bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anarchy and the Art of Listening
Authors: Slotta James
Published: September 2023

This book is an ethnography of politics as it is practiced on the other side of the spoken word, in the act of listening. The book explores how people in the Yopno Valley of Papua New Guinea cultivate their listening to exercise power, shape their futures, and sustain their communities in the face of ambitious leaders and powerful outside institutions. As in many parts of the global south, missionaries, NGO (non-governmental organization) workers, educators, mining companies, politicians, development experts, and others have sought to transform life in and around the Yopno Valley. But as the book makes clear, people there have not been a passive and pliable audience for these efforts. They have brought their skills as “anarchic listeners” to these encounters, advancing political agendas of their own. To understand political life in the Yopno Valley, we need to look not only at political speech but at the practices that lie on the other side of the word in the act of listening. This, the book suggests, is also true well beyond the bounds of the Yopno Valley.
The Art of Anarchic Listening
Authors: Slotta James
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces readers to life in the rural villages of the Yopno Valley, both the subsistence-based economy of the region and the predominantly anarchic character of village politics that this underpins. It explores the connection between practices of listening (e.g., disregarding talk) and the anarchic politics of Yopno villages. The chapter recounts that people value their self-determination in this region, and they have the economic and social means to exercise it much of the time. In daily life, anarchic values and practices manifest themselves prominently in a place too often overlooked in the study of political communication: in the ways people listen. As the chapter emphasizes, listening is a means of undercutting the authority of others, demanding respect for oneself, and expressing one's independence. The chapter focuses on three practices of listening—“disregarding,” “evaluating,” and “holding onto” the words of others—that play a vital role in people's efforts to constitute themselves as self-determining agents and their villages as anarchic polities.
Japan's Nuclear Disaster and the Politics of Safety Governance
Authors: Koppenborg Florentine
Published: September 2023

This book argues that the regulatory reforms taken up in the wake of the Fukushima disaster on March 11, 2011, directly and indirectly raised the costs of nuclear power in Japan. The Nuclear Regulation Authority resisted capture by the nuclear industry and fundamentally altered the environment for nuclear policy implementation. Independent safety regulation changed state–business relations in the nuclear power domain from regulatory capture to top-down safety regulation, which raised technical safety costs for electric utilities. Furthermore, the safety agency's extended emergency preparedness regulations expanded the allegorical backyard of NIMBY demonstrations. Antinuclear protests, mainly lawsuits challenging restarts, incurred additional social acceptance costs. Increasing costs undermined pronuclear actors' ability to implement nuclear power policy and caused a rift inside the “nuclear village.” Small nuclear safety administration reforms were, in fact, game changers for nuclear power politics in Japan. The book's findings contribute to the vibrant conversations about the rise of independent regulatory agencies, crisis as a mechanism for change, and the role of nuclear power amid global interest in decarbonizing our energy supply.
3.11 as an Opportunity for Change
Authors: Koppenborg Florentine
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines nuclear policy and regulatory governance reforms after the 2011 nuclear accident delivered a shock to Japan's energy system. Comparing the successful reform of nuclear safety regulation, a critical juncture, with the aborted initiative to phase out nuclear power, a so-called near miss, this chapter tests two hypotheses about alternative ideas and policy entrepreneurs' power as change mechanisms. The chapter first looks at how the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) government, domestic experts, the public, international actors such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and even the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) consolidated around the idea of a more independent nuclear safety administration and succeeded in pushing through reforms. The chapter argues that the DPJ government helped designated NRA board members and senior officials bring their vision of an independent agency to life before the LDP returned to government. The chapter then analyzes how the nuclear village was able to defend its pronuclear policy in the absence of international pressure and because the DPJ government as a political entrepreneur was divided over whether to phase out nuclear power. As the chapter reveals, that convergence of collective political entrepreneurs around one idea is crucial because it can increase their power to shape reforms.
The Fissured “Nuclear Village”
Authors: Koppenborg Florentine
Published: September 2023

This chapter emphasizes that the Nuclear Regulation Authority's (NRA) interactions with other actors regularly involved in nuclear politics. It turns to relations between the NRA and pronuclear actors seeking a swift return to nuclear power, those that are sometimes labelled the “nuclear village.” The chapter tracks how the NRA stood its ground against attempts to undermine its position of power and, in the process, forced the Abe government, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and government ministries to adapt their strategies. The chapter then shifts to the response of the nuclear industry, especially electric utilities, to the new safety governance environment. It traces the simultaneous decline of the nuclear village and the expansion of antinuclear protests. Finally, the chapter reveals how independent and transparent safety governance redistributed power in Japan's nuclear politics, especially with regard to policy implementation.
Walking Corpses
Authors: Miller Timothy S. , Nesbitt John W.
Published: September 2023

