bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asian Journalism
Authors: George Cherian
Published: April 2019

Asia is home to the full range of media organizational forms as it operates within diverse systems. Noteworthy features include some of the world's largest newspapers; highly commercialized television news and a lack of independent public service broadcasters; vibrant community media serving rural audiences; and the widespread use of mobile Internet services for news and information exchange. Most of the region's media operate in semi‐free or unfree political environments. While there are still cases of brutal repression, the more common threats are economic, such as denying advertising to uncooperative outlets. Businesses, religious groups, organized crime, intolerant mobs, and media themselves can also thwart independent journalism. Asian media have been researched in normative terms, including through the conceptual lenses of “development journalism” and “Asian values,” which may have contributed to caricatured views of journalism in the region. More recent survey research and ethnographic studies have helped to shed light on how Asian journalists actually define good journalism and how they perceive their professional roles.
European Journalism
Authors: Lönnendonker Julia
Published: April 2019

European journalism and media systems are heterogeneous. Several analytical models can be used to describe journalism in Europe. The region features some model countries of press freedom and plurality while others exhibit features of semi‐authoritarian systems. The United Kingdom and the northern European countries share a long‐standing professionalization of journalism with the existence of the respective professional institutions. Public service broadcasting is an important player in both regions. In southern Europe and the democratic central and eastern European countries, journalistic professionalism is rather weak and political parallelism and state and commercial influences in media relatively high. This is even more so in semi‐authoritarian systems in Russia and Turkey, where the media operate under severe restrictions to media freedom and plurality.
Latin and SouthAmerican Journalism
Authors: Rosas‐Moreno Tania Cantrell , de Macedo Higgins Joyce Vanessa
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of Latin and South American journalism, with a historical overview of its evolution, the contextual factors surrounding the development of journalism as well as the strengths and relevance of journalism in the region. It provides country‐specific information on important factors surrounding journalism as well as an overall view of the different media systems that journalism operates under. This entry investigates news media and power relations, and how journalism in Latin America has evolved under this paradigm. It provides some current trends, challenges, and opportunities in Latin and South American journalism.
Global Journalism
Authors: Berglez Peter , Olausson Ulrika
Published: April 2019

Global journalism appears to become increasingly important in the field of journalism studies, however, there is no agreement about how it should be applied in research. This entry presents four perspectives:the global‐mapping perspective, which is concerned with mapping and analyzing how journalism works in different parts of the world;the media‐technology perspective, which focuses on the potential of cross‐border media technology to facilitate the creation of a “global public sphere”;the ethics perspective, which deals with how journalism should approach other cultures in order to reduce the distance between “us” and “them” and minimize stereotypical depictions of the Other; andthe discourse perspective, which associates global journalism with reporting that sheds light on the multitude of cross‐border interdependencies between people, processes, and events. The entry also discusses the positions of “globalists” and “skeptics” in the media globalization debate and the role of journalism education in the development of global journalism.
Global News Organizations
Authors: Boyd‐Barrett Oliver
Published: April 2019

Global news organizations are best understood as important components of a global news
system
comprising many institutions. Only a few can claim to having a news‐gathering and a news‐dissemination presence in the majority of the world's countries and territories. These include the classic “wholesale” international news agencies. Large transnational news agencies are of considerable importance to the maintenance of a global news system, and of equal or more importance are the larger number of national news agencies which both feed news to these international agencies and consume and redistribute international news services. The classic news agencies are among the most important sources of international television news footage and of financial news. Also important are the major media clients of the large news agencies, including broadcasters, newspapers, and online news media. The entry considers online news sources and outlines a framework for assessment of global news organizations.
Parachute Journalism
Authors: Fondren Elisabeth , Hamilton John Maxwell , McCune Meghan Menard
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an introduction to the practice of parachute journalism, including an overview of past and present research on the topic and suggestions for future research. As an international trend, parachute journalism is the practice of “parachuting” journalists into foreign regions to report on breaking news before returning home. This entry highlights the normative debate on the topic by tracing the long‐standing critiques against the practice as well as the more recent arguments advocating for the benefits of the practice to foreign correspondence.
Multimedia Journalism
Authors: Menke Manuel
Published: April 2019

Multimedia journalism is an umbrella term for a variety of phenomena that are related to the three dimensions of production, presentation, and consumption of news and longform stories that include multiple media platforms and/or media formats. The entry provides a general outline of what multimedia journalism comprises and offers a brief history of its emergence. Following the three dimensions, it then discusses both the development of multimedia journalism in practice as well as the research program that investigated it so far. The reader gets an overview of how journalists and media companies integrate and produce multimedia stories, how this is reflected in multimedia presentation on different devices and platforms, and which insight exists on uses and effects regarding the consumption of multimedia news and longform stories by potential users. Finally, trends in practice and research are presented.
News Apps
Authors: Cornia Alessio
Published: April 2019

