bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiculturalism and the Mass Media
Authors: Hammer Yoav
Published: February 2009

In light of the importance of culture for the autonomy, sense of identity, and self-respect of individuals, cultural minorities have a right that their cultures flourish. Since cultural minorities are frequently in a disadvantaged position in the cultural market-place, a commitment to equality implies that the state ought to take steps to assist these minorities in preserving their cultures. This Article examines the ways the mass media can assist cultural minorities in preserving their cultures. For instance, when the media present contents that relate to the cultures of minorities, individual members of the minority group are exposed to their culture; media designated for cultural groups facilitate dialogue between group members, thus enabling the cultural group to determine which parts of its culture to retain and which parts to change. With that said, contemporary media frequently provide insufficient cultural contents due to the influence of commercial operational logic. This Article examines why the motivation for profit leads to under-production of cultural materials for minorities and to insufficient inclusion of cultural minorities in the public discourse. It is argued that the inequality caused by the mediawhich provide minorities with too little of the cultural contents so pertinent to the realization of their right to culturemerits corrective intervention. The Article examines possible forms of State intervention with the media on behalf of cultural minorities, taking into consideration that such intervention is a sensitive issue, since it has ramifications concerning the scope of the freedom of the press. Accordingly, it is argued that the State ought to be permitted to create legislation which intervenes, mainly by means of subsidies and structural regulation, to improve the manner in which the media fulfill their roles in a multicultural democracy. In contrast, there should be sparse use of conditionality in the issue of licenses for media operators.
Is It Really so Benign? Gender Separation in Ultra Orthodox Bus Lines
Authors: Greenfield Tzvia
Published: February 2009

Challenging the claim that policy of gender separation on buses does not imply segregation and discrimination against women but rather an innocent concern for the cultural concept of modesty, this Paper attempts first to analyze and refute the respective arguments presented by Professor Harel by establishing counter arguments and examining counter examples which may produce different conclusions. At its second stage the paper proposes a broader field of analysis for scrutinizing the justifications for gendersegregated practices that is based on considerations of rationality. Its main thrust directs to the claim that from a liberal point of view, the difference between acceptable and non-acceptable practices should be depended upon two conditions: a) the rational justification of the practice. b) Its immunity to the burden of harm or oppression towards helpless individuals or groups. At its third and final part, the Paper attempts to produce a careful definition of the cultural meanings implied by the practice of gender separation. By proposing alternative conceptual structure of explanation, based on cultural phenomenological analysis, it aims to expose the deep discriminatory structure of power-relations between men and women in traditional societies, including the Ultra-Orthodox community, as exemplified by the practice of gender separation.
Auditing Intangible Assets and Evaluating Fair Market Value: The Case of Reacquired Franchise Rights
Authors: Kohlbeck Mark J. , Cohen Jeffrey R. , Holder-Webb Lori L.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: The Roman Holiday Pizza Paradise case provides a setting that requires students to understand and perform procedures related to the audit of a fair value estimate in connection with the impairment of an unusual intangible asset, reacquired franchise rights, in the pizza restaurant industry. The case focuses on one key aspect—auditing fair market values—a concept that is increasing in importance as financial accounting standards evolve toward a fair value basis and one that requires the development of auditor judgment. Planning activities as well as performance of year-end auditing procedures are included in this self-contained module that incorporates client interaction and obtained external evidence.
Vouch and Trace: A Revenue Recognition Audit Simulation
Authors: (Tad) Miller Charles R. , Savage Arline
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this project is to help students apply auditing procedures that pertain to revenue recognition. In particular, students gain a better understanding of (1) the importance of management's occurrence, accuracy, and cutoff assertions regarding revenue; (2) the relationship between an auditing procedure and an audit objective; (3) how to perform an audit procedure; and (4) how to create audit work papers. The project includes four types of revenue misstatements. Students must design a procedure to detect misstatement, and then determine how to best use supporting documents to provide evidence that recorded sales actually occurred and are recorded at the correct value in the correct reporting period. All supporting documents for this project are stored on the Internet for easy access. This project requires very little class time and the time required of students is very reasonable. Students can also conveniently complete the project anywhere they have access to the Internet.
Synthesis of Research on the Role of Culture in Learning Among African American Youth: The Contributions of Asa G. Hilliard, III
Authors: Lee Carol D.
Published: February 2009

This article synthesizes selected historical, philosophical, and empirical research of Asa G. Hilliard, III and discusses theoretical linkages between that body of research and empirical studies of learning and development among African American youth in the field of Black psychology.
Parent Involvement in Homework: A Research Synthesis
Authors: Patall Erika A. , Cooper Harris , Robinson Jorgianne Civey
Published: February 2009

