bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brockport Physical Fitness Test Manual
Authors: Winnick Joseph P. , Short Francis X.
Published: April 2021

Teachers no longer have to adapt standard physical fitness tests to accommodate students with special needs. The all-new Brockport Physical Fitness Test is specifically designed to test the fitness of youths from ages 10 through 17 that have various disabilities. This manual and related materials provide teachers with everything they need to know to easily administer the test. Years in preparation, the Brockport Test was developed through Project Target, a research study funded by the U.S. Department of Education and designed to develop a health-related, criterion-referenced physical fitness test. The manual presents all test items that comprise the Brockport Test, including
a written description of the test items, how they are to be administered, what equipment is needed, ways of scoring the test, number of trials required, test modifications, and recommendations for easy test administration.

The manual’s unique personalized approach allows the tester to
identify health-related concerns, establish the components of physical fitness to be measured, identify test items, create unique physical fitness profiles, and apply standards associated with desired levels of health-related physical fitness.

The manual includes a special chapter that presents health-related, criterion-referenced test selection guides and standards for assessing physical fitness. Standards are presented in tabular form. In all, The Brockport Physical Fitness Test Manual is an easy-to-follow, thorough guide that makes it easier for teachers to assess the fitness levels of students with special needs. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test Manual is also available as part of a kit of coordinated resources that includes software, a training guide, measurement tools, and much more.
Developmental Physical Education for All Children
Authors: Donnelly Frances Cleland , Mueller Suzanne S. , Gallahue David L.
Published: April 2021

Developmental Physical Education for All Children: Theory Into Practice, now in its fifth edition, takes a student-focused, comprehensive approach in preparing future teachers to create programs that enable children to gain the knowledge, skills, and dispositions vital to leading a physically active lifestyle.
Teaching Physical Activity
Authors: Stiehl Jim , Don Morris G.S. , Sinclair Christina
Published: April 2021

This book will help you get participants enthused about physical activity by giving them ownership. Teaching Physical Activity: Change, Challenge, and Choice guides you in designing activities and games through which you can meet your objectives while engaging all the participants in your class or group.

You engage all participants by creating healthy learning climates where everyone feels safe, capable, successful, motivated, and connected to others, and where they have a sense of ownership in the activities. And that's exactly what Teaching Physical Activity: Change, Challenge, and Choice helps you do. That ownership comes from the choices that participants make: First, participants choose from challenges that you offer them, which allow them some self-directed behavior. Second, at a more advanced level, participants can choose among options they generate themselves, imparting a greater sense of autonomy—and with it, a willingness to participate in a more personal and appropriate manner.

These choices result in changes—changes to games and activities and changes in the ways participants view being physically active. Kids will no longer fear being embarrassed in front of their peers; instead, they will welcome the challenges of a safe and fun learning environment and become more fully engaged. These ideas of choice and change are key ingredients in this book.

Other key ingredients include

-foundational material on teaching activities and games,

-45 ready-to-use games and activities to get you started right away, and

-numerous tips, ideas, and strategies to help you fully understand and implement this approach.

Part I lays a foundation for changing activities in ways that afford proper challenges to participants. It focuses on ways to maximize participation by relating participants’ needs to the program goals, and it explores strategies for introducing change, challenge, and choice into your program. It also guides you in the type of communication necessary for successful implementation, and it details the steps involved in sharing decision making with participants. Part II includes 45 activities that feature change, challenge, and choice strategies you can apply with your participants. The activities span a variety of physical activity pursuits, such as dance, adventure, and sports.

Written by the leaders of the “changing kids’ games” movement, Teaching Physical Activity: Change, Challenge, and Choice will help you engage all the participants under your charge, regardless of their levels of skill, fitness, and motivation. Your participants will benefit now, and the experience will pave the way for a lifetime of healthy physical activity.
Edukasi Pemahaman Covid-19 pada Pemudik dengan Status ODP (Orang Dalam Pengawasan) Di Desa Sumber Agung Kabupaten OKU Timur
Authors: Sinensis Arini Rosa , Firdaus Thoha , Khusuma Ari
Published: April 2021

Covid-19 merupakan virus yang telah menginfeksi manusia hampir diseluruh dunia pada awal tahun 2020. Virus ini telah masuk di Indonesia pada awal maret 2020 dan penyebarannya begitu cepat. Di Indonesia masa pandemik ini bertepatan dengan hari raya idul fitri 1441 H yang jatuh pada tanggal 23 mei 2020 oleh karena itu,  pemerintah menerapkan Pembatasan sosial berskala besar (PSBB) karena dipandang efektif dalam menekan atau membatasi pergerakan orang antar wilayah dan menghentikan penyebaran covid-19 ke berbagai wilayah Indonesia. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat khususnya warga yang berstatus ODP (Orang dalam Pengawasan) tentang bahayanya virus Covid-19, menjelaskan pencegahannya dan membiasakan pola hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS).  Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan di desa sumber agung kabupaten OKU Timur Sumsel. Sasaran pengabdian ini adalah warga OKU Timur yang mudik dari daerah berdampak Covid-19. Warga mudik tersebut telah ditandai dengan status ODP. Edukasi ini memberikan dampak terhadap bertambahnya wawasan dan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang bahayanya covid-19, menerapkan pola hidup bersih dan sehat serta membiasakan konsumsi madu untuk meningkatkan imunitas tubuh. Kegiatan ini mendapatkan respon positif oleh perangkat desa dan masyarakat sebagai upaya dalam pencegahan penyebaran Covid-19 di daerah.
Capital Structure Decision and Firm’s Life Cycle-A Study on Non-Financial Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Et al., Sonia Zafar
Published: April 2021

