bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roads affect the spatial structure of butterfly communities in grassland patches
Authors: Skórka Piotr , Lenda Magdalena , Moroń Dawid
Published: August 2018

Roads may have an important negative effect on animal dispersal rate and mortality and thus the functioning of local populations. However, road verges may be surrogate habitats for invertebrates. This creates a conservation dilemma around the impact of roads on invertebrates. Further, the effect of roads on invertebrates is much less understood than that on vertebrates. We studied the effect of roads on butterflies by surveying abundance, species richness and composition, and mortality in ten grassland patches along high-traffic roads (∼50–100 vehicles per hour) and ten reference grassland patches next to unpaved roads with very little traffic (<1 vehicle per day) in southern Poland. Five 200-m transects parallel to the road were established in every grassland patch: at a road verge, 25 m from the verge, in the patch interior, and 25 m from the boundary between the grassland and field and at the grassland-arable field boundary. Moreover, one 200-m transect located on a road was established to collect roadkilled butterflies. The butterfly species richness but not abundance was slightly higher in grassland patches adjacent to roads than in reference grassland patches. Butterfly species composition in grasslands adjacent to roads differed from that in the reference patches. Proximity of a road increased variability in butterfly abundances within grassland patches. Grassland patches bordering roads had higher butterfly abundance and variation in species composition in some parts of the grassland patch than in other parts. These effects were not found in reference grassland patches, where butterfly species and abundance were more homogenously distributed in a patch. Plant species composition did not explain butterfly species. However, variance partitioning revealed that the presence of a road explained the highest proportion of variation in butterfly species composition, followed by plant species richness and abundance in grassland patches. Road mortality was low, and the number of roadkilled butterflies was less than 5% of that of all live butterflies. Nevertheless, the number and species composition of roadkilled butterflies were well explained by the butterfly communities living in road verges but not by total butterfly community structure in grassland patches. This study is the first to show that butterfly assemblages are altered by roads. These results indicate that: (1) grassland patches located near roads are at least as good habitats for butterflies as reference grassland patches are, (2) roads create a gradient of local environmental conditions that increases variation in the abundance of certain species and perhaps increases total species richness in grassland patches located along roads, and (3) the impact of roads on butterflies is at least partially independent of the effect of plants on butterflies. Furthermore, (4) the direct impact of road mortality is probably spatially limited to butterflies living in close proximity to roads.
Accurate Implementation of Response Adaptive Randomization with Mass‐Weighted Urn Design
Authors: Zhao Wenle
Published: August 2018

Response adaptive randomization has been used in both frequentist trials and Bayesian adaptive trials motivated by patient ethics and/or trial efficiency considerations. The desired treatment allocations obtained by response adaptive randomization algorithms are unequal, and often cannot be expressed with small integers. Complete randomization and permuted block design are the only two methods currently available for the implementation of these unequal response adaptive allocations, and neither of them can simultaneously ensure the allocation accuracy and allocation precision. The mass‐weighted urn design proposed by Zhao in 2015 provides a solution to target any unequal allocations, while maintaining a consistent treatment imbalance control. In this article, the operation and mathematical model of the mass‐weighted urn design is presented. Its performance is further assessed and compared with those of complete randomization and permuted block design via simulation studies.
Calibration of Prognostic Risk Scores
Authors: Calster Ben Van , Steyerberg Ewout W.
Published: August 2018

Prognostic risk scores provide individualized risk estimates for an outcome (“event”) based on included covariates. Calibration indicates the extent to which risk estimates are reliable. We review four increasingly stringent definitions of calibration: mean, weak, moderate, and strong calibration. The latter requires that the risk model perfectly corresponds to the observed proportions for every single covariate pattern, and hence can be regarded as impossible to achieve in practice (“utopic”). We present an overview of methods to assess calibration, including goodness‐of‐fit tests, summary measures, and graphical procedures. We show that estimation and visualization of the degree of (mis)calibration is essential, whereas testing is problematic. We illustrate the methods with a case study on the prediction of the histology of retroperitoneal lymph nodes following chemotherapy for testicular cancer.
Statistics and Metrology
Authors: Possolo Antonio
Published: August 2018

Metrology is the science of measurement, whose scope includes measurements made in all fields of science and technology, of properties that may be quantitative or qualitative. A measurement result comprises an estimate of the value of the property being measured and an evaluation of the associated measurement uncertainty. The concepts and tools of probability and statistics are used in metrology because measurement uncertainty typically is interpreted probabilistically, and statistical methods are used to estimate the true value of the property under measurement, and to evaluate the associated uncertainty. Measurement models represent the relationship between inputs (measurement data) and an output (value of the property being measured) and may be either measurement equations or observation equations (statistical models). Estimating the value of the property under measurement, and evaluating the associated uncertainty, depends on the measurement model, whose definition also may be surrounded by uncertainty. Many different probabilistic and statistical models and methods are used in metrology. This article includes applications of the Delta Method, the parametric statistical bootstrap, and random effects models in the context of measurement science.
Reduction of Dimensionality
Authors: Fattore Marco
Published: August 2018

