bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GUX1 and GUX2 glucuronyltransferases decorate distinct domains of glucuronoxylan with different substitution patterns
Authors: Bromley Jennifer R. , Busse‐Wicher Marta , Tryfona Theodora , Mortimer Jennifer C. , Zhang Zhinong , Brown David M. , Dupree Paul
Published: February 2013

Xylan comprises up to one‐third of plant cell walls, and it influences the properties and processing of biomass. Glucuronoxylan in Arabidopsis is characterized by a linear β‐(1,4)‐linked backbone of xylosyl residues substituted by glucuronic acid and 4‐O‐methylglucuronic acid (collectively termed [Me]GlcA). The role of these substitutions remains unclear. GUX1 (glucuronic acid substitution of xylan 1) and GUX2, recently identified as glucuronyltransferases, are both required for substitution of the xylan backbone with [Me]GlcA. Here, we demonstrate clear differences in the pattern of [Me]GlcA substitution generated by each of these glucuronyltransferases. GUX1 decorates xylan with a preference for addition of [Me]GlcA at evenly spaced xylosyl residues. Intervals of eight or 10 residues dominate, but larger intervals are observed. GUX2, in contrast, produces more tightly clustered decorations with most frequent spacing of five, six or seven xylosyl residues, with no preference for odd or even spacing. Moreover, each of these GUX transferases substitutes a distinct domain of secondary cell wall xylan, which we call the major and minor domains. These major and minor xylan domains were not separable from each other by size or charge, a finding that suggests that they are tightly associated. The presence of both differently [Me]GlcA decorated domains may produce a xylan molecule that is heterogeneous in its properties. We speculate that the major and minor domains of xylan may be specialised, such as for interaction with cellulose or lignin. These findings have substantial implications for our understanding of xylan synthesis and structure, and for models of the molecular architecture of the lignocellulosic matrix of plant cell walls.
Nonlinear Transient Dynamics of Pendulum Torsional Vibration Absorbers—Part II: Experimental Results
Authors: Monroe Ryan J. , Shaw Steven W.
Published: February 2013

This paper presents results from an experimental investigation of the transient response of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers, including a comparison with the analytical results derived in the companion paper, Part I. The focus of the study is the overshoot experienced by pendulum-type torsional vibration absorbers when a rotor running at a constant speed is suddenly subjected to an applied fluctuating torque. The experiments are carried out using a fully instrumented spin rig controlled by a servo motor that can provide user-specified engine order disturbances, including those that simulate automotive engine environments. The absorber overshoot depends on the absorber tuning relative to the excitation order, the absorber damping, the amplitude of the applied torque, and on the system nonlinearity, which is set by the absorber path and/or kinematic coupling between the rotor and the absorber. Two types of absorbers are used in the study, a simple circular path pendulum, for which the path nonlinearity is dominant, and a nearly tautochronic path pendulum with a bifilar support, for which the path and coupling nonlinearities are both small. It is found that the experimental results agree very well with the analytical predictions from the companion paper. In addition, it is confirmed that the general path pseudoenergy prediction (which depends on a single parameter) provides a useful, conservative upper bound for most practical absorber designs, provided the absorber damping is small.
An Ultrasonic Through-Wall Communication (UTWC) System Model
Authors: Roa-Prada Sebastian , Scarton Henry A. , Saulnier Gary J. , Shoudy David A. , Ashdown Jonathan D. , Das Pankaj K. , Gavens Andrew J.
Published: February 2013

Ultrasonic waves at 1 MHz are used to send information across solid walls without the needs for through wall penetrations. A communication channel is established by attaching a set of three ultrasonic transducers to the wall. The first transducer transmits a continuous ultrasonic wave into the wall. The second transducer is mounted on the opposite side of the wall (inside) and operates as a receiver and signal modulator. The third transducer, the outside receiving transducer, is installed on the same side as the first transducer where it is exposed to the signal reflected from the blended interface of the inside wall and inside transducer. Inside sensor data is digitized and the bit state is used to vary in time the electrical load connected to the inside transducer, changing its acoustic impedance in accordance with each data bit. These impedance changes modulate the amplitude of the reflected ultrasonic signal. The modulated signal is detected at the outside receiving transducer, where it is then demodulated to recover the data. Additionally, some of the ultrasonic power received at the inside transducer is harvested to provide energy for the communication and sensor system on the inside. The entire system (ultrasonic, solid wall, and electronic) is modeled in the electrical domain by means of electro-mechanical analogies. This approach enables the concurrent simulation of the ultrasonic and electronic components. A model of the communication system is implemented in an electronic circuit simulation package, which assisted in the analysis and optimization of the communication channel. Good agreement was found between the modeled and experimental results.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Nonlinear Characteristics of an Air Spring With an Orifice
Authors: Asami Toshihiko , Yokota Yasutaka , Ise Tomohiko , Honda Itsuro , Sakamoto Hiroya
Published: February 2013

