bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of axial ligands on the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of salen‐Mn complexes in the asymmetric epoxidation
Authors: Yang Liu , Hu Xingbang , Wu Youting
Published: June 2019

The asymmetric epoxidation of indene catalyzed by Jacobsen catalysts with different axial ligands (Cl−, Br−, OAc−, CF3CO2−, N(CH3)2−, and NO3−) was theoretically investigated. The spin states and approach vectors were taken into consideration. The axial ligands can affect the steric conformation of the catalysts. Furthermore, the structure distortion during the formation of the transition state is responsible for the enantioselectivity, and this distortion is also highly related to the axial ligands. These ligands have nonnegligible influence on both the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. Changing the axial ligand can even turn the enantioselectivity from (S, R)‐ to (R, S)‐enantiomer. The influence of axial ligand on the enantioselectivity is comparable with that induced by the salicylidene ring modification. Controlling the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of salen‐Mn complexes by simply changing the axial ligand deserves to be paid more attention.
Copolymer Particles with Incorporated Gold and Silver Nanoparticles to Absorb Short‐Wavelength Scattering in Full‐Color Photonic Glasses
Authors: Lee Seung‐Jea , Kumar Santosh , Choi Jin Woo , Kim Vincent Young , Lee Jae‐Suk
Published: June 2019

Photonic glasses (PGs) have fascinated researchers because the structural colors that are reflected from PGs are angle independent. However, low color saturation, especially for colors at longer wavelengths, is an obstacle for realizing full‐color PGs. It is reported that the form‐factor‐(FF)‐derived reflections that degrade the color saturation of PGs can be removed by embedding Ag and Au nanoparticles (NPs) into copolymers. Styrene and 4‐vinylpyridne copolymer particles are prepared and used as nanotemplates to synthesize AgNPs and AuNPs. The wavelength of the FF‐derived reflections in relation to the diameter of the particles is estimated. NPs with an absorption spectrum corresponding to the calculated values are then selectively embedded in the copolymer particles. PGs fabricated with AgNP‐ and AuNP‐embedded copolymer particles exhibit fewer FF‐derived reflections owing to the surface‐plasmon‐resonance‐induced absorption of the embedded NPs. Using these FF‐reduced PGs, angle‐independent full‐color PG pigments are realized.
Fruit‐based juices: Focus on antioxidant properties—Study approach and update
Authors: Durazzo Alessandra , Lucarini Massimo , Novellino Ettore , Daliu Patricia , Santini Antonello
Published: June 2019

This paper proposes a perspective literature review of the antioxidant properties in fruit‐based juices. The total antioxidant properties due to compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins as well as the assessment of interactions between natural active compounds and other food matrix components can be seen as the first step in the study of potential health benefits of fruit‐based juices. A brief summary is given on the significance of antioxidant properties of fruit juices, the conventional methods for antioxidant activity evaluation, and on the newly emerged sample analysis and data interpretation strategies, that is, chemometric analysis based on spectroscopic data. The effect of fruit processing techniques and the addition of ingredients on the antioxidant properties of fruit‐based juices are also discussed.
The Long Road to Adoption: How Long Does it Take to Adopt Updated County‐Level Flood Insurance Rate Maps?
Authors: Wilson Michael T. , Kousky Carolyn
Published: June 2019

Floods cause the most damage of all natural disasters in the United States. Households and communities receive much of their information on flood hazards from maps produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). These maps have been criticized for many reasons: they use poor data, do not reflect a changing climate, do not capture rainfall flooding, create misperceptions about risk, and are often out of date. We examine this last concern, investigating how long it takes updated county‐level flood maps to be adopted across the country, using a unique nationwide data set from June 2014 to 2017. We find substantial heterogeneity in the time to adopt maps, with multiple outliers where the process far exceeds the time FEMA has estimated should be standard. Many factors may generate delay, including time for new data collection, technical challenges to revised maps, and community opposition. We also find there are differences in appeal rates and the timing of map revisions based on those appeals between inland and coastal counties and between higher and lower income communities. These correlations raise important questions for policymakers and scholars about the equity and accuracy of the nation's current approach to mapping changing flood risk.
Terahertz power calibration using absolute reference calorimeter
Authors: Iida Hitoshi , Kinoshita Moto , Amemiya Kuniaki , Tojima Yuya
Published: June 2019

Here, we demonstrate an accurate terahertz (THz) power calibration toward tens of nanowatt levels at room temperature. A power reference standard based on a calorimeter with extremely low noise is realized by introducing vacuum insulation panels utilized for thermal insulation. The standard provides a measurement capability of 26.7 nW with the expanded uncertainty of 4.2% (k = 2) at 1 THz. The direct‐comparison calibration of a commercially available power meter is performed by considering its detectable power levels using the standard. A thermopile‐type power meter is used as the device under test, and its calibration factors are determined at 1 and 1.5 THz over a power‐level range of 0.66–1.56 µW. We evaluate the measurement uncertainties of the calibration and find a relative expanded uncertainty of 4.8–9.0% (k = 2). © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Defending Nonreductionism About Understanding
Authors: Palmira Michele ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2019

