bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zirconia-Based All-Ceramic Crowns and Bridges:Three Case Reports
Authors: Burke FJT , Ali A , Palin WM
Published: August 2017

The search for a clinically viable all-ceramic bridge framework has been monotonous. Until recently, few materials appear to have the necessary physical and aesthetic properties. However, the development of yttrium tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, and its adoption for use in dentistry by CAD CAM technology, may hold promise as a crown and bridge framework, this being considered suitable for single and multiple units. However, to date, no long-term clinical studies have been reported. This paper describes three cases in which zirconia frameworks were used in crowns and bridges.
Vital Tooth Bleaching in Dental Practice: 3. Biological, Dental and Legal Issues
Authors: Pretty I A , Brunton PA , Aminian A , Davies RM , Ellwood RP
Published: August 2017

The final section of this series examines both the evidence for the safety of external bleaching with hydrogen peroxide and related products and the legal position in the UK with regard to their sale and use in general dental practice. Potential side-effects are examined, including biological effects and dental effects, with a review of the current evidence. The EU Cosmetics and Medical Device Directive are both described and their impact on the provision of tooth bleaching in the UK is explained. The legal position in the UK renders the sale and supply of solutions containing >0.1% peroxide illegal, and practitioners must be aware of the underlying legislation and the basis upon which a prosecution may be pursued.
Book Review
Authors: Caddick Richard
Published: August 2017

MCQs for Dentistry. By Kathleen FM Fan and Judith Jones. Knutsford: PasTest Ltd, 2006. (220pp. p/b, £16.95). ISBN 1-904627-52-8.
Self-Treatment using a Power Drill: A Case Report
Authors: Ikram Javed , Oliver Richard
Published: August 2017

The intense pain of dental origin which patients suffer can be underestimated. This can lead them to self-harm or carry out self-treatment, sometimes with only the rudiments of how to achieve pain relief. A case is reported of a patient who attempted to relieve the intense pressure of an abscess arising in a maxillary cyst by using a home power drill. He drilled through the side of the tooth and drained the abscess but, unfortunately, fractured the drill. This was discovered at operation and meant the tooth had to be extracted. The patient had only received antibiotics prior to this for his abscess, with no drainage being undertaken.
Modern Restorative Management of Patients with Congenitally Missing Teeth: 1. Introduction, Terminology and Epidemiology
Authors: Bishop Karl , Addy Liam , Knox Jeremy
Published: August 2017

The management of patients with congenitally missing teeth can be a challenge and, in many cases, requires multidisciplinary care. In this four-part series, a contemporary approach to managing this group of patients is discussed. This first paper examines the terminology, epidemiology and restorative challenges that such patients can exhibit.
Foreign Body Ingestion and Aspiration in Dentistry: A Review of the Literature and Reports of Three Cases
Authors: Al-Wahadni Ahed , Al Hamad Khaled Q , Al-Tarawneh Ahmad
Published: August 2017

This article reviews several cases of foreign body ingestion or inhalation reported in the literature. Prevention, complication and management of this event are discussed and three case reports presented. Two of the cases were bridge ingestion and one was ingestion of an orthodontic band. The three cases were managed by watchful waiting and the ingested foreign bodies came out in the stools without complications.
Patient-Centred Measures in Dental Practice: 2. Quality of Life
Authors: McGrath Colman , Newsome Philip RH
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the value and use of quality of life measures to dental practice, how to assess oral health-related quality of life in dental practice and how to interpret what they mean when assessing patients' oral health needs and evaluating outcomes from dental care.
Case Report: Oral Manifestations and Radiographic Features of Osteosarcoma
Authors: Gahan R , Rout John , Webster K
Published: August 2017

Although osteosarcoma of the jaws is a rare tumour, early diagnosis is a prognostic determinant. Patients with osteosarcoma of the jaws are likely to present to the general dental practitioner initially, however, as the condition is uncommon, many dentists may be unfamiliar with its early radiographic features.
The Eosinophilic Ulcer Revisited
Authors: Chawla O , Burke GAE , MacBean A D
Published: August 2017

This paper reviews the eosinophilic ulcer and presents a case of such an ulcer on the tongue of a young female patient. The stages involved in arriving ata differential diagnosis are discussed, along with management of the condition.
Does Your Choice of Matrix Band Make a Difference?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

One-year comparison of metallic and translucent matrices in Class II composite resin restorations. MS Cenci, FF Demarco, CL Pereira, RG Lund, RM de Carvalho. American Dental Journal 2007; 20: 41-45.
Ectopic Geographic Tongue - A Case Report
Authors: Borrie Felicity , Musthyala Rajitha , Macintyre David
Published: August 2017

This report describes a case of ‘ectopic’ geographic tongue where lesions, clinically and histologically similar to those normally confined to the tongue, presented on the floor of the mouth and cheek mucosa. The patient, a type II diabetic, had a history of thrombocytopaenia and, more recently, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.
Modern Restorative Management of Patients with Congenitally Missing Teeth: 4. The Role of Implants
Authors: Bishop Karl , Addy Liam , Knox Jeremy
Published: August 2017

