bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MMPI Scores of Juvenile Delinquents Adjusting to Institutionalization
Authors: Lefkowitz Monroe M.
Published: September 2011

Discrimination of male juvenile delinquents who succeed from those who fail in adjustment to institutionalization was attempted by use of the MMPI. The criterion for success was receipt of a regular discharge whereas that for failure was an irregular discharge. A group of 21 boys who failed was compared to a randomly chosen group of 21 boys who succeeded. Age, IQ, and social class were similar for the groups. Tested was the hypothesis that the failure as compared to the success group would evince a significantly greater amount of psychopathology as measured by scales 6, 8, and 9 of the MMPI. The results lend partial support to the hypothesis and need replication.
Reliability of Special Tests in Measuring Personality
Authors: Ong Jin
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the reliabilities, cross validations, and patterning of the external validities of five inventories using opposite-form approach. 181 college Ss were tested four times, and their course grades calculated. Various correlations were compared. Results showed that these opposite-form inventories were comparable in internal-consistency reliabilities, in the cross validation of test-retest reliabilities and opposite-form reliabilities, and in the correlation with course grades.
Measurement of Clustering and of Sequential Constancies in Repeated Free Recall
Authors: Bousfield A. K. , Bousfield W. A.
Published: September 2011

An operational version of Underwood's distinction between response recall and associative hook-up is applied to the analysis of sequences of freely recalled items. This distinction contrasts what are designated respectively as item properties and order properties. Formulas derived from this rationale are proposed for the assessment of clustering and the development of constancies in the sequential ordering of successive free recalls of given stimulus items. Consideration is given to the diversity of identifiable ordering effects in free recall.
Psychology of the Scientist: XX. Cross-Validation of Biographical Information Predictor Keys across Diverse Samples of Scientists
Authors: Cline Victor B. , Tucker Michael F. , Anderson Daniel R.
Published: September 2011

A study investigating the generalizability of biographical characteristics from physical scientists (NASA) to scientists involved in pharmaceutical research (RMI) was reported. The criterion in both samples was the rated creative performance of the individual scientists. A key developed on over 2,000 (NASA) scientists was applied to the test protocols of 157 (RMI) scientists. The resulting Pearson product-moment correlation was .35 ( P < .01). A multiple R of .39 ( P < .01) resulted when the NASA Creativity Key was combined with the NASA Off-Line Key (designed to correct for distortion in response). A comparison of the predictive validities of the keys developed within the RMI sample and the NASA keys indicated that the NASA-derived keys were nearly equivalent in their ability to predict the RMI creativity criterion. Cognizance of the fact that, while the cross-predictions were statistically significant, a large portion of the criterion variance remains unaccounted for was made and a possible source of error variance in the criterion was briefly discussed.
High-Complainers vs Low-Complainers: Patterning of Amount of Self-Reported Symptomatology in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Mahrer Alvin R. , Mason Donald J. , Kahn Elayne , Projansky Mikhail
Published: September 2011

Previous research isolated the amount of symptomatology as a meaningful clinical-research dimension for describing hospitalized psychiatric patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the symptoms which are characteristically associated with “high-complainers” and with “low-complainers.” Ss were 248 hospitalized male psychiatric patients, each of whom was administered a symptom checklist. Results indicated that differential symptom patterns are associated with varying amounts of symptomatology.
Classroom Learning as a Function of Method of Presenting Instructional Materials
Authors: Gulo E. Vaughn , Nigro M. R.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments the efficiencies of programmed, television, and conventional textbook instruction were compared. Ss were randomly assigned to a group which worked through a standard programmed text; one which read the same material in conventional textbook form; one which listened to and saw a verbatim video-taped lecture of the programmed material. A 30-item multiple-choice test was administered immediately following instruction (Exps. I and II; Ns = 160, 134) or 1 wk. later (Exp. II). The results indicate that Ss who simply read the material in conventional textbook format only tended to have higher criterion test scores than Ss in either the programmed or television instruction groups. The results were, therefore, interpreted as consistent with the contention often made that differences in effectiveness of various methods of instruction are negligible, or at best, slight.
Prediction of Dependent Behavior in Specified Situations from Psychological Tests
Authors: Diener Robert G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to enhance the prediction of dependent behavior from psychological tests by specifying the situation in which that behavior is to occur. It was hypothesized that overt dependency needs would have the greatest weight in determining dependent behavior, while the situation would become significant as it interacted with covert dependency needs. Two situations were devised, one of which induced dependent behavior while the other did not. The hypotheses were not confirmed. The situation accounted for virtually all the variance in the prediction of dependent behavior. Implications were that great caution should be exercised in predicting behavior from test data and that future predictive research might better focus on situational contexts than on measurement techniques.
Socio-Economic Background, Aggression and Catecholamine Excretion
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Sweeney Donald R.
Published: September 2011

