bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating Neurotrauma Management in Pakistan
Authors: Unaiza Naeem  , Areesha Jawed  , Alleza Jawed
Published: May 2022

Madam, neurotrauma is defined as an injury to the brain and/or spinal cord. A WHO, sponsored study estimated that the annual global incidence of neurotrauma is approximately 500–800 per 100 000 and it accounts for about 11.8% of total global disability-adjusted life years1. In Pakistan, the annual incidence of head injured patients admitted to numerous neurosurgical centres was 50/100,000 population per year2.
The lifetime medical treatment per neurotrauma case is estimated to range from US$600 000 to US$1.8 million. Neurotrauma management incorporates prehospital care lasting minutes to hours which encompasses accurate on site  diagnosis and systematic treatment or during the e shifting, to an organized, well-equipped health care management, in-hospital care for hours to weeks which comprises surgical and non-surgical intervention including imaging, neuro-monitoring and critical care and finally post-acute care lasting weeks to years and denotes any form of rehabilitative interventions to enable and empower patients to have an increased quality of life1. Each component of management requires trained personnel, specific equipment, and protocols3.
However, Pakistan lags in various aspects. As of a last study in 2001, there were only 35 neurosurgical centres and about 1000 neurosurgical beds to accommodate a population of 130 million2. Of the 23 Karachi hospitals studied in 2020, only 57% were well-equipped and accredited [Trauma capacity score (TCS) 67%] to perform elementary resuscitation steps to secure early stability. A sizeable number,57%, s (TCS<34%) lacked space to accommodate head, neck, and spinal injuries; 65% s were partly inadequate (TCS<67%) in diagnosis, intensive care and safety4. With low medical insurance across the country2. Inadequate availability of essential medicines was also reported in 43% of hospitals4.
An organized trauma care system must be introduced to mitigate trauma mortality for local needs. It should encompass enabling those at injury site to become first responders3, an ambulance service equipped with communication systems and with properly trained personnel that can commence life-saving measures such as IV fluid resuscitation3. Trauma centres should have a referral network and hospitals that provide optimal traumatic care should be identified beforehand to transfer injured patients to this specialized facilitys4.A protocol also needs to be established that assists local doctors in immediate referral to trauma centers3.  Proper allocation of resources and mobilization of staff and doctors timely can improve neurotrauma outcomes significantly.
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AstraZeneca Vaccine: Should we be concerned
Authors: Arif Zainab , Yusra Raza
Published: May 2022

Madam, Oxford’s AstraZeneca vaccine has become particularly undesirable among the general population despite the alarming increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. It is a viral vectored chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1) encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 which allows the virus to attach and fuse with the host cell membrane, enabling antibody generation. Clinical trials were done in the UK, Brazil, South Africa with 23745 participants over the age of 18, and had an efficacy of 62.1%.1. It is administered intramuscularly in two doses, 8 to 12 weeks apart in persons over 40.
One major concern regarding AstraZeneca is the risk of thrombotic or embolic events. There has been a total of 28 thrombotic events that have been reported on the EV database of which 3 were fatal events. When compared to the total vaccinated population of 17 million, the extremely rare occurrence of these events should be noted.  It is important to consider that the natural occurrence of PE and DVT is significantly high (56-182 events per 100000 persons) in a normal population when compared to one that is vaccinated. Furthermore, PE and DVT can be caused by other natural or genetic factors which make it hard to pinpoint them specifically to the vaccine2. While new study data continues to be considered, the WHO’s SAGE and the European Medicine Agency review has confirmed that benefit-risk remains efficacious3.
As of May 25th, 2021, there have been 905,852 confirmed COVID19 cases and 20,400 fatalities in Pakistan, vaccines remain the single viable option to recover from this global pandemic. A total of 1.19 million people are fully vaccinated in Pakistan which is 0.6% of the population (data as of May 23rd); the road to a vaccinated population is long; lack of trust in vaccines prolongs the process4. There is a history of political and superstitious factors among the public that have hindered Pakistan from eradicating major viral infections, like the Poliovirus. It is imperative that existing superstitious doubts not be aggravated by presenting an incomplete picture of the adverse side effects of AstraZeneca. Another advantage is the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine at $2-3 per dose; the COVAX facility has agreed to provide enough doses to vaccinate 20% of Pakistan’s population given its availability5. The use of AstraZeneca should be encouraged, paralleled with guidance to seek medical help in case of adverse effects after vaccination.
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Knowledge and perception regarding prostate cancer among men in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Yamna Waseem  , Nadia Nazir Jatoi  , Bilal Ahmed Khan  , Sofia Jamil Butt  , Khuwaja Uzair Wasif  , Nighat Mirza
Published: May 2022

