bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American empire – a dangerous distortion?
Authors: BAKER ANDREW
Published: April 2010

This article reviews the idea of ‘American Empire’. For most of the Cold War, this term formed part of particular kind of Marxian critique of American power. Neither American nor European statesmen, nor the mainstream press, regarded America as an ‘empire’. Interestingly, the idea of an ‘American Empire’, stripped of its Marxian connotations, entered the mainstream towards the end of Cold War. This article asks two questions: what does it mean? Is it a useful expression or a dangerous distortion? It will be argued that, as a general statement of American political economy, ‘American Empire’ is meaningless: it neither lends itself to positive comparison with European empires nor describes any concrete aspect of the international relations of the US. However, it is possible to refer to American empires limited in time and space, for instance to formal empire in the Philippines or informal empire in Iran. ‘American Empire’ is thus a distortion; but is it dangerous? The idea certainly captured the neoconservative imagination, but it does not seem to have had real policy implications.
GEL METHODS FOR NONSMOOTH MOMENT INDICATORS
Authors: Parente Paulo M.D.C. , Smith Richard J.
Published: April 2010

This paper considers the first-order large sample properties of the generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) class of estimators for models specified by nonsmooth indicators. The GEL class includes a number of estimators recently introduced as alternatives to the efficient generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator that may suffer from substantial biases in finite samples. These include empirical likelihood (EL), exponential tilting (ET), and the continuous updating estimator (CUE). This paper also establishes the validity of tests suggested in the smooth moment indicators case for overidentifying restrictions and specification. In particular, a number of these tests avoid the necessity of providing an estimator for the Jacobian matrix that may be problematic for the sample sizes typically encountered in practice.
An Occupational Neurosis: A Psychoanalytic Case History of a Rabbi
Authors: Katz Maya Balakirsky
Published: April 2010

In consultation with Sigmund Freud, the Viennese psychoanalyst Wilhelm Stekel (1868–1940) treated the first Jewish cleric known to undergo analysis, in 1903. According to the case history, published in 1908, a forty-two-year-old rabbi suffered from aBerufsneurose, an occupational neurosis associated with the pressures of his career. Stekel's case history forms an indelible portrait of a religious patient who submitted himself to the highly experimental treatment of psychoanalysis in the early years of the discipline. However, scholars never integrated the rabbi's case into the social history of psychoanalysis, more as a consequence of Freud's professional disparagement of Stekel than of the case history's original reception. Psychoanalytic historiography has largely dismissed Stekel's legacy, resulting in a lack of serious scholarly consideration of his prodigious publications compared to the attention paid to the work of some of Freud's other disciples. Stekel's most recent biographers, however, credit him as the “unsung populariser of psychoanalysis,” and claim that he is due for reconsideration. But in his published case history of the rabbi, Stekel also warrants introduction to the field of Jewish studies, not only because of the literary treatment of the rabbinical profession by a secular Jewish psychoanalyst, but also because the rabbi incorporated aspects of that experience into his own intellectual framework after treatment.
Global visual processing in macaques studied using Kanizsa illusory shapes
Authors: FELTNER KIMBERLY A. , KIORPES LYNNE
Published: April 2010

The ability to extract form information from a visual scene, for object recognition or figure–ground segregation, is a fundamental visual system function. Many studies of nonhuman primates have addressed the neural mechanisms involved in global form processing, but few have sought to demonstrate this ability behaviorally. In this study, we probed global visual processing in macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) using classical Kanizsa illusory shapes as an assay of global form perception. We trained three monkeys on a “similarity match-to-sample” form discrimination task, first with complete forms embedded in fields of noncontour-inducing “pacman” elements. We then tested them with classic Kanizsa illusory shapes embedded in fields of randomly oriented elements. Two of the three subjects reached our criterion performance level of 80% correct or better on four of five illusory test conditions, demonstrating clear evidence of Kanizsa illusory form perception; the third subject mastered three of five conditions. Performance limits for illusory form discrimination were obtained by manipulating support ratio and by measuring threshold for discriminating “fat” and “thin” illusory squares. Our results indicate that macaque monkeys are capable of global form processing similarly to humans and that the perceptual mechanisms for “filling-in” contour gaps exist in macaques as they do in humans.
Absence of spontaneous action anticipation by false belief attribution in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Senju Atsushi , Southgate Victoria , Miura Yui , Matsui Tomoko , Hasegawa Toshikazu , Tojo Yoshikuni , Osanai Hiroo , Csibra Gergely
Published: April 2010

