bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter export from U.S. rivers
Authors: Spencer Robert G. M. , Aiken George R. , Dornblaser Mark M. , Butler Kenna D. , Holmes R. Max , Fiske Greg , Mann Paul J. , Stubbins Aron
Published: March 2013

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) fluxes and yields from 15 major U.S. rivers draining an assortment of terrestrial biomes are presented. A robust relationship between CDOM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loads is established (e.g., a350 versus DOC; r2 = 0.96, p < 0.001). Calculated CDOM yields are also correlated to watershed percent wetland (e.g. a350; r2 = 0.81, p < 0.001) providing a method for the estimation of CDOM export from ungauged watersheds. A large variation in CDOM yields was found across the rivers. The two rivers in the north‐eastern U.S. (Androscoggin and Penobscot), the Edisto draining into the South Atlantic Bight, and some rivers draining into the Gulf of Mexico (Atchafalaya and Mobile) exhibit the highest CDOM yields, linked to extensive wetlands in these watersheds. If the Edisto CDOM yield is representative of other rivers draining into the South Atlantic Bight, this would result in a CDOM load equivalent to that of the Mississippi from a region of approximately 10% of the Mississippi watershed, indicating the importance of certain regions with respect to the role of terrigenous CDOM in ocean color budgets.
Climate impact of stratospheric ozone recovery
Authors: Bekki S. , Rap A. , Poulain V. , Dhomse S. , Marchand M. , Lefevre F. , Forster P.M. , Szopa S. , Chipperfield M.P.
Published: March 2013

Past stratospheric ozone depletion has acted to cool the Earth's surface. As the result of the phase‐out of anthropogenic halogenated compounds emissions, stratospheric ozone is projected to recover and its radiative forcing (RF‐O3 ~ −0.05 W/m2 presently) might therefore be expected to decay in line with ozone recovery itself. Using results from chemistry‐climate models, we find that, although model projections using a standard greenhouse gas scenario broadly agree on the future evolution of global ozone, they strongly disagree on RF‐O3 because of a large model spread in ozone changes in a narrow (several km thick) layer, in the northern lowermost stratosphere. Clearly, future changes in global stratospheric ozone cannot be considered an indicator of its overall RF. The multi‐model mean RF‐O3 estimate for 2100 is +0.06 W/m2 but with a range such that it could remain negative throughout this century or change sign and reach up to ~0.25 W/m2.
Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Progress
Authors: Spittle Brian
Published: March 2013

The second “P” within a 4 Ps framework of student retention—progress—focuses on ensuring that students are making satisfactory academic progress, rather than just persisting, toward degree completion.
Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Promise
Authors: Kalsbeek David H.
Published: March 2013

The fourth “P” within a 4 Ps framework of student retention—promise—connects retention strategies with institutional brand strategies so that marketing and retention become mutually reinforcing.
Resistance Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Prior Treatment Null Responders Receiving Daclatasvir And Asunaprevir
Authors: McPhee Fiona , Hernandez Dennis , Yu Fei , Ueland Joseph , Monikowski Aaron , Carifa Arlene , Falk Paul , Wang Chunfu , Fridell Robert , Eley Timothy , Zhou Nannan , Gardiner David
Published: March 2013

In a sentinel cohort, hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients (primarily genotype [GT] 1a) were treated with daclatasvir (NS5A inhibitor) and asunaprevir (NS3 protease inhibitor). Preexistence, emergence, and persistence of resistance variants in patients who failed this treatment are described. HCV-infected null responders received daclatasvir (60 mg once daily) and asunaprevir (600 mg twice daily) alone (Group A, 11 patients) or with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin (Group B, 10 patients) for 24 weeks. Resistance testing was performed on baseline samples and samples with HCV RNA ≥1,000 IU/mL at Week 1 through posttreatment Week 48. Resistance substitution susceptibility to inhibition by asunaprevir and daclatasvir was assessed using HCV replicon assays. In Group A, six GT1a patients experiencing viral breakthrough and one GT1a patient who relapsed had detectable NS5A (Q30E/R, L31V/M, Y93C/N) and NS3 (R155K, D168A/E/V/Y) resistance-associated variants at failure. Two of six viral breakthrough patients achieved SVR48 after treatment intensification with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin. For 2/4 viral breakthrough patients not responding to treatment intensification, NS3 resistance variants changed (D168Y to D168T; R155K to V36M-R155K). At posttreatment Week 48, daclatasvir-resistant variants persisted while asunaprevir-resistant variants were generally replaced by wild-type sequences. The NS3 sequence remained unchanged in the one patient with NS3-R155K at baseline, relapse, and posttreatment Week 48. In Group B, no viral breakthrough was observed. Conclusion: The treatment failure of daclatasvir and asunaprevir in HCV GT1a patients was associated with both NS5A and NS3 resistance variants in prior null responders. NS5A resistance variants persisted while NS3 resistance variants generally decayed, suggesting a higher relative fitness of NS5A variants. (Hepatology 2013;53:902–911)
High‐frequency precipitation and stream water quality time series from Plynlimon, Wales: an openly accessible data resource spanning the periodic table
Authors: Neal Colin , Reynolds Brian , Kirchner James W. , Rowland Phil , Norris Dave , Sleep Darren , Lawlor Alan , Woods Clive , Thacker Sarah , Guyatt Hayley , Vincent Colin , Lehto Kathryn , Grant Simon , Williams Jeremy , Neal Margaret , Wickham Heather , Harman Sarah , Armstrong Linda
Published: March 2013

