bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fostering Sacred Spaces
Authors: Khoja-Moolji Shenila
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines women’s efforts to create and sustain Ismaili spaces of worship, the jamatkhana, across generations, first in East Africa and then in North America. It introduces Gulzar Kassam and Roshan Pirani, who created makeshift jamatkhanas at their apartments in Atlanta, Georgia, and Fort Wayne, Indiana. In addition to the material practices of laying down bedsheets so congregants could sit on the floor or trimming down the legs of a coffee table to make it resemble a paat (a table used during rituals), placemaking included reciting collective prayers, burning incense, and sharing ritual foods. Other women conjured the sacred sensorium of the jamatkhana during flight, on steamboats, and at refugee camps through recitation of ginans and sharing food. Women helped suture displaced Ismailis into a sociality through these aesthetic, sensory, and somatic routes.
Culinary Placemaking
Authors: Khoja-Moolji Shenila
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines cookbooks written by three displaced Ismaili women from East Africa—Mamajee’s Kitchen (2005) by Lella Umedaly, A Spicy Touch (1986, 1992, 2007, 2015) by Noorbanu Nimji, and The Settler’s Cookbook (2009) by Yasmin Alibhai-Brown—to consider how women have created bridges with new communities as well as future generations of Ismailis through food fusions. In the hands of Ismaili women, the cookbook becomes a memoir, an advice manual, and a testimony. Through them, they introduce readers to histories of community encounters from East Africa to Canada, memorialize their past lives, pass on heritage food practices, share their Imam’s advice on nutrition, and imagine familial and communal futures.
Placemaking in the Second Generation
Authors: Khoja-Moolji Shenila
Published: July 2023

This chapter ponders placemaking in the second generation—the daughters of the primary interlocutors as they now engage with communal pasts, simultaneously interrogating and memorializing a shared history in novels, artwork, and dissertations. Having grown up in North America, this generation articulates an Ismaili ethics of care that intersects with locally manifest concerns around anti-Brown and anti-Black racism and engages in critique of settler colonialism and the model minority paradigm. They extend religious symbols such as seva to speak to their changing circumstances, including deterritorialization—not as experienced by their mothers, due to wars and poverty, but in response to the pressures of a neoliberal economy that requires workers to be mobile and flexible. Women of the second generation thus invent new sites and forms for producing spiritual intimacies, showing us again that jamat is a contingent social formation that is remade by each generation.
The United States of English
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

The United States of English tells the story of American speech from its earliest beginnings to its current state. Topics covered include the following: the foundations of American English, beginning with the earliest word adoptions; the origins of regional dialects; how the vocabulary developed; an exploration of American slang and language creation outside the mainstream, including Internet-related; typical American grammatical structures and how they differ from those of British English; how regional dialects spread across the country and their defining features; the origins and main features of African American English, Chicano English, and Native American English; social aspects of American English use, including controversies over grammar and usage, and issues of language and gender and language and identity; the current state of the language and where it might go from here; and the place of American English in the world. Written with nonspecialists in mind, the book provides a broad overview, yet with enough detail to guide interested researchers to more in-depth information. It presents the evolution of American English not as a dry collection of linguistic facts, but as an ever-changing story that’s part of the country’s larger cultural and political history. Numerous example quotations from historical sources bring earlier American English to life and show how it has changed over time. The book has an introduction, nine chapters, and a brief afterword, and totals about 90,000 words of text.
The Spread of Regional Speech
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 5 fills in the modern regional dialect map, which is typically divided into New England, the North, the South, the Midland, and the West, each with its own identifiable set of linguistic features. The chapter explains how dialectal regions developed and connects the various regions to earlier American settlement patterns. It explores the unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of each region, including ongoing pronunciation changes happening around the country. This chapter also gives a brief history of dialect research, including the Linguistic Atlas project and the creation of the Dictionary of American Regional English.
Access to Schools
Authors: Steen Sam , Melchior Shekila , Stone Tori , Melfie Jennifer
Published: July 2023