New emphasis is being placed on the importance of parent involvement in children’s education. In a synthesis of research on the effects of parent involvement in homework, a meta-analysis of 14 studies that manipulated parent training for homework involvement reveals that training parents to be involved in their child’s homework results in (a) higher rates of homework completion, (b) fewer homework problems, and (c) possibly, improved academic performance among elementary school children. A meta-analysis of 22 samples from 20 studies correlating parent involvement and achievement-related outcomes reveals (a) positive associations for elementary school and high school students but a negative association for middle school students, (b) a stronger association for parent rule-setting compared with other involvement strategies, and (c) a negative association for mathematics achievement but a positive association for verbal achievement outcomes. The results suggest that different types of parent involvement in homework have different relationships to achievement and that the type of parent involvement changes as children move through the school grades.
Effect of tunnel on the resistance of high-speed planing craft
Authors: Subramanian V Anantha , Subramanyam PVV
Published: February 2009

Tunnels are provided in ship hulls to accommodate propellers under reduced draught conditions, thereby avoiding reduction of propeller diameter and consequent loss of efficiency. In this work the hydrodynamic effect of propeller tunnels in high speed craft, by way of modified resistance and pressure distribution, are studied both numerically using CFD, and experimentally using geometrically scaled models. The experimental study has been conducted on the model of a single hard chine hull form designed for specific length to displacement ratio. The parametric study considers two other draught conditions. In order to bring out pressure influences, CFD based simulations have been carried out. It is noted that the pressure distributions are altered around the tunnel region and, for an investigated case of tunnel area ratio, there is consistent reduction of resistance for all the three draught conditions tested. The study also compares the merits of the modified Froude extrapolation method, after correction for flow velocity due to pressure development in the hull zone, with the classical Savitsky's method for planing hulls. The qualitative aspects with respect to pressure distribution are brought out in the CFD based studies and the pressure predictions do show consistency with obtained experimental data. Keywords: High speed planing craft, Tunnels, Resistance, Extrapolation methods, Pressure distribution, CFD Studies. doi: 10.3329/jname.v2i1.2025 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 2(1)(2005) 1-14
Modeling of marine gas turbine combustor under non-reacting and reacting conditions
Authors: Jyothishkumar V , Ganesan V
Published: February 2009

Present work is concerned with the flow field analysis inside a marine annular gas turbine combustor under non-reacting as well as reacting flow conditions. Three-dimensional gas turbine combustor of 20-degree sector geometry has been created and meshed using the pre-processor GAMBIT. Flow through the combustor has been simulated using FLUENT code by solving the appropriate governing equations viz. Conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The RNG k-Îµ turbulence model is used for physical modeling. Combustion has been modeled using the Probability Density Function (PDF) approach. Total pressure loss has been studied for the isothermal as well as reacting flow case. For reacting flow overall pressure loss across the combustor has been evaluated. Keywords: Combustor, Recirculation region, Non-reacting flow. doi: 10.3329/jname.v2i1.2027 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 2(1)(2005) 21-32
Transport and chemical kinetics of H2/N2 jet flame: A flamelet modelling approach with NOx prediction
Authors: Alim MA , Malalasekera W
Published: February 2009

Â In this work simulation of a turbulent H2/N2 jet diffusion flame with flamelet modelling has been presented. The favre-averaged mixture fraction has been employed to model the combustion. Favre-averaged scalar quantities have been calculated from flamelet libraries by making use of a presumed Probability Density Function (PDF) method. The predicted flame temperature profiles and chemical species concentrations are compared with TNF experimental data obtained from Sandia/California. Predictions considering the unity Lewis number flamelet are found to be in good agreement with temperature and chemical species measurements. Predicted NO results also compared and shown with other species. This study shows that the combustion simulation using unity Lewis number flamelets are effective for predicting the flow, temperature and chemical kinetics of H2/N2 diffusion flame. To account for fluctuations of mixture fraction, its distribution is presumed to have the shape of a beta-function. Keywords: Non-premixed flame, Turbulent Combustion, Flamelet modelling Â  doi: 10.3329/jname.v2i1.2028 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 2(1)(2005)33-40
Application of low-Re turbulence models for flow simulations past underwater vehicle hull forms
Authors: Jagadeesh P , Murali K
Published: February 2009

Minimum power requirement is one of the important design criteria for successful operation of underwater vehicles. CFD based prediction and estimation of power requirement is increasingly carried out in practice. However, reliable prediction depends on suitable turbulence models. This paper presents a comparative assessment of four low Reynolds number (low-Re) k- Îµ models for computation of hydrodynamic forces on underwater vehicle hull forms. The low-Re models are being considered more suitable for underwater axisymmetric bodies due to the following merits (i) they have no wall function approximations, (ii) they could compute low turbulence levels such as in the viscous sub-layer and (iii) they could account for the effect of damped turbulence. The low-Re models used in the present study are namely the models of Abe-Kondoh-Nagano (k- Îµ AKN), Chang-Hsieh-Chen (k- Îµ CHC), Launder-Sharma (k- Îµ LS), and Yang-Shih (k- Îµ YS). It has been found that the k- Îµ AKN low-Re model consistently provided superior performance in predicting the flow characteristics around underwater vehicle hull forms. Keywords: Axisymmetric bodies, autonomous underwater vehicle, CFD, damping functions, low Reynolds k- Îµ models, QUICK scheme doi: 10.3329/jname.v2i1.2029 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 2(1)(2005) 41-54
Dufour and Soret effects on MHD free convective heat and mass transfer flow past a vertical porous flat plate embedded in a porous medium
Authors: Alam Md Shariful , Rahman Mohammad Mansur
Published: February 2009