Objective: To assess the perception and attitude towards prostate cancer and its screening practices in Pakistan.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Ruth Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi June to October 2019, and comprised male subjects aged >40 years with no prior diagnosis of prostate cancer who were enrolled from the community.  Data was collected using a structured questionnaire which was available in English and Urdu languages. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.
Results: Of the 383 subjects, 144(37.6%) were aged 40-49 years, 302(78.9%) were married, 120(31.3%) had received education up to the secondary level, and 204(53.3%) earned <Rs20,000 per month. Overall, 217(56.7%) participants had not heard about prostate cancer and 64(16.7%) were aware of the relevant diagnostic tests. There was a significant association of knowledge about prostate cancer and its diagnosis with the level of education and monthly income (p<0.05). Overall, 134(35.1%) subjects did not feel the need to get a screening test in the absence of urological complaints, 344(89.9%) had never been screened, and 327(85.4%) had never been advised by their physicians to get themselves screened for prostate cancer.
Conclusion: The level of knowledge regarding prostate cancer and its screening practices was poor, and the attitude towards its screening was negative.
Key Words: PSA, DRE screening, Knowledge, Pakistani men, Prostate cancer.
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Exploring context specific anti-smoking warning labels on cigarette packs: a quasi-experiment
Authors: Atiya Abdul Karim  , Sumera Inam  , Muhammad Tahir Rizwan Khan  , Kashif Shaffique
Published: May 2022

Objective: To evaluate the impact of introducing newly-designed warning labels in relation to the available conventional cigarette packs.
Method: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at four co-educational academic institutions selected using cluster random sampling technique in Gulshan-e-Iqbal town of Karachi from September 2016 to October 2017. The respondents, aged 16-24 years, were exposed with an experimental condition using five graphic cards; each comprising of two separate labels; label 1 being a cigarette pack currently rotated, and label 2 being the newly designed graphic and text warning label.  Each participant responded over efficacy measures for each label separately. The difference in the efficacy scores between the two labels was assessed using repeated measure ANOVA with Bonferroni correction in analysis.
Results: Of the 388 students, 256(66%) were males and 132(34%) were females. The overall mean age was 18±2.76 years. Also, 188(48.5%) subjects were studying in higher secondary, 179(46.1%) undergraduate and 21(5.4%) postgraduate levels. Of them, 104(26.8%) were ever-smokers and 284(73.2%) reported to be never-smokers. In the newly-designed warning label elements of ‘poverty’ and ‘not to start smoking’ in the current cigarette pack were significant (p=0.006). Non-smoking males perceived newly-designed label element ‘dead person’ as fear-arousing (p=0.045), while non-smoking females considered ‘look after family’ as efficacious (p=0.024).
Conclusion: There was some evidence of variation in efficacy scores after stratifying on gender and smoking status. A more holistic approach is needed in this regard.
Key Words: Cigarette packaging, Cigarette smoking, Health warning labels, Quasi-experiment, Self-efficacy, Tobacco.
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Psychometric analysis of cognitive distortions scale-urdu on patients diagnosed with mental disorders
Authors: Shakil Muneeba , Ali Uzma , Ali Amena Zehra , Khan Bushra
Published: May 2022

Objective: To assess the reliability and concurrent validity of Cognitive Distortions Scale-Urdu based on Beck's Cognitive Model of psychopathology on patients diagnosed with mental disorders.
Method: The correlational study was conducted from June 15, 2019, to January 30, 2020, in Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised psychiatric patients of either gender aged 18-65 years from six government hospitals, including Mayo Hospital, Services Hospital, Punjab Institute of Mental Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Gulab Devi Hospital and the Combined Military Hospital. The participants completed the demographic information form and the Cognitive Distortions Scale-Urdu. The latter was re-administered after a gap of two weeks to determine its internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Feinstein Paranoia, Subjective Wellbeing and Siddiqui Shah Depression Scales were administered along with the Cognitive Distortions Scale-Urdu to determine its concurrent validity. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 24.
Results: Of the 106 patients, 56(52.8%) were recruited for reliability analysis with an overall mean age of 32.31+/-10.62 years, and 50(47.2%) for concurrent validity analysis with an overall mean age of 31.30+/-10.52 years. Correlation analysis indicated good internal consistency (?=0.87), test retest reliability (r=0.86) and moderately high concurrent validity of the scale (rang: 0.44-0.89).
Conclusion: The Cognitive Distortions Scale-Urdu was found to have sound psychometric properties and was suitable for researchers to obtain quantitative estimates of the frequency and intensity of cognitive distortions in clinical samples.
Key Words: Cognitive distortions scale, Reliability, Validity, Clinical population, Mental disorders.
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The efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in low back pain: A critical appraisal
Authors: AlShenqiti Abdullah
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The current narrative review was planned to identify the most likely factors that influence the diversity of the findings among clinical studies that investigate the use of high-intensity laser therapy in treating low-back pain. It also planned to provide recommendations with respect to the methodological drawbacks identified in literature. An extensive literature search of clinical and randomised, controlled trials was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, Cinahl databases and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register as well as a search by hand. The search yielded only six studies that could be critically reviewed. This limited number of studies exhibited different treatment approaches, parameters, blinding procedures, symptom durations, irradiated areas and testing occasions. The studies assessing the efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in treating low-back pain showed controversial findings, which may be due to diversity in treatment parameters, approaches, symptom duration, blinding and / or randomisation procedures and testing occasions.
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Burden of caregivers of dementia patients and affecting factors in Turkey: A Systematic Review
Authors: Adana Filiz , Safiye Ozvurmaz  , Aliye Mandiracioglu
Published: May 2022

