bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Pricing in Construction Tenders - How, Who, What
Authors: Tower Marcus , Baccarini David
Published: October 2014

Construction projects are most commonlyprocured in Australia by means of a traditionaldesign–tender–build model, whereby design islargely completed then contractors submittenders in a competitive environment.Construction contractors must consider riskswithin their tenders. This paper reports theresearch findings into pricing for risk incompetitive tenders by constructioncontractors. The research is based onstructured interviews with 10 contractingpersonnel; supplemented by 23 responses ofconstruction personnel from an online survey.Two common methods to price for risk are atrade-by-trade basis or an overall percentageor lump sum addition to the base estimate.Experience and intuition plays a significant rolein pricing for risk in tenders and the numberand type of people involved varies with projectsize, with greater involvement as project sizeincreases. The most significant risks priced intenders were: availability of resources; designor documentation errors; incomplete design;buildability issues; and inclement weather. Themost significant project factors considered bycontractors when pricing for risk in tenders are:value of liquidated damages; type ofcontract/procurement; completeness ofdocumentation; project complexity; and currentworkload. These risks and project factors areprimarily those over which the contractor haslimited or no control.
Costs and Benefits of ISO9000-based Quality Management Systems to Construction Contractors
Authors: Ng Thomas , Palaneeswaran Ekambaram , Kumaraswamy Mohan
Published: October 2014

ISO9000-based Quality Management Systems(QMSs) have been widely applied by manycontractors with a hope to improve the productquality and hence achieve the desiredobjective of client satisfaction. However,setting up and implementing an ISO9000-based QMS is not without cost. Unless thecontractors can benefit from such system, it isunlikely that the senior management ofcontracting firms will commit to implement anISO9000-based QMS. In this paper, the costsof setting up and implementing an ISO9000-based QMS are assessed through aquestionnaire survey. The results arecompared with the benefits attained by thecontractors. It is found that contractors couldbe benefited from the use of ISO9000-basedQMS both tangibly and intangibly. Based on amore conservative estimation of some tangiblebenefits, a basic operational cost-benefit ratioof one to three was derived from the results ofthe survey. Since the latest version ofISO9000 has been fully implemented for anumber of years, the perception of contractorson the benefits gained after theimplementation of ISO9001:2000 is alsoexamined in this paper.
Individual Learning in Construction Projects: Professions and their Approaches
Authors: Wasif Ingeborg , Josephson Per-Erik , Styhre Alexander
Published: October 2014

New materials, use of sophisticatedtechnologies and increased customerdemands, in combination with growingcompetition among construction companies,have led to a high degree of specialization. Forsuccessful integration of the differentprofessional specialists, there is a need forshared learning between project co-workers.Based on twenty eight interviews in sixdifferent Swedish construction projects, thispaper illustrates strategies for individual andshared learning, among different actors andacross various organizational boundaries. Theresults indicate that personal networks are themost common source of learning for allprofessions. While clients, architects, anddesigners also engage in reading andattending courses, site managers and workersare less engaged in these activities.Experimenting and organizing for learningappear to be underutilized strategies by allprofessions. This leads to the conclusion thatattempts to increase learning have to addressthe differences in learning behaviors of thevarious groups. Further, focus onexperimenting and organizing for learning is apossibility to change the learning behaviorfrom learning as a consequence of problemsto learning for future improvement.
Builders' Perceptions of Lowest Cost Procurement and Its Impact on Quality
Authors: Hardie Mary , Saha Swapan
Published: October 2014

to the degree to which it meets the customer’s needs andexpectations. Dissatisfaction with the quality of building projectshas been widely reported in recent times. There are indicationsthat there may be some relationship between the procurementmethod used and customer satisfaction with the delivered product.In particular, traditional competitive bid contracting may havean adverse impact on quality in some circumstances. To shedsome light on reported industry attitudes, a survey of constructionprofessionals in the Sydney metropolitan area was undertaken.The respondents demonstrate mixed views on the effectivenessof the competitive tender system on quality project outcomes. Tosome extent contractors’ attitudes may be determined by theirpreferred current mode of operation. However, some supportis expressed for the contention that quality of outcome can bereduced by an overly cost driven contractor selection process. Inparticular, when economic pressures cause bidders to reduce thetime allocated for the tender process, an inaccurate and unreliablebid may win. This makes it very diffi cult for the reliable contractorto remain profi table. A move to value-based rather than cost-basedprocurement may assist industry performance and customersatisfaction.
The Inherent Building Energy-Cost Relationship: An Analysis of Thirty Melbourne Case Studies
Authors: Langston Yu Lay , Langston Craig
Published: October 2014

This study investigates the energy and cost performance of thirtyrecent buildings in Melbourne, Australia. Commonly, buildingdesign decisions are based on issues pertaining to constructioncost, and consideration of energy performance is made onlywithin the context of the initial project budget. Even where energyis elevated to more importance, operating energy is seen asthe focus and embodied energy is nearly always ignored. Forthe fi rst time, a large sample of buildings has been assembledand analysed to improve the understanding of both energy andcost performance over their full life cycle. The aim of this paperis to determine the relationship between energy and cost usingregression analysis for a range of building functional types.The conclusion is that energy and cost are strongly correlated,independent of building area, and equations are presented forfuture modelling of energy using cost as the independent variable.
