bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Requires a Full Complement of Bmi-1 for Its Proliferative Effects in the Murine Small Intestine
Authors: Smither Bradley R. , Pang Hilary Y. M. , Brubaker Patricia L.
Published: May 2016

The intestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), stimulates growth, survival, and function of the intestinal epithelium through increased crypt cell proliferation, and a long-acting analog has recently been approved to enhance intestinal capacity in patients with short bowel syndrome. The goal of the present study was to determine whether GLP-2-induced crypt cell proliferation requires a full complement of B-cell lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1 homolog (Bmi-1), using the Bmi-1eGFP/+ mouse model in comparison with age- and sex-matched Bmi-1+/+ littermates. Bmi-1 is a member of the polycomb-repressive complex family that promotes stem cell proliferation and self-renewal and is expressed by both stem cells and transit-amplifying (TA) cells in the crypt. The acute (6 h) and chronic (11 d) proliferative responses to long-acting human (Gly2)GLP-2 in the crypt TA zone, but not in the active or reserve stem cell zones, were both impaired by Bmi-1 haploinsufficiency. Similarly, GLP-2-induced crypt regeneration after 10-Gy irradiation was reduced in the Bmi-1eGFP/+ animals. Despite these findings, chronic GLP-2 treatment enhanced overall intestinal growth in the Bmi-1eGFP/+ mice, as demonstrated by increases in small intestinal weight per body weight and in the length of the crypt-villus axis, in association with decreased apoptosis and an adaptive increase in crypt epithelial cell migration rate. The results of these studies therefore demonstrate that a full complement of Bmi-1 is required for the intestinal proliferative effects of GLP-2 in both the physiological and pathological setting, and mediates, at least in part, the proliferation kinetics of cells in the TA zone.
Risk Stratification of Neck Lesions Detected Sonographically During the Follow-Up of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Lamartina Livia , Grani Giorgio , Biffoni Marco , Giacomelli Laura , Costante Giuseppe , Lupo Stefania , Maranghi Marianna , Plasmati Katia , Sponziello Marialuisa , Trulli Fabiana , Verrienti Antonella , Filetti Sebastiano , Durante Cosimo
Published: May 2016

Context:

The European Thyroid Association (ETA) has classified posttreatment cervical ultrasound findings in thyroid cancer patients based on their association with disease persistence/recurrence.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to assess this classification's ability to predict the growth and persistence of such lesions during active posttreatment surveillance of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Design:

This was a retrospective, observational study.

Setting:

The study was conducted at a thyroid cancer center in a large Italian teaching hospital.

Patients:

Center referrals (2005–2014) were reviewed and patients selected with pathologically-confirmed DTC; total thyroidectomy, with or without neck dissection and/or radioiodine remnant ablation; abnormal findings on two or more consecutive posttreatment neck sonograms; and subsequent follow-up consisting of active surveillance. Baseline ultrasound abnormalities (thyroid bed masses, lymph nodes) were classified according to the ETA system. Patients were divided into group S (those with one or more lesions classified as suspicious) and group I (indeterminate lesions only). We recorded baseline and follow-up clinical data through June 30, 2015.

Main Outcomes:

The main outcomes were patients with growth (>3 mm, largest diameter) of one or more lesions during follow-up and patients with one or more persistent lesions at the final visit.

Results:

The cohort included 58 of the 637 DTC cases screened (9%). A total of 113 lesions were followed up (18 thyroid bed masses, 95 lymph nodes). During surveillance (median 3.7 y), group I had significantly lower rates than group S of lesion growth (8% vs 36%, P = .01) and persistence (64% vs 97%, P = .014). The median time to scan normalization was 2.9 years.

Conclusions:

The ETA's evidence-based classification of sonographically detected neck abnormalities can help identify papillary thyroid cancer patients eligible for more relaxed follow-up.
Common Ground
Authors: Kantor Roanne L.
Published: May 2016

Kantor's article examines the way that two distinct communities—rural villagers and the writers who represent them in fiction—marshal filth as an ethical term in the discussion of the same problem: dysfunction and socioeconomic stagnation in rural South Asia. Shrilal Shukla's Raag Darbari, Upamanyu Chatterjee's English, August, Aravind Adiga's The White Tiger, and Moshin Hamid's How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia all link soiling substances with larger critiques of rural life. These critiques echo, but do not always neatly overlap with, the discourses of actual rural people. In these novels, filth is characterized by its ability to cling and to spread, such that the only solution seems to be the creation of physical distance between the novel's protagonists and the rural sphere. Ethnographic fieldwork in rural Bihar, however, complicates this view. Villagers express ambivalence about filth: bemoaning the dirtiness of their everyday lives but also deploring others' emotional distancing as filthy. In order to unpack their divergent perspectives, this article brings together several fields of scholarship: social science debates about filth in public space in postcolonial India; literary theories of irony and the sublime; and philosophical writings on the relationship between aesthetics and ethics.
The Solitary Analyst of Doxas
Authors: Bardawil Fadi A.
Published: May 2016