Objective: To determine the burden on the caregivers of dementia patients and the factors affecting the perception of it.
Methods: The current systematic review was done in Turkey and comprised a search between October 2019 and March 2020 on Turkish and English indexes, including the Turkish Academic Network and Information Center database, Web of Science, PubMed, Education Resources Information Centre, Medline, SocINDEX, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Ulusal Tez Merkezi, Dergipark and Turk Medline. The key words used were ‘Demans’, ‘alzheimer’, ‘bak?m verenler’, ‘hastal?k yükü’, ‘dementia’, ‘alzheimer's’, ‘caregivers’ and ‘burden of illness’. Studies included were those having been conducted from 2010 to 2019 and which used the Personal Information Form, the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale and the Caregiver Burden Inventory.
Results: Of the 4,182 studies initially found, 502(12%) were accessed using Turkish key words, and 3,680(88%) using English key words. Overall, 16(0.38%) studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. There were 2,060 caregivers and 414 patients in these studies. A high number of variables affected caregiver burden. Patient-related variables reported in multiple studies included time spent on caregiving, dementia stage, patient's age and level of patient's dependence.
Conclusion: The most frequently reported caregiver-related variables which increased caregiver burden were being female, younger age, being unemployed, older age, lower education level.
Key Words: Dementia, Alzheimer's, Caregivers, Burden of illness.
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Novel therapeutic techniques for post stroke aphasia: a narrative review
Authors: Fazaila Ehsaan  , Nazia Mumtaz  , Ghulam Saqulain
Published: May 2022

Aphasia, a language disorder, results from stroke involving cortical and subcortical structures. Aphasia lacks effective standardized treatment. Neuroimaging and behavioral research indicate that some interventions promote neuroplasticity. Research has suggested that noninvasive brain stimulation may be effective causing functional reorganization of language areas between both hemispheres. This reorganization evolves from different researches exploring novel procedures including transcranial magnetic stimulation and intracranial direct current stimulation, which may modulate cortical activity in aphasia. This paper reviewed these techniques while examining the casual role of specific regions of brain and the understanding of mechanism underlying for facilitator treatment effects of brain stimulation. For this literature was searched using search engines and databases like Medline, Web of Science and bibliography of published studies using “noninvasive brain stimulation, Post-stroke aphasia, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation” as keywords. Of the 175 publications downloaded, 40 full text English publications were used for literature review.
Endemic Equilibrium of Feline Leukemia Virus
Authors: PEKER-DOBİE Ayse
Published: May 2022

Feline Leukemia Virus impairs the immune system of cats, and as a result of the immunosuppression characteristic of the virus, infected cats are under a greater risk for developing serious diseases like lymphomas, leukemia, severe erythroid hypoplasia and anemia. The compartmental model denoted by SI_1 I_2 based on the epidemiological model Susceptible-Infected (SI) is used to investigate the endemic equilibrium of the disease for stray cats without vaccination and treatment. The conditions for parameters are obtained such that the final value of infected cats' population is higher than the final value of susceptible cats.
Graphics (linocut. Ofort. Lithography)
Authors: Yusupov Zafarbek
Published: May 2022

The article reveals the history of linocut and the main reasons for its popularization. It identifies the features of technique of engraving on linoleum. The relevance of linocut and its types in the modern world and design are shown.
Oilaviy munosabatlar muloqotning o‘ziga xos tizimini shakllantiruvchi soha sifatida
Authors: Nosirova Dilfuza
Published: May 2022

Ushbu maqolada oilaviy qadriyatlar tizimini o‘rganadi va tahlil qiladi, ularning jamiyat rivojlanishi bilan o‘zgarishini ko‘rsatadi. Shuningdek, mustaqillik yillarida O‘zbekistonda oila institutini amalda mustahkamlash borasida talay ijobiy ishlar amalga oshirildi. Eng avvalo, oila va nikoh munosabatlarini takomillashtirishning qonuniy bazasi yaratilib, oila jamiyatning ustuvor yo‘nalishiga aylantirildi va uni muhofaza qilishga qaratilgan qator qonunlar va qonunosti hujjatlarni ham qabul qilinganligini, shu bilan bir qatorda, oila maktablariga ham davlatimiz tomonidan katta etibor qaratilmoqda.
Взаимосвязанная работа с семьёй, махаллёй – как условие повышения качества дошкольного образования
Authors: Буранова Шохноза
Published: May 2022

Эта статья посвящена взаимосвязи работы дошкольной образовательной организации, семьи и махалли в целях развития детей по подготовке их к школе. О разнообразии форм работы с родителями дошколят.
The development of foreign language communicative competence of bachelors via podcasts
Authors: Haqberdiyeva Gulrux
Published: May 2022

This article is devoted to the review of the possibilities of using podcasts for the development of foreign language communicative competence of bachelors. Nowadays, the use of modern information technologies in various fields and disciplines, including in the study of foreign languages, has become increasingly widespread.
Эффективность гидролизата белка при лечении незаразных болезней телят
Authors: Исаев М , Кулдошев О
Published: May 2022