Applying Conjoint Analysis to Study Attitudes of Thai Government Organisations
Authors: Suriyanon Natee , Chovichien Visuth
Published: October 2014

This article presents the application of choice-based conjointanalysis to analyse the attitude of Thai government organisationstowards the restriction of the contractor’s right to claimcompensation for unfavourable effects from undesirable events.The analysis reveals that the organisations want to restrict only 6out of 14 types of the claiming rights that were studied. The rightthat they want to restrict most is the right to claim for additionaldirect costs due to force majeure. They are willing to pay between0.087% - 0.210% of the total project direct cost for restricting eachtype of contractor right. The total additional cost for restrictingall six types of rights that the organisations are willing to pay is0.882%. The last section of this article applies the knowledgegained from a choice based conjoint analysis experiment to theanalysis of the standard contract of the Thai government. Theanalysis reveals three types of rights where Thai governmentorganisations are willing to forego restrictions, but the presentstandard contract does not grant such rights.
The Corporate Governance of Australian Listed Construction Companies
Authors: Tait Patrick , Loosemore Martin
Published: October 2014

This paper compares the compliance level of Australian StockExchange (ASX) listed construction and non-constructioncompanies with the ASX Corporate Governance Council (CGC)recommendations on sound corporate governance. It alsoexamines the difference in board characteristics between thetwo groups, paying particular attention to differences in boardindependence. It concludes that compared with the top 20 ASXlisted non-construction companies, listed construction companiesare less compliant overall particularly with regards to boardstructure, and have lower levels of independence both in terms ofCEO/Chairperson duality, the ratio of executive to non-executiveindependent directors and independent membership of nomination,remuneration and audit committees. These conclusions areimportant because sound corporate governance has beenassociated with higher levels of organisational resilience derivedfrom the reputational and fi nancial benefi ts of greater transparency,market value, investor attractiveness and organisationalperformance.
A Refined Basket of Goods Approach for Comparing Construction Costs between Countries
Authors: Best Rick
Published: October 2014

Most comparisons of construction industry performance requirethat construction costs be converted to a common base. Existingmechanisms for such conversions produce unreliable results.A proposed method for producing industry-specifi c conversionfactors was tested using a single building type. A basket ofmaterials and labour was identifi ed and weighted to refl ect the costshare of each item in a completed project. Prices for the basketwere gathered in three cities and simple construction specifi cconversion indices were calculated based on the constructionpurchasing power of each currency. The construction purchasingpower parities (CPPPs) showed marked differences from otheravailable conversion mechanisms such as exchange rates andgeneral purchasing power parities (PPPs) that have been used inprevious international comparison studies. While the study waslimited in scope, and is only the fi rst stage of a longer process, thesubstantial differences in comparative costs based on purchasingpower illustrate the problems inherent in international costcomparisons. For example, comparing Singapore and Sydney,Singapore costs appear to be only 40% of those in Sydney (basedon exchange rates) about two-thirds the cost of Sydney (usinggeneral PPPs) or almost the same (using the preliminary CPPPs).These results illustrate the problems of converting costs fromlocal currencies to a single base currency and suggest that furtherdevelopment is needed to improve the reliability of outcomes.
Dadirri: Using a Philosophical Approach to Research to Build Trust between a Non-Indigenous Researcher and Indigenous Participants
Authors: Stronach Megan Marie , Adair Daryl
Published: October 2014

Abstract: This article focuses on a philosophical approach employed in a PhD research project that set out to investigate sport career transition (SCT) experiences of elite Indigenous Australian sportsmen. The research was necessary as little is known about the transition of this cohort to a life after sport, or their experiences of retirement. A key problem within the SCT paradigm is a presumption that an end to elite sport requires a process of adjustment that is common to all sportspeople—a rather narrow perspective that fails to acknowledge the situational complexity and socio-cultural diversity of elite athletes. With such a range of personal circumstances, it is reasonable to suppose that athletes from different cultural groups will have different individual SCT needs. The researcher is non-Indigenous and mature aged: she encountered a number of challenges in her efforts to understand Indigenous culture and its important sensitivities, and to build trust with the Indigenous male participants she interviewed. An Indigenous philosophy known as Dadirri, which emphasises deep and respectful listening, guided the development of the research design and methodology. Consistent with previous studies conducted by non-Indigenous researchers, an open-ended and conversational approach to interviewing Indigenous respondents was developed. The objective was for the voices of the athletes to be heard, allowing the collection of rich data based on the participants’ perspectives about SCT. An overview of the findings is presented, illustrating that Indigenous athletes experience SCT in complex and distinctive ways. The article provides a model for non-Indigenous researchers to conduct qualitative research with Indigenous people.
How sensitive is the recovery of stratospheric ozone to changes in concentrations of very short-lived bromocarbons?
