bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of some components on Bordeaux roses and clairets aroma
Authors: Murat Marie-Laure , Tominaga Takatoshi , Dubourdieu Denis
Published: June 2016

Twenty rose and ten claret A.O.C. Bordeaux wines made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet franc and Merlot grapes were separately tasted by the same jury of ten professionals. They were asked to classify the wines according to the intensity of the fruity character. The fruitiest sample was given first rank. The wines’ bdamascenone, b-ionone, phenyl-2-ethanol, isoamyl acetate, phenyl-ethyl acetate (APE), 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (A3MH) contents were also measured. The higher the latter three compounds' values, the higher the wines’ fruity character. Highly significant correlation were found between the sensorial analysis results and these compounds contents. In order to confirm the 3MH, A3MH and APE contribution to the fruity aroma of rose wines, a tasting has been carried out. For this, these three compounds were added to a rose wine up to the concentrations found in the wine judged the fruitiest by the tasters. 100 % of the tasters identified the supplemented glasses, and 90 % prefered the supplemented wine. This second experiment clearly demonstrate that 3MH, A3MH and APE can be considered key components of Bordeaux rose wines’ fruity aroma.

The production of APE by yeast has been known for a long time. The 3MH is present in must under cysteinylated precursor form. The transformation of the precursor into aroma is made by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts during alcoholic fermentation. Thus the choice of yeast strains has a decisive impact on the fruity aroma of Bordeaux rose and claret wines.
Number of berries per m2 for Pinot noir and Chardonnay in Alsace, Bourgogne and Champagne
Authors: Duchêne Eric , Meluc Dominique , Panigai Laurent , Langellier François , Monamy Christine , Schneider Christophe
Published: June 2016

Yield components leading to the number of berries per m2 were measured for two varieties in Alsace, Burgundy and Champagne, three vineyards in northern France. The number of shoots per m2, the number of inflorescences, the number of flowers and the number of berries per shoot were recorded on the same plots of Pinot noir and Chardonnay between 1995 and 1999. The data showed a great variability of the number of flowers per shoot between years, whereas the number of inflorescences and the number of berries per shoot were more stable. All the yield components, especially the number of flowers per shoot, were lower in Burgundy when compared to Alsace or Champagne. Differences between Pinot noir and Chardonnay are discussed. Fruit set ratio, always above 40 p. cent, are more linked to the number of flowers per shoot than to the number of berries per shoot. A new method for characterising fruit set is proposed.
Influence of must nitrogen composition on wine and spirit quality and relation with aromatic composition and defects - A review
Authors: Ferrari Gérald
Published: June 2016

The development of wine-growing practices (reducing of nitrogen supply, grass cover) in order to improve the production control and environment protection lead to nitrogen deficiencies in must. Many fermentation problems appeared : stuck and sluggish fermentation, aromatic deviation. In opposite, it was underscored that must with high nitrogen content could lead to wine containing potentially dangerous molecules for human health, like amine and ethyl carbamate.

Many studies related the nitrogen fertilisation and grass cover effects on vine and must composition, but just a few works were done about their consequences on wine and spirit quality.

The quantitative aspects of alcoholic fermentation are now well know as the yeast nitrogen requirements (140 à 160 mg/l N). But yeast has also qualitative requirement (amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids), in relation with the medium (t°, O2, turbidity).

In case of nutrient lack, even slight, yeast produce volatile acidity, H2S and many sulphur compounds (origin of aromatic defects), and fermentation rate is slowed, sometime stopped. The yeast strains play an important role because of genetic differences and specific nutrient requirements. On the other hand, the possibility of enhancing wine aroma appears with the control of the nitrogen content of must which induce mainly ester and higher alcohols formation. Furthermore, it must keep in mind that large amount of must nitrogen (> 1,000 mg/l) could also lead to problems with wine composition.

Sensory analyses show correlations between must nitrogen content and soil management with wine quality. It seems that must with medium nitrogen give the better wines.

The aim of this study was to resume the actual experimental knowledge on this subject.
Volatile compounds in grapes and wines from two Muscat varieties cultivated in Greek islands
Authors: Lanaridis Panos , Salaha Marie-Jeanne , Tzourou Irini , Tsoutsouras Epaminondas , Karagiannis S.
Published: June 2016

The concentrations of free and glycosidically linked monoterpenes and volatile alcohols in grapes and wines from the cultivars Muscat lefko and Muscat of Alexandria, cultivated in the islands of Samos and Lemnos respectively, were determined. The relationship between free and linked monoterpenes in grapes and wines as well as the relationship between grapes and wines in their monoterpene content was investigated, showing some differences between the two cultivars and the different vineyards. It is also demonstrated that skin-contact for 8h at a temperature up to 15 °C, resulted in marked increases in the concentrations of free and linked monoterpenes in wines from both Muscat cultivars.
Transient expression of uidA gene in grapevine protoplasts after PEG-mediated transformation
Authors: Jardak Rahma , Mliki Ahmed , Ghorbel Abdelwahed , Reustle Götz M.
Published: June 2016

Leaf protoplasts, isolated from Vitis vinifera «Sakasly» and «Muscat d’Alexandrie» and protoplasts from embryogenic tissue of Vitis sp. «Seyval blanc» were incubated in the presence of PEG in a transformation solution containing the plasmid pBI426 which carries the β-glucuronidase (gus) and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) genes. The treated protoplasts were cultivated in CPW13 medium without kanamycin selection. 48h after the PEG transformation, transient expression of gus gene was detected histochemically and fluorimetrically in the protoplast cultures.
Infestasi Kecacingan pada Anak SD di Kecamatan Sei Bingai Langkat, Sumut, 2005
Authors: Ginting Limin
Published: June 2016

Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan kondisi lingkungan yang jelek, seperti infestasi cacing usus yang ditularkan melalui tanah (Soil Transmitted Helminths). Infestasi cacing pada anak akan mengganggu pertumbuhan, menurunkan kemampuan fisik, produktifitas belajar dan intelektualitas. Hasil Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan di beberapa SD di Kecamatan Stabat dan Kecamatan Hinai menemukan prevalensi kecacingan berada pada kisaran 30-60%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai prevalensi infestasi kecacingan pada anak SD di Kecamatan Sei Bingai, Kabupaten Langkat serta mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian dengan disain studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di 4 SD Kecamatan Sei Bingai, Kabupaten Langkat, Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Populasi adalah anak SD klas III, IV dan V. Ukuran sampel ditentukan dengan formula disain kasus kontrol perbadingan 1:1 masing-masing adalah 100 untuk setiap kelompok. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda. Faktor yang ditemukan berhubungan dengan kecacingan adalah tingkat sosial ekonomi (OR = 2,0), sarana air bersih (OR=44,6), pengetahuan ibu (OR=13,9) dan perilaku anak (OR=20,9). Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan upaya-upaya memodifikasi lingkungan dan mengubah perilaku melaui upaya pendidikan kesehatan bagi anak dan orang tua mereka.Kata kunci: Infestasi cacing, anak SD, faktor risiko.AbstractIndonesia still face the problem of disease related to worse environmental condition such as intestine worm infestation which was often referred as “Soil Transmitted Helminthes”. Wormy infestation at student of elementary schoolchild will affect growth, degrading ability of physical, productivity and intellectu- ality. Base on data Wormy Eradication program in Sub-District of Stabat and Hinai, District of Langkat, province of North Sumatra, it was known that the prevalence of the disease is ranged 30-60%. The objective of this research is to obtain information about prevalence of infestation wormy among Elementary School student and to know factors effect on to height of prevalence wormy. Method of research is “Observational Study” using design study of case control which compared case group and control group. Comparison of case group and control is 1: 1 with sample to the each group counted 100 children of elementary schoolchild. Result of analyze from multivariate logistics regression model that wormy infestation of elementary schoolchild proven closely related to social economics variable, water sanitation, knowledge of mother and behavior of child. Thereby require to be conducted counseling effort for child and mother to improve knowledge and change behavior of mother, and also repair of condition of sanitize environmental.Key words: Wormy infestation, elementary schoolchild, risk factors.
Hubungan Berat Badan Lahir Bayi dan Infeksi Nosokomial di ruang Perinatologi
Authors: Tambunan Eviana S
Published: June 2016

Infeksi nosokomial masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di seluruh dunia karena meningkatkan angka kematian. Infeksi nosokomial paling tinggi ditemukan di ruang perawatan bayi dan angka infeksi tertinggi terjadi di ruang perawatan intensif neonatus. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara berat badan lahir bayi dengan kejadian infeksi nosokomial. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder rekam medik bayi yang dirawat di level III Perinatologi RSAB Harapan Kita. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah Kasus Kontro dengan metode analisis regresi logistik ganda. Penelitian ini menemukan jenis infeksi nosokomial terbanyak adalah sepsis (52,91%), bakteremia (35,48%) dan pneumonia (11,61%). Pola jenis kuman yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah bakteri gram negatif (0,3 -53,9%). Jenis kuman terbanyak adalah Serratia sp (2,3-38,1%), Klebsiella pneumonia (kisaran 3,2-6,8%) dan Candida sp. (1%- 4,2%). Penelitian ini menemukan kejadian infeksi nosokomial berhubungan dengan pemasangan long line intravenous catheter dan/atau kateter umbilikus. Neonatus dengan berat badan <2500 gram yang menggunakan long line intravenous catheter dan/atau kateter umbilikus berisiko tinggi untuk menderita infeksi nosokomial. Risiko juga meningkat pada neonatus dengan berat badan lahir ≥ 2500 gram, sementara neonatus dengan dengan berat badan < 2500 gram yang hanya menggunakan infus, tidak berisiko mengalami infeksi nosokomial.Kata kunci: Berat badan lahir, Infeksi nosokomial, Ruang perinatologi.AbstractNosocomial infection is still a health problem on the world because of its increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Nosocomial infection is mostly occured among infant and the highest infection is in the neonatus intensive care unit. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between birth weight and nosocomial infection of neonates (pneumonia, bacteremia and septicemia) in level III, Perinatal Ward, Rumah Sakit Anak Bersalin Harapan Kita (RSAB Harapan Kita) in the period of 2002-2004. The data used was the medical record of infants under care in level III, Perinatal Ward, RSAB Harapan Kita. Major sites of infection were septicemia (52.91%), bacteremia (35.48%) and pneumonia (11.61%). The most commonly found pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria: Serratia sp. (range 2.3%-38.10%), Klebsiella pneumonia (range 3,2%-6,8%) and Candida sp. (1%-4,2%). Neonates with birth weight <2500 gram using long line intravenous catheter and/or umbilical catheter faced high risk of nosocomial infection. Neonates with birth weight <2500 gram having intravenous catheter showed no case of nosocomial infection.Key words : Birth weight, Nosocomial infection, Perinatal Ward.
Faktor Kesehatan Reproduksi Ibu Hamil dan Hubungannya dengan Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah di Kota Sukabumi Tahun 2005-2006
Authors: Saraswati Etna
Published: June 2016

