bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porcine malignant hyperthermia carrier detection and chromosomal assignment using a linked probe
Authors: DAVIES W. , HARBITZ I. , FRIES R. , STRANZINGER G. , HAUGE J. G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In pigs, the gene for glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) is linked to the halothane (HAL) gene which is responsible for malignant hyperthermia (MH). A single copy DNA probe, designated GPI8R, has been isolated from a pig genomic library using a porcine GPI cDNA probe. This probe detects, as was the case for the cDNA probe, a five allele polymorphism in Sac1 andPvuII digested pig DNA. Family studies show that this polymorphism is linked to the HAL locus and hence can be used in carrier detection. In situ hybridization with GPI8R assigned the GPI locus to bands p12‐q22 of chromosome 6. We conclude that the HAL linkage group resides on chromosome 6.
Kinetics of the Hb A to Hb C switch and erythropoietin plasma levels in sheep
Authors: VESTRI R. , CREMA A. , TESTA A. , LOSTIA O.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The induction of Hb A (α2ß2A) and Hb C (α2ß2c) synthesis in three adult sheep has been sequentially analysed, in relation to the reduction of the haematocrit (Ht) and to the changes of erythropoietin (Epo) concentration in plasma. Hb A production is detected in peripheral reticulocytes when the Ht approaches 70% of its initial value in correspondence with the first rise of EPO plasma level, whereas HB C synthesis appears when the Ht is further reduced to about 50%, at an Epo concentration two to three times higher. The assumption that the cell committed to HB C synthesis is close to the erythroid colony‐forming unit (CFU‐e) progenitor is also discussed.
Polymorphism and genetic control of erythrocyte 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the genus Cervus
Authors: HERZOG S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A study of 11 enzyme systems in blood samples of Cervus dama, C. elaphus, C. nippon and hybrids C. elaphus x nippon has revealed an erythrocyte 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphism in the hybrid populations. Genetic analysis suggests that this enzyme is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles, one specific for pure Japanese sika deer, the other for pure red deer as well as for fallow deer, while both alleles have been found in the red x sika hybrids.
On periodicities governing the construction of genes and proteins
Authors: OHNO S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Inasmuch as all events in this universe are governed by multitudes of periodicities, it is a mistake to regard any coding sequence as unique implying the descent from random assemblages of four bases. Instead, each coding sequence is comprised of primordial and derived repeating units. In the case of families of proteins with transmembrane α‐helices, the primordial repeating units of their coding sequences were base heptamers, thus, giving the heptapeptidic periodicity very conductive to α‐helix formation to the original polypeptide chains. Even in modern coding sequences for these families of proteins, intact and base‐substituted copies of these primordial heptamers are found in more or less even distribution along the entire coding sequence. In addition, there are now locally prominent tandemly recurring units that are only remotely related to primordial heptamers. In the case of Ca++ channel, local prominence of one such nonameric unit gave a unique tripeptidic periodicity to the fourth helix of each unit giving to it a girdle of positively charged residues. All these complex interplays between primordial and derived recurring units that characterize each coding sequence can best be appreciated by their musical transformation. The transformed musical score of a pertinent part of rabbit skeletal muscle Ca++ channel coding sequence is given.
Excess of heterozygotes at albumin locus in American Standardbred horses
Authors: BOWLING A. T. , CLARK R. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Data from 5934 matings of American Standardbred horses provided evidence for an excess of heterozygotes at the albumin locus, statistically significant (P <0.01) in one mating class (A1‐AB stallions x A1‐A dams), primarily attributed to an excess of heterozygotes among male offspring.
Evaluation of the presence of a specific histocompatibility protein on equine embryonic cells
Authors: WHITE K. L. , THOMSON D. L. , WOOD T. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of H‐Y antigen on equine blastocysts. A total of 33 blastocyst stage horse embryos were collected 6 to 7 days post‐ovulation by trans‐cervical flush and were immediately evaluated for the presence of H‐Y antigen. Additionally, 17 embryos, were collected and cultured for 72h to the expanded blastocyst stage and similarly evaluated. Embryos were placed in medium containing monoclonal antibodies to H‐Y antigen followed by incubation in medium containing 1/10 (v/v) fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated goat anti‐mouse IgM Fc specific antiserum. Embryos were individually evaluated at 400x to identify cell specific fluorescence. Following evaluation, embryonic sex was independently verified with karyotypes to identify sex chromosomes. Of the 50 embryos evaluated, 29 were evaluated as non‐fluorescent and 21 fluorescent. Expression of H‐Y antigen was determined to be uniform in those embryos classified as fluorescent. Twenty‐three of 28 (82%) readable karyotypes corresponded to the predicted sex. These results indicate a specific histocompatibility antigen is expressed and maintained at the blastocyst stage of development. In addition, no segregation of this protein on specific cell types occurs in this species.
The bovine gene map
Authors: FRIES R. , BECKMANN J. S. , GEORGES M. , SOLLERO M. , WOMACK J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The present status of the bovine gene map as well as some of the methods and strategies important for future efforts in completing the gene map of cattle are reviewed.
