bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of Scleromitrion diffusum and Oldenlandia corymbosa: Microscopy, TLC, HPLC, and antioxidant activity
Authors: Ho Yu‐Ling , Au Thanh‐Thuy‐Dung , Wu Hung‐Yi , Wu Kun‐Chang , Chang Yuan‐Shiun
Published: May 2024

Quality control of herbal medicines is crucial, especially the role of herbal drug identification. This is essential for preventing the misuse of herbs, which can affect efficacy or cause toxicity. Scleromitrion diffusum is a common herb, yet it is often mistaken for Oldenlandia corymbosa. This study analyzed the morphology, microscopy, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using two markers, asperuloside and scandoside methyl ester, to distinguish between S. diffusum and O. corymbosa with the analysis included 10 samples of S. diffusum and 10 samples of O. corymbosa collected from the Taiwan market. By quantifying the total polyphenols and flavonoids, we investigated the antioxidant activity, including the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging effect, 2,2′‐azino‐bis 3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) scavenging effect, and reducing power to further elucidate the biological effects of the two herbs. The results of this study revealed notable differences in microscopy and suggested a TLC method for distinguishing between the two herbs in the market. In HPLC, the ratios of asperuloside and scandoside methyl ester differed between the two herbs. S. diffusum contained a higher asperuloside content. In contrast, O. corymbosa contained higher concentrations of scandoside methyl esters. With more total polyphenols and flavonoids in S. diffusum than those in O. corymbosa, the antioxidant activity of S. diffusum was superior to that of O. corymbosa. This study provides a comprehensive understanding for the identification and quality evaluation of S. diffusum in the market.

Research Highlights

The study consolidates and clarifies the morphological and microscopic differences between Scleromitrion diffusum and Oldenlandia corymbosa – a common adulterant species of S. diffusum on the Taiwan markets.

Using Asperuloside and Scandoside methyl ester as two chemical markers, the study proposes a TLC method for rapidly testing S. diffusum and O. corymbosa on the market. Through HPLC analysis, our results showed that S. diffusum and O. corymbosa had a clear difference in the ratio of two markers, Asperuloside and Scandoside methyl ester: Asperuloside/Scandoside methyl ester in S. diffusum is higher than that in O. corymbosa.

Through phytochemicals contents, including total phenols content, flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity, including DPPH, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and reducing power, S. diffusum showed slightly higher levels of phenols and flavonoids as well as a better antioxidant activity than O. corymbosa.
Normal Values for Atrial Deformation Measured by Feature‐Tracking Cardiac MRI: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cai Qiuyi , Zhao Zhengkai , Gao Jin , Liu Jian , Li Jianlin , Peng Xin , Chen Hang
Published: May 2024

Background

A consensus on normal atrial deformation measurements by feature‐tracking cardiac MRI remained absent.

Purpose

Provide reference ranges for atrial strain parameters in normal subjects, evaluating the influence of field strength and analysis software on the measurements.

Study Type

Meta‐analysis.

Population

2708 subjects from 42 studies undergoing cardiac MRI.

Assessment

A systematic search was conducted from database (PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and EMBASE) inception through August 2023. The random‐effects model was used to pool the means of biatrial strain parameters. Heterogeneity and clinical variable effects were assessed. Strain measurements among different field strengths and analysis software were compared.

Statistical Tests

The inverse‐variance method, Cochrane Q statistic, and I2 value, meta‐regression analysis, and ANOVA were used; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The pooled means of left atrial (LA) total strain (εs), passive strain (εe), and active strain (εa) were 37.46%, 22.73%, and 16.24%, respectively, and the pooled means of LA total strain rate (SRs), passive strain rate (SRe), and active strain rate (SRa) were 1.66, −1.95, and −1.83, indicating significant heterogeneity. The pooled means of right atrial (RA) εs, εe, and εa were 44.87%, 26.05%, and 18.83%. RA SRs, SRe, and SRa were 1.66, −1.95, and −1.83, respectively. The meta‐regression identified age as significantly associated with LA εs, εe and SRe, field strength was associated with LA SRa (all P < 0.05). ANOVA revealed differences in LA εa and SRa among different analysis software and in LA εs and all LA strain rates (all P < 0.05) among field strengths. No significant differences were identified in RA strain across analysis software (RA strain: P = 0.145–0.749; RA strain rates: P = 0.073–0.744) and field strengths (RA strain: P = 0.641–0.794; RA strain rates: P = 0.204–0.458).

Data Conclusion

This study demonstrated the pooled reference values of biatrial strain. Age, analysis software, and field strength were attributed to differences in LA strain, whereas RA strain showed consistency across different field strengths and analysis software. Limited study subjects may account for the absence of influence on RA strain.