In data analysis, the expression “Reduction of dimensionality”, or “Dimensionality reduction”, refers to the process of mapping a set of high‐dimensional statistical units into a lower‐dimensional space, minimizing the approximation, or reconstruction, error and preserving, as much as possible, the structure and the features of the input data. Dimensionality reduction is usually performed in order to simplify multidimensional data, to clean them from noise, to visualize them, to identify patterns of statistical units, or as a preliminary step before other kinds of statistical analysis (e.g., prediction and supervised classification). Many different algorithms for dimensionality reduction exist; they differ as to the kind of input data (categorical, ordinal, or numerical), to the mathematical setting they are based on (e.g., linear and nonlinear procedures) and to the emphasis they put on minimizing the approximation error or on providing less precise but more easily interpretable results. Given the increasing availability of increasingly complex data systems, dimensionality reduction is often a key step in real‐world statistical and data science processes and is a lively area of multivariate statistical and machine learning research.
Postmodern Pedagogical Principles of Museum‐Informed Art Education
Authors: Yuan Yanyue
Published: August 2018

This chapter summarizes two pedagogical modes of art education informed by theories and practices in the museum field. Situated in a postmodern framework, the pedagogical principles of museum‐informed art education (MIAE) are rooted in relational aesthetics and are tied to the two features of learning in museum settings: awareness of exhibition culture and object‐based learning. The two pedagogical principles, co‐interpretation and co‐construction, also demand new understanding of the roles of practitioners involved in art education, especially the changing identities of facilitators and new pedagogical challenges they face when it comes to MIAE.
Unbound Philosophies and Histories: Epistemic Disobedience in ContemporaryLatinAmerican Art
Authors: Miles Adetty Pérez
Published: August 2018

This chapter engages with Walter Mignolo's concept of decoloniality, the contestation of coloniality and reframing of unilateral knowledge production, and Berna Reale's performance art exhibited at the 2015 Venice Biennale. Decoloniality or epistemic disobedience is significant, because it calls into question the basis of and the control of Eurocentric systems of thought and because it is crucial to fostering an emphasis on the knower (enunciation) rather than the known (enunciated) based on lived experience and in connection to others and their context. These objectives are important to expand the multiplicity of Western epistemology and the potential for dialogical and intercultural dialogue in art and design education.
The Performative Virtuality of Art and Its Education
Authors: Garoian Charles R.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the provocative encounters and evocative discussions that students and the public experienced in happenings artist Allan Kaprow's un‐art workshop are conceptualized in terms of its performance ontology (namely, what actually happened) and its performative virtuality. Kaprow's art/un‐art pedagogical paradox is consistent with “unlearning,” a neologism with which John Baldacchino differentiates learning in the arts from learning that is predetermined by academic, institutional, and corporate systems. Baldacchino's characterization of unlearning as an “act of willed forgetfulness” resonates with Kaprow's paradoxical notion that learning that emerges from un‐art occurs virtually, imperceptibly, and incipiently through an immersive, self‐emptying process. Stated differently, the “real” that these thinkers are suggesting emerges not from preexisting, actualized understandings but from virtual and contingent circumstances as learning‐in‐the‐making.
Creativity and Creative Communities
Authors: Darras Bernard
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses creativity, creative industries, and how these shape the development agendas and cultural policies of creative communities, which both influence and are influenced by art and design education. A brief historical scan situates the phenomenon within its context, following which the chapter addresses the diverse values that drive these communities as they relate to the area and circumstances within which they form. Subsequently, the chapter explores the coordination of these different communities via the dynamic between the formal and informal elements at play. Next, the creative fields involved are presented alongside their contribution to the cultural and creative industries (CCI), leading to a discussion of the relationship between the development of CCIs and the educational systems that support them. This chapter focuses on smaller creative communities, whose experience and practices relate closely to those of educators and their students.
Collaborative learning effects when students have complete or incomplete knowledge
Authors: Retnowati Endah , Ayres Paul , Sweller John
Published: August 2018

Cognitive load theory was used to hypothesize that the effectiveness of collaborative learning is moderated by the completeness of the prerequisite knowledge bases of group members. It was predicted that when group members have gaps in their knowledge base that can be filled by other group members, collaborative is superior to individual learning. In contrast, if group members have no prerequisite knowledge gaps, then collaborative learning is redundant and as a consequence inferior to individual learning. To test these, 58 grade 7 Indonesian students were randomly assigned to work collaboratively or individually on intermediate mathematics problems, with either full knowledge or gaps in their knowledge base. The results indicated that with gaps, collaboration led to superior learning. However, with a more complete knowledge, individual learning was superior to collaborative learning due to redundancy effects. The results suggest that collaboration does not always lead to superior learning compared with individual study.
The use of episodic and semantic memory systems in classroom context regarding time delay and college experience level
Authors: Elibol‐Pekaslan Nur , Sahin‐Acar Basak
Published: August 2018