A two-dimensional steady MHD free convection and mass transfer flow past a semi-infinite vertical porous plate in a porous medium has been studied numerically including the Dufour and Soret effects. The resulting momentum, energy and concentration equations are then made similar by introducing the usual similarity transformations. These similar equations are then solved numerically by using the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting method along with Runge-Kutta sixth order integration scheme. The numerical results are displayed graphically showing the effects of various parameters entering into the problem. Finally, the local values of the skin-friction coefficient (Cf), Nusselt number (Nu) and Sherwood number (Sh) are also shown in tabular form. Keywords: MHD, Free convection, Vertical plate, Steady flow, Porous medium, Dufour effect, Soret effect. doi: 10.3329/jname.v2i1.2030 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 2(1)(2005) 55-65
THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT, UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES AND THE SCIENCE OF MAN
Authors: SMITH CRAIG
Published: February 2009

It is a commonplace that the writers of eighteenth century Scotland played a key role in shaping the early practice of social science. This paper examines how this ‘Scottish’ contribution to the Enlightenment generation of social science was shaped by the fascination with unintended consequences. From Adam Smith's invisible hand to Hume's analysis of convention, through Ferguson's sociology, and Millar's discussion of rank, by way of Robertson's View of Progress, the concept of unintended consequences pervades the writing of the period. The paper argues that the idea of unintended order shapes the understanding of the purpose of theoretical social science that emerges from the Scottish Enlightenment.
Time‐Dependent Morphology Evolution by Annealing Processes on Polymer:Fullerene Blend Solar Cells
Authors: Jo Jang , Kim Seok‐Soon , Na Seok‐In , Yu Byung‐Kwan , Kim Dong‐Yu
Published: February 2009

Changes in the nanoscale morphologies of the blend films of poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), for high‐performance bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, are compared and investigated for two annealing treatments with different morphology evolution time scales, having special consideration for the diffusion and aggregation of PCBM molecules. An annealing condition with relatively fast diffusion and aggregation of the PCBM molecules during P3HT crystallization results in poor BHJ morphology because of prevention of the formation of the more elongated P3HT crystals. However, an annealing condition, accelerating PCBM diffusion after the formation of a well‐ordered morphology, results in a relatively stable morphology with less destruction of crystalline P3HT. Based on these results, an effective strategy for determining an optimized annealing treatment is suggested that considers the effect of relative kinetics on the crystallization of the components for a blend film with a new BHJ materials pair, upon which BHJ solar cells are based.
Chirality Transfer in Imidazolium Camphorsulfonate Ionic Liquids through Ion Pairing Effects
Authors: Schneiders Karola , Bösmann Andreas , Schulz Peter S. , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: February 2009

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The paper describes our studies on ion pair interactions in ionic liquids (IL) using an asymmetric hydrogenation reaction as probe. Three different ionic liquids carrying prochiral keto‐functionalized cations were hydrogenated in the presence of their chiral, enantiomerically pure counter‐ion using an achiral heterogeneous ruthenium catalyst. For the hydrogenation of N‐(3′‐oxobutyl)‐N‐methylimidazolium camphorsulfonate (2), N‐(3′‐oxobutyl)imidazolium camphorsulfonate (4) and N‐(5′‐oxohexyl)‐N‐methylimidazolium camphorsulfonate (6) we found a strong dependency of the enantiomeric excess (ee in the cation) on the polarity of the solvent, the concentration of the IL and the structure of the IL. The highest ee values of up to 94% were found for the hydrogenation of 2 in ethanol. Interestingly, we observed that the ee (and consequently the strength of ion pair interaction) had a pronounced maximum for a certain concentration of the IL in the solvent depending on the nature of the solvent and on the substrate. Remarkably, the concentration leading to the maximum ee could be rationalized by independent determination of the degree of dissociation which was obtained by a combination of diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements.
Improved Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of Aryldiazonium Salts with Boronic Acids by Tuning Palladium on Charcoal Catalyst Properties
Authors: Felpin François‐Xavier , Fouquet Eric , Zakri Cécile
Published: February 2009

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An improved Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates with boronic acids catalyzed by a highly active palladium catalyst supported on charcoal is described as an extremely practical and efficient protocol. A properties‐activity study of various catalysts clearly established that the optimal catalytic activity was obtained with palladium nanoparticles having a low oxidation degree and uniformly dispersed on the charcoal. The optimized reaction conditions allow the cross‐coupling to proceed at room temperature without any base and ligand in technical grade methanol. Although the catalyst could not be recycled, the low palladium contamination of the solvent and product after a simple filtration of the palladium on charcoal (Pd/C) renders the present protocol competitive and safer for the environment compared to more conventional homogeneous conditions. We have highlighted the efficiency of this novel protocol by a short synthesis of the fungicide Boscalid®.
Novel complement inhibitor limits severity of experimentally myasthenia gravis
Authors: Soltys Jindrich , Kusner Linda L. , Young Andrew , Richmonds Chelliah , Hatala Denise , Gong Bendi , Shanmugavel Vaithesh , Kaminski Henry J.
Published: February 2009

Objective

Complement mediated injury of the neuromuscular junction is considered a primary disease mechanism in human myasthenia gravis and animal models of experimentally acquired myasthenia gravis (EAMG). We utilized active and passive models of EAMG to investigate the efficacy of a novel C5 complement inhibitor rEV576, recombinantly produced protein derived from tick saliva, in moderating disease severity.

