bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Rate and Trend of Area, Production and Productivity of Tomato, Potato and Onion (TOP) Commodities for Madhya Pradesh in comparison to other major states of India: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Laxkar Harshita , Sarawgi A. K. , Mishra Shruti , Patel Sanskala
Published: August 2022

Aim: To estimate the trend and growth rate of area, production and productivity of tomato, potato and onion (TOP) commodities for MP in comparison to other major states of India.

Study and Design: Retrospective observational study to estimate the trend and  compound growth rate for the period of 10 years (2010-11 to 2019-20).

Methodology: Place of study- Out of 29 states of India 3 states were selected for the study under TOP commodities which cover around 70% of total production. For tomato - KR , AP & MP, For onion -MH ,KR & MP For Potato – UP, WB , & MP.

Method of analysis- The exponential trend equation was used to estimate the compound growth rate (CGR in %).

Results: CGR of area, production & productivity for Tomato in MP are 7.85%, 12.72%, 4.51% respectively, in Karnataka are 1.68%,1.35%,-0.32%,& in AP are -19.23%, -9.22%,12.4%. CGR of area, production & productivity for Onion in MP are 9.74%, 12.73%, 2.73%, in MH are 5.18%, 8.77%,3.42%, in KR are 0.01%, 2.04%,2.03%. CGR of area, production & productivity for Potato in MP are 4.82%, 13.47%, 8.24%, in UP are 0.92%, 0.51%,-0.41%.

Conclusion: On the basis of study it can be concluded that the trend and annual growth rate of area, production and productivity for TOP commodities in Madhya Pradesh was increasing and positive in comparison to other major states.
The Effect of Heating Duration on the Preference Level of Pindang Presto Indian Mackerel
Authors: Yulianti Tia , Pratama Rusky Intan , Herawati Titin , Rostini Iis
Published: August 2022

Indian Mackerel is one of the potential small pelagic fish and has a dense meat quality so that it can be made as a pindang product. Presto roasting is one of the processing performances resulting from the modification by applying high-temperature heating with a pressurized device whose process can reduce or eliminate fishy smell by maintaining the nutritional content and melting fish bones so that they can be consumed without causing pain, the length of the heating process can reduce quality disturbances. Organoleptic characteristics of the product affect consumer acceptance. This study aims to determine the effect of heating time on the nutritional content of pressure cookers and consumer power. This research was carried out from January 2022 to March 2022 and took place at the Laboratory of Fishery Products Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, and the Laboratory of the Faculty of Food Technology, Pasundan University. The method used is a non-parametric statistical method that consists of 3 treatments, namely the experimental heating time of 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes with 20 panelists with an average of 20 years old. The tests consisted of Friedman's test and Bayes' test which were discussed descriptively and proximate and calcium tests were carried out for the best treatment. The results showed that the most preferred Indian Mackerel pindang presto was an overall aromatic, texture, and taste, with 120 minutes of heating time. Organoleptic characteristics of Indian Mackerel with a heating time of 120 minutes have an effect on the appearance of brown fish meat, the scent of fish is not fishy, ​​the texture of the meat becomes softer and the spines and bones of the fish become soft so it can be consumed, and the taste is more savory. The research has succeeded in getting the best heating time, which is 120 minutes, which is the most preferred treatment by the panelists.
Evaluating Agricultural Extension Training and Education as Information-inputs for Maize Productivity in a Rural Set-up of North-Rift, Kenya
Authors: Cheruiyot Joseph Kipkorir
Published: August 2022

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of staple food in Kenya. Research innovations and physical inputs, and the capacity of farmers to use them are major ingredients for crop productivity enhancement. This study evaluated agricultural extension training and formal education as elements of farmers’ capacity to use innovations and inputs. The study was conducted in a rural setup of North Rift in Kenya. Data were gathered by use of interview schedules through cross-sectional survey from 502 households sampled purposively and by simple random sampling. Welch’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to test for differences between means. 42.8% of the participants reported that they had not received agricultural extension training, 57.2% had. 65.2% had up to primary level education, 34.8% had secondary and above. Formal education up to primary was regarded as basic. Results indicated that fertilizer-use rates and maize yields differed significantly between groups ‘who had received Extension training’ and those who ‘had not been trained’; t (482.785) = -9.228, P = .000 and t (496.513) = -7.095, P = .000, respectively. Regarding formal education, fertilizer-use rates and maize yields differed significantly between ‘basic education’ category and ‘higher than basic’; t (332.28) = -5.699, P = .000 and t (290.29) = -5.438, P = .000 respectively. The alternative Mann-Whitney U test showed similar results. Effect sizes as measured by Eta-squared (ƞ2) ranged from .06 (medium) to .1445 (large). It is concluded that Agricultural extension training had a highly significant influence on maize productivity. Formal education showed a positive impact on fertilizer-use adoption and maize productivity. This study has significance in the formulation of policy on agricultural extension training and investments to ensure all segments of society are equipped with relevant information for crop yield enhancement and food security.
Polarized Protagonists with the Cues of Similitude in Aravind Adiga’s Works as the Product of Globalization: Balram and Masterji
Authors: Kesur Bhupendra Nandlal , Andel Anil Vandeo
Published: August 2022

