bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symmetry between linear predictive coding and composite sinusoidal modeling
Authors: Sagayama Shigeki , Itakura Fumitada
Published: August 2002

An elegant relationship (here called symmetry) between the linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis and the composite sinusoidal modeling (CSM) analysis is described. The objective is to provide a systematic view of the theory of voice spectral modeling such as LPC, PARCOR, CSM, and line spectral pairs (LSP). All of these methods of analysis are reduced to the problems of deriving the model parameters for lower‐order autocorrelation functions equal to the number of degrees of freedom of the model. From the point of view of the theory of orthogonal polynomials, LPC and CSM are the theory of orthogonal polynomials of a unit circle (in the case of LPC) and on the real axis (in the case of CSM). Beautiful symmetries hold in regard to the formulation, definition of various parameters, and solution algorithm. Also, a new interpretation is given here for the LSP from the point of view of orthogonal polynomials. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(6): 42–54, 2002
High‐speed computation of 3D tensor product expansion by the power method
Authors: Murakami Jun , Yamamoto Naoki , Tadokoro Yoshiaki
Published: August 2002

As a method to expand the 3D array by the 3D tensor products, the 3D outer product expansion is proposed and is used in the compression of image data and the design of 3D digital filters. The computational procedure is to apply nonlinear optimization iteratively to derive the expansion coefficients and the expansion vectors. Generally, the problems in nonlinear optimization have been that the process may not converge or a solution other than the optimal may be derived, depending on the given initial value, or the computational complexity and the computation time become tremendous when the size of the 3D array is enlarged. In order to handle these problems, the authors devised a method of calculating the 3D outer product expansion without applying nonlinear optimization, by using the power method, which is known as a numerical eigenvalue computation method. The validity of the method is verified against the calculation results. The computation time can be decreased by applying the proposed method. The calculation also reveals that the orthogonality among the expansion terms is lost in the calculation of the outer product expansion. Consequently, an expansion based on the mathematical definition of the 3D tensor product expansion that satisfies orthogonality is considered, and it is verified that the calculation can be performed in this expansion by 3D outer product expansion by the power method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 63–72, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1108
Data‐dependent median filtering with multiple windows for restoration of images corrupted by high‐probability impulsive noise
Authors: Ishii Hiroaki , Taguchi Akira , Okano Mitsuhiro , Sone Mototaka
Published: August 2002

The authors propose a new method for restoring images corrupted by high‐probability impulsive noise at 10 to 50%. The strength (number of instances) of impulsive noise present in the area adjacent to a processing point is not uniform even in images that are corrupted by high‐probability impulsive noise. In addition, when a processing point itself does not represent high‐probability impulsive noise, outputting the input signal as is without performing median filter processing is vital to avoid image degradation. Given the above, one approach for restoring images degraded by high‐probability impulsive noise is to first determine whether or not a processing point represents impulsive noise, and then perform median filter processing only when it is determined that impulsive noise is present. Second, when performing median filter processing, the amount of impulsive noise adjacent to a processing point must be estimated, the size of the filter window appropriate to that amount must be set, and efforts to preserve the signal must be made. In the proposed method the authors were able to unify three types of fuzzy inference. In addition, the proposed method is superior at handling images degraded by impulsive noise over a probability range of 10 to 50% when the fuzzy sets are fixed by setting the fuzzy sets in the three fuzzy inferences appropriately. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(9): 43–57, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1118
A robust decentralized approach to the multiarea frequency control of power systems
Authors: Miyazaki Mariko , Liu Kang‐Zhi , Saito Osami
Published: August 2002

It is an important problem in multiarea power systems to attenuate the frequency deviation due to load change. Since power systems are spatially dispersive, decentralized control is more practical than lumped control. In this paper, we propose two robust decentralized control schemes for this problem. The difficulty with this problem is that the linearized model of a multiarea power system with frequency deviations as outputs is a MIMO system that has a transmission zero at s = 0. They key idea is to change the output of one subsystem so that the resulting new plant does not have any zero at s = 0. The new outputs are chosen carefully so that the regulation of the new outputs can guarantee the regulation of all frequency deviations and tieline power. Further, parameter uncertainty is taken into account in the controller design to achieve robustness. Simulation shows that the proposed methods are effective. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 68–76, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10004
An improved power flow for an ill‐conditioned power system with FACTS devices
Authors: Yorino Naoto , Takeuchi Tohru , Sasaki Hiroshi , Sugihara Hiroaki
Published: August 2002

