bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open-Pit Bench Blasting Fragmentation Prediction Based on Stacking Integrated Strategy
Authors: Sui Yikun , Zhou Zhiyong , Zhao Rui , Yang Zheng , Zou Yang
Published: January 2025

The size distribution of rock fragments significantly influences subsequent operations in geotechnical and mining engineering projects. Thus, accurate prediction of this distribution according to the relevant blasting design parameters is essential. This study employs artificial intelligence methods to predict the fragmentation of open-pit bench blasting. The study employed a dataset comprising 97 blast fragment samples. Random forest and XGBoost models were utilized as base learners. A prediction model was developed using the stacking integrated strategy to enhance predictive performance. The model’s performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean square error (MSE), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicated that the model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with an R2 of 0.943. In the training set, the model achieved MSE, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.00269, 0.05187, and 0.03320, while in the testing set, these values were 0.00197, 0.04435, and 0.03687, respectively. The model was validated using five sets of actual blasting block data from a northeastern mining area, which yielded more accurate prediction results. These findings demonstrate that the stacking strategy effectively enhances the prediction performance of a single model and offers innovative approaches to predicting blasting block size.
Application of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Results in Achievement of Universal Antibacterial Properties on Various Plant Seeds
Authors: Orlowski Jakub , Motyka-Pomagruk Agata , Dzimitrowicz Anna , Pohl Pawel , Terefinko Dominik , Lojkowska Ewa , Jamroz Piotr , Sledz Wojciech
Published: January 2025

In view of a constant growth in the human population on Earth, the provision of a necessary amount of high-quality food looks challenging. As over 10% of the crop yields are annually lost due to the presence of phytopathogens, the development of novel, eco-friendly methods of pest eradication might contribute to avoiding nutritional shortages. Here, we propose a controlled application of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) generated in the form of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), for which we conducted multivariate optimization of the working parameters with the use of the design of experiments (DoE) in addition to the response surface methodology (RSM). After estimating the optimal operating conditions of APPJ, we determined the inactivation rates caused by 2 min CAPP exposure towards bacterial phytopathogens from three species Dickeya solani, Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium carotovorum artificially inoculated on the surface of plant seeds from four species. Logarithmic reductions, as a key result of this work, were enclosed in the range of 1.61–4.95 in the case of Cucumis sativus, Pisum sativum, and Vigna radiata, while for the bacteria-inoculated Zea mays seeds, lower antibacterial properties of APPJ equaling 0.86–1.12 logs were noted. The herein applied exposure to APPJ did not reveal any statistically significant detrimental effects on the germination of plant seeds, seed coat integrity, or early plant growth. Even plant growth promotion by 20.96% was observed for the APPJ-exposed Zea mays seeds. By applying colorimetric assays and optical emission spectrometry (OES), we determined the oxidative potential in addition to identifying the reactive oxygen species (ROS) •OH, •HO2, •O2−, O3, and 1O2 and the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) N, NO2, and NO3 responsible for the antibacterial properties of APPJ. In summary, universal antiphytopathogenic properties of the APPJ treatment reached due to proper optimization of the working conditions were revealed against three bacterial strains from the family Pectobacteriaceae inoculated on the seeds from diverse plant species. The data presented herein may contribute to future development of the plasma agriculture field and provide alternatives to pesticides or the prevention-based control methods towards plant pathogenic bacteria.
Multi-Patch Time Series Transformer for Robust Bearing Fault Detection with Varying Noise
Authors: Ko Sangkeun , Lee Suan
Published: January 2025

In time-series studies involving bearing sensor data, Gaussian noise and white noise techniques are commonly employed to evaluate model robustness. However, these conventional noise techniques are limited in their applicability to real-world industrial environments. This paper proposes three novel noise techniques—electrical interference noise, harmonic noise, and random shock noise—that more accurately reflect the complex noise encountered in industrial settings. Additionally, a new deep learning model, MultiPatchTST, is introduced, demonstrating robust performance under various noise conditions. Experimental results reveal that Gaussian noise has minimal impact on model performance, whereas the proposed noise techniques significantly affect performance, providing a more realistic evaluation of noise robustness. The proposed MultiPatchTST model achieves superior performance across all metrics in the presence of all four noise types, confirming its robustness and reliability.
Conventional and Innovative Drying/Roasting Technologies: Effect on Bioactive and Sensorial Profiles in Nuts and Nut-Based Products
Authors: Pedron Giacomo , Jaouhari Yassine , Bordiga Matteo
Published: January 2025

