bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planting Date, Rate, and Twin‐Row vs. Single‐Row Soybean in the Mid‐South
Authors: Bruns H. Arnold
Published: September 2011

Comparisons were made of single‐row vs. twin‐row soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production on a Beulah fine sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, active, thermic Typic Dystrudepts) (BFSL) and Sharkey clay (very‐fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquerts) (SC) in 2009 and 2010 at Stoneville, MS. Seeding rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50 seed m−2 were planted on beds in 102 cm single rows or 25 cm twin rows with 102 cm centers. Three planting dates, mid‐April and mid‐May representing the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) and mid‐June common to double‐crop soybean were made. Data included plants at growth stage R4 (full pod), nodes and pods plant−1, yield, seed weight, and seeds m−2. Twin rows yielded more than single rows on both soils (3.8 Mg ha−1 vs. 3.6 Mg ha−1 on BFSL; 4.2 Mg ha−1 vs. 4.0 Mg ha−1 on SC). Yields in 2010 were less than 2009 due to drought and heat stress. Delayed planting across row types decreased yields as much as 40% while increasing seeding rates had no effect. Twin rows produced more plants m−2 than single rows. Differences in nodes plant−1 were noted but did not affect yield. Pods per plant did not differ between row configurations on either soil. Seeding rates above 30 seeds m−2 did not produce greater yields and above 50 seeds m−2 on the BFSL produced seed with less weight. Twin–rows generally produced more seeds per m2 than single rows. Small yield increases and high equipment costs make considering a twin‐row planter's usefulness with other crops important before purchasing it for soybean production.
Long‐Term Continuous Corn and Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Productivity and Soil Properties
Authors: Bundy Larry G. , Andraski Todd W. , Ruark Matthew D. , Peterson Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

There are uncertainties about the sustainability of long‐term monoculture and N fertilizer use in corn (Zea mays L.) production. This paper examines the effects of 50 yr (1958–2007) of continuous corn and N fertilizer use on corn yield, N use efficiency, soil pH, and organic matter content. Corn was harvested for grain with residues returned annually since 1958 on a Plano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls) near Arlington, WI (43°18’ N; 89°21’ W). The experimental design includes three N fertilizer rates (currently 0, 140, and 280 kg N ha−1) and two lime treatments (imposed in 1985) with four replications. Soil pH and organic matter content were measured periodically during the experiment. Average corn yields in N fertilized treatments increased dramatically (100%) over time with some of the highest yields occurring in the most recent years. Apparent N use efficiency (kg grain kg−1 N fertilizer) also increased over time, thus higher yields in recent years have not required greater N fertilizer use. Results suggest that both hybrid genetic improvement and improved management techniques contributed to the long‐term yield gain. Soil organic matter content was maintained or increased with long‐term N additions, and since 1985, lime treatments increased yields in 14 of 23 yr. Increasing productivity and N use efficiency along with stable or increasing soil organic matter suggest that long‐term continuous corn and N fertilizer use are sustainable practices. No evidence of a decline in productivity from long‐term corn monoculture or N fertilizer use was detected.
Modeling the Biomass and Harvest Index Dynamics of Timothy
Authors: Jing Qi , Bélanger Gilles , Baron Vern , Bonesmo Helge
Published: September 2011

Residual stubble, following harvest or the grazing of perennial grasses, is an important element of the C cycle in agricultural systems that has not been considered in most growth models. The stubble fraction from aboveground biomass can be quantified by predicting the harvest index (HI) of forage grasses, i.e., the amount harvested or grazed as a proportion of the aboveground biomass. A HI simulation module, using new functions to describe shoot apex height and plant weight density, was developed and integrated into the timothy (Phleum pratense L.) growth model CATIMO. The model was calibrated and validated using data from two timothy cultivars and different N fertilizer rates from five experiments conducted in eastern Canada. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) between simulated and measured values for HI (0.11), shoot apex height (7 cm), stubble biomass (25 g dry matter m−2), aboveground biomass (68 g dry matter m−2), and harvestable biomass (76 g dry matter m−2) were acceptable with normalized RMSEs (13–41%) compared with the coefficients of variation of measured data (13–30%). The HI also has implications for determining forage nutritive value. This improved CATIMO model provides a framework to explore options for optimizing yield and nutritive value and to quantify the stubble biomass of timothy within the context of C sequestration.
Seed Production Characteristics of Three Fine Fescue Species in Residue Management Systems
Authors: Chastain Thomas G. , Garbacik Carol J. , Silberstein Thomas B. , Young William C.
Published: September 2011

