bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear Response Polarizability Tensor Theory for Vibrational Circular Dichroism: VCD and IR Absorption Bandshape Calculations of α-Helical and β-Sheet Polypeptides
Authors: Ito Hirotoshi , I’Haya Y J
Published: July 2006

Based upon a fixed partial charge approximation of Schellman, we present a linear response polarizability theory for the bandshapes of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and vibrational absorption spectra of biopolymers, where a polymer vibrational polarizability tensor is derived from monomer polarizability tensors in terms of Green’s operator method within a dipole–dipole approximation. The new formalism can be easily programmed by utilizing a quite similar algorithm appearing in the polarizability theory regarding electronic CD, which was previously presented. However, the theoretical framework is shown to be essentially the same as that in the excitonic treatment of the secular matrix equation method of Snir, Frankel, and Schellman, and that of their version prescribed by Diem and co-workers as an extended coupled oscillator model. Using the experimental data of the monomer transition moments of the amide I and II bands, the VCD and IR absorption bandshapes were computed for α-helical and β-sheet polypeptides. The computed VCD bandshapes were found to well predict the conformations of polypeptides. We also discuss whether an allowance is necessary or not for multistate interband mixings between constituent monomers in VCD calculations, since it is generally believed that the characteristic bands of constituent monomers can be used as localized probes to detect the conformations of biopolymers, if one follows the assumption of Schellman and co-workers that there are no interband interactions between different levels.
Dehydrogenation of α-Amino Acids Chelated to a Co(III) Ion Yielding α-Imino Acidato Complexes
Authors: Yamaguchi Motowo , Saburi Masahiko , Yoshikawa Sadao , Yamagishi Takamichi
Published: July 2006

The oxidation of the α-amino acidato cobalt(III) complexes with 2,3,2-tet (=3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine) or its derivative, where amino acidate ligand was phenylglycinate, alaninate, valinate N-methylalaninate, or prolinate, by potassium permanganate was achieved to yield the corresponding α-imino acidato complexes, [CoIII{N(R1)=C(R2)CO2}(N4)]2+.
Electrooxidation of Catechol in the Presence of 1,3-Dimethylbarbituric Acid at Graphite Anode and Nickel Hydroxide Electrode
Authors: Abdel Azzem Magdi , Zahran Magdi , Hagagg Ezzat
Published: July 2006

The controlled potential anodic oxidation of catechol in the presence of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid was carried out in aqueous solution containing sodium acetate in an undivided cell at graphite anode and nickel hydroxide electrode. In a sequence of Michael addition of the barbiturate to the anodically formed benzoquinone, dispiropyrimidine derivative has been obtained in moderate yield (35—36%). A mechanism has been proposed and confirmed on the basis of CPE product, identification through IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectroscopy.
Inhibitory Effects and Active Constituents of Alisma Rhizomes on Vascular Contraction Induced by High Concentration of KCl
Authors: Kato Tadahiro , Tomita Masako , Takigawa Miho , Iwasaki Hiroyuki , Hirukawa Toshifumi , Yamahara Johji
Published: July 2006

The acetone extract of Alisma rhizomes were found to possess inhibitory effects on vascular contraction induced by high concentration of KCl. With the aids of bioassay, the effective components were pursued by purification with chromatographies, resulting in the characterization of six protostane type triterpenes (alisol C and its analogues) and a known sesquiterpene, alismoxide as the active compounds.
Reaction of Methyl Dithiocarbamates with Amines and Hydrazine. Macrocyclization via Dimethyl 2-Oxo-1,3-imidazolidinebis(carbodithioate)
Authors: Fukada Naoaki , Hasegawa Yasuo , Kamiya Yasuo , Yabuta Hidenobu , Takeshima Tatsuo
Published: July 2006

2-Oxo-1,3-imidazolidinebis(carbothioamide)s and 2,4-dioxo-1-imidazolidinecarbothioamides were prepared by the reaction of dimethyl 2-oxo-1,3-imidazolidinebis(carbodithioate) (1b) and methyl 2,4-dioxo-1-imidazolidinecarbodithioate (2b) with amines, respectively. The reaction of 2-oxazolidone with carbon disulfide gave 2-oxo-3-oxazolidinecarbodithioic acid, the methyl ester of which (4b) led to 2-oxo-3-oxazolidinecarbothioamides. Esters 1b, 2b, and 4b reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give the corresponding thiohydrazides, from which thiosemicarbazone derivatives were obtained. Macrocyclic thioureas were synthesized by the reaction of 1b with aliphatic diamines, polyether-containing diamines, and polyamines.
An FT-IR and TGA Study of the Thermal Oxidation of C60
Authors: Datta Arunabha , Kelkar Ravindra Y , Boroojerdian Parviz , Kulkarni Sulabha K , Datta Monika
Published: July 2006

The thermal stability of C60 in pure oxygen has been investigated by in-situ FT-IR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is shown that at temperatures of about 250 °C, the C60 loses its spherically symmetric structure and is oxidized to an anhydride type species. The anhydride on exposure to air is converted to an acid which however reverts to the anhydride on heating in a nitrogen or oxygen atmosphere. On heating beyond 250 °C, the C60 is completely oxidized probably to CO and CO2, but this complete oxidation appears to take place in two stages with the anhydride part of the molecule getting oxidized first. It is postulated that the lower oxidative stability of C60 compared to graphite is probably due to the greater reactivity towards oxygen of the pentagon–hexagon junction, compared to the hexagon–hexagon junction, present in C60.
Solvent Effect on Proton Transfer Reaction Rate by Ultrasonic Absorption Method
Authors: Kuramoto Naoki , Ueda Masayuki , Nishikawa Sadakatsu
Published: July 2006

