bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MJNRHT STANDARD FOR MAINTENANCE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, KAZAKOVA VERA , DUNAEV ANATOLIY
Published: July 2022

Revision of the GOST 20793-2009 "Tractors and agricultural machines. Maintenance" with the introduction of modern scientific achievements to increase the resource of machines is an urgent task. (Research purpose) The research purpose is outlining the main provisions of the GOST 20793 and analyzing the proposals of the members of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the Commonwealth of Independent States. (Materials and methods) Authors used the methodology of developing standards at the interstate level. The specifics of this work consists in passing a public discussion and examination of the draft standard by specialists of the engineering service and interested organizations of the Russian Federation and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as in a detailed analysis of the recommendations received. (Results and discussion) Authors presented the final version of the draft standard corresponding to the current conditions of the state of the machine and tractor fleet and the engineering service of the agro-industrial complex based on the analysis of the received proposals and recommendations of interested organizations. Authors have prepared a draft for standard control and approval in Rosstandart. (Conclusions) The introduction of the modern GOST 20793 will contribute to improving the efficiency and increasing the service life of worn-out aggregates of agricultural machines, reducing the costs of their technical operation, as well as the technical progress of the domestic agro-industrial complex. The standard clarifies the types, frequency, rules of maintenance together with the current repair, recommends express control of lubricating oils, the use of built-in diagnostic systems, organoleptic diagnostics based on qualitative characteristics, as well as the introduction of repair and restoration tribocomposition machine units into engine and transmission oils. The implementation of the requirements of the standard will allow you to organize the work in the production and circulation of products and certification, increase the resource and efficiency of the machine and tractor fleet.
DVDLWC. SMOOTHING THE WORKING SURFACE DURING RESTORATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PARTS
Authors:   Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman, IGNATOV ALEKSEY , TAGILTSEV SVYATOSLAV
Published: July 2022

When operating internal combustion engines, there is a problem of restoring cylinder liners. After wear, the cylinder liner is bored to the repair size, using boring and honing machines. Finding new effective processing methods is an urgent task. (Research purpose) The research purpose is smoothing the inner surface of cylinder liners by using a vibration-damping extension cord. (Materials and methods) The article proposes an epoxy-based adhesive composition and metal cables to reduce vibration during processing that ensure the compression state of the entire boring system. A special design of the vibration-damping extension of the boring mandrel have been developed. The article presents its description. A 6P12 vertical milling machine was used for research. Prototypes with an internal diameter of 80 millimeters were manufactured of steel 38 HMUA and steel 20. The Mitutoyo profilometer model SJ-410 was used to measure roughness. The rotation speed was changed from 80 to 500 revolutions per minute. (Results and discussion) The roughness of the surface layer of blanks made of 38HMYuA steel treated with a boring mandrel with a vibration-damping extension is four times higher on average than a traditional boring at all stages of the experiment, the roughness parameter Ra is 0.8. The quality of the surface layer of 20 steel blanks processed with a boring mandrel with a vibration-damping extension is twice as high on average as with a traditional boring at 80-315 rpm, the roughness parameter Ra is 1.6 and four times higher at 315-500 rpm, the roughness parameter Ra is 3.2. (Conclusions) The use of a vibration-damping extension will reduce the cost and complexity of restoring parts of internal combustion engines and remove special boring and internal grinding machines from the technological process.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF PLUNGER RECOVERY MODES BY COMBINED PROCESSING
Authors:   Belgorod State Agricultural University named after V. Gorin, PASTUKHOV ALEKSANDR , BEREZHNAYA IRINA , SHARAYA OLGA
Published: July 2022

Stainless steel parts are widely used in milk processing equipment. The condition of these elements determines the operability of the equipment and the quality of the product. The most susceptible to wear are parts of the plunger type, the failure of which is by the loss of the cylindricity when changing geometric dimensions in longitudinal and cross sections. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a method for restoring cylindrical parts of the plunger type during combined processing; reducing the complexity of the restoration process and increasing the durability of the plunger (Materials and methods) Samples of 40Kh13 steel imitating the shape of a plunger with a diameter of 45 millimeters were studied. Three samples were produced with different pre-treatment: shot blasting, finishing turning and manual grinding. The study was as follow: initial measurement of the diameter in four sections at three levels; electric spark buildup, electromechanical processing and grinding before the preparing the working surface; measuring geometric parameters before and after each treatment; making slits for microstructural analysis, and measuring microhardness. (Results and discussion) As a result of the experiment and sample processing, there achieved an increase in diameter by 1.10 ± 0.08 millimeters when applying from 15 to 20 layers by the electric spark method with an electrode of the brand 308L-16. After deformation during electromechanical processing, the layer ranged from 0.36 ± 0.03 to 0.47± 0.07 millimeters, during grinding, the thickness of the final layer was from 0.04 ± 0.02 to 0.26± 0.02 millimeters. Measurements of the microhardness of the structural zones showed that the microhardness of the residual layer is 250-400 Vickers, the transition zone has a compacted structure and a hardness of over 550, and the core is 200-250. (Conclusions) Based on these data, the article proposes recommendations for the building of a compensation layer to restore the cylindrical working surface of the plunger type part.
XRBNDY DETERMINING ELASTICITY AND RESIDUAL STRESSES IN PLASMA COATINGS
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, KRAVCHENKO IGOR' , KARTSEV SERGEY ,   Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after A.A. Blagonravov, KUZNETSOV YURIY ,   Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin, KATAEV YURIY ,   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM
Published: July 2022

