bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of vesicoamniotic shunt in fetuses with congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nassr A. A. , Shazly S. A. M. , Abdelmagied A. M. , Araujo Júnior E. , Tonni G. , Kilby M. D. , Ruano R.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effect on perinatal and postnatal survival of vesicoamniotic shunt (VAS) as treatment for fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO).

Methods

An electronic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus using relevant search terms was conducted from inception to June 2015 to identify studies comparing outcomes of VAS vs conservative management for treatment of LUTO. Cohort studies and clinical trials were considered eligible. Single‐arm studies and studies that did not report survival were excluded. Sample size and language were not criteria for exclusion. Two reviewers extracted independently data in a standardized form, including study characteristics and results. Primary outcomes were perinatal and postnatal survival. Secondary outcome was postnatal renal function. Data on fetal survival were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI.

Results

Of the 423 abstracts retrieved, nine studies were eligible for inclusion. These studies included 112 fetuses treated with VAS and 134 that were managed conservatively. There was heterogeneity in study design. Although the data demonstrated a difference in effect estimates between the study arms in terms of perinatal survival (OR, 2.54 (95% CI, 1.14–5.67)), there was no difference in 6–12‐month survival (OR, 1.77 (95% CI, 0.25–12.71)) or 2‐year survival (OR, 1.81 (95% CI, 0.09–38.03)). In addition, there was no difference in effect on postnatal renal function between fetuses that underwent intervention and those that did not (OR, 2.09 (95% CI, 0.74–5.94)).

Conclusions

Available data seem to support an advantage for perinatal survival in fetuses treated with VAS compared with conservative management. However, 1–2‐year survival and outcome of renal function after VAS procedure remain uncertain. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of fetal intervention for LUTO based on different severity of the disease, due to the very low quality of the studies according to GRADE guidelines. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Human right to sanitation in the legal and non‐legal literature: the need for greater synergy
Authors: Obani Pedi , Gupta Joyeeta
Published: June 2016

This review paper analyzes the legal and non‐legal literature on the human right to sanitation (HRS). It shows that despite applying different paradigms in framing the HRS, both literature support the following three main conclusions: (a) state and non‐state actors, particularly NGOs and private service providers, have potentially mutually supportive roles in the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation (HRWS); (b) the implementation is enmeshed in three potential conflicts—between the human rights approach and cost recovery, state provision of services and the implicit legitimization of informal settlements, and the empowerment of vocal rights holders rather than the marginalized rights holders for whom these rights are primarily meant; and (c) HRWS needs to be better linked to other fields and broader issues to ensure complementarities. The paper also highlights important lessons for both legal and non‐legal scholars to learn from each other's research and possibly forge strong multi‐ and interdisciplinary research themes. Non‐legal scholars can benefit from the legal literature's coverage of: (a) the normative content of the HRWS; (b) the theoretical justifications for HRWS; (c) the legal status of HRWS; (d) enforcement mechanisms; and (e) the accountability of duty bearers. Legal scholars can also benefit from the non‐legal literature's coverage of: (a) a broader scope for the HRWS and the indicators and monitoring systems used by non‐lawyers; (b) learning from the community‐led total sanitation (CLTS) experience; (c) the economic justifications for HRWS; (d) the need to link to appropriate technologies; and (e) the accountability of non‐state actors. WIREs Water 2016, 3:678–691. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1162

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Sarcopenia/Muscle Mass is not a Prognostic Factor for Short‐ and Long‐Term Outcome After Esophagectomy for Cancer
Authors: Grotenhuis Brechtje A. , Shapiro Joël , van Adrichem Stefan , de Vries Marianne , Koek Marcel , Wijnhoven Bas P. L. , van Lanschot J. Jan B.
Published: June 2016

Background

Recent studies have suggested that sarcopenia is a prognostic risk indicator of postoperative complications and predicts survival in cancer patients. The aim of this study is to investigate whether sarcopenia is associated with postoperative short‐term outcome (morbidity and mortality) and long‐term survival in patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

Methods

All patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy for cancer, and of whom an adequate CT scan was available, were included in the current study. The presence of sarcopenia was defined by CT imaging using cut‐off values of the total cross‐sectional muscle tissue measured transversely at the third lumbar level.

Results

A total number of 120 patients were eligible for analysis. Almost half of the patients (N = 54, 45 %) were classified as having sarcopenia; 24 sarcopenic patients (44 %) had overweight and 5 sarcopenic patients (9 %) were obese. Overall morbidity and mortality rate did not differ significantly between sarcopenic and non‐sarcopenic patients, nor did long‐term overall or disease‐free survival. Also sarcopenic obesity was not associated with worse outcome.

