bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Cast High-Manganese Steel Primary Structure on its Properties
Authors: Vdovin K.N. , Feoktistov N.A. , Gorlenko D.A.
Published: September 2016

The article deals with the effect of the wear coefficient of high-manganese steel on service durability indicators of castings, which are produced from this steel and operate under conditions of intensive wear. The article introduces the results of computer simulation of crystallization and cooling processes in high-manganese steel castings in the mould. The effect of the casting cooling rate in the mould on the cast steel primary structure, as well as on the value of its wear coefficient has been studied. The effect of primary crystallization on austenite grain size and its microhardness has been examined and the crystallization rate resulting in the formation of a uniform structure of the alloy has been determined. The effect of cooling rate of high-manganese steel in the temperature range of the precipitation of proeutectoid constituents on their quantitative characteristics and morphology, as well as the hardness of the alloy as a whole has been examined.
Use of the Electric Steel Melting Slag in Production of the Expanded Clay Gravel
Authors: Vasilenko T.A.
Published: September 2016

The paper shows the possibility of production of the expanded clay aggregate with the use of electric steel melting slag up to 3.0 % produced by JSC “Oskol Electric Steel Works”. It was determined that at the temperature of 1170 °C the expanded clay aggregate with high strength properties and a high coefficient of swelling is formed. The preliminary thermal preparation of the samples with slag addition was at 500 oC. An opportunity to use iron-containing waste was revealed which lowers the temperature of the expanded clay aggregate burning. By means of the X-ray phase analysis the mineral mullite Al5SiO9.5 was found in the resulted samples of the expanded clay aggregate with an optimal addition of slag which reinforces a glass phase of granules and strengthens it. The results can be used for production of the expanded clay gravel with the use of industrial wastes. The technological scheme of the expanded clay production with the use of waste can be carried out without making any additional capital investments.
Increasing the Intensity of Cementation Process of Tool Low-Alloy Steels by Surface Laser Treatment
Authors: Marinin E. , Grachev S.P. , Flaxman A.L.
Published: September 2016

This work considers the questions of low-alloy tool steel cementation by laser treatment. The model of surface layer carbon saturation from the laser-induced plasma is shown. It is described that the diffusion process in the laser treatment can not be explained only by the influence of temperature gradient. The results of the experimental work confirmed the increasing intensity of the process surface layer saturation with carbon. The work describes the influence of the laser emission power on surface layer microstructure formation. The test results of the hardened samples showed an approximately two-time increase in durability.
Modern Methods and Technological Solutions for Effective Processing of Gear Wheels
Authors: Egorov Sergey , Kapitanov Alexey , Loktev Dmitriy
Published: September 2016

The article considers the technology of producing and processing of gear wheels. It provides some requirements for gear units, in particular, for gear wheels and their production. The paper analyzes the effectiveness of various techniques for cutting the gear teeth, as well as the effectiveness of various modern tools used for gear-tooth milling. The article mentions that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of the tool due to simultaneous processing of two or three tooth spaces. It requires the use of full-duplex (tandem) and triplex interlocking disk milling cutters. The results of these studies are confirmed by the description of a number of practical examples implementing these reporting provisions upon use of the equipment described in the paper.
Plasma-Electrolytic Treatment as an Innovative and Resource-Saving Technology of Metal Surface Treatment
Authors: Steblyanko V.L. , Ponomarev A.P.
Published: September 2016

The research presents the capabilities of the method of plasma-electrolytic treatment of metal surface that define it as an innovative and resource-saving technology. It is characterized by the synergetic effect of the plasma-electrolytic technology on the surface being treated. The paper shows the effect of different plasma-electrolytic treatment conditions on change of metal physico-chemical and structural-energy properties.
Energy Reduction Technologies Based on the Lubricant Supply in the Roll Contact System "Quarto" during the Hot Strip Rolling
Authors: Kharchenko M.V. , Dema R.R. , Bilichenko V.I.
Published: September 2016

With the development of the contemporary industry, a need arises in the production of high - strength steels that can withstand heavy loads and work in harsh conditions. Industrial equipment (in particular, a hot-rolling mill) is subject to high loads that are close to critical. Therefore, the issues related to the development and applications of methods aimed at reducing of energy consumption during rolling are being solved before the product output. One of the efficient ways to reduce energy-power parameters of the process is the use of the rolling lubrication feed systems (RLFS) in the production of hot-rolled products. Accordingly, it is necessary to consider the method of supplying lubricating material (LM), its quantity, shared contact surfaces nature. Currently, one of the significant drawbacks in the RLFS is the lack of correlation between the quantity of fed LM and properties of the rolled material. As a result, RLFS are used in a restricted mode, and power consumption reduction is not significant: 3-6%.
The Study of the Fluoroapatite of the Fine Coal Yuzhno-Yakut Basin
Authors: Gunina E.V.
Published: September 2016

