bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Brada Betsey Behr
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a critique of the anthropology of global health that accounts for how medical anthropology as a subdiscipline has been participatory in constituting both the category of global health and the moral stances this category entails. It analyzes the recruitment to transformation through the recognition of suffering. It also calls on anthropologists of global health to account for stakes in global health pedagogies in addition to illuminating what is at stake for interlocutors. The chapter looks at critical accounts of “global” phenomena in highlighting the aspirational nature of claims to “the global” while tracking the possibilities these claims engender and foreclose. It talks about the obligatory moral orientation toward medical anthropologists' own object of study that indicates how individuals position themselves and others and the institutions they inhabit in terms of global health.
The Politics of Pressure
Authors: Cronin-Furman Kate
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at what is known about when and how human rights pressure works. It presents the theory of quasi-compliant human rights behavior and focuses on how the inconsistency of enforcement incentivizes efforts to game the system. It also explains this human rights behavior as a reasonable gamble on escaping punishment for noncompliance, while still avoiding the full costs of meeting human rights obligations. The chapter argues that pursuing quasi-compliance in response to international human rights pressure can be a successful strategy even when it doesn't satisfy those supplying the pressure. Quasi-compliance should be understood less as an attempt at convincingly feigning compliance, and more as a convenient fiction that lets a sympathetic audience avoid the appearance of siding with a human rights violator.
What Happens after Mass Atrocities
Authors: Cronin-Furman Kate
Published: May 2023

This chapter builds on insights that governments are looking to their political survival when they make decisions about whether and how to pursue accountability for mass atrocities. It cites existing studies on justice for mass atrocities that mostly explain the “positive” cases, theorizing the creation of international tribunals or the normative shifts that have enabled domestic prosecutions of systemic violations of human rights. It discusses how the studies illuminate groundbreaking changes in the international system and shed little light on the negative cases. In order to contribute a fuller understanding of the range of things states do in response to calls for justice, the chapter take a quantitative look at accountability outcomes through an original data set of ninety mass atrocity events. It points out the post-atrocity governments' reactions to calls for justice that depend on where those calls are coming from.
Choosing Your Audience
Authors: Cronin-Furman Kate
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights the idea that the intended audience for quasi-compliance is not necessarily the Western governments and non-governmental organizations who are pushing for accountability. Using a detailed case study of postwar Sri Lanka, the chapter shows that post-atrocity governments can deploy quasi-compliance as coalition-blocking behavior to prevent the mobilization of cohesive international pressure and censure. Sri Lanka is well suited to explore these dynamics because it has faced strong international pressure to provide accountability for mass atrocities and strong domestic political incentives in favor of impunity. The chapter talks about how Sri Lanka took a number of expensive, politically unpalatable actions that failed to prevent ongoing censure. It considers Sri Lanka as an excellent exemplar of how international efforts to enforce human rights play out in hard cases.
Introduction
Authors: Eichner Carolyn J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the breadth and centrality of feminism in the evolution of French imperial politics. It elaborates on the feminist critiques against imperial power exhibited by Olympe Audouard, Hubertine Auclert, Léonie Rouzade, Paule Mink, and Louis Michel. The feminists' writings and orations dramatize the race, class, religious, and sexual politics of the epoch's imperial worlds. Moreover, their works are based on their anti-imperialism in opposition to exploitation. The chapter explains that French feminism had developed from two different French revolutionary sources: the liberalism of 1789 and the radicalism of 1793. It also mentions that Feminists' divergent politics mediated their colonial experiences in their works, which reveals the correlation between class politics and self-identified anti-imperialism.
Introduction
Authors: Minn Pierre
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter begins by describing how poor economic conditions and deficient biomedical services have combined to make life for many Haitians a daily struggle against disease and an early death. While the 2010 earthquake and cholera epidemic brought increased attention to health conditions in Haiti and attracted new waves of foreign clinicians and medical volunteers, the country was already host to thousands of initiatives sponsored by foreign governments and organizations. The chapter explains how the book analyzes international medical aid in Haiti with an emphasis on the perspectives and experiences of Haitian clinicians, and examines the factors that make emigration appear to be the only viable option to so many of these clinicians. In this account of transnational aid in Haiti, the book attempts to avoid the two genres that are most often used when writing about the topic: evaluations that aim to measure the efficacy of aid interventions and exposés that highlight their failure. The chapter then explores the concepts of global health and humanitarianism.
