bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Sudden Stratospheric Warming of 2009 on the Equatorial and Low‐Latitude Ionosphere of the Indian Longitudes: A Case Study
Authors: Yadav Sneha , Pant Tarun K. , Choudhary R. K. , Vineeth C. , Sunda Surendra , Kumar K. K. , Shreedevi P. R. , Mukherjee S.
Published: September 2017

Using the equatorial electrojet (EEJ)‐induced surface magnetic field and total electron content (TEC) measurements, we investigated the impact of the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) of January 2009 on the equatorial electrodynamics and low‐latitude ionosphere over the Indian longitudes. Results indicate that the intensity of EEJ and the TEC over low latitudes (extending up to 30°N) exhibit significant perturbations during and after the SSW peak. One of the interesting features is the deviation of EEJ and TEC from the normal quiet time behavior well before the onset of the SSW. This is found to coincide with the beginning of enhanced planetary wave (PW) activity over high latitudes. The substantial amplification of the semidiurnal perturbation after the SSW peak is seen to be coinciding with the onset of new and full moons. The response of TEC to SSW is found to be latitude dependent as the near‐equatorial (NE) stations show the semidiurnal perturbation only after the SSW peak. Another notable feature is the presence of reduced ionization in the night sector over the NE and low‐latitude regions, appearing as an “ionization hole,” well after the SSW peak. The investigation revealed the existence of a quasi 16 day wave in the TEC over low latitudes similar to the one present in the EEJ strength. These results have been discussed in the light of changes in the dynamical background because of enhanced PW activity during SSW, which creates favorable conditions for the amplification of lunar tides, and their subsequent interaction with the lower thermospheric tidal fields.
Polar Thermospheric Winds and Temperature Observed by Fabry‐Perot Interferometer at Jang Bogo Station, Antarctica
Authors: Lee Changsup , Jee Geonhwa , Wu Qian , Shim Ja Soon , Murphy Damian , Song In‐Sun , Kwon Hyuck‐Jin , Kim Jeong‐Han , Kim Yong Ha
Published: September 2017

Upper atmospheric neutral winds and temperature have been observed by the Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI) which was installed at Jang Bogo Station (JBS), Antarctica, in 2014. Since JBS is mostly located within the polar cap region, the observed thermospheric winds at 250 km show strong diurnal variations with notable antisunward motions due to the effects of plasma convection. The winds at 87 km, on the other hand, show semidiurnal variations due to the lower atmospheric tidal effects. We found that the winds from green line emission show largely diurnal variations, unlike the other independent observations, which might be due to the auroral contamination. The horizontal wind model 2014 winds at 250 km show reasonable agreement with FPI winds, while large discrepancies exist at 87 km in terms of seasonal variations. There is a distinctive asymmetric seasonal variation of the thermospheric zonal wind in the dusk and dawn sectors. FPI temperatures at 250 km show a fairly close correlation with Kp index, especially in 2015 when the geomagnetic activity is stronger. However, the temperatures at 87 km are mostly independent on Kp index. Finally, during the intense geomagnetic storm, thermospheric winds and temperature are significantly disturbed and Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model simulations are in surprisingly good agreement with observation for winds but the temperatures are significantly underestimated during the whole storm period.
The Martian Photoelectron Boundary as Seen by MAVEN
Authors: Garnier P. , Steckiewicz M. , Mazelle C. , Xu S. , Mitchell D. , Holmberg M. K. G. , Halekas J. S. , Andersson L. , Brain D. A. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , Lillis R. J. , Luhmann J. G. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: September 2017

Photoelectron peaks in the 20–30 eV energy range are commonly observed in the planetary atmospheres, produced by the intense photoionization from solar 30.4 nm photons. At Mars, these photoelectrons are known to escape the planet down its tail, making them tracers for the atmospheric escape. Furthermore, their presence or absence allow to define the so‐called photoelectron boundary (PEB), which separates the photoelectron dominated ionosphere from the external environment. We provide here a detailed statistical analysis of the location and properties of the PEB based on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) electron and magnetic field data obtained from September 2014 to May 2016 (including 1696 PEB crossings). The PEB appears as mostly sensitive to the solar wind dynamic and crustal fields pressures. Its variable altitude thus leads to a variable wake cross section for escape (up to ∼+50%), which is important for deriving escape rates. The PEB is not always sharp and is characterized on average by the following: a magnetic field topology typical for the end of magnetic pileup region above it, more field‐aligned fluxes above than below, and a clear change of the altitude slopes of both electron fluxes and total density (that appears different from the ionopause). The PEB thus appears as a transition region between two plasma and fields configurations determined by the draping topology of the interplanetary magnetic field around Mars and much influenced by the crustal field sources below, whose dynamics also impacts the estimated escape rate of ionospheric plasma.
Investigation of Backprojection Uncertainties With M6 Earthquakes
Authors: Fan Wenyuan , Shearer Peter M.
Published: September 2017