Nuts are widely recognized for their exceptional nutritional value, being rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, and essential minerals. This review focuses on the effects of roasting technologies, specifically of pistachios, hazelnuts, and almonds, evaluating the changes in polyphenol contents, lipid profiles, and the release of volatile organic compounds through the Maillard reaction. Roasting, a common processing technique, enhances the sensory attributes of nuts, including flavor, aroma, and texture, while simultaneously influencing their nutritional and chemical profiles. The Maillard reaction, triggered during roasting, plays a crucial role in developing the characteristic flavors of roasted nuts, but can also lead to the formation of acrylamide under certain conditions. Understanding the balance between enhancing sensory quality and retaining nutritional properties is essential for optimizing roasting conditions. Innovative technologies offer sustainable and efficient alternatives to traditional methods. By focusing on these three major nut varieties, this review provides valuable insights into the changes that occur before and after roasting, highlighting strategies to balance sensory qualities and nutritional preservation. Further research is essential to refine these techniques, enabling the production of high-quality nuts that deliver superior health benefits while meeting consumer expectations.
Analysis of Shell Egg Pasteurization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Sampanis Pavlos-Antonios , Chatzidakis Stylianos M. , Stoforos George N. , Stoforos Nikolaos G.
Published: January 2025

In the present work, the thermal pasteurization process of shell eggs was studied through Computational Fluid Dynamics. For large-size eggs (63–72 g), the required heating times at several different heating medium (water) temperatures, namely 54, 56, 58, and 60 °C (followed by cooling in water at 20 °C), were estimated as 55.1, 37.2, 29.1, and 24.5 min. Calculations were based on a 5-log reduction of the Salmonella enteritidis population, that is, for a target F value at 60 °C in 0.85 min. Computations were performed at the critical point of the egg, which was established from F value distribution determinations and was approximately located at the center of the yolk. Both heating and cooling cycle lethality was considered. Similar calculations were performed for medium (53–62 g) and extra-large-size eggs (>72 g). Microbial destruction occurring during the cooling cycle of the pasteurization process was greater for higher heating temperatures and larger egg sizes, ranging between 11.8% of the total destruction for the medium eggs heated at 54 °C and 72.9% for the extra-large eggs at a heating medium temperature of 60 °C. Therefore, destruction during the cooling cycle should not be ignored during the design of thermal pasteurization processes. For the kinetic parameters employed, quality degradation calculations revealed minimal changes for the processes investigated.
Study on the Mechanical Characteristics and Degradation Response of Unloading Rocks Surrounding Tunnels in Cold Regions
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Chen Xingzhou , Wei Yimeng , Chen Lili , Gong Sheng
Published: January 2025

The excavation of the rock mass at the tunnel entrance in regions characterized by high altitudes and elevated stress levels results in the direct exposure of the surrounding rock to atmospheric conditions. This surrounding rock is subjected to the compounded effects of excavation-induced unloading damage and freeze–thaw erosion, which contribute to the degradation of its mechanical properties. Such deterioration has a negative impact on production and construction operations. Following tunnel excavation, the lateral stress exerted by the surrounding rock at the tunnel face is reduced, leading to a predominance of uniaxial compressive stress. As a result, the failure mode and mechanical behavior of the rock exhibit characteristics similar to those observed in uniaxial loading tests conducted in controlled laboratory environments. This study conducts laboratory-based uniaxial loading and unloading tests, as well as freeze–thaw tests, to examine the strength, deformation characteristics, and fracture attributes of unloading sandstone subjected to freeze–thaw erosion. A damage deterioration model for unloading sandstone under uniaxial conditions is developed, and the patterns of damage response are further analyzed through the identification of compaction points and the definition of damage response points. The results indicate that (1) as the degree of freeze–thaw erosion increases, the failure threshold of the sandstone significantly decreases, with the residual rock fragments on the fracture surface transitioning from hard and sharp to soft and sandy; (2) freeze–thaw erosion has a pronounced negative impact on the cohesion of the sandstone, while the reduction in the internal friction angle is relatively moderate; and (3) the strain induced by damage following three, six, and nine freeze–thaw cycles exhibits a gradual decline and appears to reach a state of stabilization when compared to conditions without freeze–thaw exposure. Investigating the mechanical properties and deterioration mechanisms of the rock in this specific context is crucial for establishing a theoretical foundation to assess the stability of the tunnel’s surrounding rock and determine the necessary support measures.
Unlocking the Potential of RFA and Stabilizers in High Moisture Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Zhou Kaiqing , Wang Xuliang , Hu Jun , Dong Qinxi , Zeng Hui
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, rapid urbanization has generated a large amount of waste soft soil and construction debris, resulting in severe environmental pollution and posing significant challenges to engineering construction. To address this issue, this study explores an innovative approach that synergistically applies recycled fine aggregate (RFA) and soil stabilizers to improve the mechanical properties of soft soil. Through laboratory experiments, the study systematically examines the effects of different mixing ratios of RFA (20%, 40%, 60%) and soil stabilizers (10%, 15%, 20%) with red clay. After standard curing, the samples underwent water immersion maintenance for varying durations (1, 5, 20, and 40 days). Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance of the samples, and the mechanisms were further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. The results indicate that the optimal performance is achieved with 20% RFA and 20% stabilizer, reaching the highest UCS value after 40 days of water immersion. This improvement is primarily attributed to the formation of a dense reticulated structure, where RFA particles are effectively encapsulated by clay particles and stabilized by hydration products from the stabilizer, forming a robust structural system. Unconsolidated undrained (UU) tests reveal that peak deviatoric stress increases with confining pressure and stabilizer content but decreases when excessive RFA is added. Shear strength parameter analysis demonstrates that both the internal friction angle (φ) and cohesion (c) are closely related to the content ratios, with the best performance observed at 20% stabilizer and 20% RFA. PSD analysis further confirms that increasing stabilizer content enhances particle aggregation, while SEM observations visually illustrate a denser microstructure. These findings provide a feasible solution for waste soft soil treatment and resource utilization of construction debris, as well as critical technical support and theoretical guidance for geotechnical engineering practices in high-moisture environments.
Optimization Study of Drainage Network Systems Based on the SWMM for the Wujin District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Pan Yi , Li Xungui
Published: January 2025

