bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Daughter” as a positionality and the gendered politics of taking parents into the field
Authors: De Silva Menusha , Gandhi Kanchan
Published: December 2018

Research on gendered politics of the field has delved into the practices of accompaniment and its implications on research and knowledge production, particularly through the case of researchers’ children and partners. In comparison, the tendency to seek assistance from parents is neglected within the scholarship. Drawing on the PhD fieldwork experiences of two researchers in their “native” country, specifically a Sri Lankan researcher conducting fieldwork in Sri Lanka and a North Indian scholar researching in South India, the paper reveals parents’ contribution to the research process, in terms of enhancing researcher credibility, facilitating contact‐making and access, and providing emotional and practical care. The discussion illuminates two aspects of parents’ involvement in fieldwork: (1) how the unique nature of parent–child relationships shapes the research process at multiple stages, and (2) how the gendered notions of knowledge production result in parents’ contributions being typically unacknowledged. The paper emphasises that a researcher's positionality as a daughter shapes her ability to navigate gendered field sites in her “native” country and is implicated in the wider research process.
Ethics codes and use of new and innovative drugs
Authors: Borysowski Jan , Ehni Hans‐Jörg , Górski Andrzej
Published: December 2018

Treatment with new and/or innovative drugs with uncertain safety and efficacy profile is associated with substantial ethical concerns. The main objective of this paper is to present guidance on the use of such drugs contained in: (i) major international codes and guidelines pertaining to medical ethics and biomedical research; (ii) national codes of medical ethics and professional conduct of the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the UK, Ireland, France and Germany. Out of the four international codes and guidelines analysed, only the Declaration of Helsinki addresses the question of the use of unproven drugs. Among national codes, only two (USA and New Zealand) explicitly allow for use of new or innovative drugs. Moreover, treatment with unproven drugs seems to be permissible under the French code, though this is not stated explicitly. The remaining codes do not contain any articles on the use of new and innovative drugs. An update of existing articles, as well as the addition of new guidelines to the codes, should be considered in view of the rapid pace of development and introduction to clinical practice of new drugs. This work is relevant to innovative off‐label applications of approved drugs and expanded access to investigational drugs.
In utero myelomeningocoele repair and urological outcomes: the first 100 cases of a prospective analysis. Is there an improvement in bladder function?
Authors: Macedo Antonio , Ottoni Sergio Leite , Garrone Gilmar , Liguori Riberto , Cavalheiro Sergio , Moron Antonio , Leal Da Cruz Marcela
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the first 100 cases of in utero myelomeningocoele (MMC) repair and urological outcomes in a prospective analysis aiming to define possible improvement in bladder function.

Patients and methods

We used a protocol consisting of a detailed medical history, urinary tract ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, and urodynamic evaluation. Patients were categorised into four groups: normal, high risk (overactive bladder with a detrusor leak‐point pressure >40 cm H2O and high filling pressures also >40 cm H2O), incontinent, and underactivity (underactive bladder with post‐void residual urine), and patients were treated accordingly.

Results

We evaluated 100 patients, at a mean age of 5.8 months (median 4 months), classified as high risk in 52.6%, incontinent in 27.4%, with underactive bladder in 4.2%, and only 14.7% had a normal bladder profile. Clean intermittent catheterisation was initiated in 57.3% of the patients and anticholinergics in 52.6%. Antibiotic prophylaxis was initiated in 19.1% of the patients presenting with vesico‐ureteric reflux.

Conclusion

The high incidence of abnormal bladder patterns suggests little benefit of in utero MMC surgery concerning the urinary tract.
Unparalleled disjunction or unexpected relationships? Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melanopsidae (Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea), with the description of a new family and a new genus from the ancient continent Zealandia
Authors: Neiber Marco T. , Glaubrecht Matthias
Published: December 2018

Melanopsidae are an important component of the freshwater fauna of the subtropical to temperate regions of the Western Palaearctic and also are reported from Zealandia, representing an unparalleled disjunction among a group of freshwater animals. We sequenced markers for species of all constituent genera covering the entire range of the group. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that Melanopsidae are only monophyletic when excluding Holandriana from the Balkans, which was found to be more closely related to Pleuroceridae (eastern North America) and Semisuclospiridae (western North America and eastern Asia) than to the remaining melanopsids. It is, therefore, placed in the previously proposed family Amphimelaniidae. Zemelanopsis from New Zealand and Caledomelanella gen.n. from New Caledonia were recovered as a deeply divergent clade, here suggested to represent Zemelanopsidae fam.n. as the sister group of Melanopsidae s.s. The genus Microcolpia, including M. daudebartii and the extinct M. parreyssii, was recovered as a moderately well‐supported sister group of Melanopsis s.s., which comprises three distinct lineages: one from the western Mediterranean region, a second from the eastern Mediterranean region and the Near to Middle East, and a third from thermal springs in Tuscany. Although the Italian populations show little variability, both the eastern and western Melanopsis clades exhibit a high degree of variation in shell form and/or sculpture. Whether this is indicative of more than a species pair each (M. praemorsa/cariosa and M. buccinoidea/costata) within the eastern and western clade, respectively, or the result of parallel evolution currently cannot be answered with certainty. Distinct populations were not recovered as monophyletic clades in some cases, which may indicate incomplete reproductive isolation. We compare the timeframe for the evolution of major “melanopsid” lineages with geological events, and elucidate scenarios that may have shaped the distribution patterns observed today.
Magnetic resonance imaging in enterovirus‐71, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody, aquaporin‐4 antibody, and multiple sclerosis‐associated myelitis in children
Authors: Tantsis Esther M , Prelog Kristina , Alper Gulay , Benson Leslie , Gorman Mark , Lim Ming , Mohammad Shekeeb S , Ramanathan Sudarshini , Brilot Fabienne , Dale Russell C ,   Paediatric Myelitis Mri Study Group
Published: December 2018

