bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Ways of Conceptualizing Sex/Gender in Feminist Theory and their Implications for Criminology
Authors: DALY KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s there were major challenges to feminist theory by women of color and by postmodern/poststructuralist theorists. Three modes of feminist enquiry responded to these challenges: class-race-gender, doing gender, and sexed bodies. I assess the contributions and limits of each to criminological knowledge. Several themes emerge. First, while modern/postmodern boundaries are blurred in feminist knowledge debates, important tensions remain concerning the relationship of a `real world out there' to `discourse'. Second, while most feminist scholars are interested in linking sex/gender to class, race-ethnicity, etc., the problem of sex-specific corporeality is receiving renewed attention.
Crime, Anxiety and Locality: Responding to the `Condition of England' at the End of the Century
Authors: TAYLOR IAN
Published: March 2007

This article consists of an evaluation of the legacy of the critical criminological tradition in Britain in respect of the understanding of crime and anxiety about crime in the `new times' of post-Fordism. It moves on to an examination of the uneven expression and character of crime and anxiety about crime in different localities in Britain, and then offers an analysis of the relationship between such anxieties and local partnership or coalition movements involved in the business of re-positioning cities and urban regions in the post-Fordist world. The paper concludes with an argument in favour of a cautious and reflective criminological involvement in such movements.
Doing Research in Prison:
Authors: LIEBLING ALISON
Published: March 2007

This article reflects on some of the tensions experienced in doing prison research. Both qualitative and quantitative `styles of research'—in so far as they can be characterized as discrete styles—have their dangers and rewards. The `truths' of sociology's concern with humanistic method and its discoveries of the painfulness of prison are valid, and yet need to be reconciled with quantitative findings about the apparent ordinariness of prison for generalized groups of prisoners, about differences between prisoners and individual instances of violence/suicide/disorder, whose origins may have individual-psychological as well as situational-sociological components, and about the distinctions which may be drawn between prisons—some having more legitimate regimes than others. The absence of `pain' from quantitative research accounts of prison life is surprising. The author argues that research in any human environment without subjective feeling is almost impossible—particularly in a prison. These feelings—belonging to staff, prisoners and researchers—can be a significant guide to or even source of valuable data. Recent accounts of the role of emotion in criminology and in research have been helpful in making sense of some of the turbulence discovered and experienced by members of the research team involved in a recent project.
Making Bodies Matter:
Authors: MESSERSCHMIDT JAMES W.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies of adolescent male violence have ignored, inter alia, offender agency, body, and gender. The life-history method offers a means to explore, concurrently, all three. In this article, the life histories of two white working-class adolescent male violent offenders are juxtaposed and analysed. Although both boys initially constructed culturally idealized hegemonic masculinities, bodily and sexual practices institutionalized in the school played a major role in the construction of two differing forms of masculinity (subordinate and opposition) as well as corresponding types of violence (sexual and assaultive).
Vulnerability in the Narratives of Patients and their Carers: Studies of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Little Miles , Paul Kim , Jordens Christopher F.C. , Sayers Emma-Jane
Published: March 2007

Vulnerability is susceptibility to any kind of harm, whether physical, moral or spiritual, at the hands of an agent or agency. It is related to disempowerment and loss of autonomy. It is also a relational category that appears repeatedly in the narratives of colorectal cancer patients and their carers. Although one conventionally associates vulnerability with being ill and needing health care, the practice of health care has its own vulnerabilities that emerge as important in the biographies of health care workers. Vulnerability needs to be recognized and negotiated in health care transactions. This article examines a process of ‘reading-for’ vulnerability, and suggests a classification of vulnerability, at least as it appears in the narratives of cancer patients and their carers. Methods of managing vulnerability are also examined and categorized. Reading for vulnerability brings insight into an important aspect of the health care process. Recognition of its importance should translate into changes in medical education and patient information.
Chemoprevention for Healthy Women: Harbinger of Things to Come?
Authors: Hogle Linda F.
Published: March 2007

Chemoprevention is a new form of medicalization in which healthy individuals take medications to reduce their risk of getting a disease. For the first time, a cancer chemotherapy agent has been approved for use in women who may be at high risk of getting breast cancer, but do not have the disease. Rather than promoting this remarkable new use of a drug to physicians alone, the manufacturer is advertising it directly to women in print and broadcast media. The article reports a study of women’s responses to these ads and discusses emerging meanings associated with the new category of being ‘at risk.’
Culturing Biology: Cell Lines for the Second Millennium
Authors: Franklin Sarah
Published: March 2007