Level of Evidence

1.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 5.
GABAergic system and chloride cotransporters as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate cell death in ischemia
Authors: Nascimento A. A. , Pereira‐Figueiredo D. , Borges‐Martins V. P. , Kubrusly R. C. , Calaza K. C.
Published: May 2024

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a critical inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that plays a vital role in modulating neuronal excitability. Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling, particularly involving the cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2, has been implicated in various pathologies, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and ischemia. NKCC1 facilitates chloride influx, whereas KCC2 mediates chloride efflux via potassium gradient. Altered expression and function of these cotransporters have been associated with excitotoxicity, inflammation, and cellular death in ischemic events characterized by reduced cerebral blood flow, leading to compromised tissue metabolism and subsequent cell death. NKCC1 inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate intracellular chloride accumulation and mitigate neuronal damage during ischemic events. Similarly, targeting KCC2, which regulates chloride efflux, holds promise for improving outcomes and reducing neuronal damage under ischemic conditions. This review emphasizes the critical roles of GABA, NKCC1, and KCC2 in ischemic pathologies and their potential as therapeutic targets. Inhibiting or modulating the activity of these cotransporters represents a promising strategy for reducing neuronal damage, preventing excitotoxicity, and improving neurological outcomes following ischemic events. Furthermore, exploring the interactions between natural compounds and NKCC1/KCC2 provides additional avenues for potential therapeutic interventions for ischemic injury.
The South American precipitation trends under (or not) El Niño‐Southern Oscillation influences and relationship with large‐scale circulation
Authors: da Costa Jean Antunes Custódio , Andreoli Rita Valéria , Kayano Mary Toshie , de Souza Itamara Parente , de Souza Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira , Cerón Wilmar L.
Published: May 2024

The precipitation trend patterns in South America (SA) are determined using trend empirical orthogonal function analysis for the 1951–2016 period. The associated large‐scale tropical and extratropical anomalous circulation patterns are also examined. The words “total” and “residual” refer to the monthly anomalies and monthly anomalies without the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects, respectively. The total precipitation features a positive trend in southeastern SA (SESA, southern Brazil, Uruguay, most of eastern Argentina) and northern Chile, and a negative trend over central‐eastern Brazil and central Amazonia. The residual precipitation shows an increased positive trend over most of the coastal extension of northern SA and Colombia; a weak positive trend over southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and northern Chile; and a negative trend over central‐eastern SA and western Amazonia. The differences between the total and residual precipitation trend patterns in tropical SA is explained as responses to total and residual zonally asymmetric anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, respectively. The total SST pattern along the equatorial Pacific configures the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which impacts ENSO variability and as response intensifies the Walker circulation. Without the ENSO, the Walker cell is mainly driven by the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans, which configure residual asymmetric anomalous warming. Furthermore, the warming in the equatorial Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans, in the presence of ENSO, induces a Rossby wave train‐type anomalous pattern that extends across the South Pacific into SA and modulates the atmospheric anomalous circulation over SESA. In this region, an anomalous anticyclonic accompanied by an intensified South American Low‐Level Jet induces a moisture transport to SESA. This anticyclone is also observed in the absence of ENSO but is weaker. The results suggest the importance of ocean warming in the western Pacific‐Indian in the modulation of extratropical teleconnections to SESA in the tropical ocean warming scenario.
Effects of a single‐session, online, experiential happiness workshop on graduate student mental health and wellness
Authors: Sommers‐Flanagan John , Mumbauer‐Pisano Jayna , Salois Daniel , Byrne Kristen
Published: May 2024

Graduate students regularly experience anxiety, sleep disturbances, and depression, but little research exists on how to support their mental health. We evaluated the effects of a single‐session, online, synchronous, happiness workshop on graduate student well‐being, mental health, and physical health. Forty‐five students participated in a quasi‐experimental study. Students attended a synchronous 2.5‐h online happiness workshop, or a no‐workshop control condition. After workshop completion and as compared with no‐treatment controls, participants reported significant reductions in depression symptoms but no significant changes on seven other measures. At 6 months, participants reported further reductions in depression symptoms. Moreover, across four open‐ended questions, 37.0%–48.1% of workshop participants (a) recalled workshop tools, (b) found them useful, (c) had been practicing them regularly, and (d) used them in sessions with clients. Despite study limitations, single‐session, synchronous, online, happiness workshops may have salutatory effects on graduate student mental health. Additional research is needed.
Tunnel technique and subepithelial connective tissue graft, with or without cross‐linked hyaluronic acid, in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions: 12‐month outcomes of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Skierska Izabela , Górski Bartłomiej , Fus Łukasz
Published: May 2024

Background

This study evaluated the influence of the adjunctive application of a cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA) in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions, using a modified coronally advanced tunnel (MCAT) technique and subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) (MCAT+SCTG±HA).

Methods

A randomized, split‐mouth, double‐masked comparison of the effects of MCAT+HA+SCTG (test) versus MCAT+SCTG (control) in the treatment of multiple, contralateral gingival recessions with clinical, esthetic, and histological evaluations was carried out. All samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff–Van Gieson, and Alcian blue stain for semiquantitative evaluation. The primary outcome variable was 12‐month mean root coverage (MRC).