Di Indonesia, bayi berat badan rendah (BBLR) merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang berpengaruh terhadap kematian perinatal dan neonatal . Di Propinsi Jawa Barat dilaporkan 6,4% bayi lahir dengan berat badan kurang dari 2,5 Kg. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui berbagai faktor kesehatan reproduksi yang berhubungan dengan kejadian. Penelitian yang menggunakan disain kasus kontrol ini dengan menggunakan formulir kohort ibu hamil di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Sukabumi. Kasus adalah bayi dengan BBLR yang lahir pada tahun 2005 sampai Juni 2006, sedangkan kontrol adalah bayi bukan BBLR yang lahir pada periode yang sama. Pengambilan variabel independen dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan ibu bayi pada kunjungan rumah dan telaah dokumen melalui kohort ibu, kartu pemeriksaan kehamilan atau KMS ibu hamil. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa jarak kelahiran, status anemia, ukuran LILA , kenaikan berat badan <10 kg, status ibu bekerja, dan proporsi pengeluaran konsumsi non pangan berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kejadian BBLR. Penelitian ini juga menemukan interaksi antara variabel jarak kelahiran dengan status anemia. Kata kunci: Kesehatan reproduksi, BBLR, kasus kontrol.AbstractIn Indonesia, Low Birth Weight (LBW) is main factor related to perinatal and neonatal mortalities. In West Java province, it was reported that the proportion of LBW (less than 2500 grams) was 6.4%. The objective of this study is to understand reproductive health factors related to LBW. The study was conducted in Sukabumi City with case-control design using pregnant mothers cohort data available at Sukabumi City Health Office. Cases are LBW infants born in the period of January 2005-June 2006, while controls were non-LBW infants born in the same period. Data on independent variables were collected through interview with mothers at their homes and document review including mother cohort data, pregnancy card or pregnant mothers healthy card ( Kartu Menuju Sehat). The study shows that birth spacing, anemia status, upper arm circumference, weight gain more less 10 kilograms, working status, and proportion of non food expenditure significantly associated with LBW. The study also find an interaction between birth spacing and anemia status. Keywords: Reproductive health, Low Birth Weight, case-control
Penggunaan Obat yang Tidak Rasional pada Balita dengan Diare di Kalangan Bidan, di Kabupaten Sumedang Tahun 2006
Authors: Wahyudin Uyu , Besral Besral
Published: June 2016

Pengobatan diare pada balita di Puskesmas Kabupaten Sumedang dilaksanakan di Poli KIA yang sehari-harinya ditangani oleh bidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan bidan dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan bidan dalam penggunaan obat secara rasional pa-da balita diare akut non spesifik. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel 109 bidan yang berasal dari 18 puskesmas yang dipilih secara random. Pengukuran kepatuhan dilakukan dengan pengamatan terhadap resep yang ditulis oleh bidan untuk balita penderita diare akut non spesifik. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan tingkat kepatuhan bidan adalah 69,7%. Hasil analisis regresi logistik ganda memperlihatkan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan adalah adalah pengetahuan dan sikap bidan terhadap obat rasional dan supervisi dari atasan. Penelitian ini juga menda-patkan hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dan persepsi orang tua balita terhadap obat rasional dengan kepatuhan bidan dalam penggunaan obat rasional. Dalam rangka mengatasi ketidakrasionalan pengobatan diare akut non spesifik, maka Puskesmas harus berupaya meningkatkan pengetahuanbidan terhadap penggunaan obat rasional, melakukan supervisi, dan meningkatkan penyuluhan kepada pasien tentang penggunaan obat rasional. Kata kunci: Obat rasional, diare, bidanAbstractDiarrhea medication among children under five years old at primary health care, sub-province of Sumedang is performed at Mother and Child Polyclinic which is handled by a midwife everyday. This research purpose to obtain the description of compliance level of midwives and its factors related of midwives compliance in the usage of rational drugs among children with non specific acute diarrhea. Research used cross-sectional design with samples size were 109 midwives which were come from 18 primary health care , which were selected randomly.To measure the compliance, the observation was performed of prescriptions that written by midwives to children with non specific acute diarrhea. This research result showed that compliance level was 69,7%. Result analysis of multiple logistic regression showed that related factors were knowledge and midwives attitude of usage of rational drugs and supervision. This research also showed the association between knowledge and parent’s perception of children under five years old of rational drugs and compliance level of midwives in the usage of rational drugs. It is suggested that primary health care should increase midwives knowledge in usage of rational drugs, doing supervision and improve socialization the usage of rational drugs to patient.Keywords: Rational drugs, diarrhea, midwive
Determinan Indeks Massa Tubuh Remaja Putri di Kota Bukit Tinggi, Tahun 2006
Authors: Santy Rini
Published: June 2016

