bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The punishment of gene doping – The relation between WADA prohibited lists, German Medicinal Products Act, German Doping Agents Amounts Ordinance, and Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Parzeller Markus
Published: October 2011

The genetic constitution of athletes influences efficiency. Knowledge of genetic influences provides an opportunity for medical diagnostic and therapeutic attempts. Beside risks and therapeutic aspects, however, the possibilities of abuse for gene doping purposes in sports also exist. Genetic screening or gene therapy may have an advantage for athletes who use these methods. In juridical comments, it is pointed out that gene doping so far plays no role in sports, but that the legislator must consider a development in this area. Preventing abuse requires legal regulations. These regulations can include sanctions. This paper deals with the gene doping prohibition of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) as confirmed and accepted by the monitoring group according to Articles 10 and 11 of the European Anti‐Doping Convention by the Council of Europe, the prohibition of (gene) doping in sports of the German Medicinal Products Act (Arzneimittelgesetz ‐ AMG) and the German Doping Agents Amounts Ordinance (Dopingmittel‐Mengen‐Verordnung–DmMV) of the German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG). The comprehensibility of the doping ban on the norm addressee was tested with a questionnaire. In connection with legal regulations of the German constitution, gene doping is discussed and problems which may arise by a state doping prohibition are pointed out. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A glimpse into dorso‐ventral patterning of the Drosophila eye
Authors: Singh Amit , Tare Meghana , Puli Oorvashi Roy , Kango‐Singh Madhuri
Published: October 2011

During organogenesis in all multi‐cellular organisms, axial patterning is required to transform a single layer organ primordium into a three‐dimensional organ. The Drosophila eye model serves as an excellent model to study axial patterning. Dorso‐ventral (DV) axis determination is the first lineage restriction event during axial patterning of the Drosophila eye. The early Drosophila eye primordium has a default ventral fate, and the dorsal eye fate is established by onset of dorsal selector gene pannier (pnr) expression in a group of cells on the dorsal eye margin. The boundary between dorsal and ventral compartments called the equator is the site for Notch (N) activation, which triggers cell proliferation and differentiation. This review will focus on (1) chronology of events during DV axis determination; (2) how early division of eye into dorsal and ventral compartments contributes towards the growth and patterning of the fly retina, and (3) functions of DV patterning genes. Developmental Dynamics 241:69–84, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Direct and Stereoretentive Synthesis of Amides from Cyclic Alcohols
Authors: Mondal Deboprosad , Bellucci Luca , Lepore Salvatore D.
Published: October 2011

Chlorosulfites prepared in situ using thionyl chloride react with nitrile complexes of titanium(IV) fluoride to give a one‐pot conversion of alcohols into amides. For the first time, amides are obtained from cyclic alcohols with stereoretention. Critical to the design of these new TiIV reactions has been the use of little‐explored TiIV nitrile complexes that are thought to chelate chlorosulfites in the transition state tocreate a carbocation that is rapidly captured by the nitrile nucleophile through a front‐side attack mechanism.
Green Catalysts Derived from Agricultural and Industrial Waste Products: The Preparation of Phenols from CsOH and Aryl Iodides using CuO on Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Chan Chien‐Ching , Chen Yan‐Wun , Su Chi‐Shen , Lin Hong‐Ping , Lee Chin‐Fa
Published: October 2011

The synthesis of CuO catalysts supported on mesoporous silica derived from rice husks and semiconductor copper from chemical mechanical planarization (Cu‐CMP) wastewater is described. These catalysts are active for the coupling reaction of CsOH with aryl iodides. Low catalyst loading (1 mol‐%) without the need for ancillary ligands make these very attractive “green” catalysts.
Effects of adjunct valproic acid on clinical symptoms and saccadic eye movements in schizophrenia
Authors: Larrison Abigail L. , Babin Shelly L. , Xing Yuan , Patel Saumil S. , Wassef Adel A. , Sereno Anne B.
Published: October 2011

Objective

Valproic acid (VPA) has been suggested as a potential adjunct therapy in schizophrenia for the treatment of clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits. Here, we investigate the effects of VPA on clinical symptoms and saccadic eye movements while controlling for multiple medication effects.

Methods

Remitted and first‐episode schizophrenia patients taking haloperidol were given adjunct VPA for approximately 2 weeks and tested using a measure of clinical symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) and saccadic eye movement tasks over three testing periods. The effects of VPA were compared with schizophrenia patients medicated with equivalent doses of haloperidol alone (HAL group) and normal controls.

Results

Schizophrenia patients had higher error rates on the antisaccade task (AS task) compared with normal controls. Adjunct VPA did not affect AS task error rates but was associated with an increase in response times for both saccade and AS tasks, with a significantly greater and dose‐dependent increase in response times for the AS task. There were no differences in clinical improvement between VPA and HAL schizophrenia patient groups when controlling for haloperidol medication state.