In this fourth and final paper on the management of patients with congenitally missing teeth, the use of dental implants is considered. This group of patients often provides unique challenges when implant reconstruction is considered. Often a multidisciplinary approach is required involving orthodontists, oral surgeons and restorative dentists. The use of dental implant systems is a rapidly developing area of dentistry and its implications on hypodontia are discussed. This paper identifies the problems associated with a congenital absence of teeth and addresses their management in relation to the use of implants.
Conservative Aesthetic Techniques for Discoloured Teeth: 1. The Use of Bleaching
Authors: Nixon Peter J , Gahan Matthew , Robinson Stephen , Chan Martin FW-Y
Published: August 2017

There is an increasing move towards more minimally invasive techniques in restorative dentistry. This series of two articles discusses conservative techniques for the treatment of discoloured teeth. A step-wise approach to treatment is promoted to encourage the most conservative solution to achieve satisfactory aesthetics. The first of these two articles will describe the use of bleaching, whilst part two will go on to describe microabrasion and the use of direct composite resin.
Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorder in a Viola Player - A Case Report
Authors: Shargill I , Davies SJ , Al-ani Z
Published: August 2017

Viola and violin players seem to be predisposed to TMD. This case report illustrates an example where this occupation caused problems and required treatment. The case was managed with a modified Anterior Repositioning Splint (ARPS) that the patient wore while playing.
How Valid are Your Plaque Scores?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Measuring plaque in clinical trials: index or weight. Gl McCracken, PM Preshaw, IN Steen, M Swan, M deJager and PA Heasman. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2006;33:172-176.
Demolition Experts: Management of the Parafunctional Patient: 2. Restorative Management Strategies
Authors: Poyser Neil , Porter Richard , Briggs Peter , Kelleher Martin
Published: August 2017

The second part of this paper discusses strategies for providing restorative dental care for the parafunctional patient. These include direct composite resin restorations, cast metal resin-retained restorations and dentine-bonded crowns, design features for porcelain fused to metal crowns and denture design. Specific features can help enhance predictability in the hostile environment of increased occlusal loading and parafunction.
Isolated Periorbital Angio-Oedema Induced by Aspirin: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Rafiq Raheela
Published: August 2017

Periorbital angio-oedema may present as an isolated manifestation of aspirin intolerance and can be very alarming to the patient. This case describes a 38-year-old gentleman with such localized clinical features. Once considered an unusual phenomenon, review of the literature has revealed an increased frequency, possibly as a result of previous poor documentation. Clinical manifestations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) intolerance, in particular periorbital angio-oedema and its associated symptoms, with proposed aetiology and pathogenesis, are discussed.
Referrals
Authors: Burke FJT , Freeman Ruth
Published: August 2017

It is beholden to the general dental practitioner to refer patients for whom (s)he feels that treatment could be carried out to a higher standard, or more efficiently and effectively, by another dentist. In addition, patients are entitled to a referral for a second opinion at any time. This paper discusses the responsibilities of the referring dentist and those of the dentist to whom the patient has been referred.
A Patient with a Macrodont, Transposition and Supplemental Tooth in the Upper Anterior Segment: A Case Report
Authors: Borrie Felicity , Cairns Alison
Published: August 2017

This case report describes the presence of multiple dental anomalies in the upper labial segment of a 7-year-old boy; a macrodont, transposition and supplemental tooth.
TMD Current Concepts: 2. Imaging and Treatment Options. An Update
Authors: Al-Ani Ziad , Gray Robin
Published: August 2017

The second part of this series addresses the need for imaging and explores treatment concepts of temporomandibular disorders. TMD management in general dental practice is widely regarded as being a contentious subject with several differing and often diametrically opposed viewpoints being aired, not only in relation to aetiology and diagnosis, but also in relation to treatment. This uncertainty often prompts the dentist to refer for secondary care. Another recurring issue is the lack of adequate remuneration in the general dental services for management of the patients, for example by splint therapy.
Book Review
Authors: Mackie Iain C
Published: August 2017

Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth 4th edition. By J Andreasen, F Andreasen, L Andersson, eds. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007 (912pp. h/b, £155.00). ISBN 978-1-4051-2954-1 (available from www.blackwellpublishing.com ).
An Update in Adult Orthodontics
Authors: Scott Paul , Fleming Padhraig , DiBiase Andrew
Published: August 2017

The number of adults undertaking fixed orthodontic treatment has grown significantly in recent years. Improved appliance aesthetics, treatment mechanics and social acceptability are some of the contributing factors involved in this increase. This article intends to discuss adult orthodontic treatment and the difficulties involved. It will then present the innovations in treatment modality that have made orthodontics more acceptable to adults and discuss appliance advances that have adjusted the treatment possibilities for adults.
Are Your Patients Really Nervous?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Predicting anxiety during dental treatment using patients' self-reports: Less is more. U Heaton, CR Carlson, TA Smith, RA Baer, R de Leeuw. Journal of the American Dental Association 2007; 138:188-195.
A Guide to Making Appropriate Orthodontic Referrals
Authors: Dowsing Paul , Sandler Jonathan
Published: August 2017

