bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SURG-02. LASER INTERSTITIAL THERMAL THERAPY FOR BRAIN METASTASES: OUTCOMES AND PREDICTORS OF LOCAL RECURRENCE
Authors: Bastos Dhiego , Rao Ganesh , Glitza Isabella , Loree Jonathan , Weinberg2 Jeffrey S , Fuentes David , Stafford Jason , Shah Komal , Kumar Vinodh , Prabhu Sujit
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND: LITT has been used to treat recurrent brain metastasis after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Little is known about how best to assess the efficacy of treatment, specifically the ability of LITT to control local tumor progression post-SRS. Objectives: Evaluate the predictive factors associated with local recurrence after LITT. METHODS: Retrospective study with consecutive patients with brain metastases treated with LITT. Based on radiological aspects, lesions were divided into progressive disease after SRS (recurrence or radiation necrosis) and new lesions. Primary endpoint was time to local recurrence. RESULTS: 61 consecutive patients with 82 lesions (5 newly diagnosed, 46 recurrence and 31 radiation necrosis). Freedom from local recurrence at 6 months was 69.6%, 59.4% at 12, and 54.7% at 18 and 24 months. Incompletely ablated lesions had a shorter median time for local recurrence (p< 0.001). Larger lesions (>6cc) had shorter time for local recurrence (p=0.03). Dural based lesions showed a shorter time to local recurrence (p=0.01). Tumor recurrence/newly diagnosed had shorter time to local recurrence when compared to RN lesions (p=0.01). Patients receiving systemic therapy after LITT had longer time to local recurrence (p=0.01). In multivariate Cox-regression model the HR for incomplete ablated lesions was 4.88 (p< 0.001), 3.12 (p=0.03) for recurrent tumors, and 2.56 (p=0.02) for patients not receiving systemic therapy after LITT. Complication rate was 26.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Incompletely ablated and recurrent tumoral lesions were associated with higher risk of treatment failure and were the major predicting factors for local recurrence. Systemic therapy after LITT was a protective factor regarding local recurrence.
SURG-10. MELANOMA CEREBRAL METASTASES IN IRELAND- GETTING UNDER THE SKIN
Authors: O’Halloran Philip , Cleary Anna , Cryan Jane , Caird John
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND: Ireland has the highest rate of melanoma related deaths in Europe. Despite the incidence of melanoma reaching record highs there remains a paucity of information in Ireland regarding the factors associated with melanoma brain metastasis (MBM). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with MBM in Ireland were retrospectively identified in Beaumont Hospital between 1999 and 2018. Patient demographics; year of detection of MBM, age at diagnosis of primary melanoma, age at detection of MBM, anatomical location of primary melanoma, BRAF mutation analysis and the number of metastases were investigated. Follow up data was also derived, including overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The incidence of malignant melanoma has increased by 158% over the past 20 years with 1,092 and 422 cases diagnosed in 2018 and 1999, respectively.128 patients with melanoma brain metastases were identified during this period. The median OS after detection of MBM was 5 months (95% CI 0.641–9.359 months). There was a male predominance (n= 77/128; 60%) with a median age of death at 58 years (n=67; range 16–82 years). Although females had a significantly longer time between diagnosis of primary melanoma and detection of MBM compared to males, 4 and 2 years respectively (p=0.02442), there was no significant age difference at death between males and females (p= 0.41294). BRAF mutation was an independent prognostic factor with an improved overall survival compared to those without the mutation, of 8 months and 3.5 months respectively (p=0.0012). Although non significant, the primary location of melanoma, leptomeningeal disease and number of cerebral metastases were all important considerations in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Male predominance and BRAF mutation represent important factors in this population group. The results of this study add to our knowledge concerning outcomes in melanoma brain metastases in Ireland, and may be useful in clinical planning, educational programs and future treatments.
Delivery of a Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sample at Outdoor Smoking Hotspots for Promoting Quit Attempts: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cheung Yee Tak Derek , Cheung Li William Ho , Wang Man Ping , Lam Tai Hing
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Outdoor smoking hotspots are convenient venues for promoting smoking cessation. This randomized controlled trial aimed to obtain proof-of-concept evidence of the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness on quit attempts of delivering a 1-week free nicotine replacement therapy sample (NRTS) to smokers.

Methods

This pilot parallel, single-blinded, two-group (1:1) randomized controlled trial proactively recruited adult smokers in outdoor smoking hotspots in Hong Kong. Smokers consuming at least 10 cigarettes per day and fit for NRT use were individually randomized to receive either a 1-week NRT gum/patch and brief advice lasting 10 minutes (NRTS, n = 50), or receive only brief advice (control, n = 50). The primary outcomes were any self-reported quit attempts (stop smoking for at least 24 hours) at 1- and 3-month telephone follow-up. Risk ratios from log-binomial regression models were used to assess the associations.

