bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of Lelenchus brevislitus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae), an example of a cryptic species from Iran and its phylogenetic relationships with other species in the family
Authors: Soleymanzadeh Mahya , Pedram Majid , Pourjam Ebrahim , Álvarez-Ortega Sergio
Published: September 2016

Lelenchus brevislitusn. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The new species is characterised by having females with slender, 452-488 μm long, body lateral field vestigial as a plain simple band under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in vulval region and absent in proximal and distal body ends, cephalic region short,ca2 μm high, conical and truncate in anterior end in lateral view under SEM, dorso-ventrally flattened, amphidial pouches pocket-shaped and large under light microscopy (LM), their apertures short (ca1 μm long in SEM) longitudinal sinuous slits remarkably wide near the small oral disc and significantly narrowing posteriad stylet, slender. 6.5-8.0 μm long, developed median bulb with distinct valvular plates, monodelphic-prodelphic reproductive system having a short post-vulval uterine sac (PUS), transverse vulval slit (V = 47.5-51.7) bearing small lateral membranes on each side, long filiform female tail (154-170 μm, c = 2.8-3.1, c′ = 21.5-28.3), and males unknown. The new species is considered to be a cryptic species inside the Tylenchidae. Morphological comparisons with all species of the genus are discussed. Phylogenetic studies were performed for further characterisation of the new species, and the results, using nearly full length 18S rDNA data, revealed it formed a clade with an isolate ofL. leptosoma, both of which are in a sister clade with an isolate ofSakia. In a reconstructed phylogenetic tree using partial 28S rDNA sequences, the new species formed a monophyletic group, again withL. leptosoma, a sister clade to someMalenchusspp.
Green Latin America? Some Reflections on Environmental Issues in Latin America’s New Instruments of Investment Protection
Authors: de Nanteuil Arnaud
Published: September 2016

Latin American countries have adopted in the past few years new mechanisms and rules for investment facilitation and protection. They aim to offer protection to foreign investments without ignoring the need to protect the States’ ability to regulate for the promotion of the public good. This article explores the question of environmental protection and tries to determine whether it has been taken into account. Even if not visible at first sight, the protection of the environment is indeed present in those new investment protection instruments. This article posits that, by starting from a completely different point of view than that of traditional investment protection instruments, Latin American countries’ initiatives introduce the environment as a parameter to be taken into account in the relationship between States and investors. Even if it is too early to assess their true effectiveness, one can at least be hopeful from that perspective.
The International Rule of Law in Latin American Investment Arbitration: UNASUR’s Advances in Arbitrator Appointment and Disqualification
Authors: Álvarez Zárate José Manuel , Pendleton Rebecca
Published: September 2016

In 2008, Ecuador raised the need for the creation of an alternative dispute resolution mechanism within the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). Any system of investment arbitration should comply with democratic principles and the international rule of law which provide predictability, transparency and legitimacy for arbitral decisions and thus should avoid political and economic bias. This article shows Latin America’s historical inclination towards arbitration and focuses on the 2014 UNASUR Project’s proposed method of appointment and disqualification of arbitrators, and its approach to the execution of awards. By way of comparison with International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals, the article goes on to suggest how an application of the international rule of law could help guide and structure arbitrators’ behaviours in the proposed UNASUR Project as well as under the current ICSID framework to avoid arbitrators’ deviation from the law and prevent their creative, independent interpretations.
Zoledronic Acid Inhibits Angiogenesis Through Promoting HIF-1α Protein Degradation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Ge Cheng , Sun Haiyan , Li Qihong , Lu Rongjian , Zou Xuan , Yu Kaitao , Li Xia , Shu Yao , Zhao Yantao
Published: September 2016

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is the third generation nitrogen containing bisphosphonate widely used for the treatment of cancer-induced bone diseases. Prior studies showed that ZOL reduced the number of endothelial cells and subsequently inhibited angiogenesis after tooth extraction, leading
to bisphosphonates-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (BP-ONJ). However, its underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Our results showed that ZOL concentration-dependently inhibited cell viability, migration, adhesion and tube formation by decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) expression and secretion. In addition, ZOL decreased HIF-1α protein level, but had no effect on HIF-1α mRNA level and promoter activity. Mechanically, we found that ZOL attenuated HIF-1α protein stability through attenuating the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR
and MAP kinase pathways. Moreover, ZOL impaired HIF-1α/Hsp90 and HIF-1α/p300 interactions, which are responsible for HIF-1α destabilization. Overexpression of Hsp90 or p300 with adenovirus significantly inhibited ZOL-induced the decrease of HIF-1α
and VEGF protein expression. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ZOL exhibits an antiangiogenic effect via inhibition of HIF-1α-dependent VEGF expression and secretion, which is due to destabilization of HIF-1α protein.
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent for Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zeng Mu , Hu Bingbing , Chen Jingli , Zhang Zhenzhong , Zhang Xin , Fan Zhanming
Published: September 2016

