bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of speech scramblers using the transmultiplexer technique
Authors: Azuma Mitsuhiro , Hasebe Takayuki , Torii Naoya , Akiyama Ryota
Published: July 2007

This paper considers a scrambling technique for an analog voice signal, and proposes a band‐split scrambling method applying the transmultiplexer technique, which can effectively divide the voice band using a small amount of signal processing. The principles of signal processing and the filter design are presented. By computer simulation, the quality of the decoded speech, the effect of the channel characteristics and security are evaluated. As a result of quantitative evaluation of the quality of the decoded speech, the relation between the quality of the decoded speech and the number of taps is quantitatively evaluated for fixed and variable scramblings. It is seen that the quality of the voice signal is little affected by the channel characteristics, such as group delay distortion, synchronization error and frequency off‐set. Thus, the proposed method is seen to be economical, without requiring additional circuitry as used by various kinds of cancellers. As for security, an intelligibility test using numbers was executed, and high security, comparable to or better than the conventional method, is obtained. Thus, the proposed secure communication method is shown to be effective, with excellent performance in the quality of the scrambled decoded speech economy and security.
Three‐dimensional (3‐D) facial model‐based description and synthesis of facial expressions
Authors: Choi Chang Seok , Takebe Tsuyosi , Harashima Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

The automatic synthesis of the facial expression by computer is one of the most basic techniques to be applied in various fields. This paper describes a method to synthesize various facial expressions by modification of the 3‐D model of the face. The 3‐D facial model is obtained by adjusting the prepared 3‐D facial shape model to the frontal view of the object neutral face image, and by projecting the gray‐level informations.

This paper proposes first a hierarchical model of facial description units for the hierarchical description of the facial expressions. The action unit (AU) of the FACS (facial action coding system), which is known as a systematic method of describing the facial expression, is considered as a layer in the proposed hierarchical model. AU of FACS is realized on a computer, and the automatic synthesis of the expression is executed.

This procedure is based on the muscular structure of the face and allows cancellation of individual differences. At present, 34 kinds of AUs are implemented. The graylevel information for wrinkles and teeth, which are important in the synthesis of expressions, is not contained in the 3‐D facial model obtained from the neutral expression. Thus, such information is extracted from other face images, and registered as auxiliary information of the 3‐D facial model. This leads to synthesis of natural expressions. Finally, numerous examples for the facial expression synthesis are presented to show the usefulness of the method.
A method of designing parallel‐type pseudo‐minimum‐phase FIR QMF banks
Authors: Takebe Tsuyoshi , Yoshida Tadashi
Published: July 2007

Subband coding (SBC) is a low bit‐rate speed transmission system in which a quadrature mirror filter (QMF) is used to split a speech into frequency bands of the transmitter and recombine these subband signals to form an approximation to the input speech at the receiver. In the conventional parallel‐type FIR multiband pseudo‐QMF bank, the linear‐phase filters are employed in the transmitter and receiver, which gives rise to a problem wherein a large delay is produced.

This paper presents a design method for the equal‐bandwidth parallel‐type QMF bank with smaller delay by allowing some delay distortion. The amplitude and phase constraints on each channel filter are shown so that the transmitted signal can be reconstructed approximately at the receiver. A design example is presented for the 4‐band filter bank, where the amplitude constraint is satisfied by a minimum‐phase filter and the phase constraint is satisfied by a allpass circuit cascaded to the filter. The designed low‐pass filter is of 50 percent roll‐off, and the bandpass filter is a 100 percent roll‐off. The attenuation is 43 dB. The delay is almost flat in characteristic and the amount is reduced to approximately one‐half that of the linear‐phase filter bank.
Improvement of one‐dimensional module placement in VLSI layout design
Authors: Ohmura Michiroh , Wakabayashi Shin'Ichi , Miyao Jun'Ichi , Yoshida Noriyoshi
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the building block method, which is one of the methods in VLSI layout design, and discusses the improvement of module placement assuming that a one‐dimensional placement of the modules is given as the initial placement. Discussions are made of the following:

The case where net list given as the input is composed only of two‐terminal nets, which connect the external terminals and the modules. The placement improvement problem PMO is formulated, where the virtual connection length defined only by × coordinate is to be minimized while retaining the placement order of the modules. The algorithm to solve this problem, as well as the proof for the optimality, are presented. Then a problem PM1 with a constraint on the range of displacement of the module is considered, and it is shown that the problem can be solved by extending the algorithm for PMO.

A problem PM2 is considered, which is an extension of PM1 by introducing in general the multiterminal net connecting modules and external terminals. It is shown that PM2 can be reduced to PM1.

