bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional hybrid simulation of vacuum arc extinction considering dynamic behavior of cathode spots
Authors: Li Rui , Cao Zhiyuan , Cao Bo , Li Haomin , Sun Liqiong , Geng Yingsan , Wang Jianhua , Wang Zhenxing
Published: November 2022

Vacuum arc extinction directly determines the plasma distribution at the current zero point, which affects the post-arc insulation recovery. In that regard, studying the extinction process to improve the post-arc insulation recovery ability is of great significance. In the extinction process, as the current decreases, cathode spots are extinguished and their distribution exhibits apparent discreteness and asymmetry, while the plasma density decays drastically. On the one hand, the discreteness of cathode spots makes the simulation setup regarding the whole cathode surface as a continuous emission source no longer applicable. On the other hand, the drastic decay of plasma density requires a simulation tool that can balance the computational efficiency and accuracy of the extinction process. To deal with these problems, the dynamic behavior of cathode spots is considered in this paper, and a three-dimensional hybrid plasma model is established. In order to simulate a more realistic situation, two applied axial magnetic field configurations for practical applications—bell-shaped and saddle-shaped configurations—are introduced. Both configurations are used to compare the position distribution and extinguishing sequence of cathode spots, as well as the evolution of plasma. More importantly, the method applied in this study can be employed to evaluate the effect of different magnetic field conditions on vacuum interruption, which would enable one to simulate the extinction process in a realistic manner.
Evaluation of Fe-nitrides, -borides and -carbides for enhanced magnetic fluid hyperthermia with experimental study of α″-Fe16N2 and ϵ-Fe3N nanoparticles
Authors: Dirba I , Chandra C K , Ablets Y , Kohout J , Kmječ T , Kaman O , Gutfleisch O
Published: November 2022

In this work, we investigate alternative materials systems that, based on their intrinsic magnetic properties, have the potential to deliver enhanced heating power in magnetic fluid hyperthermia. The focus lies on systems with high magnetization phases, namely iron-nitrogen (Fe-N), iron-boron (Fe-B) and iron-carbon (Fe-C) compounds, and their performance in comparison to the conventionally used iron oxides, γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and non-stoichiometric mixtures thereof. The heating power as a function of the applied alternating magnetic field frequency is calculated and the peak particle size with the maximum specific loss power (SLP) for each material is identified. It is found that lower anisotropy results in larger optimum particle size and more tolerance for polydispersity. The effect of nanoparticle saturation magnetization and anisotropy is simulated, and the results show that in order to maximize SLP, a material with high magnetization but low anisotropy provides the best combination. These findings are juxtaposed with experimental results of a comparative study of iron nitrides, namely α″-Fe16N2 and ϵ-Fe3N nanoparticles, and model nanoparticles of iron oxides. The former ones are studied as heating agents for magnetic fluid hyperthermia for the first time.
A derivation of the electrical capacitance tomography sensitivity matrix
Authors: Youngquist Robert C , Storey Jedediah M , Nurge Mark A , Biagi Christopher J
Published: November 2022

The sensitivity matrix, used in electrical capacitance tomography to connect capacitance readings to a dielectric distribution, is derived without assumptions on the magnitude of the relative permittivity and without dropping higher order terms. Deriving this matrix may provide a means to improve the performance of the various published electrical capacitance tomography algorithms and extend their applicability to a wider range of dielectric materials.
Calibration approach to quantify nonlinearity of MEMS pore pressure sensors using optimal interpolation
Authors: Barzegar Milad , Tadich Peter , Sainsbury Bre-Anne , Blanks Stan , Timms Wendy
Published: November 2022

Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based instruments have become more attractive in recent years for many industries, particularly geotechnical monitoring owing to their small size and low capital cost. However, overcoming nonlinearity errors is a major concern to ensure accuracy, precision, and repeatability of measurement. Nonlinearity error in measuring instruments can be solved using polynomial function of different degree based on severity of error. In this study, Lagrange polynomial fitting method is applied for nonlinearity calibration of a newly developed MEMS pore pressure sensor by means of optimum calibration points. A procedure for optimum selection of the calibration points to get the best calibration characteristics of a pore pressure sensor is investigated. For this work, the calibration characteristics are evaluated by Lagrange interpolation using special set of Chebyshev nodes, D, A and R-optimum points. The D-A-R optimum points are constructed by imperialist competitive algorithm. The value of the optimal approach is also compared with a uniform approach using equidistant points through actual readings. The results show the increased accuracy and precision of measurement using optimum approach. This increased accuracy allows the application of MEMS to sense smaller changes in pore pressure readings providing unique opportunity for passive estimation of subsurface properties.
Ferroelectric van der Waals heterostructures of CuInP2S6 for non-volatile memory device applications
Authors: Taylor Patrick D , Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Spencer Michelle J S
Published: November 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials are providing promising platforms for creating future nano- and opto-electronics. Here we propose new hybrid van der Waals heterostructures, in which the 2D ferroelectric material CuInP2S6 (CIPS) is layered on a 2D semiconductor for near-infrared (NIR) memory device applications. Using density functional theory, we show that the band gap of the hybrid bilayers formed with CIPS can be tuned and that the optical and electronic properties can be successfully modulated via ferroelectric switching. Of the 3712 heterostructures considered, we identified 19 structures that have a type II band alignment and commensurate lattice matches. Of this set, both the CuInP2S6/PbSe and CuInP2S6/Ge2H2 heterostructures possess absorption peaks in the NIR region that change position and intensity with switching polarisation, making them suitable for NIR memory devices. The CuInP2S6/ISSb, CuInP2S6/ISbSe, CuInP2S6/ClSbSe and CuInP2S6/ZnI2 heterostructures had band gaps which can be switched from direct to indirect with changing the polarisation of CIPS making them suitable for optoelectronics and sensors. The heterostructures formed with CIPS are exciting candidates for stable ferroelectric devices, opening a pathway for tuning the band alignment of van der Waal heterostructures and the creation of modern memory applications that use less energy.
Density spectrum of Cantor measure
Authors: Allaart Pieter , Kong Derong
Published: November 2022