Field‐burning based residue management is an important but controversial tool in seed production of three fine fescue species: Chewings fescue (CF) [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman], strong creeping red fescue (strong CRF) (F. rubra L. subsp. rubra), and slender creeping red fescue (slender CRF) [F. rubra L. var. littoralis (Vasey)]. The objective of this study was to characterize seed productivity responses of fine fescue species to residue management in on‐farm and experiment station trials. Three cultivars each of CF and strong CRF were subjected to five postharvest residue management treatments at six on‐farm sites in two different environments in Oregon, while four cultivars of CF and strong CRF, and two slender CRF cultivars were treated with two postharvest residue management treatments in experiment station trials at one location. Seed yield responses to residue management was similar among production environments. Removal of residue by several methods improved seed yields, whereas yield declined after the second year of the stand in all three species. In second year stands, burning increased seed yields in all strong CRF cultivars, but caused mixed responses in CF and slender CRF cultivars. Burning increased seed yield in third year stands in all CF and strong CRF cultivars, but reduced yield by 9% in slender CRF. Burning increased yield over nonthermal treatment in strong CRF by 32% and by 84%, in second and third year stands, respectively. Beneficial effects of burning increased with stand age, resulting in greater seed yields in fine fescue species except slender CRF.
Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Irrigated No‐Till Corn Production and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen
Authors: Halvorson Ardell D. , Jantalia Claudia Pozzi
Published: September 2011

Converting to no‐till (NT) production can affect N requirements for optimizing corn (Zea mays L.) yields while enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) and N levels. Nitrogen fertilization impacts on irrigated, NT continuous‐corn grain, stalk, cob, and stover yields, stover C and N uptake, and C/N ratios were evaluated for 11 yr on a clay loam soil. Changes in SOC and total soil nitrogen (TSN) were also monitored. Grain, stalk, cob, and stover yields increased with increasing N rate, as did N and C uptake. The C/N ratio of stalk residue declined with increasing N rate, but cob C/N ratio was not affected, with an average stover C/N ratio of 68 at the highest N rate. Nitrogen fertilization increased SOC and TSN levels with average SOC and TSN mass rate gains with N application of 0.388, 0.321, and 0.160 Mg SOC ha−1 yr−1 and 0.063, 0.091, and 0.140 Mg TSN ha−1 yr−1 in the 0‐ to 7.6‐, 0‐ to 15.2‐, and 0‐ to 30.4‐cm soil depths, respectively. The SOC and TSN mass rate changes were lower without N application. Increases in TSN appeared to be more rapid than SOC, resulting in a decline in the soil C/N ratio with time. Under irrigated, NT continuous corn production, N fertilization optimized grain and residue yields, with the enhanced benefit of increased SOC and TSN levels in the semiarid central Great Plains. Removal of cobs or partial stover residue as a cellulosic feedstock for ethanol production appears possible without negative effects on soil quality under irrigated, NT corn production.
Soybean Yield Response to Pyraclostrobin and Drainage Water Management
Authors: Nelson K. A. , Meinhardt C. G.
Published: September 2011

Although pyraclostrobin {carbamic acid, [2,[[[1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]oxy]methyl]phenyl]methoxy‐,methyl ester} has been used to protect soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from foliar diseases, its interaction with drainage water management (DWM) systems was unknown. Field research during two wet years (95 to 97 mm greater than the past decade) evaluated the effects of pyraclostrobin application timing (R3, R5, R3+R5, and R3+R5+lambda‐cyhalothrin) and DWM system (nondrained and drainage only [DO] or drainage plus subirrigation [DSI] at 6.1 and 12.2 m drain tile spacings) on soybean yield, grain quality, and severity of Septoria brown spot (SBS) (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (FLS) (Cercospora sojina). Grain yields increased 18 to 22% with DO or DSI at 6.1 and 12.2 m spacings compared to a nonfungicide treated, nondrained control. In the absence of drainage, pyraclostrobin with or without lambda‐cyhalothrin increased yields 20 to 27% compared to the nondrained, nonfungicide treated control. The combination of DWM and pyraclostrobin increased grain yields up to 36%. Pyraclostrobin plus lambda‐cyhalothrin at R3+R5 increased yield 8 to 12% except with DO at 12.2 m compared to similar nonfungicide‐treated DWM systems. A DWM and pyraclostrobin interaction was detected for grain oil and protein concentration, but differences were minimal. Pyraclostrobin with or without lambda‐cyhalothrin reduced severity of SBS and FLS 2 to 8% depending on the year, but DWM did not affect severity of these diseases. The greatest synergistic yield increase on a claypan soil occurred when foliar disease management and DWM systems were used together in years with higher than normal rainfall.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Effects on Soybean Nitrogen Components and Bean Leaf Beetle Populations
Authors: Riedell Walter E. , Osborne Shannon L. , Lundgren Jon G. , Pikul Joseph L.
Published: September 2011

