bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoke-free legislation and childhood hospitalisations for respiratory tract infections
Authors: Been Jasper V. , Millett Christopher , Lee John Tayu , van Schayck Constant P. , Sheikh Aziz
Published: May 2015

Second-hand smoke exposure is a major risk factor for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Although evidence suggests important early-life health benefits of smoke-free public environments, the impact on childhood RTIs is unclear. We investigated the association between England's smoke-free legislation and childhood RTI hospitalisations.

We used the Hospital Episode Statistics database to obtain nationwide data on hospital admissions for acute RTIs among children (<15 years of age) from 2001 to 2012. Hospitalisation counts were disaggregated by month, age group, sex and small-area level, and linked to urbanisation, region, deprivation index and corresponding population estimates. Negative binomial regression analyses were adjusted for confounders, seasonal variation, temporal autocorrelation, population-size changes and underlying incidence trends. Models allowed for sudden and gradual changes following the smoke-free legislation. We performed sensitivity and subgroup analyses, and estimated number of events prevented.

We analysed 1 651 675 hospital admissions. Introduction of smoke-free legislation was followed by an immediate reduction in RTI admissions (−3.5%, 95% CI −4.7– −2.3%), this mainly being attributable to a decrease in lower RTI admissions (−13.8%, 95% CI −15.6– −12.0%). The reductions in admissions for upper RTI were more incremental.

The introduction of national smoke-free legislation in England was associated with ∼11 000 fewer hospital admissions per year for RTIs in children.
Criteria for diagnosis of exercise pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Herve Philippe , Lau Edmund M. , Sitbon Olivier , Savale Laurent , Montani David , Godinas Laurent , Lador Frederic , Jaïs Xavier , Parent Florence , Günther Sven , Humbert Marc , Simonneau Gerald , Chemla Denis
Published: May 2015

The previous definition of exercise pulmonary hypertension (PH) with a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) >30 mmHg was abandoned because healthy individuals can exceed this threshold at high cardiac output (CO). We hypothesised that incorporating assessment of the pressure–flow relationship using the mPAP/CO ratio,i.e.total pulmonary resistance (TPR), might enhance the accuracy of diagnosing an abnormal exercise haemodynamic response.

Exercise haemodynamics were evaluated in 169 consecutive subjects with normal resting mPAP ≤20 mmHg. Subjects were classified into controls without heart or lung disease (n=68)versuspatients with pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) (n=49) and left heart disease (LHD) (n=52).

TPR and mPAP at maximal exercise produced diagnostic accuracy with area under the receiver operating curve of 0.99 and 0.95, respectively, for discriminating controlsversuspatients with PVD and LHD. The old criterion of mPAP >30 mmHg had sensitivity of 0.98 but specificity of 0.77. Combining maximal mPAP >30 mmHg and TPR >3 mmHg·min·L−1retained sensitivity at 0.93 but improved specificity to 1.0. The accuracy of the combined criteria was high across different age groups, sex, body mass index and diagnosis (PVD or LHD).

Combining mPAP >30 mmHg and TPR >3 mmHg·min·L−1is superior to mPAP >30 mmHg alone for defining a pathological haemodynamic response of the pulmonary circulation during exercise.
Evaluation of macrolides for possible use against multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: van der Paardt Anne-Fleur , Wilffert Bob , Akkerman Onno W. , de Lange Wiel C.M. , van Soolingen Dick , Sinha Bhanu , van der Werf Tjip S. , Kosterink Jos G.W. , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C.
Published: May 2015

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major global health problem. The loss of susceptibility to an increasing number of drugs behoves us to consider the evaluation of non-traditional anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is defined as a group 5 anti-tuberculosis drug by the World Health Organization; however, its role or efficacy in the treatment of MDR-TB is unclear. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to summarise the evidence for the activity of macrolides against MDR-TB, by evaluatingin vitro, in vivoand clinical studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for English language articles up to May 2014.

Even though high minimum inhibitory concentration values are usually found, suggesting low activity againstMycobacterium tuberculosis, the potential benefits of macrolides are their accumulation in the relevant compartments and cells in the lungs, their immunomodulatory effects and their synergistic activity with other anti-TB drugs.

A future perspective may be use of more potent macrolide analogues to enhance the activity of the treatment regimen.
Innate lymphocyte cells in asthma phenotypes
Authors: Ozyigit Leyla Pur , Morita Hideaki , Akdis Mubeccel
Published: May 2015