A problem PM3 is considered, where river routing is adopted as the connection model, and the connection length is to be minimized considering also y coordinates (separation). It is shown that the optimal solution can be obtained in a polynomial time of the number of modules and the number of nets.
Theoretical study on reconstruction of waveforms by a natural observation filter
Authors: Iijima Taizo
Published: July 2007

A few years ago a fundamental theory on natural observation of waveforms was published as the foundation of a new effective method instead of Fourier analysis. In this paper a natural observation filter is proposed based on the theory. The filter has a typical property with regard to perfect reconstruction for a certain characteristic waveform group. The algebraic relation between the structure of the filter and the corresponding waveform group is theoretically clarified. The result of the present paper is expected to be applicable for recognition problems of various waveforms.
Analytical least‐square design of three‐dimensional linear‐phase FIR digital filters
Authors: Muneyasu Mitsuji , Hinamoto Takao
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the optimal design of linear‐phase three‐dimensional (3‐D) FIR digital filters in the least‐square sense. The design procedure is as follows. The linear‐phase 3‐D polynomial which is symmetric with respect to the origin is decomposed into four polynomials from the viewpoint of the symmetry (cubic symmetry, ω1 and ω2 axes skew symmetry, ω2 and ω3, axes skew symmetry and ω1 and ω3 axes skew symmetry). Each of those resulting polynomials is then used as the filter model. Next, the filter parameters are determined analytically so as to minimize the square errors between the actual magnitude response of the filter and the ideal magnitude response.

Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the theory. The proposed method allows us to reduce the computational complexity in the design since it is not necessary to use various optimization procedures or to calculate the inverse matrix. The filter with the desired response can be designed in a short time.
A method for solving reliability optimization problem by fuzzy multiobjective 0–1 linear programming
Authors: Sasaki Masato , Gen Mitsuo , Ida Kenichi
Published: July 2007

Optimization problems related to system reliability such as unit selection and redundant allocation are generally considered to be 0–1 linear programming (0–1 LP) problems. Recently an efficient method which considers the particular structure called generalized upper bounding (GUB) was proposed. On the other hand, it is increasingly necessary to deal with such reliability optimization problem as multiple objective decision making (MODM) problems with multiple conflicting functions. But the above method (GUB) is limited to solving single‐objective or bicriteria 0–1 LP problems. In this paper we propose a new fuzzy multiple objective 0–1 LP (0–1 FMLP) method which can adapt to changes in the utilization of system resources and the economic environment by making use of tolerances in the system control parameters. At the same time, the method considers the variability which arises from the subjective judgment of the system decisionmaker (DM) by introducing fuzzy logic into the goal specification. This method is an extension to the more general MODM problem of the efficient algorithm which takes into account the GUB structure that arises in the solution of a system reliability optimization problem. Further, in order to show the effectiveness of the method proposed here, we consider the problem of optimally planning unit selection and redundant distribution in order to maximize system availability.
Simulation of neural network digital adder and multiplier
Authors: Sakai Ken‐Ichiro , Morisue Mititada , Koinuma Hideyuki
Published: July 2007

A novel adder and multiplier using Hopfield‐type neural networks for which a technique is introduced to avoid the false operations is proposed, and the simulation results for these operations are illustrated. The main feature of these circuits is high‐speed operation which is achieved at the almost constant computation time due to their parallel calculation ability even if the number of bits in digital circuits increases.

The previously proposed adder has a problem in that some false operations occur in the special cases of addition. The error between the correct and false values in the operations is always only a binary value of ±1 once the false operation occurs.

This paper describes in detail the technique to avoid the false operations. It is important to determine the ratio of weight of the object function to constraint function, taking into consideration the energy function that should be chosen. Computer simulations for the adder verify that the correct operation can be achieved by choosing the special ratio of the weight for these functions.

On the other hand, a novel multiplier is described using a Hopfield‐type network which is composed of the proposed adder and a neural network to perform a logical product. The simulation results for the multiplier show that the correct operations of a multiplication can be achieved with high‐speed performance. It is clear from these results that a high‐performance digital adder and multiplier can be constructed by using the Hopfield‐type neural network model.
A proposal on cooperative development environment for next‐generation circuit simulator
Authors: Ootani Jun'Ichi , Konno Daisuke , Adachi Takehiko
Published: July 2007

With the recent development of large‐scale, high‐level functions and high‐speed VLSI circuits, intensive research and development efforts have been made to obtain new circuit simulation techniques. This paper proposes a cooperative development environment, which is indispensable in developing the next‐generation circuit simulation technique. Assuming UNIX and C language, a proposal for the following scheme is presented.

Various circuit simulation functions are realized as independent programs (simulation commands) as far as possible. By giving specifications for those commands in a unified way, data are shared among different simulation techniques. The input file for the simulation command is constructed by filing three kinds of data: circuit connection data; the device model data; and the data for the control. The core file is used as the output file. Then the function and realization of the simulation shell, which is to execute the simulation command interactively or to efficiently share the data among the commands, are discussed.

