bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES
Authors: Duval Charles W. , D'Aunoy Rigney
Published: June 2004

An active transmissible virus exists in the blood of measles patients during the eruptive stage of the disease. This virus produces in rabbits after intravenous injection a specific reaction analogous in all essential features to that of the human infection. Following a definite incubation period of from 2 to 5 days the animals infected show pyrexial, leucocytic, and cutaneous alterations. Fully 90 per cent of such inoculated rabbits react in a remarkable manner. The earliest constant symptom of the infection is a rise in temperature, which on the average occurs 4 days after inoculation and most probably marks the end of the incubation period. Concomitantly with this temperature rise there is a diminution in the total number of circulating leucocytes. This decrease in the number of white blood elements may be relative or may appear in the form of a well defined leucopenia. The most striking objective signs are the coryza, conjunctival injection, enanthemata, and exanthemata. The mucous membrane lesions are similar in their physical appearance to the so called Koplik spots seen in man. They occur on the buccal side of the oral cavity ranging in number from two to eight discrete hemorrhagic areas with paler centers. They appear as a rule coincidently with the temperature rise or shortly thereafter. The exanthematous lesions though occurring only in about 40 per cent of the infected animals complete the clinical syndrome in this particular experimental host. The rash may appear as early as the 3rd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation. In its early stage it is of the macular variety, appearing as a diffuse eruption which later develops into a more papular type of lesion. At this time the cutaneous manifestations appear as slightly raised, flattened, purplish red, discrete areas in the skin of the face, neck, chest, and abdomen.

Repeated passage of the virus of measles through the rabbit seems to increase its virulence. A number of animals infected with such passage virus succumb in the fourth and subsequent generations, undoubtedly as the direct result of the action of the specific excitant, as in none of the animals was there cultural evidence of secondary intercurrent infection. In the animals dying presumably as a result of the specific virus grave nephritic changes were evident. It is a noteworthy fact that the pneumonia so common in fatal cases of human measles was not evident in any of the experimental animals. We believe this to be of considerable significance, especially in elucidating the direct etiological factor of the fatal pneumonias so often present in human measles cases. Apparently such infections in man can be explained purely on the basis of the destruction of normal defense barriers by the specific excitant of the infectious disease, and the lack of host resistance to the ordinary pyogenic microorganism.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF RHINITIS (CORYZA) IN CALVES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PNEUMONIA
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

During the month of November there occurred an outbreak of pneumonia among the calves in a large dairy. Thirty-two calves in one barn were exposed to the disease. Ten clinical cases developed. Two died of diffuse pneumonia. From these bovisepticus Group I organisms were obtained at autopsy. Four affected with pneumonia and eight other calves which failed to show symptoms of pneumonia developed a purulent rhinitis. From the nasal exudate of these cases Group I organisms were cultivated. The characteristic rhinitis was reproduced experimentally by brushing the nasal mucosa with a swab dipped in culture. Certain of the calves which suffered from the spontaneous rhinitis continued to carry the organisms in the nasal passages for periods as long as 121 days.

After the first outbreak had subsided practically all calves introduced into this barn developed a milder type of rhinitis associated with organisms of Group II bovisepticus. 25 per cent of such calves continued to carry the organism on the nasal mucosa for periods of 50 to 73 days. It was possible to induce nasal infection in calves with pure cultures of this organism.
MIXED CULTURES OF PURE STRAINS OF FIBROBLASTS AND EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. , Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of epithelium and fibroblasts cultivated side by side in the same medium keep their individual characteristics. When sectioned and stained by the Van Gieson method, the cultures show the epithelium stained greenish yellow and the fibroblasts and their fibrillæ pink.

2. There are no transition forms between the epithelial cells and fibroblasts.

3. The epithelial cells belonging to an older strain are still able to form primitive structures of winding tubules, with typical glandular epithelium.

4. Under the conditions of the experiments, no dedifferentiation takes place.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE ACCUMULATION OF GLOBULINS AND THE APPEARANCE OF AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Orcutt Marion L. , Howe Paul E.
Published: June 2004

A comparison of the appearance of the agglutinins for Bacillus abortus in the blood of new-born calves with the first appearance of globulins in the same blood following the ingestion of colostrum indicates that the agglutinins are associated with the globulins. These observations are supported by the removal of the agglutinins from serum or colostrum with concentrations of sodium sulfate which precipitate globulins present in the blood of calves which have ingested colostrum, but which are not present at birth.

