bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lowering the Risk of Rectal Cancer among Habitual Beer Drinkers by Dietary Means
Authors: Kune Gabriel , Watson Lyndsey
Published: June 2011

Whole-life beer consumption and a quantitative measurement of several dietary micronutrients consumed in adult life were obtained from the dietary and alcohol data of the case-control arm of the population-basedMelbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. There was a statistically significant risk, adjusted for other established risk factors, among habitual beer drinkers (AOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.28–2.41) with a significant positive dose-response effect (AOR trend 1.34, 95% CI 1.16–1.55). Among beer consumers the data were interpreted as showing an attenuation of this risk with consumption of the four micronutrients involved in methylation: folate, methionine, vitamins B6 and B12, and the four micronutrients examined with antioxidant properties: selenium, vitamins E, C, and lycopene. The strongest effects were noted with vitamins E, C, and lycopene, and the weakest with methionine and selenium. Whilst not condoning excessive beer drinking, the regular consumption of foods rich in these micronutrients may provide a simple and harmless preventative strategy among persistent habitual beer drinkers and deserves further study with larger study numbers.
Insights into the Changing Perspectives of Multiple Sclerosis in India
Authors: Pandit Lekha
Published: June 2011

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is being diagnosed in increasing numbers in metropolitan cities of India for which the availability of specialist neurologists and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilities are primarily responsible. Epidemiological data are unavailable. Existing data have been obtained from small often retrospective studies from different parts of the country. These earlier studies suggested that optic nerve and spinal cord involvement are considerably high, and that perhaps optic spinal MS was the most prevalent form in India. On this basis it was also speculated that neuromyelitis optica (NMO) may be overrepresented in Indians. However in recent times, prospective studies backed by MRI data have shown no distinct differences between MS seen in the west and India. Sero positivity for NMO IgG is low though NMO phenotype disorders constitute nearly 20% of demyelinating disorders in India. Genetic susceptibility for MS among Indians may be similar to that for white populations. In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), HLA DR1*1501 has been strongly associated with MS in Indians. A recent study that evaluated the established non-MHC multiple sclerosis loci in a small data set of Indian patients suggested a strong similarity with white populations. This review highlights some of the background information available on MS from India and so also some recent studies that unveiled the disease characteristics in Indian patients.
Peritoneal Dialysis Tailored to Pediatric Needs
Authors: Schmitt C. P. , Zaloszyc A. , Schaefer B. , Fischbach M.
Published: June 2011

Consideration of specific pediatric aspects is essential to achieve adequate peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment in children. These are first of all the rapid growth, in particular during infancy and puberty, which must be accompanied by a positive calcium balance, and the age dependent changes in body composition. The high total body water content and the high ultrafiltration rates required in anuric infants for adequate nutrition predispose to overshooting convective sodium losses and severe hypotension. Tissue fragility and rapid increases in intraabdominal fat mass predispose to hernia and dialysate leaks. Peritoneal equilibration tests should repeatedly been performed to optimize individual dwell time. Intraperitoneal pressure measurements give an objective measure of intraperitoneal filling, which allow for an optimized dwell volume, that is, increased dialysis efficiency without increasing the risk of hernias, leaks, and retrofiltration. We present the concept of adapted PD, that is, the combination of short dwells with low fill volume to promote ultrafiltration and long dwells with a high fill volume to improve purification within one PD session. The use of PD solutions with low glucose degradation product content is recommended in children, but unfortunately still not feasible in many countries.
Polystable Parabolic Principal G-Bundles and Hermitian-Einstein Connections
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Dey Arijit
Published: June 2011

We show that there is a bijective correspondence between the polystable parabolic principal G-bundles and solutions of the Hermitian-Einstein equation.
Existence of Solutions for Abstract Non-Autonomous Neutral Differential Equations
Authors: Hernández Eduardo , O’Regan Donal
Published: June 2011

In this paper we discuss the existence of mild and classical solutions for a class of abstract non-autonomous neutral functional differential equations. An application to partial neutral differential equations is considered.
Clinician preferences for verbal communication compared to EHR documentation in the ICU
Authors: Bakken S. , Vawdrey D.K. , Coiera E. , Currie L. , Collins S.A.
Published: June 2011

Background: Effective communication is essential to safe and efficient patient care. Additionally, many health information technology (HIT) developments, innovations, and standards aim to implement processes to improve data quality and integrity of electronic health records (EHR) for the purpose of clinical information exchange and communication.

Objective: We aimed to understand the current patterns and perceptions of communication of common goals in the ICU using the distributed cognition and clinical communication space theoretical frameworks.

Methods: We conducted a focus group and 5 interviews with ICU clinicians and observed 59.5 hours of interdisciplinary ICU morning rounds.

Results: Clinicians used an EHR system, which included electronic documentation and computerized provider order entry (CPOE), and paper artifacts for documentation; yet, preferred the verbal communication space as a method of information exchange because they perceived that the documentation was often not updated or efficient for information retrieval. These perceptions that the EHR is a “shift behind” may lead to a further reliance on verbal information exchange, which is a valuable clinical communication activity, yet, is subject to information loss.