The basic aim of this study is to distinguish the ratio of capital structure at different life cycle stages of a firm. Literature is rich in discussing the determinants of capital structure and its influence on the performance of a firm. However; the association of capital structure decision with respect to the life cycle stages is less investigated especially in the emerging economies. Therefore, in order to investigate the choice of leverage ratio during a firm’s life cycle, 107 firms from the non-financial sector of Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of ten years i.e. 2004- 2013 are selected. A deterministic approach is used to classify the life cycle stages as presented by Miller and Friesmen (1984). Panel data methodology is used to analyze the capital structure decision with respect to firm’s life cycle. The results indicate that the leverage of a firm has a significant relation with the age of the firm, especially for the older firms. It will have a practical implication for the policy makers to focus on the easy availability of finance at younger stages of a firm as they feel financial constraints during their early life cycle.
Study on the preparation of TiO2/SiO2 and the treatment capacity of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide on the surface of sensitive equipment and components
Authors: Hoang Kim Hue  , Le Van Long  , Hoang Thanh Thai  , Le Minh Thao
Published: April 2021

The treatment of the surface of sensitive equipment and components, cotaminated by chemical agents is an important issue for the safety of population and security of structures. Material TiO2/SiO2 prepared and dispersed in a solvent system of ethanol/iso propanol/diethoxy methane has the good treatment with chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) on the surface of sensitive equipment and components. Treatment capacity depends on the tested surface and the number of treatments. Treatment capacity decreases from flat glass surface> sensitive component surface> pular rubber surface> chlorobutyl rubber surface. The treatment does not affect the performance of sensitive components.
Metal-organic framework-118 (MOF-118): A heterogeneous catalyst for effective synthesis of pyrroles from aryl amines and 2,5-hexanedione
Authors: Nguyen Van Chi  , Nguyen Thanh Tung  , Nguyen Thi Hong Huong  , Ca Thi Thuy  , Phan Thanh Son Nam
Published: April 2021

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used in many applications, particularly catalysis. Here, we reported the synthesis and characteristics of metal–organic framework-118 (MOF-118), which was used for pyrroles synthesis via Paal-Knorr reaction between diketone and aryl amines. It was found that MOF-118 exhibited excellent activity in the reaction between p-anisidine and 2,5-hexanedione. The reaction parameters including catalyst concentrations, reaction temperatures, molar ratio of p-anisidine/2,5-hexadione, and solvents, were systematically investigated. Almost 100% conversion was achieved under the optimized reaction conditions. The reusability of MOF-118 catalyst was studied. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the functional groups on aryl amines have strongly effect on the reaction rate.
Effects of reaction conditions on the degree of substitution in acetylated nanocellulose
Authors: Doan Van Hong Thien  , Tran Thao Nhu  , Do Thi Kieu Trang  , Chanh-Nghiem Nguyen  , Pham Van Toan  , Dan-Thuy Van-Pham
Published: April 2021

In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were chemically extracted from the waste newspapers and acetylated by reacting CNC with acetic anhydride, using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Response Surface Methodology based on a three-factor factorial design was applied to analyze the interaction effects of reaction temperature, time, and the ratio of nanocellulose and acetic acid (wt/v) on the degree of substitution (DS) which was calculated and compared. Various experimental conditions as reaction temperature (50-70 °C), reaction time (90-150 min), and the ratio of nanocellulose and acetic acid (wt/v) (1:15-1:25) were under investigation. It was found that reaction temperature and its interaction effects have the most significant effects on DS. The acetylated CNC was characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The highest DS (2.997) was obtained in 90 min and the CNC/acetic acid ratio of 1:15 at 70 °C.
On Dependence of Interpretation Algorithms of Typed Functional Programs on Canonical Notion of δ-Reduction
Authors: Grigoryan Davit
Published: April 2021