Orthodontic treatment can lead to a significant improvement in dental health status, as well as socio-psychological well being. Appropriate orthodontic referral will save time for both the referring practitioner and the clinician to whom the referral is being made. This will therefore avoid frustration for the patients and their parents, and for clinicians, and will allow best use of valuable resources. An indication of the best time to refer a child for an orthodontic opinion and the best way to make that referral is given by the following report.
Book Review
Authors: Mizrahi Basil
Published: August 2017

Functional Occlusion - From TMJ to Smile Design. By Peter E Dawson. London: Elsevier, Mosby, 2007 (648pp. h/b, $160.00). ISBN 0323033717.
How Many Premolar Cusp Fractures do You See?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Fracture strength of restored premolars. GB Camacho, M Goncalves, T Nonaka, AB Osorio. American Journal of Dentistry 2007; 20:121-124.
Compliance: Getting the Most from your Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Fleming Padhraig S , Scott Paul , DiBiase Andrew T
Published: August 2017

Successful orthodontic treatment is highly dependent on optimal levels of patient compliance. This paper outlines methods that can be used by orthodontists and general practitioners to optimize compliance throughout active treatment and into the retention phase.
Issues in Dental Outreach Teaching – An Introduction for the Primary Care Practitioner
Authors: Watson David J , Bissell Vincent , Gerrish Alan C
Published: August 2017

Outreach teaching programmes can be organized in a variety of settings, be structured in different formats and can offer education and training to all members of the dental team. This paper principally examines outreach teaching as a contributory training experience for undergraduate dental students. Following a review of recent literature on the subject, educational and NHS host perspectives are considered in relation to a qualitative report on a contemporary programme offering training in Adult Restorative Care.
Bilateral Presentation of Necrotizing Sialometaplasia – A Case Report
Authors: Newland Jennifer
Published: August 2017

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign, self-limiting condition that may clinically and microscopically closely resemble mucoepidermoid carcinoma or squamous carcinoma1 with the potential for extensive, inappropriate and unnecessary treatment. This paper reports a case of bilateral necrotizing sialometaplasia of the palate which resolved quickly with conservative treatment only.
How Successful are Your Resin-Bonded Bridges?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

An update on resin-bonded bridges. Barber MW, Preston AJ. European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 2008; 16: 2–9.
Facial Aesthetics: 1. Concepts and Canons
Authors: Naini Farhad B , Gill Daljit S
Published: August 2017

The clinical ability to alter dentofacial form requires an understanding of facial aesthetics. This is vital for any clinician involved in treatment that will alter a patient's dentofacial appearance, whether through orthodontics, facial growth modification, corrective jaw surgery or aesthetic dentistry. Part 1 of this article aims to cover the historical and theoretical aspects of facial aesthetics and their importance in contemporary dentofacial treatment. Part 2 will cover important aspects of the interview and clinical assessment of patients requiring alterations in their dentofacial appearance, including guidelines used in the assessment of facial proportions and symmetry.
The Management of Hypodontia: Present and Future
Authors: Nohl Francis , Cole Ben , Hobson Ross , Jepson Nick , Meechan John , Wright Michael
Published: August 2017

Developmental absence of teeth (hypodontia) is associated with characteristic morphological changes in the teeth, alveolar volume deficiencies, and skeletal jaw mal-relationships. Management may be complex, involving several dental specialties, ideally working as a close-knit team. Improved diagnostic and treatment technologies continue to evolve, ever widening the management opportunities for these patients. This paper reviews current treatment methods and looks to what the future may hold.
Periodontics: 9. Periodontitis and Systemic Conditions – Is There a Link?
Authors: Irwin CR , Mullally B , Ziada H , Byrne PJ , Allen E
Published: August 2017

The possibility that periodontal diseases have an effect on systemic health is being widely investigated. This paper reviews the potential links and the mechanism of these effects.
Selecting Appropriate Recall Intervals for Patients in General Dental Practice – An Audit Project to Categorize Patients According to Risk
Authors: Gibson Clive , Moosajee Alif
Published: August 2017

In 2004, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) was asked to prepare guidance for the NHS in England and Wales on the clinical need and cost-effectiveness of a dental recall examination for all patients at an interval based upon their risk from oral disease. (Dental Recall: recall interval between routine dental examinations).1 Unlike other NICE guidelines, this potentially applies to the whole population. The Department of Health wishes to reduce the number of ‘routine’ six-monthly check-ups. Best practice now recommends that all patients undertake an oral health assessment prior to categorizing them into a recall programme. The article describes how an audit project was undertaken to establish compliance within General Dental Practice to the guidelines.
Articaine Hydrochloride: A Safe Alternative to Lignocaine?
Authors: Wells John Paul , Beckett Heather
Published: August 2017

