bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE FUNGI CERATOCYSTIS MINOR (HEDGECOCK) HUNT, CERATOCYSTIS MINOR (HEDGECOCK) HUNT VAR. BARRASII TAYLOR, AND SJB 122 ON REPRODUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Goldhammer David S. , Stephen Frederick M. , Paine Timothy D.
Published: November 2009

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, was studied in the laboratory to determine the influence of associated fungi on its reproduction. First-generation (P) surface-sterilized beetles associated with mycangial fungi (Ceratocystis minor [Hedgecock] Hunt var. barrasii Taylor or SJB 122) constructed more galleries and laid more eggs, at faster rates, than P beetles not associated with these mycangial fungi. No significant differences occurred among non-surface-sterilized P beetles associated with the phoretic blue staining fungus Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt and mycangial fungi or among progeny of P beetles (F1 generation) carrying mycangial fungi. P and F1 surface-sterilized beetles produced more eggs at a greater density than non-surface-sterilized beetles associated with blue stain, but gallery length and the rate of construction were not different. P and F1 surface-sterilized beetles laid more eggs and constructed galleries faster than surface-sterilized beetles that carried no mycangial fungi. The re-emergence rate of beetles was fastest for P beetles associated with C. minor and significantly slower for fungus-free P beetles, P beetles carrying only mycangial fungi, and F1 beetles, respectively. The F1 generation emerged fastest when associated with both mycangial fungi and slowest when associated with SJB 122, and C. minor var. barrasii or no fungus, respectively. This study employed a successful new rearing technique for isolating specific southern pine beetle/fungal associations.
DISPERSAL OF TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (OLIVIER) WITHIN A VALLEY SETTING
Authors: Salom S.M. , McLean J.A.
Published: November 2009

A mark–recapture study examined Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) spring flight dispersal in a coastal forested valley in British Columbia. Pheromone-baited traps were placed throughout the valley in five separate experiments. Recapture patterns of marked beetles were related to weather, topography, vegetative cover, and source of attractants.

Wind direction within the forest setting, 350 m from the closest open site, was quite variable with a beetle recapture pattern mat was non-directional. At a forest setting less than 50 m from an open site and road, diurnal up-valley winds resulted in an upwind beetle recapture pattern at 25 m from the release site. Beetles were recaptured at distances as far as 1.9 km downwind and 1 km upwind from the release site. Most beetles were recaptured within 2 h of release at distances up to 50 m. In traps at distances of 350–700 m, similar numbers of beetles were recaptured on the day of release as were recaptured during the following week. At distances greater than 1 km, almost all beetles took longer than 1 day to be recaptured.
TRAPPING EVALUATION OF BEETLE VECTORS OF BLACK STAIN ROOT DISEASE IN DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Bedard William D. , Ferrell George T. , Whitmore Mark C. , Robertson Allen S.
Published: November 2009

The performance of unbaited emergence traps and attractant-baited pitfall and flight traps was compared on the basis of suitability to produce population indices for two beetles, Steremnius carinatus (Boheman) and Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim), colonizing roots of Douglas fir in northern California. These beetles transmit Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen and Cobb, the fungus causing black stain root disease in Douglas fir. Trap sites were near stumps along transect lines through recently logged areas. Pitfall traps were judged the most promising for both species based on their relatively high catches and low expense. Although catch by emergence traps was low for both species, they appeared to catch the majority of S. carinatus. For both species, pitfall trap catches varied with date, study area, trapping line within study area, and stump within line. A number of variables, such as diameter of stump or type of ground cover, were significantly correlated with trap catch, and made significant contributions to linear models with catch as the dependent variable. Differences between study areas in the effect of variables on catch, and the possibility that pitfall trapping is subject to artifacts, suggested that the results of pitfall trapping need to be carefully scrutinized if they are to be used as a population index.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON CULTIVARS OF FIELD PEAS IN MANITOBA AND ITS EFFECTS ON PEA GROWTH AND YIELD
Authors: Soroka J.J. , Mackay P.A.
Published: November 2009

Populations of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were sampled through the summer of 1984 on five cultivars and in 1985 and 1986 on six cultivars of field peas, Pisum sativum L., grown in field plots in southern Manitoba. Patterns of pea aphid population growth were generally similar among cultivars in any one year. Aphid populations on all cultivars in all years remained relatively low until mid-July, then increased rapidly, peaked at about the beginning of August, and declined sharply to low levels in late August. At the time of peak aphid numbers, significant differences in aphid population densities were found among cultivars in 2 years; the lowest densities were found on the cultivars Century and Tipu, and the highest densities on Triumph or Trapper. Pea aphid feeding was not detrimental to any yield parameters except 1000 seed weight. In 1984 Triumph and Tara, and in 1985 Triumph had significantly decreased 1000 seed weights in plots in which aphid densities were not controlled. Differences in the abundance of the aphid among cultivars were not reflected in their yield responses. Over 3 years the regression line of aphid densities upon Century seed weight was significantly steeper than those of Trapper, Lenca, or Tara. Trapper was least affected by aphid feeding. Results indicated that the economic threshold of pea aphids on peas other than Century needs to be re-evaluated.
INSECTS IN STORED CEREALS, AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH FARMING PRACTICES IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Madrid F.J. , White N.D.G. , Loschiavo S.R.
Published: November 2009

