bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
River floodplain abandonment and channel deepening coincide with the onset of clear‐cut logging in a coastal California redwood forest
Authors: Chapman William A. L. , Finnegan Noah J. , Pfeiffer Allison M. , La Selle SeanPaul
Published: December 2021

Changes in both land use and climate can alter the balance of transport capacity and sediment supply in rivers. Hence, the primary driver of recent incision or aggradation in alluvial channels is often unclear. The San Lorenzo River on the central coast of California is one location where both climate and land use—specifically, clear‐cut forestry of coastal redwoods—could explain recent vertical incision and floodplain abandonment. At our field site on the San Lorenzo, we estimate the magnitude of recent incision using both the ratio of bankfull to critical Shields numbers (
) and the geomorphically effective discharge, calculated from historical gauge data. The Shields number ratio suggests that the normalized bankfull stress of the San Lorenzo River is in the upper 1–2% of West Coast rivers, and the effective discharge corresponds to flow depths ~2–4 m below current bankfull conditions. Radiocarbon ages from detrital charcoal in floodplain sediment reveal active floodplain deposition during the 1600s and possibly into the 1800s, constraining the timing of incision to the last few centuries. Multiple hanging tributaries above the mainstem San Lorenzo River, along with patterns in vegetation on terrace surfaces, corroborate our estimates of the magnitude and timing of incision. Taken together, our findings suggest that floodplain abandonment in this reach was mainly due to methods employed during logging that increased shear stress on the channel bed and reduced sediment storage capacity. We suggest that direct channel modifications in rivers can counterbalance increases in sediment delivery due to clear‐cutting, resulting in channel incision rather than aggradation. Today, a young, lower surface appears to be forming adjacent to the San Lorenzo River, which we interpret as an incipient floodplain that is in equilibrium with modern sediment supply and transport capacity.
A timely (and timeless) blend of theory and practice: A commentary on Rowland and Spaniol (2021)
Authors: Bowman Gary
Published: December 2021

The integration of theory and practice is a significant aspect of modern academia. Prompted by Rowland and Spaniol's review and celebration of Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation, I reflect briefly on the impact of Kees van der Heijden and his contribution to the theoretical and practical development of scenario planning research.
Protective effect of astaxanthin on experimental ovarian damage in rats
Authors: Kükürt Abdulsamed , Karapehlivan Mahmut
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of astaxanthin (AS) on 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NPA) induced experimental ovarian damage in rats. Thirty two female Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups of eight each: control group (C); phosphate‐buffered saline, AS group; AS (80 mg/kg) for 14 days, 3‐NPA group; 3‐NPA (6.25 mg/kg) twice a day for 7 days, 3‐NPA + AS group; administered AS (80 mg/kg) for 14 days and 3‐NPA (6.25 mg/kg) for 7 days. All injections were administered intraperitoneally. Rats were fed ad libitum with standard rat chow and tap water. Plasma and ovarian tissue total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels, whole blood reduced glutathione (GSH), plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total sialic acid (TSA) and total thiol (TT) concentrations were analysed spectrophotometrically. Also, ovarian tissue histopathology was performed. We observed 3‐NPA‐induced histopathological ovarian damage significantly decreased the TAC (p < 0.001), GSH (p < 0.001), high‐density lipoprotein (p < 0.01) levels and PON1 activity (p < 0.01), and significantly increased TOC, OSI (p < 0.001), MDA, NO, TSA, cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (p < 0.01) and triglyceride (p < 0.05) levels. In conclusion, cotreatment with AS restored the negative effect of 3‐NPA on all biochemical parameters cited above and improved the histopathological ovarian damage. Ovarian toxicity induced by 3‐NPA might be due to oxidative damage. The improvement of AS seems to be related to its antioxidant properties.
Arc‐disjoint in‐ and out‐branchings in digraphs of independence number at most 2
Authors: Bang‐Jensen Jørgen , Bessy Stéphane , Havet Frédéric , Yeo Anders
Published: December 2021

We prove that every digraph of independence number at most 2 and arc‐connectivity at least 2 has an out‐branching and an in‐branching which are arc‐disjoint (we call such branchings a good pair). This is best possible in terms of the arc‐connectivity as there are infinitely many strong digraphs with independence number 2 and arbitrarily high minimum in‐ and out‐degrees that have no good pair. The result settles a conjecture by Thomassen for digraphs of independence number 2. We prove that every digraph on at most 6 vertices and arc‐connectivity at least 2 has a good pair and give an example of a 2‐arc‐strong digraph on 10 vertices with independence number 4 that has no good pair. We also show that there are infinitely many digraphs with independence number 7 and arc‐connectivity 2 that have no good pair. Finally we pose a number of open problems.
A counterstory of resistance: The professional identity development of Latinx doctoral students in counseling programs
Authors: Locke Anna Flores
Published: December 2021

