bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divided Dems, United Reps: Party strategy and within-party variation in immigration attitudes
Authors: Bock Sean
Published: August 2020

In an era of high partisanship, salient issues have the potential to become flashpoints for both parties. Why, then, do parties not emphasize certain hot-button issues symmetrically? This paper argues that in order to answer this question, social scientists must study attitudes at three levels: (1) the aggregate, (2) between-party, and (3) within-party. Each level provides necessary information for understanding party strategy toward issues and the broader consequences of public opinion for institutional politics. Using several waves of ANES data between 1992 and 2016, I apply this analytic strategy to immigration—one of the most salient issues in U.S. and European politics—to understand why Democrats, unlike Republicans, have not touted immigration as a central issue of the party. The results suggest that Democrats may be reluctant to run on immigration because substantial intra-party disagreement make this strategy too risky; on the other hand, touting immigration poses little risk to a uniform Republican party and provides much upside in their potential to “wedge" a divided Democratic party. I conclude by discussing the consequences of within-party variation for our understanding of party coalitions and electoral strategy.
Evaluating the microscopic effect of brushing stone tools as a cleaning procedure
Authors: Pedergnana Antonella , Calandra Ivan , Bob Konstantin , Gneisinger Walter , Paixao Eduardo , Schunk Lisa , Hildebrandt Andreas , Marreiros Joao
Published: August 2020

Cleaning stone tool surfaces is a common procedure in lithic studies. The first step widely applied at any archaeological site (and/or at field laboratories) is the gross removal of sediment from the surfaces of artifacts. Lithic surface alterations due to mechanical action applied in wet or dry cleaning regimes have never been examined at a microscopic scale. This could have important implications in traceology, as any modern surface modifications inflicted on archaeological artifacts might compromise their functional interpretations. The current trend toward quantification of use-wear traces makes the testing even more important, as even slight, apparently invisible surface alterations might be measured.In order to evaluate the impact of common cleaning procedures, we undertook a controlled experiment. The main aim of this experiment was to assess the effects that brushing actions applied for removing sediment particles have on flint and quartzite surfaces.All surfaces were analyzed with confocal microscopy before and after having been brushed to quantify possible changes in the micro-topography. Surface roughness parameters (ISO 25178-2 among others) were applied.Nine parameters changed significantly when mechanical actions were applied to lithic surfaces, meaning that some changes in the surface micro-topography were detected. Therefore, archeologists need to be cautious when applying prolonged mechanical actions for cleaning archaeological stone tools.
Intergenerational Social Mobility and Self-Rated Health in Europe
Authors: Präg Patrick , Gugushvili Alexi
Published: August 2020

Occupational class and health are closely linked, however the health consequences of intergenerational social class mobility have not yet been systematically explored. A long tradition of research on individuals’ class mobility and health reports mixed or no effects, however cross-national differences have rarely been tested comprehensively. Further, recent studies show that intergenerational social class mobility at the societal level is beneficial for population health. Using representative survey data from 30 European countries (N = 159,591), we present the first study to investigate the role that intergenerational class mobility both at the individual and societal level play for self-rated health. We find that, apart from four post-communist countries, neither downward nor upward mobility is significantly and systematically related to poor self-rated health. There is also no association between societal-level social mobility and the prevalence of poor self-rated health across the 30 societies. Results are robust to alternative specifications and suggest that individuals’ own social class and partially their parents’ social class are primary explanations of health rather than their mobility experiences between origins and destinations.
Tabloid media campaigns and public opinion: Quasi-experimental evidence on Euroscepticism in England
Authors: Foos Florian , Bischof Daniel
Published: August 2020

Whether powerful media outlets have effects on public opinion has been at the heart of theoretical and empirical discussions about the media’s role in political life. Yet, the effects of media campaigns are difficult to study because citizens self-select into media consumption. Using a quasi-experiment – the 30-years boycott of the most important Eurosceptic tabloid newspaper, The Sun, in Merseyside caused by the Hillsborough soccer disaster – we identify the effects of The Sun boycott on attitudes towards leaving the EU. Difference-in-differences designs using public opinion data spanning three decades, supplemented by referendum results, show that the boycott caused EU attitudes to become more positive in treated areas. This effect is driven by cohorts socialized under the boycott, and by working class voters who stopped reading The Sun. Our findings have implications for our understanding of public opinion, media influence, and ways to counter such influence, in contemporary democracies.
Who Has Room for Error? An Exploration of Voter Accountability and Non-Traditional Candidates
Authors: Rajan Akhil , Pao Christina
Published: August 2020

