bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION1
Authors: Platt Trevor
Published: March 2010

The use of efficiency factors in primary productivity studies is discussed. A coefficient kb is defined which measures the contribution of photosynthetic processes to the total optical attenuation coefficient. It is shown that to a first order approximation, kb at any depth is given by the ratio of the primary production to the incident radiation at that depth, when both are expressed in calories. Values of kb are calculated for two stations in St. Margaret’s Bay, Nova Scotia. At any depth, kb depends linearly on the chlorophyll concentration at that depth. Errors involved in measuring kb are discussed and suggestions made for increasing precision. It is suggested that kb could be used as an index to compare the primary productivity of waters and that the regression of kb on the chlorophyll concentration could be used as a predictive tool in primary production research.
RELATION BETWEEN FILTERING RATE, TEMPERATURE, AND BODY SIZE IN FOUR SPECIES OF DAPHNIA
Authors: Burns Carolyn W.
Published: March 2010

Filtering rates of four species of Daphnia were measured at 15, 20, and 25C. Maximum filtering rate increased with increasing temperature and increasing body size of the animal in all species, but a general equation relating filtering rate to body length could not be derived. When filtering rates were expressed on a unit body weight basis, the species differed. Filtering rates of adult D. schødleri and D. pulex were similar and at 20C were slightly higher than their rates at 15 and 25C. In contrast, filtering rates of D. magna and D. galeata mendotae increased with increasing temperature and at 20 and 25C were more than twice their rates at 15C.
NITRIFICATION BY MARINE BACTERIA IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF SUBSTRATE AND OXYGEN1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , McNally P. M.
Published: March 2010

Chemoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria, isolated from open‐ocean waters, oxidized low concentrations of substrate (5 µg‐atom NH3‐N or 20 µg‐atom NO2−‐N/liter) in liquid medium containing less than 0.1 ml of oxygen/liter and in solid medium under 0.002 atm of oxygen. Carbon assimilations for three nitrifying bacteria were higher in 0.002 than in 0.2 atm of oxygen. More carbon was assimilated per unit of substrate oxidized in low than in high concentrations of oxygen. In deeper, oxygen‐poor waters of some oceans, high concentrations of nitrite may arise from ammonia oxidation.
DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN OCEAN PROFILES1
Authors: Holm‐Hansen Osmund
Published: March 2010

Total particulate carbon, nitrogen, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and chlorophyll have been measured in detailed profiles to 600 and 1,000 m off the coast of southern California. Biomass estimations based on chlorophyll and ATP measurements were in excellent agreement with those estimated by direct examination. Because of the large amounts of DNA in the detrital fraction, it cannot be used as a biomass indicator. Below 200 m, the concentrations of total particulate carbon and nitrogen were fairly uniform, averaging about 7 µg C/liter and 0.6 µg N/liter.
BODY NITROGEN AND NITROGENOUS EXCRETION IN NEOMYSIS RAYII MURDOCH AND EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA HANSEN1
Authors: Jawed Mohammad
Published: March 2010

The rates of nitrogenous excretion in the form of ammonia, amino acids, urea, and total nitrogen are determined for Neomysis rayii and Euphausia pacifica at two temperatures, 10 and 4C. Temperature has a marked effect on the excretory rates. Ammonia‐N is the dominant form of excretion in both species (72–87% of nitrogen excreted), and the amounts of amino nitrogen excreted by both organisms are much lower than reported by earlier authors for other zooplankton. There is evidence that amino‐N is excreted below 6C. Small quantities of urea are excreted by Euphausia pacifica only.

Neomysis rayii excretes 25 µg N/mg body nitrogen per day at 10C and 15 µg N/mg body nitrogen per day at 4C. Euphausia pacifica excretes 21 µg N/mg body nitrogen per day at 10C and 12 µg at 4C. While starved, these species catabolize proteins almost exclusively and lose about 2% of body protein per day.
THE OCEANIC SHRIMP SERGESTES SIMILIS OFF THE OREGON COAST1
Authors: Pearcy W. G. , Forss Carl A.
Published: March 2010

Sergestes similis is the most abundant pelagic shrimp in modified subarctic waters off Oregon and the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Off Oregon, its distribution changes with season and distance from shore. Largest numbers were caught in waters over the continental slope in 6‐ft midwater trawls and 1‐m plankton nets. Smallest catches were over the shelf and greater than 65 nm (120 km) offshore. Largest nearshore catches were made during winter, largest offshore catches during summer.

Observations on the size of eggs in ovaries, the percentage of females with mature eggs, and the catches of young shrimp all indicated that spawning of the S. similis population is prolonged through most of the year. Young shrimp were not uniformly abundant, however, suggesting pulses of spawning in winter and spring.