A focused literature search to appraise the safety and suitability of articaine as a substitute for lignocaine was conducted. An evidence-based approach to the current available literature suggests that articaine is an effective and well-tolerated anaesthetic for dental use. However, practitioners should be aware of a possible, as yet unproven, link between 4% concentrations of local anaesthetic solution and nerve damage.
Current Practice in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders
Authors: Lyons Mervyn F
Published: August 2017

There has been much debate and conflicting opinion on the appropriate management of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, the question of the relevance of occlusion in both the aetiology and management of TMD has been somewhat clarified in recent years and this article attempts to summarize current thinking on this issue and also to provide practical guidance on the construction of stabilization splints. Various other forms of treatment are discussed and evidence is presented to help in judging their relevance. Bruxism is relatively common in patients with TMD and guidance relating to the management of this problem is also presented.
Book Review
Authors: Crean John
Published: August 2017

Oral Cancer; Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation. John W. Werning, ed. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme Publishing Group, 2007 (354pp. h/b, Euros(D) 109.95). ISBN 978-3-13-135811-0.
Dental Treatment, Antibiotic Cover and Infective Endocarditis: A Major Rethink
Authors: Seymour Robin A
Published: August 2017

The NICE Guidelines on Prophylaxis against Infective Endocarditis were published early this year. In this review, consideration is given to the evidence that the Working Party evaluated in arriving at their recommendations.
The Inman Aligner for Anterior Tooth Alignment
Authors: Qureshi Atif
Published: August 2017

The Inman Aligner is a highly effective and unique evolution of the traditional spring retainer that uses super-elastic Nickel-Titanium open coil springs to move upper and lower anterior teeth with light but consistent forces, enabling correction of anterior crowding, rotations and some types of spacing.
Digital Imaging: An Update
Authors: Turner P J
Published: August 2017

It is becoming increasingly common for orthodontists and dentists to capture and store their patients' clinical records in a digital format, including photographs, radiographs and even study models. It is useful to have an understanding of what these image files are composed of in order to be able to manipulate, store and display the images efficiently to best effect.
How Should We Manage Caries in Deciduous Teeth?
Authors: Levine R S
Published: August 2017

Recent research from the North of England has focused attention on the effectiveness of routine conservation of carious deciduous teeth. This has led to a debate within the profession stimulated by the belief that falling levels of restorative care equate to a failure of clinical care. The results from two major clinical studies suggest that the majority of carious deciduous teeth exfoliate without the child attending his/her dentist with pain and infection if left unrestored. In addition, it would appear that the conventional restoration of such teeth by general dental practitioners does not change the outcome. However, a study from Scotland suggests that untreated carious deciduous teeth increases the risk of sepsis, especially when many carious teeth are present. Further research is needed to help inform clinical decisions.
Better Root Fillings?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

A 12-month longitudinal in vitro leakage study on a new silicon-based root filling material (Gutta-Flow). Kontakiotos EG, Tzanetakis GN, Loizides AL. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, Endodontology 2007; 103: 854–859.
Should Composite Restorations Be Placed Under Rubber Dam?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Survival and reasons for failure of amalgam versus composite restorations placed in a randomized clinical trial. Bernado M, Luis H, Martin MD, Leroux BG, Rue T, Leitao J, DeRouen TA. Journal of the American Dental Association 2007; 138: 775–783.
Book Review
Authors: Mackenzie Louis
Published: August 2017

Successful Posterior Composites. By Christopher D Lynch. London Quintessence Publishing Co Ltd, 2008 (156pp, £28). ISBN 978-1-85097-120-7.
Techniques for Restoring Worn Anterior Teeth with Direct Composite Resin
Authors: Robinson Stephen , Nixon Peter J , Gahan Matthew J , Chan Martin F W-Y
Published: August 2017

Toothwear is increasing in prevalence. Traditional treatment methods for moderate or advanced toothwear, such as indirect restorations and crown lengthening surgery, are invasive and destructive of remaining tissues. The ‘Dahl technique’ has been used to obtain space for anterior restorations and has been modified such that direct composite restorations are placed at increased occlusal vertical dimension. These restorations have proved durable and aesthetic, protect tooth structure and posterior occlusal contact is predictably re-established. The authors describe and compare two techniques using composite resin to treat localized anterior toothwear in a general practice setting.
Sealants May Not Stick to Sticky Fissures
Authors: Ashley Paul
Published: August 2017

Can Caries Fissures be Sealed as Adequately as Sound Fissures? MA Hevinga, NJM Opdam, JE Frencken, EM Bronkhorst, GJ Truin. Journal of Dental Research 2008; 87(5): 495–498.
Managing Malocclusion in the Mixed Dentition: Six Keys to Success Part 1
Authors: Fleming Padhraig S , Johal Ama , DiBiase Andrew T
Published: August 2017