Some equipment for a resonance method was constructed in order to obtain ultrasonic absorption coefficients in a frequency range less than 10 MHz. Using this apparatus, the measurable frequency range was extended down to 2.5 MHz. No relaxational absorption was observed in an aqueous solution of 2-propanol at 2.70 mol dm−3 in the frequency range from 2.5 to 220 MHz. A relaxational absorption was observed in aqueous solutions of n-propylamine in the presence of 2.70 mol dm−3 2-propanol. The frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient was analyzed by a usual Debye-type relaxational equation. Excellent agreement between calculated and experimental values was obtained in the frequency range measured. The relaxational absorption was attributed to the perturbation of equilibria associated with a proton transfer reaction:

The rate constants and the standard volume change for the first step of the reaction were determined from the concentration dependence of the relaxation frequency and the maximum absorption per wavelength. It was found that the forward rate constant decreased and the standard volume change increased when the values were compared with those in the absence of 2-propanol. The results were discussed in relation to water structure and hindrance for the proton transfer reaction by the additives.
Optical Properties, Thermochromism, and Crystal Structures of the Dimorphs of 2-Iodoanilinium Picrate
Authors: Tanaka Masashi , Matsui Hiroaki , Mizoguchi Jun-ichi , Kashino Setsuo
Published: July 2006

The crystals of 2-iodoanilinium picrate have three polymorphic forms. The crystal structures of the monoclinic form (form I) and the triclinic form (form II) have been determined by the X-ray diffraction method. The crystals of the third form (form III) are unstable. In forms I and II, 2-iodoanilinium cation and picrate anion form a nearly planar pair of these ions with similar geometry of N–H···O hydrogen bond. In form I the pairs related by a translation are stacked to form the segregated columns, in which the same kinds of ions are stacked with each other, while in form II the anions and cations are alternately stacked to form the continuous columns. The thermochromism of these crystals was studied by measuring the polarized visible and IR absorption spectra and the differential scanning calorimetry.
Volumetric Properties of Dilute Aqueous Alcohol Solutions at Different Temperatures
Authors: Sakurai Masao , Nakamura Kunio , Nitta Katsutoshi
Published: July 2006

The densities of dilute aqueous solutions of normal alcohols (from methanol to 1-hexanol) and branched-chain alcohols (2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol) were measured at 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 °C by means of an oscillating-tube densimeter. The apparent molar volumes of the alcohols in aqueous solutions were determined. The temperature dependences of the limiting partial molar volume, excess partial molar volume, concentration dependence, and methylene group contribution to volume were discussed. An alternative analysis based on the use of specific units instead of molar units was also attempted. The characteristic volumetric behavior of aqueous alcohol solutions is more pronounced for shorter- or branched-chain alcohols rather than hydrophobic alcohols. There is no definitive evidence that so-called hydrophobic hydration around the alkyl groups of alcohol in water is accompanied by a prominent volume change. The unique properties, such as negative partial molar expansion, may originate from the hydrogen-bonding interactions between water and alcohol OH groups.
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol by Titania-Supported Palladium Catalyst: Promotive SMSI Effect
Authors: Fan Li , Fujimoto Kaoru
Published: July 2006

Pd/TiO2 catalyst reduced by flowing hydrogen at 500 °C, appearing with a strong SMSI effect, was found to be an active and selective catalyst for hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol while the catalyst showed poor activity and selectivity if it was reduced below 400 °C.
ON TECTOQUINONE, THE VOLATILE PRINCIPLE OF THE TEAK WOOD
Authors: Kafuku Kinzô , Sebe Keigai
Published: July 2006

(1) Tectoquinone, the volatile crystalline ingredient of the teak wood, which was isolated by R. Romanis in 1887, represents β-methyl-anthraquinone.

(2) Tectoquinone, on oxidation, gives tectonic acid, which is identical with anthraquinone-β-carboxylic acid.

(3) Tectoquinone, on reduction, gives a hydrocarbon ‘tectonene’, which, on examination, was proved to be β-methyl-anthracene.

(4) Tectoquinone, on treatment with zinc and acetic anhydride, gives β-methyl-anthra-hydroquinone diacetate melting at 216–217°C., which is very easy to purify and thus may be used for the purpose of identifying tectoquinone.

(5) β-Methyl-anthra-hydroquinone diacetate, on treatment with alcoholic potash and subsequent exposure to the air, regenerates tectoquinone of highest purity, melting at 176–177°C.
AN EFFECT OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL
Authors: Masaki Kosaku , Ikkatai Takuo
Published: July 2006

(1) The effect of the existence of potassium cyanide upon the oxidation-reduction potential of potassium ferricyanide and ferrocyanide was investigated.

(2) The investigation was performed in the hydrogen atmosphere in the dark room to avoid the atmospheric oxidation and the photochemical decomposition.

