bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTUDO DO TIPO DE HEMOGLOBINA COMO AUXILIAR NA SELEÇÃO DE OVINOS RESISTENTES E SUSCEPTÍVEIS AOS HELMINTOS GASTRINTESTINAIS
Authors: SOTOMAIOR CRISTINA SANTOS , THOMAZ-SOCCOL VANETE
Published: December 2014

A criação de ovinos vem adquirindo, ao longo do tempo, importância econômica e social no Estado do Paraná. As parasitoses gastrintestinais tornam-se muitas vezes fatores limitantes desta cultura, principalmente quando associadas ao sistema intensivo de criação e à resistência dos parasitas aos diferentes princípios ativos. Com o objetivo de buscar alternativas ao controle da verminose ovina, estudou-se, em um rebanho do município de Curitiba-PR, a relação do tipo de hemoglobina (Hb) com a resistência dos animais aos helmintos gastrintestinais. A determinação do tipo de Hb foi feita por meio de eletroforese em gel espesso de amido. Dos 141 animais testados, 80,14% eram do tipo BB; 17,02% do tipo AB e apenas 2,84% dos ovinos eram do genótipo AA, resultando na freqüência alélica de 0,11 e 0,89 para os alelos A e B, respectivamente. Quando estes animais foram classificados em resistentes e susceptíveis aos helmintos gastrintestinais, através da contagem de ovos nas fezes, observou-se que esta classificação ocorreu independente do tipo de Hb. Abstract Sheep production has been showing, these days, a greater economical and social importance in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The gastrointestinal nematodes are the major problem causing widespread clinical disease and productivity losses, mainly when associated with the high intensive husbandry system and the critic situation of anthelminthic resistance. In order to find alternative or complementary control methods to combat parasitism, one sheep flock of 64 ewes and 77 lambs was monitored to study whether there is a relationship between haemoglobin type and genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Haemoglobin typing was performed by starch gel electrophoresis. In 141 animals examined, it was found that 80,14% were haemoglobin BB type; 17,02% were AB type; and only 2,84% showed a genotype AA, resulting in an allelic frequency of 0,11 and 0,89 for the alleles A and B, respectively. When these animals were classified into resistant and susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes, using faecal egg counts, it was observed that this classification was done independently of the haemoglobin type.
REVERSIBLE CARDIAC ARREST INDUCED BY STARTLING STIMULI IN THE ANTARCTIC FISH Notothenia neglecta
Authors: HOSHINO KATSUMASA , LUCCHIARI PEDRO HELIO , BACILA METRY
Published: December 2014

Estímulos de alarme induzem inibição temporária dos batimentos cardíacos em muitos animais. Como essa proprieade, denominada parada (arrest) cardíaca reversível não vem sendo estudada sistematicamente em peixes, os presente trabalho investigou a sua ocorrência em peixes antárticos que evoluíram independentemente de outros grupos de teleósteos. Alterações do ritmo cardíaco em resposta a diferentes estímulos foram monitoradas por registro eletrocardiográfico em 15 espécimes de Notothenia neglecta (400-700 g) mantidas em uma câmara experimental com água do mar aerada e temperatura controlada. Vibrações repentinas da câmara, a aproximação do observador e outros estímulos de alerta provocavam no animal paradas cardíacas algumas vezes por um ou mais batimentos, mas a resposta mais comum era somente de uma parada curta do batimento cardíaco após estímulo. Aumento da temperatura até 11ºC eleva o ritmo (rate) cardíaco sem abolir a resposta contudo. Hipóxia moderada facilita a parada cardíaca. Inibição cardíaca pronunciada com algum batimento isolado foi observada quando os animais eram manuseados ou quando a água da câmara era removida. Administração de atropina (1 mg/kg) bloqueia a parada cardíaca induzida por tais procedimentos. Conclui-se, então, que a parada cardíaca reversível é provavelmente uma propriedade comum de muitos peixes que se desenvolveu antes da sua adaptação ao ambiente antártico. Abstract Startling stimuli induce temporary inhibition of heart beats in many animals. Since such property, named reversible cardiac arrest, has not been systematically studied in fishes, the present work investigated its occurrence in an Antarctic fish that evolved independently from other teleost groups. Heart rate changes in response to different stimuli were monitored by conventional electrocardiographic recording in 15 Notothenia neglecta (400-700 grams), maintained in an experimental chamber with aerated sea water and controlled temperature. Sudden vibration of the chamber, observer approximation and other alerting stimuli evoked cardiac arrest sometimes for one or more beats, but the most common response was only a short delay of the beat after the stimulus. Increase in temperature up to 11ºC raised heart rate but did not abolish the response. Moderate hypoxia facilitated cardiac arrest. Pronounced cardiac inhibition with some isolated beats was observed when the animals were handled or when the water of the chamber was removed. Atropine (1mg/kg) administration blocked the cardiac arrest induced by such procedures. It is concluded that reversible cardiac arrest is probably a common property of many fishes and developed before the adaptation to the Antarctic environment.
ANESTESIA POR INFUSÃO INTRAVENOSA CONTÍNUA EM Tapirus terrestris (ANTA BRASILEIRA), PELA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE DETOMIDINA OU XILAZINA, COM MIDAZOLAM E QUETAMINA
Authors: FERREIRA JOSÉ ROBERTO VAZ
Published: December 2014