В этой статье представлены сведения о приготовлении белкого гидролизата из ферментов крупного рогатого скота. Изучена эффективность ферментативных гидролизатов при бронхопневмонии телят при котором получены положительные результаты
Синтез полимеров 1,1-дихлорэтана с аммиаком и карбамидом
Authors: Каримов М , Хусанова М , Бабаев Т
Published: May 2022

азработан способ выделения 1,1-дихлорэтана из технологического раствора АО «NAVOIYAZOT». Изучено взаимодействие 1,1-дихлорэтана с аммиаком и карбамидом, исследованы физико-химические характеристики продуктов реакций, установлен механизм процессов. Исследовано влияние соотношения компонентов, времени прохождения реакций и температуры на ход
реакций. Оптимизация условий проведения исследованных реакций достигнуто методом математического анализа.
Терапия тейлериоза крс мясного направления в акмолинской области
Authors: Байниязов Аслан , Жанабаев Асылбек , Кемешов Жомарт , Туралиева Нурсипат
Published: May 2022

В статье описаны результаты эксперимента по научной теме 2П/21 во время вспышки тейлериоза крупного рогатого скота в Акмолинской области в июне-августе 2021 года. Методами эпизоотологического, клинико-микроскопического исследования выделено 43 особи молодняка абердино-ангусской и казахской белоголовой пород в возрасте до двух лет, спонтанно больных тейлериозом, из которых сформированы две группы: опытная – 22 и контрольная группа из 21 головы. Животных опытной группы лечили по разработанной схеме с применением специфических (бупарвакон и окситетрациклин) и неспецифических препаратов. Скот контрольной группы лечили по ранее предложенной методике с использованием буталекса и авициклина.
USO DE EPI NA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL: APLICAÇÃO DO PROCEDIMENTO FMEA PARA VERIFICAÇÃO DE INCONFORMIDADES EM UMA OBRA NO MUNICÍPIO DE IMPERATRIZ-MA
Authors: Da Silva Thiago Vinícius Romão Batista , Bezerra Marinna Rafaella de Carvalho Sousa , Sousa Fernando Henrique Fernandes , Oliveira Junior Ciguivon José de , Nascimento Brito Diogo Ramon do
Published: May 2022

A indústria da Construção Civil foi um segmento dos que mais houve crescimento nos últimos anos, entretanto, o cuidado com a segurança dos trabalhadores, assim como a utilização dos equipamentos destinados a proteção individual não vem seguindo esse mesmo ritmo nas obras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar à irrelevância da utilização de equipamentos destinados a proteção individual na construção civil levando em consideração as técnicas e as normalizações vigentes numa obra no município de Imperatriz/MA. Com base nos registros fotográficos foram realizados questionamentos se baseando nas inconformidades encontradas em relação às normas regulamentadoras n° 6, n° 18 e n° 35. Logo em seguida, os dados obtidos foram usados para a aplicação do FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis). Após a obtenção dos RPNs (risk priority number) foi possível destacar os métodos de falha encontradas. Para a quebra de escada obteve o maior RPN - 250, seguido de queda do colaborador da escada – 100 e queda de pessoa no interior da demolição – 100 respectivamente. Portanto, através do registro fotográfico foi realizado in loco foram encontradas algumas situações que representam riscos aos trabalhadores e, a partir dos dados obtidos foi realizada ações corretivas e alertas para a melhoria e segurança da obra supracitada nesse trabalho.
Distribution of modern agglutinated foraminifera along an inner neritic- to mid-bathyal transect in Saros Bay (northern Aegean Sea)
Authors: Frontalini Fabrizio , du Chatelet Eric Armynot , Kaminski Michael A. , Coccioni Rodolfo , Mikellidou Ioulietta , Yasar Dogan , Aksu Ali E.
Published: May 2022

Agglutinated benthic foraminifera were investigated in the central Northern Aegean Sea. Eighteen samples were collected along a neritic to mid-bathyal transect in Saros Bay at water depths ranging from 15 to 500m in March 2003. This study documents for the first time in detail, agglutinated foraminiferal species and their bathymetric distribution in this area.Atotal of 96 species belonging to 51 genera were recognised. Statistical analyses (CA and PCA) allowed us to identify different assemblages that can be related to bathymetric depth and trophic level and, in turn, to different hydrological zones. The shallowest assemblage (15m) is characterised by the lowest species richness that might result from the influence of the Black Sea outflow into Saros Bay. The shallow assemblages stations (21–70m) are characterized by relatively low diversity and higher dominance values. On the other hand, assemblages from intermediate water (80–200m) are characterised by high diversity values and the dominance of elongate keeled forms associated with elongated tapered forms, providing evidence of mesotrophic conditions. The deepest assemblages, including stations ranging from water depths of 200 to 500m, are very well-diversified and mainly represented by epifaunal taxa. The dominance of tubular morphogroup might be due to the low food supply, which acts as a limiting factor for more eutrophic dependent taxa and meso-oligotrophic conditions might be inferred.
Enhanced terrestrial input supporting the Glomospira acme across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in Southern Spain
Authors: Arreguin-Rodriguez G. J. , Alegret Laia , Sepulveda J. , Newman S. , Summons R. E.
Published: May 2022

