bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the Chemical Structure and Functional Properties of the Isolate of Cress(Lepidium sativum L.) Seed Protein
Authors: Mousa Issa Attia , Kareem Abdulkareem Abdulrazzaq
Published: April 2023

The study aimed to obtain the protein concentrate, isolated protein and defatted after extraction, isolation, purification and concentration of cress seeds(Lepidium sativum L.), and study these products to know the chemical composition and functional properties. It was noted that the highest percentage of fat was for cress seed flour (16.66%) and the lowest percentage in the protein isolate was 2.60%. It was found that the highest percentage of protein was in the protein isolate, reaching 71%, and that the lowest percentage of protein was in cress seed flour (13%), and the highest percentage of moisture in the protein isolate was 9.76%, and the lowest moisture content in Cress flour was 7.40%, and it was noted that the highest percentage of carbohydrates was for Cress flour 58.66%, and the lowest value was for the protein isolate (13.66%), The highest percentage of ash was for defatted 5.80%, and the lowest percentage of ash was for protein isolate, 2.86%. The mineral elements of cress seed products were studied, and found that the highest value of magnesium was for cress flour, (3.901 mggm-1), while the lowest value for the protein isolate. The highest value of potassium was for Cress flour (60 mggm-1), While the lowest value was for the protein isolate (8.412 mggm-1). while the highest value of zinc was for defatted (0.099mggm-1), while the lowest value for protein isolate was 0.024mggm-1. While the highest value of iron was in Cress flour (0.136 mggm-1), while the lowest value was for isolate protein (0.097 mggm-1). The highest value of calcium in Cress flour (8.496 mggm-1), while the lowest value was for isolate protein (1.137 mggm-1). The highest value of manganese was for defatted (0.346 mggm-1), while the lowest value was for protein isolate (0.047 mggm-1). While the highest value of phosphate was 10,623 mggm-1, while the lowest value was 4.518 mggm-1. The functional properties of the cress seed products were studied, as it was found that the highest water-binding value was for the protein concentrate (9.10 ml water gm-1), Whereas, the lowest value for protein isolate was 5.86 ml water gm-1. While the highest fat binding ability was for the protein isolate 3.20 ml fatgm-1, while the lowest value was for Cress flour. The highest value of the foam was for the protein isolate at PH = 7 (32%), while the lowest value was for Cress flower (15% foam). The highest foam stability at PH 7= 28% for the protein isolate, and the lowest foam stability value was 12.33% for Cress flour. The highest emulsify ability was 72% for protein isolate, while the lowest value was for Cress flour 46%. While the highest emulsifying stability was for isolate protein 42%, and the lowest stability value was for Cress flour 20%.
Effectiveness of Bacillus clausii and Bacillus megaterium on some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Rats That Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Werdi Chalang M. , Al-Hadidy Yasmeen I.
Published: April 2023

The current work aimed to isolate and diagnose the species of the genus Bacillus, investigate their susceptibility as prebiotics, and study their therapeutic effect in vivo in induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus in terms of their effect on blood picture parameters. These parameters include red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and lipid profile. The lipid profile includes the total cholesterol and lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides, and protein parameters (concentrations of total protein, globulin and albumin) in male rats which were compared with control groups after 28 days. This work includes 20 male Albino Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8-9 weeks, and average weights of 148 g. They were randomly divided into five groups and four replicates per group. Two types of probiotics of the genus Bacillus were identified, Bacillus claussi and Bacillus megaterum. The results showed that the infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus caused a significant rise (P<0.05) in the white blood cells and platelets (17.37 and 650.0) IU/Liters compared to the control group, and a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells at 5.040 mm3 and hemoglobin concentration (11.300 g/dt). The findings showed that cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL concentrations rose, which were (68.07, 89.00 and 17.90) and a decrease in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (33.25) compared with the control group. The protein standardssignificantly decreased at probability (P<0.05). In the concentration of total protein and albumin, it recorded (3.600 and 4.00) dL/g compared to the control group (5.400 and 4.80) dL/g. There were no significant differences in the globulin protein between the different groups. Yet, adding Bacillus species to the infected group of rats had a significant effect in the reduction of the negative influence on all parameters measured in the experiment.
Kojic Acid and its Potential Inhibitory Against Bread Mold
Authors: Salman Khawlah Abdallah , Al-Esawi Ameer Salem , Al-Salami Zeina Taleb , Al-Jannah Salah Mahdi
Published: April 2023

Several natural compounds have recently been discovered to be effective in the management of numerous pathogenic microorganisms. Kojic acid is an example of such a compound (KA). It is a byproduct of the fungal fermentation process that is commonly used in the production of food and cosmetics. The well diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of various KA concentrations, viz., 20, 25, and 30 mg/μl, against the bread mold. On the seventh day of incubation, an evaluation was performed. The factors detected were the inhibition of bread mold growth with an enumerated size of diameter mycelial growth. The study’s findings showed that KA inhibited mycelial growth, with the highest inhibition found at 25 and 30 mg/μl concentrations, with no significant difference between the two treatments. Based on these findings, the best concentration (30 mg/μl) was tested further using the well diffusion technique. A concentration of 30 mg/μl was found to be more effective than the others in preventing fungal growth. This concentration produced inhibitory zones with an average diameter of 23.3 mm, which was larger than the other concentrations. The results of this study showed that KA has a potential impact for preserving bread from mold.
Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Dairy Products
Authors: Salih Abeer Majeed , Ali Shaimaa A. M.
Published: April 2023