This paper addresses the issue of the computation techniques for assessing the steady‐state power flows controlled by Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), which contain variable series compensators (VSC), phase shifters (PS), interphase power controllers (IPC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). An improved Newton–Raphson load flow program has been developed based on an analysis of the convergence characteristic of the conventional method. It is shown that the conventional method tends to suffer from ill‐conditioning problem, resulting in shrinkage of the convergence region. Based on examinations of the condition number of the Jacobian, a penalty function method is adopted in order to avoid the ill‐conditioning problem and to guarantee a successful convergence. Although the computational burden is increased about 2 to 3 times, the proposed method considerably extends the region of convergence. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical examinations using IEEE 57 and 118 bus systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 30–37, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10027
Characteristic analysis of an induction motor with an unequal slot pitch cage rotor
Authors: Morimoto Mineyo , Morita Ikuro
Published: August 2002

Recent developments in induction motors have been moving forward reducing the size and weight of motors. At the same time, there are demands for much quieter operating conditions. Various design methods have been applied to reduce the vibration and acoustic noise of induction motors. One method is to make the slot pitches of the cage rotor unequal, to avoid the resonance with the natural frequencies of the stator frame. In this paper, our purpose is to create guidelines for reducing noise. As the first step for this purpose, we developed a method to analyze the voltage and torque equations of an induction motor with an unequal slot pitch cage rotor and discussed the characteristics from the analyzed currents. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 44–52, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10032
A method of mutual coupling effects of multi‐parallel routes in the presence of unbalanced faults
Authors: Tanaka Kazuyuki
Published: August 2002

The symmetrical method is even now one of the common theoretical approaches to simulating the faulted state of an electric power system, despite this method having major disadvantages, especially for unbalanced fault calculation on multi‐parallel routes due to the necessity of forming a complex equivalent zero‐sequence network. In order to protect the power system, including the multi‐parallel routes in it, from disturbance, a method that can solve the faulted state accurately and efficiently when a disturbance occurs on a multi‐parallel route is needed. From this point of view, this paper presents a newly developed fault calculation method which can easily incorporate the zero‐sequence mutual coupling effect among multi‐parallel routes without any topological changes of the symmetrical network. In the proposed method, the mutual coupling effect is treated as a voltage source inserted into each parallel branch to compensate the mutual coupling effects of other circuits. Since the voltage source can be equivalently expressed as the injection currents of the connected nodes, the faulted state can be calculated easily without topological changes of the zero‐sequence network. Numerical results for several relevant cases are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(2): 9–17, 2001
Pulse discharge characteristics of composite electrode systems
Authors: Sakamoto Naoki , Kuninaka Yoshito , Ueno Hideki , Nakayama Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

This paper describes the discharge characteristics of a needle/dielectric composite electrode in N2 gas produced by a rectangular pulse voltage. Glass or ZnO was placed in contact with the needle for the needle–plane electrode configuration. In the case of glass in contact with the needle, the discharge voltage increased with increasing L (the distance from the tip of the needle to the dielectric). In the case of ZnO in contact with the needle, the discharge voltage increased with increasing L from 0 mm to 2 mm, but it gradually decreased with increasing L from 2 mm to 10 mm. It is considered that these differences in the discharge voltage characteristics originate from the corona extension process and discharge path. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(1): 1–8, 2001
Effects of shock wave on laser‐induced discharge under a nonuniform DC electric field
Authors: Ohsako Yasushi , Nagasawa Satoru , Cho Mengu , Hikita Masayuki , Takeno Hiromasa
Published: August 2002

Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out to study the mechanisms of laser‐induced discharge under a nonuniform DC electric field as a basic research for the laser‐induced lightning. Plasma was produced between a rod–plane electrode gap. The electron density was measured via the Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The laser‐produced plasma channel serves as an extended rod electrode once the channel becomes a leader. The shock wave generated from the laser‐produced plasma has two effects. It produces a rarefied gas region in the gap, which further decreases the flashover voltage. On the other hand, stagnation at the surface of the rod electrode enhances the gas density and obstructs the leader formation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(1): 9–16, 2001
The interior coil inference method with the logic parts attaching algorithm for automatic regeneration of sequential control programs
Authors: Ikeda Kazuhisa , Ikkai Yoshitomo , Komoda Norihisa
Published: August 2002