Citric acid coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CA-SPIONs) are synthesized by co-precipitation method and citric acid is used to stabilize nanoparticles and provide significantly small nanoparticles. CA-SPIONs have small size, favorable colloidal stability and excellent
magnetic properties. As contrast agent, on the one hand CA-SPIONs have biocompatibility and can be endocytosed by macrophages, on the other hand CA-SPIONs have the ability of MRI in the infarcted tissue of myocardial infarction.
The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Carotid Intima–Media Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhou Min , Guo Baolei , Wang Yonggang , Yan Dong , Lin Changpo , Shi Zhenyu
Published: September 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been suggested as a risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between OSA and carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT). Eighteen studies comparing CIMT of patients with OSA versus non-OSA patients were included. Quantitative data synthesis was used to pool weighted standardized difference in means (SMD) of CIMT in a random-effects model. Compared to healthy controls, patients with OSA had a significantly higher CIMT (SMD: 0.881; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.647-1.115; P < .001). Due to the great heterogeneity, a subgroup analysis was conducted based on the study design. The pooled SMD of CIMT between patients with OSA and healthy controls were 0.810 (95% CI: 0.676-0.943; P < .001) and 1.008 (95% CI: 0.506-1.510; P < .001) in matched and unmatched group, respectively. Moreover, the correlation of apnea–hypopnea index and CIMT was moderate ( r = .389; 95% CI: 0.315-0.459; P < .001). After adjustment for several major confounders, OSA is an independent risk factor for CIMT. These findings remind clinicians to screen for cardiovascular diseases in patients with OSA.
Changing Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Spanking
Authors: Burkhart Kimberly , Knox Michele , Hunter Kimberly
Published: September 2016

Twenty-two pediatric residents and 31 medical students viewed the Play Nicely program. The Play Nicely program is a multimedia program that teaches health care professionals how to counsel parents to use positive parenting and disciplining strategies in response to early childhood aggression. Health care professionals completed pre- and posttraining questionnaires to assess changes in comfort with counseling, parenting knowledge, and attitudes toward spanking. Results indicated at posttraining that health care professionals were significantly more comfortable with counseling parents, had increased parenting knowledge, and decreased positive attitudes toward spanking. Findings suggest that this program holds promise for educating health care professionals on how to counsel parents on positive parenting strategies and positively change attitudes toward spanking.
Visual Control of Displacement at Slow Speeds
Authors: Mestre Daniel
Published: September 2016

Harbor navigation was simulated on a computer-driven, real-time system. Subjects' ability to keep a virtual vehicle within spatial boundaries was investigated in a situation in which the apparent transformations of the visual scene could only be perceived as successive perspective views of the navigation area. In two experiments, subjects' performance was measured as a function of the visual information available. Results indicate that providing dynamic visual cues indicating the rotational movement of the vehicle (experiment 1) or the spatial properties of its trajectory (experiment 2) results in improved performance. They suggest how fundamental the role of motion perception is in vehicle guidance, and bring up its possible implications for the ergonomics of displacement control at slow speeds.
The Intelligibility of Synthesized Speech Data Inquiry Systems.
Authors: Marics Monica A. , Williges Beverly H.
Published: September 2016

Recent improvements in speech technology have made synthetic speech a viable form of system feedback. However, little is known about the effects of various speech parameters on speech intelligibility and system performance. Experiment 1 examined the effect of situational context clues and speech rate on synthesized speech intelligibility. Subjects who received pragmatic context information prior to each message had transcription error rates 50% lower than those who received no context information. Speech rates of 250 words per minute (wpm) yielded significantly more transcription errors and longer response latencies than rates of 180 wpm. In Experiment 2 the effects of speech rate, message repetition, and location of information in a message were examined. Transcription accuracy was best for messages spoken at 150 or 180 wpm and for messages repeated either twice or three times. Words at the end of messages were transcribed more accurately than words at the beginning of messages. Subjective ratings indicated that subjects were aware of errors when incorrectly transcribing a message even though no feedback was provided.
Maximum Voluntary Hand Grip Torque for Circular Electrical Connectors
Authors: Adams S. Keith , Peterson Philip J.
Published: September 2016

A study was performed to determine maximum hand grip torque that can be exerted when tightening or loosening circular electrical connectors. A static, sustained three-second exertion was used as the strength criterion. Torque was applied to simulated connector rings and was measured by means of a single bridge torsional load cell. Other variables tested included the type of grip employed, orientation of the connector, use of work gloves and chemical defense gloves, height of the connectors, and direction of rotation. Hand grip torque strength was found to be directly related to connector diameter with similar strength patterns exhibited for tightening and loosening. Higher torque was exerted when the connectors were on the subject's right side. The use of gloves resulted in higher torque in most situations. Connector height and direction of rotation had little effect on torque strength.
Locating Sámi social work in Finland: Meanings produced by social workers in working with Sámi people
Authors: Järvensivu Linda , Pohjola Anneli , Romakkaniemi Marjo
Published: September 2016