3 24-hr. urine samples were obtained from 27 volunteer army enlisted men on 3 consecutive days. The urine samples were analyzed for norepinephrine and epinephrine content and the results were related to selected socioeconomic background variables obtained from questionnaire responses of Ss. Individuals with low socio-economic backgrounds excreted significantly higher proportions of norepinephrine in relation to epinephrine than did individuals with middle-class backgrounds. Class differences in socialization of the child with respect to aggressiveness are hypothesized as leading to characteristic outwardly or inwardly aggressive behavior which has been shown previously to relate differentially to catecholamine excretion.
Note on Revising Instructional Programs
Authors: Brooks Lloyd O.
Published: September 2011

An “identified point” scatter diagram may aid in program revision. Response times and error rates for program items are first obtained during laboratory study and then expressed as z scores. Pairs of z scores are plotted as points which are numbered according to the program item upon which each pair is based. The discrepancy of each point can be viewed from the location it would have occupied in the special case of perfect linear correlation. Discrepant would be the frequently incorrect, quickly answered item or the slowly but correctly answered item. These, especially, would deserve consideration in relation to the programmer's intent. Perhaps discrepancies between these or other measures of task difficulty for other tasks could also help guide task redesign.
Concept Learning in Relation to Open- and Closed-Mindedness and Academic Aptitude
Authors: Ladd Forrest E.
Published: September 2011

High- and low-scoring Ss on 4 scales of closed-mindedness and the ACT test were compared for proficiency on a concept-learning (CL) task in a study of personal characteristics related to individual differences in CL. Scales were the F Scale, Dogmatism Scale (D), Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale (IA), and Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale (R). The CL task was an adaptation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, with two different tasks being attempted by each S, one immediately after the other. Ss were 54 students in an introductory psychology class. High F and IA scores were associated with poorer performance on the initial CL task ( p ≤ .05, 1-tailed t test). High ACT scorers tended to perform better on first and second CL tasks. Low but significant ( p < .01) relationships between F scores and IA, R, and D were found, using Pearson r. No significant correlation between ACT scores and any personality scale was found. Conclusions were that (a) closed-mindedness hindered initial adaptation to CL tasks more than capacity to solve CL tasks which come later, (b) when a coming shift in classification principle is known, closed-mindedness does not hinder S in making the shift, and (c) academic aptitude was positively related to CL proficiency.
Establishment of a Learned Drive with Hunger
Authors: Wike Edward L. , Cour Carole , Mellgren Roger L.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments ( N = 60) were performed to assess the reliability and generality of Wright's finding of a learned drive based on hunger. While some support was found in Exp. I, this result could not be replicated successfully in two other studies. In all three studies Ss' performance on the first consummatory test was contrary to the learned drive hypothesis.
Exploration of Nondeprived Male Sprague-Dawley Rats as a Function of Age
Authors: Goodrick Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats 31 to 730 days old were placed in an open field and scores were obtained of ‘exploratory’ and ‘nonexploratory’ responses. Young recently weaned rats (31-day-old) and young-mature rats (94-day-old) had high scores of exploration responses and low scores of nonexploration responses in comparison with adolescent rats (52 or 73 days old) or older rats (365 or 730 days old). After reaching maturity (94 days old), exploration decreased with increasing age.
On the Futility of Aggregating Individual Learning Curves
Authors: Baloff Nicholas , Becker Selwyn W.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that a mean or aggregate learning curve yields little information about the form of the individual curves from which it arose. Hypothetical examples and empirical evidence in support of the argument are discussed. Also cited is a mathematical argument showing that aggregation of certain forms of individual curves systematically results in an aggregate curve of a different functional form. Finally, it is argued that drawing conclusions about the effects of different treatments on the parameters of the learning curve is risky unless the form of the individual curves is known.
Quick Test Inter-Form Reliability in Diverse Clinical Groups and the Effect of Age Correction Factor
Authors: King Francis W.
Published: September 2011

All three forms of the Quick Test were administered to 156 patients who were divided into the following categories: brain-damaged, questionably brain-damaged, psychiatric disordered, and controls. High Pearson r correlations for all forms for all groups indicate excellent reliability. Evidence is presented that indicates the age correction factor is excessive and results in elevated IQ scores for older Ss.
Relation of R-Analysis Factor Scores and Q-Analysis Factor Loadings
Authors: Jones Kenneth J.
Published: September 2011

Algebraic relationships are developed which give the Q-analysis factor loadings in terms of the R-analysis factor scores. This is possible when the Q-analysis is cone on the raw cross-products matrix of scores standardized over persons. This contrasts with the usual case of Q-analysis where each person is treated as a test.
Hypo-Responsiveness as a Behavioral Correlate of Brain-Damage in Children
Authors: Browning Robert M.
Published: September 2011

