bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeito de herbicidas no desenvolvimento e na concentração de nutrientes em amendoim (Arachis Hypogaea L.) I. Herbicidas incorporados ao solo
Authors: Detjbert R. , Savy F0 A. , Bataglia O. C.
Published: May 2017

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo, um em solo areno-barrento e outro em solo argiloso, com a finalidade de estudar o efeito de trifluralin, aplicado nas doses de 0,60 e 0,96.kg/ha e vernolate, nas doses de 2,52 e 3,60 kg/ha, incorporados ao solo, sobre o desenvolvimento de amendoim e teor de macronutrientes em folhas no início do florescimento e sementes na colheita, e o teor de óleo nestas. O desenvolvimento da cultura foi observado por meio de pesos de matéria seca de folhas, caules e vagens, durante o ciclo, obtendo -se, também, a produção de vagens no fim do ciclo. Houve pequena redução no desenvolvimento, nos estágios iniciais do ciclo, pelas doses mais elevadas de trifluralin e vernolate em solo argiloso apenas. Os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, não foram afetados em folhas nem nos grãos por nenhum tratamento, nos dois experimentos, assim como o teor de óleo. As produções de grãos em casca não foram afetadas por nenhum tratamento, sendo elevadas nos dois experimentos.
Clinical Finding and Management of 12 Orofacial Clefts Cases with Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Authors: Lee Lee Mui , Ma Lian , Li Tie Jun
Published: May 2017

Objective

To study the phenotype and overview the clinical management on Cleft Lip and/or Palate (CL/P) with Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS) patients in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology.

Design

Case series study.

Main Outcome Measures

To describe the clinical phenotype of 12 CL/P with NBCCS patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria as well as to explore clinical management.

Results

Seven cases (7/12, 58.33%) were classified as bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCCLP). Two cases (2/12, 16.67%) were classified as unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP). Three cases (1/12, 8.33%) were classified as unilateral complete cleft lip (UCCL), submucosa cleft uvula (SCU), and bifid uvula (BU), respectively. The ratio of male/female was 9/3. Keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) were presented in all 12 cases. The most common site was the mandible region (12/12, 100%) followed by the maxilla region (7/12, 58.33%). The diagnostic age of 12 NBCCS with CL/P ranged from 11 to 42 years old (usually postponed to the occurring of KCOTs). The delayed diagnosis of NBCCS can be attributed to its complicated clinical manifestations. In some cases, the mutual effect between the surgical therapy of removing KCOTs and alveolar bone grafting made the team approach (TA) of CL/P more complicated.

Conclusion

CL/P may become important clinical phenotype in NBCCS. The type of cleft varied, with bilateral cleft lip and palate comprising above 50%. Larger sample sizes are needed to study and confirm this result. KCOTs, as one of the most common clinical feature of NBCCS, make the diagnosis delayed and the TA more difficult because of the occurring time and site. This compels us to improve the diagnostic criteria to make an early diagnosis and explore a better therapeutic protocol for CL/P.
Research at Work: Administrative Data and Behavioral Sciences Research
Authors: Yampolskaya Svetlana
Published: May 2017

Administrative data may provide rich, relatively inexpensive, unbiased, and accurate information that can be used to explore various research questions without imposing any additional burden to the participants. Understanding the data, having the ability to deal with its complexity, and ensuring data security are the keys to the successful use of administrative data sets.
Reunification is Not Enough: Assessing the Needs of Unaccompanied Migrant Youth
Authors: Jani Jayshree S.
Published: May 2017

Unaccompanied migrant youth enter the United States daily to escape violence, political oppression, extreme poverty, and chronic instability in their native countries, or as victims of human trafficking. While some research has investigated why they leave their home countries, very little is known about what happens to them after they begin the process of community integration. The research reported in this article sought to understand how sponsors of children with no postrelease services access and use community services during their first year of integration into a new U.S. community. Findings highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of family reunification and community integration as dynamic, ongoing processes rather than onetime events, and for services to support such integration.
Hepatosplenic Candidiasis Without Prior Documented Candidemia: An Underrecognized Diagnosis?
Authors: van Prehn Joffrey , Menke-van der Houven van Oordt C. Willemien , de Rooij Madelon L. , Meijer Ellen , Bomers Marije K. , van Dijk Karin
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Patients with a history of chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation (SCT) and prolonged neutropenia are at risk for hepatic and/or splenic seeding of Candida. In our experience, hepatosplenic candidiasis (HSC) without documented candidemia often remains unrecognized.

Case presentations

We describe three cases of HSC without documented candidemia and the challenges in establishing the diagnosis and adequately treating this condition. The first patient had a history of SCT for treatment of breast cancer and was scheduled for hemihepatectomy for suspected liver metastasis. A second opinion at our institute resulted in the diagnosis of hepatic candidiasis without prior documented candidemia, for which she was treated successfully with fluconazole. The second case demonstrates the limitations of (blood and tissue) cultures and the value of molecular methods to confirm the diagnosis. Case 3 illustrates treatment challenges, with ongoing dissemination and insufficient source control despite months of antifungal therapy, eventually resulting in a splenectomy.

