bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALOGUES OF HUMAN CALCITONIN: IV. INFLUENCE OF LEUCINE SUBSTITUTIOS IN POSITIONS 12, 16 AND 19 ON HYPOCALCAEMIC ACTIVITY IN THE RAT
Authors: MAIER RENE , KAMBER BRUNO , RINIKER BERNARD , RITTEL WERNER
Published: March 2008

The replacement of the three aromatic amino acids in positions 12, 16 and 19 of human calcitonin (HCT) leucine residues, which occupy the corresponding positions in ultimobranchial, e.g. salmon and eel, calcitonins, increased the hypocalcaemic potency of the peptide, as determined by bioassay on the rat, about 10‐fold. The individual substitutions were not all equally augmentative: leucine (12) enhanced the activity of HCT about 4‐5 times, but leucine (16) and (19) afforded no increase at all. Combination of leucine (12) with a deamino cysteine at the N‐terminmus yielded an analogue 10 times more potnet than HCT. Another analogue containing valine in position 8 in place of methionine as well as the three leucine substituents in position 12, 16 and 19 proved more active than the tri‐leucine analogue, but the additional introduction of tyrosine (22) nearly doubled the hypocalcaemic potency of the latter. The duration of the hypocalcaemic effects of the substituted peptides closely followed the changes in potency.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF CALCITONIN ON OSTEOCLASTS IN MAN
Authors: SINGER FREDERICK R. , MELVIN KENNETH E. W. , MILLS BARBARA G.
Published: March 2008

To determine the mechanism by which calcitonin acutely decreses bone resorption in man, salmon or human calcitonin was administered intravenously to five patients with Paget's disease of bone immediately after an iliac crest bone biopsy. After 30 min an adjacent bone biopsy was taken and both were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The results indicated that calcitonin both decreases the number of osteoclasts and alters the ultrastructure of these cells. These acute effects of calcitonin on osteociasts confirm findings in other species and provide evidence in man that calcitonin, at least in part, retards bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OESTROGEN STATUS AND BONE LOSS IN POST‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: NORDIN B. E. C. , HORSMAN A. , BROOK R. , WILLIAMS D. A.
Published: March 2008

The relationships between the rate of change of metacarpal cortical width, urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio, net absorption of calcium and maturation value of the vaginal smear have been examined in normal post‐menopausal women and crush fracture cases. Rapid bone loss, high bone resorption and low calcium absorption are shown to be associated with poor oestrogen status, with crush fracture cases presenting an exaggerated view of the normal post‐menopausal situation.
THE ECTOPIC SECRETION OF CALCITONIN BY LUNG AND BREAST CARCINOMAS
Authors: COOMBES R. C. , ELLISON M. L. , EASTY G. C. , HILLYARD C. J. , JAMES R. , GALANTE L. , GIRGIS S. , HEYWOOD L. , MacINTYRE I. , NEVILLE A. M.
Published: March 2008

Many patients with advanced non‐thyroid malignancies have elevated plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations. Breast and bronchial carcinomas contain immunoreactive calcitonin and an epidermoid bronchial carcinoma has been shown to produce immunoreactive calcitonin in vitro.

We have established monolayer cultures of breast carcinomas and eight out of fifteen consecutive carcinomas released immunoreactive calcitonin; some released HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) or CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen).

In addition, a primary human breast carcinoma has been shown to release and contain calcitonin after being passaged in ‘nude’mice over 1 year.

Chromatography of extracts and culture media of a bronchial carcinoma demonstrated that, in contrast with the other tumours, it secreted a from or forms of calcitonin having size, charge and immunological differences when compared to calcitonin M.

Preliminary evaluation of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin estimations in patients with breast carcinoma showed that twenty‐three out of twenty‐eight patients with metastatic disease had elevated plasma calcitonin concentrations, whereas only one out of thirteen with localized disease had high levels.
The majority of Danish nontoxic goitre patients are ineligible for Levothyroxine suppressive therapy
Authors: Fast Søren , Bonnema Steen Joop , Hegedüs Laszlo
Published: March 2008

Objective  Levothyroxine suppressive therapy (LT4‐therapy), aimed at shrinking thyroid nodules is controversial. Despite evidence of limited effect and long‐term side‐effects, questionnaire surveys indicate widespread use. Our aim was to determine, in consecutive nontoxic goitre patients, the proportion ineligible for LT4‐therapy. Exclusion criteria were set up in agreement with recent guidelines.

Setting  Secondary/tertiary referral centre at University Clinic.

Subjects and methods  During 1997–2001, 822 patients were referred to our endocrine unit on suspicion of nontoxic goitre. Patients were evaluated clinically including fine needle aspiration biopsy, thyroid scintigraphy and ultrasound. Seven‐hundred and forty‐five patients (627 women and 118 men; median age 47 years, range 11–90) were potential candidates for LT4‐therapy. Based on guidelines we defined conditions where LT4‐therapy is contraindicated. Exclusion criteria included (1) Serum TSH < 1·0 mIU/l, (2) Post‐menopausal status, or males older than 60 years, (3) Thyroid volume above 100 ml, (4) Intrathoracic goitre, (5) Clinical suspicion of malignancy, (6) Dominant thyroid cyst, (7) Nondiagnostic FNA, (8) Previous ineffective LT4‐therapy, (9) Elevated serum calcitonin, (10) Osteoporosis or cardiovascular disease.

