bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating New Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Hyperinsulinemia's Mitogenic Effects in a Female Mouse Breast Cancer Model
Authors: Rostoker Ran , Bitton-Worms Keren , Caspi Avishay , Shen-Orr Zila , LeRoith Derek
Published: March 2013

Epidemiological and experimental studies have identified hyperinsulinemia as an important risk factor for breast cancer induction and for the poor prognosis in breast cancer patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently it was demonstrated that both the insulin receptor (IR) and the IGF-IR mediate hyperinsulinemia's mitogenic effect in several breast cancer models. Although IGF-IR has been intensively investigated, and anti-IGF-IR therapies are now in advanced clinical trials, the role of the IR in mediating hyperinsulinemia's mitogenic effect remains to be clarified. Here we aimed to explore the potential of IR inhibition compared to dual IR/IGF-IR blockade on breast tumor growth. To initiate breast tumors, we inoculated the mammary carcinoma Mvt-1 cell line into the inguinal mammary fat pad of the hyperinsulinemic MKR female mice, and to study the role of IR, we treated the mice bearing tumors with the recently reported high-affinity IR antagonist-S961, in addition to the well-documented IGF-IR inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP). Although reducing IR activation, with resultant severe hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, S961-treated mice had significantly larger tumors compared to the vehicle-treated group. This effect maybe secondary to the severe hyperinsulinemia mediated via the IGF-1 receptor. In contrast, PPP by partially inhibiting both IR and IGF-IR activity reduced tumor growth rate with only mild metabolic consequences. We conclude that targeting (even partially) both IR and IGF-IRs impairs hyperinsulinemia's effects in breast tumor development while simultaneously sparing the metabolic abnormalities observed when targeting IR alone with virtual complete inhibition.
Safe Control of Construction–Deconstruction of High-density PEG Brushes on the Surface of Peptide Nanospheres by Thermally Induced Shrinkage of PEG–SS–PEG
Authors: Matsumoto Masahiro , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: March 2013

We demonstrate for the first time rapid construction–deconstruction of high-density PEG brushes on nanosphere surfaces at 40 °C for 5 min by thermally induced shrinkage of disulfide PEG. These reaction conditions can avoid thermal instability of PEG chains generally occurring during PEG brush construction at higher temperature for longer incubation. This method will be an important strategy for fabrication of bioinert nanocarriers, because control of surface characteristics on the surface of nanocarriers is significant in biomedical applications.
Development of a Spiral Flow ICP Torch as a New Low-gas-flow Torch for Axially Viewing ICP Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Ohata Masaki , Kurosawa Satoru , Shinodzuka Isao , Takaku Yuichi , Kishi Yoko
Published: March 2013

A spiral flow ICP torch for axially viewing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (axially viewing ICPOES) was developed as a new low-gas-flow torch. Since the spiral flow ICP torch could sustain a stable ICP at Ar plasma gas flow rate of 9 L min−1 with 1.5 kW RF forward power and since the spiral flow ICP obtained showed analytical performance similar to a standard ICP, it is expected to be an alternative ICP torch for axially viewing ICPOES.
Fluorescent Fluoro–Silicon(IV) Complexes with Schiff Base Ligands
Authors: Kawamoto Keisuke , Akashi Haruo , Yamasaki Mikio , Shibahara Takashi
Published: March 2013

Three novel fluorescent fluoro–silicon(IV) complexes of the type [SiF3(L)] (HL = Schiff base) were synthesized, and their properties were investigated: one of the complexes [SiF3(L1)] (1; ΦF = 0.96; HL1 = 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene-8-aminoquinoline) shows an extremely high fluorescence quantum yield, and other complexes [SiF3(L2)] (2; ΦF = 0.11; HL2 = 3,5-dichlorosalicylidene-8-aminoquinoline) and [SiF3(L3)] (3; ΦF = 0.01; HL3 = 3,5-dibromosalicylidene-8-aminoquinoline) show moderate and low quantum yields in DMSO, respectively. The Stokes shift of 1 (2690 cm−1) is significantly smaller than those of other complexes (2, 4970; 3, 4960). A single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of 1 revealed that the three fluoride ions are coordinated meridionally. DFT calculations (B3LYP/Si, Lan2DZ; others, 6-31G**) of the complex 1 show that the main component of the HOMO is the naphthalene moiety whereas that of LUMO is the quinoline moiety.
Multicultural Literature and the Use of Literature in Multicultural Education in Finland
Authors: Aerila Juli-Anna , Kokkola Lydia
Published: March 2013

This paper traces the presentation of these traditional minority groups in Finland and the emergence of literature incorporating the more recently arrived groups of immigrants in the history of Finnish language children’s literature. We contextualize the development of multicultural themes in children’s literature within the history of Finnish nation-building and the country’s struggles for independence. We conclude with a brief consideration of how these less than ideal books might, nevertheless, serve to promote pluralism.
“You brat!”: Maternal Aggression as Women’s Empowerment in Three Recent Picture Books
Authors: Fjeldberg Guri
Published: March 2013

