bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical functioning and psychological morbidity among regional and rural cancer survivors: A report from a regional cancer centre
Authors: Lashbrook Mari , Bernardes Christina M. , Kirshbaum Marilynne N. , Valery Patricia C.
Published: May 2018

Objective

To identify factors associated with psychosocial, physical and practical difficulties of daily living and distress among cancer survivors from a regional area in Australia.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Riverina region of southern New South Wales.

Participants

The sample included 134 patients who completed treatment for breast, colorectal, lung or cancer at the Riverina Cancer Care Centre.

Main outcome measures

Distress was assessed by the Distress Thermometer. Psychosocial, physical and practical difficulties of daily living were assessed by the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System questionnaires.

Results

A high proportion of cancer survivors had abnormal scores for physical function, sleep disturbance, satisfaction with role, fatigue and pain interference, with many also displaying abnormal scores for anxiety, depression and distress. Survivors living in rural areas and those who had undergone surgery had higher odds of having abnormal scores for sleep disturbance than their counterparts. Living without a partner increased the odds of anxiety and depression. Having advanced disease increased the odds of anxiety and pain. Colorectal cancer and higher education were associated with depression.

Conclusion

Monitoring for abnormal physical and psychosocial issues after cancer treatment is essential to maintain or improve psychosocial well‐being during survivorship. When developing survivorship care plans for patients residing in regional centres, health professionals should consider availability of high‐quality and accessible support services in regional areas of Australia.
Different perspectives on the key challenges facing rural health: The challenges of power and knowledge
Authors: Malatzky Christina , Bourke Lisa
Published: May 2018

Objective

To examine the effects of dominant knowledge in rural health, including how they shape issues central to rural health. In particular, this article examines the roles of: (i) deficit knowledge of rural health workforce; (ii) dominant portrayals of generalism; and (iii) perceptions of inferiority about rural communities in maintaining health disparities between rural‐ and metropolitan‐based Australians.

Design

A Foucauldian framework is applied to literature, evidence, case studies and key messages in rural health. Three scenarios are used to provide practical examples of specific knowledge that is prioritised or marginalised.

Results

The analysis of three areas in rural health identifies how deficit knowledge is privileged despite it undermining the purpose of rural health. First, deficit knowledge highlights the workforce shortage rather than the type of work in rural practice or the oversupply of workforce in metropolitan areas. Second, the construction of generalist practice as less skilled and more monotonous undermines other knowledge that it is diverse and challenging. Third, dominant negative stereotypes of rural communities discourage rural careers and highlight undesirable aspects of rural practice.

Conclusion

The privileging of deficit knowledge pertaining to rural health workforce, broader dominant discourses of generalism and the nature of rural Australian communities reproduces many of the key challenges in rural health today, including persisting health disparities between rural‐ and metropolitan‐based Australians. To disrupt the operations of power that highlight deficit knowledge and undermine other knowledge, we need to change the way in which rural health is currently constructed and understood.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting the depth of invasion in women at risk of abnormally invasive placenta: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Cali Giuseppe , Forlani Francesco , Timor‐Trisch Ilan , Palacios‐Jaraquemada José , Foti Francesca , Minneci Gabriella , Flacco Maria E , Manzoli Lamberto , Familiari Alessandra , Pagani Giorgio , Scambia Giovanni , D'Antonio Francesco
Published: May 2018

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting the depth of abnormally invasive placenta in women at risk.

Material and methods

Prospective longitudinal study including women with placenta previa and at least one prior cesarean delivery or uterine surgery. Depth of abnormally invasive placenta was defined as the degree of trophoblastic invasion through the myometrium and was assessed with histopathological analysis. The ultrasound signs explored were: loss of clear zone, placental lacunae, bladder wall interruption, uterovesical hypervascularity, and increased vascularity in the parametrial region.

Results

In all, 210 women were included in the analysis. When using at least one sign, ultrasound had an overall sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 96.5‐100) and overall specificity of 61.9 (95% CI 51.9‐71.2) for all types of abnormally invasive placenta. Using two ultrasound signs increased the diagnostic accuracy in terms of specificity (100%, 95% CI 96.5‐100) but did not affect sensitivity. When stratifying the analysis according to the depth of placental invasion, using at least one sign had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 93.7‐100) and 100% (95% CI 92.6‐100) for placenta accreta/increta and percreta, respectively. Using three ultrasound signs improved the detection rate for placenta percreta with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 92.6‐100) and a specificity of 77.2% (95% CI 69.9‐83.4).

