bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Legalidade e a Ética de Medidas Especiais para Proteger Populações Vulneráveis sob o Direito Internacional
Authors: Lepard Brian D.
Published: August 2020

Atualmente, em muitos países do mundo, surge uma controvérsia sobre as medidas especiais implementadas por lei para promover o avanço social e econômico de membros de várias populações vulneráveis – medidas muitas vezes chamadas “ações afirmativas.” Essas medidas podem tomar a forma de cotas ou de preferências especiais buscando aumentar as oportunidades para membros dessas populações nas áreas de emprego ou educação, por exemplo, ao mesmo nível dos outros membros da sociedade.

Esse artigo busca aprofundar as implicações jurídicas e éticas das normas no direito internacional pelas políticas nacionais concernentes às ações afirmativas. Antes de empreender essa exploração, ele revê alguns conceitos da igualdade ao nível conceitual. Depois, o artigo explora brevemente a história do tratamento de populações vulneráveis na sociedade e a abordagem adotada pelo direito internacional perante essa história. Ele averigua alguns conceitos fundamentais desenvolvidos no direito internacional contemporâneo relacionados à adoção de medidas especiais para proteger populações vulneráveis. Ao mesmo tempo, o artigo identifica algumas questões que não são resolvidas pelo direito internacional de acordo com uma interpretação tradicional.

Em seguida, o artigo elabora uma teoria jurídica e ética sobre como interpretar essas normas do direito internacional e resolver essas questões restantes. Essa teoria é baseada no conceito de “unidade em diversidade,” que encontra apoio no direito internacional contemporâneo, bem como nas escrituras reverenciadas de muitas religiões e crenças mundiais. Finalmente, o artigo aplica essa teoria para alcançar algumas conclusões sobre a legalidade e a ética sob o direito internacional de medidas nacionais visando a proteção de populações vulneráveis. O artigo não pretende resolver a polêmico existente ao redor deste assunto, mas a esperança é que a abordagem que ele propõe possa ajudarmos a alcançar uma compreensão mais profunda do problema.
FEATURES OF THE NEMATODE OXYURIS EQUI (SCHRANK, 1788) DEVELOPMENT CYCLE IN THE CONDITIONS OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Authors: Kaniyazov  , Shakarboev  , Ulugmuradova
Published: August 2020

The features of the nematode Oxyuris equi (Schrank, 1788) life cycle in the conditions of Karakalpakstan were studied. The material was collected in 2017– 2020 at horse ranches and meat-processing plants of Karakalpakstan. A complete helminthological study of 143 small and large intestines was undertaken using the method of K.I.Skyarbin (1928). A study of the development of larvae in oxyur eggs (from long-tailed and short-tailed forms) was carried out in a thermostat at 26–28°C. For the experiments, eggs from mature female oxyurs as well as eggs from spontaneously departing parasites with animal feces along with mucus were used. The research results show that there is no difference in the timing of the development of short-tailed and long-tailed female eggs. The larvae of both forms reach their maximum size on the fourth day, and the separation of the cap was observed on the 17th day. The duration of the development to maturity of short-tailed (51–53 days) and long-tailed (47–49 days) forms of oxyures in the host did not differ significantly. The development of both forms of oxyur – long-tailed and short-tailed – when animals are infected with invasive eggs of one form, as well as similar dates for their maturity indicate that both forms belong to the species Oxyuris equi (Schrank, 1788). In Karakalpakstan, the development of oxyures in the host from the moment of being infected with short-tailed females lasts 51 to 53 days, long-tailed females 47 to 49 days
PARASITES IN VOLES AT THE TERRITORY AROUND MAHNEVSKAYA ICE CAVE (PERM REGION)
Authors: Klabukov  , Sivkova Tatiana
Published: August 2020

Present study was carried out for the investigation of mammalians parasites formation in the territory of West Siberia and Ural. The analysis of parasitophauna of tundra vole (13 examples) and bank vole (20 examples) obtained from the territory around Mahnevskaya Ice Cave at the North of Perm region was performed. Corpses of rodents was investigated by the method of partial helminthological dissection. As a result, a distribution of intestinal helminthes at 38,46% in Microtus oeconomus and 20,0% in Myodes glareolus is found. The tundra vole is most infested by Notocotylus noyeri with an infection level at the 23.08% and Anoplocephalidae sp. with an infection index at the 15.38%. Hymenolepidid Cestodes are revealed only in the bank vole. All detected parasites are specific to voles of these species. That low level of infection as like an absence of parasites eggs in micromammalian coprolites from Midholocene cave sediments let conclude about comparatively recent establishment of parasitoses in two species of voles at the territory.
DYNAMICS OF SECRETION OF PROSTAGLANDINS E2 AND D2 WITH DIBOTHRIOCHEPHALLUS DENDRITICUS (CESTODA) PLEROCERCOIDS IN RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE OF BLOOD SERUM OF BAIKAL CISCO, THE HOST
Authors: Kutyrev  , Olennikov  , Kaschenko  , Mazur
Published: August 2020