Finally, the method of sharing the circuit simulation program using the shared library function is proposed. Experimental examples are presented for the simulation commands such as shared library function and transient analysis.
Nonlinear equation and dynamics of tracking loop in spread spectrum communication
Authors: Kimura Naoki , Miyashita Teruo , Sato Chikara
Published: July 2007

This paper aims at the representation and analysis of the mathematical model for the tracking of a receiver in the spread spectrum communication using the deterministic differential equation. The tracking system is based on the 2Δ‐type baseband delay‐lock loop using the pseudorandom waveform by M‐sequence. Since the M‐sequence has the periodicity, the correlator output is approximated by the Fourier series expansion with the power series coefficients and is treated as a function of the time and the phase difference between the pseudorandom waveforms.

By those approaches, the basic equation for the tracking system is derived as a second‐order nonautonomous nonlinear differential equation for the phase difference, including the nonlinear restoring force, the forced input, and the parameter excitation. A computer simulation is applied to the derived nonlinear differential equation, and it is verified that the synchronization process is represented clearly as a trajectory on the phase plane.

The behavior in the neighborhood of the phase difference zero is analyzed, and it is shown that the delay‐lock loop may become unstable, resulting in the one‐half subharmonic oscillation. The Poincaré map is constructed by a computer simulation to verify the fore‐mentioned property.
Design of IIR fan filters using iir hilbert transformer
Authors: Nishikawa Kiyoshi , Morita Eiko
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a method of synthesis for the IIR fan filter which applies the IIR Hilbert transformer to the one‐dimensional prototype filter. The method is more direct than the traditional method, which derives the fan filter from the lowpass filter. The design of the quadrant fan filter also is discussed. The bilinear z transform is applied to the analog Hilbert transformer, which is already known as the 90‐deg constant‐phase function, and the result is used as the IIR Hilbert transformer. Only the odd‐order function can be used for the IIR Hilbert transformer for the IIR fan filter, but even‐ as well as odd‐order functions can be used for the quadrant fan filter. The final IIR fan filter transfer function is obtained as the difference of half‐plane type two‐dimensional all‐pass functions. A Chebyshev‐type function is used for the IIR Hilbert transformer. Consequently, the fan filter has the amplitude response with a ripple in the stopband which is one‐half the phase ripple of the Hilbert transformer, while the response is almost flat without a ripple in the passband.
Adaptive equalization and trellis‐coded modulation for selective fading channel
Authors: Ogiwara Haruo , Aniya Mitsuru
Published: July 2007

In high bit‐rate mobile communication, selective fading due to multipath phenomena is one of the causes of communication quality degradation. In selective fading, a time‐varying intersymbol interference occurs.

This paper discusses the suitable trellis‐coded modulation code for the channel. Two design rules are discussed: one is to maximize the minimum value of the average squared Euclidean distance between sequences over fading; and the other is to maximize the averaged value of the minimum distance between received sequences over fading and information sequences.

Both rules conclude that the optimum code for the Gaussian channel without fading also is optimum for the selective fading channel, that is, the code with the maximum free Euclidean distance is optimum for the fading channel. Simulation results show that the codes designed by the rules give the effective coding gain and the design method is useful.

The decoding complexity increases exponentially depending on the sum of the code constraint length and the length of intersymbol interference. To lighten the decoding burden, a simplified decoding method of a decreased survival path is proposed.
Acoustic parameter estimation for design of piezoelectric telephones by the nonlinear optimization method
Authors: Hoshijima Keizo , Simada Osamu , Kitao Masachika , Nomura Yasuo , Ohta Yuka , Ohga Juro
Published: July 2007

Until now, no formula has been derived for computing the acoustic parameters of the transmitting and receiving systems in the actual piezoelectric telephone handset of small size and light weight. The lack of such a formula was a significant hindrance to the design of the handset.

In this paper, estimation of these parameters is made possible by the application of the nonlinear optimization technique. In this optimization problem, convergence is extremely slow since there is a magnitude difference of about 1010 among the parameters. Hence, for each parameter, a hypothetical maximum and minimum are assumed so that the problem is replaced with a hypothetical conditional optimization problem.

By means of the change of variables, the variable ranges of all the parameters are aligned. At the same time, the problem is transformed back to the optimization problem without constraints so that the convergence is accelerated.

Since the performance function is constructed in which all the measured characteristics of the transmitting and receiving sensitivities under different measurement conditions are used as esimating information, the resultant optimization problem is of a significant size. The simulation characteristics computed based on the obtained estimation values agreed well with the measured characteristics. This implies that the estimated value derived by the present method is useful in actual design of the handset.
Generalization of the non‐gaussian, nonlinear AR time series model type and its application to acoustic environments
Authors: Ohta Mitsuo , Ikuta Akira
Published: July 2007

The traditional standard time series model, such as the AR model, usually assumes the Gaussian property for the fluctuation distribution. It assumes also the linear regression function for the time series, and the well‐known least‐square method is applied based only on the linear correlation data. In the actual sound environment, however, the stochastic process exhibits various non‐Gaussian distributions, and there potentially exist various nonlinear correlations between two or more time points in addition to the linear correlation between time series. Consequently, often the time series in the actual phenomenon cannot be represented by a simple model such as the AR model.

