bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rainfall distribution in a region of Amazon rainforest in the north of Mato Grosso
Authors: Gomes Branquinho Rodrigo , Pinheiro Santos Djavan , Rocha dos Anjos João Carlos , Cassiano da Silva Gustavo , Mendes Brito Gustavo Henrique , Barcelo Carminatii Alechsandär Gahal
Published: May 2021

Rainfall predominantly influences economic activity in northern of MatoGrosso.  The scarcity of rainfall limits agricultural production, and its excess hinders the flow of production on back roads.  These obstacles impose the need for greater knowledge of rainfall in distant regions of the state, such as Paranorte, in Juara-MT.  This study aimed to identify the beginning and end of the rainy season, as well as the frequency and duration of dry days, besides to investigate causal relationships of rainfall with ENSO (El Niño de Oscillation Sul) phenomena.  Methods based on rainfall quantity and continuity were adopted.  The results showed that in Paranorte, the accumulated annual precipitation varies between 2322 and 2720 mm.  The months of the year are divided into a dry period (June, July and August), a period of low rainfall (May and September - ≈ 80 mm) and a period of high rainfall (October, November, December, January, February, March and April, with 214 to 464 mm).  Prolonged droughts occur most often at the beginning (September) and end (May) of the rainy season. In turn, ENSO phenomena influence rainfall only in spring.
Caracterización de fertilizantes orgánicos y estiércoles para uso como componentes de sustrato
Authors: Acevedo Alcalá Patricia , Taboada Gaytán Oswaldo Rey , Cruz Hernández Javier
Published: May 2021

La turba es utilizada frecuentemente como sustrato en la propagación de plántulas, no obstante, su recolección ocasiona efectos negativos en el ambiente.  Para reducir estos efectos, existen enmiendas orgánicas que se pueden aplicar como componentes de medios de cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar física, química, biológica y microbiológicamente los fertilizantes orgánicos comerciales Solep® y Fernatol®, los estiércoles de vacuno y ovino, y musgo comercial (Peat moss®) como componentes de sustratos. En el Campus Puebla del Colegio de Postgraduados, México, en muestras de cada uno de estos materiales se midieron por triplicado las propiedades físico-químicas, el contenido de materia orgánica (MO), la relación C/N, y los nutrientes extraíbles y asimilables; además, se realizó un análisis microbiológico como parámetro de inocuidad y se estimó la fitotoxicidad de extractos al 20% por bioensayo de germinación con semillas de rábano (Raphanus sativus L), como especie indicadora de la presencia de sustancias fitotóxicas.  Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de medias por Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Los resultados fueron comparados con estándares establecidos para sustratos en normas nacionales e internacionales. El fertilizante comercial Solep y el estiércol vacuno presentaron valores adecuados de pH, CE, MO, C/N, sodio, metales pesados y ausencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp., por tanto, se consideran apropiados para la producción de plántulas; no obstante, su presencia en el medio de cultivo no debe ser mayor de 20%.
Impact of dry sludges and sludge biochar on height and dry matter of Solanum lycopersicum L.
Authors: Reyes-Moreno Giovanni , Cuervo-Andrade Jairo Leonardo , Darghan-Contreras Aquiles Enrique , Cárdenas-Pardo Néstor Julián
Published: May 2021

The generation of sludge as anthropic waste is a fundamental pollution problem. However, its conversion to biochar can be an alternative to conventional fertilization for its management and use in agriculture. In this research, we evaluated the effect of the application of different doses of dry sludge (DS) and biochar of pyrolyzed sludge (PS) on the height and dry matter of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop and the nutrient content in the substrate. The biochar was made by rapid pyrolysis, and the substrate and the dry matter of plants were analyzed by different physical and chemical methods. An evaluation of 11 treatments was carried out in allometric measurements of plants and foliar dry matter, in three replicates with two materials (DS and PS) added to the substrate at different levels. The plant height and dry weight were evaluated using an incomplete factorial design in a completely randomized arrangement by performing statistical analysis of multivariate variance. An increase in plant height and dry weight was observed when the doses of DS and PS were increased; however, there were no statistical differences between the two materials. The amount of carbon, organic matter, and Ca concentrations in the dry leaf weight were increased with the addition of DS and PS. Likewise, the use of these materials as conditioners or amendments to agricultural soil at doses of 10-15 t ha-1 may be viable and can contribute to reducing environmental externalities through the use of these anthropic waste materials.
Nutritional characterization of Moringa oleifera leaves, seeds, husks and flowers from two regions of Mexico
Authors: Guzmán-Maldonado Salvador Horacio , López-Manzano Marcela Josefina , Madera-Santana Tomás Jesús , Núñez-Colín Carlos Alberto , Grijalva-Verdugo Claudia Patricia , Villa-Lerma Alma Guadalupe , Rodríguez-Núñez Jesús Rubén
Published: May 2021

