bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
166 A Comparison of key Methodologies Used to Quantify Protein Quality in Mammals: Ileal Digestibility, Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation, and in Vitro Digestibility
Authors: Cargo-Froom Cara , Columbus Daniel A , Kiarie Elijah , Marinangeli Christopher , Shoveller Anna-Kate
Published: September 2022

There are several methodologies which can be used to measure protein quality of an ingredient, however, the results of these studies are generally not compared to one another. The objectives of these studies were to 1) determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and in vitro digestibility coefficients for protein and amino acids (AA) from select pulses; 2) determine metabolic availability (MA) of methionine (Met) from field peas and faba beans; and, 3) compare digestibility coefficients determined via different methods. To determine SID of pulses, ileal cannulated barrows were randomly assigned to diets in a 4×4 Latin square. A nitrogen free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and protein. Metabolic availability was determined via indicator AA oxidation by applying the principle of slope-ratio assay to F13CO2 from phenylalanine oxidation quantified through CO2 collection during breath collection using indirect calorimetry with barrows randomly assigned to diets in a 10×10 Latin square. Dietary treatments were formulated to include graded levels of Met: crystalline AA diets (Met inclusion of 50, 60, 70, and 80% of requirement), and pulse test diets (Met inclusion of 60, 70, and 80% of requirement). In vitro digestibility of diets was conducted using the TNO-gastrointestinal model. Statistical analysis of SID data was conducted using a mixed model in SAS with diet as a fixed effect and pig and period as random effects. Means were separated using Tukey HSD. Statistical comparison for digestibility coefficients compared to one another and compared to MA coefficients of Met will be conducted once all IAAO and in vitro data are finalized. The SID coefficients for protein and indispensable amino acids are summarized in Table 1. Peas had lower threonine content compared to faba beans and lentils (P < 0.05). Determination of in vitrodigestibility and MA of Met is in progress.
185 Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Intermediate Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum Intermedium) Regrowth for Potential Fall Grazing of Beef Cattle
Authors: Le Heiget Patrick , McGeough Emma J , Cattani Doug
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated the chemical composition of 3 intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) treatments compared with a grass/legume control for potential Fall grazing of beef cattle. Treatments were: 1) IWG, pure stand, no fertilizer post establishment (NFERT), 2) IWG, pure stand+50 kg N ha-1 annually post grain harvest (FERT), 3) IWG with Alsike clover (50:50; ACL), 4) Tall fescue/Algonquin alfalfa/Oxley II cicer milkvetch (50:25:25; FORCON). Small plots (4 replicates/treatment) were established in 2019 at 2 sites in Manitoba (Carman and Brandon). The IWG treatments were harvested in August for grain production and the regrowth sampled in October. The FORCON treatment was harvested annually in June and the regrowth stockpiled until October sampling. Forage samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with the fixed effects of treatment and location, with replicate within location nested as a random effect. For CP, in 2020 at Carman, FORCON was less (10.0%) than the IWG treatments, which, in turn, did not differ (mean 19.5%). At Brandon, the opposite response was observed with FORCON greater (11.5%) than the IWG treatments (mean 8.7%). In 2021 at Carman, FERT had greater CP (14.3%) than all other treatments, which, in turn, did not differ (mean 9.9%). At Brandon, FORCON was greatest in CP (15.8%), with ACL and NFERT least (mean 8.9%) and FERT intermediate. In terms of TDN, in 2020 at both sites, FORCON was less (mean 55.3%) than all IWG treatments, which, in turn, did not differ (mean 64.4%). In 2021 at Carman, FERT and FORCON were greater (mean 67.0%) than NFERT and ACL (mean 59.5%). In Brandon, FERT was greater than ACL and NFERT, with FORCON at an intermediate value. By the second production year, the fertility treatment significantly increased the nutritive value of the IWG treatments.
256 Effect of Functional Amino Acid Supplementation in Salmonella-Challenged Weaned Pigs fed Either Animal- or Plant-Based Nursery Diets
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Panisson Josiane C , Van Kessel Andrew G , Columbus Daniel A
Published: September 2022