Seventy samples were collected from different sources, including dairy samples, soil samples, and samples of therapeutic bacteria supplements available in pharmacies to isolate and diagnose the types of lactic acid bacteria, study some of their traits that are used as bio-enhancers, and identify the most efficient isolates, De Man, Rogosa, and Sharp Agar (MRS) medium were used to isolate the bacteria of lactic acid. After the phenotypic tests for colonies and microscopic and biochemical tests were made, 38 isolates were obtained that belong to lactic acid bacteria, the results showed that most of the isolates belonged to the genus Bifidobacterium, as their number was 14 isolates with a rate of 36.8%, while the number of isolates belonging to the genus Lactobacillus was 12 with a rate of 31.57%. In addition for isolates belonging to the genus Leuconostoc, the number of isolates was 8 with a rate of 21.1%. Also, it was possible to obtain 4 isolates with a rate of 10.5% belonging to the genus Streptococcus. The biological properties of bacterial isolates that are isolated in terms of their ability to grow at different temperatures were studied, the results showed that all isolates being studied have the ability to grow at a temperature of 37° C, 42.8% of the isolates have the ability to grow at a temperature of 10° C, and 50% of the isolates have the ability to grow at a degree of 45° C, also, it appears from the results that all bacterial isolates being studied have the ability to grow in saline concentrations of 6.5%, except for two isolates; S. uberis and S. lactis, also, all bacterial isolates have the ability to grow in a saline concentration of 4.5 % except for B. bifidum, B. infants, B. breve, B. longum. The results also showed that the bacterial isolate L. lactis had the highest pH resistance, as it significantly outperformed the rest of the isolates and gave a growth rate of 123 × 103 CFU / ml, it is followed by isolate S.uberis, and then isolate B.berve, which gave an average growth rate of (113.75, 111.5) × 103 CFU/ml, in terms of its resistance to bile salts, all isolates could resist 0.2, 0.3 g/ml concentrations, L. lactis gave the highest growth rate reached 159 CFU/ml.
Effect of Coating Using Gelatin, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose and Nanoparticles on the Microbial Content of Apple Fruit Samples
Authors: Al-Fahdawi Ahmed Hashim Mohammed , Khalaf Abdulkhaleq Sulaiman , Abed Marwa Ibrahim
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of composite and edible coatings prepared from gelatin and carboxy methyl cellulose supported by nanoparticles of silver AgNPS and titanium TiO2NPs in preserving apple fruit samples, conducting microbial examination for a period of 28 days and evaluating the effectiveness of nanoparticles of silver and titanium as anti-microbial agents. The results of the microbial examination for T3 and T4 treatments showed that there was no growth of bacteria and fungi during the storage period except in the fourth week, a little growth appeared. As for treatment T2, there was an escalating growth of bacteria and fungi in the second, third and fourth week, whereas the T1 Treatment showed that the growth of bacteria and fungi was appeared in the first week, and a significant increase in growth was observed as the storage period progressed until reaching the fourth week. The inhibitory activity of nanoparticles added to the composite coatings that coated with apple samples was evaluated. The results showed that the effectiveness of nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, as the diameter of inhibition area of silver nanoparticles was 9-26 mm while it was 11-17 mm for titanium nanoparticles. As for Escherichia coli bacteria, the results showed that the diameter of inhibition area of silver nanoparticles was 13-29 mm while it was 7-18 mm for titanium nanoparticles. Regarding of Bacillus pumilus bacteria, the results showed that the diameter of inhibition area of silver nanoparticles was 14-30 mm while it was 8-19 mm for titanium nanoparticles. It is noted from the results of the study that the nanoparticles proved to be effective against bacteria that infected apple fruit samples during the storage periods, and the silver nanoparticles were more effective compared with titanium nanoparticles.
Comparative Study of Nanofiltration and Evaporation Technologies on the Milk Concentration
Authors: Sayel M. F. , Khalid Nahla Tariq , Rashid Khalid Turki
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to make a comparison between the effect of nano-filtration and evaporation techniques on one of the most important dairy products absolutely, concentrated milk, in order to see the strengths and weaknesses of both, and harnessing nano-filtration technology to produce condensed milk if it proves to be the most effective technology. Therefore, cow’s milk was obtained from a reliable source and three treatments were prepared from it: (RM) it is raw milk without concentration, (EM) was concentrated by evaporation technology while (CM) was concentrated by nano-filtration technology. The results showed that concerning the chemical composition, values of protein, fat, lactose and ash was (6.3, 9.7, 8.2 and 0.96%) for (CM), while were (7.4, 7.45, 9.6 and 0.88%) respectively for (EM), although it contained a lower percentage of protein and lactose, but the statistical analysis did not show a significant between these values. Also, the CN, NPN, TN and WP were (5.18, 0.05, 1.12 and 1.12%) for (CM) while were (6.64, 0.04, 1.05 and 0. 76%) respectively at (EM). Also, (CM) contained a greater amount of minerals, Mg, Na, K, P and Ca values of (CM) were (84.42, 787.6, 1125, 136.1 and 373.8 ppm) while were (72.93, 763.7, 988, 125.8 and 325.9 ppm) for (EM) respectively. Not only that, but also nano-filtration showed a higher efficiency in raising the microbial quality, total microbial count of (CM) was (0.18 × 102), while was (0.22 × 102) for (EM), molds and yeasts, spore-forming bacteria and Chloform bacteria was marked with (±), (±) and (-) respectively just like (EM) but avoiding the downsides of heat treatment. with regard to sensory properties, the colour, texture, flavor and taste scores of (CM) were (13.3, 32.2, 38 and 9.3) respectively, and finally crowned its superiority in the total scores which was (92.8/100), while values of (EM) were (12, 29.5, 33.6 and 8.4) respectively, and (83.5/100) at total scores.
Effective of Bacterial Inoculation Azotobacter Chroococcum and Bacillus Subtillis in Inoculation Density and Available Phosphorus in Soil and Plant
Authors: Azzawi Samer Sameer , Kamal Jawad Abdl-Kadhim
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2021-2022 with an agricultural area in Al-Nouriah area / Al-Shafi’i district of Al-Diwaniyah Province. Two levels of Azotobacter (A1, A0) inoculation and non-inoculation, as well as the use of two levels of Bacillus subtilis (B1, B0) inoculation and non-inoculation, and four levels of phosphate rock fertilizer (P0, P1, P2, P3) were used. ) kg.h-1 and the interaction between them In addition to the concentration of phosphorous in soil and plants and the numerical density of Azotobacter and Bacillus. A factorial experiment was applied. according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the statistical analysis showed the least significant difference L.S.D. The interaction treatment (Azotobacter inoculation + Bacillus inoculation + rock phosphate fertilizer) Compared with the control treatment by giving it the highest mean of (phosphorous concentration in soil and plants, number of Azotobacter and number of Bacillus bacteria) amounted to (13.647) mg.kg-1 and (3379) mg.kg-1 and (10.54) CFU/gm Soil x 10-6 and (7.08) CFU/gm Soil x 10-6 respectively.
Effect of Dry and Liquid Wey Addition on Tomato (Solanum esculentium L.) Growth Properties Under Greenhouses Conditions-b
Authors: Mohsin Raghdan Hashim , Desher Mohsin Abdulhay , Naser Amera Kadhum
Published: April 2023