This study aimed to examine freshmen and senior college students' episodic and semantic memory use in classroom context regarding short and long time delays and college experience level. Data were collected in 2014 and 2017, right after students' final exams (T1) and 5 weeks later (T2). Students were given exemplar questions from their final exams and asked whether they remembered a specific learning episode (episodic memory), if they knew the information (semantic memory), or they guessed the answer while answering exam questions. Senior students in 2017 were asked the same set of questions that they had answered in 2014 as T3. The analyses revealed that the ratio of remember responses to all types of responses decreased within 3 years, whereas know ratio remained stable. Moreover, remember‐to‐know shift occurred only for senior students. This study is important for demonstrating endurance of semantic memory longitudinally, and salience of college experience level cohort sequentially.
Mimicking Human Pathophysiology in Organ‐on‐Chip Devices
Authors: Yesil‐Celiktas Ozlem , Hassan Shabir , Miri Amir K. , Maharjan Sushila , Al‐kharboosh Rawan , Quiñones‐Hinojosa Alfredo , Zhang Yu Shrike
Published: August 2018

Convergence of life sciences, engineering, and basic sciences has opened new horizons for biologically inspired innovations, and a considerable number of organ‐on‐a‐chip platforms have been developed for mimicking physiological systems of biological organs such as the brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver, and gut. Various biophysicochemical factors can also be introduced into such organ‐on‐a‐chip platforms to study metabolic and systemic effects spanning from drug toxicity to different pathologic manifestations. There is also a pressing need to develop better disease models for common pathologies using variations of these platforms. This can be achieved by recapitulating the unique microenvironment of a disease to investigate the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from such a pathology. In this review, the organ‐on‐a‐chip platforms that have been developed to model different pathologies of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, and digestive systems, along with cancer are summarized. Although the field is still in its infancy, it is anticipated that developing disease model‐on‐a‐chip platforms will likely be a valuable addition to the field of disease modeling, pathology studies, and improved drug discovery.
Bioinstructive Naringin‐Loaded Micelles for Guiding Stem Cell Osteodifferentiation
Authors: Lavrador Pedro , Gaspar Vítor M. , Mano João F.
Published: August 2018

Naringin is a naturally occurring flavanone with recognized neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti‐inflammatory, and antiosteoporotic properties. Herein, the delivery of Naringin‐loaded methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)–maleimide–thiol–poly(l‐lactide) (mPEGMSPLA) diblock polymeric micelles to human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) with the aim to augment its pro‐osteogenic effect in these cells is reported for the first time. The synthesis of the diblock copolymer is performed via Michael‐type addition reaction between hydrophilic methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)–maleimide (mPEGMAL) and hydrophobic thiol–poly(l‐lactide) (PLASH) and confirmed by 1H NMR and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. The resulting mPEGMSPLA copolymer self‐assembles into monodispersed polymeric micelles (≈84.4 ± 2 nm) and presents a high Naringin encapsulation efficiency (87.8 ± 4%), with a sustained release profile at physiological pH. Alongside, in vitro data reveal that upon internalization into hASC 2D cultures, Naringin nanomicellar formulations attain a higher pro‐osteogenic effect than that of free drug. Notably, these bioactive carriers also induce superior osteopontin expression and increase matrix mineralization in these cells over free drug administration. Overall, such findings support for the first time the use of polymeric nanomicelles for Naringin delivery into hASCs as a valid approach for modulating stem cell osteogenic differentiation.
Icephobicity of Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces under Multiple Freeze–Thaw and Ice Accretion–Detachment Cycles
Authors: Niemelä‐Anttonen Henna , Koivuluoto Heli , Tuominen Mikko , Teisala Hannu , Juuti Paxton , Haapanen Janne , Harra Juha , Stenroos Christian , Lahti Johanna , Kuusipalo Jurkka , Mäkelä Jyrki M. , Vuoristo Petri
Published: August 2018

Surface engineering can be used to prevent ice accumulation and adhesion in environments that deal with icing problems. One recent engineering approach, slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS), comprises a smooth and slippery lubricating surface, where lubricant is trapped within the pores of a solid material to repel various substances, such as water and ice. However, it remains unclear whether the slippery surfaces retain their icephobic characteristics under the impact of supercooled water droplets or repeated freezing and melting cycles. Here, the icephobic properties of SLIPS are evaluated under multiple droplet freeze–thaw and ice accretion–detachment cycles and compared to hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. The experiments are designed to mimic real environmental conditions, thus, the icephobicity is investigated in icing wind tunnel, where ice accretion occurs through the impact of supercooled water droplets. The adhesion of ice remained extremely low, <10 kPa, which is four times lower than ice adhesion onto smooth fluoropolymer surfaces, even after repeated ice accretion–detachment cycles. Moreover, cyclic droplet freeze–thaw experiments provide insight into the effects of temperature cycling on SLIPS wettability, showing stable wetting performance. The results suggest liquid infused porous surfaces as a potential solution to icephobicity under challenging and variating environmental conditions.
Trimethylaluminum Diffusion in PMMA Thin Films during Sequential Infiltration Synthesis: In Situ Dynamic Spectroscopic Ellipsometric Investigation
Authors: Cianci Elena , Nazzari Daniele , Seguini Gabriele , Perego Michele
Published: August 2018

Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) provides a successful route to grow inorganic materials into polymeric films by penetrating of gaseous precursors into the polymer, both in order to enhance the functional properties of the polymer creating an organic–inorganic hybrid material, and to fabricate inorganic nanostructures when infiltrating in patterned polymer films or in self‐assembled block copolymers. A SIS process consists in a controlled sequence of metal–organic precursor and coreactant vapor exposure cycles of the polymer films in an evacuated reactor. Here, a study of the SIS process of alumina using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and H2O in various polymer films using in situ dynamic spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is reported. In situ dynamic SE enables time‐resolved monitoring of the polymer swelling, which is relevant to the diffusion and retains the metal precursor into the polymer itself. Diffusion coefficients of TMA in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) are extracted, investigating the swelling of pristine PMMA films during TMA infiltration and shown to be dependent on polymer molecular weight. In situ dynamic SE allows to control the SIS process, tuning it from an atomic layer deposition – like process for long purge to a chemical vapor deposition – like process selectively confined inside the polymer films.
Visible‐Light‐Triggered, Metal‐ and Photocatalyst‐Free Acylation of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Guillemard Lucas , Colobert Françoise , Wencel‐Delord Joanna
Published: August 2018

A photoinduced acylation of N‐heterocycles is explored. This visible‐light triggered reaction occurs not only under extremely mild reaction conditions, but also does not require the presence of a photosensitizer. The mechanistic studies suggest formation of EDA complexes prompt to harness the energy from visible‐light. Compatibility with a large panel of α‐keto acids as acyl precursors and an array of N‐heterocycles clearly showcase the synthetic potential of this handy and green acylation protocol.

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A multimodality work‐up of patients with Hypereosinophilia
Authors: Hu Zhihong , Boddu Prajwal C. , Loghavi Sanam , Miranda Roberto N. , Goswami Maitrayee , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Tam Wayne , Orazi Attilio , Verstovsek Srdan , Wang Sa A.
Published: August 2018

The work‐up of patients with hypereosinophilia (HE) is complex. Following the recently revised World Health Organization criteria, we retrospectively reviewed 125 patients who were referred to us to exclude a neoplastic cause of HE (2003‐2016). The clinical laboratory work‐up confirmed secondary HE in 25 (20%) patients; myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with rearrangements of PDGFRA (n = 9) or PDGFRB (n = 2) (9%); HE associated with a well‐defined myeloid neoplasm in 8 (6%); and abnormal bone marrow and/or molecular genetic abnormalities consistent with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), not otherwise specified (NOS) in 21 (17%) patients. For the remaining 60 (48%) patients, a specific diagnosis was not identified, and 56 patients had HE related findings consistent with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), while 4 patients who were asymptomatic. With a median follow up of 35.3 months (range, <1‐104), patients with CEL, not otherwise specified (NOS) had a median OS of 26.1 months, significantly inferior to patients with idiopathic HES (not reached, P < .01). Thus, our experience in a single tertiary cancer center shows that the work‐up of HE following WHO recommendations requires a multimodality‐based approach; and a correct diagnosis determines risk stratification and proper patient management. However, the causes of HE remain unknown in approximately half of referred patients, indicating the need for further studies.
microRNA and mRNA profiles in nucleus accumbens underlying depression versus resilience in response to chronic stress
Authors: Si Yawei , Song Zhenhua , Sun Xiaoyan , Wang Jin‐Hui
Published: August 2018

Major depression in negative mood is presumably induced by chronic stress with lack of reward. However, most individuals who experience chronic stress demonstrate resilience. Molecular mechanisms underlying stress‐ induced depression versus resilience remain unknown, which are investigated in brain reward circuits. Mice were treated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks. The tests of sucrose preference, Y‐maze, and forced swimming were used to identify depression‐like emotion behavior or resilience. High‐throughput sequencing was used to analyze mRNA and miRNA quantity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) harvested from the mice in the groups of control, CUMS‐induced depression (CUMS‐MDD), and CUMS‐resistance to identify molecular profiles of CUMS‐MDD versus CUMS‐resilience. In data analyses and comparison among three groups, 1.5‐fold ratio in reads per kilo‐base per million reads (RPKM) was set to judge involvements of mRNA and miRNA in CUMS, MDD, or resilience. The downregulations of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses, MAPK/calcium signaling pathways, and morphine addiction as well as the upregulations of cAMP/PI3K‐Akt signaling pathways and amino acid metabolism are associated with CUMS‐MDD. The downregulations of chemokine signaling pathway, synaptic vesicle cycle, and nicotine addiction as well as the upregulations of calcium signaling pathway and tyrosine metabolism are associated with CUMS‐resilience. The impairments of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses and PI3K‐Akt/MAPK signaling pathways in the NAc are associated with depression. The upregulation of these entities is associated with resilience. Consistent results from analyzing mRNA/miRNA and using different methods validate our finding and conclusion.
Oxygen‐ and Sulfur‐bridged L‐shaped π‐Conjugated Molecules: Synthesis, Aggregated Structures, and Charge Transporting Behavior
Authors: Okamoto Toshihiro , Dosei Hiroaki , Mitani Masato , Murata Yoshinori , Ishii Hiroyuki , Nakamura Ken‐ichi , Yamagishi Masakazu , Yano Masafumi , Takeya Jun
Published: August 2018

