bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chimera: A Massively Parallel Code for Core-collapse Supernova Simulations
Authors: Bruenn Stephen W. , Blondin John M. , Hix W. Raphael , Lentz Eric J. , Messer O. E. Bronson , Mezzacappa Anthony , Endeve Eirik , Harris J. Austin , Marronetti Pedro , Budiardja Reuben D. , Chertkow Merek A. , Lee Ching-Tsai
Published: April 2020

We provide a detailed description of the Chimera code, a code developed to model core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) in multiple spatial dimensions. The CCSN explosion mechanism remains the subject of intense research. Progress to date demonstrates that it involves a complex interplay of neutrino production, transport, and interaction in the stellar core, three-dimensional stellar core fluid dynamics and its associated instabilities, nuclear burning, and the fundamental physics of the neutrino–stellar core weak interactions and the equations of state of all stellar core constituents—particularly, the nuclear equation of state associated with core nucleons, both free and bound in nuclei. Chimera, by incorporating detailed neutrino transport, realistic neutrino–matter interactions, three-dimensional hydrodynamics, realistic nuclear, leptonic, and photonic equations of state, and a nuclear reaction network, along with other refinements, can be used to study the role of neutrino radiation, hydrodynamic instabilities, and a variety of input physics in the explosion mechanism itself. It can also be used to compute observables such as neutrino signatures, gravitational radiation, and the products of nucleosynthesis associated with CCSNe. The code contains modules for neutrino transport, multidimensional compressible hydrodynamics, nuclear reactions, a variety of neutrino interactions, equations of state, and modules to provide data for post-processing observables such as the products of nucleosynthesis, and gravitational radiation. Chimera is an evolving code, being updated periodically with improved input physics and numerical refinements. We detail here the current version of the code, from which future improvements will stem, which can in turn be described as needed in future publications.
Lessons from the ongoing crisis for labour market institutions in Russia
Authors: Denisova Irina A.
Published: April 2020

The paper discusses the role of unemployment insurance system in economic development in general and in the context of the ongoing crisis due to the forced lockdown related to COVID-19. The key elements of employment subsidy programs with reduced working hours or partial unemployment benefits, based on the experience of OECD countries get special attention.
Pharmacotherapy With Attention-Deficit Disorder
Authors: Limandri Barbara J.
Published: April 2020

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder in children and a small proportion retain the disorder into adulthood. The primary feature of ADHD is inattentiveness that contributes to restlessness, and it is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a 2- to 3-year delay in cortical maturation in children. Neurophysiological studies identify functional connectivity changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex. The sympathomimetics that act as dopamine agonists are the mainstay in pharmacological treatment. The current article addresses the definition and manifestations of attention-deficit disorder, comorbidities in children and adults, epidemiology, neurophysiology, and pharmacological treatment strategies. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58
(5), 7–14.]
The construction of national identities
Authors: Almagro Milena , Andrés-Cerezo David
Published: April 2020

This paper explores the dynamics of nation‐building policies and the conditions under which a state can promote a shared national identity on its territory. A forward‐looking central government that internalizes identity dynamics shapes them by choosing the level of state centralization. Homogenization attempts are constrained by political unrest, electoral competition and the intergenerational transmission of identities within the family. We find nation‐building efforts are generally characterized by fast interventions. We show that a zero‐sum conflict over resources pushes long‐run dynamics toward homogeneous steady states and extreme levels of (de)centralization. We also find the ability to foster a common identity is highly dependent on initial conditions, and that country‐specific historical factors can have a lasting impact on the long‐run distribution of identities.
Optimal contracts with a risk‐taking agent
Authors: Barron Daniel , Georgiadis George , Swinkels Jeroen
Published: April 2020

Consider an agent who can costlessly add mean‐preserving noise to his output. To deter such risk‐taking, the principal optimally offers a contract that makes the agent's utility concave in output. If the agent is risk‐neutral and protected by limited liability, this concavity constraint binds and so linear contracts maximize profit. If the agent is risk averse, the concavity constraint might bind for some outputs but not others. We characterize the unique profit‐maximizing contract and show how deterring risk‐taking affects the insurance‐incentive trade‐off. Our logic extends to costly risk‐taking and to dynamic settings where the agent can shift output over time.
IDENTIFYING OCCUPANTS' APPROPRIATE SEATING POSITION AND VIEW DIRECTION IN OFFICE BUILDINGS: A STOCHASTIC SHADE CONTROL BASED MULTIOBJECTIVE VISUAL COMFORT OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Yao Jian
Published: April 2020

