bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface shape determination with a stitching Michelson interferometer and accuracy evaluation
Authors: Polack F. , Thomasset M. , Brochet S. , Dennetiere D.
Published: February 2019

Stitching methods are increasingly used for determining the surface shape of large and high precision optical elements used in synchrotron beamlines. They consist in reconstructing the surface topography from multiple measurements on overlapping parts of the optics aperture by various algorithms. This paper is an attempt to investigate how true and accurate such a reconstruction can be. Error sources are identified and evaluated throughout the acquisition and processing steps. The analysis is based on the example SOLEIL Michelson interferometer for nano-topography, a dedicated measurement bench for stitching interferometry. We propose a method for determining the error made on the estimate of the interferometric reference surface from the stitching dataset. This determination is made before and independently of the stitching procedure itself.
On the non-equilibrium models for subfilter scalar variance in large eddy simulation of turbulent mixing and combustion
Authors: Jain Abhishek , Kim Seung Hyun
Published: February 2019

This paper presents an analysis of the discretization errors in the non-equilibrium models for the subfilter variance of the mixture fraction, a key quantity to model in large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent mixing and combustion. Two discretely distinct formulations of the non-equilibrium models that solve the transport equations to obtain the subfilter variance, i.e., the second moment transport equation (STE) and the variance transport equation (VTE), are analyzed. By deriving discrete equations for the evolution of subfilter variance by the two formulations, it is seen that the difference originates primarily from the product rule of differentiation applied to the scalar convection term, which does not hold discretely. LES of scalar mixing in a planar jet is performed to illustrate the outcome of the analysis. Results show that the discrete product rule error is significant and of the same order as the production and dissipation terms on average. A priori analysis using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for scalar mixing in homogeneous isotropic turbulence is also performed. From the analysis, it is seen that the VTE model under-predicts the subfilter variance, whereas the STE model over-predicts it substantially with sharp oscillations.
Frequency multiplier based on back-gated graphene FETs with M-shaped resistance characteristics
Authors: Peng Pei , Tian Zhongzheng , Li Muchan , Wang Zidong , Ren Liming , Fu Yunyi
Published: February 2019

The ambipolar graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) usually exhibit Λ-shaped resistance versus gate voltage characteristics (R-Vg curve) with the n- and p-type regions switching at the neutrality points of graphene. However, M-shaped R-Vg curves were frequently observed in our back-gated GFETs without intentional doping. Here, we proposed an implementation of a frequency multiplier using the M-like shape of the R-Vg curve. We first investigated the effect of the channel length and the contact transfer length in a GFET on the shape of the R-Vg curve and then evaluated the influence of the various shapes of R-Vg curves on the performance of the frequency multiplier (including tripler and quadrupler). Finally, a frequency tripler based on a single GFET has been experimentally demonstrated. When applying a sinusoid input signal with a fundamental frequency at a suitable operation area, around 80% output signal power is concentrated at the third harmonic. The excellent output spectral purity makes GFETs with the M-shaped R-Vg curve promising candidates for the frequency multiplier.
Effects of pressure on the ionic transport and photoelectrical properties of CsPbBr3
Authors: Ou Tianji , Liu Cailong , Yan Huacai , Han Yonghao , Wang Qinglin , Liu Xizhe , Ma Yanzhang , Gao Chunxiao
Published: February 2019

Pressure effects on the ionic transport and optoelectrical properties of lead halide perovskites are still largely terra incognita. Herein, we have conducted in situ alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy on both CsPbBr3 powders and single crystals with random planes at pressures of up to 9.2 GPa and 6.8 GPa, respectively. Through the selection of different simulation equivalent circuit models of AC impedance spectroscopy, we have obtained the pressure-dependent electrical parameters of CsPbBr3. The current results indicate that all the CsPbBr3 samples show mixed ionic-electronic conduction from ambient pressure to 2.3 GPa and pure electronic conduction at pressures above 2.3 GPa. We have also conducted in situ photocurrent measurements on CsPbBr3 powders at pressures up to 2.9 GPa. The emergence of extremely sharp and needle-like peaks at every moment of light irradiation at pressures below 2.3 GPa is attributed to the mixed conduction within CsPbBr3, and the photocurrent of CsPbBr3 could hardly be detected at pressures above 2.9 GPa. Additionally, the photoelectric response of CsPbBr3 can be enhanced by compression, and the strongest photocurrent value appears in the high-pressure phase at 1.4 GPa.
Modelling of the vertical deflection of ferroelectric bending tongues loaded at their free end
Authors: Cardoletti Juliette , Radetinac Aldin , Thiem Daniel , Walker Julian , Komissinskiy Philipp , Xu Bai-Xiang , Schlaak Helmut , Trolier-McKinstry Susan , Alff Lambert
Published: February 2019

