bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the effects of intermittent versus continuous exercise on blood glucose control in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Archer David , Newby Craig , Allan Beth , Thomas Leuenberger
Published: June 2020

Exercise has many health benefits for individuals with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), however it carries the risk of hypoglycaemia. Research has indicated that intermittent high intensity exercise reduces this risk compared to steady state exercise, potentially via a greater anaerobic component inducing increased lactate and catecholamine response.Six physically active males aged 23 ± 5 years, BMI 24.9 ± 1.8 kg•m-2, Vo2 max 47.9 ± 10.1 ml•kg-1•min-1 diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes for 9 ± 3 years and a HbA1c concentration of 8.6 ± 0.3% participated in a randomised counterbalanced trial. Participants exercised for 60 min on a cycle ergometer on two occasions separated by 7 days, which consisted of a moderate continuous steady state exercise session at 40% o2 max (CONT), or the same exercise intensity interspersed with 7 s high intensity sprints at 100% Vo2 max every 2 min (INT). Blood glucose concentration was assessed via capillary blood sampling every 10 min during exercise and at regular intervals in the 60 min post exercise (Accu-Chek Aviva, Roche, UK). Additional metabolic measures such as blood lactate concentration and carbohydrate oxidation rates were assessed during exercise. Participants ingested small quantities of a carbohydrate drink, if required, to avoid hypoglycaemia during exercise. Magnitude based inferences were used to compare the two exercise trials and Effect Sizes (ES) calculated using Cohen's d and results presented as mean ± SD.Average blood glucose concentration was lower on the INT trial compared to CONT during both the exercise phase (8.9 ± 1.7 mmol•l-1 vs 7.1 ± 1.1 mmol•l-1; ES 0.55) and the 60 min post-exercise recovery phase (8.1 ± 1.9 mmol•l-1 vs 7.0 ± 1.8 mmol•l-1; ES 0.56). Carbohydrate oxidation was greater on the INT trial compared to CONT (1.9 ± 1.4 g•min-1 vs 1.5 ± 0.6 g•min-1; ES 0.35). Capillary blood lactate concentration was markedly elevated on INT when compared to CONT (5.0 ± 1.4 mmol•l-1 vs 2.4 ± 1.1 mmol•l-1; ES 2.48). Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise was 13 ± 11 g and differed little between trials (ES 0.18).Despite greater anaerobic metabolic response, the addition of intermittent high intensity sprints to 60 min steady-state cycle exercise resulted in greater declines in blood glucose concentration during the exercise and post-exercise period, potentially by inhibition of the counter regulatory hormone response expected on the INT trial. These results would indicate that additional exogenous carbohydrate ingestion may be required for individuals with T1D when intermittent sprints are added to prolonged continuous exercise.
Fatty Acid and Liver Status in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Muzsik Agata , Jeleń Henryk H. , Chmurzynska Agata
Published: June 2020

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. MetS is more prevalent in postmenopausal women than in other population groups. Furthermore, postmenopausal women are also more prone to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fatty acid (FA) status, dietary lipid indices, and noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD in postmenopausal women with or without MetS.

One hundred and thirty-one postmenopausal women were included in the study. Dietary lipid indices (PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratios) were calculated using the mean macronutrient intake, which was evaluated with dietary records. Selected biochemical biomarkers in the blood (e.g., lipid profile and enzymes related to liver function) were measured using the colorimetric method. FA concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) were analyzed using gas chromatography. Noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD, such as fatty liver index (FLI) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI), were calculated.

The mean age of the study group was 61.48 ± 5.62, and the mean waist circumference was 96.27 ± 12.44 cm. Levels of n-3/n-6 intake exceeding the median were associated with higher levels of EPA, EPA/AA, DHA/AA, and EPA + DHA/AA and lower levels of n-6/n-3 in RBC (p < 0.05). Women with MetS had significantly higher n-6/n-3 levels in RBC and lower levels of EPA, total n-3, EPA/ALA, EPA/AA, DHA/AA, EPA + DHA/AA, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA/MUFA in RBC than women without MetS. Women with MetS had a higher FLI than women without MetS (p < 0.001), but there were no differences in the concentrations of enzymes related to liver function. Women with FLI and HSI values over the median and AST/ALT values below the median had lower concentrations of n-3, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA/MUFA in RBC and higher concentrations of n-6/n-3 in RBC (p < 0.05). Subjects with higher levels of n-3/n-6 and PUFA + MUFA/SFA in RBC had a lower concentration of GGTP, while those with higher levels of PUFA/SFA in RBC had lower FLI (p < 0.05).

MetS is associated with unfavorable FA status in postmenopausal women—specifically with lower levels of n-3, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA/MUFA. Moreover, concentrations of these FAs in RBC are associated with NAFLD biomarkers.