Feeding plant based (PB) nursery diets may aggravate the effects of disease in pigs, which may be attenuated by functional amino acid (FAA) supplementation. The objective was to determine the effects of nursery dietary protein source and FAA supplementation in pigs subsequently challenged with Salmonella (ST). Thirty-two pigs (8.7 ± 0.23 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 diet programs for 4 wk post-weaning in a 2 × 2 factorial with dietary protein source [PB vs. animal-based (AB)] with basal (FAA–) or supplemented FAA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements). Pigs were then placed onto a common grower diet and, after a 7-d adaptation period, were inoculated with ST (3.0 × 109 CFU/mL) and monitored for 7 d post-inoculation. Growth performance, fecal score, gut health, ST shedding, intestinal colonization and translocation were measured pre- and post-inoculation. Nursery fecal score was decreased in AB-FAA+ pigs compared with the other groups (0.42 vs. 0.68±0.06 score; P< 0.05) and post-inoculation fecal score was increased in PB compared to AB pigs (1.12 vs. 0.95±0.15 score; P< 0.05). Overall ST shedding (2.20 vs. 2.42±0.22 score), cecal (1.69 vs. 2.50±0.36 score) and colonic ST colonization (2.05 vs. 2.83±0.36 score), and cecal myeloperoxidase (1.92 vs. 2.65±0.37 µU/mL) were reduced in AB compared with PB pigs (P< 0.05). Translocation of ST to spleen was decreased by FAA+ compared with FAA- (0.88 vs. 1.50±0.36 score; P< 0.05). Post-inoculation, AB pigs had greater weight gain compared with PB-FAA- (0.72 vs. 0.52±0.07 kg/d; P< 0.05). Pigs fed AB-FAA- had increased feed intake compared with PB-FAA- (1.45 vs. 1.17±0.08 kg/d; P< 0.05). Gain:feed was increased in AB-FAA+ compared with PB-FAA- pigs (0.54 vs. 0.44±0.05 kg/kg; P< 0.05). Pigs fed PB nursery diets were more susceptible to a subsequent ST challenge, and FAA supplementation attenuated the negative effects of PB diets in ST-challenged pigs.
252 Efficiency of Utilization of Methionine for Weight Gain in Weaning Pigs is not Affected by Methionine Source: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Remus Aline , Souza Vinicius , Batonon-Alavo Dolores I , Rouffineau Friedrich , Kebreab Ermias , Pomar Candido
Published: September 2022

Methionine is an essential dietary amino acid that can be supplied in different chemical forms: DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine. It has been hypothesized that L-methionine might be used with greater efficacy for average daily gain (ADG) in weaning pigs due to their decreased enzymatic capacity to convert the other methionine forms. This study aimed to compare DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine efficiency of utilization for ADG in weaned pigs through meta-analysis.The systematic review resulted in 2,167 papers screened for the title and abstract, with 24 papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The ADG was regressed as a function of the standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine intake (Meti). The study was used as a random intercept, and regressions were weighted by the square root of the number of observations. Non-linear models were used to determine the Meti requirements. The average Meti requirement for pigs of 5 to 25 kg body weight (BW) was 2.09 g/d. The slopes of linear mixed-effects regression models were compared for the different methionine sources. Average initial BW was 7.99 (DL-methionine), 8.82 (L-methionine), and 7.06 kg (OH-methionine). Meti was 1.5 g/d for all sources whereas SID cysteine intake was 1.90, 2.23, and 1.93 g/d, for DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine, respectively . Increase in Meti below the estimated requirement linearly increased ADG (ADG = 107 + 138 × Meti; P < 0.01). No difference between the slopes of methionine sources was observed, rejecting the hypothesis that L-methionine is used with greater efficiency in weaned pigs. Pigs receiving DL-methionine, L-methionine, and OH-methionine presented an estimated ADG of 319, 317, and 311 (SE = 19, 25 and, 26, respectively) g/d, respectively. In conclusion, methionine efficiency of utilization for ADG in post-weaned pigs is not affected by methionine sources.
244 Application of the Escherichia Coli Challenge Model in Developing Strategies to Improve gut Health and Function in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung , Yang Chengbo
Published: September 2022

Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, caused primarily by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a major cause of productive and economic losses to the swine industry. Traditionally, the swine industry has managed this disease by utilizing starter diets containing highly digestible and specialized ingredients such as spray-dried porcine plasma and sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics as growth promoters. However, there has intense public pressure to discontinue the use of animal products and antibiotics in pig diets for fear that these products represent a risk to human health. This has sparked great interest in swine nutrition is to identify effective, safe, and environmentally friendly nutritional interventions that could be used in place of in-feed antibiotics. This requires that any such intervention is rigorously tested under conditions that represent those that are encountered in production settings. To this end, the Escherichia coli K88 (or F4) disease challenge model has been used to test the potential of these interventions to support gut health and function in piglets and to allow investigations into the mode of action underlying any such effects. Although this model has been applied successfully to examine the efficacy of different nutritional interventions, including diet formulation strategies and addition of various feed additives, the degree of success achieved varies due to among other factors such as dose used, age of the pigs, and study duration. Being a disease challenge model, animal care oversight, regulatory requirements for Containment Level II facilities, and trial site managements to avoid cross-contamination among treatment groups add to the complexity of protocols for running trials involving this model. Nonetheless, the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli model has been an effective tool in our hands to test the efficacy of various nutritional interventions in protecting piglets against post-weaning diarrhea disease and to elucidate their modes of action.
314 Steer Production Performance and Enteric gas Emissions Associated with Free-Choice Mineral Supplement Infused with Varying Levels of Garlic Powder
Authors: Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Lardner Bart , Cheang Iris , Block Hushton , Durunna Obioha N
Published: September 2022