Results

The NRTS increased quit attempts at 1-month (14% vs. 10%; adjusted risk ratio = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.43 to 3.61) and 3-month follow-up (26% vs. 12%; adjusted risk ratio = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.89 to 5.27), but the differences were not significant. Trial participation rate was about 81.3%. Around 54% of the intervention group participants used the NRT sample by the first month. The NRT users reported generally positive feedback about the usefulness of NRT sample for smoking cessation. Major factors of not using NRT included bad gum taste and their perception that NRT was not useful.

Conclusions

Delivering NRTS to smokers in outdoor smoking hotspots was feasible and efficacious in increasing NRT use. Additional post-recruitment support to sustain the use of NRT and cessation services is needed.

Implications

Our study supported that smokers at outdoor smoking hotspots can be approached for a brief smoking cessation intervention including an onsite delivery of NRTS. Delivering NRTS and a brief advice on using NRT to these smokers was feasible and efficacious to increase NRT use. A larger trial on the benefits on quit attempts and long-term abstinence is warranted.
Sonic Branding
Authors: Gustafsson Clara
Published: August 2019

Clara Gustafsson takes issue with the belief, prevalent among brand managers and brand researchers alike, that sonic branding is first and foremost about the music. Instead, Gustafsson suggests that sonic branding should prioritize cocreation with the consumer. The consumer thus becomes a valued cocreator of meaning and brand identity, the consumer’s imagination playing a role in developing a meaningful platform for the brand. Gustafsson explores this viewpoint by arguing for the use of immersive research methods, cultural branding, and ethnographic techniques in shifting the focus away from the music and onto the consumer in order to develop a new approach to sonic branding research.
Audio Inside the Mind
Authors: Street Seán
Published: August 2019

The sonic imagery of poetry and the poetry of radio are the subjects of Seán Street’s chapter. Street argues for a poetics of sound, whereby sound, like poetry, can stimulate images and feelings from the breadcrumbs contained within. Sound, especially that sound forming sonic art as found in many radio dramas and narratives, is essentially ambiguous, and it is this very ambiguity that sparks the imagination of the listener, plucking long-forgotten experiences from the deep recesses of our memory, experiences that, Street claims, are crucial factors in the preservation of our sense of self.
Divergent Images of Early Sound Experience during Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Forrester Michael
Published: August 2019

Michael Forrester is concerned with the significance of sound for neonates and infants in the development of their language and musical abilities. In particular, he makes an effort to understand precisely what it is that underpins adult imaginings, both parental and academic, of what the experience of sound is for these developing humans. Forrester presents several ideas dealing with child-directed speech that underpin language acquisition and the development of musicality before assessing two models of early sound experience: that of communicative musicality and that of psychoanalytic developmental psychology. Throughout, Forrester keeps focus on the imagery that the child might be experiencing and argues that early sonic exposure is crucial to the growth and maintenance of a coherent self.
Sound, Museums, and the Modulation of the Imagination
Authors: Whittington William
Published: August 2019

William Whittington discusses how screen-based art provides alternative approaches to sound design that challenge perception and subjectivity through the manipulation of sound hierarchies, idiosyncratic patterns of design, and customized modes of deployment. His focus on sound is warranted by the observation that sound is often the key element holding works together aesthetically and temporally, because it activates the immersive qualities that many artists strive to establish, and, in this way, he provides a counterbalance to the abundance of critical analyses related to the visual aspects of art. Whittington references a variety of works that highlight issues of unity and disjunction, audibility and intelligibility, and synchronization and synthesis in seeking to strip away narrative logic in order to rewrite expectations in regard to image and sound relations.
Cinema as Social Knowledge
Authors: Ribac François
Published: August 2019

François Ribac discusses how the Beatles—within the field of popular music—gave substance to a technical and social organization that the cinema made culturally possible. Cinema, being just as much a technique as a way of organizing and hearing the world, introduced the Beatles and their sound engineers simultaneously to a nonnaturalistic use of sound and to rock “n” roll which made it possible for them to invent “a cinema for the ears.” Ribac describes how the methods and the temporality of the cinema as well as its conventions, division of labor, and the concept of the studio inspired the envisioning of a musical form that was disconnected from traditional music-making of the time.
Imagining the Sounds Themselves
Authors: Riddoch Malcolm
Published: August 2019

Malcolm Riddoch investigates the relationship between the auditory imagination and our perception of sound. He states that, from a physical perspective, both imaginary and externally stimulated sound would seem to be the product of neurological processes. From a phenomenological perspective, however, phenomenal sound is fundamentally something that is heard. This apparent paradox leads Riddoch, via the “hard problem of consciousness,” to present and discuss a number of different forms and understandings of “sound” and to eventually posit that the sounds themselves—imagined or externally stimulated—are “nonphysical phenomena disclosed in the lived experience of hearkening to the meaningful sounds one hears in the world.”
Music Places
Authors: Lochhead Judy I.
Published: August 2019