This study addresses the persistent issue of urban waterlogging in Wujin District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, using a comprehensive approach integrating an optimized drainage network and low-impact development (LID) measures. Utilizing the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), calibrated with extensive hydrological and hydraulic data, the model was refined through genetic algorithm-based optimization to enhance drainage efficiency. Key results indicate a substantial reduction in the average duration of waterlogging from 7.43 h to 3.12 h and a decrease in average floodwater depth from 21.27 cm to 8.65 cm. Improvements in the drainage network layout, such as the construction of new stormwater mains, branch drains, and rainwater storage facilities, combined with LID interventions like permeable pavements and rain gardens, have led to a 56.82% increase in drainage efficiency and a 63.88% reduction in system failure rates. The implementation effectively minimized peak flood flow by 25.38%, reduced runoff, and improved groundwater recharge and rainwater utilization. The proposed solutions offer a replicable, sustainable framework for mitigating flooding in urban environments, enhancing ecological resilience, and ensuring the safety and quality of urban life in densely populated areas.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Transport and Their Economic Value in the Assessment of Transport Projects Using a Cost–Benefit Analysis: Approaches Implemented in the Slovak Republic and Selected Central European Countries
Authors: Konečný Vladimír , Zuzaniak Martin , Jonasíková Dominika
Published: January 2025

This comparative analysis identified disproportions in the CBA methodologies of selected countries in the scope of GHG emissions and their economic value in assessing transport projects in Slovakia and selected Central European countries. This study identifies the disparities in CBA methodologies in the Slovak Republic in the field of greenhouse gases. It proposes specific measures for improving the methodology itself, the use of best practices from CBA methodologies in selected countries, and discusses the possible implementation of the latest standards in the field of greenhouse gases and their economic value. These steps can objectify the calculated economic value of climate change for policymakers and decision-makers on transport infrastructure investments. The proposed measures for the modification and supplementation of the CBA methodology in the Slovak Republic in the field of GHG emission assessments after their implementation can objectify the CBA results for this sector and can bring more realistic results for the process of assessing the implementation of transport construction in road transport. The paper contains a case study for the calculation of GHG emissions from road transport, their economic value, and their disproportion in case of changes in the CBA methodology in the Slovak Republic for the assessment of road transport projects.
Finite Element Analysis of Custom Designed and Additive Manufactured Total Surface Bearing Prosthesis for Trans-Tibial Amputees
Authors: Shah Kamran , Rehman Mustafa Ur
Published: January 2025

Our limb prostheses aim to restore Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) for amputees, with the socket being a critical component of trans-tibial prostheses influencing both comfort and functionality. Despite technological advancements, challenges such as fit, weight, and durability remain. This study investigates an additive manufacturing method for Total Surface Bearing (TSB) sockets, leveraging CT scans to create a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and finite element (FE) model. Biomechanical behavior under static loading conditions were analyzed using FE analysis and resistive-based pressure sensors. The study found consistent pressure distribution across the residual limb, with deviations of 8.53 kPa and 4.46 kPa between FE analysis and experimental measurements. Mean pressures of 44.6 kPa and 22.11 kPa were observed under Full Body Weight (FBW) and Half Body Weight (HBW) conditions, respectively. The FE analysis demonstrated a uniform stress distribution in the prosthetic socket, with a maximum stress of 0.15 MPa and a deformation of 0.008 mm, highlighting the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing socket design.
Physicochemical and Sensory Evaluation of Yanggaeng Formulated with Corni fructus Powder and Alternative Sweeteners
Authors: Lee Jae-Joon , Park Sihoon , Jang Hyunsoo , Kim Yeon-Woo , Lee Jiwoo , Lee Jisu , Ha Jung-Heun
Published: January 2025

