bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of larval foam-making and prolonged terrestriality on morphology, nitrogen excretion and development to metamorphosis in a Leptodactylid frog
Authors: Méndez-Narváez Javier , Warkentin Karen M.
Published: February 2025

At ontogenetic transitions, animals often exhibit plastic variation in development, behavior and physiology in response to environmental conditions. Most terrestrial-breeding frogs have aquatic larval periods. Some species can extend their initial terrestrial period, as either a plastic embryonic response to balance trade-offs across environments or an enforced wait for rain that allows larvae to access aquatic habitats. Terrestrial larvae of the foam-nesting frog, Leptodactylus fragilis, can arrest development, make their own nest foam to prevent dehydration, and synthesize urea to avoid ammonia toxicity. These plastic responses enable survival during unpredictably long periods in underground nest chambers, waiting for floods to enable exit and continued development in water. However, such physiological and behavioral responses may have immediate and long-term carry-over effects across subsequent ecological and developmental transitions. We examined effects of prolonged terrestriality and larval foam-making activity on larval physiology, development, and metamorphosis in L. fragilis. We tested for changes in foam-making ability by measuring the nests larvae produced following complete removal of parental foam at different ages. We measured ammonia and urea levels in larval foam nests to assess nitrogen excretion patterns, testing for effects of larval age, soil hydration around parental nests, and repeated nest construction. We also assessed immediate and long-term effects of larval foam-making and prolonged terrestriality on larval morphology at water entry and development to metamorphosis. We found that larvae arrested development during prolonged time on land and even young larvae were able to effectively produce multiple foam nests. We found high ammonia concentrations in larval nests, very high urea excretion by developmentally arrested older larvae, and faster growth of larvae in water than while constructing nests. Nonetheless, sibling larvae had a similar aquatic larval period and size at metamorphosis, regardless of their nest-making activity and timing of water entry. Sibship size increased the size of larval foam nests, but reduced per-capita foam production and increased size at metamorphosis, suggesting maternal effects in cooperative groups. Metamorph size also decreased with aquatic larval period. Our results highlight the extent of larval ability to maintain and construct a suitable developmental environment and excrete N-waste as urea, which are both crucial for survival during enforced extensions of terrestriality. Our results suggest that the energetic reserves in large eggs are sufficient to meet metabolic costs of urea synthesis and foam production during developmental arrest over an extended period on land, with no apparent carry-over effects on fitness-relevant traits at metamorphosis.
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography in Identifying both Typical and Unusual Variations of Intrahepatic Bile Ducts: A Pictorial Review
Authors: Gupta Sanyukta , Mishra Vineet , Joshi Swati Purohit , Sukhani Paresh Kumar , Chowdhary Jai , Arya Yashveer
Published: February 2025

Understanding the internal and external liver anatomy is crucial for planning procedures such as liver transplantation, resection, laparoscopic surgeries, complex biliary reconstruction and radiological interventions in the biliary tree. This pictorial review aims to provide a comprehensive visual portrayal of both common and uncommon patterns of biliary tree anatomy in Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), along with a review of the literature describing the prevalence. The most typical pattern of Right Hepatic Duct (RHD) branching was found in approximately 50-70% of cases, whereas the most common variant involved the Right Posterior Sectoral Duct (RPSD) opening into the Left Hepatic Duct (LHD), followed by a trifurcation pattern. On the left side, in approximately three quarters of cases, the common trunk of the segment II and III ducts joined the segment IV duct, representing the most frequent LHD branching pattern. Cystic duct variations were observed, with the right lateral insertion being the most common in this review. Many complex cases of aberrant and accessory bile ducts were also noted. MRCP serves as a non invasive imaging method to visualise biliary duct morphology, reducing the risk of iatrogenic injuries during hepatobiliary procedures and surgery.
A Case Report on Paramedian Forehead Flap: A Treatment Approach for Basal Cell Carcinoma of Nose
Authors: Chaudhari Tanmay , Dashora Ruchir , Shinde Vinod , Ingale Mayur
Published: February 2025

Non melanoma Skin Cancers affect only about 1-2% of Indians, but they account for more than one-third of skin cancers in the white population. A total of 75% of all non melanoma skin cancers are Basal Cell Carcinomas (BCCs), the most prevalent type of skin cancer globally. Risk factors include middle or old age, fair skin (Fitzpatrick skin type I or II), immunosuppression and Ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While it can be extremely disfiguring, it is rarely fatal. Currently, the cornerstones of BCC treatment are tumour excision, Electrodesiccation and Curettage (EDC), cryosurgery, and Mohs micrographic surgery. The paramedian forehead flap is a local cutaneous flap that can be used for nasal reconstruction. Hereby, authors report a case of an 82-year-old male patient who presented with the classical findings of an ulcer on the dorsum of the nose, which was diagnosed as BCC based on typical clinical features and histopathological examination. The patient underwent surgical resection of the lesion with paramedian forehead flap reconstruction. The paramedian forehead flap is an extremely effective tool for nasal reconstruction. Using paramedian forehead flaps, it is possible to achieve stunning functional and aesthetic outcomes in cases of BCC of the nose with considerable technical expertise and knowledge.
Resolving Learners Differences in the Learning of Mathematics
Authors: Pokhrel Maheshwor , Jha Narendra Narayan , Poudel Madhav Prasad
Published: February 2025

