bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hox patterning of the vertebrate rib cage
Authors: McIntyre Daniel C. , Rakshit Sabita , Yallowitz Alisha R. , Loken Luke , Jeannotte Lucie , Capecchi Mario R. , Wellik Deneen M.
Published: July 2007

Unlike the rest of the axial skeleton, which develops solely from somitic mesoderm, patterning of the rib cage is complicated by its derivation from two distinct tissues. The thoracic skeleton is derived from both somitic mesoderm,which forms the vertebral bodies and ribs, and from lateral plate mesoderm,which forms the sternum. By generating mouse mutants in Hox5, Hox6and Hox9 paralogous group genes, along with a dissection of the Hox10 and Hox11 group mutants, several important conclusions regarding the nature of the `Hox code' in rib cage and axial skeleton development are revealed. First, axial patterning is consistently coded by the unique and redundant functions of Hox paralogous groups throughout the axial skeleton. Loss of paralogous function leads to anterior homeotic transformations of colinear regions throughout the somite-derived axial skeleton. In the thoracic region, Hox genes pattern the lateral plate-derived sternum in a non-colinear manner, independent from the patterning of the somite-derived vertebrae and vertebral ribs. Finally, between adjacent sets of paralogous mutants, the regions of vertebral phenotypes overlap considerably;however, each paralogous group imparts unique morphologies within these regions. In all cases examined, the next-most posterior Hox paralogous group does not prevent the function of the more-anterior Hox group in axial patterning. Thus, the `Hox code' in somitic mesoderm is the result of the distinct, graded effects of two or more Hox paralogous groups functioning in any anteroposterior location.
Stress intensity factor for a crack within a strip under arbitrary loading
Authors: Karuppanan S , Hills D. A
Published: July 2007

The solution for an edge dislocation in a strip is found in a very straightforward manner, using only the elementary solution for a dislocation in a half-plane. This is then employed to find the crack tip stress intensity factor (SIF) for an edge crack subject to an example loading condition, and the answers are compared with known solutions in the literature. The distributed dislocation method gives results in very close agreement with previously published results. The technique described has wide application to the solution of crack problems in strips when the nominal stress gradient is severe.
Multiscale recrystallization models for the prediction of crystallographic textures with respect to process simulation
Authors: Raabe D
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the most relevant multiscale models for predicting crystallographic textures formed during the primary static recrystallization of metals. Two main groups of approaches are presented, namely those which spatially discretize the grains and the interface motion associated with recrystallization and those which treat these phenomena in an Avrami-type statistical fashion. The article gives a concise review of the methods, placing particular attention on their strengths and weaknesses in the context of process modelling, of conceptual aspects, and of the data sets required as input for practically applying the models to the prediction of crystallographic textures in the course of metallurgical processes.
Consolidation of locally reinforced composite shafts using multiscale modelling
Authors: Dunne F P E , Allen R , Godfrey S
Published: July 2007

A multiscale approach is presented for the process modelling of locally reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) shaft components. Micromechanical models are first developed for both hexagonal- and square-packed titanium alloy foil-SiC fibre-foil (FFF) composite materials, which are used to investigate the dependence of densification on pressure. The possible use of titanium alloy matrix coated fibres (MCFs) within the FFF consolidation process is also investigated, and it is shown that densification rates are considerably higher. The F-MCF-F processing route also offers the advantage of careful control of fibre spacing and the reduced likelihood of fibre damage during processing. The densification results obtained at the microlevel are used to develop homogenized porous plasticity constitutive equations for the densification of the composite which are implemented within finite element software. Analyses of component processing then become possible, and the processing of a locally reinforced shaft is investigated. It is shown that higher processing rates are achievable using hexagonal packing, and that, during processing, a radial variation in relative density exists until full densification is achieved in the composite-reinforced region of the shaft. The combinations of loading rate and fibre array type giving rise to full densification during processing are investigated.
Computational modelling of the extrusion of an Al-SiC metal matrix composite using macroscale and microscale methods
Authors: Ilie D. E , O'Donnell B. P , McGarry J. P , McHugh P. E
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the use of both macroscale and microscale modelling for the analysis of extrusion of an AA2009 + 25%SiCp metal matrix composite (MMC). The performance of a micromechanical model, where the heterogeneous microstructure of the MMC is explicitly modelled, in predicting the tensile stress—strain behaviour of an AA2009 + 25% SiCp MMC is examined. A macroscale modelling approach is used to simulate extrusion of the MMC through two different die designs, where the MMC is modelled as a homogeneous continuum. Firstly, the extrusion results are used to compare the two die designs, to determine which is the more favourable. Secondly, the predicted macroscale plastic strain distributions and pressures are used with the micromechanical model to assess microscale stress states in the material during extrusion with a view to gaining insights into the risk of damage in the material. In this context, pressure is shown to be hugely important in controlling tensile stress magnitude and in reducing microscale damage risk, and essentially ensuring that extrusion can be achieved in practice. However, the results reveal that damage risk is not totally eliminated and that there may still be locations where the material may rupture.
Effective structural unit size in titanium alloys
Authors: Rugg D , Dixon M , Dunne F. P. E
Published: July 2007