Aim

We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare the neuroimaging of children with their first episode of clinical enterovirus 71‐associated transverse myelitis (EV71‐TM), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody positive transverse myelitis (MOG‐TM), aquaporin‐4 antibody positive transverse myelitis (AQP4‐TM), transverse myelitis in multiple sclerosis (MS‐TM), and unclassified transverse myelitis (UNC‐TM).

Method

We performed a retrospective blinded radiological assessment and compared the neuroimaging of 52 children (32 females, 20 males; mean age 9y 8mo, SD 5y 5mo, range 5mo–17y) presenting with their first episode of myelitis caused by EV71‐TM (n=11), MOG‐TM (n=10), AQP4‐TM (n=9), MS‐TM (n=13), and UNC‐TM (n=9).

Results

In the EV71‐TM group, lesions were distributed throughout the cord and enhancement of nerve roots (ventral and dorsal) was common. The MOG‐TM group had lesions distributed throughout the cord and most commonly longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and lesions involving the grey matter alone on axial scans. The AQP4‐TM group had lesions distributed in the cervicothoracic spine, cavitation, and contrast enhancing lesions. All patients with AQP4‐TM had an abnormal brain MRI scan. The MS‐TM group characteristically had multiple short segment lesions of the cord involving the cervicothoracic spine. The UNC‐TM group did not have distinctive spinal MRI findings but had a relative paucity of lesions on their brain MRI scans.

Interpretation

There are neuroimaging findings that are helpful in differentiating between myelitis associated with EV71, MOG, AQP4, and multiple sclerosis in children. These features may be useful early in the presentation of transverse myelitis while awaiting infectious/immunological testing, and/or further demyelinating events.

What this paper adds

Magnetic resonance imaging can help identify aetiologies for children presenting with a first episode of myelitis.

Entervirus‐71‐associated myelitis lesions are distributed throughout the cord and enhancement of nerve roots is common.

Lesions distributed throughout the cord are commonly seen in myelin oligodendrocyte‐associated myelitis.

Aquaporin‐4‐associated myelitis lesions are distributed in the cervicothoracic spine, cavitation and contrast enhancing lesions are common.

Short segment lesions in the cervicothoracic spine are commonly seen in multiple sclerosis‐associated myelitis.
Helping young people with cerebral palsy in pain
Authors: Eunson Paul
Published: December 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Fairhurst et al. on pages 929–936 of this issue.
Comparative evidence supports a role for reproductive allocation in the evolution of female ornament diversity
Authors: Hunter Frederick D.L. , Bussière Luc F.
Published: December 2018

1. Sexually selected ornaments are highly variable, even among closely related species, and the ultimate causes of variation in ornament evolution are unclear, including in rare cases of female ornament expression. One hypothesis is that differences across species in female reproductive allocation may help to explain patterns of female ornament expression among insects with nuptial gifts.

2. Dance flies (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae) vary considerably among species in the presence and extravagance of female ornaments, which probably evolved through female contests for mates. In most dance flies, adult females appear to acquire all their dietary protein from nuptial gifts provided by males during mating. The importance of nuptial feeding on egg development is not yet known.

3. To test the prediction that the presence of female ornaments reflects differences in the degree to which females rely on nuptial feeding for egg development, egg development was examined in wild females of two species, one ornamented and the other unornamented. An ageing technique based on cuticular bands was validated, which permitted a regression of egg size on adult age.

4. We found that egg development depended on mating status in the ornamented species alone, meaning the eggs of unmated females of the ornamented species did not develop. This contrast across species is consistent with expectations that females of different species vary in their dependence on nuptial gifts for egg development.