The project was financed by the National Science Centre award (decision number 2015/17/N/NZ9/04133).
Cardioprotective properties of fish enriched with bioactive lipids from olive oil by products
Authors: Antonopoulou Smaragdi , Fragopoulou Elizabeth , Nomikos Tzortzis , Kontogianni Meropi , Petsini Filio
Published: June 2020

Anti-inflammatory properties of olive oil are partly attributed to the inhibition of the Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator that is implicated in the initiation and prolongation of atherosclerosis. PAF inhibitors also exist in an extract from olive pomace that inhibits development and regression of atherosclerotic plaques in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. On the other hand, fish consumption is recommended for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, leading to a constantly increasing demand for fish supply, which is further enhanced by the rising consumers’ awareness. As a result a significant growth of aquaculture worldwide has been occurred, which among others strives for improving the nutritional value of the produced fish. Important breakthroughs have occurred in the replacement of fish oil, traditionally used, by plant oils in compounded fish feeds contributing to more nutritious fish products. Under this perspective, present work aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective properties of a novel seabream fed with olive pomace extract.

In this crossover study, thirty apparently healthy, men and women were randomly assigned in two diet sequences for 8-week duration (6-week washout period between them), consuming either normal or enriched with olive pomace fish, twice a week. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Harokopio University. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated for the Greek population semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Lifestyle parameters, biochemical factors, P-selectin and Plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were determined. In addition, ex-vivo platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma against PAF, ADP and thrombin were measured and the results expressed as EC50 values (the concentration of the agonist that cause 50% of maximum aggregation). Also, PAF key metabolic enzymes activities, responsible for PAF levels, were determined.

Concerning dietary habits and biochemical markers only total cholesterol revealed a small increase, within the normal range, after enriched fish consumption, compared to baseline levels. Both fishes resulted in higher EC50 (lower platelet sensitivity) values only against PAF without being differentiated (ptime = 0.02, ptrial = 0.9), while PAI-1 levels were only increased after normal fish consumption (p0–8 weeks = 0.01). The ratio of Lipoprotein-Associated-Phospholipase A2 (catabolic enzyme of PAF) to LDL and PAF-CDP-choline:cholinephosphotransferase (biosynthetic enzyme of PAF) were decreased after the enriched (p0–8 weeks = 0.003) and the normal (p0–8 weeks = 0.01) fish consumption, respectively.

Seabream fed with olive pomace seems to exhibit cardioprotective properties by decreasing platelet sensitivity against PAF and modulate PAF metabolism.

This research has been co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the EU and Greek national funds (project code:T1EDK-00687).
Epidemiological Determinants of Malnutrition Status among Geriatric Population Residing at High Altitude Region of Rural Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Khandelwal Ritika , Kapil Umesh , Gupta Aakriti
Published: June 2020

Background

High prevalence of Malnutrition exists amongst the geriatric population in India. Evidence on malnutrition is available from the plain regions of the country. However there is lack of scientific evidence on malnutrition status of geriatric population residing at high altitude regions of Uttarakhand, India.

Materials and methods

A community based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015–2016 in District Nainital. Thirty clusters were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method; 30 geriatric subjects were selected from each cluster. Study population included 980 geriatric aged 60 years and above. Nutritional status of the geriatric population was assessed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. Standard procedures were used to determine the height, weight, MCC and MUAC. The BMI was calculated from the measurements of weight (kg) and height (cm) (kg/m2). Data was entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.

Results

The MNA revealed that only 22.4% geriatric subjects had satisfactory nutritional status, 14.3% were malnourished and 63.3% were “at risk” of malnutrition. High prevalence of malnutrition was found among subjects belonging to age group of 60–70 years (58.9%), illiterate (74.5%) with family monthly income (1866–5546;43.3%), financially dependent (75.2%), with loss of appetite (71.6%), with chewing problem (63.1%) and who consumed < 2 full meals daily. (73.1%; all p < 0.0001;) in comparison to the subjects who had satisfactory nutritional status.

Conclusions

The present findings revealed that the high prevalence of malnutrition amongst the geriatric population in India. The risk factors identified were financial dependency, dietary intake, loss of appetite and chewing problem. Interventions to decrease these risk factors possibly may lead to reduction in malnutrition among geriatric population.
Impaired ferritinophagy induced hepatic insulin resistance via endoplasmic reticulum stress of high fat diet mice
Authors: Jiang Chunjie , Zhang Shanshan , Zeng Hongmei , Liu Jingjing , Li Dan , Chen Li , Gao Chao , Yao Ping
Published: June 2020