Three recent picture books challenge the role of the impeccable mother. Their stories portray outbursts of irrational maternal aggression caused by limited mothering capacity. As these mothers depart from ideal stereotypes, they are shown to become monstrous in various ways. However, this paper argues that these narratives employ the monstrous towards what Jack Zipes envisages as “liberating potential”: in making the maternal monster lovable, mothers can be freed from unrealistic expectations and conformist social pressure.
A Similarity or Difference : The Problem of Race in Australian Picture Books
Authors: Flanagan Victoria
Published: March 2013

The prevailing humanist ideology in fiction produced for children entails that thematic explorations of race usually pivot on the notion that humans are all created equal, regardless of race. However, this position fails to acknowledge the privileged status of whiteness as a racial category. This article examines two recent Australian picture books which explore the relationship between white and non-white identities in an Australian social context, arguing that the construction of whiteness as a normative standard of human experience must be interrogated before genuinely intersubjective race relations can be achieved.
Ulitskaia’s Writing for Children: Transcending limitations of the graphic novel genre
Authors: Lushchevska Oksana
Published: March 2013

This article examines characteristic features of the sense of wonder in a childhood perspective, as well as introduces epiphany as a source of achieving the illustration of a child’s character and viewpoint. The analysis focuses on the series of stories Childhood-49 , written by Liudmila Ulitskaia, which creates an interconnected series of events that gradually as they depict the complex life of Russian post-war society with all its bitterness and hardship.
China’s Patriotic Exposé: Ye Shengtao’s Fairytale, Daocao ren [Scarecrow]
Authors: Bi Lijun
Published: March 2013

In the early twentieth century, patriotism in China became closely linked to the exposure of social ills in literary production. This paper examines the first major work of modern Chinese children’s literature, Ye Shengtao’s Daocao ren [Scarecrow] (1923). It argues that the emergence of modern Chinese children’s literature represents the rise of modern nationalism and the critique of the native cultural heritage. It concludes that stories like Scarecrow were created by Chinese intellectuals as part of their efforts to rejuvenate the nation.
Lighting Out for the Global Territory: Postwar Revisions of Cultural Anthropology and Jewish American Identity in Bellow’s Henderson the Rain King
Authors: Strand Eric
Published: March 2013

Saul Bellow enthusiastically explored the creative possibilities of globalization after World War II, imagining a space of creative freedom outside the boundaries of the nation-state. In so doing he helped to transform American Jewishness from a leftist culture rooted in working-class politics and racial alliances into a more syncretic, market-oriented form of identity. His major work of travel fiction, Henderson the Rain King , criticizes European colonial discourse and valorizes the hybrid cosmopolitan Dahfu, psychotherapist and African king, who acts as Henderson’s intellectual mentor. Although antiracist in intent, Bellow’s vision of travel-fueled 3 professional autonomy opposes collective movements for social change and nationalist resistance to imperialism, which helps to explain his neoconservative turn in the 1970s.
Psyche: Mirror and Mind in Vanity Fair
Authors: Brink-Roby Heather
Published: March 2013

While we associate mirrors with realism’s aspiration to copy material reality’s concrete details, in Vanity Fair William Makepeace Thackeray employs them to explore the unseen workings of consciousness, a use linked to his satirical project and its interest in things as they might be. Thackeray recruits the mirror’s full representational complexity to trace the structure and content of interior life, probing the mind’s ability to compose--not only to figure forth but also to found--an alternative world.
“Things That Are Outside of Ourselves”: Ethnology, Colonialism, and the Ontological Critique of Capitalism in Matthew Arnold’s Criticism
Authors: Boynton T. J.
Published: March 2013

This essay revises the prevailing understanding of Matthew Arnold’s criticism of the late 1860s by arguing: first, for a revised portrait of his ethnological thought, wherein the figure of the Teuton assumes the lead role in his diagnosis of the deleterious social influence of Philistine “machinery”; second, that identifying this figure’s centrality enables an interpretation of his oeuvre as motivated by an urge to counteract the reified ontology of midcentury British capitalism; third, that recovering this motive enables the concomitant recovery of his work’s progressive political potential, which recent critics have mostly denied as a result of his imperialist ideological commitments; and fourth, that years after Arnold’s death this progressive potential was indeed so recovered by the very Irish nationalists whose efforts he so vehemently opposed, in whose hands it would come to serve as a potent resource of anti-capitalist decolonization.
Emotional Insanity, Cynical Reason, and The Gilded Age
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: March 2013

In the 1881 trial of the presidential assassin Charles Guiteau, one witness invoked the character of Colonel Sellers from Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age (1873) as a means of refuting Guiteau’s plea of insanity--a moment when reading Twain took on national significance. I argue that the pairing of Sellers and Guiteau (reasserted in Twain’s later novel The American Claimant [1892[) reveals a crucial tension in Twain’s political imagination, in which insanity first grounds a cynical critique of legal and political corruption, then provides an optimistic yet ultimately insufficient antidote to the paralysis of that cynicism.
Virgilian Chesnutt: Eclogues of Slavery and Georgics of Reconstruction in the Conjure Tales
Authors: Wagner-McCoy Sarah
Published: March 2013