Mathematics is essential for higher studies especially in the field of science and technology. It is applicable for all disciplines. Through various data collected in different schools, it is seen that students are indifferent in learning mathematic. Considering this fact, my study is based on survey research design with positivism philosophy. The main objective of this paper is to identify the factors that create indifference towards learning Mathematics and also to resolve it. The data is collected from 50 students and 20 teachers from ten different schools of Kaski district. Questionnaire was used for the research participants to achieve the research objective. After the analysis and interpretation of the obtained data, we were able to identify the cause of indifference towards learning Mathematics.  Likert scale was applied to analyze the data obtained. Mean weight was used to locate the central position of the response to the statement of the students and the teachers as a whole in the rating skill. The questioner consists of 37 statements related to foundation of Mathematics education. Overall 32 statements assisted to overcome the indifference in learning Mathematics. If the calculated mean weightage is equal to or greater than two, it is assumed that the statement indicates the problems for the indifference toward learning mathematic. The ways to overcome the indifference were related to foundation of Mathematics education.
Assessment and Mapping of Soil Nutrient Status Using GPS and GIS Techniques for Sustainable Agriculture in Barpeta District, Assam, India
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Reza S. K. , Padua Shelton , Das Bachaspati , Barpatra Dimpi , Jena R. K. , Ray P. , Mourya K. K. , Hota Surabhi , Ray S. K. , Baruah U.
Published: February 2025

In Barpeta District of Assam, agricultural is a major livelihood activity. The region faces annual challenges from floods and erosion, depleting soil nutrients. Additionally, the mono-cropping system of rice further degrades the land. Assessing macro and micro nutrients and mapping the soil nutrient status help develop targeted strategies to replenish nutrient levels, improve farming techniques, and enhance the productivity and resilience of agriculture in Barpeta District. To address these issues and highlight the importance of soil nutrients for sustainable agriculture, soil fertility status maps were prepared using GPS and GIS techniques. For this study, 1,293 georeferenced soil samples were collected at 1 km intervals from 718 villages, covering 11 community development blocks and 9 revenue circles. These samples were analyzed for 9 (pH, OC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) chemical parameters, and the data, along with GPS readings, were used to create soil fertility maps using GIS. The results revealed that a significant portion of the district was acidic (53.0% of TGA), with 13.0% of the area being slightly to moderately alkaline. Organic carbon (OC) levels were recorded as low, medium, and high in 7.6%, 24.1%, and 42.9% of the area, respectively. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were found to be medium in most areas, while potassium (K) was largely low. Zinc (Zn) was predominantly deficient (47.2% of TGA), while iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were sufficient. Overall, the major nutrient constraints in Barpeta District are soil acidity, available potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). The assessed soil nutrient status can be a valuable tool for local farmers to plan their crops and for agricultural planners to develop large-scale crop improvement strategies and recommend site-specific nutrient management practices. In the future, GIS and GPS-based nutrient management will help monitor soil nutrient status, maintain soil health, and ensure sustainable agricultural production. Also, it will assist in providing soil test crop response-based nutrient recommendations and applying corresponding micronutrients to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity.
Investigation of factors related to treatment planning of x‐ray SBRT and scanning carbon‐ion radiation therapy for early‐stage lung cancer patients
Authors: Miyasaka Yuya , Lee Sung Hyun , Souda Hikaru , Chai Hongbo , Ishizawa Miyu , Ono Takuya , Ono Takashi , Sato Hiraku , Iwai Takeo
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to compare the treatment plans of x‐ray SBRT and scanning carbon ion radiation therapy (CIRT) for localized lung tumors, and to evaluate the dose dependence of tumor size tumor‐to‐heart distance. For phantom verification, we used a chest phantom with a spherical simulated tumor. Treatment plans for 3‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and CIRT were created. GTVs were created in sizes ranging from 0.5 to 5 cm in diameter, and the dependence of the lung dose on GTV diameter was evaluated for each treatment plan. For patient validation, 30 cases of localized lung tumors were analyzed. 3D‐CRT, VMAT, and CIRT treatment plans were developed, and DVH parameters were evaluated for each GTV size and GTV‐to‐heart distance. In both phantom and patient validations, the OAR doses were the lowest for CIRT. The lung dose increased with increasing GTV diameter for all three treatment plans. CIRT had the smallest ratio of lung dose increase to GTV diameter increase among the three treatment plans. Heart dose in CIRT was independent of GTV size and GTV‐to‐heart distance Conclusions: The results of the present study suggested that the use of scanning CIRT can reduce the OAR dose while guaranteeing the tumor dose compared to x‐ray SBRT. In addition, it was suggested that CIRT can treat patients with large GTV sizes while maintaining low lung and heart dose.
High‐Fidelity Directed Self‐Assembly Using Higher‐χ Polystyrene‐Block‐Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Derivatives for Dislocation‐Free Sub‐10 nm Features
Authors: Maekawa Shinsuke , Verstraete Lander , Suh Hyo Seon , Seshimo Takehiro , Dazai Takahiro , Sato Kazufumi , Hatakeyama‐Sato Kan , Nabae Yuta , Hayakawa Teruaki
Published: February 2025