Bean leaf beetle [Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster)] (BLB) larvae consume soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] root nodules. This study was conducted to determine if different rates of N contained in starter fertilizer affect soybean shoot N components and BLB populations. The effects of starter N fertilizer treatments, consisting of 112 kg ha−1 of 24–16–11 (high‐N treatment), 7–16–11 (intermediate‐N), or 0–16–11 (no‐N) percent elemental N–P–K, on soybean shoot NO3–N and ureide‐N and on BLB larval and adult abundance and body size were investigated on a Barnes clay loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludolls) near Brookings, SD. High‐N fertilizer increased shoot NO3–N from the beginning bloom to beginning pod stage and reduced ureide‐N at the full bloom, beginning pod, and beginning seed stages when compared to the intermediate and no N treatments. Fertilizer N treatments had no effects on larval numbers or body size. High‐N fertilizer resulted in greater adult emergence (1.73 insects m−1) than no N (0.42 insects m−1) in the hot and dry 2007 growing season, but not in the cooler and less‐dry 2006 growing season. Across both years, adult hind tibia lengths, but not head capsule widths, were greater in insects that emerged from high‐N (1.86 mm) and intermediate‐N (1.85 mm) compared to no‐N (1.79 mm) treatments. High‐N starter fertilizer, which altered shoot N components and increased BLB adult numbers and size under hot and dry conditions, may increase BLB populations and intensify the damage caused by this insect pest.
Effect of Olive Mill Compost on Native Soil Characteristics and Tall Fescue Turfgrass Development
Authors: Nektarios Panayiotis A. , Ntoulas Nikolaos , McElroy Scott , Volterrani Marco , Arbis Georgios
Published: September 2011

Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of olive mill compost (OMC) soil amendment on the establishment and growth of tall fescue {Festuca arundinacea Schreb. [currently Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub]} turf. Treatments included the use of four substrates with increasing proportions of OMC in a sandy loam soil. Supplementation treatments ranged from 0% [soil only], which served as the control, to 12.5% [low], 25% [medium], and 50% v/v [high]. Measurements included visual quality ratings, clipping yield, root growth, as well as vertical detachment force in conjunction with root growth and substrate moisture content during the establishment phase. Substrate bulk density, pH, and EC were also monitored. Olive mill compost supplementation decreased pH, and bulk density (32.6, 21.1, and 19.4% for high, medium, and low OMC, respectively) and increased water holding capacity (57.0, 32.7, and 13.3% at 100 cm suction for high, medium, and low OMC, respectively). High OMC exhibited beneficial effects on visual quality and shoot growth, especially during the establishment of the sward presumably due to its increased water holding capacity and nutrient availability. Root growth was not influenced by OMC supplementation; it was actually reduced compared to the non‐amended control on a single sampling date. Detachment force gave nonconclusive results, both between the 2 yr of study and within the same year. It is our conclusion that OMC can be used as a soil amendment to improve soil water‐holding capacity, and tall fescue quality and clipping yield, with no reduction in detachment force and minimal detriment to root development.
Relationships between Nitrogen Utilization and Grain Technological Quality in Durum Wheat: I. Nitrogen Translocation and Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Protein
Authors: Giuliani M. M. , Giuzio L. , De Caro A. , Flagella Z.
Published: September 2011

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area where plants generally suffer from water stress during grain‐filling period. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of N levels and water regimes on N translocation and nitrogen use efficiency for protein (NUEP) in durum wheat grown under Mediterranean conditions. A 2‐yr experiment was performed in southern Italy using four cultivars, two water regimes (irrigated and rainfed) and three N levels (0, 60, and 120 kg ha−1). Among the cultivars under study, Simeto showed the highest N translocation in both years and, together with Ofanto, also the highest NUEP values, especially in rainfed condition. This highlights their good adaptability to dry southern Italy environment. Nitrogen fertilization caused a general decrease of NUEP and its components in both growing seasons; this was more evident in the first drier year, mainly due to a decrease in N uptake. Under water stress the higher N level caused a decrease in N translocation, N translocation efficiency, and grain N content. The contribution of translocated N to grain N content was 75% in the wetter year and 57% in the drier year, showing that in drought condition preanthesis N assimilation was lower. In conclusion under water stress condition the higher N level (120 kg ha−1), despite determining an increase in plant N content, did not imply an increase in grain N content, due to a decrease in N translocation and efficiency.
Economic Performance of Long‐Term Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in Minnesota
Authors: Delbridge Timothy A. , Coulter Jeffrey A. , King Robert P. , Sheaffer Craig C. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: September 2011

Long‐term crop rotation studies enable economic analyses that include a more complete representation of possible profit outcomes than do experiments of shorter duration. The objective of this study was to compare the profitability and risk of organic input (OI) and chemical input (CI) 4‐yr corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–oat (Avena sativa L.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)–alfalfa crop rotations with a CI 2‐yr corn–soybean rotation using yield and management data from an 18‐yr experiment in southwestern Minnesota. Estimated production costs were matched with trial yields and commodity prices to calculate a distribution of net returns for each crop rotation. Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) were constructed and compared using stochastic dominance. Average production costs for the CI 2‐yr rotation were higher than those for the CI and OI 4‐yr rotations ($488 ha−1, $405 ha−1, and $409 ha−1, respectively) though the OI rotation had higher machinery costs. The average net return for the CI 2‐yr rotation was the highest of the three rotations analyzed when no organic price premiums were considered. However, when organic price premiums were applied, the average net return of the OI rotation was considerably larger than that of the CI 4‐yr and 2‐yr rotations ($1329 ha−1, $675 ha−1, and $846 ha−1, respectively), and the OI rotation was stochastically dominant to both CI rotations at all levels of risk aversion.
Study of Chemical Quench of High Temperature Syngas
Authors: Yang Zhen , Liu Yinhe , Cao Zidong
Published: September 2011