Currently, a strategically important task of technological independence of Russian industries is the restoration of wornout machine parts and equipment by the plasma method based on the use of coatings for various functional purposes. (Re-search purpose) The research purpose is studying the effect of plasma surfacing modes and surfacing materials on the fatigue resistance of restored parts and establishing the elasticity characteristics arising in coatings applied by plasma methods, as well as residual stresses in the fusion zone (Materials and methods) Samples for experimental studies were made of steel 40G. Plasma surfacing of coatings was performed with a composition of powdered material. The hardness of the samples with coatings was studied by nondestructive expressive measurement on a universal programmable electronic portable hardness meter. To optimize the parameters of plasma surfacing, the method of a complete factor experiment was used. Young's modulus was used as an optimization criterion. Experimental studies of elasticity characteristics in coatings applied by plasma methods were carried out according to generally accepted methods, taking into account the resonant frequency of bending vibrations of samples. (Results and discussion) In the surface layers of the deposited coatings, the elastic modulus has reduced values, and tensile stresses occur that reduce fatigue resistance by 20-25 percent from the level of extremely worn parts. The addition of 8 percent of aluminum powder to the initial powder hard alloys contributes to their wear resistance. A rational range of plasma coating modes has been determined from the point of view of obtaining high elastic properties of plasma coatings as a key stage of resourcesaving technology for restoring worn parts of technological equipment. (Conclusions) The proposed technical solutions in optimizing the parameters of plasma surfacing with powdered hard alloys make it possible to obtain wear-resistant coatings on the surfaces of restored machine parts 3-5 times higher than the wear re-sistance of hardened steel 45, taken as a reference standard.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHEELED SEMI-FRAME POWER VEHICLES IN THE MODERN WORLD
Authors:   Far Eastern State Agrarian University, SURIN ROMAN , KUZNETSOV EVGENIY , SHCHITOV SERGEY
Published: July 2022

The article presents the development and improvement of wheeled semi-frame power vehicles based on the semi-frame tractor of the Kirovets family since its manufacture and the use of its modifications at the present time. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the stages of development and prospects for the use of wheeled semi-frame power vehicles, considering the possibilities of their use not only in industry, agriculture, but also in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, man-made disasters, military disaster. (Materials and methods) The article presents historical information about the creation of Soviet-made wheeled semi-frame tractors and photographs of their use in agriculture and in military operations. (Results and discussion) The appearance of the most powerful tractor of the Soviet Union, the K-700, was a huge achievement of the domestic tractor industry. The use of semi-frame tractors of this type had a double meaning of use, since it could be used both for military purposes and in industry or agriculture. The prospects for the development of new models of wheeled power vehicles based on existing modifications and the order of their application at the present time are described. The new promising wheeled and tracked tractors of industrial significance based on a front wheel loader with special protection PK-55S and tracked tractors B10M2 and B12, which have no analogues in the modern world, are appearing now. (Conclusions) The issues of development and use efficiency of new-generation machine-tractor units in various fields of human activity remain relevant today.
NGAKES THE OPERATION OF THE LINK OF THE POWER TAKE-OFF SHAFT OF THE TRACTOR HTZ-150K-09
Authors:   Azov-Black Sea Engineering Institute - branch of the Don State Agrarian University, PSYUKALO SERGEY , POLUYAN VALERIY , LUKHANIN VLADIMIR
Published: July 2022