Recently, a series of studies demonstrated false belief understanding in young children through completely nonverbal measures. These studies have revealed that children younger than 3 years of age, who consistently fail the standard verbal false belief test, can anticipate others' actions based on their attributed false beliefs. The current study examined whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who are known to have difficulties in the verbal false belief test, may also show such action anticipation in a nonverbal false belief test. We presented video stimuli of an actor watching an object being hidden in a box. The object was then displaced while the actor was looking away. We recorded children's eye movements and coded whether they spontaneously anticipated the actor's subsequent behavior, which could only have been predicted if they had attributed a false belief to her. Although typically developing children correctly anticipated the action, children with ASD failed to show such action anticipation. The results suggest that children with ASD have an impairment in false belief attribution, which is independent of their verbal ability.
Trajectories of anxiety in a population sample of children: Clarifying the role of children's behavioral characteristics and maternal parenting
Authors: Duchesne Stéphane , Larose Simon , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: April 2010

This study pursued three goals. The first goal was to explore children's trajectories of anxiety from age 6 to 12 using a representative community sample. The second goal was to assess the link between certain behavioral characteristics assessed in kindergarten (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, and low prosociality) and these trajectories. The third goal was to determine whether certain aspects of maternal parenting (i.e., warmth and discipline) could moderate the association between these characteristics and the trajectories of anxiety. A population sample of 2,000 children (1,001 boys, 999 girls) participated in this longitudinal study. Developmental trajectory analyses allowed us to identify four trajectory groups: low, low-increasing, high-declining, and high anxiety groups. Moreover, multinomial logistic regressions revealed a profile of children at risk of developing high anxiety symptoms (i.e., high group), characterized by sociofamily adversity, inattention, and low prosociality in the classroom. Hyperactivity was also found in this profile, but only for children exposed to a mother who showed little affective warmth. Finally, mothers' high level of discipline increased the odds of belonging to the high anxiety group. The results are discussed in relation to studies examining the association among anxiety, behavioral characteristics, and parenting during childhood.
Frontolimbic activity in a frustrating task: Covariation between patterns of coping and individual differences in externalizing and internalizing symptoms
Authors: Moadab Ida , Gilbert Tara , Dishion Thomas J. , Tucker Don M.
Published: April 2010

Many problem behaviors in youth have been attributed to maladaptive self-regulation in response to frustration. Frontolimbic networks that promote flexible as well as over- and undercontrolled regulation could provide evidence linking cortical mechanisms of self-regulation to the development of internalizing or externalizing symptomology. Specifically, ineffective dorsally mediated inhibitory control may be associated with rule-breaking and substance use behaviors, whereas overengagement of ventral limbic systems responsible for self-monitoring of errors may increase risk of developing anxious and depressed symptomology. In this study, a sample of 9- to 13-year-old children were presented with an emotional go/no-go task. Event-related potentials were used to identify differences in cortical mechanisms related to inhibitory control (indexed with the stimulus-locked medial frontal negativity) and self-monitoring (indexed with the error-related negativity). These measurements were then related to externalizing and internalizing behaviors. As predicted, externalizing problems were associated with smaller medial frontal negativity amplitudes, which indicate undercontrolled self-regulation and poor dorsal mediation of actions. Internalizing symptoms were related to larger error-related negativity amplitudes, demonstrating overregulation and overengagement of ventral limbic systems. These findings suggest that the use of event-related potential methodology with paradigms that elicit cognition–emotion can provide insight into the neural mechanisms of regulatory deficits that result in problem behaviors in youth.
Flying a Wagner Kite: Subjunctive Performances of a Rheingold Scene Based on a Dramaturgical Sketch by Carolyn Abbate
Authors: PARLY NILA
Published: April 2010

Twenty years of Cambridge Opera Journal: in view of the journal's place in the discipline, the occasion seemed worth marking. When Roger Parker and Arthur Groos founded Cambridge Opera Journal in 1989, it offered the first forum to the musical community for serious opera criticism that took into account changing orientations in literary studies and seriously engaged with ideology, reception history, and representations of race, class and gender. Subsequent editors – Mary Hunter, Mary Ann Smart, and Emanuele Senici – continued to foster this wide intellectual perspective and to engage with an extraordinary variety of methodologies. For the current issue, we gave carte blanche to authors who contributed in the first two years of publication to reflect on their past work, or on opera studies, or on the journal, either informally as an opinion piece or through new scholarship – and so to measure time by developments in the discipline itself.
New Opera, Old Opera: Perspectives on Critical Interpretation
Authors: WHITTALL ARNOLD
Published: April 2010

Twenty years of Cambridge Opera Journal: in view of the journal's place in the discipline, the occasion seemed worth marking. When Roger Parker and Arthur Groos founded Cambridge Opera Journal in 1989, it offered the first forum to the musical community for serious opera criticism that took into account changing orientations in literary studies and seriously engaged with ideology, reception history, and representations of race, class and gender. Subsequent editors – Mary Hunter, Mary Ann Smart, and Emanuele Senici – continued to foster this wide intellectual perspective and to engage with an extraordinary variety of methodologies. For the current issue, we gave carte blanche to authors who contributed in the first two years of publication to reflect on their past work, or on opera studies, or on the journal, either informally as an opinion piece or through new scholarship – and so to measure time by developments in the discipline itself.
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Protected Goods
Authors: Cohen Gideon
Published: April 2010

Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects manifestations of religion or conscience from interference under Article 9(1) except insofar as such interferences can be justified under Article 9(2). This analysis asks when Article 9 will protect believers who are forced to choose between religious observance and pursuit of secular ‘goods’ and offers some conclusions about how the protection of believers from forced choices compares with the protection of manifestations of religious belief. It also considers whether cases where believers are asked to choose between religious obligations and protected goods raise particular issues under 9(2). Finally, the conclusions arrived at are applied to an illustrative hypothetical example. The objective is to demonstrate the potential reach of 9(1), and to explore the 9(2) analysis specific to protected-good cases.2
What is the Personal Ordinariate? Canonical and Liturgical Observations
Authors: Hill Christopher
Published: April 2010

Questions have arisen as to the manner of the publication on 9 November 2009 of Anglicanorum coetibus, the Apostolic Constitution Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church. What is clear is that the views of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, under Cardinal Walter Kasper, were given less weight than ought to be expected and that both the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of Westminster were informed at only a late stage. More assuring for the long term, Cardinal Kasper has stated that this provision is not a new form of ecumenism. Significantly, the Vatican statement following the meeting between the Archbishop of Canterbury and Pope Benedict XVI in Rome on 21 November reiterated ‘the shared will to continue and consolidate’ the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and the Churches of the Anglican Communion and noted approvingly that the details of the third phase of ARCIC would be discussed at informal talks with Anglican representatives in the days following the Archbishop's visit to the Pope. Whatever else the Ordinariate may be, it is not a substitute for that ‘serious dialogue’ established by Archbishop Michael Ramsey and Pope Paul VI which has as its continued goal, despite obstacles ancient and modern, the restoration of ‘complete communion of faith and sacramental life’ between us.
The application of the Geneva Conventions by the International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Authors: Fenrick William J.
Published: April 2010

Selon le droit international humanitaire en vigueur, un conflit armé est
soumis à un régime juridique différent selon qu'il a un caractère
international ou, au contraire, non international. Cette dichotomie ne donne
cependant pas toujours de réponses adéquates aux questions auxquelles le
Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY) se voit confronté
quand il doit qualifier une situation conflictuelle concrète. L'auteur
examine la jurisprudence du Tribunal à ce sujet, en commentant notamment les
différentes décisions dans les affaires Tadic et Celebici. Toutefois, le
TPIY n'a pas encore tranché d'une manière définitive la question de
l'applicabilité du droit international humanitaire à une situation aussi
complexe que celle prévalant en ex-Yougoslavie. Son avis aura sans doute
valeur de précédent.
Le conflit dans les Balkans et le respect du droit international
humanitaire
Authors:   Comité international de
                        la Croix-Rouge
Published: April 2010

Suite à l'annonce de Javier Solaria, secrétaire général de
l'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN), qui autorise une
action militaire contre la République fédérale de Yougoslavie, le Comité
international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) a envoyé le 24 mars 1999 une note
verbale à l'OTAN et aux États membres concernés, ainsi qu'aux autorités
yougoslaves, pour leur rappeler leurs obligations découlant du droit
international humanitaire et en particulier des quatre Conventions de Genève
de 1949.
Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge réaffirme sa politique de
«porte ouverte» sur son rôle pendant et après la Seconde Guerre
mondiale
Authors:   Comité international de
                        la Croix-Rouge
Published: April 2010

Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge a réaffirmé sa politique de
«porte ouverte» pour les chercheurs qui s'intéressent au rôle de
l'institution pendant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les médias ayant
à nouveau fait état d'informations selon lesquelles le criminel de guerre
nazi Josef Mengele, a amené par tromperie le CICR à lui délivrer un document
de voyage.
Drivers of chorus in the outer dayside magnetosphere
Authors: Spasojevic M. , Inan U. S.
Published: April 2010