We investigate possible biasing effects of inaccurate timing corrections on teleseismic P wave backprojection imaging of large earthquake ruptures. These errors occur because empirically estimated time shifts based on aligning P wave first arrivals are exact only at the hypocenter and provide approximate corrections for other parts of the rupture. Using the Japan subduction zone as a test region, we analyze 46 M6–M7 earthquakes over a 10 year period, including many aftershocks of the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake, performing waveform cross correlation of their initial P wave arrivals to obtain hypocenter timing corrections to global seismic stations. We then compare backprojection images for each earthquake using its own timing corrections with those obtained using the time corrections from other earthquakes. This provides a measure of how well subevents can be resolved with backprojection of a large rupture as a function of distance from the hypocenter. Our results show that backprojection is generally very robust and that the median subevent location error is about 25 km across the entire study region (∼700 km). The backprojection coherence loss and location errors do not noticeably converge to zero even when the event pairs are very close (<20 km). This indicates that most of the timing differences are due to 3‐D structure close to each of the hypocenter regions, which limits the effectiveness of attempts to refine backprojection images using aftershock calibration, at least in this region.
Evaluation of MODIS Deep Blue Aerosol Algorithm in Desert Region of East Asia: Ground Validation and Intercomparison
Authors: Tao Minghui , Chen Liangfu , Wang Zifeng , Wang Jun , Che Huizheng , Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Wencai , Tao Jinhua , Zhu Hao , Hou Can
Published: September 2017

The abundant dust particles from widespread deserts in East Asia play a significant role in regional climate and air quality. In this study, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the widely used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue (DB) aerosol retrievals in desert regions of East Asia using ground‐based observations over eight sites of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET). Different from their well‐characterized performance in urban and cropland areas around the globe, DB aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals exhibit underestimation across the deserts in East Asia. We found that 38%–96% of satellite values fall out of an expected‐error envelope of ±(0.05 + 20%AODCARSNET), with the worst performance in Taklimakan Desert. In particular, DB retrievals erroneously give a nearly constant low values of 0.05 in Taklimakan Desert when AOD is below 0.5, which does not match with variation of moderate dust plumes. Comparison with Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer AOD shows that a similar underestimation is prevalent over the extensive deserts. Inversion of sky light measurements show that single scattering albedos of the yellow dust in East Asia are mostly below 0.9 at 440 nm, much lower than the “whiter” and “redder” dust models applied in the DB algorithm. On the other hand, overestimation of surface reflectance dominantly contributes to the significant low constant AOD values in MODIS DB retrievals in Taklimakan Desert. These large biases, however, can be substantially reduced by considering unique characteristics of aerosols and surface over the arid regions in East Asia.
Attitude–Behavior Consistency
Authors: Rhodes Nancy
Published: September 2017

The central question addressed by the concept of attitude–behavior consistency is whether people act in accord with their → attitudes. In other words, does knowing a person's attitude allow one to predict that person's behavior? Our naïve theories lead us to believe that this is true: we assume that attitudes guide behavior. Although it may initially seem self‐evident, the story is more complex than our intuition would suggest, and this area has been the focus of an enormous volume of research going back nearly a century. Researchers are interested in this relationship because they have a desire to use attitudes to predict how people will behave. Such predictability may be important, for example, if a car manufacturer wants to predict the strength of the market for cars using alternative fuels for the coming year.
Classroom Student–Teacher Interaction
Authors: Myers Scott A.
Published: September 2017

Student–teacher interaction, both in and out of the classroom, is influenced strongly by the teaching perspective embraced by the teacher. Within the instructional communication discipline, teaching can be viewed from two perspectives: the rhetorical perspective and the relational perspective (Mottet & Beebe 2006). Teachers whose student–teacher interaction is governed by the rhetorical perspective communicate with their students as a means to influence or persuade them. Communication is teacher‐centered, which means that teachers send a message to students who play a passive role as the recipient of the message. To communicate effectively with their students, teachers focus on teaching clearly, making course content relevant, and acting in an assertive manner (→ Teacher Clarity; Teacher Assertiveness). In essence, their in‐class communication behaviors center on performing their classroom functions as lecturer and discussion leader and managing the classroom.
Classroom Student–Teacher Interaction
Authors: Myers Scott A.
Published: September 2017

Student–teacher interaction, both in and out of the classroom, is influenced strongly by the teaching perspective embraced by the teacher. Within the instructional communication discipline, teaching can be viewed from two perspectives: the rhetorical perspective and the relational perspective (Mottet & Beebe 2006). Teachers whose student–teacher interaction is governed by the rhetorical perspective communicate with their students as a means to influence or persuade them. Communication is teacher‐centered, which means that teachers send a message to students who play a passive role as the recipient of the message. To communicate effectively with their students, teachers focus on teaching clearly, making course content relevant, and acting in an assertive manner (→ Teacher Assertiveness; Teacher Clarity). In essence, their in‐class communication behaviors center on performing their classroom functions as lecturer and discussion leader and managing the classroom.
Computer–User Interaction
Authors: Roskos‐Ewoldsen David R.
Published: September 2017

