bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two paradigms in cellular Internet‐of‐Things access for energy‐harvesting machine‐to‐machine devices: push‐based versus pull‐based
Authors: Shih Mei‐Ju , Lin Guan‐Yu , Wei Hung‐Yu
Published: April 2016

Equipping communication apparatuses with energy‐harvesting technology could achieve system sustainability without human intervention. Though the harvested energy of existing techniques is limited and intermittent, it is sufficient to power devices in low‐power‐consuming machine‐to‐machine (M2M) communications. However, due to the large number of devices with time‐varying energy arrival, the medium access control protocol should be redesigned. This study focuses on studying energy‐harvesting M2M uplink cellular communications from the protocol design perspective, considering the properties of M2M and energy harvesting. The authors first explore the performance of two fundamental schemes: push‐based and pull‐based random access channel (RACH) procedures in terms of preamble collision probability, throughput, energy efficiency, and packet delay. In the push‐based scheme, devices are self‐energy‐aware and there is no schedule signalling cost. However, the performance degrades as the device number increases. The pull‐based scheme is an alternative to have stable throughput and energy efficiency, with sacrifice of the extra scheduling cost and increasing latency. As a result, a hybrid scheme is proposed to adaptively select the preamble transmission schemes based on the estimated device number. The hybrid scheme guarantees adequate packet delay under different traffic loads and varying energy levels.
Field experiment for exploring the effects of in‐vehicle warning information on driver's responsive behaviour
Authors: Song Tai‐Jin , Park Seri , Oh Cheol
Published: April 2016

This study evaluates the effectiveness of advance warning in‐vehicle systems. Under real‐time driving settings, the abilities to respond appropriately to unsafe conditions were reviewed for a homogeneous group of drivers. Using differential global positioning system equipped probe vehicles, individual vehicle speeds as well as its speed change rates were collected based on the corresponding vehicle trajectory. The driver's response was evaluated under two different types of warning systems, emergency warning and general warning, by combining various modalities. Study results showed that for emergency alerts, the most effective warning information was transmitted by integrating ‘voice, graphic, and text’ or ‘repeated computer tone and text’. In the case of a general warning alert, the ‘repeated computer tone, voice, graphic, and text’ combination indicated to be the most effective. The results of this research look to provide insights in developing and designing an effective in‐vehicle warning system.
Modelling and characterisation of a micromachined resonant pressure sensor with piezoelectric excitation and sensing
Authors: Cheng Rongjun , Zhao Yulong , Li Cun , Li Bo , Zhang Qi
Published: April 2016

A resonant pressure sensor with piezoelectric excitation and sensing is presented, which is realised by combining a micromachined diaphragm and a quartz resonator. The sensor performance is improved by introducing double enhancement beams into the diaphragm. Finite element method is utilised to reveal the validity and optimise the structural dimensions. A self‐excitation circuit is designed to drive the resonator into steady oscillation. The sensor chip is fabricated by bulk micromachining technologies and packaged in a metal shell in the inert gas environment for characterisation. The performance characteristics including the short‐term drift, temperature characteristic and quality factor are investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensor features a high sensitivity of 100.45 Hz/kPa and a short‐term drift <14 ppm in the operating range of −10∼10 kPa at room temperature. Owing to the excellent performance in sensitivity and accuracy, the sensor can be applied for micropressure measurement.
Perspective: Materials informatics across the product lifecycle: Selection, manufacturing, and certification
Authors: Mulholland Gregory J. , Paradiso Sean P.
Published: April 2016

The process of taking a new material from invention to deployment can take 20 years or more. Since the announcement of the Materials Genome Initiative in 2011, new attention has been paid to accelerating this timeframe to address key challenges in industries from energy, to biomedical materials, to catalysis, to polymers, particularly in the development of new materials discovery techniques. Materials informatics, or algorithmically analyzing materials data at scale to gain novel insight, has been lauded as a path forward in this regard. An equal challenge to discovery, however, is the acceleration from discovery to market. In this paper, we address application of an informatics approach to materials selection, manufacturing, and qualification and identify key opportunities and challenges in each of these areas with a focus on reducing time to market for new advanced materials technologies.
Tuning exciton energy and fine-structure splitting in single InAs quantum dots by applying uniaxial stress
Authors: Su Dan , Dou Xiuming , Wu Xuefei , Liao Yongping , Zhou Pengyu , Ding Kun , Ni Haiqiao , Niu Zhichuan , Zhu Haijun , Jiang Desheng , Sun Baoquan
Published: April 2016