Conclusion

The presence of sarcopenia was not associated with a negative short‐ and long‐term outcome in this selected group of esophageal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy.
PCE dechlorination by non-Dehalococcoides in a microbial electrochemical system
Authors: Yu Jaecheul , Park Younghyun , Nguyen Van Khanh , Lee Taeho
Published: June 2016

The bioremediation of tetrachloroethene (perchloroethene; PCE) contaminated sites generally requires a supply of some fermentable organic substrates as an electron donor. On the other hand, organic substrates can induce the massive growth of microorganisms around the injection wells, which can foul the contaminated subsurface environment. In this study, PCE dechlorination to ethene was performed in a microbial electrochemical system (MES) using the electrode (a cathode polarized at −500 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode) as the electron donor. Denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis and pyrosequencing revealed a variety of non-Dehalococcoides bacteria dominant in MES, such as Acinetobacter sp. (25.7 % for AS1 in suspension of M3), Rhodopseudomonas sp. (10.5 % for AE1 and 10.1 % for AE2 in anodic biofilm of M3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.4 % for BS1 in suspension of M4), and Enterobacter sp. (21.7 % for BE1 in anodic biofilm of M4) which are capable of electron transfer, hydrogen production and dechlorination. The Dehalococcoides group, however, was not detected in this system. Therefore, these results suggest that a range of bacterial species outside the Dehalococcoides can play an important role in the microbial electrochemical dechlorination process, which may lead to innovative bioremediation technology.
Low Dietary c9t11‐Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intake from Dairy Fat or Supplements Reduces Inflammation in Collagen‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Huebner Shane M. , Olson Jake M. , Campbell James P. , Bishop Jeffrey W. , Crump Peter M. , Cook Mark E.
Published: June 2016

Dietary cis‐9,trans‐11 (c9t11) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) fed at 0.5 % w/w was previously shown to attenuate inflammation in the murine collagen‐induced (CA) arthritis model, and growing evidence implicates c9t11‐CLA as a major anti‐inflammatory component of dairy fat. To understand c9t11‐CLA's contribution to dairy fat's anti‐inflammatory action, the minimum amount of dietary c9t11‐CLA needed to reduce inflammation must be determined. This study had two objectives: (1) determine the minimum dietary anti‐inflammatory c9t11‐CLA intake level in the CA model, and (2) compare this to anti‐inflammatory effects of dairy fat (non‐enriched, naturally c9t11‐CLA‐enriched, or c9t11‐CLA‐supplemented). Mice received the following dietary fat treatments (w/w) post arthritis onset: corn oil (6 % CO), 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, and 0.5 % c9t11‐CLA, control butter (6 % CB), c9t11‐enriched butter (6 % EB), or c9t11‐CLA‐supplemented butter (6 % SB, containing 0.2 % c9t11‐CLA). Paw arthritic severity and pad swelling were scored and measured, respectively, over an 84‐day study period. All c9t11‐CLA and butter diets decreased the arthritic score (25–51 %, P < 0.01) and paw swelling (8–11 %, P < 0.01). Throughout the study, plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) was elevated in CO‐fed arthritic mice compared to non‐arthritic (NA) mice but was reduced in 0.5 % c9t11‐CLA‐ and EB‐fed mice. Interleukin‐1β and IL‐6 were increased in arthritic CO‐fed mice compared to NA mice but were reduced in 0.5 % c9t11‐CLA‐ and EB‐fed mice through day 42. In conclusion, 0.125 % c9t11‐CLA reduced clinical arthritis as effectively as higher doses, and decreased arthritis in CB‐fed mice suggested that the minimal anti‐inflammatory levels of c9t11‐CLA might be below 0.125 %.
Energiesystemtransformation – räumliche Politik und Stromnetzplanung
Authors: Fromme Jörg
Published: June 2016

Energy politics tend to organize the balance between power production and power consumption at the international scale as good as possible, leaving the site selection for new power or storage plants to pan-European competition. As grid costs are paid for by consumers, such policy causes an increasing spatial concentration of power plants on most beneficial sites and a very extensive transmission grid expansion. In civil society in contrast, the intent of “energy transition” is often linked with aims of placing power production units close to consumption to regional balance divergence between power production and consumption patterns. Supporters expect a minor transmission grid expansion requirement from such a “decentralized energy transition”.

Against this background the article addresses the practice of grid planning in Germany as a focal point of the spatial energy policy. In this regard the role of transmission capacity planning is crucial. It is directly based on aims and measures of energy policy and thereby connects energy policy with transmission grid planning. The Federal Network Agency meanwhile has established sensitivity analysis as an instrument to check policy options with regard to their impacts on grid extension requirements. This instrument however could also be used to consider alternative paths in order to develop a systematic weighting regulation approach with integrated public participation based on well-grounded impact analysis.
Increased water use efficiency does not prevent growth decline of Pinus canariensis in a semi-arid treeline ecotone in Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain)
Authors: Brito Patricia , Grams Thorsten E. E. , Matysssek Rainer , Jimenez Maria S. , Gonzalez-Rodríguez Agueda M. , Oberhuber Walter , Wieser Gerhard
Published: June 2016

Key message

Intrinsic water use efficiency ofPinus canariensis(SweetexSpreng.) growing at a semi-arid treeline has increased during the past 37 years. Tree ring width by contrast has declined, likely caused by reduced stomatal conductance due to increasing aridity.

Context

Rising atmospheric CO2concentration (Ca) has been related to tree growth enhancement accompanied by increasing intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Nevertheless, the extent of risingCaon long-term changes in iWUE and growth has remained poorly understood to date in Mediterranean treeline ecosystems.

