bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of MR Hysterography and Sonohysterography in Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: An Interventional Study
Authors: Lachungpa Tsella , Sarawagi Radha , Chakkalakkombil Sunitha Vellathussery
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is very common and major public health issue. AUB along with its sub-group often affects 14.25% women of reproductive age and have major impact on their physical, social, emotional and material quality of life. It not only has direct impact on the woman and her family, but also on both economy and health services. Aim: To compare Magnetic Resonance (MR) hysterography and Sonohysterography (SSHG) for detection of uterine pathologies in women with AUB. Materials and Methods: An interventional cross-sectional study was conducted over a period from July 2019 to July 2020, among 30 patients with severe AUB. SSHG and MR hysterography were used to assess endometrial pathology, and endometrial pathology was assessed by both the diagnostic modality and considering histopathology as gold standard. We calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for both the diagnostic modalities. Results: Very good agreement was noted in case of the cervical carcinoma whilst fibroid and endometrial hyperplasia showed good and fair agreement respectively by both the diagnostic modality. Sensitivity of fibroid and cervical carcinoma was 100%, polyp was 33.33%, and endometrial hyperplasia was 87.50%. Whereas specificity of fibroid was 91.67%, endometrial hyperplasia was 86.30% and cervical carcinoma was 100%. Polyp and submucosal fibroid both showed 96.30% specificity. For pathology like cervical carcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia, fibroid had very high agreement with kappa value 1, 0.684 and 0.814 respectively, whereas agreement for two tests for pathology like submucous fibroid, dual pathology was less. Conclusion: MR Hysterography and Sonohysterography were having almost equal sensitivity and specificity for abnormal uterine bleeding and can be used as per patient preference, patient discomfort, and availability of investigation.
Outcome of Ulinastatin vs Metabolic Resuscitation using Ascorbic Acid, Thiamine and Glucocorticoid in Early Treatment of Sepsis- A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Yadav Arun Kumar , Singh Vipin Kumar , Singh GP , Singh Vinita
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Sepsis is one the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sepsis and septic shock are life-threatening disease which increases mortality with circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities. Urinary trypsin inhibitor is an important protease inhibitor found in human blood and urine, it is known as Ulinastatin (ULI) or bikunin. It is an acidic glycoprotein (molecular weight 30 kDa) and Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor. It is derived from the larger inter-α-trypsin inhibitor molecule by action of neutrophil elastase in the presence of inflammation, and is believed to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Aim: To compare the outcome of intravenous ULI (protease inhibitor known as urinary trypsin inhibitor) versus the combination of hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and thiamine regarding outcome in sepsis and septic shock. Materials and Methods: In this randomised controlled trial conducted between July 2018 to June 2019 on total 60 sepsis patients were included and divided into two equal groups. Group A patients received combination of intravenous Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic acid and Thiamine (HAT) and group B Ulinastatin received intravenous Intensive Care Unit(ICU). Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded along with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) 2 and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring system at the time of admission in ICU. All statistical test were performed using SPSS 21.0 windows software. Comparisons between groups were assessed by using student t-test and chi-square test. Results: Mean age was comparable in both the groups (36.7±12.5 years in group A vs 37.5±12.9 years in group B). SOFA Score were significantly lower in group B as compared to group A on day 3 (7.76±3.67 vs 12.03±4.77) and day 5 (4.79±4.02 vs 12.10±7.36). Rate of reduction in serum procalcitonin level was also found to be significant in group B (p=0.008) as compared to group A (p=0.103). Lactate clearance rate was also fast in group B as compared to group A on day 3 and day 5. There was significant mortality benefit in group B (20%) as compared to group A (50%). Patients were followed up for 28 days till the start of treatment. Conclusion: This study showed that the ULI may play a beneficial role in early management of sepsis and septic shock.
Analysis of Surface Roughness and 3D Scanning Topography of Zirconia Implants Before and After Photofunctionalisation by 3D Optical Profilometry- An Invitro Study
Authors: Ravindran Arunjaikumar , Karthigeyan Suma , Bhat Ramesh , Naidu Madhulika , Natarajan Senthilnathan , Sinnurkar Shilpa
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Zirconia is considered as an alternative material for the fabrication of implants. Surface roughness of the implant plays a fundamental role in the initial bone formation. The rationale of using 3D optical profilometry in this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of the zirconia implants before and after Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalisation. Also, Moreso 3D optical instruments have a better resolution than the mechanical ones like Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Aim: To analyse the surface roughness and topography of zirconia implants after photofunctionalisation using optical profilometry. Materials and Methods: This is an in-vitro study conducted over a period of six months from March 2020 to August 2020. Ten commercially machined Zirconia implants, five each in study and control group, were micro analysed at three different regions (abutment, thread and crest) by optical profilometry. Study group was surface treated by UV radiation for 48 hours. Quantitative morphometric analysis was done between two groups and p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical test applied in this study was independent t-test. Results: Scanning micrographs of the study group revealed highest density of summits contributing to increased surface area in the study group. Quantitative analysis of surface roughness showed statistically significant higher mean roughness parameter for photofunctionalised implants in abutment, crest and thread region (p<0.05). Conclusion: Photofunctionalisation is a potentially synergistic technique in producing textured zirconia implants.
Cellular Properties and Expression of Pluripotent Markers in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Cultured in Serum-Free Medium
Authors: Kumar Chethan , Kurkalli Basan Gowda Sharanappa , Shetty Shishir , Manjappa Akshay Bairapura , Shetty Veena , Basavarajappa Mohana Kumar
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The standard isolation and expansion of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) under invitro conditions normally involve the usage of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). However, its animal-origin poses possible concerns for clinically relevant procedures. This critical issue compels the use of Xenogeneic-Free (XF) or human-origin alternatives to FBS for culture expansion and differentiation of DPSCs to determine the usefulness for translating into therapeutic clinical applications. Aim: To evaluate the cellular characteristics and expression of pluripotent markers in DPSCs cultured using Serum-Containing Medium (SCM-DPSCs) and Serum-Free Medium (SFM-DPSCs). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro descriptive study was conducted at NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, from June 2019 to August 2020. DPSCs were isolated from impacted third molars. The culture expanded DPSCs in serum-containing and serum-free media were analysed on their morphology, viability, proliferation rate, Population Doubling Time (PDT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity, cell surface markers expression, osteogenic and adipogenic potential, and the relative expression of selected pluripotent genes. Results: The primary culture of DPSCs established in SCM and SFM showed spindle shaped fibroblastic morphology with >80% viability from passage 1 (P1) to P4. A significant (p-value<0.05) difference in the proliferation rates in terms of cell numbers between SCM-DPSCs and SFM-DPSCs was observed (day 6: 3×105 vs 0.8×105; day 9: 5.8×105 vs 1.27×105; day 12: 7.8×105vs 1.56×105, respectively). The average PDT values recorded in SCM- and SFM-DPSCs were 44.33 hours and 58.41 hours, respectively. A slightly higher expression of ALP activity was observed in SCM-DPSCs than in SFM-DPSCs. Flow cytometry analysis showed that both DPSCs were positive for CD29, CD73, CD90, and negative for CD34 and CD45. The expression of OCT4 and NANOG was relatively higher in SCM-DPSCs compared to SFM-DPSCs. Further, SCM-DPSCs showed the higher levels of SOX2 and SSEA4, but did not exhibit any significant differences in their expression levels. Conclusion: The results showed that DPSCs in FBS displayed better growth kinetics and stemness markers expression along with more propensities towards lineage differentiation. SFM can be used to establish and expand DPSCs with characteristics of multipotent stem cells, but needs further research for its optimisation.
Synthesis of Pyrrolidones and Caprolactams by Ring Modification or
Multi‐component Ring‐Forming
Reaction
Authors: Chenault H. Keith
Published: June 2021