We herein propose a simple but accurate method for calculating the dynamic properties of an air spring that uses an orifice to produce a damping force. Air springs are commonly used in rail, automotive, and vibration isolation applications. However, because this type of air spring has nonlinear flow characteristics, accurate approaches have not yet been proposed. The restoring and damping forces in an air spring with an orifice damper vary with the amplitude of the body. This amplitude dependency has not been considered in previous studies. We herein propose a simple model for calculating the air spring constant and damping coefficient. However, this requires iterative calculation due to the nonlinearity of the air spring. The theoretical and experimental results are found to agree well with each other. The theoretical equations provide an effective tool for air spring design.
Separation of hot electron current component induced by hydrogen oxidation on resistively heated Pt/n-GaP Schottky nanostructures
Authors: Hashemian Mohammad A. , Dasari Suhas K. , Karpov Eduard G.
Published: February 2013

Studies of chemically induced hot electron flow over Schottky barriers in catalytic planar nanostructures provide a direct insight into underlying charge transfer processes involved in chemical energy dissipation at solid surfaces. A systematic approach is described here to separate the hot electron and thermal current contributions to the total generated current based on in-situ resistive heating of cathode nanolayer of the Schottky structure. The method is applicable at high pressures in the gas phase. Analysis of the current induced by H2 oxidation to H2O on Pt/n-GaP nanostructure is performed for surface temperatures in the range of 453–513 K, and 120 Torr oxyhydrogen environment with 15 Torr H2. All the current components grow monotonously with temperature, while relative fraction of the hot electron current decreases with temperature from 85 to 52%.
An improved susceptibility test based on Amberlite reveals the potential antilisterial activity of fosfomycin in vitro
Authors: Han Lei , Lei Jin'e , Han Shaoshan , He Li , Ma Chaofeng , Yu Pengbo , Wu Xiaokang , Xu Jiru
Published: February 2013

Listeria monocytogenes is resistant to fosfomycin in vitro but is susceptible in vivo due to increased expression of positive regulator factor A (PrfA) and its dependent factor, hexose phosphate transporter (Hpt), upon infection of host cells. Amberlite, a polymeric adsorbent resin, could induce PrfA-dependent gene expression and thus, in theory, improve the sensitivity of L. monocytogenes to fosfomycin in vitro. In the current study, an improved susceptibility test based on Amberlite was developed using reference strains. Thirty-five clinical isolates were further examined to verify those preliminary results. Briefly, Amberlite increased in vitro fosfomycin sensitivity of all strains. Optimal Amberlite concentrations, as evaluated through the expression of phospholipase B (PlcB) and Hpt, were 10% and 15% (w/v) in agar media and 3% (w/v) in broth media. Mueller–Hinton (MH) medium, tryptone soya (TS) medium, and brain heart infusion (BHI) medium were used to verify the results in the control strains using agar dilution and broth micro- and macro-dilution methods. Better listerial growth was shown in TS and BHI than in MH. Both broth dilution methods yielded lower minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin than the agar dilution method. The MIC of fosfomycin for 35 clinical isolates was 2–32 μg/mL, suggesting improved susceptibility. In conclusion, in vitro sensitivity of L. monocytogenes to fosfomycin was substantially improved in the presence of 3% Amberlite-supplemented TSB or BHIB and the broth microdilution method. This improved method revealed the potential antilisterial activity of fosfomycin in vitro and could facilitate the therapy of listeriosis using fosfomycin.
Epigallocatechin gallate effectively ameliorates fluoride-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the liver of rats
Authors: Thangapandiyan Shanmugam , Miltonprabu Selvaraj
Published: February 2013

Environmental exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) compounds is a worldwide health concern. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a green tea catechin found in a variety of green tea preparations. The intention of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective role of EGCG in NaF-intoxicated rats. Rats were orally treated with NaF alone (25 mg·(kg body mass)−1·day−1) or plus EGCG at different doses (20, 40, and 80 mg·(kg body mass)−1·day−1) for 4 weeks. Hepatotoxicity of NaF was determined by increased levels of serum hepatospecific markers and total bilirubin, along with increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl content, and conjugated dienes. The hepatotoxic nature of NaF was further evidenced by the decreased activity of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels in liver. NaF-treated rats also showed increased DNA damage and fragmentation in hepatocytes. Administration of EGCG (40 mg·(kg body mass)−1) to NaF-intoxicated rats significantly recuperated the distorted biochemical indices, DNA damage, and pathological changes in the liver tissue. Thus, the results of the present study clearly demonstrate that EGCG has strong free radical scavenging, antioxidant, and antigenotoxic properties that protect against NaF-induced oxidative hepatic injury in rats.
STRANGE METALS AND HOLOGRAPHIC ENTANGLEMENT ENTROPY
Authors: TAKAYANAGI TADASHI
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we will explain an application of holographic entanglement entropy to Fermi surface physics. These holographic arguments show that Landau–Fermi liquids do not have any gravity duals in the purely classical limit [N. Ogawa, T. Takayanagi and T. Ugajin, J. High Energy Phys.125, 1 (2012), arXiv:1111.1023 [hep-th]].
NONCOLLINEAR MAGNETIC ORDER IN THE DOUBLE PEROVSKITES: DOUBLE EXCHANGE ON A GEOMETRICALLY FRUSTRATED LATTICE
Authors: TIWARI RAJARSHI , MAJUMDAR PINAKI
Published: February 2013