In this paper the interpretation algorithms of typed functional programs are considered. The interpretation algorithm is based on substitutions, β-reduction and canonical δ-reduction. The basic semantics of typed functional program is a function with indeterminate values of arguments, which is the main component of its least solution. If the value of the basic semantics for some values of arguments is indeterminate, then the interpretation algorithm either stops with the value ┴, or works endlessly. It is shown that seven known interpretation algorithms are ┴-depend on canonical notion of δ-reduction. Here are these algorithms: FS (of full substitution), PES (of parallel external substitution), LES (of left external substitution), PIS (of parallel inner substitution), LIS (of left inner substitution), ACT (active algorithm), PAS (passive algorithm).
On the Manoussakis Conjecture for a Digraph to be Hamiltonian
Authors: Darbinyan Samvel
Published: April 2021

Manoussakis (J. Graph Theory 16, 1992, 51-59) proposed the following conjecture. Conjecture. Let D be a 2-strongly connected digraph of order n such that for all distinct pairs of non-adjacent vertices x, y and w, z, we have d(x)+d(y)+d(w)+d(z) ≥ 4n − 3. Then D is Hamiltonian. In this note, we prove that if D satisfies the conditions of this conjecture, then (i) D has a cycle factor; (ii) If {x, y} is a pair of non-adjacent vertices of D such that d(x) + d(y) ≤ 2n − 2, then D is Hamiltonian if and only if D contains a cycle passing through x and y; (iii) If {x, y} a pair of non-adjacent vertices of D such that d(x)+d(y) ≤ 2n−4, then D contains cycles of all lengths 3, 4, . . . , n−1; (iv) D contains a cycle of length at least n − 1
Object Color Estimation with Dominant Color in Automated Image Semantic Description Generation Tasks
Authors: Poghosyan Aghasi
Published: April 2021

The automated image tagging is an important part of modern search engines. The generated image tags can be constructed from object names and their attributes, for example, colors. This work presents an object color name detection real-time algorithm. It is applicable to any automatic object detection and localization systems. The presented algorithm is fast enough to run after the existing real-time object detection system, without adding visible overhead. The algorithm uses k-means to detect the dominant color and selects the correct name for the color via Delta E (CIE 2000).
Scientific research of the XXI century. Volume 2
Authors: SHPAK VIKTOR
Published: April 2021

Interdisciplinary research of modern trends in science and its practical application
Forming of readiness to German communication as constituent of professionally oriented education of future farmers
Authors:   Zaporizhzhia National University, Department of English Philology, Pakhomova Tatyana , ПІДДУБЦЕВА Ольга
Published: April 2021

PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Between Kuriaké and Ekklesía
Authors: Bobrowicz Ryszard , Mannerfelt Frida
Published: April 2021

With every major change in the understanding of Practical Theology in Scandinavia, there was an increase in the production of handbooks for the discipline. In this article, we take a closer look at such handbooks from the last two increases in production, tracing a shift the discipline went through from the 1990s up until 2020. The aim of this article is three-fold. Firstly, it describes a change in the understanding of Practical Theology through developments in Scandinavian handbooks over the last three decades. Secondly, it contextualizes these developments by giving an overview of other handbooks currently in use, primarily from the UK. Finally, it briefly discusses the implications of the shift in relation to a broader conceptualization of the discipline as suspended between two poles, defined by the authors as kuriaké and ekklesía.
Molecular profile of oral fluid in new coronavirus infection
Authors: Gilmiyarova F. N. , Gusyakova O. A. , Konstantinov D. Y. , Selezneva I. A. , Borodina I. A. , Kolotyeva N. A. , Konstantinova E. A. , Tlustenko V. S. , Lebedeva S. S. , Temnik E. I. , Remizov V. V.
Published: April 2021

Oral fluid is an alternative biological material that confirms correlations with blood parameters in various pathological conditions of the body. In order to find a non-invasive approach to stratification of patients with COVID-19 disease, molecular biomarkers of the oral fluid have been determined in patients with moderate coronavirus infection in comparison with clinically healthy individuals. It has been shown that proteomic, carbohydrate, macro- and microelement profiles of the oral fluid in coronavirus infection can be used for diagnostics. The features of protein metabolism were revealed: an increase in the content of total protein, urea; increased activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase; changes in carbohydrate metabolism, which is expressed by an increase in glucose and lactate levels, an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron content.
The role of interleukin-6 and hepcidin 25 in the pathogenesis of
anemic syndrome associated with malignant neoplasms with breast cancer patients before neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Blindar Valentina Nikolaevna , Dobrovolskaya M. M. , Khagazheeva M. N. , Zubrikhina G. N. , Nesterova Yu. A. , Davydova T. V. , Lyubimova N. V. , Kushlinskii N. E. , Kononenko I. B. , Snegovoy A. V.
Published: April 2021