This study examined the effects of alternative sweeteners—allulose, stevia, and xylose—on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of Yanggaeng fortified with 2% Corni fructus powder (CF). A proximate composition analysis revealed that Yanggaeng treated with alternative sweeteners had a significantly higher moisture content and a lower carbohydrate content than that treated with sugar. Colorimetric analysis showed that the xylose treated Yanggaeng decreased lightness (L*) and increased redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), likely due to enhanced browning reactions. The xylose treated Yanggaeng exhibited the highest Brix values and antioxidant activities, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Although the allulose treated group had the highest total phenolic content, its radical scavenging activity was lower than the xylose treated Yanggaeng. Xylose produced a firmer and more cohesive gel matrix, increasing hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, whereas stevia resulted in a softer, less chewy texture. In sensory evaluations, the xylose treated Yanggaeng scored higher for color, flavor, sweetness, overall acceptance, and purchase intent than other groups. These findings suggest that xylose is the most suitable alternative sweetener for CF-enhanced Yanggaeng, offering reduced caloric content, enhanced antioxidant properties, improved texture, and superior consumer acceptance.
VidBlock: A Web3.0-Enabled Decentralized Blockchain Architecture for Live Video Streaming
Authors: Yang Hyunjoo , Park Sejin
Published: January 2025

In the digital era, the demand for real-time streaming services highlights the scalability, data sovereignty, and privacy limitations of traditional centralized systems. VidBlock introduces a novel decentralized blockchain architecture that leverages the blockchain’s immutable and transparent characteristics along with direct communication capabilities. This ecosystem revolutionizes content delivery and storage, ensuring high data integrity and user trust. VidBlock’s architecture emphasizes serverless operation, aligning with the principles of decentralization to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. Our contributions include decentralized data management, user-controlled privacy, cost reduction through a serverless architecture, and improved global accessibility. Experiments show that VidBlock is superior in reducing latency and utilizing bandwidth, demonstrating its potential to redefine live video streaming in the Web3.0 era.
Research on a Hierarchical Control Strategy for Anti-Lock Braking Systems Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC)
Authors: Luo Shi , Zhang Bing , Ma Jiantao , Zheng Xinyue
Published: January 2025

To improve the slip rate control effect for different road conditions during emergency braking of wheel hub motor vehicles, as well as to address the problems of uncertainty and nonlinearity of the system when the electro-mechanical braking system is used as the actuator of the ABS, a hierarchical control strategy of the anti-lock braking system (ABS) using active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. Firstly, a vehicle dynamics model and an ABS model based on the EMB system are established; secondly, a speed observer based on the dilated state observer is used in the upper layer to design a pavement recognition algorithm, which recognizes the current pavement and outputs the optimal slip rate; then, an ABS controller based on the ADRC algorithm is designed for the lower layer to track the optimal slip rate. In order to verify the performance of the pavement recognition method and control strategy, vehicle simulation software is used to establish the model and simulation. The results show that the road surface recognition method can quickly and effectively recognize the road surface, and comparing the emergency braking control effects of PID and SMC under different road surface conditions, the ADRC strategy has better robustness and reliability, and improves the braking effect.
Effect of Sous Vide Heat Treatment and Packaging Methods on the Microbiological Quality of Red Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Hanus Paweł , Jaworska Grażyna , Kačániová Miroslava , Szarek Natalia , Pycia Karolina
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sous vide heat treatment and different packaging methods on the microbiological quality of red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) during their refrigerated storage. Peppers of the Roberta variety were used in the study. The heat treatment of the peppers was carried out under vacuum conditions for all the packaging methods. ATM (unaltered gas atmosphere) and MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) products were repackaged under aseptic conditions into a suitable gaseous atmosphere after heat treatment and cooling into an unaltered atmosphere (ATM), and into a modified atmosphere (MAP: 30% CO2, 70% N2). The sous vide thermal treatment was performed in three variations: 30 min/60 °C, 15 min/70 °C, and 8 min/80 °C. The peppers were stored at 3 ± 1 °C until the bacterial count first exceeded 4 log CFU/g, but no longer than 24 days. The pH, TVC, Enterobacteriaceae count, and microscopic filamentous fungi count were determined in the products. A qualitative analysis of microbial isolates was also carried out using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Sous vide heat treatment reduced the number of TVC (total viable count) (<2 to 2.35 log CFU/g), Enterobacteriaceae (<2 log CFU/g), and the number of microscopic filamentous fungi (<2 log CFU/g) compared with control (TVC 3.54–3.86 log CFU/g). The use of heat treatment combined with the packaging of culinary products effectively extends the shelf life of sous vide peppers, from 3 to 6 days for raw peppers to 15–24 days for sous vide peppers depending on the heat treatment and packaging method. All the packaging methods allowed the product to remain microbiologically safe (TVC below 4 log CFU/g) for 24 days for 30 min/60 °C and 15 min/70 °C treatments, and VAC packaging for 8 min/80 °C treatments. Bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF MS revealed that the predominant families were Pseudomonadaceae, Yersiniaceae, and Staphylococcaceae. Depending on the method of sous vide thermal treatment, it showed differences in the percentage of bacterial families in the culinary products. The proportions in the proportion of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria also changed. The use of sous vide processing in combination with appropriate packaging methods can significantly extend the shelf life of products obtained from peppers.
Alteration of the Antifungal Action Mechanism Due to Structural Changes in the Antimicrobial Peptide, HnMc
Authors: Cho Kwang Rae , Lee Jae Ho , Lee Min-Young , Park Seong-Cheol
Published: January 2025

