bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on nuclear security culture in medical institutions using radioactive sources and materials
Authors: Wiśniewska Małgorzata
Published: May 2019

The first self-assessments of nuclear security culture in a medical facility in Poland (2017–2018) have become the milestone for this small organization. It enabled the personnel to understand nuclear security culture and encouraged the managers to plan further improvements in nuclear security culture in the future. The research project titled “The Enhancement of Nuclear Security Culture in Medical Institutions Using Radioactive Sources and Materials” was conducted by Poznan University of Technology, with strong support from the IAEA. According to that project the first part of the article presents and explains the substance of the nuclear security culture, and also shows the differences between concepts of safety culture and security culture. The next part of the article presents objectives, describes the methodology as well as the results of work carried out as part of the research and development project. The content of the last part of the publication results from the author’s research experience, as well as lessons learned in the field of security culture.
MEMÓRIA E SILENCIAMENTO: a cobertura do jornal O Globo sobre o Cemitério dos Pretos Novos
Authors: Sousa Mônica C P , Siqueira Larissa
Published: May 2019

Partindo do entendimento de que o jornalismo reorganiza significados, este trabalho se propõe a problematizar o alijamento das vozes negras na cobertura jornalística sobre o Cemitério dos Pretos Novos em O Globo. De que maneira arranjos estratégicos tomam forma no jornalismo? Essa questão nos leva a uma chave de interpretação do papel do jornalismo em neutralizar e silenciar o potencial questionador das falas e da memória negra na história da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e do Brasil. O que nos interessa, então, é problematizar como o jornalismo registra e controla a produção do sentido. Sendo assim, do ponto de vista metodológico, a pesquisa não se propõe a considerações quantitativas, mas buscará uma delimitação que permita a análise dos discursos jornalísticos a partir dos pressupostos teóricos de Foucault, Orlandi, Benjamin e Gagnebin.
Strafbarkeit rechts motivierter Cyberkriminalität in sozialen Netzwerken
Authors: Wiacek Martin
Published: May 2019

Angesichts der zunehmenden Verbreitung rechter Hetze und Propaganda in sozialen Netzwerken (SNS) wird unter Berücksichtigung der einschlägigen Vorschriften aus dem StGB, TMG und NetzDG analysiert, welche Möglichkeiten existieren, um rechts motivierte Cyberkriminalität wirksam zu bekämpfen.
Dabei wird unter anderem untersucht, inwieweit deutsches Strafrecht bei rechten Tätern Anwendung findet, die aus dem Ausland agieren, welche strafrechtliche Relevanz der Nutzung bestimmter SNS-Funktionen wie dem „Liken“ oder „Teilen“ beizumessen ist und inwieweit sich Host-Provider strafrechtlich zu verantworten haben, wenn sie die inkriminierten Inhalte ihrer Nutzer nicht löschen oder sperren.
In dem Werk werden mehrere Gesetzesentwürfe und ein „SNS-Verbreitensbegriff“ entwickelt, die eine effizientere strafrechtliche Verfolgung rechts motivierter Cyberkriminalität in den SNS ermöglichen sollen.
Die Sicherungsverwahrung - de lege lata et de lege ferenda
Authors: Stisser Davina Theresa
Published: May 2019

The German Federal Constitutional Court put an end to the constant expansion of the rules for preventive detention on 04.05.2011 by declaring all legal provisions in this respect to be unconstitutional. The court justified its reasons for this ruling using decisions made by the European Court of Human Rights. It filled the term ‘Abstandsgebot’ (interval rule), which had already been introduced in its previous case law, with content and thus provided the basis for the new legal provisions. It also adopted the term ‘of unsound mind’, which had previously been introduced by Germany’s legislators.
This dissertation contains a critical examination of the aforementioned court decision and asks, among other things, whether the narrow interpretation of the term ‘of unsound mind’ offered can be achieved at all. Using the example of Schleswig-Holstein, the author presents both the subsequent federal and state laws and, due to the lack of a valid prognosis, a proposal for reform.
Die Vergabe von Unionsbeihilfen
Authors: Jung Nicolas
Published: May 2019

This work comprehensively deals with the law on the allocation of EU aid. For this purpose, it analyses the diverging conceptions of the term ‘EU aid’ as well as the applicability of art. 107 et seq. of the TFEU. Furthermore, it examines both the formal and substantive provisions of EU primary law in detail. Inter alia, the study emphasises the principle of the reservation of statutory powers, the EU’s financing competence, the market economy perspective and the principle of transparency. It highlights the agricultural sector and its particularities with regard to the market economy due to its historical and budgetary importance, while its second main part focuses on the secondary law on the agricultural sector.
Energia eólica: desenvolvimento de geração de energia sustentável
Authors: Bellini Denis , Oliveira Elyrouse Cavalcante de , Teixeira Lagioia Umbelina Cravo , Silva Alexandre César Batista da , Melo Jefferson Lisboa
Published: May 2019

