bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The presence of an absence: Framing capital in Mercado de futuros/Futures Market (Álvarez 2011), La mano invisible/The Invisible Hand (Macián 2016) and Cerca de tu casa/Near your Home (Cortés 2016)
Authors: Balibrea Mari Paz
Published: December 2023

The extensive bibliography devoted to Spanish austerity tends to centre on representations of a suffering population, Spanish politics or the legacy of the Transition to democracy. Invoking Fredric Jameson’s concept of cognitive mapping, this article argues that Mercado de futuros/Futures Market (Álvarez 2011), La mano invisible/The Invisible Hand (Macián 2016) and Cerca de tu casa/Near Your Home (Cortés 2016) expose capitalism’s responsibility for creating the crisis and propose alternative critical responses. These three films synecdochally identify housing, labour relations and the media as ideal battlegrounds on which to confront capital, while presenting affect as an asset open for all. All three films deny capital the status of an incontestable totality: Mercado alludes to a world beyond capitalism while Mano and Cerca adduce populist antagonisms to its long-standing hegemony. These texts reveal their vocation as cinematic critical pedagogies, producing political subjects on-screen in order to generate them in an array of off-screen contexts.
Gaming the system: Post-crisis video games as ideological state apparatus
Authors: Varón González Carlos
Published: December 2023

Video games that tackle the political discontent that sprang from the 2008 crisis in Spain pose a particular representation of Spanish politics. It is representation that is mainly at stake both in the dynamics of the political field and in the engagement of video games with politics. From mobile games to bigger productions like Riot designed for quick consumption, video games deploy visuals but also user interaction to articulate political positions that renegotiate social interpellation, mobilizing the affective (feelings of playful enjoyment) to re-conceptualize the political. Referencing concepts from Louis Althusser and Ian Bogost, I claim that video games’ cultural specificity is a particular rationale of interpellation and an ambivalent agency that, in the case of political games, plays against – but also within – Ideological State Apparatuses.
Fariña/Cocaine Coast (2018) and Patria/Homeland (2020): (Re)negotiating the Transition in the age of streaming and crisis
Authors: Wheeler Duncan
Published: December 2023

The indignados movement has suggested that the roots of Spain’s political and economic bankruptcy are to be found in the ‘Regime of 78’, allowing Francoist ills to continue after the Transition to Spain’s parliamentary democracy. This article critically accesses how and why two recent television series – Fariña/Cocaine Coast (2018) and Patria/Homeland (2020) – depict drugs and terrorism, major blights to everyday lives in Galicia and the Basque Country, respectively, during the post-Franco period. The article asks how these twenty-first-century screen narratives rewrite canonical accounts of the Transition during a time of crisis in which the success of local television drama has provided a rare light of optimism – Fariña was bought by Netflix and Patria is the first Spanish drama to be produced by HBO Europe.
Technology of computer reconstruction of archaeological finds, similar to objects of rotation (on the Example of a Ceramic Vessel).
Authors:   Altai State University, S. Bondarenko
Published: December 2023

The article proposes the technology of computer reconstruction of the most probable form of archaeological finds, if their shape is similar to objects of rotation. Reconstruction is carried out on a virtual 3D model — a digital copy of a real object obtained by photogrammetry. For reconstruction, it is enough to have a small area of a real object with well-defined radii of curvature. The smaller the plot, the more variants of the restored forms will be and the more they will differ from each other. The restored parts can be printed on a 3D printer and complement the existing object. This technology can help the researcher in reconstruction and in assessing the adequacy and geometric correctness of the products, he is restoring. This is especially important when a large volume of the reconstruction object is lost, when the restorer does not see the full geometry of the object. The proposed method is a special case of the method of mathematical modeling, the purpose of which is not to replace the experience of a specialist, but to provide him with a tool that allows him to delve more deeply into the essence of the studied phenomena.
TETIUSHI-II HILLFORT - AN URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTOF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Authors:   Kazan State Institute of Culture, K. Rudenko
Published: December 2023

The article deals with the issues related to the problem of the existence of urban-type settlements in the Early Middle Ages in the Volga-Kama. On the example of the materials of TetiushiII hillfort located on the right bank of the Volga, the author gives arguments confirming this thesis. Having been studied for six seasons since 2007, Tetiushi-II hillfort has a unique stratigraphy which made it possible to identify the chronological stages of its existence, as well as to determine the peak of its functioning — the second half of the 6th — first half of the 7th centuries. The hillfort, as well as the settlement adjacent to it from the side facing the enemy, belongs to the Imen’kovo culture. A clear layout of the hillfort was recorded: an industrial site with furnaces and melting pits in the northern part of this settlement, an area of craft workshops and residential estates in the southern part of the site near the rampart. The population of the hillfort was engaged in crafts, trade, and had a developed system of cults and was multi-ethnic.
CHEST-PIECES OF THE ELOVKA SETTLEMENT: LATE BRONZE AGE (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SITES NEARTHE VILLAGE OF ELOVKA, TOMSK REGION)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, S. Tikhonov
Published: December 2023