The world wide web has revolutionized the ways in which people communicate (→ Exposure to the Internet; Internet). People can have simultaneous online chats with colleagues across the world. Yet, people often communicate with a single individual so the communication is in many ways like → Interpersonal Communication – except not face to face. Chatrooms have been created for many reasons, ranging from social interaction with liked others to sharing information about highly specific topics (→ Personal Communication by CMC). Likewise, web communities have sprung up within and around many different games. Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) – most notably
World of Warcraft
– have online communities within the games, such as the guilds that exist in
World of Warcraft
, and online communities that exist outside of the game to discuss the game. Even console‐based → video games such as the
Halo
franchise have online communities. Again, there are communities that exist to discuss
Halo
and there are communities that are created while playing the game online as people communicate with each other. Research on computer–user interaction has focused on how changes in the audience – mediated versus face‐to‐face – influence how people communicate with each other and the consequences of these differences (→ Exposure to Communication Content).
Doctor–Patient Talk
Authors: Robinson Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2017

The world's leading medical schools and journals officially recognize that what doctors and patients say to each other, andhow they say it, dramatically affect the welfare of both patients and health‐care organizations. Within the discipline of communication (→ Health Communication) generally, and specifically within the sub‐field of → language and social interaction (LSI), the study of doctor–patient “talk” involves the study of all conduct‐in‐interaction between doctors and their patients. “Doctors” include all forms of formally institutionalized practitioners (e.g., medical doctor, acupuncturist), all specialties, and all levels of experience (e.g., residents). “Interaction” typically includes real‐time, voice‐to‐voice or face‐to‐face encounters, including some mediated ones (e.g., telemedicine). Encounters in which participants are not immediately co‐present (e.g., Internet‐based forms of textual communication) are studied less frequently because participants do not labor under the standard affordances and norms of interaction. “Conduct” includes all forms of verbal and nonverbal (e.g., artifactual) communication.
Game Communities
Authors: Shen Cuihua
Published: September 2017

In recent years, playing → video games has gradually shifted from a mostly solitary activity to one that often involves various forms of social → interaction among game players (→ Online Relationships). Game communities have become a focal point for players to create, extend, and maintain social and collaborative relationships. Empirical evidence shows that social play is one of the most important factors contributing to player enjoyment (Cole & Griffiths 2007). Game communities can be considered a special type of → virtual communities which emerge as a result of players' shared interest and activity foci in and around game worlds (→ Media Content and Social Networks).
Combination of Capillaroscopic and Ultrasonographic Evaluations in Systemic Sclerosis: Results of a Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Lescoat Alain , Coiffier Guillaume , de Carlan Marine , Droitcourt Catherine , Ballerie Alice , Cazalets Claire , Perdriger Aleth , Jégo Patrick
Published: September 2017

Objective

To compare microvascular damages on nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) with macrovascular manifestations evaluated by hand power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, and to assess the associations of these damages with the main digital manifestations of the disease: digital ulcers, acroosteolysis, and calcinosis.

Methods

NFC, hand radiographs, and PDUS were systematically performed in 64 unselected SSc patients. PDUS evaluation with assessment of ulnar artery occlusion (UAO) and finger pulp blood flow (FPBF) were performed blinded for the results of radiographs and NFC.

Results

UAO and pathologic FPBF were associated with severe capillary loss (<4 capillaries/mm) on NFC (odds ratio [OR] 4.04 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.23–13.29]; P < 0.05, and OR 3.38 [95% CI 1.03–11.05]; P < 0.05, respectively). Digital ulcer history was associated with UAO (OR 10.71 [95% CI 3.36–34.13]; P < 0.0001), pathologic FPBF (OR 7.67 [95% CI 2.52–23.28]; P < 0.0001), late NFC pattern (OR 6.33 [95% CI 2.03–19.68]; P = 0.001), and severe capillary loss (OR 8.52 [95% CI 2.15–33.78]; P = 0.001). Acroosteolysis was also associated with UAO (OR 15.83 [95% CI 3.95–63.54]; P < 0.0001), pathologic FPBF (OR 5.52 [95% CI 1.71–17.90]; P = 0.003), late NFC pattern (OR 6.86 [95% CI 2.18–21.53]; P = 0.001), and severe capillary loss (OR 7.20 [95% CI 2.16–24.02]; P = 0.001). Calcinosis on radiographs was associated with late NFC pattern (OR 5.41 [95% CI 1.82–16.12]; P = 0.002), severe capillary loss (OR 12.69 [95% CI 3.14–51.26]; P < 0.0001), and UAO (OR 3.19 [95% CI 1.14–8.92]; P = 0.025). Combination of UAO and severe capillary loss in the same patient was especially associated with digital ulcer history (OR 18.60 [95% CI 2.24–154.34]; P = 0.001) and acroosteolysis (OR 10.83 [95% CI 2.56–45.88]; P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Microvascular damages evaluated by NFC and macrovascular features like UAO assessed by PDUS show concordant associations with the main digital manifestations of the disease.
Ultrafast Phase Transition Dynamics in Strained Vanadium Dioxide Films
Authors: Suess Ryan J. , Bingham Nicholas S. , Charipar Kristin M. , Kim Heungsoo , Mathews Scott A. , Piqué Alberto , Charipar Nicholas A.
Published: September 2017

