bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aidaand Nine Readings of Empire
Authors: Locke Ralph P.
Published: April 2011

What influence did contemporary attitudes towards empire and towards ‘Other’ peoples exert on musical works, especially when those peoples were perceived as being of a different race?

The answer surely varies with the genre and also with the complexity of the given work. The late Edward Said – the most prominent and controversial figure in cultural critique of this sort – put it well: a work that is ‘rich in … aesthetic intellectual complexity’ must not be treated as if it were a crudely ‘jingoistic ditty’ – or, for the present context, a racist one. Said's specific example of a complex literary work, in that passage from his important bookCulture and Imperialism, is Jane Austen'sMansfield Park, with its occasional, resonant references to a sugar plantation in the Caribbean and thus also to the British slave trade.1The problem becomes even more intense in music (of equivalent aesthetic complexity). Instrumental works are particularly difficult to interrogate on any ‘extra-musical’ basis, for an obvious and much-discussed reason: the relative inability of music, without verbal or visual anchors, to denotate and to narrate.2
A Bicentennial Reflection: Twenty-five Years with Fanny Hensel
Authors: Citron Marcia J.
Published: April 2011

This paper originated in the keynote address delivered at the Fanny Hensel bicentenary conference organized by the University of Oxford, Faculty of Music and held at St Catherine's College, Oxford, 22–24 July 2005. As its title suggests, it marks a quarter-century acquaintance with Fanny Hensel. Although in recent years my research has expanded into opera on film, and that has obviously taken me into very different terrain, still Hensel continues to exert a special fascination. Preparing the edition of her letters to Felix Mendelssohn brought me into her private world, a world she assumed would remain private. I came to admire, and even love, her intelligence, her wit and her musical sophistication. It is not unusual for researchers to be enthusiastic about the person they are studying or to identify with them – this may be one reason for choosing that person in the first place, and is undoubtedly a reason why we chose to celebrate Fanny Hensel's bicentenary with the Oxford conference. In short, Fanny Hensel fascinates us.
The Diaries of Fanny Hensel and Clara Schumann: A Study in Contrasts
Authors: Reich Nancy B.
Published: April 2011

Clara Schumann, née Wieck (1819–1896), and Fanny Hensel, née Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1805–1847), were among the outstanding women musicians of their time. Both kept diaries that still exist, and from these we can learn a great deal about the inner and outer lives of the two women. Fanny Hensel's diaries were originally used by her son Sebastian for his bookDie Familie Mendelssohn, 1729–1847. He gave us her life story as seen through his eyes, and furnished the major information available about his mother until the recent publication of her diaries: Fanny Hensel,Tagebücher. This book was based on the diary manuscripts acquired by the Mendelssohn Archive of the Berlin Staatsbibliothek in 1969, 1970 and 1999. Fanny Hensel'sTagebüchercover the years 1829 to 1847, thus from the year of her marriage to the year of her death.
Genre, Romanticism and Female Authorship: Fanny Hensel's ‘Scottish’ Sonata in G Minor (1843)
Authors: Head Matthew
Published: April 2011

The year 1846 was a watershed for Fanny Hensel: in that year she published collections of music in her own name. Felix Mendelssohn, withholding personal approval of his sister's decision to go public, nonetheless acknowledged a change of status when he offered his ‘professional blessing upon your decision to enter our guild’. This much is well known, but the decision to publish was one of several signs that in the 1840s Hensel sought to set her life-long cultivation of composition on a more formal and professional footing. With her Piano Sonata in G minor (autumn 1843) she tackled a genre largely off-limits to earlier female composers in northern Germany. The genre involved extended instrumental forms and Hensel was alternately confident and full of doubts about her abilities in this area. In a letter to her brother concerning her String Quartet, she pictured herself trapped in the ‘emotional and wrenching’ (‘rührend u. eindringlich’) style of late Beethoven. Countering her brother's criticisms of the quartet she asserted, ambivalently, that she did not lack ‘the compositional skill’ (‘die Schreibart’) to succeed so much as ‘a certain vital force’ (‘ein gewisses Lebensprinzip’) and the ‘strength to sustain my ideas and give them the necessary consistency’.
Herder's Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: April 2011

I begin this essay epigrammatically with song, with a single song that came to tell an historical tale of the nineteenth century (Fig. 1, p. 3). We know this single song in many versions, though it is perhaps the second version that most musicians and scholars of the nineteenth century, more accustomed to playing or hearing the keyboard music of Johannes Brahms than singing Child ballads, know best (Ex. 1). In the Brahms setting, the first of his op. 10Balladenfor solo piano, it may perhaps no longer be a song at all, for its narrative has been stripped of words.
Vaughan Williams'sSongs of Travel: A Note on the Structural Role of the Thematic Recollections in Songs 4 and 9
Authors: Atlas Allan W.
Published: April 2011

