bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chow motives without projectivity
Authors: Wildeshaus Jörg
Published: September 2009

In a recent paper, Bondarko [Weight structures vs. t-structures; weight filtrations, spectral sequences, and complexes (for motives and in general), Preprint (2007), 0704.4003] defined the notion of weight structure, and proved that the category DMgm(k) of geometrical motives over a perfect field k, as defined and studied by Voevodsky, Suslin and Friedlander [Cycles, transfers, and motivic homology theories, Annals of Mathematics Studies, vol. 143 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2000)], is canonically equipped with such a structure. Building on this result, and under a condition on the weights avoided by the boundary motive [J. Wildeshaus, The boundary motive: definition and basic properties, Compositio Math. 142 (2006), 631–656], we describe a method to construct intrinsically in DMgm(k) a motivic version of interior cohomology of smooth, but possibly non-projective schemes. In a sequel to this work [J. Wildeshaus, On the interior motive of certain Shimura varieties: the case of Hilbert–Blumenthal varieties, Preprint (2009), 0906.4239], this method will be applied to Shimura varieties.
An Automated Image-Based Method of 3D Subject-Specific Body Segment Parameter Estimation for Kinetic Analyses of Rapid Movements
Authors: Sheets Alison L. , Corazza Stefano , Andriacchi Thomas P.
Published: September 2009

Accurate subject-specific body segment parameters (BSPs) are necessary to perform kinetic analyses of human movements with large accelerations, or no external contact forces or moments. A new automated topographical image-based method of estimating segment mass, center of mass (CM) position, and moments of inertia is presented. Body geometry and volume were measured using a laser scanner, then an automated pose and shape registration algorithm segmented the scanned body surface, and identified joint center (JC) positions. Assuming the constant segment densities of Dempster, thigh and shank masses, CM locations, and moments of inertia were estimated for four male subjects with body mass indexes (BMIs) of 19.7–38.2. The subject-specific BSP were compared with those determined using Dempster and Clauser regression equations. The influence of BSP and BMI differences on knee and hip net forces and moments during a running swing phase were quantified for the subjects with the smallest and largest BMIs. Subject-specific BSP for 15 body segments were quickly calculated using the image-based method, and total subject masses were overestimated by 1.7–2.9%.When compared with the Dempster and Clauser methods, image-based and regression estimated thigh BSP varied more than the shank parameters. Thigh masses and hip JC to thigh CM distances were consistently larger, and each transverse moment of inertia was smaller using the image-based method. Because the shank had larger linear and angular accelerations than the thigh during the running swing phase, shank BSP differences had a larger effect on calculated intersegmental forces and moments at the knee joint than thigh BSP differences did at the hip. It was the net knee kinetic differences caused by the shank BSP differences that were the largest contributors to the hip variations. Finally, BSP differences produced larger kinetic differences for the subject with larger segment masses, suggesting that parameter accuracy is more important for studies focused on overweight populations. The new image-based BSP estimation method described in this paper addressed the limitations of currently used geometric and regression methods by using exact limb geometry to determine subject-specific parameters. BSP differences have the largest effect on kinetic analyses of motions with large limb accelerations, for joints farther along the kinematic chain from the known forces and moments, and for subjects with larger limb masses or BMIs.
Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe’s First Farmers
Authors: Bramanti B. , Thomas M. G. , Haak W. , Unterlaender M. , Jores P. , Tambets K. , Antanaitis-Jacobs I. , Haidle M. N. , Jankauskas R. , Kind C.-J. , Lueth F. , Terberger T. , Hiller J. , Matsumura S. , Forster P. , Burger J.
Published: September 2009

Cultivating Farmers

Were the ancestors of modern Europeans the local hunter-gatherers who assimilated farming practices from neighboring cultures, or were they farmers who migrated from the Near East in the early Neolithic? By analyzing ancient hunter-gatherer skeletal DNA from 2300 to 13,400 B.C.E.

Bramanti
et al.

