bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Second-Generation Chinch Bugs in Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Kalisch J. A. , Steinegger D. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 9 Aug to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches and mowed to 2.0 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.25 inches. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 65°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 70°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture 16%. Liquid insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch water. No rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 DAT by removing from each plot three turfsoil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire ANT in Houston County, GA, 1990
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments, replicated 3 times, were evaluated for RIFA control. Each plot was 0.25 acre in size and circular. Each was marked with an orange surveyor stake at its center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.15 acre (subplot) of the larger 0.25 acre circle on 6 Aug. Posttreatment counts were made on 9 Aug (3 d), 14 Aug (8 d), 9 Sep (1 month), and 2 Oct (2 month).
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigolds, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M.
Published: March 2022

Marigold plants were raised from seed in 6" clay pots for ten wk (10-12" tall) in a research greenhouse infested with whitefly at Michigan State University. The plants were watered by a drip irrigation system for 2 min/d, 4 d/wk (Sun, Mon, Wed, and Fri). Each treatment was replicated 6 times, except the control which was replicated 5 times. Precounts of 6 leaves per plant were completed on 3 May. The leaves were sampled randomly from each plant (3 leaves from the top half and 3 leaves from the bottom half of the plant). Whitefly larvae and pupae on the undersides of leaves were counted within a 38 mm2 area on each of 24 leaflets per plant. Therefore, an area of 30 cm2 per plant was observed. Insecticides were applied with an R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 50 psi until runoff. Applications were applied 3 May, 10 May, and 17 May. Postcounts were made in the same manner as precounts on 24 May except whitefly pupae parasitized by Encarsia formosa were also counted. The no. of whiteflies reported for all sample dates is the total no. of whitefly larvae and pupae counted on leaf samples.
Lifestage Specific Mortality Induced by a Combination of Ethion and Crop Oil on the Sweetpotato Whitefly in the Greenhouse, Summer, 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. , Price J. F.
Published: March 2022

Mortality of adults, crawlers hatching from treated eggs, small and large nymphs, and pupae were evaluated following treatment with a commercial product containing ethion and crop oil. All tests were conducted using two-leafed plants. To evaluate toxicity to adults, plants were sprayed with the insecticidal preparations. When the sprays had dried, leaves were excised and the petioles of each were placed individually in water-filled vials in 34 oz screen-ventilated plastic containers. Twenty-five adults were caged on each of four leaves for each treatment and mortality was evaluated after the containers had been held 2 d in a room at ca. 27°C. To evaluate toxicity to the immature stages, plants were exposed 24 h to adults. Two, two-leaved plants with 25 eggs per leaf were sprayed for each treatment the same d that adults were removed. The no. of crawlers that died as they exited the eggs or that died in close proximity to the eggs were recorded a wk later. The small amt of morality that was observed in the egg stage was added to crawler mortality. Other plants were held until either small nymphs, large nymphs, or pupae were present. Two two-leaved plants with 25 individuals of the desired lifestage per leaf were sprayed for each treatment. When the individuals on the check had developed to the next lifestage, mortality of the treated lifestage was evaluated.
Control of Gelechiid Larvae Attacking Baldcypress in Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Steward V. Bruce
Published: March 2022