In this note I defend nonreductionism about understanding by arguing that knowledge is neither necessary nor sufficient for understanding. To this end, I examine Paulina Sliwa’s (2015, 2017) novel defence of knowledge-based Reductionism (Reductionism for short). Sliwa claims that one understands why p if and only if one has a sufficient amount of knowledge why p. Sliwa contends that Reductionism is supported by intuitive verdicts about our uses of ‘understanding why’ and ‘knowing why’. In reply, I first argue that Sliwa’s Reductionism leads to a vicious infinite regress. Secondly, I defuse the motivation in favour of Reductionism by showing how the linguistic data can be accommodated within a Nonreductionist framework.
p53‐Dependent pathway and the opening of mPTP mediate the apoptosis of co‐cultured Sertoli‐germ cells induced by microcystin‐LR
Authors: Wu Jinxia , Liu Haohao , Huang Hui , Yuan Le , Liu Chuanrui , Wang Yueqin , Cheng Xuemin , Zhuang Donggang , Xu Min , Chen Xinghai , Losiewicz Michael D. , Zhang Huizhen
Published: June 2019

Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR), a potent endotoxin, can induce reproductive toxicity. In order to investigate the role and mechanisms of apoptosis (p53‐dependent and mitochondrial pathways) of germ cells induced by MC‐LR, the co‐cultured primary Sertoli‐germ cells from Sprague‐Dawley rats were used for the experiments. Expression levels of proteins, genes, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were obtained after exposing co‐cultured Sertoli‐germ cells to MC‐LR with or without the addition of the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin‐α (PFT‐α), and MMP inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). Results indicated that MC‐LR could activate p53‐dependent pathway‐associated proteins in Sertoli‐germ cells, leading to a decrease in MMP (indicating the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP] and the release of Cytochrome‐c [Cyt‐c]) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and eventually the induction of apoptosis. PFT‐α inhibited the expression ofp53, ameliorated the MMP of the co‐cultured Sertoli‐germ cells, and prevented the release of Cyt‐c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, which reduces the occurrence of apoptosis. Similarly, the decreased release of Cyt‐c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and the declined level of apoptosis in Sertoli‐germ cells induced by MC‐LR were observed after the addition of CsA. These results indicated that the apoptosis of the co‐cultured Sertoli‐germ cells induced by MC‐LR was mediated by the p53‐dependent pathway, with the involvement of the opening of mPTP.
Is the (traditional) Galilean science paradigm well suited to forensic science?
Authors: Crispino Frank , Roux Claude , Delémont Olivier , Ribaux Olivier
Published: June 2019

For more than 10 years, forensic science has been at best, criticized for its lack of scientific foundations and at worst, presented as an oxymoron. An exclusive focus on standard operating procedures and quality management could cause forensic science to fall short of addressing the epistemological issue initiated by judges. This is particularly so in rapidly changing times, including digital transformation of society and decentralization of forensic services. As a consequence, the present understanding of forensic science by both scientists and its stakeholders is questioned. It is argued that that forensic science fundamental principles and, more broadly, forensic science philosophy are pivotal to the reliable application of science to address security and justice questions.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Science in Action/Crime Scene Investigation > Epistemology and Method

Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Communication across Science and Law

Jurisprudence and Regulatory Oversight > Expert Evidence and Narrative
Nasogastric Tube on Demand is Rarely Necessary After Pancreatoduodenectomy Within an Enhanced Recovery Pathway
Authors: Kleive D. , Sahakyan Mushegh A. , Labori K. J. , Lassen K.
Published: June 2019

Background

Evidence‐based guidelines for enhanced recovery (ERAS) pathways after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) are available. Routine use of nasogatric tube (NGT) after PD is not recommended. This study aims to evaluate the need for NGT reinsertion after PD performed within an ERAS setting.

Methods

It is a prospective observational study of all patients undergoing PD in a tertiary referral hospital within the study period from 2015 throughout 2016. Pre‐ and postoperative variables were collected. Patients requiring NGT reinsertion were identified. Comparative analysis of patients with and without a NGT reinsertion was performed, as well as multivariate analysis for risk factors for on‐demand NGT reinsertion.

Results

Two‐hundred and one patients were included. In total, 45 (22.4%) patients required NGT reinsertion after PD. A total of 32 (15.9%) patients underwent a relaparotomy. Reinsertion of NGT in patients not undergoing a relaparotomy occurred in 26 (15.4%) patients. The presence of a major postoperative complication was a risk factor for reinsertion of NGT, OR 5.27 (2.54–10.94, p = 0.001). Patients with the need for a NGT reinsertion had a higher frequency of major postoperative complications and relaparotomy compared to patients without the need of a NGT reinsertion, 26 (57.8%) versus 32 (20.5%), p < 0.001 and 19 (42.2%) versus 13 (8.3%), p < 0.001, respectively.