It is hypothesized that hypo-responsiveness is a behavioral correlate of brain-damage in children. This hypothesis, which contradicts the concept of distractibility, is that brain-damaged children demonstrate fewer and less varied responses per unit of time for a given stimulus situation than normal children of comparable intelligence. The hypothesis is general and relevant variables such as time, locus, and extent of injury have yet to be investigated for their effect on this proposed behavioral correlate. Hypo-responsiveness evolved from the observation that distractibility was more characteristic of normal than of brain-damaged children and from previous studies of discrimination learning, test performance, responsiveness to illusions, stimulus generalization, and drugs. The procedures utilized in activation research, psychophysical assessment of stimulus thresholds for different modalities need exploration as do the environmental stimulus conditions under which brain-damaged Ss perform optimally.
Incentive Effects and Competing Response Models
Authors: Birch David , Valle Fred P.
Published: September 2011

One or 10 pellets of food in the goal box provided two levels of incentive and a 1- or 4-in. gap, adjacent to the start box, defined two degrees of antagonistic instrumental responses to the approach down a runway. Three groups of hungry rats, (1L-3S), (2L-2S), and (3L-1S), differed in the ratio of large- to small-gap trials throughout 124 days of training at 1 trial per day. The major findings were no G × I interaction for response speed in any ratio group, strong incentive effects in all groups, and a near zero gap effect in Group (3L-1S) despite significant gap effects in the other two groups. The hypothesis that incentive value affects the approach response but not the competing responses elicited by the gap was supported. The differential gap results in the three ratio groups were interpreted as arising from adaptation effects occurring over trials.
Pilot Study of a Cognitive Restructuring Paradigm
Authors: Braund Robert A.
Published: September 2011

This research is concerned with procedures for studying the cognitive restructuring paradigm of learning Data support the conclusion that devices such as the Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors and the Cognitive Preference Test can be useful in the analysis of curricular effects, particularly within the framework of a cognitive restructuring paradigm.
Incremental and Unitary Aspects of Paired-Associate Learning and Retention
Authors: Abraham Frederick D.
Published: September 2011

Paired-associate learning with item replacement displayed unitary (all-or-none) properties of sequential response dependencies and equivalence of new items to retained items previously responded to incorrectly.
A Community Mental Health Program Revisited
Authors: Shapiro David S. , Maholick Leonard T.
Published: September 2011

A structured, standardized training program for key community professionals developed as part of a planned large scale mental health program, utilized a self-administered set of biographical and problem and complaint materials called the “Personal Data Kit.” Training focused upon systematized methods for data gathering, problem identification, and planning for counseling or referral by physicians and ministers. Approximately 75% of ministers and 60% of physicians completed a 12-wk. course. Studies were conducted to determine (a) changes in practices and attitudes among trainees, (b) changes in attitudes among professional and civic leaders, (c) characteristics of persons served by trainees, (d) opinions of trainees about the outcome of their counseling and referral activities.
Mental Deficiency on Skid Row
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

The early studies of the intelligence of the homeless men found a high percentage of “feeble-mindedness.” Recent research, however, indicates there are few mentally defective on the Row and that the intelligence of the Skid Row man is fairly representative of the socio-economic group which he represents. This disagreement is compounded by the fact that the current population on the Skid Row is much older, sicker, and emotionally less stable than the original population investigated. These “differences” are only apparent if adequate allowances are made for (a) the method of calculating IQ, (b) inappropriate definition of mental deficiency, and (c) decline in abstract ability with age.
A Pictorial Technique for Obtaining Social Desirability Ratings from Young Children
Authors: Klieger Douglas M. , Walsh James A.
Published: September 2011

A procedure for obtaining social desirability ratings from young children was described and tested. It was hypothesized that children 6 yr. of age would produce ratings essentially similar to those of adults using a set of 9 standardized pictures as a rating device. These pictures were line drawings of a stylized female face, with expressions ranging from a deep frown through a bright smile. It was found that children down to the age of 4 yr. gave ratings that correlated .90 with adult ratings obtained in either the usual fashion or by means of the pictures. The ratings of 3-yr.-olds correlated .55 with adult ratings. Ratings of a set of items by both standard and pictorial rating methods by fifth-graders and adults correlated .89 and .96, respectively.
Programmed Learning: Prologue to Instruction
Authors: Seidel Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The paper indicates some pertinent issues in the field of programmed instruction (PI) and suggests promising directions for future growth of PI, both as a medium for the application of principles of learning and as a means of furthering our understanding of learning processes. Practical and theoretical implications are touched upon and combined to give a position statement on PI as a pedagogical and psychological research tool. In this vein the utility and inevitability of computer-aided instruction are discussed.
Cost to Payoff Contributions to Preference under Fixed-Ratio Contingencies with Humans
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Differential preference was defined by the frequency with which human Ss make switching responses to produce each of two alternative FR contingencies differing only in cost to payoff contingencies of point reinforcements. It was found that humans preferred (switched to) the alternative with the most favorable cost to payoff contingencies, that is, the one which provided the greatest net gain of points.
Word Association Training and Creativity
Authors: Mcdonald Donald C. , Martin Randall B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of verbal reinforcement on word-association responding were investigated in combination with pre-experimental tendencies for common or uncommon responses. Although effective in all combinations, reinforcement tended to be most effective when coinciding with pre-experimental tendencies. Neither variable was related to subsequent performance on the Remote Associates Test.
Recall of Nonsense Sentences and Self-Reliance
Authors: Pyron Bernard , Kafer John
Published: September 2011