An infestation of medium to large gelechiid larvae (5-7 mm) were observed feeding on the new expanding growth of 25-30 ft baldcypress trees located on the property of Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA. Lower branches were sprayed until runoff using a 3-gal hand pressurized portable sprayer. Treatment was performed 10 May from 7 to 10 am, under cloudy skies, 17°C, 84% RH, and <5 mph winds, The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated on 13 May (3 DAT) by counting the no. of healthy larvae/25 new expanding growth tips. Each treatment was replicated 8 times.
Birch, Control of Birch Leafminer, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Birch suckers, 1-1.5 m tall, growing at the base of Japanese white birch at an OARDC experimental plot under nursery management conditions, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against birch leafminer. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at low-throttle on aperture setting #4 for 15 s was used to apply ca 300 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate suckers. Only suckers with adult birch leafminer activity were selected. Sprays were applied 27 Apr under sunny skies, 18°C, and 32-50 km/h winds. The treatment area received 8 cm of rainfall during the test period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 21 DAT by counting the no. of mined leaves of the 10 most apical leaves on four twigs from each replicate.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Midge on Scotch Pine with Conventional Formulations in Indiana Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Two treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle midge on moderately infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 29 May and replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 117 gal/acre (354 ml/tree), and applications were confined to the terminal. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; water pH, 6.0; RH 75%; and skies were clear. At 55 DAT (23 Jul), each treatment was evaluated by determining the percentage of missing needles from each terminal.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Midge on Scotch Pine with Biorational and Conventional Formulations in Indiana Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Five treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle midge on moderately infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 28 May and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 117 gal/acre (354 ml/tree), and applications were confined to the terminal. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 80%; and skies were partly cloudy. At 56 DAT (23 Jul), each treatment was evaluated by determining the percentage of missing needles from each terminal.
Blue Spruce, Control of Spruce Spider Mite, Painesville, Oh, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Blue spruce growing at a golf course in Northeastern Ohio were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against spruce spider mites. A ‘Skibee’ hydraulic sprayer at 100 psi with a narrow nozzle orifice was used to apply treatments to run-off. Three, single-tree replicates were selected at random for each treatment. The first application was applied to all trees 30 May under sunny skies, 15"C, and 0-16 km/h winds gusting to 23 km/h. The second application was made to selected trees 11 Jun under sunny skies, 18°C, and 3-16 km/h winds. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, and 4 wks after the second application by removing four, 15 cm long branch tips from each of the 3 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Tetranychus Urticae to San 831A, 1990
Authors: Herron G. A. , Rophail J.
Published: March 2022

Studies were conducted on a susceptible reference strain (S) and a highly Apollo®/Calibre® (hexythiazox/clofentezine) resistant strain (QRP) of T. urticae. Neither strain had been previously exposed to SAN 831 A. Strain S and QRP were maintained on potted French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., at room temperature, under constant illumination for at least 6 months prior to testing. Strain QRP was pressured weekly with Apollo SC (500 g/liter suspension concentrate of clofentezine) and was highly resistant (>1000 fold) to Apollo SC and Calibre 100 WP (100 g/kg W of hexythiazox). Adults were tested by transferring 22-25 young females to 25 mm diameter French bean leaf discs. Serial dilutions of SAN 831 A (200 g/kg W) were prepared in an aqueous suspension. A 2 ml aliquot of liquid was then sprayed onto 2 discs per concentration using a Potter spray tower producing a deposit of 1.6 mg/cm2. Each test was replicated 3 times and a water only replicate was included as a control. After spraying, the discs were maintained on moistened cotton wool at 28 ° 1°C under constant illumination. Mortality, defined as an inability to walk when prodded, was assessed after 48 h. Ovicidal/larvicidal activity was assessed by placing 12-15 females on each leaf disc and maintaining them for 18 h at 28°C under constant illumination. The females were removed leaving only newly laid eggs and the discs were immediately sprayed with serial dilutions of SAN 831 A. The method was as previously described except 4 ml of liquid was sprayed giving a deposit of 3.2 mg/cm2 to improve coverage. The eggs were counted and discs then held for 8 d at 28°C under continuous illumination. Egg hatch was then assessed visually. To calculate larval mortality, the number of young adult survivors was counted and subtracted from the number of eggs. Log dose-probability curves (ld-p) were calculated for all tests. LC50 values were calculated using probit regressions after correction for control mortality.
Control of Thrips in Cotton with In-Furrow Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn , Kimbrough James
Published: March 2022

