bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ji-Yong Lee, La gouvernance d’entreprise et l’hybridation : Le cas de l’Asie
Authors: Lee Ji-Yong
Published: September 2020

Understanding of the changes in corporate governance lies at the heart of contemporary debates about transformation of capitalism. Asia is no exception to this phenomenon. Asia’s corporate governance has undergone significant changes since the financial crisis of 1997. Our study, based on the theory of institutional change, seeks to examine current transformations. The concept of corporate governance is viewed as being dependent on institutional environments in which the firm evolves. The analysis of the changes in corporate governance is therefore needed to understand institutional change.On this basis, we argue that the current transformation is experiencing a process of hybridization and we suggest a framework to understand ongoing corporate governance reform. Hybridization carries two opposed forces: drivers for change and resistance to change. The dynamic process of adaption of newly imported practices leads to new model adapted to local conditions. Our empirical analysis allows us to apprehend the diverse pattern of corporate governance in Asia even within the current context of adherence to the Anglo-Saxon model: we find three hybrid models and one other model which has not committed to the reform. We also study the sources of change and the factors that give rise to resistance. We provide an overview of the recent changes in corporate governance practice in Asian countries.
Alfonso Giuliani, Crédit, consommation et production dans la pensée de Thorstein Veblen
Authors: Giuliani Alfonso
Published: September 2020

Some elements of Veblen’s institutionalism can offer an interesting interpretation of Graziani’s scheme of the Monetary Theory of Production. On the analytical level, this approach which includes consumer behaviour and choices of firms is based on a methodology of ‘macro-foundation of microeconomics’. In the first case, individual consumer choices are deeply influenced by ‘instincts’, or habits, and especially emulation (i.e. leisure class) in opposition with the axiom of rational choice. In the second case, the company is considered as a place of conflicts. Conflicts are embodied in opposition between the will of the ‘technical’ and the goal of businessmen. The technical want to apply the knowledge gained by expanding output (motived by workmanship), while the businessmen want to contract the production to increase prices and profits (predatory instinct). The volume of production and the employment rate depends crucially on the outcome of bargaining within the enterprises. This setting allows us to resolve the ‘paradox of profits’ in two ways: i) considering the steady increase in consumption by rentier, financed by banks (and/or owners of the banks themselves); ii) assuming heterogeneity of firms allow the possibility that the failure of some firms can provide extra monetary profits for the other firms.
Arnaud Buchs, Observer, caractériser et comprendre la pénurie en eau. Une approche institutionnaliste de l’évolution du mode d’usage de l’eau en Espagne et au Maroc
Authors: Buchs Arnaud
Published: September 2020

Ce mémoire de thèse élabore une problématique sociale-contingente de la pénurie en eau. Le « mode d’usage de l’eau » (articulation dynamique d’un volet économique et d’un volet institutionnel) cadre la constitution du corpus empirique fondé sur l’analyse de l’évolution des usages de l’eau à Almeria (Andalousie) et à Marrakech et à Agadir (Maroc) entre la fin du xixe siècle et aujourd’hui. Cette analyse nous conduit à formuler quatre faits stylisés chronologiques traduisant la succession de quatre phases constitutives du cycle de vie d’un mode d’usage de l’eau particulier qualifié d’« hydrauliciste ». Afin de caractériser ce mode d’usage et comprendre son entrée en crise aux alentours des années 1980, nous mobilisons une approche institutionnaliste syncrétique et proposons une nouvelle typologie des crises. Enfin, nous montrons que le nouveau mode d’usage actuellement en vigueur et visant à répondre aux limites du précédent ne procède pas d’une rupture paradigmatique, mais correspond à un « régime de crise ».
Croire, douter et ne pas croire
Authors: Charlier Laurence
Published: September 2020

Notre propos est de nous appuyer sur le dernier ouvrage d’Albert Piette afin de nous interroger sur le lien entre le « croire », le doute et le « ne pas croire ». Pour l’auteur, croire, c’est à la fois confirmer un assentiment, oublier que le contenu propositionnel est étrange et enfin, douter c’est-à-dire se souvenir que c’est bizarre. Dans ce cadre, « ne pas croire » est entendu comme « ne pas adhérer » (avec des degrés d’intensité : « ne pas totalement y croire »/« mitiger un assentiment »). Albert Piette présente un axe analytique qui relie ainsi deux pôles (adhérer, ne pas adhérer) et gouverné par un contenu propositionnel ou plutôt par le lien qui unit le croyant à ce contenu. Ce lien est la lucidité (hypo ou hyper) déterminée par le rationalisme. La visée de cet article est de discuter de cette dernière remarque : le « ne pas croire » est-il toujours une remise en cause de l’adhésion ? Nous nous contenterons de fournir « une variation » aux hypothèses d’Albert Piette afin d’introduire une certaine discontinuité : une autre modalité du croire non plus fondée sur l’intensité d’une adhésion en tant que telle (une modulation) mais sur la gestion d’une mobilisation (exercer l’acte de croire ou ne pas exercer cet acte).
Bowie : un regard sémiologique sur une œuvre iconographique postmoderne
Authors: Aubrun Frédéric , Monin Chloé
Published: September 2020