This article examines culturally and locally relevant social work. Social work knowledge and practices are usually constructed on the basis of values and norms of the dominant culture. Our aim is to examine social work that is sensitive to local traditions by studying social work being carried out in Finland’s Sámi region. Our focus is on the meanings produced by social workers working with Sámi people. Sámi social work was found to be multidimensional. It was special, yet shared common features with mainstream social work. Cultural sensitivity is constructed in each encounter between a Sámi client and a social worker.
Participatory handling of conflicts in Sámi areas
Authors: Henriksen Jan Erik , Hydle Ida
Published: September 2016

In this article, we conduct an explorative investigation for a participatory research project in the Northern Norwegian Sámi areas. The contextual background is one of increasing conflict with the public welfare services reported by the media and by users. Public employees are unskilled in restorative practices, and the Norwegian mediation service is not adapted to Sámi conditions. We initiated an innovative process to test whether the Norwegian Mediation Service methodology could be used to resolve disputes concerning reindeer herding and whether this cooperation may contribute to mediation methods adapted to Sámi societies.
Conditional Alpl Ablation Phenocopies Dental Defects of Hypophosphatasia
Authors: Foster B.L. , Kuss P. , Yadav M.C. , Kolli T.N. , Narisawa S. , Lukashova L. , Cory E. , Sah R.L. , Somerman M.J. , Millán J.L.
Published: September 2016

Loss-of-function mutations in ALPL result in hypophosphatasia (HPP), an inborn error of metabolism that causes defective skeletal and dental mineralization. ALPL encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme expressed in bone, teeth, liver, and kidney that hydrolyzes the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate. As Alpl-null mice die before weaning, we aimed to generate mouse models of late-onset HPP with extended life spans by engineering a floxed Alpl allele, allowing for conditional gene ablation (conditional knockout [cKO]) when crossed with Cre recombinase transgenic mice. The authors hypothesized that targeted deletion of Alpl in osteoblasts and selected dental cells ( Col1a1-cKO) or deletion in chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and craniofacial mesenchyme ( Prx1-cKO) would phenocopy skeletal and dental manifestations of late-onset HPP. Col1a1-cKO and Prx1-cKO mice were viable and fertile, and they did not manifest the epileptic seizures characteristic of the Alpl-/- model of severe infantile HPP. Both cKO models featured normal postnatal body weight but significant reduction as compared with wild type mice by 8 to 12 wk. Plasma alkaline phosphatase for both cKO models at 24 wk was reduced by approximately 75% as compared with controls. Radiography revealed profound skeletal defects in cKO mice, including rachitic changes, hypomineralized long bones, deformations, and signs of fractures. Microcomputed tomography confirmed quantitative differences in cortical and trabecular bone, including decreased cortical thickness and mineral density. Col1a1-cKO mice exhibited classic signs of HPP dentoalveolar disease, including short molar roots with thin dentin, lack of acellular cementum, and osteoid accumulation in alveolar bone. Prx1-cKO mice exhibited the same array of periodontal defects but featured less affected molar dentin. Both cKO models exhibited reduced alveolar bone height and 4-fold increased numbers of osteoclast-like cells versus wild type at 24 wk, consistent with HPP-associated periodontal disease. These novel models of late-onset HPP can inform on long-term skeletal and dental manifestations and will provide essential tools to further studies of etiopathologies and therapeutic interventions.
Software-Based Scoring and Sound Design
Authors: Walzer Daniel A.
Published: September 2016

This article explores the creative function of virtual instruments, sequencers, loops, and software-based synthesizers to introduce basic scoring and sound design concepts for visual media in an introductory music technology course. Using digital audio workstations with user-focused and configurable options, novice composers can hone a broad range of creative mixing skills supported by guided instruction, structured listening activities, and a discovery-based learning environment. Music production software affords many creative options to introduce soundtrack creation and granular synthesis for all levels with three curricular options listed here.
The Music of the Spheres
Authors: Rogers George L.
Published: September 2016

The integration of music and science is embodied in the music of the spheres, the ancient concept that the universe is ordered in a manner consistent with principles of musical harmony. This idea boasts a long history, from the teachings of Pythagoras (ca. 600 BC) through Isaac Newton in the eighteenth century, and makes a fascinating interdisciplinary topic accessible to middle and high school students. Several music-science correlations are explored, including the mathematical commonalities between musical intervals and planetary orbits. The article includes teaching suggestions and student activities.
Learning through Immersive Study
Authors: Rifai Ayah
Published: September 2016