5. These findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that differences in reproductive allocation mediate the intensity of female contests for nuptial gifts.
Hymenoscyphus pusillus, a new species on leaves ofFraxinus pennsylvanicain Poland
Authors: Kowalski Tadeusz , Bilański Piotr
Published: December 2018

American green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) is among the most widely distributed ash species in North America. In the 18th century, it was introduced to Europe where it is used for ornamental purposes or for timber production. None of the currently knownHymenoscyphusspecies has been found onF. pennsylvanicain North America.Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the cause of ongoing ash dieback epidemics, occurs onF. pennsylvanicain Europe but this species seems to show some degree of tolerance to the pathogen. A new species,Hymenoscyphus pusillus, detected inF. pennsylvanicaleaf litter in Poland is presented. The description is based on morphological and molecular studies.Hymenoscyphus pusillusproduces, in summer, whitish apothecia developing on black pseudosclerotia formed in petioles, rachises and leaf veins, in the litter of the previous year's leaf fall. The new species differs fromH. fraxineusin its smaller apothecia (up to 2.3 mm in diam.), absence of croziers at the ascus base, formation of superficial pseudosclerotia in the form of strips or isolated insular black areas on the thicker regions of rachises and petioles and rapidity of pseudosclerotia formation (6–8 weeks after leaf fall). The sizes of asci and ascospores ofH. pusillusare similar to those ofHymenoscyphus linearisand smaller than those of other species in theH. fraxineusgroup. Optimal temperature for growth ofH. pusillusin vitro is 20°C. The fungus does not produce an anamorph, distinguishing it fromH. fraxineus,H. linearisandHymenoscyphus occultus, which frequently formChalara‐like anamorphs. Analyses of sequence data for ITS rDNA and protein‐coding genes (partial actin, CAL and TEF1‐α) showed thatH. pusillusforms a well‐supported clade in the phylogenetic trees.Hymenoscyphus pusillusis closely related toH. occultus, detected onF. chinensissubs.rhynchophyllain Korea. After inclusion of the new species, theH. fraxineusgroup now consists of seven species. Some ecological and trophic aspects concerning the occurrence of the new species are discussed. The possibility of competition betweenH. pusillusandH. fraxineusis discussed.
Its all about connections: hubs and invasion in habitat networks
Authors: Morel‐Journel Thibaut , Assa Claire Rais , Mailleret Ludovic , Vercken Elodie
Published: December 2018

During the early stages of invasion, the interaction between the features of the invaded landscape, notably its spatial structure, and the internal dynamics of an introduced population has a crucial impact on establishment and spread. By approximating introduction areas as networks of patches linked by dispersal, we characterised their spatial structure with specific metrics and tested their impact on two essential steps of the invasion process: establishment and spread. By combining simulations with experimental introductions of Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in artificial laboratory microcosms, we demonstrated that spread was hindered by clusters and accelerated by hubs but was also affected by small‐population mechanisms prevalent for invasions, such as Allee effects. Establishment was also affected by demographic mechanisms, in interaction with network metrics. These results highlight the importance of considering the demography of invaders as well as the structure of the invaded area to predict the outcome of invasions.
Running on empty: recharge dynamics from animal movement data
Authors: Hooten Mevin B. , Scharf Henry R. , Morales Juan M.
Published: December 2018

Vital rates such as survival and recruitment have always been important in the study of population and community ecology. At the individual level, physiological processes such as energetics are critical in understanding biomechanics and movement ecology and also scale up to influence food webs and trophic cascades. Although vital rates and population‐level characteristics are tied with individual‐level animal movement, most statistical models for telemetry data are not equipped to provide inference about these relationships because they lack the explicit, mechanistic connection to physiological dynamics. We present a framework for modelling telemetry data that explicitly includes an aggregated physiological process associated with decision making and movement in heterogeneous environments. Our framework accommodates a wide range of movement and physiological process specifications. We illustrate a specific model formulation in continuous‐time to provide direct inference about gains and losses associated with physiological processes based on movement. Our approach can also be extended to accommodate auxiliary data when available. We demonstrate our model to infer mountain lion (Puma concolor; in Colorado, USA) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer; in Kruger National Park, South Africa) recharge dynamics.
Seizures as presenting symptom in patients with glioblastoma
Authors: Dührsen Lasse , Sauvigny Thomas , Ricklefs Franz L. , Mende Klaus‐Christian , Schaper Miriam , Matschke Jakob , Goebell Einar , Westphal Manfred , Martens Tobias
Published: December 2018

Objective

The clinical course and underlying molecular causes in patients with glioblastoma presenting with seizures are poorly understood. Here we investigated clinical features and carrier systems as well as a transaminase relevant in glutamate homeostasis in patients with glioblastoma.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of our clinical glioma database for clinical data during a 2‐year period. Patients with glioblastoma were divided into 2 groups: symptomatic and asymptomatic for seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and tissue samples from both groups were investigated. A Cox regression analysis was performed for survival and clinical and molecular features.