Globalization is the phenomenon which has been discussed in the contemporary period like never before. Globalization is the phenomenon of percolative nature which gets intermingled with every aspect of life either implicitly or explicitly. Globalization gets its reflection in literature and literary studies too. The novel is the prime genre of literature where globalization marks its presence. Indian novelists are being noticed at the global platform due to their contribution in literature. Aravind Adiga is one of the foremost fiction writers whose artistry has been acclaimed by the coveted prize of the Booker Prize. He has received the prize for his debut novel, The White Tiger in 2008. Adiga does not cease his workmanship and continues to offer the canvases of his artistry. His novels are the reflections of globalized society of the contemporary time. His debut novel, The White Tiger and Last Man in Tower are the best specimens of globalized world of the characters who are being observed in day-to-day life. Balram and Masterji are the protagonists of the first two novels of Adiga. The repercussions of globalization are evident in Balram and Masterji. It is not exaggeration to state that both are the products of globalization. It seems that both protagonists are placed polarised characteristics but they have texture of similitude too. The paper deals with the opposites and semblances of the two protagonists who revolve around the process of globalization.
Synergism of Organic Manure and Mycorrhizae Along with Inorganic Fertilizers on Crop Growth and Yield of Maize
Authors: Singh Rajat , Kumar Robin , Kumar Neeraj , Singh Digvijay , Pathak Pravendra Kumar
Published: August 2022

Field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2021-22 to evaluate the synergistic effect of organic manure and mycorrhizae on soil health and crop performance in winter maize (Zea mays L.) at Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya- 224229. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment consists of 8 treatments i.e. T1 (Control),T2 (100% RDF), T3 (80% RDF + 20% VC+ Mycorrhizae), T4 (80% RDF + 20% PM+ Mycorrhizae), T5 (60% RDF + 40% VC+ Mycorrhizae), T6 (60% RDF+ 40% PM+ Mycorrhizae), T7 (60% RDF+ 20% PM + 20 % VC+ Mycorrhizae), T8 (50% VC+ 50% PM+ Mycorrhizae). Results showed that growth and yields were substantially improved under Treatment T6 (60% RDF+ 40% N- PM+ Mycorrhizae) viz. plant height (cm), leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation (kg ha-1), cob length (cm), number of grain rows cob -1, number of grains cob-1, test weight (g), weight of cob (g), grain yield (q ha-1), stover yield (q ha-1) and  biological yield (q ha-1). Conclusively, synergistic incorporation of inorganic fertilizers with organic manure and mycorrhizae can be used with optimum rates to improve crop growth and productivity on sustainable basis.
Genetic Variability, Heritability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in Western Uttar Pradesh (India)
Authors: Tomar Harshit , Kumar Vipin , Singh Sudhanshu , Kumar Rupesh , Kumar Arvind
Published: August 2022

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season in 2021-22 in randomized block design with three replications. Total 19 diverse germplasm of Amaranth were studied for 12 growth and yield parameters. Analysis of variance for 19 genotypes of Amaranthrevealed significant difference for all the 12parameters, which indicated the presence of wide spectrum of variability among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the respective genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. High heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for all twelve characters. The highest heritability was recorded in biological yield per plant 99.49%and lowest for days to germination 69.95%. Correlation coefficient studies indicated that genotypic correlation coefficient was found to be higher than phenotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters, indicating a strong inherent association between various characters and due to which it is affected by environmental components in regard to phenotypic expression. Seed yield expressed highly significant and positive correlation with plant height and biological yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level, which implies that these characters were the primer contributing factors to seed yield. All the combination of traits should be considered, while breeding programme for selecting high yielding genotypes and suitable for breeders to achieving improved plant type. Path coefficient analysis revealed that highest positive direct effect on seed yield kg per ha was observed for biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant, number of leaves per plant, days to maturity, days to germination, inflorescence length, fresh leaf weight and plant height. Improvement of these characters might be improved.
Micro Encapsulation and Characterization of Diclosulam in Xanthan Gum Based Polymeric System for Smart Delivery of Herbicide in Crop Production
Authors: Mummasani Asritha , Marimuthu S. , Balachandar D. , Radhamani S. , Bharathi C. , Gowtham G. , Shanmugapriya S.
Published: August 2022

Aim: Micro encapsulation of diclosulam herbicide was done in xanthan gum based polymeric system through ionotropic gelation method to formulate a slow-release herbicide to achieve prolonged weed control in irrigated upland ecosystem.

Place and Duration of Study: The slow-release formulation of diclosulam was synthesized and characterized in the Department of Nano Science & Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University during January to July 2022.

Methodology: Xanthan gum- alginate microsphere system was synthesized with varying concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2) (2, 4 and 6 per cent) to encapsulate diclosulam through ionotropic gelation. The size, entrapment efficiency, pore volume, pore radius, surface area and swelling behavior of microspheres were assessed to achieve higher loading of diclosulam and good stability of microspheres.

Results: The mean diameter of xanthan gum-alginate microsphere was higher with 6 per cent ion gelation bath followed by the concentration of 4 and 2 per cent. Higher entrapment efficiency of diclosulam was achieved with loading of two percent diclosulam in six per cent calcium crosslinked microspheres.

