bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEANING-IMPLICATION AND INFERENCE-FORMATION IN THE UNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL PRESS CONFERENCES
Authors: Mahmood Rauf Kareem , Mustafa Sumaya Khalid
Published: November 2023

The question of how people understand what others are saying, even when they do not state their intentions straightforwardly, has been debated ever since Grice put forward a theory of implicature in 1967 (Thomas, 1995). That is, speakers can implicate more or different meanings via the use of implicatures. After Grice’s work, there have been a number of other works on implicatures. On the other hand, there is some research on how people infer each other’s intentions. What has not gained attention yet is developing both implicature and inference into one unified theory; this issue is dealt with within this paper. The paper also investigates how different types of implicatures are produced and how possible inferences are formed in fourteen press conferences, held for Barack Obama the ex-president of the United States of America , as a type of political discourse in which language plays a vital role. Purposes of implicaturegeneration, different models and methods of inferenceformation are also discussed and analyzed. The paper, which is an extract of an MA thesis entitled (An Investigation of Syntax-Pragmatics Interface of Implicature and Inference Formation in the US Presidential Press Conferences), mainly concludes that implicature and inference-formation are two sides of the same coin, and forming inferences by the journalists and the audience for implicatures generated by US ex-president, Barack Obama is not necessarily deductive, inductive or abductive alone, but it apparently enjoys all.
Argumentative Syntactic Links
Authors: محمد شيساء عثسان , حميد عمر فلاح
Published: November 2023

This paper aims at showing the function of syntactic argumentative linking and how it deals with grammatical rules as they recurred in Ibn ul-Anbari’s book Al-Insafu fi Masa’il il-Khilaf. Parts of a sentence should combine verbally and sensically to give a comprehensible meaning based on certain relations among them. This is called rabt (linking). Linking is a contextual relation achieved in the text via a verbal means which assists reaching at the general objective of the context. The paper opens with an introductory section about rawabit (links) as a term in ancient and modern Arabic and Western cultures. The paper sheds light on the syntactic argumentative links including contrastive, co-coordinative, and conjunctive links.
Surat Al-Fath: A Study in Semantic Semiotics
Authors: عبد الله عدنان قحطان
Published: November 2023

This study deals with the term semiotics by shedding light on the problematic application of this term and its branches, namely: semiotics of communication, semiotics of semantics, and semiotics of title, to the study of a Qur’anic text in order to link the modern linguistic lesson with the ancient linguistic study, to identify some images of the miracles of the Holy Quran, and the research was divided into Two parts, a theoretical study, followed by an applied study, and then the conclusion, in which the results were mentioned
Investigating the Discursive Strategies in the Language of the US Presidential Debates
Authors: Jamal Noorjan Hussein
Published: November 2023

The U.S. presidential debates are rich in revealing national/international policies of the politicians. More specifically, the 2012 U.S. presidential debates between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney are unique in balancing and predicting the election outcome through the candidates' discourses. A Political Discourse Analysis is integrated to Ruth Wadak's (2011) Discourse-Historical Approach to investigate how the candidates employ the discursive strategies in order to gain the public support. The present study adopts a qualitative design of analyzing the candidates' speeches. The materials are particular extracts selected from the transcripts of one presidential debate. The purpose of the study is to uncover the discursive strategies in the candidates' speeches when they debate the most important issues of USA. The findings indicate that Obama's continuous use of the referential strategy indicates that there is a heavy emphasis on positive self-representation, defending the previous policy of Obama's government and presenting the record of achievement to gain the voters' support. On the other hand, Romney uses the argumentation strategy to attack Obama's previous policy and trigger the topos of threat that the same faults will take place if Obama is reelected. That is, Romney diminishes the public support surrounding Obama.
Challenges of Implementing European Credit Transfer System at University of Raparin
Authors: Omar Aram Wasman.
Published: November 2023