This paper introduces the concept of effective structural size in titanium alloys and its importance with respect to material production routes and component lifing/design. Traditionally, process route optimization has relied on optical microscopy, which may be misleading when predicting mechanical properties. Similarly, continuum mechanics and current lifing methods are based on empirical data analysis. The advent of advanced material characterization techniques, e.g. EBSD combined with crystal plasticity modelling, has the potential to provide the next generation of mechanistically sound methods that more accurately predict material behaviour in complex loading regimes. These benefits are reviewed in the context of industrial application. Crystal plasticity modelling techniques are presented and a particular structural unit - termed a rogue grain - in a model single-phase titanium alloy is considered. Cold dwell under both strain and stress control is then assessed in the structural unit.
The influence of grid geometry on moiré fringe properties
Authors: Zandman F , Holister G. S. , Brcic V
Published: July 2007

General equations are developed which relate the characteristics of moiré fringes to the geometry of two superposed, dissimilar grid systems. Equations are derived geometrically, assuming the rectilinear propagation of light, and the analysis is restricted to a consideration of linear, periodic, mutually inclined systems.

Criteria are established for the production of first and second order fringe systems, and some particular cases of grid geometry are examined in detail.

The concepts of mixed grids and hybrid grid combinations are introduced, and the principles and possible applications of fringe sharpening, fringe multiplication and dual sensitivity systems are discussed.
Tests on a one-twelfth scale model of the Mancunian Way
Authors: Somerville G
Published: July 2007

A description is given of the building and testing of a 1:12 scale model, made of micro-concrete, of a typical interior span of the proposed Mancunian Way. Data have been obtained regarding the diffusion of prestress through the section, the behaviour of the structure under its design loading and under the action of point loads on the cantilevers, and the behaviour of the structure at ultimate load. It was found that the effective flange width to be used in calculating section properties varied along the span; the properties pertaining to the box section alone should be used at the support sections and those for the full section used at midspan. The behaviour of the structure under its design loading was satisfactory and could be predicted using simple elastic theory. The distribution of bending moment along the root of a cantilever, subjected to point loads, could best be predicted using the method due to Westergaard (1). At ultimate load, the structure was found to have a load factor of at least 3 on full live loading.
Measurements of creep at high temperatures using helical springs
Authors: Boardman F. D. , Ellen F. P. , Williamson J. A.
Published: July 2007

A method is described of calculating the extension of a loaded helical spring due to creep in the material. Measurements are reported on the extension of springs of stainless steel En 58 J with different loads at 650°C up to stress levels of 3000 lb/in2. It is shown that the creep extension is dominated by a primary creep mechanism up to at least 500 h and estimates are obtained for the primary creep parameters. The time exponent is shown to be 0.3 and the stress exponent 0.87.
A method of ruling circular diffraction gratings and their use in the moiréa technique of strain analysis
Authors: Fidler R , Nurse P
Published: July 2007

A method is described for ruling circular diffraction gratings and of using such gratings as strain gauge rosettes suitable for measuring principal strains and indicating principal strain directions. The technique for ruling such gratings is both simple and efficient and can be used to produce good quality gratings with up to 2500 lines per radial inch.