Conclusion: Xanthan gum-alginate microsphere system offers both burst release and controlled release of active ingredients. However, controlled release polymeric templates with herbicide will synchronize the release of herbicide with the emergence of weeds in the cropped situations for better weed management.
Assessment of Soil Fertility and Creation of Thematic Mapping in the Coastal Soils of Ramanathapuram Block, Ramanathapuram District in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Arulkumar V. , Prabhaharan J. , Shanmugasundaram R. , Gurusamy A. , Mini M. L. , Kannan P.
Published: August 2022

Aims:  A view of the current analysis used GPS and GIS techniques to evaluate and map the soil fertility status of the Ramanathapuram block in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, India.

Study Design: In this study, a systematic set of 100 georeferenced soil samples were collected from 100 selected villages and analyzed for 10 chemical parameters and the data along with GPS readings were used for the preparation of soil fertility maps using GIS.

Methodology: Hundred soil samples were collected from the sixteen revenue villages of Ramanathapuram block, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu during the pre-monsoon season with lat-long coordinates by using GPS to evaluate the soil fertility. Ramanathapuram block is the middle- coastal block of Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu. 

Results: In the present study, the mean soil values of pH (8.16), EC (0.74 dSm-1), organic carbon content (2.52 g/kg), Available N (159.36kgha-1), Available P (30.83 kgha-1), Available K (355.39kgha-1) and (Di- Ethylene Triamine Penta Acidic Acid DTPA) extractable micronutrients viz., Fe (7.21), Zn (0.16), Mn (6.46) and Cu (1.36) ppm were recorded respectively in Ramanathapuram block of Ramanathapuram district. Thematic maps pertaining to soil fertility were prepared using Arc GIS software 10.1.

Conclusion: The georeferenced sampling sites can be revisited with the help of GPS, which helps in monitoring the soil fertility changes over long run. Further, it will be useful to the researchers, planners, policymakers, extension workers of the State Department of Agriculture, fertilizer industries, and farmers.
Soil Enzyme Activity and Nutrient Uptake as Influenced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Tobacco Rhizosphere under Parasitic Weed Stress Condition
Authors: Waratadar Asif , Nirmalnath P. Jones , Matiwade P. S. , Navi Vithal
Published: August 2022

The present study assessed the effect of   Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake and soil enzyme activity of tobacco rhizosphere under parasitic weed stress condition. The experiment was carried out in Orobanche infested soils of Belagavi district during 2018-19. During the investigation different inoculation methods of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were screened for their ability to improve the nutrient uptake and soil enzyme activity i.e. (pre inoculation of nursery seedlings; direct soil application and the combination of both). The present experimental results revealed that soil enzyme activities like dehydrogenase, phosphates and urease activity was highest in treatments received planting of pre colonized tobacco seedling with STD AMF along with soil application at the time of planting and second highest was recorded in the treatment received pre colonized UASDAMFT plus soil application. Furthermore nutrient uptake like N, P, K and micronutrients were found to be the highest in the plots received mycorrhization compare to the rhizosphere of non mycorrhized plants. In mycorrhizosphere the activity of mycorrhizal fungi and other beneficial microorganisms could be a source for different soil enzyme needed for biochemical reaction in the plant rhizosphere.
Effects of Ethanolic Root Extract of Clitoria ternatea against Experimentally Induced Convulsions and Anxiety in Rodents
Authors: Reddy V N. V. L. Suvarchala , Raju M. Ganga , Niharika M. , Pratyusha B.
Published: August 2022

In animal models for screening for anticonvulsant activity, it has been scientifically established that medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine for the treatment of epilepsy possess promising anticonvulsant properties and can be a source of newer anticonvulsants. This study's objective was to evaluate the ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn for its preliminary phytochemical components, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated against Maximum electroshock (MES) induced convulsion and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsion model in rats. Using phenytoin (25 mg/kg) as a standard drug, the efficacy of the extract at oral dose levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg were evaluated in an experimental rat model. The marble bury test was used to assess the mice for anxiolytic activity, and lorazepam served as the standard drug at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening revealed that C. ternatea extract contain carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, triterpenoids, phenols and steroids. The ethanolic extract significantly decreased the duration of tonic flexion and tonic extension in MES induced model (p<0.05). The ethanolic extract significantly increased the latency of convulsion and decreased the duration of convulsion in PTZ induced model (p<0.05). The ethanolic root extract were found to be significantly decrease the number of marbles buried in the treated groups as compared to control group, indicating anxiolytic activity. According to specific investigations, terpenes and steroids exhibited anticonvulsant effects in some experimental seizure models, including MES and PTZ. Alkaloids and triterpenes, which are phytoconstituents in ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea (EECT), might be the basis of its anxiolytic actions. Based on the findings of the study, Clitoria ternatea's ethanolic root extract has anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects on animals.
Effect of Application of Zinc on Seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla
Authors: Ferreira Cleidiane de Andrade , Damascena Jossimara Ferreira , Moraes Rafael Guimarães Silva , Melo Márcio Silva , Melo Bruno Silva , Borges Karolinne Silva , Martins da Silva Lorrayne
Published: August 2022