An ultrafast insulator–metal–insulator phase transition cycle in epitaxially strained vanadium dioxide films is observed. The films are characterized by optoelectronic autocorrelation measurements that reveal a 400 fs transient change in response spanning two orders in magnitude. These findings suggest a predominantly electronic mechanism and demonstrate the promise of this material for optoelectronic applications requiring fast, high‐contrast switching.
Inkjet‐Printing: A New Fabrication Technology for Organic Transistors
Authors: Mattana Giorgio , Loi Alberto , Woytasik Marion , Barbaro Massimo , Noël Vincent , Piro Benoît
Published: September 2017

Inkjet‐printing is one of the most important fabrication techniques in the field of printed electronics. Its main advantages include the possibility of fabricating, at ambient conditions and by employing a digital layout, a large variety of electronic devices on different types of substrates, including flexible plastic ones. In this paper, the utilization of inkjet‐printing as an important fabrication tool for the realization of organic transistors and circuits/sensing systems based on such type of transistors is reviewed. The most important aspects of the fabrication process, including ink formulation, printing deposition, and postprinting treatment, are described in detail. The most significant examples of inkjet‐printed organic transistors of different types (field‐effect, electrolyte‐gated, and electrochemical) are presented and finally an overview of their applications as building blocks of more complex electronic circuits and systems for the detection and quantification of specific measurands is provided.
CO2 Reduction: From the Electrochemical to Photochemical Approach
Authors: Wu Jinghua , Huang Yang , Ye Wen , Li Yanguang
Published: September 2017

Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is believed to have a profound impact on the global climate. To reverse the impact would necessitate not only curbing the reliance on fossil fuels but also developing effective strategies capture and utilize CO2 from the atmosphere. Among several available strategies, CO2 reduction via the electrochemical or photochemical approach is particularly attractive since the required energy input can be potentially supplied from renewable sources such as solar energy. In this Review, an overview on these two different but inherently connected approaches is provided and recent progress on the development, engineering, and understanding of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts and photocatalysts is summarized. First, the basic principles that govern electrocatalytic or photocatalytic CO2 reduction and their important performance metrics are discussed. Then, a detailed discussion on different CO2 reduction electrocatalysts and photocatalysts as well as their generally designing strategies is provided. At the end of this Review, perspectives on the opportunities and possible directions for future development of this field are presented.
Synthesis of Indenes that are Derived from Aldimines with Enones Under Rhodium(III) Catalysis
Authors: Han Sang Hoon , Kim Saegun , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Oh Hyunjung , Choi Myung Hoon , Choi Dong Seok , Lim Hyeon Ju , Shin Dong Yeop , Kim In Su
Published: September 2017

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C−H alkylation and intramolecular cyclization of aldimines with enones are described. This transformation provides direct access to the formation of C2‐carbonyl‐substituted indene derivatives with excellent site‐selectivity and functional group compatibility.
Contemporary Thailand–Japan Economic Relations: What Falling Japanese Investment Reveals About Thailand's Deep, Global Competition, State in the Context of Shifting Regional Orders
Authors: Hartley Ryan
Published: September 2017

This article centres on the nature of the Thai state amid a shifting global economic environment, examining it through the lens of foreign direct investment and specifically Japan's declining foreign direct into the kingdom since 2015. It posits that the Thai state is neither a liberal democracy nor a liberal capitalist model and is instead akin to a deep and global competition‐oriented state. Through this modality, the article examines recent drops in foreign investment, especially from Japan, and goes on to seek to explain said drops in foreign direct investment through a policy framework extracted from such a theoretical insight of the nature of the Thai state. The article concludes that falling foreign investment can be linked to the reception by Japan of recent policy imperatives and outputs in Thailand that operate on the level of a deep state–globality nexus.
Sustainable Development in Four East Asian Countries' Agricultural Sectors Post‐World War II: Measuring Nutrient Balance and Estimating the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Authors: Moriwaki Shota
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to measure agricultural waste and estimate the environmental Kuznets curve in four East Asian countries using time series data from the 1960s to the 2010s. Positive nutrient balance (NB) suggests there is pressure on arable land, causing water pollution and greenhouse gases. For crop farming, only China's NB per arable land unit (NBAL) has risen recently, while NB per product (NBP) in all four countries has declined. Regarding livestock farming, NBAL in all countries except Japan has risen. Even more recently, China's NBP has risen differently to other countries' movements. The estimation results of the environmental Kuznets curve suggest China's NBAL will rise continuously with gross domestic product per capita increases in crop farming. For livestock farming, the estimated indexes are confirmed to have worsened with the advance of economic growth.
Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopicversusopen pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary tumours
Authors: Palanivelu C , Senthilnathan P , Sabnis S C , Babu N S , Srivatsan Gurumurthy S , Anand Vijai N , Nalankilli V P , Praveen Raj P , Parthasarathy R , Rajapandian S
Published: September 2017

Background

Laparoscopic resection as an alternative to open pancreatoduodenectomy may yield short-term benefits, but has not been investigated in a randomized trial. The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic and open pancreatoduodenectomy for short-term outcomes in a randomized trial.

Methods

Patients with periampullary cancers were randomized to either laparoscopic or open pancreatoduodenectomy. The outcomes evaluated were hospital stay (primary outcome), and blood loss, radicality of surgery, duration of operation and complication rate (secondary outcomes).