The implementation of the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) tool into higher institutions of learning has become a challenging task for numerous institutions. Even though the ECTS credits reflect the quantity of work that is necessary for each course to pass on the first semester, the elements incorporated by this tool may pose a challenge during implementation. The elements of ECTS include the student workload, allocation of credit, as well as the learning outcomes and competence. Aside from the challenge of implementing these elements, institutions may experience other challenges such as an instinctive negative reaction to change by the people due to the extra effort required as well as the mental barrier obstacle in regard to the number of credits as well as the significance of courses. Raparin University, a new public university that has been implementing the ECTS system for three years as an international program, has faced many obstacles and has been subjected to student work, trust and a lack of experience. Regardless of these challenges, the ECTS is a very essential and helpful tool that should be implemented in learning institutions to facilitate course and study transparency. Note: ECTS refers to Implementing European Credit Transfer System.
Einfluss des Nahen Ostens auf die deutsche Literatur
Authors: Dhahir Thamer Abdulkareem
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this research is to show how the oriental nation affected the German literature as it affected other nation's culture and literature. In these pages we can see how the conflict was and what the current position is the opinion of European most great German authors such as Harder and Goethe, which distinguish Arabic oriental literary life from the west part of the glop where armies vividly occupied eastern Arabic lands through their power the Arabs got rid of the Superficiality and looked deeper into their own identification. German writers tried to reach the essence of Islamic civilization as well as the essence of Arabic poetry and the religious spirit in the East literature on the contrary of the German literature also religious translations that attracted the attention of writers in Germany. Eastern equestrian spirit which influencing Arab poetry, the poetry in Europe became an essential part of chivalrous life. Fairy tales like One Thousand and One Nights, Tragedy of AL Mansour also and mix of the two techniques, the oriental traditional East and the non-traditional European, Goethe believes that Arab literature reached a peak in the Middle Ages that only Greek and Roman literature reached before them, our research contains The opinion of a German translator Stefan Weidner who said that since the 1970s, we can note that Germany has become an increasingly attractive target for Arab immigrants so we see our honorable great writers whom affected the German literary life from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Many of them preferred permanent residency in Germany, chose to contribute to German and Arab cultural life, and in many cases, played the role of mediator between the two cultures.
The role of Calligraphy in Confirming Identity and Cultural Belonging
Authors: إبراهيم طه علي عبد الرحمن
Published: November 2023

This study deals with the relationship of language with general culture, represented by handwriting in language. It is clear that there is a link between language in all its manifestations and culture; Hence, the alphabets became an important part of culture in its spread and decline. This study aims to confirm the importance of calligraphy and indicate its connection to culture. This is done through practical models in which the connection of calligraphy with culture was clearly shown. Using the descriptive analytical approach, the study concluded with some results, the most important of which is that the alphabets acquire a cultural load over time, thus becoming a symbol of general culture, and that replacing or changing the form of the alphabet leads to breaking the connection with heritage and consequently its loss, and hence the interest of Western countries in the Latin alphabet and the attempts to spread it, It emphasizes the great importance of the form of the alphabet and its role in achieving cultural hegemony.
Identity and its Reflection in the Novels With Downcast Eyes by Tahar Ben Jelloun and Refugee by Ahmad Mallah
Authors: Hussein Sana Hassan
Published: November 2023

Tahar Ben Jelloun's With Downcast Eyes and Ahmad Mallah's Refugee are among the successful novels that deal with the phenomenon of migration and subsequent identity and identity crisis with complete realism. Not only do these writers seek to criticize their traditional societies by addressing social issues, but they also uncover the dark and hidden chambers of human existence with a critical perspective. Since the characters in both novels can represent a wide range of immigrants who have voluntarily or inevitably been forced to leave their homeland, the study of these two novels can be a clear example of the identity crisis and the cracks that immigrants fall into while facing their second homeland and the new world. This article will try to adopt a descriptive-analytical approach through the characters of these two novels and the situations in which they are placed, to draw and study identity construction and gaining identity and also a correct understanding and then researching the challenges that these people face.
Racial Discrimination of the Black Man in Eudora Welty's: "Powerhouse"
Authors: Saleh Najlaa Kamil
Published: November 2023

Eudora Welty's "Powerhouse" argues the plight of the black on the hand of the white. This paper presents how the racial differences turn from just a concept to a social system and dichotomy. It views the dilemma of the Black men and women in the white society. The investigation will trace back the role of Racial Discrimination in constructing the social, cultural, economic, and political systems. It shows the African-American theory as a Key concept in analyzing Eudora Welty's "Powerhouse". It focuses on the apartheid depiction of the black over the world. It stresses the significance of differences and Race. Welty's "Powerhouse" produces such segregated representation through the major figure of this short story. Powerhouse is Welty's hero whose name as a metaphor for power is in opposition to her character's depiction, which reveals the racial discrimination of colonial discourse and the white societies. Theorists consider the Race as the source of differences like Michael Banton who declares that race builds on difference. The color skin is the major struggle: the "color- line" is the core theory for W.E. Du Bois as it stresses the differences between the black and white. Moreover, "The Signifying Monkey" method by Henry Louis Gates Jr. reveals these differences and the racial discrimination.
The philosophy of Place in Abbas Salih's Collection My Loneliness is Like Drops of Rain
Authors: Ali Pary omer , Ali Srwa Tahir , Kareem Hemn
Published: November 2023

