bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of causal effect of APOA5 variants on premature coronary artery disease
Authors: Wang Fan , Wang Isabel Z. , Ellis Stephen , Archacki Stephen , Barnard John , Hubbard Carlos , Topol Eric J. , Chen Qiuyun , Wang Qing K.
Published: July 2018

Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) regulates the metabolisms of triglyceride and HDL. APOA5 variants have been linked to coronary artery disease (CAD), but their causal roles are not well studied yet. This study aims to identify the causal effects of APOA5 variants on premature CAD. Sequencing analysis of APOA5 in 128 premature, familiar CAD patients from GeneQuest identified 11 genomic variants, including p.S19W (rs3135506). SKAT analysis showed that all sequenced variants, in aggregate, significantly increased the risk of premature CAD (P‐skat = 0.037). Individually, the p.S19W variant was significantly associated with risk of premature CAD (OR = 2.30, P = 0.008) in an independent set of 342 premature CAD patients and 537 controls after adjusting for covariates of sex, age, hypertension, body mass index, triglycerides (TGs), and total, LDL‐, and HDL‐cholesterol levels. Meanwhile, p.S19W significantly correlated with HDL‐C levels (P = 0.048) and TG levels (P = 0.025). Mediation analysis yielded a mediation effect of p.S19W on risk of premature CAD through HDL‐C (OR = 0.98, P = 0.040) and TG (OR = 0.98, P = 0.042), suggesting a causal relationship between p.S19W and premature CAD partially through its effects on HDL‐C and TG levels. These results suggest that APOA5 variation regulates TG and HDL levels, thus displaying a causal role in the development of CAD.
Validation of formula‐predicted glaucomatous optic disc appearances: the Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study
Authors: Tanito Masaki , Nitta Koji , Katai Maki , Kitaoka Yasushi , Yokoyama Yu , Omodaka Kazuko , Naito Tomoko , Yamashita Takehiro , Mizoue Shiro , Iwase Aiko , Nakazawa Toru
Published: July 2018

Aims

The Glaucoma Stereo Analysis Study (GSAS) is a multicentre collaborative study of the characteristics of glaucomatous optic disc morphology using a stereo fundus camera. Using the GSAS dataset, we previously established a formula for predicting different appearances of glaucomatous optic discs, although the formula lacked validation in an independent dataset. In this study, the formula was validated in another testing dataset.

Subjects and Methods

Testing dataset contained three‐dimensionally analysed optic disc topographic parameters from 93 eyes with primary open‐angle glaucoma; six topographic parameters (temporal and nasal rim‐disc ratios, mean cup depth, height variation contour, disc tilt angle and rim decentring absolute value) were used for predicting different appearances of glaucomatous optic discs. The agreement between grader‐classified optic disc types, that is, focal ischemic (FI), generalized enlargement, myopic glaucomatous (MY), and senile sclerotic (SS) and formula‐predicted optic disc types, that is, pFI, pGE, pMY and pSS, were assessed.

Results

Based on this formula, the eyes were classified with pFI (21 eyes, 22.6%), pGE (27 eyes, 29.0%), pMY (26 eyes, 28.0%) and pSS (19 eyes, 20.4%) when the top predictive element based on the formula was considered as the optic disc appearance in each eye. The six topographic parameters used in the formula differed significantly among the four predicted optic disc types. Substantial agreement (κ = 0.7496) was seen for the top two predictive elements based on the formula that agreed with the graders’ classification in 76 (81.7%) eyes. Among the four optic disc types, the levels of agreement were relatively lower in the SS type (κ = 0.3863–0.5729) compared with the other three optic disc types (κ = 0.7898–0.8956) even though the unclassifiable and mixed optic disc types were excluded from the testing dataset.

Conclusion

The GSAS classification formula can predict and quantify each component of different optic disc appearances in each eye and provide a novel parameter to describe glaucomatous optic disc characteristics.
Analytics for learning design: A layered framework and tools
Authors: Hernández‐Leo Davinia , Martinez‐Maldonado Roberto , Pardo Abelardo , Muñoz‐Cristóbal Juan A. , Rodríguez‐Triana María J.
Published: July 2018

The field of learning design studies how to support teachers in devising suitable activities for their students to learn. The field of learning analytics explores how data about students' interactions can be used to increase the understanding of learning experiences. Despite its clear synergy, there is only limited and fragmented work exploring the active role that data analytics can play in supporting design for learning. This paper builds on previous research to propose a framework (analytics layers for learning design) that articulates three layers of data analytics—learning analytics, design analytics and community analytics—to support informed decision‐making in learning design. Additionally, a set of tools and experiences are described to illustrate how the different data analytics perspectives proposed by the framework can support learning design processes.
Asian children living in Australia have a different profile of allergy and anaphylaxis than Australian‐born children: A State‐wide survey
Authors: Wang Yichao , Allen Katrina J. , Suaini Noor H. A. , Peters Rachel L. , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise , Koplin Jennifer J.
Published: July 2018

Background

Asian children born in Australia have higher rates of eczema and nut allergy than non‐Asian children. However, it is not known whether this country of birth differential exists for other allergies or anaphylaxis risk.

