bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of halocarbon measurements in an atmospheric dry whole air sample
Authors: Rhoderick George C. , Hall Bradley D. , Harth Christina M. , Kim Jin Seog , Lee Jeongsoon , Montzka Stephen A. , Mühle Jens , Reimann Stefan , Vollmer Martin K. , Weiss Ray F.
Published: November 2015

The growing awareness of climate change/global warming, and continuing concerns regarding stratospheric ozone depletion, will require continued measurements and standards for many compounds, in particular halocarbons that are linked to these issues. In order to track atmospheric mole fractions and assess the impact of policy on emission rates, it is necessary to demonstrate measurement equivalence at the highest levels of accuracy for assigned values of standards. Precise measurements of these species aid in determining small changes in their atmospheric abundance. A common source of standards/scales and/or well-documented agreement of different scales used to calibrate the measurement instrumentation are key to understanding many sets of data reported by researchers. This report describes the results of a comparison study among National Metrology Institutes and atmospheric research laboratories for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113); the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b); and the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), all in a dried whole air sample. The objective of this study is to compare calibration standards/scales and the measurement capabilities of the participants for these halocarbons at trace atmospheric levels. The results of this study show agreement among four independent calibration scales to better than 2.5% in almost all cases, with many of the reported agreements being better than 1.0%.
Childsmile: Scottish oral health improvement
Authors: Burns Jacqueline
Published: November 2015

This article describes the creation of the Childsmile programme, its development to date, key successes, and next steps
Hypodontia: an overview
Authors: Heads David
Published: November 2015

This article provides an overview of hypodontia, including the aetiology, associated features and treatment options for this condition
The importance of health histories and disclosure
Authors: Bridges Misty
Published: November 2015

In this international research article, the importance of making patients aware of their health histories and how it affects their oral health is examined and discussed
How to communicate better with patients and colleagues
Authors: Hancock Dave
Published: November 2015

The need for excellent communication skills in practice is often overlooked—they are not a core CPD topic, for example—or regarded as the preserve of receptionists. Dave Hancock considers why dental nurses need to be first-rate communicators
The clinical outcome of minimally invasive Phase 3 Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
Authors: Pandit H. , Hamilton T. W. , Jenkins C. , Mellon S. J. , Dodd C. A. F. , Murray D. W.
Published: November 2015

This prospective study reports the 15-year survival and ten-year functional outcome of a consecutive series of 1000 minimally invasive Phase 3 Oxford medial UKAs (818 patients, 393 men, 48%, 425 women, 52%, mean age 66 years; 32 to 88). These were implanted by two surgeons involved with the design of the prosthesis to treat anteromedial osteoarthritis and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee, which are recommended indications. Patients were prospectively identified and followed up independently for a mean of 10.3 years (5.3 to 16.6).

At ten years, the mean Oxford Knee Score was 40 (standard deviation (sd) 9; 2 to 48): 79% of knees (349) had an excellent or good outcome. There were 52 implant-related re-operations at a mean of 5.5 years (0.2 to 14.7). The most common reasons for re-operation were arthritis in the lateral compartment (2.5%, 25 knees), bearing dislocation (0.7%, seven knees) and unexplained pain (0.7%, seven knees). When all implant-related re-operations were considered as failures, the ten-year rate of survival was 94% (95% confidence interval (CI) 92 to 96) and the 15-year survival rate 91% (CI 83 to 98). When failure of the implant was the endpoint the 15-year survival was 99% (CI 96 to 100).

This is the only large series of minimally invasive UKAs with 15-year survival data. The results support the continued use of minimally invasive UKA for the recommended indications.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1493–99.
Which patients need critical care intervention after total joint arthroplasty?
Authors: Courtney P. M. , Melnic C. M. , Gutsche J. , Hume E. L. , Lee G-C.
Published: November 2015

Older patients with multiple medical co-morbidities are increasingly being offered and undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). These patients are more likely to require intensive care support, following surgery. We prospectively evaluated the need for intensive care admission and intervention in a consecutive series of 738 patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty procedures. The mean age was 60.6 years (18 to 91; 440 women, 298 men. Risk factors, correlating with the need for critical care intervention, according to published guidelines, were analysed to identify high-risk patients who would benefit from post-operative critical care monitoring. A total of 50 patients (6.7%) in our series required critical care level interventions during their hospital stay. Six independent multivariate clinical predictors were identified (p < 0.001) including a history of congestive heart failure (odds ratio (OR) 24.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.51 to 61.91), estimated blood loss >  1000 mL (OR 17.36, 95% CI 5.36 to 56.19), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13.90, 95% CI 4.78 to 40.36), intra-operative use of vasopressors (OR 8.10, 95% CI 3.23 to 20.27), revision hip arthroplasty (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.04 to 7.04) and body mass index > 35 kg/m2(OR 2.70, 95% CI 123 to 5.94). The model was then validated against an independent, previously published data set of 1594 consecutive patients. The use of this risk stratification model can be helpful in predicting which high-risk patients would benefit from a higher level of monitoring and care after elective TJA and aid hospitals in allocating precious critical care resources.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1512–18.
The effect of the anatomy of the distal humerus and proximal ulna on the positioning of the components in total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Lenoir H. , Chammas M. , Micallef J. P. , Lazerges C. , Waitzenegger T. , Coulet B.
Published: November 2015

