bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple Correlation and Multiple Regression among Leaf and Smoke Characteristics of Burley Tobaccos
Authors: Tso T.C. , Chaplin J. F. , Adams J. D. , Hoffmann D.
Published: July 2016

Leaves from 8 stalk positions from four Burley tobaccos, the cultivars Burley 21, Ky 14 and Ky 12 and one breeding line of low-alkaloid Burley 21 (LA Burley 21), were tested in this study. A total of 116 variables, including leaf and smoke characteristics, were determined by collaborating scientists using established methods. Simple correlations and multiple regressions among selected variables were determined to examine the relationship among these variables. Generally, Burley tobaccos do not differ from bright tobaccos, in that the nitrogenous fractions and combustibility appear to be the major factors affecting nicotine and dry TPM (total particulate matter) delivery as well as other major smoke constituents. Stalk position and varieties also demonstrated significant differences in nicotine and dry TPM delivery. Benzo[a]pyrene content, however, did not show significant differences among these experimental Burley tobaccos or stalk positions.
Accumulation of Soluble Proteins and Nitrogenous Compounds in the Leaf of Bright and Burley Tobaccos during the Growing Season
Authors: Lowe R.H. , Sheen S. J.
Published: July 2016

Under conventional cultural practices for Burley tobacco, the pattern of soluble protein accumulation, namely Fraction I protein (F I protein) and Fraction II protein (F II protein), in bright (NC95) and Burley (Ky14) tobaccos were similar during the growing seasons of 1977 and 1978. Their quantities reached maximal levels around flowering, followed by a gradual decline. However, the loss of F I protein was much more rapid than that of F II protein during leaf maturation. The two-year results revealed that Ky14 contains significantly more F I protein, insoluble proteins, total proteins, free amino acids, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and total alkaloids than NC95, if averaged over the growing season. The latter showed a greater amount of chlorophyll only. There was no difference in F II protein concentration between the two cultivars. On the basis of soluble protein concentration in leaf lamina and a double or quadruple plant population as plant size permits, the estimated yields of soluble proteins in Ky14 at the immature plant stage, about one week before topping, and by harvest time are 888, 470 and 281 kg/ha, respectively. When including both soluble and insoluble proteins, the immature plants of NC95 could yield 1387 kg/ha of protein, in comparison to 1308 kg/ha for Ky14. Multiple harvests of regrowth can further the protein yield per hectare. The present results strongly suggest that tobacco is a potential protein crop for the future.
Rapid Spectrophotometric Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Tobacco: Part 3: Polyphenols
Authors: McClure W.F. , Williamson R.E.
Published: July 2016

Two hundred thirty-eight ground samples of tobacco were scanned with a computerized near-infra-red (NIR) spectrophotometer to study the relationship of NIR spectra to the polyphenol content of the samples. A multiple linear regression model was used to select the most appropriate wavelengths for making the measurements. The equation

P = polyphenols in %

D

i = wavelength in micrometers at which the parameter is measured.
Distribution of Various Tobacco Smoke Components among Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke (A Survey) / Verteilung verschiedener Tabakrauchbestandteile auf Haupt- und Nebenstromrauch (Eine Übersicht)
Authors: Klus H. , Kuhn H.
Published: July 2016

On the basis of the literature, which is at present still readily surveyable, the results of the research done so far into the occurrence of various components of tobacco smoke in the sidestream smoke have been summarized. The amount of the smoke constituents occurring in the sidestream smoke is compared with that of the mainstream smoke:
Investigation of an Odour Problem on Cigarette Packets
Authors: Downer G.M. , Marriott J.E. , Westcott D.T.
Published: July 2016

The cause of an odour in certain packets of a batch of cigarettes has been investigated. Two compounds identified as being responsible for the odour were 1,4-dioxaspiro(4,5)decane and 2-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro(4,5)decane which were formed from the reaction of cyclohexanone, a component of the tearstrip solvent, with ethane-1,2-diol and propane-1,2-diol. These diols had been found as plasticizers in the film used for some packet overwraps but no odour was produced when diethylene glycol, the usual plasticizer, was used in the film.
Selective Adsorption of Nitrate and Nitrite from Tobacco Leaf Homogenates
Authors: Rhodes P.R. , Saunders J.A.
Published: July 2016

A procedure has been developed for the reduction of nitrate / nitrite in tobacco during the homogenized leaf curing process. This procedure involves the precipitation of these anions with a polymer composed of the nitron 1,4-diphenyl-3,5-endoanilino-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole linked to poly(vinylbenzyl chloride). This poly(vinylbenzyl-nitron chloride) complex was coated onto several inert supporting materials and tested for anion binding capacity using nitrate/nitrite standards and tobacco leaf extracts. When coated onto the surface of acid-washed sand, the nitron polymer was capable of repeated regeneration with no detectable loss of nitrate / nitrite binding capacity. The nitron polymer had a slightly greater affinity for nitrite than for nitrate; however, due to the high ratio of nitrate to nitrite in tobacco leaf tissues, nitrate was the principle anion adsorbed from leaf homogenates. Large scale application of this selective nitrate adsorbing polymer during homogenized leaf curing of tobacco could significantly reduce these potentially harmful components in smoking products.
Chlorophyllase Activity and Chlorophyll Degradation in Tobacco Chlorophyll Genotypes
Authors: Sheen S.J. , Hamilton J.L.
Published: July 2016