This qualitative study applies a Latino Critical Race theoretical perspective to explore the role of White power and privilege on the professional identity developmental experiences of eight Latinx doctoral students in counseling programs. Three themes captured their counterstory: (a) being one of the few, (b) navigating professional identity, and (c) becoming a counselor educator. Implications aimed at retaining students of color and diversifying faculty are provided.
Mass spectrometry in art conservation—With focus on paintings
Authors: Smoluch Marek , Sobczyk Joanna , Szewczyk Ireneusz , Karaszkiewicz Pawel , Silberring Jerzy
Published: December 2021

Conservation of historic artifacts has been a multidisciplinary field from its very beginning. Traditionally, it has been and still is associated with the history of art. It applies knowledge from technical and basic sciences, adapting their solutions to its goals. At present, however, a new tendency is clearly emerging—scientific research is starting to play an increasingly important role not only as a service, but also by proposing new solutions both in the traditional conservation areas and in new areas of conservation activities. The above trend opens up new perspectives for the field of preservation of our heritage but may also create new threats. Therefore, the conservators' caution in introducing new technologies should always be justified; after all, they are responsible for the effects of any activities on the historic objects. This, quite selective review, discusses application of mass spectrometry techniques for the detection of various components that are important to the conservators of our heritage with particular focus on paintings. The text also contains some basic knowledge of technical details to introduce the methodology to a broader group of professionals.
Theoretical analysis of wavelength modulation laser heterodyne spectroscopy
Authors: Cao Ya‐nan , Cheng Gang , Tian Xing , Liu Cheng‐jing , Wang Jing‐jing , Yang Hong‐tao , Zhang Yu , Peng Fei‐yan
Published: December 2021

In this paper, a comprehensive theory for wavelength modulation laser heterodyne spectroscopy is presented. Some necessary simplifications based on the Taylor series are introduced, the general formulas employed to demodulate the first harmonic signal (1f), the second harmonic signal (2f), and higher harmonic signal (nf) are derived in details, and hence the formulas are suitable for an arbitrary intensity modulation amplitude and modulation index. The purpose of this paper: an overview of how the laser heterodyne harmonic signal depends on the experimental parameters of intensity modulation amplitude and modulation index is reported. This overview is helpful to choose these parameters for the best laser heterodyne harmonic signal because it initiated a new pathway for systematically analyzing the relationships between the experimental parameters and the laser heterodyne harmonic signal.
Combinatorial effects of azacitidine and trametinib on NRAS‐mutated melanoma
Authors: Hanft Klara‐Maria , Hamed Ebrahem , Kaiser Max , Würtemberger Julia , Schneider Michaela , Pietsch Torsten , Feige Ursula , Meiss Frank , Krengel Sven , Niemeyer Charlotte , Hettmer Simone
Published: December 2021

Congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) syndrome represents a mosaic RASopathy, typically caused by postzygotic NRAS codon 61 mutations, which originate in ectodermal precursor cells and result in melanocyte deposits in the skin and central nervous system (CNS). Affected patients are prone to develop uniformly fatal melanomas in the skin and CNS. Here, we report the case of a 2.7‐year‐old male with CMN syndrome, diffuse leptomeningeal melanosis and CNS melanoma, who underwent experimental therapy with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacitidine in combination with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib with exceptional clinical and radiological response. Response to combination therapy appeared to be more durable than the treatment response observed in several other severely affected patients treated with trametinib for late‐stage disease. Correspondingly, concomitant exposure to trametinib and azacitidine prevented development of trametinib resistance in NRAS‐mutated human melanoma cells in vitro. Also, azacitidine was shown to inhibit growth and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation of melanoma cells and act synergistically with trametinib to inhibit the growth of trametinib‐resistant melanoma cells. These observations suggest that azacitidine enhances trametinib monotherapy and may represent a promising candidate drug for combination therapies to enhance the efficacy of MEK inhibitors in RAS‐driven diseases.
The impact of personality disorders and personality traits on psychotherapy treatment outcome of eating disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Simpson Susan , Azam Fatima , Brown SiennaMarisa , Hronis Anastasia , Brockman Robert
Published: December 2021