Aims

This study aimed to examine radial growth and physiological responses ofP. canariensisin relation to risingCaand increasing aridity at treeline in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Methods

We evaluated temporal changes in secondary growth (tree ring width; TRW) and tree ring stable C isotope signature for assessing iWUE from 1975 through 2011.

Results

Precipitation was the main factor controlling secondary growth. Over the last 36 yearsP. canariensisshowed a decline in TRW at enhanced iWUE, likely caused by reduced stomatal conductance due to increasing aridity.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that increasing aridity has overridden the potential CO2fertilization on tree growth ofP. canariensisat its upper distribution limit.
Rehabilitation Interventions for Poststroke Hand Oedema: A Systematic Review
Authors: Giang Thuy Anh , Ong Alan Wei Guang , Krishnamurthy Karthikeyan , Fong Kenneth N.K.
Published: June 2016

Objective/Background

To review the evidence of rehabilitation interventions for the management of poststroke hand oedema.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of research articles in electronic databases published in English between 1999 and 2015. Two investigators working independently retrieved articles from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS, Taylor & Francis Online, Wiley Online Library, CINAHL, Springer (MetaPress), ScienceDirect, PubMed, SAGE Journals Online, EBSCO, and Web of Science. Only controlled trials with outcome measures and interventions for poststroke hand oedema were included. Three investigators critically appraised the selected studies using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale.

Results

Of the 189 articles identified, nine (5 randomized controlled trials, 3 nonrandomized controlled trials, and 1 crossover controlled trial) were selected. These studies are heterogeneous in terms of design and types of intervention for poststroke hand oedema. The interventions reducing hand oedema are Lycra pressure garments with glove splints, bilateral passive motion upper-limb exercises, laser therapy, and acupressure. However, due to these studies’ short intervention periods and the fact that hand oedema is not their primary outcome measure, it is not possible to draw a firm conclusion on their clinical significance for managing poststroke hand oedema.

Conclusion

Further study needs to focus solely on interventions for poststroke hand oedema and their long-term effects. No conclusion can be made on the most effective management of poststroke hand oedema until much more evidence is available.
Droplet digital PCR of circulating tumor cells from colorectal cancer patients can predict KRAS mutations before surgery
Authors: Denis Jérôme Alexandre , Patroni Alexia , Guillerm Erell , Pépin Dominique , Benali-Furet Naoual , Wechsler Janine , Manceau Gilles , Bernard Maguy , Coulet Florence , Larsen Annette K. , Karoui Mehdi , Lacorte Jean-Marc
Published: June 2016

In colorectal cancer (CRC), KRAS mutations are a strong negative predictor for treatment with the EGFR‐targeted antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab. Since it can be difficult to obtain appropriate tumor tissues for KRAS genotyping, alternative methods are required. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to be representative of the tumor in real time. In this study we explored the capacity of a size‐based device for capturing CTCs coupled with a multiplex KRAS screening assay using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). We showed that it is possible to detect a mutant ratio of 0.05% and less than one KRAS mutant cell per mL total blood with ddPCR compared to about 0.5% and 50–75 cells for TaqMeltPCR and HRM. Next, CTCs were isolated from the blood of 35 patients with CRC at various stage of the disease. KRAS genotyping was successful for 86% (30/35) of samples with a KRAS codon 12/13 mutant ratio of 57% (17/30). In contrast, only one patient was identified as KRAS mutant when size‐based isolation was combined with HRM or TaqMeltPCR. KRAS status was then determined for the 26 available formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumors using standard procedures. The concordance between the CTCs and the corresponding tumor tissues was 77% with a sensitivity of 83%. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that is feasible to detect KRAS mutations in CTCs from blood samples of CRC patients which are predictive for those found in the tumor. The minimal invasive nature of this procedure in combination with the high sensitivity of ddPCR might provide in the future an opportunity to monitor patients throughout the course of disease on multiple levels including early detection, prognosis, treatment and relapse as well as to obtain mechanistic insight with respect to tumor invasion and metastasis.
Compact magnetic confinement fusion: Spherical torus and compact torus
Authors: Gao Zhe
Published: June 2016

The spherical torus (ST) and compact torus (CT) are two kinds of alternative magnetic confinement fusion concepts with compact geometry. The ST is actually a sub-category of tokamak with a low aspect ratio; while the CT is a toroidal magnetic configuration with a simply-connected geometry including spheromak and field reversed pinch. The ST and CT have potential advantages for ultimate fusion reactor; while at present they can also provide unique fusion science and technology contributions for mainstream fusion research. However, some critical scientific and technology issues should be extensively investigated.
THE BERNSTEIN CENTER OF THE CATEGORY OF SMOOTH -MODULES
Authors: HELM DAVID
Published: June 2016