Results  Of patients 84% were ineligible for LT4‐therapy. In diffuse goitre (n = 35) 63%, in uninodular goitre (n = 320) 77% and in multinodular goitre (n = 390) 91% were ineligible. Main ineligibility reasons were a low serum TSH, post‐menopausal status, a large goitre or clinical suspicion of malignancy.

Conclusion  The vast majority of consecutive Danish nontoxic goitre patients (84%) were ineligible for LT4‐therapy. Due to low efficacy and potential long‐term adverse effects on the skeleton and cardiovascular system we strongly advocate against LT4‐therapy for nontoxic goitre.
A Note on the Effect of Hydrogen Chloride on the Morphology of Bacillus subtilis Spores
Authors: LELIEVELD H. L. M.
Published: March 2008

Gaseous hydrogen chloride, in the presence of a minute amount of water vapour, rapidly inactivated bacterial spores. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the treatment caused spores of Bacillus subtilis to collapse. Modern theories of spore structure and resistance suggest that it is likely that hydrogen chloride inactivates and causes collapse of spores by breaking disulphide bonds in coat protein and neutralizing, by protonation, peptidoglycan carboxyl groups in the underlying cortex.
The Attachment of Bacteria to the Gastric Epithelium of the Pig and its Importance in the Microecology of the Intestine
Authors: BARROW P. A. , BROOKER B. E. , FULLER R. , NEWPORT M. J.
Published: March 2008

Some characteristics of the association between lactic acid bacteria and pig squamous epithelial cells were studied. Strains from several sources were tested for adhesion in vitro but only those from pigs and chickens attached. The adhesion rate of pig isolates was very variable and, of the isolates tested, strains of Lactobacillus fermentum and Streptococcus salivarius attached in largest numbers. These strains were selected for further study. They did not attach to columnar epithelial cells from the small and large intestine. Adhesion was reduced by sodium periodate or protease. Both strains had a microcapsule with fibrils which stained with ruthenium red. The adhesive bond between lactobacilli and squamous tissue was strong enough to resist washing 50 times but there was a persistent release of bacteria during the washing process. When the strains of both species or of L. fermentum alone were fed to artificially reared pigs there was a statistically significant reduction in the numbers of Escherichia coli in the stomach.
A numerical taxonomic study of lactic acid bacteria from tropical silages
Authors: Tjandraatmadja M. , Norton B.W. , Rae I.C. Mac
Published: March 2008

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from various tropical silages made from either forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Sugardrip): three tropical grasses: hamil grass (Panicum maximum cv. Hamil), pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and setaria (Setaria anceps cv. Kazungula) either with or without addition of molasses and from mixtures of pangola or setaria grasses with leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) or gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium). The 311 wild strains isolated and 13 reference strains were examined by 80 biochemical, physiological and morphological tests. A computer‐assisted complete linkage analysis produced 16 clusters and five unclustered strains at 82% S. The largest cluster included 134 wild strains and the reference strain Lactobacillus plantarum. The results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum was the predominant lactic acid bacterium in all of the tropical silages.
Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals of Pseudontonas aeruginosa isolated from natural waters
Authors: Vicente A. de , Avilés M. , Codina J.C. , Borrego J.J. , Romero P.
Published: March 2008

The resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from freshwater and seawater to different antimicrobial agents and heavy metals were studied. It was found that resistance in these environments is linked to the level of faecal pollution. All strains were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline but sensitive to carbenicillin, amikacin, tobramycin, and colistin, and to the assayed concentrations of silver, cadmium, lead, and molybdenum. Resistance to gentamicin, sulphadiazine, mercury, arsenic, and chromium was variable, so their use as epidemiological markers was considered. There was a close relationship between the degree of pollution and the frequency of heavy metal resistant strains of Ps. aeruginosa. The highest frequencies of resistance to mercury and arsenic were obtained from marine environments with little faecal pollution, where the highest incidence of multi‐resistant strains was also observed.
The Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone Secretory System in the Hypothalamus of the Siberian Hamster in Long and Short Photoperiods
Authors: Ebling F. J. P. , Wilson D. , Wood J. , Hughes D. , Mercer J. G. , Morgan P. J. , Barrett P.
Published: March 2008

Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) is not only essential for the regulation of the pituitary‐thyroid axis, but also exerts complementary effects on energy metabolism within the brain. We hypothesised that increased activity of the TRH secretory system may contribute to seasonal adaptations in the Siberian hamster whereby food intake is decreased in winter, and catabolism of fat stores is increased to support thermogenesis. We determined the distribution of TRH producing neurones and TRH‐R1 receptor expressing cells in the hypothalamus, and investigated whether photoperiod regulated this system. TRH‐immunoreactive (ir) cell somata and preproTRH mRNA expression were found to be widely distributed throughout the medial hypothalamus, with particular clusters in the paraventricular nucleus, the medial preoptic area and periventricular nucleus, and in the dorsomedial hypothalamus extending into the lateral hypothalamic area. A partial sequence encoding TRH‐R1 was cloned from hamster hypothalamic cDNA and used to generate a riboprobe for in situ hybridisation studies. TRH‐R1 mRNA expressing cells were abundant throughout the hypothalamus, corresponding to the widespread presence of TRH‐ir fibres. Photoperiod did not affect the expression of preproTRH mRNA in any region, and the only significant change in TRH‐R1 expression was in the dorsomedial posterior arcuate region. This wide distribution of TRH‐producing and receptive cells in the hypothalamus is consistent with its hypothesised neuromodulatory roles in the short‐term homeostatic control of appetite, thermoregulation and energy expenditure, but the lack of photoperiodic change in TRH mRNA expression does not support the hypothesis that changes in this system underlie long‐term seasonal changes in body weight.
Pituitary‐Adrenal Response to Acute and Repeated Mild Restraint, Forced Swim and Change in Environment Stress in Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 1b Knockout Mice
Authors: Stewart L. Q. , Roper J. A. , Young W. S. , O’Carroll A.‐M. , Lolait S. J.
Published: March 2008

Arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone synthesised and released from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are the prime mediators of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. These neurohormones act synergistically to stimulate adrenocorticotophin (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary, culminating in an increase in circulating glucocorticoids. Arginine vasopressin mediates this action at the arginine vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) located on pituitary corticotrophs. Arginine vasopressin is regarded as a minor ACTH secretagogue in rodents but evidence suggests that it has a role in mediating the neuroendocrine response to some acute and chronic stressors. To investigate the role of the Avpr1b in the HPA axis response to an acute and chronic (repeated) stress, we measured the plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations in three stress paradigms in both Avpr1b knockout and wild‐type mice. Single acute exposure to restraint, forced swim and change in environment stressors elevated both plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations in wild‐type animals. Conversely, the ACTH response to the acute stressors was significantly attenuated in Avpr1b knockout mice compared to their wild‐type counterparts. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were reduced in Avpr1b knockout mice in response to change in environment but not to mild restraint or forced swim stress. Irrespective of genotype, there was no difference in the plasma ACTH or corticosterone concentrations in response to acute and repeated stressors. The data show that a functional Avpr1b is required for an intact pituitary ACTH response to the acute and chronic stressors used in this study. Furthermore, the normal corticosterone response to repeated exposure to change in environment stress also requires the Avpr1b to drive HPA axis responsiveness.
BslA, a pXO1‐encoded adhesin of Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Kern Justin W. , Schneewind Olaf
Published: March 2008

The Gram‐positive pathogen Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a fulminant and lethal infection of mammals. Two large virulence plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, harbour genes required for anthrax pathogenesis and encode secreted toxins or provide for the poly γ‐d‐glutamic acid capsule. In addition to capsule, B. anthracis harbours additional cell wall envelope structures, including the surface layer (S‐layer), which is composed of crystalline protein arrays. We sought to identify the B. anthracis envelope factor that mediates adherence of vegetative forms to human cells and isolated BslA (B. anthracisS‐layer protein A). Its structural gene, bslA, is located on the pXO1 pathogenicity island (pXO1‐90) and bslA expression is both necessary and sufficient for adherence of vegetative forms to host cells. BslA assembly into S‐layers and surface exposure is presumably mediated by three N‐terminal SLH domains. Twenty‐three B. anthracis genes, whose products harbour similar SLH domains, may provide additional surface molecules that allow bacilli to engage cells or tissues of specific hosts during anthrax pathogenesis.
Control of nitrogen metabolism by Bacillus subtilis glutamine synthetase
Authors: Sonenshein Abraham L.
Published: March 2008

Two recent papers describe the molecular mechanism by which the activity of GlnR, the repressor of the glutamine synthetase operon in Bacillus subtilis, is stimulated by glutamine‐bound (i.e. feedback‐inhibited) glutamine synthetase (FBI‐GS). Remarkably, FBI‐GS acts as a molecular chaperone to stabilize the association of GlnR dimers with their DNA binding sites. This mechanism allows the cell to shut off synthesis of GS, and hence of glutamine, when both the enzyme and its product are in excess. FBI‐GS also regulates the activity of TnrA, the global regulator of nitrogen metabolism genes, but by a very different mechanism. Thus, the same enzyme–metabolite complex has two different roles in transcriptional regulation.
Sedimentary processes in a submarine canyon excavated into a temperate‐carbonate ramp (Granada Basin, southern Spain)
Authors: PUGA‐BERNABÉU ÁNGEL , MARTÍN JOSÉ M. , BRAGA JUAN C.
Published: March 2008