For the replacement of old sequential controllers for plants by modern programmable controllers (PCs), we have developed the sequential control program automatic inductive regeneration (SPAIR) method and system from input–output signals and action specifications of a target controller. However, this method cannot regenerate the logic included in the interior coils. Therefore, we propose an efficient interior coil logic inference method for SPAIR using the Logic Parts Attaching Algorithm. In this method, the target logic of the interior coil is acquired by the selective attachment of logic parts. We confirmed its effectiveness through the application of the method to some original controllers including interior logic. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(1): 42–47, 2001
Calculation of frequency response of thyristor‐controlled series capacitor
Authors: Kakimoto Naoto , Phongphanphanee Anan
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we propose a method of analytically calculating an impedance of a thyristor‐controlled series capacitor (TCSC). The TCSC consists of a thyristor‐controlled reactor (TCR) and a capacitor. If a small voltage component of frequency f superimposes the TCSC voltage of frequency fo, then current components of frequency (nfo ± f) flow through the TCR, where n takes even numbers. We derive theoretical equations for them. In the derivation, we consider an influence of odd harmonics in the TCSC voltage. We also consider deviations in its zero‐crossing times due to the superimposed voltage. The current components flow through the capacitor and the transmission line, and produce new voltage components of frequency (nfo ± f). In order to count their influence, we introduce admittance matrices for the TCR, the capacitor, and the transmission line. By solving a network equation consisting of the matrices, we can obtain the distribution of the voltage and current components. We define the impedance of TCSC as a ratio of the voltage component of frequency f to the current one of the same frequency. The impedance analytically obtained corresponds well with that obtained by simulations. Its frequency responses vary with the firing method of thyristors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 35–44, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1158
Development of a distributed power outage scheduling system by using bee‐gent
Authors: Kawamura Takahiro , Hasegawa Tetsuo , Seki Toshifumi , Ohsuga Akihiko , Honiden Shin'ichi
Published: August 2002

The Power Outage Scheduling Problem is a distributed constraint satisfaction problem in which scattered local power stations have to make schedules that are consistent with one another. However, synchronous backtrack algorithms, a well‐known method for distributed constraint satisfaction problems, have difficulty handling rapid schedule adjustments and impartial assignment of power station schedules. Thus, we propose two kinds of heuristics: parallel assignment and multiple priority strategies. We also developed a distributed system for the power outage scheduling problem which makes use of the above heuristics in order to ensure efficiency. The system is based on Bee‐gent (Bonding and Encapsulation Enhancement aGENT framework) and consists of schedulers for each power station and mediation agents which have cloning and merging functions to support the implementation of the heuristics. The result of the experiment shows an improvement when handling rapid adjustment and impartiality issues and indicates that this improvement is provided with reasonable computational overhead. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 62–72, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1161
Implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, England and Wales. The tangible results
Authors: Kemp René
Published: August 2002

The article analyses implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC in four member states (Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the compliance responses made to the national policies in which the directive is implemented. National policy features heavily influenced compliance choices and the implementation of the directive, as did the characteristics of the water works that were in place. In Germany the directive accelerated improvement programmes but did not really alter them. In Spain it contributed to changes in the organizational structure and to the development of improvement programmes. In England and Wales it led to an alteration of compliance choices and national policies. In the Netherlands it did not have an impact for the simple reason that it did not require a revision in the wastewater treatment programmes. The article describes compliance choices and appraises them. We discovered several suboptimalities such as the building of expensive, capital‐intensive sewage treatment plants, the poor functioning of plants, and the singular focus on wastewater treatment (which were related to civil engineering preferences and national and EU funding arrangements). We also found that possibilities for flexibility in the directive were not well utilized, due to the poor mechanism of information exchange and absence of requirements to weigh the costs against benefits. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Perspectives on compliance: non‐compliance with environmental licences in the Netherlands
Authors: van Snellenberg Ton , van de Peppel Rob
Published: August 2002

Compliance with environmental law is not self‐evident. In many instances enforcement of environmental regulations is a necessary means for achieving compliance. Assuming that an enforcement strategy, in order to be effective, has to fit the type of non‐compliance, we integrate six different theoretical perspectives on compliance in order to develop enforcement strategies that can deal with the variety of factors causing compliance. We illustrate our findings with a case of non‐compliance with Dutch environmental regulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of thiola (N‐2‐mercaptopropionylglycine), a medicine used in the treatment of humans contaminated with mercury
Authors: Formigli Lia M. , Ferrari Iris , Grisolia Cesar K.
Published: August 2002