A series of oxygen‐ and sulfur‐bridged L‐shaped π‐electron cores (π‐cores) with Cs symmetry, dinaphtho [2, 1‐b:2′,3′‐d] furan (DNF−L) and dinaphtho [2, 1‐b:2′,3′‐d] thiophene (DNT−L), have been designed and investigated. DNF−L and DNT−L were successfully synthesized from commercially available 2‐methoxylnaphthalene in three and four steps, respectively. Notably, these compounds exhibited extremely high solubility in common organic solvents even without substituents and excellent thermal and chemical stability. X‐ray single‐crystal structural analyses of DNF−L and DNT−L reveal that both molecules form herringbone‐type packing structures suitable for two‐dimensional charge transport, but the packing of DNT−L has a large displacement in the direction of the longitudinal axis. Moreover, DNF−L shows a charge carrier mobility of up to 1.5 cm2/Vs in single‐crystal transistors, indicating that these L‐shaped molecules have excellent potential as organic semiconducting backbones with high solubility and high thermal and chemical stabilities.
Magnetic Phase Transition Driven by Frustrated Interactions in a Longitudinal‐Field Ising Chain
Authors: Zhou Yan‐Li
Published: August 2018

The ground‐state magnetic phase transitions in a classical spin chain with long‐range interactions in a system of trapped ions are investigated. The tunable competing interactions, mediated by both longitudinal and transverse photon modes, lead to competition among different spins, due to which magnetic frustration occurs. Various ground‐state spin configurations are separated by multiple phase transitions when the strength and sign of these interactions are tuned continuously. The spin chains are highly degenerated because of the frustration, so there is some melting of several magnetic phases.
Jenseits von Friedel und Crafts: immanente Alkylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen
Authors: Evano Gwilherm , Theunissen Cédric
Published: August 2018

Alkylierte Arene sind allgegenwärtige Moleküle und Bausteine in vielen Bereichen der Naturwissenschaften. Die nur scheinbar einfache regioselektive Alkylierung von Arenen ist tatsächlich in vielen Fällen noch immer eine anspruchsvolle Transformation. Klassische Methoden zur Einführung von Alkylgruppen in Arene, wie die Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion, Radikaladditionen, die Metallierung oder Präfunktionalisierung von Arenen mit anschließender Alkylierung, ebenso wie Alternativen wie die dirigierte Alkylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen, zeigen noch immer gravierende Einschränkungen hinsichtlich der Anwendungsbreite, Effizienz und Selektivität. Diese können durch die Ausnutzung der immanenten Reaktivität einiger (Hetero)Arene umgangen werden, in denen elektronische und sterische Eigenschaften, die durch ein (oder mehrere) vorhandene(s) Heteroatom(e) bestimmt werden (oder nicht bestimmt werden), eine hohe Regioselektivität gewährleisten. Dieser Aufsatz bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die immanenten Alkylierungen von (Hetero)Arenen.
Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis With Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Sarcopenia
Authors: Misra Devyani , Fielding Roger A. , Felson David T. , Niu Jingbo , Brown Carrie , Nevitt Michael , Lewis Cora E. , Torner James , Neogi Tuhina ,   the MOST study
Published: August 2018

Objective

Obesity, defined by anthropometric measures, is a well‐known risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA), but there is a relative paucity of data regarding the association of body composition (fat and muscle mass) with risk of knee OA. We undertook this study to examine the longitudinal association of body composition categories based on fat and muscle mass with risk of incident knee OA.

Methods

We included participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, a longitudinal cohort of individuals with or at risk of knee OA. Based on body composition (i.e., fat and muscle mass) from whole‐body dual x‐ray absorptiometry, subjects were categorized as obese nonsarcopenic (obese), sarcopenic obese, sarcopenic nonobese (sarcopenic), or nonsarcopenic nonobese (the referent category). We examined the relationship of baseline body composition categories with the risk of incident radiographic OA at 60 months using binomial regression with robust variance estimation, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Among 1,653 subjects without radiographic knee OA at baseline, significantly increased risk of incident radiographic knee OA was found among obese women (relative risk [RR] 2.29 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} 1.64–3.20]), obese men (RR 1.73 [95% CI 1.08–2.78]), and sarcopenic obese women (RR 2.09 [95% CI 1.17–3.73]), but not among sarcopenic obese men (RR 1.74 [95% CI 0.68–4.46]). Sarcopenia was not associated with risk of knee OA (for women, RR 0.96 [95% CI 0.62–1.49]; for men, RR 0.66 [95% CI 0.34–1.30]).