In this chapter, the authors explicate mutually beneficial and collaborative steps to build a bridge between universities and school systems to develop meaningful and valuable research partnerships for all stakeholders. These strategies are action oriented, transformative, and grounded in culturally sustaining relationships. Researchers must cultivate interactions that are equitable, inclusive, and contextualized to ensure all stakeholders thrive. Researchers foster genuine relationships by communicating up front the proposed and developing research intentions, as well as the risks and potential contributions these activities could make within the school and the community. An emphasis on nurturing relationships with stakeholders by exploring intersections of identities of all involved can dismantle racism, promote antiracism, and celebrate cultural differences. Continuous assessment of one’s own personal biases, potential barriers, and limitations and how this impacts the research is imperative. Research is strengthened when the relationships are genuine, sincere, and beneficial beyond just striving for outcomes.
Ethical Research in Schools
Authors: Young Anita , Gonzalez Ileana
Published: July 2023

Conducting research in schools promotes student achievement, closes inequitable gaps, and informs district policies that lead to sustainable outcomes for K–12 schools. In this chapter, the authors describe how to navigate the ethics of successful school-based research. The chapter is divided into three overarching sections. The first section situates research and ethics in schools through the five principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity. The second section outlines the institutional review board process. The last section, navigating university and K–12 school-based research, provides strategies to build relationships and partnerships that accomplish collaborative, purposeful goals. Throughout the chapter, steps and recommendations are provided to demystify the school-based research process.
Developmental and Social Considerations When Conducting Research With Children and Adolescents
Authors: Mingo Taryne M. , Cofield Demetrius
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the developmental and social considerations of conducting research with children and adolescents in school settings. The goal of this chapter is to encourage school researchers to consider the developmental and social contexts of children and adolescents across diverse backgrounds, including the use of appropriate research practices, prior to implementing research in schools. The implications of geographic location and grade level are explored as external social factors that impact school-based research. Two case studies are used to demonstrate the complex challenges school counselor educators and school counseling doctoral students encounter when conducting research with children and adolescents. Antiracist research practices as well as a review of ethical and professional boundary considerations are also addressed.
Program Evaluation in Professional School Counseling
Authors: Trevisan Michael S. , Carey John C.
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an evaluation framework that can be implemented by school counselors to evaluate their program and services, and by counselor educators interested in teaching program evaluation methods and collaborating on evaluation projects. The framework is designed to address the requirements of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model and to meet the standards for quality evaluation embraced by the evaluation field. The formative and summative evaluation scenarios illustrate best practices in school counseling program evaluation, identify benefits to the program and the profession in conducting evaluation, and provide a roadmap for school counselors to carrying out this work. Evaluation is both a technical and nontechnical undertaking. Given the unique education and training of the school counseling profession, we maintain that school counselors are well positioned to evaluate school counseling programs and services effectively.
New Evidence on an Enduring Question
Authors: Stern Chadly , Ruisch Benjamin C.
Published: July 2023

For nearly a century, researchers have debated how people across the political spectrum differ in their psychological profiles. One particularly enduring question concerns the degree to which political conservatives (i.e., those on the right) and liberals (i.e., those on the left) differ in their degree of dogmatism. The authors review emerging evidence concerning ideological differences in dogmatic thinking, particularly cognitive rigidity and judgment (over)confidence. Partially confirming classic perspectives, they find that those on the political right (vs. left) exhibit more dogmatic thinking across many domains. Importantly, however, they identify certain circumstances under which the extremity of a person’s ideology (i.e., how strongly liberal or conservative they are) might be an equally (or perhaps even more) potent predictor of dogmatism. Lastly, they consider directions for future research that may hold promise of shedding further light on the nature of the relation between political beliefs and dogmatism.
Feeling Open- or Closed-Minded
Authors: Raoul Akila , Huntsinger Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2023

“Feeling Open- or Closed-Minded: The Role of Affective Feelings in the Closing or Opening of the Mind” discusses how affective states influence the opening and closing of the mind. This chapter reviews classic theories of affect (e.g., authoritarianism) and their role in open-minded cognition, before exploring more contemporary models (e.g., the affect-as-information account). While the classic approaches, as well as most contemporary approaches, all posit that specific emotions directly influence the opening and closing of the mind, the affect-as-cognitive-feedback account suggests a more flexible effect of affect on open-minded cognition. Researchers originally believed that positive emotions consistently open the mind while negative emotions close the mind. Instead, positive emotions signal one to continue processing in one’s current mental state, while negative emotions signal one to change one’s processing style. The chapter concludes with implications for the role of affect in political polarization, as well as ideas for future research.
Terror Management, Dogmatism, and Open-Mindedness
Authors: Horner Dylan E. , Sielaff Alex , Solomon Sheldon , Greenberg Jeff
Published: July 2023

