bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the dynamic behaviour of a thermoviscoelastic

body in frictional contact with a rigid obstacle
Authors: ANDREWS K. T. , KUTTLER K. L. , SHILLOR M.
Published: September 2019

We consider the dynamic behaviour of a thermoviscoelastic

body which may come into

frictional contact with a rigid obstacle. The frictional contact is

modelled by general contact

and friction laws which include as special cases the power law normal

compliance condition

and the corresponding generalization of Coulomb's law of

dry friction. The stress-strain

constitutive relation is assumed to be of Kelvin-Voigt type and

the frictional heat generation

on the contact surface is taken into account. In this setting we

establish the existence of

a solution to a weak version of the energy-elasticity system which

consists of a parabolic

equation coupled with a variational inequality.
Marshall Aid and the ‘Shortage Economy’ in Britain in the 1940s
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: September 2019

This article assesses the impact of Marshall aid on the economy and politics of Britain in the 1940s. It draws on recent literature on the domestic policies of the Attlee government and on the general impact of Marshall aid on Western Europe, together with the notion of the ‘shortage economy’ developed by Kornai. The central argument is that the deployment of Marshall aid primarily to maintain British consumption levels derived not from a governmental disregard for the importance of reviving investment and industrial output, but from a realistic appreciation of the economic and political consequences of trying to hold consumption down to an excessively austere level.
Family, lineage and dynasty in the late medieval city: re-thinking the English evidence
Authors: Liddy Christian D.
Published: September 2019

Ever since the publication in 1948 of Sylvia Thrupp's seminal book,The Merchant Class of Medieval London, successive generations of historians of English cities have advanced two central claims about the distinctiveness of the English urban landscape. First, ‘urban dynasties’ in late medieval England very rarely survived beyond two or three generations. Secondly, their weakness was a ‘peculiarly English’ phenomenon and a fundamental difference between English and continental towns. The article explores the historiographical significance of this thesis, the strength of which rests upon its explanatory role within a much wider narrative of English exceptionalism. It argues that the thesis has implications for the study of cities in continental Europe and, finally, it suggests that the English evidence might reveal a much more interesting picture of elite reproduction, when we think more critically and comparatively about how urban elites conceptualized ‘lineage’.
Fractal correlations and linear analyses of heart rate variability in healthy young people with different levels of physical activity
Authors: Moraes Íbis A. P. , Silva Talita D. , Massetti Thais , Menezes Lilian D. C. , Ribeiro Vivian F. , Tropiano Ligia M. C. C. , Barnabé Viviani , Hoshi Rosangela A. , Monteiro Carlos B. M. , Fernandes Marcelo
Published: September 2019

Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation, expressed by increased sympathetic activity and decreased heart rate variability, have an important relationship with the onset of lethal cardiac phenomena. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic behaviour in young people according to their level of physical activity. Through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 55 healthy young non-smokers with no history of previous diseases and whose parents did not suffer from metabolic syndrome were assessed and divided into groups: sedentary (n=12), insufficiently active (n=16), active (n=14), and very active (n=13). We collected respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest, and body mass index. Subjects remained supine at rest, and without mental stress for 15 minutes in a controlled environment. Using a cardiofrequency meter (Polar® RS800CX), data were analysed in the time domain, frequency domain, and detrended fluctuation analysis. For the sedentary group, the mean RR and rMSSD were significantly lower, and the insufficiently active group showed higher means, but significantly only for rMSSD. The insufficiently active group showed in the detrended fluctuation analysis that α2 was significantly lower compared with the sedentary, active, and very active groups. We conclude that young, healthy, sedentary individuals present an increased heart rate and that insufficiently active individuals present a decreased fractal correlation and increased parasympathetic activity.
Virtual clinics for follow-up of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children
Authors: Spentzou Georgia , Mayne Kaitlin , Fulton Helen , McLeod Karen
Published: September 2019

There is growing interest in the use of digital medicine to reduce the need for traditional outpatient follow-up. Remote interrogation of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators is now possible with most devices. The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of virtual pacing clinics in following up children with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, including epicardial systems.

Methods:

The study was retrospective over 8 years (2010–2017), with review of patient records and analysis of downloads from the implantable cardiac devices to the virtual clinics.

Results:

A total of 75 patients were set up for virtual clinic follow-up during the study period, 94.5% with a pacemaker and 5.5% an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. The majority (76.8%) had an epicardial system. Data on lead impedance, battery longevity, programmed parameters, detected arrhythmias, percentage pacing and delivered defibrillator therapies were obtainable by download. Lead threshold measurements were obtainable via download in 83.7% of the devices, including epicardial systems. No concerning device issue was missed. In 15% of patients a major issue was detected remotely, including three patients with lead fractures. The virtual clinics resulted in fewer hospital attendances while enhancing monitoring and enabling more frequent device checks. The vast majority (91.4%) of families who responded to a questionnaire were satisfied with the virtual clinic follow-up.