News apps are one of the main ways people get the news on their mobile devices. News organizations started to invest in news apps in 2007/2008 to pursue additional channels to reach users and rebuild a direct relationship with their audience. The spread of mobile notifications has recently led to increasing investments in news apps. Academic and industry research has focused on apps developed by news organizations, on news aggregators that bundle news from different sources, and on social media apps that are increasingly used for news especially on mobile devices. Despite the importance of mobile news consumption, scholarly research has devoted little attention to news apps and has mainly adopted a descriptive approach. The dimensions primarily explored are, on the one hand, how news organizations develop news apps and exploit the new technological opportunities, and, on the other hand, how mobile devices change news consumption patterns.
Social Media as Reporting Tool
Authors: Molyneux Logan
Published: April 2019

Journalists have adopted social media platforms as a primary site of digital information gathering and interaction. Journalists use social media to follow members of the public, their sources, and other journalists as they seek to discover and report on the day's news. Social media and Twitter in particular are like a new newswire for journalists and represent an online space they fully inhabit and have incorporated, formally and informally, as part of professional practice.
Newspaper Journalism
Authors: Schapals Aljosha Karim
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview on newspaper journalism from its long history dating back to the early seventeenth century to how contemporary newspaper outlets are operating in the digital age. Specifically, it discusses how advances in technology—from the spread of commercial radio broadcasting in the 1920s to the rise of social media in more recent times—have contributed to several crises in newspaper journalism as a result of declining paid print circulations as well as falling advertising revenues. Consequently, newspaper outlets are searching for alternative avenues to monetize journalistic content and this entry gives an insight into some of the business models and content strategies with which they are experimenting. It concludes with an outlook of what recent rises in digital subscriptions to individual media outlets—particularly in the United States—could mean for the wider industry.
Blogs and Bloggers
Authors: Chu Donna
Published: April 2019

Blogs are websites on which posts appear in reverse chronological order. Driven by web technologies, blogging finds diverse uses in self‐expression, teaching and learning, social interaction, information exchange, community building, marketing, and other business motives. Considered as a form of parajournalism, blogging has invoked much debate about its relationships with traditional and professional journalism. As a form of prosumption in a participatory web culture, blogging has once been favorably associated with counter‐cultures that will resist the dominant culture. Recent developments in corporatization and commercialization of the web space, together with the rise of microblogging in social networking sites, suggest that it will become more mundane in the new media environment.
Consumer and Personal Finance Coverage
Authors: Davidson Roei
Published: April 2019

In personal finance journalism, journalists offer advice and solutions related to the consumer's accumulation and use of capital including stock and bond investment, mortgage investment, credit card payments, saving, and the acquisition of goods. This journalism genre has developed in advanced economies against the background of rapid neoliberalization which has shifted economic risk from collective actors—life‐time employers, labor unions, and the state—to individuals. In this context, most financial journalism attempts to provide middle and upper‐middle‐class readers actionable short‐term advice in an unstable economic environment though they would be better served by a long‐term financial strategy. Often this advice is tied to available financial products and therefore tends to be supportive of the existing financial system. This supportive attitude is also related to the dependence personal finance journalists (and many financial journalists more generally) have on banks and other financial actors as sources and advertisers.
Editorials
Authors: Firmstone Julie
Published: April 2019

The introduction of the editorial article as a format for the separation of fact‐based reporting from opinion in newspapers became a central organizing principle of journalistic practice in the early twentieth century. Editorial journalism is distinct from other forms of newspaper journalism in several ways. Editorials represent the collective institutional voice of a newspaper rather than that of an individual, have no byline, occupy a special place in the physical geography of a newspaper, are written with differing aims and motivations to news reports, and require a distinctive style and form of expression. The relationship between the press, politics, and public opinion has underpinned the study of editorial journalism which has attributed a powerful role to newspapers in the public sphere as key opinion leaders and agenda setters. Research has established that newspapers use their editorial voice to “make a difference” by guiding readers, making demands of politicians, and intervening in debates.
Education Coverage
Authors: Shine Kathryn
Published: April 2019