Eucalyptus represents a species with consolidated cultivation in the Cerrado and that has been cultivated in several states that cover this Biome. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the growth and development of Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings in response to soil and foliar zinc application in a Cerrado Red Latosol. Two experiments were set up in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and seven replications. The first experiment consisted of five doses of Zn, in the form of zinc sulfate for both experiments, 0; 2.5; 5; 10 and 20 mg/dm³ applied via soil and the second experiment consisted of five doses of Zn, 0; 2.5; 5; 10 and 20 mg/L applied via foliage plus an extra dose of 20 mg/dm³ of Zn applied via soil, this dose being necessary due to the low zinc content in the soil and which could compromise the initial development of seedlings that would receive applications via leaf. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and after 80 days of planting, the following were evaluated: stem diameter (neck), height, root length, number of leaves, shoot and root dry matter, total dry matter, of macro and micronutrients in leaves and gas exchange: internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis rate. Even though Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings did not show statistically significant differences, part of the evaluated variables showed a positive response to the application of zinc, analyzing the linear and quadratic regression graphs, mainly at doses of 10 and 20 mg/L and 10 and 20 g/dm³.
Improvement of Standards for Establishing 119 Safety Center to Secure Golden Time
Authors: Koh Hayeong , Kim Jimin , Lim Hyejin , Kum Kijung
Published: August 2022

Despite continuous efforts to secure the fire “golden time,” such as implementing an emergency vehicle pre-emption system and expanding the dispatch zone, the arrival rate of fire engines within the golden time in Korea averaged 68% nationwide as of 2019. In particular, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, and Gyeongbuk recorded less than half of arrivals in the golden time. Securing the golden time is directly related to fire extinguishing time and casualties, so efforts to shorten the dispatch time are being made; however, research on the standards for establishing fire stations is insufficient. Under the current law, 119 safety centers are established based on the population and area, so regional characteristics, such as use districts, land use patterns, and urban density, cannot be considered. The purpose of this study was to analyze quantitatively the influence of such factors on the arrival rate within the golden time through binary logistic regression analysis and to suggest directions for improving the current 119 safety center establishment standards. It was found that the arrival rate within the golden time is affected by land use patterns, and it was determined that 119 safety centers are currently somewhat concentrated in residential and commercial areas. In addition, the arrival rate within the golden time increases when local governments install an emergency vehicle pre-emption system. Finally, the arrival rate within the golden time was low in the case of fire on roads caused by traffic accidents and vehicle defects. In the future, if the spatial scope of analysis can be expanded nationwide and fire engine dispatch routes can be used, the arrival rate within the golden time can be increased by creating guidelines for establishing 119 safety centers considering the regional characteristics of each local government.
Case Study on Soil Liquefaction Effects in Pohang Using GPR Scanning
Authors: Na Geonha , Ahn Donghee , Kim Sanghoon
Published: August 2022

Owing to the aftershocks of the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes, the number of recent earthquakes (more than scale 2.0) has increased by approximately four to five times compared with previous years. There is a high possibility that earthquake damage and liquefaction will be caused by a strong earthquake in the future. Therefore, this study focused on the first liquefaction in Korea, which occurred in the 2017 Pohang earthquake (M5.4), and a field survey was conducted in the damaged area using portable two-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) equipment. A detailed analysis of the damaged areas was performed using Voxler 3 (Golden Software), a three-dimensional analysis program, based on the results obtained at the site. The results show that the six survey areas in Pohang Songdo are located on the Quaternary alluvial layer and include landfills constructed by reclaiming part of the river and seas to create factory, residential land, and other sites, so it is extremely vulnerable to liquefaction in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a ground survey in advance and apply a countermeasure method that suits the situation of the site because it is feared that large-scale liquefaction damage will occur in the event of a larger earthquake than the Pohang one.
Temporal Trend in Landslide Occurrences in Post-fire Areas over the Past Two Decades
Authors: Lee Kihwan , Lee Changwoo , Eu Song
Published: August 2022

Analyzing the effects of forest fires on sediment dynamics is essential to establish effective mitigation measures to reduce the risk of fire-related sediment disasters, such as landslides, debris flows, and hyperconcentrated flows. The objective of this study was to investigate the temporal trend in landslide occurrences after a forest fire based on the statistical data of forest fires and landslides recorded over the past two decades. The results suggested that the landslide occurrences in the post-fire area increased the most in 1 - 5 years after the fire. Typically, landslide occurrences in the post-fire area decreased as the burnt slopes were covered with grass and shrubs within five years after a fire. However, our data showed that the frequency of landslide occurrences revealed relatively higher value until 6 - 10 years after the fire. This result was considered owing to the decrease in relative resistance to landslides initiated by root decay in the burnt slopes. Overall, the risk of landslides after forest fires is presumed to be higher than the pre-fire condition for the period that the root system of burnt slopes is regrowth and recovery (10 - 20 years or more after the fire).
Association of Neurocritical Care Services With Mortality and Functional Outcomes for Adults With Brain Injury
Authors: Pham Xiuxian , Ray Jason , Neto Ary Serpa , Laing Joshua , Perucca Piero , Kwan Patrick , O’Brien Terence J. , Udy Andrew A.
Published: August 2022

Importance

Neurocritical care (NCC) aims to improve the outcomes of critically ill patients with brain injury, although the benefits of such subspecialized care are yet to be determined.

