bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kewajiban Seorang Mukmin Melunasi Hutang: Studi Ma'ani Alhadith
Authors: Rahmanto Eko
Published: December 2016

Hadith has been known as the second source of Islamic law after Quran. To understand its meaning properly, a comprehensive approach is required. Textual understanding will only make Hadith cannot be applied according to its context. For instance, Hadith about the Muslims soul after passing away will be detained because of his/her debts. To understand this Hadith, not only linguistic approach is required but also sociological approach so that the meaning of this Hadith could be understood correctly, and applicable in the societal life. Through the study of Maani Alhadith, it is found that debt, which is not yet paid, does not merely become a burden to one who has died, but also person who is still living. It is related to someones respectability, reputation, and also his or her life in the society. Therefore, if someone has passed away and leaving unpaid debt, his/her heirs are obliged to pay it.
Konsep Hominisasi dan Humanisasi menurut Driyarkara
Authors: Aziz Asep Rifqi Abdul
Published: December 2016

Changing of epoch with all brought payload is truly inevitable. Progress will continue to walk along with the growth of the human beings intelligence. The rapid of the globalization today is likely giving more problems faced by human being. Indeed, globalization does not fully bring negative effect, as long as human beings are able to utilize its product wisely, including in the educational sectors. This article tries to offer an alternative perspective on how to overcome the various problems in the life of society nowadays; i.e. through the idea of Driyarkara, on hominization and humanization: an educational philosophy to promote humans awareness to humanize human being.
KHAWARIJISME: PERGULATAN POLITIK SEKTARIAN DALAM BINGKAI WACANA AGAMA
Authors: Purnama Fahmy Farid
Published: December 2016

As a sect that emerged since attahkim, Khawarij represents a portrait of an affair relation between power and religious discourse (theological discourse). The doctrine of takfir and other religious destructive actions are pragmatically emerged from the way of the sect in reading the religious discourses which are literal and simplistic. The politics and ideology of sectarian practiced by Khawarij which are captured in the socio-political and history of Islam has become a negative precedent for the next Muslims generation. Various destructive actions, by making the religious discourse as an instrument of power, not only disrupt the political stability but also distort the logical thinking and consciousness of Muslims, and even continued to be passed on to subsequent generations. Khawarij became symptom of the radicalization of religious discourse in the realm of contemporary politics that is often termed as neo-Khawarijism.
STUDI KRITIS ATAS TEORI TARJAMAH ALQUR�AN DALAM �ULUM ALQUR�AN
Authors: Lukman Fadhli
Published: December 2016

History of the Quran has showed numbers of its translations into various languages, including Indonesian Language. Even the existence and the roles of translations in society are evidently needed, but its theoretical discourse within the field of Ulum Alquran is still ambiguous. This paper attempts to describe the theoretical debate in Quranic translation and examine it through the existed Quranic translation in Indonesia. The basic argument built is that the theory of tarjamah Alquran within Ulum Alquran has several theoretical problems: first, the categorization of harfiyyah and tafsiriyyah are not clearly operative; second, the terminology of tarjamah is implied to be meaningless; and third, there is no clear-cut concept of tarjamah dan tafsir. This problem rose from the stringency in the meaning of tarjamah and theological burden to emphasize ijiz of the Quran. Hereby, widening the meaning of tarjamah as an alternative solution is needed.
Fatin's Diary dalam Panggung Kultur Pop-Religius
Authors: Hidayah Siti Nur , Tevy Claudia
Published: December 2016

The development of era demands muslimahs to take roles without leaving their identities. When they became career women, they were asked to work outside their houses. How if the women want to keep their faith and obey the Islamic rules by keeping their aurat with jilbab (veil)? Will jilbab disturb their activities when working? How if their working environments do not accept them? The paper discusses the relationship between the activities of women with hijab and their adaptation by analyzing Fatins Hijab Diary. With Scheiders analysis, it can be concluded that Fatin Shidqia Lubis, as an entertainer and public figure has conducted the adaptation process toward her working environment in order to be exist in it without leaving her identity as a muslimah who holds the hijabs principals. The process that has been successfully passed by Fatin shows that jilbab is not an obstruction for women who want to work and be famous.
Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups
Authors: Wright Alison K. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Emsley Richard , Buchan Iain , Sattar Naveed , Rutter Martin K. , Ashcroft Darren M.
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVES

This study 1) investigated life expectancy and cause-specific mortality rates associated with type 2 diabetes and 2) quantified these relationships in ethnic subgroups.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a cohort study using Clinical Practice Research Datalink data from 383 general practices in England with linked hospitalization and mortality records. A total of 187,968 patients with incident type 2 diabetes from 1998 to 2015 were matched to 908,016 control subjects. Abridged life tables estimated years of life lost, and a competing risk survival model quantified cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs).

