bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tooth macromorphological and ultrastructural analysis of osteological material from the medieval locality of St. Panteleimon Church in Nis
Authors: Mitic Nadica , Mitic Aleksandar , Mitic Vladimir , Savic Vojin , Nikolic Marija
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Analysis of macromorphological and ultrastructural tooth
characteristics of osteological material from the medieval site of St.
Pantaleimon Church in Nis provides us with insight on the life, nutrition and
habits of medieval population, as well as the structure and composition of
their teeth. Objective. The aim of this research, based on the tooth
inspection of skeletal remains from the medieval site of St. Pantaleimon
Church in Nis, was to analyze macromorphological characteristics ,
ultrastructure of the dental tissue of maxillary and mandibular molars,
canines and incisors, as well as their chemical composition. Methods.
Macromorphological and ultrastructural analysis of the dental tissue of
osteological material dating from the 12th century included 1312 teeth with
advanced abrasion. Macromorphological changes were detected by using a dental
mirror, probe and radiography. After irrigation, the teeth were prepared
using the standard procedure and analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy
(JEOL-JSM-5300). Chemical analysis was done by expanded downscaling (EDS)
method for Mg, P, Ca. Results. The analysis detected second degree abrasions
of all teeth in individuals aged 20-25 years. Third and fourth degree
abrasions of teeth were detected in individuals aged over 40 years.
Ultrastructural analysis showed a complete obliteration of dentin tubules and
pulp of the lower incisors, the apposition of intratubular dentin inside the
tubules, as well as extensive deformity and loss of dentin structure on
molars with preserved pulp volume and nerve fiber calcification. The
calcification of nerve fibers showed that the formation of intratubular
dentin was proportional with the biological potential of pulp and the degree
of abrasion, and inversely proportional with the size of dentin surface.
Chemical analysis showed that in the analyzed teeth Ca composition was
slightly lower than that in the control group, P composition was almost
identical, while Mg composition was multiply increased in comparison to the
control group consisting of today?s persons of matching age and examined
teeth as the medieval individuals. Conclusion. Different ultrastructural
tooth characteristics as a part of the complex masticatory system of the
medieval man are the result of individual and the whole community adaptation
to actual living conditions. Nerve fibers calcification of the pulp can
explain the absence of pain despite the high level of dental abrasion.
Anaesthesia in children with inherited neuromuscular diseases
Authors: Simic Dusica , Bogicevic Dragana , Milojevic Irina , Budic Ivana , Markovic Marija
Published: January 2011

Children with inherited neuromuscular diseases often require anaesthesia for
diagnostic or therapy procedures. These patients have an increased risk of
perioperative complications due to the nature of the disease and medications
administered during anaesthesia. Many anaesthetics and muscle relaxants can
aggravate the underlying disease and trigger life-threatening reactions
(cardiorespiratory complications, malignant hyperthermia). Besides, the
neuromuscular disorders are associated with atypical and undesirable
responses to drugs used during anaesthesia and the perioperative period. The
paper presents pathophysiological basis of inherited/genetic neuromuscular
diseases and specific anaesthesiological problems. The recommendations are
suggested with the aim to make the perioperative course in children optimally
safe.
Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Library from Wheat Infected with Fusarium graminearum Fg 2
Authors: Al-Taweel Khaled , Fernando W. G. Dilantha , Brûlé-Babel Anita L.
Published: January 2011

Total RNA from wheat spikes infected with F. graminearum Fg2 was extracted and the mRNA was purified. Switching Mechanism at 5' end of the RNA Transcript (SMART) technique and CDS Ill/3' primer were used for first-strand cDNA synthesis using reverse transcriptase by RT-PCR. Primer extension polymerase chain reaction was used to construct the double-strand cDNA that was digested by proteinase K, then by Sfi I and fractionated. cDNAs longer than 0.5 kb were collected and ligated to λTriplEx2 vector followed λ phage packaging reaction and library amplification. The qualities of both unamplified and amplified cDNA libraries were strictly checked by conventional titer determination. One hundred and sixty five plaques were randomly picked and tested using PCR with universal primers derived from the sequence flanking the vector. A high quality cDNA library from wheat spikes that have been infected by F. graminearum was successfully constructed.
Ionophore-Based Potentiometric Sensors for the Flow-Injection Determination of Promethazine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine
Authors: Hassan Ahmed Khudhair , Saad Bahruddin , Ghani Sulaiman Ab , Adnan Rohana , Rahim Afidah Abdul , Ahmad Norariza , Mokhtar Marina , Ameen Suham Towfiq , Al-Araji Suad Mustafa
Published: January 2011

Plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)-based membranes containing the ionophores (α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins (CD), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) and dibenzo-30-crown-10 (DB30C10) were evaluated for their potentiometric response towards promethazine (PM) in a flow injection analysis (FIA) set-up. Good responses were obtained when β- and γ-CDs, and DB30C10 were used. The performance characteristics were further improved when tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTPB) was added to the membrane. The sensor based on β-CD, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (BEHA) and KTPB exhibited the best performance among the eighteen sensor compositions that were tested. The response was linear from 1 x 10−5 to 1 x 10−2 M, slope was 61.3 mV decade−1, the pH independent region ranged from 4.5 to 7.0, a limit of detection of 5.3 x 10−6 M was possible and a lifetime of more than a month was observed when used in the FIA system. Other plasticisers such as dioctyl phenylphosphonate and tributyl phosphate do not show significant improvements in the quality of the sensors. The promising sensors were further tested for the effects of foreign ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, glucose, fructose). FIA conditions (e.g., effects of flow rate, injection volume, pH of the carrier stream) were also studied when the best sensor was used (based on β-CD). The sensor was applied to the determination of PM in four pharmaceutical preparations and human urine that were spiked with different levels of PM. Good agreement between the sensor and the manufacturer’s claimed values (for pharmaceutical preparations) was obtained, while mean recoveries of 98.6% were obtained for spiked urine samples. The molecular recognition features of the sensors as revealed by molecular modelling were rationalised by the nature of the interactions and complexation energies between the host and guest molecules.
Un-“ESCRT”-ed Budding
Authors: Yondola Mark , Carter Carol
Published: January 2011

In their recent publication, Rossman et al. [1] describe how the inherent budding capability of its M2 protein allows influenza A virus to bypass recruitment of the cellular ESCRT machinery enlisted by several other enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, including HIV, Ebola, rabies, herpes simplex type 1 and hepatitis B. Studies from the same laboratory [2] and other laboratories [3–6] indicate that budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles can be mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the absence of M2. These events are also independent of canonical ESCRT components [2,7]. Understanding how intrinsic properties of these influenza virus proteins permit ESCRT-independent budding expands our understanding of the budding process itself.
Une donation des époux Sanianoi au monastère des Hodègoi
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 34 1976 France p. 111-117

A. Failler, Une donation des époux Sanianoi au monastère des Hodègoi. — La lettre de donation est contenue dans l'Urbinat. gr. 80, f. 200. Après quelques remarques sur le patronyme Sanianos et sur l'emplacement des portes impériales au bord de la Corne d'Or, le document est édité et traduit.
Some Trapezuntine Monastic obits (1368-1563)
Authors: Bryer Anthony
Published: January 2011

REB 34 1976 France p. 125-138

A. Bryer, Some Trapezuntine Monastic obits (1368-1563). — The manuscript Bodleian. Gr. Lit. d. 6 is a synaxary which belonged to the monastery of Saint George Peristera. The obituary notes inscribed upon it were probably written in the monastery of Saint Sabbas of Trebizond. They give a certain number of facts about the personalities of the times. The article comprises the edition of the text (37 obituary notes), with introduction and notes.
Le voyage de Jean VII Paléologue en Italie
Authors: Lappa-Zizicas Eurydice
Published: January 2011

REB 34 1976 France p. 139-142

Eurydice Lappa-Zizicas, Le voyage de Jean VII Paléologue en Italie. — Le frère mineur Pierre Filargus, qui fut archevêque de Milan et devint pape sous le nom d'Alexandre V, a laissé sur un manuscrit en sa possession, l'actuel Bénaki 46 (XIIIe s.), une notice qui nous apprend en particulier que Jean VII Paléologue se trouvait en Italie avec sa mère en 1392.
Notes de géographie historique sur le Vaspurakan
Authors: Thierry Michel
Published: January 2011

REB 34 1976 France p. 159-173

M. Thierry, Notes de géographie historique sur le Vaspurakan. — L'étude des sources arméniennes et l'examen des sites archéologiques permettent d'apporter un certain nombre de précisions et de corrections sur la géographie historique du Vaspurakan. Ces notes sont rassemblées dans deux paragraphes : I. Les évêchés byzantins du Vaspurakan et du Taron au xie siècle ; II. Les citadelles occidentales du royaume du Vaspurakan.
Une mention d'Ugento dans la Chronique de Skylitzès
Authors: Jacob André
Published: January 2011

REB 35 1977 France p. 229-235

A. Jacob, Une mention d'Ugento dans la Chronique de Skylitzès. — Une interpolation bien connue de la Chronique de Skylitzès évoque la destruction par Sawdän, dernier émir de Bari, de la ville italienne de Iontos, dont les habitants sont emmenés en captivité à Carthage, ainsi que la reconstruction et le repeuplement de Gallipoli en Terre d'Otrante par Basile Ier. La cité dévastée, qualifiée de très célèbre dans l'interpolation, avait échappé jusqu'à présent à toute identification convaincante. En rapprochant la forme Iontos de formes semblables attestées par le géographe latin Guido et dans une note marginale d'un manuscrit italo-grec, l'auteur montre qu'il s'agit certainement de la petite ville d'Ugento, située à peu de distance de Gallipoli, sur le Golfe de Tarente.
Monodies inédites de Michel Psellos
Authors: Gautier Paul
Published: January 2011

REB 36 1978 France p. 83-151

P. Gautier, Monodies inédites de Michel Psellos. — Edition, précédée de résumés, de cinq monodies et d'un discours, dont l'attribution à Michel Psellos (11e s.) est incontestable. Les personnages dont l'orateur fait l'éloge funèbre sont le métropolite Jean de Mélitène, le vestarque Anastase Lizix, le proèdre Michel Radènos, le référendaire Romanos, et un patrice anonyme. Le séisme évoqué dans le dernier document est celui qui ravagea les environs de Constantinople en septembre et octobre 1063. Chacun des personnages évoqués fait dans l'Introduction l'objet d'une notice biographique.
Two Notes on Heraclius
Authors: Kaegi Walter Emil
Published: January 2011