(3) The result can be expressed approximately by the following empirical formula at 30°C. E=0.4660+0.0601logK^0.59where K is the concentration of potassium cyanide, and each concentration of potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide is 0.01 mol. respectively.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE COAGULATION OF SILVER HALIDE SOLS AND OF ARSENIC TRISULFIDE SOL
Authors: Katsurai Tominosuke
Published: July 2006

(1) The coagulation of silver halide sols which takes place when they were subjected to heating in an autoclave was studied. It was observed that the sols prepared by using an excess of potassium halide, especially the AgJ-sol in an excess of potassium iodide, were most stable against the action of heat.

(2) The arsenic trisulfide sol from which hydrogen sulfide was removed shows noticeable coagulation at 180° and 200°C. This behaviour is quite different from that of the sol from which hydrogen sulfide was not removed.

(3) The light absorptions of arsenic trisulfide sols, one which is free from hydrogen sulfide and the other containing hydrogen sulfide, were compared. No noticeable difference was observed.
THE RELATION BETWEEN KOLBE’S REACTION AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION. VII. THE MECHANISM OF KOLBE’S REACTION
Authors: Matsuda Hamilton Ryoichi
Published: July 2006

(1) 0.1–0.7 Per cent. solution of potassium propionate gave neither ethylene nor signs that the solution had undergone any oxidation, when electrolysed by passing a current of DA = 10 A/dm2. at 9–12°C.

(2) When 1.0% potassium propionate solution was electrolysed under the same conditions, ethylene was produced, and at the same time oxidizing action of the solution became observable. Hydrogen peroxide was also found present.

(3) The presence of ammonium carbonate proved so effective as to produce ethylene even from the most dilute solution. Ethylene formation was always accompanied by oxidizing action of solutions in all cases alike.

(4) Electrolyses of a solution containing 5.0 gr. potassium propionate and 2.0 gr. propionic acid and the one containing 5.0 gr. potassium propionate and as much ammonium carbonate, each in 100 c.c, were investigated.

(5) The assumption of propionyl peroxide at the intermediate product provides a very satisfactory explanation of Kolbe’s Reaction and also of other reaction related to it in the electrolysis of a propionate; the production of ethylene, hydrogen peroxide and similar oxidizing substances may all be explained to take place according to the following scheme :

(C2H5COO)2+H2O = C2H5COOH+C2H5COOOH,

C2H5COOOH = CO2+H2O+C2H4 (Ethylene formation),

C2H5COOOH+H2O = C2H5COOH+H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide formation).

(6) The difference observed between electrolyses of potassium propionate and potassium acetate will easily be understood, if we take notice of the higher stability of propionyl peroxide in comparison with acetyl peroxide.
X-RAY STUDY ON THE ELECTROLYTIC Fe-Ni ALLOYS
Authors: Iwase Keizô , Nasu Nobuyuki
Published: July 2006

Iron and nickel were co-deposited in various proportions electrolytically from their mixed sulphate solutions, and X-ray diffraction patterns were photographed by the Debye-Scherrer and Seemann-Bohlin methods, and the lattice constants were measured by choosing lines of copper as a standard which was mixed with the alloys in the form of powder. The results obtained were as follows. (1) Iron and nickel in the deposit appears as solid solution. The homogeneity of the solid solution thus formed seems not so good as that of the alloy solidified from the melt. (2) The co-existence of α and γ solid solutions is also observed in the deposits the concentration of which ranged from 14% Ni to 58% Ni. In the alloys solidified from the melt this ranges from 25% Ni to 33% Ni. (3) Lattice constant of α or γ solid solution increases slightly at first, reaches maximum and then decreases as the constant of Ni or Fe increases respectively. From these results it has been concluded that when the total or local concentration of the one metal in the deposit is small, two cases may arrise either the metal is forced to deposit among the crystal of the other metal without forming its proper crystal lattice forming pseudo solid solution as a result or the unit mass of the deposited crystal of that metal is small and consequently it easily diffuses into the other after the deposition. This is the reason why the lattice constant-concentration curve runs upward. But when the concentration is fairly large, the unit mass of that crystal also becomes larger and its diffusion into the other takes place not so easily as before leaving some of that crystal undiffused. This tendency becomes greater as the concentration of that metal increases. The existence of the maximum point on the curve above mentioned and the coexistence of α and γ solid solutions in a wider range of the composition of the deposited alloy are explained sufficiently by the process of deposition above supposed.
TWO IRON NITRIDES
Authors: Satoh Shun-ichi
Published: July 2006

1. The heat of formation of Fe4N was determined by means of calorimeter.

2. The molecular heats of Fe2N and Fe4N were calculated by applying the Neumann and Kopp’s law and obtained the equilibrium equations of the systems: Fe, Fe4N, NH3, H2 and Fe4N, Fe2N, NH3, H2 from the observed heat of formation of Fe4N by using the Nernst’s heat theorem. The calculated values by these equations agree well with the equilibrium data obtained at high temperatures.

3. Various iron nitrides were prepared and their compositions were accurately determined by X-ray.

4. The electrochemical properties of the iron nitrides were studied and the passive state of iron nitride was made clear.

5. The reversible property of the iron nitride cell was examined.
A SPECTROCHEMICAL STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF A REACTION PRODUCT BETWEEN CENTRALITE AND GASEOUS NITROGEN PEROXIDE. DINITRODIPHENYLETHYLUREA
Authors: Masaki Kôiti
Published: July 2006

1. In 1926 M. A. Apard reported the formation of tetranitrocentralite by the reaction of nitric peroxide upon centralite at ordinary temperature. Owing to want of his experimental data, because of the very small quantity of his sample, it seemed however so doubtful that the author was tempted to set out this investigation, and determined its chemical structure by the spectrochemical and microanalytical methods.