“Terror Management, Dogmatism, and Open-Mindedness” focuses on insights from terror management theory and associated research programs investigating factors that affect dogmatism and open-mindedness. According to the theory, faith in one’s core beliefs and values buffers existential anxieties and facilitates functioning securely in the world despite the awareness of one’s perpetual vulnerability and ultimate mortality. So, people often cling rigidly and dogmatically to their worldviews to bolster faith in them and thereby sustain their psychological security. A large body of research shows that when death thoughts are close to consciousness, people become more defensive of their worldview, more negative toward alternative worldviews, and more attracted to leaders who espouse simple and rigid worldviews. However, this research also reveals factors that reduce such defensive responses and some that may even contribute to open-mindedness and tolerance. The authors briefly conclude with practical implications of the findings to date and directions for further research.
Addressing the Paradox of Suicide Vulnerability and Resiliency
Authors: Wong Amy
Published: July 2023

This chapter addresses the paradox of suicide vulnerability and resiliency by summarizing the risk factors that contribute to suicide ideation: experiencing a history of mental health struggles, intergenerational trauma, an accumulation of difficult days, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and ongoing suicidal thoughts. It also summarizes the protective factors against suicide death: persisting in the global pandemic, relying on coping strategies and self-reliance, support groups, life skills and self-care practices, experiencing the accumulation of good days, and remembering the reasons for living. The chapter encourages colleges and universities to the call for action with practice recommendations that include creating a more inclusive classroom, participating in affinity groups, supporting family bonding, promoting self-care practices, and developing an Asian American Studies major.
Problematising the Islamic Responses to Human Rights
Authors: Keles Ozcan
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the animating problem and the practice-based theoretical solution of this book. To that end, it begins by critically reviewing the Islamic responses to, and literature on, human rights. It then narrows its attention to the (‘rapprochement’) literature that focuses on making Islam compatible with human rights. In so doing, it problematises the epistemological duality that is inherent in the approaches that focus on either Islamic scripture or Muslim sensibility by appraising the challenges associated with each, together. Having done so, this chapter brings together a number of theoretical insights to justify the centering of ‘practice’ as a unifying theoretical paradigm for understanding the relationship between social movement practice and the production of Islamic knowledge on human rights in a manner that recognises the symbiotic relationship between the formalised and experiential facets of religious knowledge, which in turn allows us to overcome the duality problem as problematised earlier.
Operationalising a Practice Approach
Authors: Keles Ozcan
Published: July 2023

This chapter operationalises the practice-based theoretical paradigm set out in Chapter 2 into a methodological framework. Accordingly, this chapter is divided into three sections. The first explains the methodological approaches triangulated in this book: single-case study analysis, process tracing, and aspects of Davide Nicolini’s (practice theory) toolkit. The second brings together a range of theoretical discussions from different fields and disciplines to reimagine the organisational studies’ (mechanical) notion of knowledge conversion for the purposes of understanding the pre-reflexive, relational, processual, organic, emergent, unintended, tacit-to-explicit knowledge conversion of social movement practice. The third contextualises this reconceptualised notion of knowledge conversion within the epistemic context in which it will be explored—the Islamic discipline of fiqh (Islamic law). This allows us to determine the emic criteria for knowledge production in Islamic law, against which the book will assess the epistemic outcomes of Hizmet’s practice in Chapters 4 and 5.
Internationalizing Counterrevolution
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that Suharto’s regional Cold War internationalized counterrevolution in Southeast Asia. The Suharto regime evangelized the national resilience doctrine, which prescribed a national ideology, an authoritarian state, a technocratic bureaucracy, and a militarized society. When national leaders elsewhere in the region faced political shocks, they adapted the Indonesian model to construct and consolidate newly authoritarian regimes. They embraced institutional and ideological formations with few if any domestic precedents that, taken together, constituted a remarkable process of authoritarian convergence. This counterrevolutionary wave did not erase all particularities, but it reshaped the foundations of political order in Southeast Asia as the Vietnam War came to an end.
Capital and Consolidation
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that Suharto won massive quantities of international aid in the late 1960s and accelerated his Cold War. He manipulated Western concerns about a post–Vietnam War regional equilibrium of Southeast Asia to secure debt relief, international aid, and private investment. Capital inflows diminished the imperative to extract revenue out of the domestic population, and Suharto narrowed his political coalition and solidified the army’s authority. He suppressed his political rivals, forcibly incorporated West Papua into Indonesia, clamped down on the student movement and the press, and launched a five-year development plan. He also consolidated his control over the other branches of the Indonesian military by monopolizing control over the nexus between foreign and domestic and ensuring the navy and air force could only access spare parts by submitting to the army’s power. International resources thus enabled Suharto to build the New Order from the outside-in.
The Age of Oil
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that Suharto mobilized Indonesia’s newfound oil wealth to deepen his Cold War after discontent within the archipelago exploded in the Malari incident of January 1974. He worked to restore political stability through both repression and cooptation, arresting dissidents and subsuming student and youth groups, political parties, labor unions, and other civil society groups within corporatist arrangements. The New Order also unveiled a developmentalist, protectionist, and redistributionist economic plan designed to address the root causes of popular anger. Beyond Indonesia, the Suharto regime launched an invasion of the Portuguese colony of East Timor and worked to preserve Indonesia’s ties with Western creditors even as the oil shocks shifted the key axis of geopolitics from East-West to North-South.
Introduction
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

