bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐Site Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for Elimination of Migraine Trigger Points
Authors: Behmand Ramin A. , Tucker Tarvez , Guyuron Bahman
Published: November 2003

Background.—Botulinum toxin may be effective in suppressing migraine. Most injection regimens utilized have involved multiple sites.

Purpose.—To evaluate prospectively the effect of botulinum toxin type A injections into the corrugator supercilii muscles alone on the frequency and severity of migraine.

Methods.—Twenty‐nine patients (24 women, 5 men) with migraine were enrolled in the study. Average age was 45 years (range, 24 to 63). The frequency (number of migraines per month) and intensity (recorded on an analog scale of 1 to 10, 10 being most severe) of headache were recorded before and after treatment. Twenty‐five units of botulinum toxin type A was injected into each corrugator supercilii muscle, for a total of 50 units.

Results.—At 2 months, 24 (83%) of 29 patients reported a positive response to the injection of botulinum toxin type A (P < .001). Sixteen patients (55%) reported complete elimination of headache (P < .001), 8 (28%) experienced significant improvement (at least 50% reduction in frequency or intensity) (P < .04), and 5 (17%) did not notice a change in headache. The duration of efficacy of the botulinum toxin type A injections ranged from 6 to 12 weeks, with an average of 8 weeks. In patients who had improvement in migraine but not complete elimination, the headache frequency decreased from 6.4 to 2.1 per month on average (P < .04), and the intensity decreased from 8.6 to 6.1 (P < .04).

Conclusion.—These results support the hypothesis that focal injection of botulinum toxin type A may be an effective therapy for migraine.
Impact of Antimigraine Compounds on Cognitive Processing: A Placebo‐Controlled Crossover Study
Authors: Evers Stefan , Rüschenschmidt Jutta , Frese Achim , Rahmann Alexandra , Husstedt Ingo‐W.
Published: November 2003

Objective.—To evaluate potential cognitive impairment caused by acute antimigraine drugs.

Methods.—We conducted a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover study to detect the short‐term impact of sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and ergotamine tartrate on cognitive processing as measured by event‐related potentials and a d2 test. Sixteen healthy subjects were enrolled in the study and given placebo, sumatriptan 100 mg, zolmitriptan 2.5 mg, and ergotamine tartrate 2 mg on different days and in random order. Before and 2 hours after drug administration, visually evoked event‐related potentials and a d2 test were measured.

Results.—The N2 latency was significantly increased after ergotamine intake. No other significant differences could be observed in all other event‐related potential parameters. In the d2 test, the GZ value was unchanged after ingestion of zolmitriptan and ergotamine, but improved significantly after taking placebo and sumatriptan. The number of relative errors and the concentration value did not change significantly. All results fell within the reference values for the d2 test in all examinations.

Conclusion.—Our data suggest that there may be a slight cognitive decline 2 hours after ingestion of ergotamine tartrate and, to an even lesser extent, zolmitriptan, but not after ingestion of sumatriptan or placebo. All changes recorded were very mild and unlikely to be clinically relevant.
The Formation of Fluorescent Alkali Metal and Alkaline Earth Complexes by 1-(2-{10-[2-Piperazinoethyl]-9-anthryl}ethyl)piperazine and Alkaline Earth Complexes by 4-(2-{10-[2-(1,4-Thiazinan-4-yl)ethyl]-9-anthryl}ethyl)thiomorpholine in Acetonitrile
Authors: Geue Jason P. , Head Nicholas J. , Ward A. David , Lincoln Stephen F.
Published: November 2003

The formation of fluorescent alkali metal and alkaline earth complexes of 1-(2-{10-[2-piperazinoethyl]-9-anthryl}ethyl)piperazine (1) and alkaline earth complexes by 4-(2-{10-[2-(1,4-thiazinan-4-yl)ethyl]-9-anthryl}ethyl)thiomorpholine (2) in acetonitrile is reported. Both (1) and (2) have ‘fluorophore–spacer–receptor’ structures in the sequences ‘anthracene–dimethylene–piperazine’ and ‘anthracene–dimethylene–thiomorpholine’, respectively. Complexation by alkali metal ions and alkaline earth ions, Mm+, modulate photoinduced electron transfer (PET) to increase the fluorescence of (1) and complexation of alkaline earth ions similarly increases the fluorescence of (2). The two receptors of (1) and (2) may either complex Mm+ singly to form [ML]m+ or cooperatively to form a ‘sandwich’ complex [ML′]m+ characterized together by complexation constant K1 and quantum yield φ1. They may also complex two Mm+ in [M2L]2m+ characterized by K2 and φ2. Typical data are exemplified for (1) and Mm+ = Na+ by K1 = 1.33 × 105 dm3 mol–1 (φ1 = 0.02) and K2 = 4.20 × 102 dm3 mol–1 (φ1 = 0.07), for (1) and Mm+ = Ca2+ by K1 = 3.2 × 106 dm3 mol–1 (φ1 = 0.34) and K2 = 1.32 × 104 dm3 mol–1 (φ2 = 0.54), and for (2) and Mm+ = Ca2+ by K1 = 2.29 × 104 dm3 mol–1 (φ1 = 0.20) and K2 = 8.0 × 102 dm3 mol–1 (φ2 = 0.57) at 298.2 K and I = 0.05 mol dm–3 (NEt4ClO4). These data are compared with those for the alkaline earth complexes of 4-{2-[10-(2-morpholinoethyl)-9-anthryl]ethyl}morpholine. In 40 : 60 (v/v) 1,4-dioxan/water, protonation modulates PET to increase the fluorescence of (1)H44+ and (2)H22+. (The pKa values of (1)H44+ are 9.02, 8.06, 4.32, and 2.96 at 298.2 K and I = 0.05 mol dm–3 (NEt4ClO4).) The syntheses of (1) and (2) are reported.
4,4′-Bithiazoles as Ligands: Crystal and Molecular Structure of bis(O,O′-Nitrato)(2,2′-diphenyl-4,4′-bithiazole)copper(II) (Two Polymorphs)
Authors: Torabi S. Ali Asghar , Jamali Fahimeh , Koutsantonis George A. , Morsali Ali , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: November 2003