This book contextualizes reactions to leprosy in medieval Western Europe by tracing its history in Late Antique Byzantium, which had been confronting leprosy and its effects for centuries. Integrating developments in both the Latin West and the Greek East, the book challenges a number of misperceptions about attitudes toward the disease, including that theologians branded leprosy as punishment for sin (rather, it was seen as a mark of God's favor); that Christian teaching encouraged bans on the afflicted from society (in actuality, it was Germanic customary law); or that leprosariums were prisons (instead, they were centers of care, many of them self-governing). The book also includes new translations of three Greek texts regarding leprosy, while a new preface to the paperback edition updates the historiography on medieval perceptions and treatments of leprosy.
Hybrid post-quantum Transport Layer Security formal analysis in Maude-NPA and its parallel version
Authors: Tran Duong Dinh , Do Canh Minh , Escobar Santiago , Ogata Kazuhiro
Published: September 2023

This article presents a security formal analysis of the hybrid post-quantum Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, a quantum-resistant version of the TLS protocol proposed by Amazon Web Services as a precaution in dealing with future attacks from quantum computers. In addition to a classical key exchange algorithm, the proposed protocol uses a post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism, which is believed invulnerable under quantum computers, so the protocol’s key negotiation is called the hybrid key exchange scheme. One of our assumptions about the intruder’s capabilities is that the intruder is able to break the security of the classical key exchange algorithm by utilizing the power of large quantum computers. For the formal analysis, we use Maude-NPA and a parallel version of Maude-NPA (called Par-Maude-NPA) to conduct experiments. The security properties under analysis are (1) the secrecy property of the shared secret key established between two honest principals with the classical key exchange algorithm, (2) a similar secrecy property but with the post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism, and (3) the authentication property. Given the time limit T = 1,722 h (72 days), Par-Maude-NPA found a counterexample of (1) at depth 12 in T, while Maude-NPA did not find it in T. At the same time T, Par-Maude-NPA did not find any counterexamples of (2) and (3) up to depths 12 and 18, respectively, and neither did Maude-NPA. Therefore, the protocol does not enjoy (1), while it enjoys (2) and (3) up to depths 12 and 18, respectively. Subsequently, the secrecy property of the master secret holds for the protocol up to depth 12.
Research on the coupling coordination and driving role of urbanization and ecological resilience in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Xiao Sheng , Duo Linghua , Guo Xiaofei , Zou Zili , Li Yanan , Zhao Dongxue
Published: September 2023

Background

The growth of urbanization in the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in unprecedented ecological security issues. The imbalance between urban development and internal ecological security is a growing concern.

Methods

Based on the urban development process and the characteristics of ecosystem resilience, the corresponding urbanization evaluation system (“scale-structure-benefit”) and ecosystem resilience assessment model (“resistance-adaptability-restoring”) were constructed to explore the changes in each dimension as well as to analyze the spatial and temporal changes and driving effects of the coupled coordination level of urbanization and ecological resilience using the coupled coordination degree (CCD) model and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR).

Results

(1) From 2005 to 2020, urbanization levels increased (from 0.204 to 0.264, respectively), whereas the level of ecological resilience gradually decreased (from 0.435 to 0.421, respectively). The spatial distribution of urbanization is rather steady, with a “high-northeast low-southwest” pattern of regional distribution; however, the spatial distribution pattern of ecological resilience is essentially the reverse. (2) During the study period, there was an improvement in the level of coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience, with an increase from 0.524 to 0.540. However, the main coordination type remained the same, with over 46% being at the basic coordination stage. The relative development type was dominated by the lagging urbanization stage, with the lagging ecological resilience and synchronous development stages accounting for a smaller proportion, and the space was distributed in a block-like cluster. (3) The running results of the GTWR show that the core dimensions of the whole region are scale, benefit, and structure, and the impact of each dimension shows obvious spatial heterogeneity. Cities with different levels of relative development also have different central dimensions. This research will provide support for the coordination of urban development in areas where economic construction and ecological resilience are not coordinated, and will contribute to the sustainable development of urban areas.
Taxonomy and Distributional Notes on the Striking, Flat Fruited Mango (Mangifera camptosperma) in India
Authors: Swamy J. , Saha Titir , Barman R. D. , Singh Devendra
Published: September 2023

Mangifera camptosperma Pierre is one of the important wild relatives of Mango and distributed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India), Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. In the present communication, the first floral description from India, variations in flowers and its distribution have been discussed.
Etos Kerja Pedagang Tionghoa di Kawasan Kembang Jepun Surabaya
Authors: Natalia Elisabet
Published: September 2023