Conclusion

Ultrasound has a high diagnostic accuracy in detecting the depth of placental invasion when applied to a population with specific risk factors for anomalies such as placenta previa and prior cesarean delivery or uterine surgery.
A Standardized Telephone Intervention Algorithm Improves the Survival of Ventricular Assist Device Outpatients
Authors: Schlöglhofer Thomas , Horvat Johann , Moscato Francesco , Hartner Zeno , Necid Georg , Schwingenschlögl Harald , Riebandt Julia , Dimitrov Kamen , Angleitner Philipp , Wiedemann Dominik , Laufer Günther , Zimpfer Daniel , Schima Heinrich
Published: May 2018

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are an established therapeutic option for patients with chronic heart failure. Continuous monitoring of VAD parameters and their adherence to guidelines are crucial to detect problems in an early stage to optimize outcomes. A telephone intervention algorithm for VAD outpatients was developed, clinically implemented and evaluated. During the phone calls, a structured inquiry of pump parameters, alarms, blood pressure, INR, body weight and temperature, exit‐site status and heart failure symptoms was performed and electronically categorized by an algorithm into 5 levels of severity. VAD outpatient outcomes without (n = 71) and with bi‐weekly telephone interviews in their usual care (n = 25) were conducted using proportional hazard Cox regression, with risk adjustment based on a propensity score model computed from demographics and risk factors. From February 2015 through October 2017, 25 patients (n = 3 HeartMate II, n = 4 HeartMate 3 and n = 18 HeartWare HVAD) underwent 637 telephone interventions. In 57.5% of the calls no problems were identified, 3.9% were recalled on the next day because of alarms. In 26.5% (n = 169), the VAD Coordinator had to refer to the physician due to elevated blood pressure (n = 125, >85 mm Hg), INR < 2.0 or > 4.0 (n = 24) or edema (n = 10), 11.9% of the calls led to a follow‐up because of equipment or exit‐site problems. Propensity‐adjusted 2‐year survival (89% vs. 57%, P = 0.027) was significantly higher for the telephone intervention group. Continuous, standardized communication with VAD outpatients is important for early detection of upcoming problems and leads to significantly improved survival.
Practice patterns of female urologists in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Johns Putra Lydia , Cheng Janice , Dowling Caroline , Clarke Anita
Published: May 2018

Objective

To analyse the practice patterns of female urologists in Australia and New Zealand.

Participants and Methods

An electronic survey was sent to female urologists and urology trainees of the Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand in December 2016, with questions on demographics, practice patterns and views on mentorship.

Results

Of 82 recipients of the questionnaire, 60 (73.2%) responded. Of these, 61.7% were aged <40 years, 81.7% were married or in a long‐term relationship and 56.7% had children. A total of 67.8% had completed urology training. Of these, most had commenced clinical practice within the preceding 12 years, most had taken no time off in training and most had taken <1 year away from clinical practice. A total of 74.4% practised in a metropolitan area and 42.5% described their practice as being general urology. High or moderate satisfaction levels were reported by 88.1% of respondents and 92.9% intended to retire before the age of 70 years. A total of 17.2% had not had a mentor and 80.7% thought a mentorship scheme would be useful.

Conclusion

These results provide information on the practice patterns of the increasing number of women urologists in Australia and New Zealand and have the potential to shape workforce and training planning in this region and worldwide.
Computational investigation on the binding modes of Rimonabant analogs with CB1 and CB2
Authors: Liu Cheng , Yuan Congmin , Wu Pinwen , Zhu Chen , Fang Hao , Wang Lili , Fu Wei
Published: May 2018

The human cannabinoid G‐protein‐coupled receptor 1 (CB1) is highly expressed in central nervous system. CB1‐selective antagonists show therapeutic promise in a wide range of disorders, such as obesity‐related metabolic disorders, dyslipidemia, drug abuse, and type 2 diabetes. Rimonabant (SR141716A), MJ08, and MJ15 are selective CB1 antagonists with selectivity >1,000‐folds over CB2 despite 42% sequence identity between CB1 and CB2. The integration of homology modeling, automated molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation were used to investigate the binding modes of these selective inverse agonists/antagonists with CB1 and CB2 and their selectivity. Our analyses showed that the hydrophobic interactions between ligands and hydrophobic pockets of CB1 account for the main binding affinity. In addition, instead of interacting with ligands directly as previously reported, the Lys1923.28 in CB1 was engaged in indirect interactions with ligands to keep inactive‐state CB1 stable by forming the salt bridge with Asp1762.63. Lastly, our analyses indicated that the selectivity of these antagonists came from the difference in geometry shapes of binding pockets of CB1 and CB2. The present study could guide future experimental works on these receptors and has the guiding significance for the design of functionally selective drugs targeting CB1 or CB2 receptors.
Developmental Trajectories of Chinese Adolescents’ Relational Aggression: Associations With Changes in Social‐Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Chen Liang , Zhang Wenxin , Ji Linqin , Deater‐Deckard Kirby
Published: May 2018