Emerging evidence has been revealed that high fat diet (HFD) correlate with insulin resistance (IR) which could be induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Recently, obesity or HFD induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) could promote alteration of iron metabolism. Disorder of iron metabolism have been linked to unnormal metabolism of glucose and lipid. Herein, we investigated the effect of impaired iron homeostasis on hepatic IR, focusing on ferritinophagy. Male C57/6J mice were administered with HFD (60% energy from fat) or LFD (10% energy from fat) for 10 weeks (n = 10), and Palmitic acid (PA)-insulin treated HepG2 cells were also established. Hepatic IR as evidenced by increased hepatic steatosis and decreased of p-AKT (48%, p < 0.0005), p-GSK-3β (34%, p < 0.05) in the liver of HFD mice. In addition, decreased iron level and expression NCOA4, as well as increased up-regulation of IRE1α and EIF2α were observed in HFD liver. By using desferrioxamine (DFO) and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), we examined iron level on IRE1α and EIF2α. And glucose uptake assay shown that FAC supplementation, and ERS inhibitors of 4-PBA and STF could improve the glucose uptake of HepG2 cells in the presence of PA. Furthermore, we evaluated the glucose uptake of HepG2 cells incubated with adenovirus which mediated overexpression of NCOA4, FAC, 4-PBA (ERS inhibitor) or STF (IRE1 inhibitor). Taken together, deficiency of iron induced by impaired ferritinophagy induced hepatic IR, partly by aggravating hepatic ERS, especially IRE1 signal pathway in vivo and vitro. These findings provide evidence and new insight for therapeutic strategy of iron deficiency in NAFLD.
Milk fat-based formula reduced palmitic acid soaps and excretion of calcium in healthy term infants: two double-blind, randomized, cross-over trials
Authors: Manios Yannis , Karaglani Eva , Thijs-Verhoeven Inge , Vlachopapadopoulou Elpis , Papazoglou Anastasia , Maragoudaki Eleni , Manikas Zafeiris , Kampani Michail , Christaki Iliana , Vonk Marlotte , Bos Rolf , Parikh Panam
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Infant formula (IF) with vegetable fat blends typically have more than 80% of palmitic acid (PA) esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of triglycerides. Additional use of bovine milk fat (MF), a natural source of sn-2 palmitate, may enable increasing the sn-2 palmitate levels, potentially leading to improved absorption of fatty acids and calcium, and reduced formation of PA soaps associated with constipation in infants. The current study investigated the effect of IF with and without MF on the concentration of PA, PA soaps, calcium excretion and gastrointestinal tolerance using Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS) in healthy term infants.

Materials and Methods:

Two double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trials were conducted in parallel to compare a MF-based test formula with high sn-2 palmitate levels (39%) with a reference formula with only vegetable fat (10.1% sn-2 palmitate, cross-over study 1; CS1) and a MF-based test formula with medium sn-2 palmitate levels (19.7%) with the reference formula with only vegetable fat (cross-over study 2; CS2). CS1 included 17 and CS2 18 full-term, healthy, exclusively formula-fed infants screened between the 9th-14th week of age. After two weeks of wash-out period, in both CS1 and CS2, infants were randomized to receive either the MF-based test formula or reference. At the end of two weeks, the groups were crossed-over to receive the other formula for subsequent two weeks. Stool samples were collected after each two-week intervention period and bi-weekly diaries and questionnaires were completed by the parents/caretakers.

Results:

The PA concentrations in stools (mg/g dry weight) did not differ between the MF-based test and reference formula in either CS1 (p = 0.1324) or CS2 (p = 0.1198). A reduction was observed in the concentration of PA soaps in both medium and high sn-2 palmitate formula, with a more pronounced effect for the high sn-2 palmitate formula (medium; p = 0.0023 and high; p < 0.0001). In addition, calcium excretion in stools was significantly lower in the MF-based formula groups as compared to the reference in both studies (medium; p = 0.0067 and high; p = 0.0041). In CS2, stool consistency did not differ between groups whilst in CS1, a favorable effect of high sn-2 palmitate formula compared to the reference formula (p = 0.0008) was noted.

Conclusion:

Bovine milk fat in infant formula reduced the excretion of PA soaps and calcium in stool samples of healthy term infants. High sn-2 palmitate formula showed a more pronounced effect and improved stool consistency according to the AISS.
Virtual reality (VR) as a new tool for nutrition and behaviour research. A review of four studies.
Authors: Ammann Jeanine , Hartmann Christina , Siegrist Michael
Published: June 2020

Introduction

For nutrition and behaviour experiments, researchers often desire to change visual properties of food items. However, such changes can lead to unwanted side-effects in textural or sensory properties. With VR technology, research in food science and nutrition can draw from a novel range of possibilities that allow specific changes in visual features without altering other properties.

Method

Study 1 (99 participants): While wearing VR glasses, participants received two banana juices. In the virtual environment, one was coloured yellow (its real appearance) and one was brownish (indicating aging). All participants viewed both juices, either one or the other first, and the juice they tasted was the same in both cases.

Study 2 (100 participants): Participants were divided into a disgust and control condition. Wearing VR glasses, those in the control condition saw chocolate appear on the table and were asked to try it. Those in the disgust condition saw a dog excrete the chocolate as feces before being asked to try it.

Study 3 (50 participants): In the virtual environment, participants saw a disgusting buffet containing carrots, pasta, and meat. They were then asked to serve themselves a plate for lunch.

Study 4 (100 participants): Building on previous sensory studies, participants saw in the virtual environment two juices and a cake, either in the correct or wrong colour. They were asked to try the product, identify the dominant flavour, and rate it for liking and sweetness.

Results and Discussion

Study 1: With increasing presence, participants tended to give higher disgust scores to the brown juice (r = .24, p < 0.05).

Study 2: Four percent of participants refused consumption in the neutral condition compared to 26% in the disgust condition. With χ2(1) = 9.49, p > 0.01, the chi-square test revealed a significant association between the experimental condition and participants’ willingness to eat the chocolate.