Judy Lochhead initially considers the ambiguity of the concept “music places” as either physical spaces in which music occurs—the living room, the concert hall, or locations and types of music that characterize their physical or social characteristics—in order to introduce another sense of the term—and the focus of the chapter—namely that music actively places (i.e., transports) listeners to imaginatively enacted virtual places of musical sounding. The latter perspective is thoroughly discussed and leads to the notion that music transports its listener to an imaginative sonic place that is characterized by feelings, emotions, and expectations; an understanding that is substantiated and concluded by two personal listenings of relatively new works of music.
What You Hear Is Where You Are
Authors: Salter Linda-Ruth
Published: August 2019

Linda-Ruth Salter deals with the ways in which hearing contributes to the realities we create and within which we live. Discussing different cognitive theories and findings from neuroscience, she details how sensory data—specifically auditory stimuli—are processed, and how this processing activates imagination in determining who we are, how we are, and where we are. Reality, Salter argues, is a cognitive construct. Hearing plays a significant part in forming that reality—for example, by guiding our attention to certain stimuli rather than others—and it further helps us to successfully inhabit our constructed reality.
Into the Sounds of War
Authors: Bull Michael
Published: August 2019

“No one ever left a cinema with shell-shock” is an apt summary of Michael Bull’s study of the relationship between fighting troops and civilians; between those experiencing sonic warfare and those consuming an imagining of the sounds of war. Bull builds his chapter around evidence and artifacts from World War I—firsthand testimony of those experiencing the sounds of war; attempts to recreate the sound of industrial warfare through poetry, novels, and film; the propaganda of popular song and theatrical revue; and early attempts to record warfare. Bull establishes a trope of sonic realism, and, throughout, shows us that the imagination of that realism on the home front was merely a simulacrum of the everyday, sonic realism experienced by those on the Front; there remains a distance between testimony and mediated reception no less for the sounds of war than for its horrors.
Sound as Environmental Presence
Authors: Schmidt Ulrik
Published: August 2019

An exploration of the affective dimension of our sonic environment forms the topic of Ulrik Schmidt’s chapter. Schmidt asks, What does it mean to be affected by the sonic environment as environment? This question leads to a broader discussion of how to distinguish different types of sonic environments and the different ways one may be affected by them, a discussion that involves a conceptual distinction between atmosphere, ambience, and ecology. It is argued that affect and imagination are key components in the environmental production of presence, and Schmidt provides examples of the aesthetic potentials of environments and explore how an environment may “perform” in different ways to affect us as environment.
Glitched and Warped
Authors: Danielsen Anne
Published: August 2019

Anne Danielsen focuses on the new rhythmic feels that have developed within the field of popular music since the 1980s through the use of new digital production tools. In particular, she discusses the ways in which these feels are produced through the manipulation of sound samples and the timing of rhythm tracks. Initially, Danielsen evaluates the formation of these new feels from two perspectives, one that sees them as a continuation of earlier machine-generated grooves and another that positions them as an expansion of the grooviness of earlier groove-based music in unforeseen directions. She then discusses how they constitute a challenge to previous popular music forms while, at the same time, they offer new opportunities for human imagination and musical creativity. Danielsen discloses such transformations across several styles and points to the manner in which the new technologies allow for combining agency and automation in new compelling ways, leading to musics and gestural movements that go beyond the natural human repertoire.
Multimodal Imagery in the Receptive Music Therapy Model Guided Imagery and Music (GIM)
Authors: Bonde Lars Ole
Published: August 2019

Lars Ole Bonde considers musical imagery in the context of music therapy sessions and focuses on the Bonny Method of guided imagery and music as a well-documented example of music imagery. While Bonde mainly focuses on listening in clinical settings, he argues that imagery listening should be seen as a health resource in everyday listening settings. Taking in perspectives from neuroaffective theory, Bonde analyzes clinical material and evidence from the analysis of EEG data and shows how music therapy theory—as a specific tradition within musicology—can contribute to research in music listening through a greater understanding of multimodal imagery in such listening.
Imagining the Seamless Cyborg
Authors: Ploeger Daniël
Published: August 2019