A study of interleukin-6 (IL-6), hepcidin-25 (GP-25) was conducted in 22 patients with breast cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and in 27 healthy women in the control group. Significant expression of the GP-25 protein was revealed in breast cancer patients, compared to control. The rates were high both in patients with anemic sindrome (AS) and without it (p <0.01). Latent iron deficiency, AS, IDA and functional iron deficiency (FJ) were more often detected in patients with stage III disease. A significant difference in the parameters of GP-25 and IL-6 was noted, the indicators were higher in patients with stage III (p <0.01). No close correlation was found between IL-6, GP-25 and other acute-phase proteins (FR, CRP) at the initial stages of AS formation. On the contrary, a positive correlation was observed in patients with IDA and FJ between IL-6 and all acute-phase proteins (GP-25, FR, CRP). However, a small number of observations do not allow an unambiguous conclusion about the role of IL-6 and GP-25 expression in the development of AS in cancer patients with breast cancer and requires further study.
A method for analyzing the typical structure of direct costs in the cost of a laboratory test
Authors: Ivoylov O. O. , Kochetov A. G.
Published: April 2021

The basis for calculating the cost price of any product, including laboratory tests, is based on an estimate of direct costs of the production. At present, there are no systematic ideas about the structure of such costs, and approaches to their analysis have not been defined, in the management practice of medical laboratories. The purpose of this work was developing and testing a method for analyzing the structure of direct costs and their allocation bases when calculating the cost of a laboratory test. We analyzed data on the volume of laboratory tests performed in the clinical diagnostic laboratory of the National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, prices for purchased reagents and consumables, depreciation and maintenance costs of equipment, staff salaries. As a result, we proposed a typical component structure of direct costs, established the allocation bases of fixed costs, and determined the ratio of some variable cost components to onе product unit cost. On the basis of these concepts, an algorithm for calculating the total direct laboratory (technological) cost per test has been developed, which makes it possible to simulate the cost structure under conditions of arbitrarily specified variables. During the testing of the algorithm, the values of direct costs and the technological cost per test were calculated for billable (ordered) laboratory tests. Comparison of the economic efficiency of various methods, as well as modeling of changes in the cost depending on the volume of testing and the turn-around time (TAT) has been performed. It can be concluded that the approach to creating the tables of the technological cost per test based on dividing direct costs into variable and fixed costs and structuring them by components and allocation bases is an effective tool for medical laboratory management.
An Energy-Aware Cluster Head Selection Protocol based on Multi-Objective Dolphin Swarm Optimization in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors:   Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, Brindha G , Juliet P. Sudha ,   Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
Published: April 2021

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is spread widely in many applications due to its portable, cost-effective, and user-friendly approach. This needs to adopt routing schemes to forward the sensed information to the sink nodes or base station through minimum-cost links. The frequently utilized data accumulation approach is clustering which organizes the nodes into clutches to minimize the consumption of energy. Likewise, in clustering protocols, the additional load will be bear by the Cluster Head (CH) for organizing various deeds inside the cluster. As a result, appropriate CH selection and their power balance using efficient clustering protocol are significant features for the long-term operation of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). In this paper, An Energy-Aware Cluster Head Selection Protocol based on Multi-Objective Dolphin Swarm Optimization (EACHP-MODSO) is proposed to enrich the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This proposed method considers six criteria to select effective Cluster Head like residual energy, inter cluster distance, intra-cluster distance, mobility, node density, and delay. The results of the proposed system show better enhancement of network lifetime compared to existing protocols.
A INCLUSÃO DE ALUNOS AUTISTAS NAS ESCOLAS REGULARES
Authors: Aparecida Marendaz Simone
Published: April 2021

A presente investigação teve como objetivo identificar os principais desafios no processo de ensino aprendizagem do aluno com transtorno do espectro autista visando o papel do professor nesse processo. Para tanto, pautou-se numa pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio da análise e fichamento de livros, periódicos e banco de dados, no sentido de confrontar teorias diferentes para uma melhor compreensão do tema. Os resultados evidenciam que para haver inclusão é necessário que haja adaptações curriculares, metodológicas e principalmente formação dos professores, para atuarem junto aos alunos autistas, cabe aos envolvidos nessa prática inclusiva promover ações de aceitação, respeito, diálogo, cooperação, flexibilização tanto na adaptação curricular quanto na formação docente, ampla e contínua.
APRENDIZAGEM NA MODALIDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA
Authors: Aparecida Marendaz Simone
Published: April 2021

O presente artigo aborda a forma como se desenvolve a tutoria na modalidade de educação a distância e nas escolas especiais. O objetivo é mostrar como a presença de mais um profissional é de extrema importância para um nível mais elevado de desenvolvimento nas estratégias de ensino. A metodologia usada para a escrita do presente tema é a pesquisa de cunho bibliográfica. O artigo foi dividido em duas partes, sendo que a primeira cita os tutores e o destaque como colaboradores do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, enquanto o segundo cita a articulação entre o professor e o tutor beneficiando o estudante. Considera-se fundamental a formação educacional no contexto da tutoria.
PROERD: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO ESTRATÉGICA DO POLICIAL MILITAR NA AMPLIAÇÃO DA CONSCIÊNCIA CIDADÃ EM ESCOLAS E COMUNIDADES
Authors: Santos Luiz Ricardo dos
Published: April 2021