This paper derives the new time series model without any preset artificial simplification in a form matched to the complexity and multiplicity of the fluctuation distribution. More precisely, a time series regression model is proposed based on the Bayes theorem, where no regression function is assumed between time series, while reflecting hierarchically all such various correlation information. The proposed method is applied to the actual data in the sound environment, and the practical usefulness is verified.
A theory of initial synchronization and error‐control coding
Authors: Imai Hideki , Shishino Shinichi
Published: July 2007

The error‐control code is used widely at present in digital communication and storage systems. When the error‐control code is applied to the actual system, however, several problems arise that cannot be solved by the traditional code theory.

One such problem is synchronization. In the usual application of the error‐control code, it is not tacitly assumed that the synchronization is already established. Such an assumption is not always valid in the actual situation. If the synchronization is not established, it is difficult for the error‐control code to exhibit its full error correction ability.

From such a viewpoint, this paper does not use the assumption that the synchronization is established. Both the initial synchronization and error control are considered, i.e., the establishment of synchronization from the unsynchronized state and the execution of the correct decoding are discussed.

This paper proposes the initial synchronization decoding model. Two code structures are considered, and the decoding method as well as the asymptotic properties of the error exponent are discussed. As a result, a practical theory for the synchronization and error control is shown, considering simultaneously the initial synchronization and error control. Its features are the high efficiency and the decoding which is not very complex.
Even‐length real‐valued cyclically orthogonal pseudonoise sequences with small absolute value
Authors: Tanada Yoshihiro , Yoshida Hiroshi , Nagasawa Yoji
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the even‐length real‐valued cyclically orthogonal pseudonoise (PN) sequences with small absolute values as the PN sequence for spread spectrum communication.

First, the sequence of maximum absolute value 2 with cubic or inverse phase parameters is considered. By replacing the sequence variable by the power of the primitive root and by regarding the power as the sequence variable, an orthogonal PN sequence is obtained. There exists the same number of such sequences as the number of primitive roots, and the cross‐correlation function is relatively small if the period is large.

By convolving a sequence with itself, a set of sequences is obtained which has relatively small absolute value of the sequence and relatively small absolute value of cross correlation. It is proposed also to convolve a sequence with other sets of sequences. The sequence considered in this paper is suited to the digital correlation processing using the fast‐Fourier transform when the period is 4, 16, 256, 65, 536, ….
Multiterminal zero error data transmission with linked encoders
Authors: Oohama Yasutada
Published: July 2007

In the coding of information source and the channel, a problem arises where the transmission rate is discussed under the zero error probability, called “error‐free problem.” In the multiterminal information transmission system considered by Slepian and Wolf (called the SW system), the error‐free problem has not been solved.

This paper extends the SW system and defines anew a system where encoders are linked (called the SWL system). The error‐free region (admissible rate region under the zero error probability) is determined for the defined system, and the error‐free problem is given a complete answer. It is shown that the forementioned region is wider than the error‐free region of the SW system. It is interesting that the foregoing results are in a sense matched to the result obtained in the coding of the one‐input/one‐output channel. Furthermore, it is shown that the error‐free region in the SWL system can be achieved by the universal code.
An ℋ︁∞ control system design method for parameter sensitivity reduction
Authors: Ohkubo Keiji , Aoki Kazuhiko , Ohmori Hiromitsu , Sano Akira
Published: July 2007

There are two types of uncertainty in a system to be controlled: parameter errors and unstructured uncertainty. Conventional ℋ︁∞ control synthesis in the presence of unstructured uncertainty has been developed on the basis of frequency‐domain criteria using the state‐space method. It is difficult to consider the sensitivity to parameter errors in the frequency domain, however. In this paper, the authors propose an ℋ︁∞ controller design method which can cope with parameter errors by introducing a trajectory sensitivity model into the conventional ℋ︁∞ controller design method. It is also shown that the obtained controller is equivalent to a dynamic state feedback controller whose order becomes high. Thus, controller reduction is adopted.
A realization of real filters using complex resonators
Authors: Muto Cosy , Kambayashi Noriyoshi
Published: July 2007

The synthesis of real filters using the complex coefficient filters is considered interesting in digital signal processing, since one can expect that the freedom in the design will be increased and the coefficient sensitivity will be decreased. In analog signal processing, on the other hand, there are few reports on the design of the filter from a similar viewpoint.