The rapid induction of drug resistance is considered a fatal drawback of conventional antibiotics and requires the continuous development of new antibiotics. Accordingly, antibacterial peptides (AMPs) have attracted interest as next-generation antibiotics and many studies have been conducted. However, much remains unknown regarding the mechanism of AMPs and the effects of amino acid sequence changes. We compared the structures and antifungal effects of HnMc-W (F1W substitution, straight alpha-helical structure), HnMc-WP1 (S9P substitution, bending alpha-helical structure), and HnMc-WP2 (addition of the PXXP motif, helix-to-helix structure) to those of a parent hybrid AMP (HnMc) regarding their mechanism of action. The most active was HnMc-WP2, which exhibited an antifungal effect via membranolytic action on the fungal cell membrane. The others inhibited fungal growth by inducing apoptosis through reactive oxygen species production caused by mitochondrial damage. This study proposes the addition of the ‘PXXP’ motif in the design of AMPs acting on cell membranes.
Wavelength Selection for Satellite Quantum Key Distribution
Authors: Hearne Shane , Horgan Jerry , Boujnah Noureddine , Kilbane Deirdre
Published: January 2025

Current distance limitations of quantum key distribution (QKD) over fibre optic networks suggest that satellite (free-space optical) QKD networks will be required to enable global quantum communications. However, the operational availability of these systems is limited by background noise and strong attenuation caused by turbulence and adverse weather conditions. Using the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol, we evaluate the secret key rate for a range of wavelengths, receiver sizes and initial beam waists through a variety of atmospheric conditions. We combine filtering techniques, adaptive optics, and wavelength selection to optimize the performance of satellite QKD. This study is simulation-based.
Analyzing Drill Core Logging Using Rock Quality Designation–60 Years’ Experience from Modifications to Applications
Authors: Narimani Samad , Davarpanah Seyed Morteza , Bar Neil , Vásárhelyi Balázs
Published: January 2025

The accurate analysis of rock cores is of primary importance for designing in and on the rock mass environment. There are several methods for analyzing boreholes, but the most accepted and widely used method is the rock quality designation (RQD) value, which has been a core rating metric for six decades. The RQD value serves as: (1) an important input parameter for rock mass classifications such as RMR and Q; (2) a basis for calculating the Geological Strength Index (GSI) of boreholes; and (3) a key indicator in assessing rock mass quality, particularly in highly fractured or weak rock masses. The original RQD method has several drawbacks and shortcomings, which have led to numerous proposed amendments. This review paper aims to: (1) summarize alternative methods of calculating the RQD value; (2) analyze the sensitivity of different rock mass classifications to the accuracy of this value; and (3) present a systematic analysis of the practical implications of modified RQD methods, emphasizing advancements such as DFN modeling, seismic RQD techniques, and machine learning-based approaches. The findings provide a comprehensive framework for more robust and versatile assessments of rock mass quality.
Modified Solution–Diffusion Model Incorporating Rotational Kinetic Energy in Pressure Retarded Osmosis
Authors: Ruiz-Navas Daniel , Quiñones-Bolaños Edgar , Sharqawy Mostafa H.
Published: January 2025

Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is a process that allows the production of mechanical energy from the chemical potential difference between two solutions of different concentrations separated by a semi-permeable membrane. One of the main obstacles for this technology to be commercially competitive is the difference between the theoretical power density and the experimental power density due to negative factors like ICP. Analytical models facilitate the analysis of the relationships between system parameters and thus facilitate the optimization of components. In general, PRO has traditionally been explained through the solution–diffusion model, where the flow of water through the membrane depends on a diffusivity factor, the concentration gradient, and the hydraulic pressure gradient. This paper focuses on developing a modified solution–diffusion model that includes means to control the ICP through rotational kinetic energy. An energy balance method for obtaining a solution diffusion-based model is explained, and an analytical model is obtained. Finally, said model is verified through simulations with parameters reported in the literature to obtain insight on the required dimensions for a prototype. It was found that a turning radius of 0.5 m and an angular speed of less than 3000 rev/min could generate enough kinetic energy to compensate for ICP losses in a PRO scenario. Also, the results suggest that bigger concentration differences could benefit more of this technology, as they require almost the same energy as smaller concentration differences but allow for more energy extraction.
Topical Pentravan® Based Compositions with Naproxen and Its Proline Ester Derivative—A Comparative Study of Physical Properties and Permeation of Naproxen Through the Human Skin
Authors: Kopciuch Ewelina , Ossowicz-Rupniewska Paula , Adamiak-Giera Urszula , Nowak Anna , Wilpiszewska Katarzyna , Białecka Monika , Kucharski Łukasz , Muzykiewicz-Szymańska Anna , Miernik Maciej , Halczak Mirosław , Romanowski Maciej , Janus Ewa
Published: January 2025

The compositions based on Pentravan® vehicle were prepared with (S)-naproxen, and its salt —(S)-naproxenate of L-prolinium isopropyl ester as active pharmaceutical ingredients, and two penetration enhancers from the group of sensates—menthol and Capsicum Tincture. Thermophysical properties of the mixtures of each naproxen form with enhancers were determined by DSC method. The stability of the prepared compositions after one- and three-month storage and the rheological properties were investigated. The permeation of active ingredients through the human skin was evaluated based on the in vitro study in Franz diffusion cells using the prepared compositions with each naproxen form. Increase in the permeability of the naproxen salt, especially in the presence of Capsicum Tincture, provides much faster and greater penetration of the skin by the drug. It seems to be promising the use of the developed composition in the form of pain relief and anti-inflammatory creams, occlusive compresses or topical patches. Moreover, the developed compositions can be crucial for the topical compositions made in compounding pharmacies by physicians’ recipes in individual pain pharmacotherapy.
Nano-Archives in Soils—What Microbial DNA Molecules Can Report About the History of Places
Authors: Köhler Johann Michael
Published: January 2025

DNA encoding the 16S rRNA of bacteria is a type of nanometer-sized information storage that can be used to characterize bacterial communities in soils. Reading this molecular ’nano-archive’ is not only of interest for characterizing recent local ecological conditions but can also provide valuable information about human impacts on soils in the past. This is of great interest for archaeology and for understanding the ecological consequences of past human activities on recent ecological conditions. Powerful sequencing methods such as the Illumina process allow many different DNA sequences to be determined in parallel and provide very efficient data sets that reflect the composition of soil bacterial communities in topsoil layers as well as in translocated and covered soils of archaeological sites such as settlements, burials or workplaces. Here, a brief overview of recent developments in the use of these molecular nano-archives for the study of archaeological soil samples is given using typical examples.
Youth and Publicness
Authors: Klot Sandrine , Zahn Angelika
Published: January 2025

Aspects of increasing digitalization reinforce tendencies to normalize youth, which is reflected in underestimating and misinterpreting mistrust and stress. Creative means of interacting in public urban situations encourages physical and object-related interventions between people. According to the present hypothesis, experiences in the context of these interventions have the potential to help meet growing individualization requirements. However, these requirements are increasingly underestimated and require appropriate trial treatment spaces. We analyze the possibilities of changing social relations in the public–urban spatial structure with the help of the resonance concept. We understand public–urban spatial structures of temporary appropriation as a relevant phenomenon for the ongoing socio-spatial construction of urban reality. By analyzing the resonance levels of appropriation processes, both the proportional world relations and the respective subjective experience can be described: subjects enter into a resonant relationship with objects that represent the outside world by allowing themselves to be affected and emotionally touched and are open to a reciprocal transformation. This article will examine the extent to which the consideration of the premises derived from resonance theory can lead to changed preconditions and expanded points of reference in the field of urban and spatial planning. In relation to the theme of this Special Issue, we hope to open up a discussion about possible perspectives on inclusive urban spatial practice based on resonance and an expanded definition of sociality.
Evaluating the Effect of Body Mass Index on Procalcitonin Level in Patients with Pneumonia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Khrais Mohammad Z. , Henson J. Curran , Smith Jake , Meena Nikhil
Published: January 2025

