bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspective: The Emergence of Product Design as a Field of Marketing Inquiry*
Authors: Luchs Michael , Swan K. Scott
Published: March 2011

The authors present findings from an analysis of articles related to product design published in eight leading journals important to marketing thought. Based on this analysis, which covers the fourteen‐year period 1995–2008, the authors propose a conceptual model of product design and offer definitions for (a) product design and (b) the product design process. In addition, the authors provide insights into the nature of product design research during this time period, including analyses of publication trends and the relationship of product design research to related marketing topics. The essay concludes with suggestions for future research on product design.
Marketing–Industrial Design Integration in New Product Development: The Case of China*
Authors: Zhang Dan , Hu Peng , Kotabe Masaaki
Published: March 2011

Despite the acknowledgement of functional integration as an important driver of new product development (NPD) success and the growing recognition of the significance of industrial design (ID), the integration between industrial design and other functional units in NPD has been rarely researched. In this article, we examine the marketing and ID integration in NPD in the context of China. Mainly based on Cooper's (1994) stage‐gate phases of NPD process and Gupta, Raj, and Wilemon's (1985) categorization of NPD activities, we develop a conceptual framework that identifies 29 areas that might require integration or where integration might occur between marketing and ID. Specifically, we investigate and compare the current and the ideal integration between marketing and ID perceived by the two functions. An analysis of data from 113 companies reveals that the current level of integration fell short of the ideal level of integration in all the phases of NPD. Both managers believed in the descending trend of integration along the stage‐gate NPD phases and were dissatisfied with the current level of integration in all the NPD phases. Except for a few areas of agreement, marketing and ID managers showed significant differences with each other in their perceptions of the current and the ideal integration in most of the 29 areas. Despite the disagreements however, the two functions agreed with each other on the most important areas that require integration and achieved the highest level of marketing–ID integration. These findings suggest that firms should improve the marketing–ID integration in all the NPD phases and that management could improve the effectiveness of marketing–ID integration by prioritizing and focusing on the most important areas. Research and managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions are presented in the paper.
Accountability, Affordability, Access: A Review of the Recent Trends in Higher Education Policy Research
Authors: Conner Thaddieus W. , Rabovsky Thomas M.
Published: March 2011

The following research note surveys the most recent literature published in the past two years on higher education policy and politics in the United States. We identify three prominent themes in the literature including research on accountability, affordability, and issues concerning access and equity. We observe that there has been increased attention paid to theories of politics by those who study higher education, which has played a vital role in pushing the boundaries of education research to help begin answering many of the field's most complex and multi‐dimensional questions. This theoretical development has allowed education policy scholars to better understand why various policies are adopted, how they change over time, which groups benefit, and how institutions are affected by changes in the economic and political landscape.
The Mosaic of Governance: Creating a Picture with Definitions, Theories, and Debates
Authors: Robichau Robbie Waters
Published: March 2011

The popularity of governance can be seen across academic genres. In some ways, the tremendous amount of theorizing on the subject has created contentious areas of debate. However, the approach that I argue will move the discussion forward is a focus on areas of agreement, where studying governance as a form of statecraft is considered. In order to advance the governance conversation, this essay speculates on the intersections of future governance research areas and maintains that making governance studies meaningful involves more empirical testing and inductive explorations by scholars.
Cross‐Cultural Similarities and Differences in Person‐Body Reasoning: Experimental Evidence From the United Kingdom and Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Cohen Emma , Burdett Emily , Knight Nicola , Barrett Justin
Published: March 2011

We report the results of a cross‐cultural investigation of person‐body reasoning in the United Kingdom and northern Brazilian Amazon (Marajó Island). The study provides evidence that directly bears upon divergent theoretical claims in cognitive psychology and anthropology, respectively, on the cognitive origins and cross‐cultural incidence of mind‐body dualism. In a novel reasoning task, we found that participants across the two sample populations parsed a wide range of capacities similarly in terms of the capacities’ perceived anchoring to bodily function. Patterns of reasoning concerning the respective roles of physical and biological properties in sustaining various capacities did vary between sample populations, however. Further, the data challenge prior ad‐hoc categorizations in the empirical literature on the developmental origins of and cognitive constraints on psycho‐physical reasoning (e.g., in afterlife concepts). We suggest cross‐culturally validated categories of “Body Dependent” and “Body Independent” items for future developmental and cross‐cultural research in this emerging area.
Lateral bone augmentation with newly developed β‐tricalcium phosphate block: an experimental study in the rabbit mandible
Authors: Ono Daisuke , Jimbo Ryo , Kawachi Giichiro , Ioku Koji , Ikeda Tohru , Sawase Takashi
Published: March 2011

Objective: To evaluate the biological effects of newly developed β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) to improve lateral bone augmentation.