Between a Fund and a Hard Place
Authors: Minn Pierre
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with an overview of Haitian health workers' historical contact with foreign medical interventions, before discussing the situation of a specific group of health workers: the medical residents at the Hôpital Universitaire Justinien. In addition to basic demographic information about the residents, the chapter describes a labor strike that took place during the author’s research in order to highlight how medical professionals in Haiti interpret and respond to the challenges they face. The chapter then considers some features of the residents' contact with international medical aid bodies. These features, as well as the residents' reflections on aid, illustrate how Haitian medical professionals view, critique, and work with and against international interventions. The chapter also discusses the phenomenon most often referred to as “brain drain,” and the links between international medical aid and the emigration of Haitian health professionals. It considers the theme of obligation and its multiple meanings in this context.
Conclusion
Authors: Minn Pierre
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter explores how the 2010 earthquake and cholera epidemic in Haiti amplified and exacerbated preexisting tendencies and patterns in international medical aid. The earthquake represents an event of unprecedented scope for Haiti, in terms of number of sudden deaths, damage to infrastructure, and the destruction and disruption of Haitian institutions. Response to the earthquake was also unprecedented, and highlighted the emergence of new forms of visibility and fundraising, such as donations by cell phone text message and through internet networking sites. Meanwhile, the cholera emergency in Haiti had already had major consequences for the country’s national stability, in particular given that the UN force assigned to stabilize the country was responsible for introducing the pathogen and for MINUSTAH’s (the UN Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti) presence in the country. Nevertheless, there are reasons for optimism when one considers that many of the basic demographic indicators used to measure a population’s health are improving in Haiti.
Introduction
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that early Dutch slavery and its successor Anglo-Dutch slave culture were central to the cultural development of the North. The chapter discusses the reconceptualization of the narrative of early Northeastern slavery that centers New Netherland and Dutch regions of settlement as not merely locally important to the development of slaveholding, but regionally crucial to any understanding of the foundations and development of that culture. By integrating familiar sources, such as colonial diaries and narratives, with new English translations of Dutch archival materials, the chapter investigates slavery as a central facet of Northeastern cultural development. It traces the ways Dutch elite families established and maintained the slaveholding networks they built over nearly two centuries, and offers insight into how slavery became a vital part of Northern culture. The chapter looks at how the slave systems that emerged in the middle colonies differed from their counterparts in New England. It highlights that each family's slaveholding actions within such societies were as much in keeping with family identities as they were with different colonial environments.
Neger
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the narratives of enslaved people within the colony of New Netherland. The chapter argues that, despite the ostensibly small population of enslaved people, race and slavery were crucial to shaping social status and hierarchies among key New Netherland elites from the very start of their colonial lives, because the Dutch colony's leadership was deeply embedded in and fully engaged with the wider Atlantic project of enslavement. Centralizing a close reading of personal and administrative correspondence of early elite settlers, the chapter stresses the importance of centering the daily lives and circumstances of enslaved people. It highlights how such reconstructed narratives offered a wider context for enslavement in the colony. The chapter concludes by revealing the emergence of racial sensibilities among white colonists, their direct connections to centers of enslavement in South America and the Caribbean, and the broad influence of their local and ultimately regional power.
Naam
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes how the same local and family connections that built dynasties of power among some white colonists were used to criminalize, constrain, mutilate, and marginalize enslaved people, as they struggled to make and maintain connection. Opening with the early business exploits of two men, Tom and Robert, the chapter stresses the wider currents that entwined but ultimately caused their life stories to diverge. Although both men traded within the same wider world and were heavily influenced by connections to Albany's female networks, Tom, a Black man enslaved to Robert Livingston, was ultimately criminalized by such associations, while Robert gained entrance into Albany's Dutch merchant and slaveholding elite through his wife, Alida. The chapter also discusses how similarities between diverse colonials uncover how racial difference emerged out of specific local and regional circumstances. The chapter chronicles how the political instabilities of perpetual warfare created opportunities for the enslaved to expand and exploit their own networks, even as it made them the targets of tightening legal strictures and borderland violence.
Identity
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter underlines the expansive networks of enslaved people that also knit the region together, offering an alternative approach with which to imagine the regions' connections. Although disconnections between enslaved people in the Northeast have long been emphasized, the chapter stresses the networks of connection between diverse enslaved, bonded, and free peoples. Such avenues of cross-colonial networking within the enslaved community bore fruit: supporting freedom cases, regional flights away from slavery, and by creating identities that challenged the power of elite hegemonic ambitions. The chapter also reviews how enslaved people maintained a vast network of associations that created a geographical map of the broader region crossing colonial boundaries. Ultimately, the chapter examines how mixed-raced members of elite networks presented specific challenges to the structure of slaveholding that shaped not just the southern colonies and the Caribbean but also the Northeast, challenging the gendered and racial underpinnings of enslavement, and uncovering the sexual violence of such networks.