This chapter begins by discussing Lactone‐to‐Lactam Conversion, which is the basis for the commercial manufacture of pyrrolidone and N‐methylpyrrolidone. Multi‐component reactions accomplish the synthesis of pyrrolidones more readily than that of caprolactams. The chapter describes the use of the Beckmann rearrangement, the Schmidt reaction, rearrangement of oxaziridines and rearrangement of a‐azidoketones to synthesize caprolactams and pyrrolidones. The Beckmann rearrangement is the acid‐catalyzed isomerization of an oxime to an amide. The chapter discusses the methods of generating pyrrolidones and caprolactams by partial reduction of cyclic imides or by oxidation of cyclic amines. In multi‐component reactions, two or more molecules come together, forming two or more new sigma bonds and generating a new lactam ring. More complicated versions involve the Ugi reaction. The Ugi reaction involves the condensation of an isocyanide, an aldehyde or ketone, a primary amine and a carboxylic acid to form, ultimately, a structure having two amide linkages, an N‐acyl α‐amino carboxamide.
NIR‐II Responsive Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Photothermal Therapy: Recent Advances and Future Challenges
Authors: An Dong , Fu Jianye , Zhang Bin , Xie Ni , Nie Guohui , Ågren Hans , Qiu Meng , Zhang Han
Published: June 2021

Non‐invasive cancer photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising replacement for traditional cancer treatments. The second near‐infrared region induced PTT (NIR‐II PTT, 1000–1500 nm) with less energy dissipation has been developed for deeper‐seated tumor treatment in recent years compared with the traditional first near‐infrared light (750–1000 nm). In addition, the use of emerging inorganic 2D nanomaterials as photothermal agents (PTAs) further enhanced PTT efficiency due to their intrinsic photothermal properties. NIR‐II light stimulated inorganic 2D nanomaterials for PTT is becoming a hot topic in both academic and clinical fields. This review summarizes the categories, structures, and photothermal conversion properties of inorganic 2D nanomaterials for the first time. The recent synergistic strategies of NIR‐II responsive PTT combined with other treatment approaches including chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy are summarized. The future challenges and perspectives on these 2D nanomaterials for NIR‐II responsive PTT systems construction are further discussed.
Inherently Area‐Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of SiO2 Thin Films to Confer Oxide Versus Nitride Selectivity
Authors: Lee Jinseon , Lee Jeong‐Min , Oh Hongjun , Kim Changhan , Kim Jiseong , Kim Dae Hyun , Shong Bonggeun , Park Tae Joo , Kim Woo‐Hee
Published: June 2021