REB 37 1979 France p. 221-227

W. E. Kaegi, Jr, Two Notes on Heraclius. — The author concludes that a letter from the senate of Constantinople to the Persian King Chosroes II in 615 contains an allusion to the continuing resistance of Komentiolos, brother of Phocas, after the execution of Phocas in October, 610. The letter provides additional proof of the importance of the revolt in inhibiting attempts to arrange peace between Chosroes and Heraclius. The author also suggests that a possible inspiration for some of Heraclius 's strategy against the Persians was a neglected composition that John Lydus attributed to Emperor Constantine I.
Un procès d'avortement à Constantinople au 14e siècle
Authors: Congourdeau Marie-Hélène
Published: January 2011

REB 40 1982 France p. 103-115

Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, Un procès d'avortement à Constantinople au 14e siècle. — En 1370, à Constantinople, au cours d'un procès de sorcellerie devant le synode présidé par le patriarche Philothée Kokkinos, le hiéromoine Joasaph, du monastère de l'Hodigi- tria, est accusé d'avoir fait avorter une moniale pour cacher leurs relations coupables. Il est déposé de son sacerdoce. L'auteur donne la traduction du texte (édité au tome I de Miklosich-Müller), le replace dans le contexte constantinopolitain du 14e siècle et le situe par rapport à l'évolution de la législation impériale et canonique sur l'avortement. Ce procès est ainsi l'occasion d'étudier comment l'autorité ecclésiastique se comportait devant ce problème.
Trois horoscopes de voyages en mer (5e siècle après J.-C.)
Authors: Dagron Gilbert , Rougé Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 40 1982 France p. 117-133

G. Dagron et J. Rougé, Trois horoscopes de voyages en mer (5e siècle après J.-C). — Ces documents, conservés dans des manuscrits astrologiques tardifs, mais parfaitement authentiques, décrivent trois voyages en mer plus ou moins mouvementés : le premier de Césarée de Palestine à Constantinople (octobre 474), le second d'Alexandrie à Athènes (juillet 475), le troisième d'Alexandrie à Smyrne (juillet 479). On y trouve des indications précises sur les incidents de parcours, sur la cargaison et sur une pratique astrologique sans doute très courante, mais qui n'a guère laissé de traces écrites.
L'édition des Notitiae episcopatuum
Authors: Darrouzès Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 40 1982 France p. 215-221

J. Darrouzes, L'édition des Notitiae episcopatuum. — L'auteur présente la nouvelle édition des Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae qu'il vient de publier et examine brièvement les principaux problèmes que posent ces textes ; il traite successivement les trois points suivants : Tradition manuscrite, Composition, Datation et critique.
La Vie de saint Léontios, ascète en Lycie
Authors: Jacob Xavier
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 237-242

X. Jacob, "La Vie de saint Léontios. ascète en Lycie". — Traduction de la "Vie de saint Léontios", qui est conservée seulement dans une version turque de Seraphim de Pisidie.
À propos de Bessai d'Éphèse
Authors: Malamut Elisabeth
Published: January 2011

REB 43 1985 France p. 243-251

Elisabeth Malamut, "À propos de Bessai d'Ephèse". — Partant de la "Vie de Lazare le Galèsiôtès", qui mentionne un bien-fonds dit « Bessai » et donné à Lazare par l'empereur Constantin Monomaque, l'auteur corrige la date habituellement attribuée à la mort du saint (la date réelle est le 7 novembre 1053) et tente de localiser précisément le lieu-dit. II montre ainsi que l'on ne peut en aucune manière identifier Bessai d'Ephèse à un autre bien-fonds dit « Bessai », qui était situé près d'Ataia et qui fit l'objet d'un chrysobulle du même empereur en faveur de la Néa Monè de Chios en mai 1054.
La proclamation impériale de Michel VIII et d'Andronic II
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 44 1986 France p. 237-251

A. Failler, La proclamation impériale de Michel VIII et d'Andronic II. — Trois conclusions sont établies dans cet article : 1. Michel VIII bénéficia, selon l'usage, d'une seule proclamation impériale, non d'une triple proclamation ; 2. Andronic II fut nommé basileus entre 1262 et 1265, probablement en 1265 seulement ; 3. Andronic II fut sans doute élevé à la dignité d'autokratôr lors de son couronnement en 1272.
Des notes marginales du Vindobonensis historicus graecus 70
Authors: Darrouzès Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 45 1987 France p. 59-75

J. Darrouzès, Des notes marginales du Vindobonensis historicus graecus 70. — Les marges de ce manuscrit de contenu canonique ont reçu de nombreuses notes dont certaines se rapportent à des faits de la fin du 13e siècle et portent des jugements sur les patriarches Grégoire et Athanase ; édition et traduction de 14 de ces notes.
Sur la chronologie du patriarche Antoine III Stoudite
Authors: Darrouzès Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 46 1988 France p. 55-60

J. Darrouzès, Sur la chronologie du patriarche Antoine III Stoudite. — La chronologie de ce patriarche, discutée précédemment par V. Grumel et H. Grégoire en rapport avec celle de Nicolas II Chrysobergès, fait l'objet d'un nouvel examen et d'une rectification à l'aide surtout de YAtheniensis B.N. 1429. Antoine régna de décembre 973 à juin 978 (environ), et son patriarcat fut suivi d'une vacance de 2 ans.
Pachymeriana altera
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 46 1988 France p. 67-83

