bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation transfer in participating medium interacting with variable property natural convection subjected to collimated/diffused irradiation at boundary—A critical appraisal
Authors: Mahapatra S.K. , Dandapat B.K. , Sarkar A.
Published: December 2011

The current study addresses the interaction phenomenon of combined natural convection with radiation in the presence of radiatively active gray medium inside a two‐dimensional enclosure. The left wall is radiatively considered to be semitransparent and is subjected to collimated irradiation. All gray walls of the enclosure are assumed to diffuse, except the semitransparent wall which is considered to be specular in nature. Investigation is done for the flow which is considered to be steady, laminar, and two‐dimensional. The variation of properties (k, ρ, μ) with temperature has been taken into consideration to make the investigation realistic. The radiation modeling has been done with the higher order discrete ordinate radiation method (DOM). The finite volume discretization has been adopted for numerical simulation. The effect of varying properties has been delineated and its due consideration while modeling has been realized. The results are depicted through isotherm and streamline patterns. The effects of influencing parameters on the Nusselt number have also been illustrated. A critical appraisal is made examining the suitability of the radiation models starting from S4 to S32, for different situations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20403
The acute and long‐term effectiveness of amisulpride in patients with schizophrenia: results of a 12‐month open‐label prospective follow‐up study
Authors: Ahn Yong Min , Lee Kyu Young , Kim Chul‐Eung , Kang Dae‐Yeob , Seok Jeong‐Ho , Shin Young Min , Chung In‐Won , Jun Tae‐Youn , Chang Jae Seung , Kim Yong Sik
Published: December 2011

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of amisulpride in acute (up to 8 weeks) and maintenance (week 8 to 12 months) phases of a 12‐month course of treatment in a heterogeneous group of patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

We conducted a 12‐month, open‐label clinical trial with flexible doses of amisulpride among 129 Korean patients with schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and several other scales measuring efficacy and tolerability were analyzed during the acute and maintenance phases.

Results

The completion rates were 78.3% by week 8 and 55.8% by month 12. Total PANSS scores and scores on the negative‐symptom and general‐symptom subscales improved significantly during both acute and maintenance periods, but scores on the positive‐symptom subscale improved only during the acute phase. Improvement during both treatment phases was significant in all other scales except for the Drug Attitude Inventory. The negative‐symptom and mixed‐symptom groups showed significant improvement in the PANSS negative subscale, the Clinical Global Impression scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning during the maintenance period. Hyperprolactinemia and related events were commonly reported.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the significant effectiveness and a good safety profile of amisulpride for treating acute and 12‐month phases of schizophrenia under natural conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family Functioning and Externalizing Behaviour among Low‐income Children: Self‐regulation as a Mediator
Authors: Hardaway Cecily R. , Wilson Melvin N. , Shaw Daniel S. , Dishion Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine self‐regulation as a mediator of the relation between family functioning and externalizing behaviour in 731 low‐income children (M age = 41 months) across three time points. Specifically, this study focused on whether chaos in the home and positive behaviour support were indirectly related to externalizing problems through their influence on inhibitory control. The primary findings were as follows: (a) chaos in the home at age 3 years was indirectly related to externalizing behaviour at age 5.5 years through children's inhibitory control at age 4 years, and (b) positive behaviour support at age 3 years was indirectly related to externalizing behaviour at age 5.5 years through inhibitory control at age 4 years. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of 1 year of an intentional weight loss intervention on bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes: Results from the look AHEAD randomized trial
Authors: Schwartz Ann V , Johnson Karen C , Kahn Steven E , Shepherd John A , Nevitt Michael C , Peters Anne L , Walkup Michael P , Hodges Amelia , Williams Carrie C , Bray George A ,   the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: December 2011

Intentional weight loss is an important component of treatment for overweight patients with type 2 diabetes, but the effects on bone density are not known. We used data from the Look AHEAD trial to determine the impact of an intensive lifestyle weight loss intervention (ILI) compared with diabetes support and education (DSE) on changes in bone mineral density (BMD) over 12 months. Overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to ILI or DSE. In a substudy of BMD conducted at 5 of 16 clinical centers, hip, spine, and whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry scans were obtained at baseline and 1-year later on 642 of 739 ILI and 632 of 740 DSE participants. At baseline, mean age was 58.4 years, and average body mass index was 35.2 kg/m2. Total hip BMD T-score was <−2.5 in 1% and <−1.0 in 8%. At 1 year, weight loss was greater in ILI than DSE (−8.6% versus −0.7%), and glycemic control and fitness were also improved. Bone loss over 1 year was greater in ILI at the total hip (−1.4% versus −0.4%; p < 0.001) and femoral neck (−1.5% versus −0.8%; p = 0.009), but change in BMD for the lumbar spine and whole body did not differ between groups. In ILI, bone loss at the total hip was independently associated with weight loss in men and women and with poorer glycemic control in men, but was not associated with changes in fitness. One year of an intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with type 2 diabetes, resulting in weight loss, was associated with a modest increase in hip bone loss despite improved fitness and glycemic control. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Comparative analysis of pre‐replication complex proteins in transformed and normal cells
Authors: Di Paola Domenic , Zannis‐Hadjopoulos Maria
Published: December 2011