This article is one of a series of works by the author about the Elovka settlement. This relates to the beginning of the discussion, started by I.V. Kovtun, about the cultures of the Late Bronze Age in the Upper Ob region. The Elovka settlement, which is one of the main sites for the archaeology of the Late Bronze Age of this region, unfortunately, has been studied only by excavations, but not in the office. Therefore, colleagues may have a misconception about the cultural and chronological settlement complexes of this site, which can lead to misinterpretation of the materials. Partially correcting this situation, the author publishes materials from the excavations by V.I. Matyushchenko 1982. This article discusses a small collection of bone cheek-pieces found in 1982 by V.I. Matyushchenko during the excavations of the Elovka settlement. It should be noted that cheek-pieces are missing at both Elovka burial grounds. By analogy with the settlement of Kamenny Log-I (Middle Yenisei), its can be dated to the 10th–9th centuries BC. This may be important for dating of some sections of the settlement. Blanks and whole products testify to the process of their manufacture, starting with cutting the bone and ending with polishing. Some technological details suggest the presence of specialized tools. For example, thin drills (from 2.2 mm in diameter). Straps of different widths were used to fasten cheek-pieces.
SCIENTIFIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF PURPLE OCTAGONAL CYLINDRICAL ITEM EXCAVATED FROM THE HEJIA CEMETERY, XIANYANG, SHAANXI, CHINA AND THE ISSUES RELATED TO IT
Authors:   School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, F. Sun
Published: December 2023

In this paper, we chose late war purple octagonal prismatic ware excavated at the Hejia Cemetery in Xianyang as the object of study, and carried out scientific analysis using ultra-deep field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction, and microscopic Raman spectroscopy. First of all, the features of the formation and weathering process were determined, then the samples of unweathered areas obtained by the sectioning method were examined, and it was confirmed that all 12 samples are barium copper silicate with the main phases of Chinese violet (BaCuSi2O6) and Chinese dark blue (BaCu2Si2O7) colors. Based on compositional characteristics, etc. it was also found that this group of purple octagonal vessels embodies two different manufacturing processes and may represent an evolution of the process from lead-barium glass to cupro-barium silicate. On this basis, issues such as the population, distribution area and functional characteristics of this type of dish are discussed in order to obtain new ideas and evidence for relevant research.
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF ITEMS MADE OF NON-FERROUS METAL OF THE PRE-TURKIC PERIOD FOUND AT THE CHOBURAK-I NECROPOLIS (NORTHERN ALTAI)
Authors:   Altai State University, A. Tishkin , N. Seregin ,   Altai State University
Published: December 2023

During excavations of burial complexes in Altai, which belong to the Bulan-Koby archaeological culture, items made of non-ferrous metal were found. However, their purposeful study has not yet been undertaken, which limits the possibilities for making the necessary scientific interpretations. This article presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of a small series of finds from the Choburak-I necropolis. This site is located in the Northern Altai and dates back to the preTurkic period. The obtained determinations of the chemical composition of simple decorations demonstrate the variety of recipes used in casting the initial materials. Of particular importance are the items made of brass. The presented variety of metal alloys can testify to wide contacts of the Altai population in the pre-Turkic period, as well as to the existence of local traditions of decoratiions making. It is important to continue the systematic study of similar and other finds from non-ferrous metal, which are in museum collections in Russia and abroad.
METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTELLECTUALIZATION OF SEARCHING FOR DESTRUCTIVE AND RADICAL CONTENT IN SOCIAL MEDIA: ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE
Authors: Karpova A. Yu. , Savelev A. O.
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this work is a comparative review of methods and technologies for intellectualizing the search for destructive and radical content in social media. The authors propose a typologization and description of the main applied tasks in this field. The analysis of the sources showed that deep learning technologies and the support vector method are the most popular in the professional environment. The authors describe the existing limitations of the intelligent technologies use in the subject area. As a general result of the conducted analytical research, we note the following. Partially formulated conclusions are characteristic not only for such a subject area as the intellectualization of the search for destructive content. In particular, close attention is paid to the problem of compiling qualitative data samples as hindering the further development of artificial intelligence technologies. As trends gaining relevance in the field of countering destructive content, it is worth highlighting, firstly, the need to form interdisciplinary scientific and technical teams, and, secondly, the shift in emphasis in the classification of content towards video and image processing. Intensive involvement of experts in the field of destructive content research – linguists, sociologists and psychologists – to automate its search and analysis will increase the overall degree of formalization of such definitions as “destructive”, “radical” and “extremist”, as well as their inherent features, which will ensure a transition to a more effective level of algorithmization. The growth trend of two directions is predicted: the development of organizational and managerial methods for the formation of interdisciplinary research teams to solve the identified applied tasks, as well as the development of content classification methods based on video and image processing against the background of a decrease in the importance of text content in social media.
Penerapan Metode Design Thinking untuk Perancangan Prototype Lost and Found
Authors: Priyono Aziiza Yvelliechia , Aryotejo Guruh , Adhy Satriyo
Published: December 2023