“The Solitary Analyst of Doxas: An Interview with Talal Asad” explores Asad's intellectual trajectory. In Bardawil and Asad's intergenerational conversation Asad discusses his critique of the neutrality of the social sciences, his own critique of Orientalist scholarship (while touching on Edward Said's), as well as his thoughts on the anthropologist's positionality. He rebuts charges of nativism and revisits his own family history, thinking about the differences between how his father, who was an intellectual and a convert, inhabited being a Muslim differently than his own mother, who was born into it. The interview also touches on how Asad draws on the concept of tradition in his own work and examines the relationship between his early polemics on Elie Keddourie with his later disagreements with Salman Rushdie. The interview is preceded by a short preface that situates the themes of the conversation.
Archives Are Part of International Knowledge, Not Merely Happenstance
Authors: Agathangelou Anna M.
Published: May 2016

In Beyond Eurocentrism and Anarchy: Memories of International Order and Institutions Siba Grovogui begins with a lyrical form of subversion as he speaks to those in International Relations whom he finds participating in moral justifications of a politics of death. Grovogui's assemblage of the colonial archive points to its operation at multiple registers. It is a site of contested possibility and regenerative change and it belongs to the whole world for a world otherwise. As a response to Grovogui's book, this essay argues that open-ended, multiple engagements can disrupt strategies of bifurcation problematizing asymmetrical zonings and scale making, thereby redefining the nature and terms of science (itself a naturalized modern knowledge formation) without fantasizing a greater sense of knowing or transcendence from ontological specificities and multiplicities.
The ADP-ribose polymerase Tankyrase regulates adult intestinal stem cell proliferation during homeostasis in Drosophila
Authors: Wang Zhenghan , Tian Ai , Benchabane Hassina , Tacchelly-Benites Ofelia , Yang Eungi , Nojima Hisashi , Ahmed Yashi
Published: May 2016

Wnt/β-catenin signaling controls intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation, and is aberrantly activated in colorectal cancer. Inhibitors of the ADP-ribose polymerase Tankyrase (Tnks) have become lead therapeutic candidates for Wnt-driven cancers, following the recent discovery that Tnks targets Axin, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, for proteolysis. Initial reports indicated that Tnks is important for Wnt pathway activation in cultured human cell lines. However, the requirement for Tnks in physiological settings has been less clear, as subsequent studies in mice, fish and flies suggested that Tnks was either entirely dispensable for Wnt-dependent processes in vivo, or alternatively, had tissue-specific roles. Here, using null alleles, we demonstrate that the regulation of Axin by the highly conserved Drosophila Tnks homolog is essential for the control of ISC proliferation. Furthermore, in the adult intestine, where activity of the Wingless pathway is graded and peaks at each compartmental boundary, Tnks is dispensable for signaling in regions where pathway activity is high, but essential where pathway activity is relatively low. Finally, as observed previously for Wingless pathway components, Tnks activity in absorptive enterocytes controls the proliferation of neighboring ISCs non-autonomously by regulating JAK/STAT signaling. These findings reveal the requirement for Tnks in the control of ISC proliferation and suggest an essential role in the amplification of Wnt signaling, with relevance for development, homeostasis and cancer.
Hypoxia promotes production of neural crest cells in the embryonic head
Authors: Scully Deirdre , Keane Eleanor , Batt Emily , Karunakaran Priyadarssini , Higgins Debra F. , Itasaki Nobue
Published: May 2016

Hypoxia is encountered in either pathological or physiological conditions, the latter of which is seen in amniote embryos prior to the commencement of a functional blood circulation. During the hypoxic stage, a large number of neural crest cells arise from the head neural tube by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As EMT-like cancer dissemination can be promoted by hypoxia, we investigated whether hypoxia contributes to embryonic EMT. Using chick embryos, we show that the hypoxic cellular response, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, is required to produce a sufficient number of neural crest cells. Among the genes that are involved in neural crest cell development, some genes are more sensitive to hypoxia than others, demonstrating that the effect of hypoxia is gene specific. Once blood circulation becomes fully functional, the embryonic head no longer produces neural crest cells in vivo, despite the capability to do so in a hypoxia-mimicking condition in vitro, suggesting that the oxygen supply helps to stop emigration of neural crest cells in the head. These results highlight the importance of hypoxia in normal embryonic development.
Of sex and determination: marking 25 years of Randy, the sex-reversed mouse
Authors: Koopman Peter , Sinclair Andrew , Lovell-Badge Robin
Published: May 2016

On Thursday 9 May 1991, the world awoke to front-page news of a breakthrough in biological research. From Washington to Wollongong, newspapers, radio and TV were abuzz with the story of a transgenic mouse in London called Randy. Why was this mouse so special? The mouse in question was a chromosomal female (XX) made male by the presence of a transgene containing the Y chromosome gene Sry. This sex-reversal provided clear experimental proof that Sry was the elusive mammalian sex-determining gene. Twenty-five years on, we reflect on what this discovery meant for our understanding of how males and females arise and what remains to be understood.
Neurogenesis in Cancun: where science meets the sea
Authors: Hsieh Jenny , Zhang Chun-Li
Published: May 2016

