bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 30-meter resolution national urban land-cover dataset of China, 2000–2015
Authors: Kuang Wenhui , Zhang Shu , Li Xiaoyong , Lu Dengsheng
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Accurate urban land-cover datasets are essential for mapping urban environments. However, a series of national urban land-cover data covering more than 15 years that characterizes urban environments is relatively rare. Here we propose a hierarchical principle on remotely sensed urban land-use/cover classification for mapping intra-urban structure/component dynamics. China's Land Use/cover Dataset (CLUD) is updated, delineating the imperviousness, green surface, waterbody and bare land conditions in cities. A new data subset called CLUD-Urban is created from 2000 to 2015 at five-year intervals with a medium spatial resolution (30 m). The first step is a prerequisite to extract the vector boundaries covered with urban areas from CLUD. A new method is then proposed using logistic regression between urban impervious surface area (ISA) and the annual maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value retrieved from Landsat images based on a big-data platform with Google Earth Engine. National ISA and urban green space (UGS) fraction datasets for China are generated at 30-meter resolution with five-year intervals from 2000 to 2015. The overall classification accuracy of national urban areas is 92 %. The root mean square error values of ISA and UGS fractions are 0.10 and 0.14, respectively. The datasets indicate that the total urban area of China was 6.28 × 104 km2 in 2015, with average fractions of 70.70 % and 26.54 % for ISA and UGS, respectively. The ISA and UGS increased between 2000 and 2015 with unprecedented annual rates of 1,311.13 km2/yr and 405.30 km2/yr, respectively. CLUD-Urban can be used to enhance our understanding of urbanization impacts on ecological and regional climatic conditions and urban dwellers' environments. CLUD-Urban can be applied in future researches on urban environmental research and practices in the future. The datasets can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2644932.
The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: methodologies for selection, compilation and analysis of latest Paleocene and early Eocene climate proxy data, incorporating version 0.1 of the DeepMIP database
Authors: Hollis Christopher J. , Dunkley Jones Tom , Anagnostou Eleni , Bijl Peter K. , Cramwinckel Marlow Julius , Cui Ying , Dickens Gerald R. , Edgar Kirsty M. , Eley Yvette , Evans David , Foster Gavin L. , Frieling Joost , Inglis Gordon N. , Kennedy Elizabeth M. , Kozdon Reinhard , Lauretano Vittoria , Lear Caroline H. , Littler Kate , Lourens Lucas , Meckler A. Nele , Naafs B. David A. , Pälike Heiko , Pancost Richard D. , Pearson Paul N. , Röhl Ursula , Royer Dana L. , Salzmann Ulrich , Schubert Brian A. , Seebeck Hannu , Sluijs Appy , Speijer Robert P. , Stassen Peter , Tierney Jessica , Tripati Aradhna , Wade Bridget , Westerhold Thomas , Witkowski Caitlyn , Zachos James C. , Zhang Yi Ge , Huber Matthew , Lunt Daniel J.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean temperatures were also substantially warmer than those of the present day. As such, the study of early Eocene climate provides insight into how a super-warm Earth system behaves and offers an opportunity to evaluate climate models under conditions of high greenhouse gas forcing. The Deep Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a systematic model–model and model–data intercomparison of three early Paleogene time slices: latest Paleocene, Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO). A previous article outlined the model experimental design for climate model simulations. In this article, we outline the methodologies to be used for the compilation and analysis of climate proxy data, primarily proxies for temperature and CO2. This paper establishes the protocols for a concerted and coordinated effort to compile the climate proxy records across a wide geographic range. The resulting climate “atlas” will be used to constrain and evaluate climate models for the three selected time intervals and provide insights into the mechanisms that control these warm climate states. We provide version 0.1 of this database, in anticipation that this will be expanded in subsequent publications.
Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) for the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP)
Authors: Gutjahr Oliver , Putrasahan Dian , Lohmann Katja , Jungclaus Johann H. , von Storch Jin-Song , Brüggemann Nils , Haak Helmuth , Stössel Achim
Published: July 2019