Dark (Ky171) and Burley (Ky14) tobaccos, which differ in chlorophyll genotype at Yb
Structural Study of Nicotine Salts
Authors: Perfetti T.A.
Published: July 2016

The structures of three types of nicotine salts have been determined. These salts have acid to base ratios of either 1 : 1, 2 : 1, or 3 : 1. Salt formation between organic acids and nicotine is dependent upon the structure of the acids (aliphatic or aromatic) and their functionality. The 1 : 1 salts of nicotine have amino acids or benzoic-type acids bound to the N-methylpyrrolidine nitrogen of nicotine. The 2 : 1 salts are found to bind to one acid group as in the 1 : 1 salts and a second to the nitrogen of the pyridine ring. The 2 : 1 salts of nicotine are formed with formic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and/or nitroaromatic acids. Nicotine forms 3 : 1 salts with aliphatic monocarboxylic acids starting with acetic acid. Here one acid is bound as in the 1 : 1 salts while the other two acids dimerize and bind to the nitrogen of the pyridine group. Infra-red (IR), ultra-violet (UV), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (CMR) spectroscopy as well as field desorption - mass spectroscopy (FD-MS) were used in this investigation of the structure of nicotine salts.
The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: I. Acidic Components
Authors: Sakuma H. , Kusama M. , Munakata S. , Ohsumi T. , Sugawara S.
Published: July 2016

Yields in sidestream (SS) and mainstream (MS) smokes and sidestream to mainstream distribution ratios (SS/MS) of acidic components were examined for four types of cigarette made from bright, Burley, Turkish and domestic (c.v. Matsukawa) tobacco. Of the acidic components, formic and acetic acids were analysed by GC following n-butyl esterification, and acids other than formic and acetic acids and phenols similarly after trimethylsilylation. In acidic fractions of sidestream and mainstream smokes of four types of cigarettes, major phenolic components were phenol, catechol and hydroquinone, and major acids were formic, acetic, lactic, glycolic and succinic The following compounds gave SS/MS ratios > 1 for all types of cigarettes tested: phenol, cresols, xylenols, guaiacol, formic acid and acetic acid.
Determination of Aldicarb Residues in Tobacco/Bestimmung von Aldicarb-Rückständen in Tabak
Authors: Guhlmann A. , Hollweg J. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

To supplement known gas chromatographic processes for determining the residues of the aldicarb pesticide in tobacco, we have developed a method which makes use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. This is of particular importance inasmuch as the German Law on Pesticides provides for a maximum amount of aldicarb in tobacco.
Tobacco Cembranoids
Authors: Wahlberg I. , Enzell C. R.
Published: July 2016

The discovery of the first diterpenoids of the cembrane type in tobacco dates back to the early 1960's. Since then some forty tobacco cembranoids have been encountered. Most of these have a hydroxyl substituent at C-4 and are commonly divided into two series: those having a 4R- and those having a 4S-configuration. Additional oxygenation is found at C-6, C-7, C-8, C-11 or C-12. These compounds, which are present in the gummy exudate of the tobacco leaf and flower, are susceptible to biodegradation thus accounting for the presence of the large number of odoriferous norcembranoids in tobacco. They are also reported to include representatives having growth inhibiting and insect resistance properties. A considerable insight into the biological transformations of the tobacco cembranoids has been obtained by isolation and determination of the stereostructures of new compounds and by biomimetic experiments. The latter have involved singlet oxygen reactions, epoxidations and acid- and base-induced rearrangements. The results obtained support the importance of the (1S,2 E,4R,6R,7E,11 E)- and (1 S,2 E,4 S,6R,7 E,11 E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diols, the major tobacco cembranoids, as key metabolites in the biogenesis of the other cembranic compounds. An account of these biogenetic reactions will be given and the isolation of a few new cembranoids will be reported.
Neutral Sugar Analysis of Tobacco Cell Wall Fractions
Authors: Ryan Jr. W. S.
Published: July 2016

A method for the determination of the neutral sugar content of tobacco cell wall fractions has been developed. The seven neutral sugars - rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose - determined in the analysis represent the usual glycosyl residues found in plant cell wall polysaccharides. In this procedure, the structural polysaccharides are acid hydrolysed into their constituent monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are then reduced with sodium borohydride to the corresponding alditols. The alditols are converted to the acetates with acetic anhydride. The alditol acetates are quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Both 72 % H
The Methylation of Nornicotine to Nicotine, a Minor Biosynthetic Pathway in Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Leete E.
Published: July 2016

It has been well established that nornicotine is formed in Nicotiana species by the demethylation of nicotine. However, the reverse reaction has not been unequivocally substantiated. This problem has been examined by feeding (RS)-[2'-
The Effects of the Properties of Materials in a Cigarette on Filter Ventilation
Authors: Schneider W. , Schlüter A. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