Literature review

A structured literature search was performed for articles describing any patient with HSC and documented blood culture results. Thirty articles were available for extraction of data on candidemia and HSC. Seventy percent (131/187) of patients with HSC did not have documented candidemia. The majority of HSC events were described in hematologic patients, although some cases were described in patients with solid tumors treated with SCT (n = 1) or chemotherapy and a history of leukopenia (n = 2). Current guidelines and practices for diagnosis and treatment are described.

Conclusion

Clinicians should be aware that HSC most often occurs without documented candidemia. In case of persistent or unexplained fever or lesions in the liver and/or spleen, a history of neutropenia should place disseminated candidiasis in the differential diagnosis. HSC is not limited to hematological patients and may occur in patients with solid tumors treated with bone marrow-suppressing chemotherapy or SCT. In the latter group, HSC as alternative diagnosis for hepatic metastasis should be considered when lesions are not typical for metastasis. This might prevent unnecessary surgery or inappropriate treatment.
The Decline in Asset Return Predictability and Macroeconomic Volatility
Authors: Hsu Alex , Palomino Francisco , Qian Charles
Published: May 2017

We document strong U.S. stock and bond return predictability from several macroeconomic volatility series before 1982, and a significant decline in this predictability during the Great Moderation. These findings are robust to alternative empirical specifications and out-of-sample tests. We explore the predictability decline using a model that incorporates monetary policy and shocks with time-varying volatility. The decline is consistent with changes in both policy and shock dynamics. While an increase in the response to inflation in the interest-rate policy rule decreases volatility, more persistent and less volatile shocks explain the lower predictability.
GDP Trend-cycle Decompositions Using State-level Data
Authors: Gonzalez-Astudillo Manuel
Published: May 2017

This paper develops a method for decomposing GDP into trend and cycle exploiting the cross-sectional variation of state-level real GDP and unemployment rate data. The model assumes that there are common output and unemployment rate trend and cycle components, and that each state’s output and unemployment rate are subject to idiosyncratic trend and cycle perturbations. The model is estimated with Bayesian methods using quarterly data from 2005:Q1 to 2016:Q1 for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Results show that the U.S. output gap reached about -8% during the Great Recession and is about 0.6% in 2016:Q1.
Ecosystem Services and International Water Law: towards a more effective determination and implementation of Equity?
Authors: Rieu-Clarke Alistair , Spray Christopher
Published: May 2017

Interest in an ecological- or an ecosystem-centred approach to natural resource management is not new, and in the case of water management has been very well emphasised for many decades. Recently however, a new focus has emerged around the identification and assessment of ecosystem services, and the potential to somehow use valuation of these services as a basis for more effective management of natural and human-linked systems. Despite this growing recognition, attempts to apply such an approach to transboundary watercourses are few and far between. While key principles of international water law, for example, equitable and reasonable utilisation, are not in conflict with an ecosystem services approach; significant challenges remain in its implementation.  However, as the methods and tools used to identify ecosystem services improve, it is likely that such an approach will offer an important means by which to reconcile competing interests over shared watercourses in the future.
Law, the Laws of Nature and Ecosystem Energy Services: A Case of wilful Blindness
Authors: Hodas David R
Published: May 2017

Ecosystems services include the collection, concentration, and storage of solar energy as fossil fuels (e.g., coal, petroleum, and natural gas). These concentrated forms of energy were produced by ancient ecosystem services. However, our legal and economic systems fail to recognise the value of the ecosystem service subsidies embedded in fossil fuels. This ecosystem services price subsidy causes overuse and waste of fossil fuels in the free market: fossil fuels are consumed more quickly than they can be replaced by ecosystem services and in far larger quantities than they would be if the price of fossil fuels included the cost of solar energy collection, concentration and manufacturing of raw fossil fuels. Moreover, burning fossil fuels produces enormous environmental, human health and welfare costs and damage.

Virtually no legal literature on ecosystem services, sustainable development, or sustainable energy, considers fossil fuels in this context. Without understanding stored energy as an ecosystem service, we cannot reasonably expect to manage our fossil fuel energy resources sustainably. International and domestic energy law and policy systems generally ignore this feature of fossil fuel energy, a blind spot that explains why reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels is fundamentally a political challenge. This paper will use new understandings emerging from the field of complex systems to critique existing legal decision-making models that do not adequately account for energy ecosystem services in policy design, resource allocation and project approvals. The paper proposes a new "least-social-cost" decision-making legal structure that includes ecosystem energy services.
The Unilateral Determination of Price – a Question of Certainty or Public Policy?
Authors: Du Plessis Hanri M
Published: May 2017