Public concerns about innovative biomedical health technologies, such as human therapeutic cloning, have been the subject of a rapidly expanding social scientific literature. A prominent argument within much of this literature is that ‘the social’ is itself undergoing fundamental transformation in the context of what some have called ‘the age of biological control’. This article interrogates the question of how social relationality is being transformed, or relocated, within the cell line itself by examining the recent merger between Geron Corporation and Roslin Biomed. Arguing certain social concerns are being built in to the cell line, the question of ‘biological control’ is refigured as one of social relationality.
Narratives, Culture and Sexual Health: Personal Life Experiences of Salvadorean and Chilean Women Living in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Dawson Maria Teresa , Gifford Sandra M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines narratives about culture, gender, identity and sexual health amongst Chilean and Salvadorean women living in Melbourne, Australia. We compare women’s narratives about gender roles in their home country to make sense of their experiences of migration, the tensions that arise in renegotiating their gender identities and roles in a new country and the ways these changes are experienced in terms of sexual health and well being. In comparing these past and present narratives of Chilean and Salvadorean born women, we raise a number of questions about the assumptions underpinning many of the sexual health promotion and STD prevention programmes targeted at women in migrant communities in Australia. Many of these programmes have targeted specific ‘language groups’ or ‘geographical regions’ with little attention paid to variations of cultural or socio-economic contexts within people’s home countries or the specific ways in which these impact on gender roles. Additionally, very few sexual health policies and strategies in Australia take into account the impact of the‘migration and settlement process’ and the ways these experiences influence cultural and gender identity of migrants in Australia. We propose that there is a need to build effective and flexible sexual health promotion and STDs, including HIV/AIDS, prevention strategies that build upon a dual strategy which includes men and women.
Sleep and Health: Sociological reflections on the dormant society
Authors: Williams Simon J.
Published: March 2007

This article takes the neglected sociological issue of sleep, and applies the potential insights contained therein to matters of health and the medicalization of society. Biological and associated factors concerning sleep are first considered, before reflecting more generally on the sociological significance of sleep within the ‘dormant’ society. Key issues here include: (i) body techniques and the ‘doing’ of sleep and rest; (ii) the temporal dimensions of sleep; (iii) the ‘civilizing’ of sleep across the public/private divide; (iv) the social patterning of sleep, and the social role of the sleeper; (v) the commercial activities and therapeutic concerns of a (burgeoning) sleep ‘industry’. These insights in turn pave the way, in the remainder of the article, for a more sustained set of reflections on sleep, health and medicine, including the colonization of sleep through various forms of (medical) expertise – another chapter in the medicalization story? – and the future sociological research agendas this and related health matters signals. The article concludes with a recapitulation of these themes and a call for a sociologically grounded, yet interdisciplinary sensitive, study of sleep, in health and beyond.
Making Sense of HIV Infection: Discourse and Adaptation to Life with a Long-Term HIV Positive Diagnosis
Authors: Crossley Michele L.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on research conducted with a group of HIV positive individuals who had been living with the diagnosis for an average of nine years. Traumatic events such as serious illness can have a devastating impact on a person’s life, especially with regard to basic ‘existential’ dimensions such as time, meaning and sense of control. This means that one of the primary challenges for the individual learning to live with such an illness consists in the development of a coherent narrative or story which enables them to make sense of their experiences and explain its meaning and significance both to themselves and others. This article documents this process of discursive reconstruction among ‘long-term’ HIV positive individuals. In particular, three predominant discourses are identified:
Mardi Gras Says ‘Be Drug Free’: Accounting for Resistance, Pleasure and the Demand for Illicit Drugs
Authors: Southgate Erica , Hopwood Max
Published: March 2007

Focusing on the outcry which followed the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Board’s anti-drug statement of late 1992, this article explores the overwhelmingly negative reaction against Mardi Gras’ position from both health agencies and members of the gay and lesbian community. Based on an analysis of ‘Letters to the editor’ in the Sydney gay press, counter discourses and subjugated knowledges used to contest Mardi Gras’ position are identified. The significance of these counter discourses in relation to major discourses evident within drug theorizing and research is examined. This article argues that cultural and subcultural constructions of pleasure, lifestyle and health need to be considered if the demand for illicit substances is to be adequately accounted for.
Making Sense of S&M: A Discourse Analytic Account
Authors: Taylor Gary W. , Ussher Jane M.
Published: March 2007