This scientific briefing announces the availability of a new multi‐element high‐frequency water quality data set that is openly accessible to the research community. The data set comprises up to 2 years of 7‐hourly water quality data for two streams and one rainfall site in the Upper Severn catchment at Plynlimon in Mid‐Wales. The measurements cover 50 analytes ranging from H+ to U and spanning six orders of magnitude in concentration, including major, minor and trace elements as well as nutrients, and they complement decades of weekly measurements of the same analytes at the Upper Severn. Together, the weekly and 7‐hourly time series provide a unique data set for studying both long‐term trends and short‐term dynamics. The data show complex behaviour over a wide range of timescales, challenging our understanding of catchment processes and informing future modelling efforts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian Methods for Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Pazopanib‐Induced Increases in Blood Pressure and Transaminases
Authors: Suttle A. Benjamin , de Souza Paul , Arumugham Thangam
Published: March 2013

Relationships between plasma pazopanib concentrations and the probability of elevations in blood pressure, a marker of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were investigated with logistic regression models. Data from a Phase I dose‐escalation study in cancer patients (n = 57) were examined to determine the relationship between steady‐state trough plasma pazopanib concentrations (Cτ) and a clinically significant blood pressure increase, using a Bayesian logistic regression model. Data from 5 monotherapy studies in cancer patients (n = 344) were pooled to investigate the relationship between Cτ and maximum ALT ≥ 3× the upper limit of normal (ULN), using a Bayesian logistic regression model incorporating an asymptote. Both models were fit using WinBUGS. The median (95% credible interval, CrI) Cτ at which the probability of a clinically significant increase in blood pressure was 50% (EC50) was 12.3 μg/mL (6.12, 18.4). The median (95% CrI) EC50 for the maximum probability of ALT ≥ 3 × ULN was 15.4 μg/mL (3.8, 41.2) and the median (95% CrI) maximum probability of ALT ≥ 3 × ULN was 21% (14.5, 43.1). Results suggest that dose adjustments could be useful in managing the potential for hepatotoxicity.
Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ removal from aqueous solution using microwaved olive stone activated carbon
Authors: Alslaibi Tamer M. , Abustan Ismail , Ahmad Mohd Azmier , Foul Ahmad Abu
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

The efficiencies of removal of Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solution with olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) were investigated in this work. A central composite design (CCD) method was used to optimize the preparation of OSAC using microwave assisted potassium hydroxide.

RESULTS

The optimum conditions obtained were 565 W radiation power, 7 min radiation time, and 1.87 impregnation ratio. This resulted in 98.55% removal of Cu2+, 95.32% of Cd2+, 98.19% of Ni2+ 98.83% of Pb2+, 99.32% of Fe2+, 98.36% of Zn2+, and 85.15% of OSAC yield. The surface characteristics of the AC prepared under optimized conditions were examined by pore structure analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The BET surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of the prepared AC were 1280.71 m2 g−1, 0.604 cm3 g−1 and 4.63 nm, respectively. The equilibrium data of the adsorption was well fitted to the Langmuir equation and the highest value of adsorption capacity (Q) on the OSAC was found for Fe2+ (62.50 mg g−1), followed by Pb2+ (23.47 mg g−1), Cu2+ (22.73 mg g−1), Zn2+ (15.08 mg g−1), Ni2+ (12.00 mg g−1), and Zn2+ (11.72 mg g−1).

CONCLUSIONS

OSAC prepared by microwaves can be used for the removal of metals from contaminated wastewater. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrazine hydrate chemical reduction as an effective anode modification method to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells
Authors: Jin Tao , Zhou Lei , Luo Jianmei , Yang Jie , Zhao Yingying , Zhou Minghua
Published: March 2013

Background

The anode material is considered a key factor influencing the energy conversion in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) because it links microbiology and electrochemistry. To further improve power generation, carbon mesh anodes modified by hydrazine hydrate chemical reduction were applied in air‐cathode MFCs.

Results

The power densities of MFCs using hydrazine‐treated anodes were all higher than the untreated control, among which a 30% hydrazine hydrate‐modified anode (CM‐30%) showed the best performance. The maximum power density reached 865 mW m−2, which was 31% higher than the unmodified control (CM‐0%, 662 mW m−2). The Coulombic efficiency (CE) increased from 10.7% to 13.3% (improved by 24.3%). Furthermore, the acclimation time was reduced from 142 h to 95 h, shortened by 32% compared with the control. Such improvement in MFCs performance was correlated with the increased surface area revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the change of surface functional groups revealed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. This enhancement in MFCs performance was also proved feasible when using real swine wastewater as substrate.