A pots experiment under greenhouses conditions were conducted at an agricultural research station related to Agriculture College / Basrah Univ. during the grown season 2017 - 2018 to statement the effect of different levels of treatment of liquid and dry Wey adding to soil mixed animal manures as a growth media on some tomato seedling properties, Wey adding at level 25, 50 and 75 % as a liquid and 1, 2 and 4 % as a dry. Results showed a significant improvement in all growth properties: The highest height of 33.11 cm was recorded in (1 animal manure :1 soil) treatment at a 2 % dry Wey. The highest number of branches was at dry and liquid Wey treatments, attaining 2 and 3.2 plant branch-1, and the highest average number of branches was recorded at the value of 3.55 plant branch-1 at (1 animal manure : 1 soil) treatment. A significant number of leaves was 13 leaf plant-1 at the level of adding 50% of liquid spray and 12 leaf plant-1 at the level of addition of 2% of dry Wey; the highest average number of leaves has recorded a value of 13 leaf plat-1 of (1anmial manure:1soil) treatment. A significant value of shoot weight was at 75 % addition Wey liquid attained 6.99 gm plant-1 for shoot part compared with control and 25 % addition liquid Wey treatments.(1 animal manure:1 soil) treatment. Treatment of liquid Wey was applied at a concentration of 75%, giving a significant average of roots fresh weight is 0.123 gm plant-1, adding animal manure treated with liquid Wey achieved the highest average weight of roots attains 0.156 gmplant-1. Treatments of applied liquid Wey at a concentration of 75% were a superior average of dry shoot weight at 0.59 gm plant-1.
The Thermal Conductivity and Matric Potential (Moisture Tension) Relationships for Soils of Different Gypsum Content
Authors: Al-Juboori Jasim Mohammed Yaseen , Khairo Awss Mamdouh , AlShamary Wael F. A.
Published: April 2023