RESULTS

A total of 40,286 deaths occurred in patients with type 2 diabetes. At age 40, white men with diabetes lost 5 years of life and white women lost 6 years compared with those without diabetes. A loss of between 1 and 2 years was observed for South Asians and blacks with diabetes. At age older than 65 years, South Asians with diabetes had up to 1.1 years’ longer life expectancy than South Asians without diabetes. Compared with whites with diabetes, South Asians with diabetes had lower adjusted risks for mortality from cardiovascular (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.75, 0.89), cancer (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.36, 0.51), and respiratory diseases (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.48, 0.76). A similar pattern was observed in blacks with diabetes compared with whites with diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetes was associated with more years of life lost among whites than among South Asians or blacks, with older South Asians experiencing longer life expectancy compared with South Asians without diabetes. The findings support optimized cardiovascular disease risk factor management, especially in whites with type 2 diabetes.
Promoting “Low Culture”: The Origins of the Modern Chinese Folklore Movement
Authors: Gao Jie
Published: December 2016

The Modern Chinese Folklore Movement in the first half of the twentieth century was a literary movement, but it was also profoundly political and social. A new generation of intellectuals that participated in the movement believed that their efforts could “save” the Chinese nation by rediscovering traditions and enlightening the common people during a period of great upheaval. This article examines the origins of the Folklore Movement based out of Beijing University between 1918 and 1926 in the context of a crisis of Chinese nationhood and the New Culture Movement. It addresses Chinese intellectuals’ struggles during the national crisis that came after WWI, their decision to study folklore as a means of connecting to the common people, and the influence of domestic political power on this nationalist intellectual movement. Specifically, this article probes why this movement rose to prominence in the early twentieth century, how folklore researchers advanced it, and why it ultimately came to a standstill in Beijing.
Problèmes et perspectives d’une histoire de l’idée européenne de la Révolution française au Printemps des peuples (1789-1848/49)
Authors: Vermeiren Jan
Published: December 2016

Notre article envisage un pan de l’histoire de l’idée européenne jusqu’alors resté dans l’angle mort. Mettant l’accent sur l’histoire de cette idée au cours de la première moitié du dix-neuvième siècle, l’article propose un aperçu des grandes orientations de la question et fait apparaître les points sujets à discussion et les lacunes à combler. Les réactions et les projets européens des hommes politiques, des diplomates, des philosophes et des écrivains que nous envisageons sont replacés dans le contexte des bouleversements politiques, socio-économiques et culturels de cette époque marquée par la montée en puissance du nationalisme mais aussi par une multitude formidable de façons de penser l’Europe et de concevoir son identité.
Raven Plays Ball: Situating “Indian Sports Days” within Indigenous and Colonial Spaces in Twentieth-Century Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Downey Allan , Neylan Susan
Published: December 2016

Beginning in the nineteenth century, Anglo-Canadian colonial agents (residential school administrators and teachers, missionaries, and government officials) introduced a number of Western-style sporting activities among Indigenous peoples through athletic clubs, church gatherings, and school physical fitness programs. In keeping with a Victorian conception of leisure, these elites understood sports in moral terms, believing that they would support “civilizing projects” intended to remake Indigenous socio-cultural spaces into colonial ones. Indigenous communities, however, used these same sports organizations to challenge, resist, and even displace colonial agendas. Inspired by J.R. Miller's treatment of Indigenous–non-Indigenous relations as a nuanced, multidirectional, often contradictory encounter, we argue that “Indian Sports Days” in coastal British Columbia from the 1910s–1940s were complex social spaces, reflective of both Indigenous and colonial perspectives.
Hawthorne, a Pilgrimage to Salem, and the Poetics of Literary Tourism
Authors: Baraw Charles
Published: December 2016

From the 1830s to the end of his career, Nathaniel Hawthorne used the tropes of aesthetic tourism to call out, or interpellate, the reader as a literary tourist. In many cases, Hawthorne’s focalizing persona points to the picturesque or sentimental qualities of a scene: in some cases, he transports readers to a past made visitable through the stories he recounts; in others, he serves as both guide and object of the tour. This article examines the “touristic poetics” that animate Hawthorne’s work by bringing together Hawthorne’s “Alice Doane’s Appeal” with a contemporaneous sketch by an anonymous reader. While the frame narrative of “Alice Doane’s Appeal” makes explicit the call to the literary tour, “A Day of Disappointment in Salem” represents a literary pilgrimage by a Southern tourist who is so moved by reading Twice-Told Tales that he decides to call on the author at his home. Together these works illustrate the textual poetics that helped shape literary production, reception, and tourism in the period and, at the same time, fostered the canonization of Hawthorne and his homes.
Determinants of Academic Startups’ Orientation toward International Business Expansion
Authors: Suzuki Shinya , Okamuro Hiroyuki
Published: December 2016

This study explores the determinants of academic startups’ orientation toward international business expansion, focusing on their technological capabilities, availability of public support, the regional characteristics of their locations, and the research standards of their parent universities. Using unique survey data on 448 academic startups in Japan and by estimating an ordered logit model, we find that academic startups are strongly oriented toward expanding their businesses internationally if they have strong technological capabilities, receive public support, are established in regions with a high ratio of exporting small firms, or are affiliated with a parent university with an excellent research reputation.
Weathering of Two Anti-Graffiti Protective Coatings on Concrete Paving Slabs
Authors: Carmona-Quiroga Paula , Jacobs Robert , Viles Heather
Published: December 2016