Given ρ ∈ (0, 1/3], let μ be the Cantor measure satisfying

μ
=

1

2

μ

f

0

−
1

+

1

2

μ

f

1

−
1

, where f

i
(x) = ρx + i(1 − ρ) for i = 0, 1. The support of μ is a Cantor set C generated by the iterated function system {f
0, f
1}. Continuing the work of Feng et al (2000) on the pointwise lower and upper densities

Θ

*

s

(

μ
,
x

)

=

lim inf

r
→
0

μ

(

B

(

x
,
r

)

)

(

2
r

)

s

,

Θ

*
s

(

μ
,
x

)

=

lim sup

r
→
0

μ

(

B

(

x
,
r

)

)

(

2
r

)

s

,

where s = −log 2/log ρ is the Hausdorff dimension of C, we give a complete description of the sets D
* and D* consisting of all possible values of the lower and upper densities, respectively. We show that both sets contain infinitely many isolated and infinitely many accumulation points, and they have the same Hausdorff dimension as the Cantor set C. Furthermore, we compute the Hausdorff dimension of the level sets of the lower and upper densities. Our method consists in formulating an equivalent ‘dyadic’ version of the problem involving the doubling map on [0, 1), which we solve by using known results on the entropy of a certain open dynamical system and the notion of tuning.
Identification of fast ion wall loads in Wendelstein 7-X from thermographic measurements
Authors: Cornelissen Mark J H , Lazerson Samuel A , Gao Yu , Proll Josefine H E , McNeely Paul , Rust Norbert , Hartmann Dirk , Jakubowski Marcin W , Ali Adnan , Pisano Fabio , Niemann Holger , Puig Sitjes Aleix , König Ralf , Wolf Robert C , W7-X Team the
Published: November 2022

Fast ion wall loads can result in excessively high heat fluxes to the plasma-facing components (PFCs). To allow for the development of mitigation strategies, and thereby protect the PFCs, the fast ion losses have to be predicted by faithful models. To ensure that fast ion models are an accurate representation of the real world, they need to be verified. The neutral-beam experiments performed in Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) allow to investigate and verify models of the fast ion losses in the stellarator configuration. Infrared thermographic measurements were used to obtain the heat flux to both the baffle plates and the divertor. We found evidence of fast ion wall loads on the baffle plates, with loads between 100 kW m−2 and 1 MW m−2. The loads are attributed to fast ions which escape the main plasma via magnetic ripples. The fast ion wall loads on the baffle plates show up-down and toroidal asymmetry. The experimental results were compared to numerical simulations performed by the BEAMS3D and ASCOT codes. Qualitative agreement in up-down asymmetry is found, but the magnitude and toroidal asymmetry are not yet well predicted by the simulations. The asymmetries of the strike lines on the divertor suggest that fast ions also play a role here. Specifically, a second strike line emerged consistently in the high-iota configuration on the horizontal divertor. The shape and magnitude of the strike lines changed considerably during the neutral-beam injection (NBI) operation phase. Although no damage to steel components of W7-X was found, fast ion loads to the baffle plates could possibly limit the NBI operation in the upcoming campaigns of W7-X.
Minimum detection efficiency for testing a multi-particle Bell inequality
Authors: Ma Wenchao , Chen Peng , Ma Xiaosong
Published: November 2022

Bell’s inequality provides a remarkable way to test the consistency between quantum mechanics and classic local realistic theory. However, experimental demonstrations of the loophole-free Bell test are challenging and only recently have been demonstrated with bipartite systems. A central obstacle for the photonic system is that the sampling efficiency, including the collection and detection efficiencies, must be above a certain threshold. We here generalize two-particle Eberhard’s inequality to the n-particle systems and derive a Bell-type inequality for multi-particle systems, which significantly relaxes this threshold. Furthermore, an experimental proposal to achieve a multi-partite Bell test without the fair sampling assumption is presented for the case of three particles. For any given value of the sampling efficiency, we give the optimal configurations for actual implementation, the optimal state, the maximum background noise that the system can tolerate, and the lowest fidelity of the quantum state. We believe our work can serve as a recipe for experimentalists planning to violate local realism using a multi-partite quantum state without the sampling loophole.
Transition from paramagnetism to ferromagnetism through additional hole doping of non-magnetic antimony in iron doped tellurium alloy
Authors: Menon Sitara , Sarkar Mitesh
Published: November 2022