In The Conjure Woman, Charles Chesnutt alludes to Virgil’s treatment of lost land and lost love in Eclogues and of agricultural economies in Georgics . The divergent reception history of these 2 two Virgilian traditions--georgic and eclogue as they were understood in the nineteenth century--reflects sectional differences between North and South. Analyzing representations of contested Southern landscape, I define the Northern georgics of Reconstruction as hope for a future Golden Age realized through labor, and the Southern eclogues of slavery as nostalgia for Arcadian leisure. Instead of idealized aesthetic and economic treatments of Southern landscape, Chesnutt’s allusions to Virgil evoke the mythological proportions of suffering during slavery. Integrating conjure with classical metamorphoses, Chesnutt’s The Conjure Woman provides a literary model for reconciliation in which African-American cultural inclusion--through education, publication, and ultimately, canonization--is essential for national progress.
Faustus, Confession, and the Sins of Omission
Authors: Parker John
Published: March 2013

This essay examines how the loss of auricular confession in sixteenth-century England registers on Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus --probably the most influential representative of a dramatic genre that, in its medieval form, had relied on the sacrament of penance as its sine qua non. When confession lost its sacramental status (and when the moralities that celebrated its virtues fell into decline), a lacuna appeared in English culture that Marlowe’s theater tried to restore: mainly by aiming to recover every inch of fetishistic hedonism that Protestants imagined, somewhat wishfully, the Catholic sacraments had once afforded: worship of money, sensuous stimulation from images, the magical transport beyond moral limitation through the mere power of words. In my argument, Faustus underscores how closely theater and the confessional had always been allied insofar as each provided a sanctuary for the discursive representation of radically deviant behavior. The play mourns the absence of--and celebrates its continued allegiance to--an ancient rite in which people had formerly enjoyed (according to Calvin) “exchanging narratives of their crimes as if they were merry tales.”
An Honest Decade: William Empson and the Ambiguities of Writing in the 1930s
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin
Published: March 2013

This essay situates William Empson’s poetry in the ideologically charged artistic atmosphere of the 1930s. It contends that the tonal ambiguities of Empson’s verse register the difficulties he encountered in occupying a stance of political detachment during the decade. Arguing against the aestheticization of Empsonian ambiguity, I pay special attention to hiatuses in Empson’s literary productivity which coincided with his experience of war in Japan and China. The essay reevaluates the politics of late modernism by arguing that even the work of “neutral” writers was affected by the ideological antagonisms of the 1930s and the inexorable call to “take sides.”
“Swastika arms of passage leading to nothing”: Late Modernism and the “New” Britain
Authors: Maher Ashley
Published: March 2013

Looking at late modernist writing in Britain alongside the modernist architectural practices advanced by the 1940s British state affords a newly historical and material perspective on late modernism’s relationship to democratic collectivism. This paper reads late modernist fiction (Christopher Isherwood, George Orwell, and Elizabeth Bowen) against social reformers’ and Labour politicians’ embrace of architectural modernism as rebuilding plans circulated immediately prior to and during World War II. Examining these novels alongside that much more visible and public institutionalization of modernism, I argue that these authors’ insistent use of the language of traditional and modernist architecture registers--and second-guesses--their own politicization of form.
Studies in Uniquity: Horace Walpole’s Singular Collection
Authors: Lilley James D.
Published: March 2013

This essay examines the entirety of Horace Walpole’s literary, historical, and architectural work in order to articulate his remarkable philosophy of collection. Eschewing the logic of the antique that exalts some essential property inherent within the singular, Walpole’s studies in “uniquity” instead value and collect the accidental and the in essential. Walpole views collection and community as an open and fugitive processes, writing histories that foreground the contingency 1 of time rather than offer any definitive account of its passing, and his always-expanding collection of curiosities exhibits the harmonious confusion of the Wunderkammer rather than the taxonomic pretensions of the modern museum.
“In My Selfe the Smart I Try”: Female Promiscuity in Astrophil and Stella
Authors: Sanchez Melissa E.
Published: March 2013

This essay challenges the critical consensus that Astrophil’s desire degrades and disempowers Stella. In taking that position, I argue, many critics have assumed that women, at once guardians of morality and victims of male lust, cannot safely desire sex outside of romance and marriage. Instead, I examine representations of promiscuous female desire in Astrophil and Stella in order to reassess Sidney’s place in both literary history and the history of sexuality. By dispensing with a Petrarchan ideal of female purity, I argue, Sidney’s sequence resists the normative gendered roles and identifications that the Elizabethan sonnet has been said to uphold.
Hume's Epistemic Naturalism in the Treatise
Authors: Black Tim
Published: March 2013

We can understand epistemic naturalism as the view that there are cases in which we are justified in holding a belief and cases in which we are not so justified, and that we can distinguish cases of one sort from cases of the other with reference to non-normative facts about the mechanisms that produce them. By my lights, Hume is an epistemic naturalist of this sort, and I propose in this paper a novel and detailed account of his epistemic naturalism. On my account, which I call the determinacy account, Hume characterizes epistemic justification in terms of the mind's feeling determined by the relation of cause and effect to move from one impression (or idea) to an(other) idea. I find a statement of this account, which Hume applies initially to what he calls the second system of realities, in Treatise 1.3.9. After rejecting other accounts of Hume's epistemic naturalism, I show how the determinacy account handles the cases Hume considers later in Treatise 1.3.
Perceptions and Objects: Hume's Radical Empiricism
Authors: Inukai Yumiko
Published: March 2013