Determining and accurately restoring the flexion-extension axis of the elbow is essential for functional recovery after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). We evaluated the effect of morphological features of the elbow on variations of alignment of the components at TEA. Morphological and positioning variables were compared by systematic CT scans of 22 elbows in 21 patients after TEA.

There were five men and 16 women, and the mean age was 63 years (38 to 80). The mean follow-up was 22 months (11 to 44).

The anterior offset and version of the humeral components were significantly affected by the anterior angulation of the humerus (p = 0.052 and p = 0.004, respectively). The anterior offset and version of the ulnar components were strongly significantly affected by the anterior angulation of the ulna (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001).

The closer the anterior angulation of the ulna was to the joint, the lower the ulnar anterior offset (p = 0.030) and version of the ulnar component (p = 0.010). The distance from the joint to the varus angulation also affected the lateral offset of the ulnar component (p = 0.046).

Anatomical variations at the distal humerus and proximal ulna affect the alignment of the components at TEA. This is explained by abutment of the stems of the components and is particularly severe when there are substantial deformities or the deformities are close to the joint.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1539–45.
Bariatric surgery does not improve outcomes in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Martin J. R. , Watts C. D. , Taunton M. J.
Published: November 2015

Bariatric surgery has been advocated as a means of reducing body mass index (BMI) and the risks associated with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, this has not been proved clinically. In order to determine the impact of bariatric surgery on the outcome of TKA, we identified a cohort of 91 TKAs that were performed in patients who had undergone bariatric surgery (bariatric cohort). These were matched with two separate cohorts of patients who had not undergone bariatric surgery. One was matched 1:1 with those with a higher pre-bariatric BMI (high BMI group), and the other was matched 1:2 based on those with a lower pre-TKA BMI (low BMI group).

In the bariatric group, the mean BMI before bariatric surgery was 51.1 kg/m2 (37 to 72), which improved to 37.3 kg/m2 (24 to 59) at the time of TKA. Patients in the bariatric group had a higher risk of, and worse survival free of, re-operation (hazard ratio (HR) 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 6.2; p = 0.02) compared with the high BMI group. Furthermore, the bariatric group had a higher risk of, and worse survival free of re-operation (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.3; p = 0.2) and revision (HR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 6.5; p = 0.04) compared with the low BMI group.

While bariatric surgery reduced the BMI in our patients, more analysis is needed before recommending bariatric surgery before TKA in obese patients.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1501–5.
A COMPACTING PROCESS OF THE EN AW 6060 ALLOY
Authors: Dragošek Lukáš , Kociško Róbert , Kováčová Andrea , Bidulsky Robert , Škrobian Milan
Published: November 2015

This study reports on an investigation of factors affect the process of compacting Al chips which are used to direct scrap processing through the forward extrusion method. EN AW 6060 chips of different geometry and types were mainly used as the experimental material. The chips were compacted in a die with a vertical channel (10.3mm in diameter). To provide a range of processing conditions, three different weights were selected and compacting was performed under five, different compacting pressures. The movement of the chips within the die during compacting was analysed through numerical simulations using Deform 2D software. Study of the compacting process optimal parameters for increasing the density and enhancing the density distribution were defined. The results from our study clearly show that optimal conditions are obtained when the proportion of D/h is 1/1.1. Moreover, it was recognized that in the process of small chips compacting, there was obtained lower density than in the case of large chips.
CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOR IN A VERTICAL TUBE CONDENSER
Authors: Havlík Jan , Dlouhý Tomáš
Published: November 2015

This paper presents an analysis of heat transfer in the process of condensation of water vapor in a vertical shell-and-tube condenser. We analyze the use of the Nusselt model for calculating the condensation heat transfer coefficient (HTC) inside a vertical tube and the Kern, Bell-Delaware and Stream-flow analysis methods for calculating the shell-side HTC from tubes to cooling water. These methods are experimentally verified for a specific condenser of waste process vapor containing air. The operating conditions of the condenser may be different from the assumptions adopted in the basic Nusselt theory. Modifications to the Nusselt condensation model are theoretically analyzed.
UNSTEADY FLOW OF THIXOTROPIC COLLAGEN SUBSTANCE IN PIPES
Authors: Žitný Rudolf , Landfeld Aleš , Skočilas Jan , Štancl Jaromír , Flegl Vlastimil , Houška Milan
Published: November 2015