A comparison of lymphocyte antigen specificities in Norwegian and Swiss goats
Authors: NESSE L. L. , RUFF G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In all, 363 alloantireagents were tested in Berne, Switzerland and in Oslo, Norway against lymphocytes from 1679 goats of different breeds. The same lymphocytotoxicity test was used at both laboratories. The test data were pooled, and correlation coefficients for pairs of sera were used to group the sera in clusters. Twelve clusters were accepted as defining lymphocyte antigen specificities believed to be coded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The specificities defined by these clusters were designated Eu 1‐Eu12. Two clusters defined specificities which were not coded from loci within the MHC. These were designated GLY‐1.1 and GLY‐2.1, and the loci GLY‐1 and GLY‐2, respectively. GLY‐1.1 was also located on erythrocytes.
Association between serumesterase (Es) type and starting proportion in Swedish Trotters: further observations
Authors: ANDERSSON‐EKLUND L. , ANDERSSON L. , SANDBERG K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A study was carried out to attempt to explain the basis of the association between the Es locus and starting proportion in Swedish Trotters which had been observed previously. The effect of Es genotype on starting proportion has diminished among horses born in the late 1970s. There are indications that the incidence of leg lesions varies between Es genotypes. If this is true, it is possible that the decreasing effect of the Es locus on starting proportion is due to the environmental changes which have been made at race tracks in the early 1980s to reduce the strain on the legs of the trotters.
Equine lymphocyte antigens and reproduction in the Standardbred mare
Authors: PARK C. A. , HINES H. C. , THRELFALL W. R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) gene frequencies were estimated for pacing and trotting Standardbred mares residing on a breeding farm in central Ohio. The ELA gene frequencies for Ohio Standardbreds did not differ significantly from the ELA gene frequencies of Kentucky Standardbreds, determined by Bailey (1983). No significant differences were found in the distribution of ELA class I antigens in horses with lower overall fertility or a history of abortion on the investigated breeding farm. Likewise, no significant association was observed when the ELA types of both the mare and the stallion to which she was mated were compared with the reproductive efficiency of the mare.
Genetic variability in a population of wild Japanese quail kept for 15 years in a domestic environment
Authors: KIMURA M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. To provide information on the extent to which domestication has altered the natural levels of genetic variability of the wild quail, electrophoretic variability at 32 loci was estimated in a quail population established by capturing wild quail and keeping them for 15 years in a domestic environment without any artificial selection. The gene frequencies of the domesticated quail population were very similar to those of the commercial and laboratory quail populations and different from those of the wild quail populations previously reported by Kimura et al. (1984).
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with growth hormone and prolactin genes in Holstein bulls: evidence for a novel growth hormone allele
Authors: COWAN C. M. , DENTINE M. R. , AX R. L. , SCHULER L. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Sperm DNA isolated from sons of three extensively used US Holstein bulls was screened for differences associated with the primary gene structure of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) and prolactin (bPrl) genes. Southern blot analysis of DNA digested with 10 restriction enzymes revealed that offspring from two of the three bull families exhibited polymorphisms around the bGH and bPrl genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) around the bGH gene were detected with five enzymes, whereas three enzymes revealed RFLPs around the bPrl gene. At least three structural differences were predicted around the bGH gene. The most common variant hybridization pattern appeared to involve an insertion/deletion located downstream of the conserved 3′Eco RI site. The presence of RFLPs in the genes coding for these pituitary hormones within a familial line may provide the basis for genetic markers associated with lactation and mammary development.
Genetic and other effects on antibody and cell mediated immune response in swine leucocyte antigen (SLA)‐defined miniature pigs
Authors: MALLARD B. A. , WILKIE B. N. , KENNEDY B. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Miniature pigs of eight swine leucocyte antigens (SLA) haplotypes were immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and the synthetic peptide (T, G)‐A–L to induce antibody. Bacillus Calmette Geurin (BCG) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were used to induce cell mediated immune response (CMI). Analysis of variance by least squares was used to assess the effects of SLA haplotype, sire, dam, litter and sex of pig on the magnitude of the primary and secondary antibody response and on dermal delayed type hypersensitivity induced by purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) and DNCB‐induced contact hypersensitivity.

The statistical model accounted for 43.50–77.30% of the observed variability in antibody and CMI at various times after immunization or challenge. While SLA had a significant effect on both antibody and CMI to some antigens at some, but not all times, sire, dam and litter were more frequently significant and to a greater degree.

Haplotypes dd, dg and gg produced more antibody to SRBC and (T, G)‐A–L while dg and gg had higher primary, but not secondary antibody response to HEWL. Delayed hypersensitivity to PPD was most marked in pigs of dd, dg and gg haplotypes while contact hypersensitivity to DNCB was expressed least in the dg and gg haplotype pigs.

Heritability estimates were high for response to (T, G)‐A–L and HEWL indicating feasibility of selective breeding for these traits.
