bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the classification of non-ferrous metals using magnetic induction for recycling
Authors: Williams K. C. , O'Toole M. D. , Mallaburn M. J. , Peyton A. J.
Published: July 2023

Magnetic induction is widely used as a non-destructive technique to detect and classify metal objects over a range of applications. This paper applies magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS) as a technique to classify non-ferrous metals within shredded metal waste streams on a moving
conveyor. The magnetic response of the metal piece as it passes over the sensor is used to predict the metal, where the measured complex impedance components are used as features for the machine learning models. MIS performs well, even when surface contaminants are present, compared to other
techniques that require the metal pieces to be cleaned; this saves time and reduces cost when large amounts of surface contamination are present in a waste stream, such as biomass incinerator metals. MIS allows for a lower cost system when compared to X-ray and sink-float methods with a high
throughput, which makes it an economical approach.
Research on the metal magnetic memory effect of a steel box girder under four-point bending
Authors: Deng Ruize , Su Sanqing , Wang Wei , Zuo Fuliang
Published: July 2023

It is valuable to conduct non-destructive testing of steel box girders in order to evaluate their working status. The metal magnetic memory inspection method can effectively identify early damage and the stress state of ferromagnetic materials. However, applying this technique in the
inspection of steel components is difficult due to insufficient research on magnetic memory signals under complex stress states. This study analyses the magnetic memory effect for a steel box girder under four-point bending. It is shown that the normal component Hp(y) of the magnetic
signal can effectively locate the stress concentration area. The average absolute value Hm of Hp(y) can identify the yielding state and predict the occurrence of failure. Hm changes roughly quadratically with the average strain ɛm in the elastic
stage of the specimen, which is consistent with the theoretical result. The ratio D of Hm to the equivalent stress σeqv changes continuously with the applied load, which can be used to estimate the stress state of the steel box girder.
Investigating the Effect of a Proposed Educational Robot on Students‘ Motivation and Learning of Thermodynamic Concepts
Authors:   the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco, Omari Slimane , Mamane Adnane , Daoui Achraf , Ouahi Mhamed Ben , Benjelloun Nadia
Published: July 2023

Research in Morocco shows a decrease in motivation and learning of physics subjects for Moroccan middle school students, which negatively impacts their school achievement. The present study aims to identify the effect of using educational robotics on middle school students’ motivation and learning of physics concepts, particularly regarding the concept of temperature. A total of 90 first-year middle school students from a public school in Meknes, Morocco, voluntarily participated in this study. The students were divided into two groups (46 for the experimental, and 44 for the control). The study was carried out during the 2020-2021 school year. The experimental group was taught the temperature lesson using educational robotics (ER). While the control group was taught the same lesson using a conventional teaching method. Two indices were evaluated and analyzed. The index of students’ achievement in acquiring the concept of temperature was measured by pre-test (diagnostic test) and post-test (formative evaluation test). The students’ motivation index was measured by a Likert scale questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software. The post-test results of this study show that students in the experimental group perform better than the control group students. Additionally, the results of the motivation questionnaire show a considerable improvement for the experimental group. The results of the study recommend that teachers integrate educational robotics into their courses to help students achieve better results in the subject of physical sciences.
Review on association between polymorphism of genes regulating insulin resistance and insulin secretion in gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pandey Nitin , Singh Seema
Published: July 2023

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance that is discovered during pregnancy. It is associated with both maternal and various fetal and neonatal mobidity. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus ranges from 3.8% to 17.8% in various studies done in different regions of Indian subcontinent. It has been observed in follow-up studies that both mother and child is more susceptible to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Some studies have shown that pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and GDM has many similar features and also observed that candidate genes involved in pathogenesis of type 2 DM might have role in pathogenesis of GDM. GDM is potentially induced by several etiologic factors such as genetic and environmental. Family, twins and trans-generational studies have provided evidence that GDM is heritable in some case. There is ample chance to develop GDM in subsequent pregnancies. In this review we will discuss the role of genes regulating insulin secretion ie KCNQ1 and two gene involved in insulin resistance and inflammatory processes ie Leptin and PPARᵞ2.
Alternative natural and chemical substances to traditional formalin-based embalming fluid for cadaveric dissection: A review
Authors: Satapathy Bikash Chandra , Kar Biswa Bandita
Published: July 2023

Formalin, a widely used embalming fluid in the preservation of cadavers, poses significant health risks to anatomists, medical students, and the environment. This review article evaluates alternative natural and chemical substances for embalming fluid in cadaveric dissection. We conducted a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on alternative embalming fluids in the past 20 years. The main outcome of interest was the effectiveness of alternative fluids in preserving cadavers for dissection. The review identified several alternatives, including Thiel's solution, modified Larssen solution, Genelyn, and natural alternatives such as honey and essential oils. Thiel's solution has emerged as a popular alternative, providing excellent preservation and flexibility of cadavers. However, the high costs and the need for specialized equipment limit its widespread adoption. Essential oils and honey have also shown potential as effective, environmentally friendly alternatives to formalin. Future research should optimise the composition and application of these alternatives to improve their cost-effectiveness, feasibility, and environmental impact.
The negative impact of social media on self-esteem and body image – A narrative review
Authors: Nene Asmita , Olayemi Oluwapamilerin
Published: July 2023

If there is frequent usage of social media then it will start to negatively impact self-esteem, mental health, self-worth and create risk factors for body dissatisfaction by causing disordered eating behaviours and affecting self-image.

