bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of intraoperative stereomicroscopy for preventing loss of metastases during frozen sectioning of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer
Authors: Varga Z , Rageth C , Saurenmann E , Honegger C , Von Orelli S , Fehr M , Fink D , Seifert B , Moch H , Caduff R
Published: March 2008

Aims:  Optimal detection of metastases in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) remains controversial. To determine the reliability of intraoperative frozen sections, SLN protocol with one frozen section was compared with macroscopic SLN evaluation with consecutive complete SLN embedding.

Methods and results:  SLN from 135 consecutive breast cancer patients were analysed under a sereomicroscope. Frozen sections were performed in suspicious or clearly involved SLN on cut surface. One control group (n = 143) underwent one intraoperative frozen section on each SLN. The second control group (n = 90) was subjected to stereomicroscopy and one intraoperative frozen section on each SLN. A conventional SLN protocol with cytokeratin immunohistochemistry was performed postoperatively in all cases. All groups were statistically comparable. In the study group metastases were suspected in 21 SLN (16%) under the stereomicroscope and all were confirmed histologically. The negative SLN rate was significantly lower in the study group than in the main control group (47% versus 64%, P = 0.008), suggesting loss of metastases during frozen sections. More macrometastases were detected in the study group (30% versus 15%, P = 0.006); there were no differences in isolated tumour cells or micrometastases. The false‐negative rate was significantly lower in the control groups (29% versus 13% and 12%, P = 0.001).

Conclusions:  Frozen sections potentially lead to loss or reduced size of metastatic deposits in SLN. Avoiding intraoperative frozen sections on grossly inconspicuous SLN may therefore be justified.
Toll‐like receptor‐4 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal system are involved in activation of dendritic cells in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Dazhu , Yang Keping , Hu Yingfeng , Zeng Qiutang
Published: March 2008

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which dendritic cells have been suggested to play an essential role. The underlying signalling mechanisms are unknown thus far. The family of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) initiates innate immune responses, and Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4) has been considered to be an important player in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. The highly conserved mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is one of the major kinase families that regulate cells by transducing extracellular into cellular responses. Three important members of this family are the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of TLR4 and MAPK families on dendritic cells (DC) in patients with coronary arteriosclerosis disease. We have examined the expression of TLR4 protein and mRNA by flow cytometry and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). In addition, the expression of MAPK family proteins have been determined by Western blot analysis. We examined the expression level of CD80 to value the maturation state of DC. We compared the levels of cytokines in DC in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results showed that the expression of TLR4 and MAPK families are increased in the patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), compared with it in the patients with stable angina and controls. DC in ACS are activated evaluated by its mature marker and cytokine secreting responding to LPS. We suggest that TLR4 and MAPK families maybe involved in activation of circulating DC of ACS patients.
The dietary histone deacetylase inhibitor sulforaphane induces human β‐defensin‐2 in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Schwab Markus , Reynders Veerle , Loitsch Stefan , Steinhilber Dieter , Schröder Oliver , Stein Jürgen
Published: March 2008

Antimicrobial peptides like human β‐defensin‐2 (HBD‐2) play an important role in the innate immune system protecting the intestinal mucosa against bacterial invasion. The dietary histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors sulforaphane (SFN) and butyrate have received a great deal of attention because of their ability to simultaneously modulate multiple cellular targets involved in cellular protection. In this study the influence of SFN and butyrate on HBD‐2 expression as well as the molecular pathways involved in SFN‐mediated induction of HBD‐2 were scrutinized. Treatment of Caco‐2, HT‐29 and SW480 cells with SFN led to a time‐ and dose‐dependent upregulation of HBD‐2 mRNA expression as determined by semi‐quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, HBD‐2 protein production increased in response to SFN, measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Induction of HBD‐2 was also observed in response to butyrate. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the protein was localized in the cytosol. Coincubation of SFN with a vitamin D receptor (VDR), or an extracellular‐regulated kinase 1/2 or a nuclear factor‐κB inhibitor all reduced HBD‐2 mRNA upregulation. In contrast, transfection of cells with a dominant‐negative peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mutant vector to inhibit PPARγ wild‐type action and inhibition of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling did not affect SFN‐mediated upregulation of HBD‐2 mRNA. Moreover, SFN induced the expression of VDR, PPARγ and phosphorylated ERK1/2 but did not affect p38 MAPK activation. The data clearly demonstrate for the first time that the dietary HDAC inhibitor SFN is able to induce antimicrobial peptides in colonocytes. In this process HBD‐2 expression is regulated via VDR, mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular‐regulated kinase and nuclear factor‐κB signalling.
Patients waiting for a hip or knee joint replacement: is there any prioritization for surgery?
Authors: McHugh Gretl A. , Campbell Malcolm , Silman Alan J. , Kay Peter R. , Luker Karen A.
Published: March 2008

Objective  To investigate whether patients are prioritized for joint replacement surgery on the basis of severity of osteoarthritis, pain and physical functioning.