Conclusion
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter reconstructs the names and struggles of those enslaved to offer a multigenerational, and oftentimes migrational, portrait of enslaved families and individuals who loved, lived, negotiated, resisted, and died due to the conscious actions and ambitions of their enslavers. It examines the lives of enslaved people and the social experience of slavery and uncovers a myriad of perspectives—from the development of racial categorization to shifts in literary expectation. The chapter also challenges the archival bias and historical narrative that privileges such elites as actors. It highlights the ways that Northeastern slave networks affected and were directed by the actions of nonelite actors as well as how the “Northern gentry” was a contested and imagined community that was built on the subjugation of others as much as it was business partnerships and strategic marriages. Such Dutch-descended and Anglo-Dutch enslavers lived lives intertwined with the enslaved. The chapter recalls the mid-seventeenth century when New York was still New Netherland and controlled by the Dutch up to the end of the colonial period. It then analyzes the emergence of an interconnected Northeastern gentry bound by bondage.
The National Security State
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the rise of the national security state (NSS) under Xi Jinping, in particular the political logic, origins, drivers, characteristics, and strategic thinking behind this transformational undertaking. It examines why Xi made a hard turn toward national security when he took power, and how differently national security is viewed and managed under Xi compared to prior regimes. The chapter also investigates what means are available to forge a powerful and effective NSS, and what role, for example, has the creation of the Central National Security Commission (CNSC) played in the building of the national security edifice. The chapter elaborates on the strategic vision girding the NSS, and the defining characteristics of this emerging NSS, such as its areas of responsibility, the nature of political control, and its representation at the top echelons of power. Ultimately, the chapter considers the relationship between the NSS and the techno-security state, and looks at the long-term prospects for the NSS and its domestic and international implications.
A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Iandolo Alessandro
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the state of the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s following the regime of Joseph Stalin. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev aimed to expand socialism beyond the USSR and Eastern Europe without resorting to war. The Great Patriotic War to defeat Nazi Germany had wrought unprecedented destruction on the Soviet Union. Thus, in an effort to bring a new vision to Soviet citizens, Khrushchev focused primarily on improving Soviet agriculture and easing the restrictions of the Stalin era. The chapter covers how the Institute of Africa (Institut Afriki) contributed the most to Soviet engagement with West Africa to improve the USSR's knowledge and understanding of Africa through academic research.
Home
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter narrates the story of a man who had been on both sides, sometimes simultaneously, of a thin line: on one side, a professional and a psychiatrist who specialized in addiction, and on the other side, he was the patient, a man who struggled with depression and addiction. It highlights that like so many in America—immigrant and citizen alike—he was simply trying to make it. The chapter then shifts to focus on the author's journey from the US–Mexico border to America's heartland in search of the true story of the drug trade and the people who participate in it. It chronicles his journey which started with a desire to learn about how the drug trade worked within the communities that had been demonized by the media. By following the author's journey through different communities, separated by hundreds of miles but united by the public scrutiny of their roles in the drug trade, the chapter provides a better understanding of the drug trade in the United States. Ultimately, the chapter highlights that the drug trade that existed in El Paso, Phoenix, and Chicago was part of an unremarkable, everyday existence and had little to do with the salacious portrayals associated with the people and organizations most often held responsible for the presence of illicit drugs in America.
Business as Usual
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter underlines that “business as usual” was established long before Joaquín Archivaldo “El Chapo” Guzmán Loera became a top-level player. It argues that Guzmán was just one of several leaders and figureheads of violent, semiautonomous illicit enterprises that emerged from historical processes that evolved over nearly a century. The chapter begins with understanding the roles that men such as Guzmán play in the drug trafficking business. It separates those roles from the press frenzy surrounding them, and comprehends how those roles play out within the tangled web of illicit enterprise in the Paso del Norte region. In order to fully do this, the chapter undertakes a historical inquiry that starts with the years just after the Mexican Revolution, a war fought in part within view of the Sunset Heights neighborhood. The chapter reveals that historical forces that shaped contemporary drug trafficking organizations could be reduced to a few simple constants: the people and organizations' need for security and protection, the power and independence that grow from being able to provide that security and protection, and the powerlessness that results from the inability to do so.