It is well established that voters often hold politicians accountable for misbehavior. But are non-traditional (Black, gay, and/or female) candidates held to higher standards? Using a vignette experiment (N=~$4,000), we test this question of differential treatment. While we find evidence of outright discrimination, particularly against gay candidates, no evidence of greater penalties for norm violation (corruption or extramarital affairs) emerges. In what we term the “Room for Error Hypothesis,” our findings suggest that—though barrier-breaking candidates do not necessarily face stiffer electoral sanctions—they are less able to withstand even diminished penalties given lower baseline support. Further, we hypothesize that gay candidates received lessened penalties from Republicans when charged with norm violation due to “counter-stereotypic” effects: since norm violations send a signal of candidate conservatism to Republicans, this traditionally “negative” candidate quality works to counteract the perception of non-traditional candidates as liberal.
Ten simple rules for integrating ethics into statistics and data science instruction, 2E
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E.
Published: August 2020

Updated December 2022: Ten simple rules for integrating ethics content/training in ethical practice into every/any statistics and data science course are presented. These rules are intended to support instructors who seek to encourage ethical conduct in (throughout) the practice of science, whether it involves statistics, data science, or qualitative analysis; as well as throughout the employment of tools, methods, and techniques from these domains. Truly integrated ethical training can also promote awareness of the fact that every member of a research – or practice - team has a specific role, with attendant obligations and priorities, relating to the use of statistics, data science, and qualitative analytic approaches. Even if individuals are not going to be the ‘designated statistician/analyst’ on a project, understanding the roles and responsibilities of team members can strengthen the sense of responsibility and accountability of each member of a science or practice team. True integration of ethical training is not simple to achieve, but the ten rules are based on educational and cognitive sciences, as well as a recognition of the fact that additional content, without furthering a course’s existing learning objectives, greatly dampens enthusiasm for, and the likelihood of, integration of ethical training into quantitative courses. Assumptions for readers of these ten simple rules are: the instructor wants to have something that can be graded/evaluated after the students engage with the case; and that one objective the reader has is to teach how to reason & make decisions ethically as students go about practicing or using statistics. The overarching message of the ten rules is that true integration can benefit from leveraging existing structural features that both streamline learning outcomes and increase the chance of successfully embedding ethical practice standards into existing courses. Success is defined as the creation of reproducible, gradable work from students that signal whether or not the ethics instruction had its intended effects; and the documentation of ongoing (sustained) engagement with the ethics training beyond the end of the course.
Terminalia catappa flour extract mitigated monosodium glutamate intoxicated rats’ kidney biofunction and histology
Authors: Anuforo Philemon C , Egbuonu Anthony Cemaluk C , Egu Elizabeth U
Published: August 2020

Objective: This study investigated the Terminalia Catappa flour mitigated monosodium glutamate intoxicated rats’ kidney biofunction and histology. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four (24) male albino Wistar rats with mean weight of 120.61±15.15 g were divided into six groups (n=4). Group 1, the normal control group (received distilled water), group II, the negative control (received 8mg MSG/g b.wt), group III, the extract control (received 300 mg extract/kg b.wt), group IV (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 100 mg extract/kg b.wt.), group V (received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 300 mg kg-1 b.wt. extract) and group VI received 8 mg MSG/g b.wt. + 500 mg extract/kg b.wt). Treatment was administered daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post-hoc test at p<0.05 and means were estimated and significant differences noted. Results: The significantly (p<0.05) higher serum urea concentration of rats exposed to MSG-alone compared to other controls (group I and III), suggested an interference with normal kidney glomerular hyper filtration function. The significantly (p<0.05) lower serum urea concentration observed for group III rats administered extract alone implied the possible ameliorative potential of T.catappa extract on the functional capacity of the kidney. The serum creatinine concentration of the MSG-alone treated group was non-significantly (p>0.05) lower compared to all other groups. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between group III and few other groups, as observed for chloride concentration which suggests promising potential for Terminalia catappa endocarp flour ethanol extract (TCEFEE) to improving the renal functional capacity of the kidneys of rats exposed to high concentration of MSG. A match of the photomicrographs against the results of the renal biochemical parameters depicts possible correlations. Conclusion: Against the backdrop that both urea and creatinine are observed to increase when damage occurs in the kidney, this study could not affirm apparently a dysfunctionality of the kidney since the creatinine concentration rather reduced after exposing the rats to high concentration of MSG. However, the Terminalia catappa endocarp flour ethanol extract exhibited mitigated roles, thus improved the renal functional capacity of the kidneys of the rats.
Anti-inflammatory activity of chemical constituents from Echinops gracilis (Asteraceae)
Authors: Lah Fidèle Castro Weyepe , Tchamgoue Armelle Deutou , Abdou Jean Pierre , Kowa Theodora Kopa , Wabo Hippolyte Kamdem , Tchinda Alembert Tiabou , Agbor Gabriel Agbor , Frédérich Michel , Dongo Etienne
Published: August 2020