Conclusions

The results indicated that hydrazine hydrate chemical reduction was an effective method for anode modification to improve the performance of MFCs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Batch biosorption of radioactive thallium on solid waste of oleum rosea process
Authors: Yapici Sinan , Eroglu Hayrettin
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

In nuclear medicine, the discharge of the radionuclides waste into the environment can cause serious environmental problems. It is preferable to remove these radionuclides from aqueous waste before discharging. Biosorption as an alternative has been becoming more important. The aim of the present work is to remove radioactive Tl‐201 by biosorption from the aqueous media using the solid waste of an oleum rosea processing plant as a biosorbent.

RESULTS

Radioactive Tl‐201 was removed from aqueous solution by biosorption in a stirred batch process with experimental parameters pH, temperature, adsorbent dose, nominal adsorbent size, and stirring speed. The effectiveness of the parameters in decreasing order was found to be initial pH, particle size and adsorbent dose. The biosorption yield is slightly reduced with increasing temperature, and no considerable effect of stirring speed was observed. The process is multi‐layered on the heterogeneous surface and has a physical character. Negative ΔG showed that the process is spontaneous, and negative ΔH indicates that the process has exothermic character.

CONCLUSIONS

The process has serious potential because of its fast biosorption rate with an equilibrium period of about 10 min and high biosorption yields up to 93%. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternative ice shelf equilibria determined by ocean environment
Authors: Sergienko O. V. , Goldberg D. N. , Little C. M.
Published: March 2013

Dynamic and thermodynamic regimes of ice shelves experiencing weak (1 m year−1) to strong (~10 m year−1) basal melting in cold (bottom temperature close to the in situ freezing point) and warm oceans (bottom temperature more than half of a degree warmer than the in situ freezing point) are investigated using a 1‐D coupled ice/ocean model complemented with a newly derived analytic expression for the steady state temperature distribution in ice shelves. This expression suggests the existence of a basal thermal boundary layer with thickness inversely proportional to the basal melt rate. Model simulations show that ice shelves afloat in warm ocean waters have significantly colder internal ice temperatures than those that float in cold waters. Our results indicate that in steady states, the mass balance of ice shelves experiencing strong and weak melting is controlled by different processes: in ice shelves with strong melting, it is a balance between ice advection and basal melting, and in ice shelves with weak melting, it is a balance between ice advection and deformation. Sensitivity simulations show that ice shelves in cold and warm oceans respond differently to increase of the ocean heat content. Ice shelves in cold waters are more sensitive to warming of the ocean bottom waters, while ice shelves in warm waters are more sensitive to shallowing of the depth of the thermocline.
Quantifying the role of paleoclimate and Andean Plateau uplift on river incision
Authors: Jeffery M. Louise , Ehlers Todd A. , Yanites Brian J. , Poulsen Christopher J.
Published: March 2013

River incision over geologic timescales can be a valuable indicator of regional surface uplift. However, extracting the timing of surface uplift relative to the onset of incision is complicated by changes in precipitation commensurate with topographic development. Evidence of large‐scale river incision on the flanks of the Andean plateau has been cited in support of a rapid and recent surface uplift event. Recent climate modeling studies demonstrate large magnitudes of regional climate change associated with surface uplift of the Andes, which may have influenced river incision processes. Here we present an analysis of mid‐Miocene (16 Ma) to present river incision of the southwest Peruvian Ocoña River. A Monte Carlo approach with ~1.6 × 105 different simulations is used to explore the range of surface uplift and paleoclimate histories that are compatible with the modern river profile and geological constraints on the incision timing and magnitude. A range of channel properties, including the erodibility coefficient and erosion threshold, are considered. Results indicate that deep canyon incision on the plateau flanks may not be as diagnostic of rapid surface uplift as previously thought. More specifically, the evolution of the Ocoña River is consistent with local plateau elevations of 1–3 km at 16 Ma and either a steady or punctuated uplift of 1.5–3.5 km since then. The range of acceptable uplift histories is sensitive to the long‐term magnitude and temporal evolution of precipitation. Similar paleoprecipitation changes are expected to have modified river profile evolution elsewhere in the Andes.
Spatial and seasonal variability of diffusive methane emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Yang Le , Lu Fei , Wang Xiaoke , Duan Xiaonan , Song Wenzhi , Sun Binfeng , Zhang Qianqian , Zhou Yongjuan
Published: March 2013

To investigate temporal and spatial variations in diffusive CH4 emission from the surface of the Three Gorges Reservoir, CH4 emissions were measured using the static chamber technique along the mainstream of the reservoir from January to December 2010. The overall average CH4 flux is 7.93 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, which is comparable to those from other temperate reservoirs but significantly lower than those from tropical reservoirs. Seasonal variations showed that CH4 emission reached the maximum in the summer and turned to the low levels in the other seasons; such variations reflected the seasonal dynamics of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water velocity. Moreover, the yearly average CH4 flux decreased from upstream to downstream before the Three Gorges Dam, but CH4 emission from the surface of the downstream river was higher than that from the surface at Zigui, the upstream water before the Three Gorges Dam. The differences in water velocity and allochthonous input of organic matter probably caused the spatial variations in CH4 emission. These results indicate that systematic sampling is needed to better estimate CH4 emission through coverage of the temporal and spatial scales and to better assess the influence of CH4 emission from the Three Gorges Reservoir on climate change in China, as well as the rest of the world.
Comparison of the discriminating power of Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy with established techniques for the examination of liquid and gel inks
Authors: Bell Steven E. J. , Stewart Samantha P. , Ho Yen Cheng , Craythorne Brian W. , Speers S. James
Published: March 2013