Parasites regulate host immune response via secretion of soluble mediators which interact in a certain way with cells and molecules of the immune system. The aim of the study was to determine changes of prostaglandins E2 и D2 content in Dibothriochephallus dendriticus plerocercoids and also in the incubation media during incubation of tapeworms with addition of blood serum from the intermediate host – Baikal cisco. D. dendriticus plerocercoids were retrieved from the host body cavity, ashed in the physiological solution and placed in incubation media. Microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect prostaglandins. Concentration of prostaglandins in the plerocercoid organism increased insignificantly after incubation in the Hanks’ solution with addition of blood serum, when compared with incubation in the Hanks’ solution only. Concentration of prostaglandin E2 increased significantly in the incubation media after incubation of plerocercoids in the Hanks’ solution with addition of blood serum. Prostaglandin D2 was also identified in high concentrations after 12 h and 24 h of incubation, whereas prostaglandin D2 was not quite detected during incubation in Hanks’ solution only.
COMPOSITION OF LEUKOCYTES IN BLOOD OF GOLDFISH INFECTED BY LIGULA (DIGRAMMA) INTERRUPTA (CESTODA: PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA)
Authors: Mazur  , Kutyrev  , Dugarov
Published: August 2020

The tapeworm Ligula interrupta of the genus Ligula (Digramma) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) is a specific parasite of freshwater cyprinid fish; its plerocyrcoids are localized in the body cavity causing heavy parasitic pathology. With parasitosis, an important role in the regulation of the pathological process is assigned to the participants of the organism’s protective reactions, among which a special pool of immunocompetent cells – leukocytes – is distinguished. In the literature, there are single data on hemo- and immunopoiesis goldfish with digrammosis. In our work, new data were obtained on the leukocyte composition of the blood of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), infected with Ligula interrupta in conditions of the native range (Shilen Lake and Cheremukhovoe Lake, Lake Baikal basin). All fish specimens caught with seine nets, both infested and noninfested with L. interrupta, were identical by the size and age composition (age +3…+5, body length 145–237 and 150–180 mm, respectively, weight 100–184 and 120–174 g). Hematological studies were carried out according to the Sbornik [2]. To quantify the individual types of leukocytes, the leukocyte profile, expressed in absolute terms, was calculated. Three groups of cells were revealed in the blood of all goldfish species: blast forms, granulocytes (neutrophils, pseudobasophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). The decrease in the blood of infected fish of the total number of leukocytes and their various types at all stages of development, the violation of the proliferation and differentiation of lymphoid and granulocytic elements in the studied organs, the formation of vacuolated and atypical cells, the absence of circulating basophils and eosinophils were established. It has been shown that in this parasitic system, partner relations are reduced to the launch of L. interrupta mechanisms that regulate the host's protective immunological processes by the type of inhibition of the acute inflammatory response and the development of mild chronic inflammation.
ABOUT EFFECTS OF SOME NEUROPEPTIDES ON LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR OF CYST-FORMING PLANT NEMATODES
Authors: Malyutina
Published: August 2020

The article presents an analysis of world literature on the study of the physiological and functional significance of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides in the neurobiology of cyst-forming plant parasitic nematodes (by the example of larvae of the 2-yearold potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, and soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines). It was shown that the basic physiological and functional characteristics of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides were obtained from the effects that have some neuropeptides on the motor activity of intact nematode larvae, and molecular studies of flp-genes that encode FMRFamidelike neuropeptides. FMRFamide-like neuropeptides belong to the largest and most diverse family of signal neuropeptides found in invertebrate animals including numerous representatives of the Nematoda type which can significantly modulate the locomotor behavioral reactions of these animals. The work discusses a physiological function of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides and the identified putative receptor of one of the neuropeptides in locomotor behavioral reactions that ensure the vital activity of cyst-forming nematodes, and the possibility of using the data in developing new targeted anthelmintics. The fact of revealing the peptidergic nervous system in cyst-forming plant nematodes, parasitic nematodes of vertebrate animals and freeliving nematodes confirms the concept about the conservation of the peptidergic nervous system in representatives of the entire Nematoda type in general.
ON THE DOG BABESIASIS AND MEASURES OF ITS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Authors: Movsesyan  , Petrosyan  , Vardanyan  , Nykogosyan  , Manukyan
Published: August 2020

A haemoparasitic disease, babesiasis was studied in dogs, brought to the Laura Dog Club, located in Yerevan city. Work in this direction was conducted from midApril till the end of November 2019. 25 working and hunting dogs, and 5 stray dogs were examined. Peripheral blood smears were prepared from animals with severe clinical symptoms of haemoparasitic disease to differentiate babesiasis. After fixing and staining, smear microscopy was performed under an immersion microscope system. Studies of blood smears showed that Babesia canis was found in red blood cells of examined dogs. The carriers of Babesia canis are Ixodid tics of the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rh. bursa, Dermacentor marginatus, the latter species was found in a dog brought from the territory of the forest-mountain zone of Armenia. The species of Ixodid ticks, and the degree of tick infestation, were determined. It turned out that the dogs were mainly infected by the species Rh. sanguineus. It was found that the intensity of infection by Ixodid ticks in dogs in summer was 100%, and the intensity of infection was 10–20 ticks in each animal. Almost the same picture of ticking was observed in autumn.
Effectiveness of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin in the production conditions
in case of nematodosis of the digestive tract of herd horses
Authors: Musaev  , Zashchepkina  , Vatsaev  , Dhamalova  , Khalikov S.
Published: August 2020