Exciton and biexciton emission energies as well as excitonic fine-structure splitting (FSS) in single InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) have been continuously tuned in situ in an optical cryostat using a developed uniaxial stress device. With increasing tensile stress, the red shift of excitonic emission is up to 5 nm; FSS decreases firstly and then increases monotonically, reaching a minimum value of approximately 10 μeV; biexciton binding energy decreases from 460 to 106 μeV. This technique provides a simple and convenient means to tune QD structural symmetry, exciton energy and biexciton binding energy and can be used for generating entangled and indistinguishable photons.
Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/LaAlO3/Pt tunnel junctions
Authors: Galceran R. , Balcells Ll. , Pomar A. , Konstantinović Z. , Bagués N. , Sandiumenge F. , Martínez B.
Published: April 2016

The magnetotransport properties of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3(LSMO)/ LaAlO3(LAO)/Pt tunneling junctions have been analyzed as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The junctions exhibit magnetoresistance (MR) values of about 37%, at H=90 kOe at low temperature. However, the temperature dependence of MR indicates a clear distinct origin than that of conventional colossal MR. In addition, tunneling anisotropic MR (TAMR) values around 4% are found at low temperature and its angular dependence reflects the expected uniaxial anisotropy. The use of TAMR response could be an alternative of much easier technological implementation than conventional MTJs since only one magnetic electrode is required, thus opening the door to the implementation of more versatile devices. However, further studies are required in order to improve the strong temperature dependence at the present stage.
Postharvest handling of “etrog” citron (Citrus medica, L.) fruit
Authors: Klein Joshua D. , Raz Shalev Yonit , Cohen Shlomo , Fallik Elazar
Published: April 2016

Citron (Citrus medica, L.) fruits (“etrog” in Hebrew; plural “etrogim”) are used ritually in the Jewish holiday of Sukkot (Tabernacles), and can command as much as US$100/fruit, depending on quality. The etrog is unique among citrus fruits in that only the external attributes are of commercial importance. Maintaining physical fruit quality mandates the use of protective cushioning on the tree, at harvest, and in packaging. Growers use a wide range of chemical treatments post-harvest to reduce to a minimum the possibility of disfiguring insect or disease infestations. Most etrog varieties are highly susceptible to chilling injury if stored at less than 12°C. Etrogim lose water readily during storage, so fruit are stored and almost always marketed in plastic bags that limit water loss. Skin color is regulated with applications of ethylene or gibberellin, depending on whether specific markets prefer fruit that are greener or more yellow.
Negative Priming 1985 to 2015: A Measure of Inhibition, the Emergence of Alternative Accounts, and the Multiple Process Challenge
Authors: D'Angelo Maria C. , Thomson David R. , Tipper Steven P. , Milliken Bruce
Published: April 2016

In this article, three generations of authors describe the background to the original article; the subsequent emergence of vigorous debates concerning what negative priming actually reflects, where radically different accounts based on memory retrieval were proposed; and a re-casting of the conceptual issues underlying studies of negative priming. What started as a simple observation (slowed reaction times) and mechanism (distractor inhibition) appears now to be best explained by a multiple mechanism account involving both episodic binding and retrieval processes as well as an inhibitory process. Emerging evidence from converging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and especially electroencephalography (EEG), is beginning to identify these different processes. The past 30 years of negative priming experiments has revealed the dynamic and complex cognitive processes that mediate what appear to be apparently simple behavioural effects.
CD1d-restricted peripheral T cell lymphoma in mice and humans
Authors: Bachy Emmanuel , Urb Mirjam , Chandra Shilpi , Robinot Rémy , Bricard Gabriel , de Bernard Simon , Traverse-Glehen Alexandra , Gazzo Sophie , Blond Olivier , Khurana Archana , Baseggio Lucile , Heavican Tayla , Ffrench Martine , Crispatzu Giuliano , Mondière Paul , Schrader Alexandra , Taillardet Morgan , Thaunat Olivier , Martin Nadine , Dalle Stéphane , Le Garff-Tavernier Magali , Salles Gilles , Lachuer Joel , Hermine Olivier , Asnafi Vahid , Roussel Mikael , Lamy Thierry , Herling Marco , Iqbal Javeed , Buffat Laurent , Marche Patrice N. , Gaulard Philippe , Kronenberg Mitchell , Defrance Thierry , Genestier Laurent
Published: April 2016

Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous entity of neoplasms with poor prognosis, lack of effective therapies, and a largely unknown pathophysiology. Identifying the mechanism of lymphomagenesis and cell-of-origin from which PTCLs arise is crucial for the development of efficient treatment strategies. In addition to the well-described thymic lymphomas, we found that p53-deficient mice also developed mature PTCLs that did not originate from conventional T cells but from CD1d-restricted NKT cells. PTCLs showed phenotypic features of activated NKT cells, such as PD-1 up-regulation and loss of NK1.1 expression. Injections of heat-killed Streptococcus pneumonia, known to express glycolipid antigens activating NKT cells, increased the incidence of these PTCLs, whereas Escherichia coli injection did not. Gene expression profile analyses indicated a significant down-regulation of genes in the TCR signaling pathway in PTCL, a common feature of chronically activated T cells. Targeting TCR signaling pathway in lymphoma cells, either with cyclosporine A or anti-CD1d blocking antibody, prolonged mice survival. Importantly, we identified human CD1d-restricted lymphoma cells within Vδ1 TCR-expressing PTCL. These results define a new subtype of PTCL and pave the way for the development of blocking anti-CD1d antibody for therapeutic purposes in humans.
Functional characterization of orbicularis oculi and extraocular muscles
Authors: Sekulic-Jablanovic Marijana , Ullrich Nina D. , Goldblum David , Palmowski-Wolfe Anja , Zorzato Francesco , Treves Susan
Published: April 2016