In March 2016, meeting organizers Sebastian Jessberger and Hongjun Song brought together over 100 scientists from around the world to Cancun, Mexico to present the latest research on neurogenesis. The meeting covered diverse aspects of embryonic and adult neurogenesis with a focus on novel technologies, including chemogenetics and optogenetics, live cell two-photon imaging, cell fate reprogramming and human pluripotent stem cell models. This Meeting Review describes the exciting work that was presented and some of the emerging themes from the meeting.
Retinoic-acid-mediated HRas stabilization induces neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells during brain development
Authors: Park Jong-Chan , Jeong Woo-Jeong , Kim Mi-Yeon , Min DoSik , Choi Kang-Yell
Published: May 2016

Ras signaling is tightly regulated during neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, and defects in this pathway result in aberrant brain development. However, the mechanism regulating Ras signaling during NSC differentiation was unknown. Here, we show that stabilized HRas specifically induces neuronal differentiation of NSCs. Lentivirus-mediated HRas overexpression and knockdown resulted in stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of NSC differentiation into neuron in the ex vivo embryo. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, promoted neuronal differentiation of NSCs by stabilizing HRas, and HRas knockdown blocked the retinoic acid effect. Vitamin-A-deficient mice displayed abnormal brain development with reduced HRas levels and a reduced thickness of the postmitotic region containing differentiated neurons. All of these abnormal phenotypes were rescued with the restoration of HRas protein levels achieved upon feeding with a retinoic-acid-supplemented diet. In summary, this study shows that retinoic acid stabilizes HRas protein during neurogenesis, and that this is required for NSC differentiation into neurons and murine brain development.
On Toeplitz matrices construction algorithm with a given number of connected components of the limitary spectrum complement[1]
Authors: Zolotykh Svetlana A.
Published: May 2016

The simplest topological properties of the approximate spectrum, namely the connectivity of its complement in the complex plane, are studied. A numerical verification of the lower bounds for the maximum number of the connected components of the limitary spectrum complement of the band Toeplitz matrices whose symbol is Laurent polynomial of the specified degree, is carried out. The algorithm for computation of the Toeplitz matrix symbol parameters with its approximate spectrum dividing the complex plane into a given number of connected components is adduced. The examples of polynomials which are Toeplitz matrices symbols with the limitary spectrum dividing the complex plane into a given set of connected components are numerically investigated. Graphs of the limitary spectra of Toeplitz matrices illustrating the results obtained are given. The obtained limitary spectra are compared to the Toeplitz matrices spectra of large size with a given symbol.
Effect of corrugated cardboard shape on the packing damping properties
Authors: Antypas I. R. , Partko S. A. , Sirotenko A. N.
Published: May 2016

The present work objective is searching for such forms of the cardboard corrugation which could effectively absorb the impact load on a cardboard sheet, both vertical and horizontal. The research subject is the depreciation efficiency of the cardboard package with a cell and an alternative (with MS-profile) structure by the action of shock across and along the honeycomb. Measurement and comparation of the deformation rate, as well as the shock absorption capacity of the sample cartons with the standard and alternative MS-corrugation are considered as the investigation tasks. The samples were under the impact force. Shock absorbing properties of the multilayer cardboard packaging in size of 127 × 127 mm were evaluated under the following conditions: drop height, 610 mm; impact speed, 3.5 m/s; falling weight, 12.5 kg; pressure load, 340 kg. In this case, pressing force, impact energy, deformation value is recorded. As a result of the experiments, it was found that a three- and five-layer sample with MS-profile has better shock absorbing properties (as compared to a standard cellular cardboard of the same thickness). The application of seven- and nine-layer cardboard with MS-profile is inappropriate due to a minor advantage over a three- and five-layer sample.
Automatic system of mutually invariant vector control of mixer technology state variables
Authors: Neydorf Rudolf A. , Mohsen Mohammed Neamah
Published: May 2016

The work objective is to improve the automation efficiency of the technological processes of the chemical industry and the related industries. A typical for the industry solution preparation process is considered; and the task of developing a vector control law, effective in terms of both intensity or speed and cross-invariance of the management processes of various technological variables, is solved. To cope with this task, the approach to the control laws synthesis based on the desired characteristics of the synthesized control system is taken. A mathematical model of the quasi-optimal speed control is used to construct the desired mathematical model of the controlled machine for the solution preparation. The synthesis is resulted in a rather complex non-linear vector control law which, however, provides all the properties inherent in the paradigm of its creation and implementation. Simulation modeling of a multistage automatic control system with the implementation of the synthesized laws is carried out, as well as the research of the constructed model. This allows fully confirm an absolute control autonomy of the outflow solution level in the unit and of its concentration. Besides, the independence of the controlled variables from the changing load - flow fluid preparation - is established. The results obtained are intended for the implementation in the chemical technology and the related industries (food processing, oil refining, etc.). The materials and the research results presented show that for an effective synthesis of the vector control laws of nonlinear multiply connected objects, the method of reference mathematical models can be applied along with the quasi-optimization speed performance of these laws.
Metrological aspects of acoustic emission conditions under hydrogen peroxide decomposition monitoring
Authors: Gaponov Vladimir L. , Kuznetsov Dmitry M. , Zakharova Maria S.
Published: May 2016