Conclusions: Electronic documentation tools that, in real time, capture information that is currently verbally communicated may increase the effectiveness of communication.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized Type 304 Stainless Steel in High Temperature Water under Gamma Ray Irradiation
Authors: Fujita Norihiko , Akiyama Mamoru , Tamura Takaaki
Published: June 2011

Constant extension rate test (CERT) of sensitized type 304 stainless steel in a high temperature water has shown that both radiation exposure to γ-rays and dissolved oxygen (DO) significantly influence the susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. IGSCC was accelerated by radiation exposure when high DO concentration water was employed in the CERT test but not when low DO concentration water was used. It has also been confirmed that preoxidation of tensile specimens in the same water quality as that of CERT has a marked influence on preventing material failure via IGSCC even under high DO concentrations.
Cathodic Protection of Bronze Propellers for Copper Nickel Surfaced Ships
Authors: Forrest Albert W. , Bicicchi Richard T.
Published: June 2011

The finite element method was employed to determine an acceptance method for cathodically protecting bronze propellers on a Cu-Ni surfaced slip. Experiments conducted in a water tunnel were used to establish the need for cathodic protection for this case and to determine the needed data. The analysis of the propeller geometry was accomplished by using a highly twisted wedge shape and periodic boundary conditions. A number of individual anode locations and multi-anode protection systems were investigated to determine the configuration with the least power dissipation. A method for establishing current requirements for each of the three anodes chosen was devised to ensure adequate protection for all of the propeller surfaces. These results were extended to cover a range of propeller diameters.
The Significance of External Polarization on Stress Corrosion Crack Growth by Anodic Dissolution
Authors: Doig P. , Flewitt P. E. J.
Published: June 2011

The influence of external polarization on the kinetics of stress corrosion cracking where growth is controlled by an anodic dissolution process has been evaluated analytically. The analysis predicts the distribution of electrode potential within a crack and theoretical results have been compared with experimental measurements recorded from a model electrode system. The influence of external polarization on the kinetics of crack growth in low alloy steel/hydroxide and aluminum alloy/acidic chloride systems has been evaluated.
Recording and Analysis of AC Impedance Data for Corrosion Studies
Authors: Mansfeld F. , Kendig M. W. , Tsai S.
Published: June 2011

Experimental approaches for recording ac impedance data are discussed in this paper. Considerations of the high frequency performance of potentiostats and reference electrodes are given and experimental results are presented. Additional methods for analysis of experimental impedance data are discussed, with emphasis on the CIRFIT computer program in which a semicircle is fitted to the experimental data in the complex plane. The systems Cu/3.5% NaCl + BTA and Al 2024/3.5% NaCl are discussed in more detail. Pitting of the Al alloy in neutral NaCl leads to a second time constant at low frequencies. Results for iron and Al 2024 in tapwater show that the low conductivity of this test medium does not present particular problems with the recording of ac impedance data.
Corrosion Fatigue of Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys
Authors: Asphahani A. I. , Sridhar N.
Published: June 2011

The fatigue properties of commercially pure nickel, Ni-28Mo alloy, and Ni-16Cr-16Mo-4W alloy are established in air. The fatigue properties of nickel are affected by exposure to aqueous environment. The approximate fatigue life of nickel in air is reestablished upon increasing the pH. A corrosion fatigue critical current density of ≃1.2 µA/cm2 is determined for nickel in deaerated 4% NaCl solution. The Ni-28 Mo alloy suffers corrosion fatigue damage in 4% NaCl solution and in deionized water. The passive Ni-16Cr-16Mo-4W alloy shows better resistance to environmental fatigue than the Ni-28Mo alloy. This difference is discussed in terms of the electrochemical passive/active behavior of both alloys. Plasma coating of carbon steel specimens with Ni-16Cr-16Mo-4W powders improves their resistance to corrosion fatigue in 4% NaCl solution.
Effects of Sulfur Compounds on the Pitting Behavior of Type 304 Stainless Steel in Near-Neutral Chloride Solutions
Authors: Newman R. C. , Isaacs H. S. , Alman B.
Published: June 2011

Pitting potentials have been measured potentiodynamically for Type 304 stainless steel in neutral or mildly acidic solutions containing 0.25M NaCl and various concentrations of sulfur species from 0 to 2 molar. Additions of 0.01 to 0.02M Na2S2O3 lowered the pitting potential by more than 300 mV, while additions of more than 0.5M Na2S2O3 inhibited pitting. KSCN showed similar but less marked effects, while increasing Na2S additions up to 0.1 molar (giving H2S and HS− at neutral pH) caused an increasing reduction in the pitting potential. Additions of Na2S4O6 up to 0.05M promoted pitting, but addition of 0.01 M Na2SO3 had no effect. Parallel pitting potential measurements using a scratch technique gave lower values for the sulfur containing solutions but a higher value for the plain chloride solution; this effect of surface deformation was also reflected in the results obtained potentiodynamically on abraded and electropolished surfaces.
Impedance Measurement by Laplace Transformation of Microprocessor Obtained Data from Corrosion Cells
Authors: Williams Lindsay F. G. , Taylor Russell J.
Published: June 2011

