bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adiksi Media Sosial pada Remaja Pengguna Instagram dan WhatsApp: Memahami Peran Need Fulfillment dan Social Media Engagement
Authors: Rahardjo Wahyu , Qomariyah Nurul , Andriani Inge , Hermita Matrissya , Zanah Firda Nur
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memeriksa pemenuhan kebutuhan apa yang memengaruhi kelekatan dan adiksi media sosial pada remaja. Partisipan penelitian ini berjumlah 384 orang remaja dari kawasan Jabodetabek dan beberapa kota lain sebagai pengguna Instagram dan WhatsApp. Teknik analisis utama yang digunakan adalah analisis jalur dengan SEM. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kedua model yang dibangun untuk penggunaan Instagram dan WhatsApp ternyata fit atau sesuai dengan data empirik. Artinya, beberapa jenis pemenuhan kebutuhan dan kelekatan dengan media sosial memengaruhi adiksi media sosial pada remaja. Pada penggunaan Instagram, ada dua kebutuhan yang berperan signifikan terhadap adiksi media sosial remaja melalui kelekatan media sosial, yaitu kebutuhan untuk membangun relasi sosial yang hangat, dan memperoleh kesenangan. Adapun pada penggunaan Whatsapp, ada empat kebutuhan yang berperan signifikan terhadap adiksi media sosial remaja melalui kelekatan media sosial, yaitu kebutuhan untuk mampu melakukan banyak hal, membangun relasi sosial yang hangat, memperoleh kesenangan, serta merasa aman dan mampu mengendalikan situasi
Readiness to Change in Higher Education: Do Demographic Differences in Psychosocial Predictors Matter?
Authors: Mardhatillah Amy , Rahman Shukran Abdul
Published: February 2020

The study aims to (1) examine demographic differences in higher education employee’s readiness to change, and (2) Identify whether several psychosocial predictors affect higher education employee’s readiness to change across different demographic backgrounds. A total of 214 academics and 214 non-academic staff participated in this study. 34.84% of the respondents were in the age range of 31-40 years old, 30.31% in the age range of 41-50 years old. 20.76% were between 21-30 years old, and 14.08% were 51 years and above. 64.44% consists of female respondents, while 35.56% are male respondents. We found that there was a statistically significant difference in the scores of employees’ readiness to change based on gender and age. Openness to experience, management support, and perceived appropriateness of change also significantly predicted employees’ readiness for change, particularly among non-academic staff. Meanwhile, change efficacy significantly predicted readiness for change among academics. Individual spirituality significantly predicted readiness to change for older employees than younger employees. The study shed light on the possible design for an intervention program in order to enhance employees’ readiness to change in the context of the higher learning institution. Organizational change initiatives may show the potential to be implemented in a higher learning institution.
A Comparative Study of Microbial and Proximate Composition of Hand Shelled and Machine Shelled Melon Seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L.) as Sold in an Abeokuta Market
Authors: Sotayo O. P. , Bankole M. O. , Ejilude S.
Published: February 2020

Melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.) is a widely cultivated and consumed oil-seed in West Africa. Its seeds deteriorate quickly in storage due to microbial attack introduced during the shelling stage of processing.

Aim: This study investigated and compared the microbial and proximate composition of Hand shelled and machined melon seed as sold in the market in Abeokuta, Nigeria.

Study Design: The total bacterial, total fungal, Staphylococcal and coliform counts of the machine shelled and hand shelled melon seeds samples were determined. 

Methodology: The mould count was estimated as SFU/g and isolates (Aspergillus) were identified through spore formation, production of fruiting bodies, morphological and molecular characteristics.  The proximate and chemical compositions-Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and Peroxide Value (PV)-were determined by standard analytical methods. Data were analysed using analysis of variance.

Results: There is no significant (p<0.05) difference in the proximate composition of both the hand shelled and machine shelled melon seed save the pH. The proximate compositions of hand shelled and machine shelled melon samples were within the recommended limits for Curcubitaceae, both FFA (1.88±0.02%, 1.88±0.01%) and PV(2.64±0.01 meq/kg, 2.65±0.02 meq/kg) values respectively were within the Codex Alimentarius range for oily seeds. The pH value of Hand shelled (5.57±0.09) is significantly higher than Machine shelled (6.10±0.06). The fungal count of machine shelled (92.33x108 SFU/g) was significantly higher than hand shelled (38.00x108 SFU/g). Staphylococcal count of hand shelled (59.00x108 CFU/g) was significantly higher than machine shelled (42.00x108 CFU/g). However, there is no significant difference in total bacterial and coliform counts of both melon samples. The fungal species found in hand shelled and machine shelled melon samples were mainly genus Aspergillus with  A. niger with  percentage of occurrence (30%, 22%) and A. flavus (8%, 11%) respectively. Bacillus subtilis (14%, 40%) and Staphylococcus aureus (43%, 20%) were also found in hand shelled and machine shelled melon. These organisms are of spoilage and food poisoning importance.