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar como produzir energia elétrica sustentável a partir da fonte de energia eólica. Para tanto, a metodologia quanto ao objetivo foi uma pesquisa exploratória, quanto ao procedimento este estudo foi desenvolvido com base na pesquisa bibliográfica, e, em relação à abordagem foi uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa. Portanto, o trabalho em tela demonstrou as etapas necessárias para implantação de um parque eólico, iniciando-se com a definição da área de instalação e análise do potencial eólico desse local (identificar a potência do vento, o aproveitamento da potência instalada em um parque eólico e a previsão de ventos e de geração eólica de energia). Logo após segue-se para a elaboração do projeto de Micrositing. Posteriormente é feita a escolha do aerogerador, visto que a quantidade de energia produzida por uma turbina varia de acordo com o tamanho das suas hélices e com o regime de ventos da região. A próxima etapa é a aprovação do projeto, sendo a instalação dos equipamentos necessários ao seu funcionamento realizada pela empresa responsável pelo parque. Diante do que foi exposto, percebeu-se a importância do aumento de participação de fontes renováveis de geração de energia elétrica, entre elas, a eólica. Buscou-se demonstrar a importância da geração de energia elétrica através da fonte de energia eólica, visto que o Brasil ainda produz pouca energia a partir desta fonte, apesar de possuir um vasto território com um vasto potencial para a produção da mesma.
O processo de reciclagem do óleo lubrificante
Authors: Tristão José Américo Martelli , Tristão Virgínia Talaveira Valentini , Frederico Elias
Published: May 2019

A partir de uma abordagem envolvendo os conceitos de Ciclo de Vida do Produto e Logística Reversa, este artigo examina o processo de reciclagem do óleo lubrificante, derivado do petróleo, conhecido como re-refino. O óleo lubrificante usado apresenta um grande potencial poluidor e o re-refino, entre as diversas formas de reutilização desse resíduo, é a única que permite o retorno do óleo usado às suas características originais com qualidade equivalente. O trabalho examina o processo de re-refino praticado no Brasil em suas três etapas: coleta, processamento e comercialização. Constata a existência de deficiências sistêmicas e a necessidade de aprimoramento do sistema de logística reversa no processo de reciclagem de óleos lubrificantes, com benefícios em termos de racionalização do processo produtivo, agregação de valor ao produto e minimização dos impactos ambientais.
Assessing mammal community composition in the Huinay Biological Reserve (Chile) through questionnaire surveys: biases associated with respondents
Authors: Díaz-Ruiz Francisco , Caro Jesús , Ferreras Pablo , Delibes-Mateos Miguel
Published: May 2019

The study of people’s knowledge through interviews and questionnaires can provide a good picture of the composition of mammal communities. However, there is considerable potential for error and bias in these surveys, including some associated with the familiarity of respondents with wildlife. Our main goals were: 1) to assess mammal community composition of the Huinay Biological Reserve, a remote Valdivian rainforest area in southern Chile, and 2) to evaluate the relationship between the degree of respondents’ contact with native mammals and their knowledge about the mammal community. A questionnaire was designed to gather data about the mammal species recorded by people who lived in, or had visited, the area between 2010 and 2013. A total of 13 mammal species were mentioned by 43 participants in the survey. Overall, all the mammal species that inhabit the study area according to general mammal distribution maps were identified in our survey. Both the total number of species mentioned (observed or not) and the number of species seen by the respondents were positively associated with the time they stayed in the area. Our findings suggest that questionnaire surveys may provide useful information about the composition of mammal communities in remote areas of southern Chile, but selecting knowledgeable respondents is challenging.
Biometría mandibular y dentaria de las musarañas del género Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 en la región central y occidental de los Pirineos
Authors: Moya-Costa Raquel , Cuenca-Bescos Gloria
Published: May 2019

We have measured 98 mandibles and 717 teeth of shrews of Sorex (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla) of the Aragonian, Navarre and Vasc Pyrenees. The material comes from owl pellets recovered between 1967 and 1969 and takes part of the collection of the Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC). The material has been reclassified using osseous criteria, biometrics and discriminant functions, obtaining that these species are Sorex coronatus and Sorex minutus. The study of S. coronatus is interesting because it is similar to S. araneus and Sorex granarius so it is easy to confuse them if we only have bones and teeth. For this reason, people usually group them as Sorex sp. As consequence, the information about them in the Iberian Peninsula is scarce, and especially in Aragón. The analyses of the measurements show that there is a difference among the occidental populations and the oriental zones of the area studied. In general, values decrease to the west; they are larger in the zones with a Mediterranean influence than in the Atlantic ones. The most useful measurements to compare them are the measurements of mandibles. On the other hand, the measurements of teeth allow the comparison with bibliographic data of palaeontological material that consists mainly of incomplete mandibles.
Comparison of microbial community structures in soils with woody organic amendments and soils with traditional local organic amendments in Ningxia of Northern China
Authors: Li Zhigang , Qiu Kaiyang , Schneider Rebecca L. , Morreale Stephen J. , Xie Yingzhong
Published: May 2019

Background

Addition of organic amendments has been commonly adopted as a means to restore degraded soils globally. More recently, the use of woody organic amendments has been recognized as a viable method of capturing and retaining water and restoring degraded and desertified soil, especially in semi-arid regions. However, the impacts of woody amendments on soil microbial community structure, versus other traditional organic supplements is less understood.

Methods

Three locally available natural organic materials of different qualities, i.e., cow manure (CM), corn straw (CS), and chipped poplar branches (PB) were selected as treatments in Ningxia, Northern China and compared with control soils. Four microcosms served as replicates for each treatment. All treatments contained desertified soil; treatments with amendments were mixed with 3% (w/w) of one of the above organic materials. After 7 and 15 months from the start of the experiment, soil samples were analyzed for chemical and physical properties, along with biological properties, which included microbial α-diversity, community structure, and relative abundance of microbial phyla.