Double perovskites (DPs) of the form A 2 BB ′ O 6 usually involve a transition metal ion, B, with a large magnetic moment, and a nonmagnetic ion B ′. While many DPs are ferromagnetic, studies on the underlying model reveal the possibility of antiferromagnetic (AF) phases as well driven by electron delocalization. In this paper we present a comprehensive study of the magnetic ground state and Tc scales of the minimal DP model in three dimensions using a combination of spin-fermion Monte Carlo and variational calculations. The effective magnetic lattice in three dimensions is face centered cubic (FCC) and so geometrically frustrated. This promotes noncollinear spiral states and "flux" like phases in addition to collinear AF order. We map out the possible magnetic phases for varying electron density, "level separation" ϵB - ϵB', and the crucial B ′ B ′ (next neighbour) hopping t′.
ASTROD-GW: OVERVIEW AND PROGRESS
Authors: NI WEI-TOU
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we present an overview of Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices (ASTROD-GW) optimized for Gravitational Wave (GW) detection mission concept and its studies. ASTROD-GW is an optimization of ASTROD which focuses on low frequency GW detection. The detection sensitivity is shifted by a factor of 260 (52) towards longer wavelengths compared with that of NGO/eLISA (LISA). The mission consists of three spacecraft, each of which orbits near one of the Sun–Earth Lagrange points (L3, L4 and L5), such that the array forms an almost equilateral triangle. The three spacecraft range interferometrically with one another with an arm length of about 260 million kilometers. The orbits have been optimized resulting in arm length changes of less than ± 0.00015 AU or, fractionally, less than ±10-4 in 20 years, and relative Doppler velocities of the three spacecraft of less than ±3 m/s. In this paper, we present an overview of the mission covering: the scientific aims, the sensitivity spectrum, the basic orbit configuration, the simulation and optimization of the spacecraft orbits, the deployment of ASTROD-GW formation, Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) and the payload. The science goals are the detection of GWs from (i) Supermassive Black Holes; (ii) Extreme-Mass-Ratio Black Hole Inspirals; (iii) Intermediate-Mass Black Holes; (iv) Galactic Compact Binaries and (v) Relic GW Background. For the purposes of primordial GW detection, a six spacecraft formation would be needed to enable the correlated detection of stochastic GWs. A brief discussion of the six spacecraft orbit optimization is also presented.
IMPLICATIONS OF GALACTIC AND SOLAR PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD INTERFEROMETERS FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION IN SPACE
Authors: GRIMANI CATIA
Published: February 2013

Test-mass charging due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) represents one of the major sources of noise for missions devoted to gravitational wave detection in space. Particle detectors on board future space interferometers will help in monitoring the test-mass charging process. Variations and fluctuations of GCRs and evolution of SEP events of different intensities are discussed here for the correlation of SEP radiation monitor observations and particle fluxes charging the test masses. We consider the performance of the radiation monitors designed for the LISA Pathfinder mission for the results presented in this work. We point out that in addition to the primary use of test-mass charging monitoring, particle detectors on board space interferometers will naturally provide SEP observations at different intervals in heliolongitude and distances from Earth for space weather applications.
Strong and Weak Convergence for Asymptotically Almost Negatively Associated Random Variables
Authors: Shen Aiting , Wu Ranchao
Published: February 2013

The strong law of large numbers for sequences of asymptotically almost negatively associated (AANA, in short) random variables is obtained, which generalizes and improves the corresponding one of Bai and Cheng (2000) for independent and identically distributed random variables to the case of AANA random variables. In addition, the Feller-type weak law of large number for sequences of AANA random variables is obtained, which generalizes the corresponding one of Feller (1946) for independent and identically distributed random variables.
Weighted Wilcoxon-Type Rank Test for Interval Censored Data
Authors: Shen Ching-fu , Huang Jin-long , Lee Chin-san
Published: February 2013

Interval censored (IC) failure time data are often observed in medical follow-up studies and clinical trials where subjects can only be followed periodically, and the failure time can only be known to lie in an interval. In this paper, we propose a weighted Wilcoxon-type rank test for the problem of comparing two IC samples. Under a very general sampling technique developed by Fay (1999), the mean and variance of the test statistics under the null hypothesis can be derived. Through simulation studies, we find that the performance of the proposed test is better than that of the two existing Wilcoxon-type rank tests proposed by Mantel (1967) and R. Peto and J. Peto (1972). The proposed test is illustrated by means of an example involving patients in AIDS cohort studies.
Postcircumcisional Ischemia of the Glans Penis Treated with Pentoxifylline
Authors: Karaguzel Ersagun , Tok Dogan S. , Kazaz Ilke O. , Gur Metin , Colak Fatih , Kutlu Omer , Ozgur Guner K.
Published: February 2013

Ischemia of the glans penis is a rare postcircumcision complication. We describe a four-year-old boy developing ischemia of the glans penis 48 h after circumcision. The ischemia completely resolved following treatment with iv pentoxifylline (PTX) for six days, and the patient was discharged without any problems. PTX treatment should be kept in mind as an alternative treatment modality in ischemia of the glans penis which is a serious potential post-circumcision complication.
Surgery and Actinomycin Improve Survival in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor
Authors: Horazdovsky Ryan , Manivel J. Carlos , Cheng Edward Y.
Published: February 2013