Historically considered one of the less important areas of news coverage, education has become a more prevalent and influential topic since the 1980s. This shift has coincided with the emergence of education as a key political issue throughout the world. While education coverage encompasses all schooling through to higher education, the reporting of the sector has been dominated by K‐12 schooling. This entry presents a brief history of education coverage and outlines some of the educational topics that have received significant news media attention. These include teacher unions, teacher industrial action, teacher quality, schooling systems, educational policy, standards of education, and accountability measures such as large‐scale standardized testing. It also presents a review of the relevant literature and explains that education reporting has frequently been described as superficial and unfairly negative. Recent trends in the research about, and the practice of, education reporting are outlined.
Environment, Health, and Science Coverage
Authors: Dunwoody Sharon
Published: April 2019

Studies of science, environment, and health journalism, although detectable throughout the history of journalism scholarship, experienced vigorous growth in the latter half of the twentieth century, growth that continues to accelerate into the twenty‐first century. The corpus is global, and its upward trajectory is aided and abetted by a growing number of niche journals, specialized organizations, recognition from scientists and scientific organizations, and increased training opportunities for those seeking a research career. This entry will offer a brief look at the early history of scholarship in environment, health, and science journalism, then will identify a number of research focuses that have proved productive over the years.
International Coverage
Authors: Wu H. Denis
Published: April 2019

International news coverage as a distinct genre of news and information gathering is delineated at length in this entry. Issues related to the higher resources needed for international coverage, its greater impact on the intricately interconnected world and international affairs, and existing international coverage pattern and tendency are addressed. Additionally, current and foreseeable challenges, including significantly greater difficulty in covering and transmitting information across national borders and the impact of new media on international coverage, are discussed.
Obituaries
Authors: Bullamore Tim
Published: April 2019

This entry examines the role of the obituary in print newspapers and their digital operations: what an obituary is, who receives one, who writes them, and the processes involved in preparing an obituary. It also considers their history, their place in popular culture, and some of the ethical dilemmas that face the obituary writer.
Opinion Columns
Authors: Thomas Ryan J.
Published: April 2019

This entry addresses opinion columns as a constitutive feature of press systems notably for the segmentation of opinion (“views”) away from reporting (“news”). It discusses the relationship between opinion and objectivity, the different types of opinion columns customarily found in newspapers and the range of journalistic (and non‐journalistic) actors that author them, and the normative ideals underpinning opinion columns and the wider opinion section. Throughout, the entry suggests that opinion columns (and opinion‐based journalism in general) have been insufficiently attended to within journalism studies scholarship. Specific directions for further research are offered as potential resolutions.
Political Coverage
Authors: Albæk Erik , Hopmann David , Skovsgaard Morten
Published: April 2019

Political news is seen as the most “sacred” part of journalism since journalism primarily obtains legitimacy as an indispensable institution in society through its interaction with other democratic institutions. Political news covers political institutions, actors, processes, and policies. Political news is determined by its interplay with political institutions and actors and varies across countries according to variations in political systems. Political news reflects power structures in society and has changed over the course of the years. While it formerly described the statements and actions of authoritative actors, it is today more interpretative, analytical, and critical, and focuses on political processes.
Religion Coverage
Authors: Mason Debra L.
Published: April 2019

Religion coverage is news about religion, faith, and values, as it appears in mainstream, nonsectarian news outlets. Although the printing of religious literature provided major financial support to early presses from the seventeenth century onward, religion coverage as a topic of professional news outlets did not emerge globally until standards of professional journalism and the press freedoms in early Western democracies were codified, beginning in the mid‐nineteenth century. Despite high religious adherence worldwide, few news outlets employ specialized journalists; most religion coverage is done by nonspecialists. Diverse religion coverage does not exist in most nondemocratic countries, where religious freedom often does not exist. By 2000, religion coverage was most often published as a component of political or conflict news. Religion coverage remains a largely unexplored research topic, except for scattered framing studies of U.S. religion coverage, historical studies, surveys on the religiosity of journalists, and narrow cultural studies analyses.
Sport Coverage
Authors: Haynes Richard
Published: April 2019

Sport coverage is an important form of content for all media outlets. Sport journalism has grown as distinct profession in the media from the mid‐nineteenth century onward, first through a dedicated sporting press, then established as a key form of sports news on the back pages of the popular press. Early sport journalism was characterized by a focus on fixtures and results which serviced a strong gambling culture. In the early to mid‐twentieth century a more professionalized “golden age” of sports journalism developed, often characterized as “cheerleaders with typewriters” or part of the “toy department” of national and regional newspapers. Nevertheless, new forms of sports writing emerged, much of which delivered news and gossip to a mass audience. The rise of television and commercialization in sport transformed both the sports industry and the nature of sport coverage. This has itself been disrupted by digital technologies and networked media sport.
War and Conflict Coverage
Authors: Matheson Donald , Allan Stuart
Published: April 2019

