bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of cross direction and ploidy level on phenotypic variation of reciprocal diploid and triploid mandarin hybrids
Authors: Ahmed Dalel , Evrard Jean-Charles , Ollitrault Patrick , Froelicher Yann
Published: January 2020

New citrus fruit varieties with the right pomological and organoleptic characteristics are expected by consumers and the fresh citrus fruit market. Apart from a good balance between sugar content and acidity, seedlessness is particularly demanded. Triploidy is one of the best ways to obtain seedless cultivars, and, taking advantage of diploid gametes, research programs have succeeded in creating them. Triploid hybrids are sterile and, when associated with parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruits. However, no studies have compared the potential agronomic interest of diploid and triploid cultivars to date. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of (i) cross direction between diploid and triploid reciprocal populations of mandarin hybrids and (ii) the increase in ploidy level from diploidy to triploidy phenotypic variation in quantitative agronomic traits. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Fortune’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor generated two diploid and two triploid populations; we then phenotyped by measuring fruit and juice weights, sugar content and titratable acidity over three harvesting campaigns. Significant differences in sugar and acidity levels were observed between triploid populations. Both triploid progenies varied according to their respective female genitor, unlike diploid populations in which no relationship was found between their phenotypic variation and that of their parents. Considering each cross direction separately, the comparison of diploid and triploid populations revealed that triploid hybrids were juicier and sweeter. A genomic dosage effect appears to be the most plausible explanation for these variations. These innovative results will help optimize triploid citrus breeding programmes by choosing the appropriate diploid gamete producing parent.
Association between phospholipid metabolism in plasma and spontaneous preterm birth: a discovery lipidomic analysis in the cork pregnancy cohort
Authors: Morillon Aude-Claire , Yakkundi Shirish , Thomas Gregoire , Gethings Lee A. , Langridge James I. , Baker Philip N. , Kenny Louise C. , English Jane A. , McCarthy Fergus P.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Preterm birth (PTB) is defined as birth occurring before 37 weeks’ gestation, affects 5–9% of all pregnancies in developed countries, and is the leading cause of perinatal mortality. Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) accounts for 31–50% of all PTB, but the underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood.

Objective

This study aimed to decipher the lipidomics pathways involved in pathophysiology of sPTB.

Methods

Blood samples were taken from SCreening fOr Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE), an international study that recruited 5628 nulliparous women, with a singleton low-risk pregnancy. Our analysis focused on plasma from SCOPE in Cork. Discovery profiling of the samples was undertaken using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Lipidomics, and features significantly altered between sPTB (n = 16) and Control (n = 32) groups were identified using empirical Bayes testing, adjusting for multiple comparisons.

Results

Twenty-six lipids showed lower levels in plasma of sPTB compared to controls (adjusted p < 0.05), including 20 glycerophospholipids (12 phosphatidylcholines, 7 phosphatidylethanolamines, 1 phosphatidylinositol) and 6 sphingolipids (2 ceramides and 4 sphingomyelines). In addition, a diaglyceride, DG (34:4), was detected in higher levels in sPTB compared to controls.

Conclusions

We report reduced levels of plasma phospholipids in sPTB. Phospholipid integrity is linked to biological membrane stability and inflammation, while storage and breakdown of lipids have previously been implicated in pregnancy complications. The contribution of phospholipids to sPTB as a cause or effect is still unclear; however, our results of differential plasma phospholipid expression represent another step in advancing our understanding of the aetiology of sPTB. Further work is needed to validate these findings in independent pregnancy cohorts.
Effects of dissolved organic phase composition and salinity on the engineered sulfate application in a flow-through system
Authors: Shafieiyoun Saeid , Al-Raoush Riyadh I. , Ismail Reem Elfatih , Ngueleu Stephane K. , Rezanezhad Fereidoun , Van Cappellen Philippe
Published: January 2020

Engineered sulfate application has been proposed as an effective remedy to enhance the rate-limited biodegradation of petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface environments, but the effects of dissolved organic phase composition and salinity on the efficiency of this method are unknown. A series of flow-through experiments were conducted for 150 days and dissolved benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and 1-methylnaphthalene were injected under sulfate-reducing and three different salinity conditions for 80 pore volumes. Then, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were omitted from the influent solution and just dissolved benzene and toluene were injected to investigate the influence of dissolved phase composition on treatment efficiency. A stronger sorption capacity for PAHs was observed and the retardation of the injected organic compounds followed the order of benzene < toluene < naphthalene < 1-methylnaphthalene. Mass balance analyses indicated that 50 and 15% of toluene and 1-methlynaphtalene were degraded, respectively. Around 5% of the injected naphthalene degraded after injecting > 60 PVs influent solution, and benzene slightly degraded following the removal of PAH compounds. The results showed substrate interactions and composition can result in rate-limited and insufficient biodegradation. Similar reducing conditions and organic utilization were observed for different salinity conditions in the presence of the multi-component dissolved organic phase. This was attributed to the dominant microbial community involved in toluene degradation that exerted catabolic repression on the simultaneous utilization of other organic compounds and were not susceptible to changes in salinity.
Entwicklung des Lebensstilprogramms „Gemeinsam Gesund“
Authors: Kranz Ragna-Marie , Englert Heike
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund

Zivilisationserkrankungen (NCD) werden in Deutschland mit nahezu allen Sterbefällen assoziiert. Durch einen gesunden Lebensstil lässt sich das Erkrankungsrisiko jedoch maßgeblich beeinflussen. Daraus leitet sich ein großes Potenzial für Lebensstilinterventionen zur Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung ab. Das community-basierte Lebensstilprogramm „Gemeinsam Gesund“ kombiniert verhaltens- und verhältnispräventive Maßnahmen zur NCD-Prävention.