Conclusion

Routine use of NGT after PD is not justified within an ERAS setting. Immediate removal of the NGT after the procedure can be performed safely, and reinsertion on demand is rarely necessary in uncomplicated courses.
Application of SHS in the Manufacture of (NiAl/Ni3Al)/TiB2 Composite
Authors: Hyjek P. , Sulima I. , Jaworska L.
Published: June 2019

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the advantages and the method of application of the SHS process in the manufacture of (NiAl/Ni3Al)/TiB2 composites. A comparison was made between sinters manufactured by FAST/SPS using two different routes to process the substrates, which formed the composite matrix. The evaluation criteria were based on measurements of selected physical, mechanical, and tribological properties, and on microstructure examinations. The evaluation has indicated a preferable method for the manufacture of composites, where the SHS reaction takes place during compaction of the powder mixture. This produces a sinter characterized not only by the high degree of sintering, and high values of the Young’s modulus and HV1 hardness, but also by the satisfactory resistance to tribological wear. Additionally, the use of this process saves energy and reduces product-making cost, owing to a less expensive technique of making individual substrates.
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Nanoscale Electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Maoyu , Árnadóttir Líney , Xu Zhichuan J. , Feng Zhenxing
Published: June 2019

Nanoscale electrocatalysts have exhibited promising activity and stability, improving the kinetics of numerous electrochemical reactions in renewable energy systems such as electrolyzers, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Due to the size effect, nano particles with extreme small size have high surface areas, complicated morphology, and various surface terminations, which make them different from their bulk phases and often undergo restructuring during the reactions. These restructured materials are hard to probe by conventional ex-situ characterizations, thus leaving the true reaction centers and/or active sites difficult to determine. Nowadays, in situ techniques, particularly X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), have become an important tool to obtain oxidation states, electronic structure, and local bonding environments, which are critical to investigate the electrocatalysts under real reaction conditions. In this review, we go over the basic principles of XAS and highlight recent applications of in situ XAS in studies of nanoscale electrocatalysts.
Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives on Sustainability: A Cross-Disciplinary Review and Research Agenda for Business Ethics
Authors: de Bakker Frank G.A. , Rasche Andreas , Ponte Stefano
Published: June 2019

Although the literature on multi-stakeholder initiatives for sustainability has grown in recent years, it is scattered across several academic fields, making it hard to ascertain how individual disciplines, such as business ethics, can further contribute to the debate. Based on an extensive review of the literature on certification and principle-based MSIs for sustainability (n = 293 articles), we show that the scholarly debate rests on three broad themes (the “3Is”): theinputinto creating and governing MSIs; theinstitutionalizationof MSIs; and theimpactthat relevant initiatives create. While our discussion reveals the theoretical underpinnings of the 3Is, it also shows that a number of research challenges related to business ethics remain unaddressed. We unpack these challenges and suggest how scholars can utilize theoretical insights in business ethics to push the boundaries of the field. Finally, we also discuss what business ethics research can gain from theory development in the MSI field.
Human, Transhuman, Posthuman Digital Archaeologies: An Introduction
Authors: Díaz-Guardamino Marta , Morgan Colleen
Published: June 2019

Current archaeological thought evokes a sparking Catherine wheel: spinning fireworks that detonate light, colour, and sound with every movement. These theoretical turns swirl alongside the ongoing development and adoption of scientific and digital techniques that have wide-ranging implications for archaeological practices and interpretations. Two particularly combustible developments are posthumanism and the ontological turn, which emerged within the broader humanities and social sciences. Posthumanism rejects human exceptionalism and seeks to de-centre humans in archaeological discourse and practice. Linked to this is the so-called ‘ontological turn’ (aka the ‘material turn’), a shift away from framing archaeological research within a Western ontology and a movementbeyondrepresentationalism (i.e. focusing on things themselves rather than assuming that objects represent something else).
Parametrically forced stably stratified cavity flow: complicated nonlinear dynamics near the onset of instability
Authors: Yalim Jason , Welfert Bruno D. , Lopez Juan M.
Published: June 2019

The dynamics of a fluid-filled square cavity with stable thermal stratification subjected to harmonic vertical oscillations is investigated numerically. The nonlinear responses to this parametric excitation are studied over a comprehensive range of forcing frequencies up to two and a half times the buoyancy frequency. The nonlinear results are in general agreement with the Floquet analysis, indicating the presence of nested resonance tongues corresponding to the intrinsic $m:n$ eigenmodes of the stratified cavity. For the lowest-order subharmonic $1:1$ tongue, the responses are analysed in great detail, with complex dynamics identified near onset, most of which involves interactions with unstable saddle states of a homoclinic or heteroclinic nature.
Work, Identity, and the Regulation of Markets: A Study of Trademark Law in the United States and Germany
Authors: Assaf-Zakharov Katya , Herzog Lisa
Published: June 2019