Conclusion

In this large longitudinal cohort, we found body composition–based obesity and sarcopenic obesity, but not sarcopenia, to be associated with risk of knee OA. Weight loss strategies for knee OA should focus on obesity and sarcopenic obesity.
Lasttransfermethode zur Berechnung von Gründungen und Baugrundverbesserung mit starren Säulen
Authors: Bohn Cecilia , Vogt Norbert
Published: August 2018

Die Lasttransfermethode (LTM) ist eine besonders gut geeignete Methode für die Berechnung von Systemen mit starren Säulen und Pfählen mit relativ einfachen Geometrien. Es ist ein ingenieurmäßiges Werkzeug mit übersichtlichen Diagrammen zur Darstellung der wichtigsten Interaktionen und Ergebnisse für das Säulen‐Boden‐System. Der Boden oberhalb, zwischen und unterhalb der Säulen wird mit seinem Steifemodul berücksichtigt. Die verformungsabhängige Boden‐Säulen‐Interaktion für Mantelreibung und Spitzendruck wird durch Lasttransferkurven (Mobilisierungsfunktionen) beschrieben. Nichtlineare Lasttransferkurven basierend auf instrumentierten Probebelastungen werden empfohlen, um das reale Verhalten optimal abzubilden. Für eine breitere internationale Nutzung wird eine Alternative zu den vor allem in Frankreich bewährten, auf dem Pressiometermodul beruhenden Lasttransferkurven von Frank und Zhao (1982) vorgeschlagen. Die Lasttransfermethode, die ursprünglich für Einzelsäulen (Pfähle) entwickelt wurde, wird für kombinierte Systeme mit Säulen im großflächigen Raster oder unter Einzelfundamenten erweitert.
Age differences in financial decision making:The benefits of more experience and less negative emotions
Authors: Eberhardt Wiebke , Bruine de Bruin Wändi , Strough JoNell
Published: August 2018

The emerging literature on aging and decision making posits that decision‐making competence changes with age, as a result of age differences in various cognitive and noncognitive individual‐differences characteristics. In a national life‐span sample from the United Kingdom (N = 926), we examined age differences in financial decisions, including performance measures of sunk cost and credit card repayment decisions, and self‐report measures of money management and financial decision outcomes. Participants also completed four individual‐differences characteristics that have been proposed as relevant to financial decision making, including two cognitive ones (numeracy and experience‐based knowledge) and two noncognitive ones (negative emotions about financial decisions). First, we examined how age was related to the four financial decision‐making measures and the four individual‐differences characteristics. Older age was correlated to better scores on each of the four financial decision‐making measures, more experience‐based knowledge, less negative emotions about financial decisions, whereas numeracy and motivation were not significantly correlated with age. Second, we found that considering both the two cognitive and the two noncognitive individual‐differences characteristics increased predictions of financial decision making, as compared with considering either alone. Third, we examined how these four individual‐differences characteristics contributed to age differences in financial decision making. Older adults' higher levels of experience‐based knowledge and lower levels of negative emotions seemed to especially benefit their financial decision making. We discuss implications for theories on aging and decision making, as well as for interventions targeting financial decisions.
Mapping risk perceptions in dynamic risk‐taking environments
Authors: Schürmann Oliver , Frey Renato , Pleskac Timothy J.
Published: August 2018

Risk‐taking behavior is rarely a single action made in isolation but is often repeated and dynamic. Yet the role that risk perceptions play in risk taking have often been studied using descriptions of isolated single‐shot activities. To better understand the link between risk perceptions and risk‐taking behavior, we investigated risk perception in a dynamic choice environment, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). In the BART, participants repeatedly inflate a virtual balloon earning points if the balloon does not explode. Across two studies, we measured risk perceptions by asking people to estimate the probability that the balloon would explode at different levels of inflation. Our results show that the probability ratings deviate both from the actual probabilities of an explosion and from those predicted by the most successful cognitive model of the BART. Yet the probability estimates correlated with the actual choice behavior. Moreover, we found that the very first experience in the BART was a critical factor in determining the perceptions of the risks in the task, and in turn subsequent risk‐taking behavior. Taken together, the results help reveal the critical role that risk perceptions play in risky behavior and potentially can be used to improve our ability to identify real‐world risk takers.
Replisome‐Cohesin Interfacing: A Molecular Perspective
Authors: Villa‐Hernández Sara , Bermejo Rodrigo
Published: August 2018

Cohesion is established in S‐phase through the action of key replisome factors as replication forks engage cohesin molecules. By holding sister chromatids together, cohesion critically assists both an equal segregation of the duplicated genetic material and an efficient repair of DNA breaks. Nonetheless, the molecular events leading the entrapment of nascent chromatids by cohesin during replication are only beginning to be understood. The authors describe here the essential structural features of the cohesin complex in connection to its ability to associate DNA molecules and review the current knowledge on the architectural‐functional organization of the eukaryotic replisome, significantly advanced by recent biochemical and structural studies. In light of this novel insight, the authors discuss the mechanisms proposed to assist interfacing of replisomes with chromatin‐bound cohesin complexes and elaborate on models for nascent chromatids entrapment by cohesin in the environment of the replication fork.
The effects of errorless compliance training on children in home and school settings
Authors: Cavell Hannah J. , Radley Keith C. , Dufrene Brad A. , Tingstrom Daniel H. , Ness Emily A. , Murphy Ashley N.
Published: August 2018