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography currently enables the creation of ultrafine patterns. However, as miniaturization progresses, stochastic defects become a significant challenge. Directed self‐assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) has gained attention for pattern rectification to improve the quality of EUV patterns or for density multiplication to obtain sub‐10 nm features. DSA is one of the most promising miniaturization processes because it does not cause stochastic defects. However, dislocation defects are an important issue in density multiplication using strongly segregating BCP. This study demonstrates the use of DSA on 300 mm silicon wafers with higher‐Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter (χ) polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) derivatives for sub‐10 nm features. These higher‐χ polymers, synthesized from polystyrene‐block‐[poly(glycidyl methacrylate)‐random‐poly(methyl methacrylate)] (PS‐b‐PGM) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanethiol (PS‐b‐PGFM), show excellent reproducibility of perpendicular lamellae. Line patterns with a sub‐10 nm half‐pitch are successfully formed by DSA on 300 mm wafers. Line patterns without parallel‐oriented structures or dislocations can be achieved by optimizing the chemical guides and annealing conditions. A polymer with a higher χN value exhibits improved roughness in the resulting line patterns.
An Injection‐Molded Modified Silicone Rubber for Cancer‐on‐Chip Applications
Authors: Haspels Ben J. , Bakker Frederikus , Beckers Lucas J. A. M. , Kanaar Roland , Kriege Koen C. , Valster Susanne M. , Vulders Roland C. M. , Kuijten Maayke M. P.
Published: February 2025

For drug screening and personalized medicine approaches, cancer‐on‐chip (CoC) models are valuable as these systems enable precise control of cellular and tissue architecture and can be equipped with micro‐sensors for real‐time monitoring of physiological responses to drugs. Accurate design of the microfluidic device is important to allow recapitulation of key factors of a tumor and its microenvironment. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used as material for microfluidics due to its favorable characteristics including low cost, suitability for rapid prototyping, optical transparency, and biocompatibility. However, the hydrophobic nature of PDMS complicates its use in microfluidic devices. Here, the characterization and application of an injection‐molded functionalized PDMS fluidic insert for the commercially available Micronit system are described. The injection‐molded PDMS has been modified with carboxyl groups to accommodate cell culture on its surface and to covalently bind proteins for long‐lasting coating of the PDMS surface required for flow‐conditions. Modification of PDMS does not change its favorable properties such as its high optical transparency and absence of auto‐fluorescence. The modified PDMS fluidic inserts are suitable for building relevant cancer models on chip and do not show absorption of small molecules such as doxorubicin, allowing their use for drug screening and personalized medicine approaches on chip.
High‐Performance n‐Type OFETs Enabled by Pyridine‐Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrrole Organic Semiconductor and Elastomer Stretchable Blends
Authors: Kothandaraman Rajesh , He Waner , Kranthiraja Kakaraparthi , Manzhos Sergei , McNeill Christopher R. , Li Yong , Xu Yanan , Fairfull‐Smith Kathryn E. , Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Sonar Prashant
Published: February 2025

The contemporary research on developing n‐type organic semiconducting materials (OSMs) has great significance for stretchable organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Two n‐type OSMs (DPPPy‐C10‐TN and DPPPy‐C‐Si‐TN) based on alkyl/siloxane‐substituted pyridine flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPPPy) end capped with thienyl naphthalimide (TN) are reported. Although DPPPy‐C10‐TN and DPPPy‐C‐Si‐TN show similar optical and electrochemical properties, they show a significant variation in their morphological and crystalline properties in pristine form or within an elastic polymer (polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐ran‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene; SEBS) matrix, which further reflects on their electrical properties. Interestingly, bottom‐gate top‐contact OFETs of as‐cast pristine DPPPy‐C10‐TN show a higher electron mobility (µe = 0.103 cm2 V−1 s−1) than DPPPy‐C‐Si‐TN (µe = 0.0145 cm2 V−1 s−1), underscoring the influence of alkyl substitution on charge transport efficiency. By contrast, stretchable DPPPy‐C‐Si‐TN:SEBS blend shows a significantly higher electron mobility (µe = 0.322 cm2 V−1 s−1) in comparison to the DPPPy‐C10‐TN:SEBS blend (µe = 0.00196 cm2 V−1 s−1). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first successful report about a high µe value reported for a DPPPy‐based n‐type small molecule stretchable OSM blend in OFETs and provides new insights into the design and processing principles of small molecule based OSMs for flexible electronics.
Wideband Absorber With an Electrically Tunable Absorption Window and Its Application in Corner Reflector
Authors: Yang Jiaheng , Pang Yongqiang , Qu Bingyue , Wang Jiafu , Li Yongfeng , Meng Yueyu , Sui Sai , Zheng Huaibin , Xu Zhuo
Published: February 2025