Sado-masochism (SM) is described as a pathology in current psychological and psychiatric textbooks, and is often discussed alongside behaviours such as child sexual abuse and rape. Individuals who engage in SM are invariably positioned as experiencing intra-psychic conflict ameliorated through the displacement of the sexual drive. This is a limited and one-dimensional analysis of a complex phenomenon. This article presents the results of an in-depth qualitative study designed to further our understanding of the psychology of SM consistent with a social constructionist approach. Twenty-four self-identified sadomasochists, recruited through SM clubs and agencies and informal social networks, were interviewed. Thematic discourse analysis was used to generate a four-factor definition of SM: consensuality, an unequable balance of power, sexual arousal and compatibility of definition. Participants positioned SM variously as dissidence, as pleasure, as escapism, as transcendence, as learned behaviour, as intra-psychic, as pathological and as `inexplicable'. The research findings, their relevance to our understanding of SM sexualities and the limitations of the methodology and subsequent formulation, are discussed.
Bodily and Symbolic Constructions among Homosexual Men in Mexico
Authors: Prieur Annick
Published: March 2007

Female dressing and bodily transformations (like hormone injections and breast implants) are frequently used components in the personality constructions of male homosexuals in the urban popular classes in Mexico. This article, based on fieldwork among such vestidas in a suburb of Mexico City, seeks to analyze how they construct a style and an identity out of an interpretation of themselves, but at the same time in a dialogue with their surroundings: how they create a presentation of self that explains their homosexual desires, that can accord to their own, class-determined esthetics, and that is found attractive by the men they are themselves attracted to. A particular cultural context protects their bisexual, masculine-looking partners against stigmatization as homosexuals. The vestidas take the whole burden of stigmatization, but they protect their own dignity through a subtle play with sexual categories. They may pretend to be almost women, but they may also take advantage of their biological sex when it suits them.
From One `Battle' to Another: The Making of a Travesti Political Movement in a Brazilian City
Authors: Klein Charles H.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the emergence of a travesti political movement out of a work group for transgendered sex professionals run by the Grupo de Apoio à Prevenção da AIDS/Rio Grande do Sul (Support Group for AIDS Prevention, or GAPA/RS) in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The author first discusses the history of GAPA/RS' involvement with sex workers and the ways in which violence structures the lives of many travestis. He then documents the killing of Cris Loira, a regular work group participant, on the streets of Porto Alegre's main travesti prostitution zone and recounts the political reaction, including a protest march through downtown Porto Alegre, which arose in response to her murder. He concludes by assessing the cultural, organizational, and political factors that made this mobilization possible and argues that it constitutes an important step in the development of political organization among travestis in Brazil.
Beyond the Closet? The Changing Social Meaning of Homosexuality in the United States
Authors: Seidman Steven , Meeks Chet , Traschen Francie
Published: March 2007

Drawing on interviews, this article rethinks both the core ideas of gay culture and the contemporary texture of gay life. We argue that the categories of the closet, coming out, and a primary gay identity are linked to specific historical conditions. Specifically, the lives of many gay Americans have been normalized, even if incompletely, and thus are `beyond the closet'. This article examines the change in the texture of gay life today and the implications of this change for gay identity, community and politics.
Suck My Nation - Masculinity, Ethnicity and the Politics of (Homo)sex
Authors: Lambevski Sasho A.
Published: March 2007

Class and ethnicity represent major obstacles in establishing new forms of homosexual encounters and emotional engagements between Macedonian and Albanian men at the `gay' scene in Skopje. This article pays special attention to the nationalist imperatives that order Macedonian and Albanian `gay' men to use each other's penises and orifices as weapons and targets of torture. More precisely, the article offers a multilevel analysis of a range of social (class, ethnic, and gender) relations, as invested in and experienced in the male body, that prevent Macedonian and Albanian `gay' men from establishing new forms of mutual friendship and love.
Integrating Services, Marginalizing Patients: Psychiatric Patients and Primary Health Care in South Africa
Authors: Swartz Leslie , MacGregor Hayley
Published: March 2007

In keeping with international trends, South African health policy is moving towards comprehensive primary health care, with mental health care offered as integral to this service. This move is consonant with other moves towards integration in a formerly divided country. We consider some ideological bases for the move towards integration, and the consequences for psychiatric patients. We show how the specialist terrain of the mental health nurse has been recast as focusing primarily on violence, substance abuse and HIV/AIDS rather than on psychiatric care. Using case material to illustrate our argument we suggest that integrating mental health care into the primary health care system may have unintended negative consequences for patients. The argument has implications for services in other poorly resourced and postconflict societies.
Gender, Culture, and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Canetto Silvia S. , Lester David
Published: March 2007