Using ELF/VLF wave data recorded in 2007 from two high‐latitude (Λ = 69.8°, 71.8°) Antarctic ground stations, the dayside variation of chorus wave occurrence and amplitude are analyzed in conjunction with geomagnetic and solar wind driving parameters. Both stations observe chorus (defined here as discrete rising emission tones together with unstructured hiss) in a broad window of local time across the dayside when the stations are on closed magnetic field lines. Wave occurrence rates rise rapidly from ∼0.06–0.12 at dawn to their maximum value of ∼0.5–0.6 near local noon. The event amplitudes also peak near noon. Occurrence probabilities at the lower‐latitude station are consistently higher with the average difference in the rate between the two stations being 0.15. In addition, ∼80% of the time, event amplitudes are larger at the lower‐latitude site. When the stations are in the dawn local time sector (5.5 < MLT < 10), the onset of waves is clearly linked to substorms, as seen by the AE index as well as by energetic electron injections observed at geosynchronous orbit. However, as the stations rotate to noon (MLT > 10), wave occurrence rates appear to be relatively independent of geomagnetic activity as measured by Kp and AE. Chorus near noon at times appears related to substorm activity, but intense waves can also be observed during extended quiet periods. Waves across the entire dayside are more likely during higher solar wind dynamic pressure as well as during significant changes in pressure. We attribute the high occurrence rate of outer dayside chorus to several effects resulting from solar wind compression of the dayside magnetosphere; the first is electron drift shell splitting, and the second is the creation of a region of high magnetic field homogeneity which is particularly favorable for wave growth.
Measurement and simulation of the effect of compaction on the pore structure and saturated hydraulic conductivity of grassland and arable soil
Authors: Matthews G. P. , Laudone G. M. , Gregory A. S. , Bird N. R. A. , de G. Matthews A. G. , Whalley W. R.
Published: April 2010

Measurements have been made of the effect of compaction on water retention, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and porosity of two English soils: North Wyke (NW) grassland clay topsoil and Broadbalk silty topsoil, fertilized inorganically (PKMg) or with farmyard manure (FYM). As expected, the FYM topsoil had greater porosity and greater water retention than PKMg topsoil, and the NW clay topsoil retained more water at each matric potential than the silty topsoils. Compaction had a clear effect on water retention at matric potentials wetter than −10 kPa for the PKMg and FYM soils, corresponding to voids greater than 30 μm cylindrical diameter, whereas smaller voids appeared to be unaffected. The Pore‐Cor void network model has been improved by including a Euler beta distribution to describe the sizes of the narrow interconnections, termed throats. The model revealed a change from bimodal to unimodal throat size distributions on compaction, as well as a reduction in sizes overall. It also matched the water retention curves more closely than van Genuchten fits and correctly predicted changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity better than those predicted by a prior statistical approach. However, the changes in hydraulic conductivity were masked by the stochastic variability of the model. Also, an artifact of the model, namely its inability to pack small features close together, caused incorrect increases in pore sizes on compaction. These deficiencies in the model demonstrate the need for an explicitly dual porous network model to account for the effects of compaction in soil.
Transport and retention from single to multiple fractures in crystalline rock at Äspö (Sweden): 1. Evaluation of tracer test results and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Cvetkovic V. , Cheng H. , Byegård J. , Winberg A. , Tullborg E.‐L. , Widestrand H.
Published: April 2010

We evaluate the breakthrough curves obtained within a comprehensive experimental program for investigating the retention properties of crystalline rock, referred to as Tracer Retention Understanding Experiments (TRUE). The tracer tests were conducted at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden) in two phases jointly referred to as TRUE Block Scale (TBS); the TBS tests comprise a total of 17 breakthrough curves with nonsorbing and a range of sorbing tracers. The Euclidian length scales are between 10 and 30 m, compared to 5 m for the earlier tests TRUE‐1. The unlimited diffusion model is consistent with measured breakthrough curves and is adopted here for evaluation. The model has four independent parameters, two of which are related to advection and dispersion, one which is related to diffusion‐sorption, and one which is related to surface sorption; the individual retention parameters or properties cannot be inferred from breakthrough curves alone and require additional constraints. The mean water residence times for the TBS tests are in the range 15–250 h, whereas the coefficient of variation of the water residence times is in the range 0.4–0.6. A consistent trend is found in the calibrated retention parameters with the sorption affinities of the tracers involved. Using Bode sensitivity functions, it is shown that sensitivity increases for the retention parameter with increasing sorption affinity; for nonsorbing tracers, diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion are shown to “compete,” exhibiting similar effects; hence, their estimates are uncertain. The analysis presented here exposes a few fundamental limitations and sensitivities when evaluating diffusion‐controlled retention in the subsurface; it is general and applicable to any site with comparable tracer test data. In part 2, it will be shown how discrete fracture network simulations based on the hydrostructural information available can be used for further constraining individual retention parameters, in particular, the active specific surface area (sf) and the rock matrix porosity (θ).
Optimization of high‐reliability‐based hydrological design problems by robust automatic sampling of critical model realizations
Authors: Bayer Peter , de Paly Michael , Bürger Claudius M.
Published: April 2010