The work objective is to study the metrological aspects of the acoustic emission (AE) method as applied to the monitoring of the hydrogen peroxide decay rate. The AE changing parameter that determines the method metrological properties as a whole is selected. It is established that the process of the hydrogen peroxide decomposition causes stress waves in the local liquid volume. This leads to the formation of the acoustic signals that allow firmly control this process through the AE method. The metrological evaluation of the method implemented in two stages is analyzed. The significance of the first stage allowing for the quality relative AE-research is identified. The experiments performed have confirmed high sensitivity of the proposed method. Thus, it is possible to carry out effective relative studies of the compared processes according to the AE parameters. The acoustic emission data show that instrumental and methodological errors of the AE method in general can be significant in case of the counter conditions, and this fact can be a benchmark for future research.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CROP ROTATION, SATURATED PERENNIAL GRASSES - THE BASIS OF FOOD SUPPLY ENHANCEMENT AND AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIZATION (by the example of LLC
Authors: Вафина  , Vafina Liliya , Хисматуллин  , Khismatullin Marsel , Сочнева  , Sochneva Svetlana , Сайфутдинов  , Sayfutdinov Almir
Published: May 2016

The article considers topical issues of strengthening the fodder base of livestock and improving the fertility of gray forest soils of the Republic of Tatarstan on the basis of expansion of perennial grasses areas.
Optimal Sales Force Compensation in Dynamic Settings: Commissions vs. Bonuses
Authors: Schöttner Anja
Published: May 2016

This paper studies optimal sales force compensation plans in a multiperiod moral-hazard model when the firm wants to implement high effort in every period but only obtains aggregate information on sales. The sales agent chooses effort each period after observing previous sales, and his incentive responsiveness might change over time. The paper derives conditions under which a linear incentive scheme—a pure commission—dominates a bonus plan and vice versa. A commission is optimal if the agent is most difficult to motivate in the last period. Otherwise, combining the commission with a bonus plan can lower the firm’s cost of providing incentives in earlier periods. The results are robust to different types of cost externalities and demand externalities across periods. However, if the firm obtains intermediate sales information, bonus plans dominate commissions.

This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Battle of the Channels: The Impact of Tablets on Digital Commerce
Authors: Xu Kaiquan , Chan Jason , Ghose Anindya , Han Sang Pil
Published: May 2016

The introduction of tablets in online retailing has created an additional touchpoint through which e-commerce firms can interact with consumers. In this paper, we seek to understand and measure the causal impact of tablets on e-commerce sales. In doing so, we examine the complementary and substitution impact of the tablet channel on the smartphone and PC channels. We rely on a unique data set from Alibaba, the largest e-commerce firm in the world, and exploit a natural experiment via the iPad app introduction to empirically identify our results. The results show that users’ adoption of tablets enhanced the overall growth of Alibaba’s e-commerce market, with an annual increase of approximately US$923.5 million. Our results demonstrate that the tablet channel acts as a substitute for the PC channel while it acts as a complement for the smartphone channel. Furthermore, the use of tablets spurs casual browsing, which leads to the purchase of more impulse products and a wider diversity of products. Cross-device browsing behavior is found to enhance sales outcomes, and the degree of interrelationships between devices varies across the course of the day. We provide insights for retailers about how they can increase their sales volume and revenue in the emerging tablet economy.

This paper was accepted by Anandhi Bharadwaj, information systems.
Internationalization and Bank Risk
Authors: Berger Allen N. , El Ghoul Sadok , Guedhami Omrane , Roman Raluca A.
Published: May 2016

This paper documents a positive relation between internationalization and bank risk. This is consistent with the empirical dominance of the market risk hypothesis, whereby internationalization increases banks’ risk due to market-specific factors in foreign markets, over the diversification hypothesis, whereby internationalization allows banks to reduce risk through diversification of their operations. The results continue to hold following a variety of robustness tests, including those for endogeneity and sample selection bias. We also find that the magnitude of this effect is more pronounced during financial crises. The results appear to be at least partially explained by agency problems related to poor corporate governance.

This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Costly Control: An Examination of the Trade-off Between Control Investments and Residual Risk in Interfirm Transactions
Authors: Anderson Shannon W. , Dekker Henri C. , Van den Abbeele Alexandra
Published: May 2016

Transaction cost economics predicts that investments in management control will enable risky interfirm transactions. Risk is rarely eliminated, because firms trade off costs of management control and expected costs of control loss (together, the “cost of control”). The resultant solution typically comprises a mix of control investments with residual performance and residual relational risks. Transaction cost economics also predicts that the control-residual risk trade-off will vary with the cost of control. We use survey data on 287 risky information technology transactions to test whether the control-residual risk trade-off varies predictably with two partnership-specific factors that proxy for variation in the cost of control: prior ties between exchange partners and the criticality of strategic resources to the transaction. The results support the hypotheses, providing novel evidence on trade-offs that managers make when investing in management controls while also prudently accepting some risks.