Following the deep-sea benthic foraminiferal extinction event (BEE) across the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), certain groups of agglutinated benthic foraminifera bloomed and dominated the foraminiferal assemblage. In particular, the widespread proliferation of Glomospira, Glomospirella and Repmanina species, known as the “Glomospira acme”, has been recorded in bathyal to abyssal depths of the eastern North Atlantic and Tethys oceans. The Glomospira acme has been traditionally linked to the widespread rise in the calcite compensation depth (CCD) during the PETM, although recent studies suggest that calcite dissolution was not the only factor responsible for the acme. In order to investigate alternative paleoenvironmental causes that may have contributed to the Glomospira acme, we studied the Glomospira spp. abundances, their variations in test sizes, and the provenance of organic matter sources as indicated by lipid biomarkers in the Alamedilla section (southern Spain). Test size analysis for the acme interval reveals a reduction in test size characteristic of rapid population growth and reproduction due to the lack of interspecific competition after the BEE. Biomarkers for terrestrial sources suggest an increased influx of refractory organic matter to the seafloor across the PETM, and particularly during the Glomospira acme. We hypothesize that this influx may have favored the proliferation of detritivorous taxa such as Glomospira spp., which may have fed on refractory organic detritus that was not easily digested by other calcareous or agglutinated species. In summary, we suggest that an increased input of refractory organic matter across the PETM must have exacerbated the environmental stress caused by calcite dissolution and global warming leading to the Glomospira acme.
Selknamella: a new agglutinated foraminiferal genus from the early Eocene southern high latitudes
Authors: Malumian N. , Nanez Carolina , Jannou G. , Arenillas I.
Published: May 2022

A new, unusual agglutinated foraminifera, Selknamella basketi n. gen., n. sp. is described from the Fuegian lower Eocene, Magallanes Basin, southernmost South America. It has a morphology and paleohabitat similar to those of the subfamily Remaneicinae Loeblich and Tappan 1964, particularly to the Holocene genera Bruneica Brönnimann, Keij and Zaninetti 1983, and Remaneica Rhumbler 1938: It has a low trochospirally coiled to patelliform small test; the first two or three embryonic chambers are globular and undivided; following chambers are semilunate-shaped from spiral view and mushroom-shaped from umbilical view, and subdivided by radial secondary septula. Selknamella n. gen. differs from all the organically-cemented Remaneicinae by the perforate rigid wall, completely calcareous in the initial chambers to very finely agglutinated in the last whorls. The new genus is the only case of calcareous cemented agglutinated foraminifera in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic of the Magallanes Basin, and is restricted to the early Eocene, coincident with the warmest time in the high southern latitudes.
Distribution of the agglutinated foraminifer Ammolagena clavata (Jones and Parker) in Western Tethyan Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deep-water deposits (Outer Carpathians, Poland)
Authors: Waskowska Anna
Published: May 2022

Ammolagena clavata (Jones et Parker) – a cosmopolitan agglutinated foraminifera – is present as an accessory taxon in assemblages of the Outer Carpathians. This species has been found in deep water settings, exclusively in rich and diversified assemblages, among taxa representing various strategies of life from epifauna to deep infauna. Ammolagena clavata is one of the most common of attached forms in flysch foraminiferal assemblages and inhabits as a substrate other agglutinated foraminiferal tests. In the Outer Carpathian basins this species wasmore abundant in middle Eocene successions above the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), dominated by mudstones deposited under reduced clastic supply conditions. Ammolagena clavata can be regarded as an indicator of an environment with a low supply of clastic material.
The year 2010 classification of the agglutinated foraminifera
Authors: Kaminski Michael A.
Published: May 2022

A reclassification of the agglutinated foraminifera (within the Class Foraminiferea) is presented, consisting of three subclasses, seven orders, 18 suborders, 32 superfamilies, 122 families, 148 subfamilies, and containing a total of 832 valid genera is presented. The classification is modified from the suprageneric scheme used by Kaminski (2004a), and incorporates all the new agglutinated genera described up to and including the year 2010. The major differences from the Kaminski (2004a) classification are (1) the subdivision of the Foraminifera into three supraordinal groups according to the molecular studies of Pawlowski and co-workers (2) the inclusion of the allogromiids in the classification alongside the astrorhizids (3) the inclusion of the xenophyophorids within the Astrorhizida at superfamily rank, (4) the merging of all pseudo-bilocular and pseudo-multichambered forms within a single subclass and (5) the revision of the schlumberigerinids to encompass all miliolidswith an agglutinated wall. Numerous minor corrections and updates have been made to the generic classification based on the recent literature.
Lower to Middle Miocene Planktonic and Benthic Foraminifera from the Carapita Formation, Eastern Venezuela Basin and Cipero Formation, Southwestern Trinidad
Authors: Sanchez Dennis , Berggren Willliam A. , Liska Robert D.
Published: May 2022