Growth rates and age structure estimates from length‐frequency histograms implied that the population is largely comprised of animals of age‐group 0. Individuals mature sexually after about one year when they attain a carapace length of 11 mm. Large individuals over 12 mm are rare and may die after spawning.
PRODUCTION OF STREAM BENTHOS: A CRITIQUE OF THE METHOD OF ASSESSMENT PROPOSED BY HYNES AND COLEMAN (1968)
Authors: Fager E. W.
Published: March 2010

The method of assessing the production of stream benthos proposed by Hynes and Coleman gives large underestimates. The modification of this method proposed by Hamilton gives estimates that are strongly dependent on the number of samples and the patterns of growth of the species. The method using differences between successive samples suggested in this paper is relatively independent of the details of sample number, specific growth patterns, and proportions of species growing to different sizes.
FAYETTEVILLE GREEN LAKE, NEW YORK. III. THE LAMINATED SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Ludlam Stuart D.
Published: March 2010

The surficial sediments of Fayetteville Green Lake show laminated and unlaminated beds. Couplets of a basal pale and an overlying dark lamina are varves. Unlaminated beds are probably deposited from density currents. Varve sedimentation averages 0.07 g cm−2 yr−1 dry wt or 0.05 g cm−2 yr−1 CaCO3. Turbidites account for 40 to 65% total sediment accumulation.
FAYETTEVILLE GREEN LAKE, NEW YORK. IV. INTERSTITIAL WATER CHEMISTRY OF THE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Brunskill Gregg J. , Harriss Robert C.
Published: March 2010

Studies on interstitial waters from monimolimnetic sediments of Fayetteville Green Lake have demonstrated the presence of water of increasing salinity with depth, chemically different from overlying water of the monimolimnion. Interstitial water from sediments above the plane of the chemocline does not differ greatly from overlying water of the mixolimnion.
A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTION, INTEGRATED OVER TIME AND DEPTH, IN NATURAL WATERS1
Authors: Fee Everett J.
Published: March 2010

A numerical solution of Vollenweider’s photosynthesis model is presented. This model provides for varying types and degrees of inhibition of photosynthesis by light. A digital computer is used to estimate the photosynthetic inhibition parameters and to integrate the model numerically over time and depth. The numerical approach exploits the full generality of the model by allowing the inhibition parameters to assume any values and by using the actual distribution of surface light over a day, thereby removing all the mathematical approximations made by previous authors. The assumptions and limitations of the solution and the data necessary to test it are discussed.
HALF‐SATURATION CONSTANTS FOR UPTAKE OF NITRATE AND AMMONIUM BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Eppley Richard W. , Rogers Jane N. , McCarthy James J.
Published: March 2010

Uptake rate of nitrate and ammonium was studied as a function of nitrate or ammonium concentration with cultures of 16 species of marine phytoplankton. Half‐saturation constants (the concentration supporting an uptake rate one‐half the maximum rate) were computed as a measure of the ability of a species to use low levels of nitrate and ammonium. The half‐saturation constant (Ks) varied approximately in proportion to cell size and inversely with specific growth rate. Small‐celled oceanic species, such as Coccolithus huxleyi, showed the lowest K8 values (⩽0.5μm) and Gonyaulax polyedra the highest (Ks > 5 µm). The Ks values are considered to be important characteristics of organisms living in nitrogen‐limited environments.

Some apparent success was achieved in predicting the competitive advantage of one species over another by calculating specific growth rates as functions of nitrate and ammonium concentration for species with known growth response to irradiance, temperature, and daylength. For example, at about 20C and 16 hr daylength C. huxleyi should be able to compete successfully with Skeletonema costatum when nitrate, ammonium, and irradiance are low. Skeletonema costatum should grow faster than C. huxleyi only when irradiance and nitrate or ammonium are fairly high. Rock pool forms appear to be relatively unsuccessful in the ocean because of a sluggish response to irradiance and not because of an inability to use low levels of nitrate and ammonium. The success of G. polyedra, often the dominant dinoflagellate in local red water blooms, appears to be due to its vertical migration from the sea surface in daylight to nitrate‐rich water at 10‐15‐m depth at night, rather than to any special ability to grow rapidly or use low levels of nitrate and ammonium.
ON THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHOSPHATE ANALYSIS; COMPARISON OF STANDARD AND NEW METHODS WITH A BIOASSAY1
Authors: Chamberlain William , Shapiro Joseph
Published: March 2010

The phosphate concentration of 13 waters was measured by several chemical procedures including a new six‐second method and a solvent extraction procedure. Results were compared with estimates from an algal bioassay procedure to determine which method most accurately measured biologically available phosphorus. Where estimates obtained by these methods differed appreciably, arsenate interference rather than hydrolysis of organic phosphate compounds accounted for the discrepancies. The new extraction method proved less sensitive to arsenate interference than that of Stephens and gave results in agreement with the bioassay.
DIURNAL MIGRATION IN THREE SPECIES OF ROTIFERS IN SUNFISH LAKE, ONTARIO
Authors: George M. G. , Fernando C. M.
Published: March 2010

The pattern of diurnal migration in three species of rotifers has been studied from six 24‐hr samples obtained in different months to cover a wide range of seasonal conditions. Velocities and amplitude of vertical migration were calculated for the three species.