The database search used to obtain the research papers were from PubMed, Google Scholar, My NCBI and Science Direct. These research papers were selected from 2012 to 2022 which consisted of clinical trials and randomized controlled trial articles. After comparisons between ten different articles, it was found that social media has the potential to become addictive. Especially, for individuals with behavioural problems such as gambling, gaming, mental distress, and internet overuse. As a result, this can start to cause psychological distress from increased pressures to maintain unrealistic beauty and social standards, which leads to depression and a downgrade in self-confidence.

Time spent on social media can affect an individual in a positive and/or negative way. In some negative instances, people use it as a spectrum to gauge the means of approval with their way of life, in turn, this can affect how people see themselves and lowers their self-esteem. Type or paste your abstract here as prescribed by the journal’s instructions for authors. Type or paste your abstract here as prescribed by the journal’s instructions for authors. Type or paste your abstract here as prescribed by the journal’s instructions for authors. Type or paste your abstract here.
Assessment of olfactory functions in diabetes mellitus
Authors: B L Preethi , Hasan Afshan Zainab , Kalra Pramila , Kumar M Arun
Published: July 2023

The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasing all over the world and is a major public health problem in India. Studies have been done on diabetes and associated complications like, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy etc, but there is a paucity of research on olfactory functions in T2DM.

: Assessment of olfactory functions in T2DM.

This was a cross-sectional study done on 105 subjects; 35 T2DM patients ≤ 5 years disease duration and 35 T2DM patients > 5 years disease duration, and 35 controls. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institute’s Ethics Committee, and a written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects. Assessment of olfactory functions was done by olfactory evoked potentials (OEP).

The study showed that the latencies of the OEP waves in T2DM patients showed a trend towards significance both with increased duration of the disease, and higher HbA1c levels. This can be interpreted as deviation from the normal pattern of OEP, seen in normal individuals. This opens opportunities for further research in this field.

: Changes in the central processing of the olfactory functions with increasing duration of T2DM and greater HbA1c levels may occur. Early detection smell impairment and meticulous control of blood sugar levels are required to prevent complications of T2DM affecting the olfactory sensation.
Anatomical study of renal vein in cadavers by dissection method
Authors: Nahar Sonal Pradeep , Nahar Pradeep Subhash
Published: July 2023

The renal veins present a broad spectrum of variability in their length, tributaries. Such aspects are important when considering a surgical approach, trauma, interpreting diagnostic images and teaching renal veins.

Although imaging techniques have good resolution, they have failed to reduce the incidence of complications of renal surgery. Objectives of the study are to measure length of renal vein and to study the variations in renal vasculature.

: The dissection was carried out in 75 cadavers which were embalmed using formalin. Length of the renal vein was measured using Vernier caliper. Values were reported as in percentage, mean and standard deviation.

66.7% specimens didn’t have extrahilar primary tributaries. We found additional renal veins were less on left side i.e. 3 than on right side 10. One specimen of retro aortic left renal vein was found.

This knowledge will be of immense help to radiologists and oncologists who are dealing with this region. Also a detailed knowledge and understanding of major congenital anomalies of the renal veins variations will provides safety guidelines for endovascular procedures.
Study to examine diverse locations of greater palatine foramen in dry human skulls
Authors: Gonsai Vaishakhi , Jadav Janki , Kanani Sanjay , Zalawadia Ankur
Published: July 2023

Greater palatine foramen gives passage to greater palatine nerve which innervates posterior part of hard palate. Anesthetic block is given to greater palatine nerve for surgical procedures over upper molar, maxillary sinus & nasal region. In this study, we measured the location of greater palatine foramen (GPF), according to clinically identifiable anatomical landmarks.

All measurements were taken bilaterally & directly on dry human skulls. Observations were recorded in millimeters, using a digital vernier caliper. After the data collection, data were analyzed using the standard statistical software (SPSS).

The situation of the GPF in relation to 3maxillary molar was in 25% of the skulls. The average values of the distance between the GPF & midline palatine suture (MPS) & posterior border of hard palate (PBHP) were 15.9 mm (SD 1.2) & 5.9 mm (SD 1.1), respectively.