In Brazil, environmental contamination by mercury occurs mainly as a result of gold mining activities, especially in the Amazon region. In this area, human contamination results mainly from consumption of fish. Treatment of current symptoms of acute or chronic mercury contamination is normally carried out by increasing its excretion through metal scavenger compounds. In Japan, human contamination by mercury, which causes Minamata disease, has been successfully treated by the metal scavenger thiola (N‐2 mercaptopropionylglycine). Its effects are based on its capacity to couple with the metal, facilitating its excretion. The possible clastogenic or anticlastogenic effect of thiola was evaluated by the in vivo micronucleus study in bone marrow erythrocytes of mice and also in human lymphocytes in vitro through chromosomal aberration analysis. In both experiments, different concentrations of thiola were used. Treatments with bleomycin (BLM), cyclophosphamide (CP), and also treatments combining these drugs with thiola were carried out with the purpose of studying the anticlastogenicity of thiola, considering its antioxidant properties. Thiola did not induce a significant increase in the micronucleus frequency in polychromatic erythrocytes of mice nor show any protective effect on the damage caused by bleomycin and cyclophosphamide in these cells. At a high dose, thiola showed a cytotoxic effect, significantly decreasing the relative proportion of polychromatic erythrocytes. In human lymphocytes, the tested drug did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberration and also did not have any protective effect on the damage caused by BLM and CP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:18–21, 2002 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutagenic activity and mutational specificity of antiprotozoal drugs with and without nitrite treatment
Authors: Ono‐Ogata Tomoko , Ogino Tomoe , Nishikawa Michiko , Ohta Toshihiro , Yamagata Hideo
Published: August 2002

We examined the mutagenic activities of six antiprotozoal drugs (three diaminopyrimidine compounds [pyrimethamine, diaveridine, and trimethoprim] and three 8‐aminoquinoline derivatives [primaquine, pentaquine, and pamaquine]) in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA/pKM101 and Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 with and without nitrite treatment. The diaminopyrimidine compounds showed no mutagenic activity under any condition in any strain. The 8‐aminoquinoline derivatives after nitrite treatment at 5–20 mM for 5 min at pH 3, on the contrary, showed clear mutagenicity in TA100 and WP2uvrA/pKM101 in the presence and absence of S9 mix. We concluded that 8‐aminoquinoline derivatives became mutagenic following nitrite treatment. In the Lac+ reversion assay with E. coli WP3101P–WP3106P, these nitrite‐treated compounds induced G:C → A:T transitions and G:C → T:A transversions in the absence of S9 mix. On the other hand, A:T → T:A transversions were induced only in the presence of S9 mix, suggesting a different kind of products may be responsible for the mutagenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:43–48, 2002 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of sodium arsenite on the genotoxicity of potassium dichromate and ethyl methanesulfonate: Studies with the wing spot test in Drosophila
Authors: Rizki Mostapha , Kossatz Elk , Xamena Noel , Creus Amadeu , Marcos Ricardo
Published: August 2002

The wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster was used to investigate the genotoxicity of arsenic and its effects on the action of two clearly genotoxic agents: potassium dichromate (PDC) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). This assay is based on the principle that the loss of heterozygosity of the suitable recessive markers multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare‐3 (flr3) can lead to the formation of mutant clones of larval cells, which are then expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. These spots can be attributed to different genotoxic events: either mitotic recombination or mutation (deletion, point mutation, and specific types of translocation). Pretreatments and chronic cotreatments were comparatively used for combined treatments. From the results obtained it is evident that sodium arsenite (SA) does not increase the frequency of any of the three categories of spots recorded (small, large, and twin spots) at the concentrations tested. The effects of SA in combination with PDC, in both cotreatments and pretreatments, indicate that SA almost suppressed the clones induced by PDC. Nevertheless, no effects of arsenic were observed with respect to the pre‐ and cotreatments with EMS. Thus, SA does not modify the frequencies of mutant clones induced by EMS. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:49–54, 2002 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of pharmacogenetics on medicine
Authors: Weber Wendell W.
Published: August 2002

Pharmacogenetics is moving rapidly to assemble a large set of polymorphisms that define the influence of genetic diversity on human drug response. Scientific and technological advances of the last 10 years have led to new approaches to the discovery of genetic drug susceptibility loci, the development of high‐tech analytical strategies for drug susceptibility profiling, and a flood of new gene discoveries in the area of receptors and receptor polymorphisms. Extension and refinement of our knowledge of human genetic diversity is essential to the use of drugs in more of an individualized manner and to the discovery of better therapies, but knowledge of the functional consequences of this diversity, the next great challenge in pharmacogenetics, provides the best chance to profit from this diversity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:179–184,2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recombinant human P450 forms 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 catalyze the bioactivation of heterocyclic amine mutagens in Escherichia coli lacZ strains
Authors: Josephy P. David , Batty Sarah M. , Boverhof Darrell R.
Published: August 2002