Conclusions

These results suggest that adjuvant VPA therapy results in both sensorimotor and cognitive slowing but does not either help or further impair inhibitory control in schizophrenia, as measured by the elevated AS task errors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations of circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D with prostate cancer diagnosis, stage and grade
Authors: Gilbert Rebecca , Metcalfe Chris , Fraser William D. , Donovan Jenny , Hamdy Freddie , Neal David E. , Lane J. Athene , Martin Richard M.
Published: October 2011

Epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin D protects against prostate cancer, although evidence is limited and inconsistent. We investigated associations of circulating total 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with prostate specific antigen‐detected prostate cancer in a case‐control study nested within the prostate testing for cancer and treatment (ProtecT) trial. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) quantifying the association between circulating total 25(OH)D and prostate cancer. In case‐only analyses, we used unconditional logistic regression to quantify associations of total 25(OH)D with stage (advanced vs. localized) and Gleason grade (high‐grade (≥7) vs. low‐grade (<7)). Predetermined categories of total 25(OH)D were defined as: high: ≥30 ng/mL; adequate: 20 – <30 ng/mL; insufficient: 12 – <20 ng/mL; deficient: <12 ng/mL. Fractional polynomials were used to investigate the existence of any U‐shaped relationship. We included 1,447 prostate cancer cases (153 advanced, 469 high‐grade) and 1,449 healthy controls. There was evidence that men deficient in vitamin D had a 2‐fold increased risk of advanced versus localized cancer (OR for deficient vs. adequate total 25(OH)D = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.28) and high‐grade versus low‐grade cancer (OR for deficient vs. adequate total 25(OH)D = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.77). There was no evidence of a linear association between total 25(OH)D and prostate cancer (p = 0.44) or of an increased risk of prostate cancer with high and low vitamin D levels. Our study provides evidence that lower 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with more aggressive cancers (advanced versus localized cancers and high‐ versus low‐Gleason grade), but there was no evidence of an association with overall prostate cancer risk.
Are US firms stockpiling too much cash?
Authors: Marcum Bill , Martin Dale R. , Strickland Deon
Published: October 2011

US companies are stockpiling cash, despite the economic downturn. But why are they doing this? And are they holding too much cash? The authors of this article investigate the reasons for this trend, the effect on a company's value, and how a firm can tell if it is indeed holding too much cash. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing FX risk: How useful is accounting information?
Authors: Makar Stephen , Wang Li , Alam Pervaiz
Published: October 2011

Multinational companies manage their exposure to changes in foreign exchange (FX) rates, in part, by using FX derivatives (FXD). And recent volatility in FX rates has increased the importance of evaluating this strategic choice. However, current accounting practices do not provide timely and sufficient information to accurately predict future cash flows for FXD hedge percentages less than 100 percent.

This article will help CFOs and treasurers with their FX risk and cash management strategies—by describing the limits of existing accounting information on derivatives use and the Financial Accounting Standards Board's efforts to address such limits. Since CFOs are required to sign off on the veracity and accuracy of financial statements under the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act, they should understand the limits of FXD hedge accounting information. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐resolution proton density weighted three‐dimensional fast spin echo (3D‐FSE) of the knee with IDEAL at 1.5 tesla: Comparison with 3D‐FSE and 2D‐FSE—initial experience
Authors: McMahon Colm J. , Madhuranthakam Ananth J. , Wu Jim S. , Yablon Corrie M. , Wei Jesse L. , Rofsky Neil M. , Hochman Mary G.
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

To assess the feasibility of combining three‐dimensional fast spin echo (3D‐FSE) and Iterative‐decomposition‐of water‐and‐fat‐with‐echo asymmetry‐and‐least‐squares‐estimation (IDEAL) at 1.5 Tesla (T), generating a high‐resolution 3D isotropic proton density‐weighted image set with and without “fat‐suppression” (FS) in a single acquisition, and to compare with 2D‐FSE and 3D‐FSE (without IDEAL).

Materials and Methods:

Ten asymptomatic volunteers prospectively underwent sagittal 3D‐FSE‐IDEAL, 3D‐FSE, and 2D‐FSE sequences at 1.5T (slice thickness [ST]: 0.8 mm, 0.8 mm, and 3.5 mm, respectively). 3D‐FSE and 2D‐FSE were repeated with frequency‐selective FS. Fluid, cartilage, and muscle signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and fluid‐cartilage contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were compared among sequences. Three blinded reviewers independently scored quality of menisci/cartilage depiction for all sequences. “Fat‐suppression” was qualitatively scored and compared among sequences.

Results:

3D‐FSE‐IDEAL fluid‐cartilage CNR was higher than in 2D‐FSE (P < 0.05), not different from 3D‐FSE (P = 0.31). There was no significant difference in fluid SNR among sequences. 2D‐FSE cartilage SNR was higher than in 3D FSE‐IDEAL (P < 0.05), not different to 3D‐FSE (P = 0.059). 2D‐FSE muscle SNR was higher than in 3D‐FSE‐IDEAL (P < 0.05) and 3D‐FSE (P < 0.05). Good or excellent depiction of menisci/cartilage was achieved using 3D‐FSE‐IDEAL in the acquired sagittal and reformatted planes. Excellent, homogeneous “fat‐suppression” was achieved using 3D‐FSE‐IDEAL, superior to FS‐3D‐FSE and FS‐2D‐FSE (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