60 Ss first heard 20 complete nonsense sentences read on tape and then attempted to recall the correct response element for each sentence after hearing only the stimulus element. The sentences were constructed so that response elements were incongruent with stimulus elements. Half of the sentences were judged by separate groups of judges as interesting and half as uninteresting. Ss who scored high in self-reliance recalled significantly more interesting nonsense sentence elements than those who scored low in self-reliance. Highly self-reliant Ss also recalled more uninteresting nonsense than low self-reliant Ss but the difference was not statistically significant.
Effect of Total Association and Conceptual Cohesiveness among Words on Recall, Clustering, and Recognition Association
Authors: Marshall George R.
Published: September 2011

Two indices of verbal relatedness, the Index of Total Association (ITA) and the Index of Concept Cohesiveness (ICC) computed from single-response free word-associations were used to design lists of words presented to Ss for free recall for three successive trials. Amount of free recall and clustering in recall were significantly related to ITA, ICC, and trials. Amount recalled was more sensitive to total association (ITA) than to recoding processes (ICC); clustering was sensitive to both. The recognition of word sets subsequent to list presentation was systematically related to the ITA and ICC of the word sets.
Changing Existing Attitudes—A Dissonance Approach
Authors: Seitz Sue B. , Cleland Charles C.
Published: September 2011

Two studies test techniques for changing existing attitudes. The first employs dissonant information, ostensibly from peers, as a lever. The second exposes Ss to the situation on which baseline attitudes have been established. In the first study, the dissonance approach results in a significant mean attitude change. In the second study, the resistance to change is also predicted by Festinger's theory, i.e., to have perceived information differently from that reflected in existing attitudes would have resulted in a state of dissonance.
Birth Order and Sex of Siblings in a Sample of Lesbians and Non-Lesbians
Authors: Gundlach Ralph H. , Riess Bernard F.
Published: September 2011

Data from 217 Lesbians and 231 non-Lesbians, displaying birth order among male and female siblings, reveal proportionately more Lesbians who are “only” or first-born of two siblings or who are fifth, sixth, or seventh in such large families; and fewer Lesbians among third child of three-sibling families.
Diagnostic Value of Reaction Time in Different Formats of Personality Items
Authors: Gilbert Albin R. , Cable Dana G.
Published: September 2011

The proposal, earlier described by Gilbert (1965), that S will agree with a congenial personality item faster than he will disagree with its reversal of equal reading length (polar format) was found to apply also to the “involved-neutral” format, in which S‘s reaction times for neutral stimulus propositions are compared with his reaction times for ego-involved personality items.
Interaction of D-Amphetamine and Food Deprivation on Fixed Ratio Behavior of Pigeons
Authors: Meginniss Richard F.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 6 pigeons, maintained at 100, 90, 80, and 70% of their ad libitum feeding weight, showed directly proportional weight-dependent depressant effects on fixed ratio key pecking following d-amphetamine treatment.
Relationship between the Qt and Wais in a Restricted Clinical Sample
Authors: Stewart Horace , Cole Spurgeon , Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

52 Negro patients at Milledgeville State Hospital were administered all forms of the QT and an abbreviated Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale WAIS. QT IQs averaged 7 to 8 points higher than WAIS IQs, but the scores for the two instruments were highly correlated. The QT was found to be equally efficacious above and below the demarcation (IQ 70) between normality and mental deficiency. Es suggest the use of the QT as an initial screening device.
Ego-Defense Patterns in Extraverts and Introverts
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: September 2011

Present findings among normal Ss extend previous findings among psychiatric Ss. Male and female undergraduates were administered the Byrne Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale and the scales in Guilford's GZTS representing factors R, S, and T, three varieties of Extraversion-Introversion (E-I). Results indicate that (a) relationships between R-S and E-I in normals are similar to but smaller than those in psychiatric patients; (b) S ( Sociability) is the best general predictor of R-S scores; (c) R-S depends on the presence or absence of an extraversive tendency of any of the 3 varieties; (d) females tend to be more repressive than males; and (e) sex differences in R-S are more pronounced in extraverts.
Method for Frequent Assessment of Symptomology during Pregnancy
Authors: Erickson Marilyn T.
Published: September 2011