A computer model was developed which makes it possible to predict the effects of several cigarette properties on the different degrees of ventilation (total degree of ventilation, degree of ventilation of the tobacco rod, degree of ventilation of the filter) and on the pressure drop. A special advantage of this model is its ability to predict the degree of ventilation from the properties of the materials (e.g. of filter, paper, tobacco) instead of from the properties of the manufactured cigarette. Thus it is no longer necessary to manufacture an experimental cigarette each time. Another advantage results from the fact that the fluctuations of the degree of ventilation can be attributed directly to the factors responsible. Each contribution of the individual factors responsible can be determined separately, which is normally not possible by means of experiments. Thus this model is not only a component of a computer-aided product design, but is also a useful tool for quality control. Some examples are presented which are typical of the effects of various properties of the materials on the ventilation. It becomes obvious that a low level of fluctuations of the filter ventilation does not only imply constant properties of the applied materials (such as tipping paper) but also a uniform primary process.
Component Analysis of Pressure Drop and Ventilation Variability
Authors: Mathis Dale E.
Published: July 2016

Mathematical models were derived that describe the variability of ventilation and pressure drop as functions of cigarette design specifications and the variabilities of cigarette components. These models and the graphical isovariation contour representation have several important potential applications for quality control and improvement. For example, the models can be used in cigarette performance studies to determine the relative contributions of each source of variability and to identify the largest source of variability. The models can be used in quality improvement to target programs for maximum effectiveness and to set realistic goals for quality improvement. The quantitative variability values that the models produce can also be used to establish acceptance limits for the variabilities of the cigarette components which control ventilation and pressure drop variability within specified limits. These applications and the insight into the causes of variability that these models can provide should make them a valuable tool for improving the uniformity of cigarette performance.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Proteases in Tobacco Leaf and Callus
Authors: Liu D. , Sheen S. J.
Published: July 2016

Ammonium sulfate fra.ctionation, gel permeation and cation-exchange column chromatography were employed for panial purification of proteases from leaf laminae and callus tissues of Samsun NN tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). The predominant proteases in the leaf and callus are acidic sulfhydryl proteases which are activated by 2-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, completely inhibited- by iodoacetic acid, and partially inhibited by phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride and pepstatin A. With hemoglobin and tobaccl:l Fraction I protein as substrates, leaf and callus proteases showed a pH optimum of 5. However, specific activity was significandy higher in the callus than in the leaf. Tobacco proteases digested hemoglobin more effectively than Fraction I protein and showed the least activity with casein. Gel permeation resolved three -protease variants in leaf extracts but only two in callus samples. Rechromatography of the large molecular weight fraction in a cation-exchange column produced three and two variants for leaf and callus, respectively. The present results suggest that there are at least five variants of sulfhydryl protease in tobacco leaf and three in callus tissue and that tobacco Fraction I protein can be metabolized by both leaf and callus proteases.
Quantitative Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Monophenols by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Jeanty G. , Masst J. , Berçot P. , Coq F.
Published: July 2016

A rapid and quantitative method for the determination of cigarette smoke condensate monophenols using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Total particulate matter was collected on cigarette filter tips and Cambridge filter pads. Phenolic compounds were extracted with a 1 N sodium hydroxide solution. Five different brands of filter-tipped cigarettes from the French market were analysed. Their phenol, guaiacol, methylphenols and dimethylphenols levels were determined in comparison with an internal standard, o-chlorophenol. With the same method we compared the phenolic retention efficiency of different cigarette filter tips.
The Inhibition of Axillary and Terminal Bud Growth on Tobacco by a Series of C2 to C10 Diol Formulations
Authors: Steffens G. L. , Barer S. J.
Published: July 2016

A series of straight chain or n-diols were evaluated as aqueous emulsions for their ability tO inhibit terminal or axillary bud growth of tobacco plants. These n-C
Pyrolytic Disintegration of Selected Tobacco Constituents and Pyrosynthetic Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Cleavage Products Formed by Pyrolysis
Authors: Lam J , Pedersen BO , Thomasen T
Published: July 2016

A rapid pyrolysis technique, combined with gas chromatographic separation and interpretation of mass spectra obtained from the resulting pyrolysispyrosynthesis products, has been used in the study of three different compounds present in processed tobacco: n-C25 alkane, neophytadiene and phytol. The compounds are representative for a homologous series of n-alkanes and for a series of branched-chain compounds including neophytadiene, phytol, solanesol and esters of solanesol (tobacco constituents). At temperatures below 600°C the pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, but in a helium flow gives only slight aromatisation when n-alkanes are treated. For the isoprenoid compounds neophytadiene and phytol aromatisation starts between 500 and 600°C. The products formed tend to develop more-condensed ring structures at increasing temperature, although benzene and toluene are dominating even at temperatures as high as 800 to 900°C. Aromatisation leading to relatively less methyl substitution results with increasing temperature. Previous pyrolysis work and recent interpretations point to the formation of structures such as acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[cd]pyrene and probably similar structures derived from three and four-membered condensed ring structures produced.
Ultrastructural Changes of Tobacco Cell Walls Following Sequential Extraction
Authors: Baliga V , Morgan WR
Published: July 2016