The combination of tunable and static absorption at different frequency bands is urgently desired for radar stealth technology yet still remains a challenge. This study proposes a novel strategy of establishing a tunable absorption window in a wideband absorber. A structural prototype is designed with a tunable layer, a resistive layer, and a reflection backplane. By applying biasing voltage to the tunable layer, the absorption of the absorber can be dynamically controlled at 2–6 GHz. After the integration of the resistive layer, the absorption consistently stabilizes at 6–18 GHz. The measured reflection spectra of three planar specimens align well with the simulated results. A trihedral corner reflector is assembled by the planar specimens. The measured results demonstrate that the monostatic radar cross section (RCS) of the corner reflector can be dynamically controlled within specific angular domains at 2–6 GHz while remaining low at 6–18 GHz. The finding holds a feasible scheme in practical application scenarios, capable of implementing radar jamming operations through dynamical RCS responses while possessing low out‐of‐band RCS properties to reduce the risk of radar detection. It is therefore believed that the strategy holds significant promise for applications in radar stealth technology.
Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity as Light Absorber for Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Wang Yuxing , Jiang Meihuizi , Haque Saif A. , Rochat Sebastien
Published: February 2025

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) hold the promise to make solar electricity more affordable by reducing the need for expensive photovoltaic cells and enabling less conventional forms of photovoltaics such as solar windows or roofs, and other architectural elements. Here the use of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1) is demonstrated as an efficient light absorber in an LSC, combined with a red‐emitting dye. The prepared prototype LSC displays good internal efficiency (25.3%) and external efficiency (12.6%), and performance metrics that show promise for the use of polymers of intrinsic microporosity as light harvesters. This work significantly broadens the potential applications of PIMs beyond their more traditional functions in molecular separations and other adsorption‐based processes.
Dispersion of Ultrafast Nonlinear Shift Current in SnTe Revealed by Photon‐Energy‐Dependent Terahertz Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Zeyun , Wang Fan , Xu Guorong , Cao Xueqin , Xi Yayan , Huang Yuanyuan , Xu Xinlong
Published: February 2025

The dispersion characteristics of nonlinear photocurrent response such as shift current, providing crucial information for understanding the nonlinear optoelectronic properties of semiconductors, yet remains relatively unexplored in a broadband region with non‐contact and sensitive experiments. Herein, terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy is utilized as a wireless and all‐optical method to reveal the photon‐energy‐dependent ultrafast shift current in tin telluride（SnTe ）. The shift current is induced by the bulk photovoltaic effect and further identified by the pump‐fluence dependence and light‐polarization dependence of THz radiation. Interestingly, the shift‐current‐dominated THz radiation is enhanced near the bandgap (Eg) and 2Eg excitation due to the resonance in SnTe, and the dispersion of shift current conductivity tensor is unveiled in the energy ranges of 0.5–0.9 eV and 1.2–1.8 eV. This dispersion feature can be well described by the nonlinear anharmonic oscillator model with the high density of states at the resonant positions. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the dispersion of shift current in experiments and further apply to the development of shift‐current based novel THz devices and photovoltaic devices.
High‐Sensitivity Ratiometric Temperature Sensing and Information Encryption Based on Upconversion Emissions from Lanthanide Ions Doped BaTiO3 Phosphor
Authors: Zhang Wenbin , Wang Jiawen , Wang Le , Wan Jun , Bai Gongxun , Xu Shiqing , Chen Liang
Published: February 2025

Upconversion emissions from lanthanide ions have unparalleled advantages in the field of temperature sensing and information encryption. Despite extensive research on temperature sensing probes, developing highly sensitive temperature measurement applications still poses a significant challenge. This study utilizes lanthanide ions doped BaTiO₃ as the foundational material to develop a fiber optic probe with enhanced temperature sensitivity. The optical temperature‐sensing capabilities are assessed based on the intensity ratio of various energy levels in BaTiO₃: Yb/Tm/Er phosphors. Notably, the non‐thermal coupling energy level between Tm and Er demonstrates the highest sensitivity, achieving a maximum relative sensitivity of 2.70% K⁻¹ at 303 K. By leveraging the temperature‐dependent color change of the material, a large‐capacity photonic barcode for temperature information storage and encrypted transmission is developed, thereby expanding the potential applications of temperature monitoring.
A Physics‐Informed Neural Network as a Digital Twin of Optically Turbid Media
Authors: Kazemzadeh Mohammadrahim , Collard Liam , Piscopo Linda , De Vittorio Massimo , Pisanello Ferruccio
Published: February 2025