Neither the association of immune bodies with globulins nor the direct absorption of protein by new-born animals is a new fact. The evidence presented is of particular value, however, in associating the appearance of certain protein fractions in the blood of the new-born animal with the simultaneous absorption of agglutinins.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M.
Published: June 2004

Rats which had developed rickets were treated with cod liver oil or an active fraction of cod liver oil, and the various changes which occur in the healing of the bone lesions were studied. Several phases are described, from the early deposit of calcium salts in the zone of preparatory calcification to the return to normal bone.

These stages correspond closely to those found in the healing of human rickets.
CULTURES OF ORGANIZED TISSUES
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

An artificial organism, if one may so term it, composed of a complex of tissues, was cultivated for a long period of time. Small fragments of intestine from chick embryos 20 to 21 days old were placed in a suitable medium. The epithelium proliferated and completely covered the fragment of intestine after 4 to 6 days. A small body was thus formed, round or oblong in shape, surrounded by cylindrical epithelium and containing epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, endothelium, and ameboid cells. After a month's cultivation in vitro, no necrosis had occurred. Therefore, it may be assumed that, through the intestinal epithelium, the medium supplied the intestinal tissue with sufficient nourishment. No uncontrolled proliferation took place after the epithelium bad surrounded the entire fragment.

The cultivation of complex tissues will facilitate the study of the interactions of the different cells under various conditions. In some experiments, pure cultures of epithelial cells were grafted into such an "organism" without difficulty. The growth of malignant cells could be studied in the same way. When the "organism" was placed in a fluid medium, the epithelium remained normal but the stroma disappeared. It seems that plasma played an important rôle in the maintenance of the tissues in their normal condition.
ON ALIMENTARY LEUCOCYTOSIS IN ITS RELATION TO THE "CRISE HÉMOCLASIQUE" OF WIDAL
Authors: Storm van Leeuwen W. , Bien Z. , Varekamp H.
Published: June 2004

Counts of the number of white blood cells at short intervals after the ingestion of a meal (meat, eggs, milk, rice, or butter) in normal individuals and in a number of asthmatics reveal the following facts.

As a rule, a sharp fall in the leucocytic curve occurs within 1 or 2 minutes after the meal; generally the curve rises within 10 to 20 minutes, but often a second fall follows 30 to 50 minutes after the meal. This may be followed by a slow rise in the curve (physiological leucocytosis). The first sharp fall is often accompanied by a similar decrease in red cells, the leucocytic formula is not changed, the blood pressure also remains unchanged, and this makes it probable that the leucopenia observed is only a manifestation of a change in distribution of the blood in different regions of the body.

Not infrequently the leucocyte curve after ingestion of food shows a form differing considerably from that described above. Counts of white cells made at intervals of 20 minutes in the same patient at different times but after ingestion of the same food show very different leucocytic curves. Such counts do not give evidence of the existence of a crise hémoclasique and consequently cannot be used to identify the causative agent of cases of hypersensitiveness to foodstuffs or drugs. Whether such an identification can be obtained if instead of simply counting white cells the whole complex of symptoms originally described by Widal as characteristic for a crise hémoclasique is used, remains undetermined by our work.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Hess Alfred F. , Unger Lester J. , Steiner Joseph M.
Published: June 2004

Rats on a low phosphorus diet cannot be protected from the development of rickets by exposures to soft Roentgen rays such as were employed in this study.

Furthermore, rats on a diet containing phosphate in an amount adequate to prevent rickets were not rendered rachitic by exposure to massive doses of Roentgen rays of an intensity sufficient to produce marked destruction of the blood-forming cells of the marrow.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

From the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in the early hours of uncomplicated epidemic influenza during the recurrence in New York City in January and February, 1922, we have again obtained an active agent, pathogenic for rabbits, and have identified this active agent as Bacterium pneumosintes. Four new strains of this micro-organism have been isolated in pure culture and identified with the 1918-19 and 1920 strains on morphological, cultural, and serological grounds. All of the significant characteristics of the old strains, including their effect upon the resistance of the lungs of rabbits to secondary invasion with other bacteria, have been noted in the new strains, which thus have served to confirm and extend our original observations.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA AND BACTERIA
Authors: Cowdry Edmund V. , Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

A direct comparison of mitochondria and bacteria in the living condition, as well as in permanent preparations, subjected to the same influences, and viewed side by side, reveals microchemical and tinctorial differences which can only be attributed to a fundamental dissimilarity in their chemical constitution.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF CUTANEOUS BLOOD (SO CALLED CAPILLARY BLOOD)
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen , Möller Eggert
Published: June 2004

1. A procedure is devised whereby cutaneous blood (so called capillary blood) from a finger-tip can be obtained for gas analyses without coming in contact with the air.