A significant proportion of those with eating disorders (EDs) do not respond to first‐line treatments. This systematic review was conducted to identify whether personality disorders (PDs)/traits predict or moderate ED treatment outcomes and whether these outcomes were differentially influenced by ED or PD diagnostic subtypes, or treatment approach. A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. A total of seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) plus four follow‐up studies were reviewed investigating the impact of PD and PD traits on treatment outcomes for EDs. The majority indicated that PD had some impact on treatment outcomes. Outcome measures and time‐point measurements varied across studies. Included studies suggested that bulimia nervosa treatment outcomes were not hindered by co‐morbidity of borderline PD; however, psychiatric impairment remained high at post‐treatment and follow‐up. Cluster C PDs were found to negatively impact treatment outcomes for binge ED and attrition rates for anorexia nervosa. Included studies suggested that interventions that addressed aspects of personality pathology showed greater main effects for ED treatment outcomes. There is an urgent need for future RCTs on ED treatments to include routine measures of core personality features to allow their impacts to be more thoroughly examined and for psychotherapies to be tailored accordingly.
Directionally In Situ Self‐Assembled, High‐Density, Macropore‐Oriented, CoP‐Impregnated, 3D Hierarchical Porous Carbon Sheet Nanostructure for Superior Electrocatalysis in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Fei Yang , Chen Jie , Pan Yixiang , Yuan Weiyong , Zhang Lian Ying , Guo Chun Xian , Li Chang Ming
Published: December 2021

3D ZIF‐67‐particles‐impregnated cellulose‐nanofiber nanosheets with oriented macropores are synthesized via directional‐freezing‐assisted in situ self‐assembly, and converted to 3D CoP‐nanoparticle (NP)‐embedded hierarchical, but macropores‐oriented, N‐doped carbon nanosheets via calcination and phosphidation. The obtained nanoarchitecture delivers overpotentials at 10 and 50 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 82.1 and 113.4 mV and 40.8 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4, and of 97.1 and 136.6 mV and 51.2 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH, all of which are superior to those of the most reported non‐noble‐metal‐based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. This catalyst even surpasses commercial Pt/C for a much lower overpotential at high current densities, which is essential for large‐scale hydrogen production. Its catalytic activity can be further optimized to become one of the best in both 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M KOH. The outstanding catalytic activity is ascribed to the uniformly‐dispersed small CoP NPs in the 3D carbon sheets and the hierarchical nanostructure with rich oriented pores. This work develops a facile, economical, and universal self‐assembly strategy to fabricate uniquely nanostructured hybrids to simultaneously promote charge transfer and mass transport, and also offers an inexpensive and high‐performance HER catalyst toward industry‐scale water splitting.
Multifunctional Carbon Nanodots: Enhanced Near‐Infrared Photosensitizing, Photothermal Activity, and Body Clearance
Authors: Ji Ding-Kun , Dali Hayet , Guo Shi , Malaganahally Sowmya , Vollaire Julien , Josserand Véronique , Dumortier Hélène , Ménard-Moyon Cécilia , Bianco Alberto
Published: December 2021

The emergence of quasispherical carbon nanodots (CNDs) has broadened the family of carbon‐based materials and their applications in many fields. However, the rational design of near‐infrared (NIR) CNDs and their specific applications in theranostic biomedicine are still challenging. Herein, the design and characterization of multifunctional CNDs (MCNDs) as NIR laser‐triggered nanoagents are reported. These MCNDs are constructed by covalent functionalization of CNDs with folic acid and a hydrophobic photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), based on a double amidation approach. The resulting MCNDs show high colloidal stability in different physiological environments. They are endowed with NIR fluorescence emission, an enhanced NIR photosensitizing, and a high photothermal activity. The in vitro test indicates that MCNDs own an efficient targeting capacity to penetrate into cancer cells, leading to cell killing at a low dose under NIR laser irradiation. Finally, MCNDs display a long blood circulation time in mice and effective body clearance through a dual hepatobiliary and renal elimination pathway. These features are encouraging for their use as NIR laser‐triggered nanoagents for personalized medicine. This work not only paves a new way for the multifunctionalization of CNDs, simply by integrating other functional components, but also broadens their versatile applications in targeted cancer theranostic nanomedicine.
Antimicrobial Starch‐Based Film for Food Packaging Application
Authors: Romainor Ain Nadirah , Chin Suk Fun , Lihan Samuel
Published: December 2021

Sago starch (Metroxylan sago) modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporated with citric acid as an antimicrobial agent at the optimized ratio of 5:8:15 (%, w v–1) for starch: PVA: citric acid is synthesized. The starch‐citrate film presents antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic food borne bacteria Salmonella thypimurium (S. thypimurium), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (O157:H7), and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and food fungus Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp. The studies showed that 98–99% of food borne bacteria growth and 87–99% of fungal growth can be inhibited. Qualitative assessment of food shelf‐life reveals that the starch‐citrate film is more efficient to inhibit the microbial growth in cake and bread samples compared to commercial food wrappers, as the film can extend the shelf‐life of the food products (10 days for cake and 40 days for bread). The potential application of this starch‐citrate film as antimicrobial and eco‐friendly bio‐based food packaging application is therefore demonstrated.
The Reality of Digital Travel
Authors: Tjostheim Ingvar , Waterworth John A.
Published: December 2021