During the Late Tortonian, shallow‐water temperate carbonates were deposited in a small bay on a gentle ramp linked to a small island (Alhama de Granada area, Granada Basin, southern Spain). A submarine canyon (the ‘Alhama Submarine Canyon’) developed close to the shoreline, cross‐cutting the temperate‐carbonate ramp. The Alhama Submarine Canyon had an irregular profile and steep slopes (10° to 30°). It was excavated in two phases reflected by two major erosion surfaces, the lowermost of which was incised at least 50 m into the ramp. Wedge‐shaped and trough‐shaped, concave‐up beds of calcareous (terrigenous) deposits overlie these erosional surfaces and filled the canyon. A combination of processes connected to sea‐level changes is proposed to explain the evolution of the Alhama Submarine Canyon. During sea‐level fall, part of the carbonate ramp became exposed and a river valley was excavated. As sea‐level rose, river flows continued along the submerged, former river‐channel, eroding and deepening the valley and creating a submarine canyon. At this stage, only some of the transported conglomerates were deposited locally. As sea‐level continued to rise, the river mouth became detached from the canyon head; littoral sediments, transported by longshore and storm currents, were now captured inside the canyon, generating erosive flows that contributed to its excavation. Most of the canyon infilling took place later, during sea‐level highstand. Longshore‐transported well‐sorted calcarenites/fine‐grained calcirudites derived from longshore‐drift sandwaves poured into and fed the canyon from the south. Coarse‐grained, bioclastic calcirudites derived from a poorly sorted, bioclastic ‘factory facies’ cascaded into the canyon from the north during storms.
A prospective study of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Dipchand Anne I. , Bharat Winston , Manlhiot Cedric , Safi Mina , Lobach Natalia E. , McCrindle Brian W.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Transplant CAV is the leading cause of graft loss beyond one yr post‐heart transplant. Diagnosis can be challenging and the previous “gold standard,” coronary ANG, tends to underestimate disease. The purpose of this study was to relate DSE to ANG for the diagnosis of CAV. Prospective annual DSE at a single centre on all heart transplant patients (1999–2006) were compared with results from routine coronary angiograms. Progression of CAV over time as determined by DSE and ANG and associated factors were sought through logistic regression models adjusted for repeated measures. There were 102 heart transplant patients (54 males) transplanted between 1989 and 2006. Median age at transplant was 17 months (0–16.6 yr). The initial DSE was at a median of 10‐months post‐transplantation. There was a high correlation between an abnormal DSE and an abnormality on ANG (p = 0.002). There was an increased probability of an abnormal DSE with increasing grade of CAV as assessed by ANG (p < 0.001). Factors associated with an abnormal DSE included older age at transplant (p = 0.04), higher grade of rejection (p = 0.002), higher total cholesterol (p = 0.04), higher LDL (p < 0.05), and older age at the time of DSE (p = 0.002). DSE result was not related to HDL, triglyceride or homocysteine levels, or to steroid or statin use. The probability of an abnormal DSE result increases with increasing angiographic grade of CAV, and thus DSE may be used for initial screening for CAV with ANG reserved for confirmation and grading. Patients transplanted at an older age and those with a greater history of rejection were at higher risk of a positive DSE and may require increased surveillance for CAV.
Communicating evidence in clinical documentation
Authors: Davis Janis , Zayat Elizabeth , Urton Maggie , Belgum Andrea , Hill Monique
Published: March 2008

Background/aim:  The purpose of this study was to examine occupational therapy practitioners’ and stakeholders’ opinions, perceptions, and attitudes towards communicating evidence in patient documentation. Moreover, it sought to establish relationships between factors that affect the use of evidence in documentation.

Methods:  A mixed method design was used and two distinct surveys were created by the researchers in order to collect the data. In the first survey, occupational therapy practitioners in the Midwestern region of the USA completed an electronic survey. The second, a Delphi survey, was sent to other stakeholders such as case managers, rehabilitation supervisors, and payers.

Results:  There were 126 surveys returned and analysed (29% response rate). Data revealed that 63.5% of practitioners believed in communicating evidence in documentation. Clinicians of all education levels agree that practitioners should communicate the evidence when funding is at stake (χ2 (6, N = 110) = 15.97, P = 0.014). Participants also agreed that evidence should be communicated when dictated by their department (χ2 (2, N = 110) = 6.25, P = 0.012).
Shaping knowledge regarding occupation: Examining the cultural underpinnings of the evolving concept of occupational identity
Authors: Rudman Deborah Laliberte , Dennhardt Silke
Published: March 2008

Background/aim:  Within occupational therapy and occupational science, knowledge regarding occupation‐based concepts is in the process of being developed, disseminated and acted upon internationally. It is critical to reflect on the forces shaping the ways in which this knowledge is being constructed.

Method:  In this paper, the ways in which cultural assumptions and values have influenced the evolving concept of occupational identity are examined through applying Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's framework of cultural variations in values to two contemporary conceptualisations of occupational identity.

Results:  The analysis demonstrates the ways in which values most consistent with Western culture are embedded within and dominate these contemporary conceptualisations of occupational identity, emphasising a future orientation, achievement‐based doing, individual choice, and mastery of individuals over nature.

Conclusions:  This paper points to conceptual boundaries within which occupational identity is currently being shaped and points to alternative possibilities in the hope of prompting dialogue and research that looks at this concept in more diverse ways. Heightened sensitivity to the influence of culture on the shaping of occupation‐focussed knowledge will serve to strengthen and enrich the growth of the evolving body of knowledge pertaining to occupation, and foster culturally sensitive research and practice.
Paediatricots: Utilisation of an Australian list serve to support occupational therapists working with children
Authors: Long Samantha , De Jonge Desleigh , Ziviani Jenny , Jones Alison
Published: March 2008

Background/aim:  The development of list serves has enabled occupational therapists working in a range of practice settings and geographical locations to share information and provide each other with professional support. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the nature of communications occurring on the Paediatricots list serve, and determine whether topics and issues raised were congruent with current practice trends for therapists working with children.

Methods:  A content analysis was undertaken of all archived Paediatricots emails sent between 1 June 2003 and 31 May 2004, using the previous Yahoo® paediatricots group. The group is now maintained by the NSW Department of Health.