2. Determination was made of the oxygen content of the arterial, cutaneous, and venous blood respectively from a normal resting individual, the arterial and cutaneous blood showing the same oxygen content (97.5 and 96.6 per cent of the total oxygen-combining power of the blood). Venous blood drawn simultaneously was 75 per cent saturated.

3. Using the fact that there is a maximum value for the oxygen-combining power of the blood, we have shown, without doing arterial puncture, that under different conditions (normal and pathological individuals, resting and after exercise) the cutaneous blood and the arterial blood are almost identical as far as the oxygen content is concerned.

4. We think that we are justified in extending the identity, found between the oxygen content of the arterial and cutaneous blood, to other substances in the blood, for instance sugar, salt, uric acid, etc., and also to the reaction of the blood.

5. We are unable to say whether this identity between cutaneous and arterial blood is always true; for example, in a patient with increased venous pressure.

6. In all the experiments we have discarded the first drop of blood, which in some instances was darker than the rest, and always used at least 2 cc. of cutaneous blood. Whether the same results would be obtained with a very small amount of blood, for instance 0.2 to 0.4 cc., we do not know.

7. The experiments show that unless the perfusion of the skin has been extremely great during the experiment, samples of blood obtained from an incision in the skin (of the finger) cannot represent the true capillary blood. The neutral expression cutaneous blood seems therefore for the present preferable to the term capillary blood for samples of blood obtained by cutaneous incisions.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Bliss Walter Parks
Published: June 2004

1. Hemolytic streptococcus has been found in 100 per cent of the throats of patients with scarlet fever during the 1st week of the disease.

2. The average length of time that these organisms are present in the throat varies from 10 to 20 days.

3. No morphological or cultural characteristics peculiar to the hemolytic streptococcus from scarlet fever can be demonstrated.

4. Ten immune sera have been prepared from different strains of scarlet fever streptococci and each of the sera agglutinated more than 80 per cent of the strains isolated from scarlatinal throats. On the other hand, scarlatinal streptococci are not agglutinated by immune sera prepared from hemolytic streptococci isolated from other pathological sources.

5. Serum from patients convalescent from scarlet fever agglutinates weakly or not at all the homologous strain of hemolytic streptococcus.

6. The specificity of the agglutination reaction of scarlatinal streptococci is confirmed by absorption experiments.

7. Scarlatinal antistreptococcic serum affords some degree of protection against virulent scarlet fever streptococci but has no protective power against hemolytic streptococci from other diseases.

8. In a small epidemic of scarlet fever a healthy carrier of hemolytic streptococcus was detected; the organism carried was identical in its serological reactions with strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from active cases of scarlet fever.

9. In a study of a number of contacts with a case of scarlet fever, in only one instance was a scarlatinal type of hemolytic streptococcus recovered from the throat.
THE LOSS OF CIRCULATING ERYTHROCYTES IN CERTAIN TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Leake Chauncey D. , Brown Thomas K.
Published: June 2004

Erythrocyte counts, blood volume, hemoglobin, and hematocrit determinations on a series of dogs suffering from experimental pneumonia induced by the tracheal insufflation of Bacillus bronchiseplicus and Bacillus mucosus capsulatus indicate that in this condition there is an actual loss of circulating erythrocytes, without compensatory regeneration.

Postmortem examination of the organs of these animals revealed red cells in various stages of degeneration in the capillaries and tissue spaces of the lungs, liver, spleen, and intestinal walls.
THE VALUE OF HEAT-KILLED CULTURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE BACILLUS ABORTUS INOCULATION DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Hagan William A.
Published: June 2004

From the data presented it seems permissible to draw the following conclusions.

1. Guinea pigs cannot be rendered immune to the Bacillus abortus inoculation disease by treatment with heat-killed cultures of this organism. This agrees with the work of Ascoli, and with the general conclusions of many that dead cultures confer very little or no immunity to infectious abortion in cattle.

2. The progress of the disease can be delayed appreciably by such treatment. This is supported by the following observations: (a) the loss in body weight due to the disease is delayed; (b) the development of splenic enlargement is partially inhibited or delayed; (c) the development of renal lesions is delayed or prevented; and (d) the rapidity of multiplication of Bacillus abortus in the splenic pulp is reduced.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE AND RATS TO INFECTION WITH BACILLUS ABORTUS
Authors: Hagan William A.
Published: June 2004

1. White mice are highly susceptible to infection by inoculation with Bacillus abortus. The susceptibility appears to be as great as that of the guinea pig, and this animal probably can be substituted satisfactorily for guinea pigs in diagnostic work.