With such gratings, strains of 0.01 per cent and upwards should be capable of measurement over a wide range of temperatures.
Load-compression relationships of rubber units
Authors: Lindley P. B.
Published: July 2007

A theory, based on a strain-independent Young's modulus and a previously developed theory for the compression of bonded rubber blocks at small strains, is proposed to account for the load-compression characteristics of rubber units at high strains. Theoretical relationships for rubber blocks, toroidal rings, spheres and rubber-covered rollers are developed and shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental measurements.
Non-elastic stresses in composite plates under transient thermal conditions
Authors: Lewis D J , Campbell J S
Published: July 2007

The successful use of stainless-steel cladding in the pressure vessels of nuclear water reactors is likely to stimulate interest in the applications of composite-plate material. The high cost of using austenitic materials in corrosive conditions could well make the use of clad materials attractive for certain components.

A direct solution has been developed for finding the stresses induced by thermal transients in composite plates for equal biaxial stresses. A computer programme has been written and specimen results are shown. Non-elastic effects are included and residual stresses can be found.

The programme can be used in any situation where a shell component has material properties varying through the shell thickness, provided that the stress system is equi-biaxial.
Fatigue testing of short-link chain under line-loading conditions
Authors: Foley J H , Squires H V
Published: July 2007

Theory predicts that the position of maximum stress in short-link chain loaded elastically in tension is the crown, and this suggests that fatigue failures should occur there. In contrast, recent experimental work has shown that fatigue failures in these links occur at the junctions of intrados with straight sides, and photoelastic studies have confirmed that this is the position of maximum stress. This discrepancy is thought to be due to the fact that the theory assumes point loading between adjacent links and takes no account of ‘bedding down’ of the links. In the present work, bedding down has been minimized by the use of line loading, and crown failures have been obtained during fatigue cycling below the elastic limit.
Stresses in cylindrical pressure vessels with end closures freely formed by internal pressure
Authors: Fessler H , Thorpe T E
Published: July 2007

Mild-steel vessels with initially flat ends, having four different thicknesses and various knuckle shapes, have been formed without dies. Similar shapes were obtained by forming at room temperature and at a high temperature with saturated steam as the pressurizing medium.

The elastic stresses due to internal pressure in 24 pressure-formed vessels have been analysed using frozen stress photoelastic models. The peak stresses in these shapes are generally lower than in the best torispherical heads of the same head height.
Plastic flow and failure of discontinuous-fibre composite materials
Authors: Iremonger M J , Wood W G
Published: July 2007

The stress distribution in a plane discontinuous-fibre composite material having elastic fibres and an elastic-plastic matrix material is obtained for both non-interacting and interacting discontinuities and different degrees of work-hardening. The theoretical predictions, obtained by the finite-element method, are compared with the strain distribution in a model of steel and lead-alloy by the surface-coating photoelastic technique. Composite failure is simulated in the finite-element model and predictions compared with the observations of composite failure made by other workers.
Stress analysis of diesel-engine cylinder heads
Authors: Bertodo R , Carter T J
Published: July 2007

The paper reviews the main requirements fulfilled by a cylinder head or cylinder block and outlines the common modes of failure met with in practice. The relative importance of the various loads applied to the head in operation are assessed and a method of predicting their influence on the structural integrity of the component described. The theoretical results obtained from a range of cylinder heads covering engines in the bore range 4 3/8 in (110 mm) to 17 in (430 mm) are shown and the experimental data obtained from verification tests presented. A quick design-assessment criterion is derived and the design-optimization procedure evolved is discussed.

It is concluded that on highly rated engines the critical section is usually located at the narrow flame-plate section between adjacent exhaust-valve ports. Failures are mainly due to thermal overload. The cylinder head's rating can be extended by reducing the bottom-deck temperatures and the axial stiffness of the head and by adopting more advantageous materials for the bottom deck. Typical examples are illustrated.
Visioplasticity techniques in axisymmetric extrusion
Authors: Medrano R E , Gillis P P
Published: July 2007

An improved method for the flow-function analysis of visioplasticty data is presented in which the use of techniques for the smoothing of raw data is reduced. It is shown theoretically, and experimentally verified, that under the assumptions of flow-function analysis the final axial, radial, and circumferential normal strains in the extruded material are fixed solely by the reduction ratio. Velocity fields computed from analysis of axial grid-line data are shown to predict accurately the experimental positions of corresponding transverse grid lines. From the velocity fields strain rates are computed. Transformation equations are developed relating the deformation in the spatial co-ordinate system to a more easily interpreted material co-ordinate system. By use of these equations excellent agreement is obtained with experimental normal strains by integrating the calculated strain rates through the deformation zone. Very good agreement is also obtained with the final angles between axial and transverse grid lines.
Elastic stresses in rotating orthotropic discs of variable thickness
Authors: Lakshminarayana H V , Srinath H
Published: July 2007