Nous présenterons dans cette note de recherche un projet pédagogique – le projet Bowie – que nous avons mis en place dans les Écoles de graphisme Aries de Rhône-Alpes pour initier les étudiants en design graphique au regard sémiologique. Dans un premier temps, nous exposerons le dispositif pédagogique qui a été déployé, puis, nous justifierons le choix de l’œuvre de David Bowie comme corpus d’étude. Enfin, nous reviendrons sur le regard sémiologique posé par les étudiants vis-à-vis de leurs propres créations en proposant une grille de lecture de l’œuvre de Bowie sous l’angle sémiologique. Au terme de cette note de recherche, nous voudrions démontrer l’importance de déconstruire les signes dans une formation en design graphique.
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Anterior Nasal Packing versus Trans-Septal Suturing in Post-Septoplasty Patients
Authors: S Prakash N , K Shreyas , J Puneeth P , Sharma Nishtha , Prabhakaran Veena
Published: September 2020

Introduction

 Following  septoplasty,  the  usual  norm  is  to  pack  the  nose  using polyvinyl alcohol or  white petroleum  jelly impregnated gauze. But  due  to  side  effects  like  pain,  respiratory  problems, headache  or  pain  during  pack  removal,  trans-septal  suturing  is  recommended  as  it  provides  stability  and  prevents  septal  hematoma  formation  without  causing  the  above mentioned  complaints.  This  study  aims  to  conduct  an  in-depth  comparison  of  the  outcomes  of  the  two  aforementioned  methods  in  an  Indian  population.Materials and Methods 

A  prospective  randomized  comparative  study  was  done  for  30  patients  between  18-50  years  undergoing  septoplasty,  while  excluding  those  requiring  additional  surgical  interventions.  Trans-septal  suturing  was  done  for  15  patients  and  polyvinyl alcohol  nasal  packing  for  the  rest.  Visual  Analogue  Scale  was  used  to  record  discomfort  levels  1  day  post-operatively.  A  vast  multitude  of  symptoms  were  assessed  during  regular  visits  for  3  months  after  surgery. 

Results

Post-operatively,  nasal  pain,  headache,  dyspnoea,  sleep  disturbance,  post-nasal  drip,  crusting,  and  epiphora  were  found  to  be   reduced  in  patients  who  underwent  trans-septal  suturing  when  compared  with  packing,  deeming  it  to  be  a  superior  choice  of  method.  However,  nasal  bleeding  was  comparable  in  both  groups.

Conclusion

Trans-septal  suturing  reduces  pack  related  problems  and  post-operative  complications,  without  significantly  increasing  the  duration  of  surgery.  Hence,  we  recommend  the  practice  of  placing  sutures  to  positively  improve  patients’  quality  of  life  post-surgery.
PAPEL E O PODER DAS EQUIPES DE TRABALHO E DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES
Authors: Paulista Geralda , Losada Marcial F.
Published: September 2020

A dinâmica de interação humana tem um alto grau de complexidade. O mesmo ocorre nas equipes de trabalho, exigindo abordagens multidisciplinares, especialmente psicológico-matemáticas, para sua compreensão, diagnóstico e treinamento, para levá-las não somente ao alto e sustentável desempenho, como também para promover o florescimento humano no ambiente laboral. O modelo de Marcial Losada, Meta Learning Model, provê uma metodologia exitosa, que orienta o processo de transformação de equipes, para dinâmicas interativas mais rentáveis, saudáveis e amorosas. Os mesmos conflitos e dificuldades, encontradas nos círculos viciosos de interação de 80% das equipes, se veem refletidos nos diversos âmbitos da convivência humana. A pandemia do Covid-19 exacerbou esse quadro, de forma a exigir soluções urgentes, para a construção de um mundo mais fraterno e igualitário. Dado que o modelo promove uma aprendizagem Trans-Formacional e que as organizações de trabalho tem forte influência no modelamento de condutas da sociedade, este ensaio provoca a reflexão sobre sua aplicação, como uma contribuição científica e empiricamente sólida, partindo das organizações de trabalho e se expandindo para outros universos, como a educação, indicadores de direitos humanos e sustentabilidade.
Knowledge About Upcycling and Attitude Towards Purchasing Upcycled Products Among Students in Khammam (19-24 years) - A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Thriveni K. Sai Hima , Pratap K. V. N. R. , Padma T. Madhavi , Kalyan V. Shiva , Srikanth P.
Published: September 2020

Background: Growing fashion trends is driving to utilize more natural resources and this practice of utilizing abundant amounts will however deplete them. The moto of this study is to know the knowledge about upcycling among under graduates and their perspective towards purchasing upcycled products.Method: A Questionnaire based survey was organized among dental students of Mamata dental college, Telangana. This is prepared to know the knowledge about upcycling and their attitude to purchase upcycled products.Results:The results have showed that majority of dental students have little knowledge about upcycling, ignorant towards purchasing the upcycled goods, the concept in daily life.Conclusion:From the results of survey, it is necessary to create the awareness among students about upcycling through various competitions, programs to change their thinking about sustainability of upcycled products.
Comparison of Avoidance Coping Strategies Among Female College Students with Binge Eating and Healthy Controls
Authors: Mani Arash , Khabir Leila , Ahmadzadeh Layaa , Soltani Salma , Asadollahi Shohre
Published: September 2020