A low-temperature single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the 1 : 1 adduct of copper(II) nitrate with 2,2′-diphenyl-4,4′-bithiazole (L) shows it to be a molecular complex with L behaving as a symmetrical N,N′ chelate, and the nitrate groups as unsymmetrical O,O′ chelates: [LCu(O2NO)2]. Two polymorphs, both monoclinic P21/c, have been obtained from acetonitrile (‘α’) and methanol (‘β’), respectively, with one molecule, devoid of crystallographic symmetry, in the asymmetric unit of each structure. The copper environments are distorted planar four-coordinate, cis-N2CuO2 (Cu–N 2.011(1), 1.973(1), Cu–O 1.995(1), 1.962(1) Å), ‘in-plane’ angle sum Σ 369.5°, with longer trans, axial contacts (Cu–O 2.455(1), 2.458(2) Å) for the α-form; respective values are 1.995(5), 1.991(4), 1.997(4), 1.973(3) Å, 360.4°, 2.500(4), and 2.396(4) Å for the β-form.
Synthesis and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of 4′-Arylalkyl Analogues of Clozapine. II. Effect of the Nature and Length of the Linker
Authors: Capuano Ben , Crosby Ian T. , Lloyd Edward J. , Podloucka Anna , Taylor David A.
Published: November 2003

We report the synthesis of a second generation of tricyclic analogues of clozapine, investigating the length and nature of the chain between an ionizable nitrogen atom at physiological pH and the introduced aryl moiety. The chemistry, structural characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of this series of 4′-arylalkyl analogues of clozapine are described. Preliminary findings on the effects on activity of the nature and length of the linker, degree of unsaturation, and type of aryl moiety on blockade of dopamine D4 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors are discussed and animal behavioural data for key compounds presented.
Growth and carcass characteristics of prime lambs fed diets containing urea, lupins or canola meal as a crude protein source
Authors: Wiese S. C. , White C. L. , Masters D. G. , Milton J. T. B. , Davidson R. H.
Published: November 2003

Lupin grain typically provides the main source of protein in most lamb finisher diets in Western Australia. The aim of this work was to determine whether alternative sources of nitrogen could provide a less expensive means of achieving the desired rate of liveweight gain and carcass characteristics. Fifty-one crossbred lambs were finished using 3 different sources of crude protein. These sources were either: (i) a control diet consisting of lupins, oats, barley and cereal chaff in which lupins provided 49% of the nitrogen (lupin diet); (ii) a diet consisting of a combination of cereal grain and urea (urea diet); or (iii) a diet in which lupins were partially replaced with expeller canola meal (canola diet). Diets were isonitrogenous (14.4% crude protein) and isoenergetic (10.5 MJ ME/kg DM). Lambs were gradually introduced to the diets over 2 weeks before being fed the diets ad�libitum for 5 weeks.Lambs fed the canola diet performed the best in terms of feed intake and liveweight gain while those fed the urea diet performed the worst. Respective growth rates for sheep fed the canola, lupin and urea diets were 272, 233 and 180 g/day, respectively, with significant (P<0.05) differences only between the canola and urea diets. Equivalent dry matter intakes for the 3 groups were 1660, 1570 and 1380 g/day respectively, with sheep fed the urea diets being significantly (P<0.05) lower than the other two. Acidosis was considered to be a major cause of the poor performance of sheep fed the urea diet, with 3 sheep from this treatment showing inappetance and markedly reduced growth rates ('shy feeders'). Lambs finished on all 3 diets produced acceptable carcasses. Carcass weights followed the trend of growth rates, but there were no significant differences between diets in carcass weight, dressing percentage, GR tissue depth, C�site fat depth, eye muscle area, muscle pH or meat colour. At the price of the feeds used in this trial, the canola meal diet was the cheapest feed per kilogram of liveweight gain despite being the most costly diet per tonne of feed.
The Cf-2 / Rcr3esc gene interaction in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) induces autonecrosis and triggers biochemical markers of oxidative burst at cellular level
Authors: Santangelo Enrico , Fonzo Valentina , Astolfi Stefania , Zuchi Sabrina , Caccia Riccardo , Mosconi Pietro , Mazzucato Andrea , Soressi Gian Piero
Published: November 2003

A tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with necrotic leaf spots mimicking disease lesions was singled out in progeny under selection in Moscow (breeding material of Ignatova Svetlana). The progeny from spontaneous selfing of such a plant (V20368), in the presence of increasing temperature and high light intensity, exhibited spontaneous necrotic lesions on the leaves, with acropetal progression (autonecrosis). A similar phenotype, described in 1948 by Langford, appeared to be associated with the Cf-2 resistance gene, introgressed from L. pimpinellifolium. Recently, Kruger et al. (2002) demonstrated that the Cf-2 effect depends on a second gene (Rcr3pim) encoding a cysteine protease, and that autonecrosis is activated by the contemporary presence of Cf-2 and the L. esculentum allele Rcr3esc. In this work we characterised the V20368 mutant and verified that autonecrosis is caused by the presence of an interaction between Cf-2 and Rcr3esc. When the environmental conditions are favourable, this interaction triggers an oxidative burst, as evidenced by a strong increase in H2O2 production and activities of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3). In addition, by grafting the necrotic mutant on the cv. Riogrande and vice versa, we proved that the necrotic phenotype is not associated with the movement of a signal molecule, since the autonecrosis was not transmitted across the grafting point. Finally, the interaction between Cf-2 and Rcr3esc appeared to lower the threshold of stress perception, as evidenced by an increased sensitivity to the insecticide Fenthion.
The Drosophila nucleoporin DNup88 localizes DNup214 and CRM1 on the nuclear envelope and attenuates NES-mediated nuclear export
Authors: Roth Peggy , Xylourgidis Nikos , Sabri Nafiseh , Uv Anne , Fornerod Maarten , Samakovlis Christos
Published: November 2003