Kehilangan barang merupakan suatu keadaan dimana tidak memiliki atau menyimpan sesuatu yang sebelumnya ada. Permasalahan yang dihadapi saat kehilangan barang yaitu sulit mencari lokasi barang hilang tersebut dan minimnya informasi terkait barang yang hilang. Pada era teknologi sekarang, masalah kehilangan barang dapat diatasi dengan menyediakan sebuah sistem informasi pencarian barang hilang. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan prototype user interface dan user experience pencarian barang hilang (lost and found) menggunakan pendekatan metode design thinking untuk memberikan solusi terhadap permasalahan kehilangan barang. Metode design thinking terdiri atas lima tahapan yaitu, empathize, define, ideate, prototype, dan test. Prototype lost and found diuji menggunakan System Usability Scale (SUS) dan User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). Hasil pengujian dengan SUS memperoleh nilai 74, nilai tersebut masuk pada kategori baik dan produk dapat diterima. Hasil pengujian dengan UEQ memperoleh nilai attractiveness 2,300, nilai perspicuity 1,800, nilai efficiency 2,225, nilai dependability 1,900, nilai stimulation 2,000, dan nilai novelty 1,450. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut didapatkan hasil positif pada seluruh aspek UEQ.
Analisis dan Rancangan UI/UX pada PT. Sherindo Cargo dengan Metode Design Thinking dan SUS
Authors: Prastiyo Muhamad Agung , Sundari Jenie
Published: December 2023

Website pada PT. Sherindo Cargo sejak awal didirikan perusahaan hingga sampai saat tidak ada pembaharuan dari segi user interface serta user experience saat menggunakannya. Serta informasi yang disajikan pun juga sangat minim. Dengan memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi dan informasi melalui teknologi internet, maka kekurangan pada website tersebut bisa diatasi dengan menyesuaikan kebutuhan klien dan jaman. Metode digunakan untuk perancangan desain UI/UX website PT. Sherindo Cargo adalah design thinking dimana metode ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan dari emphatize, define, ideate, prototype, dan testing dengan usability testing yang digunakan system usability scale. Design thinking merupakan metode dengan pendekatan ke pengguna untuk mengetahui apa yang menjadi keinginan serta masalah yang dihadapi terhadap website ini. Setelah itu akan dianalisis keluhan responden untuk dijadikan sebuah ide atau solusi yang nantinya akan menjadi sebuah fitur di rancangan user interface di website yang terbaru serta memberikan user experience yang lebih baik. System usability scale akan digunakan usai melakukan tahap testing untuk mengetahui apakah rancangan tersebut diterima oleh klien atau tidak. Model perancangan ini berperan untuk memfasilitasi antara pengguna dengan perusahaan untuk memudahkan dalam bekerja di bidang ekspedisi.
Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengguna pada Aplikasi Mobile Banking
Authors: Firmansyah Dicky , Hakim Muhammad Malik , Nugroho Fajar Agung
Published: December 2023

Sejak pandemi virus Covid-19, masyarakat terbiasa jauh lebih berhati-hati dalam melakukan transaksi dimana masyarakat mulai terbiasa lebih memilih melakukan transaksi yang meminimalisir terjadinya kontak fisik. Salah satu cara yang dipilih adalah melakukan transaksi perbankan menggunakan teknologi mobile banking. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi pengguna pada aplikasi mobile banking. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan model DeLone & McLean serta tambahan variabel trust, social influence, intimacy, loyalty, dan continuance intention. Berdasarkan model dan variabel yang digunakan, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari faktor yang memengaruhi penggunaan, kepuasan, keintiman, loyalitas, niat berkelanjutan, dan dampak individual pengguna mobile banking dalam menggunakan mobile banking. Data dikumpulkan dengan syarat responden pernah menggunakan mobile banking. Data yang terkumpul sebanyak 204 responden. Data dianalisis dengan metode Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) menggunakan aplikasi SmartPLS 3.2.9. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang memengaruhi pengguna dalam menggunakan mobile banking adalah kualitas sistem, kualitas layanan, kepercayaan, pengaruh sosial, penggunaan, kepuasan, dan keintiman.
Implementasi Metode Support Vector Machine (SVM) dan t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) untuk Klasifikasi Depresi
Authors: Abimanyu Satria , Bahtiar Nurdin , Adi Sarwoko Eko
Published: December 2023

Depresi merupakan salah satu gangguan kesehatan mental. Sekitar 300 juta jiwa atau 3,76% populasi di dunia dari segala usia dan komunitas menderita depresi. WHO memprediksi bahwa depresi akan menjadi penyebab kematian paling berdampak dalam 15 tahun ke depan. Penelitian terdahulu yang melakukan klasifikasi terhadap depresi untuk instrumen Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-42) masih sangat sedikit. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi seseorang memiliki kemungkinan depresi, melalui proses pelatihan model klasifikasi menggunakan metode Support Vector Machine dan t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding pada set data DASS-42. Set data DASS-42 terdiri dari 39.776 data dan dapat digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi 3 fenomena yang berbeda yaitu, depresi, stress dan kecemasan. Model Support Vector Machine dilatih menggunakan data DASS-42 yang telah dibersihkan, normalisasi dan balancing serta menggunakan atribut yang telah direduksi melalui proses reduksi dimensi t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding. Data latih dan data uji dibagi dengan rasio 80:20. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, implementasi metode Support Vector Machine (SVM) dan t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) untuk klasifikasi depresi pada data DASS-42 menunjukkan performa yang lebih baik dengan akurasi terbaik sebesar 100% pada data sebelum balancing dan 91,71% pada data setelah balancing.
The impact of COVID-19 infection in pediatric and adult patients with primary immunodeficiency: a single center analysis
Authors: Al Shaqaq Azhar , Sham Marina , Abrego Fuentes Laura , Garkaby Jenny , Willett Pachul Jessica , Vong Linda , Upton Julia , Kim Vy , Roifman Chaim M.
Published: December 2023