The orbicularis oculi are the sphincter muscles of the eyelids and are involved in modulating facial expression. They differ from both limb and extraocular muscles (EOMs) in their histology and biochemistry. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscles is a feature of neuromuscular disorders affecting the neuromuscular junction, and weakness of facial muscles and ptosis have also been described in patients with mutations in the ryanodine receptor gene. Here, we investigate human orbicularis oculi muscles and find that they are functionally more similar to quadriceps than to EOMs in terms of excitation–contraction coupling components. In particular, they do not express the cardiac isoform of the dihydropyridine receptor, which we find to be highly expressed in EOMs where it is likely responsible for the large depolarization-induced calcium influx. We further show that human orbicularis oculi and EOMs express high levels of utrophin and low levels of dystrophin, whereas quadriceps express dystrophin and low levels of utrophin. The results of this study highlight the notion that myotubes obtained by explanting satellite cells from different muscles are not functionally identical and retain the physiological characteristics of their muscle of origin. Furthermore, our results indicate that sparing of facial and EOMs in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the result of the higher levels of utrophin expression.
Montaigne on Rhetoric
Authors: Knop Déborah
Published: April 2016

This article aims to identify a few characteristics of the seemingly inexhaustible resources of Montaigne’s rhetoric. As far as logos is concerned, some chapters can give the impression of being desultory, but that impression is the result of an extremely polished discourse progression and it calls for the reader’s ingenuity, the latter being supposed to untangle the embroilment. Montaigne pays particular attention to ethos, namely conciliating and seducing the reader, that coming from the sprezzatura and the virile grace of the writing of the Essays, which are underlined quite often by the text itself in a meta-literary way. Although Montaigne uses it rather sparingly, pathos features prominently in his work, which has a moral dimension being both deliberative and epideictic. Lastly, the complexity of the writing of the Essays manifests itself in an ostentatious rejection of rhetoric, the concealment of a science (dissimulatio scientiae) that is prodigiously mastered.
Literary Spinoza
Authors: Goldstein Rebecca
Published: April 2016

This chapter focuses on literary artists—that is, novelists, poets, and playwrights—who have shown fascination with Baruch Spinoza’s philosophy. The fictionalization of Spinoza’s life begins during the Enlightenment period and continues until today. The multifaceted literary attraction to Spinoza becomes only more remarkable when one considers how little it was reciprocated. For all the attention that literary artists have paid to Spinoza, he appears to have accorded little thought to the arts. This chapter first examines why Spinoza has paid little attention to the arts before turning to literary figures who have made Spinoza the central character of their work, including Gotthold Lessing, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Heinrich Heine, Matthew Arnold, Herman Melville, George Eliot, Jorge Luis Borges, Zbigniew Herbert, Eugene Ostashevsky, Goce Smilevski, and Isaac Bashevis Singer. It concludes by discussing how compatible literary Spinoza is with philosophical Spinoza.
A Moral/Ethical History of American Psychiatry
Authors: Grob Gerald N.
Published: April 2016

This article examines the moral/ethical dimensions of psychiatric practice in the United States. It begins with a historical overview of American psychiatry, from the establishment of mental hospitals and asylums to the emergence of institutionalization and the theory of moral treatment. It then turns to a discussion of nineteenth-century initiatives calling for an end to dual responsibility and for the state to assume sole responsibility for persons with severe mental disorders. It also looks at the rise of dynamic psychiatry in the early twentieth century, along with the mental hygiene movement and the introduction of novel therapies such as fever therapy, insulin, metrazol, lobotomy, psychosurgery, and electric shock therapies. Finally, the article considers the transformation of American psychiatry during and after World War II.
The Development of Maritime Archaeology
Authors: Bass George F.
Published: April 2016