To begin with two observations: (1) of the nine songs that eventually came to comprise Vaughan Williams'sSongs of Travel, two – Nos 4 (‘Youth and Love’) and 9 (‘I Have Trod the Upward and the Downward Slope’) – quote material from earlier songs; and (2) in an article published in 1897, Vaughan Williams criticized some of his predecessors for lacking a ‘nice sense of proportion’ in their music, surely implying, therefore, that he valued it in his own music. And it is with the interaction of those recollections and that ‘nice sense of proportion’ in songs 4 and 9 that we will be concerned.
‘A Period of Orchestral Destitution’?: Symphonic Performance in London, 1795–1813
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: April 2011

The founding of the Philharmonic Society in 1813 has traditionally been seen to represent a significant milestone in the development of English concert life, standard musicology holding that the Society emerged from a period of orchestral inactivity in London stretching back to the departure of Haydn from the city some eighteen years earlier. Tracing the origins of these claims to the writings of the Society's founders and early historians, this article will attempt to reassess the validity of this ‘myth’ surrounding the Philharmonic. Offering a detailed examination of certain previously under-explored elements of turn-of-the-century London concert culture it will illustrate that, although the Philharmonic clearly did provide a prominent new institutional focus for the performance of symphonic repertory after 1813, concert series prior to that point can no longer be assumed to have been entirely devoid of orchestral music.
Nineteenth-Century Music: Quantity, Quality, Qualities
Authors: Locke Ralph P.
Published: April 2011

Research on music and musical life in nineteenth-century Europe and North America has been increasing at a smart pace over the past few decades, revealing an admirable variety and welcome sense of fresh initiative. But many of these efforts – especially ones dealing with pieces that are rarely if ever performed today – have proceeded in relative isolation or have not been granted the attention that they deserve. And many important topics – including whole forgotten repertoires – remain to be explored.
Continental Opera Englished, English Opera Continentalized:Der Freischützin London, 1824
Authors: Fuhrmann Christina
Published: April 2011

22 July 1824. Many Londoners had waited years for this night. They thronged to the English Opera House, filling the boxes and cramming the benches in the pit and gallery. It was worth the heat, the expense, the danger from pickpockets. After hearing of its success for three years, after glimpsing snatches of it in concert and sheet music excerpts, and after enduring weeks of advertising for the English Opera House production, they would finally be the first in London to witness the most celebrated German opera of the time: Weber'sDer Freischütz.
Musical (Ad)venturers: Colonial Composers and Composition in Melbourne, 1870–1901
Authors: Royle Jennifer
Published: April 2011

In November 1874, the Melbourne Philharmonic Society (MPS) premiered a new sacred cantata,Adoration, as part of their subscription concert series at Melbourne's Town Hall. The composer, Austin T. Turner, lived in Ballarat, Victoria, and had come to Melbourne to conduct the premiere of his work, using the Melbourne Philharmonic's available force of three hundred performers. Turner was well qualified for the task, being known within the musical community as an organist, singing instructor and conductor of Ballarat's Philharmonic and Harmonic societies since 1864. Programmed for the second half of the concert, and following on from Beethoven's First Symphony and Mass in C,Adorationwas certainly an ambitious project, consisting of thirty numbers divided into two broad sections. The text was based on the Psalms with some original words by Turner himself and some borrowed from the Hallelujah chorus in Beethoven'sMount of Olives.The music was described, with some commendation, as having a ‘kind of power about it’, although not being particularly individual or showing ‘a new turn of thought, either in the invention of his melodies, or the construction of his harmonies’. Turner demonstrated an ‘affluent mind in music’, as evidenced by his ability to keep his parts moving; perhaps a little too much according to theArguscritic, who found one or two simpler numbers ‘a great relief in the midst of the kaleidoscope combinations of sound in which in this composition he has revelled’. References in the style of known composers gave the work merit, the music partly reminiscent of ‘Haydn, of Beethoven, of Handel, of Mendelssohn, Arne, Purcell, and others … and in so far as it does this it is a worthy composition’. The MelbourneAgereviewer also assured readers that the work contained many genuine moments that ‘even the greatest composer need not be ashamed’, again citing the works of Beethoven and Mendelssohn as principal models for inspiration.
The Entrepreneur-conductors and their Orchestras
Authors: Spitzer John
Published: April 2011

The story of the orchestra in the nineteenth century usually focuses on two types of orchestras: theatre orchestras – such as La Scala, the Queen's Theatre (London), and the Paris Opéra – and concert societies – such as the Vienna Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire (Paris), and the New York Philharmonic. It concentrates on the conductors who led these orchestras, many of whom were also famous composers, such as Weber, Spontini, Berlioz, Mendelssohn and Wagner, whose works form a large part of today's ‘classical’ music repertory. This story is not wrong, but it is incomplete.
Wackenroder and the Doctrine of the Soul
Authors: O'Regan Kevin
Published: April 2011

The writings of Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder (1773–1798) constitute perhaps the most powerful and original source in the early German Romantic discourse on autonomous music, itself a spearhead of a European trend that matured at he turn of the eighteenth century. Wackenroder's perfervid yet strangely lucid and insightful observations on art and music are founded on the notion ofKunstreligion(‘art religion’), which he uses to replace the rational explanations of art, based on knowledge and representation of the external world, and derived from classical philosophy.
Encouragement from an Unexpected Source: Louis Antoine Jullien, Mid-Century American Composers, and George Frederick Bristow'sJullien Symphony
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: April 2011