T helper type 2 (TH2) cells were previously thought to be the main initiating effector cell type in asthma; however, exaggerated TH2 cell activities alone were insufficient to explain all aspects of asthma. Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome comprising different phenotypes that are characterized by their different clinical features, treatment responses, and inflammation patterns. The most‐studied subgroups of asthma include TH2‐associated early‐onset allergic asthma, late‐onset persistent eosinophilic asthma, virus‐induced asthma, obesity‐related asthma, and neutrophilic asthma. The recent discovery of human innate lymphoid cells capable of rapidly producing large amounts of cytokines upon activation and the mouse data pointing to an essential role for these cells in asthma models have emphasized the important role of the innate immune system in asthma and have provided a new means of better understanding asthma mechanisms and differentiating its phenotypes.
Generalized contraction mapping principle and generalized best proximity point theorems in probabilistic metric spaces
Authors: Su Yongfu , Gao Wenbiao , Yao Jen-Chih
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this paper is to introduce some basic definitions about fixed point and best proximity point in two classes of probabilistic metric spaces and to prove contraction mapping principle and relevant best proximity point theorems. The first class is the so-called S-probabilistic metric spaces. In S-probabilistic metric spaces, the generalized contraction mapping principle and generalized best proximity point theorems have been proved by authors. These results improve and extend the recent results of Su and Zhang (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2014:170, 2014). The second class is the so-called Menger probabilistic metric spaces. In Menger probabilistic metric spaces, the contraction mapping principle and relevant best proximity point theorems have been proved by authors. These results also improve and extend the results of many authors. In order to get the results of this paper, some new methods have been used. Meanwhile some error estimate inequalities have been established.
An efficient symplectic reverse time migration method using a local nearly analytic discrete operator in acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis
Authors: Feng Lanlan , Yang Dinghui , Xie Wei
Published: May 2015

Reverse time migration (RTM) has become an extremely important imaging method due to its ability of handling complicated velocity models. In recent years, there has been an increasing need to perform RTM with anisotropic velocity models such as transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI). Finite difference (FD) is one of the most widely used numerical methods in RTM. However, it often suffers from serious numerical dispersion, resulting in significant loss of imaging resolution. Over the years, a nearly analytic discrete operator has been developed to approximate the high-order spatial partial differential operators, which is effective in suppressing numerical dispersion. Using this operator, we developed a nearly analytic symplectic (NAS) method to numerically solve acoustic VTI wave equations, which preserves the symplectic structure. We have investigated its properties including the stability condition, numerical dispersion relation, and computational efficiency. Also, we applied the NAS method to solve wave equations in RTM in acoustic VTI media. This new method not only reduced numerical dispersion and improved computational efficiency, compared to the conventional numerical methods such as the Lax-Wendroff correction (LWC) method, but it also was symplectic. Our forward-modeling results showed that the computational efficiency of NAS is about four times and its overall memory requirement is about 75% of those of LWC. The RTM results of the 2D prestack Hess acoustic VTI model showed that RTM by using NAS obtained better image quality than that by using LWC when coarse grids were used, which demonstrated that the NAS method can be promising in large-scale anisotropic RTM.
Joint inversion of seismic and electric data applied to 2D media
Authors: Garofalo Flora , Sauvin Guillaume , Socco Laura Valentina , Lecomte Isabelle
Published: May 2015

Methods based on the seismic P-wave, seismic surface wave, and apparent resistivity are commonly used in the solution of several near-surface problems. However, the solution nonuniqueness and the intrinsic limitations of these methods can cause inconsistency in the final results. Dispersion curves of surface waves, P-wave traveltimes, and apparent-resistivity data were jointly inverted to obtain internally consistent and more reliable final model of P- and S-wave velocities and resistivity. A collection of 1D layered models was obtained by a deterministic joint-inversion algorithm based on the laterally constrained inversion scheme. The three data sets were jointly inverted imposing the same structure and Poisson’s ratio was introduced as a physical link between P- and S-wave velocities to better constrain the inversion. No physical link was imposed between the resistivity and the seismic velocities. The inversion algorithm was tested on synthetic data and then applied to a field case, where benchmark borehole data were available. The synthetic and field examples provided results in agreement with the true model and the existing geologic information, respectively.
Feasibility of CO2 plume detection using 4D seismic: CO2CRC Otway Project case study — Part 1: Rock-physics modeling
Authors: Caspari Eva , Pevzner Roman , Gurevich Boris , Dance Tess , Ennis-King Jonathan , Cinar Yildiray , Lebedev Maxim
Published: May 2015

A key objective of stage 2 of the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies Otway Project is to evaluate the seismic detection limit of greenhouse gas injected into a saline aquifer. For this purpose, injection of a small amount of [Formula: see text]-rich gas into the Paaratte Formation, a saline aquifer located at a depth of approximately 1.5 km, is planned. Before the injection experiment is undertaken, we assessed the detectability of injected gas with seismic methods in a modeling study. A key objective of this study was to model changes in elastic properties caused by [Formula: see text]-saturation effects using predictions of reservoir simulations. To this end, we established an elastic property/porosity relation to link the reservoir flow model and the elastic properties of the subsurface. Predicting changes in elastic properties requires suitable velocity-saturation relations. To choose an appropriate velocity-saturation relation, we analyzed the effect of fluid distribution on the time-lapse seismic response by performing 1.5D poroelastic and elastic modeling based on reservoir simulations. The modeling results emphasized the importance of taking the variability of rock properties into account and to carefully estimate dry bulk moduli to adequately represent the sensitivity of rock properties to fluid changes. Furthermore, we determined that the Gassmann-Wood relation was an appropriate velocity-saturation relation at seismic frequencies for the Paaratte Formation. However, changes in acoustic contrasts caused by [Formula: see text] saturation between layers below the seismic resolution had to be considered. In this sense, an appropriate velocity-saturation relation also depends on the scale at which we model the seismic response.
Interferometric salt-flank estimation
Authors: Karrenbach Martin , Warneke Joel , Cole Steve , Emuh Melissa
Published: May 2015