Unsteady flow of thixotropic liquid in pipes is solved by 1D and 2D numerical methods using the same constitutive equation — the only difference is in the radial diffusion of the structural parameter. Comparison shows that the neglected diffusion of structural parameter implicates a much stronger effect of thixotropy. The models are applied for analysis of the observed hysteresis of hydraulic characteristic of collagen.
An Anatomy of Tradition: The Case of the Charitêsion
Authors: Bruyn Theodore S. de
Published: November 2015

This paper traces continuity and change in the structure and formulation of Demotic, Greek, and Coptic charitêsia (“good luck charms”) in Roman Egypt. Drawing on the theoretical work of Roy Rappaport and Catherine Bell, it argues that the producers of these charms created a sense of tradition by echoing and modulating pre-established forms of incantation. The resulting products combined both elasticity and specificity so as to be at once recognizable in a broad cultural context and relevant to specific audiences.
Ishtar Rejected: Reading a Mesopotamian Goddess in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite
Authors: Eisenfeld Hanne
Published: November 2015

This paper argues that the poet of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite crafted his mythical narrative in conscious conversation with contemporary traditions surrounding the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar. The poetic representation of Aphrodite in her encounter with Anchises flirts with characteristics appropriate to Ishtar-personal sexuality, high status within the pantheon, a role as divine patron to mortal kings-only to reject their relevance to Aphrodite. By recognizing that the Greek poet could exert agency in his adaption of Mesopotamian motifs, using them to delimit Aphrodite’s nature within the Greek pantheon, we can perceive the serious conceptual work that the Hymn is doing and the potential use of multicultural models within that process.
Cognitive vs. generative construction grammar: The case of coercion and argument structure
Authors: van Trijp Remi
Published: November 2015

One of the most salient hallmarks of construction grammar is its approach to argument structure and coercion: rather than positing many different verb senses in the lexicon, the same lexical construction may freely interact with multiple argument structure constructions. This view has however been criticized from within the construction grammar movement for leading to overgeneration. This paper argues that this criticism falls flat for two reasons: (1) lexicalism, which is the alternative solution proposed by the critics, has already been proven to overgenerate itself, and (2) the argument of overgeneration becomes void if grammar is implemented as a problem-solving model rather than as a generative competence model; a claim that the paper substantiates through a computational operationalization of argument structure and coercion in Fluid Construction Grammar. The paper thus shows that the current debate on argument structure is hiding a much more fundamental rift between practitioners of construction grammar that touches upon the role of grammar itself.
Diffusion trends and Nahuatlisms of American Spanish: Evidence from dialectal vocabularies
Authors: Cáceres-Lorenzo María-Teresa
Published: November 2015

Missionary linguistics and considerations of Nahuatl as a lingua franca lead us to propose that Nahuatlisms have historically been prominent in American Spanish. Diachronic studies show that after Spanish spelling was standardised, involving occasional losses and extensions of meaning, Aztec words were incorporated into Spanish language vocabularies in the Americas. Because 16th and 17th -century data provide inconsistent depictions of the spread of Nahuatlisms in the Caribbean and in South American regions, our research aims to collect data from American Spanish dialectal vocabularies to reconstruct regionalisation and diffusion trends of Nahuatlisms in the centuries that followed. Utilising quantitative and qualitative methodologies, we design a research study that identifies restricted and regional characteristics of more than 84% of Nahuatlisms and of remnants of Nahuatl words in the Caribbean and in South American regions.
Dry reforming of methane over Ni/CeO2 catalysts prepared by three different methods
Authors: Yahi Nora , Menad Saliha , Rodríguez-Ramos Inmaculada
Published: November 2015

Cerium-supported nickel catalysts with Ni loading close to 15%wt were synthesized using three different methods (microemulsion, sol-gel and autocombustion) with the aim to design efficient catalysts for the dry reforming of methane to produce syngas (H
Crystal structure of cleaved vaspin (serpinA12)
Authors: Pippel Jan , Kuettner E. Bartholomeus , Ulbricht David , Daberger Jan , Schultz Stephan , Heiker John T. , Sträter Norbert
Published: November 2015