This paper discusses the complex coefficient filter on the analog domain, which is obtained by shifting the frequency response of the lower‐order real filter on the frequency axis, together with its application to synthesize real filters.

First, the complex analog transfer function is introduced, which is obtained by shifting the frequency response of the real filter on the frequency axis. The elements for the complex analog signal processing are defined. Then, using those elements, the complex resonator is proposed.

The proposed circuit can be considered as a special class of the biquad circuit, where the complex conjugate poles of the second‐order section are specified. As a result of sensitivity analysis, the proposed circuit is shown to have the same or lower sensitivity as that of the biquad circuit. Another feature is that the circuit can be realized using the lossy integrators and can be used as the functional unit in the active filter to be operated at higher frequencies. Design examples using the operational amplifier and their experimental results are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fir and IIR SC decimation filters using parallel cyclic‐type circuit for high frequency and low power consumption
Authors: Hirata Yoshinori , Takahashi Nobuaki , Kikuchi Katsumi , Hashimoto Mitsuru , Takebe Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2007

The filter on monolithic LSI for communication and measurement is realized by the digital signal processor (DSP) or the switched capacitor (SC) circuit. In the analog‐digital interface, high‐speed processing, applications requiring low power consumption operations, and low cost, SC circuits will be superior to the DSP circuits. The authors devised the SC circuit called parallel cyclic‐type, which can further enhance the high‐frequency and low power‐consumption operation. The single‐rate FIR and IIR filters have been proposed using the circuit.

In this paper, the high frequency and low power‐consumption FIR and IIR decimation filters using the SC parallel cyclic‐type circuits are proposed. The effects of the finite gain bandwidth (GB product) of the operational amplifier and of the parasitic capacitance on the filter characteristics are analyzed.

The proposed filters and the decimation filter by Franca et al. are constructed using discrete elements and the characteristics are examined. The characteristics are compared with the computer simulations. It is verified as a result that the proposed decimation filter has a much better performance than the filter by Franca et al.
A method to determine a minimal set of polynomials capable of generating a given finite N‐dimensional array
Authors: Iwamura Keiichi , Imai Hideki
Published: July 2007

The Berlekamp‐Massey algorithm and the Euclidean algorithm are well known as decoding methods for Reed‐Solomon codes. Sakata's algorithm, which finds the minimal set of polynomials that generate a given two‐dimensional (2‐D) array, is used as a decoding method for algebraic‐geometric codes; Reed‐Solomon codes are a subclass of the algebraic‐geometric codes. The Sakata algorithm is an extension of the Berlekamp‐Massey algorithm to two dimensions, but there is no corresponding extension of the Euclidean algorithm to give it the edge in implementation. Theorems are presented here to demonstrate in general the equivalence between the Berlekamp‐Massey algorithm and the Euclidean algorithm and from these theorems a 2‐D Euclidean algorithm that corresponds to the 2‐D Berlekamp‐Massey algorithm (Sakata algorithm) is developed. Moreover, the algorithms described here correspond to the multidimensional Berlekamp‐Massey algorithm and to the Kamiya‐Miura algorithm, a modification of the Sakata algorithm. The algorithms proposed in this paper may be implemented at high speeds with parallel processing, a difficult task for the Berlekamp‐Massey algorithm.
An efficient method for the limit estimation of slowly convergent sequence of numbers
Authors: Iijima Taizo
Published: July 2007

Advances made in electronic computers allows the limit value of the sequence to be determined much more easily now than in the past. However, a problem still arises frequently in which it is difficult to determine the limit value with a high accuracy when a tremendous calculation is required in the determination of each term of the sequence. This paper proposes a theoretical method to estimate the limit value of the sequence with a high accuracy from the viewpoint of the recognition theory. By examining the gradual change of the sequence, the character inherent to the sequence is derived. By utilizing the character, the limit value can be estimated with a high accuracy directly from a small number of terms of the sequence. Lastly, the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method is demonstrated by simple examples.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Constrained Spiro‐β‐Lactams by the Staudinger Reaction Using an Unsymmetrical Bicyclic Ketene
Authors: Trabocchi Andrea , Lalli Claudia , Guarna Francesco , Guarna Antonio
Published: July 2007

A rigid bicyclic ketene was used to generate highly constrained polycyclic spiro‐β‐lactams through the Staudinger reaction. Depending on the imine component, high diastereoselectivity was observed in the process, leading to mainly the cis diastereoisomer in the case of aromatic imines. This results from an anti addition of the imine to the ketene, followed by a conrotatory ring closure in which the heteroatom at the 6‐position of the scaffold rotates outward because of torquoelectronic effects.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Electrochemical Studies of the Interaction of 2‐Nitroacridone with DNA and Determination of DNA
Authors: Chen Jinghua , Zhang Jing , Zhuang Qian , Chen Jing , Lin Xinhua
Published: July 2007