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a native tree species found in the south of the Himalayas, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan that is used commercially to produce tea, animal fodder and herbal medicines. The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional characteristics of different parts of the MO plant from two regions of Mexico (States of Guerrero and Sonora). The proximal composition analyses (protein, lipids, ashes and fiber) were carried out according to the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), and the antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Protein (38.5%) and lipid contents (42.2%) were higher in MO seeds compared to other plant parts. These results were similar between the two regions of Mexico that were evaluated. MO flowers from Guerrero showed the highest content of phenols and tannins (1908.71 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) 100 g-1, 220.27 mg Catechin Equivalents (CE) 100 g-1, respectively) while MO leaves from Sonora showed the highest flavonoid content (2859 mg GAE 100 g-1). The Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) analysis showed that MO husks obtained from Guerrero had the highest antioxidant capacity (224.45 μmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) g-1). The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) test showed that MO flowers from Guerrero had the high- est antioxidant capacity (382 μmol (TE) g-1). The differences between MO from the two different regions reported in this attributed to factors such as soil type, climatic conditions and the growing region.
Jüdische Identität in Deutschland und im Exil
Authors: Kaiser Silke
Published: May 2021

Hans und Rahel Liebeschütz waren ein deutsch-jüdisches Wissenschaftlerehepaar. Beide wuchsen im Hamburg des Kaiserreichs auf und begannen ihre wissenschaftliche Laufbahn in der Weimarer Republik. Rahel Liebeschütz war die erste Frau, die sich an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Hamburgischen Universität habilitierte. Hans Liebe­schütz war Historiker und habilitierte sich 1929 in mittellateinischer Philologie. Die Machtübertragung an die Nationalsozialisten bedeutete das Ende ihrer wissenschaftlichen Karrieren. Sie blieben trotzdem bis 1938 in Hamburg und erlebten mit ihren drei Kindern die zunehmende Entrechtung der Jüdinnen und Juden. Erst 1938/1939 emigrierten sie nach England, wo sie auch nach Ende des Krieges blieben. Aus archivischen und persönlichen Quellen wird ihr eindrucksvoller Werdegang und das schwierige Leben im „Dritten Reich“ und im Exil nachgezeichnet.
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF FLAME ZONE SIZE OF SINGLE ALUMINIUM PARTICLES
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Kryukov Aleksey , Malinin Vladimir ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University
Published: May 2021

Mathematical modeling of geometric dimensions and thermodynamic parameters of flame around single aluminium under combustion in the 79 % Ar + 21 % O2 atmosphere was implemented. The modeling was carried out on the basis of summarizing of experimental data and results of thermodynamic analysis. The dependencies of temperature and oxidizer (oxygen) concentration on the flame boundary and pressure of surrounding medium on particle size were determined. Also relation of flame radius with particle radius was established. The calculations was realized according to model of diffusion mode combustion with taking into account quasistationarity and thermodynamic equilibrium of processes, from the assumption of spherical symmetry of the flame. The flame boundary, oxidizer concentration and temperature on the boundary are determined on the basis of condition of predetermined completeness of aluminium transformation into ultrafine oxide Al2O3. The relative size of flame zone is established to decrease from 4.5 to 6.8 when surrounding medium pressure changes from 0.1 to 6 MPa. The relative size of flame zone and oxidizer concentration on the flame boundary increase as the particle burn out. As the particle radius decreases the part of radiative heat exchange decreases in total balance of it’s energy. And the part of radiative heat exchange does not exceed 8 % for industrial aluminium powders with particles diameter less than 50 m. The surrounding medium pressure influences on values of parameters calculated essentially with the exception of part of radiation heat flow.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE COMPOSITION AND PARAMETERS OF THE OIL GAS SUPPLY ON THE COMBUSTION LIMITS IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Shilova Alyona , Bulbovich Roman ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Bachev Nikolay ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Matyunin Oleg ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University
Published: May 2021

The question of oil gas utilization today is very important.In the development of domestic micro-gas-turbine utilization power plants, the central place is occupied by the creation of a universal combustion chamber, which would ensure stable combustion of ballasted gases at different fields under variable operating conditions.In this work, the phlegmatization method was used to determine the lower and upper concentration limits, which allows taking into account the effect of ballasting components on the combustion limits. When calculating the coefficients of excess air at the upper and lower limits, the influence of the composition, temperature, and supply pressure of the components was taken into account.An analysis of the results showed that taking into account the parameters of air and oil gas at the outlet of the compressors expands the limits of combustion by the coefficient of excess air. An additional regenerative heating of the air between the compressor and the combustion chamber shifts the combustion stability region in terms of the excess air coefficient towards rich mixtures. Recuperative heating of fuel gas shifts the area of sustainable combustion towards lean mixtures. Simultaneous regenerative heating of fuel gas and air expands the area of sustainable combustion.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HEAD CHARACTERISTIC OF A MICRO TURBOJET ENGINE BASED ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev – KAI, Abdullah Bestoon , Varsegov Vadim ,   Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev – KAI, Limansky Adolf ,   Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev – KAI
Published: May 2021