2. Both mice and rats are very refractory to feeding infection with Bacillus aborlus. The failure to infect mice in this way was complete, but the feeding of large amounts of culture gave infection in rats. Subcutaneous inoculation resulted in infection of all the animals. The difficulty of infecting rats and mice with Bacillus abortus by feeding makes it very doubtful whether these animals can have any rôle in the propagation and spread of infectious abortion in cattle.
THE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN
Authors: Churchman John W.
Published: June 2004

1. Acid fuchsin possesses a bactericidal power, selective as between Gram-negative and Gram-positive spore-bearing aerobic organisms. The selective feature is the reverse of that of gentian violet.

2. This reverse selective activity is also possessed by simpler sulfonated substances and would appear to be dependent in some way on the presence of SO3 radicals.

3. Selective penetration, if at all concerned in the behavior of gentian violet and acid fuchsin toward bacteria, must play a very minor rôle.

4. In the case of gentian violet the power to kill organisms and the power to prevent their growth run, so far as the selective feature is concerned, parallel. In the case of acid fuchsin, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal selective features do not run parallel.

5. Bacillus pyocyaneus, an organism resistant to gentian violet, is quite susceptible to acid fuchsin. This organism is the cause of annoying and persistent infections in wounds. The observations on the effect of the sulfonated substances may give a lead as to the control of these infections.
A METHOD FOR THE PERMANENT STERILE DRAINAGE OF INTRAABDOMINAL DUCTS, AS APPLIED TO THE COMMON DUCT
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

The sheath of omentum that forms about a long rubber tube left within the peritoneal cavity provides so efficient a barrier to ascending infection that such a tube can be employed for the permanent drainage of the common duct, whereas a short tube will regularly come away after a few days. A method is described whereby the total bile of a considerable number of dogs has been obtained in a sterile state during periods up to 3 months. Save for some anemia, the animals remained in good health throughout. The method has obvious uses in connection with the collection of other secretions.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O.
Published: June 2004

A great decrease in total circulating hemoglobin and red cell volume occurs in dogs long maintained under sedentary conditions when they are exercised vigorously during several consecutive days. This would appear to be consequent on increased blood destruction, unrepaired for the time being.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Schmidt Carl F. , Harer W. Benson
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for recording intrathoracic pressure in cats without opening the pleural cavity; active expiratory movements were elicited by inhalation of a constant CO2-air mixture for a given time and a study was made of the action of drugs on inspiration and expiration.

2. Morphine and heroine were found to exert a selective depressant action on the central expiratory mechanism, and the slower rate, with relatively unaltered depth, seemed to be due at least partly to the slower rate of emptying the lungs. Codeine had no depressant action on the respiration of decerebrated cats.

3. Larger doses of morphine or heroine had no further depressant effect on rate or depth of breathing after expiration was made passive, unless circulatory depression appeared, and failure of circulation seemed to be the cause of respiratory depression, rather than the reverse relation. In decerebrated animals large doses of morphine and moderate doses of codeine stimulated the spinal cord, and expiration became active, with a faster rate of breathing. The characteristic action of morphine and heroine on the respiration of the cat is apparently limited to a depression of active expiration.
A FUNCTIONAL AND ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE EXCRETION OF HEMOGLOBIN BY THE KIDNEY
Authors: Fukuda Yoshu , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

1. The anatomical and functional findings in hemoglobin excretion are best explained by the assumption of a filtration of this substance through the glomerulus and an additional excretion of it by the tubule cells.

2. Absorption of water aids in the concentrating process, and is most marked in the collecting tubules.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler
Published: June 2004

The changes in the distribution of intravenously administered colloidal ink in splenectomized rabbits may be interpreted somewhat as follows: The removal of the spleen throws an increased amount of ink into the other hematopoietic organs and the lung and liver. While we should expect the liver or the bone marrow to compensate for the loss of the spleen and to take up this ink and remove it from the circulation, that is not the case. The lungs appear to play the chief part in the process, slowly passing on the removed material, contained in macrophages, to the liver, or retaining these ink-laden cells in their tissues and capillaries. By an increase in the capillary endothelium and by a process of engorgement of the capillaries with cells presumably derived therefrom, the lungs remove by far the greater part of the foreign material that has been introduced into the circulation.

