bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Public Policy
Authors: Deech Ruth
Published: November 2023

Professor Harris’s paper ‘Clones, Genes, and Human Rights’ is an important contribution to the debate over cloning. One cannot take issue with the strength of many of the philosophical arguments put forward by Harris. There are, however, wider societal and practical perspectives1 on cloning which command our attention.
Bits and PCs
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

The Internet isn’t the only essential ingredient of the World Wide Web. Another vital component is the personal computer. If the Internet had just connected supercomputers, it is unlikely that anything like the Web would have emerged. Hypertext is equally important: if Berners-Lee had been stuck with hierarchical ways of organizing himself, his invention might have gone world wide, but it wouldn’t have been much of a Web. And even with hypertext and personal computers sweeping the globe, Berners-Lee still needed some thing to click with. How easy would the Web be if we didn’t have the mouse?
Enquire Within Upon Everything
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

Tim Berners-Lee crossed the border into Switzerland in June 1980 to take up his first job at CERN. He had been hired on a six-month contract to write programs to control the particle accelerators of the laboratory’s Proton Synchrotron (PS) complex. Although he didn’t stay long on this first visit to CERN, he made a big impression and took the first concrete steps towards building the World Wide Web.
Sharing What We Know?
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

over the next two years, the World Wide Web bandwagon steadily gathered momentum. A constant trickle of students and enthusiastic young programmers passed through CERN, each making their own piece of Web history before moving on to other things. Tim Bemers-Lee and Robert Cailliau argued tirelessly for resources from CERN but never got quite what they asked for. The laboratory did n’t feel that it could give them all they wanted, but nor did it refuse them completely. Tim soon realized, however, that with the support he was getting his project would never really fly. So he adopted another strategy. Instead of trying to develop browsers for popular computer systems like X-Window, Macintosh, and PC at CERN, he concentrated on building a sort of tool-kit that would allow others to build them else where. He then persuaded the laboratory’s management to let him release the tool-kit for free. Within a year, there was a choice of browsers for X-Window, and the first Macintosh and PC browsers were starting to appear.
The Beginning of the Future?
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

With the circle of Web developers growing daily, it could only be a matter of time before the Web left home, and in 1993, with the release of the Mosaic browsers by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, the inevitable happened. The Web became accessible to anyone using a Macintosh or Microsoft Windows and it took off like a rocket. Browsers were downloaded by computer enthusiasts at the rate of several thousand per day. Nerds and neophytes alike were riveted to their computer screens. The European Commission began to take notice, prompted partly by a Web-based dinosaur exhibition produced by Kevin Hughes at Honolulu Community College in Hawaii. This exhibition became the yardstick of what the Web could do, and even prompted the bureaucrats of an EU project coordination group to shift their meeting from their not-yet-wired administrative buildings to a nearby university’s computer science laboratory so Robert Cailliau could show it to them.
It’s Official?
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

Even before NCSA released the Mosaic browsers, the Web had begun to make its presence felt beyond the realms of particle physics. Web traffic overhauled WAIS in early 1993, by which time it was rising tenfold every few months. Companies, individuals, and government institutions were all putting up Web sites. By the end of the year even the White House had one, and everyone looked to Tim Berners-Lee at CERN for guidance. The world at large had the impres-sion that there was a big, well-organized team at CERN looking after Web matters, but the reality couldn’t have been more different. ’There were still just two staff members working on the Web,’ remembers Robert Cailliau, ’and we were still in different divisions. ‘Tim and Robert were supported by their enthusiastic band of followers on temporary contracts, but the fact of the matter was that CERN had created some thing it didn’t quite know how to handle. The Web had brought the laboratory into contact with a world it didn’t normally have to deal with, and the result was not always plain sailing. For Tim, however, his vision had to come above all else, and as 1993 wore on, he decided that the crunch had come for CERN. Either the laboratory had to put serious resources into the Web, or the Web would have to find a new home.
Other Peoples, Other Lands
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

Thomas More ‘s dialogue Utopia (1517) consists of an imaginary debate between More himself, his friend the Flemish humanist Peter Giles, and a fictional traveller, Raphael Hythloday, who has visited Utopia (translatable either as ‘no place ‘ or ‘good place ‘). Hythloday is introduced as a Portuguese, a man who had accompanied Amerigo Vespucci on one of his famous voyages to the New World, and had been left behind in Brazil. He has come across Utopia in his wanderings. The egalitarian and communistic state of Utopia, while providing a commentary on the practices of Tudor England, also catches up significant aspects of the voyages of Columbus and his successors. Their encounters with the peoples of the Americas and with their different languages, cultures, religions, and social organizations, challenged assumptions-ultimately derived from Aristotle-that human life everywhere was governed by certain universal laws. In particular, Utopia avoided war and property-holding; it had no knowledge of the Christian faith and no respect for gold, which was used only for objects of shame--chamber-pots or prison fetters. The many literary treatments of the New World that followed constantly returned to a few distinctive features of More ‘s imaginary country: the possibility of an alternative society; the absence of God; the presence of gold (which the Utopians hoarded yet despised). The Americas offered imaginative spaces on to which Europeans projected the desires that their culture had aroused yet failed to satisfy: desires for a more just society; for the proper exercise of authority, whether religious or civil; but above all, for instant and limitless wealth.
Religion
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