Study 3: The total quantity of food that participants scooped onto their plates was significantly correlated with their presence (r = -0.37, p < 0.01) and their state disgust (r = -0.35, p < 0.05).

Study 4: We were able to replicate previous findings.

In summary, our studies assessed a new technology for usability in food research. Our results provided evidence that VR is a promising tool in the study of nutrition and behaviour.
Compositional principal component analysis generates gut microbiota profiles that associate with children's diet and body composition
Authors: Leong Claudia , Haszard Jillian J. , Heath Anne-Louise M. , Tannock Gerald W. , Lawley Blair , Cameron Sonya L. , Szymlek-Gay Ewa A. , Gray Andrew R. , Taylor Barry J. , Galland Barbara C. , Lawrence Julie A. , Otal Anna , Hughes Alan , Taylor Rachael W
Published: June 2020

Gut microbiota data obtained by DNA sequencing are not only complex because of the number of taxa that may be detected within human cohorts, but also compositional because characteristics of the microbiota are described in relative terms (e.g., “relative abundance” of particular bacterial taxa expressed as a proportion of the total abundance of taxa). Nutrition researchers often use standard principal component analysis (PCA) to derive dietary patterns from complex food data, enabling each participant's diet to be described in terms of the extent to which it fits their cohort's dietary patterns. However, compositional PCA methods are not commonly used to describe patterns of microbiota in the way that dietary patterns are used to describe diets. This approach would be useful for identifying microbiota patterns that are associated with diet and body composition. The aim of this study is to use compositional PCA to describe gut microbiota profiles in 5 year old children and explore associations between microbiota profiles, diet, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and fat mass index (FMI) z-score. This study uses a cross-sectional data for 319 children who provided a faecal sample at 5 year of age. Their primary caregiver completed a 123-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated for foods of relevance to the gut microbiota. Body composition was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and BMI and FMI z-scores calculated. Compositional PCA identified and described gut microbiota profiles at the genus level, and profiles were examined in relation to diet and body size. Three gut microbiota profiles were found. Profile 1 (positive loadings on Blautia and Bifidobacterium; negative loadings on Bacteroides) was not related to diet or body size. Profile 2 (positive loadings on Bacteroides; negative loadings on uncultured Christensenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) was associated with a lower BMI z-score (r = -0.16, P = 0.003). Profile 3 (positive loadings on Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium and Roseburia) was associated with higher intakes of fibre (r = 0.15, P = 0.007); total (r = 0.15, P = 0.009), and insoluble (r = 0.13, P = 0.021) non-starch polysaccharides; protein (r = 0.12, P = 0.036); meat (r = 0.15, P = 0.010); and nuts, seeds and legumes (r = 0.11, P = 0.047). Further regression analyses found that profile 2 and profile 3 were independently associated with BMI z-score and diet respectively. We encourage fellow researchers to use compositional PCA as a method for identifying further links between the gut, diet and obesity, and for developing the next generation of research in which the impact on body composition of dietary interventions that modify the gut microbiota is determined.
Weight Loss Improves Cardio-Metabolic and Inflammatory State in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome.
Authors: Della Porta Matteo , Piuri Gabriele , Garziano Micaela , Barichella Michela , Muzio Fulvio , Seelam Andy Joe , Assi Emma , D'Addio Francesca , Fiorina Paolo , Cestaro Benvenuto , Cazzola Roberta
Published: June 2020

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition characterized by a constellation of reversible major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). While it has been widely demonstrated that weight reduction by 5–10% decreases CVD and T2DM risk factors, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, on the other hand, its effects on comprehensive serum cytokine profile and endotoxemia are less investigated. Furthermore, the impact of weight loss on these parameters was studied especially in subjects with morbid obesity, often after bariatric surgery; while the studies on the effects of a physiological weight reduction with a balanced hypocaloric diet in overweight and moderately obese subjects showed contradictory results.

The aim of this pilot study was to investigate in overweight and obese men with MetS the effects of caloric restriction on the MetS-associated risk factors, chemical composition of lipoproteins and serum concentration of a wide spectrum of inflammation markers. In addition, the second purpose of this work was to study the possible correlation between lipoprotein chemical composition and these inflammation markers.

Eighteen adult Caucasian males (25 kg/m2 < BMI < 35 kg/m2) with MetS losing at least 5% of their initial weight after six months of a Mediterranean-style balanced hypo-caloric diet were included in the study. Lipoproteins were isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation in a discontinuous KBr gradient. Lipoprotein concentrations of proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols were determined by colorimetric assays. Peripheral cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1b, IL1-b, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, G-CSF, INF-g, TNF-a) were determined by Bioplex multiplex immunoassay. Endotoxemia was measured by Limulus Amebocyte lysate assay. The effects of weight-loss were analysed by Wilcoxon's test, the correlations between covariates by Spearman's test (significance: p-value ≤ 0.05).