Results

Both bacterial and fungal α-diversity indices were weakly affected by amendments throughout the experimental period. All amendments yielded different microbial community compositions than the Control soils. The microbial community composition in the CS and PB treatments also were different from the CM treatment. After 15 months of the experiment, CS and PB exhibited similar microbial community composition, which was consistent with their similar soil physical and chemical properties. Moreover, CS and PB also appeared to exert similar effects on the abundance of some microbial taxa, and both of these treatments yield different abundances of microbial taxa than the CM treatment.

Conclusion

New local organic amendment with PB tended to affect the microbial community in a similar way to the traditional local organic amendment with CS, but different from the most traditional local organic amendment with CM in Ningxia, Northern China. Moreover, the high C/N-sensitive, and lignin and cellulose decompose-related microbial phyla increased in CS and PB have benefits in decomposing those incorporated organic materials and improving soil properties. Therefore, we recommend that PB should also be considered as a viable soil organic amendment for future not in Ningxia, but also in other places.
Effect of isolation on coat colour polymorphism of Polynesian rats in Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Authors: van der Geer Alexandra A.E.
Published: May 2019

Populations of vertebrate species introduced onto islands regularly develop similar phenotypic changes, e.g., larger or smaller body size, shortened limbs, duller coats, as well as behavioural changes such as increased tameness and reduced flight-initiation distance. These changes overlap in part with those associated with the ‘domestication syndrome’, especially tameness and changes in coat patterns, and might indicate a similar neural crest involvement in the concurrent development of multiple phenotypic traits. Here I examine long-term data on free-living populations of wild Polynesian rats from seven mainland countries and 117 islands (n = 3,034), covering the species’ native and introduced range. Mainland populations showed no aberrant coat patterns, with the exception of one albino, whereas aberrant coat patterns were found in 12 island populations. Observed coat colour polymorphisms consisted of leucistic (including singular white patches), melanistic (darkly pigmented) and piebald (mixed) coat patterns. After isolation for at least seven centuries, wild Polynesian rat populations on islands seem to exhibit a trend towards a higher incidence of aberrant coat patterns. These phenotypic changes are here explained as a neutral, non-adaptive process, likely part of the ‘domestication syndrome’ (via the commensal pathway of domestication), in combination with genetic drift, little or no gene flow between the islands and/or the mainland and a relaxed selection (as a result of the weakening or removal of competitor/predator pressure) under commensality.
Assessment of Different Commercially Available Breads and Its Effect on Blood Glucose Levels of Healthy Individuals
Authors: Parmar Bhavana , Sengupta Rupali
Published: May 2019

Background: Bread is one of the most commonly used breakfast food in India. The consumption also increased tremendously among children and adolescents as well as to some extent among adults. It was found that white bread raises the blood glucose levels and is not considered to be a healthy breakfast option especially for those with diabetes mellitus and those at risk of increased or borderline glucose intolerance.

Aim: To assess different commercially available bread and its effect on Blood Glucose Levels of Healthy Individuals.

Study Design: 5 bread varieties were chosen (namely White, Brown, Multigrain, Oats and Tutty fruity bread). The samples were fed to 30 subjects and their effect on blood glucose was analysed.

Place of Study: The study was conducted in BMN College of Home Science, Matunga, Mumbai, India.

Methodology: A pilot study was conducted on 30 samples to assess the Blood Glucose Levels of each type of bread. The subjects were then given bread-butter and the blood glucose response was re-tested at gap of 1 hour and 2 hour respectively. Each subject was given 5 different varieties of bread for 5 consecutive days i.e. White bread, Brown bread, Multigrain bread, Tutty Fruity bread and Oats bread. White bread is a universal standard, was used as a standard in the study.  The average plasma glucose levels were analysed in the study.

Results: The average plasma glucose spike of the standard (White bread) was found to be the highest i.e (131.63 mg/dl).  It was observed that oats bread was found to have the lowest spike post 1 hour (103.43mg/dl) while tutty fruity bread exhibited a very high blood glucose response (123.90mg/dl) following the standard white bread.

Conclusion: Investigations proved that oats bread should be consumed by people to mitigate metabolic syndrome due to a stressful lifestyle. Also, a healthy diet and exercise regime to be followed by subjects in the study.
Prophylactic and Curative Potency of Alchornea laxiflora Extract on Plasmodium berghei Infected Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Oluyemi Omoya, Funmilola , Blessing Oloruntuyi, Adedayo
Published: May 2019

Background: Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in Nigeria and in Africa at large as everyone is at risk of the infection.

Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of Alchornea laxiflora leaf extracts against Plasmodium berghei infected mice.

Materials and Methods: In vivo antimalarial assay on chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei-infected mice was carried out by oral administration of graded doses (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) of methanolic and chloroform extracts using chloroquine and distilled water as positive and negative control respectively. Prophylactic potential in residual infection and curative assay against established infection were tested in P. berghei-infected mice. The assay was performed using 4-day suppressive standard test.