The adipokine vaspin (serpinA12) is mainly expressed in white adipose tissue and exhibits various beneficial effects on obesity-related processes. Kallikrein 7 is the only known target protease of vaspin and is inhibited by the classical serpin inhibitory mechanism involving a cleavage of the reactive center loop between P1 (M378) and P1′ (E379). Here, we present the X-ray structure of vaspin, cleaved between M378 and E379. We provide a comprehensive analysis of differences between the uncleaved and cleaved forms in the shutter, breach, and hinge regions with relation to common molecular features underlying the serpin inhibitory mode. Furthermore, we point out differences towards other serpins and provide novel data underlining the remarkable stability of vaspin. We speculate that the previously reported FKGx1Wx2x3 motif in the breach region may play a decisive role in determining the reactive center loop configuration in the native vaspin state and might contribute to the high thermostability of vaspin. Thus, this structure may provide a basis for future mutational studies.
Functional and Parametric Estimation in a Semi- and Nonparametric Model with Application to Mass-Spectrometry Data
Authors: Ma Weiping , Feng Yang , Chen Kani , Ying Zhiliang
Published: November 2015

Motivated by modeling and analysis of mass-spectrometry data, a semi- and nonparametric model is proposed that consists of linear parametric components for individual location and scale and a nonparametric regression function for the common shape. A multi-step approach is developed that simultaneously estimates the parametric components and the nonparametric function. Under certain regularity conditions, it is shown that the resulting estimators is consistent and asymptotic normal for the parametric part and achieve the optimal rate of convergence for the nonparametric part when the bandwidth is suitably chosen. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and finite-sample performance of the method. The method is also applied to a SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry data set from a study of liver cancer patients.
Radiative Three-Dimensional Flow with Chemical Reaction
Authors: Hayat Tasawar , Muhammad Taseer , Shehzad Sabir Ali , Alsaedi Ahmed , Al-Solamy Falleh
Published: November 2015

We discuss the three-dimensional boundary layer flow of Maxwell nanofluid in the present article. The flow is caused due to bidirectional stretching surface. An applied magnetic field is taken into account. Heat and mass transfer characteristics are considered in the presence of thermal radiation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects. Mathematical modelling is made under a low magnetic Reynolds number and Rosseland’s approximation. Expressions of series solutions for velocities, temperature and concentration are developed. Impacts of influential parameters on the temperature and concentration are sketched and examined. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and analyzed. We found that an increase in thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters enhanced the temperature field and thermal boundary layer thickness. The concentration field reduced gradually when we enhance the values of Lewis number and chemical reaction parameter. The values of local Nusselt number are higher for a larger radiation parameter.
Heat Flux and Variable Thermal Conductivity Effects on Casson Flow and Heat Transfer due to an Exponentially Stretching Sheet with Viscous Dissipation and Heat Generation
Authors: Megahed Ahmed M.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we introduce a theoretical and numerical study for the effects of thermal buoyancy and constant heat flux on the Casson fluid flow and heat transfer over an exponentially stretching sheet taking into account the effects of variable thermal conductivity, heat generation/absorption and viscous dissipation. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations by using suitable transformations. Numerical solutions to these equations are obtained by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with the shooting technique. The effects of various physical parameters which governing the flow and heat treansfer such as the buoyancy parameter, the thermal conductivity parameter, heat generation or absorption parameter and the Prandtl number on velocity and temperature are discussed by using graphical approach. Moreover, numerical results indicate that the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are strongly affected by the constant heat flux.
Hygienic Behaviour of Honeybee Colonies with Different Levels of Polyandry and Genotypic Composition
Authors: Gerula Dariusz , Węgrzynowicz Paweł , Panasiuk Beata , Bieńkowska Małgorzata , Skowronek Wojciech
Published: November 2015

Honey bee queens were inseminated with diluted, homogenised semen collected from a few dozen drones. This procedure was carried out to increase the diversity of the queens’ offspring, which is in comparison to the offspring of queens inseminated with semen from only a few drones coming from one colony. Queens and drones were mated within carniolan bee (Apis mellifera carnica) subspecies, but 3 selected lines were used. Queens were reared from one line and drones from the same line, and two additional lines differing in hygienic behaviour wherein in one of them that trait was strongly evident. The aim of this study was to examine whether the level of enhanced genetic variability in colonies and simultaneously the participation of hygienic bees, would increase the performance of hygienic behaviour. Overall hygienic behaviour of colonies with a lower and greater genetic variability did not differ significantly and amounted to 52.1 and 47.0%, respectively. Colonies within the lower variability group, in which drones from line selected in hygienic behaviour performance were used for inseminating queens, had a significantly greater percent of cleaned pupae than other colonies (63.2%). Hygienic behaviour in other colonies was more dependent on the gene quotas of hygienic bees in the colonies rather than on the level of polyandry.
Nectar and Pollen Production and Insect Visitation on Ornamentals from the Genus Hosta Tratt. (Asparagaceae)
Authors: Bożek Małgorzata , Strzałkowska-Abramek Monika , Denisow Bożena
Published: November 2015