This study demonstrates the high efficiency of the so‐called stack‐ordering technique for optimizing a groundwater management problem under uncertain conditions. The uncertainty is expressed by multiple equally probable model representations, such as realizations of hydraulic conductivity. During optimization of a well‐layout problem for contaminant control, a ranking mechanism is applied that extracts those realizations that appear most critical for the optimization problem. It is shown that this procedure works well for evolutionary optimization algorithms, which are to some extent robust against noisy objective functions. More precisely, differential evolution (DE) and the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA‐ES) are applied. Stack ordering is comprehensively investigated for a plume management problem at a hypothetical template site based on parameter values measured at and on a geostatistical model developed for the Lauswiesen study site near Tübingen, Germany. The straightforward procedure yields computational savings above 90% in comparison to always evaluating the full set of realizations. This is confirmed by cross testing with four additional validation cases. The results show that both evolutionary algorithms obtain highly reliable near‐optimal solutions. DE appears to be the better choice for cases with significant noise caused by small stack sizes. On the other hand, there seems to be a problem‐specific threshold for the evaluation stack size above which the CMA‐ES achieves solutions with both better fitness and higher reliability.
Effect of interannual climate oscillations on rates of submarine groundwater discharge
Authors: Anderson William P. , Emanuel Ryan E.
Published: April 2010

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important component of the coastal hydrologic cycle, affecting mixing and biogeochemistry in the nearshore environment. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences rates of precipitation and groundwater recharge in many regions, including barrier islands of the southeastern U.S. coast; however, the influence of ENSO on SGD is poorly understood for this region. Here we investigate the role of ENSO in controlling recharge and SGD at interannual time scales, using modeling results for both real and generic barrier island environments. Results of our 57 year simulations show that the freshwater component of seasonally averaged SGD as well as groundwater discharge velocity, water table elevation, and submarine groundwater recharge are significantly correlated with ENSO for a real barrier island (Hatteras Island, North Carolina) and, under certain conditions, for generics. These correlations persist for lag times as great as 5 months during winter, creating anomalies of up to 35% between El Niño and La Niña conditions and suggesting that both hydrologic cycling and biogeochemical cycling in these systems are significantly influenced by ENSO.
For I dipped into the future
Authors: Rinaldi Andrea
Published: April 2010

The internet is changing the nature of scientific publishing, both in terms of how articles are published and the very nature and presentation of scientific research itself. Andrea Rinaldi investigates current developments that may shape the article of the future.
Living fossil or evolving virus?
Authors: Tomonaga Keizo
Published: April 2010

Forty million years ago, Bornavirus integrated DNA fragments of itself into the human genome. The modern virus remains strikingly similar to these fragments suggesting that it might preserve the features of the ancestral virus, perhaps even unlocking the secrets of viral origins and evolution.
Emerging use of stem cells in regenerative medicine
Authors: Teo Adrian K. K. , Vallier Ludovic
Published: April 2010

Stem cells represent a unique opportunity for regenerative medicine to cure a broad number of diseases for which current treatment only alleviates symptoms or retards further disease progression. However, the number of stem cells available has speedily increased these past 10 years and their diversity presents new challenges to clinicians and basic scientists who intend to use them in clinics or to study their unique properties. In addition, the recent possibility to derive pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells using epigenetic reprogramming has further increased the clinical interest of stem cells since induced pluripotent stem cells could render personalized cell-based therapy possible. The present review will attempt to summarize the advantages and challenges of each type of stem cell for current and future clinical applications using specific examples.
Specialty Recognition in Fluency Disorders: Challenges for the Second Decade
Authors: McClure James A. , Olsen Chamonix
Published: April 2010

Fluency clinicians pioneered the concept of specialty recognition more than a decade ago. Today, board recognition in fluency disorders is gaining traction among clinicians and consumers, but its impact has been limited by the small size of the specialist community. This article reviews trends in specialty recognition and highlights the work currently in progress to streamline the recognition process and attract more specialists.
Ternary Hom–Nambu–Lie algebras induced by Hom–Lie algebras
Authors: Arnlind Joakim , Makhlouf Abdenacer , Silvestrov Sergei
Published: April 2010

The need to consider n-ary algebraic structures, generalizing Lie and Poisson algebras, has become increasingly important in physics, and it should therefore be of interest to study the mathematical concepts related to n-ary algebras. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ternary multiplications (as deformations of n-Lie structures) constructed from the binary multiplication of a Hom–Lie algebra, a linear twisting map, and a trace function satisfying certain compatibility conditions. We show that the relation between the kernels of the twisting maps and the trace function plays an important role in this context and provide examples of Hom–Nambu–Lie algebras obtained using this construction.
Large dielectric tuning and microwave phase shift at low electric field in epitaxial Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 on SrTiO3
Authors: Leach J. H. , Liu H. , Avrutin V. , Xiao B. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H. , Das J. , Song Y. Y. , Patton C. E.
Published: April 2010