Shown the possibility of using the standard ANSYS CFX hydrodynamic software package for calculating the gasdynamic characteristics of the centrifugal compressor impeller of micro turbojet engines with different options for profiling blades which based on physical and numerical modeling. Presented a methodology for designing the impeller of a centrifugal compressor based on solving the inverse problem of gas dynamics. As a result of a numerical study, the head coefficient of various forms of the impeller was obtained and presented the dependences of the head coefficient and efficiency on the blade back sweep angle 2 β . b The article discusses the effect of the blade back sweep angle 2 β b on the compressor efficiency and the head characteristic for three different values of the blade back sweep angle 2 β b for example, the impeller with the back sweep angle  2 β b and with the radial blades  2 β 90 b and with blades bent forward  2 β b The centrifugal compressor was designed using Vista CCD programs in one-dimensional computing and Fluid flow CFX in three-dimensional computing. For blade profiling, the BladeGend program was used with different profiling options in order to improve compressor efficiency. The computational grid and the construction of a structured hexahedral mesh for the impeller was carried out in Ansys Turbogrid and the SST model of turbulence was selected in the calculation, which, with sufficient grinding of the mesh at the walls, adequately simulates separated flows at the channel walls, as well as the flow in the flow core. When constructing a grid along the walls between the channel blades, the parameter y + was controlled, which should not exceed 2. It is permissible to use a coarser grid in the flow core compared to the grid near the walls. The design grid of the impeller consists of 350000 elements.
WHOI 260Hz Sound Source - Tuning and Assembly
Authors: Valdes James R. , Furey Heather
Published: May 2021

Sound sources are designed to provide subsea tracking and re‐location of RAFOS floats and other Lagrangian drifters listening at 260Hz. More recently sweeps have been added to support FishChip tracking at 262Hz. These sources must be tuned to the water properties where they are to be deployed as they have a fairly narrow bandwidth. The high‐Q resonator’s bandwidth is about 4Hz. This report documents the tuning, and provides an overview of the sound source assembly.
Satisfaction of professionals of participating companies with the performance of supplier development programs
Authors: Macedo Carlos Jorge Taborda , Mainardes Emerson Wagner , Durans Amilson de Araújo
Published: May 2021