After weight loss, we observed an improvement of MetS-associated risk factors and changes in lipoproteins composition. In particular, together with a reduction of triglyceridemia, we detected a massive transfer of triacylglycerols from HDLs toward LDLs. Furthermore, a significant decrease of IL-6 (0.9 ± 0.7 vs 0.5 ± 0.6), TNF-α (0.7 ± 0.3 vs 0.3 ± 0.18), IL-8 (1.6 ± 0.7 vs 1.3 ± 0.3) and MIP-1β (19.2 ± 1.5 vs 18.5 ± 1.5) was observed. Finally, peripheral levels of TNF-α and IL-8 were directly correlated with all lipid species of VLDL, whereas the concentration of MIP-1β and endotoxin with HDL lipids.

Weight loss improved cardio-metabolic risk factors and decreased inflammatory state by reduction of cytokine levels. The relationships between lipoprotein composition and serum inflammation markers deserve to be deepened by studying broader populations.
Low molecular weight gut polyphenols metabolites and its nutritional relevance as effectors for attenuating neuroinflammation
Authors: Carregosa Diogo , Carecho Rafael , Figueira Inês , dos Santos Cláudia Nunes
Published: June 2020

The burden of neurodegenerative disorders has been increasing as a consequence of a growing elderly population. These multifactorial diseases do not have a cure or efficient treatments. Due to its mechanistic complexity, prevention and treatment will require novel multi-targeted therapeutic strategies, targeting different disease hallmarks. The possibility of altering the progression and development of diseases through diet is an emerging as attractive approach with increasing supporting data. Epidemiological and clinical studies have highlighted the health potential of diets rich in fruits and vegetables. Studies with dietary (poly)phenols have been showing their multipotent and pleiotropic ability to modulate several cellular and molecular pathways and in that sense, dietary (poly)phenols can emerge as an alternative, with potential to be further explored. However, the precise contribution of dietary (poly)phenols and circulating (poly)phenol metabolites to human health is still in the beginning of being elucidated. Absorption and blood concentrations of some (poly)phenols is quite low, which can hamper the research in terms of understanding their effects in specific biomarkers of disease.

The difficulty in demonstrating (poly)phenols true effects can also be justified by the uncertain metabolic fate that dietary (poly)phenols can have. In fact, it is necessary to identify the bioavailable metabolites resulting from (poly)phenol ingestion through the diet, as well as their ability to overcome and/or interact with cellular barriers and reach target tissues, in this case reach the brain. Having this in mind, it will be reviewed the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying (poly)phenol metabolites effects and their role on neuroinflammation one central hallmark, common in all neurodegenerative diseases.
Can dietary fiber influence Parkinson's patients' gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid production – an ex-vivo study, preliminary results
Authors: Baert Florence , Matthys Christophe , Vlaemynck Geertrui
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Recent studies demonstrated that the gut microbiome of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients differs from that of age-matched healthy controls. Notably less butyrate-producing bacteria and low mucosal and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were found in PD patients. SCFA play a role in the interplay of health and disease: SCFA butyrate improves colon motility, protects the colonic epithelium and reduces inflammation. Administration of butyrate in animal models of PD improved motor impairment and dopamine deficiency and reduced early mortality. We hypothesize that certain orally supplemented dietary fibers can stimulate butyrate production in the colon of Parkinson's patients, and consequently can improve the motor impairment and their quality of life. This hypothesis still requires a step-wise approach. Our objective is to investigate the effect of different types of dietary fiber on the gut microbiota and SCFA production in PD patients and healthy elderly.

Material and methods

PD patients and healthy controls (HC) were selected based on age (55–70 years old) and BMI (18.5 -25 kg/m2). For PD patients the Hoehn and Yahr score (I – III) was added to this selection. The effect of inulin varying in degree of polymerization (DP) (average DP ~10 vs. average DP ~23) on the SCFA production was evaluated by ex vivo fermentation experiments with fecal samples of PD patients and HC. Inulin (1% w/v) was incubated in small-scale batch fermentations for 24 h at 37°C in anaerobic conditions. SCFA production was analyzed by solid phase micro-extraction capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (SPME-cGS-MS). The clostridia clusters IV and XIVa were quantified through 16s qPCR.

Results and discussion

Short chain (Sc) and long chain(Lc) inulin fermentation resulted in a mean total SCFA increase of respectively 490.3 ± 128.2μmol/ml and 384.3 ± 85.9μmol/ml in HC (n = 7) and 453.9 ± 99.2μmol/ml and 402.9μmol/ml ± 84.1μmol/ml in PD patients (n = 3). Sc inulin fermentation increased butyrate production with 200.0μg/ml ± 46.2μmol/ml in HC and 119.8 ± 94.4μg/ml in PD patients (p = 0.09). Lc inulin fermentation increased butyrate production with 174.9μmol/ml ± 82.2μmol/ml and 113.3μmol/ml ± 21.2μmol/ml in HC and PD patients, respectively (p = 0.25). Large variation between samples was observed in PD patients.

