bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrum and Morphology of the Very-high-energy Source HAWC J2019+368
Authors: Albert A. , Alfaro R. , Alvarez C. , Arteaga-Velázquez J. C. , Arunbabu K. P. , Avila Rojas D. , Ayala Solares H. A. , Baghmanyan V. , Belmont-Moreno E. , Brisbois C. , Caballero-Mora K. S. , Capistrán T. , Carramiñana A. , Casanova S. , Cotzomi J. , Coutiño de León S. , De la Fuente E. , Diaz Hernandez R. , Dingus B. L. , DuVernois M. A. , Durocher M. , Engel K. , Espinoza C. , Fraija N. , Garcia D. , García-González J. A. , Giacinti G. , González M. M. , Goodman J. A. , Harding J. P. , Hinton J. , Hona B. , Huang D. , Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F. , Huentemeyer P. , Jardin-Blicq A. , Joshi V. , Lee W. H. , León Vargas H. , Linnemann J. T. , Longinotti A. L. , Luis-Raya G. , Lundeen J. , López-Coto R. , Malone K. , Martinez O. , Martínez-Castro J. , Matthews J. A. , Miranda-Romagnoli P. , Morales-Soto J. A. , Moreno E. , Mostafá M. , Nayerhoda A. , Nellen L. , Newbold M. , Nisa M. U. , Noriega-Papaqui R. , Olivera-Nieto L. , Omodei N. , Peisker A. , Pérez Araujo Y. , Pérez-Pérez E. G. , Rho C. D. , Rosa-González D. , Ruiz-Velasco E. , Salazar H. , Salesa Greus F. , Sandoval A. , Schneider M. , Schoorlemmer H. , Serna-Franco J. , Smith A. J. , Springer R. W. , Surajbali P. , Tollefson K. , Torres I. , Turner R. , Ureña-Mena F. , Weisgarber T. , Willox E. , Zhou H. , de León C. ,   HAWC Collaboration
Published: June 2021

The MGRO J2019+37 region is one of the brightest sources in the sky at TeV energies. It was detected in the second HAWC catalog as 2HWC J2019+367 and here we present a detailed study of this region using data from HAWC. This analysis resolves the region into two sources: HAWC J2019+368 and HAWC J2016+371. We associate HAWC J2016+371 with the evolved supernova remnant CTB 87, although its low significance in this analysis prevents a detailed study at this time. An investigation of the morphology (including possible energy-dependent morphology) and spectrum for HAWC J2019+368 is the focus of this work. We associate HAWC J2019+368 with PSR J2021+3651 and its X-ray pulsar wind nebula, the Dragonfly nebula. Modeling the spectrum measured by HAWC and Suzaku reveals a ∼7 kyr pulsar and nebula system producing the observed emission at X-ray and γ-ray energies.
Beyond Simple AGN Unification with Chandra-observed 3CRR Sources at 0.5 < z < 1
Authors: Kuraszkiewicz Joanna , Wilkes Belinda J. , Atanas Adam , Buchner Johannes , McDowell Jonathan C. , Willner S. P. , Ashby Matthew L. N. , Azadi Mojegan , Barthel Peter , Haas Martin , Worrall Diana M. , Birkinshaw Mark , Antonucci Robert , Chini Rolf , Fazio Giovanni G. , Lawrence Charles , Ogle Patrick
Published: June 2021

Low-frequency radio selection finds radio-bright galaxies regardless of the amount of obscuration by gas and dust. We report Chandra observations of a complete 178 MHz–selected, and so orientation-unbiased, sample of 44 0.5 < z < 1 3CRR sources. The sample is comprised of quasars and narrow-line radio galaxies (NLRGs) with similar radio luminosities, and the radio structure serves as both an age and an orientation indicator. Consistent with unification, intrinsic obscuration (measured by N
H, X-ray hardness ratio, and X-ray luminosity) generally increases with inclination. However, the sample includes a population not seen in high-z 3CRR sources: NLRGs viewed at intermediate inclination angles with N
H < 1022 cm−2. Multiwavelength analysis suggests that these objects have lower L/L
Edd than typical NLRGs at similar orientation. Thus, both orientation and L/L
Edd are important, and a “radiation-regulated unification” provides a better explanation of the sample’s observed properties. In comparison with the 3CRR sample at 1 < z < 2, our lower-redshift sample shows a higher fraction of Compton-thin NLRGs (45% versus 29%) but a similar Compton-thick fraction (20%), implying a larger covering factor of Compton-thin material at intermediate viewing angles and thus a more “puffed-up” torus atmosphere. We posit that this is due to a range of L/L
Edd extending to lower values in this sample. In contrast, at high redshifts, the narrower range and high L/L
Edd values allowed orientation (and so simple unification) to dominate the sample’s observed properties.
A Tale of Two Grains: Impact of Grain Size on Ring Formation via Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamic Processes
Authors: Hu 胡 Xiao 晓 , Wang 王 Lile 力乐 , Okuzumi 奥 Satoshi 住 聡 , Zhu 朱 Zhaohuan 照 寰
Published: June 2021