The reporting of war and conflict displays many of the challenges of journalism at their most acute. War reporting is journalism widely perceived to matter for the security of the nation‐state, where the battle over public opinion can be fiercely contested across the mediascape, and is therefore surrounded both by romanticizing discourses and by the most intense of political criticism. Key questions in understanding the role of journalists in mediating conflict include the intense pressures on journalists from those waging wars, increasing risks to journalists' personal safety, the culture of war reporting, and the responses by journalists to the promises and limitations of emergent digital technologies.
Multitasking or Multiskilling
Authors: Carr D. Jasun
Published: April 2019

As newsrooms and journalistic endeavors continue to both shrink in staff size as well as expand into new media environments, the paired skills of multitasking and multiskilling are of increasing importance. Journalists are now expected to multitask, that is, work on and devote attention to multiple items at once, as well as multiskill, that is,embodying multiple skill sets within a single position, as a matter of course. This entry provides an overview of the current requirements for multitasking and multiskilling within the journalism industry, outlines some of the strengths and weaknesses of the requirement, and provides potential direction and advice for future journalists and journalism scholars.
News Cycle
Authors: Cushion Stephen
Published: April 2019

The concept of the news cycle represents a way of characterizing the speed of news reporting. Where once it represented the daily agenda, today the news cycle is more fluid and cyclical reflecting the wider technological and cultural shifts in media consumption. While news values have always been driven by immediacy, the rise of rolling broadcast news channels, new content, and social media platforms have encouraged journalists to report at an ever‐quicker pace. In doing so, news reporting can often produce more heat than light as journalists compete to break news first without always applying the necessary rigor or restraint. Relying on social media, for example, may deliver more speed but it potentially compromises on the accuracy of reporting a story or issue. So long as speed continues to shape editorial judgments about reporting, the news cycle will continue to operate at the same frenetic pace.
News‐Gathering Technologies
Authors: Pavlik John V.
Published: April 2019

Whether conducting interviews, examining public records, or making direct observations of news‐related events, journalists use a broad array of technologies in the process of gathering the news. This entry examines these news‐gathering technologies, first providing a brief historical overview and then looking in more depth at twenty‐first‐century tools, including everything from drones to 360‐degree video cameras, smartphones to satellites, algorithms to artificial intelligence. Not only does this entry consider the nature and function of these diverse tools, but it also explores the context and likely consequences of evolving news‐gathering technologies in terms of ethical concerns such as privacy, freedom of speech, and news quality.
News Judgment, News Values, and Newsworthiness
Authors: Harcup Tony
Published: April 2019

Judgments made by journalists about what is newsworthy have been explored within the academy for decades, since before journalism studies was even acknowledged to be a distinct field of study. Central to understanding selection decisions is the identification of the values that guide journalists' news judgment in practice and are used by scholars to research patterns of coverage, representation, and absence. Typically, within journalism studies, attention is drawn to the construction of news as a mediated product rather than a natural phenomenon or simple reflection of objective reality. Of the myriad events happening in the world at any given time, only an infinitesimally small proportion will be selected as news, and key to these selection decisions are news values. But news values are neither fixed nor universal. They may differ over time, place, and market, and they must remain subject to critical scrutiny by journalists, scholars, and citizens alike.
News Production Routines
Authors: Mont'Alverne Camila , Marques Francisco Paulo Jamil
Published: April 2019

This entry encompasses three aspects of news production routines. The first presents this concept in contemporary journalism research and explores how establishing routines can reinforce the social legitimacy of news through the very existence of a specific know‐how, techniques, rules, and procedures that may facilitate objective coverage. The second deals with news values as an instrument to guide news production routines and seizes the opportunity to compare newspapers' values and journalistic cultures in different contexts. Last, the entry discusses the tensions between professionals and journalism institutions regarding daily work inside newsrooms. Specifically, this entry shows how journalists' routines interact with professional norms, editorial interests, and pressures from outside the journalistic field (such as market and political forces) when news production is at stake.
Credentialing Issues
Authors: Wihbey John P.
Published: April 2019

This entry furnishes an overview of credentialing practices that serve to give journalists special status from the public at large in order to facilitate newsgathering. Varying practices around the world are reviewed with implications for press freedom and autonomy. Issues of selective access continue to be problematic in many places, as are attempts to revoke or withhold credentials based on political considerations. Credentials in zones of war and conflict bear special attention given the vulnerability of journalists and increasing dangers. Innovations in digital media and the rise of citizen journalism continue to blur lines between journalists and non‐journalists, complicating distinctions and destabilizing traditional journalistic privileges.
Reporting and Interviewing
Authors: Haapanen Lauri , Nylund Mats
Published: April 2019