The ability to discriminate between inks is important for forensic document analysis. Here, Raman spectroscopy (RS) and surface‐enhanced RS have been compared to the traditional document examination techniques of video spectral comparison and thin layer chromatography on a population of blue and black‐coloured liquid and gel inks. It was found that in most cases, the Raman techniques provided a similar or better discriminating power than the conventional methods. Importantly, this study allowed us to determine whether the same underlying changes in composition were being exploited by the different methods to discriminate between samples. It was found that there was indeed a high degree of commonality in the sample pairs being discriminated by the various techniques. This work can therefore underpin introduction of Raman methods into standard operating procedures for ink analysis since it not only measures the extent of discrimination between samples but can also explain the origin of the spectral changes that are used to distinguish between them. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Crown copyright
Clinical outcomes for rectal carcinoid tumors according to a new (AJCC 7th edition) TNM staging system: A single institutional analysis of 122 patients
Authors: Kim Min Sung , Hur Hyuk , Min Byung Soh , Baik Seung Hyuk , Lee Kang Young , Kim Nam Kyu
Published: March 2013

Background and Objectives

This study aimed to describe clinical outcomes of rectal carcinoids according to the 7th American Joint Council on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 122 patients who were treated for rectal carcinoids between 1995 and 2010.

Results

Among 122 patients, 81.2% (n = 99) were classified as stage I, 4.9% (n = 6) as stage II, 11.5% (n = 14) as stage III, and 2.5% (n = 3) as stage IV. Lymph node (LN) metastasis rates for pT1a, 1b, 2, and 3 stages were 1.2% (1/85), 16.7% (3/18), 0% (0/4) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 88.4%. The 5‐year OS rates were estimated to be 100%, 80%, 51.4% and 0% for stage I, II, III, and IV, respectively (P < 0.001). The 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rate was 82.3%. The 5‐year DFS rates were estimated to be 97.7%, 62.5%, 17.1%, and 0% for stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Using the new TNM stage, we confirmed a prognostic difference in LN metastasis rates, OS, and DFS for rectal carcinoids. In clinical practice, the new TNM stage can be very useful for predicting prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:835–841. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiologic reporting for paranasal sinus computed tomography: A multi‐institutional review of content and consistency
Authors: Deutschmann Michael W. , Yeung Jeffrey , Bosch Michael , Lysack John T. , Kingstone Michael , Kilty Shaun J. , Rudmik Luke R.
Published: March 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To optimize clinical care, radiologic reporting should consistently include clinically pertinent information. The purpose of this study was to: 1) determine the current satisfaction of otolaryngologists with paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) radiologic reporting and 2) evaluate the comprehensiveness of paranasal sinus CT radiologic reporting.

Study Design

Two parts: 1) A national survey of all practicing otolaryngologists in Canada and 2) a retrospective review of paranasal sinus CT scan radiologic reporting.

Methods

A national survey of all Canadian otolaryngologists was conducted in September 2011. Questions were focused on eliciting the current satisfaction with sinus CT radiologic reporting. At two major centers (Alberta Health Services–Calgary Zone and the Ottawa Hospital), all sinus CT scans performed over a 2‐year period were identified (9,739), and 100 from each center were randomly selected for analysis. The radiology reports were scrutinized to determine if seven critical and 11 noncritical items were mentioned.

Results

Many (22%) otolaryngologists are dissatisfied with current sinus CT radiologic reporting, and the majority (67%) would like more clinically useful information. All predefined sinus CT items were inconsistently reported. Anterior ethmoid artery anatomy, ethmoid skull base integrity, and sphenoethmoidal cell were the most infrequently reported critical items.

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated that important information is inconsistently reported for sinus CT, and most otolaryngologists would like to see more clinically relevant content in radiology reports. Optimizing the reporting of sinus CT scans will improve communication between the radiologist and other clinicians managing patients with sinonasal disease.

Level of Evidence

2b
Autophagy is involved in the effects of resveratrol on prevention of splenocyte apoptosis caused by oxidative stress in restrained mice
Authors: Duan Wen‐Jun , Liu Fang‐Lan , He Rong‐Rong , Yuan Wei‐Lin , Li Yi‐Fang , Tsoi Bun , Su Wei‐Wei , Yao Xin‐Sheng , Kurihara Hiroshi
Published: March 2013

Scope

Resveratrol, a powerful natural compound for human health, is widely reported for its immunity‐related beneficial properties. However, few works have studied its effect mechanism on immunity. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of resveratrol on splenic immunity in restraint stressed mice and the mechanism was further studied as autophagy induction.