Area‐selective atomic layer deposition (AS‐ALD) offers tremendous advantages in comparison with conventional top‐down patterning processes that atomic‐level selective deposition can achieve in a bottom‐up fashion on pre‐defined areas in multi‐dimensional structures. In this work, a method for exploiting substrate‐dependent selectivity of aminosilane precursors for oxides versus nitrides through chemo‐selective adsorption is reported. For this purpose, AS‐ALD of SiO2 thin films on SiO2 substrates rather than on SiN substrates are investigated. Theoretical screening using density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to identify Si precursors that maximize adsorption selectivity; results indicate that di(isopropylamino)silane (DIPAS) has the potential to function as a highly chemo‐selective precursor. Application of this precursor to SiN and SiO2 substrates result in inherent deposition selectivity of ≈4 nm without the aid of surface inhibitors. Furthermore, deposition selectivity is enhanced using an ALD‐etch supercycle in which an etching step inserts periodically after a certain number of ALD SiO2 cycles. Thereby, enlarged deposition selectivity greater than ≈10 nm is successfully achieved on both blanket‐ and SiO2/SiN‐patterned substrates. Finally, area‐selective SiO2 thin films over 4–5 nm are demonstrated inside 3D nanostructure. This approach for performing inherent AS‐ALD expands the potential utility of bottom‐up nanofabrication techniques for next‐generation nanoelectronic applications.
Designing Inherently Photodegradable Cell‐Adhesive Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture
Authors: Rosenfeld Alisa , Göckler Tobias , Kuzina Mariia , Reischl Markus , Schepers Ute , Levkin Pavel A.
Published: June 2021

Light‐based microfabrication techniques constitute an indispensable approach to fabricate tissue assemblies, benefiting from noncontact spatially and temporarily controlled manipulation of soft matter. Light‐triggered degradation of soft materials, such as hydrogels, is important in tissue engineering, bioprinting, and related fields. The photoresponsiveness of hydrogels is generally not intrinsic and requires complex synthetic procedures wherein photoresponsive crosslinking groups are incorporated into the hydrogel. This paper demonstrates a novel biocompatible and inherently photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA)‐based gelatin‐methacryloyl (GelMA)‐containing hydrogel that can be used to culture cells in 3D for at least 14 d. These gels are conveniently and quickly degraded via UV irradiation for 10 min to produce structured hydrogels of various geometries, sizes, and free‐standing cell‐laden hydrogel particles. These structures can be flexibly produced on demand. In particular, photodegradation can be temporarily delayed from photopolymerization, offering an alternative to hydrogel array production via photopolymerization with a photomask. The paper investigates the influences of hydrogel composition and swelling liquid on both its photodegradability and biocompatibility.
Wireless Power Delivery Techniques for Miniature Implantable Bioelectronics
Authors: Singer Amanda , Robinson Jacob T.
Published: June 2021

Progress in implanted bioelectronic technology offers the opportunity to develop more effective tools for personalized electronic medicine. While there are numerous clinical and pre‐clinical applications for these devices, power delivery to these systems can be challenging. Wireless battery‐free devices offer advantages such as a smaller and lighter device footprint and reduced failures and infections by eliminating lead wires. However, with the development of wireless technologies, there are fundamental tradeoffs between five essential factors: power, miniaturization, depth, alignment tolerance, and transmitter distance, while still allowing devices to work within safety limits. These tradeoffs mean that multiple forms of wireless power transfer are necessary for different devices to best meet the needs for a given biological target. Here six different types of wireless power transfer technologies used in bioelectronic implants—inductive coupling, radio frequency, mid‐field, ultrasound, magnetoelectrics, and light—are reviewed in context of the five tradeoffs listed above. This core group of wireless power modalities is then used to suggest possible future bioelectronic technologies and their biological applications.
Imparting Antimicrobial and Antifouling Properties to Anion Exchange Membrane through the Modification with Gentamicin‐Based Polymer
Authors: Luo Bin , Yao Yuyang , Liao Junbin , Chen Quan , Ruan Huimin , Shen Jiangnan
Published: June 2021

A series of gentamicin‐modified anion exchange membranes (AEMs) immobilized by mussel‐inspired dopamine coating is prepared in this work. The purpose is to improve antibacterial activity and fouling resistance of the commercial AEMs (AEM Type I, Fujifilm Co.). As a result of the applied modification, the hydrophilicity of membrane surface improved significantly. Thus, the as‐prepared modified AEMs exhibit the good antifouling property, in electrodialysis (ED) experiments by using the sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and albumin from bovine serum as model foulants. Furthermore, taking into account the results of the antibacterial test, the resulting modified AEMs exhibit improved antibacterial property for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). After a brief contact with bacteria, the antibacterial rates of modified AEMs coating with gentamicin‐based polymer are 80.11% for E. coli and 90.66% for S. aureus, which are much higher than pristine AEM (6.28% and 9.07%), respectively. In addition, the modified membrane has good operational stability during ED process and recovery ability after contamination, and also maintains satisfactory electrochemical properties. This investigation highlights a design of simple strategy for the preparation of antimicrobial and antifouling AEM, which can be used for ED.
3D‐Printed Terahertz Topological Waveguides
Authors: Khan Muhammad Talal Ali , Li Haisu , Duong Nathan Nam Minh , Blanco‐Redondo Andrea , Atakaramians Shaghik
Published: June 2021