The unilateral determination of price has been a controversial issue for an extended period of time. During the 1990s the Supreme Court of Appeal asked if the rule should still form part of South African law. Specifically, the court raised a few questions in respect of the rule and commented that the rule as applied in South African law is illogical. The court also remarked that public policy, bona fides and contractual equity might also be employed when considering such issues. Despite the criticisms of the Supreme Court of Appeal, it would seem that the rule still forms part of our law. This article investigates whether or not the rule should be retained in the South African common law. The answer will depend on two separate questions: Is the rule a manifestation of the requirement of certainty of price? If not, does public policy require that the rule be retained? The article shows that the rule prohibiting the unilateral determination of price should not be seen as a manifestation of the requirement of certainty of price. This is because there are various circumstances where the unilateral determination of the price results in certainty of price or can be applied in such a way as to arrive at certainty of price. Most of these arguments require that the discretion to determine the price should not be unfettered and should be subject to some objective standard. This can be done expressly or tacitly in the contract, or an objective standard (in the form of reasonableness) will be implied by law. Thereafter, the article considers various public policy considerations that could be used to determine if a discretion to determine the price should be enforced. The article argues that public policy may dictate that such a discretion should be valid and enforceable provided that it is not unfettered and subject to an external objective standard or reasonableness. However, in cases where an unfair bargaining position is present, public policy may dictate otherwise. The article accepts that whether a term providing for the unilateral determination of the price would be contrary to public policy or not will depend on the facts of the case. However, it is submitted that, at a minimum, the considerations and factors discussed in the article should be taken into account when making such an assessment.
Glacial chronology of the Sierra Nevada, California, from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene
Authors: Phillips F.
Published: May 2017

During the Last Glacial Maximum the Sierra Nevada in California, USA, supported a mountain glacier/ice cap complex that covered over 20,000 km2. The history of this ice cover can be reconstructed using 14C and cosmogenic-nuclide surface-exposure dating. These show that the glaciers reached their maximum extent for the last glacial cycle between 21 and 18 ka, i.e., during the global Last Glacial Maximum. This is termed the Tioga 3 advance. A slow retreat began at 18 ka and accelerated rapidly at about 17 ka. After retreating an unknown distance, the glaciers began to readvance at about 16.7 ka, reaching the Tioga 4 limit at 16.2 ka. They then rapidly retreated to the crest of the range, probably within 500 to 1000 years. There is no indication of subsequent glacial expansion until the Recess Peak advance between 14.0 and 12.5 ka. Unfortunately, chronological control is not adequate to determine whether this advance was during the early Younger Dryas or slightly preceded it. The equilibrium-line-altitude reduction during the Tioga 3 was about 1200 m, that during the Tioga 4 about 800 m, and during the Recess Peak 100 to 200 m. The Tioga 4 advance coincided with the expansion of nearby pluvial Lake Lahontan to its maximum size. The Sierra Nevada advances correlate well with the glacial chronology of the Alps during the same period, and also with the episodes of melting and advance of the European and Laurentide Ice Sheets. Times of glacial advance in the Sierra Nevada may be connected to the melting history of the ice sheets, and to Heinrich events, by expansion and contraction of sea ice in the southern North Atlantic.
Actividad antioxidante de extractos de hojas de Bocconia frutescens L. (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Rodríguez Aguirre Oscar Eduardo , Andrade Barreiro William Alejandro , Andrade Barreiro William Alejandro , Diaz Lopez Fabio Eduardo , Diaz Lopez Fabio Eduardo
Published: May 2017

Bocconia frutescens es un árbol pequeño, posee hojas profundamente lobuladas y con borde dentado, las flores están agrupadas en panículas terminales pendulares, las semillas son de color negro brillante con una cubierta carnosa de color anaranjada. Es nativa de América, es conocida con los nombres vulgares de: Sarno, Palo Amarillo o Trompeto. Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad antioxidante de extractos y fracciones de hojas de Bocconia frutescens por los métodos DPPH• y ABTS•+. Métodos: las fracciones obtenidas por soxleth con solventes de diferente polaridad de hojas, fueron evaluadas a concentraciones de 25, 62.5, 125 y 250 mg/LMeOH para determinar la actividad antioxidante por los métodos DPPH• y ABTS•+. Resultados: Para los extractos por el método decoloración del radical DPPH• el Porcentaje de Captación se encontró entre 47.6 y 57.7 a 250 mg/LMeOH y para las fracciones entre 45.4 y 54.1 mg/LMeOH, a 250 mg/LMeOH. Por el método decoloración del radical ABTS•+. Para los extractos el porcentaje de Captación se encontro entre 89.7 y 99.7 a 250 mg/LMeOH y para las fracciones entre 68.5 y 99.6 mg/LMeOH. Conclusiones: las fracciones de acetato de etilo y metanol presentaron una alta actividad antioxidante al ser evaluadas por las técnicas ABTS•+ y DPPH• , la técnica ABTS•+ se presento mayor sensibilidad.