Conclusions:

Virtual clinics allow safe and effective follow-up of children with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, including those with epicardial systems and are associated with high levels of parent satisfaction.
Cheatham-platinum-covered stent, aortic coarctation, and left subclavian artery: sometimes is there one too many?
Authors: Tufaro Vincenzo , Butera Gianfranco
Published: September 2019

A new approach was used in the percutaneous treatment of two patients with severe recoarctation involving the origin of the left subclavian artery. A tiny handmade fenestration was created in a NuMED-covered Cheatham-platinum stent before its implantation to avoid left subclavian artery occlusion. The stent placement was performed using a two-guidewire technique in which the different stiffness helped a proper positioning of the stent. After the stent deployment, the fenestration was enlarged performing a balloon angioplasty to improve flow in left subclavian artery.
An unusual case of pericardial effusion
Authors: Surak Aimann , Bravo Grace , McMurray Amanda , Altamirano-Diaz Luis , Taheri Sepideh
Published: September 2019

We report a case of a 13-year-old male with trisomy 21 in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, who presented with bilateral pneumonia, pericardial effusion, and peripheral oedema. The pericardial effusion did not respond to standard treatment options. Evaluation revealed severe dietary restriction, consistent with kwashiorkor. Hospital course was complicated by severe hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphataemia. The pericardial effusion and other findings resolved gradually upon slow introduction of a well-balanced diet and adequate caloric and protein intake. Kwashiorkor is an unusual cause of pericardial effusion and can be overlooked especially in developed countries. It is a type of protein–calorie malnutrition often seen in children of impoverished countries and famine. It is a result of insufficient protein intake in the context of adequate caloric intake. Pericardial effusion not responding to usual treatment is a challenge, and other aetiologies must be considered. Malnutrition is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in developed countries with devastating outcomes if unrecognised. This makes it imperative to consider this diagnosis, recognise potential risk factors, and be prepared to accurately assess overall nutritional status.
NEW POSSIBILITIES IN COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION?
Authors: Barton Stephen B.
Published: September 2019

This article argues for the benefits of a revision of cognitive therapy for
depression around two main points. First, compared to recently developeded
models for other disorders, our knowledge of cognitive content in
depression is out of date and attracting little research, as if there is no more
to be learned about what depressed people think and feel. Recent trends
to challenge cognitive processes, without addressing the relevant content,
might therefore meet with limited success, depending on how the content and
processes are linked. Second, re-reading Beck et al. (1979) suggests the importance
of exploring the meanings attached
to precipitating events, a cognitive strategy that has fallen into the
background, is probably used in an ad hoc fashion, and needs to be used
more systematically to improve clinical effectiveness.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY AND ASSERTION TRAINING GROUPS FOR PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION AND COMORBID PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Authors: Ball Jillian , Kearney Brian , Wilhelm Kay , Dewhurst-Savellis Jodie , Barton Belinda
Published: September 2019

Longitudinal evaluations were conducted on 61 adults who were referred to a
Mood Disorders Unit with a history of depression (all index episodes
reached criteria for DSM-III-R major depression or dysthymia) and who had
completed a cognitive behavioural therapy group either on its own or in
combination with an assertion training group. Assessment of personality was
made using DSM-III-R Axis II personality disorder categories. These
categories were aggregated to form three groups: (i) no personality
disorder; (ii) Cluster B (dramatic-erratic); and
(iii) Cluster C (anxious-fearful), and were used to identify responsiveness
to treatment and outcome at long-term follow-up. A battery of self-report
measures were administered pretreatment, posttreatment and at long-term
follow-up (1–3 years later). Both groups showed significant
improvements in mean scores during treatment and these gains were maintained
over the follow-up period. However, improvement in those patients without
personality disorders was greater at posttreatment and at long-term
follow-up, both in level of depressive symptomatology and proportion of
cases meeting criteria for recovery. The treatment implications of these
results are discussed.
THE OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE INVENTORY: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES IN A NONCLINICAL STUDENT SAMPLE
Authors: Simonds Laura M. , Thorpe Susan J. , Elliott Sandra A.
Published: September 2019

The psychometric properties of a new scale, the Obsessive Compulsive
Inventory (OCI; Foa, Kozak, Salkovskis, Coles, & Amir, 1998), were examined
in a nonclinical student sample. The study was a partial replication of the
original validation study by Foa et al. Test-retest reliability, internal
consistency, and convergent validity were examined using a sample of 126
undergraduate psychology students. Statistical analyses (Pearson's r
and Cronbach's alpha) indicated adequate test-retest reliability for
the full scales and subscales (coefficients ranging from 0.69 to 0.88) and
high internal consistency (all coefficients exceeding 0.7). Convergent
validity with the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI; Hodgson
& Rachman, 1977) was adequate for the full scales and for the Washing and
Checking subscales (coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.75). The OCI is a
useful supplement to existing self-report measures of obsessive-compulsive
symptomatology.
BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Authors: Rowa Karen , Antony Martin M. , Swinson Richard P.
Published: September 2019