One of the effective directions on the problem of assessing the technical reliability of tractors supplied to agriculture is the study of the initial performance characteristics and wear of individual elements and components of the tractor. (Research purpose) The research purpose is considering the operation of the intermediate support as part of the cardan drive of the power take-off shaft of the tractor HTZ-150K-09; determining the loads on its bearings and the operation mode of the support and its resource. (Materials and methods) When transmitting torque in the power take-off mechanism, axial and radial forces arise, causing reactions in the intermediate support bearings. The equilibrium equations of the system of forces in space were used to determine their values. (Results and discussion) The dynamics of the driveshaft is such that when the tractor moves over an uneven field or when it turns, the rotation speed of the driven shaft does not coincide with the speed of the drive. This is due to the constant change in the angle between the shafts. The variable rotation speed of the driven shaft causes angular accelerations and inertial loads of elements in the cardan transmission itself and in other parts of the drive and the working bodies of agricultural machines. The loads on the bearings of the intermediate support from the side of the cardan transmission will have a dynamic character, since they reach the maximum and minimum twice in one revolution of the support shaft. (Conclusions) To increase the resource of the power take-off cardan drive link, it is necessary to carry out maintenance in a timely manner, while using additional damping elements.
NMPUEH TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, KATAEV YURIY , GERASIMOV VALERIY , BAULIN NIKOLAY , TISHANINOV IGOR , FILIPPOV SERGEY ,   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow State Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev
Published: July 2022

The article presents the main elements of technical support of energy-saturated equipment in the agro-industrial complex throughout its entire life cycle with the participation of service enterprises of engineering services of the agro-industrial complex including repair and technical enterprises and machine-technological stations. (Research purpose) The research purpose is highlighting the most important aspects of maintenance and repair, assessment of the residual life of the machine, decommissioning of agricultural machinery and its subsequent disposal. (Materials and methods) For the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, it is necessary to provide constant technical support to agricultural producers through the structure of the enterprises of the engineering service in the agro-industrial complex in order to maintain high efficiency of agricultural machinery, material resources and environmental safety. The most important stage of the life cycle of agricultural machinery is the resource-saving environmentally oriented recycling. The article presents the state of the machine and tractor fleet in the agro-industrial complex and the age characteristics of agricultural machinery, characterizes the composition of the leading elements of the "Agricultural Recycling" system. The stages of assessing the residual resource in the technical support of agricultural machinery were described. (Results and discussion) The features of the main works that are part of assessing the residual resource of an agricultural machine after its partial or complete disposal are considered. The possibility of using the function of the average change in the diagnostic parameter from the limit value of the machine elements was discussed. (Conclusions) The implementation of the presented program of technical support of agricultural machinery will improve the quality of the products of the agro-industrial complex, as well as preserve a significant part of natural resources in the production of new products.
LYHFUK THE CONTACTLESS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF HIGH-POWER AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, KATAYEV YURIY , GERASIMOV VALERIY , TISHANINOV IGOR
Published: July 2022

The paper presents the results of research on diagnosting of a controlled object of automotive equipment by a contactless method. (Research purpose) The research purpose is studying the possibility of performing diagnostic operations using the proposed device to assess the technical condition of units and aggregates of high-power agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) The technical and economic condition of the agro-industrial complex is mainly determined by two factors: providing the agricultural producers’ need for agricultural machinery, its reliable maintenance using modern technologies, including diagnosing nodes and aggregates of high-power machinery (tractors, combines, cars). The authors used the method of proposed contactless diagnostics to obtain initial data and to identify the technical condition of the object (node, tractor unit, combine). The general provisions of the technical diagnostics of agricultural machinery, goals, objectives, methods, tools, diagnostic algorithms for overhead sensors, have not changed in strategic terms. (Results and discussion) The article presents the diagnostic algorithm that provides for the execution of some conditional or unconditional sequence of certain experiments with an object, in case the GALILEOSKY 7.0 terminal. The article clarifies the collected information is transmitted to the processing server in the form of a data packet. (Conclusions) As a result of the conducted research, it was found that contactless diagnostic tools are capable of generating and applying test effects to the object under study, analyzing and processing the information received, and making a "diagnosis" about the technical condition of the controlled object. The use of contactless diagnostic tools increases the service life of machines and the efficiency of their work.
LIMRUC. ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF REPAIR OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES
Authors:   Stavropol State Agrarian University, BAGANOV NIKOLAY , ZHEVORA YURIY , PAVLYUK ROMAN , ALEKSEENKO VITALIY , VOLKOVA KSENIYA
Published: July 2022