If there was a single issue that dominated the half-century from 1580, it was religion; yet, with the exception of the Authorized Version of the Bible, little of the literature still read today reflects this preoccupation. More than half the books published in the reign of Elizabeth concerned religion, but today the many theological tracts, sermons, and books of advice and instruction are hardly ever reread or reprinted. By contrast, the drama, under the surveillance of the Revels Office, was not supposed to present religious issues, or even to refer to God (as opposed to pagan gods), or name Him in the oaths that were a common feature of emphatic language. Even so, the dramatists, like most thoughtful people of the time, were deeply concerned with religion in one way or another: Christopher Marlowe at the time of his death, stood accused of blasphemy and atheism; Ben Jonson, during a prison sentence, became a Catholic convert, and remained so for several years (he has been suspected of involvement in the Gunpowder Plot); John Marston gave up writing plays to become an Anglican priest; Thomas Middleton wrote a version of Ecclesiasticus in verse and a pamphlet on the fulfilment of biblical prophecies-yet their particular beliefs are only intermittently reflected in their plays.
Education
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

‘In the end the good or ill bringing-up of children doth as much serve to the good or ill service of God, our prince, and our whole country as any one thing doth beside ‘, wrote Roger Ascham in The Schoolmaster (1570),1 echoing the sentiments of the reformers who saw education as a preparation for a virtuous life. Others saw it as potentially dangerous, producing a class of deracinated and dissatisfied intellectuals, whom it would be difficult to employ. The government was committed to the pro motion of reading as part of the Protestant programme, but it took good care to keep strict control over printing presses in England, and made efforts to keep out subversive reading matter from the Continent. A flood of cheap printing, much of it religious, was directed towards a new generation of readers who still had close links with an active oral culture that had managed many difficult and complex transactions without the skill of reading. As Richard Brathwayte observed, ‘Many illiterate [are] of the exactest judgement ‘. Those who could not read structured their knowledge and experience in very different sometimes highly creative-ways, as well as participating in print culture at second hand through friends and neighbours who could read.
The Court and its Arts
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

The most striking feature of the great nation states of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was the enormous expansion of the court and the central administration ‘, according to Lawrence Stone.1 This was reflected in the development of a primitive civil service, the increasing concentration of wealth and aristocracy at court, and the self-conscious cultivation of an extravagantly ‘courtly ‘ way of life, intended to impress foreign statesmen and the lower orders. The court represented itself as an object of national pride, its activities of increasing interest to outsiders, and not only from a political standpoint: like a Holly wood film-star, Queen Elizabeth figured in men ‘s unconscious fantasies, if the secret diaries of the astrologer Simon Forman are anything to go by: his dream of arguing with her, kissing her, and lifting her skirt is a ‘low ‘ version of Prince Arthur ‘s Platonic dream of Gloriana (The Faerie Queene, 1. ix. 13-15). Much literature was written for or about the court, which not only supplied a cultural focus but also offered potential sources of financial support for the aspiring writer. Images of courtliness and court life embody either a unique refinement of manners and morals, or alternatively an unacceptable level of corrupt privilege and vice.
The Second Movement: The Continuity Drafts
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: November 2023

As explained in Chapter 5, Beethoven’s sketching in Artaria 195 for the second movement of Op. 109 falls fairly naturally into two phases of activity: the first phase is marked by the shorter sketches on pages 35–40 of the sketchbook, the second by the four continuity drafts which occupy almost all of pages 41–50. This second phase might be further broken down into two subphases, one covering pages 41–5, which contain three continuity drafts along with a small number of closely related sketches, the other represented by the fourth draft, a detailed version of the development and recapitulation which begins on the lower half of page 47 and continues to the bottom of page 50.
Plans for a Variation Set
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: November 2023