Background: Binge eating is the consumption of a large amount of food, with the feeling of loss of control. Unhealthy eating behaviors, especially binge eating disorder, may be a form of coping strategies to control the negative and unpleasant feelings. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the differences in avoidance coping strategies among female college students with binge eating disorder and healthy controls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 female students who entered Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2011. Data were obtained via the Binge Eating scale (BES) and Lazarus’ ways of the coping questionnaire. We collected the demographic characteristics of the students, such as age, year of the entrance, living place, and mean score of the last semester from the checklist. We used descriptive statistics and independent t-test to evaluate the overeating and normal groups of collegian students. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.94 ± 1.94 years. In this study, 75% of the individuals were normal, and the remainder was in the overeating group. Based on Lazarus’ ways of the coping questionnaire, confronting coping (P < 0.02) and escapeavoidance (P < 0.01), subscales showed a significant difference between the overeating and normal groups. In both subscales, the overeating group had lower scores. In the end, the mean scores of the overeating and normal groups were significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The use of inefficient coping strategies increased the negative outcomes such as binge eating disorder in students. Avoidance coping strategy can be an essential mechanism used to reduce the pressures in stressful situations.
How to approach orthognathic surgery in patients who refuse blood transfusion
Authors: Lee Sang Hwan , Kim Dong Gyu , Shin Ho Seong
Published: September 2020

Background Some patients who need surgery refuse a blood transfusion because of their religious beliefs or concerns about blood-borne infections. In recent years, bloodless surgery has been performed successfully in many procedures, and is therefore of increasing interest in orthognathic surgery.Methods Ten Jehovah’s Witnesses who visited our bloodless surgery center for orthognathic surgery participated in this study. To maintain hemoglobin (Hb) levels above 10 g/dL before surgery, recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) was subcutaneously administered and iron supplements were intravenously administered. During surgery, acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) and induced hypotensive anesthesia were used. To elevate the Hb levels to >10 g/dL after surgery, a similar method to the preoperative approach was used.Results The 10 patients comprised three men and seven women. Their average Hb level at the first visit was 11.1 g/dL. With treatment according to our protocol, the average preoperative Hb level rose to 12.01 g/dL, and the average Hb level on postoperative day 1 was 10.01 g/dL. No patients needed a blood transfusion, and all patients were discharged without any complications.Conclusions This study presents a way to manage patients who refuse blood transfusions while undergoing orthognathic surgery. rEPO and iron supplementation were used to maintain Hb levels above 10 g/dL. During surgery, blood loss was minimized by a meticulous procedure and induced hypotensive anesthesia, and intravascular volume was maintained by ANH. Our practical approach to orthognathic surgery for Jehovah’s Witnesses can be applied to the management of all patients who refuse blood transfusions.
The effect of question type on resistance to misinformation about present and absent details
Authors: Brubacher Sonja P. , Sharman Stefanie J. , Scoboria Alan , Powell Martine B.
Published: September 2020

The typical misinformation effect shows that accuracy is lower for details about which people received misleading compared to non‐misleading (control) information. In two experiments, we examined the misinformation effect for non‐witnessed details (i.e., absent). Three question types introduced control, misleading, and absent details (closed, closed‐detailed, and open questions) about a mock burglary video. On this misinformation test, participants' reports of absent details were less accurate than control details only when they were introduced using open questions. Misinformation effects in a subsequent recognition test were present for misleading details in both experiments, but for absent details only in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 also revealed that participants who avoided answering open questions containing misleading and absent details had more accurate memories for these details on the subsequent recognition test than participants who answered these questions. In both experiments, confidence was lowest for absent details. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Optimization‐based cosmetic formulation: Integration of mechanistic model, surrogate model, and heuristics
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Zhou Teng , Ng Ka Ming
Published: September 2020

Multiple functional and hard‐to‐quantify sensorial product attributes that can be satisfied by a large number of cosmetic ingredients are required in the design of cosmetics. To overcome this problem, a new optimization‐based approach for expediting cosmetic formulation is presented. It exploits the use of a hierarchy of models in an iterative manner to refine the search for creating the highest‐quality cosmetic product. First, a systematic procedure is proposed for optimization problem formulation, where the cosmetic formulation problem is defined, design variables are specified, and a set of models for sensorial perception and desired product properties are identified. Then, a solution strategy that involves iterative model adoption and two numerical techniques (i.e., generalized disjunctive programming reformulation and model substitution) is applied to improve the efficiency of solving the optimization problem and to find better solutions. The applicability of the proposed procedure and solution strategy is illustrated with a perfume formulation example.
Mechanical and tribological performance of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber/carbon black/cryptocrystalline graphite composites
Authors: Tong Xi , Bai Zhimin , Wu Jiangtao
Published: September 2020