Substructures in protoplanetary disks (PPDs), whose ubiquity was unveiled by recent Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, are widely discussed regarding their possible origins. We carry out global 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations in axisymmetry, coupled with self-consistent ray-tracing radiative transfer, thermochemistry, and nonideal MHD diffusivities. The abundance profiles of grains are also calculated based on the global dust evolution calculation, including sintering effects. We found that dust size plays a crucial role in the ring formation around the snow lines of PPDs through the accretion process. Disk ionization structures and thus tensorial conductivities depend on the size of grains. When grains are significantly larger than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the nonideal MHD conductivities change dramatically across each snow line of major volatiles, leading to a sudden change in the accretion process across the snow lines and the subsequent formation of gaseous rings/gaps there. Specific layout of magnetic fields can suppress wind launching in certain regions by canceling out different stress components. On the other hand, the variations of conductivities are a lot less with only PAH-sized grains in disks and then these disks retain smoother radial density profiles across snow lines.
Rotational Disruption of Porous Dust Aggregates due to Gas Flow in Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Tatsuuma Misako , Kataoka Akimasa
Published: June 2021

We introduce a possible disruption mechanism of dust grains in planet formation by their spinning motion. This mechanism has been discussed as rotational disruption for the interstellar dust grains. We theoretically calculate whether porous dust aggregates can be disrupted by their spinning motion and whether it prohibits dust growth in protoplanetary disks. We assume radiative torque and gas-flow torque as driving sources of the spinning motion, assume that dust aggregates reach a steady-state rigid rotation, and compare the obtained tensile stress due to the centrifugal force with their tensile strength. We model the irregularly shaped dust aggregates by introducing a parameter, γ
ft, that mimics the conversion efficiency from force to torque. As a result, we find that porous dust aggregates are rotationally disrupted by their spinning motion induced by gas flow when their mass is larger than ∼108 g and their volume filling factor is smaller than ∼0.01 in our fiducial model, while relatively compact dust aggregates with volume filling factor more than 0.01 do not face this problem. If we assume the dust porosity evolution, we find that dust aggregates whose Stokes number is ∼0.1 can be rotationally disrupted in their growth and compression process. Our results suggest that the growth of dust aggregates may be halted due to rotational disruption or that other compression mechanisms are needed to avoid it. We also note that dust aggregates are not rotationally disrupted when γ
ft ≤ 0.02 in our fiducial model and the modeling of irregularly shaped dust aggregates is essential in future work.
The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). III. A Young Molecular Outflow Driven by a Decelerating Jet
Authors: Tafoya 多 Daniel 穂 谷 , Sanhueza Patricio , Zhang Qizhou , Li Shanghuo , Guzmán Andrés E. , Silva Andrea , de la Fuente Eduardo , Lu Xing , Morii Kaho , Tatematsu Ken’ichi , Contreras Yanett , Izumi Natsuko , Jackson James M. , Nakamura Fumitaka , Sakai Takeshi
Published: June 2021

We present a spatio-kinematical analysis of the CO (J = 2 → 1) line emission, observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), of the outflow associated with the most massive core, ALMA1, in the 70 μm dark clump G010.991–00.082. The position–velocity (PV) diagram of the molecular outflow exhibits a peculiar S-shaped morphology that has not been seen in any other star-forming region. We propose a spatio-kinematical model for the bipolar molecular outflow that consists of a decelerating high-velocity component surrounded by a slower component whose velocity increases with distance from the central source. The physical interpretation of the model is in terms of a jet that decelerates as it entrains material from the ambient medium, which has been predicted by calculations and numerical simulations of molecular outflows in the past. One side of the outflow is shorter and shows a stronger deceleration, suggesting that the medium through which the jet moves is significantly inhomogeneous. The age of the outflow is estimated to be τ ≈ 1300 yr, after correction for a mean inclination of the system of ≈57°.
Stellar Winds Drive Strong Variations in Exoplanet Evaporative Outflow Patterns and Transit Absorption Signatures
Authors: Harbach Laura M. , Moschou Sofia P. , Garraffo Cecilia , Drake Jeremy J. , Alvarado-Gómez Julián D. , Cohen Ofer , Fraschetti Federico
Published: June 2021

Stellar wind and photon radiation interactions with a planet can cause atmospheric depletion, which may have a potentially catastrophic impact on a planet’s habitability. While photon interactions with planetary atmospheres and outflows have been researched to some degree, studies of stellar wind interactions are in their infancy. Here, we use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations to model the effect of the stellar wind on the magnetosphere and outflow of a hypothetical planet, modeled to have an H-rich evaporating envelope with a prescribed mass-loss rate, orbiting in the habitable zone close to a low-mass M dwarf. We take the TRAPPIST-1 system as a prototype, with our simulated planet situated at the orbit of TRAPPIST-1e. We show that the atmospheric outflow is accelerated and advected upon interaction with the wind, resulting in a diverse range of planetary magnetosphere morphologies and plasma distributions as local stellar wind conditions change along the orbit. We consider the implications of the wind–outflow interaction on potential hydrogen Lyα observations of the planetary atmosphere during transits. The Lyα observational signatures depend strongly on the local wind conditions at the time of the observation and can be subject to considerable variation on timescales as short as an hour. Our results indicate that observed variations in exoplanet transit signatures could be explained by wind–outflow interaction.
Impact of the Disk Thickness on X-Ray Reflection Spectroscopy Measurements
Authors: Tripathi Ashutosh , Abdikamalov Askar B. , Ayzenberg Dimitry , Bambi Cosimo , Liu Honghui
Published: June 2021