Results

Twenty‐four patients with 266 gingival recessions received both control and test treatments (133 recessions per group). 12‐month MRC of the MCAT+HA+SCTG group was not significantly different from the MCAT+SCTG group with 84.32%±  34.46% and 85.71%±  36.43%, respectively (p = 0.991). Both treatment modes produced favorable esthetic outcomes (root coverage esthetic score [RES] 9.51±  1.01 tests vs. 9.26±  1.10 controls, p = 0.7292). However, the application of HA improved soft tissue texture (p = 0.0091). The remaining end point measures did not differ significantly between groups. Histological evaluation showed a significantly greater number of elastic fibers and a moderate increase in collagen fiber density in biopsy samples taken from the test sides when compared to the control sides (p = 0.0419 and p = 0.300, respectively).

Conclusions

MCAT+SCTG is an effective procedure in the treatment of multiple recession Type 1 (RT1) and RT2 recessions. There were no statistically significant differences in evaluated clinical treatment outcomes in the MCAT+HA+SCTG group compared to the MCAT+SCTG group within a period of 12 months. The application of HA increased collagen and elastic fiber density.
Stabilization of quasilinear systems with variable exponents: A modified approach for energy decay rate determination
Authors: Zhang Yuze
Published: May 2024

This article investigates the stabilization of quasilinear systems governed by elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) with variable exponents using the modified Tikhonov approach. Our main focus is to determine the energy decay rate of the solution. The findings have significant potential for practical applications in various fields of science and engineering, where the energy decay rate plays a vital role in system stability and control.
Technical note: Patient‐specific quality assurance for multi‐target single‐isocenter SRS—A target‐specific approach
Authors: Lee Tae Kyu
Published: May 2024

Background

As radiotherapy techniques advance, so do planning methods for multi‐target intracranial SRS cases. Multi‐target‐single‐isocenter (MTSI) planning offers high‐precision beam delivery with shortened duration. However, accommodating all targets in a single Patient‐Specific‐Quality‐Assurance (PSQA) with QA devices like SRS MapCHECK (SRS MC) is generally impractical.

Purpose

Consequently, we conducted PSQA, using a custom script, by relocating each Target or Neighboring‐Target‐Group (T‐NTG) relative to the beam isocenter on the PSQA device, ensuring each target's dose coverage at high precision.

Methods

SRS treatment plans use 6MV–FFF beams, consisting of four Volumetric Modulated ARC Therapy (VMAT) arcs, including one full‐arc and three half arcs with couch‐kicks. A custom script calculated T‐NTG coordinates relative to the beam isocenter. QA verification plans were created for each T‐NTG, redefining the beam isocenter for precise alignment with the center of the SRS MC. CBCT images were acquired during PSQA for SRS MC alignment, and gamma‐index analysis (GIA) was performed. A single‐tail paired t‐test assessed the passing rate (PR) for 75 QA verification plans.

Results

GIA with l.0 mm/2.0% criteria for each QA plan yielded a PR > 95.5%, with an average of 98.9%. Plans achieving PR > 99.0% and > 97.0% constituted 63% and 92% of studied plans, respectively. Statistical significance was observed in a t‐test with an ideal PR value of 100%, while insignificance was found with a PR value of 99%, suggesting that PSQA for individual targets consistently approaches 99% PR. In MTSI cases using 6MV‐FFF beams, targets within the lateral dose‐fall‐off region require careful verification for acceptability. Our clinical study on individual T‐NTG relocation demonstrates that the presented PSQA methods are generally acceptable, supported by a statistically insignificant PR against a 99% PR value.

Conclusions

Presented statistical analysis results indicate that the proposed PSQA approach can serve as a reliable tool in clinical settings.
Sequence building block for magnetic resonance spectroscopy on Siemens VE‐series scanners
Authors: Karkouri Jabrane , Rodgers Christopher T.
Published: May 2024

We present a sequence building block (SBB) that embeds magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) into another sequence on the Siemens VE platform without any custom hardware. This enables dynamic studies such as functional MRS (fMRS), dynamic shimming and frequency correction, and acquisition of navigator images for motion correction. The SBB supports nonlocalised spectroscopy (free induction decay), STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode single voxel spectroscopy, and 1D, 2D and 3D phase‐encoded chemical shift imaging. It can embed 1H or X‐nuclear MRS into a 1H sequence; and 1H‐MRS into an X‐nuclear sequence. We demonstrate integration into the vendor's gradient‐recalled echo sequence. We acquire test data in phantoms with three coils (31P/1H, 13C/1H and 2H/1H) and in two volunteers on a 7‐T Terra MRI scanner. Fifteen lines of code are required to insert the SBB into a sequence. Spectra and images are acquired successfully in all cases in phantoms, and in human abdomen and calf muscle. Phantom comparison of signal‐to‐noise ratio and linewidth showed that the SBB has negligible effects on image and spectral quality, except that it sometimes produces a nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) signal enhancement for multinuclear applications in line with conventional 1H NOE pulses. Our new SBB embeds MRS into a host imaging or spectroscopy sequence in 15 lines of code. It allows homonuclear and heteronuclear interleaving. The package is available through the standard C2P procedure. We hope this will lower the barrier for entry to studies applying dynamic fMRS and for online motion correction and B0‐shim updating.
Enhanced HPLC Method for Boar Taint Quantification
Authors: Pereira‐Pinto R. , Barros M. , Vaz‐Velho M. , Mata F. , Pires P.
Published: May 2024