Interviewing and reporting are fundamental processes of journalistic craft: journalists interview people on a daily basis and then report their findings to people at large. Traditionally, an interview has been considered a chain of questions and answers, but this entry revises this perception and explains that interviewing is also a key method for journalists to investigate issues, produce news, and collect raw material for their journalistic items. The other fundamental stage is to report these findings to the audience. While the process of reporting can unfold by various means, this entry focuses on a specific, clearly defined means of reporting, namely quoting. When engaged in quoting, journalists prioritize the objectives of the article over the demand for the quote to be as verbatim as possible. Thus, close analysis of both interviewing and reporting through quoting calls for reconsidering the ideal of objectivity that prevails in current journalistic discourse.
Style and Style Guides
Authors: Opgenhaffen Michaël , de Jong Jaap
Published: April 2019

This entry elaborates on style and style guides, the sets of house rules issued by news organizations in order to manage the use of news style by their journalists and reporters. News media can use these style guides to align itself toward its own journalists and to externally profile itself toward the audience and other news media. By doing so, style and style guides can be studied as an institutional voice that goes beyond the simple use of words. With continuing changes in society and the ongoing updates to style guides, the question about more research into style guides remains relevant. This entry argues that more research is desirable in order to gain greater insights into this important and continually evolving journalistic instrument.
Viral Content
Authors: Phillips Angela
Published: April 2019

Viral content is material that spreads through the network structure of the Internet so that it is seen by a very large number of people in a very short time. In most cases the use of search engine optimization (SEO) and social media optimization (SMO) is utilized to achieve viral spread through sharing.
Anonymous Sources and Source Confidentiality
Authors: Shepard Jason M.
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of the journalistic practice of using anonymous sources and the extent to which journalists are able to protect source confidentiality. The entry traces the development of anonymous sources and source confidentiality in the development of the journalism profession and its legal and ethical implications.
NGOs
and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Powers Matthew
Published: April 2019

This entry overviews the news‐making experiences of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and nonprofit organizations (NPO). Such groups seek media coverage to achieve a range of objectives (e.g., raise funds, boost public awareness, pressure political and economic elites). As such, their relationship with journalists provides an important lens onto the strategies advocacy groups use to garner news coverage, the openness of the news media to such messaging, and the effects of these interactions on advocacy groups, journalists, and the public sphere. Available research—based largely on the experiences of well‐resourced groups in the Global North—suggests that these groups play an increasingly important role in shaping various types of news coverage, yet often submit to dominant news norms in order to do so.
Propaganda
Authors: Snow Nancy
Published: April 2019

Propaganda is sponsored information that uses cause‐ and emotion‐laden content to sway public opinion and behavior in support of the source's goals. Propaganda utilizes mass media to cultivate a propaganda mind, that is, the individual in relationship to the masses, such as society or large groups. The majority view of propaganda today is neutralist: it is generally accepted that propaganda is here to stay and the need now is to figure out how to delineate the good from the bad. In the twenty‐first century, the rise of fake news and disinformation campaigns have expanded the continuum of what constitutes the darker forms of propaganda. On its face, the ethics and standards of respectable journalism eschews propaganda goals altogether, but increasingly treads into its path through the rising waters of credibility, narrativity, opinion shaping, entertainment, and storytelling that have increasingly replaced the higher standard of objective, facts‐centric truth. To various degrees, the influencers and respectable journalists are immersed in propaganda channels, much more so than the general population, which has neither the means nor interest in distinguishing information from propaganda. The propaganda that we so often disdain is here to stay.
Sources and Source Relations
Authors: Lashmar Paul
Published: April 2019

In seeking to understand the construction of news, how journalist–source relationships function is a core concern of journalism studies. These relationships are not necessarily a simple one‐way transfer of information but can be a complex interaction that may require understanding of journalism practices, journalism ethics, media law, commerce, and the state to elucidate. Normatively, whether identified, anonymous, or confidential sources, or whistleblowers, sources can provide journalists with the means to challenge official and elite narratives. This entry details the type and nature of professional relationships between journalists and their personal sources, and notes the mounting threats to this vital practice. While there are laws to protect journalists' sources, international organizations note that they are at risk of erosion, restriction, and compromise—a direct challenge to the universal human rights of freedom of expression and a threat to investigative journalism.
Sound Bites
Authors: Rinke Eike Mark
Published: April 2019