In this work, a model to describe the vertical deflection of ferroelectric bending tongues with a load at their free end is proposed. The model is based on the ferroelectric switching criterion developed by Hwang et al. [“Ferroelectric/ferroelastic interactions and a polarization switching model,” Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 2073–2084 (1995)] and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. It notably takes into account the geometry of the bending tongue, the mechanical and piezoelectric material properties, the applied electrical field, the crystallographic state of the ferroelectric thin film and its built-in strain. Hwang’s model is improved by incorporating strain saturation at high field, as expected for the butterfly loop. This allows accurate estimates of the vertical deflection for ferroelectric bending tongue based applications.
Criteria and propagation processes of electrode-initiated and electrodeless-initiated discharge in SF6
Authors: Liu Lin , Li Xiaoang , Wen Tao , Bo Qinhao , Ma Jingtan , Zhang Qiaogen
Published: February 2019

The differences between the gas gap discharge and surface flashover have not been clarified because of the complexity of the flashover inception process at the solid–gas interface. In this paper, epoxy resin insulators with an adjustable inserted electrode for electric field regulation were employed to investigate the inception and propagation of electrodeless-initiated discharge (ELID) under the standard lightning impulse in SF6, and the differences from the breakdown process of an equal-sized gas gap (electrode-surface-initiated discharge, ESID) are discussed. Both a photomultiplier tube and a high-speed framing camera were used to observe the luminous strength and configuration of the initiation and propagation processes of the discharge. The results show that various luminous pre-signals can be detected before breakdown, indicating different physical processes during discharge. In ESID, the discharge begins with several streamer bursts followed by a step-by-step stem leader propagation and then breaks through the whole gas gap, with a submicrosecond time delay, whereas, in ELID, the streamer bursts are much weaker than those in ESID, and they turn into a bidirectionally propagated leader that breaks through the residual insulation faster, with a much shorter breakdown time delay, which is ≤300 ns. The criterion of streamer inception is also analyzed via the Raether–Meek criterion (K value), which is found to be higher in ELID (545 ± 20) than that in ESID (375 ± 25), which implies a higher requirement of an electric field for streamer inception and discharge initiation from the dielectric surface than that from the electrode surface.
Direct contact melting due to a permeable rotating disk
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu M.
Published: February 2019

The melting process of a solid phase change material sitting above a heater of rotating as well as permeable disk is revisited. The melting starts due to the temperature difference between the solid and the disk, and a melt layer of thin thickness is formed subject to a three dimensional motion. The motion is subject to the effects of pressure load (including the weight of the solid) directly acting on the solid and a centrifugal force created by the rotation. The amount of melt is then controlled by the action of wall permeability. The removal of melt is assumed to be steady, governed by the nonlinear similarity equations. Numerical simulations are performed to seize the behaviors of fluid and temperature fields of the melt. Moreover, the physical features of melting rate, heat transfer at the solid liquid interface and at the disk surface, and radial and tangential stresses are analyzed in detail. These physical properties are shown to be in excellent agreement with those determined from the thin melting film approximations. External load and suction are found to enhance the melting and heat transfer rates at sufficiently small melt film thicknesses.
Synthesis, properties and applications of semiconductor nanostructured zinc sulfide
Authors: Sadovnikov Stanislav I.
Published: February 2019

Experimental results obtained in recent years on the synthesis, structure and properties of nanostructured zinc sulfide are summarized and analyzed. The crystal polymorphs of zinc sulfide and methods for the synthesis of zinc sulfide as quantum dots, nanospheres, doped nanoparticles, thin films and heteronanostructures with different morphology are described. The attention is focused on the emission and semiconductor properties of the title compound. The potential applications of zinc sulfide-based nanostructures are considered.

The bibliography includes 194 references.
Effect of temperature and light on germination of 10 species of Eucalyptus from north-western NSW
Authors: Ruiz-Talonia Lorena , Carr David , Smith Rhiannon , Whalley R. D. B. , Reid Nick
Published: February 2019

The effects of temperature and light were examined on the germination of 14 seedlots of 10 Eucalyptus species, which are important for revegetation of native communities in north-western New South Wales. The species tested were E. albens, E. blakelyi, E. chloroclada, E. dealbata, E. camaldulensis, E. melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. pilligaensis, E. populnea and E. sideroxylon. Species were subjected to three alternating day/night temperatures (15/5, 25/15 and 35/25°C), representing winter, spring/autumn and summer conditions, respectively, and two light treatments (light/dark or dark), in growth cabinets. Limited quantities of seed of most seedlots prevented full factorial combinations of most treatments. Overall germination was high but varied significantly between species and seedlots within species. Differences were small, but light combined with winter or spring/autumn temperatures resulted in higher average germination (96%) than darkness and summer temperatures (93%). Seedlots of E. chloroclada, E. blakelyi, E. camaldulensis, E. sideroxylon, E. melliodora and E. melanophloia germinated consistently well under all treatment conditions, whereas germination in seedlots of E. albens, E. dealbata, E. melliodora, E. pilligaensis and E. populnea varied with treatments. Germination of small seeds was higher in the presence of light whereas larger seeds germinated better in continuous darkness. The time to first germination was three times faster under summer and spring/autumn temperatures than winter temperatures. In conclusion, temperature and light can significantly impact germination percentage and rate, depending on the species and provenances, and therefore should be considered in planning restoration projects in both nursery and field.
Influence of row spacing and cultivar selection on annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) control and grain yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Mahajan Gulshan , McKenzie Kerry , Chauhan Bhagirath S.
Published: February 2019

Annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is a problematic weed for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Australia. Understanding the critical period of control of ARG in chickpea is important for developing effective integrated management strategies to prevent unacceptable yield loss. Experiments were conducted over 2 years at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton, to evaluate the effect of chickpea row spacing (25 and 75cm) and cultivar (PBA Seamer and PBA HatTrick) and ARG infestation period (from 0, 3 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP), and weed-free) on ARG suppression and grain yield of chickpea. Year×treatment interactions were not significant for any parameter, and none of the treatment combinations showed any interaction for grain yield. Average grain yield was greater (20%) with 25-cm than 75-cm rows. On average, PBA Seamer had 9% higher yield than PBA HatTrick. Average grain yield was lowest in season-long weedy plots (562kg ha–1) and highest in weed-free plots (1849kg ha–1). Grain yield losses were lower when ARG emerged at 3 WAP (1679kg ha–1). Late-emerged ARG (3 and 6 WAP) had lower biomass (4.7–22.2g m–2) and number of spikes (5–24m–2) than ARG that emerged early; at 0 WAP, weed biomass was 282–337g m–2 and number of spikes 89–120m–2. Compared with wide row spacing, narrow row spacing suppressed ARG biomass by 16% and 52% and reduced number of spikes of ARG by 26% and 48% at 0 WAP and 3 WAP, respectively. PBA Seamer suppressed ARG growth more effectively than PBA HatTrick, but only in the season-long weedy plots. Our results imply that in ARG-infested fields, grain yield of chickpea can be increased by exploring narrow row spacing and weed-competitive cultivars. These cultural tools could be useful for developing integrated weed management tactics in chickpea in combination with pre-emergent herbicides.
Follicular fluid exosomes act on the bovine oocyte to improve oocyte competence to support development and survival to heat shock
Authors: Rodrigues Thais A. , Tuna Kubra M. , Alli Abdel A. , Tribulo P. , Hansen P. J. , Koh Jin , Paula-Lopes F. F.
Published: February 2019

Addition of follicular fluid to oocyte maturation medium can affect cumulus cell function, increase competence of the oocytes to be fertilised and develop to the blastocyst stage and protect the oocyte from heat shock. Here, it was tested whether exosomes in follicular fluid are responsible for the effects of follicular fluid on the function of the cumulus–oocyte complex (COC). This was accomplished by culturing COCs during oocyte maturation at 38.5°C (body temperature of the cow) or 41°C (heat shock) with follicular fluid or exosomes derived from follicular fluid and evaluating various aspects of function of the oocyte and the embryo derived from it. Negative effects of heat shock on cleavage and blastocyst development, but not cumulus expansion, were reduced by follicular fluid and exosomes. The results support the idea that exosomes in follicular fluid play important roles during oocyte maturation to enhance oocyte function and protect it from stress.
Cross-sectional analysis of chemsex drug use and gonorrhoea diagnosis among men who have sex with men in the UK
Authors: Kohli Manik , Hickson Ford , Free Caroline , Reid David , Weatherburn Peter
Published: February 2019

Background
Illicit drug use among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been associated with sexual risk and HIV. Less is documented about associations with other sexually transmissible infections (STIs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the use of drugs commonly associated with chemsex is associated with increased risk of gonorrhoea among MSM. Methods: Using data from 16065 UK-based respondents to the European MSM Internet Survey (2010), we examined associations between a recent diagnosis of gonorrhoea and three chemsex drugs (crystal methamphetamine, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)/γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and mephedrone). Univariate logistic regression identified determinants of gonorrhoea diagnosis and multivariate logistic regression models calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for independent associations between chemsex drugs and gonorrhoea. Results: MSM who reported using crystal methamphetamine and GHB/GBL in the previous year had 1.92- and 2.23-fold higher odds of gonorrhoea respectively over the same period (P=0.0001 and P<0.0001; n=15137) after adjusting for age, recruitment website, HIV status, residence and use of other chemsex drugs. MSM reporting the use of all three chemsex drugs had the highest increased odds (aOR 3.58; P<0.0001; n=15174). Mephedrone alone was not associated with gonorrhoea in multivariate models. Conclusions: Use of chemsex drugs is associated with a higher risk of gonorrhoea. The results of this study complement existing research about crystal methamphetamine and indicate a role for GHB/GBL in adverse sexual health outcomes. The use of mephedrone alongside other chemsex drugs may account for its lack of association with gonorrhoea in multivariate models. Future research should use encounter-level data, examine other STIs and attribute pathways through which chemsex leads to infection.
Mixotrophy in nanoflagellates across environmental gradients in the ocean
Authors: Edwards Kyle F.
Published: February 2019