Authors: Yang X. , Abraham N. L. , Archibald A. T. , Braesicke P. , Keeble J. , Telford P. J. , Warwick N. J. , Pyle J. A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Naturally produced very short-lived substances (VSLS) account for almost a quarter of the current stratospheric inorganic bromine, Bry. Following VSLS oxidation, bromine radicals (Br and BrO) can catalytically destroy ozone. The extent to which possible increases in surface emissions or transport of these VSLS bromocarbons to the stratosphere could counteract the effect of halogen reductions under the Montreal Protocol is an important policy question. Here, by using a chemistry–climate model, UM-UKCA, we investigate the impact of a hypothetical doubling (an increase of 5 ppt Bry) of VSLS bromocarbons on ozone and how the resulting ozone changes depend on the background concentrations of chlorine and bromine. Our model experiments indicate that for the 5 ppt increase in Bry from VSLS, the ozone decrease in the lowermost stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) may reach up to 10% in the annual mean; the ozone decrease in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is smaller (4–6%). The largest impact on the ozone column is found in the Antarctic spring. There is a significantly larger ozone decrease following the doubling of the VSLS burden under a high stratospheric chlorine background than under a low chlorine background, indicating the importance of the inter-halogen reactions. For example, the decline in the high-latitude, lower-stratospheric ozone concentration as a function of Bry is higher by about 30–40% when stratospheric Cly is ~ 3 ppb (present day), compared with Cly of ~ 0.8 ppb (a pre-industrial or projected future situation). Bromine will play an important role in the future ozone layer. However, even if bromine levels from natural VSLS were to increase significantly later this century, changes in the concentration of ozone will likely be dominated by the decrease in anthropogenic chlorine. Our calculation suggests that for a 5 ppt increase in Bry from VSLS, the Antarctic ozone hole recovery date could be delayed by approximately 6–8 years, depending on Cly levels.
Volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds in suburban Paris: variability, origin and importance for SOA formation
Authors: Ait-Helal W. , Borbon A. , Sauvage S. , de Gouw J. A. , Colomb A. , Gros V. , Freutel F. , Crippa M. , Afif C. , Baltensperger U. , Beekmann M. , Doussin J.-F. , Durand-Jolibois R. , Fronval I. , Grand N. , Leonardis T. , Lopez M. , Michoud V. , Miet K. , Perrier S. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Schneider J. , Siour G. , Zapf P. , Locoge N.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Measurements of gaseous and particulate organic carbon were performed during the MEGAPOLI experiments, in July 2009 and January–February 2010, at the SIRTA observatory in suburban Paris. Measurements comprise primary and secondary volatile organic compounds (VOCs), of both anthropogenic and biogenic origins, including C12–C16 n-alkanes of intermediate volatility (IVOCs), suspected to be efficient precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The time series of gaseous carbon are generally consistent with times series of particulate organic carbon at regional scale, and are clearly affected by meteorology and air mass origin. Concentration levels of anthropogenic VOCs in urban and suburban Paris were surprisingly low (2–963 ppt) compared to other megacities worldwide and to rural continental sites. Urban enhancement ratios of anthropogenic VOC pairs agree well between the urban and suburban Paris sites, showing the regional extent of anthropogenic sources of similar composition. Contrary to other primary anthropogenic VOCs (aromatics and alkanes), IVOCs showed lower concentrations in winter (< 5 ppt) compared to summer (13–27 ppt), which cannot be explained by the gas-particle partitioning theory. Higher concentrations of most oxygenated VOCs in winter (18–5984 ppt) suggest their dominant primary anthropogenic origin. The respective role of primary anthropogenic gaseous compounds in regional SOA formation was investigated by estimating the SOA mass concentration expected from the anthropogenic VOCs and IVOCs (I / VOCs) measured at SIRTA. From an integrated approach based on emission ratios and SOA yields, 38 % of the SOA measured at SIRTA is explained by the measured concentrations of I / VOCs, with a 2% contribution by C12–C16 n-alkane IVOCs. From the results of an alternative time-resolved approach, the average IVOC contribution to SOA formation is estimated to be 7%, which is half of the average contribution of the traditional aromatic compounds (15%). Both approaches, which are based on in situ observations of particular I / VOCs, emphasize the importance of the intermediate volatility compounds in the SOA formation, and support previous results from chamber experiments and modeling studies. They also support the need to make systematic the IVOCs' speciated measurement during field campaigns.
Model-simulated trend of surface carbon monoxide for the 2001–2010 decade
Authors: Yoon J. , Pozzer A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. We present decadal trend estimates of surface carbon monoxide (CO) simulated using the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy (EMAC; ECHAM5 and MESSy stand for fifth-generation European Centre Hamburg general circulation model and Modular Earth Submodel System, respectively) based on the emission scenarios Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 for anthropogenic activity and Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) v3.1 for biomass burning from 2001 through 2010. The spatial distribution of the modeled surface CO is evaluated with monthly data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) thermal infrared product. The global means of correlation coefficient and relative bias for the decade 2001–2010 are 0.95 and −4.29%, respectively. We also find a reasonable correlation (R = 0.78) between the trends of EMAC surface CO and full 10-year monthly records from ground-based observation (World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, WDCGG). Over western Europe, eastern USA, and northern Australia, the significant decreases in EMAC surface CO are estimated at −35.5 ± 5.8, −59.6 ± 9.1, and −13.7 ± 9.5 ppbv decade−1, respectively. In contrast, the surface CO increases by +8.9 ± 4.8 ppbv decade−1 over southern Asia. A high correlation (R = 0.92) between the changes in EMAC-simulated surface CO and total emission flux shows that the significant regional trends are attributed to the changes in primary and direct emissions from both anthropogenic activity and biomass burning.