In the spring of 1856, the critic Émile Girac published a review of George Frederick Bristow's Symphony No. 2, theJullien Symphony, inThe Albion.What he wrote is revealing; it reads in part:

But do you know how much is expressed by those two little words theJullien Symphony?They mean simply that Jullien did more for Concert music in three months, than the Philharmonic Society has accomplished since Mr. U.C. Hill created it and brought it before the world. [Jullien] gave us Mozart, Beethoven, and Mendelssohn, as we have never heard them interpreted in New York. He taught us the art of shades and effects in music …. He [also] revealed to us the powers of Bristow, Fry, and Eisfeld, and did far more for their reputation than was ever done by the Society, which owed so much at least to the first and last of these noble and courageous musicians. … [T]his is the true meaning of Bristow's symphony.
A Surfeit of Musics: What Goethe's Lyrics Concede When Set to Schubert's Music
Authors: Hatten Robert S.
Published: April 2011

Of the many possible relationships between music and poetry, which are but a small subset of the possible relationships between music and text, I have chosen a still narrower focus for inquiry. I will investigate two independent, lyric poems whose musically poetic language and form was fully conceived without any expectation that a composer might use their texts as structural scaffolding and expressive inspiration for related, and emergent, musical and artistic ends. Two lyric poems by Goethe, each set by Schubert, will serve to illustrate the conflict between poetic and instrumental/vocal musics, in which the lyric poems inevitably concede something of their music to anappropriation by, and not merely atranslation into, another artistic medium. Even when Schubert succeeds in exemplifying, or expanding upon, the symbolic richness of meaning embodied in the poem, we should consider the fate of overwritten meaning embodied in the musical language and form of the poem by itself.
‘In dunklen Träumen’: Schubert's Heine-Lieder through the Psychoanalytical Prism
Authors: Hascher Xavier
Published: April 2011

Why – one might be tempted to add: whyagain– the Heine-Lieder? And why psychoanalysis? Like most of Schubert's music and especially the late works, yet with a distinctive nuance, Schubert's set of six songs to texts from Heine'sBuch der Liederhas been regularly discussed in the musicological literature of the last decades. Among those writings, the articles by Harry Goldschmidt and Richard Kramer, the collection of essays onSchwanengesangedited by Martin Chusid, and the latter's publication of the facsimile of the autograph and first edition of the cycle are of particular interest to us here. The reason for it has to do with the nuance referred to at the beginning of this paragraph. While some authors are inclined to discuss Schubert's understanding of the poetry (notably in terms of the celebrated Heinesque ‘irony’), others choose to address the set from another perspective, namely that of the order of the songs. Indeed, the following questions inevitably arise in considering the Heine songs: Why did Schubert alter the order of the poems from that in which they appear in Heine's original collection, therefore (seemingly) destroying the logic of the sequence? Did Schubert actually conceive the text as a sequence – that is to say, a cycle? In dealing with those issues, Goldschmidt and Kramer have suggested a provocative and radical solution, which consists in reordering the songs to match the succession in Heine. This, of course, has occasioned much eyebrow-raising in the musicological community, and has led to successive refutation and counter-refutation.
Schubert's Self-Elegies
Authors: Sobaskie James William
Published: April 2011

The later music of Franz Schubert confers a remarkable blend of impact and intimacy. Some masterpieces, such asDie schöne MüllerinandWinterreise, capture striking images of despair and loneliness. Others, such as the String Quartet in A minor, the Piano Trio in E major and the String Quintet in C major, carry stirring impressions of struggle culminated by success. Yet all captivate us with sensitivity and sincerity, the products of considerable self-investment.
Air and water flows in a vertical sand column
Authors: Kuang Xingxing , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Wan Li , Wang Xusheng , Mao Deqiang
Published: April 2011

The unsteady state drainage of water from a vertical sand column with and without a finer layer on the top was studied theoretically and experimentally to investigate the airflow generated by the finer layer. The sand column, saturated at its lower portion and initially in the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium, is drained at its bottom at constant head. The results show that significant vacuum can be generated in the vadose zone of the column with a finer layer on the top. The vacuum increases quickly in the earlier stage of the drainage, reaches a maximum, and gradually becomes zero. Because of the effect of the vacuum in the vadose zone, water is held in and the cumulative outflow from the column with the finer layer is much smaller than without the layer during most of the drainage process. Ordinary differential equations (ODE), which require only saturated hydraulic properties of the porous media, are derived to predict the location of the surface of saturation and vacuum in the vadose zone in air‐water two‐phase flow. The solutions of ODE match very satisfactorily with the experimental data and give better results than TOUGH2.
ASK modulator based on switchable FSS for THz applications
Authors: Kiani Ghaffer I. , Bird Trevor S.
Published: April 2011