Conclusion: The study concluded machine shelled melon harbours more spoilage microorganisms and may spoil faster than hand shelled melon seed.
Small-scale Mushroom Production Unit for the Upliftment of Rural Economy and Women Empowerment in India: A Review
Authors: Dey Anwesha , Patel Shubhi , Rashid Md. Mahtab
Published: February 2020

India is popularly known as an agriculture driven nation, since the majority of its population is employed in agriculture, thus, making agriculture backbone of the Indian economy. Agriculture is an engine of growth and poverty reduction in the majority of developing nations. Strengthening rural people, directly and indirectly, contributes to nations’ development. As in India, the rural population mostly comprises of marginal and landless farmers, there is a need for a low cost and maximum profit plan to enhance both their income as well as socio-economic status. One such plan is to set up a small-scale mushroom production unit which requires by-products of the agricultural farm as input and occupy less agricultural land space. Mushroom cultivation is a minimum input maximum output venture proving to be an additional source of income. The vegetarian population residing in the urban areas of our country has now accepted mushrooms in their diet because of its nutritional values so the mushroom produced from the nearby rural areas has a good market of selling their products easily and at a good price. Thus, the mushroom is a boon to both producer and consumer giving it the status of superfood. Mushroom cultivation can also be a way to empower the rural women, provide additional income for the sustenance of farming families and tackle the problem of lack of nutritional requirement of the rural people. Rural women are the most productive workforce in the economy, raising the need to strengthen and improve their socio-economic status. A low-cost small-scale mushroom production unit can generate income through the sale of spawns, in addition to the sale of fresh mushroom in a sustainable approach by utilizing farm by-products as their raw material.
Antifungal Activity in Urginea indica Kunth. (Asparagaceae)
Authors: Mohana B. , Kameshwari Shiva , Kumar M. K. Prasana
Published: February 2020

Aqueous extract of Urginea indica kunth. (Udupi acccession) was screened for antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Magnaporthe orzae, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium moniliformae by poisoned food technique. The results confirmed Urginea indica extracts showed very significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and showed significant inhibition for Sclerotium rolfsii and Magnapothea orzaea it showed no activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. All the activity was evaluated to determine the lowest concentration required to inhibit visible mycelial growth of the pathogen at minmum concentration. Fusarium oxysporum showed very significant inhibition in 10% concentration (Reconfirmed) while Sclerotium showed significant inhibition in 25% concentration followed by Magnoporthe oryzae. The number of sclerotia spores formed was also reduced drastically. These results show that a potential and safe antifungal agent can be obtained from Urginea.
Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Surgical Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Comparing VP Shunt
Authors: Rahman Md. Moshiur , Rahman K. M. Ziaur
Published: February 2020

Background: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) affects the older people and the presentations are gait disturbance, incontinence and dementia. The reason is still unknown and there is increased CSF volume causing pressure to the periventricular brain causing the symptoms where there is no evidence of absorption failure or obstruction of the CSF pathway.

Aims: The main objective of this study is to compare the surgical outcome of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and VP shunt (VPS) in NPH.

Methodology: A total of 24 patients were included in the study where 12 patients underwent ETV and 12 patients VPS. Patients having a definite cause of hydrocephalus and multiple co-morbid diseases were excluded from the study. Various Scoring systems were studied to see the efficiency of ETV.

Results: About 60% of patients were successfully recovered. 40% needed to revision surgery either VP shunt or LP shunt. Some scales showed higher effieciency of ETV.

Conclusion: ETV in NPH is a safe and effective procedure. Whether the CSF absorption is hampered at arachnoid granulation is doubtful for failure cases. ETV is a short procedure with a good success rate in selected patients.
Isolation and Characterization of Carbonoclastic Bacteria Diversity in Oil-contaminated Soil in Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Nyarko H. D. , Okpokwasili G. C. , Joel O. F. , Galyuon I. A. K.
Published: February 2020

Aims: The study aimed at the quantification, isolation and characterization of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated and pristine soils.

Methodology: Soil samples from petroleum hydrocarbon polluted sites at auto-mechanic workshops, a mechanic village, as well as pristine (control) soils, comprising of 14 sampling locations within Cape Coast Metropolis in the Central Region of Ghana were collected using standard sampling techniques. Collected soil samples were treated and cultured while enumerations, isolations and characterization of carbonoclastic bacteria associated were evaluated.

Results: Bacterial populations isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted sites had higher aerobic counts ranging from 7.24-8.02 log10 cfu/g of soil when compared with the pristine sites (from 6.79-7.61 log10 cfu/g of soil). Also, soil samples from the mechanic village (8.76 to 7.48 log10 cfu/g of soil) recorded more bacterial counts than those from the mechanic garages (8.02 to 7.24 log10 cfu/g of soil). The calculated percentage profiles of all the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the total culturable heterotrophic bacteria were low throughout the study, even though the percentage scores were all above 50%. A total of 19 hydrocarbon degraders were isolated. The isolates identified belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Proteus, Bacillus and Enterobacter.