A. Failler, Pachymeriana altera. — Deux problèmes concernant l'Histoire de Georges Pachymérès sont traités : 1. Les liens de parenté entre Stratègopoulina et Irène Rhaoulaina, l'épouse du porphyrogénète et frère d'Andronic II Constantin Palaiologos ; 2. Les fondations ou restaurations monastiques de Michel Tarchaneiôtès Glabas.
Stephanos d'Athènes et Stephanos d'Alexandrie : Essai d'identification et de biographie
Authors: Wolska-Conus Wanda
Published: January 2011

REB 47 1989 France p. 5-89

Wanda Wolska-Conus, Stephanos d'Athènes et Stephanos d'Alexandrie. Essai d'identification et de biographie. — Passant en revue les écrits de divers Stephanos qui ont vécu à la charnière du 6e et du 7e siècle, ainsi que les documents grecs, arméniens et syriaques qui distinguent plusieurs Stephanos, l'auteur propose d'y voir un seul personnage, Stephanos d'Athènes, philosophe, sophiste, médecin et astronome.
La «Topographie Chrétienne» de Cosmas Indicopleustès : hypothèses sur quelques thèmes de son illustration
Authors: Wolska-Conus Wanda
Published: January 2011

REB 48 1990 France p. 155-191

Wanda Wolska-Conus, La «Topographie Chrétienne» de (Josmas lndicopleustès : hypothèses sur quelques thèmes de son illustration. — Le propos concerne trois sujets : 1. L'illustration du 1er chapitre de la Genèse : images de la terre habitée (oikoumènè), ronde ou oblongue, dans la Topographie et dans les Octaleuques illustrés. 2. L'illustration de l'Exode : marche des Juifs à travers le désert (itinéraire), révélations sinaïtiques (tabernacle figure de lunivers). 3. L'illustration du livre XI (animaux). Par rapport à ses travaux antérieurs, l'auteur cherche à mieux cerner les sources d inspiration ainsi que les méthodes de travail et le génie d'adaptation de l'illustrateur.
Evidence-based Psychosocial Treatments for Childhood ADHD
Authors: Kaiser Nina M. , Pfiffner Linda J.
Published: January 2011

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders of childhood and is a frequent reason for referral to child psychiatrists and psychologists and pediatricians. Core ADHD symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity translate into significant functional impairments at school, at home, and with peers. Psychosocial treatments have been developed specifically to address these impairments across settings and, after having garnered support in numerous research studies, now are considered to be “evidence-based treatments” for ADHD.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Nina M. Kaiser, PhD; and Linda J. Pfiffner, PhD, are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco.

Address correspondence to: Nina M. Kaiser, PhD or Linda J. Pfiffner, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0984-CAS, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984; fax: (415) 476-7163; e-mail: <A HREF="mailto:lindap@lppi.ucsf.edu</"TARGET="_new">lindap@lppi.ucsf.edu.