We have found an enhancement in the magnetic ordering of tellurium as a result of doping it with iron along with an additional doping of a non-magnetic element antimony. A weak ferromagnetism is observed from the magnetization hysteresis which can pave the way for new kinds of magnetic semiconductors. Using the modified solid state approach, we synthesized bulk alloys of Fe-doped tellurium with co-doping of Sb having general form Fe0.05(Te)1−xSbx; x = 0 and 0.03 and analyzed the sample for their structural, electrical and magnetic properties. Electrical resistivity measurements with varying external magnetic field has been carried out and it shows semiconducting nature for both samples. The conduction mechanism in the high temperature region follows small polaron hopping (SPH) model whereas in the low temperature region, variable range hopping (VRH) model is found to fit the data. Traditionally, though tellurium is diamagnetic in nature, x = 0 sample presents itself as a paramagnetic material as evident from the magnetization measurements. On the other hand, x = 0.03 sample has a small hysteresis which is brought about by the substitution of Sb. A negative to positive crossover is observed in the magnetoresistance plot of both samples which can be co-related to transition from variable range hopping mechanism to thermally activated hopping mechanism.
High-density spinal cord stimulation selectively activates lower urinary tract nerves
Authors: Jantz Maria K , Gopinath Chaitanya , Kumar Ritesh , Chin Celine , Wong Liane , Ogren John I , Fisher Lee E , McLaughlin Bryan L , Gaunt Robert A
Published: November 2022

Objective. Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a potential intervention to improve limb and autonomic functions, with lumbar stimulation improving locomotion and thoracic stimulation regulating blood pressure. Here, we asked whether sacral SCS could be used to target the lower urinary tract (LUT) and used a high-density epidural electrode array to test whether individual electrodes could selectively recruit LUT nerves. Approach. We placed a high-density epidural SCS array on the dorsal surface of the sacral spinal cord and cauda equina of anesthetized cats and recorded the stimulation-evoked activity from nerve cuffs on the pelvic, pudendal and sciatic nerves. Main results. Here we show that sacral SCS evokes responses in nerves innervating the bladder and urethra and that these nerves can be activated selectively. Sacral SCS always recruited the pelvic and pudendal nerves and selectively recruited both of these nerves in all but one animal. Individual branches of the pudendal nerve were always recruited as well. Electrodes that selectively recruited specific peripheral nerves were spatially clustered on the arrays, suggesting anatomically organized sensory pathways. Significance. This selective recruitment demonstrates a mechanism to directly modulate bladder and urethral function through known reflex pathways, which could be used to restore bladder and urethral function after injury or disease.
Effect of groove textures on tribological properties of 40CrNiMoA steel under starved grease lubrication
Authors: Lin Xiang , Li Jinbang , Xie Shuli , Xia Renliang , Liu Jinyang , Luo Limin
Published: November 2022

40CrNiMoA steel is widely used in important mechanical parts under starved lubrication, such as shafts, gears and flexsplines for harmonic reducers. To improve the tribological properties of 40CrNiMoA steel and prolong the service life of the material in practical application, micro-grooves were fabricated on steel discs by laser texturing. The texture areal density is controlled by the number and width of the micro-grooves. The friction tests were carried on a ball-on-disk friction tester. The worn surfaces were observed by a scanning electron microscope and a three-dimensional microscope to discuss the friction and wear properties of textured discs under starved grease lubrication. The results show that the groove texture can effectively improve the tribological performance of the 40CrNiMoA steel. After optimizing, the tribological properties were greatly improved. The average friction coefficient reduced from 0.259 to 0.116 and wear rate was reduced by about 46 times. The contact stress of ball and textured discs was analyzed, the results shown that larger width of groove lead to higher contact stress, which may increase friction and wear. Therefore, storing lubricants and increasing contact stress should be balanced to obtain better tribological performances. In this study, the preferred range of texture areal density is 10% ∼ 22%.
On the impact of realistic point sources in spatial mode demultiplexing super resolution imaging
Authors: Greenwood Alexander B , Oulton Ruth , Gersen Henkjan
Published: November 2022

The desire to push beyond ‘Rayleigh’s curse’ has resulted in new techniques for super resolution imaging by deconstructing scattered light from point sources into several spatial modes, as coupling to higher order modes is exquisitely sensitive to lateral displacement. Here we implement such an approach for high numerical aperture objectives and demonstrate that for gold nanoparticles, their intrinsic asymmetry results in coupling to higher order modes without lateral displacement. This situation not only applies to practical nanoparticles but is applicable to any dipole emitter due to the asymmetry of the emission. However, with full polarization analysis we suggest that one may be able to apply such spatial mode demultiplexing techniques.
Generated datasets from dynamic reproduction of projectiles in ballistic environments for advanced research (DROPBEAR) testbed
Authors: Nelson Matthew , Laflamme Simon , Hu Chao , Moura Adriane G , Hong Jonathan , Downey Austin , Lander Peter , Wang Yang , Blasch Erik , Dodson Jacob
Published: November 2022