Di Indonesia, pada 1999-2003, remaja putri yang mengalami Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK). akibat asupan energi yang kurang adalah 35 – 40% dan sekitar 50% remaja putri menderita status gizi kurang (IMT < 18,5 kg/m2). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi. IMT remaja putri dan berbagai faktor yang berhubungan Rancangan studi yang digunakan adalah rancangan potong lintang ( cross sectional ). Populasi adalah remaja putriberusia 16-18 tahun yang tinggal di Buki Tinggi dan sampel adalah 156 siswi kelas III SLTA (SMA, MA, dan SMK) usia 16 – 18 tahun yang terpilih dari 11 sekolah yang diamati. Analisis data dilakukan secara multivariate dengan metoda logistic regression ganda. Hasil penelitian (1) Rata-rata IMT remja putri adalah 20,69 kg/m2 + 2,63. (2) Proporsi siswi dengan IMT<18,5 kg/m2 adalah 19,9% yang meliputi 14,1% kekurangan gizi ringan dan 5,8% kekurangan gizi berat.(3) Rata-rata asupan energi remaja putri adalah 1694 kalori dan. rata-rata kontribusi terhadap total energi protein (11,8%), lemak (26,7%) dan karbohidrat (58,7%). (4) Rata-rata asupan energi dibanding AKG meliputi total energi (77%), protein (93,6%). Variabel yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan IMP pada remaja meliputi total energi, kebiasaan makan dan citra tubuh dengan IMT remaja putri dengan variabel utama adalah total energi.Kata Kunci : IMT, kekurangan energi kronik, remaja putriAbstractIn Indonesia, in period of 1999 – 2003, abot 35 – 40% women in productive age of 15 – 19 are at risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) becouse of in-sufficient consumption of energy. This research is aimed at obtaining the description of nutritional status of girls in Bukittinggi and factors related to it. The re-search that was conductec in period of February tol March 2006 used the design of cross sectional. The study population is the girls studied are represented by the third-grade female students of senior high schools of 16 –18 who are categorized as a late teenager who is very close to pregnant period. The sample consist of 156 female student that was selected by systematic random sampling at 11 schools. The results show that the BMI of the girls is 20.69 kg/m2 ± 2.63 on average. The proportion of students having BMI<18.5 kg/m2 is 19.9% all of which is distributed to 14.1% of light level of malnutrition and 5.8% for heavy level of malnutrition. Intake per day is 1694 calorie on average with protein contributed to intake is 11,8%, fat 26,7% dan carbohydrat 58,7%. Intake energy compared with Recommended Dietary Allowence (RDA) are total energy consumption 77%, protein 93,6%, lemak 65,3% and carbohydrat 84,7%. There is a significant relation between energy consumption, eating habit, body image, by BMI. Variable energy consumption is the dominant variable influencing BMI.Keywords : BMI, chronic energy deficiency, teenagers
Kematian Perinatal di Indonesia dan Faktor yang Berhubungan, Tahun 1997-2003
Authors: Prameswari Meidy Farenti
Published: June 2016

WHO memperkirakan bahwa setiap tahun lebih dari 9 juta bayi meninggal pada periode perinatal dan hampir semua terjadi di negara berkembang. Kini angka kematian perinatal di Indonesia adalah 24 per 1000 kelahiran, sekitar 77% merupakan sumbangan kematian neonatal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian kematian perinatal di Indonesia dan memperkirakan program intervensi yang paling berperan dan menurunkannya. Studi ini menggunakan sdumber data sekunder Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2002-2003. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang (cross sectional). Hasil menemukan variabel yang berhubunganterhadap kematian perinatal di Indonesia selama periode 1997-2003 adalah jarak kelahiran;komplikasi persalinan; tingkat pendidikan ibu; BBLR; tenaga penolong persalinan; riwayat kunjungan ANC; riwayat, serta wilayah tempat tinggal ibu. Berdasarkan perhitungan PAR, BBLR memiliki nilai PAR% sebesar 14,90. Artinya jika penurunan angka kematian perinatal difokuskan kepada program intervensi untuk menurunkan prevalensi bayi BBLR maka akan terjadi pengurangan resiko kematian perinatal sebesar 15% dari total kasus di seluruh populasi bayi lahir hidup.Kata kunci : Kematian perinatal, BBLR, ANCAbstractWHO predicted that every year there are more than 9 millions perinatal deaths and almost all occurred in developing countries. In Indonesia, at present time the perinatal mortality rate is 24 per 1000 life birth, and about 77% was contributed by neonatal death. The objective of this study is to know factors related to perinatal mortality in Indonesia and to assess the most important intervention program to reduce it. The study used secondary data source, that is Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in the period of 2002-2003. Design of the study is cross sectional. The results show that variables related to perinatal mortality are parity, delivery complications, maternal education, low birth weight, birth assistant, ANC visit, and residential address. Based on PAR calculation, low birth weight has PAR% of 14.90 meaning that if intervention program is focused on reducing prevalence of low birth weight, the perinatal mortality risk will be reduced by around 15% of the total cases among live newborn infants population. Keywords : Perinatal mortality, low birth weight, ANC
Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Infeksi Schistosoma Japonicum di Napu Poso Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2006
Authors: Hariyanto M. Edy
Published: June 2016

Penyakit schistosomiasis menempati rengking ke dua setelah malaria sebagai masalah sosial ekonomi dan kesehatan masyarakat di daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Prevalensi Schistosomiasis di Napu pada tahun 2004 (1,71%) masih tinggi dan cenderung meningkat. Hal tersebut didiukung oleh infection rate pada keong sebagai host intermediet yang tinggi (16.3%) yang menunjukkan bahwa penularan masih terus terjadi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan pemanfaatan air sungai/ parit dengan infeksi Schistosoma japonicum di Napu Poso Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian dengan disain studi kasus kontrol ini menggunakan sumber data sekunder hasil survey tinja dan pengamatan dengan metode Katto Katz di Napu tahun 2006. Kasus adalah responden dengan tinja yang mengandung telur cacing Schistosoma menurut, sedangkan control adalah responden dengan tinja yang tidak ditemukan telur cacing Schistosoma. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda dengan ukuran asosiasi Odd Rasio dan uji Kai Kuadrat. Penelitian ini menemukan Hubungan antara perilaku pemanfaatan air sungai/parit dengan infeksi Schistosoma japonicum setelah disesuaikan terhadap perancu yaitu penggunaan sepatu boot dan pemanfaatan jamban OR=2,31 (95%CI : 1,22-4,36).Kata kunci: Perilaku, air sungai, schistosomiasisAbstractSchistosomiasis occupies second rank after malaria as soacial-economic and public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In 2004, Schistosomiasis prevalence in Napu is considered high at 1.71% and tends to increase. This is supported by high infection rate at snail as intermediate host (16.3%). In general, one who infected by Schistosoma is those with habit related to the use of river water. The objective of this research is to know the relationship between risk factor of the use of river water/ditch with infection of Schistosoma japonicum in Napu, Poso, Central Sulawesi province. The source of data used in this study is survey of Schistosoma using Katto Katz method in Napu in the year 2006. Cases are respondents whose faeces contained Schistosoma egg while controls are those whose faeces did not contain Schistosoma egg. The result shows positive correlation between behavior of using river water/ditch with infection of Schistosoma japonicum after confounder control with OR=2,31 (95%CI : 1,22-4,36).Key words: Behavior, river water, and schistosomiasis.
Potret Buram Pelayanan Kesehatan Lanjut Usia di Indonesia
Authors: Trihandini Indang
Published: June 2016