Until the late 1960s, obsessive compulsive disorder
(OCD) was considered to be a relatively untreatable condition. Over the next several years, many advances were made in the psychological treatment of OCD as clinicians and researchers began to realize the value of behavioural treatments for this population. Isaac Marks and his colleagues played an instrumental role in the development and initial validation of exposure-based treatments for OCD.
In addition to his other important research in the area of anxiety, Marks continued to study behavioural treatments for OCD, including the processes and predictors of treatment outcome. More recently, his work has focused on self-administered treatments for OCD and other anxiety disorders, including computerized and telephone-based treatments. This paper reviews research on the behavioural
treatment of OCD, with an emphasis on the contributions of Isaac Marks.
Eysenck and Wolpe: Not the End of an Era
Authors: Salkovskis Paul
Published: September 2019

This issue contains the obituaries of two of the greats in our field, and it
is tempting to regard it as the end of an era. Hans Eysenck and Joseph Wolpe
were truly giants in the field, truly founding fathers of scientific
cognitive-behavioural therapy. Their passing is a landmark, but clearly
not the end of an era. The era that they ushered in was one in
which the basis of psychopathology and treatment lay in well defined theory
and rigorous, well conducted research. That philosophy has grown, developed,
and has given us a scientific basis for cognitive-behavioural therapy.

I believe that it is no coincidence that both men intended, at an early
age, to follow a career in the physical sciences. They had many other
characteristics in common, including a firmness of purpose that served both
them and the field well. Isaac Newton, writing to Robert Hooke, said of his
achievements that “If I have seen further it is by standing on
the shoulders of Giants”. Eysenck and Wolpe were such giants, and we should be grateful for their shoulders, and for the vision
that their achievements allow us.
AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF AN INDIVIDUALLY ADMINISTERED VIDEOTAPE FOR PEOPLE WITH PANIC DISORDER
Authors: Parry Rhonwen , Killick Steve
Published: September 2019

This preliminary study examined the short-term effect of a videotape intervention
“Step-by-Step“ on 30 individuals referred with symptoms
of panic disorder, before they had received any formal support from mental health
services. It was hypothesized that a videotape intervention would reduce the
symptoms and the frequency and strength of maladaptive cognitions associated
with the consequences of having a panic attack, more effectively than the
same information in written form. The results of this small scale study are
promising. Some interesting trends were found within the video group, which
provide some evidence to support the research hypotheses.
REBEL WITH A CAUSE: HANS JURGEN EYSENCK, 4 MARCH 1916 – 4 SEPTEMBER 1997
Authors: Yule William
Published: September 2019

Hans Eysenck may have been credited with being the father of behaviour therapy, but it is a claim he strenuously disputed. Rather, it would be more accurate to describe him as the midwife who assisted at a long and, at times, painful labour but which nevertheless produced a very healthy infant that has long since come of age.
CHANGES IN ATTITUDES TOWARD INSOMNIA FOLLOWING COGNITIVE INTERVENTION AS PART OF A WITHDRAWAL TREATMENT FROM HYPNOTICS
Authors: Pat-Horenczyk Ruth
Published: September 2019

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a short-term
cognitive-behavioural intervention, as part of a comprehensive medical
project of withdrawal from hypnotics, on attitudes toward
insomnia. Twenty-four subjects volunteered to participate in a withdrawal
project conducted in a sleep clinic for five weeks. All subjects were
chronic users of a long-acting hypnotic, and free from other psychotropic
drugs. Along with the gradual decrease in hypnotics’ dosage, the
programme consisted of sleep evaluations by polysomnography, actigraphic
monitoring, daily sleep diaries, and periodical medical examinations. Upon
termination of the withdrawal stage, all subjects received a short-term
cognitive-behavioural treatment consisting of six sessions and directed at
attitude change and correction of misconceptions about sleep and insomnia,
and on promoting psychological strategies for coping with the sleep
disturbances. Attitudes toward insomnia were measured by the DBAS –
Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale, administered
at three points of time: on the first day of the programme (Time 1), at the
termination of the medical withdrawal stage (Time 2), and a week after
completion of the short-term cognitive behavioural treatment (Time 3). A
multivariate analysis showed a significant effect of the time of measurement
on all five subscales of the DBAS. Subsequent analyses indicated that the
major change in attitudes was specific to the direct cognitive-behavioural
intervention and occurred between Time 2 and Time 3. In follow-ups conducted
at 3 and 12 months after completion of the withdrawal project, the majority
of the participants (72%) reported refrain from hypnotic use, and regarded
the psychological intervention as the major cause of their successful
withdrawal from sleeping pills.
A PORTABLE VIBRATORY-FEEDBACK DEVICE FOR REDUCING EXCESSIVE VOCAL LOUDNESS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E , Markus Sonia , Behrendt Manja
Published: September 2019

A portable device providing vibratory feedback was used for reducing excessive vocal loudness in a man with intellectual disability and autistic-like behaviours. The use of the device was combined with reinforcement. The data showed that the device (together with reinforcement) was rapidly effective in reducing the occasions of excessive vocal loudness and maintained the positive effects over time. Implications of the findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH
Authors: King Neville J. , Tonge Bruce J. , Mullen Paul , Myerson Nicole , Heyne David , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: September 2019