This article considers how legal systems capture different cultural perceptions of work in an individual’s life. We inquire how two models—“human capital,” based on the works of Adam Smith; and “vocation,” based on the works of G. W. F. Hegel—are reflected in legal regulations and judicial rhetoric in the United States and Germany. Specifically, we examine how these two legal systems treat the practice of using personal names—the most direct referents to individuals’ identities—in business. We discuss three sets of cases: cases involving the use of personal names as trademarks, cases involving conflicts between parties with similar names, and cases involving the transfer of rights in personal names. The article demonstrates that the US legal system treats work as a commercial asset, as “human capital” in Smith’s sense, whereas German law perceives work as an integral part of one’s identity, echoing the Hegelian line of “vocation.”
Visual Scoring of Starch in Coffea Arabica L. I. Methods
Authors: Wormer T. M. , Ebagole H. E.
Published: June 2019

A method is described whereby starch level in wood of Coffea arabica L. was estimated by means of visual scoring. The correlation between the amount of starch thus found and the quantity established by chemical analysis proved to be + 0.925, +0.932 and 0.819 in young, semimature and mature wood respectively. No satisfactory way was found for making a similar estimate of the amount of starch in the leaves.
Effects of Hill Spacing, Number of Plants Per Hill and Nitrogen Supply on Growth and Yield of Rice
Authors: Enyi B. A. C.
Published: June 2019

In a factorial experiment with two spacings, four numbers of seedlings per hill, and two levels of nitrogen the highest numbers of shoots were produced in high nitrogen and high plant density plots. Increasing the number of seedlings per hill led to a rise in the number of shoots per plot and this was more pronounced in high than in low plant densities. Significant differences in shoot number between high and low nitrogen plots occurred only at the higher plant density, but high nitrogen and wide spacing led to an increase in the number of shoots per hill and per plant. Increasing the number of seedlings per hill resulted in an increase in the number of shoots per hill but a decrease in the number of shoots per plant. The effects of treatments on leaf blade area at ear emergence and on grain yields were similar to those on shoot number. The percentage increase in the yield of grain per unit area due to increasing the number of seedlings to three and four were 12 and 9 respectively. The percentage shoot mortality was greater in plots with low than with high plant density. Plants were higher in high nitrogen plots, especially at high plant density, while high nitrogen supply and four seedlings per hill increased the number of days from seeding to ear emergence. The former treatment also increased ear length. Low plant density and three seedlings per hill increased the ear to shoot dry weight ratio. The best combination of treatments for high grain yield was high nitrogen, 15 cm x 15 cm spacing, and four seedlings per hill.
The Treatment of Assets in the Actuarial Valuation of a Pension Fund
Authors: Day J. G. , McKelvey K. M.
Published: June 2019

This paper has its origins in the authors' thoughts on the paper presented to the Institute by G. Heywood and M. Lander in 1961 under the title Pension Fund Valuations in Modern Conditions (J.I.A. 87, 314). Little claim for originality is made for the present paper: rather is it an attempt to consider in greater detail some of the problems raised by Heywood and Lander. We would also refer to the paper by C. E. Puckridge (J.I.A. 74,1) which, although we would not agree with some of its details, set out for the first time, in our opinion, some of the basic principles.
Soviet and American Policies in International Economic Organizations
Authors: Rubinstein Alvin Z.
Published: June 2019

In comparing Soviet and American policies we find a paradox: The Soviets, though ideologically antagonistic to international organizations, are pressed politically to at least minimal participation by a concern for influence-building among neutralist countries; whereas the United States, which is ideologically attached to the principle of strengthening international organizations, deems t i necessary for political reasons to limit its commitments to the fulfillment of the UN's economic and social goals. Hence, from their competitive global struggle, their evaluations of trends in underdeveloped areas, and their domestic influences, derive a number of important similarities in Soviet and American behavior.

First, both are opposed to any significant expansion of large-scale operational responsibilities by international organizations. This is clear from their reluctance to channel more than a minimal fraction of their total foreign aid expenditure through international organizations.

Moscow's support of UN economic programs is a necessary act of political accommodation. Its contributions are minimal and inappropriate to its great-power status, its level of industry and resources. It has never accompanied its vocal support for an increase in the activity of a commission or agency, or even its advocacy of SUNFED, by a concrete or generous offer of financial assistance. The Soviet Union favors keeping programs for underdeveloped countries financially marginal because it is ideologically opposed to the expansion of UN activities. Moreover, foreign aid is an integral adjunct of Soviet diplomacy, and Moscow has no desire to see international organizations pre-empt or challenge the attraction of Soviet bilateral aid.
Naturally acquired resistance to experimental infections of Schistosoma mansoni in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Smithers S. R. , Terry R. J.
Published: June 2019

In recent years there has been a steadily growing interest in the immunology of schistosomiasis. Much work has been carried out using a variety of experimental hosts and many attempts have been made to vaccinate these hosts against schistosomes, both by exposing them to irradiated cercariae and by injecting them with various antigens derived from the parasites. These attempts have been attended by varying degrees of success. The ultimate object of much of this work has been its possible application to the disease in man. We believe, however, that work of this kind cannot really be profitably undertaken unless there already exists a sound understanding of the basic host-parasite relations between the schistosomes and their hosts. This knowledge is essential in order to decide whether a finding in one host is likely to be applicable in others. With this idea in mind, we report here our findings on naturally acquired resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in the rhesus monkey.
The development of the beet eelworm Heterodera schachtii Schm. in monoxenic culture
Authors: Moriarty F.
Published: June 2019

The rate of development of sterile 2nd-instar beet eelworm (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) larvae to the adult stage on excised sterile roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was studied.