Jumlah dan proporsi kelompok lanjut usia (lansia) di seluruh dunia, terus meningkat, dan cenderung menjadi masalah kesehatan dan sosial sehingga mendapat perhatian dan dukungan yang serius. Resolusi PBB no 46/ 1991, 16 Desember 1991 menghimbau agar seluruh negara di dunia memberikan hak yang layak kepada kelompok lansia. Di Indonesia, populasi lansia pada tahun 2000 (17,2 juta) meningkat 3 kali lebih besar dari pada tahun 1970 (5,3 juta). Pada tahun 2020, jumlah dan proporsi kelompok lansia di Indonesia diprediksi akan mencapai 28 juta jiwa dan 9,5%. Aspek legal telah menempatkan lansia Indonesia pada tempat yang respek dan terhormat, tetapi, kenyataan memperlihatkan sebaliknya, lansia berada pada posisi yang lemah, tersisihkan dan tak berdaya. Tujuan pelayanan kesehatan lansia adalah mengantarkan mereka melintasi usia lanjut dalam keadaan sehat, berbahagia, produktif dan mandiri. Tanpa aksi nyata yang terencana, serius dan sinambung, lansia justru semakin terpuruk dan berkembang menjadi masalah kesehatan dan sosial yang serius. Jumlah lansia telantar dan berisiko tinggi terlantar adalah 3.274.100 dan 5.102.800 orang. Lansia yang menjadi gelandangan dan pengemis adalah 9.259 orang, dan yang mengalami tindak kekerasan 10.511 orang. Pengakuan hak lansia ternyata masih sebatas undang-undang belum diimplementasikan pada aksi nyata yang terencana, terukur dan sinambung.Kata kunci: Lansia, hak undang-undang, status kesehatanAbstractGlobally, the number and proportion of aging increase sharply and continuously. The importance of aging as public health problem has attracted serious attention and support by United Nation as shown by its resolution No 46/ 1991, 16 December 1991, that recommends the countries all over the world to provide appropriate rights for aging people. In Indonesia, the number of aging people in 1970 (5,3 milions) increases 3 times higher in 2000 (17, 2 millions). In 2020, the number and proportion of aging population in Indonesia are predicted to be about 28 millions and 9,5%, respectively. The Indonesian legal aspect has placed aging people in respectful and honored position. But, the reality shows the opposite side where the aging people are eliminated and being in a dependent position. The legal aspect must able to deliver Indonesian aging community pass through the old age in a healthy, happy, productive and independent condition. But, without planned, serious, and continuous real actions, the aging people condition will become worst and worst. The increasing number and proportion of aging people, if not followed by quality improvement of health services tend to be serious social and public health problem. The numbers of already neglected and high risk of neglected aging people in Indonesia are about 3.274.100 and 5.102.800 persons, respectively. The aging people who are homeless and begging on street is 9.259 persons, and those suffered from abuse is 10.511 persons. In Indonesia, the aging people’s rights is only shown on regulation but it has not implemented yet.Keywords: Aging people, rights, health status.
Analisis Utilisasi Resep Antibiotik Pasien Rawat Jalan Tingkat Pertama (RJTP) di Puskesmas Tebet Jakarta Selatan, Tahun 2005
Authors: Isnaini Nurlaili
Published: June 2016