Manually operated solar shades have a significant impact on indoor visual comfort. This research investigates occupants' appropriate seating position and view direction in a west-facing office cell using a previously developed shade behavior model. The non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) based Multi-objective optimization was adopted to identify the optimal and near optimal solutions. Daylight and glare index were used as two visual comfort objectives for optimization and robustness of optimization results against shade behavior uncertainty that was analyzed using statistical analysis. Results show that near optimal solutions can be used instead of the optimal one since they provide more flexibility in seating positions while maintaining almost the same visual comfort performance. And thus, the appropriate seating position considering occupants' preference is 1.5m away from the external window with two view directions near parallel to the window for west-facing office rooms.
Napoli A, un voilier abandonné dans le port de Neapolis à la fin du Ier siècle : architecture, fonction, restitution et espace de navigation
Authors: Boetto Giulia , Poveda Pierre
Published: April 2020

Découverte en 2004 à l’occasion des fouilles archéologiques préventives entreprises à Naples pour la construction de la station du métro de Piazza Municipio, l’épave Napoli A a fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée mêlant les analyses architecturale, xylologique, dendrochronologique et radiocarbone, permettant in fine la restitution des structures et des formes d’origine. Au terme de ces analyses, il apparaît que ce petit navire de commerce, construit localement, a subi de nombreuses réparations lors de sa longue existence. Avant d’être abandonné près d’une jetée du port à la fin du ier siècle, ce voilier fut probablement utilisé dans une zone bien définie de la Méditerranée occidentale, à savoir la partie centrale et orientale de la mer Tyrrhénienne.
Le « bateau-boomerang » prédynastique et la barque divine pharaonique
Authors: Basch Lucien
Published: April 2020

Des centaines de gravures rupestres sur les rives du Nil, en Haute-Égypte et en Nubie, représentent de très nombreux bateaux. Ces gravures ne firent l’objet de recherches systématiques qu’au début des années 1930 puis, en prévision de la mise en eau du lac Nasser, les recherches internationales promues par l’UNESCO permirent la documentation systématique de ces gravures promises à une submersion définitive. Ainsi, un grand corpus d’iconographie navale d’époque prédynastique, allant du Ve millénaire jusqu’à la Ire dynastie (vers 3100), fut sauvegardé et rendu disponible aux chercheurs.Dans cet article, c’est le bateau du début du Ve millénaire dit « bateau-boomerang » qui sera analysé et comparé avec d’autres documents iconographiques afin d’en cerner les caractéristiques et en suivre les évolutions postérieures. L’hypothèse d’une identification avec une représentation d’une barque divine sera aussi discutée.
Une nouvelle maquette de restitution hypothétique d’un navire à dolia
Authors: Roman Robert
Published: April 2020

La construction pour le musée d’Hyères d’une maquette échelle 1/10e d’un navire à dolia, nous a permis de proposer des nouvelles hypothèses sur l’agencement à l’intérieur de la cale de ces conteneurs, sur la position du mât, ainsi que sur les formes transversales de la coque. La démarche adoptée et les résultats principaux de ce travail sont présentés dans cette contribution.
Les modèles tridimensionnels de l’épave Dramont E. Hydrostatique et réalité virtuelle au service de la restitution en archéologie navale
Authors: Poveda Pierre
Published: April 2020

L’apparition dans le champ de l’archéologie de nouveaux outils de recherche permet bien souvent de réinterroger de manière originale des vestiges déjà fouillés et parfois même déjà publiés. L’archéologie navale et plus particulièrement l’épave Dramont E ne font pas exception à cette règle. Il s’avère en effet que ce site, pourtant fouillé et étudié de manière remarquable par Claude Santamaria et publié en 1995 dans le 13e numéro d’Archaeonautica, présentait un certain nombre de limites interprétatives que l’on peut désormais pallier en faisant appel aux techniques de restitution informatisées les plus récentes. Ainsi, à travers la production de différents modèles tridimensionnels, des vestiges de la coque restituée ou encore de la cargaison, l’occasion est donnée d’aborder trois problématiques principales qui n’avaient pu être jusqu’alors affrontées que de manière sommaire : forme de la coque, capacité de cargaison et adaptation du navire à sa fonction et à son espace de navigation.
Capo Sagro 2 : une épave romaine à chargement de lingots d’étain à 500 mètres de profondeur
Authors: Cibecchini Franca , Rico Christian , Poveda Pierre
Published: April 2020

L’épave Capo Sagro 2 gît par près de 500 m de fond au large du cap du même nom à quelques miles au nord-est des côtes corses. Découverte de façon fortuite, les différentes plongées robotisées de vérification ont très vite montré le caractère inhabituel du chargement composé en très grande majorité de lingots d’étain.Le relevé photogrammétrique du tumulus a mis en évidence la relative homogénéité de la cargaison qui ne semble pas avoir subi de perturbations notables depuis le naufrage. Malgré l’absence d’une véritable fouille, il a donc été possible de tirer de nombreux renseignements de l’exceptionnel chargement du navire. Les quelques prélèvements d’amphores Oberaden 74 et d’objets appartenant à la dotation de bord ont permis de préciser la datation du naufrage, aux environs de l’époque augustéenne, et de proposer des hypothèses sur le port de départ et sur la route empruntée par le navire. Un prélèvement de la cargaison de lingots, ainsi que l’identification de différents modules, éclairent aussi de façon inédite les routes du commerce de l’étain en Méditerranée à l’époque romaine. Mais c’est avant tout l’importance quantitative de cette cargaison, estimée à environ quarante tonnes, qui est remarquable puisque cela fait de Capo Sagro 2 le plus important témoignage connu d’un chargement de métaux de la période romaine.
L’installation littorale grecque de la Roque d’Odor à Fos-sur-Mer (Bouches-du-Rhône)
Authors: Marty Frédéric
Published: April 2020