3D FSE‐IDEAL is a feasible approach to acquire multiplanar images of diagnostic quality, both with and without homogeneous “fat‐suppression” from a single acquisition. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;361‐369. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation
Authors: Tebbe Jim
Published: October 2011

By Steven Johnson

New York, NY: Riverhead Books, 2010. 313 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐59448‐771‐2

Reviewed by Jim Tebbe
Rutherford and Raman – Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success
Authors: Clark Matthew P. A. , Clark Robin J. H.
Published: October 2011

Two remarkable men, Ernest Rutherford in New Zealand and Chandrasekhara Raman in India, had very demanding early backgrounds from which most would fail to emerge with distinction. Yet, each rose to the top in science, Rutherford being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 and Raman the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Their fascinating lives overlapped in interesting ways. There were many hurdles that each needed to overcome, mainly due to the early lack of both finance and good research facilities, and each required fortitude, resilience, industry and insight. The careers of both scientists should be an inspiration to today's students. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of synthetic CaHPO4·2H2O– and in comparison with the cave mineral brushite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Xi Yunfei , Pogson Ross E. , Millar Graeme J. , Tan Keqin , Palmer Sara J
Published: October 2011

The mineral brushite has been synthesised by mixing calcium ions and hydrogen phosphate anions to mimic the reactions in caves. The vibrational spectra of the synthesised brushite were compared with that of the natural cave mineral. Bands attributable to the PO43– and HPO42– anions are observed. Brushite, both synthetic and natural, is characterised by an intense sharp band at 985 cm−1 with a shoulder at 1000 cm−1. Characteristic bending modes are observed in the 300 to 600 cm−1 region. The spectra of the synthesised brushite matches very well the spectrum of brushite from the Moorba Cave, Western Australia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic properties study of single crystal NH3 up to 26 GPa
Authors: Li Fangfei , Duan Defang , Li Min , Ma Chunli , Cui Qiliang , Cui Tian , Zhou Qiang , Li Xiaodong , Li Yanchun , Liu Jing , Zou Guangtian
Published: October 2011

Single crystal Brillouin and Raman scattering measurements on NH3 in a diamond anvil cell have been performed under pressures up to 26 GPa at room temperature. The pressure dependencies of acoustic velocity, adiabatic elastic constants, and bulk moduli of ammonia from liquid to solid III and solid IV phase have been determined. All the nine elastic constants in orthorhombic structure phase IV were presented for the first time, each elastic constant grows monotonously with pressure and a crossover of the off‐diagonal moduli C12 and C13 was observed at around 12 GPa because of their different pressure derivative values. We also performed ab initio simulations to calculate the bulk elastic moduli for orthorhombic ammonia, the calculated bulk moduli agree well with experimental results. In Raman spectra the very weak bending modes ν2 and ν4 for orthorhombic ammonia are both observed at room temperature, a transition point near 12 GPa is also found from the pressure evolution of the Raman bands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changing landscape of axillary surgery: Which breast cancer patients may still benefit from complete axillary lymph node dissection?
Authors: McGhan L.J. , Dueck A.C. , Gray R.J. , Wasif N. , McCullough A.E. , Pockaj B.A.
Published: October 2011

Background and Objectives

Many breast cancer patients undergoing completion axillary lymph node dissection (CALND) for sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases have no further disease. Predicting patients at high risk of non‐sentinel lymph node (NSLN) metastasis may help guide effective utilization of CALND.

Methods

SLN+ breast cancer patients undergoing frozen section (FS) analysis at a single institution (2004–2010) were studied retrospectively. Factors associated with NSLN metastases were identified.

Results

Two‐hundred forty SLN+ patients were identified. The incidence of NSLN metastases was 45% in FS(+) patients undergoing CALND, compared to 10% of FS(−) patients following CALND (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that FS positivity, tumor size, and the presence of angiolymphatic invasion were significant factors associated with NSLN metastases (all P < 0.05). Further analysis of FS(+) patients revealed that tumor size, ER(−) status, and lymph node metastasis size were also associated with risk of NSLN metastases. An algorithm for the management of the axilla in SLN+ breast cancer patients was devised, based on clinic‐pathologic predictors of NSLN metastases.

Conclusion

A SLN+ biopsy by FS predicts the presence of NSLN metastases and, in combination with other factors, may justify immediate CALND. CALND may, however, be avoided in selected low‐risk SLN+ patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:254–259. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Industrielle Lasertechnik in Russland
Authors: Kovsh Ivan B.
Published: October 2011

Die Laser Association (LAS) ist eine 1990 gegründete, gemeinnützige Nichtregierungsorganisation aktiver Forscher, Entwickler und Hersteller von Lasertechnik aus dem Territorium der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (GUS). Mehr als 330 Organisationen — 80 Prozent davon aus Russland — traten der LAS in den vergangenen 21 Jahren als Firmenmitglieder bei.
Der Blick auf die Zukunft
Authors: Hafner Margit , Freitag Christian
Published: October 2011