Significance

Many single-celled photosynthesizers can also consume other organisms, a trophic strategy known as mixotrophy. It has become clear that mixotrophs are widespread in the ocean, but we know less about the environmental conditions under which they thrive, and whether their abundance is driven by competition with more specialized autotrophs and heterotrophs. Here it is shown that the major limiting resources for photosynthesis, light and nutrients, likely drive mixotroph success across different ocean environments. This interpretation of the data is supported by a model in which organisms are constrained to allocate their biomass among autotrophic and heterotrophic functions, and the success of trophic strategies is determined by the availability of light, nutrients, and prey.
Multimillijoule coherent terahertz bursts from picosecond laser-irradiated metal foils
Authors: Liao Guoqian , Li Yutong , Liu Hao , Scott Graeme G. , Neely David , Zhang Yihang , Zhu Baojun , Zhang Zhe , Armstrong Chris , Zemaityte Egle , Bradford Philip , Huggard Peter G. , Rusby Dean R. , McKenna Paul , Brenner Ceri M. , Woolsey Nigel C. , Wang Weimin , Sheng Zhengming , Zhang Jie
Published: February 2019

Significance

Terahertz (THz) radiation, with frequencies spanning from 0.1 to 10 THz, has long been the most underdeveloped frequency band in electromagnetic waves, mainly due to the dearth of available high-power THz sources. Although the last decades have seen a surge of electronic and optical techniques for generating intense THz radiation, all THz sources reported until now have failed to produce above-millijoule (mJ) THz pulses. We present a THz source that enables a THz pulse energy up to tens of mJ, by using an intense laser pulse to irradiate a metal foil.
Functional diversity of motoneurons in the oculomotor system
Authors: G. Hernández Rosendo , Calvo Paula M. , Blumer Roland , de la Cruz Rosa R. , Pastor Angel M.
Published: February 2019

Significance

Extraocular muscles have multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs, slow or nontwitch fibers) in addition to the classic singly innervated muscle fibers (SIF). Based on anatomical studies, it has been suggested that MIF motoneurons would assist in gaze holding and slow eye movements, whereas SIF motoneurons would participate in the whole repertoire of eye movements. We have tested that proposal in alert, behaving cats with electrophysiological identification of MIF and SIF motoneurons. Our results indicate that both motoneuronal types present a tonic–phasic discharge, and fire during all types of eye movements. However, MIF motoneurons show lower thresholds, lower eye-related sensitivities, and a reduced firing level as compared with SIF motoneurons, suggesting a role in the fine alignment of gaze.
Statistical dynamical model to predict extreme events and anomalous features in shallow water waves with abrupt depth change
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , Moore M. N. J. , Qi Di
Published: February 2019

Significance

Understanding and predicting extreme events and their anomalous statistics in complex nonlinear systems are a grand challenge in applied sciences as well as for engineering design. Recent controlled laboratory experiments in weakly turbulent shallow water with abrupt depth change exhibit a remarkable transition from nearly Gaussian statistics to extreme anomalous statistics with large positive skewness of the surface height. We develop a statistical dynamical model to explain and quantitatively predict the anomalous statistical behavior. Incoming and outgoing waves are modeled by the truncated Korteweg–de Vries equations statistically matched at the depth change. The statistical matching of the known nearly Gaussian incoming Gibbs state completely determines the predicted anomalous outgoing Gibbs state and successfully captures key features of the experiment.
Sophistical refutations in the climate change debates
Authors: Goodwin Jean
Published: February 2019

A case study of a short televised debate between a climate scientist and an advocate for climate skepticism
provides the basis for developing a contemporary conception of sophistry. The sophist has a high degree of argumentative content
knowledge – knowledge of a domain selected and structured in ways that are most germane for its use in making arguments. The
sophist also makes the deliberate choice to argue for a disreputable view, one that goes against the views of the majority, or of
the experts. Sophistry, drawing as it does on argumentative skill, is difficult to manage. The best approach is likely to refuse
debate; but if debate is unavoidable, then the sophist must be met with equal skill. It will be hard to develop such skill,
however, as long as the sophist’s view is thought to be disreputable.
Framing fracking
Authors: Musi Elena , Aakhus Mark
Published: February 2019

This article offers a first large scale analysis of argumentative polylogues in the fracking controversy. It
provides an empirical methodology (macroscope) that identifies, from large quantities of text data through semantic frame
analysis, the many players, positions and places presumed relevant to argumentation in a controversy. It goes beyond the usual
study of framing in communication research because it considers that a controversy’s communicative context is shaped, and in turn
conditions, the making and defending of standpoints. To achieve these novels aims, theoretical insights from frame semantics,
knowledge driven argument mining, and argumentative polylogues are combined. The macroscope is implemented using the
Semafor parser to retrieve all the semantic frames present in a large corpus about fracking and then
observing the distribution of those frames that semantically presuppose argumentative features of polylogue (meta-argumentative
indicators). The prominent indicators are Taking_sides (indicator of “having an argument”),
Evidence and Reasoning (indicators of “making an argument”). The automatic retrieval of the
words associated with the core elements of the semantic frame enables the mapping of how different players, positions, and
discussion venues are assembled around what is treated as disagreeable in the controversy. This knowledge driven approach to
argument mining reveals prototypical traits of polylogues related to environmental issues. Moreover, it addresses a problem in
conventional frame analysis common in environmental communication that focuses on the way individual arguments are presented
without effective consideration of the argumentative relevance the semantics and pragmatics of certain frames operating across
discourses.
The 2015 Paris Climate Conference
Authors: Lewiński Marcin , Mohammed Dima
Published: February 2019