L’île de la Roque d’Odor, située sur le littoral de Fos-sur-Mer, a très tôt attiré l’attention des historiens et des archéologues qui ont voulu y voir un des lieux possibles de l’implantation des tours massaliètes destinées à servir de repères aux navigateurs, mentionnées par Strabon. L’existence d’une tour médiévale à cet endroit renforçait les présomptions. L’étude des céramiques recueillies avant la destruction du site, à la fin des années 1960, révèle notamment une occupation grecque dense entre le milieu du ive s. et la fin du iie s. av. J.-C. La confrontation des connaissances géomorphologiques actuelles, des données archéologiques anciennes, du texte de Strabon et des sources médiévales autorise à réviser les interprétations précédentes en proposant pour la première fois une synthèse mettant en lumière l’existence d’une installation littorale grecque intégrée à la chôra de Marseille. Les éléments liés à la navigation côtière dans ce secteur de la Camargue, de l’époque grecque à la fin du Moyen Âge, font ainsi partie intégrante de la réflexion générale relative à la nature du site.
Navires et navigations dans le delta du Rhône à l’époque romaine
Authors: Marlier Sabrina
Published: April 2020

Cet article propose de faire un état de la question sur les types de navires ayant pu fréquenter cet espace de navigation particulier qu’est le delta du Rhône entre le ier s. av. J.-C. et le ive s. ap. J.-C. Cette recherche s’appuie en partie sur les sources littéraires et iconographiques antiques et, principalement, sur les vestiges archéologiques avec la présentation d’un corpus d’épaves important regroupant l’ensemble de la documentation disponible et actuellement publiée sur le sujet. Afin d’apporter un éclairage ponctuel à certaines problématiques abordées dans cet article, les sources écrites et iconographiques des époques médiévales et modernes sont également examinées, à titre de complément et de comparaison. Cet article vise enfin à dégager de nouvelles perspectives de recherche dans le domaine de l’archéologie navale pour la suite des investigations archéologiques dans l’ensemble du delta du Rhône.
The Use of Ribbands in the Recent Shipbuilding Tradition
Authors: Damianidis Kostas
Published: April 2020

An enquiry into the use of ribbands is related to the more general issue of the process of geometric conception of a hull’s forms as a function of different architectural systems. With this in mind we shall attempt a historiographical review of the main research contributions to the study of this question by archaeologists, historians and ethnologists. Thus we shall mention the « frame first », « shell first » and « mixed » construction concepts, as swell as the notion of « active » and « passive » frames. Particular attention is paid to the information provided by the « technical recipe books » of Venetian tradition (Michele da Rodi, Zorzi Trombetta et al.), which refer to a carvel-built, « frame first » architectural principle. Certain aspects are more specifically mentioned, such as the definition of a « dimensional and proportional sketch » of the hull, as an aid to the form conception process, and the complementary geometric figure of the main frame (with X and Y values and tangent arcs). From this, several « transversal » form conception processes based upon the main frame are presented by comparing textual and ethnographic data. In all cases, these « transversal » conception processes are complemented by « longitudinal » conception processes realised on the building berth by construction ribbands. Four types of ribband are principally used: flexible ribbands running along the entire length of the hull which are attached to frames that have been pre-determined by means of the master-mould, rising square and breadth staff method, and which serve to define the non-templated frames; wide and rigid partial ribbands that act as stays to maintain the frames in place temporarily during construction; supple ribbands (sometimes replaced by string) designed to determine the bevel angle on the external side face of frames; and ribbands in the form of battens used to define the size and shape of the planking. As regards the difficulties in interpreting written and archaeological sources, ethnographic data gathered during research in traditional shipyards provide the essential keys.
La construction d’une jonque à Hong Kong en 1947 : l’ultime enquête ethnographique d’Étienne Sigaut en Chine
Authors: Rieth Eric
Published: April 2020