The same species can show nocturnal upward migration at one season and the reverse at another. There are differences in vertical movements during ice cover. There is some indication that different species exhibit diurnal migration keeping different zonation.
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF BRINE POLLUTION IN THE BAHÍA FOSFORESCENTE, PUERTO RICO
Authors: Cintrón Gilberto , Maddux William S. , Burkholder Paul R.
Published: March 2010

Brine pollution from a sea‐salt works occasionally flows into Bahía Fosforescente causing stagnation, severe anoxia and accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (89 ml/liter) with consequent toxic effects on local flora and fauna. The bottom brine (salinity 57‰) constitutes a lethal trap which accumulates and kills phytoplankton so that the water turns yellow‐green and reaches a chlorophyll a (actually pheophytin) content of about 2,000 µg/liter as compared with chlorophyll levels of about 4 µg/liter in the normal surface water. Colonization of the bay bottom by benthic plants and animals may have been prevented by limited light and intermittent brine pollution since the adjacent salt works was established in 1937.
AIRBORNE TEMPERATURE SURVEYS OF LAKE MICHIGAN, OCTOBER 1966 AND 19671
Authors: NOBLE VINCENT E. , WILKERSON JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

Low‐altitude flights to map surface water temperature were carried out over Lake Michigan on 18 October 1966 and 25 October 1967. During the 1966 flight, a strong surface water thermal gradient (4.4C/6,000 m) was observed. This gradient was accompanied by a distinct color change. Dynamic height currents computed from a bathythermograph transect through the gradient indicated a northward current of the order of 10–12 cm/sec in the gradient zone. The thermal structure persisted for a week. A similar temperature gradient‐color separation‐ dynamic height current feature was observed during 1967. Data from Nimbus II meteorological satellite for 7 September and 6 October 1966 show a large, weak structure in the radiation temperature patterns that might be interpreted as precursors of the temperature‐current structure. This thermal structure might be a recurring seasonal characteristic of Lake Michigan.
GREAT LAKES THERMAL STUDIES USING INFRARED IMAGERY
Authors: LANE ROBERT K.
Published: March 2010

Examples of mosaics of infrared imagery of the western end of Lake Ontario are used to demonstrate their value in revealing detailed surface thermal patterns. Additional data from airborne thermometry and shipboard measurements confirm the interpretation of large‐scale dynamic processes. Smaller scale phenomena, such as internal wave patterns and small eddies, are also interpretable.
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN LAKE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: SOMMERS L. E. , HARRIS R. F. , WILLIAMS J. D. H. , ARMSTRONG D. E. , SYERS J. K.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of five methods differing in principle and complexity showed that one involving sequential extraction with hot HCl and cold and hot NaOH was best for the routine determination of organic phosphorus in lake sediment. Total organic phosphorus ranged from 23 to 147 mg P/100 g oven‐dried sediments and from 8 to 63% of the total phosphorus.
A NOTE ON DENITRIFICATION IN SEAWATER1
Authors: GOERING JOHN J. , CLINE JOEL D.
Published: March 2010

The mechanism of denitrification was studied in raw seawater collected from the oxygen minimum layer of the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean. Two separate and not simultaneous stages in the denitrification process were evident. During the first stage, nitrate was reduced to nitrite. Thereafter, an additional reaction occurred in which nitrite was further reduced. The rates of reduction appear to be independent of nitrate concentration. Ammonia and nitrous oxide were not significant products of nitrate reduction.
A UREASE METHOD FOR UREA IN SEAWATER1
Authors: MCCARTHY JAMES J.
Published: March 2010

A simple method for the quantitative determination of urea in seawater is described. It involves addition of urease and subsequent measurement of the liberated ammonia. Data are presented for coastal waters near La Jolla, California, and for coastal waters off central Peru. In the marine euphotic zone the cycle of supply and utilization of urea may be similar to that of ammonia.
A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE IN SITU pH OF SEAWATER1
Authors: BEN‐YAAKOV S.
Published: March 2010

A method is presented for the accurate calculation of in situ pH from surface measurements on sampled seawater, based on the assumption that total CO2, total alkalinity, and total boron are invariant with respect to temperature and pressure when expressed in eq/kg units. Sample calculation on a model seawater is presented, and it is shown that the “average temperature coefficient” of the pH of seawater is a function of salinity, pH, and alkalinity of the water.
RECOVERY OF A TROPICAL POND ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY AFTER DESTRUCTION BY ALGAL BLOOM
Authors: Dunn I. G.
Published: March 2010

A tropical pond zooplankton community was destroyed by the collapse of an algal bloom. The history of its recovery is traced in detail.
OBSERVATIONS ON HETEROTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC1
Authors: Hamilton R. D. , Preslan Janet E.
Published: March 2010