A manutenção da anta brasileira em cativeiro vem contribuindo para a sua preservação. Todavia, o manejo destes animais pode necessitar de contenção química, haja visto que a contenção mecânica é um método arriscado nesta espécie. Poucos estudos foram realizados em relação à anestesia desses animais. Este trabalho objetivou pesquisar dois protocolos anestésicos em antas. Foram realizados dois grupos experimentais com 6 animais adultos cada, sendo 5 deles utilizados em ambos os grupos. A MPA foi procedida pela administração intramuscular (IM) de 0,05 mg/kg de detomidina (DMQ) ou 1 mg/kg de xilazina (XMQ). A indução anestésica deu-se pela associação de 0,1 mg/kg de midazolam com 2 mg/kg de quetantina, pela via intravenosa (IV), em ambos os grupos, 15 minutos após a MPA. A anestesia foi mantida por 60 minutos, pela infusão IV contínua de uma solução de NaCl a 0,9 %, contendo 0,04 mg/ml de detomidina (DMQ) ou 1,72 mg/ml de xilazina (XMQ), com 0,1 mg/ml de midazolam e 4 mg/ml de quetamina, na taxa de 1 ml/kg/h. Os parâmetros aferidos foram as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, hemogasometria venosa (pressão de oxigênio (PvO2), saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina, pressão de dióxido de carbono (PvCO2), concentração total de dióxido de carbono, pH e bicarbonato), eletrólitos (cálcio, sódio e potássio), hematócrito, hemoglobina, glicose e cortisol plasmáticos, resposta reflexa a estímulos oculares, interdigital e anal, qualidade de relaxamento muscular e a sensibilidade cutânea à dor. Ambos os protocolos produziram anestesia segura, com efeitos de magnitude semelhante, com mínima depressão cardiorrespiratória, elevação da glicemia, bom miorrelaxamento e ausência de sensibilidade cutânea à dor. No grupo em que utilizou-se detomidina houve menor elevação da concentração de cortisol plasmático, com conseqüente redução da resposta de estresse anestésico. A sedação dos animais após a anestesia, com α2 - agonistas melhorou a qualidade de recuperação anestésica.
COMPOSIÇÃO CORPORAL DE MACROELEMENTOS MINERAIS EM BOVINOS E BUBALINOS EM CONFINAMENTO
Authors: FREITAS J.A. , SOARES J.E. , FONTES C.A.A. , LANA P.P. , SOUZA J.C. , RODRIGUEZ L.R.R. , RESENDE F.D.
Published: December 2014

A pesquisa foi conduzida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa(MG), no período entre dezembro de 1994 e julho de 1995 Objetivou-se com a pesquisa estimar o conteúdo corporal de macroelementos minerais de bovinos Nelore, mestiços europeu-zebu e bubalinos, abatidos em diferentes estádios de maturidade. Foram utilizados 35 bovinos machos não-castrados sendo 12 Nelore (NEL), 12 F1 Holandês-Nelore (HN), 11 bimestiços 1/4 Fleckvieh-5/16 Angus-7/16 Nelore (BM) e 11 bubalinos mestiços Mediterrâneo (BUF), com pesos vivos médios iniciais de 294; 404; 358; e 353 Kg, respectivamente, e idade média de 24 meses. Os animais de cada grupo genético foram, aleatoriamente, divididos em três grupos experimentais, abate inicial ou referência (AB) e dois grupos de alimentação ad libitum (AL1 e AL2). No grupo AB foram alocados quatro animais NEL, quatro HN, três BM e três BUF e nos grupos AL1 e AL2 quatro animais, de cada grupo genético. Após o período de adaptação de 60 dias, onde os animais receberam o mesmo tratamento, aqueles do grupo AB foram abatidos. Os animais dos grupos (AL1 e AL2) eram abatidos ao atingirem pesos equivalentes a 100 e 110 % do peso à maturidade da vaca do grupo racial correspondente. Estes pesos eram, respectivamente, 450 e 500 Kg para NEL e BUF e 500 e 550 Kg para HN e BM. A ração continha milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo, farelo de soja, uréia, minerais e feno de braquiária decumbens, numa proporção de concentrado:volumoso 50:50 e 13% de proteína bruta, na matéria seca. Após o abate, utilizando-se amostras representativas da carcaça e dos diferentes órgãos e tecidos corporais, foram determinadas as quantidades do macroelementos minerais (cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio) contidas no corpo vazio dos animais. Para se estimar as mudanças na composição corporal nos intervalos de pesos incluídos na pesquisa, foram ajustadas equações de regressão dos logarítmos dos conteúdos de macroelementos minerais (Kg), em função do peso corporal vazio (PCV), em Kg. Verificou-se efeito (p
When “Mixing Memory and Desire”: Imaginative Revisions and the Productive Power of Nostalgia in Rebecca Brown’s Oughtabiographies
Authors: Xhonneux Lies
Published: December 2014

English:This essay focuses on the “oughtabiographies” of the contemporary lesbian writer Rebecca Brown, which function as imaginative vehicles with which the author (re)writes her own past the way it should have been. Thus her work will be seen to extend the realm of longing – usually reserved for the future – into the past, thereby highlighting the role of desire and the value of “narrative truth” in personal history writing. Moreover, Brown’s active reworkings of her personal past allow for a critical reappraisal of the concept of nostalgia, which is usually dismissed as conservative or passive.Dutch:Dit essay bespreekt de “oughtabiographies” van de hedendaagse lesbische schrijfster Rebecca Brown, waarin deze auteur haar eigen verleden herschrijft tot wat het had moeten zijn. Zo toont Browns werk de invloed van verlangens – die normaal gezien tot het domein van de toekomst behoren – op (het denken over) het verleden, en benadrukt het het belang van “narrative truth” in de context van persoonlijke geschiedschrijving. Bovendien laat Browns actieve herwerking van haar verleden een kritische herwaardering toe van het concept nostalgie, dat vaak als conservatief of passief wordt afgeschilderd.
Identity and Writing in the Diaries of Plath and Woolf: Defining, Abjectifying, and Recovering the Self
Authors: Mills Jeansonne Christie
Published: December 2014