2. Absorption spectra have been studied on the following ten substances. 4-4′-Dinitrodiphenyldiethylurea, 2–4–2′–4′-tetranitrodiphenyldiethylurea, p-nitrophenylurethane, 2–4-dinitrophenylurethane, o-nitroacetanilide, m-nitroacetanilide, p-nitroacetanilide, p-nitroethylacetanilide, 2–4–6-trinitroacetanilide and 4–4′-dinitroethyldiphenylurea.

3. As to the chemical constitution of the reaction product of higher melting point obtained from centralite, it has been proved to be dinitro-diphenylethylurea, which crystallizes from acetone solution in a form of very thin plates of yellowish colour, melting at 213.2-213.5°C., and hardly soluble in ordinary solvents.
A THEORY OF THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF GAS INTO LIQUID. II. THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF GAS INTO LIQUID CONTAINING A REACTING SUBSTANCE, AND A KINETIC DERIVATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION LAW
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

(1) The initial rate of solution of gas into liquid was developed from a new theory of the rate of solution based upon the assumptions. (a) that among the molecules of gas, which collide with the interface, only those, whose components of velocities at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0, can enter into the liquid phase, and (b) that among the molecules of gas in the liquid phase, only those, which collide with the interface with velocities, whose components at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0′ can escape from the liquid phase.

The equations derived from the new theory were compared with those obtained from the diffusion layer theory.

(2) The solubility of gas was expressed as a function of u0 and u0′.

(3) The values of u0 and u0′ were calculated in the case of oxygen and water at 15°C.

(4) Henry’s law was derived by means of the new theory.

(5) The distribution of a substance between two liquid phases was discussed in exactly the same manner.
ON THE REACTION BETWEEN ALIZARIN AND SODIUM ALUMINATE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION.
Authors: Matsuoka Seigo
Published: July 2006

1. The method of purification of alizarin is proposed.

2. A deep orange, hydrophile colloidal substance is produced when alizarin is added into an aqueous solution of sodium aluminate. The mechanism of the reaction may be as follows;

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

And the constitutional formula will be

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
A THEORY OF THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF GAS INTO LIQUID
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

(1) A theory of the rate of solution of gas into liquid was proposed, which is based upon the assumptions that among the molecules of gas, which collide with the interface, only those, whose components of velocities at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0, can enter into the liquid phase, and that among the molecules of gas in the liquid phase, only those which collide with the interface with velocities, whose components at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0′, can escape the liquid phase.

(2) A short discussion of the theory in comparison with the old theories was described.

(3) Rate of oxidation of sodium sulphite solution, which will be difficult to be explained by the old theory, was interpreted by the new theory.
THE VELOCITY OF SPLITTING OFF OF CHLORINE FROM MONOCHLORACETATE
Authors: Matuura Sinnosuke
Published: July 2006

1. Assumed as monomolecular reaction, the velocity of the decom-position of potassium monochloracetate in aqueous solutions is measured,

K_25°=0.837×10^-6 and K_30°=3.21×10^-62. The velocities of the following reactions are measured,

CH2CLCOOK+KOH = CH2OHCOOK+KCL K_20°=0.227×10^-4, K_25°=0.521×10^-4 and K_30°=1.23×10^-4 CH2CLCOONa+NaOH=CH2OHCOONa+NaCl

K_25°=0.381×10^-4, K_30°=0.704×10^-4 and K_35°=2.18×10^-4The velocity constant of potassium salt is larger than that of sodium salt.

3. The reaction velocity of potassium monochloracetate with potassium hydroxide is retarded by the presence of another salt (i.e. KNO3).
STUDIES ON PUTREFACTIVE PRODUCTS OF BEER YEAST
Authors: Nishida Kôtaro
Published: July 2006

The quantities of substances isolated from 9 kg. of the dried beer yeast by putrefaction were as follows:

Phenylethylamin (as hydrochloride).......7.20 gr.

Adenine (as nitrate)....................11.50 ,,

Hypoxanthine (as hydrochloride).........13.70 ,,

Histamine (as hydrochloride).............9.10 ,,

Tyramine (as hydrochloride).............12.40 ,,

Putrescine (as hydrochloride)............1.10 ,,

Cadaverine (as hydrochloride)............4.10 ,,

Leucine ...............................324.90 ,,

Ammonia................................128.74 ,,
FREEZING POINT CURVES OF BINARY MIXTURES: TiCl4-SiCl4, TiCL4-CCU4, TiCl4-SnCl4 AND TiCl4-SbCl5
Authors: Nasu Nobuyuki
Published: July 2006

Freezing point curves of binary mixtures, TiCl4-SiCl4, TiCl4-SnCl4, TiCl4-CCl4, and TiCl4-SbCl5 have been determined by the methods of both total and differential thermal analyses. In the system TiCl4-SiCl4 an eutectic point lies on the position almost 100% of SiCl4, and with the mixtures TiCl4-CCl4 and TiCl4-SbCl5 a simple eutectic system has been shown, while the mixture TiCl4-SnCl4 shows a simple solid solution.
WATER VAPOUR EQUILIBRIA ON VANADIUM AND ITS OXIDES
Authors: Kobayashi Masami
Published: July 2006