Methods and results

Mice were administered with resveratrol for 7 days consecutively, fixed in restraint cages for 18 h, and recovered for 12 h after the last administration. Data showed that restraint led to spleen damages, including declined spleen index, decreased CD4+ T‐cell number, increased mitochondrial oxidative damage, and apoptosis of splenocytes. Resveratrol, vitamin C (antioxidant), and rapamycin (autophagy agonist) protected spleen functions. Meanwhile, rapamycin augmented the effects of resveratrol that were abolished by chloroquine (autophagy antagonists). Further studies showed that expressions of Beclin 1 and LC3β required in autophagy development were significantly upregulated by resveratrol but not by vitamin C.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that resveratrol preserved splenic immunity of restraint stressed mice. It is meaningful to find that autophagy, apart from reactive oxygen species clearance, is included as a potential mechanism via which resveratrol ameliorated the state of oxidative stress and thus protected splenocytes in mice.
A new approach to shimming: The dynamically controlled adaptive current network
Authors: Harris Chad. T. , Handler William B. , Chronik Blaine A.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Magnetic field homogeneity is important in all aspects of magnetic resonance imaging. A new approach to increase field homogeneity is presented that allows dynamic and adaptive control over the flow of current over a single surface using a network of actively controlled solid‐state switches.

Methods

Computer simulations were completed demonstrating the potential of this approach. Wire patterns were produced using the boundary element method to remove magnetic field inhomogeneities over multiple regions of interest. Field maps and regions of interest histograms were compared with and without the shim present. A prototype was constructed confirming the feasibility of this approach within the magnetic resonance environment. Metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors were used. Two field maps were acquired with the prototype producing gradient and offset field profiles, respectively. The experimental field profiles were compared with simulation.

Results

The wire patterns significantly increased field homogeneity over all regions of interest investigated. The field profiles produced by the prototype matched simulation. No imaging artifacts were produced.

Conclusions

An approach to control the shape of a current distribution over a single surface has been described. This method has the potential to improve field homogeneity over any desired region of interest and is particularly well suited for dynamic applications. The method is feasible with current technology and construction techniques. Magn Reson Med 71:859–869, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
News Algorithms for tensor decomposition based on a reduced functional
Authors: Kindermann Stefan , Navasca Carmeliza
Published: March 2013

We study the least squares functional of the canonical polyadic tensor decomposition for third order tensors by eliminating one factor matrix, which leads to a reduced functional. An analysis of the reduced functional leads to several equivalent optimization problem, such as a Rayleigh quotient or a projection. These formulations are the basis of several new algorithms as follows: the Centroid Projection method for efficient computation of suboptimal solutions and fixed‐point iteration methods for approximating the best rank‐1 and the best rank‐R decompositions under certain nondegeneracy conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompressibility in the multimodel Arlequin framework
Authors: Jamond Olivier , Dhia Hachmi Ben
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we show how one can account for the incompressibility constraint within the multimodel Arlequin framework. The main issue is the treatment of a double constraining of the displacement fields in the gluing model zone. An elastic incompressible structure problem is considered. An incompressible Arlequin formulation of this problem is developed and supported by a stability and consistency result. Its discretization by means of mixed finite elements is detailed. The Inf–Sup condition is numerically discussed for different choices of the Arlequin method parameters. Several numerical tests are conducted and practical recommendations for appropriate choices of these parameters are clearly stated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New findings on limit state analysis with unstructured triangular finite elements
Authors: Preisig M. , Prévost J. H.
Published: March 2013

The emergence of high performance unstructured mesh generators enables the use of low‐order triangles and tetrahedras for a wide variety of problems, where no structured quadrangular mesh can be easily constructed. Some of the results acknowledged by the community of computational mechanics therefore need to be carefully looked at under the light of these recent advances in unstructured and adaptive meshing. In particular, we question evidence of locking during plastic flow, as it has been presented by several authors in the past. We claim that locking can also manifest through stress oscillations. Overshoot of limit loads or displacement locking can be explained by other causes: Insufficient mesh refinement or comparison with analytical solutions that are based on assumptions that are inconsistent with the finite element model.

We present a stabilized Galerkin mixed method that allows accurate and converging limit loads to be computed for any elastic‐plastic problem using standard equal‐order interpolation for both displacements and mean stress for low‐order linear triangular elements. The method is attractive for simulations where the cost of meshing is more important than the added computational cost of an additional nodal unknown required by the mixed formulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An augmentation technique for large deformation frictional contact problems
Authors: Franke M. , Hesch C. , Betsch P.
Published: March 2013