The present work concerns the anti-inflammatory activity of chemical constituents isolated from the roots of Echinops gracilis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate extract as well as compounds 1, 2, and 3 were evaluated using inhibition of protein denaturation and antiproteinase methods. Structural elucidation was achieved through analysis of NMR spectra (1H and 13C, 1H1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) and literature survey. Seven compounds were identified as erythrinasinate (1), vogelate (2), ferulic acid (3), p-coumaric acid (4), ursolic acid (5), oleanolic acid (6), and quercetin (7). All the isolated compounds were reported for the first time from this plant. Ethyl acetate extract showed potent inhibitory activity against protein denaturation (IC50 = 125.54 µg/mL). Erythrinasinate (1) and vogelate (2) showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 469.43 and 413.71 µg/mL, respectively. The results obtained from the ethyl acetate extract can justify the use of E. gracilis roots in traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatism.
Antifungal potentials of Luffa cylindrica (Roem) ethyl acetate leaf extract
Authors: Aboh Mercy Itohan , Fidelis Solomon , Oladosu Oluwale Peters , Adeshina Gbonjubola Olusesan , Olayinka Busayo Olalekan , Olonitola Stephen Olayeni
Published: August 2020

Background: Plants remain as an untapped reservoir of potentially useful chemical compounds. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vivo antifungal activities, bioautographic profile and in vitro mechanism of action. Methods: The in vivo antifungal activity was investigated against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum in Wistar rats. Thin layer bioautographic profile of the ethyl acetate extract was assessed using agar overlay method. The possible in vitro mechanism of action of the crude ethyl acetate extract was assessed by the sorbitol protection assay and release of cellular materials assay. Results: The bioautographic profile showed the presence of three active spots having retardation factors of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.92 and diameter zone of inhibition, 15.0 – 30.0 mm. The in vivo antifungal (dermal) activity of the crude ethyl acetate extract, revealed a gradual healing of the infected rats skin upon treatment with the extract formulation, with no visible clinical signs of toxicity to the skin. In vivo systemic antifungal evaluation of the crude extract at a dose of 1500 mg/kg produced the strongest systemic antifungal activity with a total kill of all the fungal isolates at day 3 of treatment in rats however, histopathological examination after oral administration revealed signs of toxicity to vital organs (kidney, liver and lungs). Conclusion: The good in vivo activity supports its ethno-botanical use in the treatment of skin diseases.
Screening of some plant extract against Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from Musambi (Citrus sinensis)
Authors: Srivastava Deepti
Published: August 2020

The fruits of Citrus sinensis L. contain a wide range of active ingredients like vitamin C, flavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They have bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Such valuable fruits of Citrus sinensis L. were collected from different fruit markets of Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. 21 fungi were isolated from fruits of Citrus sinensis. Isolated fungi were also tested for their pathogenic nature and weight loss in fruits. Out of 21 isolated fungi, 12 were confirmed Koch’s postulate. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Lasiodiplodia theobromae caused highest loss of weight. Extract of different plant parts of different angiospermic families were tested for their antifungal activity against Lasiodiplodia theobromae by inverted plate method. Apium graveolens, Erythrina indica, Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpenella anisum, Pouzolgia indica and Spillanthes acmella were found to be 100% effective against test fungus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of extract was 5000 ppm.
Quality assessment of market samples of crude drugs with particular refence to Asrol (Rauvolfia serpentina Benth ex. Kurz)
Authors: Wadud Abdul , Ansari Mohd. Imran , Perveen Shaista , Ahmad Altaf , Akbari Nusra , Anwar Darakhshan
Published: August 2020

Background: Traditional systems of medicine are facing many problems, one of them is substitution. Very often, two similar looking drugs or entirely different drugs are sold in place of one another. Asrol is a commonly used drug, but its scare availability and similarity with other drugs increases the likelihood of substitution in commercially available samples. Objectives: On account of its therapeutic enormity and a scare drug, this study was designed to evaluate three samples of Asrol on pharmacognostic parameters to assess the authenticity of market samples. Materials and Methods: The study consisted macroscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and analytical tests. Results: The findings revealed similarity in the samples. Conclusion: Due to the similarity in the three samples in respect to most parameters, it may be concluded that the market samples of the drug are genuine.
Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from the Leaves of Tapinanthus pentagonia (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Ikome Hermia Nalova , Ayimele Godfred A , Bouobouo Péclar Loїque , Lah Fidèle Castro Weyepe , Yadang Sabine Adeline Fanta , Tedonkeu Alex T , Agbor Gabriel , Tchinda Alembert Tiabou
Published: August 2020

Phytochemical investigation of the crude methanolic extract of the leaves of Tapinanthus pentagonia (Loranthaceae) resulted in the isolation of four known flavonoids namely, quercetin 4’-methylether (1), 4’-methoxy-3’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (2), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (3) and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside4’- methylether (4). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on their 1D and 2D-NMR data. This is the first phytochemical study of that plant. The DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to assess the antioxidant activities of the crude extract and three of the isolated compounds using catechin, ascorbic acid and gallic acid as standards, respectively. Results of the findings revealed that compound 3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the three tests based on its IC50values followed by compound 4. Its IC50 value was 0.024 mg/ml comparable to that of catechin (0.015 mg/ml) for the radical scavenging activity. In summary, compounds 1, 3 and 4 exhibited good antioxidant properties and reducing power compared to the crude methanolic extract.
Qualitative phytochemical screening and antipyretic activity of methanolic stem bark extract of Mangifera indica in wistar rats
Authors: Gitonga Godfrey Mutuma , Ngeranwa Joseph , Machocho Alex King’ori , Kiruki Silas
Published: August 2020