Child sexual abuse is a prevalent form of child maltreatment that frequently occasions severe disturbance including posttraumatic stress disorder. This review focuses on recent cognitive-behavioural treatment initiatives designed specifically for sexually abused children, and the extent to which they are empirically supported. Our review draws on case studies, open clinical trials, multiple baseline investigations and randomized clinical trials. At first glance, the research findings are encouraging for the efficacy and acceptability of cognitive-behaviour therapy. However, more conservative conclusions are reached when stringent criteria are applied regarding evidentiary support for psychosocial interventions. Directions for future research are also explored.
USING A COGNITIVE RATIONALE TO CONCEPTUALIZE ANXIETY IN PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA
Authors: James Ian
Published: September 2019

Dementia is characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities that is sufficient to impair functioning in daily living. There are a number of forms of dementia (Alzheimer’s, vascular, Lewy body, etc), each with its own cognitive profile and developmental course. The present paper deals with the progressive dementias, such as Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT). The cognitive deterioration associated with advanced DAT is often accompanied by a decline in emotional control, social behaviour and motivation. The paper focuses particularly on the emotional features of the disorder, because this issue has a profound impact on both the sufferer and carer. A framework for conceptualizing anxiety is presented, and a model of how this conceptualization can be used effectively within a carer’s training programme is discussed.
TRANSFORMATION OF MEANING AND ITS EFFECTS ON COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF AN INJECTION PHOBIA
Authors: Perczel-Forintos Dóra , Hackmann Ann
Published: September 2019

A five session cognitive behavioural treatment of an injection phobia is described, in which the patient’s dysfunctional attitudes about not being able to control events played a central role. The extreme negative meaning of the phobic situation was explored, and then the patient was asked to say when in her life she could first remember having those types of thoughts and emotions. This helped her to understand some of the origins of her fear, and then to transform the negative meaning into a more realistic positive one. The “Stress-In-Dynamic-Context” model of acquisition of phobias was used to understand factors other than simple pairing of stimuli that might have been involved in the triggering of her phobia.
THE INTERNET AND ITS RELEVANCE TO COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOTHERAPISTS
Authors: Riley Susan , Veale David
Published: September 2019

The potential uses of the Internet to behavioural and cognitive
psychotherapists and researchers are manifold. This article summarizes what
the Internet is, how to connect to it, searching the Web, on-line
publishing, discussion forums, chat-rooms, literature searching, transfer
of documents and creating a web-site. It considers the potential of Internet
technology in therapy and enhancing patient/therapist contact. A web page
containing links to many of the sites referred to in this article as well as
additional links and resources is accessible through the BABCP website
(www.babcp.org.uk).
TWO ROUTES TO EMOTION: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF MULTI-LEVEL THEORIES OF EMOTION FOR THERAPEUTIC PRACTICE
Authors: Power Michael J. , Dalgleish Tim
Published: September 2019

Traditional models of the relationship between cognition and emotion have typically presented the relationship between cognition and emotion as a single level of sequential processes. However, a number of more recent models have argued to the contrary that the relationship is complex and has to be modelled by multi-level processing systems. One such model, the SPAARS approach (Power & Dalgleish, 1997), is summarized, in particular, in relation to clinical theory and practice in the cognitive behaviour therapies. For example, the proposal in SPAARS that there are two parallel routes to the production of emotion has a number of interesting clinical consequences. Highlights are presented of what some of these consequences might be, and a number of recommendations are made for clinical practice.
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF DEPRESSION IN OLDER PEOPLE: THE INTERACTION OF POSITIVE
AND NEGATIVE BELIEFS
Authors: James Ian A. , Kendell Katherine , Reichelt F.
Katharina
Published: September 2019

Empirical
evidence for the efficacy of Cognitive Therapy (CT) treatments for older adults, when compared with
other psychotherapies, is inconclusive (Davies & Collerton, 1997). The current authors suggest
that one reason for the equivocal findings lies in the failure to adapt the cognitive rationale
sufficiently to cater for the different presentation of depression in older people; particularly for
those experiencing first-episode late onset-depression. It is argued that existing models tend to
focus on the negative aspects of self-appraisal, and fail to fully conceptualize the functional role
of positive beliefs (i.e. functional beliefs that have maintained the self-esteem over many years).
The work presents an alternative conceptualization of depression for older people, along with
implications for therapy. This framework does not represent a brand new approach, but emphasizes
specific aspects of existing psychological conceptualizations.
Living Inside an Injured Brain
Authors: Ruff Ronald M.
Published: September 2019

I cannot count the times that patients have looked
at me and said, “No one really understands me unless
they have had a brain injury themselves!” I agree,
and therefore avoid such over-used phrases as, “I
understand” and “I know what you're going
through” when communicating with TBI patients.
The Authoritative Forensic Neuropsychology Text
Authors: Andrikopoulos Jim
Published: September 2019

This book represents the latest effort to summarize a
field that has grown exponentially. As stated in the introduction
to the book, the contentious nature of forensic neuropsychology
has resulted in a range of opinion among even the most seasoned
neuropsychologists. Consequently, I must be absolved for offering
what may seemingly be a partisan slant in this review.
Rate of cognitive change in Alzheimer's disease:
Methodological approaches using random effects models
Authors: GOULD ROBERT , ABRAMSON IAN , GALASKO DOUGLAS , SALMON DAVID
Published: September 2019