This study investigated the development of relational aggression (RA) in a sample of Chinese youth (N = 2,274, 52% boys) from fourth (Mage = 10.27 years) to ninth grade. Using latent class growth analysis, four trajectories were identified for both peer‐ and teacher‐rated RA: a no aggression trajectory, a low‐increasing trajectory, a moderate‐decreasing trajectory, and a chronically high trajectory. Chronically high RA showed a chronicity effect on adolescent peer acceptance, rejection, and rule‐breaking behaviors. Adolescents showed worse adjustment as RA increased, but they did not necessarily evidence significant improvement in adjustment even if their RA decreased. Findings reveal the maladaptive nature of RA and highlight the importance of considering cultural context in understanding RA.
How Much do Existing Borrowers Value Microfinance? Evidence from an Experiment on Bundling Microcredit and Insurance
Authors: Banerjee Abhijit , Duflo Esther , Hornbeck Richard
Published: May 2018

Randomized controlled trials have found only modest effects of microfinance, but these studies focus on new clients. Existing estimates may thus understate ongoing gains for more experienced borrowers and the longer‐run potential of microfinance. We estimate impacts of microfinance on experienced borrowers, using an episode when a microfinance institution modestly increased existing clients’ fees in randomly selected villages (in exchange for a mandatory health insurance policy that turned out to be useless). This increase in fees led to a 22 percentage point decline in loan renewal in treatment villages (95% confidence interval: 16 to 27), compared to control villages where the policy was not introduced. Using this randomly generated variation in microfinance participation among experienced borrowers, we find impacts of microfinance that are strikingly similar to previous estimates for new clients: neither business outcomes nor household consumption were affected, on average. Also, consistent with prior studies, we find significant impacts on business outcomes among clients who had started their businesses before microfinance entered the village (0.06 standard deviation decline in an index of business outcomes from the loss of microfinance, 95% confidence interval: −0.002 to −0.12). However, despite these measured losses, these clients were just as willing to give up microfinance.
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal absent pulmonary valve syndrome by two‐ and three‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Lei Wenjia , Sun Xue , Siddiqui Faiza Amber , Wang Yu , Zhang Ying
Published: May 2018

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by hypoplastic or even absent pulmonary valve, to‐and‐fro flow across the pulmonary valve annulus, and dilatation of main pulmonary artery and branches. It is crucial to evaluate the degree of dilatation of pulmonary arteries and the presence of associated malformation and chromosomal anomalies affecting pregnancy decision. We described two‐ and three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiographic findings of one fetus with APVS and indicated the beneficial contribution of 3D technology in understanding the anatomy.
Host‐plant dissections reveal contrasting distributions ofCrematogasterants and their symbionts in two myrmecophyticMacarangaspecies
Authors: Houadria Mickal Y.I. , Klimes Petr , Fayle Tom M. , Gullan Penny J.
Published: May 2018

1. Ant–plant mutualisms are among the most widespread and ecologically important insect–plant interactions in the tropics. The multitrophic mutualism involvingMacarangaplants (Euphorbiaceae) andCrematogasterants (Formicidae) is the most diverse in Southeast Asia. This interaction also includes trophobiotic scale insects (Coccidae) and nematodes inhabiting ant refuse piles.

2. Here two myrmecophytic systems were compared,Macaranga trachyphyllawithCrematogaster captiosa(Mt + Cc) andMacaranga beccarianawithCrematogaster decamera(Mb + Cd), using a fine‐scale dissection of the stems. For the two plant species, for each internode, both contents (ants, coccids, refuse piles) and structure (internode height, numbers of open and occluded ant holes) were recorded.

3. There were significant patterns in the vertical distribution of ant colonies and their symbionts in the plant stems. Most coccids were kept in the highest sections of both systems, althoughMb + Cdhosted a broader range of coccid species thanMt + Cc. Three nematode species were recorded, but with a rather low specificity to plant or ant species. Furthermore, the fine‐scale distribution showed aggregation of closed holes with ant brood and separation of nematode‐infested refuse piles from eggs.

4. The results of this study indicate that ants manipulate spatial colony structure via distribution of brood, holes and the symbionts. It is suggested that ants optimise the location of refuse piles and occluded holes via spatial heterogeneity in their distribution among internodes. This paper discusses the protective role of occluded holes and demonstrates some general interactions with other symbiotic fauna.
Linking phytoplankton community metabolism to the individual size distribution
Authors: Padfield Daniel , Buckling Angus , Warfield Ruth , Lowe Chris , Yvon‐Durocher Gabriel
Published: May 2018