Background: The global impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been profound, with over 760 million confirmed infections and almost 7 million deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pandemic, officially declared in March 2020, has caused significant and irreversible changes in society. COVID-19 continues to pose a serious threat, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and organ failure, putting immense pressure on healthcare systems worldwide. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on individuals with primary immunodeficiency (PID) are not yet fully understood. To date, the available research remains scarce, and the results do not yet provide conclusive evidence of a definitive link between PID and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study we present the clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 in individuals with PID.

Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis involving 65 patients, comprising both pediatric and adult individuals diagnosed with PID, who exhibited symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and tested positive at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The data was collected from October 2020 to December 2022.

Results: Sixty-five patients (36 children and 29 adults) were enrolled in our study. Our patients were diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency, and categorized as combined immunodeficiency, antibody deficiency, immune dysregulation disorder, phagocyte defect, intrinsic and innate immunity, or autoinflammatory disorder. Each of our patients had their COVID-19 infection confirmed through serology, rapid antigen test, and/or PCR. Among the study participants, 24 individuals had pre-existing lung conditions. At the time of contracting the infection, 42 patients had been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. The majority of patients in the study experienced mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19.

Conclusion: Our patients with PID exhibited mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19, and all made a full recovery without any complications.

Statement of Novelty: This study sheds light on impact of COVID-19 in individuals with primary immunodeficiency, revealing a noteworthy observation that patients exhibited mild to moderate symptoms, and remarkably, all experienced a complete recovery devoid of complications.
Crystal structure of methyl 4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoate, C13H16O6
Authors: Shu-Juan Liu , Chun-Mei Guo , Gui-Shu Wang , Wen-Jing Li , Xu-Liang Nie
Published: December 2023

C13H16O6, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.180(3) Å, b = 13.813(4) Å, c = 7.842(2) Å, β = 93.917(4)°, V = 1316.2(6) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0442, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1375, T = 296(2) K.
Changing human-cattle relationships in Ireland: a 6000-year isotopic perspective
Authors: Guiry Eric , Beglane Fiona , Szpak Paul , McCormick Finbar , Teeter Mathew A. , Cheung Christina , Richards Michael P.
Published: December 2023

Domesticated cattle were brought to Ireland during the Neolithic. By the early medieval period, 4000 years later, these animals were central to social and economic status in Irish communities and the landscape was organised around cattle husbandry to a degree unattested elsewhere in Europe. How this socio-economic importance developed is unclear. Here, using isotope data spanning six millennia, the authors identify a culturally driven shift towards the creation and management of open pastures, which began in the Iron Age, eventually supplanting woodland grazing. Cattle continued to dominate the economy until the later medieval period when a shift to participate in silver-based trade led to a reassessment of Ireland's unique human-cattle relationship.
Development of Zirconium for Use in the Chemical Processing Industry
Authors: Sutherlin Richard C.
Published: December 2023

Zirconium alloys have been used in various applications for the past 60 years. The development of this material for use in the chemical and petrochemical industry, however, has taken more of a focused effort over the past four to five decades. This major effort has included significant production development from the zirconium sponge to the final product forms and then through the major processes required to qualify these products for use in international material standards. As the commercialization of these industrial-grade alloys continued into newer applications and much larger equipment, it required significant effort to develop unique equipment fabrication procedures and welding processes for this material. This included working with chemical producers, design companies, and equipment fabricators worldwide to identify the optimum chemical environments and to develop fabrication procedures and welding processes to construct the needed equipment. Thousands of corrosion tests were performed in corrosion laboratories and in-service environments to fully document the optimum corrosion properties of zirconium to bring this material to where it is today. This article describes the history of how the zirconium alloys were developed for industrial uses. It includes the development and approval of the zirconium products and covers the design work and fabrication needed for equipment fabrication. Finally, it reviews how and when zirconium's excellent corrosion resistance was identified and describes some of the major corrosive media that this material is currently being used in.
Accommodation and Stability of Alloying Elements in Amorphous Grain Boundaries of Zirconia
Authors: Owen Megan W. , Rushton Michael J. D. , Cooper Michael W. D. , Claisse Antoine , Ghardi Mehdi , Lee William E. , Middleburgh Simon C.
Published: December 2023