The durability of anti-graffiti coatings is of special relevance since, unlike other protective treatments, they are not only affected by environmental factors, but also by often aggressive cleaning procedures. However, little is known about the long-term performance of either permanent or sacrificial coatings. This study explores the durability of two commercial coatings on concrete paving slabs under both natural and artificial ageing tests. The results of this research show that a fluorinated polyurethane and a crystalline micro wax weathered in less than 2000 h in a chamber with UVB radiation and after one year of outdoor exposure in the south of England. The former weathered by getting yellow and dark, and eventually, only under the accelerated ageing test, by losing its adhesion to the concrete slabs, and the latter weathered by getting dark, cracked and by reducing its water repellency under natural conditions. Cleaning efficiency of the protected surfaces from graffiti paints was therefore diminished, particularly when pressurized water spray was used on the polyurethane coated surfaces, since the treatment was partially removed and the concrete surface eroded.
Influence of Forest Harvest on Nitrate Concentration in Temperate Streams—A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mupepele Anne-Christine , Dormann Carsten
Published: December 2016

Forest harvest alters natural nutrient cycles, which is reflected in stream water run-off from harvested catchments. Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but increased concentrations in rivers, lakes, and oceans have contributed to eutrophication and anoxic conditions. Based on a literature review, we assessed the impact of three different harvest methods—clearcut, patchcut, and selective harvest—on nitrate concentrations in temperate forest streams. In a meta-analysis, the influence of harvest methods and additional environmental variables was analysed. Nitrate concentrations are significantly influenced by harvest methods, forest composition, site altitude, and time passed after the harvesting. The remaining unexplained between-site variability is small compared to the between-site variability explained by the model, indicating the model’s validity. The effect of forest harvest is most pronounced in coniferous and deciduous forests, where clearcuts and patchcuts result in high nitrate run-off three to five years after harvest. Mixed forest plots can compensate for clearcut and patchcut, and do not show a significantly increased nitrate concentration after harvest. Selective harvest at low intensities succeeded in maintaining nitrate levels similar to control or pre-harvest levels in coniferous and mixed forests, and showed a positive but not significant trend in deciduous forests. Coniferous and deciduous monocultures clearly face the problem that nitrate wash-out cannot be minimized by reducing clearcut to patchcut harvest, whereas mixed forests are more suitable to diminish nitrate wash-out in both clearcut and patchcut.
Provision of Desalinated Irrigation Water by the Desalination of Groundwater within a Saline Aquifer
Authors: Antia David
Published: December 2016

Irrigated land accounts for 70% of global water usage and 30% of global agricultural production. Forty percent of this water is derived from groundwater. Approximately 20%–30% of the groundwater sources are saline and 20%–50% of global irrigation water is salinized. Salinization reduces crop yields and the number of crop varieties which can be grown on an arable holding. Structured ZVI (zero valent iron, Fe0 pellets desalinate water by storing the removed ions as halite (NaCl) within their porosity. This allows an “Aquifer Treatment Zone” to be created within an aquifer, (penetrated by a number of wells (containing ZVI pellets)). This zone is used to supply partially desalinated water directly from a saline aquifer. A modeled reconfigured aquifer producing a continuous flow (e.g., 20 m3/day, 7300 m3/a) of partially desalinated irrigation water is used to illustrate the impact of porosity, permeability, aquifer heterogeneity, abstraction rate, Aquifer Treatment Zone size, aquifer thickness, optional reinjection, leakage and flow by-pass on the product water salinity. This desalination approach has no operating costs (other than abstraction costs (and ZVI regeneration)) and may potentially be able to deliver a continuous flow of partially desalinated water (30%–80% NaCl reduction) for $0.05–0.5/m3.
Visualizing the Heterogeneity of Effects in the Analysis of Associations of Multiple Myeloma with Glyphosate Use. Comments on Sorahan, T. Multiple Myeloma and Glyphosate Use: A Re-Analysis of US Agricultural Health Study (AHS) Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1548–1559
Authors: Burstyn Igor , De Roos Anneclaire
Published: December 2016

We address a methodological issue of the evaluation of the difference in effects in epidemiological studies that may arise, for example, from stratum-specific analyses or differences in analytical decisions during data analysis. We propose a new simulation-based method to quantify the plausible extent of such heterogeneity, rather than testing a hypothesis about its existence. We examine the contribution of the method to the debate surrounding risk of multiple myeloma and glyphosate use and propose that its application contributes to a more balanced weighting of evidence.
Analysis to Estimate Genetic Variations in the Idarubicin-Resistant Derivative MOLT-3
Authors: Komiyama Tomoyoshi , Ogura Atsushi , Hirokawa Takatsugu , Zhijing Miao , Kamiguchi Hiroshi , Asai Satomi , Miyachi Hayato , Kobayashi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2016