Methods

Standardized disease severity assessment, serum complement hemolytic activity, serum cytotoxicity, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody concentration, IgG subclassification, and C9 deposition at the neuromuscular junction were used to assess the effect of complement inhibition on EAMG induced by administration of AChR antibody or immunization with purified AChR.

Results

Administration of rEV576 in passive transfer EAMG limited disease severity as evidenced by 100% survival rate and a low disease severity score. In active EAMG, rats with severe and mild EAMG were protected from worsening of disease and had limited weight loss. Serum complement activity (CH50) in severe and mild EAMG was reduced to undetectable levels during treatment, and C9 deposition at the neuromuscular junction was reduced. Treatment with rEV576 resulted in reduction of toxicity of serum from severe and mild EAMG rats. Levels of total AChR IgG, and IgG2a antibodies were similar, but unexpectedly, the concentration of complement fixing IgG1 antibodies was lower in a group of rEV576‐treated animals, suggesting an effect of rEV576 on cellular immunity.

Interpretation

Inhibition of complement significantly reduced weakness in two models of EAMG. C5 inhibition could prove to be of significant therapeutic value in human myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 2009;65:67–75
Brain metabolism in rett syndrome: Age, clinical, and genotype correlations
Authors: Horská Alena , Farage Luciano , Bibat Genila , Nagae Lídia M. , Kaufmann Walter E. , Barker Peter B. , Naidu Sakkubai
Published: February 2009

Objective

Brain metabolism, as studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has been previously shown to be abnormal in Rett syndrome (RTT). This study reports the relation of MRS findings to age, disease severity, and genotype.

Methods

Forty RTT girls (1–14 years old) and 12 age‐matched control subjects were examined. Single‐voxel proton MRS of left frontal white matter was performed.

Results

NAA/Cr ratios decreased and myoinositol/Cr ratios increased with age in RTT patients (both p < 0.03), whereas these ratios were stable in control. The mean glutamate and glutamine/Cr ratio was 36% greater in RTT patients than in control (p = 0.043). The mean NAA/Cr ratio was 12.6% lower in RTT patients with seizures compared with those without seizures (p = 0.017). NAA/Cr ratios decreased with increasing clinical severity score (p = 0.031). Compared with patients with T158X, R255X, and R294X mutations, and C‐terminal deletions, patients with the R168X mutation tended to have the greatest severity score (0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.11) and the lowest NAA/Cr ratio (0.029 ≤ p < 0.14).

Interpretation

Decreasing NAA/Cr and increasing myoinositol/Cr with age are suggestive of progressive axonal damage and astrocytosis in RTT, respectively, whereas increased glutamate and glutamine/Cr ratio may be secondary to increasing glutamate/glutamine cycling at the synaptic level. The relations between NAA/Cr, presence or absence of seizures, and disease severity suggest that MRS provides a noninvasive measure of cerebral involvement in RTT. Ann Neurol 2009;65:90–97
Translational read‐through of a nonsense mutation in ATP7A impacts treatment outcome in Menkes disease
Authors: Kaler Stephen G. , Tang Jingrong , Donsante Anthony , Kaneski Christine R.
Published: February 2009

Protein translation ends when a stop codon in a gene's messenger RNA transcript enters the ribosomal A site. Mutations that create premature stop codons (nonsense mutations) typically cause premature translation termination. An alternative outcome, read‐through translation (or nonsense suppression), is well known in prokaryotic, viral, and yeast genes but has not been clearly documented in humans except in the context of pharmacological manipulations. Here, we identify and characterize native read‐through of a nonsense mutation (R201X) in the human copper transport gene, ATP7A. Western blotting, in vitro expression analyses, immunohistochemistry, and yeast complementation assays using cultured fibroblasts from a classic Menkes disease patient all indicated small amounts of native ATP7AR201X read‐through and were associated with a dramatic clinical response to early copper treatment. Ann Neurol 2009;65:108–113
Sporadic inclusion body myositis: Pathogenic considerations
Authors: Karpati George , O'Ferrall Erin K.
Published: February 2009