A sound bite is an authentic mediated representation of an uninterrupted segment of audible speech. As such it can occur in all media involving audio and is a key component of material news cultures. During the past decades, one of the most widely replicated findings in a wide range of countries has been that the number of sound bites is shrinking. This has attracted attention from journalism scholars and the general public because shrinking sound bites are indicative of a move toward more interpretive or even interventionist models of journalism and because they have well‐documented detrimental consequences for the quality of public discourse that journalism helps to construct.
Comics and Comic Strips
Authors: Duncan Randy
Published: April 2019

There is a fairly long history of cartooning employed in support of journalism, but reporting done entirely in the form of comic strips, comic books, or graphic novels is a relatively new phenomenon. Some of the leading practitioners of drawn journalism have had work published in traditional print media, but journalism comics have particularly thrived in online venues. While most scholarship on comics journalism has come not from journalism studies but from comics studies, the focus of the scholarship is often on issues central to journalism—objectivity and authenticity. Because drawings are inherently subjective and interpretive and some comics journalists have an avowed aversion to the traditional journalistic standards of objectivity, journalistic comics have been compared to narrative journalism.
SupraCells: Living Mammalian Cells Protected within Functional Modular Nanoparticle‐Based Exoskeletons
Authors: Zhu Wei , Guo Jimin , Amini Shahrouz , Ju Yi , Agola Jacob Ongudi , Zimpel Andreas , Shang Jin , Noureddine Achraf , Caruso Frank , Wuttke Stefan , Croissant Jonas G. , Brinker C. Jeffrey
Published: April 2019

Creating a synthetic exoskeleton from abiotic materials to protect delicate mammalian cells and impart them with new functionalities could revolutionize fields like cell‐based sensing and create diverse new cellular phenotypes. Herein, the concept of “SupraCells,” which are living mammalian cells encapsulated and protected within functional modular nanoparticle‐based exoskeletons, is introduced. Exoskeletons are generated within seconds through immediate interparticle and cell/particle complexation that abolishes the macropinocytotic and endocytotic nanoparticle internalization pathways that occur without complexation. SupraCell formation is shown to be generalizable to wide classes of nanoparticles and various types of cells. It induces a spore‐like state, wherein cells do not replicate or spread on surfaces but are endowed with extremophile properties, for example, resistance to osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species, pH, and UV exposure, along with abiotic properties like magnetism, conductivity, and multifluorescence. Upon decomplexation cells return to their normal replicative states. SupraCells represent a new class of living hybrid materials with a broad range of functionalities.
A Purified, Solvent‐Intercalated Precursor Complex for Wide‐Process‐Window Fabrication of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Ozaki Masashi , Shimazaki Ai , Jung Mina , Nakaike Yumi , Maruyama Naoki , Yakumaru Shinya , Rafieh Alwani Imanah , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro , Ekanayake Piyasiri , Murata Yasujiro , Murdey Richard , Wakamiya Atsushi
Published: April 2019

A high‐purity methylammonium lead iodide complex with intercalated dimethylformamide (DMF) molecules, CH3NH3PbI3⋅DMF, is introduced as an effective precursor material for fabricating high‐quality solution‐processed perovskite layers. Spin‐coated films of the solvent‐intercalated complex dissolved in pure dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) yielded thick, dense perovskite layers after thermal annealing. The low volatility of the pure DMSO solvent extended the allowable time for low‐speed spin programs and considerably relaxed the precision needed for the antisolvent addition step. An optimized, reliable fabrication method was devised to take advantage of this extended process window and resulted in highly consistent performance of perovskite solar cell devices, with up to 19.8 % power‐conversion efficiency (PCE). The optimized method was also used to fabricate a 22.0 cm2, eight‐cell module with 14.2 % PCE (active area) and 8.64 V output (1.08 V/cell).
Study on CO2 facilitated separation of mixed matrix membranes containing surface modified MWCNTs
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Fu Jiawen , Zhang Qingfu , Yi Chunhai , Yang Bolun
Published: April 2019

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for CO2‐facilitated separation were prepared by incorporating different surface‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a fixed carrier membrane material. Polymer containing amino groups, poly(vinylalcohol‐co‐vinylamine) (VA‐co‐VAm) was synthesized as polymeric matrix. MWCNTs as well as MWCNTs surface‐modified with OH and NH2 were applied as nanofillers. The physical property, chemical structure, and membrane morphology were characterized by FT‐IR, TG, XRD, DSC, CA, XPS, and SEM. The effects of content, functional group, temperature, and pressure on gas permselectivity were studied. Results show that the incorporation of nanofillers can effectively restrict the polymer chain packing and lead to low crystallinity. The MMMs exhibited higher CO2 permselectivity than the pure polymeric membrane. For all the MMMs, the CO2 permeance and selectivity increased with MWCNTs contents to a maximum and then decreased. MWCNT‐NH2 can be regarded as the most effective nanofiller. MMMs with 2.0 wt % MWCNT‐NH2 displayed the highest CO2 permeance of 132 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 74. Both CO2 permeance and selectivity were decreased with feed gas pressure and temperature. The membrane exhibited good stability in the testing with the binary gas mixtures of CO2/N2 for 110 h under 0.54 MPa. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47848.
DDC plays vital roles in the wing spot formation, egg production, and chorion tanning in the brown planthopper
Authors: Lu Jia‐Bao , Zhang Meng‐Qiu , Li Ling‐Chen , Zhang Chuan‐Xi
Published: April 2019