Conclusion: The outcome of the study based on the bacteria populations, identification profiles, coupled with their survival and multiplications in designated medium amended with crude oil as the carbon and energy sources, suggest their petroleum hydrocarbon degrading capabilities, hence may be used in bioremediation applications.
Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infection
Authors: Flores John , Davis Andrew M. , Hazra Aniruddha
Published: December 2024

This JAMA Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the 2024 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on use of doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxyPEP) for bacterial sexually transmitted infection prevention.
The 2024 Presidential Election—An Inflection Point for Science
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: December 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses the erosion of public trust in science during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides ideas for improving scientific literacy and communication to increase trust in public health and science.
Cotton Swab Couching of Dislocated Crystalline Lens in Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Gu Sophie Z. , Oh Jin Kyun , Horowitz Jason D.
Published: December 2024

This case report discusses use of bedside manual repositioning of an anteriorly dislocated crystalline lens in a patient with Marfan syndrome.
Hydroxyl‐Functionalized Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity and Dual‐Functionalized Blends for High‐Performance Membrane‐Based Gas Separations
Authors: Wang Yingge , Alaslai Nasser , Ghanem Bader , Ma Xiaohua , Hu Xiaofan , Balcik Marcel , Liu Qing , Abdulhamid Mahmoud A. , Han Yu , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Pinnau Ingo
Published: December 2024

Membrane technology has shown significant growth during the past two decades in the gas separation industry due to its energy‐savings, compact and modular design, continuous operation, and environmentally benign nature. Robust materials with higher permeability and selectivity are key to reduce capital and operational cost, pushing it forward to replace or debottleneck conventional energy‐intensive unit operations such as distillation. Recently designed ladder polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) and polyimides of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐PI) with pores <20 Å have demonstrated excellent gas permeation performance. Here, a series of plasticization‐resistant PIM‐based membrane materials is reported, including the first example of a hydroxyl‐functionalized triptycene‐ and Tröger's base‐derived ladder PIM and two PIM‐PI homopolymers and a series of dual‐functionalized polyimide blends containing hydroxyl‐ and carboxyl‐functionalized groups. Specifically, 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA)‐based PIM‐PI blends demonstrated extremely high selectivity for a variety of industrially important applications. An optimized polyimide blend containing ─OH and ─COOH groups showed permselectivity values of 136 for CO2/CH4, 11.4 for O2/N2 and 636 for H2/CH4. Such extreme size‐sieving capabilities are attributed to physical crosslinking induced by strong hydrogen bonding forming tightly structured polymer networks. The study provides a new general strategy for developing plasticization resistant, robust, and highly‐selective PIM‐based membrane materials.
Cobaltocenium‐Based Metallosurfactants with Unconventional Acid‐Resistant Corrosion Protection Behavior
Authors: Yan Jing , Zhang Xue , Xu Peng , Zhang Junping , Li Xuezhuang , Zhong Fenglin , Xu Yunxin , Zhang Qiuyu , Zhu Youliang , Yan Yi
Published: December 2024

Developing highly efficient surfactant‐based corrosion inhibitor with multiple interaction sites toward metal surface is crucial for both industry and academy, which can advance the understanding of the anti‐corrosion mechanism and the structure‐activity relationship of inhibitor. However, achieving this goal remains a challenge because of the limited variety of ionic group and the structure of surfactant. Herein, a series of cobaltocenium‐based metallosurfactants is developed through click chemistry, where the cationic cobaltocenium is an ionic group and triazole is a potential coordination site with a metal surface. These metallosurfactants exhibit lower critic micelle concentration than corresponding quaternized ammonium with the same alkyl chains. Owing to the synergetic effect from coordination between triazole and metal surface as well as potential electrostatic interactions between cobaltocenium/protonated triazole with metal surface, these metallosurfactants exhibit highly efficient anti‐corrosion performance to mild steel with inhibitive efficiency as high as 95%. Moreover, such a synergetic effect enforces the hydrophilic group anchored to the metal surface and the tilted angle of the hydrophobic chain increases by increasing the chain length, which results unconventional acid‐resistant corrosion protection behavior.
Thermal Drawing of MoS2 Integrated PVDF Triboelectric Fiber for Continuous Respiration Monitoring
Authors: Sadeque Md Sazid Bin , Rahman Mahmudur , Hasan Md Mehdi , Ordu Mustafa
Published: December 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are environmentally sustainable energy harvesting devices that can convert mechanical and biomechanical energy into electrical output through the synergistic process of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. Incorporating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers into flexible TENG is particularly advantageous because of the abundance of highly electronegative fluorine ions and high dielectric constant. MoS2 can interact with PVDF dipoles to improve PVDF's β phase content, thereby improving the triboelectric property of the polymer nanocomposite fibers. In this study, thermally drawn PVDF TENG fibers are fabricated, incorporating various concentrations of MoS2 for the first time. The enhanced β phase property in the nanocomposite fiber improves the triboelectric output where 3 wt.% MoS2 – PVDF fiber demonstrates a maximum peak power output of 17.64 µW, exhibiting a threefold increment compared to 0 wt.% MoS2 – PVDF fiber. Simultaneous integration of multiple nanomaterials (MoS2 and graphene) is also investigated to analyze the triboelectric fiber's β phase formation and electrical performance. Harnessing the superior sensitivity of the MoS2 integrated triboelectric fiber, a self‐powered wearable mask is designed for continuous human respiration monitoring.
Fluorescent Nanoparticles Achieve Efficient Photothermal Conversion and Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy Through Intermolecular Aggregation‐Caused Quenching
Authors: Lin Jundong , Cai Xiaoxia , Zou Fen , Xie Wenjie , Zou Zhihao , Chen Muqi , Zhang Yixun , He Huichan , Xu Qianfeng , Zhong Guowei , Cai Shanghua , Wu Zhenjie , Lu Jianming , Ye Jianheng , Liang Yingke , Huang Yaqiang , Zhuo Yangjia , Yang Huikang , Zhong Weide
Published: December 2024