Fragestellung

Wie lässt sich das Programm „Gemeinsam Gesund“ mithilfe des Intervention-Mapping-Ansatzes (IMA) entwickeln und strukturieren?

Methodik

Die Planung des Lebensstilprogramms erfolgte mithilfe des IMA. Die theoretische Planungsmethode ermöglichte eine in Teilschritte untergliederte Programmentwicklung, die von einer Analyse der Ausgangssituation und Zielfindung über die Maßnahmenfestlegung bis hin zur Evaluationsplanung reichte.

Ergebnisse

Die Bedarfs- und Bestandsanalyse (Schritt I) konnte die Bedarfe und bereits etablierte Gesundheitsangebote der Community aufzeigen. Daraus konnten konkrete Ziele entwickelt (Schritt II) sowie Maßnahmenformate und -inhalte (Schritt III) festgelegt werden. Es wurden Gesundheitschecks und ein 10-wöchiges intensives Lebensstilprogramm mit anschließenden Alumni-Treffen konzipiert. Für alle Interventionsinhalte wurden Materialien entwickelt (Schritt IV) und die Akteure für die Implementierung vor Ort identifiziert (Schritt V). Für die Evaluation (Schritt VI) wurde eine Kombination aus einer Effekt- und Prozessevaluation geplant.

Diskussion

Der IMA eignet sich gut zur Planung von komplexen Lebensstilprogrammen. Die Anwendung der Methode konnte zu einer sehr zielgruppenorientierten Interventionsentwicklung beitragen, wenngleich einige Abweichungen von der normalen Vorgehensweise des IMA notwendig waren.
Kompetenzen für Tätigkeiten in der Gesundheitsförderung
Authors: Karg Stephanie , Blättner Beate , Krüger Kerstin , Micheew Naomi
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund

Gesundheitsförderer werden am Arbeitsmarkt gebraucht. Für Absolventinnen und Absolventen entsprechender Studiengänge scheint aber die Orientierung nicht leicht zu sein, welche Kompetenzen relevant sind und am Arbeitsmarkt erwartet werden.

Fragestellung

Es interessierte, welche Kompetenzen aus Sicht von Stakeholdern benötigt werden und wie Studierende sich während des Studiums gezielt auf eine Erwerbstätigkeit vorbereiten können.

Material und Methode

Es wurden leitfadengestützte Interviews mit 28 Stakeholdern geführt und mittels Kategorisierung und Typenbildung ausgewertet. Als Stakeholder wurden Personen definiert, die im jeweiligen Tätigkeitsfeld beschäftigt waren oder als Personalverantwortliche bzw. Geschäftsführer für entsprechende Arbeitsfelder fungierten.

Ergebnisse

Die Bereiche Betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung, Gesundheitsberichterstattung, Gesundheitskommunikation und Koordinations- und Entwicklungsarbeit sind wesentliche Arbeitsfelder. In den benötigten Kompetenzen und Aufgabengebieten weisen sie eher Gemeinsamkeiten als Unterschiede auf. Persönliche und soziale Kompetenzen können über die Einstellung entscheiden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Förderung persönlicher und sozialer sowie eher generalistischer Kompetenzen in der Gesundheitsförderung sollte im Studium einen Schwerpunkt darstellen. Daneben sollten Studierende individuelle Kompetenzprofile entwickeln.
Cholecystectomy After Previous Bariatric Surgery with Special Focus on Pregnant Patients—Results from Two Large Nationwide Registries
Authors: Hedström Jonas , Nilsson Johan , Ekelund Mikael , Andersson Roland , Andersson Bodil
Published: January 2020

Background

Biliary complications during pregnancy is an important issue. The aim of this study was to examine if there is an increased risk to perform cholecystectomy during pregnancy in patients with previous bariatric surgery in comparison to other females subjected to cholecystectomy.

Methods

The Nationwide Swedish Registry for Gallstone Surgery (GallRiks) and the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) were combined. Female patients 18–45 years old were included. The study group was patients with a history of bariatric surgery whom were pregnant at the time of cholecystectomy. This group was compared with pregnant patients without previous bariatric surgery and non-pregnant with and without previous bariatric surgery.

Results

In total, 21,314 patients were included and 292 underwent surgery during pregnancy. From 1282 patients identified in both registers, 16 patients were pregnant at the time of cholecystectomy. Acute cholecystectomy was performed in 5922 (28%) non-pregnant and 199 (68%) pregnant (p < 0.001), including 11/16 (69%) pregnant with previous bariatric surgery. When comparing all pregnant patients, those with previous bariatric surgery had longer operative time (p = 0.031) and length of stay (p = 0.043), but no differences were seen when only comparing patients with an acute indication for surgery. There was no difference in complications comparing pregnant patients with previous bariatric surgery with non-pregnant, both with and without previous bariatric surgery.