: Diverse locations of greater palatine foramen arouse difficulties in locating exact position during anaesthesia. Therefore, understanding the different positions of greater palatine foramen can help surgeons to improve their surgical procedures.
Luminal diameters of major coronary arteries
Authors: Shembekar Sachin , Thakre Bharat , Ambade Hemlata
Published: July 2023

128 human hearts including 70 males and 58 females in all age groups were used for the present study. Coronary arteries were dissected out from all the human hearts. The luminal diameter was studied in all the four major coronary arteries, namely, right coronary artery (RCA), left coronary artery (LCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) in both the sexes. The histological sections were stained with H & E stain and the diameter was measured with the help of ocular micrometer. Among the four major coronary arteries luminal diameter is found to be more in LCA followed by LAD, RCA and LCX. Luminal diameter was found to be more in males as compared to females in all the four major coronary arteries. The data of present study can be useful for doing any instrumentation of coronary artery.
To assess the effect of increasing age on body composition parameters in young and middle-aged healthy obese females by body segment analyzer
Authors: Kaur Jeewandeep , Batra Arvinder Pal Singh
Published: July 2023

Aging is often associated with changes in body composition that includes total fat mass and decreased total lean body mass. In addition to changes in total fat mass, visceral or centrally located fat stores increase in size.

To assess the effect of increasing age on body composition parameters in young and middle-aged healthy obese females by Body Segment Analyzer and framing preventive health measures that reduce the changes in body composition during middle age, thus setting the stage for a healthy old age.

The study was conducted in Department of Physiology (CRL), BPS GMC for Women, Kanpur Kalan, Sonepat. The data for this comparative study was collected from 150 females of which 75 were of group I and 75 were of group II. Group I had cover a range from 18 to 34 years and group II had cover a range from 35 to 50 years.

The present study showed, the effect of age on body fat mass, fat free mass, soft lean mass and percentage body fat was found to be highly significant (p < 0.05) but skeletal muscle mass in both the groups was not found to be significant (p = 0.434).

: From the present study it was concluded that age had severe effect on body composition parameters that is body fat, fat free mass, soft lean mass and percentage body fat in obese females.
Prevalence of cervical spinal stenosis and its association with body mass index among Uttar Pradesh population
Authors: Singh Divya , Sharma P K , Jaiswal Sonia
Published: July 2023

Spondylolisthesis occurs when one of the bones of the spine termed as vertebra slips forward on the vertebra directly below it thus causing significant pain and nerve injury. Damage to the integrity of the disc accompanied by mechanical compression or chemical damage to the nerve roots is the result of both static compressive loading and increased pressures in particular postures.

This study was done to study the effect of BMI on lumbar spinal canal diameter, to find the value of spinal canal diameter with respect to age & gender and to correlate spinal stenosis with BMI.

This was an observational, case control study conducted over 361 subjects. The studied participants suffering from spinal stenosis that underwent MRI and were aged between 30 years to 60 years visiting the outpatient department (OPD) of Department of Radiology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College & Hospital were included in the study.

The age distribution showed that most of the cases belong to the age group 40-44 yr. (22.7%), 30-34 yr. (21.1%) and 35-39 yr. (18.3%). The mean age was 42.46±8.31 years. Our study also observed that at anterior posterior diameter and transverse diameter, no significant difference was observed in various cervical and lumbar spinal canal diameter for various categories of BMI (p>0.05), though in majority of the cases cervical spinal canal diameter was longer for higher BMI (>30 kg/m) and lumbar spinal canal diameter was shorter for higher BMI.

Treatment and prevention of being obese is requisite public health priority. If successful, such results may lead to the minimization of the severity and extent of spondylolisthesis, which in turn may also reduce the risk of low back pain and the subsequent need for management.
Morpho-metrical analysis of upper humerus- A study from Central Maharashtra
Authors: Farheen Shaikh Shamama , Shroff G Ajit , Khan Sadaf Tanveer
Published: July 2023

The humerus is largest bone of the upper limb and also defines the human brachium. The shoulder joint is ball and socket joint formed by articulation of hemispherical head of humerus and shallow glenoid cavity of scapula. The sizes of Humeri & Glenoid can impact decision making during surgery for shoulder replacement and shoulder instability. Study of humerus is helpful for providing data and correlation factors which has enormous importance while making prosthesis for replacement surgery.

: A retrospective study was conducted on 61 cadaveric humeri - 31 from left side and 30 from right side. Length, AP diameter, MLD and head size was calculated using vernier calliper, scale, no elastic thread and osteometer.

The combined length of humerus was 309.84±17.91 mm. Left and right sided length was 308.42±17.859 mm and 311.30±17.91 mm respectively. AP diameter on left and right side was 39.10±2.791mm and 39.54±2.544 mm respectively. MLD combined was 42.959±3.264 mm and head height was 30.92±2.53 respectively.