As explained in the last chapter, the first outline for a variation set in Artaria 195 comes in a series of sketches on pages 50–3. In that they preceded the final, detailed draft of the theme made at the bottom of page 53, these may be regarded as preliminary sketches. which do not appear in the theme sketches prior to the final draft are nevertheless presupposed by some of these preliminary variation sketches; such thematic details may first have been worked out in sketches which are now lost.) Table 8.1 lists the locations of the sketches and shows how much of the theme they represent, while the transcriptions in Ex. 8.1 are intended only to give an idea of their musical content. Some are short enough to be transcribed complete; in other cases only an incipit is given. The three parts of sketch 8 are transcribed in full because they require more substantial discussion.
Sketches for the Variations in the Final Version
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The paucity of sketches which may confidently be related to the six variations in the third movement of Op. 109 has already been stressed. Table 9.1 lists the ten sketches which may be so related; all are discussed in this chapter. The term ‘sketch’ does not properly apply to the two A 47 drafts, for these derive from Beethoven’s detailed draft or Concept of the sonata rather than from a sketchbook or sketchleaves. The A 47 drafts are accordingly far more detailed and extensive than any of the other eight sketches listed; and even these eight vary considerably in length and content.
Initiations
Authors: Bachmann Marie-Laure
Published: November 2023

That all movement requires space and time is beyond question. Any given movement, whether long or short, firm or feeble, fast or slow, human or mechanical, depends upon some minimum of space and time for its very existence.
Right Arm and Hand
Authors: Quine Hector
Published: November 2023

We have seen from the remarks concerning posture and grip how the right arm, placed on the edge of the guitar, provides one of the three main points of support for the instrument. It has another, and no less important function: to provide a stable ‘base’ for the complex and precise movements of hand and fingers, which, as I have said, need to perform to within an accuracy of a millimetre or even less. The effect of a ‘floating’ right arm on this degree of precision can be imagined, particularly as, applying the principle of leverage, any movement at the elbow is greatly magnified at the fingertip. Instability at the ‘pivoting-point’ (i.e. the point of contact between arm and guitar edge) causes a feeling of insecurity, which in turn makes for weak and tentative playing, or tensing of the arm in the attempt to maintain a fixed position.
Introduction
Authors: Sarris Andrew
Published: November 2023

The first lesson one learns almost immediately after undertaking to write a comprehensive and critically weighed history of the American sound film is that one can never finish; one can only stop. After many years I have decided to stop, at least as far as the period between 1927 and 1949 is concerned. I could work until the next millennium sifting the endless trivia for clues to the tantalizing mysteries of the medium, but my marvelously patient editor has urged me to cease and desist, and I do so with a sense of relief.
The Hollywood Studios
Authors: Sarris Andrew
Published: November 2023

The pre-eminence of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer among Hollywood studios from the twenties through the forties has been for so long a generally accepted bit of folk wisdom that it is difficult to dispute it. The Leo the Lion trademark, the Lion’s Roar, The Lion’s Share by Bosley Crowther, The Last Tycoon by F. Scott Fitzgerald, More Stars Than There Are in Heaven, Garbo Talks! Garbo Laughs! Gable’s Back and Carson’s Got Him!-indeed, the many clever publicity ploys of the genuinely witty Howard Dietz-have all combined to cast an aura of invincibility and infallibility around the studio and its output. With the bravos has come the inevitable backlash. As the quintessential Hollywood studio, MGM has been made to take the blame for most of Hollywood’s alleged vices. It was always more a producer’s studio than a writer’s studio, and more a writer’s studio than a director’s studio, but, above all, it was the studio of the stars: Garbo, Gable, Gilbert, Shearer, Crawford, Garson, Tracy, Beery, Dressler, the Barrymores, Powell, Loy, Montgomery, Harlow, Rooney, Garland, Kelly, Taylor (both Robert and Elizabeth), et al.
Mutants Affecting Flower and Fruit Development
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

In the “typical” life history of an herbaceous flowering plant there is usually an initial phase of vegetative growth, which sooner or later is followed by the reproductive phase, that is, flowering and seed production. In Chapter 5 there are four case studies dealing with the first of these processes, flowering. Chapter 6 is devoted to seed physiology.
Mutants Affecting Seed Dormancy and Development
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

The formation of a seed in the life cycle of higher plants is a unique adaptation. It incorporates embryo development with various physiological processes that are meant to ensure the survival of the plant in the next generation. These adaptations include the accumulation of nutritive reserves, an arrest of tissue growth and development, and finally, dessication.
Children Play War Games
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

Whether Chanted while jumping rope or skipping on the way to school, or read from the ubiquitous Burma-Shave signs by the side of the road, for children rhymes became an important connection to the war. In their rhymes and jingles, children put words to age-old tunes as well as to those of more recent vintage, such as “Whistle While You Work” from Walt Disney’s 1937 film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Related to rhyming and chanting was another of the children’s homefront activities-telling war jokes. One of the homefront girls recalled that a popular joke among the boys was: What did the Germans say whenever a baby was born? “‘Hotsy-totsy! Another little Nazi!’” The war inspired even little children’s wit. A four-year-old boy was telling his little brother the Christmas story, but when he described Mary and Joseph’s futile search for a place to stay, he changed the inn keeper’s words to: “
A Physically Based Approach To Our Survival
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