The oxidation-reduction equilibrium of vanadium has been investigated by the dynamical method of Wartenberg and Aoyama. By the experiment it has been suggested that the chemical changes take place in the two stages under the experimental conditions, and the reactions might be expressed by the following: V+H2O\ightleftarrowsVO+H2 and 2VO+H2O\ightleftarrowsV2O3+H2. Thermodynamic calculations have been made for the above reactions, and the result of the calculated heats of formation agreed fairly well with that of the determina-tions made by other investigators.
ON THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF ETHYLENE CHLORIDE, 1,1,2,2,-TETRACHLORETHANE AND OF THEIR MIXTURE AND THE MOLAR REFRACTIONS OF THESE SUBSTANCES
Authors: Hamai Senzo
Published: July 2006

(1) Refractive indices of ethylene chloride, 1,1,2,2,-tetrachlorethane and their binary mixture have been measured.

(2) Variation of the refractive index with respect to temperature and to the molar fractions at 25°C. have been studied.

(3) Linear dependence of the refractive index on the reciprocals of absolute temperature in each case was observed.

(4) Refractive index at round temperature for ethylene chloride and 1,1,2,2,-tetrachlorethane and refractive index at round molal fraction for the binary mixture at 25°C. have been tabulated.

(5) The molar refraction for both ethylene chloride and 1,1,2,2,-tetrachlorethane have been calculated as 20.82 and 31.23 respectively.

(6) The electric moment μ has been calculated for liquid ethylene chloride to be 1.375×10−18.
PAS VERHALTEN DES PYRIDINRINGES BEI DER ELEKTROCHEMISCHEN OXYDATION. IV. PIPERIDIN
Authors: Yokoyama Moriaki , Yamamoto Kadzuo
Published: July 2006

(1) Bei der elektrochemischen Oxydation von Piperidin an der Bleidioxydanode in verdünnter Schwefelsäure wurden die folgenden Oxy-dationsprodukte erhalten: δ-Aminovaleriansäure, Bernsteinsäure, Ammonia, Glutarsäure, Ameisensäure, Kohlendioxyd und Kohlenoxyd. Auch die Existenz des δ-Aminovalerianaldehyds konnte wahrscheinlich gemacht werden.

(2) Während der Elektrolyse wurde der kinetische Verlauf der Gasabscheidung an der Anode analytisch verfolgt.

(3) Durch Messung der während der Elektrolyse unter geeigneten Bedingungen auftretenden PH-Aenderungen konnten weitere Anhalts-punkte für den Reaktionsverlauf gewonnen werden.
A THEORY OF THE RATE OF SOLUTION OF SOLID INTO LIQUID
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

(1) A theory of the rate of solution of solid into liquid was proposed, which is based upon the assumptions that among the molecules, which compose the solid surface, only those, whose components of energies of vibration at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value ε0, can enter into the liquid phase, and that among the molecules in the liquid phase, only those, which collide with the interface with velocities, whose components at right angles to the interface are greater than a threshold value u0, can condense on the solid surface.

According to this theory the rate of solution is expressed by

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

\oindentwhich can be transformed into the following equation.

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

(2) According to the present theory the solubility of solid is given by

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

\oindentor

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

(3) The experimental facts obtained by a number of writers have been interpreted in the light of the present theory.
ON THE COPPER AGE IN ANCIENT CHINA. III
Authors: D\={o}no Tsurumatsu
Published: July 2006

One spear-head and three halberds which are of the same types as those relics unearthed from Yin Site, were analysed, and it was proved that the spear-head and the two of three halberds must be called the copper implements, and the last one of the halberds contains a considerable amount of tin, therefore this specimen may be called properly a bronze one.

Considered from these results coupled with those described in the previous two papers, all of four spear-heads already studied were of almost pure copper, and four of the six halberds were also pure copper implements and some others were regarded as bronze implements.

Thus, by the present investigation of the author, the existences of the copper age and a transitional period to the bronze age in ancient China were further emphasized.
THE MEASUREMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE OF ALTER-NATING CURRENT BY KERR CELL
Authors: Yamaguchi Yohei , Miyamoto Kunimoto
Published: July 2006

(1) The monochromatic light of about (λ=) 520μμ was passed through nitrobenzene which was put in crossed nicols and in an alternating electric field of 7,000–25,000 volts/cm., and the intensity of light from the analyser was measured.

(2) The potential of the electric field was calculated from the measured intensity of light by using the known Kerr constant.

(3) The calculated values of potentials are nearly equal to those obtained from the turn ratios of the transformer, but are generally less than the latter.
FUNGI (Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton violaceum, Epidermophyton inguinale, and Aspergillus oryzae) AND FUNGICIDES.
Authors: Harada Taichi
Published: July 2006

The effectiveness of various fungicides on Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton violaceum, Epidermophyton inguinale, and Aspergillus oryzae was studied, when added to Sabouroud’s culture medium, previously adjusted to pH 6.9 (±2) and containing 0.5 per cent, of sodium chloride.

The results are tabulated giving the concentrations which permitted, and those which prevented, growth. The pH values at the concentration which prevented growth are recorded.
ON THE HEATS OF FUSION OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, AND ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
Authors: Nasu Nobuyuki
Published: July 2006

The heats of fusion of TiCl4, CCl4, and SbCl5 were calculated from the data of the depression of freezing point in dilute solutions. The heats of fusion of TiCl4, CCl4 and SbCl5 were found 12.90, 4.40, and 6.40 cals. per gram respectively. These values were in a close agreement with those observed by previous investigators.