We document the biostratigraphic ranges of 18 taxa of planktonic, 33 calcareous benthic and 11 agglutinated benthic foraminifera from the Lower to lower MiddleMiocene ones (N4/M1 to N9/M6) of three exploration wells in the Eastern Venezuela Basin and an outcrop section from Rio Oregano near the type locality of the Carapita Formation of eastern Venezuela and the correlative Cipero Formation of Trinidad. The generally superior preservation of material in the outcropping Cipero Formation has been used as a standard of reference thereby enhancing identification of specimens in the generally more poorly preserved material in the subsurface Carapita Formation of Venezuela. The biostratigraphic data provided here serve as the basis for a reconstruction of the geohistory of the Eastern Venezuelan Basin including determination of multiple unconformities (and duration of associated hiatuses) and paleobathymetric history of the basin in a companion paper (Sanchez et al. 2014).
Mid-Late Pleistocene benthic foraminifera from Southwestern South Atlantic: driven by primary productivity or watermass properties?
Authors: Chapori Natalia Garcia , Laprida Cecilia , Watanabe Silvia , Totah Violeta , Violante Roberto A.
Published: May 2022

In the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean up to 35°S, Neogene benthic foraminiferal faunal changes have been interpreted, alternatively, as changes in deepwater-masses distribution and organic matter availability. In surface, the Southwestern South Atlantic presents a highly dynamic frontal zone and exhibits large spatial and temporal variability in primary productivity that influences the export of organic carbon from the euphotic zone. However, below ~1000 meters depth, it is characterized by the interaction of several water masses. For this reason, the western sector of the South Atlantic is a natural laboratory to test the benthic foraminifera’s response to changes in both, the deep water-masses distribution and the exported productivity. In order to define which was the main factor controlling the benthic foraminiferal assemblages structure during a glacial Mid-Late Pleistocene event, abundance analysis of organic matter content, oxygen availability and water masses marker species, and Q-mode factor analysis were carried out on core SP1251 (3400m; ~38°S - 54°W). Our results indicate that the benthic foraminiferal assemblages are mainly composed of high organic matter and oxygen availability-associated species revealing that productivity has been the main factor in determining the structure of the assemblages’ composition. These results also reflect that surface productivity regime would have not been uniform as a result of variations in the shelf break upwelling of Patagonia as a consequence of variations in the Antarctic upwelling.
Evolution of the calcareous nannofossil genus Biscutum in the middle to Upper Cretaceous North American mid-latitudes
Authors: Brace Bobbi J. , Watkins David K.
Published: May 2022

The calcareous nannofossil genus Biscutum is ubiquitous in mid to Upper Cretaceous pelagic sediments. Biscutum constans is an important paleoceanographic proxy for surface water fertility and Biscutum species are important components in several Upper Cretaceous zonation schemes. Species concepts within Biscutum have inconsistently been applied and interpreted owing to a convoluted taxonomic history, thus limiting its utility. Most work on the evolution of Biscutum has been conducted on high latitude sections or Lower Cretaceous or Jurassic sediments. As such, Biscutum evolution in mid-latitudes of the mid to Late Cretaceous is poorly understood. This study documents the evolution of Biscutum during the mid to Late Cretaceous in a mid-latitude composite section from North America. Samples from the Western Interior Basin, North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico were examined. Six new species of Biscutum are presented: B. ubiquem, B. anthracenum, B. shamrockiae, B. dehiscum, B. subditivum and B. aura. Review of the taxonomic history of Biscutum constans indicates that this species has been systematically misinterpreted. An emendation to the Biscutum constans species concept is provided based on the original work of Görka (1957). A diversification interval is documented in the mid-Cretaceous during which five new species of Biscutum evolved in approximately six million years. Evidence from previous work indicates the occurrence of a second diversification interval in Campanian high latitudes. These results suggest a distinct shift in the site of evolutionary activity within Biscutum from the mid-latitudes in the mid Cretaceous to high latitudes in the Late Cretaceous.
The phylogenetic and palaeogeographic evolution of the nummulitoid larger benthic foraminifera
Authors: BouDagher-Fadel Marcelle K. , Price G. David
Published: May 2022

Nummulitoidea are larger benthic foraminifera, and were major reef-forming organisms from the Middle Paleogene to Early Neogene. Today, porous nummulitoid limestones, which occur globally from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific, form potentially valuable oil reservoirs. Until now the origin, evolution and palaeogeographic development of the nummulitoids have not been fully articulated, but new material allows here the first systematic, global biostratigraphic comparison and correlation of the nummulitoids to be made. It is suggested that the nummulitoids originated in the Americas during the Middle Paleocene (Selandian). These early nummulitoids are inferred to have migrated across theAtlantic in the Late Paleocene (Thanetian) following two paths: south towards SW Africa, and northeastward through the Tethyan corridor. The Tethyan forms evolved during the Eocene into many lineages,which in turn migrated, within a few million years of their first appearance, into the Indo-Pacific, where they became isolated and diversified further. Meanwhile the SW African forms remained small and similar to the original American stock until the Early Miocene (Burdigalian), when assemblages were augmented by forms that migrated from Tethys, an event tablished by the discovery of new Mediterranean-derived species of Planostegina in SW Africa: africana, mcmillania, southernia, langhiana. Climatic and tectonic processes contributed to the Middle Oligocene disappearance of Nummulites and the Early Miocene global extinction of Spiroclypeus and of Cycloclypeus in the Mediterranean. Morphologically small nummulitoids persisted however, and are still present in all provinces to this day.
Spatial variations in recent ostracode assemblages and bottom environments in Trincomalee Bay, northeast coast of Sri Lanka
Authors: Iwatani Hokuto , Young Sansfica M. , Irizuki Toshiaki , Sampei Yoshikazu , Ishiga Hiroaki
Published: May 2022