Quais são os principais desafios da escola no combate à indisciplina e o avanço da violência e drogas nos espaços desta agência de socialização e intervenção social? É nesta perceptiva de resposta que este artigo tem, como pretensão, permear pela reflexão científica e subjetiva, buscando acoplar, neste conceito de busca pela educação transformadora, os aspectos norteadores e dialogais com a sociedade civil. A escola é um organismo vivo que integra outros organismos também vivos, que podemos chamar de agências de socialização. Nesta seara, diante dos desafios, um projeto surge com uma estratégica missão: unir forças com os policiais militares para que, de forma lúdica e, em simultâneo, dialógica, seja possível ampliar consciência e garantir proteção às crianças e adolescentes.
Measurement report: Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at the remote high-altitude Maïdo observatory
Authors: Verreyken Bert , Amelynck Crist , Schoon Niels , Müller Jean-François , Brioude Jérôme , Kumps Nicolas , Hermans Christian , Metzger Jean-Marc , Stavrakou Trissevgeni
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We present a source apportionment study of a near-continuous 2-year dataset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), recorded between October 2017 and November 2019 with a quadrupole-based high-sensitivity proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometry (hs-PTR-MS) instrument deployed at the Maïdo observatory (21.1° S, 55.4° E, 2,160 m altitude). The observatory is located on La Réunion island in the south-west Indian Ocean. We discuss seasonal and diel profiles of six key VOC species unequivocally linked to specific sources – acetonitrile (CH3CN), isoprene (C5H8), isoprene oxidation products (Iox), benzene (C6H6), C8-aromatics (C8H10), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). The data are analyzed using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and back-trajectory calculations based on the Lagrangian mesoscale transport model FLEXPART-AROME to identify the impact of different sources on air masses recorded at the observatory. As opposed to the biomass burning tracer CH3CN, which does not exhibit a consistent diel variability, we identify pronounced diel profiles with a daytime maximum for the biogenic (C5H8 and Iox) and anthropogenic (C6H6, C8H10) tracers. The marine tracer DMS generally displays a daytime maximum except for the austral winter when the difference between daytime and nighttime mixing ratios vanishes. Four factors were identified by the PMF: background/biomass burning, anthropogenic, primary biogenic and secondary biogenic. Despite human activity being concentrated in few coastal areas, the PMF results indicate that the anthropogenic source factor is the dominant contributor to the VOC load (38 %), followed by the background/biomass burning source factor originating in the free troposphere (33 %), and by the primary (15 %) and secondary biogenic sources (14 %). FLEXPART-AROME simulations showed that the observatory was most sensitive to anthropogenic emissions west of Maïdo while the strongest biogenic contributions coincided with airmasses passing over the north-eastern part of La Réunion. At night, the observatory is often located in the free troposphere while during the day, the measurements are influenced by mesoscale sources. Interquartile ranges of nighttime 30-minute average concentrations of methanol (CH3OH), CH3CN, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), formic acid (HCOOH), acetone (CH3COCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), representative for the atmospheric composition of the free troposphere, were found to be 525–887 pptv, 79–110 pptv, 61–101 pptv, 172–335 pptv, 259–379 pptv, 64–164 and 11–21 pptv, respectively.
Characterization of NR-PM1 and source apportionment of organic aerosol in Krakow, Poland
Authors: Tobler Anna K. , Skiba Alicja , Canonaco Francesco , Močnik Griša , Rai Pragati , Chen Gang , Bartyzel Jakub , Zimnoch Miroslaw , Styszko Katarzyna , Nęcki Jaroslaw , Furger Markus , Różański Kazimierz , Baltensperger Urs , Slowik Jay G. , Prévôt André S. H.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Krakow is routinely affected by very high air pollution levels, especially during the winter months. Although a lot of effort has been done on characterization of ambient aerosols, there is a lack of online and long-term measurements of non-refractory aerosols. Our measurements at AGH University provide online long-term chemical composition of ambient submicron particulate matter (PM1) between January 2018 and April 2019. Here we report the chemical characterization of non-refractory submicron aerosols and source apportionment of the organic fraction by positive matrix factorization (PMF). In contrast to other long-term source apportionment studies, we let a small PMF window roll over the dataset instead of performing PMF over the full dataset or on separate seasons. In this way, the seasonal variation of the source profiles can be captured. The uncertainties of the PMF solutions are addressed by the bootstrap resampling strategy and the random a-value approach for constrained factors.We observe clear seasonal patterns in concentration and composition of PM1, with high concentrations during the winter months and lower concentrations during the summer months. Organics are the dominant species throughout the campaign. Five organic aerosol (OA) factors are resolved, of which three are of primary nature (hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and coal combustion OA (CCOA)) and two are of secondary nature (more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) and less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA)). While HOA contributes on average 8.6 % ± 2.3 % throughout the campaign, the solid fuel combustion related BBOA and CCOA show a clear seasonal trend with average contributions of 10.4 % ± 2.7 % and 14.1 %, ± 2.1 % respectively. The highest contributions are observed during wintertime as a result of residential heating. Throughout the campaign, the OOA can be separated into MO-OOA and LO-OOA with average contribution of 38.4 % ± 8.4 % and 28.5 % ± 11.2 %, respectively.
Role of Criegee intermediates in the formation of sulfuric acid at a Mediterranean (Cape Corsica) site under influence of biogenic emissions
Authors: Kukui Alexandre , Chartier Michel , Wang Jinhe , Chen Hui , Dusanter Sébastien , Sauvage Stéphane , Michoud Vincent , Locoge Nadine , Gros Valérie , Bourrianne Thierry , Sellegri Karine , Pichon Jean-Marc