Conclusion

Although sample size is relatively small and data is still collected, we can conclude that both Sc and Lc inulin increase total SCFA and butyrate production in HC and PD patients. This ex vivo study shows that stimulation of the butyrate production is still possible in PD patients and could be beneficial.
Improvement of process-driven work in Dietetics - the development of a standard model of the Unified Dietetic Care Process (IMPECD)
Authors: Kohlenberg-Müller Kathrin , Gast Christina , Kolm Alexandra , Werkman Andrea M. , Vanherle Koen , Valentini Luzia
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Different models of frameworks for dietetic care are used in Europe. There is a substantial need for a consistent framework to compare research results and to cooperate on an international level. Therefore, one of the goals of the EU-funded project IMPECD was the development of a unified framework Dietetic Care Process (DCP) in order to foster a shared understanding of process-driven dietetic counselling.

Materials and Methods:

Based on a literature review and in-depth analysis of different frameworks an iterative and incremental development process of finding solutions for decision-making within the consortium consisting of dietetic experts from 5 European HEI was passed. The developed DCP model was integrated in an online training course including 9 clinical cases (MOOC) to train students. The draft versions and the concluding final version DCP model were evaluated and re-evaluated by teachers and 25 students at two Intensive Study Programmes.

Results:

The DCP model consists of five distinct, interrelated steps which the consortium agreed on: Dietetic Assessment, Dietetic Diagnosis, Planning Dietetic Intervention, Implementing Dietetic Intervention, Dietetic Outcome Evaluation. A standardized scheme was developed to define the process steps: dedication, central statement, aim and principles, and operationalization.

For example, Dietetic Assessment is the first step of the DCP (dedication). It is a systematic process to gather dietetically adequate and relevant information about the client by using state-of-the-art methods (central statement). The aim is to identify nature and cause of dietetic related problems of the client (aim and principles). The gathered information are documented in types of categories (client history, diet history, behavioural-environmental, clinical status) or following the ICF-model (operationalization). The clinical cases used within the MOOC proved that the DCP model is suitable to be put into practice.

Discussion:

Existing different process models were analyzed to create a new and consistent concept of a unified framework DCP. The variety within the European countries represented by the consortium proved to be both a challenge in decision-making and an opportunity to integrate multinational perspectives and intensify the scientific discourse. The development of a standardized scheme with precise definitions is a prerequisite for planning study designs in health services research. Besides, clarification is essential for establishing process-guided work in practice. The evaluated MOOC is now implemented in study programmes used by 5 European HEI in order to keep approaches and process-driven action comparable. The MOOC promotes the exchange of ideas between future professionals on an international level.
Effect of the brewing process on the acrylamide content in coffee beverages
Authors: Michalak Joanna , Czarnowska-Kujawska Marta , Gujska Elżbieta , Klepacka Joanna , Tońska Elżbieta
Published: June 2020

One of the latest neurotoxic and carcinogenic substances discovered in food is acrylamide (AA). The main pathway for AA formation in foods is the Maillard reaction (MR). Heat treated carbohydrate-rich foods such as potato, cereal and bakery products, together with coffee contain high levels of acrylamide. The high consumption of coffee in many countries makes it a potentially significant source of daily exposure to acrylamide. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the influence of the brewing method on the acrylamide level in coffee beverages. The experiment was performed with six different roasted coffee from local supermarkets. For coffee beverages preparation four different methods were used: boiled coffee (Turkish coffee), steeping (French press coffee), infusion (filtered coffee), and Italian pressure method (espresso coffee). Each time coffee beans were mechanically powdered and 100 ml brew was prepared using 6 g of ground coffee. AA contents in the brew coffee samples were determined by the RP - HPLC - DAD method. The results for AA contents were presented as mean values ± standard deviations (SDs) of six independent samples, analysed in triplicate (n = 18). Obtained results showed that the method of brewing coffee influences the level of AA in infusions. AA concentrations for Turkish coffee (4.10 μg/100 ml), French press (3.19 μg/100 ml) and filtered coffee (2.95 μg/100 ml) were higher than for espresso (2.13 μg/100 ml). Results showed also that the highly water-soluble acrylamide is easily extracted from the ground coffee to the liquid phase of the beverage. The extraction percentage variation according to the brew method was: from 52% for espresso to 95% for Turkish coffee. The brewing procedure for espresso extracted acrylamide incompletely from ground coffee comparing to other brewing methods, due to the short contact time between coffee and water. When compared with other common coffee beverages, espresso is the most concentrated brew. However, its acrylamide content per cup may be lower, due to the lower level of this substance extraction to the brew. The brewing time has a significant influence on the extraction level of AA for the beverage.
Effect of fishing season on the fatty acid profile of Baltic herring
Authors: Pomianowski Janusz , Żmijewski Tomasz , Wiżk Adam
Published: June 2020

Marine fish are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, high nutritional value protein, vitamins and minerals. Baltic herring is one of the most frequently caught fish in Poland(1). It was demonstrated that the fishing season has an effect on the content of individual fatty acid fractions(2).

The aim of the study was to analyse the fatty acid profile of Baltic herring flaps originating from two fishing seasons.

