bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling actual evapotranspiration with routine meteorological variables in the data‐scarce region of the Tibetan Plateau: Comparisons and implications
Authors: Ma Ning , Zhang Yinsheng , Xu Chong‐Yu , Szilagyi Jozsef
Published: July 2015

Quantitative estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) by in situ measurements and mathematical modeling is a fundamental task for physical understanding of ETa as well as the feedback mechanisms between land and the ambient atmosphere. However, the ETa information in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been greatly impeded by the extremely sparse ground observation network in the region. Approaches for estimating ETa solely from routine meteorological variables are therefore important for investigating spatiotemporal variations of ETa in the data‐scarce region of the TP. Motivated by this need, the complementary relationship (CR) and Penman‐Monteith approaches were evaluated against in situ measurements of ETa on a daily basis in an alpine steppe region of the TP. The former includes the Nonlinear Complementary Relationship (Nonlinear‐CR) as well as the Complementary Relationship Areal Evapotranspiration (CRAE) models, while the latter involves the Katerji‐Perrier and the Todorovic models. Results indicate that the Nonlinear‐CR, CRAE, and Katerji‐Perrier models are all capable of efficiently simulating daily ETa, provided their parameter values were appropriately calibrated. The Katerji‐Perrier model performed best since its site‐specific parameters take the soil water status into account. The Nonlinear‐CR model also performed well with the advantage of not requiring the user to choose between a symmetric and asymmetric CR. The CRAE model, even with a relatively low Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value, is also an acceptable approach in this data‐scarce region as it does not need information of wind speed and ground surface conditions. In contrast, application of the Todorovic model was found to be inappropriate in the dry regions of the TP due to its significant overestimation of ETa as it neglects the effect of water stress on the bulk surface resistance. Sensitivity analysis of the parameter values demonstrated the relative importance of each parameter in the corresponding model. Overall, the Nonlinear‐CR model is recommended in the absence of measured ETa for local calibration of the model parameter values.
The azimuthally averaged boundary layer structure of a numerically simulated major hurricane
Authors: Abarca Sergio F. , Montgomery Michael T. , McWilliams James C.
Published: July 2015

This work examines the azimuthally averaged boundary layer structure of a numerically simulated hurricane. We nominally define the hurricane boundary layer as the layer in which the effects of surface friction are associated with significant departures from gradient wind balance. The boundary layer in the intensifying primary and forming secondary eyewalls is found to be nonlinear. At large radii, exterior to the eyewalls, Ekman‐like balance as traditionally defined, is found to hold true. Where significant departures from Ekman‐like balance are found, the departures are characterized by large vertical advection of horizontal velocity through the depth of the boundary layer. Shock‐like structures are not found to be prominent in the azimuthally averaged view of the vortex boundary layer, with the largest azimuthally averaged radial gradients of the radial and tangential velocities being on the order of only a few meters per second per kilometer. Also, in the radial regions of the eyewalls, at the height where the averaged tangential wind is a maximum, the radial advection of radial velocity is an order of magnitude smaller than the agradient force per unit mass. Some physical implications of these findings are discussed.
Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Fan Ying , Lawrence David M. , Adam Jennifer C. , Bolster Diogo , Gochis David J. , Hooper Richard P. , Kumar Mukesh , Leung L. Ruby , Mackay D. Scott , Maxwell Reed M. , Shen Chaopeng , Swenson Sean C. , Zeng Xubin
Published: July 2015

Many of the scientific and societal challenges in understanding and preparing for global environmental change rest upon our ability to understand and predict the water cycle change at large river basin, continent, and global scales. However, current large‐scale land models (as a component of Earth System Models, or ESMs) do not yet reflect the best hydrologic process understanding or utilize the large amount of hydrologic observations for model testing. This paper discusses the opportunities and key challenges to improve hydrologic process representations and benchmarking in ESM land models, suggesting that (1) land model development can benefit from recent advances in hydrology, both through incorporating key processes (e.g., groundwater‐surface water interactions) and new approaches to describe multiscale spatial variability and hydrologic connectivity; (2) accelerating model advances requires comprehensive hydrologic benchmarking in order to systematically evaluate competing alternatives, understand model weaknesses, and prioritize model development needs, and (3) stronger collaboration is needed between the hydrology and ESM modeling communities, both through greater engagement of hydrologists in ESM land model development, and through rigorous evaluation of ESM hydrology performance in research watersheds or Critical Zone Observatories. Such coordinated efforts in advancing hydrology in ESMs have the potential to substantially impact energy, carbon, and nutrient cycle prediction capabilities through the fundamental role hydrologic processes play in regulating these cycles.
Water balance‐based actual evapotranspiration reconstruction from ground and satellite observations over the conterminous United States
Authors: Wan Zhanming , Zhang Ke , Xue Xianwu , Hong Zhen , Hong Yang , Gourley Jonathan J.
Published: July 2015