Quantifying variation in ecosystem metabolism is critical to predicting the impacts of environmental change on the carbon cycle. We used a metabolic scaling framework to investigate how body size and temperature influence phytoplankton community metabolism. We tested this framework using phytoplankton sampled from an outdoor mesocosm experiment, where communities had been either experimentally warmed (+ 4 °C) for 10 years or left at ambient temperature. Warmed and ambient phytoplankton communities differed substantially in their taxonomic composition and size structure. Despite this, the response of primary production and community respiration to long‐ and short‐term warming could be estimated using a model that accounted for the size‐ and temperature dependence of individual metabolism, and the community abundance‐body size distribution. This work demonstrates that the key metabolic fluxes that determine the carbon balance of planktonic ecosystems can be approximated using metabolic scaling theory, with knowledge of the individual size distribution and environmental temperature.
Sentiment analysis in organizational work: Towards an ontology of people analytics
Authors: Gelbard Roy , Ramon‐Gonen Roni , Carmeli Abraham , Bittmann Ran M. , Talyansky Roman
Published: May 2018

The present paper proposes a conceptual ontology to evaluate human factors by modelling their key performance indicators and defining these indicators' explanatory factors, manifestations, and diverse corresponding digital footprints. Our methodology incorporates 6 main human resource constructs: performance, engagement, leadership, workplace dynamics, organizational developmental support, and learning and knowledge creation. Using sentiment analysis, we introduce a potential way to evaluate several components of the proposed human factors ontology. We use the Enron email corpus as a test case, to demonstrate how digital footprints can predict such phenomena. In so doing, we hope to encourage further research applying data mining techniques to allow real‐time, less costly, and more reliable assessments of human factor patterns and trends.
Geographical CO2 sensitivity of phytoplankton correlates with ocean buffer capacity
Authors: Richier Sophie , Achterberg Eric P. , Humphreys Matthew P. , Poulton Alex J. , Suggett David J. , Tyrrell Toby , Moore Christopher Mark
Published: May 2018

Accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 is significantly altering ocean chemistry. A range of biological impacts resulting from this oceanic CO2 accumulation are emerging, however, the mechanisms responsible for observed differential susceptibility between organisms and across environmental settings remain obscure. A primary consequence of increased oceanic CO2 uptake is a decrease in the carbonate system buffer capacity, which characterizes the system's chemical resilience to changes in CO2, generating the potential for enhanced variability in pCO2 and the concentration of carbonate [], bicarbonate [], and protons [H+] in the future ocean. We conducted a meta‐analysis of 17 shipboard manipulation experiments performed across three distinct geographical regions that encompassed a wide range of environmental conditions from European temperate seas to Arctic and Southern oceans. These data demonstrated a correlation between the magnitude of natural phytoplankton community biological responses to short‐term CO2 changes and variability in the local buffer capacity across ocean basin scales. Specifically, short‐term suppression of small phytoplankton (<10 μm) net growth rates were consistently observed under enhanced pCO2 within experiments performed in regions with higher ambient buffer capacity. The results further highlight the relevance of phytoplankton cell size for the impacts of enhanced pCO2 in both the modern and future ocean. Specifically, cell size‐related acclimation and adaptation to regional environmental variability, as characterized by buffer capacity, likely influences interactions between primary producers and carbonate chemistry over a range of spatio‐temporal scales.
Forbidden fire: Does criminalising fire hinder conservation efforts in swidden landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon?
Authors: Carmenta Rachel , Coudel Emilie , Steward Angela M.
Published: May 2018

Global environmental change has motivated multiple interventions in pursuit of sustainable outcomes within tropical forest landscapes. Fire is recognised as a key stressor facing forest conservation efforts. Large‐scale accidental fires are increasingly prevalent across the forested tropics, generating negative impacts across sectors and scales. Policy responses to mega‐fires in the Brazilian Amazon have been diverse but all are dominated by an anti‐fire narrative that highlights long‐stigmatised smallholder agricultural practices. Despite forest conservation initiatives and fire management policies, escaped fire (wildfire) remains pervasive. Forest conservation initiatives are often situated in contexts where swidden agriculture prevails, generating a need for an improved understanding of the interplay between fire management and conservation initiatives on the ground. We explore these dynamics through a case study approach in three leading forest conservation initiative types, situated across diverse contexts in the Brazilian Amazon: a Reduction of Emissions of Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) site (in Middle Solimões region), an extractive reserve (RESEX) (in Arapíuns region), and a Green Municipality Pact (GMP) (in Paragominas). Between sites, climate and colonisation histories vary, yet all demonstrate that farmers experience the burden of escaped fire, attesting to the failure of fire management policies and suggesting that fire (as currently managed) threatens forest conservation goals. Restrictive fire management policies do not replace the necessity of fire‐based agriculture and rather serve to disempower swidden farmers by making burning increasingly illicit. We show that awareness of fire‐free alternatives exists, yet experience is limited and constraints are considerable. We argue that marginalising fire use in the context of forest conservation initiatives contributes to a legacy of failed interventions and jeopardises partnerships between communities and conservation practitioners. Finally, we suggest that given the absence of imminent and viable fire‐free alternatives, particularly in sites where swidden and conservation collide, a new model of fire warrants experimentation.
Return Schemes from European Countries: Assessing the Challenges
Authors: Scalettaris Giulia , Gubert Flore
Published: May 2018