Cultural concepts of gender and suicidal behavior are revealed in language and theory. They organize the way stories of suicidal behaviors are narrated, determine which events are highlighted, and the conclusions to be drawn about precipitants and motives. In contemporary western, English-language suicidology, suicidal women and suicidal men are assumed to be opposites in terms of rates, types, methods, precipitants, and motives of suicidal behavior. Women are said to 'attempt,' and men to be 'successful' at suicide. On the one hand, suicidal behavior in women is viewed as an ambivalent, emotional, weak act precipitated by private relationship problems. For example, this kind of conceptualization is dominant in biographies of the suicidal poet Sylvia Plath. Suicidal behavior in men, on the other hand, is construed as a decisive, calculated, strong response to impersonal adversities. We found an example of this kind of narrative in a psychological analysis of the suicide of executive Jake Horton. These gendered images and narratives of suicidal behavior have become so entrenched as to be taken for universal truths. Our review of the evidence, however, shows that while these conceptualizations may apply to some women and men in western, English-language countries, they are neither universally valid nor historically constant. We found examples of communities where patterns and meanings of gender and suicidal behavior do not conform with trends in western, English-language countries. What is constant across cultures and historical times is a correlation between cultural narratives and epidemiology. Women and men tend to draw upon the suicide scenarios popular for them in their culture, scenarios which become self-fulfilling prophecies. At the same time, even within cultures, suicide cases often involve a more complex plot than suggested by cultural scripts. The implications of these observations for suicide prevention are discussed.
Review : The theory-practice gap and student nurses
Authors: Goode Helen
Published: March 2007

■ The theory-practice gap in nursing is a multi-factorial problem

■ Different types of knowledge are used in nursing; some have more credence and value than others

■ Learners are often underestimated by clinical staff, they can provide sophisticated care while being relatively inexperienced

■ 'Reality shock', is perhaps due to a lack of student's emotional readiness to deal with the daily stresses that nursing entails
Child mental health: promoting prevention
Authors: Walker Steven
Published: March 2007

■ The increasing demand for Child Mental Health Services in Britain is producing pressure on managers and clinicians to find different ways to heip.

■ Government targets for improving quality and reducing waiting times for assessment and treatment are stretching resources.

■ This study, at a local community child and family consultation clinic, investigated the characteristics of the increased demand, expectations and experiences of clients.

■ The results highlight the need for better preventative services, improved multi- agency liaison, and less reliance on short- term treatments.

■ Evaluation in Child Mental Health Services could be enhanced by gaining the views of children and adolescents with independent interviewers.
Argumentation and Emotional Processes in Group Decision-Making: Illustration of a Multilevel Interaction Process Analysis Approach
Authors: Beck Dieter , Fisch Rudolf
Published: March 2007

Given the importance of group decision-making for organizations, small group research finds itself challenged to contribute to a better understanding and management of the underlying processes. A multi-level interaction process analysis is presented considering group decision- making as a social interaction process. In an illustrative case study, the deliberation of a jury dramatized in the film ‘Twelve Angry Men’ is analyzed. The interactions are coded at the behavioral level using the Conference Coding System, distinguishing task-oriented, social- emotional and procedural aspects of social interaction. At the content level, the focus is on critical incidents in information exchange, looking for argumentational turning points, and critical points in decision-making. Different data analysis strategies are used to study the interaction process at the behavioral and content level and their interdependence. The results are interpreted in the context of different theories on group decision-making and several heuristic hypotheses about the process dynamics of group decision-making are derived.
The Construction of Collective Identities
Authors: Eisenstadt S. N.
Published: March 2007

This paper is based on four assumptions concerning the analysis of the construction of collective identities. First, such construction, like power and economic relations, is an analytically autonomous basic component of the construction of social life. Second, such constructions have been going on in all human societies throughout history. Third, all such patterns of collective identity have been continually constructed from some basic yet continually changing building blocks, codes or themes - especially those of primordiality, civility and `sacredness'. The paper focuses on the different patterns of modern nation states in the framework of the more general approach to the construction of collective identities. This analysis of different modern nation states indicates that despite common characteristics, there developed great differences in their construction; in the analysis of such differences it is very important to take into account the historical and civilizational backgrounds of the respective societies.
The validity of publication and citation counts for Sociology and other selected disciplines
Authors: Najman Jake M. , Hewitt Belinda
Published: March 2007