Dr. Kaiser and Dr. Pfiffner have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
Review evidence-based psychosocial interventions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Summarize existing research supporting behavioral and child skills training approaches to treating childhood ADHD.
Describe guidelines for referral to and collaboration with psychosocial treatment providers.
Technical Note: A novel approach to estimation of time-variable surface sources and sinks of carbon dioxide using empirical orthogonal functions and the Kalman filter
Authors: Zhuravlev R. , Khattatov B. , Kiryushov B. , Maksyutov S.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In this work we propose an approach to solving a source estimation problem based on representation of carbon dioxide surface emissions as a linear combination of a finite number of pre-computed empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). We used NIES transport model for computing response functions and Kalman filter for estimating carbon dioxide emissions. Our approach produces results similar to these of other models participating in the TransCom3 experiment, while being more advantageous in that it is more computationally efficient, produces smooth emission fields, and yields smaller errors than the traditional region-based approach. Additionally, the proposed approach does not require additional effort of defining independent self-contained emission regions.
Phytoplankton diversity and productivity in a highly turbid, tropical coastal system (Bach Dang Estuary, Vietnam)
Authors: Rochelle-Newall E. J. , Chu V. T. , Pringault O. , Amouroux D. , Arfi R. , Bettarel Y. , Bouvier T. , Bouvier C. , Got P. , Nguyen T. M. H. , Mari X. , Navarro P. , Duong T. N. , Cao T. T. T. , Pham T. T. , Ouillon S. , Torréton J.-P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The factors controlling estuarine phytoplankton diversity and production are relatively well known in temperate systems. Less however is known about the factors affecting phytoplankton community distribution in tropical estuaries. This is surprising given the economic and ecological importance of these large, deltaic ecosystems, such as are found in South East Asia. Here we present the results from an investigation into the factors controlling phytoplankton distribution and phytoplankton-bacterial coupling in the Bach Dang Estuary, a sub-estuary of the Red River system, in Northern Vietnam. Phytoplankton diversity and primary and bacterial production, nutrients and metallic contaminants (mercury and organotin) were measured during two seasons: wet (July 2008) and dry (March 2009). Phytoplankton community composition differed between the two seasons with only a 2% similarity between July and March. The large spatial extent and complexity of defining the freshwater sources meant that simple mixing diagrams could not be used in this system. We therefore employed multivariate analyses to determine the factors influencing phytoplankton community structure. Salinity and suspended particulate matter were important factors in determining phytoplankton distribution, particularly during the wet season. We also show that phytoplankton community structure is probably influenced by the concentrations of mercury species (inorganic mercury and methyl mercury in both the particulate and dissolved phases) and of tri-, di, and mono-butyl tin species found in this system. Freshwater phytoplankton community composition was associated with dissolved methyl mercury and particulate inorganic mercury concentrations during the wet season, whereas, during the dry season, dissolved methyl mercury and particulate butyl tin species were important factors for the discrimination of the phytoplankton community structure. Phytoplankton-bacterioplankton coupling was also investigated during both seasons. In the inshore, riverine stations the ratio between bacterial production and dissolved primary production was high supporting the hypothesis that bacterial carbon demand is supported by allochthonous riverine carbon sources. The inverse was true in the offshore stations, where BP:DPP values were less than 1, potentially reflecting differences in primary production due to shifting phytoplankton community diversity.
Global flood hazard mapping using statistical peak flow estimates
Authors: Herold C. , Mouton F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Our aim is to produce a world map of flooded areas for a 100 year return period, using a method based on large rivers peak flow estimates derived from mean monthly discharge time-series. Therefore, the map is supposed to represent flooding that affects large river floodplains, but not events triggered by specific conditions like coastal or flash flooding for instance. We first generate for each basin a set of hydromorphometric, land cover and climatic variables. In case of an available discharge record station at the basin outlet, we base the hundred year peak flow estimate on the corresponding time-series. Peak flow magnitude for basin outlets without gauging stations is estimated by statistical means, performing several regressions on the basin variables. These peak flow estimates enable the computation of corresponding flooded areas using hydrologic GIS processing on digital elevation model.
Modeling evaporation processes in a saline soil from saturation to oven dry conditions
Authors: Gran M. , Carrera J. , Olivella S. , Saaltink M. W.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Thermal, suction and osmotic gradients interact during evaporation from a salty soil. Vapor fluxes become the main water flow mechanism under very dry conditions. A coupled nonisothermal multiphase flow and a reactive transport model of a salty sand soil was developed to study such an intricate system. The model was calibrated with data from an evaporation experiment (volumetric water content, temperature and concentration). The retention curve and relative permeability functions were modified to simulate oven dry conditions. Experimental observations were satisfactorily reproduced, which suggests that the model can be used to assess the underlying processes. Results show that evaporation is controlled by heat, and limited by salinity and liquid and vapor fluxes. Below evaporation front vapor flows downwards controlled by temperature gradient and thus generates a dilution. Vapor diffusion and dilution are strongly influenced by heat boundary conditions. Gas diffusion plays a major role in the magnitude of vapor fluxes.
Fuel Cells: Direct Ethanol
Authors: Chia Zhi Wen , Lee Jim Yang
Published: January 2011

Alcohols, and methanol in particular, have been investigated as potential fuels for use in direct fuel cells for mobile applications. However, the fuel cell community is now turning its attention to ethanol as the fuel of choice because of benefits such as renewability and low fuel toxicity. Nonetheless, the direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) has several technological problems that are more tenacious than the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Among them, the slow anode kinetics presents the greatest challenge since it results in poor fuel cell performance in applications. Current anode catalysts, which are primarily an extension of the DMFC anode catalysts, do not prove to be very effective in delivering high current densities or sufficiently high conversions. Thus, there is a need to modify existing catalysts or to develop new catalysts that are able to oxidize ethanol molecules more effectively and more completely. This article provides a succinct account of the various catalysts currently in use at the anode and cathode of a DEFC, with emphasis on the anode catalysts used in an acidic environment, which require the most improvement. The use of cocatalysts, promoters, and catalyst support as well as catalysts used for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media are also briefly discussed.
Lithium–Ion Batteries
Authors: Lucht Brett L. , Markmaitree Tippawan , Yang Li
Published: January 2011

Currently used electrolytes for lithium ion batteries have poor thermal stability, which results in a decrease in their calendar life. The thermal decomposition reactions of LiPF6‐based electrolytes in solution and with the surfaces of the electrode materials are reviewed. Methods to inhibit thermal decomposition reactions and improve calendar life are also discussed.
Fuel Cells: Molecular Catalysis
Authors: Oyaizu Kenichi
Published: January 2011

Popularization of fuel cells has been impeded by the low activity of electrocatalysts for the O
2
reduction reaction that involves the four‐electron transfer step. Platinum nanoparticles have been considered the best cathode catalyst toward the reduction of O
2
by four electrons into H
2
O. However, platinum is an expensive and limited resource, and it is important to find platinum‐free catalysts. This article provides a review on the recent studies on various types of platinum‐free catalysts such as nonprecious metal nanoparticles and alloys, carbon‐based catalysts, and metal complexes, focusing on the role of structure of the catalytically active site of metal complex catalysts in the OO bond scission to produce H
2
O. Emphasis is placed on the studies on cobaltporphyrins, which have been demonstrated to serve as the catalysts for the four‐electron reduction of O
2
, especially in the forms of dicobalt cofacial porphyrins and multinuclear cobaltporphyrins. Simple metalloporphyrins with spontaneous face‐to‐face aggregation properties have also been examined as a catalyst. For practical application as fuel cell cathode catalysts, it is necessary to use metalloporphyrins dispersed on carbon particles with high surface area. We summarize the recent developments on porphyrin‐based catalysts and the attempts to prepare face‐to‐face aggregates of metalloporphyrins adsorbed dispersively on carbon black. A design principle for the active site to allow the O
2
reduction at positive potentials is proposed.
Dye–Sensitized Solar Cells: An Overview
Authors: Andrade Luísa , Ribeiro Helena Aguilar , Mendes Adélio
Published: January 2011