In A Treatise of Human Nature , Hume seems to use the term "object" to refer to different things in different contexts, including impressions, ideas, perceptions, and bodies. Does he ever use the term "external bodies" to refer to things in the extra-mental world? I argue that what Hume means by external bodies when he affirms their existence is not externally existing, material objects that are somehow presented to the mind or presented in impressions. Rather, the bodies that Hume affirms are, at bottom, no different from perceptions, but they can be distinguished from merely internal perceptions like pain or pleasure in terms of their "different relations, connexions, and durations" (T 1.2.6.9; SBN 68). I conclude that in order to be consistent, given the various statements he makes throughout Book One of the Treatise , Hume must reject the philosopher's doctrine of double existence of perceptions and objects and affirm only the existence of perceptions, sometimes conceived as internally existing and mind-dependent and sometimes conceived as existing outside and independent of the mind.
Humean Sentimentalism and Non-Consequentialist Moral Thinking
Authors: Gill Michael B.
Published: March 2013

Of the many objections rationalists have raised against moral sentimentalism, none has been more long-lived and central than the claim that sentimentalism cannot accommodate the non-consequentialist aspects of our moral thinking. I examine how Stephen Darwall directs this criticism at Hume's account of moral judgment and argue that Darwall's criticism is based on an incorrect interpretation of Hume's view of motivation and the moral sentiments. Humean moral psychology is more nuanced than Darwall's objection in particular and rationalist criticisms more generally have assumed. Developing a clear picture of why Hume's account of moral judgment does not imply an implausible consequentialism reveals the strength of Hume's moral sentimentalism overall.
Hume's "Early Memoranda" and the Making of His Political Economy
Authors: Sakamoto Tatsuya
Published: March 2013

This essay argues that while the so-called "Hume's Early Memoranda" has long been regarded as Hume's juvenile work composed before A Treatise of Human Nature , there is significant internal and external evidence to the contrary. M. A. Stewart's recent thesis made a new attempt to move the period of composition to the early 1740s. I seek in the following essay to date the composition even later, in the latter half of the 1740s. Re-examined in this new light, the memoranda credibly emerges as a work of preparation for Hume's political economy to be published as Political Discourses in 1752. Historical and biographical details thus reconstructed around the process of Hume's composition of the memoranda reveal the hitherto-unrecognized complexity with which Hume's economic thought was gradually formed in close and profound connections with his moral, political and historical thinking.
The Roman Grain Supply, 442–455
Authors: Linn Jason
Published: March 2013

The Vandal occupation of North Africa has been seen as the deathblow to the western empire because of the Vandals’ ensuing control over the Roman grain supply. This study, however, suggests that Rome did not suff er from frequent food crises between 442 and 455. Adducing Vandal taxation policy, numismatic evidence, archaeological land surveys, and precipitation data from modern Tunisia, it furthermore contends that the Vandals were in fact sending grain to Rome during this time, even if in lesser amounts than what North Africa had been shipping previously. It also postulates that the empire’s demand on grain had fallen substantially since the fourth century because of a shrinking Roman army and a reduction in the city of Rome’s population. Finally, it is suggested that after 442 the western empire still possessed sufficient grain producing lands to meet the needs of Rome’s urban population.
Monasteries, Monks, and Villages in Western Galilee in Late Antiquity
Authors: Ashkenazi Jacob , Aviam Mordechai
Published: March 2013

Former studies on monasticism in Late Antiquity overlooked the Western Galilee. Due to the lack of literary data and the misinterpretation of archaeological finds, very little—if anything—was known about this monastic landscape. Recent excavations and surveys conducted in Western Galilee, together with a comparative study that takes into account a close analysis of monastic landscapes in Syria and Palestine, offer a new look at the relation between monastery and village and suggest a new perspective on the place of monasticism in rural society in Late Antiquity.
Melania and the Unknown Governor of Palestine
Authors: Mratschek Sigrid
Published: March 2013

In his account of the banishment to Sepphoris (Diocaesarea) of the Egyptian bishops and monks during Valens’ reign, Palladius of Helenopolis focuses on two rival authorities: Melania the Elder, an aristocrat who supports the exiles, and an unnamed governor of Palestine, the representative of state authority, who forbids this support and has her arrested. Hagiographic anecdotes such as the tale of her feeding the monks made Melania into an icon of divine intervention in the history of the church. Fresh excavations in Sepphoris are now yielding insight into the place of exile and the potential for religious conflict. But the key to a historical understanding lies first and foremost in the identity of the anonymous governor, who hitherto has received scant scholarly attention. The mysterious affair involving Melania and this governor of Palestine sheds light on emperor Valens’ circle of political advisers and also—in the context of Valens’ edict of 373 (CTh 12.1.63) concerning bands of hermit monks—reveals the coalition between pagan senators and the Arian clergy, in which Fl. Eutolmius Tatianus and his son were key figures.
From Martyrs' Cults to Confessors' Cults in Late Antique Milan: The Mosaics of San Vittore in Ciel d’Oro
Authors: Collins Samuel
Published: March 2013

The mosaic decoration of the chapel of San Vittore in Ciel d’Oro in Milan portrays images of early Christian martyrs together with the fourth-century bishops who promoted their cults. By considering the mosaics in the context of the history of devotion to martyrs and confessors in Milan, it is possible to shed light on a long-standing dispute about the date of this decorative program. Further, when taken together with other evidence for the development of the cult of saints in Milan, these mosaics present important evidence for the process by which in the later fifth century the cult of the confessors emerged as a distinct and independent branch of the cult of saints.
The Chronograph of 354: Its Manuscripts, Contents, and History
Authors: Burgess R. W.
Published: March 2013