Mangifera indica stem bark is traditionally used in management of fever especially in meru community of Kenya though its antipyretic activity is not yet evaluated. The present study aim was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antipyretic activity of the methanolic extract of Mangifera indica. The standard methods were used to qualitatively analyze the phytochemicals revealing the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, steroids and acids. Fever was induced by injecting distilled turpentine in the left dorsal hind paw of the rats. The test groups were treated by administering Mangifera indica extract in three dose levels of 50, 100 and 150mg/kg body weight. The rectal temperature was taken at an interval of one hour after treatment with plant extracts and the data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA to give the descriptive statistics and summarized data in terms of means ±SEM. This was followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for comparing the means separation. The data analysis was set at 95% confidence level with statistical significance of P ≤ 0.05. The data was analyzed and results presented in graphs and tables. The percentage change in rectal temperature of the 50, 100 and 150mg/kg body weight dose levels at 4th hours after administration of the plant extract were 3.13, 3.93 and 4.10% respectively. The result obtained from this research suggest that the methanolic stem bark extract of Mangifera indica could be used in management of fever associated with various diseases.
Antidiabetic effect of partitioned methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii (Frankincense tree) in rats
Authors: Yakubu James , Mamza Umar Tanko , Balami Victor Musa , Medugu Asinamai Ndai , Abdulrahman Fanna Inna , Sodipo Olufunke Adebola
Published: August 2020

Medicinal plants have been the major source of bioactive phytochemicals employed for the treatment and management of disease since time immemorial. The present study was aimed at investigating the antidiabetic potentials of various partitioned portions of crude methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Fresh leaf of Boswellia dalzielii was air-dried, pulverized and extracted using cold maceration method with 85% methanol and concentrated to dryness. The crude methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol to afford portions encoded BMENH, BMECM, BMEEA, BMENB respectively, and were screened for phytochemicals. The portions were evaluated for their anti-diabetic effects on alloxan-induced rats. The phytochemical studies of the crude methanol leaf, stem and root bark extracts revealed the presence alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The partitioned crude methanol leaf extract yielded 14.12 % ( w/w) n-hexane, 6.85 % (w/w) chloroform, 4.18% (w/w) ethyl acetate and 36.40 % (w/w) n-butanol extracts respectively. Antidiabetic activity of fractions BMEH, BMEC, BMEE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bd wt. produced significant (p<0.05) % inhibitions of glycaemia of 13.51, 18.91, 53.36 and 71.21 respectively, as the highest inhibitions at 400 mg/kg bwt. compared to 52.67 % of Glibenclamide 2.0 mg. (a standard drug). Thus, the leaf of Boswellia dalzielii possesses potent antidiabetic activity which increases as the extract is purified. The anti-diabetic effect of the plant in rats may likely be due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids.
Aphrodisiac properties of aqueous roots extract of Pycnocoma macrophylla Benth (Euphorbiaceae) in male rats
Authors: Mboumwa PV , M Wankeu Nya , D Massoma Lembè , Kenmogne H , Koloko BL , MI Ngaha Njila , Bend EF , Nde Z , DC Nyonseu Nzebang , FP Moundipa
Published: August 2020

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a real health problem for men worldwide. This work investigated the effects of aqueous roots extract of Pycnocoma macrophylla (Euphorbiaceae) on sexual behavior in rats. Twentyfive adults’ rats divided into five groups were treated orally for fourteen days with distilled water (5 ml/kg, control), sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg) and the aqueous extract of P. macrophylla (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) respectively. Sexual behavior parameters such as mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), post-ejaculatory intervals (PEI), mount frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation frequency (EF) and mean interval of copulation (MIC) were evaluated in treated animals mated with receptive female at days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. At day 14, serum testosterone was measured. The results indicated that, the aqueous extract of P. macrophylla and especially the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly (p<0.01-0.001) decreased mount and intromission latencies as well as the post-ejaculatory interval on day 14 compared to the control and initial values (day1) respectively while this extract significantly (p<0.01-0.001) increased the frequencies of mounts intromissions and ejaculations, and the mean intervals of copulation. Moreover, serum testosterone significantly (p<0.05) increased in rats treated with P. macrophylla (200 mg/kg b.w) when compared to the control. P. macrophylla possess pro-sexual and aphrodisiac effects in relation with the androgenic potential of particular bioactive components present in the aqueous root extract of plant. These outcomes could be applied for the management of sexual debilities in patients.
Anti-nociceptive activity of ethanol leaf extract of Smilax anceps in swiss albino mice
Authors: Shorinwa Olusayo Aderonke , Uchendu Precious Nwabueze
Published: August 2020