Three recombinant human P450 enzymes, forms 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1, were coexpressed with NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase in an E. coli lacZ strain suitable for detection of the mutagenicity of heterocyclic and aromatic amines. The resulting strains expressed the recombinant P450 holoenzymes at high levels. MeIQ (2‐amino‐3,4‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline) was activated effectively by P450 1A2, weakly by P450 1A1, and not detectably by P450 1B1. MeIQx (2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline) and Trp‐P‐2 (3‐amino‐1‐methyl‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole) were activated by all three enzymes, with form 1A2 the most effective. These strains facilitate analysis of the substrate specificity of human P450 forms that participate in the metabolic activation of carcinogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:12–18, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The estimation of biological population size at large scale by incomplete area surveys and replicated counts
Authors: Pisani C.
Published: August 2002

A two‐stage estimation of biological population abundance is considered at large scale. In the first stage some area units are selected using without‐replacement sampling, while in the second stage the estimation of abundance in each selected unit is performed through a suitable counting strategy. In order to account for the variability due to varying sizes, the use of unit size as an auxiliary variable is proposed at the design level by handling the inclusion probabilities of the units, at the estimation level by combining the single abundance estimates as in the ratio and regression criteria, or at both levels. The results of an artificial comparison suggest the joint use of simple random sampling and ratio criterion. The asymptotic properties of the resulting estimator are derived when the estimation of abundances at the second stage is performed through the replicated use of the counting strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proportioning earthquake‐resistant RC frames in central/eastern U.S.
Authors: Browning JoAnn
Published: August 2002

A maximum allowable period criterion is used to determine reasonable stiffness requirements for reinforced concrete frames with the seismicity associated with central and eastern U.S. A general relationship is developed to describe the displacement demand expected for central and eastern U.S. based on a survey of available ground motions, opinions of seismologists, and code‐based provisions. A series of hypothetical reinforced concrete frames is proportioned using a maximum allowable period criterion and evaluated for expected maximum displacement response using non‐linear dynamic analyses and a suite of ground motions. Results indicate that for the reinforced concrete structural systems considered in the study, proportioning for gravity loads will provide sufficient stiffness in central and eastern U.S. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pounding of structures modelled as non‐linear impacts of two oscillators
Authors: Chau K. T. , Wei X. X.
Published: August 2002

A new formulation is proposed to model pounding between two adjacent structures, with natural periods T1 and T2 and damping ratios ζ1 and ζ2 under harmonic earthquake excitation, as non‐linear Hertzian impact between two single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillators. For the case of rigid impacts, a special case of our analytical solution has been given by Davis (‘Pounding of buildings modelled by an impact oscillator’ Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1992; 21:253–274) for an oscillator pounding on a stationary barrier. Our analytical predictions for rigid impacts agree qualitatively with our numerical simulations for non‐rigid impacts. When the difference in natural periods between the two oscillators increases, the impact velocity also increases drastically. The impact velocity spectrum is, however, relatively insensitive to the standoff distance. The maximum relative impact velocity of the coupled system can occur at an excitation period Tn* which is either between those of the two oscillators or less than both of them, depending on the ratios T1/T2 and ζ1/ζ2. Although the pounding force between two oscillators has been primarily modelled by the Hertz contact law, parametric studies show that the maximum relative impact velocity is not very sensitive to changes in the contact parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaking table tests of 1:4 reduced‐scale models of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame buildings
Authors: Žarnić Roko , Gostič Samo , Crewe Adam J. , Taylor Colin A.
Published: August 2002

Two models of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame buildings were tested at the shaking table. Models were built in the reduced scale 1:4 using the materials produced in accordance to modelling demands of true replica modelling technique. The first model represented a one‐storey box‐like building and the second one the two‐stories building with plan shaped in the form of a letter H. Models were shaken with the series of horizontal sine dwell motions with gradually increasing amplitude. Masonry infills of tested models were constructed of relatively strong bricks laid in weak mortar. Therefore, typical cracks developed and propagated along mortar beds without cracking of bricks or crushing of infill corners. Data collected from tests will be used in future evaluation, verification and development of computational models for prediction of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane behaviour of masonry infills. The responses of tested models can be well compared with global behaviour of real structures using the modelling rules. The similarity of local behaviour of structural elements, e.g. reinforced concrete joints, is less reliable due to limitations in modelling of steel reinforcement properties. The model responses showed that buildings designed according to Eurocodes are able to sustain relatively high dynamic excitations due to a significant level of structural overstrength. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placement of sensors/actuators on civil structures using genetic algorithms
Authors: Abdullah Makola M. , Richardson Andy , Hanif Jameel
Published: August 2002