In this article, a novel methodology for characterizing and creating a digital twin of turbid media with intensity measurements only is presented, employing a unique physics‐informed neural network approach. Unlike previous approaches utilizing various deep neural network architectures that often function as black boxes, the method prioritizes interpretability, offering a clearer understanding of the underlying processes of light propagation through turbid media and estimating the transmission matrix. The possibility and use case of gradient calculation through this presented digital twin are showcased by solving the problem to retrieve the initial wavefront shape of the light that passed through the medium (e.g., the image transmission problem). The results surpassed the accuracy of models directly optimized for this task, underscoring the precision of the proposed digital twin. This capability represents a pivotal advancement for future developments in neuromorphic and deep learning computation and training using such a photonic and optical systems.
Ferric Carboxymaltose (FCM)–Associated Hypophosphatemia (HPP): A Systematic Review
Authors: Magagnoli Joseph , Knopf Kevin , Hrushesky William J. , Carson Kenneth R. , Bennett Charles L.
Published: February 2025

Background

Since 2015, ferric carboxymaltose (FCM), an intravenous (IV) iron formulation used for treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA), has been associated with an increasing number of reported hypophosphatemia (HPP) cases. Information on HPP clinical manifestations and incidence has not been reviewed.

Methods

We reviewed HPP‐associated adverse events reported to the FDA, case reports, case series, observational databases, clinical trials, meta‐analyses, and FDA‐approved labels. Our analysis found that FCM‐associated HPP is a clinically important adverse drug reaction (ADR). The most common clinical manifestations are general weakness, fatigue, bone pain, muscle pain, osteomalacia, and fractures. Information on rates of FCM‐associated HPP was from a review of clinical trials, observational databases, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses.

Results

Clinical trials comparing FCM with other IV iron preparations identified FCM‐associated HPP rates between 50% and 92% versus 2% and 8% with other IV iron formulations. Meta‐analyses and systematic reviews confirmed these numbers. FDA‐approved FCM labels do not include details of available ADR information in case reports, case series, observational databases, randomized trials, and meta‐analyses.

Conclusion

We conclude that although the FDA‐approved FCM Prescribing Label was updated in 2023, more robust recommendations on FCM‐associated HPP are needed to prevent negative outcomes including osteomalacia and fractures. For patient safety, FCM label should advise monitoring serum phosphate levels prior to initiating first doses and before subsequent doses for all patients. Given differences between the FDA‐approved FCM label and data reviewed herein, clinicians must be educated about FCM‐associated HPP, difficulties treating HPP cases, and should consider administering other IV iron formulations that have lower rates of HPP.
Synthesis of Mg−Al Hydrotalcites with Various Surfactants as Solid Base Catalyst for the Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction
Authors: Nishimura Shun , Nam Nguyen Huyen , Yuuki Souta , Ebitani Khoki
Published: February 2025

Mg−Al layer double hydroxide (Mg/Al=3.0), commonly designed as hydrotalcite (HT), has been prepared in the presence of surfactant reagents of various types to control its genesis during co‐precipitation. Among cationic, anionic, noninonic, and amphoteric surfactants, the cationic surfactant of benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (denoted as HT‐a, here) served a highly‐active Mg−Al HT for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of furfural and diethyl malonate to diethyl 2‐furfurylidenemalonate, which was selected as a model base‐catalyzed reaction for this study. It was found that crystalline sizes of (003) had a linear relation to the product yield. Based on FE‐SEM observations and N2 adsorption isotherm analysis, aggregation and growth of HT crystals are expected to be prohibited in the presence of benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, affording the smaller size domains (secondary particles). These results are associated with enhanced reactivity for the base‐catalyzed reaction.
Long non‐coding RNAs as key regulators of neurodegenerative protein aggregation
Authors: Xu Qi , Liu Dan , Zhu Ling‐Qiang , Su Ying , Huang He‐Zhou
Published: February 2025

The characteristic events in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) encompass protein misfolding, aggregation, accumulation, and their related cellular dysfunction, synaptic function loss. While distinct proteins are implicated in the pathological processes of different NDDs, the process of protein misfolding and aggregation remains notably similar across various conditions. Specifically, proteins undergo misfolding into beta‐folded (β‐folded) conformation, resulting in the formation of insoluble amyloid proteins. Despite advancements in comprehending protein aggregation, certain facets of this intricate process remain incompletely elucidated. In recent years, the concept that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to protein aggregation has gained recognition. LncRNAs influence the formation of protein aggregates by facilitating protein overexpression through the regulation of gene transcription and translation, inhibiting protein degradation via lysosomal and autophagic pathways, and targeting aberrant modifications and phase transitions of proteins. A better understanding of the relationship between lncRNAs and aberrant protein aggregation is an important step in dissecting the underlying molecular mechanisms and will contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and strategies.

Highlights

NDDs are marked by protein misfolding, aggregation, and accumulation, leading to cellular dysfunction and loss of synaptic function.

Despite different proteins being involved in various NDDs, the process of misfolding into β‐folded conformations and forming insoluble amyloid proteins is consistent across conditions.

The role of lncRNAs in protein aggregation has gained attention, as they regulate gene transcription and translation, inhibit protein degradation, and target aberrant protein modifications.