A Fear of Corners
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the declining role of street gangs in Phoenix. It mentions that street gangs had historically served as drug retailers, often serving low-volume customers who were intent on buying product on street corners. The chapter then analyzes how the driver-delivery system featured in the contemporary drug scene, noting that it had been present in California since at least the 1990s and naturally it migrated to Arizona. Narrating the author's conversations with players in the drug trade and the officers who policed it, the chapter investigates the three broad market types of the drug trade in Phoenix: specialty, retail/street level, and wholesale. It emphasizes that these markets do not appear to be very big or even well known to the city's regular drug users, who tend to prefer, besides marijuana, the three main hard drugs offered for retail sale, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine, with the last being the most widely consumed hard drug in Greater Phoenix.
Connections
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter underlines that Greater Phoenix is an ideal place for “staging” wholesale quantities of drugs. As the chapter defines, staging involves the temporary storage of shipments before routing them onward to destinations farther from the border. The chapter also highlights that Phoenix has sufficient local demand to merit supplying the local distributors with reasonable-quality product. The chapter then shifts to investigate how Phoenix's wholesale drug market, along with other factors including the kidnappings, generated sensational headlines about “Arizona's crime problem” in the US press. The chapter stresses that it is critically important not to mistakenly characterize the drug trade as a major component of human smuggling or vice versa. The chapter focuses on the testimony of the people involved with the wholesale drug market in Phoenix. It assesses the relationships necessary to forge a business connection with higher-level suppliers and argues that a person must develop a lot of trust to make such a connection and to get a chance to gain direct access to a wholesaler.
Introduction
Authors: Parris Benjamin
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between sleep and the early modern ethics of care. For early modern monarchs, teachers, and students alike, sleep would seem to embody a paradigmatic form of carelessness, one that temporarily dissolves the psychosomatic territory on which Renaissance humanism planted its flag. Despite these humanist and political-theological antipathies toward sleep, works by writers such as Jasper Heywood, William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and John Milton show signs of what can be called “humanist fatigue.” These writers value the unconscious motions of physical life, giving credence to the mysterious yet vital power of sleep. In this way, sleep and sleeplessness form the emblematic center of a fascination with paradoxes of ethical care in early modern literature, drawing attention to a mounting concern with the nature of physical life and its recovery. By tracking an intellectual current from the resurrection of Senecan drama and Stoicism in sixteenth-century English humanist thought to the later seventeenth-century vitalisms of John Milton and Margaret Cavendish, the chapter explains how the book makes a novel case for the role of Stoic cosmology and ancient virtue ethics in early modern literature and in the so-called new philosophy.
Hercules Asleep
Authors: Parris Benjamin
Published: May 2023

This chapter elucidates the early English humanist revival of Stoicism through a case study of Jasper Heywood's 1561 translation of Seneca's tragedy, Hercules Furens. The play's central action hinges on a Stoic vision of the unruly cosmos and the volatile physical mixtures that constantly threaten to upend the care of the virtuous soul. The argument of the chapter shows how early modern writers could find in Seneca's tragedy a cosmological framework investing scenes of dormant life with an ethical power grounded in the therapy of rest—a power all the more remarkable in that it eludes Herculean self-mastery while nonetheless sustaining his virtuous labors. As an unconscious physical event, sleep escapes the muscular attention and purposive discipline of self-care for which Hercules is a paradigmatic figure. In Hercules Furens, sleep's ethical and physiological dimensions thus elaborate a tragic biopolitical friction between the life of virtue and the demands of the oikos, which Seneca's hero attempts to preserve against the motions of a turbulent physical cosmos.
“The Body Is with the King, but the King Is Not with the Body”
Authors: Parris Benjamin
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces William Shakespeare's skepticism regarding the political theology of vigilant care that undergirds the theory of the King's Two Bodies, arguing that some of its guiding presumptions propel the biopolitical crises of state in the tragedies of Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear. In these plays, Shakespeare draws on principles of Stoic cosmology at the heart of Senecan drama by figuring sovereign sleep and insomnia as volatile events causing the physical and metaphysical transformation of the union of the King's Two Bodies. The Stoic perspective of sleep as a simultaneously physiological and ethical benefit informs the playwright's depictions of monarchical insomnia as a threat to the health of the sovereign's personal and political bodies. This latter point is particularly salient in the case of King Lear, whose cosmological rage and self-dissolution are only alleviated by the therapeutic virtues of sleep. While Shakespearean tragedy thus exposes the outworn ideologies of the King's Two Bodies and its political theology of militant vigilance, taken together these plays more strikingly construct a vision of the emerging foundations of biopolitical governance, which rest upon the care for physical life and its immanent powers of restoration.