Daniël Ploeger investigates the designed sounds of operating systems (OSs), particularly those of Apple and Microsoft computers and devices, from a cultural critical perspective arguing that such sounds are cybernetic prostheses enhancing our capabilities. In a chapter that takes in conceptions of the cyborg (which are overshadowed by the cyborg’s roots in the military industrial complex) to the subversion and use of OS sounds for creative purposes, Ploeger discusses the use and subsequent development of such sounds—from early mainframe computers’ inherent noises to the designed sounds of today’s computing devices—and shows how they underpin the imagining of computers as extensions of the human body. Ultimately, for Ploeger, the recent design of OS sounds serves to propagate pre-existing ideological concepts of the cyborg as evinced by our now technologically prosthetisized bodies.
Voluntary Auditory Imagery and Music Pedagogy
Authors: Halpern Andrea A. , Overy Katie
Published: August 2019

Andrea Halpern and Katie Overy review research on auditory imagery from a psychology perspective. They then argue that auditory imagery can be used actively as a tool in various music education and rehearsal contexts. As exemplified by aspects of the pedagogical approaches of Zoltán Kodály and Edward Gordon, as well as Nelly Ben-Or’s techniques of mental representation for concert pianists, Halpern and Overy suggest that the conscious and deliberate use of auditory imagery could be exploited more in music education, as it has profound benefits for musicians as a rehearsal strategy. The authors call for further empirical investigations of how voluntary auditory imagery might be used most effectively as a training technique for both professional musicians and in classroom settings.
Consumer Sound
Authors: Bech Søren , Francombe Jon
Published: August 2019

Søren Bech and Jon Francombe provide an illustration of how sensory analysis is undertaken in the audio industry. They demonstrate how the industry attempts to quantify the listener’s imagination—which is taken to include a range of modifiers of the listener’s auditory experience including mood, expectation, and previous experience—in order to ensure that the end result, the listener’s auditory experience or impression after the audio transmission chain, matches the intended experience as closely as possible. An example is provided of sensory analysis used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the listening experience in a personal sound zone. A perceptual model has been developed to reliably predict a listener’s sense of distraction (due to interfering audio) from the experience of listening to audio intended for a particular zone.
Systemic Abstractions
Authors: Knakkergaard Martin
Published: August 2019

Martin Knakkergaard discusses how numbers have had decisive consequences for the development of a tone system of fixed pitch intervals and proportions in general in Western music. Knakkergaard takes as his point of departure considerations regarding the Ancient Greek’s mystical fascination with the number four, aiming to show how this preoccupation can be seen as the primary factor behind the limitations and restricted principles implied in Western music culture and practice throughout European history. Thus, the implied number is regarded as a dominating factor that guides, regulates, and controls human imagination and expectation toward musical artifacts—today maybe even more than ever before.
From Rays to Ra
Authors: Saslaw Janna K. , Walsh James P.
Published: August 2019

Janna Saslaw and James Walsh speculate that repetition—as a principle central to the emergence of life—is also central to the experience of music. In addition, music, the authors argue, may be seen as providing an advantage in maintaining a state of homeostasis in individuals and in the formation of culture. Their argument involves discussions about a number of key components involved in the continuous process of developing the human species, such as self-replication, invariance, emergent structure, swarm behavior, homeostatic frames of reference, periodicity, resonance, and entrainment. The music of Sun Ra is used to exemplify the evolutionary advantage that music provides in creating more efficient homeostasis.
Introduction
Authors: Grimshaw-Aagaard Mark , Walther-Hansen Mads , Knakkergaard Martin
Published: August 2019

The Introduction to Volume 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Imagination serves three purposes. First, it broadly sets out the aims and arc of the handbook and in particular its multidisciplinary scope. Second, it describes the handbook’s genesis and the principles that guided its development. Third, the Introduction lays out the content of each of the five parts of the second volume (“Musical Performance,” “Systems and Technologies,” “Psychology,” “Aesthetics,” and “Posthumanism”) and briefly summarizes each chapter.
Propagation Phenomena in Social Media
Authors: Cha Meeyoung , Benevenuto Fabrício , Ghosh Saptarshi , Gummadi Krishna
Published: August 2019

Social media and blogging services have become extremely popular. Every day hundreds of millions of users share random thoughts, gossip, news, and thoughts on notable social issues. Users interact by following each other’s updates and passing along interesting pieces of information to their friends. Information therefore can diffuse widely and quickly through social links. Information propagation in networks such as Twitter and Facebook is unique, in that traditional media sources and word-of-mouth propagation coexist. The availability of digitally logged propagation events in social media helps one better understand how a wide range of factors that are essential in communication, such as user influence, tie strength, repeated exposures, mass media, and agenda setting, come into play in the way people generate and consume information in modern society. This chapter reviews the roles different types of users of social media play in information propagation as well as the resulting propagation patterns. It also discusses specific examples, including the spread of social conventions and identifying topic experts in social media, in an effort to bring about better understanding of the characteristics of propagation phenomena in large social networks.
Research Tools
Authors: Schmitz Philip C.
Published: August 2019