Women were asked early in pregnancy to rate in intensity a list of 31 symptoms (e.g., depression, insomnia, heartburn) each evening for the duration of their pregnancies. Each S was given a Pregnancy Symptom Diary which was a loose leaf binder with a number of sheets (adequate to complete the pregnancy) each containing the list of symptoms. Ss removed completed pages every 2 wk. and mailed them to the investigator. For a group of 20 women a mean of 129 pages were completed. Longitudinal trends of the various symptoms are described.
Covert Sensitization
Authors: Cautela Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

A new treatment for maladaptive approach behavior (“covert sensitization”) is described. The term “covert” is used because neither the undesirable stimulus nor the aversive stimulus is actually presented. These stimuli are presented in imagination only. The word “sensitization” is used because the purpose of the procedure is to build up an avoidance response to the undesirable stimulus. A description and rationale for covert sensitization is presented. Treatment of alcoholism, obesity, homosexuality, and delinquent behavior by covert sensitization is also described.
Mental Ability of Residents in a State School for Dependent and Neglected Youth
Authors: Bath John A.
Published: September 2011

Assessment was made of the intelligence of all residents in the regular school program of a state school for dependent and neglected youth. Compared to the normative population for the test used, Ss tended to be significantly lower on verbal IQ but not on nonverbal IQ.
Chained and Tandem Fixed-Interval Schedule Performance and Frequency of Primary Reinforcement
Authors: Thomas John R.
Published: September 2011

Performance of pigeons on a three component chained fixed interval schedule and a three component tandem fixed interval schedule was investigated as a function of reinforcement frequency in the terminal components. Stimuli in the chained schedule functioned as discriminative stimuli, demonstrated by absolute response rate differences between comparable chain and tandem schedule components. Absolute differences between chain and tandem response rates of the first two components were relatively invariant when reinforcement frequency in the terminal component was varied.
Effect of “In Vivo” Training on Experimental Desensitization of a Phobia
Authors: Garfield Zalmon H. , Darwin Patricia L. , Singer Barton A. , McBrearty John F.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of Ss were treated for phobic reaction to snakes with the method of desensitization based on reciprocal inhibition. The group which received “in vivo” training with the phobic object, in addition, achieved a greater relative change than the group which did not ( P < .05). Both groups combined showed significant change following therapy.
Relationship of the Ammons Quick Test of Intelligence to other Ability Measures
Authors: Mednick Martha T.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test (QT), a brief test of general intelligence, was administered to 98 tenth grade high school boys. A group test battery containing several measures of intellectual ability and achievement was also given to this sample. The correlations of the QT and the other ability measures are presented.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXIII. Experimenter Expectancy, Experimenter Experience, and Pascal's Wager
Authors: Rosenthal Robert
Published: September 2011

Data and conclusions presented by Ingraham and Harrington (1966) on the effects of E's expectancy on the performance of rats are examined closely, re-analyzed statistically, and interpreted somewhat differently.
Use of the Sensation-Seeking Scale with Thai Subjects
Authors: Berkowitz William R.
Published: September 2011

This report describes the use and validation of the Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) with Thai Ss. Based upon anthropological and popular reports about Thailand, it was predicted that (a) Thai students would have lower SSS scores than American students, (b) Buddhist monks would have lower scores than Thai students, and also (c) Thai students in teacher-training schools would have lower scores than those in schools of commerce. The first two hypotheses were confirmed; the third was not. In addition, Thai males had significantly higher SSS scores than females. The advantages of the SSS as a measuring instrument are discussed.
Effects of Intertrial Confinement and Brightness Change on Ferret Alternation Behavior
Authors: Hughes R. N.
Published: September 2011

10 ferrets alternated more often in a Y-maze following 2-min. confinement to the chosen arm and following a brightness change in the arm not chosen on Trial 1. A brightness change in the same arm chosen on Trial 1 produced significant repetition. Similarities in behavior of rats and ferrets were interpreted as emphasising the general importance of novelty in exploration.
Comparison of the Three-Decision and Conventional Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Bernhardson Clemens S.
Published: September 2011

Two multiple-choice tests, one with five alternatives for each question and one with four alternatives for each question, were scored as a Three-decision Multiple-choice Test and as a conventional multiple-choice test. In addition, the five-alternative test was scored as a modified conventional multiple-choice test by giving half marks if the correct alternative was picked as the second choice. The different scoring systems were evaluated by correlating the scores with the average mark obtained by each student in all his courses during the year. The results indicated that the conventional multiple-choice test was not improved by scoring methods which gave credit for partial knowledge.
Memory and the Senile Psychoses: A Follow-up Note
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