In this study, cryptocrystalline graphite (CG) was investigated as a novel functional filler for acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR)/carbon black (CB) composites. NBR/CB/CG composites are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that NBR/CB/CG‐10 increased by 18.2%, 11.0%, and 10.0% in tensile strength, 300% tensile modulus and tear strength, respectively compared with NBR/CB. Uniform filler dispersion and stronger interfacial interaction contributed to enhancing the mechanical property of NBR/CB/CG composites. It was revealed that the small particle size, rough surface, and defective structure of CG facilitated its exfoliation and intercalation. In addition, the tribological performance of NBR/CB/CG composites was tested on a ring‐on‐block wear tester under dry sliding conditions. The friction coefficient and specific wear rate of NBR/CB/CG‐5 reduced by 50.3% and 51.4%, respectively through the formation of fine lubrication and transfer films. CG enhanced the thermal stability, mechanical, and tribological performance of NBR composites simultaneously and the results of this work proved that CG would be a cost‐effective and resource‐available functional filler especially suitable for rubber seal application.
Boosting pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution of Molybdenum Disulfide Particles by Interfacial Engineering†
Authors: Liao Liling , Yang Lun , Zhao Gang , Zhou Haiqing , Cai Fengming , Li Yi , Wang Xiuzhang , Yu Fang
Published: September 2020

Main observation and conclusion

The design of high‐efficiency non‐noble and earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly paramount for water splitting and renewable energy systems. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with abundant edge sites can be utilized as a promising alternative, but its catalytic activity is greatly related to the pH values, especially in an alkaline environment due to the extremely high energy barriers for water adsorption and dissociation steps. Here we report an exceptionally efficient and stable electrocatalyst to improve the sluggish HER process of layered MoS2 particles in different pH electrolytes, especially in base. The electrocatalyst is constructed by in situ growing selenium‐doped MoS2 (Se‐MoS2) nanoparticles on three‐dimensional cobalt nickel diselenide (Co0.2Ni0.8Se2) nanostructured arrays. Due to the large number of active edge sites of Se‐MoS2 particles exposed at the surface, robust electrical conductivity and large surface area of Co0.2Ni0.8Se2 support, and strong interfacial interactions between Se‐MoS2 and Co0.2Ni0.8Se2, this hybrid catalyst shows very outstanding catalytic HER properties featured by low overpotentials of 30 and 122 mV at 10 and 100 mA/cm2 with good operational stability in base, respectively, which outperforms most of inexpensive catalysts consisting of layered MoS2, transition metal selenides and sulfides, and it performs as well as noble Pt catalysts. Meanwhile, this electrocatalyst is also very active in neutral and acidic electrolytes, requiring low overpotentials of 93 and 94 mV at 10 mA/cm2, respectively, demonstrating its superb pH universality as a HER electrocatalyst with excellent catalytic durability. This study provides a straightforward strategy to construct an efficient non‐noble electrocatalyst for driving the HER kinetics in different electrolytes.
On the Solution of the Stokes Equation on Regions with Corners
Authors: Rachh Manas , Serkh Kirill
Published: September 2020

The detailed behavior of solutions to Stokes equations on regions with corners has been historically difficult to characterize. The solutions to Stokes equations on regions with corners are known to develop singularities in the vicinity of corners; in particular, the solutions are known to have infinite oscillations along almost every ray that meet at the corner. While the nature of singularities for the differential equation have been analyzed in great detail, very little is known about the nature of singularities for the corresponding integral equations. In this paper, we observe that, when the Stokes equation is formulated as a boundary integral equation, the solutions are representable by rapidly convergent series of the form , where t is the distance from the corner and the parameters μj, βj are real, and are determined via an explicit formula depending on the angle at the corner. In addition to being analytically perspicuous, these representations lend themselves to the construction of highly accurate and efficient numerical discretizations, significantly reducing the number of degrees of freedom required for the solution of the corresponding integral equations. The results are illustrated by several numerical examples. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Morphological diversity and ecological niche divergence in goitered and sand gazelles
Authors: Hemami Mahmoud‐Reza , Khosravi Rasoul , Groves Colin , Ahmadi Mohsen
Published: September 2020

The phylogeny and species boundaries of Gazella subgutturosa and G. marica have been long debated. The achievements of past conservation efforts have been compromised by a lack of knowledge about the phylogeny and taxonomic status of different populations. We integrated the recent genetic findings by previous studies with morphometric analyses and ecological niche modeling (ENM) to assess discreteness among populations of these gazelle species in Asia. Taxonomic diversity of gazelles was investigated by using principal components analysis (PCA) based on 14 cranial measures of male skulls. Ecological niche divergence was examined based on a PCA on climatic factors and a species distribution modeling (SDM) with environmental variables. Morphometric results indicated substantial differentiation in size between skulls of the western Zagros Mountains including west and south‐western Iran and Arabian Peninsula from all other samples east of the Zagros Mountains from Iran to China. ENM also revealed that gazelles in the east and west of Zagros Mountains occupy distinct niches and that there are apparent areas of disconnection across the goitered gazelle suitable range. A complete divergent niche occupation was also observed between goitered gazelles of northern Mongolia and other populations of the species, except those in China. Taking the inferences from ENM and morphology together with previous genetics results, we conclude that gazelles in the west and south‐west of Iran may represent G. marica. Also, our combined analyses revealed divergence among gazelles of Iran, Central Asia, and Mongolia/China. These results may pave the way for future studies and have conservation implications particularly for reintroduction/supplementation programs.
Environmental DNA is an effective tool to track recolonizing migratory fish following large‐scale dam removal
Authors: Duda Jeffrey J. , Hoy Marshal S. , Chase Dorothy M. , Pess George R. , Brenkman Samuel J. , McHenry Michael M. , Ostberg Carl O.
Published: September 2020