The present work deals with a new approach to frictional large deformation contact problems. In particular, a new formulation of the frictional kinematics is introduced that is based on a specific augmentation technique used for the introduction of additional variables. This augmentation technique substantially simplifies the formulation of the whole system. A size reduction of the resulting system of algebraic equations is proposed. Consequently, the augmentation technique does not lead to an increase in size of the algebraic system of equations to be ultimately solved. The size reduction retains the simplicity of the formulation and preserves important conservation laws such as conservation of angular momentum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast FE–BEM algorithms for orthotropic frictional contact
Authors: Rodríguez‐Tembleque L. , Abascal R.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a new and efficient methodology for solving 3D frictional contact problems considering an orthotropic friction law. The contact methodology is based on a proposed augmented Lagrangian formulation for orthotropic frictional contact problems, and a new discrete contact operator, which allows to reduce the number of unknowns in a Newton‐like algorithm that accelerates the attainment of the solution. A fast Uzawa scheme is also proposed on the basis of the Steffensen's method. Both algorithms prove to be very robust and efficient to solve orthotropic frictional contact problems. The proposed formalism has the advantage of being very compact and valid for both the FEM and the BEM. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the validity of the formulation and algorithms proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of the fetal conotruncal anomalies using real‐time three‐dimensional echocardiography with live xPlane imaging of the fetal ductal arch view
Authors: Xiong Yi , Liu Tao , Gan Han Jing , Wu Ying , Xu Jin Feng , Ting Yuen Ha , Leung Tak Yeung , Lau Tze Kin
Published: March 2013

Objective

To evaluate the role of live xPlane imaging of ductal arch view in detection of fetal conotruncal anomalies.

Methods

Two hundred selected singleton pregnancies, including 152 normal cases, 27 conotruncal anomalies and 21 other types of fetal heart abnormalities were enrolled in this observational study. All the cases were scanned to visualize the ductal arch view with live xPlane imaging by a single observer. The detection rate of conotruncal and non‐conotruncal anomalies with live xPlane imaging was compared.

Results

In using this new method of live xPlane imaging, an abnormal ductal arch view was visualized in 92.6% of fetal conotruncal anomalies, compared with that of non‐conotruncal anomalies (23.8%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The ductal arch view can be obtained by live xPlane imaging. This method is relatively simple and feasible, hence may be a useful tool to detect fetal conotruncal anomalies. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical experience of noninvasive prenatal testing with cell‐free DNA for fetal trisomies 21, 18, and 13, in a general screening population
Authors: Fairbrother Genevieve , Johnson Shayla , Musci Thomas J. , Song Ken
Published: March 2013

Objective

Evaluate noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) with cell‐free DNA as a screening method for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 in an obstetrical clinical practice setting.

Methods

Observational study of pregnant women who underwent prenatal screening for fetal trisomy from 30 July 2012 to 1 December 2012. NIPT was offered to all patients in addition to first trimester combined screening (FTS).

Results

The cohort included 289 women with mean age of 32.3 years (range: 17.8–42.0) who underwent testing at 13.0 gestational age weeks (range: 10.1–20.7). NIPT results were provided for 98.6% of patients at a mean reporting time of 9.3 calendar days. With NIPT, all patients had a risk less than 1:10 000 for trisomy 21, 18, or 13. With FTS, 4.5% of patients had screening results indicating an increased risk for trisomy 21. One patient who had an elevated trisomy 21 risk with FTS elected to have an amniocentesis, which revealed a euploid fetus.

Conclusions

NIPT has the potential to be a highly effective screening method as a standard test for risk assessment of fetal trisomies 21, 18, and 13 in general pregnant populations. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of potentially inappropriate medication use with patient and prescriber characteristics in Medicare Part D
Authors: Holmes Holly M. , Luo Ruili , Kuo Yong‐Fang , Baillargeon Jacques , Goodwin James S.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older people is associated with increased risk of adverse drug events and hospitalization. This study aimed to determine the contribution of primary prescribers to variation in PIM use.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using 2008 Medicare Part D event files and claims data for a 100% sample of Texas beneficiaries. PIM use was defined as receiving any of 48 medications on the Beers 2003 list of PIMs. Patient characteristics associated with PIM use were determined using a multivariable model. A multilevel model for the odds of PIM use was constructed to evaluate the amount of variation in PIM use at the level of primary care prescriber, controlling for patient characteristics.

Results

Of 677 580 patients receiving prescriptions through Part D in 2008, 31.9% received a PIM. Sex, ethnicity, low‐income subsidy eligibility, and hospitalization in 2007 were associated with PIM use. The strongest associations with higher PIM use were increasing number of prescribers and increasing number of medications. The odds ratio for PIM use was 1.50 (95%CI 1.47–1.53) for ≥4 prescribers versus only 1 prescriber. In the multilevel model, the adjusted average percent of patients prescribed a PIM ranged from 17.5% for the lowest decile to 28.9% for the highest decile of prescribers.

Conclusions

PIM use was prevalent in Part D beneficiaries and varied among individual primary care prescribers. The association of PIM use with increasing numbers of prescribers suggests the need to reduce fragmentation of care to reduce inappropriate prescribing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intramuscular Aripiprazole in the Acute Management of Psychomotor Agitation
Authors: De Filippis Sergio , Cuomo Ilaria , Lionetto Luana , Janiri Delfina , Simmaco Maurizio , Caloro Matteo , De Persis Simone , Piazzi Gioia , Simonetti Alessio , Telesforo C Ludovica , Sciarretta Antonio , Caccia Federica , Gentile Giovanna , Kotzalidis Georgios D. , Girardi Paolo
Published: March 2013

Study Objective

To assess acute efficacy and safety of 9.75 mg of intramuscular (IM) injections of the atypical antipsychiatric aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and acute agitation.