The Chronograph of 354 has been held in high estimation since the beginning of the ninth century. Its illustrations, calendar, consular fasti, Easter table, and lists of urban prefects, bishops of Rome, and martyrs makes it not only a useful and beautiful text but one particularly evocative of the time and place of its creation. In spite of the major studies of this work that have been undertaken since 1850 its history from its creation in Rome in the last months of 353 down to the copying of the surviving manuscripts is still only incompletely understood. The results of modern analysis have left incomplete, contradictory, and often tralatitious conclusions that are in need of a reevaluation from first principles, which is presented here. This reevaluation not only clarifies the historical journey of this text through 1,600 years, but also establishes which texts were, and were not, part of the original compilation in 353.
Donald Barthelme and the Emergence of the Dynamic Page
Authors: Punday Daniel
Published: March 2013

The dynamic page has emerged as the basis for contemporary reading in an electronic environment. Donald Barthelme's fiction explores many of the narrative issues raised by the dynamic page even before the widespread adoption of electronic textuality and graphical user interfaces, and can help to resolve debates about the agency of writer and reader in electronic textual environments.
The Ethics of the Melancholic Witness: Janet Frame and W.G. Sebald
Authors: Carter Josephine
Published: March 2013

This essay examines how two twentieth-century writers, Janet Frame and W.G. Sebald, represent the ethical responsibilities of the witness in relation to melancholia.
Hart Crane in Mexico: The End of a New World Poetics
Authors: Hall Susanne E.
Published: March 2013

While critics usually read Hart Crane in national terms as a U.S. poet, this essay looks at Crane transnationally, focusing on the time he spent in Mexico shortly before his death, in order to suggest that Crane's personal interactions with Mexican culture and Mexicans of indigenous descent destabilized his visionary poetics.
Shaking Hands with Other People's Pain: Joe Sacco's Palestine
Authors: Scherr Rebecca
Published: March 2013

This essay examines Joe Sacco's graphic strategies for representing the pain of others in his first collected work, Palestine . In particular, I argue that Sacco draws on a kind of "haptic visuality" when representing pain and suffering and, in doing so, reformulates standard forms of looking at "the other."
"Murder Everywhere": Whitman, Lish, and the Fate of Self-Celebration
Authors: Hamilton Geoff
Published: March 2013

This essay considers Gordon Lish's invocation of Walt Whitman in his novel Dear Mr. Capote . The novel illustrates, I argue, a profound evolution in the representation of literary self-celebration in American literature and suggests how contemporary efforts to celebrate oneself have reversed the optimistic potential assigned to them by Whitman.
Nabokov's Aesthetic Bergsonism: An Intuitive, Reperceptualized Time
Authors: Mattison Laci
Published: March 2013

Vladimir Nabokov's writing elucidates and revises Henri Bergson's philosophy. By examining Nabokov's idiosyncratic engagement with Bergson's thought in Speak, Memory, this essay demonstrates Nabokov's temporal layering of space, which is predicated on intuition and aesthetic patterning(s). The essay concludes with comments on Spinozian ethics, as integral to intuitional aesthetics.
The Modality of Sovereignty: Agamben and the Aporia of Primacy in Aristotle's Metaphysics Theta
Authors: Brown Nahum
Published: March 2013

This essay offers an examination of Agamben's statement that there is an important ambiguity in Aristotle's Metaphysics Theta as to whether actuality or potentiality is primary. I argue that this ambiguity is significant because it exposes the ontological dimension of Agamben's paradox of sovereignty.
Ethics, Aesthetics, Modernism, and the Primitive in P.K. Page's Brazilian Journal
Authors: Bailey Suzanne
Published: March 2013

This essay aligns Page's representations of Brazil with modernist responses to ostensibly primitive cultures, arguing that Page participates in a version of ethnographic salvage or a recuperation of exotic cultures within an idealized, timeless state.
The Intricacies of Cosmopolitanism: Shirley Geok-lin Lim's Among the White Moon Faces
Authors: Zeng Minhao
Published: March 2013

Within the critical framework of cosmopolitanism advanced and refined in the past decade, this essay aims to demonstrate how Lim's Among the White Moon Faces: An Asian American Memoir of Homelands brilliantly captures the complexities, ambivalences, and contradictions of cosmopolitanism and also poses further challenges to this issue.
Synthetic Biology and the Golem of Prague: Philosophical Reflections on a Suggestive Metaphor
Authors: Charpa Ulrich
Published: March 2013

Not only the public debate about science but even the way scientists conceive their own work is to some extent determined by cultural images. In the case of synthetic biology, literary figures like the Golem of Prague and its successors, such as Frankenstein's monster, seem to suggest themselves. This article reconstructs some cognitive structures underlying the surface of metaphorical thinking and shows how talking about synthetic biology as similar to Golem-making obscures important ontological, pragmatic, and ethical differences.
Synthetic Biology: A Jewish View
Authors: Glick Shimon
Published: March 2013