The gene dopa decarboxylase (Nlddc) of the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) was identified in the genome and transcriptome of the insect. The open reading frame of Nlddc is 1,434 bp in length and, it has the potential to encode a protein of 477 amino acid with a conserved pyridoxal‐dependent decarboxylase domain and a typical motif, NFNPHKW. Real‐time quantification polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that this gene was highly expressed in the integument and brain, and transcript level peaked in the late stages of egg period and each nymph instar with periodicity. RNA interference results revealed that Nlddc played essential roles in pigment synthesis, formation of wing spot, egg production, and tanning of the chorion. A rapid accumulation of Nlddc transcripts was detected, and it coincided with the injection of the hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E), suggesting that Nlddc transcription was regulated by 20E.
Fußgängerbrücke Dejima, Nagasaki, JP
Authors: Ney Laurent , Burgmann Karl
Published: April 2019

Die neue Dejima‐Fußgängerbrücke hat eine Länge von 38,50 m und eine Breite von 4,40 m. Es handelt sich um eine Stahlkonstruktion. Der Gehwegbelag besteht aus Holz. Der zurückhaltende Entwurf und der verwendete Maßstab wurden durch den historischen Kontext beeinflusst.
Human carotid atherosclerotic plaque protein(s) change HDL protein(s) composition and impair HDL anti‐oxidant activity
Authors: Cohen Elad , Aviram Michael , Khatib Soliman , Volkova Nina , Vaya Jacob
Published: April 2019

High density lipoprotein (HDL) anti‐atherogenic functions are closely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factor, and are dictated by its composition, which is often affected by environmental factors. The present study investigates the effects of the human carotid plaque constituents on HDL composition and biological functions. To this end, human carotid plaques were homogenized and incubated with HDL. Results showed that after incubation, most of the apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) protein was released from the HDL, and HDL diameter increased by an average of approximately 2 nm. In parallel, HDL antioxidant activity was impaired. In response to homogenate treatment HDL could not prevent the accelerated oxidation of LDL caused by the homogenate. Boiling of the homogenate prior to its incubation with HDL abolished its effects on HDL composition changes. Moreover, tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay revealed an interaction between plaque component(s) and HDL, an interaction that was reduced by 50% upon using pre‐boiled homogenate. These results led to hypothesize that plaque protein(s) interacted with HDL‐associated Apo A1 and altered the HDL composition. Immuno‐precipitation of Apo A1 that was released from the HDL after its incubation with the homogenate revealed a co‐precipitation of three isomers of actin. However, beta‐actin alone did not significantly affect the HDL composition, and yet the active protein within the plaque was elusive. In conclusion then, protein(s) in the homogenate interact with HDL protein(s), leading to release of Apo A1 from the HDL particle, a process that was associated with an increase in HDL diameter and with impaired HDL anti‐oxidant activity. © 2015 BioFactors, 42(1):115–128, 2016
Chiral separation and thermodynamic investigation of WCK 3023: A novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agent, application to pre‐clinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Ahirrao Vinod , Rane Vipul , Patil Kiran , Jadhav Rajiv , Patel Anasuya , Patil Vijay , Yeole Ravindra
Published: April 2019

A chiral liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the quantification of R‐enantiomer impurity (RE) in WCK 3023 (S‐enantiomer), a new drug substance. The separation was achieved on Chiralpak IA (amylose‐based immobilized chiral stationary phase), using a mobile phase consisting of n‐hexane–ethanol–trifluoroacetic acid (70:30:0.2, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was extensively validated for the quantification of RE in WCK 3023 and proved to be robust. For RE the detector response was linear over the concentration range of 0.11–5 μg/mL. The limit of quantitation and limit of detection for RE were 0.11 and 0.04 μg/mL respectively. Average recovery of the RE was in the range of 98.11–99.55%. The developed method was specific, sensitive, precise and accurate for quantitative determination of RE in WCK 3023. The impact of thermodynamic parameters on the chiral separation was evaluated. The method was employed for controlling the enantiomeric impurity in the lots of WCK 3023 used for pre‐clinical studies. The method was successfully applied to evaluate the possible conversion of WCK 3023 to RE in rat serum samples during pre‐clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
Leveraging a new Rosetta Stone: Deciphering human + technical skills to navigate the future of work
Authors: Weise Michelle R.
Published: April 2019