The morpho-metric dimensions of right side of humerus was more than that of left side.Proper measurements are required when surgical procedures are to be done. More studies should be conducted measuring head height.
A novel insight towards classification of joints
Authors: Kasat Payal Arvind , Pampi Ranjan , Muthiyan Gayatri
Published: July 2023

A joint or articulation or articular surface is the connection made between bones in the body. They link the skeletal system to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Joints are classified both structurally and functionally. The short communication aims to initiate an innovative classification of joint on the basis of general morphology as follows:1. Simple (one pair of articulating surfaces; male and female): e.g. Fibrous joint: Metopic suture between two frontal bones, sagittal suture between two parietal bones; Cartilaginous joint: Synchondroses: manubriosternal joint, occipitosphenoid joint; Symphyses: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, symphysis menti; Synovial joint: interphalangeal joint, first carpometacarpal joint, shoulder joint, sacroiliac joint; and 2. Compound (more than one pair of surfaces): e.g. Fibrous joint: Coronal suture between one frontal and two parietal bones; Cartilaginous joint: ends of the long bones with multiple secondary centres of ossification which fuse later (epiphysis) can be technically considered as compound cartilaginous joints during developmental phase; Synovial joint: elbow joint, wrist joint, knee joint etc.
Evidence based anatomy- Past, present and future
Authors: Joy Praisy , Ganapathy Arthi , Rout Sipra
Published: July 2023

Evidence based anatomy is a branch of epidemiological anatomy. In this commentary, we propose the four pillars of Evidence based Anatomy. The foundation is formed by Sackett et al’s article. The foundation is reinforced by Yaminne et al’s article. The pillars being formed by evidence, knowledge, application of knowledge and training of researchers (E-KAT) was proposed in this study.

We conducted a review adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar. 2 review authors screened the retrieved citations, downloaded the citations in PDF format and it was cross-checked by another review author. CASP tool was used to assess the quality of the articles retrieved.

We included and retrieved 8 articles related to evidence based anatomy. The articles were reviewed and findings written.

The highest level of evidence is Meta-analysis. This article describes the past, present and future of evidence based anatomy. Evidence based Anatomy will bring out high quality research in anatomy.
Neuromodulation of sleep through electrical vestibular nerve stimulation: An update
Authors: Goothy Sai Sailesh Kumar , Parvathi Rachakonda
Published: July 2023

Sleep is the state of unconsciousness where some of the bodily activities are increased and some are decreased. Adequate sleep is essential for homeostasis. Lack of adequate sleep is one of the major public health issues and needs major attention. Prolonged insomnia leads to excessive anxiety and suicidal ideation. The existing pharmacological therapies are effective and associated with side effects. Hence, there is a need for alternative therapy with minimum or no side effects. The vestibular system consists of minute sensory receptors which are basically for regulating posture. However, the vestibular system involves multiple functions related to homeostasis from the level of reflexes to the level of cognition. That is the reason why the vestibular system is called the sixth sense. There are multiple methods to stimulate the vestibular system. Linear stimulation by swinging on a swing, caloric stimulation, vestibular exercises, and electrical vestibular nerve stimulation. Whatever the method adopted, the important thing is the amount of stimulation applied. It should be an optimal stimulus to get beneficial effects from vestibular stimulation. Electrical vestibular nerve stimulation is a safe and non-invasive mode of stimulating the vestibular nerve. Animal studies demonstrated that rhythmical linear acceleration in mice promotes sleep. Here we review the mechanisms behind the sleep-promoting actions of vestibular stimulation. Understanding the mechanisms helps to plan the management of sleep disorders effectively.
Национально-культурный компонент в образовательной области «Технология» в современной школе
Authors: Птицына Е.В., , Ванханен М.М.
Published: July 2023

В статье рассматриваются особенности приобщения современного школьника к национальной культуре в образовательной области «Технология», которая является ценностной атмосферой культурного становления личности. Авторы отмечают важность воспитания «человека культуры», приемника культурных ценностей своего народа, которые он в будущем он будет принимать как важную часть своей жизни. Представлен опыт разработки и реализации проекта, направленного на сохранение традиций декоративно-прикладного искусства в среде молодежи.
Определение факторов, влияющих на межличностные конфликты и их решение
Authors: Хаджимурадова Б.Х.
Published: July 2023

Данная научная статья посвящена изучению факторов, влияющих на межличностные конфликты и способов их разрешения. В статье рассмотрены четыре фактора, которые могут способствовать возникновению конфликтов: различия в ценностях, конфликты интересов, недостаток эмпатии и недостаток коммуникационных навыков. Каждый из этих факторов рассмотрен в деталях, с примерами из реальной жизни.
Экскурсия как средство формирования у младших школьников представлений о различных профессиях
Authors: Кагаова А.А.
Published: July 2023