The South-Yakut basin is the most promising new field. The coal types of the South Yakut basin belong to the most valuable brand of the steel industry. The main aim of this work was to study the fluoroapatite coal dust of the following stratum-industrial samples of deposits of the South-Yakut basin. The high efficiency and selectivity of the flotation process are considered.
Influence of the Microstructure Al-12%Si Alloy on the Properties of the Oxide Layer Formed with MAO
Authors: Kiseleva S.K. , Zaynullina L.I. , Dudareva N.Y.
Published: September 2016

The quality of coating on the high-silicon aluminum alloy Al-12%Si depending on the initial microstructure of the samples has been investigated. The method of microarc oxidation (MAO) has been used for coating. The quality of coating was evaluated by the thickness and microhardness of the formed layer. The initial microstructure of aluminum alloy samples was varied by distribution of silicon particles in the volume of the matrix solution. The possibility of obtaining a high-hardness protective coating on the alloy Al-12%Si by the MAO method has been shown. The influence of the alloy microstructure on the microhardness and thickness of coatings has been established. It has been shown that the deformation thermal treatment of Al-12%Si alloy samples before MAO leads to deterioration in the quality of the formed layer. A model of the influence of the silicon particles distribution on the quality of the micro-layer has been represented for explanation of the observed effect. The increase of microhardness in coatings with a greater thickness has been revealed.
On Advanced Recycling Technology for Cutting Fluid and Waste Oils Produced at the Metallurgical Enterprises
Authors: Pavlov G.I. , Sitnikov O.R. , Kochergin A.V.
Published: September 2016

The plant for used lubricant coolants disposal was designed based on the principle of pulsating combustion. Such chart of burning allows promoting the productivity of setting and support the required temperature of burning even at incineration strongly water of containing wastes. Also the destruction of used oils, petrochemical sludge and industrial sewage are possible to be performed in this way. It is declared that this plant will cause no pollution.
Narrow Jet Plasma as the Energy Efficient and Safe Technology for Metal Cutting
Authors: Anakhov S.V. , Pyckin Yu.A. , Matushkin A.V.
Published: September 2016

The analysis of several constructive solutions for metal cutting in plasmatrons is done. On the basis of the presented solutions, new plasmatrons for precision metals cutting are elaborated. This plasmatrons work using narrow jet plasma technologies and two air-gas paths. Principles, methods and complexities in design of this technology are presented. Also, several results of investigation of cutting quality and acoustic safety of new plasmatrons are presented. New metal cutting technology does not have similar solutions at the Russian market and has great advantages in comparison with traditional domestic and similar foreign plasmatrons.
Mathematical Modeling of Mechanized Technologies Soldering
Authors: Shtennikov V.N.
Published: September 2016

The possibility of compliance with the required technological soldering conditions and ensuring their reproducibility for wave soldering, laser soldering, convection soldering have been researched. Comparing the experimental data to the results of mathematical modeling allowed selectng optimal modes of the wave, convection and laser soldering of electronic devices. The conclusion about the prospects of the analytical dependencies to improve mechanical soldering of electronic devices for any purpose. When heating by convection or wave solder, the temperature along the depth of the solder joints is less than when the contact or laser soldering. It was found that the temperature of the solder joints with infrared and laser soldering can be estimated based on the heat equation for a semi-infinite plate with a given heat flow on the surface. Warming up of the printing unit and, consequently, the solder joints when soldering, convection can be described by equations of the regular mode.
Trends and Problems of Biofuel Market Development in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bedelbayeva A.E. , Lukhmanova G.K.
Published: September 2016

In modern economy bioethanol, the mix has an increasing application in the processing of renewable vegetable raw materials, which contain ethanol as the basic component, which is in turn applied in the production of biofuel. The countries producing large volumes of grain use cereal cultures including wheat, corn, rye, millet to produce bioethanol. The article investigates the problems and prospects of biofuel production in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Application of Intelligent Technology in Functional Materials Quality Control
Authors: Stolbov V.Y. , Gitman M.B. , Sharybin S.I.
Published: September 2016

The article covers an intelligent technology-based functional materials quality control process. It justifies the need for computer pattern recognition methods application in fabric analysis based on specimen digital photos taken in the course of quality control sampling. A two-level phase structure classification algorithm, that allows recognition of classes by teaching on a predefined known structures template array, is suggested. A working example is made of an algorithm application in the analysis of phase distribution on a photo of a hardened steel microsection with prescribed strength properties.
Calculation of Metalwork Life with Allowance for Cyclic Degradation of Material in Operation
Authors: Mironov V. , Lukashuk O.
Published: September 2016

The article describes an alternative method of calculating durability and life of metal construction elements. Parameters of complete deformation diagram are used as a representative of the fatigue process. Such diagram is plotted when a small sample of material is stretched in a rigid load-applying unit. Determination of process kinetics from a mechanical experiment enhances possibilities for phenomenological description of constructional elements’ fatigue fracture. Proper usage of material cyclic degradation model in the stage of fatigue crack development is possible when one explicitly allows for anomalies of a constructional element’s surface layer properties. Within the scope of general concept of correlation between static and cyclic material properties a scheme for differentiating between a component’s surface layer and base metal properties is presented. Explicitly allowing for anomalies of a component’s surface layer properties makes it possible to calculate its durability and life within the unified model of material.
Сolour Design of Intumescences Сoatings for Building Constructions
Authors: Gravit Marina , Krivtcov Artem , Mingalimov Iurii , Popovych Ivanna
Published: September 2016