The concept of memory disorder in senile psychosis as solely a function of non-psychogenic learning decay intimately related to the breakdown of a short-term memory storage unit is criticized. The same psychogenic interferences blocking memory can retard the senile's initial learning. Treatments discussed include individual psychotherapy dealing directly with fears of escalating disadvantage, increasing disability and imminent death, in conjunction with group psychotherapy focusing on the “here and now.” Specific research proposals are made for the analysis of learning and recall deficits such that conflicting hypotheses of senility can be more objectively assessed.
Adaptation to the Drive Stimulus in Instrumental Escape Conditioning
Authors: Woods Paul J.
Published: September 2011

In order to ascertain whether training conditions are complicated by adaptation effects in a water-escape situation rats ( N = 96) were exposed for 10 or 100 sec. to 15° or 32° C prior to each escape trial from a 15° C tank. Compared to a non-exposed control condition over-all performance of the 15° C exposed groups was unaffected, but the performance of the 32° C exposed groups was significantly ( p < .0005) enhanced. Adaptation effects which would lower the effective drive intensity in the escape situation, then, were not present, but prior exposure to a warmer condition did serve to increase the effective drive level. The absence of adaptation effects is related to similar findings with electric shock.
Conscious and Preconscious Influences on Recall: A Reassessment and Extension
Authors: Stein Steven H. , Harrison Robert H.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to replicate the Spence (1964) finding that primary recall hinders the recall of primary associates, an experiment controlling for serial position and associative clustering effects was performed. Results were obtained which indicate facilitation rather than restriction of associate recall after primary recall. Spence-type results were obtained, however, with Ss whose scores were above the sample mean on the Extraversion scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. In addition, hypotheses based on Eysenck's theories concerning introversion-extraversion and anxiety were tested as to their efficacy in predicting the amount and pattern of primary associate (associates to the primary of a word list) and control word associate (associates related to a primary which does not appear in the word list) recall. As predicted, extraversion correlated with the degree to which S alternated between primary associates and control associates during recall. Anxiety was not related to any of the experimental measures.
Schedule-Induced Polydipsia: An Atypical Case
Authors: Schaeffer Robert W. , Salzberg Charles L.
Published: September 2011

An atypical case of drinking and bar-press behavior in a rat exposed to time-dependent and response-dependent food schedules is described. The analysis indicated that schedule-induced behaviors in some Ss may be related to a failure to discriminate programmed from non-programmed (i.e., adventitious) response contingencies and that parametric manipulation of the schedule requirements, as well as a temporal and sequential analysis of responding in the inter-pellet interval is needed to assess the degree of dependence of responding upon scheduled food delivery.
Fear of Death of Suicidal Persons
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

It was found that suicidal students feared death less than less suicidal students and were more aware of and concerned with the manipulative aspects of death. The importance of this type of information as an aid in the understanding of the psychodynamics of the suicidal person is noted.
Marathon Group Dynamics: II. Dimensions of Helpfulness: Therapeutic Aggression
Authors: Bach George R.
Published: September 2011

Participants in nine “Marathon” intensive interaction groups were asked to choose the “most helpful” and “least helpful” members and also provide Self and Other ratings of the quality of helping and non-helping intermember contact. A computer-aided word indexing of natural language protocols, descriptive of helpful relationships in therapeutic groups, served as an aid to obtaining five dimensions of maximal helpfulness and five for least helpfulness. Sociometric-like questionnaire items, representing these dimensions, were answered by 112 participants of Marathon subgroups. The responses support the idea that AGGRESSION-CONFRONTATION between participants in group therapy contributes as significantly as does Warmth-Acceptance to the therapeutic value of group interaction.
Consensus Technique for the Variation of Source Credibility
Authors: Weiss Robert Frank
Published: September 2011

The credibility of a group source of a persuasive communication was varied by varying the degree of consensus among the group source. 116 Ss were exposed to persuasive arguments advocated by “nine-tenths of the experts” (high consensus) and “one-tenth of the experts” (low consensus). High consensus resulted in greater opinion formation than did low consensus ( p < .05). The advantages of the consensus technique for the quantitative variation of source credibility were discussed.
Emotional Reactivity and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions
Authors: Ader Robert
Published: September 2011

Contradictory results in the literature led to a re-analysis of previously collected data which failed to provide evidence for a relationship between behaviors in an open-field or a reaction-to-handling test and immobilization-produced gastric erosions.
Some Suggestive Evidence on the Operation of Semantic Generation and Satiation in Group Discussions
Authors: Jakobovits Leon A. , Hogenraad Robert
Published: September 2011

A reanalysis of data of Hogenraad from an unstructured discussion group suggested the operation of semantic generation and satiation in theme selection.
Intellectual Assessment with Gorham's Proverbs Test, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and Wais
Authors: Jurjevich R. M.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Proverbs Test and the Progressive Matrices for 131 military NP Clinic outpatients do not approximate Wechsler IQs satisfactorily, i.e., their substitution is unwarranted.
Acquisition of the Token-Reward Habit in the Rat
Authors: Malagodi E. F.
Published: September 2011