The use of bibliometric data is a means of comparing research productivity and scholarly impact for individuals, work groups, institutions and nations within and between disciplines. Central to this debate is the notion that disciplines differ in the ways in which they exchange ideas and disseminate information and therefore have diverse publishing and citation patterns. In this article we use two different approaches to compiling bibliometric data to compare publishing patterns of five different disciplines that encompass Molecular Biology, Administration/Political Science, Psychology, Philosophy and Sociology/Anthropology. We find that the social sciences differ from each other as well as from the physical sciences in their publication and citation patterns. Further, while the different ways of organizing the data produce somewhat different results, the substantive findings for the general patterning of publications and citations of disciplines are consistent for both data sets. Sociology/Anthropology, when compared with the other disciplines, shows substantial differences across universities.
Gender and the Use of the Internet at Home
Authors: SINGH SUPRIYA
Published: March 2007

In the United States and Australia, men and women use the internet in nearly equal measure, whereas in Japan, India and China, men continue to dominate internet use. This article focuses on gender differences in the use of the internet at home as seen from women's perspectives and draws particularly on open-ended interviews in 1999 with 30 middle-income Anglo-Celtic women with internet access in urban and rural areas of Australia. The study found that women generally use the internet as a tool for activities, rather than as play or a technology to be mastered. This partially explains why women farmers use the internet more extensively than their farmer husbands. When women become comfortable with technology - as with the telephone or the PC on a farm - women see it as a tool rather than a technology. Women's continued discomfort with technology thus remains at the centre of the social construct of gender and technology.
Fragmented Narratives and Multiple Tellers: Witness and Defendant Accounts in Trials
Authors: HARRIS SANDRA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the nature and structure of witness and defendant narrative accounts in the evidential portions of courtroom trials, using the O.J. Simpson (1996), Oklahoma Bombers (1997) and Louise Woodward (1998) trials as a database. The article proposes a means of distinguishing narrative from non-narrative accounts, using Labov's definition of the `minimal narrative' as a starting point, and puts forward a modified model of narrative structure. A range of narrative structures are explored, and the model is used to analyse a series of representative example narratives taken from the trial data. Different types of narrative fragmentation produced by multiple tellers of the same narrative are also examined, along with the frequent disjunction between `tellers' and `knowers'. Lastly, the article explores the relationship between narrative structures and narrative fragmentation and the discourse strategies used by lawyers in direct and cross-examination.
Questions, Control and the Organization of Talk in Calls to a Radio Phone-In
Authors: THORNBORROW JOANNA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the management of participation in calls to radio phone-in programmes. In the broadcast media, there are increasing occasions for interaction between `professionals' and lay members of the public, particularly within what have come to be known generically as public participation programmes (talk shows, phone-in programmes and the like). People call in to phone-in programmes for various reasons; to give opinions, to get advice, and often to ask questions. In the particular phone-ins analysed here, callers are invited to put questions to leading politicians of the day about their election policies. In many institutional contexts for talk (e.g.courtrooms, classrooms, political interviews) the role of questioner has been found to be a more powerful interactional position than the role of answerer. Through an analysis of the organization of the phone-in calls, this article argues that the potentially powerful discourse role of questioner is interactionally `defused' through the participatory framework of the call. The author shows how the mediated interactional structure of these calls limits the range of possible actions available to callers in their institutional position as questioners, and thus produces constraints on what callers can actually achieve in this particular context for institutional talk.
Recontextualization and Communicative Styles in Job Interviews
Authors: SCHEUER JANN
Published: March 2007

This article presents, discusses and analyses data from a Danish empirical study of authentic job interviews. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and sociolinguistics, as well as other fields, the author explores the relationship between success in job interviews and communicative style. The recontextualization of lifeworld resources is approached through both qualitative and quantitative analyses of spoken language. The author demonstrates that certain communicative styles and recontextualizations formed by a combination of lifeworld and job-related perspectives are more successful in job interviews; on the basis of sociolinguistic evidence, he argues that these styles and recontextualizations are products of general processes of socialization rather than products of formal education.
Explaining Institutional Change in the European Union
Authors: Carrubba Clifford J. , Volden Craig
Published: March 2007

Numerous studies have explored how the European Union's institutions shape political behavior and legislative outcomes in the EU. Far fewer examine in detail how individual institutional changes have come about. This paper presents a formal model that allows us to analyze under what conditions institutional change should be expected, with a focus on the Council of Ministers' voting rule in particular. Changes in the number of member states in the EU, changes in the legislative procedures and changes in the policy areas under consideration are found to affect the ability to pass legislation, and thereby provide the impetus for adjustments in equilibrium coalition sizes and chamber voting rules.
National Parliamentary Scrutiny Over EU Issues
Authors: Holzhacker Ronald
Published: March 2007