Data obtained by a microprocessor devised to automate frequency response analysis of electrode systems have been treated by the Laplace transformation method. The method was applied to three corrosion systems. After checking the system with standard circuits and overcoming the problem of noise, the polarization resistance values so obtained for two of the systems, one activation and one diffusion controlled, compared closely with those from least-squares computer-fitting the polarization data about the corrosion potential. As expected, the diffusion controlled cathodic process at a rotating electrode did not result in a Warburg impedance. A 70:30 copper-nickel alloy in sea water produced a frequency response diagram which did not have a simple low frequency limit.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized Type 304 Stainless Steel in High Temperature Chloride Solutions
Authors: Lin L. F. , Cragnolino G. , Szklarska-Smialowska Z. , Macdonald D. D.
Published: June 2011

The SCC susceptibility of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel was studied using slow strain rate tests in 0.01 M NaCl as a function of applied potential at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250 C. Potential-temperature domains in which purely IGSCC, simultaneous IGSCC and TGSCC, and IGSCC accompanied by pitting corrosion have been determined. A critical potential for IGSCC and its dependence upon temperature was measured. This critical potential is equal to the pitting potential at temperatures lower than 150 C, but at higher temperatures, it lies within the passive range of the alloy. Above 150 C, the potential for breakdown of passivity becomes independent of temperature and corresponds to the potential at which TGSCC occurs on sensitized and on quench-annealed material. Interrupted slow strain rate tests were conducted to determine the time at which intergranular cracks start to propagate. On the basis of these data, average intergranular crack propagation rates were calculated. An apparent activation energy of 29 ± 12 KJ/mol was determined in the temperature range 200 to 275 C. It was also found that propagating intergranular cracks can be arrested by changing the potential to a value which is lower than the critical potential.
A Study of High Temperature Carburization and Its Correlation with the Creep-Rupture Properties of a 30 Cr/30 Ni Austenitic Steel
Authors: Ramanarayanan T. A. , Petkovic-Luton R.
Published: June 2011

The interaction of environment with alloy microstructure can significantly alter the mechanical properties of the alloy. In this study, a 30 Cr-30 Ni austenitic steel was carburized under two different thermodynamic conditions whereby two distinct microstructures were developed at the same level of carburization. The response of the two microstructures to deformation by creep was investigated at 1000 and 1050 C. Upon carburization at 950 C, the resulting microstructure consisted of thick grain boundary carbides and fine M23C6 carbides in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, while a nonprotective MnCr2O4 layer developed on the alloy surface. Carburization at 1150 C, on the other hand, developed an M7C3 surface layer, also unprotective, while uniformly distributed coarse M23C6 carbides formed in the alloy interior. Creep tests showed that the former microstructure led to an enhancement of creep strength and time to rupture at the expense of rupture ductility. In the latter case, carburization drastically reduced both creep strength and time to rupture while improving ductility markedly. Mechanisms are suggested to explain the carburization process and the observed creep behavior.
Low Alloy Steels in Hydrogen Sulfide Environment
Authors: Yoshino Yuichi
Published: June 2011

The effect of chemical composition on the behavior of low alloy steels in a hydrogen sulfide environment was studied with regard to corrosion, hydrogen absorption, and sulfide stress cracking. Results were interpreted in connection with microstructure and carbide precipitation. The addition of chromium results in the promotion of hydrogen absorption presumably due to the precipitation of incoherent carbides, thereby reducing, in general, the resistance to SSC. Fine coherent carbides appear to be beneficial, or at least not detrimental, to SSC resistance; e.g., Mo2C, VC, TiC, and NbC. Microstructure seems to affect both hydrogen absorption and SSC resistance largely through the trapping behavior of hydrogen at the carbide/matrix interface.
Hydrogen Embrittlement of PH 13-8 Mo Stainless Steel—The Effect of Surface Condition
Authors: Murray G. T. , Honegger H. H. , Mousel T.
Published: June 2011

The susceptibility of precipitation hardening 13-8 Mo stainless steel to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) was measured by both post hydrogen charging tensile tests and by time to failure tests while being subjected to hydrogen charging and a static stress below the yield stress. In the former, it was found that the ductility was decreased substantially after only 30 min charging time. The strength was markedly reduced after 2 h charging time. In the delayed failure tests, it was found that a localized cold worked surface condition promoted crack formation.
Effects of H2 Additions on Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Boiling Water Reactor
Authors: Indig M. E. , Weber J. E.
Published: June 2011

Controlled amounts of hydrogen were injected into the Dresden-2 boiling water reactor (BWR) during a five week period. The effect of the hydrogen modifed water chemistry on major structural alloys used in the BWR system was studied. The studies were conducted in a test facility consisting of two 1 L vessels which were piped to receive reactor water from the discharge side of the main recirculation pump. One of the vessels was used to measure electrochemical potentials. The second vessel was used to perform slow strain rate stress corrosion cracking tests.

Electrochemical measurements were conducted continuously during normal BWR operation and during periods of hydrogen injection. The hydrogen injection caused the quantity of dissolved oxygen to decrease, which resulted in a substantial drop in corrosion potentials. At the highest injection rate, the corrosion potential of AISI 304 stainless steel dropped below the potential at which intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) could be expected.