The objective of this study is to produce an observationally based monthly evapotranspiration (ET) product using the simple water balance equation across the conterminous United States (CONUS). We adopted the best quality ground and satellite‐based observations of the water budget components, i.e., precipitation, runoff, and water storage change, while ET is computed as the residual. Precipitation data are provided by the bias‐corrected PRISM observation‐based precipitation data set, while runoff comes from observed monthly streamflow values at 592 USGS stream gauging stations that have been screened by strict quality controls. We developed a land surface model‐based downscaling approach to disaggregate the monthly GRACE equivalent water thickness data to daily, 0.125° values. The derived ET computed as the residual from the water balance equation is evaluated against three sets of existing ET products. The similar spatial patterns and small differences between the reconstructed ET in this study and the other three products show the reliability of the observationally based approach. The new ET product and the disaggregated GRACE data provide a unique, important hydro‐meteorological data set that can be used to evaluate the other ET products as a benchmark data set, assess recent hydrological and climatological changes, and terrestrial water and energy cycle dynamics across the CONUS. These products will also be valuable for studies and applications in drought assessment, water resources management, and climate change evaluation.
Religiousness and aggression in adolescents: The mediating roles of self‐control and compassion
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Miller Wendi A. , Smith Colin Tucker
Published: July 2015

Although people have used religion to justify aggression, evidence suggests that greater religiousness corresponds with less aggression. We explored two explanations for the religion–aggression link. First, most major religions teach self‐control (e.g., delaying gratification, resisting temptation), which diminishes aggression. Second, most major religions emphasize compassionate beliefs and behavior (i.e., perspective taking, forgiveness, a broader love of humanity) that are incompatible with aggression. We tested whether self‐control and compassion mediated the relationship between religion and aggression (direct and indirect) in a longitudinal study of 1,040 adolescents in the United States. Structural equation analyses revealed that self‐control and compassion together completely mediated the religion–aggression relationship for both types of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 41:608–621, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methodological Challenges When Comparing Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of International Observational Registries
Authors: Verstappen Suzanne M. M. , Askling Johan , Berglind Niklas , Franzen Stefan , Frisell Thomas , Garwood Christopher , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Holmqvist Marie , Horne Laura , Lampl Kathy , Michaud Kaleb , Nyberg Fredrik , Pappas Dimitrios A. , Reed George , Symmons Deborah P. M. , Tanaka Eiichi , Tran Trung N. , Yamanaka Hisashi , Ho Meilien
Published: July 2015

Objective

Comparisons of data from different registries can be helpful in understanding variations in many aspects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study aim was to assess and improve the comparability of demographic, clinical, and comorbidity data from 5 international RA registries.

Methods

Using predefined definitions, 2 subsets of patients (main cohort and subcohort) from 5 international observational registries (Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Registry [CORRONA], the Swedish Rheumatology Quality of Care Register [SRR], the Norfolk Arthritis Register [NOAR], the Institute of Rheumatology Rheumatoid Arthritis cohort [IORRA], and CORRONA International) were evaluated and compared. Patients ages >18 years with RA, and present in or recruited to the registry from January 1, 2000, were included in the main cohort. Patients from the main cohort with positive rheumatoid factor and/or erosive RA who had received ≥1 synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), and switched to or added another DMARD, were included in the subcohort at time of treatment switch.

Results

Age and sex distributions were fairly similar across the registries. The percentage of patients with a high Disease Activity Score in 28 joints score varied between main cohorts (17.5% IORRA, 18.9% CORRONA, 24.7% NOAR, 27.7% CORRONA International, and 36.8% SRR), with IORRA, CORRONA, and CORRONA International including more prevalent cases of RA; the differences were smaller for the subcohort. Prevalence of comorbidities varied across registries (e.g., coronary artery disease ranged from 1.5% in IORRA to 7.9% in SRR), partly due to the way comorbidity data were captured and general cultural differences; the pattern was similar for the subcohorts.

Conclusion

Despite different inclusion criteria for the individual RA registries, it is possible to improve the comparability and interpretability of differences across RA registries by applying well‐defined cohort definitions.
Enhancing Adhesion of Screen‐Printed Silver Nanopaste Films
Authors: Kim Jae‐Han , Kim Kwang‐Seok , Jang Kyung‐Rim , Jung Seung‐Boo , Kim Taek‐Soo
Published: July 2015