Indications of developing malocclusion are often present in the mixed dentition. With judicious supervision and timely intervention their effects can be minimized. The general dental practitioner is ideally placed to recognize, manage and correct many such incipient problems. This first of two papers considers three keys to success involving, normal dental development, deviations from normal eruption patterns, crossbite correction and habit cessation.
Is it Really All in the Mind?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Is it the injection device or the anxiety experienced that causes pain during dental local anaesthesia? Kuscu OO, Akyuz S. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2008; 18: 139–145.
Paracetamol Overdose in a Teenager Following Placement of a Fixed Appliance
Authors: Matusiak Rose , Harley Kathryn E
Published: August 2017

Pain or discomfort is common following placement or adjustment of orthodontic appliances. This case report describes an accidental paracetamol overdose in a 13-year-old girl following the initial placement of fixed appliances.
A Review of Aggressive Periodontitis and an Associated Case Report
Authors: Sharkey Seamus , Chaollai Aifric Nic , O'Sullivan Michael
Published: August 2017

Aggressive periodontitis is a debilitating oral disease that results in rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues. It has recently been reclassified and ongoing efforts are now being made to understand its pathogenesis and record its prevalence in the population. This case report gives a brief outline of studies that have investigated why this disease tends to occur in otherwise young healthy adults. The mechanisms behind such extensive periodontal damage are discussed. A case report of a patient with aggressive periodontitis, treated in the Dublin Dental School and Hospital, is presented and the rationale behind his treatment is discussed.
Effect of Malignant Disease and Treatments on Oral Structures
Authors: Seymour Robin A , Walton Graham
Published: August 2017

There has been an increase in the diagnosis and treatment options for malignant diseases. In this article we provide an overview of the impact of the treatments of malignant diseases on the oral structures. Whilst some of the complications, such as oral mucositis and oral infection, are of short duration and respond once chemotherapy has been completed, other treatments have a prolonged effect. Of particular concern is the effect of bisphosphonates on bone turnover and the risk of osteonecrosis on the jaw and hormones affecting the periodontal tissues. These unwanted effects all impact upon the quality of life of many patients diagnosed with malignant disease.
Vaccines and Periodontal Diseases – An Insight
Authors: Beevi Leena , Hegde Shashikanth , Kashyap Rajesh , Arun Kumar MS
Published: August 2017

Vaccination against periodontal diseases is an innovative approach to combating periodontal diseases. Although discussed briefly some 50 years ago by Bibby, it has been popularized with the late twentieth century technologies and current understanding of periodontal microbiology. This review discusses the potential for a vaccine against periodontitis.
An Unerupted Tooth? – Who Nose?
Authors: Kotecha Sheena , Rout PG John
Published: August 2017

Foreign bodies may present to the general dental practitioner, either as a cause of complaint or, more commonly, as an incidental finding during routine examination. This article describes an unusual case where a rhinolith perforated the hard palate to appear in the mouth as an erupting tooth.
The Learning Practice: 1. The Learning Practice Concept
Authors: Miller Alasdair G
Published: August 2017

This first article of two explores the concept, benefits and stages in developing a learning practice, which is applicable to all branches of dentistry. The second article will consider building a learning practice.
A Novel Approach to Bridge Design
Authors: James Alistair
Published: August 2017

This case report describes a novel approach to bridge design using fibre-reinforced composite materials.
Mastication and Swallowing: 1. Functions, Performance and Mechanisms
Authors: Orchardson Robert , Cadden Samuel W
Published: August 2017

The process of mastication involves movements of the tongue, lips and cheeks as well as the more obvious actions of the teeth and jaws. In recent years there have been significant advances in our knowledge of the relationships between these movements in human beings and of how the processes of mastication are related to the associated events of swallowing. In this, the first of two papers, we review the role of mastication in food processing and nutrition and the effect of tooth loss on masticatory performance. The paper also reviews new information on masticatory and swallowing functions in human beings eating naturally. The review relates this knowledge to clinical dentistry, notably to the relevance of a good dentition to the digestive process and practical considerations in the replacement of missing teeth.
Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw - Current Thoughts
Authors: Arrain Yazdana , Masud Tahir
Published: August 2017

Bisphosphonates are increasingly being used in a number of bone conditions, including osteoporosis and metastatic cancer. As a consequence, the reported cases of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) have increased. BONJ remains rare in patients being treated for osteoporosis, but is commoner in cancer patients where the bisphosphonate doses are much higher and mode of delivery is intravenous. Recently, much more is known about classification and mode of action of the bisphosphonates. The potency of the various nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates is dependent on a number of factors including bone binding, zeta potential and inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. There is current debate on why BONJ affects the jaw, particularly in relation to whether the jaw has high bone turnover or not. More is being learnt about the micro-organisms involved in the pathogenesis of BONJ and there is increasing evidence on the role of surgical treatment of this disabling condition.
Role of Forensic Odontology in the World's Major Mass Disasters : Facts and Figures
Authors: Sarode Sachin C , Zarkar Gargi A , Kulkarni Meena A , Desai Rajiv
Published: August 2017