Objective

We investigated the influence of maternal and child's country of birth on the prevalence of parent‐reported eczema, asthma, food allergy and being diagnosed by a doctor as being “at risk of anaphylaxis.”

Methods

We assessed the relationship between mother and child country of birth and allergies using the 2010 School Entrant Health Questionnaire, completed for 57 005 5‐year old children (85.8% response rate) in Victoria, Australia. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression with results presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Children born in Australia to Asian‐born mothers were more likely to have parent‐reported food allergy (OR 2.33, 95%CI 1.96‐2.77) and eczema (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.73‐2.41), but not more likely to have asthma (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74‐1.02) than non‐Asian children. By contrast, children born in Asia who subsequently migrated to Australia had a lower risk of food allergy (OR 0.33, 95%CI 0.20‐0.55), eczema (OR 0.37, 95%CI 0.24‐0.57) and asthma (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.21‐0.40). Patterns of anaphylaxis risk differed depending on the trigger. Compared with Australian‐born non‐Asian children, Australian‐born Asian children were more likely to be diagnosed as being at risk of both food‐induced and non‐food‐induced anaphylaxis. For children born in Asia, risk was lower for anaphylaxis to milk, peanut and tree nuts compared to non‐Asian children, but higher for soy, wheat and non‐food triggers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Patterns of allergy/anaphylaxis risk and their triggers differed according to both ethnicity and country of birth, suggesting a gene‐environment factor is in play. The difference in patterns for asthma compared with other atopic diseases is surprising and warrants further exploration.
Guidelines for development of Implant Dentistry in the next 10 years regarding innovation, education, certification, and associations
Authors: Van Assche Nele , Fickl Stefan , Francisco Helena , Gurzawska Katarzyna , Milinkovic Iva , Navarro Jose M. , Torsello Ferruccio , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: July 2018

Background

During the third Summer Camp of European Association of Osseointegration (EAO), 40 junior representatives from various European societies and associations were brought together to discuss and explore the following topics in Implant Dentistry in the next 10 years: (I) certification, (II) societies and associations, (III) continuing education, and (IV) innovations.

Aims

The aims of all working groups were to identify and outline the present situation in the area of the selected topic and to propose improvements and innovations to be implemented in the following 10 years.

Materials and methods

Four different groups were assigned randomly to one of the four working units. The method to discuss the selected topics was World Cafè. The summaries of four topics were then given to all participants for peer review.

Results and conclusions

All four groups presented the conclusions and guidelines accordingly: (I) The recognition for Implant Dentistry and accreditation of training programs would lead to an improvement of the quality of care to the benefit of the patients; (II) Dental associations and societies have to continuously improve communication to meet needs of dental students, professionals, and patients (III) European Dental Board should be installed and become responsible for continue dental education; (IV) dental engineering, peri‐implant diseases, and digital workflow in dentistry currently have limited tools that do not guarantee predictable results.
Assessing population structure in the face of isolation by distance: Are we neglecting the problem?
Authors: Perez Manolo F. , Franco Fernando F. , Bombonato Juliana R. , Bonatelli Isabel A. S. , Khan Gulzar , Romeiro‐Brito Monique , Fegies Ana C. , Ribeiro Paulianny M. , Silva Gislaine A. R. , Moraes Evandro M.
Published: July 2018

Aim

To investigate how the potential bias from isolation by distance (IBD) in inferences of population structure has been addressed, in studies aiming biodiversity conservation.

Location

Global.

Methods

We reviewed the literature on the impact ofIBDon the performance of the widely used softwarestructure. We also performed a literature survey in the Web of Knowledge to assess how data have been analysed in biodiversity conservation studies whenIBDis detected.

Results

By reviewing the literature onstructureperformance inIBDdata sets, we found a high number of studies showing thatstructureoutputs are extremely affected byIBD. This misleading inference results principally in the detection of artificial genetic clusters. The literature survey showed thatIBDwas present in most data sets (60.56%) and that a substantial number of the articles only testedIBDby Mantel tests (82.21%). The most concerning result is that several articles have been usingstructureeven after detectingIBD(57.99%), and a substantial number of them are drawing formal conservation strategies, notwithstanding the potentially biased results (51.49%).