Plots of ‘DPL 50’ were planted on 4 Jun at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center. Granular compounds were applied by Gandy box on the planter. In-furrow liquids were applied with a CO2 powered system mounted on the planter directing sprays into the furrow. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 6.7 gal/acre at 15 psi through 8003 flat fan nozzles. The Bidrin treatment was applied on 18 Jun using a John Deere high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver the chemical on the ground near the row and cultivating it in immediately after application. Granular treatments were applied with a coffee can with a small hole in the bottom calibrated to deliver the desired rate. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 15 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Damage ratings were made based on scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants from each plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Yields were taken by harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, Trial III, 1992
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 14 Aug using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 48 psi. The crop had been planted on a skip row pattern, 2 and 1, on 36 inch rows. The plots, which were located in Madison County, were 6 rows wide by 40 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Counts were made 3 and 7 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae; 4 randomly chosen fruiting structures (squares and young bolls) from each plant were examined for larval damage. No rain fell on the plots prior to the 3 DAT sample date. Pretreatment infestation level within the plot area was 12% eggs and 10% small larvae. Of 13 larvae collected from check plots at 3 DAT, 77% were identified as tobacco budworms.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm in Late Season with Post Optimal Appli-Cation Timing, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Burris E. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 1 Jul with plots consisting of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 9.1 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ ha through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.39 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 10 and 16 Sep. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Efficacy was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. High numbers of soybean looper larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation estimates were made to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower 1/3 of the plant), 2 (feeding damage to the lower and middle 1/3 of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). No rainfall occurred during this test. Sprinkler irrigation was provided “as needed” during the test but not within 48 h following treatment applications. Insecticide applications were delayed until infestations of bollworm and tobacco budworm larvae in varying stages had become established in the plots.
Evaluation of Dipel Es for Control of Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm (Bw-Tbw), 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E.
Published: March 2022

Dipel ES was evaluated for control of BW-TBW at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA in three tests. Test 1 consisted of a randomized block design with 5 replications of ‘DPL 51’ cotton planted 17 May in plots consisting of 3 rows (1.02 m centers) x 15.2 m. Test 2 consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications of ‘Stv 453’ cotton planted 10 May in plots consisting of 4 rows (1.02 m centers) x 15.2 m. Test 3 consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications of ‘Stv 453’ cotton planted 10 Jul in plots of 3 rows (1.02 m centers) X 15.2 m. Test 1 was treated on 21 Jul, Test 2 on 29 Jul and Test 3 on 6 Aug. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air delivery system. Treatments in Tests 1 and 2 were applied with the spray boom calibrated to deliver 102.8 liters/ha at 2.3 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were applied to Test 3 with the spray boom calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. Test 1 was evaluated on 24 Jul, Test 2 on 3 Aug and Test 3 on 10 Aug. Evaluation of treatments consisted of visual examination of 100 randomly picked squares per plot for damaged squares and live BW-TBW larvae. In Test 1, the plots received 0.43 and 0.28 cm rainfall on 22 Jul and 23 Jul. In Test 2, no rainfall occurred. In Test 3, the plots received 1.22 cm rainfall on 9 Aug.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1992:
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

At-plant, in-furrow, and foliar-applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on 12 May at approximately 85 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 72°F and the soil was moist (0.6% H.M. and 5.8 pH). Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide x ft long, and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows with plot ends separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter, and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed using electric Gandy® boxes. The in-furrow application of Orthene was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly j behind the seed tube and connecting these to a CO2-pressurized sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and delivered approximately 15 * gal/acre. Band applications of Temik were applied using glass jars with perforated lids to act as shaker-type dispensers for the required amount of product I over the row. The orthene seed treatment was applied by taking a known quantity of seed in a 5 gal bucket and adding the appropriate amount of Orthene J to the bucket and shaking the contents gently for 15 s. The seed was then placed into empty hoppers on the planter. The NTN 33893 seed treatment was pretreated by manufacturer. Treatments, rates, and application techniques are listed in the table. Foliar treatments were applied when damage was found on at least 25% of the leaflets. Since at-plant treatments varied in the amount of damage, all foliar treatments exceeded the threshold for damage. Foliar applications were made following the 18 Jun sample with a backpack CO2-powered sprayer operating at 40 psi and using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Peanuts were otherwise managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 11, 18, 24 Jun and 1 Jul. Twenty-five newly-opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets were recorded. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Experimental Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Harrison-Bryan W. W. , Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of foliar insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 4 May with 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied 2 x, either broadcast at late ground cracking and again at early postemergence (broadcast, LGC + EPO), or banded at late ground cracking and again at early postemergence (band, LGC + EPO). The late ground cracking treatments were applied about 4 wk (2 Jun) after planting and the early postemergence treatments were applied about 7 wk (24 Jun) after planting. Broadcast treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 17 psi through 8003 VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. Band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through 1,8004 E flat fan nozzle per row. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 35 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Soybean Insect Pests in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1991:
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Burris E.
Published: March 2022