Kecenderungan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotika di Pelayanan Kesehatan Dasar merupakan penggunaaan obat yang tidak rasional dan akan menghambat penurunan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit. Pemberian antibiotika yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan resistensi bakteri dan meningkatkan pembiayaan obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran utilisasi obat antibiotika Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa persentase resep obat pasien RJTP yang berisi antibiotika 37,74 %. Proporsi terbesar pemanfaatan obat antibiotika pada pasien RJTP di Puskesmas Tebet tahun 2005 ditemukan pada kelompok usia dewasa (12-65 tahun) yaitu sebesar 56,5 %, pasien yang bayar sendiri yaitu sebesar 89,8 %, penyakit infeksi lain selain ISPA yaitu sebesar 61,6 % dan rata-rata lama hari pemberian obat antibiotika adalah 4 hari dimana nilai ini tidak sesuai dengan pedoman pengobatan antibiotika yang belaku. Rata-rata harga obat per-lembar resep adalah Rp. 6.226,01,- sedangkan rata-rata jumlah R/ nya adalah 3 R/. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa usia, status pembayaran, jenis penyakit (ISPA) dan lama hari pemberian obat secara signifikan mempengaruhi rata-rata harga obat dan rata-rata jumlah R/ per-lembar resepnya. Disarankan perlu dilakukan upaya peresepan pengobatan sesuai dengan standar pengobatan yang berlaku terutama lama hari pemberian obat, analisa lebih lanjut mengenai rata-rata harga obat per-lembar resep yang lebih spesifik yaitu dengan hanya menganalisa rata-rata harga obat antibiotika.Kata kunci : Utilisasi, obat antibiotika, pasien RJTPThe tendencies of overusing of antibiotics in primary health care indicates the irrational drug use and inhibits the decrease of morbidity and mortality through increasing bacterial resistance and elevate drug expenditure. The objective of this study was to know the description of antibiotics drug utilization. Results of this study were the percentage of prescription containing antibiotics was 37,74 %. The biggest proportion of antibiotics utilization found in adult patients (12 -65 year old) i.e. 56.5%, individual payment patients was 89.8 % and non-ARI infectious disease was 61,6 %. The average number of days antibiotics use was 4 days, that was not in accordance to the antibiotics medication guideline. The average price of single prescription was Rp. 6.226,01 where the average R/ per prescription was 3 items. The result of multivariate analysis indicated age (except elderly), payment status, diagnosis of ARI and duration of antibiotics use significantly able to predict drug price per prescription and the average R/ per prescription. It was suggested to conduct standard prescription particu- larly regarding to duration of medication, more specific price analysis focused on antibiotics price is also suggested.Key words: Utilization, antibiotics drugs, RJTP patients
Analisis Pembiayaan Kesehatan Bersumber Pemerintah di Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Rahmaniawati Nia Aryani
Published: June 2016

Pembiayaan kesehatan bidang kesehatan di Kabupaten Bogor yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber dianggap besar, tetapi derajat kesehatan dari tahun ke tahun tidak beranjak banyak. Padahal pada era desentralisasi peningkatan tersebut seharusnya menyentuh pelayanan langsung kepada masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui sumber dana pemerintah, besar dana yang telah dianggarkan, realisasi alokasi anggaran kesehatan yang diberikan pe- merintah. Penelitian dibatasi pada biaya kesehatan yang dikelola oleh Dinkes, Badan Rumah Sakit Daerah Cibinong dan Ciawi dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder berbagai dokumen anggaran tahun 2003-2005. Ditemukan bahwa bidang kesehatan merupakan APBD Kabupaten, tetapi proporsi anggaran kesehatan tertinggi tahun 2005 (9,8%) lebih rendah dari kesepakatan bupati/walikota (15%). Sumber pendanaan kesehatan berasal dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) Kabupaten dan Propinsi, Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) Pinjaman Luar Negeri (PLN), Bantuan Luar Negeri (BLN) serta bantuan natura obat dengan proporsi terbesar APBD Kabupaten. Penggunaan dana bidang kesehatan lebih besar pada belanja publik, proporsi berdasar line item lebih banyak untuk biaya operasional, Berdasar unit pengelola dinas kesehatan cenderung pada bidang yankes, Biaya Unit unit kerja terbesar adalah rumah sakit umum daerah. Berdasar fungsi yankes lebih besar pada fungsi kuratif. Realisasi anggaran yang telah direncanakan belum terlaksana sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah ditetapkan.Kata kunci: Pembiayaan kesehatanAbstractFunding for health development in Bogor District from different sources is considered as relatively big, however, improvement in health status has been limited for years. In the decentralization era, improvement in health status should reach direct public services. This study objective is to understand funding sourced from government, budgeting and allocation, as well as the realization of budget and allocation plan of health funding from government. The study is limited to health funding managed by District Health Office, Cibinong and Ciawi Hospitals using 2003-2005 budget documents as secondary data.The study found that health sector is included in the District Budget Plan (APBD) with highest proportion of health budget was in 2005 (9.8%) which was still lower than Head of District’s stated commitment (15%). Health funding came from Province and District Budget Plans (APBD), National Budget Plan (APBN), grants and loans, and medicinal supplies with District Budget Plan as the highest contributor. Health funding is mainly allocated for public spending, while line item proportion is mainly found in operational cost. Based on implementing unit, health service units received most funds with local hospitals as highest receivers, and therefore, more emphasis on curative function. The realization schedule have not been promptly implemented as planned. from management system related to health sector.Key word: Health funding
Faktor Risiko Tuberculosis Paru di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong
Authors: Simbolon Demsa
Published: June 2016