Abstract

Bocconia frutescens is a small tree, has deeply lobed and serrated edge leaves, flowers are grouped in pendulous panicles terminal, seeds are shiny black with a fleshy covering of orange color. It is native to America, is known under their common names: Sarno, Palo Amarillo or Trompeto. Objectives: Evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of leaves Bocconia frutescens by DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods. Methods: the fractions obtained by Soxhlet with solvents of different polarity of leaves, were evaluated at concentrations of 25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg / LMeOH to determine the antioxidant activity by DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods. Results: Extracts for the bleaching method DPPH• radical the Percent Uptake was between 47.6 and 57.7 to 250 mg / LMeOH and fractions between 45.4 and 54.1 mg / LMeOH, to 250 mg / LMeOH. By the method of coloration radical ABTS•+. Extracts for the percentage uptake was found between 89.7 and 99.7 and fractions between 68.5 and 99.6 mg / LMeOH, to 250 mg / LMeOH. Conclusions: The fractions of ethyl acetate and methanol have a high antioxidant activity to be evaluated by the ABTS•+ and DPPH• techniques, the technique ABTS•+ present higher sensitivity.
Ordenamiento territorial como instrumento, para la zonificación ambiental a traves de la Estructura Ecologica Principal, como apoyo a la formulación de los POTs y los POMCAS en Colombia
Authors: Villegas Rodríguez Ernesto , Contreras García Diana Gabriela , Cifuentes Guerrero Julie Alejandra , Fernández Almanza Libardo
Published: May 2017

El presente artículo da a conocer los resultados obtenidos luego de una revisión teórica acerca de la necesaria relación que existe entre la zonificación ambiental, y la Estructura Ecológica Principal en el Ordenamiento del Territorio en los diferentes escenarios físicos, con el objetivo de caracterizar la importancia de estos dos factores como mecanismos fundamentales en la formulación de Planes de Desarrollo (PD), y los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT). Los resultados arrojan que la planificación y ordenamiento del territorio en términos de eficiencia, igualdad, equidad, participación, sostenibilidad, competitividad y bajo el marco de una democracia participativa e incluyentes, representa un reto para las ciudades actuales, donde el crecimiento poblacional, el aumento de las actividades económicas y las crecientes necesidades humanas, ejercen una presión cada vez mayor sobre los recursos naturales, por lo que incluir la zonificación ambiental y la Estructura Ecológica Principal resulta la base para la construcción de los POT, en función de las Unidades Especiales de Funcionamiento (UEF), para la formulación de una nueva visión de instrumentos denominados de “segunda generación” de PD y POT bajo la visión de afrontar nuevos marcos legales para la incorporación del ordenamiento territorial e inversiones bajo la figura del postconflicto.

Abstract

This article discloses the results obtained after a theoretical revision regarding the necessary relationship between environmental zoning, and the National Ecological Land Use Planning in different physical settings, in order to characterize the importance of these two factors as key mechanisms in the formulation of Development Plans (PD), and the Land Management Plans (POT). The results show that planning and land use planning in terms of efficiency, equality, equity, participation, sustainability and competitiveness within the framework of a participatory and inclusive democracy represents a challenge for current cities, where population growth, increasing of economic activities and growing human needs, exert increasing pressure on natural resources, which include environmental zoning and the National Ecological Network is the basis for the construction of the POT, according to the Special Units operation (UEF), to formulate a new vision of instruments called “second generation” of PD and low vision POT face new legal framework for the incorporation of territorial planning and investment under the guise of post-conflict

 
Связь доверия с инновациями, новизной и конкурентоспособностью бизнеса
Authors: Жаворонков Павел Владимирович
Published: May 2017

Показано, что без доверительных отношений практически любые договоренности невозможны. Необходима атмосфера доверия, выступающая «питательной средой» для возникновения идеи и ее воплощения в тот или иной экономический продукт. Доверие становится категорией, которую обязаны учитывать компании при разработке стратегических планов. Контакт человека с окружающим и предметным миром определяется защитными биоэнергетическими процессами его организма. Реакцией на разное внешнее воздействие является генерирование человеком его творческой энергии, которую мы относим к основному источнику экономических и социальных преобразований в обществе.
Pragmatics between Microlinguistic and Macrolinguistic Levels of analysis
Authors: Mahmood Rauf Kareem
Published: May 2017

The paper discusses the researcher's new hypothesis to drag pragmatics out of the closed box of microlinguistics and separate it from semantics. To the researcher, pragmatics, if approached objectively, could be relocated as a vital area of interdisciplinary research; otherwise it would shake in the basic foundations of grammar and meaning contrasted with contextual values of utterances. This paper hypothesizes that pragmatics is a macrolinguistic level of analysis, not, as commonly thought, a microlinguistic level. Hence, pragmatics could be more properly listed with Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Text linguistics and other relevant areas, not with phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, though the last, mistakenly to the researcher, is twinned with pragmatics as two faces of the same coin, namely meaning.
Problem-Based Learning for Didactic Presentation to Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Montenery Susan
Published: May 2017