Method  A total of 105 patients on the waiting list for primary total knee or hip replacement from a UK regional orthopaedic centre were interviewed at baseline and followed up at 3, 6 and 9 months or until joint replacement. Measurement tools were the visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index and the Oxford hip or knee score.

Results  Most participants (81, 77%) were categorized on the waiting list as ‘routine’, despite having high levels of pain according to the measurement scales. There was no significant correlation between the waiting list categorization and the actual waiting time for a hip or knee joint replacement operation (Kendall’s tau = 0.17; P = 0.062) and the waiting list categorization did not appear to ensure that patients were operated upon earlier. There were also no significant differences in measures (VAS pain, WOMAC and Oxford hip or knee scores) between those individuals who had their operations earlier (before 6 months) compared with those participants who had their operations later (6 months or greater) or even not at all. Of the 105 patients who were listed for joint replacement, 24 (25%) patients did not have their operation due to: a medical delay (14); self‐delay/cancellation (7); arthroscopy instead (2); and death (1).

Conclusion  With the expected increase in demand for joint replacement, there needs to be a re‐examination of assessment procedures of patients listed for joint replacement. The use of measurement tools to assess symptoms such as pain and physical function would be one way forward.
Economic burden of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Khan Samina , Amedia Chester A.
Published: March 2008

Objectives  To define the cost of care and evaluate interventions associated with improving outcomes and delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods  Using the PubMed database, a systematic review of the literature was conducted describing (i) the cost of care associated with treating earlier stages of CKD, and (ii) the role of early referral, erythropoiesis‐stimulating proteins and anti‐hypertensive agents in improving clinical outcomes and reducing the cost of CKD.

Results  The higher costs associated with treatment of the CKD population are largely due to higher rates and duration of comorbidity‐driven hospitalizations. Studies suggest that early referral to a nephrologist, use of erythropoiesis‐stimulating proteins and anti‐hypertensive agents may be associated with better outcomes and lower costs. In some instances, however, higher target haemoglobin levels could have harmful effects in CKD patients.

Conclusion  The substantial costs incurred during earlier stages of CKD increase markedly during the transition to renal replacement and remain elevated thereafter. An increase in awareness among health care providers may result in more timely interventions. More proactive management, in turn, can lead to improved clinical and economic outcomes through the slowing of disease progression and prevention of comorbidities.
Doctor training and practice of acupuncture: results of a survey
Authors: Yeh Gloria Y. , Ryan Mary Anne , Phillips Russell S. , Audette Joseph F.
Published: March 2008

Rationale, aims and objectives  Although courses in acupuncture are increasingly available to doctors, little is known about educational outcomes, or the impact on doctor practices. We sought to characterize doctors who seek acupuncture training, and describe acupuncture practice and referral patterns after training.

Methods  Using a self‐administered survey of doctors completing a 300‐hour acupuncture course at Harvard Medical School between 2000 and 2005, we obtained information regarding doctor characteristics, reasons for seeking training, subsequent practice and referral patterns, perceived efficacy, and barriers to using acupuncture.

Results  Overall, 80 doctors (78%) responded to the survey. Their mean age (±SD) was 45 (±9) years; most were in private practice (44%) or at an academic center (26%). The most common medical specialties were internal medicine (25%), anaesthesia/pain management (20%), family practice (14%) and physical medicine/rehabilitation (11%). Most took the course to gain a clinical skill (97%). After training, doctors felt able to integrate acupuncture into clinical practice (91%), but only half did so (n = 40, 50%). Time constraints (58%) and reimbursement issues (44%) were barriers to acupuncture practice. The most common condition treated was musculoskeletal pain (37%) and perceived efficacy was high. Referral rates to non‐doctor acupuncturists increased (54% to 70%) after training.

Conclusions  Among doctors enrolling in an acupuncture training programme, half encountered barriers that prevented use in clinical practice. Those who did use acupuncture found it to be helpful for treatment of pain. Given the expanding pool of doctors trained in acupuncture in the USA, outcomes research is needed to further evaluate medical acupuncture practice.
Comparison of two methods for performing treatment reviews by pharmacists and general practitioners for home‐dwelling elderly people
Authors: Denneboom Wilma , Dautzenberg Maaike G. H. , Grol Richard , De Smet Peter A. G. M.
Published: March 2008

Rationale, aims and objectives  There is room for improvement in pharmacotherapy for elderly outpatients. Studies have shown that collaborating health care professionals [e.g. pharmacists in cooperation with general practitioners (GPs)] are able to resolve prescription‐related pharmaceutical care issues by means of treatment reviews. The aim of the study was to describe the feasibility of two methods for treatment review (results were given to the GP either in case conferences or in written feedback), and to determine if and how the process of treatment review can be improved.

Setting  Local pharmacists and GPs cooperated in performing treatment reviews for outpatients aged 75 years or more who were using five or more medicines chronically.

Method  Written questionnaires, structured telephone interviews and analysis of various features of the treatment reviews that were recorded during the intervention study were used.