The interfacial fracture energy of screen‐printed silver nanopaste films is quantitatively measured, and the fundamental adhesion mechanism is investigated. It is found that the interfacial fracture energy at the Ag film/silicon substrate interface is critically affected by the sintering condition. The sintering temperature tunes the interfacial surface morphology of Ag films and the amount of organic residues at the interface. These factors determine the degree of interfacial toughening between the Ag film and the substrate, which directly affects the adhesion properties. The increased surface roughness of the Ag film with sufficient organic residues leads to a larger interfacial toughening at the film/substrate interface, and subsequently to an enhanced interfacial fracture energy of screen‐printed Ag nanopaste films.
Highly Stable Carbon‐Free Ag/Co3O4‐Cathodes for Lithium‐Air Batteries: Electrochemical and Structural Investigations
Authors: Wittmaier Dennis , Cañas Natalia A. , Biswas Indro , Friedrich Kaspar Andreas
Published: July 2015

Lithium‐air batteries with an aqueous alkaline electrolyte promise a much higher practical energy density and capacity than conventional lithium‐ion batteries. However, high cathode overpotentials are some of the main problems during cycling. In our previous work, a catalyst combination of Ag and Co3O4 is found that reduces overpotential significantly, and is highly active and also long‐term stable. In the present investigations, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are applied to study the structure and composition of the cathode material during oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Changes of the oxidation states during cycling are responsible for an enhanced oxygen evolution reaction current density but also for losses due to a lower electronic conductivity of the electrodes. The presence and formation of a mixed oxidation state for silver oxide (AgIAgIIIO2) at high potentials is identified. In contradiction to literature, time dependent X‐ray diffraction measurements evidence that this phase is not stable under dry conditions and progressively decays to Ag2O. Electrode mappings show a highly homogeneous oxidation of the electrodes during cycling and quantitative analysis of the observed phases is carried out by Rietveld analysis. Long‐term material behavior completes the investigations.
Comorbidity of intellectual disability confounds ascertainment of autism: implications for genetic diagnosis
Authors: Polyak Andrew , Kubina Richard M. , Girirajan Santhosh
Published: July 2015

While recent studies suggest a converging role for genetic factors towards risk for nosologically distinct disorders including autism, intellectual disability (ID), and epilepsy, current estimates of autism prevalence fail to take into account the impact of comorbidity of these disorders on autism diagnosis. We aimed to assess the effect of comorbidity on the diagnosis and prevalence of autism by analyzing 11 years (2000–2010) of special education enrollment data on approximately 6.2 million children per year. We found a 331% increase in the prevalence of autism from 2000 to 2010 within special education, potentially due to a diagnostic recategorization from frequently comorbid features such as ID. The decrease in ID prevalence equaled an average of 64.2% of the increase of autism prevalence for children aged 3–18 years. The proportion of ID cases potentially undergoing recategorization to autism was higher (P = 0.007) among older children (75%) than younger children (48%). Some US states showed significant negative correlations between the prevalence of autism compared to that of ID while others did not, suggesting state‐specific health policy to be a major factor in categorizing autism. Further, a high frequency of autistic features was observed when individuals with classically defined genetic syndromes were evaluated for autism using standardized instruments. Our results suggest that current ascertainment practices are based on a single facet of autism‐specific clinical features and do not consider associated comorbidities that may confound diagnosis. Longitudinal studies with detailed phenotyping and deep molecular genetic analyses are necessary to completely understand the cause of this complex disorder. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The functions of non‐reproductive mounts among male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Faraut Lauriane , Northwood Amy , Majolo Bonaventura
Published: July 2015

Same‐sex, non‐reproductive mounts have been observed in a number of primate species and in various social contexts. However, the function of non‐reproductive mounts is still largely unknown. We aimed to test whether non‐reproductive mounts function to assert dominance and as appeasement behavior in male Barbary macaques. We analyzed post‐mount behavior in 54 macaques belonging to two captive groups at Trentham Monkey Forest in Staffordshire, using 10 min post‐mount/matched‐control focal sessions collected either on the mounter or the mountee. In support of the dominance assertion hypothesis, the higher‐ranking male within a mounting pair was more likely to be the mounter than the mountee, and to mock bite the lower‐ranking male. In support of the appeasement hypothesis, the former mounting partners were more likely to exchange grooming and to have a lower frequency of self‐scratching (a measure of social tension) after a non‐reproductive mount than in control sessions. Our study indicates that non‐reproductive mounts have different and not mutually exclusive functions and can modulate the quality of social interactions among group members. We discuss the possible factors that can affect the occurrence of non‐reproductive mounts within and between species. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1149–1157, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systemic emphysema accompanying marked undernutrition
Authors: Takano Yuichi , Tanaka Hiroaki , Kawamo Michiari , Sasaki Jun , Hayashi Munetaka
Published: July 2015

Case

A 38‐year‐old mentally retarded woman was transported to the emergency room for marked undernutrition. Two months prior, she had developed tooth decay and her food intake decreased severely. Over 2 months, her weight decreased from 47 to 31 kg (−16 kg). Computed tomography (CT) revealed extensive subcutaneous, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal emphysema. She was hospitalized and treatment with central venous hyperalimentation and antibiotics was initiated. CT performed 3 weeks after hospitalization showed that the systemic emphysema had completely disappeared.