This study examines the abundance of the major protein constituents of the pre‐replication complex (pre‐RC), both genome‐wide and in association with specific replication origins, namely the lamin B2, c‐myc, 20mer1, and 20mer2 origins. Several pre‐RC protein components, namely ORC1‐6, Cdc6, Cdt1, MCM4, MCM7, as well as additional replication proteins, such as Ku70/86, 14‐3‐3, Cdc45, and PCNA, were comparatively and quantitatively analyzed in both transformed and normal cells. The results show that these proteins are overexpressed and more abundantly bound to chromatin in the transformed compared to normal cells. Interestingly, the 20mer1, 20mer2, and c‐myc origins exhibited a two‐ to threefold greater origin activity and a two‐ to threefold greater in vivo association of the pre‐RC proteins with these origins in the transformed cells, whereas the origin associated with the housekeeping lamin B2 gene exhibited both similar levels of activity and in vivo association of these pre‐RC proteins in both cell types. Overall, the results indicate that cellular transformation is associated with an overexpression and increased chromatin association of the pre‐RC proteins. This study is significant, because it represents the most systematic comprehensive analysis done to date, using multiple replication proteins and different replication origins in both normal and transformed cell lines. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1333–1347, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical reduction of carboxyl groups in heparin abolishes its vasodilatory activity
Authors: Paredes‐Gamero Edgar J. , Medeiros Valquíria P. , Lima Marcelo A. , Accardo Camila M. , Farias Eduardo H.C. , Sassaki Guilherme I. , Campana Patricia T. , Miranda Antonio , Ferreira Alice T. , Tersariol Ivarne L.S. , Nader Helena B.
Published: December 2011

Previous studies have shown that heparin induces vascular relaxation via integrin‐dependent nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated activation of the muscarinic receptor. The aim of this study was to identify the structural features of heparin that are necessary for the induction of vasodilatation. To address this issue, we tested heparin from various sources for their vasodilatation activities in the rat aorta ring. Structural and chemical characteristics of heparin, such as its molecular weight and substitution pattern, did not show a direct correlation with the vasodilation activity. Principal component analysis (PCA) of circular dichroism (CD), 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and vasodilation activity measurements confirmed that there is no direct relationship between the physico‐chemical nature and vasodilation activity of the tested heparin samples. To further understand these observations, unfractionated heparin (UFH) from bovine intestinal mucosa, which showed the highest relaxation effect, was chemically modified. Interestingly, non‐specific O‐ and N‐desulfation of heparin reduced its anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and antihemostatic activities, but had no effect on its ability to induce vasodilation. On the other hand, chemical reduction of the carboxyl groups abolished heparin‐induced vasodilation and reduced the affinity of heparin toward the extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, dextran and dextran sulfate (linear non‐sulfated and highly sulfated polysaccharides, respectively) did not induce significant relaxation, showing that the vasodilation activity of polysaccharides is neither charge‐dependent nor backbone unspecific. Our results suggest that desulfated heparin molecules may be used as vasoactive agents due to their low side effects. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1359–1367, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ca2+ store depletion and endoplasmic reticulum stress are involved in P2X7 receptor‐mediated neurotoxicity in differentiated NG108‐15 cells
Authors: Chao Chia‐Chia , Huang Chieh‐Chen , Lu Dah‐Yuu , Wong Kar‐Lok , Chen Yun‐Ru , Cheng Tzu‐Hurng , Leung Yuk‐Man
Published: December 2011

P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation by extracellular ATP triggers influx of Na+ and Ca2+, cytosolic Ca2+ overload and consequently cytotoxicity. Whether disturbances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ homeostasis and ER stress are involved in P2X7R‐mediated cell death is unknown. In this study, a P2X7R agonist (BzATP) was used to activate P2X7R in differentiated NG108‐15 neuronal cells. In a concentration‐dependent manner, application of BzATP (10–100 µM) immediately raised cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and caused cell death after a 24‐h incubation. P2X7R activation for 2 h did not cause cell death but resulted in a sustained reduction in ER Ca2+ pool size, as evidenced by a diminished cyclopiazonic acid‐induced Ca2+ discharge (fura 2 assay) and a lower fluorescent signal in cells loaded with Mag‐fura 2 (ER‐specific Ca2+‐fluorescent dye). Furthermore, P2X7R activation (2 h) led to the appearance of markers of ER stress [phosphorylated α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (p‐eIF2α) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)] and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3). Xestospongin C (XeC), an antagonist of inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R), strongly inhibited BzATP‐triggered [Ca2+]i elevation, suggesting that the latter involved Ca2+ release via IP3R. XeC pretreatment not only attenuated the reduction in Ca2+ pool size in BzATP‐treated cells, but also rescued cell death and prevented BzATP‐induced appearance of ER stress and apoptotic markers. These novel observations suggest that P2X7R activation caused not only Ca2+ overload, but also Ca2+ release via IP3R, sustained Ca2+ store depletion, ER stress and eventually apoptotic cell death. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1377–1385, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Characterization of b‐Perfect Graphs
Authors: Hoàng Chính T. , Maffray Frédéric , Mechebbek Meriem
Published: December 2011