For deworming undomesticated herd horses as well as wild animals in reserves (bison, red deer, wild boars, etc.), an antiparasitic supramolecular complex preparation based on ivermectin and polymers (arabinogalactan and HDPE) was developed in the ratios of wt.%: 2:49:49; it is a light cream powder with particle size 1.0-10 microns, which was obtained using the method of mechanochemistry. When evaluating the parameters of acute and acute cutaneous toxicity, the supramolecular complex of ivermectin administered through the enteric route to white mice and applied to the skin according to GOST 12.1.007-76 belongs to class IV of low toxic substances, and according to the accepted classification (L.I. Medved, 1964), class of substances with subtle accumulation. The supramolecular complex of ivermectin does not have immunotoxic activity. The drug is administered in a mixture with food individually in a prescribed therapeutic dose of 0.15 mg / kg, as well as by the method of group feeding in a mixture with feed compound in a dose of 0.2 mg / kg. Deworming of herd horses with a preparation to be used in a mixture with food is technically convenient and practically not difficult, while excluding physical stress during fixation of animals, and industrial injuries. No side effect is observed after deworming.
Mathematical modeling of ixodic ticks of the Non-Black Earth Zone
Authors: Nikanorova
Published: August 2020

The article discusses the impact of exogenous factors on the population of ixodic ticks. It is known that parasitic arthropods including ixodic ticks, are very susceptible to changes in climatic factors of a certain habitat. For the development of a population, it is necessary to study many factors: a certain air temperature, humidity or rainfall, daylight hours, cloud cover, and atmospheric pressure. The choice and number of hosts, the time limits of bloodsucking and diapause, and activity peaks depend on exogenous factors. In the Kaluga Region, cases of hemosporidial infections, anaplasmosis among animals, and borreliosis among people are recorded annually. Two species of ixodic ticks live in the Region: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. Mathematical modeling in parasitology opens up great opportunities for predicting outbreaks of vector-borne infections and infestations without serious material costs. As a result, data were obtained on the strongest effect on the arthropod population of mean atmospheric pressure. With a simultaneous increase in the monthly average values of temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure, the number of active ixodic ticks will decrease. The advantage of the applied modeling allows taking into account the impact on the observed object of a combination of all factors and their interaction effects.
Mathematical modeling of ixodiс ticks and their hosts of the Non-Black Earth Zone
Authors: Nikanorova
Published: August 2020

The article discusses the impact of exogenous factors on the population of ixodic ticks and small mammals. It is known that parasitic arthropods, mouse-like rodents are very susceptible to changes in climatic factors of a certain habitat. For the development of their population, it is necessary to study many factors: a certain air temperature, humidity or rainfall, daylight hours, cloud cover, and atmospheric pressure. The survival of small mammals, and therefore the number of ticks in the future, depends on exogenous factors. Mathematical modeling in parasitology opens up great opportunities for predicting outbreaks of vector-borne infections and infestations without serious material costs. As a result, calculation models of small mammals for the Kaluga Region and data on the most influence of the average atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and humidity on the arthropod population were obtained. The higher the ambient temperature is within the normal range for a certain territory, the more favorable the conditions for propagation are. Rainfall has the opposite effect. The analysis of the obtained model by ixodic ticks shows the strongest effect on the arthropod population of average atmospheric pressure. The advantage of the applied modeling allows taking into account the impact on the observed object of a combination of all factors and their interaction effects.
FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOST ALARIA ALATA (TREMATODA, STRIGEIDIDA) IN THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION
Authors: Romashov B. , Romashova N.
Published: August 2020

Currently, an increase has been noted in the number of cases of dogs infected with Alaria alata (Trematoda, Srigeidida) in the Central Black Earth Region (Voronezh and Lipetsk Regions). However, individual links are not known, primarily, the first intermediate host involved in the life cycle and circulation of A. alata in natural conditions. New data were obtained on the implementation of the life cycle of A. alata on the study territory. The mollusk Planorbis planorbis was registered as the first intermediate host 1.5% (8 specimens) were identified as infected with parthenita A. alata among the studied mollusk Planorbis (527 specimens). Cercariae were investigated by micromorphological methods, and the comparative analysis allows them to be classified as A. alata. The cercariae belong to the group of furcocercous cercaria Furcocercaria, the tail stem at the distal end forms a furca. The tail stem has 14 pairs of short hairs. The tail rami have small spinelets and carry three pairs of short hairs. When the excretory system was studied, a transverse commissure was not detected. Unpigmented eyes are located in the front part of the body at the edge. Alariosis circulates as a natural focal parasitosis in the Central Black Earth Region.
REPELLENT EFFECT OF PLANTS ON MITES VARROA JACOBSONI (OUD., 1904) IN ARMENIA
Authors: Rukhkyan  , Oganesyan
Published: August 2020