High-rate dynamics occur when a system’s acceleration is larger than 100 gn over durations less than 100 ms. Structural health monitoring algorithms must be created for high-rate dynamic systems to maximize safety and minimize economic losses. There is a need to evaluate these algorithms for precision and accuracy prior to real-world implementation. An experimental testbed was created to simulate large-magnitude events while maintaining repeatability to accurately and robustly assess various structural health monitoring algorithms’ capability to monitor high-rate dynamic systems. All previous datasets created on the experimental testbed are discussed, examining various sensor setups, excitations, and boundary condition changes to properly simulate near-high-rate events and provide robust experimental data to evaluate structural health monitoring algorithms.
Thresholded graphical lasso adjusts for latent variables
Authors: Wang Minjie , Allen Genevera I
Published: November 2022

Structural learning of Gaussian graphical models in the presence of latent variables has long been a challenging problem. Chandrasekaran et al. (2012) proposed a convex program for estimating a sparse graph plus a low-rank term that adjusts for latent variables; however, this approach poses challenges from both computational and statistical perspectives. We propose an alternative, simple solution: apply a hard-thresholding operator to existing graph selection methods. Conceptually simple and computationally attractive, the approach of thresholding the graphical lasso is shown to be graph selection consistent in the presence of latent variables under a simpler minimum edge strength condition and at an improved statistical rate. The results are extended to estimators for thresholded neighbourhood selection and constrained $\ell_{1}$-minimization for inverse matrix estimation as well. We show that our simple thresholded graph estimators yield stronger empirical results than existing methods for the latent variable graphical model problem, and we apply them to a neuroscience case study on estimating functional neural connections.
Neuropathological hallmarks of antenatal mitochondrial diseases with a corpus callosum defect
Authors: Boutaud Lucile , Ruzzenente Benedetta , Tessier Aude , Anselem Olivia , Pannier Emmanuelle , Grotto Sarah , Talhi Naïma , Amram Daniel , Willems Marjolaine , Wells Constance , Blanchet Patricia , Musizzano Yuri , Jauny Clémence , Nitschke Patrick , Bole-Feysot Christine , Bessières Bettina , Salhi Houria , Achaiaa Amale , Metodiev Metodi D , Razavi Ferechte , Rötig Agnès , Loeuilllet Laurence , Attié-Bitach Tania
Published: November 2022

Corpus callosum defects are frequent congenital cerebral disorders caused by mutations in more than 300 genes. These include genes implicated in corpus callosum development or function, as well as genes essential for mitochondrial physiology. However, in utero corpus callosum anomalies rarely raise a suspicion of mitochondrial disease and are characterized by a very large clinical heterogeneity.

Here, we report a detailed pathological and neuro-histopathological investigation of nine foetuses from four unrelated families with prenatal onset of corpus callosum anomalies, sometimes associated with other cerebral or extra-cerebral defects. Next generation sequencing allowed the identification of novel pathogenic variants in three different nuclear genes previously reported in mitochondrial diseases: TIMMDC1, encoding a Complex I assembly factor never involved before in corpus callosum defect; MRPS22, a protein of the small mitoribosomal subunit; and EARS2, the mitochondrial tRNA-glutamyl synthetase. The present report describes the antenatal histopathological findings in mitochondrial diseases and expands the genetic spectrum of antenatal corpus callosum anomalies establishing OXPHOS function as an important factor for corpus callosum biogenesis.

We propose that, when observed, antenatal corpus callosum anomalies should raise suspicion of mitochondrial disease and prenatal genetic counselling should be considered.
Hypertension management in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities
Authors: Lauder Lucas , Mahfoud Felix , Azizi Michel , Bhatt Deepak L , Ewen Sebastian , Kario Kazuomi , Parati Gianfranco , Rossignol Patrick , Schlaich Markus P , Teo Koon K , Townsend Raymond R , Tsioufis Costas , Weber Michael A , Weber Thomas , Böhm Michael
Published: November 2022

Arterial hypertension is a leading cause of death globally. Due to ageing, the rising incidence of obesity, and socioeconomic and environmental changes, its incidence increases worldwide. Hypertension commonly coexists with Type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking leading to risk amplification. Blood pressure lowering by lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive drugs reduce cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Guidelines recommend dual- and triple-combination therapies using renin–angiotensin system blockers, calcium channel blockers, and/or a diuretic. Comorbidities often complicate management. New drugs such as angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists improve CV and renal outcomes. Catheter-based renal denervation could offer an alternative treatment option in comorbid hypertension associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity. This review summarises the latest clinical evidence for managing hypertension with CV comorbidities.
Changes in rhizospheric microbiome structure and soil metabolic function in response to continuous cucumber cultivation
Authors: Chen Xiaolu , Zhang Dalong , Li Yiman , Li Hengyu , Lou Jie , Li Xiaotian , Wei Min
Published: November 2022