Conclusions

Cholecystectomy during pregnancy in patients with previous bariatric surgery seems to be safe. The increased risk seen in the non-pregnant group after previous bariatric surgery is not seen in pregnancy, possibly due to an optimization of the circumstances at surgery.
Soil Shear Strength Losses in Two Fresh Marshes with Variable Increases in N and P Loading
Authors: Turner R. Eugene , Swarzenski Christopher , Bodker James E.
Published: January 2020

We measured soil shear strength (SSS) from 2009 to 2018 in two hydrologically distinct freshwater marshes dominated by Panicum hemitomon after nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) were applied to the surface in spring. The SSS averaged over 100-cm depth in the floating and anchored marshes declined up to 30% throughout the profiles and with no apparent differences in the effects of the low, medium, and high N + P dosing. Plots with only N or P additions exhibited significant changes in SSS at individual depths below 40 cm for the anchored marsh, but not the floating marsh. The average SSS for the anchored marsh over the entire 100 cm profile declined when N and P were added separately or together. At the floating marsh, however, the SSS decreased when N and P were added in combination, or P alone, but not for the N addition. Increasing nutrient availability to these freshwater marsh soils makes them weaker, and perhaps lost if eroded or uplifted by buoyant forces during storms. These results are consistent with results from multi-year experiments demonstrating higher decomposition rates, greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon losses in wetlands following increased nutrient availability.
Refining national greenhouse gas inventories
Authors: Yona Leehi , Cashore Benjamin , Jackson Robert B. , Ometto Jean , Bradford Mark A.
Published: January 2020

The importance of greenhouse gas inventories cannot be overstated: the process of producing inventories informs strategies that governments will use to meet emissions reduction targets. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) leads an effort to develop and refine internationally agreed upon methodologies for calculating and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and removals. We argue that these guidelines are not equipped to handle the task of developing national greenhouse gas inventories for most countries. Inventory guidelines are vital to implementing climate action, and we highlight opportunities to improve their timeliness and accuracy. Such reforms should provide the means to better understand and advance the progress countries are making toward their Paris commitments. Now is the time to consider challenges posed by the current process to develop the guidelines, and to avail the policy community of recent major advances in quantitative and expert synthesis to overhaul the process and thereby better equip multi-national efforts to limit climate change.
Distance-learning For Approximate Bayesian Computation To Model a Volcanic Eruption
Authors: Pacchiardi Lorenzo , Künzli Pierre , Schöngens Marcel , Chopard Bastien , Dutta Ritabrata
Published: January 2020

Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) provides us with a way to infer parameters of models, for which the likelihood function is not available, from an observation. Using ABC, which depends on many simulations from the considered model, we develop an inferential framework to learn parameters of a stochastic numerical simulator of volcanic eruption. Moreover, the model itself is parallelized using Message Passing Interface (MPI). Thus, we develop a nested-parallelized MPI communicator to handle the expensive numerical model with ABC algorithms. ABC usually relies on summary statistics of the data in order to measure the discrepancy model output and observation. However, informative summary statistics cannot be found for the considered model. We therefore develop a technique to learn a distance between model outputs based on deep metric-learning. We use this framework to learn the plume characteristics (eg. initial plume velocity) of the volcanic eruption from the tephra deposits collected by field-work associated with the 2450 BP Pululagua (Ecuador) volcanic eruption.
A common variant of LDL receptor related protein 2 (LRP2) gene is associated with gout susceptibility: a meta-analysis in a Japanese population
Authors: Akashi Airi , Nakayama Akiyoshi , Kamatani Yoichiro , Higashino Toshihide , Shimizu Seiko , Kawamura Yusuke , Imoto Misaki , Naito Mariko , Hishida Asahi , Kawaguchi Makoto , Takao Mikiya , Matsuo Michinori , Takada Tappei , Ichida Kimiyoshi , Ooyama Hiroshi , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Matsuo Hirotaka
Published: January 2020

Gout, which results from elevated serum uric acid (SUA), is a common form of arthritis that is induced by urate crystals. A single nucleotide polymorphism, rs2544390, of LDL receptor related protein 2 (LRP2/Megalin), has previously been reported to be associated with SUA by a genome-wide association study in a Japanese population. However, it was controversial as to whether rs2544390 is associated with gout in a Japanese population, since previous studies with Japanese populations have reported an association between gout and rs2544390 both with and without significance. This prompted us to investigate the association between gout and rs2544390 of LRP2. Using 1208 clinically diagnosed gout patients and 1223 controls in a Japanese male population, our results showed that while rs2544390 did not show a significant association with gout susceptibility in the present study (p = 0.0793, odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidential interval [CI] 1.11 [0.99–1.24]). However, a meta-analysis using previous studies on Japanese populations revealed a significant association with gout (pmeta = 0.0314, OR with 95% CI 1.09 [1.01–1.18]). We have therefore for the first time confirmed a positive association between rs2544390 and gout with only a Japanese male population. Our study provides clues to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of gout and has the potential to lead to novel therapeutic strategies against gout using LRP2 as a molecular target.
Rhinology: Simulation Training (Part 1)
Authors: Tornari Chrysostomos , Tedla Miroslav , Surda Pavol
Published: January 2020

Purpose of Review

Recently, there has been an expansion of novel technologies in simulation training. Different models target different aspects of training. The aim of this review was to examine existing evidence about training simulators in rhinology, their incorporation into real training programmes and translation of these skills into the operating room. The first part focuses on the virtual and augmented reality simulators. The second part describes the role of physical (i.e. non-computer-based) models of endoscopic sinus surgery.