One of the crucial subjects that has a great influence in kurdish literary works and other nations and has long inspired literary writers is "place". Place is a basic and important concept that has motivated all literary writers, without it they wouldn't have been able to reach their works to properness. Moreover the place in all literary works encompass a big role, of a literary piece entitled the philosophy of place in the collection of ( My loneliness is alike drops of Rain) of Abbas Salih. This research consists of two significant parts. The first section is the theoretical part of the research that deals with introducing place, the philosophy and effect of place to the poet, the position and importance of place in kurdish literary works and the types of place. The second part of the research is the practical of place in Abbas Salih's poems. Furthermore what brings more questions for us as a researcher is researching the concept and philosophy of place. As well as the aim of the research is generally displaying the place in kurdish literary works and specifically in contemporary poems and in poet' s contemporary view of it's poems. So the method of this research is considering the descriptive analysis to explain the poemic texts.
Aesthetics of Ideological Poetry: Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber as a Model
Authors: Huseein Ali Tahir , Nasralla Mohmmed Aziz
Published: November 2023

The notion of Ideology was used at the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century , it was just for the sake of searching the Right thoughts and comparing them to the wrong ones ,then they all together were called( Ideology) ,things like ((Socialism ,Communism ,Fascism ,Nationalism),each of such ideologies came in different epochs of time and became popular beliefs ,literature and literal productions, poetry for example, were put at the service of such beliefs ,to commit to one of such ideologies effects the aesthetics and the beauty of the literature of course ,as per the Type of the ideology and its superiority, this superiority could be seen in the Text , effects the value of poetry, in this research we speak about effect and superiority of Ideology ,we take the Poems of(Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber) as a model .The title of the research is The aesthetics of Ideological poetry (Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber) as a model, the methodology of the research is complimentary ,it is a new critical method ,tries to collect and put together all the critical methods (internal and external ) ones, the research apart from introduction and result ,consists of two axels ,in the First one there is description of Ideology &its Notion ,in the second one there is the aesthetics values of Poem like ( poetic Lyrics, Poetic Images ,symbols and borrowing ) and their reflections on the ideological poems of (Latif Helmet, Abdullah Peshew and Rafiq Saber).
Analytical Study of Lillian Hellman’s The Children’s Hour: Counterintuitive Conspiracy
Authors: Abed Hamid Hammad
Published: November 2023

Despite writing only twelve plays, Lillian Hellman is a principal voice in the American theatre. She is a famous American playwright who has outlined her position in the male dominated society. In her plays, Hellman employs a profound and rational view that binds husband and wife, brother and sister, mother and child, teacher and pupil. Having a sharp insight, enables her to create strong female characters during a time when the American theatre tended to concentrate only on males. Hellman has formulated her dramas cautiously, tackling social matters that reflect her aptitude to present characters who are able to improve themselves through the development of the action. Probing the actual motivations of the counterintuitive conspiracy plotted by school pupil against her teacher, is the aim of this study.
Implication as a Means of Communicating Themes Elaborately in G. B. Shaw’s Pygmalion
Authors: Khalaf Al- Jubory Batool Taleb , Salim Al-Jubory Taha Khalaf
Published: November 2023

George Bernard Shaw is one of the greatest prolific author of the modern age who is able to produce brand-new drama in shape along with content. He does not hesitate rank to operate far from Aristotle’s rule promoting characters to occupy the highest rank of importance rather than plot for the reason that they are characters who donate life to the sequence of the events of which any play is composed. Shaw’s great cleverness is represented by his brilliant ability to create characters that have the power to discuss notions from different points of views. This study will deal with Shaw’s play Pygmalion, in 1913. It is a romantic and satirical comedy of social criticism. The objective of this study is not to carry out a pragmatic study of Shaw’s selected play depending on Herbert Paul Grice’s theory of implicature which represents an endeavor to grant this term a more linguistic standing. The paper aims at proving that Shaw uses implication as a device to narrate his ideas in long conversations. This paper uses Formalist method as a tool to analyze the selected play. This paper ends with a conclusion that out the results of the discussion..
The Foundations of the Semantic Arrangement of Nouns in ath-Tha'alibi's Fiqh ul-Lughat wa Sirr ul-Arabiyati
Authors: خلف هدلة حماش
Published: November 2023

There may be multiple names for the same thing in the Arabic language, and each name gives a specific meaning, and describes a specific case. On the basis of analogy, and we tried in this research to identify the most important semantic foundations adopted by Al-Thaalibi in the arrangement, which indicates its accuracy and high linguistic sense.
Identity Crises in Caryl Phillips‟s A Distant Shore (2004)
Authors: Dhannoon Iman Saud
Published: November 2023