Quench of high temperature raw syngas to a certain degree is of great importance for the availability of a gasifier, and it influences the economical running of whole energy utilization system. Chemical quench is one of the best choices for high temperature syngas quench. Based on the Gibbs free energy minimization approach, thermodynamic analyses are carried out to elucidate the quench process of high temperature syngas. The optimal quench temperature and optimal feeding rate of coal are achieved with the consideration of effects such as inlet syngas temperature, steam input and moisture content in the coal. The results show that chemical quench is an effective way for high temperature syngas quench. The higher the temperature of syngas is, the better the chemical quench effect is. Steam input to the syngas can enhance the chemical quench reaction for the same coal feeding rate, while the effect of moisture content in coal on chemical quench is negligible.
Medium Optimization for the Production of Phytase by Recombinant Pichia pastoris Grown on Glycerol
Authors: Liu Min , Potvin Gabriel , Gan Yiru , Huang Zhanbin , Zhang Zisheng
Published: September 2011

Based on statistical designs, minimal salts medium, commonly used for yeast cultivation, was optimized to maximize GAP promoter-mediated phytase production by recombinant Pichia pastoris grown on glycerol. A Plackett-Burman design was followed to screen medium components to determine those that significantly affected phytase production. Of the 8 components studied, the concentrations of K2SO4, CaSO4•2H2O and MgSO4•7H2O were identified as having a significant effect. These three components were subsequently optimized by response surface methodology using a central composite design. The optimal concentrations of the three components, leading to a maximal extracellular phytase activity of 161.64 U/ml, were K2SO4 13.25g/l, CaSO4•2H2O 1.03g/l and MgSO4•7H2O 17.94g/l. The activity measured in cultures using optimized growth medium is significantly higher than the 73.31 U/ml measured in cultures using standard minimal salts media. The theoretical phytase yields predicted by the developed model were very close to experimentally obtained values.
The Norwegian Electoral System and its Political Consequences
Authors: Aardal Bernt
Published: September 2011

The electoral system is an integral part of any representative democracy, and the choice of system is an important framework for individual behavior and party competition. An electoral system is a result of compromise between parties with vested interests in the system setup. However, no system satisfies all ideal claims. This article is an introduction to the electoral system used in parliamentary elections in Norway; it emphasizes the political consequences of vital elements such as the balance between provincial and compensatory seats, and the geographical distribution of seats and electoral formulae. In sum, the system introduced in 2003 is more proportional in terms of the parties’ share of seats compared with votes, and the geographical distribution has become more systematic and less skewed, although the ideal of one vote-one value has not been achieved. Both the present and previous electoral systems combine elements reflecting different principles and concerns such as increased proportionality, on the one hand, and the fear of a fragmented party system on the other. The analyses show a complex interplay between different parts of the system. One and the same system may have different effects depending on the balance between the parties and between electoral districts. Thus, in order to study the effect of changes in the electoral system one needs to use simulations based on election outcomes over time.
Urine Volume and Change in Estimated GFR in a Community-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Clark William F. , Sontrop Jessica M. , Macnab Jennifer J. , Suri Rita S. , Moist Louise , Salvadori Marina , Garg Amit X.
Published: September 2011

Background and objectives

The effect of increased fluid intake on kidney function is unclear. This study evaluates the relationship between urine volume and renal decline over 6 years in a large community-based cohort.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This prospective cohort study was undertaken in Canada from 2002 to 2008. We obtained 24-hour urine samples from adult participants with an estimated GFR (eGFR) ≥60ml/min per 1.73 m2 at study entry. Percentage annual change in eGFR from baseline was categorized as average decline <1% per year, between 1% and 4.9% (mild-to-moderate decline) or ≥5% (rapid decline).

Results

2148 participants provided valid 24-hour urine samples, grouped as <1 L/d (14.5%); 1 to 1.9 L/d (51.5%); 2 to 2.9 L/d (26.3%); and ≥3 L/d (7.7%). Baseline eGFR for each category of urine volume was 90, 88, 84, and 87 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. Overall, eGFR declined by 1% per year, with 10% demonstrating rapid decline and 40% demonstrating mild-to-moderate decline. An inverse, graded relationship was evident between urine volume and eGFR decline: For each increasing category of 24-hour urine volume, percentage annual eGFR decline was progressively slower, from 1.3%, 1.0%, 0.8%, to 0.5%, respectively; P = 0.02. Compared with those with urine volume 1 to 1.9 L/d, those with urine volume ≥3 L/d were significantly less likely to demonstrate mild-to-moderate decline (adjusted odds ratio 0.66; 95% confidence interval 0.46 to 0.94) or rapid decline (adjusted odds ratio 0.46; 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 0.92); adjusted for age, gender, baseline eGFR, medication use for hypertension (including diuretics), proteinuria, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions

In this community-based cohort, decline in kidney function was significantly slower in those with higher versus lower urine volume.
Mechanisms of Control of the Free Ca2+ Concentration in the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Mouse Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Ravier Magalie A. , Daro Dorothée , Roma Leticia Prates , Jonas Jean-Christophe , Cheng-Xue Rui , Schuit Frans C. , Gilon Patrick
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2b (SERCA2b) and SERCA3 pump Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells. We studied their role in the control of the free ER Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]ER) and the role of SERCA3 in the control of insulin secretion and ER stress.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

β-Cell [Ca2+]ER of SERCA3+/+ and SERCA3−/− mice was monitored with an adenovirus encoding the low Ca2+-affinity sensor D4 addressed to the ER (D4ER) under the control of the insulin promoter. Free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) and [Ca2+]ER were simultaneously recorded. Insulin secretion and mRNA levels of ER stress genes were studied.

RESULTS

Glucose elicited synchronized [Ca2+]ER and [Ca2+]c oscillations. [Ca2+]ER oscillations were smaller in SERCA3−/− than in SERCA3+/+ β-cells. Stimulating cell metabolism with various [glucose] in the presence of diazoxide induced a similar dose-dependent [Ca2+]ER rise in SERCA3+/+ and SERCA3−/− β-cells. In a Ca2+-free medium, glucose moderately raised [Ca2+]ER from a highly buffered cytosolic Ca2+ pool. Increasing [Ca2+]c with high [K] elicited a [Ca2+]ER rise that was larger but more transient in SERCA3+/+ than SERCA3−/− β-cells because of the activation of a Ca2+ release from the ER in SERCA3+/+ β-cells. Glucose-induced insulin release was larger in SERCA3−/− than SERCA3+/+ islets. SERCA3 ablation did not induce ER stress.

CONCLUSIONS

[Ca2+]c and [Ca2+]ER oscillate in phase in response to glucose. Upon [Ca2+]c increase, Ca2+ is taken up by SERCA2b and SERCA3. Strong Ca2+ influx triggers a Ca2+ release from the ER that depends on SERCA3. SERCA3 deficiency neither impairs Ca2+ uptake by the ER upon cell metabolism acceleration and insulin release nor induces ER stress.
CCK Stimulation of GLP-1 Neurons Involves α1-Adrenoceptor–Mediated Increase in Glutamatergic Synaptic Inputs
Authors: Hisadome Kazunari , Reimann Frank , Gribble Fiona M. , Trapp Stefan
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is involved in the central regulation of food intake. It is produced within the brain by preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, which are located primarily within the brain stem. These neurons project widely throughout the brain, including to the appetite centers in the hypothalamus, and are believed to convey signals related to satiety. Previous work demonstrated that they are directly activated by leptin and electrical activity of the afferent vagus. Another satiety hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), has also been linked to activation of brain stem neurons, suggesting that it might act partially via centrally projecting neurons from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The aim of this study was to investigate the neuronal circuitry linking CCK to the population of NTS-PPG neurons.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (Venus) under the control of the PPG promoter were used to identify PPG neurons in vitro and to record their electrical and pharmacological profile.

RESULTS

PPG neurons in the NTS were excited by CCK and epinephrine, but not by the melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan II. Both CCK and epinephrine acted to increase glutamatergic transmission to the PPG neurons, and this involved activation of α1-adrenergic receptors. Inhibition of adrenergic signaling abolished the excitatory action of CCK.

CONCLUSIONS

CCK activates NTS-PPG cells by a circuit involving adrenergic and glutamatergic neurons. NTS-PPG neurons integrate a variety of peripheral signals that indicate both long-term energy balance and short-term nutritional and digestional status to produce an output signal to feeding and autonomic circuits.
Sudden death from diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis
Authors: Reynolds Renee M. , Boswell Elizabeth , Hulette Christine M. , Cummings Thomas J. , Haglund Michael M. , Boswell Elizabeth , Hulette Christine M. , Cumm ings Thomas J. , Haglund Michael M.
Published: September 2011

In this paper the authors describe the rare disorder of diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis in a patient with an oligodendroglioma of the cauda equina who died suddenly. Reviewing this uncommon pathological entity is important so that it can be recognized and treated appropriately. This young, otherwise healthy woman with initial symptoms of low-back pain had a mass lesion of the cauda equina. During a workup, profound refractory intracranial hypertension suddenly developed despite aggressive surgical and medical intervention. Autopsy revealed a spinal cord oligodendroglioma with diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis of the brain and spinal cord. Given the unforeseen outcome in this patient, this entity, although rare, should be considered in patients with similar presentations and addressed early to prevent similar outcomes. A review of the details of this case as well as the literature is presented below.
Community Based Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Care
Authors: Chowdhury Sameena
Published: September 2011

Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 43-44 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8526
Developing Community Based Maternal and Neonatal Health (MNH) Surveillance: Implications for Monitoring MNH Program in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Aminur , Rahman Fazlur , Mashreky Saidur Rahman , Rahman Javedur , Asiruddin SK , Rubayet Sayed
Published: September 2011