One or more insects were captured during 1 week in probe traps placed in granaries holding wheat, barley, or oats in 51% (n = 116) of grain bulks in the fall of 1986, 88% (n = 111) in the summer of 1987, and 85% (n = 106) in the fall of 1987. Fungivorous insects were the most common and predominant group at all sampling times. Granivorous species were the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Grain in galvanized steel and wooden granaries was usually infested with insects to the same extent; granaries with or without aeration systems usually contained the same number of species; small bulks of grain often were infested less frequently than large bulks; the presence of livestock feed on farms did not result in greater insect incidence; and insecticide use in granaries did not prevent re-infestation of grain and insecticide use increased from 24% in 1986 to 31% in the fall of 1987. The kinds of insects detected in grain stored with various farming practices, and co-occurrence with other arthropods in the grain provides baseline information on potentially changing patterns of infestation.
A 13-YEAR SURVEY OF THE APHIDOPHAGOUS COCCINELLIDAE IN MAIZE FIELDS IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA
Authors: Kieckhefer R.W. , Elliott N.C.
Published: November 2009

Coccinellids are a conspicuous group of aphidophagous predators in maize, Zea mays L., in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Numerous studies have been conducted on the ecology of coccinellids in maize in North America (Ewert and Chiang 1966a, 1966b; Smith 1971; Foott 1973; Wright and Laing 1980; Corderre and Tourneur 1986; Corderre et al. 1987). However, there have been few long-term surveys of coccinellids in maize. Foott (1973) reported on the abundance of coccinellid species inhabiting maize in eastern Canada over a 4-year period; no surveys of this type have been reported for the Northern Great Plains. We sampled coccinellids in maize fields at three sites in eastern South Dakota for 13 consecutive years to determine the species inhabiting the crop and levels of variation in their abundances among sites and years.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NONDIAPAUSE MELANOPLUS DIFFERENTIALIS (THOMAS) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) COLONY
Authors: Oma E.A. , Streett D.A. , Henry J.E.
Published: November 2009

Rangeland grasshoppers commonly are reared through a single generation in the laboratory from eggs collected in the field or produced by field-collected adults. These grasshoppers usually undergo an obligate egg diapause. The only exceptions are nondiapause strains of an economically important grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) (Pickford and Randell 1969; Henry 1985).
A LABORATORY TECHNIQUE TO STUDY A CHANGE IN FEEDING BEHAVIOR BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE LARVAE OF GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.)
Authors: Roden D.B. , Kimball J.C. , Simmons G.A.
Published: November 2009

A change in the feeding behavior between small and large larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), is an important part of the insect’s biology. This paper describes how to build a lighting system with incandescent and fluorescent light in the laboratory to induce a change in feeding behavior similar to the change that occurs in the field. The change in feeding behavior was observed on artificial “tree stems” constructed from 5-cm ABS plastic pipe and fitted with felt and cardboard “bark flaps”. On the day before pupation began, 85% of the population migrated down the artificial tree stems to seek shelter under the bark flaps; only fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-instar larvae were observed exhibiting this behavior.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LAST-INSTAR LARVA OF COCHYLIS ARTHURI DANG (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE) AND CHARACTERS FOR SEPARATING IT FROM LAST-INSTAR LARVA OF COCHYLIS HOSPES WALSINGHAM
Authors: Arthur A.P. , Powell Y.M.
Published: November 2009

The fifth-instar larva of Cochylis arthuri Dang is described and illustrated. Characters for separating it from the fifth-instar larva and pupa of Cochylis hospes Walsingham are given.
CHAETOCNEMA CONCINNA(MARSHAM, 1802), A EUROPEAN FLEA BEETLE INTRODUCED IN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: ALTICINAE)
Authors: Lesage Laurent
Published: November 2009

Chaetocnema concinna(Marsham, 1802), a European flea beetle, is reported for the first time from Canada. Preliminary collection data indicate that it may feed on the same host plants as in Europe. It has been collected to date in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Maine.
GYRINUS (GYRINULUS) CAVATUS SP.NOV. FROM NORTH AMERICA DESCRIBED AND COMPARED WITH GYRINUS (GYRINULUS) MINUTUS FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: GYRINIDAE)
Authors: Atton F.M.
Published: November 2009

Gyrinus cavatus sp.nov. (type locality: Floral, Saskatchewan, Canada), from across Canada, is compared with G. minutus Fabricius. The two species are broadly sympatric in the northern boreal and transition forests, but G. cavatus is more abundant southward into the northern United States. Therefore, the subgenus Gyrinulus Zaitsev is not monobasic, but has three species in North America, including G. rockinghamensis LeConte.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND EXPOSURE TIME ON TOXICITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER SPRAY DEPOSITS TO SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: November 2009