Dielectric properties of annealed and as-grown ferroelectric Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) grown by pulsed laser deposition on sputtered BST seed layers on strontium titanate (STO) substrates were investigated at microwave frequencies in the realm of tunability of its dielectric constant as well as phase shifters based on this material. The as-grown layers were nearly fully relaxed with measured lattice parameters nearly identical to those of bulk BST. The tuning of the relative dielectric constant (∼1750 at zero bias at 10 GHz) of the annealed BST was found to be as high as 59% and 56% at 10 and 19 GHz, respectively. The analysis of the loss in the BST results in a measured tan δ of 0.02 for the annealed as well as the unannealed films at a frequency of 18 GHz. Phase shifters also exhibited high tuning with differential phase shift figures of merit of 35 and 55°/dB at a field of 60 kV/cm at 10 and 19 GHz, respectively. Serendipitously, most of the tuning occurs at low fields, and thus we propose a new figure of merit, taking into account the amplitude of applied electric field in order to achieve the phase shift. In this new realm we achieved the values of this overall figure of merit of 1.2 and 1.8° cm/dB kV at 10 and 19 GHz, respectively, using an applied electric field of only 10 kV/cm.
Pulsed-laser excited thermal lens spectroscopy with sample-fluid heat coupling
Authors: Astrath Nelson G. C. , Malacarne Luis C. , Lukasievicz Gustavo V. B. , Belancon Marcos P. , Baesso Mauro L. , Joshi Prakash R. , Bialkowski Stephen E.
Published: April 2010

Analytical and finite element analysis modeling methods of the pulsed-laser excited photothermal (PT) lens signal of solids samples surrounded by air are presented. The analytical and finite element analysis solutions for the temperatures induced in the sample and in the air were found to agree over the range of conditions in this report. Model results show that the air contribution to the total PT lens signal is significant in many cases. In fact, these solutions open up the possibility of applying the pulsed excited thermal lens method for accurate prediction of the heat transfer to the coupling fluid and subsequently to study the gas surrounding the samples by using a known material solid sample.
Tuning of electronic properties of nanographene ribbons by a spatially modulated electric field
Authors: Chen S. C. , Chang C. P. , Lee C. H. , Lin M. F.
Published: April 2010

The electronic properties of a nanographene ribbon can be significantly tuned by a spatially modulated electric field. The modulated electric potential results in the changes of the electronic properties, i.e., modified energy dispersions, creation of extra band-edge states, alteration of the energy gap, and induction of semiconductor-metal transition. The number of the free carrier increases with the increment of the field strength. Through further classification of the carbon atoms, the features of the wave functions are clearly presented, and the carrier distribution is drastically modulated under the influence of the electric field. The periodic length and the phase shift of the modulated electric field induce a change in the y-axis symmetry of the ribbon and have a significant influence on the energy of the partial flat bands, the energy gap and the carrier distribution. The characteristics of the band structure are directly revealed in the density of states (DOS). The number, heights, positions, and spacings of the peaks in DOS are significantly changed. At the Fermi level, DOS is considerably enhanced; that is, more free carriers are created. The predicted results can be verified by optical and transport experiments.
Temperature-dependent energy gap variation in InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Lu Xuejun , Vaillancourt Jarrod , Wen Hong
Published: April 2010

In this letter, we report a photoluminescence (PL) study of the temperature-dependent energy gap variation in InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QD). Energy gaps E(T) of different InAs/GaAs QD samples with various numbers of QD stacking layers were measured from the ground state PL emissions at various sample temperatures. For each of the QD samples, linear dependences between [E(T)−E0](β+T) and T (where E0=0.42 eV and β=−550 K) is obtained in low and high temperature regions. The transition temperatures between the two temperature regions are found to be related to the numbers of QD stacking layers. A linear relation between the number of the QDs and the phonon densities at the corresponding transition temperatures is obtained.
Pressure sensitive multifunctional solar cells using carbon nanotubes
Authors: Somani Prakash R.
Published: April 2010

A unique multifunctional device combining the photovoltaic action and pressure sensitivity is demonstrated which is based on the heterojunction of n-Si and carbon nanotubes (double walled carbon nanotubes or multiwalled carbon nanotubes) and using copper phthalocyanine surface modified indium-tin-oxide electrode and shows pressure dependent photovoltaic action. The device can work as a solar cell, pressure sensor, or photovoltaic pressure sensor. Such multifunctional organic/organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells are expected to find many applications in the near future.
On structural features of fullerene C60 dissolved in carbon disulfide: Complementary study by small-angle neutron scattering and molecular dynamic simulations
Authors: Avdeev M. V. , Tropin T. V. , Bodnarchuk I. A. , Yaradaikin S. P. , Rosta L. , Aksenov V. L. , Bulavin L. A.
Published: April 2010

The parameters of fullerene C60 dissolved in carbon disulfide CS2 are analyzed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in a wide interval of momentum transfer. To exclude the influence of nonequilibrium conditions, the solutions are prepared without applying shaking, stirring or ultrasound. No indication of the equilibrium cluster state of C60 (with the cluster size below 60 nm) in the final solutions is revealed. Molecular dynamic simulations are complementary used to find out the partial volume of C60 in CS2 and the scattering contribution of the solvent organization at the interface with the fullerene molecule, which is shown to be small. Among several approaches for describing SANS data the preference is given to the model, which takes into account the presence of stable C60 dimers (comprising 10% of the total particle number density) in the solution.
Porous silicon structures for low-cost diffraction-based biosensing
Authors: Ryckman Judson D. , Liscidini Marco , Sipe J. E. , Weiss S. M.
Published: April 2010