Today, a particular interest in the development of alternative energy sources arises, especially motivated by the need of decreasing the dependency on fossil‐fuel resources, and also for the prospect of reducing CO2emissions. An attractive strategy to overcome the present energy problem is using renewable energy sources, such as the solar radiation, for producing clean energy. This article describes the main features of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs), explaining their structure and working principles, and highlighting the characteristics of the main materials for high‐performance DSCs. After this brief discussion, the fundamentals behind electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are described in order to allow the interpretation of the charge‐transfer kinetics of the different phenomena occurring in a DSC under operation. A phenomenological model addressing the major charge‐transfer mechanisms and energy losses is presented for a better understanding of the factors that limit the performance of DSCs. While a steady‐state approach allows the construction of the current‐voltage characteristics of the cell, the transient approach model is an invaluable tool to relate the phenomenological behavior with certain dynamic techniques, such as EIS.
Acrolein Polymers
Authors: Schulz Rolf Christian
Published: January 2011

Acrolein (propenal) is the simplest form of unsaturated aldehyde. Its synthesis from glycerol and some of its typical reactions have been known since 1843. It was observed at that time that the fluid acrolein spontaneously changed upon standing to a white, solid product, suspected to be a polymer. Acrolein became available on a technical scale in 1942, resulting in intensive research on the suitability of the compound in organic syntheses and polymerizations. Characterization and methods of polymerization are presented.
Azo Polymers
Authors: Nuyken Oskar
Published: January 2011

Azo‐containing polymers (azo polymers) can be formally classified according to a variety of criteria. In this review, the thermal stability of the NN group is the principal criterion. A further subdivision, according to the position of the NN group, is main‐chain azo groups, where each monomer unit contains a stable or unstable azo function or in copolymers in which one component contains an azo group, vs. side‐chain azo groups, where each monomer contains an azo group or in copolymers in which one component contains an azo function.
Statistical Methods in Inventory Effect and Analysis
Authors: Lien Donald
Published: January 2011

Inventory effect suggests that the correlation between spot and futures prices is positively related to the inventory level. It was proposed to be a possible explanation for backwardation equilibrium in futures markets. A test for the inventory effect requires the specification of the joint distribution between spot and futures prices. This chapter summarizes four approaches currently available in the literature: bivariate normal distributions, bivariate log‐normal distributions, ordered bivariate normal distributions, and ordered bivariate log‐normal distributions. These approaches generate different conclusions, indicating the result is not robust to the distribution assumption. As a consequence, the inventory effect may prevail in some commodity markets but not in others.
Highly Stretchable Conducting SIBS‐P3HT Fibers
Authors: Granero Alberto J. , Wagner Pawel , Wagner Klaudia , Razal Joselito M. , Wallace Gordon G. , in het Panhuis Marc
Published: January 2011

Poly(styrene‐β‐isobutylene‐β‐styrene)‐poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (SIBS‐P3HT) conducting composite fibers are successfully produced using a continuous flow approach. Composite fibers are stiffer than SIBS fibers and able to withstand strains of up 975% before breaking. These composite fibers exhibit interesting reversible mechanical and electrical characteristics, which are applied to demonstrate their strain gauging capabilities. This will facilitate their potential applications in strain sensing or elastic electrodes. Here, the fabrication and characterization of highly stretchable electrically conducting SIBS‐P3HT fibers using a solvent/non‐solvent wet‐spinning technique is reported. This fabrication method combines the processability of conducting SIBS‐P3HT blends with wet‐spinning, resulting in fibers that could be easily spun up to several meters long. The resulting composite fiber materials exhibit an increased stiffness (higher Young’s modulus) but lower ductility compared to SIBS fibers. The fibers’ reversible mechanical and electrical characteristics are applied to demonstrate their strain gauging capabilities.
Enhanced Water Retention by Using Polymeric Microcapsules to Confer High Proton Conductivity on Membranes at Low Humidity
Authors: Wang Jingtao , Zhang Han , Yang Xinlin , Jiang Shuang , Lv Wenjun , Jiang Zhongyi , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: January 2011

Water retention is a pervasive issue in agriculture and industry. Inspired by the water‐storage mechanisms in plant cells, three kinds of polymeric microcapsules (PMCs) with carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, and pyridyl groups are prepared using distillation–precipitation polymerization. The size of the lumen of the PMCs may govern the static water uptake by holding water molecules in a free‐water state, and the functional groups in the shell of PMCs may manipulate dynamic water release by holding water molecules in a bound‐water state, thus yielding PMCs with high and tunable water‐retention properties. Incorporation of PMCs into composite membranes gives rise to dramatically enhanced water‐retention properties and proton‐transfer pathway, and consequently increased proton conductivity by up to one order of magnitude over the control polymer membrane, under low relative humidity of 20%. This study may offer a facile and generic strategy to design and prepare a variety of materials with superior water‐retention properties.
Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Terminal Alkyne, Dihalomethane and Amine to Propargylic Amines
Authors: Yu Dingyi , Zhang Yugen
Published: January 2011