The stress-function equation in polar co-ordinates for thin rotating discs made of orthotropic material is generalized by assuming that the variation of thickness is radial. In order to make this equation tractable, the thickness function is assumed to be hyperbolic. The resulting governing differential equation is solved in a closed from by use of the Fourier transform technique. As a numerical example, the solution is given for annular discs. Curves are included which show the effect of anisotropy and variation of thickness on the stresses and displacements. Some limiting cases are also considered.
Stresses at openings in the torispherical end closure of a pressure vessel
Authors: Kitching R , Lau K T
Published: July 2007

In the design of torispherical heads for cylindrical pressure vessels, it would often be desirable to position openings or branch connections in the vicinity of the toroidal portion of the shell, but from strength considerations it is normal practice to avoid doing so.

An 18 inch inside-diameter model vessel of this type, with a nominal inside toroidal radius of 1.25 in was used for making strain and hence stress measurements in the shell due to internal pressure. Four unreinforced openings of 3 inch diameter were placed at different positions in the torispherical end and an elastic stress distribution for the shell around each opening was obtained. Distributions of elastic stresses in the shell were compared for the different opening positions with those in the unpierced shell in the toroidal region. Plastic deformations were measured in an over-pressure test and a plastic limit pressure was estimated.
Stress analysis of a tube mill
Authors: Ramamurti V , Alwar R S
Published: July 2007

The tube mill is essentially a piece of grinding equipment used in the chemical industries to achieve reduction of particle size. In this article a mill of this type has been analysed for static loading by use of the classical thin-shell theories of Donnell, Sanders, Novozhilov, and Flügge and the results have been compared with each other. Experimental work has been carried out to check the theoretical results and also to determine the effect of dynamic loads. It is observed that for the peripheral velocities encountered in the normal operation of a tube mill the dynamic effects are not very pronounced. Hence the design of a tube mill based on static analysis is quite adequate.
Type 1 energy analysis for the creep of smooth circular pipe bends under combined in-plane bending and internal pressure
Authors: Spence J
Published: July 2007

Many pipeline systems, in addition to catering for thermal expansion conditions, have to carry internal pressure loading. An approximate theoretical analysis is given for the pure creep of a smooth curved pipe bend under fixed ratios of combined pressure and in-plane bending. The bend is circular in cross-section and of constant thickness. An energy method designated type 1, coupled with a simple n-power constitutive relationship, is used and implemented by direct minimization techniques.

Selected deformation and stress results are presented as possible design factors for a number of the geometric and material parameters. For part of the geometric spectrum, large displacement effects are significant and lead to non-steady creep behaviour. Consequently there is not a direct analogy with elasticity, although linear elastic results can nevertheless be identified. Other special cases of loading or geometry are reducible from the general case.
Leakage characteristics of flanged pipe joints
Authors: Fessler H , Perry D A
Published: July 2007

Standard flanges for five widely differing pressure ratings, having a wide range of different joint surface profiles, were sealed by flat rubber or asbestos gaskets. Different initial bolt tensions were applied and the variation of clamping force with internal pressure was measured up to leakage of the joint.

The joint efficiency, defined as: (end thrust due to leakage pressure on bore area of pipe)/(total initial bolting force), is not affected by variations in joint-face surface finish if machining grooves across the joint surface are avoided. Minimum values of joint efficiency are given. The effects of gasket material, width and thickness and number of bolts on joint efficiency are considered.
Stress concentration factors of shallow grooves in torsion
Authors: Okubo H , Kato A
Published: July 2007

The stress concentration factors at long shallow circumferential grooves in round shafts under torsion have been investigated by theory and experiment. The discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results are discussed, and the results are also compared with Neuber's solution.
Very thin torispherical pressure vessel ends under internal pressure: Strains, deformations, and buckling behaviour
Authors: Stanley P , Campbell T D
Published: July 2007

Test results are presented for seventeen stainless steel torispherical pressure vessel ends, of production quality, loaded to failure under internal pressure. The nominal thickness/diameter ratios covered were 0.00237, 0.00158, and 0.0019, and the series included both ‘pressed and spun’ (eleven) and ‘crown and segment’ (six) ends. Details of the elastic, post-yield and buckling behaviour are given, and, where appropriate, predictions and relevant data from other sources are included for comparison. The full set of results is discussed in detail.
The effect of proof testing on the shakedown behaviour of pressure vessel nozzles
Authors: Crawley N I , Moreton D N , Moffat D G , Tolley A F
Published: July 2007