Stress corrosion tests were conducted on severely sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel and pressure vessel steel. During normal operation, the stainless steel failed primarily by IGSCC. During H2 injection when the water contained <20 ppm O2, both IGSCC of the stainless steel and transgranular SCC of pressure vessel steel were eliminated.
The Effect of Post-Exposure Heat Treatment on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Carbon Steel
Authors: Robinson M. J. , Sharp R. M.
Published: June 2011

High carbon steel wires were loaded in tension to 79% ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and cathodically charged with hydrogen. The times to failure by hydrogen embrittlement (HE) were statistically analyzed to obtain the minimum incubation time and the mean time to failure. Electrochemical measurements of the mobile hydrogen content showed that baking the wires for 2 h at 200 C was effective in reducing the lattice hydrogen concentration to the same level as in uncharged material. Baking dramatically increased the embrittlement susceptibility of the high carbon wire, however, reducing both the minimum incubation time and the mean time to failure. These unexpected findings are explained by the effect of temperature on reversible and irreversible hydrogen trapping. Baking this material is believed to release hydrogen from relatively low energy innocuous traps and allow it to concentrate in traps with higher interaction energies. Upon reloading, these sites act as significant stress concentrators, leading to more rapid failure.
Thiosulfate Corrosion in Paper-Machine White Water
Authors: Garner A.
Published: June 2011

Potentiostatic, potentiodynamic, and immersion tests were conducted on a range of alloys used in paper-machine service. It was found that thiosulfate contamination of white water can cause pitting in AISI 304 and CA-15 stainless steels (SS), and, by comparison, salts such as NaCl, Na2SO, and Al2(SO4)3 are much less corrosive. For sensitized AISI 304, thiosulfate levels in the range of 3 to 75 ppm cause pitting, 5 to 20 ppm S2O3= being particularly aggressive. Thiosulfate pitting occurred in the absence of chlorides when sulfate was present at SO4=:S2O3= molar ratios from 1.6 to 58. Compared to AISI 304, significantly greater resistance to thiosulfate pitting was found in AISI 316 and 317 L, Ferralium 255, and cast duplex SS, KCR-A171 and Alloy 75.
Corrosion Chemistry of Chromium Carbide in Hot Alkali
Authors: Tsai K. C. , Morris J. L. , Cubicciotti D.
Published: June 2011

The corrosion behavior of Cr23C6 was investigated at elevated temperatures in alkaline solutions. The corrosion reaction of chromium carbide occurs via an electrochemical process. The rate of Cr23C6 dissolution in alkaline solution is rapid compared to that in acid, and its behavior is closely related to that of its metal constituent. Chemical analysis of the corrosion products reveals that CrO4= and CO3= are the two major components, although HCO2− and C2O4= are also formed.
Influence of Formation and Dissolution Environment on Dissolution Kinetics of Anodic Oxide Films on Antimony
Authors: El-Basiouny M. S. , Hefny M. M. , Mogoda A. S.
Published: June 2011

The currentless dissolution behavior of the anodic oxide films formed on antimony in 0.1N H3PO4 was studied as a function of formation voltages and formation current densities. The dissolution rate of the oxide film was examined as a function of the electrolyte composition of the formation medium. Kinetics curves for the dissolution of the oxide film in most media show a two stage process that seems to be related to the dual nature of the oxide film. The validity of the first order mechanism for the dissolution process is illustrated with the kinetics curves of dissolution following the equation: This equation is used for each of the two stages of the dissolution process, with two different values of K.

The rate of the dissolution process was found to be a function of electrolyte composition of the formation medium, while no effect was observed for the initial current density of the oxide formation. The role of anion type on the dissolution rate was more pronounced in acidic solutions than in neutral ones.
Dimensionless Groups in the Modeling and Prediction of Corrosion Processes
Authors: Silverman D. C.
Published: June 2011

Coupled differential equations that are difficult to solve, yet have predictive value, will arise when modeling a combination of general and localized corrosion in the presence of flow. These equations are impossible to solve if the flow is turbulent. By making the equations dimensionless, certain groups arise that can show the relative magnitudes of the processes involved. Three dimensionless groups arise from modeling the localized area. These show the ratios of the magnitudes of migration to diffusion, convective mass transport to diffusive mass transport, and surface reaction rate to mass transfer rate. The meanings of the groups are independent of geometry and flow conditions. These groups can provide a “back-of-the-envelope” type of guidance for experimental design and corrosion prediction even though the equations from which they are derived cannot be solved.
Effect of Phosphorus on Anodic Dissolution and Passivation of Nickel in Near-Neutral Solutions
Authors: Flis J. , Duquette D. J.
Published: June 2011

Anodic dissolution of nickel, electroless nickel deposits with 2.9 and 12.3 wt% P, and amorphous Ni81P19 alloy was examined in sodium hydroxide, sulfate, borate, and chloride solutions at 25 C. Phosphorus enhanced the anodic dissolution of nickel; however, the dissolution decreased as the phosphorus content rose from 2.9 to 12.3%. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis indicated that oxide-passivating films on the NiP materials were thinner than those on nickel, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) examinations revealed the precipitation of phosphorus-containing corrosion products at the surface of the NiP materials. It is suggested that the detrimental effect of phosphorus on corrosion resistance of nickel is associated with lower protectiveness of the oxide film, whereas the inhibitive effect at the higher phosphorus contents can be associated with the formation of phosphates.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized AISI 304 Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Sodium Sulfate Solutions
Authors: Tanno K. , Ishizuka S. , Higuchi S. , Ohnaka N.
Published: June 2011