Drawing on a review of the academic literature on return migration and return migration policies, as well as on reports and project documentation, this article provides a general assessment of return schemes from European countries, with a focus on those targeting failed asylum‐seekers and irregular migrants. The article first highlights the contrasted understanding of return and reintegration by migration policy‐makers and migration scholars respectively. It then provides an overview of the main challenges, focusing on seven key issues: preparedness to return, the imbalance of represented interests, legal mobility, conditions in the countries of origin, the reintegration package, integration in Europe, and the specific obstacles to return faced by failed asylum‐seekers. The article highlights the need to reassess return policies and frame more realistic schemes.
Bringing research to the bedside: Knowledge translation in the mental health care of burns patients
Authors: Cleary Michelle , Visentin Denis C. , West Sancia , Andrews Sharon , McLean Loyola , Kornhaber Rachel
Published: May 2018

Advances in surgical techniques and wound management have improved outcomes for burn patients; however, the psychological impacts on burn survivors have had less attention. There is a higher rate of mental health disorders amongst burns victims, with those with pre‐existing mental health conditions likely to have worse outcomes. To implement effective burns care and rehabilitation, knowledge and understanding of mental health issues is required. This position paper discusses the extent to which clinicians currently translate knowledge around mental health and burns into practice to identify enables and inhibitors. Successful knowledge translation requires dissemination and accessibility of information with the capacity and readiness for change. Clinicians and researchers need to identify how translating research to practice can meet the needs of burn survivors. There is a gap in the utilization of evidence concerning mental health and the needs of burns survivors, and we need to understand what we know as compared to what we do. Clinicians are well placed to determine how and why knowledge does not necessarily translate to practice and how they can better accommodate the needs of burn survivors.
Saddled with Attention: Overreaction to Bankruptcy Filings
Authors: Reyes Tomas , Waissbluth Nicolas
Published: May 2018

We analyze the effect of investor attention on stock prices around Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings. We measure investor attention as abnormal search volume from Google, and find that attention‐grabbing companies have more negative abnormal stock returns in the days before and during bankruptcy filings and more positive abnormal returns immediately thereafter. That is, for companies receiving high attention, investors overreact to a bankruptcy filing; for companies receiving low attention, they underreact. This pattern is more pronounced for companies with low institutional ownership and holds after controlling for standard predictors of stock performance during bankruptcy.
Oxymatrine exerts protective effects on osteoarthritis via modulating chondrocyte homoeostasis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Jiang Yafei , Sang Weilin , Wang Cong , Lu Haiming , Zhang Tao , Wang Zhuoying , Liu Yu , Xue Bao , Xue Song , Cai Zhengdong , Hua Yingqi , Zhu Libo , Ma Jinzhong
Published: May 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease characterized by the progressive destruction both articular cartilage and the subchondral bone. The agents that can effectively suppress chondrocyte degradation and subchondral bone loss are crucial for the prevention and treatment of OA. Oxymatrine (OMT) is a natural compound with anti‐inflammatory and antitumour properties. We found that OMT exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on LPS‐induced chondrocyte inflammation and catabolism. To further support our results, fresh human cartilage explants were treated with LPS to establish an ex vivo degradation model, and the results revealed that OMT inhibited the catabolic events of LPS‐stimulated human cartilage and substantially attenuated the degradation of articular cartilage ex vivo. As subchondral bone remodelling is involved in OA progression, and osteoclasts are a unique cell type in bone resorption, we investigated the effects of OMT on osteoclastogenesis, and the results demonstrated that OMT suppresses RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the RANKL‐induced NFATc1 and c‐fos signalling pathway in vitro. Further, we found that the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐osteoclastic effects of oxymatrine are mediated via the inhibition of the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways. In animal studies, OMT suppressed the ACLT‐induced cartilage degradation, and TUNEL assays further confirmed the protective effect of OMT on chondrocyte apoptosis. MicroCT analysis revealed that OMT had an attenuating effect on ACLT‐induced subchondral bone loss in vivo. Taken together, these results show that OMT interferes with the vicious cycle associated with OA and may be a potential therapeutic agent for abnormal subchondral bone loss and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis.
Reply to mucosal melanoma: clinical and genetic profile
Authors: Cinotti E. , Perrot J.L. , Rubegni P.
Published: May 2018

Linked article: This article is commented on by S. Caius Silviu et al., pp. e396–e397 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15083
Evaluating the implementation of a quality improvement process in General Practice using a realist evaluation framework
Authors: Moule Pam , Clompus Susan , Fieldhouse Jon , Ellis‐Jones Julie , Barker Jacqueline
Published: May 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Underuse of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation is known to increase the risk of stroke and is an international problem. The National Institute for Health Care and Excellence guidance CG180 seeks to reduce atrial fibrillation related strokes through prescriptions of Non‐vitamin K antagonist Oral Anticoagulants. A quality improvement programme was established by the West of England Academic Health Science Network (West of England AHSN) to implement this guidance into General Practice.