A b‐coloring is a coloring of the vertices of a graph such that each color class contains a vertex that has a neighbor in all other color classes, and the b‐chromatic number of a graph G is the largest integer k such that G admits a b‐coloring with k colors. A graph is b‐perfect if the b‐chromatic number is equal to the chromatic number for every induced subgraph of G. We prove that a graph is b‐perfect if and only if it does not contain as an induced subgraph a member of a certain list of 22 graphs. This entails the existence of a polynomial‐time recognition algorithm and of a polynomial‐time algorithm for coloring exactly the vertices of every b‐perfect graph. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 71:95–122, 2012
Molecular modeling to rationalize ligand–support interactions in affinity chromatography
Authors: Salvalaglio Matteo , Cavallotti Carlo
Published: December 2011

The development of rational design criteria for synthetic‐ligand‐based affinity chromatography requires a basic comprehension of all the factors influencing the binding capacity and selectivity of the stationary phase. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are systematically used to investigate the impact of structural modifications of spacer and ligand on ligand–support interactions. The investigated ligands are characterized by a triazine core bi‐functionalized with two amino acid side chains aimed at representing a range of hydrophobic/hydrophilic characters. As spacers both literature (1‐2‐diaminoethane and 1,4‐substituted [1,2,3]‐triazole) and speculative oligopeptidic molecules (Gly‐[Ala]4‐Gly, Gly‐[Lys]4‐Gly, and Gly‐[Glu]4‐Gly) have been considered to address the role of charges distribution, rigidity, and structural complexity. In this investigation, the spacer emerged as a key component: on the one hand, the choice of a proper spacer allows improving the hydrophilic character of the ligand–spacer adduct without compromising the structure of the affinity ligand, while on the other hand the use of structurally complex spacers induces spacer–support interactions that enhance the degree of solvation of the ligand regardless of its hydrophobic character. These findings suggest that the use of structured spacers could represent a viable pathway for tailoring the performances of affinity chromatography stationary phases.
Nesting characteristics of mourning doves in central New Mexico: Response to riparian forest change
Authors: Smith D. Max , Finch Deborah M. , Hawksworth David L.
Published: December 2011

Riparian forests of the American Southwest are especially prone to changes in composition and structure due to natural and anthropogenic factors. To determine how breeding mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) respond to these changes, we examined nest site use and nest survival in control plots, fuel reduction plots before and after mechanical thinning, and post‐wildfire sites. The greatest number of nests (50%) were located in post‐wildfire sites where resprouted vegetation and woody debris provided numerous nest sites in the understory. We found fewer nests in post‐treatment fuel reduction plots (17%), where most were constructed in cottonwoods, and an intermediate number of nests in control and pre‐treatment plots (33%), where most were constructed in exotic plants. The best‐supported logistic‐exposure nest survival model indicated that survival varied among years and with date. Models containing effects of forest type, study block, and nest site selection received little support, suggesting that survival was constant among plot locations, disturbance types, and nest sites. Our nest survival estimates were low relative to those from other studies, but productivity could offset mortality if adults make numerous nest attempts each year. Our results highlight the utility of woody vegetation and debris as understory nest sites for mourning doves and other riparian birds. Managers should devise methods to preserve or reestablish these nest sites when conducting fuel reduction, exotic vegetation removal, or post‐fire restoration activities. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Lessons from nature: biomimetic subwavelength structures for high‐performance optics
Authors: Brunner R. , Sandfuchs O. , Pacholski C. , Morhard C. , Spatz J.
Published: December 2011

In nature, optical structures in the subwavelength range have been evolved over millions of years. For example, in the form of ‘moth‐eye’ structures they show a strong anti‐reflective effect on the compound eyes of night‐active insects and therefore offer a successful protection over predators. In this contribution the advantages and challenges to transfer this natural concept of subwavelength structured optical interfaces to high‐end optical systems are discussed. Here, in comparison to alternative conventional multilayer systems, the bioinspired anti‐reflective structures offer a wide wavelength range and a broad angle dependency. Additionally, adhesion problems are reduced drastically. Simultaneously to the theoretical consideration of the best profile form of the subwavelength structures, appropriate realization technologies have been developed in recent years, where both top‐down and bottom‐up approaches have been investigated. Depending on the choice of the structuring technique, anti‐reflective subwavelength structures are applicable to a wide spectrum of optical elements ranging from micro‐optical components to aspheres for applications in imaging and also illumination setups of high‐end optical instruments.
A parallel imaging approach to wide‐field MR microscopy
Authors: McDougall Mary Preston , Wright Steven M.
Published: December 2011