The susceptibility of sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) was studied in 0.01 M Na2SO4 solution at temperatures ranging from 100 to 250 C under constant load conditions. The susceptibility increased in the middle of the passive potential at 150 and 175 C and in the transpassive potential at 200 and 250 C. IGSCC nucleated from the crevice corrosion (CC) around a pinhole of a flat tensile specimen occurred over a wide range of potentials at 100 C and in the transpassive potential range at temperatures ranging from 125 to 175 C. IGSCC was significantly accelerated by an artificial crevice. The susceptibility was discussed from the nature of (1) the passive film and (2) environmental solution.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Inconel Alloys and Weldments in High-Temperature Water — the Effect of Sulfuric Acid Addition
Authors: McMinn A. , Page R. A.
Published: June 2011

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibilities of Alloys 600 and 690, AISI 316 NG stainless steel (SS), ASTM A508 carbon steel, and a number of compatible weld metals have been evaluated at 288 C in pure water and in pure water containing sulfuric acid additions. The sulfuric acid was added to simulate the effects of a resin release from the demineralizer system of a boiling water reactor (BWR). A combination of creviced and noncreviced slow strain rate, constant load, and crack growth rate tests were used in the evaluation. The results indicated that all of the alloys tested in the uncreviced condition were immune to cracking in the pure water environment. The presence of crevices in the pure water environment produced a susceptibility to SCC in Alloy 600, in Inconel I-82 and I-182 weld metals, and ASTM A508 steel, but not in Alloy 690. Cracking was enhanced by the addition of 1 ppm H2SO4 in slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) and constant load tests, but crack growth rates were not enhanced. All of the alloys tested in the resin intrusion environment were susceptible to cracking, except for the high chromium weld metals R-135 and Inconel I-72.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of ASTM A516 Steel in Hot Caustic Sulfide Solutions—Potential and Weld Effects
Authors: Tromans D. , Ramakrishna S. , Hawbolt E. B.
Published: June 2011

A combination of slow strain rate (tensile) testing (SSRT) and double cantilever beam (DCB) fracture mechanics testing techniques have been used to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of welded and unwelded pressure vessel quality steel plate (ASTM A516 Grade 70) in hot (92 C) caustic sulfide solutions (3.35 m NaOH + 0.42 m Na2S) of general relevance to the pulp and paper industry. Tests were conducted over a range of potentials (E) and stress intensities (KI). The most susceptible SCC situation occurred at potentials near the activepassive transition, where crack propagation rates were slightly lower in the fusion zone (FZ) of the weld than in the base material (BM). However, crack initiation on smooth specimens was far more frequent in the FZ. More noble potentials did not prevent SCC, but decreased the crack propagation rate and decreased crack initiation (i.e., crack density), particularly in the FZ. A fracture mechanics analysis of partial surface cracks and through thickness cracks was used to assess the cracking of kraft digesters in light of the results. It was concluded that anodic protection could play a beneficial role by decreasing the probability of crack coalescence and the resulting formation of a long critical (catastrophic) crack in the weld region. Instead, only small isolated cracks should form, which penetrate the vessel wall more slowly and lead to leakage before catastrophic failure.
Galvanic Corrosion Prediction Using Long- and Short-Term Polarization Curves
Authors: Hack H. P. , Scully J. R.
Published: June 2011

Long-term potentiostatic polarization curves of up to 120 days duration were developed for the following materials in seawater: 90:30 copper:nickel (C70600), Monel 400 (N04400), Inconel 625 (N06625), Navy M-bronze (C92200), nickel-aluminum bronze (C95800), HY-80 steel, titanium 50 (R50400), 70:30 copper:nickel (C71500) and anode grade zinc (MIL-STD 18001). In addition, shcrt-term potentiodynamic polarization curves were developed at four scan rates and two pre-exposure levels for all materials. The scan rates used ranged from 0.5 to 100 V/h, and preexposure times were 1 h and 120 days. Long-term potentiostatic and potentiodynamic data were used to predict the behavior of actual two and three metal couples. The predictions had a level of accuracy equal, or superior to, the conventional galvanic corrosion prediction techniques using galvanic corrosion rate tables or corrosion potential differences.
The Dissolution and Passivation of a Single-Crystal Ni50Fe50 Alloy and the Influence of Sulfur Studied by Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
Authors: Marcus P. , Olefjord I.
Published: June 2011