The academic study of the Phoenicians and their civilization began relatively recently, but has quickly generated a large bibliography of important studies. One of the difficulties that learners face is that the historical study of Phoenician civilization must draw on a large number of sources from several different fields of research, not all of which are in regular communication with each other or are widely known to the general readership. This chapter provides an introduction to and a sample of the many sources available to specialists and nonspecialists seeking reliable knowledge about Phoenician civilization from the Iron Age to the Hellenistic period. Terminology is introduced, beginning with designations of the land known as Canaan. Greek testimonies to Phoenician history are next presented, especially the figure Sanchuniathon discussed by Porphyry and Josephus. Phoenician alphabetic texts—that is, epigraphic sources—are discussed for their limited potential as historical sources, with ample bibliographic citations to guide the researcher.
Seafaring and Shipwreck Archaeology
Authors: Emanuel Jeffrey P.
Published: August 2019

Perhaps no civilization in history is as associated with the sea as the Phoenicians, whose ships and seafaring ability allowed them to travel, trade, and establish colonies across the Mediterranean. Search and survey operations in the Mediterranean have resulted in the discovery of a limited number of Canaanite, Phoenician, and Punic shipwrecks, which have been found in both deep and shallow water. These assemblages provide valuable evidence of this culture’s critical maritime component, improving our knowledge and understanding of Phoenician and Punic seafaring, while also helping us better understand the written accounts we do possess about these mariners and their activities. Within the last decade in particular, the excavation of the shipwreck at Bajo de la Campana (Spain) has shed new light on Phoenician seafaring and ship construction, while the discovery of the Xlendi Gozo wreck (Malta) has provided new evidence for Phoenician activity in the central Mediterranean. Survey and excavation off the northwest coast of Sicily, in turn, has provided a remarkable material counterpart to the textual evidence for the events at the end of the First Punic War. When combined with the deep-water wrecks off the coast of Ashkelon and the smaller, locally oriented wrecks off the coast of Mazarrón (Spain), a more coherent—albeit still very incomplete—picture of Phoenician and Punic activity begins to take shape.
Residential Architecture
Authors: Docter Roald
Published: August 2019

For more than thirty-five years, the story of Phoenician-Punic residential architecture has always taken its cue from the 1982 volume of Frank Braemer that dealt with the Iron Age Levant. In the West, a similar source had been virtually absent. A remarkable number of new studies and publications of archaeological discoveries over the last decade, however, have allowed us to complement this eastern perspective. This chapter addresses a wide range of aspects of domestic architecture: urban vs. rural; the relations between residential and artisanal, commercial, and religious functions; the special contribution of Carthage; house typology and size; the relation between exterior and interior space; and constructive elements and techniques. Phoenician-Punic domestic architecture emerges as characterized by a high level of functional permeability in which residential, agricultural, artisanal, commercial, and religious spheres mingled, all the while often with no evidence of strict separation between private and public space. Moreover, in a comparative Mediterranean perspective, Phoenician-Punic residential architecture shows a high level of technical ingenuity and sophistication.
Phoenicians and Carthaginians in Greco-Roman Literature
Authors: Quinn Josephine Crawley
Published: August 2019

The picture painted of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians in Greco-Roman literature is a paradoxical one. Distinct themes continue to characterize them from the archaic period to late antiquity, but their definition as a distinct group of people remains vague throughout. Military conflict with Greeks and Romans means that they are presented more positively by intellectuals than politicians, and more positively in the east than the west, but identifications with them tell the most interesting stories. In the end, the very notion of “Phoenician” is slippery, as sources from Homer to Augustine show us. The continuities in the way that the Phoenicians are depicted reinforce the porous nature of their definition as a group, from their identifications with the Greeks and then Romans themselves, to their lasting association with the sea.
Phoenicians and Carthaginians in the Western Imagination
Authors: Garnand Brien K.
Published: August 2019

Already in antiquity and throughout western history, Phoenicians provided a model of constitutional balance and good governance, an example of economic expansion, and an example of literate culture. As Orientalist narratives gained favor in the nineteenth century, however, Phoenician civilization was relegated to the margins, and negative stereotypes such as their alleged sensuality and depravity were emphasized. As pseudo-scientific racist theories spread, their allegedly Semitic trait of the pursuit of commercial gain formed a stark contrast to the presumed Indo-European or “western” preference for wealth base upon agriculture. In the last decades, assumptions about their essential character have been challenged, and interest in the study of Phoenicians through archaeology and historiography has grown. As the chapter shoes, popular reimaginations of Carthage in western culture also have geared toward positive connotations of resilience and entrepreneurship.
Phoenicia Under the Achaemenid Empire
Authors: Jigoulov Vadim
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers several aspects of Achaemenid Phoenicia, including literary sources, epigraphy, numismatics, and material culture. Achaemenid Phoenicia was characterized by a continuity of material culture from the Neo-Babylonian period. The extant sources—literary, epigraphic, and numismatic—evince a conglomerate of independent city-states characterized by expressions of compliance with the central Achaemenid authorities while pursuing their own economic and political goals, with Sidon as the most preeminent metropolis. The end of the period in the fourth century bce saw the gradual disintegration of the Phoenician loyalties to the Achaemenids and a pivot toward the Aegean in political and economic aspects.
Phoenicia in the Roman Empire
Authors: Aliquot Julien
Published: August 2019