Accurately determining the position of salt-sediment interfaces is important in oil and gas exploration, salt mining, and [Formula: see text] or oil and gas storage operations. We used seismic waves from a vertical seismic profile conducted above a salt dome in Texas to image a 2D vertical slice of the salt flank that was longer than can be obtained with traditional depth migration methods alone. This was possible by combining interferometric imaging methods with data from 100 3C receiver positions over a 1524 m (5000 ft) spread in a borehole close to the flank. Interferometry was used to construct virtual source gathers at the receiver positions within the salt body. This velocity-independent redatuming process effectively moved the sources from the surface to the borehole, removed complications of the overlying geology, and provided favorable illumination of the suspected flank position. Full-waveform elastic forward modeling helped us to understand and confirm the flank position. From the processed virtual source data, we created a 2D image in the source-receiver plane. In effect, we have created an imaging problem geometrically equivalent to that of a simple 2D surface seismic line rotated by 90°, with the requirement that we knew the velocity model only within the salt body. Interferometric imaging of the salt flank reduced the picking ambiguity and provided a direct depth image that was unaffected by overburden effects where the salt-flank location could be interpreted more confidently. Ultimately, we were able to image the salt flank over 1371 m (4500 ft) of depth with a lateral resolution in the order of 45–60 m (150–200 ft). The original data were obtained with more traditional imaging methods and cost considerations in mind, but the emergence of interferometric imaging methods suggested significant improvements to the acquisition strategy that would optimize the illumination of the subsurface.
Zarqawi’s Legacy: Al Qaeda’s ISIS “Renegade”
Authors: Celso Anthony N.
Published: May 2015

This essay studies the rise, decline, and rebirth of al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) and its transformation into the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). It first examines AQI’s distinctive vision and its defiance of al Qaeda central. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi’s anti-Shiite jihadist perspective, dramatized by AQI’s use of social media, attracted thousands of foreign fighters to Iraq. The Jordanian’s struggle against Shiite apostates and 2006 martyrdom in a US airstrike continues to dazzle young militants. Second, the essay analyzes AQI’s regeneration and metamorphosis into ISIS and its challenge to al Qaeda’s central command. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s refusal to recognize the authority of al Qaeda’s Ayman al Zawahiri and Baghdadi’s violent resistance to reconciliation measures has sparked destabilizing intrajihadist warfare. Third, the essay examines ISIS’s position as it resists attacks by Iraqi regime forces, rebel groups, Kurdish militants, and US-led coalition air strikes. The essay’s concluding observations analyze the parallels and differences between the Armed Islamic Group’s campaign in Algeria in the 1990s and ISIS’s position in Iraq and Syria in 2015.
Angell and Mahan: Technology, Globalization, and International Security Today
Authors: Quirk James M.
Published: May 2015

Norman Angell and Alfred Thayer Mahan were two of the leading thinkers on pre–World War I “interdependence,” offering competing lessons on the changes in technology, economics, and security. At different times during the twentieth century, each one’s ideas seemed to best explain global politics and strategy. This essay reconsiders their ideas in the current era of globalization and global threats.
Dnmt1 is essential to maintain progenitors in the perinatal intestinal epithelium
Authors: Elliott Ellen N. , Sheaffer Karyn L. , Schug Jonathan , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Kaestner Klaus H.
Published: May 2015

The DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 maintains DNA methylation patterns and genomic stability in several in vitro cell systems. Ablation of Dnmt1 in mouse embryos causes death at the post-gastrulation stage; however, the functions of Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in organogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report that Dnmt1 is crucial during perinatal intestinal development. Loss of Dnmt1 in intervillus progenitor cells causes global hypomethylation, DNA damage, premature differentiation, apoptosis and, consequently, loss of nascent villi. We further confirm the crucial role of Dnmt1 during crypt development using the in vitro organoid culture system, and illustrate a clear differential requirement for Dnmt1 in immature versus mature organoids. These results demonstrate an essential role for Dnmt1 in maintaining genomic stability during intestinal development and the establishment of intestinal crypts.
The human iliotibial band is specialized for elastic energy storage compared with the chimp fascia lata
Authors: Eng Carolyn M. , Arnold Allison S. , Biewener Andrew A. , Lieberman Daniel E.
Published: May 2015