Abstract. As a contribution towards improving the climate mean state of the atmosphere and the ocean in Earth system models (ESMs), we compare several coupled simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) following the HighResMIP protocol. Our simulations allow to analyse the separate effects of increasing the horizontal resolution of the ocean (0.4 to 0.1∘) and atmosphere (T127 to T255) submodels, and the effects of substituting the Pacanowski and Philander (PP) vertical ocean mixing scheme with the K-profile parameterization (KPP). The results show clearly distinguishable effects from all three factors. The high resolution in the ocean removes biases in the ocean interior and in the atmosphere. This leads to the important conclusion that a high-resolution ocean has a major impact on the mean state of the ocean and the atmosphere. The T255 atmosphere reduces the surface wind stress and improves ocean mixed layer depths in both hemispheres. The reduced wind forcing, in turn, slows the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), reducing it to observed values. In the North Atlantic, however, the reduced surface wind causes a weakening of the subpolar gyre and thus a slowing down of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), when the PP scheme is used. The KPP scheme, on the other hand, causes stronger open-ocean convection which spins up the subpolar gyres, ultimately leading to a stronger and stable AMOC, even when coupled to the T255 atmosphere, thus retaining all the positive effects of a higher-resolved atmosphere.
Study on Flood Control Safety Evaluation Based on Composite Risk Model
Authors: Lan Yingying , Gui Faliang , Luo Dongnan , Zou Youqin , Bai Hua
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The process of dam design up to the management of dam operation involves many uncertain factors, such as hydrologic, hydraulic and flood control factors, which cause risks for the flood control safety of dams. This study presents an integrated probabilistic framework that combines Monte Carlo Simulation and a flood control risk model. Results show that the highest flood level of 1000-year return periods of the Zhelin Reservoir exceeds the designed flood level. However, the overtopping risk probability is small because super safe elevation is considered in the crest elevation design of the earth dam. Sensitivity analysis indicates that flood peak flow, line type hydrological factors and flood control level are more sensitive than hydraulic factors. When many factors are considered, the comprehensive risk rate is small because of the positive and negative effects of these factors. Numerical experiments indicate that hydrology and flood control level influence the estimated maximum water level more than hydraulics does. Because of these uncertain factors, it is necessary to consider super safe elevation in dam planning and design. And pay attention to the sensitive factor of flood control level in reservoir management and operation.
El bienestar emocional como predictor de calidad de vida en los senior co-housing
Authors: Gummà Serra Elsa , Castilla Mora María Rosario
Published: July 2019

Después de analizar a la persona mayor desde una perspectiva 2.0, este estudio ha propuesto las viviendas colaborativas o co-housing, como modo de vida alternativo a las clásicas residencias de personas mayores apostando por este modo de convivencia, entre otros motivos, porque promueve una mayor calidad de vida; un concepto multidimensional que depende de la interacción de los factores personales y el entorno. Todas las personas coinciden en ello y se mide con diversos indicadores, entre ellos, el bienestar emocional. En este trabajo se profundiza en el análisis de esta dimensión. Se constata que la confianza en las propias habilidades, la estabilidad y el estado emocional son determinantes clave en la valoración global de la calidad de vida. De este modo, se establece una comparación entre dos modelos residenciales de personas mayores: los centros clásicos en los que se aplica un sistema asistencial, y los co-housing, estandartes de un modelo en el que se establecen unas relaciones simétricas y ausentes de jerarquías, en las que los usuarios son, además, los gestores activos de su modo de convivencia.
Dubois, Vincent (2018). El burócrata y el pobre. Relación administrativa y tratamiento de la miseria. [The bureaucrat and the poor]Valencia: Institució Alfons el Magnànim. 324 pp. ISBN: 978-84-7822-748-8
Authors: Cortinas Muñoz Joan
Published: July 2019

Han sido necesarios casi veinte años para que el público hispanohablante pueda gozar del libro publicado por primera vez por Vincent Dubois en 1999. Se trata de la traducción de una obra, titulada en su versión original La vie au guichet, en la que se analizan las interacciones, en una oficina de subsidios familiares entre usuarios, que perciben o son potencialmente perceptores de dichos subsidios, y los “trabajadores de ventanilla”, encargados de gestionar las demandas de dichos usuarios. Este libro es considerado por muchos una referencia en el campo de la sociología y la ciencia política de los últimos 30 años. Tal reconocimiento se debe al hecho de que, en este libro, el autor aporta tres grandes innovaciones en lo que concierne el estudio de las políticas sociales y de las políticas públicas en general.
Motives for - and prevalence of - cesarean delivery on maternal request: A survey in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ahmed Anwar E. , Mohammad Rouzait S.
Published: July 2019

Background: Although cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) has been associated with an increase in the frequency of cesarean sections (CSs), there is a lack of studies reporting the frequency of CDMR in Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of and the motives for CDMR and identify its associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2017 on 364 pregnant women who planned a CS at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. The characteristics of the women and their motives for undergoing a CS for the current pregnancy term were collected. Results: The prevalence of CDMR was found to be 13.7% (50/364) [95% confidence interval (CI): 10.370%–17.706%]. Older maternal age ( ≥ 40 years) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.9; p = 0.019], family history of CS (aOR = 2.9; p = 0.038), non-Saudi nationality (aOR = 5.0; p = 0.050), and receiving education or medical information about the possibility of delivering by CS (aOR = 13.7; p = 0.030) were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of CDMR. As the number of previous CSs increased by one (aOR = 0.6; p = 0.011), the odds of CDMR decreased by 40%. The most common motives for demanding a CS in the absence of medical indications were avoiding labor or possible complications from vaginal birth (60%) and fear of pain on vaginal delivery (46%). Conclusions: A high prevalence of CDMR was documented at King Abdulaziz Medical City, especially among women of older maternal age, having a family history of CS, of non-Saudi nationality, and who received education or medical information about the possibility of delivering by CS. Counseling programs might be helpful for pregnant women who fear pain in vaginal delivery or have had a previous traumatic birth experience.
Informática Social aplicada: Caso El Salvador
Authors: Joao Oscar Picardo
Published: July 2019