This article compares national parliamentary scrutiny over European Union matters in two countries with coalition governments, Germany and the Netherlands, based on interviews with members of parliament serving on their European Affairs Committee. While acknowledging that legal powers and institutional structures are important when evaluating parliamentary-government relations, the examination focuses on the goals and methods of party groups when overseeing government. In Germany, the goal of the governing coalition parties is to protect the government, whereas in the Netherlands they scrutinize the government's position in order to be sure the compromise in the cabinet sufficiently protects the party's interests. Although the Dutch governing parties normally support the government, a `floating coalition' occasionally emerges with ruling parties working with parts of the opposition to amend a proposal toward their own preferences. The study concludes that it is not only the legal powers and institutional structures that determine parliamentary scrutiny in a given member state, but also party interactions.
Technology's Ways:
Authors: MANNING P. K.
Published: March 2007

The rationalization of policing, linking ends and means, and evaluating the consequences of policies and actions, is progressing in policing. It can be seen in budgeting, career planning, crime audits and performance indicators and goals. One of most powerful tools with capacity, if applied `on the ground,' to prevent, reduce and control crime and disorder is crime analysis. This case study of crime mapping and crime analysis in one American department, done with interviews and observations in 1999, shows that in spite of progress in knowledge about levels and kinds of social disorganization, repeat offenders, clusters of problems and incidents, crime mapping has no operational effects. The lack of infrastructure of support and interpretation; the distribution of the information, isolated and unintegrated databases, and lack of on-line access by patrol officers, renders the extant software and analytic capacity ineffectual. Some suggestions are made that might link the capacity with practice.
Enabling Practice: An Investigation into the Support of Families with Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Summers Neil , Jenkins Christine
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between professional intervention and the effect of that intervention on families with children with learning disabilities. A survey was conducted with 60 families in receipt of support services in the South West of England. This survey sought to establish whether families who were supported by Portage workers scored higher on the Enabling Practice Scale (EPS) than those who were supported by other family workers, such as community nurses for people with learning disabilities. Additionally, the survey sought to capture data on the relationship between parents' perceptions of their child's abilities and EPS scores. The results suggest that there is little difference between parent perceptions of these two types of family support, and no significant relationship between parents' perceptions of their child's abilities and how this impacts on the EPS scores. Findings are discussed within the context of the working practices of family workers, changes in health, social and education policy, and the increasing influence of consumers and service users.
Symptoms of Depression in People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Munden Alison C. , Perry David W.
Published: March 2007

Depression is increasingly being recognized as an important cause of morbidity in learning disabilities, with particularly high levels in those previously thought to have had challenging behaviour. The problems of making a diagnosis in this population, however, are well known. One of the main issues is the atypical presentation of the disorder. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of a wide range of professionals involved in the care of people with learning disabilities. Overall, the results were encouraging, showing a relatively high baseline level of knowledge about depression, and an enthusiasm for further training.
A Critical Analysis into the Accumulation of Marketing Knowledge at the Level of the Firm
Authors: McIntyre Shelby H. , Sutherland Max
Published: March 2007

Rossiter (2001) points out that marketing, as a discipline, has been unimpressive to date at formulating a body of generalizable marketing knowledge. We agree that this is the case, not only at the highest level of generalizable knowledge, but also at the brand level within the firm. We address the firm-level of marketing knowledge. In keeping with a suggestion by the AMA Task Force on Marketing Knowledge (1988) and the belief that a problem correctly identified is a problem half solved, we identify and discuss six impediments to the accumulation of marketing knowledge at the level of the firm. We suggest remedies for these impediments and conclude withan example of a marketing knowledge system that one large retail firm employs.
Work-Related Values of Malays and Chinese Malaysians
Authors: Lim Long
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study has two objectives. First, it tests the hypothesis that the Malays and the Chinese share similar work-related values. Second, it examines whether Hofstede's Malaysian work-related values are replicated. Results for the first hypothesis suggest that there is no significant difference between the Malays and the Chinese in work-related values. However, results could only offer partial support for the second hypothesis. The evidence appears to suggest that power distance in Malaysia is still high, and masculinity is still moderate. At the same time, the evidence suggests that the levels of uncertainty avoidance and individualism in Malaysia have increased over the past decades. These results are discussed with respect to organizational behavior in Malaysia.
Services for Younger People with Dementia
Authors: Reed Jan , Cantley Caroline , Clarke Charlotte L. , Stanley David
Published: March 2007