It is the experience that counts, there and then. When a person talks about the experience, he or she can also reflect on and interpret the experience. In this chapter we use findings from empirical studies and surveys to write about the subjective reality of digital travel. We discussed the theoretical foundation for why we can have the feeling of being there (and what we referred to as the Spinozan model of perception) in Chapters 2 and 3. The first studies we report are on factors affecting the sense of place experience, and telepresence, using video games to create a sightseeing environment for participants. The second study is a survey of citizens on the topic of vacation planning, digital travel applications before, during and after visiting a tourist destination.
Another Proof of Born’s Rule on Arbitrary Cauchy Surfaces
Authors: Lill Sascha , Tumulka Roderich
Published: December 2021

In 2017, Lienert and Tumulka proved Born’s rule on arbitrary Cauchy surfaces in Minkowski space-time assuming Born’s rule and a corresponding collapse rule on horizontal surfaces relative to a fixed Lorentz frame, as well as a given unitary time evolution between any two Cauchy surfaces, satisfying that there is no interaction faster than light and no propagation faster than light. Here, we prove Born’s rule on arbitrary Cauchy surfaces from a different, but equally reasonable, set of assumptions. The conclusion is that if detectors are placed along any Cauchy surface $$\Sigma $$
Σ
, then the observed particle configuration on $$\Sigma $$
Σ
is a random variable with distribution density $$|\Psi _\Sigma |^2$$

|

Ψ
Σ

|

2

, suitably understood. The main different assumption is that the Born and collapse rules hold on any spacelike hyperplane, i.e., at any time coordinate in any Lorentz frame. Heuristically, this follows if the dynamics of the detectors is Lorentz invariant.
Preemptive local analgesia at vaginal hysterectomy: a systematic review
Authors: Taumberger Nadja , Schütz Anna-Maria , Jeitler Klaus , Siebenhofer Andrea , Simonis Holger , Bornemann-Cimenti Helmar , Laky Rene , Tamussino Karl
Published: December 2021

Introduction and hypothesis

We conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness of local preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain control in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched systematically to identify eligible studies published through September 25, 2019. Only randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews addressing local preemptive analgesia compared to placebo at vaginal hysterectomy were considered. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Results were compared, and disagreement was resolved by discussion. Forty-seven studies met inclusion criteria for full-text review. Four RCTs, including a total of 197 patients, and two SRs were included in the review.

Results

Preemptive local analgesia reduced postoperative pain scores up to 6 h and postoperative opioid requirements in the first 24 h after surgery.

Conclusion

Preemptive local analgesia at vaginal hysterectomy results in less postoperative pain and less postoperative opioid consumption.
Reference phantom selection in pediatric computed tomography using data from a large, multicenter registry
Authors: Chu Philip W. , Yu Sophronia , Wang Yifei , Seibert J. Anthony , Cervantes Luisa F. , Kasraie Nima , Chu Cameron A. , Smith-Bindman Rebecca
Published: December 2021

Background

Radiation dose metrics vary by the calibration reference phantom used to report doses. By convention, 16-cm diameter cylindrical polymethyl-methacyrlate phantoms are used for head imaging and 32-cm diameter phantoms are used for body imaging in adults. Actual usage patterns in children remain under-documented.

Objective

This study uses the University of California San Francisco International CT Dose Registry to describe phantom selection in children by patient age, body region and scanner manufacturer, and the consequent impact on radiation doses.

Materials and methods

For 106,837 pediatric computed tomography (CT) exams collected between Jan. 1, 2015, and Nov. 2, 2020, in children up to 17 years of age from 118 hospitals and imaging facilities, we describe reference phantom use patterns by body region, age and manufacturer, and median and 75th-percentile dose–length product (DLP) and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) doses when using 16-cm vs. 32-cm phantoms.

Results

There was relatively consistent phantom selection by body region. Overall, 98.0% of brain and skull examinations referenced 16-cm phantoms, and 95.7% of chest, 94.4% of abdomen and 100% of cervical-spine examinations referenced 32-cm phantoms. Only GE deviated from this practice, reporting chest and abdomen scans using 16-cm phantoms with some frequency in children up to 10 years of age. DLP and CTDIvol values from 16-cm phantom-referenced scans were 2–3 times higher than 32-cm phantom-referenced scans.

Conclusion

Reference phantom selection is highly consistent, with a small but significant number of abdomen and chest scans (~5%) using 16-cm phantoms in younger children, which produces DLP values approximately twice as high as exams referenced to 32-cm phantoms
Global stability of an age-structured population model on several temporally variable patches
Authors: Kozlov Vladimir , Radosavljevic Sonja , Tkachev Vladimir , Wennergren Uno
Published: December 2021

We consider an age-structured density-dependent population model on several temporally variable patches. There are two key assumptions on which we base model setup and analysis. First, intraspecific competition is limited to competition between individuals of the same age (pure intra-cohort competition) and it affects density-dependent mortality. Second, dispersal between patches ensures that each patch can be reached from every other patch, directly or through several intermediary patches, within individual reproductive age. Using strong monotonicity we prove existence and uniqueness of solution and analyze its large-time behavior in cases of constant, periodically variable and irregularly variable environment. In analogy to the next generation operator, we introduce the net reproductive operator and the basic reproduction number $$R_0$$