Compact and robust waveguide chips are crucial for new integrated terahertz (THz) applications, such as high‐speed interconnections between processors and broadband short‐range wireless communications. Progress on topological photonic crystals shows potential to improve integrated terahertz systems that suffer from high losses around sharp bends. Robust terahertz topological transport through sharp bends on a silicon chip has recently been reported over a relatively narrow bandwidth. Here, the experimental demonstration of topological terahertz planar air‐channel metallic waveguides, which are able to integrate functional components inside the chip, is reported. This platform is fabricated by a simple, cost‐effective technique combining 3D‐printing and gold sputtering. The relative size of the measured topological bandgap is ≈12.5%, which entails significant improvement (≈60%) over all‐silicon terahertz topological waveguides (≈7.8%). Robust THz propagation around defects and delay lines is further demonstrated. This work provides a promising path toward compact integrated terahertz devices as a next frontier for advanced terahertz systems such as wireless communications.
Direct Conversion of Alginate Oligo‐ and Polysaccharides into Biodegradable and Non‐Ecotoxic Anionic Furanic Surfactants—An Experimental and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Renault Louise , Marchal Rémi , Le Guennic Boris , Roussel Xavier , Divet Pierre‐Yves , Benvegnu Thierry
Published: June 2021

A series of novel anionic furanic surfactants characterized by the presence of a couple of lipophilic chains acetal‐linked to a sodium 2‐furoate head group, are prepared by the conversion of oligo‐alginates or alginate to butyl 5‐(dibutoxymethyl)‐2‐furoate, followed by the introduction of fatty alkyl chains containing 7 to 18 carbon atoms and the release of the carboxylate function. A plausible mechanism for the unexpected formation of butyl 5‐(dibutoxymethyl)‐2‐furoate is proposed through a study based on both experimental results and density functional calculations. One‐pot processes involving hydrolysis, butanolysis, dehydration, transesterification, transacetalization, and saponification reactions, are successfully developed to provide furan‐type surfactants under conditions that respect the principles of green chemistry. The surface activities of these products in a pure form or as a mixture are evaluated and quite low values of superficial tensions (<25 mN m−1) and foaming properties are obtained depending on the alkyl chain length. In addition, a readily biodegradability and an absence of aquatic ecotoxicity are shown for a surfactant composition based on sodium 5‐(dioctyloxymethyl)‐2‐furoate.
Boosting the Oxidative Potential of Polyethylene Glycol‐Based Polymer Electrolyte to 4.36 V by Spatially Restricting Hydroxyl Groups for High‐Voltage Flexible Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Fang Zhenhan , Luo Yufeng , Liu Haitao , Hong Zixin , Wu Hengcai , Zhao Fei , Liu Peng , Li Qunqing , Fan Shoushan , Duan Wenhui , Wang Jiaping
Published: June 2021

Cross‐linked polyethylene glycol‐based resin (c‐PEGR) is constructed by a ring‐opening reaction of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) with epoxy groups and polyether amine (PEA) with amino groups. By confining the hydroxyl groups with inferior oxidative stability to the c‐PEGR backbone, the oxidation potential of the PEG‐based polymer material with reduced reactivity is boosted to 4.36 V. The c‐PEGR based gel electrolyte shows excellent flexibility, lithium‐ion transport, lithium compatibility, and enhanced oxidation stability, and is successfully applied to a 4.35 V lithium cobaltate (LCO)||lithium (Li) battery system. A quasi‐static linear scanning voltammetry (QS‐LSV) method is proposed for the first time to accurately measure the oxidation potential and electrochemical stability window of materials with low conductivities such as polymers, which possesses the advantages of high accuracy and short test time. This work provides new insights and research techniques for selecting polymer electrolytes for high‐voltage flexible lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs).
In Situ Lattice Tunnel Distortion of Vanadium Trioxide for Enhancing Zinc Ion Storage
Authors: Ding Junwei , Zheng Huaiyang , Gao Hongge , Liu Qiannan , Hu Zhe , Han Lifeng , Wang Shiwen , Wu Shide , Fang Shaoming , Chou Shulei
Published: June 2021

Research on aqueous zinc‐ion batteries is still in its initial stages owing to the limited choice of cathode materials, especially those having tunnel structures with high capacity and fast kinetics. Furthermore, their zinc ion storage mechanisms are not well established as yet. Here, a novel in situ electrochemical lattice distortion of vanadium trioxide (V2O3) is demonstrated. The obtained defect‐rich V2O3 is applied as a cathode for ultrafast Zn2+ storage. Operando X‐ray diffraction and operando Raman spectroscopy corroborate the unique lattice conversion reaction of V2O3 during the initial charging process. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy further demonstrate the stability of the main crystal planes of V2O3 during the initial lattice distortion and subsequent zinc ion storage processes. This unique in situ electrochemical lattice conversion reaction allows V2O3 to achieve a high capacity of 382.5 mAh g−1, remarkable rate performance (154.3 mAh g−1 at 51.2 A g−1), and high energy and power densities (139 Wh kg−1 at 46 KW kg−1), revealing the potential of tunnel‐type cathodes via an in situ electrochemical lattice distortion reaction to achieve ultrafast zinc ion storage with high capacity.
Guillain–Barré Syndrome Variant Occurring after SARS‐CoV‐2 Vaccination
Authors: Allen Christopher Martin , Ramsamy Shelby , Tarr Alexander William , Tighe Patrick Jason , Irving William Lucien , Tanasescu Radu , Evans Jonathan Rhys
Published: June 2021