We present a strategy for label-free biosensing using porous silicon diffraction gratings. The gratings are fabricated using a cost-effective, high-throughput stamping technique. Unlike traditional diffraction-based biosensors that rely on microcontact printing or lithography to create gratings for the localization of analytes on the top surface of the grating, in our structure analytes are free to infiltrate the porous network and increase the effective refractive index of the grating. The large surface area of porous silicon available for molecular binding offers the potential for enhanced diffraction response compared to nonporous gratings with limited surface area. Small molecule detection of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane is demonstrated.
Theoretical study of Fe-doped p-type ZnO
Authors: Deng Bei , Guo Zhiyou , Sun Huiqing
Published: April 2010

Based on first-principles calculations, we present a study for p-type ZnO doping. We find that by doping Fe into the p-type ZnO, the resulting FeZn–2NO complex is a stable acceptor that has shallower ε(0/−) transition level and lower formation energy in comparison with the isolated NO. Moreover, the FeZn–VZn pair is another resulting defect that is a shallow acceptor, for which the minimum formation energy occurs at the O-rich limit. As parent defects, FeZn behave as deep donor that do not lead to overcompensation. Therefore, Fe-related acceptor complexes may be promising candidates for p-type ZnO doping.
Making a frothy shampoo or beer
Authors: Durian Douglas J. , Raghavan Srinivasa R.
Published: April 2010

Both beer and shampoo have polar molecules that accumulate at a liquid-gas interface, but the mechanisms that prevent bubble collapse in soap foams or pilsner heads are fundamentally different.
Regulation and recovery of sink strength in rice plants grown under changes in light intensity
Authors: Lafarge Tanguy , Seassau Célia , Martin Meryll , Bueno Crisanta , Clément-Vidal Anne , Schreck Eva , Luquet Delphine
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was to characterise the sequence of traits that influence the response of rice morphogenesis to a shortage in carbohydrate supply and to its recovery. Plants were grown under 70% shading or full-light exposure for distinct periods during the vegetative and early reproductive phases in field and controlled environments. Lower organ vigour (i.e. higher specific leaf area and specific stem length), sugar concentration, tiller emergence and leaf elongation rate; higher leaf blade to sheath length ratio and preferential assimilate allocation to sink (elongating) leaves, were observed soon after the onset of shading. Organ vigour was affected before any appreciable effect on tiller emergence was noted. All the processes resumed after the shading removal, which coincided with a boost in sugar concentration; however, the extent of recovery in organ vigour and tillering depended on the growth stage at which shading was applied. It is concluded that crop response to changes in carbohydrate supply at the early stage favoured leaf area production by adjusting transient reserve levels and biomass allocation. Results of this study provide further insights into the role of soluble carbohydrates in plant and crop phenotypic plasticity and, thus, into the value of such processes in plant growth models.
Linking stem diameter variations to sap flow, turgor and water potential in tomato
Authors: De Swaef Tom , Steppe Kathy
Published: April 2010

Water status plays an important role for fruit quality and quantity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). However, determination of the plant water status via measurements of sap flow (FH2O) or stem diameter (D) cannot be done unambiguously since these variables are influenced by other effectors than the water status. We performed a semi-seasonal and a diurnal analysis of the simultaneous response of FH2O and D to environmental conditions, which allowed us to distinguish different influences on ΔD such as plant age, fruit load and water status and to reveal close diurnal relationships between FH2O and ΔD. In addition, an analysis of the diurnal mechanistic link between both variables was done by applying a slightly modified version of a water flow and storage model for trees. Tomato stems, in contrast with trees, seemed to maintain growth while transpiring because a large difference between turgor pressure (Ψp) and the yield threshold (Γ) was maintained. Finally, the simultaneous response of D and FH2O on irrigation events showed a possibility to detect water shortages.
Is the World Paying Enough Attention to the AIDS Epidemic in Ukraine and other Newly Independent States?
Authors: Foley Peter J.
Published: April 2010

The author describes the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) situation in the Newly Independent States as serious, particularly in Ukraine and Russia. In those two countries, the author says an epidemic of STIs and AIDS is taking place. He cites statistics from the United Nations, news stories, and the government of Ukraine to support the argument that the situation in the Ukraine is alarming. He draws on his personal experience developing a social marketing project in Odessa, Ukraine to reinforce his argument that more attention needs to be paid to the STIs and AIDS epidemic. He urges private sector involvement and says the Futures Group is beginning such an effort in Odessa.
Commitment to Physical Fitness: Commercial Influences on Long-Term Healthy Consumer Behaviors
Authors: Goodwin Cathy , Hill Ronald Paul
Published: April 2010