Design

Open‐label trial of IM injections of aripiprazole and 24‐hour monitoring of clinical response in patients with major psychoses and acute agitation. Partial analysis of blood levels of the administered drug to correlate with clinical response.

Setting

Acute psychiatric care wards in a single university hospital.

Patients

A total of 201 acutely agitated patients (79 with schizophrenia and 122 with bipolar disorder I).

Intervention

Aripiprazole 9.75 mg IM injection.

Measurements and Main Results

We evaluated clinical response using the Excitatory Component of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS‐EC), the Agitation/Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES), and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI). Assessments were conducted 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and 24 hours after the first injection for PANSS‐EC and ACES, and 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours for CGI. Response was at least a 40% decrease in PANSS‐EC scores. We measured serum aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole levels in a subsample. IM aripiprazole significantly improved clinical measures. PANSS‐EC improved progressively, starting after 30 minutes. ACES improved after 90 minutes and continued thereafter. Effects were sustained, with steadily decreasing CGI scores, until the 24th hour. Response rate was 83.6% after 2 hours, but with repeat injections, it rose to over 90% with no differences among diagnostic groups. Although there were gender differences in the response to individual PANSS‐EC items, the responses were similar overall. Neither clinical monitoring nor patient reporting revealed any side effects. No therapeutic window was identified, and levels did not correlate with any clinical measure.

Conclusion

Aripiprazole was effective and safe in reducing acute agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Our results compare favorably to double‐blind trials, probably due to higher expectations in trials involving no placebo arm. Absence of side effects could be related to the short observation time.
Ambiguity Acceptance as a Function of Project Management: A New Critical Success Factor
Authors: Hagen Marcia , Park Sunyoung
Published: March 2013

This research examines the relationship between ambiguity acceptance and customer and organizational outcomes within the Six Sigma improvement project context. Results find a curvilinear relationship between open communication and customer outcomes for project leaders. Results of multiple regression find a significant positive relationship between open communication and organization outcomes, as well as a significant positive relationship between ambiguity acceptance and customer and organizational outcomes for team leaders, while there is a significant positive relationship between ambiguity acceptance and customer and organizational outcomes for team members. Theoretical and practical implications are examined.
Selenium‐substituted carbonates as mediators for controlled radical polymerization
Authors: Zeng Jindong , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Jian , Zhou Nianchen , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Xiulin
Published: March 2013

A series of selenium‐substituted carbonates, S,Se‐dibenzyl dithioselenocarbonate (DTSC), S,Se‐dibenzyl thiodiselenocarbonate (TDSC), and Se,Se‐dibenzyl triselenocarbonate (TSC), were synthesized and used as mediators in radical polymerization. The results indicate that these selenium‐substituted carbonates can control the polymerization of styrene (St) and methyl acrylate, as evidenced by the number‐average molecular weight that increased linearly with the monomer conversion, molecular weights that agreed well with the predicted values, and successful chain extensions. The treatment of the resultant polystyrene by hydrogen peroxide generated polymers with approximately half‐reduced molecular weights, and the absence of carbonate groups and vinyl double bond‐terminated chain ends. The polymerization with these selenium‐substituted carbonates was the same polymerization mechanism as their analogue, the widely used S,S‐dibenzyl trithiocarbonate. This work provided a flexible protocol to incorporate selenium into the polymer chain backbone. Specifically, the treatment of these polymers by oxidation produced “clickable” vinyl‐terminated chain ends, which provided possibilities for further functionalization, for example, via a thiol‐ene click reaction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2606–2613
Does awareness of terminal status influence survival and quality of life in terminally ill cancer patients?
Authors: Kim Seon‐Young , Kim Jae‐Min , Kim Sung‐Wan , Shin Il‐Seon , Bae Kyung‐Yeol , Shim Hyun‐Jeong , Hwang Jun‐Eul , Bae Woo‐Kyun , Cho Sang‐Hee , Chung Ik‐Joo , Yoon Jin‐Sang
Published: March 2013

Background

Clinical studies, with a proper scientific design, on the impact of disclosing a prognosis on a patient's psychological or physical conditions are rare. We investigated the effect of patient awareness of terminal status on survival and quality of life (QoL) in a palliative care setting.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study of patients with terminal cancer. Patients with cancer at a palliative care unit were enrolled consecutively. The patients' awareness of their terminal status was determined using a semistructured interview. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, depressed mood, and QoL, were investigated. To determine the independent effects of awareness of illness on survival and QoL, multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards regression and multivariate linear regression were used, respectively.