Understanding the link between lncRNAs and protein aggregation is crucial for uncovering molecular mechanisms and developing new therapeutic targets.
Parallel changes in cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and amyloid in cognitively unimpaired older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: De Vito Alyssa N. , Kunicki Zachary J. , Joyce Hannah E. , Huey Edward D. , Jones Richard N. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis centers on cognitive impairment despite other early indicators like neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation. This study examined how cognition, NPS, and Aβ changes are interrelated over time in individuals without dementia.

METHODS

Participants were 1247 individuals from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)‐2 and ‐3 cohorts with at least 48 months of follow‐up. Cognitive domains were assessed via ADNI composite measures, NPS via the neuropsychiatric inventory, and Aβ via standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) composite scores. Co‐occurring changes were evaluated with parallel process models.

RESULTS

NPS was longitudinally associated with performance in each cognitive domain. Negative baseline Aβ‐cognition associations were observed in three cognitive domains. No Aβ‐NPS associations were observed.

DISCUSSION

This study demonstrated strong longitudinal relationships between NPS and cognition in preclinical and prodromal stages of AD. Future studies should incorporate NPS into models of disease trajectories to improve early detection and prediction of disease progression.

Highlights

Co‐occurring changes in Aβ, cognition, and neuropsychiatric symptoms are understudied.

We found relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognition.

We found baseline, but not longitudinal, Aβ and cognition associations.

Changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms should be included in early detection models of ADRD.
Age at menopause and cognitive function and decline among middle‐aged and older women in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2011–2018
Authors: Guo Muqi , Wu Yingyan , Gross Alden L. , Karvonen‐Gutierrez Carrie , Kobayashi Lindsay C.
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Chinese women experience higher dementia rates than men, yet sex‐specific risk factors are understudied. We examined how menopause age affects cognitive function and decline in aging Chinese women.

METHODS

Data were from 7419 postmenopausal women 45–101 years of age at baseline in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS; 2011–2018). Menopause age was categorized using clinical cutoffs (<40, 40–44, 45–49, 50–55, >55 years). Cognitive function was assessed with neuropsychological tests up to four times over 7 years, and associations were analyzed using multivariable‐adjusted linear mixed‐effects regression.

RESULTS

Compared to menopause at 50–55 years (3661/7419; 49.3%), premature (<40; 235/7419; 3.2%), early (40–44; 623/7419; 8.4%), and late menopause (>55; 366/7419; 4.9%) were associated with lower baseline cognitive scores. Although the rate of cognitive decline did not differ significantly across menopause age groups, late menopause showed a trend toward faster decline.

DISCUSSION

Cognitive health interventions should consider extreme menopausal age as a risk factor.

Highlights

Extreme menopausal ages—premature (<40), early (40–44), and late (>55)—are linked to lower baseline cognition versus menopause ages 50–55, persisting over 7 years.

Cognitive disadvantage for late menopause (>55) versus 50–55 tends to increase over time.

Health interventions should consider extreme menopause ages in women's cognitive health.
High‐Performance Zinc Halogen Aqueous Battery Exploiting [BrCl2]− Storage in Ketjenblack by Reconstructing Electrolyte Structure
Authors: Zhao Jiajin , Qi Yadi , Chen Yan , Zhang Mengyan , An Ziqi , Wang Wenfeng , Nian Binbin , Li Yuan , Han Shumin , Zhang Lu
Published: February 2025

Halogen redox couples offer distinct merits due to high redox potential and low cost, but they usually suffer from poor reversibility. Here, we report highly reversible [Br2Cl]–/Br− and [BrCl2]–/Cl– redox couples via harnessing interhalogen chemistry within nanoporous Ketjenblack (KB) carbon as a host for zinc‐based aqueous batteries. The tunable halogen reactions are facilitated by controllable coordinating chemistry of [ZnCl4‐xBrx]2− in an aqueous deep eutectic solvent electrolyte comprising ZnCl2, ZnBr2, and choline chloride. In an optimized electrolyte, the KB electrode delivers a high discharge capacity of ~535 mAh gKB–1 or 215 mAh g–1 when the stored [BrCl2]– is counted at 100 mA g−1, with an average discharge voltage of ~1.6 V, and a record high energy density of 788 Wh kgKB–1 or 311 Wh kg–1, when considering the mass of [BrCl2]– as well. Benefiting from the interhalogen coordination chemistry and KB pore host, the pouch cell prototype delivers an areal capacity of ~2.3 mAh cm–2 at 0.5 mA cm–2, storing an energy density of ~80 Wh kg−1 based on the mass of both electrodes. This work offers a new strategy to enhance the reversibility of static aqueous halogen batteries for energy storage applications.
Closed‐Loop Recyclable Lithium and Sodium Conducting Covalent Adaptable Networks
Authors: Chen Hongxuan , Wayment Lacey J. , Jiang Huan , Lei Zepeng , Huang Shaofeng , Ley Ashley , Yue Zihao , Yuan Zhehao , Jin Yinghua , Yu Kai , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2025

