bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of SST Structure in Convectively Coupled Kelvin–Rossby Waves and Its Implications for MJO Formation
Authors: Kang In-Sik , Liu Fei , Ahn Min-Seop , Yang Young-Min , Wang Bin
Published: February 2013

The dynamics of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) are investigated using an aqua-planet general circulation model (GCM) and a simple one-and-a-half-layer model with a first-baroclinic mode and a planetary boundary layer. The aqua-planet GCM with zonally symmetric SST conditions simulates tropical intraseasonal disturbances with a dominant time scale of about 20 days, which is much faster than that of the observed MJO, although the GCM with realistic surface boundary conditions is shown to reproduce the observed MJO reasonably well. The SST with a broader meridional structure slows down the propagation speed. Several experiments done with various zonally symmetric surface boundary conditions showed that the meridional structure of the SST in fact is a control factor for the propagation characteristics of the MJO. With a simple theoretical model for the MJO, it is shown that the instability of the moist coupled Kelvin–Rossby waves depends on the SST structure, which determines the lower-level moisture field. The SST with a narrow meridional structure prefers to enhance only the fast eastward Kelvin wave, while the broader SST provides enough off-equatorial moisture for the growth of the Rossby component, which couples strongly with the Kelvin component and slows down the eastward modes. The SST influences the coupled Kelvin–Rossby waves through changes in the moist static stability of the free atmosphere and the frictional moisture convergence in the planetary boundary layer. The present results suggest that the essential dynamics of the MJO are rooted in a convectively coupled Kelvin–Rossby wave packet with frictional moisture convergence.
Atlantic Warm Pool Variability in the CMIP5 Simulations
Authors: Liu Hailong , Wang Chunzai , Lee Sang-Ki , Enfield David
Published: February 2013

This study investigates Atlantic warm pool (AWP) variability in the historical run of 19 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) submitted to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). As with the CGCMs in phase 3 (CMIP3), most models suffer from the cold SST bias in the AWP region and also show very weak AWP variability as represented by the AWP area index. However, for the seasonal cycle the AWP SST bias of model ensemble and model sensitivities are decreased compared with CMIP3, indicating that the CGCMs are improved. The origin of the cold SST bias in the AWP region remains unknown, but among the CGCMs in CMIP5 excess (insufficient) high-level cloud simulation decreases (enhances) the cold SST bias in the AWP region through the warming effect of the high-level cloud radiative forcing. Thus, the AWP SST bias in CMIP5 is more modulated by an erroneous radiation balance due to misrepresentation of high-level clouds rather than low-level clouds as in CMIP3. AWP variability is assessed as in the authors' previous study in the aspects of spectral analysis, interannual variability, multidecadal variability, and comparison of the remote connections with ENSO and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) against observations. In observations the maximum influences of the NAO and ENSO on the AWP take place in boreal spring. For some CGCMs these influences erroneously last to late summer. The effect of this overestimated remote forcing can be seen in the variability statistics as shown in the rotated EOF patterns from the models. It is concluded that the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Model E, version 2, coupled with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) ocean model (GISS-E2H), and the GISS Model E, version 2, coupled with the Russell ocean model (GISS-E2R) are the best three models of CMIP5 in simulating AWP variability.
Evaluation of Precipitation Estimation Accuracy in Reanalyses, Satellite Products, and an Ensemble Method for Regions in Australia and South and East Asia
Authors: Peña-Arancibia Jorge L. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Renzullo Luigi J. , Mulligan Mark
Published: February 2013

Precipitation estimates from reanalyses and satellite observations are routinely used in hydrologic applications, but their accuracy is seldom systematically evaluated. This study used high-resolution gauge-only daily precipitation analyses for Australia (SILO) and South and East Asia [Asian Precipitation—Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE)] to calculate the daily detection and accuracy metrics for three reanalyses [ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim), Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA-25), and NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Global Reanalysis 2] and three satellite-based precipitation products [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V6, Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)]. A depth-frequency-adjusted ensemble mean of the reanalyses and satellite products was also evaluated. Reanalyses precipitation from ERA-Interim in southern Australia (SAu) and northern Australasia (NAu) showed higher detection performance. JRA-25 had a better performance in South and East Asia (SEA) except for the monsoon period, in which satellite estimates from TRMM and CMORPH outperformed the reanalyses. In terms of accuracy metrics (correlation coefficient, root-mean-square difference, and a precipitation intensity proxy, which is the ratio of monthly precipitation amount to total days with precipitation) and over the three subdomains, the depth-frequency-adjusted ensemble mean generally outperformed or was nearly as good as any of the single members. The results of the ensemble show that additional information is captured from the different precipitation products. This finding suggests that, depending on precipitation regime and location, combining (re)analysis and satellite products can lead to better precipitation estimates and, thus, more accurate hydrological applications than selecting any single product.
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Piper longum root aqueous extract in STZ induced diabetic rats
Authors: Nabi Shaik Abdul , Kasetti Ramesh Babu , Sirasanagandla Swapna , Tilak Thandaiah Krishna , Kumar Malaka Venkateshwarulu Jyothi , Rao Chippada Appa
Published: February 2013