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Reaction of stabilized Criegee Intermediates (SCIs) with SO2 was proposed as an additional pathway of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) formation in the atmosphere, supplementary to the conventional mechanism of H2SO4 production by oxidation of SO2 in reaction with OH radicals. However, because of a large uncertainty in mechanism and rate coefficients for the atmospheric formation and loss reactions of different SCIs, the importance of this additional source is not well established. In this work, we present an estimation of the role of SCIs in H2SO4 formation at a western Mediterranean (Cape Corsica) remote site, where a comprehensive field observations including gas phase H2SO4, OH radicals, SO2, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosol size distribution measurements have been performed in July–August 2013 as a part of the project ChArMEx. The measurement site was under strong influence of local emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds including monoterpenes and isoprene generating SCIs in reactions with ozone and, hence, presenting an additional source of H2SO4 via SO2 oxidation by the SCIs. Assuming the validity of a steady state between H2SO4 production and its loss by condensation on existing aerosol particles with a unity accommodation coefficient, about 90 % of the H2SO4 formation during the day could be explained by the reaction of SO2 with OH. During the night the oxidation of SO2 by OH radicals was found to contribute only about 10 % to the H2SO4 formation. The accuracy of the derived values for the contribution of OH+SO2 reaction to the H2SO4 formation is limited mostly by a large, presently of a factor of 2, uncertainty in OH+SO2 reaction rate coefficient. The contribution of the SO2 oxidation by SCIs to the H2SO4 formation was evaluated using available measurements of unsaturated VOCs and steady state SCIs concentrations estimated by adopting rate coefficients for SCIs reactions based on structure–activity relationships (SARs). The estimated concentration of the sum of SCIs was in the range of (1–3) × 103 molecule cm−3. During the day the reaction of SCIs with SO2 was found to account for about 10 % and during the night for about 40 % of the H2SO4 production, closing the H2SO4 budget during the day but leaving unexplained about 50 % of the H2SO4 formation during the night. Despite large uncertainties in used kinetic parameters, these results indicate that the SO2 oxidation by SCIs may represent an important H2SO4 source in VOCs-rich environments, especially during night-time.
Characterization of secondary organic aerosol from heated-cooking-oil emissions: evolution in composition and volatility
Authors: Takhar Manpreet , Li Yunchun , Chan Arthur W. H.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Cooking emissions account for a major fraction of urban
organic aerosol. It is therefore important to understand the atmospheric
evolution in the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds
emitted from cooking activities. In this work, we investigate the formation
of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from oxidation of gas-phase organic
compounds from heated cooking oil. The chemical composition of cooking SOA
is analyzed using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD–GC–MS). While the particle-phase composition of SOA is a highly complex
mixture, we adopt a new method to achieve molecular speciation of the SOA.
All the GC-elutable material is classified by the constituent functional
groups, allowing us to provide a molecular description of its chemical
evolution upon oxidative aging. Our results demonstrate an increase in
average oxidation state (from −0.6 to −0.24) and decrease in average carbon
number (from 5.2 to 4.9) with increasing photochemical aging of cooking oil,
suggesting that fragmentation reactions are key processes in the oxidative
aging of cooking emissions within 2 d equivalent of ambient oxidant
exposure. Moreover, we estimate that aldehyde precursors from cooking
emissions account for a majority of the SOA formation and oxidation
products. Overall, our results provide insights into the atmospheric
evolution of cooking SOA, a majority of which is derived from gas-phase
oxidation of aldehydes.
Influence of low-level blocking and turbulence on the microphysics of a mixed-phase cloud in an inner-Alpine valley
Authors: Ramelli Fabiola , Henneberger Jan , David Robert O. , Lauber Annika , Pasquier Julie T. , Wieder Jörg , Bühl Johannes , Seifert Patric , Engelmann Ronny , Hervo Maxime , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Previous studies that investigated orographic precipitation have primarily focused on isolated mountain barriers. Here we investigate the influence of low-level blocking and shear-induced turbulence on the cloud microphysics and precipitation formation in a complex inner-Alpine valley. The analysis focuses on a mid-level cloud in a post-frontal environment and a low-level feeder cloud induced by an in-valley circulation. Observations were obtained from an extensive set of instruments including ground-based remote sensing instrumentation, in situ instrumentation on a tethered-balloon system and ground-based precipitation measurements. During this event, the boundary layer was characterized by a blocked low-level flow and enhanced turbulence in the region of strong vertical wind shear at the boundary between the blocked layer in the valley and the stronger cross-barrier flow aloft. Cloud radar observations indicated changes in the microphysical cloud properties within the turbulent shear layer including enhanced linear depolarization ratio (i.e., change in particle shape or density) and increased radar reflectivity (i.e., enhanced ice growth). Based on the ice particle habits observed at the surface, we suggest that riming, aggregation and needle growth occurred within the turbulent layer. Collisions of fragile ice crystals (e.g., dendrites, needles) and the Hallett–Mossop process might have contributed to secondary ice production. Additionally, in situ instrumentation on the tethered-balloon system observed the presence of a low-level feeder cloud above a small-scale topographic feature, which dissipated when the low-level flow turned from a blocked to an unblocked state. Our observations indicate that the low-level blocking (due to the downstream mountain barrier) created an in-valley circulation, which led to the production of local updrafts and the formation of a low-level feeder cloud. Although the feeder cloud did not enhance precipitation in this particular case (since the majority of the precipitation sublimated when falling through a subsaturated layer above), we propose that local flow effects such as low-level blocking can induce the formation of feeder clouds in mountain valleys and on the leeward slope of foothills upstream of the main mountain barrier, where they can act to enhance orographic precipitation through the seeder–feeder mechanism.
How frequent is natural cloud seeding from ice cloud layers ( < −35 °C) over Switzerland?
Authors: Proske Ulrike , Bessenbacher Verena , Dedekind Zane , Lohmann Ulrike , Neubauer David
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Clouds and cloud feedbacks represent one of the largest uncertainties in climate projections. As the ice phase influences many key cloud properties and their lifetime, its formation needs to be better understood in order to improve climate and weather prediction models. Ice crystals sedimenting out of a cloud do not sublimate immediately but can survive certain distances and eventually fall into a cloud below. This natural cloud seeding can trigger glaciation and has been shown to enhance precipitation formation. However, to date, an estimate of its occurrence frequency is lacking.