Material and methods: Test samples (rod‐shaped [RS]‐blocks) were prepared through hydrothermal processing α‐TCPs. As controls, commercially available β‐TCPs (C‐blocks; Osferion) were used. The blocks were placed onto the rabbit mandibles (n=5/group, mean: 4 kg). Samples were retrieved after 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Thereafter, the sections were evaluated for histological and histomorphometric analyses. The parameters set were: BV/TV (%): [(area of newly formed bone; area‐NFB)/(whole measured area; WA)] × 100, BV+Imp.V/TV (%): [(area‐NFB+area of remaining β‐TCP block)/WA] × 100, N.Oc/I.Pm: (osteoclast number)/(entire β‐TCP block perimeter; 100 mm).

Results: BV/TV of the C‐blocks (10.71±3.39%) was significantly higher than the RS‐blocks (3.5±3.52%, P<0.05) at 6 weeks. At 24 weeks, the RS‐blocks (23.66±2.7%) showed significantly higher values than the C‐blocks (13.23±2.65%, P<0.001). The BV+Imp.V/TV of the RS‐blocks was significantly higher than that of the C‐block group (29.61±5.84% and 19.13±3.14%), maintaining high values between 6 and 24 weeks (44.16±5.19% and 50.88±4%, P<0.001). The N.Oc/I.Pm values were significantly greater in the RS‐block group than in the C‐block group throughout the observation period (P<0.05).

Conclusions: The newly developed β‐TCP blocks presented subsequent replacement by newly formed bone, in conjunction with maintaining the external morphology.

To cite this article: Ono D, Jimbo R, Kawachi G, Ioku K, Ikeda T, Sawase T. Lateral bone augmentation with newly developed β‐tricalcium phosphate block: an experimental study in the rabbit mandible. Clin. Oral Impl. Resxx, 2011; 000–000.
The use of human hypertrophic chondrocytes‐derived extracellular matrix for the treatment of critical‐size calvarial defects
Authors: Donos Nikolaos , Graziani Filippo , Mardas Nikos , Kostopoulos Lambros
Published: March 2011

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of immortalized hypertrophic chondrocytes extracellular matrix (HCM) with or without the use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) on the healing of critical‐size calvarial defects.

Material and methods: In 42 rats, 5 mm critical‐size calvarial defects were surgically created. The animals were randomly allocated to six groups of seven rats each: Group A1: one defect was left untreated (control), while the contralateral defect was covered by a double non‐resorbable membrane (GBR). Group B1: one defect was filled with calcium phosphate cement (CP), while the contralateral defect was treated with GBR and CP. Group C1: one defect was filled with a mixture of CP and HCM, while the contralateral defect was treated with GBR and CP+HCM. The healing period for all three groups was 30 days. The remaining three groups were treated in a similar manner but the healing period was 60 days. Five animals from each group were evaluated by maceration and two animals were analysed histologically.

Results: At 30 days, all the control‐treated defects did not present complete closure. When GBR was applied alone or combined with CP, 3/5 and 5/5 defects, respectively, presented complete closure. At 60 days, one defect from the control group presented complete closure. All the defects treated with GBR alone presented complete closure, whereas the combined use of GBR with CP or CP+HCM resulted in 4/5 and 3/5 defects with complete closure, respectively. The only treatment modality that did not present any specimen with defect closure at both 30 and 60 days was the combination of CP+HCM. The histological analysis indicated that when GBR was not used alone, the healing consisted of an amorphous acellular structure and loose granulation tissue, which, even though clinically resembled hard tissue, did not demonstrate the histological characteristics of bone.

Conclusion: The predictability of bone formation in critical‐size defects depends mainly on the presence or absence of barrier membranes. The combined use of GBR with calcium phosphate alone or in combination with immortalized human HCM did not enhance the potential for osseous healing provided by the GBR procedure.

To cite this article:
 Donos N, Graziani F, Mardas N, Kostopoulos L. The use of human hypertrophic chondrocytes‐derived extracellular matrix for the treatment of critical‐size calvarial defects. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02120.x
Early and immediate loading of titanium implants with fluoride‐modified surfaces: results of 5‐year prospective study
Authors: Mertens Christian , Steveling Helmut G.
Published: March 2011

Objective: Multiple experimental and animal studies have shown that topographic, mechanical and chemical properties of implant surfaces lead to in vivo responses such as increased bone formation, increased bone anchorage and reduced healing time. A fluoride modification of the titanium implant surface also seems to positively influence bone anchorage as compared with unmodified titanium implants. Using implant survival and marginal bone loss as primary outcome parameters, the purpose of the present prospective study was to investigate whether a fluoride modification of the titanium implant surface has positive clinical effects.

Materials and methods: The 17 patients included in this study received 49 Astra Tech OsseoSpeed™ implants for various indications in the maxilla and mandible. Implants were either loaded immediately or after a mean healing period of 9.56 weeks. Fifteen patients were followed up clinically including radiographic examination for 5 years. Forty‐two implants were assessed for implant survival, marginal bone loss, surgical and/or prosthetic complications, presence or absence of plaque, signs of inflammation and size of the papilla.