Recent Findings

Virtual reality simulators are still evolving and facing challenges due to their inherent cost and lack of realism in terms of the type of haptic feedback they provide. On the other hand, augmented reality seems to be a promising platform with a growing number of applications in preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation and education. Limitations in validity, registration error and level of evidence prevent the adoption of augmented reality on a wider scale or in clinical practice.

Simulation training is a maturing field that shows reasonable evidence for a number of models. The incorporation of these models into real training programmes requires further evaluation to ensure that training opportunities are being maximized.
Delayed contrast enhancement of hepatic parenchyma after intravenous sonographic contrast agent: unusual phenomenon. Case report and review of literature
Authors: Tarnoki David Laszlo , Tarnoki Adam Domonkos , Sukosd Hunor , Folhoffer Aniko , Harkanyi Zoltan
Published: January 2020

Aim

A case of heterogeneous late-phase hepatic enhancement (HLHE) using contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with SonoVue is presented, where HLHE lasted after 50 min of injection.

Methods

This study aims to review prior literature on this topic, to characterize the features of HLHE in the liver, and to find possible and reliable explanations for this phenomenon.

Results

From literature, thus far five publications discuss this phenomenon with a total of 21 patients.

Conclusion

We suggest that phagocytosis of contrast agent microbubbles by macrophages, and lymphocytosis of peripheral blood due to stress conditions of the patients might be in the background of HLHE.
Tribological and anti-corrosion performance of epoxy resin composite coatings reinforced with differently sized cubic boron nitride (CBN) particles
Authors: Huang Zhiping , Zhao Wenjie , Zhao Wenchao , Ci Xiaojing , Li Wentao
Published: January 2020

A series of high solid content (30 wt%) epoxy resin (EP) composite coatings reinforced with differently sized cubic boron nitride (CBN) particles were fabricated successfully on 304L stainless steel. Polydopamine (PDA) was used to improve the dispersibility of CBN particles in EP. The structural and morphological features of the CBN particles and the composite coatings were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, a UMT-3 tribometer and surface profiler were used to investigate the tribological behaviors of the as-prepared composite coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel analysis were used to investigate the coatings’ anti-corrosion performance. The results demonstrated that the CBN fillers could effectively enhance the tribological and anti-corrosion properties of the EP composite coatings. In addition, when the additive proportion of the microsized (5 μm) and nanosized (550 nm) CBN particles was 1:1, the tribological property of the EP composite coatings was optimal for dry sliding, which was attributed to the load carrying capability of the microsized CBN particles and the toughening effect of the nanosized CBN particles. However, when the additive proportion of the microsized and nanosized CBN particles was 2:1, the tribology and corrosion resistance performance were optimal in seawater conditions. We ascribed this to the load-carrying capacity of the microparticles, which played a more important role under the seawater lubrication condition, and the more compact structure, which improved the electrolyte barrier ability for the composite coatings.
Deep-Tissue Photothermal Therapy Using Laser Illumination at NIR-IIa Window
Authors: Wu Xunzhi , Suo Yongkuan , Shi Hui , Liu Ruiqi , Wu Fengxia , Wang Tingzhong , Ma Lina , Liu Hongguang , Cheng Zhen
Published: January 2020

Photothermal therapy (PTT) using near-infrared (NIR) light for tumor treatment has triggered extensive attentions because of its advantages of noninvasion and convenience. The current research on PTT usually uses lasers in the first NIR window (NIR-I; 700–900 nm) as irradiation source. However, the second NIR window (NIR-II; 1000–1700 nm) especially NIR-IIa window (1300–1400 nm) is considered much more promising in diagnosis and treatment as its superiority in penetration depth and maximum permissible exposure over NIR-I window. Hereby, we propose the use of laser excitation at 1275 nm, which is approved by Food and Drug Administration for physical therapy, as an attractive technique for PTT to balance of tissue absorption and scattering with water absorption. Specifically, CuS-PEG nanoparticles with similar absorption values at 1275 and 808 nm, a conventional NIR-I window for PTT, were synthesized as PTT agents and a comparison platform, to explore the potential of 1275 and 808 nm lasers for PTT, especially in deep-tissue settings. The results showed that 1275 nm laser was practicable in PTT. It exhibited much more desirable outcomes in cell ablation in vitro and deep-tissue antitumor capabilities in vivo compared to that of 808 nm laser. NIR-IIa laser illumination is superior to NIR-I laser for deep-tissue PTT, and shows high potential to improve the PTT outcome.
Nutrient chemistry and seasonal variation in the groundwater quality of a Riverine Island on the west coast of Kerala, India
Authors: Kumar P. J. Sajil , Kokkat Aswin , Kurian P. K. , James E. J.
Published: January 2020