Forensic identification of the victims in mass disasters is essential, not only for humanitarian reasons, but also for civil or criminal investigative need. The number of victims identified with the help of forensic odontology in various mass disasters in the world has been analysed and discussed. The result depicts the necessity of keeping proper dental records at institutional and individual level. Thus the use of forensic odontology in a series of mass disasters has been explored. The most common aspect of forensic odontology that a general practitioner is likely to encounter is the supply of ante-mortem records to aid in human identification.
The Hall Technique for Managing Carious Primary Molars
Authors: Innes Nicola , Evans Dafydd , Hall Norna
Published: August 2017

The Hall Technique, a method of managing carious primary molars effectively with preformed metal crowns, without the use of local anaesthesia, caries removal or tooth preparation of any kind, is described. The technique is illustrated with a case report. The evidence underpinning the technique is discussed, along with indications and contra-indications for its use, and details of where clinicians can obtain further information on the technique if they are considering using it.
Use of a Novel Resin Composite Crown as a Long-Term Provisional
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor , Sands Peter
Published: August 2017

Crowns may be indicated to restore teeth where there is substantial tooth substance loss from caries or trauma, but it is not always appropriate to place the substantive restoration without reviewing the prognosis of the tooth under treatment for a time. In such cases, the placement of a long-term provisional restoration may be indicated. This paper describes the use of a recently-introduced, novel, resin-composite crown in such situations.
Book Review
Authors: Arrain Yaz
Published: August 2017

Applied Occlusion (Book/DVD Set). By Robert Wassell, Amar Naru, Jimmy Steele, Francis Nohl. London: Quintessence Publishing Co Ltd, 2008. (£51.50: 178pp.) ISBN-13:9781850970989.
The Sale or Supply of Medicines by Dentists
Authors: Randall Christine
Published: August 2017

The Medicines Act 1968 governs who can supply medicines in the UK. The Act allows dentists to issue any medicine directly to a patient. However, this only applies if patients are receiving private treatment. The current NHS terms of service do not allow dentists to supply any medicines, other than those for immediate use before the issue of a prescription, directly to a patient receiving NHS treatment. A prescription must be supplied for ongoing treatment. If a dentist issues medicines directly to a patient, they must be labelled as a dispensed medicine as directed by the Medicines Act 1968 and the Medicines and for Human Use Regulations (1994).
A Guide to the Appraisal of Research: 1. The Nature of Research
Authors: Bateman Geoff , Burke FJ Trevor , Saha Shuva
Published: August 2017

Evidence-based dentistry has grown in recent years. The oceans of journals and research papers can be difficult to navigate. Gauging the quality of such publications and, more importantly, their clinical relevance may be challenging. This narrative review explores the nature and relevance of dental research to clinical dentistry and provides simple guidelines for critical appraisal of such research. In this respect, all dental clinical practice should be underpinned, where possible, with evidence that treatments carried out are contemporary and effective.
A Review of the Efficacy of Tooth Bleaching
Authors: Burrows Stephen
Published: August 2017

Current tooth lightening systems use hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide which releases hydrogen peroxide as the bleaching agent. In vitro and in vivo studies, mostly comparing different bleaching systems, have demonstrated the efficacy of vital and non-vital tooth bleaching. Bleaching treatments are affected by a number of factors including the actual cause of tooth discoloration. All in-surgery bleaching agents are chemically activated and, whilst better results are possible with lights, these are not essential. Shade change can be evaluated subjectively and may be observed after only a few nights with Night Guard Vital Bleaching (NGVB). Objective methods of shade evaluation are used in most randomized controlled trials. There are a number of methods used to bleach teeth but NGVB using 10% carbamide peroxide in trays produces the optimal result with the least side-effects. The ‘inside/outside’ bleaching technique using 10% carbamide peroxide is the most effective and safest method of bleaching non-vital teeth. Although more than 90% success has been reported, regression of the colour change is a common problem in vital and non-vital tooth bleaching and retreatment is necessary in many cases, usually after 1–3 years. The overwhelming evidence indicates that tooth bleaching is effective if supervised by a dentist.
Welcome to the Editorial Board
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor
Published: August 2017

Avi Banerjee graduated from UMDS (Guy's) and embarked on his junior hospital training in Maxillofacial Surgery at the Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, completing this in 1995 and gaining full FDS RCS(Eng). He then commenced his research career back at Guy's, winning a Clinical Training Fellowship from the MRC which permitted him to complete his Masters in Mineralized Tissue Biology at UCL (under Profs Alan Boyde and Sheila Jones in 1996) and, subsequently, his PhD in Cariology, with Profs Edwina Kidd and Tim Watson as his supervisors (1998). He then began a full-time post as Lecturer in Conservative Dentistry at Guy's, being promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2005, and is presently Head of Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry.
Tobacco Usage and Control: Information and Advice for Primary Dental Care Practitioners
Authors: Olley Ryan C , Gallagher Jennifer E
Published: August 2017

Ten years on from the white paper Smoking Kills, the UK is a leader on tackling tobacco within Europe. However, over 100,000 people die each year in the UK as a result of the effects of smoking; the most common form of tobacco use. Tobacco cessation is, moreover, a global issue with wide variation in tobacco usage, multiple determinants and numerous approaches to prevention.