This study presents a broad view of music, print, and culture in the Eternal City during the long sixteenth century. Unlike previous scholarship, which centers on individual printers, it emphasizes the exceptionalism of Roman printing by highlighting innovative technologies, milestone publications, and the close connection between the materiality of the book and music repertories, particularly during the post-Tridentine period. It also considers the predominant influence of the Catholic Church on the Roman music-printing industry and, in turn, the impact of Roman presses on such important figures as Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Luca Marenzio, Tomás Luis de Victoria, and Emilio de’ Cavalieri.
The Recorded Sayings of Chan Master Zhongfeng Mingben
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

This book provides an introduction (from the perspective of Chan/Zen Studies) to the teachings of the key figure of Yuan-dynasty Chan: Zhongfeng Mingben (中峯明本; 1263–1323). Zhongfeng was a leading student of Gaofeng Yuanmiao. At Gaofeng’s death, Zhongfeng left the mountain and for many years resided in various small mountain hermitages (often called “Dwelling-in-the-Phantasmal Hermitages”). On occasion, he chose to live on a houseboat. He drew students from all over East Asia: Yunnan, Turfan, Mongol officials; Koreans, Japanese; and so forth. The primary focus is on illustrating Zhongfeng’s Chan style (chan feng禪風) via translation of selected works in his Chan records. The texts selected from his Chan records include the standard genres: instructions to the assembly and dharma talks, as well as the miscellany Night Conversations in a Mountain Hermitage (which covers such topics as the nature of the huatou; the relationship between the bodhisattva stages and Chan; numinous knowing versus false knowing; and so forth); one hundred poems in imitation of the well-known collection Hanshan’s Poems (Poems of Cold Mountain); admonitions on cross-legged sitting Chan; and so forth. Zhongfeng’s wider social world, cultural context, and idiosyncratic calligraphy are addressed only in passing.
The Subversive Seventies
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

Progressive and revolutionary movements of the 1970s, which took place across the globe, provide an inspiring and useful guide for contemporary radical political thought and action, even more than those of the 1960s. The sixties were a crucial historical turning point and we can certainly learn from those movements, both the victorious and the vanquished, but, fundamentally, they marked the end of an era. The seventies, in contrast, herald the beginning of our time. In response to the insurgencies of the sixties, new structures of power, many of which are now grouped under the name “neoliberalism,” were tested and institutionalized, and are essentially the same ones that rule over us today. The progressive and revolutionary struggles of the seventies, then, constituted an initial set of experiments for confronting our current conjuncture, a first test of the terrain. Feminist and gay liberation movements, worker and anticolonial struggles, and antinuclear and antiracist projects, along with many other liberation efforts developed in the seventies, offer us not only initial analyses of today’s structures of economic and political domination but also forms of critique and resistance most effective against them.
Introduction
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

Although the progressive and revolutionary movements of the 1960s had great historical importance, those of the 1970s are more relevant for our times. The 1970s was an era of great tectonic shifts of the mechanisms of power, constructing the basic structures that still rule over us today. The revolutionary movements were thus first attempts to confront these new structures. To grasp the nature of these movements, it is first necessary to dispel standard assumptions that “nothing happened” in the 1970s or that “everything went wrong.” Focusing on the concepts developed by the movements of the 1970s is one key to recognizing their continuing relevance and even that, in some respects, they were more advanced than the movements of today.
Two Versions of Popular Power
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