Properly arranged ornamental gardens in both urban and agricultural landscapes can be of a benefit to bees. In this study, we observed the flowering phenology, nectar, and pollen production of the ornamental Hosta species and varieties (H. sieboldiana Engler, H. capitata Nakai, H. crispula Maekawa, H. fluctuans Maekawa, syn. H. sieboldiana var. fluctuans hort., H. undulata var. univittata Miquel (Hylander), syn. H. univittata). Our experiment was conducted in the 2012 - 2014 time period, at the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland (51° 14’ N, 21° 34’ E). The total sugar yield varied almost 5-fold among Hosta ornamentals; the lowest amount was calculated for H. fluctuans (2.31 g per 10 m2) and the highest for H. capitata (11.80 g per 10 m2). The average pollen yield was from 0.24 g per 10 m2 (H. undulata var. univittata) to 9.53 g per 10 m2 (H. capitata). Pollen grains were bilaterally symmetrical, and large-sized. In polar view, they were prolatum (shape index 1.33 - 1.61), while in equatorial view, oblatum (shape index 0.5 - 0.7). Hosta species can complete the summer pasture mainly for bumblebees. In four of the five Hosta representatives, bumblebees accounted for 60 - 70% of the total visits. The honeybee predominated only on the flowers of H. capitata (54 - 71%). Solitary bees were rarely observed (3 - 9% of visits). The phenotypic traits of Hosta flowers (the accumulation of nectar in the deep and narrow perianth tube) reduced the access to nectar reward and restricted an array of insect visitors.
On the stability of the space–time discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of nonstationary nonlinear convection–diffusion problems
Authors: Balázsová Monika , Feistauer Miloslav , Hadrava Martin , Kosík Adam
Published: November 2015

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the space-time discontinuous Galerkin method for the solution of nonstationary, nonlinear, convection-diffusion problems. In the formulation of the numerical scheme, the nonsymmetric, symmetric and incomplete versions of the discretization of diffusion terms and interior and boundary penalty are used. Then error estimates are briefly characterized. The main attention is paid to the investigation of unconditional stability of the method. An important tool is the concept of the discrete characteristic function. Theoretical results are accompanied by numerical experiments.
A globally convergent damped Gauss–Newton method for solving the extended linear complementarity problem
Authors: Huang Na , Ma Changfeng
Published: November 2015

The extended linear complementarity problem (denoted by XLCP), of which the linear and horizontal linear complementarity problems are two special cases, can be reformulated as the solution of a nonsmooth system of equations. By the symmetrically perturbed smoothing Fischer-Burmeister function, the XLCP is approximated by a family of parameterized smoothness optimization problems. Asmoothing damped Gauss-Newton method is designed for solving the XLCP. The proposed algorithm is proved to be convergent globally under suitable assumptions. Some numerical results are reported in the paper
Analysis of the Chang–Cooper discretization scheme for a class of Fokker–Planck equations
Authors: Mohammadi Masoumeh , Borzì Alfio
Published: November 2015

The Chang-Cooper discretization scheme for a class of Fokker-Planck equations is investigated. These equations of parabolic type govern the time evolution of the probability density function of stochastic processes, such that positivity of the density function and conservativeness of the total probability is guaranteed. It is shown that the Chang-Cooper scheme combined with backward first- and second-order finite differencing in time provides stable and accurate solutions that are conservative and positive. These properties are theoretically proven and validated by numerical experiments.
Competition and critical periods in spring sugar beet cultivation
Authors: Mansilla Martínez José , Juan Valero José-Arturo de , Padilla Alfonso Domínguez , Picornell Buendía María-Raquel
Published: November 2015

High yields with low costs require that sugar beets be kept free of weeds, during critical periods, using labor or chemical treatments. Since the critical periods for this crop in Castilla - La Mancha (Spain) are unknown, the first goal of this study was to determine the effect of early and late competition on yield. The second goal was to determine the critical periods, while taking into consideration the semiarid climatic conditions of this region. Two irrigation farms located in the province of Albacete are dedicated to sugar beet cultivation. These two farms were chosen to carry out the tests March (140,000-150,000 seeds ∙ ha-1) and harvested in October. Two simultaneous and complementary experiments were carried out in each year and farm. Two scenarios were considered with eight different treatments each. In the first one (With Weeds Until - WWU), plots were infested by weeds up to a certain date. In the second one (Free of Weeds Until - FWU), plots were kept free of weeds up to a certain date. For each test, a randomised experimental blocked field was designed and there were four repetitions, each of them containing eight elemental plots (12 m2). Each plot was weeded by hand or weeds were left to grow till a definite date.The results indicated that a 1% loss of yield was reached in the early competition after 14 days, while a loss of 5% was reached after a period of 41 days after it was infested. The results also indicated that in late competition, if a crop is kept clean for 124 days and it is infested afterwards, a 1% loss is reached. However, the loss increases to 5% if the plot is kept clean for 111 days. For a 1% loss the critical period is 110 days and 70 days for a 5% loss.
Overcoming the Development Deficit of Article XXIV: Promoting Equality through North-South RTAs
Authors: Gammage Clair
Published: November 2015