In this study, we estimate the occurrence frequency of natural cloud seeding over Switzerland from satellite data and sublimation calculations. We use the DARDAR (radar lidar) satellite product between April 2006 and October 2017 to estimate the occurrence frequency of multi-layer cloud situations, where a cirrus cloud at T < −35 ∘C can provide seeds to a lower-lying feeder cloud. These situations are found to occur in 31 % of the observations. Of these, 42 % have a cirrus cloud above another cloud, separated, while in 58 % the cirrus is part of a thicker cloud, with a potential for in-cloud seeding. Vertical distances between the cirrus and the lower-lying cloud are distributed uniformly between 100 m and 10 km. They are found to not vary with topography. Seasonally, winter nights have the most multi-layer cloud occurrences, in 38 % of the measurements.
Additionally, in situ and liquid origin cirrus cloud size modes can be identified according to the ice crystal mean effective radius in the DARDAR data.
Using sublimation calculations, we show that in a significant number of cases the seeding ice crystals do not sublimate before reaching the lower-lying feeder cloud.
Depending on whether bullet rosette, plate-like or spherical crystals were assumed, 10 %, 11 % or 20 % of the crystals, respectively, could provide seeds after sedimenting 2 km. The high occurrence frequency of seeding situations and the survival of the ice crystals indicate that the seeder–feeder process and natural cloud seeding are widespread phenomena over Switzerland. This hints at a large potential for natural cloud seeding to influence cloud properties and thereby the Earth's radiative budget and water cycle, which should be studied globally. Further investigations of the magnitude of the seeding ice crystals' effect on lower-lying clouds are necessary to estimate the contribution of natural cloud seeding to precipitation.
COVID-19 lockdown-induced changes in NO2 levels across India observed by multi-satellite and surface observations
Authors: Biswal Akash , Singh Vikas , Singh Shweta , Kesarkar Amit P. , Ravindra Khaiwal , Sokhi Ranjeet S. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip S. , Pope Richard J. , Singh Tanbir , Mor Suman
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We have estimated the spatial changes in NO2 levels over different
regions of India during the COVID-19 lockdown (25 March–3 May 2020) using the satellite-based tropospheric column NO2 observed by
the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Tropospheric Monitoring
Instrument (TROPOMI), as well as surface NO2 concentrations obtained
from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitoring network. A
substantial reduction in NO2 levels was observed across India during
the lockdown compared to the same period during previous business-as-usual
years, except for some regions that were influenced by anomalous fires in
2020. The reduction (negative change) over the urban agglomerations was
substantial (∼ 20 %–40 %) and directly proportional to the
urban size and population density. Rural regions across India also
experienced lower NO2 values by ∼ 15 %–25 %. Localised
enhancements in NO2 associated with isolated emission increase
scattered across India were also detected. Observed percentage changes in
satellite and surface observations were consistent across most regions and
cities, but the surface observations were subject to larger variability
depending on their proximity to the local emission sources. Observations
also indicate NO2 enhancements of up to ∼ 25 % during
the lockdown associated with fire emissions over the north-east of India
and some parts of the central regions. In addition, the cities located near the
large fire emission sources show much smaller NO2 reduction than other
urban areas as the decrease at the surface was masked by enhancement in
NO2 due to the transport of the fire emissions.
Synergy processing of diverse ground-based remote sensing and in situ data using the GRASP algorithm: applications to radiometer, lidar and radiosonde observations
Authors: Lopatin Anton , Dubovik Oleg , Fuertes David , Stenchikov Georgiy , Lapyonok Tatyana , Veselovskii Igor , Wienhold Frank G. , Shevchenko Illia , Hu Qiaoyun , Parajuli Sagar
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The exploration of aerosol retrieval synergies from
diverse combinations of ground-based passive Sun-photometric measurements
with collocated active lidar ground-based and radiosonde observations using
versatile Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere
and Surface Properties (GRASP) algorithm is presented. Several potentially fruitful aspects of observation synergy were considered. First, a set of passive and active ground-based observations collected
during both day- and nighttime was inverted simultaneously under the
assumption of temporal continuity of aerosol properties. Such an approach
explores the complementarity of the information in different observations
and results in a robust and consistent processing of all observations. For
example, the interpretation of the nighttime active observations usually
suffers from the lack of information about aerosol particles sizes, shapes
and complex refractive index. In the realized synergy retrievals, the
information propagating from the nearby Sun-photometric observations
provides sufficient constraints for reliable interpretation of both day- and nighttime lidar observations. Second, the synergetic processing of such complementary observations with
enhanced information content allows for optimizing the aerosol model used in the retrieval. Specifically, the external mixture of several aerosol
components with predetermined sizes, shapes and composition has been
identified as an efficient approach for achieving reliable retrieval of
aerosol properties in several situations. This approach allows for achieving consistent and accurate aerosol retrievals from processing stand-alone advanced lidar observations with reduced information content about aerosol columnar properties. Third, the potential of synergy processing of the ground-based
Sun-photometric and lidar observations, with the in situ backscatter sonde
measurements was explored using the data from KAUST.15 and KAUST.16 field
campaigns held at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in the August of 2015 and 2016. The inclusion of radiosonde data has been demonstrated to provide significant additional constraints to validate and improve the accuracy and scope of aerosol profiling. The results of all retrieval setups used for processing both synergy and
stand-alone observation data sets are discussed and intercompared.
Evolution of continental temperature seasonality from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse - A model-data comparison
Authors: Toumoulin Agathe , Tardif Delphine , Donnadieu Yannick , Licht Alexis , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Kunzmann Lutz , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume
Published: April 2021