Main conclusions

Our results are of great concern, as conservation strategies may be distinct under different population structure, and its success can be affected by the incorrect identification of populations. We recommend possible stages to be considered in the presence ofIBD, which can help conservation investigators before the proposition of explicit conservation strategies.
Advance Selling in the Presence of Market Power and Risk‐Averse Consumers
Authors: Ma Shanshan , Li Guo , Sethi Suresh P. , Zhao Xuan
Published: July 2018

We consider a manufacturer who procures raw material through a long‐term contract as well as in a spot market to produce goods for selling to consumers, a fraction of whom are risk averse. We assume that the manufacturer has the market power to influence the spot market price of raw material. To increase consumer demand and obtain demand information, the manufacturer may implement an advance selling program that depends on his market power and consumer risk aversion. We investigate whether the manufacturer should offer the advance selling program and how his decision and performance are influenced by the program. We find that the advance selling program should be offered when consumer risk aversion is low, or when it is high, and the manufacturer has high and low market power. By contrast, the advance selling program should not be offered when consumer risk aversion is high and the market power is medium. Our results also reveal that even with no promotion cost of the advance selling program, the manufacturer may not always offer it. Finally, the manufacturer benefits more from advance selling when consumers are myopic and/or risk neutral.
Return on Trust is Lower for Immigrants
Authors: Cettolin Elena , Suetens Sigrid
Published: July 2018

We conducted an experiment with a representative sample of the Dutch population to study whether trustworthiness depends on the ethnicity of the interaction partner. Native Dutch trustees play with an anonymous trustor, who is either another native Dutch or a non-Western immigrant. We find that trustees reciprocate trust up to 12% less if the trustor is a non-Western immigrant than if he/she is native Dutch. This percentage increases up to 23% for trustees who report disliking ethnic diversity in an independent survey. Since the decision to reciprocate does not involve behavioural risk, our results provide evidence of taste-based discrimination.
The induction of larval resource preference in heterogeneous habitats
Authors: Ravi Kumar Vrinda , Issar Swastika , Agashe Deepa
Published: July 2018

1. Animals often have to choose between multiple food sources in their habitat, and these potentially complex decisions have a large impact on their fitness. Among other factors, previous experience with an alternative resource can significantly increase subsequent preference for the resource (‘induction of preference’).

2. Induction of resource preference is particularly relevant in spatially or temporally heterogeneous habitats. Although most mobile species – especially generalists – probably frequently encounter habitat heterogeneity, the impact of preference induction on individual behaviour and fitness in heterogeneous habitats is poorly understood. This study analysed larval preference induction in wheat‐adapted generalist red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), under three types of habitat heterogeneity.

3. First, the induction of preference for novel cereal flours under temporal heterogeneity was analysed, exposing larvae to new resources during development. Larvae preferred a new resource if they experienced it recently, but the magnitude of induction varied across resources.

4. Specific induction for a homogenous mix of wheat and a novel resource was also observed, with larvae preferring the mix over either pure resource.

5. To analyse induction under spatial heterogeneity, beetle eggs were placed in one of two alternative resource patches and the preference of emerged larvae was tested. Hatching into a novel resource did not always induce preference.

6. Finally, it was found that induction of preference for new resources could be maladaptive for larval development. In sum, this work demonstrates that experience‐based plasticity of larval resource choice may strongly impact larval preference and fitness in heterogeneous habitats.
Differences in the fruit maturation stages at which oviposition occurs among insect seed predators feeding on the fruits of five dipterocarp tree species
Authors: Iku Asano , Itioka Takao , Shimizu‐Kaya Usun , Kishimoto‐Yamada Keiko , Meleng Paulus
Published: July 2018

The seeds of dipterocarp trees are the main food resources for many species of weevils, bark beetles and small moths; however, for most seed‐eating insects on dipterocarp tropical trees, seed utilization patterns remain poorly investigated. This study aimed to determine the fruit maturation stages at which eggs are laid by different insect seed predators feeding on the seeds or fruits of the following five dipterocarp species: Dipterocarpus globosus, Dryobalanops aromatica, Shorea beccariana, S. acuta and S. curtisii, which reproduced during the same period. We investigated the occurrence frequencies of the insect seed predators at various growth stages by collecting both unfallen and fallen fruit on several occasions during the period of seed/fruit maturation in a tropical rainforest in Borneo from September to December 2013. Weevils and bark beetles were the dominant insect seed predators of the five tree species. One or two weevil species of Alcidodes, Damnux and/or Nanophyes preyed on the seeds of each of the five tree species, and one bark beetle species, Coccotrypes gedeanus, preyed on the seeds of all five tree species. Many larvae, pupae and adults of each weevil species were found in pre‐dispersal (unfallen) fruit, whereas bark beetles at various growth stages were found in post‐dispersal (fallen) fruit. These results suggested that, among the dominant insect seed predators of the five dipterocarp species, weevil species oviposit on pre‐dispersal fruit and begin their larval growth before seed dispersal, whereas the oviposition and larval development of bark beetle species occurs in post‐dispersal fruit.
The history of commercial fisheries for European eel commenced only a century ago
Authors: Dekker Willem
Published: July 2018

The stock of the European eel is in decline throughout its distribution area—for decades, if not for centuries. Its population dynamics are not well understood. The extremely scattered occurrence, as well as the general lack of quantified information before 1950, prevents a straightforward analysis. This article discusses the history of eel fisheries across Europe, reviewing the literature published before 1940. A follow‐up study is advocated, to unearth primary information in archives across Europe.