“Inhabit Lax”
Authors: Parris Benjamin
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the ethics of care in John Milton's Paradise Lost through recurring images of sleep and wakefulness, which constitute poetic adaptations of the Stoic theory of oikeiôsis. In Milton's epic, Satan's turn from God represents the primal scene of a discordance that introduces evil to the cosmos. And this original perversion takes place during a moment of sleeplessness by which Satan swerves from the harmonious motions of Heaven's slumbering angelic organism. Insomnia thus serves as Milton's chief figure for the discordant influence of Satanic pride and rebellion, and for evil as a mode of privation from God. The psychosomatic transformations occasioned by sleep are themselves transformed over the course of Paradise Lost, as sleep becomes a more desirable yet less achievable condition of release from the agonies of waking care. Ultimately, the chapter argues that Milton's vitalist representations of sleep and care not only syncretize Stoic philosophical and Christian perspectives but also ascribe a uniquely early modern biopolitical value to the organic and unconscious processes of physical life.
Coda
Authors: Parris Benjamin
Published: May 2023

This coda reveals essential connections among Margaret Cavendish's late philosophies of matter and sensation and the legacies of Stoicism. In her Observations upon Experimental Philosophy (1666), Cavendish contends “that nature is a self-moving, and consequently a self-living and self-knowing infinite body, divisible into infinite parts,” thereby revealing her deep affiliations with Stoic thought and its cosmological basis. Cavendish radicalizes the Stoic doctrine of oikeiôsis by attributing a mode of self-knowledge to each and every particle of nature. By insisting that knowledge of self and motion is inherent to every particle of the cosmos, Cavendish's neo-Stoicism challenges both the mechanical philosophy of thinkers such as Hobbes and Descartes as well as the seventeenth-century ascendance of Epicurean atomism and its doctrine of lifeless, inert particles whose random swerves form the foundation of life. More specifically, the coda shows how Cavendish redresses Rene Descartes's severing of the intimate relationship between corporeality, teleology, and care first articulated by the natural philosophy of the Stoics. She offers instead a view of perpetual and rational corporeal motion as the vitalistic principle organizing the cosmos, which in turn shapes her Stoic view of sleep as an experience during which such motions continue steadily to affirm the place of bodies within the cosmic whole.
Winning by Process
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the analysis of how the Myanmar state has opened up to an unprecedented level while still molding the outcomes of the process to meet its preferred goals. It explores how negotiations to end conflict occur not only in formal peace forums but also indirectly through existing state institutions, as well as the theater of war. It also details how the process by which the state and armed insurgents engage one another in different arenas creates a web of constraints, rules of engagement, and interactions that modify power relations beyond the brute dynamics that war entails. The chapter explains why “stalled conflict” contributes to the state of Myanmar's advantage, which is referred to as “winning by process.” Winning by process is a dynamic outcome that is neither final nor irreversible but clearly gives a firm advantage to the state in a conflict.
Democratization
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter acknowledges that democratization layered new state institutions that expanded the number of actors claiming representation and created new allocations of power that favored some degree of decentralization. It discusses that Myanmar state's partial democratization created greater pluralization of actors and diversified the field of interests. It also points out how democratization added a new state institutional arena where powers and resources between ethnic groups and the state would be negotiated and reallocated. The chapter explains that the expansion of arenas of negotiation created new venues to exert pressure for reform and electoral incentives for state actors to promise policies that would benefit minority populations. It confirms why the devolution of power created a more decentralized Myanmar but limited the capacity to negotiate and implement a more significant federal state.
Process over War
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the formal process of negotiation leading to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) and subsequent political dialogue in Myanmar. It shows how the state of Myanmar, including the Tatmadaw and the National League for Democracy (NLD) government, used strategies to control the process and ultimately steer the negotiations toward its goals. The chapter assesses evidence suggesting that a mix of locking in, layering, and sequencing were most effectively deployed and exploited in the formal negotiation arena, creating an overwhelming ability of the state to limit concessions and thwart ethnic minority goals. It details how ethnic armed organizations attempted to use an outgunning strategy to gain leverage but got few gains by the end of the NLD government's mandate.