Gene alterations are a well-established mechanism leading to drug resistance in acute leukemia cells. A full understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance in these cells will facilitate more effective chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the mechanism(s) of drug resistance in the human acute leukemia cell line MOLT-3 and its idarubicin-resistant derivative MOLT-3/IDR through complete mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses. We identified genetic differences between these two cell lines. The ND3 mutation site (p.Thr61Ile) in the mitochondrial DNA sequence was unique to MOLT-3/IDR cells. Moreover, we identified five candidate genes harboring genetic alterations, including GALNT2, via CGH array analysis. Sequencing of the GALNT2 exon revealed a G1716K mutation present within the stop codon in MOLT-3/IDR cells but absent from MOLT-3 cells. This mutation led to an additional 18 amino acids in the protein encoded by GALNT2. Using real-time PCR, we determined an expression value for this gene of 0.35. Protein structure predictions confirmed a structural change in GALNT2 in MOLT-3/IDR cells that corresponded to the site of the mutation. We speculate that this mutation may be related to idarubicin resistance.
New Stable Cu(I) Catalyst Supported on Weakly Acidic Polyacrylate Resin for Green C-N Coupling: Synthesis of N-(Pyridin-4-yl)benzene Amines and N,N-Bis(pyridine-4-yl)benzene Amines
Authors: Kore Nitin , Pazdera Pavel
Published: December 2016

A method for preparation of a new stable Cu(I) catalyst supported on weakly acidic polyacrylate resin without additional stabilizing ligands is described. A simple and efficient methodology for Ullmann Cu(I) catalyzed C-N cross coupling reactions using this original catalyst is reported. Coupling reactions of 4-chloropyridinium chloride with anilines containing electron donating (EDG) or electron withdrawing (EWG) groups, naphthalen-2-amine and piperazine, respectively, are successfully demonstrated.
Object-Based Paddy Rice Mapping Using HJ-1A/B Data and Temporal Features Extracted from Time Series MODIS NDVI Data
Authors: Singha Mrinal , Wu Bingfang , Zhang Miao
Published: December 2016

Accurate and timely mapping of paddy rice is vital for food security and environmental sustainability. This study evaluates the utility of temporal features extracted from coarse resolution data for object-based paddy rice classification of fine resolution data. The coarse resolution vegetation index data is first fused with the fine resolution data to generate the time series fine resolution data. Temporal features are extracted from the fused data and added with the multi-spectral data to improve the classification accuracy. Temporal features provided the crop growth information, while multi-spectral data provided the pattern variation of paddy rice. The achieved overall classification accuracy and kappa coefficient were 84.37% and 0.68, respectively. The results indicate that the use of temporal features improved the overall classification accuracy of a single-date multi-spectral image by 18.75% from 65.62% to 84.37%. The minimum sensitivity (MS) of the paddy rice classification has also been improved. The comparison showed that the mapped paddy area was analogous to the agricultural statistics at the district level. This work also highlighted the importance of feature selection to achieve higher classification accuracies. These results demonstrate the potential of the combined use of temporal and spectral features for accurate paddy rice classification.
Environmental Performance of Miscanthus, Switchgrass and Maize: Can C4 Perennials Increase the Sustainability of Biogas Production?
Authors: Kiesel Andreas , Wagner Moritz , Lewandowski Iris
Published: December 2016

Biogas is considered a promising option for complementing the fluctuating energy supply from other renewable sources. Maize is currently the dominant biogas crop, but its environmental performance is questionable. Through its replacement with high-yielding and nutrient-efficient perennial C4 grasses, the environmental impact of biogas could be considerably improved. The objective of this paper is to assess and compare the environmental performance of the biogas production and utilization of perennial miscanthus and switchgrass and annual maize. An LCA was performed using data from field trials, assessing the impact in the five categories: climate change (CC), fossil fuel depletion (FFD), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE) and marine eutrophication (ME). A system expansion approach was adopted to include a fossil reference. All three crops showed significantly lower CC and FFD potentials than the fossil reference, but higher TA and FE potentials, with nitrogen fertilizer production and fertilizer-induced emissions identified as hot spots. Miscanthus performed best and changing the input substrate from maize to miscanthus led to average reductions of −66% CC; −74% FFD; −63% FE; −60% ME and −21% TA. These results show that perennial C4 grasses and miscanthus in particular have the potential to improve the sustainability of the biogas sector.
Control Scheme Formulation for the Production of Hydrogen on Demand to Feed an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Morales Jarniel , Bobadilla Marisol , Escobar-Jiménez Ricardo , Gómez-Aguilar José , García-Beltrán Carlos , Olivares-Peregrino Víctor
Published: December 2016

In this work, a control strategy is presented to produce hydrogen on demand to feed an internal combustion (IC) engine. For this purpose, the modeling of the IC engine fueled by gasoline blended with 10 % v/v of anhydrous ethanol (E10) and hydrogen as an additive is developed. It is considered that the hydrogen gas is produced according to the IC engine demand, and that the hydrogen gas is obtained by an alkaline electrolyzer. The gasoline–ethanol blend added into the combustion chamber is determined according to the stoichiometric ratio and the production of hydrogen gas is regulated by a proportional and integral controller (P.I.). The controller reference is varying according to the mass flow air induced into the cylinder, in order to ensure an adequate production of hydrogen gas for any operating condition of the IC engine. The main contribution of this work is the control scheme developed, through simulation, in order to produce hydrogen on demand for any operating point of an internal combustion engine fueled by an E10 blend. The simulation results showed that the use of hydrogen gas as an additive in an E10 blend decreases the E10 fuel consumption 23 % on average, and the thermal efficiency is increased approximately 2.13 % , without brake power loss in the IC engine.
Phylogeny of Selaginellaceae: There is value in morphology after all!
Authors: Weststrand Stina , Korall Petra
Published: December 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

The cosmopolitan lycophyte family Selaginellaceae, dating back to the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous, is notorious for its many species with a seemingly undifferentiated gross morphology. This morphological stasis has for a long time hampered our understanding of the evolutionary history of the single genus Selaginella. Here we present a large‐scale phylogenetic analysis of Selaginella, and based on the resulting phylogeny, we discuss morphological evolution in the group.