Many cellular responses rely on the control of nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcriptional regulators. The Drosophila nucleoporin Nup88 is selectively required for nuclear accumulation of Rel proteins and full activation of the innate immune response. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying its role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nuclear import of an nuclear localization signal-enhanced green fluorescent protein (NLS-EGFP) reporter is not affected in DNup88 (members only; mbo) mutants, whereas the level of CRM1-dependent EGFP-nuclear export signal (EGFP-NES) export is increased. We show that the nuclear accumulation of the Drosophila Rel protein Dorsal requires CRM1. DNup88 binds to DNup214 and DCRM1 in vitro, and both proteins become mislocalized from the nuclear rim into the nucleus of mbo mutants. Overexpression of DNup88 is sufficient to relocalize DNup214 and CRM1 on the nuclear envelope and revert the mutant phenotypes. We propose that a major function of DNup88 is to anchor DNup214 and CRM1 on the nuclear envelope and thereby attenuate NES-mediated nuclear export.
Nucleolin expressed at the cell surface is a marker of endothelial cells in angiogenic blood vessels
Authors: Christian Sven , Pilch Jan , Akerman Maria E. , Porkka Kimmo , Laakkonen Pirjo , Ruoslahti Erkki
Published: November 2003

A tumor-homing peptide, F3, selectively binds to endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels and to tumor cells. Here, we show that the cell surface molecule recognized by F3 is nucleolin. Nucleolin specifically bound to an F3 peptide affinity matrix from extracts of cultured breast carcinoma cells. Antibodies and cell surface biotin labeling revealed nucleolin at the surface of actively growing cells, and these cells bound and internalized fluorescein-conjugated F3 peptide, transporting it into the nucleus. In contrast, nucleolin was exclusively nuclear in serum-starved cells, and F3 did not bind to these cells. The binding and subsequent internalization of F3 were blocked by an antinucleolin antibody. Like the F3 peptide, intravenously injected antinucleolin antibodies selectively accumulated in tumor vessels and in angiogenic vessels of implanted “matrigel” plugs. These results show that cell surface nucleolin is a specific marker of angiogenic endothelial cells within the vasculature. It may be a useful target molecule for diagnostic tests and drug delivery applications.
Loss of proteolytically processed filaggrin caused by epidermal deletion of Matriptase/MT-SP1
Authors: List Karin , Szabo Roman , Wertz Philip W. , Segre Julie , Haudenschild Christian C. , Kim Soo-Youl , Bugge Thomas H.
Published: November 2003

Profilaggrin is a large epidermal polyprotein that is proteolytically processed during keratinocyte differentiation to release multiple filaggrin monomer units as well as a calcium-binding regulatory NH2-terminal filaggrin S-100 protein. We show that epidermal deficiency of the transmembrane serine protease Matriptase/MT-SP1 perturbs lipid matrix formation, cornified envelope morphogenesis, and stratum corneum desquamation. Surprisingly, proteomic analysis of Matriptase/MT-SP1–deficient epidermis revealed the selective loss of both proteolytically processed filaggrin monomer units and the NH2-terminal filaggrin S-100 regulatory protein. This was associated with a profound accumulation of profilaggrin and aberrant profilaggrin-processing products in the stratum corneum. The data identify keratinocyte Matriptase/MT-SP1 as an essential component of the profilaggrin-processing pathway and a key regulator of terminal epidermal differentiation.
A J-protein is an essential subunit of the presequence translocase–associated protein import motor of mitochondria
Authors: Truscott Kaye N. , Voos Wolfgang , Frazier Ann E. , Lind Maria , Li Yanfeng , Geissler Andreas , Dudek Jan , Müller Hanne , Sickmann Albert , Meyer Helmut E. , Meisinger Chris , Guiard Bernard , Rehling Peter , Pfanner Nikolaus
Published: November 2003

Transport of preproteins into the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by the presequence translocase–associated motor (PAM). Three essential subunits of the motor are known: mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70); the peripheral membrane protein Tim44; and the nucleotide exchange factor Mge1. We have identified the fourth essential subunit of the PAM, an essential inner membrane protein of 18 kD with a J-domain that stimulates the ATPase activity of mtHsp70. The novel J-protein (encoded by PAM18/YLR008c/TIM14) is required for the interaction of mtHsp70 with Tim44 and protein translocation into the matrix. We conclude that the reaction cycle of the PAM of mitochondria involves an essential J-protein.
Inhibition of a constitutive translation initiation factor 2α phosphatase, CReP, promotes survival of stressed cells
Authors: Jousse Céline , Oyadomari Seiichi , Novoa Isabel , Lu Phoebe , Zhang Yuhong , Harding Heather P. , Ron David
Published: November 2003

Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) on serine 51 is effected by specific stress-activated protein kinases. eIF2α phosphorylation inhibits translation initiation promoting a cytoprotective gene expression program known as the integrated stress response (ISR). Stress-induced activation of GADD34 feeds back negatively on this pathway by promoting eIF2α dephosphorylation, however, GADD34 mutant cells retain significant eIF2α-directed phosphatase activity. We used a somatic cell genetic approach to identify a gene encoding a novel regulatory subunit of a constitutively active holophosphatase complex that dephosphorylates eIF2α. RNAi of this gene, which we named constitutive repressor of eIF2α phosphorylation (CReP, or PPP1R15B), repressed the constitutive eIF2α-directed phosphatase activity and activated the ISR. CReP RNAi strongly protected mammalian cells against oxidative stress, peroxynitrite stress, and more modestly against accumulation of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings suggest that therapeutic inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation by targeting the CReP-protein–phosphatase-1 complex may be used to access the salubrious qualities of the ISR.
Effect of MyBP-C Binding to Actin on Contractility in Heart Muscle
Authors: Kulikovskaya Irina , McClellan George , Flavigny Jeanne , Carrier Lucie , Winegrad Saul
Published: November 2003

In contrast to skeletal muscle isoforms of myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C), the cardiac isoform has 11 rather than 10 fibronectin or Ig modules (modules are identified as C0 to C10, NH2 to COOH terminus), 3 phosphorylation sites between modules C1 and C2, and 28 additional amino acids rich in proline in C5. Phosphorylation between C1 and C2 increases maximum Ca-activated force (Fmax), alters thick filament structure, and increases the probability of myosin heads on the thick filament binding to actin on the thin filament. Unphosphorylated C1C2 fragment binds to myosin, but phosphorylation inhibits the binding. MyBP-C also binds to actin. Using two types of immunoprecipitation and cosedimentation, we show that fragments of MyBP-C containing C0 bind to actin. In low concentrations C0-containing fragments bind to skinned fibers when the NH2 terminus of endogenous MyBP-C is bound to myosin, but not when MyBP-C is bound to actin. C1C2 fragments bind to skinned fibers when endogenous MyBP-C is bound to actin but not to myosin. Disruption of interactions of endogenous C0 with a high concentration of added C0C2 fragments produces the same effect on contractility as extraction of MyBP-C, namely decrease in Fmax and increase in Ca sensitivity. These results suggest that cardiac contractility can be regulated by shifting the binding of the NH2 terminus of MyBP-C between actin and myosin. This mechanism may have an effect on diastolic filling of the heart.
Mus81 Endonuclease Localizes to Nucleoli and to Regions of DNA Damage in Human S-phase Cells
Authors: Gao Hui , Chen Xiao-Bo , McGowan Clare H.
Published: November 2003

Mus81 is a highly conserved substrate specific endonuclease. Human Mus81 cleaves Holliday junctions, replication forks, and 3′ flap substrates in vitro, suggesting a number of possible in vivo functions. We show here that the abundance of human Mus81 peaks in S-phase and remains high in cells that have completed DNA replication and that Mus81 is a predominantly nuclear protein, with super accumulation in nucleoli. Two RecQ related DNA helicases BLM and WRN that are required for recombination repair in human cells colocalize with Mus81 in nucleoli. However, the nucleolar retention of Mus81 is not dependent on the presence of BLM or WRN, or on ongoing transcription. Mus81 is recruited to localized regions of UV damage in S-phase cells, but not in cells that are blocked from replicating DNA or that have completed replication. The retention of human Mus81 at regions of UV-induced damage specifically in S-phase cells suggest that the enzyme is recruited to the sites at which replication forks encounter damaged DNA. The nucleolar concentration of Mus81 suggests that it is required to repair problems that arise most frequently in the highly repetitive nucleolar DNA. Together these data support a role for Mus81 in recombination repair in higher eukaryotes.
Structural refinements of high-pressure phases in germanium dioxide
Authors: Shiraki Koichi , Tsuchiya Taku , Ono Shigeaki
Published: November 2003

Recently, there has been substantial interest in the new high-pressure polymorphs of GeO2 synthesized in the laboratory. Previous investigators reported the synthesis of `CaCl2-type', `α-PbO2-type' and `pyrite-type (modified-fluorite-type)' GeO2 at pressures of 30–130 GPa in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. In order to provide definitive information about the new high-pressure polymorphs, we performed Rietveld refinements of the structures. The structure refinements confirm that two of these high-pressure phases do have the α-PbO2-type and pyrite-type (modified-fluorite-type) structures.
Systematic prediction of new ferroelectrics in space groups P31 and P32. Erratum
Authors: Abrahams S. C.
Published: November 2003

The alignment in Tables 1–4 of the paper by Abrahams (2003) was incorrect. The corrected tables are reproduced herein.
Single-crystal structure refinement of NaTiSi2O6 clinopyroxene at low temperatures (298 < T < 100 K)
Authors: Redhammer Günther J. , Ohashi Haruo , Roth Georg
Published: November 2003