Carbonaceous aerosols on the south edge of the Tibetan Plateau: concentrations, seasonality and sources
Authors: Cong Z. , Kang S. , Kawamura K. , Liu B. , Wan X. , Wang Z. , Gao S. , Fu P.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. To quantitatively evaluate the effect of carbonaceous aerosols on the south edge of the Tibetan Plateau, aerosol samples were collected weekly from August 2009 to July 2010 at Mt. Everest (Qomolangma Station for Atmospheric and Environmental Observation and Research, briefly QOMS, 28.36° N, 86.95° E, 4276 m a.s.l.). The samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and major ions. The average concentrations of OC, EC and WSOC were 1.43, 0.25 and 0.77 μg m−3, respectively. The concentration levels of OC and EC at QOMS are comparable to those at high elevation sites on the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Langtang and NCO-P), but three to six times lower than those at Manora Peak, India and Godavari, Nepal. Sulfate was the most abundant anion species followed by nitrate, accounting for 25 and 12% of total ionic mass, respectively. Ca2+ was the most abundant cation species (annual average of 0.88 μg m−3). The various aerosol compositions showed distinctive seasonality. The dust loading, represented by Ca2+ concentration, was relatively constant throughout the year. While OC, EC and other ionic species (NH4+, K+, NO3−, and SO42−) exhibited a pronounced peak in the pre-monsoon period and a minimum in the monsoon season. Similar seasonal trends of aerosol composition were also reported previously from the southern slope of the Himalayas, such as Langtang and NCO-P. This phenomenon indicates that both slopes of Himalayas share a common atmospheric environment regime. The strong correlation of OC and EC in QOMS aerosols with K+ and levoglucosan indicates that they were mainly originated from biomass burning. The active fire spots observed by MODIS and their backward trajectories further demonstrate that in pre-monsoon season, agricultural and forest fires in the northern India and Nepal were most likely sources of carbonaceous aerosol at QOMS. In addition to large-scale atmospheric circulation, the unique mountain/valley breeze system in the Himalayas can also have an important effect on air pollutant transport.
A Global Carbon Assimilation System using a modified EnKF assimilation method
Authors: Zhang S. , Zheng X. , Chen Z. , Dan B. , Chen J. M. , Yi X. , Wang L. , Wu G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A Global Carbon Assimilation System based on Ensemble Kalman filter (GCAS-EK) is developed for assimilating atmospheric CO2 abundance data into an ecosystem model to simultaneously estimate the surface carbon fluxes and atmospheric CO2 distribution. This assimilation approach is based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), but with several new developments, including using analysis states to iteratively estimate ensemble forecast errors, and a maximum likelihood estimation of the inflation factors of the forecast and observation errors. The proposed assimilation approach is tested in observing system simulation experiments and then used to estimate the terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes and atmospheric CO2 distributions from 2002 to 2008. The results showed that this assimilation approach can effectively reduce the biases and uncertainties of the carbon fluxes simulated by the ecosystem model.
Methodology for flood frequency estimations in small catchments
Authors: David V. , Davidova T.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Estimations of flood frequencies in small catchments are difficult due to a lack of measured discharge data. This problem is usually solved in the Czech Republic by hydrologic modelling when there is a reason not to use the data provided by the Czech hydrometeorological institute, which are quite expensive and have a very low level of accuracy. Another way is to use a simple method which provides sufficient estimates of flood frequency based on the available spatial data. A new methodology is being developed considering all important factors affecting flood formation in small catchments. The relationship between catchment descriptors and flood characteristics has been analysed first to get an overview of the importance of each considered descriptor. The results for different descriptors vary from a highly correlated relationship of an expected shape to a relationship which is opposite to that expected, mainly in the case of land use. The parameterisation of the methodology is also presented, including the sensitivity tests on each involved catchment descriptor and cross-validation of achieved results. In its present form, the methodology achieves an Radj2 value of about 0.61 for 10- and 0.60 for 100-year return periods.