Carbonfaserverstärkter Kunststoff, kurz CFK, ist aufgrund seiner herausragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften bei gleichzeitig geringem Gewicht ein vielversprechender Werkstoff. Am Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge der Universität Stuttgart wird mit Hilfe verschiedener Diagnosemethoden wie Thermografie, Hochgeschwindigkeitsaufnahmen mit Bildwiederholungsraten im Megahertzbereich und Spektroskopie der Laserbearbeitungsprozess von CFK untersucht und optimiert.
On‐resin synthesis of novel arginine‐isostere peptides bearing substituted amidine headgroups
Authors: Flemer Stevenson , Madalengoitia José S.
Published: October 2011

A methodology is presented for the facile synthesis of Arg‐containing peptides modified at the guanidine headgroup as substituted amidine cores. This process allows for the iterative construction of these Arg isosteres while the peptide is being built out on the solid support, providing a high potential for diversity in substitution pattern in the resulting peptide. A series of N‐Pmc‐substituted thioamides were condensed with deprotected δ‐N Orn‐bearing peptides while attached to the solid support using Mukaiyama's reagent as coupling reagent, yielding isosteric Arg‐containing analogs. Peptides were cleaved using trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate/TFA and analyzed in their crude form in order to illustrate the amenability of this process toward production of peptide isolates in high crude purity. Arg‐containing peptides having a single Arg isostere were utilized to show the general utility of this approach as well as a multiple‐Arg‐containing construct, illustrating the amenability of this method toward stepwise construction of differently substituted amidine headgroups within the same peptide. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language design and analyzability: a retrospective
Authors: Ryder Barbara G. , Wiedermann Ben
Published: October 2011

There is tension between programming language design for modularity and flexibility of programming and the amenability of the resulting programs to static analysis. At the start of Software Practice and Experience in 1971, most languages in commercial use were procedural (e.g., FORTRAN, ALGOL, PL/I) and on the whole were easier to analyze than languages of today such as JavaScript and Python. Modern languages include dynamic features, which enhance prototyping of approaches, often resulting in programs that are difficult for software tools or humans to understand. Starting with this perspective, we explore the relationship between language features and the ability of static analysis to precisely determine control flow and data flow in programs, thus enabling program optimization, transformation and understanding. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐layer design of outage optimum routing metric for wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Amiri Bahador , Sadjadpour Hamid R. , Garcia‐Luna‐Aceves Jose Joaquin
Published: October 2011

A new routing metric for multihop wireless ad hoc networks is presented. The proposed metric is based on the computation of signal‐to‐noise ratio and path minimization of wireless ad hoc network outage probability in a fading environment. This metric improves the quality of service by reducing the number of dropped packets. Further, by modeling the network with a Trellis diagram and then using Viterbi algorithm to select the best routing path, we reduce the routing complexity of our approach. The performance of the proposed metric is compared with other commonly used routing metrics such as minimum hop count, expected transmission count, and two other signal‐to‐noise ratio‐based metrics in both mobile and stationary networks. Simulation results demonstrate the improvement achieved by this new metric. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal(II) Complexes Based on Imidazo[4, 5‐f]‐1, 10‐phenanthroline and Bridging Dicarboxylato Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization and Photoluminescence
Authors: Gong Yun , Wu Tao , Li Jinghua , Qin Jianbo , Wu Xiaoxia , Cao Rong
Published: October 2011

Eight metal(II) complexes based on imidazo[4, 5‐f]‐1, 10‐phenanthroline (HIMP) and bridging dicarboxylato ligands such as 4, 4′‐biphenyldicarboxylic acid (H2BPDC), 1, 4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC), thiophene‐2, 5‐dicarboxylic acid (H2TDC), and 2, 6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2NDC) were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complexes 1, 3, 6, and 7 are molecular dinuclear metal complexes. Complexes 2, 4, and 5 exhibit chain‐like structures. Compound 8 shows a novel 3D architecture, in which ZnII dimers are connected by four NDC2– anions. In the metal(II) complexes, HIMP exhibits a similar chelating coordination mode. Different π···π stacking interactions are observed in the complexes. The emission of HIMP is completely quenched in complexes 1–4 due to the strong π···π stacking interactions in the structures. Complexes 5–8 exhibit different photoluminescence properties. Firstly, we quantitatively investigated the effect of the strong HIMP–HIMP stacking interactions on the emission quenching of HIMP in the metal complexes. It was found that a higher extent of π···π stacking interactions in the complexes resulted in a higher extent of the emission quenching of HIMP. The introduction of aromatic conjugated carboxylate groups into metal(II)‐HIMP complexes changed the extent of the strong π···π stacking interactions in the structures and thus the photoluminescence properties of the complexes.
Investigation of the Hydrolysis Stability of Triazine Tricarboxylate in the Presence of Transition Metal(II) Ions and Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Alkaline Earth Triazine Tricarboxylates M3[C3N3(CO2)3]2·12H2O (M = Sr, Ba)
Authors: Makowski Sophia J. , Calta Evelyn , Hörmannsdorfer Michael , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