Results

Of 268 patients, 64 who met the eligibility criteria were randomized, 32 to each group. The median duration of postoperative hospital stay was longer for open pancreaticoduodenectomy than for laparoscopy (13 (range 6–30) versus 7 (5–52) days respectively; P = 0·001). Duration of operation was longer in the laparoscopy group. Blood loss was significantly greater in the open group (mean(s.d.) 401(46) versus 250(22) ml; P < 0·001). Number of nodes retrieved and R0 rate were similar in the two groups. There was no difference between the open and laparoscopic groups in delayed gastric emptying (7 of 32 versus 5 of 32), pancreatic fistula (6 of 32 versus 5 of 32) or postpancreatectomy haemorrhage (4 of 32 versus 3 of 32). Overall complications (defined according to the Clavien–Dindo classification) were similar (10 of 32 versus 8 of 32). There was one death in each group.

Conclusion

Laparoscopy offered a shorter hospital stay than open pancreatoduodenectomy in this randomized trial. Registration number: NCT02081131(http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Early leaflet thrombosis complicating transcatheter implantation of a Sapien 3 valve in a native right ventricular outflow tract
Authors: Riahi Mounir , Blanke Philipp , Webb John , Carere Ronald G.
Published: September 2017

A 59‐year‐old female with Tetralogy of Fallot had a previous complete repair with RVOT patch enlargement. She developed subsequent severe symptomatic (NYHA III) pulmonary regurgitation with severe RV dilatation. She had a concomitant interstitial lung disease secondary to hypersensitivity pneumonitis that precluded her from cardiac surgery. After preprocedural assessment using computed tomography, echocardiography and invasive angiography we decided to implant a 29 mm Edwards Sapien 3 valve without pre‐stenting. The Sapien 3 valve was implanted in a satisfactory position using rapid RV pacing. The valve appeared well expanded with good circularity on fluoroscopy. A transthoracic echocardiography on the following day showed no pulmonary regurgitation with a peak gradient of 14 mmHg across the prosthesis. At 4 weeks follow‐up, the patient felt a marked improvement (NYHA II) but a CT scan showed bileaflet valve thickening with preserved stent expansion. A concomitant echo‐doppler showed a significant increase of peak pulmonary gradient to 26 mmHg. After a six weeks course of warfarin therapy, the transpulmonary valve peak gradient came down to 16 mmHg and leaflet thickening resolved on CT.

The Sapien 3 system helped achieve a successful transfemoral percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in a challenging native RVOT anatomy. This case was complicated by early valve thrombosis as documented by CT and was successfully treated with oral anticoagulation.
Anion‐Directed Metallocages: A Study on the Tendency of Anion Templation
Authors: Wu Jing‐Yun , Zhong Ming‐Shiou , Chiang Ming‐Hsi
Published: September 2017

Self‐assembly of Cu(NO3)2⋅3 H2O and di(3‐pyridylmethyl)amine (dpma) with addition of different acids (HNO3, HOAc, HCl, HClO4, HOTf, HPF6, HBF4, and H2SO4) afforded a family of anion‐templated tetragonal metallocages with a cationic prismatic structure of [(Gn−)⊂{Cu2(Hdpma)4}](8−n)+ (Gn−=NO3−, PF6−, SiF62−) with different ligating anions/solvents (NO3−, Cl−, ClO4−, OTf−, H2O) outside the cage. Systematic competitive experiments have rationalized the tendency of anion templation towards the formation of metallocages [(Gn−)⊂{Cu2(Hdpma)4}](8−n)+ as occurring in the order SiF62−≈PF6−>NO3−>SO42−≈ClO4−≈BF4−. This sequence is mostly elucidated by shape control over size selectivity and electrostatic attraction between the cationic {Cu2(Hdpma)4}8+ host and the anionic guests. In addition, these results have also roughly ranked the anion coordination ability in the order Cl−, ClO4−, OTf−>NO3−>BF4−, CH3SO4−. Magnetic studies of metallocages 1 t and 2–4 suggest that the fitted magnetic interaction, being weakly magnetically coupled overall, is interpreted as a result of the combination of intracage ferromagnetic coupling integrals and intercage antiferromagnetic exchange; both contributions are very weak and comparable in strength.
The Chameleonic Nature of Platinum(II) Imidazopyridine Complexes
Authors: Pinter Piermaria , Pittkowski Rebecca , Soellner Johannes , Strassner Thomas
Published: September 2017

The synthesis and characterization of cyclometalated C^C* platinum(II) complexes with unique photophysical properties, aggregation induced enhancement of the quantum yields with a simultaneous decrease of phosphorescence lifetimes, is reported. Additionally, a change of emission color is induced by variation of the excitation wavelength. The aggregation behavior of these complexes is controlled by the steric demand of the substituents. The photophysical properties of these complexes are investigated through emission‐excitation matrix analysis (EEM). The monomeric complexes are excellent room temperature phosphorescent blue emitters with emission maxima below 470 nm and quantum yields of up to 93 %.
Hyperglycemia on admission and hospitalization outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Akirov Amit , Grossman Alon , Shochat Tzipora , Shimon Ilan
Published: September 2017

Background

We evaluated the association of admission blood glucose (ABG) and mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) hospitalized for atrial fibrillation (AF).