This chapter traces the history of Phoenicia from the advent of Rome in Syria at the beginning of the first century bce to the foundation of the Christian empire of Byzantium in the fourth century ce. It focuses on the establishment of Roman rule and its impact on society, culture, and religion. Special attention is paid to the establishment of Roman rule and its impact on society, culture, and religion. The focus is on provincial institutions and cities, which provided a basis for the new order. However, side trails are also taken to assess the flowering of Hellenism and the revival of local traditions in the light of the Romanization of Phoenicia and its hinterland.
Presbyterians in Latin America
Authors: De Matos Alderí Souza
Published: August 2019

Latin America is a significant part of the so-called two-thirds world. During the twentieth century, the region witnessed the vigorous growth of the Protestant churches. One of them is the Presbyterian communion, whose first congregations were established in the 1850s. For more than a century, Presbyterian denominations in the United States and Scotland made an enormous investment in the evangelization of Latin America. Nevertheless, despite their significant presence in Mexico and Brazil, Presbyterian churches represent a small percentage of the region’s total Protestant constituency. They have, however, made contributions to society that are out of proportion to their numbers. Besides their important spiritual and ethical emphases, they have impacted countless individuals, families, and communities through their educational and medical efforts. Their greatest challenge today is to establish clear priorities and devote their energies to strengthening Presbyterian work in the countries they have already reached and implanting their faith in the areas where it is absent. Latin American Presbyterians are convinced that the Reformed faith can greatly benefit their part of the world.
Presbyterian Confessions
Authors: McKim Donald K.
Published: August 2019

Presbyterians have expressed the Reformed theological tradition’s emphasis on the need to confess Christian faith. Confessions of faith have been a hallmark of Presbyterian churches throughout the world and throughout their history. Some confessions have presented a full range of theological topics; others have focused on particular issues addressed from Reformed perspectives. Presbyterians have built on classic continental Reformed confessions composed during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. The Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), composed in part by Presbyterians during the English Civil War, has been one of the most influential and enduring confessions, especially in the United States, where it has been the doctrinal standard of many Presbyterian denominations. A Book of Confessions, including a number of classical and contemporary Reformed confessions, is the doctrinal standard of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. It includes the Confession of 1967 centered on the theme of reconciliation in Jesus Christ. Other important confessions from Presbyterian churches have emerged in Canada, the Republic of Korea, the Presbyterian-Reformed Church in Cuba, and other nations. New and ongoing confessions of faith by Presbyterians express the Reformed impulse—“I believe, therefore I confess.”
The Doctrine of the Sacraments
Authors: Mikoski Gordon S.
Published: August 2019

This chapter maps the essential contours and points of dialogue or contention pertaining to the sacraments among Presbyterian denominations. First, the chapter examines the distinctively Presbyterian understanding of sacraments in general. The chapter then explores in detail the theological meaning and practices of the two Presbyterian sacraments: baptism and Holy Communion. For Presbyterians, baptism serves as the rite of Christian initiation. The chapter also explains why Presbyterians practice paedobaptism. While baptism is for Presbyterians the sacrament of initiation into the church, the sacrament of Holy Communion is at the core of the church’s corporate life and work. The chapter next examines several contemporary issues related to the sacraments for Presbyterians. In the spirit of “the Reformed church always being reformed according to the Word of God,” the chapter concludes by posing several provocative questions for Presbyterian denominations and the sacraments in the digital age.
The Doctrine of God
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: August 2019

Presbyterian theology has traditionally emphasized the majesty, holiness, and sovereignty of God and the uniqueness of God’s action in the creation, redemption, and perfection of creatures. Classical Presbyterian teaching exemplifies core themes of Reformed theology as it took shape in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: the primacy of divine self-disclosure; the existence, essence, and perfections of the One God; and the essential character of God as triune. These themes were deeply rooted in catholic Christian teaching, but assumed their most significant confessional form under particular influences: the legacies of Puritanism, controversy over Arminianism, and the evolution of covenant or federal theology. The history of Presbyterian theology reflects a complex set of relationships to this classical picture, variously reflective of the intellectual consequences of the Enlightenment; enduring debates about religious experience; and massive social, cultural, and political change. Contemporary Presbyterian approaches are wide-ranging; some are much more consciously connected to the tradition than others. There are, however, some persistent emphases, and questions about the local and the catholic assume new dimensions in the contexts of “world Christianity.” If the essential location of faithful Presbyterian confession is the presence of the Living God, therein lies its enduring hope.
Women’s Ordination
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: August 2019