The paper applies argumentative discourse analysis to a corpus of official statements made by key players (USA, EU, China, India, etc.) at the opening of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. The chief goal is to reveal the underlying structure of practical arguments and values legitimising the global climate change policy-making. The paper investigates which of the elements of practical arguments were common and which were contested by various players. One important conclusion is that a complex, multilateral deal such as the 2015 Paris Agreement is based on afragile consensus. This consensus can be precisely described in terms of the key premises of practical arguments that various players share (mostly: description of current circumstances and future goals) and the premises they still discuss but prefer not to prioritise (value hierarchies or precise measures). It thus provides an insight into how a fragile consensus over goals may lead to a multilateral agreement through argumentative processes.
CDK1-mediated phosphorylation at H2B serine 6 is required for mitotic chromosome segregation
Authors: Seibert Markus , Krüger Marcus , Watson Nikolaus A. , Sen Onur , Daum John R. , Slotman Johan A. , Braun Thomas , Houtsmuller Adriaan B. , Gorbsky Gary J. , Jacob Ralf , Kracht Michael , Higgins Jonathan M.G. , Schmitz M. Lienhard
Published: February 2019

Faithful mitotic chromosome segregation is required for the maintenance of genomic stability. We discovered the phosphorylation of histone H2B at serine 6 (H2B S6ph) as a new chromatin modification site and found that this modification occurs during the early mitotic phases at inner centromeres and pericentromeric heterochromatin. This modification is directly mediated by cyclin B1–associated CDK1, and indirectly by Aurora B, and is antagonized by PP1-mediated dephosphorylation. H2B S6ph impairs chromatin binding of the histone chaperone SET (I2PP2A), which is important for mitotic fidelity. Injection of phosphorylation-specific H2B S6 antibodies in mitotic cells caused anaphase defects with impaired chromosome segregation and incomplete cytokinesis. As H2B S6ph is important for faithful chromosome separation, this modification may contribute to the prevention chromosomal instability and aneuploidy which frequently occur in cancer cells.
Global Well-posedness for the Logarithmically Energy-Supercritical Nonlinear Wave Equation with Partial Symmetry
Authors: Bulut Aynur , Dodson Benjamin
Published: February 2019

We establish global well-posedness and scattering results for the logarithmically energy-supercritical nonlinear wave equation, under the assumption that the initial data satisfies a partial symmetry condition. These results generalize and extend work of Tao in the radially symmetric setting. The techniques involved include weighted versions of Morawetz and Strichartz estimates, with weights adapted to the partial symmetry assumptions. In an appendix, we establish a corresponding quantitative result for the energy-critical problem.
Forum: Complex Systems and International Governance
Authors: Orsini Amandine , Le Prestre Philippe , Haas Peter M , Brosig Malte , Pattberg Philipp , Widerberg Oscar , Gomez-Mera Laura , Morin Jean-Frédéric , Harrison Neil E , Geyer Robert , Chandler David
Published: February 2019

This collection of essays brings together scholars from various disciplinary backgrounds, based on three continents, with different theoretical and methodological interests but all active on the topic of complex systems as applied to international relations. They investigate how complex systems have been and can be applied in practice and what differences it makes for the study of international affairs. Two important threads link all the contributions: (i) To which extent is this approach promising to understand global governance dynamics? (ii) How can this be implemented in practice?
p53 as a hub in cellular redox regulation and therapeutic target in cancer
Authors: Eriksson Sofi E , Ceder Sophia , Bykov Vladimir J N , Wiman Klas G
Published: February 2019

The TP53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates multiple cellular processes including cell growth and cell death. The ability of p53 to bind to DNA and activate transcription is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications and is dependent on a reducing cellular environment. Some p53 transcriptional target genes are involved in regulation of the cellular redox homeostasis, e.g. TIGAR and GLS2. A large fraction of human tumors carry TP53 mutations, most commonly missense mutations that lead to single amino acid substitutions in the core domain. Mutant p53 proteins can acquire so called gain-of-function activities and influence the cellular redox balance in various ways, for instance by binding of the Nrf2 transcription factor, a major regulator of cellular redox state. The DNA-binding core domain of p53 has 10 cysteine residues, three of which participate in holding a zinc atom that is critical for p53 structure and function. Several novel compounds that refold and reactivate missense mutant p53 bind to specific p53 cysteine residues. These compounds can also react with other thiols and target components of the cellular redox system, such as glutathione. Dual targeting of mutant p53 and redox homeostasis may allow more efficient treatment of cancer.
Detection of methoxymethanol as a photochemistry product of condensed methanol
Authors: Schneider Hope , Caldwell-Overdier Anna , Coppieters ‘t Wallant Sophie , Dau Lan , Huang Jean , Nwolah Ifunanya , Kasule Muhammad , Buffo Christina , Mullikin Ella , Widdup Lily , Hay Aury , Bao Si Tong , Perea Jeniffer , Thompson Mayla , Tano-Menka Rhoda , Van Tuyl Mileva , Wang Amy , Bussey Sophia , Sachdev Nina , Zhang Christine , Boyer Michael C , Arumainayagam Christopher R
Published: February 2019