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a potentially powerful tool for use in conservation and resource management, including for tracking the recolonization dynamics of fish populations. We used eDNA to assess the effectiveness of dam removal to restore fish passage on the Elwha River in Washington State (USA). Using a suite of 11 species‐specific eDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, we showed that most targeted anadromous species (five Pacific Salmon species and Pacific Lamprey) were able to pass upstream of both former dam sites. Multiscale occupancy modeling showed that the timing and spatial extent of recolonization differed among species during the four years of post‐dam removal monitoring. More abundant species like Chinook Salmon and Coho Salmon migrated farther into the upper portions of the watershed than less abundant species like Pink Salmon and Chum Salmon. Sampling also allowed assessment of potamodromous fish species. Bull Trout and Rainbow Trout, ubiquitous species in the watershed, were detected at all sampling locations. Environmental DNA from Brook Trout, a non‐native species isolated between the dams prior to dam removal, was detected downstream of Elwha dam but rarely upstream of the Glines Canyon Dam suggested that the species has not expanded its range appreciably in the watershed following dam removal. We found that eDNA was an effective tool to assess the response of fish populations to large‐scale dam removal on the Elwha River.
In vitro and in vivo mammalian mutation assays support a nonmutagenic mechanism of carcinogenicity for hydrazine
Authors: Nicolette John , Murray Joel , Sonders Paul , Kondratiuk Alison , Crosby Meredith
Published: September 2020

Hydrazine has been described as a mutagenic, probable human carcinogen. It is mutagenic in in vitro systems such as bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) tests and some yeast systems, as well as in in vivo systems with drosophila. It was shown to cause chromosome damage both in vitro and in vivo but was negative in some well‐validated mammalian mutation systems such as CHO HPRT assays. Importantly, there is only one in vivo gene mutation test reported, which was negative. Our objective was to determine if hydrazine is mutagenic in mammalian test systems. Thus, we conducted an in vitro gene mutation test in Muta™Mouse lung epithelial cells (FE1 cell assay) and a regulatory‐compliant in vivo Big Blue® mouse test. Consistent with previous reports, an additional six‐well Ames assay showed that hydrazine was mutagenic to bacteria. The FE1 cell assay was negative in conditions with and without metabolic activation when tested to cytotoxicity limits. In the Big Blue® mouse study, female mice received dosages of hydrazine up to 10.9 mg/kg via drinking water for 28 days. This dose is comparable to a dose used in a carcinogenicity study where female mice had significant increases in hepatocellular adenoma at 11.5 mg/kg. There were no increases in mutant frequency in liver and lung, two tissues sensitive to the carcinogenic effects of hydrazine in mice. Our research shows that hydrazine is not mutagenic in mammalian cells either in vitro or in vivo, indicating mutagenicity may not play a role in the carcinogenicity of hydrazine.
In conversation with Fatimah Jackson: The life and career of an African American Muslim biological anthropologist
Authors: Jackson Fatimah , Mulla Sameena
Published: September 2020

As an important voice in genetic and molecular anthropology, Fatimah Jackson has challenged race science and modeled ethical, methodological, and analytical responsibility in relation to the role of race and exclusion in anthropology. She has published innovative research on ecology, plant–human–animal interactions, health, and disease, particularly in her commitment to studying malaria and its abatement. In this conversation, Jackson shares her frank assessments of the racism and sexism she has faced. Current events and day‐to‐day life shaped her outlook and cultivated her curiosities, as did her involvement in key scientific achievements, such as the Human Genome and Human Genome Diversity Projects. These trials and tribulations were not merely challenges to transcend or leave behind. They were central to her experiences, first as a student and then as a scholar, shaping her commitments to science, scholarship, and pedagogy. In this interview, the interweaving of biography and science that makes Jackson's pedagogy so distinctive also marks her reflections on her career.
Snowpack disrupts relationship between young water fraction and isotope amplitude ratio; approximately one fifth of mountain streamflow less than one year old
Authors: Campbell Éowyn M. S. , Pavlovskii Igor , Ryan M. Cathryn
Published: September 2020