Outcome

She progressed favorably and was transferred to a specialized psychiatric hospital for further treatment.

Conclusion

Regardless of the cause, this rare complication must be taken into account when treating patients suffering from long‐term starvation or undernutrition. Whole‐body management including nutritional management and careful follow‐up observations are appropriate for treating this condition.
Discovery of a Single Monooxygenase that Catalyzes Carbamate Formation and Ring Contraction in the Biosynthesis of the Legonmycins
Authors: Huang Sheng , Tabudravu Jioji , Elsayed Somayah S. , Travert Jeanne , Peace Doe , Tong Ming Him , Kyeremeh Kwaku , Kelly Sharon M. , Trembleau Laurent , Ebel Rainer , Jaspars Marcel , Yu Yi , Deng Hai
Published: July 2015

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of natural products with important biological activities. The discovery and characterization of the multifunctional FAD‐dependent enzyme LgnC is now described. The enzyme is shown to convert indolizidine intermediates into pyrrolizidines through an unusual ring expansion/contraction mechanism, and catalyze the biosynthesis of new bacterial PAs, the so‐called legonmycins. By genome‐driven analysis, heterologous expression, and gene inactivation, the legonmycins were also shown to originate from non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). The biosynthetic origin of bacterial PAs has thus been disclosed for the first time.
SLAP: Small Labeling Pair for Single‐Molecule Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Wieneke Ralph , Raulf Anika , Kollmannsperger Alina , Heilemann Mike , Tampé Robert
Published: July 2015

Protein labeling with synthetic fluorescent probes is a key technology in chemical biology and biomedical research. A sensitive and efficient modular labeling approach (SLAP) was developed on the basis of a synthetic small‐molecule recognition unit (Ni‐trisNTA) and the genetically encoded minimal protein His6‐10‐tag. High‐density protein tracing by SLAP was demonstrated. This technique allows super‐resolution fluorescence imaging and fulfills the necessary sampling criteria for single‐molecule localization‐based imaging techniques. It avoids masking by large probes, for example, antibodies, and supplies sensitive, precise, and robust size analysis of protein clusters (nanodomains).
The Nature of Bonding between Argon and Mixed Gold–Silver Trimers
Authors: Shayeghi Armin , Johnston Roy L. , Rayner David M. , Schäfer Rolf , Fielicke André
Published: July 2015

The controversial nature of chemical bonding between noble gases and noble metals is addressed. Experimental evidence of exceptionally strong AuAr bonds in Ar complexes of mixed AuAg trimers is presented. IR spectra reveal an enormous influence of the attached Ar atoms on vibrational modes, particularly in Au‐rich trimers, where Ar atoms are heavily involved owing to a relativistically enhanced covalency. In Ag‐rich trimers, vibrational transitions of the metal framework predominate, indicating a pure electrostatic character of the AgAr bonds. The experimental findings are analyzed by means of DFT calculations, which show how the relativistic differences between Au and Ag are manifested in stronger AuAr binding energies. Because of the ability to vary composition and charge distribution, the trimers serve as ideal model systems to study the chemical nature of the bonding of noble gases to closed‐shell systems containing gold.
One Electron Makes Differences: From Heme {FeNO}7 to {FeNO}8
Authors: Hu Bin , Li Jianfeng
Published: July 2015

The first X‐ray single‐crystal structure of a {FeNO}8 porphyrin complex [Co(Cp)2][Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)], and the structure of the {FeNO}7 precursor [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)] are determined at 100 K. The two complexes are also characterized by FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)]− shows distinct structural features in contrast to a nitrosyl iron(II) porphyrinate on the FeNO− moiety, which include a much more bent FeNO− angle (122.4(3)°), considerably longer FeNO− (1.814(4)) and NO− (1.194(5) Å) bond distances. These and the about 180 cm−1 downshift νN‐O stretch (1540 cm−1) can be understood by the covalently bonding nature between the iron(II) and the NO− ligand which possesses a two‐electron‐occupied π* orbital as a result of the reduction. The overall structural features of [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)]− and [Fe(TFPPBr8)(NO)] suggest a low‐spin state of the iron(II) atom at 100 K.
Melt blending of polylactide and poly(methyl methacrylate): Thermal and mechanical properties and phase morphology characterization
Authors: Anakabe Jon , Zaldua Huici Ane Miren , Eceiza Arantxa , Arbelaiz Aitor
Published: July 2015