Three tests were conducted to evaluate insecticide efficacy against foliage feeding insect pests of soybean. Plots consisted of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m, planted on 7 Jun in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 20 Aug, 20 Aug and 28 Aug in Tests 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using one 50-sweep sample with a standard 38.1 cm diam sweep net. Rows 1 and 2 were sampled 2 DAT and rows 3 and 4 were sampled 7 DAT. The plots in Test 1 and 2 received 0.5 cm rainfall on 27 Aug. The plots in Test 3 received 1.5 cm rainfall on 29 Aug, 2.8 cm rainfall on 30 Aug, 1.2 cm rainfall on 31 Aug, 0.2 cm rainfall on 1 Sep and 0.7 cm rainfall on 2 Sep.
Soybean Looper Control with Selected Bt Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides was evaluated for soybean looper control at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 5 rows (1.02 m centers) by 9.0 m of soybeans in the R5 growth stage planted 18 Jun. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep and treatments were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using 2 samples of 20 sweeps with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. The plots received 3.0 cm rainfall on 2 Sep and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Sep.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug and Velvetbean Caterpillar on Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Thomas Jamey D. , Boyd Michael L. , Boethel. David J.
Published: March 2022

A small plot insecticide screening trial was conducted at the Central Research Station (Ben Hur Farm) near Baton Rouge, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of SGSB and VBC. Plots measuring 4 rows (0.91 m row spacing) by 15 m were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 0.98 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 21 Sep to soybeans in the R5 plant growth stage. Kinetic surfactant (3.9 ml form, material/liter finished spray) was added to NTN 33893. Posttreatment samples consisted of one set of 25 sweeps per plot (38.2 cm diam sweep net) taken at 2, 7, 10, and 14 DAT.
Aerial Application Control of the Sugarcane Borer, 1992:
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Skias J. M. , Younis A. M. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to first ratoon sugarcane (4 replications) at Palo Alto Plantation, Donaldsonville, LA, for season-long control of SCB. Each treatment was applied in water using an Ag Cat with swaths of 14.5 m (8 rows) wide delivering 18.7 liters of finished product/hectare. The 1st application was made when 60% of the stalks showed visible internodes, and >5% of stalks sampled contained live larvae present in the leaf sheaths (the Louisiana State University-recommended threshold). The 1st treatment was applied on 28 Jul; the 2nd on Aug 16, when SCB infestation in the Asana XL treatment exceeded the economic threshold. SCB damage was estimated by examining 15 plants at 5 locations in each plot (75 stalks). The number of bored internodes, exit holes and total number of internodes were counted (Oct 9) and statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance and mean separation by LSD (0.05) tests.
Tobacco Aphid Control, 1991:
Authors: Johnson Douglas W. , Maksymowicz William
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Research and Education Center, Princeton, KY, on 31 May. All tobacco was produced using standard agronomic practices, including topping, housing, firing, stripping and grading. Plots were 3 rows wide by 25 ft long. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar applications of insecticides were made to the center row using a CO2 powered, back pack sprayer fitted with 3, 70° hollow cone nozzles/row with 1 nozzle directly over the row and with 8 inch drops (aimed 135° from vertical) on either side of the row. Treatments were applied in 29 gal/acre at 42 psi on 23 Jul, 6 and 26 Aug. Aphid ratings were made from 5 consecutive plants in the center of each plot using the following rating scale: 0-no aphids present; 1-very light, 1 to small colonies; 2-several colonies but not widespread; 3-general wide spread colonies; 4-extremely heavy, on all plant parts. In Test 1, application of Orthene 75 SP or Thiodan 3 EC was made on none, 1, 2 or all 3 dates with the topping occurring on 31 Jul. In Test 2, topping was delayed until 9 Aug and only no treatment and the final 2 treatment dates were used. Test 1 contained 4 replicates; Test 2 3 replicates.