Culture methods were as previously described (Moriarty, 1964). Sterile excised sugar-beet roots were placed on White's medium gelled with 0·75 % agar, inoculated with about 0·1 ml of an aqueous suspension containing several hundred sterile 2nd-instar eelworm larvae, and kept at 25 ± 0·5 °C. After 24 h the roots were transferred to liquid White's medium. Two roots were stained in acid fuchsin lactophenol (Goodey, 1963) every 24 h, for 19 days. Later, the length of main root axis and total length of laterals were measured, the number of laterals counted, the eelworms dissected out and the larval instars identified (Raski, 1950).

When roots were removed for staining, the liquid medium was examined for eelworms. Only adult males were ever found, and these are included in the counts in Table 1.

The rate of development of larvae varied greatly, about half did not develop beyond the 2nd instar (Table 1) and from the fifth day onwards some atrophied. One root in which many adults developed was kept 41 days before killing and staining: there were still some 2nd-instar larval cuticles, devoid of contents except for the buccal stylet, and presumably dead. The average number of all instars found per root did not decline during the 19 days of observations: therefore few of the atrophying larvae could have been missed. The percentage of larvae that entered the roots was variable and small.
Use of cortisone derivatives to inhibit resistance to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and to study the fate of parasites in resistant hosts
Authors: Ogilvie Bridget M.
Published: June 2019

Acquired resistance to some nematode parasites can be suppressed by daily administration of cortisone acetate to the host. Cortisone treatment completely suppressed previously acquired resistance of mice to Trichinella spiralis (Coker, 1956) and suppressed, at least partially, the acquisition of resistance to T. spiralis by rats during initial infection (Markell & Lewis, 1957).

A previous report (Weinstein, 1955) suggested cortisone acetate treatment was less effective in the suppression of acquired resistance of rats to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Weinstein showed that daily treatment with 2 mg cortisone acetate throughout five immunizing infections and continued during the challenge infection increased the number of worms in the intestine and had a marked effect on the cellular response in the skin and lungs. However, there was no significant effect when daily cortisone treatment commenced only on the fifth day before the challenge infection. This result suggested that acquisition of immunity to N. brasiliensis was partially overcome by cortisone treatment, but the same level of drug treatment had no effect on immunity already acquired.

In the experiments reported here, previously acquired resistance to N. brasiliensis was suppressed completely and the initiation of immunity stopped, either completely or at a very early stage, by treatment with the cortisone derivatives prednisolone or betamethasone. The complete suspension of all manifestations of acquired resistance obtained by treatment with these drugs was used to investigate the fate of larvae migrating in an immune host.

The rats and strain of parasite, and the methods of handling them, have been described previously (Ogilvie, 1965).
The Vision of Ralph Hawkes
Authors: Roth Ernst
Published: June 2019

“Fools will never realise how merit and luck are chained together”. These wise words of Goethe have never been proved more convincingly than by the development of Boosey & Hawkes in the last thirty years. When, after the second world war, Boosey & Hawkes emerged as one of the leading international publishers there was much talk of luck and fortuitous opportunity. No doubt luck and opportunity played a part in the destinies of the house but neither would have come its way if they had not been invited and indeed provoked by a consistent policy going back to the early years of this century. After the sudden death of Oliver Hawkes, Ralph Hawkes took charge of the publishing activities of Hawkes & Son as a very young man. While continuing the lucrative business of his father he was determined to find his way into serious music as well. I met him for the first time in 1923 when he came to Vienna and applied for the sole agency of Universal Edition and Wiener Philharmonischer Verlag, at that time the only competitor to Eulenburg's pocket scores. At about the same time he also acquired the sole agency of Editions Belaieff of Leipzig and of Edition Russe de Musique and Gutheil of Paris and Berlin, both owned by Serge and Natalie Koussevitzky. Thus Hawkes & Son became connected with a large and important section of the serious contemporary repertoire, including the major works of Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Rachmaninov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glazunov, Mahler, Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Webern, Bartók, Kodály and many others. This was the very root of later developments, and the opportunities which were to arise had every reason to present themselves to Ralph Hawkes.
Ten Axioms of Foreign Policy
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: June 2019

President Johnson's policy in Southeast Asia and U.S, intervention in the Caribbean have been condemned by a number of leading American professors and journalists, a vocal minority of liberals in Congress, and some leaders of religious groups and the Civil Rights movement. “Teach-ins” on Vietnam have been held at many universities and colleges across the country, and were capped by the confrontations in Washington between supporters and critics of the Administration.
Temporal dynamics of seedling emergence among four fire ephemerals: the interplay of after-ripening and embryo growth with smoke
Authors: Hidayati Siti N. , Merritt David J. , Turner Shane R. , Dixon Kingsley W. , Walck Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2019