At the same time there is an increase in the number of ink-bearing macrophages in the lymphatics and capillaries of the lung, indicating that these cells are entering the circulation and the lymph stream (Fig. 8). The only organ where they lodge in any quantities, outside of the peribronchial lymph nodes, is the liver, the sinusoids of which contain an increasing number of macrophages as time goes on. It is possible that these cells are destroyed in the sinusoids and the carbon transferred to the liver epithelium; there is evidence to support this assumption. After the lungs, the liver comes next in degree of intensity of pigmentation; the bone marrow contains far less than either of these organs.
A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NATURE OF RICKETTSIA IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
Authors: Nicholson F. M.
Published: June 2004

The Rickettsia of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were easily differentiated from mitochondria, phagocytosed blood pigment, nuclear debris, and all other known cellular constituents. Although they were lodged within the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, they were not observed to establish any definite relations with the nucleus or with other cellular components. Their number varied in contiguous cells which sustained the same degree of injury as evidenced by nuclear changes, and alterations in their mitochondria content. The mitochondria, on the other hand, showed similar modifications, characterized by a decrease in number and a rounding up into spherules, in all the endothelial cells seen in a section of an affected blood vessel. Diplobacillary forms were most abundant in the early stages of the reaction and single bacillary bodies towards its termination. Other slight differences in morphology from Wolbach's account were noted in the organisms as seen in the tissues of both ticks and guinea pigs. His study of the distribution of specific lesions with accompanying organisms in the tissues of guinea pigs was confirmed and extended.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

Thirteen volunteers were injected subcutaneously with a vaccine prepared from two strains of Bacterium pneumosintes. Three doses were given corresponding, by opacity tests, to 1,000, 2,000, and 2,000 million staphylococci. The intervals between the several injections were 5 and 8 days. Local reactions of mild and transitory character only were noted. Constitutional reactions, also mild and transitory, consisting of headache, depression, and generalized muscular pains, were infrequently observed. None of the men was prevented by the vaccine from pursuing his ordinary duties. The vaccinations induce a transitory leucocytosis and lead to the appearance of specific agglutinins in the blood serum.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Nichols Henry J. , Walker John E.
Published: June 2004

1. By inoculating the scarified surface of both sides of the scrotum of rabbits with suspensions of Treponema pallidum, 100 per cent of infections were obtained on one side or the other. Infection through the unbroken skin could not be produced.

2. By gland transfers from animals with positive local inoculations, 87.5 per cent of takes were produced.

3. These two methods were used to test the prophylactic value of 30 per cent calomel ointment, (a) Calomel ointment proved efficacious up to 8 hours after inoculation with syphilis, (b) No marked difference appeared between the action of calomel in a base of lanolin and vaseline and in a base of benzoinated lard and wax. (c) Death from mercurial poisoning was produced in rabbits by a single application of a large amount of calomel ointment.

4. The method of gland transfers was used to test the sterilizing effect of arsphenamine and neoarsphenamine on old infections in the rabbit. The infection was completely abolished in every instance, whether by one, two, or four intravenous doses.

5. Natural spirochetosis of rabbits need not be a serious complicating factor in work on syphilis in rabbits, for the following reasons. (a) In natural spirochetosis, the lesions occur on the penis and not on the scrotum. Gland transfers are negative, (b) A scrotal lesion can be produced by inoculation, but it can be distinguished from that of Treponema pallidum infection by its course, (c) In studies of generalized syphilis supposed to involve the genitalia, and in sexual transmission experiments, Treponema cuniculi may be a serious complicating factor.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

A malignant tumor which developed at the site of a primary syphilitic lesion in the scrotum of a rabbit, about 4 years after inoculation, and eventually led to the death of the animal, has formed the basis for an extensive series of investigations beginning with the study of the spontaneous tumor. The present report contains the clinical history of the animal from the time of inoculation to its death and the results of pathological examinations.

The most important events recorded may be summarized as follows:

1. A mild but persistent syphilitic infection with an occasional relapse and the eventual development of chronic inflammatory lesions in the skin associated with atypical epithelial proliferations.

2. The occurrence, at about the same time, of extensive degenerative changes in the dermis accompanied by an atypical growth of hair follicles, with the production of diffuse and nodular areas of thickening and induration (scleroderma).

3. The development of a growth in the skin of the left scrotum which recurred after removal and spread diffusely over adjacent parts of the skin, and metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and to internal organs.

4. The transplantation of the growth to other rabbits by intratesticular inoculation and the successful propagation of the growth over a period of nearly 2 years (twenty generations).

5. The development of a cachexia and of pressure phenomena from metastases involving the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal column which eventually led to the death of the animal.

6. The discovery, post mortem, of an extensive leucoplakia of the tongue and buccal mucosa, chronic inflammatory lesions in the esophagus with atypical epithelial proliferation, and a nodular growth in the left testicle differing in character from that in the scrotum.

7. The presence of extensive degenerative changes in the vascular system, degeneration of the parenchymatous organs, atrophy of the thymus and lymphoid system, with chronic lymphadenitis, atrophy, degeneration, and necrosis of the suprarenals, and atrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid with chronic thyroiditis.