This study attempted to evaluate the groundwater quality, with a special emphasis on nutrients, of a riverine coastal island near Kodungallur, Kerala. Water quality parameters were analyzed in the collected samples over pre- and post-monsoon seasons. A considerable variation in groundwater chemistry was observed in the two periods. During pre-monsoon season, many wells were contaminated with TDS, Cl, Fe, Ca and Mg in certain locations. Whereas, post-monsoon water was relatively fresh, indicating the dilution process as well as aquifer recharge by the monsoon rain and consequent regression of saline water. A higher concentration of Fe was observed in the pre-monsoon season (41%) than in the post-monsoon season (24%). Nitrate and phosphates were analyzed to assess the nutrients and the observed concentration was below their corresponding permissible limits. Results show that overexploitation of the aquifer as well as the decreased flow of the River Periyar during the pre-monsoon period increased the threat from seawater intrusion and groundwater contamination. An interesting groundwater recharge mechanism locally known as backwashing—the diversion of rainwater from rooftops to dug wells—is being practiced in the study area and has been found to be effective in raising water levels and improving water quality.
Schulisches Wohlbefinden, Zugehörigkeit und Unterstützung bei Schülerinnen und Schülern im gemeinsamen Unterricht der Sekundarstufe I
Authors: Kröske Björn
Published: January 2020

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, inwiefern im gemeinsamen Unterricht in der Sekundarstufe I (7.–10. Klasse) das schulische Wohlbefinden, die soziale Zugehörigkeit und die empfundene Unterstützung vom sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf (SPF) in den Bereichen Lernen (SPF-L), emotionale und soziale Entwicklung (SPF-E/S) und geistige Entwicklung (SPF-G) abhängen. Als weitere Einflussgrößen werden der Leistungsdruck und die Förderung zur Zusammenarbeit berücksichtigt. Als Einflussfaktoren für das Wohlbefinden werden darüberhinaus die Zugehörigkeit und die Unterstützung durch die Lehrkräfte betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse der Mehrebenenanalyse zeigen, dass besonders Schüler_innen mit SPF-E/S ein geringeres schulisches Wohlbefinden, weniger soziale Zugehörigkeit und weniger Unterstützung berichten als Schüler_innen ohne SPF. Hingegen ist das psycho-soziale Empfinden SPF‑L und -G überwiegend vergleichbar mit dem ihrer Mitschüler_innen ohne SPF. Die soziale Unterstützung und Zugehörigkeit tragen zum schulischen Wohlbefinden bei, erklären aber nicht vollständig das geringere Wohlbefinden der Schüler_innen mit SPF-E/S auf, allerdings wirkt sich die Förderung zur Zusammenarbeit in der Klasse positiv auf das psycho-sozialen Erleben aus. Weitergehend wird diskutiert, wie das Erleben von prosozialem Verhalten, speziell bei Schüler_innen mit SPF-E/S, wiederum positiv auf das eigene Sozialverhalten wirkt und folglich ihr Befinden im Unterricht verbessern kann.
Feature learning for Human Activity Recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Cruciani Federico , Vafeiadis Anastasios , Nugent Chris , Cleland Ian , McCullagh Paul , Votis Konstantinos , Giakoumis Dimitrios , Tzovaras Dimitrios , Chen Liming , Hamzaoui Raouf
Published: January 2020

The use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as a feature learning method for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is becoming more and more common. Unlike conventional machine learning methods, which require domain-specific expertise, CNNs can extract features automatically. On the other hand, CNNs require a training phase, making them prone to the cold-start problem. In this work, a case study is presented where the use of a pre-trained CNN feature extractor is evaluated under realistic conditions. The case study consists of two main steps: (1) different topologies and parameters are assessed to identify the best candidate models for HAR, thus obtaining a pre-trained CNN model. The pre-trained model (2) is then employed as feature extractor evaluating its use with a large scale real-world dataset. Two CNN applications were considered: Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and audio based HAR. For the IMU data, balanced accuracy was 91.98% on the UCI-HAR dataset, and 67.51% on the real-world Extrasensory dataset. For the audio data, the balanced accuracy was 92.30% on the DCASE 2017 dataset, and 35.24% on the Extrasensory dataset.
Long-term consequences of the hidden curriculum on social preferences
Authors: Ito Takahiro , Kubota Kohei , Ohtake Fumio
Published: January 2020

This paper examines the long-term consequences of elementary school curricula on the formation of social preferences. The estimation results, using Japanese data, show that the hidden (non-academic) curriculum at public elementary schools varies widely by region and is associated with preference formation. Specifically, people who have experienced participatory and cooperative learning practices are more likely to be altruistic, cooperative with others, reciprocal, and have national pride. In contrast, education emphasizing anti-competitive practices is negatively associated with these attributes. Such contrasts can also be seen in other preferences regarding government policies and the market economy. The findings imply that elementary school education, as a place for early socialization, plays an important role in the formation of life-long social preferences.
A computed tomography-based spatial reference for pedicle screw placement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Brink Rob C. , Homans Jelle F. , de Reuver Steven , van Stralen Marijn , Schlösser Tom P. C. , Viergever Max A. , Chu Winnie C. W. , Ng Bobby K. W. , Castelein René M. , Cheng Jack C. Y.
Published: January 2020

Study design

Cross-sectional.

Objectives

To determine semiautomatically the 3D position of the pedicle axis in operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients relative to the operating table and the lamina, as orientation for pedicle screw placement for better understanding and reference of spine surgeons.