Subtraction of serial scores, Least Squares Estimators, and
Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) were compared for
estimating rates of cognitive change for Mini-Mental State Exam
(MMSE) and Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) scores for 299 probable
Alzheimer's disease patients. The BLUPs provided cleaner
group estimates of subjects' intercepts and slopes and
are preferred. Regression analysis of the BLUP estimates of
rate of change indicated that steeper declines were associated
with higher levels of education and older age at onset. These
effects were much smaller than those due to estimated initial
cognitive test score. Differences in longitudinal metric
characteristics of the MMSE and DRS were found, with the DRS
yielding more precise change estimates. We discuss modeling
these longitudinal data, and discuss use of the estimates of
rate of change and intercept as data in their own right.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 813–824.)
WMS–III performance in patients with temporal lobe
epilepsy: Group differences and individual classification
Authors: WILDE NANCY , STRAUSS ESTHER , CHELUNE GORDON J. , LORING DAVID W. , MARTIN ROY C. , HERMANN BRUCE P. , SHERMAN ELISABETH M.S. , HUNTER MICHAEL
Published: September 2019

The utility of the WMS–III in detecting lateralized
impairment was examined in a large sample of patients with temporal
lobe epilepsy. Methods of analysis included evaluation of group
means on the various indexes and subtest scores, the use of
ROC curves, and an examination of Auditory–Visual Index
discrepancy scores. In addition, performance on immediate and
delayed indexes in the auditory and the visual modality was
compared within each group. Of the WMS–III scores, the
Auditory–Visual Delayed Index difference score appeared
most sensitive to side of temporal dysfunction, although patient
classification rates were not within an acceptable range to
have clinical utility. The ability to predict laterality based
on statistically significant index score differences was
particularly weak for those with left temporal dysfunction.
The use of unusually large discrepancies led to improved
prediction, however, the rarity of such scores in this population
limits their usefulness. Although the utility of the WMS–III
in detecting laterality may be limited in preoperative cases,
the WMS–III may still hold considerable promise as a measure
of memory in documenting baseline performance and in detecting
those that may be at risk following surgery. (JINS,
2001, 7, 881–891.)
Lewy bodies and progressive dementia: A critical review
and meta-analysis
Authors: CERCY STEVEN P. , BYLSMA FREDERICK W.
Published: September 2019

Researchers disagree as to whether Lewy body disease
(LBD) constitutes a variant of Alzheimer's (AD) or
Parkinson's disease (PD), or alternatively, whether
it is an independent disease process. The neuropathological,
genetic, and clinical characteristics of LBD are reviewed
and compared to those of AD and PD. Data for 150 cases
of LBD reported in the literature were compiled and grouped
according to neuropathological status. Patients with pure
LBD (with limited or no concurrent AD pathology) tend to
present at a younger age with extrapyramidal signs followed
by dementia, whereas patients with mixed LBD–AD (concurrent
LB and AD pathology) are somewhat older and tend to present
with dementia. The cognitive profile of LBD patients, and
the relationships among LBD, AD, and PD remain unclear
due to methodological limitations and the paucity of studies
comparing the groups directly. (JINS, 1997, 3,
179–194.)
Covert versus overt self-recognition in late stage
Alzheimer's disease
Authors: BOLOGNA SANDRA M. , CAMP CAMERON J.
Published: September 2019

Some persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD)
lose the ability to recognize themselves, as when they
cannot overtly recognize their reflection in a mirror.
There is evidence, however, that covert or unconscious
self-recognition might be displayed in such individuals.
In this study, 3 persons with AD lacking the ability to
overtly self-recognize demonstrated multiple instances
of unconscious or covert self-recognition. A variety of
interventions, inspired by research with prosopagnosics,
was implemented to remediate this loss. Interventions enabled
all participants to exhibit overt self-recognition, though
each did so with the aid of a different intervention. In
addition, successful overt self-recognition required a
verbal probe and was entirely intervention-dependent: When
the intervention was removed, overt self-recognition was
lost. Results support a dissociation between explicit–declarative versus implicit–nondeclarative memory systems,
and extends this dissociation into the realm of self-recognition
in AD. (JINS, 1997, 3, 195–198.)
Visual attention in children with prenatal cocaine exposure
Authors: HEFFELFINFGER AMY , CRAFT SUZANNE , SHYKEN JAYE
Published: September 2019

Previous studies have reported that developmental
disruption of dopaminergic systems results in lateralized
deficits in visual attention (Posner et al., 1991; Craft
et al., 1992). Infants who were prenatally exposed to cocaine
were hypothesized to have increased reaction times to targets
in the right visual field on measures of visual attention
compared with infants who were not exposed to cocaine.
Seventeen children without prenatal exposure to cocaine
and 14 children who were exposed to cocaine (age range
from 8–40 months) completed a visual attention task,
the Mental Development Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant
Development, Second Edition; and the Preschool Language
Scale, Third Edition. Cocaine-exposed children were slower
to orient to stimuli in the right visual field after repeated
trials, especially after attention was first cued to the
left visual field. They were also less likely to orient
to the right when given a choice. Results suggest that
the left hemisphere visual attention system is disproportionately
affected by prenatal exposure to cocaine. (JINS,
1997, 3, 237–245.)
Autobiographical memory in multiple sclerosis
Authors: PAUL ROBERT H. , BLANCO CARLOS R. , HAMES KAREN A. , BEATTY WILLIAM W.
Published: September 2019