Music educators are part of a team charged with nurturing the development of the whole child. This includes instilling in students cognitive keys to essential life values that will be drawn on through adulthood. To help music educators attain this goal, this article encourages the inclusion of contexualized music units—immersive studies of prominent composers or musical genres that are historically or culturally relevant. This article describes the process of designing contextualized music instruction and delineates how this instruction contributes to a sound elementary music program that allows teachers to educate musically and teach music as-and-for social justice through the use of critical pedagogy and interdisciplinary learning. Sample units and resource lists are included.
“But I Never Thought I’d Teach the Little Kids”
Authors: Salvador Karen , Corbett Keith
Published: September 2016

Even in states with K–12 music licensure, not all music education students take a course in elementary music methods, and even fewer take a course that specifically addresses early childhood music instruction. In this article, a music teacher educator and a self-described “band guy,” who initially struggled to work with young children, present strategies and mindsets that evolved through coursework, coteaching episodes, and interviews. During these interactions, the former “band guy” developed not only into an effective music teacher for young children but also into someone who enjoys working with “the little kids.” Adopting these strategies and mind-set could help music educators who struggle to work with young children, thus improving the quality of music instruction for children in the early elementary grades.
“Running Trains” and “Sexing-In”: The Functions of Sex Within Adolescent Gangs
Authors: Quinn Katherine , Dickson-Gomez Julia , Broaddus Michelle , Pacella Maria
Published: September 2016

Gang members are exposed to unique sexual risks, yet little work has explored the influence of gang social norms. This study examines the functions and meanings of sex within gangs, with a specific focus on the ways in which sex is used to reinforce gang membership and norms, gender roles, and group cohesion. We conducted 58 semi-structured interviews with adolescent members of six gangs. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis and constant comparative method in MAXQDA. Sexual risk behaviors within gangs are upheld and reinforced through unspoken norms and expectations. These high-risk sexual practices increase group cohesion and reinforce gender norms and power differences. Despite the prevalence of such practices, many gang members felt regret and remorse over their participation but noted it was just part of “the life.” Our findings highlight the need for interventions to address the norms of the gang that reinforce sexual risk behavior.
New Education Policy: A Critique and a Submission
Authors: Rai Ambarish , Palit Sneha
Published: September 2016

After the formation of the NDA government in 2014, the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) announced its decision to frame a New Education Policy (NEP), thus placing India’s education requirements in the correct direction. A fresh approach was desperately needed as the last time the nation’s education policy had been reviewed was in 1986 which was revised in 1992 keeping in mind the changed economic scenario that had ushered in an era of globalisation and neo-liberal policies. Since then many significant changes have taken place. To usher in a new policy, the MHRD announced plans for a nationwide consultation, outlining 13 themes in school education and 20 themes in higher education. The Ministry sought suggestions from different sections of society—from Gram Panchayats upwards to national stakeholders. The MHRD claimed that during last one-and-half years since this process started, over 250,000 consultations took place and 25,000 written suggestions were received. To consolidate these recommendations and evolve a draft NEP, a five-member drafting committee was constituted. But the reality is that the process of consultations was neither participatory nor inclusive. For instance, pre-primary education and the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 were not given their due place in the themes or in the consultation process. Civil Society expressed serious concerns and submitted its collective views through the RTE Forum to the drafting committee. A majority of the submissions requested the retaining of the RTE Act, 2009 as a legal entitlement for children, central for the universalisation of school education. Although the committee finalised its draft report and is now available in the public domain, the MHRD still has to officially release it.
Increasing Intergroup Distinctiveness
Authors: van Leeuwen Esther , Harinck Fieke
Published: September 2016

Discrimination is often used to increase public perceptions of group distinctiveness. The current research studied the effectiveness of third party helping as an alternative, more benign strategy to this end. Across four studies, we examined whether helping a third party can position the helping group as more distinct from, or more similar to, a comparison group, depending on the nature of the comparison group’s relationship with the third party. Results from three studies showed that third party helping was as effective as discrimination of the comparison group, but third party helping elicited a more positive public image of the group compared with discrimination. Study 4 provided evidence for the spontaneous use of third party helping in response to distinctiveness threat. These findings extend insights from classic balance theories and research on strategic intergroup helping to the domain of intergroup differentiation, and highlight a benign strategy to achieve positive group distinctiveness.
Establishing Decision Trees for Predicting Successful Postpyloric Nasoenteric Tube Placement in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Chen Weisheng , Sun Cheng , Wei Ru , Zhang Yanlin , Ye Heng , Chi Ruibin , Zhang Yichen , Hu Bei , Lv Bo , Chen Lifang , Zhang Xiunong , Lan Huilan , Chen Chunbo
Published: September 2016

Background

Despite the use of prokinetic agents, the overall success rate for postpyloric placement via a self‐propelled spiral nasoenteric tube is quite low.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted in the intensive care units of 11 university hospitals from 2006 to 2016 among adult patients who underwent self‐propelled spiral nasoenteric tube insertion. Success was defined as postpyloric nasoenteric tube placement confirmed by abdominal x‐ray scan 24 hours after tube insertion. Chi‐square automatic interaction detection (CHAID), simple classification and regression trees (SimpleCart), and J48 methodologies were used to develop decision tree models, and multiple logistic regression (LR) methodology was used to develop an LR model for predicting successful postpyloric nasoenteric tube placement. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the performance of these models.