This article highlights the development of maritime archaeology as a discipline. It is by watercraft that some areas and smaller islands of our planet, seas and oceans, have been discovered, explored, settled, exploited, supplied, and defended. Maritime archaeology has several branches including coastal archaeology, nautical archaeology, which is the largest and best-known of the subdisciplines of maritime archaeology. In the 1970s, maritime and nautical archaeology became academic disciplines. Maritime archaeology is today, a respected subject. Even in the field of nautical archaeology, there are various specializations. This article talks about the problem of lack of availability of thorough, scholarly publications of fieldwork. One of maritime archaeology's greatest challenges lies in educating the public about the purposes of archaeology. Both cultural resources or heritage management archaeologists and those from academic institutions often face time constraints in collecting and publishing as much information as possible on sites that might otherwise be lost forever.
Defining a Ship: Architecture, Function, and Human Space
Authors: Pomey Patrice
Published: April 2016

This article is an introduction to the concept of maritime archaeology. In the field of archaeology, the study of a shipwreck endeavors to reconstitute the original ship. Thus, nautical archaeology belongs to the larger domain of maritime archaeology. The study of shipboard artifacts and cargo comes before a structural analysis is possible. Therefore, one must know how to anticipate the expected results in order to take into consideration the ensemble of data. A ship is an assembly of elements closely linked together, which express their true role in their relation to the whole. This article explains the conception phase. Several operations are necessary to achieve construction of a ship. The conception phase must then lead to a realization phase. The realization phase must materialize, with the help of diverse processes or methods, the construction principles chosen for the structural and shape concept of the ship.
Wreck-Site Formation Processes
Authors: Martin Colin
Published: April 2016

The environmental settings within which shipwrecks occur are matters of chance rather than of choice. It is primarily the wreck and not its physical context that is of consequence to nautical archaeologists. No two wreck-site formations are the same, since the complex and interacting variables that constitute the environmental setting, the nature of the ship, and the circumstances of its loss combine to create a set of attributes unique to each site. The dynamic phase, which begins with the event of shipwreck, is characterized by the wreck's status as an environmental anomaly. It is unstable, lacks integration with its surroundings, and is prone to further disintegration and dispersal by external influences. The chemical and physical properties of water cause reactions with the metals. Understanding these natural processes in the context of the distinctively anthropogenic inputs, this article characterizes archaeology as an essential prerequisite to the interpretation of any shipwreck.
Recent Advances in Post-excavation Documentation, Reconstruction, and Experimental Maritime Archaeology
Authors: Ravn Morten , Bischoff Vibeke , Englert Anton , Nielsen Søren
Published: April 2016

This article provides a description of advances in post-excavation documentation and reconstruction. Experimental maritime archaeology is multidisciplinary by nature. The path from wreck to reconstruction begins with the documentation of hull remains and progresses to the building of a reconstruction scale model. In order to develop documentation methods that are accurate and efficient in recording artifacts objectively, the hand-drawn recording of archaeological ship timbers is being replaced by digital recording. The standards for this archaeological interpretation are defined in collaboration between those conducting the documentation and those building the reconstruction. This article describes the procedure of building a scale model and generating drawings, which helps in reconstruction of the ship. Building full-scale reconstructions is a component of the experimental analysis of archaeologically recorded shipwrecks. Sailing trials are an important component of the experimental analysis of ship-finds and are an empirical way of reconstructing the transport conditions of the past.
Shipwreck Reconstruction Based on the Archaeological Record: Mediterranean Whole-Molding and the Kitten Wreck Case Study
Authors: Batchvarov Kroum N.
Published: April 2016

This article gives a case study based on the archaeological evidence of the wrecks from Catalonia, Yassiada, Sardineaux, and Kitten. It gives the description of the hull and the process of reconstruction of the Kitten vessel, based on archaeological evidence. The Kitten shipwreck is the first, and so far only, example of a postmedieval ship from the Black Sea to have been excavated and recorded, and for this reason, no exact parallels for this wreck have been published. The reconstructed method of controlling the shape of the Kitten vessel fits well with the tradition recorded in documents of the Italian Renaissance. The lines of the Kitten vessel were reconstructed from the archaeological evidence, traditional proportions, iconography, and limited comparative material from vernacular boats. This article describes the whole procedure of reconstruction and molding of the Kitten vessel, from shipwreck reconstruction, based on archaeological record.
The Archaeological Role of Conservation in Maritime Archaeology
Authors: Hamilton Donny L. , Smith C. Wayne
Published: April 2016

Maritime archaeology is the one field of archaeology that is completely tied to the conservation laboratory. This article gives information about the archaeological role of the conservation laboratory. It presents four conservation case studies where the archaeological role of the conservation laboratory is emphasized. It also addresses some of the applied conservation techniques. Conservation of encrusted artifacts from shipwrecks or any marine site provides archaeological data that needs to be recorded, conserved, properly curated, and displayed. If this is not done, then the archaeological project will suffer. All artifacts are conserved in the conservation laboratory. The concept of reversibility is an important factor in any conservation procedure, for artifacts often have to be retreated. The processes for advancement of archaeology as well as conservation are being undertaken in the conservation laboratory.
Virtual Reconstruction of Maritime Sites and Artifacts
Authors: Sanders Donald H.
Published: April 2016