Results: Of the original 17 patients, 15 patients were available for the full 60‐month follow‐up. One early implant failure occurred, leading to an implant survival rate of 97%. Radiographic analyses demonstrated stable bone conditions with a mean marginal bone loss of 0.1 mm (SD 0.4 mm, min −0.7 mm, max 1.7 mm) after 5 years of function. Immediately loaded implants did not show a different mean marginal bone loss as compared with implants that were not loaded immediately. Repeated soft‐tissue examinations revealed healthy conditions in terms of 6.1% plaque and 4.2% of the implants with signs of inflammation at the 5‐year control.

Discussion: Implants used in this study had high survival and success rates after 5 years. Marginal bone was well maintained, irrespective of the loading regime.

To cite this article:
 Mertens C, Steveling HG. Early and immediate loading of titanium implants with fluoride‐modified surfaces: results of 5‐year prospective study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2011; 000–000.
Seasonality in fruit availability affects frugivorous primate biomass and species richness
Authors: Hanya Goro , Stevenson Pablo , van Noordwijk Maria , Te Wong Siew , Kanamori Tomoko , Kuze Noko , Aiba Shin‐ichiro , Chapman Colin A. , van Schaik Carel
Published: March 2011

We examine the effect of total annual food abundance and seasonal availability on the biomass and species richness for frugivorous primates on three continents (n=16 sites) by data on fruit fall. We reveal that the best‐fit models for predicting primate biomass include total annual fruit fall (positive), seasonality (negative) and biogeography (Old World>New World and mainland>island) and that these factors explain 56–67% of the variation. For the number of species, the best‐fit models include seasonality (negative) and biogeography (Old World>New World and mainland>island) but not total annual fruit fall. Annual temperature has additional effects on primate biomass when the effects of fruits and biogeography are controlled, but there is no such effect on species richness. The present results indicate that, measured on local scales, primate biomass and number of species is affected by the seasonal variation in food availability.
Genetics/epigenetics of oral premalignancy: current status and future research*
Authors: Lingen MW , Pinto A , Mendes RA , Franchini R , Czerninski R , Tilakaratne WM , Partridge M , Peterson DE , Woo S‐B
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 (Suppl. 1), 7–22

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral and oropharyngeal region is the sixth most common malignancy in the world today. Despite numerous advances in treatment, long‐term survival from this disease remains poor. Early detection can decrease both morbidity and mortality associated with this neoplasm. However, screening for potentially malignant disease is typically confounded by difficulty in discriminating between reactive/inflammatory lesions vs those lesions that are premalignant in nature. Furthermore, the histologic diagnosis of dysplasia can be subjective and is thus prone to a considerable range of interpretation. Similarly, no definitive, validated criteria exist for predicting which dysplastic lesions are most likely to progress to cancer over time. Given this state of science, the presence of dysplasia can only be used to indicate that an oral lesion may have an increased risk of malignant transformation. Molecular biomarkers capable of identifying the subset of lesions likely to progress to cancer are required to eliminate this clinical diagnostic dilemma. The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge regarding genetic/epigenetic alterations observed in oral mucosal premalignancy. In addition, recommendations for future research studies directed at defining the predictive capacity of specific biomarkers in this modeling are presented.
Persistent orofacial muscle pain
Authors: Benoliel R , Svensson P , Heir GM , Sirois D , Zakrzewska J , Oke‐Nwosu J , Torres SR , Greenberg MS , Klasser GD , Katz J , Eliav E
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 (Suppl. 1), 23–41

The pathophysiology of persistent orofacial myalgia has been the centre of much controversy. In this article we suggest a novel descriptive term; ‘persistent orofacial muscle pain’ (POMP) and review current evidence that supports the hypothesis that the induction of POMP involves the interplay between a peripheral nociceptive source in muscle, a faulty central nervous system component and decreased coping ability. In this context it is widely accepted that a complex interaction of variable intrinsic and extrinsic factors act to induce POMP and dysfunction.
A systematic review of medical interventions for oral submucous fibrosis and future research opportunities
Authors: Kerr AR , Warnakulasuriya S , Mighell AJ , Dietrich T , Nasser M , Rimal J , Jalil A , Bornstein MM , Nagao T , Fortune F , Hazarey VH , Reichart PA , Silverman S , Johnson NW
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 (Suppl. 1), 42–57

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, insidious disease caused by areca nut use, and is associated with both significant morbidity (including pain and reduced oral opening) and an increased risk for malignancy. This systematic review explored and updated the current medical (i.e., non‐surgical) interventions available for the management of OSF. Of the 27 published medical interventions, there were four randomized controlled trials. The overall quality of these randomized controlled studies was assessed using the GRADE approach and significant limitations that challenged the conclusions were found. However, this review was valuable in terms of identifying opportunities to provide recommendations for future research, in terms of the populations to research, the types of interventions needed, the types of outcomes to be measured, the study designs needed, and the infrastructure required to conduct studies. The next step is to initiate a pathway for a low‐cost research plan leading to the development of a brief protocol for future clinical trials in this field, with an emphasis on conducting studies in regions of the world where OSF is prevalent.
An international survey of oral medicine practice: Proceedings from the 5th World Workshop in Oral Medicine
Authors: Stoopler ET , Shirlaw P , Arvind M , Lo Russo L , Bez C , De Rossi S , Garfunkel AA , Gibson J , Liu H , Liu Q , Thongprasom K , Wang Q , Greenberg MS , Brennan MT
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 (Suppl. 1), 99–104

Objectives:  (i) To define the current state of oral medicine clinical practice internationally, and (ii) to make recommendations for future modeling of the practice of oral medicine.