This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Supporting students who are unsupported at home
Authors: Sullivan Karen
Published: May 2016

How can we raise the aspirations of pupils when engaging with their parents is proving difficult? Karen Sullivan offers some practical ideas
Non-Surgical Management of Aggressive Periodontitis: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Rathod Digvijaysinh , Vishnoi Shivlal , Patel Yesha , Chandran Sarath
Published: May 2016

The term ‘aggressive’ literally means ‘ready or likely to attack’. As the name suggests, aggressive peridontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease with a rapid course of progression in younger individuals. It is more prevalent in younger age groups, especially in females. It requires a complex treatment approach and its stabilization often requires surgical management.
Here,we are presenting report of two cases of generalized aggressive periodontitis, successfully managed by only non-surgical periodontal treatment and long term follow up at frequent interval.
POR UMA DIFERENCIAÇÃO DOS CRITÉRIOS DE JUSTIÇA, VALIDADE E EFICÁCIA DAS NORMAS JURÍDICAS: LEITURA COMPARATIVA DAS OBRAS TEORIA PURA DO DIREITO, DE HANS KELSEN, E TEORIA DA NORMA JURÍDICA, DE NORBERTO BOBBIO
Authors: Lopes da Silva Lucas Antônio , De Oliveira Teixeira Paulo Enderson , Nureyev Mendes Renat
Published: May 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a compreensão da leitura dos critérios de Justiça, Validade e Eficácia em Norberto Bobbio e Hans Kelsen. Mesmo ambos sendo adeptos do Juspositivismo, têm compreensões diversas dos critérios já enunciados, e isto (essa diferença dos dois pensadores no interpretar da Teoria do Direito) é que o trabalho se concentrará a buscar ao longo do seu desenvolvimento. Assim, este artigo, baseado na pesquisa bibliográfica e no método comparativo, trará, em um primeiro momento, a leitura dos critérios acima destacados por Bobbio para, a posteriori, fazer o mesmo com o outro autor, com nome Hans Kelsen. Em um último momento, já traçando algumas considerações à guisa de conclusão, tentar-se-á relacionar os pensamentos dos dois autores escolhidos.
Aerodrome Flight Information Service
Authors: Procházka Jaromír , Plos Vladimír
Published: May 2016

The objective of this article is to describe aerodrome flight information service and activities provided by AFIS officer and also highlight potential improvements.
Runway Safety Areas
Authors: Štumper Marek , Kraus Jakub , Vittek Peter , Lališ Andrej
Published: May 2016

This article is focused on areas around runway and their dimensions for safety reason of air accidents and incidents. There is proposed new calculation of these dimensions.
Comparison of establishing SBAS approaches at uncontrolled airports (USA/Europe)
Authors: Krch Miroslav , Kraus Jakub
Published: May 2016

This article focuses on comparing USA’s and Europe’s legislative attitude to establishing instrument approaches at uncontrolled airports. It tries to indicate the differences and the reasons which lead to these differences. The purpose is to identify things which are done correctly and should be followed as an example and, on the other hand, to recognize procedures which should not be followed and repeated.
Immobilization of Lycinibacillus fusiformis B26 cells in different matrices for use in turquoise blue HFG decolourization
Authors: Dogan Nazime Mercan , Sensoy Tugba , Doganli Gulumser Acar , Bozbeyoglu Naime Nur , Arar Dicle , Akdogan Hatice Ardag , Canpolat Merve
Published: May 2016

The decolourization of Turquoise Blue HFG by immobilized cells of Lysinibacillus fusiformis B26 was investigated. Cells of L. fusiformis B26 were immobilized by entrapment in agar and calcium alginate matrices and attached in pumice particles. The effects of operational conditions (e.g., agar concentrations, cell concentrations, temperature, and inoculum amount) on microbial decolourization by immobilized cells were investigated. The results revealed that alginate was proven to be the best as exhibiting maximum decolourization (69.62%), followed by agar (55.55%) at 40°C. Pumice particles were the poorest. Optimum conditions for agar matrix were found: concentration was 3%, cell amount was 0.5 g and temperature was 40°C (55.55%). Ca-alginate beads were loaded with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g of wet cell pellets and the highest colour removal activity was observed with 2.0 g of cell pellet at 40°C for alginate beads. Also, 0.5 and 1.0 g of pumice particles that were loaded with 0.25 and 0.5 g of cell pellets respectively were used and the results were found very similar to each other.
High Drilling Methane Drainage in Fracturing Zones Formed by Water Injection into Boreholes
Authors: Wang Gang , Huang Wanpeng , Sun Lulu , Wu Mengmeng , Zhang Xiaoqiang
Published: May 2016