Previous “fraction of young water” (Fyw) estimates based on relative annual isotopic amplitudes in precipitation (Ap) and streamflow (As) produced low Fyw values in mountain catchments, which is contrary to extensive research that reports rapid water transmission in mountains. This study investigated this discrepancy by testing the effect of snow accumulation on the model that underpins the Fyw method. A Monte‐Carlo analysis of simulations for 20,000 randomly‐generated catchment model configurations used 10 years of precipitation inputs for the Upper Elbow River catchment in the Rocky Mountains (Alberta, Canada) to model discharge with and without snowpack storage of winter precipitation. Neither direct nor modified precipitation input produced a 1:1 relationship between As/Ap and Fyw, undermining the applicability of the original Fyw method in mountain watersheds with large seasonal snow accumulation. With snowpack‐modified input a given As/Ap ratio corresponds to a range of Fyw values, which can still provide semi‐quantitative information. In the small (435 km2) Elbow River catchment a Fyw range of 7–23% supports previous findings of rapid transmission in mountain catchments. Further analysis showed that the improved discharge prediction (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.9) correlates with higher Fyw values and demonstrated that the interannual shifts in δ18O can be used to estimate of new water (<1 year) fraction in winter streamflow, and the estimate of 20% for the Elbow River further supports rapid transmission in mountain catchments.
Microinjection manipulation decreases the expression of GABA‐A receptor signaling pathway genes in mouse embryos derived using intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Zhang Zili , Wang Ting , Huang Juanhua , Huang Yonghan , Zhang Qingxue
Published: September 2020

Background

The GABA‐A receptor signaling pathway regulates proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and responses to overt DNA damage during embryonic development.

Methods

To analyze the gene expression after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in in vivo mouse embryos, the global pattern of gene expression dataset, GSE23009, was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Genes with differential expression were identified using the R software package, and RT‐qPCR was performed to confirm the microarray results.

Results

Mouse blastocysts derived from ICSI fertilization had decreased expression of GABA‐A receptor signaling pathway genes. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes were not elucidated. The gene expression of the GABA‐A pathway was not significantly different between blastocysts obtained from IVF and in vivo fertilization. However, microinjection after IVF significantly reduced the expression of the GABA‐A pathway gene to levels similar to those in the ICSI group.

Conclusion

Based on our results, decreased gene expression is a result of the microinjection manipulation performed during ICSI.
Parylene photonics: a flexible, broadband optical waveguide platform with integrated micromirrors for biointerfaces
Authors: Reddy Jay W. , Lassiter Maya , Chamanzar Maysamreza
Published: September 2020

Targeted light delivery into biological tissue is needed in applications such as optogenetic stimulation of the brain and in vivo functional or structural imaging of tissue. These applications require very compact, soft, and flexible implants that minimize damage to the tissue. Here, we demonstrate a novel implantable photonic platform based on a high-density, flexible array of ultracompact (30 μm × 5 μm), low-loss (3.2 dB/cm at λ = 680 nm, 4.1 dB/cm at λ = 633 nm, 4.9 dB/cm at λ = 532 nm, 6.1 dB/cm at λ = 450 nm) optical waveguides composed of biocompatible polymers Parylene C and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This photonic platform features unique embedded input/output micromirrors that redirect light from the waveguides perpendicularly to the surface of the array for localized, patterned illumination in tissue. This architecture enables the design of a fully flexible, compact integrated photonic system for applications such as in vivo chronic optogenetic stimulation of brain activity.
Very fast variations of SiO maser emission in evolved stars
Authors: Gómez-Garrido M. , Bujarrabal V. , Alcolea J. , Soria-Ruiz R. , de Vicente P. , Desmurs J.-F.
Published: September 2020

Context.Stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) are long-period variables that present strong flux variations at almost all wavelengths, including the SiO maser lines. The periods of these variations are of 300–500 days in Mira-type stars and somewhat shorter in semi-regular variables. The variability of the SiO lines on short timescales has been investigated, but the data are inconclusive.

Aims.We aim to study the time evolution of the SiO maser lines in Mira-type and semi-regular variables at short timescales. We also discuss the origin of the observed fast variations.

Methods.We observed the SiO maser lines at 7 mm (28SiOv= 1,2J= 1–0) and 3 mm (28SiOv= 1J= 2–1) using the 40 m Yebes antenna and the 30 m IRAM telescope, respectively, with a minimum spacing of 1 day. We studied the semi-regular variables RX Boo and RT Vir and the Mira-type variables U Her, R LMi, R Leo, andχCyg. We performed a detailed statistical analysis of the variations on different timescales.

Results.RX Boo shows strong and fast variations in the intensity of the different spectral features of the SiO lines at 7 and 3 mm. On a timescale of one day, we find variations of ≳10% in 25% of the cases. Variations of greater than ~50% are often found when the observations are separated by 2 or 3 days. A similar variation rate of the SiO lines at 7 mm is found for RT Vir, but the observations of this object are less complete. On the contrary, the variations of the SiO maser line intensity in the Mira-type variables are moderate, with typical variation rates around ≲10% in 7 days. This phenomenon can be explained by the presence of particularly small maser-emitting clumps in semi-regular variables, which would lead to a strong dependence of the intensity on the density variations due to the passage of shocks.
Efficacy of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography for the De Novo Detection of Chronic Total Occlusion Prior to Coronary Angiography: A Preliminary and Retrospective Study
Authors: Lee Dae Hyun , Thiruvengadam Swetha Kambhampati , Mohammed Mahad , Goli Rakesh , Thiemann David , Lawson Barbara D. , Resar Jon R. , Mohanty Bibhu D.
Published: September 2020