Materials and methods:  A survey was designed by an international panel of oral medicine experts to assess the current state of oral medicine practice internationally. The survey was sent to oral medicine experts across the world, and responses were electronically stored and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results:  Two hundred respondents completed the survey representing 40 countries from six continents. The two most common settings for an oral medicine practice were in a hospital and a dental school. More than 88% of respondents considered management of oral mucosal disease, salivary dysfunction, oral manifestations of systemic diseases, and facial pain in the definition of oral medicine.

Conclusions:  (i) Oral medicine clinicians diagnose and manage a wide variety of orofacial conditions; (ii) There are significant differences in the definition of oral medicine clinical practice from country to country; (iii) India has the largest expansion of oral medicine services as defined by escalating numbers of clinicians within the specialty as compared with other countries; (iv) oral medicine practitioners have a wide range of professional responsibilities.
Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa, and effect of defaunation on fatty acid profile in the rumen with special reference to conjugated linoleic acid in cattle
Authors: SULTANA Halima , MIYAZAWA Kenji , KANDA Shuhei , ITABASHI Hisao
Published: March 2011

Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminal bacterial (B) and protozoal (P) cells, and to investigate effect of protozoa on FA profile in the rumen of cattle. Three cows were used to prepare ruminal B and P cells. Four faunated and three defaunated cattle (half‐siblings) were used to study effect of protozoa on ruminal FA profile. Proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in total fatty acids in B cells were 20.7% and 37.4%, whereas those in P cells were 33.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Proportions of trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in B cells were 3.9% and 1.0%, and those in P cells were 5.5% and 1.6%, respectively, being higher in P cells. Proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in P cells were two to three times higher than in B cells. Proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, VA and CLA in B cells of faunated cattle were higher than those of defaunated. VA and CLA in the ruminal fluid of faunated were also 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than those of defaunated. This tendency was similar for cell‐free fraction of ruminal fluid. These results indicate that protozoa contribute greatly in VA and CLA production in the rumen.
Interaction between very‐KIND Ras guanine exchange factor and microtubule‐associated protein 2, and its role in dendrite growth – structure and function of the second kinase noncatalytic C‐lobe domain
Authors: Huang Jinhong , Furuya Asako , Hayashi Kanehiro , Furuichi Teiichi
Published: March 2011

The kinase noncatalytic C‐lobe domain (KIND) is a putative protein–protein interaction module. Four KIND‐containing proteins, Spir‐2 (actin‐nuclear factor), PTPN13 (protein tyrosine phosphatase), FRMPD2 (scaffold protein) and very‐KIND (v‐KIND) (brain‐specific Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor), have been identified to date. Uniquely, v‐KIND has two KINDs (i.e. KIND1 and KIND2), whereas the other three proteins have only one. The functional role of KIND, however, remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that v‐KIND interacts with the high‐molecular weight microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2), a dendritic microtubule‐associated protein, leading to negative regulation of neuronal dendrite growth. In the present study, we analyzed the structure–function relationships of the v‐KIND–MAP2 interaction by generating a series of mutant constructs. The interaction with endogenous MAP2 in mouse cerebellar granule cells was specific to v‐KIND KIND2, but not KIND1, and was not observed for the KINDs from other KIND‐containing proteins. The binding core modules critical for the v‐KIND–MAP2 interaction were defined within 32 residues of the mouse v‐KIND KIND2 and 43 residues of the mouse MAP2 central domain. Three Leu residues at amino acid positions 461, 474 and 477 in the MAP2‐binding core module of KIND2 contributed to the interaction. The MAP2‐binding core module itself promoted dendrite branching as a dominant‐negative regulator of v‐KIND in hippocampal neurons. The results reported in the present study demonstrate the structural and functional determinant underlying the v‐KIND–MAP2 interaction that controls dendrite arborization patterns.

