetlana , Nikolic Milos
Published: March 2014

Pustular psoriasis (PP) is rare in children. The small number of reported cases makes deciding on treatment and follow‐up challenging. The current study was an evaluation of treatment approaches and courses of PP in 18 children diagnosed and followed over a 20‐year period. From 1992 to 2011 we treated 1,447 children with psoriasis, 18 of whom had PP. Follow‐up was 2 to 19 years. At the time of initial manifestation of PP, our patients were 1.5 months to 16 years old. Seven patients had a previous history of psoriasis vulgaris. Three children entered long‐term remission after one pustular attack, 10 developed psoriasis vulgaris, 2 are currently under treatment, and 3 were lost to follow‐up. Treatment with acitretin, cyclosporine, or methotrexate was efficacious and well tolerated. PP is rare, but according to our experience, it has a good prognosis in children.
Pyogenic Granuloma in a 5‐Month‐Old Treated with Topical Timolol
Authors: Khorsand Kate , Maier Morgan , Brandling‐Bennett Heather A.
Published: March 2014

A 5‐month‐old healthy female presented with a pyogenic granuloma on the cheek. The lesion was treated with topical 0.5% gel‐forming solution, resulting in regression of the lesion after 1 month of treatment and no recurrence at 8 months. This case suggests that treatment of pyogenic granulomas with topical timolol may be considered, especially when other treatment modalities are challenging or could result in significant scarring.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to a Laptop Computer in a Child
Authors: Jacob Sharon E. , Admani Shehla
Published: March 2014

This report details the case of an 11‐year‐old boy with a history of atopic dermatitis who developed a widespread dermatitis 1 month after receiving a laptop for Christmas. Allergic contact dermatitis to nickel in the laptop was determined as the cause.
Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Aid in Identifying Neurofibromas
Authors: Zarchi Kian , Wortsman Ximena , Jemec Gregor B. E.
Published: March 2014

Neurofibromatosis 1 is a multisystem disorder associated with substantial clinical variability. During childhood, few neurofibromas and café au lait spots may be the only manifest symptoms, making correct and timely diagnosis difficult. Herein we describe the clinical usefulness of ultrasound examination in identifying neurofibromas.
Managing Incentive Dynamics for Collaborative Governance in Land and Ecological Conservation
Authors: Tang Ching‐Ping , Tang Shui‐Yan
Published: March 2014

Public governance often involves policy tools and stakeholders from multiple sectors. How different policy tools are used may affect the chances that the values and interests of diverse stakeholders can be aligned in mutually supportive ways. Drawing on insights from behavioral and cognitive economics, this article uses the case of land and ecological conservation in Twin Lake, Taiwan, to illustrate how various interactive dynamics—hierarchical exclusion and preemptive effects—may affect efforts in land and ecological conservation involving stakeholders from multiple sectors. Such illustrations may inform the choice and sequencing of policy tools for facilitating collaborative governance.
A Case for Economic Capital as a Pillar 1 Regulatory Tool
Authors: Jacobs Johann , van Vuuren Gary
Published: March 2014

Regulatory capital – as a tool for financial regulation – has come under scrutiny following the financial crisis of 2007‐2010 in terms of its ability to achieve the major objectives of financial regulations, namely contributing to financial stability; the provision of equally competitive regulatory conditions for financial institutions; and aiming to ensure that regulatory capital requirements are risk‐sensitive.

This article investigates and compares the risk‐sensitivity of economic capital and regulatory capital requirements empirically from a systemic and institution‐specific perspective. The results are assessed to determine whether current regulatory capital requirements are representative of the relevant risks financial institutions face. Given these results as well as calls to strengthen Basel's Pillar 2 disciplines in the aftermath of the crisis, it also presents a case for regulators to place a heavier reliance on economic capital – rather than regulatory capital numbers.
Through the depths and heights of darkness; mothers as patients in psychiatric care
Authors: Blegen Nina Elisabeth , Eriksson Katie , Bondas Terese
Published: March 2014

Introduction

This study attempts to contribute to the knowledge of caring science and mental health care by means of a profound understanding of the patients' existential world when being a mother in receipt of psychiatric care, with focus on inner processes such as health and suffering. Mothers struggle to cope with the demands of the illness and the responsibility for their children. They see themselves through their children and regard the child as an important part of themselves. Mothers experience guilt and shame related to motherhood, and when they have to relinquish their responsibility as a mother, they consider themselves a failure. Despite a range of practical and emotional difficulties, motherhood involved extremely positive experiences, which provide a purpose as well as fulfilment and meaning in life.