R
0

for time-independent and periodical models and establish the permanence dichotomy: if $$R_0\le 1$$

R
0

≤
1

, extinction on all patches is imminent, and if $$R_0>1$$

R
0

>
1

, permanence on all patches is guaranteed. We show that a solution for the general time-dependent problem can be bounded by above and below by solutions to the associated periodic problems. Using two-side estimates, we establish uniform boundedness and uniform persistence of a solution for the general time-dependent problem and describe its asymptotic behaviour.
The “springform” technique in cranioplasty: custom made 3D-printed templates for intraoperative modelling of polymethylmethacrylate cranial implants
Authors: Pöppe Johannes P. , Spendel Mathias , Schwartz Christoph , Winkler Peter A. , Wittig Jörn
Published: December 2021

Background

Manual moulding of cranioplasty implants after craniectomy is feasible, but does not always yield satisfying cosmetic results. In contrast, 3D printing can provide precise templates for intraoperative moulding of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) implants in cranioplasty. Here, we present a novel and easily implementable 3D printing workflow to produce patient-specific, sterilisable templates for PMMA implant moulding in cranioplastic neurosurgery.

Methods

3D printable templates of patients with large skull defects before and after craniectomy were designed virtually from cranial CT scans. Both templates — a mould to reconstruct the outer skull shape and a ring representing the craniectomy defect margins — were printed on a desktop 3D printer with biocompatible photopolymer resins and sterilised after curing. Implant moulding and implantation were then performed intraoperatively using the templates. Clinical and radiological data were retrospectively analysed.

Results

Sixteen PMMA implants were performed on 14 consecutive patients within a time span of 10 months. The median defect size was 83.4 cm2 (range 57.8–120.1 cm2). Median age was 51 (range 21–80) years, and median operating time was 82.5 (range 52–152) min. No intraoperative complications occurred; PMMA moulding was uneventful and all implants fitted well into craniectomy defects. Excellent skull reconstruction could be confirmed in all postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans. In three (21.4%) patients with distinct risk factors for postoperative haematoma, revision surgery for epidural haematoma had to be performed. No surgery-related mortality or new and permanent neurologic deficits were recorded.

Conclusion

Our novel 3D printing-aided moulding workflow for elective cranioplasty with patient-specific PMMA implants proved to be an easily implementable alternative to solely manual implant moulding. The “springform” principle, focusing on reconstruction of the precraniectomy skull shape and perfect closure of the craniectomy defect, was feasible and showed excellent cosmetic results. The proposed method combines the precision and cosmetic advantages of computer-aided design (CAD) implants with the cost-effectiveness of manually moulded PMMA implants.
Clipping versus coiling for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Ling Xiaoxiao , Petersen Jindong Ding , Liu Jinyu , Xiao Anqi , Huang Jiayan
Published: December 2021

Neurosurgical clipping and endovascular coiling are both standard therapies to prevent rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, controversy still exists about which is the optimal treatment. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of two treatments with high-quality evidence. Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Pubmed, Sinomed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases were systematically searched on August 5, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies that evaluated the effectiveness and safety of clipping versus coiling in aSAH patients at discharge or within 1-year follow-up period were eligible. No restriction was set on the publication date. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate the pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of relative risk (RR). Eight RCTs and 20 prospective cohort studies were identified. Compared to coiling, clipping was associated with a lower rebleeding rate at discharge (RR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29––0.94) and a higher aneurysmal occlusion rate (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.19–1.48) at 1-year follow-up. In contrast, coiling reduced the vasospasm rate at discharge (RR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.23–1.71) and 1-year poor outcome rate (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.16–1.39). Subgroup analyses presented that among patients with a poor neurological condition at admission, no statistically significant outcome difference existed between the two treatments. The overall prognosis was better among patients who received coiling, but this advantage was not significant among patients with a poor neurological condition at admission. Therefore, the selection of treatment modality for aSAH patients should be considered comprehensively.
Complex linear Diophantine fuzzy sets and their cosine similarity measures with applications
Authors: Kamacı Hüseyin
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the concept of complex linear Diophantine fuzzy set (CLDFS), which is obtained by integrating the phase term into the structure of the linear Diophantine fuzzy set (LDFS) and thus is an extension of LDFS, is introduced. In other words, the ranges of grades of membership, non-membership, and reference parameters in the structure of LDFS are extended from the interval [0, 1] to unit circle in the complex plane. Besides, this set approach is proposed to remove the conditions associated with the grades of complex-valued membership and complex-valued non-membership in the framework of complex intuitionistic fuzzy set (CIFS), complex Pythagorean fuzzy set (CPyFS), and complex q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (Cq-ROFS). It is proved that each of CIFS, CPyFS, and Cq-ROFS is a CLDFS, but not vice versa. In addition, some operations and relations on CLDFSs are derived and their fundamental properties are investigated. The intuitive definitions of cosine similarity measure (CSM) and cosine distance measure (CDM) between two CLDFSs are introduced and their characteristic principles are examined. An approach based on CSM is proposed to tackle medical diagnosis issues and its performance is tested by dealing with numerical examples. Finally, a comparative study of the proposed approach with several existing approaches is created and its advantages are discussed.
Influence of the particle size distribution of monomodal 316L powder on its flowability and processability in powder bed fusion
Authors: Spurek Marvin A. , Haferkamp Lukas , Weiss Christian , Spierings Adriaan B. , Schleifenbaum Johannes H. , Wegener Konrad
Published: December 2021