Objective

To evaluate the association of NCC with patient-centered outcomes in adults with acute brain injury who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). The protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42020177190).

Data Sources

Three electronic databases were searched (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from inception through December 15, 2021, and by citation chaining.

Study Selection

Studies were included for interventions of neurocritical care units (NCCUs), neurointensivists, or NCC consulting services compared with general care in populations of neurologically ill adults or adults with acute brain injury in ICUs.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Data extraction was performed in keeping with PRISMA guidelines and risk of bias assessed through the ROBINS-I Cochrane tool by 2 independent reviewers. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at longest follow-up until 6 months. Secondary outcomes were ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and functional outcomes. Data were measured as risk ratio (RR) if dichotomous or standardized mean difference if continuous. Subgroup analyses were performed for disease and models of NCC delivery.

Results

After 5659 nonduplicated published records were screened, 26 nonrandomized observational studies fulfilled eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis of mortality outcomes for 55 792 patients demonstrated a 17% relative risk reduction (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.92; P = .001) in those receiving subspecialized care (n = 27 061) compared with general care (n = 27 694). Subgroup analyses did not identify subgroup differences. Eight studies including 4667 patients demonstrated a 17% relative risk reduction (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.97; P = .03) for an unfavorable functional outcome with subspecialized care compared with general care. There were no differences in LOS outcomes. Heterogeneity was substantial in all analyses.

Conclusions and Relevance

Subspecialized NCC is associated with improved survival and functional outcomes for critically ill adults with brain injury. However, confidence in the evidence is limited by substantial heterogeneity. Further investigations are necessary to determine the specific aspects of NCC that contribute to these improved outcomes and its cost-effectiveness.
Entropy‐Change Driven Highly Reversible Sodium Storage for Conversion‐Type Sulfide
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zhang Yu , Chen Xi , Sun Ge , Yang Xu , Zeng Yi , Tian Ruiyuan , Du Fei
Published: August 2022

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are reported to be efficient sodium storage anode materials due to their rich redox chemistry and good electronic conductivity features. However, the issues of poor reaction reversibility and cyclability, caused by structure degradation and volume expansion during repeated (de)sodiation processes, have far limited the applicability of these materials. Herein, a high‐entropy configuration strategy is reported for Cu4MnFeSnGeS8 anodes for advanced sodium ion batteries. In this high‐entropy material, the homogeneously dispersed cations can effectively suppress the continuous coarseness of Sn nanoparticles and maintain valid interface contact between M0 and Na2S, thus achieving highly reversible sodium storage. Moreover, the highly reversible crystalline‐phase transformation of high‐entropy Cu4MnFeSnGeS8 and highly inherent mechanical stability can effectively relieve the persistently accumulated mechanical stress, thus restraining continuous breakage of the solid electrolyte interphase film and pulverization of the electrode, and improving cycling stability. Furthermore, when coupled with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, the full cell shows a high energy density (264 Wh kg–1), which makes the high‐entropy‐stabilized sulfide a promising anode candidate for SIBs.
Harnessing the Metal–Insulator Transition of VO2 in Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Schofield Parker , Bradicich Adelaide , Gurrola Rebeca M. , Zhang Yuwei , Brown Timothy D. , Pharr Matt , Shamberger Patrick J. , Banerjee Sarbajit
Published: August 2022

Future‐generation neuromorphic computing seeks to overcome the limitations of von Neumann architectures by colocating logic and memory functions, thereby emulating the function of neurons and synapses in the human brain. Despite remarkable demonstrations of high‐fidelity neuronal emulation, the predictive design of neuromorphic circuits starting from knowledge of material transformations remains challenging. VO2 is an attractive candidate since it manifests a near‐room‐temperature, discontinuous, and hysteretic metal–insulator transition. The transition provides a nonlinear dynamical response to input signals, as needed to construct neuronal circuit elements. Strategies for tuning the transformation characteristics of VO2 based on modification of material properties, interfacial structure, and field couplings, are discussed. Dynamical modulation of transformation characteristics through in situ processing is discussed as a means of imbuing synaptic function. Mechanistic understanding of site‐selective modification; external, epitaxial, and chemical strain; defect dynamics; and interfacial field coupling in modifying local atomistic structure, the implications therein for electronic structure, and ultimately, the tuning of transformation characteristics, is emphasized. Opportunities are highlighted for inverse design and for using design principles related to thermodynamics and kinetics of electronic transitions learned from VO2 to inform the design of new Mott materials, as well as to go beyond energy‐efficient computation to manifest intelligence.
Hydrogel‐Based Flexible Electronics
Authors: Hu Lixuan , Chee Pei Lin , Sugiarto Sigit , Yu Yong , Shi Chuanqian , Yan Ren , Yao Zhuoqi , Shi Xuewen , Zhi Jiacai , Kai Dan , Yu Hai‐Dong , Huang Wei
Published: August 2022