For the rational decision of colors on the different building objects it is recommended to use optimal colors to create the best climate at industrial enterprises. For this purpose the appropriate building codes are developed. Building constructions in the industrial enterprises, which are applied fire-retardant paint, also painted in the appropriate color with tinting paste, or applying the finishing coat with that color. It is shown, that the introduction of tinting paste in the fire-retardant paint as overcoating of the fire-retardant paint leads to chaotic effect on height of foam of the intumescing coatings. The conclusions about invalidity of coloring with the fire-retardant paints in saturated tones used tinting paste without preliminary testing on the fire retardant efficiency are made. Similar conclusions are applied to the paint systems for an intumescing fire protective coatings using surface finishing.
Biological Resistance of Cement Composites Filled with Dolomite Powders
Authors: Erofeev Vladimir , Kalashnikov Vladimir , Emelyanov Denis , Balathanova Elita , Erofeeva Irina , Smirnov Vasiliy , Tretiakov Ilia , Matvievskiy Aleksandr
Published: September 2016

In this article, we consider a method of producing biostable innovative materials in order to improve the biological resistance and durability of buildings and structures based on them. We present the results of the research work focused on the study of the cement composites bioresistance. Powders of milled quartz sand and dolomite were the fillers for the composites. Mathematical methods of experiments design allowed us to derive the dependences describing how the bioresistance coefficient, the elastic modulus and the water demand depend on the granulometric composition after 3 and 9 months of aging in the environment of filamentous fungi. We have found that the multifractional compositions have a higher bioresistance coefficient. We determined that dolomite significantly enhances bioresistance of the samples and Portland cement composites, filled with quartz sand and dolomite, are fungal resist.
Oxygen Deficient TiO2 Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Yang Yi , Pu Ying Chih , Li Yat , Zhang Jin
Published: September 2016

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, the typically high density of bandgap trap states results in fast charge carrier recombination and poor electrical conductivity, and thereby weak PEC performance. Rational creation of oxygen vacancy (Vo) in TiO2 has been demonstrated as an effective method to modify the electronic and optical properties, as well as improved PEC performance. Different strategies have been developed to fabricate oxygen deficient TiO2 photoanodes, such as hydrogen treatment, thermal annealing, electrochemical reduction, flame reduction, and chemical reduction. In conjunction with oxygen vacancy creation, doping of TiO2 with elements further enhances the PEC activity by introducing other bandgap states. Various techniques, including ultrafast laser spectroscopy, have been employed to probe the chemical nature and associated charge carrier dynamics of the bandgap states.
Metal Oxide BiVO4 as Photoelectrode in Photoelectrochemical Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Mohd Nasir Siti Nur Farhana , Sulaiman Mohd Yusof , Ebadi Mehdi , Ahmad Ludin Norasikin , Ibrahim Mohd Adib , Mat-Teridi Mohd Asri
Published: September 2016

One of the great challenges facing the society today is replacing fossil fuels by renewable energy sources. Hydrogen from non-carbon sources is considered one of the viable potentials to help alleviate reliance upon fossil fuels for energy and addressing the environmental problems. Photoelectrochemical water splitting was brought to attention since the pioneering work in 1972. Since then, numerous metal oxide photocatalysts have been investigated to enhance the overall water splitting performance. Up to now, Bismuth vanadate, BiVO4 has emerged as the most promising photocatalyst in the construction of photoelectrochemical cell utilizing sunlight and water, the most abundant resources on earth. In this review, the principles, critical factors influencing the efficient BiVO4-based photoanode properties such as the crystal and electronic properties are discussed. Subsequently, the methods synthesis and research efforts adopted to develop efficient and active BiVO4 photoanode are presented.
Accelerator-Based Nuclear Techniques for Processing and Characterization of Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Pastuovic Željko , Ionescu Mihail , Vittone Ettore , Capan Ivana
Published: September 2016

Accelerator-based nuclear techniques are an important tool for the modification and characterization of surfaces in general, down to a depth of around one micrometer. For oxide semiconductors used in solar energy conversion, the surface plays a critical role in facilitating the use of solar photon energy to obtain hydrogen via spontaneous water oxidation. For such a process, the required surface properties are complex and include specific chemical composition, as well as the defect composition, and both of these characteristics may be augmented using accelerator-based nuclear techniques. The targeted modification of surfaces makes use of ion implantation for changing the chemical composition, and ion irradiation for changing the defect structure. The defect formation is a very complex process, and in this work we placed more emphasis on this aspect. We attempted to present the defect formation under the irradiation of ion beams at the two extremes: formation of extensive and large-scale cluster defects; and formation of small-scale point defects. In addition, we review the main characterization techniques based on ion beams, with examples from work carried out on semiconductors and oxide semiconductors.
Optimization of Process Parameters for the Manufacturing of High Temperature Vacuum Brazed WC-NiCrBSi Coatings
Authors: Pascal Dragos Toader , Şerban Viorel Aurel , Marginean Gabriela
Published: September 2016