The kinetics of substrate uptake by heterotrophic microbial populations was examined at three depths over a broad area of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Ten different 14C‐labeled compounds were used as substrates. In many cases uptake data could not be used in the conventional manner to determine the kinetic constants because of either extremely low levels of uptake or extreme variability in uptake from one substrate concentration to another. Neither occurrence of usable uptake patterns nor the level of uptake at the 100 µg C liter−1 level of added substrate appeared to correlate with specific in situ variations in descriptive parameters. A strong correlation was observed between the uptake of proline (100 µg C liter−1) and the concentration of viable bacteria as determined by plate counts.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE SODIUM AND MANGANESE CONTENT OF BARNACLE SHELLS
Authors: Gordon C. M. , Carr R. A. , Larson R. E.
Published: March 2010

Sodium and manganese in barnacle shells, collected from habitats with salinities varying from 1–26‰, have been measured by neutron activation analysis. Sodium content varies from 1,600 to 5,000 ppm and is proportional to environmental salinity. Manganese values range from 80 to 3,800 ppm and are related to the concentration of manganese in the local water.
A METHOD TO GROW OBLIGATELY AEROBIC BACTERIA AT INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE1
Authors: BERGER LESLIE R. , TAM LESLIE Q.
Published: March 2010

Culture vessels made of gas‐permeable silicone membranes are described in which obligately aerobic bacteria are grown under conditions where mechanical aeration is not possible. The growth of a strain of Pseudomonas putida at 1, 200, and 400 atm is used to demonstrate the methods.
N‐terminal fusion of a hyperthermophilic chitin‐binding domain to xylose isomerase from Thermotoga neapolitana enhances kinetics and thermostability of both free and immobilized enzymes
Authors: Harris James M. , Epting Kevin L. , Kelly Robert M.
Published: March 2010

Immobilization of a thermostable D‐xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) from Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 (TNXI) on chitin beads was accomplished via a N‐terminal fusion with a chitin‐binding domain (CBD) from a hyperthermophilic chitinase produced by Pyrococcus furiosus (PF1233) to create a fusion protein (CBD‐TNXI). The turnover numbers for glucose to fructose conversion for both unbound and immobilized CBD‐TNXI were greater than the wild‐type enzyme: kcat (min−1) was ∼1,000, 3,800, and 5,800 at 80°C compared to 1,140, 10,350, and 7,000 at 90°C, for the wild‐type, unbound, and immobilized enzymes, respectively. These kcat values for the glucose to fructose isomerization measured are the highest reported to date for any XI at any temperature. Enzyme kinetic inactivation at 100°C, as determined from a bi‐phasic inactivation model, showed that the CBD‐TNXI bound to chitin had a half‐life approximately three times longer than the soluble wild‐type TNXI (19.9 hours vs. 6.8 hours, respectively). Surprisingly, the unbound soluble CBD‐TNXI had a significantly longer half‐life (56.5 hours) than the immobilized enzyme. Molecular modeling results suggest that the N‐terminal fusion impacted subunit interactions, thereby contributing to the enhanced thermostability of both the unbound and immobilized CBD‐TNXI. These interactions likely also played a role in modifying active site structure, thereby diminishing substrate‐binding affinities and generating higher turnover rates in the unbound fusion protein. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Treatment engagement as a predictor of premature treatment termination and treatment outcome in a correctional outpatient sample
Authors: Drieschner Klaus H. , Verschuur Joop
Published: March 2010

Background It is widely assumed that the outcome of correctional treatment largely depends on the patient's treatment engagement; however, evidence for this notion is scarce.

Aim In this study, the Treatment Engagement Rating scale (TER) was used to investigate the relationship of a patient's treatment engagement with premature treatment termination and treatment outcome, defined as reduction of the risk of reoffending.

Method Employing a prospective design, this study addressed the relationship of the behavioural treatment engagement of correctional outpatients (N = 138) with treatment non‐completion and treatment outcome, respectively.

Results Treatment engagement as measured by the TER emerged as an accurate predictor of treatment non‐completion (area under the curve = 0.76; odds ratio = 4.1) and was also significantly correlated with treatment outcome (ρ = 0.41). The prediction was more accurate for sex offenders than for violent offenders, for expulsion from the treatment than for dropout, and when treatment engagement was assessed closer to the end of the treatment.

Conclusions The study provides evidence that the outcome of correctional treatment depends to a substantial degree on the behavioural efforts that the patients make for the treatment. Periodic assessment of treatment engagement in correctional treatment facilities would be useful, and the TER seems to be a practical, reliable and valid instrument for this purpose. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention of polyurethane oxidative degradation with phenolic antioxidants covalently attached to the hard segments: Structure–function relationships
Authors: Stachelek Stanley J. , Alferiev Ivan , Ueda Masako , Eckels Edward C. , Gleason Kevin T. , Levy Robert J.
Published: March 2010