The soil samples have been taken from a soil profile at the Research Station of College of Agriculture in the University of Tikrit at a longitude of 430 38- 23= in the east and at a latitude of 340 48- 40= in the north. The samples were taken from the surface horizon with a gypsum content of 62 g.kg-1 (G1) and also from the subsurface horizon of 443g.kg-1 (G7) gypsum content. Different gypsum content samples were prepared as G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 that have Gypsum contents of 106, 153, 202, 245, and 337 g.kg-1 respectively. These samples were prepared by mixing the surface soil samples with the soil of gypsic horizon. The prepared soil samples were wetted by water spraying to two thirds the field capacity levels (0.25 kg.kg-1). Then they incubated for two months in order to make soils homogeneity in addition to moisture distribution in soil. The plastic rings of 10.4 cm diameter and 10 cm heights were drilled from the middle to fix the sensor of heat flux of thermometer plug. The size and height of the soil to be placed in the plastic ring was calculated based on the area A and height h of ring and then the mass of the soil (m) was calculated based on the value of the bulk density. The samples were oven dried at 70° degree until the weight of samples were fixed to obtain the completely dry soils. The amount of water to be added per sample was calculated based on the moisture characteristics curve and by the tensions specified in this study (0.1, 5, 15, 33 and 100) kPa. The moisture was converted to a depth of water and then soil samples were wetted in a light spraying manner with continuous flipping and the thermometer sensors were fixed up and down the heat flux sensor and then six readings per replication were recorded. The time from one reading to another was 60 seconds and their rate was extracted. Based on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that by the fixation of moisture tension, the thermal conductivity values of the soil decreased with the increased soil content of gypsum, as the G3 treatment with gypsum content 15% gave the highest significant value while the least significant average value of thermal conductivity values at the G7 treatment with gypsum content was 43%. The increase in gypsum from 25% at G5 to 30% and 44% in G6 and G7 successive treatments did not significantly affect the values of the soil’s thermal conductivity averages. The overlap point of the relationship between soil gypsum content and thermal conductivity was found at G3 and G4 that have gypsum content of 15% and 25% respectively. The average of gypsum decreases the thermal conductivity values of the soil with increased moisture tension values, as the tension gave 0.1 kPa a significant increase in the values of the average thermal conductivity from the rest of the tensions and for all treatments while the least significant average of thermal conductivity values at tension was 100 kPa.
Effect of T. harzianum and G. mosseae Biological Inoculation and Phosphate Rocks on the Availability of NPK in the Rhizosphere of Barley Crop (Hordium Valgari L.)
Authors: Laibi Salah Mahdi , Kamal Jawad Abdul Kadhim
Published: April 2023

When it comes to increasing crop yields, biological fertilizers are crucial. So, researchers looked into how different concentrations of phosphate rock and T. harzianum and G. mosseae fungal fertilizers affected NPK availability in the rhizosphere of a barley crop. In the fall of 2021, farmers in the Al-Qadisiyah Governorate tested out a new barley variety they’d come up with, calling it “Samir 1,” on clay loamy soil. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used to create the factorial experiment. The experiment used four different doses of phosphate rock (P0, P1, P2, and P3) at concentrations of (0,1000,1500, and 2000) t/ha-1, as well as two doses of T. harzianum inoculum (T0, control; T1, fungal inoculation); and two doses of G. mosseae inoculum (G0, control; G1, fungal inoculation). According to the findings, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) availability in the soil were significantly increased by 41.32, 16.54, and 225.43 mg/kg/soil-1 in the interaction treatment compared to the control.
Effect of Pruning Treatments and the Addition of Humic Acid on Growth and Yield of Zaytoni Cultivar Grape Trees
Authors: Abdulrahman Pola Manaf , Khalaf Jassim Mohammed
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards located in the Altun Kobri sub-district of Dibs district, about (20) km away from Kirkuk governorate, during the growing season (2020-2021). This is to study the effect of six levels of summer pruning, the first level (T1) without pruning, the second level (T2) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade, and the third level (T3) removing the tops of the main branches after the decade and the fourth level (T4) removing leaves and leaving (8) Leaves for each fruit cluster, the fifth level (T5) remove the leaves and leave (10) leaves for each fruit cluster, the sixth level (T6) remove the leaves and leave (12) leaves for each fruit cluster. And the addition of three levels of humic acid (zero, 20, 40) g. vine-1 and its symbol (H1, H2, H3) sequentially, in the growth and yield characteristics of grape vines of the olive variety, and it was added a week after the contract (25/5/2021). The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three sectors.
Effect of Sources and Levels of Zinc Spraying on the Absorbed Zinc and Wheat Yield (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Murshidi Allawi Abdul-Sada Japer , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool
Published: April 2023

This experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field in Al-Najmi district, Al-Muthanna governorate, 3 km away from the district center during the agricultural season (2021-2022) in order to study the effect of the sources and levels of zinc spraying on zinc uptake and the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as zinc was used. Nano (12% Zn), chelated zinc (14% Zn), zinc sulfate (23% Zn) and a symbol for the sources with the symbol (S2, S3, S1) in sequence, and four levels (0, 100, 200, 300) mg Zn L-1, symbol It has (L4, L3, L2, L1) respectively, as it was sprayed on the wheat crop Rashid in two stages when branching and flowering. The experiment was conducted using factorial trials, randomized complete block method (RCBD), with three replicates. Thus, the number of experimental units is (4*3*3)=36. The results show the superiority of nano-zinc at the level of 300PPM in the concentration of zinc on the plant at the flowering stage and the concentration of zinc in the plant at the harvest stage and the concentration of zinc in the grains and zinc uptake, which recorded the highest averages, while the chelated zinc at 300PPM was superior in the concentration of zinc in the plant at the branching stage, it recorded the highest average, as well as zinc sulfate at the level of 300PPM was superior to the grain yield.
Effect of Agricultural Polymer and Levels of NPK on some Chemical Characteristics and the Availability of some Nutrients in the Soil and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Hassan Taif Ahmed , Al-Barkat Hanoon Nahi Kadhem
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the field of Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to study the effect of agricultural polymer and levels of NPK on some chemical traits, the availability of some nutrients in the soil and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), during the agricultural season 2022-2021, by two-factor RCBD experiment with a split-cut design and with three replicates. The experiment included four levels of agricultural polymer (P), occupied sub-plot, mixed with soil at levels 0, 37.5, 75.0 and 112.5) kg polymer ha-1 and its symbols P0, P1, P2 and P3 respectively, with five levels of NPK at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fertilizer recommendation, their symbols F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively, which occupied the main plot. The results of the statistical analysis were summarized, that the addition of different levels of agricultural polymer led to an increase in the availability of NPK nutrients and some of its characteristics, whereas, the levels P2 (75.0 kg polymer ha-1) and P3 (112.5 kg polymer ha-1) gave a significant superiority in the averages of nitrogen available soil for the flowering stage, on phosphorous, potassium availabile in the soil at flowering, the moisture content at flowering, and in grain yield, the level P3 (112.5 kg polymer ha-1) gave an increase in the biological yield, the addition of mineral fertilizer at a level of 100% of the fertilizer recommendation F4 affected some soil characteristics, including an increase in soil salinity. The binary interaction between agricultural polymer levels and NPK levels significantly affected all studied traits.
Effect of Tillage Depths and Addition of Organic Acids on some Physical Properties and Yield of Wheat (Triticum eastvum L.)
Authors: Hassan Dunia Abdel Amir , Abboud Ahmed Marza , Kadhem Hanoon Nahi
Published: April 2023

The experiment was carried out in the field at the first research station (Al Bandar) affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Muthanna, 5 km from the center of the city of Samawah during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in order to study the effect of plowing depth and the addition of organic acid based on the physical properties in soil and wheat yield (Triticum eastvum L.) The experiment was designed as a factorial on the basis of a split plot design and in (R.C.B.D) design. The experiment included two factors. The first factor was the plowing depths that included three levels of plowing depths (8, 16 and 24) cm and symbolized by (D1, D2, and D3) respectively. The second was the addition of humic and fulvic organic acids, which included five levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40) liters H-1 and symbolized by H0, H1, H2, H3, and H4 in sequence, subsequently the land was divided into experimental units, and 45 experimental units contained three Sectors, which included the area of one experimental unit (2×2) m2. 8 lines, each 2 m in length, were spaced 20 cm apart to make up the experimental unit, the distance between 75 cm was left between one repeater and another. Then the harvest stage was on 22/4/2022, and the yield was measured The moisture content, apparent and real density, porosity, and grain yield, and the results showed the following: the addition of organic acids at a level of 40 liters of H-1 (H4) affected the reduction of the bulk density (1.277) g.cm-3 and increased the soil moisture (40.56%) and the porosity (51.25%) while it exceeded the level of 30 liters H-1 (H3). ) in the grain yield amounted to (5,489) mcg ha-1. The depth of plowing affected, as the depth D1 exceeded (8) cm in reducing the bulk density (1.276) and the porosity increased (51.21)%, while the depth D3 (24) cm exceeded in the moisture content (36.87), while the depth of (16) cm exceeded D2 in The grain yield reached (5.571) mcg ha-1 The interactions between the added organic fertilizers H3 and the depth of tillage D2 significantly affected the increase in grain yield, which amounted to 5.519 mcg ha-1.
Assessment of Water Quality in Bawashaswar Dam/Kifri During Red Tide
Authors: Sarhat Abdulmutalib Raafat , Ali Shagul Abubaker , Mohsin Muhammad
Published: April 2023

In summer 2021, water in Bawashaswar Dam turned red as a result of drought, decreasing in water supply and presence of high amount of anthropogenic pollutants. This strange situation had not happened in the region before, raising concerns among water users. In the present study, 12 samples were collected from various locations inside the reservoir. The selected physicochemical parameters include turbidity, pH, dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), Magnesium (Mg+2), Calcium (Ca+2), Sulfate (SO4
-2), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), Iron (Fe+2) and Fluoride (F-) were analyzed and were also used to determine water quality index (WQI). The results were obtained on the weighted arithmetic index (WAI) method. So, the parameters of water quality were found to be very high exceeding the limit range. This indicated that water in the reservoir has poor water quality and cannot be used either for drinking, irrigation, and fish culture.
Spatial Variability of Some Soil Microorganisms
Authors: Hadi Teeba Abdel Karim Abdel , Jubeir Amal Radhi , Hussain Mohammed A.
Published: April 2023