Results

Successful postpyloric nasoenteric tube placement was confirmed in 427 of 939 patients enrolled. For predicting successful postpyloric nasoenteric tube placement, the performance of the 3 decision trees was similar in terms of the AUCs: 0.715 for the CHAID model, 0.682 for the SimpleCart model, and 0.671 for the J48 model. The AUC of the LR model was 0.729, which outperformed the J48 model.

Conclusion

Both the CHAID and LR models achieved an acceptable discrimination for predicting successful postpyloric nasoenteric tube placement and were useful for intensivists in the setting of self‐propelled spiral nasoenteric tube insertion.
Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance Above and Beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hoch Julia E. , Bommer William H. , Dulebohn James H. , Wu Dongyuan
Published: September 2016

This study compares three emerging forms of positive leadership that emphasize ethical and moral behavior (i.e., authentic leadership, ethical leadership, and servant leadership) with transformational leadership in their associations with a wide range of organizationally relevant measures. While scholars have noted conceptual overlap between transformational leadership and these newer leadership forms, there has been inadequate investigation of the empirical relationships with transformational leadership and the ability (or lack thereof) of these leadership forms to explain incremental variance beyond transformational leadership. In response, we conducted a series of meta-analyses to provide a comprehensive assessment of these emerging leadership forms’ relationships with variables evaluated in the extant literature. Second, we tested the relative performance of each of these leadership forms in explaining incremental variance, beyond transformational leadership, in nine outcomes. We also provide relative weights analyses to further evaluate the relative contributions of the emerging leadership forms versus transformational leadership. The high correlations between both authentic leadership and ethical leadership with transformational leadership coupled with their low amounts of incremental variance suggest that their utility is low unless they are being used to explore very specific outcomes. Servant leadership, however, showed more promise as a stand-alone leadership approach that is capable of helping leadership researchers and practitioners better explain a wide range of outcomes. Guidance regarding future research and the utility of these three ethical/moral values–based leadership forms is provided.
Rejuvenating Design
Authors: Peine Alexander , van Cooten Vivette , Neven Louis
Published: September 2016

Old age is not normally associated with innovativeness and technical prowess. To the contrary, when treating age as a distinct category, policy makers, innovation scholars, and companies typically regard younger people as drivers of innovation, and the early adoption of new technology. In this paper, we critically investigate this link between age, ineptness, and technology adoption using a case study of the diffusion of electric bikes in the Netherlands. We demonstrate how, during the first wave of e-bike acceptance, old age was constructed as an arena in which important learning processes took place, and where older persons became early adopters of e-bikes. Theoretically, this paper speaks critically to the prolific literature on innovation diffusion and its treatment of adopter categories as generic concepts. Using age as a central dimension, our research highlights the situated and constructed nature of adopter categories, and thus challenges age-based assumptions about innovation and technology use by younger and older persons. These insights about what we term the rejuvenation of e-bikes help us rectify existing biases of older persons as an inherently problematic group of technology users.
Language Style Matching in Romantic Partners’ Conflict and Support Interactions
Authors: Bowen Jeffrey D. , Winczewski Lauren A. , Collins Nancy L.
Published: September 2016

This study examined the association between language style matching (LSM), subjective perceptions of interaction quality (perceived responsiveness and affect), and partner behavior in two communication contexts: conflict and social support. Romantic couples ( N = 91) engaged in a video-recorded discussion of either a relationship stressor or one partner’s personal stressor (a social support discussion). LSM was associated with unique outcomes in each communication setting. Higher LSM was associated with lower subjective perceptions of responsiveness and less positive emotion for partners discussing relationship stressors but more positive emotion for partners in social support discussions. Furthermore, higher LSM was associated with more critical and negative interpersonal behavior and less responsive and caring behavior during discussions of relationship stressors but was unrelated to behavior in support discussions. Findings suggest that LSM does not uniformly signal interpersonal rapport (as often assumed) and may instead amplify the positive or negative tone of an interaction.
Evidence of Linguistic Intergroup Bias in U.S. Print News Coverage of Immigration
Authors: Dragojevic Marko , Sink Alexander , Mastro Dana
Published: September 2016