Results

One hundred three patients diagnosed with glioblastoma in this period were identified. Twenty‐three patients were symptomatic with seizures (22.3%). All were IDH‐1/2 wild‐type. We found no significant difference in the tumor localization between the groups. Patients with seizures from glioblastoma had significantly smaller tumors, which caused less edema compared to nonepileptogenic tumors. A significantly increased up‐regulation of glutamate carrier systems was evident in symptomatic tumors compared to asymptomatic tumors. Moreover, there seems to be an oversupply of glutamate in symptomatic tumors due to dysregulation in glutamate synthesis.

Significance

Glioblastoma presenting with seizures is morphologically different from asymptomatic tumors. Furthermore, we were able to show that the molecular profile of these tumors, particularly glutamate homeostasis controlling systems, is significantly different.
Evolutionary agroecology: Trends in root architecture during wheat breeding
Authors: Zhu Yong‐He , Weiner Jacob , Yu Ming‐Xi , Li Feng‐Min
Published: December 2018

Root system characteristics determine soil space exploration and resource acquisition, and these characteristics include competitive traits that increase individual fitness but reduce population performance. We hypothesize that crop breeding for increased yield is often a form of “group selection” that reduces such “selfish” traits to increase population yield. To study trends in root architecture resulting from plant breeding and test the hypothesis that increased yields result in part from group selection on root traits, we investigated root growth and branching behavior in a historical sequence of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars that have been widely grown in northwestern China. Plants were grown in gel‐filled chambers to examine growth angles, numbers, and lengths of seminal roots, and in soil‐filled chambers under eight soil resource levels for fractal analysis of root system architecture. Yield in field was evaluated at standard and low planting densities. Newer cultivars produced higher yields than older ones only at the higher sowing density, showing that increased yield results from changes in competitive behavior. Seminal root number and growth angles were negatively correlated with yield, while primary seminal root length was positively correlated with yield. Roots of higher‐yielding modern varieties were simpler and less branched, grew deeper but spread less laterally than modern varieties. The fractal dimension of root branching was negatively correlated with the yield of cultivars at all resource levels. Root:shoot ratio was negatively correlated with yield under high soil resource levels. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the success of wheat breeding for higher yields over past 100 years in northwestern China has been in part due to unconscious group selection on root traits, resulting in smaller, less branched, and deeper roots, suggesting a direction for further increases in crop yield in the future.
Rapid change in host specificity in a field population of the biological control organism Pasteuria penetrans
Authors: Liu Chang , Gibson Amanda Kyle , Timper Patricia , Morran Levi T. , Tubbs R. Scott
Published: December 2018

In biological control, populations of both the biological control agent and the pest have the potential to evolve and even to coevolve. This feature marks the most powerful and unpredictable aspect of biological control strategies. In particular, evolutionary change in host specificity of the biological control agent could increase or decrease its efficacy. Here, we tested for change in host specificity in a field population of the biological control organism Pasteuria penetrans. Pasteuria penetrans is an obligate parasite of the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne spp., which are major agricultural pests. From 2013 through 2016, we collected yearly samples of P. penetrans from eight plots in a field infested with M. arenaria. Plots were planted either with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or with a rotation of peanut and soybean (Glycine max). To detect temporal change in host specificity, we tested P. penetrans samples annually for their ability to attach to (and thereby infect) four clonal lines of M. arenaria. After controlling for temporal variation in parasite abundance, we found that P. penetrans from each of the eight plots showed temporal variation in their attachment specificity to the clonal host lines. The trajectories of change in host specificity were largely unique to each plot. This result suggests that local forces, at the level of individual plots, drive change in specificity. We hypothesize that coevolution with local M. arenaria hosts may be one such force. Lastly, we observed an overall reduction in attachment rate with samples from rotation plots relative to samples from peanut plots. This result may reflect lower abundance of P. penetrans under crop rotation, potentially due to suppressed density of host nematodes. As a whole, the results show local change in specificity on a yearly basis, consistent with evolution of a biological control organism in its ability to infect and suppress its target pest.
Conversation Orientation Moderates the Relationship between Information Sharing of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Child Adjustment
Authors: Chen Muzi , Rueter Martha A. , Anderson Kayla N. , Connor Jennifer J.
Published: December 2018

Parents who experienced infertility have increasingly used medically assisted reproduction (MAR) to add children to their families over the past few decades. These parents will need to decide if they will tell their children about being conceived using MAR. Although MAR information sharing operates within family contexts, little is known about the role of conversation orientation—one family contextual factor—in child outcomes associated with MAR information sharing in middle childhood. Derived from the Family Communication Patterns Theory, this study proposes that conversation orientation moderates the associations between MAR information sharing and children's psychosocial adjustment. This proposal was tested using a sample of 81 6‐ to 12‐year‐old MAR‐conceived children from 55 families and a structured observational measure of conversation orientation. Multiple regression analyses showed that MAR information sharing interacted with conversation orientation to influence children's behavioral and attention problems but not emotional problems. In families with high conversation orientation, MAR information sharing was not significantly associated with children's behavioral and attention problems. In families with low conversation orientation, MAR information sharing was significantly associated with an increase in children's behavioral and attention problems. Results of this exploratory study demonstrate the potential significance of general communication orientation in understanding child outcomes of MAR information sharing and highlight the needed family context nuances in MAR research.
Auto‐adaptive multiblock cycle jump algorithm for fatigue damage simulation of long‐span steel bridges
Authors: Sun Bin , Xu You‐Lin , Zhu Qing , Li Zhaoxia
Published: December 2018