В данной работе автор рассматривает одну из важнейших задач образовательных учреждений – про ориентационную работу, а также предлагает новый формат профориентационной деятельности – экскурсию, направленную на формирование у детей младшего школьного возраста представлений о различных профессиях.
Анализ влияния занятий физической культурой и спортом на качество обучения в технических вузах
Authors: Касакин А.М., , Севодин С.В.
Published: July 2023

В данной работе рассматривается степень влияния регулярных занятий физической культурой и спортом на качество обучения студентов технических вузов, эффективность усваивания ими изучаемого материала. Дается оценка занятиям по физической культуре и спорту, проводимым в технических университетах на основе результатов социологического опроса. Делается вывод о роли физической культуры и спорта в процессе получения высшего образования, а также о влиянии на физическое состояние студентов технических вызов в целом.
Gastric mast cell population in rats under ground-simulated weightlessness conditions and in early readaptation period
Authors: Zhukov A. A. , Alexeeva N. T. , Shishkina V. V. , Samoilenko T. V. , Goryushkina E. S. , Zolotareva S. N. , Budnevskaya S. A. , Ivanova E. E. , Klochkova S. V.
Published: July 2023

The effect of altered gravity on the digestive system is one of the challenging issues in space biology and medicine. The study of the effect of weightlessness on the mast cell (MC) functioning in the gastrointestinal organs is determined by their multifunctionality and participation in the developing adaptive and pathological processes.

   The aim of the study was to investigate the morphofunctional state of MCs in the stomach membranes of Wistar rats during 14 days of ground-based simulated weightlessness conditions and in a 3-day recovery period.

   Material and methods. The experiment involved 3 groups of Wistar rats: control, experimental – exposed to antiorthostatic suspension – and a 3-day-recovery group, 7 animals each, respectively. Identification of MCs was carried out using May-Grunwald staining with additional staining with Giemsa solution and immunohistochemical tryptase detection. The results obtained were statistically processed with SPSS 13 using parametric and non-parametric criteria.

   Results. A significantly increased number of metachromatic MC population was found only in the mucosa in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension and 3-day-recovery groups compared to the vivarium control. There was a sharp decrease in degranulating forms of MCs in the submucosalcoat in animals of the 3-day-recovery group compared to the control. A significantly increased number of degranulating forms of MCs was revealed in the muscle membrane in animals of the antiorthostatic suspension group. Immunohistochemical staining of MCs with antibodies to tryptase, in contrast to staining for metachromasia, allowed identifying a significant representation of tryptase-positive cells in the gastric mucosa in animals of the 3-day-recovery group.

   Conclusion. The results obtained support gravisensitivity of certain structural components of the stomach, and also evidence MC and their secretome participation in the developing adaptive responses to the effects of altered gravity both at the cellular and tissue levels.
Thyroid gland parameters of mature women living in Saint-Petersburg
Authors: Kazantseva E. V. , Andreev Yu. A. , Starchik D. A.
Published: July 2023

Due to the prevalence of thyroid diseases among women, there is a need for a detailed study of the morphometric parameters of this endocrine organ in diverse age groups.

   The aim of the study was to investigate the linear sizes and the thyroid gland shapes using sectional method and intravital sonography in women of mature age residing in St. Petersburg.

   Material and methods. The ultrasound diagnostics was used to examine thyroid glands in 117 women of mature age. The exclusion criteria were neck surgery, thyroid nodules and endocrine system diseases. All women were divided into age groups according to the scheme of age periodization of human ontogenesis adopted in 1965. There were 42 thyroid glands obtained from the women died at the mature age, whose fatal outcome was not associated with the pathology of the endocrine system or the thyroid gland; they were allocated into a separate group.

   Results. Significant differences were registered in the thickness of the left lobe of the thyroid gland in women of the first and second adulthood periods; there was also detected a significant predominance of the size and volume of the right lobe over the left one. Cluster analysis, relying on the thickness of the isthmus of the thyroid gland and the symmetry of its lobes, allows differentiating three shapes of the thyroid gland: “butterfly-shaped”, semilunar and indefinite.

   Conclusion. The asymmetry of the thyroid lobes is a typical feature of this organ of the endocrine system at the studied age periods in mature women. When determining the shape of the thyroid gland, dissecting and morphometry are more informative options than ultrasound examination. To compare the findings on the shape of the thyroid gland obtained by various researchers, it is necessary to standardize the technique and apply a unified classification of the thyroid gland shapes.
Morphological and functional changes in the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs in rats under enforced anaerobic physical exertion and allogeneic biomaterial application
Authors: Lebedeva A. I. , Gareev E. M. , Sirotkina I. V. , Galautdinov M. F.
Published: July 2023

Exhausting physical activity leads to sarcomere overstrain, destruction of the cell membrane, hydrolysis of structural proteins, thus, resulting in irreversible damage to muscle fibers. Allogeneic biomaterial (AB) is applied to regenerate various tissues and organs.