Structured digital abstract

vKIND‐KIND2
 binds to Map2 by pull down (View interaction)

Map2
  physically interacts with vKIND‐KIND2 by pull down (View interaction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

Map2
  physically interacts with vKIND by pull down (View interaction)

Map2
  physically interacts with vKIND‐KIND2 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)

vKIND‐KIND2
 physically interacts with Map2 by pull down (View interaction)
Early Regeneration of Tropical Dry Forest from Abandoned Pastures: Contrasting Chronosequence and Dynamic Approaches
Authors: Maza‐Villalobos Susana , Balvanera Patricia , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel
Published: March 2011

Old field secondary succession of tropical dry forests (TDFs) is poorly understood, particularly regarding the dynamics of seedlings, saplings, and sprouts (regenerative communities). We used chronosequence and dynamic approaches to: (1) document successional trajectories of regenerative communities during the first dozen years of regeneration in abandoned pastures at Chamela, Mexico; (2) test the usefulness of chronosequences to predict the dynamics of regenerative communities along time; and (3) assess the influence of surrounding forest matrix, stand density, and understory light availability (in the rainy season) as driving factors of such dynamics. More than 1000 plants and 95 species of shrubs and trees 10–100 cm tall were monitored between 2004 and 2007 in nine abandoned pastures (0–12 yr since abandonment) and two old‐growth forest (OGF) sites; gain and loss rates of plants, species, and plant cover were obtained. Chronosequence predicted a rapid and asymptotic increase of plant density, species density, and plant cover toward the OGF values. Such prediction did not match with dynamic data that showed negative or neutral net community rates of change, independently of fallow age. Recruitment and species gain rates increased with the amount surrounding forest matrix. No other effect of the explored factors was detected. Strong rainfall shortenings could be responsible for the high loss and low gain rates of plants and species recorded in most sites. We highlight the critical role of supra‐annual rainfall variability on the dynamics of TDF regenerative communities and the poor predictive value of chronosequences in forest systems subjected to strong environmental temporal variation.

Abstract in Spanish is available athttp://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
Assimilation Choices among Immigrant Families: Does School Context Matter?
Authors: Greenman Emily
Published: March 2011

This article explores the relationship between social context, measured in terms of school characteristics, and the assimilation of immigrant adolescents. First, it develops a measure of assimilation based on comparing immigrant adolescents to native peers within the same school. Second, it investigates whether immigrant adolescents’ degree of assimilation varies systematically according to school socioeconomic status (SES). Third, it explores the role of parental and adolescent behavior in creating such variation. Results show that both Asian and Hispanic immigrant youth are less assimilated to native youths’ substance use and delinquency patterns in lower-SES schools. This association can be explained by parenting behaviors and adolescent friendship choices for Asian youth, but not Hispanic youth.
What Explains the Increasing Trend in African Emigration to the U.S.?
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A.
Published: March 2011

In this study, data from the U.S. State Department on visas issued abroad and information from other sources are used to examine trends in African emigration to the U.S. The results suggest that, on average, moderate increases in African Gross Domestic Product between 1992 and 2007 had a buffering effect on emigration trends. Yet, emigration to the U.S. increased much faster from the poorest than wealthiest countries in Africa. Contrary to expectations, larger emigration increases were found in Africa's non-English than English-speaking countries. Despite the increasing overall trend, however, critical differences were observed in the impacts of specific types of flows. For example, overall trends were driven by increases in Diversity Visa migration, refugee movements, and the migration of immediate relatives. However, significant declines were observed in employment-related emigration from Africa to the U.S. The results further suggest that impact of trends in African fertility, urbanization, and phone use are circumscribed to specific contexts and types of migration flows. The findings, therefore, provide an empirical basis for concluding that the dynamics of African migration to the U.S. are becoming increasingly more complex.
Incidental findings from lung CT scans: Implications for research
Authors: Aldington Sarah , Shirtcliffe Philippa , Nowitz Mike , Kingzett‐Taylor Andrew , Tweed Mike , Weatherall Mark , Soriano Joan B , Beasley Richard
Published: March 2011

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the number and nature of incidental findings in CT chest scans in the context of a study of the pulmonary effects of cannabis.

Methods: Three hundred fifty‐seven participants were recruited: 78 cannabis‐only smokers, 92 tobacco‐only smokers, 106 smokers of cannabis and tobacco and 81 never smokers. All participants underwent a high‐resolution CT scan of their thorax. Two radiologists read the scans. Associations between abnormalities and age, sex, tobacco and cannabis smoking status were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval.

Results: Seventy‐six findings requiring referral or further investigations were found in 71/357 (19.9%) of participants. In multivariate analyses, only older age, OR (per decade) 2.1 (1.4 to 3.0), was associated with a respiratory abnormality on the CT scan. A total of 37/76 (48.7%) of the abnormalities detected were extra‐pulmonary, with findings observed across a wide range of organ systems. Only older age, OR (per decade) 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5), was associated with a non‐respiratory abnormality.

Conclusion: The common occurrence of abnormal findings requiring referral or further investigations raises practical, ethical and medico‐legal issues which need to be carefully considered in research programmes utilising chest CT scanning.
Range and demographics of radiolucent jaw lesions in a New Zealand population
Authors: Becconsall‐Ryan Karyn , Love Robert M
Published: March 2011

Aim: To determine the range and demographic features of radiolucent jaw lesions in a New Zealand population.

Methods: Histopathology reports from the University of Otago School of Dentistry over a 20‐year period were reviewed to identify radiolucent jaw lesions. Reporting characteristics where standardised over the time period. There were no clinical exclusive criteria and the samples represented a wide range of clinical presentation and treatment history from multiple providers. Data were analysed using SPSS.