A combination of modeling methods has been used to analyze the configurational entropy of undoped and doped amorphous and crystalline ZrO2 systems. In this work, chromia, Cr2O3, has been analyzed as a dopant in crystalline and amorphous zirconia currently at 10 at.% chromium and at a range of temperatures between 300 and 2,000 K. These systems have been modeled using a range of techniques, including molecular dynamics and density functional theory. Modifications to the structures upon introducing chromium is observed. For the first time, the entropy of the amorphous system is modeled and compared to the crystalline system. Amorphous undoped systems have higher configurational entropies owing to greater disorder observed compared with the crystalline counterpart. Dopants act to modify the original crystalline lattice, inducing greater disorder compared with the amorphous counterpart. Further work will analyze whether this difference in entropy has an impact on the overall Gibbs free energy and stabilization of amorphous chromium-doped ZrO2 systems.
Current Perspectives on Zirconium Use in Light Water Reactor Fuel and Its Continued Use in Nuclear Power
Authors: Garde Anand M.
Published: December 2023

Since the introduction of Zircaloys as light water reactor (LWR) nuclear fuel cladding materials about 60 years ago, significant irradiation experience has been accumulated on zirconium alloys. The need for interim dry storage of spent nuclear fuel was also not known then. As a result, the requirements determining the use of zirconium alloys for LWR fuel cladding have increased significantly beyond the initial focus on waterside corrosion resistance, oxygen pickup, and oxygen embrittlement. These additional evolving factors include hydrogen pickup, hydride embrittlement, hydride reorientation during dry storage, microstructural stability under neutron irradiation, irradiation-induced dimensional changes (growth and creep), the amount of hydrogen generated under accident conditions, evaluation of loss-of-coolant accident embrittlement due to oxygen and hydrogen, evaluation of loss-of-coolant accident breakaway oxidation, and evaluation of response to the reactivity insertion accidents. The impact of these evolving factors on the current zirconium alloys (composition, processing, and microstructure) are discussed in this paper. Summaries of selected past contributions of the author related to zirconium alloy material understanding for improvement of their LWR performance are presented. Because the continued use of zirconium alloys in the nuclear industry is related to the survival and expansion of nuclear power, factors critical for the expansion of nuclear power are also discussed for the current situation in the United States. Corrective actions taken by the nuclear industry to mitigate the consequences of the three major accidents in power reactors are discussed, as are ways to maintain the use of zirconium in nuclear power in the future.
Effect of Hydrogen on Corrosion of Zircaloy-4 under Irradiation
Authors: Ensor Brendan , Lucente Ashley , Frederick Matthew
Published: December 2023

To better understand the effect of hydrides on accelerating Zircaloy-4 oxide growth in-reactor, two distinct studies were performed that utilized the Advanced Test Reactor. These and previous studies used three different ways of accelerating the accumulation of hydrogen: the use of samples precharged with hydrogen, adding nickel to accelerate the hydrogen pickup, and altering coupon dimensions (thickness) to reduce the volume. Results show that the previously observed out-of-reactor effect of increasing hydrogen content above solubility leading to an increased corrosion rate in Zircaloy-4 was also present in-reactor (for exposures for up to 1,746 days between 310°C and 356°C and with an average neutron flux of 0.08–1.4 × 1014 n/cm2/s). When compared to autoclave results and accounting for neutron flux effects (which for a given temperature leads to an absolute increase in the corrosion rate), the relative corrosion rate increase for the in-reactor material is similar as a function of hydrogen content. Due to limited data, future work is recommended on the determination of a synergistic effect of hydrogen and neutron flux leading to higher corrosion-rate increases. In-reactor hydrogen pickup as a function of nickel content was lower compared with autoclave-exposed materials; however, the trend was consistent with that observed in the autoclave-exposed samples. Comparisons of different hydrogen-charging methods suggests that precharged samples may have lower corrosion rates as a function of hydrogen content, although more study is needed. The results of these experiments were used to help hypothesize possible mechanisms for hydride accelerated corrosion.
Mechanical Behavior of Zircaloy-4 in the Presence of Hydrogen in Solid Solution at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Fagnoni Francesco , Colldeweih Aaron W. , Binato Stefano , Wheeler Jeffrey M. , Spolenak Ralph , Wolff Marc , Bertsch Johannes , Duarte Liliana I.
Published: December 2023

During normal reactor operation, high-temperature water corrosion of the zirconium-based fuel cladding generates hydrogen, some of which diffuses into the metal. Hydrogen, both in solid solution and in its precipitate form (hydrides), affects the mechanical properties of the zirconium cladding. Depending on the amount of hydrogen, as well as the temperature and deformation rate, different embrittlement mechanisms can be active in the material. As long-term dry storage of spent nuclear fuel becomes increasingly prevalent, the study of hydrogen's effects on cladding materials becomes crucially important. Whereas most current research on spent fuel cladding focuses on embrittlement caused by hydrides prevailing at lower temperatures and higher hydrogen concentrations, this project concentrates on the potential effects of hydrogen in solid solution on the mechanical properties of zirconium alloys at temperatures found during interim dry storage, handling, and transportation. This work evaluates the mechanical properties of Zircaloy-4 samples by means of elevated-temperature three-point bending flexural tests, elevated-temperature microindentation, and elevated-temperature nanoindentation. Experiments analyze the hardness, bending modulus, bending yield point, and strain-rate sensitivity of the material at temperatures between 25 and 400°C in the presence of up to 700 wppm hydrogen addition in the tested material. In addition to the well-known hydride-induced hardening effect, results indicate the presence of a small but significant hydrogen-induced softening effect in conditions in which the majority of hydrogen is expected to be in solid solution. This effect is compatible with the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity model, according to which solid-solution hydrogen tends to reduce the energy barrier required to generate dislocations and lower the Peierls stress needed to move them, leading to increased ductility in the metal.
E110opt Fuel Cladding Corrosion under PWR Conditions
Authors: Shevyakov Alexander Yu. , Novikov Vladimir V. , Markelov Vladimir A. , Lafchiev Kalin , Johnson Kyle D. , Jädernäs Daniel , Ugryumov Alexander V. , Radostin Alexander F. , Waginder Rasmus
Published: December 2023