Kembang Jepun merupakan salah satu kawasan di Kota Surabaya yang mempunyai sejumlah toko dan mayoritas dikelola oleh pedagang Tionghoa. Selain itu, di kawasan Kembang Jepun terdapat beberapa toko yang masih dipegang secara turun temurun dari orang tua sang pemilik dan sampai sekarang masih bertahan. Dari fenomena yang ada membuat penulis tertarik untuk meneliti topik ini.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik analisis data kualitatif berupa pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan dengan instrumen penelitian berupa pedoman wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pedagang Tionghoa di kawasan Kembang Jepun Surabaya memiliki etos kerja yang baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya cara pandang, sikap dan nilai yang positif. Cara pandang yang dimiliki oleh pedagang Tionghoa di kawasan Kembang Jepun Surabaya adalah memandang bekerja sebagai suatu kewajiban, sehingga mereka bisa menikmati pekerjaan mereka. Sikap yang dimiliki yaitu bertanggung jawab terhadap pekerjaannya dengan bersikap tegas dan disiplin pada saat bekerja. Sikap bertanggung jawab juga terwujud dalam mengerjakan tugas dengan bersungguh-sungguh, mengikuti aturan dan bertanggung jawab atas pekerjaannya. Nilai yang dianut yaitu fokus terhadap pekerjaan mereka tanpa harus mendapatkan pengakuan dari orang lain.
ANALISIS BUDAYA TIONGHOA INDONESIA PADA VIDEO IKLAN IMLEK BCA 2022 "PESAN SINGKAT SINCIA WARRIOR"
Authors: Tanuwijaya Cecilia
Published: September 2023

Penulis menemukan banyak hal menarik dalam video iklan yang berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai budaya Tionghoa Indonesia ketika menyambut tahun baru Imlek. Selain itu, ada juga beberapa ciri khas yang dapat disimpulkan sebagai karakteristik yang melekat pada kalangan tertentu etnis Tionghoa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa etnis Tionghoa Indonesia masih memegang erat kebudayaan leluhur dan melestarikan perayaan Imlek dengan baik. Selain itu, ada beberapa ciri Tionghoa Indonesia yang menjadi stereotip di benak masyarakat seperti pekerja keras, ulet, pandai berbisnis dan suka mencari keuntungan. Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat menjadi pijakan bagi penelitian berikutnya yang berkaitan dengan kebudayaan Tionghoa Indonesia. Penulis juga ingin mengajak pembaca untuk melestarikan identitas budaya sebagai Indonesia Tionghoa dimanapun kita berada, serta saling bertoleransi. Kata kunci: Video iklan, Budaya, Imlek, Tionghoa Indonesia
ANALISIS PENERJEMAHAN PADANAN KATA KERJA PADA TEKS CERITA RAKYAT DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA KE BAHASA MANDARIN 印尼民间故事文本中中文动词对等词及其翻译分析
Authors: Dharmawan Budi , Ginting Daniel
Published: September 2023

Bahasa merupakan salah satu ciri yang paling khas dan manusiawi untuk membedakan manusia dengan makhluk lainnya. Peradaban manusia tidak akan mungkin terjadi tanpa bahasa. Penelitian ini menganalisis padanan kata kerja dan maknanya pada cerita rakyat Indonesia ke dalam bahasa mandarin dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi suatu perbedaan padanan kata dan makna dari kata kerja dan menentukan padanan kata dan makna yang tepat. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa dari 5 cerita rakyat Indonesia ( Cerita Asal Usul Danau Toba, Malin Kundang, Timun Mas, Asal Usul Burung Cenderawasih dan Candi Prambanan ), terdapat 2 kategori kata kerja : kategori kata kerja yang dapat diterjemahkan yang terdiri dari 48 kata kerja dan kategori kata kerja yang sulit diterjemahkan yang terdiri dari 14 kata kerja. Penentuan padanan kata yang tepat dengan menggunakan teknik penerjemahan kesepadanan lazim dan generalisasi. Dari hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin rumit kosakata yang digunakan, semakin sulit juga padanan kata dan makna yang sama dalam bahasa target. Sementara itu, faktor yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi suatu padanan kata dan makna adalah relatifitas budaya.
THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF MIXING DEPTH AND THE THICKNESS OF BBL CONSIDERING THE SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION AND WIND STRESS
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroki , Nakayama Keisuke
Published: September 2023

Mangrove forests, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows have a vital role in mitigating global warming (Duarte et al.,2013). They contribute about 50 percent of carbon burial in ocean sediments (Duarte et al., 2013). On the other hand, submerged aquatic vegetations (SAVs) significantly affect the mixing depth (the thickness of the upper layer), resulting in a change in carbon flux with the atmosphere. According to the numerical simulations in the previous studies, mixing depth becomes larger with increasing SAV's density and decreasing SAV’s height (Herb et al., 2005, Vilas et al., 2017). On the other hand, Coates et al. (2009) indicated that wind stress was not crucial for mixing depth in SAV’s meadow since it did not change the vertical turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) profile, except in the thin surface layer, thus mixing depth became similar even though wind speed varied under the effect of SAVs (Coates et al., 2009). In addition, it is crucial to estimate the thickness of the benthic boundary layer (BBL) because dissolved inorganic carbon elucidates from bottom sediments, affecting carbon flux. Therefore, we aim to clarify how wind stress impacts the mixing depth and thickness of BBL with SAVs.
ADVANCING SEDIMENT SOLUTIONS IN THE SEVEN MILE ISLAND INNOVATION LABORATORY
Authors: Chasten Monica , Tedesco Lenore , Kopkash Ginger
Published: September 2023