Management of the Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Budworm, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco budworm control on flue-cured tobacco with various combinations of foliar and soil-applied systemic insecticides. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 4 (1 row) x 40 ft, on 13 May. Ten treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Temik soil treatments were applied in 14-inch bands using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and were immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 6 May. Foliar treatments were applied on 25 Jun and 21 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot about once a wk from 4 to 12 wks after transplanting. Tobacco budworms were collected from untreated field tobacco and released at the rate of 1 budworm/plant on each of 15 plants/plot on 24 Jun. Budworms were counted on the 15 plants at 2, 7 and 14 DAT. Leaves were harvested, cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector. This information was used to calculate tobacco yield and price. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT (P = 0.05). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1). before ANOVA.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco flea beetle control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments (TPW). Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 12 May. Seventeen treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 (1 row) x 40 (ca. 24 plants) ft, were separated by single untreated guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations of insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 36 gal/acre through 8004LP tips at 30 psi on 4 May. Soil treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 6 May. A measuring cup was used to apply TPW treatments of Orthene and NTN 33893 in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base of newly transplanted plants. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied to one treatment on 23 Jun and 21 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row. Dipel was applied on 19 Jun and 28 Aug for control of hornworms and budworms. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 4 to 12 wk after transplanting. Tobacco flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector and tobacco yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT (P = 0.05). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Wheat Curl Mite Control, 1992:
Authors: Hammon Robert , Judson Fred , Peairs Frank
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for wheat curl mite control in furrow irrigated winter wheat at the Fruita Research Center (Mesa County, CO). Insecticides were applied with a hand held CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal/acre finished spray material through six LF4 nozzles mounted on a 8.5 ft boom with 20 in spacing at 25 psi. Treatments were applied 13 Apr while plants were jointing. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 11 ft x 25 ft. Sampling for mites was accomplished by picking 5 tillers at random from each plot, and counting the mites on the uppermost leaf using a dissecting microscope. The penultimate leaf was sampled on the first sample date, and the flag leaf on the final 2 sample dates. Analysis of variance was done on arcsin transformed percent control; nontransformed data are shown. A 5.5 x 23 ft area was harvested from the center of each plot on 21 Jun for yield estimates.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid on Winter Wheat, 1989:
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Hoeschele Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticides in a total of 15 formulations were evaluated as controls against the RWA in a heavily infested field near Davenport, Lincoln County, WA. Treatments were applied on 15 Nov with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 9 ft boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. At treatment, all of the plants had from 2-5 tillers. Plots were 18 x 18 ft, each separated by an 18 ft buffer row, and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. These plots were located within a block of wheat seeded on 20 Sep (seeding rate: 98 lb/acre, 10 inch row spacing). At least 10 plants and over 50 total tillers were taken at random from each plot, placed into paper bags, and transported back to the lab in coolers. Aphids were recovered from samples using Berlese-Tulgren funnels. The number of plants and tillers for each sample was recorded. Aphid population densities for this evaluation are expressed as numbers of aphids per tiller. RWA represented 98% of the aphid species present; most of the remaining 5% were bird cherry-oat aphid. This proportion was not changed by the insecticide treatments.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on Fairway 18-W (west) at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 20 May. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Irrigation was used once a day, late in the afternoon applying 0.5 inch. Rainfall from 20 May to 17 Jun was a total of 3.5 inches. All plots were irrigated the afternoon of treatments immediately prior to applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a I m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 20 May and post-treatment counts were made on 29 May, 3, 10 and 17 Jun.
Control of the Black Turfgrass Ataenius on a Golf Course Fairway in Ashland County, Oh, 1992
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: March 2022