The role of calcium in plants has been the subject of research for many years. Calcium has been postulated to cover a wide variety of functions which have major and minor influences on the plant's metabolism. Calcium interaction with pectin has been postulated as a major source of cell wall stability, however, no direct measurements of this interaction have been made. In this study, a sequential extraction method has been utilized to fractionate the various forms of calcium present in cured bright and Burley tobacco. The extraction method uses water, potassium chloride, lanthanum chloride and hydrochloric acid with emphasis on the lanthanum chloride extraction which appears to preferentially replace the structural calcium. Extraction data in conjunction with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data have been used to predict the role of structural calcium in the cell wall. Oxalate and calcium analyses have been made at each of the extraction steps for bright tobacco. It is shown that the major portion of calcium extracted is not associated with oxalate except for the hydrochloric acid step. The data show that approximately 20 % of the calcium is structurally related and that calcium oxalate utilizes a maximum of another 20 % of the total calcium. The remaining 60 % is non-structural and non-oxalate and is probably inorganic salts and salts of organic acids. Combining these two techniques provides a means of obtaining quantitative information that either technique used independently could not provide. The techniques used in this study are applicable to the investigation of other plant types and may be useful in furthering the general knowledge of the role of calcium in plant materials.
A Comparison between the Rate of Reaction of Nitric Oxide in the Gas Phase and in Whole Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Borland CDR , Chamberlain AT , Higenbottam TW , Barber RW , Thrush BA
Published: July 2016

There remains uncertainty about the rate of oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) in cigarette smoke. Using a single-port smoking machine and a chemiluminescence NO analyser we have investigated the rate of NO disappearance during cigarette smoke ageing over 10 minutes for gas phase and whole smoke. The disappearance of NO in whole smoke conformed to the (pseudo) second order kinetics observed for oxidation of NO in air. In the gas phase however the rate of disappearance was more rapid and appeared to follow first order kinetics. The possible mechanisms for this difference in behaviour are discussed.
Factors Effecting Discolouration and Carbonization of Unmanufactured Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Holt BS , Chilton DM , Sampson JA
Published: July 2016

Modern advances in the mechanical processing of unmanufactured tobacco have developed conditions which could be favourable for the discolouration, carbonization, and possible pyrogenic reaction of flue-cured tobacco. Severe carbonization has been found in flue-cured tobaccos with moisture, packed temperature, and packed densities as low as 11 %, 40°C, and 370 kg / m3 respectively, and sugar contents as low as 14 % (moisture-free basis). We have focused our investigation on the redrying, prizing, and storage processes. The parameters chosen for this study included moisture content, packed temperature and packed density, and the insulative effects of packing containers as well as the effect of row position in storage. Data from the redrying and prizing processes were recorded for each container of tobacco. The tobacco temperature was monitored every four hours for the first 72 hours after packing and periodically thereafter when conditions so indicated. Samples for colour comparison and chemical analysis were taken at the beginning of each test, after 72 hours in storage and later as necessary. Key factors identified were packed density, moisture content and sustained internal temperature. A model for carbonization is proposed and an extension is made for the pyrogenic reaction.
Predicting the Pressure Drops across Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Dwyer RW
Published: July 2016

A theoretical model of the pressure drop across a fibrous cigarette filter is derived. The pressure drop is expressed as a function of the filter dimensions, the fiber tow characteristics, the filter weight, the fluid flow rate, and a filter fiber factor. The fiber factor is affected by the distribution of the fibers within the filter, the relative orientations of the fibers, and their cross-sectional shapes. The model allows one to accurately calculate the influences of these variables on the filter pressure drop. Additionally, it can be used to predict capability curves and select an optimum cellulose acetate tow for a given filter pressure drop.
A Study on Precursors of Nitric Oxide in Sidestream Smoke
Authors: Umemura S , Muramatsu M , Okada T
Published: July 2016

By a method of thermal analysis and smoke analysis of cellulose cigarettes treated with various nitrogenous compounds, it was found that nitric oxide in sidestream smoke is formed not only from nitrates but also from amino acids and water-insoluble protein, while little of the nitric oxide in mainstream smoke is formed from these organic nitrogenous compounds.
The Effect of the Increase of Tobacco Tax on 1st of June 1982 on the Length of Cigarette Butts in the Federal Republic of Germany - Die Auswirkung der Tabaksteuererhöhung vom 1. Juni 1982 auf die Länge der Zigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Schulz W
Published: July 2016

The butts of cigarettes of different origins and product categories (35 383 in all) were examined. Evaluation of the results according to filter and plain cigarettes shows that because of the tax increase in 1982 the butts were shorter than those of previous years. A similar reaction on the part of the smoker to higher tobacco tax had already been established in a previous investigation. The actual length of the butt in the Düsseldorf and Ruhr area was 33.24 mm and 26.70 mm in the case of filter and plain cigarettes respectively. Since 1978/1979 the butts were on average 0.4 mm and 1.3 mm shorter for filter and plain cigarettes respectively.
Determination of Catechol in Cigarette Smoke Condensate by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis with an Automated Precolumn Sample Preparation
Authors: Gerstenberg B , Speck M
Published: July 2016