   The aim of the study was to identify morphofunctional features of the skeletal muscle tissue after physical exertion and under AB application.

   Material and methods. This experimental study involved male Wistar rats. Anaerobic physical exertion was simulated using the Porsolt test with a load equal 10 % of the body weight for 30 days. After training, animals of the main group (n = 10) were injected AB suspension: 4 ml of a 0.2 % solution into the muscles of the fore and hind limbs totally. Animals of the control group (n = 10) received physiological saline into similar zones. Tolerant load was investigated in 5 and 21 days after injection. Then the animals were withdrawn from the experiment, and muscles of the hind limbs were studied histologically, the total number, the average cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, and the number of necrotic fibers were measured.

   Results. In 5 and 21 days animals from the control group manifested dystrophic changes in muscle fibers: type III, IV contractures, microcirculation disorders, mosaic necrosis of muscle fibers, inflammatory cell infiltration, and a decreased tolerant load. In 21 days fibrosis was detected. The AB introduction provided rhabdomyogenesis as soon as in 5 days. Inflammatory cell infiltration decreased, the polygonality of muscle fiber profiles was restored, and edematous phenomena were leveled. There was hyperplasia of muscle fibers, a decreased number of necrotic muscle fibers, inhibited fibrosis, and an increased tolerant load. AB further biodegraded.

   Conclusion. AB contributed to the reduced manifestations of dystrophic changes in muscle fibers, strengthened actoprotective mechanism, and restored physical activity in the early stages.
The role of human papillomavirus in ductal hyperplasia of the epithelium in breast fibroade- nomatosis
Authors: Plekhova N. G. , Lagureva A. V. , Apanasevich V. I. , Tsibulina A. A.
Published: July 2023

Benign breast papilloma is considered a lesion with uncertain malignant potential and, in most cases, it is recommended to be removed. The molecular pathology of ductal hyperplasia of the epithelium in fibroadenomatosis is under intensive study, but at the moment there is no strong enough evidence of diagnostically significant causes of its occurrence.

   The aim of the study was to determine the presence of E6 and L1 proteins of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in biopsy specimens of breast tissue in fibroadenomatosis.

   Material and methods. Viral proteins were detected using an immunohistochemical method with primary polyclonal antibodies to the E6 protein of HPV types 16 and 18 and capsid protein L1 of HPV types 1, 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31.

   Results. In biopsy specimens with fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland, ductal hyperplasia without atypical proliferation of luminal epithelial cells (NOS 65 %) was most often detected, while atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) was detected in 35 %. Viral proteins E6 and L1 were found in more than 90 % of biopsies, with no significant difference between the synthesis of these proteins depending on the type of epithelial proliferation. There was a moderate correlation between the level of intensity of the capsid protein L1 and proliferation marker Ki-67 syntheses in biopsies with atypical epithelial proliferation. The simultaneous presence of the viral proteins E6, L1 synthesis and the index of Ki-67 cell proliferation in breast tissues with fibroadenomatosis increased under transition of epitheliocytes from typical proliferation to atypical ductal hyperplasia.

   Conclusion. As demonstrated, there is a correlation between the presence of HPV types 16/18 and atypical changes in the epithelium in breast fibroadenomatosis. The analysed intensity of the E6, L1 and Ki-67 protein syntheses and their simultaneous expression in tissues in benign tumors allows evaluating the risk of epithelial cell malignancy.
Morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm in diverse body constructions
Authors: Prosvetov V. A. , Gaivoronskii I. V. , Surov D. A.
Published: July 2023

The study of morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm in diverse body constructions is of applied relevance in thoracic and abdominal surgery.

   The aim of the study was to investigate regional morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm in diverse body constructions.

   Material and methods. The study involved 40 specially embalmed corpses (with preserved tissue elasticity), aged 35-75 when dying. To assess the morphometric parameters of the diaphragm, there was tailor-made an organocomplex represented by the abdominal cavity covered by an intact diaphragm. Longitudinal, transverse dimensions, the area of the diaphragm and its parts were investigated.

   Results. The analysed morphometric features allowed specifying that in extreme body constructions, there were considerable statistically significant differences in the morphometric parameters of the diaphragm and its parts. It was established that the largest area of the diaphragm, central tendon, costal part and its pericardial surface were observed in people with a brachymorphic body construction; the highest statistical significance was observed between extreme body constructions. The ratio of the tendon part to the total area was also the largest in the brachymorphic form, and the smallest in the dolichomorphic form. There were specific morphometric parameters typical of all types of body constructions: the ratio of the muscular and tendon parts of the diaphragm, the depth of the pleural sinuses, and the areas of the weak points of the diaphragm. The largest linear dimensions of all parts of the diaphragm were recorded in individuals with a brachymorphic body construction. On the contrary, people with dolichomorphic body type had the lowest values. However, the diaphragm domes were the highest in individuals with a dolichomorphic form, and the shortest in those with a brachymorphic form.