Background

The available drugs for diabetes, Insulin or Oral hypoglycemic agents have one or more side effects. Search for new antidiabetic drugs with minimal or no side effects from medicinal plants is a challenge according to WHO recommendations. In this aspect, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Piper longum root aqueous extract (PlrAqe) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

Methods

Diabetes was induced in male Wister albino rats by intraperitoneal administration of STZ (50 mg/kg.b.w). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured by glucose-oxidase & peroxidase reactive strips. Serum biochemical parameters such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were estimated. The activities of liver and kidney functional markers were measured. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using Student t-test and one-way analysis (ANOVA) followed by DMRT.

Results

During the short term study the aqueous extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg.b.w was found to possess significant antidiabetic activity after 6 h of the treatment. The administration of aqueous extract at the same dose for 30 days in STZ induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in FBG levels with the corrections of diabetic dyslipidemia compared to untreated diabetic rats. There was a significant decrease in the activities of liver and renal functional markers in diabetic treated rats compared to untreated diabetic rats indicating the protective role of the aqueous extract against liver and kidney damage and its non-toxic property.

Conclusions

From the above results it is concluded that the plant extract is capable of managing hyperglycemia and complications of diabetes in STZ induced diabetic rats. Hence this plant may be considered as one of the potential sources for the isolation of new oral anti hypoglycemic agent(s).
Changes of serum angiogenic factors concentrations in patients with diabetes and unstable angina pectoris
Authors: Gui Chun , Li Shi-kang , Nong Qin-ling , Du Fang , Zhu Li-guang , Zeng Zhi-yu
Published: February 2013

Backgroud

Diabetic microvascular changes are considered to be influenced by angiogenic factors. As a compensatory mechanism, the expression of some angiogenic factors are elevated in ischemic myocardium. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of serum angiogenic factors, and the association among these angiogenic factors, the severity of coronary artery stenosis and collateral vessels form in patients with diabetes and unstable angina pectoris (UAP).

Methods

42 patients with diabetes (diabetes group), 57 patients with UAP (UAP group), and 36 age-matched healthy people (control group) were selected. Serum concentrations of angiogenic factors were measured using cytokine array technology. The severity of coronary artery stenosis was scored using the angiographic Gensini score. Coronary collateral vessels were scored according to Rentrop's classification.

Results

No significant differences in the serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), angiogenin, angiostatin, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were detected between control group and diabetes group. But in patients with diabetes complicated with UAP and in patients with UAP without diabetes, serum concentrations of VEGF and Ang-2 were elevated (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). Only serum Ang-2 concentrations were significantly correlated with Gensini score (r=0.585, p < 0.001), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (r=0.501, p < 0.001), left ventricular end systolic diameter (r=0.563, p < 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (r=−0.523, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Serum concentrations of VEGF and Ang-2 were increased, and diabetes didn’t affect this increases in patients with UAP. Serum Ang-2 concentrations were correlated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis.
Murine norovirus infection does not cause major disruptions in the murine intestinal microbiota
Authors: Nelson Adam M , Elftman Michael D , Pinto Amelia K , Baldridge Megan , Hooper Patrick , Kuczynski Justin , Petrosino Joseph F , Young Vincent B , Wobus Christiane E
Published: February 2013

Background

Murine norovirus (MNV) is the most common gastrointestinal pathogen of research mice and can alter research outcomes in biomedical mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite indications that an altered microbiota is a risk factor for IBD, the response of the murine intestinal microbiota to MNV infection has not been examined. Microbiota disruption caused by MNV infection could introduce the confounding effects observed in research experiments. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of MNV infection on the intestinal microbiota of wild-type mice.

Results

The composition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed over time in both outbred Swiss Webster and inbred C57BL/6 mice following MNV infection. Mice were infected with both persistent and non-persistent MNV strains and tissue-associated or fecal-associated microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA-encoding gene pyrosequencing. Analysis of intestinal bacterial communities in infected mice at the phylum and family level showed no major differences to uninfected controls, both in tissue-associated samples and feces, and also over time following infection, demonstrating that the intestinal microbiota of wild-type mice is highly resistant to disruption following MNV infection.

Conclusions

This is the first study to describe the intestinal microbiota following MNV infection and demonstrates that acute or persistent MNV infection is not associated with major disruptions of microbial communities in Swiss Webster and C57BL/6 mice.
Endocrine mechanisms in the pathogenesis of primary varicosis
Authors: Schnabl S. , Strölin A. , Busch Ch.
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Varicose veins affect up to 40 % of men and up to 51 % of women. The patho-physiology of primary varicosis (chronic venous insufficiency, CVI) is poorly understood. Here, the available data on possible endocrine mechanisms in healthy and varicose veins are reviewed.

Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed using the following key words: Chronic venous insufficiency, CVI, chronic venous disease, CVD, varicosis, saphenous vein, pathogenesis, hormone.

Results: Several theories ranging from incompetence of the valves to functional, biological or morphologic changes in different layers of the vein wall have been proposed. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that endocrine mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of primary varicosis. In this respect a growing number of hormones (e.g. estrogen, progesterone, relaxin-2, and oxytocin) and their receptors have been linked to primary varicosis in experimental, pharmacological and histological studies.

Conclusion: In summary, endocrine-based mechanisms seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of primary varicosis. This opens up the perspective for pharmacological treatments targeting the various described endocrine regulatory networks.
Cardiac tamponade in a woman with preeclampsia
Authors: Van Winden Kristi R.
Published: February 2013

Background: Preeclampsia is associated with alterations in maternal vascular permeability and can thus cause intravascular volume depletion and pathologic extravascular fluid accumulation. Although typically manifesting as peripheral edema or, in more severe cases, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, preeclampsia-associated vascular abnormalities can theoretically cause abnormal fluid collection in any extravascular space, including the pericardium.

Case: We report the case of a 30-year-old gravida 1 female admitted at 31 weeks 4 days’ gestation with mild preeclampsia, tachycardia, and dyspnea, whose initial workup was only significant for a small pericardial effusion. Over the course of the next 4 weeks, however, the effusion evolved into early cardiac tamponade that required expeditious pericardiotomy and cesarean delivery. The effusion virtually resolved over the first month postpartum.

Conclusion: The case describes a unique presentation of preeclampsia and suggests that echocardiography to evaluate for pericardial effusion be considered in cases of otherwise-unexplained cardiopulmonary symptoms in the setting of preeclampsia. If detected, cardiac tamponade should be managed in association with a multidisciplinary team familiar with the physiology of cardiac tamponade.
Spontaneous hematoma of the rectus abdominal wall in pregnancy
Authors: Grigore Mihaela , Cojocaru Camelia , Mares Alina
Published: February 2013

Rectus sheath hematoma is an uncommon and often clinically misdiagnosed cause of abdominal pain. We report such a case of a 42-year-old woman who developed an abdominal-wall hematoma at 32 weeks of gestation. Initially, she was suspected as having a complicated ovarian tumor associated with pregnancy, because of the intense abdominal pain. Both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging proved to be useful in diagnosing rectus sheath hematoma. A conservative management was applied for the rectus sheath hematoma and the patient recovered uneventfully. Although it is a very rare entity, rectus sheath hematoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of every pregnant patient who presents with abdominal pain.
Reasons for Earlier Than Desired Cessation of Breastfeeding
Authors: Odom Erika C. , Li Ruowei , Scanlon Kelley S. , Perrine Cria G. , Grummer-Strawn Laurence
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the prevalence and factors associated with not meeting desired breastfeeding duration.

METHODS:

Data were analyzed from 1177 mothers aged ≥18 years who responded to monthly surveys from pregnancy until their child was 1 year old. When breastfeeding stopped, mothers were asked whether they breastfed as long as they wanted (yes or no) and to rate the importance of 32 reasons for stopping on a 4-point Likert scale. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the association between the importance of each reason and the likelihood of mothers not meeting their desired breastfeeding duration.

RESULTS:

Approximately 60% of mothers who stopped breastfeeding did so earlier than desired. Early termination was positively associated with mothers’ concerns regarding: (1) difficulties with lactation; (2) infant nutrition and weight; (3) illness or need to take medicine; and (4) the effort associated with pumping milk.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings indicate that the major reasons why mothers stop breastfeeding before they desire include concerns about maternal or child health (infant nutrition, maternal illness or the need for medicine, and infant illness) and processes associated with breastfeeding (lactation and milk-pumping problems). Continued professional support may be necessary to address these challenges and help mothers meet their desired breastfeeding duration.
Probiotics in gastroenterology – from a different angle
Authors: Buzás György Miklós
Published: February 2013

After a short overview of the history of probiotics, the author presents the development of human intestinal microflora based on the newest genetic data and the microbiological features of main probiotics. The indications of probiotic administration have been defined and extended in recent years. The author reviews significant results of probiotic treatment in some gastrointestinal diseases based on meta-analytical data. Probiotics are useful in preventing and treating diarrhoea caused by antibiotics and Clostridium difficile caused diarrhoea. In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, preparations containing certain Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium strains or Saccaromyces boulardii could enhance by 5–10% the rate of successful eradication and reduce the incidence and severity of the side effects. Some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and thus the quality of life can be improved by probiotics. Their beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis was proven, while in Crohn’s disease has not yet been defined. The use of probiotics is not included in guidelines, with the exception of the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus. For each disease it is advisable to use probiotics containing strains only with proven beneficial effect. The efficiency of preparations containing mixed strains has not yet been properly investigated. The author reviews the rare but potentially serious side effects of probiotics. In Hungary, there are many probiotic preparations available which can be purchased in pharmacies without prescription: their use is more empirical than evidence-based. The European Food Safety Authority has recently rejected claims for probiotics to be classed as medicines given the lack of convincing evidence on the effects of probiotics on human health and well-being. Clearly, further research is needed to collect evidence which could be incorporated into the international guidelines. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 294–304.
The Effect of Ge Content in MBE Si(1-x) Ge(x) on the Evolution of {311} Defects
Authors: Crosby Robert , Frazer Jackie , Jones K. S. , Law Dr. M. E. , Larsen A. Nylandsted , Hansen J. Lundsgaard
Published: February 2013