A procedure has been developed for a simple and specific determination of catechol in cigarette smoke condensate. The analysis is performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with column switching between a precolumn and an analytical column. Catechol is separated from most of the condensate components by selective adsorption on a dihydroxyboryl silica gel precolumn. It is then determined without interference on a reverse-phase (C18) column. By column switching this procedure is run automatically within 15 min. The method is well suited for the routine measurement of a large number of samples, since it allows condensate solutions to be injected directly into the analysis system without prior laborious and time-consuming clean-up procedures.
The Efficiencies of Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Dwyer RW , Abel SG
Published: July 2016

Cigarette filters remove both particles and condensable vapours from tobacco smoke aerosols. The particulate contribution to filtration can be isolated by allowing the smoke aerosol to attain thermal equilibrium before it is introduced to the filter. Such experiments show the effects of filter length, filter pressure drop, and aerosol flow rate on particulate filtration. The relative roles of diffusion, impaction, and interception on particle removal have been examined. The extent to which vapour condensation occurs in filters has been found to be dependent on the length to which the tobacco rod has been smoked and independent of the pressure drop of the filter.
Determination of Triacetin in Cigarette Filters by Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Bestimmung von Triacetin in Zigarettenfiltern mit Hilfe der gepulsten Kernresonanzspektroskopie
Authors: Finster P , Hollweg J , Seehofer F
Published: July 2016

Our investigations show that pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (p-NMR) is a suitable method of determining the triacetin content of freshly produced filter rods. The table-top pulse spectrometer tested in filter rod production distinguishes itself by the fact that it enables exact and reproducible direct measurements of whole filter rods to be made in seconds. There is no need for the whole process of preparing samples; after measurement the filters can be fed back into the production process. With the measuring method we have developed triacetin can be determined completely automatically, independent of sample weight and to a large extent independent of the moisture content of the filter material. The period of time between the triacetin application and the p-NMR measurement should be as short as possible and accurately reproducible.
Flow Rate Dependence of Ventilation
Authors: Mathis DE
Published: July 2016

A quantitative model describing the effects of puffing conditions on the level of filter ventilation was developed and evaluated. The development of the model was based on a quadratic flow-pressure drop relationship which was validated with experimental measurements for numerous plug wraps, tipping papers, and combinations of the two. This relationship was used to derive an equation describing the level of filter ventilation as a function of the flow rate of air exiting the filter. This equation was shown to accurately predict the measured ventilations of six brands of commercial cigarettes over a range of continuous flow rates. The instantaneous ventilation values predicted by the equation were utilized to model ventilation during a puff by integrating the equation with respect to flow rate over the duration of the puff. This method for predicting the effects of specific puffing conditions on ventilation was demonstrated for sinusoidally shaped puffs spanning a wide range of volume and duration. Finally, the effects on the flow dependence of ventilation of different combinations of plug wrap and tipping papers were described qualitatively based on experimental measurements of paper flow-pressure drop linearity.
Tolerance of Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum and N. rustica) to High Rates of Lead Application to the Soil
Authors: Veresoglou DS , Sakellariadis SD , Gerakis PA
Published: July 2016

Eight genetically diverse tobacco types (Tsebelia of Agrinion, Samsun, Basma, Kabakulak, Burley, Virginia and Havana, belonging to Nicotianatabacum, and Brasilia belonging to N. rustica) were grown in pots in the greenhouse where lead acetate had been added to the soil at the rates of 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 g Pb/kg soil. In the field, 20 g Pb/m2 in two forms (nitrate and acetate) were applied to Burley and Kabakulak types. The greenhouse experiment showed that only the highest rate of lead addition to the soil reduced the leaf yield significantly. The higher yielding types (Havana and Samsun) were found to be the least tolerant, while Brasilia was the most tolerant. At all levels of lead addition to the soil the lead concentration in leaf was found to be highest in the first of the three harvests which were made. The relationship between log (lead level in the soil) and log (leaf lead concentration) seemed exponential. Although control treatments in the field and the greenhouse experiment showed comparable leaf lead concentrations, leaf lead concentrations at 20 g Pb/m2 in the field experiment were found to be higher than those at 1.0 g/kg soil in the greenhouse experiment.
Isolation and Identification of the Wax Esters from the Cuticular Waxes of Green Tobacco Leaf
Authors: Arrendale RF , Severson RF , Chortyk OT , Stephenson MG
Published: July 2016