Summary of background data

Pedicle morphology is well described as the angle between the convex and concave pedicle. However, the pedicle angle as relative to the neutral anterior–posterior axis or to an easy-to-use intravertebral landmark, remained unknown.

Methods

The pedicles of the apex and two adjacent vertebrae cranial and caudal to the apex of 86 right-sided primary thoracic AIS curves were evaluated using semiautomatic 3D software on high-resolution CT scans, in the same prone position as during surgery. Pedicle vectors were obtained and calculated as transverse and sagittal angles, as relative to the neutral axis (corresponding with an axis perpendicular to the operating table) and to an axis perpendicular to the lamina.

Results

At the apex, the mean convex and concave transverse pedicle angles were 14.3º (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 12.0–16.6) and 30.4º (95% CI: 28.1–32.8) to the right. The angles decreased toward the adjacent levels cranial and caudal to the apex (p < 0.001) and linearly increased with a higher Cobb angle (r ≥ 0.472; p < 0.001). The mean transverse pedicle–lamina angles, sagittal pedicle angles and the sagittal pedicle–lamina angles differed along the curve as well (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Pedicle angulation differs between convex and concave and depends on the position of the vertebra relative to the apex, as well as the curve severity. The transverse and sagittal pedicle angles, as relative to the operating table and laminae, could provide useful reference for better understanding of the distorted 3D morphology, and the angles, as given in this study, could serve as an approximate guideline for the expected direction of the pedicle screw.

Level of evidence

Level IV.
Phenotyping Sexual Pain in Endometriosis Using the Central Sensitization Inventory
Authors: Orr Natasha L. , Wahl Kate J. , Noga Heather , Allaire Catherine , Williams Christina , Bedaiwy Mohamed A. , Albert Arianne , Smith Kelly B. , Yong Paul J.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Deep dyspareunia, a common symptom in endometriosis, has previously been associated with bladder and/or pelvic floor tenderness (BPFT), which suggests a role for central nervous system sensitization. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI, 0–100) is a validated self-reported scale for patients with central sensitization.

Aim

The objective of this study was to phenotype deep dyspareunia using BPFT and the CSI.

Methods

The methods included cross-sectional analysis from a prospective registry from January 2018 to June 2018 at a tertiary center for endometriosis (ClinicalTrials.gov  #NCT02911090). Included were women aged 18–50 years with endometriosis (previously surgically diagnosed, current visualized endometrioma on ultrasound, or current palpable or visualized nodule on ultrasound), who were newly or re-referred to the center. Severity of deep dyspareunia was self-reported using an 11-point numeric rating scale (0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain imaginable), categorized as no or low deep dyspareunia (0–4) and high deep dyspareunia (5–10). We identified the subgroup with high deep dyspareunia and presence of BPFT, where we hypothesized a central component of the sexual pain. This subgroup was compared with 2 other subgroups: no or low deep dyspareunia and high deep dyspareunia but no BPFT. The CSI was compared between the groups using analysis of variance, followed by post hoc testing (P < .05).

Main Outcome Measure

The main outcome measure was the CSI score ranging from 0 to 100.

Results

Data from 163 women with endometriosis were analyzed. The mean age of this cohort was 36.4 ± 6.8 years, and the mean CSI score was 41.0 ± 18.6. 37 percent (61/163) had high deep dyspareunia and BPFT; 29% (47/163) had high deep dyspareunia and no BPFT; and 34% (55/163) had no or low deep dyspareunia. The CSI significantly differed between the 3 groups (analysis of variance: F = 22.4, P < .001). In post hoc testing, the CSI was higher in women with high deep dyspareunia and BPFT (51.3 ± 16.9), compared with women with no or low deep dyspareunia (30.9 ± 15.4, P < .001) and compared with women with high deep dyspareunia but no BPFT (39.4 ± 17.2, P = .001).

Clinical Implications

The CSI could be used to classify and phenotype patients with endometriosis-associated sexual pain.

Strength & Limitations

Strengths include a prospective registry with integrated pain scores, validated questionnaires, and physical examination findings. Limitations include the lack of quantitative sensory testing for central sensitization.

Conclusions

In women with endometriosis, the subgroup with high deep dyspareunia and bladder and/or pelvic floor tenderness had a significantly higher score on the CSI than other subgroups, suggesting that this group may have a central component to their sexual pain.
Screening of molecular markers of induced chemotherapy in supraglottic laryngeal squamouscell carcinoma
Authors: Yang Guang , Fang Jugao , Shi Qiang , Wang Ru , Lian Meng , Ma Hongzhi , Feng Ling , Shen Xixi , Wang Yu
Published: January 2020

Objective

To investigate the expressions of MAPK10, c‐Jun and Itga6 in laryngeal carcinoma and its influence on the sensitivity to docetaxel, cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil (TPF) chemotherapy.

Methods

Fifty‐seven patients with supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma, who were treated by two cycles of TPF induction chemotherapy in our hospital, were enrolled in this study and divided into groups by chemotherapy resistance or chemotherapy sensitivity. The expressions of mRNA and protein of MAPK10, c‐Jun and Itga6 in tumor tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The consistency of mRNA and protein expressions was tested, and the relation with the clinicopathological features was analyzed.