With the increasing reliance on intensive arable agriculture, analysis of the problems associated with continuous cropping has become a global research focus. Here, high-throughput sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics were used to evaluate the responses of soil microbial community structure and soil metabolic function to continuous cucumber cultivation (from 1 to 18 years of continuous cultivation) in greenhouses. Continuous cucumber cropping resulted in increased soil nutrient concentrations, but decreased concentrations of available nutrients. The abundance of several bacterial genera associated with nutrient cycling, such as Bacillus and Sphingomonas, was reduced by continuous cucumber cultivation. The abundance of several beneficial fungal genera, including pathogen antagonists (e.g. Chaetomium, Mortierella, Aspergillus, and Penicillium), were found to gradually decrease in response to the increased duration of continuous cropping. 3-amino-2-naphthoic acid and L-valine increased initially and then decreased as the cropping continued, which were related to fatty acid metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis. We also confirmed a close association between microbial community structure and soil metabolites. This study linked the changes in microbial community structure and metabolites in the rhizosphere soil and provided new insights into soil–microbial interactions in continuous cucumber culture systems.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, aging, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Haynes Cole M , Hekimi Siegfried
Published: November 2022

We review the findings that establish that perturbations of various aspects of mitochondrial function, including oxidative phosphorylation, can promote lifespan extension, with different types of perturbations acting sometimes independently and additively on extending lifespan. We also review the great variety of processes and mechanisms that together form the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. We then explore the relationships between different types of mitochondrial dysfunction-dependent lifespan extension and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. We conclude that, although several ways that induce extended lifespan through mitochondrial dysfunction require a functional mitochondrial unfolded protein response, there is no clear indication that activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is sufficient to extend lifespan, despite the fact that the mitochondrial unfolded protein response impacts almost every aspect of mitochondrial function. In fact, in some contexts, mitochondrial unfolded protein response activation is deleterious. To explain this pattern, we hypothesize that, although triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction, the lifespan extension observed might not be the result of a change in mitochondrial function.
Early or Late-Life Treatment With Acarbose or Rapamycin Improves Physical Performance and Affects Cardiac Structure in Aging Mice
Authors: Herrera Jonathan J , Pifer Kaitlyn , Louzon Sean , Leander Danielle , Fiehn Oliver , Day Sharlene M , Miller Richard A , Garratt Michael
Published: November 2022

Pharmacological treatments can extend the life span of mice. For optimal translation in humans, treatments should improve health during aging, and demonstrate efficacy when started later in life. Acarbose (ACA) and rapamycin (RAP) extend life span in mice when treatment is started early or later in life. Both drugs can also improve some indices of healthy aging, although there has been little systematic study of whether health benefits accrue differently depending on the age at which treatment is started. Here we compare the effects of early (4 months) versus late (16 months) onset ACA or RAP treatment on physical function and cardiac structure in genetically heterogeneous aged mice. ACA or RAP treatment improve rotarod acceleration and endurance capacity compared to controls, with effects that are largely similar in mice starting treatment from early or late in life. Compared to controls, cardiac hypertrophy is reduced by ACA or RAP in both sexes regardless of age at treatment onset. ACA has a greater effect on the cardiac lipidome than RAP, and the effects of early-life treatment are recapitulated by late-life treatment. These results indicate that late-life treatment with these drugs provide at least some of the benefits of life long treatment, although some of the benefits occur only in males, which could lead to sex differences in health outcomes later in life.
Polygenic risk scores for prediction of breast cancer in Korean women
Authors: Jee Yon Ho , Ho Weang-Kee , Park Sohee , Easton Douglas F , Teo Soo-Hwang , Jung Keum Ji , Kraft Peter
Published: November 2022

Background

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for breast cancer, developed using European and Asian genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have been shown to have good discrimination in Asian women. However, prospective calibration of absolute risk prediction models, based on a PRS or PRS combined with lifestyle, clinical and environmental factors, in Asian women is limited.

Methods

We consider several PRSs trained using European and/or Asian GWAS. For each PRS, we evaluate the discrimination and calibration of three absolute risk models among 41 031 women from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS)-II Biobank: (i) a model using incidence, mortality and risk factor distributions (reference inputs) among US women and European relative risks; (ii) a recalibrated model, using Korean reference but European relative risks; and (iii) a fully Korean-based model using Korean reference and relative risk estimates from KCPS.

Results

All Asian and European PRS improved discrimination over lifestyle, clinical and environmental (Qx) factors in Korean women. US-based absolute risk models overestimated the risks for women aged ≥50 years, and this overestimation was larger for models that only included PRS (expected-to-observed ratio E/O = 1.2 for women <50, E/O = 2.7 for women ≥50). Recalibrated and Korean-based risk models had better calibration in the large, although the risk in the highest decile was consistently overestimated. Absolute risk projections suggest that risk-reducing lifestyle changes would lead to larger absolute risk reductions among women at higher PRS.