Blends of polylactide with poly(methyl methacrylate), PLA/PMMA, were prepared by a semi‐industrial twin screw extruder and afterwards were injection molded. Blends were studied using different techniques as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties by means of tensile and impact tests, were also studied. This work helped better understanding of apparently contradictory results reported in the literature for PLA/PMMA blends prepared by melt compounding. DSC first heating scan and DMA results showed partially miscible blends, whereas the second DSC heating scan showed miscible blends. For miscible blends, Tg values were predicted using Gordon‐Taylor equation. On the other hand, Small and Van Krevelen approaches were used to estimate the solubility parameters of neat PLA and neat PMMA, and Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter was calculated from solubility parameters. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42677.
Comparison of the macroscale and microscale tests for measuring elastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Sharfeddin Asma , Volinsky Alex A. , Mohan Greeshma , Gallant Nathan D.
Published: July 2015

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has many biomedical applications, since it is biocompatible, easy to fabricate and inexpensive. The response of biological cells and tissues is affected by the mechanical properties of the PDMS surface, which can be controlled by varying the crosslinking percentage. It is essential to find reliable ways to measure elastic properties of PDMS prepared with different surface conditions or stiffness gradients. In this paper, the elastic modulus of PDMS was measured at different scales as a function of the crosslinking percentage varied from 2% to 9%. Macroscopic compression and tension tests were used and compared with the nano‐JKR (Johnson‐Kendall‐Roberts) method applied to a microindentation test. Depending on the test, the PDMS elastic modulus increased from 10 to 85 fold with the crosslinking percentage change from 2% to 9%. The PDMS elastic modulus varied as a sigmoid function with the crosslinking percentage for each type of test. The compression macroscale test is the easiest way to estimate the elastic modulus of stiffer PDMS with higher crosslinking percentage. For the more compliant and tacky PDMS samples with lower crosslinking percentage the nano‐JKR test is more suitable, as it is sensitive and accounts for the surface adhesion forces. The samples with the lower crosslinking percentage are much less stiff in tension than in compression, resembling liquid‐like behavior. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42680.
Feasibility of recycled newspaper as cellulose source for regenerated cellulose membrane fabrication
Authors: Mohamed Mohamad Azuwa , Salleh W. N. W. , Jaafar Juhana , Ismail A. F. , Abd. Mutalib Muhazri , Jamil Siti Munira
Published: July 2015

An environmental friendly regenerated cellulose membrane (RCM) was successfully prepared via NaOH/urea aqueous solution system by utilizing recycled newspaper (RNP) as the cellulose source. The morphological and chemical structure of resulting membrane were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results from FTIR and XRD verified that the transparent RCM possesses cellulose II structure. SEM observation revealed that the transparent RCM consist of homogeneous dense symmetric membrane structure and composed of a skin layer with mean roughness parameter Ra, obtained from AFM analysis of 29.53 nm. Pure water flux, water content, water contact angle, porosity, and pore size of the resulting membrane were also measured. This study promotes the potential of the cellulose‐based membrane obtained from low cost cellulose source for application in filtration and separation system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42684.
Capital adequacy and risk management in banking industry
Authors: Chakroun Fatma , Abid Fathi
Published: July 2015

The present paper deals with the issue of bank capital adequacy and risk management within a stochastic dynamic setting. In particular, an explicit risk aggregation and capital expression is provided regarding the portfolio choice and capital requirements special context. Such a framework leads to a nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem whose solution may be determined by means of dynamic programming algorithm. The pertaining analysis relies heavily on the stochastic dynamic modeling of such balance sheet items as securities, loans, and regulatory capital with stochastic interest rates. In this respect, the special Kalman filter approach is used for the purpose of estimating the model parameters. The reached findings reveal well that the Tunisian bank, subject of study, generally exceeds the minimum requirements and is adequately capitalized to maintain the appropriate capital amount level commensurate with the aggregate risk. Besides, empirical evidence on the regulations' impact on driving bank capitalization and risk‐taking behavior has also been highlighted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐step statistical optimization for cold active β‐glucosidase production from Pseudomonas lutea BG8 and its application for improving saccharification of paddy straw
Authors: Tiwari Rameshwar , Pranaw Kumar , Singh Surender , Nain Pawan K.S. , Shukla Pratyoosh , Nain Lata
Published: July 2015

β‐Glucosidase is an essential part of cellulase enzyme system for efficient and complete hydrolysis of biomass. Psychrotolerant Pseudomonas lutea BG8 produced β‐glucosidase with lower temperature optima and hence can play important role in bringing down the energy requirement for bioethanol production. To enhance β‐glucosidase production, two statistical tools: Taguchi and Box–Behnken designs were applied to reveal the most influential factors and their respective concentration for maximum production of β‐glucosidase under submerged fermentation. The optimal medium composition for maximum β‐glucosidase production were 2.99% (w/v) bagasse, 0.33% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.38% (w/v) Triton X‐100, 0.39% (w/v) NaNO3, and pH 8.0 at temperature 30 °C. Under optimized conditions, β‐glucosidase production increased up to 9.12‐fold (17.52 ± 0.24 IU/g) in shake flask. Large‐scale production in 7‐L stirred tank bioreactor resulted in higher β‐glucosidase production (23.29 ± 0.23 IU/g) within 80 H of incubation, which was 1.34‐fold higher than shake flask studies. Commercial cellulase (Celluclast® 1.5L) when supplemented with this crude β‐glucosidase resulted in improved sugar release (548.4 ± 2.76 mg/gds) from paddy straw at comparatively low temperature (40 °C) of saccharification. P. lutea BG8 therefore showed great potential for cold active β‐glucosidase production and can be used as accessory enzyme along with commercial cellulase to improve saccharification efficiency.
Acting for the Greater Good: Identification with Group Determines Choices in Sequential Contribution Dilemmas
Authors: Arora Poonam , Logg Jennifer , Larrick Richard
Published: July 2015