The alkali-metal clinopyroxene NaTi3+Si2O6, one of the rare compounds with trivalent titanium, was synthesized at high temperature/high pressure and subsequently investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods between 298 and 100 K. One main difference between the high- and the low-temperature form is the sudden appearance of two different Ti3+—Ti3+ interatomic distances within the infinite chain of the TiO6 octahedra just below 197 K. This change can be seen as direct evidence for the formation of Ti—Ti singlet pairs in the low-temperature phase. Mean Ti—O bond lengths smoothly decrease with decreasing temperature and the phase transition is associated with a slight jump in the Ti—O bond length. The break in symmetry, however, causes distinct variations, especially with respect to the two Ti—Oapex bond lengths, but also with respect to the four Ti—O bonds in the equatorial plane of the octahedron. The TiO6 octahedron appears to be stretched in the chain direction with a slightly larger elongation in the P\bar 1 low-temperature phase compared with the C2/c high-temperature phase. Polyhedral distortion parameters such as bond-length distortion and octahedral angle variance suggest the TiO6 octahedron in P\bar 1 to be closer to the geometry of an ideal octahedron than in C2/c. Mean Na—O bond lengths decrease with decreasing temperature and the variations in individual Na—O bond lengths are the result of variations in the geometry of the octahedral site. The tetrahedral site acts as a rigid unit, which does not show pronounced changes upon cooling and through the phase transitions. There are neither large changes in bond lengths and angles nor in polyhedral distortion parameters, for the tetrahedral site, when they are plotted. In contrast with the C2/c → P21/c phase transition, found especially in LiMSi2O6 clinopyroxenes, no very large variations are found for the tetrahedral bridging angle. Thus, it is concluded that the main factor inducing the phase transition and controlling the structural variations is the M1 octahedral site.
Two-dimensionally modulated structure of the rare-earth polysulfide GdS2−x
(x = 0.18 ≃ 13/72)
Authors: Tamazyan Rafael , van Smaalen Sander , Vasilyeva Inga Grigorevna , Arnold Heinrich
Published: November 2003

The crystal structure of GdS2−x
is determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as a 144-fold superstructure of the ZrSSi structure type. The superstructure is described as a two-dimensional, commensurately modulated structure with the superspace group P4/n(αβ½)(00)(ss) and with α = 1/4 and β = 1/3. Structure refinements within the classical approach, employing the 144-fold supercell, fail because most of the superlattice reflections have zero intensities within the experimental resolution. Within the superspace approach the absent superlattice reflections are systematically classified as higher-order satellite reflections. Accordingly, the superspace approach has been used to refine the structure model comprising the basic structure positions and the amplitudes of the modulation functions of the three crystallographically independent atoms. The quality of fit to the diffraction data and the values of the refined parameters are independent of the assumption on the true symmetry (incommensurate or a 12 × 12 × 2, I-centred superlattice with different symmetries). Arguments of structural plausibility then suggest that the true structure is a superstructure with space group I\bar{4}, corresponding to sections of superspace given by (t
1, t
2) equal to [(4n − 1)/48, (4m − 3)/48] or [(4n − 3)/48, (4m − 1)/48] (n and m are integers). Analysis of the structure, employing both superspace techniques (t plots) and the supercell structure model all show that the superstructure corresponds to an ordering of vacancies and an orientational ordering of S_2^{2-} dimers within the square layers of the S2 atoms.
Protonation site and hydrogen bonding in anhydrous and hydrated crystalline forms of doxazosin mesylate from powder data
Authors: Chernyshev Vladimir V. , Machon Denis , Fitch Andrew N. , Zaitsev Sergei A. , Yatsenko Alexandr V. , Shmakov Alexandr N. , Weber Hans-Peter
Published: November 2003

The three-dimensional solid-state structures of two modifications of doxazosin mesylate C23H26N5O_5^+·CH3SO_3^-, 4-amino-2-[4-[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)carbonyl]piperazin-1-yl]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline methanesulfonate, a commonly used antihypertensive agent, have been determined by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. An anhydrous form (A) and a dihydrate form (d
G) crystallize in monoclinic space groups. In both forms the doxazosin molecule is protonated at the N1 atom of the quinazoline bicycle. The N1 atom, and the amino H atoms and O atoms of the mesylate moieties are involved in three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding networks, while solvent water molecules and carboxamide O atoms are also incorporated in a hydrogen-bonding network in d
G.
Occupational health and safety and the balanced scorecard
Authors: Mearns Kathryn , Ivar Håvold Jon
Published: November 2003

Since its introduction in 1992, the balanced scorecard (BSC) has rapidly gained in importance throughout the world. Harvard Business Review even selected it as one of the most important management tools of the past 75 years. This paper takes the performance indicators used in an offshore health‐and‐safety benchmarking study carried out by Aberdeen University on 13 offshore installations operating on the UK Continental Shelf and relates them to the BSC framework. The results from the benchmarking study are discussed from the perspective of suggesting which indicators should populate each perspective of the BSC: financial, customer, internal business and learning and growth. In addition the paper includes the results of interviews conducted with senior managers in the UK and Norwegian oil and gas sector, about use of the BSC in general and with regard to health and safety performance indicators in particular. Reasons for including occupational health and safety in the BSC and reports/papers covering occupational health and safety indicators and the BSC are discussed.
Integrating communications: is the ideal achievable?
Authors: Massie Lisa , Anderson Christina L.
Published: November 2003

Much of the communication strategy literature propounds the ideal of integrated communications. To support the achievement of an organisation’s aims and goals and to prevent a fragmented image of the organisation emerging, all communication, both internal and external, should be aligned, consistent and comprehensively integrated. This article examines “Contact 20/20”, a communication strategy recently put in place by a company providing supply chain management to the international oil and gas industry, and considers how that strategy measures up against some of the ideals put forward in the literature.
SME strategic business networks seen as learning organizations
Authors: Ahlström‐Söderling Ragnar
Published: November 2003