Normalizing Weak Ethnic States
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how the 2008 constitution's implementation created a new model of decentralization that ultimately strengthened the state of Myanmar's position toward ethnic minority groups. It shows how the constitution became locked in through its gradual acceptance by the National League for Democracy (NLD) and ethnic armed organizations (EAOs). It also details the resistance to the constitution that continued to arise based on the NLD's attempts to reduce the role of the military in government and expand the democratic space. The chapter highlights the layers being put into place in ethnic states that solidified and perpetuated a highly centralized approach to governance. It demonstrates the process by which the central government of Myanmar could determine the limits and nature of decentralization, which gave leverage over defining the future form of the so-called federalism.
Outflanking and the Erosion of De Facto Autonomy
Authors: Bertrand Jacques , Pelletier Alexandre , Thawnghmung Ardeth Maung
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains the state of Myanmar's outflanking strategy through its expansion into gray areas after reaching ceasefire agreements, and the way in which it was eroding the previous de facto autonomy that ethnic minority groups held in some areas. The longer the indeterminacy of the interim period and the absence of a final political agreement, the more the state gained significant ability to outflank grassroots ethnic organizations. The chapter examines three strategic policy areas: education, health care, and land management. It shows how the state of Myanmar sought to replace the services of ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) and expand its own reach, particularly in gray zones of joint control. The state built new infrastructure, such as roads and communication networks that allowed it to penetrate further into territory that EAOs had previously controlled.
Profiting from Victory
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the power vacuum that characterized Central Europe after the abrupt collapse of Austria-Hungary and Germany. France was the first state to “nudge” Central Europe out of the post-armistice power vacuum by concluding an armistice with the Hungarian revolutionary government in Alsace-Lorraine. Thus, entrepreneurs, speculators, and politicians scrambled to exploit sovereignty changes to seize enemy property or cement their positions, while workers' and national councils took over the administration of major cities. The chapter looks into how the incoming Romanian administration and Transylvanian society made a series of deals that often remained hidden from the Bucharest government, mitigating the impact of sovereignty change for ethnic minorities. The deals ensured the function of the Romanian state and cemented the positions of prewar elites.
A Marriage of Convenience? Austro-Hungarian Industrialists in Greater Romania
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the debates surrounding the economic viability of East Central European successor states after the Great War. The Romanian annexation of formerly Austro-Hungarian territories created a new, multiethnic, and multinational business elite wherein Hungarians learned to cooperate on corporate boards and exploit each other's political and social networks to further their economic interests. The chapter notes the rising criticism concerning interwar nostalgia and Romanians' partnerships with domestic foreigners. Due to the lack of commercial treaties among successor states, industrialists and bankers of the former Austria-Hungary needed to work out the specifics of commerce across the new borders and reorganize their supply chains. In the case of Hungary and Greater Romania, hostility between the two states over the sovereignty of Transylvania prevented the passage of an interstate commercial treaty.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces Christianity's eschatological Jews in ancient, medieval, and early modern times. It explores the history of Christian ambivalence concerning the Jews and Judaism at the end of the days. Since Christians believe that Jesus is the Christ, the denial of Jews' belief in Jesus as the savior raises challenging questions. Bridging the present with idealized portraits of the past and utopian visions of the future, eschatology derives from the vital core of a religion's theology, sociology, and culture. Thus, eschatology has consistently served as one of the most potent agents of social change in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim civilizations. The chapter also considers the factors that shape the history of ideas concerning the Christian experience.
Paul and the Mystery of Israel’s Salvation
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the teachings of the apostle Paul. Paul's letters in the New Testament laid the groundwork for the emergence of Christianity as a distinct religion and the parting of the ways between Jewish and Jesus-believing religious communities. In chapters 9–11 of Romans, Paul addresses the role of Israel in the divine plan for the world's salvation most directly. The chapter acknowledges that the aforementioned section bristles with ambiguity. It looks into the proponents of the New Perspective, which argued not to appreciate the first-century Judaism features in Paul's letters, and Sonderweg, which reads supersessionism that Christ's new covenant of grace invalidates the covenant of Torah out of Paul's letters.
Antichrist and Jews in Literature, Drama, and Visual Arts
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the concept of the Antichrist and Jews being featured in literature, drama, and visual arts. It examines some works of vernacular literature, religious iconography, and more popular art that portrayed the eschatological Jew in diverse ways. As the Middle Ages wore on, the cultural horizons of Christian Europe's literary and artistic creativity broadened extensively. The chapter notes that some portrayals suggest the notion of ambivalence, hesitation, and nuance. It cites that the eschatological Jew remained a formidable presence during the late medieval or early modern European Christian, especially since the period is frequently preoccupied with apocalyptic yearning and fear.