Boar taint is an unpleasant odour found in the carcasses of entire male pigs, resulting from androstenone and skatole accumulation during pubertal development, and impacting pork quality. This study proposes the validation of an adapted chromatographic method for quantifying skatole and androstenone in the pigs’ liquid fat using fluorescence detection. A good chromatographic separation was achieved, with skatole (SKA) and androstenone (AND) elution at 4.4 and 9.9 min., respectively. An external calibration method was applied, with calibration curves correlation coefficient of 0.9999 for both analytes. Detection limit values were 1.53 and 16.02 ng/g for SKA and AND, respectively. SKA recovery was 99.72±2.34 % (2.34 % RSD) and 102.84±1.62 % (1.57 % RSD) for AND. Results showed good precision values (repeatability <2.46 % RSD for SKA, <6.85 % RSD for AND; intermediate precision <2.87 % RSD for SKA, <6.98 % RSD for AND). The method‘s robustness was tested and the values were within the reference ranges. The validation results proved that the adaptation of an existing method resulted in good assessments of robustness, reliability and accuracy.
How forests may support psychological restoration: Modelling forest characteristics based on perceptions of forestry experts and the general public
Authors: Probst Birgit M. , Toraño Caicoya Astor , Hilmers Torben , Ramisch Kilian , Snäll Tord , Stoltz Jonathan , Grahn Patrik , Suda Michael
Published: May 2024

Spending time in forests benefits human well‐being, but the importance of forest characteristics on well‐being is unclear. This knowledge could help guide forest management decisions to improve outcomes for both people and nature.

The overall aim of this study was to investigate how psychological restoration, defined as psychological recovery processes in nature, may be supported by forest characteristics. We (1) investigated how perceptions of restoration (perceived restorativeness) were linked to specific forest characteristics. More specifically, we selected attributes included in nature protection legislation in Germany (beauty, diversity and uniqueness) as the basis to evaluate how forest characteristics were related to perceived restorativeness. Additionally, we (2) tested differences in the assessments of these attributes between forestry experts and people from the general public. Based on the results of the first two objectives (1, 2), we (3) predicted how forest management that affects forest characteristics may impact psychological restoration today and in the future.

We developed a perceived restorativeness model based on attributes stated in the German Nature Conservation Act and specific forest structure variables. Drawing from the literature, we included perceived naturalness as an additional key predictor for restoration. Forestry experts and participants from the general public were then asked to rate computer‐generated forest stand pictures on these attributes and restorativeness.

We found that all attributes were positively associated with perceived restorativeness, but perceived beauty was most important. Perceived uniqueness was statistically significant, but the strength of the relationship was weak. Mixed forests were rated as most beautiful, while coniferous forest stands were rated as least beautiful. The general public gave higher ratings than forestry experts on all attributes, but the pattern was similar. Based on participant ratings, forests left without management (Set‐aside), followed by forests with management aiming for resilience to climate change (Adaptation forestry), both supporting biodiversity conservation, showed the highest perceived restorativeness over the course of 100 years.

Based on our results, it could be recommendable to increase forest diversity, especially in areas with many visitors. However, more nuanced knowledge involving diverse stakeholders is needed to inform forest management decisions on landscape level.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Echocardiographic assessment of cardiovascular physiology of preterm miniature piglets supported with a pumped artificial placenta system
Authors: Kühle Henriette , Cho Steven K. S. , Charest‐Pekeski Alex J. , Chow Jessica S. M. , Lee Fu‐Tsuen , Aujla Tanroop , Saini Brahmdeep S. , Lim Jessie Mei , Darby Jack R. T. , Mroczek Dariusz , Floh Alejandro A. , McVey Mark J. , Morrison Janna L. , Seed Mike , Sun Liqun , Haller Christoph
Published: May 2024

Objectives

We evaluated fetal cardiovascular physiology and mode of cardiac failure in premature miniature piglets on a pumped artificial placenta (AP) circuit.

Methods

Fetal pigs were cannulated via the umbilical vessels and transitioned to an AP circuit composed of a centrifugal pump and neonatal oxygenator and maintained in a fluid‐filled biobag. Echocardiographic studies were conducted to measure ventricular function, umbilical blood flow, and fluid status. In utero scans were used as control data.

Results

AP fetuses (n = 13; 102±4d gestational age [term 115d]; 616 ± 139 g [g]; survival 46.4 ± 46.8 h) were tachycardic and hypertensive with initially supraphysiologic circuit flows. Increased myocardial wall thickness was observed. Signs of fetal hydrops were present in all piglets. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) measurements increased in the left ventricle (LV) after transition to the circuit. Right ventricle (RV) and LV strain rate decreased early during AP support compared with in utero measurements but recovered toward the end of the experiment. Fetuses supported for >24 h had similar RV GLS to in utero controls and significantly higher GLS compared to piglets surviving only up to 24 h.