The stability against hydrolysis of triazine tricarboxylate (TTC) in the presence of divalent transition metal and alkaline earth ions was investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Depending on the size of the cation either formation of the respective triazine tricarboxylate salts or hydrolysis of TTC yielding oxalate was observed. The hydrolysis of TTC induced by transition metal ions could be explained in analogy to the hydrolysis of triazine tris(2‐pyrimidyl) as a result of ring tension caused by the coordination of these ions. By the reaction of potassium triazine tricarboxylate with alkaline earth salts in aqueous solution the alkaline earth triazine tricarboxylates M3[C3N3(CO2)3]2·12H2O (M = Sr, Ba) were obtained and analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The isotypic salts represent the first examples of alkaline earth triazine tricarboxylates and the first TTC salts comprising solely divalent cations.
Verification of Tokyo Guidelines for diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis
Authors: Fujii Yoshiro , Ohuchida Jiro , Chijiiwa Kazuo , Yano Koichi , Imamura Naoya , Nagano Motoaki , Hiyoshi Masahide , Otani Kazuhiro , Kai Masahiro , Kondo Kazuhiro
Published: October 2011

Background

This study aimed to verify diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of the Tokyo Guidelines for acute cholangitis.

Methods

We re‐examined whether acute cholangitis was concomitant with gallstones according to the Tokyo Guidelines in 248 patients with choledocholithiasis. Our conventional diagnoses based on physician decision were compared with diagnoses from the Tokyo Guidelines. Problems with severity grade criteria were also evaluated.

Results

In total, 53 cases of acute cholangitis were determined by using the Tokyo Guidelines, including three false‐negative and seven false‐positive cases (acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis was concomitant with choledocholithiasis). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 94%, 96%, and 96%, respectively. Forty of the 53 patients underwent biliary drainage (mean interval between admission and drainage, 1.4 days). Severity grades were mild in 10, moderate in 30, and severe in 13 patients. Of these 13 patients with severe disease, 2 had chronic renal failure, 1 had liver cirrhosis, and 1 had severe acute pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis. No patients died, irrespective of severity grade.

Conclusions

Acute cholangitis should be carefully diagnosed when other inflammatory disease is concomitant with choledocholithiasis. A few patients have absolute acute cholangitis even when they do not meet Tokyo Guidelines diagnostic criteria. Classification into mild or moderate grade using the Tokyo Guidelines is difficult when early biliary drainage is routinely performed. When determining severity grade, clinicians must distinguish between organ dysfunction associated with cholangitis itself and that associated with the underlying/concomitant disease. Apart from a few problems like these, the Tokyo Guidelines are mostly acceptable for the diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis.
Foreword: programming language interference and dependence
Authors: CLARK DAVID , GIACOBAZZI ROBERTO , MU CHUNYAN
Published: October 2011

Interference and dependence are closely related concepts: interference being the observable phenomenon connected with dependence. Essentially, interference means that the behaviour of some parts of a dynamic system may influence the behaviour of other parts of the same system, while dependence specifies how the semantics of sub-components of a dynamic system are related. Identifying, measuring and controlling interference is essential in many aspects of modern computer science, in particular, in security, program analysis and verification, debugging, systems specification, model checking, program manipulation, program slicing, reverse engineering, data mining, distributed databases and systems biology. In all these fields, dependency and interference play a key role in designing suitable abstractions or in partitioning complex systems into simpler ones. Reasoning about dependency and interference requires theories, models and semantics, as well as algorithms and tools for their analysis. Beginning in 2004, the series of Programming Language Interference and Dependence (PLID) workshops has been devoted to promoting and spreading cutting-edge research in this field, with a particular emphasis on unpublished results with great impact on the theoretical basis. PLID2007, which was held at the The Technical University of Denmark on 21 August 2007, was particularly successful, and constituted the ideal forum for announcing a call for papers for a special journal issue on programming language interference and dependence, which would not necessarily be restricted to PLID2007 contributions. From the many expressions of interest, we selected six contributions by leading researchers in the field, some of which had been presented at the PLID2007 workshop. The selected papers focus on foundational aspects of dependency and interference, with applications in language-based security, data-base management systems and program slicing.
Strange Riches
Authors: Mukherjee Rila
Published: October 2011

This book attempts to understand the commercial and social history of erstwhile Bengal in terms of its links with it neighbouring countries in the northern region of the Bay of Bengal. It touches upon the key issues in both maritime and territorial history such as the early medieval trade revolution and its impact on the borders of Bengal.The discussion focusses on Southeast Bengal - the most economically developed area of Bengal in terms of transport networks, agriculture, artisan products and trade. Most of this area underwent two major transformations in the twentieth century: once as a result of the formation of East Pakistan in 1947 and a second time after the formation of Bangladesh in 1971. The volume concludes with certain major issues of concern between India and Bangladesh at the turn of the twenty-first century.
Essentials of Pharmaceutical Sales Management
Authors: Mehrotra Vivek
Published: October 2011

 What is my role as a Pharmaceutical Field Manager? How do I keep my MRs motivated? How do I plan and provide on-the-job training? How do I keep the customers happy? How do I achieve my target?Are these some of the questions that worry you while working in an extremely competitive pharmaceutical market? Essentials of Pharmaceutical Sales Management attempts to answer these and many more related questions.Key topics discussed: Joint fieldwork and on-the-job training Management of key/difficult customers Performance appraisal and counselling Organising successful meetings and symposia Interfacing with marketing department
Online Journalism
Authors: Ray Tapas
Published: October 2011