Methane drainage method should be used before coal mining of many modern collieries because venti lation air methane is in sufficient to keep methane level within regulation values. The technology of high drilling methane drainage (HDMD) has been used for methane drainage although its effect is not very stable due to parameter design. The height of the fracturing zones is determined mostly according to empirical formula, on-site observation and numerical simulation analysis. In this paper, a method was introduced for determining the height of the air f ract uring zones (AFZs) based on its high similarity to the characteristics of Fracturing zones and the relationship between the height of Fracturing zones and the strain of overl ying rock strata. The application of water injection in both Shuangdingshan and Dongrong collieries found that the theoretically calculated the height of the Fracturing zones was approximately equal to the measured one in field tests within a permissible error of less than 5%, proving that the method is feasible. Based on the designed drainage parameters, the u tilization of HDMD technology in the collieries mentioned above found that the methane concentrations in both tail gate and upper corner were controlled in the ranges of 0.17% to 0.32% and 0.26% to 0.84%, respectively. These results showed that the water injection verified HDMD in Fracturing zones could effectively solve the problem of metha ne overrun and also verified the accuracy and reliability of its related theory.
Zum Programm einer kritischen Sozialwissenschaft−Empirie und Theorie
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Leist Anton , Mans Dieter
Published: May 2016

The article argues for a synthesis between analytical philosophy and social sciences as relevant and necessary. The motivation and framework of such a synthesis is outlined on the basis of a critical social science. The authors illuminate such a perspective negatively in a critique of empirical and theoretical sociology, then positively in a clarification of the critical standpoint. Four theses, two under each-aspect, are defended:

1. Concerning empirical social sciences

Neither the quantitative nor the qualitative paradigm of empirical social science is able to put forward adequate methods for social research. Instead, the development of reconstructive methods is proposed to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of the quantitative and qualitative paradigms.

2. Concerning theoretical sociology

Macrosociological theories tend to resist empirical corrobation. Pure theoretical and philosophical justification abounds instead. In this situation the tools of analytic theory of science are proposed in order to clarify the necessary steps towards a further development of theories, which can be empirically tested.

3. Concerning the critique of society

A critical social science must incorporate a theory of a just society in order to analyse social institutions in a normative way. In this context an ethical realist approach is offered which tries to fulfill two conditions for sociologically relevant normative reasonings: satisfaction of individual interests and the rational consensus of all persons concerned.

4. Concerning critique of ideology

The tools of analytic philosophy can be given new application by combining them with an analysis of interests under the title of critique of ideology.
Methodenfragen der Gerechtigkeitstheorie
Authors: Kulenkampff Arend
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this paper is the clarification of some methodological problems concerning Rawls’ theory of justice. The first part seeks to make more precise Tugendhat’s distinction between 1st-person-theory and 3rd-person-theory. Rawls’ theory fulfills all criteria for 1st-person-theories. In the second part Rawl’s coherence model for the justification of norms („reflective equilibrium“) is critically analyzed and opposed to the hypothetical decision which individuals are to make in the original position (contract model). It is shown that the conception of reflective equilibrium is in various aspects mistaken. In conclusion a problem is indicated which Rawls has not satisfactorily resolved: The veil of ignorance is supposed to guarantee that the decision for the basic principles of social justice is unanimous. Nevertheless it would appear that the individuals in the original position either have too little empirical knowledge in order to make a rational decision, or they have too much knowledge in order to come to an unanimous decision. The veil of ignorance is either too fine or not fine enough.
Zum Programm einer kritischen Sozialwissenschaft – Theorie der gerechten Gesellschaft und Ideologiekritik
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Leist Anton , Mans Dieter
Published: May 2016

Critical social science has to acknowledge that every fundamental critique of society implies the justification of alternative norms and institutions. Several current objections against such an explicitly normative understanding of critical social science are discussed. The following outline of a theory of a just society tries to meet two demands: the rational consensus of all individuals concerned and the satisfaction of individual interests. In societies characterized by class struggles, however, these two aims turn out to be incompatible. Therefore an ethical realist approach is offered which takes into account the clarification and normative reinterpretation of interests. The tools of analytic philosophy can be given new application in combination with an analysis of interests under the title of a critique of ideology.
Funktionale Erklärungen bei Marx
Authors: Detel Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

In the following attempt at a further clarification of the methodological aspects of Marxian theory construction it is demonstrated that central arguments in the first part of the Kapital, especially the description of the development from simple to capitalist commodity production, can be analysed as functional explanations in the modern logical sense. At the same time it becomes clear that some questionable conclusions which have been arrived at on the basis of this description, e.g. the development of capitalism being a necessary condition for the later formation of socialism, can be understood as results of certain methodological defects in Marx’ functional explanations.
Messung und Systematisierung in der Soziologie
Authors: Froese Norbert
Published: May 2016