We consider the category of smooth $W(k)[\text{GL}_{n}(F)]$-modules, where $F$ is a $p$-adic field and $k$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic $\ell$ different from $p$. We describe a factorization of this category into blocks, and show that the center of each such block is a reduced, $\ell$-torsion free, finite type $W(k)$-algebra. Moreover, the $k$-points of the center of a such a block are in bijection with the possible ‘supercuspidal supports’ of the smooth $k[\text{GL}_{n}(F)]$-modules that lie in the block. Finally, we describe a large explicit subalgebra of the center of each block and give a description of the action of this algebra on the simple objects of the block, in terms of the description of the classical ‘characteristic zero’ Bernstein center of Bernstein and Deligne [Le ‘centre’ de Bernstein, in Representations des groups redutifs sur un corps local, Traveaux en cours (ed. P. Deligne) (Hermann, Paris), 1–32].
Frequency of Hand Decontamination of Intraoperative Providers and Reduction of Postoperative Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Novel Hand Hygiene System
Authors: Koff Matthew D. , Brown Jeremiah R. , Marshall Emily J. , O’Malley A. James , Jensen Jens T. , Heard Stephen O. , Longtine Karen , O’Neill Melissa , Longtine Jaclyn , Houston Donna , Robison Cindy , Moulton Eric , Patel Hetal M. , Loftus Randy W.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Healthcare provider hands are an important source of intraoperative bacterial transmission events associated with postoperative infection development.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the efficacy of a novel hand hygiene improvement system leveraging provider proximity and individual and group performance feedback in reducing 30-day postoperative healthcare-associated infections via increased provider hourly hand decontamination events.

DESIGN

Randomized, prospective study.

SETTING

Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in New Hampshire and UMass Memorial Medical Center in Massachusetts.

PATIENTS

Patients undergoing surgery.

METHODS

Operating room environments were randomly assigned to usual intraoperative hand hygiene or to a personalized, body-worn hand hygiene system. Anesthesia and circulating nurse provider hourly hand decontamination events were continuously monitored and reported. All patients were followed prospectively for the development of 30-day postoperative healthcare-associated infections.

RESULTS

A total of 3,256 operating room environments and patients (1,620 control and 1,636 treatment) were enrolled. The mean (SD) provider hand decontamination event rate achieved was 4.3 (2.9) events per hour, an approximate 8-fold increase in hand decontamination events above that of conventional wall-mounted devices (0.57 events/hour); P<.001. Use of the hand hygiene system was not associated with a reduction in healthcare-associated infections (odds ratio, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.82–1.40], P=.626).

CONCLUSIONS

The hand hygiene system evaluated in this study increased the frequency of hand decontamination events without reducing 30-day postoperative healthcare-associated infections. Future work is indicated to optimize the efficacy of this hand hygiene improvement strategy.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:888–895
Turbulent heat exchange between water and ice at an evolving ice–water interface
Authors: Ramudu Eshwan , Hirsh Benjamin Henry , Olson Peter , Gnanadesikan Anand
Published: June 2016

We conduct laboratory experiments on the time evolution of an ice layer cooled from below and subjected to a turbulent shear flow of warm water from above. Our study is motivated by observations of warm water intrusion into the ocean cavity under Antarctic ice shelves, accelerating the melting of their basal surfaces. The strength of the applied turbulent shear flow in our experiments is represented in terms of its Reynolds number $Re$, which is varied over the range $2.0\times 10^{3}\leqslant Re\leqslant 1.0\times 10^{4}$. Depending on the water temperature, partial transient melting of the ice occurs at the lower end of this range of $Re$ and complete transient melting of the ice occurs at the higher end. Following these episodes of transient melting, the ice reforms at a rate that is independent of $Re$. We fit our experimental measurements of ice thickness and temperature to a one-dimensional model for the evolution of the ice thickness in which the turbulent heat transfer is parameterized in terms of the friction velocity of the shear flow. Applying our model to field measurements at a site under the Antarctic Pine Island Glacier ice shelf yields a predicted melt rate that exceeds present-day observations.
A multilayer shallow model for dry granular flows with the -rheology: application to granular collapse on erodible beds
Authors: Fernández-Nieto E. D. , Garres-Díaz J. , Mangeney A. , Narbona-Reina G.
Published: June 2016

In this work we present a multilayer shallow model to approximate the Navier–Stokes equations with the ${\it\mu}(I)$-rheology through an asymptotic analysis. The main advantages of this approximation are (i) the low cost associated with the numerical treatment of the free surface of the modelled flows, (ii) the exact conservation of mass and (iii) the ability to compute two-dimensional profiles of the velocities in the directions along and normal to the slope. The derivation of the model follows Fernández-Nieto et al. (J. Comput. Phys., vol. 60, 2014, pp. 408–437) and introduces a dimensional analysis based on the shallow flow hypothesis. The proposed first-order multilayer model fully satisfies a dissipative energy equation. A comparison with steady uniform Bagnold flow – with and without the sidewall friction effect – and laboratory experiments with a non-constant normal profile of the downslope velocity demonstrates the accuracy of the numerical model. Finally, by comparing the numerical results with experimental data on granular collapses, we show that the proposed multilayer model with the ${\it\mu}(I)$-rheology qualitatively reproduces the effect of the erodible bed on granular flow dynamics and deposits, such as the increase of runout distance with increasing thickness of the erodible bed. We show that the use of a constant friction coefficient in the multilayer model leads to the opposite behaviour. This multilayer model captures the strong change in shape of the velocity profile (from S-shaped to Bagnold-like) observed during the different phases of the highly transient flow, including the presence of static and flowing zones within the granular column.
ON HILBERT FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL INTERSECTIONS OF IDEALS
Authors: CAVIGLIA GIULIO , MURAI SATOSHI
Published: June 2016