El presente artículo propone una actualización y aplicación del concepto de “Informática Social” de Rob Kling en escenarios diversos de El Salvador; el análisis proyecta impactos de la informática en diversos sectores, y propone una actualización sociológica contemporánea.
Pesetas, Calmados y Hermanos: Iniciativas de retiro, rehabilitación y reinserción de pandilleros en El Salvador
Authors: Amaya Luis Enrique , Martínez Juan José
Published: July 2019

El objetivo de este trabajo es acercarse a las vías de “retiro” de pandilleros en el país, a fin de mostrar el panorama general de las opciones existentes y describir sus características esenciales. La metodología se basa en la aplicación de dos técnicas de investigación: la revisión documental y las entrevistas en profundidad. Se exponen categorías de análisis importantes con respecto a los expandilleros, como por ejemplo las de “calmado”, “retirado” y “peseta”, cada una de las cuales plantea escenarios y prospectivas diferentes. Además, se explora el papel del Gobierno, el rol de la sociedad civil (incluyendo las iglesias católica y evangélica; en especial, las pentecostales), la participación del sector privado y ciertos mecanismos de las pandillas mismas. En definitiva, a todo el estudio le subyace una reflexión de carácter “identitario”, por cuanto concierne a la construcción, deconstrucción y eventual reconstrucción de la identidad, a nivel personal y grupal, de los miembros y exmiembros de maras o pandillas.
Spatially and Temporally Associated Porphyry Deposits with Distinct Cu/Au/Mo Ratios, Woodjam District, Central British Columbia
Authors: Real Irene del , Bouzari Farhad , Rainbow Amelia , Bissig Thomas , Blackwell Jacqueline , Sherlock Ross , Thompson John F.H. , Hart Craig J.R.
Published: July 2019

The Woodjam district is a cluster of porphyry Cu-Au deposits of Early Jurassic age (~196 Ma) and is located in the Quesnel terrane in central British Columbia. Porphyry centers include the Southeast zone Cu-Mo porphyry, the Deerhorn and Megabuck Au-Cu porphyries, and the Takom and Three Firs Cu-Au porphyries. The Takomkane batholith, which intruded strata of the Nicola Group and is host to the Southeast zone, has characteristics of a calc-alkalic Cu-Mo porphyry. The Deerhorn, Megabuck, and Takom deposits are centered on narrow monzonite bodies with pencil-like geometries that intruded the Nicola Group volcanic sequence. These small volume intrusions have characteristics of high K calc-alkalic intrusions. The Southeast zone, Deerhorn, Megabuck, and Takom deposits have similar ages and their intrusive units can be divided into two groups with distinct geochemical characteristics. Differences between alteration and mineralization of the deposits are attributed to the magmatic evolution of the system as well as differences in the depth of emplacement and preservation. Based on stratigraphic relationships, the Deerhorn and Megabuck deposits are interpreted to be emplaced at the shallowest structural level in the district and have the highest Au/Cu ratios and the lowest temperature alteration assemblages. The Southeast zone is hosted by the felsic units in the Takomkane batholith and represents the deepest parts of the hydrothermal system. Cu-Au mineralization in the Takom deposit shows characteristics intermediate between the Southeast zone and the Deerhorn deposit. Based on stratigraphic interpretations the difference in depth of emplacement between the Southeast zone and Megabuck is about 1,400 m, with Takom being emplaced about 400 m above the Southeast zone. The Woodjam district illustrates the variety of styles of porphyry mineralization that can form over a restricted time interval (<1 m.y.) within a single district.
Testing the Level of Compliance of International Accounting Standard IAS 38: Evidence from Bahrain
Authors: Hassan Mohammed Saeed , Sarea Adel M. , Kukreja Gagan
Published: July 2019

This research aims to examine the level of compliance of International Accounting Standard 38 (IAS 38, intangible assets) among the listed companies of Bahrain Bourse. This paper employs the method of equal weighted disclosure index to determine if the listed firms are complying with the disclosure requirements of the IAS 38. The required data for the year 2016 has been obtained from Bloomberg. The research found that firms have a compliance of 35.4%. The regression analysis results showed that there is a correlation between IAS 38 disclosure and the size of audit firms, leverage, profitability and industry type. There is a lack of relationship between IAS 38 disclosure and age & size of the company. This research serves as the basis of a future study on IAS 38 in different countries in emerging markets.In order to assure high performance and implementation of IAS 38, all firms listed in Bahrain Bourse ought to increase the level of compliance.
The Influence of Resilience on Psychological Well-Being of Malaysian University Undergraduates
Authors: Idris Izazol , Khairani Ahmad Zamri , Shamsuddin Hasni
Published: July 2019