Apparatus and procedure for establishing tokens as conditioned reinforcers in laboratory rats are described. Five rats were initially trained to deposit tokens (marbles) into a receptacle with each deposit response producing primary reinforcement. The rats then underwent discrimination training during which deposit responses were reinforced only in the presence of a clicker and localized illumination of the receptacle. Errorless performance was obtained within one to three sessions. The rats were next trained to press a lever in order to obtain the tokens from a dispenser. Initially, each lever-press response produced token delivery, and each token was immediately exchangeable for food. The schedules of token delivery were gradually increased to fixed-ratio and variable-interval schedules. Performance under these schedules was comparable to performance under similar schedules of primary reinforcement.
Concept Attainment as a Function of Figural-Verbal Stimulus Material and an Ordered-Random Stimulus Display
Authors: Klausmeier Herbert J. , Wiersma William W.
Published: September 2011

40 male and female college students participated in a concept attainment experiment. The type of material, figural or verbal, in which the concepts were embedded, and arrangement of the instances on the display, ordered or random, were investigated. The sex of the S was also included as a stratifying variable. The data were analyzed according to a 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance. Concepts embedded in figural material were attained in significantly less time than concepts stated in words; also less, but not significantly less, time was required on the ordered arrangement. on the second dependent variable, number of incorrect hypotheses, the main effects were not significant; however, the type of material interacted significantly with arrangement. Errors on the ordered figural display and on the random verbal displays were low but were high on the random figural and ordered verbal displays. Sex was not significant.
Influence of Examiner and Examinee Anxiety on WISC Performance
Authors: Egeland Byron
Published: September 2011

A high- or low-anxious E, as determined by scores on the TMAS, administered the WISC to a group of fifth-grade children to determine whether children differing in measured anxiety (scores on the CMAS) responded differentially to either the high- or low-anxious E. Ss tested by the high-anxious E obtained significantly higher mean scores than did the comparable group tested by the low-anxious E. on the Verbal scale high-anxious Ss performed equally well when tested by either E, but the low-anxious Ss tested by the high-anxious E were superior to the other groups. An E × S interaction was found on the Coding subtest where high-anxious Ss tested by the high-anxious E and low-anxious Ss tested by the low-anxious E outperformed the other groups. No E or S effect was found on any of the Performance subtests.
Behavioral Validity of a Test for Measuring Social Anxiety
Authors: Willems Edwin P.
Published: September 2011

A portion of the Tavistock Self-assessment Inventory has been proposed as a measure of social anxiety, which is postulated as a personal disposition to avoid public, visible, complex, socially evaluated behavior. 80 high school students' participation in school activities, rated on a 5-point scale from passive audience participation up to the most singular, focal leadership, was the criterion of validity, under the assumption that Ss scoring high in social anxiety would avoid the more focal, visible leadership positions in activities. With controls for two other variables known to affect participation, there was no evidence above the chance level favoring the behavioral validity of the Tavistock instrument with these Ss, suggesting that similar studies on adult Ss, the original standardization population, are in order.
Factorial Study of Motivational Self-Ratings by Male Subjects
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

An iterative factor analysis was performed on the scores obtained from a Motivational Adjective Check List (MACL) ( N = 100 undergraduate male students). The initial matrix of significant factors was rotated according to the quartimax, varimax, and equamax procedures. The promax rotation was, then, performed on each of the three orthogonal solutions. Interpretation of factors was based on the promax solution of the equamax rotation. The factors obtained were integrativeness, striving, poise, and independence.
Notes on a Constraint-Reinforcement Approach to the Observational Inference of Satisfaction
Authors: Shelly Maynard W. , Adelberg Tina Z.
Published: September 2011

An approach to inferring satisfactions from only behavioral observations, based on reinforcement concepts and the framework from the analysis of motivational decentralization, is presented.
A Rather General S-R Paradigm
Authors: Bridges Cecil C.
Published: September 2011

A rather general S-R paradigm is proposed in which stimulus biases, response biases, activation or general responsiveness, and association are defined as patterns of response strength or occurrence when a variety of responses are recorded to a variety of stimuli (an S-R matrix). Patterns of differences between similar matrices obtained on different occasions or with different groups of Ss are similarly defined as increments in stimulus biases, responses biases, activation, and association. Applications of the general paradigm to conditioning, verbal learning, and transfer studies are suggested.
Model Similarity and Observer Learning
Authors: Rickard Henry C. , Lattal Kennon A.
Published: September 2011

During Phase I 5 groups of 9 Ss each were instructed to say words at a signal to obtain a baseline of animal responses. 4 of the groups then said words intermittently with a taped model during Phase II. Two groups were exposed to a “normal” model and two groups were exposed to a “retardate” model. Half of the Ss under each taped condition received vicarious reinforcement, i.e., hearing “good” from an E when the model gave a critical response. Half under each tape condition received no vicarious reinforcement. The fifth group, a control group, heard no tapes and received no reinforcement. Model-observer similarity emerged as a significant factor. Reinforcement facilitated learning under both model conditions. The control group showed no increment in critical responses across trials.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXVI. Experimenter Expectancy, One Tale of Pascal, and the Distribution of Three Tails
Authors: Rosenthal Robert
Published: September 2011