The conclusion was reached that the growth in the scrotum represented a neoplasm of epithelial origin which was composed of cells allied to those found in the bulb and root sheath of the hair. No explanation was offered for the origin or unusual malignancy displayed by the tumor pending the introduction of experimental data. It was stated, however, that the evidence presented was sufficient to warrant the assumption that the factor of foremost importance in the development of the tumor was constitutional rather than local.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

Several attempts were made to transplant a spontaneous malignant tumor in a syphilitic rabbit before a method was devised which proved successful. Subcutaneous and intracutaneous inoculations were unsuccessful on account of the vigorous granulomatous reaction which was aroused by the introduction of tumor fragments into these tissues. This difficulty was overcome by the use of intratesticular inoculations. With this method, a good growth was obtained in practically all animals. It appeared possible, however, that a syphilitic infection had been transmitted along with the tumor, and hence treatment with arsphenamine was instituted as a means of eliminating this infection. A study of the transplanted tumor in the first and second generations showed that it possessed a high degree of malignancy. Metastases occurred at an early period in the majority of animals, and while some of them appeared to recover, the indications were that more than 50 per cent might be expected to succumb to the effects of the tumor growth within a period of 6 to 7 months.

The method of intratesticular inoculation now in use is described in detail.
THE ABSORPTION OF SPECIFIC AGGLUTININS IN HOMOLOGOUS SERUM FED TO CALVES DURING THE EARLY HOURS OF LIFE
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The administration of cow serum by feeding may replace colostrum. The agglutinins towards Bacillus abortus in it are absorbed during the first hours of life in relatively large amounts when compared with those naturally appearing in ordinary milk. It seems probable that colostrum is the most efficient transporting agent of the antibodies. Experiments are under way to put these conclusions on a quantitative basis with special reference to the age of the calf during which the absorption of homologous antibodies is still possible.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Broun G. O. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

In bile that is secreted against an abnormally high pressure, as during partial obstruction, the pigment, cholate, and cholesterol outputs are all cut down, and so much more than is the fluid bulk that the concentration of the substances per cubic centimeter of bile is notably lessened. The fluid obtained at the greatest pressure compatible with secretion contains traces only of the typical biliary constituents. The bearing of these alterations in the bile on the consequences of partial biliary obstruction is discussed.

An analysis of the liver changes following biliary obstruction brings out their essential likeness to the changes that occur under similar circumstances in glands in general and the kidney in particular. The major physiological factors concerned in the development of hydronephrosis and in the liver changes after biliary obstruction are identical. We would suggest that the term hydrohepatosis as applied to the liver condition would be useful not merely to designate it but to indicate the principles underlying its development. In clinical instances of biliary obstruction, the likeness to hydronephrosis is often hidden because of the activity of the gall bladder to render the stasis bile dark and thick. There is then a concealed hydrohepatosis, differing merely by the character of the duct content, from the manifest hydrohepatosis with "white bile," that is found when the gall bladder fails to act.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: Broun G. O. , McMaster Philip D. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

In dogs fed the green bile or the liver tissue of herbivora, the bile later secreted frequently becomes green, changing from the previous yellow-brown. When they are fed sheep bile that contains cholohematin, their bile comes to contain this pigment. When they are fed dog bile in quantity a well marked increase in the output of bilirubin by the liver frequently follows. Taken together, these facts indicate the existence of an enterohepatic circulation of bile pigment.
BOTULISM. STUDIES ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM ACTS UPON THE BODY
Authors: Dickson Ernest C. , Shevky Richard
Published: June 2004

A survey of the results of these experiments shows, we believe conclusively, that in botulinus intoxication in cats, dogs, and rabbits there is a specific effect upon the portions of the autonomic nervous system which Gaskell (14) described as the bulbosacral and prosomatic outflows of connector fibers respectively, which results in a blocking of the nerve impulses of these nerves. The experimental as well as the clinical evidence indicates that there is no damage to the nerves of the thoracicolumbar outflow.

The exact location of the damage has not been ascertained nor has the mechanism by which the nerve impulse is blocked been determined. The experiments show, however, that the lesions in these portions of the nervous system are not of central distribution but are peripheral, and that the block cannot be due to an organic break in the conduction apparatus but must be due to some derangement which is relatively unstable. If it were otherwise it would not be possible to induce a physiological response even by massive stimulation, nor could the response be subsequently repeated by stimuli which lie within the limits of normal intensity.

The application of the results of these experiments to the clinical manifestations of botulism will be discussed in a later report after the effect of the toxin upon the skeletal motor nerves has been described.
ACTION OF SERUM ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:

1. The duration of life of fibroblasts is not altered by the presence of 7 per cent serum in a medium composed of fibrin and Tyrode solution, but is slightly decreased when the concentration of the serum reaches 25 per cent.