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Jeromesville. Insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were applied 29 Jun to plots 2.4 X 3.1 m arranged in RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 2.46 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a volume of 407 liter/ha. Nematodes were applied with a CO2 sprayer using Teejet 8015 noziles at 3.87 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a spray volume of 990 liter/ha. The experimental area was irrigated approximately 6.4 mm after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. BTA populations was ca. 40/0.1 m2, 60% 1st, 20% 2nd, 20% 3rd instars. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were: turf: level, dry, 1.6 cm height, 50% annual bluegrass, 30% perennial ryegrass, 20% annual bluegrass; thatch: dense, moist, 1.3 cm; soil: moist, 65°F at 2.54 cm and 67°F at 7.62 cm; weather: sunny, 64°F, wind 0-8 km/h; water: pH 6.65. Efficacy data were taken on 7 and 9 Jul (8 & 10 DAT) based on the number of live BTA larvae and pupae in 6, 10.8 cm diam samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of White Grubs on Golf Course Fairways in Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Redmond Carl T.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted. Test 1 (Clarksburg C.C.) was installed 3 Aug. Environmental conditions were; air temperature, 31°C; RH, 72%; partly sunny (calm); soil temperature (2 inches), 25°C; pH, 4.77; organic matter, 8.13%; soil moist; soil type, loam (sand 42.6%, silt 43.4%, clay 14.0%); thatch layer 1/4 inch (compressed). Total precipitation during the trial period was 1.35 inches. Treatments were applied in mid-morning from 1000 to 1045h. Nematodes were applied in with a sprinkler can in 2.5 liters of water then irrigated with 2.0 liters about three min after application (water pH, 6.80; temperature, 22°C). Pretreatment population counts averaged 21.6 larvae/ft2 and were mainly 1st instars (100% Japanese beetle). Test 2 (Deerfield C.C.) was installed 26 Aug. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 24°C; RH, 81%; overcast (fog); soil temperature (2 inches), 28°C; pH, 4.55; organic matter, 10.10%; soil moist; soil type, silt loam (sand 22.2%, silt 64.1%, clay 13.7%); thatch layer 1/8 to 3/8 inches (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period was 3.90 inches. Treatments were applied in the morning from 0830 to 0920 h. Plots were irrigated with about two liters of water, nematodes then applied with a sprinkler can in 2.5 liters, then irrigated with about 3 liters of water about three min after application (water pH, 6.90; temperature, 23°C). Pretreatment population counts averaged 37.7 larvae/ft2 and were 1st and 2nd instars (73% Japanese beetle, 27% northern masked chafer). Both tests; experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications; plots were 8 x 8 ft with a 2 ft buffer zone between; plots were sampled with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2-3 inches (4 samples per plot).
Residual Grasshopper Control in Conservation Reserve Program Acres, 1992
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. , Walz A. W.
Published: March 2022