Cyclic internal pressure tests were conducted over several hundreds of cycles at pressures up to and in excess of the calculated proof test pressure on two nominally ‘identical’, stainless steel type 316 flush 90 degrees pressure vessel nozzles, designed and manufactured to BS 5500. Prior to this pressure cycling, one vessel was subjected to the required proof test of 1.25 times the design pressure. Significant incremental straining was recorded in the non-proof tested vessel during cycling at all pressures above the first yeild pressure (0.336 × design pressure). For the proof tested vessel significant incremental straining was not recorded during cycling until 15 percent above the design pressure.
Heterodyne moiré interferometry for automated strain measurement
Authors: MacKenzie P M , Walker C A , McKelvie J , McDonach A
Published: July 2007

Moiré interferometry is increasingly being applied to investigations in experimental mechanics. The present work seeks to address the problem of automated ‘real-time’ analysis of interferometric Moiré fringe patterns to obtain strain values. To this end, a portabe system is constructed to demonstrate the use of an electro-optic heterodyne technique on a single point, single component of strain basis. The prospect of expanding the setup to enable whole-field strain tensor evaluation is also discussed.
Elastic-plastic strain distributions at fillet welds
Authors: Elliott K S , Fessler H
Published: July 2007

Steel plates 25 mm thick were fillet-welded to 50 mm thick plates according to good offshore welding practice. The thinner plates were inclined at 90° or 60° to the thicker ones to represent, at full size, the crown or saddle positions of a structural tubular T joint. Slices 4 mm or 10 mm thick were cut from these weldments and the elastic, elastic-plastic and residual plastic strains in the surfaces of these sections were measured using photoelastic coatings and moiré interferometry. The slices were loaded by tensile forces on the 25 mm wide parts, reacted at pin joints near the ends of the 50 mm wide part. The positions and directions of loading were arranged to load the welds in the same way as in a tubular T joint, loaded in tension.

Yielding initiated at the weld toes and could be clearly identified in the moiré fringe patterns. It progressed into the plates, being inhibited by the heat-affected zone. Maximum plastic strains also occurred at the weld toes. Measurements of residual plastic strains showed that the actual strain range, which ‘drives’ fatigue failure, differs from predictions based on elastic analyses. Post-weld heat treatment is beneficial, but extending the weld along the plate reduces the strain concentrations much more.
Experiments with a biological material for the closure of incisional hernias
Authors: Walter M. , Brenner U. , Holzmüller W. , Müller J. M.
Published: July 2007

A new preparation process was studied which should allow the implantation of collagen type I in its native structure in reconstructive surgery, in this special case for closure of incisional hernias. As experimental animals we used 30 female Lewis rats. A defect of the anterior abdominal wall measuring 3 cm × 4 cm was closed with our collagen substitute. Biopsies taken after 4, 6 and 8 weeks were examined morphologically. As criteria for revitalization and revascularization we used the type of infiltrating cells, the depth and density of infiltration and the formation of new blood vessels. After 4 weeks the implants were infiltrated by fibroblasts that decreased in density towards the centre. Good revascularization could be seen on the muscle-implant interface. After 6 weeks the density of infiltrating cells had increased markedly even to the centre of the collagen implant. Sporadically small vessels could be seen. Eight weeks after implantation the density of infiltrated cells was at the same high level, and capillary bundles could be seen within the whole implant. We believe that this collagen implant is suitable for the closure of hernias as shown by its physical and morphological properties. In particular it appears to guarantee an earlier and tighter closure of hernias than other materials.
Towards evidence-based care: the challenge of Making Research Count
Authors: Blewett James
Published: July 2007

English

In recent years UK governments have increasingly promoted attempts to move towards evidence-based models of care. Within this context there has been a growing interest by policy makers and practitioners in the integration and application of the findings of research to practice, and the subsequent development of initiatives to promote research mindedness among care staff. This article looks at the experience of one of the largest and most longstanding of these projects – Making Research Count. It considers both the successes and challenges the project has faced, and considers these in the wider context of the debate about what is the most effective model of research dissemination in the care sector.
Disclosures of Huntington disease risk within families: Patterns of decision‐making and implications
Authors: Klitzman Robert , Thorne Deborah , Williamson Jennifer , Chung Wendy , Marder Karen
Published: July 2007