Conclusions

Fetuses on a pump‐supported AP circuit experienced an increase in afterload, and redistribution of blood flow between the AP and systemic circulations, associated with elevated end‐diastolic filling pressures. This resulted in heart failure and hydrops. These preterm fetuses were unable to tolerate the hemodynamic changes associated with connection to the current AP circuit. To better mimic the physiology of the native placenta and preserve normal fetal cardiovascular physiology, further optimization of the circuit will be required.
The relationship between preservice science teachers' perceived role modeling and self‐regulation skills in science
Authors: Karaca Melek , Bektaş Oktay , Öner Armağan Fulya , Tor Dürdane
Published: May 2024

Preservice teachers' self‐regulation skills are key to being role models to their students in gaining this affective skill. The study aims to develop a structural equation model (SEM) that shows the relationship between preservice science teachers' perceived role modeling and self‐regulation skills. This study has been conducted using the predictive correlational design, a quantitative research method. The sample of the study consists of 242 volunteer preservice science teachers from two state universities in Türkiye. Data were collected using the Perceived Role Models Scale and the Self‐Regulation Scale for Science. The study used the SEM's model development strategy to determine whether a relationship exists between preservice science teachers' perceptions of role modeling and their self‐regulation levels regarding science and whether the relationship if any is significant or not. As a result, a model was developed that shows preservice science teachers' perceived role modeling to predict their self‐regulation skills in science significantly. This result shows role modeling to be important in developing preservice teachers' self‐regulation skills. Therefore, we have concluded that self‐regulation is an ongoing process at early ages and adulthood.
Data justice in the “twin objective” of market and risk: How discrimination is formulated in EU's AI policy
Authors: Niklas Jędrzej , Dencik Lina
Published: May 2024

Based on a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) policy in the European Union (EU), we explore the dominant approach taken to data justice in policy. More specifically, we ask how the particular issue of discrimination is translated into policy goals and measures as a way to address prominent concerns about AI. Looking at the stage of policy formulation, we provide an analysis of the way (non) discrimination is currently pursued within the EU's AI policy debate through the study of relevant policy documents and public consultations between 2017 and 2023. We argue that whilst the issue of discrimination has moved from the margins to the mainstream in policy debate, it has done so based on an understanding of discrimination as an inevitable risk of AI; such risk is specific to particular situations and the technological features of AI; the nature of this risk can be assessed and managed through a set of procedural safeguards; and such safeguards can be supported by the creation of a trustworthy AI market. Whilst this translation of justice is very important for contending with some of the critique surrounding the advancement of AI, it may also serve to contain and neutralize such critique in the interest of marketization.
Investigating the structure and properties of polyurethane hydrogels with varying soft and hard segments
Authors: Wei Hongxiu , Wang Xiaofei , Liu Wenkai , Dong Shuohong , Dai Tiancheng , Luo Feng , Li Zhen , Tan Hong , Li Jiehua
Published: May 2024

In this study, polyurethane (PU) hydrogels were synthesized via mercapto curing reaction to elucidate the effect of molecular interactions between isocyanate and soft segments on the properties of hydrogels. Further, the mesh size, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and biological properties of the PU hydrogels were determined. In the isocyanate series, the structural regularity and rigidity of 4,4′‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (HMDI) favored the formation of hydrogel materials with small mesh size, high modulus, and low water absorption. In contrast, l‐lysine diisocyanate (LDI) favored the materials with large mesh size, low modulus, and good hydrophilicity. In the soft‐segment series, the strong hydrogen bonds of polycarbonate diol (PCDL) favored the formation of materials with small mesh size, dense cross‐link points, and high modulus, whereas weak hydrogen bonds of polytetrahydrofuran ether glycol (PTMG) favored the hydrogel materials with small mesh size, few crosslink points, and low modulus. PU hydrogels exhibit excellent cytocompatibility, anti‐cell adhesion, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study offers valuable insights into understanding the chain structure and macroscopic properties, thus contributing to preparing PU hydrogels with varying performances, as desired.
Transient Modeling of Permafrost Distribution From 1986 to 2016 in Mongolia
Authors: Ishikawa Mamoru , Westermann Sebastian , Jambaljav Yamkhin , Dashtseren Avirmed , Hiyama Tetsuya , Endo Nobuhiko , Etzelmüller Bernd
Published: May 2024

The distribution of permafrost in the southernmost zones is complicated in both time and space. We assessed this complexity by applying transient heat transfer schemes to model permafrost in Mongolia between 1986 and 2016. The modeling took into account the spatial distribution of soil thermal properties and time series of ground temperature profiles observed at 69 borehole sites. Spatial modeling was forced by downscaled ERA5 air temperatures that were further debiased with local meteorological records. The results indicated that permafrost warmed by 0°C to 0.4°C/decade, most significantly in eastern and northern Hangai and at high elevations in the Altai Mountains. The extent of permafrost remained stable, but the active layer was thickened, especially after the late 1990s. Forested wet soils experienced less warming, while temperatures in soils with low organic matter and low moisture content increased by 0.5°C over the modeling period. The lower limits of mountain permafrost were estimated to be between 1320 and 2030 m a.s.l., depending on the latitude. Our permafrost map allows the delineation of a complex distribution of permafrost in Mongolia, which is strongly controlled by the spatially complex topography, landcovers, and soil wetness.
Unraveling the reasons for failure to control Amaranthus albus: insights into herbicide application at different growth stages, temperature effect, and herbicide resistance on a regional scale
Authors: Gafni Roni , Nassar Jackline Abu , Matzrafi Maor , Blank Lior , Eizenberg Hanan
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND

This study investigates factors contributing Amaranthus albus control failure in processing tomato fields in northern Israel. The study region is characterized by a significant climate gradient from east to west, providing the opportunity to investigate the effect of critical elements of the agricultural environment, e.g., temperature. Eight populations were collected from commercial fields in this region. Post‐emergence herbicide efficacy of metribuzin, a photosystem II inhibitor, and rimsulfuron, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, was assessed through dose–response analyses at various growth stages. Temperature effects on control efficacy and resistance mechanisms were also explored.