The election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile was widely recognized as presenting a new model, an electoral road to socialism. During the years of the Allende presidency, the concept of “popular power” was developed as a means to understand and further the liberation project. This chapter focuses on two different notions of popular power that coexisted in tension during this period: one by which the government or the political parties represented the popular forces and another by which the popular forces took power for themselves, at times in conflict with the government and parties that claimed to represent them.
Strategic Racial Multiplicities
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

When the Third World Liberation Front initiated a strike at San Francisco State College in November 1968, it brought together students from different racial and ethnic groups, uniting them all under the term “third world.” This chapter analyzes a number of experiments undertaken in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa to create multiracial organizations that strategically create conditions such that no group is given priority over others. In the Black Consciousness Movement, for instance, South African activist Steve Biko argues that people of all races can be “Black” insofar as they are part of the revolutionary struggle.
Theaters of Injustice
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

The clandestine armed struggle organizations that emerged in different countries during the 1970s shared a sense of outrage at the injustices committed with impunity by the state and those in power. The actions of some of these groups, which attempted to appeal to the conscience of the nation, were largely symbolic, with few or no casualties. Other groups organized in miltary fashion and purposely targeted those in power they deemed guilty of injustices through bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations. All of these clandestine movements were limited politically, however, by their isolation from the movements, deprived of the benefits of those political dynamics and debates.
Conclusion
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

The Introduction of this book proposed a method for reading the connections among the various movements by individuating the concepts that they collectively developed and transformed. These concepts also help us recognize the continuing power and relevance of these movements for today. This concluding chapter briefly considers the concept of “working class” to demonstrate how the standpoint provided by the movements of the 1970s helps us see it differently and more clearly today. It then proposes a slight shift of focus from concepts to problems, with the claim that an important task for political theory, including the theory conducted collectively in movements, is to dispel false problems and clarify real ones. In this light, the problem of articulation is posed as central for progressive and revolutionary organizations today.
Our Place in the Universe and in the Analysis
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins by considering the ways in which our perspective influences our understanding of the physical universe and how that understanding has changed over time. It then considers our perspective on the moral universe and how our views of it have changed over time. It offers an overview of both moral status and degrees of moral status and explains the difference between individuals having higher moral status versus their having more at stake in specific circumstances. It finishes by describing three significant harms/wrongs that will feature prominently in the discussion: killing, causing pain or suffering, and failing to respect. The fact that our intuitions suggest these harms/wrongs are worse when it comes to human beings compared to animals provides support for the claim that we are morally more important than animals. These intuitions thus offer a means to assess whether in fact there are degrees of moral status.
Does Respect Really Apply Only to Humans?
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

In light of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter reconsiders whether respect really applies to human beings but not to animals. It distinguishes between respect for individuals as individuals and respect for individual agency. It describes several examples which reveal that respect for individuals as individuals applies to sentient animals and the extent to which respect for agency might apply to at least some animals. On this basis, the chapter explores the relationship between sentience and respect, concluding that respect involves responding appropriately to the unique subjective existences of sentient individuals; hence, sentience is the moral status conferring property.
Against High-Caste Polygamy: The English Translation
Authors: Vidyasagar Ishvarchandra , Hatcher Brian A.
Published: July 2023