In the beekeeping practice of Armenia, prevention and treatment of bee diseases has become very important in recent years. One of the known invasive bee diseases that causes significant damage to beekeeping in Armenia is Varroatosis, which is caused by the mole mites Varroa jacobsoni (Oud., 1904), that infects the larvae, pupae, and imago of bees. Varroatosis is a hidden disease that provokes the death of the bee colony. The purpose of our research is to screen the repellent effects of plants on Varroa jacobsoni mites, in order to completely abandon the use of chemical drugs during preventive and decontamination activities. We developed the proportion of the impact of the repellency of herbaceous plants growing on the territory of Armenia on Varroa jacobsoni mites in order to reject them from bees and prevent the spread of this invasive disease on an apiary. The following plants were used in our research: wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), yarrow (Achilleamille folium L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) The results of our studies revealed a positive effect. The effectiveness of an inexpensive and completely harmless method allows us to judge about its profitability.
NEW DRUGS AGAINST OOCIST OF COCKIDIA IN BIRDS – VIRUKILL 260
Authors: Safiullin Rinat , Chalysheva  , Krasnobayev
Published: August 2020

The production culture in industrial poultry has risen to a high level and continues to improve in recent years. Profitability of production is the main task of poultry farming, as for any industrial branch. This is due to the intensification of production, a reduction in the period of sanitary preparation of premises, and a high concentration of poultry stock on a limited area. These conditions contribute to the spread of parasitic diseases and eimeriosis is the leading among them. The experiments were carried out on 14-day-old Cobb-500 cross broiler chickens in the laboratory and vivarium of the institute in 2019. First, Virukill 260 working solutions in different concentrations, WSH buffer solution, and bird feces preservative were prepared. Virukill is a multicomposite drug in the form of a liquid, this medicine is used to disinfect and disinfestation objects of veterinary surveillance and the prevention of infectious and invasive animal diseases. Chickens of the first, second and third groups were assigned 1 ml of a suspension of Eimeria oocysts treated with 0.5; 1 and 2% solutions of the drug Virukill 260, inside using a micropipette; the fourth - also 1 ml of a suspension of Eimeria oocysts treated with a 4% phenol solution. Young animals of the fifth group were injected with sporulated Eimeria oocysts at a dose of 2000 / ml of a suspension not treated with a disinfectant (infected control); and the sixth - only 1 ml of WSH buffer solution (uninfected control). The chickens were subjected to daily clinical observations, taking into account the general condition, behavior, appetite, visible physiological changes throughout the experiment. The intensity of Virukill 260 in 0.5-, 1- and 2% concentrations against coccidium oocysts was 94.15; 97.6 and 98.17%, respectively, and phenol at 4% concentration was 88.75%. The following Eimeria species were identified: Eimeria acervulina (21.4%), E. brunetti (15.7%), E. maxima (29.6%) and E. tenella (33.3%) in broiler litter samples from the first to the fifth group.
SOME RESULTS OF RESEARCH WORK ON PREVENTION OF ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN KYRGYZSTAN
Authors: Tursunov  , Isaev  , Ibragimova
Published: August 2020

The Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine is a co-executor of the Strategy for the Echinococcosis Control (2013–2018) and monitored dogs epizootological examinations after preventive treatment with azinox. Laboratory studies of biomaterials (feces) for infection with helminths were carried out along with the traditional coprological method, a more sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of laboratory studies of fecal samples from dogs showed that the activities of the "Strategy for the Control of Echinococcosis in the Kyrgyz Republic", including the treatment of dogs with azinox, gave positive outcomes. From 2014 to 2018 2260 feces samples from deworming dogs from almost all regions of Kyrgyzstan were examined. At the same time, the infection of dogs with taeniidae is steadily decreasing; it has also been noted that the main joints of parasitocenosis in dogs are taeniidae, toxocaras, mesocestoids, and eimeria. In the studies conducted on the infection of dogs with taeniidae, the coprological and more sensitive ELISA method was used. Using both helminthological studies, a decrease in the invasion of dogs by taeniidae was confirmed. Thus, in the period from 2014 (the beginning of the Strategy) to 2018, the average invasion of dogs was reduced from 20.2 to 14.3%.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMPRESSOR TRICHINELLOSCOPY
Authors: Uspensky  , Zhdanova  , Napisanova  , Andreyanov
Published: August 2020