Étienne Sigaut (1887‑1983), courtier maritime à Shanghai, réalisa durant les années 1943‑1947 des enquêtes ethnographiques dans le port de Shanghai. Sa très importante documentation écrite, graphique et photographique, inédite pour l’essentiel, est aujourd’hui conservée au Musée national de la Marine de Paris. C’est l’un des « cahiers manuscrits » de Sigaut qui est le sujet de cet article. L’enquête qu’il a conduite en avril et mai 1947 dans un chantier naval de Hong Kong constitue une source d’intérêt majeur pour la connaissance de la construction des jonques du sud de la Chine et de la région de Hong Kong en particulier. Dans cet article, toutes les phases de la construction sont systématiquement analysées selon une perspective ethno-archéologique distinguant les données révélatrices de la conception et du principe architectural d’une part et celles significatrices de la réalisation et des procédés constructifs d’autre part. Au-delà de son intérêt pour la connaissance de l’histoire de l’architecture navale vernaculaire chinoise, cette enquête ethnographique soulève toute une série de questions d’ordre plus général qui renvoient d’une façon très directe aux problématiques actuelles de l’archéologie navale. Ainsi en est-il, par exemple, du problème du rôle des cloisons transversales comme gabarit ou, plus largement, de la question des influences susceptibles d’entraîner des modifications dans les méthodes, voire dans le principe même de construction. Comment identifier matériellement ces facteurs ? De quelle manière les interpréter ? Un autre aspect mis en lumière, et souvent très difficile à saisir et à traduire dans le cadre d’une recherche archéologique, est celui de la complexité et de la diversité des processus techniques au sein d’une même tradition architecturale. Enfin, c’est aussi un plaidoyer en faveur de l’ethno-archéologie qui apparaît en filigrane de l’article.
Le couple anticipation/décision aux prises avec l’exceptionnel, l’imprévu et l’incertitude
Authors: November Valérie , Azémar Alice , Lecacheux Sophie , Winter Thierry
Published: April 2020

L’anticipation et la prise de décision en situation de crise font l’objet de nombreuses études qui mettent en avant la polysémie de ces notions ainsi que les difficultés régulièrement rencontrés lors de leur mise en œuvre (contexte d’incertitude, format et circulation de l’information, perceptions différentes de la situation entre les acteurs et les échelles géographiques, etc.). À travers deux études de cas situées pendant la crise Irma-José-Maria, l’une observée en CIC, au niveau interministériel, et l’autre vécue par un opérateur de l’État, au niveau territorial, cet article illustre ces obstacles et souligne la fragmentation du couple anticipation/décision dans la pratique des différents niveaux ORSEC. Il apparaît en effet que l’absence d’une vision partagée au sein et entre les cellules de crise sur la nature, l’horizon temporel et le cadre méthodologique de la fonction anticipation ont été autant d’entraves à sa mise en œuvre effective pendant la séquence cyclonique. Cette situation trouve notamment son origine dans la co-existence de cultures ministérielles différentes de l’anticipation. Le temps apparaissant comme un élément structurant et critique d’une démarche anticipative adaptative et partagée, les auteurs plaident pour une compréhension du couple anticipation/prise de décision en termes de continuum, assumant la pluralité des cultures et intégrant l’ensemble des temporalités.
Le réchauffement climatique actuel influence-t-il l’activité des ouragans extrêmes de l’Atlantique Nord (1945-2018) ?
Authors: Hoarau Karl , Pirard Florence , Chalonge Ludovic
Published: April 2020

Cette recherche sur l’Atlantique Nord tente d’établir un lien entre l’activité des ouragans extrêmes (catégories 4 et 5) et le réchauffement climatique sur la période 1945-2018. L’intensité des ouragans de 1945 à 1977, estimée grâce aux reconnaissances aériennes, provient de la base de données Hurdat du National Hurricane Center de Miami. Celle des ouragans de 1978 à 2018 a été estimée avec la technique de Dvorak à partir de l’imagerie satellitaire (début des archives en 1978). Trois indicateurs ont été étudiés : le nombre d’ouragans extrêmes, leur proportion dans l’ensemble des ouragans (catégories 1 à 5) et l’intensité absolue des ouragans par décennie. Sur la période 1945-2018, il n’y a pas de tendance à la hausse du nombre des ouragans extrêmes. La proportion de ces derniers dans l’ensemble des ouragans augmente fortement avec les phases positives de l’Oscillation Multi-décennale Atlantique (AMO), et elle diminue sensiblement avec les phases négatives de l’AMO. La proportion double lors des épisodes La Niña par rapport aux phases El Niño de l’Oscillation Australe du Pacifique. Il n’y a pas eu de hausse de l’intensité absolue des ouragans par décennie. Il est encore difficile de détecter un possible signal du réchauffement climatique sur les ouragans du fait des variations naturelles à différentes échelles temporelles.
A Pragmatic Study of Employee Perception on Service Quality Management Practices in the Banking Sector
Authors: Katta Rama Mohana Rao , Patro Chandra Sekhar , Pinninti Sanyasi Rao
Published: April 2020