Conclusions

Absolute risk models incorporating PRS trained in European and Asian GWAS and population-appropriate average age-specific incidences may be useful for risk-stratified interventions in Korean women.
Epidemiology and trends in stroke mortality in the USA, 1975–2019
Authors: Ananth Cande V , Brandt Justin S , Keyes Katherine M , Graham Hillary L , Kostis John B , Kostis William J
Published: November 2022

Background

Whether changes in stroke mortality are affected by age distribution and birth cohorts, and if the decline in stroke mortality exhibits heterogeneity by stroke type, remains uncertain.

Methods

We undertook a sequential time series analysis to examine stroke mortality trends in the USA among people aged 18–84 years between 1975 and 2019 (n = 4 332 220). Trends were examined for overall stroke and by ischaemic and haemorrhagic subtypes. Mortality data were extracted from the US death files, and age-sex population data were extracted from US census. Age-standardized stroke mortality rates and incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence interval [CI] were derived from Poisson regression models.

Results

Age-standardized stroke mortality declined for females from 87.5 in 1975 to 30.9 per 100 000 in 2019 (IRR 0.27, 95% CI 0.26, 0.27; average annual decline -2.78%, 95% CI -2.79, -2.78). Among males, age-standardized mortality rate declined from 112.1 in 1975 to 38.7 per 100 000 in 2019 (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.26, 0.27; average annual decline -2.80%, 95% CI -2.81, -2.79). Stroke mortality increased sharply with advancing age. Decline in stroke mortality was steeper for ischaemic than haemorrhagic strokes.

Conclusions

Stroke mortality rates have substantially declined, more so for ischaemic than haemorrhagic strokes.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Ad26-Vectored HIV Vaccine With Mosaic Immunogens and a Novel Mosaic Envelope Protein in HIV-Uninfected Adults: A Phase 1/2a Study
Authors: Stieh Daniel J , Barouch Dan H , Comeaux Christy , Sarnecki Michal , Stephenson Kathryn E , Walsh Stephen R , Sawant Sheetal , Heptinstall Jack , Tomaras Georgia D , Kublin James G , McElrath M Juliana , Cohen Kristen W , De Rosa Stephen C , Alter Galit , Ferrari Guido , Montefiori David , Mann Philipp , Nijs Steven , Callewaert Katleen , Goepfert Paul A , Edupuganti Srilatha , Karita Etienne , Seaman Michael S , Corey Lawrence , Baden Lindsey R , Pau Maria G , Schuitemaker Hanneke , Tomaka Frank ,   the ASCENT/HVTN118/HPX2003 Study Team, Ake Julie A , Buchbinder Susan , Crowell Trevor A , Euler Zelda , Frank Ian , Goedhart Dimitri , Johnson Jennifer A , Keefer Michael , Kelley Colleen F , Mayer Kenneth H , Nkolola Joseph , Peter Lauren , Robb Merlin L , Rouphael Nadine , Scheppler Lorenz , Sobieszczyk Magda , Van Tieu Hong , Collins Matthew H , Phadke Varun K
Published: November 2022

Background

Developing a cross-clade, globally effective HIV vaccine remains crucial for eliminating HIV.

Methods

This placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1/2a study enrolled healthy HIV-uninfected adults at low risk for HIV infection. They were randomized (1:4:1) to receive 4 doses of an adenovirus 26-based HIV-1 vaccine encoding 2 mosaic Gag and Pol, and 2 mosaic Env proteins plus adjuvanted clade C gp140 (referred to here as clade C regimen), bivalent protein regimen (clade C regimen plus mosaic gp140), or placebo. Primary end points were safety and antibody responses.

Results

In total 152/155 participants (clade C, n = 26; bivalent protein, n = 103; placebo, n = 26) received ≥1 injection. The highest adverse event (AE) severity was grade 3 (local pain/tenderness, 12%, 2%, and 0% of the respective groups; solicited systemic AEs, 19%, 15%, 0%). HIV-1 mosaic gp140-binding antibody titers were 79 595 ELISA units (EU)/mL and 137 520 EU/mL in the clade C and bivalent protein groups (P < .001) after dose 4 and 16 862 EU/mL and 25 162 EU/mL 6 months later. Antibody response breadth against clade C gp140 and clade C/non-clade C gp120 was highest in the bivalent protein group.

Conclusions

Adding mosaic gp140 to the clade C regimen increased and broadened the elicited immune response without compromising safety or clade C responses.

Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02935686.
Regional Variation in Contractile Patterns and Muscle Activity in Infant Pig Feeding
Authors: Mayerl C J , Adjerid K A , Edmonds C E , Gould F D H , Johnson M L , Steer K E , Bond L E , German R Z
Published: November 2022