Let $I$ and $J$ be homogeneous ideals in a standard graded polynomial ring. We
study upper bounds of the Hilbert function of the intersection of $I$ and $g(J)$, where $g$ is a general change of coordinates. Our main result gives a
generalization of Green’s hyperplane section theorem.
PRIVATE LENDERS, BANKS AND MORTGAGE CREDIT IN PERU. EVIDENCE FROM NOTARISED LOANS
Authors: Zegarra Luis Felipe
Published: June 2016

This article examines the mortgage credit market of Peru during the guano era and analyses the effects of the creation of mortgage banks on the allocation of credit. It shows that mortgage banks served as interregional intermediaries and facilitated access to long-term credit for large estate owners. However, banks did not broaden access to credit. As private lenders, mortgage banks loaned largely to Lima’s merchants and renters and tohacendadosfrom the main coastal valleys.
More than a feeling: Emotional responses to international criticism in Erdoğan’s Turkey
Authors: Prakash Deepa , Ilgit Asli
Published: June 2016

Extant studies suggest that criticism of state practices may create ontological crises in states, thus prompting emotional responses. This article examines what happens when target states reject external criticism, and the failure of outside attempts to shame and criticise. We show that recipients can view international criticism as opportunities to consolidate state identity rather than ontological crises. Using Turkey’s foreign policy towards Israel, we focus on the agency of weak states by expanding the range of emotions stemming from non-acceptance of criticism and by emphasising the role of leaders when crafting emotional responses to negative representations.
Variations in the recruitment of syntactic knowledge contribute to SES differences in syntactic development
Authors: LEECH KATHRYN A. , ROWE MEREDITH L. , HUANG YI TING
Published: June 2016

Average differences in children's language abilities by socioeconomic status (SES) emerge early in development and predict academic achievement. Previous research has focused on coarse-grained outcome measures such as vocabulary size, but less is known about the extent to which SES differences exist in children's strategies for comprehension and learning. We measured children's (N = 98) comprehension of passive sentences to investigate whether SES differences are more pronounced in overall knowledge of the construction or in more specific abilities to process sentences during real-time interpretation. SES differences in comprehension emerged when syntactic revision of passives was necessary, and disappeared when the need to revise was removed. Further, syntactic revision but not knowledge of the passive best explained the association between SES and a standardized measure of syntactic development. These results demonstrate that SES differences in syntactic development may result from how children recruit syntactic information within sentences.
The Rise and Fall of Modelbooks,Notateand the Brechtian Method: Documentation and the Berliner Ensemble's Changing Roles as a Theatre Company
Authors: BARNETT DAVID
Published: June 2016

Documentation is often descriptive, yet Brecht's approach to the task was to unpack as much of the process as possible in order to share his method and to make it available to other theatre-makers. This article initially examines how such documentation functioned and goes on to consider how and why it gradually declined over time. By the mid-1960s, the Berliner Ensemble had entered a period of crisis, yet the development of post-Brechtian practices in the early 1970s did not lead to a resurgence of documentation. However, at certain points, interest in manufacturing the carefully takenNotateresurfaced. The article thus investigates the relationship between documenting and transmitting Brechtian practices. Documentation becomes a yardstick by which to measure the fêted company's self-understanding as Brecht's theatre.
The Impossible Transplant of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme: The Challenge of Energy Market Regulation
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: June 2016

Following the European Union (EU) experience, an increasing number of countries are establishing an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The EU ETS often serves as a ‘model’ despite fundamental differences in the receiving environment. In the EU liberalized energy markets, carbon prices are intended to raise the cost of carbon-intensive energy and thereby stimulate cleaner alternatives. In contrast, many emerging economies continue to regulate energy investments and prices, which may insulate consumers and producers from the impact of an ETS. To avoid this risk, energy economists advocate EU-style energy market reforms as a prerequisite to the introduction of the ETS concept abroad. By focusing on the cases of China, Kazakhstan, and Russia, this article highlights the limits on the exportation of the EU liberalization model and argues that, instead of energy reform, the ETS must be reconceptualized as a mechanism that integrates the regulated energy market paradigm in emerging economies.
Morphological characterization of indigenous goats in Western Ethiopia: implication for community-based breeding programmes
Authors: Seid Ahmed , Kebede Kefelegn , Effa Kefena
Published: June 2016

An exploratory field survey was conducted in Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia, to phenotypically characterize indigenous goats. Eight qualitative and fifteen quantitative traits from 612 goats were considered. All data were analysed using SAS 9.2, version 2008. The dominant coat colour types in Guduru district were black (35.29 percent), whereas in Amuru district, the dominant coat colour types were white and brown with brown dominant (18.63 percent) and brown (17.65 percent). In Horro district, the dominant coat colour types were grey (21.57 percent) and black and white with black dominant (15.69 percent). Morphometric measurements (body weight (BW), heart girth and body length) indicated that the Amuru and Horro goats were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than the Guduru goats. Male goats were consistently higher than female goats in all variables except pelvic width (PW). BW could be predicted from the regression equationy= −45.22 + 1.04xfor does andy= −59.71 + 1.25xfor bucks, whereyandxare the BW and the heart girth, respectively. This phenotypic information serves as a basis for designing appropriate conservation and breeding strategies for goats in the study area. However, it should be substantiated with genetic characterization to guide the overall goat breeding and conservation programmes.
Despite Dryness, Quartz Grains Can Deform in Earth's Crust
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: June 2016