METHODS:

We sampled about one‐third of the approximately 750 recognized Selaginella species. Evolutionary relationships were inferred from both chloroplast (rbcL) and single‐copy nuclear gene data (pgiC and SQD1) using a Bayesian inference approach. The morphology of the group was studied and important features mapped onto the phylogeny.

KEY RESULTS:

We present an overall well‐supported phylogeny of Selaginella, and the phylogenetic positions of some previously problematic taxa (i.e., S. sinensis and allies) are now resolved with strong support. We show that even though the evolution of most morphological characters involves reversals and/or parallelisms, several characters are phylogenetically informative. Seven major clades are identified, which each can be uniquely diagnosed by a suite of morphological features. There is value in morphology after all!

CONCLUSIONS:

Our hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships of Selaginella is well founded based on DNA sequence data, as well as morphology, and is in line with previous findings. It will serve as a firm basis for further studies on Selaginella with respect to, e.g., the poorly known alpha taxonomy, as well as evolutionary questions such as historical biogeographic reconstructions.
Burden of Illness for Metastatic Melanoma in Canada, 2011–2013
Authors: Ernst D.S. , Petrella T. , Joshua A.M. , Hamou A. , Thabane M. , Vantyghem S. , Gwadry-Sridhar F.
Published: December 2016

Background: Detailed epidemiology for patients with advanced metastatic melanoma in Canada is not well characterized. We conducted an analysis of patients with this disease in the province of Ontario, with the aim being to study the presentation, disease characteristics and course, and treatment patterns for malignant melanoma. Methods: In this Canadian observational prospective and retrospective study of patients with malignant melanoma, we used data collected in the Canadian Melanoma Research Network (CMRN) Patient Registry. We identified patients who were seen at 1 of 3 cancer treatment centres between April 2011 and 30 April 2013. Patient data from 2011 and 2012 were collected retrospectively using chart records and existing registry data. Starting January 2013, data were collected prospectively. Variables investigated included age, sex, initial stage, histology, mutation type, time to recurrence, sites of metastases, resectability, and previous therapies. Results: A cohort of 810 patients with melanoma was identified from the cmrn registry. Mean age was 58.7 years, and most patients were men (60% vs. 40%). Factors affecting survival included unresectable or metastatic melanoma, initial stage at diagnosis, presence of brain metastasis, and BRAF mutation status. The proportion of surviving patients decreased with higher initial disease stages. Conclusions: Using registry data, we were able to determine the detailed epidemiology of patients with melanoma in the Canadian province of Ontario, validating the comprehensive and detailed information that can be obtained from registry data.
Report from the 17th Annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference; Edmonton, Alberta; 11–12 September 2015
Authors: Mulder K.E. , Ahmed S. , Davies J.D. , Doll C.M. , Dowden S. , Gill S. , Gordon V. , Hebbard P. , Lim H. , McFadden A. , McGhie J.P. , Park J. , Wong R.
Published: December 2016

The 17th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference (wcgccc) was held in Edmonton, Alberta, 11–12 September 2015. The wcgccc is an interactive multidisciplinary conference attended by health care professionals from across Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) who are involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Surgical, medical, and radiation oncologists; pathologists; radiologists; and allied health care professionals participated in presentation and discussion sessions for the purposes of developing the recommendations presented here. This consensus statement addresses current issues in the management of gastric cancer.
A User’s Guide to Cannabinoid Therapies in Oncology
Authors: Maida V. , Daeninck P.J.
Published: December 2016

“Cannabinoid” is the collective term for a group of chemical compounds that either are derived from the Cannabis plant, are synthetic analogues, or occur endogenously. Although cannabinoids interact mostly at the level of the currently recognized cannabinoid receptors, they might have cross reactivity, such as at opioid receptors.
GEOMARKETING MODELS IN SUPERMARKET LOCATION STRATEGIES
Authors: BAVIERA-PUIG Amparo , BUITRAGO-VERA Juan , ESCRIBA-PEREZ Carmen
Published: December 2016

Choosing where to open a new outlet is a critical decision for retail firms. Building on the multiplicative competitive interaction model from retail location theory, this paper develops a geomarketing model that can be used to devise supermarket location strategies. First, attributes that explain a supermarket’s pull on consumers were determined. These attributes included objective (taken from databases and empirical observation) and subjective (based on managerial judgements) variables relating to the supermarket and its trade area. Then, geographic information system tools were used to analyse real data at a highly detailed level (road section). From a geomarketing viewpoint, the model shows that sociodemographic characteristics of the supermarket’s trade area affect firms’ location strategies. The paper also discusses improvements for calibrating and validating this model. Adding the spatial organization of supermarkets to the model yields a different consumer behaviour pattern. This geomarketing model can help managers to design supermarket location strategies according to shop features, competitors and environment, whilst estimating supermarket sales.
USE OF “KNOWLEDGE HOUSE”, DWS, DMS AND DSS METHODOLOGY BY COMPLETING A COMPETITORS' ANALYSIS IN THE RAILWAY SECTOR
Authors: GAIDELYS Vaidas , DAILYDKA Stasys
Published: December 2016