Experiments were conducted using balsam fir twigs treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to examine the influence of temperature and exposure time on mortality of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. Twigs were sprayed with a commercial formulation (8.4 BIU/L) using droplets of 40–70 μm diameter at densities, ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 droplets per needle. Temperature affected progression but not the level of cumulative mortality during 14 days of feeding on sprayed foliage. The LT50 decreased from 12–17 days at 13°C to 2–4 days at 25°C, depending on droplet density. Temperature between 13 and 25°C had a limited effect on dose acquisition because 40–60% of the larvae were able to acquire a lethal dose within 1 day of feeding on foliage with 0.5–1.5 droplets per needle, regardless of temperature. Under these conditions dose acquisition was not limited by temperature-dependent consumption of foliage, but rather by feeding inhibition associated with the dose initially ingested. This also limited the influence of exposure time; a 7- or 14-fold increase in exposure time increased larval mortality at most by 25%. Implications of these findings for improving efficacy of B. thuringiensis in forestry applications are discussed.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAL ARRENURUS BARTONENSIS COOK, ARRENURUS BIRGEI MARSHALL, ARRENURUS NEOBIRGEI COOK, AND ARRENURUS ROTUNDUS MARSHALL (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDIA; ARRENURIDAE)
Authors: Smith Bruce P.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of Arrenurus bartonensis Cook, Arrenurus birgei Marshall, Arrenurus neobirgei Cook, and Arrenurus rotundus Marshall are described for the first time. Larvae of A. rotundus can be distinguished reliably from the other three by differences in morphology. Larvae of A. bartonensis, A. birgei, and A. neobirgei are very similar, but can be separated by comparing shape and size of the excretory pore plate, and by measurements of the dorsal plate and the tarsus of the third leg.
HOST DISCRIMINATION BY A CRUCIFER-FEEDING FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Palaniswamy P.
Published: November 2009

The flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (F.), was attracted to the cruciferous plants Brassica oleracea L. and Raphanus sativus L., but not to B. campestris L. and B. napus L. which are important natural host plants, nor to Pisum sativum (L.), a legume. The presence or absence of attraction was demonstrated by exposing small groups of caged plants to natural populations and trapping beetles near the plants. In choice and no-choice laboratory feeding experiments, P. striolata fed on eight Cruciferae in the genera Brassica, Raphanus, and Sinapis but not on P. sativum. Phyllotreta striolata fed less on S. arvensis L. and S. alba L. than on plants in the other genera. Within Brassica, B. oleracea, B. napus, and B. campestris were preferred over B. juncea (L.) Czern and B. nigra (L.) Koch. Discrimination at the attraction phase of host selection did not account for discrimination shown in laboratory feeding experiments nor in the natural attack of flea beetles on cruciferous crops.
INTRODUCTION, PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT, AND DISPERSAL IN EASTERN CANADA OF OLESICAMPE GENICULATAE QUEDNAU AND LIM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), AN IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF THE MOUNTAIN ASH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA GENICULATA (HARTIG) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

From 1976 to 1978, 1300 mated females of Olesicampe geniculatae Quednau and Lim were released near Quebec City during a severe infestation of the mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig). Both cage and open releases were made. The interactions among the mountain ash sawfly, the imported primary parasite O. geniculatae, and the indigenous hyperparasite Mesochorus globulator (Thunb.), and the effect of O. geniculatae on the host population during and after the establishment phase, are reported. In 1984, O. geniculatae was recovered from all over southern Quebec. Parasitism ranged from 6 to 94%. Concurrently, infestation levels by the mountain ash sawfly declined significantly, and since 1985, the insect has almost disappeared in Quebec. With an annual spread of about 50 km per year after successful establishment, O. geniculatae now covers an area 1000 km in diameter. No major infestation by the mountain ash sawfly has been recorded in Quebec during the past 7 years. The introduction of O. geniculatae is rated as a complete success in classical biological control.
OMALONOMUS RELICTUS, AN UNUSUAL NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE, OMALHNAE) OF BLIND ROVE BEETLE; A PREGLACIAL (TERTIARY?) RELICT IN THE CYPRESS HILLS, ALBERTA–SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
Authors: Campbell J.M. , Peck S.B.
Published: November 2009

Omalonomus relictus, a highly modified new genus and new species of soil-dwelling rove beetle, is described from the Cypress Hills of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The structural peculiarities associated with its subterranean habitat are discussed and illustrated. Moore and Legner’s (1974) key to the genera of North American Omaliinae is modified to assist in the identification of adults of the genus. The occurrence of this blind, slightly pigmented, flightless beetle in the soil of the Cypress Hills supports the hypothesis that at least part of this area was unglaciated and served as a refugium during late Pleistocene glacial advances.
A SIMPLE STAINING TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING FEEDING DAMAGE BYLEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALISHEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) ON CONES
Authors: Campbell Bruce C. , Shea Patrick J.
Published: November 2009

Pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity was found in the salivary glands of nymphs and adults of a leaf-footed bug,Leptoglossus occidentalisHeidemann. Puncture wounds in cone scales resulting from PME activity in the saliva of these bugs were seen by staining with a 0.05% aqueous solution of ruthenium red. This staining technique can be used to estimate feeding damage byL.occidentalison cones of western white pine (Pinus monticolaDougl.), sugar pine (P.lambertianaDougl.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii[Mirb.] Franco).
SURVEY FOR INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN SOME ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE APPLE LEAFMINER PARASITE, PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Pree D.J. , Vickers P.M.
Published: November 2009

Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) from 16 orchards in seven Ontario apple production areas were tested from 1987 to 1989 to determine if their levels of resistance to permethrin and methomyl were higher than those measured earlier in two Ontario populations and if they had developed resistance to azinphosmethyl. Higher levels of resistance were not detected and there was no evidence of resistance to azinphosmethyl. Some possible reasons for the lack of higher levels of insecticide resistance and some alternatives to insecticide resistance for parasite conservation are discussed.
NEW SPECIES OF THE FAMILY PAUROPODIDAE (PAUROPODA) FROM CENTRAL JAPAN
Authors: Hagino Yasunori
Published: November 2009

Fourteen new species of the family Pauropodidae are described from central Japan: Allopauropus (Allopauropus) loligoformis. A. (Decapauropus) fortisus, A. (D.) ibarakiensis, A. (D.) infurcatus, A. (D.) ligulosus, A. (D.) pseudokoreanus, A. (D.) tetraramosus, A. (D.) toshiyukii, A. (D.) yamizo, Pauropus tamurai, Stylopauropus (Stylopauropus) canaliculatus, S. (Donzelotauropus) peniculatus, S. (D.) undulatus, and Colinauropus schelleri. Among them, two genera, Stylopauropus and Colinauropus, are recorded for the first time from Japan.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPSILURA CONCINNATA (MEIGAN) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) PARASITIZING GYPSY MOTH LARVAE FEEDING ON TANNIN DIETS
Authors: Bourchier R.S.
Published: November 2009

All larval instars of Compsilura concinnata (Meigan) (Diptera: Tachinidae) develop in the midgut of the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)] between the peritrophic membrane and gut wall. Parasitoid larvae placed artificially in the host haemocoel quickly moved to this characteristic position. There was a positive relationship between parasitoid size, as measured by the weight of the puparium, and the potential fecundity of female flies. When C. concinnata parasitized third-instar larval hosts, there were fewer successful multiple emergences, parasitoid larvae took longer to develop, and puparia were significantly smaller than those of parasitoids attacking fifth-instar hosts.

Gypsy moth larvae grew more slowly on diets supplemented with 0.5 and 2.5% tannic acid than on non-supplemented diets. Similarly, C. concinnata females were smaller (with associated reduction in fecundity) when emerging from hosts feeding on the tannin diets than when hosts were feeding on control diets. The effect of tannic acid on the parasitoid was indirect and was the result of a reduction in host quality on the tannin diets. Reduction in parasitoid fecundity associated with tritropic interactions (among the host plant, the gypsy moth, and the parasitoid) may provide a possible explanation for the irregular impact of C. concinnata on gypsy moth populations.
FIRST RECORDS OF PHORETIC BEHAVIOUR OF TARSONEMUS ASCITUS DELFINADO (ACARINA: TARSONEMIDAE) ON GRAIN-INHABITING BEETLES AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION ON CARTODERE CONSTRICTA (GYLLENHAL) (COLEOPTERA: LATHRIDIIDAE)
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: November 2009

Adult female Tarsonemus ascitus Delfinado mites are recorded for the first time as phoretic on the grain-inhabiting lathridiid beetles Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal) and Enicmus fictus Fall, and the rhizophagid beetle Monotoma picipes Herbst. The mites preferred to attach to the lateral and undersides of the prothorax of the beetles. The spatial distribution of T. ascitus on C. constricta in suction traps was determined as a guide to the numbers of beetles that would have to be collected to obtain reliable estimates of numbers of mites found per beetle. The mean numbers of mites per beetle was always smaller than the variance, and the spatial distribution of the mites followed a negative binomial distribution. The numbers of beetles required to be collected to provide a predetermined measure of the precision of the numbers of mites per beetle were calculated.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND SIMULATION OF ITS PHENOLOGY
Authors: Bentz Barbara J. , Logan Jesse A. , Amman Gene D.
Published: November 2009

Temperature-dependent development of the egg, larval, and pupal life-stages of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) was described using data from constant-temperature laboratory experiments. A phenology model describing the effect of temperature on the temporal distribution of the life-stages was developed using these data. Phloem temperatures recorded in a beetle-infested lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas) were used as input to run the model. Results from model simulations suggest that inherent temperature thresholds in each life-stage help to synchronize population dynamics with seasonal climatic changes. This basic phenological information and the developed model will facilitate both research and management endeavors aimed at reducing losses in lodgepole pine stands caused by mountain pine beetle infestations.
1- AND 2-YEAR DORMANCY OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE MOTH, BARBARA COLFAXANA KFT. (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE): POSSIBLE RELATION TO INDIVIDUAL WEIGHTS
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Ibaraki A.
Published: November 2009

Many cone and seed insects exhibit a dormancy in which the individuals may undergo a diapause that lasts 1, 2, or more winters and the proportion of 1-year diapause (1YD) and 2-year diapause (2YD) varies from year to year (Hedlin et al. 1980). Thus, segregating the two diapause types carries a practical importance for forecasting the attacking adult population in a given year. Based primarily on teleological reasoning it has been argued that insects committed to a longer dormancy may have higher weights with metabolites to sustain survival for a longer period. Individual weights have been examined with the hope of separating 1YD from 2YD individuals.
CONSPECIFIC SUPERPARASITISM IN TWO PARASITOID WASPS,APHIDIUS ERVIHALIDAY ANDAPHELINUS ASYCHISWALKER: REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES INFLUENCE HOST DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Bai B.
Published: November 2009