Although SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines are very safe, we report 4 cases of the bifacial weakness with paresthesias variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) occurring within 3 weeks of vaccination with the Oxford–AstraZeneca SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine. This rare neurological syndrome has previously been reported in association with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection itself. Our cases were given either intravenous immunoglobulin, oral steroids, or no treatment. We suggest vigilance for cases of bifacial weakness with paresthesias variant GBS following vaccination for SARS‐CoV‐2 and that postvaccination surveillance programs ensure robust data capture of this outcome, to assess for causality. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:315–318
Identification and Evaluation of Serum Protein Biomarkers That Differentiate Psoriatic Arthritis From Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mc Ardle Angela , Kwasnik Anna , Szentpetery Agnes , Hernandez Belinda , Parnell Andrew , de Jager Wilco , de Roock Sytze , FitzGerald Oliver , Pennington Stephen R.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify serum protein biomarkers that might distinguish patients with early inflammatory arthritis (IA) with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) from those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may be used to support appropriate early intervention.

Methods

The serum proteome of patients with PsA and patients with RA was interrogated using nano–liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (nano‐LC‐MS/MS) (n = 64 patients), an aptamer‐based assay (SomaScan) targeting 1,129 proteins (n = 36 patients), and a multiplexed antibody assay (Luminex) for 48 proteins (n = 64 patients). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assays were developed to evaluate the performance of putative markers using the discovery cohort (n = 60 patients) and subsequently an independent cohort of PsA and RA patients (n = 167).

Results

Multivariate machine learning analysis of the protein discovery data from the 3 platforms revealed that it was possible to differentiate PsA patients from RA patients with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 for nano‐LC‐MS/MS, 0.69 for bead‐based immunoassay measurements, and 0.73 for aptamer‐based analysis. Subsequently, in the separate verification and evaluation studies, random forest models revealed that a subset of proteins measured by MRM could differentiate PsA and RA patients with AUCs of 0.79 and 0.85, respectively.

Conclusion

We present a serum protein biomarker panel that can separate patients with early‐onset IA with PsA from those with RA. With continued evaluation and refinement using additional and larger patient cohorts, including those with other arthropathies, we suggest that the panel identified here could contribute to improved clinical decision making.
Triple‐Layered Metal‐Organic Framework Hybrid for Tandem Response‐Driven Enhanced Chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Fang , Huang Jing , Xin Hao , Lei Jianping
Published: June 2021

The precise release of drugs is essential to improve cancer therapeutic efficacy. In this work, a tandem responsive strategy was developed based on a triple‐layered metal‐organic framework (MOF) hybrid. The MOF nanoprobe was stepwise fabricated with a telomerase‐responsive inner, a pH‐sensitive MOF filling and H2O2‐responsive coordination complex shell of Fe3+ and eigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In the tumor microenvironment, the shell was dissociated by endogenous H2O2 and simultaneously produced highly reactive hydroxyl radicals by a Fenton reaction. Meanwhile, the released EGCG could downregulate the expression of P‐glycoprotein responsible for drug resistance. After the dissociation of the framework by protons, telomerase could trigger the release of the drug from the DNA duplex on the exposed inner shell. By integrating confined drug release, inhibited efflux pump and chemodynamic therapy, the all‐in‐one chemotherapy strategy was identified with enhanced therapeutic efficacy in drug‐resistant cancer cells.
Lead service line identification: A review of strategies and approaches
Authors: Hensley Kelsey , Bosscher Valerie , Triantafyllidou Simoni , Lytle Darren A.
Published: June 2021

Lead service lines (LSLs) represent the greatest source of lead in drinking water. Identifying the locations of LSLs can be challenging, and recent service line (SL) material surveys in Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana found that on average the materials making up 16% of SLs in these states are unknown and may be lead. Given the large number of possible LSLs in the United States, new and pending regulatory requirements, LSL replacement costs, associated lead exposure risks, and the public's desire to reduce lead exposure, there is a need to rapidly and cost‐effectively identify where LSLs are located, on public and private property. This review summarizes current industry LSL identification methods, including records screening, basic visual examination of indoor plumbing, water sampling, excavation, and predictive data analyses. A qualitative comparison of method cost, accuracy, disturbance, and other impacts is provided as a starting point for utilities that are developing a feasible approach for their specific needs/constraints. Lastly, an example stepwise approach to identify unknown SL materials is proposed.