The study area was chosen in the field of the College of Agriculture of Al-Qasim Green University, confined between longitudes 22.6° 22° 044° to 00.9° 24° 0.44° east and between latitudes 19.3° 21° 32° to 21.7° 24° 32° N, and the study area was interlocked and identified The coordinates were obtained by GPS, as samples were obtained from 40 sites of cultivated soils. For two surface depths 0-30 cm and sub-surface 30-60 cm and 40 sites for leftover soils of two depths as well, The volumetric analysis results showed that the variability of the microorganisms in the soil was that the Azotobacter bacteria were the most heterogeneous compared to the Bacillus bacteria, and that the content of Azotobacter was higher in the soil than the Bacillus bacteria, and the agricultural use had an effect on the presence of these microorganisms and their heterogeneity.
Appropriateness of Land and Crop Selection for an Area in Iraq Al-Salamiyat
Authors: Fadhel Batool Mohammed , Ali Iyad Kazem , Khalaf Waleed Mohammed
Published: April 2023

Al-Salamiyat project, which is situated inside the administrative boundaries of Baghdad Governorate and has a total size estimated at 2621 hectares, required a study to assess the lands for cereal crops (wheat, barley, and maize). The study region was visited and examined repeatedly in order to set up and gather data; take soil models; observe the land cover; the level of soil salinity; the kind of agricultural use; and the planted crops. The internodes project was covered by satellite imagery retrieved from the satellite sentinel (2B) Al-Mashhad (SMC) for the month of March 2021. The soil model’s physical and chemical characteristics were estimated. The analyses’ findings demonstrated that the research area’s soils had a degree of interaction (PH), as estimated values for this characteristic ranged from 7.05 for soil model No. 8 to 7.9 for model No. 11, or neutral to medium basal. Because most of the study area’s lands are used for agriculture and have a high percentage of vegetative cover, the majority of the soils there contain modest amounts to moderately moderate salt. Carbonate minerals factor: According to Sys et alsuggestions.’s from 1993, the carbonate minerals factor estimations for wheat and barley harvests were 95% for all soils of the study area, and the final estimates for maize yield ranged from 60% to 85%. According to the findings, the estimations of the amount of exchanged sodium in the study area’s soils were a non-specific factor for the growth of the chosen crops and were given an estimate higher than 95%.. The evaluation of the soil’s properties for the research area’s specified crops showed that the (S1) variety is extremely suited for growing wheat, barley, and yellow corn due to the absence of determinants, while the (S2) class is moderate and acceptable for growing wheat and maize due to high salinity.
The Role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Soil Surveying and Classification
Authors: Saleh Teeba Muzaffar , Jubeir Amal Rahi , Al-Tememe Mohammed Sallal Oleiwi
Published: April 2023

The use of GIS is a technology that is not new, but it is constantly evolving, and that reliance on it in the agricultural field is increasing dramatically. By observing the vegetation cover and physical soil characteristics such as color, texture, water holding capacity and erosion, and soil chemical characteristics, especially evaluating the fertility of the soil for several years, it has become easy to employ this technology in soil surveys and land classification. Through geographic information systems, satellite images and remote sensing data, the studied lands expanded and it became easy to predict the characteristics of these lands in the future through simulating data with mathematical models. In addition, access to rugged and remote areas became easier through satellite images. Finally, this technology is considered as a shortening of time, effort and money to produce maps, graphs, or tables with flexibility, high accuracy, and abundant information that can be used at the present time to make important decisions or in the future.
Effect of Azospirillum brasilense Addition and Organic Matter on Irrigation Efficiency, NPK Availability and Wheat Yield (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Sawadi Sadiq Zayed , Noni Ghanem Bahloul
Published: April 2023

For the purpose of studying the effect of adding bio-bacterial fertilizer and levels of organic matter on irrigation efficiency and the available of some nutrients and on the yield of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.), a field experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the farms Located in Al-Muthanna Governorate / Al-Majd District, the investigation was applied using the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) according to the system of factorial experiments inside the incision and with three replications, The treatment of irrigation periods in the main panels and the factorial treatments of biological and organic fertilization in Secondary panels, The biological fertilization treatments included the use of two levels (adding the bacterial vaccine and not adding it) and the organic fertilization treatments (buffalo waste) in which three levels were used (0, 40, 80 tons ha-1), while the treatments of the irrigation periods were At two levels (50 and 75%) of the field capacity. The results indicated that the treatment of adding bio-fertilizer was significantly superior to the comparison treatment. The highest values were recorded in each of the concentrations of N.P.K. available in the soil after harvest, achieving an increase of (26.81%, 13.21%, and 12.85%) sequentially, as well as the percentage increase in the number density of A.brasilense bacteria in the soil during the flowering stage was 73.03%, The percentage of increase achieved in each of the characteristics of biological yield and grain yield was (19.80%, 5.17%) respectively. Whereas the levels of organic matter were significantly affected, achieving an increase in the concentration of N.P.K. available in the soil (31.30%, 48.33% and 29.22%), respectively, the numbers of A.brasilense in the soil during the flowering stage 37.33%, biological yield 32.88%, and grain yield 20.09%. As for the irrigation periods, they did not significantly affect the studied Adjectives.
Evaluation of the Fertility Status of some Soil Series of the North Tikrit Agricultural Project using Geospatial Technologies
Authors: Musarhad Ahmed Hamed , Farhan Mohammed Jarullah , Khalaf Ayad Abdullah
Published: April 2023