The efficacy of photothermal therapy (PTT) in antitumor applications is often limited by inadequate tumor targeting and low photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of photosensitizers. In this study, we designed a photothermal nanoparticle, MPF@IR780, to enhance photosensitizers' targeting and PCE. First, MPF@IR780 improves the delivery of photosensitizers to tumor tissue through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Furthermore, hydrophobic ferrocene was incorporated into the nanoparticle core to increase structural compactness, leading to a strong aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect and an improved PCE of the photosensitizer under near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation. Mechanistically, MPF@IR780 induces PANoptosis and ferroptosis in cancer cells through thermal damage and oxidative stress, providing an efficient approach for oncotherapy. This strategy of amplifying the effects of PTT by enhancing the ACQ of photosensitizers offers a promising method for advancing the next generation of PTT.
In Situ Growth of ZnAl‐LDH on Biomass Carbon for Highly Efficient Photodegradation of Malachite Green (MG) From Water
Authors: Su Di , Xu Wen , Yang Dongbin , Lei Jiandu , Liu Jing , Chen Chunping , O'Hare Dermot
Published: December 2024

As a renewable new material with high void ratio, large adsorption surface area, and high adsorption rate, biomass carbon (BC) is a promising adsorbent, which has received wide attention for the degradation of dyes. However, physical adsorption cannot completely remove dyes, and there is also the risk of secondary pollution. ZnAl‐layered double hydroxide (ZnAl‐LDH) is a semiconductor photocatalyst with abundant active sites and excellent degradation efficiency. In this paper, we have designed a ZnAl‐layered double oxide@biomass carbon (ZnAl‐LDO@BC) formed by in situ grown LDH on the waste poplar wood as a synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic system. BC as a support could enhance the dispersity of layered double oxide (LDO), whereas LDO could provide photodegradation function to BC. Our studies indicate that the prepared ZnAl‐LDO@BC presents lower bandgap energy, higher surface area, and lower complexation efficiency of holes and electrons than delignified biomass (DB). As a result, ZnAl‐LDO@BC increased the removal rate of malachite green (MG) to 85.8%, which is 3.5 times higher than DB. The maximum removal rate was close to 98%, and the removal capacity was 1954 mg g−1 under an initial concentration of 200 mg L−1 of MG dye, and the possible mechanism of MG degradation was also investigated. In this study, the conversion of agroforestry wastes into high‐value materials applied to dye degradation provides a new pathway for the production of stable, sustainable, and superior photocatalytic material.
Surface Modification of Polyethylene Using Soil Fungus With Dichlorophenol‐Degrading Ability and Analysis of its Surface Characteristics
Authors: Nakago Tomoya , Takahashi Mizuki , Oyama Yumi , Ogawa Tomohiro , Shiraishi Kohei
Published: December 2024

The surface of polyethylene (PE) plastic bags was modified by a dichlorophenol (DCP)‐degrading soil fungus: Mortierella sp., zygomycete fungus. The modified surface was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), water drop contact angle measurements, and fluorescence analysis. In the presence of the fungus, the PE plastic bag samples showed improved hydrophilic properties as a result of OH‐group modification. AFM height and phase images showed that the elastic modulus of the PE plastic bag surface increased when the fungus was present. The results showing that the change in the elastic modulus of the PE plastic bag samples was not proportional to their hydrophilicity, suggests that the modification of OH groups and the formation of C–C cross‐linked structures occur in a competitive manner.
Doctoral students' well‐being through the lens of social practice theory: An auto‐photography study
Authors: Joseph‐Richard Paul , McCray Janet
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to explore doctoral students' (DS) perceptions of social practices that contribute to their well‐being. Utilising social practice theory, specifically the framework of social practices as an interplay of ‘materials’, ‘meanings’ and ‘competences’, we examine which social practices enhance DS well‐being and the contexts in which these practices occur. We employ an auto‐photography methodology. Twelve UK‐based DS took photographs of places that relate to their well‐being and participated in interviews to explain their photos. On completing a three‐stage data analytic procedure, our findings show that DS well‐being is shaped by social practices shared between students and supervisors, where informal settings and the significance of place play a crucial role. We demonstrate that such settings, both on and off campus, act as facilitators for the performance of well‐being‐enhancing practices. Instead of solely attributing DS well‐being to micro‐level individual choices or macro‐level institutional factors, as is often conceptualised, we propose that scholars must focus on the dynamic interplay of social practices that shape DS well‐being. By demonstrating how social practices connect micro‐level experiences with macro‐level structures, we provide a deeper understanding of what shapes well‐being and highlight the essential role of place. Understanding these practices can inform targeted interventions and policies, ultimately enhancing well‐being among doctoral students.
Horst Oertel and the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology: Impacts on vital statistics and the origins of the short‐lived heyday of autopsies in America
Authors: Wright James R.
Published: December 2024