Molecular beam epitaxial Si1-xGex layers of various Ge concentrations ranging from 0% to 50% were grown on top of a Si substrate. The wafers were then implanted with a 40 keV, 1 x 1014cm-2 Si+. To study the development of {311} defects, the samples were annealed at 750°C for times ranging from 0 to 20 minutes. TEM was utilized to observe both the formation and dissolution of the defects. The Si1-xGex samples with ≤ 5% Ge exhibit {311} defect formation and dissolution; however, samples with the Ge content lying between 15% and 50% showed only dislocation loop formation. It is suggested that the decrease in bond strength with increasing Ge content is the reason for the lack of {311} defect formation.
Identifying the water sources consumed by bison: implications for large mammalian grazers worldwide
Authors: Nippert Jesse B. , Culbertson Teall S. F. , Orozco Graciela L. , Ocheltree Troy W. , Helliker Brent R.
Published: February 2013

The sources of drinking water consumed by grazers vary over time and may be highly selective, similar to choices in diet. Water sources consumed by large grazers in natural populations are not typically measured directly. Instead, consumption is inferred based on animal proximity to water sources. Here, we analysed the stable isotopic signature of water (δ18O and δD) extracted from fecal samples from a herd of bison in mesic grassland as a direct estimation of the water sources consumed over time. Bison at this site have their choice of a range of habitats and drinking water sources. Potential source‐water samples measured had a large range of isotopic signatures, allowing the isotopic composition of water from bison fecal samples to be proportionally estimated based on varying sources. Results indicate bison have low reliance on multiple streams on site; rather, the majority of water consumed was from rainfall‐fed sources (puddles and wallows) and from forage. Our research suggests that source‐water analysis from fecal samples is a robust technique when samples from large grazers can be collected soon after production. These results have implications for analyses of the foraging patterns and landscape utilization by this and other large grazers, because hotter and drier future conditions are likely to reduce the frequency and amount of rainfall‐fed puddles available for consumption in many grassland systems worldwide.
Oral health related knowledge and health behavior of parents and school children
Authors: Lalic Maja , Aleksic Ema , Gajic Mihajlo , Malesevic Djoka
Published: February 2013

Introduction. The family provides the background for developing behaviors,
attitudes and knowledge related to oral health of children. The aim of this
study was to compare oral health behavior of parents and their children and
to asses the impact of parental behavior on children?s oral health. Material
and Methods. This cross-sectional study included 99 parent - child pairs (12
to 15 years old). Data on oral health behavior, knowledge and attitudes
regarding oral hygiene, fluorides and nutrition of parents and their children
were collected by questionnaires. The parental dental health was assessed
according to self-reported data on tooth loss and prosthodontic
rehabilitation, while the dental status of children was determined by
clinical examination. Results. The parents reported the use of dental floss
(p < 0.001) and mouth rinses (p<0.05) more often than their children and they
had better knowledge on fluorides. Approximately one third of parents thought
they should not control sugar consumption of their child. There was a
statistically significant correlation between parental oral hygiene and their
habit to control the child in brushing with the child?s oral health status.
Conclusion. Oral health education activities directed towards the prevention
of risk factors for developing caries should involve both parents and their
children, because parental behavior is a significant predictor of children?s
oral health.
Reminiscence on the municipal out-of-hospital Maternity unit and the Motherhood Home in Novi Sad
Authors: Dobanovacki Dusanka , Breberina Milan , Vujosevic Bozica , Pecanac Marija , Zakula Nenad , Trajkovic Velicko
Published: February 2013