This study examines whether the human iliotibial band (ITB) is specialized for elastic energy storage relative to the chimpanzee fascia lata (FL). To quantify the energy storage potential of these structures, we created computer models of human and chimpanzee lower limbs based on detailed anatomical dissections. We characterized the geometry and force-length properties of the FL, tensor fascia lata (TFL) and gluteus maximus (GMax) in four chimpanzee cadavers based on measurements of muscle architecture and moment arms about the hip and knee. We used the chimp model to estimate the forces and corresponding strains in the chimp FL during bipedal walking, and compared these data with analogous estimates from a model of the human ITB, accounting for differences in body mass and lower extremity posture. We estimate that the human ITB stores 15 to 20 times more elastic energy, per unit body mass and stride, than the chimp FL during bipedal walking. Because chimps walk with persistent hip flexion, the TFL and portions of GMax that insert on the FL undergo smaller excursions (origin to insertion) than muscles that insert on the human ITB. Also, because a smaller fraction of GMax inserts on the chimp FL than on the human ITB, and thus its mass-normalized physiological cross-sectional area is about three times less in chimps, the chimp FL likely transmits smaller muscle forces. These data provide new evidence that the human ITB is anatomically derived compared with the chimp FL and potentially contributes to locomotor economy during bipedal locomotion.
NMR Detection and Characterization of I-quartets in Parallel DNA Quadruplexes
Authors: Kinoshita Masashi , Takaya Shunsuke , Shibata Tomokazu , Hemmi Hikaru , Yamamoto Yasuhiko
Published: May 2015

Four inosine bases (Is) can be cyclically and planarly associated through four hydrogen bonds to form a macrocycle called an I-quartet, in a manner similar to that of the well-known guanine (G)-one. We identified and characterized I-quartets formed in parallel DNA quadruplexes using 1H NMR. Comparative studies on I- and G-quartets formed in parallel DNA quadruplexes revealed remarkable differences in their physicochemical properties that could be interpreted in terms of buckling of the quartet plane.
Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on WO3 Nanocrystals as Hole Transport Layer
Authors: Li Zhiwei
Published: May 2015

Hybrid organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells have been rapidly developed with spectacular success in both nanostructured and thin-film versions. Herein, we report a simple solvothermal method using WCl6 and NH3·H2O as precursors in ethanol solvent at 200 °C for 24 h to fabricate WO3 nanocrystals (NCs) as the hole transport layer in an inverted perovskite solar cell. The thin WO3 NC film with a smooth and compact surface enabled the formation of a continuous and compact layer of well-crystallized CH3NH3PbI3 in a two-step solution process. A cell efficiency of 7.68% was obtained, which is a promising planar perovskite solar cell based on an inorganic hole extraction layer.
Prediction of multi-drug resistance transporters using a novel sequence analysis method
Authors: McDermott Jason E. , Bruillard Paul , Overall Christopher C. , Gosink Luke , Lindemann Stephen R.
Published: May 2015

There are many examples of groups of proteins that have similar function, but the determinants of functional specificity may be hidden by lack of sequence similarity, or by large groups of similar sequences with different functions. Transporters are one such protein group in that the general function, transport, can be easily inferred from the sequence, but the substrate specificity can be impossible to predict from sequence with current methods. In this paper we describe a linguistic-based approach to identify functional patterns from groups of unaligned protein sequences and its application to predict multi-drug resistance transporters (MDRs) from bacteria. We first show that our method can recreate known patterns from PROSITE for several motifs from unaligned sequences. We then show that the method, MDRpred, can predict MDRs with greater accuracy and positive predictive value than a collection of currently available family-based models from the Pfam database. Finally, we apply MDRpred to a large collection of protein sequences from an environmental microbiome study to make novel predictions about drug resistance in a potential environmental reservoir.
Elections the higher official of the municipality: legal models
Authors: Виноградова Полина , Vinogradova Polina
Published: May 2015

High dynamics of improving federal legislation determines the relevance of consideration the order of election of officers. The legal status of officials is a basic institution of constitutional law and requires detailed consideration. Description of new legislative model the order of election of the higher officials of municipalities are the purpose of the work. Consideration of designated questions in the context of enforcement practice is the main objective of the study. The conclusions of the paper, allow to use new legislative provisions in accordance with the legal nature of the institution.
To a question on understanding of a principle of action of the right
Authors: Протасов Валерий , Protasov Valeriy
Published: May 2015

The author attempts to reveal and describe the principle, the mechanism of action of law and presents the philosophical understanding of concepts "principle", "attitude ("relation"), and "structure". The methodological background of research of the principle of the right is analyzed. The article reveals the features of the public attitudes (relations), the characteristics of a subject and object of legal regulation.
Differentiation or contrast nature management and environmental protection
Authors: Боголюбов Сергей , Bogolyubov Syergyey
Published: May 2015

Nature management and resources law (that are united by environmental law) form a comprehensive and integrated super-branch of Russian law and legislation. The regulation of organization of sustainable environmental management is inseparable from environmental regulation. Therefore their antagonistic opposition and baseless differentiation are inadmissible. The regulation of use of natural resources (natural resources law) constantly interacts with environmental regulation (environmental management law); the environmental law is intended not so much to differentiate these branches and sub-branches of environmental super-branch as to combine them. The environmental law should not be boundless, but it should have its own subject, methods, systems, affecting other social phenomena through their ecologization.
The acceptance of escheat property: a state as a heir of ninth turn
Authors: Кириллова Елена , Kirillova YElyena
Published: May 2015

The questions of acceptance of escheat by the state are examined in the article. As it applies to the Russian right, it is necessary to mark that on the inheritance of property eight turns of heirs can apply by law. It abbreviates the amount of origin of cases of escheat considerably, but does not eliminate them. The inheritance of escheat has considerable differences from the ordinary system of inheritance. By virtue of features of status of Russian Federation as subject of civil circulation, in particular her special legal capacity and presence of imperious plenary powers, the detailed regulation of not only procedure of transition of property in property of Russian Federation but also further relations is required on the decision of fate of escheat.
The mereology of structural universals
Authors: Forrest Peter
Published: May 2015