Jewish Converts and Christian Salvation
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the notion of Jewish converts and Christian salvation by tackling the life and beliefs of Pablo de Santa María. According to Pablo, Jewish converts to Christianity were the key players in the ongoing drama of salvation that began with the first coming of Christ. While referencing Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Pablo developed the idea of salvation and conversion in his works: Additiones and Scrutinium Scripturarum. The chapter notes the argument of Alonso de Espina against Pablo and his disciple's ideas. However, both Alonso and Pablo quoted Hosea 3 to establish that the Jews will ultimately convert to Christianity.
Introduction
Authors: D'Etcheverry Charo B.
Published: May 2023

This chapter shows glimpses from Japan's medieval era, the four centuries between the fall of the Heian court, located in what we call Kyoto, and the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, now Tokyo. It highlights that these years brought intermittent civil war, inspiring a national literature built on shared stories but also on the fracture of works. The chapter begins with a discussion on the “tributes” to Sagoromo—a short narrative, from a cycle of similar works that comprise the lone prose adaptation; forty-one of its poems as cited by two compilers, with their headnotes contextualizing each verse; three libretti, from the only known Sagoromo-based songs and surviving play; and the beginning of the leading commentary. It suggests how generations of literate people coped with upheaval: by lamenting or justifying it in familiar terms, unraveling a tale paradoxically known for its coherence. This chapter investigates how Sagoromo spanned a diverse corpus of texts even for a premodern work. It also examines how Sagoromo spurred great enthusiasm but no such default, leading to numerous “copies” that vary widely in some aspects.
Sagoromo
Authors: D'Etcheverry Charo B.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on a new anthology containing the poems used in both The Genji-Sagoromo Contest and the eighteen extant volumes of Collection of Wind-Blown Leaves—Sagoromo: The Wisconsin Collection. It notes that the first work constitutes the first half of Poem Contest in Two Hundred Rounds, a contest on paper created by Fujiwara Teika, Shunzei's son and Shunzei's Daughter's adoptive brother, while the second work is attributed to Teika's son Tameie and sponsored by Fujiwara Kitsushi, a consort of Go-Saga, which draws solely from fictional tales but mimics the structure of an imperial anthology of verse. As the chapter stresses, these different formats shaped the compilers' presentation of the tale. By presenting the poems from Sagoromo that appear in both collections, with these poems restored to their narrative order and grouped by the tale's books, the chapter provides a window into early medieval views of the tale and of the courtly past more generally, as recalled by the elite poets who preserved and disseminated it. The chapter reveals that medieval poets skillfully highlighted the more appealing poetic portraits of the court, unsurprising in an era that produced a New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poems—compiled in part by Teika.
Introduction
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the notion that the city is a vast affirmation of nature instead of its denial. The city is also civilization's greatest gravitational attractor, drawing to its center an astounding array of local and exotic natural materials assembled by the energies, artistry, and aspirations of thousands of human beings. Both the professional geologist and the amateur rockhound unlocked the grand secret that the basic materials produced by the Earth's own forces are alive in their own way. Thus, the city itself forms a part of the planet's dynamic metabolism. The chapter highlights the intrinsic narrative power of clay and stone in Chicago.
The Loop
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the Chicago Loop of the Northeastern Quadrant. It details the design and address of buildings found along the Northeastern Quadrant neighborhood. The Michigan Avenue Bridge Houses are recognised to be where the City of Chicago began, especially when the river crossing becomes a great pedestrian bottleneck of shoppers and tourists. Marshall Field ＆ Company Store holds a complicated history, which results in the building being a good demonstration of the evolution of building foundations in Chicago. The chapter also appreciates the architecture of the Old Republic and Aon Center. It elaborates on the foundation and geological features along buildings like the Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago Athletic Association Annex and Willoughby Tower.
South Loop, Museum Campus, Prairie Avenue, Douglas, and Bronzeville
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the buildings along South Loop, Museum Campus, Prairie Avenue, Douglas, and Bronzeville. It covers the notable geologic features of the Congress Plaza Hotel, Blackstone Hotel, and Second Studebaker Building. Similar to most Chicago buildings, the Field Museum is a prime example of a building clad in Salem Limestone. The Balbo Monument is a neoclassical Chicago architecture that received negative connotations since it was a gift from Benito Mussolini. The chapter considers the works of architects, which range between the William W. Kimball House and the Elbridge G. Keith House. It mentions how the 3300 Block, S. Calumet Avenue retained its older houses that are geological treasure chests.