In the late 1800s, development programmes were initiated in central Europe, complementing the widespread subsistence fisheries with “modern” commercial exploitation of new areas, new markets and new products. In the early 1900s, increasing fisheries and trade were reported throughout northern Europe, and new developments started in the south. This lasted until about 1950—when the current multidecadal decline set in. The eel fisheries have never experienced a period of stable, sustainable exploitation. The decline in the stock is probably not a simple case of overfishing, but a continent‐wide serial depletion of local resources—eventually depleting the whole stock—in times of growing non‐fisheries impacts. Consequences for the European eel protection programme and for the derivation of restoration targets are discussed.
Relationship between sarcopenia and depression in older patients with diabetes: An investigation using the Japanese version of SARC‐F
Authors: Ida Satoshi , Murata Kazuya , Nakai Mari , Ito Sho , Malmstrom Theodore K. , Ishihara Yuki , Imataka Kanako , Uchida Akihiro , Monguchi Kou , Kaneko Ryutaro , Fujiwara Ryoko , Takahashi Hiroka
Published: July 2018

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between sarcopenia and depression in older patients with diabetes using the Japanese version of SARC‐F.

Methods

Participants included patients with diabetes aged ≥65 years who were undergoing outpatient treatment at the Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Japan. Depression was measured using the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, which is a nine‐item questionnaire. Sarcopenia was assessed using the Japanese version of SARC‐F, a self‐administered questionnaire comprising five question items. Multiple logistic regression analysis with depression as the dependent variable and sarcopenia as the explanatory variable was used to calculate the odds ratio for depression in patients with sarcopenia.

Results

A total of 275 patients (167 men, 108 women) were the study participants. The adjusted odds ratio for depression in male patients with sarcopenia was 5.76 (95% CI 1.83–18.12, P = 0.003). The adjusted odds ratio for depression in female patients with sarcopenia was 2.62 (95% CI 0.68–10.05, P = 0.159).

Conclusions

A statistically significant relationship was shown between sarcopenia and depression in older male patients with diabetes. We believe that drawing the attention of physicians to sarcopenia prevalence by using the Japanese version of SARC‐F will contribute to the detection of depression in older male patients with diabetes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1318–1322.
Cognitive motor coordination training and the improvement of visual‐spatial cognition in office work
Authors: Jansen Petra , Fraunhofer Lisa , Pietsch Stefanie
Published: July 2018

It has been shown that motor coordination training can enhance performance in spatial cognition tasks. This was investigated in an applied setting. Twenty‐eight office workers attended either cognitive motor coordination training or core‐stability training for one hour every week for six weeks. Before and after training, mental rotation and spatial visualization as well as cognitive processing speed were measured. Results showed a significant improvement in both spatial tasks after the cognitive motor coordination training but not in the general cognitive measurement. Core‐stability training did not impact either of these dependent variables. It is concluded that motor coordination training can be a useful supplement for working environments where spatial cognition is essential, such as architecture or surgery.
Les déterminants des déplacements de la courbe de Beveridge (et de l'appariement sur le marché du travail)
Authors: BOVA Elva , TOVAR JALLES João , KOLERUS Christina
Published: July 2018

Les auteurs s'interrogent sur les politiques et facteurs qui influent sur la correspondance entre offre et demande de travail. Ils repèrent d'abord les déplacements de la courbe de Beveridge dans douze pays de l'OCDE (2000–2013) – avec trois méthodes complémentaires – avant de les expliquer avec un modèle à variable dépendante limitée. L'analyse montre que la croissance de la population active et la législation protectrice de l'emploi facilitent l'appariement, à l'inverse des qualifications moyennes et du chômage de longue durée. De même, l'effet favorable des politiques actives (partage d'emploi, aide à l'entrepreneuriat) contraste avec un effet nettement défavorable des politiques passives (allocations chômage, imposition du travail).
Feasibility of a nurse‐led intervention for the early management of depression after stroke in hospital
Authors: Van Dijk Mariska J. , Hafsteinsdóttir Thóra B. , Schuurmans Marieke J. , de Man‐van Ginkel Janneke M.
Published: July 2018

Aim

To explore the feasibility of the Post‐Stroke Depression toolkit in terms of fidelity and acceptability in daily nursing practice.

Background

Depression after stroke is common and influences patients’ recovery significantly. Although stroke guidelines recommend early depression screening and treatment, depressive symptoms remain unrecognized. To enhance adoption of evidence into the context of the daily practice of stroke treatment, we developed the Post‐Stroke Depression toolkit, an evidence‐based nurse‐led intervention for the early management of depressive symptoms after a stroke for use in the hospital setting.

Design

An explanatory mixed‐methods before‐and‐after study design.

Methods

Data were collected continuously from March 2012 ‐ June 2013 during three phases: pre‐implementation, the implementation phase (where implementation strategies guided the implementation) and the sustainability phase (executed without the implementation strategies) and involved patient chart audits and surveys and individual and focus group interviews with nurses.

Results

A total of 775 patient charts were audited to examine fidelity. Implementation of the Post‐Stroke Depression toolkit during the implementation phase resulted in an increase in depression screening (+72.9%) and more patients receiving nursing interventions (+11.1%). During the sustainability phase, screening for depression decreased (−16.3%), while the application of the nursing interventions remained unchanged (+0.6%). The acceptability of the toolkit was judged to be good.