This paper explores the mereology of structural universals, using the structural richness of a non-classical mereology without unique fusions. The paper focuses on a problem posed by David Lewis, who using the example of methane, and assuming classical mereology, argues against any purely mereological theory of structural universals. The problem is that being a methane molecule would have to contain being a hydrogen atom four times over, but mereology does not have the concept of the same part occurring several times. This paper takes up the challenge by providing mereological analysis of three operations sufficient for a theory of structural universals: (1) Reflexive binding, i.e. identifying two of the places of a universal; (2) Existential binding, i.e. the language-independent correlate of an existential quantification; and (3) Conjunction.
Reinterpretacje romantyzmu
Authors: Kuciński Paweł
Published: May 2015

Reinterpretations of Romanticism. Radical Nationalism Towards the Legacy of the Age of Bardes

In the presented article the author is studying arguments occurring between the nationalism in its radical version and with poetry engendered in the environment of Polish national radicals in the 30. of XX century. These groups have often appealed to the Polish literary tradition, mainly of Romanticism and included in it (then taken over and reinterpretated by Polish nationalists) topoi (topoi of flight, youth, idealism).
Białoruskość jako idée fixe twórczości Sokrata Janowicza
Authors: Sawicka-Macierzyńska Katarzyna
Published: May 2015

Belarussian Identity as an Idée Fixe of Sokrat Janowicz’s work

This article contains reflections on methods of creating the Belarussian national identity by Sokrat Janowicz, a Belarussian writer from Podlasie. Belarussian identity is treated as a kind of narrative strategy, which uses the authority of historicism and the principle of difference (in Derrida’s meaning). The inspiration of these considerations are H.K. Bhabha’s views on Postcolonialism, described in The Location of Culture. The introductory part of the article shows a short description of Belarussians as a national minority.
Idea wolności i ekspresja artystycznego buntu w nowoczesnej poezji hindi
Authors: Czekalska Renata
Published: May 2015

The idea of freedom and the expression of artistic protest in modern Hindi poetry

Artistic expression of the idea of freedom in Hindi poetry of the first half of the 20th century evolved from a desire for political autonomy, through a need for social emancipation, towards a desire for freedom of artistic imagination. Since the notions of freedom and artistic individuality – understood in the European manner – did not exist in India, a demand for creative freedom meant not only breaking the accepted aesthetic and artistic rules through introducing a new style or the spoken idiom, but also by rejecting the world‑view, determined by the religious and philosophical tradition. This article presents some of the consequences of a distinctive artistic revolt, which on the philosophical level meant simply a desire for the signified to become one with the signifier, and on the strictly literary level – a desire for transgression beyond stereotypes (such as aesthetic cannon, style, etc.), towards the modern form of poetry existing in language.
„A po zawoju na głowie każdy stan poznać”
Authors: Wiącek Elżbieta
Published: May 2015

Ethnicity as a Factor Shaping the Communicative Codes in Podróże i poselstwa polskie do Turcyi […] [Travells and Polish Diplomatic Mission in Turkey] by Erazm Otwinowski

Polish‑Turkish relations were historically strong, the official relations were established in the 15th century. Probably the best example how these relations looked like in 16th century, in the Jagiellonian dynasty’s time, is Travells and Polish Diplomatic Mission in Turkey written by Erazm Otwinowski. Born to a noble family, Otwinowski was a Polish Renaissance poet and Calvinist activist. He served for a Polish magnate Stanisław Tęczyński as secretary and diplomat. Otwinowski’s work is the diary written in 1557 during this diplomatic missions to Istanbul to the court of the sultan Suleyman the Great. Polish nobleman is confronted with the many customs typical for Ottoman Empire and with the savoir vivre of Topkapi Palace. In this article, I will examine Otwinowski’s diary proving that ethnic identity is the relative notion tightly connected with culture: the patterns of behavior, symbols and cultural practices shared by the society. I will analyze the text applying the semiotic perspective. I will argue that Otwinowski’s comments gives many examples that ethnicity is shaped by the way how we deal with sings. The ways how we put the sings into categories and how we interpret them help to establish the group identities. What we consider our identity is based not only on our idea who we are but also on the idea of the “Stranger”. As a result, we become aware of our ethnic identity when we get in contact with “Strangers”. The process of shaping the borders between ethnic groups is based on the signs which have been shared in certain social or political circumstances. I intend to focus on the notion of connotation because ethnicity is one of the influential factors shaping the connotations. I will also consider the codes of perception distinguished by Umberto Eco.
Taniec w kręgu: nowe i dawne communitas
Authors: Nowicka Ewa
Published: May 2015