(p.
137
, published online 3 September) investigated the genetic relationship of European Ice Age hunter-gatherers, the first farmers of Europe, and modern Europeans. The results reject the hypothesis of direct continuity between hunter-gatherers and early farmers and between hunter-gatherers and modern Europeans. Major parts of central and northern Europe were colonized by incoming farmers 7500 years ago, who were not descended from the resident hunter-gatherers. Thus, migration rather than cultural diffusion was the driver of farming communities in Europe.
Laser Acupuncture for Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Glazov Gregory , Schattner Peter , Lopez Derrick , Shandley Kerrie
Published: September 2009

Objective

The primary aim was to determine if laser acupuncture (LA) is more effective than sham laser in reducing pain and disability in adults with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Methods

The design was a double blind, two-group parallel randomised controlled trial. The active intervention was an 830 nm (infrared), 10 mW, Ga-Al-As laser diode laser for acupuncture and a sham control. The primary outcome measures were changes in pain (visual analogue scale) and disability (Oswestry Disability Index) at the end of 5–10 treatment sessions. Secondary outcomes were patient global assessment, psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) and subjective wellbeing (Personal Wellbeing Index). Follow up was performed at 6 weeks and 6 months after completion of treatment.

Results

100 participants were enrolled and treated in a general practice setting. Per protocol analysis of the primary outcome measures using ANOVA suggested that although there was a significant overall improvement in pain and disability after the course of treatments (p<0.01), there was no significant difference between the intervention and control group in both the primary and most secondary outcome measures.

Conclusion

This study did not show a specific effect for LA using infrared laser at 0.2 Joules per point for chronic low back pain. The overall intervention appeared effective because of placebo and other factors. As there was some concern about baseline inequality between the groups further research using tighter inclusion criteria should attempt to replicate the result and examine if a dose response may exist.
Caring for the Pregnant Woman and Her Baby in a Changing Maternity Service Environment: The Role of Acupuncture
Authors: Smith Caroline , Dahlen Hannah
Published: September 2009

Women have traditionally been high users of complementary therapies and use of these therapies continues during pregnancy and birthing. While women look to acupuncture and other therapies to support them during this time, traditional maternity services are in a state of change. In Australia, there is an increase in births, a workforce crisis, an increase in birthing in labour ward settings, few opportunities for women to birth at home, increased caesarean sections and an increase in obstetric interventions. The future role of acupuncture in this changed environment will be influenced by the evidence of safety and effectiveness of acupuncture. Research evaluating acupuncture during the antenatal period, labour preparation and birthing is small in quantity, but there are encouraging findings suggesting acupuncture maybe safe and effective. Women have prioritised interventions to manage pregnancy symptoms such as nausea and back pain, and interventions to prepare for labour and manage pain in labour as important. Further acupuncture trials are needed to ensure women have reliable and valid information to inform their decision making. Assessment of safety requires contributions from researchers, practitioners and integration with institutional data collection systems. Research of effectiveness should involve rigorous designs, but with debate about the appropriateness of traditional randomised controlled trial designs to evaluate complex interventions, and the limitations of sham controls, different approaches with mixed research methods should be considered. Exploring new research methods, especially those which explore the woman's experience with acupuncture, are also key to defining a role in the future.
Cardiac findings in the precompetition medical assessment of football players participating in the 2009 African Under-17 Championships in Algeria
Authors: Schmied C , Zerguini Y , Junge A , Tscholl P , Pelliccia A , Mayosi B M , Dvorak J
Published: September 2009

Objectives:

To screen all players registered for the 8th CAF African Under-17 Championship for risk factors of sudden cardiac death.

Design:

Standardised cardiac evaluation prior to the start of the competition.

Study population:

155 male football players from all eight qualified teams; mean age 16.4 (SD 0.68) years (range 14 to 17).

Methods:

The cardiac evaluation consisted of a medical history, clinical examination, 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography, and was performed by three experienced cardiologists using established guidelines.

Results:

Nine (5.8%) players reported cardiac symptoms, and the clinical examination was abnormal in only two players with elevated blood pressure. A total of 40 players (25.8%) showed abnormal ECG patterns. None of the players with a positive ECG showed correlating echocardiographic findings. The echocardiogram of one player appeared highly suspicious for early-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and in another player the myocardium was suspicious for non-compaction cardiomyopathy, but both had normal ECGs. Thirteen (8.4%) players showed echocardiographic findings that needed further follow-up. The percentage of players with pathological ECG patterns and some abnormal echocardiographic measurements varied substantially between different ethnic groups.