Article Impact Statement

This manuscript provides water systems with a review of techniques available to identify LSLs.
Biosynthesized silver nanoparticle–coated electro‐membrane extraction of perchlorate in different seafood samples
Authors: Mousa Amayreh , Basheer Chanbasha , Abdullah Mohanad , Al‐Rimawi Fuad
Published: June 2021

In this work we developed a rapid and straightforward technique in which biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag‐NPs) were coated on a porous membrane utilizing electrical potential to extract perchlorate from seafood samples. The biosynthesized Ag‐NPs were well characterized using UV–Vis. spectrophotometry, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. After extraction, analyses were performed using ion chromatography. The Ag‐NP‐coated porous polypropylene membrane shows higher extraction efficiency due to the high electrical conductivity of the Ag‐NPs. The performance of this efficient technique was compared with those previously reported in the literature. The extraction variables that affect extraction of the target analyte and influence percentage recovery, such as pH of the sample solution, extraction time, and applied voltage, were investigated and optimized. The results demonstrated optimum conditions to achieve low detection limits [LODs (limits of detection)]: sample solution (pH = 6), short extraction time (10 min), and applied voltage (5 V). The developed method shows excellent linearity for perchlorate ion in the range from 0.001 to 350 μg L−1 with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9991. The detection limit (LODs) and quantification limits (limits of quantification) were found to be 0.04 and 0.1225 μg kg−1, respectively. The mean recovery percentages for three replicates of 10 different spiked fish samples by 3 μg g−1 of perchlorate were between 92.2 and 106.2%, with an observed relative standard deviation in the range of 0.8–3.7%. The proposed method is rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and highly effective in extracting perchlorate from different seafood samples.
Bleeding complications in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants
Authors: Ording Anne Gulbech , Søgaard Mette , Skjøth Flemming , Grove Erik Lerkevang , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Larsen Torben Bjerregaard , Nielsen Peter Brønnum
Published: June 2021

Background

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and GI cancer compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKA).

Methods

We conducted a Danish nationwide cohort study comparing the bleeding risk associated with DOAC versus VKA in patients with AF and GI cancer. We calculated crude bleeding rates per 100 person‐years (PYs) for GI and major bleeding. We then compared rates of bleeding at 1 year after initial oral anticoagulation filled prescription by treatment regimen using inverse probability of treatment weighting and Cox regression.

Results

The unweighted study population included 1476 AF patients with GI cancer (41.6% women, median age 78 years) initiating a DOAC and 652 initiating a VKA. One‐year risk of GI bleeding was 5.0% in the DOAC group and 4.7% in the VKA group with a corresponding weighted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63, 1.45). For patients with active cancer, weighted GI bleeding rates were slightly higher in both the VKA and DOAC group, and the weighted HR was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.53, 1.88). The HR was 1.12 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.76) for all bleedings. Hazard ratios for GI bleeding were 0.61 (95% CI: 0.25, 1.52) for patients with upper GI cancer, and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.58, 1.46) in patients with colorectal cancer.

Conclusion

Evidence from this nationwide cohort study suggests a comparable 1‐year risk of bleeding associated with DOAC compared with VKA among patients with AF and GI cancer.
Gods, germs, and science: Unraveling the role of scientific literacy, germ aversion, and religious fundamentalism in predicting attitudes towards gays and lesbians
Authors: Hudiyana Joevarian , Prawira Benny , Kartika Dyah Ayu , Mahendra Dimas , Putra Idhamsyah Eka
Published: June 2021

Prior studies suggest that scientific knowledge may improve attitudes towards sexual minorities such as gays and lesbians. But in what context does this ring true? The present study aims to test whether scientific literacy can predict attitudes towards gays and lesbians when considering the variables pathogen avoidance and religious fundamentalism in a moderated moderation model. A total of 1,398 participants (female = 74.9%, Mage = 25.15,SD = 5.84) completed our online survey. We found that an increase in scientific literacy can indeed predict an improvement in attitudes towards sexual minorities, specifically gays and lesbians. However, this effect was weakened in the condition of high pathogen avoidance, specifically for one of the dimensions of pathogen avoidance—germ aversion. When considering the value of religious fundamentalism in a three‐way interaction, we found that scientific literacy can remain effective in predicting attitudes towards sexual minorities only within the condition of low germ aversion. Thus, threat avoidance such as germ aversion, contrary to religious fundamentalism, may diminish the benefits of scientific literacy in improving attitudes towards sexual minorities. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article'sCommunity and Social Impact Statement.
Biology educators, professional societies, and practitioner networks within community colleges
Authors: Holmberg Tara Jo , Gusky Sharon , Kiser Stacey , Karpakakunjaram Vedham , Seitz Heather , Fletcher Linnea , Fields Lindsey , Nenortas Apryl , Corless Andrew , Marcos Katrina
Published: June 2021

Community college biology faculty play an important role in educating the future STEM workforce. These faculty rely on professional organizations to provide programming and networking opportunities to enhance their professional development.
Voltammetry of Several Natural and Synthetic Opioids at a Polarized Ionic Liquid Membrane
Authors: Langmaier Jan , Maier Vítězslav , Samec Zdeněk
Published: June 2021