Introduction. In the mid-twentieth century, the health care of women and
children was inadequate in the post-war Yugoslavia, including the city of
Novi Sad, due to the severe post-war reality: poverty in the devastated
country, shortage of all commodities and services and especially of medical
supplies, equipment and educated staff. Out-of-Hospital Maternity Unit. One
of the serious problems was parturition at home and morbidity and mortality
of the newborns and women. Soon after the World War II the action programme
of improving the women?s health was realized on the state level by
establishing out-of-hospital maternity units but under the expert
supervision. The Maternity unit at 30 Ljudevita Gaja Street in Novi Sad
played a great role in providing skilled birth attendance at mainly normal
deliveries. With a minimal number of medical staff and modest medical
equipment, about 2000 healthy babies were born in this house. Motherhood
Home. After 5 years of functioning in that way, this unit was transformed
into the Motherhood Home and became a social and medical institution for
pregnant women and new mothers. Regardless of the redefined organization
concept the curative and preventive health care as well as women and children
social protection programmes were provided successfully for the next 12
years. Although the Motherhood Home was moved into the Women Health Centre of
Novi Sad and later into the former Maternity Hospital in Sremski Karlovci,
its great importance for women and children?s health care remained unchanged.
In 1979 the overall social situation and mostly economic issues led to its
closing. Epilogue. The house in Gajeva Street is now used as the municipality
office. However, this house with its story recommends itself to become a
house for a special social function, such as a museum of medical history of
Novi Sad. A small investment could make it possible to collect, preserve and
display the valuable records of our past, which is something we do owe to the
generations to come.
Izgubljeno vrijeme u otkrivanju i početku liječenja tuberkuloze: što treba napraviti?
Authors: Jurčev-Savičević Anamarija , Popović-Grle Sanja , Mulić Rosanda , Smoljanović Mladen , Miše Kornelija
Published: February 2013

Ovim istraživanjem željelo se odrediti veličinu i analizirati čimbenike koji utječu na kašnjenje u otkrivanju i započinjanju liječenja tuberkuloze. Oboljeli od plućne tuberkuloze detaljno su intervjuirani o rizičnom načinu života, različitim demografskim, socioekonomskim i zdravstvenim obilježjima te je izračunano vrijeme od početka simptoma do početka liječenja. Medijan i 75. percentil navedenog vremena iznosili su 68 i 120 dana. Unutar mjesec dana od početka simptoma liječiti se počelo 16,7 % bolesnika, u drugome mjesecu 23,8 %, 23,3 % u trećem mjesecu, 12,9 % u četvrtome mjesecu, dok je 23,3 % ispitanika liječenje započelo više od četiri mjeseca nakon početka simptoma. Uporaba droga bila je povezana s vremenom dužim od medijana, što se smatralo dugim kašnjenjem (p=0,021) u otkrivanju i liječenju tuberkuloze. Najniži stupanj obrazovanja (p=0,021), minimalan (p=0,039) te minimalni do prosječni mjesečni obiteljski prihod (p=0,020), pušenje (p=0,050) i komorbiditet (p=0,048) pokazali su se značajnima kad je promatran 75. percentil izmjerenog vremena, što se smatralo ekstremnim kašnjenjem. U multiplome modelu uporaba droga ostala je značajno povezana s dugim kašnjenjem, a najniži stupanj obrazovanja (p=0,033), sadašnje (p=0,017) i bivše (p=0,045) pušačke navike s ekstremnim kašnjenjem. U uvjetima smanjivanja incidencije tuberkuloze kašnjenje u otkrivanju i liječenju tuberkuloze može se smanjiti zdravstvenim prosvjećivanjem opće populacije ne samo o tuberkulozi nego i općenito o zdravlju te stavovima i navikama glede prevencije i ranog liječenja. Istodobno se mora povećati i znanje o tuberkulozi te dijagnostičke sposobnosti zdravstvenih radnika.
Inertisation of galvanic sludge with calcium oxide, activated carbon, and phosphoric acid
Authors: Oreščanin Višnja , Lovrenčić Mikelić Ivanka , Kollar Robert , Mikulić Nenad , Medunić Gordana
Published: February 2013

In this study we compared three methods for the treatment of electroplating sludge highly loaded with zinc and iron: (1) calcium oxide-based solidifi cation/stabilisation; (2) conversion into inert material by adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants onto activated carbon; and (3) conversion of mobile waste components into insoluble phosphates. All three methods proved highly effi cient in the conversion of hazardous waste into inert material. Under optimum treatment conditions zinc concentration in the leachate of solidifi ed waste was reduced by 99.7 % compared to untreated sludge. Zinc retention effi ciency in the waste treated with activated carbon and phosphoric acid was 99.9 % and 98.7 %, respectively. The advantages of electroplating sludge treatment with activated carbon over the other two methods are high sorption capacity, insignifi cant pH and volume changes of the sludge, and simple use.
Cadmium and zinc induced similar changes in protein and glycoprotein patterns in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) seedlings and plants
Authors: Peharec Štefanić Petra , Šikić Sandra , Cvjetko Petra , Balen Biljana
Published: February 2013