Service quality is regarded as an essential success factor for any organization to stand out from its competitors. In the present competitive environment, the banking sector to be successful should not only focus on providing a wide range of product lines but also emphasize the importance of its services, particularly in maintaining service quality. The employees should be contented with the service quality management practices adhered to by the banks. When internal customers perceive higher value, they can provide better quality services to external customers. The study examines employee perception of service quality management practices in public sector banks. The results reveal that there is a significant association between demographic factors and employee perceptions of service quality management practices in public sector banks. The findings may be helpful to infer the niceties of business needs and promote necessary strategies in improving service quality to satisfy employee as well as customer expectations in the banking sector.
E-Governance and Social Inclusion of Entrepreneurship and Businesses
Authors: Tikhomirova Olga
Published: April 2020

This study offers an overview of the current state of conceptual and empirical research at the interface of e-business and entrepreneurship. Researchers and professionals are provided with concepts and current research into the field of e-governance and in fostering e-business concepts in an entrepreneurial environment. The authors investigated e-government initiatives in a modern, technological environment, exploring both benefits and challenges due to various technical, organizational, social, and contextual factors. Interactions between political/state decision makers and entrepreneurs were studied to develop e-business and e-entrepreneurship concepts in a digital economy. As businesses and state institutions use information and digital technologies for development and functioning, there is a need to develop and understand the main criteria of effectiveness of state digital resources and e-governance as a whole. Based on an empirical study, the researchers propose a system of assessing the quality of electronic resources for entrepreneurship.
What Technology is Needed for Future Offshore Development?
Authors: Melchert Elena Subia
Published: April 2020

Prior to 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) upstream oil and gas research program focused primarily on onshore applications. In 2000, the DOE published the Offshore Technology Roadmap for the Ultra-Deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Then, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 required the DOE to expand its research portfolio to include ultra-deepwater research. DOE has continued this offshore research focus to the present, and this paper presents an overview of past accomplishments and results, the DOE's current research portfolio, and outlines the potentially key elements of a technology roadmap for the entire OCS.

Discussion focuses on key research findings from the DOE ultra-deepwater research portfolio of 2007-2013. Then the paper describes the current offshore research portfolio 2014 – 2019. Finally, the paper describes the outcomes and insights from key discussions with industry, academia, research and non-government and government stakeholders that could become a frame for a technology research roadmap for the entire Outer Continental Shelf.

DOE research investments in public-private partnerships with industry, academia, research labs, and others have made an important contribution to the current state-of-the-art in offshore technology---contributions that most people may not realize are tied to previous research investments by DOE. Tracing these contributions, tracking them back to the Offshore Technology Roadmap for the Ultra-Deepwater Gulf of Mexico published in November 2000, and framing a technology research roadmap for the OCS will demonstrate the value of public-private partnerships.

The information in this paper will both inform and inspire new frontiers of research for the OCS. As the USA moves forward with onshore development of unconventional resources, there are features of the DOE onshore research portfolio that may have merit in the OCS. For example, the DOE Field Laboratory program is focused on basin-specific research strategies where new technology can be applied to operating oilfields and evaluated via the scientific method. Then the data captured can potentially become part of further research by the DOE National Laboratories including geophysical, geomechanical, geochemical, and data analytics such as machine learning. This DOE program has been very successful onshore, and perhaps there is a place for a comparable multi-disciplinary, multi-partner approach in the OCS.
First Class Certification on HMPE Fiber Ropes for Permanent Floating Wind Turbine Mooring System
Authors: Bosman Rigo , Zhang Qinghe , Leao Alberto , Godreau Cyril
Published: April 2020

High Modulus Polyethylene (HMPE) fiber ropes have been widely employed in a large variety of marine and onshore load bearing applications, but not yet in permanent offshore mooring systems due to their well-known high creep behavior. The Lankhorst Gama98® HMPE mooring ropes based on low creep Dyneema® DM20 fiber were recently introduced and certified by ABS for the offshore WindFloat Atlantic project's mooring system at a depth of around 100m, which is the first time such HMPE fiber ropes have been used for permanent mooring. Compared with the conventional application of fiber ropes, usually employed as middle segments of mooring lines, the application of HMPE ropes as top segments directly connected with the platform in shallow water creates more challenges from the impact of temperature, UV and marine growth.

For the permanent mooring of WindFloat Atlantic, the HMPE mooring rope was incorporated in the catenary mooring system by Principle Power to transfer the restoring force generated by the bottom chain weight in an efficient and direct manner to the floating platform. This lightweight mooring line enables lower pre-tensions while maintaining the same station keeping performance and excellent fatigue life. This ultimately drives down the pulling capacity requirements for installation of the mooring system and hook-up of the platform. Lessons learned from this application could result in a more efficient approach to HMPE mooring line installation. With such groundbreaking application, the HMPE rope is being demonstrated as a permanent mooring component and its performance assessed in this wind energy project, which may benefit the offshore wind industry. It may also be useful to oil and gas in a permanent use application context.