Results: A total of 17 038 specimens were submitted to the oral pathology diagnostic service of which there were 4983 radiolucent lesions that fulfilled the criteria to be included in the study. The full range of pathology was detected over the twenty‐year period and the study showed that the five most common radiolucent jaw lesions were the periapical granuloma, radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst, hyperplastic dental follicle and odontogenic keratocyst, which they accounted for 79.6% of all radiolucent jaw lesions.

Conclusion: The range and demographic features of radiolucent jaw lesions in a New Zealand population was similar to international trends.
MRI findings of cerebral cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients
Authors: Chen Shaoqiong , Chen Xiaohong , Zhang Zhigang , Quan Li , Kuang Sichi , Luo Xiao
Published: March 2011

Worldwide, cerebral cryptococcal infections caused by cryptococcus neoformans are mostly found in immunocompromised patients, but less found in immunocompetent patients with fewer related imaging reports in literatures. This pictorial essay describes some important MR imaging features in arriving at diagnosis for cerebral cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients by way of five illustrative cases with intact MRI data.
Portal Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Buob S. , Johnston A.N. , Webster C.R.L.
Published: March 2011

Portal hypertension (PH) is the result of increased vascular resistance in the portal circulation, increased portal venous blood flow, or both. In veterinary medicine, where portal pressure is seldom measured directly, the diagnosis of PH often is inferred from identification of associated complications including multiple acquired portosystemic shunts, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Likewise, treatment of PH primarily is aimed at controlling these complications. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of PH. The review draws from information in the veterinary hepatology literature, reviews, and consensus statements in human hepatology and the literature on experimental models of PH.
Antihyperalgesic activity of verbascoside in two models of neuropathic pain
Authors: Isacchi Benedetta , Iacopi Romina , Bergonzi Maria Camilla , Ghelardini Carla , Galeotti Nicoletta , Norcini Monica , Vivoli Elisa , Vincieri Franco Francesco , Bilia Anna Rita
Published: March 2011

Objectives

This study reports on the rapid isolation of verbascoside from Lippia citriodora H.B.K. (Verbenaceae), an inexpensive and widespread source, and the evaluation of its antihyperalgesic activity.

Methods

Isolation of verbascoside was achieved by size exclusion chromatography with Sephadex LH-20 eluting with 50% EtOH, which is proposed as a fast and efficient method of separation.

Key findings

The antihyperalgesic activity of verbascoside was tested by in-vivo assay using the paw-pressure test in two animal models of neuropathic pain: a peripheral mononeuropathy produced either by a chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) or by an intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA).

Conclusions

Verbascoside administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg reverted the mechanical hyperalgesia in both CCI and MIA treated rats, as evaluated in the paw-pressure test. Verbascoside was also effective against mechanical hyperalgesia after oral administration at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg.
In Vivo Stress Analysis of a Pacing Lead From an Angiographic Sequence
Authors: Liu L. , Wang J. , Yang W. , Chen S. J.
Published: March 2011

In this paper, a method is presented to analyze the mechanical stress distribution in a pacing lead based on a sequence of paired 2D angiographic images. The 3D positions and geometrical shapes of an implanted pacemaker lead throughout the cardiac cycle were generated using a previously validated 3D modeling technique. Based on the Frenet–Serret formulas, the kinematic property of the lead was derived and characterized. The distribution of curvature and twist angle per unit length in the pacing lead was calculated from a finite difference method, which enabled a rapid and effective computation of the mechanical stress in the pacing lead. The analytical solution of the helix deformation geometry was used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed numerical method, and an excellent agreement in curvature, twist angle, and stresses was achieved. As demonstrated in the example, the proposed technique can be used to analyze the complex movement and deformation of the implanted pacing lead in vivo. The information can facilitate the future development of pacing leads.
High Rayleigh Number Natural Convection Inside 2D Porous Enclosures Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Vishnampet Ramanathan , Narasimhan Arunn , Babu V.
Published: March 2011

Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to investigate natural convection inside porous medium enclosures at high Rayleigh numbers. Volume averaged porous medium model is coupled with the lattice Boltzmann formulation of the momentum and energy equations for fluid flow. A parallel implementation of the single relaxation time LBM is used, which allows the porous medium modified Rayleigh number Ram to be as high as 108. Heat transfer results in the form of the enclosure averaged Nusselt number Nu are obtained for higher modified Rayleigh numbers 104≤Ram≤108. The Nu values are compared with values in the absence of the form drag term. The form drag due to the porous medium is found to influence Nu considerably. The effect of the form drag on Nu is studied by using a form drag modified Rayleigh number RaC (extended from Ram). Utilizing the results for Nu in the high Ram range, a correlation is proposed between Nu and RaC for Darcy numbers 10−6≤Da≤10−2, encompassing the non-Darcy flow regime.
Heat Conduction Equation Solution in the Presence of a Change of State in a Bounded Axisymmetric Cylindrical Domain
Authors: de Oliveira Danillo Silva , Ribeiro Fernando Brenha
Published: March 2011