Process parameters play a crucial role in the final characteristics and properties of every product. The current work focuses mainly on improving the vacuum furnace brazing process for tungsten carbide reinforced Ni-based alloy (NiCrBSi) metallic composite coatings, by establishing the best set of parameters adapted to this specific chemical composition. In order to determine the optimum parameters, a fine adjustment of a typical vacuum brazing process was performed. The melting interval of the filler metal was identified by means of Differential Thermal Analysis. Morphology, microstructure and metallurgical bond of the cladding to the substrate material were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Light Microscopy combined with a Porosity Analysis Software. The process optimization resolved the initial problem of fractures and crack initiation, making possible to achieve high quality hardfacing coatings with a low degree of porosity (approximately 1 %).
Characterization and Development of High Dose Implanted Resist Stripping Processes
Authors: Croisy Marion , Jenny Cécile , Richard Claire , Guiheux Denis , Campo Alain , Pargon Erwine , Possémé Nicolas
Published: September 2016

With the increase of implantation dose in new technologies, implanted photoresist stripping is even more challenged in terms of efficiency and substrate consumption. In this work, the effect of implantation parameters (energy and implanted specie) on the photoresist modifications are studied and several plasma chemistries are evaluated to remove it. A good removal efficiency with a low substrate consumption has been found with H2-based processes especially N2H2.
Toward CO2 Beam Cleaning of 20-nm Particles in Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Kim Joo Noh , Lee Jae Hong , Kim Seung Ho , Kim Jin Kyu , Choi Ki Hoon , Kim Ho Young
Published: September 2016

We propose an optimal strategy for cleaning 20-nm contaminants in atmospheric pressure by using CO2 solid particles injected from a supersonic nozzle. We found that an excessively small exit diameter of the nozzle results in the shock wave, which decreases the particle removal efficiency (PRE). Based on the incompressible flow theory, we developed a supersonic nozzle that can issue CO2 solid particles without shock wave. The shape of CO2 beam and PRE of the developed nozzle are compared with the results of a pre-existing nozzle for vacuum condition by analyzing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of substrates. The results show that when we use the newly developed nozzle in atmospheric pressure, PRE is above 95 % without pattern damage. This work can pave the way for cleaning nanoscale contaminants that occur during manufacture of semiconductor chips at little cost.
A Study on the Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Defect in SOH Mask Pattern Cleaning
Authors: Ko Dae Wan , Hwang Tae Ho , Han Sok Hyung , Kim Chang Hyun , Ryu Byung Sul
Published: September 2016

The application of the SOH Mask created a new defect. Defect image is similar to ESD defect, which occurred on POLY and METAL film. Stringent experiments were conducted in order to prove the correspondence principle of the defect of SOH and the mechanism of the ESD defect. Finally, it’s concluded the defect of SOH is equal to the ESD defect. ESD defect occurred also on SOH film, like POLY or METAL film.
Rapid Recovery Process of Plasma Damaged Porous Low-k Dielectrics by Wet Surface Modifying Treatment
Authors: Iwasaki Akihisa , Higuchi Ayumi , Komori Kana , Sato Masanobu , Kesters Els , Le Quoc Toan , Holsteyns Frank
Published: September 2016

A rapid repair process of plasma damaged SiCOH in combination with post-etch residue removal has been developed. The carbon depletion layer caused by plasma dry etching was repaired by subsequent surface modifying SAM treatment, which resulted in replenishment of carbon not only on the surface but also a few nm toward the bulk. This repairing technique provides a high-quality hydrophobic surface under conditions of low temperature and short process time. In addition, the SAM layer can be expected to act as an adhesion promotor with metal materials.
TiN Metal Hardmask Etch Residues Removal with AlN Etch
Authors: Cui Hua
Published: September 2016

A wet cleaning formulation with tunable AlN etch rate approach was developed. The formula is compatible with Cu, Co and low-k materials, is able to remove etch residues and does not contain fluoride.
The Effect of Inhibitors on Co Corrosion in Alkaline Post Cu-CMP Cleaning Solutions
Authors: Hsu Ping , Bernatis Paul R. , Huang Kevin , Yen Chi
Published: September 2016

Corrosion of cobalt-contained metal line is one of critical defects during post-CMP cleaning process. Thus, the understanding of inhibitors is significant to eliminate corrosion. In this paper, we discuss the learning from etching rate and electrochemical measurement for the solutions using multiple corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, TEM of cobalt pattern wafer and cleaning results are shown to demonstrate cleaning and cobalt compatibility performance.
Oxygen Control for Wet Clean Process on Single Wafer Platform
Authors: Broussous Lucile , Hoarau Kevin , de Buttet Come , Zoll Stephane
Published: September 2016