This paper presents (i) the ABS process details in assessing the proposed HMPE ropes with DM20 low creep fiber for meeting class requirements and WindFloat Atlantic project specific needs, and (ii) address the offshore industry concerns with HMPE ropes such as creep, creep rupture, UV effect, and marine growth.
Integrity Assessment of Mooring Systems Using Position Measurements
Authors: Righetti Riccardo , Troost Nicolaas CH , Aalberts Pieter J. , Hageman Remco
Published: April 2020

Floating Production Systems (FPS) remain on station many years without dry docking. The mooring lines, which ensure station keeping, are designed to last the entire service life of the FPS. However, many mooring line failures or premature replacements have occurred in the past [1]. Most existing mooring line failure alarm systems utilize subsea load cells or inclinometers, which are expensive to maintain or replace and are not sufficiently reliable [2]. Hence, this paper presents a new methodology to assess the mooring integrity by means of position measurements only, which is less expensive and potentially more reliable. This methodology for mooring line integrity assessment was developed as part of the LifeLine Joint Industry Project and focuses on application for a variety of FPSOs with different characteristics. The methodology contains two different approaches for the position data processing. One approach is an event-based method. It attempts to identify failure events by the semi-instantaneous shift in the mean static offset of the floater. The second approach is a status-based method. It assesses the integrity of the mooring lines by keeping track of the unit position in a longer time frame.

In this paper the methodology will be described in general and the validation results will be presented. Validation is done by using simulated blind tests as well as in-service measurements of several FPSOs. The validation results of blind tests and in-service measurements are presented for 3 floaters. It was concluded that all mooring line failures were identified by the LifeLine methodology within the target time of two to twelve days, and in all cases the correct bundle with the broken mooring line was identified. This research is a big first step towards realizing a more reliable, more sustainable and less expensive mooring line failure warning system than the existing state-of-the-art systems. Further validation efforts will be continued in the LifeLine JIP, and a first prototype of the LifeLine system will soon be implemented on an FPSO in the field.
Making the Case for Ultra-Light Combined Cycle ULCC Power Plants in Offshore Oil and Gas Applications
Authors: Hossain Hamed
Published: April 2020

This paper focuses on the use of ultra-light combined cycle (ULCC) power plants in offshore oil and gas applications. The paper will discuss the advantages ULCC plants can provide when compared to gas turbines (GTs) operating in simple/open cycle configurations, which have traditionally dominated the offshore market.

The majority of floating, storage, production, and offloading (FPSO) vessels and fixed offshore platforms in operation today utilize gas turbines in simple cycle configuration. Thermal efficiency of these plants typically ranges from 30 - 45%. Combined cycle plants offer much higher efficiencies, however, their use in offshore oil and gas applications has been limited mainly due to weight and space constraints. In recent years, Siemens has made numerous design enhancements which have reduced weight and footprint of combined cycle designs by up to 50%. ULCC is now a concept based on proven technologies that can deliver substantial reductions in CO2 emissions, helping offshore operators meet increasingly strict environmental regulations.

When compared to two open cycle GTs, ULCC canreduceCO2 emissions by 80,000-110,000 t/annum. In some offshore regions, this equates more than $5 million in annual savings from carbon taxes and licenses. This excludes savings that can be captured from reduced fuel consumption, especially when the GT is run in feedstock. The entire ULCC package can be provided as a pre-installed module (i.e., plug and play) and is applicable to both new builds and brownfields. The concept has been designed for ease of installation and been optimized to solve typical offshore challenges, with a focus on constructability, maintainability, motions, footprint and weight.
Use of Digital Methods to Improve Standardization of Procurement Specifications
Authors: Keen Phil , Machin Philip
Published: April 2020

Joint Industry Program 33 (JIP33) has been established through the International Oil & Gas Producers Association (IOGP) with the backing of the World Economic Forum (WEF) to drive industry level standardization for the procurement of equipment and packages. Phases 1 and 2 which ran from 2016 through to 2018 have together delivered 14 specifications which are now being adopted and implemented by Operating Companies. These phases demonstrated the feasibility of cross-company collaboration to deliver common technical requirements in specifications. The technical specifications and associated information and quality requirements and standardised purchaser datasheets were all produced in document form only. Work processes to develop these deliverables also followed a traditional document-based approach, involving collaboration with up to 10 Operating Companies on a global basis.

To generate the full range of JIP33 specifications needed for oil and gas procurement activity JIP33 will now seek to enhance the capacity, efficiency and auditability of specification development through digitalisation of the specification development and maintenance process through the use of Requirements Management tools, supporting both digital and document-based outputs.