An algorithm is developed for fatigue damage evolution simulation of long‐span steel bridges based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) in this study. The progressive fatigue damage from local component damage evolution to entire structural failure is simulated with nonstandard varying block cycle length, which is automatically obtained during computation to speed up fatigue evolution simulation without user intervention. In this paper, progressive fatigue damage evolution of the Stonecutters cable‐stayed bridge due to vehicle loading is simulated by using the proposed algorithm and the bridge model. It shows that the algorithm is effective, and it can improve the computational efficiency of fatigue damage simulation of a large‐scale steel bridge.
Projected changes in wind assistance under climate change for nocturnally migrating bird populations
Authors: La Sorte Frank A. , Horton Kyle G. , Nilsson Cecilia , Dokter Adriaan M.
Published: December 2018

Current climate models and observations indicate that atmospheric circulation is being affected by global climate change. To assess how these changes may affect nocturnally migrating bird populations, we need to determine how current patterns of wind assistance at migration altitudes will be enhanced or reduced under future atmospheric conditions. Here, we use information compiled from 143 weather surveillance radars stations within the contiguous United States to estimate the daily altitude, density, and direction of nocturnal migration during the spring and autumn. We intersected this information with wind projections to estimate how wind assistance is expected to change during this century at current migration altitudes. The prevailing westerlies at midlatitudes are projected to increase in strength during spring migration and decrease in strength to a lesser degree during autumn migration. Southerly winds will increase in strength across the continent during both spring and autumn migration, with the strongest gains occurring in the center of the continent. Wind assistance is projected to increase across the central (0.44 m/s; 10.1%) and eastern portions of the continent (0.32 m/s; 9.6%) during spring migration, and wind assistance is projected to decrease within the central (0.32 m/s; 19.3%) and eastern portions of the continent (0.17 m/s; 6.6%) during autumn migration. Thus, across a broad portion of the continent where migration intensity is greatest, the efficiency of nocturnal migration is projected to increase in the spring and decrease in the autumn, potentially affecting time and energy expenditures for many migratory bird species. These findings highlight the importance of placing climate change projections within a relevant ecological context informed through empirical observations, and the need to consider the possibility that climate change may generate both positive and negative implications for natural systems.
Fire deficits have increased drought sensitivity in dry conifer forests: Fire frequency and tree‐ring carbon isotope evidence from Central Oregon
Authors: Voelker Steven L. , Merschel Andrew G. , Meinzer Frederick C. , Ulrich Danielle E. M. , Spies Thomas A. , Still Christopher J.
Published: December 2018

A century of fire suppression across the Western United States has led to more crowded forests and increased competition for resources. Studies of forest thinning or stand conditions after mortality events have provided indirect evidence for how competition can promote drought stress and predispose forests to severe fire and/or bark beetle outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate linkages between fire deficits and increasing drought stress through analyses of annually resolved tree‐ring growth, fire scars, and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) across a dry mixed‐conifer forest landscape. Fire deficits across the study area have increased the sensitivity of leaf gas exchange to drought stress over the past >100 years. Since 1910, stand basal area in these forests has more than doubled and fire‐return intervals have increased from 25 to 140 years. Meanwhile, the portion of interannual variation in tree‐ring Δ13C explained by the Palmer Drought Severity Index has more than doubled inca. 300–500‐year‐oldPinus ponderosa as well as in fire‐intolerant,ca. 90–190‐year‐oldAbies grandis. Drought stress has increased in stands with a basal area of ≥25 m2/ha in 1910, as indicated by negative temporal Δ13C trends, whereas stands with basal area ≤25 m2/ha in 1910, due to frequent or intense wildfire activity in decades beforehand, were initially buffered from increased drought stress and have benefited more from rising ambient carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2], as demonstrated by positive temporal Δ13C trends. Furthermore, the average Δ13C response across allP. ponderosasince 1830 indicates that photosynthetic assimilation rates and stomatal conductance have been reduced by ~10% and ~20%, respectively, compared to expected trends due to increasing [CO2]. Although disturbance legacies contribute to local‐scale intensity of drought stress, fire deficits have reduced drought resistance of mixed‐conifer forests and made them more susceptible to challenges by pests and pathogens and other disturbances.
Just grazing the surface: A tribute to Professor John Hodgson 1937–2018
Authors: Hodgson David J. , Lemaire Gilles , Matthew Cory , Montossi Fabio , Nan Zhibiao , Ren Jizhou , Da Silva Sila
Published: December 2018