To improve the quality of technological processes during the restoration of parts of automotive engines, we carried out micrometrage of the geometric parameters of the working surfaces of the base part of the diesel engines, the block crankcase of the SMD-60 engine on the assembly line of the Remselmash repair plant. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the shape accuracy of the working surfaces of the block crankcase after boring the beds. (Materials and methods) The goal is achieved by increasing the rigidity of the blocks by installing cylinder liners and tightening the bed covers before boring. The following parameters were monitored: upper and lower seats for the cylinder liner, the inner diameter of the cylinder liners before and after pressing into the crankcase, sockets for the inserts of the crankshaft main bearings, holes for the camshaft support necks and for pushers. The state of repair production is assessed by a comprehensive indicator of the organizational and technical level, taking into account the availability and use of regulatory and technical documentation for repairs, advanced repair and technological equipment and tools; the level of technical control, scientific organization of labor and production culture. The complex indicator of the organizational and technical level is 0.67, which is lower than the base value of 0.85. (Results and discussion) The quality of the repaired products is assessed using the Kd defect index based on the micrometreage of the main parts after the restoration and quality control of the assembly of the SMD-60 engines. The defect rate is 597 points, which is significantly higher than the standard value, which should be less than or equal to 280 points for repaired SMD-60 engines with a resource of 80 percent of the new ones. (Conclusions) In order to increase the complex indicator of the organizational and technical level of repair production and reduce the level of defects of repaired engines, it is necessary to organize systematic quality control of the repair of SMD-60 engines, input control of new and restored parts and assemblies and provide workplaces with measuring tools.
EXPERIMENTAL TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF UNITS OF THE MACHINE AND TRACTOR FLEET BY THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, KOSTOMAKHIN MIKHAIL , PETRISHCHEV NIKOLAY , SAYAPIN ALEKSANDR , MOLIBOZHENKO KONSTANTIN , PESTRYAKOV EFIM
Published: July 2022

Scientific works, claiming about the positive impact of the operational assessment of thermal processes in nodes and aggregates during operation on the reliability of equipment, are known and methodically worked out quite well. The wide practical application of the proposed thermal control methods without specially developed measuring instruments is an incomplete task (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing experimental meters-indicators for test diagnostics of thermal parameters of components and aggregates to increase the controllability and operational reliability of the machine and tractor fleet. (Materials and methods) Thermodynamic and research methods based on the use of proven methods for determining the technical condition were used; the object of the study was a control system of assessing compliance with the operating rules and compliance by the operator with the temperature regimes recommended by the manufacturer. In order to carry out maintenance and repair according to the methodology "Reliability-oriented maintenance", it is necessary to conduct a continuous assessment of the threshold thermodynamic characteristics of controlled objects during their operation for further forecasting of the technical condition. (Results and discussion) The possibility of using experimental counters-indicators of technical condition was described. Only the operator's control of the operating rules and compliance with the temperature modes recommended by the manufacturer does not minimize the risks. It is necessary to develop monitoring systems that provide independent monitoring and measurement of the current temperature, the rate of its change, determination of the time and ranges of thermal conditions of controlled objects during operation. (Conclusions) When focusing maintenance on reliability according to the specified methodology, it is necessary to provide temperature control during the operation of the machine and tractor fleet, which will increase the level of controllability and adaptability to the diagnosis of units.
SIMULATION OF TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION IN THE MATLAB ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   South Ural State Agrarian University, ZAKHAKHATNOV VIKTOR , BELOV ALEKSANDR
Published: July 2022

Currently, relay protection is based on microprocessor units, which have expanded functionality in comparison with traditional electromechanical means. For the correct operation of these devices, it is necessary to enter the actuation settings, which are calculated manually taking into account the characteristics of a particular power system. Modeling of relay protections in the MatLab environment allows reducing the role of the human factor and minimizing possible errors. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop a model of differential relay protection of the transformer in the MatLab Simulink environment. (Materials and methods) The article presents a model of a power system with a power two-winding transformer and differential relay protection with the functions of a current cut-off, differential protection with bias and blocking of the magnetization current surge. (Results and discussion) In the external short-circuit mode, the current protection does not acts, which indicates that the differential protection against external short circuits is detuned. In the short-circuit mode, current cut-off and protection with bias are triggered from the sides of the lower and higher voltages, which also indicates the adequacy of the model. Testing in the magnetization current surge showed that with the 0.15 detuning setpoint recommended by manufacturers of relay protection devices, the protection is blocked for more than 15 seconds, which is unacceptable in practice. The adequate operation of the relay protection is noted at a setpoint of 0.7. The dependence of the harmonic composition of the magnetization current surge on the switching moment on the transformer relative to the transition of the supply voltage through zero was revealed. (Conclusions) The developed model implements the functions of differential protection of the transformer, adequately reproduces all the processes of digital signal processing in microprocessor relay protection units, allows you to check the correctness of functioning in different modes and at different actuation settings.
DIGITAL SYSTEM OF DYNAMIC LOCAL LIGHTING FOR POULTRY CAGES
Authors:   Azov-Black Sea Engineering Institute - branch of the Don State Agrarian University, EVGENIY SHABAEV , ROMANOVETS MIKHAIL
Published: July 2022