The study material were flaps of Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) originating from two fishing seasons (April-June following spawning and October-December prior to spawning). For each fishing season, six batches of raw material were examined (n = 6). From each batch, flaps were taken from ten fish. The flaps were comminuted and thoroughly mixed to prepare an experimental sample from which adequate weights of analytical samples were taken. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the fatty acid composition was conducted following the cold muscle lipid extraction with a mixture of chloroform : methanol (2:1). Fatty acid methylation was carried out with a chloroform : methanol : sulphuric acid mixture (100:100:1). The separation of fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography. A one-factor variance analysis method with Duncan's test (P ≤ 0.05) was used to evaluate the variation of mean values.

The fishing season does not significantly affect the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Differences were found during the analysis of the individual groups of unsaturated acids. The amount of monounsaturated fatty acids in herring before spawning (25.27%) was significantly lower than that after spawning (35.91%) (P ≤ 0.05). The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids before spawning (43.99%) was significantly higher than that after spawning (33.49%) (P ≤ 0.05). Most changes in the fatty acid profile occur in the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The most important change due to the health-promoting properties for humans is an increase in the amount of EPA from 6.24% to 9.84% after and before spawning, respectively. Analogous changes were demonstrated for DHA, whose amount increased from 9.64% to 24.56%. The obtained results demonstrate a more favourable fatty acid profile in herring caught before spawning.
Investigation of processed meat consumption from the National Nutritional Survey menuCH and ecological data for colorectal cancer incidence in Switzerland
Authors: Sych Janice , Kaelin Ivo , Inanir Dilara , Faeh David , Pestoni Giulia , Mueller Nadina , Rohrmann Sabine
Published: June 2020

Processed meat (PM) has an important role in diet of the Swiss population, but increasingly regarded as a food group of concern due to epidemiological evidence for its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) and other chronic diseases. Data on CRC incidence for men and women and by region is available in Switzerland, but cannot be linked with PM intake.

This secondary analysis aimed to describe PM consumption in Switzerland, using data from the National Nutritional Survey menuCH, to investigate associations between PM intake and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, and to examine CRC incidence in Switzerland for any similar regional patterns to PM consumption.

Intakes of total PM and of categories ham, bacon, sausage and other PM types were described by means and standard errors (SEM). Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate associations between meat intake (total meat and PM, assessed separately, g/1000 kcal) and the following sociodemographic and lifestyle factors: sex, language-speaking region, age-category, nationality, education, gross household income, household status, smoking status, overall health status (self-reported), and currently following a weight-loss diet. Data were weighted for age, sex, marital status, major areas of Switzerland, nationality and household size, and for consumption data, also season and weekday.

Results show PM was consumed by approximately 70% of the population with mean total intake of 42.7 (SEM 1.2 g/d). Sausage intake was highest with 16.8 g/day, followed by ham, other PM and bacon, 12.4, 10.6, and 2.0 g/day, respectively. Sex was significantly associated with total meat and PM intake; women consumed 10.1 g/1000 kcal less total meat [95% CI: -13.60; -6.64], and 4.70 g /1000 kcal less PM [95% CI: -6.73; -2.68] than men. For both variables, total meat and PM intake, positive associations were observed for overweight, obesity and current smoking; and negative associations observed for tertiary education and following a diet. The later was significant only for PM intake. The ecological data for CRC incidence revealed much higher rates for men than women, over 24 years; but the data shown by language region did not reveal any particular pattern.

This study is the first to describe intakes of total and different PM types, based on national representative data. Positive associations between PM intake and smoking and obesity merit careful monitoring. More regular data collection by methods enabling separate quantification of meat and PM, as well as relevant health biomarkers are needed in future studies.
Correlation of water consumption with nutritional status, metabolic risk and percentage of body fat in adults of Mexico City
Authors: Gutiérrez Rey , Radilla Claudia , Vega Salvador , Rivera Juan , Ruiz Jorge , Radilla María
Published: June 2020

The promotion of water consumption has been identified by the government of Mexico as one of the main strategies to reduce the diet energy density in order to prevent the problems of overweight, obesity and other diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation of the water consumption with nutritional status, metabolic risk and percentage of body fat in adults of Mexico City. A sample of 12733 adults residing in Mexico City was obtained, of which 75.6% (n = 9 623) belongs to the female gender and 24.4% (n = 3110) belongs to the male gender. In the study those adults who were between 21 and 60 years old, with an average age of 39.59 ± 10.97 years, were included. The population was constituted in several health fairs celebrated in Mexico City from 2015–2018, in which nutritional consultation was provided. By correlating water consumption with nutritional status, metabolic risk and percentage of body fat, it was found that adults who consume a glass of water of 250 mL per day, have higher incidence of obesity, metabolic risk and percentage of body fat high (70.0%, 83.6% and 96.2, respectively), compared to adults who consume seven glasses of 250 mL of water per day equivalent to 1750 mL of water per day (40.4%, 63.8% and 92.9, respectively), finding a highly significant difference (p < 0.01). In the present study it can be observed that adults who have optimal water intake have a lower incidence of obesity, metabolic risk and high percentage of body fat, data that agree with the literature. However, despite the fact that the multiple benefits of water intake have been documented, its consumption among the population in general is very low, so it is suggested to continue adding efforts to raise awareness among the population regarding the importance and benefits on health by staying well hydrated. Likewise, it is important to consider that the promotion of water consumption is an important component in strategies to promote healthy habits and lifestyles.
Take-away milk tea intake was associated with cholesterol independent of adiposity in young adults
Authors: Liu Xin , Chang Huan , Lu Mengnan , Chen Huangtao , Wei Junxiang , Liao Xia
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Take-away milk tea (TAMT) is popular among young generation, and the numbers of retails of TAMT have increased dramatically in recent years in many cities in China. Non-dairy cream is one of the major ingredients of TAMT. Concerns have been raised whether trans-fat originated from non-dairy cream may have an influence on cardio-metabolic traits. We evaluated the associations between daily intake of TAMT with plasma lipid profiles among young Chinese adults, who are the major customers of TAMT retailers.