In mixed‐motive interactions, defection is the rational and common response to the defection of others. In some cases, however, group members not only cooperate in the face of defection but also compensate for the shortfalls caused by others' defection. In one field and two lab studies, we examined when group members were willing to compensate for versus match defection using sequential dilemmas. We found that the level of identification with the broader group increased willingness to compensate for intragroup defection, even when it was personally costly. Compensating for a defecting partner's actions, however, is not an act of unconditional cooperation: It is accompanied by a lack of trust in the errant group member and a desire to be perceived as more ethical. Cooperation by others, on the other hand, is matched independent of whether the cooperator was an in‐group or out‐group member. We find similar patterns of compensation and matching when the personal cost involved contributing money or effort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of sex: A new hypothesis based on mitochondrial mutational erosion
Authors: Havird Justin C. , Hall Matthew D. , Dowling Damian K.
Published: July 2015

The evolution of sex in eukaryotes represents a paradox, given the “twofold” fitness cost it incurs. We hypothesize that the mutational dynamics of the mitochondrial genome would have favored the evolution of sexual reproduction. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exhibits a high‐mutation rate across most eukaryote taxa, and several lines of evidence suggest that this high rate is an ancestral character. This seems inexplicable given that mtDNA‐encoded genes underlie the expression of life's most salient functions, including energy conversion. We propose that negative metabolic effects linked to mitochondrial mutation accumulation would have invoked selection for sexual recombination between divergent host nuclear genomes in early eukaryote lineages. This would provide a mechanism by which recombinant host genotypes could be rapidly shuffled and screened for the presence of compensatory modifiers that offset mtDNA‐induced harm. Under this hypothesis, recombination provides the genetic variation necessary for compensatory nuclear coadaptation to keep pace with mitochondrial mutation accumulation.

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Attitudes to supervised exercise therapy
Authors: Gommans L N M , Teijink J A W
Published: July 2015

Wider acceptance and more facilities needed
A Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3+, , and CN− Based on a Dyad Bearing Rhodamine and Spiropyran Units
Authors: Hur Dae Young , Shin Eun Ju
Published: July 2015

Rh‐SP dyad bearing rhodamine (Rh) and spiropyran (SP) moieties was prepared. Reversible photochromic reaction was observed between colorless and nonfluorescent c‐Rh‐SP and c‐Rh‐MC with purple color and red fluorescence. Rh‐SP can act as a triple chemosensor for Al3+, , and CN
−, by absorption and fluorescence spectral changes. The results show colorless solution and orange fluorescence with Al3+, red solution and bright orange fluorescence with , and yellow solution and weak green fluorescence with CN
−.
Review the top 7 things to know right now about campus security
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: July 2015

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS — With the nation's eye increasingly on how reports of sexual violence are handled on campus and steep fines being levied on institutions that are not up‐to‐date on mandated safety requirements, campus security officials can't afford to be out of the loop on the latest news and innovations facing their profession.
Comparison of the variable importance in projection (VIP) and of the selectivity ratio (SR) methods for variable selection and interpretation
Authors: Farrés Mireia , Platikanov Stefan , Tsakovski Stefan , Tauler Romà
Published: July 2015

This study compares the application of two variable selection methods in partial least squares regression (PLSR), the variable importance in projection (VIP) method and the selectivity ratio (SR) method. For this purpose, three different data sets were analysed: (a) physiochemical water quality parameters related to sensorial data, (b) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) chemical (organic compound) profiles from fossil sea sediment samples related to sea surface temperature (SST) changes, and (c) exposed genes of Daphnia magna female samples related to their total offspring production. Correlation coefficients (r), levels of significance (p‐value) and interpretation of the underlying experimental phenomena allowed the discussion about the best approach for variable selection in each case. The comparison of the two variable selection methods in the first water quality data set showed that the SR method is more accurate for sensorial prediction. For the climate data set, when raw total ion current (TIC) GC‐MS chromatograms were considered, variables selected using the VIP method were easier to interpret compared with those selected by the SR method. However, when only some chromatographic peak areas (concentrations) were considered, the SR method was more efficient for prediction, and the VIP method selected the most relevant variables for the interpretation of SST changes. Finally, for the transcriptomic data set, the SR method was found again to be more reliable for prediction purposes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct and Post‐Synthesis Incorporation of Chiral Metallosalen Catalysts into Metal–Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Organic Transformations
Authors: Xi Weiqin , Liu Yan , Xia Qingchun , Li Zijian , Cui Yong
Published: July 2015