An amplitude shift keying modulator that is based on a switchable frequency selective surface (FSS) is described for THz communication. The FSS uses a square loop aperture geometry, with each unit cell having four PIN diodes across the aperture at 90 degree intervals. To minimize the effect of bias lines on the overall frequency response of the FSS, a crossed‐shape negative dc bias line, which is connected to the center of the FSS unit cell, has been placed on the rear surface of the dielectric substrate. Positive dc biasing is provided from the front side of the FSS structure. Simulation results are presented for two possible operating frequencies and two principal polarizations at normal and oblique incidence. These show that a free space modulator based on the proposed FSS structure would provide about 19 dB transmission loss at 600 GHz between on and off states of the PIN diodes for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations.
Exendin-4, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist, Provides Neuroprotection in Mice Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Teramoto Shinichiro , Miyamoto Nobukazu , Yatomi Kenji , Tanaka Yasutaka , Oishi Hidenori , Arai Hajime , Hattori Nobutaka , Urabe Takao
Published: April 2011

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone known to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The GLP-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, has similar properties to GLP-1 and is currently in clinical use for type 2 diabetes mellitus. As GLP-1 and exendin-4 confer cardioprotection after myocardial infarction, this study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effects of exendin-4 against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. Mice received a transvenous injection of exendin-4, after a 60-minute focal cerebral ischemia. Exendin-4-treated vehicle and sham groups were evaluated for infarct volume, neurologic deficit score, various physiologic parameters, and immunohistochemical analyses at several time points after ischemia. Exendin-4 treatment significantly reduced infarct volume and improved functional deficit. It also significantly suppressed oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell death after reperfusion. Furthermore, intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were slightly higher in the exendin-4 group than in the vehicle group. No serial changes were noted in insulin and glucose levels in both groups. This study suggested that exendin-4 provides neuroprotection against ischemic injury and that this action is probably mediated through increased intracellular cAMP levels. Exendin-4 is potentially useful in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
M-type barium hexaferrite synthesis and characterization for phase shifter applications
Authors: Wise A. T. , Rocks J. , Laughlin D. E. , McHenry M. E. , Yoon S. D. , Vittoria C. , Harris V. G.
Published: April 2011

M-type barium hexaferrite films have been grown by liquid phase epitaxy and examined by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and conventional and Lorentz-mode transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These films exhibit a diamond chevron shaped “brick wall” microstructure with c-axis oriented hexaferrite platelets. The films are oriented with their c axes in-plane, and parallel to the M-plane sapphire substrate, and exhibit a 30° rotation about the c axis with respect to the substrate. Rocking curves showed (20−20) and (22−40) FWHM values of 1.09° and 1.56°, respectively, for the thinner of two samples, and 0.31° and 0.50° for the thicker sample. The magnetic domain structures have been characterized by Lorentz-mode TEM and the domain walls were found to be pinned to small angle tilt boundaries. Using the measured rocking curve values, the effect of the overall crystalline misorientation on the dispersion of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the samples is estimated to be less than half a percent.
New investigation of the magnetic structure of CoNb2O6 columbite
Authors: Sarvezuk P. W. C. , Kinast E. J. , Colin C. V. , Gusmão M. A. , da Cunha J. B. M. , Isnard O.
Published: April 2011

The structural and magnetic properties of the CoNb2O6 compound have been investigated with a particular interest in their low-dimensional magnetic behavior which is characterized by the presence of weakly interacting ferromagnetic chains. We investigate this cobalt niobate by combining magnetic measurements; x-ray and neutron diffraction (ND). The ND was carried out on powder samples at different temperatures above (20 K) and below the ordering temperature (2.4, 1.8, and 1.4 K). The compound exhibits an orthorhombic crystal structure of Pbcn symmetry, typical of a columbite structure. Magnetic ordering at 2.5 K is found with the propagation vector (0, 0.4, 0), in agreement with earlier studies. However, at lower temperatures the present investigation shows the coexistence of two different magnetic phases: the propagation vector (0.5, 0.5, 0) is found to be necessary to refine the ND measurements at both 1.8 and 1.4 K, in addition to (0, 0.5, 0) which was the only one reported in earlier works.
Exchange biases of Co, Py, Co40Fe40B20, Co75Fe25, and Co50Fe50 on epitaxial BiFeO3 films prepared by chemical solution deposition
Authors: Naganuma Hiroshi , Oogane Mikihiko , Ando Yasuo
Published: April 2011

Multiferroic BiFeO3 epitaxial films were fabricated on SrTiO3 (100) substrates by a chemical solution deposition method. Magnetic layers of Co, Py, Co40Fe40B20, Co75Fe25, and Co50Fe50 were then deposited by sputtering under a magnetic field. Despite employing a chemical process, a clear exchange bias was observed for all the magnetic materials. The temperature dependence of Hex was evaluated for a Co50Fe50/BiFeO3 bilayer having a relatively large Hex and high squareness. The Hex of Co50Fe50/BiFeO3 bilayer increased between 10 to 250 K.
Upper critical field and thermally activated flux flow in LaFeAsO1−xFx
Authors: Shahbazi M. , Wang X. L. , Shekhar C. , Srivastava O. N. , Lin Z. W. , Zhu J. G. , Dou S. X.
Published: April 2011