The operation research, “Community Based PNC Study in Bangladesh” was designed with the objective to develop a feasible and sustainable postnatal care package to improving care of newborns and mothers. As a part of monitoring and evaluation of the operation research an independent surveillance system was set up. The objectives of the surveillance were to track the trends of antenatal, delivery and postnatal care over time, provide quarterly feed-back of progress of activities, and evaluate the effectiveness of the PNC package. Through literature review and series of workshops with relevant stakeholders the surveillance method and instruments were developed. Active surveillance was recommended for the two intervention areas. The surveillance had the scope of collecting information on antenatal, delivery, postnatal care of mothers and newborns, birth and death. A set of instruments was developed and pretested to be utilized in the surveillance system. Once a pregnant woman identified was designed to be followed up twice, 10 days before and after the EDD to collect information on antenatal, delivery and postnatal care. The surveillance finding would help to understand the trends of antenatal, delivery and postnatal care. The findings would also be helpful to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention package. Community based MNH surveillance should be an integral part of maternal and newborn health programs in a country like Bangladesh. Keywords: Surveillance; postnatal care; Bangladesh Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 45-51 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8527
Fetal Femur Length and Abdominal Circumference Ratio in Bangladesh
Authors: Rashid Sabrina Q
Published: September 2011

Objective: The ratio of fetal femur length and abdominal circumference is one of the important ratios. But we do not have any study on it in our country so far. Therefore a study was conducted to prepare a table based on Bangladeshi population. Method: Well dated pregnancies were included in a cross-sectional prospective study. By fitting Polynomial regression model a table and a graph were prepared. Nomograms of Caucasian population which were established before, were compared with this study. Results: A chart of the raw data of 1223 subjects with superimposed fitted percentiles was produced. The quadratic model showed a good fit to the data. 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th percentiles, means and two standard deviations of the data were derived. Conclusion: These table and charts can be useful for accurate assessment of fetal femur length/abdominal circumference ratio to detect the type of fetal growth abnormality, symmetrical or asymmetrical. This study shows that there is similarity of this ratio with the western ratio unlike the individual fetal parameters. Key words: Femur length/abdominal circumference ratio; Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 52-55 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8528
Assessment of Adnexal Masses by Transvaginal Sonography and Serum CA125 Assay in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Banu Selina Akhter , Khatun Sabera , Shamsuddin Latifa
Published: September 2011

Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography and serum CA125 assay for a clinical diagnosis of malignant nature of adnexal masses. Materials and methods: This prospective study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, during the period of January 2001 to December 2002. The study included 86 patients scheduled for laparotomy for an adnexal mass. Among them, 56 patients were pre- menopausal and 30 were postmenopausal. Adnexal masses had been diagnosed by bimanual pelvic examination and by both transabdominal and transvaginal sonography before planning surgery. Results: Considering separately the women with benign or malignant masses, the sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonography for the diagnosis of malignant ovarian condition in premenopausal women were 80% and 96.08% and in postmenopausal women these were 60% and 80%, positive and negative predictive values in premenopausal women were 66.67% and 98.00%, whereas in postmenopausal women those were 60% and 80%. Therefore the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of transvaginal sonography in premenopausal women were higher than in postmenopausal women. The diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography in premenopausal women was 94.64% and in postmenopausal women was 73.33%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the diagnostic accuracy of serum CA125 for the diagnosis of malignant ovarian condition in postmenopausal women were higher than premenopausal women. But the negative predictive value in premenopausal women was higher 94.87% than in postmenopausal women 88.90%. Conclusion: Transvaginal sonography used alone is the best method for differentiating between benign and malignant adnexal masses with a good diagnostic accuracy in premenopausal women in addition to clinical symptoms and pelvic examination. The good diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography in premenopausal women may suggest that the addition of further test is not warranted. On the contrary in postmenopausal women, lower diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography may require help of further test to improve it. Keyword: Adnexal mass; Transvaginal sonography; Serum CA125. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 56-62   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8529
Study on the Histological Changes in the Parenchyma of the Placentae of Preeclamptic Women
Authors: Kishwari Segupta , Nurunnabi Abu Sadat Mohammad , Pal Dipali Rani , Ara Shamim
Published: September 2011

Context: The histological changes in internal components of the placenta are evident in different maternal diseases like preeclampsia. Postnatal examination of the placenta is an important method for assessing pathophysiological changes as well as maternal and fetal condition in antenatal and perinatal periods and enriching practical knowledge. Study design: Cross-sectional, descriptive type. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2005 to June 2006. Materials & Methods: 60 human placentae from Bangladeshi women were collected from the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka and Sir Salimullah Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, of which 30 from normal uncomplicated pregnancies (control group) and another 30 from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (study group), where the patients were normotensive previously. Results: A reduction in the proportional volume peripheral villi and an increase in that of stem villi were found in the placentae of the preeclamptic women (P<0.001), but no change was seen in the volume of total chorionic villi and intervillous space (P>0.50). Moreover, there was an increased fibrinoid deposition in the placentae of the preeclamptic women (P<0.01). Key words: placenta; preeclampsia; parenchyma; chorionic villi; intervillous space; fibrinoid deposition. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 63-66   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8530
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Begum Shirin Akter , Chowdhury SB , Nasrin Begum , Ferdous Jannatul , Bhuiyan Zillur Rahman
Published: September 2011