This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to online journalism, as well as the internet. Apart from being a medium of communication, the internet is also a vast and continuously growing storehouse of information, which journalists can use to their advantage. Practical aspects of online journalism are explained with a number of case studies. The book attempts to equip the reader with the skills needed to use internet technology in journalism. It also provides an insight into the unique nature of the medium by placing e-journalism within a broad social context. Online Journalism would serve as a text for professional courses, a starting point for students interested in research and as a guide for beginners in the fields of media and advertising.
Chemicals Targeting the Reproductive Axis
Authors: Svechnikov K. , Söder O.
Published: October 2011

Androgens produced by fetal Leydig cells (FLCs) during the masculinization programming window of fetal development play a critical role in the proper development of the male phenotype. An increased incidence of human male reproductive developmental disorders has occurred during recent decades (e.g. cryptorchidism, hypospadia, testicular cancer) and has been proposed to be due to environmental influences, including adverse actions of endocrine disruptors (EDCs) on FLCs steroidogenesis. This review covers the different classes of EDCs, such as pesticides that act as androgen receptor antagonists, phthalates and dioxins, which appear to inhibit fetal testosterone synthesis, as well as estrogenic compounds. The effects of these compounds on steroidogenesis by Leydig cells and the reproductive development are reviewed and their possible role in connection with the increasing frequencies of abnormalities in reproductive development is discussed.
Fluid and drift-kinetic description of a magnetized plasma with low collisionality and slow dynamics orderings. II. Ion theory
Authors: Ramos J. J.
Published: October 2011

The ion side of a closed, fluid and drift-kinetic theoretical model to describe slow and macroscopic plasma processes in a fusion-relevant, low collisionality regime is presented. It follows the ordering assumptions and the methodology adopted in the companion electron theory [Ramos, Phys. Plasmas 17, 082502 (2010)]. To reach the frequency scale where collisions begin to play a role, the drift-kinetic equation for the ion distribution function perturbation away from a Maxwellian must be accurate to the second order in the Larmor radius. The macroscopic density, flow velocity and temperature are accounted for in the Maxwellian, and are evolved by a fluid system which includes consistently the gyroviscous part of the stress tensor and second-order contributions to the collisionless perpendicular heat flux involving non-Maxwellian fluid moments. The precise compatibility among these coupled high-order fluid and drift-kinetic equations is made manifest by showing that the evolution of the non-Maxwellian part of the distribution function is such that its first three velocity moments remain equal to zero.
Research on the fiber Bragg grating sensor for the shock stress measurement
Authors: Deng Xiangyang , Chen Guanghua , Peng Qixian , Li Zeren , Meng Jianhua , Liu Jun
Published: October 2011

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor with an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer for the shock stress measurement is proposed and demonstrated. An analysis relationship between the shock stress and the central reflection wavelength shift of the FBG is firstly derived. In this sensor, the optical path difference of the unbalanced Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer is ∼3.1 mm and the length of the FBG is 2 mm. An arctangent function reduction method, which can avoid sine function's insensitive zone where the shock stress measurement has a reduced accuracy, is presented. A shock stress measurement of water driven by one stage gun (up to 1.4 GPa), with good theoretical accuracy (∼10%), is launched.
Effect of deep traps on small molecule based thin film transistors
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Sharma Akanksha , Ray Chaudhuri Sumita , Ghosh Subhasis
Published: October 2011

The influence of the traps on the carrier transport has been investigated in two and three terminal devices using current-voltage and capacitance based spectroscopic methods. The electrical characteristics of organic thin film transistors fabricated on thin films with and without deep traps are compared. Vast improvement in the different parameters which define the performance of organic thin film transistors is observed in devices fabricated on thin films without structural disorder induced deep traps.
Spatial resolution of methods for measuring the light-emission profile in organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Carvelli M. , Janssen R. A. J. , Coehoorn R.
Published: October 2011

An analysis is presented of the resolution limits of two alternative methods for deducing the light-emission profile in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) from the angular and polarization dependent emission spectra. The comparison includes the “fit-profile” (FP) method, within which the known physics of the recombination process is employed to describe the shape of the profile using a strongly reduced number of degrees of freedom, and the Tikhonov method, which provides a more general solution. First, the cases of a delta-function shaped emission profile and a broad single-peak emission profile are investigated. It is demonstrated that for these cases a ∼1 nm resolution of the peak position may be obtained, provided that the peak is positioned optimally in the OLED microcavity. Subsequently, an analysis is given for a double-peak emission profile and for a rectangular profile, as may be obtained in multilayer OLEDs, revealing a resolution of ∼10 nm for the cases studied. It is suggested that, in general, an optimal analysis should be based on a combined Tikhonov-FP approach.
Isotropic Hall effect and “freeze-in” of carriers in the InGaAs self-assembled quantum wires
Authors: Kunets Vas. P. , Prosandeev S. , Mazur Yu. I. , Ware M. E. , Teodoro M. D. , Dorogan V. G. , Lytvyn P. M. , Salamo G. J.
Published: October 2011