It is not my aim to provide a highly detailed account of our identity over time, not even one that is adequate only relative to the general truth of our accepted world view. Rather, I aim only to sketch the outlines of a realistic account of our survival. As I see it, the best attempt toward this more modest goal may begin with the physical approach to our survival. Then it may look for ways to refine this rather pure and simple approach. Because it will retain the main spirit of the physical approach all the while, it is appropriate to call the account that we will be working toward, but never fully reaching, a physically based approach to our survival.
Human Bodies Revealed Hospitals of Post Revolutionary Paris
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

Around Christmas 1818, Jacques Dumesnil, a married 60-year-old shawl maker and retired soldier living in Paris, experienced intense back pains, for which he decided to consult a doctor. Formerly in good health, Jacques now felt his vitality ebbing. For almost two years now, he had been bothered by a nagging cough followed by expectoration of viscous, partly transparent phlegm. Although the cough was now almost continuous, Jacques had gradually gotten used to it, trying to perform his daily chores. Nothing is known about his family or friends, and he may have lived alone. In any event, getting older was not a good prospect.
Modern Surgery in Hospitals: Development of Anesthesia and Antisepsis
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of March 7, 1845, an 18- year-old “domestic from Ireland,” Alice Mohan, limped into the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston with a swollen right knee. She told the admitting house surgeon, possibly Charles F. Heywood, that the problem had started two months earlier, in the middle of the winter, after she had slipped on the ice and struck her knee. Considerable swelling, acute pain, and bruises followed, with persistent tenderness and discomfort, especially when the leg was in motion. Perhaps the accident was God’s punishment for her sins. At this time, most Irish immigrants were denied admission; instead the hospital referred them to the local almshouse.
The Limits of Medical Science: Hospitals in Fin-de-Siècle Europe and America
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

The indigent sick of this city and environs without regard to sex, age, or color who may require surgical or medical treatment . . . and the poor who are stricken down by any casualty, shall be received into this hospital without charge ... you will also provide for the reception of a limited number of patients who are able to make compensation for the room and attention they may require.

In the middle of February 1891, John S., a bartender, suddenly fell ill at work. Originally from New Jersey, John, who was 34 years old and single, lived in Baltimore at Patterson Avenue and Monroe St., in Ward 19. This small, mostly white neighborhood at the western fringes of town had sprung up recently between the Fulton Station of the Western Maryland Railway, the Baltimore-Potomac tracks, and St. Peter’s cemetery. Surrounded by warehouses and tire and scrap metal companies, this industrial area lacked the usual stores and markets, forcing its few dwellers to seek their supplies as well as employment farther east.2
Main Street’s Civic Pride: The American General Hospital as Professional Workshop
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

The last thirty years have witnessed the most spectacular building of hospitals by a hopeful people that has ever taken place in the world’s history. Instead of being dreaded, hospitals are now looked at with confidence and even affection as places wherein most can be done to cure disease and alleviate suffering.
Hospitals as Biomedical Showcases: Academic Health Centers and Organ Transplantation
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

Transplantation became a very large miracle, perhaps the least anticipated and potentially the most important one in the history of medicine.

On September 23, 1984, two women were admitted to the Kidney Transplantation Unit of the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF). Faith T., a 29-year-old clinical dietitian from nearby Fremont, and Nancy P., a 31-year-old nurse from San Jose, were both long-standing diabetics suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and had been kept alive for the past year by frequent dialysis treatments. Their choice of hospital was easy. In both instances, physicians and dialysis nurses had strongly recommended UCSF, a world leader in renal transplantation and conveniently located nearby. Working in the health-care field, both Faith and Nancy knew about the institution’s famous surgeons and state-of-the-art technology. the 1930s.
The New Orleans Rhythm Kings
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Winter 1919 was a restless time for Americans. The Great War might be over at last, but life across the United States was far from peaceful. More than four million white workers walked off the job nationwide, many protesting mass black immigration from the South, which had flooded the industrial North with cheap labor. Resentment flared into bloodshed as race riots swept twenty-five U.S. cities between April and October, killing thirty-eight in Chicago alone and prompting NAACP spokesman James Weldon Johnson to speak of the “Red Summer” of 1919.
White New Orleans Jazz in the 1920s
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