The first Presbyterian denomination in America to approve women’s ordination was the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA), which removed gender barriers to all church offices in 1956. The Presbyterian Church in the United States followed suit in 1964. Today, following a merger that united those two bodies in 1983, about 12 percent of clergy are female. Yet the issue is far from settled, especially among the more conservative bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, both of which continue to prohibit women’s ordination. The lack of resolution reflects centuries of ambiguity among Presbyterians about the role of women, involving lengthy disputes about biblical texts and practical concerns about employing women’s energy and talents. Institutional dynamics played a role as well. In the twentieth century the ordination issue was deeply tied to the fate of women’s home and foreign missionary organizations, as Presbyterian women faced a choice between maintaining their separate status or achieving equal access to the ministry. Ordination was not a feminist issue: the rationale for the 1956 ruling was simple fairness, articulated in the language of human rights and ecumenical cooperation. Still, in recent years it has become an index of social liberalism, especially in regard to literal understandings of the biblical texts that outline women’s role in the church.
Presbyterians, Schisms, and Denominations
Authors: Kemeny P. C.
Published: August 2019

Although Presbyterians have long professed a strong commitment to church unity, Presbyterian denominations have often been divided by schism. Major disagreements over theology have always played a central role in precipitating these schisms. However, class, ethnic, gender, racial, and regional differences and also personal conflicts have often also contributed significantly to schisms. An examination of the 1843 Great Disruption in Scotland, the 1837 Old School–New School Presbyterian Church schism in the United States, the 1903 formation of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil, and the 1952 rupture that led to the establishment of the Korean Presbyterian Church (Kosin) illustrate this argument.
The Doctrine of Christ
Authors: Evans William B.
Published: August 2019

Christology in the Presbyterian tradition has reflected two continuing concerns—the safeguarding of Christ’s humanity and the recognition that Christ is central to both the accomplishing and the application of salvation. Calvin and other Reformers defended the deity of Christ against anti-Trinitarians, and they debated the nature of the hypostatic union with Luther and his successors. Reformed Christology was further codified as Orthodox theologians carefully explained that the union of natures does not entail the communication of divine attributes to Christ’s humanity. The nineteenth century saw increased focus on the humanity of Christ, the rise of ethical Christologies as alternatives to Chalcedon, and efforts to place Christology at the center of the theological enterprise. Twentieth-century Presbyterianism experienced conflict between the theologically conservative and liberal elements and the retrieval by Barth and others of the classical Christological tradition. Contemporary Presbyterianism is characterized by significant and perhaps irreconcilable Christological diversity.
Presbyterians and the Global Charismatic Movements
Authors: McClymond Michael
Published: August 2019

Presbyterianism is often understood as a doctrinal or Word-based tradition. This chapter argues on historical and theological grounds that it is an experiential or Spirit-based tradition too. Presbyterians played a decisive role in the initiation and development of North American revivalism from the 1720s onward. When charismatic phenomena appeared among Presbyterians—first in the 1830s in Scotland and London, and then globally from the 1960s onward—they could be seen as the fulfillment of certain elements in Calvinist theology and spirituality. Confessional Presbyterians in Britain and in North America have frequently held to cessationism (the claim that miracles ceased soon after the apostles). Yet “Pentecostalized” Presbyterians in South Korea, Cameroon, and Brazil are noncessationist, and mainline Presbyterians in the United States in 1970 gave guarded endorsement to contemporary expressions of charismatic gifts. This open-but-cautious stance seems to be the most common position today among Presbyterians both in North America and globally.
Avoiding Collaboration Stalemates in Technology Commercialization
Authors: Kim Phillip H. , Ramírez Manuel F. , Kotha Reddi
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the technology commercialization process that occurs in research universities. With the assistance of technology transfer offices, inventors and licensing firms enter into collaborations to commercialize new inventions. This chapter highlights the major aspects of these relationships, including why collaborations are likely to stalemate when a party’s self-interest clashes with the overall objective of collaboration. It outlines some possible strategies for avoiding these stalemates to form effective partnerships. The chapter concludes by discussing avenues for future research.
Collaborative Market Making
Authors: Ozcan Pinar , Gurses Kerem
Published: August 2019