Hypothesis

Hyperglycemia on admission is a bad prognostic marker in patients with AF.

Methods

Observational data were collected from electronic records of patients age ≥ 18 years hospitalized for AF in 2011–2013. Twelve‐month data were available in all cases. ABG levels were classified as follows: 70 to 110 mg/dL, normal; 111 to 140 mg/dL, mildly elevated; 141 to 199 mg/dL, moderately elevated; ≥200 mg/dL, markedly elevated. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess overall survival by ABG categories, adjusted for study variables. Primary outcome measure was mortality at end of follow‐up.

Results

The cohort included 1127 patients (45% male; median age, 75 ± 13 years), of whom 331 had DM. Mortality rates by ABG levels were 19% (77/407 patients), normal ABG; 26% (92/353 patients), mildly elevated ABG; 28% (69/244 patients), moderately elevated ABG; and 41% (50/123 patients), markedly elevated ABG. Data were analyzed for the entire cohort following adjustment for age, sex, CHADS2 score, ischemic heart disease, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Compared with normal ABG, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was higher in patients with moderately elevated ABG (2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.19‐7.94, P < 0.05) and markedly elevated ABG (1.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.02‐5.31, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In patients with and without DM hospitalized for AF, moderately to markedly elevated ABG levels are associated with increased mortality.
Hybrid cell‐centred/vertex model for multicellular systems with equilibrium‐preserving remodelling
Authors: Mosaffa Payman , Rodríguez‐Ferran Antonio , Muñoz José J.
Published: September 2017

We present a hybrid cell‐centred/vertex model for mechanically simulating planar cellular monolayers undergoing cell reorganisation. Cell centres are represented by a triangular nodal network, while the cell boundaries are formed by an associated vertex network. The two networks are coupled through a kinematic constraint which we allow to relax progressively. Special attention is paid to the change of cell‐cell connectivity due to cell reorganisation or remodelling events. We handle these situations by using a variable resting length and applying an Equilibrium‐Preserving Mapping on the new connectivity, which computes a new set of resting lengths that preserve nodal and vertex equilibrium. We illustrate the properties of the model by simulating monolayers subjected to imposed extension and during a wound healing process. The evolution of forces and the Equilibrium‐Preserving Mapping are analysed during the remodelling events. As a by‐product, the proposed technique enables to recover fully vertex or fully cell‐centred models in a seamless manner by modifying a numerical parameter of the model.
Catalysis and CO2 Capture by Palladium‐Incorporated Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kaleeswaran Dhananjayan , Antony Rajendran , Sharma Abhishek , Malani Ateeque , Murugavel Ramaswamy
Published: September 2017

Triazine‐based imine and β‐ketoenamine linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs), TAT‐DHBD (1) and TAT‐TFP (2), have been synthesized from 1,3,5‐tris‐(4′‐aminophenyl)triazine (TAT) and 2,5‐dihydroxybenzene‐1,4‐dicarboxaldehyde (DHBD) or 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol (TFP) under solvothermal conditions in dioxane/mesitylene mixture. These COFs exhibit significant surface areas owing to their meso‐ and micropores. The presence of basic nitrogen sites offers excellent affinity towards Pd nanoparticles and carbon dioxide. Post treatment of COFs 1 and 2 with palladium acetate gives PdII/TAT‐DHBD (3) and PdII/TAT‐TFP (4), which on reduction by NaBH4 yields Pd0/TAT‐DHBD (5) and Pd0/TAT‐TFP (6), respectively. The new COFs have been characterized by FTIR, solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, TEM, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements. TEM studies corroborated the uniform distribution of PdII and Pd0 sites in the COFs. Compounds 3–6 are active towards the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of arenes with meager catalyst leaching even after five cycles. In addition, 4 exhibits CO2 uptake of 11 wt % and 7.5 wt % at 273 and 298 K, respectively, at 1 bar.
Single‐Atom Catalysts of Precious Metals for Electrochemical Reactions
Authors: Kim Jiwhan , Kim Hee‐Eun , Lee Hyunjoo
Published: September 2017

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), in which metal atoms are dispersed on the support without forming nanoparticles, have been used for various heterogeneous reactions and most recently for electrochemical reactions. In this Minireview, recent examples of single‐atom electrocatalysts used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR), and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) are introduced. Many density functional theory (DFT) simulations have predicted that SACs may be effective for CO2 reduction to methane or methanol production while suppressing H2 evolution, and those cases are introduced here as well. Single atoms, mainly Pt single atoms, have been deposited on TiN or TiC nanoparticles, defective graphene nanosheets, N‐doped covalent triazine frameworks, graphitic carbon nitride, S‐doped zeolite‐templated carbon, and Sb‐doped SnO2 surfaces. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, extended X‐ray absorption fine structure measurement, and in situ infrared spectroscopy have been used to detect the single‐atom structure and confirm the absence of nanoparticles. SACs have shown high mass activity, minimizing the use of precious metal, and unique selectivity distinct from nanoparticle catalysts owing to the absence of ensemble sites. Additional features that SACs should possess for effective electrochemical applications were also suggested.
Using digital soil maps to infer edaphic affinities of plant species in Amazonia: Problems and prospects
Authors: Moulatlet Gabriel Massaine , Zuquim Gabriela , Figueiredo Fernando Oliveira Gouvêa , Lehtonen Samuli , Emilio Thaise , Ruokolainen Kalle , Tuomisto Hanna
Published: September 2017