Magnetic resonance microscopy, suggested in the earliest papers on MRI, has always been limited by the low signal‐to‐noise ratio resulting from the small voxel size. Magnetic resonance microscopy has largely been enabled by the use of microcoils that provide the signal‐to‐noise ratio improvement required to overcome this limitation. Concomitant with the small coils is a small field‐of‐view, which limits the use of magnetic resonance microscopy as a histological tool or for imaging large regions in general. This article describes initial results in wide field‐of‐view magnetic resonance microscopy using a large array of narrow, parallel coils, which provides a signal‐to‐noise ratio enhancement as well as the ability to use parallel imaging techniques. Comparison images made between a volume coil and the proposed technique demonstrate reductions in imaging time of more than 100 with no loss in signal‐to‐noise ratio or resolution. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropathic pain in post‐burn hypertrophic scars: A psychophysical and neurophysiological study
Authors: Isoardo Gianluca , Stella Maurizio , Cocito Dario , Risso Daniela , Migliaretti Giuseppe , Cauda Franco , Palmitessa Angela , Faccani Giuliano , Ciaramitaro Palma
Published: December 2011

Introduction: Pain complicates hypertrophic post‐burn pathologic scars (PPS) Methods: To investigate the possible neuropathic origin of pain, 13 patients with painful PPS involving at least 1 hand underwent clinical examination, including the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire; median, ulnar, and radial nerve conduction studies (NCS); cold‐ (CDT) and heat‐induced pain threshold evaluation by quantitative sensory testing; and cutaneous silent period (CSP) testing of the abductor pollicis brevis. Controls included 9 patients with non‐painful PPS, 52 healthy subjects, and 28 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Results: All patients with painful PPS had possible neuropathic pain (DN4 score ≥4). NCS signs of CTS were similarly present in PPS subjects with or without pain. Hands with painful PPS had lower CDT and CSP duration, more frequent cold‐ and heat‐pain hypesthesia, and more thermal allodynia than controls. Conclusions: In PPS, possible neuropathic pain is associated with psychophysical and neurophysiological abnormalities suggestive of small‐fiber damage. Muscle Nerve 45: 883–890, 2012
Hospital discharge database optimization in guillain‐barré syndrome surveillance
Authors: Lee Christopher D. , Jones Timothy F.
Published: December 2011

Introduction:

Precise causes and risk factors for Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) remain incompletely understood, and monitoring its incidence remains important in public health. Active surveillance is not sustainable, but hospital discharge databases (HDDs) may be suitable for passive surveillance.

Methods:

We optimized Tennessee's HDD of all ICD‐9 codes of 357.0, from 2000 to 2010. Discharges for persons with a GBS diagnosis in a previous hospitalization in the database were excluded. HDD results were compared with the CDC's active surveillance program during the H1N1 vaccination program of 2009–2010.

Results:

Of 2,659 records of Tennessee residents initially identified, 1077 (40%) had prior diagnoses of GBS. Adjusted annual rates ranged from 1.24 to 1.57 per 100,000 population. The sensitivity of the optimized HDD was 0.81 with a positive predictive value of 0.45.

Conclusions:

Optimization of a HDD through exclusion of nonacute cases results in an acceptable and practical database for passive surveillance of GBS. Muscle Nerve 46: 60–62, 2012
Stochastic identification of defects under sensor uncertainties
Authors: Furukawa Tomonari , Lim Shen Hin , Michopoulos John G.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a new methodology for identifying defects under the presence of both sensor and defect uncertainties. This methodology introduces a representation of the beliefs of both the locations of defects and the sensors each by a probability density function and updates them using the extended Kalman filter. Because the beliefs are recursively maintained while the sensor is moving and the associated observation data are updated, the proposed approach considers not only the current observation data but also the prior knowledge, the past observation data and beliefs, which include both sensor and defect uncertainties. The concept of differential entropy has been introduced and is utilized as a performance measure to evaluate the result of defect identification and handle the identification of multiple defects. The verification and evaluation of the proposed methodology performance were conducted via parametric numerical studies. The results have shown the successful identification of defects with reduced uncertainty when the number of measurements increases, even under the presence of large sensor uncertainties. Furthermore, the proposed methodology was applied to the more realistic problem of identifying multiple defects located on a specimen and has demonstrated its applicability to practical defect identification problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural shape and topology optimization using a meshless Galerkin level set method
Authors: Luo Z. , Zhang N. , Gao W. , Ma H.
Published: December 2011