Blood genetic marker studies of a sheep‐goat hybrid and its back‐cross offspring
Authors: TUCKER E. M. , DENIS B. , KILGOUR L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Blood samples from a female sheep‐goat hybrid and its back‐cross male offspring were tested for electrophoretic variants of plasma albumin, transferrin and esterase, and of red cell carbonic anhydrase, nucleoside phosphorylase, NADH‐diaphorase, ‘X’‐protein, superoxide dismutase, malic enzyme and haemoglobin. Red cells were also tested for blood group antigens. Both animals showed variants that could not be attributed to either sheep or goat alone, thus confirming previous chromosomal data that the female was a genuine sheep‐goat hybrid.
Genetic relationships between 14 native Spanish breeds of goat
Authors: TUNÓN M. J. , GONZALEZ P. , VALLEJO M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The genetic distances separating 14 Spanish goat breeds are calculated from gene frequency data of 14 genetic blood markers (GSH, Ke, Hb, Dia, Ct, MDH, CA, X, NP, Alp, Am, Cp, Tf and Al).

Working from the matrix of Nei's genetic distances we drew a dendrogram demonstrating a great genetic similarity among populations from Negra Serrana, Zamorana, Guadarrama, Retinta, Blanca Andaluza, Berciana and Pirenaica on one hand; and Canaria, Murciana, Blanca Celtibérica, Verata, Palmera, Malaguena and Granadina on the other.

We discuss the similarities and differences within our classification using gene frequency data of the blood genetic markers studied, and classifications based chiefly on morphological and production data.
Antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes for White Leghorn chickens differing in haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (B)
Authors: DUNNINGTON E. A. , MARTIN A. , BRILES R. W. , BRILES W. E. , GROSS W. B. , SIEGEL P. B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Lines of White Leghorn chickens were developed by selection for high (HA) or low (LA) antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and then backcrossed to provide individuals segregating for haplotypes B13 and B21 of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) within each selected line. Although antibody response to SRBC was consistently higher in background genome HA than LA, there was a significant interaction between background genome and MHC haplotypes. The interaction resulted from higher antibody response in B13/B21 individuals of line HA and in B21/B21 individuals of line LA. Thus, response to SRBC was dependent on particular haplotype combinations present at the MHC as well as the background genome in which they were expressed.
Failure to find an association between ocular squamous cell carcinoma and class I antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility system*
Authors: STEAR M. J. , SPRADBROW P. B. , TIERNEY T. J. , NICHOLAS F. W. , BELLOWS R. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. We tested 53 cattle with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (cancer‐eye) and 53 paired, matched controls for 25 class I antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility system. The most common antigen was W5 which was present in 40% of the animals with cancer‐eye and 36% of the controls. There were no statistically significant differences in BoLA antigen frequency between cattle with and cattle without cancer‐eye.
Biochemical characterization of activation‐associated bovine class I major histocompatibility complex antigens
Authors: BENSAID A. , KAUSHAL A. , MACHUGH N. D. , SHAPIRO S. Z. , TEALE A. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Utilizing a ‘sandwich’ ELISA assay we have been able to demonstrate that mAb W6/32, B1G6 and IL‐A19 are reactive with three different monomorphic determinants on bovine class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Sequential immunoprecipitations performed with the mAb revealed that class I molecules on PBM comprise a single population with respect to reactivity with the mAb in that the β2m‐associated proteins bear all three epitopes. By contrast, TCGF‐driven lymphoblasts and cells transformed by Theileria parva (Tp) additionally express molecules of Mr 45000 bound to β2m which are recognized by mAb B1G6 and IL‐A19 but not by W6/32. These two subclasses of molecules were further distinguished on the basis that, when tunicamycin was added to cultures in the preparation of cells for analysis, mAb W6/32 precipitated class I heavy chains of Mr 39000 while the extra molecules detected only by mAb B1G6 and IL‐A19 were of Mr 37000 and 39000. On thymocytes, the mAb W6/32‐non‐reactive class I molecules are present in low amounts and are expressed by cells in the medulla area, unlike BoT1 (analogous to human CD1) molecules which are expressed by the cortical cells. Our studies also revealed that the supposed β2m‐specific mAb B1G6 does not recognize the β2m‐associated molecules (BoT1) precipitated by mAb TH97A and thus the specificity of mAb B1G6 in cattle is for an epitope on bovine β2m which is strongly influenced by the nature of the heavy chain with which the β2m is associated.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms for growth hormone, prolactin, osteonectin, α crystallin, γ crystallin, fibronectin and 21‐steroid hydroxylase in cattle
Authors: THEILMANN J. L. , SKOW L. C. , BAKER J. F. , WOMACK J. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genomic DNAs from animals representing six breeds of cattle (Angus, Brahman, Hereford, Holstein, Jersey and Texas Longhorn) were screened with cloned gene probes in a search for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Eleven RFLPs were identified using seven different probes: growth hormone, prolactin, osteonectin, α A‐crystallin, γ crystallin, fibronectin and 21‐steroid hydroxylase. The frequencies of the alleles identified by each probe were calculated and compared in a limited sampling of the six bovine breeds. These polymorphisms greatly enhance the pool of immunogenetic, biochemical and molecular markers available in cattle for linkage analysis, testing of parentage, and distinction of breeds.