Powder bed fusion (PBF) is the most commonly adopted additive manufacturing process for fabricating complex metal parts via the layer-wise melting of a powder bed using a laser beam. However, the qualification of PBF-manufactured parts remains challenging and expensive, thereby limiting the broader industrialization of the technology. Powder characteristics significantly influence part properties, and understanding the influencing factors contributes to effective quality standards for PBF. In this study, the influence of the particle size distribution (PSD) median and width on powder flowability and part properties is investigated. Seven gas-atomized SS316L powders with monomodal PSDs, a median particle size ranging from 10 μm to 60 μm, and a distribution width of 15 μm and 30 μm were analyzed and subsequently processed. The PBF-manufactured parts were analyzed in terms of density and melt pool dimensions. Although powder flowability was inversely related to the median particle size, it was unrelated to the distribution width. An inverse relationship between the median particle size and the part density was observed; however, no link was found to the distribution width. Likely, the melt pool depth and width fluctuation significantly influence the part density. The melt pool depth decreases and the width fluctuation increases with an increasing median particle size.
(Non-)convergence of solutions of the convective Allen–Cahn equation
Authors: Abels Helmut
Published: December 2021

We consider the sharp interface limit of a convective Allen–Cahn equation, which can be part of a Navier–Stokes/Allen–Cahn system, for different scalings of the mobility $$m_\varepsilon =m_0\varepsilon ^\theta $$

m
ε

=

m
0

ε
θ

as $$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$$

ε
→
0

. In the case $$\theta >2$$

θ
>
2

we show a (non-)convergence result in the sense that the concentrations converge to the solution of a transport equation, but they do not behave like a rescaled optimal profile in normal direction to the interface as in the case $$\theta =0$$

θ
=
0

. Moreover, we show that an associated mean curvature functional does not converge to the corresponding functional for the sharp interface. Finally, we discuss the convergence in the case $$\theta =0,1$$

θ
=
0
,
1

by the method of formally matched asymptotics.
Anticipative Dynamic Slotting for Attended Home Deliveries
Authors: Lang Magdalena A. K. , Cleophas Catherine , Ehmke Jan Fabian
Published: December 2021

Attended home delivery requires offering narrow delivery time slots for online booking. Given a fixed fleet of delivery vehicles and uncertainty about the value of potential future customers, retailers have to decide about the offered delivery time slots for each individual order. To this end, dynamic slotting techniques compare the reward from accepting an order to the opportunity cost of not reserving the required delivery capacity for later orders. However, exactly computing this opportunity cost means solving a complex vehicle routing and scheduling problem. In this paper, we propose and evaluate several dynamic slotting approaches that rely on an anticipatory, simulation-based preparation phase ahead of the order horizon to approximate opportunity cost. Our approaches differ in their reliance on outcomes from the preparation phase (anticipation) versus decision making on request arrival (flexibility). For the preparation phase, we create anticipatory schedules by solving the Team Orienteering Problem with Multiple Time Windows. From stochastic demand streams and problem instance characteristics, we apply learning models to flexibly estimate the effort of accepting and delivering an order request. In an extensive computational study, we explore the behavior of the proposed solution approaches. Simulating scenarios of different sizes shows that all approaches require only negligible run times within the order horizon. Finally, an empirical scenario demonstrates the concept of estimating demand model parameters from sales observations and highlights the applicability of the proposed approaches in practice.
Future aircraft concepts and design methods
Authors: McDonald Robert A. , German Brian J. , Takahashi T. , Bil C. , Anemaat W. , Chaput A. , Vos R. , Harrison N.
Published: December 2021

