ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BALANCE SELF-EFFICACY AND WALKING ABILITY IN THOSE WITH NEW LOWER LIMB AMPUTATIONS
Authors: Frengopoulos Courtney , Zia Zaka , Payne Michael , Viana Ricardo , Hunter Susan 
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND: A relationship between walking ability and self-efficacy has been demonstrated in various rehabilitation patient populations. In experienced prosthetic ambulators, walking ability is related to self-efficacy of balance, however, this relationship has not been quantified for those with newly acquired lower limb amputations (LLA).
OBJECTIVE(S): To investigate the association between walking performance (objective) and self-reported walking abilities (subjective) on balance self-efficacy in those with LLA.
METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study of 27 people (17 men; mean age=63.57±9.33) at discharge from inpatient prosthetic rehabilitation for first major unilateral LLA. Individuals completed 6m straight path walking and the L-Test under single- and dual-task conditions. The Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) was administered, and the Ambulation subscale provided subjective measures of walking ability. A single PEQ question on satisfaction with walking (16B) was also used as a proxy for subjective walking ability. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale measured balance self-efficacy. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the strength of association between walking ability (objective and subjective) and balance self-efficacy (dependent variable).
FINDINGS: Walking velocity on the 6m straight path under single-task (p=0.011) and dual-task conditions (p=0.039), the single-task L-Test (p=0.035) and self-reported satisfaction with walking (p=0.019) were associated with self-efficacy of balance.
CONCLUSION: Objective measures of walking ability that were independently associated with balance self-efficacy included straight path walking velocity under single and dual-task conditions and the single-task L-Test. Satisfaction with walking was also associated with balance self-efficacy. This highlights the interplay between physical and psychological factors during rehabilitation. More research in the area of self-efficacy and walking ability is needed to establish self-efficacy as a target during prosthetic rehabilitation for those with LLA.
Layman's Abstract
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in their ability to do a certain task well. Improving self-efficacy can be done by watching others complete a task, by getting praise from experts, or by doing the task yourself. There is a link between how well some people walk and their confidence with walking, however this has not been studied in people learning to use a lower limb prosthesis. The goal of this paper was to study the link between balance self-efficacy, scores on walking tests and self-reported walking ability in those with lower limb amputations (LLA) when they leave rehabilitation. To do this, two walking tests were done (straight path and complex path) in two settings (walking only and walking with distraction). A survey about walking ability and a questionnaire on balance self-efficacy were also done. Results showed that self-efficacy of balance was related to the straight path walking test under both settings and the complex walking test during walking alone. A person’s satisfaction with walking ability was also linked. The only test not related was the complex walking test under distracting conditions. It might be that more time is needed for people with LLA to confidently do this task. This shows the link between physical and mental factors during rehabilitation. More research is needed to find other factors that might impact self-efficacy and walking ability in people with LLA when they leave rehabilitation.
Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/36695/28904
How To Cite: Frengopoulos C, Zia Z, Payne M.W.C, Viana R, Hunter S.W. Association between balance self-efficacy and walking ability in those with new lower limb amputations. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2022; Volume 5, Issue 1, No.4. https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v5i1.36695
Corresponding Author: Courtney Frengopoulos,University of Western Ontario, Room 1408, Elborn College, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 1H1.E-Mail: cfrengop@uwo.caORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-2727