The ordering, de-abjectifying function of language is often harnessed by the diary writer: re-living and re-writing a fictive self through diary writing allows the writer control and understanding of the self which has experienced and then changed in the interval of time between the event, the recording, and the rereading. The diaries of Sylvia Plath and Virginia Woolf lend credence to this possibility of recovering abject identity through language. Their diary accounts of mental illness wield mastery over their experiences and emotional responses by choosing to recount them (or not). My paper seeks to reveal how Plath’s and Woolf’s distancing and retelling does not simply divide their selves (the pre- and post- trauma selves, the physical and textual selves), but allows them a greater range of movement, enabling mediation and reconciliation of many self-identities from the past, present, and future, and granting the authority to narrate their own continuums of becoming. This article was submitted to the EJLW on 13 October 2013 and  published on 13 October 2014.
Bis-2-thienyldiethylaminophosphane as a Ligand in Late Transition Metal Complexes and its Transformation to Bis-2-thienylphosphane
Authors: Granitzka Markus , Stollberg Peter , Stalke Dietmar
Published: December 2014

Bis-2-thienyldiethylaminophosphane (C4H3S)2PNEt2 (1) is introduced as a ligand for late transition metal complexes ([(H3C4S)2PNEt2]nMXmLp), with M = Ni(II), Au(I), Cu(I), Pd(II), Ir(I), X = Cl, Br and L = NCMe, COD, (2-7). Reactions of 1 with the late transition metal salts NiCl2·dme, (Me2S)AuCl, CuCl, PdCl2(PhCN)2, and [Ir(COD)Cl]2 yield the complexes [{(H3C4S)2PNEt2}2 · NiCl2] (2), [(H3C4S)2PNEt2 · AuCl] (3) [(H3C4S)2PNEt2·CuCl(CH3CN)]2 (4), [{(H3C4S)2PNEt2}2 · PdCl2] (5), [{(H3C4S)2PNEt2}2·PdCl2]2 (6), and [(H3C4S)2PNEt2·IrCl(COD)] (7). In addition, the transformation of 1 to the valuable chlorine-substituted starting material (H3C4S)2PCl (8) and the related conversion of 8 to the secondary phosphane (H3C4S)2PH (9) is reported. The complexes 2-7 are stable under inert gas conditions and were characterized by single-crystal X-ray studies, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.
Gilded Chalices: Tetra-aurated Calix[4]arenes
Authors: Strasser Ulf H. , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans-Georg , Berger Raphael J. F. , Mitzela Norbert W.
Published: December 2014

5,11,17,23-Tetrakis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-25,26,27,28-tetra-n-propoxycalix[4]arene (1) was synthesised in two steps starting from 25,26,27,28-tetra-n-propoxycalix[4]arene, and the structure of 1 was determined by X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 was desilylated (K2CO3) to give 5,11,17,23- tetrakis(ethynyl)-25,26,27,28-tetra-n-propoxycalix[4]arene (2), which was tetra-aurated under basic conditions (NaOEt, THF) with a series of phosphane-gold chlorides (o-Tol3PAuCl, Ph3PAuCl, Ph2MePAuCl, PhMe2PAuCl, Me3PAuCl, Cy3PAuCl, t-Bu3PAuCl) to afford in good to excellent yields the tetra-aurated tetraethynylcalix[4]arene species 3-9 in one step [with phosphane ligands o-Tol3P (3), Ph3P (4), Ph2MeP (5), PhMe2P (6), Me3P (7), Cy3P (8), t-Bu3P (9)]. All compounds were characterised by 1H NMR and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and by elemental analyses, additionally 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 by 13C{1H}, and 3-6, 8 and 9 by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of complexes 3 and 9 were determined by X-ray diffraction and show pinched-cone conformations, but neither intra- nor intermolecular attractive aurophilic Au···Au contacts. The acceptor ability of complexes 3 and 9 was investigated by complexation attempts with various phosphane-gold chlorides and xenon gas under pressure, but interactions could not be determined experimentally. The formation of a complex between xenon and gilded calix[4]arene could, however, be predicted for fluorine-substituted species and with very small phosphane ligands (PH3) on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations; the energy of formation is 9:6 kJ mol-1. The crystal structure of Ph2MePAuCl was also determined and shows Au···Au-bonded dimers.
Coordination Chemistry of N,N′-Bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)- 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine – Lewis Acid-Base Complexes with the d10-Metals Nickel(0) and Gold(I)
Authors: Krieck Sven , Schulze Daniel , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: December 2014