Trichinosis in the Russian Federation is quite widespread and is registered almost everywhere. However, in a number of regions, human and animal diseases are most frequently observed. In the system of veterinary and sanitary measures for trichinosis, the leading place is taken by trichinelloscopic control of animal carcasses and meat products. The article provides data on the regional distribution of invasion in the Russian Federation, and sources and factors of invasion transmission. The main categories of the population that fall into the risk group for trichinosis are indicated. Attention is focused on the role of personal protective equipment against this invasion, portable and diagnostic effective devices for field trichinelloscopy. The technological effectiveness of assembly, transportation, and the possibility of their use for the examination of small batches of carcasses, as well as animals that were hunted, was noted. An examination technique for trichinosis using a TP-1,2 device is given. In general, a device of the type TP-1,2 complements the existing range of devices used in trichinelloscopic control, based on the method for digesting muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice and compressor trichinelloscopy.
PROSPECTS FOR ANIMAL VACCINATION IN ECHINOCOCCOSIS
Authors: Uspensky  , Arisov  , Arkhipov  , Abramov V. , Karagiaur
Published: August 2020

Echinococcosis is one of the most dangerous invasive diseases of animals and humans, that causes significant social and economic damage. Due to the localization of cysts, cystic hydatidosis is extremely difficult to treat, and it is not uncommon that surgical intervention is the only possible means. At the same time, cystic echinococcosis is a very common parasitic disease of sheep, goats, cattle, and even horses and is usually registered quite widely in regions traditionally engaged in breeding of these animal species. The work provides information on the spread of cystic echinococcosis in the Russian Federation and the main factors that cause the pathogen to circulate under agricultural conditions. Joint trends in the development of protective drugs, diagnostic test systems and chemotherapeutic drugs for this invasion, as well as technological problems that arise when creating vaccines, are analyzed. Given the current state in addressing the issue of mass vaccination of animals, a list of organizational, economic, medical, preventive and informational measures aimed at providing effective antiparasitic drugs and control methods is provided.
MONITORING OF ASCARIASIS IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA
Authors: Chernikova  , Khutoryanina  , Tverdokhlebova
Published: August 2020

Ascariasis is a significant public health problem. More than a quarter of the world's population is at risk of infection with soil-borne parasites, and Ascaris lumbricoides is the main type of geohelminthiasis that infects people and affects the population of all countries to some extent. The study is aimed at monitoring ascariasis in the South of Russia, including determining a risk of infecting the population. The analysis of the incidence of ascariasis was performed based on official statistics "On the incidence of protozoans and helminthiasis in the population of the Russian Federation". Over the past 5 years, a serological screening of 2600 samples of blood serum of conditionally healthy residents of the South of Russia was conducted at the premises of the Rostov Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology of the Rospotrebnadzor. Over the same period, more than 7,500 parasitological studies of environmental objects (waste water and its sediments, soil, sand, and surface water) were conducted. A significant proportion of seropositive individuals, as well as the evidence of ascarid eggs detected in environmental objects indicate that the potential risk of infection of the South of Russia population with ascariasis remains. Additionally, the obtained results indicate the need to continue monitoring ascariasis. Further research will provide a more complete picture of the current epidemiological situation on ascariasis and its spread in the South of Russia.
EVALUATION OF RESISTANCE OF POTATO VARIETIES OF FOREIGN SELECTION TO GLOBODERA
Authors: Shesteperov  , Volodin
Published: August 2020

Under the vegetation experiment, two susceptible potato varieties (Sineglazka, Udacha) and 11 varieties of foreign selection were grown in the soil infected with golden potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) (more than 4 thousand eggs and larvae of Globodera rostochiensis per a 800 cubic cm vessel). On the 70th day after the emergence of seed potatoes on the surface of the ball of soil, 53 white and yellow Globodera rostochiensis females were found on the roots of the susceptible Sineglazka variety, and 17 females were found on the ball of soil of the standard Udacha variety, which may be explained by weak development of the root system due to rotten tubers. As a result of foreign potato varieties evaluated for resistance to Globodera rostochiensis, it was found that all tested potato varieties Riviera, Excellence, Bellarosa, Rocco, Arizona, Evolution, Impala, Picasso, Arrow, Veneta and Coletta were resistant to the Vladimir population of the golden potato nematode Globodera rostochiensis of the pathotype Ro1. One to three Globodera rostochiensis females were found on the roots of varieties Excellence, Bellarosa, Rocco, Arizona, Impala, Veneta and Coletta. Six females of Globodera rostochiensis were identified in the Arrow variety. Females were not found on the roots of varieties Riviera, Evolution and Picasso.
THE SURVIVAL OF MUSCULAIRE TRICHINELLA NATIVA IN SEA WATER
Authors: Bukina  , Igitova
Published: August 2020