Di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong, sejak tahun 1995 telah dilaksanakan kegiatan pemberantasan TB Paru dengan strategi DOTS, tetapi penderita baru tetap di temukan dan memperlihatkan trend yang meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA (+) di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Desain penelitian yang digunakan aalah disain kasus kontrol. Kelompok kasus adalah penderita TB Paru BTA (+) berumur ³15 tahun yang berobat pada Oktober 2005 sampai Mei 2006. Kontrol adalah tetangga kasus yang tidak mempunyai tanda-tanda gejala klinis TB paru dengan golongan umur ³15 tahun. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 kasus dan 50 kontrol dengan teknik stratified Random Sampling. Analisis data menggunakan metode regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa faktor risiko kejadian TB Paru jika tidak pernah di imunisasi BCG (OR=2,855, P=0,048), ada sumber kontak (OR=2,263, P=0,046), luas ventilasi rumah kurang dari 10% luas lantai (OR=4,907, P=0,004), tidak ada cahaya matahari masuk ke rumah (OR=5,008, P=0,006), interaksi antara perilaku merokok dengan penghuni rumah padat serta keeratan kontak (OR=14,576, P=0,017). Faktor yang paling dominan adalah interaksi perilaku merokok dan penghuni rumah yang padat. Probabilitas seseorang mengalami TB paru denganfaktor risiko adalah 98%.Kata kunci: TBC, faktor risiko, sumber penular, lingkunganAbstractSince 1995, eradication program of Pulmonary Tuberculosis with strategy of DOTS have been executed in Rejang Lebong District, but new patient remain to occur and showing tendency of increasing from year to year. The objective of this study is to know risk factor related to occurence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis BTA (+) in Rejang Lebong District. This research use case control study with comparison 1:1. Case is patient of Pulmonary Tuberculosis BTA (+) residing in working areas of Puskesmas Curup, Perumnas and Puskesmas Kampung Delima age >15 year, who seek medical treatment within October 2005 to May 2006, with exclusion criteria of not being relapsing TB patient. Control is neighbor of case who don’t have symptom of clinical Pulmonary Tuberculosis of the same age with cases. Research was conducted in May-July 2006 with 50 cases and 50 controls. Data analysis used in this study is multivariate logistic regression. The study has found that risk factor related to occurrence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis is not BCG immunized (OR=2.855, p=0.048), source of infection (OR=2.263, p=0.046), ventilation less than 10% of wide floor (OR=4.907, p=0.004), no sunlight into the house (OR=5.008, p=0.006), interaction between smoking behavior with house density, and closeness of contact (OR=14.576, P=0.017). The most dominant factor is interaction between smoking behavior with house density.Keywords : Pulmonary tuberculosis, risk factors, source of infection, housing environment
Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik Berat dengan Back Pain pada Penduduk Usia Kerja di Jawa dan Bali
Authors: Zaki Achmad
Published: June 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan lama aktivitas fisik berat dengan Gejala Back pain pada penduduk usia kerja 18 – 55 tahun di wilayah Pulau Jawa dan Bali. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder Survei Kesehatan Nasional Tahun 2001. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong-lintang dengan metode analisis regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan ada hubungan antara aktivitas fisik berat dengan gejala back pain, setelah dikontrol oleh variabel-variabel confounding seperti lama aktivitas fisik duduk atau sedikit berjalan (terkait pekerjaan ataupun tidak), jenis kelamin, dan pendidikan. Responden dengan lama aktivitas fisik berat (bekerja 1-5 jam) memiliki risiko 2,03 kali untuk mengalami gejala back pain dibandingkan kelompok yang tidak melakukan aktifitas fisik berat (95% CI 1,34-3,08). Responden dengan lama aktivitas fisik berat (bekerja >5 jam) memiliki risiko 1,60 kali untuk mengalami gejala back pain dibandingkan kelompok yang tidak melakukan aktifitas fisik berat (95% CI 0,55 - 4,63). Disarankan untuk pemberlakuan regulasi waktu kerja menggunakan metode waktu rehat pendek (short rest break), dimana pekerja yang harus bekerja selama 5-6 jam terus menerus perlu diistirahatkan di pertengahan waktu tersebut selama sekitar 20 menit.Kata kunci: Aktivitas fisik, back painAbstractThe objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between high occupational physical activity with back pain symptoms among working age population (18—55 years olds) in Java and Bali islands. This research used secondary data from National Health Survey 2001. This research was using the crosssectional design and was analyzed by multiple logistic regression. The study result shows that there are a relationship between high occupational physical activity with back pain symptoms after controlled with confounding variables such as: duration of occupational sitting and short walk activity, duration of nonoccupational sitting and short walk, gender and educational status. Respondents with duration of heavy occupational activity of 1-5 hours have 2,03 higher risk to get back pain symptoms compared to those not doing it (95% CI 1,34-3,08). Respondents with duration of heavy occupational activity of >5 hours have 1,60 risk to get back pain symptoms compared to those not doing it (95% CI 0,55 - 4,63).Keywords : Physical activity, back pain
Lingkungan Rumah dan Kejadian Difteri di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dan Kabupaten Garut
Authors: Kartono Basuki
Published: June 2016

Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri yang terjadi di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya (55 kasus dan 15 meninggal) dan Kabupaten Garut (17 kasus dan 2 meningal, CFR = 11,76%, AR = 1,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian difteri pada Kejadian Luar Biasa difteri tersebut. Penelitian dengan desain kasus kontrol dengan kasus adalah anak usia 1 – 15 tahun penderita atau karier difteri berdasarkan hasil diagnosis klinis dan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Kontrol adalah anak usia 1 – 15 tahun yang bukan penderita atau karier. Pengumpulan data dilakukan wawancara terstruktur pada ibu anak pada kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel kepadatan hunian ruang tidur (nilai p = 0,003, OR = 15,778), kelembaban dalam rumah (nilai p = 0,041, OR = 18,672), jenis lantai rumah (nilai p = 0,003, OR = 15,790), sumber penularan (nilai p = 0,001, OR = 20,821), status imunisasi (nilai p = 0,000, OR = 46,403) dan pengetahuan ibu (nilai p = 0,007, OR = 9,826) berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian difteri. Faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kejadian difteri adalah status imunisasi, DPT dan DT yang tidak lengkap (OR = 46,403 ). Disarankan kepada Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dan Kabupaten Garut agar lebih meningkatkan pencapaian imunisasi lengkap DPT ataupun DT. Di samping meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang imunisasi dan penyakit difteri kepada ibu-ibu dan peningkatan kualitas lingkungan rumah.Kata kunci : Difteri, KLB, lingkungan rumah.AbstractThe recent diphtheria outbreak occurred in Tasikmalaya and Garut Districts caused 55 cases and 15 deaths in Tasikmalaya and 17 cases and 2 deaths in Garut had CFR of 11.76% and AR of 1.5%. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between house environment and that diphtheria outbreak. The study has case-control design with case is defined as child aged 1-15 years old who had diphtheria or act as diphtheria carrier based on clinical diagnostic and laboratory test. Control is defined as child with similar age range to cases without diphtheria and non-carrier. Data was collected through structured interview to the mothers of subject using questionnaire. The multivariate analysis showed that bedroom density (p=0.003, OR=15.778), humidity level in the house (p=0.041, OR=18.672), type of house floor (p=0.003, OR=15.790), source of infection (p=0.001, OR=20.821), immunization status (p=0.000, OR=46.403) and mother’s knowledge (p=0.007, OR=9.826) are significantly related to diphtheria outbreak. The most dominant factor is incomplete DPT and DT immunization status (OR=46.403 ). It is suggested that Health Offices in Tasikmalaya and Garut districts to increase their complete DPT and DT immunization coverage, to increase knowledge on immunization and diphtheria among mothers and to improve the house environment quality.Keywords: Diphtheria, outbreak, house environment.
Kontaminasi Air dan Infeksi Amuba Asimptomatik pada Anak Usia Sekolah di Kampung Melayu Jakarta Timur
Authors: Agustina Hera
Published: June 2016