Conspecific host discrimination and larval competition in two aphid parasitoid species were studied in the laboratory using the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), as a host.Aphidius erviHaliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) used internal host cues to discriminate between unparasitized and conspecific parasitized hosts. When only parasitized hosts were available, females oviposited into recently parasitized ones where their progeny had a good chance to survive, but rejected those parasitized ≥24 h earlier where their offspring normally died. Competitions occurred only after both eggs had hatched. Larvae eliminated supernumeraries by means of physical combat and physiological suppression. InAphelinus asychisWalker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), factors, or changes in host internal condition, associated with hatching of the first egg resulted in suppression of conspecific competitors which could be in either larval or egg stage. The older larvae always won competitions through physiological means. A wasp’s oviposition decision is shown to be influenced by the probability of its progeny’s survival. Species that have different reproductive strategies may respond differently to identical host conditions.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTER ANALYSIS, CLASSIFICATION, AND HISTORY OF THE NORTH AMERICANCICINDELA SPLENDIDAHENTZ GROUP TAXA (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Schincariol Larry Aldo , Freitag Richard
Published: November 2009

Comparisons of selected biological attributes were made to establish a phylogenetic basis for the classification of theCicindela splendidaHentz group taxa. Recognized members of the group,C.splendida,C.limbalisKlug, andC.denverensisCasey, are spring-fall species, and northern populations emerge later during spring than southern populations. Despite differences in time of peak abundance, the three species overlap in time and space. The absence of large numbers of hybrids of these three species suggests that although closely related, their adults can distinguish from each other, and thus their rank as species should be retained.

Comparison of geographical distribution of these species with that of dominant soil types revealed that they had similar soil preferences. The geographical distribution of all three species was smaller than the range of their preferred soil types, probably because of the same factors that influence their local distributions.

Morphometric analyses of these species revealed a closer similarity betweenC.splendidaandC.limbalis. In both sexes elytral pattern, percentage maculation, elytral colour, and non-sensory setae number collectively distinguish these species from each other, whereas body measurements, body ratios, sensory setae, and labral setae collectively fail to distinguish them.

Based on plesiomorph/apomorph character polarization, and theC.purpureaOlivier group as outgroup, it was determined thatC.denverensisrepresents an early lineage of theC.splendidagroup, whereasC.splendidaandC.limbalisare more recent sister species.

The ancestor of theC.splendidagroup probably evolved during late stages of the Tertiary Period as a North American resident and was a continental, riparian, cool-temperate form that ranged across Canada and northeastern and central United States. Extant forms speciated during the late Pleistocene as a result of spatial fragmentation of populations, isolation, and adaptation during glacial and interglacial periods.
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE EYESPOTTED BUD MOTH, SPILONOTA OCELLANA (DENIS AND SCHIFFERMÜLLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: McBrien H. , Gries G. , Gries R. , Borden J.H. , Judd G.J.R. , King G.G.S. , Slessor K.N.
Published: November 2009

Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14OAc andZ8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14OH) were identified as sex pheromone components of the eyespotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Compounds were identified by gas chrornatographic-eleclroantennographic (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectroscopic analyses and field tested in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley, B.C. Although Z8-14OAc alone was attractive to male S. ocellana, the addition of 1–5% Z8-14OH strongly synergized its attraction. Field tests comparing the attractiveness of virgin female S. ocellana with various doses of a 99:1 blend of Z8-14OAc and Z8-14OH indicated the natural sex pheromone has only two significant components. A 99:1 blend of Z8-14OAC and Z8-14OH is suggested for monitoring and control of S. ocellana populations in British Columbia.
FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE ADULT COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY), ON SOLANUM BERTHAVLTII HAWKES
Authors: Pelletier Yvan , Smilowitz Zane
Published: November 2009

The feeding behavior of adult Colorado potato beetles has been studied on leaflets from two clones of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes (PI473340, clones #1726 and #1729) and on S. tuberosum L. var. Norchip leaflets treated with leaf extract from S. berthaultii 1726. Treatment of S. tuberosum leaflet with leaf extract from S. berthaultii 1726 (0.075 mg/cm2 of leaflet) did not modify the behavior of adult Colorado potato beetles even if consumption was reduced. On S. berthaultii 1726, consumption and consumption rate were reduced, the frequency of the “moving” behavior increased, the frequency of the “resting” behavior decreased, and the frequency of the “feeding” behavior did not change compared with S. tuberosum. The antifeedant property of S. berthaultii 1726 probably was perceived during the sampling step of the feeding behavior and prevented continuous feeding.