Conclusions

The Post‐Stroke Depression toolkit was found to be feasible in terms of fidelity and acceptability, improving structural screening for depressive symptoms as well as the application of nursing interventions in case of a positive screening.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03500250.
Caregivers’ perceptions of aggressive behaviour in nursing home residents living with dementia: A meta‐ethnography
Authors: Nybakken Solvor , Strandås Maria , Bondas Terese
Published: July 2018

Aim

To explore how formal caregivers perceive and interpret aggressive behaviour in nursing home residents living with dementia, by synthesizing knowledge from published qualitative studies.

Background

Nursing home caregivers are exposed to aggressive behaviour from residents living with dementia. The way caregivers perceive aggressive behaviour may affect their feelings and actions related to situations and thus nursing care. Knowledge about caregivers’ perceptions of aggressive behaviour has previously not been synthesized.

Design

Noblit and Hare's interpretative meta‐ethnography.

Data sources

A systematic literature search in CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus supplemented by manual search strategies, were completed. Nine studies from five countries, published between 2001 ‐ 2015, met the research objective and inclusion criteria and were included.

Finding

Five themes describing formal caregivers’ perceptions and interpretation of residents′ aggressive behaviour emerged: “A manifestation of the disease”; “a way to express themselves and their needs”; “a reaction to caregivers” attitude and approach”; “a reaction to a stressful and demanding environment”; and “an unavoidable situation that seems impossible to solve”. Themes were synthesized into the metaphor: ‘tailoring using unpredictable patterns’ and visualized in a model.

Conclusion

Caregivers perceive and interpret aggressive behaviour related to the resident's illness and person, the caregiver's attitude and approach, or a demanding environment. Further research and theoretical development is important, as shown by different perceptions and interpretations, as well as central definitions in research publications. The study informs evidence‐based practice and health‐policy by showing the importance of developing reflective relational nursing care, knowledge, and competence in nursing homes.
Frequent 911 Fall Calls in Older Adults: Opportunity for Injury Prevention Strategies
Authors: Quatman Carmen E. , Anderson Jeffrey P. , Mondor Michael , Halweg Jodi , Quatman‐Yates Catherine , Switzer Julie A.
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the utility of monitoring emergency medical services (EMS) call patterns to identify older adults who may benefit from targeted fall prevention and medical monitoring strategies.

DESIGN

Retrospective chart review of EMS fall‐related care. The HealthEMS database for the community surveyed was queried from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2016. Fall‐related calls for individuals aged 60 and older were identified and used to determine which individuals had subsequent fall calls and needed transport to the hospital over the study time period.

SETTING

Medium‐sized suburban community.

PARTICIPANTS

Community‐dwelling adults aged 60 and older with fall‐related calls.

MEASUREMENTS

Descriptive EMS cell data.

RESULTS

Over the 10‐year period, 37,324 EMS call data were recorded, with 11% (N=4,084) identified as fall‐related calls that occurred for individuals aged 60 and older. Twenty‐nine percent (n=685) of individuals who called for a fall called at least one more time within the study period. Time between calls substantially decreased the more frequently an individual called (p<.001). Fifteen percent (n=107) of repeat callers called 5 or more times for falls, and these individuals were transported to the hospital only 21% of the time (vs 75% of first‐time callers, p <.001).

CONCLUSION

Certain older individuals are at risk of having multiple fall‐related calls to EMS over short periods of time, sometimes within hours of previous calls. In our current healthcare system, no significant intervention or follow‐up is offered or available by emergency first response teams to prevent subsequent falls. This study demonstrates the need for a paradigm change in our healthcare system that helps reduce resource utilization for the first responder community for fall‐related calls in older adults and re‐directs those resources to implement nationwide fall‐prevention strategies to decrease fall related disability and death.
Reliability of parent report measures of behaviour in children with Down syndrome
Authors: Esbensen A. J. , Hoffman E. K. , Shaffer R. , Chen E. , Patel L. , Jacola L.
Published: July 2018

Background

Behavioural problems are common among children with Down syndrome (DS). Tools to detect and evaluate maladaptive behaviours have been developed for typically developing children and have been evaluated for use among children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. However, these measures have not been evaluated for use specifically in children with DS. This psychometric evaluation is important given that some clinically observed behaviours are not addressed in currently available rating scales. The current study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a commonly used screening tool developed for typically developing children and commonly used with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Methods

The study investigated the psychometric properties of the CBCL among school‐aged children with DS, including an assessment of the rate of detecting behaviour problems, concerns with distribution, internal consistency, inter‐rater reliability and convergent and discriminant validity with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form. Caregivers of 88 children with DS aged 6–18 years rated their child's behaviour with the CBCL, Aberrant Behavior Checklist and Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form. Teachers completed the Teacher Report Form.