Psychological well-being is fundamental to the overall health of undergraduates, particularly to enable them to address challenges at the university. A review of related literature showed that there are various factors influencing individual’s psychological well-being. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of resilience on the psychological well-being of university undergraduates. For this purpose, a total of 200 undergraduates from local public universities (male = 90, female = 110) participated in this exploratory study. Responses were analysed using Smart PLS 3.0 to model the influence of the two variables. Results demonstrated two significant findings. Firstly, reliable and valid adapted instruments measuring resilience and psychological well-being were established, and secondly, resilience is a significant predictor and it explained 48.2% variance in psychological well-being. The findings are discussed in relation to the development of a model that relates the two constructs.
Longing for Independence, Yet Depending on Family Support: A Qualitative Analysis of Psychosocial Adaptation of Iranian International Students in Hungary
Authors: Hosseini-Nezhad Sara , Safdar Saba , Nguyen Luu Lan Anh
Published: July 2019

International students experience psychosocial changes in response to their new environment, and their psychosocial adaptation is facilitated or hindered by various factors. This study aimed to examine the intercultural experiences of Iranian international students in Hungary. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Iranian students in Budapest, Hungary, and a thematic analysis employed to discern and interpret themes within the data. The thematic analysis identified three overarching themes: (1) Sojourn’s Experience as Self-Growth, (2) Uncertainty in Intercultural Interactions, and (3) Striving for Autonomous-Related Self. The data reported that Iranian students experienced more happiness in Hungary than sadness, and their motivation to live independently in Hungary while depending on family support acted as buffers against any negative psychological feelings. The findings of this study underline the significance of independence and family support as the influencing factors for psychosocial adaptation of Iranian students.
Effects of umbilical cord milking on premature neonates’ and mothers’ outcomes
Authors: Thabet Mohamed Nahed , Hassan Atyat Mohammed , Mohamed Heba Mostafa , Abdelhafez Amal A. , Mohamed Eman Abd Elaziz , Aziz Ali Safwat Mohamed Abdel , Abbas Ahmed M.
Published: July 2019

Background: Umbilical Cord Milking (UCM) is a safe and likely technique for both the mothers and their neonates which improve the neonatal outcomes. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of umbilical cord milking on premature neonates' and mothers' outcomes.Methods: Design: Quasi-experimental research design was utilized. Setting: Emergency and Labor Unit of Women's Health University Hospital and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Assiut University Children Hospital were the setting which the study was implemented. Subjects: It included 80 mothers and their premature neonates. The subjects were divided randomly into two groups (40 premature neonates who were received the UCM as a study group and 40 premature neonates as a control group who received the Immediate Cord Clamping [ICC]). Tool: One structured interview questionnaire was designed especially for this study. It included two parts: Personal and clinical data of the studied mothers and premature neonates.Results: The Hemoglobin (Hb) level significantly increased in the study group when compared to the control group within 6 hours of birth (12.11 vs. 10.61) and at 36-48 hours after UCM (12.27 vs. 11.32). Also, UCM had significantly improved the need for blood transfusion, death rate, and length of hospital stay among premature neonates in the study group.Conclusions and recommendations: UCM improved preterm neonates' outcomes as increasing Hb level, less need for blood transfusion, and decline incidence of death, lowers length of hospital stay. Recommendations: Increasing awareness of neonatology, pediatric, and obstetric nurses about benefits and technique of UCM through health education program.
Agricultural Spray Inspection According to ISO 16122: Part II—Determination of the State of Use and Conservation of Agricultural Sprayers
Authors: Martini Alfran Tellechea , Schlosser José Fernando , Gil Emilio , Farias Marcelo Silveira de , Santos Gustavo Oliveira dos , Bertollo Gilvan Moisés , Barbieri Juan Paulo
Published: July 2019

