bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schlieren investigation of the square cylinder wake: Joint influence of buoyancy and orientation
Authors: Kakade A. A. , Singh S. K. , Panigrahi P. K. , Muralidhar K.
Published: May 2010

The present work examines the combined influence of orientation and buoyancy on vortex shedding from a heated square cylinder with the main flow in the vertically upward direction in the aiding buoyancy configuration. The wake of the cylinder is imaged by a schlieren technique. The study investigates the effect of buoyancy, Reynolds number, and angle of incidence of square cylinder with respect to the incoming flow. The Reynolds numbers based on the cylinder edge have been set equal to 56, 87, and 100. Eight different orientations (θ=0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 45°) and a Richardson number range of 0.031–0.291 have been considered. Instantaneous as well as time-averaged schlieren images, velocity profiles, vortex formation length, Strouhal number, and power spectra are reported. Results show that there is no vortex shedding at Re=56 for the zero angle of incidence. Vortex shedding is initiated at this Reynolds number for a higher angle of incidence, indicating that cylinder orientation plays a favoring role in destabilizing the wake. For orientations other than 0° and 45°, the time-averaged wake is asymmetric. With an increase in the angle of incidence, the shear layers roll up over a shorter distance. With heating, the fluid particles in the shear layer are further accelerated and a marginal increase in Strouhal number with Richardson number is observed. As the heating level increases to a higher value, buoyancy delivers sufficient momentum into the wake, diminishes the velocity deficit, and completely eliminates vortex shedding. Suppression of vortex shedding is observed at a certain critical Richardson number that depends on Reynolds number and the angle of incidence. The approach toward complete suppression and the corresponding wake structures are of interest. The present study demonstrates that the properties of the cylinder wake are intricately related to both the heating level and its orientation relative to the incoming flow.
Compressing magnetic fields with high-energy lasers
Authors: Knauer J. P. , Gotchev O. V. , Chang P. Y. , Meyerhofer D. D. , Polomarov O. , Betti R. , Frenje J. A. , Li C. K. , Manuel M. J.-E. , Petrasso R. D. , Rygg J. R. , Séguin F. H.
Published: May 2010

Laser-driven magnetic-field compression producing a magnetic field of tens of megaGauss is reported for the first time. A shock wave formed during the implosion of a cylindrical target traps an initial (seed) magnetic field that is amplified via conservation of magnetic flux. Such large fields are expected to magnetize the electrons in the hot, central plasma, leading to a cyclotron frequency exceeding the collision frequency. The Omega Laser Facility [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] was used to implode cylindrical CH targets filled with deuterium gas and seeded with an external field (>50 kG) from a magnetic pulse generator. This seed field is trapped and rapidly compressed by the imploding shell, minimizing the effect of resistive flux diffusion. The compressed field was probed via proton deflectrometry using 14.7 MeV protons from the D+H3e fusion reaction emitted by an imploding glass microballoon. Line-averaged magnetic fields of the imploded core were measured to between 30 and 40 MG. Experimental data were analyzed with both a magnetohydrodynamic version of the one-dimensional hydrocode LILAC [J. Delettrez et al., Phys. Rev. A 36, 3926 (1987); N. W. Jang et al., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 51, 144 (2006)] and the particle propagation code GEANT4 [S. Agostinelli et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 506, 250 (2003)].
The rheology of solid glass
Authors: Williams Stephen R. , Evans Denis J.
Published: May 2010

As the glass transition is approached from the high temperature side, viewed as a liquid, the properties of the ever more viscous supercooled liquid are continuous functions of temperature and pressure. The point at which we decide to classify the fluid as a solid is therefore subjective. This subjective decision does, however, have discontinuous consequences for how we determine the rheological properties of the glass. We apply the recently discovered relaxation theorem to the time independent, nondissipative, nonergodic glassy state to derive an expression for the phase space distribution of an ensemble of glass samples. This distribution is then used to construct a time dependent linear response theory for aged glassy solids. The theory is verified using molecular dynamics simulations of oscillatory shear for a realistic model glass former with excellent agreement being obtained between the response theory calculations and direct nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculations. Our numerical results confirm that unlike all the fluid states, including supercooled liquids, a solid glass (in common with crystalline states) has a nonzero value for the zero frequency shear modulus. Of all the states of matter, a supercooled fluid approaching the glass transition has the highest value for the limiting zero frequency shear viscosity. Finally, solid glasses like dilute gases and crystals have a positive temperature coefficient for the shear viscosity whereas supercooled and normal liquids have a negative temperature coefficient.
Temperature study of cluster formation in two-Yukawa fluids
Authors: Bomont Jean-Marc , Bretonnet Jean-Louis , Costa Dino
Published: May 2010