Edgewater, Rogers Park, and Sauganash
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the history and features of the buildings in Edgewater, Rogers Park, and Sauganash. It mentions the commonality of Fieldstone in the Upper Midwest, citing the Epworth United Methodist Church as an example. Similar to Graceland Cemetery, early Chicagoland graveyards, such as the Rosehill Cemetery, were often selected for their sandy, easily excavated soil. The chapter explains that the Mundelein Center has almost all the right credentials for the Grand Art Deco Formula, mentioning how it did not have a thoroughgoing base course of less porous crystalline rock. It notes the design and geologic features of the Queen of All Saints Basilica.
Narrating the Presence of the God-Man
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews the late medieval literature of revelation in which it involves Christ's entry into the lives of others more often than an imaginative recreation of his own life. It considers a series of key texts in roughly chronological order, which, broadly speaking, evince an increasing emphasis on Christ's divinity. The chapter begins with how the thirteenth-century texts that told how the God-man interacted regularly with people make clear the difficulties of describing that interaction. It then investigates how literature from the nunnery of Helfta at the end of the thirteenth century comes closer to showing how the pieces fit together and the two natures are linked to a single person. The chapter concludes by examining what it can mean for Christ to have a divine person with two natures. It then surveys four narrative strategies that can be seen as ways of meeting this challenge: use of magisterial discourse, the assertion of transtemporality, the depiction of divinized humanity, and the fusion of mystical and devotional language.
Liturgy and Presence
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes that the experience of Christ's presence often occurs in the context of liturgy. The chapter explains that it makes present the Christ who instituted the Eucharist, suffered and died, and rose from the dead. The liturgical year further includes feast days that commemorate events from Christ's life. The chapter provides a context in which the past is made present and the Christ of biblical narrative becomes manifest. As the chapter highlights, liturgy and sacrament provide the setting in which Christ is most ordinarily recognized as present. But as the chapter suggests, the cycle of liturgical feasts, which bring back memory of past events, was less important in our sources than liturgical services seen as occasions for Christ's manifestation in the present.
The Inculturation of Christ
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter demonstrates how the theme of Christ's recognized presence becomes articulated within the culture, especially the women's monastery of Helfta and the south German Dominican convents that produced the “sister-books.” It defines the term “inculturation” which is used in a missionary context for the means by which Christianity is presented to a non-Christian culture, the ways teaching and worship are adapted to local traditions. Inculturation provides an analogy for a process seen in the representation of Christ. The chapter then shifts to highlight how people speak of experiencing Christ's presence in large part because they are encouraged to do so and are given pertinent vocabulary by a broader or a more specific community. It emphasizes that the ways that Christ becomes manifest are not simply expressions of communal culture, but ways that Christ enters into that culture, accommodating himself to it to make his presence recognizable. This aspect of his manifestation is most fully developed in the literature from Helfta and is seen in the later sister-books as well.
Conclusion
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes that the mystical presence of Christ—his manifest presence integrated into the lives of particular devout and even saintly individuals—has now been viewed from multiple perspectives. It highlights that all of them are ways of seeing the phenomenon as exceptional yet grounded in ordinary experience. The chapter recalls the two main points of the book's analysis: first the character of the Christ who is manifested, and second the ways by which late medieval texts show the presence of Christ as presupposed, intuited, and perceived. The chapter describes that the first of these themes pertains to Christ himself, and the second to those who experience his presence. The chapter notes that all of the subthemes discussed—prayer and meditation, the world of symbolic forms, the intercession that brings prayer and thus Christophany into connection with social networks—are the stuff of which ordinary late medieval religion is composed.
“A Hostile Takeover”
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: May 2023

The chapter discusses Ronald Reagan's efforts to normalize relations with repressive allies and deepen US involvement in Central America. The Reagan administration intends to remove human rights as a US foreign policy priority based on the Kirkpatrick Doctrine. Human rights conditionality was inserted as a piecemeal into the US foreign policymaking process by congressional lawmakers over the opposition of the Nixon and Ford administrations, especially after Jimmy Carter's insistence to bring competence and compassion to the White House. Additionally, the Reagan team initiated a major covert effort to destabilize Nicaragua's revolutionary government. The chapter then looks into the confrontation of the White House in justifying expanded US military assistance to San Salvador on human rights grounds.