Results  The pharmacists in the case conference group made more recommendations to the GPs (non‐significant). Significantly more recommendations were identified by the pharmacists themselves in the case conference group. Health care professionals accepted an intervention with personal contact in case conferences better than an intervention with feedback in writing. They were more positive about the process of treatment review presented personally, although there were not always as many medication changes as they had hoped for. They also had concrete suggestions for improving the intervention, such as using a combination of written feedback and case conferences, and reserving the case conferences for the most complex cases.

Conclusions  Treatment reviews for the elderly in normal primary care are feasible. Health care professionals agree that the process for treatment review can be improved.
Fathers' play with their Down Syndrome children
Authors: De Falco S. , Esposito G. , Venuti P. , Bornstein M. H.
Published: March 2008

Background  In children with Down Syndrome (DS), as in other groups of special needs children, development depends crucially on the degree to which parents provide appropriate stimulation and effective support. The majority of recent studies investigating interactions between parents and children with DS have been conducted on mothers.

Method  Through observation of child solitary play, child collaborative play with their father, and father play with their child, the current study focused on paternal contributions to child play in association with the effective quality of father–child interactions. A total of 19 children (M chronological age = 35.32 months, SD = 10.35; M mental age = 19.58, SD = 5.43) with DS and their fathers participated in the study. Two 10‐min sessions, of child solitary play and collaborative play with their father, were videorecorded. A coding system for exploratory and symbolic play was applied to both sessions, and the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales were independently applied to the collaborative play session as a measure of the effective quality of the father–child interaction.

Results  Children showed more symbolic play during collaborative sessions compared with solitary sessions. Bivariate correlations showed positive associations between father play and child exploratory and symbolic play. Cluster analysis identified dyads in low, medium and high EA groups, which differed in terms of each partner's play. Specifically, both fathers and children of high EA dyads were more likely to show more symbolic play and less exploratory play than those with low EA dyads.

Conclusions  Our findings enrich the theoretical perspective that dyadic interactions based on emotional involvement may lead to enhanced cognitive functioning in children with DS.
Observations on a vestigial organ: a potential surrogate for enteric neuromesenchymal disease
Authors: Knowles C. H. , De Giorgio R.
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Abnormalities of enteric nerves, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and smooth muscle are often associated with severe gastrointestinal motility disorders. In this context, full‐thickness biopsy of the gut may provide important diagnostic and prognostic clues as well as some possible therapeutic implications. Nonetheless, the unavoidable risk to further worsen prognosis evoked by laparotomy, and the unclear yield of histopathological analysis has hampered full‐thickness gut sampling in patients with severe dysmotility. However, recent advances in minimally invasive surgery have refuelled enthusiasm in gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Miller et al. provide novel and exciting evidence that the appendix might be used as a surrogate tissue to analyse changes to enteric nerves, ICC and smooth muscle cells in patients with diabetic gastroenteropathy. The objective of this short review was to place this very important work in the context of current understanding of enteric neuromuscular dysfunction.
Electrophysiological and morphological properties of submucosal neurons in the mouse distal colon
Authors: Wong V. , Blennerhassett M. , Vanner S.
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The pathophysiology of intestinal secretion is increasingly studied using transgenic mouse models of colonic inflammation, but little is known about the properties of single submucosal neurons regulating epithelial secretion in the mouse. Therefore, these neurons were characterized in the mouse distal colon submucosal plexus using electrophysiological and morphological techniques. Action potentials and synaptic responses in single neurons were recorded in submucosal preparations in vitro using intracellular electrodes filled with neurobiotin, enabling subsequent morphological examination. Most neurons (∼90%) were classified as S‐type neurons based on the presence of fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), absence of prolonged after‐hyperpolarizations, and uni‐axonal morphology. These neurons rarely fired more than one action potential in response to intracellular depolarization but spontaneous fast EPSPs were observed. Fibre tract stimulation (20 Hz) elicited slow EPSPs in many neurons (37%) and slow inhibitory potentials were also observed in a subset of neurons (18%). None of these cells exhibited electrophysiological features suggestive of AH neurons. However, morphological studies demonstrated that 12% of neurons had two axons, and an immunohistochemical marker of mouse AH neurons, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, was co‐localized with the pan‐neuronal marker HuD in 9% of neurons. Cell counts indicated that mouse distal colon ganglia were much smaller (>80% contain one to five neurons) compared to guinea‐pig distal colon ganglia (∼30% contain >10 neurons). This study has shown that mouse distal colon submucosal ganglia are relatively small and, based on combined morphological and electrophysiological features, most neurons exhibit S‐type characteristics.
Differential changes in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase in rat primary afferent pathways with colitis
Authors: Qiao L.‐y. , Gulick M. A. , Bowers J. , Kuemmerle J. F. , Grider J. R.
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been postulated to participate in inflammation‐induced visceral hypersensitivity by modulating the sensitivity of visceral afferents through the activation of intracellular signalling pathways such as the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. In the current study, we assessed the expression levels of BDNF and phospho‐ERK in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord before and during tri‐nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐induced colitis in rats with real‐time PCR, ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. BDNF mRNA and protein levels were increased in L1 and S1 but not L6 DRG when compared with control (L1: two‐ to five‐fold increases, P < 0.05; S1: two‐ to three‐fold increases, P < 0.05); however, BDNF protein but not mRNA level was increased in L1 and S1 spinal cord when compared with control. In parallel, TNBS colitis significantly induced phospho‐ERK1/2 expression in L1 (four‐ to five‐fold, P < 0.05) and S1 (two‐ to three‐fold, P < 0.05) but not in L6 spinal cord levels. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the increase in phospho‐ERK1/2 expression occurred at the region of the superficial dorsal horn and grey commisure of the spinal cord. In contrast, there was no change in phospho‐ERK5 in any level of the spinal cord examined during colitis. The regional and time‐specific changes in the levels of BDNF mRNA, protein and phospho‐ERK with colitis may be a result of increased transcription of BDNF in DRG and anterograde transport of BDNF from DRG to spinal cord where it activates intracellular signalling molecules such as ERK1/2.
Haemonchus contortus calreticulin binds to C‐reactive protein of its host, a novel survival strategy of the parasite
Authors: SUCHITRA S. , ANBU K. A. , RATHORE D. K. , MAHAWAR M. , SINGH B. P. , JOSHI P.
Published: March 2008