The optimal design and placement of controllers at discrete locations is an important problem that will have impact on the control of civil engineering structures. Though algorithms exist for the placement of sensor/actuator systems on continuous structures, the placement of controllers on discrete civil structures is a very difficult problem. Because of the nature of civil structures, it is not possible to place sensors and actuators at any location in the structure. This usually creates a non‐linear constrained mixed integer problem that can be very difficult to solve. Using genetic algorithms in conjunction with gradient‐based optimization techniques will allow for the simultaneous placement and design of an effective structural control system. The introduction of algorithms based on genetic search procedures should increase the rate of convergence and thus reduce the computational time for solving the difficult control problem. The newly proposed method of simultaneously placing sensors/actuators will be compared to a commonly used method of sensors/actuators placement where sensors/actuators are placed sequentially. The savings in terms of energy requirements and cost will be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between body size and body composition in women of different nutritional status
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K. , Nicholls Dasha
Published: August 2002

This study analysed the relationship between weight, size, and body composition in various groups of real and fantasy women. By exploiting natural relationships between the weight and volume of human tissues, comparable data on weight, size, and body composition were obtained for healthy women from western and developing country populations, women with anorexia nervosa (AN), and fantasy figures including popular children's dolls. Women from western and developing country populations have different fatness and size despite having similar weight relative to height. Women with AN have significantly lower fat and lean mass, and thinner size, than healthy women. Fantasy figures have body sizes similar to women with AN, implying similar body composition. In particular, children's dolls have body sizes similar to AN women at the time of death, although these effects are disguised by manipulation of body shape. Our study improves understanding of the body composition implied by manipulation of female shape and size. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Family meals in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa
Authors: Jaffa Tony , Honig Peter , Farmer Sarah , Dilley Jo
Published: August 2002

The literature on the use of family meals as a focus for treatment in anorexia nervosa is now quite old and interest in this area, both clinical and academic appears to have waned. In this paper we explain the use of family meals in our treatment of adolescent eating disorder patients. Whereas earlier descriptions tend to use the language of structural family therapy and emphasize intensification, we focus more on collaboration and on anxiety reduction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Note on simulating the size distribution of glacial cirques
Authors: De Blasio Fabio V.
Published: August 2002

The glacial cirques of a mountainous region usually have comparable size. Cirque widths between 400 m and 800 m are relatively common, whereas very large and very small cirques are infrequent. Although the presence of an upper limit is probably a result of the limited time available since the epoch of formation, the absence of very small cirques is more problematic. Simple statistical arguments suggest that this feature can be explained if the formation of cirques is very selective and localized in relatively small areas of the landscape. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rudabánya: A late miocene subtropical swamp deposit with evidence of the origin of the African apes and humans
Authors: Kordos László , Begun David R.
Published: August 2002

Rudabánya, a rich late Miocene fossil site in northern central Hungary, has yielded an abundant record of fossil primates, including the primitive catarrhine Anapithecus and the early great ape Dryopithecus. While the affinities of Anapithecus are not clear, Dryopithecus is clearly a great ape sharing numerous characteristics of its dental, cranial and postcranial anatomy with living great apes. Like all Miocene hominids (great apes and humans), Dryopithecus is more primitive in a number of ways than any living hominid, which is probably related to the passage of time since the divergence of the various lineages of living hominids, allowing for similar refinements in morphology and adaptation to take place independently. On the other hand, Dryopithecus (and Ouranopithecus) share derived characters with hominines (African apes and humans), and Sivapithecus (and Ankarapithecus) share derived characters with orangutans, thus dating the split between pongines and hominines to a time before the evolution of these fossil great apes. Pongines and hominines follow similar fates in the late Miocene, the pongines moving south into Southeast Asia from southern or eastern Asia and the hominines moving south into East Africa from the Mediterranean region, between 6 to 9 Ma.
Performance of a single glazing assembly exposed to enclosure corner fires of increasing severity
Authors: Shields T. J. , Silcock G. W. H. , Flood M. F.
Published: August 2002