JIP33 is currently developing 35-40 supplementary specifications as supplements to established international standards using a digitalised process. This involves collaboration between 12 participating Operating Companies on a global basis. The Oil and Gas industry is spending significant sums on digitization and digitalization of workflows, services and interfaces. This paper presents the approach to implementing a digitalised method to specification development, how this benefits industry level collaboration and the efficiency gains compared to traditional document-based approaches. It also considers the challenges and cultural changes needed in the industry to fully capture the benefits from digitalised requirements management and future opportunities to extend and imbed this into project procurement work processes.
Subsea All Electric – A Game Changing Technology Going Forward
Authors: MacKenzie Rory , Halvorsen Glenn-Roar , Vedeld Henrik
Published: April 2020

Equinor & Total are developing an All-Electric Subsea (AES) to replace existing electrohydraulic systems for a standardized water depth independent VXT system. This system will fit the "Subsea Factory" development by Equinor where electric actuation of chokes, manifold and process valves already are implemented.

Several development programs are underway with SPS contractors and technology frontrunners in the industry of subsea electrification. This in order to meet the need for new flexible and cost-efficient subsea production system (SPS) with increased safety level and enhanced condition monitoring facilities.

Method/Procedure/Process

The strategy for the AES initiate is develop SPS vendors in order to establish cost effective solutions and standardisation of products and interfaces.

Develop a joint operator specification targeted for international use.

The AES development program incorporates a system approach covering topside, SPS, downhole applications etc. The intention is to ensure that the advantages with an all-electric approach is utilised for all aspects, i.e. with respect to cost, project execution, operational flexibility, standardization.

Results / Conclusions

This paper will present the current status of the AES development covering:
Development of Requirements for Safer Operations of FLNG Units
Authors: Guttulsrød Tor-Ivar
Published: April 2020

Floating Liquefaction Natural Gas units, or FLNGs, have matured as a technology in recent years with Petronas, Golar, Shell and Exmar units coming on-line. Additional units from Petronas and ENI are under construction.

The challenge with integrating elements of onshore LNG production plants, LNG shipping and offshore floating production and offloading (FPSOs), into one floater with limited space and load bearing capacity, was significant, necessitating the development of design guidelines.

The traditional approach to mitigating the impact of fire and explosion risk in an onshore LNG plant is to use physical separation between the various elements of the plant. In addition to potentially reducing fire ignition and escalation potential, this can facilitate personnel egress and allow for additional leak containment to be incorporated.

With production, liquefaction and storage integrated in one unit, there is very limited opportunities for using space segregation as a safety measure within the unit. Also, when the cryogenic fluids offload to an LNGC in a side by side configuration with the FLNG there is also no opportunity to segregate the loading carrier from either LNG storage, production or liquefaction.

With this background, regulatory regimes and class societies have leaned heavily on the guides and rules for FPSOs and integrated significant elements from LNG shipping, particularly when it comes to LNG cargo containment and offloading.

Every potential FLNG location with corresponding metocean and meteorological data as well as fluid flows and compositions will be different, so it is very difficult to create prescriptive rules for separation distances etc. As a result, it is typical to quantify and mitigate risk through analysis and studies and use the ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical) principle when reviewing risk mitigation efforts.

This paper will show how the different standards and rule sets are brought together as a comprehensive regulatory approach. Standards and class rules are utilized to bring together an approach that results in a design and construction that satisfies the needs of flag, class, coastal state and owner. To this date floating LNG facilities have been able to safely carry out commissioning and start up and produce and deliver cargos without major incidents. The track record to date also highlights how the technology can be used in harsher climates and seas and hence can unlock more gas reserves.
Concrete Breakwater for the Greater Tortue Ahmeyim Project for BP in Mauritania and Senegal
Authors: Replumaz Alexis , Julien Yann , Bellengier Damien
Published: April 2020

During summer 2017, EIFFAGE GENIE CIVIL MARINE was invited by BP to bid for the construction of a concrete caisson breakwater protecting an offshore LNG liquefaction floating terminal which will be located 10 km west from Saint Louis, at 33 m water depth on the Mauritanian / Senegalese maritime border.

The basic design as originally proposed by BP was composed of 18 rectangular concrete caissons laying on an underwater rumble-mound foundation. Dimensions of the concrete boxes were approximatively 63,5 meters long, 32 meters wide and 30 meters high, on a design consisting of multi rectangular cells (128 units/caisson)

EIFFAGE GENIE CIVIL MARINE answered to the ITB by proposing under an EPC basis an alternate caisson shape optimizing drastically the concrete quantities.

Alternate caisson dimensions were 54,5 m long, 28 m width, 35m height including a 4 m high crest wall at the top against extreme waves overtopping. The geometry of the caisson has been changed to a 10 lobes caisson. The weight of each caisson is around 16 000 tons.

As a result of the subsequent FEED studies performed from April 2018 to February 2019, including 3D model testing in basin, Eiffage was able to reduce the amount of concrete required by 40 % compared to the first design, leading to both financial as well as environmental benefits.

Execution plan involving Mauritania and Senegal

This infrastructure offers key local content components for this gas field development in each country, something Eiffage had key experience with thanks to an historical presence in the the region : Eiffage started its activities in Senegal more than 100 years ago.