Purpose. Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is an uncommon tumor that rarely occurs outside of renal and central nervous system (CNS) sites. Data from the literature were compiled to determine prognostic factors, including both demographic and treatment variables of malignant rhabdoid tumor, focusing on those tumors arising in extra-renal, extra-CNS (ER/EC MRT) sites. Patients and Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by extracting demographic, treatment, and survival follow up on 167 cases of primary ER/EC MRT identified in the literature.Results. No survival differences were observed between those treated with or without radiation, or with or without chemotherapy. A Cox regression of overall survival revealed several independent prognostic factors. Surgical excision had a 74% (P= 0.0003) improvement in survival. Actinomycin had a 73% (P= 0.093) improvement in survival. Older age was associated with improved survival. The four-year survival, by Kaplan-Meier estimates, comparing patients less than two years old versus older than two at diagnosis was 11% versus 35%, respectively (P= 0.0001, Log-Rank).Conclusion. ER/EC MRT is a rare, soft-tissue tumor with a poor prognosis most commonly occurring in children. Surgical resection, treatment with actinomycin, and older age at diagnosis are all associated with improved survival.
Influence of Surfactants on the Characteristics of Nickel Matrix Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Fahami Abbas , Nasiri-Tabrizi Bahman , Rostami Mohsen , Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi Reza
Published: February 2013

Nickel-based nanocomposite coatings were prepared from a Watts-type electrolyte containing reinforcement’s particles (silicon carbide and graphite) to deposit onto the steel St-37 substrate. The electrochemical plating of the coatings in absence and presence of surfactants and reinforcements particles was carried out to optimize high quality coatings with appropriate mechanical and morphological features. The surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodyumdodecyl sulfate (SDS), and saccharine affected electrodeposition plating and subsequently changed mechanical characteristics. Based on XRD results, the dominant phases in the absence of surfactants were nickel oxide (NiO), nickel, and silicon carbide (SiC), while the main phases in presence of surfactants were nickel (Ni) and SiC. The hardness of the resultant coatings was found to be from 332 to 593 (Hv) depending on the bath parameter and the reinforcements weight percentage (wt%) in the Ni matrix. Microscopic observations illustrated a cluster-like structure which consisted of some fine sphere particulates with average particle size of 65–150 nm. According to elemental mapping spectra, a homogenous distribution of nickel, silicon, and carbon particles appeared into the nickel matrix coating. Finally, the experimental outcomes demonstrated that the surfactants have significant influence on the composition of coatings, surface morphology, and mechanical properties.
Differential Forms in Lattice Field Theories: An Overview
Authors: Teixeira F. L.
Published: February 2013

We provide an overview on the application of the exterior calculus of differential forms to the ab initio formulation of lattice field theories, with a focus on irregular or “random” lattices.
Lag Synchronization of Coupled Delayed Chaotic Neural Networks by Periodically Intermittent Control
Authors: Dan Songjian , Yang Simon X. , Feng Wei
Published: February 2013

We investigate the lag synchronization of coupled neural networks with time delay. Some sufficient conditions for lag synchronization will be derived by using Lyapunov stability theory and intermittent control. Compared to existing results, some less conservative conditions are derived to guarantee the stabilization of error system. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical simulations.
Emissions and Fuel Consumption Modeling for Evaluating Environmental Effectiveness of ITS Strategies
Authors: Song Yuan-yuan , Yao En-jian , Zuo Ting , Lang Zhi-feng
Published: February 2013

Road transportation is a major fuel consumer and greenhouse gas emitter. Recently, the intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) technologies, which can improve traffic flow and safety, have been developed to reduce the fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. Emission and fuel consumption estimation models play a key role in the evaluation of ITS technologies. Based on the influence analysis of driving parameters on vehicle emissions, this paper establishes a set of mesoscopic vehicle emission and fuel consumption models using the real-world vehicle operation and emission data. The results demonstrate that these models are more appropriate to evaluate the environmental effectiveness of ITS strategies with enough estimation accuracy.
Acute Pancreatitis with Rapid Clinical Improvement in a Child with Isovaleric Acidemia
Authors: Mantadakis Elpis , Chrysafis Ioannis , Tsouvala Emmanouela , Evangeliou Athanassios , Chatzimichael Athanassios
Published: February 2013

Isovaleric acidemia is a rare branched-chain organic acidemia. The authors describe a 3.5-year-old girl with isovaleric acidemia and acute abdominal pain associated with bilious emesis. Elevated serum amylase and abdominal ultrasonography demonstrating an enlarged and edematous pancreas, along with the presence of peripancreatic exudates, confirmed the presence of acute pancreatitis. The patient recovered quickly with intravenous hydration, pancreatic rest, and administration of intravenous L-carnitine. Pancreatitis should be ruled out in the context of vomiting in any patient with isovaleric acidemia. Conversely, branched-chain organic acidemias should be included in the differential diagnosis of any child with pancreatitis of unknown origin.
A New Improved Parsimonious Multivariate Markov Chain Model
Authors: Wang Chao , Huang Ting-Zhu
Published: February 2013