Amazonia combines semi‐continental size with difficult access, so both current ranges of species and their ability to cope with environmental change have to be inferred from sparse field data. Although efficient techniques for modeling species distributions on the basis of a small number of species occurrences exist, their success depends on the availability of relevant environmental data layers. Soil data are important in this context, because soil properties have been found to determine plant occurrence patterns in Amazonian lowlands at all spatial scales. Here we evaluate the potential for this purpose of three digital soil maps that are freely available online: SOTERLAC, HWSD, and SoilGrids. We first tested how well they reflect local soil cation concentration as documented with 1,500 widely distributed soil samples. We found that measured soil cation concentration differed by up to two orders of magnitude between sites mapped into the same soil class. The best map‐based predictor of local soil cation concentration was obtained with a regression model combining soil classes from HWSD with cation exchange capacity (CEC) from SoilGrids. Next, we evaluated to what degree the known edaphic affinities of thirteen plant species (as documented with field data from 1,200 of the soil sample sites) can be inferred from the soil maps. The species segregated clearly along the soil cation concentration gradient in the field, but only partially along the model‐estimated cation concentration gradient, and hardly at all along the mapped CEC gradient. The main problems reducing the predictive ability of the soil maps were insufficient spatial resolution and/or georeferencing errors combined with thematic inaccuracy and absence of the most relevant edaphic variables. Addressing these problems would provide better models of the edaphic environment for ecological studies in Amazonia.
Guanine/Ionic Liquid Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Decorated with AuNPs as Efficient NADH Biosensor and Suitable Platform for Enzymes Immobilization and Biofuel Cell Design
Authors: Korani Aazam , Salimi Abdollah , Karimi Babak
Published: September 2017

Guanine‐ionic liquid derived ordered mesoporous carbon (GIOMC) decorated with gold nanoparticles was used as electrocatalyste for NADH oxidation and electrochemical platform for immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme. The resulting GIOMC/AuNPs on the glassy carbon electrode can be used as novel redox‐mediator free for NADH sensing and this integrated system (GIOMC/AuNPs/GDH) shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation. Furthermore, the ionic liquid derived ordered mesoporous carbon derivate with Ph‐SO3H (IOMC‐PhSO3H) decorated with AuNPs has been developed to bilirubin oxidase enzyme (BOD) immobilization and the GC/IOMC‐PhSO3H/BOD integrated system shows excellent bioelectrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction. The proposed mesostructured platforms decorated by AuNPs have been developed to enhance mass transfer and charge transfer from biocatalyst to electrode, leading these bioanode and biocathode used for biofuel cell assembly. Integration designed bioanode and biocathode yielding a membrane‐less glucose/O2 biofuel cell with power density of 33 (mW.cm−2) at 257 mV. The open circuit voltage of this biofuel cell and maximum produced current density were 508 mV and 0.252 (mA.cm−2) respectively.
Modeling and simulation of a zero emission urban bus with battery and fuel cell energy systems under real conditions
Authors: Alfonsin Victor , Suarez Andres , Maceiras Rocio , Sanchez Angel
Published: September 2017

This article presents a toolbox for the simulation of a zero‐emission urban bus, which combines batteries and fuel cells. This kind of vehicle performs predefined routes with a certain frequency; hence they are an ideal option for using electric engines fueled by renewable energy systems instead of the combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. The simulation of these vehicles can be made for different standard driving cycles (ECE‐15, EUDC, NEDC, and SFUDS) or for real routes from GPS device data. This will allow considering the orography of the route; considering the slope that overcomes the vehicle at each time, generally this parameter is not included in other models, and it could become a determining factor for the applicability of these vehicles on certain specified routes. Moreover, this tool lets to study and analyze other not easily quantifiable factors, such as the weather or peak‐hour traffic. Finally, the performance of an urban hybrid bus was investigated to assess its theoretical range and the technical feasibility of zero‐emission vehicles. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 832–838, 2018
Techno‐economic analysis of protein concentrate produced by flash hydrolysis of microalgae
Authors: Asiedu Alexander , Ben Stuart , Resurreccion Eleazer , Kumar Sandeep
Published: September 2017

Process simulation and techno‐economic analysis (TEA) of 95 wt % protein concentrate (water‐soluble peptides and free amino acids) from microalgae was performed using SuperPro Designer v9.0. The analysis includes processes such as microalgae cultivation, harvesting, protein extraction, and spray drying. The subcritical water‐based Flash Hydrolysis (FH) process was used in generating bench‐scale continuous flow reactor experimental data on protein extraction from microalgae slurry. The TEA is conducted for a baseline capacity of 153 metric tonnes per day (MT/day) protein concentrate production requiring a throughput of 336 MT/day dry algae assuming 54 wt % protein content. Sensitivity analysis reveals the following baseline economic figures. Fixed capital investment (FCI): $286 million; annual operating cost (AOC): $146 million; annualized cost: $185 million/year at 10% discount rate for 15 yr; unit cost of production: $2.99/kg protein depending on the algae slurry density; minimum selling price: $4.31/kg protein. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 881–890, 2018
Integration of alternative energy sources into digital micro‐grids
Authors: Rojas‐Cessa Roberto , Grebel Haim , Jiang Zhengqi , Fukuda Camila , Pita Henrique , Chowdhury Tazima S. , Dong Ziqian , Wan Yu
Published: September 2017