Calreticulin (CalR), a Ca2+ binding multifunctional protein, is secreted by the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. We have earlier observed binding of this protein to a 24‐kDa polypeptide (p24) present in an enriched preparation of prothrombin. In the present study, the identity of p24 was established as a C‐reactive protein (CRP) by several criteria. CalR binding to CRP is an elegant strategy devised by the parasite to survive in the host. The secreted CalR may achieve this either by limiting the free concentration of CRP, which has antiparasite activity or inhibit the activation of the classical complement pathway triggered on binding of CRP to C1q protein. CalR binding to CRP would also ensure a check on the procoagulant activity of the CRP enabling parasite to feed on the host blood. Thus, targeting CalR could be a novel strategy to tackle this parasite, which has developed resistance to many anthelmintics.
Control of Toxoplasma gondii infection by athymic LEW‐Whnrnu rats
Authors: SEPULVEDA‐ARIAS J. C. , KEMPF M. C. , WIEHR S. , WEDEKIND D. , HEDRICH H. J. , GROß U. , HERRMANN T.
Published: March 2008

In immunocompetent rats and humans infection with Toxoplasma gondii remains mostly without overt clinical symptoms, but can be fatal, if the T‐cell response is impaired. For a better understanding of the lack of control of T. gondii infection under immunosuppressed conditions, congenitally athymic rats were used as the experimental model. Whereas athymic F344‐Whnrnu (F344 nude) rats die from a generalized infection during the first 3 weeks after peritoneal inoculation with 106 tachyzoites of T. gondii strain NTE, LEW‐Whnrnu (LEW nude) rats and euthymic LEW rats infected with a 10‐fold higher number of parasites developed chronic infection. To identify underlying mechanisms of LEW rats resistance to T. gondii infection and to investigate a possible contribution of residual T‐cells to LEW‐Whnrnu rat resistance, we characterized the immune response of LEW rats by determination of cellularity and composition of lymphocyte population, antigen‐specific IgG2b response as well as assays of antigen‐specific proliferation and production of IL‐2, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α. As only euthymic LEW rats developed production of antigen‐specific IgG and cellular in vitro responses, these results strongly suggest that the genetic background of LEW rats permits a control of the infection independent of an adaptive immune response.
Over‐expression of LeNCED1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with the rbcS3C promoter allows recovery of lines that accumulate very high levels of abscisic acid and exhibit severe phenotypes
Authors: TUNG SWEE ANG , SMEETON RACHEL , WHITE CHARLOTTE A. , BLACK COLIN R. , TAYLOR IAN B. , HILTON HOWARD W. , THOMPSON ANDREW J.
Published: March 2008

Previous work where 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) was over‐expressed using the constitutive Gelvin Superpromoter resulted in mild increases in abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, accompanied by stomatal closure and increased water‐use efficiency (WUE), but with apparently little impact on long‐term biomass production. However, one of the negative effects of the over‐expression of NCED using constitutive promoters in tomato was increased seed dormancy. Here we report the use of the rbcS3C promoter, from a gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), to drive LeNCED1 transgene expression in tomato in a light‐responsive and circadian manner. In comparison to the constitutive promoter, the rbcS3C promoter allowed the generation of transgenic plants with much higher levels of ABA accumulation in leaves and sap, but the effect on seed dormancy was diminished. These plants displayed the expected reductions in stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, but they also exhibited a severe set of symptoms that included perturbed cotyledon release from the testa, increased photobleaching in young seedlings, substantially reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid content, interveinal leaf flooding, and greatly reduced growth. These symptoms illustrate adverse consequences of long‐term, very high ABA accumulation. Only more moderate increases in ABA biosynthesis are likely to be useful in the context of agriculture. Implications are discussed for the design of transgenic ‘high ABA’ plants that exhibit increased WUE but have minimal negative phenotypic effects.
Pathogenicity and host‐parasite relationships of the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on celery
Authors: Vovlas N. , Lucarelli G. , Sasanelli N. , Troccoli A. , Papajova I. , Palomares‐Rius J. E. , Castillo P.
Published: March 2008