The beetles avoided contact with S. berthaultii 1729 leaflets, less consumption occurred, the frequency of the “feeding” and “resting” behaviors was reduced, and the “moving” frequency increased in most cases. This suggested the presence of deterrents influencing host acceptance and initiation of feeding. On S. berthaultii 1726 and 1729, the frequency of some behaviors changed during the bioassay (2.5 h in duration), probably as a consequence of food deprivation.
KORSCHELTELLUS GRACILIS (GROTE): A PEST OF RED SPRUCE AND BALSAM FIR ROOTS (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE)
Authors: Wagner David L. , Tobi Donald R. , Wallner William E. , Parker Bruce L.
Published: November 2009

Korscheltellus gracilis (Grote) is a pest of red spruce and balsam fir roots in the forests of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. The larvae feed below ground on woody and non-woody plant tissues for 2 years before maturing. It was found at 18 localities across New England and Nova Scotia during the summers of 1987 and 1988. On Whiteface Mt., New York, and Mt. Moosilauke, New Hampshire, larvae were absent to uncommon at low (500 m) and high (1300 m) altitudes, but common to abundant in red spruce – balsam fir associations at 700, 900, and 1100 m. During September 1987, larval populations were estimated at 56 000 and 312 000 per hectare in soils at 900 m on Whiteface and Moosilauke, respectively. Dense populations occurred locally, e.g. 27 larvae were recovered from a single 0.25-m2 soil pit at 900 m on Moosilauke. By June 1988, larval numbers on Whiteface and Moosilauke had declined by 51% and 72%, respectively. Seedlings and mature trees of both spruce and fir were damaged by larval feeding on bark and cambium. Seedlings were girdled; mature trees had wounds paralleling the root axes.
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF THE PATHOGEN PANDORA NEOAPHIDIS (R.&H.) HUMBER (ZYGOMYCETES: ENTOMOPHTHORALES) ON THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ACYRTHOSIPHON APHIDS IN ALFALFA
Authors: Pickering J. , Gutierrez A.P.
Published: November 2009

A fungal outbreak of Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudière and Hennebert) Humber (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae) caused maximum daily mortality of 6 and 34%, respectively, in sympatric populations of Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera, Aphididae). This epidemic suppressed the A. pisum population but not the A. kondoi population. The results suggest that low level infections in A. kondoi may greatly increase the inoculum available for transmission to the highly susceptible A. pisum.
GRANULAR INSECTICIDES AGAINST OVERWINTERED TUBER FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX TUBERIS GENTNER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON POTATO
Authors: Vernon R.S. , Mackenzie J.R.
Published: November 2009

Six systemic and two nonsystemic granular insecticides were evaluated by application in the furrow at planting for control of overwintered tuber flea beetles, Epitrix tuberis Gentner. Studies were conducted from 1986 to 1988 in three soil types in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Of the registered systemic insecticides tested, phorate and aldicarb gave rapid and consistent control of overwintered adults released on the foliage 24–30 days after planting, whereas disulfoton and carbofuran were either less effective or more variable in their control. Terbufos and cloethocarb, not registered for use on potatoes, gave control of adult beetles similar to that of phorate and aldicarb. Mortality of overwintered generation adults resulting from these systemic insecticides was correlated with numbers of beetles emerging in the summer adult generation. Neither fonofos nor chlorpyrifos, the nonsystemic granular insecticides, gave effective control of overwintered flea beetles. Only fonofos significantly reduced the emergence of beetles of the summer generation, but the control was inconsistent between years. When beetles were released on the foliage 56 and 65 days after planting, the fewest beetles emerged from the phorate and terbufos plots. All treatments were less effective in highly organic soils than in mineral soils. The advantages of using granular systemic insecticides for controlling overwintered E. tuberis, and strategies for improving control in association with integrated pest management programs are discussed.
MODELLING OVIPOSITION OF THE HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Lysyk T.J.
Published: November 2009

The relationship between temperature and ovarian development rates, as well as the cumulative probability of a female becoming gravid, were determined for the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), based on previously published information. These relationships were combined to form a model that simulates oviposition of house fly populations using average daily temperatures, eggs per cycle, and daily survival as input. Simulation results were compared with observed oviposition in three caged populations of house flies exposed to field temperatures. A high correlation occurred between simulated and observed eggs laid (r = 0.88), as well as between simulated and observed lxmx (r = 0.91). The model overestimated the onset of oviposition for one population, but closely simulated the timing of oviposition for the other two. The model also tended to overestimate the reproductive contribution of flies during the second and subsequent ovarian cycles.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND PARITY OF HOST-SEEKING HORSE FLIES (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) FROM A PASTURE NEAR SEVEN SISTERS, MANITOBA
Authors: McElligott Paul E.K. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Twenty species of Tabanidae in three genera [Hybomitra (15 spp.), Tabanus (four spp.), Haematopota (one sp.)] were caught in Manitoba horse fly traps from mid-May to mid-July in 1987, and from mid-May to mid-August in 1988. Hybomitra lurida (Fallen) and H. nitidifrons nuda (McDunnough) peaked in abundance in late May to early June; H. illota (Osten Sacken) and H. lasiophthalma (Macquart) in early June; H. affinis (Kirby), H. arpadi (Szilady), and H. zonalis (Kirby) in mid-June; H. epistates (Osten Sacken) and H. pechumani Teskey and Thomas in late June to early July. Abundance of H. trepida (McDunnough) peaked twice, in late June and early August. Tabanid density and diversity were greatest during June; few flies were present at the site after mid-July. For most species, at the beginning of the flight season, 80–100% of flies dissected were nulliparous. After approximately 1 month of flight activity, parity in all but three species reached levels approaching 100%, and remained high thereafter. Hybomitra lurida and H. nitidifrons nuda were 100% parous within 2 weeks of their first appearance in traps. Parity of H. trepida increased to 100% after 4 weeks, declined to 40% 2 weeks later, and returned to 100% after another 2 weeks.
DAILY ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HORSE FLIES (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE: HYBOMITRA SPP.) IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: McElligott Paul E.K. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Daily patterns of host-seeking activity by female tabanids were determined by hourly trapping (0530–2230 hours) with Manitoba horse fly traps at Seven Sisters, Man., 4 days a week, throughout the summer of 1988. Hybomitra epistates (Osten Sacken) and H. pechumani Teskey and Thomas were most active during late morning or mid-day; H. arpadi (Szilady) and H. zonalis (Kirby) in early afternoon; H. affinis (Kirby), H. illota (O.S.), and H. lasiophthalma (Macquart) in late afternoon; H. nitidifrons nuda (McDunnough) and H. lurida (Fallen) in early evening.