Surface composition changes that occur during the dissolution and passivation of a single-crystal Ni50Fe50 (100) alloy were investigated by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). When the alloy is exposed to sulfuric acid (0.05 M), the nickel concentration on the surface increases from 50 to 85%. This enrichment of nickel on the surface is also found after dissolution of the alloy in the active region. The passive film is formed by a nickel oxide layer on the alloy surface, with nickel and iron hydroxides on the oxide surface. Alloys containing sulfur in solid solution exhibit a completely different electrochemical and corrosion behavior. Sulfur segregates on the surface during dissolution of the alloy. A monolayer of sulfur present on the surface hinders the formation of the passive film. Further accumulation of sulfur on the surface causes the formation of nickel sulfide islands. These sulfide islands grow and cover ∼ 30% of the surface, and the rest of the surface is covered by adsorbed sulfur. The passive film cannot be formed on this surface, and the alloy is actively corroded in the potential range where a sulfur-free alloy is normally passivated.
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Damage Model: An Approach and Its Development for Alloy 600 in High-Purity Water
Authors: Garud Y. S. , McIlree A. R.
Published: June 2011

A logical approach to quantitative modeling of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is presented. The approach is based on the supposition (supported partly by experimental and field observations, and by a related plausible underlying mechanism) that strain rate is a key variable. The approach is illustrated for the specific case of NiCrFe Alloy 600 in high-purity water. Model parameters are determined based on the constant stress IGSCC data (between 290 and 365 C) assuming a power law relation between the damage and the nominal strain rate. The model may be interpreted in terms of a film rupture mechanism of the corrosion process. The related mechanistic considerations are examined for the specific case. Resulting calculations and stress as well as temperature dependence are shown to be in good agreement with the data. More data are needed for further verification under specific conditions of interest.
The Influence of Phosphorous Alloy Additions on the Zinc Phosphate Coating Formation on Cold Rolled Steels
Authors: Kargol James A. , Jordan Donald L.
Published: June 2011

One of the more common and economical means of producing cold rolled and annealed sheet steel with high strength and formability is by alloying with phosphorous (P). However, the P alloy additions have been found to increase the porosity in zinc phosphate pretreatment coatings which, in turn, may reduce painted steel corrosion resistance. Electrochemical measurements indicated that P increases phosphate coating porosity by inhibiting hydrogen recombination during the first stages of phosphate coating formation. Abrasive surface conditioning of rephosphorized steel did not remove the inhibiting effect of P; thus, bulk P, and not P that segregated to the surface during annealing, was responsible for the effect.
The Galvanic Corrosion of Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution
Authors: Tsujino Bunzo , Miyase Sunao
Published: June 2011

This paper describes a study of the galvanic corrosion of steel coupled to noble metals in sodium chloride solutions. The corrosion behavior was measured by the amount of galvanic current with a zero impedance ammeter and by the weight loss. The galvanic current flowing from the steel is not related to the cathodic metal, but is proportional to the area ratio of the steel to the cathodic metal. The galvanic current density flowing in the cathodic metal is not related to the area ratio or to the nature of the cathodic metal, and approaches the limiting current density for oxygen reduction. Further, local action currents on the steel depend on the area ratio of the steel to the cathodic metal and they are not related to the concentration of sodium chloride in neutral solution.
A Voltammetric Investigation of AC Corrosion Phenomena at an Aluminum Electrode in Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Moore W. Michael , Chen Chia-Tien , Shirn George A.
Published: June 2011

The electrochemical behavior of Al in HCl has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, square-wave chronoamperometry, and square-wave chronopotentiometry. High speed cyclic voltammetry was studied thoroughly, and the effects of temperature, HCl concentration, potential sweep rate, and cathodic potential limit were examined. Relevant parameters that can be determined from the cyclic voltammetric i-V curve include the breakdown and protection potentials for Al, the onset potential for hydrogen evolution, and the magnitude of the anodic and cathodic currents. The degree of passivity, which is reflected in the anodic breakdown potential and the magnitude of the anodic current, decreased with increasing solution temperature and HCl concentration, and increased with higher sweep rates. The nature of the Al passivation that occurs during the cathodic half-cycle depends on the cathodic potential limit. These processes and their relationship to the voltammetric curves are discussed in detail.
The Corrosion of Mild Steel by Biogenic Sulfide Films Exposed to Air
Authors: Hardy J. A. , Bown J. L.
Published: June 2011

The influence of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the corrosion of mild steel and the effects of subsequent aeration were investigated using test vessels in which the base of the vessel was formed by steel foil test pieces. Corrosion rates were determined by weight loss measurements from foils and bv electrical resistance probe measurements. Corrosion rates of the anaerobic cultures after several days' incubation were low (1.45 mg/dm2/day). However, exposure to air caused very high corrosion rates (129 mg/dm2/d), and metal loss was not uniform; pitting was the characteristic mode of attack and was equivalent to a local thinning rate of greater than 2 in. (5 cm) per year. Pitting appeared to be entirely a function of the type of film that developed on the foil during the incubation period. The attack was confined to areas beneath tubercles that consisted of loosely adherent material as opposed to the hard, tightly adherent films or tarnishes on uncorroded metal.
Mechanism of Iron Oxide Dissolution—A Review of Recent Literature
Authors: Frenier Wayne W. , Growcock Frederick B.
Published: June 2011

Recent literature concerning the dissolution of iron oxide and removal of iron oxide from metal surfaces is reviewed. Studies of electrochemical phenomena and reaction kinetics are discussed. Rate expressions based on this work are critically examined, and mechanisms for the dissolution of free iron oxide and iron oxide deposited on an iron surface are proposed.
Potentiodynamic Reactivation Method for Detecting Sensitization in AISI 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
Authors: Majidi Azar P. , Streicher Michael A.
Published: June 2011