In conclusion the writer wishes to express his hearty thanks to Prof. K. Honda, the President of the Tôhoku Imperial University and to Prof. K. Iwasé for their kind guidances during the course of this work.
A MICRO-METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DISUL-PHIDE-AND SULFHYDRYL-COMPOUNDS. I
Authors: Toyoda Hideo
Published: July 2006

A new micro-method for the determination of R—S–S–R (Cystine) and R–SH (Cysteine) is described, based on the fact that dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride gives a distinct methylene blue colour with R—SH compounds when the proper concentration of acid and of ferric ammonium sulphate are used. The colour thus obtained is permanent.

The advantages of this method are ease in determination, lack of interfering substances under normal biological conditions, and relative equivalence of R—SH and R—S–S–R groups.
LIESEGANG’S STRATIFICATION DEVELOPED IN THE DIATOMACEOUS GYTTIA FROM LAKE HARUNA, AND PROBLEMS RELATED TO IT
Authors: Sugawara Ken
Published: July 2006

(1) An example of Liesegang’s stratification of ferric hydroxide is given, which was formed half experimentally in the medium of diatomaceous gyttia from Lake Haruna.

(2) An evidence is given which strengthens the conviction that true Liesegang’s stratifications can be found in natural sedimentary rocks.

(3) It is pointed out that there are two kinds of ways possible, besides those hitherto established, in which stratifications are developed in lake deposits.

(4) The cycle of iron in a lake is dealt, and a reasoning is given, which supports the view that a considerable portion of the deposited iron is redissolved and is carried back to the main water.
SOME CHEMICAL CHANGES OF MUSCLE PROTEINS IN CANNING
Authors: Okuda Yuzuru , Yamafuji Kazuo
Published: July 2006

(1) The muscle proteins of some hens, various fishes and certain animals were prepared as samples for the purpose of studying what changes take place in the muscle proteins at the time of canning meats under pressure and heating. The materials were sealed in glass-tubes and heated at 130–140°C. for one hour, and changes of materials were studied.

(2) The hydrogen ion concentration of all of the proteins showed a tendency to approach toward the neutral point.

(3) About 20 per cent. of the protein nitrogen was transformed by heating to peptone, peptide, and amino acid nitrogens. The formation of soluble nitrogen compounds, such as these, is considered to cause a speedy putrefaction of contents of an opened can.

(4) As the results of elementary analyses of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus, it was found that the quantities of nitrogen and sulphur contained in the proteins generally decreased by heating, and the changes were more marked the higher the values of pH. There was no appreciable change in phosphorus when the solution was neutral, but its amount decreased when the solution was acidic or alkaline, and hence the percentage of carbon increased.

(5) The quantities of NH3 and H2S generated by heating were greater in proportion to the values of pH of the solutions. This result explains the fact that, when the tin of cans are bad and the pH of the contents is high, the contents of the can deteriorate more readily and the colour changes to black.

(6) As the results of the analyses of the proteins by the Van Slyke method, the decrease of the total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and cystine nitrogen and the increase of melanine nitrogen were detected especially when the pH value increased. The quantities of cystine, arginine, histidine and lysine contained in the materials showed a tendency of decrease in all three cases and the same tendencies were very remarkable on cystine at the higher value of pH and on lysine at the lower.

(7) Tryptophane by the May-Rose method and tyrosine by the Folin-Denis method were quantitatively analyzed, and the decreases of these substances by heating were very insignificant.

(8)The test for proline was made by the Fisher-Bechner method, but no decomposition by heating was observed.

(9) Cysteine and cystine were analyzed quantitatively by the Okuda-Katai method, and it was found that a part of any one of these acids always changed to the other acid by heating. But the sum of the two always decreased, and the decomposition of both of these acids was remarkable at the higher value of pH, and the decomposition of cysteine was greater than that of cystine.

(10) A part of the protein-sulphur changed by heating to hydrogen sulphide, other sulphides, sulphuric acid and soluble organic sulphur, and the quantities of these substances generated were greater at the higher pH of the solutions, as in the case of the decompositions of cysteine and cystine.
Additional cost of hospital-acquired infection to the patient: a case study in Turkey
Authors: Esatoğlu Afsun Ezel , Agirbas Ismail , Onder Omer Rıfkı , Celik Yusuf
Published: July 2006

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) significantly increase both the patient's length of stay and the cost of disease. For this reason, HAIs are one of the most important problems that intensive study is devoted to in many countries around the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate how having a HAI prolongs the length of stay and adds unnecessary cost to the patient. The study compared two matched groups and suggested that a patient with a HAI spent an additional 23 days in the hospital compared with a patient not affected with a HAI. The results also showed that a patient with a HAI had to pay more in almost all cost categories compared with a non-infected patient. The additional cost for an infected patient was calculated as US$2026.70. As a result of HAIs, the hospital had additional, but avoidable, expenses of US$30,754 for 57 patients over a period of four months.
Integrated service networks: the Quebec case
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée
Published: July 2006