Recent studies in our laboratory on the cuticular chemicals of green tobacco leaf have revealed the presence of wax esters, composed of fatty acids bound to fatty alcohols. Cuticular components of young green NC 2326 tobacco leaves were removed with methylene chloride, and partitioned between hexane and 80 % MeOH-H2O. The hexane-soluble fraction, which contained wax esters, paraffinic hydrocarbons, and fatty alcohols, was separated by silicic acid column chromatography, and the resulting wax ester fraction was further purified by lipophilic gel chromatography. Initial analyses of the wax ester fraction by capillary gas chromatography [GC] and capillary GC / MS, on a short fused silica [FS] SE-54 capillary column, indicated the presence of C30 - C52 wax esters. Application of the cold on-column injection technique and use of immobilized stationary phase, FS SE-54 capillary columns greatly improved the GC separation of the complex wax ester fraction and permitted the identification of individual wax ester isomers. Identification of wax ester isomers by GC/MS relied upon the presence of a molecular ion and ions characteristic of the acid and alcohol moieties. For the acid portion, these ions included the acid MW + 1 a.m.u. and MW - 17 a.m.u. ions, while for the alcohol, they were the alcohol MW - 18 a.m.u. and MW + 27 a.m.u. ions. Saponification of the wax ester fraction and subsequent analyses of the alcohols (as trimethylsilyl ethers) and acids (as methyl esters) revealed extensive iso- and anteiso-methyl branching of the acid moieties. The wax ester isomers with iso- and anteiso- methyl-branched acid moieties were separated from each other and from the normal straight-chain isomers by capillary GC and were identified by GC/MS, based upon characteristic ions resulting from the losses of the iso-branched (MW - 43 a.m.u.) and anteiso-branched (MW - 57 a.m.u.) groups from the molecular ion and from the acid moiety. One hundred and seventy individual wax esters were identified.
Application of Fourier Transform Infra-red Evolved Gas Analysis (FT-IR-EGA) to the Study of Tobacco Curing
Authors: Fenner RA , Lyons-Hart J , Lephardt JO , Teng DM
Published: July 2016

FT-IR evolved gas analysis, a non-isothermal pyrolysis technique, is used to probe the changes in tobacco leaf composition which occur during flue- and air-curing. A unique perspective of major enzymatic processes and their dependencies on curing method is obtained through simultaneous detection of multiple pyrolytic products and three-dimensional presentation of the product evolution profiles. The conversion of starch to sugars, proteins to amino acids, and the relationships between these processes are explored.
Puff Volume Measurement as affected by Temperature with Various Cigarette Types and Modes of Smoking (an in vitro study)
Authors: Guyatt AR , Baldry AG
Published: July 2016

An in vitro evaluation was made of the measurement of puffing behaviour using an orifice-plate cigarette holder. Four brands of cigarettes were compared ranging in tar yield from 4 to 16 mg, and each was studied with two puff profiles, the “early triangle” and the “square wave” pattern. Two flow rates were used for each profile giving maximum flows of 25.7 and 37.0 ml s-1(early triangle) and 12.0 and 36.7 (square wave), respectively, and four puff volumes, i.e. 15, 40, 65, and 90 ml for each profile/flow combination. Forty-eight cigarettes of each type were smoked (three for each profile/flow/volume combination). The studies emphasize the need for careful calibration of the alinear flow system and the value of reference volume standards. When calibrated with air, volume measurements on smoke at ambient temperature were overestimated by an average of 1.4 %. An average overestimation of 1.2 % was seen per 1°C rise in temperature. This rise in temperature occurred in the last few puffs, and was mainly influenced by the puff volume. There was much less difference when subdividing the data according to cigarette type, the early triangle or square wave profiles, or the two flow rates. With puff volumes of 15 ml there was virtually no temperature rise, and except at 90 ml the effect was only important in the last 20 % of the smoking period.
Evaluation of Selected Steroids as Chemical Markers of Past or Presently Occurring Fungal Infections on Tobacco
Authors: Bindler GN , Piade JJ , Schulthess D
Published: July 2016

Three fungal strains isolated from tobacco were cultured on tobacco water extracts. In these cultures, the mycelium weight was shown to be correlated with the concentration of a steroid, ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3ss-ol [ergosterol]. This steroid is not a tobacco constituent, but tobacco samples where mold or yeast infections had occurred exhibited significant amounts of it. A method is proposed to quantify ergosterol in tobacco samples by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at 282 nm. 7-Dehydrocholesterol can be used as internal standard. When found in a tobacco sample, the ergosterol concentration exhibits a good correlation with that of another related steroid, ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one [ETO], for which an HPLC quantification method in tobacco is proposed. Because it is highly fluorescent, ETO is also amenable to a sensitive and quick determination by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Once produced on tobacco, ergosterol concentration remains stable through storage under normal conditions, and even primary processing does not alter it appreciably. Possible applications of ergosterol analysis to the detection of fungal infections or the monitoring of fungal growth on tobacco are outlined. In addition, TLC estimation of the ETO concentration in a sample may constitute a convenient and fast screening method for fungal infections.
Determination of Particulate Matter and Carbon Oxides in Sidestream Smoke
Authors: Kaneki K , Masuo Y , Okada T
Published: July 2016