This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of corrosion-state studies of E110opt alloy fuel rod claddings carried out in the Studsvik “hot cells” after irradiation in the Halden reactor as well as after 3 years of operation at the Ringhals-3 nuclear power plant (NPP). The experimental fuel rods in the Halden were operated in a water-chemistry regime with increased lithium content (10 ppm lithium). During operation of the TVS-K fuel design in the PWR reactor at the Ringhals-3 NPP, the lithium content in the coolant was at the level of 3.5 ppm. The corrosion state of the fuel rod claddings was estimated from the results of eddy-current liftoff studies, metallographic analysis, transmission electron microscopy/scanning electron microscopy studies of the structural-phase state of oxide film, and lithium distribution over the oxide layer thickness studies by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results obtained show that increased values of the lithium content in the coolant (10 ppm) lead to an increase in the oxidation state of the fuel rod claddings that is associated with prolonged exposure to an aggressive environment. The lithium content in the fuel rod cladding oxide film after irradiation in the Halden reactor is over two times higher than the typical values obtained during industrial operation in the PWR reactor. The results of TVS-K operation at the Ringhals-3 NPP showed a high corrosion resistance of fuel rod claddings made from E110opt alloy. The maximum oxide film thickness values do not exceed 9 μm, which is consistent with the results obtained after industrial operation in VVER reactors. Thus, the PWR water chemistry (with a standard lithium content ≤5 ppm) has no effect on the corrosion intensification of the fuel rod claddings made from E110opt alloy.
A Study of Irradiation-Induced Growth of Modified and Advanced Zr-Nb System Alloys after Irradiation in the VVER-1000 Reactor Core at Temelin NPP
Authors: Novikov Vladimir V. , Markelov Vladimir A. , Shevyakov Alexander Yu. , Gusev Anatoly Y. , Linhart Stanislav , Sevecek Martin , Belac Josef , Rehacek Radomir , Stary Vladislav , Shishkin Aleksey A. , Grekhov Maksim M. , Pesek Pavel , Fencl Zdenek , Halodova Patricie
Published: December 2023

Since 2014, the irradiation of material samples manufactured from advanced Russian zirconium alloys has been performed in the VVER-1000 reactor core of Temelin NPP Unit 1, focused on the study of irradiation-induced growth (IIG) and related microstructural changes. The material samples differ from each other by alloying elements and final heat treatment, which provides a variety of initial microstructural characteristics. The test matrix allows the evolution of these different types of microstructures to be studied with increasing neutron irradiation and how it corresponds with macroscopic IIG. The expected outcome of this large research program is to obtain new experimental data on the IIG of Zr-alloys and the underlying microstructural changes that occur under standard irradiation conditions in a commercial VVER-1000 reactor. Six material cluster assemblies (MCAs) containing ampoules with longitudinal segments of cladding tubes with a size of 50 × 6 × 0.6 mm were irradiated in five irradiation cycles to achieve six different values of neutron fluence. One/two MCAs were removed from the reactor core after each irradiation cycle and then cooled in the spent fuel pool. A unique cutting device called POMA installed in the transport container pit is used to separate the ampoules from the remaining part of the MCA. Irradiated materials are being evaluated in the hot-cell facilities at UJV Řež and Research Centre Řež. The material tests and analyses include the determination of neutron fluence based on the activities of neutron activation monitors, geometry measurements of samples and their evaluation, TEM, SEM, and LOM analyses and microhardness measurement. The irradiation of all material samples has been completed. The IIG has been measured for the first four batches and related to the accumulated neutron fluence and to the microstructural changes. The alloys of multicomponent Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe systems exhibit higher values of IIG compared with the Zr-Nb-(Fe,O) alloys at the same neutron fluences.
Delayed Hydride Cracking of Fuel Rod Claddings Made of Three Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Saburov Nikolay S. , Markelov Vladimir A. , Novikov Vladimir V.
Published: December 2023