Within the past two decades, covalent adaptable networks (CANs) have emerged as a novel class of dynamically crosslinked polymers, combining the benefits of thermosets and thermoplastics. Although some CANs with charged side chains have been reported, CANs with negatively charged backbones remain very limited. The integration of permanent charge into the backbones upon their formation could open up important new applications. Here, we introduce a series of aliphatic spiroborate‐linked ionic covalent adaptable networks (ICANs), representing a new category of dynamic ionomer thermosets. These ICANs were synthesized using a catalyst‐free, scalable, and environment‐friendly method. Incorporating lithium or sodium as counter cations in these networks yielded promising ion conductivity without the need of plasticizers. The dynamic nature of the spiroborate linkages in these materials allows for rapid reprocessing and recycling under moderate conditions. Furthermore, their potential as flexible solid‐state electrolytes is demonstrated in a device that maintained robust conducting performance under extreme physical deformation, coupled with effective self‐healing properties. This research opens new possibilities for future development of dynamic ionomer thermosets and their potential applications in flexible electronic devices.
Enzyme Controlled Transient Phospholipid Vesicles for Regulated Cargo Release
Authors: Venugopal Akhil , Ghosh Subhadip , Calò Annalisa , Tuveri Gian Marco , Battaglia Giuseppe , Kumar Mohit
Published: February 2025

Metabolism in biological systems involves the continuous formation and breakdown of chemical and structural components, driven by chemical energy. In specific, metabolic processes on cellular membranes result in in situ formation and degradation of the constituent phospholipid molecules, by consuming fuel, to dynamically regulate the properties. Synthetic analogs of such chemically fueled phospholipid vesicles have been challenging. Here we report a bio‐inspired approach for the in situ formation of phospholipids, from water soluble precursors, and their fuel driven self‐assembly into vesicles. We show that the kinetic competition between anabolic and catabolic‐like reactions leads to the formation and enzymatic degradation of the double‐tailed, vesicle‐forming phospholipid. Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis demonstrate the formation of transient vesicles whose lifetime can be easily tuned from minutes to hours. Importantly, our design results in the formation of uniform sized (65 nm) vesicles simply by mixing the precursors, thus avoiding the traditional complex methods. Finally, our sub‐100 nm vesicles are of the right size for application in drug delivery. We have demonstrated that the release kinetics of the incorporated cargo molecules can be dynamically regulated for potential applications in adaptive nanomedicine.
Tuning Atomically Dispersed Metal Sites in Nanozymes for Sensing Applications
Authors: Liu Mingwang , Xu Weiqing , Tang Yinjun , Wu Yu , Gu Wenling , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe , Zhu Chengzhou
Published: February 2025

Nanozymes with atomically dispersed metal sites (ADzymes), especially single‐atom nanozymes, have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their unique advantages in mimicking the active sites of natural enzymes. These nanozymes not only maximize exposure of catalytic sites but also possess superior catalytic activity performance, achieving challenging catalytic reactions. These advantages position ADzymes as highly promising candidates in the field of sensing and biosensing. This review summarizes the classification and properties of ADzymes, systematically highlighting some typical regulation strategies involving central metal, coordination environment, etc., to achieve their catalytical activity, specificity, and multifunctionality. Then, we present the recent advances of ADzymes in different sensing fields, including colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemistry, chemiluminescence, photoelectrochemistry, and electrochemiluminescence. Taking advantage of their unique catalytic performance, the resultant ADzymes show great potential in achieving the goal of sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy for the detection of various targets. Specifically, the underlying mechanisms in terms of signal amplification were discussed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives on the development of advanced ADzymes are discussed.
σ‐π Hyperconjugation as a Design Strategy for High‐Performance Fluorescent Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Liu Yin‐sheng , Xue Rui , Zhu Kai , Yan Bing
Published: February 2025

Realizing efficient solid‐state fluorescence in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represents a persistent and fundamental challenge in materials science, hindering their application in next‐generation optoelectronics. Herein, a transformative strategy leveraging σ‐π hyperconjugation is introduced to enhance the fluorescence properties of COFs. The incorporation of a methyl group into a pyrene‐based COF monomer yields an unprecedented fluorescence quantum yield increase of more than 100‐fold, accompanied by significantly enhanced optoelectronic performance. This enhancement arises from σ‐π hyperconjugation, which redistributes electron density, converting pyrene from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and facilitating efficient electronic transitions. Additionally, a COF‐based fluorescent acoustic sensor, fabricated via electrospinning, demonstrates real‐time speech pattern recognition when integrated with machine learning algorithms, showcasing potential in language‐assistive technologies. This study pioneers the exploration of hyperconjugation in COFs, offering a new paradigm for the precise modulation of optoelectronic properties and bridging fundamental research with real‐world applications.
Total Synthesis of the Marine Diterpenoids Caucanolide E and F by Alkyne gem‐Hydrogenation: Rigorous Reassignment of Two Almost Indistinguishable Diastereomers
Authors: Betancourt Ricardo Molina , Leutzsch Markus , Fürstner Alois
Published: February 2025