An investigation was performed to determine optimum conditions for the generation and collection of particulate matter and carbon oxides in sidestream smoke with a cylindrical chamber of 80 mm internal diameter. The most adequate conditions were found to be 50 cm distance between the burning cone and the Cambridge filter pad and 10 l/ min air flow rate through the chamber. Under these conditions, the static burn rate was virtually the same as that without the chamber and almost constant values for condensate were obtained by replicate measurements. Furthermore, the concentration of carbon monoxide delivered to a room could be estimated by this method. But, it was not possible to estimate the concentration of smoke particles in a room by use of sidestream measurements.
Effect of Chemical Constituents on the Formation Rate of Carbon Monoxide in Bright Tobacco
Authors: Yamamoto T , Suga Y , Kaneki K , Kaneko H
Published: July 2016

From cigarettes made of different bright tobaccos but with a constant fractional volume, the following results were obtained. The rate of formation of CO was a more influential factor determining the amount of CO in mainstream smoke than the weight loss of the cigarette during puffs. From a stepwise multiple regression analysis it was found that the rate of formation of CO was mainly dependent on the potassium content of the tobacco and could be estimated from the amounts of potassium, total carbon, and lignin. The rate of formation of CO increased with a rise in combustion temperature, which in turn rose as the potassium content of the tobacco decreased.
Growth and Development of the Main Greek Oriental Tobacco Cultivars
Authors: Barthakur NN , Arnold NP
Published: July 2016

A microwave generator and a closed-circuit wind tunnel were used to study thermoregulatory responses of tobacco leaf. Heating and cooling curves at various wind velocities showed the maximum reduction of steady-state temperature occurred at 10 cm / s. Wind gusts of high intermittency were very effective in transferring heat from leaf tissue; gust interval and dynamic equilibrium leaf temperature were found to be linearly related. Thermal-time constant and half-cooling time of a tobacco leaf were determined as a function of wind velocity under the conditions of the Newtonian law of cooling. It was determined that transpirational cooling of tobacco leaf in total darkness could occur if leaf temperature was raised above 40°C. This study confirmed that microwaves can be effectively used to study heat exchanges of flue-cured tobacco leaves in vivo under both continuous and fluctuating wind conditions.
The Chemical Control of Tobacco Black Root Rot
Authors: Delon R , Pululu MN
Published: July 2016

With the development of flue-cured and Burley tobacco culture in France, black root rot, caused by Chalaraelegans (Thielaviopsisbasicola), is becoming a problem. Since 1981 the Bergerac Tobacco Institute has studied the efficacy of new endotherapeutic fungicides of the triazole family. Among these, triadimenol was found to be the most effective. The treatment method consists of spraying tobacco plants with a triadimenolsolution 48 to 72 hours before transplanting. This method appears to be an economic and efficient means to control tobacco black root rot in the field. Treatment of young tobacco plants with triadimenol strongly stimulates rhizogenesis and this favours strengthening of the tobacco plants in the field.
Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tabacco Plant3. Physiological Malfunctions: Environment - Physiologie und Biochemie der Tabakpflanze: 3. PhysiologischeStörungen: Umwelteinflüsse
Authors: Tso TC , Bush LP
Published: July 2016

Environmental, biochemical and genetic abnormalities can induce physiological disorder in tobacco. Energy conversion results in production of many air pollutants including ozone which causes weather fleck. High incidence of weather fleck results in earlier flowering, lower yields and lower total alkaloids. More mature leaves are more tolerant to ozone damage than younger leaves. Tolerance to ozone is determined by genetic makeup of the shoot and abaxial stomata. plant damage from ozone or sulfur dioxide is enhanced by the presence of the other pollutant. Frenching is the formation of progressively narrower apical leaves. The cause of frenching is not known but the substance(s) appears to be leached from soils, similar to thallium induced chlorosis and narrow leaves, most active in soil above 35°C, and altering amino acid metabolism in the plant. Genetic tumours form on certain Nicotiana hybrids. These are not of economic importance to N. tabacum production but may be significant as interspecific hybridization is used to improve commercial tobaccos. Tumour formation appears to be controlled by genes on the chromosomes and show conventional segregation, linkage and mutation.
Tobacco Leaf Protein: II. Genetic and Fractionation Approaches to Improving Tobacco Leaf Protein Production
Authors: De Jong DW , Pittarelli G
Published: July 2016

Tobacco variety T. I. 401 was evaluated for seasonal leaf protein yields and crossbred with other genotypes to determine whether leaf protein yield was a genetically transmissible trait. Relatively high leaf protein yields associated with later maturity were observed in preliminary trials but additional crossbreeding and selection is deemed necessary to achieve stable integration of improved leaf protein yields and desirable agronomic performance. Chromatographic and electrophoretic analyses demonstrated that high leaf protein yield of T. I. 401 was not associated with a particular protein fraction but rather was a general phenomenon affecting all major protein classes. Besides examining genetic factors for improving leaf protein yields, two mechanical improvements in leaf protein fractionation technology were introduced into the process. A mild acidification step (to pH 5.5) with a subsequent moderate heat treatment (50°C) resulted in a green coagulum which was readily removed by brief low speed centrifugation without substantial loss of the fraction containing soluble protein which precipitates as a white pellet when heated to 80°C. Hollow-fiber membrane technology was also investigated as a means of producing a purified concentrate with high levels of undegraded protein. The membrane system tested was relatively efficient and greatly improved the quality of the Protein product.
Relative Positions of the Thermal Convection Column and Smoke Plume Generated from a Smoldering Cigarette
Authors: McRae DD , Jenkins RW
Published: July 2016