The direct CH and Chalogen activation for CC bond formation is one of the most interesting reactions in organic chemistry. CC bond formation using alkynes as a carbon nucleophilic source is a very useful method in synthesis. Herein, a copper(I) chloride catalyzed three‐component coupling reaction of alkynes, dihalomethanes and amines through CH and Chalogen activation to form propargylic amines under mild conditions has been established. The reaction can be conducted in water, in neat or in common organic solvents and it was applicable to both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes with good functional groups tolerance. It represents an excellent example of multi‐component reactions (MCRs), provides an elegant method for the synthesis of propargylic amines which are frequent skeletal components and synthetically versatile key intermediates for the preparation of many nitrogen‐containing biologically active compounds. From the mechanism point of view, this chemistry offers not only a new approach to propargylic amines with new CC and CN bonds formation through CH and Chalogen activation, but also provides valuable mechanistic insight into the novel multi‐component reactions.
Base‐Mediated Tandem Reaction Consisting of an Acyl Shift Strategy Leading to 4,5‐Disubstiuted Furan‐2(5H)‐ones
Authors: Lei Yong , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Yu Shang‐Ci , Tang Bo‐Xiao , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: January 2011

The first example of the synthesis of 4,5‐disubstiuted furan‐2(5H)‐ones by base‐mediated tandem acyl shift/cyclization/decarbonylation reactions of aroylmethyl 2‐alkynoates has been developed. This new and inexpensive tandem route allows both a CO bond and a Csp3Csp2 bond forming in one step involving an unprecedented acyl rearrangement process.
Improved frequency response model identification method for processes with initial cyclic‐steady‐state
Authors: Cheon Yu Jin , Sung Su Whan , Lee Jietae , Je Cheol Ho , Lee In‐Beum
Published: January 2011

A new nonparametric process identification method is proposed to obtain the frequency response model from given process input and output data. The proposed algorithm can estimate exact models for all desired frequencies. It is applicable to various process conditions (initial/final steady‐state, initial steady‐state/final cyclic‐steady‐state, and initial/final cyclic‐steady‐state) and requires a smaller amount of memory than previous methods. Also, it provides the exact models even in the presence of a static disturbance and shows an acceptable robustness to measurement noises. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Flow accelerates adhesion between functional polyethylene and polyurethane
Authors: Song Jie , Ewoldt Randy H. , Hu Wanli , Craig Silvis H. , Macosko Christopher W.
Published: January 2011

Polyethylene (PE) has relatively poor adhesion with polar polymeric materials. In an effort to improve the adhesion between PE and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), maleic anhydride (MA), hydroxyl (OH), and secondary amine (NHR) functionalized PEs were blended into nonmodified PE. These functional groups will react with urethane linkages in TPU at the temperature of melt processing. We bonded these PEs to TPU via lamination and coextrusion. To compare the two processes, we determined the interfacial copolymer density Σ considering both advection and interfacial area generation. We found that the development of adhesion in coextrusion was much faster in comparison with lamination at the same temperature. This difference was attributed to the extensional and compressive flow in coextrusion overcoming the diffusion barrier at the interface and forcing reactive species to penetrate the interface. The effects of functional group reactivity and processing variables on adhesion were correlated with interfacial copolymer coverage. Amine functionalized PE showed dramatic adhesion improvement even at 1 wt %. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Application of ultrasound for start‐up of evaporative batch crystallization of ammonium sulfate in a 75‐L crystallizer
Authors: Lakerveld Richard , Verzijden Nelleke G. , Kramer Herman , Jansens Peter , Grievink Johan
Published: January 2011

A positive effect of ultrasound on crystallization has been shown for many applications especially on small scale. Predictable scale‐up of sonocrystallization is a challenge due to the inherent dependency of ultrasound on scale. The presented research discusses the experimental application of ultrasound to induce nucleation at low supersaturation for start‐up of evaporative batch‐wise crystallization of ammonium sulfate in a 75‐L draft tube (DT) crystallizer. A comparison is made with a conventional start‐up procedure using primary nucleation or seeding. Ultrasound is applied in two geometrically different vessels of 1.2‐L connected to a 75‐L DT crystallizer. Application of ultrasound for start‐up of a 75‐L DT crystallizer shows that an optimum amount of ground seeds is better capable to suppress nucleation. A challenge for future research is to improve the efficiency of ultrasound to produce a large number of nuclei for start‐up of batch crystallization at larger scale. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Parametric analysis of Fischer‐tropsch synthesis in a catalytic microchannel reactor
Authors: Gumuslu Gamze , Avci Ahmet K.
Published: January 2011

Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS) involves highly exothermic conversion of syngas to a wide range of hydrocarbons, but demands isothermal conditions due to the strong dependence of product distribution on temperature. Running FTS in microchannel reactors is promising, as the sub‐millimeter dimensions can lead to significant intensification that inherently favors robust temperature control. This study involves computer‐based FTS simulations in a heat‐exchange integrated microchannel network composed of horizontal groups of square‐shaped cooling and wall‐coated, catalytic reaction channels. Effects of material type and thickness of the wall separating the channels, side length of the cooling channel, coolant flow rate, and channel wall texture on reaction temperature are investigated. Use of thicker walls with high thermal conductivities and micro‐baffles on the catalytic reaction channel wall favor near‐isothermal conditions. Response of reaction temperature against coolant flow rate is significant. Using cooling channels with smaller side lengths, however, is shown to be insufficient for temperature control. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Photochemical Reactions as Key Steps in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Bach Thorsten , Hehn Jörg P.
Published: January 2011