This paper aims to propose a meshless Galerkin level set method for shape and topology optimization of continuum structures. To take advantage of the implicit free boundary representation scheme, the design boundary is represented as the zero level set of a scalar level set function, to flexibly handle complex shape fidelity and topology changes by maintaining concise and smooth interface. Compactly supported radial basis functions (CSRBFs) are used to parameterize the level set function and construct the shape functions for meshfree approximations based on a set of unstructured field nodes. The meshless Galerkin method with global weak form is used to implement the discretization of the state equations. This provides a pathway to unify the two different numerical stages in most conventional level set methods: (1) the propagation of discrete level set function on a set of Eulerian grid and (2) the approximation of discrete equations on a set of Lagrangian mesh. The original more difficult shape and topology optimization based on the level set equation is transformed into a relatively easier size optimization, to which many efficient optimization algorithms can be applied. The proposed level set method can describe the moving boundaries without remeshing for discontinuities. The motion of the free boundary is just a question of advancing the discrete level set function in time by solving the size optimization. Several benchmark examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The numerical results show that the proposed method can simplify numerical process and avoid numerical difficulties involved in most conventional level set methods. It is straightforward to apply the proposed method to more advanced shape and topology optimization problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for distress, the sixth vital sign: examining self‐referral in people with cancer over a one‐year period
Authors: Waller Amy , Williams Andrea , Groff Shannon L. , Bultz Barry D. , Carlson Linda E.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Although research has indicated a diagnosis of cancer is most often distressing for patients and their families, few studies have examined which patients access resources to manage distress or how distress levels affect resource utilization. This study explored psychosocial and supportive care resource utilization in a large cancer population at a Canadian tertiary cancer centre over a 12‐month period in a usual care setting.

Methods

Patients who were new to the Tom Baker Cancer Centre completed the Distress Thermometer, the Pain and Fatigue Thermometers, the Psychological Screen for Cancer (Part C) that measures anxiety and depression, self‐report questions on resources accessed and a demographic form at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. No feedback or specific triage to services was provided in order to observe usual care practices.

Results

A total of 714 patients provided baseline data with 505 retained at 12 months. Twenty‐four percent indicated they accessed at least one service (e.g. individual counselling, nutritionist or resource social worker) over the 12 months. Patients who were older, less educated and with lower income were less likely to access services. People who reported higher symptom burden were more likely to access services at each time point.

Conclusions

Overall levels of access of psychosocial services were relatively low in this population and varied by socio‐demographic variables and symptom burden. Routine monitoring of psychosocial, practical and physical concerns is a potential strategy for targeting individuals who may require additional information or support in accessing available services to manage their concerns. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the assumption of homogeneity of treatment effects in clinical studies with application to meta‐analysis
Authors: Julious Steven A. , Whitehead Anne
Published: December 2011

An important part of the evaluation of a therapy is an investigation of the assumption of homogeneity of its effect across pre‐defined subpopulations. In this paper we describe simple graphical presentations that could be used to assess the homogeneity of treatment effect and identify outliers. The emphasis in the paper is on meta‐analysis but the methods described can be generalized to other investigations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal linear estimation for continuous stochastic systems with random observation delays
Authors: Han Chunyan , Zhang Huanshui , Feng Gang
Published: December 2011

This paper is concerned with the linear minimum mean square error estimation for Itô‐type differential equation systems with random delays, where the delay process is modeled as a finite‐state Markov chain. By first introducing a set of equivalent delay‐free observations and then defining two reorganized Markov chains, the estimation problem of random delayed systems is reduced to the one of delay‐free Markov jump linear systems. The estimator is derived by using the innovation analysis method based on the Itô differential formula. And the analytical solution to this estimator is given in terms of two Riccati differential equations that are of finite dimensions. Conditions for existence, uniqueness, and stability of the steady‐state optimal estimator are studied for time‐invariant cases. In this case, the obtained estimator is very easy to implement, and all calculation can be performed off line, leading to a linear time‐invariant estimator. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the damage on the outermost hair surface using ToF‐SIMS and XPS
Authors: Okamoto Masayuki , Ishikawa Kazutaka , Tanji Noriyuki , Aoyagi Satoka
Published: December 2011

The outermost surface of the human hair is covered with a thin layer of fatty acids bonding proteins, which plays an important role in giving hair a soft and smooth feeling and surface hydrophobicity. In this study, changes in fatty acids and protein fragment ions were characterized using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate hair damage. As a result, the intensity of the fragment ion m/z 76 related to cystine and cysteine, major components of hair keratin, decreased with the hair damage, which is consistent with generation of cysteic acid caused by oxidative cleavage of both thioester bond in the fatty acids and disulfide bond of cystine. Thus, it is indicated that hair damage can be evaluated by measuring m/z 76. Furthermore, 18‐methyleicosanoic acid, the major component of the fatty acids, decreased rapidly in three bleaching processes, and the peak at m/z 76 also decreased correspondingly. These results suggest that the oxidative cleavage of thioester bonds in the fatty acids is the major change caused by the bleaching process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with System Sustainability: A Sociocybernetics Model for Social‐Economic System Architecture
Authors: Bai Guohua , Henesey Lawrence
Published: December 2011