It is commonly stated that the modern era is known as the age of upheavals. Colonialism has altered people all over the world, and transculturalism has become a global phenomenon. Writers, particularly, novelists managed to depict identity crises in their literary works. The study will be based on a textual analysis of Caryl Phillips’s A Distant Shore, focusing on Homi Bhabha’s concept of ‘hybridity’, Krestiva’s ‘dislocation’ and Edward Said’s notion of ‘self-other’. The aim of the paper is to explore the themes of hybrid identities and painful negotiations based on the experience of the protagonists in the selected text. The objective of the study is to identify the characters who suffer individual mobility and the causes behind, to investigate the relationships between the immigrants and the new environment, and to show the kind of identity the immigrants will lead in the future. The research will answer the following questions: What circumstances make the protagonists migrate? How immigrants can cope with others in the new country? And how displacement affects in shaping the identity of the immigrant characters in the selected novel? The paper consists of introduction, critical comments on the text, and definitions of theoretical concepts according to the selected work, and a conclusion.
The authority of boys and its connection with the authority of virility (fifth century AH as a model)
Authors: رسول صالح سماره عطا
Published: November 2023

Boys have authority, so it was common in the past (love of boys, and flirting with them), which is one of the worst cases of flirting that appeared in this century, and it is a manifestation of globalization at the present time and similar to homosexuality, as this type of flirtation emerged in a way that exceeded its counterpart in the Orient, and in its distant form A distance from modesty, or shame in depicting homosexuality and sexual pleasure, and the poets of this type of spinning in general tended to obscenity, indecency and pornography in words, and took off the dress of decency from the poetic poem, so they went out of the ordinary, and flirted with boys and boys and said open and scandalous spinning that contradicts values The principles and noble morals of the Arabs were helped by several factors, including beauty in general, such as the beauty of nature, the beauty of people, the increase in singing boards, amusement, alcohol, a large amount of money and luxury, and the spread of the phenomenon of selling boys, maidservants and sodomy: Andalusians were buying them in abundance, and of different nationalities, and with an increase and spread Corruption and sedition increased saying this type of flirtatious poetry.
A Qualitative Study on EFL Teachers’ Awareness towards the Implementation of Dynamic Assessment
Authors: Mohammed Zandi Suhaila Abdulrahman , Hamad Karmand Abdulla
Published: November 2023

Dynamic Assessment focuses on understanding learner’s abilities to acquire the skills after being exposed to mediation. The problem is that a large number of teachers affirm that the results of summative assessment are not satisfactory and they do not represent their students’ actual potential. This study endeavors to explore EFL university teachers’ awareness of dynamic assessment (DA), investigating their opinion of DA as well as identifying their implementation of DA in their EFL classes. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to obtain the data. The informants were 15 EFL teachers in four universities who were selected by using purposive sampling. The findings of the study indicated that EFL university teachers are unaware of dynamic assessment. It is confirmed that they lack theoretical knowledge of DA. However, the study revealed that teachers’ practical use of DA is limited. Furthermore, the results unveiled that EFL teachers have positive attitudes towards DA.
The position of Ibn Falah al-Yamani (d. 680 AH) on the grammatical views of al-Mubarrad in his book Sharh al-Kafia
Authors: سعد أحمد خميس
Published: November 2023

This research aims to study Ibn Falah Al-Yamani’s position on the grammatical opinions of Al-Mubarrad in terms of approval, objection or transfer without discussing the opinion, as well as showing the personality of Ibn Falah Al-Yamani as he is obscured by the lack of studies on him. In the first section, it dealt with Ibn Falah’s disagreements with Al-Mubarrad’s opinions, and in the second section I dealt with Ibn Falah’s approvals with Al-Mubarrad’s opinions, and as for the third research, he talked about the opinions mentioned by Ibn Falah without weighting, then the research was appended with a list of sources and references that were used in the research and reached The research indicates that Ibn Falah is an unknown personality among most contemporary researchers, so attention was not drawn to him as it was directed to his contemporaries such as (Ibn Al-Hajib and Ibn Malik), and the truth is that Ibn Falah is one of the most prominent scholars of the seventh century AH, and the reviewer in his books (Sharh Al-Kafia and Al-Mughni) attests to this, And he did not deviate in his position from Al-Mubarrad’s views to a particular doctrine into fanaticism or in keeping with the whims of the soul, but rather he was objectively oriented behind the issue according to the strength of the evidence.
Explanation of the types of changes from diphthong, ellipsis and anagram in his book “Sharah Al-Qasara Fi Al-Tasrif” by Ali Bin Bali Al-Roumi (died. 992 AH) Study and Investigation
Authors: عجمي حسين هاجر بزيع , سعيد مخلف خليل محمد
Published: November 2023