Genetic variants of phosvitin in egg yolk of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica
Authors: TANABE H. , OGAWA N. , HAYASHI K. , ITO S. , TANABE Y.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Phosvitin polymorphism in egg yolk of the Japanese quail was found by horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Six phenotypes of yolk phosvitin designated A, B, C, AB, AC, and BC were observed in a population of 281 birds. Analysis of family data revealed that the phenotypic variation of quail yolk phosvitins was controlled by an autosomal Pv locus with three codominant alleles, Pva, Pvb and Pvc. The gene frequencies of Pva, Pvb and Pvc were 0.064, 0.824 and 0.112, respectively.
Phenotyping of pig α1B‐glycoprotein (PO2) and haemopexin by 1D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting
Authors: KALÁB P. , STRATIL A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Described is an alternative procedure for the phenotyping of pig α1B‐glycoprotein (PO2) and haemopexin. The procedure is based on the separation of serum samples by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, passive blotting onto a nitrocellulose (NC) sheet, and immunochemical detection using a mixture of a primary antibody (rabbit anti‐pig α1B or anti‐pig haemopexin) and a peroxidase‐labelled secondary antibody. Several NC copies can be obtained from a single gel and these can be developed with different monospecific antisera.
Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of the plasma proteins of alpacas and llamas: genetic polymorphism of α1B‐glycoprotein and three other proteins
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , PENEDO M. C.T. , LARSSON H. E. B. , GAHNE B. , BOWLING A. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Plasma samples of alpacas and llamas were analysed by a simple method of two‐dimensional (2‐D) agarose gel (pH 8.6)‐horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis, followed by general protein staining of gels. Genetic polymorphism in both species is described for α1B‐glycoprotein (α1B) and three other unidentified proteins designated prealbumin (Pr), postalbumin 1 and 2 (Pal and Pa2). α1B was identified by cross‐reactivity with antisera for human and pig α1B. Altogether, two alleles of Pr, two of Pa1, five of α1B and three of Pa2 are described. Most of the alleles were present in alpacas and llamas. Alpacas showed a high degree of polymorphism at all four loci. Llamas showed considerable polymorphism at only the Pa1 and Pa2 loci. The theoretical probability of exclusion (Pe) of an incorrectly assigned parent was estimated to be about 80% in each species by typing for the six polymorphic plasma proteins reported so far in these species. The given method of 2‐D electrophoresis revealed no fixed differences in protein mobilities that discriminate between llamas and alpacas.
Partial nucleotide sequence of a novel bovine major histocompatibility complex class II β‐chain gene, BoLA‐DIB
Authors: STONE R. T. , MUGGLI‐COCKETT N. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A bovine genomic clone that hybridized to HLA‐DQβ cDNA was isolated and fragments containing the β1, β2 and transmembrane (TM) exons subcloned. The nucleotide sequences of the exons and flanking intron regions were determined. Comparisons of these exon nucleotide sequences and derived amino acid sequences to human class II β ‐chain sequences showed that this gene is only 77% identical to HLA‐DQβ and about 75% identical to bovine DQβ ‐like genes. The exon sequences were more divergent from other class II β ‐chain genes. However, structural features such as conserved cysteines and regions of amino acids strongly suggest this to be a class II β ‐chain gene. When exon‐containing fragments were used as hybridization probes on Southern blots of bovine genomic DNA digested with EcoRI or Pvu II, each exon hybridized to a single band. Based on these results we have referred to this gene as a novel bovine class II β ‐chain gene, BoLA‐DIB.
Associations between blood groups, blood protein polymorphisms and breeding values for production traits in Swedish Red and White Dairy bulls
Authors: ANDERSSON‐EKLUND L. , DANELL B. , RENDEL J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The relationships of nine blood group systems and two blood protein polymorphisms with breeding values for several production traits were examined in dairy cattle of the Swedish Red and White (SRB) breed. The material consisted of 2212 bulls; the bulls were performance tested for growth rate and their breeding values for milk yield, fat and protein content in milk were estimated from progeny tests.

The direct effect of marker alleles or marker phenotypes was analysed in a multiple regression model. Several significant associations were found; many supported earlier findings. However, the contribution of the markers to the total variation of the breeding values was very small. Linkage between marker loci and production loci was studied in offspring from heterozygous sires by estimating the interactions between sire and marker alle using a model eliminating the direct effects of sire and marker alle. There were strong indications of linkage between some marker loci (e.g. B, J and Am‐1 loci) and loci with large effects on production traits.
Minisatellite DNA fingerprints of salmonid fishes
Authors: TAGGART J. B. , FERGUSON A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The human minisatellite probes 33‐6 and 33‐15 cross‐hybridized to DNA digests of Atlantic salmon, brown trout and rainbow trout revealing complex multi‐banded patterns. These DNA fingerprints (in excess of 40 resolvable fragments in some cases) were highly polymorphic, individual specific and found to be stable, both somatically and in the germline. Pedigree analysis of an Atlantic salmon family confirmed that the minisatellite fragments showed Mendelian inheritance. With only a single occurrence of linkage and allelism being observed it is likely the minisatellite loci are widely distributed throughout the salmonid genome. The potential applications for both multi‐ and single locus minisatellite probes in salmonid research are discussed.