This paper has its background in a research project that studied 12 cases of local development and co‐operation in the Swedish wood‐manufacturing sector during 1997‐2000 and 20 similar projects in other parts of Sweden in 1998. One reflection from this project was that the small firm managers, as well as the supporting bodies, lacked understanding of the process of the creation and support for survival of the networks. This article presents some hypotheses of the important factors in the creation process of strategic small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME) networks. This is done through an in‐depth analysis over the whole life cycle (eight years) for one of the networks studied in the project. The article gives small business owners some ideas of what they should consider before they start or join an attempt to create a strategic SME business network, indicates some of the pitfalls and contributes to policymakers’ understanding of what kind of support is needed.
Interactive Visualization of Implicit Surfaces with Singularities
Authors: Rösch Angela , Ruhl Matthias , Saupe Dietmar
Published: November 2003

This paper presents work on two methods for interactive visualization of implicit surfaces: physically‐based sampling using particle systems and polygonization followed by physically‐based mesh improvement which explicitly makes use of the surface‐defining equation. While most previous work applied to bounded manifolds without singularities and without boundary (topological spheres) we broaden the scope of the methods to include surfaces with such features, in particular cusp points and surface self‐intersections. These aspects are not (yet) essential for computer graphics modelling with implicit surfaces but they naturally occur in simulations of interest in mathematical visualization. In this paper we use the Kummer family of algebraic surfaces as an example.
Improvements To The Method Of Fourier Shape Analysis As Applied In Morphometric Studies
Authors: Haines A. John , Crampton James S.
Published: November 2003

Fourier outline shape analysis is a powerful tool for the morphometric study of two‐dimensional form in organisms lacking many biologically homologous landmarks. Several improvements to the method are described herein; these modifications are incorporated into the new computer programs Hangle, Hmatch and Hcurve. First, automated tracing of outlines using image capture software, although desirable, results in high frequency pixel ‘noise’ that can corrupt the Fourier analysis. Program Hangle eliminates this noise using optional and variable levels of outline smoothing. Secondly, a widely used Fourier technique, elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA, Kuhl and Giardina 1982), yields coefficients that are not computationally independent of each other, a condition that hampers and compromises statistical analysis. In addition, EFA increasingly downweights successively more detailed features of the outline. Program Hangle solves both of these problems. Lastly, Fourier methods in general are sensitive to the placement of the starting position of the digitized trace. This problem is acute when the organisms under study have no unambiguously defined, homologous point on the outline from which to start the trace. Program Hangle allows the user to normalize for starting position using various properties of individual outlines. Alternatively, Hmatch takes a new approach and can be used to normalize using properties of the entire population under study.key words: Fourier shape analysis, morphometric studies, new computer programs, foraminiferal outlines.
A biogeographically mixed, Middle Permian brachiopod fauna from the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, China
Authors: Shi G. R. , Shen Shuzhong
Published: November 2003

A small brachiopod fauna is described from the carbonate rocks of the basal Shazipo Formation of the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan, south‐west China, including significant new ventral and dorsal internal morphological features of Cryptospirifer omeishanensis Huang. This fauna is regarded as Wordian (Middle Guadalupian, Middle Permian) because of the presence of Cryptospirifer omeishanensis Huang and associated fusulinids (Neoschwagerina craticulifera Zone). Palaeobiogeographically, the brachiopod fauna is of considerable interest because of its admixed nature characterized by typical warm‐water Cathaysian elements intermingled with temperate Peri‐Gondwanan taxa. This in turn is interpreted to indicate that the Baoshan Block may have been situated in an intermediate palaeogeographical position between Gondwanaland to the south and Cathaysia to the north during the Mid Permian and, as such, it probably furnished an important ‘stepping stone’ for the dispersal of Mid Permian eastern Tethyan marine invertebrate taxa (e.g. Cryptospirifer) to the western Tethys.
An unusual trochiform gastropod from the upper Ordovician of Sweden
Authors: Ebbestad Jan Ove R. , Peel John S.
Published: November 2003

An unusual trochiform gastropod, Semizona bella gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Boda Limestone carbonate mounds (upper Ordovician, Ashgill) of central Sweden. A second species, S. glindmeyeri (Rohr, 1996), is recognised from the Ordovician (Whiterockian) of Nevada. The shell shape and the strongly prosocline tangential aperture of Semizona suggest that balancing of the shell on the head‐foot mass was accomplished by tilting of the axis of coiling of the shell to about 65 degrees with 10–30 degrees of regulatory detorsion. The rounded aperture allowed straight contraction of the retractor muscles, suggesting clamping behaviour often associated with a sedate, grazing snail. This agrees with the environmental setting, which suggests a hard substrate with rich microbial growth. Besides clamping, the subsutural nodes and thick shell were probably effective against predation; repaired injuries indicate failed predatory attacks. Semizona shows morphological similarities with some pleurotomariin vetigastropods, and with the family Pseudophoridae Miller, 1889.
A Skate in the Lowermost Maastrichtian of Southern Sweden
Authors: Siverson Mikael , Cappetta Henri
Published: November 2003

A new skate, Walteraja exigua gen. et sp. nov., is described from the lowermost Maastrichtian Belemnella lanceolata Zone of Balsvik quarry, Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden. It is the earliest known skate with a largely modern tooth morphology and the only known pre‐Cenozoic rajoid displaying a very marked gynandric heterodonty, comparable to that in many living forms. The occurrence of W. exigua in the basal Maastrichtian at Balsvik coincides with a mass occurrence of the small ‘deep‐water’ squaloid shark Proetmopterus hemmooriensis. Most living skates, and virtually all extant squaloids closely related to P. hemmooriensis, inhabit deep and/or cool water environments and do not occur in warm temperate to tropical coastal waters. The Walteraja/Proetmopterus association in a marginal, relatively shallow‐water facies of the B. lanceolata Zone adds to other, recently described, unexpected occurrences of Late Cretaceous rajoids and etmopterids/centroscymnids in warm temperate to subtropical shelf environments.
Body Mass Estimates in Extinct Mammals from Limb Bone Dimensions: the Case of North American Hyaenodontids
Authors: Egi Naoko
Published: November 2003