An accurate thermodynamically self-consistent integral equation theory of the liquid state is used to investigate model fluids with competing attractive interaction at short distances and long-range repulsion, focusing on thermodynamic states where the formation of clusters is expected to occur. We find a remarkable accuracy of theoretical predictions, through a detailed assessment against results of Monte Carlo simulations. The behavior of theoretical radial distribution functions and structure factors faithfully follows the onset and growth of cluster aggregates in the homogeneous dense-vapor phase. The thermodynamic properties of the system sensitively depend on the ratio between the repulsive barrier and the attraction strength. We elucidate the role of accurate theoretical tools to investigate the properties of fluids with complex phase behaviors.
Effect of particle shape and charge on bulk rheology of nanoparticle suspensions
Authors: Heine David R. , Petersen Matt K. , Grest Gary S.
Published: May 2010

The rheology of nanoparticle suspensions for nanoparticles of various shapes with equal mass is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The equilibrium structure and the response to imposed shear are analyzed for suspensions of spheres, rods, plates, and jacks in an explicit solvent for both charged and uncharged nanoparticles. For the volume fraction studied, ϕvf=0.075, the uncharged systems are all in their isotropic phase, and the viscosity is only weakly dependent on shape for spheres, rods, and plate, whereas for the jacks the viscosity is an order of magnitude larger than for the other three shapes. The introduction of charge increases the viscosity for all four nanoparticle shapes, with the increase being the largest for rods and plates. The presence of a repulsive charge between the particles decreases the amount of stress reduction that can be achieved by particle reorientation.
Calculation of near K edge x-ray absorption spectra and hydrogen bond network in ice XIII under compression
Authors: Zhang Jingyun , Xiao Zhi-Ren , Kuo Jer-Lai
Published: May 2010

The hydrogen bond network, oxygen K edge x-ray absorption spectra (XAS), and electronic structure of ice XIII under compression have been extensively studied by density functional theory (DFT). We showed that DFT methods yield a ground state consistent with previous neutron scattering experiment and a few low-enthalpy metastable states are likely to coexist from the total enthalpy calculations. Oxygen K edge XAS of four low-enthalpy configurations was studied with the aim to shed light on the local structure in these configurations. We demonstrated that pre-edge of oxygen K edge XAS is a common feature appearing in all these four structures while major spectral differences exist in the main peak area. Therefore, we arrived at the conclusion that the main peak is more sensitive to the local hydrogen bond environment and could be used as an effective tool to distinguish these four configurations. We also found that the pre-edge has main contribution from O 1s-4a1 transitions and its intensity was suppressed by pressure while the main peak is mostly coming from O 1s-2b2 transitions.
Critical behavior of attractive rigid rods on two-dimensional lattices
Authors: Longone P. , Linares D. H. , Ramirez-Pastor A. J.
Published: May 2010

Using Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling analysis, the critical behavior of attractive rigid rods of length k (k-mers) on square lattices at intermediate density has been studied. A nematic phase, characterized by a big domain of parallel k-mers, was found. This ordered phase is separated from the isotropic state by a continuous transition occurring at a intermediate density θc. Our study allowed us (1) to determine the dependence of θc on the size of the rods and the magnitude of the lateral interactions and (2) to obtain the critical exponents, which indicate that the transition belongs to the 2D Ising universality class.
Two-dimensional electron or hole gas at ZnO/6H-SiC interface
Authors: Lu Y. H. , Xu B. , Wu R. Q. , Feng Y. P.
Published: May 2010

Electronic structures of ZnO(0001)/6H-SiC(0001) interfaces are investigated using first-principles method. Two-dimensional charge carriers are found at the interfaces. Depending on the interface structure, the type of charge carriers can be n-type if oxygen terminated ZnO(0001) is grown on SiC and p-type when the interface is formed with Zn-terminated ZnO and C-terminated SiC. The interface formed with Zn-terminated ZnO and Si-terminated SiC is found to be half-metallic. Intrinsic charge carriers at the interface of the two wide gap semiconductors could be useful for future oxide-based electronics and spintronics.
Kinetic roughening of a ZnO grain boundary
Authors: Lee Sung Bo , Kim Young-Min , Ko Dong-Su , Ahn Tae-Young , Kim Young-Woon , Park Jucheol
Published: May 2010

Using a model ZnO bicrystal, we examine grain boundary kinetics by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The grain boundary undergoes a transition from atomically stepped to undulating appearances with increasing driving force for migration at a given temperature, producing clear evidence that grain boundaries undergo kinetic roughening.
Mode-specific intermolecular vibrational energy transfer. I. Phenyl selenocyanate and deuterated chloroform mixture
Authors: Bian Hongtao , Li Jiebo , Wen Xiewen , Zheng Junrong
Published: May 2010

Vibrational energy transfer from the first excited state (2252 cm−1) of the C–D stretch of deuterated chloroform (DCCl3) to the 0-1 transition (2155 cm−1) of the CN stretch of phenyl selenocyanate (C6H5SeCN) in their 1:1 liquid mixture was observed with a pump/probe two-color two dimensional infrared spectroscopic technique. The mode-specific energy transfer can occur mainly because of the long vibrational lifetime of the CN stretch first excited state (∼300 ps) and the relatively strong hydrogen-bond between the C–D and CN (calculated H-bond formation energy in gas phase ∼−5.4 kcal/mol). The mode-specific energy transfer is relatively low efficient (only ∼2%), which is mainly because of the relatively short vibrational lifetime (∼9 ps) of the C–D stretch first excited state and the big donor/acceptor energy mismatch (97 cm−1) and the slow transfer kinetics (1/kCD→CN=330 ps).
Charge-induced wetting of aerosols
Authors: Weon Byung Mook , Je Jung Ho
Published: May 2010