This study content analyzed all print newspaper articles addressing U.S. immigration from Mexico appearing in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas during a 1-year period for presence of linguistic intergroup bias. Across all four states, negative statements outnumbered positive statements; this negativity bias was more pronounced for out-group than in-group statements in all states except California. Consistent with the linguistic intergroup bias, positive in-group and negative out-group statements were encoded using more abstract language than negative in-group and positive out-group statements.
The Mind Versus the Body in Political (and Nonpolitical) Discourse: Linguistic Evidence for an Ideological Signature in U.S. Politics
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Boyd Ryan L. , Fetterman Adam K. , Persich Michelle R.
Published: September 2016

Ideological liberals may focus on mental operations to a greater extent than bodily operations, whereas this pattern may be reversed among conservatives. Although there are suggestive sources of evidence, prior research has not directly examined relations between political ideology and this mind–body distinction. The present investigation did so by content-coding texts using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program and its cognitive and bodily process categories. Three studies involving posts to political news websites (Study 1), presidential State of the Union addresses (Study 2), and writing samples by laypersons (Study 3) converged on the hypothesis that texts produced by those with liberal ideologies would score positively in mind–body terms (reflecting a greater relative mental focus), whereas texts produced by those with conservative ideologies would score negatively in mind–body terms (reflecting a greater bodily focus), a novel linguistic signature of political ideology.
John Urry: E-Special Introduction
Authors: Sheller Mimi
Published: September 2016

This article introduces a special electronic collection of many of the key works published by the late British sociologist John Urry (1946–2016) in the journals Theory, Culture & Society and Body & Society. It serves both to commemorate and to continue Urry’s profound contributions as a social theorist, as a network builder, and as a public intellectual who changed the face of British, and indeed global, social science. The selections range from 1982 to 2014, including articles and introductions to collections, both sole-authored and collaborative pieces, all of which are put into context here in relation to his wider body of work. By gathering this portion of his work in one place we seek to make it easily accessible, as well as marking the signal importance of his impact on contemporary social theory.
Dux ludens: Eleonora de Toledo, Cosimo I de’ Medici, and Games of Chance in the Ducal Household of Mid-Sixteenth-Century Florence
Authors: Scott Baker Nicholas
Published: September 2016

High-stakes gambling was a widespread pastime in the courts of early modern Europe and the Medici court in Florence enjoyed a particular notoriety for it in the middle decades of the sixteenth century. Using insights from the sociological writings of Johan Huizinga, Erving Goffman, and Clifford Geertz, this article explores the meaning and significance of games of chance in the ducal household, focusing specifically on the gambling habits of the duke and duchess, Cosimo I de’ Medici and Eleonora de Toledo. It argues that play in the Medici court was always more than simple diversion and that the ducal couple used gambling to demonstrate their self-control, fortitude, and suitability for governance. Play, the article suggests, was a constitutive element of court culture in early modern Europe.
State, Representative Institutions and Economic Reforms in Times of Decline: Royal Taxation and Trade Policy in Aragon (1626–1700)
Authors: Mateos Royo José Antonio
Published: September 2016

This article explores fiscal and trade policy in Aragon between 1626 and 1700, providing a case study of economic management by regional institutions in a composite monarchy of the early modern period. The increasing burden and irregular distribution of royal taxation hastened economic decline in seventeenth-century Aragon. Eventually, the monarchy moderated its fiscal demands in 1678–1697 to alleviate the financial distress of the region’s towns and villages and cure the economic ills caused by protectionist trade policies in north-eastern Spain. The Aragonese Parliament only lowered royal subsidies after 1678, though it began to raise import duties as early as 1626 to ease the pressure on heavily indebted municipal treasuries. However, conflicting regional interest groups undermined the Cortes’ economic policies, and their main effect was to drive up transaction costs without preventing French control of trade and manufacturing in Aragon in the second half of the seventeenth century. In contrast, the free-trade policies pursued by the Diputación were more consistently applied and enjoyed greater legal and political support, fostering export-led agricultural specialization from which the elites were able to profit, although they failed to deliver long-run economic growth.
The Socio-Economic Profile of a Religious Movement: The Case of Hasidism
Authors: Wodziński Marcin
Published: September 2016

This article revisits the once popular issue of the socio-occupational profile of Hasidism, arguably the most important socio-religious movement of modern Jewry. Well-known anecdotal materials are confronted with much broader archival sources, mainly from central Poland in the first half of the nineteenth century. These are both rich narrative sources (anti-Hasidic denunciations by the kahal elders, official reports on the Hasidic conflicts in the communities, etc.) and, most importantly, quantitative materials, which allow for the analysis of four Jewish communities in central Poland and one in Belarus. These materials provide a unique picture of the occupational and financial profile of the Hasidic groups in these localities (as confronted with the picture of the entire communities) and, by implication, of the whole Hasidic movement. Contrary to the prevailing orthodoxy, these new materials point to Hasidim’s relative affluence, as well as to their tendency to cluster in commercial professions and to avoid the crafts. More broadly, it points to the dynamic character of class–church interdependence and the ideological and cultural factors creating them. It also confirms the correlation between a religious group’s strictness and its strength and attractiveness.
Hemodynamics-based treatment of varices: A therapeutic concept counteracting the intrinsic tendency of varicose veins to recur
Authors: Recek Cestmir
Published: September 2016