The addition reactions of N,N′-bis(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine (1) with [(cod)2Ni] and [(Ph3P)AuCl] yield yellow [(1)Ni(η4-cod)] (2) and colorless [(1)(Ph3P)AuCl]·3MeOH (3), respectively. In these transition metal complexes of nickel(0) and gold(I) 1 acts as a bidentate chelating ligand. Crystal structures of [(1)Ni(η4-cod)]·3THF (2a) and of cosolvent-free [(1)Ni(η4-cod)] (2) reveal a distorted tetrahedral environment of the nickel atom. The gold(I) atom in 3 exhibits a very long Au-Cl bond of 296.2(1) pm. In contrast to the nickel complexes, compound 3 shows strong agostic interactions between gold(I) and a methylene fragment.
Ion Pairs of Weakly Coordinating Cations and Anions: Synthesis and Application for Sulfide to Sulfoxide Oxidations
Authors: Zhang Bo , Li Su , Cokoja Mirza , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Mink János , Zang Shu-Liang , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: December 2014

A series of salts containing the weakly coordinating cations (WCC) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Bmim]+), 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ([Bdmim]+), 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C12mim]+), tetrabutylphosphonium ([PBu4]+), tributyltetradecylphosphonium ([P4;4;4;14]+), tetrabutylammonium ([NBu4]+), and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidium ([TMG]+) and fluorinated tetraarylborate anions of the type [B(ArF)4] (ArF =C6F5, C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2) were synthesized and characterized. The influence of cations and anions on the physical properties of the obtained compounds was examined. In case of the compound [TMG][B(C6F5)4] hydrogen-fluorine contacts between cation and anion are present in the solid state. Owing to H···F contacts between hydrogen peroxide and the fluorine substituents of the anion and the resulting activation of H2O2 in solution, the compound [P4;4;4;14][B(C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4] is applicable as an efficient mediator for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides
Anellierte Diamine als nützliche Dikationen am Beispiel der Darstellung von Halocupratsalzen / Anellated Diamines as valuable Dications using the Example of Halocuprate Salts
Authors: Golz Christopher , Eckert Prisca , Strohmann Carsten
Published: December 2014

Diamines such as (R,R)-TMCDA (1) form anellated dications with dihalomethanes, which were obtained in the presence of copper(I)halides as salts containing halocuprate anions. Using the chiral diamine (R,R)-TMCDA (1) and its meso-form cis-TMCDA (2) trichloro- and tribromocuprates with trigonal-planar geometry, and with TMEDA (3) a continuous chain of copper(I)iodid were formed. The crystal structures were discussed and compared in terms of the influence of the dication on the structural behavior of the corresponding anion. Overall we revealed an easy access to chiral or achiral dications which are based on the readily available (R,R)-TMCDA (1) and its isomer cis-TMCDA (2).
N-Donor Competition in Iron Bis(chelate) Bis(pyrazolyl)pyridinylmethane Complexes
Authors: Herber Ulrich , Hoffmann Alexander , Lochenie Charles , Weber Birgit , Herres-Pawlis Sonja
Published: December 2014

We report on the synthesis and structural characterisation of the bis(chelate) bis(pyrazolyl) pyridinylmethane iron(II) complexes [Fe{HC(Pz)2(Py)}2][CF3CO2]2, [Fe{HC(3-iPrPz)(5- iPrPz)(Py)}2][CF3SO3]2 and [Fe{HC(3-iPrPz)(5-iPrPz)(Py)}2][FeBr4]Br·2C4H8O. During the synthesis of the latter ones, an isomerisation of the ligand is observed: the pyrazolyl substituent formally moves from the 3 to the 5 position. Since the donor competition between pyrazolyl and pyridinyl moieties is important for the coordination properties, we also studied the donor properties by density functional theory and natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). As a result, the pyridinyl donor is generally weaker than the pyrazolyl donor, but the pyrazolyl donor is heavily influenced by the alkyl substitution pattern. To confirm the low-spin state of the complexes, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed
A Crawler Climbing Robot Integrating Electroadhesion and Electrostatic Actuation
Authors: Wang Hongqiang , Yamamoto Akio , Higuchi Toshiro
Published: December 2014

Previous electroadhesive climbing robots generally employed typical electromagnetic motors, which spoiled some of the advantages of electroadhesion such as it being light, thin and flexible. To improve these, an integration of electrostatic actuation and adhesion was utilized in this work. By using FEM analyses, the present paper analysed the effect of design parameters on adhesive and driving forces respectively, and examined the possible interference between electrostatic actuation and adhesion inside the integration. Then this article discussed the driving force, payload capacity and torque balance of the robot with the integration. Based on these analyses, we designed and fabricated a lightweight (94 g) and low-height (15 mm) prototype with electrode films made by screen printing. Experiments on the prototype demonstrated that it can adhere to a vertical wall stably and move at a maximum speed of 35.3 mm/s.
Miniature Mobile Bristled In-Pipe Machine
Authors: Ostertag Oskar , Ostertagová Eva , Kelemen Michal , Kelemenová Tatiana , Buša Ján , Virgala Ivan
Published: December 2014

The in-pipe machine locomotes in the pipe on the principle of differential friction between the bristles and the pipe wall during the movement of the bristle forwards and backwards. These bristles are very important construction parts of the in-pipe machine. In order to define the locomotion of movement it is important to know the force situation on the bristles caused by its high deformation in the pipe. The determination of force situation brought us to a non-linear differential equation of the second order and determination of conditions for its solution. By this equation it is possible to describe the outline of large deformations of the construction part and to determine the forces affecting this part.
Cis-interactions between Notch and its ligands block ligand-independent Notch activity
Authors: Palmer William Hunt , Jia Dongyu , Deng Wu-Min
Published: December 2014