Results: The prophylactic efficacy of methanolic and chloroform leaf extacts showed percentage chemosuppression of 72.37% and 66.32% respectively at oral dose of 600 mg/kg. The methanol leaf extract of A. laxiflora displayed the highest curative activity of percentage chemosuppression of 98.36% at oral dose of 600 mg/kg. The extracts displayed dose-dependent significant (p ≤ 0.05) antiplasmodial activity as compared to the control. Haematological analysis revealed an increase in packed cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin and white blood cell counts on dose-dependent manner in the treated mice compared to the negative control mice.

Conclusion: The high suppressive values obtained in this study show that the tested leaf extracts of Alchornea laxiflora might be a good alternative drug for the treatment of malaria infection in Nigeria.
The Algebraic-Function Congruences on Distributive Lattices
Authors: Ji Wei
Published: May 2019

We propose the Chinese Remainder Theorem in distributive lattices and apply the results to investigate the congruences induced by algebraic functions on distributive lattices. It is shown that the congruence induced by an algebraic function preserves abutment relationships in distributive lattices.
c‐MYB‐ and PGC1a‐dependent metabolic switch induced by MYBBP1A loss in renal cancer
Authors: Felipe‐Abrio Blanca , Verdugo‐Sivianes Eva M. , Carnero Amancio
Published: May 2019

The tumor microenvironment may alter the original tumorigenic potential of tumor cells. Under harsh environmental conditions, genetic alterations conferring selective advantages may initiate the growth of tumor subclones, providing new opportunities for these tumors to grow. We performed a genetic loss‐of‐function screen to identify genetic alterations able to promote tumor cell growth in the absence of glucose. We identified that downregulation of MYBBP1A increases tumorigenic properties under nonpermissive conditions. MYBBP1A downregulation simultaneously activates PGC1α, directly by alleviating direct repression and indirectly by increasing PGC1α mRNA levels through c‐MYB, leading to a metabolic switch from glycolysis to OXPHOS and increased tumorigenesis in low‐glucose microenvironments. We have also identified reduced MYBBP1A expression in human renal tumor samples, which show high expression levels of genes involved in oxidative metabolism. In summary, our data support the role of MYBBP1A as a tumor suppressor by regulating c‐MYB and PGC1α. Therefore, loss of MYBBP1A increases adaptability spanning of tumors through metabolic switch.
In Vitro Modeling of Nerve–Muscle Connectivity in a Compartmentalized Tissue Culture Device
Authors: Machado Carolina Barcellos , Pluchon Perrine , Harley Peter , Rigby Mark , Sabater Victoria Gonzalez , Stevenson Danielle C. , Hynes Stephanie , Lowe Andrew , Burrone Juan , Viasnoff Virgile , Lieberam Ivo
Published: May 2019

Motor neurons project axons from the hindbrain and spinal cord to muscle, where they induce myofibre contractions through neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions. Studies of neuromuscular junction formation and homeostasis have been largely confined to in vivo models. In this study, three powerful tools have been merged—pluripotent stem cells, optogenetics, and microfabrication—and an open microdevice is designed in which motor axons grow from a neural compartment containing embryonic stem cell‐derived motor neurons and astrocytes through microchannels to form functional neuromuscular junctions with contractile myofibres in a separate compartment. Optogenetic entrainment of motor neurons in this reductionist neuromuscular circuit enhances neuromuscular junction formation more than twofold, mirroring the activity‐dependence of synapse development in vivo. An established motor neuron disease model is incorporated into the system and it is found that coculture of motor neurons with SOD1G93A astrocytes results in denervation of the central compartment and diminishes myofibre contractions, a phenotype which is rescued by the receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 inhibitor necrostatin. This coculture system replicates key aspects of nerve–muscle connectivity in vivo and represents a rapid and scalable alternative to animal models of neuromuscular function and disease.
Enhanced Passivation Layer by Cr Diffusion of 301 Stainless Steel Facilitated by SMAT
Authors: Olugbade Temitope , Liu Chang , Lu Jian
Published: May 2019

AISI 301 stainless steel (SS) is known for its high strength and hardness but tends to be less corrosion resistant for many applications. Several attempts have been made in the past to investigate its corrosion behavior by different methods. However, current knowledge is insufficient on its corrosion resistance when subjected to surface treatment. In this work, a new route to enhance the corrosion resistance of nanostructured 301 SS using surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) method is described. SMAT improves the mechanical properties of 301 SS by the formation of a nanostructure layer on the material surface. Compared to the as‐received 316 and 304 SS counterparts, the present nanostructured 301 SS exhibits an improved corrosion behavior by a lower corrosion current density (1.308 mA/cm2), higher corrosion potential (−0.071 V), higher phase angle and impedance, better charge‐transfer resistance, and Cr content. The improved corrosion resistance can be attributed to the ability of SMAT to facilitate the move of Cr on the surface, which forms a stronger passivation layer with a new mechanism of passivation that may save a lot of noble metals.
Multipoint Defect Synergy Realizing the Excellent Thermoelectric Performance of n‐Type Polycrystalline SnSe via Re Doping
Authors: Ge Zhen‐Hua , Qiu Yang , Chen Yue‐Xing , Chong Xiaoyu , Feng Jing , Liu Zi‐Kui , He Jiaqing
Published: May 2019