Responding to a commentary by Harrington and Ingraham (1967) on a commentary by Rosenthal (1967) on Ingraham and Harrington (1966) is intended to serve three purposes: (a) to call greater attention to the very important research conducted by Ingraham and Harrington, (b) to point up substantial areas of agreement between us, and (c) to point up residual differences in viewpoint with only light as a by-product.
Increased Resistance to Extinction Produced by Post-Reinforcement Goalbox Delay
Authors: Leeming Frank C. , Pilley John W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the increased resistance to extinction shown by Ss given post-reinforcement delay might be accounted for by frustration produced by the delay. Rats trained in a double runway were given access to the second runway either immediately after reward in the first goalbox or 30 sec. after the removal of the reward. Extinction was confined to performance in the first runway. While the delay group exhibited greater resistance to extinction than the nondelay group, the differences in the running speeds of the two groups in Runway 1 and Runway 2 during training did not approach significance. Findings were discussed as supporting the competing response hypothesis and nonsupporting the frustration hypothesis.
Development of an Inventory to Measure Ways of Knowing
Authors: Smith W. A. S. , Royce Joseph R. , Ayers David , Jones Brian
Published: September 2011

This paper reports progress on the development of a multiple-choice test designed to provide a profile of an individual's epistemological hierarchy. A description of the three scales (metaphoric, empirical, rational) comprising the test is provided. Data on “criterion group” approaches to validity determination and “test re-test” checks on reliability are reported.
Methodological Aide in Correlating Personality Descriptions Using the Marks Q Sort
Authors: Coyle F. A. , Fowler Raymond D. , Marks Philip A.
Published: September 2011

An aide for correlations based on Marks' Q-sort is presented.
Successive Approximation Procedures for Wheel-Turning Avoidance Learning
Authors: Brown Judson S. , Fitzgerald Robert D. , Teyler Timothy J.
Published: September 2011

Attempts to establish high levels of wheel-turning avoidance in rats using the traditional avoidance paradigm have met with indifferent success. In this study, 3 new paradigms, each involving gradual transitions from escape to avoidance, were evaluated under both free-responding and discrete-trial conditions. All 3 programs tended to produce more frequent avoidances than the conventional one and the discrete-trial method proved superior to the free-response arrangement.
Analysis of the Abstracting Function in Reasoning Using an Experimental Test
Authors: Martin William T.
Published: September 2011

An experimental “Test of Abstract Reasoning” was tested for content validity by comparing it with the Abstract Reasoning Test, Form A, of the Differential Aptitude Tests and the Gorham Proverbs Test. Two hypotheses were investigated: (1) that the investigator's “Test of Abstract Reasoning” would yield a significant correlation with the other two tests and (2) that males and females would not display significant raw score differences on the new test. The three tests correlated with each other similarly, ranging from .411 to .496 ( N = 48, P < .01). No response differences were found between males and females. The results indicated that the three tests seemed to measure similar intellectual processes in abstract reasoning.
Note on Experience in Ability to Predict Retardates' Job Choice
Authors: Dickerson Windel L. , Cleland Charles C. , Patton William F.
Published: September 2011

A group of retardates ranked their preferences for six vocational situations. Three discriminable preference groups emerged. Three normal groups, attendants at a state institution, upper-division college students, and vocational rehabilitation counselors, ranked the same situations as they thought retardates would rate them. Analysis of the data suggested a hierarchy of ability to approximate the retardates' preferences, specifically, rehabilitation counselors (high), attendants and students (low) in that order.
Examiner Differences among Stanford-Binet Items
Authors: Cieutat Victor J. , Flick Grad L.
Published: September 2011

Two reports noted examiner (E) differences for Stanford-Binet IQ scores. Relevant data provided the hypothesis that Es elicit higher IQs from Ss of the opposite sex. 5 male and 5 female Caucasian Es each tested at least 9 4-yr.-old Negro Ss ( N = 446). A factorial design evaluated effects of sex of Ss, sex of Es, between- E differences, and several interactions. Major dependent variables were IQs and an index of number of items administered each S. The expected interaction between sex of Es and sex of Ss was not obtained. Significant ( p < .05) E differences were found for IQs and for number of items administered, but only between female Es. There was no relationship between rank orderings of the female Es on the two variables. There were significant ( p < .05) E differences for pass-fail scores on 11 of the 28 items administered, disregarding all sex differences. The most dominant item characteristic related to E differences was item-difficulty level. Briefly discussed is the need for extensive investigation of E differences for other objective psychometric instruments.