The integration of virtual reality into archaeological research began in the early 1990s. The use of computer-based methods in maritime archaeology is recent. Before exploring a real-time virtual, a 3D computer model is created from drawings, general sketches, raw dimensions, 3D scanned data, or photographs, or by using simple primitives and “drawing” on the computer. Virtual reality is a simulation of physical reality offering the viewer real-time movement through a true 3D space and interactivity with the objects, which can be further enhanced with 3D sound, lighting, and touch. This article presents case studies to show how virtual reality becomes valuable for the four components of archaeology: documentation, research/analysis/hypothesis testing, teaching, and publication. As digital technologies advance, so too will the opportunities to explore underwater sites in ways that will continue to enhance our abilities to understand and teach maritime history.
A Digital Library Perspective: The Synthesis and Storage of Maritime Archaeological Data to Assist in Ship Reconstruction
Authors: Monroy Carlos , Castro Filipe , Furuta Richard
Published: April 2016

This article gives information about the role of computational technology in assisting nautical archaeologists. Advances in computing, recording, and instrumentation technology have impacted both, the way the fieldwork is carried out, and how the gathered data is stored, processed, and presented. Ship reconstruction can be based on inferences from partially recovered archaeological evidence and other written sources. This article describes the approach of “textual excavation”. There are two means of representing and describing ships—textual and visual. Textual representations include treatises that offer information about ship design, construction techniques, and the evolution of shipbuilding. The components of a vessel can be depicted graphically in form of treatises, drawings, and photographs of timbers and ship fragments. Visual representations can augment the understanding of a vessel and its components. Digital collections facilitate dissemination of archaeological data.
Early Shipbuilding in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Polzer Mark E.
Published: April 2016

This article focuses on early shipbuilding in the Eastern Mediterranean provided by shipwreck and terrestrial excavations. The study of the construction of early watercraft is mainly in the form of artistic representation. Egypt is the largest depository of early watercraft. The details of Near Eastern ships are painted on the Theban tomb of Kenamun. Hull remains from Late Bronze Age shipwrecks excavated off the coast of Turkey provide archaeological evidence for Levantine ships. The only pre-classical Aegean shipwreck to be excavated and studied by nautical archaeologists is that of a trading vessel, that sank on the southwestern Turkish coast. Greek builders strengthened their hulls transversely with internal framing comprised of preassembled “made-frames” alternating with top-timbers. The ancient seafaring cultures of the eastern Mediterranean each developed their own unique set of solutions to create elegant, sturdy, and capable boats and ships well suited to their environments and intended purposes.
Postmedieval Ships and Seafaring in the West
Authors: Hocker Fred
Published: April 2016

Postmedieval maritime archaeology is focused more on naval ships than classical or medieval maritime archaeology. Merchant ship archaeology lived for many years in the shadow of naval ships. Ships and seafaring were an essential part of that growth and expansion, connecting remote parts of the world in a global economy. The period after 1400 is characterized by growth and bureaucratization in most of Europe. There were major developments in ship construction after 1400. In the Mediterranean, frame-based design and construction methods reached a stage of sophisticated geometrical precision. Mediterranean techniques began to be adopted along the Atlantic coast. The demographic and economic recovery of the fifteenth century and the globalization of seafaring lead to the use of a wider range of ship sizes. Privateering was a profitable enterprise in wartime. The growth of maritime archaeology was tied directly to popular cultural interest in perceived high points in national histories.
The Red Sea
Authors: Blue Lucy
Published: April 2016

The Red Sea has been always an important highway for maritime trade and shipping. The prevailing winds greatly influence the way that ancient seafarers navigate these waters, contributing to the traditional view that the Red Sea served as a barrier to maritime communications. Despite this, frequent maritime traffic, and remarkably few shipwrecks have been discovered in this region. This article addresses limited shipwreck evidence and draws on a range of diverse evidence, in order to provide some insight into the maritime archaeological record of the Red Sea. It summarizes the available maritime archaeological records regarding the Red Sea. However, there is much more to be discovered and learned about this region as it has stimulated maritime contact, communication and trade along the waterway, and opening channels to the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Historic Period Ships of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Van Tilburg Hans K.
Published: April 2016

The ship is the single central object for all migration and communication within the oceanic world. In the Pacific, a multitude of different vessel designs can be found, reflecting different seafaring cultures and locations and historical periods. The nineteenth century was the boom period for many different maritime trades in the wider Pacific. This article gives an overview of certain historical periods, discussing historical vessels. Maritime programs and institutions involved with maritime archaeology have increased in the Pacific over recent history. Since the Pacific is a large area and archaeological resources are limited, research questions need to be directed carefully. The challenges involved in this are logistical obstacles and safety considerations. Certainly, there is a potential to broaden the focus beyond shipwrecks alone. Maritime archaeology has a long way to travel in the Pacific.
Maritime Archaeology of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Archaeology from the Age of Exploration to the Twilight of Sail
Authors: Borgens Amy
Published: April 2016