In 2019, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Philadelphia District partnered with the State of New Jersey, The Wetlands Institute, and the USACE Engineer Research and Development Center to launch the Seven Mile Island Innovation Laboratory (SMIIL). The initiative is designed to advance and improve dredging and marsh restoration techniques in coastal New Jersey through innovative research, collaboration, knowledge sharing and practical application. SMIIL efforts are enhancing the science and engineering that supports dredging and beneficial use placement practices by clearing shoals from the federal New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway for navigation and innovatively placing that sediment on multiple sites described herein. Regional Sediment Management and Engineering with Nature principles and practices serve as a strong foundation for SMIIL actions. Efforts are successfully evolving the practice and advancing techniques for beneficial use of dredged channel sediments with innovative placements that support coastal resilience for habitats and communities.
CART MODEL FOR PREDICTING DUNE EROSION BASED ON STORM INTENSITY AND BEACH MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Lemke-Verderame Laura , Miller Jon K. , Janssen Matthew , Fanning Audrey
Published: September 2023

Hurricane Sandy (2012) resulted in historic losses to the beach and dune system in many parts of New Jersey, leaving inland structures susceptible to wave and surge-induced damages. To defend against future threats, the state, in conjunction with the US Army Corps of Engineers, has pursued a statewide system of engineered beaches comprised of a dune paired with a beach nourishment. Currently in the state there is much debate over the degree of protection these projects currently offer, and how this may change in the future due to climate change. Process-based models can be used to try to answer these questions; however, as the number of test cases increase the computational costs may become prohibitive. Here, a data-driven modeling approach is used to assess the variability in the vulnerability of the beach-dune system in New Jersey to a range of storms. Inputs to the model include storm intensity as characterized by the Storm Erosion Index (SEI) (Miller and Livermont 2008) and parameterized pre-storm morphology. The resulting classification tree ensemble has been shown to accurately predict dune volume loss (as a percent) due to historical storms (Lemke and Miller, 2021). Here, the model is applied to further investigate how changes to beach-dune system and sea level rise affect the probability of dune impact.
WAVE TRANSFORMATION ON A ROCKY SHORE: FROM FIELD WORK ON RE ISLAND TO 3D MODELING
Authors: Michaud Héloïse , Gourrierect Loës Le Goff Le , Seyfried Léo , Krien Yann , Leballeur Laurent , Pasquet Audrey , Biscara Laurie , Marsaleix Patrick , Estournel Claude , Sous Damien , Dealbera Solène , Bouchette Frédéric , Meulé Samuel , Bertin Xavier , Lavaud Laura
Published: September 2023

Improving knowledge of the processes driving coastal flooding is a key issue in the era of climate change, especially for decision support of public policies and operational forecasting. From regional to city scales, different processes interact, such as tide, storm surge, waves, wave setup, or infra-gravity waves, and further depend on the area topography, bathymetry, sedimentology and external forcings. While sandy beaches have been the subject of many studies, rocky beaches are still poorly understood compared to sandy beach context, despite the important part of rocky French and world coasts. In this paper, we investigate the swell transformation on the rocky beach of Ars-en-Ré with an extensive field campaign and a numerical modelling with a 3D non-hydrostatic circulation model Symphonie NH (Marsaleix et al., 2019).
O materialismo histórico e dialético e pesquisa em educação: considerações metodológicas a partir das obras de Marx
Authors: Oliveira Tiago Fávero de
Published: September 2023

Este artigo reflete sobre os procedimentos metodológicos desenvolvidos por Karl Marx ao longo de sua obra. O texto mostra as especificidades e particularidades da obra marxiana, sinalizando para os desafios de sua leitura e interpretação. Além disso, mostra que o método em Marx está diluído em suas obras e precisa ser pinçado e descoberto dentro delas. Por fim, são apresentados exemplos do desenvolvimento do método marxiano em escritos do autor. O artigo conclui relacionando a aplicação do método apresentado com o cenário das pesquisas em educação.
A privatização da produção de tecnologia nas universidades públicas: a agenda neoliberal e o modelo de hélice tripla
Authors: Lopes Luís Augusto
Published: September 2023

Este artigo, de revisão bibliográfica, analisa a transformação da produção de tecnologia nas universidades a partir do Modelo Hélice Tripla/Tríplice (HT) e suas ligações com o neoliberalismo. A tese aqui sustentada é de que ocorre uma privatização da produção de tecnologia nas universidades em consonância com os princípios neoliberais, tanto a partir de mudanças na legislação que se apoiam no modelo HT, como na introdução de um ethos empresarial no seio da universidade, também manifesto nos arranjos híbridos de associação entre a elas e o empresariado. Há consequências na concepção de universidade, do saber e da pesquisa que tornam tais instituições mais adequadas ao capital dentro de uma nova fase da acumulação capitalista.
What to Know About Chlamydia
Authors: Ressler Adam , Kurz Sarah
Published: September 2023