In a previous paper, we presented an extension of our reflection model relxill_nk to include the finite thickness of the accretion disk following the prescription in Taylor & Reynolds. In this paper, we apply our model to fit the 2013 simultaneous observations by the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and XMM-Newton of the supermassive black hole in MCG-06-30-15 and the 2019 NuSTAR observation of the Galactic black hole in EXO 1846-031. The high-quality data of these spectra had previously led to precise black hole spin measurements and very stringent constraints on possible deviations from the Kerr metric. We find that the disk thickness does not change previous spin results found with a model employing an infinitesimally thin disk, which confirms the robustness of spin measurements in high radiative efficiency disks, where the impact of disk thickness is minimal. Similar analysis on lower accretion rate systems will be an important test for measuring the effect of disk thickness on black hole spin measurements.
Flux Ropes, Turbulence, and Collisionless Perpendicular Shock Waves: High Plasma Beta Case
Authors: Zank G. P. , Nakanotani M. , Zhao L. L. , Du S. , Adhikari L. , Che H. , le Roux J. A.
Published: June 2021

With the onset of solar maximum and the expected increased prevalence of interplanetary shock waves, Parker Solar Probe is likely to observe numerous shocks in the next few years. An outstanding question that has received surprisingly little attention has been how turbulence interacts with collisionless shock waves. Turbulence in the supersonic solar wind is described frequently as a superposition of a majority 2D and a minority slab component. We formulate a collisional perpendicular shock-turbulence transmission problem in a way that enables investigation of the interaction and transmission of quasi-perpendicular fluctuations such as magnetic flux ropes/islands and vortices as well as entropy and acoustic modes in the large plasma beta regime. We focus on the transmission of an upstream spectrum of these modes, finding that the downstream spectral amplitude is typically increased significantly (a factor of 10 or more), and that the upstream spectral index of the inertial range, and indeed the general spectral shape, is unchanged for the downstream magnetic variance, kinetic energy, and density variance. A comparison of the theoretically predicted downstream magnetic variance, kinetic energy, and density variance spectra with those observed at 1, 5, and 84 au by Wind, Ulysses, and Voyager 2 shows excellent agreement. The overall theoretically predicted characteristics of the transmission of turbulence across shocks observed in the solar wind appear to be largely consistent with recent observational studies by Pitňa et al. and Borovsky.
How Flat Can a Planetary System Get? I. The Case of TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Heising Matthew Z. , Sasselov Dimitar D. , Hernquist Lars , Luisa Tió Humphrey Ana
Published: June 2021

The seven planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1 in a compact near-resonant chain offer a unique case to study in planet formation theory. We demonstrate in this paper that the remarkable flatness of the system, exceeding that of any other known planetary system, is an important constraint on the mass of the gaseous disk in which it formed and attained its current configuration. We use three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the gas and planets to study specific formation models. In particular, we report simulations motivated by the model proposed by Ormel et al.—in this model, the dispersal of the gas disk pushes the planets from an initial resonant chain into their present configuration. We find that a disk with the mass used in this model is consistent with the flatness of the TRAPPIST-1 system, but a more massive disk is not, with the transition occurring between 15 and 50 times the mass of the Ormel et al. disk. This upper limit on mass rules out certain models of the formation of the system, namely in situ formation and disk migration on long timescales.
Patient Satisfaction in the Complete Removal of Giant Breast Fibroadenoma under Vacuum-Associated Breast Biopsy Procedure
Authors: Bellynda Monica , Yuli Yarso Kristanto
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION: Fibroadenomas are one of the most common benign tumors of the breast in the adolescent population. They account for 68% of all breast masses and 44–94% of all biopsied breast lesions. Fibroadenomas can range from asymptomatic masses to painful and rapidly growing tumors that can cause significant esthetic distortions of the breast. With breast examinations becoming common in women as young as their 20s, excision of benign breast tumors using vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB) became more common. The VABB procedure with ultrasound guiding is still used for removal benign breast tumors.
CASE REPORT: A 24-year ago woman presents with complaints of a lump in the right breast for 3 years, the lump is slow growing. The mass diameter is about 6 cm and no ulcers. Ultrasound examination found a solid mass, firm boundaries, regular contours, mobile in the outer quadrant of the right breast, no specific microcalcification size 6.13 cm × 3.11 cm × 5.33 cm (BIRADS 4a). Core biopsy examination showed fibroadenoma mammae intracanalicular and pericanalicular. We used an 8G needle and got 458 slices about 100 g. After the procedure, a total removal is obtained by ultrasound examination from a previously existing mass of 6 cm.
CONCLUSIONS: The VABB procedure is very effective and efficient in removing breast fibroadenoma (benign lesion) and the results are satisfactory. The advantage of this procedure apart from the cosmetic aspect which does not leave any marks is also a high level of safety. From our case, we can take complete removal with a diameter of 6 cm, whereas in the previous literature, it can only remove a mass of 3–4 cm in size.
Bismuth Classification of Bile Duct Injury and Its Association with Increasing 30 Days Mortality after Revision Surgery
Authors: Ida Bagus Budhi , Ida Bagus Metria , Ida Ayu Setyawati
Published: June 2021