Results

About one‐third of children with DS were reported to exhibit behaviours of clinical concern on the total score of the CBCL. Internal consistency for CBCL sub‐scales was poor to excellent, and inter‐rater reliability was generally acceptable. The sub‐scales of the CBCL performed best when evaluating convergent validity, with variable discriminant validity. Normative data conversions controlled for age and gender differences in this sample.

Conclusions

The study findings suggest that, among children with DS, some CBCL sub‐scales generally performed in a psychometrically sound and theoretically appropriate manner in relation to other measures of behaviour. Caution is warranted when interpreting specific sub‐scales (Anxious/Depressed, Somatic Complaints and Thought Problems). The CBCL can continue to be used as a screening measure when evaluating behavioural concerns among children with DS, acknowledging poor discriminant validity and the possibility that key behaviour concerns in DS may not be captured by the CBCL screen.
Modelling of focused ion beam induced increases in sample temperature: a case study of heat damage in biological samples
Authors: WOLFF A. , KLINGNER N. , THOMPSON W. , ZHOU Y. , LIN J. , PENG Y.Y. , RAMSHAW J.A.M. , XIAO Y.
Published: July 2018

Ion beam induced heat damage in soft materials and biological samples is not yet well understood in Focused Ion Beam systems (FIBs). The work presented here discusses the physics behind the ion beam – sample interactions and the effects which lead to increases in sample temperature and potential heat damage. A model by which heat damage can be estimated and which allows parameters to be determined that reduce/prevent heat damage was derived from Fourier's law of heat transfer and compared to finite element simulations, numerical modelling results and experiments. The results suggests that ion beam induced heat damage can be prevented/minimised by reducing the ion beam current (local dose rate), decreasing the beam overlap (reduced local ion dose) and by introducing a blur (increased surface cross‐section area, reduced local dose) while sputtering, patterning or imaging soft material and nonresin‐embedded biological samples using FIBs.

Lay description

FIB/SEMs, which combine a scanning electron microscope with a focused ion beam in a single device, have found increasing interest biological research. The device allows to cut samples at precisely selected areas and reveal sub surface information as well as preparing transmission electron microscope samples from bulk materials. Preparing biological samples has proven to be challenging due to the induced heat damage. This work explores the physics behind the sample cutting and proposes a model and a method, based on physical principles which allows the user to estimate the induced heat during the cutting process and to select cutting parameters which avoid heat damage in the sample.
RS1 (Rsc1A1) deficiency limits cerebral SGLT1 expression and delays brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sebastiani Anne , Greve Frederik , Gölz Christina , Förster Carola Y. , Koepsell Hermann , Thal Serge C.
Published: July 2018

Acute cerebral lesions are associated with dysregulation of brain glucose homeostasis. Previous studies showed that knockdown of Na+‐D‐glucose cotransporter SGLT1 impaired outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion and that widely expressed intracellular RS1 (RSC1A1) is involved in transcriptional and post‐translational down‐regulation of SGLT1. In the present study, we investigated whether SGLT1 is up‐regulated during traumatic brain injury (TBI) and whether removal of RS1 in mice (RS1‐KO) influences SGLT1 expression and outcome. Unexpectedly, brain SGLT1 mRNA in RS1‐KO was similar to wild‐type whereas it was increased in small intestine and decreased in kidney. One day after TBI, SGLT1 mRNA in the ipsilateral cortex was increased 160% in wild‐type and 40% in RS1‐KO. After RS1 removal lesion volume 1 day after TBI was reduced by 12%, brain edema was reduced by 28%, and motoric disability determined by a beam walking test was improved. In contrast, RS1 removal did neither influence glucose and glycogen accumulation 1 day after TBI nor up‐regulation of inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 or microglia activation 1 or 5 days after TBI. The data provide proof of principle that inhibition or down‐regulation of SGLT1 by targeting RS1 in brain could be beneficial for early treatment of TBI.

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Intracerebral microdialysis of adenosine and adenosine monophosphate – a systematic review and meta‐regression analysis of baseline concentrations
Authors: van der Mierden Stevie , Savelyev Sergey A. , IntHout Joanna , de Vries Rob B. M. , Leenaars Cathalijn H. C.
Published: July 2018

Microdialysis is a method to study the extracellular space in vivo, based on the principle of diffusion. It can be used to measure various small molecules including the neuroregulator adenosine. Baseline levels of the compounds measured with microdialysis vary over studies. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate the full range of reported baseline concentrations of adenosine and adenosine monophosphate in microdialysates. We performed a meta‐regression analysis to study the influence of flow rate, probe membrane surface area, species, brain area and anaesthesia versus freely behaving, on the adenosine concentration. Baseline adenosine concentrations in microdialysates ranged from 0.8 to 2100 nM. There was limited evidence on baseline adenosine monophosphate concentrations in microdialysates. Across studies, we found effects of flow rate and anaesthesia versus freely behaving on dialysate adenosine concentrations (p ≤ 0.001), but not of probe membrane surface, species, or brain area (p ≥ 0.14). With increasing flow rate, adenosine concentrations decreased. With anaesthesia, adenosine concentrations increased. The effect of other predictor variables on baseline adenosine concentrations, for example, post‐surgical recovery time, could not be analysed because of a lack of reported data. This study shows that meta‐regression can be used as an alternative to new animal experiments to answer research questions in the field of neurochemistry. However, current levels of reporting of primary studies are insufficient to reach the full potential of this approach; 63 out of 133 studies could not be included in the analysis because of insufficient reporting, and several potentially relevant factors had to be excluded from the analyses. The level of reporting of experimental detail needs to improve.