Results:  A total of 2104 postings were made to Paediatricots during the 12‐month period. These postings addressed a wide range of issues; however, the majority were of a clinical nature related to day‐to‐day practice. The focus of these communications was mainly on the performance components of children's skills, with less emphasis on task demands, environmental factors and practice approaches.

Conclusions:  The variety of issues raised, coupled with high membership levels and reciprocity rates, suggests that Paediatricots is providing a valuable professional resource for occupational therapists. Members appear to predominantly utilise the list serve to address day‐to‐day practice issues, particularly concerning performance components impacting on children's occupations. The facility also served to support organisational and professional development needs.
Identification of occupational therapy clinical expertise: Decision‐making characteristics
Authors: Rassafiani Mehdi , Ziviani Jenny , Rodger Sylvia , Dalgleish Lenard
Published: March 2008

Background: Experts are usually determined on the basis of length of experience, reputation, peer acknowledgement, and certification. While these characteristics are important they may, however, not be sufficient for this purpose. Another method for determining clinical expertise is to look at how individuals make decisions in their area of expertise. This study aims to identify clinician expertise on the basis of participants’ decision performance and examines this in relation to their length of experience and type of decision‐making.

Methods: The Cochran–Weiss–Shanteau (CWS) is a statistical method that can be used to examine individuals’ expertise on the basis of how they discriminate between hypothetical cases and consistency in their decision‐making. Participants comprised 18 occupational therapists, each with more than 5 years of experience working with children with cerebral palsy. They were required to make treatment judgements for 110 cases (20 of which were repeated) of children with cerebral palsy. The CWS was calculated for each participant.

Results and conclusions: Two groups of participants were identified on the basis of their CWS index — one with both high consistency in decision‐making and the ability to discriminate between cases, the other with low consistency and poor discrimination. These two groups did not differ significantly on the basis of length of experience or work setting but did differ on the basis of intervention chosen and their type of decision‐making. The CWS method seems to offer promise as a means of determining clinical expertise on the basis of clinical decision‐making. Its application to the investigation of clinical reasoning and education is discussed.
The “Psychogalvanic Phenomenon” of Normals and of Psychoses.
Authors: Satô Syôdi
Published: March 2008

There are no definite psychogalvanic reactions specific to the clinical disease‐entities. In the cases of deteriorated schizophrenia the galvanic reactions are almost always absent. This is perhaps due to the indifference of the patients towards stimuli. Epileptics show irregularities in the galvanometer deflections.

The relations between the psychical symptoms and the galvanic responses can be expressed roughly as follows:

Patients with disturbances of orientation, of apprehension and of attention, give weaker reactions when compared with those with intact orientation, apprehension, and attention.

In patients who do not attempt to solve the arithmetical problem the galvanic reactions in mental arithmetic are very weak. In patients who have incomplete reckoning ability and require a long time to give an answer, the galvanic responses are very large, even larger than normals or patients with undisturbed reckoning ability.

Patients with dull association give greater responses than patients with quick or incoherent association.

Patients of gloomy or depressed mood give greater galvanic responses than those who behave indifferently, or those who are of light or gay humor.

There seems to exist no relationship between psychomotility and psychogalvanic phenomenon.
Über die Entwicklung der Mikroglia sowie einiges zur Frage der sog. embryonalen FettkörnchenzeUen.
Authors: Kamimura T.
Published: March 2008

Im Gegensatz zn Hortega konnte ich die Mikrogliazellen im früheren embryonalen Leben und zwar bei Menschen schon im 2. embryonalen Monate feststellen.

Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, daß die Mikroglia mesodermalen Ursprung hat.

Die dnrch Kawamura und Yazaki modifuierte Romeis'sche Sudanorangemethode leistet vortreffliche Dienste für den Fettnachweis in den Mikrogliaelementen.

Die sog. embryonalen Fettkömchenzellen finden sich auch im Gehime der Neugeborenen sowie Föten der kleinen Säugetiere.

Die sog. embryonalen Fettkörnchenzellen sind wahrscheinlich eine Sonderform der jungen Mikroglia. welche Fettkörner reichlich enthält.

Die Bildung der sog. embryonalen Fettkörnchenzellen ist wahrscheinlich an physiologische Prozesse und zwar an Stoffwechselvorgänge bei Neugeborenen und Föten gebunden.

Die Bildung der Fettkörnchenzellen ist auch bei pathologischen Zuständen möglich. Solche Zellelemente lassen sich auch von der Mikroglia ableiten und beteiligen sich an den Abbauvorgängen.
Electrcencephalographic Studies of Changes induced by Electric Shock in Man. III: Shock Attacks and Abnormal Electroencephalographic Reaction upon Electric Shock in Epilepsy.
Authors: Wada Toyoji
Published: March 2008

In 7 epileptic patients, elctoencephalographic changes following electric shock were demonstrated in comparison with a non‐epileptic group. During shock attacks so induced, both clinical and electroencephalographic changes were proceeded by those similar to the spontaneous attacks. Following cessation of the shock attacks, there appear certain findings characteristic to the types of clinical seizure, which can be called the abnormal electroncephalographic reaction upon electric shock specific to epilepsy. An outlook of applying electric shock for the purpose of diagnosis of epilepsy is ascertained. By the way it has been pointed out that, without pursuing the total course during and after attacks, the procedure will prove invalid in differentiating the types of seizure in order to set a complete eletroencephalographic diagnosis purporting to classify epileptic disorders.
Morhologic Study of the Experimental Brain Tumor. (1st Report: Intracerebral Inoculation of Suspeneion of Yoshida Sarcoma)
Authors: Yoshida Nobuo , Ōyama Hiroshi , Kurobane Takeski
Published: March 2008

An intracerebral inoculation of Yoshida sarconia brought a positive result in the albino rats, 38 in all.