The addition of phytogenics such as garlic powder into beef mineral supplements is motivated by the potential for increased mineral intake and associated insectifugal outcomes. This 3-yr study compared feed and mineral intake and performance in crossbred beef steers that received free-choice mineral supplements infused with or without garlic powder (5% inclusion). The study design was a randomized complete block design where each steer (n=180) was randomly assigned to either a 5%GP or 0%GP treatment group, balancing for breed composition and initial body weight. Different garlic brands (5%GPLO, 5%GPSE, and 5%GPWL) were also assessed during the third year of study. Individual feed and mineral supplement intakes were monitored using automatic feeding units from different bunks ad libitum. Enteric gas fluxes (CH4, CO2, O2, and H2) were also measured with an automated head-chamber emission monitoring system. Over 3 yr, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio between 5%GP and 0%GP groups, but supplement intake was greater (P < 0.05) for 5%GP (206 gd-1) compared with 0%GP (152 gd-1) treatment. Comparing all brands in third year showed differences in mineral consumption where 5%GPLO (223 gd-1) had greatest (P < 0.0001) supplement intake, but there was no difference (P > 0.05) among 5%GPSE (133 gd-1), 5%GPWL (103 gd-1) and 0%GP (145 gd-1). Enteric gas fluxes did not differ between 5%GPLO and 0%GP for CH4 (129 gd-1, 119 gd-1; P = 0.69), CO2 (7912 gd-1, 7351 gd-1; P = 0.31), O2 (5394 gd-1, 4816 gd-1; P = 0.15) and H2 (0.84 gd-1, 0.67 gd-1; P = 0.42). Results suggest that infusing garlic at 5% increased supplement intake in feedlot cattle but had no effect on growth or enteric gas fluxes. Differences in the brands evaluated here may be related to the shelf/storage age of the products and the bioactive compound profiles.
326 Nutritional Grouping and Machine-Learning Techniques: Towards a Feed Efficiency Improvement in Beef Cattle Production
Authors: Lopez Pablo Guarnido , de Vega Antonio , Benaouda Mohammed , Tedeschi Luis O
Published: September 2022

Nutritional grouping (NG) strategies have been proposed mainly in dairy cattle to improve economic efficiency (30-60$/cow per year) of dairy farmers. In dairy cattle, NG is made according to net energy (NE) requirements estimated from some animal variables (i.e., milk yield and dairy merit). However, NG has not been evaluated for beef cattle, likely because data are not readily available and existing protocols have been fixed for decades by the beef industry, such as allotting by body weight (BW): growing diet for 180 to 400-kg animals, and finishing diet for 400 to 550-kg animals. Therefore, we investigated an unsupervised machine learning (ML) technique in R to sort animals at the arrival according to their DM intake (DMI), NE and metabolizable protein (MP) requirements, estimated through INRA from BW and average daily gain. We utilized data from 77 growing Friesian steers allotted conventionally by BW (139±21.6 kg) in 4 pens, weighed every 3 weeks (n=9 weighings) during 190 days, and fed a high-energy diet (1.59 Mcal NE/kg DM and 89 g MP/kg DM). Results identified that estimated performances were significantly (P< 0.002) different between 3 groups made from ML and between 4 pens made from BW; however, ML groups presented a minor within-group variability of NE and MP requirements (-25%CV) than pens. We also regressed energy and protein intake minus their respective requirements by the duration of the experiment observing a better fitting (R2= 0.93 vs 0.80) when allotting animals by groups than by pens, which implicates better feed efficiency if diets were formulated according to requirements established by ML groups. We demonstrated that ML techniques could help the decision-making of beef farmers to better sort animals according to their requirements and not only by BW. The next step is to formulate rations according to animal requirements to improve efficiency.
331 Effects of on-Arrival Application of a Modified-Live Respiratory and Clostridia Vaccination on Health, Growth Performance, and Antibody Titers of Newly Weaned Calves
Authors: Gubbels Erin R , Francis Forest L , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K
Published: September 2022

The objective of this research was to evaluate health, growth performance, and antibody titers to IBR, BVD 1 and 2, PI3, and BRSV for calves administered a respiratory and clostridia vaccine compared with no vaccination upon arrival. Single-sourced, newly weaned steers (n = 70; initial body weight (BW) = 254±5.9 kg) were allotted to 10 pens (n = 5 pens/treatment with 7 steers/pen). Steers were blocked by BW in a RCBD of VAC (vaccinated for IBR, BVD 1 and 2, PI3, and BRSV and clostridial upon arrival) or NOVAC (not vaccinated upon arrival). Steers were individually weighed on d 0 (arrival), 1, 21, and 42 for growth performance measures. Whole blood samples were collected (n = 3 steers/pen closest to the pen mean BW) on d 1, 21, and 42 via jugular venipuncture for antibody titer responses. Depression scores of 0 (normal) to 4 (moribund) were recorded for each individual steer for 21 d. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were not influenced (P ≥ 0.10) by treatment. However, dry matter intake tended (P < 0.07) to increase as a percentage of BW by 3.5% for NOVAC compared with VAC. No treatment by day interactions (P > 0.05) were observed for depression scores or BVD 1 and 2 or PI3 titers. However, a treatment by day interaction (P < 0.03) was observed for IBR and BRSV titers. VAC steers had decreased (P < 0.05) titers for both IBR and BRSV on d 1 compared with d 21 but were similar (P > 0.05) to d 42, which were also similar (P > 0.05) to d 21 titers. Additionally, VAC steers had a 27% increase (P < 0.03) in PI3 titers compared with NOVAC steers. Collectively, growth performance was unaffected by vaccination, and vaccinated calves had increased antibody titer responses, as expected.
339 Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Beef Yearling Steers Offered Finishing Diets with Direct fed Microbial Mixtures
Authors: Lopez Alejandra M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Ciriaco Francine M , Johnson Bradley J , Woerner Dale R , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Rush Camron J , Rodrigues Barbara , Peters Sarah , Manna Mikala Di , Osorio-Doblado Andrea M , Coello Kymberly , Quijada Angel A
Published: September 2022