A realist evaluation identified whether the quality improvement programme worked, determining how and in what circumstances.

Methods

Six General Practices in 1 region, became the case study sites. Quality improvement team, doctor, and pharmacist meetings within each of the General Practices were recorded at 3 stages: initial planning, review, and final. Additionally, 15 interviews conducted with the practice leads explored experiences of the quality improvement process. Observation and interview data were analysed and compared against the initial programme theory.

Results

The quality improvement resources available were used variably, with the training being valued by all. The initial programme theories were refined. In particular, local workload pressures and individual General Practitioner experiences and pre‐conceived ideas were acknowledged. Where key motivators were in place, such as prior experience, the programme achieved optimal outcomes and secured a lasting quality improvement legacy.

Conclusion

The employment of a quality improvement programme can deliver practice change and improvement legacy outcomes when particular mechanisms are employed and in contexts where there is a commitment to improve service.
Operational Stress Injuries and the Mental Health and Well‐Being of Veteran Spouses: A Scoping Review
Authors: Norris Deborah , Eichler Maya , Cramm Heidi , Tam‐Seto Linna , Smith‐Evans Kimberley
Published: May 2018

This article presents the results of a scoping review of literature focusing on the relationship between operational stress injuries (OSIs) in military veterans and spousal mental health and well‐being. Using elements of the family adjustment and adaptation response (FAAR) model as an organizing framework, the research reviewed focuses on the demands the OSIs place on the family system, as well as related capabilities and meanings, and how these demands have an impact on the spouse and the marital relationship.
A multi‐emitter fitting algorithm for potential live cell super‐resolution imaging over a wide range of molecular densities
Authors: TAKESHIMA T. , TAKAHASHI T. , YAMASHITA J. , OKADA Y. , WATANABE S.
Published: May 2018

Multi‐emitter fitting algorithms have been developed to improve the temporal resolution of single‐molecule switching nanoscopy, but the molecular density range they can analyse is narrow and the computation required is intensive, significantly limiting their practical application. Here, we propose a computationally fast method, wedged template matching (WTM), an algorithm that uses a template matching technique to localise molecules at any overlapping molecular density from sparse to ultrahigh density with subdiffraction resolution. WTM achieves the localization of overlapping molecules at densities up to 600 molecules μm–2 with a high detection sensitivity and fast computational speed. WTM also shows localization precision comparable with that of DAOSTORM (an algorithm for high‐density super‐resolution microscopy), at densities up to 20 molecules μm–2, and better than DAOSTORM at higher molecular densities. The application of WTM to a high‐density biological sample image demonstrated that it resolved protein dynamics from live cell images with subdiffraction resolution and a temporal resolution of several hundred milliseconds or less through a significant reduction in the number of camera images required for a high‐density reconstruction. WTM algorithm is a computationally fast, multi‐emitter fitting algorithm that can analyse over a wide range of molecular densities. The algorithm is available through the website. https://doi.org/10.17632/bf3z6xpn5j.1
Interbirth Interval and Pregnancy Complications and Outcomes: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
Authors: Brunner Huber Larissa R. , Smith Kenesha , Sha Wei , Vick Tara
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Although the definition of a short interbirth interval has been inconsistent in the literature, Healthy People 2020 recommends that women wait at least 18 months after a live birth before attempting their next pregnancy. In the United States, approximately 33% of pregnancies are conceived within 18 months of a previous birth. Pregnancies that result from short interbirth intervals can pose serious risks. The objective of this study was to determine the association between interbirth interval and understudied pregnancy complications and outcomes, including small for gestational age (SGA) infants, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm PROM (PPROM), placenta previa, and gestational diabetes, using Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System data from Mississippi and Tennessee.

Methods

This study collected self‐reported information from 2212 women on interbirth interval (≤18 months, ie, short; 19‐35 months, ie, intermediate; and ≥36 months, ie, long; referent), PPROM, placenta previa, and gestational diabetes. SGA and PROM data were obtained from birth certificates. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

Results

After adjustment, there were no strong associations between interbirth interval and PPROM, gestational diabetes, or SGA infants. However, women with shorter intervals had increased odds of PROM (short: OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.22‐10.23 and intermediate: OR, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.28‐13.03) and placenta previa (short: OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.10‐6.05 and intermediate: OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.94‐3.05).