Flexible electronics is an emerging field of research involving multiple disciplines, which include but not limited to physics, chemistry, materials science, electronic engineering, and biology. However, the broad applications of flexible electronics are still restricted due to several limitations, including high Young's modulus, poor biocompatibility, and poor responsiveness. Innovative materials aiming for overcoming these drawbacks and boost its practical application is highly desirable. Hydrogel is a class of 3D crosslinked hydrated polymer networks, and its exceptional material properties render it as a promising candidate for the next generation of flexible electronics. Here, the latest methods of synthesizing advanced functional hydrogels and the state‐of‐art applications of hydrogel‐based flexible electronics in various fields are reviewed. More importantly, the correlation between properties of the hydrogel and device performance is discussed here, to have better understanding of the development of flexible electronics by using environmentally responsive hydrogels. Last, perspectives on the current challenges and future directions in the development of hydrogel‐based multifunctional flexible electronics are provided.
Nitrogenized 2D Covalent Organic Framework Decorated Ni‐Rich Single Crystal Cathode to Ameliorate the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Batteries
Authors: Saleem Adil , Majeed Muhammad K. , Iqbal Rashid , Hussain Arshad , Naeem M. Shahzaib , Rauf Sajid , Wang Yuliang , Javed Muhammad Sufyan , Shen Jun
Published: August 2022

Organic cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have elicited interest due to their wide‐ranging structures and finely regulated molecular levels. However, designing a cathode material with a high specific capacity, high rate‐performance, and long‐cycle life remains highly challenging. Herein, a nitrogenized 2D covalent organic framework (COF) with maximal active and minimal inactive groups is described and created by utilizing a coating material for single crystal LiNi0.78Mn0.12Co0.1O2 (SCNMC) cathodes for LIBs. The composite cathode delivers a high reversible capacity of 160.5 mAh g−1 at 1 C with a retention rate of 87.5% after 200 cycles. The cycled SCNMC@COF particles show no lattice gliding and micro‐cracks, demonstrating that the SC shape may considerably reduce anisotropic micro‐strain. This efficient, repeatable, and customizable method for producing SCNMC cathodes shall hasten their commercialization. The solid framework further ensures outstanding capacity retention and rate performance. According to density functional theory calculations, optimizing the loading of redox‐active groups in a stable network structure is an efficient technique for designing a stable structure and improving the cycling life of SCNCM cathode material.
Sulfonated Cellulose Membranes: Physicochemical Properties and Ionic Transport versus Degree of Sulfonation
Authors: Lander Sanna , Erlandsson Johan , Vagin Mikhail , Gueskine Viktor , Korhonen Leena , Berggren Magnus , Wågberg Lars , Crispin Xavier
Published: August 2022

The next generation of green ion selective membranes is foreseen to be based on cellulosic nanomaterials with controllable properties. The introduction of ionic groups into the cellulose structure via chemical modification is one strategy to obtain desired functionalities. In this work, bleached softwood fibers are oxidatively sulfonated and thereafter homogenized to liberate the cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from the fiber walls. The liberated CNFs are subsequently used to prepare and characterize novel cellulose membranes. It is found that the degree of sulfonation collectively affects several important properties of the membranes via the density of fixed charged groups on the surfaces of the CNFs, in particular the membrane morphology, water uptake and swelling, and correspondingly the ionic transport. Both ionic conductivity and cation transport increase with the increased level of sulfonation of the starting material. Thus, it is shown that the chemical modification of the CNFs can be used as a tool for precise and rational design of green ion selective membranes that can replace expensive conventional fluorinated ionomer membranes.
Extracellular Hydraulic Resistance Enhances Cell Migration
Authors: Maity Debonil , Bera Kaustav , Li Yizeng , Ge Zhuoxu , Ni Qin , Konstantopoulos Konstantinos , Sun Sean X.
Published: August 2022

Cells migrating in vivo encounter microenvironments with varying physical properties. One such physical variable is the fluid viscosity surrounding the cell. Increased viscosity is expected to increase the hydraulic resistance experienced by the cell and decrease cell speed. The authors demonstrate that contrary to this expected result, cells migrate faster in high viscosity media on 2‐dimensional substrates. Both actin dynamics and water dynamics driven by ion channel activity are examined. Results show that cells increase in area in high viscosity and actomyosin dynamics remain similar. Inhibiting ion channel fluxes in high viscosity media results in a large reduction in cell speed, suggesting that water flux contributes to the observed speed increase. Moreover, inhibiting actin‐dependent vesicular trafficking that transports ion channels to the cell boundary changes ion channel spatial positioning and reduces cell speed in high viscosity media. Cells also display altered Ca2+activity in high viscosity media, and when cytoplasmic Ca2+is sequestered, cell speed reduction and altered ion channel positioning are observed. Taken together, it is found that the cytoplasmic actin‐phase and water‐phase are coupled to drive cell migration in high viscosity media, in agreement with physical modeling that also predicts the observed cell speedup in high viscosity environments.
Synthetic Retinoid Kills Drug‐Resistant Cancer Stem Cells via Inducing RARγ‐Translocation‐Mediated Tension Reduction and Chromatin Decondensation
Authors: Zhang Yao , Dong Qi , An Quanlin , Zhang Chumei , Mohagheghian Erfan , Niu Bing , Qi Feng , Wei Fuxiang , Chen Sihan , Chen Xinman , Wang Anqi , Cao Xin , Wang Ning , Chen Junwei
Published: August 2022