Adoption of healthy behaviors by consumers is an important policy goal in both the US and Canada. Physical fitness has been identified as one such goal, yet few studies have explored the motivation for healthy individuals to become long-term, committed exercisers. In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with women who were members of health clubs. Committed exercisers appeared to have undergone an experience of self-initiated change described in the clinical-psychology literature. They also reported changes in self-concept and social networks. On the other hand, intermittent exercisers focused only on short-term goals. Implications for social marketing programs include the need to (a) focus on reinforcement of a new identity rather than initial decision-making, and (b) disassociate exercise from specific weight-loss goals.
Targeting Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Western Australia's “Freedom from Fear” Campaign
Authors: Robert J. Donovan , Paterson Donna , Francas Mark
Published: April 2010

Violence against women by their partners is now recognized as a major international public health problem, in both developed and developing countries. For example, it is estimated that each year in the United States, 4 million women experience a serious assault by their partner and that the victim-related economic cost of partner violence is about $67 billion.

Traditional domestic violence campaigns focus on legal threats and sanctions in an attempt to stop men from being violent. While incarcerating violent men and issuing protection orders are necessary components of domestic violence prevention interventions, they do not - and cannot - remove women's fear of the man reappearing at some future time or place, often with tragic consequences. Furthermore, many women do not want to leave the relationship, nor do they want the man incarcerated; they simply want the violence to stop.

The Western Australian “Freedom From Fear” campaign is an innovative social marketing initiative that acknowledges these factors and aims to reduce the fears of women (and children) by motivating perpetrators and potential perpetrators to voluntarily attend counseling programs.
The PMI Local Site Demonstration Project: Lessons in Technical Assistance
Authors: Strand John , Rosenbaum Julia , Hanlon Eileen , Jimerson Ann
Published: April 2010

Community-based prevention programs are increasingly being asked to deliver better outcomes with fewer dollars. Funders and prevention researchers are challenged to transfer state-of-the-art prevention technologies for communities to readily apply. How does this happen? For five years, social marketers from the Academy for Educational Development (AED) and Porter Novelli guided five U.S. communities in using social marketing and behavioral science principles to develop HIV prevention programs for and with local teens. Because evaluation data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest these programs were effective, it is important to draw lessons from this pilot effort that will save time and money for future community-based Prevention Marketing efforts.

The lessons to be learned emerge from the technical assistance providers' experience, a reflective account of “if we knew then what we know now, here's how we could have done things differently.” The lessons themselves center around:

• Seeking out or establishing conditions in the community that are conducive to success; and • How to offer technical assistance that helps communities develop more effective Prevention Marketing programs.
Assessing Community—Wide Outcomes of Prevention Marketing Campaigns through Telephone Surveys
Authors: Myllyluoma Jaana , Greenberg Patty , Wolters Charles , Kaifer Pamela
Published: April 2010

Researchers at Battelle Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation (CPHRE) were contracted by the Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) to conduct a random sample survey to serve as one component of the evaluation of the Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI) Local Site Demonstration Project, a community-based HIV prevention program for adolescents. Data were collected from 1,402 adolescents over a 23-month period. A five wave, cross-sectional design was used. A dual sampling strategy combined Random Digit Dialing (RDD) with Listed Household (LHH) samples.

Particular care was devoted to ensuring the rights of teenaged participants. Data were collected anonymously and concerns about confidentiality and privacy informed design and operational decisions. Response rate goals were achieved. Factors that may have contributed to the adequacy of the response rate include the use of advance letters and a toll-free phone line as well as sensitivity to the needs and concerns of the target population, the perceived legitimacy of CDC research and the perseverance of the interviewers.
The Relationship of Perceived Risk to Condom Use: Why Results are Inconsistent
Authors: Baume Carol A.
Published: April 2010

Studies of the relationship between perceived risk and condom use among young adults show contradictory results. This article examines some reasons why the relationship appears to be inconsistent. One source of inconclusive results within and across studies appears to be the fact that perceived risk is both a “cause” and an “effect” of condom use. Measures of perceived risk rarely specify the context for responding and can therefore be interpreted in varying ways. Implications for both researchers and social marketing practitioners are discussed.
Using Social Marketing to Raise Funds for Prevention Programs
Authors: Kennedy May G. , Stover Dennis L. , Tormala Zakary L.
Published: April 2010

Effective prevention programs are worthy products, but they do not necessarily sell themselves. Social marketing strategies can be used to encourage donors to sustain preventive interventions financially. Viewing potential program funders as the target audience, this paper defines major audience segments, suggests audience research materials, and raises other marketing considerations. Examples of the application of social marketing principles to fundraising are drawn from the experiences gained during the Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI) Local Site Demonstration Project, as project sites sought ongoing financial support at the end of their federal demonstration funding period.