The early history of jazz often seems nothing so much as a litany of arrivals and departures. Arrivals of new populations and heroes, new ways of thinking and wanting and doing. And departures, leave-takings, mass flights of people and music to other germination points. It’s in the peripatetic nature of the music, hence in the lives of those who played it. Nomads, some of them, wandering wherever fortune, the railroad, or a beat-up Model T happened to take them. Young men on the make, following the imperatives of heart, hope, and hormones. Workers—husbands, fathers, even grandfathers—uprooting themselves for the sake of enough work to keep food on the family table, a roof overhead.
Red Norvo and Mildred Bailey (I): Early Careers
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

0tis Ferguson, whose commentaries on jazz and other lively arts for the mid- 1930s New Republic can still surprise, wrote with particular insight about Red Norvo. “A special conception of music” was Ferguson’s verdict in a 1938 review. “Balance, restraint, clean ensembles and no tricks ... And under a complete delicacy of taste he had the urgent carrying beat without which music like this must be sick or pseudo.”
The Real Self View
Authors: Wolf Susan
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 I presented the related problems of responsibility and free will as problems the forcefulness and structure of which could be understood by reference to the dilemma of autonomy. Through the recognition that autonomy appears at once necessary for responsibility and impossible to realize or achieve, I suggested, the concepts of responsibility and free will can be seen to be deeply problematic or obscure. For if autonomy is necessary for responsibility, there is reason to think that responsibility and free will are impossible. And if autonomy is not necessary for responsibility, then there is reason to think that we are fundamentally confused about what responsibility and free will are. In this context, the question “What kinds of beings must we be if we are ever to be responsible for the results of our wills?” takes the shape of a demand to know whether or not we must, in particular, be autonomous beings.
Presuming a Patient’s Consent to Risk
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

A doctor skeptically wonders, “what is the patient’s interest in reducing ... the aggregate cost of health care by foregoing ... a CAT scan?”1 This simple doubt constitutes a powerful moral challenge to rationing medical care in the interest of overall efficiency in the society. In Chapter 1, I argued that there is often a way for health-care providers to extricate themselves from this conflict: their commitment to patients is compatible with rationing their care if they were previously willing to take the risk of having later care withheld. But this willingness is prior to the time of actual, often urgent need, and even then it will seldom have been overtly expressed.
Consent and the Pricing of Life
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

People value life in many ways, in many different contexts. Intrinsically: We say it is great to be alive. Relative to other people: How does the value of my very life compare with yours? The same, probably, but what about an infant’s, a child’s, or an octogenarian’s? Relative to other things in life: Do I risk my life to climb this mountain? Should I save on premiums by subscribing to a plan that doesn’t cover transplants? How many of its resources should society spend to save me? As compensation to my survivors if I die: For how much should I insure my life? What damages should you pay if you wrongfully cause my death? Responses to these questions express some kind of valuation of life.
Real Competition
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

Corporate, for-profit medicine is growing rapidly. Will community hospitals be able to survive? Will financial pressures allow clinics and hospitals to provide care for patients unable to pay? Will physicians and nurses become so business-minded that they lose their ultimate loyalty to patients? I will focus on only one aspect of this nest of problems: not for-profit arrangements pe se but competition. Many people take the two to be the same, for competition and its pressure to keep prices down and services appealing is associated with profit seeking.
Malpractice and the Costs of Complaint
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

Suppose we endorse restraining health care according to its costs and benefits. Providers take account of the resources they use, not just the individual medical needs of their patients. Ideally, decisions to forgo possibly beneficial care are based on patients’ actual prior consent, but where that is not feasible providers act according to policies patients would have presumably accepted. Currently uninsured segments of the population are covered by an expanded Medicaid program. There, in Medicare, and in private insurance, devices such as DRGs (payment by diagnostic related group) turn on the heat of com­ petition.
The Duty to Die Cheaply
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

Americans spend roughly 10 percent of their health-care dollars and more than I percent of their GNP on health care for elderly people in their last year of life. Other estimates seem even higher: for all ages, 18 percent of medical expenses are run up in the last year of life, 12 percent in the last month. More than 20 percent of health-care monies are spent on patients who are in some sense “terminally” ill.
A View from the Bottom: 1930 to 1933
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

The stock market crash and ensuing economic contractions affected everyone, but the resulting hardships burdened some groups more than others. While every occupational class suffered losses in income and job availability, the unskilled saw the sharpest cut in employment and wages. Because they were concentrated so heavily in those ranks, blacks as a group suffered greater losses than did whites. Further more, racism and discrimination intensified during this period of hardship, which meant blacks received fewer of the existing opportunities in each occupational class. The small middle class of Harlem found its numbers reduced by a wave of layoffs and business failures that affected blacks even more than whites and forced hundreds of white-collar workers into the ranks of the laboring classes and the unemployed.
Roots of Organizing
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