The effects of dietary inclusion of live bacteria on feedlot beef cattle growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus yearling steers (n = 192; initial BW = 409 kg ± 8 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers/pen; 16 pens/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered ad libitum once daily containing the following treatments: 1) Control, in which no direct fed microbial (DFM) was offered (lactose as carrier only); 2 and 3) Probiotic mixtures at distinct concentrations [Mixture A and B, at 2g/animal-daily (lactose used as carrier)]. Orts DM were quantified daily and subtracted from total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Two-day consecutive unshrunk BW were recorded before feeding on d 0, 30, 60, 90, 121, and 153 (prior to shipment to a federally inspected slaughter facility). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and pen was considered the experimental unit, in which F-test protected pre-planned contrasts comparing control versus DFM mixture-A and control versus DFM mixture-B were used. Steers offered mixture-A increased carcass-adjusted ADG (P = 0.03) by 6.7%, gain efficiency (P < 0.01) by 6%, tended to increase carcass-adjusted final BW (P = 0.07) by 15kg and hot carcass weight (P = 0.07) by 10kg. The overall (d 0 to end) DM intake (P = 0.36) was not affected by treatment; however, a subtle (1.2%) decrease (P < 0.01) during the initial 30 days for steers offered DFM mixture-B was observed. Carcass variables (dressing percentage, 12th rib fat, longissimus muscle area, marbling, yield grade, and liver scores) were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) by treatments. Growth performance was improved with DFM mixture-A which seemed to positively affect carcass weight without inducing deleterious effects on other carcass characteristics.
362 Evaluation of Different Levels of Trace Mineral Supplementation to Calves Prior to Wearing
Authors: Hernandez Gracia M Puerto , Boyd Derringer , Livingston Julia , Gossbodily Garrett , Bohnert David , Ranches Juliana
Published: September 2022

A two-year study evaluated two different levels of trace mineral supplementation (Cu, Se, and Zn) to calves prior to weaning. Approximately 84 days prior to weaning, 24 calves/year (Angus × Hereford) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: trace mineral supplementation following NASEM (2016) requirements (Control); and trace mineral supplementation above NASEM (2016) requirements (Super). Calves were individually fed and trace minerals were provided in 0.5 lb of dry distillers grains three times weekly. The total weekly amount of trace minerals was divided into three feeding events (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Body weight (BW), blood, and liver samples were collected on d 0 and at weaning (d 84). All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). No differences (P ≥ 0.69) were observed for the initial liver concentration of Se, Cu, and Zn. No differences (P = 0.54) were observed for liver Se concentration at weaning. A year effect (P < 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed for liver Zn concentration at weaning. In year 1 but not in year 2, calves assigned to Control treatment had greater liver Zn concentration than calves assigned to Super treatment. For Cu liver concentration, a year effect (P < 0.0001) and a tendency for treatment x year effect (P = 0.09) were observed at weaning. In year 2, but not in year 1, calves assigned to Super treatment had greater liver Cu concentration than calves assigned to Control treatment. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or average daily gain pre- or post-weaning. Except for Cu, supplementation of trace minerals above the NASEM (2016) recommendations does not lead to improved mineral status of calves in this environment.
360 The Ability of an Enhanced Zeolite-Based Flow Agent to Mitigate the Effects of Ergot-Like Alkaloids Consumed by Beef Cattle
Authors: Zeltwanger Joshua M , Bailey Eric , Hergenreder Jerilyn , Canterbury Landon , Brake Derek , Petzel Emily , Nelson Benjamin , Du Xiangwei  , Evans Tim
Published: September 2022

Aluminosilicate-based flow agents, like zeolites, may impact digestion of ergot-like alkaloids in the ruminant gut. Twenty-four steers (226 ± 27.6 kg) were used in a 21-d experiment to test the effects of an enhanced zeolite-based flow agent (KALLSIL, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) on site of ergot-like alkaloid excretion, serum prolactin, rectal temperature, respiration rate, and nutrient digestibility. Treatments were control (E+) or enhanced zeolite inclusion (E+Z; 2 g/kg, DM basis). Steers were fed a TMR at 1.85% of BW (DM-basis). Tall-fescue seed was included in the diet at 11.14%, providing 465 µg of ergovaline/kg DM. Steers had no ORTS during the experiment. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded daily at 0700 and 1200 h from steers housed tie stalls in a room kept at (18.5°C ± 0.33°C, 32.6% ± 2.19%). Serum was harvested from blood collected on d-1, 7, 14, and 21 to measure prolactin. On d-21 jugular catheters were placed to measure prolactin following the infusion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 1 µg/kg BW). Spot samples of feces and urine were collected every 8 h from d 17-20, with 2-hour advancement each day to determine digestibility, N balance, and recovery of ergot-like alkaloids. Digestion and N balance was not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.16). Enhanced zeolite tended (P = 0.15) to increase recovery of ergovaline. Prolactin concentration decreased over time (P < 0.01), but was greater (P = 0.01) at each time point for E+Z steers. Following the infusion of TRH, prolactin tended (P = 0.11) to be greater for E+Z. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were not affected (P ≥ 0.89) by E+Z. Results from this study indicate that enhanced zeolite inclusion tended to increase recovery of ergot-like alkaloids in feces and increased serum prolactin when offered to beef steers in a diet containing ergot-like alkaloids.
365 Towards the Integration of Microbial Genomic Information Into Mechanistic Models of the Rumen Microbiome: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Davoudkhani Mohsen , Rubino Francesco , Creevey Christopher J , Muñoz-Tamayo Rafael
Published: September 2022