Results

For the 262 cases analyzed, the median survival time (interquartile range) was 28.5 (15.8–55.3) days, and 76 (29.0%) patients were unaware of their prognosis. Patients who were aware survived for a shorter period than did those who were unaware (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.07–1.93, p = 0.015) after adjusting for clinical variables including physical status and depression. Also, patients who were aware reported lower subjective QoL compared with patients who were unaware in a multivariate linear regression analysis (B, −0.10; 95% CI, −0.17 to −0.03, p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Awareness of prognosis may negatively impact survival and QoL in terminally ill cancer patients. Therefore, the patient's preference for and individual susceptibility to receiving such information should be assessed carefully before disclosure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Written emotional disclosure for women with ovarian cancer and their partners: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Arden‐Close Emily , Gidron Yori , Bayne Louise , Moss‐Morris Rona
Published: March 2013

Objective

Written emotional disclosure for 15–20 min a day over 3 to 4 days improves physical and psychological health and may benefit cancer patients. However, no studies have tested the effectiveness of guided writing in cancer patients and their partners. A randomised controlled trial tested whether writing about the patient's diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer using the Guided Disclosure Protocol (GDP) is effective in reducing perceived stress and improving quality of life (QoL) in ovarian cancer couples. The study also tested two theories that may account for beneficial effects of written emotional disclosure, the cognitive processing hypothesis and the social interaction hypothesis.

Methods

Patients and their partners (N = 102 couples) were randomised to write at home for 15 min a day over 3 days about the patient's diagnosis and treatment using the GDP or what the patient did the previous day (control). Couples were assessed at baseline, 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups on the primary outcomes of perceived stress and QoL and secondary outcomes of intrusive thoughts (testing the cognitive processing hypothesis) and illness‐related couple communication (testing the social interaction hypothesis).

Results

There were no main effects for any outcomes. However, in patients, the GDP improved QoL if illness‐related couple communication improved and buffered the effect of intrusive thoughts on perceived stress.

Conclusions

The GDP might benefit patients in certain circumstances, through changes in communication (in line with the social interaction hypothesis). Further research is needed to determine whether patients benefit from interventions to improve illness‐related couple communication and under which conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reports of ‘growth’ in survivors of non‐small cell lung cancer and healthy controls: what is the value‐added by the cancer experience?
Authors: Andrykowski Michael A. , Steffens Rachel F. , Bush Heather M. , Tucker Thomas C.
Published: March 2013

Background

Reports of ‘growth’ following cancer diagnosis and treatment are common and are considered evidence for the transformative potential of the cancer experience. However, reports of growth are also common in the general population. This study sought to identify the unique, ‘value‐added’ with regard to the nature and magnitude of growth represented by the cancer experience.

Methods

Lung cancer (LC) survivors (n = 190; mean 15 months post‐diagnosis) completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), reporting changes occurring ‘as a result of having cancer’. Community‐based, healthy controls (HC) (n = 152) completed the PTGI, reporting changes occurring ‘in the past year’.

Results

Reports of growth were common in both the LC and HC groups. However, the LC group reported greater total PTGI scores (effect size (ES) = 0.39 SD) and greater growth for 3 of 5 subscales (ESs 0.34–0.48 SD). The LC group was more likely to report any degree of change for 11 of 21 PTGI items (mean odds ratio (OR) across 21 items = 1.92) and were more likely to report ‘moderate’ to ‘very great’ change for eight of 21 items (mean OR = 1.75). The LC group was more likely to report growth in the areas of social relationships and appreciation for life.

Conclusions

In sum, the growth evidenced by LC survivors after diagnosis quantitatively and qualitatively differs from growth reported by the general population over a similar period. Estimates of the value‐added by the cancer experience suggest a magnitude representing at least the lower range of clinical significance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock Synthesis of Single Crystals
Authors: Batsanov Stepan S. , Batsanov Andrei S.
Published: March 2013

Shock compression of finely ground CaF2 crystals embedded into graphite powder in cylindrical recovery ampoules was found to yield single white crystals of 0.1 mm in size within the Mach cone, where the developed temperatures/pressures are exeedingly high. The composition of these crystals CaO ⋅ 3SiO2 ⋅ SiC is a result of chemical interactions of mixture and SiO2 due to cumulative eruption of Si from steel walls of ampoules and its reaction with O2 from sample pores. The atomic structure of crystals was characterized by IR spectroscopy and XRD. The formation of relatively large single crystals can take place only in the melted unloaded material.
Upgraded Analytical Model of the Cylinder Test
Authors: Souers P. Clark , Lauderbach Lisa , Garza Raul , Ferranti Louis , Vitello Peter
Published: March 2013

A Gurney‐type equation was previously corrected for wall thinning and angle of tilt, and now we have added shock wave attenuation in the copper wall and air gap energy loss. Extensive calculations were undertaken to calibrate the two new energy loss mechanisms across all explosives. The corrected Gurney equation is recommended for cylinder use over the original 1943 form. The effect of these corrections is to add more energy to the adiabat values from a relative volume of 2 to 7, with low energy explosives having the largest correction. The data was pushed up to a relative volume of about 15 and the JWL parameter ω was obtained directly. The total detonation energy density was locked to the v=7 adiabat energy density, so that the Cylinder test gives all necessary values needed to make a JWL.