In completing a competitors’ analysis in the railway sector by using the “Knowledge House” method, there is frequently a problem of data and information accessibility. The quality of primary information has direct influence on the quality of analytical conclusions. One more condition for the qualitative application of this method is the intellectual capital and experience of the analyst. One should note that in this regard we face another problem, that of selection of proper personnel, on the qualification of whom depends the accuracy of the evaluation and final results, on the basis of which strategic decisions are taken. The main aim of the paper is to assess the opportunities for applications of competitive intelligence methods in the railway sector. The study is using “Knowledge House”, DWS, DMS, DSS methodologies.
Having analysed the scientific works the direct scientific sources of information, which are oriented to the application of the methods of competitive intelligence to the railway sector, have not been identified. The paper is absolutely original in that until now the competitive intelligence techniques have not been applied for the railway sector companies.
Considering the fact that foreign companies, which compete for freighting at the international level, are regarded as the main competitors of the railway sector, the use of the methods of the competitive intelligence becomes more important while fighting for the part of the market. The competitive intelligence methods and their application to the railway sector companies are little studied. In accordance with application of the relevant methods in other sectors, it can be assumed that these innovative approaches could have a positive impact on the competitiveness of companies in the railway sector and their income.
GEOMETRIC DILUTION OF PRECISION OF THE GNSS FOR MARS (GNSS FATIMA)
Authors: KOZAR Jozef , DURCO Stanislav , ADAMCIK Frantisek
Published: December 2016

Positioning on Mars is one of the critical aspects of every planetary mission. Current complex planetary exploration systems (orbital and surface) rely on complex navigation and positioning systems, which make these systems complicated, expensive and their missions dangerous. The project of the global navigation satellite system for Mars (proposed system name – FATIMA) can make this and even future manned missions more safe, less expensive and the whole positioning in real time more reliable. The GNSS can be used by more systems or users simultaneously. In this research paper we focus on possible positioning errors when such a system is used. This research is focused on the GDOP – Geometric Dilution of Precision as one of the main factors influencing the GNSS.
CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE RESONANCES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Authors: Luan Jing , Goldreich Peter
Published: December 2016

Several pairs of solar system satellites occupy mean motion resonances (MMRs). We divide these into two groups according to their proximity to exact resonance. Proximity is measured by the existence of a separatrix in phase space. MMRs between Io–Europa, Europa–Ganymede, and Enceladus–Dione are too distant from exact resonance for a separatrix to appear. A separatrix is present only in the phase spaces of the Mimas–Tethys and Titan–Hyperion MMRs, and their resonant arguments are the only ones to exhibit substantial librations. Could there be a causal connection between the libration amplitude and the presence of a separatrix? Our suspicions were aroused by Goldreich & Schlichting, who demonstrate that sufficiently deep in a MMR, eccentricity damping could destabilize librations. However, our investigation reveals that libration amplitudes in both the Mimas–Tethys and Titan–Hyperion MMRs are fossils. Although the Mimas–Tethys MMR is overstable, its libration amplitude grows on the tidal damping timescale of Mimas’s inclination, which is considerably longer than a Hubble time. On the other hand, the Titan–Hyperion MMR is stable, but tidal damping of Hyperion’s eccentricity is too weak to have affected the amplitude of its libration.
SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY AT THE U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY. XXI.
Authors: Mason Brian D. , Hartkopf William I. , Bredthauer Greg , Ferguson Eric W. , Finch Charlie T. , Kilian Christopher M. , Rafferty Theodore J. , Ragan Tai J. , Wieder Gary D.
Published: December 2016

The results of 2408 intensified CCD observations of double stars, made with the 26 inch refractor of the U.S. Naval Observatory, are presented. Each observation of a system represents a combination of over 2000 short-exposure images. These observations are averaged into 1602 mean relative positions and range in separation from 1.″94 to 107.″41, with a median separation of 11.″96. This is the twenty-first in this series of papers and covers the period from 2015 January 13 through 2015 December 19. Significant instrumentation changes are reported in this paper.
DELAY SPECTRUM WITH PHASE-TRACKING ARRAYS: EXTRACTING THE H i POWER SPECTRUM FROM THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION
Authors: Paul Sourabh , Sethi Shiv K. , Morales Miguel F. , Dwarkanath K. S. , Shankar N. Udaya , Subrahmanyan Ravi , Barry N. , Beardsley A. P. , Bowman Judd D. , Briggs F. , Carroll P. , de Oliveira-Costa A. , Dillon Joshua S. , Ewall-Wice A. , Feng L. , Greenhill L. J. , Gaensler B. M. , Hazelton B. J. , Hewitt J. N. , Hurley-Walker N. , Jacobs D. J. , Kim Han-Seek , Kittiwisit P. , Lenc E. , Line J. , Loeb A. , McKinley B. , Mitchell D. A. , Neben A. R. , Offringa A. R. , Pindor B. , Pober J. C. , Procopio P. , Riding J. , Sullivan I. S. , Tegmark M. , Thyagarajan Nithyanandan , Tingay S. J. , Trott C. M. , Wayth R. B. , Webster R. L. , Wyithe J. S. B. , Cappallo Roger , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Kaplan D. L. , Lonsdale C. J. , McWhirter S. R. , Morgan E. , Oberoi D. , Ord S. M. , Prabu T. , Srivani K. S. , Williams A. , Williams C. L.
Published: December 2016