The Notch pathway is integrated into numerous developmental processes and therefore is fine-tuned on many levels, including receptor production, endocytosis, and degradation. Notch is further characterized by a twofold relationship with its Delta-Serrate (DSL) ligands, as ligands from opposing cells (trans-ligands) activate Notch, whereas ligands expressed in the same cell (cis-ligands) inhibit signaling. We show that cells without both cis- and trans-ligands can mediate Notch-dependent developmental events during Drosophila oogenesis, indicating ligand-independent Notch activity occurs when the receptor is free of cis- and trans-ligands. Furthermore, cis-ligands can reduce Notch activity in endogenous and genetically induced situations of elevated trans-ligand-independent Notch signaling. We conclude that cis-expressed ligands exert their repressive effect on Notch signaling in cases of trans-ligand-independent activation, and propose a new function of cis-inhibition which buffers cells against accidental Notch activity.
Intenção de uso de comentários de viagem online na escolha de um meio de hospedagem: Fatores influenciadores
Authors: Silva Marcela Martins , Mendes Filho Luiz
Published: December 2014

Cada vez mais os consumidores estão lendo e compartilhando comentários relacionados a viagem na Internet que são publicados por viajantes ao invés de consultarem informações geradas pelos próprios prestadores de serviços turísticos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os fatores que influenciam a intenção de uso de Comentários de Viagens Online (CVO) na escolha de um meio de hospedagem. Para compreender quais são esses fatores influenciadores relacionados ao CVO no contexto brasileiro, o presente trabalho utiliza o Modelo de Aceitação Tecnológica e a Teoria Motivacional para dar o suporte na investigação. A metodologia sugerida foi a de cunho exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada com 53 estudantes universitários que já utilizaram o CVO na escolha de um meio de hospedagem. O estudo fez uso da técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais Partial Least Squares (PLS), para testar o modelo proposto de oito hipóteses. Para avaliar as cinco variáveis do modelo de pesquisa (facilidade de uso, utilidade percebida, prazer percebido, atitude, e intenção), o PLS avaliou o modelo de mensuração e estrutural da pesquisa. Ao todo, cinco hipóteses foram confirmadas, e três foram rejeitadas. O que pode se concluir pelas hipóteses aceitas é que os viajantes entrevistados que acham útil o CVO, tem atitude e intenção de utilizá-lo na escolha de um meio de hospedagem.
Child and Parent Characteristics Associated With Canadian Parents’ Reports of Spanking
Authors: Perron Jeff L. , Lee Catherine M. , Laroche Kathryn J. , Ateah Christine , Clément Marie-Ève , Chan Kathy
Published: December 2014

We examined self-reported use of spanking as a discipline strategy in a Canadian sample of mothers and fathers (N = 2,340) of children aged 2 to 12 years using data from the International Parenting Survey–Canada. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between reported use of spanking and child characteristics (age, gender, disability status, and behaviour problems), adult demographic characteristics (age at birth of child, marital status, education, employment, and income inadequacy), as well as parent attitudes toward spanking. Approximately one quarter of parents reported spanking their child. Child age, parent education, employment, and income inadequacy had significant associations with reported spanking. When controlling for child and parent demographic characteristics, parent reports of child behaviour and parent attitudes toward spanking also had strong relationships with reported spanking. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings and in terms of implications for parenting interventions.
Continuous Suture of a Single Absorbable Suture: A New Simplified Vesicourethral Anastomosis Technique in Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Yang Jie , Shao Peng-fei , Lv Qiang , Song Ning-hong , Li Jie , Zhang Wei , Li Pu , Hua Li-xin , Yin Chang-jun
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to describe a new simplified technique for facilitating vesicourethral anastomosis in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. After prostate removal, an approximately 15-cm-long absorbable suture with one three-eighths arc needle is passed from the outside in on the full thickness of the bladder neck at the 9 o'clock position and then from inside out on the full thickness of the urethra at the 9 o'clock position. It is knotted with the suture tail. Subsequently, a continuous suture is completed between the bladder neck and urethra. A 20-French silastic catheter is placed into the bladder before completing the anterior row of sutures. Three hundred twelve consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer who had undergone the new simplified vesicourethral anastomosis were included in this retrospective study. The average time of anastomosis was 10.5 minutes (range, 8–30 minutes), as recorded for an experienced laparoscopic surgeon. The incidence rate was 2.2% for urine leakage and 1.3% for bladder neck stenosis, and the continence rate was 86.9% at 1 month, 93.3% at 3 months, 98.1% at 6 months, and 98.7% at 1 year. We present a new simplified method for vesicourethral anastomosis. The method takes little operating time and is easy for novice laparoscopists to master. Moreover, this technique has low rates of urinary leakage and bladder neck stricture.
Vignette Hyperparathyroidism: Glimpse Into Its History
Authors: Dorairajan N. , Pradeep P.V.
Published: December 2014

The parathyroid gland was first described by Sir Richard Owen. Ivor Sandstrom coined the term glandulae parathyroidiae. Vassale and Generali Francesco observed that tetany occurs following parathyroidectomy. Harald Salvesen firmly established the relationship of the parathyroid gland to calcium metabolism. A patient with skeletal disease and a tumor near the parathyroid gland was described by Max Askanazy in 1904. Schlagenhaufer suggested in 1915 that in an attempt to cure bone disease, solitary parathyroid enlargement, if present, should be excised. The term hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was coined by Henry Dixon and colleagues. The parathyroid surgeries on Albert J. and Charles Martell were the first experience with successful parathyroidectomy. From a grossly symptomatic disease of bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans, HPT has evolved into asymptomatic HPT. Improvements in knowledge about the pathology of parathyroid diseases, including the genetic basis of HPT, and advances in the surgical techniques have brought about changes in the management of HPT over the decades.
Clinical Significance of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Expression in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jibiki Norie , Saito Noboru , Kameoka Shingo , Kobayashi Makio
Published: December 2014