Conclusion:

Cardiological screening for risk factors of sudden cardiac death of football players prior to an international competition proved feasible, and conduction by independent experts allowed high-quality standards and a consistent protocol for the examinations. Differences observed between ethnic groups indicate that guidelines for the analysis of ECGs and echocardiography might be adjusted to the target population.
Green neutrophilic inclusions in liver disease
Authors: Harris V N , Malysz J , Smith M D
Published: September 2009

Acute hepatic failure is traditionally diagnosed on the basis of clinical presentation, historical information, and a collection of abnormal laboratory findings including elevated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time, serum bilirubin and α-fetoprotein. Non-specific haematological findings such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia and changes in erythrocyte morphology are well documented in patients with liver failure. It is believed, however, that there are no specific morphological findings on peripheral blood smears directly linked to liver failure. This report decribes two patients diagnosed with acute hepatic failure, both having coarse, bright-green cytoplasmic inclusions identified within their neutrophils. One previous case of a patient with similar neutrophil findings and concurrent liver disease has been reported in the literature; however, a direct relationship to liver failure was not proposed. It is suggested that the findings may be directly related to liver failure and may also serve as a prognostic indicator of impending death.
Oestrogen receptor β expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland
Authors: Wong M H W , Dobbins T A , Tseung J , Tran N , Lee C S , O’Brien C J , Clark J , Rose B R
Published: September 2009

Aims:

Pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland have gender and age distributions suggesting that oestrogen has a causal role. However, oestrogen receptor (ER)α is expressed at low levels in normal salivary gland tissues and data from salivary gland tumours are conflicting. There is preliminary evidence that the recently described ERβ may be the major ER in salivary gland tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the nature and extent of ERβ expression in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland.

Methods:

Pleomorphic adenomas and normal tissues of the parotid gland from 49 patients were tested for ERα and ERβ expression by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry. Associations were sought with patient age and gender.

Results:

ERα and ERβ expression was localised mainly to the nuclei of ductal cells in normal tissues and the epithelial components in pleomorphic adenomas. Within each tissue and receptor type there were no associations between ER positivity and patient age or gender. ERβ was expressed in almost twice as many normal tissues and pleomorphic adenomas as ERα. Expression of ERβ was also significantly higher in tumour compared with normal tissues.

Conclusions:

This is thought to be the first study of ERβ in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. Findings support ERβ as the major ER in salivary glands, and provide evidence that ERβ may have a role in the development of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland.
Significance of platelet volume indices and platelet count in ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Ranjith M P , Divya R , Mehta V K , Krishnan M G , KamalRaj R , Kavishwar Arvind
Published: September 2009

Background:

Ischaemic heart disease is mainly caused by atherosclerosis and its complications. Platelets and their activity have an important role in initiation of atherosclerotic lesions and coronary thrombus formation. Larger platelets are enzymatically and metabolically more active and have a higher potential thrombotic ability as compared with smaller platelets.

Aims:

To study the changes in platelet volume indices and platelet count in ischaemic heart disease and assess their usefulness in predicting coronary events.

Methods:

This was a comparative study of 180 patients (60 patients with stable angina, 60 with acute coronary syndrome and 60 with non-cardiac chest pain). Blood venous sample were drawn from all subjects after admission (within 30 min) and collected in standardised EDTA sample tubes. Platelet count and volume indices were assayed within 30 min of blood collection, using Sysmex KX21-N autoanalyzer.

Results:

The platelet count was significantly lower in patients with acute coronary syndrome (201.28×109/l) as compared with patients with stable angina (267.07×109/l) and those from the normal population (256.65×109/l) (p<0.001). In addition, patients with acute coronary syndrome had higher platelet volume indices (10.97) compared with patients in the stable angina (10.03) and normal population groups (9.12) (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Patients with acute coronary syndrome had higher platelet volume indices and lower platelet counts compared with those with stable angina and the normal population. Measurements of platelet volume indices and platelet count may be of some benefit in detecting those patients at higher risk for acute coronary events.
Cold damage to the extremities: frostbite and non-freezing cold injuries
Authors: Imray C , Grieve A , Dhillon S ,   The Caudwell Xtreme Everest Research Group
Published: September 2009

The treatment of cold injuries to the periphery has advanced substantially in the last 10 years and optimal outcomes are only likely to be achieved if a multidisciplinary team uses the full range of diagnostic and treatment modalities that are now available. The internet and satellite phones with digital images allow immediate access by patients from remote geographical locations to hospital based specialists who can assess cold injuries and advise on early field care. The severity of frostbite injuries can now be assessed with triple phase bone scanning, allowing early prediction of likely subsequent tissue loss. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to improve outcome and the use of intravenous drugs such as synthetic prostaglandin analogues infusions and tissue plasminogen activator have been shown to reduce amputation rates. In non-freezing cold injuries the early administration of analgesia, the avoidance of secondary exposure, and the use of infrared thermography to assess the injuries are among newer approaches being introduced.
SHRIMP U-Pbc. 1860 Ma anorogenic magmatic signatures from the NW Himalaya: implications for Palaeoproterozoic assembly of the Columbia Supercontinent
Authors: Singh Sandeep , Jain A. K. , Barley Mark E.
Published: September 2009