A recently developed synthetic retinoid abrogates proliferation and induces apoptosis of drug‐resistant malignant‐cancer‐stem‐cell‐like cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of how the synthetic retinoid induces cancer‐stem‐cell‐like cell tumor‐repopulating cell (TRC) apoptosis are elusive. Here, it is shown that although the retinoid and conventional anticancer drugs cisplatin, all‐trans retinoic acid, and tazarotene all inhibit cytoskeletal tension and decondense chromatin prior to inducing TRC apoptosis, half‐maximal inhibitory concentration of the retinoid is 20‐fold lower than those anticancer drugs. The synthetic retinoid induces retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, leading to reduced RARγ binding to Cdc42 promoter and Cdc42 downregulation, which decreases filamentous‐actin (F‐actin) and inhibits cytoskeletal tension. Elevating F‐actin or upregulating histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation decreases retinoid‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis of TRCs. The combinatorial treatment with a chromatin decondensation molecule and the retinoid inhibits tumor metastasis in mice more effectively than the synthetic retinoid alone. These findings suggest a strategy of lowering cell tension and decondensing chromatin to enhance DNA damage to abrogate metastasis of cancer‐stem‐cell‐like cells with high efficacy.
Tumor Microenvironment Stimuli‐Responsive Single‐NIR‐Laser Activated Synergistic Phototherapy for Hypoxic Cancer by Perylene Functionalized Dual‐Targeted Upconversion Nanoparticles
Authors: Jia Xiuna , Liu Deming , Yu Cong , Niu Niu , Li Dan , Wang Jin , Wang Erkang
Published: August 2022

Although synergistic therapy has shown great promise for effective treatment of cancer, the unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy of photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy is resulted from the absorption wavelength mismatch, tumor hypoxia, photosensitizer leakage, and inability in intelligent on‐demand activation. Herein, based on the characteristics of tumor microenvironment (TME), such as the slight acidity, hypoxia, and overexpression of H2O2, a TME stimuli‐responsive and dual‐targeted composite nanoplatform (UCTTD‐PC4) is strategically explored by coating a tannic acid (TA)/Fe3+ nanofilm with good biocompatibility onto the upconversion nanoparticles in an ultrafast, green and simple way. The pH‐responsive feature of UCTTD‐PC4 remains stable during the blood circulation, while rapidly releases Fe3+ in the slightly acidic tumor cells, which results in catalyzing H2O2 to produce O2 and overcoming the tumor hypoxia. Notably, the emission spectrum of the UCTTD perfectly matches the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer (perylene probe (PC4)) to achieve the enhanced therapeutic effect triggered by a single laser. This study provides a new strategy for the rational design and development of the safe and efficient single near‐infrared laser‐triggered synergistic treatment platform for hypoxic cancer under the guidance of multimodal imaging.
Grassland easement acquisition: Conversion hazard rate, additionality, spatial spillover, and heuristics
Authors: Miao Ruiqing , Feng Hongli , Hennessy David A. , Arora Gaurav , Loesch Charles R.
Published: August 2022

This study investigates optimal grassland easement acquisition strategies with a focus on the roles of environmental benefit additionality and spatial spillover effect of grassland conversion. Numerical analysis shows that the optimal solution under a targeting strategy that does not consider any spatial spillover effect may secure less environmental benefit additionality than does a heuristic algorithm that considers spatial spillover. Moreover, heuristic algorithms that consider either conversion probability or spatial spillover can generally achieve more than 97% of environmental benefit additionality obtained under the optimal solution of a targeting strategy that considers both additionality and spatial spillover.
Replacing fallow with field pea in wheat production systems across western Nebraska
Authors: Koeshall Samuel T. , Easterly Amanda C. , Werle Rodrigo , Stepanovic Strahinja , Creech Cody F.
Published: August 2022

Integration of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (FP) into dryland cropping systems has increased due to ecological and economic benefits, paired with a growing market for pea‐derived products. Challenges exist in the High Plains that limit the integration of crop rotations to replace fallow periods with FP in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐based systems. This experiment compares chemical summer fallow to FP in a fallow–wheat rotation at two locations in western Nebraska. Soil water content, soil fertility, N mineralization, FP yield, and subsequent hard red winter wheat (HWW) yields were recorded. Subsequent HWW yields were not different between crop sequences (P = .42). The interaction of site‐year with crop sequence explained the HWW yield differences (P = .0005), mostly due to precipitation variability among site‐years. Most soil parameters tested only showed a main effect of date due to temporal changes in soil nutrient cycling. Replacing summer fallow with FP resulted in reduced soil water content, however, that did not result in long‐term moisture deficiency due to crop sequence type. System annualized gross revenue was equal to or greater for 2 site‐years for FP compared with fallow, with an average increase of US$113.15 ha–1. Pea–wheat reduced annualized net losses in 1 site‐year by $70 ha–1 compared with fallow–wheat in the "average" pricing model. Among 3 site‐years and three pricing models, pea–wheat resulted in greater net profit or reduced net losses compared with fallow–wheat in 5 site‐year comparisons.
An Organo‐Palladium Host Built from a Dynamic Macrocyclic Ligand: Adaptive Self‐Assembly, Induced‐Fit Guest Binding, and Catalysis
Authors: Yan Dan‐Ni , Cai Li‐Xuan , Hu Shao‐Jun , Zhou Yan‐Fang , Zhou Li‐Peng , Sun Qing‐Fu
Published: August 2022