Pathogenicity and host‐parasite relationships in root‐knot disease of celery (Apium graveolens ) caused by Meloidogyne incognita race 1 were studied under glasshouse conditions. Naturally and artificially infected celery cv. D’elne plants showed severe yellowing and stunting, with heavily deformed and damaged root systems. Nematode‐induced mature galls were spherical and/or ellipsoidal and commonly contained more than one female, males and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells that contained granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. The cytoplasm of giant cells was aggregated along their thickened cell walls and consequently the vascular tissues within galls appeared disrupted and disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density (Pi) and growth of celery plants was tested in glasshouse experiments with inoculum levels that varied from 0 to 512 eggs and second‐stage juveniles (J2) mL−1 soil. Seinhorst's model y = m + (1 – m)zP–T was fitted to height and top fresh weight data of the inoculated and control plants. The tolerance limit with respect to plant height and fresh top weight of celery to M. incognita race 1 was estimated as 0·15 eggs and J2 mL−1 soil. The minimum relative values (m) for plant height and top fresh weight were 0·37 and 0·35, respectively, at Pi ≥ 16 eggs and J2 mL−1 soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate (Pf/Pi) was 407·6 at an initial population density (Pi) of 4 eggs and J2 mL−1 soil.
Identification of molecular markers linked to a gene conferring resistance to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae) in Coffea arabica
Authors: Gichuru E. K. , Agwanda C. O. , Combes M. C. , Mutitu E. W. , Ngugi E. C. K. , Bertrand B. , Lashermes P.
Published: March 2008

Coffee berry disease (CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae is a major constraint to Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) production in Africa. One source of resistance to the disease is a natural interspecific hybrid between C. arabica and C. canephora and its derivatives. This study is aimed at deciphering the genetic basis of the host resistance and identification of molecular markers associated with it. CBD is a mature stage disease and in the absence of a mature mapping population, early detection of disease reaction phenotypes of mapping individuals is required. Two F2 populations from crosses of cv. Catimor (resistant) and cv. SL28 (susceptible) were screened for resistance by a two step procedure. First, half of each population was screened 6 weeks after germination by inoculating hypocotyls with the pathogen. The surviving seedlings (G1) were considered to be resistant and were raised in a nursery together with the other unscreened halves (G2). Secondly, after one year, all the seedlings (G1 + G2) were screened by inoculation. Analysis of 57 microsatellites and 31 AFLP markers in 56 and 95 seedlings from G1 and G2, respectively, were performed. Eight AFLP and two microsatellites markers linked tightly to the resistant phenotype were identified and mapped to one unique chromosomal fragment introgressed from C. canephora. The gene conferring the resistance was localized within an 11 cM segment. It is concluded that the locus carries a major resistance gene designated Ck‐1, which is likely to be synonymous to the T gene described in previous studies.
Sediment transport in analogue flume models compared with real‐world sedimentary systems: a new look at scaling evolution of sedimentary systems in a flume
Authors: POSTMA G. , KLEINHANS M. G. , MEIJER P. TH. , EGGENHUISEN J. T.
Published: March 2008

Evolution of sedimentary systems at large temporal and spatial scales cannot be scaled down to laboratory dimensions by conventional hydraulic Froude scaling. Therefore, many researchers question the validity of experiments aiming to simulate this evolution. Yet, it has been shown that laboratory experiments yield stratigraphic responses to allocyclic forcing that are remarkably similar to those in real‐world prototypes, hinting at scale independency with strong dependence on boundary conditions but weak dependence on the actual sediment transport dynamics. This paper addresses the dilemma by contrasting sediment transport rules that apply in the laboratory with those that apply in real‐world geological systems. It is demonstrated that the generation of two‐dimensional stratigraphy in a flume can be simulated numerically by the non‐linear diffusion equation. Sediment transport theory is used to demonstrate that only suspension‐dominated meandering rivers should be simulated with linear diffusion. With increasing grain‐size (coarse sand to gravel) and shallowness of river systems, the prediction of long‐term transport must be simulated by non‐linear, slope‐dependent diffusion to allow for increasing transport rates and thus change in stratigraphic style. To point out these differences in stratigraphic style, three stages in infill of accommodation have been defined here: (i) a start‐up stage, when the system is prograding to base level (e.g. the shelf edge) with no sediment flux beyond the base‐level point; (ii) a fill‐up stage, when the system is further aggrading while progressively more sediment is bypassing base level with the progression of the infill; and (iii) a keep‐up stage, when more than 90% of the input is bypassing the base level and less than 10% is used for filling the accommodation. By plotting the rate of change in flux for various degrees of non‐linearity (varying the exponent in the diffusion equation) it was found that the error between model and real‐world prototype is largest for the suspension‐dominated prototypes, although never more than 30% and only at the beginning of the fill‐up stage. The error reduces to only 10% for the non‐linear sandy‐gravelly and gravelly systems. These results are very encouraging and open up ways to calibrate numerical models of sedimentary system evolution by such experiments.
Dedolomitization and calcite cementation in the Middle Devonian Winnipegosis Formation in Central Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: FU QILONG , QING HAIRUO , BERGMAN KATHERINE M. , YANG CHAO
Published: March 2008