This paper proposes an epistemological model based on cybernetic principles and activity theory to interpret two levels of problems that are intertwined in our social‐economic system, namely the liveability and sustainability problems. In the first part of the paper, important principles and concepts from related fields of cybernetics and activity theory are introduced for later construction of a model. In the second part, a model is constructed on the basis of the introduced concepts. To validate the proposed model, the current economic crisis is studied in the third part. An important contribution of the proposed model is a theoretical understanding of the two levels problems and how to construct macro social‐economic policies to avoid similar crisis in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding Political Consulting: A Systems‐Theoretical View
Authors: Kusche Isabel
Published: December 2011

The article analyses political consulting as an attempt at controlling political communication effects, using Luhmann's theory of social systems as the framework. On the basis of causal attributions, the instruments of political consulting provide campaign decisions with special expertise. However, the selectivity of these causal attributions intensifies the second‐order observation of public opinion. An appraisal of the, mostly American, literature on election campaigns and consulting therefore leads to the conclusion that political consulting both reduces the uncertainty of specific campaign decisions and increases the overall uncertainty of politics. The double‐edged effects of political consulting are a consequence of the self‐referential operation of a differentiated political system. This is highlighted by a comparison with Russia where, under conditions of inchoate functional differentiation, the equivalent of political consulting takes on a different character.
Neue Bemessungshilfen für das Biegedrillknicken von Trägern aus Walzprofilen
Authors: Kindmann Rolf , Käsmaier Manfred
Published: December 2011

Für Nachweise nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] zum Biegedrillknicken von Trägern aus Walzprofilen werden Bemessungshilfen angegeben. Damit können die Berechnungen und Nachweise erheblich vereinfacht und abgekürzt werden.

New design aids for lateral torsional buckling of beams of rolled profiles. For the verification of lateral torsional buckling of beams of rolled profiles under uniaxial bending according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] design aids are presented. Using these, calculations and verifications are simplified and shortened significantly.
Zum Einsatz von Betondübeln im Verbundbau (Teil 1) – Ruhende Beanspruchung
Authors: Mangerig Ingbert , Wagner Robert , Burger Sascha , Wurzer Otto , Zapfe Cedrik
Published: December 2011

Umfangreiche Forschungsaktivitäten zu alternativen Verdübelungssystemen haben in den zurückliegenden Jahren gezeigt, dass Betondübel eine wirtschaftliche und mechanisch geeignete Variante zur Schubsicherung ermöglichen. Bei diesem Verbundsystem entsteht die Verdübelung bei der Herstellung der Betontragkomponente, indem in das Stahlprofil eingebrachte Aussparungen von unterschiedlicher geometrischer Gestalt mit Bewehrung versehen und einbetoniert werden. Auf der Grundlage einer Vielzahl ausgewerteter Versuche konnte ein statistisch abgesichertes Bemessungskonzept erarbeitet werden, das auf das gesamte Spektrum getesteter Dübelformen anzuwenden ist. Zur Steigerung der Wirtschaftlichkeit einer Verbundsicherung durch Betondübel wurden Aussparungsgeometrien dahingehend weiterentwickelt, dass Brennschnittführungen mit dem Focus auf minimalen Verschnitt im Vordergrund standen. Neben Blechtafeln können auf diese Weise auch Walzträger in zwei gleichwertige, obergurtlose Stahlprofile mit Aussparungen im Stegbereich getrennt werden. Die vorliegenden Berechnungskonzepte wurden ausnahmslos halbempirisch aufgestellt. Obwohl für vorwiegend ruhend beanspruchte Bauteile eine Verbundsicherung mit Betondübeln auf der Basis einer Vielzahl von Versuchen möglich ist, erfordern neue Dübelformen trotzdem absichernde Versuche.

The application of concrete dowels in composite constructions (Part 1) – Statical loading. Extensive research activities during last years proved concrete dowels as mechanical and economical reasonable alternative solution for shear connections of composite members. Concrete dowels are produced through recesses of various geometries and topologies in webs or flanges of steel profiles, filled with reinforcement and places in concrete chords. A design concept could be developed based on numerous laboratory tests applicable in a range of tested and statistically evaluated dowel sizes and shapes. Supplemental research projects have been established for economical reasons in order to consider optimized dowel shapes supporting automatic laser cut methods that divide standard steel profiles into two profiles without upper flange including concrete dowels in web plates within only one process. Extended design procedures for such specific dowel topologies require further experimental verification.
Seismic design of special moment‐resisting steel frame with prevention of soft‐storey mechanism failure
Authors: Alinouri Hossein , Danesh Fakhroddin Ahmadi , Khazaee Hamideh
Published: December 2011