Studies have consistently found that patients with
multiple sclerosis (MS) are impaired on tests of anterograde
memory, but the status of remote memory in MS remains unclear.
To better understand remote memory in MS we administered
the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) to 44 MS patients
and 19 normal controls matched for age, education, and
gender. Additionally, a shortened version of the Famous
Faces Test, a test of recall of past U.S. presidents, and
a 14-word learning list were administered. Patients performed
significantly lower than controls on the learning list
and Famous Faces Test, but not on recall of past presidents.
On the AMI, patients were significantly impaired on recall
of semantic but not of episodic memories. These results
indicate that MS patients exhibit retrograde amnesia that
cannot be attributed to anterograde memory deficits or
lack of exposure to task-relevant information. (JINS,
1997, 3, 246–251.)
The abstraction of numerical relations: A role for the right
hemisphere in arithmetic?
Authors: LANGDON DAWN W. , WARRINGTON ELIZABETH K.
Published: September 2019

Arithmetical reasoning ability has been investigated
in a group study of patients with unilateral cerebral lesions.
Two series of 38 and 39 patients, who had suffered unilateral
cerebral lesions of the right and left cerebral hemisphere,
respectively, were investigated. They completed a neuropsychological
battery that included a test of computation (Graded Difficulty
Arithmetic, GDA; Jackson & Warrington, 1986), and a
new test of numerical series completion (Arithmetical Reasoning
Test, ART). Whereas the left-hemisphere lesion group were
markedly more impaired on the GDA compared to both the
right-hemisphere lesion group and a standardization sample,
both lesion groups were equally severely impaired on the
ART. It is suggested that the abstraction of numerical
relations, which is essential to numerical series completion,
relies on the integrity of the right hemisphere. A global
model of arithmetic processing that incorporates these
findings is proposed. (JINS, 1997, 3,
260–268.)
Neuropsychological performance of journeymen painters under
acute solvent exposure and exposure-free conditions
Authors: MORROW LISA A. , STEINHAUER STUART R. , CONDRAY RUTH , HODGSON MICHAEL
Published: September 2019

Journeymen painters were evaluated with a comprehensive
battery of neuropsychological tests and compared to demographically
similar nonexposed controls. For painters, a cumulative
exposure to solvents was estimated from a structured interview
that derived an index based on lifetime exposure and exposure
in the past year. Painters were tested either shortly after
having painted or after an exposure-free interval. Significant
between-group differences were found on a cluster of tests
measuring learning and memory. Within the painter group,
scores on the learning and memory tests were significantly
related to the interaction of condition and exposure. That
is, those painters who were tested soon after painting
and who also had a higher overall lifetime exposure, performed
worst on tests of learning and memory. These results are
consistent with the view that neuropsychological function — particularly
learning and memory — may be compromised in active
workers with a history of chronic solvent exposure. Furthermore,
both the chronicity of solvent exposure, as well as the
acuteness of the exposure, are significant factors in cognitive
performance. (JINS, 1997, 3, 269–275.)
Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: Profile of a complex
information processing disorder
Authors: MINSHEW NANCY J. , GOLDSTEIN GERALD , SIEGEL DON J.
Published: September 2019

Neurobehavioral theories of autism have hypothesized
core deficits in sensory input or perception, basic attentional
abilities or generalized attention to extrapersonal space,
anterograde memory, auditory information processing, higher
order memory abilities, conceptual reasoning abilities,
executive function, control mechanisms of attention, and
higher order abilities across domains. A neuropsychologic
battery designed to investigate these hypotheses was administered
to 33 rigorously diagnosed autistic individuals with IQ
scores greater than 80, and 33 individually matched normal
controls. Stepwise discriminant function was used to define
the profile of neuropsychologic functioning across domains.
The neuropsychologic profile in these autistic individuals
was defined by impairments in skilled motor, complex memory,
complex language, and reasoning domains, and by intact
or superior performance in the attention, simple memory,
simple language, and visual–spatial domains. This
profile is not consistent with mental retardation or with
a general deficit syndrome, but rather with a selective
impairment in complex information processing that does
not involve visual–spatial processing. This profile
is not consistent with a single primary deficit, but with
a multiple primary deficit model in which the deficit pattern
within and across domains is reflective of the complexity
of the information processing demands. This neuropsychologic
profile is furthermore consistent with the neurophysiologic
characterization of autism as a late information processing
disorder with sparing of early information processing.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 303–316)
The effect of level of processing on perceptual and conceptual
priming: Control versus closed-head-injured patients
Authors: VAKIL ELI , SIGAL JULIE
Published: September 2019