The discipline of synthetic biology may be one of the most dramatic advances of the past few decades. It represents a radical upgrading of humankind's ability to manipulate the world in which we live. The potential for benefits to society is enormous, but the risks for deliberate abuse or dangerous miscalculations are no less great. There are serious ethical issues, legitimate concerns for biosafety, and fears of bioterrorism. The ethical dilemmas posed are new and challenging and are being addressed by various groups and commissions. The present paper presents a Jewish approach to some of the ethical issues posed by this new technology. Judaism traditionally looks favorably on man as a co-creator with God and encourages research for the benefit of humankind. Thus it would have a positive attitude towards the current goals of synthetic biology. But in the Jewish tradition man is also charged with stewardship over nature and is admonished to preserve and nurture, not just to exploit and destroy. In line with the Presidential Commission on Bioethics, it would support a carefully weighed balance between the precautionary and the "proactionary" approaches.
Is There Anything Unique in the Ethics of Synthetic Biology?
Authors: Heyd David
Published: March 2013

Synthetic biology does not create any ethical dilemmas that have not already been raised in the development of practices such as genetic screening, genetic engineering, and other interventions in the evolutionary processes. The issue is, nevertheless, ethically serious. Two different angles are examined: the philosophical legitimacy of human intervention in the shaping of human nature, and the more pragmatic (though by no means less important) question of the risks involved in such a novel line of research. As for the first, the claim made here is that in principle there is no constraint in human intervention in the world, since ultimately the source of any value lies in human interests, welfare, and values. This is an approach that is opposite to Habermas's. As for the practical problem of risk, research in synthetic biology calls for particular caution, since in at least the first stages of a new research or program, there is no social regulation, and society is wholly dependent on the scientist's ethical integrity.
Synthetic Biology: Programming Cells for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Hörner Maximilian , Reischmann Nadine , Weber Wilfried
Published: March 2013

The emerging field of synthetic biology is a novel biological discipline at the interface between traditional biology, chemistry, and engineering sciences. Synthetic biology aims at the rational design of complex synthetic biological devices and systems with desired properties by combining compatible, modular biological parts in a systematic manner. While the first engineered systems were mainly proof-of-principle studies to demonstrate the power of the modular engineering approach of synthetic biology, subsequent systems focus on applications in the health, environmental, and energy sectors. This review describes recent approaches for biomedical applications that were developed along the synthetic biology design hierarchy, at the level of individual parts, of devices, and of complex multicellular systems. It describes how synthetic biological parts can be used for the synthesis of drug-delivery tools, how synthetic biological devices can facilitate the discovery of novel drugs, and how multicellular synthetic ecosystems can give insight into population dynamics of parasites and hosts. These examples demonstrate how this new discipline could contribute to novel solutions in the biopharmaceutical industry.
Beyond Popper and Polanyi: Leonor Michaelis, a Critical and Passionate Pioneer of Research at the Interface of Medicine, Enzymology, and Physical Chemistry
Authors: Deichmann Ute
Published: March 2013

The biochemist and biophysicist Leonor Michaelis (1875-1949) was a renowned pioneer who worked at the interface of physical chemistry and biochemistry. He is best known for his work on the physical chemistry of proteins and enzymes and for the mathematical derivation, together with Maud Menten, of the affinity constant of the enzyme substrate bond, now known as the Michaelis-Menten constant. His thorough experimentation and careful theorizing made him critical of his contemporaries in medical biochemistry, whose work did not withstand scrutiny. His strong influence resulted from combining new concepts and approaches with traditional ones, thus bridging conceptual gaps. Most importantly, his success was brought about because he combined a critical and sharp mind with competence, passion, and determination. A review of Michaelis's approach and achievements shows that critical theory testing, as suggested by Popper, cannot explain scientific advance if taken alone; the existence of a passionate commitment to scientific beliefs, as emphasized by Polanyi, is another necessary prerequisite for the development of science.
Synthetic Biology: A Challenge to Mechanical Explanations in Biology?
Authors: Morange Michel
Published: March 2013

In their plans to modify organisms, synthetic biologists have contrasted engineering and tinkering. By drawing this contrast between their endeavors and what has happened during the evolution of organisms by natural selection, they underline the novelty of their projects and justify their ambitions. Synthetic biologists are at odds with a long tradition that has considered organisms as "perfect machines." This tradition had already been questioned by Stephen Jay Gould in the 1970s and received a major blow with the comparison made by François Jacob between organisms and the results of "bricolage" (tinkering). These contrasts between engineering and tinkering, synthetic biology and evolution, have no raison d'être. Machines built by humans are increasingly inspired by observations made on organisms. This is not a simple reversal of the previous trend—the mechanical conception of organisms—in which the characteristics of the latter were explained by comparison with human-built machines. Relations between organisms and machines have always been complex and ambiguous.
Electronically Transmitted Threats and Higher Education: Oppression, Free Speech, and Jake Baker
Authors: Schroeder Jared C.
Published: March 2013

When Jake Baker wrote a violent, sexually themed story about one of his classmates and emailed it to a friend, the case that ensued highlighted how new technologies have created fresh ways for students to harass, oppress, or be oppressed by others. This article examines concepts of violence and cultural imperialism oppression, primarily as defined by Iris Young. Using the Baker case, this article juxtaposes oppression concepts and freedom of speech protections. It concludes that universities must use network technologies to become proactively involved in the virtual communities that surround them.
Women Faculty Departures from a Striving Institution: Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Gardner Susan K.
Published: March 2013