John Hodgson (1937–2018) is renowned worldwide as a passionate and principled researcher, dedicated to the study of interactions between grazing livestock and pasture sward, and to whole‐system management of grassland. He published over 250 scientific outputs during his 50‐year career, and inspired generations of grazing ecologists. Following his upbringing on a mixed‐livestock farm in the Yorkshire Dales, John received BSc, PhD and DSc from the University of Leeds, UK. He worked in research institutes in Hurley, England and Penicuik, Scotland, before taking a Chair in Agronomy at Massey University, New Zealand in 1986. There, he progressed to become Head of School for the Environment. John retired from university life in 2002, but never left academia. John's global research legacy is reflected in the international authorship of this memorial review. His international impact is demonstrated by the supervision of over 50 PhD students from all over the world, and by his knowledge‐sharing travels to South America and China. His peers will remember him as a thoughtful and collaborative scholar. His students will remember him as an inspiring and caring mentor. He helped to revolutionize the way that grasslands are managed, in the face of global environmental change and increasing demand on grazed systems. John lost a long battle with Parkinson's disease in October 2018 and is survived by his wife, Ruth, and five children. His own research was often dedicated to his father, Dick Hodgson, and the first author of this tribute wishes to do the same.
Who leads regional industrial dynamics? “New industry creators” in Chinese regions
Authors: Zhu Shengjun , Li Zhenfa , He Canfei
Published: December 2018

Recent evolutionary economic geography studies have argued that regional diversification emerges as a path‐dependent process, as regions often branch into industries that are related to its industrial structure. However, it is less clear who are creating new industries and under what regional conditions. This research seeks to fill this gap and identify “new industry creators” in regional industrial diversification. We differentiate two types of new industry formation—path‐breaking and path‐dependent—and examine whether some new industry creators are more path‐breaking than others, by incorporating two factors that have been largely overlooked in recent literature on technological relatedness—firm heterogeneity and regional institutions. Based on a firm‐level data set of China’s manufacturing industries, this paper shows that path‐breaking and path‐dependence coexist. Empirical results confirm that firm heterogeneity and regional institutions not only affect the firms’ capabilities in creating new industries, but also encourage/discourage firms to be adventurous and path‐breaking. This research implies that lagging regions can catch up with developed regions by coordinating regional resources and adjusting local institutional arrangements to attract more path‐breaking firms.
First assembly of the gene‐space of Lolium multiflorum and comparison to other Poaceae genomes
Authors: Knorst Verena , Yates Steven , Byrne Stephen , Asp Torben , Widmer Franco , Studer Bruno , Kölliker Roland
Published: December 2018

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is one of the most important forage grasses of temperate regions. It is characterized by a high level of within cultivar diversity, making the fixation of traits in breeding programs difficult. The aim of this study was to develop a functional resource for L. multiflorum that will greatly assist the development of genomics‐assisted breeding strategies. The genome of a diploid, heterozygous genotype was sequenced and assembled into 130k scaffolds with a total assembly size of 586 Mb. 61k gene models were annotated and 80.5% of BUSCOs were complete, indicating a good representation of the gene content. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) mining identified 29,840 SSR loci for L. multiflorum, with 4,601 being shared with Lolium perenne L. Proteome comparison with other Poaceae revealed several protein clusters including the SAUR‐like auxin‐responsive protein family, glutathione S‐transferases, BTB‐POZ and the photosystem II light harvesting complex gene B1B2 to be enriched in Lolium spp., while 86 clusters were more and 293 less abundant in L. multiflorum than in L. perenne. Here we present the first sequence, assembly and annotation of the gene‐space of L. multiflorum, providing a valuable resource for marker identification for breeding programs, genome‐wide association studies or evolutionary studies.
Coming ready or not! An integrative review examining new graduate nurses' transition in acute care
Authors: Hawkins Natasha , Jeong Sarah , Smith Tony
Published: December 2018

Aims

To synthesize the scientific evidence about new graduate nurses' transition to practice in the acute care setting and consider implications for nurses and nursing practice.

Background

Despite the vast amount of literature on new graduate nurses' transition to practice, the transition of new graduate nurses is a global issue and remains at the forefront of discussions within the nursing community.

Design

An integrative review.

Review Methods

A search of evidence‐based research from seven electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest, Cochrane, JBI, Wiley, and Scopus) was conducted for the period of 2006‐2016. Eligible articles were critically reviewed and scored using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).

Results

Twenty‐six articles were reviewed, which included 19 qualitative, five quantitative, and two mixed methods studies. “The Experiences” are described in three themes: Dominated by fear but feeling a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction; Reality vs Idealism; and Adjusting to nursing life. “The Factors” are described under three themes: Personal, Professional, and Organizational.