Background: The incidence rate of bile duct injury has not been changed for many years for both open or laparoscopic technique.  Open cholecystectomy has risen from 0.5% to 1.4% when gallbladder removal is performed laparoscopically.  Injuries of the bile duct system after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are more complex than that after an open approach, causing significant morbidity and even death.  From initial classification published by Bismuth, there have been many classifications of common bile duct injury.  We would reported the 30 days mortality rate following reconstruction after bile duct injury according to type of Bismuth classification.
Case Report: 7 cases of common bile duct injury were reported from 2016 until 2018 following cholecystectomy (both open and laparoscopic), all cases were diagnosed as early complication and without intra operative cholangiography performed.  The most common bile duct injury was Bismuth type II and IV (2 patients in each type).  Reconstruction has been done by hepatico jejunostomy for type III and IV.  Choledoco Duodenostomy bypass was done for type I and II.  2 patients with bismuth type IV have long standing cholangitis and cannot survive during 30 days of follow up.  4 others patients could survive with no intra abdominal complication nor other morbidity.
Conclusion:  Bismuth  classification was the simpliest type to described the bile duct injury, Bismuth type IV was associated with the high risk of 30 days mortality rate.
 
Keywords: bismuth classification, bile duct injury, cholecystectomy, mortality
Distribution of endemic angiosperm species in Brazil on a municipality level
Authors: Gomes-da-Silva Janaína , Lanna Joâo , Forzza Rafaela
Published: June 2021

Herbarium collections and the data they hold are the main sources of plant biodiversity information. These collections contain taxonomical and spatial data on living and extinct species; consequently, they are the fundamental basis for temporal and spatial biogeographical studies of plants. Mega projects focused on providing digital and free access to accurate biodiversity data have transformed plant science research, mainly in the past two decades. In this sense, researchers today are overwhelmed by the many different datasets in online repositories. There are also several challenges involved in using these data for biogeographical analyses. Analyses performed on the data available in the repositories show that 70-75% of the total amount of data have spatial deficiencies and a high number of records lack coordinates. This shortage of reliable primary biogeographical information creates serious impediments for biogeographical analyses and conservation assessments and taxonomic revisions consequently produces obstacles for evaluations of threats to biodiversity at global, regional and local levels. With the aim of contributing to botanical and biogeographical research, this paper provides georeferenced spatial data for angiosperm species endemic to Brazil. The information from two reliable online databases, i.e. the Flora do Brasil 2020 floristic database (BFG) and Plantas do Brasil: Resgate Histórico e Herbário Virtual para o Conhecimento e Conservação da Flora Brasileira (REFLORA), which are both based on records collected over the course of the last two centuries, is used to create this spatial dataset.

We provide three taxonomically-edited and georeferenced datasets for basal angiosperms, monocots and eudicots, covering a total of 14,992 endemic species from Brazil. Producing this consolidated dataset involved several months of detailed revision of coordinates and nomenclaturally updating of the names in these datasets. The information provided in this geo-referenced dataset, covering two centuries of specimen collections, will contribute to several botanical and mainly biogeographical studies.
Two new species of the genus Anufrievia Dworakowska from China (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae)
Authors: Tan Weiwen , Jiang Jia , Song Yuehua
Published: June 2021

The leafhopper genus Anufrievia Dworakowska, 1970 includes 33 species and is widely distributed in China, Korea, South Korea, Japan, Nepal, India, Thailand and Vietnam.

Two new species found at Bijie City and Shibing County, Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated, A. crispata sp. nov. and A. confluensa sp. nov. A key to distinguish the Chinese species of the genus is given.
A new subspecies of the mantis Hierodula patellifera (Mantodea: Mantidae) from the Daito Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan
Authors: Oshima Kazuyuki
Published: June 2021

A new subspecies of the Asian mantis Hierodula patellifera (Audinet-Serville, 1839), Hierodula patellifera daitoanassp. nov., is described based on specimens collected from the Daito Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan. This new subspecies is distinguished from the nominotypical subspecies H. patellifera patellifera in adulthood by the relatively larger body size, the larger number of antennal segments, the presence of a white marking along the dorsal-inner surface on the procoxa, and marginal spines of the procoxa comprising two large and several small tooth-like projections.
New records of ostracods and ammonites from the Aalenian (mainly Concavum Zone) of the Zollernalb (Swabian Alb, SW Germany)
Authors: Wannenmacher Norbert , Dietze Volker , Franz Matthias , Schweigert Günter
Published: June 2021

The lithostratigraphy and ammonite/ostracod biostratigraphy and the accompanying fauna of several sections and outcrops around the Hohenzollern (Zollernalb, SW Germany), ranging from the topmost Opalinuston Formation (uppermost Lower Aalenian) to the basal Wedelsandstein Formation (lowermost Lower Bajocian) are described and analyzed. The study of ostracods from 41 samples from the Aalenian and Lower Bajocian of the Heiligenbach, Hausterberg and Roschbach sections has yielded approximately 4,100 specimens. Significant changes in the ostracod assemblage occur at the base of the Lower Aalenian “Comptum” Subzone, at the Bradfordensis/Gigantea subzonal boundary, at the Bradfordensis/Concavum zonal boundary and at the Aalenian/Bajocian boundary (Concavum/Discites zones). A minor change occurs above the Calceola-Bank within the Concavum Zone. The following new ostracod species are described: Cytheropterina crassicostatasp. nov., Eucytherura ebertisp. nov. and Eucytherura foveolatasp. nov. In addition, 15 presumably new species are briefly described; 10 ‘incertae sedis’ taxa are figured, but left in open nomenclature. The ammonite faunas of the Inopernabank and Konglomeratbank beds (Upper Aalenian, Bradfordensis Zone, Gigantea Subzone) as well as the ammonite faunas from the Calceolabank and Rostrote Kalkbank beds (Upper Aalenian, Concavum Zone, Concavum Subzone, cavatum biohorizon) are described and correlated with those of other areas.
Ichthyofauna in the last free-flowing river of the Lower Iguaçu basin: the importance of tributaries for conservation of endemic species
Authors: Pini Suelen Fernanda Ranucci , Makrakis Maristela Cavicchioli , Neves Mayara Pereira , Makrakis Sergio , Shibatta Oscar Akio , Kashiwaqui Elaine Antoniassi Luiz
Published: June 2021