Seacoasts, especially the tidewide zone, are the place of concentration for many species of animals and birds that migrate here in order to find food, which is presented in the form of sea ejections of the marine mammals’ corpses or fallen terrestrial animals here. Taking into account the environmental significance of the transmission mechanisms of Trichinella through necrophagy, it is important to know how long Trichinella larvae are able to be viable in the corpses of dead animals in the tidewide zones, i.e. in zones that are exposed to sea water. The purpose of this study was to determine the time period of preserving the viability of musculaire Trichinella when they were in sea water. The experiment was performed on a model – a guinea pig carcass, which was kept in different environment at different temperature conditions. It was found out that Trichinella larvae in the muscles of guinea pigs remained viable in sea water (experimental group) during 73 days at room temperature. In fresh water (control group) they remained viable during 23 days. Under the conditions of a domestic refrigerator, Trichinella larvae remained viable during 113 days in the experimental group, while in the control group they lived no more than 33 days from the moment of setting the experiment. The results of the bioassay tests performed on Syrian hamsters turned out to be positive in all the cases; all the animals were infected with different infection intensity
THE FAUNA OF INTESTINAL PARASITES OF SMALL CATTLE IN THE CONDITIONS OF PRIVATE FARMS
Authors: Vasilevich  , Tsepilova  , Gorchakova
Published: August 2020

At all times, the study of farm animal parasitic diseases was one of the most important areas in the general spectrum of animal parasitoses, as farm animals can be a source of human infestation with helminthiasis. The studies were carried out at two private farms where small cattle are kept – one farm is located in the Kaluga Region (Dzerzhinsky District), and the other in the Tver Region (Konakovsky District). The study objects were sheep and goats of various age-sex groups (females and males aged 2–3 years and young animals aged up to 6 months), and the material was feces hand-selected from the rectum of animals. The selected feces were studied at the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary-Sanitary Inspection of the FSBEI of Higher Education FSBEI Mgavmib – MVA named after K.I.Skryabin according to generally accepted methods. As a result of helminthoovoscopic diagnostics, we found that the fauna of intestinal parasites at the farm in the Kaluga Region was represented by three types of nematodes, namely, Trichostrongylus sp., Nematodirus sp. and Capillaria sp., as well as protozoa of the genus Eimeria. In the feces of sheep from the farm in the Tver Region, pathogen eggs of the genus Trichostrongylus sp. and single protozoa of the genus Eimeria were also found. The fauna of intestinal parasites from these two farms is similar to each other; pathogens of the genus Trichostrongylus sp. prevail, which is obviously associated with similar conditions for small cattle keeping and feeding (the livestock is equipped with the Romanov sheep at both farms; animals have year-round grazing and are kept in a wooden sheep shed at night. Feeding with hay and filling, regular preventive measures, in particular, deworming of the stock twice a year). According to the results of the study of feces carried out at the Department, gastrointestinal strongylatoses are the prevailing parasitoses in animals from both farms.
STUDY OF CONTAMINATION OF NATURAL AREAS OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION BY EGGS OF CESTODE S. ERINACEIEUROPAEI
Authors: Elizarov  , Malysheva
Published: August 2020

During 2019, we conducted research at the premises of the Kursk State University, on the natural territories of the Central Black Earth Region contaminated by eggs of cestode S. erinaceieuropaei. 2503 samples were studied in the Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk and Tambov Regions, of which 927 were flood and storm drains, 931 were soil from the habitats of definitive hosts, and 645 were samples of bottom sediments. Water sampling was carried out by a hydrobiological sampler-concentrator "ProboKonG" and was investigated in accordance with Methodical Instructions 4.2.1884-04 "Sanitary-microbiological and sanitary-parasitological analysis of water of surface water bodies". Analysis of soil samples and bottom sediments was performed according to Methodical Instructions 4.2.2661-10 "Methods for sanitary and parasitological research" by the method proposed by N.A. Romanenko. In the Kursk and Tambov Regions, the intensity of water contamination with the invasive material after rain was 5.9% and 6.5%, and the intensity was 4.7±0.4 and 6.6±1.1 specimens, respectively. The greatest rates of soil contamination intensity are as follows: the contamination intensity after rain was 14.5% in the Kursk Region, 10.2% in the Voronezh Region, and 14.5% in the Tambov Region. An average of 3 objects of the invasive material were found in 1 kg of bottom sediments in the Konyshevsky District of the Kursk Region.
Knowledge, Adequacy, and Approximate Truth
Authors: Buckwalter Wesley , Turri John
Published: August 2020

Approximation involves representing things in ways that might be close to the truth but are nevertheless false. Given the widespread reliance on approximations in science and everyday life, here we ask whether it is conceptually possible for false approximations to qualify as knowledge. According to the factivity account, it is impossible to know false approximations, because knowledge requires truth. According to the representational adequacy account, it is possible to know false approximations, if they are close enough to the truth for present purposes. In this paper, we adopt an experimental methodology to begin testing these two theories. When an agent provides a false and practically inadequate answer, both theories predict that people will deny knowledge. But the theories disagree about an agent who provides a false but practically adequate answer: the factivity hypothesis again predicts knowledge denial, whereas the representational adequacy hypothesis predicts knowledge attribution. Across two experiments, our principal finding was that people tended to attribute knowledge for false but practically adequate answers, which supports the representational adequacy account. We propose an interpretation of existing findings that preserves a conceptual link between knowledge and truth. According to this proposal, truth is not necessary for knowledge, but it is a feature of prototypical knowledge.
From virtue epistemology to abilism: theoretical and empirical developments
Authors: Turri John
Published: August 2020