Limestone consisting of finely to medium crystalline calcite mosaics is present in the upper part of the Winnipegosis Formation on the east‐central margin of the Elk Point Basin where the overlying Prairie Evaporite deposits have been removed. This type of crystalline limestone is interpreted as dedolomite, based on petrographic observations. The δ18O and δ13C values of the Winnipegosis dedolomite vary from −12·8‰ to −11·9‰ VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) and from −0·5‰ to +1·7‰ VPDB, respectively; both values are significantly lower than those for the corresponding dolomite. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the dedolomite are significantly higher, between 0·7082 and 0·7087. The spatial distribution and geochemical data of the Winnipegosis dedolomite suggest that dedolomitization was related to an influx of fresh groundwater and dissolution of the Prairie Evaporite anhydrite during the latest Mississippian to the Early Cretaceous when the basin was subjected to uplift and erosion. The Winnipegosis dedolomite displays a series of replacement fabrics showing progressive calcitization of dolomite, including the occurrence of dedolomite restricted along fractures and adjacent areas, dolomite patches ‘floating’ in the dedolomite masses and massive dedolomite with sparsely scattered dolomite relicts. However, the characteristic fabrics resulting from dedolomitization documented in the literature have not been observed in the Winnipegosis dedolomite. Coarsely to very coarsely crystalline, subhedral to euhedral calcite cement is restricted in the dedolomite. The petrographic features, isotopic compositions and homogenization temperatures, coupled with the burial history of the Winnipegosis Formation, constrain the precipitation of the calcite cement from a mixing of basinal brines and fresh groundwater during Late Cretaceous to Neogene time. The more negative C‐isotopic signatures of the calcite cement (−5·3‰ to −2·3‰ VPDB) probably reflect a hydrocarbon‐derived carbon.
REPORT OF THE THOMAS BAKER MEMORIAL FELLOW FOR 1959 TO THE COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGISTS OF AUSTRALASIA
Authors: BRADLEY J. M.
Published: March 2008

The use of high oxygen pressures during radiotherapy should be investigated on a much wider scale than at present. Investigation of different fractionation regimes, e.g. single initial large dose, with or without oxygen, followed by fractionated therapy after an interval, forms in my opinion the most promising direction of clinical investigation. Radiotherapists should keep abreast of advances in radiation biology and be prepared to apply them to clinical situations. I found that amongst the most interesting institutions were those where radiobiologists worked closely with radiotherapists.

There does not yet appear to be sufficient justification for the wide scale use of bone marrow infusions, but investigation of this interesting procedure must be continued. Intra‐arterial use of chemotherapeutic agents is, in my opinion, a distinct advance in cancer treatment and should be generally available.

Electron beam therapy also has many promising features, but in view of the somewhat specialized equipment required it may be better to await the results of overseas experiences.
RADIOTHERAPEUTIC PROBLEMS IN CANCER OF THE CERVIX
Authors: NELSON ALAN J. M.
Published: March 2008

The megavoltage age demands an overhaul of principles of treatment in cancer of the cervix.

 The use of megavoltage is advocated as the main treatment of the regional nodes rather than an ancillary to radium. Supplementary opposed lateral fields are recommended.

 The use of a standard applicator is desirable in planning, and with the present combined technique the need to widely separate radium sources is no longer necessary.

 Any applicator must be adaptable to the axis of the uterine body.

 Theoretically the parametrial dose should equal that at Point B, and this is achieved by placing a wedge in each parametrial X‐ray beam designed to suit the uterovaginal radium ratio.

 In describing a radiotherapeutic treatment it is considered that the dosage should be specified as “minimum and maximum parametrial dose and overall time”.

 A personal preference for an optimum dose is expressed and also for a dosage rate and uterovaginal source ratio considered optimal.

 The adoption of these principles is considered to favour a reduction of high dose effects of the pelvis and vagina.
Symposium on Acute Radiation Injury Introduction to Symposium
Authors: Stevens D. J.
Published: March 2008

Vouchsafe to those that have not read the story, That I may prompt them; and of such as have, I humbly pray them to admit the excuse Of time, of numbers and due course of things, Which cannot in their huge and proper life Be here presented.
Complications of Cerebral Angiography
Authors: Perrett Lance V. , Caldicott W. J.
Published: March 2008

The total neurological complication rate in 783 consecutive carotid angiograms was 2.3% (2.7 % per patient). The permanent complication rate, including death, was 1.5% (1–8% per patient).

With one exception, the patients in the permanent neurological complication group were over the age of 50.