The fish fauna from the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries upstream of the Iguaçu Falls, the last free-flowing river stretch, were investigated. Twenty five sites in tributaries and the main channel were sampled between 2010 and 2016 using several kinds of fishing gear. The species were categorized according to their size, origin, and conservation status. Species richness and abundance in the main channel and tributaries were compared. In total, 87,702 specimens were recorded, comprising 76 species, 25 families, 53 genera, and eight orders. Characiformes and Siluriformes were the richest orders, representing 92% of the total specimens; Characidae, Cichlidae, Pimelodidae, and Loricariidae were the richest families. The fish fauna was composed of small and medium-sized species and included endemic (42%), autochthonous (24%), allochthonous (21%), and exotic (9%) species, as well as hybrids (4%). Significant differences in the relative numerical abundance of species were found among sites. Ancistrus mullerae and Rhamdia branneri (endemic) were indicator species for tributaries inside of Iguaçu National Park (INP), while Phalloceros harpagos (autochthonous) and Ictalurus punctatus (exotic) for tributaries outside of INP and Odontesthes bonariensis (allochthonous) for the main channel. The last dam-free stretch of the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries upstream the Iguaçu Falls exhibits a rich endemic fish fauna, including some rare, endangered species (Steindachneridion melanodermatum, Gymnogeophagus taroba, and Psalidodon gymnogenys). These findings are essential to predict and understand the effects caused by the new Baixo Iguaçu Hydroelectric Power Plant and highlight the importance of tributaries and Iguaçu National Park for conservation of endemic species.
Agir sur les gènes est- ce suffisant ?
Authors: Bourgain Catherine
Published: June 2021

La génétique est une science qui s’est constituée pour l’action, et dont la légitimité s’est largement construite par l’action, dans des contextes appliqués. Chez l’Homme, l’utilité de ce savoir pour l’action fait pourtant de la résistance. Les projets de modification directe de l’ADN par thérapie génétique se révèlent complexes à maîtriser en dehors de quelques situations particulières. Si la quantification a priori de l’effet des gènes sur un caractère humain est impossible, une mesure – l’héritabilité – sème le trouble. Développée par les scientifiques eugénistes, elle est le plus souvent utilisée à tort pour justifier de l’importance des gènes. Elle contribue en outre à diffuser l’idée que les effets biologiques héritables et les effets d’environnement agissent de façon indépendante, simplement cumulative, alors même que tous les résultats de recherches en biologie montrent le contraire. De fait, les identifications actuelles de variants génétiques associés aux caractères complexes chez l’Homme, reposent sur un modèle statistique incarnant cette même idée. Leurs difficultés à prédire les traits morphologiques ou les maladies complexes reflètent largement cette réduction excessive de complexité. Dans ces conditions, non seulement, agir SUR les gènes ne saurait être une stratégie pouvant être qualifiée de « suffisante », mais la possibilité d’agir AVEC les gènes est elle-même extrêmement fragilisée et doit être regardée au cas par cas, avec le souci de conduire des évaluations coûts/bénéfices rigoureuses, tenant compte des nombreuses externalités sociales de la génétique.
Bouddhisme et transhumanisme
Authors: Boris Lorraine
Published: June 2021

Bouddhisme et transhumanisme semblent avoir de nombreux points communs. Des découvertes scientifiques récentes, surtout en matière de neuroscience, semblent confirmer ce que le bouddhisme a découvert et décrit depuis longtemps. Ils ne sont néanmoins pas nécessairement véritablement proches. Le bouddhisme invite à découvrir, pour soi-même, ce que le transhumanisme promet de rendre accessible à chacun par le biais de la technologie, quelles que soient les intentions de l'individu. La confrontation des deux révèle des postulats de base divergents et nous permet de contester certaines affirmations transhumanistes.
Violences de genre en milieu scolaire en Afrique francophone : enjeux définitionnels derrière l’instigation de lutter contre des pratiques néfastes banalisées
Authors: Hofmann Elisabeth
Published: June 2021

Les violences de genre en milieu scolaire (VGMS) ont fait leur entrée sur l’agenda international de l’éducation et font l’objet d’une attention particulière en Afrique subsaharienne. Parmi un certain nombre d’acteurs internationaux, une dynamique de prise d’influence sur les acteurs nationaux et locaux est en cours afin de les engager dans la lutte contre les VGMS. Une des dimensions centrales de ce processus concerne l’enjeu définitionnel : la signification de VGMS est a priori déterminée par ses éléments constitutifs – violence, genre, école –, mais il s’agit de termes multidimensionnels. Sur la base de recherches en Afrique francophone et plus particulièrement au Bénin, il s’avère que la variation des acceptions du terme VGMS est un obstacle à la production de données probantes et à une plus forte mobilisation pour réduire ces pratiques qui sont néfastes pour les victimes et les autres élèves.
Éduquer les femmes de la nation éthiopienne : discours d’émancipation et assignations sexuées (1941-1991)
Authors: Guidi Pierre
Published: June 2021