Oxidative degradation of the polyurethane elastomeric (PU) components greatly reduces the efficacy of PU‐containing cardiovascular devices. Covalently appending the phenol‐based antioxidant, 4‐substituted 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (DBP), to PU hard segments effectively reduced oxidative degradation of the PU in vivo and in vitro in prior studies by our group. In these experiments, we analyze the contribution of the tethering molecule to the antioxidant capabilities of the DBP‐modified PU. Bromoalkylation chemistry was used to link DBP to the hard segment of the polyether PU, Tecothane, via our original linker (PU‐DBP) or variants containing side chains with one (PU‐C‐DBP) or three (PU‐3C‐DBP) carbons. Two additional DBP variants were fabricated in which the DBP group was appended to the alkyl chain via an oxygen atom (PU‐O‐DBP) or an amide linkage in the middle of the tether (PU‐NHCO‐DBP). All DBP variant films and unmodified control films were subject to oxidative degradation via 15‐day immersion in a solution of 20% H2O2 + 0.1M CoCl2. At the end of the oxidation protocol, films were analyzed for the presence of oxidation‐related endpoints via scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). All DBP‐containing variants resisted oxidation damage significantly better than the unmodified control PU. SEM analysis of oxidized PU‐C‐DBP and PU‐O‐DBP showed evidence of surface cracking, consistent with oxidative degradation of the PU surfaces. Similarly, there was a trend in increased ether crosslinking, a marker for oxidative degradation, in PU‐C‐DBP and PU‐NHCO‐DBP films. Consistent with these FTIR results, both PU‐C‐DBP and PU‐NHCO‐DBP had significant reductions in measured surface hydrophobicity as a result of oxidation. These data show for the first time that the choice of linker molecule significantly affects the efficiency of the linked phenolic antioxidant. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Calibration issues for nanoindentation experiments: Direct atomic force microscopy measurements and indirect methods
Authors: Barone A.C. , Salerno M. , Patra N. , Gastaldi D. , Bertarelli E. , Carnelli D. , Vena P.
Published: March 2010

This article discusses calibration issues for shallow depth nanoindentation experiments with Berkovich tips with respect to the accurate measurement of the diamond area function (DAF). For this purpose, two different calibration procedures are compared: (i) the direct measurement of the DAF through atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of the Berkovich tip at shallow depth and (ii) a novel indirect calibration method based on an iterative robust and converging scheme in which both reduced modulus and indentation hardness are simultaneously used. These results are obtained by indentation measurements on a standard specimen of fused silica, performed in the 0.5–200 mN load range with a Berkovich indenter. Direct tip shape measurements were carried out through different AFM methods. Comparisons with the standard indirect calibration procedure are also reported. For both the indirect calibration procedures a sensitivity and convergence study is presented. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:996–1004, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioluminescent imaging of reporter gene expression in the lungs of wildtype and model mice following the administration of PEG‐stabilized DNA nanoparticles
Authors: Ziady Assem G. , Kotlarchyk Maxwell , Bryant Laura , McShane Matthew , Lee Zhenghong
Published: March 2010

DNA nanoparticles (DNPs) formed by compacting DNA with polyethyleneglycolylated poly‐L‐lysine are a nonviral vector shown to be safe and efficacious in animals and humans. To extend our capabilities of assessing the efficacy and duration of expression achieved by DNPs, we tested the utility of bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of transgene expression in wildtype and cystic fibrosis (CF) mouse models. We tested the effect of route of administration, mouse coat color, anesthesia, dose, and promoter sequence on the level and duration of expression. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between imaging and direct analysis of luciferase expression in lung homogenates. We found that intratracheal instillation, and the use of deep and prolonged anesthesia with avertin produced significantly higher expression compared with intranasal administration, and the use of lighter anesthesia with isoflurane. Although similar expression was observed for both dark and light coat animals, imaging signal intensity was attenuated in mice with dark fur. Furthermore, good correlation between imaging and direct homogenate analysis was observed for single dose (r = 0.96), and dose response studies in wildtype (r = 0.82) and CF mice (r = 0.87). Finally, we used imaging to track gene expression over a 56‐day time course. We found that the human ubiquitin B promoter gives stable transgene expression up to 49 days following nanoparticle administration, while expression with the cytomegalovirus promoter diminished after 2 days and returned to background levels by day 14. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BLI is an effective and useful modality for measuring gene expression conferred by DNPs in the lung. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:918–928, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmenting resident perceptions towards tourism — a cluster analysis with a multinomial logit model of a mountain community
Authors: Brida Juan Gabriel , Osti Linda , Barquet Andrea
Published: March 2010

This study investigates aspects of host perception for the formulation of strategic tourism policies. A community segmentation framework with cluster analysis and multinomial logit model was applied to data of a mountain community in northern Italy to reveal the heterogeneity of residents' perception. The results of this study reflect the overall opinions of the sample population and identify homogeneous opinion groups. Positive and negative perceptions about tourism in the region generate a division of residents in environmental supporters, development supporters, protectionist and ambivalent. This study identifies the effect of demographic variation on the clusters and on residents' attitudes towards tourism. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incident angle dependency of propagating modes in rectangular grating for polarization‐independent −1ST order diffraction or polarization splitting
Authors: Iizuka Hideo , Engheta Nader , Fujikawa Hisayoshi , Sato Kazuo
Published: March 2010