Chicken A blood groups system antigens: molecular characteristics and lack of expression on lymphocytes*
Authors: FULTON J. E. , BRILES W. E. , LAMONT S. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The molecular structure of two antigens (A2 and A4) of the chicken A blood group system was determined by using an A4‐specific monoclonal antibody (ISTJ‐cA) and several alloantisera specific for chicken A blood group antigens. Molecules immunoprecipitated from erythrocytes were separated on sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) under either reducing or non‐reducing conditions. Molecules of relative molecular weights 53 0 and 54‐5 Kd were identified under reducing conditions for A2 and A4 antigens, respectively, and non‐reduced molecules had a relative molecular weight of 44‐5 Kd for both antigens. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis showed a similar, single, diffuse band near pH 6‐5 for each antigen. The data are consistent with a glycosylated molecule with one or more intrachain disulphide bonds. Allelic differences between A2 and A4 antigens seem to be due to an additional moiety on A4 antigen with a net neutral charge.

Binding to chicken lymphocytes of antibody specific for A antigens was not detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Immunoprecipitations of radiolabelled peripheral blood lymphocyte‐surface molecules using ISU‐cA and A‐specific alloantisera also did not detect A blood group antigens. Thus, chicken A blood group antigens are not indicated to be present on lymphocytes.
Further evidence for a silent allele in the transferrin locus of the horse
Authors: SCHMID D.O. , EK N. , BRAEND M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A silent allele in the transferrin locus (Tf) was observed in a Thoroughbred mare and in five of her offspring from three different matings. Evidence for the silent allele was obtained by quantitative immunodiffusion studies.
DNA polymorphism at the casein loci in sheep
Authors: GREGORIO P. DI , RANDO A. , PIERAGOSTINI E. , MASINA P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. By using seven endonucleases and four bovine cDNA probes specific for αs1‐,αs2‐,ß‐, and K‐casein genes, nine restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been found in the sheep orthologous DNA regions. In contrast to the low level of variation observed at the protein level, these DNA polymorphisms determine a high level of heterozygosity and, therefore, represent useful tools for genetic analyses since they can also be obtained without the need for gene expression. In fact, informative matings suggest that in sheep, as in cattle, the four loci are linked.
Eye lens proteins as genetic markers in anguillids
Authors: JAMIESON A. , TEIXEIRA A. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The identification of breeding stocks of Atlantic eels presents a dilemma which should be solved by genetic analyses. The eye lens crystallins are encoded by a family of genes which differentiate vertebrates. The eye lens tissue from two Atlantic eels, Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata, and a Pacific control, A. japonica, were separated by electrofocusing. The isoelectric points (pI) of 34 lens protein bands were calibrated. The distributions of those proteins in the sampled populations supplement the existing evidence on the genetic diversity of eels and support the original biometrical description of two Atlantic species.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the caprine ß‐globin gene cluster associated with the Hb ß‐globin variants in Norwegian dairy goats
Authors: BERGERSEN O. , BRAEND M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to characterize the ß‐globin cluster in Norwegian dairy goats. In 122 individuals, different RFLP patterns were detected after BglII and PstI digestion and hybridization with a caprineß‐globin probe. The location of the polymorphic BglII and PstI sites were determined. The different RFLPs were in linkage disequilibrium with each other and with the ß‐globin locus as studied at the protein level. A preferential association between certain RFLP haplotypes and ß‐globin variants was observed.

Polymorphic DNA fragments in the e‐globin genes were detected after MspI digestion and hybridization with a caprine e‐probe, and eight different band patterns were observed. Correlation between different MspI haplotypes and the ß‐globin variants was determined.
Differential expression of Iα‐ and IIα‐globin genes in Norwegian dairy goats
Authors: BERGERSEN O. , FOSSE V. M. , NESSE L. L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to determine the ratio between Iα‐and IIα‐globin chains in Norwegian dairy goats. Three different phenotypes, designated normal (N) with Iα‐ to IIα‐globin ratio 3:1, reversed (R) with ratio 1:2 and double‐reversed (RR) with no Iα‐globin, were described. Family studies indicated that the R animals were heterozygous, and the RR animal homozygous, for a haplotype without a functional Iα‐globin product. Southern blot analysis of goat DNAs digested with six different restriction enzymes showed that the different ratios of α chain expression could not be due to a deletion of the Iα‐gene and/or duplication or triplication of the IIα‐globin genes. The homozygous reversed animal with no detectable Iα‐globin had a mild anaemia.
Genetic mapping by single sperm typing
Authors: ARNHEIM N. , LI H. , CUI X.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The polymerase chain reaction makes it possible to analyse DNA sequences in a single cell and has led to a new approach for constructing genetic maps. We describe a procedure called ‘sperm typing’ which can accurately classify individual meiotic products as recombinant or non‐recombinant. This permits the linkage relationships among DNA polymorphisms to be determined without pedigree analysis.