In this study, we serologically and pathologically examined the clinical significance of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) expression in patients with colorectal cancer. Serum basic FGF (bFGF) levels in 92 surgical colorectal cancer patients and 31 controls were measured, and the relationship between those levels and clinicopathological factors were examined. Immunohistochemical study was also conducted on specimens from 51 cancer patients, and the association between bFGF staining and serum levels were investigated. An examination of clinicopathological factors revealed significant differences in bFGF levels between stage 0-IIIb and stage IV cancers (P = 0.013). Lymphatic invasion was one factor that differed significantly. Patients with a tumor 30 mm or smaller had a bFGF level of 7.65 ± 1.11 pg/ml while patients with a tumor 31 mm or larger had a bFGF level of 8.53 ± 3.22 pg/ml; significant differences in these bFGF levels were noted (P < 0.05). Patients with a tumor that had no lymphatic invasion (ly0) had a bFGF level of 7.25 ± 0.66 pg/ml, those with a tumor that had minimal lymphatic invasion (ly1) had a bFGF level of 7.99 ± 1.68 pg/ml, and those with a tumor that had moderate lymphatic invasion (ly2) had a bFGF level of 9.17 ± 4.23 pg/ml. bFGF levels differed significantly for tumors with no/minimal lymphatic invasion (ly0-ly1) and those with moderate lymphatic invasion (ly2) (P < 0.0001). Serological examination of bFGF levels during the proliferation of colorectal cancer revealed that moderate lymphatic invasion can be readily distinguished.
Effects of rupture complexity on local tsunami inundation: Implications for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment by example
Authors: Mueller Christof , Power William , Fraser Stuart , Wang Xiaoming
Published: December 2014

We investigated the influence of earthquake source complexity on the extent of inundation caused by the resulting tsunami. We simulated 100 scenarios with collocated sources of variable slip on the Hikurangi subduction interface in the vicinity of Hawke's Bay and Poverty Bay in New Zealand and investigated the tsunami effects on the cities of Napier and Gisborne. Rupture complexity was found to have a first‐order effect on flow depth and inundation extent for local tsunami sources. The position of individual asperities in the slip distribution on the rupture interface control to some extent how severe inundation will be. However, predicting inundation extent in detail from investigating the distribution of slip on the rupture interface proves difficult. Assuming uniform slip on the rupture interface in tsunami models can underestimate the potential impact and extent of inundation. For example, simulation of an Mw 8.7 to Mw 8.8 earthquake with uniform slip reproduced the area that could potentially be inundated by equivalent nonuniform slip events of Mw 8.4. Deaggregation, to establish the contribution of different sources with different slip distributions to the probabilistic hazard, cannot be performed based on magnitude considerations alone. We propose two predictors for inundation severity based on the offshore tsunami wavefield using the linear wave equations in an attempt to keep costly simulations of full inundation to a minimum.
Nonvolcanic tremor locations and mechanisms in Guerrero, Mexico, from energy‐based and particle motion polarization analysis
Authors: Cruz‐Atienza Víctor M. , Husker Allen , Legrand Denis , Caballero Emmanuel , Kostoglodov Vladimir
Published: December 2014

We introduce the Tremor Energy and Polarization (TREP) method, which jointly determines the source location and focal mechanism of sustained nonvolcanic tremor (NVT) signals. The method minimizes a compound cost function by means of a grid search over a three‐dimensional hypocentral lattice. Inverted metrics are derived from three NVT observables: (1) the energy spatial distribution, (2) the energy spatial derivatives, and (3) the azimuthal direction of the particle motion polarization ellipsoid. To assess the tremor sources, TREP assumes double‐couple point dislocations with frequency‐dependent quality factors (Q) in a layered medium. Performance and resolution of the method is thoroughly assessed via synthetic inversion tests with random noise, where the “observed” data correspond to an NVT‐like finite difference (FD) model we introduce. The FD tremor source is composed of hundreds of quasi‐dynamic penny‐shaped cracks governed by a time‐weakening friction law. In agreement with previous works, epicentral locations of 26 NVTs in Guerrero are separated in two main groups, one between 200 and 230 km from the trench, and another at about 170 km. However, unlike earlier investigations, most NVT hypocenters concentrate at 43 km depth near the plate interface and have subparallel rake angles to the Cocos plate convergence direction. These locations have uncertainties of ~5 km in the three components and are consistent with independent results for low‐frequency earthquakes in the region, supporting their common origin related to slip transients in the plate interface. Our results also suggest the occurrence of NVT sources within the slab, ~5 km below the interface.
Nitrogen cycling processes and microbial community composition in bed sediments in the Yukon River at Pilot Station
Authors: Repert Deborah A. , Underwood Jennifer C. , Smith Richard L. , Song Bongkeun
Published: December 2014