We present a new improved parsimonious multivariate Markov chain model. Moreover, we find a new convergence condition with a new variability to improve the prediction accuracy and minimize the scale of the convergence condition. Numerical experiments illustrate that the new improved parsimonious multivariate Markov chain model with the new convergence condition of the new variability performs better than the improved parsimonious multivariate Markov chain model in prediction.
An Overview of Cognitive Remediation Therapy for People with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Galletly Cherrie , Rigby Ashlee
Published: February 2013

Cognitive remediation refers to nonpharmacological methods of improving cognitive function in people with severe mental disorders. Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) can be delivered via computerised programs, of varying length and complexity, or can be undertaken one-on-one by a trained clinician. There has been a considerable interest in cognitive remediation, driven by recognition that cognitive deficits are a major determinant of outcome in people with severe, chronic mental illnesses. CRT has been shown to be effective, especially if combined with vocational rehabilitation.
Unusually High Predation on Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus) by Female Leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Waterberg Mountains, South Africa
Authors: Jooste E. , Pitman R.T. , van Hoven W. , Swanepoel L.H.
Published: February 2013

Leopards do not preferentially favour baboons as prey, but they are considered the primary predators of baboons across Africa. Even in areas where baboons are abundant, their contribution to leopard diet seldom exceeds 5% of biomass. It is suggested that the extreme aggressiveness of baboons, group vigilance and their high mobility when escaping may limit leopard predation. Male baboons are particularly aggressive, and retaliation often leads to the death of the leopard. However, evidence suggests that leopards may learn to catch and kill certain dangerous prey. This study reports predation on chacma baboons by 3 female leopards on a private game reserve in the Waterberg Mountains of South Africa. Potential leopard feeding sites were identified using global positioning system (GPS) location clusters obtained from GPS collars. Over a 5-month period, we investigated 200 potential leopard feeding sites and located 96 leopard feeding/kill sites. Baboons constituted 18.7% of the leopards’ biomass intake. The majority of baboons preyed upon were adults and 70% of the kills were diurnal. In terms of the measured variables, there were no significant differences in the way the leopards preyed upon baboons, compared to the rest of the prey species.
Non-Human Predator Interactions with Wild Great Apes in Africa and the Use of Camera Traps to Study Their Dynamics
Authors: Klailova Michelle , Casanova Catarina , Henschel Philipp , Lee Phyllis , Rovero Francesco , Todd Angelique
Published: February 2013

The slow life histories of great apes (hereafter ‘apes’) combined with a growing inventory of predation incidents suggest that apes may be strongly affected by direct predation, as well as by predation risk. Predation risk may shape and increase behavioural flexibility by forcing individuals to adapt their behaviour to predator patterns. Forest leopards are an apex predator of primates in African rain forests and may represent a significant risk to ape populations. More field data are needed to further elucidate the behavioural modifications of apes in response to predation. We present research methods that combine the use of remote camera traps, capture-mark-recapture statistics and occupancy modelling to study predator-African ape relationships and potential antipredator behaviour through spatial variation in species co-occurrence patterns.
Life and Dinner under the Shared Umbrella: Patterns in Felid and Primate Communities
Authors: Burnham Dawn , Hinks Amy E. , Macdonald David W.
Published: February 2013

Sympatry between primates and felids is potentially relevant to both their behavioural ecology and their conservation. This paper briefly introduces felids and primates, for the purposes of assessing their interrelationships and the patterns in their spatial congruence using IUCN spatial data. First, we review evidence and opportunity for predator-prey interactions between the felids and primates. Second, we analyse the overlap between species of the two taxa to reveal the potential of particular felid species or guilds (unique combinations of 2 or more felids) to act as umbrellas for the conservation of co-occurring primates. Felid guilds vary in terms of their geographical ranges and numbers of members. Some felid species overlap the ranges of many primate species, and the most speciose felid guilds, while geographically limited in distribution, have the potential to act as protective umbrellas to large numbers of primate species. This prompts the hypothesis that threatened primates and felids are facing similar threats and might thus benefit from similar interventions, which is evaluated in a sister paper by Macdonald et al. in this special issue.
Fine-Mapping of 5q12.1–13.3 Unveils New Genetic Contributors to Caries
Authors: Shimizu T. , Deeley K. , Briseño-Ruiz J. , Faraco Jr. I.M. , Poletta F.A. , Brancher J.A. , Pecharki G.D. , Küchler E.C. , Tannure P.N. , Lips A. , Vieira T.C.S. , Patir A. , Yildirim M. , Mereb J.C. , Resick J.M. , Brandon C.A. , Cooper M.E. , Seymen F. , Costa M.C. , Granjeiro J.M. , Trevilatto P.C. , Orioli I.M. , Castilla E.E. , Marazita M.L. , Vieira A.R.
Published: February 2013