The objective of this work was to develop a mathematical framework enabling the integration of microbial genomic information (i.e., 16S rDNA) into mechanistic models of the rumen microbiome. Mechanistic modelling provides promising tools to enhance our system-level understanding of the rumen ecosystem. Existing mechanistic models of rumen fermentation consider an aggregated representation of the rumen microbiota and its metabolic function. However, none of these models integrate microbial genomic knowledge and are thus limited to capitalize on the rich information of microbial genomic sequencing. In this work, we investigated theoretically, how microbial time series of the rumen microbiota determined by 16S rDNA can be integrated into a mechanistic fermentation model of the rumen microbiome. Our study used a previously developed model of in vitro rumen fermentation that represents the microbiota by three microbial functional groups, namely sugar utilisers, amino acid utilisers, and methanogens 1. The model was extended to represent the fermentation under continuous operation (i.e. chemostat). We considered a hypothetical scenario where 16S rumen microbial time series are available. Our rationale is that the microbial species can be categorized into the macroscopic functions of the mechanistic model by using tools such as CowPI 2. In a simulation case study, we used the theory of state observers to integrate the mechanistic model and the microbial data to provide estimations of the dynamics of the volatile fatty acids (VFA) acetate, butyrate, and propionate. The estimated VFA converge towards the real VFA dynamics demonstrating the promising potential of our approach. The next step we are currently working is the validation of our approach using in vitro experimental data. 1 Muñoz-Tamayo, R. et al. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 220, 1–21 (2016)2 Wilkinson, T. J. et al. Front. Microbiol. 9, 1095 (2018)
366 Effect of Native Rumen Bacteria Supplementation in Methane Emissions, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Pittaluga Alejandro , Yang Fan , Embree Jordan , Gilmore Sean , Embree Mallory , Relling Alejandro E
Published: September 2022

To evaluate the effect of supplementing feedlot cattle with native rumen bacteria (NRB; Prevotella albensis, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Chordicoccus furentiruminis) in growth performance, carcass characteristics and gas emissions, Angus × SimAngus-crossbred (body weight (BW) 353 ± 64 kg) steers (n = 32) and heifers (n = 48) were used in randomized complete block design. Cattle stratified by BW were randomly assigned to 4 pens (2/treatment) and fed a corn silage-based diet for 49 d (backgrounding) followed by a ground corn-based diet for 84 d (finishing). When reaching desired finished BW, cattle were harvested. Diets were offered ad libitum and with (WNB) or without (CON) the inclusion of NRB feed supplement. Measurements of CH4 emissions were taken using the GreenFeed system (n = 12/ treatment). All data were analyzed as a mixed procedure (Table 1). There was a treatment (P ≤ 0.05) effect for CH4 emissions yield [g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)] and intensity [g/kg average daily gain (ADG)] during the growing period. Including NRB in the diet during growing, decreased CH4 emissions yield and intensity by 13.5% and 29%, respectively. During the first 84-d period on the finishing diet (d133), feeding NRB increased (P = 0.02) the ADG and tended to increase (P = 0.10) DMI. At d133, cattle fed NRB tended (P = 0.06) to be heavier than cattle in the CON treatment. Days on feed (DOF) was 9 days longer for CON animals than those of WNB animals (P = 0.04). No other differences (P ≥ 0.25) were detected throughout the experimental period and no differences (P ≥ 0.11) were observed in carcass characteristics. Results from this study indicate that feeding NRB decreased methane yield and intensity in the backgrounding period, improved finishing performance of beef cattle, and decreased DOF
PSXIII-2 Effect of Rest, Post-Rest Transport Duration, and Conditioning on Performance and Physiological Welfare Indicators of Beef Calves
Authors: Meléndez Daniela M , Marti Sonia , Schwinghamer Timothy D , Haley Derek B , Yang Xiaohui , Reynolds Matthew R , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of conditioning, rest, and post-rest transport duration on welfare indicators of 6-7 mo old beef calves. A total of 328 weaned calves (237 ± 29.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h, and post-rest transport, 4 (T4) or 15 (T15) h. Calves were sampled prior to and after 20h of transport, prior to and after the additional 4 or 15-h transport, and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after transport ended. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Fixed effects were conditioning, transport and time nested within rest period, while random effects were animal and pen. For R0-T4 calves, the mean L-lactate concentrations were greater than R8-T4 calves on d 1 and 2 (p-values = 0.02) while, for R0 calves, mean ADG was greater than R8 calves 14 to 28 d after transport (p-values < 0.01). For R8-T4 calves 1 week after transport, mean ADG was greater and mean WBC counts were less than R8-T15 calves on d 5 (p-values < 0.01). For N calves, overall mean haptoglobin, creatine kinase, serum amyloid-A, and non-esterified fatty acids were greater than C calves (p-values ≤ 0.05). Overall, few and inconsistent differences were observed for rest, where rest improved L-lactate but affected ADG. Few differences were observed for transport, where shorter transport durations after the rest improved ADG and WBC counts. In general, N calves had greater physiological indicators of reduced welfare than C calves. Based on these findings, the best way to improve calf welfare during and after transport is to condition them prior to transport.
PSXII-2 Effect of TG5 (c.-422C>T) Polymorphism on Fatty Acid Composition of Muscle Tissue in Bull
Authors: Tepavcevich Jela , Sycheva Irina , Orishev Aleksandr , Bystrenina Irina , Mamedov Azer , Karnaushkina Maria , Vasilev Vladimir
Published: September 2022