Sporadic inclusion body myositis is the commonest acquired disease of skeletal muscles after 50 years of age, and as such it has commanded a great deal of attention of investigators over the past 25 years. As a result, a large amount of information has accumulated concerning its clinical profile, myopathology, and immunopathology. In the myopathology and immunopathology, there is general agreement that the characteristic features could be divided into a degenerative and an inflammatory group. However, there has been controversy about the possible role of these changes in the pathogenesis of muscle fiber damage. In particular, there is no agreement whether a cause‐and‐effect relationship exists between these two groups of changes, and if so, which is the primary one. In this brief overview, we examine the validity of the various controversial observations and critically review the justification for the two major hypotheses for the primary role of inflammation versus degeneration. Ann Neurol 2009;65:7–11
Zwitterionic Corroles: Regioselective Nucleophilic Pyridination of a Doubly Linked Biscorrole
Authors: Hiroto Satoru , Aratani Naoki , Shibata Naoki , Higuchi Yoshiki , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: February 2009

Pyridin greift an: Mit hoher Regioselektivität werden Pyridinderivate nucleophil in der Bucht eines doppelt verbrückten Corrols, das ein stabiles Singulett‐Diradikal ist, unter Bildung zwitterionischer Dimere addiert (siehe Bild, Ar=C6F5). Ladungstransfer zwischen dem anionischen Corrol und den Pyridiniumgruppen bewirkt ein effektives Fluoreszenzlöschen des Corroldimers, das für eine selektive Erkennung von Fluoridionen genutzt werden kann.

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Substituent‐Free Gallium by Hydrogenolysis of Coordinated GaCp*: Synthesis and Structure of Highly Fluxional [Ru2(Ga)(GaCp*)7(H)3]
Authors: Cadenbach Thomas , Gemel Christian , Schmid Rochus , Halbherr Markus , Yusenko Kirill , Cokoja Mirza , Fischer Roland A.
Published: February 2009

All change: Complete ligand exchange through the hydrogenation of [Ru(η4‐cod)(η6‐cot)] in the presence of GaCp* under mild conditions leads to the title complex featuring a “naked” gallium atom bridging two ruthenium centers (see structure: C white, Ga blue, Ru red). This cluster can be considered as a trapped intermediate on the way to mixed‐metal nanoparticles; cot=1,3,5‐cyclooctatriene; cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, Cp*=C5Me5.

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Zwitterionic Corroles: Regioselective Nucleophilic Pyridination of a Doubly Linked Biscorrole
Authors: Hiroto Satoru , Aratani Naoki , Shibata Naoki , Higuchi Yoshiki , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: February 2009

Pyridine attacks: Nucleophilic addition of pyridine derivatives to a doubly linked corrole, which is a stable singlet biradical species, occurs at the bay area with high regioselectivity to provide zwitterionic dimers (see picture; Ar=C6F5). Charge transfer between the anionic corrole and the pyridinium groups induces effective fluorescence quenching of the corrole dimer, which can be utilized for selective fluoride ion recognition.

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Suboxides with Complex Anions: The Suboxoindate Cs9InO4
Authors: Hoch Constantin , Bender Johannes , Simon Arndt
Published: February 2009

Salty metal: In the suboxometallate Cs9InO4, metallic cesium columns (see picture; blue) lie next to ionic oxoindate(III) columns. The chemistry of the suboxides is thus expanded to structures containing complex anions.

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Wireless Activation of Neurons in Brain Slices Using Nanostructured Semiconductor Photoelectrodes
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Larimer Philip , Pressler Richard T. , Strowbridge Ben W. , Burda Clemens
Published: February 2009

Light rather than electrical current: The inner or outer surfaces of glass micropipettes can be coated with nanoparticles of a narrow‐band‐gap semiconductor. When visible or near‐infrared light is used for excitation, these micropipettes (labeled PE Stim in the image) can activate nearby neurons (labeled *) in brain tissue without the damage associated with electrical stimulation.

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13C‐NMR study on the structure of phenol‐urea‐formaldehyde resins prepared by methylolureas and phenol
Authors: Fan Dongbin , Chang Jianmin , Li Jianzhang , Mao An , Zhang Lita
Published: February 2009

Phenol‐urea‐formaldehyde (PUF) resins were synthesized by reacting mixture of methylolureas (MMU), phenol, and formaldehyde. The structure of PUF cocondensed resins at different stages of reaction were analyzed by liquid 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The liquid 13C‐NMR analysis indicated that methylolureas had the dominant content in MMU with the reaction between urea and formaldehyde under the alkaline condition. The PUF cocondensed resins had no free formaldehyde. methylolureas were well incorporated into the cocondensed resins by reacting with phenolic units to form cocondensed methylene bridges. The second formaldehyde influenced the further reaction and the structure of the PUF resins. The resins with the prepared method of PUFB possessed relatively high degree of polymerization and low proportion of unreacted methylol groups. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Water vapor transmission of poly(ethylene oxide)‐based segmented block copolymers
Authors: Husken D. , Gaymans R. J.
Published: February 2009