Spurred by earlier mass movements such as Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association, by the increasing public and government receptiveness to political demands in the New Deal period, by the greater difficulty in finding jobs, and by the frustration of educated, middle-class blacks unable to maintain their employment level or their standard of living, grass-roots activism in places like Harlem stretched the limits of existing black organizations and led to the creation of new ones.
Mean Streets
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

Whether on relief or employed in private industry (and most black families experienced both at some point in the Depression), few managed to make ends meet without some sort of extra income. People with little helped those with less; ties of family and community proved strong and durable. Men and women picked up temporary work whenever possible. Families took in lodgers or boarders or moved into the homes of relatives. Many borrowed money from friends or kin or bought groceries on credit from local merchants. Some engaged in illegal activities. A large proportion of Harlem arrests during the Depression were for possession of policy slips, prostitution, and illegal distilling, all income-producing rather than violent crimes. These activities were certainly not new to the 1930s; blacks had been poor before this. But more families resorted to them in the years of the Depression.
Lasers for the Generation and Excitation of Ions in Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Emary W Bart , Hand Owen W , Cooks R Graham
Published: November 2023

Generation of gas phase ions for mass spectrometric analysis historically has been performed using particle-particle interactions such as electron impact (EI) of an evaporated organic sample. The high flux of electrons necessary to create nanoamperes of ion current is available by simple resistive heating of a filament.
Applications of Laser Desorption-Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry to Polymer and Surface Analysis
Authors: Cody Robert B , Bjarnason Asgeir , Weil David A
Published: November 2023

The use of lasers with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS)1-s is well established for a variety of applications. High-power pulsed lasers have been extensively used to generate atomic metal ions for gas-phase ion-molecule reaction studies.9-16 Multiphoton ionization has been combined with FTMS’ and used for both surface analysis19and as an efficient and selective ionization source for GC-FTMS.20 Both single and multiphoton photodissociation have been employed for structural and thermochemical studies.
What Is Transcendental Psychology?
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

P.F.Strawson opens his important essay on Kant ‘s Critique of Pure Reason with these brief denunciations of transcendental psychology in order to justify a particular interpretive strategy. Although he is forth right that “[t)he idiom of the work is throughout a psychological idiom,” he will not read the book psychologically, but as an analytical argument. He describes this strategy as one of “disentangling” the psychological and the analytical sides of the Critique. In the discussions of the Aesthetic, Analytic, and Dialectic that follow, however, there is little disentangling.
The Limits of Transcendental Psychology
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

Like the Critique as a whole, transcendental psychology offers both positive and negative doctrines. To this point, I have considered only the positive results of Kant ‘s explorations of cognition. He also drew important negative conclusions about what philosophy could not tell us about t e mind in the “Paralogisms of Pure Reason.” The Paralogisms chapter is standardly regarded as an extremely successful critique of Kant ‘s predecessors ‘ pretensions to pneumatology. Robert J. Richards ‘s summation is typical: [Kant ‘s) incisive exposition of the paralogisms of rational psychology the uncritical, a priori deductions asserting the ego to be a substance, a simple entity, an enduring personality, and related in specific ways to the external world-slashed the roots of Wolffian rational psychology and withered its derivative claims about the soul ‘s immateriality, spirituality, and immortality. ‘
Hawthorne, Melville, And The Fiction Of Prophecy
Authors: Brodhead Richard H
Published: November 2023

As AN INSTANCE OF TRADITION FORMATION, Melville’s relation to Hawthorne is peculiar on at least two grounds. Figures of tradition stand as the great past for their successors. But Hawthorne was emphatically not past when Melville encountered him. Hawthorne was 46, or still in mid life, when Melville (then 31) met him in August 1850; and Hawthorne was still very much in mid-career. In the summer of 1850 Hawthorne was the writer of the two collections Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse, and only just of The Scarlet Letter: three of the four long romances we think of as Hawthorne’s major work were still unwritten when Melville discovered him.
James, Realism, And The Politics Of Style
Authors: Brodhead Richard H
Published: November 2023

For the inner life of man, its essential traits and essential conflicts can be truly portrayed only in organic connection with social and historical factors. LUKACS, Studies in European Realism “If you knew more about me you’d understand what has led me to turn my attention to the great social questions. I’m convinced that we’re living in a fool’s paradise, and that the ground’s heaving under our feet.” “It’s not the ground, my dear; it’s you who are turning somersaults.” JAMES, The Princess Casamassima THE NOVELS that James wrote between 1881 and 1886-The Bostonians and The Princess Casamassima-are linked by a set of emphases that, while not identically managed, are equally marked in both books. These novels insist on their relation to the world outside them.
Body, Figure, Embodiment: The Paradoxes of Heroine Description
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