Nursing judgment is an essential component in the delivery of safe, quality patient care. Nurses must have the knowledge and skills to question authority, make judgments, substantiate evidence, and advocate for the patient. Traditional pedagogy in content-laden courses remains primarily lecture based. Incorporating active strategies to strengthen professional practice is essential. A pilot study assessed senior baccalaureate nursing students ‘perceptions of problem-based learning (PBL) and their readiness for self-directed learning. In addition, the authors analyzed the relationship between readiness for self-directed learning and course content mastery using PBL. Students completed the Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, the Problem-Based Learning Environment Inventory, and course content mastery exams. Students reported positive experiences with PBL and readiness for self-directed learning. Readiness for self-directed learning and 2 of 5 exam scores were inversely, significantly related. Students ‘perceptions of their readiness for self-directed learning did not always correspond with course content mastery. Specifically, some students who perceived themselves as ready for self-directed learning did not perform well on course content exams. This inverse relationship has not been reported by other researchers and brings an interesting perspective to student perceptions and actual performance. Four themes emerged from students ‘narrative responses: Prepared Me for Real Life Professional Situations, Stimulated My Critical Thinking, Promoted Independent Problem Solving, and Supported Learning Retention. PBL as a pedagogical approach provides opportunities for nursing students to explore their professional independence while attempting to master content.
Challenging Unjust Authority and Creating a Profession
Authors: Doona Mary Ellen , Palmer Sophia French
Published: May 2017

The emergence of the trained nurse as a new profession for women coincided with the transformation of hospitals from refuges for the sick and poor into treatment facilities. The hospital was an apt setting for learning nursing's fundamentals, but the domestic demands of the setting soon took precedence over nursing education. Nursing superintendents struggled to honor the right of pupil nurses to an education over the might of the hospital's demands. The 20th anniversary of the Trained Nurse Movement in 1893 proved the decisive moment when nursing superintendents created professional associations and gathered the nursing diaspora into a coherent force. Recourse to the law followed with nurses seeking legal validation of their authority over nursing education. Now, as then, a nurse's authority is a right that has to be protected when the might of individuals and institutions, both subtle and blatant, interferes with nurses caring for the well-being of society.
A Dialectical Perspective on the Adaptive Information Processing Model and EMDR Therapy
Authors: Laub Brurit , Weiner Nomi , Bender Sheila S.
Published: May 2017

This article proposes a dialectical perspective on the adaptive information processing (AIP) model (F. Shapiro, 1995, 2001) with application to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Dialectical principles may contribute to a more detailed understanding of the way the AIP system works as well as adding new therapeutic guidelines. Our dialectical perspective is based on 2 propositions. The first is that the movement of the AIP system toward integration consists of 2 dialectical movements: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal movement is between various opposites of the individual such as danger versus safety, dependence versus independence, worthlessness versus self-worth. The vertical movement relates to whole/part shifts in which a whole becomes a part of the next higher whole. The synergetic flow of both dialectical movements is depicted as a spiral of the AIP system. The second proposition suggests that the AIP system operates through cycles of differentiation and linking. These cycles separate the condensed and fragmented memory network into parts, enabling new links to occur. Differentiation and linking are also discussed in relation to dialectical attunement and mindful dual awareness. Using clinical vignettes, we illustrate how this perspective can supply the EMDR therapist a map of the client’s associative processing, enhance attuned therapeutic presence, and promote effective dialectical interweaves when processing is stuck.
Evaluation of Potential Spanish Text Markers on Social Posts as Features for Polarity Classification
Authors: Leoni de León Jorge Antonio , Casasola Murillo Edgar , Marín Raventós Gabriela
Published: May 2017

Abstract:

This work describes the identification and evaluation process of potential text markers for sentiment analysis. Evaluation of the markers and its use as part of the feature extraction process from plain text that is needed for sentiment analysis is presented. Evaluation of text marker obtained as a result of systematic analysis from a corpus over a second one allowed us to identify that emphasized positive words are strong indicators for positive text. The second corpus allowed us to evaluate the relation between the polarity of emphasized words and the text they appear in. Evaluation of the markers for polarity detection task in combination with a polarized dictionary produced polarity classification average precision of 56% using only three markers.This are promising results compared to the top 69% obtained using more features and specialized dictionaries for the same task. 

Spanish Abstract:

Este trabajo describe el proceso de identificación y evaluación de posibles marcadores de texto para análisis de sentimiento. Se presenta la evaluación de los marcadores y su uso como parte del proceso de extracción de características para análisis de sentimiento.La evaluación de los marcadores de texto que obtenidos como resultado del análisis sistemático de un corpus sobre un segundo corpus permitió identificar que las palabras positivas con énfasis son fuertes indicadores para identificación de texto positivo. El segundo corpus nos permitió evaluar la relación existente entre la polaridad de las palabras con énfasis y el texto en que aparecen. La evaluación de los marcadores en combinación con un diccionario de polaridad permitieron obtener una precisión del 56%usando solo tres marcadores. Este es un resultado prometedor si se compara con el 69% que se logra obtener para la misma tarea con un número mayor de características y varios diccionarios especializados.
Outbreak of contagious ecthyma in camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) in Southwest Iran
Authors: Gharib Mombeni E. , Gharib Mombeini M. , Varshovi H. R. , Khalaj M. , Kenarkohi M. , Goudarzi M. , Mousavi Nasab S. M.
Published: May 2017

Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is a highly infectious viral skin disease of sheep, goats, and camels caused by a Parapoxvirus. This study reports an outbreak of CCE in a herd of 34 camels/dromedaries, with 24 infected animals. The infected animals exhibited severe papules on the lips and legs, increase in body temperature, profuse salivation, foul mouth smell, and facial edema. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in some samples. The morbidity and mortality rates were 70.6 and 6%, respectively. A supportive treatment was administered to the infected camels. Most of the  camels  recovered  within three weeks. Skin analysis by the polymerase chain reaction revealed the pre- sence of the B2L gene of the CE Kerman/2000 strain. This is the second report on the presence of CCE in Iran. As there is no vaccination program for camels against contagious ecthyma virus in Iran, this study may form the basis for establishing such a program
Transmission concomitante de trypanosomose humaine et animale : le foyer de Mandoul au Tchad
Authors: Mallaye Peka , Kohagne Tongué L. , Ndeledje N. , Louis F. J. , Mahamat Hassane H.
Published: May 2017

La trypanosomose est une maladie qui affecte à la fois l’homme et les animaux. Elle est provoquée par Trypanosoma sp. et cycliquement transmise par un vecteur, la glossine. Bien que cette maladie soit essentiellement endémique dans l’aire de distribution de son vecteur, les zones endémiques qui présentent une transmission active des deux types de la maladie ont rarement été décrites. Dans la présente étude, des enquêtes épidémiologique et entomologique ont été menées, puis les échantillons obtenus ont été analysés par la technique d’amplification en chaîne par polymérase (PCR). Au total, 13 410 personnes ont été examinées et 132 cas diagnostiqués. L’examen de 144 bovins par PCR a révélé l’infection de 33 d’entre eux, soit par Trypanosoma brucei (39 p. 100 des infections), soit par T. vivax (55 p. 100 des infections), soit par une coïnfection (deux animaux). Trois familles d’insectes (Glossinidae, Stomoxyinae et Tabanidae) ont été capturées à des densités variables. Glossina fuscipes fuscipes a été capturée uniquement dans la partie sud du foyer et la plus forte densité apparente (DAP = 0,56 glossine/piège/jour) a été observée dans la forêt galerie bordant les villages où a été diagnostiqué le plus grand nombre de malades. Les Tabanidae ont été présentes dans toutes les zones prospectées mais la plus forte densité (DAP =  15,55 tabanidés/piège/jour) a été observée dans la partie nord du foyer. Les stomoxes ont été absents de la zone prospectée la plus éloignée de la rivière. L’identification des trypanosomes chez l’homme et le bétail, et la présence du vecteur cyclique et des vecteurs mécaniques potentiels ont confirmé l’endémie de trypanosomose animale et humaine dans ce foyer. Seule une stratégie globale d’élimination permettrait de la contrôler durablement.
Price and quality of livestock feeds in suburban markets of West Africa’s Sahel: Case study from Bamako, Mali
Authors: Ayantunde A. A. , Blummel M. , Grings E. , Duncan A. J.
Published: May 2017

In West African Sahel cities, livestock husbandry such as smallholder dairy production and livestock (cattle, sheep and goat) fattening has become popular among livestock owners to meet food needs for the household, and for income generation. The increasing importance of urban and suburban agriculture, particularly livestock husbandry in the region, has led to a rapid increase in livestock populations in most of the cities. As a result of this increase and the associated growth in the demand for feeds, feed markets have sprung up in many cities and towns of West Africa’s Sahel. A survey of livestock feed markets was conducted in five markets in Bamako, Mali. Prices of livestock feeds were monitored monthly from January to December 2010. In addition, feed samples were collected from the markets for laboratory analysis to determine their nutritional quality. Results showed that the prices of cowpea hay and groundnut haulm were consistently higher than those of other feeds throughout the year. The price of cowpea hay ranged from 367 FCFA/kg dry matter (DM) (1 USD ≈ 500 FCFA) in October, i.e. immediately after harvest, to 667 FCFA/kg DM in August, i.e. in the wet season. Results also showed that there was no relationship between price and quality for all feed types. However, prices and quality of feeds differed significantly across seasons suggesting that the season was a major determinant for the price of livestock feeds in suburban areas of West Africa’s Sahel.
Effets de la substitution des graines torréfiées de soja (Glycine max) par celles de niébé (Vigna unguiculata) et du niveau de protéines alimentaires sur les performances zootechniques et la rentabilité économique de l’élevage de poulets
Authors: Ouattara S. , Bougouma-Yameogo V. M.C. , Nianogo A. J. , Ouedraogo H.
Published: May 2017