Ionization often changes natural material properties such as wettability; this phenomenon is important for aerosols or tiny droplets in natural and industrial processes. We estimate possible wettability changes by ionization in atmospheric aerosols and cloud droplets by analyzing reliable measurements of charge densities based on a general physical model. This estimation shows that atmospheric aerosols could have charge densities larger than 103 μm−2, indicating significant wettability changes. Our finding would be important to evaluate possible effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation in terms of ionization rates.
p
-type conduction in sputtered indium oxide films
Authors: Stankiewicz Jolanta , Villuendas Francisco , Alcalá Rafael
Published: May 2010

We report p-type conductivity in intrinsic indium oxide (IO) films deposited by magnetron sputtering on fused quartz substrates under oxygen-rich ambient. Highly oriented (111) films were studied by x-ray diffraction, optical absorption, and Hall effect measurements. We fabricated p-n homojunctions on these films.
Direct measurement of giant electrocaloric effect in BaTiO3 multilayer thick film structure beyond theoretical prediction
Authors: Bai Yang , Zheng Guangping , Shi Sanqiang
Published: May 2010

The electrocaloric (EC) effect of BaTiO3 multilayer thick film structure was investigated by direct measurement and theoretical calculation. The samples were prepared by the tape-casting method, which had 180 dielectric layers with an average thickness of 1.4 μm. The thermodynamic calculation based on the polarization-temperature curves predicted a peak heat adsorption of 0.32 J/g at 80 °C under 176 kV/cm electric field. The direct measurement via differential scanning calorimeter showed a much higher EC effect of 0.91 J/g at 80 °C under same electric field. The difference could result from the different trends of changes of electric polarization and lattice elastic energy under ultrahigh electric field.
Chromium poisoning in rats feeding on tannery residues
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Carvalho , Júnior João Chrysostomo de Resende , Varaschin Mary Suzan , Vicente de Sousa Raimundo , Oliveira Luiz Carlos Alves , Daniel João Luiz Pratti , Francisco de Lima Ronaldo , Oliveira Moreiva Anselmo
Published: May 2010

The Brazilian tannery industry produces annually an enormous amount of scraps and leather shavings impregnated with chromium due to the tanning process. Technologies have been developed to remove chromium from this material. The resultant residue from the chromium removal process is high in protein with a high digestibility, suggesting that this residue may be used to feed monogastric animals. However, due to the nature of this residue, there is a risk of chromium poisoning and the introduction of botulism. The aim of this work was to establish the risks of adding tannery residues to animal feeds, using rats as an experimental model.
Forty-eight Wistar rats were placed under eight treatments in a 2 by 4 factorial arrangement. The rats were fed over 60 days with a standard AIN-93 diet and the treatments consisted of replacing part of the diet with 0, 25, 37.5 or 50% of the chromium-tanned leather residue, in natura, known as ‘wet blue’, or the same percentages of this residue after chromium extraction. Industrial processing was able to remove 70–80% of the chromium from the residue. This high chromium level had a negative effect on the weight gain of the animals and caused lesions in the kidneys especially due to the chromium extraction material, suggesting that the removal process increases the biological activity of chromium, making it nefrotoxic. The gravity of this effect was directly proportional to the inclusion level. The results of this study indicate that until industrial processing is refined so that more of the chromium residue is removed, the use of the tannery residues in animal feeds is not safe.
Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) pasture in central Queensland. 3. Diet composition in autumn
Authors: Hendricksen R. E. , Myles D. J. , Reid D. J. , Orr D. M.
Published: May 2010

The diet selected in autumn by steers fistulated at the oesophageous was studied in a subset of treatments in an extensive grazing study conducted in a Heteropogon contortus pasture in central Queensland between 1988 and 2001. These treatments were a factorial array of three stocking rates (4, 3 and 2 ha/steer) and three pasture types (native pasture, legume-oversown native pasture and animal diet supplement/spring-burning native pasture). Seasonal rainfall throughout this study was below the long-term mean and mean annual pasture utilisation ranged from 30 to 61%. Steers consistently selected H. contortus with levels decreasing from 47 to 18% of the diet as stocking rate increased from 4 ha/steer to 2 ha/steer. Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca was always selected in legume-oversown pastures with diet composition varying from 35 to 66% despite its plant density increasing from 7 to 65 plants/m2 and pasture composition from 20 to 50%. Steers also selected a diet containing Chrysopogon fallax, forbs and sedges in higher proportions than they were present in the pasture. Greater availability of the intermediate grasses Chloris divaricata and Eragrostis spp. was associated with increased stocking rates. Bothriochloa bladhii was seldom selected in the diet, especially when other palatable species were present in the pasture, despite B. bladhii often being the major contributor to total pasture yield. It was concluded that a stocking rate of 4 ha/steer will maintain the availability of H. contortus in the pasture.
Pre-partum shearing of ewes under pastoral conditions improves the early vigour of both single and twin lambs
Authors: Banchero G. , Vázquez A. , Montossi F. , de Barbieri I. , Quintans G.
Published: May 2010