A 60-acre CRP field, predominated by smooth brome grass and located near Menno, SD was selected for the study. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate residual grasshopper control for a four week period. Pretreatment sampling indicated that uniformly high grasshopper populations (74.1/m2) existed within plots immediately prior to insecticide applications. A RCB design replicated 4 times was used with infestation level as a blocking criterion. Plots (220 ft by 220 ft) were arranged in checkerboard fashion with each treatment plot being surrounded by four untreated plots, which were designed to serve as reservoirs for reinfestation of treatment plots throughout the evaluation period. Insecticides were applied using a 40 ft spray boom equipped with Teejet nozzles calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 3 mph. Grasshopper counts were conducted at 0, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. Four sets of 0.1 m2 area circular aluminum rings were placed in the central region of each treatment plot. Each set was arranged in a straight line, with rings spaced ca. 3 m apart. Grasshoppers within, and emerging from, each ring were counted. Four 1-m2 samples, each consisting of the total number of grasshoppers from ten rings, were collected from all plots. A modified Abbott's formula (100 * (preapplication – postapplication)/preapplication)) was used to calculate percent reduction from count data. Grasshopper count and percent reduction data were analyzed using SAS's General Linear Models (GLM) procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia, 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Six plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a raised greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from the top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. Twenty adult SWF were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam.) on leaf no. 5 for 48 h to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. After egg eclosion (10 d) the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count on day 0. Treatments began on the same day and continued weekly for 3 wk with a hand sprayer at 40 psi to runoff. Three post-treatment counts of all immature stages and emerged whiteflies were made 16, 20, and 28 DAT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Using Soil Treatments, Summer 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Six plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. On day 0, four rates of two form, of Merit (2.5G and 240F) were applied by hand to each pot. On day 4, 20 SWF adults were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam) on leaf no. 5 to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. Whiteflies were removed 48 h after caging and adult mortality was recorded. After egg eclosion (10 d), the no. of nymphs was counted. Post-treatment counts of all immature stages and emerged whiteflies were made 19 and 39 DAT. In addition, whiteflies were caged as described above, 148 DAT, and adult mortality recorded again. After egg eclosion (11 d), the no. of live nymphs was recorded 161 DAT.
Assessment of Dimilin Fob Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1992
Authors: Catangui M. A. , Brinkman M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Boeteln M. A. , Walz A. W.
Published: March 2022

Grasshopper control was investigated in Amidon County, ND. Insecticides were aerially applied over 40-acre plots from 22-24 Jun. CRD with each treatment replicated 3-4 times was utilized. Untreated plots were considered as controls. Grasshopper densities were estimated through ring counts (forty 0.1 m2 aluminum rings, 8 ft apart were placed at the center of each 40-acre plots). Assessment of grasshopper counts per ring were made at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 DAT. Grasshopper species and age composition were determined by taking 80 sweeps/plot with a 12 inch diam sweep net. At 0 DAT, majority of the grasshoppers were 3rd and 4th instars at 39.1% and 26.4%, respectively.
Ant Control in Turfgrass, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A.
Published: March 2022

12 ft by 12 ft plots (144 ft2) separated by 3 ft buffer strips in a fairway infested with ants at the Ionia Golf Club, Ionia, MI were used for this test. Precounts were made on 27 Jul after which the treatments were applied. Each treatment was replicated six times. Plots were sprayed with a R&D hand-held boom sprayer with four 8008 nozzles at 50 psi. Granular products, which had been pre-weighed, were applied evenly throughout the plots with custom-made hand shakers. The fairway was irrigated depending on rainfall. Active ant mounds were counted just prior to insecticide treatment and at 3 and 5 weeks after treatment. Ant mounds were counted from a standing position. The first postcount was made on 17 Aug and the second postcount was on 31 Aug. Data were collected for two sets of untreated plots because one product did not arrive in time for the test.
Control of Harvester Ants in Low Water-Use Urban Parks, Nm, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A. , Walters Suzanne
Published: March 2022

Rough harvester ant control was evaluated in an urban forest park in the city of Albuquerque. Treatments were randomized within blocks and replicated 6 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made on active ants on and in the clear area of each mound prior to treatment. Applications were made on 17 Sep under calm, sunny weather conditions while ants were active (4:00-5:30 pm). All dry treatments were made by sprinkling measured amounts of each formulation on the mound areas around the entrance hole only. The Orthene drench was applied in 3.78 liters of water sprinkled over a 0.37 m2 area around the center of each mound.
Spring Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Soap, Oil, Experimental and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir, in Lehighton, Pa, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Twelve treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 23 Apr, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Foliar treatments were applied using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two, at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment air temperature was 78°F; 45% RH; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 3 Aug. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting 50 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles. A total of 200 needles was examined per tree and converted to % damaged needles.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control in Sand Plum, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