Developing an early warning system for storm surge inundation in the Philippines
Authors: Tablazon J. , Caro C. V. , Lagmay A. M. F. , Briones J. B. L. , Dasallas L. , Lapidez J. P. , Santiago J. , Suarez J. K. , Ladiero C. , Gonzalo L. A. , Mungcal M. T. F. , Malano V.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A storm surge is the sudden rise of sea water generated by an approaching storm, over and above the astronomical tides. This event imposes a major threat in the Philippine coastal areas, as manifested by Typhoon Haiyan on 8 November 2013 where more than 6000 people lost their lives. It has become evident that the need to develop an early warning system for storm surges is of utmost importance. To provide forecasts of the possible storm surge heights of an approaching typhoon, the Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-Project NOAH) simulated historical tropical cyclones that entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Bathymetric data, storm track, central atmospheric pressure, and maximum wind speed were used as parameters for the Japan Meteorological Agency Storm Surge Model. The researchers calculated the frequency distribution of maximum storm surge heights of all typhoons under a specific Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) that passed through a particular coastal area. This determines the storm surge height corresponding to a given probability of occurrence. The storm surge heights from the model were added to the maximum astronomical tide data from WXTide software. The team then created maps of probable area inundation and flood levels of storm surges along coastal areas for a specific PSWS using the results of the frequency distribution. These maps were developed from the time series data of the storm tide at 10 min intervals of all observation points in the Philippines. This information will be beneficial in developing early warnings systems, static maps, disaster mitigation and preparedness plans, vulnerability assessments, risk-sensitive land use plans, shoreline defense efforts, and coastal protection measures. Moreover, these will support the local government units' mandate to raise public awareness, disseminate information about storm surge hazards, and implement appropriate counter-measures for a given PSWS.
Eddy covariance for quantifying trace gas fluxes from soils
Authors: Eugster W. , Merbold L.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Soils are highly complex physical and biological systems, and hence measuring soil gas exchange fluxes with high accuracy and adequate spatial representativity remains a challenge. A technique which has become increasingly popular is the eddy covariance (EC) method. This method takes advantage of the fact that surface fluxes are mixed into the near-surface atmosphere via turbulence. As a consequence, measurement with an EC system can be done at some distance above the surface, providing accurate and spatially integrated flux density estimates. In this paper we provide a basic overview targeting at scientists who are not familiar with the EC method. This reviews gives examples of successful deployments from a wide variety of ecosystems. The primary focus is on the three major greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Several limitations to the application of EC systems exist, requiring a careful experimental design, which we discuss in detail. Thereby we group these experiments into two main classes: (1) manipulative experiments, and (2) survey-type experiments. Recommendations and examples of successful studies using various approaches, including the combination of EC flux measurements with online measurements of stable isotopes are given. We conclude that EC should not be considered a substitution of traditional flux measurements, but an addition to the latter. The greatest strength of EC measurements in soil science are (1) their uninterrupted continuous measurement of gas concentrations and fluxes that also can capture short-term bursts of fluxes that easily could be missed by other methods; and (2) the spatial integration covering the ecosystem scale (several m2 to ha), thereby integrating over small-scale heterogeneity in the soil.
APORTE DE BIOMASSA E NUTRIENTES POR Allagoptera arenaria NA RESTINGA DA MARAMBAIA, RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ
Authors: Carvalho Daniel Costa de , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Menezes Luiz Fernando Tavares de
Published: October 2014

O estudo avaliou a quantidade de matéria orgânica e nutrientes foliares aportados ao solo por Allagoptera arenaria em uma comunidade arbustiva de Palmae na restinga de Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro. As coletas foram realizadas em dez parcelas de 10 m x 10 m (100 m²), demarcadas aleatoriamente na formação arbustiva. Foram coletadas 3 (três) folhas de dez indivíduos adultos escolhidos aleatoriamente. Foi possível quantificar um incremento anual de massa seca de 8,2 Mg.ha-1 ano-1 para a área de estudo. Para o N, observou-se um teor de 12,3 g.kg-1, seguido de 5,7 g.kg-1 para o K, os quais representam, respectivamente, um aporte de 303 kg.N.ha-1.ano-1 e 140 kg.K.ha-1.ano-1. Para P, foi verificado teor no material foliar na ordem de 0,31 g.kg-1, com aporte de 7,4 kg.ha-1.ano-1.Palavra-chave: Ciclagem de nutrientes; ecossistemas costeiros; palmáceas; plantas focais. AbstractBiomass and Nutrient input by Allagoptera arenariain in Restinga da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. This research assessed the amount of organic matter and foliar nutrients in the soil from Allagoptera arenaria in a Palmae shrub community of Restinga da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro. Samples were collected at ten randomly demarcated plots of 10 x 10m (100 m²) in the bush. We collected three (3) leaves of ten randomly chosen adults. It was possible to quantify an annual increase of dry mass of 8,2 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for the focused area. We observed for N an average grade of 12,3 g kg-1 followed by 5,7 g kg-1 for K, which respectively represent an investment of 303 kg N ha-1 year-1 and 140 kg K ha-1 year-1. We observed for P mean levels in leaf material in order of 0,31 g kg-1 with intake of 7,4kg ha-1 year-1.Keywords: Nutrient cycling; coastal ecosystems; palms; nurse plants.