This article describes maritime archaeology in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The first explorations of the Gulf was undertaken in the sixteenth century. The ability to conduct archaeological work in this region is hindered by many environmental factors. The coastal topography is often shallow, necessitating the use of smaller vessels for easy bay and riverine entry. High-visibility dives environments in some areas of the Gulf facilitate discovery and recordation of wreck sites. Government involvement and intervention has led to the protection of some archaeological sites. Remote sensing surveys have identified some of the oldest shipwrecks in the gulf in the North American region. This article summarizes this area's specific shipwreck sites and emphasizes historical events that relate to archaeological discoveries through case studies. Improved data-collection techniques and public outreach can aid in discovering and protecting the Gulf's maritime cultural resources.
The Maritime Cultural Landscape
Authors: Westerdahl Christer
Published: April 2016

Maritime culture existed parallel to the agrarian mainstream. The term cultural landscape is partly applied into archaeological thinking. The first application of the specific concept of a maritime cultural landscape (also known as seascape, waterscape, island archeology etc.) dates to the middle of the 1970s. Any holistic view of maritime culture must be conceptual, administrative, material, or instinctive. Maritime cultural landscape is multilayered, not isolated from inland landscape, and was first published in English at the University of Copenhagen. It includes any hermeneutic kind of human relationship to the sea. The concept of Maritime cultural landscape has been used universally. There are many efforts currently made across the globe to make the maritime cultural landscape concept meaningful and enrich the appreciation of the maritime heritage.
Submerged Prehistory in the North Sea
Authors: Firth Antony
Published: April 2016

This article looks at the prehistory of the North Sea. The North Sea has a long human history and is geographically extensive. This article gives information about artifacts excavated from coastal exposures, dating back to 700,000 years. It describes the model used to study submerged prehistoric contexts in the North Sea. Marine aggregates play a central role in the investigation of submerged prehistory. The submerged river gravels are considered to be of high potential for prehistoric archaeology, which establishes a direct relationship between submerged prehistory and marine aggregate dredging. This article also explains the theory of Doggerland and its conception. Despite a small number of archaeological sites in the North Sea, recent technological developments have had a big effect with respect to data quality, position-fixing, processing, and presentation.
Ancient Harbors in the Mediterranean
Authors: Oleson John Peter , Hohlfelder Robert L.
Published: April 2016

This article describes the evolution of harbors in the ancient world that can be linked to changing social needs and technological developments. Hundreds of harbor sites of varying sizes and designs can be documented around the Mediterranean dating back thousands of years. Relief sculpture and a few shipwrecks provide ample evidence for the intensity of trade by sea in the eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age, but the rise in the relative sea level in the eastern Mediterranean since the Bronze Age has obscured or destroyed many of the early harbor sites. Natural anchorages were used throughout the period of Mediterranean history for meeting maritime needs of coastal communities. Hundreds of potential targets await serious archaeological investigation and pose new research questions, which will be answered with further technological developments.
Ethics, Underwater Cultural Heritage, and International Law
Authors: Maarleveld Thijs J.
Published: April 2016

Maritime archaeology has given rise to quite a few issues. The meaning of heritage for the society has undergone changes, and thus, ethical discussion has evolved, which is discussed in this article. Archaeological discourses include a historical review that is helpful in understanding how insights have developed. Archaeology is not uniform and archaeological heritage has been studied through different approaches and thinking. An item attributed heritage value in one part of the continent may not be regarded as the same in another part of the continent. For maritime archaeology, this national bias has been influential in several ways and it continues to be so. The principle that “heritage” is a public matter is quite central in the developing ethics of the archaeological profession. This article finally discusses the international development of a body of maritime law specifically concerning underwater cultural heritage.
Interventions for Acute Agitation
Authors: Strenges Stephen , Currier Glenn W.
Published: April 2016

Given the constant and often increasing risks for violence against mental health professionals, the effective evaluation, management, and treatment of patients with psychotic agitation is of critical importance to ensuring safety. This chapter builds upon several articles of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry’s Project BETA, which proposes guidelines and best practices for the treatment of agitation. We suggest that clinicians use a tiered, progressive approach to treating agitation in which they attempt less-invasive methods such as verbal de-escalation before drug intervention, when medically appropriate. It is argued that treatment should be proportionate to the severity of agitation, and pharmacological intervention should be used as a last resort.
Cultural Neuroscience in South Africa
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Chiao Joan Y. , van Honk Jack
Published: April 2016