Sand Plum growing in thickets 2-3 ft. tall, located in Payne Co., were used to evaluate efficacy of several control agents against ETC larvae. Treatments were applied on 9 Mar when larvae were 2-5 mm in length. A Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min of spray at 150 psi was used to apply all treatments. Efficacy was evaluated at 1, 5 and 10 DAT by counting live larvae in each nest and on surrounding foliage.
Evaluation of Max-Con® and Optimizer® Ear Tags Applied at 2 Tags Per Animal for Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1992
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was performed with 1-yr-old heifer and steer calves at Laramie, WY, and with 2-yr-old steers at Torrington, WY. Average weights of the animals were 211 and 467 kg, respectively. At Laramie, the cattle were heavily infested with Bovicola bovis. At Torrington, Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus and Solenopotes capillatus were the dominant species. Cattle were housed in separate pens in groups of five at both locations. Cattle were ranked according to lice density, and similarly infested cattle were then randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Five animals per treatment were used in the study at Laramie and 15 per treatment at Torrington. Hair was parted and lice density was estimated by observing and recording the numbers of lice of each species at sample sites on selected body regions of the host. Body regions examined were; one 5 x 15 cm area on the topline; one 5 x 15 cm area on the withers; two 10 X 15 cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes; two 5 x 10 cm areas on the right and left cheeks; one 5 x 25 cm area on the muzzle; and one 5 x 15 cm area on the dewlap. Each animal was tagged in both ears. Cattle at Torrington were tagged on 27 Dec, and cattle at Laramie were tagged on 19 Feb.
Evaluation of Citronella for Repellency of Biting Arthropods on Horses, 1992
Authors: Webb John D. , Knapp Fred W.
Published: March 2022

Eight thoroughbred mares (20 to 24 yrs old) were randomly assigned to one treatment group and one control (untreated) group (four mares per group). An experimental preparation of 10.6% citronella (Natrapel1) was applied to both sides (0.5 m2 area) of the horses in the treated groups with a hand pump mist sprayer. Each horse received 15 pumps per side or the equivalent of 120 ml for a whole body application. Three to five d old stable flies, horn flies, and two species of Aedes mosquitos (3-o 5-d-old) were tested by placing them in tea strainers (12.7 cm diam) and feeding them 10% sugar water for 24 h prior to exposure. Repellency was tested after a single treatment, two treatments in 1 d and 2 treatments/d for 2 d. After the treatments, the strainers containing separate species were placed on the sides of the horses and held in place by elastic straps for 15 min at 1, 4, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h posttreatment. After exposure the insects were frozen at - 10°C and squashed on paper toweling to determine if a blood meal had been acquired. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences among means were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1992
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Formulated biological insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to lepidopterous pests of cotton in the laboratory. Bioassays were conducted by applying insecticides to cotton terminals (‘STV 213’) held in water pics using a laboratory spray table. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. Laboratory strains of each insect were reared on artificial diet and each species was tested separately. The average weight of insects tested in mg was: TB, 6.5 ± 1.4; BW, 9.2 ± 2.7; BA, 6.9 ± 1.6; SL, 8.3 ± 1.8. One larva was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held under ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined 72 h after treatment. Mortality was corrected for control mortality by Abbott‘s formula. Data were transformed to arcsin J for analysis; actual percent mortalities are shown.
Insecticide and Acaricide Effects on Mortality of A California Red Scale Parasite, 1989
Authors: Sanchez-Salas Jose A. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A.
Published: March 2022

Parasites of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), were obtained from grapefruit orchards, with the use of an aspirator, in the vicinity of the General Terin Agriculture Research Center Nuevo Leone, Mexico from Mar to Nov, and transported to the laboratory. Petri dishes were the experimental unit and insecticide/acaricide substrate; top and bottom were sprayed with a hand sprayer and left open until the solution dried. The experimental arrangement consisted of a randomized block design with 2 replications, repeated 14 times throughout the year. Twenty parasites were assigned to each treatment/replication, then placed into treated petri dishes, covered, and held at 24°C and 60-70% RH. After 7 h mortality was evaluated. Mortality data were transformed using Abbott's formula, analyzed with ANOVA and mean separations obtained by Tukey’s test.