SnSe has attracted much attention due to the excellent thermoelectric (TE) properties of both p‐ and n‐type single crystals. However, the TE performance of polycrystalline SnSe is still low, especially in n‐type materials, because SnSe is an intrinsic p‐type semiconductor. In this work, a three‐step doping process is employed on polycrystalline SnSe to make it n‐type and enhance its TE properties. It is found that the Sn0.97Re0.03Se0.93Cl0.02 sample achieves a peak ZT value of ≈1.5 at 798 K, which is the highest ZT reported, to date, in n‐type polycrystalline SnSe. This is attributed to the synergistic effects of a series of point defects: . In those defects, the compensates for the intrinsic Sn vacancies in SnSe, the acts as a donor, the acts as an acceptor, all of which contribute to optimizing the carrier concentration. Rhenium (Re) doping surprisingly plays dual‐roles, in that it both significantly enhances the electrical transport properties and largely reduces the thermal conductivity by introducing the point defects, . The method paves the way for obtaining high‐performance TE properties in SnSe crystals using multipoint‐defect synergy via a step‐by‐step multielement doping methodology.
Production of Additive‐Free Amorphous Nanoparticles with a SAW‐Based Microfluidic Spray‐Dryer
Authors: Steinacher Mathias , Du Huachuan , Gilbert Duncan , Amstad Esther
Published: May 2019

Spray‐drying is a widely employed, cost‐effective process to formulate solutions into solid particles of controlled sizes and compositions. In addition, this process can also offer control over the structure of spray‐dried particles: if the solvent is evaporated sufficiently quickly, crystallization of solutes can be kinetically suppressed, resulting in amorphous particles. To achieve the required fast drying of drops and to offer high flexibility in the solvent and solute choice, a surface acoustic wave (SAW)‐based spray‐dryer is introduced that produces drops with diameters of only a few micrometers. These small drops are dried in a dedicated drying unit at room temperature, thereby enabling the fabrication of additive‐free amorphous particles. This device offers an additional advantage: because the formation of drops is decoupled from their drying, chemical reactions can be initiated in drying drops using reactive gases without compromising the robustness of the device operation. This feature is demonstrated on aqueous drops encompassing Ca(OH)2 that are converted into amorphous CaCO3 particles using CO2‐enriched drying air. Because the solvent is evaporated at room temperature, this device offers new possibilities to process heat sensitive samples into powders with well‐defined compositions and unusual structures.
Photonic Paints: Structural Pigments Combined with Water‐Based Polymeric Film‐Formers for Structurally Colored Coatings
Authors: Clough Jess M. , Guimard Elise , Rivet Cindy , Sprakel Joris , Kodger Thomas E.
Published: May 2019

Paints contain at least two components: a colorant and a polymeric binder, dispersed in a fluid medium. The first imparts color to the paint coating, while the second encapsulates the colorant upon drying in a robust polymeric film adherent to the surface substrate. Photonic pigments, inspired by nature's coloration strategy, hold promise as a replacement for toxic and fade‐prone absorptive colorants, most prominently in the fabrication of stable and sustainable water‐based paints. Crucially however, the step to combine photonic pigments with polymeric binders has not yet been taken. Here, a water‐based paint is designed and realized containing both photonic pigments synthesized by a scalable emulsion process and commercial polymeric binders in an aqueous dispersion. The photonic pigments are silica spheres containing a close‐packed array of air pores, of which both the periodicity and degree of long‐range ordering can be controlled to produce pigments of varying colors and degrees of iridescence. The readiness of the photonic paints for application is demonstrated by applying them like traditional paints in homages of famous artistic paintings. These findings should stimulate widespread application of structural pigments as colorants in not only paints but also a variety of industrially important materials, such as plastics, inks, or cosmetics.
Sulfur‐Promoted Synthesis of 2‐Aroylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones by Oxidative Condensation of Anthranilamide and Acetophenones
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Hou Jing‐ya , Retailleau Pascal
Published: May 2019

A sulfur‐promoted three‐component reaction of isatoic anhydride, primary aliphatic or aromatic amines, and acetophenones leading to densely substituted 3‐substituted 2‐aroylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones is reported. The key step involves a cascade reaction of selective oxidation of the methyl group of the acetophenones, followed by a condensation with anthranilamides. The scope of the reaction is applicable to the synthesis of tryptanthrin and various 3‐unsubstituted 2‐aroylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones.

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Diagnosis and management of the phenotypic spectrum of twins with Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Cohen Jennifer L. , Duffy Kelly A. , Sajorda Brian J. , Hathaway Evan R. , Gonzalez‐Gandolfi Christina X. , Richards‐Yutz Jennifer , Gunter Andrew T. , Ganguly Arupa , Kaplan Julie , Deardorff Matthew A. , Kalish Jennifer M.
Published: May 2019

Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder with a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum. There is an increased prevalence of monozygotic twinning in BWS. Given the epigenetic nature and phenotypic spectrum that defines BWS, twins are often discordant for clinical features, and clinicians are faced with the challenge of diagnosing and managing these twins. We present a cohort of multiple pregnancies in which one or more child from each pregnancy was diagnosed with BWS. We conducted a chart review of monochorionic and dichorionic gestations. Clinical scores for monochorionic twins demonstrated phenotypic discordance between the proband and twin. Based on linear regression analysis, a higher clinical score in the proband correlated with larger phenotypic discordance between twin siblings. Despite phenotypic discordance, however, we observed a consistent additive clinical score for a pregnancy (proband's plus twin's scores from a pregnancy). This idea of a finite degree of affectedness for a pregnancy implies a finite number of epigenetically affected cells. This further corroborates the idea that timing of monozygotic monochorionic twinning correlates with the disruption of establishment and/or maintenance of imprinting. The difference in clinical score between a proband and their twin may be due to diffused mosaicism, whereby there is an asymmetric distribution of affected cells among the multiple fetuses in a monozygotic monochorionic pregnancy, leading to a spectrum of variably affected phenotypes. Based on these findings, we recommend an algorithm for a conservative approach to clinically evaluate all children in a monozygotic multiple gestation affected by BWS.
Taking a big bite: Working together to better understand the evolution of feeding in primates
Authors: Wright Barth W. , Wright Kristin A. , Strait David S. , Ross Callum F. , Laird Myra F. , van Casteren Adam , Scott Robert
Published: May 2019

The study of adaptation requires the integration of an array of different types of data. A single individual can find such integration daunting, if not impossible. In an effort to clarify the role of diet in the evolution of the primate craniofacial and dental apparatus, we assembled a team of researchers that have various types and degrees of expertise. This interaction has provided a range of insights for all contributors, and this has helped to refine questions, clarify the possibilities and limitations that laboratory and field settings offer, and further explore the ways in which laboratory and field data can be suitably integrated. A complete and accurate picture of dietary adaptation cannot be gained in isolation. Collaboration provides the bridge to a more holistic view of primate biology and evolution.
New atranes and similar ionic complexes. Synthesis, structure, properties
Authors: Adamovich Sergey N.
Published: May 2019

This review article summarizes the data on the synthesis, physicochemical properties, structure, reactivity and actual or potential pharmacological activity novel atranes and their analogs synthesized based on biogenic 2‐hydroxyethylamines (and other amines containing the NCH2CH2OH structural unit), biologically active (het)arylchalcogenylacetic acids, and essential metals.
Selective localization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy/polyetherimide system and properties of the conductive composites
Authors: Wang Xue , Li Weizhen , Zhang Zhao , Chen Kaimin , Gan Wenjun
Published: May 2019

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were introduced into the diglycidyl ether of a bisphenol A/polyetherimide (DGEBA/PEI) system. A co‐continuous phase structure could be formed by the reaction‐induced phase separation (RIPS). The MWCNTs localized selectively in PEI‐rich phase which was predicted by theoretical calculations of the wetting coefficient (ωa) and then confirmed both by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thermomechanical properties of DGEBA/PEI/MWCNTs were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis. As the MWCNTs content increased from 0.5 to 1.0 wt %, storage modulus had a tendency of increasing monotonically from 2491 to 2948 MPa and the values of Tg for epoxy‐rich phase were almost unchanged at about 130 °C. Subsequently, the result of electrical and thermal properties measurement for composites indicated that their volume resistivity decreased from 3.29 × 1015 to 3.86 × 106 at 2.0 wt % MWCNTs and thermal conductivity were improved by 36.1% at the same time. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47911.
Development of simple sequence repeat markers for Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae)
Authors: Mi Rui , Wang Tongcheng , Dunn Derek W. , Huang Kang , Li Baoguo
Published: May 2019

Premise

Rosebay willowherb, or fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium: Onagraceae), has diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cytotypes. There are known physiological and ecological differences among the three cytotypes, but genetic differences remain undetermined. We developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for this species.

Methods and Results

Leaf samples were collected from three hexaploid C. angustifolium populations. We successfully amplified 16 SSR loci, which were found to be highly polymorphic. The number of alleles, the observed heterozygosity levels, and the expected heterozygosity levels ranged from four to 13, 0.286–0.899, and 0.372–0.871, respectively. Most primers could also be amplified successfully in C. conspersum and the closely related species Epilobium palustre.

Conclusions

The 16 polymorphic SSR markers developed here will be useful for genetic studies in C. angustifolium and related species.
Microwave‐Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of [Al(OH)(1,4‐NDC)] Membranes with Superior Separation Performances
Authors: Liu Yi , Hori Akihiro , Kusaka Shinpei , Hosono Nobuhiko , Li Mingrun , Guo Ang , Du Dongying , Li Yanshuo , Yang Weishen , Ma Yunsheng , Matsuda Ryotaro
Published: May 2019

In this study, we report a facile ligand‐assisted in situ hydrothermal approach for preparation of compact [Al(OH)(1,4‐NDC)] (1,4‐NDC=1,4‐naphthalenedicarboxylate) MOF membranes on porous γ‐Al2O3 substrates, which also served as the Al3+ source of MOF membranes. Simultaneously, it was observed that the heating mode exerted significant influence on the final microstructure and separation performance of [Al(OH)(1,4‐NDC)] membranes. Compared with the conventional hydrothermal method, the employment of microwave heating led to the formation of [Al(OH)(1,4‐NDC)] membranes composed of closely packed nanorods with superior H2/CH4 selectivity.
Developing a CRISPR/Cas9 System for Genome Editing in the Basidiomycetous Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides
Authors: Jiao Xiang , Zhang Yue , Liu Xiangjian , Zhang Qi , Zhang Sufang , Zhao Zongbao K.
Published: May 2019

The basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides (R. toruloides) has been explored as a promising host for the production of lipids and carotenoids. However, the rational manipulation of this yeast remains difficult due to lack of efficient genetic tools. Here, the development of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated nuclease (Cas9) system for genome editing in R. toruloides is described. First, R. toruloides strains are generated with sufficient production of the Cas9 protein of Staphylococcus aureus origin by integrating a cassette containing a codon‐optimized Cas9 gene into the genome. In parallel, two U6 genes are identified, predicting two U6 promoters and confirming better transcription of single‐guide RNA (sgRNA) with the U6b promoter. Next, sgRNA cassettes are designed targeting CRTI, CAR2, and CLYBL gene, respectively, transforming into those Cas9‐expressed strains, and finding over 60% transformants with successful insertion and deletion (indel) mutations. Furthermore, when the sgRNA cassette includes donor DNA flanked by two homologous arms of the gene CRTI, gene knockout occurs via homologous recombination. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is now established as a powerful genome‐editing tool in R. toruloides, which should facilitate functional genomic study and advanced cell factory development.
Medical students' attitudes toward lumbar puncture—And how to change
Authors: von Cranach Moritz , Backhaus Tilo , Brich Jochen
Published: May 2019

Objective

To survey medical students on the lumbar puncture (LP) procedure in terms of their existing knowledge, practical experience and attitudes, and to determine whether the completion of a single standardized seminar that includes practical training on phantoms can alter these parameters.

Methods

The survey was completed by medical students undertaking the curricular neurology course. Students were asked to describe their practical experience in different bedside procedures, and document how they perceive LP in terms of their own knowledge, confidence and attitude. Students then participated in a newly designed 90‐min seminar that included practical training on phantoms and placed special emphasis both on the patients' point of view during the procedure and the benefits of an atraumatic approach. All students who completed the seminar were required to complete the survey for a second time.

Results

Among the 153 participants, LP was associated with the lowest baseline levels of experience and confidence compared to other bedside procedures. Attitudes, knowledge, and confidence related to the various aspects of LP all showed significant improvement after the seminar.

Conclusion

A single standardized LP seminar with simulation training alters medical students' attitudes toward LP through improving their level of knowledge and confidence. This may have important implications in doctors‐to‐be on their stance toward LP and resultant advice to future patients regarding this important procedure.
Age‐related changes in inguinal region anatomy from 0 to 19 years of age
Authors: Botham Sean J. , Fillmore Erin P. , Grant Thomas S. , Davies Harvey , Hutchinson Charles , Tunstall Richard
Published: May 2019

Knowledge of the age‐related changes in inguinal region anatomy is essential in pediatric urological and abdominal surgery, yet little is published. This study aimed to determine the position of inguinal region structures and growth of the surrounding pelvis and inguinal ligament in subjects from 0 to 19 years of age. Anonymized contrast‐enhanced CT DICOM datasets of 103 patients (63 male: 40 female) aged from 0 to 19 years had left and right sides analyzed by three independent observers. Exclusion criteria were applied. Growth of the pelvis and inguinal ligament were determined using fixed bony reference points. The position of the deep inguinal ring and femoral vasculature were determined as ratio of inguinal ligament length, measured from the anterior superior iliac spine. Growth of the pelvis in vertical and horizontal dimensions and of the inguinal ligament followed a positive polynomial relationship with increasing age, with no observed increase in growth rate during puberty. From 0 to 19 years, the deep inguinal ring moved superolaterally with respect to the inguinal ligament (from 0.74 to 0.60 of the distance along the inguinal ligament) and the femoral artery and vein moved medially (from 0.50 to 0.58, and 0.61 to 0.65 of the distance along the inguinal ligament, respectively). The position of the femoral artery, vein, and deep inguinal ring followed a logarithmic relationship with age. No significant left:right side or male:female differences were observed. From 0 to 19 years of age the femoral vasculature and deep inguinal ring change position as the pelvis grows around them. Clin. Anat. 32:794–802, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socioeconomic status and survival outcomes in elderly cancer patients: A national health insurance service‐elderly sample cohort study
Authors: Jang Bum‐Sup , Chang Ji Hyun
Published: May 2019

Background

We hypothesized that lower socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher all‐cause mortality in patients newly diagnosed with cancer, particularly in the elderly population.

Methods

We collected study patients from the stratified random sample of Korean National Health Insurance Elderly Cohort (2002‐2015). The Cox's proportional hazards model was used to investigate the risk factors for mortality. Income level and composite deprivation index (CDI) 2010 were used to define the SES: low, intermediate, and high SES groups. The comorbidities were measured using Charlson Comorbidity Index score. After a wash‐out period (2002), the final study population was 108 626 (2003‐2015).

Results

In multivariate analysis, low SES was associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05‐1.12, P < 0.001) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) (HR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06‐1.16, P < 0.001) particularly for patients aged 70‐79 years. High SES was favorable prognostic factor of OS in patients aged 60‐69 years (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81‐0.89, P < 0.001), 70‐79 years (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87‐0.93, P < 0.001), and ≥80 years (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87‐0.96, P < 0.001). However, SES was not associated with CSS in advanced age patients (≥80 years). Patients with low SES manifesting colorectal, urinary, liver, gastric, melanoma, and esophageal cancers demonstrated worse OS, compared to patients with intermediate SES. Also, low SES patients with urinary, liver, or colorectal cancers or melanoma demonstrated worse CSS compared to those with intermediate SES.