The quest for institutional prestige in the academic hierarchy has become a common phenomenon among universities in the United States. At the same time, the institutions that choose to embark on such a journey (referred to as striving institutions) have not been closely examined to determine how such efforts influence the different constituencies in the institution. This study examines how one striving environment impacted the departure decisions of 11 women faculty members through the lens of gendered organizational theory. Findings demonstrated that issues related to gender discrimination, a lack of work-life balance, and reduced resources resulted in decisions to depart.
Sensemaking and New College Presidents: A Conceptual Study of the Transition Process
Authors: Smerek Ryan E.
Published: March 2013

This study examines the sensemaking processes of new college presidents to understand how they develop plausible, working descriptions of the campus and come to understand their role. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 18 presidents who were organizational outsiders and first-time presidents. As newcomers, presidents were found to act as “lay ethnographers,” make different descriptions of sensemaking based on the organization’s size and complexity, and rely on peers and mentors to reduce uncertainty. Several barriers to sensemaking also emerged. This study contributes to the understanding of administrative leadership and advances the theoretical perspective of sensemaking (Weick, 1995).
“Navegaba Leandro el Helesponto”: Love and Early Modern Navigation in Juan Boscán’s Leandro
Authors: McCloskey Jason
Published: March 2013

Este artículo examina la relación entre la historia amorosa de Hero y Leandro y el discurso náutico en el poema Leandro (1543) de Juan Boscán. El ensayo comienza con un análisis detenido de las referencias directas e indirectas a la navegación y las compara con los sonetos LXV y LXX de Boscán. Esta lectura ayuda a revelar la presencia de algunos subtextos importantes de Dante, Petrarca y Bernardo Tasso que han pasado inadvertidos por lectores anteriores. Basándose en las ideas de Roland Greene, el ensayo pasa a resaltar las semejanzas entre el soneto 189 de Petrarca (el modelo para el soneto LXV de Boscán) y el mito. Para Greene, la inmensa popularidad del soneto de Petrarca estribaba en su resonancia con los viajes de exploración en el siglo XVI. Asimismo, el artículo concluye proponiendo que el mito de Hero y Leandro le llamaba la atención a Boscán en parte porque evocaba los mismos problemas, deseos y esperanzas que se asociaban con las expediciones marítimas del día. En efecto, la interpretación del mito de Boscán renueva el viejo tópico poético que emplea la navegación como metáfora del amor y pone de manifiesto la relevancia del mito para el siglo XVI.
Trauma and the Poetics of Affect in Horacio Castellanos Moya’s Insensatez
Authors: Buiza Nanci
Published: March 2013

La novela Insensatez (2004) de Horacio Castellanos Moya indaga sobre las ramificaciones psicológicas, emocionales e ideológicas que agobian al narradorprotagonista luego de su encuentro con los testimonios de víctimas y testigos del genocidio maya. Este artículo analiza la forma en que el trauma ajeno, transmitido a través de los testimonios que el narrador lee, lo conduce a una metamorfosis inesperada que se manifiesta a nivel caracterológico e ideológico. Si bien al comienzo de la novela el narrador se presenta como un ladino cínico, elitista y racista contra los indígenas, hacia el final él mismo adquiere una nueva capacidad de empatizar con ellos a tal grado que interioriza su trauma. Este artículo concluye que esta transformación se lleva a cabo gracias a la penetrante poética de afecto de los testimonios, la cual desestabiliza las categorías ideológicas de un ser tan altivo y despectivo como el narrador.
Revolution, Defeat, and Utopia: Artigas and the New Left in Uruguayan Theater
Authors: Garibotto Verónica
Published: March 2013

En los últimos años Uruguay ha sido percibido como un ejemplo emblemático del retorno de la izquierda en América Latina, especialmente debido al lugar central que muchos de los antiguos líderes del Movimiento de Liberación Nacional Tupamaros ocupan dentro del actual Frente Amplio. La abrumadora reemergencia de la figura de Artigas, héroe nacional que fue además un símbolo de la lucha armada para este grupo guerrillero, parece confirmar esta percepción: la reaparición del caudillo suele leerse como un índice del regreso de la izquierda de los sesenta y setenta, como una confirmación de su resurgimiento. Este artículo matiza estas afirmaciones a partir del análisis de una obra de teatro sobre Artigas que Mauricio Rosencof, ex dirigente tupamaro y actual funcionario del Frente Amplio, escribió en la cárcel en 1984 y que fue seleccionada por la Comisión del Bicentenario para encabezar las conmemoraciones de la independencia en el 2011. Una lectura atenta del modo en que se representa a Artigas y una comparación cuidadosa con algunas obras paradigmáticas del teatro político de los sesenta ponen de relieve una serie de transformaciones artísticas e ideológicas que obligan a reconsiderar la afirmación del retorno de la izquierda como si ésta fuera un todo monolítico y a distinguir entre la reaparición de partidos políticos y el resurgimiento de determinados ideales políticos. Esta lectura da así un primer paso hacia una redefinición de la llamada “nueva izquierda” en Uruguay.
La hermana perdida de Angélica María : Enrique Serna Writes the Lost Decade
Authors: Venkatesh Vinodh
Published: March 2013