Intensive fat deposition is accompanied by an increased synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue. The TG5 (c.-422C >T) polymorphism is associated with fat metabolism in Bos Taurus. The aim of the research was to study the effect of TG5 (c.-422C >T) polymorphism on fatty acid composition of muscle tissue in Hereford bulls. Polymorphism TG5 (c.-422C >T) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. The fatty acid composition of lipids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography on a “Kristall-4000 Lux” chromatograph (Russia). Hereford bulls were slaughtered at 15 months of age. Two groups of bulls with TG5CC and TG5CT genotypes were formed according to the results of genotyping. The total share of SFA and MUFA in muscles of bulls with the TG5CC genotype was 71.2% and exceeded indicators of their peers by 1.0%. These data were consistent with increased synthesis of inter- and intramuscular fat, as well as subcutaneous adipose tissue. The TG5CT genotype was associated with better fat quality in terms of essential fatty acids content, which accounted for 29.8%. Bulls with TG5CT genotype outperformed their peers in content of palmitic by 0.74% and behenic by 0.02% among saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic by 0.67% among monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic by 1.07%, linolenic by 0.15 % and arachidonic by 0.05% among polyunsaturated fatty acids. The maximum content of stearic (by 1.72%) and oleic (by 0.72%) fatty acids was observed in the group with the TG5CC genotype. The greatest (by 0.08 units) ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids indicated the best quality of adipose tissue in TG5CT bulls. Thus, the increased intensity of fat deposition in TG5CC carriers had a negative impact on the quality of meat.
PSXV-4 Analysis of the Relationship between Carcass Traits and Linear Body Measurements in Hanwoo Cattle
Authors: Park Mi Na , Naserkheil Masoumeh
Published: September 2022

Selection emphasis on linear body measurement traits associated with increased lifetime production efficiency may be beneficial to decrease culling and increase profitability in both dairy and beef industry. The importance of knowledge of associations between body measurement and carcass traits is essential to obtain indices in order to increase the response to selection and incorporate these traits in designing a breeding program. Hence, the objective of the present study was to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for linear body measurement and carcass traits in the Hanwoo cattle. Backfat thickness (BFT), carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), and marbling score (MS) at around 24 months of age considered as carcass traits and analyzed 10 body measurement traits at yearling age of Hanwoo were body height (BH), body length (BL), chest depth (CD), chest girth (CG), chest width (CW), hip height (HH), hip width (HW), rump length (RL), rump width (RW), and thurl width (TW). The (co)variance components were estimated using AI-REML in a series of bivariate analyses, which were implemented by the AIREMLF90 software. Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for the carcass traits, which were 0.32, 0.46, 0.50, and 0.61 for CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS, respectively. Heritability estimates for linear body measurement were low to medium, ranging from 0.12 to 0.37. The body measurement traits exhibited moderate to relatively high genetic correlations with CWT, while the genetic correlations of body measurement with the three other carcass traits were very low. The results of this study demonstrated the favorable and positive genetic correlations between linear body measurement and carcass weight, indicating that selection on these traits can be effective in Hanwoo breeding programs without having unfavorable effects on other carcass traits.
PSX-B-16 Effects of Bacillus Subtilis Subsp. Subtilis Strain Atcc PTA-125135 Supplementation on Performance and Digestibility in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Krueger Lucas A , Spangler David , Hall Rod , Weaver Eric
Published: September 2022