Abstract: With the aim of demonstrating the elements that lead to the satisfaction of the professionals of participating companies with the performance of the Supplier Development Programs - SDPs, something that can improve the performance of this type of program, this research aimed to identify if the trust, in its affective, behavioral and cognitive components, influences the commitment and the perception of less risks, leading, consequently, to the satisfaction of the professionals of participating companies with the performance of the SDPs to which they are linked. Based on studies involving all the analyzed constructs, relationships between them were suggested and a structural model was proposed associating them. A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out involving professionals from buyers and suppliers that participate in SDPs from all over Brazil, obtaining a sample, characterized as non-probabilistic and by accessibility, of 609 respondents from the application of a self-administered electronic questionnaire. For the analysis of the data, the modeling of structural equations was used, which indicated a positive relation for almost all the hypotheses, with only one being rejected. The findings suggest that reinforcing trust, mainly behavioral and cognitive, can increase the commitment of companies to the actions developed by the SDPs to which they are linked, as well as generate the perception that there are fewer risks when transacting with companies also linked to these programs, resulting in the satisfaction of buyers and suppliers. This may result in better program efficiency and effectiveness, and this is a contribution of this study, by identifying what leads participants to SDPs to be satisfied.
Analysis of early and late maternal complications associated with delivery using propensity score
Authors: Mascarello Keila Cristina , Matijasevich Alicia , Barros Aluisio Jardim Dornellas de , Barros Fernando Celso Lopes Fernandes de , Santos Iná da Silva dos , Labrecque Jeremy Alexander , Silveira Mariângela Freitas
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze early and late maternal complications associated with the mode of delivery in a birth cohort in Brazil, using the propensity score technique for analysis. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study, using data from the Pelotas Birth Cohort, RS, 2004. A total of 4,189 women were included and a descriptive analysis of the data and subsequent calculation of the propensity and pairing score of vaginal delivery women and cesarean delivery women with similar scores (1,366 pairs). We then assessed the difference in outcome risk between the groups. Results: Women in the cesarean group had 2.9 percentage points (pp) more risk of postpartum infection, 1.13 p.p. more risk of urinary infection, 1.10 p.p. more risk of anesthetic complications and 1.24 p.p. higher risk of headache compared to vaginal delivery, but less risk of anemia (-2.43 pp) and hemorrhoids (-1.24 p.p.). The use of propensity scores is extremely useful for reducing bias and increasing accuracy in observational studies when experimental studies cannot be performed. Conclusion: Cesarean sections have been associated with a higher prevalence of postpartum and urinary tract infections, anesthetic complications and headache and lower prevalence of anemia and hemorrhoids, so they should be performed with clear indications and when their benefits outweigh potential risks.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of dental procedures performed by the Brazilian Unified Health System: a syndemic perspective
Authors: Cunha Amanda Ramos da , Velasco Sofia Rafaela Maito , Hugo Fernando Neves , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT: Objectives: This study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of dental care procedures performed by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) nationally and by regions. Considering that the most underprivileged population disproportionately suffers with the reduction in dental care provision, the study hypothesis suggests the presence of a syndemic nature. Methodology: The SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA-SUS) was assessed to gather data on dental care activities and procedures performed between April and July 2018, 2019, and 2020 by dentists registered in the SUS. The 30 most frequent activities and procedures performed by dentists were selected and classified into three categories (urgent dental care, nonemergency dental care, and case-dependent urgency procedures), based on the guidance for dental care during the pandemic published by the American Dental Association. Results: Results demonstrated a reduction in the provision of dental care of all categories during the pandemic. Urgency dental consultations and procedures in primary and specialized dental care services decreased by 42.5 and 44.1%, respectively, between 2020 and 2019. Non-urgent procedures decreased by 92.3%. Although decreases in dental care activities and procedures were reported in all Brazilian regions, the largest relative decreases in urgent procedures – that should have been maintained during the pandemic – occurred in the North and Northeast regions, which are the poorest regions of the country. Conclusions: These results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has a syndemic behavior. Further investigation into the pandemic-syndemic impacts on oral disease burden is necessary.
SKIN-TO-SKIN CONTACT AND BREASTFEEDING AT CHILDBIRTH: WOMEN’S DESIRES, EXPECTATIONS, AND EXPERIENCES
Authors: Santos Alice Parentes da Silva , Lamy Zeni Carvalho , Koser Maria Eduarda , Gomes Clarice Maria Ribeiro de Paula , Costa Beatriz Matos , Gonçalves Laura Lamas Martins
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze women’s desires, expectations and experiences regarding skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in the first hour of life of their newborns. Methods: Qualitative research carried out in a teaching hospital in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The patients were followed longitudinally during prenatal care, at birth and during the puerperium. The participants were pregnant women during normal risk prenatal care, aged over 18 years old. Structured and semi-structured interviews were carried out in the prenatal period, participant observation at the time of delivery and new interviews in the puerperium. Content analysis was applied in the thematic modality. Results: 18 women between 21 and 38 years old were enrolled in the research. Women expressed the desire for skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding as immediate practices right after delivery and birth. However, many women did not believe it was possible, and the performance of routine procedures was considered the main obstacle. These expectations that skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding would not be carried out were confirmed in the experiences immediately after birth. Conclusions: The expectations and experiences brought by these women suggest a flaw that starts in prenatal care and implies difficulties in implementing the studied practices. Thus, the empowerment and participation of women can become an important tool in the humanization of birth.
POTENTIAL RISK OF BRAIN DAMAGE AND POOR DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN PRENATALLY EXPOSED TO SARS-COV-2: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Leyser Marcio , Marques Fernanda Jordão Pinto , Nascimento Osvaldo José Moreira do
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a systematic literature review to analyze existing data on the neurological effects of coronavirus on newborns. Data sources: We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), and searched the PubMed and Embase platforms for the keywords [brain damage OR pregnancy OR developmental outcomes] and [coronavirus OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV OR MERS-CoV] between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2020. Data synthesis: Twenty-three reports described the course of pregnant women exposed to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV during the gestational period, eight to SARS-CoV-2, eight to SARS-CoV, and seven to MERS-CoV. No data were found on abnormalities in brain development or on a direct link between the virus and neurological abnormalities in the human embryo, fetus, or children. Spontaneous miscarriage, stillbirth, and termination of pregnancy were some complications connected with SARS/MERS-CoV infection. SARS-CoV-2 is not currently associated with complications in the gestational period. Conclusions: The literature has no data associating exposure to coronavirus during pregnancy with brain malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, despite the lack of reports, monitoring the development of children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is essential given the risk of complications in pregnant women and the potential neuroinvasive and neurotropic properties found in previous strains.
Long-Term Kidney Outcomes Following Dialysis-Treated Childhood Acute Kidney Injury: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Robinson Cal H. , Jeyakumar Nivethika , Luo Bin , Wald Ron , Garg Amit X. , Nash Danielle M. , McArthur Eric , Greenberg Jason H. , Askenazi David , Mammen Cherry , Thabane Lehana , Goldstein Stuart , Parekh Rulan S. , Zappitelli Michael , Chanchlani Rahul
Published: May 2021

Significance Statement

AKI is common among hospitalized neonates and children and associated with adverse short- and long-term kidney outcomes. However, data for long-term outcomes of children with episodes of dialysis-treated AKI are limited. Using Ontario provincial health administrative databases, the authors identified 1688 pediatric survivors hospitalized and treated with dialysis for AKI episodes in 1996–2017, and followed them for a median of 9.6 years. Compared with matched hospitalized comparators, AKI survivors were at significantly increased risk of long-term kidney failure or death. The authors also observed significantly higher long-term rates of CKD and hypertension among the dialysis-treated AKI survivors. These findings support enhanced surveillance of kidney function and blood pressure after episodes of severe childhood AKI, with the aim of improving long-term kidney and patient survival.