Horst Oertel was an early 20th century pathologist who began his career as an instructor of clinical pathology at the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1899. In 1903, he was appointed pathologist for City Hospital, an institution for indigent patients on New York City's Blackwell's Island. In 1907, Oertel became the first director of the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology, a unique new blended public‐private entity based at City Hospital, that was named after a wealthy benefactor. The Institute was established to utilize the Island's indigent population to perform anatomical pathology research on diseases of aging. Oertel and the Institute thrived until 1911, when a newly‐appointed New York City bureaucrat seeking patronage and graft began meddling in the Institute's governance. After press coverage of a vitriolic one‐week‐long exchange of charges and counter‐charges between the Institute's Board of Directors and the bureaucrat, the Institute imploded. While these events meant that the Institute's tenure on Blackwell's Island would soon be coming to an end, Oertel continued to work and submit articles from the Institute throughout 1912. In May 1913, he published “The Inaccuracy of American Mortality Statistics” in American Underwriter, a bombshell article documenting low autopsy rates and high clinical diagnostic error rates at Bellevue Hospital during 1912. This, along with similar studies by Richard Cabot at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, highlighted fundamental problems in hospital care and medical education across America. Simultaneously, Oertel led the Public Health, Hospital and Budget Committee of the New York Academy of Medicine which reported that, in a selected series of large American hospitals, the autopsy percentage when compared to the number of deaths was one‐eighth the rates in Canada, Great Britain, Austria, and Germany. This paper addresses how American autopsy rates skyrocketed and then plummeted again during the mid‐20th century.
Summary of Evidence on Nutritional Management for Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Dan Xin , He Ya‐Lin , Tian Ya‐Lin , Chen Tang‐Lin , Yu Jia‐Yi
Published: December 2024

Objective

This paper aims to consolidate the most robust evidence on nutritional strategies for patients undergoing chemotherapy, offering evidence‐based guidance for clinical practice. The review highlights critical evidence gaps in nutritional therapy for advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients undergoing systemic therapy, integrating findings from both prospective and retrospective studies.

Method

According to the “6S” evidence resource pyramid model, clinical decision‐making tools, guidelines, expert consensus, and systematic reviews on nutritional management for chemotherapy patients were systematically retrieved from national and international databases. The methodological quality of the selected literature was evaluated using AGREE II for guidelines, the JBI Evidence‐Based Healthcare Center's standards for systematic reviews, and expert consensus developed by evidence‐based practice experts.

Results

A total of 47 articles were analyzed, consisting of 12 guidelines, 12 expert consensus statements, and 23 systematic reviews. The findings were categorized into five dimensions: interdisciplinary collaboration, nutritional screening and assessment, nutritional requirements, nutritional therapy, and discharge and follow‐up, resulting in the identification of 62 pieces of relevant evidence.

Conclusions

The study provides comprehensive, evidence‐based recommendations for nutritional management in chemotherapy patients. Application of the evidence should be adapted to specific clinical scenarios, patient conditions, preferences, and expert judgment to ensure both feasibility and relevance in clinical practice.

Contributions

This review consolidates diverse nutritional management strategies into a unified framework, addressing evidence gaps in AGC under systemic therapy. Integrating prospective and retrospective studies with interdisciplinary insights provides evidence‐based recommendations to enhance patient care through personalized and standardized approaches.
Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension
Authors: Cornelius Ryan J. , Maeoka Yujiro , Shinde Ujwal , McCormick James A.
Published: December 2024

The rare disease Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension (FHHt) is caused by mutations in the genes encoding Cullin 3 (CUL3), Kelch‐Like 3 (KLHL3), and two members of the With‐No‐Lysine [K] (WNK) kinase family, WNK1 and WNK4. In the kidney, these mutations ultimately cause hyperactivation of NCC along the renal distal convoluted tubule. Hypertension results from increased NaCl retention, and hyperkalemia by impaired K
+
secretion by downstream nephron segments. CUL3 and KLHL3 are now known to form a ubiquitin ligase complex that promotes proteasomal degradation of WNK kinases, which activate downstream kinases that phosphorylate and thus activate NCC. For CUL3, potent effects on the vasculature that contribute to the more severe hypertensive phenotype have also been identified. Here we outline the
in vitro
and
in vivo
studies that led to the discovery of the molecular pathways regulating NCC and vascular tone, and how FHHt‐causing mutations disrupt these pathways. Potential mechanisms for variability in disease severity related to differential effects of each mutation on the kidney and vasculature are described, and other possible effects of the mutant proteins beyond the kidney and vasculature are explored. © 2024 American Physiological Society.
Compr Physiol
14:5839‐5874, 2024.
Fish Gut Metabarcoding Detects Diets and Parasites Simultaneously
Authors: Rijal Dilli Prasad , Arneberg Per , Hanebrekke Tanja , Johansen Torild , Sint Daniela , Traugott Michael , Skern‐Mauritzen Mette , Westgaard Jon‐Ivar
Published: December 2024