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain ATCC PTA-125135 on growth performance, feed efficiency, and feed digestibility in weaned pigs. Newly weaned pigs (n = 96) were randomly assigned to stacked-deck pens (n = 48) in two assemblies in adjacent rooms. Pens were randomly assigned within assembly to one of three treatments comprising control, S-0.25, or S-0.50. A common starter diet was fed for 10 days and then pigs were fed the assigned treatment for 17 days. The diets consisted of: 1) Control, a corn-soybean meal diet (1.30% total lysine, chromium dioxide as marker); 2) S-0.25 (control diet with addition of 0.25 g per kg supplement in feed; 3) S-0.50 (control diet with addition of 0.50 g per kg supplement in feed), where supplement comprised 8.1 × 108 CFU g-1 of Bacillus subtilis PTA-125135. Body weights and feed disappearance were collected on d 0, d 7 and 14 of supplementation. Feed digestibility was measured by total collection of feces from d 14-17. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with main effects of treatment and room. Contrasts were used to compare means of microbial supplementation with control. Pig performance did not differ from d 0-7. During d 8-14, body-weight gain was not affected, but feed intake was decreased by approximately 6.0 percent (P = 0.147), and G:F was improved by approximately 10.6 percent (P = 0.106). Apparent feed digestibility did not differ among groups (P = 0.507), but total digested dry matter was less for treated groups (P = 0.163), which reflects reduced recorded dry matter intake. The changes observed from week 1 to week 2 indicate a transition was occurring with microbial supplementation resulting in improved utilization. These results indicate that supplementation of B. subtilis PTA-125135 improved feed efficiency. Supplementation duration should be considered for future evaluations.
PSXI-18 Evaluation of Plasma Oxidation Products in Beef Calves Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Following Methionine Supplementation
Authors: Barker Sam N , Jackson Treylr , Richeson John T , Carroll Jeff A , Burdick-Sanchez Nicole C , Broadway Paul Rand R , Legako Jerrad F
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated the plasma oxidative products of beef calves challenged with LPS following methionine supplementation (L0 = Control; L1 = 10 g/hd · d; L2 = 20 g/hd · d). Following an initial 40-d feeding period, steers (n = 32; 379kg±30.7) were challenged i.v. with LPS (0.25 µg/kg body weight) on d 41. Blood was collected at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h relative to the LPS challenge at 0 h. Samples were processed to isolate plasma for indicators of oxidative stress with colorimetric assays determining malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Concentrations of MDA varied by time (P < 0.001), showing a large increase (P < 0.05) 2 h post-LPS, then decreasing again at 4 h. MDA values decreased (P < 0.05) from h 6 to 18 where values returned to initial concentrations (P < 0.05). A treatment × time interaction (P < 0.001) occurred for ROS concentrations. Concentrations for all treatments were less than the detectable limit at -2, 0, 10, 12, 24, 36, and 48h (P > 0.05). At 2 h post-LPS, ROS was greatest in L0 cattle, least in L2, and intermediate in L1 (P < 0.05), but declined at 4 h in all treatments. Values peaked at 6 h for L1 and L2 cattle, followed by a decline at 8 h (P < 0.05). Control cattle were similar from 4 to 6 h (P > 0.05) but increased again at 8 h (P < 0.05). These data show that oxidative stress from an LPS challenge contributes to increased plasma ROS and secondary lipid oxidation products but may be mitigated by the inclusion of methionine supplements.
PSXIV-16 The Influence of Lead Concentration in Blood Serum on the Antioxidant Status and the Intensity of Lipid Peroxidation in the Holstein Cows
Authors: Zubac Isidora , Sycheva Irina , Bystrenina Irina , Komarchev Alexey , Kurmakaeva Tamara , Karnaushkina Maria , Kazakova Ekaterina
Published: September 2022

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate different concentrations of Pb in blood serum on antioxidant status and intensity of lipid peroxidation in lactating cows. The object of the study is the Holstein cows (n=45; age-3-4 years). The period of blood serum sampling is 20-40 days after calving. The concentration of Pb in blood serum was determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP). The activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of malondialdehyde were studied by spectrophotometric method on Stat fax 1904 Plus. Based on the data on the concentration of Pb in the blood serum, in accordance with the recommendations of Skalnaya (2003), cows were divided into three groups: I-Pb concentration up to the 25th percentile, II-within the 25th-75th percentile, III-above the 75th percentile. At the same time, the actual range of Pb concentrations in blood serum of cows of group I ranged from 0.00028-0.00049 µg/mL, II from 0.00053 to 0.00089 µg/mL, group III from 0.00094 to 0.0018 µg/mL. It was found that as the concentration of Pb in blood serum increased from the lowest (I group) to medium (II group) and high (III group), there was an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde in blood serum from 42.5±12.9μM/L to 47.8±15.22µM/L and 57.9±11.2% (P£0.05) µM/L, respectively, the level of activity of the antioxidant defense enzyme, superoxide dismutase, decreased from 1,971±203.8% to 1,890±290.3% and 1,829±283.8 (P£0.05)%. The calculation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients confirmed the statistically significant (P£0.05) degree of influence of Pb on the malondialdehyde (r=0.63) and superoxide dismutase activity (r=-0.57) in blood serum of cows. Thus, it can be stated that an increase in the concentration of Pb in the blood serum reduces the level of antioxidant protection and contributes to the development of oxidative stress in lactating cows.
PSXIV-11 Microbial Characterization of Digital Dermatitis and Foot rot in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Wong Nicholas S , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Jelinski Murray D , Alexander Trevor , Janzen Eugene , Erickson Sarah E , Polo Rodrigo Ortega
Published: September 2022