We report the identification of methoxymethanol (CH3OCH2OH) as a photochemistry product of condensed methanol (CH3OH) based on temperature-programmed desorption studies conducted following photon irradiation at energies below the ionization threshold (9.8 eV) of condensed methanol. The first detection of methoxymethanol in the interstellar medium was reported in 2017 based on data from Bands 6 and 7 from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The cosmic synthesis of ‘complex’ organic molecules such as methyl formate (HCOOCH3), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), and glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO) has been attributed to UV photolysis of condensed methanol found in interstellar ices. Experiments conducted in 1995 demonstrated that electron-induced radiolysis of methanol cosmic ice analogues yields methoxymethanol. In three recent publications (2016, 2017, and 2018), methoxymethanol was considered as a potential tracer for reactions induced by secondary electrons resulting from the interaction of cosmic rays with interstellar ices. However, the results presented in this study suggest that methoxymethanol can be formed from both radiation chemistry and photochemistry of condensed methanol.
Role of intracluster supernovae in radio mini-haloes in galaxy clusters
Authors: Omar A
Published: February 2019

A possibility of generating a population of cosmic ray particles accelerated in supernovae type Ia (SNIa) remnants in the intracluster medium (ICM) is discussed. The presently constrained host-less SNIa rates in the clusters are found to be sufficient to fill a few hundred kpc region with cosmic ray electrons within their typical synchrotron lifetime of 100 Myr. The SNIa have already been considered potential sources of excess Fe abundance in cool-core clusters, distributed heating and turbulence in ICM. A good fraction of total radio power from mini-haloes can be sourced from the SNIa energy deposited in the ICM with required energy conversion efficiency ≤1 per cent. The radio power estimated from low Mach-number shock acceleration in SNIa remnants is consistent with the observations within the uncertainties in the estimates. Some observational properties of the radio mini-haloes are broadly consistent with the SNIa scenario. It is also speculated that radio powers and possibly detections of mini-haloes are linked to star formation and merger histories of the clusters.
High Prevalence of Viral Infections Among Hospitalized Pneumonia Patients in Equatorial Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Toh Teck-Hock , Hii King-Ching , Fieldhouse Jane K , Ting Jakie , Berita Antoinette , Nguyen Tham Thi , Wong See-Chang , Wong Toh-Mee , Lim Wei-Honn , Ha Siaw-Jing , Lau Chuet-Zou , Kong Sing-Ling , Bailey Emily S , Warkentien Tyler E , Husain Tupur S , Gray Gregory C
Published: February 2019

Background

Although pneumonia is a known cause of morbidity and mortality in Sarawak, Malaysia, the etiology and epidemiology of pneumonia are not well described in this equatorial region. Routine clinical diagnostics for pneumonia etiology at government hospitals in Sarawak had historically involved only bacterial diagnostics. Viral diagnostics were only obtained through outside consultations.

Methods

From June 15, 2017 to May 14, 2018, we collected nasopharyngeal swabs from 600 patients of all ages older than 1 month hospitalized with pneumonia at Sibu and Kapit Hospitals. Specimens were examined at our collaborating institutions with a panel of molecular assays for viral pathogens including influenza A (IAV), IBV, ICV, and IDV, human adenovirus (AdV), human enterovirus (EV), human coronavirus (CoV), respiratory syncytial virus subtype A (RSV-A) or RSV-B, and parainfluenza virus (PIV) types 1–4.

Results

Of 599 samples examined, 288 (48%) had molecular evidence of 1 or more respiratory viruses. Overall, the most prevalent virus detected was RSV-A (14.2%) followed by AdV (10.4%) and IAV (10.4%), then RSV-B (6.2%), EV (4.2%), IBV (2.2%), PIV-3 (1.7%), CoV (1.0%), PIV-1 (1.0%), PIV-4 (0.7%), and PIV-2 (0.2%). No specimens were confirmed positive for ICV or IDV.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of viruses detected in this study suggest that respiratory viruses may be responsible for considerable morbidity in equatorial regions such as Sarawak. Access to viral diagnostics are very necessary for medical staff to determine appropriate pneumonia treatments.
Middle Fossa Approach With Anterior Petrosectomy for Resection of a Meningioma Mimicking a Trigeminal Schwannoma, a Step-by-Step Surgical and Anatomical Description: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Peris-Celda Maria , Carlstrom Lucas P , Perry Avital , Graffeo Christopher S , Driscoll Colin L , Link Michael J
Published: February 2019