The body mass estimation of several limb bone dimensions (shaft cross‐sectional properties, articular sizes, and bone lengths) were examined using bivariate linear regression analyses. The sample included taxonomically and behaviourally diverse small to medium‐sized Recent carnivorans and carnivorous marsupials. All examined limb bone dimensions indicated low errors (percentage standard error of estimate, 8–13) for the body mass estimations. Among them, humeral and femoral shaft properties correlated best with body weight, while limb bone lengths gave larger errors. Both humeral and femoral head dimensions have relatively large individual variations, and distal humeral articular dimensions seem to be influenced more by phylogenetic differences. The regressions based on each locomotor group gave slightly lower errors than those based on the total pooled sample. The results were then applied to hyaenodontid creodonts from the Eocene–Oligocene of North America. The estimated body masses (kg) are: Arfia, 5.4–9.5; Prototomus, <6.0; Pyrocyon, 2.6; Sinopa, 1.3–1.4; Tritemnodon, 7.6–13; Prolimnocyon, 1.6; Thinocyon, 0.7–2.5; Machaeroides, 12; Limnocyon, 7.8– 16; Hyaenodon, 9.1–43. The various limb bone dimensions give different body mass values, but the variation in estimates is smaller compared to those derived from dental or cranial measurements.
Echinoid Spines from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Qingyan, South‐ western China
Authors: Stiller Frank
Published: November 2003

Echinoid remains from the Triassic of China are described for the first time. The Middle Triassic of Qingyan in Guizhou Province, south‐western China, has yielded nine taxa of primary spines; seven of these come from the lower Upper Anisian. Because all of the spines are disarticulated, the material is treated only parataxonomically. ‘Cidaris’ lineola (Bather) and ‘Cidaris’ wissmanni (Desor) are species originally described from the alpine Triassic of Europe. ‘Cidaris’ bangtoupoensis sp. nov., ‘Cidaris’ wachangpoensis sp. nov., ‘Cidaris’ venustespinosa sp. nov., ‘Cidaris’ fangchui sp. nov., ‘Cidaris’ gu sp. nov., ‘Cidaris’ mafengpoensis sp. nov. and ‘Cidaris’ sp. A are so far known only from Qingyan. Palaeoautecological interpretations based on the shapes of the spines fit well with the fact that the echinoids from Qingyan are part of highly diverse fossil associations which represent the remains of communities that lived in a protected, shallow‐marine, stable soft‐bottom habitat. The rather high diversity of the echinoid spines in terms of the number of both taxa and general types of shape shows that the echinoids, after nearly becoming extinct at the end of the Palaeozoic, began a new phase of adaptive radiation in the Anisian at the latest.
The Proximal Development and Thecal Structure of the Ordovician Graptolites Tylograptus and Sinograptus
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐dong , Fortey R. A.
Published: November 2003

A study of pyritic and three‐dimensional specimens of sinograptids from the early Middle Ordovician Ningkuo Formation of western Zhejiang Province, south‐east China, indicates that the proximal development of both TylograptusSinograptus is of modified isograptid type. The thecal apertures of the two genera are reconstructed and display a complex morphology more typical of stratigraphically younger graptoloids. Because of differences in its prothecal folds and thecal apertures Tylograptus is distinguished from Holmograptus and regarded as a valid genus. In Sinograptus, a tongue‐shaped structure, and constriction of the thecal tube after the metathecal fold, are illustrated for the first time. The proximal development and thecal structures of TylograptusSinograptus imply a possible origin of sinograptids from earlier didymograptids or sigmagraptids. Four species, Tylograptus intermediusT. globiformisSinograptus typicalisS. rastritoides, are revised.
Brachiopods from the Jurassic (Callovian) of Hamakhtesh Hagadol (Kurnub Anticline), Southern Israel
Authors: Feldman Howard R. , Owen Ellis F. , Hirsch Francis
Published: November 2003

The Callovian Zohar and Matmor formations in the Negev, southern Israel, consisting of marls, shales and limestones, have yielded 13 brachiopod species (2 rhynchonellids, 11 terebratulids), referred to 12 genera, of which one genus and five species are new: Apatecosia inornata, Bihenithyris mediocostata, Digonella boylani sp. nov., Dissoria bretti sp. nov., Burmirhynchia jirbaensis, Kutchithyris landeri sp. nov., Pleuraloma triangulatum, Polyplectella debriani gen. et sp. nov., Ptyctothyris daghaniensis, Somalirhynchia africana, Striithyris saudiarabica, S. telemi sp. nov., and Zeilleria sp. The brachiopods described herein from Hamakhtesh Hagadol (Kurnub Anticline) comprise a fauna located at the northernmost part of the Indo‐African Faunal Realm within the Jurassic Ethiopian Province.
The Use of Polarised Light in Photography of Macrofossils
Authors: Crabb Philip
Published: November 2003

An elaboration of a little known technique involving the use of polarised light sources, together with a polarising filter over the camera lens is described and used to demonstrate its usefulness in the photography of low contrast fossils.
Eocene Spiders from the Isle of Wight With Preserved Respiratory Structures
Authors: Selden Paul A.
Published: November 2003