Varicose vein disease is characterized by tenacious tendency to recur. Measures recommended to prevent recurrences (flush ligation at the saphenofemoral junction, removal of incompetent great saphenous vein in the thigh, and insertion of mechanical barriers in the fossa ovalis) did not succeed in preventing recurrence. Reflux recurrence is triggered by the hemodynamic phenomenon called hemodynamic paradox. Abolition of saphenous reflux removes the hemodynamic disturbance of any degree of severity but at the same time it releases the pathological process leading to recurrent reflux. This process is induced by drainage of venous blood from incompetent superficial thigh veins into deep lower leg veins during calf pump activity, which evokes the development of ambulatory pressure gradient between the femoral vein and incompetent segments of the saphenous system in the thigh. The pressure gradient sets off biophysical and biochemical events inducing recurrent reflux. The designed therapeutic strategy consists of reliable abolition of saphenous reflux and of hindering the pathological drainage of venous blood at the knee level in order to preclude development of the hemodynamic preconditions for reflux recurrence. In this way, the dividing line of the ambulatory pressure gradient would be kept below the knee, as is the case with healthy people.
Regional temperature and quantitative cerebral blood flow responses to cortical spreading depolarization in the rat
Authors: Li Chunyan , Narayan Raj K , Wang Ping , Hartings Jed A
Published: September 2016

Regional temperature and quantitative regional cerebral blood flow responses to cortical spreading depolarization in the rat were continuously monitored in the same tissue using a microfabricated thermal diffusion sensor that recalibrates and measures in 5-s cycles. The regional cerebral blood flow response had four phases, including early hyperemia (peak: 226% of baseline; duration: 113.1 ± 14.4 s) and late oligemia (minimum: 57%, duration: 28.4 ± 3.7 min). Temperature rose with the start of the regional cerebral blood flow response to a peak increase of 0.28 ± 0.06℃ and returned to baseline near the start of oligemia. This technology may be useful for multimodal monitoring in both the laboratory and clinic.
Unexplained “massive osteolysis of femoral head” (MOFH) after acetabular fracture: occurrence and suggested patho-etiology
Authors: Seo Gwy Suk , Dieudonne Gregory , Mooney Scott A , Monu Johnny UV
Published: September 2016

Background

We observed cases of extensive osteolysis of the femoral head following acetabular fractures even though the original fracture did not involve the femoral head or neck. This observation has been called massive osteolysis of the femoral head (MOFH).

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical and imaging features of MOFH to gain a better understanding of its patho-etiology.

Material and Methods

We retrospectively collected cases of acetabular fractures seen over a period of 10 years and evaluated the clinical features and imaging characteristics. The findings were compared with the features of other complications such as osteonecrosis, rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, or post-traumatic osteolysis.

Results

Fifteen patients (M:F ratio 9:6; mean age, 61.6 years) out of 244 had MOFH (prevalence: 6.1%). Motor vehicle collision and falls were the most common mechanisms of injury. The time interval for developing MOFH was in the range of 1–18 months after the initial injury. Patterns of femoral head osteolysis varied from eccentric (12 cases) to transcervical (3 cases). Four cases of eccentric osteolysis developed high-degree of osteolysis. MOFH was observed near the surgical hardware in 6/15 cases. One biopsy specimen did not reveal typical features of osteoarthritis or avascular necrosis.

Conclusion

MOFH appears to be a distinct entity from avascular necrosis or rapidly progressive osteoarthritis. It is suggested that MOFH is a variant of post-traumatic osteolysis that is evident in a subset of patients.
Trouble at t(he) Mill — Thinking about the Social Unconscious in Therapy and Training
Authors: Lloyd Jones Sarah
Published: September 2016

In Appreciation of Dennis Brown

This article is about the group analytic concept of the Social Unconscious, and is an attempt to grasp some of the challenges that this idea (or collection of ideas) presents, especially to students of group analysis: and perhaps one or two of the possibilities. The mill in my title means firstly the psychoanalytic ‘mill’ located wherever there are two or more people gathered in the service of analysis and secondly my own mental mill working through the learning process, with a passing reference to the class struggles centred on the textile mills in the north of England in the early part of the 19th-century1. What I wish to investigate in particular is the choice made in therapeutic situations, between analysing the unconscious from an individual standpoint, and analysing from a social standpoint, something which has been brought to the fore by the coining of the term ‘social unconscious’.
Correctional and Treatment Staff Attitudes Toward Reentry
Authors: Camp Scott D. , Daggett Dawn M.
Published: September 2016