The morning onset of tabanid flight activity usually was related to temperature, but the cessation of activity in the evening was related either to temperature or light, depending on which was first to fall below threshold levels. Tabanid flight activity was generally low at temperatures below 20°C, although H. lasiophthalma and H. affinis occasionally were caught at 12°C. Little flight activity occurred at light intensity levels below 1000 lx regardless of temperature. At Churchill, Man., where tabanids were trapped hourly from 27 July to 15 August in 1988, H. affinis and H. frontalis (Walker) activity was low below 14°C, although some activity occurred at 6°C.
CONTROL OF SPRUCE BUDMOTH,ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSISMUT. AND FREE., IN WHITE SPRUCE PLANTATIONS WITH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES,STEINERNEMASPP.
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Dunphy Gary B.
Published: November 2009

A spruce budmoth population reduction of 82%, as measured by moth emergence, was realized after a foliar spray in which Futura®, a commercialBacillus thuringiensisBerliner (B.t.) formulation, was added to a suspension ofSteinernema carpocapsae(Weiser). The nematode suspension, which took advantage of the wetting and spreading agents in the formulation, was applied to runoff at the rate of 9785 viable infective juvenile nematodes per litre. Mortality was attributed to the nematodes;B.t. was not available to the cryptic larvae. Soil drench treatments were encouraging, and suggested that applications of nematodes to the soil may be feasible.
HOST EFFECTS ON ALLOZYME AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE,DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAEHOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Langor David W. , Spence John R.
Published: November 2009

Allozyme and morphological variation were investigated for mountain pine beetle populations in limber pine and lodgepole pine in Alberta and British Columbia. Fourteen gene loci, five of which were polymorphic, were studied. Heterozygote deficiencies were detected at the ME locus for 13 of the 16 groups of beetles sampled. Selection against heterozygotes appears to be the most plausible explanation. There was no significant difference in heterozygosity between beetles from lodgepole pine and those from limber pine. Relatively high levels of genetic differentiation, in terms of allele frequency, were observed among beetles from different sites, host species, seasons, and individual conspecific trees within a site. Low levels of differentiation were observed between beetle generations at a site and between sexes. We attribute significant host-associated genetic differentiation to differential survival in hosts rather than to differential host preference of beetle genotypes. Standardized discriminant function analysis of 12 morphological characters indicated significant differences in beetle shape between sexes, host species, and among sites. Overall, there was little evidence of preferential host selection by beetles which would imply substructuring ofDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins populations along host lines.
INFLUENCE OF PREPUPATION ENVIRONMENT ON DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (FAB.) (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE)
Authors: Stevenson A.B. , Barszcz E.S.
Published: November 2009

When carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fab.), collected as mature third-instar larvae on three dates in each fall of 3 years from carrots from the Holland Marsh, Ont., pupated in the laboratory at 10°C, the intensity of the diapause induced was lower in the samples collected latest in the season. Similarly, the latest pupating cohorts of pupae formed in the field exhibited less intense diapause and developed more rapidly at 20°C in the fall or the following spring. When larvae were kept at 1 or −2°C for varying periods before pupation at 10°C, the incidence and intensity of the pupal diapause decreased with increasing duration of exposure to the low temperatures. Larvae held at 5°C pupated in less than 60 days and entered diapause. Transfer of puparia from 20 to 10°C at various stages of pupation showed that diapause was induced if pupae were transferred less than 48 h after formation of the pupa was first evident.
HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES IN THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) (ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Chapco William
Published: November 2009

Three subspecies of the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) are recognized by Gurney and Brooks (1959) who, on the basis of morphology and presence of intergrades in collections, do not consider the taxa sufficiently different to warrant according them species status. Present experiments show that members of distant populations, when crossed, readily produce viable and fertile hybrids of both sexes. It is, however, premature to claim that the groups are conspecific without confirmatory information on, for instance, genetic distances and mating discrimination indices. Nonetheless, it is hypothesized that these parameters are expected to have low values given the hybridization results.
EFFECTIVENESS OF STEINERNEMATID AND HETERORHABDITID NEMATODES AGAINST NOCTUID, PYRALID, AND GEOMETRID SPECIES IN SOIL
Authors: Morris O.N. , Converse V.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of one pyralid, five noctuid, and one geometrid species were exposed to six species/strains of steinernematid and two species of heterorhabditid nematodes applied to soil surface in the laboratory. The most parasitic nematodes wereSteinernema bibionisBovien for the wax moth (Galleria mellonellaL.) and the bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurataWlk.),Heterorhabditis heliothidis(Khan, Brooks, and Hirschmann) for the cereal armyworm [Pseudaletia unipuncta(Haw)],S.feltiaeFilipjev Mexican for the variegated cutworm [Peridroma saucia(Hbn.)], andS.feltiaeAll for the red-backed cutworm [Euxoa ochrogaster(Gwen)] and the spring cankerworm [Paleacrita vernata(Peck.)]. When both LD50values and rates of parasitism of the hosts were considered together, the most promising nematode for soil applications wasS.feltiaeagainst the bertha armyworm.
EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN ON THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Xie Y.S. , Gagnon D. , Arnason J.T. , Philogène B.J.R. , Lambert J.D.H. , Kaminski J. , Morand P. , Timmins G. , Werstiuk N.H.
Published: November 2009

Corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a serious pest insect of corn production. It is estimated that farmers in the United States have losses of over $1 billion each year as a result of crop damage and treatment costs for this pest (Metcalf 1986). Chemical control is the main method of suppressing corn rootworm populations and the amount of insecticide used against Diabrotica spp. is greater than for any other pests of corn in the United States (Suguiyama and Carlson 1985). The development of nontoxic and biodegradable alternatives to chemical insecticides is highly desirable.
A PLUM VOLATILE, 1-NONANOL: AN OPPOSITIONAL DETERRENT FOR CODLING MOTH
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T.
Published: November 2009

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a major pest of apples, pears, and certain stone fruits and tree nuts. Alternatives to conventional insecticides are needed to manage codling moth infestations in the field and after harvest. In an earlier evaluation of codling moth ovipositional behavior on stone fruits, “Queen Ann” plums were found to be highly acceptable (Yokoyama and Miller 1988). We present preliminary testing of plum fruit volatiles for effect on the ovipositional behavior of codling moth, with emphasis on the ovipositional deterrent activity of 1-nonanol.
HOST ASSOCIATIONS IN SYMPATRIC POPULATIONS OF CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN AND C. RETINIANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN SOUTH-CENTRAL OREGON AT HIGH POPULATION DENSITIES
Authors: Schaupp Willis C.
Published: November 2009

Sympatric, synchronous populations of conifer-feeding Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) occur in western North America (Powell 1980). Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, the western spruce budworm, co-exists with C. retiniana, the Modoc budworm, in mixed stands of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and true firs, Abies spp. Choristoneura occidentalis has brown larvae and a broad geographic distribution associated with one of its principle hosts, Douglas-fir (Stehr 1967). Larvae of C. retiniana are green and feed on true firs, particularly white fir, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. (Stehr 1967; Carolin et al. 1987).
REVISION OF NEARCTIC SPECIES OFACTIAROBINEAU-DESVOIDY (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: O’Hara James E.
Published: November 2009

Eight species of the siphonine genusActiaRobineau-Desvoidy are recognized in the Nearctic Region, including four that are new:A.dasymyiasp.nov. (type-locality 21 mi. east Tuktoyaktuk, North West Territories, Canada),A.dimorphasp.nov. (type-locality Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA),A.radialissp.nov. (type-locality Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada), andA.sternalissp.nov. (type-locality mi. 51 Dempster Highway, Yukon, Canada). Adults of the eight species are keyed, described, illustrated (heads, wings, and male terminalia), and their distributions mapped. The species are arranged into three species groups: theautumnalis-group with Nearctic membersA.autumnalis(Townsend),A.rufescens(Greene),A.diffidensCurran, andA.dimorphasp.nov.; thelamia-group with Nearctic membersA.interruptaCurran,A.dasymyiasp.nov., andA.radialissp.nov.; and thecrassicornis-group with the single Nearctic memberA.sternalissp.nov. NearcticActiaare inferred to be of relatively recent origin because only theA.autumnalis/A.rufescensspecies pair seems to have speciated within the Nearctic Region.Actia autumnalis/A.rufescens,A.diffidens, andA.dimorphaare each hypothesized to have their closest phylogenetic affinities with Neotropical species, andA.sternalis,A.interrupta,A.dasymyia, and questionablyA.radialisare each hypothesized to have their closest affinities with Palearctic species.
EFFECTS OF MITICIDES ON THE LIFE STAGES OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Marshall D.B. , Pree D.J.
Published: November 2009

In laboratory tests, many miticides affected more than one life stage of the European red mite but most showed greater toxicity to one specific stage. Most were more toxic to nymphs and adults than to eggs. Cyhexatin was more toxic to nymphs whereas fenbutatin-oxide was more toxic to adults than to nymphs. Propargite, formetanate HCl, and dinocap were more toxic to nymphs than to adults. Dicofol and oxythioquinox were more toxic to adults than to nymphs. Dienochlor was the least toxic miticide tested, and was more toxic to nymphs and adults than to eggs. Amitraz, permethrin, and fenpropathrin were repellent to motile stages at low concentrations, but amitraz was also highly ovicidal. Clofentezine and hexythiazox were toxic to eggs and nymphs but not to adults. Affected nymphs developed into the deutochrysalis or teleiochrysalis stages but were unable to eclose from these quiescent stages.

In field trials, applications timed to coincide with a predominance of sensitive stages were successful. Early season applications suppressed mite numbers for much of the growing season. Populations exhibiting considerable synchrony occurred into August suggesting that susceptible stages could be targeted for control throughout the season.