Patterns of disclosure of Huntington disease risk and genetic test results among family members are important, but have been underexplored. We interviewed 21 individuals in‐depth—eight mutation‐positive for HD, four mutation‐negative, and nine not tested—for 2 hr each. Within families, critical questions arose of what, when, and to whom to disclose, and what to do post‐disclosure. Interviewees wrestled with dilemmas of what to tell (e.g., suspicions vs. confirmed symptoms; initiation vs. completion of testing; partial vs. indirect information), how to disclose (e.g., planning in advance vs. “blurting out” information in arguments), and whether and how to tell extended family members. Questions arose of when to tell (i.e., to avoid disclosing “too early” or “too late”). Similarities and differences emerged related to types of relationships (e.g., parents telling offspring vs. offspring telling parents vs. siblings telling each other). Individuals often disclosed because of perceived duty to foster the health of their family members, enabling these others to pursue appropriate medical evaluation, if desired. Yet tensions arose because the information could burden these members, who also have rights to remain “in denial” if they wish and not discuss the topic or pursue testing. Post‐disclosure, dilemmas emerged of whether and how much to encourage family members to pursue testing. These data shed important light on critical issues that have received little, if any, attention concerning what, how, and when disclosure occurs, and have key implications for at‐risk individuals, genetic counselors, and other health care workers (HCWs), and for future research. At‐risk individuals would benefit from considering these issues in advance. HCWs need to realize that these decisions are multi‐faceted. Future research can explore whether, when, how, and how often HCWs raise these issues with individuals. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Füllkörpersäulen mit verschiedenen Schichthöhen
Authors: Kirschbaum Emil
Published: July 2007

Für die Zerlegung von Flüssigkeitsgemischen werden Rektifiziersäulen verwendet, deren Höhe sich nach dem verlangten Trennungsgrad richtet. Bei Verwendung von Füllkörpern besteht in der Vorausberechnung der Schichthöhe insofern eine Unsicherheit, als bis heute umfassende Unterlagen über den Einfluß der Schichthöhe auf die Trennwirkung fehlen. Diese Unterlagen wurden durch Versuche geschaffen. Über letztere und ihre Ergebnisse wird im folgenden berichtet.
Rohstoffe für Acetylen und Aethylen
Authors: Steinberger K. Franz
Published: July 2007

Acetylen und Äthylen haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten als Rohstoffe für eine Anzahl wichtiger Produkte große Bedeutung gewonnen. Zu ihrer Herstellung dient heute noch vorzugsweise Carbid als Ausgangsstoff, beim Äthylen über die Hydrierung des Acetylens. Daneben werden große Mengen aus verschiedenen zwangsläufig anfallenden Gasen gewonnen. Äthylen gewinnt man durch Linde‐Trennung aus Koksofengas, durch Crackung aus Äthan; am wichtigsten ist aber die Gewinnung von Acetylen und Äthylen im elektrischen Lichtbogen geworden, wobei Erdgase, Kokereigase und sog. Hy‐Gase, diese teils aus dem IG‐Hydrierungsverfahren, teils aus dem Fischer‐Tropsch‐Verfahren stammend, hierfür eingesetzt werden. Im folgenden werden diese Verfahren vorwiegend für die verfahrenstechnisch interessierten Leser kurz beschrieben.
Synthesis, Analgesic and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of 4‐(2‐Phenoxyphenyl)semicarbazones
Authors: Rineh Ardeshir , Mahmoodi Nosratollah , Abdollahi Mohammad , Foroumadi Alireza , Sorkhi Maedeh , Shafiee Abbas
Published: July 2007

A series of 4‐(2‐phenoxyphenyl)semicarbazones was synthesized and evaluated for their analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities. Several compounds (e. g. 10h, 10i, and 11i) were found to be more potent than the reference drug mefenamic acid in the formalin test. Based on the results of an anti‐inflammatory study, 1‐(1‐(2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethylidene)‐4‐(2‐phenoxyphenyl)semicarbazide 11i was the most active compound.
Societal risks as seen by a Norwegian public
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Brun Wibecke , Slovic Paul
Published: July 2007