El presente trabajo propone un estudio de los procesos económicos de transición que se llevan a cabo en el México de los años ochenta, una época también conocida como la década perdida , dado que el país se estanca en una crisis económica que luego tendrá ramificaciones a nivel político, social e intelectual. El análisis maneja la novela Señorita México de Enrique Serna e identifica cómo el texto consigue captar el clima de cambio y de crisis que sufre la sociedad mexicana tras haber atravesado la época dorada del Milagro. El estudio hace uso de la teoría de la práctica, tal y como la define y conceptualiza Michel de Certeau, pero al mismo tiempo introduce una perspectiva interdisciplinaria al conectar dicha teoría con el proceso económico de la domesticación. En resumen, se demuestra que la protagonista de la novela consigue ejemplificar los primeros pasos hacia el experimento neoliberal mediante su imitación del cine mexicano y su apropiación de la imagen de la actriz Angélica María dentro del texto. La novela se entrelaza con algunos antecedentes literarios como La hermana secreta de Angélica María de Luis Zapata y Zona sagrada de Carlos Fuentes, aunque Serna, a diferencia de sus predecesores, consigue retratar la política económica a través de las acciones de su protagonista.
Bernal Díaz y Alfonso Reyes: diálogo de crónicas y conquistas novelescas
Authors: Estrada Oswaldo
Published: March 2013

Este artículo explora un diálogo hasta ahora no estudiado entre Alfonso Reyes y Bernal Díaz del Castillo. La presencia del autor de la Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (1632) en la extensa obra del gran humanista mexicano del siglo XX es reveladora porque cumple distintos propósitos ensayísticos, filosóficos, de reflexión histórica y creación literaria. Tomando en cuenta los lazos intertextuales que unen a ambos escritores a partir del canónico ensayo “Visión de Anáhuac” (1915), se arguye que Reyes recurre una y otra vez a la escritura del soldado cronista porque en ella encuentra intacta la prodigiosa capacidad del viejo cronista para recrear no sólo un esquema específico de los eventos más sobresalientes de la Conquista de México sino el ethos de la cultura de sus protagonistas. Se recalca, por lo tanto, que al manipular las múltiples posibilidades de la Historia verdadera para reformularse en los campos de la historia o la literatura, Reyes presenta la escritura y lectura de la conquista no como un recuento o memoria de un hecho pasado sino como un evento nuevo o en proceso de reformación, cargado de (auto)referencialidad retórica y polémica, pero sobre todo: novelesca.
Pimping the Text: Gendered Tropes in Spain’s Mass Literary Market, 1907–1936
Authors: Zamostny Jeffrey
Published: March 2013

Este ensayo analiza varios tropos sexuados presentes en novelas de consumo masivo publicadas antes de la Guerra Civil Española con el fin de explorar el simbolismo de la prostitución masculina y femenina en la literatura española de principios del siglo XX. Entre 1907 y 1936, colecciones de novela corta modeladas sobre El Cuento Semanal (1907–1912) modernizaron las costumbres editoriales en España contribuyendo, además, a convertir el libro en un bien de consumo masivo al alcance de cualquiera dentro del nuevo mercado capitalista. No es raro encontrar analogías entre texto comercial y cuerpo femenino prostituido en estas series y en las memorias de sus fundadores y colaboradores. Se arguye aquí que esta comparación misógina canalizaba las ansiedades de los hombres de letras en torno a la presencia creciente de escritoras en España durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. Al mismo tiempo, la visibilidad de la prostituta como correlativo para la novela de masas tendía a ocultar vínculos entre las novelas y la prostitución masculina que también preocupaban a los escritores de la época y que se ponen de manifiesto en la novela corta de El Caballero Audaz, Bestezuela de placer (La Novela de Hoy, 1922), y la novela extensa en catalán de Josep Maria de Sagarra, Vida privada (1932).
Una casa en disputa: Rosalía de Castro, entre la ruina y la restitución
Authors: Villar Maria do Cebreiro Rabade
Published: March 2013

El motivo literario de la casa abandonada es una de las figuraciones más poderosas de la literatura moderna. En su declinación como casa encantada ( haunted house , en la ficción anglófona), la imagen ha dado lugar a un amplio abanico de reflexiones sobre el significado cultural de los espacios espectrales. Debido a la fuerte conexión antropológica entre la casa y la identidad, una lectura sintomática de la imagen permite revelar ciertas tensiones en la articulación de las formaciones culturales periféricas. Este artículo analiza la imagen de la casa en algunos textos literarios y periodísticos de autores gallegos del siglo XIX hispánico (Manuel Murguía, Ventura Pueyo, Emilia Pardo Bazán y Rosalía de Castro), partiendo del establecimiento de un vínculo metafórico entre la casa y la lengua y/o dialecto. A fin de esclarecer el sentido de este vínculo en la ficción europea, se establece una comparación entre el corpus literario de Rosalía de Castro, particularmente las novelas Flavio y La hija del mar , y la novela Wuthering Heights , de Emily Brontë. El análisis muestra no sólo que la producción literaria de la periferia cultural entró reiteradamente en conflicto con la tendencia centralizadora del canon historiográfico español, sino también que la tensión cultural entre lo normativo y lo excéntrico dejó huellas profundas en el discurso literario europeo del siglo XIX.