The original execution plan as proposed by Eiffage for the EPC phase signed in February 2019 was to build the 21 concrete caissons in Dakar-Senegal. A dedicated yard of 12 hectares has been reclaimed besides the actual port of Dakar providing a safe direct access to the sea and the required water depth for the caissons towing.

As a result, at peak more than 600 jobs will be created in Senegal, with the reclaimed land for the fabrication yard left as a legacy for the port area.

The underwater rubble mound requires 2 million tons of quarry material. EIFFAGE’s proposal was to produce, transport and load from Mauritania those materials. A specific logistics scheme between the quarry and vessels loading point has been developed including a bypass road around Nouakchott. The transport of the quarry materials requires the mobilization of many trucks. A special safety mitigation plan including dedicated training is being implemented in order to reduce identified risks linked to road transportation.
Digitalization of Mooring Inspection Records – Appomattox Case Study
Authors: Aragh Sina H , Liagre Pierre F , Wibner Chris G
Published: April 2020

Quality inspection costs may vary depending on criticality and complexity of the components being manufactured. As a crude estimate, asset owners, operators, or EPC contractors may spend up to 5% of the cost of their components on inspection oversight. Manufacturing data are usually captured in a document referred to as Manufacturing Record Book (MRB) which is at best an enormous collection of scanned records. A digital framework was developed for Appomattox mooring components in form of a database with logical links among relevant records. This database is fully searchable to the finest level and guarantees traceability from the final product to its sub-components and all the way back to raw material manufacturing. This database is custom-made and is comprised of several bases which follow through natural manufacturing process for the specific product. Logical links are made for each accessory at different stages using its unique designated identification (ID). As such database is generated on the go as the component is processed, it gives manufacturer and end customer a strong Quality Control tool as well as an integrity management platform. Appomattox mooring inspection records were used as a case study to showcase robustness and flexibility of the developed database. Reference is made to [1] for general lessons learned from Appomattox mooring delivery.
Dropped Object Incident Reduction Utilizing a Robust Verification Program
Authors: Marsden Arnold Riley
Published: April 2020

Dropped objects are commonly one of the largest contributors to high-potential near misses and injuries in projects and other aspects of the Oil and Gas business. The objective of this paper is to describe an innovative and powerful technique used on the Appomattox Project at multiple work sites to greatly reduce the number of high-potential dropped object incidents.

Despite extensive preparations to manage the risk of dropped objects, the Appomattox Project experienced a flurry of such dropped object incidents at one of its fabrication sites in 2017. The Project responded by launching a robust verification program leading to a six-fold reduction in the frequency of such events. Subsequently, the Appomattox Project applied the program to all its other significant work scopes with an ambitious goal of reducing high-potential dropped objects by 75% or more. The two critical aspects of the program were the collection of quality leading indicator information at the front line and timely and relevant action by site leaders based on that information.

Through unwavering leadership support, partnership with its contractors, and attention to detail at the front line, the Appomattox Project beat their goal and completed the final 15 months of the Project with zero high-potential dropped object incidents outside of controlled, exclusion zones. The Project team actively shared its learnings with other projects in the company, contributing to a 22% reduction of such incidents in its global portfolio from 2017 to 2018.

While many types of assurance and verification programs exist, this rigorous application to dropped object incident reduction was a novel and valuable addition to an already strong Project HSSE management system and yielded exceptional and immediate benefits.
Development and Implementation of Heavy Wall High Strength Sour Service Accessory and Risers for HPHT Application in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Landier Carine , Oliveira Jonathas , Gomes Christelle , Parezanovic Ivana , Tricarico Mike , Cole Stuart
Published: April 2020

Oil and gas development needs in the Gulf of Mexico have continued to push into High Temperature and High Pressure (HPHT) applications. Along with the HPHT requirements, the need for sour service resistance has also grown. To meet these needs, large OD and heavy wall pipe with sour service capability have been specified. To answer this need Vallourec has pushed limits of wall thickness with sour service properties far beyond the standard. This was done for both heavy wall accessories as well as for riser application. Outer diameters ranged from 13 inches to over 23 inches, with wall thicknesses of 2.5 inches.

These sizes are common in lower strength material, but to meet the high-pressure requirements, Vallourec was able to provide up to 125ksi specified minimum yield strength grade material. Higher grade material allowed supported cost savings and select elimination of some Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA) components. It also allowed much lighter weight pipe as compared to 80ksi specified minimum yield strength material that is standard for sour service applications in oversize OD and heavy wall.

To develop such heavy wall pipes with sour service resistance, the heat treatment process has been the most critical step. Quenching the material to reach this level of performance requires the heat-treatment lines to be designed with state-of-the-art and robust heat-treatment equipment.

This paper will discuss the material properties achieved on several of the large diameter, heavy wall, sour service pipes.