This article discusses the rate of water vapor transmission (WVT) through monolithic films of segmented block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and monodisperse crystallisable tetra‐amide segments. The polyether phase consisted of hydrophilic PEO or mixtures of PEO and hydrophobic poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) segments. The monodisperse tetra‐amide segments (T6T6T) were based on terephthalate units (T) and hexamethylenediamine (6). By using monodisperse T6T6T segments the crystallinity in the copolymers was high (∼ 85%) and, therefore, the amount of noncrystallised T6T6T dissolved in the polyether phase was minimal. The WVT was determined by using the ASTM E96BW method, also known as the inverted cup method. By using this method, there is direct contact between the polymer film and the water in the cup. The WVT experiments were performed in a climate‐controlled chamber at a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 50%. A linear relation was found between the WVT and the reciprocal film thickness of polyether‐T6T6T segmented block copolymers. The WVT of a 25‐μm thick film of PTMO2000‐based copolymers was 3.1 kg m−2 d−1 and for PEO2000‐based copolymers 153 kg m−2 d−1. Of all the studied copolymers, the WVT was linear related to the volume fraction of water absorbed in the copolymer to the second power. The results were explained by the absorption‐diffusion model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and adsorption performances of novel negatively charged hybrid materials
Authors: Liu Junsheng , Li Tao , Hu Keyan , Shao Guoquan
Published: February 2009

A series of novel negatively charged hybrid materials were prepared via sol–gel process and a subsequent epoxide ring‐opening reaction. The coupling reaction was conducted between 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), which was confirmed by FTIR spectra. TGA, and DrTGA analyses showed that their thermal stabilities were higher and the optimal molar ratio of GPTMS and TEOS was equal to 1 : 1. The ion‐exchange capacities (IECs) exhibited that they were related to the amount of anionic groups in the hybrid materials, indicating that the negatively charged properties of the hybrid materials could be artificially controlled via the adjustment of silica in these charged hybrid materials. The adsorption properties for Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions revealed that these hybrid materials were able to absorb heavy metal ions, suggesting that they have potential applications in the separation and recovery of environmentally hazardous substances. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mixed poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene glycol) brushes: Study of switching behavior in selective solvent
Authors: Feng Libang , Wang Yanping , Wang Shunhua
Published: February 2009

The mixed polymer brushes composed of two incompatible polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol), were successfully synthesized via a sequential grafting to method, which was confirmed by water‐contact angle and ellipsometric measurements. The resulted mixed polymer brushes could undergo conformational rearrangements upon exposure to different selective solvents, and then the lateral segregation in nonselective solvent and perpendicular segregation in selective solvent happened. As a result, the mixed polymer brushes exhibited the ripple morphology and dimple morphology in corresponding solvent, respectively, and which led to changes in water‐contact angle and surface composition as a function of bulk composition of the mixed polymer brushes. Moreover, the switching properties as the surface composition, wettability and topographical images could occur in a controlled and reversible fashion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Shrinkage cracking of styrene butadiene polymeric emulsion‐modified concrete using rapid‐hardening cement
Authors: Won J.‐P. , Kim J.‐H. , Park C.‐G. , Kang J.‐W. , Kim H.‐Y.
Published: February 2009

This study was performed to resolve the problem of cracks caused by the rapid hydration heat produced during the early setting stages of rapid‐hardening cement. To address the hydration heat of rapid‐hardening cement, we prepared a modified rapid‐hardening cement using calcium sulfoaluminate clinker combined with a styrene butadiene (SB) polymer. The performance of SB polymeric emulsion‐modified concrete made from modified rapid‐hardening cement was assessed by determining shrinkage (change in length, and plastic and autogenous shrinkage). The modified rapid‐hardening cement in combination with SB polymeric emulsion effectively reduced cracking. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Ionic self‐assembly and characterization of a polysaccharide‐based polyelectrolyte complex of maleic starch half‐ester acid with chitosan
Authors: Xiao Congming , Fang Fang
Published: February 2009

A novel polysaccharide‐based polyelectrolyte complex was formed via ionic self‐assembly (ISA) of a carboxylic derivative of starch, maleic starch half‐ester acid (MSA), with chitosan (CS) and precipitated from aqueous solution. Both Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and elementary analysis results showed that there was CS in the complex. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal resistance of the complex was higher than that of two components and the corresponding blend. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis result revealed that the complex was amorphous, whereas its components were semi‐crystalline. In addition, the drug release behavior of the complex that contains 5‐fluorouracil behaved pH‐responsive. All the experimental results verified the complex was composed of MSA and CS, and also indicated that the driving force for the self‐assembly of the complex was predominantly the electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, cationic CS, and the anionic MSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of nanostructured and high transparent hydrogel films with pH sensitivity and application
Authors: Yue Yumei , Wang Pixin , Chen Qiang , Guang Liu Xiao
Published: February 2009