Caries is a multifactorial disease and little is still known about the host genetic factors influencing susceptibility. Our previous genome-wide linkage scan has identified the interval 5q12.1–5q13.3 as linked to low caries susceptibility in Filipino families. Here we fine-mapped this region in order to identify genetic contributors to caries susceptibility. Four hundred and seventy-seven subjects from 72 pedigrees with similar cultural and behavioral habits and limited access to dental care living in the Philippines were studied. DMFT scores and genotype data of 75 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were evaluated in the Filipino families with the Family-Based Association Test. For replication purposes, a total 1,467 independent subjects from five different populations were analyzed in a case-control format. In the Filipino cohort, statistically significant and borderline associations were found between low caries experience and four genes spanning 13 million base pairs (PART1, ZSWIM6, CCNB1, and BTF3). We were able to replicate these results in some of the populations studied. We detected PART1 and BTF3 expression in whole saliva, and the expression of BTF3 was associated with caries experience. Our results suggest BTF3 may have a functional role in protecting against caries.
Midkine Is Part of the Antibacterial Activity Released at the Surface of Differentiated Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Nordin Sara L. , Andersson Cecilia , Bjermer Leif , Bjartell Anders , Mörgelin Matthias , Egesten Arne
Published: February 2013

To resist infections, robust defense mechanisms of the airways are essential. Retinoic acid promotes differentiation and maintains the phenotypic characteristics of bronchial epithelium. In addition, it induces the expression of the antibacterial growth factor midkine (MK). In the present study, we explored the expression and antibacterial activity of MK in an airway context. MK was detected in bronchial epithelial cells of large airways and type 2 pneumocytes of normal lungs by immunohistochemistry. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed a surface-associated distribution, both on the ciliated apical and basolateral sides, and MK was detected in sputum obtained from healthy individuals by ELISA. In vitro, MK killed the common respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae at below micromolar concentrations, an activity retained in the presence of sodium chloride at physiological concentrations. The MK molecule consists of two domains with three anti-parallel β-sheets and a COOH-terminal tail. Although both the NH2- and COOH-terminal domains alone showed antibacterial activity, the COOH-terminal domain including the tail region possessed higher bactericidal activity, i.e. in the order of the holoprotein. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation of primary bronchial epithelial cells, using an air-liquid interface system, revealed bactericidal activity in the apical airway surface liquid, an activity that was reduced after immunoprecipitation of MK. This study shows that airway epithelial cells of large airways and alveoli have a constitutive production of MK that is part of the bactericidal activity present in the air surface liquid, at least in vitro, and may thus be an important part of this arm of airway host defense.
Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk in Haemodialysis Patients: Post hoc Analyses of the AURORA Study
Authors: Schneider Andreas , Jardine Alan G. , Schneider Markus P. , Holdaas Hallvard , Holme Ingar , Fellstroem Bengt C. , Zannad Faiez , Schmieder Roland E. ,   on behalf of the AURORA Study Group
Published: February 2013

Background: Haemodialysis patients are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. The aim of the current study was to characterise the role of traditional and uraemia-specific CV risk factors in this patient population. Methods: A post hoc analysis of the AURORA trial which enrolled 2,776 haemodialysis patients from 280 centres and had a mean follow-up period of 3.2 years. Determinants of CV endpoints (time to major cardiovascular event (MACE), cardiac event, CV death) were identified by univariate Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, independent determinants were identified by multivariate regression analysis. Results: For the primary endpoint MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiac death), multivariate analysis revealed that independent determinants were: age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.03 per year), serum phosphate level (HR 1.50 per mmol/l), albumin level (HR 0.94 per g/l), years on haemodialysis (HR 1.03 per year), diabetes mellitus (HR 1.38), preexisting coronary heart disease (HR 1.54) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level (HR 1.14 per mg/l). However, conventional risk factors such as smoking, dyslipidaemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure had no significant effect. Conclusions: Although we identify CRP, low albumin, and high phosphorus as risk factors for MACE, lowering CRP did not influence MACE outcomes in our trial. Caution is therefore warranted in implying risk factors being causal in end-stage renal disease.
Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Lingual Dystonia Induced by Speaking
Authors: Budak F. , Aydın E. , Koçkaya A. , Ilbay G.
Published: February 2013

Primary lingual dystonia is a rare condition, especially when it is only induced by speaking. Trihexyphenidyl failed to improve the symptoms. Several case series have demonstrated the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injection for the management of focal lingual movement disorders. Only 1 case of botulinum toxin injection for primary lingual dystonia induced by speaking has been reported, but this treatment has limited effectiveness. Our patient was treated with botulinum toxin using a superficial approach for injection into the tongue with continuing excellent results. Lingual botulinum toxin injection is a fairly simple, safe and viable treatment option for lingual dystonia induced by speaking.
Rapid Recovery from Acute Liver Failure Secondary to Pancreatoduodenectomy-Related Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Nirei Kazushige , Ogihara Norikazu , Kawamura Wataru , Kang Woodea , Moriyama Mitsuhiko
Published: February 2013