Synteny mapping of human chromosome 8 loci in cattle
Authors: THREADGILL D. W. , WOMACK J. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Four genes having homologous loci on the short arm of human chromosome 8 have been mapped to two different bovine syntenic groups. The gene coding for the tissue‐type plasminogen activator mapped with GSR, a human chromosome 8 marker, of syntenic group U14 while lipoprotein lipase and the medium and light neurofilament polypeptide genes were shown to be syntenic with the human chromosome 9 marker GGTB2 of syntenic group U18.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in bovine major histocompatibility complex class II ß‐chain genes using bovine exon‐containing hybridization probes
Authors: MUGGLI‐COCKETT N. E. , STONE R. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been identified in the bovine MHC class II region using five hybridization probes constructed from two bovine genomic clones. Four probes were constructed from a bovine DRß‐like gene, BoLA‐DRB2. These included a probe containing the complete ß1 exon (R2‐ß1), a probe containing the last 129 base pairs of the ß2 exon (R2‐ß2), a probe containing intron immediately 5′ of the ß2 exon (R2‐5′ß2), and a probe containing the complete transmembrane exon (R2‐TM). A fifth probe was constructed from a novel bovine ß‐chain gene, BoLA‐DIB, and contained the entire TM exon (II‐TM). R2‐ß1 defined very little polymorphism. R2‐ß2 hybridized to several fragments but one or two fragments hybridized much stronger on all Southern blots and it was presumed these corresponded to BoLA‐DRB2 fragments. By using R2‐5′ß2 as a probe, these BoLA‐DRB2 fragments were confirmed: 6.4 and 2.7‐kb Eco Rl alleles, 1.7‐and 1.5‐kb Pvu II alleles, 5.9‐, 5.4‐, 3.7‐and 1.9‐kb Taq I alleles, and a non‐polymorphic 22.5‐kb Bam HI fragment. 11‐TM identified three alleles with Taq I. To investigate the linkage between the RFLP alleles, 166 offspring of five sires were tested. Complete linkage was found for all RFLPs identified with the BoLA‐DRB2 probes. However, the RFLP patterns of 13 calves out of 58 indicated recombination between BoLA‐DRB2 and BoLA‐DIB.
DNA fingerprinting in cattle using oligonucleotide probes
Authors: BUITKAMP J. , ZISCHLER H. , EPPLEN J. T. , GELDERMANN H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Oligonucleotide probes specific for simple tandem repeat sequences produce individual specific DNA fingerpints in man and all animal species tested so far. Here 11 different synthetic probes were hybridized to bovine genomic DNAs which had been digested with the restriction endonucleases Hinfl, Alu I and Hae III. Two of these probes gave DNA fingerprint patterns which were analysed for three German breeds. Different parameters were calculated, such as the average number of bands per individual or the probability of finding identical fingerprints in twounrelated individuals. The number of polymorphic bands varies from 11 to 23 in the different breeds and the probability of finding the same banding pattern in two unrelated individuals ranges from 1.5.10‐7. to 2.4.10‐7. Hence this DNA fingerprinting procedure allows precise identification of individuals. It is also a useful additional method for paternity testing in cattle.
One‐dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting of bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) class I molecules and correlation with class I serology
Authors: VIUFF B. , ØSTERGÅRD H. , AASTED B. , KRISTENSEN B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. One‐dimensional isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting and development of the immunoblots with the monoclonal antibody HC‐10, raised against denatured HLA class I heavy chains, was used to demonstrate biochemical variation in cattle MHC (BoLA) class I molecules. The bands obtained correlated well with BoLA‐A specificities. Two or three bands were identified for the specificities w7, w8, w16, w18, w21, cph43 and cph49, whereas no bands were observed for the specificity w2. Two serologically indistinguishable subtypes of specificity w18 were identified.
Repeat sequences from complex ds DNA viruses can be used as minisatellite probes for DNA fingerprinting
Authors: CRAWFORD A. M. , BUCHANAN F. C. , FRASER K. M. , ROBINSON A. J. , HILL D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In a search for new fingerprinting probes for use with sheep, repeat sequences derived from five poxviruses, an iridovirus and a baculovirus were screened against DNA from sheep pedigrees. Probes constructed from portions of the parapox viruses, orf virus and papular stomatitis virus and the baculovirus from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica, nuclear polyhedrosis virus all gave fingerprint patterns. Probes from three other poxviruses and an iridovirus did not give useful banding patterns.
Inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele
Authors: COTHRAN E. G. , HENNEY P. J. , KING J. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele was examined in 39 parentoffspring combinations. For 26 of the cases the allele inherited by the offspring from the heterozygous parent could be determined. The proportion of individuals that inherited the F3 variant compared to the alternative allele was exactly 1: 1. In five cases the parental phenotype was identical to that of the offspring. For the remaining eight cases the parent was homozygous for the F3 allele and all offspring had the F3 allele. The results were consistent with Mendelian inheritance.