Circle Dance: Old and New Communitas

Circle dances are observed in various cultures and times. The paper indicates certain social, political and situational contexts of the phenomenon of communal circle dances in remote territories: Catalonia, Balcans, Sakha (Yakutia), Buriatya and USA. The author offers an interpretation of chosen cases in terms of Victor Turner’s concept of communitas. During the communal dances – sardana, corlu mari, yokhor, osuokhai and ghost dance – the idea of community, equality and unity is dominating over social structure divisions and resulting in forming the psychological and social communitas. This is why all analysed circle dances arise in the context of serious menace and destruction of ethnic integrity. Being together in a very literal sense through physical closeness during the same motoric behaviours, common singing produces feeling of power and unification, reinforcing social identity and affirmation to a group. Circle dances are analysed in association with attempts to preserve group cultural and often even biological integrity.
Przejawy mobilizacji politycznej tatarskiej zbiorowości etnokulturowej w Autonomicznej Republice Krymu w latach 1991‑2014
Authors: Kęsek Rafał
Published: May 2015

Examples of Political Mobilization Tatar Ethno‑Cultural Communities in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Years 1991‑2014

In this article author analyzes process of political emancipation of the Crimean Tatars and describes the issue of self‑organization of the Crimean Tatars and the main structures and organizations created by the Tartar community. It focuses on internal political rivalries and external opposition to the Majlis and Kurultai. The text examines the results of the elections to the Kurultai, the Verkhovna Rada of The Autonomus Republic of Crimea and local government bodies in the years 2001‑2013. The author also examines the reaction of the Crimean Tatars on the annexation of the Crimea in 2014.
Stratyfikacja etnospołeczna w Azji Centralnej i jej wyzwania dla etnopolityki (na przykładzie Kazachstanu)
Authors: Wierzbicki Andrzej
Published: May 2015

Ethnosocial Stratification in Central Asia and its Challenges for Ethnopolitics (the Case of Kazakhstan)

The article concerns different dimensions and criteria of ethnosocial stratification in Central Asia and its influence on ethnopolitics, concentrating on case Kazakhstan. The author considers theoretical aspects of the problem and pays attention to circumstances of forming ethno-social stratification and ethnic division of work. He tries to explain the principles of The Doctrine of The National Unity of Kazakhstan. Especially he pays attention to ethnic and sub‑ethnic division of work in authorities and state administration. He concentrates on factors and criteria of ethnic and sub-ethnic division of work. Author of the article underlines that ethno-social stratification can disturb of creation of nation of Kazakhstan as a civil community which is the aim of the state authorities.
Mniejszość niemiecka w życiu politycznym województwa opolskiego
Authors: Kuczała Agnieszka
Published: May 2015

German Minority in Political Life of Opole Voivodeship

Since 1989 the German minority in Opole Silesia has developed a strong organisation with the well‑conducted structures in whole region. Generally speaking, its associations have brought together Silesian people who declared theirs German origins. The activities of this minority have a social and cultural dimension, but also a significant political aspect. Its leaders have become professional politicians and are present at all levels of polish political life: local, regional and even national. Despite the fact that this is the strongest national minority in Poland, its representatives in polish parliament are less and less numerous. During the campaign preceding the parliamentary election in 2011 the leaders of German minority revealed their intention to open their electoral proposal to all inhabitants of Opole voivodeship.
Bośniacko‑hercegowińska etnonacjonalna polityka w kontekście ustroju i przyszłości państwa
Authors: Zekić Marinko
Published: May 2015

The Ethno‑politics and the Status of the Sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The underlying aim of the article is to contribute to the understanding the relation between ethnic claims and policies which determine social relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the debate on the current constitutional crisis in this country. The present ethno‑political regime heavily depends on the perpetual crisis as the primary source of political articulation and action. Though the Dayton Accords ended war and established peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the agreement did not create a functional central government, lacking the capacity to undertake the reforms needed to meet the terms of accession to the European Union. The peace treaty designed future state structures around the very ethnic‑based power struggles that shaped the conflict. As a result, ethnic‑based politics continued to dominate political space. These politics, combined with high levels of international oversight have distorted the state building process, and reduced democratization efforts. Today, Bosnia’s future is still uncertain. Political squabbles have seriously detracted from Bosnia’s ability to engage in reforms needed to boost its economy and move closer to the EU. Conflicting ambitions of national party leaders is an important factor in this failure. Representatives of an ethnic group can veto any decision that they feel does not accord with their interests. This means in effect that all major decisions have to be made by consensus among the main ethnic parties, which is often very difficult since they have fundamentally different views on Bosnia’s future. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina is currently not in danger of being dismembered, awareness that the country cannot survive without multi‑ethnic collaboration should remain one of the guiding principles for Bosnia’s ruling ethnically‑based political parties.
Być Bośniakiem – wokół aksjologicznych atrybutów bośniackiej tożsamości pogranicza
Authors: Pilarska Justyna
Published: May 2015

Being a Bosnian – Axiological Attributes of the Bosnian Identity

The paper tackles the issue of contemporary, multicultural Bosnian society and the role played by axiological sphere in the process of establishing own cultural identity. Historical background of the Bosnian nation – and statehood establishment is necessary to provide a complete picture of the factors involved in identity‑shaping processes, basing on the axiological foundation that is worked out by the Bosnian society members during daily basis interactions. The research part presents excerpts from interviews carried out for the purpose of own research on Bosnian identity, reflecting the attitudes of Bosnian society towards the reconstruction of the meanings related to Bosnian identity as well as elements of the axiology on borderlands, enabling the society members to perceive the cultural sense of being a Boshnjak, indispensible while establishing own identity. Moreover, the presented research reveals the set of values shared by different representatives of Bosnian society, who – thanks to such common axiological foundation – are able to strike up intercultural relations.
Clarice com Teresa
Authors: Carmona Gustavo Fujarra , Vives Jean-Michel
Published: May 2015