Smilax anceps is traditionally used in the management of rheumatism. Anti-nociceptive activity of the ethanol extract of the leaf of this plant was investigated. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity (LD50) of the extract were determined. The acetic acid induced writhing and hotplate test were used to evaluate the anti-nociceptive activity in Swiss mice. Fifty animals divided into twenty-five each were used for each assay. Acetylsalicylic acid and tramadol were used as reference drugs while extract was administered at 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg doses via the oral route in writhing and hotplate test respectively. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids/triterpenoids were found as phytoconstituents. In acetic acid induced writhing test, a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in anti-nociceptive activity was observed between the test groups and the negative control. However, the extract at 250mg/kg showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in anti-nociceptive activity when compared to the positive control. In the hotplate test, all extract treated groups exhibited a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference when compared to the negative control. Meanwhile, the 250mg/kg extract dose exhibited non-significant increase in latency at the 90,120 and 150minute when compared with the positive control. The findings of this study have shown that ethanol leaf extract of Smilax anceps might possess significant peripheral and central anti-nociceptive activities.
Evaluation of the antifungal and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of three species of Rigidoporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporaceae) from Cameroon
Authors: Oba Romuald , Metsebing Blondo-Pascal , Youmbi Fonkui Thierry , Mossebo Dominique Claude , Tsigain Fabrice Tsigaing , Tata Charlotte Mungoh , Ndinteh Derek Tantoh
Published: August 2020

This study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial activities of hexane and chloroform crude extracts of three species of Rigidoporus including R. microporus, R. ulmarius and R. vinctus on eleven strains of bacteria of which five gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis) and six gram-negative (Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli), as well three species of human pathogenic fungi including Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus ochraceus. The assessment was done by determining the Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC). Results recorded globally show a strong activity of crude extracts on pathogenic fungi with MIC values ranging from 0.39 to 6.25 mg/mL. This activity was rather weak on all strains of bacteria tested with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL. More precisely, a strong activity (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL) of extracts of R. microporus and R. vinctus was recorded on Aspergillus fumigatus, a weak activity (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL) of R. ulmarius on the same Aspergillus species, and rather a strong activity (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL) of extracts of R. microporus and R. ulmarius on Aspergillus ochraceus. These results show that pathogenic fungi are generally much more sensitive to crude extracts of Rigidoporus than bacteria. Based on these preliminary and rather interesting results, it clearly appears that carpophores of these three species of Rigidoporus could constitute a source of new natural compounds that could be used to manufacture new pharmaceutical products potentially more efficient against some bacterial and fungal infections.
Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of aqueous extracts of Carpobrotus edulis in Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: Mudimba Toonse Nguwesu , Mbaria James , Maitho Timothy , Taderera Tafadzwa
Published: August 2020

Carpobrotus edulis is a common medicinal plant used in Southern Africa. Despite its extensive use in herbal medicine, there is no documented scientific evidence corroborating its safety. This study aims to evaluate the acute and subacute toxic effects of the aqueous extracts of Carpobrotus edulis in Sprague Dawley rats. In acute toxicity testing, three healthy female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to Carpobrotus edulis aqueous extract per step at any of the four fixed dose levels of 300, 600, 1200 and 2000mg/Kg body weight. The Sprague Dawley rats were observed clinically for any signs of toxicity. A 28-day subacute toxicity testing was carried out on thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats grouped in four experimental groups of eight animals each. Group A received 100mg//kg of the extract, Group B received 300mg/kg while Group C received 1000mg/kg. Group D was a negative control group and received distilled water. Bodyweight, feed and water intake were measured at weekly intervals. Blood for biochemical analysis was collected on the last day of the study period. Gross pathological and histopathological examination was done on all experimental rats. There were no clinical signs suggestive of toxicity on all doses used in acute toxicity testing. The LD50 of the aqueous extract of Carpobrotus edulis was estimated to be above 2000mg/kg. On subacute toxicity testing, there were no significance differences (P<0.05) on body weight changes, feed and water intake in all experimental groups. The serum biochemical results also did not show any significant variation among all the experimental groups. Gross pathology and histopathology examination of the selected organ tissues revealed no differences between control and treated Sprague Dawley Rats. It is concluded from the study that the aqueous extracts of Carpobrotus edulis are potentially safe.
Antiviral Efficacy of Medicinal Plants Against Respiratory Viruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Coronavirus (COV) / COVID 19
Authors: Venu Lakshmi Narayanan , Austin Anoop
Published: August 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Coronavirus disease (CoV) / Covid 19 are droplet infections caused by a group of RNA viruses infecting respiratory system and communicates through sneezing or physical contact. Due to the pandemic effect of Covid 19, it is essential to identify active components, which could be an active compound, which would be beneficial to the community such as respiratory syncytical virus (RSV) and coronavirus. 40 medicinal plants were screened basis the antiviral property pertaining to RNA virus and were dealt in detail to identify the plant which could be a source for developing a novel treatment for Respiratory Syncytical Virus and Covid 19. This review attempts to address the importance of herbs for the treatment of respiratory virus because rapid spread of the infection and preventing the use of allotropic medicine.
Post Esophagectomy Diaphragmatic Hernia (PEDH): An Experience of a Dedicated Cancer Center of Pakistan
Authors: Shakeel Osama , Noor Muhammad Asif , Shakeel Osama , Malik Awais Amjad , Zahid Toqeer , Wahid Anwer Abdul , Khattak Shahid , Ali Syed Aamir
Published: August 2020