Of the patients experiencing neurological complications, 55.5% had received an intramural injection of contrast medium into the common carotid artery.

The use of polaroid film to check the position of the needle is advocated to minimize intramural injection of contrast medium.

Toxic side effects of the contrast medium was a less common cause for complications, but was considered potentially harmful in those patients with occlusive cerebro‐vascular disease.

General anaesthesia should be kept to a minimum, particularly in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, as the complication rate is two to three times higher than when angiography is carried out under local anaesthetic.
The Lower Oesophageal Ring
Authors: Wiggins C. A.
Published: March 2008

All of the radiographs of lower oesophageal rings collected personally during the last three years have been studied. It is proposed that any annular narrowing of the lower oesophagus which can be identified as the inferior oesophageal sphincter should not be classified as a lower oesophageal ring. Of the various hypotheses concerning the nature of the ring, the plication theory which postulates the formation of an accordeon‐like pleat or fold, whether at or above the squamo‐columnar junction, is the most attractive. Such a fold indicates abnormal laxity and abnormal sliding in a caudo‐cranial axis, which is a sign of hiatal herniation.

In 500 consecutive barium meals hiatal hernia was diagnosed in 31%. As a sign of hiatal hernia, a lower oesophageal ring was the basis of the diagnosis in one‐tenth of these. The incidence of lower oesophageal rings in the entire series of 500 was 3%. No rings or hernias were found in 40 medical student controls.
Urinary Diversion in Meningomyelocele
Authors: Robertson Angus
Published: March 2008

The pre‐operative and post‐operative urinary and skeletal findings in 23 cases of meningomyelocele requiring urinary diversion were reviewed by the author. Radiologically, postoperative renal function improved in 50% and deterioration was arrested, in some cases for at least 36 months, in another 40%, 10% showed some deterioration–none showed gross loss of renal function, and no deaths occurred.

Subsequent development of hyperchloraemic acidosis appears to be due to distal nephron disease and can be adequately controlled by oral alkali. Control of the acidosis caused regression of the bone changes.

The optimum age for performing the urinary diversion is thought to be two to three years– hopefully before any serious renal damage has occurred, and also allowing the child to‐commence any possible schooling free of urinary incontinence.
The Nisbet Symposium Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Hanson T. A. S.
Published: March 2008

A brief classification of Hodgkin's disease from the histological standpoint has been suggested and survival characteristics have been presented which give validity to the classification.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Madigan J. P.
Published: March 2008

Occasionally, surgery is needed for particular complications in Stages I1 (B) and I11 GLWS. Splenectomy may become the only method for control of some cases of secondary hypersplenism (Grace and Mittieman, 1966). Intestinal obstruction, bowel perforation or haemorrhage or progressive spinal cord compression can demand an urgent operation. Resides surgical disorders, not related to Hodgkin's disease, will occur a t times.
Ileal Duplication in Infancy Two Case Reports
Authors: Skinner A. A.
Published: March 2008

The clinical history, radiological appearances, operative and pathological findings are described in two cases of ileal duplication in infants.
Experiences with Selective Renal Arteriography in the Diagnosis of Space‐occupying Lesions of the Kidney
Authors: Hoy R. J. , Sorby W. A.
Published: March 2008

Our experience to date suggests that selective renal angiography used in conjunction with the injection of adrenaline offers a means of identifying malignant (and benign) renal tumours, and of distinguishing these from simple cysts and from renal nodules arising in the pyelonephritic kidney. Limitations are imposed in some instances of renal carcinoma by a dearth of stromal vessels within the tumour, although the presence of enlarged extrahilar arteries may then be of assistance. Transitional cell carcinoma, papillary cystadenoma, and two massive solid clear cell carcinomas are examples of malignant renal tumours encountered in which no intrinsic arterial abnormality could be demonstrated.
A Plan for a Radioisotope Department for a Large General Hospital
Authors: Clarke K. H. , Milne Jean
Published: March 2008

The basic plan given in this paper occupies a working area of 4,500 square feet and is designed to cope with a full range of in‐vivo and in‐vitro radioisotope applications. The department is designed as a full service unit to the hospital and does not preclude peripheral use of radioisotopes where such demand is. reasonable.
Paediatric Hepatic Arteriography
Authors: Hiller H. G.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The substance of this article was read at the Annual Meeting of the College of Radiologists of Australasia in 1965. It presents the findings up to that time of selective hepatic arteriography in children. The cases fell into the three groups of malignancy, vascular anomalies and suspected hydatid cysts, and the excellent correlation of the radiographic findings with the underlying pathology is demonstrated.
Post‐operative Bile Peritonitis: Its Radiological Diagnosis
Authors: Weston W. J.
Published: March 2008

Summary

Three cases of bile peritonitis following cholecystedomy have been presented. They all recovered following drainage of the collection of bile.

This complication can be diagnosed on radiographic grounds by demonstrating the rapid change of shape of the flank stripe, and in some cases reversal of this stripe by a soft tissue mass in the post‐operative phase. This mass is due to the collection of bile‐stained fluid in the right paracolic gutter.