Synopsis

At the level of the whole muscle, contractile patterns during activity are a critical and necessary source of variation in function. Understanding if a muscle is actively lengthening, shorting, or remaining isometric has implications for how it is working to power a given behavior. When feeding, the muscles associated with the tongue, jaws, pharynx, and hyoid act together to transport food through the oral cavity and into the esophagus. These muscles have highly coordinated firing patterns, yet also exhibit high levels of regional heterogeneity in both their timing of activity and their contractile characteristics when active. These high levels of variation make investigations into function challenging, especially in systems where muscles power multiple behaviors. We used infant pigs as a model system to systematically evaluate variation in muscle firing patterns in two muscles (mylohyoid and genioglossus) during two activities (sucking and swallowing). We also evaluated the contractile characteristics of mylohyoid during activity in the anterior and posterior regions of the muscle. We found that the posterior regions of both muscles had different patterns of activity during sucking versus swallowing, whereas the anterior regions of the muscles did not. Furthermore, the anterior portion of mylohyoid exhibited concentric contractions when active during sucking, whereas the posterior portion was isometric during sucking and swallowing. This difference suggests that the anterior portion of mylohyoid in infant pigs is functioning in concert with the tongue and jaws to generate suction, whereas the posterior portion is likely acting as a hyoid stabilizer during sucking and swallowing. Our results demonstrate the need to evaluate both the contractile characteristics and activity patterns of a muscle in order to understand its function, especially in cases where there is potential for variation in either factor within a single muscle.
Research progress of intelligent operation and maintenance of high-speed railway bridges
Authors: Long Yan , Guo Wei , Yang Na , Dong Cheng , Liu Ming , Cai Yujun , Zhang Zhuanzhuan
Published: November 2022

The new generation of information technology, such as artificial intelligence, brings new opportunities for the efficient and intelligent development of high-speed railway (HSR) bridge operation and maintenance. Intelligent technology integrates the damage identification and maintenance of HSR bridges, and profoundly changes the development of HSR bridge operation and maintenance. The application of intelligent technology in the upgrading of detection equipment, the improvement of data and image processing efficiency, three-dimensional information reconstruction, and other aspects will form new technologies for automatic, efficient, and intelligent detection, monitoring, maintenance and disaster management, and control of HSR bridges. To assess the research and development trends in this field, this paper expounded the relevant research and application in the field of intelligent operation and maintenance of HSR bridges from the development status of HSR bridges, the application of intelligent equipment and algorithms in this field, and summarized the problems and future development for the intelligent operation and maintenance of HSR bridges.
The discourse of awe in the traditions recorded in the name of the Baal Shem Tov inSefer Degel Mahaneh Ephraim: A distant reading leading to a close reading
Authors: Sachs Shmueli Leore
Published: November 2022

This article aims at deciphering distinctive theological characteristics attributed to the legendary founder of Hasidism, Israel Baal Shem Tov (the BeShT), as documented by his Grandson, Moshe Haim Ephraim of Sudylkow. To achieve this objective, I will apply a combination of statistical tools of distant reading with textual analysis of close reading; a first attempt of such a kind in the research of Jewish Mysticism. It will reveal singular characteristics of the reported teachings of the BeShT, while distinguishing them from the textual corpus into which they were integrated, Sefer Degel Mahaneh Ephraim. Contrary to the common portrait of the BeSht as an optimistic preacher focusing mainly on joy and positive appraisal of human sinful conditions, fear of sin is a dominant emotional component in his ethos as documented by his Grandson. Fear and awe function as formative catalyzers of personal religious change. Indeed, he does focus on the mental aspects of divine service and the revelatory character of man’s thoughts, but a sense of trembling and anxiety of sin stands at the core of these discussions. This study demonstrates how the study of Jewish textual traditions may benefit from applying statistical analysis when intertwined with classical methods of close reading.
Reading in Europe—Challenges and lessons learned from the case studies of the READ-IT project
Authors: Benatti Francesca , Vignale François , Antonini Alessio , King Edmund
Published: November 2022

This article reflects on the challenges of combining humanistic and computational research perspectives within the framework of a multicultural and multilingual Digital Humanities project. It analyses the approach of Reading Europe Advanced Data Investigation Tool, a European project funded by JPI-CH, to the framing of its case studies within a wider perspective of interdisciplinary collaboration between humanities, digital humanities, and data science scholars. The analysis of sources ranging chronologically from the 18th century to the present and technologically from manuscript diaries to social media defines a new framework for the history of reading focused on the centrality of the human experience of the reader, and on the evolution of the medium through which reading is conducted. The interdisciplinary collaboration of the project develops a shared laboratory space where practices, languages, and research cultures converge to address both microscope and macroscope questions on the history of reading.
Empirical constraints on the turbulence in QSO host nebulae from velocity structure function measurements
Authors: Chen Mandy C , Chen Hsiao-Wen , Rauch Michael , Qu Zhijie , Johnson Sean D , Li Jennifer I-Hsiu , Schaye Joop , Rudie Gwen C , Zahedy Fakhri S , Boettcher Erin , Cooksey Kathy L , Cantalupo Sebastiano
Published: November 2022