Background

AKI is common during pediatric hospitalizations and associated with adverse short-term outcomes. However, long-term outcomes among survivors of pediatric AKI who received dialysis remain uncertain.

Methods

To determine the long-term risk of kidney failure (defined as receipt of chronic dialysis or kidney transplant) or death over a 22-year period for pediatric survivors of dialysis-treated AKI, we used province-wide health administrative databases to perform a retrospective cohort study of all neonates and children (aged 0–18 years) hospitalized in Ontario, Canada, from April 1, 1996, to March 31, 2017, who survived a dialysis-treated AKI episode. Each AKI survivor was matched to four hospitalized pediatric comparators without dialysis-treated AKI, on the basis of age, sex, and admission year. We reported the incidence of each outcome and performed Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results

We identified 1688 pediatric dialysis–treated AKI survivors (median age 5 years) and 6752 matched comparators. Among AKI survivors, 53.7% underwent mechanical ventilation and 33.6% had cardiac surgery. During a median 9.6-year follow-up, AKI survivors were at significantly increased risk of a composite outcome of kidney failure or death versus comparators. Death occurred in 113 (6.7%) AKI survivors, 44 (2.6%) developed kidney failure, 174 (12.1%) developed hypertension, 213 (13.1%) developed CKD, and 237 (14.0%) had subsequent AKI. AKI survivors had significantly higher risks of developing CKD and hypertension versus comparators. Risks were greatest in the first year after discharge and gradually decreased over time.

Conclusions

Survivors of pediatric dialysis–treated AKI are at higher long-term risks of kidney failure, death, CKD, and hypertension, compared with a matched hospitalized cohort.
Main Trends in Modern Reformation of Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation: General Characteristics, Ontological and Gnoseological Bases, Specific Types
Authors:   Ural State Law University, Bublik V. A. , Semyakin М. N. ,   Ural State Law University
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Russian civil legislation is being intensively reformed these days, which results in the emergence of several development trends that require deep scientific consideration and conceptualization. This is of considerable importance not only in terms of theory but also for law-making and application practices. Civil legislation development trends have never been addressed in this context as part of legal research so far. Purpose: to provide a comprehensive study of the main trends in modern reformation of Russia’s civil legislation and, based on that, to identify positive aspects, drawbacks and gaps in this field, and make relevant recommendations and suggestions. Methods: general scientific methods, including analysis, synthesis, dialectical, historical, formal logical, inductive and deductive methods, together with scientific methods specific to legal science, including formal dogmatic, comparative and historical legal methods, are used to identify the main trends in reformation of civil legislation, trace back their origin, determine their interrelations, development mechanisms and the influence on understanding the processes taking place in civil legislation. Results: trends in the reformation of civil legislation are defined as focal areas of its development representing the mechanisms of its evolution; two major groups of trends have been identified: those of systemic and institutional nature – their general description and descriptions of each in particular are provided; the fundamental bases of civil legislation have been studied, including their interrelationship with related categories such as principles of civil law, analogy of law and civil law ideas; their role and importance as fundamental key phenomena in the civil law system are demonstrated; various innovations in civil legislation have been legally evaluated; mechanisms determining the processes of modern reformation of civil legislation have been studied. Conclusions: trends in the reformation of civil legislation must be distinguished from the attempts of introducing random inconsistent modifications, supplements and adjustments, which dramatically reduces the qualitative characteristics of legislation, its regulatory potential and the effectiveness of application. Institutional trends must be premised on systemic trends in the reformation of civil legislation, make the latter more specific and develop them in respect to individual directions of the legislation development. The effectiveness of reforms in civil legislation is closely related to the in-depth analysis of their ontological, gnoseological and methodological bases together with the development of adequate law-application practices.
One hominin taxon or two at Malapa Cave? Implications for the origins of Homo
Authors: Rak Yoel , Geffen Eli , Hylander William , Ginzburg Avishag , Been Ella
Published: May 2021

A report on the skeletons of two individuals from the Malapa cave site in South Africa attributes them both to a new hominin species, Australopithecus sediba. However, our analysis of the specimens’ mandibles indicates that Australopithecus sediba is not a ‘Homo-like australopith’, a transitional species between Australopithecus africanus and Homo. According to our results, the specimens represent two separate genera: Australopithecus and Homo. These genera are known to have jointly occupied sites, as seen in several early South African caves, so one cannot rule out the possibility that Malapa also contains remains of the two taxa. Our results lead us to additionally conclude that all the Australopithecus species on which the relevant mandibular anatomy is preserved (not only the ‘robust’ australopiths but also the ‘gracile’ – more generalised – ones) are too specialised to constitute an evolutionary ancestor of Homo sapiens. Furthermore, given that the Malapa site contains representatives of two hominin branches, one of which appears to be Homo, we must seek evidence of our origins much earlier than the date assigned to Malapa, approximately 2 million years before present. Support for this claim can be found in Ethiopian fossils attributed to the genus Homo and dated at 2.4 and 2.8 million years before present.Significance:

The proposed hominin species Australopithecus sediba, from the Malapa Cave in South Africa, seems to actually consist of two species, each of which represents a different hominin genus: Homo and Australopithecus. If, indeed, this is the case, Homo must have originated prior to the Malapa remains, contrary to the scenario suggested in the original report on Au. sediba.
Yerel yağış değişkenliğine bir örnek: Fethiye- Söğütlüdere karşılaştırması
Authors: SARIŞ Faize , KESERCİ Ferhat , BAYRAKDAR Cihan
Published: May 2021

Yağış, alansal ve zamansal değişkenliği yüksek ve yeryüzünde başta su erişilebilirliği olmak üzere çeşitli fiziksel süreçler ile afetler üzerinde doğrudan etkili meteorolojik bir etmendir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin en yağışlı bölgelerinden biri olan Güneybatı Anadolu'daki Fethiye (kıyı, 3 m) ve yaklaşık 40 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Söğütlüdere (iç kesim, 780 m) istasyonlarının saatlik yağış verilerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi gerçekleştirildi. 1 yıllık süreç özelinde, yağışın büyüklük, şiddet ve diğer ekstrem özelliklerini yani istasyonların yağış klimatolojisini çözümlemek ve belirlenen farklılığın nedenlerini tartışmak amaçlandı. Analizler sonucunda, Söğütlüdere'de Fethiye'ye oranla yıllık 1,7 kat daha fazla yağış ve 1,20 kat yağışlı gün tespit edilirken; yağış şiddeti sınıflarının frekansı açısından istasyonlar arasında önemli bir fark saptanmadı. Ancak, Söğütlüdere'de yağışlar (geçiş mevsimlerini de içine alan) daha geniş bir dönemde gözlenmiştir. Kış yağış maksimumunun (Ocak-Aralık) belirgin olduğu istasyonlarda; 2 saatlik maksimum yağış değeri, ardışık 5-günlük yağış maksimumu ve 10,1-20 mm'lik yağışlı gün sayıları ve yağış yoğunluğu bakımından da Söğütlüdere’nin öne çıktığı ve kümülatif yağış etkisinin bu istasyonda belirgin olduğu belirlendi. Söğütlüdere istasyonunun yükseltisi ve güneybatı yönlü konumu cephesel sistemlerin hareket doğrultusunda olmasına bağlı olarak ve vadi morfolojisi etkisiyle birlikte, yağışlı sistemin bölgeye yerleşerek, Fethiye'ye oranla daha uzun süreli yağışların oluşmasına neden olduğundan söz edilebilir.
On the Problem of Constructing Definitions of Specific Nominal Lexis (Flora and Fauna)
Authors:   Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University (Lutsk, Ukraine), Zhuikova Marharyta V. , Yodlovska Alina I. ,   Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University (Lutsk, Ukraine)
Published: May 2021

The article discusses two approaches to the dictionary interpretation of specific nominal vocabulary, i.e. logical-rationalistic and psychological. In the traditional approach to the construction of interpretations, which is consistent with the scientific paradigm of structuralism, it is believed that the definition should include only those semantic components that ensure the delimitation of this meaning from the meaning of all other units of the language (E. Bendix); this requirement is fulfilled by creating a definition from a set of necessary and sufficient features. The aim of this article is to find out whether it is possible to construct definitions based on these requirements for groups of specific vocabulary related to flora and fauna, as well as to identify other approaches to the dictionary description of meanings of words of this group. The research material is an array of definitions from 17 explanatory dictionaries of Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Italian, English, and German. The main research method is semantic and comparative analysis of dictionary definitions. The research has revealed that the interpretation of lexis denoting flora and fauna rarely meet the declared requirements.For example, in the twelve considered definitions of the word linden and its equivalents in other languages, nineteen semantic components are used in total, and their number in different dictionaries ranges from three to eight. None of the interpretations provide an unmistakable recognition of this word and contain a set of necessary and sufficient features. The reason for this phenomenon is due to the fact that names of most biological objects refer to stochastic lexis, which cannot be described through a set of distinguishing features due to the peculiarities of the content of the corresponding concepts. One can find a different approach to the definition of names from flora and fauna groups in practical lexicography. The authors of dictionary definitions rely on the most significant, relevant features of the class of realias, i.e. form an interpretation of those characteristics that often fall into the focus of attention of the ordinary native speaker. In many cases the definition includes those signs of realias that are significant for the national cultural tradition. Thus, in constructing definitions of specific lexis from the group of biological objects, practical lexicography is based on a psychological, rather than logical-rationalistic, approach to the dictionary definition, which is consistent with the new cognitive paradigm in linguistics.
A limitation on the use of Integrated Proprioception Screening Scale: a feasibility cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Dangi Priyanka , Arumugam Narkeesh , Midha Divya
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION: Proprioception is essential during the movement implementation to update the feed forward commands resulting from the visual image and in planning and amendment of internally generated motor commands. Integrated proprioception screening scale (IPSS) assesses the proprioception in various different domains in people with Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVES: To determine the limitations of IPSS faced by Neuro-physiotherapists and geriatric volunteers in clinical settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten Neuro-physiotherapists and thirty geriatric volunteers under each therapist were recruited for this feasibility cross-sectional survey study. Participants were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Questionnaires were designed and created for evaluating difficulties faced by therapists and geriatric volunteers in terms of time taken for the administration of the scale, level of understanding the scale and its sublevels, and physical exertion experienced by the both therapist and geriatric volunteers. IPSS was administered by the therapist. Universal Goniometer, measuring tape, and motion tracking device were used during the IPSS administration. After administration, Questionnaires were circulated and filled by Neuro-physiotherapists and geriatric volunteers. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for testing the normality, as data was less than 50. RESULTS: As the data follows not normal distribution, data was expressed in median and range. Skewness and Kurtosis were also measured. Variables were expressed in the form of pie charts. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that IPSS has several limitations as subjectively reported by the therapists and volunteers.
Framing Materiality: Relic Discourse and Medieval English Anchoritism
Authors: Sauer Michelle M.
Published: May 2021