Selected upper cerebellopontine angle (CPA)/petroclival region lesions can be visualized and resected through a middle fossa approach with anterior petrosectomy. This approach is particularly well suited for tumors that extend from the CPA into Meckel's cave or the middle cranial fossa. We present the case of a 55-yr-old man who presented with sudden left-sided hearing loss, with complete recovery after medical treatment. MRI demonstrated a left 1.8 cm contrast-enhancing upper CPA lesion with extension into Meckel's cave most consistent with a trigeminal schwannoma. The patient initially opted for observation. MRI 11 mo later showed notable enlargement in the tumor, and the patient started to experience left-sided neuralgic face pain. The decision was made to perform surgery. Documented and verified informed consent was obtained A step-by-step surgical video with surgical anatomy images highlights the 5 steps followed by the authors to perform an anterior petrosectomy. The dura mater was opened parallel to the superior petrosal sinus both in the infratentorial and supratentorial spaces in order to clip and coagulate the superior petrosal sinus and divide the tentorium. The lesion was fully visualized and the trigeminal nerve was clearly identified displaced inferiorly but not splayed by the tumor, making the diagnosis of trigeminal schwannoma unlikely. The lesion was debulked and dissected off the brainstem as well as the trigeminal nerve with the final view of intact nerve fascicles entering the posterior aspect of Meckel's cave. Pathology returned as a WHO grade 1 meningioma. The patient recovered well with only mild facial hypesthesia and complete tumor resection on follow-up imaging.
Bank Capital, Borrower Power, and Loan Rates
Authors: Santos João A C , Winton Andrew
Published: February 2019

We examine how bank capital and borrower bargaining power affect loan spreads. Consistent with previous studies, higher bank capital has a negative impact on loan rates, but borrower cash flow has a significant effect on this impact: compared with high-capital banks, low-capital banks charge more for borrowers with low cash flow, but offer greater marginal discounts as these borrowers’ cash flow rises. These effects are largely focused on more bank-dependent borrowers. We find some evidence that low-capital banks charge a higher premium for bank-dependent borrowers’ systematic risk, but not for their total equity risk or default risk.

Received January 27, 2015; editorial decision July 7, 2018 by Editor Philip Strahan. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Blockholder Heterogeneity, Multiple Blocks, and the Dance between Blockholders
Authors: J Hadlock Charles , Schwartz-Ziv Miriam
Published: February 2019

We study blockholder presence in a large panel and document substantial heterogeneity in holding periods, position sizes, and positions taken across blockholder types. Nonfinancial blocks are more likely to be observed in smaller, riskier, younger, and less-liquid firms. These patterns are either not evident or reversed for financial blocks. For all but small financial blocks, we detect significant negative interdependence in blockholder investment decisions, with the presence of one blockholder crowding out others, a behavior that appears causal. Small financial blocks often coexist in the same firm, an outcome that appears to reflect correlated investment styles.

Received April 30, 2018; editorial decision November 23, 2018 by Editor David Denis.
Medical Malpractice in Pediatric Orthopaedics: A Systematic Review of US Case Law
Authors: Galey Scott A. , Margalit Adam , Ain Michael C. , Brooks Jaysson T.
Published: February 2019

Background:

Compared with other orthopaedic subspecialties, pediatric orthopaedic surgeons are thought to be at greater risk for malpractice claims; however, there is scant research on this topic. The purpose of our study was to characterize publicly available malpractice cases pertaining to pediatric orthopaedics to determine the (1) most common specialties of the physicians implicated, (2) most common diagnoses involved, (3) rate of verdicts in favor of the plaintiff, (4) amount of indemnity payments resulting from all verdicts versus verdicts in which only an orthopaedic surgeon was involved, and (5) outcomes of cases that were appealed.

Methods:

The Westlaw legal database was queried for jury verdicts, settlements, and appellate cases using the search terms “pediatric” AND “orthopaedic” from December 31, 1984, to January 1, 2016, yielding 176 appellate court cases and 189 jury reports/settlements. After excluding duplicate cases and those involving patients aged 21 years or older, 36 appellate and 84 jury reports/settlement cases remained for analysis.

Results:

Lawsuits against orthopaedic surgeons and pediatricians were most common, in cases involving fracture diagnosis and misdiagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip, respectively. Of the 84 cases, 43 rulings favored the plaintiffs. The median (interquartile range) indemnity payment was $900,000 ($1.9 million), and for cases in which only the orthopaedic surgeon was named as the defendant, the median (interquartile range) indemnity payment was $675,000 ($827,000). Of the 34 appellate cases, 16 cases initially ruled in favor of the defendant were upheld and 13 were reversed/remanded. Five cases initially ruled in favor of the plaintiff were upheld, and none was reversed/remanded.