A comparison of water content in undeformed and deformed quartz indicates that grains may change shape via weakening processes that cannot be duplicated in laboratory experiments.
Human glia can both induce and rescue aspects of disease phenotype in Huntington disease
Authors: Benraiss Abdellatif , Wang Su , Herrlinger Stephanie , Li Xiaojie , Chandler-Militello Devin , Mauceri Joseph , Burm Hayley B. , Toner Michael , Osipovitch Mikhail , Jim Xu Qiwu , Ding Fengfei , Wang Fushun , Kang Ning , Kang Jian , Curtin Paul C. , Brunner Daniela , Windrem Martha S. , Munoz-Sanjuan Ignacio , Nedergaard Maiken , Goldman Steven A.
Published: June 2016

The causal contribution of glial pathology to Huntington disease (HD) has not been heavily explored. To define the contribution of glia to HD, we established human HD glial chimeras by neonatally engrafting immunodeficient mice with mutant huntingtin (mHTT)-expressing human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs), derived from either human embryonic stem cells or mHTT-transduced fetal hGPCs. Here we show that mHTT glia can impart disease phenotype to normal mice, since mice engrafted intrastriatally with mHTT hGPCs exhibit worse motor performance than controls, and striatal neurons in mHTT glial chimeras are hyperexcitable. Conversely, normal glia can ameliorate disease phenotype in transgenic HD mice, as striatal transplantation of normal glia rescues aspects of electrophysiological and behavioural phenotype, restores interstitial potassium homeostasis, slows disease progression and extends survival in R6/2 HD mice. These observations suggest a causal role for glia in HD, and further suggest a cell-based strategy for disease amelioration in this disorder.
Ubiqutination via K27 and K29 chains signals aggregation and neuronal protection of LRRK2 by WSB1
Authors: Nucifora Frederick C. , Nucifora Leslie G. , Ng Chee-Hoe , Arbez Nicolas , Guo Yajuan , Roby Elaine , Shani Vered , Engelender Simone , Wei Dong , Wang Xiao-Fang , Li Tianxia , Moore Darren J. , Pletnikova Olga , Troncoso Juan C. , Sawa Akira , Dawson Ted M. , Smith Wanli , Lim Kah-Leong , Ross Christopher A.
Published: June 2016

A common genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by mutations in LRRK2. We identify WSB1 as a LRRK2 interacting protein. WSB1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 through K27 and K29 linkage chains, leading to LRRK2 aggregation and neuronal protection in primary neurons and a Drosophila model of G2019S LRRK2. Knocking down endogenous WSB1 exacerbates mutant LRRK2 neuronal toxicity in neurons and the Drosophila model, indicating a role for endogenous WSB1 in modulating LRRK2 cell toxicity. WSB1 is in Lewy bodies in human PD post-mortem tissue. These data demonstrate a role for WSB1 in mutant LRRK2 pathogenesis, and suggest involvement in Lewy body pathology in sporadic PD. Our data indicate a role in PD for ubiquitin K27 and K29 linkages, and suggest that ubiquitination may be a signal for aggregation and neuronal protection in PD, which may be relevant for other neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, our study identifies a novel therapeutic target for PD.
Simultaneous optical and electrical in vivo analysis of the enteric nervous system
Authors: Rakhilin Nikolai , Barth Bradley , Choi Jiahn , Muñoz Nini L. , Kulkarni Subhash , Jones Jason S. , Small David M. , Cheng Yu-Ting , Cao Yingqiu , LaVinka Colleen , Kan Edwin , Dong Xinzhong , Spencer Michael , Pasricha Pankaj , Nishimura Nozomi , Shen Xiling
Published: June 2016

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a major division of the nervous system and vital to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its communication with the rest of the body. Unlike the brain and spinal cord, relatively little is known about the ENS in part because of the inability to directly monitor its activity in live animals. Here, we integrate a transparent graphene sensor with a customized abdominal window for simultaneous optical and electrical recording of the ENSin vivo. The implanted device captures ENS responses to neurotransmitters, drugs and optogenetic manipulation in real time.
Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection
Authors: Bohannon Caitlin , Powers Ryan , Satyabhama Lakshmipriyadarshini , Cui Ang , Tipton Christopher , Michaeli Miri , Skountzou Ioanna , Mittler Robert S. , Kleinstein Steven H. , Mehr Ramit , Lee Frances Eun-Yun , Sanz Ignacio , Jacob Joshy
Published: June 2016