AS AÇÕES DE GOVERNO E A GOVERNANÇA FLORESTAL NO PARANÁ
Authors: Galiciolli Renê , Santos Anadalvo Juazeiro dos , Hoeflich Vitor Afonso
Published: October 2014

Governança florestal é tema de relevância entre as mais importantes organizações internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), a Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OECD) e o Banco Mundial que, de forma convergente, defendem a importância das florestas no equilíbrio físico, econômico e cultural e a necessidade de sua conservação e utilização sensata. Essas organizações desenvolvem e testam indicadores de governança florestal discutindo sobre governança das florestas e de desenvolvimento florestal. O presente artigo objetiva analisar a percepção dos atores sociais do setor florestal paranaense acerca da governança florestal, tomando-se como referência um “modelo” de análise adotado pela OECD (2005). Como instrumento metodológico, adaptou-se o modelo de questionário desenvolvido pela OECD, aplicado então aos atores sociais envolvidos na gestão florestal do Paraná, que foram indagados sobre governança florestal. O estudo teve como referencial teórico o quadro desenvolvido pela FAO (2011), em que se determinam três pilares de boa governança florestal: a política legal regulamentar, o planejamento e tomada de decisões e a implementação dos processos de políticas florestais.Palavras-chave: Governo do Paraná; governança florestal; FAO. AbstractThe government actions and forest governance in Paraná. Forest governance is a matter of relevance among the most important international organizations like the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. Such organizations, in a convergent way, advocate the importance of forests in physical, economic and cultural balance as well as the need for their conservation and wise use. These organizations develop and test indicators of forest governance discussing forests governance and development. This article aims to analyze the perception of social actors in the forest sector in Paraná on forest governance, taking as reference a "model" analysis adopted by the OECD (2005). As a methodological tool, we adapted the questionnaire model developed by the OECD, then applied it to the social actors involved in forest management in Paraná, who were asked about forest governance. The study had as theoretical bases the framework developed by FAO (2011) which determines three pillars of good forest governance: legal policy regulations; planning and decision-making processes and implementation of forest policies.Keywords: Government of Paraná; forest; FAO.
PERCEPÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO SOBRE O CONFORTO TÉRMICO PROPORCIONADO PELA ARBORIZAÇÃO DE RUAS DE CURITIBA-PR
Authors: Martini Angeline , Biondi Daniela , Batista Antonio Carlos , Zamproni Kendra , Viezzer Jennifer , Grise Mayssa Mascarenhas , Lima Neto Everaldo Marques de
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a percepção da população com relação ao conforto térmico proporcionado pela arborização de ruas na cidade de Curitiba. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas simultaneamente em uma rua arborizada e outra sem arborização, nas quatro estações do ano. Paralelamente, foram também coletados dados meteorológicos para calcular o índice de conforto térmico nesses ambientes. O índice utilizado foi o Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) e o seu valor foi comparado com a resposta dada pelos entrevistados. A porcentagem de pessoas que declaram não estar sentindo nem frio e nem calor na rua arborizada foi menor do que na rua sem arborização, possivelmente devido ao maior número de entrevistados na primavera e outono, estações com características climáticas amenas. Dos entrevistados, 54,3% sentiam-se confortáveis termicamente nas ruas sem árvores, enquanto que na rua arborizada esse número foi 76,5%. A maioria dos entrevistados (98,3%) afirmou que arborização de ruas proporciona melhores condições de conforto térmico. O índice utilizado, UTCI, refletiu aproximadamente 60% da sensação de conforto expressa pelos entrevistados. Conclui-se que a população que transita pelas ruas da cidade de Curitiba consegue perceber a diferença entre as ruas arborizadas e não arborizadas por meio das sensações de conforto térmico.Palavras-chave: Arborização urbana; índice de conforto térmico; qualidade de vida; UTCI. AbstractPopulation’s perception on thermal comfort provided by street trees of Curitiba - PR. This research aims to analyze the population’s perception regarding thermal comfort provided by street trees in the city of Curitiba. Therefore, interviews were conducted simultaneously on streets with and without trees, during the four seasons. At the same time, meteorological data were collected to calculate the thermal comfort index for these environments. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used and its value was compared to the answers given in the interviews. The amount of people who said they were not feeling neither cold nor heat on the streets with trees was lower than on the streets without trees, possibly due to a greater number of people who were interviewed during spring and fall, seasons with mild climatic characteristics. While 54.3% of the people felt comfortable in the streets without trees, 76.5% felt the same on streets with trees. Most interviewee (98.3%) said that street trees provide better thermal comfort. The UTCI revealed approximately 60% of the comfort sense expressed by the population. We concluded that the population who roam the streets of the city of Curitiba - PR can perceive the difference between streets with and without trees through the sensations of thermal comfort.Keywords: Urban forestry; thermal comfort index; quality of life; UTCI.