In two studies, questionnaires originally developed to study risk perception in the United States were administered to Norwegian students. Level of perceived risk in Norway was clearly below American scores for most hazards, but slightly above what has been found in a parallel Hungarian study. Norwegians were more concerned than both Hungarians and Americans about narcotics, but less than Americans about chemicals used in food and agriculture, and less than Hungarians about a number of common, everyday hazards. When ratings on nine risk characteristics were factor analyzed, a two dimensional solution was found with Fatal risk and Involuntary risk as the two most important dimensions. Ratings of general death risk, harm risk, and death risk for those exposed were highly correlated, but appeared to be unrelated to the number of people believed to be exposed to the hazard.
Expected performance at the human/computer interface as a function of user proficiency and system power
Authors: Norman Kent L. , Singh Ramadhar
Published: July 2007

How do managers expect the proficiency of users and the power of the computers to determine overall performance? Five different models are proposed: (a) a matching model in which optimal performance is achieved when the power of the system is judged to be compatible with the proficiency of the user, (b) an averaging model in which expected performance is the average of the values of user proficiency and system power, (c) a multiplying model in which performance is the product of the values of user proficiency and system power, (d) a human/computer ratio model in which performance is determined by the ratio of system power over total effort, and (e) a computer/human ratio model in which performance is determined by the ratio of user proficiency over total effort. The applicability of these models was assessed by having managers and students of management predict performance in human/computer systems from information about the user's proficiency with computers and the power of the system. Participants rated 16 combinations of user proficiency and system power from a 4 × 4 factorial design. The pattern of ratings indicated that 51 per cent used a multiplying model and 25 percent used an averaging model; whereas, only 6 percent used the matching model and 4 percent used a ratio model. The remaining 14 percent did not follow any model clearly. Implications of these results were discussed for the design of the human/ computer interface, training and selection of users, and the cost‐benefit tradeoffs for investment in user training versus equipment acquisition.
Diagnosticity, confidence, and the need for information
Authors: Van Wallendael Lori R. , Guignard Yvonne
Published: July 2007

Recent research has suggested that people prefer to use the most diagnostic available information as the basis for their choices and decisions, and are most confident in those decisions when information is highly diagnostic. However, the effect of information diagnosticity on the need for additional information has yet to be investigated; that is, in an optional stopping task, will the amount of information requested depend upon information diagnosticity? Three models of the role of diagnosticity in information use were examined; expected value, a confidence criterion, and information cost. Subjects attempted to categorize stimuli with the aid of information of varying costs and diagnosticity levels. They requested more information when it was obtained at a low cost. More importantly, across cost conditions, subjects consistently requested greater amounts of information when that information was of a low diagnosticity. These data seem most consistent with use of a confidence criterion that is adjusted for information costs.
Judgemental adjustment of initial forecasts: Its effectiveness and biases
Authors: Lim Joa Sang , O'Connor Marcus
Published: July 2007