The basal parts of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC), Lesser Himalayan sedimentary sequences and mylonite zone at the base of Main Central Thrust (MCT) within the NW Himalaya clearly demonstrate anorogenic magmatic signatures at around 1860 Ma, as indicated by SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages from Bandal granitoids, Kulu–Bajura mylonite and Wangtu granitoids along the Sutlej Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Some of the zircon crystals contain older cores mostly extending back to 2600 Ma. We report for the first time a 3000 Ma old zircon core from Wangtu granitoids, which indicates reworking of ensialic Archaean crust during the assembly of the Columbia Supercontinent between 2.1 and 1.8 Ga. During the Himalayan collisional tectonics, the reworked Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic crust was imbricated and placed adjacent to each other in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, the Inner Lesser Himalayan window zone and the Kulu–Bajura Nappe.
Palaeoproterozoic seismites (fine-grained facies of the Chaibasa Formation, east India) and their soft-sediment deformation structures
Authors: Mazumder R. , Rodríguez-López J. P. , Arima M. , van Loon A. J.
Published: September 2009

Metamorphosed shales, heterolithic deposits and sandstones build up the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation in east India. The shales (referred here to as the fine-grained facies) comprising mudstone (clay and silt size) with some minor amounts of very fine to fine sandstone were deposited below storm wave base in a deep marine basin that simultaneously underwent tectonic activity. This fine-grained facies contains strongly deformed layers, intercalated between undeformed layers. Sedimentological analysis of the deformations indicates that they formed while still in an unconsolidated or slightly consolidated state, partly during and after sedimentation, but before being covered by younger sediments. The types of deformation structures indicate an earthquake-induced origin. Thus, they should be considered as seismites. The soft-sediment deformation structures in the seismites show a wide variety of shapes and other characteristics that appear to depend on their relative position to the epicentre of the earthquake.
The Causes and Consequences of Compensatory Dynamics in Ecological Communities
Authors: Gonzalez Andrew , Loreau Michel
Published: September 2009

Ecological communities are constantly responding to environmental change. Theory and evidence suggest that the loss or decline of stress-intolerant species can be compensated for by the growth of other species. Compensatory dynamics are a long-term feature of community dynamics across a broad range of models, and they can have strong stabilizing effects at the community level. Coexistence theory indicates that distinct environmental responses are required for compensatory dynamics and deemphasizes competition. Compensatory dynamics have been detected under experimental conditions, but are not dominant in a metanalysis of field surveys. Recent progress has been made in quantitative methods that detect compensatory dynamics at different temporal scales. Appropriate null models are required to sharpen our understanding of compensatory dynamics in nature. An integrated theory of compensation and compensatory dynamics will improve our ability to understand when communities maintain sufficient response diversity to buffer the effects of environmental change and anthropogenic stress.
Finance and Inequality: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Demirgüç-Kunt Asli , Levine Ross
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we critically review the literature on finance and inequality, highlighting substantive gaps in the literature. Finance plays a crucial role in the preponderance of theories of persistent inequality. Unsurprisingly, therefore, economic theory provides a rich set of predictions concerning both the impact of finance on inequality and about the relevant mechanisms. While subject to ample qualifications, the bulk of empirical research suggests that improvements in financial contracts, markets, and intermediaries expand economic opportunities and reduce inequality. Yet, there is a shortage of theoretical and empirical research on the potentially enormous impact of formal financial sector policies, such as bank regulations and securities law, on persistent inequality. Furthermore, we lack a conceptual framework for considering the joint and endogenous evolution of finance, inequality, and economic growth.
Behavior, Environment, and Health in Developing Countries: Evaluation and Valuation
Authors: Pattanayak Subhrendu K. , Pfaff Alexander
Published: September 2009

We consider health and environmental quality in developing countries, where limited resources constrain behaviors that combat enormously burdensome health challenges. We focus on four huge challenges that are preventable (i.e., are resolved in rich countries). We distinguish them as special cases in a general model of household behavior, which is critical and depends on risk information. Simply informing households may achieve a lot in the simplest challenge (groundwater arsenic); yet, for the three infectious situations discussed (respiratory, diarrhea, and malaria), community coordination and public provision may also be necessary. More generally, social interactions may justify additional policies. For each situation, we discuss the valuation of private spillovers (i.e., externalities) and evaluation of public policies to reduce environmental risks and spillovers. Finally, we reflect on open questions in our model and knowledge gaps in the empirical literature including the challenges of scaling up and climate change.
Experiments in Environment and Development
Authors: Cárdenas Juan Camilo
Published: September 2009