Electrochemical methods have been proposed as a nondestructive, quantitative means for determining the degree of sensitization associated with the chromium-depleted zones surrounding precipitates of chromium carbides in stainless steels. The use of one such method, the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test, has been investigated on AISI 304 and 304L stainless steels. Its reproducibility, the effects of scan rate, solution temperature, surface finish, and nonmetallic inclusions were examined. Measurements made with the EPR method were compared with those obtained with the oxalic acid etch test, the ferric sulfate - 50% sulfuric acid test, and the copper sulfate -16% sulfuric acid test of ASTM A 262. Both the EPR and the oxalic acid etch test are nondestructive and can therefore be applied to equipment in the field.

It was found that the reproducibility of the EPR test is good and that comparable results can be obtained with a variety of instruments. Results obtained from a round robin ASTM test program are included. The EPR test provides a sensitive, nondestructive, quantitative measure of relatively small degrees of sensitization to intergranular attack. However, when at least some of the grains are completely surrounded by carbide precipitates, the EPR test is less sensitive (it “saturates”) in differentiating between a range of degrees of sensitization than are the ferric sulfate or copper sulfate tests. Even though it is not a quantitative test, the oxalic acid etch test can also be used as a nondestructive method for identifying material which is free of carbide precipitates, i.e., completely free of sensitization.
Physiological Psychotherapy: Opening the Trauma Window™ in High Achievers
Authors: Chamberlin D. Eric
Published: June 2011

This article describes the use of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV) in the practice of psychotherapy, including the emergence of psychological trauma. A model for understanding this phenomenon based on attentional state will be proposed. In addition techniques for transforming this “side effect” into a therapeutic opportunity will be described. The clinical case of DG, a successful business executive who was able to significantly improve his level of function, will be used to illustrate critical points.
Sushi: The Super Simple Hip Score for Younger Patients
Authors: Henkus Hans-Erik , Van Kampen Paulien M. , Van Der Linden Marleen H. , Hogervorst Tom
Published: June 2011

We describe the development of a simple patient-based score for young patients with hip problems which concentrates on activities that are difficult for someone with a hip problem and includes an activity rating scale that measures the highest level of physical activity reached during the past year. We compared the super simple hip score (SUSHI) with the more extensive hip osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS) and evaluated the validity, sensitivity to change and floor and ceiling effects of the SUSHI score. We found that the SUSHI score is an adequate score to measure hip problems and that this score was preferred to the HOOS score by patients.
Rational Embracing of Modern Prototyping Capable Design Technologies into the Tools Pool of Product Design Teams
Authors: Polydoras Stamatios , Sfantsikopoulos Michael , Provatidis Christopher
Published: June 2011

Today’s markets impose wide sets of requirements for new products. The Process of New Product Design, has shifted from sequential Engineering to Concurrent Engineering, for low cost-early market entry. Design Teams must deliver highest quality within minimum time and cost and global crisis worsens things, by further reducing budgets. Prototyping within design processes has become crucial, whereas, available prototyping alternatives have increased. Decisions regarding the use of the most appropriate one, at specific design milestones, affects and much predetermines the success of the product. This paper addresses the problem of “design target”-based embracing of available prototyping alternatives into the tools pool of design teams, in a concise, integrated way. Considering product design teams are expert driven for specific product categories, the introduced approach records the verification intent of designers and binds it to structured Generic Levels of Technical and non-Technical Attribute clusters and associated Design Factors. Furthermore, prototyping experience, manufacturing capabilities and cost of the implementing organization, local industrial status and regulations, are also considered. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process a complete decision tree leads designers to select the most appropriate prototyping method per design stage. The proposed approach assists implementing organizations and design teams towards cost/time benefits, product risk reduction, decision repeatability and independence.
A pilot-model has been developed with “Expert Choice” software and an application example is discussed.
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and job exposure in Taiwan oyster shuckers
Authors: Hsu Der‐Jen , Chang Jer‐Hao , Wu Jyun‐De , Chen Chih‐Yong , Yang Ya‐Hsuan
Published: June 2011

Background

Oyster shucking is characterized by long hours of static work, awkward working posture, and highly repetitive hand/wrist motion. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and kyphosis in oyster shuckers in Taiwan as well as the biomechanical features of oyster shucking.

Methods

The Chinese version of the Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was successfully collected from 234 oyster shuckers. The characteristics of workstation, hand/wrist motion angles, and muscular exertion in shucking oysters were recorded. Measurements to identify kyphosis were also taken from the subjects and a control group.