RESULTS

Standard metribuzin dose (X) was ineffective on A. albus plants with more than six true‐leaves, whereas 2X dose proved effective. Rimsulfuron at 16X dose was ineffective on plants with more than four true‐leaves. We report here the first case of target site resistance to ALS inhibitors in A. albus, due to point mutation in the ALS gene (Pro197 to Leu). Furthermore, our findings suggest potential involvement of CYT P450 enzymes in enhanced metabolizing of rimsulfuron. An overall decrease in dry weight was observed in response to both herbicides at 16/22 °C (P < 0.0001). Rimsulfuron was effective against only one population when applied at 28/34 °C. A possible fitness cost associated with target site‐resistant biotypes was observed under low temperature conditions, leading to effective control.

CONCLUSION

This regional‐scale study highlights the challenges faced by growers, emphasizes the need for adapting management practices to the local climatic conditions and lays the groundwork for implementing location‐specific weed management strategies in commercial fields. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of Growth Temperature on Strain during Growth and Crack Suppression in AlGaN Templates on Sapphire Substrates for Deep Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kachi Tomoaki , Takahata Hayata , Oka Ryunosuke , Ishiguro Hisanori , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Iwaya Motoaki , Saito Yoshiki , Okuno Koji
Published: May 2024

The crack formations in AlGaN templates for deep ultraviolet (DUV) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are investigated and successfully suppressed. The strain values in AlGaN thick layers on sapphire substrates by in situ wafer curvature measurements and ex situ X‐ray diffraction measurements are evaluated. It is found that the tensile strain during the AlGaN thick layer growth comes from a thermal expansion difference between the AlGaN thick layer and the sapphire substrate as the temperature changes from the AlN nucleation layer growth to the AlGaN thick layer growth. When the temperature change is 100 °C and less, the tensile strain of 0.1% and less is observed during the AlGaN thick layer growth, resulting in no crack formations in the AlGaN thick layer. Furthermore, a DUV LED layer structure grown on such a crack‐free AlGaN template shows no crack formations. Thus, to suppress crack formation in templates fabricated for DUV LEDs, their growth temperature must be optimized by considering thermal expansions caused by the changes in the growth temperature from the nucleation layer to the thick layer.
Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in a Mexican military population working with animals
Authors: Ayala‐Torres Juan Ramon , Hernández‐Morales María Fernanda , Alanis‐Gallardo Valeria María , Arvizu‐Tovar Laura Olivia , Soberanis‐Ramos Orbelin
Published: May 2024

Background

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease and a challenge to global public health. There is an occupational risk, particularly in populations with direct contact with animals and in high‐humidity environments, which favors the survival of leptospires. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in military personnel working in close contact with animals in México and to describe the available preventive measures and protection levels.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from March to October 2015. Information regarding protective factors in daily activities was gathered through a self‐evaluation questionnaire. The serum samples of participants were analyzed through enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) and microscopic agglutination test.

Results

Serums were obtained from 65 active military personnel, 56 males (86.2%) and 9 females (13.8%). Out of the total, 54 (83.1%) tested positive for infection by leptospirosis, 49 were males (87.5%) and 5 were females (55.6%). The highest seroprevalence age group was in the ≥45 years group (15, 23.07%), where all tested positive. Regarding military ranks, 100% of the highest hierarchy turned out positive: Officers (4 out of 4) and Chiefs (14 out of 14); and troops resulted in a seroprevalence of 76.5%. Protection equipment available during daily chores included: Overall, 64.6% had gloves and 53.8% had boots; the reported frequency for the use of gloves was 35.3% (46/65) if worn during more than half of the workday, yet 29.2% (19/65) reported never wearing them.

Conclusions

This study makes the petition to implement protocols of continuous training regarding labor risks and having an epidemiologic surveillance program for exposed personnel indispensable to improve the health and sanitary conditions of military personnel who work in direct contact with animals.
Stream and river flows mediate adult lamprey spawning migrations: Considerations for management
Authors: Clemens Benjamin J. , Wagner C. Michael
Published: May 2024