Lameness is a significant health issue in feedlot cattle, having major economic, labor, and welfare implications. Digital dermatitis (DD), a lesion of the plantar surface of the foot, and foot rot (FR), which affects the interdigital cleft, are common infectious causes of feedlot lameness with bacterial origins. These hoof lesions can occur alone or in combination in the same hoof (DD+FR). Over a one-year period (2019-2020), 208 hoof swabs were obtained from cattle with FR (n = 55), DD (n = 18), and DD+FR (n = 29), and 5 completely healthy cattle (controls) from three southern Alberta commercial feedlots. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the bacterial microbiota of DD, FR, and DD+FR lesions relative to corresponding healthy skin controls found within the same affected animals. DD and FR lesion microbiotas showed reduced diversity compared with corresponding control skin. Multiple Treponema (members of Spirochaetaceae Family) species were differentially abundant in DD lesions compared with contralateral control skin. FR lesions are characterized by an abundance of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii, compared with contralateral control skin. The microbiome of DD+FR lesions was similar to FR lesions, where F. necrophorum and P. levii were increased compared with contralateral control skin. Other differentially abundant taxa (Helcococcus, Succiniclasticum spp.) found in FR and DD+FR lesions had been previously associated with DD, suggesting there may be an overlap of bacteria that have a role in both types of hoof lesions. The findings support previous literature showing that FR and DD are polybacterial in nature. The identification of novel bacterial species of DD and FR lesions could contribute information for the development of more targeted and effective prevention and treatment strategies. A novel finding of the sequencing analysis for hooves with concurrent DD and FR infection was characterized.
PSI-17 Effects of a Supplemental Water Source and Trace-Mineral Based Electrolyte Drinking Solution on Intake and Blood Cell Count of Newly Received Feedlot Calves
Authors: Smithyman Mackenzie M , Gouvêa Vinicius , Campbell Dayna L , Duff Glenn C , Loest Clint A , Branine Mark E
Published: September 2022

Rapidly rehydrating newly received feedlot cattle may reduce disease risks caused by the marketing and transportation-related restrictions on feed and water. This study evaluated strategies to rapidly replenish water and key nutrients in newly received feedlot calves during the first three days following arrival. Crossbred heifers [n=270; initial BW = 232 ± 16 kg] were individually weighed after 16 h fasting and sorted into 18 pens (6 pens/treatment). Treatments were: 1) Control (CON): standard in-pen automatic water source (Richie CM480; one waterer/pen); 2) Supplemental water source (SWS): CON + one additional stock tank/pen; 3) Nutritional rehydration solution (NRS): trace-mineral based drinking solution provided with one stock tank/pen as the only water source. Treatments were provided from days 1 to 4, after which supplemental tanks were removed. From days 5 to 56, cattle only had access to CON (automatic waterer). Water intake (WI) was measured daily throughout the trial, BW and whole blood (5 heifers/pen) were collected on days 1, 4, 14, 28, and 56. Treatment × experimental period interactions (P≤0.03) were observed for WI and dry matter intake (DMI). The DMI was greater for both SWS and NRS than CON from days 5 to 15 (P≤0.01), and SWS had greater DMI than CON from days 16 to 29 (P=0.01). Both SWS and NRS had greater WI than CON from days 1 to 4 (P≤0.001), but not from days 5 to 56 (P≥0.36). No treatment effect or treatment × day interactions were observed for plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, total red or white blood cell counts (P≥0.23). Hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased for SWS when compared with CON (P≤0.05). The results suggest that providing SWS or NRS to newly received calves during the initial three days after arrival increases WI, DMI and hydration, but does not impact blood metabolites and immune cells.
PSI-5 Comparison of 7&7 Synch and 7-day Co-Synch + Cidr Protocols in a Fixed-Time ai System on Beef Cows Using Y-Sorted sex-Selected Semen
Authors: Aubuchon Kolton W , Odde John A , Hartman Ashley R , Semler Michael , Odde Kenneth G , Fike Karol E
Published: September 2022

The 7&7 Synch and the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR fixed-time estrous synchronization protocols were compared among mature and two-year-old lactating postpartum Angus and SimAngus cows (n=201). Mature (n=63) and two-year-old (n=36) cows treated with the 7&7 Synch received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine) at the same time as insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) on Day -17, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 μg gonadorelin) on Day -10, and PGF at time of CIDR removal on Day -3. Mature (n=65) and two-year-old (n=37) cows in the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR groups received an injection of GnRH on Day -10 that coincided with CIDR insertion and received PGF at the time of CIDR removal on Day -3. Fixed-timed AI (FTAI) by a single technician using Y-chromosome-bearing sex-sorted semen (4x106 sperm/unit of SexedULTRA 4M) from one of two Charolais bulls occurred on Day 0, 70 hours after PGF injection. Seven days later bulls were pastured with cows for the remainder of the breeding season. Transrectal ultrasound was performed 77-83 days after AI and fetal size was used to differentiate AI and natural service pregnancies. Within the mature cows and two-year-old age groups, the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS was used to compare FTAI and breeding season pregnancy rates with estrous synchronization treatment and sire as main effects. No differences (P=0.41) were observed amongst mature cows in FTAI pregnancy rates between the 7&7 Synch (52.4%) and the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR (44.9%) treatments. A greater (P=0.05) proportion of two-year-old cows were pregnant to FTAI following treatment with the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR (56.7%) as compared to the 7&7 Synch (33.4%). A greater (P=0.02) proportion of two-year-old cows in the 7-day CO-Synch+CIDR treatment (91.9%) were pregnant at the conclusion of the breeding season as compared with the 7&7 Synch (69.7%).