Di kelurahan Kampung Melayu, penyakit infeksi amuba menempati urutan 9 dari 10 besar penyakit di wilayah tersebut. Diduga di sana banyak terdapat kasus infeksi amuba asimptomatik yang dapat menular ke orang lain akibat kondisi sanitasi lingkungan dan higiene yang buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara kontaminasi air oleh E.histolytica dengan kejadian infeksi amuba asimptomatik pada anak usia sekolah. Penelitian dengan desain penelitian case control ini dilakukan terhadap 46 kasus dan 46 kontrol. Data dikumpulkan melalui pemeriksaan laboratorium, wawancara dan observasi. Analisa data dengan metode distribusi frekuensi, uji chi square dan regresi logistik. Prevalensi kejadian infeksi amuba asimptomatik dengan pemeriksaan antigen E.histolytica pada tinja anak usia sekolah adalah 9,6 %. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi amuba asimptomatik pada anak usia sekolah adalah sarana sanitasi (jamban) dengan OR=5,271 (95% CI: 1,753 – 15,855) dan kebiasaan cuci tangan dengan OR=2,438 (95% CI: 1.051 – 5,654). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan untuk membangun sarana jamban umum dan pribadi yang memenuhi syarat. Meningkatkan penyuluhan pada orang tua, anak usia sekolah, guru SD, kader dan tokoh masyarakat tentang penyakit infeksi amuba dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Juga memberi pengobatan pada anak usia sekolah yang antigen E. histolytica positif pada tinja.Kata kunci : Kontaminasi air, amuba asimptomatik, anak sekolah.AbstractIn Kampung Melayu sub district, amoeba infection ranked ninth among 10 major diseases in the area. It was estimated that many asymptomatic amoeba infections occurred due to poor environment sanitation and hygiene. This study objective was to assess the relationship between water contamination of E. histolytica and asymptomatic amoeba infection among school children. The design of the study was case-control with equal number of cases and controls of 46 children. Data was collected through laboratory test, interview, and observation. Data was then analyzed using frequency distribution method, chi-square test, and logistic regression. The prevalence of asymptomatic amoeba infection obtained from fecal E. histolytica antigen test was 9.6%. Factors relating to the infection including sanitation facility (latrine) with OR=5.271 (95% CI: 1.753–15.855) and hand washing practice with OR=2.438 (95% CI: 1.051–5.654). Based on this study, it is recommended to build public and private latrine that fulfilled hygiene and sanitation requirement. It is also recommended to increase education to parents, children, teachers, and informal leaders on asymptomatic amoeba infection and its determinant factors as well as to cure children with positive fecal E.histolytica antigen.Keywords : Water contamination, asymptomatic amoeba infection, school children.
Malaria Pasca Tsunami di Pulau Weh
Authors: Siahaan Lambok , Yuniarti Titik
Published: June 2016

Bencana tsunami melanda Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam pada tanggal 26 Desember 2004, selain meningkatkan kejadian luar biasa (KLB) malaria juga memunculkan daerah-daerah endemis malaria. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan prevalensi penderita malaria di Pulau Weh, pasca Tsunami pada akhir 2004. Penelitian dilakukan secara ‘cross sectional’. Diagnostik malaria ditegakkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan apusan darah (mikroskopik). Ditemukan penurunan kasus malaria di Pulau Weh. Prevalensi penderita malaria yang diperoleh adalah 15,3%. Dari semua penderita malaria, 41,4% tanpa gejala klinis demam. Penderita yang tidak mengalami gejala klinis demam tersebut, umumnya mempunyai gejala klinis badan pegal, pusing, gangguan pencernaan danlemas. Penurunan prevalensi malaria dalam penelitian ini dapat saja terjadi oleh karena perbedaan cara dalam menetapkan diagnosa dan waktu pengambilan data yang tidak dilakukan pada “musim malaria”.Kata kunci: Malaria klinis, gejala klinis, tanda klinis.AbstractTsunami disaster that occured in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam on 26 December 2004, has increased malaria outbreak and emerged new malaria endemic areas. The study was conducted to obtain malaria prevalence after tsunami in Weh island. The design used in this study is cross-sectional. Malaria was diagnosed through blood examination (microscopic). The study found reducing malaria cases in Weh Island. The prevalence of malaria in this study was 15.3%. Among all malaria patients, there were 41.4% who did not get fever. Those without fever, usually suffered from myalgia, headache. Abdominal discomfort and weakness. The decrease malaria prevalence in this study could be caused by either differences in diagnostic method or timing of data collection.Key words: Clinical malaria, clinical signs, clinical symptoms.