In the current context of health-care reform, integrated service networks are presented as main solutions to enhance efficiency. During the past few years, there has been an abundance of literature focusing on integration and the underlying implementation issues. However, the concept of integrated service networks remains fluid, and there are few typologies on health-care inter-organizational relations. The Quebec health-care system offers fertile ground for furthering our understanding of this concept because of its public system of funding, its integration of health and social missions, and the present reform's state of development. On the basis of a review of the literature and empirical studies, this article intends to clarify the concept of integrated service networks. A typology of inter-organizational relations and the main parameters for organizing integrated service networks are presented. The article also discusses the effectiveness of integration models.
Investigating innovation in complex health care supply networks: an initial conceptual framework
Authors: Phillips Wendy , Johnsen Thomas , Caldwell Nigel , Lewis Michael A
Published: July 2006

This paper explores the constraints and enablers of the process of innovation within the context of UK health care supply networks. Building on a comprehensive literature review of established and recent innovation and supply network research, the paper presents three levels of supply network analysis: sector level supply networks, focal organization supply networks and dyadic supply relationships. The paper reports on the first round of fieldwork conducted with 12 different health care organizations. The three different levels are applied during analysis and the findings are considered in terms of the key themes that have emerged and the practical and theoretical challenges that they represent.
The management of new primary care organizations: an international perspective
Authors: Meads Geoffrey , Wild Andrea , Griffiths Frances , Iwami Michiyo , Moore Phillipa
Published: July 2006

Management practice arising from parallel policies for modernizing health systems is examined across a purposive sample of 16 countries. In each, novel organizational developments in primary care are a defining feature of the proposed future direction. Semistructured interviews with national leaders in primary care policy development and local service implementation indicate that management strategies, which effectively address the organized resistance of medical professions to modernizing policies, have these four consistent characteristics: extended community and patient participation models; national frameworks for interprofessional education and representation; mechanisms for multiple funding and accountabilities; and the diversification of non-governmental organizations and their roles. The research, based on a two-year fieldwork programme, indicates that at the meso-level of management planning and practice, there is a considerable potential for exchange and transferable learning between previously unconnected countries. The effectiveness of management strategies abroad, for example, in contexts where for the first time alternative but comparable new primary care organizations are exercising responsibilities for local resource utilization, may be understood through the application of stakeholder analyses, such as those employed to promote parity of relationships in NHS primary care trusts.
Client acceptability and quality of life – telepsychiatry compared to in-person consultation
Authors: Urness D , Wass M , Gordon A , Tian E , Bulger T
Published: July 2006

We evaluated client satisfaction and one-month mental health outcomes for telepsychiatry clients compared with those undergoing a face-to-face psychiatric consultation. Clients were asked to complete an SF-12 health survey before the consultation, a satisfaction survey after the consultation, and were contacted for a one-month follow-up SF-12 survey by telephone. Forty-eight of the 62 initial responders (77%) were available for contact by telephone after one month. Telepsychiatry clients demonstrated significant improvements on pre- and post-SF-12 mental health measures ( t = 3.7; P = 0.001), while there was no change for the in-person group ( t = 1.0; P = 0.35). Telepsychiatry clients felt that they could present the same information as in person (93%), were satisfied with their session (96%), and were comfortable in their ability to talk (85%); this was similar to the in-person clients. They reflected slightly lower levels of satisfaction regarding feeling supported and encouraged than did the in-person clients. Both telepsychiatry clients and traditional face-to-face psychiatry clients were satisfied with their experience of mental health care service provision, and mental health improvements were evident in the telepsychiatry patients.
Socioeconomic stakes in the development of telemedicine
Authors: Bonneville Luc , Paré Daniel J
Published: July 2006

This brief article points out that more empirical knowledge is required about the diverse factors that influence the diffusion, implementation, outcomes and behaviours associated with the spread of information and communication technologies (ICT). This includes the domain of telemedicine and ICT-based outpatient care. A detailed understanding of these processes and the participants involved offers the potential to illuminate the multiplicity of inter-related issues with which medical practitioners and health-care policy makers must contend. More important, it is only through such a detailed, user-centred understanding – as opposed to abstract assessments of technological potential – that we can formulate effective strategies that do not lose sight of the clinical and therapeutic aspects of health care in the quest to improve its delivery.
Four years' experience with antepartum cardiotocography using telemedicine
Authors: Di Lieto Andrea , De Falco Marianna , Campanile Marta , Papa Rosa , Torok Miklos , Scaramellino Mariangela , Pontillo Massimo , Pollio Fabrizio , Spanik Gabor , Schiraldi Paola , Bibbò Gianluca
Published: July 2006

We reviewed the first four years of experience with telemonitoring of patients with high-risk pregnancies. Nine peripheral units (eight in Campania, a region of south Italy, and one in Hungary) recorded cardiotocographic traces and transmitted them via modem to an operations centre at the University 'Federico II' in Naples, where the computerized analysis was performed. The medical report was returned to the peripheral unit via fax or email. Four thousand and twenty one traces were recorded: 2674 (67%) from 764 high-risk patients and 1347 (34%) from 499 patients at apparent low risk. The neonatal outcome was good overall. Questionnaires were sent to the operators working at the peripheral units to evaluate the acquisition of specific skills and their level of satisfaction. Sixty-six questionnaires about cardiotocographic trace interpretation were collected. The number of correct answers increased during the study. A total of 33 questionnaires about job satisfaction were collected. The answers showed that the operators gradually overcame their scepticism during the study. A total of 1098 questionnaires were answered by the patients. Their answers showed a moderate level of satisfaction. Telecardiotocography allowed the decentralization of prenatal surveillance.
MicroRNAs from the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea: A model system for stem cell biology
Authors: Palakodeti Dasaradhi , Smielewska Magda , Graveley Brenton R.
Published: July 2006