The magneto-resistance, critical current density, Jc, upper critical field, Hc2, and flux pinning properties of LaFeAsO1−xFx superconductors were investigated systematically by magnetic and magneto-transport measurements in the fields up to 13 T over a temperature range of 5–35 K. It was found that the Hc2 increased with increasing fluorine concentration up to x ≤ 0.15, while with higher fluorine doping, Hc2 decreased. A peak effect in the Jc as a function of field was observed at T < 15 K for both the 5% and 15% fluorine doped samples. The broadening of the superconducting transition in magnetic field can be well understood by the thermally activated flux flow model. The pinning potential, Uo, scales as Uo/kB ∝ B−n with n = 0.13 for B < 1 T and n =− 0.68 for B > 1 T for LaFeAsO0.85F0.15.
High-pressure and substitution induced effects in SrRuO3: First-principles insights
Authors: Zhong G. H. , Wang J. L. , Li Y. L. , Liu Z. , Lin H. Q.
Published: April 2011

First-principles calculations were performed to investigate the pressure induced phase transition in SrRuO3 and to compare electronic structures and magnetism of A RuO3 (A= Ca, Sr, and Ba). By combining with the substitutions of Ca(Ba) for Sr in SrRuO3, ferromagnetism evolutions and its origin in A RuO3 are caused by the structural transition induced by the A2+ ionic size. On the (Sr,Ba)RuO3 side, the band broadening induced the decrease of electron–electron exchange interaction is a main reason, while on the (Sr and Ca) RuO3 side, spin–orbital coupling effect and magnetic instability suppress the ferromagnetism.
Anisotropic Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles and nanoflakes by surfactant-assisted ball milling
Authors: Akdogan Nilay G. , Li Wanfeng , Hadjipanayis George C.
Published: April 2011

Anisotropic Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles and nanoflakes have been produced by surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling (SA-HEBM) of precursor nanocrystalline alloys. A two-stage high-energy ball milling was performed to obtain the nanopowders and nanoparticles; first the coarse powders were subjected to a wet milling followed by a wet surfactant-assisted milling. Different shaped nanoparticles have been obtained by varying the time of the first stage of the milling process and then separated by sonication. For a surfactant-free wet milling of 4 h, followed by the SA-HEBM, the nanopowders consisted of a mixture of Nd2Fe14B flakes with a thickness below 200 nm and an aspect ratio as high as 102–103, and anisotropic square nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm. However, for a shorter wet milling, nearly spherical nanoparticles with a size of 2.7 nm were obtained. Low-temperature coercivities have been obtained with maximum values of 4 kOe for square nanoparticles and 2.5 kOe for the nearly spherical nanoparticles.
Formation of longitudinal wave band structures in one-dimensional phononic crystals
Authors: Guo Y. Q. , Fang D. N.
Published: April 2011

Existing research on the mechanism of frequency bands in phononic crystals were without exception concerned with the band gaps (stop-bands). This paper reports, for the first time, the formation mechanism of the band structures, including both the phase constant and the attenuation constant spectra, of longitudinal waves in one-dimensional phononic crystals based on the periodic ternary rod model. Closed-form dispersion relation is obtained by our proposed method of reverberation-ray matrix. The band structures of characteristic longitudinal wave in the infinite one-dimensional phononic crystal are found to be generated from the dispersion curves of equivalent longitudinal wave in the unit cell due to zone folding effect and wave interference phenomenon. The characteristic times of longitudinal wave traversing the individual components of the unit cell as well as traversing the unit cell itself and the contrast of characteristic impedances of components are revealed to be the essential parameters determining the band structures. The deep understanding of band-structure formation provides direct scheme for adjusting frequency bands and propagation characteristics of elastic waves in one-dimensional phononic crystals. It will facilitate the design and optimization of phononic crystals to satisfy specific requirements for wave guiding/filtering and vibration control/isolation applications.
Optical characteristics of pulsed laser deposited Ge–Sb–Te thin films studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: Němec P. , Přikryl J. , Nazabal V. , Frumar M.
Published: April 2011

Pulsed laser deposition technique was used for the fabrication of (GeTe)1−x(Sb2Te3)x (x = 0, 0.33, 0.50, 0.66, and 1) amorphous thin films. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, x-ray diffraction, optical reflectivity, and sheet resistance temperature dependences as well as variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were used to characterize as-deposited (amorphous) and annealed (rocksaltlike) layers. In order to extract optical functions of the films, the Cody–Lorentz model was applied for the analysis of ellipsometric data. Fitted sets of Cody–Lorentz model parameters are discussed in relation with chemical composition and the structure of the layers. The GeTe component content was found to be responsible for the huge optical functions and thickness changes upon amorphous-to-fcc phase transition.
Direct comparison of boron, phosphorus, and aluminum gettering of iron in crystalline silicon
Authors: Phang S. P. , Macdonald D.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents a direct quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of boron diffusion, phosphorus diffusion, and aluminum alloying in removing interstitial iron in crystalline silicon in the context of silicon solar cells. Phosphorus diffusion gettering was effective in removing more than 90% of the interstitial iron across a range of diffusion temperatures, sheet resistances, and iron doses. Even relatively light phosphorus diffusions (145 Ω/□) were found to give very effective gettering, especially when combined with extended low temperature annealing. Aluminum alloying was extremely effective and removed more than 99% of the implanted iron for a range of alloying temperatures and aluminum film thicknesses. In contrast, our experimental results showed that boron diffusion gettering is very sensitive to the deposition conditions and can change from less than 5% of the Fe being gettered to more than 99.9% gettered by changing only the gas flow ratios and the post-oxidation step.
Folded micro-threads: Role of viscosity and interfacial tension
Authors: Cubaud Thomas , Jose Bibin M. , Darvishi Samira
Published: April 2011