The heat conduction problem, in the presence of a change of state, was solved for the case of an indefinitely long cylindrical layer cavity. As boundary conditions, it is imposed that the internal surface of the cavity is maintained below the fusion temperature of the infilling substance and the external surface is kept above it. The solution, obtained in nondimensional variables, consists in two closed form heat conduction equation solutions for the solidified and liquid regions, which formally depend of the, at first, unknown position of the phase change front. The energy balance through the phase change front furnishes the equation for time dependence of the front position, which is numerically solved. Substitution of the front position for a particular instant in the heat conduction equation solutions gives the temperature distribution inside the cavity at that moment. The solution is illustrated with numerical examples.
Non-Stationary Signal Analysis of the von Ka´rma´n Vortex Shedding in the Wake of a Fluttering Airfoil
Authors: Fereidooni Amin , Sarkar Abhijit , Poirel Dominique , Benaissa Aze´mi , Me´tivier Vincent , Dumas Guy
Published: March 2011

Stationary data lend themselves well to the Fourier decomposition into harmonic components. Conversely, spectral characteristics of non-stationary data vary with time, and hence do not generally admit the application of Fourier transform. In order to investigate the localized time-frequency characteristics of non-stationary data, the notions of instantaneous frequency and amplitude are invoked. These concepts are applied to the von Ka´rma´n vortex shedding observed in the wake of a self-sustained pitching airfoil. For this range of Reynolds numbers (104 – 105), it has been reported that at any given airspeed the shedding frequency of the vortex street varies with angle of attack (AOA), ranging from the Strouhal number St ≈ 0.6 at zero AOA and tending to St ≈ 0.1 for high AOA. For the pitching motion, which originates from a positive energy transfer from the flow to the airfoil due to negative aerodynamic damping, the von Ka´rma´n vortex shedding frequency varies with pitch angle hence with time. Hilbert transform provides a robust estimate of instantaneous frequency through the definition of analytic signals. However, Hilbert transform provides meaningful instantaneous frequency for only monocomponent signals. To overcome this difficulty, the Hilbert-Huang transform is commonly exploited. In this paper, both the Hilbert and Hilbert-Huang transforms are applied in order to capture the instantaneous vortex shedding frequency. For multicomponent signals Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) splits the signal to monocomponent signals, namely Intrinsic Mode Functions, through a so-called sifting process. Application of Hilbert transform to these functions produces instantaneous frequencies and amplitudes. Therefore the time-frequency-amplitude representation of the signal appears to be a promising tool for obtaining more physical insight into the time-varying vortex shedding frequency in the wake of a pitching airfoil.
On the Feasibility of Using Linear Fluid Dynamics in an Overall Nonlinear Model for the Dynamics of Cantilevered Cylinders in Axial Flow
Authors: Kheiri M. , Pai¨doussis M. P. , Amabili M.
Published: March 2011

A curiosity-driven study is presented here which introduces and tests an analytical model to be employed for describing the dynamics of cantilevered cylinders in axial flow. This model is called “hybrid” because it encompasses linear fluid dynamics and nonlinear structural dynamics. Also, both the linear and fully nonlinear models are recalled here. For all these models Galerkin’s method is used to discretize the nondimensional equation of motion. For the hybrid and nonlinear models a numerical method based on Houbolt’s Finite Difference Method (FDM) is used to solve the discretized equations, as well as AUTO, which is a software used to solve continuation and bifurcation problems for differential equations. The capability of the hybrid model to predict the dynamical behaviour of cantilevered cylinders in axial flow is assessed by examining three different sets of parameters. Here, the main focus is put on the onset of instabilities and the amplitude of the predicted motion. According to the results given in the form of bifurcation diagrams and several tabulated numerical values, the hybrid model is proved to be unacceptable although it can predict the onset of first instability, and even the onset of post-divergence instability in some cases.
Effect of Mass Ratio on the Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Long Tensioned Beam in Shear Flow
Authors: Bourguet Re´mi , Lucor Didier , Triantafyllou Michael S.
Published: March 2011

The flow past a cylindrical tensioned beam of aspect ratio 200 is predicted by direct numerical simulation of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The beam is free to oscillate in inline and crossflow directions and submitted to a linearly sheared oncoming flow. The ratio between high and low inflow velocities is 3.67, with a maximum Reynolds number of 330. Two structure/fluid mass ratios are considered, 6 and 3. Structure vortex-induced vibrations are characterized by mixed standing-traveling wave patterns. A reduction of mass ratio from 6 to 3 leads to purer, more pronounced traveling wave responses and larger amplitude vibrations in both directions. While multifrequency structure vibrations are observed at m = 6, case m = 3 exhibits monofrequency responses. A large zone of synchronization between vortex shedding and structure vibration (lock-in) is identified in the high velocity region. The topology of fluid-structure energy exchanges shows that the flow can excite the structure at lock-in and damps its vibrations in non-lock-in region. Inline/crossflow motion synchronization is monitored. Similar zigzagging patterns of inline/crossflow motion phase difference are put forward for both mass ratios, highlighting a predominant character of counterclockwise orbits in the excitation region.
Study on Evaluation of Sound Speed in Duct With Tube Banks
Authors: Ishihara Kunihiko
Published: March 2011