This is the first-ever complete, annotated English translation of Ishvarchandra Vidyasagar’s 1871 tract calling for colonial government legislation to abolish the practice of high-caste polygamy, or Kulinism, among Hindu communities in Bengal. The original work is structured around Vidyasagar’s detailed replies to a series of seven objections that had been raised around the idea of prohibiting Kulin marriage practices within Brahmin and Kayastha caste communities. In the course of answering these objections, Vidyasagar draws upon tools and strategies he had deployed successfully when advocating government legislation to promote Hindu widow marriage. Readers will discover once again Vidyasagar’s unique ability to gather, translate, and comment on a range of classical and early modern works of Hindu legal literature. At the same time, however, Against High-Caste Polygamy also employs an additional set of discursive and rhetorical tools in order to press its case. Vidyasagar not only publishes new kinds of statistical data that he had gathered regarding the prevalence of plural marriages in Bengal, he also provides a kind of sociological depiction and analysis of the status and fate of women married into polygamous families. Using his impressive skills at narrative, he provides numerous moving anecdotes to bring home to his readers the harsh conditions faced by many young wives and widows of his day. All of this is supported by his ground-breaking attempt to recount the historical origins and subsequent degradation of Kulin customs, drawing in part on genealogical sources that were only just beginning to come in for critical scrutiny in the late-colonial moment. The work is rich with concrete data and imaginative social descriptions and concludes with a supplementary discussion of the opinions of two prominent Sanskrit scholars who sought to oppose Vidyasagar’s proposal.
Confidence in the Military over Time and Today
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Public confidence in the military is high in the aggregate today, but that fact masks important changes over time as well as important differences of opinion among subgroups. A closer look at existing surveys, coupled with an in-depth analysis of two proprietary surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020 with the express purpose of exploring the dynamics of public confidence in the military, sheds new light on the topic. In the aggregate, public confidence in the military is highly correlated with whether or not the military is deployed to overseas wars. Once disaggregated, on average, high confidence in the military is more a Republican than a Democrat thing, more an old than a young thing, more a male than a female thing, and more a white than a minority thing. Moreover, when pressed, the public clearly ranks the military as a whole higher than certain prominent military individuals.
Conclusion
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Many of the major pillars undergirding public confidence in the military are eroding, suggesting that high public confidence may be increasingly hollow. Military leaders are wise to be concerned about keeping public support high. But more important than the overall level of confidence is the deservedness. Public confidence that is driven by realistic assessments in the competence and nonpartisan professionalism of the military is good; confidence that is driven by political loyalties, social desirability, or partisan blame games is not as good. When the military does not live up to its reputation, it is essential for the public to have a clear-eyed, but respectful, view of these shortcomings so that it can exercise the oversight and accountability necessary for a democratic military to get back on track. A draft is not needed to shore up public support. Instead, civilian and military leaders could help better situate the military in the public constellation by launching a new “Thanks for Your Service” movement, one that lauds all of the nonmilitary ways people can serve in contemporary society. Civilians should also revive civics education—and military leaders renew the push for military professionalism—to shore up a normative understanding of proper civil-military relations. Future research can refine these recommendations and track changes over time.
Introduction
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D.
Published: July 2023

The introductory chapter addresses the role of schools in processes of political socialization. While it addresses multiple educational mechanisms that contribute to this process, it focuses on social studies courses specifically because they have historically aimed to foster the knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors deemed necessary to participate in public life. In the process, however, it argues that outcomes traditionally employed to measure the effectiveness of civic education courses are out of touch with the concerns and lived experiences of young people. In response, it presents an alternative approach to civic education that centers political empowerment—one’s sense of agency and capacity to participate in the political process and advocate for one’s own community. Such an approach allows us to move past the idea that young people must be taught a standardized set of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in order to effectively participate in politics.
Experts at Things They Know
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 5 draws from twenty-six in-depth interviews and a survey of three hundred Chicago area high school teachers to demonstrate that teachers’ attitudes, training, and lived experiences shape the ways in which they select course content and develop civic learning opportunities for their students. In particular, the chapter demonstrates that teachers with more progressive racial attitudes and those who are less authoritarian in their pedagogy are more likely to utilize critical content and historically grounded conversations about politics in their classroom. This mixed-method approach allows for a discussion of the ways in which students internalize the messages they are taught in their social studies courses and carry those messages into their own pedagogical practices years down the line.
Civics in Context
Authors: Nelsen Matthew D.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 6 provides a more complete portrait of transformational educational spaces, highlighting the ways in which schools and neighborhoods serve as important local institutions regarding civic learning; they have the ability to foster empowerment in teachers who go on to create and implement engaging civic learning experiences for their students. Drawing from numerous data sources, it highlights the institutional characteristics that help to forge a strong civic ethos within some of the city’s most underresourced schools. It argues that school administrators can play a significant role in deepening teachers’ sense of commitment to the neighborhood where they teach, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of utilizing empowering civic learning techniques in their classrooms. Indeed, the most effective (and well-respected) school leadership teams are constantly encouraging teachers to explore ways to teach course content considering their students’ lived experiences, even when it may be uncomfortable to do so.
Classifying Inferences
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: July 2023

Peirce’s classification of inferences develops over the course of his life. In his works from the 1860s, he recognizes two genera of inference, necessary and probable. In the 1870s, Peirce holds that the two genera of inference are explicative and ampliative inference. Peirce’s identification of three genera of inference—deduction, induction, and abduction—emerges after 1900. In Peirce’s pre-1900 writings, there is no correspondent to abduction. Rather, new ideas are suggested by sensation or observation and not by abductive inference. Peirce identifies several species of deductive and inductive inference, but his account of abduction is underdeveloped. Moreover, Peirce provides both a formal, a priori classification of argument forms and an a posteriori classification of inferences. Once we distinguish between these, we find that the same argument form can be used in different genera of inference.
The First Canonical Histories
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