AVALIAÇÃO DA DIVERSIDADE DE ESPÉCIES NATIVAS PRODUZIDAS NOS VIVEIROS FLORESTAIS DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Alonso Jorge Makhlouta , Leles Paulo Sérgio Dos Santos , Silveira Filho Telmo Borges , Mesquita Carlos Alberto Bernardo , Pereira Marcos Lima , De Sales Junior José Antônio Santana , Alves François Lopes , Da Silva Carla De Oliveira
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de espécies florestais nativas produzidas nos viveiros do estado do Rio de Janeiro. O levantamento e diagnóstico foram realizados durante os meses de fevereiro, março e abril de 2010, sendo incluídos os viveiros que produziam mudas de espécies florestais da Mata Atlântica. O trabalho de campo consistiu em visitas a 70 viveiros florestais, nos quais foi requerida a lista das espécies produzidas e realizada entrevista com o responsável, sendo preenchido um questionário englobando diversos temas relacionados à produção de mudas. Foram observadas 277 espécies florestais nativas da Mata Atlântica sendo produzidas nos viveiros, que, em média, trabalham com 56 espécies nativas. A diversidade total de espécies florestais da Mata Atlântica produzidas nos viveiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro é baixa, assim como a diversidade média, já que mais da metade dos viveiros trabalha com uma listagem de 50 ou menos espécies, número insuficiente considerando a diversidade de espécies florestais presentes nas diferentes formações vegetais do estado.Palavras-chave: Mudas florestais; restauração florestal; Mata Atlântica. AbstractAssessment of diversity of native species produced in forest nurseries of Rio de Janeiro State. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the diversity of native species produced by nurseries in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The diagnostic and survey were conducted during the months of February, March and April of the year 2010, the research included all nurseries that produced seedlings of Atlantic Forest species. The fieldwork consisted of visits to the 70 surveyed nurseries, in which a list of the species produced in the nursery was requested and the seedling production manager was interviewed, filling in a questionnaire covering various topics related to seedlings production. We observed 277 forest species native from the Atlantic Forest produced in the nurseries. In average, the nurseries produce 56 different native species. The total diversity of native species produced in the State of Rio de Janeiro is low, as well as the mean diversity, since more than half of the nurseries work with a list of 50 or fewer species, what is insufficient considering the diversity of forest species that occur in the different vegetation types of the state.Keywords: Forest seedlings; forest restoration; Atlantic Forest.
EFEITOS DA VEGETAÇÃO NA VARIAÇÃO TÉRMICA DA CIDADE DE CURITIBA, PR
Authors: Leal Luciana , Biondi Daniela , Batista Antonio Carlos
Published: October 2014

Considerando que a distribuição das florestas urbanas e o zoneamento do uso do solo influenciam o clima local da cidade de Curitiba, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o efeito desses fatores na variação temporal e espacial da temperatura do ar nessa cidade. Os dados de temperatura foram coletados em quatro campanhas em períodos correspondentes às estações do ano em 2011, em 44 pontos de monitoramento em quatro transectos na malha urbana da cidade, por meio de miniabrigos meteorológicos com registradores modelo Hobo®. Nos quatro transectos, foram observadas diferenças térmicas entre os pontos de monitoramento nos períodos analisados. Para a temperatura máxima absoluta, as diferenças foram de até 5,8 ºC no transecto sudoeste-nordeste, e para a temperatura mínima absoluta, de 4,6 ºC no transecto noroeste-sudeste. Mesmo nas estações do ano de mais baixas temperaturas, outono e inverno, foram encontradas diferenças térmicas, relacionadas ao calor antropogênico. As maiores temperaturas foram encontradas nos locais com maior intensidade de ocupação e atividades antrópicas, porém não nas áreas mais verticalizadas, enquanto as menores temperaturas foram encontradas nas regiões com maior quantidade de áreas permeáveis, concentração de remanescentes florestais ou espaços verdes públicos, confirmando a influência da densidade de construção e da presença de vegetação na variação das temperaturas na cidade de Curitiba.Palavras-chave:  Clima urbano; temperatura do ar; florestas urbanas; classes de densidade de ocupação. AbstractEffects of vegetation on thermal intra-urban variation of Curitiba - PR. Whereas the distribution of urban forests and zoning land use influence the climate of Curitiba city, this research aimed to analyze the effect of this factors in temporal and spatial variation of air temperature in this town. Temperature data were collected in four campaigns in periods corresponding to the seasons of the year in 2011, in 44 monitoring points in four transects in the urban mesh by mini-shields meteorological model with Hobo® loggers. In the four transects were found differences between the thermal monitoring points in the analyzed periods. For the absolute maximum temperature, differences were up to 5.8 ºC in the northeast-southwest transect and the absolute minimum temperature of 4.6 ºC in the northeast-southwest transect. Even in seasons of lower temperatures, autumn and winter, thermal differences were related to anthropogenic heat. The highest temperatures were found in the regions with greater intensity of occupation and human activities, however not in the areas with verticalization, while the lowest temperatures were observed in regions with higher permeable areas, concentration of remaining forest and public green spaces. As result, it confirms the influence of building density and the presence of vegetation in the variation of temperature in the city of Curitiba.Keywords: Urban climate; air temperature; urban forestry; class occupation density.