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22-nt RNA molecules that typically bind to the 3′ untranslated regions of target mRNAs and function to either induce mRNA degradation or repress translation. miRNAs have been shown to play important roles in the function of stem cells and cell lineage decisions in a variety of organisms, including humans. Planarians are bilaterally symmetric metazoans that have the unique ability to completely regenerate lost tissues or organs. This regenerative capacity is facilitated by a population of stem cells known as neoblasts. Planarians are therefore an excellent model system for studying many aspects of stem cell biology. Here we report the cloning and initial characterization of 71 miRNAs from the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. While several of the S. mediterranea miRNAs are members of miRNA families identified in other species, we also identified a number of planarian-specific miRNAs. This work lays the foundation for functional studies aimed at addressing the role of these miRNAs in regeneration, cell lineage decisions, and basic stem cell biology.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccines
Authors: Schmiedeskamp Mia R , Kockler Denise R
Published: July 2006

Objective:

TO review the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacoeconomics of Cervarix and Gardasil, 2 human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.

Data Sources:

English-language articles were obtained by MEDLINE search (1966–February 2006) using the key words human papillomavirus vaccine, Cervarix, and Gardasil. Bibliographies of selected articles were used to identify additional sources.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All available published articles or abstracts reporting the results of human studies of HPV vaccines were reviewed for inclusion in this article. Additional information about ongoing clinical trials was obtained from manufacturers' Web sites.

Data Synthesis:

Cervarix and Gardasil are recombinant vaccines against HPV. Cervarix targets HPV-16 and -18, which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also targets HPV-16 and -18, plus the HPV-6 and -11 types responsible for more than 80% of genital warts. Both vaccines have been effective in preventing persistent infection with targeted HPV types and in preventing cervical intraepithelial lesions, while Gardasil has also been effective in preventing vulvar and vaginal neoplasia and genital warts. Both vaccines have been well tolerated, with the most common adverse effects occurring at the injection site. Phase III trials are ongoing to further evaluate vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:

Cervarix and Gardasil are effective for prevention of HPV infection and cervical lesions. Issues remaining to be addressed include duration of protection, efficacy for prevention of cervical cancer, optimal age for vaccination, feasibility of application to the developing world, the ideal combination of HPV subtypes, and the most efficient combination of vaccination and cervical cancer screening.
β1-Integrin Signaling Mediates Premyelinating Oligodendrocyte Survival But Is Not Required for CNS Myelination and Remyelination
Authors: Benninger Yves , Colognato Holly , Thurnherr Tina , Franklin Robin J. M. , Leone Dino P. , Atanasoski Suzana , Nave Klaus-Armin , ffrench-Constant Charles , Suter Ueli , Relvas João B.
Published: July 2006

Previous reports, including transplantation experiments using dominant-negative inhibition of β1-integrin signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, suggested that β1-integrin signaling is required for myelination. Here, we test this hypothesis using conditional ablation of the β1-integrin gene in oligodendroglial cells during the development of the CNS. This approach allowed us to study oligodendroglial β1-integrin signaling in the physiological environment of the CNS, circumventing the potential drawbacks of a dominant-negative approach. We found that β1-integrin signaling has a much more limited role than previously expected. Although it was involved in stage-specific oligodendrocyte cell survival, β1-integrin signaling was not required for axon ensheathment and myelination per se. We also found that, in the spinal cord, remyelination occurred normally in the absence of β1-integrin. We conclude that, although β1-integrin may still contribute to other aspects of oligodendrocyte biology, it is not essential for myelination and remyelination in the CNS.
Differential Control of Postsynaptic Density Scaffolds via Actin-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Kuriu Toshihiko , Inoue Akihiro , Bito Haruhiko , Sobue Kenji , Okabe Shigeo
Published: July 2006

Organization and dynamic remodeling of postsynaptic density (PSD) are thought to be critical in postsynaptic signal transduction, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We show here that four major scaffolding molecules, PSD-95, GKAP, Shank, and PSD-Zip45, show distinct instability in total molecular content per synapse. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching also confirmed their distinct turnover rates. Among the PSD molecules examined, PSD-95 was most stable, but its elimination did not influence the dynamics of its direct binding partner GKAP. Multiple interactions of scaffolding molecules with the actin cytoskeleton have suggested their importance in both maintenance and remodeling of the PSD. Indeed, acute pharmacological disruption of F-actin rapidly eliminated the dynamic fraction of GKAP, Shank, and PSD-Zip45, without changing synaptic localization of PSD-95. GKAP content in synapses increased after pharmacological enhancement of neuronal activity, whereas Shank and PSD-Zip45 content showed reduction. Inhibition of F-actin dynamics prevented activity-dependent redistribution of all three scaffolds. We also assessed involvement of glutamate receptors in the regulation of PSD dynamics. Genetic manipulations eliminating either NMDA receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors did not primarily influence mobility of their binding scaffolds. These results collectively indicate a critical role of filamentous actin in determining the extent of dynamic reorganization in PSD molecular composition.