This report describes a case of liver failure secondary to pancreatoduodenectomy and rapid recovery following treatment. A 68-year-old woman with cancer on the ampulla of Vater underwent surgery for pancreatoduodenectomy. The patient developed liver failure 3 months postsurgically. She was hospitalized after presenting with jaundice, hypoalbuminemia and decreased serum zinc. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed a reduction in CT attenuation values postoperatively. We suspected fatty liver due to impaired absorption caused by pancreatoduodenectomy. We initiated treatment with branched-chain amino acids and a zinc formulation orally. Trace elements were administered intravenously. Two months after treatment, there was a noticeable improvement in CT findings. The patient’s jaundice and hypoalbuminemia prompted a liver biopsy, which led to a diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Eufriesea zhangi sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina), a new orchid bee from Brazil revealed by molecular and morphological characters
Authors: NEMÉSIO ANDRÉ , JÚNIOR JOSÉ E. SANTOS , SANTOS FABRÍCIO R.
Published: February 2013

Eufriesea zhangi Nemésio & Santos Júnior sp. n. is described from the ‘Parque Nacional de Ubajara’, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil. This orchid-bee species is superficially similar to the blackish species belonging to the Eufriesea mussitans (Fabricius, 1787) species-group. Molecular and morphological (both external and genital) characters were used to demonstrate that Eufriesea zhangi sp. n. is distinct from morphologically similar Eufriesea nordestina (Moure, 1999) and Eufriesea auriceps (Friese, 1899). Molecular data vaguely suggested that its closest relative is Eufriesea nigrohirta (Friese, 1899). This new species, as well as the recently described Eulaema quadragintanovem Nemésio & Ferrari, 2012, seems to be geographically restricted to ‘brejos de altitude’—Atlantic Forest physiognomies at the top of mountains in northeastern Brazil—in the state of Ceará. Due to their conspicuous isolation, these areas appear to be a rich source of unknown species that may rapidly vanish due to environmental disturbances.
Climatological Characteristics of Fog at Cape Town International Airport
Authors: van Schalkwyk Lynette , Dyson Liesl L.
Published: February 2013

The character of fog at Cape Town International Airport (CTIA), South Africa, is investigated, using 13 yr of historical hourly data during the period 1997–2010. Hourly surface observations are used to identify fog types that most frequently affect CTIA, by using an objective fog-type classification method that classifies fog events according to their primary formation mechanisms. Fog-type characteristics, such as the minimum visibility, duration, and time of onset and dissipation, are determined. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are used to determine the dominant synoptic circulation types associated with fog at CTIA. Results show that radiative processes are the most common cause of fog, with an enhanced likelihood of radiation fog in winter. Cloud-base-lowering fog and advection fog events are more likely at the start of the fog season. As the fog season (March–August) progresses, synoptic circulations associated with fog change from a dominant low pressure pattern along the west coast in March and April to a dominant interior high pressure pattern toward July and August. The techniques presented may be used to provide aviation forecasters with a detailed description of the types of fog that frequently occur, their characteristics, and the synoptic circulation associated therewith.
Cost Competitiveness Comparisons and Convergence in China
Authors: Kang Lili , Fei Peng
Published: February 2013

We investigate trends in regional cost competitiveness in China's four regions (Coastal, Northeast, Interior and West) over the past thirty-five years. We find that the Coastal region lost its initial cost competitiveness as its higher relative labour productivity (RLP) was offset by rapidly rising relative nominal labour costs (RNLC) due to rising wages. The Northeastern region still has cost advantages in the traditional Manufacturing sector. The Interior and West regions improved their competitiveness in most industries due to low RNLCs. There is convergence of relative unit labour cost (RULC) in all industries before 1995, but only in Finance after 1995. However there is convergence in RLP in five industries in 1978–95 and 1995–2009, offering prospects for robust growth for China into the future.
Organizational Identity and Organizational Identification
Authors: He Hongwei , Brown Andrew D.
Published: February 2013

In this article, we present an overview of the literatures on organizational identity and organizational identification. We provide overviews of four major approaches to organizational identity: functionalist, social constructionist, psychodynamic, and postmodern. The literature on organizational identification, by contrast, exhibits greater consensus due to the hegemonic power of social identity theory, and is predominantly functionalist. We review recent research on organizational identification regarding performance outcomes and antecedents (mainly focusing on leadership and the social exchange perspective), and in relation to change and virtual contexts. Some suggestions for further research are then offered. Finally an overview of the articles in this special issue is presented.
Incidence and outcome of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in a mixed medical-surgical ICU population: a retrospective study
Authors: Clec’h Christophe , Razafimandimby Dominique , Laouisset Mehdi , Chemouni Frank , Cohen Yves
Published: February 2013

Background

Contrast-enhanced radiographic examinations carry the risk of contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI). While CA-AKI is a well-known complication outside the intensive care unit (ICU) setting, data on CA-AKI in ICU patients are scarce. Our aim was to assess the incidence and short-term outcome of CA-AKI in a mixed medical-surgical ICU population.

Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis between September 2006 and December 2008 on adult patients who underwent a contrast-enhanced computed tomography for urgent diagnostic purposes. CA-AKI was defined as either a relative increment in serum creatinine of ≥ 25% or an absolute increment in serum creatinine of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hrs after contrast administration. ICU mortality rates of patients with and without CA-AKI were compared in univariate and multivariate analyses. The need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) was also recorded.