This study tested the hypothesis that ewes bearing single or twin lambs shorn at 70 or 120 days of pregnancy would give birth to lambs more vigorous than those born to unshorn ewes, increasing the chances of lamb survival. This was tested in two experiments. In the first, 57 adult Corriedale ewes bearing single lambs were allocated to three treatments; shearing at Day 70 of gestation (S70, n = 18), shearing at Day 120 of gestation (S120, n = 19) or unshorn (US, n = 20). In the second, 57 Corriedale ewes bearing twins were allocated to the same treatments: S70, n = 18; S120, n = 20; or US, n = 19. All ewes grazed native pasture until penned and fed individually to requirements during the last 10 days of pregnancy. Gestation length, lamb birthweight, lamb behaviour during their first hour of life, blood glucose and colostrum amount and composition were measured. In the first experiment, with single lambs, birthweights were similar (4.8, 4.7 and 4.7 kg for S70, S120 and US ewes, respectively; s.e. = 0.17, P = 0.47) and the ewes had lengths of gestation of 149 ± 0.6, 148 ± 0.5 and 147 ± 0.6 days respectively. Seventy-eight percent of S70 and 61% of S120 lambs sucked compared with 21% of US lambs (P < 0.001). In the second experiment, with twin lambs, S70 lambs were heavier than S120, which were heavier than US lambs (3.9, 3.4 and 3.1 kg; s.e. = 0.1, P < 0.0001). Ninety-seven percent of S70 and 92% of S120 lambs stood in their first hour of life compared with 68% of US lambs (P < 0.05). Sixty-seven percent of S70 and 63% of S120 lambs sucked compared with 22% of US lambs (P < 0.001). The length of gestation was 148 ± 0.4, 147 ± 0.5 and 144 ± 0.5 days for S70, S120 and US ewes. In both experiments there was no difference in the amount or quality of the colostrum produced by the ewes of the different treatments. We conclude that pre-partum shearing improves lambs’ behaviour independently of their birthweight and suggest that this could be because the lambs are more physiologically mature at birth.
Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) pasture in central Queensland. 4. Animal production
Authors: Burrows W. H. , Orr D. M. , Hendricksen R. E. , Rutherford M. T. , Myles D. J. , Back P. V. , Gowen R.
Published: May 2010

Steer liveweight gains were measured in an extensive grazing study conducted in a Heteropogon contortus (black speargrass) pasture in central Queensland between 1988 and 2001. Treatments included a range of stocking rates in native pastures, legume-oversown native pasture and animal diet supplement/spring‐burning pastures. Seasonal rainfall throughout this study was below the long-term mean. Mean annual pasture utilisation ranged from 13 to 61%. Annual liveweight gains per head in native pasture were highly variable among years and ranged from a low of 43 kg/steer at 2 ha/steer to a high of 182 kg/steer at 8 ha/steer. Annual liveweight gains were consistently highest at light stocking and decreased with increasing stocking rate. Annual liveweight gain per hectare increased linearly with stocking rate. These stocking rate trends were also evident in legume-oversown pastures although both the intercept and slope of the regressions for legume-oversown pastures were higher than that for native pasture. The highest annual liveweight gain for legume-oversown pasture was 221 kg/steer at 4 ha/steer. After 13 years, annual liveweight gain per unit area occurred at the heaviest stocking rate despite deleterious changes in the pasture. Across all years, the annual liveweight advantage for legume-oversown pastures was 37 kg/steer. Compared with native pasture, changes in annual liveweight gain with burning were variable. It was concluded that cattle productivity is sustainable when stocking rates are maintained at 4 ha/steer or lighter (equivalent to a utilisation rate around 30%). Although steer liveweight gain occurred at all stocking rates and economic returns were highest at heaviest stocking rates, stocking rates heavier than 4 ha/steer are unsustainable because of their long-term impact on pasture productivity.
Temporal growth and development of body tissues of pigs as assessed by X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Barchia I. M. , Arthur P. F. , Giles L. R. , Eamens G. J.
Published: May 2010