Using molecular beam epitaxy, we prepared an anisotropic media consisting of InGaAs quantum wires epitaxially grown on GaAs (311)A. Anisotropy is observed in the lateral conductivity and photoluminescence polarization. However, an isotropic Hall effect is observed in the same samples. We show that the Hall effect in this anisotropic heterostructure remains isotropic regardless of the change of the doping in GaAs barriers and regardless of the InGaAs coverage, whereas the conductivity anisotropy experiences a strong change under these actions. In addition, we observed an anomalous increase in carrier density, “freeze-in,” at low temperatures. In order to explain this, we generalized the theory of Look [D. C. Look, Phys. Rev B 42, 3578 (1990)] by considering the low field magneto-transport in anisotropic media. This theory confirms that the Hall constant remains isotropic in anisotropic semiconductor heterostructures, agreeing with our experiment and explains the anomalous behavior of carriers as a result of multi-band conductivity.
Drive current and hot carrier reliability improvements of high-aspect-ratio n-channel fin-shaped field effect transistor with high-tensile contact etching stop layer
Authors: Liao Wen-Shiang , Wang Mu-Chun , Hu Yongming , Chen Szu-Hung , Chen Kun-Ming , Liaw Yue-Gie , Ye Cong , Wang Wenfeng , Zhou Di , Wang Hao , Gu Haoshuang
Published: October 2011

A high-aspect-ratio 3D multi-gate n-channel fin-shaped field effect transistor (FinFET) has been integrated with a stressor of a highly tensile nitride film as the initial inter layer dielectric capping layer upon a (110)-orientated silicon-on-insulator wafer. Drastically enhanced electrical performances, such as 190% enhancement of peak channel mobility, 91% of peak transconductance, and 34% of saturation current, etc., are achieved for an NMOS FinFET with a gate length of 90 nm. The Ioff-Ion universal curve also demonstrates an extraordinary drive current gain of 26%. Moreover, the hot carrier injection lifetime can be increased from 7.78 × 102 to 5.26 × 103 year (yr) due to the incorporation of this high-tensile contact etching stop layer and relaxation of the Si crystalline channel layer.
The Cx26-G45E mutation displays increased hemichannel activity in a mouse model of the lethal form of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome
Authors: Mese Gulistan , Sellitto Caterina , Li Leping , Wang Hong-Zhan , Valiunas Virginijus , Richard Gabriele , Brink Peter R. , White Thomas W.
Published: October 2011

Mutations in the GJB2 gene (Cx26) cause deafness in humans. Most are loss-of-function mutations and cause nonsyndromic deafness. Some mutations produce a gain of function and cause syndromic deafness associated with skin disorders, such as keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome (KIDS). Cx26-G45E is a lethal mutation linked to KIDS that forms constitutively active connexin hemichannels. The pathomechanism(s) by which mutant Cx26 hemichannels perturb normal epidermal cornification are poorly understood. We created an animal model for KIDS by generating an inducible transgenic mouse expressing Cx26-G45E in keratinocytes. Cx26-G45E mice displayed reduced viability, hyperkeratosis, scaling, skin folds, and hair loss. Histopathology included hyperplasia, acanthosis, papillomatosis, increased cell size, and osteal plugging. These abnormalities correlated with human KIDS pathology and were associated with increased hemichannel currents in transgenic keratinocytes. These results confirm the pathogenic nature of the G45E mutation and provide a new model for studying the role of aberrant connexin hemichannels in epidermal differentiation and inherited connexin disorders.
Length of stay as risk factor for inappropriate hospital days: interaction with patient age and co‐morbidity
Authors: Barisonzo Riccardo , Wiedermann Wolfgang , Unterhuber Matthias , Wiedermann Christian J.
Published: October 2011

Rationale, aims and objectives  The likelihood of a hospital day being inappropriate depends on patient characteristics, on the organization of in‐hospital care and on the co‐ordination between hospital care and the rest of the health care sector. The aim of the study was to assess if certain socio‐demographic and medical factors affect inappropriate hospital stay including possible interactions between age and co‐morbidity.

Methods  To determine the appropriateness of length of hospitalization, a prospective study was carried out using the European version of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP). A total of 438 hospital days of stay was analysed in medical wards of a university‐affiliated teaching hospital in the North of Italy for 3 days in September 2010.

Results  44.6% of hospitalization days were classified as inappropriate. Unjustified hospital use was more frequent in patients whose hospital length of stay exceeded 10 days. Age and co‐morbidity were not per se risk factors for inappropriateness; however, in young patients hospitalized for more than 10 days, absence of chronic illness was a predictor. Conservative patient management, lack of discharge planning and delays in scheduling diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions were the most common causal or contributory doctor‐ and hospital‐related factors.

Conclusions  Doctor attitudes and hospital organization are still among the most common reasons for inappropriate in‐hospital days of care. Monitoring whether the length of stay is appropriate combined with protocol interventions for scheduling of diagnosis, treatment and discharge are likely to improve efficiency in this area of medical care.
Cost per fall: a potentially misleading indicator of burden of disease in health and residential care settings
Authors: Haines Terry P. , Nitz Jenny , Grieve Julia , Barker Anna , Moore Kirsten , Hill Keith , Haralambous Betty , Robinson Andrew
Published: October 2011

Rationale  Little scrutiny has been applied to how ‘cost per fall’ values have been calculated and applied. This paper presents discourse discussing how the cost of fall statistic could potentially be misleading when applied to inpatient health or residential care settings and provides estimates of the cost of falls and cost of falls per person.