Materials and Methods

The study population was from the phase 1 sample (104 adults) of the Carbohydrate Alternatives and Metabolic Phenotypes study. Those lacking blood samples or with a body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 were excluded, therefore, a total of 88 subjects with an average age of 22.8 years were included in the analysis. A food frequency questionnaire with 27 items was used to collect the dietary intake. Generalized linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between TAMT intake and cholesterol levels.

Results

The estimated mean (± SE) of TAMT intake was 14.4 ± 3.4 ml/day, with apparent differences between males (8.8 ± 2.7 ml/day) and females (17.7 ± 5.1 ml/day). The mean of total cholesterol of the participants was 4.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L. After adjusted for age, sex, education attainment, smoking status, alcohol drink habit, and physical activity level, daily TAMT intake was positively associated with total cholesterol (beta ± SE = 0.0053 ± 0.0020, P = 0.011). The association was not substantially changed with further adjustment of body fat percentage (beta ± SE = 0.0053 ± 0.0020, P = 0.010). Similar associations were observed for high/low density lipoprotein cholesterols. When analysis was performed by sex, the association was only observed among females (beta ± SE = 0.0049 ± 0.0022, P = 0.031), but not in males (beta ± SE = 0.0022 ± 0.0060, P = 0.703).

Conclusion

In young adult Chinese, we observed an association between TAMT intake with plasma cholesterol level, independent of body adiposity.
The ≤ 10:1 carbohydrate to fiber ratio to identify healthy grain foods and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazil
Authors: Fontanelli Mariane , Sales Cristiane , Liu Junxiu , Micha Renata , Mozaffarian Dariush , Fisberg Regina Mara
Published: June 2020

There is a pressing need for validated methods to assess healthfulness of grain foods to promote consumer awareness and policy change. We investigated how one pragmatic metric, the presence per 10 g of carbohydrate of at least 1 g of fiber (≤ 10:1-ratio), related to other constituents of grain foods as well as cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazil. Data were from the population-based study 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, including a probabilistic sample of urban residents in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 1,188 participants age 20 + years completed a 24-h dietary recall, and a subsample of 603 participants also had blood sample, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements collected, and answered a second 24-h recall. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake of nutrients and foods. Energy and nutrient contents of grain foods meeting or not meeting the ≤ 10:1 ratio were evaluated using univariate linear regressions with robust variance. The association between the percent of energy (%E) from grain foods meeting the criterion and cardiometabolic risk factors was investigated in the subsample with complete data using multivariable linear regression models. Models were adjusted for age, sex, education, income, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, prevalent clinical diseases, and total energy intake. Mean intake of grain foods meeting the ≤ 10:1 ratio was 1.7%E (95%CI 1.6%, 1.8%), and 0.2 50 g servings/day. Per 50 g serving, foods meeting the ≤ 10:1 ratio criterion had lower available carbohydrate (-3.0 g/serving, p = 0.045), total sugar (-7.4g/serving, p < 0.001), added sugar (-7.2 g/serving, p < 0.001) and saturated fatty acids (-0.7 g/serving, p = 0.022), as well as more dietary fiber (+ 3.5g/serving, p < 0.001), protein (+ 2.1 g/serving, p < 0.001), potassium (+ 100.1 mg/serving, p = 0.002), iron (+ 0.9 mg/serving, p = 0.011), selenium (+ 4.2 mcg/serving, p = 0.007), magnesium (+ 38.7 mg/serving, p < 0.001) and zinc (+ 1.1 mg/serving, p = 0.004). After multivariable-adjusted adjustment, each increase in 1%E from grain foods meeting the ≤ 10:1 ratio was associated with lower levels of blood triacylglycerol 12.5% (95%CI -22.4%, -3.8%), the triacylglycerol/HDL-c ratio (-16.9% 95%CI -30.6%, -4.5%), fasting insulin (-15.3% 95%CI -30.7%, -1.5%), and HOMA-IR (15.8% 95%CI -32.8%, -1.0%). The ≤ 10:1 ratio identified grain foods with higher nutritional quality and higher intakes of these foods were associated with fewer cardiometabolic risk factors, in particular risk factors related to atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance that are influenced by carbohydrate quality. This criterion may represent a useful method for characterizing and promoting healthful grain foods.