Two chiral porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were constructed from [VO(salen)]‐derived dicarboxylate and dipyridine bridging ligands. After oxidation of VIV to VV, they were found to be highly effective, recyclable, and reusable heterogeneous catalysts for the asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes with up to 95 % ee. Solvent‐assisted linker exchange (SALE) treatment of the pillared‐layer MOF with [Cr(salen)Cl]‐ or [Al(salen)Cl]‐derived dipyridine ligands led to the formation of mixed‐linker metallosalen‐based frameworks and incorporation of [Cr(salen)] enabled its use as a heterogeneous catalyst in the asymmetric epoxide ring‐opening reaction.
Highly Efficient Hybrid White Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with MoO3 Layer
Authors: Duan Lian , Tsuboi Taiju , Qiu Yong
Published: July 2015

Electroluminescence (EL) characteristics have been studied for a hybrid tandem white organic light emitting diode (OLED) with a blue emitting fluorescent EL1 unit based on BCzVBi and a yellow emitting phosphorescent EL2 unit based on (fbi)2Ir(acac), where a MoO3 layer is inserted between EL1 and EL2 units as charge generation layer (CGL). Maximum current and power efficiencies of 68.1 cd/A and 29.2 lm/W were obtained, respectively, while the current and power efficiencies at luminance of 1000 cd/m2 were 68.0 cd/A and 24.6 lm/W. The yellow emission appears from about 4.5 V firstly, while the blue emission starts to appear from about 5.4 V. It was found that charge generation from CGL of MoO3/NPB bilayer occurred at high voltages of above 5.4 V but not at low voltages below 5.2 V.
An improved method for the determination of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural in Shenfu injection by direct analysis in real time‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Gao Wen , Qi Lian‐Wen , Liu Charles C. , Wang Rui , Li Ping , Yang Hua
Published: July 2015

The emergence of direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source provides the great possibility for rapid analysis of hazardous substance in drugs. DART mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) enabled the conducting of a fast and non‐contact analysis of various samples, including solid or liquid ones, without complex sample preparation or chromatographic separation. In this study, a modified DART‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DART‐QTOF‐MS) method was developed for identification and determination of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) in Shenfu (SF) injection. The quantitative transfer of sample solution was introduced to the glass tips of DIP‐it sampler at a fixed volume, which significantly increases the repeatability and accuracy of analytical results. The protonated ion of dibutyl phthalate in the atmosphere was used as the reference mass for TOF‐MS recalibration during the data acquisition for constant high accuracy mass measurements. Finally, the developed DART‐MS method was used to determine 5‐HMF in seven batches of SF injection, and the contents of 5‐HMF were not higher than 100 µg/mL. The results obtained were further confirmed by an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC‐QQQ‐MS). The overall results demonstrated that the DART‐QTOF‐MS method could be applied as an alternative technique for rapid monitoring 5‐HMF in herbal medicine injection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ubiquity of phenotypic plasticity in plants: a synthesis
Authors: Palacio‐López Kattia , Beckage Brian , Scheiner Samuel , Molofsky Jane
Published: July 2015

Adaptation to heterogeneous environments can occur via phenotypic plasticity, but how often this occurs is unknown. Reciprocal transplant studies provide a rich dataset to address this issue in plant populations because they allow for a determination of the prevalence of plastic versus canalized responses. From 31 reciprocal transplant studies, we quantified the frequency of five possible evolutionary patterns: (1) canalized response–no differentiation: no plasticity, the mean phenotypes of the populations are not different; (2) canalized response–population differentiation: no plasticity, the mean phenotypes of the populations are different; (3) perfect adaptive plasticity: plastic responses with similar reaction norms between populations; (4) adaptive plasticity: plastic responses with parallel, but not congruent reaction norms between populations; and (5) nonadaptive plasticity: plastic responses with differences in the slope of the reaction norms. The analysis included 362 records: 50.8% life‐history traits, 43.6% morphological traits, and 5.5% physiological traits. Across all traits, 52% of the trait records were not plastic, and either showed no difference in means across sites (17%) or differed among sites (83%). Among the 48% of trait records that showed some sort of plasticity, 49.4% showed perfect adaptive plasticity, 19.5% adaptive plasticity, and 31% nonadaptive plasticity. These results suggest that canalized responses are more common than adaptive plasticity as an evolutionary response to environmental heterogeneity.
Temporal dynamics of linkage disequilibrium in two populations of bighorn sheep
Authors: Miller Joshua M. , Poissant Jocelyn , Malenfant René M. , Hogg John T. , Coltman David W.
Published: July 2015