Relics carried great significance in medieval Christianity. Generally these relics, or at least first-class relics, were fragmented bodies, literal pieces of saints, where a part or parts represented the whole. This idea reverberates with what Robyn Malo has called “relic discourse.” She argues that as saints’ bodies became more and more elaborately enshrined in fancy reliquaries, they became less accessible to the people; similarly, the language of hagiographies and other devotional writings, with their characteristic rhetoric of treasure and brightness, provided a substitute for direct experience of the relic. Extending Malo’s idea to anchoritic literature, Sauer argues that anchorites, who are alive yet dead to the world, can themselves be read as living relics; therefore, anchoritic literature uses vocabulary and rhetoric that calls to mind relics and reliquaries. In this way, the position of the anchorite as a living relic, and thus a mediator among the living and the dead and the divine, is manifest.
Diritto e letteratura tra storia e memoria
Authors: Meccarelli Massimo
Published: May 2021

L’articolo riflette sulla letteratura come fonte per la storia del diritto, prendendo in esame due romanzi – La Chartreuse de Parme di Stendhal e L’Orologio di Carlo Levi – che, pur nella loro diversità, mettono al centro dell’ordito narrativo il problema del tempo e della storia. Nella prima parte del lavoro si osserva il diritto “messo in azione” nella vicenda narrata e dunque restituito nella sua storicità. Nella parte centrale è invece il carattere attributivo del tempo (in particolare della transizione) in rapporto al diritto a costituire l’oggetto di indagine. La terza parte esamina il piano della soggettivazione del passato, considerando il problema della produzione della memoria. Nel suo insieme lo studio mira a dimostrare come il campo di relazioni tra diritto e letteratura permetta alla storia giuridica di guadagnare nuovi margini per svolgersi come sapere critico nel dibattito giuridico contemporaneo e di conseguenza, per offrire un contributo alla oggettivazione del presente.
Influence of deformed potentials on elastic scattering reactions involving deformed projectile-spherical target
Authors: AYGUN Murat
Published: May 2021

We investigate the effects of potentials with quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations on the elastic scattering angular distributions of deformed projectiles. We calculate the elastic scattering cross-sections of 20Ne + 12C, 22Ne + 12C, 24Mg + 24Mg and 28Si + 27Al reactions by using Deformed Broglia-Winther (1991) (DBW91), Deformed Aage Winther (DAW95) and Deformed Woods-Saxon (DWS) potentials. Then, we perform the calculations for different orientation angles such as θ = 0 and θ = π/2 of deformed projectiles. Finally, we compare the theoretical results together with the experimental data.
Ghostwriters as a Legal Phenomenon: Features and Perspectives of Legal Regulation of Their Activity
Authors: Zaitseva N. V.
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the problem of using the work of another person in the intellectual field, primarily in literary activity. The involvement of ghostwriters in writing literary works has created a legal phenomenon when the subject matter of contractual relations represents the inalienable non-property right, namely: the right of authorship the transfer of which is not possible in many jurisdictions, and in others, despite the absence of an explicit prohibition, there is no legal regulation of such alienation. However, the existence of ghostwriters cannot be assessed as a unique phenomenon of modernity. In our time, they have only gained new forms and a special place not only in the literary, but also in the scientific field. In this regard, the establishment of legal mechanisms for attracting and regulating ghostwriters is more effective than the establishment of a system of prohibitions.