Errorless compliance training (ECT) is a procedure used to lessen disruptive behavior using a gradual and noncoercive approach. In this study, parents of three school‐aged children who demonstrated high levels of disruptive behavior in the home and the classroom were trained on the ECT procedure. ECT consisted of training in effective instruction delivery and delivery of requests in a hierarchal manner. ECT sessions took place in the home, with parents delivering requests to participating children. Baseline data were used to arrange requests into grouped levels, ranging from Level 1 (requests of which individual is typically compliant) to Level 4 (requests in which individual is typically noncompliant). Using the ECT procedure, request levels were faded over time in a gradual fashion to ensure the highest probability of compliance. Effects of ECT were hypothesized to generalize from the home to the school setting. Implementation of ECT resulted in high levels of compliance in both the home and school settings across all participants. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Experimental and theoretical study on structure and spectroscopic properties of 2‐bromo‐3‐N‐(N′,N′‐dimethylformamidino) benzanthrone
Authors: Kirilova Elena , Yanichev Artur , Puckins Aleksandrs , Fleisher Mendel , Belyakov Sergey
Published: August 2018

The goal of present research is a theoretical and experimental investigation of geometrical structure, electronic properties, absorption and fluorescence spectra prediction for 2‐bromo‐3‐N‐(N′,N′‐dimethylformamidino)benzanthrone. As a result of conformational analysis, two rotamers have been found with a rotational barrier of 5.45 kcal/mol. Absorption and fluorescence spectra maxima in the solvent (ethanol) have been calculated using the concepts of the Jablonsky diagram. The obtained values of the absorption and fluorescence maxima (437 and 679 nm, respectively) correspond to the experimental values (447 and 659 nm). The abnormally large Stokes shift is associated with the redistribution of electron density, as well as flattening of the structure of the molecule in the excited state. According to the frontal molecular orbital analysis data, the peak in the long‐wave part of the absorption spectra is created by an electron transition from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (π→π*). Substitute group does not participate in the formation of absorption and fluorescence spectra.
An evaluation of climate change response capabilities of local municipalities within the Waterberg District Municipality, Limpopo Province
Authors: Masonganye Mary , Mukonza Chipo
Published: August 2018

Climate change poses disasters in South Africa, and Limpopo Province has been declared one of the priority areas that need relief due to the impacts of climate change. Climate change response is the responsibility of all spheres of government. The national and provincial spheres of government provide policy guidance, whereas district and local level of government are responsible for the implementation of the responses. The aim of the research study was to evaluate the climate change response capabilities of the local municipalities within the Waterberg District Municipality in Limpopo Province and their ability to achieve spatial resilience. A qualitative approach was followed. Interviews were conducted with municipal personnel, and a focus group discussion with a group of town planners at the Department of Public Works and a group of town planners from various local municipalities was conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the results. The results show that local municipalities acknowledge the problems brought by climate change and their responsibility to respond. However, there is neither a clear mandate nor procedures on how the implementation processes should be carried out. Some of the challenges municipalities face are lack of knowledge, technical expertise, and funding for climate change responses. The country must first understand and develop clear channels of climate change response before making commitments to international transnational climate change response initiatives.
Overexpression of KIF20A confers malignant phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis
Authors: Zhao Xia , Zhou Lei‐lei , Li Xiaoyou , Ni Jie , Chen Ping , Ma Rong , Wu Jianzhong , Feng Jifeng
Published: August 2018

Increasing studies showed that kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A) was overexpessed in several types of cancer, and its overexpression correlated with the oncogenesis and prognosis of cancers. However, little is known about the role of KIF20A in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In this study, we employed the bioinformatics analysis to identify the upregulation of KIF20A in LUAD, then verified the results in human tumor specimens and LUAD cell lines. Compared with normal lung tissues, a ubiquitous upregulation of KIF20A was observed in LUAD tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) as well as TCGA analysis. Higher expression of KIF20A was significantly associated with more advanced clinicopathological features and shorter overall survival (OS). Moreover, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that KIF20A was an independent prognostic factor for OS. The expression of KIF20A was significantly elevated in LUAD cell lines. After silencing KIF20A, lung cancer cell cycle arrested in G1 phase and apoptosis increased. The same results were observed in vivo. Thus, our study demonstrated that KIF20A might confer malignant phenotype to LUAD by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, providing a new potential biomarker for clinical treatment of LUAD.
Severe duodenal stenosis due to rupture of pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm
Authors: Oda Yoshimasa , Tago Masaki , E. Katsuki Naoko , Yamashita Shu‐ichi
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical Message