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Potential risk factors associated with prognosis of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery in stage IIIc–IV high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma patients
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liu Ning , Zhang Aihong , Bao Xiangxiang
Published: July 2018

Aim

No consensus has been achieved on the prognostic factors for patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic factors for the patients diagnosed as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIc–IV high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HG‐SOC).

Methods

A total of 200 patients histologically diagnosed as IIIc–IV stage HG‐SOC were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent platinum‐NAC followed by IDS treatment between January 2003 and December 2013. The potential predictive factors (including preoperative ascites volume, cancer antigen 125 [CA‐125] and CA‐125 decreasing kinetics, NAC and adjuvant chemotherapy cycle number as well as tumor characteristics) for optimal cytoreduction by IDS and for progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed.

Results

Optimal cytoreduction by IDS was achieved in 78% of HG‐SOC patients who underwent NAC. The median number of NAC cycle was 3 (range 1–8). No ascites regression (P < 0.01, odds ratio [OR] = 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41–3.69), and worse CA‐125 decreasing kinetics (P < 0.01, OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.37–2.93) were independent predictive factors for suboptimal cytoreduction by IDS. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that PFS and OS were independently associated with preoperative ascites (P < 0.01, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.38–3.28 and P < 0.01, HR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.27–4.26, respectively) and CA‐125 decreasing kinetics (P = 0.01, HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02–1.18 and P < 0.01, HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08–1.37, respectively). PFS of patients who underwent more than four NAC cycles was shorter than those of patients who received four or less number of NAC cycles; however, no difference was observed for OS.

Conclusion

Ascites regression and CA‐125 decreasing kinetics were independently associated with the optimal cytoreduction rate and survival of patients diagnosed with advanced stage HG‐SOC and treated with NAC/IDS.
Torsion of normal‐sized ovary during late pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Li Chunbo , Wang Shijia , Tao Xiang , Hu Yanlai , Li Xiaotian , Xiao Xirong
Published: July 2018

Adnexal torsion is one of the most common gynecologic surgical emergencies. All age groups can be affected, but torsion of normal‐sized ovary that happens during late pregnancy is rare and challenging to be diagnosed. The objective of this article is to present a case of adnexal torsion in a normal‐sized ovary suspected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the third trimester of pregnancy. A 36‐year‐old woman at 32 + 5 weeks gestational age was admitted to hospital due to recurrent severe left lower abdominal pain. Doppler ultrasound failed to demonstrate the ovarian diseases, while MRI scan suspected the diagnosis of adnexal torsion. The patient received emergent exploratory laparotomy, and the left adnexa with a necrotic ovary was removed. Tocolytic therapy was used before and after surgery. Finally, she delivered a healthy full‐term infant via cesarean section. Adnexal torsion occurring in a normal‐sized ovary was quite rare in the third trimester pregnancy. MRI might be better than ultrasound in the early diagnosis of ovarian torsion.
Moral Realism in Historical Sociological Theory
Authors: McCaffree Kevin
Published: July 2018

Sociologists of morality often assume the field can undertake descriptive studies of moral claims (e.g., what are the social origins of moral systems, in what ways do moral systems change over time) but ought not and, indeed cannot, speak to the rightness or wrongness of moral claims in any scientific sense. However, many founders of the field of sociology suggested that moral claims should be viewed as historically, demographically and ecologically situated interdisciplinary attempts at establishing scientific facts about human well‐being. This essay reviews the moral realism of sociology's founders, underscoring important components from each theorist's approach.
The Right of Resistance as a State Law Basis for Transnational Regimes’ Self‐contestation
Authors: Bifulco Daniela , Golia Angelo Jr.
Published: July 2018

Section I summarizes the progressive neutralization/depoliticization of the right of resistance, from the Middle Ages until today. Section II analyses the positivization of the right of resistance in contemporary constitutions, a necessary paradox for modern constitutional orders (and theory). In section III the positive law provisions concerning the right of resistance are analysed in their functions of self‐subversion for legal orders. Sections IV and V place this theoretical framework in the broader context of globalization processes, where the right of resistance may serve as a legal basis for contestatory practices and as a tool for the (internal) repoliticization of the normative systems of unlimited transnational actors, regimes, and communicative processes. Thus, the (positivization of the) right of resistance may perform two functions simultaneously: a defence against unlimited powers and communicative processes and a constitutionalizing pressure on transnational regimes’ internal operations, serving as tool of self‐contestation and democratic legitimation.
Experimental noxious stimulation of the right masseter muscle does not affect bilateral masseter and temporalis muscle activity and force parameters during standardised isometric biting tasks
Authors: Sandoval Isbel , Moura Ferreira Polyana , Obregon Fabian , Whittle Terry , Murray Greg M.
Published: July 2018

Aim

To determine if the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the left and right masseter and anterior temporalis muscles is altered by experimental right masseter muscle noxious stimulation during goal‐directed isometric biting tasks in asymptomatic humans.