The role of the incident angle of incoming light on the excited modes in rectangular grating at the interface of air and fused silica in Littrow mounting is investigated by the modal analysis.The analysis points out that the optimum effective refractive index difference for two propagating modes varies with the angle of incidence. In polarization‐independent −1st order diffraction, effective refractive index difference has the same value for the p‐ and s‐polarizations for incident angles from 30° to 37.5°, and a ratio of one‐third with the further increase of incident angle, to select the minimum aspect ratio of the grating dimensions. On the other hand, polarization splitting condition has a change of ratio of effective refractive index difference from a half to zero at an incident angle of 45.3°, where the coupling order of diffraction for p‐ or s‐polarization is also swapped. Such ratio of effective refractive index differences are seen as the ratio of modal periods in the variation of diffraction efficiency with the grating height. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1362–1369, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25163
Compact sharp‐cutoff wide‐stopband low‐pass filters using H‐shaped coupled microstrip line units
Authors: Velidi Vamsi Krishna , Sanyal Subrata
Published: March 2010

In this article, a single coupled‐line configuration is presented for the design of compact, sharp‐rejection, wide‐stopband low‐pass filters. The proposed filter topology consists of parallel coupled‐lines shorted at the middle. The filtering action results from the generation of three transmission zeros brought about by cross coupling. Design equations and guidelines to adjust both bandwidth and the rejection depth are provided. Theoretical predictions are validated in microstrip line by fabricating a two‐unit prototype filter having better than 25 dB stopband, which is at least five times the filter cut‐off frequency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1402–1405, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25166
Microwave photonic frequency doubling in an RoF link DWDM system with four wave mixing
Authors: Xia Li , Aditya S. , Shum P. , Zhou Junqiang
Published: March 2010

The microwave photonic frequency doubling is achieved through optical carrier suppression modulation.The undesirable optical carrier and new generated optical idler light caused by four wave mixing (FWM) effect in the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system can be blocked by a specially designed F‐P‐based FBG pair. A stable microwave frequency component at around 18 GHz with high suppression ratio to unwanted frequencies (>40 dB) is obtained after an RoF link transmission. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1428–1431, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25167
Compact dual‐mode H‐shaped filter with source/load coupling for harmonic suppression
Authors: Xiao Fei , Tang Xiaohong , Wang Ling , Wu Tao
Published: March 2010

A compact dual‐mode H‐shaped filter with source/load coupling for harmonic suppression is proposed in this article. The compact dual‐mode H‐shaped itself has a finite‐frequency transmission zero associated with the even mode. In addition, another transmission zero can be created by introducing source/load coupling. The simulated and measured results show that the harmonic suppression of the filter can be improved by using coupled lines with loads to some extent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1431–1434, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25168
Design and fabrication of a single‐mode optical fiber based refractive‐index sensor
Authors: Kamakshi Koppole , Rastogi Vipul , Kumar Ajeet , Rai Jagdish
Published: March 2010

We present a core diameter mismatch refractive index sensor designed in a single‐mode SM 600 optical fiber. The sensing region has been achieved by etching out the whole cladding and some portion of the core of the fiber. Effect of the etched core radius on sensitivity of the sensor has been investigated. Sensors response has been experimentally tested for water and acetone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1408–1411, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25180
Compact, tunable Wilkinson power divider using tunable synthetic transmission line
Authors: Tang Wenjia , Ryu Ji‐Ho , Kim Hongjoon
Published: March 2010

A very compact and frequency tunable Wilkinson power divider is suggested and demonstrated for the first time.By replacing λ/4 section lines in a conventional Wilkinson power divider with varactor tunable, lumped‐element synthetic transmission lines, dramatical size reduction and frequency tunability has been achieved. The prototype circuit fabricated shows excellent performance. For tunable frequencies from 0.71 to 0.99 GHz, the insertion loss is less than 3.52 dB, whereas the return loss and isolation are greater than 20 dB. Yet, the size of this voltage controllable Wilkinson power divider is only 4 mm by 8 mm, which occupies less than 3% area of original Wilkinson power divider structure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1434–1436, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25181
Design of vertical lines for vehicle rear window antennas
Authors: Kang Woojoon , Choo Hosung
Published: March 2010

In this article, we propose the design of a rear on‐glass antenna for a commercial sedan. We focus on optimizing the vertical lines of the antenna and propose the optimum design parameters to maximize the matching bandwidth and improve the average vertical gain for the entire FM radio band. The detailed design parameters are determined using the Pareto genetic algorithm with an EM simulation tool. The optimized rear on‐glass antenna was built and installed on a commercial sedan. The measurement results showed a matching bandwidth of about 15%, an average bore‐sight gain of about −2.86 dBi in the entire FM band, and an average gain of about −14 dBi along the azimuth direction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1445–1449, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25184
W‐band microstrip band‐pass filter using branch‐line coupler with open stubs
Authors: Hwang Chi‐Jeon , Lok Lai Bun , Thayne Iain G. , Elgaid Khaled
Published: March 2010