Results

Among the participated oyster shuckers, low back (75.2%), hand/wrist (60.3%), shoulder (44.0%), and elbow (27.8%) discomfort were reported most frequently. The prevalence of low back discomfort in oyster shuckers was higher than various groups of workers who need long hours of seated position. Those who worked on tables had fewer musculoskeletal complaints in shoulder and elbow (P < 0.05) than those not. Additionally, oyster shuckers were more prone to kyphosis than the general population (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Oyster shuckers are observed to have high prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and kyphosis. Introduction of ergonomic design to oyster shucking workshops is strongly suggested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:885–893, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No association between a common single nucleotide polymorphism, rs4141463, in the MACROD2 gene and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Curran Sarah , Bolton Patrick , Rozsnyai Kinga , Chiocchetti Andreas , Klauck Sabine M. , Duketis Eftichia , Poustka Fritz , Schlitt Sabine , Freitag Christine M. , Lee Irene , Muglia Pierandrea ,   on behalf of the ITAN, Poot Martin , Staal Wouter , de Jonge Maretha V. , Ophoff Roel A. , Lewis Cathryn , Skuse David , Mandy Will , Vassos Evangelos , Fossdal Ragnheidur , Magnusson Páll , Hreidarsson Stefan , Saemundsen Evald , Stefansson Hreinn , Stefansson Kari , Collier David
Published: June 2011

The Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium recently reported genome‐wide significant association between autism and an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism marker, rs4141463, within the MACROD2 gene. In the present study we attempted to replicate this finding using an independent case–control design of 1,170 cases with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (874 of which fulfilled narrow criteria for Autism (A)) from five centers within Europe (UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, and Iceland), and 35,307 controls. The combined sample size gave us a non‐centrality parameter (NCP) of 11.9, with 93% power to detect allelic association of rs4141463 at an alpha of 0.05 with odds ratio of 0.84 (the best odds ratio estimate of the AGP Consortium data), and for the narrow diagnosis of autism, an NCP of 8.9 and power of 85%. Our case–control data were analyzed for association, stratified by each center, and the summary statistics were combined using the meta‐analysis program, GWAMA. This resulted in an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95% CI 0.944–1.133), with a P‐value of 0.5 for ASD and OR of 0.99 (95% CI 0.88–1.11) with P‐value = 0.85 for the Autism (A) sub‐group. Therefore, this study does not provide support for the reported association between rs4141463 and autism. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemie mit Methan: Studieren geht über Probieren!
Authors: Schwarz Helmut
Published: June 2011

Konzeptionelle Überlegungen zu und mechanistische Aspekte von vier scheinbar einfachen chemischen Umsetzungen, die in der Chemie von Methan von Bedeutung sind, werden in diesem Aufsatz behandelt: 1) die metallvermittelte Dehydrierung unter Bildung von Metallcarbenkomplexen, 2) die Wasserstoffabstraktion als Schlüsselschritt der oxidativen Dimerisierung von Methan, 3) der Mechanismus der CH4→CH3OH‐Umwandlung, und 4) die Reihenfolge der C‐H‐ und O‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung und die Frage nach dem geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt in der selektiven Oxidation von Methanol zu Formaldehyd. Moderne Gasphasenexperimente, in Verbindung mit Elektronenstrukturrechnungen, liefern Einblicke in elementare Reaktionsschritte auf molekularer Ebene und enthüllen reaktionsmechanistische Details. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden, wo dies angebracht erscheint, mit Beobachtungen aus entsprechenden Studien in Lösung oder auf Oberflächen verglichen.
Chemistry with Methane: Concepts Rather than Recipes
Authors: Schwarz Helmut
Published: June 2011

Four seemingly simple transformations related to the chemistry of methane will be addressed from mechanistic and conceptual points of view: 1) metal‐mediated dehydrogenation to form metal carbene complexes, 2) the hydrogen‐atom abstraction step in the oxidative dimerization of methane, 3) the mechanisms of the CH4→CH3OH conversion, and 4) the initial bond scission (CH vs. OH) as well as the rate‐limiting step in the selective CH3OH→CH2O oxidation. State‐of‐the‐art gas‐phase experiments, in conjunction with electronic‐structure calculations, permit identification of the elementary reactions at a molecular level and thus allow us to unravel detailed mechanistic aspects. Where appropriate, these results are compared with findings from related studies in solution or on surfaces.
Synthesis and In‐vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7‐(3‐Aminopyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrazol‐5(2H,4H,6H)‐yl)‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Guo Xin , Bai Xiao‐Guang , Li Yi‐Liang , An Zhi‐Jiao , Xu Le‐Xing , Han Li‐you , Liu Ming‐Liang , Guo Hui‐Yuan , Wang Yu‐Cheng
Published: June 2011

A series of novel 7‐(3‐aminopyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrazol‐5(2H,4H,6H)‐yl)‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid derivatives was designed, synthesized and characterized by 1H‐NMR, MS and HRMS. These fluoroquinolones were evaluated for their in‐vitro antibacterial activity against representative Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains. Generally, all of the target compounds display rather weak potency against the tested Gram‐negative strains, but most of them exhibit good potency in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis including methicillin‐resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) (MIC: 0.125–8 µg/mL). In particular, the compound 9g is 2 to 32 fold more potent than gemifloxacin (GM), moxifloxacin (MX), gatifloxacin (GT), and levofloxacin (LV) against S. pneumoniae 08‐3, K. pneumoniae 09‐23, and P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, 4 to 32 fold more potent than MX, GM, and LV against K. pneumoniae 09‐21, and more active than or comparable to the four reference drugs against P. aeruginosa 09‐32.