Twenty-four closed-head-injured (CHI) and 24 control
participants studied two word lists under shallow (i.e.,
nonsemantic) and deep (i.e., semantic) encoding conditions.
They were then tested on free recall, perceptual priming
(i.e., perceptual partial word identification) and conceptual
priming (i.e., category production) tasks. Previous findings
have demonstrated that memory in CHI is characterized by
inefficient conceptual processing of information. It was
thus hypothesized that the CHI participants would perform
more poorly than the control participants on the explicit
and on the conceptual priming tasks. On these tasks the
CHI group was expected to benefit to a lesser degree from
prior deep encoding, as compared to controls. The groups
were not expected to significantly differ from each other
on the perceptual priming task. Prior deep encoding was
not expected to improve the perceptual priming performance
of either group. All findings were as predicted, with the
exception that a significant effect was not found between
groups for deep encoding in the conceptual priming task.
The results are discussed (1) in terms of their theoretical
contribution in further validating the dissociation between
perceptual and conceptual priming; and (2) in terms of
the contribution in differentiating between amnesic and
CHI patients. Conceptual priming is preserved in amnesics
but not in CHI patients. (JINS, 1997, 3,
327–336.)
A population-based analysis of qualitative features of the
neuropsychological test performance of individuals with
dementia of the Alzheimer type: Implications for individuals
with questionable dementia.
Authors: CAHN DEBORAH A. , SALMON DAVID P. , BONDI MARK W. , BUTTERS NELSON , JOHNSON SHANNON A. , WIEDERHOLT WIGBERT C. , BARRETT-CONNOR ELIZABETH
Published: September 2019

Qualitative features of the neuropsychological
test performance of individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer
type (DAT) were examined in a population-based study. Qualitative
error scores were derived from measures of verbal and figural
memory, verbal fluency and confrontation naming for 38
patients with clinically diagnosed DAT, 236 normal elderly
(NE) individuals, and 72 others who were questionably demented
and at risk (AR) for DAT. Persons with DAT made
a greater proportion of intrusion and perseverative errors,
and more lexical and semantic naming errors, than the NE
participants. These measures provided fair specificity
but poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of DAT, and a logistic
model based on these measures correctly classified 98%
of the NE participants, but only 29% of the DAT participants.
The AR participants demonstrated a pattern of errors that
was highly similar to that of the DAT patients, and when
their scores were subjected to the logistic model, 90%
were classified as NE and 10% as DAT. These results indicate
that specific error types that have been associated with
DAT in self-referred or clinic-based samples also occur
in the general population to a greater degree in individuals
with DAT or questionable dementia than in NE individuals.
Furthermore, these qualitative features may have some diagnostic
usefulness in that their presence provides reasonable specificity
for DAT or questionable dementia. (JINS, 1997,
3, 387–393.)
Illiteracy: A cause for biased cognitive development
Authors: REIS ALEXANDRA , CASTRO-CALDAS ALEXANDRE
Published: September 2019

Learning to read and write generates new rules
within the language processing systems. These new rules
significantly change the manner in which some operations
are performed. This finding was studied, by comparing the
performance of literate and illiterate persons in several
tasks. It was found that illiterate individuals (1) had
difficulties in repeating pseudowords, (2) were worse at
memorizing pairs of phonologically related words compared
to pairs of semantically related words, and (3) were unable
to generate words according to a formal criterion. Illiterate
persons use strategies that are good for semantic processing,
but inadequate for phonological analysis, while literate
individuals are able to use several parallel running strategies.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 444–450.)
Neuropsychological performance of HIV-1 infected men with
major depression
Authors: GOGGIN KATHY J. , ZISOOK SIDNEY , HEATON ROBERT K. , ATKINSON J. HAMPTON , MARSHALL SANDRA , McCUTCHAN J. ALLEN , CHANDLER JAMES L. , GRANT IGOR , GROUP THE HNRC
Published: September 2019

This study sought to determine if human immunodeficiency
virus–type 1 (HIV-1) infected depressed men were
more likely to be neuropsychologically impaired than their
nondepressed counterparts. Subjects were 47 HIV-1 infected
men who met DSM–III–R criteria for current
major depressive disorder (MDD) and 47 HIV-1 infected nondepressed
male controls (M age = 34.2 years) equated on
HIV-1 disease severity, demographics, and drug use. The
psychiatric interview included the Structured Clinical
Inventory for the DSM–III–R, and Hamilton Rating
Scale for Depression. The neuropsychological battery included
tests covering 8 functional domains based on an expanded
Halstead-Reitan Battery. The medical assessment included
a history and physical examination, immunologic staging,
and evaluation of prescription and recreational drug use.
Prevalence of global neuropsychological impairment in the
two groups (depressed vs. control) did not differ
[53% vs. 38% respectively; χ2(1,
N = 94) = 2.11, p > .05]. While
syndromically depressed patients performed less well than
nondepressed individuals on memory tests [delayed
retention portions of the Story Memory Test: F(1,91)
= 5.34, p < .05; and Figure Memory Test: F(1,90)
= 4.16, p < .05], the majority of depressed
participants (64%) did not have clinically impaired memory.
No relationship between neuropsychological impairment and
severity of depression was observed. The results suggest
that, while HIV-1 infected men with major depression may
perform more poorly than nondepressed men on some aspects
of memory tasks, they are not more likely to evidence clinically
significant neurocognitive impairment. (JINS,
1997, 3, 457–463.)
Altered visual field asymmetry for lexical decision as a
result of concurrent presentation of music fragments of
different emotional valences
Authors: VAN STRIEN JAN W. , BOON CLAUDIA A.
Published: September 2019