Methods

Isometric biting tasks (slow and fast ramp biting tasks, 2‐step biting task) were performed on an intraoral force transducer in 18 participants during the following blocks: baseline block, hypertonic saline infusion into the right masseter muscle (painful block) and isotonic saline infusion into the right masseter (control block). Bipolar surface electrodes recorded EMG activity from the bilateral masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. A 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS) quantified pain intensity, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales‐21 (DASS‐21) and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) were completed. Repeated measures ANOVA assessed the effects of pain on the force rates (N/s), force amplitudes (N) and the root mean square (RMS) jaw muscle EMG activity across blocks. Statistical significance accepted at P < 0.05.

Results

VAS scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher during hypertonic than isotonic saline infusion blocks. There was no significant effect of pain on the force rates, or force levels or the RMS EMG activity of each masseter and anterior temporalis muscle.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that experimentally induced right masseter muscle pain does not modify force or surface jaw muscle EMG activity during isometric biting tasks.
Clinical significance of detectable and quantifiable HCV RNA at the end of treatment with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir in GT1 patients
Authors: Maasoumy Benjamin , Buggisch Peter , Mauss Stefan , Boeker Klaus H. W. , Müller Tobias , Günther Rainer , Zimmermann Tim , Manns Michael P. , Sarrazin Christoph , Hüppe Dietrich , Wedemeyer Heiner , Vermehren Johannes
Published: July 2018

Background & Aims

AASLD/IDSA treatment guidelines for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection state that testing for quantitative HCV RNA can be considered at the end of antiviral treatment (EOT) with interferon‐free regimens. However, it remains unclear how to respond to a detectable or even quantifiable HCV RNA result. The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency and predictive value of detectable and quantifiable HCV RNA results at the EOT in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection treated with ledipasvir (LDV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) ± ribavirin (RBV) in a large real‐world cohort.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the DHC‐R (Deutsches Hepatitis C‐Register, German Hepatitis C‐Registry) cohort was performed including all patients who were treated with LDV/SOF ± RBV and in whom HCV RNA testing was done with either the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan (CAP/CTM) or the Abbott RealTime HCV assay (ART).

Results

The frequency of detectable HCV RNA at the EOT was 7% in this real‐world study involving 471 patients. Furthermore, 3% of the patients (n = 14/471) even had quantifiable viral load at the EOT. Detectable and quantifiable results were more frequent if the ART was used for testing. However, SVR was achieved by 32/33 patients (97%) with detectable and even by all 14 patients (100%) with quantifiable HCV RNA results at the EOT.

Conclusion

Detectable and even quantifiable HCV RNA results are quite frequent if highly sensitive HCV RNA assays are used. However, treatment prolongation is not indicated, as SVR rates remain high in these patients.
Hepatitis B virus infection and risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Zhu Liguo , Jiang Jie , Zhai Xiangjun , Baecker Aileen , Peng Hong , Qian Jiao , Zhou MingHao , Song Ci , Zhou Yan , Xu Jianfang , Liu Hongjian , Hang Dong , Hu Zhibin , Shen Hongbin , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Zhu Fengcai
Published: July 2018

Background & aims

Although non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been studied extensively, the potential risk factors for NAFLD among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients have not been fully known.

Methods

A population‐based cohort of adult CHB patients without a history of alcohol drinking or NAFLD were recruited and followed up from October 2012 to January 2015 in Jiangsu province, China. Using Cox proportional hazards regression model, potential risk factors including viral and metabolic factors for NAFLD were evaluated.

Results

Two thousand three hundred and ninety‐three adult CHB patients (mean age 50.7 ± 13.2 years) were included in the cohort. With 4429 person‐years of follow‐up, 283 individuals progressed to NAFLD with an incidence rate of 63.89/1000 person‐years. Overweight and obese CHB patients had an increased risk of NAFLD (overweight adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.10; 95% CI, 2.29‐4.18; obese HR, 8.52; 95%CI, 5.93‐12.25) compared to normal weight carriers. The incidence of NAFLD was associated with concurrent type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (HR, 1.88; 95%CI, 1.15‐3.08). However, no associations between viral factors with NAFLD incidence rate were identified. In a subgroup of participants with concurrent type 2 DM, detectable HBV DNA levels were negatively associated with the development of NAFLD (HR, 0.37; 95%CI, 0.14‐0.98). There was super‐multiplicative interaction between BMI and gender with respect to incidence of NAFLD, with an ROR of 2.08 (95%CI, 1.02‐4.23).

Conclusion

Metabolic factors play an important role in the presence of NAFLD among Chinese CHB patients. However, viral replication factors are not related to NAFLD except among those with concurrent type 2 DM.