The effects of 10 μmol L-1 and 15 μmol L-1 cadmium (Cd), a nonessential toxic element and 25 μmol L-1 and 50 μmol L-1 zinc (Zn), an essential micronutrient, on proteins and glycoproteins of Nicotiana tabacum L. seedlings and plants were investigated after exposure to each metal alone or to their combinations. Changes in only few polypeptides related to heavy metal treatments were observed in tobacco seedlings and leaves of adult plants, while the greatest change in total soluble protein pattern was observed in plant roots. Differences between control and treated tobacco tissues were more pronounced in the glycoprotein pattern, which was analysed by application of different lectins. The majority of the detected glycoproteins in leaves and roots of adult plants can be considered as a result of enhanced glycosylation due to heavy metal stress. The difference in glycoproteins between Cd and Zn application on tobacco seedlings and adult plants could not be determined since enhanced glycosylation was noticed after treatment with either metal alone or in combination. Therefore, it can be concluded that both metals induced N- and Oglycosylation as a result of changed environmental conditions.
Copd and occupation: a retrospective cohort study of industrial workers
Authors: Mazitova Nailya N. , Saveliev Anatoly A. , Berheeva Zuhra M. , Amirov Nail Kh.
Published: February 2013

The aim of this paper was to ascertain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence among industrial workers in the Russian Federation and determine relative contribution of smoking and occupational factors to COPD. We recruited 1,375 workers aged 30 or over. Six hundred and twenty-four of them were occupationally exposed to vapours, gases, dust, and fumes (VGDF). Physical examination and baseline spirometry were performed for all the participants of the study. Those with airfl ow limitation of FEV1/FVC<0.70 were considered having COPD and those with presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in each of two consecutive years were considered having chronic bronchitis (CB), with no overlapping between these 2 groups. Data on occupational history and VGDF levels in the working area were collected from all participants. In total, 105 cases of COPD and 170 cases of CB were diagnosed in the cohort of examined workers. Occupational exposure to VGDF was twice as often present among COPD patients than among both patients with CB and the control group of healthy workers (p<0.05). More than 40 % of COPD patients were occupationally exposed to VGDF above the value of 3.0 of the occupational exposure limit (OEL) and more than 20 % to 6.0 OEL and higher. Overall odds ratio for COPD development due to occupational VGDF exposure was 5.9 (95 % CI=3.6 to 9.8, p=0.0001). Both smoking and VGDF seem to be important for the development of COPD. Analysis of the combined effect of tobacco smoking and occupational noxious particles and gases on COPD development has shown the following order of risk factors based on the strength of their infl uence: VGDF levels, smoking index, age, and heating microclimate. There is a statistically signifi cant level of relationship and “dose-effect” dependence between occupational exposures to VGDF and the development of COPD. The effect of VGDF composition on the probability of COPD development was not found in the study. Results of this study were used to substantiate the inclusion of COPD into the National List of Occupational Diseases of the Russian Federation.
A review of the treatment options for skin rash induced by EGFR-targeted therapies: Evidence from randomized clinical trials and a metaanalysis
Authors: Ocvirk Janja , Heeger Steffen , McCloud Philip , Hofheinz Ralf-Dieter
Published: February 2013

Background.Agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are amongst the most extensively used of the targeted agents in the therapy of some of the most common solid tumors. Although they avoid many of the classic side effects associated with cytotoxic chemotherapy, they are associated with unpleasant cutaneous toxicities which can affect treatment compliance and impinge on patient quality of life. To date, despite a plethora of consensus recommendations, expert opinions and reviews, there is a paucity of evidence-based guidance for the management of the skin rash that occurs in the treatment of patients receiving EGFR-targeted therapies.

Methods.A literature search was conducted as a first step towards investigating not only an evidence-based approach to the management of skin rash, but also with a view to designing future randomized trials. Results. The literature search identified seven randomized trials and a meta-analysis was conducted using the data from four of these trials involving oral antibiotics. The meta-analysis of the data from these four trials suggests that prophylactic antibiotics might reduce the relative risk of severe rash associated with EGFR-targeted agents by 42-77%. Vitamin K cream was also identified as having a potential role in the management EGFR-targeted agent induced rash.

Conclusions.This review and meta-analysis clearly identify the need for further randomized studies of the role of oral antibiotics in this setting. The results of the ongoing randomized trials of the topical application of vitamin K cream plus or minus doxycycline and employing prophylactic versus reactive strategies are eagerly awaited.
Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells Increase Tumor Growth Rates and Modify Tumor Physiology: Relevance for Therapeutic Targeting
Authors: Pagan Jonathan , Przybyla Beata , Jamshidi-Parsian Azemat , Gupta Kalpna , Griffin Robert
Published: February 2013