Procalcitonin (PCT) is commonly used to evaluate the etiology and severity of pneumonia. PCT has been shown to be elevated at baseline in patients with obesity. The aim of this study is to determine if body mass index (BMI) has an influence on admission PCT level in patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia. We conducted a retrospective cohort study that encompassed patient visits to a tertiary care center from 2014 until September 2023. A total of 18,652 patients presented to the emergency department with a diagnosis of pneumonia. A total of 3659 were admitted to the floor, and 2246 were admitted to the MICU. Patients were grouped based on admission BMI into five categories. The Kruskal–Wallis test performed on patients admitted to the floor revealed a statistically significant difference in PCT levels among groups of different BMIs (H = 34.97, df = 4, p < 0.001). In patients admitted to the MICU, the Kruskal–Wallis test revealed a significant difference in PCT levels among groups of different BMIs (H = 32.92, df = 4, p < 0.001). BMI has a statistically significant effect on PCT in patients admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. Patients with higher BMI may exhibit less robust PCT levels, which may impact management decisions.
Decadal Regime Shifts in Sea Fog Frequency over the Northwestern Pacific: The Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Sea Surface Temperature Warming
Authors: Zhang Shihan , Han Liguo , Long Jingchao , Dong Lingyu , Hong Pengzhi , Xu Feng
Published: January 2025

Sea fog significantly impacts marine activities, ecosystems, and radiation balance. We analyzed the decadal variation characteristics of sea fog frequency (SFF) over the northwestern Pacific and investigated the roles of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and sea surface temperature (SST) warming in driving these changes. The results show that SFF experienced a significant and sudden decadal increase around 1978 (up by 12.9%) and a prominent decadal decrease around 1999 (down by 7.8%). The sudden increase in SFF around 1978 was closely related to the PDO. A positive PDO phase induced unusual anticyclonic circulation and southerly winds over the northwestern Pacific, enhancing low-level atmospheric stability and moisture supply, thus facilitating sea fog formation. Nevertheless, the decrease in SFF around 1999 was related to SST warming in the north Pacific. The rise in sea temperatures weakened the SST front south of the foggy region, reducing the cooling and condensation of warm air necessary for sea fog formation. This study enhances the understanding of the decadal variability mechanism of SFF over the northwestern Pacific regulated by large-scale circulation systems and provides a reference for future sea fog forecasting work.
Extreme Weather Patterns in Ethiopia: Analyzing Extreme Temperature and Precipitation Variability
Authors: Mohammed Endris Ali , Zhi Xiefei , Abdela Kemal Adem
Published: January 2025

Climate change is significantly altering Ethiopia’s weather patterns, causing substantial shifts in temperature and precipitation extremes. This study examines historical trends and changes in extreme rainfall and temperature, as well as seasonal rainfall variability across Ethiopia. In this study, we employed the Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and empirical orthogonal function (EOF), with data from 103 stations (1994–2023). The findings provide insights into 16 climate extremes of temperature and precipitation by utilizing the climpact2.GUI tool in R software (v1.2). The study found statistical increases were observed in 59.22% of the annual maximum value of daily maximum temperature (TXx) and 77.67% of the annual maximum value of daily minimum temperature (TNx). Conversely, decreasing trends were found in 51.46% of the annual maximum daily maximum temperature (TXn) and 85.44% of the diurnal temperature range (DTR). The results of extreme precipitation found that 72.82% of yearly total precipitation (PRCPTOT), 73.79% of consecutive wet days (CWD), and 54.37% of the number of heavy precipitation days (R10mm) showed increasing trends. In contrast, at most selected stations, 61.17% of consecutive dry days (CDD), 55.34% of maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1day), 56.31% of maximum 5-day precipitation (RX5day), 66.02% of precipitation from very wet days (R95p), and 52.43% of precipitation from extremely wet days (R99p) were decreasing. The results of seasonal precipitation variability during Ethiopia’s JJAS (Kiremt) season found that the first three EOF modes accounted for 59.78% of the variability. Notably, EOF1, which accounted for 35.84% of this variability, showed declining rainfall patterns, particularly in northwestern and central-western Ethiopia. The findings of this study will help policymakers and stakeholders understand these changes and take necessary action, as well as build effective adaptation and mitigation measures in the face of climate change impacts.
Post-War Air Quality Index in Mosul City, Iraq: Does War Still Have an Impact on Air Quality Today?
Authors: Altahaan Zena , Dobslaw Daniel
Published: January 2025