With an annual growth in travel demand of about 5% globally, managing the environmental impact is a challenge. In 2019, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) issued emission reduction targets, including well-to-wake greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduced at least 50% from 2005 levels by 2050. This discusses several technologies from an aircraft design perspective that can contribute to achieving these targets. One thing is certain: aircraft will look different in the future. The Transonic Truss-Braced Wing and Flying V configurations are promising significant efficiency improvements over conventional configurations. Electric propulsion, in various architectures, is becoming a feasible option for general aviation and commuter aircraft. It will be a growing field of aviation with zero-emissions flight and opportunities for special missions. Lastly, this paper discusses methods and design processes that include all relevant disciplines to ensure that the aircraft is optimised as a complete system. While empirical methods are essential for initial design, Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) incorporates models and simulations integrated in an optimisation environment to capture critical trade-offs. Concurrent design places domain experts in one site to facilitate collaboration, interaction, and joint decision-making, and to ensure all disciplines are equally considered. It is supported by a Collaborative Design Facility (CDF), an information technology facility with connected hardware and software tools for design analysis.
A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR ZHANG CHANGSHOU 張長壽 (1929–2020)
Authors: Li Feng
Published: December 2021

Zhang Changshou was one of the most important archaeologists of modern China, and a founder of Western Zhou archaeology. Zhang is particularly well known as the author of a series of works that established the chronology of the Western Zhou material culture and is esteemed for his excellent scholarship also on bronzes and jade objects, characterized by a strong basis in field archaeology. Among his academic appointments are Director of the Feng-Hao Archaeological Team in 1963–1988, and Associate Director of the Institute of Archaeology (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) in 1985–1988. Zhang was also a pioneer of Sino-American collaboration (with Harvard University) in field archaeology and was elected a Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute in 1988. Zhang passed away in Beijing on January 30, 2020. This article summarizes his academic accomplishments.
Radial dynamics of an encapsulated microbubble with interface energy
Authors: Dash Nehal , Tamadapu Ganesh
Published: December 2021

In this work a mathematical model based on interface energy is proposed within the framework of surface continuum mechanics to study the dynamics of encapsulated bubbles. The interface model naturally induces a residual stress field into the bulk of the bubble, with possible expansion or shrinkage from a stress-free configuration to a natural equilibrium configuration. The significant influence of interface area strain and the coupled effect of stretch and curvature is observed in the numerical simulations based on constrained optimization. Due to the bending rigidity related to additional terms, the dynamic interface tension can become negative, but not due to the interface area strain. The coupled effect of interface strain and curvature term observed is new and plays a dominant role in the dominant compression behaviour of encapsulated bubbles observed in the experiments. The present model is validated by fitting the experimental data of

$1.7\,\mathrm {\mu }$

m,

$1.4\,\mathrm {\mu }$

m and

$1\,\mathrm {\mu }$

m radii bubbles by calculating the optimized parameters. This work also highlights the role of interface parameters and natural configuration gas pressure in estimating the size-independent viscoelastic material properties of encapsulated bubbles with interesting future developments.
Hot topics: Denial-of-Service attacks on news websites in autocracies
Authors: Lutscher Philipp M.
Published: December 2021

Most authoritarian countries censor the press. As a response, many opposition and independent news outlets have found refuge on the Internet. Despite the global character of the Internet, news outlets are vulnerable to censorship in cyberspace. This study investigates Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks on news websites in Venezuela and details how news reporting is related to DoS attacks in an attempt to censor content. For this empirical test, I monitored 19 Venezuelan news websites from November 2017 until June 2018 and continuously retrieved their content and status codes to infer DoS attacks. Statistical analyses show that news content correlates to DoS attacks. In the Venezuelan context, these news topics appear to be not only on protest and repression but also on opposition actors or other topics that question the legitimacy of the regime. By establishing these relationships, this study deepens our understanding of how modern technologies are used as censorship tools.
Comparative whey proteome analysis of small-tailed Han and DairyMeade ovine milk
Authors: Bai Urhan , Su Xiaohu , Zheng Zhong , Zhang Liguo , Ma Ying , Dou Yingjie , Zhang Xiaoran , Su Guanghua , Zhou Ningcong , Li Guangpeng , Zhang Li
Published: December 2021

We characterized the proteome profile of mid-lactation small-tailed Han (STH) and DairyMeade (DM) ovine milk in order to explore physiological variation and differences in milk traits between the two breeds. Methodology combined a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic approach with LC-MS/MS technology. A total of 656 proteins were identified in STH and DM ovine milk, of which 17and 29 proteins were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) in STH and DM, respectively. Immune-related proteins and disease-related proteins were highly expressed in STH milk, whereas S100A2 and AEBP1 were highly expressed in DM milk, which had beneficial effects on mammary gland development and milk yield. Our results provide a theoretical basis for future breeding of dairy sheep.
The Role of the Deservingness Criteria in the case of Single Mothers’ Perceived Welfare Deservingness in Hungary
Authors: HERKE BOGLÁRKA , JANKY BÉLA
Published: December 2021