The results of 19 experiments in which a single pane glazing assembly was exposed to enclosure corner fires of increasing severity are presented. The glazing assembly was exposed to a two zone fire enclosure environment, with consistency and repeatability within each set of three experiments conducted at each fire severity level, evident from the enclosure gas temperature profiles. The results presented include heat release rates, enclosure and local gas temperatures, heat flux distributions, glass surface temperatures, shaded glass temperatures thermally induced stains, crack bifurcation patterns and loss of integrity of the glazing assembly. The results and observations obtained are presented in the form of a toolkit for the estimation of the occurrence of cracking and failure of single glazing in enclosure fires. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thoughts and observations on fire‐endurance tests of wood‐frame assemblies protected by gypsum board
Authors: Richardson Leslie R.
Published: August 2002

Forintek Canada Corp. participated in a series of collaborative research projects with the National Research Council Canada and other organizations to determine fire‐resistance ratings for wood‐frame assemblies used in the construction of Canadian housing and small buildings. Over the course of those studies, Forintek's scientists observed a large number of full‐scale fire‐endurance tests on walls lined on both faces with gypsum board and floor assemblies with gypsum‐board ceilings. Those observations have given Forintek's researchers unique insights into the fire performance of wood‐frame assemblies and fire‐endurance testing. Those insights are the subject of this paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from the Expansion of the National Training Center at Fort Irwin
Authors: Spotila James R. , Avery Harold W.
Published: August 2002

From 1985 to 2001 the Army attempted to expand its National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California. In 1991 a
draft jeopardy biological opinion by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service derailed the expansion process and took
away valuable land from training along the southern portion of the installation. During the next decade there was
an impasse between the Army and the Department of Interior. In 1999 the Army undertook a new strategy. It attempted
to tie the expansion of Fort Irwin to the recovery of the desert tortoise. Through negotiation and consultation
with scientists, the Army developed an expansion plan that helped recover the desert tortoise and provide needed
training land. In 2001 Congress adopted legislation to implement expansion. This process revealed several lessons
that will make it easier to solve the next endangered‐species problem that confronts the two agencies.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Aroma simulation on the basis of the odourant composition of roasted coffee headspace†
Authors: Mayer Florian , Grosch Werner
Published: August 2002

The concentrations of 22 potent odorants, including acetaldehyde, methylpropanal, 2‐ and 3‐methylbutanal, 2,3‐butanedione, 2,3‐pentanedione, 2‐furfurylthiol, 2‐ethyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine and 2,3‐diethyl‐5‐methylpyrazine, were quantified in the headspace of roasted coffee powder. A model mixture containing these odorants was prepared on the basis of the results found in the headspace. When evaporated, the similarity of the aroma of this model mixture to that of the roasted coffee sample was scored 2.6 on a scale of 0 (no similarity) to 3.0 (identical). Also, after reduction of the model to the nine odorants mentioned above, the aroma was still scored 2.1. By determining headspace‐concentrations of both freshly ground coffee and powdered coffee 15 min after grinding, and by preparing the corresponding aroma models, changes in the odour profile of a real coffee sample depending on the time passed after grinding could be reproduced. Results show this procedure to be suitable for establishing a composition of odorants causing the overall aroma of a food. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general methodology for investigating flow instabilities in complex geometries: application to natural convection in enclosures
Authors: Gadoin E. , Le Quéré P. , Daube O.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a general methodology for studying instabilities of natural convection flows enclosed in cavities of complex geometry. Different tools have been developed, consisting of time integration of the unsteady equations, steady state solving, and computation of the most unstable eigenmodes of the Jacobian and its adjoint. The methodology is validated in the classical differentially heated cavity, where the steady solution branch is followed for vary large values of the Rayleigh number and most unstable eigenmodes are computed at selected Rayleigh values. Its effectiveness for complex geometries is illustrated on a configuration consisting of a cavity with internal heated partitions. We finally propose to reduce the Navier–Stokes equations to a differential system by expanding the unsteady solution as the sum of the steady state solution and of a linear combination of the leading eigenmodes. The principle of the method is exposed and preliminary results are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of explicit advection schemes. The balance point location rule
Authors: Leonard B. P.
Published: August 2002