The detection of redshifted 21 cm emission from the epoch of reionization (EoR) is a challenging task owing to strong foregrounds that dominate the signal. In this paper, we propose a general method, based on the delay spectrum approach, to extract H i power spectra that are applicable to tracking observations using an imaging radio interferometer ("Delay Spectrum with Imaging Arrays"). Our method is based on modeling the H i signal taking into account the impact of wide field effects such as the w-term, which are then used as appropriate weights in cross-correlating the measured visibilities. Our method is applicable to any radio interferometer that tracks a phase center and could be utilized for arrays such as the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT), Donald C. Backer Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER), and HERA. In the literature the delay spectrum approach has been implemented for near-redundant baselines using drift scan observations. In this paper we explore the scheme for non-redundant tracking arrays. This is the first application of delay spectrum methodology to such data to extract the H i signal. We analyze 3 hr of MWA tracking data on the EoR1 field. We present both two-dimensional (

) and one-dimensional (k) power spectra from the analysis. Our results are in agreement with the findings of other pipelines developed to analyze the MWA EoR data.
ROTATIONAL EVOLUTION OF MAGNETARS IN THE PRESENCE OF A FALLBACK DISK
Authors: Tong H. , Wang W. , Liu X. W. , Xu R. X.
Published: December 2016

Magnetars may have a strong surface dipole field. Observationally, two magnetars may have passive fallback disks. In the presence of a fallback disk, the rotational evolution of magnetars may be changed. In the self-similar fallback disk model, it is found that (1) when the disk mass is significantly lower than 10−6 M
⊙, the magnetar is unaffected by the fallback disk and it will be a normal magnetar. (2) When the disk mass is high but the surface dipole field of the magnetar is about or below 1014 G, the magnetar will also be a normal magnetar. A magnetar plus a passive fallback disk system is expected. This may correspond to the observations of magnetars 4U 0142+61 and 1E 2259+586. (3) When the disk mass is high and the surface dipole field of the magnetar is as high as 4 × 1015 G, the magnetar will evolve from the ejector phase to the propeller phase, and then enter rotational equilibrium. The magnetar will be slowed down quickly in the propeller phase. The final rotational period can be as high 2 × 104 s. This may correspond to the super-slow magnetar in the supernova remnant RCW 103. Therefore, the three types of magnetars can be understood in a unified way.
A PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL OF THE IONIZING RADIATION FROM ACTIVE GALAXIES FOR PHOTOIONIZATION MODELING
Authors: Thomas A. D. , Groves B. A. , Sutherland R. S. , Dopita M. A. , Kewley L. J. , Jin C.
Published: December 2016

We present a simplified model of active galactic nucleus (AGN) continuum emission designed for photoionization modeling. The new model oxaf reproduces the diversity of spectral shapes that arise in physically based models. We identify and explain degeneracies in the effects of AGN parameters on model spectral shapes, with a focus on the complete degeneracy between the black hole mass and AGN luminosity. Our reparametrized model oxaf removes these degeneracies and accepts three parameters that directly describe the output spectral shape: the energy of the peak of the accretion disk emission

, the photon power-law index of the non-thermal emission Γ, and the proportion of the total flux that is emitted in the non-thermal component

. The parameter

is presented as a function of the black hole mass, AGN luminosity, and “coronal radius” of the optxagnf model upon which oxaf is based. We show that the soft X-ray excess does not significantly affect photoionization modeling predictions of strong emission lines in Seyfert narrow-line regions. Despite its simplicity, oxaf accounts for opacity effects where the accretion disk is ionized because it inherits the “color correction” of optxagnf. We use a grid of mappings photoionization models with oxaf ionizing spectra to demonstrate how predicted emission-line ratios on standard optical diagnostic diagrams are sensitive to each of the three oxaf parameters. The oxaf code is publicly available in the Astrophysics Source Code Library.
SEARCH FOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RADIO-LOUD AND RADIO-QUIET GAMMA-RAY PULSAR POPULATIONS WITH FERMI-LAT DATA
Authors: Sokolova E. V. , Rubtsov G. I.
Published: December 2016