A growing number of studies investigate the relative importance of the major deservingness criteria (control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, need) in explaining the perceived welfare deservingness of different social groups. This paper addresses the roles of those criteria in predicting the perceived deservingness of a rarely examined group, single mothers. We conducted a survey in Hungary and compare the responses to direct questions about deservingness to the results of a vignette-based survey experiment in which the deservingness criteria were translated to characteristics of hypothetical mothers. Our results show that in the absence of deservingness cues (direct questions), respondents relied on the attitude, reciprocity/control, identity (measured by traditional family values), and need criteria to the same extent. On the other hand, in the presence of specific deservingness cues (vignette experiment), people disregarded their family values and stereotypes, and the perceived need became the strongest predictor of single mothers’ deservingness. These results support the existence of the deservingness heuristic, however, compared to previous literature that emphasized the role of perceived control and reciprocity of recipients, in the case of single mothers, the deservingness heuristic seems to direct people’s attention to the perception of need.
The rise of big philanthropy in global social policy: implications for policy transfer and analysis
Authors: LAMBIN ROOSA , SURENDER REBECCA
Published: December 2021

A new group of Western development donors has emerged as increasingly influential actors in global social policy.Big philanthropieshave begun implementing social protection projects on a vast scale across the Global South and have become integrated within global governance structures. It is essential to examine whether their approach to social policy in the South is effective, legitimate and desirable for the substantive agendas and programmes in these countries and for analysis of social policy in a development context. This study investigates contemporary big philanthropies through a qualitative case-study of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and its role in the health sector in Tanzania. It examines the ways in which big philanthropies engage and seek to influence policy on the ground, directly exploring the views and experiences of local stakeholders. The study finds that big philanthropies have distinctive features and mechanisms as global social policy entrepreneurs. In contrast to the vertical and linear processes associated with traditional policy transfer, a more messy and complex set of mechanisms are observed. The study also indicates that despite considerable resources and authority, philanthropic donors may not be effective in securing policy reform within aid-receiving countries due to a lack of transparency and embeddedness.
Pseudo Global Warming Sensitivity Experiments of Subtropical Cyclone Anita (2010) Under RCP 8.5 Scenario
Authors: Nakamura Ryota , Mäll Martin
Published: December 2021

The potential changes in the future cyclone activities around the world are important topics of discussion and research across the socio‐economic spectrum. This study investigated the subtropical cyclone (SC) Anita (2010) in the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) under the extreme future pathway scenario RCP8.5. The study focused on thermodynamic and other dynamical changes of Anita by analyzing the storms intensity change under future background conditions. Ensemble simulations considering a combination of various physical schemes and initial conditions were carried out by using Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW‐WRF). The historical case runs showed agreement with the objective analysis, meeting the criteria that defines a SC. The future results show that SC Anita will become more intense and likely transition into a tropical cyclone when only considering changes in the sea surface temperature (SST). Results that considered changes both in SST and air temperature (AT) show a reduction in cyclone surface wind velocities and an increase in the minimum sea level pressure (relative to SST only). The results considering a combination of environmental changes such as SST, AT, relative humidity, geopotential height, and wind velocity show a slight increase in the cyclone intensity. These results suggest that the future conditions are favorable for the development of SCs in the SAO. In addition, the possibility for SCs to transition into tropical cyclones will have a higher occurrence of probability, leading to potentially more severe cyclone associated consequences in the SAO region.
On the Role of Density‐Driven Dissolution of CO2 in Phreatic Karst Systems
Authors: Class H. , Bürkle P. , Sauerborn T. , Trötschler O. , Strauch B. , Zimmer M.
Published: December 2021

Density‐driven dissolution of carbon dioxide in water is a well‐known and much described mechanism in geological sequestration of this greenhouse gas. It is remarkable that such enhanced dissolution does not receive attention in karst hydrology and speleology. Models and hypotheses on karst development are complex and consider many different processes. We focus here on the influence of CO2 partial gas pressures at the interface between atmosphere and karst water on the dynamics of dissolved CO2 concentrations below the water table. Seasonal variations of microbial soil activity and root respiration or barometric‐pressure changes cause fluctuations in CO2 partial pressures. Dependent on the existence and strength of a karst‐water background flow, fingering regimes might be triggered causing enhanced dissolution of CO2. This allows replenishment of CO2, and, thus, dissolutional power even deep in the water body without the need for percolating water to transport dissolved CO2. We present and discuss simplified and generic experimental and computational scenarios to strengthen our claim, and we try to give answers to: how much? and under which circumstances? The applied numerical model solves the Navier‐Stokes equation with water density dependent on CO2 concentration and temperature. We show that calculated CO2 mass fluxes into the water bodies are dependent on the ratio of Péclet to Rayleigh numbers (Pe/Ra) and show a local minimum around Pe/Ra = 1, i.e. when natural and forced convection are about equal. Concluding, we claim that there is sufficient reason to consider density‐driven dissolution as a process of relevance in karstification if circumstances are given.