2. Fibroblasts cultivated in serum or in Tyrode solution are only in a condition of survival; they do not build up new protoplasm from the serum proteins and their mass does not increase.

3. When embryonic tissue juice is added to the medium, the tissues increase in mass. But the rate of growth is the same in media containing 0 per cent and 10 per cent serum. In 25 per cent serum, however, the rate of growth slightly decreases. Even in the presence of embryonic tissue juice, serum does not increase the rate of growth of connective tissue.

4. The nitrogenous compounds contained in serum are not used as food material by fibroblasts growing in vitro.
THE VIRULENCE OF AN EPIDEMIC STRAIN OF BACILLUS PESTIS CAVIÆ
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Ever since Pasteur's demonstration of the modifying effect of animal passage on the virulence of bacteria, this device has been regarded as of great importance in intensifying infective capacity. It is not often, however, that extensive parallel tests have been made of the power of a microorganism to produce infection in a species of animal which is its natural habitat and under conditions in which the normal as well as artificial portal of entry is employed, and the potency of the microorganism passed directly from host to host is closely contrasted with that of one merely artificially cultivated outside the body.

The experiments described in this paper were arranged to fulfill these conditions. The results show that with the particular strain of Bacillus festis caviæ used, successive animal passages do not modify infective capacity, or virulence. This finding is in harmony with the observations previously made from which it was concluded that the epidemic curve of mouse typhoid infection is explicable solely on the basis of bacillary distribution and host susceptibility.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

The results obtained by intratesticular inoculation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit are presented in the form of a general summary covering the phenomena of growth and spontaneous regression of the tumor and the clinical evidence of disease in tumor animals.

Under ordinary circumstances, growth is obtained by this method of inoculation in practically all animals, and the majority of them show metastases.

The ultimate fate of tumor animals is variable. Spontaneous regression is of frequent occurrence, and apparent recovery may take place even after extensive metastases have developed. More often, the disease terminates fatally. The course of the disease may be fulminating in character with death occurring 6 to 7 weeks after inoculation, or it may be prolonged over a period of more than 6 months, but death usually occurs between 7 weeks and 3 months after inoculation.

The symptomatology varies with the course of tumor growth but is in general that of a debilitating disease of an acute or chronic character in which the picture is frequently complicated by symptoms referable to mechanical causes or to one or more of the glands of internal secretion. The most prominent of these are due to the presence of metastases in the suprarenals or pituitary body, in which case symptoms of Addison's disease or diseases of the pituitary may be superimposed upon those attributable to the presence of extensive tumor growths. In the absence of such growths, however, the symptoms of suprarenal or pituitary involvement may dominate the picture.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

The results of seven methods of transplantation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit are reported and contrasted with results obtained by intratesticular inoculation.

It was found that inoculations made into the brain, the anterior chamber of the eye, and the muscles gave an almost uniform series of takes with the production of comparatively large and vigorously growing tumors. Intracutaneous inoculations were less favorable, while with subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal inoculations, a growth was obtained in only 20 to 25 per cent of the animals.

In contrast with the malignant course of the disease produced by testicular transplantation, the tumors produced by methods other than intracerebral inoculation were relatively benign. In all cases, the growth was of a purely local character; in some instances, there was invasion of the surrounding tissues with local or regional extension of the growth, but no metastases developed in distant organs. Tumors in the brain soon caused death as a result of pressure, and the ultimate fate of tumors in the eye was not determined, but the growth produced by other methods of local inoculation was of relatively short duration and terminated with spontaneous resolution.

It was found that while a good growth could be obtained with material which had been subjected to repeated freezing, thawing, and grinding, the use of cell-free filtrates or desiccated tumor tissue gave negative results.

In discussing the experiments reported, it was pointed out that there were three groups of factors which had played important parts in determining the results of transplantation. These were the capacity for growth of the tumor cells, animal resistance, and the advantage given the tumor or the animal by the use of a particular method of inoculation. From an analysis of the results obtained with reference to the operation of these factors, the conclusion was reached that while the quality of malignancy displayed by the tumor was conditioned upon the capacity for growth of the tumor cells, the degree of malignancy exhibited in any given instance was a function of animal resistance which was not entirely specific but corresponded closely with the ability of the animal to meet excess demands arising from other causes and, to this extent, represented an expression of the functional capacity of a mechanism which is concerned primarily with the maintenance of the general animal economy.
BACTERIOSTASIS BY MIXTURE OF DYES
Authors: Churchman John W.
Published: June 2004

It is possible to mix two dyes of opposite selective bacteriostatic powers and obtain a mixture which combines the powers of the two components. This possibility has been established by experiments with a mixture of gentian violet, which has a predilection for Gram-positive organisms, and acriflavine, which has a predilection for Gram-negatives; a mixture of these two dyes is quite bactericidal for both groups of bacteria. The weakness of each dye, when used alone, is thus, in the mixture, fortified by the strength of the other.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE GONADS OF RABBITS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Marine David
Published: June 2004

1. Double or partial suprarenalectomy in rabbits produces no specific changes either in the tubules or in the interstitial cells of the testes.