Wet processing with low oxygen content may provides some advantages, however, full control to avoid oxygen uptake during wafer processing remains a challenge for short process industrialization on single wafer tool. Inline oxygen concentration monitoring was used for process optimization. Then, cobalt etch in diluted HF solutions was evaluated depending on the recorded oxygen concentration and hardware available options for atmosphere control in the process chamber.
Low Undercut Ti Etch Chemistry for Cu Bump Pillar under Bump Metallization Wet Etch Process
Authors: Capecchi Simone , Atanasova Tanya , Willeke Reiner , Parthenopoulos Michael , Pizzetti Christian , Daviot Jerome
Published: September 2016

This paper demonstrates how a low undercut Ti etchant developed by Technic France can be successfully introduced in a high volume manufacturing Fab for etching the under bump metallization (UBM). The Ti etchant has been tested on 300mm wafer production equipment in GLOBALFOUNDRIES. The Ti etchant evaluation has been carried out in collaboration with the Fraunhofer IZM-ASSID institute.
Oxidation of Si Surfaces: Effect of Ambient Air and Water Treatments on Surface Charge and Interface State Density
Authors: Angermann Heike , Balamou Patrice , Lu Wen Jia , Korte Lars , Leendertz Caspar , Stegemann Bert
Published: September 2016

Surface sensitive methods, UV-VIS spectral ellipsometry (SE), surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were combined to investigate in detail the Si substrate oxidation and resulting interface electronic properties. Various wet-chemical oxidation methods utilizing hot deionized water with different HCl or Ozone content were optimized in order to prepare ultra-thin oxide layers with reproducible oxide thicknesses ( 0.3 to 3.5 nm), low values of interface state densities and well-defined interface charges. The simulation tool ELifAnT (Effective Lifetime Analysis Tool) was utilised to analyse experimental excess minority charge carrier density (Δn) dependent charge carrier lifetimes τeff (Δn), and to establish correlations between preparation induced interface charges Qit and defect densities Dit on both p-and n-type substrates.
Surface Optimization of Random Pyramid Textured Silicon Substrates for Improving Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Stegemann Bert , Kegel Jan , Korte Lars , Angermann Heike
Published: September 2016

Key steps in the fabrication of high-efficiency a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells are the controlled pyramid texturing of the c-Si substrates to minimize reflection losses and the subsequent passivation by deposition of a high-quality a-Si:H layer to reduce recombination losses. This contribution reviews our recent results on the optimization of the wet-chemical texturing of crystalline Si wafers for the preparation of heterojunction solar cells with respect to low reflection losses, low recombination losses and long minority carrier lifetimes. It is demonstrated, that by joint optimization of both saw damage etch and texture etch the optical and electronic properties of the resulting pyramid morphology can be controlled. Effective surface passivation and thus long minority charge carrier lifetimes are achieved by deposition of intrinsic amorphous Si ((i) a-Si:H) layers. It is shown, that optimized (i) a-Si:H deposition parameters for planar Si (111) wafers can be transferred to a-Si:H layer deposition on random pyramid textured Si (100) wafers. Statistical analysis of the pyramid size distribution revealed that a low fraction of small pyramids leads to longer minority charge carrier lifetimes and, thus, a higher Voc potential for solar cells.
Optimization of EUV Reticle Cleaning by Evaluation of Chemistries on Wafer-Based Mimic Test Structures
Authors: Pacco Antoine , Dattilo D. , Jonckheere R. , Rip Jens , Dietze U. , Kruemberg J. , Holsteyns Frank
Published: September 2016

In order to evaluate the effect of repeated cleaning on EUV reticles, specifically, on the etched Mo/Si multilayer, wafer-based test structures with a mimic of this etched Mo/Si multilayer (“black-border”) were fabricated. The resistance of Mo and Si towards alkaline chemistries was tested and quantified using these test structures. The initial passivating film on Mo seems to play a role in delaying the Mo to further oxidize and dissolve in alkaline solutions. For the cleaning times used (minutes) the Mo surface, and thus the black-border edges, will probably stay passivated by that protective oxide in alkaline solution (pH 11), with no or only very limited Mo loss. Stirring and the amount of oxygen or other oxidizing species like H2O2 in solution could increase the oxidation rate of the Mo and/or Mo oxides into soluble Mo(VI) species.
Towards Atomic-Layer-Scale Processing of High Mobility Channel Materials in Acidic Solutions for N5 and N7 Technology Nodes
Authors: van Dorp Dennis H. , Arnauts Sophia , Abrenica Graniel , Holsteyns Frank
Published: September 2016