The survey aimed to study the fertility status of some of the soil chains of the North Tikrit Agricultural Project using geospatial technologies. Part of the project area (246.555) km2 was selected on the basis of heterogeneity in soil characteristics, the productive status of agricultural crops and the area formed by the soil series. as the study area is located at longitudes (43 °27′ 30) and (43°12′30) east and two latitudes (35°15′0) and (35°0′0′) north. Which included five soil chains and then obtained 44 soil models from the surface layer 0 - 30 cm distributed over the soil series and recorded some observations and field information. Physical qualities (Soil texture, bulk density), chemical qualities (degree of soil reaction, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate, gypsum, cation exchange capacity and organic matter) and fertility qualities (total, ready, dissolved, total phosphorus, ready, dissolved and dissolved potassium) were estimated and analyzed. Its maps were mapped according to the technique of spatial derivation of the inverted distance median (IWD) using ArcGIS Ver.10.1, as well as monitoring changes to the vegetation and soil state of the project soil using space visualizations acquired on May 15 and 25 of 2002 and respectively 2022. The results reached.
Effect of Different Soil Organic Carbon Content in Different Soils on Water Holding Capacity and Soil Health
Authors: Masood Tareq K. , Ali Nooruldeen S.
Published: April 2023

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil texture on the distance of the wetting front, cumulative water infiltration (I), infiltration rate (IR), saturated water conductivity (Ks), and water holding capacity (WHC). Three levels ( 0, 10, 20, and 30 g OC kg-1 ) from organic carbon (OC) were mixed with different soil materials sandy, loam, and clay texture soils. Field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) were estimated. Soil materials were placed in transparent plastic columns(12 cm soil column ), and water infiltration(I) was measured as a function of time, the distance of the wetting front and Ks. Results showed that advance wetting front as a function of time for soil column was 6 minutes and with no differences between OC levels for sandy soils, while it ranged between 90 minutes (0% OC) - 130 minutes (3% OC) for loam soils, and between 470 minutes (0 %OC) and 590 minutes (1%OC) for clay soils, at the same time cumulative water infiltration(I) increases at the beginning of infiltration and decreases with time and levels of OC. The highest infiltration values were in sandy soils, giving data of 0.05 and 0.12 cm min-1, with no significant differences with OC rates. IR values decreased when OC increased in loam soils, and IR increased exponentially in clay soils with increasing OC levels. The values of Ks decrease with increasing OC for sandy and loam soils, and increase when OC increases above 3% for clay soils. FC and WP values were increased for sandy, loam and clay soils when OC was increased. The AW values decreased for both sandy and clay soils compared to loam soils. It can be concluded that AW can be estimated from FC values regardless of texture and OC by the linear function: AW=0.51(FC)+0.005.
Identifying Suitability Rainwater Harvesting Zones in Diyala Watershed, Iraq, Using Multi-Criteria Analysis and GIS Modelling
Authors: Nabit Ban I. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , Alwan Imzahim A.
Published: April 2023

The rising demand for water and the depletion of natural water resources, as well as the current environmental problems, have led to the need for the provision of additional quantities of water to enhance water resources and the sustainability of ecosystems. Water harvesting technologies are one of the most effective solutions to treat this issue. In this study, appropriate zones for rainwater harvesting in the Diyala Watershed were identified using the Geographic Information Systems-based multi-criteria analysis and fuzzy logic model. Seven criteria were selected: slope, stream order, rainfall, runoff, hydrological soil group, land use, and distance to roads. The map of suitability was categorized into five categories, ranging from very low to very high, and the map showed that the majority of high-suitability areas are situated in the southeast parts of the study area, while most of the regions of low suitability are located in the western and northern parts. Lastly, this study will contribute to the effective planning and administration of rainwater on a broader scale.
Effect Different Levels of Organic Fertilizer and Agricultural Sulfur on the Growth and Yield of Potato Solanum tuberosum L.
Authors: Jafaar Ameer Adnan , Abdulrasool Kahtan Jamal
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriya in the spring season 2021 to know the effect of adding different levels of organic matter (poultry manure) and agricultural sulfur on the growth and yield of potatoes. The experiment included two factors: the addition of three levels of organic matter (0-10-20) Mg h-1, symbolized by OM0, OM1, and OM2 in sequence, and agricultural sulfur (0-1000-2000) kg h-1 and symbolized by S0, S1 and S2 in sequence. The treatments were distributed according to a randomized complete block design. The dry weight of shoots, number of tubers plant-1, total yield, starch and protein content of tubers and percentage of dry matter in tubers were calculated. The results showed that treatment S2 gave the highest dry weight of 8.41 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment S0 which gave 4.64 Mg ha-1 and treatment M2 gave 7.37 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment M0 which gave 5.92 Mg ha-1 and the interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest dry weight 9.0 Mg ha-1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest number of tubers plant-1 was 9.4 compared to the measurement treatment 5.1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave a higher yield of 59.56 Mg ha-1 compared to the measurement treatment 25.74 Mg ha-1. The M2S2 interaction treatment gave the highest values for the qualitative characteristics in potatoes, which are the percentage of starch, protein and dry matter 13.02, 8.4 and 19.09%, respectively.
Effect of Adding Phosphate-Dissolving Bacteria on the Activity of Phosphatase Enzyme and some Soil Characteristics and the Yield of Solanum melongena L. under Protected Cultivation Conditions
Authors: Al-Aarthy Abbas Nadhem Bardan , Al-Jebory Abdallah Kreem J. , Al-Kaby Aman Hamed J.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out in the agricultural season 2021-2022 at the second agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Muthanna in Al Bandar area, southeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate, 3 km from the center of Samawa city / Al-Muthanna Governorate. The yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L) under protected cultivation conditions. The study was carried out in two stages. The first was a laboratory study that included the isolation of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. 10 bacterial isolates were isolated from soil samples taken from 0-30 cm depth of the rhizosphere soil from fields planted with different crops. The isolates were diagnosed The study of its cultivar, morphological, biochemical and microscopic characteristics, and the experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). And I took the symbol B1, B2, B3 in addition to the I have the comparison treatment and got the symbol B0. As for the second factor, it included three levels of phosphorous mineral fertilization of 25%, 50% and 75% of the fertilizer recommendation, in addition to the comparison treatment that took the symbol F0, F1, F2, F3 sequentially. The results of the study showed the following: (1)Inoculation with phosphorous-dissolving bacterial isolates led to a significant increase in the number of phosphorous-dissolving bacteria, with a higher average of 106.6×Cfu 106.gm soil-1 compared to treatment B0 (without addition) by the effect of treatment B3 (mixing the two species Pseudomonas putida and pseudomonas fluorescens). (2) Bio-inoculation led to a significant increase in the ready phosphorous in the soil, and the highest average effect of treatment B3 was (40.10,17.88) mg/kg soil-1 for the control treatment B0 sequentially.
Bio Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil and Plants Treated with Sludge
Authors: Alshwaili Nisreen S. , Mijwel Abbas K. , Jasman Ammar K.
Published: April 2023