Expansion of the canine A blood group system
Authors: SYMONS M. , BELL K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A detailed study of the canine A blood group system was undertaken, resulting in the expansion of this system into a three‐factor, four‐allelic one with the recognition of an additional subtype, a3. The serological and extensive family data supported the proposed genetic theory of four alleles with dominance with the order being Aal, Aa2, Aa3 and A‐. Gene frequencies of the alleles were determined in various breeds of dogs with frequencies in the general Brisbane population being 0–244 (Aal), 0–042 (Aa2), 0–045 (Aa3) and 0–669 (A‐).
New blood group factors Es, Et and a new allele Ebdgjmt (E16) in the pig E blood group system
Authors: HOJNÝ J. , HRADECKÝ J. , CWIK S. , SCHMID D. O.
Published: July 2010

Summary. By immunizing a miniature sow a monovalent reagent (later designated anti‐Es) was prepared, detecting an alternative antigen to the Ej. Blood group factors Ej and Es thus form the fifth genetically closed E subsystem. Analyses of selected raw sera containing anti‐Ej led to the determination of a further Ej subgroup (designated Et) which is antithetical, mutually excluding with the blood factor Er. New blood factor Et is inherited by alleles Edeghjmnt (=E9) and (=E16). The investigation in pig breeds kept in ĈSFR indicated that allele Edeghjmnt occurs in Black and White Pr̂eŝtice breed (qE9=0–076pL0‐010) while allele Edeghjmnr (=E14) only in miniature pigs (qE9=0–147pL0‐011) and in wild pigs. In an élite herd of Swedish Landrace kept in ĈSFR a new complex allele Ebdgjmt (=E16) was found. Its frequency in the population studied was 0–058pL0‐022.
Marked genetic polymorphism of the swine steroid 21‐hydroxylase gene, and its location between the SLA class I and class II regions
Authors: GEFFROTIN C. , RENARD C. , CHARDON P. , VAIMAN M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the swine 21‐hydroxylase (CYP21) region was conducted on 31 unrelated SLA class I typed pigs, mainly Large Whites, including 15 haplotypes. Ten haplotypes were from SLA genotypic homozygotes and five were from SLA class I phenotypic homozygotes. DNA digestion with Hin dIII, Taq I and PstI, and hybridization to a 4–5‐kb swine CYP21 genomic probe yielded respectively two, four and three RFLP patterns. Six patterns were identified with combined RFLP. In addition, analysis of the CYP21 region in families comprising several SLA recombinants demonstrated that the CYP21 gene lies in the DNA segment between the SLA class I and class II regions. These overall results reinforce our previous conclusion about the existence in the pig of a single 21‐hydroxylase gene. The characterization of at least six CYP21 allelic patterns provides a new tool for studying the associations between the SLA region and zootechnical traits.
Absence of genetic linkage between A1BG, PGD and HPX loci in rabbits
Authors: STRATIL A. , GÁBRIŜOVÁ E. , Ĉ ÍZOVÁ D. , BOBÁK P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Linkage relationships between A1BG, PGD, and HPX loci of rabbits were studied on segregation data in backcross matings. No sign of linkage between the three studied loci was found.
PGD variants in several wild pig populations of East Asia
Authors: KUROSAWA Y. , TANAKA K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. PGD (6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) gene frequencies were reported in wild pigs, Sus scrofa, of three subspecies, i.e. Japanese wild pig, S.s. leucomystax, Ryukyu wild pig, S.s. riukiuanus, and Formosan wild pig, S.s. taivanus. Five phenotypes (A, AB, B, AC' and C') were observed. The C' variant was found only in the S.s. leucomystax, and may be identical to PGD‐C reported by Archibald & McTeir (1988). PGD‐A was a common variant in all the species in the genus Sus including wild pig, Sus scrofa, Javan pig, Sus verrucosus, and Bearded pig, Sus barbatus, and predominated in the whole populations examined except some of those of the S.s. riukiuanus. This suggested that the PGDA appeared before theother two alleles (B and C') during the evolution of the genus Sus.
Production of alloantibodies against bovine B‐lymphocyte antigens
Authors: ARRIENS M. A. , HESFORD F. , RUFF G. , LAZARY S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A series of alloimmunizations were carried out between BoLA class I antigen typed bulls, with the aim of generating class II specific reagents. Of the antisera produced, seven demonstrated exclusively B cell reactivity. Another 19 sera reacted with both T and B cells from some animals and with B cells only in other cases. Suitable buffy coat absorptions removed T cell reactivity from some sera and shortened broader reactivities in certain B cell specific sera. Typing of separated T and B cells from related and unrelated animals permitted clustering of the sera into four groups. These groups behave as allelic specificities.

The class II nature of the recognized structures was strongly indicated by two further pieces of evidence. The presence or absence of particular B cell antigens correlated with reactivity of cells in one‐way mixed lymphocyte cultures. In addition, a number of the B cell specific sera were characterized by immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled lymphocytes. The precipitated products corresponded in molecular weight to α and ß chains of MHC class II dimers, as has been found in this and other species.