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but potentially lethal complication of pregnancy occurring in approximately 1in 3000 live births in the United States although some series report a much higher incidence. African-American women are particularly at risk. Diagnosis requires symptoms of heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or within five months of delivery in the absence of recognized cardiac disease prior to pregnancy as well as objective evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Obstetricians should suspect the diagnosis, particularly if the patient has risk factors. Evaluation should include an echocardiogram to assess the LV systolic function. Treatment includes ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and diuretics. Consideration should be given to anticoagulation. A number of causes are being investigated, including nutritional, infectious, and genetic, which, hopefully, lead to more targeted treatments. This paper provides an updated, comprehensive review of PPCM, including emerging insights into the etiology of this disorder as well as current treatment options. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 67-70   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8531
Pregnancy In An Untreated Case of Tranverse Vaginal Septum with Urethrovaginal Fistula: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nawaz Rafat
Published: September 2011

A 17 years old married woman presented at 24 weeks pregnancy with absent foetal movement for 12 days. She was found to have transverse vaginal septum in the lower third of her vagina with urethro-vaginal fistula (UVF) and a dead foetus of approximately 24 weeks gestation. She underwent hysterotomy for the delivery of the dead foetus. Two and half months later the transverse vaginal septum was removed with repair of urethro-vaginal fistula. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 71-74   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8532
Novel Influenza H1N1 in Pregnancy: Report of a Diagnosed Case in Bangladesh
Authors: Rashid Maliha , Ara Rawshan , Akhter Nasrin
Published: September 2011

Category C pandemic flu 2009 {H1N1 influenza), the disease that has reached pandemic proportions, holds everyone at risk today H1N1 influenza and pregnancy together, poses a greater risk for pregnant women and this deserves special attention. A swine flu pregnancy can be life threatening for both the mother and the baby. During the current pandemic of H1N1 influenza, few cases of H1N1 have been reported in pregnancy cases. We report one interesting case of H1N1 influenza, which was the only confirmed case of H1N1 Flu who survived with pregnancy in Bangladesh. Widespread vaccination, when available, prompt diagnosis, and adequate treatment with antiviral medications when infection occurs can save the life of the mother and the baby. Keywords: Novel influenza H1N1; pregnancy Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 75-78   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8533
Society News Vol.24(2)
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2011

Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 82-84   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8535
Obituary: Prof. Dr. Sofia Khatun
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2011

Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009; Vol. 24(2) : 87   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v24i2.8537
Biology—The Path Ahead
Authors: O’Callaghan Christopher A.
Published: September 2011

There has never been a more exciting time to study the science of living systems. Contemporary biology is a vibrant field which grows stronger year on year. Biological scientists have access to powerful new tools and techniques that even recently would have seemed like science fiction. We are enjoying ‘a wellspring of technical advancements’ [1]. The consequence is a deeper and wider understanding of living systems. Older approaches remain important and often essential, but new unbiased and often fast approaches are helping us to deploy our traditional approaches more rationally. The result of this synergy of old and new is an explosion in the field of biological sciences. It may seem daunting to consider what lies ahead and the challenges will be great, but the pace of discovery is increasingly rapid.[...]
New Approaches to Immunotherapy for HPV Associated Cancers
Authors: Bergot Anne-Sophie , Kassianos Andrew , Frazer Ian H , Mittal Deepak
Published: September 2011

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of women worldwide and is the first cancer shown to be entirely induced by a virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV, major oncogenic genotypes HPV-16 and -18). Two recently developed prophylactic cervical cancer vaccines, using virus-like particles (VLP) technology, have the potential to prevent a large proportion of cervical cancer associated with HPV infection and to ensure long-term protection. However, prophylactic HPV vaccines do not have therapeutic effects against pre-existing HPV infections and do not prevent their progression to HPV-associated malignancy. In animal models, therapeutic vaccines for persisting HPV infection can eliminate transplantable tumors expressing HPV antigens, but are of limited efficacy in inducing rejection of skin grafts expressing the same antigens. In humans, clinical trials have reported successful immunotherapy of HPV lesions, providing hope and further interest. This review discusses possible new approaches to immunotherapy for HPV associated cancer, based on recent advances in our knowledge of the immunobiology of HPV infection, of epithelial immunology and of immunoregulation, with a brief overview on previous and current HPV vaccine clinical trials.
The Effect of Thermal Radiation on Entropy Generation Due to Micro-Polar Fluid Flow Along a Wavy Surface
Authors: Chen Cha’o-Kuang , Yang Yue-Tzu , Chang Kuei-Hao
Published: September 2011