The shape and evolution of periodically folded threads are experimentally examined in a microfluidic network. The fluidic system is designed for the production and lubricated transport of very uniform folds. To investigate the influence of viscosity and interfacial tension on buckling deformations, multiphase flows are scrutinized using both miscible and immiscible fluid pairs. The parameters used to analyze folding morphologies include thread diameter, arc-length, fold amplitude, and wavelength. When fluids are immiscible, the onset of viscous folding is characterized as a function of the capillary number and the phenomenon of “capillary unfolding” where a corrugated thread straightens along the flow direction is demonstrated. The spatial transition from folding to coiling-like flow behavior of high-viscosity capillary threads is also shown.
Increased metal-insulator transition temperatures in epitaxial thin films of V2O3 prepared in reduced oxygen environments
Authors: Brockman J. , Aetukuri N. P. , Topuria T. , Samant M. G. , Roche K. P. , Parkin S. S. P.
Published: April 2011

Thin films of V2O3 were grown epitaxially on c-plane sapphire substrates by oxygen plasma-assisted thermal evaporation. Reducing the amount of oxygen supplied during growth led to a nearly 50 K increase in V2O3’s metal-insulator transition temperature to a temperature as high as 184 K. By systematically varying the oxygen pressure the transition temperature monotonically increased, which was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the room-temperature resistivity. These trends are consistent with a continuous change in the stoichiometry of V2O3.
Copper impurities in bulk ZnO: A hybrid density functional study
Authors: Gallino Federico , Di Valentin Cristiana
Published: April 2011

Transition metal doping of ZnO is considered as a promising way to obtain a diluted magnetic semiconducting oxide. In this work we investigate copper doping of ZnO by means of density functional theory, using a hybrid exchange-correlation functional and a periodic approach with localized atomic basis functions. Isolated copper species, such as copper substitutional to zinc, Cus, and Cu interstitial, Cui, are analyzed in terms of transition energy levels and hyperfine coupling constants with reference to available spectroscopic data. We also examine the potential magnetic interaction between copper species, their interaction with oxygen vacancies, and the possibility of copper clustering. The relative stability of the various copper impurities considered in this study is finally compared on the basis of their formation energy at different oxygen chemical potentials and Fermi level values.
Prevalence for the universal distribution of relaxation times near the glass transitions in experimental model systems: Rodlike liquid crystals and orientationally disordered crystals
Authors: Martinez-Garcia J. C. , Tamarit J. Ll , Rzoska S. J.
Published: April 2011

Recently, Nielsen et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 130, 154508 (2009); Philos. Mag. 88, 4101 (2008)] demonstrated a universal pattern for the high frequency wing of the loss curve for primary relaxation time on approaching the glass transition for organic liquids. In this contribution it is presented that a similar universality occurs for glass-forming liquid crystals and orientationally disordered crystals (plastic crystals). Empirical correlations of the found behavior are also briefly discussed.
Electric field induced reversible control of visible photoluminescence from ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Ghosh Manoranjan , Raychaudhuri A. K.
Published: April 2011

Reversible control of the photoluminescence of ZnO occurring in the visible range, has been achieved by application of a few volts (<5 V) to a device consisting of nanostructured ZnO film sandwiched between indium tin oxide electrode and polyethylene oxide-lithium perchlorate, a solid polymer electrolyte. The photoluminescence intensity shows nearly 100% modulation with a response time less than 30 s, when the bias is applied at the electrolyte electrode. A model is proposed for the observed effect that is based on defect states of ZnO and the band bending at the ZnO-electrolyte interface that can be changed by the applied bias.
The Vliegenthart–Lekkerkerker relation: The case of the Mie-fluids
Authors: Kulinskii V. L.
Published: April 2011

The Vliegenthart–Lekkerkerker relation for the second virial coefficient value at the critical temperature found in the work of Vliegenthart and Lekkerkerker [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5364 (2000)]10.1063/1.481106 is discussed in connection with the scale invariant mean-field approach proposed by Kulinskii and Bulavin [J. Chem. Phys. 133, 134101 (2010)]10.1063/1.3457943. We study the case of the Mie-class potentials, which is widely used in simulations of the phase equilibrium of the fluids. It is shown that due to the homogeneity property of the Mie-class potentials it is possible to connect the loci of the fluids with these model potentials in different dimensions.
Modeling of {311} facets using a lattice kinetic Monte Carlo three-dimensional model for selective epitaxial growth of silicon
Authors: Martin-Bragado Ignacio , Moroz Victor
Published: April 2011