Extant work has identified many aspects of market formation including the mechanisms and processes associated with the origins of new markets and the trajectories of market emergence. However, the critical role of interfirm alliances in the formation of new markets still remains unexplored. This chapter brings forward interfirm alliances as a critical tool for firms to fuel the formation of new markets, which are often characterized by high levels of demand, supply, and regulatory uncertainty. To take a systematic look at the role of alliances in market formation, the chapter first describes the different alliance forms under the general categories of dyadic and multipartner alliances. Within these categories, the chapter discusses the potential impact of the respective alliance type on reducing different levels of uncertainty and catalyzing market emergence. It also provides an extensive discussion of the challenges that firms typically face within each type of alliance with regards to market formation. The chapter concludes with directions for future research in exploring alliances as tools for market formation.
Community Social Capital and the Venture Gestation Process
Authors: Vedula Siddharth , Frid Casey J.
Published: August 2019

Community social capital is increasingly recognized as an important regional resource for spurring entrepreneurial activity. A nascent but growing body of work has begun to link community social capital to entrepreneurship, focusing largely on outcomes such as rates of new venture creation. This chapter emphasizes ways in which community social capital can impact nascent entrepreneurship—namely, the activities founders undertake during the gestation phase before a new venture is created. It examines whether the types of activities undertaken by nascent entrepreneurs vary according to the prevalence (or absence) of community social capital within a region, and concludes with a research agenda for future work in this domain.
Temporality and Collaboration in Entrepreneurial Ownership and Finance
Authors: Wright Mike
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the ownership heterogeneity of collaboration in entrepreneurial ventures over time. First, it adopts a temporal perspective to examine two aspects of traditional entrepreneurial start-up activities: the evolution of collaboration in the entrepreneurial team in a particular venture over time and the evolution of collaboration as habitual entrepreneurs develop the portfolio of ventures they own over time. Second, it takes a temporal view to examine the nature of collaboration in entrepreneurial ventures in different environmental contexts, specifically, academic spin-offs, secondary management buyouts/buy-ins, and returnee entrepreneurs. These contexts represent cases where the nature and challenges of collaboration may be quite distinct from that in traditional commercial start-up ventures in developed economies. Third, it examines the temporal dimensions of collaboration in different forms of the financing of entrepreneurial ventures. A final discussion section considers directions for future research.
Start-Ups’ Exit Strategies in the Market for Technology
Authors: Dalay Hakki Doğan , Fosfuri Andrea
Published: August 2019

Technology start-ups face tough odds in their journey to commercial success. A key consideration in entrepreneurial decision making is whether and when to find a collaboration partner, in the form of an acquirer. The same decision also applies to the other side of the table, as buyers have to decide whether and when to engage in technology acquisitions through collaborations with start-ups. This chapter looks at the literature that uncovered some of the factors around the key decision of the timing of a collaboration, with specific focus on technology start-ups that also possess patents. For start-ups possessing patents, the recent development of markets for technology offers more opportunities to engage in collaboration and bring their ideas to fruition. The chapter discusses directions for future research in the conclusion.
Entrepreneurial Team Assembly
Authors: Ganco Martin , Honoré Florence , Raffiee Joseph
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides a review of the scholarly literature on entrepreneurial teams and team formation. It pays special attention to two emerging areas of research that present many promising opportunities for future work. First, the chapter discusses the role of resource transfer in the context of start-up firms. It argues that an understanding of the antecedents and consequences of the founding process would be significantly advanced by more explicit theorizing and effort to empirically identify the specific types of resources entrepreneurial team members bring to start-up firms. It highlights one recent advancement in this space—work that has focused on a team’s ability to transfer customer and client relationships from the parent to start-up firms—and provides an outline of open research questions in this realm. Second, the chapter provides a primer on a recent methodological advancement—the use of two-sided assortative matching models—that can be applied to entrepreneurial team assembly to alleviate ongoing concerns that team formation is fundamentally an endogenous process. It demonstrates how these models can be applied using a wide variety of founder, cofounder, and early team member attributes, including an individual’s ability to transfer customer relationships. Importantly, it proposes that synergies emerging from the use of two-sided assortative matching models to study a broader set of team member attributes that include resource transfer will open promising new avenues for future research.
Family Founding Teams, Internal and External Collaboration, and New Venture Growth
Authors: Han Suho , Lee Sae Young , Graebner Melissa E.
Published: August 2019

Despite the prevalence of spousal, sibling, and parent–child ties within venture founding teams, little research has examined how family relationships among founders influence early entrepreneurial processes. This chapter explores how family relationships within founding teams influence internal and external collaboration. Within the firm, the chapter focuses on collaboration issues related to recruitment, changes in the management team, and strategic decision making. Beyond the firm’s boundaries, the chapter focuses on collaboration with external investors, strategic partners, potential acquirers, and post–initial public offering stakeholders. It draws upon the literatures on family businesses and high-growth new ventures to explore how family ties may influence collaboration processes over three broad stages of venture development: seed, commercialization, and growth and exit. The chapter concludes by highlighting unanswered research questions and by identifying relevant methodologies, settings, and data sources with which to address these gaps.