In this work the etching kinetics of Ge (100) is studied in acidic solutions containing and oxidizing agent. It is shown that the etch rate in the low etch-rate range is controlled by the concentration of the acid, oxidizing agent and the hydrodynamics of the system. The surface termination during etching has strong impact on the etching kinetics. Finally, we discuss the stability of the Ge (100) surface in water and relate this to the low solubility of the Ge suboxides
Selective Etching of Silicon Oxide versus Nitride with Low Oxide Etching Rate
Authors: Wu Hsing Chen , Tu Sheng Hung , Yang Min Chieh , Cooper Emanuel
Published: September 2016

This paper describes both aqueous and solvent-based formulations aimed at etching silicon oxide (SiOx) with etching rates (E/R) of the order of 10-20 A/min with selectivity greater than 5 with respect to silicon nitride (SiNx)
. Diluted hydrofluoric acid (dHF) with very low pH was tried first but the selectivity was found to increase only with higher SiOx E/R. Solvent-based formulations derived from previous work also behaved in a similar way, however its SiOx E/R could be reduced by modifying the total fluoride concentration inside formulation. Finally, we found that low SiOx E/R could also be implemented in the diluted buffer-oxide etch (BOE) solution and the selectivity could be adjusted by addition of a specific surfactant at a very low concentration level.
Metrology for High Selective Silicon Nitride Etch
Authors: Bai Chuan Nan , Liang Guang , Shalyt Eugene
Published: September 2016

This paper demonstrates a variety of metrology methods for high selective silicon nitride etch in different process baths. Capability of measuring full matrix components is also presented. For the measurement of H3PO4 and H2O, both NIR spectroscopy and conductivity methods work well. Si measurement in the etchant that contains an organo-silicon compound requires a new reagent development in comparison with the original reagent method developed for regular process contains inorganic Si only.
Study on the Etching Selectivity of Oxide Films in Dry Cleaning Process with NF3 and H2O
Authors: Kang Sung Min , Kim Tae Hyung , Kim Tae Sung
Published: September 2016

Dry cleaning process has been limited to particular field of removing native oxide because it has low etching selectivity for various oxide films. To increase etching selectivity, we added H2O steam feeding step before NF3 feeding step. From the experimental, we can change selectivity between oxide films from tens to hundreds.
Analysis of Si Wet Etching Effect on Wafer Edge
Authors: Saito Suguru , Okuyama Atsushi , Takeo Kenji , Hagimoto Yoshiya , Iwamoto Hayato
Published: September 2016

We investigated the effect of Si wet etching on the vertical step at wafer edge. We found that the concave-convex shape appeared at the wafer edge after Si etching by the Atomic Force Microscopy analysis. From the liquid simulation and the detailed evaluation of Si etching rate, we revealed that the concave-convex shape was formed by the distribution of the fluid velocity at the wafer edge.
Fetal CD103+ IL-17–Producing Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells Represent the Dominant Lymphocyte Subset in Human Amniotic Fluid
Authors: Marquardt Nicole , Ivarsson Martin A. , Sundström Erik , Åkesson Elisabet , Martini Elisa , Eidsmo Liv , Mjösberg Jenny , Friberg Danielle , Kublickas Marius , Ek Sverker , Tegerstedt Gunilla , Seiger Åke , Westgren Magnus , Michaëlsson Jakob
Published: September 2016

Amniotic fluid (AF) surrounds the growing fetus, and cells derived from AF are commonly used for diagnosis of genetic diseases. Intra-amniotic infections are strongly linked to preterm birth, which is the leading cause of perinatal mortality worldwide. Surprisingly little is known, however, about mature hematopoietic cells in AF, which could potentially be involved in immune responses during pregnancy. In this study, we show that the dominating population of viable CD45+ cells in AF is represented by a subset of fetal CD103+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) producing high levels of IL-17 and TNF. Fetal CD103+ ILC3s could also be detected at high frequency in second-trimester mucosal tissues (e.g., the intestine and lung). Taken together, our data indicate that CD103+ ILC3s accumulate with gestation in the fetal intestine and subsequently egress to the AF. The dominance of ILC3s producing IL-17 and TNF in AF suggests that they could be involved in controlling intra-amniotic infections and inflammation and as such could be important players in regulating subsequent premature birth.
Apparel Production Management and the Technical Package
Authors: Myers-McDevitt Paula J.
Published: September 2016

In today's global apparel industry, garments that are designed domestically are often manufactured overseas. The technical package, a series of forms that define a garment's specifications, is critical to ensuring that a particular style is executed correctly and in the most cost- and time-efficient manner possible. Apparel Production Management and the Technical Package presents the basics of production management and provides clear instructions for creating each component of a production package.
Computerized Patternmaking for Apparel Production
Authors: Nugent Laura
Published: September 2016

Computerized Patternmaking for Apparel Production takes a unique approach to learning Gerber AccuMark technology. This book includes all the procedures that the fashion industry uses to create a style and rush it to a factory for cutting and mass production. Through 20 lessons focusing on patternmaking, digitizing, grading, and marker making, students will grasp the cycle of apparel production from patternmaking to cutting. This book bridges the gap between knowing what the software functions do and applying them in today’s working environment.
Creativity in Fashion Design
Authors: Jennings Tracy
Published: September 2016