This JAMA Patient Page describes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of chlamydia infection.
Herbicides
Authors: Metruccio Francesca , Tosti Luca , Wilks Martin F. , Moretto Angelo
Published: September 2023

Herbicides are used in agriculture to eliminate weeds that would otherwise damage the crop of interest or to provide practical advantages in facilitating the harvesting of crops (e.g., glyphosate on cereals). They are also used in areas of public interest (e.g., railways, public and private gardens, or lawns). Their phytotoxic action occurs either on the site of contact or following absorption by the plant and systemic translocation to other organs. Postemergence herbicides are applied on developed undesired weeds, while preemergence herbicides are typically applied on the ground soon after seeding of the desired culture to prevent weed's development. Herbicides have different selectivity for plants. The amount of global herbicide use has been increasing over the years, from approximately of 600,000 tonnes in 1990 to more than 1,200,000 tonnes yearly since 2011. When herbicides are applied downward, human exposure during their application may be less than that following the application of insecticides or fungicides. Exposure can quantitatively change if the application is performed by handheld or by vehicle, with the latter generally reporting a lower exposure. In addition, since herbicides exert their pesticidal mode of action on metabolic processes that are generally unique to plants, they are, in principle, of low toxicity in mammals with the notable exception of paraquat. Some herbicides were reported to have irritating properties. Formulated products may contain adjuvants (stabilizers, penetrants, surfactants, dispersants) that could have, alone or in combination, more severe toxicity or irritating properties than the active herbicide alone.
Agricultural Triazole Fungicides
Authors: Henriquez Joseph , Domoradzki Jeanne , Yan Zhongyu , Papineni Sabitha , Gehen Sean , Murphy Lynea , Chikwana Edward
Published: September 2023

Microbial diseases account for 16% of crop losses annually with fungal pests accounting for approximately 80% of that loss. Several classes of molecules have been used as fungicides for agricultural purposes. Triazole fungicides were first introduced in the mid‐1970, and they are highly effective against powdery mildews, rusts, and leaf‐spotting fungi. Currently, there are 26 commercially available triazole fungicides, with 19 having registration for agricultural use in the United States and the European Union for a variety of crops. Despite their general acceptance, triazole fungicides face regulatory hurdles due to toxicological concerns for endocrine disruption, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and liver toxicity. Further, increasing incidence of triazole resistance and changes in global weather patterns is warranting increased application rates to protect significant food crops from fungal pests. All these pressures pose challenges to farmers, agrochemical companies, and regulatory agencies which need to keep these important agricultural tools in the field while assuring safety to applicators, consumers, and the environment.
Principles and Information Sources for Occupational Biomonitoring
Authors: Jones Kate , Baker Marissa G. , Santonen Tiina , Seixas Noah
Published: September 2023

This chapter outlines the key principles and considerations for using occupational biomonitoring. It describes how to set up a biomonitoring program, covers the various types of interpretative guidance values, and discusses the use of biomonitoring in research. Some case studies as well as further information sources are provided.
Genetic Susceptibility in Occupational Health
Authors: Stanley Lesley A.
Published: September 2023

It has long been known that individuals who are exposed to similar occupational conditions may experience very different health outcomes. Some of this variability may be due to concomitant exposures and lifestyle factors, but much of it is believed to be a function of differences in individual genetic susceptibility to the adverse consequences of workplace exposures. Attempts to understand this phenomenon began with small studies relating heritable variation in specific xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes to the risk of adverse effects due to occupational exposures. Many of the genetic risk factors identified in these early studies, however, turned out to make only small contributions to susceptibility and it subsequently became clear that it is necessary to examine genetic variation across the entire genome and relate it to lifestyle factors and environmental exposures as well as occupation if we are to explain complex occupational health conditions such as aromatic amine‐induced bladder cancer. Fortunately, the tools we need to do this are now available: genome‐wide association studies are becoming routine and large, well‐characterized population cohorts such as the UK Biobank provide an ideal setting for these investigations. We are now ideally placed to use these resources to define the genetic profiles which determine susceptibility, while the rapidly decreasing cost of genomic sequencing offers the prospect of preexposure screening to identify and protect workers who are likely to experience the adverse effects of workplace exposure.
European Union (EU) Industrial Chemicals Legislation and the Workplace
Authors: Fairhurst Steve
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains the essentials of each piece of European (EU) chemicals legislation that impinges substantially on the workplace and how they fit together. A traditional workplace‐specific regulatory framework, familiar worldwide, still operates, focussed on chemical
users
primarily being responsible for the assessment and control of their workplace situation. Such legislation sets out worker protection goals and, in some instances, stipulates through guidance, risk assessment/management tools, and occupational exposure limits the degree of control required.

However, the EU is also now firmly within the era of REACH (the Registration, Evaluation, Restriction, and Authorization of Chemicals Regulation). REACH embraces humans in all walks of life (including at work), and also the environment. REACH focuses heavily on industrial chemicals
suppliers
. REACH emphasizes supply‐chain communication and requires suppliers to understand how recipients will use the supplied chemicals and to stipulate the risk management measures necessary for the safe handling of a chemical in each of its workplace uses.