Autopsy return revealed abscess‐like infiltration of the brain, associated with extensive invasion in the subarachnoidal space by the tumor cells.

The tumor cells exhibited various modes of proliferation in adjustment to the local tissue structure. Thereby analogous findings in certain forms of gliomata were discussed.

Mixture of sarcoma cells and astrocytes often prepared so compound a picture resembling gliosarcoma, that it was found beyond the capacity of any specific gliastaining method to distinguish between glioma and sarcoma.

At earlier stages of infiltration, emigration of the tumor cells into the spongioplasma suggests the existence of a non‐visible current penetrating the brain substance.

Yoshida sarcoma does not need in the way of development either specific intercellular substance or active proliferation of the blood vessels. It possesses a strong ability of tissue dissolution and executes peptisation of the glial and neuronal tissues.
Note on the General Probability Function of the Alpha Wave Amplitudes in Electroencephalogram
Authors: Satô Kensuke , Nakane Kôei
Published: March 2008

1. In view of the fact that Motokawa's probability law rather often fails to fit the observed value, we attempted to obtain n general probability law more fitting.

2. As the result, by a further study of the alpha waves recorded we reached the conclusion that the alpha waves represent the superposition of certain elementary waves each with different frequency. This has led to obtaining the most probable values of a number of elementary waves constituting the alpha waves.

3. In such cases in which the elementary wave most probably counts only me, the gemal law agrees with Prof. Motokawa's completely. So far it has been proved that our probability law includes Motokawa's as a special case of ours.

4. It has been shown that in cases of the alpha waves are most probably constituted of 2 or 3 elementary waves when obtained from the forehead of a healthy adult, relaxated and with eyes closed.

The authors appreciate sincerely Prof. Takagi's kind assistance and Pref. Imahori's suggestions. They arc also much indebted to the helpful advice of Pror. Motokawa and Pror. Yokota.

This report is completed Ly the aid of the Academy Research Couneil Fund.
A CONTRIBUTION TO PATHOGENESIS OF THE GASTRIC CRISIS (A CASE REPQRT OF THE SPINAL SYPHILIS WHICH SHOWED PAINFUL ABDOMINAL GIRDLE SENSATIQN AND PERISTALTIC UNREST OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE.)
Authors: Okinaks Shigeo , Murata Tomotsune , Nishikawa Miteuo , Ikeda Masao , Kuroiwa Yoshigoro , Shizume Kazuo
Published: March 2008

1. We are reporting here a case of spinal lues, which showed clinically an attack of gastric crisis (peristaltic unrest and abdominal distress) accompanied simultaneously with hypersensibility (girdle pain sensation).

2. The autopsy findings revealed that the pathological changes are found in the spinal cord, meninges and spinal root fibers extending between the 5.‐10. thoracic segments. Nerve fibers in the sglanchnic nerve are also found partly degenerated. These findings correspond exactly to the clinical symptoms of motor and sensory disturbances.

3. There is no change in the vagus nerve, so the cause of the gastric crisis can not be attributed to lesion of the vagus nerve.

We would rather ascribe the crisis symptom to the lesin of the posterior root of the spinal cord. We believe that the lesion of the Fosterior roots causes simultaneous appearance of sensory irritation (girdle pain) and peristaltic unrest of the stomach.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PERIAMYGDALOID CORTEX OF CAT AND DOG
Authors: Takahashi Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

We can produce movements of ears and eyelids Iiy stimulation of the anterior part of the cortex of the pyriform lobe. In their neuronal relationship it is different from those evoked from the lateral surface of the hemisphere or from the masticatory movement made excitible from the pyriform lobe. The impulse may apparently be transmitted from that part of the cortex directly, yerhnps through the medial parts T and T (Völsch) of the amygdaloid nuclei leading into the subrortical gray matters; thereby cortical face‐area and thalamus seem to play no part in it. Exact histological investigation concerning the effective area was done by the melhod of Marchi and Nissl. From these experiments it is likely that we may ascertain that the amygdaloid and periamygdaloid areas are concerned with the extrapyramidal motor system in certain respects.
ON MENINGOENCEPHALITIS CAUSED BY VIRUS ISOLATED FROM YOSHIDA TUMOR
Authors: Hamazaki Yukio , Sato Jiro , Takahashi Masabumi , Tani Hiromitsu , Sano Keiji
Published: March 2008