This essay is a systematic investigation of the problems concerning the measurement of theoretical qualities in the social sciences. If someone wants to measure theoretical qualities like attitudes, intelligence or aggressivity the first and most difficult task is to formulate an operationalisation. To show such operationalisations being correct is the central problem of empirical research. In this essay it is shown that no adequate methods exist to demonstrate operationalisations as true ore false statements. As long as the problem of operationalisation is treated and analysed as a problem of isolated statements it seems to be absolutely unsolvable. The problem of the correctness of operationalisations must be interpreted as the problem of the correctness of the theories in which they are used. Whether an operationalisation is accepted or not depends only on the empiricai success of the theory in which it is contained. This implies that we can only measure theoretical qualities if we have successful theories working with these theoretical qualities.
Diskussion/Discussion
Authors: Flores Albert
Published: May 2016

This paper explores the nature of the dispute between the competing theses of intentionality and physicalism, as discussed by A. Marras in his paper “Intentionality and Physicalism: a Resolvable Dispute“. Although as originally conceived neither thesis is viable, it is apparent that a physicalist account of human behavior must take into consideration the intentionality of human behavior. This paper reviews a recent attempt to give a physicalist reconstruction of intentionality and shows that such an approach succeeds in providing scientifically acceptable explanations of human behavior without needing to answer the metaphysical questions that this dispute implies.
Diskussion/Discussion
Authors: Morick Harold
Published: May 2016

Contrary to Marras: (1) the third of Chisholm’s Intentional criteria of sentences about mental states and events succeeds in highlighting an intuitive feature of Intentionality. (2) If there is such a thing as modality, it resides either in the way we speak of things or in the things, regardless of the way we speak of them. If the latter, modal sentences fail to satisfy Chisholm’s criterion for mentalistic sentences; and if the former, modal sentences turn out to be mentalistic sentences. So either way − if either the latter or the former − modal sentences fail to provide a counterexample to Chisholm’s claim that his criterion picks out only mentalistic sentences. (3) Functionalism doesn’t enable physicalism to accomodate Intentional states and events, because functionalism rejects a traditional tenet of physicalism.
Überlegungen zu einer dispositionalen Deutung des Andershandelnkönnens
Authors: Burkhardt Björn
Published: May 2016

The assertion “he could have done otherwise” represents a notorious problem in the science of penal law and in moral philosophy. Some philosophers have assumed that this statement is to be analysed as “he would have done otherwise if he had so chosen” (analysis view), thus believing to have found an interpretation which is compatible with determinism. It has been argued, however, that these two statements are not equivalent. The following article attempts to show that this objection is not far-reaching enough. At the same time the analysis view is considered to be of little help, as it presupposes the solution of the problems it claims to solve.
Diskussion/Discussion. Kommentare zu R. Rorty: Zur Lage der Gegenwartsphilosophie in den USA (Analyse & Kritik 1/81)
Authors: MacIntyre Alasdair
Published: May 2016

Richard Rorty argues that the present state of analytic philosophy is the result of the collapse of the logical empiricist program. But most of the characteristics of analytic philosophy which Rorty ascribes to that collapse predated logical empiricism. The historical explanation of the present state of philosophy must begin not later than with the schism between philosophy and the other disciplines in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. To begin then leads to a different view of how philosophical problems are generated.
G.A. Cohens materialistische Geschichtstheorie: Einige Einwände Überblick zu einer Diskussion
Authors: Leist Anton
Published: May 2016

During the last years Anglosaxon discussion about Marx and Marxism has been characterized by an intensified interest in historical materialism as a general theory of history. The most extensive, careful and analytically rigorous among several new treatments is the one by G.A. Cohen, which is the subject of four critical articles in the present issue of Analyse & Kritik. To make these articles and Cohen’s project understandable to the German reader, an attempt is made in the following to summarize the main arguments of Cohen’s defence of historical materialism and of the ensuing comprehensive and detailed discussion.
“Productive Forces” and “Relations of Production” in Marx
Authors: Suchting Wal
Published: May 2016

This paper criticises the view that, according to Marx, “productive forces” determine “relations of production” and that the growth of the former basically determines the course of history. The particular version of this account discussed is that to be found in G.A. Cohen’s Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence. The main part of this criticism in:-volves a presentation of what, it is suggested, was in fact Marx's conception of "productive forces", "relations of production" and their relations, and an identification of class-struggle as the primary factor at least for the historically significant periods with which Marx was concerned.
Can the Base be distinguished from the Superstructure?
Authors: Lukes Steven
Published: May 2016

This article considers Cohen’s claim that the economic structure or base can be conceived independently of the superstructure by adressing his attempt to identify “a rechtsfrei (moralitätsfrei, etc.) economic structure to explain law (morals, etc.)”. It examines his programme of presenting relations of production as a set of (non-normative) powers and constraints that ‘match’ the rights and obligations of property relations. It is argued that, first, Cohen does not carry through this programme rigorously but, second, he could not do so, since it cannot be carried out at all. Three arguments are advanced, the first two against the possibility of a determinate ‘objective’ account of such powers and constraints, the third against the possibility of abstracting norms (constitutive and regulative, formal and informal) from contractual relationships: it is argued that one cannot identify the powers and constraints embodied in norm-governed economic relationships independently of the norms which govern them. Alternative interpretations are considered of Cohen’s programme that might escape these objections, but these are rejected as untrue to his purpose, and in any case ineffective. It is concluded that Cohen fails to distinguish base from superstructure in the manner required.
Diskussion/Discussion. Richard Rorty and the American Philosophical Scene
Authors: Turnbull Robert G.
Published: May 2016