REACH also obliges the industry to meet specified data requirements; and in some instances requires the industry to seek permission to continue operating particular industrial processes.

As REACH progresses in its operations, it is undoubtedly bringing considerable influence to the way in which industrial chemicals are regulated in the workplace. The key objective for the EU is surely to achieve maximum integration of the different contributions that can be made by each piece of legislation and those involved. This holds the promise of securing improved regulation and control of industrial chemicals in EU workplaces, albeit that there are numerous issues to be tackled to ensure that maximum benefit is gained from integration of all contributions.
Electronic Waste: Human Health and Environmental Risk
Authors: Sonawane Babasaheb , Kadry Abdel‐Razak M. , Kancherla Jayaram
Published: September 2023

As global demand for electronic products rises, it also generates a significant volume of e‐waste at an alarming rate. E‐waste recycling and disposal are one of the world's fastest‐growing pollution problems, with an estimated 53 million metric tons produced in 2019 and a raw material value of $57 billion. It is expected to reach 74.7 million metric tons by 2030. Developed countries generate most of the world's e‐waste and export it to low‐income Asian and African countries. Managing e‐waste, both domestically generated and imported, is a major environmental health issue in developing countries. Recycling electronic waste recovers precious metals and resalable parts to generate revenue. E‐waste and its recycling practices release a variety of known hazardous chemicals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, hexavalent Cr, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDs), poly‐brominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs/PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other chemicals. Developing countries lack adequate analytical laboratory resources and methods to measure the exposure of these toxic pollutants in air, water, food, and soil during recycling/disposal practices. Analytical data are critical to perform chemical exposure assessment for aggregate and cumulative risk assessment to exposed people, especially vulnerable populations (women and children) involved in handling and recycling operations in developing countries. In addition, a brief description of approaches to minimize risks, raising awareness of the problem of informal e‐waste management, and international efforts, policies, and regulations of the e‐waste legislation discussed.
Airborne Particles
Authors: Rosales Colleen M. F. , Cayetano Mylene G. , Saghir Shakil A.
Published: September 2023

While many terms are usually associated with suspended matter in the air, airborne particles or particulate matter (PM) generally refer to solid particles that may be composed of multiple phases (e.g., solids, liquid droplets, etc.). Airborne particles vary extensively in physical and chemical characteristics; their sizes can vary from tens of micrometers, that is, slightly smaller than beach sand or hair, to tens of nanometers. Solid airborne particles have been historically related to a wide range of occupational diseases such as various types of pneumoconioses (e.g., “black lung disease”), as well as less occupationally targeted respiratory illnesses such as acute respiratory irritation, asthma, or lung cancer. This chapter outlines airborne particles, its adverse health effects to workers in (1) areas with targeted production of particles and (2) in areas where exposure to ambient pollution is inevitable. This chapter presents metrics, techniques, exposure assessments, and biomarkers used for particulate measurements and routine monitoring. Also summarized in this chapter: its toxicity, mechanisms of attack, and carcinogenicity. Lastly, it tabulates existing standards both for the ambient and workplace and outlined some of the existing removal and control technologies. The ubiquity of airborne particles—from outdoor jobs, such as construction and firefighting, to indoor occupations, such as healthcare and custodial jobs, make it a central issue that is necessary to be addressed in any workplace area.
Cell‐specific genome‐scale metabolic modeling of SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected lung to identify antiviral enzymes
Authors: Chen Ke‐Lin , Wang Feng‐Sheng
Published: September 2023

Computational systems biology plays a key role in the discovery of suitable antiviral targets. We designed a cell‐specific, constraint‐based modeling technique for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐infected lungs. We used the gene sequence of the alpha variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 to build a viral biomass reaction (VBR). We also used the mass proportion of lipids between the viral biomass and its host cell to estimate the stoichiometric coefficients of viral lipids in the reaction. We then integrated the VBR, the gene expression of the alpha variant of SARS‐CoV‐2, and the generic human metabolic network Recon3D to reconstruct a cell‐specific genome‐scale metabolic model. An antiviral target discovery (AVTD) platform was introduced using this model to identify therapeutic drug targets for combating COVID‐19. The AVTD platform not only identified antiviral genes for eliminating viral replication but also predicted side effects of treatments. Our computational results revealed that knocking out dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) might reduce the synthesis rate of cytidine‐5′‐triphosphate and uridine‐5′‐triphosphate, which terminate the viral building blocks of DNA and RNA for SARS‐CoV‐2 replication. Our results also indicated that DHODH is a promising antiviral target that causes minor side effects, which is consistent with the results of recent reports. Moreover, we discovered that the genes that participate in the de novo biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids and ceramides become unidentifiable if the VBR does not involve the stoichiometry of lipids.
Plantation clear‐fell patches benefit heathland arthropods
Authors: Pedley Scott M. , Wolstenholme Paul , Dolman Paul M.
Published: September 2023

Plantation forests constitute a significant amount of the wooded area in many parts of the globe. However, the extent of biological provision conferred by plantation forest depends on regional conservation priorities and biogeographical context.