Abstract. At the junction of greenhouse and icehouse climate phases, the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) is a key moment in the history of the Cenozoic climate. Yet, while it is associated with severe extinctions and biodiversity turnovers, terrestrial climate evolution remains poorly resolved. Paleobotanical and geochemical continental records suggest a marked cooling in winter, leading to the development of more pronounced seasons (i.e., increase of the Mean Annual Range of Temperature, MATR) in parts of the Northern Hemisphere. However, this increase of the annual temperature range has been poorly studied by climate models; uncertainties remain about the geographical extent of this phenomenon and the associated climatic processes. Although other components of the climate system vary seasonally (e.g., precipitation, wind), we therefore focus on the seasonality of temperatures only. In order to better understand and describe temperature seasonality patterns from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene, we use the Earth System Model IPSL-CM5A2 and a set of simulations reconstructing the EOT through three major climate forcings: pCO2 decrease (1120/840 to 560 ppm), the Antarctic ice-sheet (AIS) formation, and the associated sea-level decrease (-70 m). Our simulations suggest that seasonality changes across the EOT rely on the combined effects of the different tested mechanisms which result in zonal to regional climate responses. Broad continental areas of increased MATR reflect a strengthening of seasonality (from 4°C to > 10°C increase of the MATR) across the EOT in agreement with MATR and Coldest Month Mean Temperatures (CMMT) changes indicated by a review of existing proxies. pCO2 decrease induces a zonal pattern with alternating increasing and decreasing seasonality bands. In the northern high-latitudes, it results in sea-ice and surface albedo feedback, driving a strong increase in seasonality (up to 8°C MATR increase). Conversely, the onset of the AIS is responsible for a more constant surface albedo, which leads to a strong decrease in seasonality in the southern mid- to high-latitudes (> 40°S). Finally, continental areas emerged due to the sea level lowering cause the largest increase in seasonality and explain most of the global heterogeneity in MATR changes (∆MATR) patterns. ∆MATR patterns we reconstruct are consistent with the variability of the EOT biotic crisis intensity across the Northern Hemisphere.