As the spectra of the diastereomeric marine seco‐cembranoids caucanolide E and F are almost identical, the isolation team had not been able to firmly assign their stereostructure. The puzzle has now been solved by a synthetic approach predicated on biogenetic considerations, which suggested that both natural products are 10S configured but differ in the configuration of their C8 stereocenter. Under this proviso, they can be distinguished by comparison with synthetic samples that are deliberately 8S,10S and 8S,10R configured: only one natural product can match sign and magnitude of the [α]D of one of these reference compounds; this particular caucanolide must be the 8S,10S isomer. Both reference compounds needed for this benchmarking exercise were accessible from a single precursor via ruthenium catalyzed gem‐hydrogenation of an enyne to furnish an alkoxyfuran in the first place, followed by hydrolysis; this key transformation leverages the electrophilic character of the pianostool ruthenium carbene intermediates passed through. The recorded data showed that the assignment proposed in the literature is incorrect and needs to be reversed; this conclusion was independently confirmed by a combined NMR/DFT approach using a CP3 probability analysis.
Pollutant Dispersion With Multiple Release Sources Under Intermittent Ventilation Modes in Industrial Plants
Authors: Cheng Lingyan , Liu Zhan , Yin Xin
Published: February 2025

Depth understanding on the pollutant dispersion mechanism in large scale industrial buildings is significant for improving the air quality and supplying technique references on ventilation system design. Although a large amount of researches on ventilation system have been conducted, the effect of the intermittent ventilation mode on the pollutant diffusion with multiple release sources is still unclear. In the present study, the dispersion performance of hydrogen sulfide in an actual rubber processing plant was comprehensively investigated by model test and numerical simulation. The hybrid natural ventilation with mechanical exhaust was designed and used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide. A model test rig was established to measure the pollutant distribution in a transparent glass chamber with substitutive fluid sulfur hexafluoride. The numerical model of pollutant dispersion was built with considerations of temperature stratification and concentration diffusion. Compared against the test data, the prediction deviation of the numerical model was limited within 10%. The influence of the intermittent ventilation modes on the hydrogen sulfide dispersion was investigated and analyzed in detail. Some findings were obtained finally. This study could enrich the ventilation design on hydrogen sulfide dispersion in actual industrial plants and may supply some new insights on the dispersion mechanism of pollutants.
Unlocking the Secrets of Sturgeon Ecology: Lessons From Conservation Efforts in Northern Italy
Authors: Labria Fabiola , Orioli Valerio , Trasforini Stefania , Puzzi Cesare , Tirozzi Pietro , Bani Luciano , Dondina Olivia
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to investigate the ecology of the Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) in the Po basin in northern Italy, where both species have faced significant population declines. Using data collected from three LIFE projects, we investigated movement behaviour and habitat selection of the species following restocking, reintroduction and river defragmentation actions implemented during the LIFE projects. The two species showed a distinct movement behaviour and habitat selection. A. naccarii preferred to stay in pool, and it showed a tendency to have a landlocked behaviour, whereas H. huso did not show a clear habitat selection, and it always moved downstream, supporting the typical anadromous behaviour of this species. Both species benefited from river defragmentation interventions. These findings underscore the importance of habitat conservation/restoration and defragmentation measures for the long‐term survival of sturgeon species.
Reproductive cycles of the arboreal and viviparous snake Corallus hortulana (Serpentes, Boidae) from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Silva Karina M. P. , Pizzatto Lígia , Frazão Luciana , Almeida‐Santos Selma M. , Oliveira Maria Ermelinda
Published: February 2025

Although the reproduction of some Boidae snakes has been studied through the macroscopic anatomy of the gonads, without microscopic morphology, there is little precision in describing reproductive cycles, especially for males. The relationship between the reproductive cycle—gametogenesis and reproductive seasonality throughout the year—has yet to be detailed for many Boidae species. We present macroscopic and histological data on the reproductive tracts of both male and viviparous female Corallus hortulana (Linnaeus 1758) (Amazon Tree Boa) from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. Males present spermiogenesis and spermiation mainly during January and June (wet season to beginning‐dry season). Contrary to common assumption, we speculate that sperm production in C. hortulana, even in the tropical Amazon, is likely energetically demanding, influenced by rainfall, given that testicular involution occurred between May and November (most of the driest months of the year). Females present ovarian follicles in processes of vitellogenesis from December to August (wet season and part of the dry season). However, newborns are found in the wild mainly in the wet season, characterizing the cycle of female C. hortulana as seasonal. Unprecedentedly, we present the first microscopic description of the pouch and non‐glandular uterus in a Boidae species. The cells that compose the epithelial tissue of the non‐glandular uterus have been suggested for maintaining and supporting spermatozoa (sperm storage) in snakes, but we found no evidence that sperm storage occurs in this portion of the oviduct in C. hortulana. This study not only improves our understanding of reproductive biology in a boid, but because several aspects of reproductive cycles are conservative in the family (e.g., season of birth of newborn snakes), it aids in the development of effective conservation policies for endangered species such as Corallus cropanii, the rarest Boidae in the Americas.