Creativity in Fashion Design: An Inspiration Workbook aims to inspire and empower designers by helping them to develop their personal creativity and use it as a tool to achieve design goals. Activities throughout the book demonstrate that creativity is a tool available to anyone who understands its components and teach students to identify and then seek out or avoid the personal and environmental factors that promote or inhibit their own creativity.
Designing Your Fashion Portfolio
Authors: Barrett Joanne Ciresi
Published: September 2016

For the fashion designer seeking employment, a well-prepared portfolio is an essential marketing tool. Designing Your Fashion Portfolio: From Concept to Presentation uses the design process to guide students through conceptualization and assembly of a fashion design portfolio that will communicate their talents and vision as designers. The richly illustrated text helps students assemble their work and organize it into a compelling story of their artistic talents and market savvy. In the process, students learn to evaluate their skills and identify their interests so that they can focus on building collections for their chosen target markets. The author's fashion design portfolio system enables designers to tailor their portfolios for each client throughout their careers.
Developing and Branding the Fashion Merchandising Portfolio
Authors: Bubonia-Clarke Janace , Borcherding Phyllis
Published: September 2016

A career in fashion merchandising means working in a fast-paced, creative industry—and a highly competitive one. Developing and Branding the Fashion Merchandising Portfolio is a guide to creating a portfolio and brand for yourself that will stand out. Portfolios provide immediate visual evidence of what you can do, and they communicate hands-on experience more explicitly than a résumé can on its own. Whether you’re interested in design, product development, buying, textile design, or trend forecasting, this book provides activities to help you identify and focus your skills. Step-by-step instructions demonstrate how to gather examples of your work, how to choose a design and layout, and ways to incorporate drawings, sketches, and CAD-generated material into a consistent, streamlined portfolio that reflects your personality. User friendly and above all visual, this is the guide for creating a portfolio that will get you hired—and keep your career on track.A career in fashion merchandising means working in a fast-paced, creative industry—and a highly competitive one. Developing and Branding the Fashion Merchandising Portfolio is a guide to creating a portfolio and brand for yourself that will stand out. Portfolios provide immediate visual evidence of what you can do, and they communicate hands-on experience more explicitly than a résumé can on its own. Whether you’re interested in design, product development, buying, textile design, or trend forecasting, this book provides activities to help you identify and focus your skills. Step-by-step instructions demonstrate how to gather examples of your work, how to choose a design and layout, and ways to incorporate drawings, sketches, and CAD-generated material into a consistent, streamlined portfolio that reflects your personality. User friendly and above all visual, this is the guide for creating a portfolio that will get you hired—and keep your career on track.
The Fashion Intern
Authors: Granger Michele M.
Published: September 2016

This comprehensive and easy-to-read new edition
of The Fashion Intern first guides students in
preparing to search for and secure an internship, and then challenges the student to
critique the internship organization from the perspective of a business analyst. In
this way, the student may primarily work in one area of the business, but must be
exposed to the business in its entirety in order to complete the text, gaining a
holistic view of the company. Text includes information on emerging fashion career
options in communications and entrepreneurship, international internship
opportunities, and the role of technological tools as today’s job
seeker’s marketing package. Interns in fashion merchandising, retailing,
design, product development, promotion, and production will end up with a polished
and professional product for their portfolio.
Guide To Fashion Entrepreneurship
Authors: Carr Melissa G. , Newell Lisa Hopkins
Published: September 2016

Guide to Fashion Entrepreneurship is for students and fashion professionals seeking information on how to develop, market, and sell their own product lines as independent labels or brands. Readers will expand their knowledge of the ready-to-wear process in order to successfully identify market opportunities, execute product differentiation, and market a new product/brand in the retail environment.

Beyond practical direction, this book guides readers in understanding the underpinnings of the process of starting their own brand or creating a product through a comprehensive analysis of the fashion industry. It examines how products are planned and developed, and the interrelationship of allied industries with perspectives on consumers, manufacturers, retailers and the international markets. With guided steps to understanding how to create a product/brand, this book effectively equips readers with fundamental information on how they can develop a plan, create new fashion products and channel them to the ultimate consumer.

With the emergence of artisans and brand entrepreneur as an economic force, students and aspiring fashion professionals learn how to think like an entrepreneur and launch a fashion brand.
The Real World Guide to Fashion Selling and Management
Authors: Sherman J. , Perlman S.
Published: September 2016

Proper selling is professional, ethical and plays a vital role in the success of any business. The Real World Guide to Fashion Selling and Management explores the proven real-world principles of personal selling, customer relationships and sales management. The second edition is updated to reflect the latest sales methods and addresses the digital world as it applies to the sales activity. The use of social media, content marketing and time management tools are key elements covered in this revised edition. Sherman and Perlman outline the essentials required for success in the industry: how salespeople define and locate their markets, the importance of developing and maintaining relationships with clients, techniques for top-notch sales presentations, basic professional do's and don'ts, dynamic “behind the label” success stories, and how to anticipate–not just keep up with–today’s global marketplace.