A new acridone derivate 2‐nitroacridone (NAD) was synthesized and a new method of electrochemical probe has been proposed for the determination of salmon sperm DNA based on its interaction with NAD. The electrochemical behavior of interaction of NAD with DNA was investigated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). In the presence of DNA, the peak current of NAD decreases and the peak potential shifts to a more positive potential without appearance of a new peak. The binding ratio between NAD and salmon sperm DNA was calculated to be 2 : 1 and the binding constant was 3.19×105 L/mol. The decrease of the peak current (ΔIp) of NAD was proportional to the concentration of DNA in the range from 1.55×10−7 M to 2.02×10−6 M with the detection limit of 3.10×10−8 M, and DNA of synthetic sample was determined satisfactorily. Additionally, the binding mechanism was preliminarily discussed. The mode of interaction between NAD and DNA was found to be intercalation binding.
Complexation of cage thiones with bisphosphine platinum(0) complexes
Authors: Petzold Holm , Görls Helmar , Weigand Wolfgang , Romanski Jaroslaw , Mloston Grzegorz
Published: July 2007

The syntheses of thiocarbonyl derivatives of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,8]‐8,10‐dione (1) using bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide 12 or H2S/HCl as a thionating agent are reported. The complexation reactions of monothioketone 3, dimethoxythioketone 5, and thioxoketone 6 with bisphosphine platinum(0) complexes were investigated. The formed complexes 9a–c and 11 were characterized by 1H, 31P NMR, IR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. X‐ray crystal structure analyses of 5 and complexes 9a and 11 were performed. The structure analyses show that thiocarbonyl derivatives are coordinated in the η2‐mode. In each case, only one isomer is formed, with the platinum complex fragment selectively coordinated in the exo‐position. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:584–590, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20332
Synthesis of thienyl‐containing photochromes (dithienylethenes, fulgides, fulgimides, and spirocompounds)
Authors: Krayushkin Mikhail M. , Barachevsky Valery A. , Irie Masahiro
Published: July 2007

© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:557–567, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20334
Oxidation of cyclic polysulfides fused to aromatics
Authors: Sato Ryu
Published: July 2007

Considerable interest has been focused on the reactivity and oxidation of cyclic polysulfides such as benzopentathiepins and benzotrithioles. In this review, some oxidations of cyclic polysulfides fused to aromatics such as bezopentathiepins and related compounds with a few oxidizing reagents are described. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 18:482–488, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20347
Plant manager covert behavior in rejection of automation technology: Case study
Authors: Whitman Kirwin A.
Published: July 2007

This case study examines two automation project rejections. These were traced past initially given postponement reasons (which the plant managers knew would be acceptable to corporate management) to expose hidden actual rejection reasons. The latter involved the plant manager's self‐interest, stress, or perception of cultural rules (which are likely to be hidden from corporate management). The implication of the study is that there is a need for research directed toward plant manager behavioral effects regarding automation technology.
Personal perspective. misguided flexibility: Workers again becoming machines
Authors: Kroll Dennis E.
Published: July 2007

Two distinct notions of flexibility have arisen; one concerns the individual as a holistic being, the other deals with the working environment of the same individual. The possible motives and problems of this situation are explored. The development of possible models for analysis is discussed.
Questioning analysis and design methods in development of interdisciplinary manufacturing systems design: The case of CIM‐OSA
Authors: Havn Erling
Published: July 2007

The complexity of designing computer‐supported manufacturing systems has lead to the development of several methodologies and tools to support the design. One of them is CIM‐OSA, developed within the ESPRIT program. In this article, CIM‐OSA is discussed and evaluated from a sociotechnical point of view.
Analytical modeling and experimental study of human workload in scheduling of advanced manufacturing systems
Authors: Bi Shuxin , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: July 2007

Human supervisory control of advanced manufacturing systems is characterized by dynamic, discrete, and random decision‐making tasks. With humans in the system control loop, there is a concern on cognitive task allocation based on human mental workload and performance. Traditional task analysis techniques based on observable actions are no longer appropriate. In this article, an analytical model was developed based on the conceptual model of human workload prediction proposed by Salvendy (Salvendy, 1993). This model is suggested to predict task load and human workload based on system engineering parameters: task arrival rate, task complexity, task uncertainty, and task performance requirement. This article also reports on an experimental study in which the sensitivity of the proposed engineering parameters on human workload and the validity of the analytical model were studied. A real time scheduling simulator of an advanced manufacturing system was implemented and configured with experiment data. The results support strongly the analytical model and further the conceptual model of human workload prediction. It is expected that the derived cognitive task analysis method and prediction models could be used for dynamic decision‐making system design with random task arrivals.
Unexpected variability of millennium green: Structural color of Japanese jewel beetle resulted from thermosensitive porous organic multilayer
Authors: Adachi Eiki
Published: July 2007