The chapter is centered on the two earliest canonical histories by Terry Ramsaye and Paul Rotha published at the apex of silent cinema. As the first comprehensive history of cinema published in the English language, it is hard to underestimate the breadth and depth of the influence that Terry Ramsaye’s A Million and One Nights had on subsequent generations of writers, cinephiles, and the industry itself. After tracing the book’s genesis, this chapter closely examines its methodology, errors of substance, and impact for the burgeoning field of historical writing on film. The work of two of Ramsaye’s contemporaries and competitors, Merritt Crawford and Charles Edward Hastings, are also examined in detail, not just because they offered a better researched alternative to Ramsaye’s universal history, but also due to the transnational nature of their research methodologies and publication venues that for the first time, placed American cinema in a larger context. Finally, Paul Rotha’s The Film Till Now represents the last major history written before widespread adoption of sound and favors an unabashedly auteurist understanding of film history along national lines that prefigures some of the central tenets of film theory and history as they would emerge in the 1960s.
Religious Minorities at Risk
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox Jonathan , Zellman Ariel
Published: July 2023

Religious Minorities at Risk examines the conflict behavior of 771 religious minorities in 183 countries between 2000 and 2014. Using detailed data for each minority, we demonstrate that discrimination, deprivation, and inequality (DDI) cause minorities to form grievances which, in turn, influence their conflict behavior including protest, rioting, violence against civilians, and rebellion. However, the devil is in the details; there is considerable nuance in this conflict process. For example, each type of DDI influences only some types of grievances. Similarly, each type of grievance influences only some types of conflict behavior. In addition, other factors, such as group capacity and group political power, also influence this process. This complex conflict process demonstrates that while religion, in the form of religious discrimination and religious grievances, brings unique elements to conflicts involving religious minorities, it also shows that religious minorities behave like minorities. That is, their conflict pattern of DDI–grievances–conflict follows the same overall pattern as other types of minorities even as the religious elements of DDI and grievances provide unique nuances.
American Capitalism and Its Multifaceted Links to Dignity
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A.
Published: July 2023

Indignity across the American class structure, whether in terms of ritualistic overwork among the professional classes or in terms of precarity or being shut out of institutions among the working classes, can be observed. This chapter traces these pervasive indignities to how capitalism uneasily juxtaposes—and thrives on the distressing tension between—quantification and efficiency on the one hand and individualism and equity on the other hand. More specifically, the chapter locates the indignity of capitalism in the systemic, predictable way that capitalism entwines and operates on the status characteristics discussed earlier. That is, classism, racism, sexism, ableism, and ageism all are implicit or plainly visible in how capitalism assigns and quantifies worth according to time, money, or energy. The chapter draws concrete illustrations from literatures on college inequality, pandemic inequality, ideal worker inequality, and privatization of risk to illustrate how this works.
The International Bill of Rights
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

The International Bill of Rights is comprised of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two human rights Covenants. When it was being drafted, racial discrimination did not receive the appropriate attention because the United Nations organs responsible for the work, especially in the early years, were not very representative. Nevertheless, several issues emerged in the drafting including specific reference to discrimination based on ‘colour’ as well as ‘race’. There were major debates about protection against incitement to hatred. In the early 1960s, when many African States had finally joined the United Nations, a requirement to suppress hatred even if it did not incite violence was confirmed. Other sources of tension during the drafting of the texts concerned equal pay for equal work and the right of everyone to participate in democratic governance. The right to education includes a requirement that it be directed to promoting tolerance and friendship among racial groups. The right to marry is ensured regardless of race.
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: July 2023