In the sixth chapter of The Small House at Allington, Anthony Trollope gives a delayed description of his sister-heroines, the “two pearls of Allington,” Lily and Bell Dale. He opens the chapter with an admission that he has so far been remiss in avoiding a physical description of the two girls: I am well aware that I have not as yet given any description of Bell and Lilian Dale, and equally well aware that the longer the doing so is postponed the greater the difficulty becomes. I wish it could be understood without any description that they were two pretty, fair-haired girls, of whom Bell was the tallest and prettiest, whereas Lily was almost as pretty as her sister, and perhaps was more attractive.
Students: At the Edges Looking In
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen
Published: November 2023

One of my most dispiriting realizations as a writing consultant has been that many organizational settings or corporate cultures have the same kind of mindset toward writing that we composition teachers so often notice in individual students: entire groups in the work world seem more dedicated to learning better ways to save face and avoid conflict about what they write than to learning new ways to understand the conflict and negotiate it.
Grammar, Style, and Politics
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen
Published: November 2023

Students of composition who find grammar a less-than-stimulating body of rules might be puzzled if they could hear the passionate tones with which its place in their classrooms is sometimes argued; we teachers so seldom seem neutral about whether or not we should teach them rules of grammar. After Patrick Hartwell argued against such teaching in the pages of College English, for instance, the “Comment and Response” sections of later issues brought readers a lively debate, one that had actually begun with the publication in 1963 of the famous Braddock, Lloyd-Jones, and Schoer report and its famous conclusion: “the teaching of formal grammar has a negligible or, because it usually displaces some instruction and practice in composition, even a harmful effect on improvement in writing” (37-38).
The Impact of a Single Gene
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

Some theoretical population geneticists have been reluctant to ascribe an important role to balancing selection in the maintenance of protein polymorphisms. Part of this reluctance is due to concern about genetic load. But much of it springs from the difficulty of knowing how a single polymorphism — buried deep in the metabolism of a liver, muscle, or leaf—could substantially contribute to variation in fitness. Many population geneticists have said that the only locus for which we have convincing evidence for balancing selection is the gene for sickle cell hemoglobin in humans, but this statement is no longer true.
Patterns of Variation Among Loci
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

Population geneticists often assume that proteins constitute a random sample of the genome and that an electrophoretic survey of proteins can be used to estimate the level of genetic variation within a strain, a population, or a species. For some biologists, this assumption implies that genetic variation is either random or homogeneous across loci. However, the consistent patterns in the genetic variation help us understand the forces that act on proteins. This chapter summarizes consistent patterns of genetic variability observed at polymorphic enzyme loci and among groups of enzyme loci.
The Axis of Individual Heterozygosity: Empirical Data
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

Ever since biologists began to use protein polymorphisms to study variation in populations, they have accumulated data indicating that highly heterozygous individuals enjoy fitness advantages. At first, biologists viewed these data as curiosities, suggestive of strong selection within a life cycle but inconsistent with the convenient assumption of neutrality. Such observations are numerous, have a broad systematic base (Allendorf and Leary 1986; Mitton 1989,1993a,b; Mitton and Grant 1984; Zouros and Foltz 1987), and appear to be consistent with predictions from recent models in population genetics (Gillespie 1977; Gillespie and Langley 1974; Ginzburg 1979, 1983; Milkman 1978, 1982; Turelli and Ginzburg 1983; Wills 1978, 1981). A sampling of these data, biased by personal experience, follows.
Female Choice and Male Fitness
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

Sexual selection (Darwin 1871) may be defined as two forms of natural selection driven by the disparate sizes of male and female gametes and the consequent differential parental investment in offspring (Thornhill and Alcock 1983; Williams 1975; Williams and Mitton 1973). Females are usually the limiting sex in reproduction, for they invest more energy in each gamete and they supply the majority of the parental effort. Because males often commit only some tiny cells and the energy needed for courtship and copulation, they are usually cavalier in their engagement in sex. Because females lose a much greater investment in energy when an offspring is lost, they generally are coy. In the most common form of sexual selection, males compete with one another for access to females.
Patterns Among Species
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

Electrophoretic surveys of genetic variation of proteins provide estimates of the levels of genetic variability in a large number of plants (Brown 1979; Hamrick and Godt 1990; Hamrick, Linhart, and Mitton 1979) and animals (Nevo 1978; Nevo, Beiles, and Ben-Shlomo 1984; Powell 1975; Selander 1976). The percentage of loci polymorphic ranges from zero in elephant seals (Bonnell and Selander 1974) and cheetahs (O’Brien et al. 1983,1985) to 92% in quaking aspen (Cheliak and Dancik 1982) and 100% in the mussel Modiolus auriculatus (Nevo et al. 1984). One of the most enduring objectives of electrophoretic studies is to understand the forces that produce differences among species in genetic variability. This chapter briefly summarizes several theories and some data relevant to this objective.
Comments on Natural Selection
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