As tube banks are set in a duct in a boiler and a heat exchanger, the resonance phenomenon or the self sustained tone are generated due to the interference between vortex shedding and the acoustic characteristics of the duct. It is necessary to know the resonance frequency of the duct, namely sound speed, for avoiding any trouble that may arise. In general, it is said that the sound speed decreases in the duct with tube banks and an evaluation formula is given. However, this formula is often used for the perpendicular direction of the flow. We wanted to know whether this formula would be able to be used for the flow direction and for various arrays of patterns or not. In this paper, the applicability of this expression is discussed by using FEM analysis and experiments.
Simulation of Fluid Flow Using Reduced-Order Modeling by POD Approach Applied to a Fixed Tube Bundle System
Authors: Pomarede Marie , Liberge Erwan , Hamdouni Aziz , Longatte Elisabeth , Sigrist Jean-Franc¸ois
Published: March 2011

Tube bundles in steam boilers of nuclear power plants and nuclear on-board stokehold are known to be exposed to high levels of vibrations. This coupled fluid-structure problem is very complex to numerically set up, because of its three-dimensional characteristics and because of the large number of degrees of freedom involved. A complete numerical resolution of such a problem is currently not viable, all the more so as a precise understanding of this system behaviour needs a large amount of data, obtained by very expensive calculations. We propose here to apply the now classical reduced order method called Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to a case of 2D flow around a tube bundle. Such a case is simpler than a complete steam generator tube bundle; however, it allows observing the POD projection behaviour in order to project its application on a more realistic case. The choice of POD leads to reduced calculation times and could eventually allow parametrical investigations thanks to a low data quantity. But, it implies several challenges inherent to the fluid-structure characteristic of the problem. Previous works on the dynamic analysis of steam generator tube bundles already provided interesting results in the case of quiescent fluid [J.F. Sigrist, D. Broc; Dynamic Analysis of a Steam Generator Tube Bundle with Fluid-Structure Interaction; Pressure Vessel and Piping, July 27–31, 2008, Chicago]. Within the framework of the present study, the implementation of POD in academic cases (one-dimensional equations, 2D-single tube configuration) is presented. Then, firsts POD modes for a 2D tube bundle configuration is considered; the corresponding reduced model obtained thanks to a Galerkin projection on POD modes is finally presented. The fixed case is first studied; future work will concern the fluid-structure interaction problem. Present study recalls the efficiency of the reduced model to reproduce similar problems from a unique data set for various configurations as well as the efficiency of the reduction for simple cases. Results on the velocity flow-field obtained thanks to the reduced-order model computation are encouraging for future works of fluid-structure interaction and 3D cases.
The Dynamic Behavior of Protein Bubble in Casson Fluid
Authors: Wang Haimin , Huang Xiong , Yang Fan , Cai Wenjuan , Chen Eryun
Published: March 2011

A Casson model is selected to describe the flow behavior of blood. Considering the viscoelasticity of protein film, and the finite deformation of protein bubble under the action of a Casson fluid, a nonlinear equation describing the dynamic behavior for a single protein bubble in blood is developed. The numerical method is used to study the effect of viscoelasticity of the protein film, the characteristic parameters of Casson fluid and the effect of surface tension on the dynamic behavior of protein bubble. The results show that, increasing the viscosity of Casson liquid will accelerate the amplitude decaying of protein bubble wall; the period becomes longer. In the condition that the viscosity of protein film is greater than that of Casson fluid, increasing the viscoelasticity of protein film will also accelerate the amplitude decaying of protein bubble wall. Further more, the greater the viscoelasticity of protein film is, the stronger its load bearing capacity is. Under the consideration of surface tension, the bubble wall will vibrate with higher decaying velocity of amplitude. Without considering the surface tension will lead to a greater relative deformation of protein bubble.
Drag Reduction of Filaments and Poroelastic Bodies by Non-Linear Deformation
Authors: Gosselin Fre´de´rick P. , de Langre Emmanuel
Published: March 2011

Because of their flexibility, trees and other plants deform with great amplitude (reconfigure) when subjected to fluid flow. Hence the drag they encounter does not grow with the square of the flow velocity as it would on a classical bluff body, but rather in a less pronounced way. The reconfiguration of actual plants has been studied abundantly in wind tunnels and hydraulic canals, and recently a theoretical understanding of reconfiguration has been brought by combining modelling and experimentation on simple systems such as filaments and flat plates. These simple systems have a significant difference with actual plants in the fact that they are not porous: fluid only flows around them, not through them. We present experimentation and modelling of the reconfiguration of a simple poroelastic system. Proper scaling of the drag and the fluid loading allows comparing the reconfiguration regimes of porous systems to those of simple systems. It is found that in the large reconfiguration regime, the scaling of the drag with flow velocity is independent of the porosity for a range of parameter values.