This research aims to highlight part of the book (Sharah Al-Qasara Fi Al-Tasrif) by the Ottoman scholar Ali Bin Bali, nicknamed Manq Al-Roumi (died. 994 AH), In which he explained the book (Al-Qasara Fi Al-Tasrif) by Alaa Al-Din Al-Khujandi (died. 830 AH). This research is specific to one of the pillars of the science of morphology, which is (an explanation of the types of changes from assimilation, ellipsis, and metathesis). Through him, we learn about the linguistic personality of Manq Al-Roumi, his method of explanation, his method of presenting the material, and his way of clarifying the issues of this chapter.
The novelistic construction, a reading of the novel Sadda Makhoul by Ibrahim Hassan Nasser
Authors: عبود رمضان علي
Published: November 2023

The research delves into a study of the authorship in the novel “Sadda Makhool”. It starts from an artistic viewpoint indicating that the narrative universe is based on the artistic elements, which construct the narrative structure (action, character, time, and place). The study resorts to approach each one of those elements, reveals the richness and the important role to enrich the narrative universe and how the activities of those elements contrast from work to another. The action materializes and shows up the narrative temperament through which characters vie and conflict throughout the place and time that could be changed according to the narrative ambition that writer attempts to achieve.
The aesthetics of narrative paradox A study in the very short stories of Jamal Nouri
Authors: عبد الجبار سناء سلمان
Published: November 2023

In its narrative formation, the complete story depends on a sentence of elements, characteristics and features that make it of great privacy, including the intensity of condensation, reduction, emphasis, deletion of verbal appendages and partial details to the extent that guarantees it a complete narrative condition. At the same time, and this can be said that the irony of the narrative in the very short story is varied, numerous and multiplicity of the areas it touched, including a fertile story that distinguished its multiple types in enriching the sensitivity on a large scale.
The representation of Thatcher's Theatre in Caryl Churchill's "Top Girls" : A social feminist study
Authors: Mahmood Azhin k. , Abdullah Almaaroof Ansam R.
Published: November 2023

Carly Churchill has a rare position within British contemporary’s post-war dramatists. She is perhaps the most innovative and elusive writer of her age, an ardent advocate of women’s equality and rights. The socialist feminist ideology of Churchill is indeed unquestionably the best of the postmodern society. Churchill lives under Thatcher’s leadership, and she is among the leader who, not just in her nation but across the western world, transforms the cultural and social landscape of the state. This pivotal event appears as a backdrop for Caryl Churchill to challenge how a competent lady in the patriarchal system has risen on the social ladder and what she does for women and the society in her era. This study aims at knowing how Thatcher’s theatre has depicted in Caryl Churchill‘s Top Girls . The work tries to set the effect of Thatcher on women and society in the period of her role as a prime minister of Britain and how her legacy makes citizens be successful in their jobs, but hates everyone around them, including their friends, coworkers, and even their families. The study hypothesizes that Churchill was affected by Thatcherism in her era and this influenced her style of writings. The paper starts with an Introduction of the Top girls play and Thatcher's regime , then follows the methodology of the study and the discussion comes afterwards and it ends with a conclusion that points out the results of discussion.
Hedging Pragmatically in Written Political Discourse: A Study of Trump’s Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives on the Occasion of His Impeachment Trial
Authors: Ali Abid Hmood
Published: November 2023

The current study attempts to investigate how hedges are employed in written political discourse. Its main aim is to identify the hedging devices used in Trump’s letter to the speaker of the House of Representatives on the occasion of his impeachment trial. The study aims at determining the types, forms and pragmatic functions of the hedges in the letter under study. To achieve the aims of the study, an eclectic model of which is composed of Hyland’s (1996) and (2005) is used in the analysis of data. The most important conclusions of the study are: the most commonly type of hedges used in Trump’s letter is content-oriented hedges, reader pronouns is the most widely used form of hedges, and the most commonly pragmatic function used is seeking the reader's involvement.
Text structures and their implications in Surat An-Nahl in the light of the consistency criterion
Authors: مجيد محمد جعفر , قادر فخرية غريب
Published: November 2023

This study, tagged with (text structures and their implications in Surat An-Nahl in the light of the consistency criterion), seeks to shed light on the most important textual criterion by which the textuality of the text is achieved, which is the consistency criterion set by Robert de Beaugrand among the seven textual criteria that combine and collaborate in achieving the textuality of the text and the strength of its cohesion and cohesion. In form and content, distinguishing text from non-text and semi-texts, and monitoring the impact of this criterion and its effectiveness in achieving the formal consistency of textual structures in Surat An-Nahl and showing its connotations and expressive values. They are: grammatical consistency, which includes a set of mechanisms: (linking, substitution, deletion, referral), and lexical consistency, which consists of repetition and conjunction. The study in its entirety consists of an introduction, an explanatory section, and two main sections, each topic containing a group of demands, and ends its course and is directed by a conclusion in which it deposited its most important conclusions, followed by a list of sources and references
Restriction with Verbal Emphasis in Sahihul Bukhari
Authors: خلف عشم جميلة حمد , عبدالله نصيف ياسين
Published: November 2023