Conclusion

Low SES at the time of cancer diagnosis is associated with increased risk of OS and CSS in elderly patients. Depending on cancer sites, different patterns of OS and CSS were observed according to SES. Further elucidation of the causes underlying these phenomena is needed along with appropriate support for elderly cancer patients with low SES.
Impact of preprocedural TIMI flow on clinical outcome in low‐risk patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction: Results from the ATLANTIC study
Authors: Bauer Timm , Zeymer Uwe , Diallo Abdourahmane , Vicaut Eric , Bolognese Leonardo , Cequier Angel , Huber Kurt , Montalescot Gilles , Hamm Christian W. , van't Hof Arnoud W. ,   for the ATLANTIC Investigators
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVES

This study sought to analyze the impact of the preprocedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow on clinical outcome in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have shown that the TIMI flow 0/1 prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with a poor clinical outcome. However, it is unclear whether the same is true in patients with ongoing STEMI of less than 6 hr duration, rapid reperfusion, and modern guideline‐adherent therapy.

METHODS

The ATLANTIC study compared prehospital versus inhospital treatment with ticagrelor in patients with acute STEMI. For this analysis, patients were divided into three groups according to the preprocedural TIMI flow grade of the infarct vessel: TIMI 0/1, TIMI 2, and TIMI 3.

RESULTS

From a total of 1,680 patients, 1,113 had TIMI 0/1, 279 TIMI 2, and 288 TIMI 3 flow before primary PCI. At 30 days, the composite ischemic endpoint (5.5, 2.9, and 2.1%, p < .05) and all‐cause death (3.0, 1.4, and 2.1%, p = .30) were highest in patients with TIMI flow 0/1. After adjustment, preprocedural TIMI flow <3 (versus 3) was not an independent predictor of major adverse ischemic events within 30 days (odds ratio 1.89, 95% confidence interval 0.74–4.85). However, definite stent thrombosis occurred only in patients with initial TIMI flow 0/1 (1.0%). Among these patients, those with prehospital administration of ticagrelor were less often affected (0.3% vs. 1.3%, p < .05).

CONCLUSION

In this post‐hoc analysis, preprocedural TIMI flow was not independently associated with a higher rate of adverse ischemic events.
α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Acyl‐Imidazoles in Asymmetric Biohybrid Catalysis
Authors: Mansot Justine , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Arseniyadis Stellios , Smietana Michael
Published: May 2019

α,β‐Unsaturated acylimidazoles have been used in a plethora of enantioselective transformations over the years and have unsurprisingly become privileged building blocks for asymmetric catalysis. Interestingly however, their use in asymmetric biohybrid catalysis as bidentate substrates able to interact with artificial metalloenzymes has only recently emerged, expanding considerably in the last few years. Easy to prepare and to post‐transform, α,β‐unsaturated acylimidazoles appear as leading synthons for the asymmetric construction of C−C and C−O bonds. This Minireview highlights the current and increasing interest of these key building blocks in the context of asymmetric biohybrid catalysis with the aim to stimulate further research into their still unexploited potential. The use of these α,β‐unsaturated acylimidazoles in metal‐catalyzed and organocatalyzed transformations will be covered in a back‐to‐back Minireview by Renata Marcia de Figueiredo, Jean‐Marc Campagne and co‐workers.
Asymmetric Aza‐Diels–Alder Reaction with Ion‐Paired—Iron Lewis Acid—Brønsted Acid Catalyst
Authors: Tomifuji Rei , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: May 2019

The development and use of a multiple‐activation catalyst with ion‐paired Lewis acid and Brønsted acid in an asymmetric aza‐Diels–Alder reaction of simple dienes (non‐Danishefsky‐type electron‐rich dienes) was achieved by utilizing the [FeBr2]+[FeBr4]− combination prepared in situ from FeBr3 and chiral phosphoric acid. Synergistic effects of the highly active ion‐paired Lewis acid [FeBr2]+[FeBr4]− and a chiral Brønsted acid are important for promoting the reaction with high turnover frequency and high enantioselectivity. The multiple‐activation catalyst system was confirmed using synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption fine structure measurements, and theoretical studies. This study reveals that the developed catalyst promoted the reaction not only by the interaction offered by the ion‐paired Lewis acid and the Brønsted acid but also noncovalent interactions.
Wasserwirtschaft 4.0 im Chemiepark Bitterfeld‐Wolfen
Authors: Gahr Achim , Wazinski Peter , Andreas Nils
Published: May 2019

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt am Beispiel des Chemieparks Bitterfeld‐Wolfen dar, wie Konzepte und Strategien von Industrie 4.0 für die Wasserwirtschaft genutzt werden können. Der Aufbau eines modernen Abwassermanagements zeigt, dass durch Digitalisierung und Automatisierung von Geschäftsabläufen den Anforderungen einer Wasserwirtschaft 4.0 Rechnung getragen werden kann. Für den Betreiber, dessen Aufgaben es sind, die ansässigen Firmen mit Nutzwasser zu versorgen, das Abwasser auflagenkonform abzuleiten und zu reinigen sowie verursachergerechte Gebühren zu erheben, ergeben sich erhebliche Vorteile hinsichtlich Prozesseffizienz, Ressourceneinsparung und Ergebnisqualität.