Richard Rorty’s assessment of the American philosophical scene is unduly cynical. Part of the reason for this seems to lie in his recognition (in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature) of the incoherence of “grounding” a linguistic or conceptual scheme on a “given”, but proceeding, nevertheless, to think of representation and truth as requiring conformity to a “given”. He, therefore, fails to appreciate the unity and seriousness of American philosophers who, abandoning the “given”, are working with some success·on plausible accounts of representation and truth. Surprisingly, neither in his article nor his book does he attend to the remarkable increase in sophistication and serious research on the part of historians of philosophy and historians of science. Both in serious work on representation and truth and in historical research there is more rapprochement between American and Continental philosophers than Rorty seems prepared to credit.
Richard Rorty – Two Philosophers or one?
Authors: Montefiore Alan
Published: May 2016

Rorty makes a number of broadly convergent distinctions between different types of philosopher or philosophy. His own expressed view - or apparent view - that what he calls abnormal or edifying discourse is parasitically dependent on a prior acceptation of the norms of normality is fundamentally, even ‘foundationally’, correct. Any too reckless or too persistently sustained defiance of these norms or of this dependence is bound to involve a refusal of various orders of responsibility; including perhaps both moral and political responsibilities. There can, of course, be no straightforward proof that Rorty’s texts, stimulating and fruitful as they indisputably are, involve any of these irresponsibilities; indeed, he would no doubt accept the gist of much of the argument which seeks to make them explicit. It is nevertheless worrying to find him saying the things that he does say about the allegedly unbridgeable differences between ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ philosophy; and·. though he might reply that one should not here take what he says as being the expression of a view on a matter of so-called fact, the factual inaccuracies of the views that he might ‘normally’ be taken to be expressing here are only too likely to be more misleading than fruitful, more harmful than harmless.
Der Intersubjektive Faktor. Bemerkungen zu Richard Rortys erkenntnistheoretischem Behaviorismus
Authors: Köhler Wolfgang R.
Published: May 2016

The following article is only in part a review of Rorty’s “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature”. First I sketch the development of the two leading metaphors, which Rorty considers as being central for epistemology, namely the mirror of nature and the eye of the mind. Then I try to bring out the antirealist implications of Rorty’s socalled “epistemological behaviorism” and to make sense of his slogan that truth is merely warranted assertability which in my view seems not to be in line with his favouring truth-conditional semantics. Thirdly I point to some possible consequences for the social sciences of using the antirealist “criteria!” semantics of the later Wittgen stein, one of Rorty’s heroes.
Virtues and Practices
Authors: Miller David
Published: May 2016

Maclntyre presents an account of the virtues first in terms of practices and then in terms of the narrative unity of a person’s life. He fails, however, to observe an important distinction between self-contained and purposive practices; if the virtues are to be understood by reference to practices, they must be of the latter kind. By the same token, a defence of the virtues must refer to the social purposes which practices serve rather than to the goods internal to practices. An appeal to the idea of narrative unity does not save the position in the absence of any concrete specification of the good life for man. Maclntyre’s attempt to reconstitute the virtues falls foul of the moral pluralism that he has earlier diagnosed so acutely.
Civilizing Practices
Authors: Baier Annette , Practices Civilizing
Published: May 2016

Maclntyre’s contrast between contemporary individualist versions of morality, expressive of arbitrary selfwill, and some less willful or less arbitrary moral guidance, is queried. All social practices, both those Maclntyre disapproves of and those he prefers, are claimed to contain elements of arbitrariness, and some scope for the expression of some individual human wills. Maclntyre’s neglect of the question of what allocation of power a particular practice or set of practices involves is contrasted with Hume’s due but not undue attention to this matter. Maclntyre’s treatment of Hume’s place in the history of the Aristotelian conception of the moral life as cultivation of virtues is criticized and tentatively explained as really due not to Hume’s anti-rationalism, but to his acceptance of the political and commercial practices which Maclntyre distrusts, and to his rejection of the non-Aristotelian religious concepts of other-worldly goods, sin and redemption from it, which Maclntyre wants added on to Aristotle’s moral theory.
Wer verdrängt was warum? - Schwierigkeiten in Freuds Begriff der Verdrängung
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger
Published: May 2016

Freud’s concept of repression should be discarded because we do not understand what supposedly is being repressed, nor what is repressing, nor why it is done. Freud’s answers to the first two questions fall short of the dynamic picture of forces and counterforces implicit in the idea of repression. The answer to the last question invokes an unacceptable separation of agencies in the person.