Results

The positive rates of MAPK10 andc‐Jun in the tumor tissues of the sensitive group were significantly higher than those of there assistant group, which was 90.48% and 100.00%, respectively. The expression rate of Itga6 was significantly higher in the resistant group, which was 83.33% (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of MAPK10 and c‐Jun were significantly lower in the resistant group than in the sensitive group, whilethemRNA levelof Itga6was significantly higher in the resistant group (P < 0.05). The protein expressions of MAPK10, c‐Jun and Itga6 were consistent with their mRNA expressions (P < 0.05). The expressions of MAPK10, c‐Jun and Itga6 were not correlatedwithage, gender and tumor diameter (P > 0.05). However, the expressions of MAPK10 and c‐Jun were negatively correlated withclinical stage and pathological grading (P < 0.05). Negative correlations between MAPK 10 and Itga6, and between c‐Jun and Itga6in tumor tissues were found by Spearman'srank correlation coefficient (P < 0.05). The correlation was also negative in the resistant tumor tissues (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The MAPK10 and c‐Jun expressions were down‐regulated, while the Itga6 expression was up‐regulated in the chemo‐resistant laryngeal carcinoma, and the expression levels of different factors were correlated witheach other. These factorsmight be important biomarkers for predicting outcomes of TPF chemotherapy in laryngeal carcinoma in the future.
Contractarianism
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: January 2020

This Element provides a systematic defense of moral contractarianism as a distinct approach to the social contract. It elucidates, in comparison to moral conventionalism and moral contractualism, the distinct features of moral contractarianism, its scope, and conceptual and practical challenges that concern the relationship between morality and self-interest, the problems of assurance and compliance, rule-following, counterfactualism, and the nexus between morals and politics. It argues that, if appropriately conceived, moral contractarianism is conceptually coherent, empirically sound, and practically relevant, and has much to offer to contemporary moral philosophy.
A systematic review of economic evaluation in fecal microbiota transplantation
Authors: Stalder Thomas , Kapel Nathalie , Diaz Sophie , Grenouillet Frédéric , Koch Stéphane , Limat Samuel , Daval Franck , Vuitton Lucine , Nerich Virginie
Published: January 2020

Background:

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective therapy in recurrentClostridium difficileinfection (rCDI). It is only recommended for this indication by European and American guidelines. Other indications of FMT are being studied, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and they have shown promising results.

Objectives:

To identify and review published FMT-related economic evaluations (EEs) to assess their quality and the economic impact of FMT in the treatment of these diseases.

Data sources:

The systematic literature research was conducted in both PubMed and Cochrane to identify EEs published before July 1, 2019.

Study eligibility criteria:

Articles were included if they concerned FMT (whatever the disease and its line of treatment), if they reported full or partial EEs, and if they were written in English. Articles were excluded if they did not concern FMT; if they did not report an EE; or if they were a systematic review, editorial, comment, letter to the editor, practice point, or poster.

Methods:

A measurement tool, AMSTAR, was used to optimize the quality of this systematic review. Based on the CHEERS checklist, data were identified and extracted from articles. The quality of each EE was assessed using the Drummond checklist.

Results:

Overall, 9 EEs were included: all EEs were full evaluations and 8 were cost-utility analyses (CUAs). All EEs had a Drummond score ≥ 7, which indicated high quality. All CUAs related to rCDI and IBD concluded that FMT was cost-effective compared with other reference treatments, at a threshold ≤$50,000/QALY. One EE about initial CDI showed that FMT was dominated by metronidazole.

Conclusions:

Despite a limited number of EEs, FMT seems to be a promising and cost-effective treatment for rCDI. More EE studies on other diseases like IBD are necessary to address FMT efficiency for new indications. Therefore, our systematic review provides a framework for healthcare decision making.
Using VRE screening tests to predict vancomycin resistance in enterococcal bacteremia
Authors: Butler-Laporte Guillaume , Cheng Matthew P. , McDonald Emily G. , Lee Todd C.
Published: January 2020

Background and objective:

Enterococcuscauses clinically significant bloodstream infections (BSIs). In centers with a higher prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) colonization, a common clinical question is whether empiric treatment directed against VRE should be initiated in the setting of a suspected enterococcal BSI. Unfortunately, VRE treatment options are limited, and relatively expensive, and subject patients to the risk of adverse reactions. We hypothesized that the results of VRE colonization screening could predict vancomycin resistance in enterococcal BSI.

Methods:

We reviewed 370 consecutive cases of enterococcal BSI over a 7-year period at 2 tertiary-care hospitals to determine whether vancomycin-resistant BSIs could be predicted based on known colonization status (ie, patients with swabs performed within 30 days, more remotely, or never tested). We calculated sensitivity and specificity, and we plotted negative predictives values (NPVs) and positive predictive values (PPVs) as a function of prevalence.

Results:

A negative screening swab within 30 days of infection yielded NPVs of 90% and 95% in settings where <27.0% and 15.0% of enterococcal BSI are resistant to vancomycin, respectively. In patients with known VRE colonization, the PPV for VRE in enterococcal BSI was >50% at any prevalence exceeding 25%.

Conclusions:

The results of a negative VRE screening test result performed within 30 days can help eliminate unnecessary empiric therapy in patients with suspected enterococcal BSI. Conversely, patients with positive VRE screening swabs require careful consideration of empiric VRE-directed therapy when enterococcal BSI appears likely.
The validity of validation: A practical assessment
Authors: Stone Eric C. , Miller Vickie , Shedenhelm Heidi J. , Hellinger Walter C. , O’Horo John C.
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To assess the time to achieve reliable reporting of electronic health record data compared with manual reporting during validation.