This article provides an overview of the trends in tobacco usage and control in the UK compared with other nations, to bring the process into context for primary dental practitioners. Guidance is also provided on appropriate smoking interventions in dental practice that support national health targets and population health.
Book Review
Authors: Blair Fiona
Published: August 2017

Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team 4th edn. By CH Miller, CJ Palenik. Oxford: Mosby, Elsevier, 2009 (384pp). ISBN 978-0-323-06643-3.
Pharmacology and the Elderly
Authors: Steele Andrew C , Meechan John G
Published: August 2017

This paper describes the impact of ageing on an individual's ability to process drugs. It considers adverse drug reactions in the elderly and discusses prescribing for the older dental patient.
The Role of the Dentist in Sleep Disorders
Authors: Jauhar Sachin , Orchardson Robert , Jauhar Ingrid , Banham Stephen , Lyons Mervyn
Published: August 2017

Snoring and sleep apnoea are common. The demand for sleep medicine services has increased exponentially since the recognition of sleep apnoea as a disease in the 1960s. The involvement of dentists in the treatment of sleep apnoea has increased. This article provides an overview of the disorders and options for management.
Book Review
Authors: Kidd Edwina
Published: August 2017

Open Wide – Memoir of a Dental Dame. By Margaret Seward. London: The Memoir Club, 2009 (£19.95). ISBN 978-1-84104-107-0.
Osteomyelitis of the Mandible Secondary to Pericoronitis of an Impacted Third Molar
Authors: Mohammed-Ali Ricardo I , Collyer Jeremy , Garg Montey
Published: August 2017

Impacted third molars are a common reason for referral to the hospital dental service. Third molar impaction can be complicated by infection. We present two cases of osteomyelitis of the mandible developing secondary to pericoronitis of partially erupted lower third molars. One of the cases reported was recently diagnosed and treated while the other was diagnosed and treated 20 years ago. The most commonly reported pathology associated with impacted lower third molars is pericoronitis. Osteomyelitis of the mandible secondary to pericoronitis is rare.
The Orthodontic-Restorative Interface: 1. Patient Assessment
Authors: Gahan Matthew J , Lewis Benjamin RK , Moore Derek , Hodge Trevor M
Published: August 2017

The first article in this series of two aims to outline the assessment of patients for whom a combined orthodontic-restorative approach would be beneficial. In particular, it will concentrate on the assessment of patients who have hypodontia and tooth size discrepancies. The importance of the aesthetic assessment for these cases will be highlighted. Variations in tooth number and tooth size discrepancy often require a combined treatment planning approach from the orthodontist and restorative dentist. The referring general dental practitioner has a key role in recognizing that this approach may be required and highlighting this in the initial patient referral. It is likely in the more straightforward cases that the GDP will be providing the restorative treatment and so an increased understanding of these cases would be beneficial. In the second paper, treatment options will be presented.
How to Prescribe, Store, Order and Dispose of Controlled Drugs
Authors: Randall Christine
Published: August 2017

The Shipman Inquiry has lead to a number of changes in the regulations that govern controlled drugs. Some of these changes, in particular the change in schedule of midazolam from Schedule 4 to Schedule 3 and the introduction of private controlled drug prescriptions, which are now mandatory for all private prescribers, have implications for dentists. This paper aims to outline the current regulations governing controlled drugs that are relevant to dentists and covers how to obtain, prescribe, store and dispose of them.
The Orthodontic-Restorative Interface: 2. Compensating for Variations in Tooth Number and Shape
Authors: Lewis Benjamin RK , Gahan Matthew J , Hodge Trevor M , Moore Derek
Published: August 2017

The aim of this second article in this series of two is to outline a variety of methods which may be used to compensate for variations in tooth shape and number using a combination of orthodontic and restorative approaches. It will also provide an overview of other areas of patient care which necessitate a multi-disciplinary orthodontic/restorative approach. The article will highlight the importance of combined planning from the outset and the close relationship between the different specialties, which must be maintained throughout treatment. The methods of compensating for variations in tooth number and shape will often require contributions from both orthodontist and restorative dentist. It is important that both disciplines are involved in the assessment and treatment planning process so that they know what will be expected of them during the patient's care. Treatment planning in isolation may lead to care being delivered which is below the optimum standard which can be achieved. The orthodontist and restorative dentist are likely to liaise with the patient's general dental practitioner so that he/she can provide the restorative treatment in some cases.
The Dental Management of a Child with Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
Authors: Hutton A , McKaig S
Published: August 2017

Congenital insensitivity to pain is a rare condition present from birth. To date, congenital insensitivity to pain has been described in groups of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN). Within the HSAN group there are five conditions described. This case report describes the management of a female with congenital insensitivity to pain up to her present age of six years. The aim of treatment was to prevent episodes of oro-facial trauma and self-mutilation injuries. The primary teeth were removed on eruption and further management of the permanent dentition has involved the use of soft occlusal guards together with behaviour management techniques, including an educational component.
Current Status of Visible Light Activation Units and the Curing of Light-activated Resin-based Composite Materials
Authors: Santini Ario
Published: August 2017