Method  Burden of disease was estimated using a decision tree approach. Data informing the decision tree were drawn from a retrospective audit of 545 falls in a residential care facility, a visual observation study of 46 residents from the same facility and a cohort study of 186 residents from nine different facilities in Australia. Acute care and transportation costs were extracted from the retrospective audit using incident reports and care note review. The distribution of falls per person and associations between falls, fractures and change in resident mobility were extracted from the cohort study. The association between resident mobility and the amount of time required to perform toileting, transfer and dressing activities was extracted from the visual observational study.

Results  The minimum ‘cost per fall’ was estimated to be $AUD 841 and the maximum was $AUD 1024. The ‘cost of falls per person’ estimate was $AUD 1887 (2008 base year).

Conclusions  This cost per fall estimate was substantially lower than three previous internationally derived estimates possibly as a consequence of how fall data were collected and modelled in these studies. Cost of falls per person may be a preferable statistic for future use.
Managing and avoiding delay in operating theatres: a qualitative, observational study
Authors: Higgins Vaughan J. G. , Bryant Melanie J. , Villanueva Elmer V. , Kitto Simon C.
Published: October 2011

Rationale, aims and objectives  A range of strategies have been proposed to identify and address operating theatre delays, including preoperative checklists, post‐delay audits and staff education. These strategies provide a useful starting point in addressing delay, but their effectiveness can be increased through more detailed consideration of sources of surgical delay.

Method  A qualitative, observational study was conducted at two Australian hospitals, one a metropolitan site and the other a regional hospital. Thirty surgeries were observed involving general, vascular and orthopaedic procedures which ranged in time from 20 minutes to almost 4 hours. Approximately 40 hours of observations were conducted in total.

Results  The research findings suggest that there are two key challenges involved in addressing operating theatre delays: unanticipated problems in the clinical condition of patients, and the capacity of surgeons to regulate their own time. These challenges create unavoidable delays due to the contingencies of surgical work and competing demands on surgeons' time. The results also found that surgical staff play a critical role in averting and anticipating delays. Differences in professional authority are significant in influencing how operating theatre time is managed.

Conclusions  Strategies aimed at addressing operating theatre delays are unlikely to achieve their desired aims without a more detailed understanding of medical decision making and work practices, and the intra‐ as well as inter‐professional hierarchies underpinning them. While the nature of surgical work poses some challenges for measures designed to address delays, it is also necessary to focus on surgical practice in devising workable solutions.
Categorial Indeterminacy, Generality and Logical Form in Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Authors: Campbell Christopher
Published: October 2011

Many commentators have attempted to say, more clearly than Wittgenstein did in his Tractatus logico‐philosophicus, what sort of things the ‘simple objects’ spoken of in that book are. A minority approach, but in my view the correct one, is to reject all such attempts as misplaced. The Tractarian notion of an object is categorially indeterminate: in contrast with both Frege's and Russell's practice, it is not the logician's task to give a specific categorial account of the internal structure of elementary propositions or atomic facts, nor, correlatively, to give an account of the forms of simple objects. The few commentators who have hitherto maintained this view have mainly devoted themselves to establishing that this was Wittgenstein's intention, and do not much address the question why Wittgenstein held that it is not the logician's business to say what the objects are. The present paper means to fill this lacuna by placing this view in the context of the Tractatus's treatment of logic generally, and in particular by connecting it with Wittgenstein's treatment of generality and with his reaction to Russell's approach to logical form.
Music, Emotion, Analysis
Authors: ZBIKOWSKI LAWRENCE M.
Published: October 2011

In this essay I explore the idea that musical passages which are particularly remarkable are so in part because of ways they correlate with the progress and change of emotions. Taking as my point of departure Susanne Langer's idea that music represents a kind of non‐discursive knowledge uniquely affiliated with emotional life, I argue that recent empirical research on music and emotion has not provided a compelling model for the relationship between music and emotion and that Langer's approach, when refined through recent research on processes of analogy, provides a viable alternative. I apply this perspective to an analysis of Domenico Scarlatti's Sonata in A major, K. 208, with a special focus on passages which are typically regarded as highly expressive.
The Tale of the Three Young Brothers: an Analytical Study of Music and Communal Joy (Hŭng) in Korean Folk Culture
Authors: MILLS SIMON
Published: October 2011

When discussing the essential characteristics of traditional Korean folk music, Korean musicians and scholars often refer to the emotional states of han and hŭng– forms of suffering and communally experienced joy, respectively. This article focusses in particular on hŭng (communal joy), exploring what this state involves, introducing the traditional performance contexts that are particularly associated with it and then investigating how musicians contribute towards its growth, via detailed analysis of a single case‐study musical performance: the ‘Tale of the Three Young Brothers’, as sung by a (usually female) Korean shaman (mudang) to the accompaniment of a double‐headed hourglass drum (changgo) and large gong (ching). Step‐by‐step analysis attempts to reveal the complex relationships among song text, rhythm, performative behaviour and emotions, showing how musicians and audience members work together to evince a dramatic transformation from a condition of oppression (han) to one of liberation.