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) offers high-resolution anatomic characterization of the coronary vasculature but may be suboptimal for lesions dependent on real-time visualization of flow including chronic total occlusion (CTO). In CTOs, heavy calcification and distal vessel opacification from collateralization may confound luminal assessment. Several studies have examined the role of CCTA in characterizing known CTOs to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the efficacy of CCTA in the de novo diagnosis of CTOs prior to coronary angiography (CAG) has not been demonstrated. A total of 233 consecutive patients who presented for CAG within a 3-month period of having CCTA were retrospectively reviewed. Those patients with prior diagnosis of CTO or prior bypass of the occluded vessels were excluded. Sensitivity and specificity analysis of CCTA in identifying CTOs using CAG as the gold standard was performed. The prevalence of CTO was 21.11% in the population that met criteria for analysis (n = 199). The sensitivity of CCTA in predicting CTO was 57.1%, while the specificity was 96.8%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CCTA in detection of CTO were 82.8 and 89.4%, respectively. Our study shows that CCTA has excellent specificity but poor sensitivity in the detection of CTO thus limiting its clinical use in de novo diagnosis. Further studies to determine the effect of de novo CTO diagnosis on clinically important procedural factors, such as radiation exposure, contrast use, and need for repeat procedures, are warranted and may implicate a role for CCTA in this setting.
Multimodal Performance and Interaction in Focus Groups
Authors: Gilbert Kristin Enola , Matoesian Gregory
Published: September 2020

Focus group interviews have seen explosive growth in recent years. They provide evaluations of social science, educational, and marketing projects by soliciting opinions from a number of participants on a given topic. However, there is more to the focus group than soliciting mere opinions. Moving beyond a narrow preoccupation with topic talk, Gilbert and Matoesian take a novel direction to focus group analysis. They address how multimodal resources – the integration of speech, gesture, gaze, and posture – orchestrate communal relations and professional identities, linking macro orders of space-time to microcosmic action in a focus group evaluation of community policing training. They conceptualize assessment as an evaluation ritual, a sociocultural reaffirmation of collective identity and symbolic maintenance of professional boundary enacted in aesthetically patterned oratory. In the wake of social unrest and citizen disillusionment with policing practice, Gilbert and Matoesian argue that processes of multimodal interaction provide a critical direction for focus group evaluation of police reforms. Their book will be of interest to researchers who study focus group interviews, gesture, language and culture, and policing reform.
Self-Fulfilling Fire Sales: Fragility of Collateralized Short-Term Debt Markets
Authors: Kuong John Chi-Fong
Published: September 2020

This paper shows that collateralized short-term debt, although privately optimal for reducing borrowers’ risk-taking incentives, can induce fragility (multiple equilibria). Despite sequential-service property being absent in collateralized debt, such as repurchase agreements, a systemic run can arise, featuring large increases in default risks, fire-sale discounts of collateral, cost of credit, and amount of credit rationing. Asset price guarantees, leverage caps, and central clearing promote stability and welfare. Using global games techniques, I show that a systemic run is more likely in bad times, and a large enough asset price guarantee reduces run risks.
Satisfaction Outcomes in Women Who “Choose to Go Flat” After Mastectomy
Authors: Tyner Tracy E. , Lee Mikyoung A.
Published: September 2020

A considerable number of women undergoing mastectomies are “choosing to go flat,” forgoing reconstruction. This integrative review sought to identify satisfaction outcomes and relevant factors among these women. Using variations of the key word “going flat,” a systematic search of 7 databases was conducted. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Decisional and breast/chest appearance satisfaction in women who did not have reconstruction was mixed when compared with other surgical options. Body image, body mass index, radiation therapy, and access to information/resources affected satisfaction. Nurses are in a pivotal role to address the communication and informational needs of these women to support optimal surgical decision-making processes and improve patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes.
TLSO: The Effect of Spinal Translation on Initial Coronal Curve Correction, Lateral Trunk Shift, and Coronal Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Falbo Kierra J. , Hutchinson Sara , Kelly Megan , Peethambaran Ammanath
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is often treated orthotically with thoracic lumbar sacral orthoses (TLSOs). The goal of these TLSOs is to improve the scoliotic curve during wear to prevent further curve progression. To achieve this in-orthosis curve improvement, clinicians often apply corrective modifications to a 3D model of the patient's trunk through computer-aided design (CAD) software, which are fabricated into the TLSO. Modifications often include laterally shifting certain portions of the orthosis to apply corrective forces to the scoliotic curve. The amount and magnitude of the shifting applied are loosely based on clinical experience and patient characteristics, but the decision is somewhat arbitrary. The purpose of this study is to determine any existing correlation between applied coronal translation (shift) through CAD modifications of TLSOs and resulting coronal curve correction in female subjects with idiopathic scoliosis.

Materials and Methods

Female subjects with idiopathic scoliosis who were prescribed a TLSO were included in this study. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records on age, sex, hours of TLSO wear, body mass index (BMI), and Risser sign. Radiographic Cobb angle, data regarding curve flexibility, and the amount of coronal translation used during the CAD modification process were recorded. Differences in the primary scoliotic curve were then assessed based on initial x-rays and in-orthosis x-rays to calculate the change in Cobb angle, apical vertebra translation (AVT), coronal balance (CB), and thoracic trunk shift (TTS).