La présente étude a eu pour but d’évaluer les effets de la substitution des graines torréfiées de soja (Glycine max) par celles de niébé (Vigna unguiculata) et du niveau de protéines alimentaires sur les performances zootechniques et la rentabilité économique des poulets de race locale (Gallus gallus) au Burkina Faso. Trois cents poussins de race locale de 12 jours d’âge ont été répartis en 12 lots de 25 sujets chacun. Quatre régimes alimentaires incorporant  des  graines  de niébé ou de soja et ayant des niveaux protéiques différents pour le démarrage et la croissance et finition ont été préparés. Les paramètres zootechniques (poids vif, gain pondéral, ingéré et indice de consommation), et la  mortalité  ont  été relevés une fois toutes les deux semaines du 12e au 138e jour d’âge. Au 138e jour, quatre sujets (deux mâles et deux femelles) de chaque lot ont été abattus afin d’évaluer les caractéristiques des carcasses  et des organes sélectionnés. Une évaluation de la rentabilité comparée des différents régimes a été faite. La substitution des graines torréfiées de soja par celles de niébé n’a pas eu d’effet dépressif sur les performances zootechniques ni sur les paramètres d’abattage du poulet local. De même, l’utilisation de ces graines n’a pas dégradé la rentabilité économique. Enfin, l’augmentation du taux de protéines dans les régimes a amélioré significativement (p ≤ 0,05) les gains de poids et a permis de réduire la durée d’élevage des poulets de ces régimes de deux semaines environ.
Ochratoxine A dans les aliments, les fluides et les tissus de volaille en Algérie
Authors: Mohammedi D. , Mohammedi S.
Published: May 2017

L’ochratoxine A (OTA), mycotoxine produite par de nombreuses espèces d’Aspergillus et par Penicillium verrucosum, est néphrotoxique, hépato- toxique, immunotoxique et carcinogène chez les animaux et chez l’homme. La consommation d’aliments contaminés par l’OTA affecte la santé et la productivité des animaux et peut entraîner la présence d’OTA dans les produits animaux destinés à la consommation humaine. La prévalence de l’OTA dans les produits avicoles en Algérie a été déterminée à partir d’aliments, de sang et d’organes prélevés sur des volailles. La méthode d’analyse a été basée sur le coefficient de partage de l’OTA dans l’eau et les solvants organiques par ajustement du pH. La chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (HPLC) et la spectrofluorimétrie ont été utilisées pour la détection et la quantification. L’OTA a été présente dans une grande partie de l’aliment de volailles (poulets, poules pondeuses et dindes) à la concentration de 0,02 à 63 µg/kg. Les concentrations sériques ont été de 0,57 à 1,22 ng/ml. Bien que quelques prélèvements de sérums aient été négatifs, les organes (foie, testicules, reins) provenant des mêmes animaux contenaient de l’OTA. Les reins (concentrations de 0,02 à 9,73 ng/ml) et les testicules (concentrations de 0,12 à 2,11 ng/ ml) ont semblé être les tissus les plus contaminés. Cette étude montre qu’il serait important de proposer une recherche systématique de l’OTA sur les reins de volailles et, selon les résultats, interdire la consommation de leurs organes.
Prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli in Mauritian dairy cattle
Authors: Thierry Sébatien Ian Lloyd , Santchurn Sunita Jeewantee , Jaufeerally-Fakim Yasmina , Gannon James E.
Published: May 2017

Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are important human pathogens (1). They are characterized by their ability to pro­duce Shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2). Seven STEC have been shown to withstand food processing procedures that are expected to ensure food safety. Clinical symptoms associated with STEC infection can vary from abdominal cramps and acute bloody diarrhea to more severe aftereffects including hemorrhagic coli­tis, hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombocytopenic purpura, which can lead to kidney failure and death.Dairy cattle, which excrete STEC in their feces, are a major source of STEC infection (2). Humans become infected with STEC through direct contact with infected animals or by inges­tion of contaminated water, raw and unpasteurized milk, meat products, and/or plant-derived products (4–6). The objectives of this study were to estimate both cow-level and farm-level point prevalence estimates of STEC fecal shedding in Mauritian dairy cattle and to characterize putative STEC isolates based on their virulence factors.A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the preva­lence of STEC in the dairy cattle population of Mauritius. Fecal samples were collected from 150 individual dairy cattle from 38 dairy farms located throughout the nine district regions of the island. Collected samples were enriched in modified Tryptic Soy broth followed by isolation on CHROMagarTM STEC (3). Suspected isolates were streaked onto EMB agar, further puri­fied on nutrient agar and subsequently cryopreserved in glyc­erol until further investigation. Putative isolates were charac­terized using molecular techniques (7, 8) for the presence of chromosomal sequences encoding Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2), the intimin protein (eaeA) and the plasmid-encoded hemo­lysin (hlyA).Out of the 38 farm samples, 29 farms (76%) were found to be positive for presumptive STEC isolates. From the 150 fecal samples collected, 111 (74%) were found to harbor presump­tive STEC isolates (Table I). Polymerase-chain-reaction- (PCR-) based characterization has confirmed the presence of STEC in a number of fecal samples. Results obtained so far indicate that STEC are common members of the gut microbiome of dairy cattle in Mauritius.Presumptive STEC isolates are currently being screened with PCR targeting stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA genes. This epidemiological study on STEC is the first of its kind in Mauritius and in the Indian Ocean region. It aims at providing new information concerning the presence of STEC in Mauritian dairy cattle. It involves the use of the latest chromogenic agar (CHROMagarTM STEC) available on the market. This culture medium has been designed for the detection of a wide range of STEC from different sources. The study highlights the importance of implementing proper sanitary measures at the dairy farm level to prevent cross contamination of milk and the surrounding environment.
Occurrence of bovine tuberculosis at Nyala abattoirs in South Darfur State, Sudan
Authors: Aljameel M. A. , Abdel Wahab M. B. , Fayza A. O. , El Tigani A. E. , Abdellatif M. M.
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at Nyala abattoirs, South Darfur State, Sudan during the period April 2006 – May 2008. In total 2794 cattle were examined for tuberculous lesions. Tuberculous lesions (n = 163) were found in 40 (1.4%) animals, among which seven had generalized tuberculosis and 33 localized tuberculosis, mainly in the lungs, thoracic lymph nodes, and/or in the liver, spleen, kidneys and mesenteric lymph nodes. Tissue samples were collected either in 10% formal saline for routine histopathology or in ice packs for direct microscopy and culturing. Direct microscopy showed that 124 (76.1%) tuberculous lesions harbored acid fast bacilli, whereas 17 (10.4%) isolates of Mycobacterium spp. were recovered in pure Lowenstein-Jensen medium cultures and identified as M. bovis (n = 11) and M. farcinogenes (n = 6). Granulomatous inflammation was evident in all sections of tuberculous lesions. Further studies are needed to identify mycobacteria species causing tuberculosis in other animal species.
Detection of African horse sickness virus antibodies by ELISA in sera collected from unvaccinated horses in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Ehizibolo D. O. , Nwokike E. C. , Wungak Y. , Meseko C. A.
Published: May 2017