Discussion

The study's findings provide further support for encouraging women to space their pregnancies appropriately. Moreover, findings underscore the need to provide women with family planning services so that closely spaced pregnancies and unintended pregnancies can be avoided. Additional studies of the role of interbirth interval on these understudied pregnancy complications and outcomes are warranted.
Listeria, Then and Now: A Call to Reevaluate Patient Teaching Based on Analysis of US Federal Databases, 1998‐2016
Authors: Simon Katya , Simon Valentina , Rosenzweig Rachel , Barroso Rebeca , Gillmor‐Kahn Mickey
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen capable of crossing the placental‐fetal barrier; infection with the bacterium causes listeriosis. An exposed fetus may suffer blindness, neurological damage including meningitis, or even death. The adverse consequences of listeriosis place the infection on the federally reportable disease list. Primary prevention relies on women avoiding 6 categories of foods most likely to be contaminated with L monocytogenes, as indicated in guidelines developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), adapted by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in 2014, and reaffirmed without changes by ACOG in 2016. This report contains a critical evaluation of United States listeriosis prevention guidelines.

Methods

Between 1998 and 2016, there were 876 identified listeriosis events documented in the illness and recall databases maintained by the CDC, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and United States Department of Agriculture ‐ Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA‐FSIS). Each contaminated food was manually compared to the existing listeriosis avoidance guidelines, placing each event within or outside the guidelines. Trends were analyzed over time.

Results

Database analysis demonstrates that prior to the year 2000, abiding by the current guidelines would have prevented all reported listeriosis cases. However, in 2015 and 2016, only 5% of confirmed L monocytogenes infections originated from the 6 food groups listed in the CDC and ACOG guidelines. Similar trends emerged for food processing plant recalls (USDA‐FSIS database) and grocery store recalls (FDA database). The total number of listeriosis illnesses in the United States doubled from 2007 to 2014.

Discussion

A gradual shift in detection of L monocytogenes contamination in ready‐to‐eat meals, frozen foods, and ready‐to‐eat salads has occurred. Another emerging culprit is pasteurized dairy products. Revision of listeriosis avoidance guidelines by a consensus‐seeking, multidisciplinary task force, is needed.
Anticompetitive Effects of Common Ownership
Authors: AZAR JOSÉ , SCHMALZ MARTIN C. , TECU ISABEL
Published: May 2018

Many natural competitors are jointly held by a small set of large institutional investors. In the U.S. airline industry, taking common ownership into account implies increases in market concentration that are 10 times larger than what is “presumed likely to enhance market power” by antitrust authorities. Within‐route changes in common ownership concentration robustly correlate with route‐level changes in ticket prices, even when we only use variation in ownership due to the combination of two large asset managers. We conclude that a hidden social cost—reduced product market competition—accompanies the private benefits of diversification and good governance.
Color Aspect of Monolithic Zirconia Restorations: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Tabatabaian Farhad
Published: May 2018

Monolithic zirconia restoration is an acceptable treatment option in restorative dentistry and a developing trend in esthetic dentistry. Digital dentistry has simplified fabrication of monolithic zirconia restorations. Zirconia ceramic has introduced an opportunity to achieve both esthetic and mechanical requirements for restorations. This is rarely found for a ceramic in dentistry. Monolithic zirconia restorations represent an acceptable durability, comparable to metal‐ceramic restorations, while they are superior to metal‐ceramic restorations esthetically; however, difficulties to gain an optimal shade reproduction and a color match with monolithic zirconia restorations still remain. The color of these restorations may be influenced by manufacturing processes, laboratory procedures, and clinical factors. Manufacturing processes determine basic optical properties of zirconia ceramics. Different laboratory procedures may create optical changes in zirconia ceramics. Also clinical factors such as dental background, cement, and zirconia restoration features may affect the resulting color. This literature review aimed to discuss potent factors in the color of monolithic zirconia restorations. An electronic search of the PubMed/Google Scholar database was performed to find related English‐language articles published between January 1, 2000, and October 31, 2017. The key terms of background, cement, ceramic, color, esthetics, shade, spectrophotometry, thickness, translucency, and zirconia were used both individually and simultaneously. Also, a manual search was conducted, and five classic articles of color science were added. Thus 192 articles were included. In the last decade, shade reproduction of monolithic zirconia restorations has been highly regarded; however, further improvements are required in the manufacturing process to produce tooth‐like zirconia ceramics. An esthetic guideline named background‐cement‐ceramic color harmony was suggested in this study; however, more clinical practice guidelines should be established for monolithic zirconia restorations on esthetics, and therefore, more studies are required.
Ethnic drift and white flight: A gravity model of neighborhood formation
Authors: Bakens Jessie , Florax Raymond J.G.M. , Mulder Peter
Published: May 2018

Most research on ethnic relocation at the neighborhood level focuses on either in‐migration or out‐migration, considering characteristics of either the origin or the destination neighborhood. Gravity models consider characteristics of both the origin and destination of movers, but are mostly used to explain international or interregional migrant flows. We estimate a gravity model at the neighborhood level to identify the role of ethnic heterogeneity across space in two Dutch cities, explaining both size and ethnic composition of mover flows within cities. Our findings suggest a preference for living with the own ethnic group in an otherwise diverse neighborhood.
Resurrection of the East Asian genus Eremotropa (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae), based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Zhao Qian‐Ru , Zhou Jing , Peng Hua , Liu Zhen‐Wen
Published: May 2018