Using lattice kinetic Monte Carlo, we provide a quantitative physically based atomistic model for the selective grown of Si-based materials, and explain {311} facet formation while remaining computationally efficient. Descriptions of the local atomistic configurations critical for the developing of {100}, {110}, {111}, and {311} facets are given. The model also introduces (a) three different microscopic growth rates for local {100} planes, needed to properly simulate the formation of perfect {100} terraces in miscut substrates and (b) a break-up energy to account for bonding during {311} facet formation. The model has been verified against experimental results.
Soul theorem for 4-dimensional topologically regular open nonnegatively curved Alexandrov spaces
Authors: Ge Jian
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we study the topology of topologically regular 4-dimensional open nonnegatively curved Alexandrov spaces. These spaces occur naturally as the blow-up limits of compact Riemannian manifolds with lower curvature bound. These manifolds have also been studied by Yamaguchi in his preprint. Our main tools are gradient flows of semi-concave functions and critical point theory for distance functions, which have been used to study the

3
3

-dimensional collapsing theory in the paper by Cao and Ge. The results of this paper will be used in our future studies of collapsing 4-manifolds, which will be discussed elsewhere.
Sexual ornamentation reflects antibacterial activity of ejaculates in mallards
Authors: Rowe Melissah , Czirják Gábor Árpád , McGraw Kevin J. , Giraudeau Mathieu
Published: April 2011

Bacteria present in ejaculates can impair sperm function and reduce male reproductive success. Thus, selection should favour the evolution of antimicrobial defences to limit the detrimental effects of sperm-associated bacteria. Additionally, current hypotheses suggest that ornamental traits may signal information about the infection status of an individual or the ability of an individual to resist bacterial-induced sperm damage. However, despite the evolutionary implications of ejaculate antimicrobials, and the putative importance of pathogens for the evolution of male ornamentation, tests of these hypotheses are lacking. We examined the antibacterial activity of semen from mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and tested whether the bactericidal capacity of semen was associated with bill coloration, a sexually selected trait. We show that mallard semen exhibits significant antibacterial activity, as measured by thein vitrocapacity to killEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that males with more colourful bills have semen with superior bacterial-killing ability. These results suggest that females could use male phenotypic traits to avoid sexually transmitted pathogens and acquire partners whose sperm suffer less bacteria-induced damage.
The linear stability of oscillatory Poiseuille flow in channels and pipes
Authors: Thomas Christian , Bassom Andrew P. , Blennerhassett P. J. , Davies Christopher
Published: April 2011

The linear stability of confined, periodic, parallel fluid flows is examined. The flow fields considered consist of a steady pressure gradient-driven velocity field combined with a purely oscillatory component generated by either an oscillatory pressure gradient or by harmonically oscillating bounding surfaces. Plane channel and circular pipe geometries are studied and all possible combinations of the steady and oscillatory flow components investigated. Neutral stability curves and critical conditions for instability are computed for a selection of steady–unsteady velocity ratios, channel half-widths and pipe radii. The results obtained confirm previous investigations into the effects of small amounts of periodic modulation on the linear stability of the underlying steady flow, but provide much more comprehensive information on the linear stability regions of unsteady parallel flows in channels and pipes.
Approximation properties of the
q
-sine bases
Authors: Boulton Lyonell , Lord Gabriel
Published: April 2011

For

, the eigenfunctions of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem associated with the one-dimensional
q
-Laplacian are known to form a Riesz basis of
L
2
(0,1). We examine in this paper the approximation properties of this family of functions and its dual, and establish a non-orthogonal spectral method for the
p
-poisson boundary value problem and its corresponding parabolic time-evolution initial value problem with stochastic forcing. The principal objective of our analysis is the determination of optimal values of
q
for which the best approximation is achieved for a given
p
problem.
Exclusion rules, bottlenecks and the evolution of stochastic phenotype switching
Authors: Libby Eric , Rainey Paul B.
Published: April 2011

Stochastic phenotype switching—often considered a bet hedging or risk-reducing strategy—can enhance the probability of survival in fluctuating environments. A recent experiment provided direct evidence for an adaptive origin by showing the de novo evolution of switching in bacterial populations propagated under a selective regime that captured essential features of the host immune response. The regime involved strong frequency-dependent selection realized via dual imposition of an exclusion rule and population bottleneck. Applied at the point of transfer between environments, the phenotype common in the current environment was assigned a fitness of zero and was thus excluded from participating in the next round (the exclusion rule). In addition, also at the point of transfer, and so as to found the next bout of selection, a single phenotypically distinct type was selected at random from among the survivors (the bottleneck). Motivated by this experiment, we develop a mathematical model to explore the broader significance of key features of the selective regime. Through a combination of analytical and numerical results, we show that exclusion rules and population bottlenecks act in tandem as potent selective agents for stochastic phenotype switching, such that even when initially rare, and when switching engenders a cost in Malthusian fitness, organisms with the capacity to switch can invade non-switching populations and replace non-switching types. Simulations demonstrate the robustness of our findings to alterations in switching rate, fidelity of exclusion, bottleneck size, duration of environmental state and growth rate. We also demonstrate the relevance of our model to a range of biological scenarios such as bacterial persistence and the evolution of sex.
A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America
Authors: Sues Hans-Dieter , Nesbitt Sterling J. , Berman David S , Henrici Amy C.
Published: April 2011