The most important thing in the current research (Restriction with Verbal Emphasis in Sahihul Bukhari) is that restriction plays a major role in the significance arising from this topic. Since the Prophet’s hadith is the most authentic book after the Holy Qur’an, we immersed ourselves in the search for these connotations that achieve the purposes of verbal affirmation. Therefore, the research plan was divided into an introduction in which we dealt with the definition of the contents of the title, then we started with the purposes of verbal affirmation, then a conclusion that included the most important results, then a list Sources and references.
Psychological Dimensions in the Poems of Jalal Malek Shada
Authors: Mohamad Azadeen saber
Published: November 2023

This research, entitled (Psychological Dimension in Jalal Malek Shah's Poems, Example of the Chain of Captive Words), is an attempt to interpret and present the psychological effects in Jalal Malek Shah's poems Literature in general, like any other human activity, is full of psychological experiences. The great psychological influence that can be seen in the poems of Jalal Malek Shah is the result of the difficult life and poor economic, social and political conditions! In this study, I will try to highlight these psychological dimensions.
Problems of Translating Some Terms of Computer Sciences and Remote Sensing From Arabic into English
Authors: Thannoon Safwan Idrees
Published: November 2023

The research is an attempt to focus on some common terms of computer sciences and remote sensing. It aims at proving that translating such terms, which have been chosen randomly from different references, from Arabic into English constitutes problems, posing difficulties for fourth year students of translation / University of Mosul. The study hypothesizes that some terms cause confusion for fourth students of translation due to the lack of adequate scientific background knowledge in the fields of computer sciences and remote sensing. Sometimes, absence of linguistic background knowledge of some phenomena hinders the translation of terms in these fields. It is handy for the students in the study to know what these terms could mean by resorting to dictionaries, knowing the scientific fields in the study, and having a good span of time for the questionnaire. However, not having adequate background knowledge of scientific terms in general and in these fields make some students stand helpless in translating the terms from Arabic into English.
Postmodern Elements in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot
Authors: Sameen Humam Salah
Published: November 2023

Postmodernism is considered a break with 19th-century realism and before that, the project of Enlightenment dealt with the issue of transformation of outer phenomenal reality to an internal consciousness of the human mind. As a result, the using postmodernism subconsciously reveals and manifests their inner consciousness through what they do. It rejects the concept of absolute reality. Mostly, postmodernist writers support the premise that ‘irrational is real’. Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1948) is considered to be the leading playwright amongst many others. This play derives its inspiration from European existentialism which was one of the foremost philosophical schools within continental tradition. In Waiting for Godot, there are no pre-determined rules or any unity in time, place or action. The ending of it can be interpreted in many different ways. The author of this paper has tried to put the play in the European context and highlighted the features which are considered to be the hallmark of postmodernism.
Staging Urbanism: A Study of City Life in Selected American Plays
Authors: Suliman Amer Hamed
Published: November 2023

The mid-20th century saw many American playwrights explore the realities of city life to powerful effect. Plays that emerged during this time paint an interesting picture of urban America as a paradoxical place of endless opportunity and limited resources. The characters of this setting have the dramatic potential to be uniquely tragic, often attracted to cities by promises of economic freedom only to be destroyed by the tough and competitive nature of urban life. The study aims at constructing a contextual reference framework within which Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, Arthur Laurents’ West Side Story, and Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun are analyzed to explore how the stressful environments of the city shaped life for different groups of urban residents. This study employs a textual analysis method to investigate how these three iconic plays of the mid-20th century create the tragic and tumultuous setting of the American city. By analyzing selections of dialogue from each play, the influence of city life on the words and actions of characters in each play will be shown to be instrumental in conjuring the hectic and often desperate realities of urban life in mid-20th century America.
Phonotactic transposition in light of the modern linguistic lesson (Central Sudanese dialect as a model)
Authors: عثمان مصطفى عائشة محمد , الموسى ياسمين سعد
Published: November 2023