Regionalism has been conceptualised as a development strategy for integrating developing countries into the global economy, and there has been an increase in the number of North-South regional trade agreements (RTAs) being negotiated among WTO Members. Notified under Article XXIV GATT 1994, members of North-South RTAs must liberalize substantially all trade on a reciprocal basis, within a reasonable period of time, irrespective of their development status. Challenging the assumptions on which North-South regionalism rests, this article submits that Article XXIV has created a regulatory framework that sustains a monocultural conception of development which is synonymous with economic growth. Rejecting the economic model, this article argues that development should be understood as a multidimensional process, with an emphasis on equality of opportunities for all countries. Through a deconstruction of the textual interpretation of Article XXIV, and by analysing the practical application of this provision in the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements, the gradual erosion of development from the process of trade liberalisation will be revealed. This article argues that the “rationalizing spell” of legal formalism must be broken in order to reimagine the legal framework, so that a concept of development, grounded in equality, is facilitated by the multilateral trading system.
Explorations on data condensation and data distribution in the microstructures of e-dictionaries / Untersuchungen zur Datenkondensation und Datendistribution in den Mikrostrukturen von Onlinewörterbüchern / Études sur la condensation et la distribution des données dans la microstructure des dictionnaires en ligne
Authors: Caruso Valeria
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a critical investigation on the applicability within e-dictionaries of basic microstructural concepts and typologies proposed by Wiegand. Focusing on information accessibility for the user, the categories developed for printed dictionaries are put to the test in the electronic environment analysing monolingual online dictionaries of the English, French, German, and Italian languages.

As Gouws has already pointed out, new types of data organization are to be found among innovative online dictionaries. They make, in fact, an extensive use of structural indicators and data-identifying entries, thus taking charge of some of the coherence functions that were previously fulfilled by microstructures, typically using strict bipartitions between comments on form and comments on semantics.

Therefore, since the microstructure is no longer chiefly responsible for marking the general data typology, i.e. items on form and items on meaning, it is used in the electronic environment to provide other types of coherent arrangements.

On the other hand, microstructural typologies of printed dictionaries seem to offer parameters that are still of use in order to identify the type of data integration presented by the dictionary, provided that the concept of some basic structural categories, such as comments, is extended and gains a wider range of possible applications.
Electronic lexicography goes local: Design and structures of a needs-driven online academic writing aid / Die elektronische Lexikographie wird spezifischer: Das Design und die Struktur einer auf die Benutzerbedürfnisse berzogenen akademischen Online- Schreibhilfe / La lexicographie électronique devient plus spécifique: conception et structure d‘une aide à l‘écriture académique
Authors: Granger Sylviane , Paquot Magali
Published: November 2015

Writing idiomatic academic texts in English is a challenge faced by an increasing number of international students and scholars. In this article, we present a web-based dictionary-cum-writing aid tool, the Louvain English for Academic Purposes Dictionary, which aims to address the attested needs of non-native writers of English, with a particular focus on the phraseological patterning of academic words. First, we present the general design of the dictionary, highlighting four of its main features, i.e. the fact that it is corpus-based, production-oriented, hybrid and customizable. We then describe key aspects of the macro- and microstructure and highlight innovative features of the access structure, such as direct access to discipline-specific corpora. The conclusion outlines some important priorities for the future, in particular the need for validation and the desirability of integrating the dictionary into a wider learning environment.
Vernetzungsstrukturen digitaler Wörterbücher. Neue Ansätze zur Analyse / Cross-linking structures of digital dictionaries. New approaches for analysis / La structure des liens croisés dans les dictionnaires électroniques
Authors: Müller-Spitzer Carolin , Wolfer Sascha
Published: November 2015