EQUAÇÕES DE ALTURA, VOLUME E AFILAMENTO PARA EUCALIPTO E ACÁCIA ESTABELECIDOS EM SISTEMA SILVIPASTORIL
Authors: Müller Marcelo Dias , Salles Thiago Taglialegna , Paciullo Domingos Sávio Campos , Brighenti Alexandre Magno , Castro Carlos Renato Tavares de
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar modelos alométricos para estimativa de altura, volume e afilamento do tronco de duas espécies florestais estabelecidas em um sistema silvipastoril com 10 anos de idade. Para a variável volume, foram testados modelos de simples e dupla entrada e para o afilamento do tronco foram testados modelos segmentados e não segmentados. Para estimativa da altura das árvores de eucalipto, foi selecionado o modelo semilogarítmico e para a acácia o modelo de melhor desempenho foi o exponencial. Entre os modelos volumétricos, aqueles de dupla entrada apresentaram melhores ajustes, sendo que o modelo de Schumacher & Hall se destacou com estatísticas ligeiramente superiores aos demais. Para o afilamento de tronco, os modelos segmentados apresentaram melhor desempenho. Para árvores de eucalipto, o modelo de Max & Burkhart se mostrou mais adequado, e para acácia, o modelo de Parresol foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste. De forma geral, os modelos se ajustaram melhor aos dados das árvores de eucalipto.Palavras-chave: Agrossilvicultura; modelagem; programa ABC. AbstractHeight, volume and taper equations for eucalipt and acacia mangium established in a silvopastoral system. The objective of this work was to select allometric models for height, volume and taper estimation of two forestry species established in a ten years old silvopastoral system. Single (breast height diameter as the independent variable) and double entry (breast height diameter and total height as independent variables) models were evaluated for the volume estimation. We evaluated segmented and non-segmented models for the taper equations. The semilogaritmic model and the exponential model fitted better for the estimation of eucalyptus and acacia trees height, respectively. In general, the double entry volumetric models presented the best adjustments and Schumacher & Hall`s model presented slightly higher statistics among the models. In the case of taper models, we observed that the segmented models fitted better to the data for both species. Max & Burkhar´s model and the Parresol´s model were selected for eucalyptus trees and acacia trees, respectively. In general, all tested models fitted better to eucalyptus trees.Keywords: Agroforestry; Modeling; Eucalyptus; Acacia.
ANÁLISE ESTRATÉGICA DO MANEJO FLORESTAL NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Da Silva Julio Cesar , De Almeida Alexandre Nascimento , Pompermaye Raquel De Souza
Published: October 2014

Este estudo trata da análise estratégica da produção madeireira sustentada na Amazônia brasileira com foco nos planos de manejo florestal da região. A metodologia empregada se baseou na utilização da análise SWOT para determinar os pontos fortes e fracos e as oportunidades e ameaças do manejo florestal na Amazônia. Para tanto, foram entrevistados 40 profissionais que trabalham com o manejo florestal na região. O principal ponto forte esteve relacionado ao manejo, servindo como forma de manutenção da cobertura florestal; o principal ponto fraco tem relação com a pouca fiscalização sobre a extração ilegal de madeira; a principal oportunidade refere-se à grande quantidade de áreas disponíveis para o manejo florestal; e a principal ameaça é a competição desleal com a madeira de origem legal.Palavras-chave: Economia florestal; SWOT; floresta tropical. AbstractStrategic analysis of forest management in the Brazilian Amazon. This research develops a strategic analysis of supported timber production in the Brazilian Amazonia, with focus in the sustainable forest management plans in the region. The methodology is based on the use of SWOT Analysis to determine the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of forest in the Amazon. Therefore, we interviewed 40 professionals who work with forest management. As result, we identified as the main positive point the management as way of maintenance of the forest covering. On the other hand, the main weake point is the lack of control of illegal wooden extraction. The main opportunity is the great amount of available areas for the forest management. Finally, the main threat is the unfair competition with the illegal wood.Keywords: Forest Economy; SWOT; rainforest.
Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 2
Authors: Culver Stephen J. , Buzas Martin A.
Published: October 2014

A computer file of all published (presence or absence) distributional data on the living and dead recent benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico was constructed from 77 papers published since 1918. Manipulation of this file produced 5 catalogs and 296 maps. Catalog 1 lists alphabetically species names with publication and locality information as recorded in the literature (i.e., unsynonymized). Catalog 2 lists synonymized species names (in the same numerical line order as Catalog 1) with publication and locality information. Catalogs 3 and 4 list alphabetically all unsynonymized and synonymized species names, respectively. Catalog 5 lists synonymized names by increasing latitude and longitude. During the past 60 years, 1219 names have been used to record benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Through synonymization, these were reduced to 848 species, of which 295 occur at 16 or more of the 426 sample localities. Computer-generated maps were drawn for these 295 most commonly recorded species. Species were grouped by depth and geographic distribution through visual examination of the maps. Twenty overlapping categories describe the depth distribution of the commonly recorded species. The depth distribution of 15 species varies considerably around the Gulf. Geographically the 295 most commonly recorded species may be grouped into 11 categories. Forty-eight percent of the species are ubiquitous around the Gulf. Circum-Gulf of Mexico provincial boundaries cannot be recognized but preliminary analysis distinguishes concentric benthic foraminiferal provinces whose margins can be related to particular depths and physiographic regions.