Data from 54 hybrid (mainly Large White × Landrace) pigs, comprising 18 male, 18 female and 18 castrated pigs, were used to quantify and mathematically describe the temporal growth and development of body tissues of live pigs. The pigs were 31.1 ± 3.6 kg liveweight (LW) and 70 ± 1 day of age (mean ± s.d.) at the start of the study, were individually penned, fed ad libitum and were weighed weekly. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was used to determine the weights of lean, fat and bone tissues of each pig at five different times during the study, which corresponded to ~30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg LW. The highest age and LW achieved by a pig were 31.4 weeks and 166.6 kg, respectively. A nonlinear mixed effects model of Gompertz function with sigmoidal behaviour was fitted to the data for each of the three sexes (male, female and castrate) to study the temporal growth and development of CT LW and the body tissues (lean, fat and bone). The estimate for CT LW at maturity was 237.5, 198.6 and 210.1 kg for males, females and castrates, respectively, and the corresponding prediction for the point of inflection (maximum growth rate) was 87.4, 73.1 and 77.3 kg. The predicted point of inflection for lean tissue was 47.0, 37.5 and 34.3 kg for males, females and castrates, respectively. In general, male pigs were the leanest, and castrates were the fattest, with females in between. Within sex, the ages at the point of inflection for lean tissue and bone tissue were lower than those for CT LW, whereas those for fat tissue were higher than those for CT LW. The percentage of bone tissue in the body generally remained stable with age (e.g. castrates had 9.2 and 9.0% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively), whereas the percentage of lean tissue decreased with age (e.g. castrates had 61.3 and 50.4% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively), and that of fat tissue increased with age (e.g. castrates had 16.8 and 25.8% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively). Accurate mathematical models are required to develop management strategies to optimise pig production. The results of this study indicate that serial data on live pigs generated by CT imaging technology can be used to describe temporal growth and development of LW and body tissues of pigs using sigmoidal growth functions.
A simplified method for characterising agronomic services provided by species-rich grasslands
Authors: Duru Michel , Cruz Pablo , Theau Jean Pierre
Published: May 2010

In order to encourage farmers and their advisors to promote species-rich grasslands, the agronomic services they can provide should be demonstrated. Methods based on functional ecology are promising, but difficult to use in an applied context. Thus, we aimed to construct a simplified method, tailored for non-researchers, for assessing grassland agronomic services. We assess them by focusing on the grass species that was coupled to a leaf dry matter content (LDMC) database. These simplifications are supported by several hypotheses tested in our paper: (i) trade-offs between agronomic properties; (ii) mass ratio hypothesis; and (iii) functional convergence and divergence between grass and dicotyledonous species. The results were based on 37 vegetation records taken in the south of France (central Pyrenees, from 650 to 1250 m. a.s.l.) for calculating the proportion of grass species and the aggregated LDMC of grass species (LDMCgw), weighting species values by their abundance. LDMC of grass species was taken from field measurements and from a database. The two methods were compared. The latter avoids tedious field measurements, and we found that it was at least as good as the former for assessing agronomic productivity and quality, and the same was true for a LDMC diversity index. Reducing the list of grass species to the two dominant ones did not significantly alter the LDMCgw. There were significant differences between the grass and dicotyledonous components coexisting within a plant community for the digestibility of the plant components (higher for dicots) and in the date at which ceiling yield occurred (earlier for dicots), but no significant effect for productivity. For assessing agronomic services, we proposed corrections based on the grass : dicotyledon ratio. The hypotheses used for designing the method were verified. Finally, agronomic services such as herbage productivity and quality provided by species-rich grasslands can be evaluated by recording dominant grass species and the proportion of grass in the herbage. However, taking account of the difference in sensitivity to the environment for agronomic properties and plant species composition, the main use of the method is for ranking plant communities within a given area and a given year, rather than for providing absolute values of these agronomic properties.
Evaluating an active optical sensor for quantifying and mapping green herbage mass and growth in a perennial grass pasture
Authors: Trotter M. G. , Lamb D. W. , Donald G. E. , Schneider D. A.
Published: May 2010

Efficiently measuring and mapping green herbage mass using remote sensing devices offers substantial potential benefits for improved management of grazed pastures over space and time. Several techniques and instruments have been developed for estimating herbage mass, however, they face similar limitations in terms of their ability to distinguish green and senescent material and their use over large areas. In this study we explore the application of an active, near infrared and red reflectance sensor to quantify and map pasture herbage mass using a range of derived spectral indices. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index offered the best correlation with green dry matter (GDM), with a root mean square error of prediction of 288 kg/ha. The calibrated sensor was integrated with a Global Positioning System on a 4-wheel motor bike to map green herbage mass. An evaluation of representative, truncated transects indicated the potential to conduct rapid assessments of the GDM in a paddock, without the need for full paddock surveys.
Impact of high temperature on pollen germination and spikelet sterility in rice: comparison between basmati and non-basmati varieties
Authors: Chakrabarti Bidisha , Aggarwal P. K. , Singh S. D. , Nagarajan S. , Pathak H.
Published: May 2010