Understanding the dietary habits and trophic niches of species is crucial for the conservation and management of species and ecosystems. Science‐based fisheries management requires large‐scale data of prey and parasites of fish species that enables the analysis of multitrophic interactions in an ecosystem. Using one of the commercially exploited beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) from the Barents Sea, our study aims to understand its diet composition and parasites. We used 12S and COI markers to analyze the stomach and intestine contents of uncleaned, water‐cleaned, and bleach‐cleaned fish samples to also trace how external contamination affects diet analysis of fishes. We detected 19 potential prey taxa each of vertebrates and invertebrates from the guts of beaked redfish. While invertebrates were the major food source of redfish, our analysis indicated only two taxa of vertebrates that significantly contributed to the diet composition. In addition, we also detected two jellyfish species which were among the dominant prey taxa. Several parasites that have been frequently reported from redfish by visual examination were also detected by metabarcoding of gut contents. As in metabarcoding studies in general, it is important to build the reference libraries of fish parasites to fully harness the power of molecular approaches in achieving multi‐trophic interactions. We underscore that metabarcoding captures both the common prey as well as delicate taxa which may not be available for visual examinations such as jellyfishes or other cryptic taxa. Our study showcases the importance of gut metabarcoding in terms of simultaneous detection of diets and parasites.
Refining management strategies for Lennox–Gastaut syndrome: Updated algorithms and practical approaches
Authors: Auvin Stéphane , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Falip Mercè , Striano Pasquale , Cross J. Helen
Published: December 2024

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) characterized by multiple types of drug‐resistant seizures (which must include tonic seizures) with classical onset before 8 years (although some cases with later onset have also been described), abnormal electroencephalographic features, and cognitive and behavioral impairments. Management and treatment of LGS are challenging, due to associated comorbidities and the treatment resistance of seizures. A panel of five epileptologists reconvened to provide updated guidance and treatment algorithms for LGS, incorporating recent advancements in antiseizure medications (ASMs) and understanding of DEEs. The resulting consensus document is based on current evidence from clinical trials and clinical practice and the panel's expert opinion, focusing on new ASMs with novel mechanisms of action, such as highly purified cannabidiol and fenfluramine. For a patient presenting with newly diagnosed LGS or suspected LGS, the recommended first‐line treatment continues to be valproate. If this is ineffective as monotherapy, adjunctive therapy with, firstly, lamotrigine and secondly, rufinamide, is recommended. If seizure control remains suboptimal, subsequent adjunctive ASM treatment options include (alphabetically) cannabidiol, clobazam, felbamate, fenfluramine, and topiramate, although evidence for these is more limited. Whenever possible, no more than two ASMs should be used together. Nonpharmacological treatment approaches should be used in conjunction with ASM therapy and include ketogenic diet therapies, vagus nerve stimulation, and corpus callosotomy. Patients with LGS that has evolved from another type of epilepsy who are not already being treated with valproate should be transitioned to valproate and then managed using the same algorithm as for newly diagnosed LGS. Older patients with established LGS should be reviewed at least annually by a suitably experienced neurologist. The revised guidance aims to improve seizure control and quality of life for patients with LGS through personalized, evidence‐based treatment strategies while addressing the challenges of accurate diagnosis and management in a rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape.

Plain Language Summary

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe type of epilepsy that usually starts in childhood but continues into adulthood. It is characterized by a variety of different types of seizures (abnormal electrical activity in the brain), which are difficult to treat and often cause people with the condition to fall and injure themselves. Most people with LGS have learning difficulties and need a lot of support, often in residential care. The authors are experts in treating people with LGS and this article provides up‐to‐date guidance and advice on how best to care for those with the condition.
Verbal paired associates learning lateralizes left hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Sitoh Andy , Weintrob David , Anderson Jacqueline F. I. , Jackman Angela R. , O'Shea Marie F. , Jackson Graeme D. , Perucca Piero , Tailby Chris
Published: December 2024

Objective

Left hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is associated with verbal‐specific memory impairment. This association is well established for word list learning tasks, and there is some evidence that this may also be relevant to verbal paired associates learning (PAL), though the evidence is limited. We aimed to evaluate the utility of verbal PAL as a marker for left HS, compare this with word list learning, and derive cutoff scores to facilitate clinical application.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and PAL scores obtained from 116 surgically naïve temporal lobe epilepsy patients with HS (14 bilateral, 57 left, 45 right; range of N across test indices: 77–110).