This paper introduces the balance point location rule, providing specific necessary and sufficient conditions for constructing unconditionally stable explicit advection schemes, in both semi‐Lagrangian and flux‐form Eulerian formulations. The rule determines how the spatial stencil is placed on the computational grid. It requires the balance point (the center of the stencil in index space) to be located in the same patch as the departure point for semi‐Lagrangian schemes or the same cell as the sweep point for Eulerian schemes. Centering the stencil in this way guarantees stability, regardless of the size of the time step. In contrast, the original Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition requiring the stencil merely to include the departure (sweep) point, although necessary, is not sufficient for guaranteeing stability. The CFL condition is of limited practical value, whereas the balance point location rule always gives precise and easily implemented prescriptions for constructing stable algorithms. The rule is also helpful in correcting a number of misconceptions that have arisen concerning explicit advection schemes. In particular, explicit Eulerian schemes are widely believed to be inefficient because of stability constraints on the time step, dictated by a narrow interpretation of the CFL condition requiring the Courant number to be less than or equal to one. However, such constraints apply only to a particular class of advection schemes resulting for centering the stencil on the arrival point, when in fact the sole function of the stencil is to estimate the departure (sweep) point value—the arrival point has no relevance in determining the placement of the stencil. Unconditionally stable explicit Eulerian advection schemes are efficient and accurate, comparable in operation count to semi‐Lagrangian schemes of the same order, but because of their flux‐based formulation, they have the added advantage of being inherently conservative. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of viscous flows with free surface around realistic hull forms with transom
Authors: Li Tingqiu , Matusiak Jerzy , Lehtimäki Reijo
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a method for simulation of viscous flows with a free surface around realistic hull forms with a transom, which has been developed based on a FINFLO RANS solver with a moving mesh. A dry‐transom model is proposed and implemented for the treatment of flows off the transom. The bulk RANS flow with the artificial compressibility is solved by a cell‐centred finite volume multigrid scheme and the free surface deformed by wave motions is tracked by satisfying the kinematic and dynamic free‐surface boundary conditions on the actual location of the surface. The effects of turbulence on flows are evaluated with the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model without a wall function. A test case is modern container ship model with a transom, the Hamburg Test Case. The calculated results are validated and they agree well with the measured results in terms of the free‐surface waves and the total resistance coefficient. Furthermore, the numerical solutions successfully captured many important features of the complicated interaction of the free surface with viscous flows around transom stern ships. In addition, the convergence performance and the grid refinement studies are also investigated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐assisted fluid displacement in a circular tube and a rectangular channel
Authors: Kamişli Fethi , Ryan Michael E.
Published: August 2002

In this paper the amount of liquid left inside of a circular tube and a rectangular channel when displaced by another immiscible fluid are determined by solving the full creeping‐motion equations. The exact continuity of stress on the free surface is employed with a finite difference method. In order to solve the equations, the steady‐state shape of the interface is guessed and the normal stress boundary condition is dropped. The equations based on a stream function‐vorticity formulation are solved with the aid of elliptic grid generation. The computed results are compared with the experimental results of Taylor (J. Fluid Mech. 1961; 10:161), the theoretical results of Reinelt and Saffman (SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 1985; 6:542) and our experimental data. The computed results are in close agreement with our experimental data and those of previous investigators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of moving adaptive grids for numerical solution of 2D nonstationary problems in gas dynamics
Authors: Ivanenko Sergey A. , Azarenok Boris N.
Published: August 2002

Solution‐adaptive grid generation procedure is coupled with the Godunov‐type solver of the second‐order accuracy. Dynamically adaptive grids, clustered to singularities, allow to increase the accuracy of numerical solution. The theory of harmonic maps is used as a theoretical framework for grid generation. The problem of constructing harmonic coordinates on the surface of the graph of control function is formulated. The projection of these coordinates onto a physical domain produces an adaptive‐harmonic structured grid. A variational grid generator which can be used also in the case of unstructured grids with adaptation to a vector‐function is described in detail. The discrete functional has an infinite barrier on the boundary of the set of grids with all convex cells and this guarantees unfolded grid generation at every time step. Results of test computations are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian forecasts for cointegrated models
Authors: Liu Shu‐Ing
Published: August 2002

This paper investigates Bayesian forecasts for some cointegrated time series data. Suppose data are derived from some cointegrated model, but, an unrestricted vector autoregressive model, without including cointegrated conditions, is fitted; the implication of using an incorrect model will be investigated from the Bayesian forecasting viewpoint. For some special cointegrated data and under the diffuse prior assumption, it can be analytically proven that the posterior predictive distributions for both the true model and the fitted model are asymptotically the same for any future step. For a more general cointegrated model, examinations are performed via simulations. Some simulated results reveal that a reasonably unrestricted model will still provide a rather accurate forecast as long as the sample size is large enough or the forecasting period is not too far in the future. For a small sample size or for long‐term forecasting, more accurate forecasts are expected if the correct cointegrated model is actually applied. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.