Considering the need to reduce environmental contamination and uplift the effectiveness and quality of pesticide application, this work had the goal to determine the conditions of use and conservation of agricultural sprayers used in the Central and Western border of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and to identify the most frequent problems in agricultural sprayers. Fifty-six sprayers connected to a three-point hydraulic system and the tractor drawbar were inspected, evaluating the safety and operation items using the methodology described in the Standard ISO 16122. After the evaluations, the collected data were submitted to an exploratory analysis by using descriptive statistics with the use of percentage frequency. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to observe that the most serious problems are mainly related to the safety of the operator and the environment, since 41.07% of the sprayers did not have the protection of the cardan transmission and 33.93% did not have the protection of straps and pulleys. In addition, static leaks were present in 46.43% of the samples and 87.50% presented dynamic leaks. In 71.43% of the cases, there was no presence of a clean water reservoir to wash the rigid packagings. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the state of use and conservation of the inspected sprayers is serious, justifying the need for inspections on agricultural sprayers to become mandatory in Brazil, also requiring government policies for the renewal of these equipments, as well as, the homologation of research centers to conduct tests on agricultural machinery and implements before their commercialization. In addition is also necessary to invest in training of operators by conducting technical courses about the importance of equipment knowledge, available technologies and necessary maintenance, as the level of knowledge is low about the basics of operational safety, maintenance and use of the sprayers which contributes to the high percentages of nonconformity with ISO 16122.
Subdoses of 2,4-D Choline Salt on Yield Components in Function of the Soybean Growth Stage
Authors: Rizzardi M. A. , Schneider T. , Rockenbach A. P. , Peruzzo S. T. , Lucio F. R. , Pereira G. R.
Published: July 2019

Residues of herbicide tanks may cause damage to sensitive crops. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential effects of subdoses of the herbicide 2,4-D choline salt on the vegetative and reproductive stages of soybean. The experiment was randomized blocks with a subdivided plot design and four replications. The application times were at V3 and R2 in the main plot. The herbicide 2,4-D choline salt was applied at the subdoses 0, 2.28, 4.56, 9.12, 18.24, 27.36 and 45.60 g a.e. ha-1 in the subplots. Phytotoxicity was evaluated at 3, 7 and 14 days after application (DAT) of treatments, soybean height at 14 and 28 DAT and at ripening, yield components at ripening, and grain yield. The phytotoxicity evaluation of 2,4-D choline salt evidenced that symptoms were only observed up to 14 days after application (DAT) of treatments. The 2,4-D did not affect any of the variables tested. Grain yield was not influenced by application times or subdoses.
Allelopathic Activity of Cactus Used in the Foraging in the Brazilian Semi-arid
Authors: Bezerra José Weverton Almeida , Leandro Cícero dos Santos , Rodrigues Maria Daniele Pereira , Silva Ana Karolina Fernandes , Silva Danúbio Lopes da , Linhares Karina Vieiralves , Silva Viviane Bezerra da , Bezerra Janete de Souza , Souza Mikael Amaro de , Fernandes Priscilla Augusta de Sousa , Sousa Jeane Dantas , Costa Adrielle Rodrigues , Pereira Kyhara Soares , Leite Catarina Pereira , Silva Maria Arlene Pessoa da
Published: July 2019

The use of cactus for forage may cause soil contamination by allelochemicals in order to compromise the future planting or even reforestation of that site. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic action of cladodes and roots of Cereus jamacaru, Pilosocereus gounellei and Tacinga inamoena on the germination and development of Cenchrus echinatus and Calotropis procera in order to suggest actions that increase efficiency in restoration strategies. Of the species of Cactaceae mentioned above, cladodes and roots were collected for the preparation of the extracts in which two types of extracts were prepared for each organ, one treatment by hot infusion and one cold treatment. Germination Percentages (GP) and Germination Speed Index (GSI) were analyzed. In order to analyze if the extracts presented some allelopathic activity regarding the development of the seedlings, the lengths of the stem and the radicle of the recipient species were measured. The results of this research show that cacti don’t significantly affect GP from seeds of other plants. However, for GSI, roots and cladodes of T. inamoena presented negative allelopathic activity for C. echinatus and C. procera, respectively. In addition to GSI, T. inamoena negatively affected the development of C. echinatus rootlets. In this way T. inamoena is a forage cactus that affects the development of the initial structures of surrounding plants. Thus, the exacerbation of this forage species in natural areas should be avoided, since the released allelochemicals can interfere with the ecological succession of the plant species of that environment.
Bacillus thuringiensis Combined With Fungicide Applications in the Management of Soybean Leaf Diseases
Authors: Müller Mônica A. , Klosowski Ana C. , Pria Maristella Dalla , Mazaro Sérgio M. , Mio Louise L. May De
Published: July 2019

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the main soybean leaf disease in Brazil. Downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica) and powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) are important soybean foliar diseases of occurrence in Paraná state. To reduce severity and yield losses caused by soybean foliar diseases, this work aimed to verify the efficacy of different application doses of the commercial product Dipel® Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is a biological insect controller, combined with number of Opera® fungicide (pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole) intercalated applications, and to investigate the effect of the Bt Dipel® in the resistance induction of soybean. For this study, different methodologies were used, including in vitro, in vivo and field assays. The results showed that Bt Dipel® can reduce soybean foliar diseases by inducing β-1,3 glucanase enzime and phytoalexin gliceolin. The fungicide application in the experiment condition reduced yield losses.
Hormesis of 2,4-D Choline Salt in Biometric Aspects of Cotton
Authors: Marques Ricardo F. , Marchi Sidnei R. , Pinheiro Guilherme H. R. , Souza Rodrigo M. , Assunção Hildeu F. , Lúcio Felipe R.
Published: July 2019