Results

Relative to right HS, left HS and bilateral HS were associated with poorer performance on PAL Hard Pairs (p < 0.001) and all RAVLT indices (p < 0.001), with performance comparable in left HS and bilateral HS (p > 0.05). PAL Hard Pairs and all RAVLT indices displayed acceptable discriminatory ability (AUC > 0.70) in classifying left‐sided HS (unilateral left or bilateral HS), with RAVLT delayed recall the strongest predictor (AUC = 0.87; PAL Hard Pairs Learning and Delay = 0.80 and 0.83, respectively). Optimal cutoff scores for left‐sided HS classification were generated.

Significance

Although the RAVLT delayed recall was the strongest predictor of left‐sided HS, PAL Hard Pairs also demonstrated excellent discriminatory capacity, offering an additional cognitive marker of left hippocampal integrity to complement word list learning in clinical assessments.

Plain Language Statement

The results of the study show that the ability to learn unrelated pairs of words (e.g., “silver”–“run”) is compromised in the setting of epilepsy with left‐sided hippocampal sclerosis (HS), be it unilateral left HS or bilateral HS. The ability of unrelated word pair learning to discriminate left vs. right HS was comparable to word list learning, a task with demonstrated sensitivity to left HS. Our results suggest that the ability to learn unrelated pairs of words provides another useful marker of left‐sided hippocampal compromise in epilepsy. We provide cutoff scores to facilitate clinical interpretation.
The Dynamic and Heterogeneous Effects of COVID‐19 Vaccination Mandates in the USA
Authors: Nguyen Manh‐Hung , Hoang Viet‐Ngu , Nghiem Son , Nguyen Lan Anh
Published: December 2024

Mandatory vaccination for COVID‐19 has received intense political and ethical debates, while the literature on the causal effects of vaccination mandates on vaccination outcomes is very limited. In this study, we examine the effects of the announcement of vaccine mandates (VMs) for workers working in three sectors, including health, education, and state governments, on the uptake of first‐dose and second‐dose vaccination across 50 states in the United States of America. We show that VM announcements have heterogeneous effects; hence, standard two‐way fixed effects and difference‐in‐differences estimators are biased. We present evidence for the heterogeneous treatment effects in single and two‐treatment settings. In the setting of a single treatment, when treating all VM announcements equally, our results show that VM announcement was associated with an increase of 20.6% first‐dose uptake from 1 July to 31 August 2021. In two‐treatment settings, our results suggest that VM announcements for workers in health or state government sectors have significant causal effects on first‐dose vaccination. Additionally, VM announcements do not have significant causal effects on second‐dose uptake. Our results are robust to the choice of differing outcome variables and periods after controlling for state‐level covariates, including COVID‐19 death, unemployment, and cumulative two‐dose vaccination.
Efficacy and Failure Patterns Following Target Volume and Dose Reduction After Neoadjuvant Therapy in Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Xiong , Wu Zheng , Qiu Zichen , Lin Minchuan , Tao Yalan , Su Yong
Published: December 2024

Background

In this study, we aimed to analyze the efficacy and failure patterns of contouring target volume based on the residual tumor and decreasing the dose to the area of tumor regression after neoadjuvant therapy in locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the patients with locoregionally advanced HNSCC treated by our group from May 2011 to June 2023. All patients received neoadjuvant therapy followed by intensity‐modulated radiation therapy. Gross tumor volumes for the primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes were delineated according to postneoadjuvant extension. The tumor shrinkage after neoadjuvant therapy was included in the high‐risk clinical target volume (CTV1) and prescribed a dose of 60 Gy. Kaplan–Meier analysis was employed to calculate local recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), regional recurrence‐free survival (RRFS), overall survival (OS), and distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS). Failure patterns were analyzed by mapping the location and extent of locoregional recurrence onto pretreatment planning CT.

Results

This study included a total of 114 patients, with a median follow‐up of 34 months. The 5‐year LRFS, RRFS, OS, and DMFS rates were 70.2%, 70.7%, 74.8%, and 73.8%, respectively. Among the 14 patients with recurrences, there were 5 local failures, 6 regional recurrences, and 3 both local and regional recurrences. All local recurrences occurred within the 95% isodose line, classified as in‐field failures. Only one regional recurrence was marginal failure. No out‐of‐field failure was observed.

Conclusion

Reduction of target volume after neoadjuvant therapy and distribution of 60 Gy of dose to the tumor regression area may be feasible.
Interval cancer risk after the upper age limit of screening has been reached: Informing risk stratification in FIT‐based colorectal cancer screening
Authors: van Stigt Brenda J. , Lansdorp‐Vogelaar Iris , Spaander Manon C. W. , van Vuuren Anneke J. , Dekker Evelien , van Kemenade Folkert J. , Nagtegaal Iris D. , van Leerdam Monique E. , Toes‐Zoutendijk Esther
Published: December 2024