Photochemical reactions contribute in a significant way to the existing repertoire of carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions by allowing access to exceptional molecular structures that cannot be obtained by conventional means. In this Review, the most important photochemical transformations that have been employed in natural product synthesis are presented. Selected total syntheses are discussed as examples, with particular attention given to the photochemical key step and its stereoselectivity. The structural relationship between the photochemically generated molecule and the natural product is shown, and, where necessary, the consecutive reactions in the synthesis are illustrated and classified.
Identification and functional consequences of a recurrent NLRP12 missense mutation in periodic fever syndromes
Authors: Jéru Isabelle , Le Borgne Gaëlle , Cochet Emmanuelle , Hayrapetyan Hasmik , Duquesnoy Philippe , Grateau Gilles , Morali Alain , Sarkisian Tamara , Amselem Serge
Published: January 2011

Objective

To gain insight into the molecular bases of genetically unexplained periodic fever syndromes (PFS) by screening NLRP12, a gene in which only a nonsense and a splice site mutation have so far been identified, and to assess the functional consequences of the identified missense variation.

Methods

NLRP12 was screened for mutations by direct sequencing. Functional assays were performed in HEK 293T cells stably expressing the proapoptotic protein ASC and procaspase 1, in order to determine the effects of normal and mutated NLRP12 proteins on speck formation, caspase 1 signaling, and NF‐κB activation.

Results

A heterozygous NLRP12 missense mutation involving a CpG site (c.1054C>T; p.Arg352Cys) was identified in exon 3, which encodes the nucleotide‐binding site (NBS) of the protein, in 2 patients from different countries and carrying different NLRP12 haplotypes. The mutation, which does not alter the inhibitory effect of NLRP12 on NF‐κB activation, increases speck formation and activates caspase 1 signaling. To define this new class of PFS, we propose the term NLRP12‐associated disorders (NLRP12AD).

Conclusion

Given the rarity of known NLRP12‐associated disorders, the identification of this NLRP12 molecular defect contributes to the delineation of the clinical spectrum associated with mutations in this gene and highlights the importance of screening NLRP12 in patients presenting with unexplained PFS. This study also demonstrates, by means of functional assays, the deleterious effect of this recurrent missense mutation; the gain of function for speck formation and caspase 1 signaling associated with this NBS mutation is consistent with the inflammatory phenotype of PFS.
In vivo effects of the anti–interleukin‐6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab on the B cell compartment
Authors: Roll Petra , Muhammad Khalid , Schumann Mathias , Kleinert Stefan , Einsele Hermann , Dörner Thomas , Tony Hans‐Peter
Published: January 2011

Objective

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) receptor inhibition by tocilizumab was recently licensed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL‐6 induces in vitro differentiation of B cells into antibody‐forming cells; however, the in vivo effects of IL‐6 inhibition on the B cell compartment are currently not known. The purpose of this study was to examine this feature.

Methods

Sixteen patients with active RA were treated in an open‐label study with tocilizumab (8 mg/kg every 4 weeks). Immunophenotyping was performed at baseline, week 12, and week 24.

Results

Memory B cell subsets declined significantly during tocilizumab therapy. Preswitch memory B cells decreased from a median of 19.6% to 12.3% at week 24 and postswitch memory B cells declined from a median of 18.6% to 15.0% at week 24 (P = 0.04). In parallel, CD19+IgA+ and CD19+IgG+ B cells decreased significantly. The proportion of IgA‐expressing B cells fell from a median of 9.2% at baseline to 4.3% at week 12 and to 3.6% at week 24 (P = 0.01). IgG+ B cells declined from a median of 6.7% at baseline to 4.9% at week 12 (P = 0.007) and 2.8% at week 24 (P = 0.01). In parallel, serum levels of IgA and IgG were significantly diminished at week 24 (P < 0.05). There was a good correlation between relative and absolute numbers of IgA+ B cells with serum IgA at week 24.

Conclusion

Tocilizumab induced a significant reduction in the frequency of peripheral preswitch and postswitch memory B cells. In addition, the number of IgG+ and IgA+ B cells declined and correlated well with reduced serum immunoglobulin levels. The data indicate that IL‐6 blockade affects the B cell hyperreactivity in RA patients.
Topic‐based PageRank on author cocitation networks
Authors: Ding Ying
Published: January 2011

Ranking authors is vital for identifying a researcher's impact and standing within a scientific field. There are many different ranking methods (e.g., citations, publications, h‐index, PageRank, and weighted PageRank), but most of them are topic‐independent. This paper proposes topic‐dependent ranks based on the combination of a topic model and a weighted PageRank algorithm. The author‐conference‐topic (ACT) model was used to extract topic distribution of individual authors. Two ways for combining the ACT model with the PageRank algorithm are proposed: simple combination (I_PR) or using a topic distribution as a weighted vector for PageRank (PR_t). Information retrieval was chosen as the test field and representative authors for different topics at different time phases were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze the ranking difference between I_PR and PR_t.