Trincomalee Bay is situated on the northeast coast of Sri Lanka. This is the first study to report the recent ostracode assemblages in this bay. As a result, at least 36 ostracode taxa were identified from surface sediments in the bay. Many of them are typical tropical-water species that have been reported from inner bays and shallow marine areas around the coast of the Indo-Pacific region. We compared the species composition of ostracodes in the study area with that in adjacent seas. The result clearly showed that ostracode assemblages from Sri Lanka have strong connection with those along the coast of the Indian subcontinent. Moreover we evaluated the bottom environment in Trincomalee Bay on the basis of statistical analyses of ostracode assemblages combined with grain size, and total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents. The results showed that the TOC content is related to grain size and is relatively high in the inner part of Inner Harbor and Koddiyar Bay, where fine-grained sediments are distributed. Four biofacies were recognized based on Q-mode cluster analysis using ostracode data for 36 taxa. Biofacies I is consistent with distributions of fine-grained sediments with moderate TOC contents (0.30%–0.49 %). Biofacies II is collected from relatively deep water areas with sediments of low TOC contents (0.22%–0.41 %) in InnerHarbor. Biofacies III and IVare characterized by euryhaline species and are influenced by fresh water and shallow depth with low TOC contents (0.14%–0.37%) in sediments. The ostracode distribution in Trincomalee Bay is depend on natural environmental factors such as water depth, grain-size, TOC contents of sediments, and water salinity.
The "Bradleya problem", the spearhead of ostracod-based paleoceanography - contribution and outcomes
Authors: Bergue Cristianini T. , Kaminski Michael A.
Published: May 2022

Since their origin in the Ordovician, ostracods have radiated to several different aquatic and even semiterrestrial environments, evolving under influence of both extrinsic (ecological) and intrinsic (genetic) factors. The deep ocean does not constitute an exception to these controls, no matter how different the concept of deep-sea might be among students of Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic ostracods. Once integrated to the bathybic biotas (i.e., from bathyal to abyssal depths, including guyots), ostracods followed a particular pattern of diversification and dispersal in response to climatic and tectonic events.
Thoughts on the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic records of deep-sea ostracods
Authors: Forel Marie-Beatrice
Published: May 2022

The nature and timing of mechanisms and events that shaped the deep-sea biodiversity are still debated. The present contribution provides an analysis and discussion of the distribution of off-shelf ostracods in the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic. A taxonomic revision introduces Kozuria gen. nov. to accommodate Triassic species of Acanthoscapha, traditionally seen as Devonian-Carboniferous holdover archetypal of the Middle Triassic deep-sea of the western Tethys. The taxonomic composition as well as the temporal and geographic distribution of Permian and Triassic off-shelf assemblages are summarized and discussed in the light of climatic and biotic events. This analysis illustrates the Triassic uniformization of the composition of off-shelf assemblages and two possible periods of offshore migration in the late Permian (Changhsingian) and Middle Triassic (Anisian).
Review of the history of the deep-sea ostracod genera Abyssocythere Benson and Dutoitella Dingle, and their responses to Cretaceous - Cenozoic oceanic water-mass changes
Authors: Dingle Richard V.
Published: May 2022

Abyssocythere and Dutoitella are extant benthic bathyal ostracod genera that evolved during Coniacian to Santonian/Campanian time from shallow-water progenitors around southeastern Africa. Their Late Cretaceous development was primarily in the South Atlantic, but during the Palaeogene they spread to the Indian and Pacific oceans. The establishment of the psychrosphere (late Eocene-mid-Oligocene) flushed populations of each genus from their central Atlantic cradles into the Pacific, presumably through the Panama Seaway, so that contemporaneous centres of evolution developed disjunct clades: A. trinidadensis and D. praesuhmi. The psychrospheric oceanic event defined temporal thermophyllic and cryophyllic populations of the two genera. Three Neogene ocean events appear to have affected several regionally-confined species, inter alia one of which entailed a counterflow migration of A. atlantica from the eastern Pacific back into the central Atlantic during the mid-Miocene. Modern distributions of Abyssocythere and Dutoitella are disjunct: in the Atlantic both genera occur south of approximately 40 degrees N (Dutoitella), and equatorial areas (Abyssocythere); in the Indian Ocean both are confined to the southern part; and in the Pacific, Abyssocythere is restricted to central and north-eastern areas, and Dutoitella to the west and northwest. Neither genus evolved species that were more than para-cosmopolitan: A. diagrenona (South Atlantic-Indian; Eocene-Oligocene), A. trinidadensis complex (central Atlantic-NW Pacific; Oligocene-Miocene), D. crassinodosa complex (South Atlantic-Indian; Eocene), and D. praesuhmi (north and central Atlantic-central Pacific; Oligocene-Miocene).
Quaternary Ostracoda and Foraminifera from the Pelotas Basin, southernmost Brazil: Assemblage variation in gas-hydrate bearing sediments
Authors: Maia Renata Juliana Arruda , Piovesan Enelise Katia , de Santana dos Anjos-Zerfass Geise , Melo Robbyson Mendes
Published: May 2022