Most structures with masonry infills that are continuous along their height, which are interrupted in the lowest storey, are damaged by earthquakes. These structures are anticipated to collapse due to the undesirable soft‐storey mechanism formed by lateral stiffness of masonry infills in other storeys. The seismic design criteria of UBC97 code for special moment‐resisting steel frame (SMRSF) are reviewed. In this paper, a new criterion for seismic design of such structures is presented. The proposed criteria are used to design three SMRSFs: 5, 8 and 15 storeys. Nonlinear time‐history dynamic analyses are applied for the designed SMRSFs based on the proposed criteria. Displacements and storey drifts, which are obtained by the proposed method, are compared with nonlinear time‐history dynamic analysis results, finally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Systems of Care to Reduce Incarceration of Youth with Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Erickson Chris D.
Published: December 2011

Youth with serious mental illness come into contact with juvenile justice more than 3 times as often as other youth, obliging communities to expend substantial resources on adjudicating and incarcerating many who, with proper treatment, could remain in the community for a fraction of the cost. Incarceration is relatively ineffective at remediating behaviors associated with untreated serious mental illness and may worsen some youths’ symptoms and long‐term prognoses. Systems of care represent a useful model for creating systems change to reduce incarceration of these youth. This paper identifies the systemic factors that contribute to the inappropriate incarceration of youth with serious mental illness, including those who have committed non‐violent offenses or were detained due to lack of available treatment. It describes the progress of on‐going efforts to address this problem including wraparound and diversion programs and others utilizing elements of systems of care. The utility of systems of care principles for increasing access to community‐based mental health care for youth with serious mental illness is illustrated and a number of recommendations for developing collaborations with juvenile justice to further reduce the inappropriate incarceration of these youth are offered.
Myristic Acid Increases Dihydroceramide Δ4‐Desaturase 1 (DES1) Activity in Cultured Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Ezanno Hélène , le Bloc’h Jérôme , Beauchamp Erwan , Lagadic‐Gossmann Dominique , Legrand Philippe , Rioux Vincent
Published: December 2011

Dihydroceramide Δ4‐desaturase 1 (DES1) catalyzes the last step of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis, which consists of the introduction of a trans Δ4‐double bond in the carbon chain of the dihydroceramide. It was previously observed that myristic acid binds DES1 through N‐myristoylation. This N‐terminal modification significantly increased the activity of the recombinant DES1 in COS‐7 cells and targeted part of the enzyme initially present in the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to an increase in ceramide levels. Since these results were obtained in a recombinant COS‐7 cell model with high expression of rat DES1, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if the native DES1 enzyme was really upregulated by its N‐myristoylation in cultured rat hepatocytes. We first showed that DES1 was the main dihydroceramide desaturase isoform expressed in rat hepatocytes. In this model, the wild‐type myristoylable recombinant form of rat DES1 was found in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria whereas the mutated non‐myristoylable recombinant form (N‐terminal glycine replaced by an alanine) was almost exclusively localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, which evidenced the importance of the myristoylation. Then, we showed that compared to other fatty acids, myristic acid was the only one to increase native DES1 activity, in both total cell lysates and mitochondrial fractions. The myristic acid‐associated increase in DES1 activity was not linked to elevated mRNA or protein expression but more likely to its N‐terminal myristoylation. Finally, the myristic acid‐associated increase in DES1 activity slightly enhanced the number of apoptotic cells.
Assessing Asset Indices
Authors: Filmer Deon , Scott Kinnon
Published: December 2011

The use of asset indices in welfare analysis and poverty targeting is increasing, especially in cases in which data on expenditures are unavailable or hard to collect. We compare alternative approaches to welfare measurement. Our analysis shows that inferences about inequalities in education, health care use, fertility, and child mortality, as well as labor market outcomes, are quite robust to the economic status measure used. Different measures—most significantly per capita expenditures versus the class of asset indices—do not, however, yield identical household rankings. Two factors stand out in predicting the degree of congruence in rankings. First is the extent to which expenditures can be explained by observed household and community characteristics. Rankings are most similar in settings with small transitory shocks to expenditure or with little random measurement error in expenditure. Second is the extent to which expenditures are dominated by individually consumed goods, such as food. Asset indices are typically derived from indicators of goods that are effectively public at the household level, while expenditures are often dominated by food, an almost exclusively private good. In settings in which individually consumed goods are the main component of expenditures, asset indices and per capita consumption yield the least similar results.
A pilot study of the “Continuation of Care” model in “revolving-door” patients
Authors: Juven-Wetzler A. , Bar-Ziv D. , Cwikel-Hamzany S. , Abudy A. , Peri N. , Zohar J.
Published: December 2011

Purpose:

The efficiency of continuation of care (COC) treatment by inpatient caregivers as compared to treatment administered by outpatient services for “revolving door” psychiatric patients was tested in this study. Number and days of hospitalization were examined.