Objective: To study the outcomes of post esophagectomy diaphragmatic hernia managed at our institute.
Methodology: We conducted a retrospective case series among patients who underwent surgical resection
for esophageal cancer in the last 10 years from Jan 2010 to Dec 2019. Patient’s charts were reviewed and
postoperative surveillance CT scans were reviewed for the development of post-operative diaphragmatic
hernias. Demographic and variables related to diaphragmatic hernia and its management were recorded and
analysed.
Results: Out of 590 patients, 10 patients developed post esophagectomy diaphragmatic hernia. All patients
received neo adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. 8 patients underwent three stage esophagectomy, one had Ivor
Lewis esophagectomy and one had transhiatal esophagectomy. CT scan was used as a modality of choice
for the diagnosis. Two patients developed hernia during their hospital stay and 8 patients presented late. 7
patients were diagnosed due to complications of the hernia. One patient presented with acute abdomen and
ischaemic gut. 2 presented with severe epigastric pain. 4 presented with shortness of breath. 3 patients were
diagnosed on surveillance CT scans. All patients underwent surgery for closure of the hernia defect.
Laparoscopic surgical management was performed in 5 patients. Five patients had primary tension free
closure while five patients had mesh repair. Two patients had recurrence. Both were re-operated and mesh
repair was done. There was no 30 days mortality.
Conclusion: Diaphragmatic hernia is a serious complication. Early surgical intervention is needed for the
treatment. With minimally invasive techniques, incidence has increased. For standardization of management
and quality of care, randomized control trials are needed.
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding in Pregnancy and Risk of Extended inPatient Isolation: A Case Report
Authors: Elsamadicy Emad A , Elsamadicy Emad A , Burgoyne Mary E , Hauser Naomi , Desai Andrea
Published: August 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), continues to challenge healthcare systems worldwide, and further investigation
is required to determine its effects on the pregnant population. Prolonged viral shedding (>15-33 days),
especially without appropriate testing guidelines, can subject admitted patients to unnecessarily long
isolation, which influences emotional, physical, and clinical aspects of their antepartum course. We report
a young, primigravida Haitian female admitted to the antepartum service at 22 weeks of gestation with
preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), who remained admitted in isolation for over 6 weeks
due to persistent positive SARS-CoV-2 testing. This case highlights the importance of establishing testing
guidelines to prevent unnecessary isolation, which has negative consequences for patient care. There is an
urgent need for updated guidelines for the duration of isolation based on the presence of the viable virus.
Differential Expression of Blood Group Precursor Antigen in Human Breast Cancer Tissue
Authors: Wang Denong , Jiang Yi , Wang Denong
Published: August 2020

There is a pressing need for biomarkers for targeted immunotherapy against breast cancer (BCA), the
leading cause of cancer death in women. Previously, a blood group precursor O-core epitope gpC1 was found
to be highly expressed in breast circulating tumor cells (BCTCs) and BCA cell lines with cancer stem cell
(BCSC) features. In this pilot study, the breast tissue distribution of gpC1 was examined using tissue
microarrays (TMAs). Notably, gpC1 positive cells were detected in the major histological types of neoplastic
breast tissues. Conversely, none of the breast tissues derived from subjects without BCA were gpC1 positive.
Thus, gpC1 expression seems to be tumor-specific but not histological type-dependent, reflecting perhaps its
characteristics as a conserved epitope of oncofetal blood group precursor antigens.
Successful Management of COVID-19 Pneumonia Following Live-Related Kidney Transplant in a 74-Year-Old Recipient
Authors: Mayaleh Sameh , Mayaleh Sameh , Black John , Eldiasty Islam , Elshikh Baher , Thayagaraj Krishna , Rizello Anna , Doughman Taher , Morsy Mohamed , Bagul Atul
Published: August 2020