Increased temperature due to global warming may reduce pollen germination and induce spikelet sterility in rice crops. Anthesis is the most sensitive stage in rice and exposure to high temperature during this period may cause reduction in floral reproduction. Increased temperature will have different effects on different rice varieties. In the present study the effect of high temperature on pollen as well as on spikelet sterility in basmati (aromatic) and non-basmati (non-aromatic) rice varieties was quantified. Rice varieties were grown at 11 different sowing dates, to see the effect of varying temperature on pollen and spikelet sterility. Rise in temperature increased pollen sterility and reduced germination of pollen grains on the stigma. Temperature above 33°C during anthesis gradually increased pollen sterility in all rice cultivars. At 35.5°C, variety Pusa Sugandh 2 (basmati) recorded a pollen sterility of 17% and 26% reduction in pollen germination. The principal cause of sterility was reduced anther dehiscence and less pollen deposition on the stigma at higher temperature. Increased temperature during the grain-filling period also increased spikelet sterility in rice and variety Pusa Sugandh 2 was most affected. Non-basmati rice varieties were less affected by increased temperature than basmati types. The study indicated that increasing temperature could limit rice yield by affecting pollen germination and grain formation. It also suggested that sensitivity of pollen grains to temperature damage could be taken as one of the most important parameters for predicting rice yield in warmer climates.
Independent filtering increases detection power for high-throughput experiments
Authors: Bourgon Richard , Gentleman Robert , Huber Wolfgang
Published: May 2010

With high-dimensional data, variable-by-variable statistical testing is often used to select variables whose behavior differs across conditions. Such an approach requires adjustment for multiple testing, which can result in low statistical power. A two-stage approach that first filters variables by a criterion independent of the test statistic, and then only tests variables which pass the filter, can provide higher power. We show that use of some filter/test statistics pairs presented in the literature may, however, lead to loss of type I error control. We describe other pairs which avoid this problem. In an application to microarray data, we found that gene-by-gene filtering by overall variance followed by at-test increased the number of discoveries by 50%. We also show that this particular statistic pair induces a lower bound on fold-change among the set of discoveries. Independent filtering—using filter/test pairs that are independent under the null hypothesis but correlated under the alternative—is a general approach that can substantially increase the efficiency of experiments.
Engineering of a human kringle domain into agonistic and antagonistic binding proteins functioning in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Lee Chang-Han , Park Kyung-Jin , Sung Eun-Sil , Kim Aeyung , Choi Ji-Da , Kim Jeong-Sun , Kim Soo-Hyun , Kwon Myung-Hee , Kim Yong-Sung
Published: May 2010

Here, we report the development of target-specific binding proteins based on the kringle domain (KD) (∼80 residues), a ubiquitous modular structural unit occurring across eukaryotic species. By exploiting the highly conserved backbone folding by core residues, but using extensive sequence variations in the seven loop regions of naturally occurring human KDs, we generated a synthetic KD library on the yeast cell surface by randomizing 45 residues in the loops of a human KD template. We isolated KD variants that specifically bind to anticancer target proteins, such as human death receptor 4 (DR4) and/or DR5, and that function as agonists to induce apoptotic cell death in several cancer cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor progression in mouse models. Combined treatments with KD variants possessing different recognition sites on the same target protein exerted synergisitic tumoricidal activities, compared to treatment with individual variants. In addition to the agonists, we isolated an antagonistic KD variant that binds human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and efficiently neutralizes TNFα-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The KD scaffold with seven flexible loops protruding from the central core was strongly sequence-tolerant to mutations in the loop regions, offering a potential advantage of distinct binding sites for target recognition on the single domain. Our results suggest that the KD scaffold can be used to develop target-specific binding proteins that function as agonists or antagonists toward given target molecules, indicative of their potential use as biotherapeutics.
REACTION RATE SENSITIVITY OF 44Ti PRODUCTION IN MASSIVE STARS AND IMPLICATIONS OF A THICK TARGET YIELD MEASUREMENT OF 40Ca(α, γ)44Ti
Authors: Hoffman R. D. , Sheets S. A. , Harke J. T. , Scielzo N. D. , Rauscher T. , Norman E. B. , Tumey S. , Brown T. A. , Grant P. G. , Hurst A. M. , Phair L. , Stoyer M. A. , Wooddy T. , Fisker J. L. , Bleuel D.
Published: May 2010