   Conclusion. The study of the morphometric parameters of the thoracic diaphragm allowed recording the major linear dimensions and areas of definite parts specific for all body constructions. The results obtained can be introduced into clinical practice to plan surgical interventions on the upper floor of the peritoneal cavity, including diaphragmatic peritonectomy.
Morphological and functional changes in human skin resulted from the impact of Demodex mites
Authors: Pustovaya K. N. , P'yavchenko G. A. , Alexeeva N. T. , Kuznetsov S. L.
Published: July 2023

According to the latest data, up to 80 % of people in the world are carriers of Demodex mites. Light microscopy is used to detect mites during standardized superficial skin biopsy, skin scraping, etc. The study of histological preparations of the skin affected by Demodex helps analyse morphological changes in the skin structures, specify the structure and localization of insect units.

   The aim of the study was to analyse the morphofunctional changes in human skin affected by Demodex mites.

   Material and methods. The authors studied material from 16 male volunteers aged 26–74 years. All participants had signs of dermatitis. Pathological changes in the skin areas affected by Demodex mites and in the normal skin were analysed and compared. The study participants were punch-biopsied and then the preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to the standard technique. Skin layers were morphometrically detected, the coefficient of sclerosis of the sebaceous glands, the degree of destructive changes in the collagen fibers of the dermis and presence of leukocyte infiltration were also determined.

   Results. The histological picture of the skin affected by Demodex mites demonstrated hypertrophy and destruction of the epidermis layers. The presence of “capsules” with Demodex mites and their metabolic products was manifested as hyperplasia of the epithelium and sebaceous glands. The inflammatory process caused by Demodex mites led to the formation of inflammatory mononuclear infiltration and disruption of the structure of collagen fibers, changes in the lumen of the capillaries, partial loosening of their basement membrane. In the sebaceous glands, processes of sclerosis, shape changes, hypertrophy of the walls, atrophy of sebocytes and disruption of the basement membrane were registered.

   Conclusion. Demodex mites have a pronounced effect on the morphological structure of the histo-hematic barrier of the skin. This is manifested in the impaired integrity of its basement membranes, and in the pathology of the microcirculatory blood vessels. Histological preparations revealed multiple leukocyte infiltrates and thinned collagen fibers of the dermis at the sites of Demodex mites localisation.
Microvascular bed and adrenergic nerve endings of the pulp during permanent teeth eruption
Authors: Chuchkova N. N. , Polyakova O. L. , Shklyaev A. E. , Chuchkov V. M. , Smetanina M. V. , Pazinenko K. A.
Published: July 2023

The aim of the study was to reveal associations between the number of functioning microvessels and formation of adrenergic control (nerve endings containing catecholamine) of the dental pulp in children and adolescents of Udmurtia during the period of permanent teeth eruption.

   Material and methods. The study included neurovascular bundle of the pulp of teeth extracted for medical reasons at the age of 5 to 14 years. At the light-optical level, the number of functioning capillaries was counted; an electron microscopic technique was used to qualitative assess the microvascular bed. Identification of catecholamines and counting the number of adrenergic nerve endings were performed histochemically using glyoxylic acid.

   Results. The process of permanent teeth eruption is accompanied by an intensively increased number of functioning capillaries and an increased density of adrenergic nerve endings. The number of functioning microvessels increases significantly (by 3.36 times) during childhood (from 5 to 9 years); the number of capillaries stabilizes in adolescence. The increased number of nerve endings by the end of the childhood period (9 years) is 45.2 ± 12.4 % compared with the age of 5 years. Notably, adrenergic nerve endings modify qualitatively: a pronounced variety of mediatorcontaining forms is replaced by their isomorphic phenotype. With age, predominant distribution of nerve endings along the vessels of the microvasculature tends to increase.

   Conclusion. Active formation of the microvascular bed during the eruption of permanent teeth is accompanied by an age-dependent increase in the density of localization and qualitative restructuring of adrenergic nerve endings, which provides full catecholaminergic control from the sympathetic nervous system.
Morphological bases of reorganization of the hippocampal interneuronal relationships in white rats after severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Akulinin V. A. , Shoronova A. Yu. , Stepanov S. S. , Korzhuk M. S. , Makar'eva L. M. , Tsuskman I. G. , Avdeev D. B. , Stepanova L. V.
Published: July 2023

The aim of the study was to investigate morphological changes in neurons, glia and synaptic terminals in cytoarchitectonic fields CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus in white rats after severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).