Long-lived plasma cells are critical to humoral immunity as a lifelong source of protective antibodies. Antigen-activated B cells—with T-cell help—undergo affinity maturation within germinal centres and persist as long-lived IgG plasma cells in the bone marrow. Here we show that antigen-specific, induced IgM plasma cells also persist for a lifetime. Unlike long-lived IgG plasma cells, which develop in germinal centres and then home to the bone marrow, IgM plasma cells are primarily retained within the spleen and can develop even in the absence of germinal centres. Interestingly, their expressed IgV loci exhibit somatic mutations introduced by the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). However, these IgM plasma cells are probably not antigen-selected, as replacement mutations are spread through the variable segment and not enriched within the CDRs. Finally, antibodies from long-lived IgM plasma cells provide protective host immunity against a lethal virus challenge.
Erratum: Correspondence: Enhancing a phase measurement by sequentially probing a solid-state system
Authors: Knott P. A. , Munro W. J. , Dunningham J. A.
Published: June 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 11520 (2016); Published: 9 May 2016; Updated: 7 June 2016 The HTML version of this Correspondence was previously published with an incomplete title and incorrect Article number. This has now been corrected in the HTML; the PDF version of the paper was correctfrom the time of publication.
Correction: Corrigendum: Endothelial Dicer promotes atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation by miRNA-103-mediated suppression of KLF4
Authors: Hartmann Petra , Zhou Zhe , Natarelli Lucia , Wei Yuanyuan , Nazari-Jahantigh Maliheh , Zhu Mengyu , Grommes Jochen , Steffens Sabine , Weber Christian , Schober Andreas
Published: June 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 10521 (2016); Published: 3 February 2016; Updated: 7 June 2016 This Article contains an error in the dose of LNA-target site blocker oligonucleotides that was administered. In the Methods section, under the subheading ‘In vivo target site blocker treatment’ the dose ‘0.
Correction: Corrigendum: Integrative genomic mining for enzyme function to enable engineering of a non-natural biosynthetic pathway
Authors: Mak Wai Shun , Tran Stephen , Marcheschi Ryan , Bertolani Steve , Thompson James , Baker David , Liao James C. , Siegel Justin B.
Published: June 2016

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 10005 (2015); Published: 24 November 2015; Updated: 7 June 2016 In the original version of this Article the chemical structures of 2-ketoisovaleric acid and isobutanal in Fig. 3a were incorrect. The correct version of Fig. 3 appears below. Figure 3
Breast-cancer-specific mortality in patients treated based on the 21-gene assay: a SEER population-based study
Authors: Petkov Valentina I , Miller Dave P , Howlader Nadia , Gliner Nathan , Howe Will , Schussler Nicola , Cronin Kathleen , Baehner Frederick L , Cress Rosemary , Deapen Dennis , Glaser Sally L , Hernandez Brenda Y , Lynch Charles F , Mueller Lloyd , Schwartz Ann G , Schwartz Stephen M , Stroup Antoinette , Sweeney Carol , Tucker Thomas C , Ward Kevin C , Wiggins Charles , Wu Xiao-Cheng , Penberthy Lynne , Shak Steven
Published: June 2016

The 21-gene Recurrence Score assay is validated to predict recurrence risk and chemotherapy benefit in hormone-receptor-positive (HR+) invasive breast cancer. To determine prospective breast-cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) outcomes by baseline Recurrence Score results and clinical covariates, the National Cancer Institute collaborated with Genomic Health and 14 population-based registries in the the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program to electronically supplement cancer surveillance data with Recurrence Score results. The prespecified primary analysis cohort was 40–84 years of age, and had node-negative, HR+, HER2-negative, nonmetastatic disease diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2011 in the entire SEER population, and Recurrence Score results (N=38,568). Unadjusted 5-year BCSM were 0.4% (n=21,023; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3–0.6%), 1.4% (n=14,494; 95% CI, 1.1–1.7%), and 4.4% (n=3,051; 95% CI, 3.4–5.6%) for Recurrence Score <18, 18–30, and ⩾31 groups, respectively (P<0.001). In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, tumor size, grade, and race, the Recurrence Score result predicted BCSM (P<0.001). Among patients with node-positive disease (micrometastases and up to three positive nodes; N=4,691), 5-year BCSM (unadjusted) was 1.0% (n=2,694; 95% CI, 0.5–2.0%), 2.3% (n=1,669; 95% CI, 1.3–4.1%), and 14.3% (n=328; 95% CI, 8.4–23.8%) for Recurrence Score <18, 18–30, ⩾31 groups, respectively (P<0.001). Five-year BCSM by Recurrence Score group are reported for important patient subgroups, including age, race, tumor size, grade, and socioeconomic status. This SEER study represents the largest report of prospective BCSM outcomes based on Recurrence Score results for patients with HR+, HER2-negative, node-negative, or node-positive breast cancer, including subgroups often under-represented in clinical trials.
Detecting topological phases of microwave photons in a circuit quantum electrodynamics lattice
Authors: Wang Yan-Pu , Yang Wan-Li , Hu Yong , Xue Zheng-Yuan , Wu Ying
Published: June 2016

Topology is an important degree of freedom in characterising electronic systems. Recently, it also brings new theoretical frontiers and many potential applications in photonics. However, the verification of the topological nature is highly nontrivial in photonic systems, as there is no direct analogue of quantised Hall conductance for bosonic photons. Here we propose a scheme of investigating topological photonics in superconducting quantum circuits by a simple parametric coupling method, the flexibility of which can lead to the effective in situ tunable artificial gauge field for photons on a square lattice. We further study the detection of the topological phases of the photons. Our idea uses the exotic properties of the edge state modes, which result in novel steady states of the lattice under the driving-dissipation competition. Through the pumping and the photon-number measurements of merely few sites, not only the spatial and the spectral characters but also the momentums and even the integer topological quantum numbers with arbitrary values of the edge state modes can be directly probed, which reveal unambiguously the topological nature of photons on the lattice.
Targeting muscle stem cell intrinsic defects to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Dumont Nicolas A , Rudnicki Michael A
Published: June 2016