In this study, the effect of thermal radiation on micro-polar fluid flow over a wavy surface is studied. The optically thick limit approximation for the radiation flux is assumed. Prandtl’s transposition theorem is used to stretch the ordinary coordinate system in certain directions. The wavy surface can be transferred into a calculable plane coordinate system. The governing equations of micro-polar fluid along a wavy surface are derived from the complete Navier-Stokes equations. A simple transformation is proposed to transform the governing equations into boundary layer equations so they can be solved numerically by the cubic spline collocation method. A modified form for the entropy generation equation is derived. Effects of thermal radiation on the temperature and the vortex viscosity parameter and the effects of the wavy surface on the velocity are all included in the modified entropy generation equation.
The Origins of Human Modernity
Authors: Bednarik Robert G.
Published: September 2011

This paper addresses the development of the human species during a relatively short period in its evolutionary history, the last forty millennia of the Pleistocene. The hitherto dominant hypotheses of “modern” human origins, the replacement and various other “out of Africa” models, have recently been refuted by the findings of several disciplines, and by a more comprehensive review of the archaeological evidence. The complexity of the subject is reconsidered in the light of several relevant frames of reference, such as those provided by niche construction and gene-culture co-evolutionary theories, and particularly by the domestication hypothesis. The current cultural, genetic and paleoanthropological evidence is reviewed, as well as other germane factors, such as the role of neurodegenerative pathologies, the neotenization of humans in their most recent evolutionary history, and the question of cultural selection-based self-domestication. This comprehensive reassessment leads to a paradigmatic shift in the way recent human evolution needs to be viewed. This article explains fully how humans became what they are today.
Cancer Incidence of 2,4-D Production Workers
Authors: Burns Carol , Bodner Kenneth , Swaen Gerard , Collins James , Beard Kathy , Lee Marcia
Published: September 2011

Despite showing no evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals, the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in some human epidemiology studies, albeit inconsistently. We matched an existing cohort of 2,4-D manufacturing employees with cancer registries in three US states resulting in 244 cancers compared to 276 expected cases. The Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) for the 14 NHL cases was 1.36 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.74–2.29). Risk estimates were higher in the upper cumulative exposure and duration subgroups, yet not statistically significant. There were no clear patterns of NHL risk with period of hire and histology subtypes. Statistically significant results were observed for prostate cancer (SIR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.57–0.94), and “other respiratory” cancers (SIR = 3.79, 95% CI 1.22–8.84; 4 of 5 cases were mesotheliomas). Overall, we observed fewer cancer cases than expected, and a non statistically significant increase in the number of NHL cases.
Aqueous and Organic Solvent-Extracts of Selected South African Medicinal Plants Possess Antimicrobial Activity against Drug-Resistant Strains of Helicobacter pylori: Inhibitory and Bactericidal Potential
Authors: Njume Collise , Jide Afolayan A. , Ndip Roland N.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to identify sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs against Helicobacter pylori. Solvent-extracts of selected medicinal plants; Combretum molle, Sclerocarya birrea, Garcinia kola, Alepidea amatymbica and a single Strychnos species were investigated against 30 clinical strains of H. pylori alongside a reference control strain (NCTC 11638) using standard microbiological techniques. Metronidazole and amoxicillin were included in these experiments as positive control antibiotics. All the plants demonstrated anti-H. pylori activity with zone diameters of inhibition between 0 and 38 mm and 50% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values ranging from 0.06 to 5.0 mg/mL. MIC50 values for amoxicillin and metronidazole ranged from 0.001 to 0.63 mg/mL and 0.004 to 5.0 mg/mL respectively. The acetone extracts of C. molle and S. birrea exhibited a remarkable bactericidal activity against H. pylori killing more than 50% of the strains within 18 h at 4× MIC and complete elimination of the organisms within 24 h. Their antimicrobial activity was comparable to the control antibiotics. However, the activity of the ethanol extract of G. kola was lower than amoxicillin (P < 0.05) as opposed to metronidazole (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that S. birrea, C. molle and G. kola may represent good sources of compounds with anti-H. pylori activity.
Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci Isolated from the Squalidus argentatus Using PCR-Based Isolation of Microsatellite Arrays (PIMA)
Authors: Sun Yang , Lin Hung-Du , Tang Wen-Qiao , Ju Yu-Min , Liu Zhi-Zhi , Liu Dong , Yang Jin-Quan
Published: September 2011

Squalidus argentatus (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant 1874) is a small-sized freshwater fish which is distributed in Mainland China, Hainan Island and Taiwan. The populations of S. argentatus have dropped sharply probably due to overharvesting and water pollution recently. Eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the cyprinid fish S. argentatus. These new markers were tested on 43 individuals collected from Yangtze River and Qiantang River. The number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity per locus, in two populations ranged from 3 to 14, from 0.333 to 0.954 and from 0.480 to 0.928, respectively. Only two loci are significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg expectations due to the heterozygote deficiency. No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected between the pairwise comparisons of these loci. These polymorphic microsatellite loci will enable us to study the genetic variation, population structure, and conservation genetics of this species in the future.