Observations by the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) have enabled us to explore the population of non-recycled gamma-ray pulsars with a set of 112 objects. It was recently noted that there are apparent differences in the properties of radio-quiet and radio-loud subsets. In particular, the average observed radio-loud pulsar is younger than the average radio-quiet one and is located at lower Galactic latitude. Even so, the analysis based on the full list of pulsars may suffer from selection effects. Namely, most radio-loud pulsars are first discovered in the radio band, while radio-quiet ones are found using the gamma-ray data. In this work we perform a blind search for gamma-ray pulsars using the Fermi-LAT data alone, using all point sources from the 3FGL catalog as the candidates. Unlike our previous work, the present catalog is constructed with a semi-coherent method based on the time-differencing technique and covers the full range of characteristic ages down to 1 kyr. The search resulted in a catalog of 40 non-recycled pulsars, 25 of which are radio-quiet. All pulsars found in the search were previously known gamma-ray pulsars. We find no statistically significant differences in age or in distributions in Galactic latitude for the radio-loud and radio-quiet pulsars, while the distributions in rotation period are marginally different with a statistical probability of

. The fraction of radio-quiet pulsars is estimated as

. The results are in agreement with the predictions of the outer magnetosphere models, while the polar cap models are disfavored.
QUANTIFYING THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND COSMIC RAYS IN THE MBM 53, 54, AND 55 MOLECULAR CLOUDS AND THE PEGASUS LOOP USING FERMI-LAT GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Mizuno T. , Abdollahi S. , Fukui Y. , Hayashi K. , Okumura A. , Tajima H. , Yamamoto H.
Published: December 2016

A study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and cosmic rays (CRs) using Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) data, in a region encompassing the nearby molecular clouds MBM 53, 54, and 55 and a far-infrared loop-like structure in Pegasus, is reported. By comparing the Planck dust thermal emission model with Fermi-LAT γ-ray data, it was found that neither the dust radiance (R) nor the dust opacity at 353 GHz (τ
353) was proportional to the total gas column density N(Htot) primarily because N(Htot)/R and N(Htot)/τ
353 depend on the dust temperature (T
d). The N(Htot) distribution was evaluated using γ-ray data by assuming the regions of high T
d to be dominated by optically thin atomic hydrogen (

) and by employing an empirical linear relation of N(Htot)/R to T
d. It was determined that the mass of the gas not traced by the 21 cm or 2.6 mm surveys is ∼25% of the mass of

in the optically thin case and is larger than the mass of the molecular gas traced by carbon monoxide by a factor of up to 5. The measured γ-ray emissivity spectrum is consistent with a model based on CR spectra measured at the Earth and a nuclear enhancement factor of ≤1.5. It is, however, lower than local

emissivities reported by previous Fermi-LAT studies employing different analysis methods and assumptions on ISM properties by 15%–20% in energies below a few GeV, even if we take account of the statistical and systematic uncertainties. The origin of the discrepancy is also discussed.
HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS PRODUCED IN THE ACCRETION DISKS BY NEUTRONS FROM NUCLEI DISINTEGRATED IN THE AGN JETS
Authors: Bednarek W.
Published: December 2016

We investigate the consequences of acceleration of nuclei in jets of active galaxies not far from the surface of an accretion disk. The nuclei can be accelerated in the re-connection regions in the jet and/or at the jet boundary, between the relativistic jet and its cocoon. It is shown that the relativistic nuclei can efficiently fragment onto specific nucleons in collisions with the disk radiation. Neutrons, directed toward the accretion disk, take a significant part of energy from the relativistic nuclei. These neutrons develop a cascade in the dense accretion disk. We calculate the neutrino spectra produced in such a hadronic cascade within the accretion disk. We propose that the neutrinos produced in such a scenario, from the whole population of super-massive black holes in active galaxies, can explain the extragalactic neutrino background recently measured by the IceCube neutrino detector, provided that a 5% fraction of galaxies have an active galactic nucleus and a few percent of neutrons reach the accretion disk. We predict that the neutrino signals in the present neutrino detectors, produced in terms of such a model, will not be detectable even from the nearby radio galaxies similar to M87.
THE COSMIC EVOLUTION OF THE METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF IONIZED GAS TRACED BY LYMAN LIMIT SYSTEMS
Authors: Lehner Nicolas , O’Meara John M. , Howk J. Christopher , Prochaska J. Xavier , Fumagalli Michele
Published: December 2016

We present the first results from our KODIAQ Z survey aimed at determining the metallicity distribution and physical properties of the

partial and full Lyman limit systems (pLLSs and LLSs;

), which are probed of the interface regions between the intergalactic medium (IGM) and galaxies. We study 31 H i-selected pLLSs and LLSs at

observed with Keck/HIRES in absorption against background QSOs. We compare the column densities of metal ions to H i and use photoionization models to assess the metallicity. The metallicity distribution of the pLLSs/LLSs at

is consistent with a unimodal distribution peaking at

. The metallicity distribution of these absorbers therefore evolves markedly with z since at

it is bimodal with peaks at

and −0.3. There is a substantial fraction (25%–41%) of pLLSs/LLSs with metallicities well below those of damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs) at any studied z from

to

–4, implying reservoirs of metal-poor, cool, dense gas in the IGM/galaxy interface at all z. However, the gas probed by pLLSs and LLSs is rarely pristine, with a fraction of 3%–18% for pLLSs/LLSs with

. We find C/α enhancement in several pLLSs and LLSs in the metallicity range

, where C/α is 2–5 times larger than observed in Galactic metal-poor stars or high-redshift DLAs at similar metallicities. This is likely caused by preferential ejection of carbon from metal-poor galaxies into their surroundings.