Plant hormesis is a phenomenon that involves the presence of toxic compounds at high doses but can be beneficial at low doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to use dose-response curves to assess the effect of hormesis caused by sub-toxic of 2,4-D choline herbicide on biometric variables of cotton plants. The study adopted a completely randomized experimental design with seven replications, and the treatments consisted of nine fractions of the average rate indicated on the 2,4-D choline salt herbicide label: 0 (control); 0.4275; 0.855; 1.71; 3.42; 8.55; 17.1; 34.2 and 68.4 g ae ha-1 applied at phenological stages V4 or B4 of cotton plants. The plants were assessed for the main morphological parameters. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and, when significant, the hormesis model was tested aiming to describe the dose-response curves with low rates stimulation. The maximum hormesis effect for the variables plant height and number of leaves in cotton plants at stage V4 was estimated, in due order, for sub-doses between 1.14 and 3.02 and 1.37 and 5.54 g ae ha-1 of 2,4-D choline. The hormesis effect was not significant for total dry matter production when 2,4-D choline was applied at stage V4, irrespective of the year of study. Sub-doses between 0.855 and 1.71 g ae ha-1 of 2,4-D choline salt applied at stage B4 caused hormesis in the height, number of leaves, shoots dry matter and total dry matter of cotton plants.
Formation of Seedlings of Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner and Weed Control Under Application of Herbicides Oxyfluorfen and Pendimethalin
Authors: Silva Cleidson Alves da , Martins Jhonny Kelvin Dias , Damaceno João Batista Dias , Enck Bruna Firmino , Silva Douglas Revesse da , Domingues Cleiton Gonçalves , Luz Silvana Ramlow Otto Teixeira da , Oliveira Vinicius de Souza , Moraes Filipe de , Altoé Marcelo Soares , Rosa Rayane , Partelli Fábio Luiz , Dias Jairo Rafael Machado
Published: July 2019

One of the most relevant factors for the formation of coffee crops is to use quality seedlings. However, the competition of weeds for nutrients and water from the soil can negatively affect your obtaining. Thus, the control of weeds in nursery is often dependent on the use of herbicides, considering that the manual activity is costly. In this way, this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of weed control and the effects on the development of clonal seedlings of coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) by application of herbicides oxyfluorfen and pendimenthalin in nursery conditions. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 2 × 5, two herbicides: Pendimethalin and Oxifluorfen in five doses: corresponding to 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 L.ha-1 of commercial products. Was evaluated during the experiment the emergence of weeds and to end (140 days), were evaluated: seedling Height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of sheets, number of roots, root length, root volume, dry mass of roots and shoot dry matter. There was significant effect for seedling height, shoot dry matter and total dry mass, in which the pendimethalin caused damage to seedlings in comparison to oxyfluorfen. The use of the herbicides Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen obtained satisfactory control of weeds with application of 1080g and 648 g a.i. ha-1, respectively.
Exploring spatial nonstationary environmental effects on Yellow Perch distribution in Lake Erie
Authors: Liu Changdong , Liu Junchao , Jiao Yan , Tang Yanli , Reid Kevin B.
Published: July 2019

Background

Global regression models under an implicit assumption of spatial stationarity were commonly applied to estimate the environmental effects on aquatic species distribution. However, the relationships between species distribution and environmental variables may change among spatial locations, especially at large spatial scales with complicated habitat. Local regression models are appropriate supplementary tools to explore species-environment relationships at finer scales.

Method

We applied geographically weighted regression (GWR) models on Yellow Perch in Lake Erie to estimate spatially-varying environmental effects on the presence probabilities of this species. Outputs from GWR were compared with those from generalized additive models (GAMs) in exploring the Yellow Perch distribution. Local regression coefficients from the GWR were mapped to visualize spatially-varying species-environment relationships. K-means cluster analyses based on the t-values of GWR local regression coefficients were used to characterize the distinct zones of ecological relationships.

Results

Geographically weighted regression resulted in a significant improvement over the GAM in goodness-of-fit and accuracy of model prediction. Results from the GWR revealed the magnitude and direction of environmental effects on Yellow Perch distribution changed among spatial locations. Consistent species-environment relationships were found in the west and east basins for adults. The different kinds of species-environment relationships found in the central management unit (MU) implied the variation of relationships at a scale finer than the MU.