The flora of Mediterranean ecosystems contains families with species having fully and under-developed embryos in their seeds. After-ripening for physiological dormancy release and smoke influence germination in many species. We investigated how after-ripening and embryo growth interact with smoke to influence the temporal dynamics of seedling emergence among fire ephemerals. Seeds were placed in the field and under standardized (50% relative humidity, 30°C) laboratory conditions to test the effects of summer conditions on physiological dormancy loss. Germination was tested with water or smoke compounds (smoke water, KAR1) at a simulated autumn/winter temperature (18/7°C). The timing and amount of seedling emergence with smoke was observed for seeds exposed to near-natural conditions. During summer, physiological dormancy was broken in all species, enabling germination at autumn/winter but not summer temperatures; no embryo growth occurred in seeds with under-developed embryos. At the start of the wet season, seedling emergence from seeds with fully developed embryos occurred earlier than from seeds with under-developed embryos. In a non-consistent manner among our study species, smoke and smoke compounds influenced the rate of embryo growth and amount of germination. Effects of smoke were noticeable in terms of number of emergents in the first emergence season. Among ecologically similar species, we have shown (1) that both thermal and embryo traits exclude germination in the summer, (2) how embryo size influences the timing of seedling emergence in autumn–winter, and (3) a reduced requirement for smoke in the second emergence season after a fire with a shift to reliance on seasonal cues for emergence.
HICKS’S THEORY OF THE SHORT-TERM RATE OF INTEREST AND THORNTON’S AND HAWTREY’S INFLUENCES
Authors: Brillant Lucy
Published: June 2019

John Richard Hicks proposed an endogenous theory of money from the 1960s until his final book, A Market Theory of Money (1989). He developed a theory of credit and a theory of short-term rates of interest that had been neglected in his earlier writings such as “Mr. Keynes and the ‘Classics’” (1937). In that early article, Hicks concentrated on the market for cash balances and the motives for the demand for money, while leaving aside the money market and the clearing function of banks. In the 1960s, Hicks was largely inspired by Henry Thornton (1802) and Ralph George Hawtrey (1913, 1919). The originality of this paper is to interpret the short-term rates as the price of liquidity and to examine Hicks’s fight against restrictive monetary policies in the 1960s to the 1970s in Britain.
THE DAWN OF OTTOMAN POPULAR POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE TURKISH TRANSLATIONS OF OTTO HÜBNER’S DER KLEINE VOLKSWIRTH
Authors: Kilinçoğlu Deniz T.
Published: June 2019

Otto Hübner’s (1818–1877) international bestseller introduction to political economy, Der kleine Volkswirth, appeared in Turkish in 1869 in two different editions. Two Ottoman officials translated the book into Turkish with different linguistic styles and pedagogical objectives. Beyond being an exceptional case in Ottoman-Turkish economic literature in this respect, the Hübner translations heralded the dawn of popular political economy in the Ottoman Empire. Economic literature before 1869 consisted of works written exclusively for the elite to introduce this new science as an instrument of state administration. Starting with the Hübner translations, we observe the burgeoning of a popular economic literature in the empire aiming at changing the economic mentality and behavior of the masses. This study is a comparative examination of the two Ottoman-Turkish translations of Der kleine Volkswirth in historical context.
‘Instructing readers’ minds in heavenly matters’: Carolingian History Writing and Christian Education
Authors: Evans Robert A. H.
Published: June 2019

This article explores the ways in which histories were used in the moral and doctrinal education of Christian elites in the West from the late Roman to the Carolingian periods. In the sixth century, Cassiodorus wrote that histories, whether Christian or not, were useful for ‘instructing the minds of readers in heavenly matters’. How far was this characteristic of the period? Traditionally, scholars have emphasized either the apologetic purpose or the moral of specific histories, such as Orosius'sHistoriaeor Bede'sHistoria Ecclesiastica. Few modern scholars, however, have examined the long-term development of history writing as a vehicle for Christian education during the transformation of the Roman world. Those who have done, such as Karl-Ferdinand Werner and Hans-Werner Goetz, have emphasized continuity rather than change. The article sketches some of the changes and continuities across the period. In particular, it demonstrates that there was a shift from the apologetic concerns of the fifth-century historians, writing to educate Christians from pagan backgrounds, to the doctrinal (as much as moral) concerns of Frankish historians, emerging from the Carolingian Renaissance.
Churches and Adult Education in the Edwardian Era: Learning from the Experiences of Hampshire Congregationalists
Authors: Ottewill Roger
Published: June 2019

Through their enthusiastic embrace of the doctrine of the ‘institutional church’, late Victorian and Edwardian Congregationalists demonstrated their commitment to, inter alia, the intellectual development of church members and adherents. Many churches, large and small, sponsored mutual improvement societies, literary and debating societies and programmes of public lectures, as well as ad hoc talks, covering every conceivable subject from the natural sciences to contemporary social and political issues. What motivated Congregationalists to engage in activities of this kind, and to what extent were they seen as an integral part of their religious vocation? In considering these questions, evidence is drawn from initiatives of two Congregational churches in Edwardian Hampshire: London Street, Basingstoke's Mutual Improvement Society and Avenue, Southampton's annual programme of lectures. What emerges is an approach to ministry that blurred the boundary between the sacred and the secular and a gradual weakening of commitment as churches were superseded by secular providers. In reviewing an under-explored aspect of the relationship between religion and education, the article serves as an addition to the limited literature on this subject.
They ‘Come for a Lark’: London Ragged School Union Teaching Advice in Practice, 1844–70
Authors: Mair Laura M.
Published: June 2019