This study aims to trace the phenomenon of phonotactic transposition in the dialect of Central Sudan in light of the modern linguistic lesson. The rules this dialect has followed were explored by identifying the letters affected by transposition and the reasons behind it. The relationship of this transposition to that in classic Arabic dialect was considered in order to document the phonemic phenomena therein and to identify their origins and link them to the mother tongue from which they emanate. The researchers have collected vocabularies in which transposition took place from the dialect spoken in Central Sudan to describe and analyze them to specify the type of transposition used. The research used the descriptive historical analytical method to serve its purposes. This study will contribute to providing an approximate view for those interested in oriental linguistic studies and developing educational curricula that overcome obstacles arising from the existence of such a phenomenon and the lexical confusion that may result from it.
The school dictionary based on the principles of the Kurdish-language school dictionary
Authors: Tahir Shahab Taybe , Kareem Aso Abdurrahman
Published: November 2023

The school dictionary based on the principles of the Kurdish-language school dictionary that can be introduced as a scientific effort on one of the dictionaries set up for school students under the name of the school dictionary, which was prepared in 2016. It has been attempted to investigate according to the principles of school multiplicity in this dictionary and determine the pros and cons aspects of the dictionary. Therefore, it was thought that the research included two main parts as follows: Part one dedicated to the theoretical aspect of the research, which briefly describes the definition of dictionary and aspects of the school dictionary. Whereas, part two is dedicated to the research methodology, which has been attempted to work on the school dictionary according to the information available in the first section. Finally, the results of the study are determined a part from the reference lists and it can be stated that the overall idea of study is written in both Arabic and English languages.
Trump’s Election Billboards: A Multimodal Cognitive Study
Authors: Majeed Midya Rafiq , Faiq Aseel Muhammad
Published: November 2023

Multimodality is the analysis of language besides other modalities (images, sounds, gestures, video images, etc.). Election billboards as a kind of multimodal text is used during elections to promote a candidate's image and advertise their presence. The current study seeks to analyze a sample of Trump’s 2020 election billboards in the American presidential election billboards as a type of multimodal texts from the view point of Multimodality and Cognitive Semantics. Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) model and Langcker’s Construal Theory (2013) are used to demystify how the visual and linguistic elements cooperate to serve the purpose of the billboard as a whole. The visual elements are analyzed based on Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) Grammar of Visual Design model. On the other hand, Langacker's construal operation model is used for the analysis of both linguistic and visual elements as a cognitive semantic theory. The analysis's findings indicate that the models are essential to constructing and deciphering the meaning of political election campaign billboards, and they also prove that in constructing meaning, the visual and textual elements of Trump’s election billboards complement one another even though the focus on the linguistic elements is observed to be higher to some extent rather than that of the visual elements
The prophetic discourse with the revelation Jibril (as) and other angels
Authors: عارف تغريد جبير , حمادي العبيدي عادل هادي
Published: November 2023

In this research, an aspect of the Prophet's discourse, namely the prophetic discourse with the revelation Jibril (as) and other angels, was studied through Jibril (pbuh) sent by God and suggested to the messenger, God willing, whatever he wanted, in various ways or images that he brought to the Prophet Muhammad( peace be upon him). In its true form, or represented by the image of a man, or only hears his voice, and in what way the meeting was taking place, the discourse was going on between the Prophet (pbuh) and Jibril (pbuh), either understanding or answering, as well as telling the Prophet (pbuh ) the companions of what Jibril comes and teaches, using his explicit name (Jibril), or addressing him in one of the letters of the speech, or baptizing him To ask him without mentioning his name or referring to him, with different positions, events and topics in which the revelation was accompanied by Jibril (as) from the descent of revelation until his attachment to the Supreme Comrade peace be upon him.
The command style in the book (Qataf 'al'azhar almutanathirat fi al'akhbar almutawatirati)By Al- Suyuti (Rhetorical study)
Authors: صالح محمد وهاب فاتح , رشيد أزاد عبدول
Published: November 2023

The Arabs recognized the perfection of the eloquence of the Prophet (peace be upon him), and his rhetoric, and he was the most eloquent of the Arabs as a whole, we are from his rhetoric we draw the beauty of the Arabic language, and his eloquence has reached the end in human speech, his words have doctrinal and legislative dimensions to show people what came down to them, the Sunnah of the Prophet is the second source of Islamic legislation, it separates the entirety of the Qur'an and allocates its general and restricts its absolute.And his news about the past and the future must be believed, and its establishment requires compliance with its orders and prohibitions, whether in worship or transactions, our modest research entitled: The style of the command in the book (qataf al'azhar almutanathirat fi al'akhbar almutawatira) by Al-Suyuti - rhetorical study - consists of an introduction and preface in which we mentioned the eloquence of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and clarify the vocabulary of the title, which is a brief about the life of Al-Suyuti and explain some terms, And the method of construction order and others, especially the matter in the construction of the order and the order of the first methods discussed by grammarians and rhetoricians, and pointed to the true meaning and to some of the purposes that come out to it, and the research consists of two sections in the first section we mentioned the hadiths in which the matter of the obligation and in the second section, which is entitled hadiths in which the matter of scarring and desirability and then comes the conclusion and sources and references.
An Investigation of Teachers’ Attitude towards developing Kurdish EFL University Students’ Sociopragmatic Competence
Authors: Jamil Afifa Ahmad , Mahmood Ayad Hameed
Published: November 2023