When a patient complains of nausea, gastrointestinal endoscopy tends to be the first‐choice diagnostic method. However, physicians must rule out the possibility of aneurysm rupture by careful physical assessment before performing gastrointestinal endoscopy, which can be extremely dangerous.
Energetic Effects of a Closed System Approach Including Explicit Proton and Electron Acceptors as Demonstrated by a Mononuclear Ruthenium Water Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: de Ruiter Jessica M. , de Groot Huub J. M. , Buda Francesco
Published: August 2018

When considering water oxidation catalysis theoretically, accounting for the transfer of protons and electrons from one catalytic intermediate to the next remains challenging: correction factors are usually employed to approximate the energetics of electron and proton transfer. Here these energetics were investigated using a closed system approach, which places the catalytic intermediate in a simulation box including proton and electron acceptors, as well as explicit solvent. As a proof of principle, the first two catalytic steps of the mononuclear ruthenium‐based water oxidation catalyst [Ru(cy)(bpy)(H2O)]2+ were examined using Car‐Parrinello Molecular Dynamics. This investigation shows that this approach offers added insight, not only into the free energy profile between two stable intermediates, but also into how the solvent environment impacts this dynamic evolution.
Silica Support‐Enhanced Pd‐Catalyzed Allylation Using Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Motokura Ken , Ikeda Marika , Kim Minjune , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Kawashima Sae , Nambo Masayuki , Chun Wang‐Jae , Tanaka Shinji
Published: August 2018

Although allylation using allylic alcohol is an environmentally‐friendly method because of water being the sole byproduct in such reactions, allylic alcohol is one of the most difficult allylating agents in Pd‐catalyzed allylation of nucleophiles. In this study, we successfully developed a mesoporous silica‐supported Pd complex as an efficient catalyst for the allylation of nucleophiles using allylic alcohols as allylating agents. The allylic alcohol is activated by the silanol group on the support surface, which easily undergoes a π‐allylpalladium intermediate formation. The catalytic activity of the supported Pd complex was ca. 9 times higher than that of its homogeneous precursor Pd complex. A highest turnover number of 4500 based on Pd was achieved. Various nucleophiles and allylic alcohol derivatives could be used as substrates. Not only the detailed catalyst structure but also the reaction mechanism including the concerted activation of allylic alcohol by the Pd complex and silanol were investigated by several spectroscopic techniques, such as Pd K‐edge XAFS, solid‐state NMR, and in‐situ FT‐IR measurements.
Validation of Models Predicting Nucleation Rates from Induction Times and Metastable Zone Widths
Authors: Maosoongnern Somchai , Flood Adrian E.
Published: August 2018

Three approaches for estimation of nucleation rates from induction time and metastable zone width (MSZW) were validated based on directly measured nucleation rates for paracetamol in ethanol. To quantitatively predict nucleation kinetics using Kubota's methods it is necessary to know the minimum detectable number concentration of nuclei. This was found by determination of light transmission of a series of diluted suspensions of newly nucleated crystals where the size had already been assessed by optical reflection measurement (ORM). The measured nucleation rates strongly depended on both temperature and supersaturation. The Nyvlt method predicted nucleation rates in this system reasonably well; however, it gave slightly low estimates for all temperatures. The methods of Kubota provided nucleation rates that were low by an order of magnitude.
A new estimator for the covariance of the PLS coefficients estimator with applications to chemical data
Authors: Martínez José L. , Leiva Víctor , Saulo Helton , Ruggeri Fabrizio , Arteaga Gean C.
Published: August 2018

Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a multivariate technique developed to solve the problem of multicollinearity and high dimensionality in explanatory variables. Several efforts have been made to improve the estimation of the covariance matrix of the PLS coefficients estimator. We propose a new estimator for this covariance matrix and prove its unbiasedness and consistency. We conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study to compare the proposed estimator and one based on the modified jackknife method, showing the advantages of the new estimator in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. We illustrate the proposed method with three univariate and multivariate real‐world chemical data sets. In these illustrations, important findings are discovered because the conclusions of the studies change drastically when using the proposed estimation method in relation to the standard method, implying a change in the decisions to be made by the chemical practitioners.
Observation of Circularly Polarized Luminescence of the Excimer from Two Perylene Cores in the Form of [4]Rotaxane
Authors: Hayashi Koichiro , Miyaoka Yuta , Ohishi Yuki , Uchida Taka‐aki , Iwamura Munetaka , Nozaki Koichi , Inouye Masahiko
Published: August 2018

A perylene‐based [4]rotaxane was synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling of the 2:2 inclusion complex consisting of two alkynylperylenes and two γ‐cyclodextrins with terphenyl‐type stopper molecules. The [4]rotaxane showed orange emission attributable to the spatially restricted alkynylperylene excimer with a high fluorescence quantum yield of Φf=0.15. The excimer emission was circularly polarized as a result of the asymmetrically twisted perylene pair under the influence of chirality of γ‐cyclodextrin. The glum value of the excimer emission was determined to be −2.1×10−2 at 573 nm, as large as those of the corresponding known pyrene‐based series. This is the first example, in which circularly polarized luminescence was clearly observed from the excimer of a pair of perylene cores.