Conclusion

The transition experience of new graduate nurses is complex and multidimensional and highlights that “it takes a village” to grow and support new graduate nurses.
Functional characterization of the horizontally transferred 4,5‐DOPA extradiol dioxygenase gene in the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Wang C.‐F. , Sun W. , Zhang Z.
Published: December 2018

4,5‐DOPA dioxygenase (DODA) is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of betalain. Previous studies have shown that DODA is present in plants, fungi and bacteria. Using updated data, here we show that DODA genes (BmDODA) in the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) and other lepidopteran insects are most likely to be horizontally transferred from fungi. A synteny analysis indicated that BmDODA1 is orthologous to other lepidopteran DODAs and that BmDODA2 is a paralogous gene. To explore the function of DODA in Lepidoptera, we first examined the expression patterns of BmDODA1. BmDODA1 showed high transcriptional and translational levels in the midgut and head. Then, we exogenously expressed the BmDODA1 gene, detected 4,5‐DOPA ring‐cleaving activity and calculated the kinetic parameters of the recombinant BmDODA1. We found that the transcription levels of BmDODA1 were significantly induced by the pathogens Bacillus bombyseptieus and Escherichia coli. Thus, the horizontal transfer of the BmDODA gene in the silkworm may be involved in dopa metabolism and contribute to antimicrobial activity in this species. Our results provide a documented example of functional horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between fungi and animals and expand our knowledge of HGT amongst eukaryotes.
Understanding the bereavement experience of grandparents following the death of a grandchild from a life‐limiting condition: A meta‐ethnography
Authors: Tatterton Michael J. , Walshe Catherine
Published: December 2018

Aim

To increase understanding of grandparental grief following the death of a grandchild from a life‐limiting condition.

Design

Meta‐ethnography.

Data sources

Academic Search Complete CINHAL, Embase, psycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, supplemented by manual search strategies (in 2015, updated 2018).

Review methods

Studies were appraised and synthesized using the principles of meta‐ethnography.

Findings

Three superordinate themes were identified: ‘influence of the relationship with their grandchild’, ‘influence of the relationship with the grandchild's family’ and ‘pain’. The simultaneous, multigenerational position of grandparents meant individuals experience emotional pain from witnessing the experience of family members.

Conclusion

Many factors that contribute to the bereavement experience of grandparents are outside of their control. The roles, positions, and support needs of grandparents need to be acknowledged to better meet their needs as parents, grandparents, and individuals who have experienced a child death.
The Duties of Political Officials in a Minimally Secular State
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: December 2018

Cécile Laborde's important book, Liberalism's Religion, attempts to develop an ethic governing political officials that requires that they only use, and be responsive to, accessible reasons. Laborde's accessibility requirement articulates her unique approach to the role of religion in liberal politics. This article challenges Laborde's accessibility ethic on three grounds: (1) the ethic suffers from a lack of idealisation, (2) there is little reason to prevent inaccessible reasons from defeating coercion, and her ecumenical approach to exemptions recognises this in effect, and (3), the question of whether the accessibility ethic is true is partly empirical, but Laborde does not supply us with an adequate empirical argument.
Rethinking the European Social Market Economy: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Claassen Rutger , Gerbrandy Anna , Princen Sebastiaan , Segers Mathieu
Published: December 2018

This contribution offers an introduction to the Special Issue ‘Rethinking the European Social Market Economy’. It places the Special Issue against the background of the debate on free markets versus social protection in the European Union and the inclusion of the notion of ‘social market economy’ in the Treaty on European Union. It sketches the meaning and development of the social market economy concept, and introduces the key questions underlying this Special Issue and the contributions included in it.
In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains
Authors: Tedesco Perla , Fioravanti Maria Letizia , Galuppi Roberta
Published: December 2018

Oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia are responsible for severe economic losses in freshwater aquaculture. Following the ban of malachite green in food fish production, the demand for new treatments pushes towards the selection of more safe and environment‐friendly products. In the present work, in vitro activity of ten chemicals and three commercial products was tested on different strains of Saprolegnia, using malachite green as reference compound. The compounds were screened in agar and in water to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum lethal concentration (MLC), respectively. Two strains of Saprolegnia parasitica and one isolate of Saprolegnia delica were tested in triplicate per each concentration. Among tested chemicals, benzoic acid showed the lowest MIC (100 ppm) followed by acetic acid, iodoacetic acid and copper sulphate (250 ppm). Sodium percarbonate was not effective at any tested concentration. Among commercial products, Virkon™S was effective in inhibiting the growth of the mycelium (MIC = MLC = 1,000 ppm). Actidrox® and Detarox® AP showed MIC = 5,000 and 1,000 ppm, respectively, while MLCs were 10‐fold lower than MICs, possibly due to a higher activity of these products in water. Similarly, a higher effectiveness in water was observed also for iodoacetic acid.
Predicting Long‐Term Financial Returns: VAR versus DSGE Model—A Horse Race
Authors: JONDEAU ERIC , ROCKINGER MICHAEL
Published: December 2018