De 1941 à 1991, la scolarisation des Éthiopiennes s’est inscrite dans les projets de centralisation et de « modernisation » mis en œuvre sous l’autocratie « progressiste » de Hailé Sélassié (1941-1974), puis le marxisme-léninisme du Derg (1974-1991). Malgré des visions distinctes de l’avenir de la nation, la politique d’éducation des femmes a constamment été conçue en tension entre émancipation et assignations sexuées. Il convient alors de se pencher sur les manières dont ces discours et leurs inflexions se sont traduits dans les savoirs et les pratiques scolaires, puis de comprendre comment les femmes scolarisées se sont approprié et ont transmis les modèles de féminités enseignés. Il s’agira, en définitive, de comprendre comment les Éthiopiennes scolarisées ont questionné leurs rôles sociaux et leurs positions dans la société pour agir sur les rapports sociaux de sexe.
Scolarisation primaire des filles à Niamey : généralisation de l’accès, mais maintien des représentations sociales des rôles de genre
Authors: Assane Igodoe Aissata
Published: June 2021

L’enseignement primaire au Niger est, entre autres, marqué par des inégalités de sexe. En 2013-2014, l’écart entre les taux bruts de scolarisation des enfants des deux sexes était de 12,9 points de pourcentage au détriment des filles. Cette sous-scolarisation féminine est particulièrement prononcée dans les régions rurales, et est en partie liée aux représentations de la femme dans la société. Cependant, à Niamey, les données du ministère de l’Enseignement primaire, de l’Alphabétisation, de la promotion des Langues nationales et de l’Éducation civique affichent une quasiparité entre filles et garçons à l’école primaire. Celle-ci implique-t-elle une égalité dans la scolarité des enfants des deux sexes ? L’importante scolarisation des filles dans cette région urbaine signifierait-elle qu’en ville les représentations sociales sur les enfants des deux sexes sont égalitaires ? Cet article s’appuie sur les données d’une enquête réalisée dans sept écoles primaires, auprès de vingt-trois familles de Niamey et auprès des autorités publiques. Au sein d’une première partie, nous indiquerons les facteurs liés à l’offre scolaire et à la demande éducative qui permettent une scolarisation élevée des filles à Niamey. Une seconde partie s’intéressera aux attentes et aux rôles socialement construits et réservés aux femmes qui restent très présents et influencent la scolarité primaire des filles.
L’enjeu sociétal de la scolarisation des filles de pasteurs est-africains : confrontation des discours et des pratiques en présence
Authors: Bonini Nathalie
Published: June 2021

L’article porte sur les enjeux de la scolarisation à l’école secondaire des jeunes filles de populations pastorales en Afrique de l’Est. Fondé sur des enquêtes de terrain chez les Maasai de Tanzanie, il confronte les différents discours et pratiques éducatives des divers acteurs de l’éducation en présence : les Maasai eux-mêmes dont les attitudes à l’égard de l’école et de la scolarisation secondaire des filles en particulier divergent en fonction de leur engagement dans les activités pastorales, de leur rapport à la culture maasai et de leur religion – les enseignants et les personnes en charge de l’éducation qui œuvrent en faveur de la scolarisation des filles, tels les membres d’une église chrétienne à l’initiative d’une école secondaire privée qui financent la scolarisation de jeunes filles de pasteurs contre l’avis de leurs parents. L’ethnographie de cette école constitue un cadre privilégié pour l’analyse de ces positions divergentes et réduisant ensuite la focale aux élèves, celle de l’identité des jeunes filles scolarisées.
Une économie d’acteurs capables pour dépasser l’anomie technocapitaliste
Authors: Vignes Renaud
Published: June 2021

À rebours de l’anomie capitaliste du début du siècle – incarnée entre autres par la Silicon Valley –, une économie en réseau(x) reposant sur un tissu – un maillage, même – d’acteurs locaux permettra de créer des espaces communs de contrepouvoir citoyen, antidote à l’accélération perpétuelle promue par le capitalisme.
Le don de masques au secours de l’État et du marché ? Une redistribution solidaire aux effets ambivalents
Authors: Calvignac Cédric , Cochoy Franck
Published: June 2021

Au début de la pandémie de Covid-19, dans le secteur de la santé, le don de masques est vite apparu comme l’un des moyens de pallier la pénurie. Ce don a porté de belles promesses (humanité, solidarité, capacité d’initiative…) mais aussi de sérieuses faiblesses (allocation arbitraire des moyens, possible privatisation des dons, « fuites » vers la société civile…). L’article examine cette ambivalence en s’appuyant sur un riche corpus de témoignages recueillis pendant le premier confinement. Trois thèmes sont abordés : la personnalisation du don et son effectuation entre individus partageant un lien fort (don aux proches, don aux patients…) ; le pouvoir décentralisateur du don au risque d’une mauvaise distribution territoriale ; le don émis ou reçu envisagé comme une mesure corrective qui répond à des injustices.
Quatre niveaux d’évaluation en protection de l’enfance
Authors: Naves Pierre
Published: June 2021