The oldest theropod dinosaurs are known from the Carnian of Argentina and Brazil. However, the evolutionary diversification of this group after its initial radiation but prior to the Triassic–Jurassic boundary is still poorly understood because of a sparse fossil record near that boundary. Here, we report on a new basal theropod,
Daemonosaurus chauliodus
gen. et sp. nov., from the latest Triassic ‘siltstone member’ of the Chinle Formation of the
Coelophysis
Quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis,
Daemonosaurus
is more closely related to coeval neotheropods (e.g.
Coelophysis bauri
) than to Herrerasauridae and
Eoraptor
. The skeletal structure of
Daemonosaurus
and the recently discovered
Tawa
bridge a morphological gap between
Eoraptor
and Herrerasauridae on one hand and neotheropods on the other, providing additional support for the theropod affinities of both
Eoraptor
and Herrerasauridae and demonstrating that lineages from the initial radiation of Dinosauria persisted until the end of the Triassic. Various features of the skull of
Daemonosaurus
, including the procumbent dentary and premaxillary teeth and greatly enlarged premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth, clearly set this taxon apart from coeval neotheropods and demonstrate unexpected disparity in cranial shape among theropod dinosaurs just prior to the end of the Triassic.
Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Oil Palm Fruit Mesocarp Maturation, Ripening, and Functional Specialization in Lipid and Carotenoid Metabolism
Authors: Tranbarger Timothy J. , Dussert Stéphane , Joët Thierry , Argout Xavier , Summo Marilyne , Champion Antony , Cros David , Omore Alphonse , Nouy Bruno , Morcillo Fabienne
Published: April 2011

Fruit provide essential nutrients and vitamins for the human diet. Not only is the lipid-rich fleshy mesocarp tissue of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruit the main source of edible oil for the world, but it is also the richest dietary source of provitamin A. This study examines the transcriptional basis of these two outstanding metabolic characters in the oil palm mesocarp. Morphological, cellular, biochemical, and hormonal features defined key phases of mesocarp development. A 454 pyrosequencing-derived transcriptome was then assembled for the developmental phases preceding and during maturation and ripening, when high rates of lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis occur. A total of 2,629 contigs with differential representation revealed coordination of metabolic and regulatory components. Further analysis focused on the fatty acid and triacylglycerol assembly pathways and during carotenogenesis. Notably, a contig similar to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed oil transcription factor WRINKLED1 was identified with a transcript profile coordinated with those of several fatty acid biosynthetic genes and the high rates of lipid accumulation, suggesting some common regulatory features between seeds and fruits. We also focused on transcriptional regulatory networks of the fruit, in particular those related to ethylene transcriptional and GLOBOSA/PISTILLATA-like proteins in the mesocarp and a central role for ethylene-coordinated transcriptional regulation of type VII ethylene response factors during ripening. Our results suggest that divergence has occurred in the regulatory components in this monocot fruit compared with those identified in the dicot tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fleshy fruit model.
ArabidopsisABERRANT PEROXISOME MORPHOLOGY9 Is a Peroxin That Recruits the PEX1-PEX6 Complex to Peroxisomes
Authors: Goto Shino , Mano Shoji , Nakamori Chihiro , Nishimura Mikio
Published: April 2011

Peroxisomes have pivotal roles in several metabolic processes, such as the detoxification of H2O2 and β-oxidation of fatty acids, and their functions are tightly regulated by multiple factors involved in peroxisome biogenesis, including protein transport. This study describes the isolation of an embryonic lethal Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, aberrant peroxisome morphology9 (apem9), which is compromised in protein transport into peroxisomes. The APEM9 gene was found to encode an unknown protein. Compared with apem9 having the nucleotide substitution, the knockdown mutants showed severe defects in peroxisomal functions and plant growth. We showed that expression of APEM9 altered PEROXIN6 (PEX6) subcellular localization from the cytosol to peroxisomes. In addition, we showed that PEX1 and PEX6 comprise a heterooligomer and that this complex was recruited to peroxisomal membranes via protein–protein interactions of APEM9 with PEX6. These findings show that APEM9 functions as an anchoring protein, similar to Pex26 in mammals and Pex15p in yeast. Interestingly, however, the identities of amino acids among these anchoring proteins are quite low. These results indicate that although the association of the PEX1-PEX6 complex with peroxisomal membranes is essential for peroxisomal functions, the protein that anchors this complex evolved uniquely in plants.