The relative positions of the thermal convection column and the smoke plume from a variety of smoldering cigarettes were measured using a combination of schlieren and visual optical systems. The schlieren technique is an optical method used to observe refractive index gradients in gases and other clear media. The refractive index gradients can be caused by variations in pressure, composition or temperature. The convection column of heated air and combustion gases rising from a cigarette coal was observed with a two mirror schlieren system. A video camera was used as the observing device rather than the usual photographic camera. A second video camera was arranged to view the smoke plume rising from the coal region. The two video images were combined with a video special effects generator and were viewed on a single monitor. The behaviour and relative positions of both columns were thus observed in real time with two non-invasive optical methods. The schlieren images of the convection column were compared to those of model systems such as a heated cylinder and a small flame. Results for experimental cigarettes with paper porosities of 12 cm/min to 48 cm/min (Coresta) during smolder showed that the thermal convection column was centered 2 mm to 3 mm in front of the paper char line directly over the hottest part of the coal as determined by infra-red imaging. The smoke plume was centered 2 mm behind the paper char line and the position did not change with paper porosity. Results for experimental cigarettes made with a commercially available low sidestream paper showed that the position of the convection column did not change. However, the position of the smoke plume changed considerably. In addition to being markedly decreased in visibility, the plume now appeared to be centered directly over the paper char line. This change in position provides a valuable insight into the mechanism of smoke reduction. The low sidestream papers seem to work by preventing the escape of smoke forming condensibles through the paper behind the paper char line. The condensibles are therefore forced to escape at the paper char line and undergo increased combustion and pyrolysis. As a result, some are converted to lower molecular weight materials and are unable to condense as readily to form the smoke. In addition, the remaining condensibles are released into a hotter and faster rising gas stream. This serves to reduce smoke formation by suppressing condensation and increasing dilution.
The Influence of Different Filter Parameters on the Semivolatile Composition of Mainstream Smoke
Authors: Formella K , Braumann T , Elmenhorst H
Published: July 2016

The semivolatile fraction of cigarette smoke contains the most important aroma and taste compounds which contribute to the smoker's enjoyment. Obviously, the semivolatile composition is strongly affected by cigarette filters and consequently by the material which is used for filter manufacturing. We have studied the effect of cellulose acetate and polypropylene as filter material on the smoke semivolatiles. Further, the effect of other parameters like pressure drop and the use of additives has been investigated. Smoke condensate was collected on a Cambridge filter pad, the semivolatiles were evaporated using a headspace apparatus and subsequently collected in a cold trap. Semivolatile analyses were performed by high-resolution GC/MS. The cellulose acetate filter, due to its polar structure, selectively retains polar compounds such as phenols and furans while the non-polar polypropylene filter shows a non-selective retention behaviour. The addition to polypropylene filters of a polar compound such as triacetin, which is used as plasticiser in the manufacturing of cellulose acetate filters, does not affect the retention behaviour towards the semivolatiles.
Determination of Free and Bound Maleic Hydrazide Residues in Tobacco by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Dattilo BS , Gallo S , Lionetti G , Rossi SG
Published: July 2016

A new method is described for the qualitative and quantitative determination of both free and bound maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco leaves and cigarette filler by high performance liquid chromatography. Analyses were carried out by hydrolyzing samples of ground tobacco with 4 N hydrochloric acid for 40 minutes under reflux followed by sample chromatography, running isocratic elutions with a dilute solution of phosphoric acid. The quantitative determination of maleic hydrazide was performed by light absorption at 320 nm, by the calibration curve method. Recoveries of maleic hydrazide added to tobacco samples were greater than 90 %. The detection limit of the method, determined on ground tobacco leaves, was at least 5 ppm. The results obtained by this procedure and by the ISO standard method no. 4876 are in good accordance.
Determination of Residues of Eight Synthetic Pyrethroids in Tobacco by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Dattilo BS , Gallo S , Lionetti G
Published: July 2016

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the residues of the following eight synthetic pyrethroids and their isomers in tobacco: tetramethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, alfamethrin, flucythrinate, fluvalinate and deltamethrin. The pesticides were extracted from ground tobacco by means of acetone:water 9:1 for 5 hours. The extract was diluted with water and partitioned into n-hexane. The organic phase was concentrated to about 1 ml and then purified by a Florisil-SPE column. The gas-chromatographic analyses were run with a gas-chromatograph Carlo Erba Series Mega HRGC 5300 equipped with a capillary column (stationary phase OV-1 - 0.10-0.15 µm film thickness, 25 m long) and a 63Ni electron-capture detector. Two different injection ports were used: split-splitless and cold split-splitless, working both with isothermal and programmed temperatures. Both the limit of detection and the limit of determination were estimated for each compound. Recoveries from fortified samples at level of 1 µgKg-1 are reported.