L’usage du mot « évaluation » s’est beaucoup développé au cours des trente dernières années dans l’action sociale et médico-sociale. Sa pratique aussi. Elle reste néanmoins fragile à côté du domaine de la santé. Elle exige d’autant plus de rigueur que quatre niveaux d’évaluation doivent être distingués : l’évaluation des situations personnelles, familiales et leur évolution ; l’évaluation des établissements et services du champ de la protection de l’enfance ; l’évaluation des systèmes territoriaux auxquels participent des acteurs de champs connexes à celui de la protection de l’enfance ; enfin, l’évaluation de la politique nationale. La loi précise le besoin d’évaluation à plusieurs étapes clefs dans le parcours de prise en charge. Mais si le nombre d’évaluateurs potentiels est très grand, la pratique reste loin de la volonté affichée. Des affirmations sont encore posées sans raison suffisante.
L’enfant et ses parents : des sujets-clés en protection de l’enfance
Authors: Euillet Séverine , Lacharité Carl
Published: June 2021

Si l’État intervient dans la vie d’un enfant dont la sécurité ou le développement est compromis, c’est tout un système familial et institutionnel qui est concerné par les interventions mises en place. Interventions, dispositifs, lois qui évoluent au fil des périodes mais aussi des conceptions et des théories. Cet article vise à repérer les points de débat clés qui mobilisent ce champ et ses acteurs, à savoir : l’enfant et le parent. Parmi les nombreuses approches conceptuelles pouvant représenter des ressources pour penser l’enfant protégé et ses parents, certaines vont être mises en perspective au regard d’axes transversaux que sont la participation, la conception des besoins et la considération des perspectives des enfants et des parents.
Considérés par le bas, les parcours en protection de l’enfance
Authors: Robin Pierrine
Published: June 2021

Cet article interroge le concept de parcours en protection de l’enfance, un concept trait d’union entre acteurs politiques et scientifiques. Il s’attache à présenter l’appréhension des parcours dans l’arène scientifique et à souligner l’intérêt de développer en protection de l’enfance les approches processuelles. Par le recours à une approche de recherche participative, mobilisant des chercheurs pairs ayant une expérience dans les enquêtes en protection de l’enfance, cet article vise à donner une lecture par le bas des parcours en protection de l’enfance au travers de leur expérience. Il montre que, tout en présentant des répétitions par rapport à la socialisation familiale primaire, le passage par les services de protection de l’enfance peut représenter pour les premiers concernés une ouverture des possibles.
La conférence familiale : une autre éthique de l’intervention ?
Authors: Auger Marie-Pierre
Published: June 2021

Les conférences familiales se sont construites il y a trente ans en Nouvelle-Zélande où les Maoris, peuple autochtone, revendiquaient le droit à agir de façon autonome des institutions qui les accompagnaient dans le respect des pratiques sociales communautaires. Cet outil, aujourd’hui innovant en protection de l’enfance en France, vise à confier à une famille et son réseau les décisions pouvant réduire le danger vécu par l’enfant. Dans le cadre d’une recherche doctorale réalisée au sein du Centre de recherche en éducation familiale de l’université Paris Nanterre, un recueil de données mené auprès de professionnels de la protection de l’enfance formés aux conférences familiales met en lumière que leur émergence vient répondre à un sentiment d’échec de leur mission. Celui-ci engendre une souffrance éthique définie par M. Jean-Philippe comme « un malaise des salariés pour qui les contraintes imposées par le système sont contradictoires avec leur mission ».
A review of servitization theoretical foundations
Authors: Ruiz-Martín Agustín , Díaz-Garrido Eloísa
Published: June 2021

Purpose: This study seeks to analyse how the servitization topic has been addressed through different theoretical approaches. More specifically, the aim is to answer two key questions: What theoretical approaches have been used to study the phenomenon of servitization? What specific aspects of the servitization process have been analysed through each theoretical approach?Design/methodology/approach: This paper adopts a systematic literature review. The first step involves a descriptive analysis, which is then followed by a thematic one.Findings: The results show that the topic of servitization has been analysed according to the main boundary of the firm theories (Resource-based view, Game theory, and Transaction cost economics) and to organizational boundaries (Contingency theory and Resource dependence theory), among others. From the perspective of these theoretical frameworks, the following topics have received the most scholarly attention: Performance, Capabilities, Supply Chain Management, Business Model, Strategy, and Sustainability.Originality/value: Observations are made on the relevance that diverse theories have on the development of research into servitization. The most suitable theoretical lenses are recommended for future research.
A mathematical approach towards THz tomography for non-destructive imaging
Authors: Hubmer Simon , Ploier Alexander , Ramlau Ronny , Fosodeder Peter , Frank Sandrine van
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we consider the imaging problem of terahertz (THz) tomography, in particular as it appears in non-destructive testing. We derive a nonlinear mathematical model describing a full THz tomography experiment, and consider linear approximations connecting THz tomography with standard computerized tomography and the Radon transform. Based on the derived models we propose different reconstruction approaches for solving the THz tomography problem, which we then compare on experimental data obtained from THz measurements of a plastic sample.
On numerical aspects of parameter identification for the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation in Magnetic Particle Imaging
Authors: Nguyen Tram Thi Ngoc , Wald Anne
Published: June 2021