African horse sickness (AHS) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and is recognized as one of the major life-threatening diseases of equids in some parts of the world. Several sporadic outbreaks of AHS have been reported in Nigeria in the past. Sera collected from 284 horses in seven stables in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria, were tested for antibodies against AHS virus (AHSV) using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A high percentage of the sera (86.6%) were positive, indicating continual exposure of Nigerian horses to AHSV. Annual vaccination of horses and vector control to minimize incidence in the region is advocated.
Typologie exploratoire des systèmes d’élevage laitier familiaux de la mégalopole du Grand Caire en Egypte, contraintes et opportunités
Authors: Daburon A. , Tourrand J-F. , Alary V. , Ali A. , Elsorougy M.
Published: May 2017

Avec la croissance de la population urbaine mondiale, les rôles que pourraient jouer les agricultures urbaines dans les villes de demain posent question. L’Egypte, qui a connu une urbanisation très rapide au cours du siècle dernier, semble abriter une importante diversité d’exploitations urbaines et périurbaines. La mégalopole du Grand Caire, avec ses 20 millions d’habitants, ne fait pas exception et profite de la présence de fermes, dont une partie contribue à l’approvisionnement en lait de la ville. Relevant de l’économie informelle, la littérature est presque inexistante quant à leurs structures, fonctionnements, dynamiques et perspectives. Cet article décrit les principaux systèmes familiaux du secteur laitier informel du Caire, afin de mieux cerner leurs contraintes et leurs opportunités. Les données collectées au cours d’entretiens auprès de 73 éleveurs du Caire ont permis de réaliser une typologie de ces systèmes en se basant sur leurs caractéristiques structurelles, techniques, familiales et économiques. Deux grandes catégories ont été identifiées  : les agroéleveurs intégrant agriculture et élevage, et les éleveurs hors-sol. Chacune de ces catégories a été divisée en deux types, à partir d’un gradient de la taille. Dans tous les cas, la satisfaction des besoins alimentaires familiaux a primé. Le lait de bufflonne était le lait le plus produit et la commercialisation des surplus de lait frais passait par des circuits courts. Bien que rendant des services à la ville, ces exploitations affrontaient de nombreuses contraintes (coûts élevés des intrants agricoles, pression foncière, faible disponibilité des terres agricoles, parmi d’autres) qui remettaient en question leur subsistance à moyen terme.
Epidémiologie de la theilériose tropicale bovine (infection par Theileria annulata) en Tunisie : une synthèse
Authors: Gharbi Mohamed , Rjeibi M. R. , Darghouth M. A.
Published: May 2017

Le présent article est une revue bibliographique de l’épidémiologie de la theilériose tropicale bovine en Tunisie. C’est une parasitose spécifique due à la présence et à la multiplication dans les phagocytes mononucléés puis dans les érythrocytes d’un protozoaire de la famille des Theileridae, Theileria annulata. Elle est transmise de manière biologique par plusieurs espèces de tiques de la famille des Ixodidae, appartenant au genre Hyalomma. L’implication de trois acteurs très éloignés sur le plan taxonomique est à l’origine d’une maladie dont l’épidémiologie est très complexe. Cette infection évolue selon trois modes enzootiques  : (a) l’enzootie stable qui résulte d’un état d’équilibre entre l’hôte et le parasite, (b) l’enzootie instable modérée qui est due à la présence d’une faible population de tiques engendrant des cas cliniques chez des animaux âgés de deux à trois ans, et (c) l’enzootie instable élevée dans laquelle la population de tiques est tellement faible que la probabilité de rencontre entre une tique infectée et un hôte sensible est minime. Le type de situation épidémiologique dans lequel se trouve l’élevage permet de planifier un programme de lutte adapté.
Editorial
Authors: Faye B.
Published: May 2017

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