Upper age limits are currently fixed for all fecal immunochemical test (FIT)‐based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs. A risk‐stratified upper age limit may be beneficial. Therefore, we assessed differences in interval CRC risk among individuals who had reached the upper age limit of screening (75 years). Individuals with a negative FIT (<47 μg Hb/g feces) in the final round of the Dutch CRC screening program were selected from the national screening database and linked to the national cancer registry to identify CRCs diagnosed within 24 months (interval CRCs). Survival analyses assessed whether sex and last fecal hemoglobin (f‐Hb) concentration were associated with interval CRC risk. A multivariable logistic regression assessed whether sex, last f‐Hb concentration and screening round were associated with stage distribution (early vs. late). Last f‐Hb concentrations were considered detectable when they were >0 μg Hb/g feces. Among 305,761 individuals with a complete follow‐up (24 months), 661 were diagnosed with interval CRC (21.6 per 10,000 negative FITs). Individuals with detectable f‐Hb (15%) were 5 times more likely to be diagnosed with interval CRC than those without (HR 4.87, 95%CI: 4.19–5.65). Moreover, their cancers were more often detected at a late stage compared to individuals without detectable f‐Hb (OR 1.45, 95%CI: 1.06–2.01). Our results show that interval CRC risk among individuals aged ≥75 differs substantially by last f‐Hb concentration, indicating a uniform age to stop screening is suboptimal. Future research, taking into account multiple screening rounds and FIT results, should determine the optimal risk‐stratified screening strategy.
Evaluation Of Maternal And Fetal Findings In Patients With Pemphigoid Gestationis
Authors: Atalay Nihan Erdoğan , Dağıstanlı Funda , Şimşek Hayal Uzelli , Caliskan Eray
Published: December 2024

Objective

To evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes of 12 pregnant women diagnosed with pemphigoid gestationis, in conjunction with a review of the literature.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records of 12 patients diagnosed with pemphigoid gestationis who presented  between January 2014 and January 2024.

Results

Twelve pregnant patients with pemphigoid gestationis were included in the study. The disease manifested during the first pregnancy in six patients. Mean maternal age was 30 years, mean gestational age at delivery was 33 weeks, and mean birth weight was 2146 g. Neonatal lesions were identified in two neonates. Intrauterine growth restriction, starting at an average of 33 weeks of gestation, was observed in four patients. Oligohydramnios was noted in two patients, hypertension in one patient, placental abruption in one patient, and gestational diabetes mellitus in one patient. During pregnancy, five patients were treated with oral steroids, six patients with intravenous steroids, and nine patients with topical steroids. Neonatal intensive care unit admission occurred in six neonates, and maternal intensive care unit admission was required for one patient.

Conclusion

Patients with pemphigoid gestationis are at significant risk for severe maternal morbidity and adverse fetal outcomes in both the antepartum and postpartum periods. Early diagnosis of vesiculobullous lesions and close monitoring as high‐risk pregnancies through a multidisciplinary approach are recommended.
Elements of disenchantment: Exploring the development of academic disenchantment among US engineering graduate students
Authors: Shanachilubwa Kanembe , Sallai Gabriella , Berdanier Catherine G. P.
Published: December 2024

Background

Given high attrition rates and lack of interest in faculty careers, it is crucial to understand how doctoral engineering students conceptualize academia and academic careers.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study aims to characterize the development of academic disenchantment among engineering students who have considered departure from their doctoral programs. Schema theory was used to explore how students develop and evolve in their conceptualizations of academia through their lived experiences.

Design/Method

Data were collected from 42 graduate students from research‐intensive universities across the United States who participated in qualitative, semi‐structured interviews investigating expectations for graduate school, experiences, attrition and persistence considerations, and career trajectories. The transcripts were thematically analyzed through open and axial coding to understand how students constructed their schemas of the academy.

Findings

Experiences and quotations of four participants are presented to describe the results of the transcripts. Participants' misaligned expectations of their graduate program's values and practices, coupled with a lack of agency and support, led them to see their graduate programs as antagonistic to their short‐ and long‐term career success. Even for students who may likely persist through to PhD degree completion, the development of disenchantment dissuades students—even those who once desired a faculty career—from interest in the academy.

Conclusions

By understanding how disenchantment arose in our participants' experiences, we better understand how to equip students with resources that will help them navigate graduate programs. This research advances the literature by identifying underutilized opportunities to prepare students to cope with the challenges of engineering doctoral education.
An empirically grounded analytical approach to hog farm finishing stage management: Deep reinforcement learning as decision support and managerial learning tool
Authors: Kouvelis Panos , Liu Ye , Turcic Danko
Published: December 2024

In hog farming, optimizing hog sales is a complex challenge due to uncertain factors, such as hog availability, market prices, and operating costs. This study uses a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to model these decisions, revealing the importance of the final weeks in profit management. The MDP's intractability due to the curse of dimensionality leads us to employ Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for optimization. Using real‐world and synthetic data, our DRL model outperforms existing practices. However, it lacks interpretability, hindering trust and legal compliance in the food industry. To address this, we introduce “managerial learning,” extracting actionable insights from DRL outputs using classification trees that would have been difficult to obtain otherwise. We leverage these insights to devise a smart heuristic that significantly beats the heuristic currently used in practice. This study has broader implications for operations management, where DRL can solve complex dynamic optimization problems that are often intractable due to dimensionality. By applying methods, such as classification trees and DRL, one can scrutinize solutions for actionable managerial insights that can enhance existing practices with straightforward planning guidelines.