2. This is in sharp contrast with the marked hypertrophy of the interstitial cells of the ovary which usually occurs in rabbits surviving double suprarenalectomy 30 days or more.

3. These facts indicate that the interstitial cells of the testis and ovary are not functionally homologous.
PATHOGENESIS OF THE OCULAR LESIONS PRODUCED BY A DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINE A
Authors: Yudkin Arthur M. , Lambert Robert A.
Published: June 2004

The earliest lesions in ophthalmia of rats resulting from a deficiency of vitamine A consist in focal inflammatory lesions in the conjunctivæ of the lids and nictitating membrane. The involvement of the cornea, which constitutes the most conspicuous feature of the well developed ophthalmia, is a secondary phenomenon. The characteristic corneal plaque consists of keratinized epithelium beneath which the deeper layers of epithelium are generally found intact.

Pathologically, the ocular manifestations of a deficiency of vitamine A are referable to a low grade inflammatory process, originating in the palpebral conjunctiva and spreading to the cornea.

The rapidity of development and the degree of destruction probably depend in large part on the type of bacterial infection. The specific changes which lead to the establishment of such an infection have not been determined. It is conceivable that they may be either physiological or anatomical. There is some evidence in favor of a general disturbance of antibody formation in animals on deficient diets. The possibility of a disturbed function in the paraocular glands must be considered.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE. II
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Six strains of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli, isolated from man and animals, differed markedly in virulence for mice.

2. The inherent virulence of each strain for mice was not affected by repeated intraperitoneal and per os mouse passage.

3. Individual differences in the susceptibility of the mice to each strain and to graded doses of mercury bichloride were demonstrable. Such variations appear to be of a non-specific nature.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Steffen Gustav I.
Published: June 2004

1. Three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Type II vaccine confer on monkeys a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type II pneumonia. A similar protection can be bestowed on monkeys against Pneumonococcus Type IV pneumonia by three subcutaneous injections of a vaccine prepared from the same strain of pneumococcus.

2. The subcutaneous injection of monkeys with three doses of Pneumococcus Type III vaccine confers a complete immunity against this type in only 50 per cent of cases (four out of eight monkeys vaccinated).

3. In spite of the immunity induced in monkeys by three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Types II, III, and IV vaccine, specific protective bodies against the homologous types are not demonstrable in their serums when the vaccine is so administered.
LEISHMANIA DONOVANI IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Young Charles W. , Van Sant Helen M.
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of human red cells and serum on the growth of Leishmania donovani has been studied and a blood culture method devised, based on these findings.

2. The distribution of blood platelets and of the different varieties of leucocytes in the strata of centrifugalized diluted blood has been investigated, and also the distribution of Leishman-Donovan bodies, extracellular and intracellular, in these strata.

3. The effect of treatment with antimony on the cultivability of Leishmania donavani has been studied.
MESENCHYME AND MESOTHELIUM
Authors: Lewis Warren H.
Published: June 2004

The migratory mesenchymal cells in cultures of the embryonic chick heart show all stages of transformation from the bipolar and multipolar reticular cells to the flat mesothelial forms. One can actually observe this change in form. Such mesothelial cells seem to differ from the mesenchymal cells only in form and not in structure, indicating that mesothelium is to be considered not as a tissue differentiated from the mesenchyme, but merely as a change or transformation in form.

These observations, together with those of W. C. Clarke, indicate that, in the healing of wounds of the mesothelium lining the peritoneal, pleural, and serous cavities, new mesothelium may arise from the subjacent mesenchyme by the change in form of its cells, and that the repair after abrasions of the mesothelium is not necessarily brought about by a spreading of the adjacent mesothelium over the wound, such as occurs in repair of skin wounds.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

Cancer cells implanted in a skin region previously exposed to an erythema dose of x-rays show a series of degenerative changes in every way comparable to the frequently described stages of cancer cell degeneration following x-ray treatment. The findings contrast strongly with the survival and growth of grafts implanted in unexposed regions in the same animal. Since the changes are the same whether the cancer cells have been directly exposed in situ or merely implanted in the previously exposed skin, it follows that it is impossible to establish microscopically a direct injury from the x-raying as the principal factor in the therapeutic action of x-rays on cancer.