We overview different alternative energy resources and comment on their benefits and challenges. We highlight some features of alternative and sustainable energy resources and discuss some challenges for their integration into the power grid. In view of global trend toward blending alternatives and conventional energy resources in electrical power grids, a more robust energy distribution approach is necessary. Here, we present an alternative to the power grid with great potential for integrating alternative energy sources and defining microgrids—the Controlled‐Delivery Grid (CDG). We comment how this new digital approach enhances the distribution of energy may help to resolve those challenges. We also examine the role of energy storage elements (batteries, super‐capacitors), and sustainable energy resources in this new approach to the power grid. We provide some numerical analysis on the performance of energy distribution of the CDG and some experimental results that highlight some of its features. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 155–164, 2018
Performance evaluation of the supercritical organic rankine cycle (SORC) integrated with large scale solar parabolic trough collector (SPTC) system: An exergy energy analysis
Authors: Singh Harwinder , Mishra R.S.
Published: September 2017

In this article, exergy and energy analysis of supercritical organic Rankine cycle integrated with solar parabolic trough collector (SPTC) is presented. Proposed working fluids are R600a, Toluene, R152a, isobutene, and cyclohexane for the supercritical ORC. Performance parameters including exergy efficiency, rate of exergy destruction, improvement potential, fuel depletion ratio, irreversibility ratio and expansion ratio were also examined in this study. The results of the study demonstrate that exergy efficiency increases continuously as both the solar irradiation intensity and inlet pressure of turbine increases, and R600a gives the maximum exergy efficiency among the others, i.e. around 96.09% at GB = 0.95 kW/m2 and 94.37% at 17 MPa. In addition, the exergy destruction rate decreases continuously with the increase in solar irradiation intensity as well as inlet pressure of the turbine, and it has been observed that the maximum exergy destruction rate occurs in the solar collector, which is around 80% of the total exergy destruction rate of combined SPTC‐SORC. Nonetheless, R600a has the minimum value of the exergy destruction rate, i.e., 1527 kW at GB = 0.5 kW/m2. Alternatively, cyclohexane shows a maximum exergy destruction rate, which is around 3794 kW at GB = 0.5 kW/m2. Also, SORC turbine and recuperator have a countable value of the exergy destruction rate. Finally, this study revealed that exergetic parameters like improvement potential, fuel depletion ratio and irreversibility ratio are found to be 11,859 kW, 0.579, and 0.9296 for the parabolic trough collector in the combined R600a based SPTC‐SORC system. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 891–899, 2018
Catalytic ozonation of sulfamethazine antibiotics using Fe3O4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Bai Zhiyong , Yang Qi , Wang Jianlong
Published: September 2017

Antibiotics are ubiquitous pollutants which cannot be effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes. In this paper, the catalytic ozonation of sulfamethazine (SMT) by Fe3O4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated, including the effect of pH on degradation kinetics, mineralization, mechanism of SMT degradation, and ozone utilization. The experimental results showed that Fe3O4/MWCNTs catalyzed ozonation could increase the degradation and mineralization of SMT compared with ozonation alone. Acid condition was more favorable to the degradation and mineralization of SMT than neutral or basic conditions. The adsorption of organic pollutants and ozone onto Fe3O4/MWCNTs was an important step for SMT degradation. The catalytic ozonation of SMT by Fe3O4/MWCNTs was dependent on SMT adsorption, ozone decomposition rate and Fe3O4 state. The possible degradation pathways for catalytic ozonation of SMT on the surface of Fe3O4/MWCNTs were tentatively proposed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 678–685, 2018
CO2 absorption characteristics in a random packed column with various geometric structures and working conditions
Authors: Liu Yifang , Chu Fengming , Yang Lijun , Du Xiaoze , Yang Yongping
Published: September 2017

CO2 emissions have been continuously increasing in recent years and exacerbating global warming, so CO2 emissions mitigation is of great benefit to the control of climate change. In this work, the computational models of CO2 absorption by aqueous ammonia solution in a random packed column are developed, where the packing porosity obeys the normal, empirical profile, piecewise constant distributions. The hydrodynamic and mass transfer performances, as well as the CO2 removal efficiency, are obtained by means of numerical simulation. The results show that the random packing with porosity following the normal distribution leads to a better mass transfer performance, thus a high CO2 removal efficiency. The height‐to‐diameter ratio of 3 is preferred due to the better CO2 absorption performance. More ammonia solution can form a bigger interfacial area, and thus enhance mass transfer performance. However, the increased CO2 flow rate is unfavorable to the CO2 absorption. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.