Conclusions:

Malpractice lawsuits named orthopaedic surgeons and pediatricians more often than physicians in other specialties. Orthopaedic surgeons were sued most often for management of fractures and pediatricians for mismanagement of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Nearly 51% of malpractice cases were ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with high indemnity payments. However, when cases that were ruled in favor of the physician were appealed, most verdicts were upheld.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Clinodactyly
Authors: Moeller Amy
Published: February 2019

Clinodactyly describes an abnormal curvature of the digit in the coronal plane. A familial form of clinodactyly shows autosomal dominant inheritance with an incidence of 1% in healthy newborns. In syndromic populations, the incidence is much higher, especially in Down syndrome. The small finger is the most commonly involved digit and often the clinical finding is present bilaterally. Children are often brought to clinic for evaluation of the cosmetic difference. Most agree, that an angular deformity of <10 degrees is considered normal. Clinodactyly is rarely functionally limiting, but with severe angulation there may be overlap of the digits with composite fist. Evaluation should include assessing for history of progression or functional limitations, measuring the degree of angular deformity, and examining finger position with composite fist. A standard posteroanterior radiograph of the bilateral hands will show the bony anatomy contributing to the deformity. Treatment options are guided by the degree of deformity and the age of the child. Physiolysis has been shown to be more effective in children below age 6. Osteotomy procedures are generally reserved for older children or adolescents. Several different techniques have been described, including closing-wedge, opening-wedge, and reverse wedge osteotomies. The challenge in treating clinodactyly exists in identifying the most appropriate procedure for each patient given the current literature. There are several small case series on each intervention with short-term to medium-term follow-up. Treating surgeons should be informed on the treatment options and surgical indications, yet understand that most families only require counseling and reassurance.
Latissimus Dorsi Flap for Functional Reconstruction of the Deltoid: A Descriptive and Illustrated Surgical Technique Guide
Authors: Wade Sean M. , Souza Jason M.
Published: February 2019

Loss of deltoid function due to irreversible damage to the muscle or its innervation results in severe disability and affects the remainder of the upper extremity even if the elbow, wrist, and fingers remain functional. The pedicled latissimus dorsi flap is our preferred method for restoring shoulder motion in well-selected patients with loss of deltoid function and an at least partially functional rotator cuff. The flap’s inherent biomechanical advantages enable superior shoulder flexion and abduction compared with other local muscle transfer techniques described for this condition. Moreover, minimal donor-site morbidity is associated with this procedure, and the flap’s ample size is capable of restoring normal shoulder contour in cases of large soft tissue defects. Herein is a descriptive and illustrated surgical technique for performing a functional reconstruction of the deltoid using a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap. Also included is a review of the pertinent anatomy, indications/contraindications, and the outcomes and complications of this procedure.
Treatment of Facial Telangiectases With Glycerin Sclerotherapy
Authors: McGregor Sean , Miceli Alyssa , Krishnamurthy Karthik
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Sclerotherapy is used to treat varicosities and telangiectases. Glycerin is a sclerosing agent that has been used off-label for years with a favorable adverse effect profile. However, the treatment of facial telangiectases with sclerotherapy is controversial given the potential for necrosis and embolization in relation to the complex vascular anatomy of the face.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the safety and efficacy of glycerin sclerotherapy for the treatment of facial telangiectases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The authors report a series of 8 patients with facial telangiectases treated with glycerin sclerotherapy. Glycerin mixed with lidocaine and epinephrine was used. The telangiectases were measured and identified as targets for treatment.

RESULTS

The patients ranged in age from 45 to 88 years. Between 0.5 and 1 mL was used to treat telangiectases of the nose and malar cheek area per session. Five of the patients achieved satisfactory results after 1 treatment, whereas patients with more extensive telangiectases required up to 3 sessions with 4-week intervals between each session. Injection site pain was the only reported adverse effect, and no evidence of necrosis or blindness was observed.

CONCLUSION

Glycerin sclerotherapy seems to be a safe and effective modality for the treatment of facial telangiectases.
Indoor and outdoor road traffic noise and incident diabetes mellitus: Results from a longitudinal German cohort study
Authors: Ohlwein Simone , Hennig Frauke , Lucht Sarah , Matthiessen Clara , Pundt Noreen , Moebus Susanne , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Hoffmann Barbara
Published: February 2019

Background:

Road traffic noise affects a large number of people in urbanized areas. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that environmental noise exposure may not only be associated with cardiovascular but also with cardio-metabolic outcomes. This prospective cohort study investigated the effect of outdoor and indoor residential road traffic noise on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods:

We used data from 3,396 participants of age 45–75 years of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study being non-diabetic at baseline (2000–2003). T2DM was defined via blood glucose level, incident intake of an anti-diabetic drug during follow-up or self-reported physician diagnosis at follow-up examination (2005–2008). Weighted 24-h (Lden) and night-time (Lnight) mean road traffic noise was assessed according to the European Union directive 2002/49/EC. Road traffic noise exposure indoors was modeled taking into account the participants’ room orientation, ventilation behavior and window insulation (n = 2,697). We applied Poisson regression analyses to estimate relative risks (RRs) of incident T2DM, adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and air pollution exposure (NO2 or PM2.5).

Results:

A 10-dB(A) increase in outdoor road traffic noise (Lden) was associated with an RR of 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.96–1.24) for T2DM in the fully adjusted model. Models including PM2.5 or NO2 yielded RRs of 1.09 (0.96–1.24) and 1.11 (0.97–1.27), respectively. In analyses with road traffic noise (Lden) exposure indoors, we observed similar RRs with smaller confidence intervals (1.11 [1.01–1.21]).

Conclusions:

Our analyses suggest that long-term exposure to indoor and outdoor road traffic noise may increase the risk of developing T2DM, independent of air pollution exposure.