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is the principal treaty of the United Nations system concerning racial discrimination. Its origins can be traced to initiatives within the Sub-Commission on Human Rights prompted by the ‘swastika epidemic’ in developed countries of late 1959 and early 1960. It led to adoption of a General Assembly Declaration in 1963. The new African members of the United Nations pushed for adoption of a treaty. It was quickly drafted and adopted in 1965. The Convention defines racial discrimination and imposes various obligations, including the suppression of incitement to racist hatred. The Convention is monitored by the Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, an expert body that receives periodic reports as well as petitions from individuals and States.
Religious change and church attendance in Western Europe
Authors: Biolcati Ferruccio , Vezzoni Cristiano
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on religious change by looking at the development of religious practice in seventeen Western European countries, from the beginning of the seventies to the present. Church attendance is the variable examined, aiming at introducing the national religious maps that are discussed more thoroughly in each chapter throughout the book. The chapter draws on a number of well-known longitudinal cross-sectional studies (Eurobarometer, ESS, EVS, WVS, ISSP). The results show that, over the past fifty years, patterns of church attendance clearly differ across three clusters of countries. In Ireland, Northern Ireland, and most of Southern European countries, church attendance exhibits a slow decline. In Central European countries together with Great Britain and Spain, the decline is much steeper. Finally, the Scandinavian countries and Eastern Germany have been characterized by very low levels of church attendance since the 1970s.
The Netherlands
Authors: De Graaf Nan Dirk , Jansen Giedo
Published: July 2023

Against the background of the secularization process, this chapter examines how changes in cultural conservatism among voters and changes in political party programmes affects the religion–vote relationship. Employing the SOCON-surveys 1979–2010, it reveals that cultural conservatism is declining till 2000 among all denominations and also among frequent church attenders. Although cultural conservatism has a strong independent effect, it only marginally adds to the explanation of the association between denomination and religious voting. The relative decline of the religious population is the important driver for the declining support of religious parties. Due to the decline of both the Christian population and the religious orthodoxy of the Catholic population, Christian parties adjusted their party programmes accordingly. As the top-down approach predicts, a declining party focus on morality issues reduces religious based voting. The declining support of especially the CDA reduces the chances of remaining a major player in government coalitions.
Britain
Authors: Tilley James
Published: July 2023

This chapter shows that religious denomination was a strong predictor of party choice in Britain between 1964 and 2010. This link between denomination and vote is not due to the social and economic make-up of different religious groups, nor is it caused by ideological differences, whether in terms of social conservatism, economic leftism, or national identity, among religious groups. Rather, denominations are associated with parties that historically represented those groups in the early twentieth century when social cleavages were ‘frozen’ within the system: Catholics with Labour, non-conformists with the Liberals, and Anglicans/Presbyterians with the Conservatives. There is also evidence that the continuation of these divisions is largely due to parental transmission of party identity within religious denominations.
The United States and Europe
Authors: Wald Kenneth D.
Published: July 2023

Political differences rooted in religion are a defining feature of contemporary political life. How do religious differences become the basis for stable political cleavages? This chapter argues that nations exhibit a regime of religion and State, a set of laws, norms, and practices that govern the public role of religion. These influence how religion is politicized. In the United States, with a fragmented religious population, religiously neutral State, and unregulated religious market, political elites often mobilize religious voters by means of social movements. These movements exploit cultural differences, aiming to attract particular segments of the electorate to the party banner. By contrast, the European religion–State regime developed from a long history of established religion and confessional parties. Where State power has been allocated to the religious sector, religious elites drive the process by which religious impulses assume political relevance in much of Western Europe.
Word classes
Authors: Shoulson Oliver
Published: July 2023

This chapter is an overview of word classes within Australian Aboriginal languages, covering the major classes of nominals and verbs (including the variation pertaining to which other classes may be considered beneath those umbrellas) as well as pro-words, determiners, conjunctions, adverbs, and negators. The chapter also addresses words that straddle multiple classes and derivation between classes. Insofar as there are conclusions to be drawn about word classes across all Australian Aboriginal languages, we ultimately find enormous diversity regarding which classes may be considered truly distinct (nouns and adjectives, light verbs, and auxiliaries, etc.), by what means such classes may be distinguished (morphology, syntactic position, semantic denotation, etc.), and even how a particular word class behaves cross-linguistically (whether verbs are an open or closed class). These questions are often ambiguous within languages as well, giving rise to plenty of disagreement in the literature, which is also addressed in this overview.
The noun phrase
Authors: Louagie Dana
Published: July 2023

Australian languages are regularly described as not having NPs in the classic sense, but rather loosely ordered expressions that are merely associated in terms of joint reference. This chapter shows that these languages exhibit more diversity in the nominal domain than is sometimes assumed in the literature, and focusses on two points which can be regarded as defining for NPs: syntactic unithood and the presence of determiners. Moreover, the chapter also argues for a different perspective in dealing with the nominal domain, viz. to typologize languages in terms of the full range of structural possibilities they have available instead of on the basis of a simple yes/no question about the presence of NPs. The same goes for determiners, where the focus should not just be on specialized determiners, but also on elements that can switch between different functions.