Results

CA-AKI occurred in 24/143 (16.8%) patients. Coexisting risk factors for kidney injury, such as sepsis, nephrotoxic drugs and hemodynamic failure were commonly observed in patients who developed CA-AKI. ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients with than in those without CA-AKI (50% vs 21%, p = 0.004). In multivariate logistic regression, CA-AKI remained associated with ICU mortality (odds ratio: 3.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-11.46, p = 0.04). RRT was required in 7 (29.2%) patients with CA-AKI.

Conclusions

In our cohort, CA-AKI was a frequent complication. It was associated with a poor short-term outcome and seemed to occur mainly when multiple risk factors for kidney injury were present. Administration of ICM should be considered as a potential high-risk procedure and not as a routine innocuous practice in ICU patients.
Validation of an information–motivation–behavioral skills model of self-care among Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gao Junling , Wang Jingli , Zhu Yaocheng , Yu Jinming
Published: February 2013

Background

Self-care is a crucial component of diabetes management. But comprehensive behavior change frameworks are needed to provide guidance for the design, implementation, and evaluation of diabetes self-care programs in diverse populations. We tested the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills (IMB) model in a sample of Chinese adults with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 222 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes was conducted in a primary care center. We collected information on demographics, provider-patient communication (knowledge), social support (motivation), self-efficacy (behavioral skills), and diabetes self-care (behavior). The values of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were also obtained. Measured variable path analyses were used to the IMB framework.

Results

Provider-patient communication (β = 0.12, p = .037), and social support (β = 0.19, p = .007) and self-efficacy (β = 0.41, p < .001) were independent, direct predictors of diabetes self-care behavior. Diabetes self-care behaviors had a direct effect on TC/HDL-C (β = −0.31, p < .001) and LDL-C/HDL-C (β = −0.30, p < .001).

Conclusions

Consistent with the IMB model, having better provider-patient communication, having social support, and having higher self-efficacy was associated with performing diabetes self-care behaviors; and these behaviors were directly linked to lipid control. The findings indicate that diabetes education programs should including strategies enhancing patients’ knowledge, motivation and behavioral skills to effect behavior change.
Mobile phones improve case detection and management of malaria in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Prue Chai S , Shannon Kerry L , Khyang Jacob , Edwards Laura J , Ahmed Sabeena , Ram Malathi , Shields Timothy , Hossain Mohammad S , Glass Gregory E , Nyunt Myaing M , Sack David A , Sullivan David J , Khan Wasif A
Published: February 2013

Background

The recent introduction of mobile phones into the rural Bandarban district of Bangladesh provided a resource to improve case detection and treatment of patients with malaria.

Methods

During studies to define the epidemiology of malaria in villages in south-eastern Bangladesh, an area with hypoendemic malaria, the project recorded 986 mobile phone calls from families because of illness suspected to be malaria between June 2010 and June 2012.

Results

Based on phone calls, field workers visited the homes with ill persons, and collected blood samples for malaria on 1,046 people. 265 (25%) of the patients tested were positive for malaria. Of the 509 symptomatic malaria cases diagnosed during this study period, 265 (52%) were detected because of an initial mobile phone call.

Conclusion

Mobile phone technology was found to be an efficient and effective method for rapidly detecting and treating patients with malaria in this remote area. This technology, when combined with local knowledge and field support, may be applicable to other hard-to-reach areas to improve malaria control.
Comparison of anti-inflammatory effects and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between therapy with quadruple-dose rosuvastatin and rosuvastatin combined with ezetimibe
Authors: Yamazaki Daisuke , Ishida Masaru , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Nobori Kiyoshi , Oguma Yasunori , Terata Yutaka , Koyama Takashi , Iino Kenji , Kosaka Toshimitsu , Ito Hiroshi
Published: February 2013

Background

Statins are frequently administered to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and vascular inflammation, because LDL-C and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are associated with high risk for cardiovascular events. When statins do not reduce LDL-C to desired levels in high-risk patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), ezetimibe can be added or the statin dose can be increased. However, which strategy is more effective for treating patients with CAD has not been established. The present study compares anti-inflammatory effects and lipid profiles in patients with CAD and similar LDL-C levels who were treated by increasing the statin dose or by adding ezetimibe to the original rosuvastatin dose to determine the optimal treatment for such patients.

Methods

46 patients with high-risk CAD and LDL-C and hs-CRP levels of >70 mg/dL and >1.0 mg/L, respectively, that were not improved by 4 weeks of rosuvastatin (2.5 mg/day) were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg (R10, n = 24) of rosuvastatin or 2.5 mg/day of rosuvastatin combined with 10 mg/day of ezetimibe (R2.5/E10, n = 22) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was a change in hs-CRP.

Results

Baseline characteristics did not significantly differ between the groups. At 12 weeks, LDL-C and inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and pentraxin 3) also did not significantly differ between the two groups (LDL-C: R10 vs. R2.5/E10: -19.4 ± 14.2 vs. -22.4 ± 14.3 mg/dL). However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly improved in the R10, compared with R2.5/E10 group (4.6 ± 5.9 vs. 0.0 ± 6.7 mg/dL; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Both enhanced therapies exerted similar anti-inflammatory effects under an equal LDL-C reduction in patients with high-risk CAD despite 2.5 mg/day of rosuvastatin. However, R10 elevated HDL-C more effectively than R2.5/E10.

Trial registration

UMIN000003746