We wish now to summarize in a few more words. The viral meningoencephalitis, as above mentioned, demonstrate generally only slight clinical symptoms as well as histological changes, while those by inoculation of tumor ascites are so severe that the animal always dies. Nevertheless, the former could be regarded as a miniature of the latter in all of its histological changes. They are very characteristic in their localisation compared with other viral encephalitis of the mice, e. g. spontaneous myeloencephalitis3), Japanese and American epidemic encephalitis4), choriomenigitis5), louping ill6), herpes encephalitis7), vaccinal encephalitis8) and American equine encephalitis9). We have already pursued detailed descriptions of these encephalitis of mice, especially researching the nuclear inclusions, No inclusion‐bodies have appeared in this meningoencephalitis caused by the tumor virus. Histological significance consists of ependymal changes accompanied with internal hydrocephalus. The ependymal epithel itself does not show so marked a change, but the fibrillary glia cells in the subjacent area multiply enormously and invade into the surrounding brain matter, i. e. nucleus caudatus, putamen, corpus callos˜m and so forth, Meningitis predisposes to the ventral side of the cerebrum and then to the dorsal side of midbrain. Injuries of the brain matter were mainly caused secondarily by these forementioned primary changes. It is very instructive that this meningoencephalitis proliferation of the ependymal tissue is highly dominant, resulting in hydmcephalua, while exsudative processes are obscured. From these data we are strongly urged to think that this virus sustains its native characters inducing an ascites tumor. Immunological specialities of this virus will be given in the coming reports10).
ELECTROENCEPHAIOGRAM DIRECTLY RECORDED DURING PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY OPERATION WITH DESCRIPTION OF REACTION UPON BARBITURATE NARCOSIS
Authors: Wada Toyoji , Endo Koh
Published: March 2008

1) Twenty cases of various psychoses were investigated by means of directly recording electroencephalography from the frontal lobe and the medial part of the thalamus during prefrontal lobotomy operation. 2) The most significant changes in the frontal lobe, involving the frontal pole, were the appearance of abnormal, random dysrhythmic waves and the degree of those changes seemed correlate with the cut volume of the frontal lobe. 3) In the subcorticograms recorded from the portions, 1 or 2cm anterior and posterior to the incision plane, there were observed the occurrence of abnormal high potential bursts immediately after performance of either unilateral or bilateral incisions. 4) In the medial thalamic part, there was the direct influence, such as an acceleration of the rhythm, of the incisioning manipulation. 5) The administration of cyclopean‐natrium during operation made the amplitude of both thalamic and frontal activities increase, indicating fewer influences due to operation, but, that after operation it showed some abnormal pictures: in general, the so‐called barbiturate burst with alternating appearance of suppression phase tends to disappear following operation. 6) Effect mechanism of prefrontal lobotomy was commented on, especially from the standpoint of the thalamofrontal connecting fibre system, and it may well be explained by the theory on the organized function of both thalamc and frontal parts.
ON SOME BEHAVIOR PATTERNS OBSERVED IN THE SHIFTING PERIOD OF CONDITIONED BEHAVIOR IN WHITE RATS
Authors: Yoshii Naosaburo , Tsukiyama Kazuo , Taketani Masao
Published: March 2008

Three behavior patterns were found in the shifting period from one conditioned behavior to the other. The possibility of the development of these patterns was discussed from the standpoint of behavior‐latency and EEG. It was concluded that both inhibitions of the old behavior‐tendency and the establishment of new behavior‐tendency are required for the appearance of the actual new behavior, and that the sites where the conditioned inhibition occurs decides the behavior patterns in the shifting period.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTIONS AND FIBER CONNECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID NUCLEI AND PERIAMYGDALOID CORTEX. EXPERIMENTS ON GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY AND BODY TEMPERATURE IN CAT
Authors: Koikegami Haruyoshi , Kushiro Hiroshi , Kimoto Atsushi
Published: March 2008

Through electrical or chemical stimulation of a limited part of the amygdaloid complex unilaterally, elevation of temperature of the animal body and inhibition of the gastrointestinal motility can be recognized. By histological investigation of experimented cases it was revealed that to the former effect the lateral amygdaloid nucleus of amygdala proper (M of Völsch) and to the latter the medial amygdaloid nucleus (T of Völsch) were precisely responsible. The peiiamygdaloid cortex stands definitely unparticipated in these phenomenon. Further it was conceivable that the impulse from the amygdala reaches to the visceroeffective center of the hypothalamus apparently without interruption of its neuronal connection to work inhibitory upon the gastrointestinal motility. These results certainly speak for our assumption that the amygdaloid complex comprises a link of the autonomic representation for regulation of visceral functions.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ‐ON THE FUNCTION OF THE AMYGDALOID NUCLEI IN PSYCHOMOTOR EPILEPSY
Authors: Aida Seiichi
Published: March 2008

The local strychninization of the amygdaloid nuclei of the cat brain caused appearance of the typical strychnine spikes from the anterior temporal portion and the antero‐lateral portion of lobus piriformis, the anterior part of hippocampus, the septal region, nucleus ventromedialis of hypothalamus, and nucleus dorsomedialis, et centnim medianum of thalamus. Therefore, it will follow that there exist the amygdalo‐temporal, the amygdalo‐hippocampal, the amygdalo‐septal, the amygdalo‐hypothalamic and the amygdalo‐thalamic projections.

The strychninization of lobus temporalis also induced appearance of the strychnine spikes from hippocampus and amygdala and, also, from the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalams.

These neuronal connections made it possible to explain the complex automatic, somatic, behavioral and electroencephalographic responses in psychomotor epilepsy, for which the rhinencephalon must necessarily be thought essentially responsible.