One of the main disadvantages of the general lighting system in poultry houses with cages is the uneven lighting along the tiers of the cages. To increase the eveness of lighting and increase the productivity of poultry, the use of dynamic local lighting systems is promising. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a LED dynamic system of local lighting of cages for keeping poultry, aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of lighting and increasing the productivity of poultry by changing the correlated color temperature of the radiation of LED lamps during the light period. (Materials and methods) During the study, there were used elements of mathematical statistics, theory of experimental research planning, correlation-regression and variance analysis. Measurements of illumination and CT were made with a spectrocolorimeter «TKA-ICT». (Results and discussion) The article presents the compact LED lamp with a variable correlated color temperature of optical radiation from 2700 to 5700 Kelvin and the method of keeping poultry in dynamic lighting with variable color temperature of lamps. The mathematical models of changes in the illumination and color temperature of sunlight can be used to implement dynamic artificial lighting systems. The main elements of a dynamic local lighting system with a variable correlated color temperature are described. (Conclusions) The compact LED lamp provides high illumination uniformity on the surface of the feeder and drinker. Due to the positive effect of changes (in accordance with the dynamics of sunlight) in the illumination and correlated color temperature of LED lamps on the circadian rhythms of birds, an increase in productivity by 8-14 percent should be expected. The technical solutions can increase the efficiency of the power supply system for LED lamps by 16.4 percent, reduce energy consumption by 26.5 percent and capital investments by 22-41 percent compared to the LED local lighting system with low voltage lamps up to 48 volts.
THE OPTIMAL LOCATION OF RECLOSERS IN 10 KV AGRICULTURAL ELECTRICAL GRIDS
Authors:   State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, SEMIKIN STEPAN , BELOV SERGEY
Published: July 2022

The agricultural networks are spread over a vast territory with a total length of more than 947 thousand kilometers. Their branching significantly affects the reliability of electricity supply and its quality. Improving the reliability of agricultural networks is an urgent task. It is advisable to use devices that allow automatizing the process of managing the electric network. Approximately 60 percent of the time is spent searching for the damaged area and restoring power to consumers connected to the undamaged sections of the circuit, 40 percent is spent searching for the place of damage and carrying out repair and restoration work. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to determine the economic efficiency of installing reclosers in 10 kV electrical networks. (Materials and methods) The article considers examples of feeders before and after the partitioning switches. Optimization criteria were calculated for each option: annual undersupply of electricity; the number and duration of consumer outages. (Results and discussion) The article presents the calculations of the options, analyzes the results obtained. (Conclusions) In order to reduce the total annual undersupply of electricity, it is necessary to divide the outgoing line into separate sections by installing sectioning reclosers. In order to increase reliability, reclosers should be placed closer to the consumer. Due to the optimal installation of reclosers, there is a decrease in the number and duration of outages, and a decrease in the annual undersupply of electricity in the network by 52 percent. The use of reclosers in electrical networks of 6-10 kilovolts has proven to be a more effective method of increasing the reliability of power supply both technically and economically.
DESIGN FEATURES OF DEVICES FOR ASSESSING THE CUTTING FORCE OF ROOT CROPS DURING CRUSHING
Authors:   Volgograd State Agrarian University, RYADNOV ALEKSEY , FEDOROVA OL'GA , SHARIPOV RENAT , MAMAKHAY ANZHELA , SEMCHENKO ALEKSANDR ,   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM
Published: July 2022

The digestibility of fodder beet by cattle increases if it is crushed to a certain size before feeding. Therefore, root crops are recommended to be shredded before feeding. The efficiency of the shredders is determined by the energy costs of cutting, which depend on the cutting force. The task of reducing the cutting force when grinding root crops is relevant. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the features of devices developed to assess the cutting force of root crops during their shredding. (Materials and methods) The methodological basis for studying the features of the evaluation of the cutting force of root crops during their grinding with an experimental chopper was the work of scientists and specialists in the study of the processes of grinding agricultural products. The analysis of its showed that when evaluating the cutting force of root crops, it is necessary to take into account the design and operational characteristics of shredders. The article presents the features of the experimental shredder manufactured under RF Patent No. 2729524. (Results and discussion) The article presents the cutting forces during the grinding of fodder beet varieties «Record Poly» and «Crimean pink» from the depth of the knife into the beet and from the cutting speed. In the first case, a hydraulic press equipped with electronic scales, a knife wall and a video camera was used. Sets of flat knives were installed in the knife wall: wavy, with one-sided and two-sided sharpening. The experimental installation was made in order to measure the cutting force depending on the cutting speed, laboratory studies on which were carried out using a specially developed technique using computer technology. (Conclusions) Two technical devices have been developed to determine the cutting force during the shredding of fodder beet: from the depth of the knife into the beet and from the cutting speed.
BALLASTING AS THE WAY OF IMPROVING THE OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE TRACTOR
Authors:   Ural State Agrarian University, IOVLEV GRIGORIY , GOLDINA IRINA
Published: July 2022