Here, we evaluate the arthropod biodiversity in a chronosequence of pine plantation (clear‐felled, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 21‐years) in the largest lowland conifer forest in the UK. We compare the assemblage within 37 plantation stands and eight important open habitat remnants in a formerly heathland dominated region. We also assess the configuration and potential isolation of ephemeral open early growth stage habitat across a 60‐year plantation rotation.

Carabid and spider assemblages changed throughout the sampled chronosequence. In the early growth stages (1–7 years) before canopy closure, arthropod assemblages contained many individuals and species associated with dry‐open habitats, greater numbers of rare species than closed canopy plantation and had similar composition (non‐metric multidimensional scaling) to heathland samples. Early growth stages and heathlands primarily differed in the additional presence of generalist species in the plantation. Species associated with woodland increased in abundance as the plantation aged, but remained far less numerous than dry‐open or generalist species. The spatial distribution of young growth stages across the rotation cycle was significantly clustered in the early and late rotation phases.

Plantation landscapes often support high species richness but we highlight their value for vulnerable heathland biodiversity early in the rotation cycle. To increase plantation value regional conservation priorities should be supported with appropriate consideration of growth stage configuration across the full rotation.
Strategies for supporting adult working learners in the online learning environment
Authors: Kaiser Leann , McKenna Kelly , Lopes Tobin , Zarestky Jill
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights several of the significant design and facilitation considerations used to support adult working learners pursuing online learning across educational contexts. These include the integration of inclusive online learning practices, the design and facilitation of quality interactions in the online environment, and application and transfer of the online content to individual contexts.
(Some) adults left behind: Digital literacy and the working learner
Authors: Sualehi Sarah Haroon
Published: September 2023

Digital literacy is a crucial skill set within the social, political, and economic contexts of 21st‐century society. Around the world, governments are making a concerted effort to develop digital literacy within adults, as indicated through Sustainable Development Goal 4. However, working learners from a variety of backgrounds and geographies present unique institutional, situational, and dispositional barriers when seeking digital literacies. Furthermore, digitally disconnected working learners cannot gain the necessary skills to fully participate in 21st‐century knowledge economies when trying to cross the first and second digital literacy divides. This article considers how the contexts of different working learners create different needs that adult education practitioners must respond to via whole systems advocacy.
Toward a lifelong learning society for working adults across boundaries
Authors: Kim Junghwan
Published: September 2023

This article aims to examine how to improve the support for working learners in their learning and education based on the findings of the issue's articles. For this, I focus on describing what can be learned from the articles’ findings and, based on that information, discuss directions and practices necessary to support adult working learners. I begin with my reflections regarding the learning of working adults. I then provide an overview of the collection of articles to show how they address the main points of my reflections and recent field trends through their findings. Finally, while discussing their implications, I conclude with my thoughts toward creating a lifelong learning society for adult working learners highlighted by five aspects: (a) collaborative efforts and partnerships, (b) contextual and situational supportive systems, (c) government‐driven approaches, (d) interactions beyond isolation, and (e) interdisciplinary collaboration. In the end, I also present areas and agendas for future investigations not included in the issue.
Mindfulness‐oriented recovery: How to fight cravings in OUD
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2023

It is possible to fight cravings — whether for opioids due to addiction or opioids for pain relief — with mindfulness, according to Eric L. Garland, Ph.D., associate dean for research and a professor at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, who presented to a packed plenary at the Cape Cod Symposium for Addictive Disorders on Sept. 9. The annual meeting of treatment professionals is an important gathering spot, and now, sponsored by HMP, included a lounge for the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP). The former sponsor, C4, used to be a direct competitor of NAATP for the conference space. “Mindfulness,” in terms of avoiding use of all substances including methadone and buprenorphine, played well into the notions of many of the attendees, who were looking for help for their patients beyond taking a pill.
Single‐Atom Co‐Ultrafine RuOx Clusters Codecorated TiO2 Nanosheets Promote Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Modulating Charge Migration, H+ Adsorption, and H2 Desorption of Active Sites
Authors: Shen Jiachao , Luo Chenghui , Qiao Shanshan , Chen Yuqing , Fu Kaixing , Xu Jieqiong , Pei Junjun , Tang Yanhong , Zhang Xiaolong , Tang Haifang , Zhang Hao , Liu Chengbin
Published: September 2023