This article presents the design and measurement of a microstrip band‐pass filter (BPF) using modified branch‐line coupler with asymmetric open‐circuit stubs in the W‐band frequency range. The fundamental topology consists of using the branch‐line coupler as a filtering section by loading the coupled ports with suitable lengths of open‐circuit stubs. Therefore, transmission responses with simultaneously good stopband and sharp cutoff slope are derived, while the passband bandwidth can be easily controlled by means of the design parameters of the filtering section. The proposed BPF structure has been designed and fabricated on GaAs substrate. The fabricated BPF shows a 3‐dB bandwidth from 81 to 107 GHz with insertion loss <2 dB at center frequency, rejection of 51 dB, and return loss better than 18 dB. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1436–1439, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25185
A novel wideband microstrip fractal bandpass filter with a notch band at 5–6 GHz
Authors: Church Justin , West David , Dagar Pankaj , Sharma Satish K.
Published: March 2010

This article presents a novel wideband Sierpinski fractal stub‐based microstrip filter that provides a notch band at 5–6 GHz. The frequency bandwidth is 103% from 2.89 to 9.0 GHz, which has two passbands of 40 and 25% separated by the notch band. The filter has been designed using full wave analysis tools and has been experimentally verified. The simulated and measured results are found to be in acceptable agreement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1413–1416, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25194
Dual‐band design of single‐stub impedance matching networks with application to dual‐band stubbed T‐junctions
Authors: Park Myun‐Joo , Lee Byungje
Published: March 2010

A new design method of single‐stub impedance matching networks is presented for the dual‐band application. The dual‐band operating conditions are analyzed in detail and the design equations are derived in concise form for different locations and termination types of the stub line. The proposed impedance matching scheme is successfully applied to the design of a stubbed dual‐band T‐junction power divider. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1359–1362, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25201
A new impedance match method to improve efficiency of LINC with Chireix combiner
Authors: Ni Tao , Liu Falin
Published: March 2010

In this article, we propose a new impedance match method in serial Chireix combiner to improve the efficiency of Linear amplification with Nonlinear Components (LINC) amplifier. Based on the impedance characteristics of the serial Chireix combiner, two transmission lines are added between power amplifiers (PAs) and Chireix combiner in LINC. For experimental verification, the PAs and combiner are implemented and tested. From the measured results, this method is proved available for improving efficiency of LINC, and convenient for design as well as tuning work. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1418–1421, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25205
Design of a compact wideband bandpass filter
Authors: Packiaraj D. , Vinoy K. J. , Ramesh M. , Kalghatgi A. T.
Published: March 2010

This article presents the analysis and design of a compact multi‐layer layer, high selectivity wideband bandpass filter using stub loaded and ‘U’ shaped resonators over a slotted bottom ground plane. While the resonators with folded open circuit stub loadings create the desired bandpass characteristics, the ‘U’ shaped resonators reduce the size of filter. The slotted bottom ground plane is used to enhance the coupling to achieve the desired bandwidth. The proposed filter has been analyzed using circuit model, and the results were verified through full wave simulations and measurements. The fabricated filter is compact and measures a size of 18 mm × 25 mm × 1.6 mm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1387–1389, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25206
Compact CPW‐FED matched dual‐band monopole antenna using spiral resonators
Authors: Djaiz A. , Habib M. A. , Nedil M. , Denidni T. A.
Published: March 2010

In this letter, a compact dual‐band monopole antenna operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands using a CPW‐fed and parasitic spiral elements is presented. The monopole element creates the upper ISM band at 5.8 GHz, and the two spiral resonators is used both for impedance matching and providing the lower ISM band at frequency of 2.45 GHz. A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and tested. The experimental results are presented and discussed. A good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1425–1427, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25218
Design of a wideband rectangular loop tag antenna for UHF RFID library management
Authors: Kim Uisheon , Choi Jaehoon
Published: March 2010

In this letter, we propose a wideband rectangular loop tag antenna for ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification library management systems.The proposed antenna has a small matching loop for conjugate impedance matching with the impedance of a tag IC. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is broadened by lengthening the vertical sides of a rectangular loop. We considered the effects of books in designing the tag antenna. The optimized tag antenna, which is 35 mm × 90 mm in size, has a wide impedance bandwidth of 170 MHz for S11 less than −10 dB. The maximum reading distance of a single tag is about 5 m, and the concurrent reading distance of 19 arranged tags is 1 m. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1439–1445, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25219
Evaluation of EMI risk due to the interaction between cellular phones and medical devices
Authors: Chen Hsing‐Yi , Chou Cheng‐Yi
Published: March 2010