Since the invention of the tractor, its operational properties have been improved. As engine power increased, researchers, manufacturers and consumers looked for various ways to maximize the use of the effective power of the engine. Such methods are an increase in operational weight due to filling tires with liquid; the use of mechanical and hydraulic rear wheel loaders, agricultural machines on the front hitch and ballast loads. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to determine the limits of energy saturation of tractors of leading foreign manufacturers, to analyze the approach of foreign companies to the design of operational properties of tractors, to study, within the limits of energy saturation, the relationship between the operational mass of the tractor and the mass of the ballast cargo, to establish the optimal loading in order to maximize the operational properties for tractors of various classes. (Materials and methods) The article presents the research of domestic scientists studying the boundaries of energy saturation, manuals for the operation of tractors of leading foreign firms, tractors of the Belarus family, agricultural machinery. Authors applied the following methods: comparison, forecasting, economic and mathematical modeling, expert assessments and others. (Results and discussion) The article presents the energy saturation of 165 foreign agricultural tractors in 18 engine power ranges from 72 horsepower (53 kilowatts) to 628 horsepower (462 kilowatts) with a tractor weight from 3,400 to 29,940 kilograms. According to the energy saturation data, the limits of the energy saturation of tractors in different ranges of engine power and from different manufacturers were presented. The article presents the optimal loading options for maximizing the operational properties of tractors. (Conclusions) Based on the calculations of productivity and the effect of ballasting on productivity, the optimal option of loading was described.
NEW INDICATORS OF SOIL FERTILITY
Authors:   Head scientific and production enterprise for the development of new equipment and technology «Veer», ZENIKOV VLADIMIR
Published: July 2022

Soil fertility is the main issue in agriculture. The well-being of the people receiving food and technical raw materials for the processing industry depends on it. Knowledge of soil fertility allows us to develop forecasts of crop yields for the future, as well as plan targeted measures to increase fertility and ensure its sustainability. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the efficiency of the production and application of organic fertilizers, reducing the environmental burden and saving the components. (Materials and methods) Microbiological, agrochemical, lysimetric and field studies were used to determine the effectiveness of organic fertilizers. (Results and discussion) The article presents the new organic fertilizer - a soil-biological complex that simultaneously possesses the properties of organic fertilizer, herbicide and fungicide. (Conclusions) The doses of the introduction of a soil-biological complex for the full nutrition of various agricultural crops were described taking into account the regularities of the influence of the microbiological community on the soil, cultivated crops and the conditions of their growth. The article described the influence of the soil-biological complex on agronomic indicators (lumpiness, moisture capacity, air permeability, stickiness, resistance to waterlogging and drought); agrochemical indicators (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other trace elements, organic matter, C:N ratio); resistance of plants to diseases; reduction of soil contamination; improvement of product quality; reduction of vegetation periods; interaction of various types of microorganisms, especially in the rhizosphere zone - the root zone of the soil. It is necessary to introduce an assessment of the quality of organic fertilizers as a mandatory indicator of the composition of the microbiological community, which will allow predicting the system of fertilization and care of crops. Specialists need to be trained in a new approach to the production and use of organic fertilizers.
THE AUTOMATED RESEARCH OF THE IMPREGNATION PROCESS OF ELASTOMETERS
Authors:   Irkutsk State Transport University, FILIPPENKO NIKOLAY , LIVSHITS ALEKSANDR
Published: July 2022