Method:

All patients who were hospitalized three times or more during the past 12months were offered continuing follow-up in the ward, by the same staff, instead of being referred to the outpatient department. Information on number and length of hospitalizations before and after initiation of this care model was retrieved from the hospital computerized database.

Results:

Of the 36 patients meeting the criteria, 35 patients agreed to participate. The number of hospitalizations in the 18months following the index hospitalization was 1.79±3.51 as compared to 4.67±1.79 before the index hospitalization (p = 0.0002), and the number of days of hospitalization 18months after was 24±41.65 as compared to 119.71±69.31 before (p<0.0001).

Conclusion:

COC via inpatient follow-up significantly reduces the number and length of hospitalizations in “revolving door” psychiatric patients as compared to the traditional system of follow-up in an outpatient clinic.
Premixed flame propagation in a confining vessel with weak pressure rise
Authors: Kelley Andrew P. , Bechtold John K. , Law Chung K.
Published: December 2011

The propagation of a premixed flame inside of a confining vessel filled with combustible fluid is determined using large-activation-energy asymptotics. The flame structure is analysed assuming that spatial and temporal variations in the transverse direction are weak compared to those in the direction normal to the flame surface. The analysis considers weak pressure rise from confinement and also allows for mixtures that are both near and removed from stoichiometry, non-unity reaction orders, temperature-dependent transport coefficients, and general Lewis numbers. The resulting equations for flame propagation speed are expressed in a coordinate-free form and describe the evolution of an arbitrary shaped flame in a general confining flow. These expressions are specifically applied to the case of a spherical flame propagating inside a spherical chamber. The radius at which the confining vessel influences the flame propagation is determined and the various mechanisms influencing flame behaviour are discussed. The results give rise to a simplified asymptotic relationship that provides an improved equation that may be used to more accurately extrapolate unstretched laminar flame speeds from experimental measurements.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Evans Joan
Published: December 2011

I must first thank you, very sincerely, for re-electing me as your President; I am just past mid-career of the normal tenure of the office. Still more warmly I thank you for re-electing the officers who make my work possible.

I had thought that this might be a quiet year, in which we might sit back and think. It has been anything but that. You will all remember the sudden and unexpected death of Philip Corder, our Assistant Secretary, only a few weeks after our last Anniversary Meeting. He had been our Assistant Secretary since 1943; and, as aide to Mr. Kingsford, then in failing health, had in fact had charge of much of our business for some years before that. He was a distinguished Romano-British archaeologist in his own right—his tenure of the Presidency of the Royal Archaeological Institute is testimony enough—and his long experience as Editor of our publications had given him a wide knowledge in many fields. His geniality and friendliness had made him widely beloved among our Fellows; his training courses had made him revered by the younger generation. We all mourn him. He will not soon be forgotten under this roof.
Thurbern's Chantry at Winchester College
Authors: Chitty Herbert , Harvey John H.
Published: December 2011

The appearance of a joint paper more than ten years after the death of one of its authors demands a few words of explanation. Our late Fellow, Herbert Chitty, read before this Society on 21st May 1925 a paper on ‘Fromond's Chantry at Winchester College', printed in the 75th volume of Archaeologia. It was his intention to offer to the Society a companion paper upon the other chantry in the college, that of Warden Robert Thurbern, and from 1926 onwards he devoted time to research into its history, and to the collection of a series of lantern slides, made for him by the late Sydney Pitcher. Other occupations forced Chitty to lay aside this project, and it remained unfinished at his death on 28th December 1949. The basic materials survived him, however, as well as the collection of slides. Meanwhile, the years 1950–60 have seen momentous changes in the appearance of Thurbern's Chantry, adding a new chapter to its history. These functional, architectural, and decorative changes are now complete, and this seems a suitable time to present the results of Chitty's researches, followed by some account of recent happenings.
Institutions and innovation: experimental zoology and the creation of theBritish Journal of Experimental Biologyand the Society for Experimental Biology
Authors: ERLINGSSON STEINDÓR J.
Published: December 2011

This paper throws light on the development of experimental zoology in Britain by focusing on the establishment of theBritish Journal of Experimental Biology(BJEB) and the Society for Experimental Biology (SEB) in 1923. The key actors in this story were Lancelot T. Hogben, Julian S. Huxley and Francis A.E. Crew, who started exploring the possibility of establishing an experimentally oriented zoological journal in 1922. In order to support theBJEBand further the cause of the experimental approach, Hogben, Crew, Huxley and their colleagues decided to found a society, which led to the formation of the SEB. From its inception the journal was plagued with difficulties that led to the merger of theBJEBand theBiological Proceedingsof the Cambridge Philosophical Society in the autumn of 1925. Also discussed are the views that the leading proponents of experimental zoology in Britain in the 1920s expressed towards morphology and how their views further complicate the already much modified ‘revolt from morphology’ thesis.