Light activation units are standard items of equipment in dental practice. It is essential to understand the many factors which affect the polymerization of light-activated resin composite materials and the choice of a light curing unit. In this respect, the development of high-intensity halogen and light-emitting diode (LED) light curing units (LCUs), many with multiple curing modes, has revolutionized light curing techniques. This article reviews visible light activation unit design and development. Factors influencing the effective use of LCUs and polymerization of resin-based composite materials are discussed, as are the steps which should be taken to maintain the efficiency of units in clinical use.
Numb Chin Syndrome: A Metastatic Deposit in the Mandible
Authors: Shah D , Shetty S , MacBean AD , Olley SF
Published: August 2017

Metastatic deposits in the mandible are discussed and a case of leiomyosarcoma arising from a testicular primary is presented. The patient presented with symptoms typical of those that would present to a general dental practitioner. The various stages involved in the diagnosis and management of the condition are discussed.
Considerations for the Selection of a Luting Cement
Authors: Rickman Luke J , Satterthwaite Julian D
Published: August 2017

Selection of a luting material for optimal cementation of indirect restorations requires the consideration of several factors relating to the properties of both the cement and of the restoration. Contemporary restorations (for example, dentine-bonded crowns or resin-retained bridges) often rely on bonding, and advances in dental materials science have resulted in simplified resin systems. Their ease of use and other favourable properties also offer advantages when used for more conventional restorations. Traditional luting cements remain commonplace and their benefits and shortcomings are discussed in terms of handling and clinical performance. Developments and trends in adhesive dentistry are explored.
Dento-Alveolar and Facial Injury caused by Air Gun Pellets
Authors: Colgan Laura , Shannon Diane
Published: August 2017

Recent changes in the law concerning air gun ownership have made air guns a topical subject and many have called for even tighter restrictions. A case of accidental injury during play with an air rifle is described. It highlights the dental and soft tissue damage that can arise from an injury from such a ‘toy’ and outlines its subsequent management.
Methods of Qualitative Research in Dentistry: A Review
Authors: Masood Mohd , Masood Yaghma , Newton Tim J
Published: August 2017

Over the last decade, researchers in health services research started using qualitative research methods. This has led to a corresponding rise in the reporting of the qualitative research studies in medical and related journals, including dental journals. Qualitative research is often contrasted with quantitative research as a set of ‘non quantitative methods’, since it does not deal with numbers and enumerate phenomena. It interprets the information people bring to research, which helps us to understand social phenomena in natural settings like their own territory, in their own language and on their own terms, giving emphasis to the meaning, experience and view of all the participants.
Bite Size Oral Health Promotion
Authors: Witton Robert
Published: August 2017

Improving health is part of the Government's wider public health agenda and central to this theme is the requirement to help patients make informed healthy choices. The aim of the article is to review the basis of oral health promotion in primary dental care, explain why it is necessary and to give some practical tips on behaviour change in practice.
More Evidence to Stop Smokers
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Relationship between smoking and periodontal probing pocket depth profile. Adler L, Modin C, Friskopp J, Jansson L. Swedish Dental Journal 2008; 32: 157–163.
Gerodontology: Now and the Future
Authors: Burke Francis M , Mckenna Gerald
Published: August 2017

In this the first article in a series, the discipline of Gerodontology is placed in context and the issues of what constitutes ageing, the demography of the older population, and changes in oral health are considered. Future clinical challenges to the profession and in the delivery of oral healthcare are also outlined.
Good Infection Prevention Practice: Hand Hygiene
Authors: Seager Leonie Michelle
Published: August 2017

Hand hygiene is crucial in preventing the spread of infection and is considered to be the single most important infection prevention activity in healthcare. Hand hygiene is part of Standard Infection Control Precautions. Several guidance documents have recently been published that emphasize the importance of carrying out excellent hand hygiene in dental practice. The three levels of hand hygiene are social hand hygiene, hygienic hand decontamination and surgical scrub, the choice depending on the procedure undertaken. The following article summarizes the basic principles of hand hygiene for the General Dental Practitioner and his/her dental team.
The Role of Extended Duties Dental Nurses in Applying Fluoride Varnish for the Prevention and Control of Dental Caries
Authors: Jones Colwyn M , Walker Alan
Published: August 2017

The role of extended duties dental nurses (EDDNs) in undertaking preventive dental care has provided an opportunity for their direct involvement in patient care, both at an individual patient level and as part of a population wide health improvement initiative. The article describes the developing role of the dental nurse in the clinical application of fluoride varnish, with associated evidence of effectiveness for the prevention and control of dental caries. The use of fluoride varnish as being central to caries preventive programmes for individual patients judged at risk of future dental caries is considered. A Scottish dental public health initiative which utilizes these extended skills and the benefits of fluoride varnish application is described.