Ragged schools provided a free education to impoverished children in the mid-nineteenth century. Inspired by religious fervour and presided over by Lord Shaftesbury, that figurehead of evangelical Anglicans, the schools taught the most destitute to read and write, as well as about the God who loved them. By 1870 the London schools alone recorded an average attendance of 32,231 children. The missionary aspect of the classroom shaped the recommended character of the teacher. Teachers were to be benevolent, while corporal punishment was discouraged. Teaching advice demonstrates that the classroom could prove difficult terrain and suggests that the respect of scholars was hard-won and highly valued. With children attending freely, it was necessary that they desired to return. The children were consumers whom teachers sought to please; their responses determined the success or failure of lessons. This article responds to recent scholarship that interprets the teachers as imposed and powerful agents. By focusing on advice given to teachers, it highlights both how the children were perceived and the impact evangelical theology had upon ideas regarding the teacher's character. Largely overlooked by church historians, the ragged school movement embodies the profound impact of evangelical Christians on popular education in the nineteenth century.
Scottish Presbyterianism and the National Education Debates, 1850–62
Authors: Mallon Ryan
Published: June 2019

This article examines the mid-nineteenth-century Scottish education debates in the context of intra-Presbyterian relations in the aftermath of the 1843 ‘Disruption’ of the Church of Scotland. The debates of this period have been characterized as an attempt to wrest control of Scottish education from the Church of Scotland, with most opponents of the existing scheme critical of the established kirk's monopoly over the supervision of parish schools. However, the debate was not simply between those within and outside the religious establishment. Those advocating change, particularly within non-established Presbyterian denominations, were not unified in their proposals for a solution to Scotland's education problem. Disputes between Scotland's largest non-established churches, the Free Church and the United Presbyterian Church, and within the Free Church itself over the type of national education scheme that should replace the parish schools severely hampered their ability to express common opposition to the existing system. These divisions also placed increasing strain on the developing cooperation in Scottish Dissent on ecclesiastical, political and social matters after the Disruption. This article places the issue of education in this period within this distinctly Dissenting context of cooperation, and examines the extent of the impact these debates had on Dissenting Presbyterian relations.
Improving North Atlantic Marine Core Chronologies Using 230Th Normalization
Authors: Missiaen L. , Waelbroeck C. , Pichat S. , Jaccard S. L. , Eynaud F. , Greenop R. , Burke A.
Published: June 2019

Producing independent and accurate chronologies for marine sediments is a prerequisite to understand the sequence of millennial‐scale events and reveal potential temporal offsets between marine and continental records, or between different marine records, possibly from different regions. The last 40 ky is a generally well‐constrained period since radiocarbon (14C) can be used as an absolute dating tool. However, in the northern North Atlantic, calendar ages cannot be directly derived from 14C ages, due to temporal and spatial variations of surface reservoir ages. Alternatively, chronologies can be derived by aligning Greenland ice‐core time series with marine surface records. Yet this approach suffers from the lack of clearly defined climatic events between 14.7 and 23.3 cal ky BP (hereafter ka), a crucial period encompassing Heinrich Stadial 1 and the onset of the last deglaciation. In this study, (i) we assess the benefits of 230Th normalization to refine the sedimentation history between surface temperature alignment tie points and (ii) revisit the chronologies of three North Atlantic marine records. Our study supports the contention that the marked increase in the Greenland Ca2+ record at 17.48 ka ± 0.21 ky (1σ) occurred within dating uncertainty of sea surface temperature cooling in the North Atlantic at the onset of Heinrich Stadial 1. This sharp feature might be useful for future chronostratigraphic alignments to remedy the lack of chronological constraint between 14.7 and 23.3 ka for North Atlantic marine records that are subject to large changes in 14C surface reservoir age.
Ice Thickness and Bed Elevation of the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields
Authors: Millan R. , Rignot E. , Rivera A. , Martineau V. , Mouginot J. , Zamora R. , Uribe J. , Lenzano G. , De Fleurian B. , Li X. , Gim Y. , Kirchner D.
Published: June 2019

The Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields are the largest ice masses in the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica, but their ice volume and bed topography are poorly known. Here, we combine airborne gravity data collected in 2012 and 2016, with radar data from the Warm Ice Experiment Sounder and Centro de Estudios Científicos's to map bed elevation and ice thickness in great detail. We perform a 3‐D inversion of the gravity data constrained by radar‐derived thickness and fjord bathymetry to infer bed elevation at 500‐m spacing, with a precision of about 60 m. We detect deep glacial valleys with ice thickness exceeding 1,400 m and sectors below sea level on the western branch of Glaciar Pio XI, Occidental, between San Rafael and Colonia, and near Fitz Roy. We calculate an ice volume of 4,756 ± 923 km3 for Northern Patagonia Icefield and Southern Patagonia Icefield, or 40 times the volume of glaciers in the European Alps.
Linc00423 as a tumor suppressor in retroperitoneal liposarcoma via activing MAPK signaling pathway through destabilizing of NFATC3
Authors: Zhang Yong , Tong Hanxing , He Junyi , Shao Yebo , Guo Xi , Zhuang Rongyuan , Yang Jue , Liu Ju , Ding Yuqin , Liu Wenshuai , Lu Weiqi , Zhou Yuhong
Published: June 2019