Methodology

This study is rooted in philosophical hermeneutics inspired by Gadamer with an inductive‐deductive‐abductive approach. Interpretation of the data was made on different levels of abstraction described as rational, contextual, existential and ontological. The point of departure was the caring science theory about health and suffering and the hermeneutic philosophy of understanding.

Result of the interpretation

The interpretation revealed the mothers' experiences of health and suffering as a struggle between the darkness of suffering and their inner source of strength. In the light of the theory of caring, the conscience became visible as the bearer of the human being's inner ethos of love and compassion. Experiences of health and suffering were interpreted as a struggle between guilt and responsibility, where conscience emerged as the road from ontological guilt to responsibility that leads the human being to what is true, beautiful and good in life.
Parents' perfectionism and its relation to child rearing behaviors
Authors: Greblo Zrinka , Bratko Denis
Published: March 2014

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between parents' perfectionism and self‐reported parenting behaviors. The study included 786 parents (417 mothers and 369 fathers) of high school students. Results showed that parents' positive and negative perfectionism were differently related to specific forms of child rearing practices. Namely, positive perfectionism was positively, while negative perfectionism was negatively related to parental acceptance for both mothers and fathers. Mothers' and fathers' negative perfectionism was positively related to parental criticism and permissiveness. In addition, fathers' positive perfectionism was negatively associated with permissive child rearing practices. After controlling for background variables, parents' positive and negative perfectionism explained significant amounts of variance in all self‐reported parenting dimensions for fathers and significantly accounted for the variance of parental acceptance and criticism for mothers. According to our findings, parents' perfectionism might have an important role in shaping parenting behaviors.
Income Growth and Revolutions
Authors: Knutsen Carl Henrik
Published: March 2014

Objectives

This article investigates whether economic growth and income level affect revolution attempts and successful revolutions.

Methods

The article conducts a statistical analysis, mainly using panel data logit models, on a data set including 150 countries with time series from 1919 to 2003.

Results

Low short‐term growth increases probabilities of both attempted and successful revolutions. There is some evidence that higher income levels mitigate revolution attempts, but this is not robust and further analysis indicates that any association may stem from oil income more specifically. There is no net effect of income level on successful revolution, but high income seemingly reduces probability of successful revolution more in democracies than in dictatorships. Although revolutions occur more frequently after “J curves” and “decremental deprivation patterns,” this is largely due to economic crises and not the more complex growth patterns as hypothesized by, respectively, Davies and Gurr.

Conclusion

Low short‐term economic growth induces revolutions, whereas the impact of income level is less clear and seemingly contingent on factors such as regime type and source of income.
Rights Talk: The Opinion Dynamics of Rights Framing
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Lewis Andrew R. , Jelen Ted G. , Dahan Charles D.
Published: March 2014

Objective

A classic statement about rights talks in American politics argues they are a divisive force, limiting discussion and creating zero‐sum questions. While we agree that rights talk has become ubiquitous, we disagree about its effects on the mass public. Rights frames are a way to provide publicly accessible reasons that should lead to perceptions of the source as less extreme, which enables discourse rather than cuts it off. We hypothesize that framing conservative issue positions in the language of “rights” (as opposed to morality) will lead to perceptions of the candidate as less conservative and less religious, enabling liberals to increase their support for the source.

Methods

Using a simple experimental design, we compare the effects of varying issue frames on beliefs about and attitudes toward a source across a wide variety of issues: abortion, the death penalty, gay rights, healthcare, and education.

Results

Our results support our hypothesis, though with some variation across issues that accords with the credibility of framing a conservative position in terms of rights.

Conclusion

Contrary to prominent democratic theories, rights‐based frames promote discourse and perceptions of political moderation, particularly among younger Americans.
Adhesion of anaerobic bacteria to platelet containers
Authors: Kumaran D. , Kalab M. , Rood I. G. H. , de Korte D. , Ramirez‐Arcos S.
Published: March 2014

AnaerobicPropionibacterium acnesandStaphylococcus saccharolyticusare frequently isolated during platelet screening with anaerobic culture methods. Although neitherP. acnesnorS. saccharolyticusproliferates during platelet storage, both species survive well in this environment. This study was aimed at determining whether strains ofP. acnesand/orS. saccharolyticusform surface‐attached bacterial cell aggregates, known as biofilms, under platelet storage conditions. We report that these organisms are able to adhere to the inner surface of platelet containers in tight interaction with activated platelets.