The most valuable workers now and in the future will be those who can combine technical knowledge with human skills and adapt to the changing needs of the workplace.
Percutaneous device embolization of an aneurysmal pulmonary artery in an infant weighing <3 kilograms
Authors: Reynolds Kathryn , Stapleton Gary , Herbert Carrie , Mauriello Daniel
Published: April 2019

Pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) and pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) are rare diagnoses in the pediatric population and carry a high risk of mortality if rupture occurs. There is currently no standard therapeutic approach to PAAs and PAPs. Reports of surgical intervention describe high mortality. We present a case of an infant with a PAP that was successfully treated with a percutaneous device closure. Our approach included deployment of a 6‐mm Amplatzer Vascular Plug 2 (Abbott, St. Paul, MN) in the right lower pulmonary artery segmental branch just proximal to the origin of the pseudoaneurysm. Subsequent imaging 1‐month post‐procedure demonstrated a >50% reduction in the size of the PAP when compared to original imaging studies and near‐complete resolution 14 months following the intervention. Percutaneous device placement to occlude the vessel supplying peripheral PAAs and PAPs may be a reasonable alternative to open surgical resection when treating patients with this rare, but potentially life‐threatening vascular anomaly. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing a successful device closure of a PAP in an infant weighing <3 kg.
Monitoring Conformational Changes in an Enzyme Conversion Inhibitor Using Pure Shift Exchange NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Aloui G. , Bouabdallah S. , Baltaze J. P. , Pucheta J. E. H. , Touil S. , Farjon J. , Giraud N.
Published: April 2019

We report the acquisition of 2D NMR EXSY spectra with ultrahigh resolution, which allows for probing the slow conformational exchange process in a pharmaceutical compound. The resolution enhancement is achieved by implementing interferogram based PSYCHE homonuclear decoupling to generate a pure shift proton spectrum along the direct domain of the resulting data. The performance of this pure shift EXSY pulse sequence is compared to the standard experiment recorded under identical conditions. It is found that although being less sensitive and requiring a longer acquisition time, the quality of pure shift spectra allows for extracting exchange rates values that are coherent with the ones determined by standard approach, on a temperature range that demonstrates the robustness of the chosen homonuclear decoupling method. The resolution enhancement provided by the simplification of proton line shape allows for probing a higher number of proton sites whose analysis would have been biased using a standard method. These results open the way to a thorough and accurate study of chemical exchange processes based on a multi‐site analysis of 2D pure shift EXSY spectra
Berberine inhibits the interleukin‐1 beta‐induced inflammatory response via MAPK downregulation in rat articular chondrocytes
Authors: Li Xing , He Peiheng , Hou Yu , Chen Shudong , Xiao Zhifeng , Zhan Jiheng , Luo Dan , Gu Minghui , Lin Dingkun
Published: April 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most chronic degenerative arthritic diseases, which gradually results in chondrocyte changes, articular cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis, joint pain, swelling, and dysfunction. Berberine (BBR) has various confirmed biological activities, such as anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the effect of BBR on the production of inflammation‐associated proteins, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (Cox)‐2, metalloproteinases (MMPs), Collagen II, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 via the MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinases) pathway in IL‐1β‐stimulated rat chondrocytes, has not yet been studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether BBR would decrease the production of inflammation‐associated proteins through the MAPK signal pathway. Rat chondrocytes were cultured and pretreated with BBR at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 μM) and then stimulated with or without IL‐1β (10 ng/mL). The mRNA expression of iNOS, COX‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐13, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 was measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and the protein expression of iNOS, COX‐2, Collagen II, MMP‐3,MMP‐13, and MAPKs were measured by Western blotting. The results showed that the expression of iNOS, COX‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐13, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 increased in the IL‐1β‐treated group and BBR showed an ability to inhibit the elevated expression under the pretreatment. Furthermore, the IL‐1β‐induced downregulation of Collagen II could be ameliorated by BBR. Moreover, the expression of MAPKs was significantly decreased by BBR. These results demonstrated that BBR had the anti‐catabolic and anti‐inflammation abilities that were through the MAPKs in IL‐1β‐induced rat chondrocytes. These findings may provide a novel therapeutic choice for treatment of OA using BBR.