Organisms have adapted to dynamic river flows as part of the natural flow regime. However, climate change and humans' use of fresh water are associated with decreases in the quality and quantity of surface waters. In addition, river impoundments and water withdrawals for human use regulate and dampen the dynamism of flow in many rivers. These changes to the natural flow regime can impact the spawning migrations of lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Here, our goal is to review the ecology of lamprey spawning migrations associated with river flows, with considerations for controlling invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and conserving native lampreys (including native, anadromous sea lamprey). We identify five common themes: (1) natural flow regimes provide a competitive edge to native fishes over non‐native fishes; (2) high flows (up to a threshold) attract adult lamprey and large streams attract large numbers of lamprey; (3) larval lamprey pheromones attract adult lampreys; (4) behavioral responses by adult lamprey to flow (including localized hydraulics) can inform dam passage and trapping methods; and (5) changes to rivers induced by climate change have been implicated in changing the phenology of run timing and spawning location. Controlling invasive sea lamprey and conserving native lampreys can be done with pheromones and flow management. Pheromones may be of more use under focused management efforts to control invasive sea lamprey, whereas flow management can provide a foundation for conservation of native lampreys.
Equivalent regular partitions of three‐uniform hypergraphs
Authors: Nagle Brendan , Rödl Vojtěch , Schacht Mathias
Published: May 2024

The regularity method was pioneered by Szemerédi for graphs and is an important tool in extremal combinatorics. Over the last two decades, several extensions to hypergraphs were developed which were based on seemingly different notions of quasirandom hypergraphs. We consider the regularity lemmata for three‐uniform hypergraphs of Frankl and Rödl and of Gowers, and present a new proof that the concepts behind these approaches are equivalent.
Carbon footprint and carbon balance of three long‐term dryland cropping sequences
Authors: Sainju Upendra M. , Allen Brett L.
Published: May 2024

Carbon footprints from plants, soil, and the environment are needed to evaluate C balance of an agroecosystem, which indicates if a system is a C source or sink for mitigating climate change. There is scarce information about C footprint and C balance in dryland agroecosystems. We measured C storage of above‐ and belowground crop biomass, CO2 fluxes, soil C sequestration rates, and C balances of three long‐term (34‐year‐old) dryland cropping sequences from 2016 to 2018 in the US northern Great Plains. Cropping sequences were no‐till continuous spring wheat (NTCW; Triticum aestivum L.), no‐till spring wheat–pea (NTWP; Pisum sativum L.), and conventional till spring wheat–fallow (CTWF). Carbon storage in grain, straw, root, and rhizodeposit were 29%–61% greater for NTCW and NTWP than CTWF. The CO2 flux peaked immediately after tillage, planting, fertilization, and intense precipitation (>10 mm) for 3 months in 2016–2017. Cumulative annual CO2 flux was 8%–37% greater for NTCW than NTWP and CTWF in 2016–2017, but was not different among cropping sequences in 2017–2018. Soil C sequestration rate at 0–10 cm measured from 2012 to 2019 was in the order: NTCW (0.27 Mg C ha−1 year−1) > NTWP > CTWF (−0.23 Mg C ha−1 year−1). Carbon balance remained negative and was not significantly different among cropping sequences but varied by year. Carbon loss increased with increased precipitation, regardless of cropping systems. Although a C source, the legume–nonlegume rotation can reduce C loss due to greater grain C output than other cropping sequences in the semiarid region of the northern Great Plains.
Towards accelerating particle‐resolved direct numerical simulation with neural operators
Authors: Atif Mohammad , López‐Marrero Vanessa , Zhang Tao , Sharfuddin Abdullah Al Muti , Yu Kwangmin , Yang Jiaqi , Yang Fan , Ladeinde Foluso , Liu Yangang , Lin Meifeng , Li Lingda
Published: May 2024

We present our ongoing work aimed at accelerating a particle‐resolved direct numerical simulation model designed to study aerosol–cloud–turbulence interactions. The dynamical model consists of two main components—a set of fluid dynamics equations for air velocity, temperature, and humidity, coupled with a set of equations for particle (i.e., cloud droplet) tracing. Rather than attempting to replace the original numerical solution method in its entirety with a machine learning (ML) method, we consider developing a hybrid approach. We exploit the potential of neural operator learning to yield fast and accurate surrogate models and, in this study, develop such surrogates for the velocity and vorticity fields. We discuss results from numerical experiments designed to assess the performance of ML architectures under consideration as well as their suitability for capturing the behavior of relevant dynamical systems.
Structured learning in time‐dependent Cox models
Authors: Wang Guanbo , Lian Yi , Yang Archer Y. , Platt Robert W. , Wang Rui , Perreault Sylvie , Dorais Marc , Schnitzer Mireille E.
Published: May 2024

Cox models with time‐dependent coefficients and covariates are widely used in survival analysis. In high‐dimensional settings, sparse regularization techniques are employed for variable selection, but existing methods for time‐dependent Cox models lack flexibility in enforcing specific sparsity patterns (ie, covariate structures). We propose a flexible framework for variable selection in time‐dependent Cox models, accommodating complex selection rules. Our method can adapt to arbitrary grouping structures, including interaction selection, temporal, spatial, tree, and directed acyclic graph structures. It achieves accurate estimation with low false alarm rates. We develop the sox package, implementing a network flow algorithm for efficiently solving models with complex covariate structures. sox offers a user‐friendly interface for specifying grouping structures and delivers fast computation. Through examples, including a case study on identifying predictors of time to all‐cause death in atrial fibrillation patients, we demonstrate the practical application of our method with specific selection rules.
An internet‐based cognitive behavioural intervention for adults with depression in Arabic‐speaking countries: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: El‐Haj‐Mohamad Rayan , Böttche Maria , Vöhringer Max , Specht Freya , Stammel Nadine , Nesterko Yuriy , Knaevelsrud Christine , Wagner Birgit
Published: May 2024