Sludge is one of the sources of organic fertilizer and it is rich in the necessary mineral elements, but global warnings confirm the presence of heavy elements that greatly hinder its use in agriculture, so this study was conducted as four levels of sludge were used (0,10,20,30) tons ha-1 and two types of the two bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Serratia marcescens, for the biological removal of heavy metals from the soil and reducing their uptake in plants. The results showed that the level is 30 tons ha-1 sludge gave the highest increase in the percentage of heavy metals in the plant and soil as it gave lead 4.81 ppm, cadmium 0.563 ppm and nickel 9.4 ppm in the plant. As for the soil, it gave lead 88.29 ppm, cadmium 2.134 ppm and nickel 78.8 ppm. The microorganisms had a positive effect in reducing the content of heavy elements in the plant, as the bacteria S. marcescens showed a significant effect in reducing the proportion of lead and cadmium, while the bacteria E. aerogenes had a significant effect in reducing the proportion of nickel. As for the soil, the bacteria S. marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes had a significant effect in reducing the rate of lead, cadmium and nickel. The interaction also had a significant effect on reducing the content of heavy metals in the plant. The bacteria S. marcescens and E. aerogenes had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of lead when adding 30 tons ha-1 only. As for cadmium and nickel, S. marcescens and E. aerogenes achieved a significant response in reducing their content upon addition of 10, 20 and 30, respectively. As for the soil, the bacteria S. marcescens and E. aerogenes had a significant effect on reducing the percentage of lead when adding 20 and 30 tons ha-1 and S. marcescen bacteria also had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of nickel when adding 20 tons ha-1, while cadmium did not show any significant differences at any addition.
The Background Radiation for the Soil Samples Selected from Al-Kafel Area-Babylon Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Sadi Mohammed Abdul Kadhim Hadi , Kadhim Inaam H.
Published: April 2023

The specific radioactivity for the Soil samples selected from Al-Kafel area in Babylon governorate was measured by using NaI(Tl) detector. A mathematical models were also used to calculate the radioactivity of 226Ra nucleus in plant and animal products and radiation doses resulting from its consumption. It was found that: The concentration of thorium nucleus (234Th) resulting from the decomposition of the uranium-238 chain has reached its highest value is (30.40) Bq/Kg for in soil sample SS7, which is within the universally permitted limits for the degenerated uranium chain and its products (35) Bq/Kg. An increase in its radioactivity was observed in radium nucleus (226Ra), the highest value of which was in the sample SS6 at the rate of (85.64) Bq/Kg with another noticeable increase of the samples SS1, SS2, SS3, SS7, SS8 which exceeded the permitted limits (35) Bq/Kg. Also, it was found that the highest radioactivity of thorium nucleus 232Th reached (45.39) Bq/Kg in the sample SS13, In addition, there is high radioactivity of the same nuclei in the samples SS16, SS17 SS18, SS19, SS10, SS12 Which exceeded the allowed limits of (30) Bq/Kg. Also the radioactivity of the potassium nucleus (40K) it was found that between (395.20 - 110.60) Bq/Kg to the samples (SS5, SS14), respectively, All of which are within the permissible limits (400)Bq/Kg. likewise found to high values from the radiation doses from human consumption of vegetable and animal products (milk and meat) in SS6, SS7 and SS8 samples due to the high concentration of radium isotope in soil samples(23), generally all of them within the allowed limits 0.1 Sv/y.