Unraveling the noncoding RNA expression networks governing cancer initiation and development is essential while remains largely uncompleted in retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLS). Through RNA-seq technologies and computational biology, deregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being identified and reveal that lncRNAs are implicated in serial steps of RLS development. High-throughput sequencing with computational methods for assembling the transcriptome of five paired RLS patient’s tissues. We found that long intergenic noncoding RNA 423 (linc00423) was downregulated in RLS tissues. Gain-of-function assays revealed that overexpressed linc00423 obviously inhibited RLS cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, RNA sequence, RNA-pulldown and RIP assays evidenced that linc00423 involved in MAPK signaling pathway via destabilizing of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 3 (NFATC3). Summing up, our findings demonstrated that linc00423 acted as the tumor suppressor in RLS cells through regulating the protein level of NFATC3 at a post-transcriptional level and negatively regulated the MAPK signaling pathway at a transcriptional level. Linc00423 might serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and a target for novel therapies of RLS patients.
Fruit scent and observer colour vision shape food-selection strategies in wild capuchin monkeys
Authors: Melin Amanda D. , Nevo Omer , Shirasu Mika , Williamson Rachel E. , Garrett Eva C. , Endo Mizuki , Sakurai Kodama , Matsushita Yuka , Touhara Kazushige , Kawamura Shoji
Published: June 2019

The senses play critical roles in helping animals evaluate foods, including fruits that can change both in colour and scent during ripening to attract frugivores. Although numerous studies have assessed the impact of colour on fruit selection, comparatively little is known about fruit scent and how olfactory and visual data are integrated during foraging. We combine 25 months of behavioural data on 75 wild, white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) with measurements of fruit colours and scents from 18 dietary plant species. We show that frequency of fruit-directed olfactory behaviour is positively correlated with increases in the volume of fruit odours produced during ripening. Monkeys with red–green colour blindness sniffed fruits more often, indicating that increased reliance on olfaction is a behavioural strategy that mitigates decreased capacity to detect red–green colour contrast. These results demonstrate a complex interaction among fruit traits, sensory capacities and foraging strategies, which help explain variation in primate behaviour.
Iminothioindoxyl as a molecular photoswitch with 100 nm band separation in the visible range
Authors: Hoorens Mark W. H. , Medved’ Miroslav , Laurent Adèle D. , Di Donato Mariangela , Fanetti Samuele , Slappendel Laura , Hilbers Michiel , Feringa Ben L , Jan Buma Wybren , Szymanski Wiktor
Published: June 2019

Light is an exceptional external stimulus for establishing precise control over the properties and functions of chemical and biological systems, which is enabled through the use of molecular photoswitches. Ideal photoswitches are operated with visible light only, show large separation of absorption bands and are functional in various solvents including water, posing an unmet challenge. Here we show a class of fully-visible-light-operated molecular photoswitches, Iminothioindoxyls (ITIs) that meet these requirements. ITIs show a band separation of over 100 nm, isomerize on picosecond time scale and thermally relax on millisecond time scale. Using a combination of advanced spectroscopic and computational techniques, we provide the rationale for the switching behavior of ITIs and the influence of structural modifications and environment, including aqueous solution, on their photochemical properties. This research paves the way for the development of improved photo-controlled systems for a wide variety of applications that require fast responsive functions.
Solar energy storage at an atomically defined organic-oxide hybrid interface
Authors: Schuschke Christian , Hohner Chantal , Jevric Martyn , Ugleholdt Petersen Anne , Wang Zhihang , Schwarz Matthias , Kettner Miroslav , Waidhas Fabian , Fromm Lukas , Sumby Christopher J. , Görling Andreas , Brummel Olaf , Moth-Poulsen Kasper , Libuda Jörg
Published: June 2019

Molecular photoswitches provide an extremely simple solution for solar energy conversion and storage. To convert stored energy to electricity, however, the photoswitch has to be coupled to a semiconducting electrode. In this work, we report on the assembly of an operational solar-energy-storing organic-oxide hybrid interface, which consists of a tailor-made molecular photoswitch and an atomically-defined semiconducting oxide film. The synthesized norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) was anchored to a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. Using a photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiment, we demonstrate that the anchored CNBD monolayer remains operational, i.e., can be photo-converted to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC). We show that the activation barrier for energy release remains unaffected by the anchoring reaction and the anchored photoswitch can be charged and discharged with high reversibility. Our atomically-defined solar-energy-storing model interface enables detailed studies of energy conversion processes at organic/oxide hybrid interfaces.