Organization and polymorphism of bovine major histocompatibility complex class II genes as revealed by genomic hybridizations with bovine probes
Authors: SIGURDARDÓTTIR S. , MARIANI P. , GROENEN † M.A.M. , VAN J. , POEL DER , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Previous studies on restriction fragment length polymorphism of bovine major histocompatibility complex class II genes have primarily been based on the use of human probes. In the present study bovine probes for DQA, DQB, DRB and DYA were used for RFLP analysis of cattle genomic DNA digested with Pvu II and TaqI. There was an excellent agreement between the RFLP results obtained with homologous and heterologous probes. Although a few ‘new’ restriction fragments were revealed with the bovine probes there was no discrepancy with regard to the classification of allelic types with the two types of probes. The major advantages of using bovine probes were a better hybridization signal and reduced cross‐hybridization between loci. Hybridization experiments with DQA probes for the first domain exon from two different genomic clones revealed the presence of two distinct types of bovine DQA genes. Surprisingly, these probes did not cross‐hybridize at high stringency, indicating that the two genes are quite divergent. Hybridization with a recently described genomic clone for a novel bovine α‐chain gene confirmed that it corresponds to the DYA gene which had previously been identified by cross‐hybridization to a human DQA probe.
DNA fingerprinting in horses using a simple (TG)n probe and its application to population comparisons
Authors: ELLEGREN H. , ANDERSSON L. , JOHANSSON M. , SANDBERG K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A synthetic polynucleotide (TG)n was hybridized to equine DNA digested with HinfI and hypervariable hybridization patterns were obtained. Mendelian inheritance of these DNA fingerprinting patterns was confirmed by pedigree analysis. Estimates of the probabilities of identical band patterns in unrelated individuals of different breeds (Swedish Trotters, North Swedish Trotters, Thoroughbreds and Arabians) were in the range 1 × 10‐4‐7 × 10‐6 The variability derived with the (TG)n, probe in horses was higher than what we obtained with several other commmonly used probes for DNA fingerprinting. Individuals within breeds tended to be more similar to each other with regard to DNA fingerprint pattern than to individuals of other breeds. Moreover, a parsimony analysis made on the basis of the hybridization patterns gave clustering of individuals within breeds. The possibility of using hypervariable probes for the identification of breed‐specific characters is discussed.
Genetic differentiation among natural European populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., from drainages of the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: BLANCO G. , SANCHEZ J. A. , VAZQUEZ E. , RUBIO J. , UTTER F. M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Previously published allelic frequencies at four polymorphic protein coding loci were used as a basis for examining genetic relationships among 19 European populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. ‐ exclusive of Baltic drainages ‐ from the Barents Sea to Spain. The data did not support a model of distinct ancestral (e.g. Boreal and Celtic) origins, but were consistent with all populations descending from a single ancestral group within this region with genetically diverged populations drawn together through limited local migrations.
Analysis of immunoglobulin light chain loci in sheep
Authors: FOLEY R. C. , BEH K. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A sheep kappa cDNA probe was isolated, characterized by sequence analysis and shown to have significant sequence identity to other kappa light chains. This probe and a sheep lambda light chain probe were used to estimate the extent of various sheep immunoglobulin light chain gene loci by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. The results showed that the sheep has a single hybridizing kappa constant gene and three to five kappa V segment bands. Segregation of three polymorphic bands at the lambda C locus indicated that they were products of separate C segments. Restriction fragment pattern variations were obtained using light chain probes on various sheep breeds, but no pattern or individual band was characteristic for a particular breed.
Assignment of the pig apolipoprotein B locus (APOB) to chromosome region 3q24‐qter
Authors: SOLINAS S. , HASLER‐RAPACZ J. , MAEDA N. , RAPACZ J. , FRIES R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The locus for apolipoprotein‐B (APOB) has been chromosomally assigned in swine by in situ hybridization of a genomic probe to metaphase chromosomes. As expected based on the observation of extensive linkage conservation and based on the previous assignment of the malate dehydrogenase locus (MDH1) in swine, APOB maps to chromosome 3, specifically to region 3q24‐qter. Variations at APOB may represent both in humans and in swine risk factors for hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. Evidence presented here that the human and porcine APOB occupy evolutionarily conserved chromosome regions provides a basis for using the pig as an animal model to study the APOB associated atherosclerosis risk.
One‐dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting of equine major histocompatibility complex class I antigens
Authors: SCHUBERTH H.‐J. , ANDERS I. , PAPE U. , LEIBOLD W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The cells of 60 randomly selected Hannoveranian warm‐blooded horses were subjected to one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting with a cross‐reacting monoclonal antibody (Bo 1) recognizing bovine class I antigens. The banding patterns were correlated with the serologically defined specificities of the ELA‐A locus. ELA‐A2 was correlated with four bands, while ELA‐A5, ELA‐W18, ELA‐A6, ELA‐A14 and ELA‐A9 were correlated with a single band each. The complexity of the pattern and additional polymorphic bands which could not be correlated to any of the known ELA specificities may indicate biochemical variants of established serological specificities or still‐undetected allelic products of more than one class I locus expressed at the surface of horse cells. Here we present the first description of the biochemical complex polymorphism of equine MHC class I molecules using one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing. Direct comparison of biochemical and serological polymorphisms revealed potentials and limitations of both techniques which supplement each other. Their combination will improve and enhance the definition of expressed products of different loci in the ELA class I region.