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterised by skeletal muscle degeneration and progressive muscle wasting, which is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the DMD gene that encodes for the protein dystrophin. Dystrophin has critical roles in myofiber stability and integrity by connecting the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Absence of dystrophin leads to myofiber fragility and contributes to skeletal muscle degeneration in DMD patients, however, accumulating evidence also indicate that muscle stem cells (also known as satellite cells) are defective in dystrophic muscles, which leads to impaired muscle regeneration. Our recent work demonstrated that dystrophin is expressed in activated satellite cells, where it regulates the establishment of satellite cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. These findings indicate that dystrophin-deficient satellite cells have intrinsic dysfunctions that contribute to muscle wasting and progression of the disease. This discovery suggests that satellite cells could be targeted to treat DMD. Here we discuss how these new findings affect regenerative therapies for muscular dystrophies. Therapies targeting satellite cells hold great potential and could have long-term efficiency owing to the high self-renewal ability of these cells.
Surprise responses in the human brain demonstrate statistical learning under high concurrent cognitive demand
Authors: Garrido Marta Isabel , Teng Chee Leong James , Taylor Jeremy Alexander , Rowe Elise Genevieve , Mattingley Jason Brett
Published: June 2016

The ability to learn about regularities in the environment and to make predictions about future events is fundamental for adaptive behaviour. We have previously shown that people can implicitly encode statistical regularities and detect violations therein, as reflected in neuronal responses to unpredictable events that carry a unique prediction error signature. In the real world, however, learning about regularities will often occur in the context of competing cognitive demands. Here we asked whether learning of statistical regularities is modulated by concurrent cognitive load. We compared electroencephalographic metrics associated with responses to pure-tone sounds with frequencies sampled from narrow or wide Gaussian distributions. We showed that outliers evoked a larger response than those in the centre of the stimulus distribution (i.e., an effect of surprise) and that this difference was greater for physically identical outliers in the narrow than in the broad distribution. These results demonstrate an early neurophysiological marker of the brain’s ability to implicitly encode complex statistical structure in the environment. Moreover, we manipulated concurrent cognitive load by having participants perform a visual working memory task while listening to these streams of sounds. We again observed greater prediction error responses in the narrower distribution under both low and high cognitive load. Furthermore, there was no reliable reduction in prediction error magnitude under high-relative to low-cognitive load. Our findings suggest that statistical learning is not a capacity limited process, and that it proceeds automatically even when cognitive resources are taxed by concurrent demands.
Genome sequence of Perigonia lusca single nucleopolyhedrovirus: insights into the evolution of a nucleotide metabolism enzyme in the family Baculoviridae
Authors: Ardisson-Araújo Daniel M. P. , Lima Rayane Nunes , Melo Fernando L. , Clem Rollie J. , Huang Ning , Báo Sônia Nair , Sosa-Gómez Daniel R. , Ribeiro Bergmann M.
Published: June 2016

The genome of a novel group II alphabaculovirus, Perigonia lusca single nucleopolyhedrovirus (PeluSNPV), was sequenced and shown to contain 132,831 bp with 145 putative ORFs (open reading frames) of at least 50 amino acids. An interesting feature of this novel genome was the presence of a putative nucleotide metabolism enzyme-encoding gene (pelu112). The pelu112 gene was predicted to encode a fusion of thymidylate kinase (tmk) and dUTP diphosphatase (dut). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that baculoviruses have independently acquired tmk and dut several times during their evolution. Two homologs of the tmk-dut fusion gene were separately introduced into the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome, which lacks tmk and dut. The recombinant baculoviruses produced viral DNA, virus progeny and some viral proteins earlier during in vitro infection and the yields of viral occlusion bodies were increased 2.5-fold when compared to the parental virus. Interestingly, both enzymes appear to retain their active sites, based on separate modeling using previously solved crystal structures. We suggest that the retention of these tmk-dut fusion genes by certain baculoviruses could be related to accelerating virus replication and to protecting the virus genome from deleterious mutation.
Variation of outdoor illumination as a function of solar elevation and light pollution
Authors: Spitschan Manuel , Aguirre Geoffrey K. , Brainard David H. , Sweeney Alison M.
Published: June 2016

The illumination of the environment undergoes both intensity and spectral changes during the 24 h cycle of a day. Daylight spectral power distributions are well described by low-dimensional models such as the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage) daylight model, but the performance of this model in non-daylight regimes is not characterised. We measured downwelling spectral irradiance across multiple days in two locations in North America: One rural location (Cherry Springs State Park, PA) with minimal anthropogenic light sources, and one city location (Philadelphia, PA). We characterise the spectral, intensity and colour changes and extend the existing CIE model for daylight to capture twilight components and the spectrum of the night sky.