The Japanese jewel beetle (Chrysochroa fulgidissima) is one of the beautiful beetles showing metallic green color that is kept over a millennium. This is a typical structural color resulting from a multilayer, frequently seen in insects. It was found that the elytra unexpectedly change the color from original green to blue or red by heating at 200°C or by immersing in bromoform for over 1 month. This variability implies that the multilayer consists of a thermosensitive porous material. The color change induced by heating was accompanied with elytron shrinkage; the sensitivity of the reflection peak was −0.6 nm/°C in 30–65°C. The porous structure was determined by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy; the averaged pore radius was around 0.25–0.30 nm, which is close to the size of the bromoform molecule. These features prove the thermosensitivity and porous structure of the multilayer although inunusual environments. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profiling and imaging of tissues by imaging ion mobility‐mass spectrometry
Authors: McLean John A. , Ridenour Whitney B. , Caprioli Richard M.
Published: July 2007

Molecular profiling and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) of tissues can often result in complex spectra that are difficult to interpret without additional information about specific signals. This report describes increasing data dimensionality in IMS by combining two‐dimensional separations at each spatial location on the basis of imaging ion mobility‐mass spectrometry (IM‐MS). Analyte ions are separated on the basis of both ion‐neutral collision cross section and m/z, which provides rapid separation of isobaric, but structurally distinct ions. The advantages of imaging using ion mobility prior to MS analysis are demonstrated for profiling of human glioma and selective lipid imaging from rat brain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product placement and tourism‐oriented environments: an exploratory introduction
Authors: Weaver Adam
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the ‘physical’ placement of products within tourism‐oriented environments. Product placement is usually associated with the incorporation of branded products into media vehicles. However, a type of placement also occurs within ‘non‐store’ spaces used by tourists. Product placement within these spaces may increase awareness about certain products and, ultimately, induce purchases. Tourism‐oriented environments may enhance the attractiveness of placed products because they enable consumers to interact with and appraise these products before they purchase them. A number of examples are provided, which demonstrate that marketers seek to create encounters between tourists and products. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Music for advertising effect
Authors: Hecker Sidney
Published: July 2007

Music intensifies pictures and colors words. It enriches the key messages and stimulates the listener, and often adds a form of energy available through no other source. Music may well be the single most stimulating component of advertising, and neither the diagnosticians nor the testers are giving it sufficient attention or credit.
Forced compliance in family decision‐making
Authors: Seymour Daniel T.
Published: July 2007

‘Forced compliance,’ a situation in which a person engages in a behavior that he or she would normally deem as inappropriate, is used in this study to examine conflict resolution in family decision‐making. Specific hypotheses related to a major purchase decision are tested in a field study. The results indicate that those husbands or wives who have been forced to engage in counterattitudinal behaviors find numerous ways to justify their inconsistencies.
A circuit model for the inductive strip in homogeneous finline
Authors: Knorr Jeffrey B. , Morua Michael L.
Published: July 2007

This article describes a circuit model for infinitesimally thin inductive strips centered in homogeneous finline. The model is valid for 0.1 ≤ W/b ≤ 1.0, 0.01 ≤ T/a, and 0.4 ≤ b/a ≤ 0.5 when frequency is in the normal operating band for the rectangular waveguide shield. The error is less than 2.5%.
On the application of fast wavelet transform to the integral‐equation solution of electromagnetic scattering problems
Authors: Kim Hyeongdong , Ling Hao
Published: July 2007

The fast wavelet transform is applied to the integral‐equation solution of two‐dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. In the wavelet transform domain, the moment‐method impedance matrix becomes sparse, and sparse matrix algorithms can be utilized to solve the resulting matrix equation. Using the fast wavelet transform in conjunction with the conjugate gradient method, we present the time performance for the solution of a dihedral corner reflector. The total computational complexity is found to be reduced without sacrificing much accuracy. The reason for the sparsity of the wavelet domain representation is discussed and additional areas of research are pinpointed. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Resonant frequency of a triangular microstrip antenna
Authors: Güney K.
Published: July 2007

A new very simple effective side length and effective relative dielectric constant expressions are presented for a triangular microstrip antenna. The theoretical resonant‐frequency results obtained from the magnetic wall cavity model with this new effective side length and effective relative dielectric constant expressions are in very good agreement with experimental results available in the literature. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Radiation characteristics of a microstrip traveling‐wave antenna‐power balance
Authors: Alaeddine A. , Reineix A. , Jecko B.
Published: July 2007

The radiation behavior of a microstrip traveling‐wave antenna is theoretically analyzed using a time‐domain method based on the FDTD. The time evolution of the fields and currents computed by the FDTD can be given in the frequency domain on a large bandwidth using Fourier transforms. Then it is possible to deduce classical parameters as the radiated field, the gain, and the power delivered by the antenna. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the discretization process involved in the staircase‐approximation technique for analyzing radially inhomogeneous optical fibers
Authors: Guerreiro Neves M. V. Das , Faria J. A. Brandao
Published: July 2007