This research aims at finding out the attitude of teachers toward developing Kurdish EFL university students’ verbal and non-verbal sociopragmatic competence, and the problems of developing this sort of competence that are mainly cultural problems. The sample of the study consists of fifty EFL instructors, who have experienced in teaching speaking, conversation, communication, and cross-cultural communication at the colleges of education and basic education at six universities: Sulaimani, Salahaddin -Erbil, Duhok, Halabja, Charmo and Garmian Universities A quantitative method has been adopted for this study and the data have been collected through using a survey questionnaire. The findings of the research reveal that teachers regarded sociopragmatic competence as an essential part of teaching in EFL classes. The findings also show that teachers agree that the problems of developing sociopragmatic elements relate to the fact that students lack cultural knowledge and they are unable to identify cultural similarities and differences between Kurdish and English.
The poetic and the philosophical in the narrative The Pomegranate River novel as a model
Authors: خضر نوفل حمد , خالد أطياف طلال
Published: November 2023

The subject of overlapping literary genres occupied the minds of many critics and writers alike, due to its great importance, as it became a basic pillar of literary writing. We stand on an important Iraqi narrative achievement, which is the novel (The Pomegranate River) by the writer Shawky Karim as a model, because this novel carries philosophical and poetic loads at the same time, and on this basis the research was divided into an entrance and two axesstudents at solving the problems that they encounter while they write their research writing projects
Historicl and mythical Contradiction in the Poetry of Jassim Moammed Jassim
Authors: محمد خديجة أدري , لطيف رشدي طلال
Published: November 2023

The paper entitled (Historical and Legendary Intertextuality in Jassim Muhammad Jassim’s Poetry) sheds light on a critical phenomenon that breaks into poetry with a high intention in which the poet finds an objective necessity according to an artistic and aesthetic vision. The vision supports his poetic experience with evidence selected from the inheritance until it became evidence that mimics the present within the suggestions and interpretations taking place in the circle of textual overlap. The research came in two directions, one historical and the other legendary, but there is a similarity between them, as they are related to the temporal factor. As for the second trend, it focused on poetic texts with legendary connotations, which summoned later texts that carry with them mythical tales and stories whose connotations vary between the reasonable and the unreasonable. He demonstrated the consolidation of the relationship between literature on the one hand, and history and myth on the other hand, through poetic art, which saw on the other side a precious wealth full of a huge amount of hidden things, so he developed this relationship and exploited it according to criteria based on taking from these sciences after looking to the past Presenting it in the form of a poetic experience governed by the familiar textual mechanisms that saw in history and legend tributaries that participated in building a creative experience in a modern poetic language based on intertextuality
The Indicative Mood in Arabic
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Amer , Tawfiq Marwan Najib
Published: November 2023

In this paper the indicative mood of Arabic has been tackled and we talked about the significance of this mood. We also mentioned the form of the imperfect “Present” verb which is used to represent such a type of mood in Arabic . Besides , we highlighted the most common topics which are used in order to represent indicative mood in Arabic such as “The subject and predicate , the imperfect , Kaana’s noun ---etc”. We notified the different usages of indicative mood of Arabic. We clarified the main points and topics and supported the full explanation with examples .
Derivations in same Verses with Titles
Authors: حمودي سراب قادر , سعيد مخلف خليل محمد
Published: November 2023

This research aims to present a chapter on the morphological chapters in the verses which have titles, which are derivatives, and in it we get to know some of the verses with titles in which some derivatives appeared in their difficult forms and the study of these Derivations, and exp221lain their semantics in these verses, the reason for this changing from one form to another, and find the relationship between the title of the verse. And a place where it .So the topic of this research depends on the basis of these relationships.
Barriers to Mastery EFL Communication Skill in Iraqi Governmental Schools
Authors: Hamza Huda Kanaan
Published: November 2023

Many foreign language learners have problems in using the foreign language in an effective way especially speaking skill. So the current paper tries to seek these difficulties through trying to find an answer to the following question: " What are the prominent barriers of speaking that hinder Iraqi EFL learners from mastering speaking?" and by verifying the suggested hypothesis which says" The linguistic aspects are the common barriers of speaking". To prove the hypothesis and to answer the question a questionnaire that contains 15 items is presented to 60 third intermediate students out of 240. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that the linguistic barriers were at the top of the pyramid followed by the psychological barriers and then the social ones.