Endothelial cell precursors from human peripheral blood have been shown to home to areas of neovascularization and may assist tumor growth by increasing or fortifying blood vessel growth. In the present study, the influence of these cells on tumor growth and physiology was investigated and the role of these cells as a therapeutic target or in determining treatment sensitivity was tested. After isolation from human blood and expansion in vitro, actively growing cells with verified endothelial phenotype (Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cell, BOEC) were injected i.v. into tumor bearing mice for three consecutive days. The growth rate was significantly enhanced in relatively small RERF human lung tumors (i.e., less than 150 mm3) grown in immunocompromised mice by an average of 1.5-fold while it had no effect when injections were given to animals bearing larger tumors. There were no signs of toxicity or unwanted systemic effects. We also observed evidence of increased perfusion, vessel number, response to 15 Gy radiation and oxygenation in RERF tumors of animals injected with BOECs compared to control tumors. In addition, FSaII murine fibrosarcoma tumors were found to grow faster upon injection of BOECs. When FSaII tumors were subjected to a partial thermal ablation treatment using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) there was consistently elevated detection of fluorescently labeled and i.v. injected endothelial precursors in the tumor when analyzed with optical imaging and/or histological preparations. Importantly, we also observed that BOECs treated with the novel anti-angiogenic peptide anginex in-vitro, show decreased proliferation and increased sensitivity to radiation. In vivo, the normal increase in FSaII tumor growth induced by injected BOECs was blunted by the addition of anginex treatment. It appears that endothelial precursors may significantly contribute to tumor vessel growth, tumor progression and/or repair of tumor damage and may improve the oxygenation and subsequent radiation response of tumors. We surmise that these cells are preferentially stimulated to divide in the tumor microenvironment, thereby inducing the significant increase in tumor growth observed and that the use of injected BOECs could be a viable approach to modulate the tumor microenvironment for therapeutic gain. Conversely, agents or approaches to block their recruitment and integration of BOECs into primary or metastatic lesions may be an effective way to restrain cancer progression before or after other treatments are applied.
The Possible Diagnostic and Prognostic Use of Systemic Chemokine Profiles in Clinical Medicine—The Experience in Acute Myeloid Leukemia from Disease Development and Diagnosis via Conventional Chemotherapy to Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Reikvam Håkon , Fredly Hanne , Kittang Astrid , Bruserud Øystein
Published: February 2013

Chemokines are important regulators of many different biological processes, including (i) inflammation with activation and local recruitment of immunocompetent cells; (ii) angiogenesis as a part of inflammation or carcinogenesis; and (iii) as a bridge between the coagulation system and inflammation/immune activation. The systemic levels of various chemokines may therefore reflect local disease processes, and such variations may thereby be used in the routine clinical handling of patients. The experience from patients with myeloproliferative diseases, and especially patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), suggests that systemic plasma/serum cytokine profiles can be useful, both as a diagnostic tool and for prognostication of patients. However, cytokines/chemokines are released by a wide range of cells and are involved in a wide range of biological processes; the altered levels may therefore mainly reflect the strength and nature of the biological processes, and the optimal clinical use of chemokine/cytokine analyses may therefore require combination with organ-specific biomarkers. Chemokine levels are also altered by clinical procedures, therapeutic interventions and the general status of the patients. A careful standardization of sample collection is therefore important, and the interpretation of the observations will require that the overall clinical context is considered. Despite these limitations, we conclude that analysis of systemic chemokine/cytokine profiles can reflect important clinical characteristics and, therefore, is an important scientific tool that can be used as a part of future clinical studies to identify clinically relevant biomarkers.
PROPHYLACTIC ADMINISTRATION OF DOXYCYCLINE REDUCES CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Kharfan-Dabaja Mohamed , Baydoun Mohamed , Otrock Zaher , Okaily Samar , Nehme Rita , Abu-Chahine Racha , Hamdan Ali , Noureddine Samar , Kanj Souha , Kanafani Zeina , Bazarbachi Ali
Published: February 2013

Hematopoietic stem cells are usually transfused through a central venous catheter (CVC), which also facilitates administration of medications and intravenous fluids. We had observed high rate of catheter-related blood-stream infection (CR-BSI) at our Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) unit despite prescribing fluoroquinolones for anti-bacterial prophylaxis. Accordingly, we implemented prophylactic use of a relatively inexpensive broad spectrum antibiotic, namely doxycycline to address this problem. We wanted to investigate whether doxycycline prophylaxis reduces CR-BSI rate. Data was collected retrospectively on 54 consecutive patients, 26 of whom received doxycycline (doxycycline group), and we compared their outcomes to a previous cohort of 28 patients who did not receive doxycycline (comparison group). The groups were comparable in regards to age, gender, hematopoietic cell transplant type, and primary diagnosis. No CVC infection (0%) was observed in the doxycycline group, while 5 infection episodes (18.5%) occurred in 4 patients in the comparison group (p<0.001). Episodes of CR-BSI were due to: Escherichia-coli (EC)=1, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus-spp (CNSS)=2, both EC & CNSS=1. Our results demonstrate that CR-BSI was reduced significantly after introducing doxycycline. This finding suggests a beneficial role for systemic use of doxycycline prophylaxis to prevent CR-BSI in adult BMT patients. Nevertheless, a randomized controlled study is warranted to confirm these findings.
Overweight and obesity amongst Black women in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal: A ‘disease’ of perception in an area of high HIV prevalence
Authors: Devanathan Rynal , Esterhuizen Tonya M. , Govender Romona D.
Published: February 2013