Managers are often required to integrate their own forecasts with statistical forecasts. The studies reported in this paper examine the efficacy of allowing people to adjust their own forecasts in the light of statistical forecasts that are provided to them. Three experimental studies varied the reliability of the statistical forecasts and examined the performance of people over time. Issues of the form of the feedback and the use of decision support were also examined. The results unequivocally suggest that the effectiveness of judgemental adjustment depended on the statistical model's reliability and seasonally of time series. However, people had considerable difficulty placing less weight on their own forecasts (compared to the statistical forecasts) and this behaviour became more pronounced over time. Even provision of decision support did not improve performance at the task.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Constants and Potential Energy Curves of GeH+
Authors: DAS K. K. , BALASUBRAMANIAN K.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoelectrochemical Study of n‐InP: Redox Processes Using Electroluminescence as Mechanistic Probe.
Authors: MANIVANNAN A. , HASHIMOTO K. , SAKATA T. , FUJISHIMA A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation of YbPt3 and LuPt3 Intermetallics
Authors: JACOB K. T. , WASEDA Y.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Detection of Sulfur and Polysulfides on Electrochemically Oxidized Pyrite Surfaces by X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy.
Authors: MYCROFT J. R. , BANCROFT G. M. , MCINTYRE N. S. , LORIMER J. W. , HILL I. R.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Studies of Lithium Tetrasulfide in Solution in Liquid Ammonia.
Authors: JEHOULET C. , DEMORTIER A. , LELIEUR J. P.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaline Hydrolysis of Linear Tetra‐, Hexa‐ and Octaphosphate.
Authors: KURA G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid C60: A New Form of Carbon.
Authors: KRAETSCHMER W. , LAMB L. D. , FOSTIROPOULOS K. , HUFFMAN D. R.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pressure Tuning IR Spectroscopy of Two Phospholipids and Their Common Fatty Acid
Authors: LEY W. W. , DRICKAMER H. G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions of Azanaphthalenes in Single Crystals of Durene Proceeding via Tunneling
Authors: HOSHI N. , YAMAUCHI S. , HIROTA N.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Studies on 2,2‐Bis(4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)propane Diacetate and 2,2′‐Oxydi‐N‐carbethoxycarbazole
Authors: RIANDE E. , JIMENO M. L. , SALVADOR R. , DE ABAJO J. , GUZMAN J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Host‐Guest Chemistry. Part 25. Host‐Guest Complexes with Closed, Half‐ Open, and Stretched Receptors: Hydrophobic Cavity Effects and Induced Pole‐Dipole Interactions.
Authors: SCHNEIDER H.‐J. , BLATTER T. , ZIMMERMANN P.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at the Dicoordinated Phosphorus Atom: Synthetic Aspects.
Authors: RUBAN A. V. , KACHKOVSKAYA L. S.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dioxopyrrolines. Part 47. Thermal Rearrangements of 7‐Vinyl Derivatives of 1‐Aryl‐5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane‐3,4‐ diones and Their Imidates.
Authors: SANO T. , HORIGUCHI Y. , KAMBE S. , TANAKA K. , TAGA J. , TODA J. , TSUDA Y.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Products and Mechanisms of the Gas‐Phase Reactions Between NO3 and a Series of Alkenes.
Authors: HJORTH J. , LOHSE C. , NIELSEN C. J. , SKOV H. , RESTELLI G.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphorylation as a Method of Stabilization of Thermodynamically Unstable Isomers of α‐Amino Ketones.
Authors: BALITSKY Y. V. , PIPKO S. E. , KOLODKA T. V. , KOVALENKO A. L.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4,4‐Bis(2‐methoxyethyl)cyclohexanone (IX) and of 4,4‐Bis‐( 2‐methoxyethyl)‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one (VIII).
Authors: CHEESEMAN E. N.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isomerization of trans‐1,2‐Epoxy‐cis,trans‐5,9‐cyclododecadiene, trans‐ 1,2‐Epoxy‐trans,trans‐5,9‐cyclododecadiene and trans‐ Epoxycyclododecane to the Corresponding Ketones in the Presence of Iodides and Bromides of Lithium and Magnesium.
Authors: ZAKHARKIN L. I. , GUSEVA V. V. , KAMERNITSKII D. A. , TSVETKOV V. F. , LIKHOMANENKO V. A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods and Reactions. Part 150. Preparation of 1,3‐ Functionalized Adamantanes by the Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Cyclization of 7‐Methylenebicyclo(3.3.1)nonan‐3‐one in the Presence of π‐ and N‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: OLAH G. A. , KRISHNAMURTI R. , PRAKASH G. K. S.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Coupling of Geminal Dichlorides by Iron(II) Oxalate Dihydrate.
Authors: KHURANA J. M. , MAIKAP G. C. , MEHTA S.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dimethyl and 2,3,6,7‐Tetramethyl Derivatives of Anthra‐(1,9‐cd:4, 10‐c′d′)bis(1,2)dichalcogenoles as New Electron Donors.
Authors: TAKIMIYA K. , MIYAMOTO H. , ASO Y. , OTSUBO T. , OGURA F.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Platelet Aggregation Inhibitory Effects of N‐((1H‐ Pyrazol‐1‐yl)alkyl)benzoylamides.
Authors: FERRONI R. , MILANI L. , SIMONI D. , ORLANDINI P. , BOTTURA M. , BARDI A. , GUARNERI M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiroheterocycles from Reaction of Nitrile Oxides with 3‐ Methylenephthalimidines.
Authors: HOWE R. K. , SHELTON B. R.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Various Pyrazolo(4′,3′:5,6)pyrano(3,2‐e)(1,2,4)triazolo‐( 1,5‐c)pyrimidines and Pyrazolo(4′′,3′′:5′,6′)pyrano(2′,3′:4,5)pyrimido( 1,6‐b)(1,2,4)triazines.
Authors: YOUNES M. I. , METWALLY S. A. M. , ATTA A. H.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.