Staff support of agency mission is an accepted axiom in organizational research. This analysis examined staff attitudes toward reentry preparation in a large prison system. Analysis examined whether local conditions at different prisons had an impact upon average views about the importance of reentry efforts. The study also investigated whether local conditions across prisons mediated differences between custody and treatment staff evaluations of reentry importance. Multilevel models demonstrated that average levels of reentry importance did vary across prisons, but the gap between custody and treatment staff evaluations was consistent across prisons.
Macrocephaly Is Not a Predictor of Optic Pathway Glioma Development or Treatment in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Morris Stephanie M. , Monroe Courtney L. , Gutmann David H.
Published: September 2016

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a common neurogenetic disorder characterized by significant clinical variability. As such, numerous studies have focused on identifying clinical, radiographic, or molecular biomarkers that predict the occurrence or progression of specific clinical features in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. One of these clinical biomarkers, macrocephaly, has been proposed as a prognostic factor for optic pathway glioma development. In the current study, the authors demonstrate that macrocephaly is not associated with the development of these brain tumors or the need to institute treatment for clinical progression. These findings suggest that macrocephaly is not a robust biomarker of optic pathway glioma formation or progression in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.
Standardized Treatment of Neonatal Status Epilepticus Improves Outcome
Authors: Harris Mandy L. , Malloy Katherine M. , Lawson Sheena N. , Rose Rebecca S. , Buss William F. , Mietzsch Ulrike
Published: September 2016

We aimed to decrease practice variation in treatment of neonatal status epilepticus by implementing a standardized protocol. Our primary goal was to achieve 80% adherence to the algorithm within 12 months. Secondary outcome measures included serum phenobarbital concentrations, number of patients progressing from seizures to status epilepticus, and length of hospital stay. Data collection occurred for 6 months prior and 12 months following protocol implementation. Adherence of 80% within 12 months was partially achieved in patients diagnosed in our hospital; in pretreated patients, adherence was not achieved. Maximum phenobarbital concentrations were decreased (56.8 vs 41.0 µg/mL), fewer patients progressed from seizures to status epilepticus (46% vs 36%), and hospital length of stay decreased by 9.7 days in survivors. In conclusion, standardized, protocol-driven treatment of neonatal status epilepticus improves consistency and short-term outcome.
Meaningful Practice
Authors: Dawson Melanie Rees , Lignugaris/Kraft Benjamin
Published: September 2016

Novice teachers need to develop foundation teaching skills to effectively address student behavior and academics in the classroom. The TLE TeachLivE™ simulation laboratory (TLE) is a virtual classroom used to supplement traditional didactic instruction and field experiences in teacher preparation programs. In this study, repeated practice and structured feedback were provided to preservice special educators in TLE to improve their delivery of specific praise, praise around, and error correction. Their weekly performance was observed in TLE during simplified teaching scenarios in intervention and during more complex teaching scenarios following intervention. In addition, their generalization of target skills to their own classrooms was measured weekly. Overall, teachers improved delivery of the target skills in the virtual classroom. They generalized performance to real classroom settings with varying levels of proficiency. Implications for teacher preparation are discussed, including the impact of aligning simulated practice opportunities and authentic teaching environments.
Continuous Infusion Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Perioperative Pain Management
Authors: Howard Meredith L. , Isaacs Alex N. , Nisly Sarah A.
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

To review the use of continuous infusion (CI) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as an alternative modality for pain control in surgical patient populations.

Methods:

A PubMed and MEDLINE search was conducted from 1964 through February 2016 using the following search terms alone or in combinations: continuous, infusion, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, and surgery. All English-language, prospective and retrospective, adult and pediatric studies evaluating intravenous or intramuscular CI NSAIDs for surgical pain were evaluated for inclusion in this review.

Results:

Twenty four prospective and retrospective publications evaluating CI NSAIDs were identified: 12 in abdominal surgery, 7 in orthopedic surgery, and 5 in pediatric surgery. Specific CI NSAIDs utilized included diclofenac, indomethacin, ketoprofen, and ketorolac. Most studies compared the CI NSAID to placebo or an alternative analgesic and evaluated pain control, supplemental opioid use, and related adverse effects. In these surgical populations, CI NSAIDs decreased opioid consumption, alongside provision of adequate pain control. While long-term adverse effects were rarely collected, a decrease in nausea and sedation was often seen with the CI NSAID groups.

Conclusions:

In the abdominal, orthopedic, and pediatric surgical populations, CI NSAIDs represent a feasible alternative modality for perioperative pain control.