Results

Seventeen participants were included in the study. Average measured curve flexibility was 59.64%, and applied coronal translation to the CAD model ranged from 3 to 19 mm. Average Cobb angle improvement from the initial x-ray to the first in-orthosis x-ray was 23.57%, which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Average improvement of AVT was 6.52 mm, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CB improved by an average of 5.29 mm, and TTS improved by an average of 2.33 mm, neither of which was found to be a statistically significant improvement. No correlation was found between applied shifting in CAD modifications and Cobb angle improvement, AVT improvement, CB improvement, or TTS improvement.

Conclusions

These results do not support the hypothesis that greater applied lateral shifting in TLSO CAD modifications leads to greater coronal scoliotic curve correction. Orthotists are not able to predict in-orthosis coronal curve correction based on CAD modifications, spinal flexibility, and BMI alone. Additional factors play a role in the complexity of AIS treatment.
Is the King–Devick Test a Reliable Tool in Wheelchair Athletes? A Preliminary Prospective Study in Wheelchair Basketball
Authors: Richard Joshua , Lin Yen-Sheng , Wernet Lauren , Kasitinon Donald , Royston Alexa , Bristow Kristen , Garner Douglas , Argo Lindsay Ramey
Published: September 2020

Objective:

(1) To determine the reliability of the King–Devick (KD) test among wheelchair basketball athletes across a season and (2) to compare the KD test time changes among those with and without a clinically suspected concussion.

Design:

Prospective, observational study.

Setting:

Division 3 college athletics department.

Participants:

Twenty-nine intercollegiate wheelchair basketball athletes.

Interventions:

Athletes were prospectively monitored for concussions throughout the 2018 to 2019 season. King–Devick testing was completed preseason, midseason, postseason, and after clinically suspected concussions.

Main Outcome Measures:

Two-way random effects intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Friedman's test and pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction were used to compare for change over time. Mean KD times and changes were compared between athletes with and without suspected concussion.

Results:

The KD test demonstrated good test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.826). Among participants without a concussion, there was a significant decrease in the mean KD test time from preseason to midseason (−3.3 seconds; P = 0.0167) and preseason to postseason (−3.3 seconds; P = 0.0167). No change was seen from mid-to-post season. Six athletes had 7 suspected concussions. Each demonstrated an increase in the KD test time, with a mean increase from 44.3 ± 9.5 seconds to 53.7 ± 12.8 seconds. King–Devick test times returned to or below baseline by postseason.

Conclusions:

The KD test shows good reliability among wheelchair basketball athletes without a concussion. A learning effect is demonstrated initially but plateaus on subsequent testing. Unlike athletes without a concussion, players with a clinically suspected concussion showed an increase in the KD test time.
Temple-Baraitser syndrome with KCNH1 Asn510Thr: a new case report
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Xiaohua , Ding Hongfang
Published: September 2020

Temple-Baraitser syndrome (TMBTS; OMIM: 611816) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation and anomalies of thumb and great toe with absence/hypoplasia of the nails. Here, we report an additional patient with TMBTS, review clinical and radiological features of previously reported cases and discuss mode of inheritance. The patient exhibited a pattern of anomalies: mild dysmorphic facial features with a wide open mouth, a thick vermilion border of the upper lip and downturned corners of the mouth; nails were absent on both great toes and thumb. Electroencephalogram showed a diffusely slow background. Whole genome sequencing identified one pathogenic missense mutation in KCNH1 (c. 1529 A > C; Asn510Thr) in this TMBTS patient. The mutation was also validated by Sanger sequencing.
Postoperative outcomes following inguinal hernia repair in inflammatory bowel disease patients compared to matched controls
Authors: Horesh Nir , Mansour Aiham , Simon David , Edden Yair , Klang Eyal , Barash Yiftach , Ben-Horin Shomron , Kopylov Uri
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To assess surgical outcome in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair and to asses possible risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of a prospective database including all IBD patients treated in a large tertiary center between 2008 and 2019 was conducted. IBD patients who underwent inguinal hernia surgery were matched using a propensity match scoring based on demographic and perioperative characteristics. Clinical operative data were extracted from medical records and analyzed.

Results

Overall, out of 5467 IBD patients treated in our institute, 26 patients (0.47%) underwent inguinal hernia repair. Seventy-six matched patients with similar characteristics were compared to the IBD group. Postoperative complications were found to be more common in the IBD group (30.7% vs 11.8%; P = 0.03) compared to controls. We found no significant differences in length of stay (3.38 vs 2.83 days; P = 0.21) and hernia recurrence rate (7.6% vs 9.2%; P = 1). Within the IBD group, multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate any possible risk factor for postoperative complications, including gender [−1.53 to 2.81 95% confidence interval (CI), P = 0.52], age (−0.34 to 1.15 95% CI, P = 0.25), BMI (−0.041 to 0.019 95% CI, P = 0.43), American Society of Anesthesiologists score (−0.15 to 0.54 95% CI, P = 0.24) or medications (−0.25 to 0.28 95% CI, P = 0.88). In addition, out of various operative factors, including operation urgency, surgical approach and surgery duration, only the latter was found to be correlated with postoperative complications (0.013–0.035 95% CI, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

IBD Patients undergoing abdominal wall hernia surgery are prone to more postoperative complications.