Sixteen right-handed male students were administered
a unilateral lexical decision task in 4 conditions: a baseline
condition and three sound conditions. In the sound conditions,
the participants listened to noise, to music with a positive
emotional valence, and to music with a negative emotional
valence, while performing the visual half-field task. In
the baseline condition, the noise condition, and the positive
music condition, lexical decision latencies were shorter
to right than to left visual field presentations. In the
negative music condition, there was a selective enhancement
of left visual field performance, which cancelled the visual
field advantage completely. None of the concurrent sounds
affected autonomic arousal as measured by heart rate. The
results demonstrated that music with a negative emotional
valence can alter the half-field asymmetry of a verbal
task. The outcome was discussed in terms of right hemisphere
priming due to negative emotional experience. (JINS,
1997, 3, 473–479.)
Editorial Introduction to Wilson/Prigatano Dialogue
Authors: BRANDT JASON
Published: September 2019

For too many members of our discipline, the practice
of clinical neuropsychology is synonymous with the administration
and interpretation of specialized tests of brain functioning.
We have, in fact, become quite sophisticated in the assessment
of brain-disordered patients. But the development of effective
programs of neuropsychological treatment (which
includes, but is not limited to, “cognitive rehabilitation”)
remains one of the most pressing needs and awesome challenges
for clinical and research neuropsychology.
Associative learning in children with perinatal brain injury
Authors: SCHATZ JEFFREY , CRAFT SUZANNE , KOBY MYLES , PARK T.S.
Published: September 2019

Associate learning for visual nonverbal and auditory
verbal items was examined in 21 children with spastic diplegic
cerebral palsy (SDCP) and 28 healthy children using four
paired associate tasks. SDCP children showed poorer performance
than the comparison group for learning pairs that required
visual nonverbal responses, regardless of the stimulus
modality. Within the SDCP group, lesion severity was assessed
in 17 of the children. Lesion severity was related to the
level of performance on paired associate tasks requiring
visual nonverbal responses; lesion severity did not reach
statistical significance for tasks requiring auditory verbal
responses. The study suggests: (1) periventricular white
matter regions are important for the development of basic
learning processes, such as associative learning, and (2)
learning of visual nonverbal material is disproportionately
affected following white matter injury early in life. (JINS,
1997, 3, 521–527.)
Age-related differences in outcomes following childhood
brain insults: An introduction and overview
Authors: TAYLOR H. GERRY , ALDEN JEREMY
Published: September 2019

Despite considerable sparing of function following
some forms of early brain disease, neural plasticity is
far from complete. Many children with early brain insults,
including those who sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI),
are susceptible to both immediate and long-term neurobehavioral
impairments. To introduce this symposium, the present article
reviews existing research on the effects of 3 age-related
factors on outcomes: age at injury, time since injury,
and age at testing. Research findings support the hypothesis
that development is more adversely affected the younger
the child at the time of brain insult. Although we know
less about how outcomes are related to the other developmental
factors, there is little evidence that sequelae resolve
with age. Potential brain mechanisms responsible for age-related
differences are explored and methodological problems are
considered. Emphasis is placed on the importance of prospective
designs, measurement of developmental change, comprehensive
assessments of outcome, and evaluation of factors contributing
to variability in outcomes, such as premorbid status, type
of brain injury, and environmental influences. Papers in
this series demonstrate the utility of these methods and
shed new light on developmental processes associated with
childhood brain insults. (JINS, 1997, 3,
555–567.)
Concept formation and problem-solving following closed head
injury in children
Authors: LEVIN HARVEY S. , SONG JAMES , SCHEIBEL RANDALL S. , FLETCHER JACK M. , HARWARD HARRIET , LILLY MATT , GOLDSTEIN FELICIA
Published: September 2019

To further investigate the usefulness of 3 purported
measures of executive function (EF) in head injured children,
we administered the Twenty Questions Test (TQT), Tower
of London (TOL), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
to 151 children who had sustained a closed head injury
(CHI) of varying severity about 3 years earlier. In addition,
we tested 89 normal controls. Fifty-seven of the patients
were included in a longitudinal study that compared performance
at 3 months and 36 months. All of the head injured children
underwent magnetic resonance imaging for investigational
purposes. Severity of CHI, as defined by the lowest Glasgow
Coma Scale (GCS) score, affected performance on all 3 EF
measures. Focal lesion volume incremented prediction of
performance on TOL and WCST, but not TQT. Moderate intercorrelations
of the test variables were obtained. Although all three
EF measures depicted changes in performance over 3 years,
a ceiling effect detracted from the sensitivity of the
TOL to the impact of CHI on development. Implications of
the findings for clinical applications are discussed. (JINS,
1997, 3, 598–607.)