Pretendemos com o presente artigo, revelar as possíveis convergências e divergências a respeito do caráter místico das obras de Clarice Lispector e de Santa Teresa d'Ávila. Para tanto, estabeleceremos um diálogo entre a obra e a vida destas duas autoras, além de trazer à discussão, os estudos de Lacan, Millot e Kristeva acerca da relação entre o gozo (outro) e a escritura. Acreditamos, deste modo, ser possível dar nova luz às suas obras e perceber como estas duas se correlacionam, no que diz respeito à dimensão mística de suas escrituras, na busca do Real e do Gozo Outro, cada uma, à sua maneira.
Estética e poética da velhice em narrativas autobiográficas: um estudo à luz da psicanálise
Authors: Lima Priscilla Melo Ribeiro de , Viana Terezinha De Camargo , Lima Sostenes Cezar de
Published: May 2015

O presente trabalho objetiva investigar, sob a lente da psicanálise, a (re)construção do eu na velhice. A escrita autobiográfica aponta a uma poética e a uma estética do eu enquanto (re)construção de si, e possibilita que o sujeito busque em sua história ferramentas para reinscrever-se no presente. Destaca-se ainda a relação do idoso com o tempo. A percepção da finitude da vida ressalta a sensação de desamparo e angústia. A rememoração pode surgir como forma de lidar com essa angústia. Conclui-se que a poiesis do sujeito possibilitada pela escrita de si pode auxiliá-lo a lidar com o presente e projetar-se no futuro. Isso pode (re)abrir caminhos para uma reconstrução do lugar social e simbólico do velho.
Encoprese e intervenção psicológica: revisão de literatura
Authors: Rovaris Jéssica Aline , Guerra Bárbara Trevizan , Calais Sandra Leal , Neme Carmen Maria Bueno
Published: May 2015

Estudos têm demonstrado que a encoprese, transtorno relacionado ao controle esfincteriano, pode trazer impactos significativos para a vida do indivíduo, tais como baixa autoestima e déficit em interação social. Apesar de reconhecido o importante comprometimento que tal transtorno pode causar no desenvolvimento infantil, a literatura científica tem dado pouca importância ao tema, apresentando um baixo número de publicações sobre o assunto. Dessa forma, este artigo investigou as publicações nacionais em psicologia relacionadas à encoprese entre os anos de 1994 a 2013 nas bases de dados Lilacs e Scielo. Foram encontrados 231 artigos em toda a publicação para este assunto e período, e selecionados cinco para a análise, sendo aqueles que relatavam intervenção em encoprese. Desses artigos, quatro foram publicados na mesma revista e descreveram intervenções comportamentais, sendo três do mesmo autor. O quinto artigo era da abordagem psicanalítica. As pesquisas foram realizadas com crianças e adolescentes e as intervenções comportamentais tiveram êxito com remissão dos sintomas encopréticos. Os dados afirmam a deficiência em publicações na área e número restrito de pesquisadores investigando o tema, que é de relevância significativa.
Capacitação para educadores de abrigo de crianças e adolescentes: identificando representações sociais
Authors: Barros Nilma Soares , Naiff Luciene Alves Miguez
Published: May 2015

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo identificar as representações sociais que educadores de abrigos para crianças e adolescentes fazem sobre a capacitação. A capacitação é um fenômeno do cotidiano dos abrigos e prevista nas legislações da área. No entanto, capacitar é uma forma de qualificação dos educadores que é oferecida de variadas maneiras, muitas vezes, descontextualizadas das principais demandas oriundas da práxis. Utilizamos como técnica de coleta um questionário acrescido de uma tarefa de associação livre com a palavra indutora "capacitação" que suscitou cognemas diretamente relacionados ao tema proposto. Foram registradas também informações oriundas da inserção no campo em forma de Diário de Campo. A análise das evocações foi feita pelo EVOC 2003® (Ensemble de programmes permettant l'analyse des evocations) e apontou como provável núcleo central, elementos como: aprendizado, aprimoramento, conhecimento e estudo. O diário de campo e a análise de conteúdo aprofundaram o estudo sugerindo representações sociais positivas sobre a capacitação na formação do profissional. Entretanto, indicaram que os educadores esperam que essa possa funcionar como um espaço de troca profissional e como suporte para instrumentalizá-los nas intervenções cotidianas.
Psicología, niño y familia en la Argentina, 1900-1970. Perspectivas históricas y cruces disciplinares
Authors: Cosse Isabella
Published: May 2015

Luciano N. García, Florencia A. Macchioli, & Ana M. Talak (2014). Psicología, niño y familia en la Argentina, 1900-1970. Perspectivas históricas y cruces disciplinares, Buenos Aires, Biblos.
Reviews Books
Authors: Cooper Ellie , Covey Dallis Frie , Lee Michael J.
Published: May 2015