In this contribution, we present a novel approach for the analysis of cross-reference structures in digital dictionaries on the basis of the complete dictionary database. Using paradigmatic items in the German Wiktionary as an example, we show how analyses based on graph theory can be fruitfully applied in this context, e. g. to gain an overview of paradigmatic references as a whole or to detect closely connected groups of headwords. Furthermore, we connect information about cross-reference structures with corpus frequencies and log file statistics. In this way, we can answer questions such as the following ones: Are frequent words paradigmatically linked more closely than others? Are closely linked headwords or headwords that stand more solitary in the dictionary visited significantly more often?
Data Presentation Structures in Specialised Dictionaries: Law Dictionaries with Communicative Functions / Datenpräsentationsstrukturen in Fachwörterbüchern: Rechtswörterbücher mit einer kommunikativen Funktion / La structure de la présentation des données dans les dictionnaires spécialisés
Authors: Nielsen Sandro
Published: November 2015

Theoretical lexicographers have developed a range of elaborate structures to describe the arrangement of data inside dictionaries, in particular in dictionary articles. However, most of these structures have been developed on the basis of detailed analyses of print dictionaries and relatively little has been said about the arrangement of data in e-dictionaries. The relevant data types are lexicographical data providing help concerning the function(s) and use of dictionaries on search results pages. In order to create a visual hierarchy on screen that makes the most important search result data stand out, lexicographers should prioritize functional data that are directly related to and support the function(s) of dictionaries on a need-to-have/niceto- have basis, because data presentation structures with functional focus may better help users achieve their intended goals, i.e. finding answers to problems in communicative situations. One result is that lexicographers can analyse and describe the visual hierarchy in terms of data presentation fields and search zones, even though some search results may be described as non-articles.
The European Master in Lexicography in 2015: 2nd EMLex Colloquium on Lexicography and the International Summer Semester
Authors: Gouws Rufus H. , Iriarte Álvaro
Published: November 2015

The following report reflects on the activities of EMLex - the International European Master in Lexicography, focusing on the second annual colloquium and subsequent annual consortium meeting held at the Karoli Gaspar Reformatus Egyetem in Budapest, Hungary as well as the annual teaching semester at the University of Minho, in Braga, Portugal.
The spatial variability of air temperature and nocturnal urban heat island intensity in the city of Brno, Czech Republic
Authors: Dobrovolný Petr , Krahula Lukáš
Published: November 2015

This study seeks to quantify the effects of a number of factors on the nocturnal air temperature field in a medium-sized central European city located in complex terrain. The main data sources consist of mobile air temperature measurements and a geographical database. Temperature measurements were taken along several profiles through the city centre and were made under a clear sky with no advection. Altogether nine sets of detailed measurements, in all seasons, were assembled. Altitude, quantity of vegetation, density of buildings and the structure of the transportation (road) system were considered as explanatory variables. The result is that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the density of buildings were the most important factors, each of them explaining a substantial part (more than 50%) of overall air temperature variability. Mobile measurements with NDVI values as a covariate were used for interpolation of air temperature for the entire study area. The spatial variability of nocturnal air temperature and UHI intensity in Brno is the main output presented. Air temperatures interpolated from mobile measurements and NDVI values indicate that the mean urban heat island (UHI) intensity in the early night in summer is at its highest (approximately 5 °C) in the city centre and decreases towards the suburban areas.
Long-term air temperature changes in Ljubljana (Slovenia) in comparison to Trieste (Italy) and Zagreb (Croatia)
Authors: Ogrin Darko
Published: November 2015

The cities of Ljubljana, Trieste and Zagreb are proximate in terms of distance but differ in terms of geographical and climatic conditions. Continuous meteorological measurements in these cities began in the mid-19th century. The 100-year trends of changes in mean annual and seasonal air temperatures for these cities are presented here, evaluating the differences between them which result from their different geographical and climatic positions. Differences in trends between Ljubljana and Zagreb that result from different measurement histories and the impact of urban climate are also presented: the impact of city growth on air temperatures in Ljubljana after 1950 was not completely eliminated in the process of data homogenization. The lowest air warming trends occur in the maritime climate of Trieste (mean annual air temperature: + 0.8 °C × 100 yr−1), where measurements were continuously performed in the densely built-up section of the city. The strongest trends occur in Ljubljana, mainly due to city growth (mean annual air temperature: + 1.1 °C × 100 yr−1). Comparing the linear trends in Zagreb-Grič and in Ljubljana, the impact of Ljubljana's urban heat island on the 100-year warming trend was assessed at about 0.2 °C, at 0.3–0.4 °C for the trend after 1950, and if non-homogenized data are used, at about 0.5 °C.
Farmers’ Comparative Use Assessment Of Wind And Electric Pump For Irrigation
Authors: Diaba Kwasi Selassie , Felix Kutsanedzie
Published: November 2015

Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community. A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% still use the manual method. 2% of the farmers are using wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Evaluation Of Present-Day Climate-Induced Desertification In El-Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert Of Egypt, Based On Integration Of MEDALUS Method, GIS And RS Techniques.
Authors: Ismael Hossam
Published: November 2015