I review several theoretical and empirical developments relevant to assessing contemporary virtue epistemology’s theory of knowledge. What emerges is a leaner theory of knowledge that is more empirically adequate, better captures the ordinary conception of knowledge, and is ripe for cross-fertilization with cognitive science. I call this view abilism. Along the way I identify several topics for future research.
Modul Praktikum Maple MA2271
Authors: Pudjaprasetya Sri Redjeki
Published: August 2020

Modul praktikum dengan software Maple, sebagai pendamping pelaksanaan perkuliahan MA2271 Pengantar Persamaan Diferensial, Matematika, FMIPA Institut Teknologi Bandung
One Attempt to Create a Digital Library From Scratch
Authors: Dewees John
Published: August 2020

A description of the work engaged in creating a new subject focused digital library around architectural collections contained in the Local History and Genealogy department of a public library. The process involves using Omeka as a contextualization layer for records stored in Ohio Memory, a statewide digital library using CONTENTdm as a platform.
Sex is a defining feature of neuroimaging phenotypes in major brain disorders
Authors: Salminen Lauren , Tubi Meral , Bright Joanna , Thomopoulos Sophia I , Wieand Alyssa , Thompson Paul
Published: August 2020

Sex is a biological variable that contributes to various elements of brain and behavior in clinical and non-clinical samples. In clinical samples, several studies show sex differences in disease risk, prevalence, and expression of clinical symptoms, yet sex differences in MRI outcomes are still understudied. Here we review the existing literature on sex differences in brain structure in normative samples and in 14 distinct psychiatric and neurological disorders. We discuss commonalities and sources of variance in study designs, analysis procedures, disease subtype effects, and the impact of these factors on MRI interpretation. Lastly, we identify key problems in the neuroimaging literature on sex differences and offer potential recommendations to address current barriers and optimize rigor and reproducibility. In particular, we emphasize the importance of large-scale neuroimaging initiatives such as the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses (ENIGMA) consortium, the UK Biobank, Human Connectome Project, and others to provide unprecedented power to evaluate sex-specific phenotypes in major brain diseases.
Listening effort is not the same as speech intelligibility score
Authors: Winn Matthew , Teece Katherine
Published: August 2020

ARTICLE NOW PUBLISHED AT:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/23312165211027688 Listening effort is a valuable and important notion to measure because it is among the primary complaints of people with hearing loss. It is tempting and intuitive to accept speech intelligibility scores as a proxy for listening effort, but this link is likely oversimplified and lacks actionable explanatory power. This study was conducted to explain the mechanisms of listening effort that are not captured by intelligibility scores, using sentence-repetition tasks where specific kinds of mistakes were prospectively planned or analyzed retrospectively. Effort measured as changes in pupil size among 20 listeners with normal hearing and 19 listeners with cochlear implants. Experiment 1 demonstrates that mental correction of misperceived words increases effort even when responses are correct. Experiment 2 shows that for incorrect responses, listening effort is not a function of the proportion of words correct, but is rather driven by the types of errors, position of errors within a sentence, and the need to resolve ambiguity, reflecting how easily the listener can make sense of a perception. A simple taxonomy of error types is provided that is both intuitive and consistent with data from these two experiments. The diversity of errors in these experiments implies that speech perception tasks can be designed prospectively to elicit the mistakes that are more closely linked with effort. Although mental corrective action and number of mistakes can scale together in many experiments, it is possible to dissociate them in order to advance toward a more explanatory (rather than correlational) account of listening effort.
Multimodal interactions among infants in three radically different learning environments
Authors: Vogt Paul , Mastin JD , Masson-Carro Ingrid , de Jong Chiara
Published: August 2020

This article presents an exploration in natural, multimodal interactions surrounding infants. In particular, the exploration concerns observations of spontaneous interactions at infants’ homes in three culturally different learning environments: a Western urban community, a non-Western rural community, and a non-Western urban community. The observations were analyzed in terms of (speech-accompanied) gestures addressed to and produced by the infants. Results indicate that the type and frequencies of non-verbal utterances differed drastically over the three learning environments, including the ways these were accompanied by verbal utterances. The conclusion is that in order to obtain a good insight into the multimodal capacity of human language and its development, it is essential to carry out more research into non-WEIRD communities.
Pengelolaan sampah dengan pendekatan Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) di wilayah pesisir Bulukumba Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Mallapiang Fatmawaty , Kurniati Yessy , Syahrir Sukfitrianty , Lagu Abd. Majid HR , Sadarang Rimawati Aulia Insani
Published: August 2020