Novel nanostructured, high transparent, and pH sensitive poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methacryliac acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (P(HEMA‐co‐MA)/PVA) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel films were prepared by precipitation copolymerization of aqueous phase and sequential IPN technology. The first P(HEMA‐co‐MA) network was synthesized in aqueous solution of PVA, then followed by aldol condensation reaction, it formed multiple IPN nanostructured hydrogel film. The film samples were characterized by IR, SEM, DSC, and UV‐vis spectrum. The transmittance arrived at 93%. Swelling and deswelling behaviors showed the multiple IPN nanostuctured film had rapid response. The mechanical properties of all the IPN films improved than that of PVA film. Using crystal violet as a model drug, the release behaviors of the films were studied. The results showed that compared with PVA, which had low drug loading and exhibited high and burst release, the three IPN films had high drug loading and exhibited sustained release. Besides, the release followed different release mechanism at pH = 4.0 and pH = 7.4, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of heterophasic or random PP copolymer on the compatibility mechanism between EVA and PP copolymers
Authors: Ramírez‐Vargas Eduardo , Margarita Huerta‐Martínez Blanca , Javier Medellín‐Rodríguez Francisco , Sánchez‐Valdes Saúl
Published: February 2009

Compatibility mechanisms between EVA and PP copolymers (C‐PP) blends have been studied as a function of the type of copolymer, using a heterophasic PP copolymer (PP‐EP) and a random PP copolymer (PP‐r‐EP), with similar ethylene content. The morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of PP/EVA blends with different levels of EVA containing 28% vinyl acetate (VA) were determined. The obtained results indicated compatibility for both systems showing interactions at the amorphous interfaces; however, this interaction was higher for the PP‐r‐EP/EVA, which showed a single glass transition temperature and changes in the PP crystalline fraction (changes in the fusion temperature and in the diffraction patterns). The evolution of the morphology from isolated spherical domains (20% EVA) to elongated shapes (40% EVA) was related to the observed changes in thermal and mechanical properties. The impact strength and deformation properties showed significant improvement with increasing EVA content above 40% where the highest values of elongation for the PP‐r‐EPand of impact strength for the PP‐EP were obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Privileged learning
Authors: Wagoner Norma E. , Romero‐O'Connell Josina M.
Published: February 2009

Students often attain memorable experiences from cadaver dissections through reflective writing. For many, facing a dissection for the first time elicits a wide range of emotions. These may include thoughts of their own mortality to the sheer admiration of knowing that someone cared enough to help others learn about the body, even in death. Poems or stories from medical students are often moving and heartfelt, and warrant being shared. Anat Sci Ed 2:47–48, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Evaluation of computer‐aided instruction in a gross anatomy course: A six‐year study
Authors: McNulty John A. , Sonntag Beth , Sinacore James M.
Published: February 2009

Web‐based computer‐aided instruction (CAI) has become increasingly important to medical curricula. This multi‐year study investigated the effectiveness of CAI and the factors affecting level of individual use. Three CAI were tested that differed in specificity of applicability to the curriculum and in the level of student interaction with the CAI. Student personality preferences and learning styles were measured using the Meyers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI). Information on “computer literacy” and use of CAI was collected from student surveys. Server logs were used to quantify individual use of respective CAI. There was considerable variability in the level of utilization of each CAI by individual students. Individual use of each CAI differed and was associated with gender, MBTI preferences and learning style, but not with “computer literacy.” The majority of students found the CAI useful for learning and used the CAI by themselves. Students who accessed the CAI resources most frequently scored significantly higher on exams compared with students who never accessed the resources. Our results show that medical students do not uniformly use CAI developed for their curriculum and this variability is associated with various attributes of individual students. Our data also provide evidence of the importance of understanding student preferences and learning styles when implementing CAI into the curriculum. Anat Sci Ed 2:2–8, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
A simple dissection method for the conduction system of the human heart
Authors: Yanagawa Nariaki , Nakajima Yuji
Published: February 2009

A simple dissection guide for the conduction system of the human heart is shown. The atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle, and right bundle branch were identified in a formaldehyde‐fixed human heart. The sinu‐atrial (SA) node could not be found, but the region in which SA node was contained was identified using the SA nodal artery. Gross anatomical observation of the conduction system is useful for understanding the structure and function of the heart. Anat Sci Ed 2:78–80, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Distribution sensitivity in a highway flow model
Authors: Ross Andrew M.
Published: February 2009

We examine a model of traffic flow on a highway segment, where traffic can be impaired by random incidents (usually, collisions). Using analytical and numerical methods, we show the degree of sensitivity that the model exhibits to the distributions of service times (in the queueing model) and incident clearance times. Its sensitivity to the distribution of time until an incident is much less pronounced. Our analytical methods include an M/Gt/∞ analysis (Gt denotes a service process whose distribution changes with time) and a fluid approximation for an M/M/c queue with general distributions for the incident clearance times. Our numerical methods include M/PH2/c/K models with many servers and with phase‐type distributions for the time until an incident occurs or is cleared. We also investigate different time scalings for the rate of incident occurrence and clearance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of CSS/GPS sources with the Deep Space Network antennas in Madrid
Authors: Garcia‐Miro C. , Moll E. , Vazquez M. , Kuiper T.B.H.
Published: February 2009