Limited to fourth percent or less of the country’s total land area, Egypt’s agricultural landscape is threatened by the repercussions of climate change, desertification, soil depletion, and looming water scarcity. Outside of the Nile river valley and scattered fertile pockets in the desert oases, the vast majority of land is desert: rocky, parched and unable to support conventional farming. According to Egyptian National Action Program 2005 (ENAP), Egypt covers an area of about one million km2 ~ 100 million hectares, out of which about of 76.5 thousands km2 ~ 7.6% of the total area are inhabited, and the remaining (92.4%) area is desert. Desertification is a very complex process governed by several variables which influence each other. It is thus not possible to conclude for the general picture from a single factor alone. This process has a high rate in arid and hyper-arid countries such as Egypt. The main objective of this research was to evaluation the present-day climate-induced desertification in El-Dakhla Oasis, so in this study, the newest method for evaluating and mapping of desertification was used. The mathematic method was carried out by European Commission (EC), (MEditerranean Desertification And Land Use) at the MEDALUS project and booked as ESAs in 1999 integrated with remote sensing and GIS. All indices of the model were revised before using, and regarding to the region condition these indices were defined as key indices which were: Temperature, precipitation, wind, albedo, ground water and soil benchmark, and each benchmark has some sub-layers getting from their geometric mean. Based on the MEDALUS model, each sub-benchmark was quantified according to its quality and given a weighting of between 1.0 and 2.0. All benchmarks should be reinvestigated and adjusted to local conditions. Ultimately, desertification severity was classified in four level including low, moderate, Severe and high Severe. ArcGIS 10 was used to analysis and prepares the layers of quality maps using the geometric mean to integrate the individual sub-indicator maps. In turn the geometric mean of six quality maps was used to generate a single desertification status map. Remote sensing data have great potential to improve models mapping spatial variability of temperature and precipitation since they are available as time worldwide, and have high spatial resolution. The HYDRA visualization software was used to measure the present surface albedo from MODIS product (MOD43C1). Results showed that 60% of the area is classified as Severe, 14 % as moderate and 12%, 16% as low and none affected by desertification respectively. In addition the climatic variations including rainfall, temperature, sunlight, wind indicators were the most important factors affecting desertification process in El-Dakhla Oasis.
The Influence Of Zinc On Seed Germination And Growth In The First Ontogenetic Stages In The Species Cucumis Melo L.
Authors: Stratu Anişoara , Costică Naela
Published: November 2015

The paper presents the results of a study regarding the influence of treatment with zinc in different concentrations (50 mg∕l, 100 mg∕l, 200 mg ∕l, 300mg/l, 400 mg ∕l, 500 mg/l, 600 mg ∕l) on seed germination and growth in early ontogenetic stages ofCucumis meloL. We analyzed the following indicators: the percentage of germinated seeds; the length of root, the length of the hypocotyl and the length of the seedling; the number of the laterale roots; the tolerance index and the seedling vigor index. The results underline the specific variations of analysed indicators, depending on the concentrations used for the treatments of seeds. The concentrations used for treatment do not influence negatively the seed germination, but affected the seedling growth (especially the root elongation), the formation and growth process of lateral roots and the seedling vigour index. The delay effect of growth process is very pronounced in the case of high concentration.
The Body Image Of Physically Active And Inactive Women
Authors: Guszkowska Monika
Published: November 2015

Introduction
. The aim of the study was to compare the image of the body, the level of its acceptance and satisfaction with it, as well as anxiety about one’s physical appearance and overall self-esteem in a group of adult women who did fitness exercise and those who were physically inactive.

Material and methods
. The study involved 464 women aged 18 to 35 years (M=25.49; SD=5.24), including 277 women who exercised regularly in fitness clubs in Warsaw and 187 women who did not engage in regular physical activity. The following instruments were adapted and used for the purposes of the study: the Figure Rating Scale, the Body Satisfaction Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and a questionnaire designed by the authors. Student’s t-test was used to determine the differences between the two groups.

Results
. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of actual and ideal body parameters; however, the discrepancies between actual and ideal height and BMI were greater in women who were not physically active. The women who did fitness exercise were less dissatisfied with their overall and facial appearance, and they had higher self-esteem and lower anxiety about their physical appearance that those who were inactive. No significant intergroup differences were found for the subjects’ ideal and actual figures or for those preferred by women and preferred by men, nor for the discrepancies between these figures.

Conclusions
. Differences in the body image of adult women who did fitness exercise and those who were physically inactive were revealed for the emotional aspects of body image, but not for the cognitive ones. The differences found in the study are likely to be due to the selection of subjects and they do not provide sufficient evidence to prove that exercise has a positive impact on body image.