South Africa may be a particularly useful exemplar with which to consider some of the potential promises and pitfalls of cultural neuroscience. This chapter draws on our experience as scientists who have worked in the South African context, who have used both neuroscientific and social science methodologies, and who have wondered how best to integrate these often quite different perspectives. We begin by proposing a heuristic conceptual framework that articulates “classical,” “critical,” and “integrative” approaches to cultural neuroscience, and we then use this to exemplify promises and pitfalls of cultural neuroscience in South Africa and to map out a research agenda for the future.
Cultural Differences in Emotional Expressions and Body Language
Authors: de Gelder Beatrice , Huis In 'T Veld Elisabeth M.J.
Published: April 2016

As our environment becomes increasingly more international, we are interacting increasingly more with people from different cultures. During social interactions, it is important to respond appropriately to the cues that are relevant in a given situation. People are expected to behave in a suitable way to avoid offending others. For example, an appropriate response to a greeting can avoid much misunderstanding. Cultural variations have often been named as possible factors for explaining differences in processing emotions. Because culture is in part about regulating social interaction, one expects to find that cultural norms define display rules that are at least characteristic of the daily expressions of emotions. This chapter addresses whether there are important cultural factors that determine whole-body expressions of emotion, how they are perceived, how they are displayed, and what they are.
Genes, Brain, and Culture Through a 5-HTT Lens
Authors: Nomura Michio
Published: April 2016

How do genes affect the human brain, cognition, and culture? This chapter focuses on these interrelated areas through the lens of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), specifically examining the behavioral regulation system in Japanese people. First, relationships between the 5-HTT gene and impulsive behavior under aversive conditions are discussed. Next, this chapter shows that in collectivistic nations, individuals with higher interdependent self-construal optimize activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) when suppressing thoughts of death. Finally, as a function of psychosocial resources, higher levels of social trust affect adaptive processes and increase rVLPFC activity, all of which are geared toward modulating social pain. Thus, S allele carriers are more likely to adapt to collectivistic cultures because of the functional properties of the S allele, which may in turn promote collectivistic cultural norms.
Philosophy of Neuroscience
Authors: Roskies Adina L. , Craver Carl F.
Published: April 2016

The experimental study of the brain has exploded in the past several decades, providing rich material for both philosophers of science and philosophers of mind. In this chapter, the authors summarize some central research areas in philosophy of neuroscience. Some of these areas focus on the internal practice of neuroscience, that is, on the assumptions underlying experimental techniques, the accepted structures of explanations, the goals of integrating disciplines, and the possibility of a unified science of the mind-brain. Other areas focus outwards on the potential impact that neuroscience is having on our conception of the mind and its place in nature.
Biblical Interpretation since Divino afflante Spiritu
Authors: Healy Mary
Published: April 2016

This chapter treats Catholic biblical interpretation since Pius XII’s encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu (1943). At the heart of the chapter is Vatican II’s teaching in its constitution Dei verbum. This text promoted an account of revelation as a multifaceted reality, and outlined a rounded account of biblical interpretation that endorsed some styles of modern historical critical analysis while insisting that Scripture should be interpreted in the light of a knowledge of what God intended to convey through Scripture. The chapter then considers how two key documents of the Pontifical Biblical Commission develop this teaching, and ways in which post-conciliar debates have continued to explore persistent challenges and tensions. Significant space is given to Pope Benedict XVI’s reflections on these debates. A final section suggests an agenda for the future development of Catholic exegesis.
Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
Authors: Skira Jaroslav Z.
Published: April 2016

This chapter charts the history of the Roman Catholic Church’s relations with the various Orthodox Churches of the Christian East. It examines examples of communion or unity among these churches, as well as formal breaks in communion or schisms, and attempts at ecclesial reunion and ecumenical dialogue. Mention is made of the early roots of modern Orthodox ecumenism, along with the complementarities and differences between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. It also analyses the impact of the Second Vatican Council called by Pope John XXIII on Catholic–Orthodox relations. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the current state of Orthodox–Catholic ecumenical dialogue, paying attention to areas of doctrinal complementarity and convergence as well as possible avenues for fruitful dialogue.
Growing the Ancient Maya Social-Ecological System from the Bottom Up
Authors: Heckbert Scott , Isendahl Christian , Gunn Joel D. , Brewer Simon , Scarborough Vernon L. , Chase Arlen F. , Chase Diane Z. , Costanza Robert , Dunning Nicholas P. , Beach Timothy , Luzzadder-Beach Sheryl , Lentz David L. , Sinclair Paul
Published: April 2016