This paper considers a U.S. institutional investor who is implementing a long‐term portfolio allocation using forecasts of financial returns. We compare the predictive performance of two competing macrofinance models—an unrestricted vector autoRegression (VAR) and a fully‐structural dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model—for horizons up to 15 years. Although the performances are similar for short horizons, the DSGE model outperforms the VAR at forecasting financial returns in the long term. This model also generates substantially higher Sharpe ratios. Although it contains fewer unknown parameters, it benefits from economically grounded restrictions that help anchor financial returns in the long term.
Characterization ofCampylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter upsaliensis,and a novelCampylobacter sp. in a captive non‐human primate zoological collection
Authors: Clayton Jonathan B. , Danzeisen Jessica L. , Johnson Timothy J. , Trent Ava M. , Hayer Shivdeep S. , Murphy Tami , Wuenschmann Arno , Elder Megan , Shen Zeli , Mannion Anthony , Bryant Erin , Knights Dan , Fox James G.
Published: December 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate the prevalence and characterization ofCampylobacterspp. from non‐human primates primate (NHP) with a history of endemic diarrhea housed at Como Park Zoo.

Methods

Fecal samples from 33 symptom‐freeNHPbelonging to eight different species were collected weekly for 9 weeks. Species‐level characterization and phylogenetic analysis of isolates included biochemical testing and 16SrRNAsequencing.

Results

Campylobacterspp. were isolated from the feces of 42% (14/33) of the primates. ThreeCampylobacterspp. (C upsaliensis,C jejuni, and novelCampylobactersp.) were identified from threeNHPspecies. A possible positive hostCampylobacterspecies‐specificity was observed. However, no statistical association was observed between the isolation ofCampylobacterspp. and age and sex of the animal.

Conclusions

The study revealed the value of conducting repeated fecal sampling to establish the overall prevalence ofCampylobacterin zoo‐maintainedNHP; it also importantly identifies a novelCampylobactersp. isolated from white‐faced saki monkeys.
Evaluation of oral tranexamic acid in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Colferai Mariana Morais Tavares , Miquelin Gabriela Momente , Steiner Denise
Published: December 2018

Background

Melasma is an acquired, chronic, recurrent hypermelanosis that occurs exclusively in areas exposed to the sun. Its treatment can be very challenging. Tranexamic acid (TA) is an inhibitor of plasmin, and it is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine that reversibly blocks binding sites on the plasminogen molecule, inhibiting the plasminogen activator from converting plasminogen to plasmin.

Aims

This study evaluated the efficacy of oral TA in the treatment of melasma in patients from a philanthropic dermatological clinic.

Patients/Methods

This was a monocentric, randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial. Patients with facial melasma were randomly divided into the following two groups: A (TA 250 mg orally twice daily) or B (oral placebo twice daily). Evaluations were performed before and after 12 weeks of treatment with photographs, colorimetry, MELASQoL, and MASI. All patients were instructed to use tinted sunscreen (SPF 50).

Results

Of the 47 patients selected, 37 completed the study, with 20 in group A and 17 in group B; the patients consisted of one male and 36 females, and the mean age was 43.97 years old. Based on the four methods of evaluation, the melasma in 50% of patients in group A improved versus only 5.9% of patients in group B (P < 0.005). There was an improvement according to all evaluation methods in the treatment group. No patient had severe side effects.

Conclusions

We conclude that tranexamic acid was effective in 50% of patients according to four methods of evaluation when compared to the placebo.
EFFECT OF MICRITE CONTENT ON CALCITE CEMENTATION IN AN UPPER JURASSIC CARBONATE RESERVOIR, EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Lu Peng
Published: December 2018

Cementation is a primary factor reducing the porosity of carbonate rocks. It is a challenge to accurately model cementation for reservoir quality prediction because cementation is often a syndepositional process. In addition, cementation requires fluid flow to transport chemical species for precipitation within the pore spaces in a sediment. The development of fully‐coupled depositional‐hydrogeochemical models for cementation prediction is desirable, but the parameters which control the extent of cementation need to be identified and evaluated. This study uses petrographic data from 583 carbonate samples from 15 wells in an Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) reservoir at a giant oilfield in eastern Saudi Arabia to investigate the controlling effects of micrite content on cementation in carbonate rocks. The results indicate that the amount of cement decreases with increasing micrite content in the carbonate rocks analysed. In addition, a modified Houseknecht method has been developed to assess the relative fractions of porosity reduction in carbonate sediments due to compaction and cementation. The method highlights variations in depositional porosity for different rock textures and distinguishes microporosity from interparticle porosity. In the studied samples, the total porosity loss due to compaction and cementation is generally less than 45%, and samples lose more porosity due to compaction than cementation. The relative importance of compaction and cementation in reducing porosity is different for different rock textures: wackestones and mudstones lose porosity mostly as a result of compaction, while grainstones, mud‐lean packstones and packstones lose porosity due to both compaction and cementation.