Cyclic voltammetry is used to examine the transfer of the protonated forms of several natural and synthetic opioids including fentanyl and its analogs, morphine, heroin and codeine, across the polarized interface between an aqueous electrolyte solution and an ionic liquid (IL) membrane. Besides demonstrating the possibility of an amperometric detection and determination, the voltammetric measurements provide the values of the ion partition coefficients and the standard Gibbs energy of ion transfer, along with the partition coefficients for the neutral opioids, which follow the sequence corresponding to the opioid analgesic potency. A correlation between the partition coefficients for the neutral and protonated opioids points to their common basis, which is the difference between the solvation energies of the partitioned species in water and IL phase. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical values of the standard Gibbs energy of ion transfer suggests that the solvophobic interactions play a key role.
Do adverse health shocks induce myopic financial planning?
Authors: Streeter Jialu L.
Published: June 2021

Health and financial planning have both been found to be crucial to long‐term financial stability. However, the impact of a health shock on financial planning horizon was not directly tested. This article traces the trajectories of the financial planning horizon before and after the occurrence of work‐limiting health shocks, using longitudinal panel data from the Health and Retirement Study. Results show that, during the 10 years following a health shock, individuals are 20 to 39% more likely to focus on the near term (i.e., the next few months) than baseline levels. Moreover, people with lower socioeconomic status or poor general health are more prone to switching to myopic planning after a health shock.
Application Potential of Membrane Processes in the Concept of Lignocellulose Biorefineries
Authors: Lipnizki Frank , Rudolph Gregor , Thuvander Johan , Al‐Rudainy Basel , Vives Mariona Battestini
Published: June 2021

Die Zellstoff‐ und Papierindustrie ist einer der wichtigsten Industriesektoren weltweit und hat großes Potenzial, ein Eckpfeiler für die zukünftige Bioökonomie zu sein, insbesondere für Lignocellulose‐Bioraffinerien. Das Potenzial von Membranverfahren bei dieser Umwandlung wird in drei Beispielen aus dem Bereich Kraft/Sulfat, Sulfit und thermomechanischem Aufschluss dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die Herausforderungen von Membranverschmutzung und ‐reinigung im Hinblick auf die Zellstoffindustrie erörtert und ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen von Membranen in Bioraffinerien gegeben.
A Novel Minor Groove Binder as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Authors: Li Ke , Krueger Sarah B. , Zimmerman Steven C.
Published: June 2021

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic neuromuscular disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. DM1 originates in a (CTG⋅CAG) repeat expansion in the 3’‐UTR of the dystrophia myotonic protein kinase (DMPK) gene on chromosome 19. One of the transcripts, r(CUG)exp, is toxic in various ways. Herein we report a rationally designed small molecule with a thiazole peptidomimetic unit that can serve as a minor groove binder for the nucleic acid targets. This peptide unit linked to two triaminotriazine recognition units selectively binds to d(CTG)exp to inhibit the transcription process, and also targets r(CUG)exp selectively to improve representative DM1 pathological molecular features, including foci formation and pre‐mRNA splicing defects in DM1 model cells. As such, it represents a new structure type that might serve as a lead compound for future structure‐activity optimization.
Extreme prematurity and sepsis strongly influence frequencies and functional characteristics of circulating γδ T and natural killer cells
Authors: Rahman Qazi Khaleda , Jensen Georg B , van der Heiden Marieke , Björkander Sophia , Marchini Giovanna , Jenmalm Maria C , Abrahamsson Thomas , Sverremark‐Ekström Eva
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Extremely low gestational age neonates with extremely low birthweight (ELGAN/ELBW) are highly susceptible to infection. This is linked to their relatively immature immune system which is not yet fully compatible with an extra‐uterine environment. Here, we performed a longitudinal characterisation of unconventional T and natural killer (NK) cells in ELGAN/ELBW during their first months of life.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 97 ELGAN/ELBW at 14 and 28 days of life and at a time point corresponding to postmenstrual week 36 + 0. γδ T‐cell, NKT‐cell, mucosa‐associated invariant T‐cell and NK cell frequencies and characteristics were analysed by flow cytometry. As control, cells from 14‐day‐old full‐term (FT) infants were included.

Results

Extreme prematurity had significant bearing on γδ T‐cell and NK cell frequencies and characteristics. ELGAN/ELBW had significantly higher proportions of γδ T cells that were skewed towards effector and effector memory phenotypes, characteristics that were maintained throughout the study period. Expression of the gut homing receptor CCR9 was also more common in γδ T cells from ELGAN/ELBW. Conversely, NK cell frequencies were markedly lower and skewed towards a cytotoxic phenotype in the ELGAN/ELBW group at 14 days of age. Culture‐proven sepsis with an onset during the first 14 days after birth further manifested these differences in the γδ T‐ and NK cell populations at 14 days of age.