The monotypic genus Eremotropa Andres (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) is endemic to central Yunnan. It was first described by Andres in 1953, and was subsequently treated as a synonym of Monotropastrum Andres (1987); however, the phylogenetic placement of this genus has not, to date, been investigated. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were undertaken using DNA sequences from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer from all species of Monotropoideae available in GenBank. Comparative morphological studies on Eremotropa, Monotropastrum, and Monotropa L. were also carried out. The molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that Eremotropa is sister to a clade formed by Monotropa and the remaining species of Monotropastrum, thus rendering Monotropastrum not monophyletic. Morphologically, Eremotropa differs from Monotropastrum in plant color, inflorescence type, length of the style, and size of the baccate fruit. Consequently, molecular and morphological evidence supports the resurrection of Eremotropa, which contains only one species, E. sciaphila Andres, as distinct from Monotropastrum.
Fern and lycophyte diversity in the Pacific Northwest: Patterns and predictors
Authors: Link‐Pérez Melanie A. , Laffan Shawn W.
Published: May 2018

Recent floristic efforts in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) have now made it possible to characterize the broad‐scale patterns of fern and lycophyte diversity across this large and geologically‐complex region of western North America. The physiography of the PNW has been developing for over 200 million years, but Pleistocene glaciation‐induced migrations and recolonizations have strongly influenced the assembly of the flora. With the high dispersal potential of fern and lycophyte spores, the distribution patterns of pteridophytes may be representative of habitat suitability more than dispersal constraints. Our objective was to describe the biodiversity of pteridophytes in the PNW, determine the spatial distribution of that biodiversity in terms of phylogenetic diversity, identify centers of regional endemism, explore the correlations between biodiversity and environmental variables, and infer possible influences of past glaciation on the pteridophyte flora. We obtained presence‐only distribution data from two online databases. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using chloroplast DNA sequence data from GenBank. We used theBiodiversesoftware package to estimate and map phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism across the PNW, and to identify those regions of the PNW where diversity was higher or lower than expected in comparison to randomization models. Environmental correlates of diversity were identified using principal components analysis with bioclimatic data fromWorldClim.org, and we used Maxent to predict habitat suitability for species under past and future climate conditions. We found evidence for the influence of past glaciations and glacial refugia on the patterns of pteridophyte diversity, that moisture availability and cold temperatures are strongly correlated with patterns of genus richness, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism. We infer that the topographic complexity of the region may be driving the assembly of the pteridophyte flora indirectly by influencing climate and precipitation patterns.
“Restrictive Conditions” in patent law and the competition law interface
Authors: Lai Jessica C. , Kathuria Vikas
Published: May 2018

This article examines a little discussed section of the New Zealand Patents Act 1953 (s 66), which dealt with “restrictive conditions.” It discusses the repeal of the section and the resultant situation in New Zealand, particularly vis‐à‐vis the competition law regime and its exemptions for certain behavior regarding intellectual property. A comparison of the patent‐law and competition‐law interface is made with respect to the UK, Australia, and India. The article finds that New Zealand's statutory regime potentially offer the most patent friendly environment when it comes to a patentee's ability to extend his/her reach beyond the scope of patent rights. At the same time, policy‐ and law‐makers have largely ignored the relationship between patent law and competition law, which may prove to be counterproductive against New Zealand's desire to be innovative and—connected to this—unfavorable for New Zealand consumers.
Socio‐economic and institutional assessment of Malaysia's first biosphere reserve: Chini Lake
Authors: Sharip Zati , Majizat Akashah , Suratman Saim
Published: May 2018

Despite being designated the first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Malaysia, the Chini Lake Basin experiences continuing management challenges attributable to existing sectoral management practices and differences in demands of multiple stakeholders. Accordingly, a socio‐economic survey and stakeholder consultative process were undertaken, involving relevant stakeholders in the lake basin. The consultative process involved: (a) identification and prioritization of relevant stakeholders; (b) assessment of their socio‐economic activities and perceptions; (c) organization of focus group discussions between basin stakeholders; and (d) development of management recommendations in collaboration with stakeholders. The results of this study indicated the local community's way of living has changed from traditional occupations to a wage economy. Overlapping functions and lack of communication were among the major identified challenges facing by Chini Lake. Multiple strategies were proposed to promote environmental protection and good governance of Chini Lake, including formation of special area plans and strengthening institutional arrangements to sustainably manage the Chini Lake catchment. An effective authority also is necessary to improve communication and coordination of programmes by the various basin agencies and communities.