The threshold stress intensity factor for delayed hydride cracking (DHC; KIH), the rate of stable crack growth (VDHC), and their temperature dependences were determined for unirradiated fuel cladding tubes in comparable metallurgical states made of three alloys representing different alloying systems of zirconium: Zircaloy-4, E635M, and E110opt. The temperature dependences of KIH and VDHC have the same behavior for all alloys but are quantitatively different. VDHC and its temperature dependence decrease for the alloys in the above sequence, whereas KIH increases at minimum values of 5, 6.7, and 11.5 MPa√m, respectively, for Zircaloy-4, E635M, and E110opt. The maximum temperature, above which there is a deviation of VDHC from the Arrhenius behavior with a sharp decrease in it and a concomitant increase in KIH, is 292, 280, and 231°C for Zircaloy-4, E635M, and E110opt, respectively. The obtained results, including an analysis of striations in the fractography of hydride cracks, indicate an increase in the resistance to DHC of the alloys in the order Zircaloy-4, E635M, and E110opt, with the obvious superiority of the latter.
In Situ Observations of the Failure Mechanisms of Hydrided Zircaloy-4
Authors: Cockeram Brian V. , Chan Kwai S. , Kammenzind Bruce F.
Published: December 2023

Notched specimens with high or low constraint were tested in situ with a scanning electron microscope using hydrided Zircaloy-4 to develop an understanding of the mechanism for fracture initiation and propagation. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction was used to identify the texture and residual stresses near the hydrides prior to testing. A digital stereoimaging technique was used to measure the local strain distribution during testing. Fracture of nonhydrided Zircaloy-4 has been observed to occur by a process of void nucleation, growth, and coalescence that was described using a modified Rice-Tracey dependence for failure strain on triaxiality. For hydrided materials, it was observed that the cracking of select hydrides occurs at local regions of high strain when the macroscopic stresses are elastic. The tendency for hydride fracture is believed to be dependent on local residual stresses and texture. The microcracks nucleated from the hydrides are observed to be blunted by the α grains, and the regions between the hydrides are observed to fracture by a process similar to the nonhydrided material. A micromechanical model is developed to predict the failure strain for hydrided Zircaloy-4 that accounts for the effect of residual stress from hydride formation and stress state.
In Situ S/TEM Study of Hydride Dissolution/Precipitation Behavior in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Long Fei , Topping Matthew , Hanlon Sean M. , Badr Nima Nikpoor , Daymond Mark R.
Published: December 2023

The dissolution/precipitation behavior of hydrides in Zircaloy-2 was investigated by electron microscopy. The in-situ S/TEM heating/cooling experiments were carried out on hydrides observed in the TEM foil at different locations. For a hydride in a thin area, where dislocations can be imaged, a distinct memory effect was seen with reprecipitation occurring at the same location where the hydride existed before dissolution. Dissolved hydrides left behind dislocation nests, and precipitation-induced local plasticity was observed. For hydrides in a thicker part of the TEM foil clear dissolution/precipitation hysteresis was seen with a temperature difference of approximately 50°C. When reprecipitating, hydrides in thick parts of the foil also formed at the same position as before, displaying a memory effect. The existence of a memory effect for hydride reprecipitation was also observed during ex situ SEM imaging. After one cycle of heating/cooling, hydrides were observed to predominantly precipitate at their original positions. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis revealed that the precipitated hydride obeyed the conventional orientation relationship with the parental zirconium, with a habit plane close to the zirconium (0002) plane. The plasticity induced by hydride precipitation was evaluated by geometrically necessary dislocation analysis, demonstrating localized deformation in the zirconium matrix around hydrides. The precipitation-induced dislocations were found to be mainly -type dislocations by TEM. The effect of high-temperature annealing on hydride precipitation was investigated. A 3-day annealing at 800°C caused significant grain growth of the zirconium that resulted in the subsequent hydride distribution being relatively uniform, and predominantly along grain boundaries. Last, a small number of hydrides were found to precipitate with the atypical (0001)Zr//(001)hydride orientation relationship. These observations suggest two contributory causes to the memory effect: at the grain level dislocation nests act as preferential nucleation sites for hydrides, and intergranular stress acts as a driver moving hydrogen to preferred grain locations/interfaces.
Advanced Microscopy and 3D Atom Probe on Irradiated BWR Structural Materials to Elucidate Hydrogen Pickup Mechanism
Authors: Kucuk Aylin , Yagnik Suresh , Arimescu Ioan , Mon Kevin , Lin Yang-Pi , Hallstadius Lars , Sakamoto Kan , Matsunaga Junji , Edwards Dan , Devaraj Arun , Jädernäs Daniel , Nagai Yasuyoshi , Inoue Koji
Published: December 2023