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the nonrandom association of alleles at two markers. Patterns of LD have biological implications as well as practical ones when designing association studies or conservation programs aimed at identifying the genetic basis of fitness differences within and among populations. However, the temporal dynamics of LD in wild populations has received little empirical attention. In this study, we examined the overall extent of LD, the effect of sample size on the accuracy and precision of LD estimates, and the temporal dynamics of LD in two populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) with different demographic histories. Using over 200 microsatellite loci, we assessed two metrics of multi‐allelic LD, D′, and χ′2. We found that both populations exhibited high levels of LD, although the extent was much shorter in a native population than one that was founded via translocation, experienced a prolonged bottleneck post founding, followed by recent admixture. In addition, we observed significant variation in LD in relation to the sample size used, with small sample sizes leading to depressed estimates of the extent of LD but inflated estimates of background levels of LD. In contrast, there was not much variation in LD among yearly cross‐sections within either population once sample size was accounted for. Lack of pronounced interannual variability suggests that researchers may not have to worry about interannual variation when estimating LD in a population and can instead focus on obtaining the largest sample size possible.
Improving inferences from short‐term ecological studies with Bayesian hierarchical modeling: white‐headed woodpeckers in managed forests
Authors: Linden Daniel W. , Roloff Gary J.
Published: July 2015

Pilot studies are often used to design short‐term research projects and long‐term ecological monitoring programs, but data are sometimes discarded when they do not match the eventual survey design. Bayesian hierarchical modeling provides a convenient framework for integrating multiple data sources while explicitly separating sample variation into observation and ecological state processes. Such an approach can better estimate state uncertainty and improve inferences from short‐term studies in dynamic systems. We used a dynamic multistate occupancy model to estimate the probabilities of occurrence and nesting for white‐headed woodpeckers Picoides albolarvatus in recent harvest units within managed forests of northern California, USA. Our objectives were to examine how occupancy states and state transitions were related to forest management practices, and how the probabilities changed over time. Using Gibbs variable selection, we made inferences using multiple model structures and generated model‐averaged estimates. Probabilities of white‐headed woodpecker occurrence and nesting were high in 2009 and 2010, and the probability that nesting persisted at a site was positively related to the snag density in harvest units. Prior‐year nesting resulted in higher probabilities of subsequent occurrence and nesting. We demonstrate the benefit of forest management practices that increase the density of retained snags in harvest units for providing white‐headed woodpecker nesting habitat. While including an additional year of data from our pilot study did not drastically alter management recommendations, it changed the interpretation of the mechanism behind the observed dynamics. Bayesian hierarchical modeling has the potential to maximize the utility of studies based on small sample sizes while fully accounting for measurement error and both estimation and model uncertainty, thereby improving the ability of observational data to inform conservation and management strategies.
Does land use change alter water and nutrient dynamics of phreatophytic trees in the Central Monte desert?
Authors: Meglioli Pablo A. , Villagra Pablo E. , Aranibar Julieta N.
Published: July 2015

In the woodlands of the Central Monte desert (Argentina), phreatophyte vegetation is exposed to different levels of disturbance. Livestock and settlement activity produce mainly nutrient inputs and partial vegetation removal, with a consequent reduction on water use by vegetation. We hypothesize that because of the increased soil water and nutrient resources associated with livestock stations, water stress will be relieved for the remaining Prosopis flexuosa trees, favouring water and nutrient status, and plant growth at the plant scale. The goal of this research was to analyse the physiological responses of P. flexuosa trees that grow in interdune valleys under different land uses, and the changes in relative importance of environmental factors controlling these responses. We compared the ecophysiological responses of adult P. flexuosa trees in two contrasting types of disturbance: disturbed (livestock stations) and relatively undisturbed (control woodlands) stands, in the 2011–2013 growing seasons. Pre‐dawn and midday leaf water potential and stomatal conductance were higher in livestock stations than in control woodlands, suggesting a better water status of P. flexuosa in livestock stations. Isotopic composition (lower δ13C, and higher δ15N) and foliar nitrogen concentration (lower C:N ratios) indicated lower water use efficiency and higher nitrogen absorption from the soil in livestock stations. Both growth of new leaves (foliar area) and the length of young branches were higher in the first season for both land uses, but branch length was higher in livestock stations. This is consistent with the idea that vegetation removal and nutrient contribution of settlement activities improved water and nutrient status of remaining vegetation, and modified the relative importance of factors controlling ecophysiological processes. We concluded that physiological responses and vegetative growth of P. flexuosa were not only affected by meteorological conditions (rainfalls, vapour pressure deficit), but also by the ecohydrological changes caused by changes in land use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.