Background: COVID-19 infection is the most recent worrying viral pandemic worldwide. Little is
understood regarding the course of illness and subsequent immediate and long-term complications. Despite
numerous ongoing trials, there is still no agreed mode of treatment for this viral illness. Live-donor renal
transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease. Those patients undergoing renal
transplantation are deemed particularly high risk for contracting COVID-19 secondary to the effects of
immunosuppression. This case report discusses management of COVID-19 infection in a 74-year-old male,
who underwent a live-related kidney transplant.
Case Presentation: A 74-year-old Caucasian male patient, developed renal failure due to diabetic
nephropathy since 2012. The patient was transplanted in 2013 with a graft from a deceased donor, but
unfortunately this kidney failed in 2014, aetiology unknown. Haemodialysis was recommenced until he
received a second kidney transplant from a live-related donor in March 2020. Unfortunately, postoperative
recovery was complicated with COVID-19 infection. The clinical signs and symptoms, along with details
surrounding presentation are discussed. This includes the rationale behind the management of such highrisk immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 infection.
Conclusion: There is still no consensus about the best modality for treating COVID-19 infection in
recipients of solid organ transplantation. From our experience, temporarily stopping the anti-proliferative
immunosuppressant (e.g. Mycophenolate mofetil) during the acute illness seemed to enhance recovery of
the acute phase of the disease.
Low Glucose Enhances the Cytoprotective Effect of Metformin Against Doxorubicin Induced Cytotoxicity in Normal Cells
Authors: Y. Wei Jeanne , S. Ameer Fathima , Zhang Xiaomin , Azhar Gohar , Che Yingni , Y. Wei Jeanne
Published: August 2020

The anti-diabetic drug, metformin, has been reported to be beneficial for the cardiovascular system and
may facilitate the extension of a healthier lifespan. Doxorubicin is a leading chemotherapeutic drug used
to treat a variety of cancers, yet it can cause significant adverse effects with cardiac toxicity and longterm damage. To test the hypothesis that the hypoglycaemic agent, metformin, may protect normal cells
during chemotherapy treatment with liposomal doxorubicin, C2C12 myoblast cells were used to study
cellular bioenergetics, variations in gene expressions and biochemical alterations induced by metformin
and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (L-Doxo) under low glucose conditions (2.7 mM or 50 mg/dL).
Using confocal microscopy, we noted that treatment of C2C12 cells with 30 µg/mL L-Doxo under low
glucose conditions induced a number of cellular defects. L-Doxo treatment dysregulated the expression
of mitochondrial fission and fusion genes, which may influence transformation of the network’s
connectivity. L-Doxo significantly reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and
extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). However, pre-treatment of cells with 100 nM metformin
provided protection against L-Doxo-induced damage and increased cell viability and ATP levels in cells
even under low glucose conditions. In addition, metformin increased and restored the decreased OCR
and ECAR. Our data provide a mechanism by which low dose metformin exerts protective effects against
L-Doxo via involvement of AMPKα under low glucose conditions. Taken together, our results
demonstrate that metformin protects normal cells from L-Doxo damage even under low glucose
conditions.
Prophylactic Urethrectomy Could Further Shorten the Female Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis
Authors: Zhang Lifeng , Su Quanxin , Gao Shenglin , Chen Jiasheng , Zhang Lifeng , Zuo Li
Published: August 2020

Objective: To compare the clinical effects and safety of two methods of laparoscopic total cystectomy for
female bladder cancer patients with retention and resection of the urethra.
Methods: Female bladder cancer patients with bladder invasive urothelial carcinoma were selected in grade
II~III from January 2008 to March 2018. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical
method: group A laparoscopic radical cystectomy, and group B laparoscopic radical cystectomy +
urethrectomy, to observe the clinical efficacy, operation duration, blood loss during surgery, hospitalization
time, and complications.
Results: The operation times in groups A and B were 262.54 ± 27.95 min and 310.28 ± 32.99 min,
respectively. The volumes of intraoperative blood loss in groups A and B were 439.46 ± 44.52 mL and
456.74 ± 47.18 mL, respectively. There were no discernable differences in the probability of postoperative
complications in the two groups. In group A, four patients experienced bladder cancer recurrence and
metastasis, and 50% of these cases had a urethral recurrence. In group B, one patient experienced bladder
cancer recurrence and metastasis; however, there was no urethral recurrence.
Conclusion: Although laparoscopic radical cystectomy + urethrectomy extended the operation times;
prophylactic urethrectomy can further shorten the bladder cancer recurrence and metastasis and improve
patient prognosis without an increase in complications. However, its long-term clinical efficacy needs
further study and supplement.
Speckle Track Analysis of Ultrasound Images Produce Reliable Measures of Supraspinatus Tendon Strain During a Maximal Isometric Contraction
Authors: Timmons Mark , McClanahan Gregory , Timmons Mark
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Ultrasound speckle tracking is an emergent method in studying musculoskeletal physiology
and disease. The precision and reliability of supraspinatus tendon strain measurements have not been
explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of speckle tracking to measure
supraspinatus tendon strain.
Methods: Forty-two (42) participants participated in this study. Five (5) ultrasound images of the
participant’s right shoulder supraspinatus tendon were collected during a maximal voluntary isometric
abduction contraction. Cine loop video files of the 5 imaging trials were imported into Ncorr software for
speckle track analysis. Axial and longitudinal strain measurements were made for the bursal side, midsubstance, and joint side of the thickest portion of the supraspinatus tendon. Reliability of the strain
measures was determined using interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Bland-Altman plots were created
in order to explore systematic error.
Results: Mean strain of the supraspinatus tendon ranged from 1.791 to -2.120 %. ICC values for the
longitudinal and axial strains of both within and between images were high (>0.9) for all locations of the
tendon, demonstrating very good reliability. The 95% for the MDC was large for all measurements of strain,
except the axial strain at the mid-substance demonstrating poor precision.
Conclusion: The results of the investigation show evidence of very good reliability, poor precision, and
some evidence of systematic error. The very good ICC values support the hypothesis that speckle tracking
does produce reliable strain measurements. The large MDC values do not support the hypothesis that speckle
tracking produces precise strain measurements. Improvements in ultrasound image quality and the shoulder
stabilization process need to be made before ultrasound speckle tracking will be a viable research method
for the supraspinatus tendon.
Simulation Using Augmented Reality to Teach Body Angle Positioning for Radiography
Authors: Nagamata Shin , Nagamata Shin , Sekine Norio
Published: August 2020