Rosebud Sleds and Horses' Heads: 50 of Films Most Evocative Objects, Scott Jordan Harris, (2013) Bristol: Intellect, 128pp., ISBN: 9781783200405 (pbk), $14.50

The Private Eye: Detectives in the Movies, Bran Nichol, (2013) London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 224pp., ISBN: 9781780231020 (pbk), $25.00

100 Science Fiction Films, Barry Keith Grant, (2013) London: Palgrave Macmillan, 224pp., ISBN: 9781844574575 (pbk), $20.00
Thermoluminescence of β-irradiated human teeth
Authors: De la Isla Agustin , Bernal Rodolfo , Cruz-Vázquez Catalina , Orante-Barrón Victor R. , Castano Victor
Published: May 2015

The thermoluminescence (TL) response of samples obtained from human teeth exposed to beta irradiation shows that the characteristic glow curves exhibit TL emission at high enough temperatures, which ensures thermal stability of the TL signal, and the TL increases as the dose increases from 0.25 up to 128 Gy, with linear behavior for doses below 32 Gy. The dose interval tested is of interest for clinical applications. Samples do not suffer damage due to heating if the TL readouts are performed from room temperature up to 300 °C. W This indicate that human teeth are promising phosphor materials for use in different TL and afterglow dosimetry applications.
Pairwise Line Labeling of Geographic Boundaries: An Efficient and Practical Algorithm
Authors: Rylov Maxim , Reimer Andreas
Published: May 2015

We present an algorithm that labels linear features with two matched toponyms describing the left and the right side of a line, respectively. Such a pairwise line labeling strategy is commonly used in manually produced maps to differentiate administrative or other geographic divisions. Our approach solves two basic tasks of the automated map labeling problem, namely candidate-position generation and position evaluation for a given scale. The quality of the name placement is evaluated by comparison to a set of established cartographic principles and guidelines for linear features. We give some results of our experiments based on real datasets. The implementation of our algorithm shows that it is simple and robust, and the resulting sample maps demonstrate its practical efficiency.
Strong ergodicity, property (T),
and orbit equivalence rigidity for translation actions
Authors: Ioana Adrian
Published: May 2015

We study equivalence relations that arise from translation actions

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

which are associated to dense embeddings

Γ
<
G

\Gamma<G

of countable groups into second countable locally compact groups. Assuming that G is simply connected and the action

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

is strongly ergodic, we prove that

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

is orbit equivalent to another such translation action

Λ
↷
H

\Lambda\curvearrowright H

if and only if there exists an isomorphism

δ
:

G
→
H

\delta:G\to H

such that

δ
⁢

(
Γ
)

=
Λ

\delta(\Gamma)=\Lambda

.
If G is moreover a real algebraic group, then we establish analogous rigidity results for the translation actions of Γ on homogeneous spaces of the form

G
/
Σ

G/\Sigma

, where

Σ
<
G

\Sigma<G

is either a discrete or an algebraic subgroup. We also prove that if G is simply connected and the action

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

has property (T), then any cocycle

w
:

Γ
×
G

→
Λ

w:\Gamma\times G\to\Lambda

with values in a countable group Λ is cohomologous to a homomorphism

δ
:

Γ
→
Λ

\delta:\Gamma\to\Lambda

. As a consequence, we deduce that the action

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

is orbit equivalent superrigid: any free nonsingular action

Λ
↷
Y

\Lambda\curvearrowright Y

which is orbit equivalent to

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

, is necessarily conjugate to an induction of

Γ
↷
G

\Gamma\curvearrowright G

.
Counterpoise Mutual Voltage and Its Impacts on the HV Transmission UGOH Pole Earth Potential Rise
Authors: Nassereddine Mohamad , Rizk Jamal , Nagrial Mahmood , Hellany Ali
Published: May 2015

High-voltage earthing system design is required to ensure safety compliance and adequate operation of the high-voltage infrastructures. The transmission lines form a solid part of the high-voltage infrastructure. The underground to overhead (UGOH) pole earth grid is one of the main challenges when it comes to transmission line earthing system design. To ensure safety compliance at low cost, counterpoise earthing is used at the UGOH pole for the underground lines. The counterpoise aids in lowering the UGOH pole earth grid resistance. This paper addresses the counterpoise analysis as currently being studied. Furthermore, it introduces the counterpoise mutual voltage between the faulted phase and the counterpoise and its impact at the UGOH pole earth potential rise. Case study is included.
Foundations of processing instruction
Authors: VanPatten Bill
Published: May 2015

This paper reviews six issues that are key to understanding processing instruction (PI): (1) the distinction between processing and noticing; (2) the nature of input processing; (3) the nature of language (i.e., what gets acquired); (4) the distinction between knowledge and skill; (5) the explicit/implicit “debate”; and (6) the distinction between method and intervention. The goal of the paper is to clarify misconceptions about the nature of PI and what it purports to effect, thus distinguishing it from other pedagogical interventions such as text enhancement, recasts, and dictoglosses. In so doing, the paper offers six summary statements that, together, form the foundations of PI.