Twelve adult dogs were injected with a small amount of the alumina cream into the left amygdala and seized with chronic epileptic automatism. From about five weeks after injection, they pad clinically into the complex autonomic, somatomotor and behavioral activities paroxysmally and developed the symptoms which might be included in the so‐called oral emotional behavior, while electroencephalographically they gave rise to the spikes or the sharp waves originating in the injected temporal portion, therzby, through an ictal period, proved appearance of the typical square‐topped waves or the spike and wave patterns.

From the clinical and the EEG point of view, it can be said that those responses are much akin with the symptoms of psychomotor epilepsy in man.
A NEW PROVOCATIVE METHOD OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM BY ELECTRIC STIMULATION
Authors: Ando Moriaki
Published: March 2008

A new provocative method of the electroencephalogram by electric stimulation has been introduced. This method has been carried out by stimulator which were provided with generation of low voltage and low frequency square waves and connected with a co‐axial needle electrode placed on the scalp. The results consisted of provoking or enhancing paroxysmal abnormalities of cerebral function, particularly marked in epileptic cases, and an increase of electrical abnormalities in cases of intracranial tumoura.

The utility of this electric stimulation method may be based on the possibility of introducing it in routine EEG without side effects such as prinkle or pain in activation of brain too.
ELECTROPHORETIC FRACTION OF THE SOLUBLE BRAIN PROTEIN
Authors: Kiyota Kazutami , Fujiyoshi Teizo , Maesaki Koichi , Sato Sigeaki , Toya Gyo , Tani Hiroshi , Arima Sumihiro
Published: March 2008

The soluble protein taken from the cerebral hemisphere of dogs was fractionated by the methods of Tiselius electrophoresis, paper electrophoresis and sodium sulfate. Difference among the results of the three fractionating methods was subjected under discussion.

No large difference in the electrophoretic patterns among the cerebral lobes was detectable, but there availed a significant difference between the grey matter and the white matter. There was established no essential difference in the electrophoretic patterns of cerebral hemisphere of mice, dogs, the bovine and the human, in spite of certain difference existent among respective fraction ratio according to the animal species.
STUDIES ON MODIFICATION OF CORTICAL ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS BY OVERLYING STRUCTURES AND SUBSTANCES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
Authors: Suhara Kunikazu , Sakata Kazuki
Published: March 2008

1. Two cases have been reported in which normal symmetrical alpha waves were observed in the presence of a large and thick unilateral subdural hematoma.

2. These cases necessitated experimental investigation on short‐circuiting effect of hematoma on cortical electrical potentials, which had been insisted upon by various authors and could be accepted from the standpoint of common sense. In this connection modifying effects of the structures overlying the brain on cortical potentials were also examined.

3. Modification of cortical electrical potentials by the skull and the scalp consists of spatial diffusion, reduction in amplitude and changes in frequency spectrum. Spatial diffusion was found very extensive and the most responsible structure for causing diffusion and reduction in amplitude was found to be the skull. Relative attenuation of fast waves by those structures was observed, but the relationship between the degree of attenuation and wave frequency was not simple. The cause was discussed.

4. Observation was made on modifying effects of a rubber sheet and a cotton layer soaked in normal saline, each of which was inserted between the cortex and the skull, on cortical potentials as well as on potentials applied to the surface of the cortex or the dura, and following inference has been made. Short‐circuiting effect on cortical potentials may be manifested when the hematoma is relatively fresh and not so small nor so thin. Normal symmetrical EEG may be observed in the presence of a large unilateral subdural hematoma when it developes very chronically and its capsule much thickly and when main sources of alpha waves participating in the scalp EEG on the hematoma lie outside the cortex covered by the hematoma.
PSYCHIATRIC STUDIES ON LEPROSY
Authors: Kamiya Miyeko
Published: March 2008

Psychiatric investigations were conducted in Aisei‐en National Leprosarium to the following effect: (1) Examination of 50 psychiatric cases; (2) bedside interviews with 104 hospitalized cases; (3) Questionnaire applied to 50 cases, (4) Sentence Completion Test to 230 cases, (5) Need Inventory to 104 cases, (6) Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test to 110 cases and (7) Group Rorschach Test to 99 cases. Rosenzweig P‐F Test was also applied to 32 leprous out‐patients at the Department of Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine. The main findings were:

The incidences of functional and organic psychoses were within the limits of those in the normal population. None of the psychoses observed could be considered as peculiar to leprosy. The rate of suicide is not conspicuously higher than in the total Japanese population.

The institutionalized patients tend to become more resigned according as age, period of residency and degree of physical disability increase.

About 30% of the unhospitalized milder cases were found to be discontented. Boredom, the sense of the meaninglessness of their existence and lack of future hopes and aims were found to be among the most fundamental causes of frustration.

The Need Inventory revealed a clear picture of overcompensation: the needs of autonomy, aggression, achievement, affiliation, nurturance, counteraction, and understanding appeared significantly stronger than in the control normal group.

Rosenzweig P‐F Test revealed resignation and repression in both Aisei‐en patients and out‐patients. These attitudes were found to be accentuated in the out‐patients, who, in addition to these, showed strong guilt feelings and a weaker power of self‐assertion.

Group Rorschach Test revealed a typical picture of hospitalism: immaturity, withdrawal, narrowed mental horizon and a rejecting attitude.

The findings on the various mental conditions accompanying the onset and development of leprosy were discussed and a tentative classification of the institutionalized patients in two main types was presented: the resigned and the aggressive.