Conclusion

Prematurity strongly influences the levels of γδ T and NK cells, in particular in cases where sepsis debuts during the first 2 weeks of life.
Leucine‐rich repeats and immunoglobulin‐like domains 1 deficiency affects hippocampal dendrite complexity and impairs cognitive function
Authors: Hita Francisco Javier , Bekinschtein Pedro , Ledda Fernanda , Paratcha Gustavo
Published: June 2021

Leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane proteins have been directly linked to neurodevelopmental and cognitive disorders. We have previously shown that the LRR transmembrane protein, leucine‐rich repeats and immunoglobulin‐like domains 1 (Lrig1), is a physiological regulator of dendrite complexity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons and social behavior. In this study, we performed a battery of behavioral tests to evaluate spatial memory and cognitive capabilities in Lrig1 mutant mice. The cognitive assessment demonstrated deficits in recognition and spatial memory, evaluated by novel object recognition and object location tests. Moreover, we found that Lrig1‐deficient mice present specific impairments in the processing of similar but not dissimilar locations in a spatial pattern separation task, which was correlated with an enhanced dendritic growth and branching of Doublecortin‐positive immature granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Altogether, these findings indicate that Lrig1 plays an essential role in controlling morphological and functional plasticity in the hippocampus.
Facilitation of public Payments for Ecosystem Services through local intermediaries: An institutional analysis of agri‐environmental measure implementation in Germany
Authors: Schomers Sarah , Meyer Claas , Matzdorf Bettina , Sattler Claudia
Published: June 2021

Economic instruments for the management of natural resources and ecosystem services governance have gained importance over the past few years. The development and implementation of large‐scale public Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs as agri‐environmental measures (AEMs) depends on complex governance structures and involves diverse actors and stakeholder groups. However, research on intermediaries within PES implementation is still in its infancy. This article begins to fill this gap by providing an institutional analysis of the implications of a particular intermediary within a PES governance structure: German Landcare Associations (LCAs), which may facilitate AEM implementation in Germany. This analysis will identify the institutional challenges and constraints for cost‐effective and environmentally effective AEMs. Furthermore, we determine possible further institutional conditions that need to be addressed to better support intermediaries in AEM facilitation. To this end, the authors have determined the institutional framework conditions for the present and prospective future involvement of LCAs as intermediaries in the context of AEMs. A special focus has been placed on implications for corresponding transactions costs. The study is based on an online survey including all German LCAs and exploring LCA staff perspectives on AEM implementation. The results of this study emphasize few but severe challenging factors that adversely affect AEM implementation. We show that intermediaries can alleviate institutional implementation challenges and lower transactions costs, particularly by providing effective agri‐environmental information, training and implementational support. The positive effects on implementation are always dependent on the institutional framework and the opportunities and resources provided to the intermediaries.
The regulatory function of tandem repeat VNTR2‐1 in hTERT gene involves basic Helix–loop–helix family transcription factors
Authors: Zhu Xiaolu , Xu Tao , Zhu Jiyue
Published: June 2021

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomere end sequence. The expression of hTERT gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, is restricted to highly proliferative tissues and is undetectable in most somatic cells. Abnormal activation of hTERT gene is found in 90% of human tumors. Previously, we identified tandem repeat of 42‐bp/unit, VNTR2‐1, in intron 2 of the hTERT gene, as a novel regulatory element important for hTERT transcription in cancer cells. In the current study, we found that multiple 42‐bp repeats of VNTR2‐1 activated luciferase gene in reporter plasmids. Mutation of the predicted cis‐regulatory elements within the 42‐bp repeats, including a E‐box motif, resulted in a partial or complete loss of its enhancer activity. Moreover, MYC family proteins, c‐MYC, MAX, and MNT, regulated hTERT gene transcription through both VNTR2‐1 and E‐boxes at the proximal hTERT promoter. Chromatin segmentation analysis of published ChIP‐sequencing data from K562 cells indicated that VNTR2‐1 was a bivalent enhancer. In telomerase‐expressing human melanoma cell line MelJuSo, deletion of VNTR2‐1 caused the hTERT promoter chromatin status to change from an active state to a repressed state, accompanied by increases of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 marks. Therefore, we provided additional evidence for VNTR2‐1 as a functional regulatory element that regulated hTERT expression by MYC family transcription factors. These results have improved our knowledge on the functions of repetitive genomic DNAs and the regulatory mechanisms of human telomerase gene.
Improvement of biofilm formation for application in a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell
Authors: Mejía‐López Mónica , Verea Laura , Sebastian Pathiyammattom Joseph , Verde Antonio , Perez‐Sarinana Bianca Yadira , Campos José , Hernández‐Romano Jose , Moeller‐Chávez Gabriela Eleonora , Lastres Orlando , Monjardín‐Gámez José de Jesús
Published: June 2021

An experimental design was performed to study the combined effects of the parameters used for bacteria selective biofilm formation. The parameters were the potential applied, the time of the biofilm formation with electroactive bacteria or the biofilm formation, and the initial substrate concentration in the medium. The performance of the biofilms formed was compared by their kinetic parameter the apparent electron transfer rate constant (Kapp), which was obtained from cyclic voltammetry analysis. The results from the experimental design showed that the highest Kapp of 0.56 s−1 was with the potential applied of −0.45 V for 5 h and 12 mM of the initial substrate concentration in the medium. New values of these parameters were calculated from the statistical analysis of the experimental design results and successfully higher value of Kapp of 0.64 s−1 can be calculated and obtained. The electroactivity and capability of the biofilm for hydrogen production was also proved in a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell, and a hydrogen production yield of 0.24 m3H2/m3d was obtained. The biofilm formed with these last parameters was also identified with molecular techniques as Exiguobacterium which has barely been reported as electroactive bacteria and used for hydrogen production.