Information on the contribution of nitrogen (N)‐cycling processes in bed sediments to river nutrient fluxes in large northern latitude river systems is limited. This study examined the relationship between N‐cycling processes in bed sediments and N speciation and loading in the Yukon River near its mouth at the Bering Sea. We conducted laboratory bioassays to measure N‐cycling processes in sediment samples collected over distinct water cycle seasons. In conjunction, the microbial community composition in the bed sediments using genes involved in N‐cycling (narG, napA, nosZ, and amoA) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequences was examined. Temporal variation was observed in net N mineralization, nitrate uptake, and denitrification rate potentials and correlated strongly with sediment carbon (C) and extractable N content and microbial community composition rather than with river water nutrient concentrations. The C content of the bed sediment was notably impacted by the spring flood, ranging from 1.1% in the midst of an ice‐jam to 0.1% immediately after ice‐out, suggesting a buildup of organic material (OM) prior to scouring of the bed sediments during ice break up. The dominant members of the microbial community that explained differences in N‐processing rates belonged to the genera Crenothrix, Flavobacterium, and the family of Comamonadaceae. Our results suggest that biogeochemical processing rates in the bed sediments appear to be more coupled to hydrology, nutrient availability in the sediments, and microbial community composition rather than river nutrient concentrations at Pilot Station.
In situ fibrillation of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends: Effect of organoclay addition
Authors: Chomat Dimitri , Soulestin Jérémie , Lacrampe Marie‐France , Sclavons Michel , Krawczak Patricia
Published: December 2014

In situ fibrillation of PP/PA6 blends (85/15 wt %) is investigated in presence of two kinds of organically modified montmorillonite, differing by the polarity of their surfactant. The organoclay is primary dispersed either in the PP (for the low‐polarity Cloisite® 15A) or in the PA6 (for the high‐polarity Cloisite® 30B), according to its assumed affinity. In absence of organoclay, a fibrillar morphology is achieved after the melt‐blending and hot‐stretching step, as evidenced by SEM analysis. Upon clay addition, different morphological trends are evidenced. The C15A leads to a refinement of the fibrils whether the C30B induces a transition from fibrillar to nodular structure. These trends are ascribed to drastic changes in viscosity and elasticity ratios, due to the filler initial localization. Several techniques (DSC, STEM) point out a C15A migration from the PP to the PP/PA6 interface. Rheological measurements highlight the possibility of a double‐percolation phenomenon, linked to the fibrillar microstructure of the PP/PA6/C15A blend. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41680.
Alkali‐responsive membrane prepared by grafting dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate onto ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer membrane
Authors: Ye Hui , Chen Long , Li Anni , Huang Lilan , Zhang YuZhong , Li Yingna , Li Hong
Published: December 2014

An alkali‐responsive membrane was prepared by grafting dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) onto ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) membrane using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation graft polymerization. A subtranslucent state of EVAL membrane swelling in the DMAEMA solution was observed, and such a state enabled the passage of UV light through all the pores, inducing graft polymerization inside the pores and on the back. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (ATR‐FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscope (EDX) confirmed that the poly(DMAEMA)‐grafted chains existed not only on the top surface, but also inside the pores and on the back. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis confirmed that the grafted chains collapsed in air, and decreased the surface roughness, surface area, and pore size of the grafted membranes. Alkali‐responsive properties of the poly(DMAEMA)‐grafted EVAL membrane (i.e., contact angle, permeability, and selectivity) were observed in the pH range of 9–10. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41775.
World's greatest rainfall intensities observed by satellites
Authors: Breña‐Naranjo Jose Agustin , Pedrozo‐Acuña Adrian , Rico‐Ramirez Miguel A.
Published: December 2014

This commentary emphasizes the role of remote sensing tools for detecting extreme values in precipitation. Here, we provide a synthesis of recent data from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission satellite to detect the rainfall maxima depth versus duration across the terrestrial surface since 1998. Observations with rain gauges and satellite merged products suggest similarities in the power scaling law between maximum rainfall depth and duration. Satellites have shown the potential to identify regions of extreme precipitation and this is the first study where intensity‐duration curves from rainfall events measured by satellites are compared with the same curves obtained with traditional rain gauges.
Decadal change of the connection between summer western North Pacific Subtropical High and tropical SST in the early 1990s
Authors: He Chao , Zhou Tianjun
Published: December 2014

A decadal change has occurred on the relationship between the summertime western North Pacific subtropical High (WNPSH) and the tropical Sea Surface Temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the early 1990s. After this decadal change, the interannual variability of the WNPSH is more strongly regulated by the SSTA over the equatorial central Pacific and the maritime continent. The earlier decay of El Niño in strong WNPSH years and the earlier development of El Niño in weak WNPSH years both contributed to this change. Such decadal change is found in the pre‐industrial control simulation of a coupled model, suggesting it is probably an internal variability of the climate system.
Soil water redistribution processes around a tree on a hillslope: the effect of stemflow on the drying process
Authors: Liang Wei‐Li , Kosugi Ken'ichirou , Mizuyama Takahisa
Published: December 2014