The air quality in Mosul was adversely affected both directly and indirectly during and after the conflict phase, spanning from the occupation to the liberation of the city from ISIS (2014–2017). Direct impacts included the ignition of oil fields and sulphur deposits, as well as the use of military weapons and their propellants. Indirectly, the air quality was also compromised by various other factors negatively affecting the quality due to excessive emission levels of air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and other toxic gases. Six important locations in the city of Mosul were selected, and the concentrations of the parameters PM2.5, PM10, formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), NO2 and SO2 were determined at monthly intervals during the year 2022. The sites were selected both according to their proximity and their specific distance from the direct conflict zone. The aim was to assess the present pollutant levels based on WHO guidelines and to compare the results with previous pre-war studies to understand the long-term war impact on air quality. The results showed that the annual average values of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were above the WHO limits at all locations throughout the year. In contrast, the annual average values of TVOC, HCHO and SO2 were within the limits in the hot months but exceeded them in the cold months (December to March), which can be attributed to the use of heating material in winter. Two sites revealed higher pollution levels than the others, which can be attributed to their proximity to the devastated areas (conflict zones), high traffic density and a high density of power generators. These factors were further exacerbated by post-war migration from the destroyed and unsafe areas. Thus, in addition to the short-term effects of burning oil fields and sulphur deposits, as well as airborne weapon emissions, the increase in traffic, the use of decentralized power generators, and the higher demand for heating oil, progressive desertification due to deforestation and the destruction of extensive green areas, as well as increasing and unaddressed environmental violations in general, can be held responsible for declining air quality in the urban area. This work should be considered as preliminary work to emphasise the urgent need for conventional air quality monitoring to consolidate air quality data and monitor the effectiveness of different approaches to mitigate war-related air quality deterioration. Possible approaches include the implementation of air purification technologies, the preservation of existing ecosystems, the replacement of fossil energy sources with renewable energy options, proactive and sustainable urban planning and enforcing strict air quality regulations and policies to control and reduce pollution levels.
Labeling Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) Rules with MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: Machine Learning vs. Large Language Models
Authors: Daniel Nir , Kaiser Florian Klaus , Giladi Shay , Sharabi Sapir , Moyal Raz , Shpolyansky Shalev , Murillo Andres , Elyashar Aviad , Puzis Rami
Published: January 2025

Analysts in Security Operations Centers (SOCs) are often occupied with time-consuming investigations of alerts from Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs). Many NIDS rules lack clear explanations and associations with attack techniques, complicating the alert triage and the generation of attack hypotheses. Large Language Models (LLMs) may be a promising technology to reduce the alert explainability gap by associating rules with attack techniques. In this paper, we investigate the ability of three prominent LLMs (ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini) to reason about NIDS rules while labeling them with MITRE ATT&CK tactics and techniques. We discuss prompt design and present experiments performed with 973 Snort rules. Our results indicate that while LLMs provide explainable, scalable, and efficient initial mappings, traditional machine learning (ML) models consistently outperform them in accuracy, achieving higher precision, recall, and F1-scores. These results highlight the potential for hybrid LLM-ML approaches to enhance SOC operations and better address the evolving threat landscape. By utilizing automation, the presented methods will enhance the analysis efficiency of SOC alerts, and decrease workloads for analysts.
Development and Characterization of CD44-Targeted X-Aptamers with Enhanced Binding Affinity for Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Wang Hongyu , He Weiguo , Elizondo-Riojas Miguel-Angel , Zhou Xiaobo , Lee Tae Jin , Gorenstein David G.
Published: January 2025

CD44, a pivotal cell surface molecule, plays a crucial role in many cellular functions, including cell-cell interactions, adhesion, and migration. It serves as a receptor for hyaluronic acid and is involved in lymphocyte activation, recirculation, homing, and hematopoiesis. Moreover, CD44 is a commonly used cancer stem cell marker associated with tumor progression and metastasis. The development of CD44 aptamers that specifically target CD44 can be utilized to target CD44-positive cells, including cancer stem cells, and for drug delivery. Building on the primary sequences of our previously selected thioaptamers (TAs) and observed variations, we developed a bead-based X-aptamer (XA) library by conjugating drug-like ligands (X) to the 5-positions of certain uridines on a complete monothioate backbone. From this, we selected an XA with high affinity to the CD44 hyaluronic acid binding domain (HABD) from a large combinatorial X-aptamer library modified with N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid (ADDA). This XA demonstrated an enhanced binding affinity for the CD44 protein up to 23-fold. The selected CD44 X-aptamers (both amine form and ADDA form) also showed enhanced binding affinity to CD44-overexpressing human ovarian cancer IGROV cells. Secondary structure predictions of CD44 using MFold identified several binding motifs and smaller constructs of various stem-loop regions. Among our identified binding motifs, X-aptamer motif 3 and motif 5 showed enhanced binding affinity to CD44-overexpressing human ovarian cancer IGROV cells with ADDA form, compared to the binding affinities with amine form and scrambled sequence. The effect of ADDA as a binding affinity enhancer was not uniform within the aptamer, highlighting the importance of optimal ligand positioning. The incorporation of ADDA not only broadened the XA’s chemical diversity but also increased the binding surface area, offering enhanced specificity. Therefore, the strategic use of site-directed modifications allows for fine-tuning aptamer properties and offers a flexible, generalizable framework for developing high-performance aptamers that target a wide range of molecules.