If upper abdominal pain, tachycardia and signs of local peritonitis appear within twelve hours of removal of the plastic T‐tube, and the above radiographic signs are elicited, then the diagnosis of post‐operative bile peritonitis is certain.

To my knowledge this is a new radiographic sign that is specific for this complication.
Chondro‐Angiopathia Calcarea Seu Punctata
Authors: Robertson Angus
Published: March 2008

Summary

Three cases of chondro‐angiopathia calcarea seu punctata, diagnosed in infancy, are presented, the two surviving cases being followed for 13 and 14 1/2 years respectively. The radiological features are reviewed.

The question of thyroid dysfunction is raised and in those cases showing progressive general debilitation the question of treatment directed at the thyroid is raised (Kremens et al.). Further studies of thyroid function and serum chemistry axe needed in this condition.

The associated features offer a chance of clinical diagnosis, but the diagnosis is primarily radiological. The disease appears to be self‐limiting and the skeletal prognosis seems excellent.
The 100 mm. Mirror Camera for Regular Radiography
Authors: Masel L. F.
Published: March 2008

Summary

One hundred millimetre photofluorographs and radiographs of the chest are compared. It seems that photofluorographs may satisfactorily replace radiographs to a great extent, for routine use as well as mass surveys, for chest and other parts of the body.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Jameson J. B.
Published: March 2008

Thirty‐one cases of operatively verified patent ductus arteriosus have been analysed. The commonest plain film findings in children were cardiac enlargement and a large main pulmonary artery with or without plethora. Prominence of the aorta was not a feature in children, but was common in adults (Figure 2).
The Surgery of Tetralogy of Fallot, Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect and Transposition of the Great Vessels
Authors: Barratt‐Boyes B. G.
Published: March 2008

The surgery of tetralogy of Fallot is, in experienced hands, most satisfactory. Palliation can be successfully applied even in tiny infants, using a right pulmonary artery to ascending aorta anastomosis. Corrective surgery is possible in almost all patients and carries a mortality of no more than 5%, with an 80% to 90% chance of a good long‐term result.

Corrective surgery is also possible in some patients with pulmonary atresia (pseudotruncus), and ventricular septal defect, although the large bronchial collateral blood flow to the lungs may produce serious post‐operative difficulties.

In transposition of the great vessels, palliative surgery is most successful in Group I patients with poor intracardiac mixing and when operation is performed within one week of birth in this group the current mortality is 8%. However, the total picture of transposition surgery leaves little room for complacency.

If all groups of patients are considered, only about half will survive palliative surgery for two years or longer, and in a significant percentage, particularly Groups II and III patients, later corrective surgery carries an excessive mortality. The greatest hope lies with patients having only an atrial communication, and here the risk of a Mustard repair is acceptable and can be expected to improve with increasing experience.
The Two Roles of the Scan in the Diagnosis of Cerebral Tumours
Authors: Sephton R. G. , Morley J. Barrie
Published: March 2008

The cerebral scan has a clearly established role as a routine, or screening, investigation procedure in the diagnosis of cerebral tumours.

In addition, it often provides significant assistance in special diagnostic problems, sometimes in which neuroradiology has not been helpful. This latter point, we believe, should be adequately weighted in the overall assessment of the role of cerebral scanning.
A Technique of Double Contrast Barium Enema Examination Using Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose as an Additive
Authors: Kotzmann Ronald R.
Published: March 2008

A brief description of double contrast techniques that have been used is given. Their disadvantages are discussed. Attempts at improving a routine, single stage. Double contrast technique by the addition of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose are described. This technique. used in conjunction with an adequately supervised preparatory technique, is compared retrospectively in 50 consecutive personal cases with 50 consecutive cases where only barium was used in the suspension. Advantages of the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose technique are a reduction in the time spent on the examination, and because of better adhesion of the suspension to the colon a better demonstration of the mucosa.
The Extrarenal Excretion of Urographic Contrast Medium in Renal Failure
Authors: Tucker W. G. , Clarkson A. R.
Published: March 2008

A case has been presented which shows contrast medium in the gut and gall‐bladder following drip infusion pyelography. This case therefore appears to confirm that biliary excretion provides an alternative extrarenal route of excretion of contrast medium in patients with severe chronic renal failure.
The Radiological Appearance of Burkitt's Tumour Involving Bone
Authors: Whittaker Leslie R.
Published: March 2008

The radiological appearances of Burkitt's tumour of bone are described and the differential diagnosis is discussed.
A Modified Technique of Transcricothyroid Bronchography
Authors: Feltham C. J.
Published: March 2008

A standard disposable polyethylene cannula of the type normally employed for intravenous infusion has been adapted for use in bronchography. The technique used for its insertion has been described and advantages of the method briefly reviewed.
Isolated Dislocation of the Carpal Scaphoid
Authors: Reid J. M.
Published: March 2008

A case of this unusual injury is described, its main radiological signs are mentioned, and the necessity of its early recognition is emphasized.