Although many studies have investigated the ecological or hydrological influences of stemflow on soil water dynamics in the wetting process, the process by which stemflow affects soil water redistribution in the drying process has rarely been discussed. To address how soil water depletion occurs around a tree and the effects of stemflow on soil water depletion, we used a 2‐year data set of soil water content to compare soil water depletion in the drying process before (SF period) and after (no‐SF period) the interception of stemflow around a tree on a hillslope. The results revealed a dramatic soil water depletion at locations in the downslope area near to the tree, which was attributed to stemflow and root‐induced pathways. The effect of stemflow on soil water depletion was significant in the short period (0.5 h) after the end of rainfall events, which increased the initial soil water content at the start of drying. The effect of root‐induced pathways enhanced drainage during the drying process and resulted in irregular vertical distributions of changes in soil water content. Although soil water depletion at locations near to a tree would be expected to be greater than in locations farther away, due to root uptake in the drying process, most soil water depletion in the vicinity of a tree occurred in the SF period rather than the no‐SF period. This was mainly attributed to greater instantaneous soil water depletion due to rainwater drainage rather than evapotranspiration, which occurred in the short period between rainfall events. This study furthers our understanding of the separate involvement of stemflow and root channels in the drying process in a warm temperate climate. We also suggest that the double‐funnelling effect of a tree is valid not only for the wetting process but also for the drying process and can result in dramatic variations in soil water dynamics within the stemflow‐influenced and root‐influenced areas of a forested stand. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyphenolic profile in cider and antioxidant power
Authors: Zuriarrain Andoni , Zuriarrain Juan , Puertas Ana Isabel , Dueñas María Teresa , Ostra Miren , Berregi Iñaki
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

The aim of this work was to find the effect of polyphenolic compounds in Basque ciders on the following parameters: antioxidant activity, browning, protein‐precipitating capacity, turbidity and reduction potential. These five parameters are highly important, as they affect the taste, the visual aspect and the preservation of cider, and are mainly related to polyphenolic compounds.

RESULTS

Procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 showed a significant positive effect on antioxidant activity. p‐Coumaric acid, (−)‐epicatechin and hyperin had a significant positive effect on protein‐precipitating capacity. Tyrosol had a significant negative effect on reduction potential.

CONCLUSION

Procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 are the most powerful antioxidants in Basque cider, while p‐coumaric acid, (−)‐epicatechin and hyperin are those with greatest capacity to precipitate proteins. Ciders with higher tyrosol concentration will have less reduction potential and higher antioxidant reservoir. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel formulations and modes of delivery of levodopa
Authors: Poewe Werner , Antonini Angelo
Published: December 2014

Ever since its early clinical use in the 1960s, levodopa has remained the gold standard of symptomatic efficacy in the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Motor response fluctuations and drug‐induced dyskinesias seriously compromise the unparalleled symptomatic efficacy ofl‐dopa during long‐term treatment. Discontinuous drug delivery resulting from the short half‐life ofl‐dopa and erratic gastrointestinal absorption plays a major role in the pathophysiology of these motor complications. Several approaches to improve the pharmacokinetics and ways of administration ofl‐dopa are in different stages of clinical development and include novel formulations as well as nonoral routes of drug delivery. IPX066 is a novel extended‐releasel‐dopa capsule that has successfully completed phase III clinical trials while thel‐dopa prodrug XP21279 and a gastric retention formulation (“accordion pill”) are in earlier phases of clinical development. Novel enzyme inhibitors enhancingl‐dopa efficacy and half‐life are also still being developed, including a novel catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor with once‐daily pharmacokinetics, and there are studies testing the effects of increasing the dose of amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors given concomitantly withl‐dopa. Intrajejunal infusion of a gel formulation ofl‐dopa/carbidopa is in clinical use in Europe, and its efficacy to smooth out motor fluctuations has recently been shown in a randomized, controlled trial. Subcutaneous and intrapulmonal delivery routes ofl‐dopa have reached phase III of clinical development. After more than 50 years of clinical use,l‐dopa not only remains the gold standard of symptomatic efficacy, but it also remains a drug in active clinical development. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The utility of ultrasound for the detection of fetal limb abnormalities – a 20‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Dicke Jeffrey M. , Piper Samantha L. , Goldfarb Charles A.
Published: December 2014

Objective

The standard obstetric ultrasound examination includes documentation of arms and legs. The purpose of this study is to review the efficacy of ultrasound for the detection of limb anomalies, the type and incidence of associated malformations and pregnancy outcomes.

Method

All cases of polydactyly (POD), abnormal hand position (AHP), limb reduction defects (LRD) and arthrogryposis (ART) scanned in our Unit between 1990 and 2010 were identified. Cases were categorized as isolated (ISO) or non‐isolated (NISO). The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis, type and incidence of associated malformations and aneuploidy and pregnancy outcomes were determined.

Results

Most cases were NISO. The sensitivity of ultrasound was 19.1% for POD, 76.0% for AHP, 76.0% for LRD involving the long bones and 81.3% for ART. Cardiothoracic and facial defects were the most common accompanying malformations. The risk for aneuploidy ranged from 3.6% for POD to 47.2% for AHP. The live birth rate ranged from 85.5% for POD to 24.5% for AHP.

Conclusion

While imaging of the arms and legs allows detection of most cases of AHP, LRD involving the limbs and ART, a probable minimum of 20% to 25% of cases will escape prenatal diagnosis. Identification of these defects should prompt an extended anatomic survey and consideration of invasive testing for aneuploidy. © 2014 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Poverty and the Rule of Law in Africa: A Missing International Actor?
Authors: Yeh Stuart S.
Published: December 2014

This article reviews literature regarding the nature and impact of corruption and its contribution to poverty in Africa, explains how the international community could create an institution that would investigate and deter corruption, and relates this policy proposal to current theories of underdevelopment. The article concludes that theorists agree on the importance of fighting corruption but have overlooked the need for international cooperation to create a body of criminal investigators. The article contributes a detailed policy proposal and an analysis of objections that might be raised regarding the establishment of a strong international capacity to fight corruption.