   Material and methods. This experimental study involved outbred adult white Wistar rats. STBI (main group, n = 30) was simulated under anesthesia (Zoletil-100) on the tailor-made device. Intact animals (n = 6) were used as controls. Morphological assessment of the hippocampal nervous tissue (in fields CA1 and CA3) was carried out using light microscopy (staining with hematoxylin and eosin, thionin according to Nissl), immunohistochemical reactions for synaptophysin (p38), Caspase 3, GFAP, and morphometric investigation techniques (ImageJ 1.53 program) in animals of the control group and in experimental animals in 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 days after STBI. Statistically hypotheses were tested using nonparametric tests (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Wilcoxon, Spearman tests) in the Statistica program. 10.0.

   Results. In a day after STBI, there were noted degeneratively altered dark neurons, shadow cells, small foci of neuron prolapse, pronounced manifestations of edema-swelling in the perikarya and neuropil. Coagulative-ischemic mechanisms of neuronal death prevailed, structural and immunohistochemical signs of apoptosis activation (Caspase 3 in the perikarya) were detected in sporadic cells of the field CA1. In the late period of the study (in 30 days), hydropic changes, chromatolysis with cytoplasmic clearing, hyperchromia without and with homogenization of neuronal structures persisted. An increased neuroglial index was distinctive. Statistically significant differences in the main morphometric parameters were revealed between segments and terms. The total number density of neurons decreased by 43.8 % in CA1 and in CA3 by 22.0 % in 30 days after injury; a significant (20–40 %) deficit of neuropil synapse terminals remained. Thus, the compensatory-restorative reorganization of the hippocampal neuronal networks occurred combined with its structural and functional insufficiency. Probably, Caspase 3 was crucial in implementing neuroplasticity.

   Conclusion. Post-STBI diffuse-focal pathomorphological changes were revealed in CA1 and CA3 cells of the hippocampus. An increased relative content of glial cells indicated the realization of sanogenesis of the nervous tissue. Reorganization of interneuronal connections occurred during 30 days of observation, caspases might be participants of this process.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: the history of the concept, debatable issues
Authors: Shevlyuk N. N.
Published: July 2023

The paper discusses diverse aspects of the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and compares the basics of this concept with the classical concepts of tissue biology. The idea of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition was first suggested by Elizabeth Hay (1927–2007) in 1968 based on the analysis of tridermogenesis in the development and growth of the avian embryo. In the late 80s – early 90s of the twentieth century, the concept of epithelial–mesenchymal transition won supporters-pathomorphologists in our country who applied the concept to explain mechanisms of multiple pathological processes. The controversial issue arises: to which extent the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition is validated. It should be noted that a number of its basic principles are open to question. Thus, it is hardly correct to consider the cells of the ectoderma as epithelial cells, since they do not express immunohistochemical markers of epithelial tissue cells. That is, cells with a true epithelial phenotype are not yet represented at this stage of embryogenesis. It should also be taken into account that all evidence for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition is based on indirect immunocytochemical findings (decreased expression of epithelial markers, increased expression of markers of mesenchymal tissue genesis). Moreover, saying about the “epithelial-mesenchymal transition” specialists mean cell populations and not specific cells, which is hardly the same. All the above allows arguing the existence of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition; this issue needs additional research and more fact-based support.
An uncommon case of placental histopathology with antenatal fetal death under new coronavirus infection
Authors: Kasparova A. E. , Khadieva E. D. , Kutefa E. I. , Yanin V. L. , Vasil'kovskaya E. N. , Chegus L. A. , Sazonova N. A. , Khidirnebieva F. R.
Published: July 2023

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been a number of studies related to the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the course of pregnancy and fetus condition. As observed, the placentas of women who have had a new coronavirus infection often contain more villous agglutination and subchorionic thrombi than placentas in SARS-CoV-2-negative women. To date, several isolated publications have reported clinical cases of fetal death in mothers infected with coronavirus infection. The authors have made an assumption on the association of adverse outcomes with placental lesions.

   The aim of the study was to analyse a clinical case of a moderate-course new coronavirus infection in a pregnant woman at a long gestation period who underwent an antenatal fetal death, and evaluate the features of placental histopathology and their impact on adverse gestational outcomes.

   Material and methods. The authors have analysed Russian and international research publications from various sources, including eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, PubMed databases etc. and, considering the data obtained, investigated a clinical case of intrauterine fetal death in a pregnant woman infected with SARS-CoV-2. The placenta was studied in accordance with the clinical recommendations of the Russian Society of Pathologists "Rules for placental pathological and anatomical examination" and the international classification of placental lesions (Amsterdam, 2015).

   Results. The results obtained support the association between acute diseases of the upper respiratory tract and developing severe hemodynamic disorders in the "mother-placenta-fetus" system in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. Systemic inflammation associated with new coronavirus infection appears to be one of the mechanisms for developing placental disorders.