New to this Edition:

– Expanded to cover professional selling in retail beyond fashion

– New sections on Business-to-Consumer (B2C) retail sales management

– New chapter digital and social media in sales including

– Covers top sales management strategies and software tools, and how they can be used to increase productivity and time management Emphasizes how to find a job, networking, and building relationships

Instructor’s Guide available
Fabulous Fit
Authors: Rasband Judith A. , Liechty Elizabeth L.G.
Published: September 2016

The 2nd Edition of Fabulous Fit combines a user-friendly approach to the fitting process with a dynamic visual presentation of technical procedures. Illustrations and photos guide you through the process of identifying a figure variation, recognizing incorrect fit and its cause, measuring the body and corresponding pattern area, adjusting the pattern, and altering garments. Fabulous Fit is a complete fit book, with solutions for 62 figure variations for the bodice, sleeves, skirts, and pants. This book is the essential text for coursework in fashion selection, fitting, and alteration.
J.J. Pizzuto’s Fabric Science
Authors: Johnson Ingrid , Cohen Allen C. , Sarkar Ajoy K.
Published: September 2016

With an increased emphasis on the global industry of textiles, the best-selling Fabric Science, 11th Edition provides the most comprehensive and current introduction to textiles-from fibers through finished fabrics. This edition has been fully updated to reflect the current industry and applications to fashion, home goods, interior design and related industries.

- Coverage of fiber characteristics, yarns, woven and knit fabrics, dyeing, printing, and various finishes

- Discussions on environmental concerns, care and renovation, fabric innovations, quality issues, and global laws that regulate textiles

- Attention to textiles for interiors and how to select fabric for the desired end use in apparel, interior furnishings and industrial products

- The vocabulary of textiles in chapter glossaries and a list of fiber names in seven languages

The companion Fabric Science Swatch Kit, 11th Edition (ISBN 9781628926576), includes 114 fabric swatches that align with this text and give students hands-on experience with textile fibers, yarns, fabrications, dyes, prints, and finishes-providing a complete package for understanding textiles.
Biogeochemical constraints on the origin of methane in an alluvial aquifer: evidence for the upward migration of methane from a coal seam
Authors: Iverach Charlotte P. , Beckmann Sabrina , Cendón Dioni I. , Manefield Mike , Kelly Bryce F. J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Geochemical and microbiological indicators of methane (CH4) production, oxidation and migration processes in groundwater are important to understand when attributing sources of gas. The processes controlling the natural occurrence of CH4 in groundwater must be understood, especially when considering the potential impacts of the global expansion of coal seam gas production on groundwater quality and quantity. We use geochemical and microbiological data, along with measurements of CH4 isotopic composition (δ13C-CH4), to determine the processes acting upon CH4 in a freshwater alluvial aquifer that directly overlies coal measures targeted for coal seam gas production in Australia. Microbial and geochemical data indicate that there is biogenic CH4 in the aquifer, but no methanogenic microbial activity. In addition, microbial community analysis showed that aerobic oxidation of CH4 is occurring. The combination of microbiological and geochemical indicators suggests that the most likely source of CH4, where it was present in the freshwater aquifer, is the upward migration of CH4 from the underlying coal measures.
The effects of marine protected areas over time and species' dispersal
potential: a quantitative conservation conflict attempt
Authors: Moustakas Aristides
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Protected areas are an important conservation measure. However, there are controversial findings regarding whether closed areas are beneficial for species and habitat conservation as well as for harvesting. Species dispersal is acknowledged as a key factor for the design and impacts of protected areas. A series of agent-based models using random diffusion to model fish dispersal were run before and after habitat protection. All results were normalized without the protected habitat in each scenario to detect the relative difference after protecting an area, all else being equal. Model outputs were compared with published data regarding the impacts over time of MPAs on fish biomass. In addition, data on species' dispersal potential in terms of kilometres per year are compared with model outputs. Results show that fish landings of species with short dispersal rates will take longer to reach the levels from before the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established than landings of species with long dispersal rates. Further, the establishment of an MPA generates a higher relative population source within the MPA for species with low dispersal abilities than for species with high dispersal abilities. Results derived here show that there exists a feasible win-win scenario that maximizes both fish biomass and fish catches.
Análisis pragmático contrastivo inglés/español de la intensificación verbal en textos literarios
Authors: Garnes Inmaculada
Published: September 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en comparar las funciones pragmáticas de una estructura intensificadora en español peninsular formada con la partícula venga (venga a + infinitivo) con estructuras intensificadoras en inglés. Para ello, analizamos los factores sintácticos, semánticos y pragmáticos que el traductor tiene en cuenta a la hora de usar esta estructura en la traducción al español. El corpus lo componen fragmentos de obras literarias extraídas en Google Books. Los resultados demuestran que con esta construcción se consigue transferir al español no sólo efectos semánticos (iteración), sino también pragmáticos, como la evaluación del hablante (desacuerdo, sorpresa, etc.).