The problem of field fuel depots remains unsolved today. Incomplete sealing of drain devices and leaks lead to material losses and contamination of the soil, the restoration of which requires considerable time and money. The article presents the overview of existing problems of fuel filling and sealing systems of containers for storage and transportation of petroleum products, fuels and lubricants. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a methodology and algorithm for studying the swelling process of polymer materials used in the transportation and storage of fuels and lubricants to determine their durability and residual life. (Materials and methods) The article presents the main disadvantages of drain devices. The statistical analysis of the rejection of tank boilers owned by JSC «PGK» has been performed. The main malfunctions that are the cause of the cistern rejection is a valve malfunction and a residue in the drain device cup, which indicates that the valve is leaky due to a leak in the sealing device. (Results and discussion) A typical technological process for the production of polymer materials samples is presented. Authors have developed technical equipment, selected processing methods for the manufacture of polymer samples and technological equipment. Experimental studies of the effect of hydrocarbons on polymer materials were carried out using traditional methods. The article presents the express methodology and the automated experimental setup, the approbation of which allowed us to speed up the studying process. The article proves the possibility of practical application of the proposed methodology and installation, which gives identical results on the destabilization of the physical and mechanical properties of polymer products operated in a carbon-hydrogen environment. (Conclusions) The proposed express method and the developed scheme of the automated control system are simple to manufacture and are necessary for farms using fuel and lubricants storages of any design from various materials. The results of the data obtained make it possible to predict the operating time and residual resource of polymer materials used in containers for transportation and storage of lubricants in the field.
DISINFECTION OF SOIL AND SUBSTRATE BY INFRARED RADIATION WITH AN AUTONOMOUS POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Authors:   Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, POSPELOVA IRINA , VOZMISHCHEV IVAN , NIYAZOV ANATOLIY , VLADYKIN IVAN , TITOV IL'YA , DANILOV STEPAN ,   Izhevsk State Technical University named after M.T. Kalashnikov
Published: July 2022

Thermal energy occupies a special place in human life. In most cases, the waste heat is irretrievably lost. This lost resource is no longer worth anything, so its reuse will contribute to both reducing the energy crisis and protecting the environment. For this reason, new ways of converting thermal energy into electrical energy are more relevant today than ever. The use of electric energy and power supply of installations are important in the agro-industrial complex, especially the use of an autonomous power supply system for process automation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop the devices for disinfection of soil and substrate by infrared radiation in protected soil with the utilization of heat from the infrared emitters using Peltier thermoelectric generators. (Materials and methods) The article presents the operation of the developed device. (Results and discussion) During the operation of the installation, the cases of the infrared emitters are heated to a temperature of 500 degrees Celsius, and this thermal energy is released into the atmosphere. To increase the energy efficiency of this installation, infrared radiators are covered with a sealed steam jacket from above, water is poured inside, is heating up, evaporates and settles on the dome, thereby transferring heat from the covers of infrared radiators to the dome. Peltier thermoelectric generators are installed on the dome, which are designed to convert thermal energy into electrical energy, Peltier elements are connected in series and in parallel. The electricity received from the Peltier elements enters the battery, accumulates and is spent on the operation of devices for automatic control of soil and substrate disinfection, which makes it possible for the installation to operate autonomously. (Conclusions) For the functioning of the device is used the utilization of heat losses from the operation of infrared emitters using Peltier thermoelectric generators.
SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATOR FOR AGRICULTURE
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, TRUNOV STANISLAV , KHIMENKO ALEKSEY , RASTIMESHIN SERGEY , KUZMICHEV ALEKSEY ,   National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”,   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
Published: July 2022

Solar cells convert solar electromagnetic energy into electrical energy. When fully illuminated, one element generates electricity with a voltage of 0.5 volts. For practical use in generating electricity, solar cells are combined into a photo panel. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a functional and technological scheme of a solar thermal electric generator for power supply to remote agricultural facilities using renewable solar energy. (Materials and methods) During the research there were used method of patent search on the websites of the Eurasian Patent Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Rospatent and Google Patents. The article presents the thermoelectric generator assembly based on Peltier thermoelectric modules and a solar concentrator for generating electricity. (Results and discussion) The article presents the functional and technological scheme of a heliothermoelectric power generator for agricultural power supply using renewable solar energy. The use of thermoelectric modules instead of photovoltaic panels was justified. Based on the dependence of the generated power on the temperatures of the hot and cold circuits of the thermoelectric module, there was chosen the generator type of the thermoelectric module. (Conclusions) The hybrid system with a solar concentrator and a thermoelectric generator can be considered as an alternative to a traditional electric thermal diesel generator power supply system, since thermoelectric modules have recently been increasingly recognized by specialists in various fields of technology. The specific power of 42 thermoelectric modules with the area of 0.23 square meters is 1173 watts, which exceeds the specific power generated by a single-crystal photovoltaic panel with the area of 1.62 square meters, producing 166 Watts per square meter, which makes thermoelectric modules competitive with photovoltaic panels.
NORMALIZATION OF THE VOLTAGE UNSINUSOIDALITY IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Authors:   Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after A.A. Yezhevsky, KUDRYASHEV GENNADIY , TRET'YAKOV ALEKSANDR
Published: July 2022