We present the first empirical constraints on the turbulent velocity field of the diffuse circumgalactic medium around four luminous quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) at z ≈ 0.5–1.1. Spatially extended nebulae of ≈50–100 physical kpc in diameter centred on the QSOs are revealed in [O ii] $\lambda \lambda \, 3727,3729$ and/or [O iii] $\lambda \, 5008$ emission lines in integral field spectroscopic observations obtained using Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer on the Very Large Telescope. We measure the second- and third-order velocity structure functions (VSFs) over a range of scales, from ≲5 kpc to ≈20–50 kpc, to quantify the turbulent energy transfer between different scales in these nebulae. While no constraints on the energy injection and dissipation scales can be obtained from the current data, we show that robust constraints on the power-law slope of the VSFs can be determined after accounting for the effects of atmospheric seeing, spatial smoothing, and large-scale bulk flows. Out of the four QSO nebulae studied, one exhibits VSFs in spectacular agreement with the Kolmogorov law, expected for isotropic, homogeneous, and incompressible turbulent flows. The other three fields exhibit a shallower decline in the VSFs from large to small scales. However, with a limited dynamic range in the spatial scales in seeing-limited data, no constraints can be obtained for the VSF slopes of these three nebulae. For the QSO nebula consistent with the Kolmogorov law, we determine a turbulence energy cascade rate of ≈0.2 cm2 s−3. We discuss the implication of the observed VSFs in the context of QSO feeding and feedback in the circumgalactic medium.
JWST unveils heavily obscured (active and passive) sources up to z ∼ 13
Authors: Rodighiero Giulia , Bisigello Laura , Iani Edoardo , Marasco Antonino , Grazian Andrea , Sinigaglia Francesco , Cassata Paolo , Gruppioni Carlotta
Published: November 2022

A wealth of extragalactic populations completely missed at UV-optical wavelengths has been identified in the last decade, combining the deepest HST and Spitzer observations. These dark sources are thought to be dusty and star-forming systems at 3 < z < 5, and major contributors to the stellar mass build up. In this letter, we report an investigation of the deep JWST survey in the SMACS0723 cluster, analysing NIRCam and MIRI images. We search for sources in the F444W band that are undetected in the F200W catalogues. We characterize the properties of these sources via detailed Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) modelling, accounting for a wide set of parameters and star formation histories, after a careful determination of their photometry. Among a robust sample of 20 candidates, we identify a mixed population of very red sources. We highlight the identification of evolved systems, with stellar masses M* ∼ 109–11 M⊙ at 8 < z < 13 characterized by unexpectedly important dust content at those epochs (AV up to ∼5.8 mag), challenging current model predictions. We further identify an extremely red source (F200W-F440W ∼ 7 mag) that can be reproduced only by the spectrum of a passive, quenched galaxy of M* ∼ 1011.56 M⊙ at z ∼ 5, filled of dust (AV ∼ 5 mag).
Executive and social functioning in pediatric posterior fossa tumor survivors and healthy controls
Authors: Ramjan Sameera , Levitch Cara , Sands Stephen , Kim Soo Young , Barnett Marie , Bledsoe Jesse , Holland Alice Ann
Published: November 2022

Background

Executive and social functioning difficulty is well established in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Few studies have compared posterior fossa (PF) tumor survivors in comparison to their peers. The relationship between attention, processing speed, working memory, fatigue, and executive and social functioning was investigated to better understand the factors that impact executive and social functioning in PF tumor populations.

Methods

Sixteen medulloblastomas, 9 low-grade astrocytomas (LGAs), and 17 healthy controls recruited from 4 sites completed measures of working memory and processing speed, and self-reported fatigue. One parent completed questionnaires on executive and social functioning.

Results

There were no significant differences among all 3 groups on parent-reported executive and social functioning; of note, parents of LGA survivors expressed greater concerns regarding behavioral and cognitive regulation than did parents of medulloblastoma survivors and healthy controls. Parent-reported attention was related to parent-reported emotion, behavior, and cognitive regulation. Worse self-reported fatigue was associated with greater emotional dysregulation for the 2 PF tumor groups.

Conclusions

Parents of PF tumor survivors described their children as performing similarly to their peers in most facets of executive and social functioning. While LGA survivors are traditionally thought to have more favorable outcomes, our finding of parent-reported executive functioning concerns to be worse for this group highlights the importance of long-term follow-up for all PF tumor survivors. Additionally, significant effects of attention on aspects of executive functioning in PF tumor survivors may inform current clinical practice and the future development of more effective interventions.
Justifying the More Restrictive Alternative: Ethical Justifications for One Health AMR Policies Rely on Empirical Evidence
Authors: Johnson Tess , Matlock William
Published: November 2022

Global consumption of antibiotics has accelerated the evolution of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. Yet, the risks from increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance are not restricted to human populations: transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria occurs between humans, farms, the environment and other reservoirs. Policies that take a ‘One Health’ approach deal with this cross-reservoir spread, but are often more restrictive concerning human actions than policies that focus on a single reservoir. As such, the burden of justification lies with these more restrictive policies. We argue that an ethical justification for preferring One Health policies over less restrictive alternatives relies on empirical evidence as well as theory. The ethical justification for these policies is based on two arguments: (i) comparatively greater effectiveness, and (ii) comparatively better tracking of moral responsibility. Yet the empirical assumptions on which these claims rest are limited by existing empirical knowledge. Using livestock farming as an example, we suggest that scientific research into characterising antimicrobial resistance and linking practices to outcomes ought to be guided (at least in part) by the imperative to supply the context-specific data needed to ethically justify preferring a One Health policy over less restrictive alternatives.