Internet‐based interventions have proven to be effective for the treatment of depression in different samples, but evidence from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the acceptance and efficacy of an internet‐based cognitive behavioural writing intervention for Arabic‐speaking participants with depression living in the MENA region. A total of 259 participants (167 female, age in years: M = 25.58, SD = 6.39) with depressive symptoms indicative of clinical relevance were randomly allocated to a treatment group (TG; nTG = 128) or a waitlist control group (WG; nWG = 131). The TG received an internet‐based intervention over a 6‐week period. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms, and secondary outcomes were anxiety and quality of life (QoL). T‐tests with change scores from pre‐ to post‐treatment were used for data analyses. Intention‐to‐treat (ITT) as well as completer analyses were calculated. The ITT analysis revealed significant differences between the TG and WG in depression (T257 = −4.89, p < 0.001, d = 0.70) and QoL (T257 = 3.39, p < 0.001, d = 0.47). Significant differences regarding anxiety symptoms (T257 = 3.25, p < 0.05, d = 0.53) were identified for the completer sample. The general dropout rate was 39.9%. The results indicate the feasibility and efficacy of an internet‐based cognitive behavioural writing intervention in adults from Arabic‐speaking countries. The development and implementation of such interventions can be used to improve access to psychological help and adequate treatment.
Extraordinary Structural Reconstruction of Nanolaminated Ta2FeC MAX Phase for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Performance
Authors: Zhu Shuairu , Li Youbing , Yang Mei , Xu Hongwei , Cheng Lijuan , Fang Fei , Huang Qing , Ying Binwu
Published: May 2024

Renewable energy technologies, such as water splitting, heavily depend on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Nanolaminated ternary compounds, referred to as MAX phases, show great promise for creating efficient electrocatalysts for OER. However, their limited intrinsic oxidative resistance hinders the utilization of conductivity in Mn+1Xn layers, leading to reduced activity. In this study, a method is proposed to improve the poor inoxidizability of MAX phases by carefully adjusting the elemental composition between Mn+1Xn layers and single‐atom‐thick A layers. The resulting Ta2FeC catalyst demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional Fe/C‐based catalysts with a remarkable record‐low overpotential of 247 mV (@10 mA cm−2) and sustained activity for over 240 h. Notably, during OER processing, the single‐atom‐thick Fe layer undergoes self‐reconstruction and enrichment from the interior of the Ta2FeC MAX phase toward its surface, forming a Ta2FeC@Ta2C@FeOOH heterostructure. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this study has found that the incorporation of Ta2FeC@Ta2C not only enhances the conductivity of FeOOH but also reduces the covalency of Fe─O bonds, thus alleviating the oxidation of Fe3+ and O2−. This implies that the Ta2FeC@Ta2C@FeOOH heterostructure experiences less lattice oxygen loss during the OER process compared to pure FeOOH, leading to significantly improved stability. These results highlight promising avenues for further exploration of MAX phases by strategically engineering M‐ and A‐site engineering through multi‐metal substitution, to develop M2AX@M2X@AOOH‐based catalysts for oxygen evolution.
Ultrahigh Heat/Fire‐Resistant, Mechanically Robust, and Closed‐Loop Chemical Recyclable Polycarbonate Enabled by Facile Bond Dissociation Energy Modulation
Authors: Xiao Xiang‐Xin , Zhang Qin , Bai Tong‐Yu , Chen Zi‐Xun , Wang Zi‐Ni , Bai Jun‐Hao , Chen Li , Liu Bo‐Wen , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: May 2024

Plastics serve as an essential foundation in contemporary society. Nevertheless, meeting the rigorous performance demands in advanced applications and addressing their end‐of‐life disposal are two critical challenges that persist. Here, an innovative and facile method is introduced for the design and scalable production of polycarbonate, a key engineering plastic, simultaneously achieving high performance and closed‐loop chemical recyclability. The bisphenol framework of polycarbonate is strategically adjusted from the low‐bond‐dissociation‐energy bisphenol A to high‐bond‐dissociation‐energy 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl, in combination with the incorporation of polysiloxane segments. As expected, the enhanced bond dissociation energy endows the polycarbonate with an extremely high glow‐wire flammability index surpassing 1025 °C, a 0.8 mm UL‐94 V‐0 rating, a high LOI value of 39.2%, and more than 50% reduction of heat and smoke release. Furthermore, the π‐π stacking interactions within biphenyl structures resulted in a significant enhancement of mechanical strength by as more as 37.7%, and also played a positive role in achieving a lower dielectric constant. Significantly, the copolymer exhibited outstanding closed‐loop chemical recyclability, allowing for facile depolymerization into bisphenol monomers and the repolymerized copolymer retains its high heat and fire resistance. This work provides a novel insight in the design of high‐performance and closed‐loop chemical recyclable polymeric materials.