The electric power industry has always been one of the main industries of the Irkutsk region. The availability of hydropower and, as a result, cheap energy resources have led to the development of industrial enterprises, energy transmission and energy-consuming industries. In the presence of a large amount of energy resources in many settlements of the Irkutsk region, problems arise with the quality of the supplied electric energy, there is no stable power supply. Distribution networks, as the lowest voltage level, are the most vulnerable from external influences on the energy system as a whole. A high level of unsinusoidality and asymmetry negatively affect the operation of electrical devices, operating modes of technological lines and systems. The main problem is obtaining up-to-date information about the parameters of the electrical network for calculating the loss of electricity. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in inevaluating the effect of voltage unsinusoidality on power losses and reliability of electrical equipment in distribution networks. (Materials and methods) The article presents the main ways to obtain data on the parameters of the electrical network: measurement using measuring and computing devices (experimental studies); modeling of electrical network parameters; theoretical studies. (Results and discussion) The results of measuring the unsinusoidal voltage in the distribution networks of an agricultural enterprise were given. In the article there are presented and compared ways to find reliable information about the parameters of the electrical network. A simulation of an electrical network with a load and an active filter was carried out. The article presents the calculations of the reliability indicators of electrical equipment at an agricultural enterprise. (Conclusions) In order to determine the level of unsinusoidal voltage of distribution networks, it is necessary to obtain reliable information. In distribution networks, in order to obtain reliable data on load conditions, it is advisable to use the method of calculating minimum and maximum loads, which allows taking into account the entire cycle of load changes over time and reducing time and technical resources in comparison with other methods.
PROFITABILITY OF THE SPRAYING SYSTEM USING THE METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATED APPLICATION
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, MIRZAEV MAKSIM
Published: July 2022

Most of the agrochemicals used are dispersing in the environment, which negatively affects the environment and health. One of the ways to solve this problem is to use a differentiated method of applying plant protection products. In addition to reducing environmental pollution, this method allows you to save on the consumption of plant protection products. The economic efficiency of agricultural machinery is assessed by the final indicators of agricultural production, profit growth due to increased crop yields, improved product quality and reduced production costs. The article presents the technical and economic efficiency of using a robotic device for precise application of agrochemical agents. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the economic effectiveness of the differentiated method of applying agro-chemical agents. (Materials and methods) GOST 34630-2019 «Agricultural machinery. Machines for plant protection. Sprayers. Test methods» has been analyzed. The economic efficiency analysis was carried out on the basis of field tests. A robotic device has been tested on the territory of the Agrofirm «POISK» (Ramenskoye city district, Moscow region). (Results and discussion) The consumption of insecticide by the technology of differentiated application decreased by 38 percent. The cost of an autonomous field robot is 25.04 percent lower than the cost of the basic technology. The operational cost reduction in the treatment of cabbage with insecticides by means of differentiated application is 61 percent in comparison with the basic low-volume spraying. (Conclusions) On the basis of the calculation of the economic efficiency of an autonomous field robot for differentiated application of agrochemical agents it was revealed that the payback of additional investments is less than one year; the robot has high maintainability, interchangeability of elements, adaptability of structural parameters; the total economic effect is 1,662,979.63 rubles.
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION PREMISES IN AGRICULTURE
Authors:   Udmurt State University, STERKHOVA ТAT'YANA , SHIROBOKOVA TAT'YANA ,   Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy
Published: July 2022

The quality and reliability of the production process depend mainly on the working conditions of the service personnel. The illumination according by veterinary standards on the working surface is one of the most important indicators when breeding animals. In Russia and abroad, research is being conducted to improve LED lamps in order to maintain the required microclimate in the livestock premises and reduce energy costs. Increasing the productivity of biological objects in the agro-industrial complex is the main task in the world food market. The longest daylight for Udmurtia was about 18 hours in the summer month, in winter - no more than 6 hours. Therefore, it is necessary to form the microclimate of the premises, including illumination, seeking less energy-intensive technologies. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a system of automatic lighting control of industrial premises in agriculture to reduce electricity consumption and the cost of livestock products. (Materials and methods) Authors have developed an automation system based on a hardware and software complex using microcontrollers. According to a presented algorithm, information is collected from connected devices and sensors, analyzed and processed with further data transmission to other electronic devices (additional modules) and/or output to a computer screen. (Results and discussion) The article presents an automatic lighting control system that implements regulating the illumination on the work surface by automatic adjusting the light flux depending on natural illumination and operating time. (Conclusions) Based on the results of the technical and economic calculation, the developed lamps are pay off, the payback period is 4.7 to 8.7 years.