There is a growing movement to develop specific services for younger people with dementia. This article reports on an evaluation of one such service that was developed in response to a locally identified deficit in ‘age-sensitive’ care. The service was evaluated very positively by service users, and the staff on the project were keen to detail the differences that they had observed between the needs of their clients and older people with dementia. The clients’ responses, however, did not necessarily highlight age-specific needs; the comments were more about how the service was sensitive to individual needs. This suggests that the level of responsiveness offered by the team is much valued, but could also be a foundation for all services for all people with dementia, regardless of age. The study suggests, therefore, that the work of the team offers a model which could be applied across all client groups.
Safety Seeking Behaviours
Authors: James Ian A. , Sabin Neil
Published: March 2007

People react to threatening situations by employing behaviours that they perceive will help them to cope with the difficulties confronting them. In cognitive therapy (CT), these behaviours, which can be either physical or mental activities, are termed ‘safety-seeking behaviours’. This article discusses the use of such behaviours by people with cognitive confusion. It suggests that the employment of safety behaviours may have a major impact on the presentation of the person. Indeed, in some situations the behaviour may either mimic the effects of cognitive impairment or exacerbate the impact of the person’s cognitive difficulties. Further, it is observed that the onset of dementia is likely both to lead to the emergence of safety behaviours, and reinforce any coping strategies used by the person in the past. Hence, this article suggests that clinicians and staff should pay particular care when developing both their conceptualizations and care plans in order to ensure that they have an appreciation of the forms of safety seeking behaviours the confused person may be using.
Epistemological Issues in the Study of Insight in People with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sabat Steven R.
Published: March 2007

Epistemological challenges that attend the study of the degree to which people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) manifest insight into their deficits are explored in terms of (1) the social dynamics of the situations that those afflicted confront in the process; (2) issues surrounding the use of discrepancy scores and interviews with those afflicted and their caregivers; and (3) problems surrounding the sorts of inferences that are made through the use of statistics in group studies. It is recommended that an understanding of and sensitivity to the personhood of the afflicted individual is of paramount import in interpreting his or her behavior in such situations, and that ignoring the individuality of those afflicted and their scores on assessment instruments in favor of statistical analysis of group data can result in grievous errors of interpretation of that data. Case examples are provided to underscore these points.
Fluctuating Awareness and the Breakdown of the Illness Narrative in Dementia
Authors: Phinney Alison
Published: March 2007

This interpretive phenomenological study examined how awareness of dementia symptoms fluctuates over time and circumstance, thus forcing the breakdown of the illness narrative. Five women and four men (age 64–88 years) with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE 16–23) participated in this study along with their family caregivers. In-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted with each individual and their caregiver to gather data about the person’s understanding of their symptoms. Findings illustrate how symptoms may be salient, or vague and inconspicuous; symptoms may be forgotten, or they may be entirely absent for the person. Experiencing symptoms in all of these ways means that it is difficult for people to articulate a narrative understanding of what is happening in their lives. The illness narrative of dementia becomes shared as others join in its telling, although finally it may become a narrative of chaos that is all but impossible to articulate.
Implementing Performance-Based Leadership Development
Authors: Holton Elwood F. , Naquin Sharon S.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The previous chapters have developed a new performance-based competency model of leadership development As a genenc model, it is applicable to virtually any organization If you are in charge of leadership development, you may be asking yourself, "How do I change our leadership development process to fit this model?" This chapter provides guidance for implementing the model
Three Decades of Child Maltreatment Research
Authors: VELTMAN MARIJCKE W. M. , BROWNE KEVIN D.
Published: March 2007

Research studies over the years have attempted to demonstrate and highlight developmental delay in maltreated children. These delays could contribute to a lower readiness for school. This literature review investigates whether infants and primary school-age children with a history of maltreatment really have been shown to struggle at school due to specific developmental delay. The extent of maltreatment, definition problems, and parenting styles are discussed and the results of a systematic review of empirical studies presented. The majority of the studies cited in this review indicate that child abuse is related to delayed language, cognitive development, low IQ, and poor school performance in some way.
An Analysis of Final Offers Chosen in Baseball's Arbitration System
Authors: Miller Phillip A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a model of final offer arbitration, like that used in major league baseball, in which two stages of wage bargaining exist between a risk-averse firm and a risk-averse employee. In the first stage, the negotiators set final offers. In the second stage, the negotiators bargain cooperatively. Using data from major league baseball, it is found that in cases involving position players and relief pitchers, negotiators set final offers in a risk- neutral manner. In cases involving starting pitchers, negotiators bargain in a non-risk-neutral manner.
The Evolution of U.S. Health Policy and the Impact of Future Trends on Nursing Practice, Research, and Education
Authors: Jennings Carole P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a historical overview of the U.S. health care system and illustrates how health policy developed in the private and public health care sectors. The politics of health care change are discussed in depth, particularly in relation to cost containment and the rise of the uninsured. Finally, the impact of future health care trends is related to nursing practice, research, and education.
The Coating of Woven Polypropylene Fabric
Authors: Cooper M.L. , Groom S. , Hopper D. , Viney M.J.
Published: March 2007