The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation yields a mathematical model to describe the evolution of the magnetization of a magnetic material, particularly in response to an external applied magnetic field. It allows one to take into account various physical effects, such as the exchange within the magnetic material itself. In particular, the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation encodes relaxation effects, i.e., it describes the time-delayed alignment of the magnetization field with an external magnetic field. These relaxation effects are an important aspect in magnetic particle imaging, particularly in the calibration process. In this article, we address the data-driven modeling of the system function in magnetic particle imaging, where the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation serves as the basic tool to include relaxation effects in the model. We formulate the respective parameter identification problem both in the all-at-once and the reduced setting, present reconstruction algorithms that yield a regularized solution and discuss numerical experiments. Apart from that, we propose a practical numerical solver to the nonlinear Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, not via the classical finite element method, but through solving only linear PDEs in an inverse problem framework.
Suicide rates of migrants in United States immigration detention (2010–2020)
Authors: Erfani Parsa ,   Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Chin Elizabeth T , Lee Caroline H , Uppal Nishant , Peeler Katherine R ,   Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,   Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA,   Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,   Division of Medical Critical Care, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Published: June 2021

Objective

We determined the annual suicide rate of migrants detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in the past decade.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of the annual suicide rates for ICE detainees from federal fiscal years (FY) 2010–2020. Death date and cause of death were directly extracted from publicly available ICE Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Library, ICE death reports, and ICE press releases. Annual suicide rates were calculated as suicides per 100,000 person-years and suicides per 100,000 admissions.

Results

From 2010–2019, the mean number of suicides per 100,000 person-years was 3.3 (standard deviation (SD): 2.6). In 2020, the suicide rate increased 5.3 times the prior 10-year average to 17.4 suicides per 100,000 person-years. When calculating suicide rate based on admissions per FY, the mean number of suicides from 2010–2019 per 100,000 admissions was 0.3 (SD: 0.3). In 2020, the suicide rate increased 11.0 times the prior 10-year average to 3.4 suicides per 100,000 admissions.

Conclusion

In 2020, the detainee suicide rate increased substantially compared to the past decade. This may point to a worsening mental health crisis in ICE detention.
COVID-19-related music-video-watching among the Vietnamese population: lessons on health education
Authors: Hung Nguyen Tuan ,   Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam, Trang Vu Thu , Van Tung Trinh , Long Nguyen Xuan , Thu Ha Thi , Giang Tran Song , Ngoc Tran Hoang Thi Diem , Mai Vu Thi Thanh , Oanh Nguyen Kim , Phuong Nguyen Thi , Van Nguyen Hang Nguyet , Dung Nguyen Hanh , Nam Pham Tien ,   Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam,   University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam,   University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Thanglong University, Hanoi, Vietnam,   Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: June 2021

Background

Health education through music video plays a vital role in raising a person's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors positively connected to health during COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19-related music-video-watching and examine associated factors among the Vietnamese population.

Methods

A cross-sectional study in Vietnam was conducted in February 2021 via the Internet.

Results

Among 658 participants, the prevalence of COVID-19-related music-video-watching was 89.1% among people. In the multivariable regression models, significant factors for COVID-19-related music-video-watching were living area, types of housemate, age groups, and current occupation.

Conclusions

Lessons on health education to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam could be useful for similar settings in the world.
Morphological characteristics and distribution of dolines in Slovenia, a study of a lidar-based doline map of Slovenia
Authors: Mihevc Andrej , Mihevc Rok
Published: June 2021

Dolines are small to intermediate enclosed depressions and are the most numerous karst feature in Slovenia. They are circular in plan form and vary in diameter from a few metres to over a kilometre. They are developed in limestone, dolomite, carbonate breccia and conglomerate and occupy different geomorphic settings. They were formed by various processes like dissolution, collapse, suffosion and transformation of caves to surface features by denudation. Publicly accessible lidar data, provided by a nationwide laser scanning project of Slovenia, was used for this study. To catalogue the dolines, we manually label a fraction of the digital elevation model (DEM) with a binary mask indicating if the area is a doline or not. We then train a slightly modified u-net, a type of machine learning algorithm, on the labelled territory. Using the trained algorithm, we infer the binary mask on the entire DEM. We convert the resulting mask into an ESRI Shapefile and manually verify the results. We note that the training and inference are error prone on types of relief that were less common in the training set (e.g., the relatively uncommon collapse dolines). We believe manual verification mitigates most of these errors, so the resulting map is a good basis for the doline study. We have made our georeferenced catalogue of dolines available at https://dolines.org/ (Mihevc & Mihevc 2021). Dolines are found in most of the karst areas, except mountains where they were eroded by glacial action or covered by glacial deposits. We detected 471,192 dolines and divided them into three genetic types. Most abundant are solution dolines (470,325). The average doline is 9 m deep, has a diameter of 42 m and a volume of 14,098 m3. The density of dolines on levelled surfaces can be as high as 500/ per km2. They are absent from the floors of poljes and steeper slopes, and are less abundant on sloping surfaces. We have identified 314 dolines to be of collapse origin. The mean depth of collapse dolines is 49 m, and 20 of them are deeper than 100 m. The mean volume is 1.2 million m3, with the largest having a volume of 11.6 million m3. Most of the collapse dolines can be found close to ponors or springs or corridors where large underground rivers flow. We have detected 553 suffosion dolines formed by suffosion of sediments in blind valleys or on poljes. This basic data set for dolines enables further study and comparison of dolines with the geology and topography of the karst.