The FDTD method was used to calculate the electric fields emitted from cellular phones.Cellular phones were modeled by a quarter‐wavelength monopole antenna mounted on a rectangular box with equivalent material in the interior of the rectangular box and a dielectric coating in the exterior of the rectangular box. Measurements of the electric fields emitted from cellular phones were also performed by using a Narda Model SRM‐3000 high frequency selective radiation meter with an isotropicE‐field probe. From measurement and simulation results, electric fields emitted from cellular phones are in the range of 0.02–39.0 V/m for separation distances of 0–3 m between handsets and test points. It is found that field strengths emitted from cellular phones may meet the recommended EMI immunity level of 3 V/m set by the IEC for medical equipment keeping a separation distance of more than 1 m from cellular phones. An interference threshold separation distance of 3 m is proposed for evaluating the interaction between cellular phones and medical devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1449–1454, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25221
NMR metabolic profile of human follicular fluid
Authors: Piñero‐Sagredo Eva , Nunes Sofía , de los Santos Mª José , Celda Bernardo , Esteve Vicent
Published: March 2010

The environment of the oocyte during its in vivo maturation consists of follicular fluid (FF) and is surrounded by granulosa cells. The FF is derived from the sanguineous plasma and secretions, synthesised in the follicle wall, that contain a large variety of growth factors, cytokines, amino acids, and other metabolites. These metabolites are presumably involved in the physiology of the oocyte. The identification, quantification and study of FF metabolites can provide additional information about the oocyte state which can be helpful in distinguishing those oocytes that have a greater capacity to be fertilised and to develop properly. The aim of this work is to identify the metabolic profile of FF samples exhaustively using High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). A total of 30 FF samples from oocyte donors (<35 years) were analysed. Different monodimensional (1D) and bidimensional (2D) (homo and heteronuclear) NMR experiments were acquired. A total of 131 chemical shifts were assigned and 42 metabolites, including as example glucose, lactate, acetate, acetoacetate, pyruvate and β‐hydroxybutyrate, were identified. High correlations were found between these important intermediaries of the energetic metabolic pathways of the follicle which can indicate the importance of these pathways in oocyte development. Some of these identified metabolites might be useful as biomarkers of the follicular maturation state, allowing oocytes with a higher fertilisation potential to be selected, thereby increasing pregnancy rates in women following in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between gastrointestinal manifestations following acetaminophen poisoning and outcome in 291 acetaminophen poisoning patients
Authors: Zyoud Sa'ed H. , Awang Rahmat , Sulaiman Syed Azhar Syed , Al‐Jabi Samah W.
Published: March 2010

Background

Acetaminophen poisoning is a common clinical problem, and early identification of patients with more severe poisoning is key to improving outcomes.

Purposes

This study intends to document prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations and to assess the impact of these manifestations on outcome in patients with acetaminophen poisoning.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of hospital admissions for acute acetaminophen poisoning conducted over a period of 5 years from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2008. Parametric and non‐parametric tests were used to test differences between groups depending on the normality of the data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 15 was used for data analysis.

Results

Two hundred and ninety‐one patients were studied; their mean age was 23.01 ± 7.4 years and 76.6% had GI manifestations. Multiple logistic regression showed that significant risk factors for GI manifestations were present among patients who reported acetaminophen dose ingested ≥10 g (p < 0.001), and latency time more than 8 hours (p = 0.030). GI manifestations at first admission predicted poorer outcomes in terms of estimated acetaminophen levels to be a possible toxic (p < 0.001), elevated bilirubin levels (p = 0.002), prolonged prothrombin time (PT; p = 0.002), elevated creatinine level (p = 0.028), declination of potassium level (p < 0.001), and prolonged hospital stay (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

GI manifestations were common among patients with acetaminophen poisoning. This study suggests that the presence of GI manifestations at first presentation appears to be an important risk marker of subsequent hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: a comparison of volunteers and non‐volunteers
Authors: Cohen Miri , Numa Maya
Published: March 2010

Background: The need to understand posttraumatic growth (PTG) in relation to actual changes in an individual's life has recently been raised. However, the relationship of volunteering, health, and PTG has not yet been assessed.

Aims: To assess the relationship of volunteer work, health, and PTG, and to assess whether cognitive and emotional processing, emotional expressing, and social support differ in volunteer and non‐volunteer breast cancer survivors.

Methods: Participants were 84 breast cancer survivors who had volunteered to work with newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and 40 breast cancer survivors who did not participate in any volunteer work. Participants completed the PTG inventory, the emotional expression and processing scale, the cognitive processing scale, and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support.

Results: Participants in both groups reported similar and relatively high levels of PTG (M = 70.22, SD = 17.38 in a possible range of 0–105). In the volunteer group, PTG levels were not related to self‐reported health (r = 0.07, p>0.05), while in the non‐volunteer group a high and significant correlation between self‐reported health and PTG (r = 0.46, p<0.001), and a significant effect of group×self‐reported health on PTG levels, were found. The study variables accounted for 31% of PTG variance, with cognitive and emotional processing and the interaction of group×health being significant predictors.

Conclusions: Although volunteers did not differ from non‐volunteers in PTG levels, higher PTG was related to better health in the non‐volunteers group only. These findings point to the complexity of PTG structure and its multifaceted relation to behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.