Methods of coating polypropylene fabric with polypropylene or polyethylene have been studied. Extrusion coating was most easily adaptable to commercial use, and gave good bond strength for poly propylene coating. Polyethylene gave marginally low bond strengths which can be improved by various surface treatments prior to coating.
Safety in Extrusion Coating Design
Authors: Piffer Louis
Published: March 2007

Accidents in the factory can be painful in terms of both worker in juries and reduced company profit margins This article will discuss safety options available to both new equipment buyers and older equipment owners presented by safety organizations, insurance companies, and machine manufacturers. Individual pieces of extrusion coating equipment and the more recent advancements in their safety features will also be described.
Effective Use of Infrared Heating for Textile Coating and Laminating Applications
Authors: Van Denend Thomas
Published: March 2007

Infrared technology has been used in industrial heating applications for many decades. As infrared heaters and the control of the heaters has improved wider use and acceptance of this technology has resulted. It is now a commonly used means of heating webs and three dimensional objects in hundreds of manufacturing processes. Specific to the topic at hand, infrared heating is widely used in textile coating and laminating applications.
Nonwoven Laminates Containing Cotton for Medical Applications
Authors: Gosavi Nataraj , Wadsworth Larry C. , Duckett Kermit E.
Published: March 2007

Conventional cotton textiles have been largely replaced in medical/ surgical areas with reusable and disposable synthetic fabric items. The best hope for keeping cotton in these important medical/surgical market areas is in the form of environmentally friendly disposable products. The developments described in this paper will provide materials with high cotton content having better barrier perfor mance required for today's protective clothing in medical applications. The cotton based laminates have been compared with commercially available gowns obtained from DeRoyal Industries made using Kimberly-Clark's Spunbond/Melt Blown/ Spundbond (SMS) and Kappler Safety Group's Spunbond/Microporous film lami nate (PRO/VENT™).
Water Resistant-Breathable Hydrophilic Polyurethane Coatings
Authors: Desai V.M. , Athawale V.D.
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane (PU) coatings on nylon fabric that have high moisture permeability and water repellency properties have been developed. These PU coatings are prepared by reacting ∈-caprolactam-4,4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) adduct with hydrophobic polyols; subsequently deblocking of ∈-caprolactam was carried out using polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molec ular weights at ambient temperature. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic segment bal ance was adjusted by changing the molecular weight of PEG to impart optimum moisture permeability properties.
A New Look at Turnover in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1789-1998
Authors: SWAIN JOHN W. , BORRELLI STEPHEN A. , REED BRIAN C. , EVANS SEAN F.
Published: March 2007

Despite concern with turnover in the U.S. House of Representatives, few scholars have attempted to view turnover in historical perspective or in all its forms. Confusion over the basic facts has impeded attempts to explain and evaluate levels of turnover. We present a broad descriptive overview of turnover over the entire history of the U.S. House in terms of the levels of overall turnover, forms thereof, and patterns, particularly within party periods. The findings include that turnover has declined over the years but not in a continuous fashion and not evenly among the different forms, that general election defeat is not the primary form of turnover, that common methods of reporting turnover magnify the apparent importance of electorally based turnover, and that turnover varies systematically by party period. A research agenda is proposed for explanatory work on turnover including strategic retirement and the impact of partisan realignments on levels and forms of turnover.
Congressional Preferences, Perceptions of Threat, and Supreme Court Decision Making
Authors: HANSFORD THOMAS G. , DAMORE DAVID F.
Published: March 2007

Previous research examining the impact of extra-Court factors on Supreme Court decision making has developed conflicting theoretical perspectives supported with limited empirical evidence. In an attempt to better assess the influence of Congress on Court decisions, we develop a theoretical model specifying the conditions under which congressional preferences might constrain justices' votes on the merits. More specifically, we argue that previous congressional overrides in an issue area and case-level interest group activity make congressional preferences salient for the justices. In these threat situations, the justices will be most likely to shift their final votes on the merits in a manner congruent with the preferences of Congress. Based on our logit analysis of data on all orally argued statutory cases from 1963 to 1995, we find mixed support for our hypotheses and conclude that there are limited conditions under which congressional preferences may influence a justice's vote.