In the conditions of changing publishing businesses and increasing ways and forms of proof, questions about the authenticity of a person's authorship began to arise increasingly, especially in the field of scientific and scholarly literature, where the work of "new" researchers is often used. The issue of assignment of the right of authorship (copyright) — a fundamental property right — is treated differently in different legal systems. The continental system of law relies on impossibility of transferring copyright from one entity to another as part of a civil law transaction. Therefore, instances of attribution of authorship are assessed in the context of criminal or administrative law. It forms the legal essence of the division of rights of authorship into property and nonproperty ones: any commercial rights to intellectual property can be ceded except the authorship.
ROSES: Remote Online Sessions for Emerging Seismologists
Authors: Dannemann Dugick Fransiska K. , van der Lee Suzan , Prieto Germán A. , Dybing Sydney N. , Toney Liam , Cole Hank M.
Published: May 2021

In response to a pandemic causing the cancellation of numerous professional development programs for emerging seismologists, we successfully planned, promoted, and executed an 11 week online school for advanced graduate students worldwide during the summer of 2020. Remote Online Sessions for Emerging Seismologists included 11 distinct lessons focused on different topics in seismology. We highlight the course content, structure, technical requirements, and participation statistics. We additionally provide a series of “lessons learned” for those in the community wishing to establish similar programs.
On the size of the strained region prior to an extreme earthquake*
Authors: Bullen K. E.
Published: May 2021

A previous formula of the author's has been adapted to give the volume V of the region in which the material is near breaking-point, just prior to an extreme earthquake, in terms of the released energy and breaking-strength near the focus. In the light of recent earthquake energy-magnitude data of Gutenberg, Richter, and Benioff, it is inferred that V is at least of the order of the volume of a sphere of radius 25 km. Comparison with other estimates of the size of strained regions in earthquakes suggests that V may possibly reach the order of the volume of a sphere of radius 50 km. It is suggested that a factor in the occurrence of extreme earthquakes is the existence, in the zone of strain, of strength rather greater than in the majority of major earthquakes of magnitude one unit or more less than the extreme value.
Use of amplitudes, Part I: Pn from 3° to 23°*
Authors: De Bremaecker J. Cl.
Published: May 2021

Ten seisms with epicentral distances between 3° and 23° are studied.

Gutenberg's method to find the variation of Pn amplitudes with distance is applied. It results in observations too scattered to permit any conclusion.

The second method uses a combination of seisms, each observed in a limited range. A minimum is found around 7° and a maximum around 13⋅∘5.

The essence of the proposed theoretical explanation is the coexistence of “Muskat's rays”† (refracted rays) and of “direct rays” and the existence of “Muskat's rays” along the boundary of two media, in one of which the velocity increases with depth. The results are well explained by comparing the amplitudes due to these two rays.

The following structure of the earth's crust best explains the results: speed above the Mohorovičić discontinuity, 6.3 km/sec.; speed immediately below it, 8.1 km/sec.; speed at 80 km. depth, between 8.10 km/sec. and 8.128 km/sec.; around 80 km., decrease in the rate of increase of speed with depth, or decrease of speed with depth < 0.001293 km/sec/km.; depth of the discontinuity, 35 km.; σ1 = σ2 = 0.25; density ratio = 1.103.

† Note added in proof: Since the time of this writing, various papers have been published by Macelwane's students using the term “head-wave” for what is here called “Muskat's rays.” As the former term is not ambiguous and is now in current use, it should be preferred.
Seismic study of crustal structure in Pennsylvania and New York*
Authors: Katz Samuel
Published: May 2021

Blasts at two quarries in northern New York and central Pennsylvania have been recorded to a distance of 309 km. The data indicate an essentially homogeneous, unlayered crust, with elastic wave velocities possibly increasing with depth. An average crustal thickness for the region is 34.4 km., with no indication of significant difference in thickness between the two areas. Observed compressional wave velocities for the crust are 6.39 and 6.31 km/sec. for New York, and 6.04 km/sec. for Pennsylvania. The corresponding shear wave velocities are 3.62 and 3.60 km/sec., and 3.61 km/sec. Average upper mantle velocities are 8.14 km/sec. for Pn and 4.69 km/sec. for Sn. The compressional wave velocity of anorthosite near Tahawus, N.Y., is 6.63 km/sec. No near-vertical reflections from the Mohorovičić discontinuity were observed.
Earthquakes off the north Pacific Coast of the United States*
Authors: Tocher Don
Published: May 2021

Epicenters of most of the larger earthquakes occurring off the coast of northern California and Oregon lie in two zones. One zone includes the north-facing submarine Gorda Escarpment, which extends nearly due west from Punta Gorda, and the south-facing Mendocino Escarpment as far offshore as long. 127° W. The other zone extends northwestward from the region of Cape Mendocino, indicating a linear extension of the San Andreas Rift zone as far as lat. 44° or 45° N.
Phase change of PP and pP on reflection at a free surface*
Authors: Ingram R. E. , Hodgson J. H.
Published: May 2021

The question of phase change on reflection at a free surface is investigated for all values of Poisson's ratio σ. It is shown once again that for σ > 0.2631 there is always a phase change on reflection. For σ < 0.2631 there are certain angles of incidence for which there is no phase change on reflection. These angles are determined for values of σ between 0.26 and 0.00. The results are also expressed, for various focal depths, in terms of the epicentral distances for PP and for pP between which there has been no phase change on reflection.
Note on the phase PKJKP*
Authors: Bullen K. E.
Published: May 2021

abstract

Examination is made of a suggestion that data from two earthquakes recorded at Tucson lower the probability of the existence of the seismic phase PKJKP. The conclusion is that the data in question can be better explained in other ways and that they do not affect the question of the existence of PKJKP.