Conclusions

This study draws attention to the importance of accounting for spatial nonstationarity in exploring species-environment relationships. The GWR results can provide support for identification of unique stocks and potential refinement of the current jurisdictional MU structure toward more ecologically relevant MUs for the sustainable management of Yellow Perch in Lake Erie.
Assessment of Microbial Load of Milk Shakes Available in Various Educational Institutes of Lahore
Authors: Awan Wasim Sajjad , Ahmed Waqas , Iqbal Touseef , Rehman Aniq Ur , Younus Iftikhar , Khan Azmat Ullah , Khan Naveed Shahzad
Published: July 2019

Background: A milkshake is a delicious and non-carbonated refreshment produced using dairy, frozen flavour related item. The growth of microbes is inevitable in milk shakes when proper hygienic conditions were not maintained. These microbes may produce toxins which are harmful and may lead to food poisoning. This study was established to calculate total plate count (Staphylococcus aureus, Total coliform and Salmonella) present in Apple and Banana milk shakes.

Study Design: The samples from 25 different public and private educational institutes were collected to analyse using pour plate method to determinate total microbial load in apple and banana milk shake.

Results and Discussion: Total plate count in August was significantly higher than in November. In August TPC range of banana shake was between 2.3x107-7.2x107 cfu/ml and respectively in November range between 2.1 x107-6.7 x107cfu/ml. In August TPC range of apple shake between 2.2x107-7.5x107 cfu/ml and respectively in November range between 2.08 x107-6.5 x107cfu/ml. The S. aureus in banana milk shake were positive 19 (76%) in the month of August and 15 (60%) were also positive in the month of November. The S. aureus in apple milk shake were found to be positive 18 (72%) during August and 16 (64%) were also positive during November. The Total coliform count in apple milk shake was positive 16 (64%) in August and 14 (56%) were also positive in November. The total positive coliforms were 15 (64%) in August and 14 (56%) were also positive in November.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed a much higher prevalence of microbial load in banana and apple. We suggested that in most of the samples, the total bacterial load was much higher than recommended by the Gulf standard. So these drinks are not fit for consumption.
Prevalence of Long-acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods and Factors Affecting their Use among Married Women in Akasta Town, North-East Ethiopia
Authors: Temesgen Kibir , Workie Amare , Mulu Yared
Published: July 2019

Background: Long acting contraception is a human right and is essential to women’s empowerment. It is essential to reduce poverty, promote economic growth, raise female productivity, lower fertility and improve child survival and maternal health. Even though some long acting reversible contraceptive methods are the world’s most prevalent form of reversible contraception, the utilization is very low in sub-Saharan Africa.

Study Aim: To assess the prevalence and factors affecting use of long acting contraceptive methods in Akasta Town, North East Ethiopia.

Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 422 women of reproductive age between March and May 2016 to achieve study aim. The actual respondents were selected by systematic sampling method at household level. Pretested and structured questionnaires were used to collect data.

Result: The prevalence of use of long acting contraceptives in the study area was found to be 33.6% and implants were the most commonly used methods. One hundred thirty one (46.8%) of respondents did not use these methods because of inadequate information provided for them.

Two hundred eighty one (66.6%) of respondents said that they knew at least one type of long acting methods and implants were widely known which accounts 139 (49.5%) of respondents. Age, husband’s educational status, knowledge of long acting reversible contraceptives and attitude towards these methods were significantly associated with use of these contraceptives.