We evaluate two dominant nuclear reaction rates and their uncertainties that affect 44Ti production in explosive nucleosynthesis. Experimentally we develop thick target yields for the 40Ca(α, γ)44Ti reaction at E
α = 4.13, 4.54, and 5.36 MeV using γ-ray spectroscopy. At the highest beam energy, we also performed an activation measurement which agrees with the thick target result. From the measured yields a stellar reaction rate was developed that is smaller than current statistical-model calculations and recent experimental results, which would suggest lower 44Ti production in scenarios for the α-rich freezeout. Special attention has been paid to assessing realistic uncertainties of stellar reaction rates produced from a combination of experimental and theoretical cross sections. With such methods, we also develop a re-evaluation of the 44Ti(α, p)47V reaction rate. Using these two rates we carry out a sensitivity survey of 44Ti synthesis in eight expansions representing peak temperature and density conditions drawn from a suite of recent supernova explosion models. Our results suggest that the current uncertainty in these two reaction rates could lead to as large an uncertainty in 44Ti synthesis as that produced by different treatments of stellar physics.
On the Formalization of the Law of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Brady Ross T.
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines three ways of formalizing the law of non-contradiction. The key feature of such a way is the enforcement of consistency of the formal system concerned. The first formalization is as a formula of form, ∼(A&∼A), favoured by textbooks. The presence of this as a logical law is shown to be completely independent of the consistency of the logical system. The second formalization is as a rule, A,∼A → B, called the Spread Law. This rule is somewhat better as its presence prevents contradictions from occurring in the logic, through pain of triviality. However, paraconsistent logics are without the rule, and something needs to be done for them. The third formalization uses rejection in two forms, one rejecting contradictions and one rejecting negations of provable formulae, but these too have their problems.
Knowledge and Non-Contradiction
Authors: Brown Bryson
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines the status of the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC) by means of an examination of the epistemology of logic. It argues that reasoning that tolerates contradictions, in the sense of not trivializing their consequences, need not involve a commitment to their possible truth or correct assertability, because the consequence relations that we find in dialetheic logics can be captured by preservationist logics, logics that do not preserve truth from left to right of the turnstile, but some other (cognitively valuable) feature of premise sets. An examination of the aims of logical theorizing and the threat of under-determination leads to the conclusion that, just as Euclid's parallel postulate is not an invariant for empirically adequate applied geometries, the status of LNC is unlikely to be an invariant shared by all tenable logical theories.
Logical Non-Apriorism and the ‘Law’ of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Bueno Otávio , Colyvan Mark
Published: May 2010

A common response to those who question the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC) is that it is impossible to debate such a fundamental law of logic. The reasons for this response vary, but what seems to underlie them is the thought that there is a minimal set of logical resources without which rational debate is impossible. This chapter argues that this response is misguided. First, it defends non-apriorism in logic: the view that logic is in the same epistemic boat as other scientific theories. It then offers an account of logical theory change in terms of this epistemology. The LNC is discussed in terms of this account of logical theory change, and it is shown that rational debate over this law can, and does, proceed. Finally, arguments for and against the LNC are discussed, and how and where non-a priori considerations arise in these arguments are illustrated.
The Philosophical Basis of What? The Anti-Realist Route to Dialetheism
Authors: Cogburn Jon
Published: May 2010

Dummettian anti-realists have traditionally argued that verificationism entails giving up the law of excluded middle for discourses such as mathematics, which contain warrants that cannot be defeated. This chapter shows how in the case of discourses where the warrants are at best defeasible, the Dummett's master argument actually undermines the Law of Non-Contradiction. The resulting dialetheist anti-realism captures well many of our intuitions about tragic choice scenarios in ethics, and sometimes intractable disagreement among the wise, without undermining moral objectivity.
Semantic Dialetheism
Authors: Mares Edwin D.
Published: May 2010

Approaches to paraconsistency can be arranged on a spectrum similar to the way in which approaches to vagueness are often understood. On the left are the metaphysical realists; those who think that there are real contradictory facts, that are mind and language independent. On the right are those who think that although we can have inconsistent beliefs and inconsistent theories — and we need a paraconsistent logic to deal with them — the world itself is perfectly consistent. In the middle are the semantic dialetheists, who claim that there are true contradictions, but that these come about because of particular features of our use of language. This chapter outlines a particular version of semantic dialetheism based on a four-valued logic. It contends that although we need such a logic to deal with our current language, we could regiment our uses of predicates (and other expressions) to eliminate all true contradictions.
In Defense of the Law of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Zalta Edward N.
Published: May 2010

The arguments of the dialetheists for the rejection of the traditional law of non-contradiction are not yet conclusive, for they uniformly fail to consider how the logic of encoding undermines the problems dialetheism solves. This chapter treats historical philosophical problems, discussed in Priest (1995), in the logic of encoding. The argument at the heart of the case against the law of non-contradiction (i.e. the argument based on the paradoxes of self-reference) is also re-analyzed in the light of encoding logic. The chapter concludes with a more general discussion of logic and predication, and with the suggestion that there is no need to tamper with the logic of the traditional mode of predication if there is an alternative mode of predication that is well suited to the analysis of cases involving contradictory objects.
Chapter 3 Grassroots Resistance: Property Rights and Residents' Rights
Authors: Hsing You‐tien
Published: May 2010

Chapter 3 examines two types of grassroots resistance in Beijing triggered by inner‐city redevelopment. One concerns property rights protests launched by pre‐Revolution private homeowners; the other focuses on residents' rights protests by long‐term inner‐city residents displaced by redevelopment projects. The homeowners succeeded in recovering their pre‐Revolution homeownership, and their protests quickly escalated to challenge the more fundamental issue of the state's exclusive claim over land and land rents. The displaced residents, on the other hand, framed their grievances and demands not as property owners, but as residents whose livelihood is rooted in the inner city. While both groups used legalistic and territorial strategies to negotiate with the state and to expand mobilization networks, the expansion of their demands from property rights to residents' rights is particularly meaningful in the pursuit of citizenship rights.
Chapter 4 Metropolitan Governance, Real‐Estate Projects, and Capital Accumulation
Authors: Hsing You‐tien
Published: May 2010

Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban governments at the municipal and district levels and rural governments at the county and township levels. The struggle between urban and rural governments is set in the historical shift in which industrialism has largely given way to urbanism since the late 1990s. Drawing on the changing political discourse, urban governments have moved to incorporate scattered industrial estates formerly controlled by rural governments. As a result, the urban fringe becomes a primary site of capital accumulation, territorial expansion, and consolidation vital to urban governments' local state‐building projects. The urban government's logic of property‐based accumulation and territorial expansion builds on itself and finds expression in massive‐scale mega projects like “new cities” and “university cities” built on former village land in the outskirts of the city.
Chapter 5 Village Corporatism, Real‐Estate Projects, and Territorial Autonomy
Authors: Hsing You‐tien
Published: May 2010

Chapter 5 turns to the villages located at the urban fringe that have actually benefited from urban expansion, and looks at the nonconfrontational form of social mobilization in those sites. Rapid urban expansion since the 1980s has turned many “villages by the city” into “villages in the city” and has transformed villagers from vegetable farmers to rentiers, taking advantage of immigrant‐fuelled rental housing markets. These “corporatist villages,” as the author terms them, are most successful in the southern metropolises of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Corporatist villages are able to enjoy relative territorial autonomy under the expansionist regime of the metropolitan government because of their skills in bargaining with the local state, their strategic location, recollectivization of the village economy, and reinforcement of village identity. These southern “villages in the city” thus represent a successful case of territorialization.
Chapter 7 Peasant Relocation and Deterritorialization
Authors: Hsing You‐tien
Published: May 2010

Chapter 7 looks at peasants who lost their land to urban expansion in the last three decades. It seeks a territorial explanation for the gap between the magnitude of peasants' grievances and the low frequency of protests on the one hand, and peasant's mobilizational capacity on the other. It argues that the mobilizational capacity of peasants is undermined by the snowballing effect of forced relocation. Forced relocation often leads to the deterioration of villagers' household financial status, disintegration of village organization, and rupture of collective identity, all of which contribute to village deterritorialization. More specifically, relocation produces deterritorialization through nebulous compensation negotiations that undermine mutual trust within villages, phased demolition and relocation that gradually destroy the physical environment and village solidarity, and switching peasants' status from members of village collectives to urban residents, thereby splitting villagers' interests. These moves weaken villagers' potential for successful collective action.
Night Spraying Peanut Fungicides I. Extended Fungicide Residual and Integrated Disease Management
Authors: Augusto J. , Brenneman T. B. , Culbreath A. K. , Sumner P.
Published: May 2010

The efficacy of chemical control of stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) relies partially on increasing deposition and residual activity in the lower canopy. Tebuconazole (0.21 kg a.i./ha, four applications) and azoxystrobin (0.31 kg a.i./ha, two applications) were each applied on peanut plants in daylight or at night, when leaves were folded, in two Tifton, GA, field trials in 2007. Both timings of each fungicide provided similar control of early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola). Night applications of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole reduced stem rot at digging and increased yield compared with day applications. Night applications of tebuconazole were also tested in Nicaragua from 2005 to 2007. Peanut plants had less stem rot, similar levels of rust (caused by Puccinia arachidis), and higher yield with night applications than with day applications. Residual activity of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole were improved on the bottom shaded leaves (on which fungicides would be better deposited with night application) compared with top, sun-exposed leaves (where most fungicide would be deposited with a day application) according to a bioassay with S. rolfsii. Increased fungicide residual activity within the bottom canopy may increase fungicide efficacy on stem rot and augment peanut yield.
Characterization of Diversity Among Isolates ofRhizoctonia oryzae-sativaefrom California Rice Fields
Authors: Chaijuckam Patcharavipa , Michael Davis R.
Published: May 2010

Thirty-one California isolates of Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, the cause of aggregate sheath spot of rice, were characterized by culture morphology, pathogenicity tests, somatic compatibility groups (SCGs), single-locus microsatellites (SLMs), and multilocus microsatellites (MLMs). The highest level of diversity (individual isolates) was described by MLMs whereas pathogenicity tests exhibited the lowest resolution. In general, a high degree of diversity was revealed (diversity from 51.6 to 100%) within the California population. Several lines of evidence indicated sexual reproduction in the population of R. oryzae-sativae. Genetic analyses of SLMs and MLMs revealed high genetic diversity and gametic equilibrium of all SLMs and most MLMs. Furthermore, unique individuals were recovered by MLMs and there was no correlation of phenotypes to either SCGs or genetic markers. In addition, incongruence of parsimonious trees generated from each of five primers of MLMs and a poorly resolved consensus tree inferred from the combined data set were demonstrated. Accordingly, sexual reproduction of R. oryzae-sativae is probably more prevalent in California than previously assumed.