Artificial hosts with rich conformational dynamics are attractive to supramolecular chemists due to their adaptive guest‐binding properties and enzyme‐like catalytic functions. We report here the adaptive self‐assembly and host‐guest catalysis of a new water‐soluble organo‐palladium host (Pd2L2) built from a pyridinium‐bonded macrocyclic ligand (L) andcis‐blocked palladium corners (Pd). While the direct self‐assembly of L with Pd gives rise to a dynamic mixture of products, both neutral polyaromatic hydrocarbons and an anionic polyoxometalate cluster (W10O324−) can template the dominant formation of the Pd2L2host. Guest‐adaptive conformational changes and induced‐fit cavity deformation of the Pd2L2host have been clearly observed in the crystal structures. Moreover, the installation of the electron‐rich W10O324−cluster within the cationic redox‐active host (W10O32⊂Pd2L2) facilitates the efficient and selective C−H photooxidation of toluene derivatives to aldehyde products under mild conditions, thus representing an ideal platform for green supramolecular catalysis.
Photoelectrocatalytic Reforming of Polyol‐based Biomass into CO and H2 over Nitrogen‐doped WO3 with Built‐in Electric Fields
Authors: Kong Fanhao , Zhou Hongru , Chen Zhiwei , Dou Zhaolin , Wang Min
Published: August 2022

CO and H2 evolution from renewable and abundant biomass represent a sustainable way, but is challenged to be produced under mild conditions. Herein, we propose to produce CO and H2 from biomass via a divided photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell at room temperature. Nitrogen doped tungsten trioxide (N‐WO3) photoanode reforms biopolyols to CO and H+, and platinum cathode reduces H+ to H2, achieving CO evolution rate of 45 mmol m−2 h−1 (>75 % gas selectivity) and H2 evolution rate of 237 mmol m−2 h−1 with purity >99.99 % from glycerol. The nitrogen doping induces structure polarity of WO3 photoanode, leading to the formation of an internal electric field which promotes the separation and transfer of the photoinduced charges and improves PEC efficiency. A wide range of biopolyols, such as ethylene glycol, xylose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, and inulin were effectively converted into CO and H2. This work provides a promising method to produce highly pure H2 together with CO from biomass.
Anion‐Trap Engineering toward Remarkable Crystallographic Reorientation and Efficient Cation Migration of Zn Ion Batteries
Authors: Qiu Meijia , Sun Peng , Wang Yu , Ma Liang , Zhi Chunyi , Mai Wenjie
Published: August 2022

Zn batteries are considered as potential candidates in future power sources, however suffer problems of rampant dendrite/by‐product on Zn anodes, torpid Zn2+ transfer/diffusion and poor energy density. Inspired by the host‐guest interaction chemistry, an anion‐trap agent β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) is introduced into the Zn(ClO4)2 electrolyte to induce dominant Zn (002) deposition and improve Zn2+ migration behaviors. The anion ClO4− is revealed to be trapped inside the cavity of β‐CD, impairing barriers for Zn2+ migration and significantly elevating the Zn2+ transference number to 0.878. Meanwhile, the β‐CD@ClO4− complex shows the function in preferential growth of the Zn (002), blocking the approach of dendrite growth. Above combined functions lead to substantial enhancement in long‐term stability and cell capacity, as proved by 10 times longer life of Zn||Zn symmetric cells and 57 % capacity increasement of Zn‐MnO2 full cells (at 0.1 A g−1) compared with that of pure Zn(ClO4)2 electrolyte.
Synthesis of Fully Exposed Single‐Atom‐Layer Metal Clusters on 2D Ordered Mesoporous TiO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Duan Linlin , Hung Chin‐Te , Wang Jinxiu , Wang Changyao , Ma Bing , Zhang Wei , Ma Yuzhu , Zhao Zaiwang , Yang Chaochao , Zhao Tiancong , Peng Liang , Liu Di , Zhao Dongyuan , Li Wei
Published: August 2022

A sulfhydryl monomicelles interfacial assembly strategy is presented for the synthesis of fully exposed single‐atom‐layer Pt clusters on 2D mesoporous TiO2 (SAL‐Pt@mTiO2) nanosheets. This synthesis features the introduction of the sulfhydryl group in monomicelles to finely realize the controllable co‐assembly process of Pt precursors within ordered mesostructures. The resultant SAL‐Pt@mTiO2 shows uniform SAL Pt clusters (≈1.2 nm) anchored in ultrathin 2D nanosheets (≈7 nm) with a high surface area (139 m2 g−1), a large pore size (≈25 nm) and a high dispersion (≈99 %). Moreover, this strategy is universal for the synthesis of other SAL metal clusters (Pd and Au) on 2D mTiO2 with high exposure and accessibility. When used as a catalyst for hydrogenation of 4‐nitrostyrene, the SAL‐Pt@mTiO2 shows a high catalytic activity (TOF up to 2424 h−1), 100 % selectivity for 4‐aminostyrene, good stability, and anti‐resistance to thiourea poisoning under relatively mild conditions (25 °C, 10 bar).