Background: Overweight and obesity is an emerging health problem, particularly amongst urban Black women living in areas of high HIV prevalence. Understanding factors affecting this pandemic is essential to enable effective weight loss programmes to be implemented. This study explored urban Black women’s perception of their body image against a backdrop of pre-existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs).Method: In this cross-sectional exploratory study 328 urban Black women were sampled systematically. Anthropometric measurements were conducted and women were interviewed using the Stunkard body image silhouettes as a tool to determine perception.Results: Most of the subjects (61%) were in the 40–59 years age group. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 37 (± 9.41 kg/m2) with over 90% being overweight or obese. Diabetes mellitus was the most common NCD, with a prevalence of 72%. Amongst the diabetic patients 7% were overweight and 64% obese. Perceived body image compared to derived BMI showed that women underestimated their body image across all weight categories. Over 40% indicated a normal to overweight preferred body image, with 99% of respondents associating the underweight silhouettes with disease and HIV infection.Conclusion: Urban Black women with underlying NCDs and living in an area of high HIV prevalence perceive themselves to be thinner than their actual BMI, which may be a barrier to weight loss management. This misperception may be used as a proxy risk marker for weight gain in urban Black women.
Financial Aspects of the Autonomy of Czech Municipalities in the Attitudes of Political Actors
Authors: Kruntorádová Ilona , Jüptner Petr
Published: February 2013

The paper herein presents a summary of research targeting the attitudes of mayors of Czech municipalities towards the financing of municipalities and the submitted legislative determination of taxes. Data reflect expert interviews with a representative sample of nine municipalities in Central Bohemian region. The research was originally incorporated into the doctoral thesis by Ilona Kruntorádová accomplished at the Institute of Political Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague; it is contextualized in the paper with political debates about the new rules concerning the funding of municipalities. Such rules create divisions among the municipalities as well as the parties within the Nečas coalition government. The main research findings underline the prevailing lack of funds facilitating the development of small municipalities, mediation of the interests of municipalities through personal contacts rather than special interest associations, and deeper divisions between small municipalities and large cities. The research herein should primarily serve as a pre-research for larger inquiries involving a broader sample of municipalities throughout the Czech Republic.
Česká parlamentní kultura
Authors: Kubát Michal
Published: February 2013

Jan Wintr (2010): Česká parlamentní kultura, Praha: Auditorium, 432 pages.
Reliable Water Service Strengthens the Economy
Authors: Strauss Mark
Published: February 2013

It's as clear as the water we drink. The deteriorating US water infrastructure is approaching a crisis. We are at a critical point with respect to our need to invest in water and wastewater infrastructure. Although the issue has broad political and public support, a strong commitment for making water a top priority is required.
Sprouting and Rooting Evaluation of 32 Mulberry Collections under La Union Condition
Authors: Dacayanan Merlita A. , Damasco Crestilyn N. , Tabafunda Minerva J. , Supsup Roel D. , Ancheta Lilia A. , Gapuz Cristeta F.
Published: February 2013

Mulberry (Morus sp.; Moraceae) is a perennial tree crop, which provides sustainable economic and environmental benefits. Its foliage is the only natural feed available for the silkworm Bombyx mori Linneaus for the production of silk. The mulberry germplasm of the Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU-SRDI), maintains different exotic and indigenous collections. This study aimed to select breeding materials with high propagation traits for crop improvement and to identify suitable parent materials. Pooled data of 2009 and 2010 evaluations on sprouting, rooting and root proliferation rate at 20, 60 and 90DAP, respectively, were subjected to Analysis of Variance. Selection of variety was done using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) using Batac a widely used a variety for cocoon production, as check variety. Result revealed that there was no significant variation among the 32 mulberry collections as to the number and weight of roots and root-shoot ratio by length and weight. Identified parent materials for improved rooting capacity are S3, Papua, King, MA, Collection2 and H4, thus, considered for drought resistance. Keywords - Plant ecology, mulberry germplasm, propagation traits, rooting and sprouting evaluation, La Union, Philippines
Fuel Cell Electrocatalyst Using Polybenzimidazole‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes As Support Materials
Authors: Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: February 2013

Toward the next generation fuel cell systems, the development of a novel electrocatalyst for the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is crucial to overcome the drawbacks of the present electrocatalyst. As a conductive supporting material for the catalyst, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising candidate, and many attempts have been carried out to introduce CNT, in place of carbon black. On the other hand, as a polymer electrolyte, polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) have been recognized as a powerful candidate due to the high proton conductivity above 100 °C under non‐humid conditions. In 2008, we found that these two materials have a strong physical interaction and form a stable hybrid material, in which the PBIs uniformly wrap the surfaces of the CNTs. Furthermore, PBIs serve as effective binding sites for the formation of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles to fabricate a ternary composite (CNT/PBIs/Pt). In this review article, we summarize the fundamental properties of the CNT/PBIs/Pt and discuss their potential as a new electrocatalyst for the PEFC in comparison with the conventional ones. Furthermore, potential applications of CNT/PBIs including use of the materials for oxygen reduction catalysts and reinforcement of PBI films are summarized.