Conclusions: The study showed that the prevalence of long acting reversible contraceptives in the study area was low. Only 33.6% of respondents ever used any type of these methods in their life time and implants were the most commonly used method. In this study, age of women, husband’s educational status, knowledge of long acting reversible contraceptives and attitude were found to be independent determinants for long acting reversible family planning use. As knowledge and practice of long acting contraceptives was low, extensive health information should be provided.
Selen – Bestimmung von Selen und seinen anorganischen Verbindungen in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (AAS) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Göen T. , Pitzke K. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of selenium [
7782‐49‐2
]and its inorganic compounds in workplace air in a concentration range of one tenth up to twice the currently valid OEL of 0.05 mg/m
3
 E. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a membrane filter using a suitable pump. The flow rate ist set to 1.4 L/min and sampling is performed over 2 h. The dust deposited on the membrane filter is treated with acid and then analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry with the graphite furnace technique (GFAAS). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function, whereat the selenium concentration of the reference standard is plotted against the peak area calculated with an integration program. The limit of quantification is 0.0004 mg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of 168 L. The mean recovery was 113.9% and the expanded uncertainty for a validation range of 0.01 mg/m
3
to 1.0 mg/m
3
was between 27% and 22%.
4‐
tert
‐Octylphenol und
p
‐Nonylphenol – Bestimmung von 4‐
tert
‐Octylphenol und
p
‐Nonylphenol in Urin mittels LC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Gries W. , Leng G. , Küpper K. , Blümlein K. , Gerling S. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area developed and validated the presented biomonitoring method. The analytical method described hereinafter permits the selective detection of 4‐
tert
‐octylphenol as well as the sum of various branched
p‐
nonylphenol isomers in urine. After adding the labelled internal standards (
13
C
6
‐4‐
tert
‐octylphenol and
13
C
6
‐
p
‐nonylphenol), the samples are enzymatically hydrolysed to release the analytes from the conjugated alkylphenols. After online SPE, the analytes are separated by liquid chromatography and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. A quantitation limit of 2 µg/L each is obtained for the analytes. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
4‐
tert
‐Octylphenol and
p
‐nonylphenol – Determination of 4‐
tert
‐octylphenol and
p
‐nonylphenol in urine by LC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Gries W. , Leng G. , Küpper K. , Blümlein K. , Gerling S. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area developed and validated the presented biomonitoring method. The analytical method described hereinafter permits the selective detection of 4‐
tert‐
octylphenol as well as the sum of various branched
p
‐nonylphenol isomers in urine. After adding the labelled internal standards (
13
C
6
‐4‐
tert‐
octylphenol and
13
C
6
‐p
‐nonylphenol), the samples are enzymatically hydrolysed to release the analytes from the conjugated alkylphenols. After online SPE, the analytes are separated by liquid chromatography and analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. A quantitation limit of 2 µg/L each is obtained for the analytes. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
N
‐Methylaniline [MAK value documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of
N
‐methylaniline [
100‐61‐8
] considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. Critical effect is the formation of methaemoglobin (MetHb). Adequate data in humans to derive a MAK value are not available; thus, data with rats are used. In rats,
N
‐methylaniline forms MetHb 2.7 times more efficiently than aniline. Based on the MAK value for aniline of 2 ml/m
3
, the MAK value for
N
‐methylaniline of 0.5 ml/m
3
is confirmed. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is retained; as the half‐life in blood is unknown, the default excursion factor of 2 is also retained.
N
‐Methylaniline remains in Pregnancy Risk Group D because developmental toxicity studies are lacking. The substance does not induce mutations in bacteria, but is clastogenic in mammalian cells. Studies on genotoxicity in vivo have not been performed. Adequate data to assess the carcinogenic potential of
N
‐methylaniline are not available. Data for the metabolite aniline are used to assess the carcinogenic potential of
N
‐methylaniline. Aniline induces spleen tumours in rats, but not in mice. The putative mode of action is an indirect tumour development by induction of MetHb and haemolytic effects which result in erythrocyte toxicity and its consequences, perturbations in iron metabolism in the spleen. The metabolites phenylhydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene are mainly responsible for the erythrocyte toxicity of aniline. As nitrosobenzene is also a metabolite of
N
‐methylaniline, a similar mode of action has to be assumed for
N
‐methylaniline. Therefore, a non‐genotoxic mode of action is of prime importance and genotoxic effects play at most a minor part provided the MAK and BAT values are observed. Thus,
N
‐methylaniline is classified as a suspected carcinogen in Carcinogen Category 3B. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and the “H” notation is retained. There are no clinical data concerning the sensitizing activity of the substance. Results of a local lymph node assay in mice were negative.
2‐Isopropoxyethanol [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of 2‐isopropoxyethanol [
109‐59‐1
].

As 2‐isopropoxyethanol is irritating to rabbit skin and eyes an irritating potential for the respiratory tract of humans has to be assumed. In a poorly documented three‐week inhalation study in rats, nasal irritations at 1000 ml/m
3
are reported, but the nose is not histopathologically investigated in any of the inhalation studies. A MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
for 2‐isopropoxyethanol is derived by analogy with 2‐butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) which shows a similar irritation potency. For rats, the critical effect in a 28‐day inhalation study is the concentration dependent haemolytic anaemia at 100 ml/m
3
and above. The NOAEC is 30 ml/m
3
. As humans are less sensitive than rats for this effect, which does not increase with prolonged exposure, the MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
should provide sufficient protection from haemolytic anaemia. Since a local effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category I is designated. By analogy with 2‐butoxyethanol and 2‐propoxyethanol an excursion factor of 2 is set.

The NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is 600 ml/m
3
and after considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace because the blood:air partition coefficient of 2‐isopropoxyethanol is > 5 (see List of MAK‐ and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c) the difference to the MAK value is sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and 2‐isopropoxyethanol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Thiodiethylene bis[3‐(3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated thiodiethylene bis[3‐(3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate] [
41484‐35‐9
] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. Critical effects are hepatic hypertrophy and increased liver weight in male rats in a subchronic feeding study with a NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of 12.5 mg/kg body weight and day. As there is no irritating potential, the oral study can be used to derive a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known. Classification in Pregnancy Risk Group D is indicated because developmental toxicity studies are lacking. Thiodiethylene bis[3‐(3,5‐di‐
tert
‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate] is not genotoxic. Carcinogenicity studies are not available. The substance is not a contact sensitizer in humans and guinea pigs. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.