When students learn radiographic positioning during radiography practical training in educational
institutions, they adjust the angle of the body using positioning aids and angle gauges. In contrast, radiologic
technologists position patients using their own hands in clinical environments. In recent years, virtual
simulations have been used to help students improve their clinical skills. However, because the existing
simulations use computer-generated virtual environments, students cannot actually position human bodies
or anthropomorphic phantoms. Therefore, we developed a simulation using augmented reality to teach
radiographic positioning. This simulation allows learners to simulate angle placement by using both hands
without positioning aids and angle gauges by looking at a virtual object that demonstrates the angle. The
objective of this study was to investigate whether this simulation can be applied as a learning tool for
radiography practical training and to examine future development directions for this simulation. We
introduced the simulation in radiography practical training. The lumbar spine oblique projection was chosen
as a learning task in this study, and an anthropomorphic phantom was used for practice. A questionnaire
survey was conducted to collect feedback from the students at the end of the semester (n = 41). The survey
results indicated that the students could practice positioning the angle of the body using only their own
hands, demonstrating that the simulation could be applied as a learning tool in radiography practical training.
Ongoing work will be conducted to develop a simulation in which students can practice with a human body.
Olfactory Stem Cells for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: Isolation, Purification and Behaviour in a Plasma Clot Matrix
Authors: Sengstock Christina , Rövekamp Markus , Volkenstein Stefan , Minovi Amir , Neubaur Aliana , Dazert Stefan , Aach Mirko , Armin Schildhauer Thomas , Köller Manfred , Sengstock Christina
Published: August 2020

Cell therapies represent promising strategies to improve neurological functions after spinal cord injury
(SCI). Olfactory mucosa (OM) might be an attractive source of multipotent cells for neuroregeneration
because olfactory stem cells (OSCs) are resident. The regenerative capacity of OSCs has been demonstrated
in animal models and some clinical case reports. Up to now, there are no standard methods for purification,
characterization, and delivery of OSCs to the injury site. However, purification and characterization of the
grafted cells are prerequisites for clinical use to ensure maximum safety for the patients. In this study, we
isolated and purified OSCs from human OM using the neurosphere assay. Subsequently, the cells were
characterized, and the behavior of purified OSCs in a plasma clot was investigated. Our study demonstrated
that isolated cells from OM form neurospheres, which cells are positive for CD105 (98%) and CD90 (99%)
and negative for Epcam (<1%) and MUC5AC (<1%). Purified OSCs were positive for Nestin, CD44 as well
as GFAP and showed a lack of CD34 and CD45 expression. OSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells
expressing ß-III tubulin. However, differentiation into adipocytes, chondrocytes or osteoblast could not be
observed. In addition, OSCs stayed viable and were able to proliferate within the plasma clot. These results
highlight OSC as a candidate for autologous transplantation in combination with the plasma clot as a cell
carrier in SCI and neurodegenerative disease.
Complex Ankle Fractures, Presentation of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Saenz Rocio Montoya , Saenz Rocio Montoya , Cano Carlos , Parrilla Carlos Marques
Published: August 2020

Ankle fractures represent a significant percentage of all fractures, and there is currently an increased
incidence, both among the elderly population with associated comorbidities and among young patients with
high-energy traumas. These fractures have an inherent risk of complications. In this connection, it is crucial
that we turn our attention to soft tissue injuries, with wound infection as the main complication in this
category. The last objective of this study is to highlight the possible derived complications in complex ankle
fractures, and to explain the advantages of the use of different fixation devices, through the presentation of
three clinical cases treated in our center. We conclude in order to prevent or reduce the complications
resulting from the direct surgical treatment of high-energy trauma in the distal end of the tibia, it is essential
to properly manage the soft tissue based on the type of lesion and the characteristics of the patient.