A new fossil spider, Vectaraneus yulei gen. et sp. nov., from the Eocene Bembridge Marls Insect Bed of the Isle of Wight, shows internal anatomy, including book lungs and tracheae, preserved by calcium carbonate replacement. The wide, medially positioned, tracheal spiracle and large tracheae which enter the prosoma are adaptations for an amphibious mode of life. The spider is placed in Cybaeidae Simon, 1898, Argyronetinae Menge, 1869, a subfamily which includes the Recent European Water Spider, Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck, 1757). The only previously described Bembridge Marls spider, Eoatypus woodwardii McCook, 1888, is redescribed; it is unrelated to Vectaraneus. The holotype of Argyroneta antiqua Von Heyden (1859) is redescribed; it is not an Argyroneta. Specimens referred to A. antiqua by Bertkau (1878) probably belong in Argyronetinae Menge, 1869, and this subfamily is emended herein.
Ordovician Calcified Algae and Cyanobacteria, Northern Tarim Basin Subsurface, China
Authors: Riding Robert , Fan Jiasong
Published: November 2003

Boreholes between Kuqa and Korla, in the northern Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, penetrated Ordovician marine limestones at depths of 5–6.2km. From three boreholes 54 out of a total of 170 limestone samples contain calcified algae, cyanobacteria and associated Microproblematica. Calcified cyanobacteria (GirvanellaBotomaella, ?Subtifloria) account for 37 per cent of occurrences; green algae (Dasyporelleae and Vermiporella) 28 per cent; Microproblematica (NuiaBevocastriaRothpletzellaHalysis) 20 per cent; and ‘solenoporaceans’ 15 per cent GirvanellaNuia are common in the Early Ordovician deposits, and ‘solenoporaceans’ are abundant in the Mid‐Ordovician. Dasyporelleae and Vermiporella are most abundant in Mid–Late Ordovician samples. Calcified cyanobacteria are common throughout the limestone succession, but particularly in the Mid Ordovician part. MoniliporellaContextaPlexaTexturata, and Villosoporella, hitherto placed in the supposed red algal family Moniliporellaceae Gnilovskaya, are here regarded as dasycladalean green algae. Despite some omissions, this Tarim flora broadly resembles others from Kazakhstan, Baltica and North America, indicating the generally cosmopolitan nature of Ordovician calcified algae and cyanobacteria.
A New Genus of Rhynchonellid Brachiopod from the Lower Triassic of South China and Implications for Timing the Recovery of Brachiopoda After the End‐Permian Mass Extinction
Authors: Chen Z.Q. , Shi G.R. , Kaiho K.
Published: November 2003

A new genus, Meishanorhynchia, is proposed based on new material from the Lower Triassic of the Meishan section, South China. It is of a late Griesbachian age based on both associated biozones (ammonoids and bivalves) and radiometric dates of the intercalated volcanic ash beds. Comparison with both Palaeozoic and Mesozoic–Cenozoic‐related genera suggests that it may represent the first radiation of progenitor brachiopods in the aftermath of the end‐Permian extinction. The lowest brachiopod horizon that contains the genus is estimated to be about 250.1 ± 0.3 Ma. This implies that the initial stage of recovery of Brachiopoda in the Early Triassic was probably about 1.3 ± 0.3 myr after the major pulse of the end‐Permian mass extinction (dated as 251.4 ± 0.3 Ma). This is in agreement with Hallam’s expectancy that biotic recovery typically begins within one million years or so of major mass extinctions, in contrast to current views on the end‐Permian extinction event which propose that the recovery of most if not all biotic groups in the Early Triassic was severely delayed and only began about five million years after the end‐Permian extinction.
The Larvae of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae and their Phylogenetic Implications (Insecta, Odonata, Anisoptera)
Authors: Fleck Günther , Nel André , Bechly Günther , Escuillié François
Published: November 2003

Four giant dragonfly larvae are described from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Owing to the preservation of wing tracheal venation on the larval wing sheaths, they can be identified as the first undoubted larvae of the extinct Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae. They are ultimate or penultimate male and female specimens, and a younger larva. The female larva has a very long ovipositor sheath. These larvae have an anisopteran anal pyramid and a very particular spoon‐shaped labial mask, with a very narrow prementum and large palps with numerous teeth, suggesting possible affinities of the Aeschnidiidae with the Anisoptera Cavilabiata. The positions of other larvae formally attributed to the Aeschnidiidae are discussed, i.e. Nothomacromia sensibilis (Carle and Wighton, 1990), Sona nectes Pritykina, 1986, and the alleged larvae of Hemeroscopus baissicus Pritykina, 1977. They differ greatly from the true Chinese larval Aeschnidiidae, in the labial mask and female ovipositor, even if they show some similarities in the anal pyramid.
Foliomena Fauna (Brachiopoda) from the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia
Authors: Villas E. , Hammann W. , Harper D. A. T.
Published: November 2003

The late Ordovician brachiopod assemblage from Sardinia is one of the youngest members of the deep‐water Foliomena fauna and is characterized by the following core taxa: Christiania, Cyclospira, Dedzetina and Foliomena. The fauna also contains Epitomyonia, Leangella, Glyptorthis and Skenidioides, which are more typical of shallower‐water environments during the late Ordovician but occupied deeper‐water niches during the Silurian following the termination of the Foliomena fauna. The suprafamilial placement of the family Chrustenoporidae is discussed and the new species Dedzetina serpaglii and Leangella (Leangella) fecunda are established. In common with many mid‐Ashgill Foliomena faunas the Sardinian assemblage shows significant differences from other faunal developments of this type, reflecting its geographical position and shallower water conditions than those of the classic early Ashgill Foliomena faunas. The brachiopods occur with abundant trilobites belonging to a variant of the cyclopygid fauna. The faunas developed on part of a complex of microcontinents derived from peri‐Gondwana during the Ordovician.