Late Quaternary ostracod and foraminifera assemblages from five piston cores in Pelotas Basin, southern Brazilian margin, were analyzed in this paper. The study revealed a diverse bathyal fauna of ostracods, with abundance of the genera Apatihowella, Cytheropteron and Cytherella, interspersed with peaks of allochthonous neritic faunas. Benthic foraminifera are represented mainly by the genera Bolivina, Bulimina, Cassidulina, Epistominella, Globobulimina, Globocassidulina, Nonion, Oridorsalis and Uvigerina. Biostratigraphic analysis of planktic foraminifera positioned the samples in Pleistocene-Holocene interval. The ostracod genera Paracytherois, Cytheropteron, Cytherella, Macropyxis and the species Krithe hunti, Krithe reversa, Henryhowella asperrima, Eucytherura fossapunctata, Rimacytheropteron longipunctatum, Apatihowella besnardi and Apatihowella convexa, and also the benthic foraminifera Bolivina, Bulimina, Nonion, Nonionellina, Oridorsalis, Uvigerina, Epistominella and Cassidulina are related to environments of gas hydrates and associated with a chemosynthetic community in eutrophic-mesotrophic environments.
Role of rock structure in drainage development in the Rangit river basin, Sikkim-Darjeeling Himalaya
Authors:   Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India, Nasipuri Bikram , Jha Vibhash ,   Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, India
Published: May 2022

The geology and tectonics of an area play a very important role in the development of geomorphic features and drainage of a region. The Rangit River Basin is a part of Sikkim-Darjeeling Himalaya that contains very significant geological and tectonic characteristics. The basin has mainly three rock groups that are Central Crystalline Complex, the Daling group and the Gondwana group. The spectacular feature of this basin is Rangit Window, where the underlying Gondwana rock group is exposed from overlaying Daling group. Rangit basin exhibits both folded and fault structures which are indeed unique. A detailed study of litho-tectonic setup as well as to identify geomorphic features of this basin geological maps from of Geological Survey of India and topographical maps from Survey of India along with tectonic maps and secondary data have been used. This study is an attempt to show the relation between litho-tectonic setup and drainage development. The river basin is the product of morphotectonics and morphoclimatic mechanisms. Evidence of the faulting, folding, thrusting, fractures and cracks as a witnessed on-field point to the influence of neo-tectonism episodes have been noticed in the study area. Some micro landform features have also been identified after extensive fieldwork in the study area. The present study is an attempt to understand the significant role of rock structure in drainage development in the study area.
A spatio-temporal analysis of cropping pattern, crop diversification and production in Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh
Authors:   Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, Chaurasia Ashutosh Kumar , Choubey Alok Kumar ,   Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, Rai Gayatri ,   Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Published: May 2022

Agriculture remains the most important occupation and source of livelihood for the majority of the population in our country. The study of cropping patterns, diversification and production is important in agricultural development. Cropping pattern is the proportion of area under various crops while crop diversification refers to the raising of various crops. Agricultural productivity is an input-output ratio that facilitates efficient comparison. These concepts are influenced by various geo-climatic, socio-economic and institutional factors. Tarai region is a marshy moist area lying between Himalayan foothills and Gangetic plains. In Uttar Pradesh, the region extends over 7 districts from Pilibhit to Maharajganj. This region is predominantly agrarian. The present paper aims to study the cropping pattern, Spatio-temporal pattern of crop diversification and production of crops at the district level in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh for the period of 2007-08 to 2017-18. The study is based on agricultural data collected from Statistical Abstract of Uttar Pradesh. 13 crops under 4 categories are selected in total. The study uses the location quotient technique for calculating crop concentration, the Gibbs-Martin (1962) method for calculating crop diversification and other statistical measures for analysis. It was found that cropped area of the region has decreased in the reference period and the region is dominated by the cultivation of cereal crops and sugarcane. Low crop diversification was recorded in the region due to similar physical conditions and the practice of traditional agriculture. Production and productivity of crops have greatly increased primarily due to the increasing production of sugarcane. It is believed that the present study will help ascertain the ground reality of agriculture in the study region.
Changing cropping pattern in U.P. Bundelkhand Region
Authors:   University Department of Geography, Tilkamanjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-812007 (Bihar), Yadav Swati
Published: May 2022

Agriculture is a dominant economic activity in India. About 70% of its population is directly or directly related and dependent on agriculture so the availability of land for cultivation is important for those people who are engaged in agriculture. Cropping pattern is also an important aspect to know the agricultural scenario of any area. The pattern of cropping is very much affected by population growth and other physical and economic factors. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the changing cropping pattern in Bundelkhand Region in the last two decades from 1994-95 to 2014-15.The major crops that occupy the agricultural land of the region are Cereals(40.52%),Pulses(41.06%),Oilseeds(15.46%),Cash crops(1.31%),Fodder(0.35%)and Other crops(1.29%). In this time of 20 years (1994-95 to 2014-15), a trend of positive change is found in all groups except fodder and other crops.