I never intended this summary of evolutionary genetics to be comprehensive. I have focused primarily on enzyme polymorphisms and have gained some critical insights by comparing and contrasting the variation of enzyme polymorphisms with the variation of DNA sequences. Like all books, this one reflects the writer’s personal experiences and favored hypotheses. This book is mainly a summary of empirical data, and from this I want to emphasize several points.
“Domestic Differences”: Competing Narratives of Womanhood in the Murder Trial of Lucretia Chapman
Authors: Halttunen Karen
Published: November 2023

At twilight on 9 May 1831 a young stranger appeared at the home of William and Lucretia Chapman in Andalusia, Pennsylvania, to request lodgings for the night. Dirty, poorly dressed, and with a limited command of English, he identified himself as Lino Amalia Espos y Mina, son of the governor of California. William Chapman tried to send him to a nearby public house, but when Mina explained that he had been turned away for want of money, Lucretia Chapman urged that he be admitted to their home for the night. During the days that followed, Mina told his hosts that he was a man of wealth and distinction in Mexico, where his family owned gold and silver mines and a trunk full of diamonds. He had recently traveled to France with a companion, upon whose sudden death the authorities had confiscated a trunk containing over $30,000 of Mina’s own money, so he had borrowed money to travel to the United States to seek help from a friend named Casanova whom he had not yet located. Lucretia Chapman soon announced that Mina was to be a pupil at the Chapmans’ school, which specialized in speech training, and that she herself would spend three years teaching him English for the handsome fee of $6,000.
Narratives of the Female Body: The Greek Slave
Authors: Kasson Joy S
Published: November 2023

Viewers of art objects in nidnineteenth-century America brought to their encounter with painting or sculpture a set of expectations very foreign to twentieth-century aesthetic values. The gulf had already opened in 1903, when Henry James looked back on the career of sculptor William Wetmore Story a half century earlier and commented that works of art in Story’s generation did not appeal to what he considered the aesthetic sense, but rather to “the sense of the romantic, the anecdotic, the supposedly historic, the explicitly pathetic. It was still the age in which an image had, before anything else, to tell a story.”1 The stories that art objects told their audiences sometimes affirmed and sometimes subverted their ostensible meaning. Some were poorly articulated and may be recovered only in indirect ways, while others were recorded in letters between artists and patrons, in descriptions of art objects that were published in newspapers and magazines, and in printed catalogues of art exhibitions. Imagining a past, present, and future as well as an emotional context for a fictional subject, audiences participated in the production of meaning and revealed many of their own assumptions. Fervent believers in the equivalence between words and images, they saw in art ob jects representations of the world as they understood it.
Aristotle: A Logic of Terms, a Rhetoric of Motives
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

Aristotle”s treatises on logic and rhetoric have had profound and indelible effects on Western language models, teaching, and use. I do not propose that Aristotle himself initiated or secured these effects. What was transmitted through the Aristotelian corpus synthesized and codified extant notions of language, arranged them into practical “arts” (technai) and theoretical “sciences” (epistemai), and proved particularly powerful in shaping those Western assumptions and theories regarding language that have come to be embod­ied in curricula.
Cicero: Defining the Value of Literacy
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

Hence it is that, in the case of various kinds of knowledge, we find that what in former days occupied the energies of men of mature mental ability sinks to the level of information, exercises, and even pastimes, for children; and in this educational progress we can see the history of the world”s culture delineated in faint outline It is, that is to say, a synoptic index, like a skeleton with tickets stuck all over it, or like the rows of boxes kept shut and labelled in a grocer”s stall; and is as intelligible as either the one or the other.
Inscriptions of Self and the Erasure of Truth
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

A priestess refused to allow her son to speak in public; “for if,” said she, “you say what is just, men will hate you; if you say what is unjust, the gods will.” On the other hand, “you should speak in public; for if you say what is just, the gods will love you, if you say what is unjust, men will.” ... Men do not praise the same things in public and in secret; but in public chiefly praise what is just and beautiful, and in secret rather wish for what is expedient.
Introduction
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Parmenides today finds itself in a strange position: it is clearly an important work, but its import remains remarkably unclear. The difficulty of analyzing this text is due, in part, to its complicated structure. Within three frames we find the dialogue proper, itself consisting of two parts connected by a brief transitional section. The first part of the main dialogue is a series of rather brief exchanges enlivened by humor and some dramatic incident; the second part consists of almost thirty Stephanus pages of obscure and unadorned argument. These two parts are so strikingly different that there can be no question of their being coordinate episodes of the same kind. Yet when deciding what, exactly, the character of each part is and how they fit together to make up a whole, scholars still express doubt.