Sampah menjadi masalah yang krusial di daerah pesisir karena kebiasaan masyarakat yang membuang sampah langsung ke laut. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mengelola sampah dengan memberdayakan aset yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dalam 2 tahap, yaitu tahap persiapan dan pelaksanaan. Tahap persiapan dilakukan dengan menginventarisi aset yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat, melakukan sosialisasi, mempersiapkan materi dan bahan yang dibutuhkan untuk pelatihan pengolahan sampah. Aset yang teridentifikasi dimiliki oleh masyarakat terdiri dari aset fisik, aset manusia, aset sosial, aset finansial, dan aset alam, berupa lahan perkebunan dan pertanian yang menjadi sumber sampah organik sekaligus sebagai tempat mengaplikasikan pupuk kompos hasil pengolahan sampah organik tersebut. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa peserta yang hadir tidak mencapai target karena kegiatan melaut yang dilakukan warga. Peserta yang mengikuti kegiatan pengolahan sampah cukup antusias mengikuti materi dan simulasi. Diharapkan peserta yang mengikuti pelatihan dapat mengolah sampahnya sendiri dan memotivasi warga lain untuk mengolah sampahnya masing-masing.
Should We Look for a Hero to Save Us from the Coronavirus? The Commons as an Alternative Trajectory for Social Change
Authors: Pazaitis Alex , Kostakis Vasilis , Kallis Giorgos , Troullaki Katerina
Published: August 2020

The coronavirus outbreak has come in the aftermath of other concerning and disastrous events, from the rainforest fires in the Amazon to the wildfires of Australia. So far, the political response worldwide has been limited to identifying the villain and the hero who will first invent the life-saving vaccine. However, in a time of crisis, it is becoming obvious that the problem is not external but rather embedded and systemic. We argue that a political economy based on compound economic growth is unsustainable. While the pandemic is no proof of the unsustainability of economic growth as such, the speed and scope of this disease are driven by the interconnectivities of accelerated globalization. Through three ongoing cases, which we have been studying following a participatory action research approach, we discuss an alternative trajectory of a post-capitalist future based on the convergence of localized manufacturing with the digitally shared knowledge commons.
Teaching Research Methods in Master’s-Level LIS Programs: The United States Perspective
Authors: Matusiak Krystyna K. , Bright Kawanna
Published: August 2020

Training in research methodology is an essential component of educating twenty-first century information professionals and library practitioners. Traditionally, competencies in library and information science (LIS) education emphasized the fundamental knowledge of research methods and critical skills in evaluating the findings. However, librarians are not only consumers of research; they are also active contributors to scholarship and need practical skills in designing and carrying out research projects. Research competencies, including the fundamentals of quantitative and qualitative research methods, are listed in the American Library Association’s (ALA) Core Competences of Librarianship. Courses in research methods are offered in many LIS programs in the United States but are not always considered part of the core curriculum. Training in research methodology is inconsistent across LIS programs and in Master’s-level courses rarely goes beyond an overview of methods and terminology. This article summarizes the findings of a study that examined the current state of research methods training in LIS Master’s-level education in the United States and investigated how future library professionals are being prepared to be consumers of research and practitioner-researchers from the perspective of the faculty who teach the courses. The data for this study were collected using multiple techniques, including content analysis of documents, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews. Teaching faculty, selected from ALA-accredited LIS programs, contributed their perspective through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.
The Vatican School of Librarianship in a Time of Change: Current Organization and Future Perspectives
Authors: Weston Paul Gabriele
Published: August 2020

Founded in 1934, the Vatican School of Librarianship, in its early days, aimed at forming both secular and religious librarians following the North American library tradition. Later on, teaching has been largely based on international standards. A brief outline of the initial setting of the School is provided. Presently, the School includes eight courses, ranging from those having a more historical approach to ones which focus on specific more technical skills, such as cataloguing, metadata and data management, reference services, document delivery and information literacy, library services, networking and digital libraries, preservation of printed material, and digital archives. In order to maintain the native hands-on approach, theoretical teaching is backed by lectures and laboratory lessons with practical exercises and teaching on the field. Moreover, internships have been agreed with libraries and educational institutions.

To keep up pace with job-market requirements, a series of workshops aiming at providing students with soft skills is organized each year. By taking active part in these workshops, they are confronted with the need to rely upon common sense, the ability to deal with peers, and the need to develop a positive and flexible attitude. In order to assess their satisfaction and to get some useful feedback for further enhancing the quality of teaching, a survey was carried out among current and previous students.
The Vatican Library and the IFLA between 1928 and 1929
Authors: Vincenti Raffaella
Published: August 2020

On August 30, 2019, the Vatican Library hosted a satellite IFLA conference on topics related to education for professionals, exactly 90 years after the first international conference was held in Rome, when the IFLA was officially named and its first statute was established. This paper was presented at the satellite conference to briefly summarize the major events of those memorable years and the Library’s history as the background of this extraordinary season for world librarianship. In that period, the Vaticana was experiencing a moment of both institutional and professional prosperity, deeply connected with the events that led to the foundation of the IFLA; these were the same years in which Italy and the city of Rome, in the middle of the Fascist Regime, were hosting, in 1928 and 1929, respectively, the preparatory works and the First World Congress of Libraries and Bibliography, the major event that marks the foundation of the IFLA.