High hydrogen pickup (HPU) and large scatter on HPU at high burnup/high exposure times is observed for Zircaloy-2 (Zr-2), which is used as fuel cladding, fuel channels, water rods, and spacer materials in boiling water reactors (BWRs). However, Zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) does not show this behavior in similar BWR environments. Because the main difference between Zr-2 and Zr-4 is that Zr-2 contains nickel as an alloying element, an investigation was pursued to elucidate the role of nickel. In this study, several Zr-2 and Zr-4 BWR fuel channel materials with low and high HPU exposed to known operating conditions, as well as a set of Zr-2 water rod materials irradiated in commercial BWRs in various exposures presenting higher HPU later in life, were examined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 3D atom probe (3DAP) to determine the microstructural differences in the oxide layers and underlying metal that may lead to increased HPU, specifically focusing on where the nickel and iron are in the metal and in the oxide layers to explain the role of nickel on enhanced HPU in Zr-2 at high residence times. TEM analyses showed that nickel-containing secondary-phase particles (SPPs) dissolve as a function of fast fluence and that nickel dissolves slower than iron in irradiated Zr-2. The 3DAP analyses showed increased nickel content in solid solution in the alloy matrix, but there was no difference in the measured nickel content between low and high HPU fraction materials. Alloying element segregation was observed at the metal grain boundaries in TEM and 3DAP. 3DAP results showed some nickel and iron clustering in the irradiated metal and occasionally in the oxide layer. However, nickel segregation was not observed unequivocally in the oxide layers either using TEM or 3DAP in this study.
Characterization of Hydride Precipitation and Reorientation in Zircaloy-4 at Different Metallurgical States
Authors: Maric Mia , Thomas Rhys , Ungár Tamás , Zilahi Gyula , Hunt Callum , Lunt David , Donoghue Jack , Lynch Kieran , Frankel Philipp , Barberis Pierre , Bourlier Florent , Preuss Michael , Shanthraj Pratheek
Published: December 2023

Hydride precipitation and reorientation have the potential to embrittle zirconium alloys. This study aims to better understand the influence of the zirconium microstructure on hydride precipitation and reorientation. Specifically, the crystallography, phase stability, and morphology of hydride precipitation were correlated to microstructural variations due to changes in the metallurgical state of the zirconium alloy. This work highlights that microstructural features induced during recrystallization have a significant influence on the distribution and orientation of hydrides when no external stress is applied. The stability of γ hydride was shown to be dictated by metallurgical state, whereby its formation was promoted in the recrystallized sample owing to its reduced strength. The influence of grain orientation on γ stability was also explored. It was highlighted that upon cooling, grains oriented in the <101̅0> direction are under compression such that γ-hydride formation is suppressed. This study suggests that the extent of reorientation is driven by differences in hydrogen content of the alloy as well as the applied stress during reorientation, while the influence of the metallurgical state still remains unclear. Quantification of the dislocation density in both the matrix and hydride during precipitation highlighted that extensive matrix recovery takes place during hydriding. It was also shown that the dislocation density in the hydride is lower after thermomechanical loading, whereby the presence of dislocation nests left behind after initial hydride precipitation and dissolution could provide more space for the hydride to precipitate into.
Advanced PWR Cladding Development through Extensive In-Reactor Testing
Authors: Pan Guirong , Mueller Andrew J. , Limbäck Magnus , Partezana Jonna M. , Mitchell David B. , Szőke Réka , Atwood Andrew R.
Published: December 2023

In recognition of increasingly challenging fuel-management practices, next-generation cladding materials were developed in the zirconium industry targeting high fuel duties with the goal of improved performance, including corrosion resistance and dimensional stability. In addition to the conventional approaches including lower tin content, some new alloying elements such as vanadium and copper are used in combination with varying microstructures controlled by processing. A group of alloys called AXIOM® candidate alloys has thus been created with different compositions and degrees of recrystallization. The AXIOM cladding was irradiated in a variety of reactors worldwide, including both commercial and test reactors. Extensive postirradiation examination (PIE) data are available for various burnup levels and with the leading burnup up to 75 GWd/MTU, confirming AXIOM's improved corrosion resistance, lower hydrogen pickup, and lower creep strain and growth compared with current products, including ZIRLO® and Optimized ZIRLO™ cladding. In addition to the comprehensive hot-cell examinations of high-burnup AXIOM fuel rods, there are also test programs specifically designed to study the creep and growth behavior. These tests were conducted on controlled specimens selected to enable separation between the influences of chemical composition and processing parameters. AXIOM claddings were evaluated for corrosion performance in aggressive conditions exceeding those currently allowable in commercial PWRs, including high pH, high heat flux, and high mass evaporation rates. The AXIOM candidate alloys, with varying compositions and microstructures, in combination with the broad PIE datasets, are ideal for evaluating the factors controlling the performance improvements. The effects of alloying elements such as vanadium and copper and final heat treatments on corrosion, creep, growth, and hydrogen pickup are elucidated in this paper.
Mechanisms of Mesoscale Hydride Morphology and Reorientation in a Polycrystal Investigated Using Phase-Field Modeling
Authors: Simon Pierre-Clément A. , Chen Long-Qing , Daymond Mark R. , Motta Arthur T. , Tonks Michael R.
Published: December 2023

This study focuses on the precipitation of nanoscale hydrides in polycrystalline zirconium as a first step to predicting the hydride morphology observed experimentally and investigating the mechanisms responsible for hydride reorientation at the mesoscale. A quantitative phase-field model, which includes the elastic anisotropy of the nanoscale zirconium hydride system, is developed to investigate the mechanism of hydride reorientation in which the presence of an applied hoop stress promotes hydride precipitation in grains with basal poles aligned with the circumferential direction. Although still elongated along the basal plane of the hexagonal matrix, nanoscale hydrides growing in grains oriented perpendicular to the applied stress appear radial at the mesoscale. Thus, a preferential hydride precipitation in grains with basal poles aligned parallel to the applied stress could account for mesoscale hydride reorientation. This mechanism is consistent with experimental observations performed in other studies.