Design:

Secondary analysis of aggregate data for number of patients present, number of patients with a central venous catheter, and number of patients with an indwelling urinary catheter during validation of an electronic health record reporting tool.

Setting:

Mayo Clinic Health System in Wisconsin.

Participants:

Mayo Clinic infection prevention and control staff, unit champions, and all inpatients.

Methods:

We simultaneously collected electronic and manual counts of device data and compared discrepancies to determine their source. If manual data entry was incorrect, manual counts were coded as inaccurate. If electronically abstracted data did not reflect an accurate count, errors were attributed to the system. Data were compared using standard statistical methods.

Results:

Within 30 days after beginning validation of electronic reporting for central venous catheter days and urinary catheter days, electronic counts were durably more reliable than manual counts.

Conclusions:

Manual validation for capturing and reporting electronic data and reporting can be shorter than the 90 days currently mandated by National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. Compared with a longer validation period, a shorter validation period may yield substantial savings while achieving the same validity.
Potential for the current National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) >3 days after admission definition of laboratory-identified, healthcare-facility–onset, Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) to overestimate rates
Authors: Puri Shruti , Hughes Heather Y. , McCrackin Monica D. , Williford Robert , Gebregziabher Mulugeta , Salgado Cassandra D. , Curry Scott R.
Published: January 2020

Healthcare-facility–onset C.difficile LabID events are defined as positive stool samples collected >3 days after hospitalization. Using a definition of >72 hours, we found that 84 of 1013 cases (8.3%) identified as C. difficile LabID events were collected between 48 and 72 hours after admission.
Rethinking the association between overweight/obesity and ADHD in children: a longitudinal and psychosocial perspective
Authors: Donnchadha S. Ó. , Bramham J. , Greene C.
Published: January 2020

Objective:

This study examines the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and overweight/obesity in a large-scale longitudinal study of children, while controlling for a range of psychosocial factors.

Method:

Data were obtained from Growing Up in Ireland, a nationally representative and longitudinal study of approximately 6500 children who were assessed at 9 and 13 years of age. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using measured height and weight, ADHD status was determined by parent reports of professional diagnoses and ADHD symptoms were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Results:

The associations between ADHD status, ADHD symptoms (SDQ) and BMI category at age 9 and 13 years were evaluated using logistic regression. Adjustments were made for child factors (sex, developmental coordination disorder, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, birth weight and exercise) and parental factors (socio-economic status, parental BMI, parental depression, and maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy). Logistic regression indicated that ADHD status was not associated with BMI category at 9 or at 13 years of age, but children with ADHD at 9 years were significantly more likely to be overweight/obese at 13 years than those without ADHD. However, when other child and parental factors were adjusted for, ADHD status was no longer significantly associated with weight status. Female sex, low levels of exercise, overweight/obese parents and prenatal smoking during pregnancy consistently increased the odds of childhood overweight/obesity.

Conclusions:

While ADHD and overweight/obesity co-occur in general populations, this relationship is largely explained by a variety of psychosocial factors.
Women’s Activism in the Civil Resistance Movement in Kosovo (1989–1997): Characteristics, Development, Encounters
Authors: Mujika Chao Itziar
Published: January 2020

This article analyzes women’s socio-political participation and activism within the nonviolent civil resistance movement in prewar Kosovo between 1989 and 1997, as well as the movement’s gender dynamics. This Albanian-led resistance movement emerged during the early 1990s with the principal goal of building a parallel state, seeking independence from Serbia, and offering means of survival for the population. This project required the participation of all Albanian citizens, and although the participation of women was massive, this has gone largely unrecognized. This article will explore the principal features of women’s participation and activism within this movement, what kind of gendered dynamics were developed, and the principal forms of resistance they encountered against their full and active participation through an analysis of women’s activism both within the Women’s Forum of the Democratic League of Kosovo and within independent women’s organizations.
Profiling Compliers and Noncompliers for Instrumental-Variable Analysis
Authors: Marbach Moritz , Hangartner Dominik
Published: January 2020

Instrumental-variable (IV) estimation is an essential method for applied researchers across the social and behavioral sciences who analyze randomized control trials marred by noncompliance or leverage partially exogenous treatment variation in observational studies. The potential outcome framework is a popular model to motivate the assumptions underlying the identification of the local average treatment effect (LATE) and to stratify the sample into compliers, always-takers, and never-takers. However, applied research has thus far paid little attention to the characteristics of compliers and noncompliers. Yet, profiling compliers and noncompliers is necessary to understand what subpopulation the researcher is making inferences about and an important first step in evaluating the external validity (or lack thereof) of the LATE estimated for compliers. In this letter, we discuss the assumptions necessary for profiling, which are weaker than the assumptions necessary for identifying the LATE if the instrument is randomly assigned. We introduce a simple and general method to characterize compliers, always-takers, and never-takers in terms of their covariates and provide easy-to-use software in R and STATA that implements our estimator. We hope that our method and software facilitate the profiling of compliers and noncompliers as a standard practice accompanying any IV analysis.