Archaeological data can be represented in quantitative models to test theories of societal growth, development, and resilience. This chapter describes the results of simulations employing integrated agent-based, cellular automata, and network models to represent elements of the ancient Maya social-ecological system. The purpose of the model is to better understand the complex dynamics of the Maya civilization and to test quantitative indicators of resilience as predictors of system sustainability or decline. The model examines the relationship between population growth, agricultural production, pressure on ecosystem services, forest succession, value of trade, and the stability of trade networks. These combine to allow agents representing Maya settlements to develop and expand within a landscape that changes under climate variation and responds to anthropogenic pressure. The model is able to reproduce spatial patterns and timelines somewhat analogous to that of the ancient Maya, although this model requires refinement and further archaeological data for calibration.
Islamic Law and Society in Southeast Asia
Authors: Crouch Melissa
Published: April 2016

This article explores the ways Islam is recognized by the state in Southeast Asia, along with the scholarly debates that have arisen in response to these Islam-state configurations. It begins with an overview of the work of Professor M. B. Hooker, a pioneer of the field of comparative law in Southeast Asia, especially his study of Islamic law. It then considers how scholars have addressed the regulation and institutionalization of Islam in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore as well as the tensions and armed conflict between Muslim minorities and the state in Thailand and the Philippines, while largely overlooking Muslim minorities of Myanmar. Finally, it discusses the ongoing challenge of advocating for the importance of the study and contribution of Islamic law in Southeast Asia to the broader field of Islamic legal studies.
Dance and Ethnicity
Authors: Shay Anthony , Sellers-Young Barbara
Published: April 2016

Ethnic groups have been defined as people who share a common ethos based on ancestry, nation, language and other identity markers. This volume brings scholars from across the globe that have incorporated perspectives from critical and cultural studies in an investigation of what it means to define oneself in an ethnic category and how this category is performed and represented as an ethnicity. The essays in this volume engage the four themes of identity construction, local and transnational politics, appropriation and related exotification, and resistance that are part of the ongoing discourse in the relationship between dance and ethnicity. Cumulatively, the essays in their research approach and methodology document the change that has taken place in dance studies from the ethnic as an easily identified category based on biology and geography to ethnicity as a fluid concept and dance as an active contributor to the creation and negotiation of it.
The Southwest
Authors: Brooks James
Published: April 2016

Few traveling between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and the Rio Grande valley realize that they are traversing one of the most significant American Indian migration and settlement corridors in the Southwest, a well-watered and fertile floodplain that served to link peoples of the southern Rocky Mountains and the San Juan River to those of the Jemez range and Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and the Rio Grande, across some 300 miles. This chapter gives an overview of Pueblo (Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Keres, Hopi, and Zuni), Apache, Navajo, and O’odham histories, and reveals a dual process of migration and place making across a millennium. The Southwest has a high variability in seasonal precipitation, and its peoples have demonstrated creative and adaptable cultures that allowed for movement to new locations and the creation of new homelands as a crucial aspect of their survival.
The Plains
Authors: Ostler Jeffrey
Published: April 2016

This chapter surveys the history of Plains Indians from the 1400s to the present, focusing on the period from the acquisition of the horse in the mid-1700s through the early reservation period in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The chapter emphasizes Indians’ spiritual and material relationships to the land, focusing on equestrian tribes who depended on buffalo hunting, as well as village tribes who developed a mixed economy of horticulture and hunting. The chapter also explores the uneven impact of settler expansion on Plains tribes, analyzing disease, commerce, the destruction of material resources, intertribal warfare, and settler violence, as well as describing conditions on reservations. Plains Indians pursued various strategies to survive the challenges of colonialism, including accommodation, militant resistance, and the Ghost Dance. The chapter concludes with an overview of historical writing on the Plains and a description of primary resources available for further study.
European Invasions and Early Settlement, 1500–1680
Authors: Ethridge Robbie
Published: April 2016

This chapter narrates the meeting of the American and European worlds, a meeting that propelled Native people into a time of profound cultural, social, and political transformations. The forces that caused these transformations include military losses and cultural exchanges with early colonizers, the introduction of Old World diseases, and the consequences of political and economic incorporation into the modern world economy through a trade in Indian slaves. The impact of the European invasions played out differently in different regions and for different Indian polities and social groups. The full transformation of the Native world, then, must be viewed against a larger interpretive framework so that each instance of transformation can be understood as a distinctive phenomenon. This chapter offers such a framework through the concept of the “shatter zone,” which offers a regional frame for integrating events and people into a single interactive world.
Indian Territory and Oklahoma
Authors: Smith Troy
Published: April 2016

In the nineteenth century, the United States relocated thousands of indigenous peoples from their homelands east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory, an area that would later be known as Oklahoma. The region was not uninhabited, however; it already had a rich history of Native groups stretching back for millennia, and it had long been a nexus for trade and empire. New and original inhabitants alike would endeavor to maintain homes and tribal sovereignty up to the formation of the state of Oklahoma and the dissolution of Indian Territory, and they continue to do so into the twenty-first century, when Oklahoma is home to thirty-eight federally recognized American Indian tribes and has the second-highest Native American population in the country