This contribution summarizes the antennas and receivers available at the Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex (MDSCC) and outlines the type of observations that can be performed to contribute to the study of the CSS/GPS sources. The last section provides guidelines on how to observe with the DSN antennas, and in particular at MDSCC (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure, spectra and variability of some GPS radio sources
Authors: Liu X. , Song H.‐G. , Cui L.
Published: February 2009

We report the results of multifrequency‐VLBI observations of GHz‐Peaked‐Spectrum (GPS) radio sources. The VLBI structure and component spectra of some GPS sources are presented. Our VLBI results show that about 80% of the GPS galaxies exhibit a compact double or CSO‐like structure, while the GPS quasars tend to show a core‐jet. The component spectra of the GPS galaxies are often steep/convex, and the core has a flat spectrum but it is usually hidden or weak. In addition, we studied the variability of GPS sources by comparing new flux density measures, acquired with the Urumqi 25‐m telescope at 4.85 GHz, with previous 87GB data. The results show that 44% of the GPS quasars varied higher than 10% in passed 20 years, while the fraction is only 12% for the GPS galaxies meaning that the GPS quasars are much more variable than GPS galaxies. In total, 25% of GPS sources show >10% variability at 4.85 GHz in our sample (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The B3‐VLA CSS sample: Polarisation observations
Authors: Rossetti A. , Dallacasa D. , Fanti C. , Fanti R. , Mack K.‐H.
Published: February 2009

New polarisation WSRT data at 13 cm and earlier VLA data at 3.6, 6, and 21 cm, for 65 radio sources from the B3‐VLA CSS sample, enable a more reliable determination of integrated RM, and RM dispersion. We find that the RM dispersion shows a dependence on both z and LS. We discuss these dependences in terms of a depolarising Faraday curtain, with a King‐like distribution of the magneto‐ionic medium, which is produced by either a smooth or a clumpy medium (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High frequency GPS sources in the AT20G survey
Authors: Hancock P.J.
Published: February 2009

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) survey was used to select a complete sample of 656 Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum (GPS) sources with spectral turnovers above 5 GHz. The AT20G has near simultaneous observations at 4.8, 8.6 and 20 GHz, which makes it possible to exclude flat spectrum variability as a cause of a source's peaked spectrum. Optical identification of the sample results in 361 QSOs and 104 galaxies and 191 blank fields. Redshifts are known for 104 of the GPS sources. The GPS sources from the AT20G are discussed and compared to previously known samples. The new sample of high frequency peaking GPS sources is found at a lower redshift than previous samples and to also have a lower 5 GHz radio power. Evidence is found to support the idea that the origin of the GPS spectral shape are intrinsically different for galaxies and QSOs. This paper is an elaboration and extension of the talk given at the 4th CSS/GPS conference in Riccione in May this year (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The lack of large compact symmetric objects
Authors: Augusto P.
Published: February 2009

In recent years, ‘baby’ (<103 yr) and ‘young’ (103–105 yr) radio galaxies have been found and classified, although their numbers are still small (tens). Also, they have many different names, depending on the type of survey and scientific context in which they were found: compact steep spectrum sources (CSS), giga‐Hertz peaked spectrum sources (GPS) and compact‐medium symmetric objects (C‐MSO). The latter have the radio galaxy structure more obvious and correspond to the ‘babies’ (CSOs; < 1 kpc) and ‘young’ (MSOs; 1–15 kpc) radio galaxies. The log‐size distribution of CSOs shows a sharp drop at 0.3 kpc. This trend continues through flat‐spectrum MSOs (over the full 1–15 kpc size range). In order to find out if this lack of large CSOs and flat‐spectrum MSOs is due to poor sampling (lack of surveys that probe efficiently the 0.3–15 kpc size range) and/or has physical meaning (e.g. if the lobes of CSOs expand as they grow and age, they might become CSSs, ‘disappearing’ from the flat‐spectrum MSO statistics), we have built a sample of 157 flat‐spectrum radio sources with structure on ∼0.3–15 kpc scales. We are using new, archived and published data to produce and inspect hundreds of multi‐frequency multi‐instrument maps and models. We have already found 13 new secure CSO/MSOs. We expect to uncover ∼30–40 new CSOs and MSOs, most on the 0.3–15 kpc size range, when our project is complete (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From observations to physics: Cosmological evolution of radio galaxies
Authors: Kapińska A.D. , Kaiser C.R.
Published: February 2009

Recent theoretical progress has allowed us to determine the influence of the intrinsic properties of radio galaxies and their environments on their luminosity and size evolution. There are still, however, considerable uncertainties regarding our understanding of radio source evolution, in particular the relationship between CSS and GPS sources and larger radio galaxies. Here, we present our preliminary results on the cosmological evolution of the entire radio galaxy population. We use recent analytical models for the dynamical and luminosity evolution of FR II radio galaxies to convert observational data into distributions of source properties such as pressure of the source lobes. As input parameters we use the observed P ‐D (radio power–linear size) diagrams built up from flux‐limited radio samples with complete redshift information. This allows us to examine the environments of evolving radio sources, and to shed more light on the (early) evolutionary tracks of radio galaxies (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)