Ru as a cocatalyst has attracted wide attention as a substitute for Pt precious metal. However, the strong interaction between Ru and H atoms reduces the efficiency of hydrogen (H2) desorption and slows the overall hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) efficiency. How to further improve the efficiency of Ru‐based cocatalyst is challenging. Herein, single‐atom Co‐ultrafine RuOx clusters codecorated TiO2 nanosheets for photocatalytic HER are synthesized using a simple hydrothermal–calcination method. Experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate that Co atoms can serve as a specific electronic medium, promoting electron enrichment at RuOx, thereby enhancing the adsorption of H+. Moreover, the electronic state of the interaction between adjacent Co atoms and RuOx is conducive to the desorption of H2. As a result, the proposed photocatalyst system gives a classy photocatalytic HER performance. The hydrogen production rate at stationary point reaches up to 20.20 mmol g−1 h−1, and the apparent quantum yield at 365 nm is 86.5%. It is worth noting that the hydrogen production rate in seawater is as high as 9.83 mmol g−1 h−1. This work offers precise guidance to design catalysts for efficient photocatalytic H2 production from the in‐depth understanding of the electronic coupling effect of coupling active sites.
Ultra‐Strong and Transparent Biomimetic Nanocomposite through Orientation Effects and In Situ Biomineralization
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Chen Zehong , Zhuo Hao , Zhong Chunyan , Shi Ge , Liu Tanglong , Huang Xiaofang , Zhong Linxin , Peng Xinwen
Published: September 2023

The fascinating mechanical property of biomaterials in nature to support living organisms largely relies on their hierarchical and ordered structures. However, for the current biomimetic materials, their organic–inorganic heterostructures typically exhibit poor uniformity, weak interfacial bonding, and various defects, limiting the breakthrough in strength and toughness. Herein, an ultra‐strong and transparent biomimetic nanocomposite is presented by combining orientation effects and in situ biomineralization to precisely engineer each level of the hierarchy. The orientation of nanofiber provides long‐range and order matrix to remarkably eliminate defects, promote multi‐scale interfacial bonding and increase the crystalline degree and size of organic matrix; while the in situ mineralization of amorphous inorganic oligomers firmly welds the organic–inorganic interface together to form a continuous and homogeneous monolithic structure. Due to the unique structural features, the nanocomposite exhibits a tensile strength of up to 1168.1 ± 10.2 MPa and a toughness of 34.1 ± 0.8 MJ m−3. Furthermore, the nanocomposite film is imparted with high transparence and anisotropic optical properties. This work is expected to provide insights into the design of high‐performance biomineralized materials from structural coupling to precisely controlling interfaces and microstructure.
Photo‐Cross‐Linkable, Injectable, and Highly Adhesive GelMA‐Glycol Chitosan Hydrogels for Cartilage Repair
Authors: Paul Sattwikesh , Schrobback Karsten , Tran Phong Anh , Meinert Christoph , Davern Jordan William , Weekes Angus , Klein Travis Jacob
Published: September 2023

Hydrogels provide a promising platform for cartilage repair and regeneration. Although hydrogels have shown some efficacy, they still have shortcomings including poor mechanical properties and suboptimal integration with surrounding cartilage. Herein, hydrogels that are injectable, cytocompatible, mechanically robust, and highly adhesive to cartilage are developed. This approach uses GelMA‐glycol chitosan (GelMA‐GC) that is crosslinkable with visible light and photoinitiators (lithium acylphosphinate and tris (2,2′‐bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium (II) hexahydrate ([RuII(bpy)3]2+ and sodium persulfate (Ru/SPS)). Ru/SPS‐cross‐linked hydrogels have higher compressive and tensile modulus, and most prominently higher adhesive strength with cartilage, which also depends on inclusion of GC. Tensile and push‐out tests of the Ru/SPS‐cross‐linked GelMA‐GC hydrogels demonstrate adhesive strength of ≈100 and 46 kPa, respectively. Hydrogel precursor solutions behave in a Newtonian manner and are injectable. After injection in focal bovine cartilage defects and in situ cross‐linking, this hydrogel system remains intact and integrated with cartilage following joint manipulation ex vivo. Cells remain viable (>85%) in the hydrogel system and further show tissue regeneration potential after three weeks of in vitro culture. These preliminary results provide further motivation for future research on bioadhesive hydrogels for cartilage repair and regeneration.
Hexaazatriphenylene Based Polyimide with Dense Dual Redox Sites as a High‐Performance Organic Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Gao Feng , Liu Dong
Published: September 2023

Organic polymers are promising candidates as cathode materials for lithium storage, however, suffer from low theoretical capacity due to the presence of multiple inactive components in the polymers. Herein, a novel hexaazatriphenylene‐based polyimide with high theoretical capacity (436 mAh g−1) is developed via the precise design of monomers and controllable synthesis of corresponding polymers. The as‐prepared polymers possess rich edge pyrazine nitrogen (C═N) and carbonyl groups (C═O), well‐defined porosity, and conjugated structure, benefiting for high capacity, rapid ion and charge transport. The resultant polymers electrode achieves a high specific capacity of 303 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, high‐rate capability (171 mAh g−1 even at 8 C, 1 C = 400 mA g−1), and stable cycle performance with a high capacity retention of 93.8% at 500 mA g−1 over 200 cycles. Combined experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that both C═O and C═N sites in the polyimide are served as redox sites for lithium storage, providing high specific capacity. This work offers a novel approach for the development of polymeric cathode materials with dense redox sites for next‐generation energy‐dense batteries.