The accuracy of staircase‐approximation techniques that are used for analyzing optical fiber properties depends on how certain discretization parameters are chosen. In this work we discuss and develop criteria for the choice of those parameters. Particular emphasis is placed on a physics‐based criterion we suggest be followed for the specification of the refractive index of the layers into which the fiber core is discretized. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two‐lobe pattern from rectangular patch by electromagnetic coupling
Authors: Yousefi M. H. , Alyer R. C. , Karekar R. N.
Published: July 2007

A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is electromagnetically excited by microstrip line, but fed from the short side. The effect on the radiation pattern of variation of the feedline inset/off set position is studied experimentally. It is observed that the radiation pattern has two distinct lobes with variable, asymmetric amplitudes. The angle between the two lobes is found to be about 95° ± 10°. But the lobe amplitudes show a periodic variation with normalized inset for each offset value. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Full‐wave hybrid‐mode analysis of general structure of coplanar waveguides by using the method of lines
Authors: Tao Y. M. , Fang D. G. , Li X. G.
Published: July 2007

In this article the method of lines combined with the generalized spectral‐domain immittance approach is used as a full‐wave analysis to the general structure of coplanar waveguides. Numerical examples show the validity of this new method. It can also be used to analyze multilayered or multiregion structures. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of microstrip multiport junctions using the multimode boundary integral method
Authors: Gan Y. B. , Leong M. S. , Kool P. S.
Published: July 2007

The Boundary integral method (BIM) is applied to a number of planar microstrip multiport junctions. The E fields for coupling ports are expressed as multimode series, enabling direct calculation of S parameters from the resulting matrix equation. Results obtained for cross junctions, T junctions, Y junctions, and 90° bends agree very well with those obtained from full‐wave analysis and other methods. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two‐LD‐pumped Pr‐doped fiber amplifier module with a 1.30‐μm signal gain of 17 dB
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Yamada Makoto , Temmyo Jiro , Wada Masato , Kanamori Terutoshi , Terunuma Yukio , Ohishi Yasutake , Sudo Shoichi
Published: July 2007

We have constructed a Pr‐doped fluoride fiber amplifier module pumped by two laser diodes (LDs). This module has a maximum signal gain of 17 dB at 1.30 μm. The saturated output power at 3‐dB gain compression is 5 dBm. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimum directivity of a uniformly spaced broadside array of collinear half‐wave dipoles
Authors: Rashed‐Mohassel J.
Published: July 2007

A closed‐form expression is obtained for the directivity of a uniformly spaced broadside array of collinear half‐wave dipoles with similar excitations. The directivity is then optimized and the amplitude distribution is obtained for various spacings of the dipoles and different numbers of elements. A comparison between the optimum and nominal directivity is presented. It is observed that for increased separation, the optimum and the nominal directivities are practically the same. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimally filtered self‐synchronized PPM PIN‐BJT receivers
Authors: Elmirghani Jaafar M. H. , Cryan Robert A.
Published: July 2007

A common‐collector common‐emitter PIN‐BJT receiver topology is considered for use with optical‐fiber pulse position modulation (PPM). The PPM PIN‐BJT system is shown to offer a sensitivity improvement of 8.6 dB over a comparable PCM system when both systems are operating at 140 Mbit/s and λ = 1.3 μm. The sensitivity penalty in self‐synchronized PPM due to slot clock jitter is considered. This is shown to be significant (3.6 and 6.3 dB) at the set of parameters considered. An optimum presynchronization filter is derived and shown to result in the minimization of the jitter penalty. The inclusion of the filter resulted in reduction in the jitter penalty to about 0.1 dB for the two sets of parameters considered. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3D FDTD characterization of interconnections between MMIC and MIC modules
Authors: Visan S. , Picon O. , Hanna V. Fouad
Published: July 2007

A 3D finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method is used to characterize interconnections between MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuits) and MIC (microwave integrated circuits) modules. The scattering parameters are calculated in the 0–40‐GHz band for an interconnection between a microstrip line on a GaAs substrate (MMIC) and a microstrip line on an alumina substrate (MIC). The variation of the interconnection scattering parameters as a function of its geometrical parameters is presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bent rectangular core waveguides: An accurate perturbation approach
Authors: Kumar Arun , Gallawa R. L.
Published: July 2007

We discuss a method of evaluating the effective indices of quasimodes of a bent rectangular core waveguide taking into account the correct dielectric constant of the corner regions, which is ignored in earlier methods. At small bend curvatures and low V values, the corner regions contribute much more to the effective index change than the bending itself. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.