Many of the main scientific challenges in the fields of development, environment, and resource economics have a microeconomic foundation wherein behavioral elements play a significant role. Preferences with respect to risk, time, societal others, and the environment shape the decision-making processes of individuals. Economic experiments have been extensively carried out in the lab and in the field to test the predictions of behavioral theories; some have had a particular focus on development and environmental issues. Random interventions have also proven to be an important source of information with respect to experimentation in development and policy design. This article identifies the contributions of experiments and random interventions and reflects on the value of having a productive dialogue—in connection with said experiments—with the main stakeholders regarding the problems being studied.
The Economics of Endangered Species
Authors: Innes Robert , Frisvold George
Published: September 2009

Because habitat conversion is the greatest threat to species, this article focuses on economic incentives for private land users to protect habitat. Habitat protection policies that fail to account for private incentives often have unintended negative consequences. Private incentives for habitat protection depend on many factors: whether landowners are compensated for the costs of habitat protection, the design of compensation mechanisms, underlying property rights and security of tenure, the structure of conservation contracts, and whether markets can be created that internalize external benefits of habitat protection. In developing countries, agricultural price, credit, tax, and land tenure policies have important effects on the demand for habitat conversion. Private landowners often can provide crucial information about costs of habitat protection and species or habitat values on their property. Policies that encourage self-reporting of this information can greatly improve the cost effectiveness of policies to identify and acquire sites for species protection.
The angiogenic effect of probioticBacillus polyfermenticuson human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells is mediated by IL-8
Authors: Im Eunok , Choi Yoon Jeong , Kim Cho Hee , Fiocchi Claudio , Pothoulakis Charalabos , Rhee Sang Hoon
Published: September 2009

Angiogenesis is required for wound healing and repair, but dysregulated angiogenesis is involved in gastrointestinal inflammation. Bacillus polyfermenticus (B.P.) is a probiotic bacterium clinically used for a variety of intestinal disorders in East Asia. Here we investigated the effect of B.P. on angiogenesis of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMECs) and wound healing in intestinal mucosa. Exposure of HIMECs to the conditioned medium of B.P. cultures (B.P. CM) increased cell migration, permeability, and tube formation. Production of the proangiogenic cytokine IL-8 was increased by B.P. CM, and neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 or IL-8 receptor CXCR2 reduced tube formation as well as actin stress fiber formation. B.P. CM also increased NF-κB activation, and inhibitors of NF-κB suppressed B.P. CM-induced tube formation and IL-8 production. Furthermore, B.P. facilitated recovery of mice from colitis as shown by increased body weight and reduced rectal bleeding and histological severity. B.P. also increased angiogenesis and mouse IL-8 production in the mucosal layer. Collectively, these results show that B.P. increases angiogenesis of HIMECs in a NF-κB/IL-8/CXCR2-dependent manner. Moreover, B.P. promotes angiogenesis in the mucosa during recovery of mice from colitis, suggesting that this probiotic may be clinically used to facilitate intestinal wound healing.
Insulin resistance without elevated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity in muscles of mice fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Reynolds Thomas H. , Cinquino Nicholas , Anthony Marcus , Phelps Charles B. , Zachary Berk E.
Published: September 2009

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) appears to mediate the development of insulin resistance in cultured cells. We studied in vivo insulin action and mTORC1 signaling in skeletal muscles of mice fed a normal chow [control (CON)] diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 wk. We assessed in vivo insulin action by measuring glucose tolerance (GT), insulin tolerance (IT), and insulin-assisted GT (IAGT). Although GT was not altered, the HFD significantly reduced IT and IAGT. Acute treatment with rapamycin, a highly specific inhibitor of mTORC1, did not improve GT, IT, or IAGT in mice fed the CON diet or the HFD. Phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K) on Thr389, a surrogate measure of mTORC1 kinase activity, was assessed in skeletal muscles of mice 15 min after an intraperitoneal injection of insulin or saline. In the basal state and after insulin stimulation, phosphorylation of S6K on Thr389was similar in muscles of mice fed the HFD and mice fed the CON diet, indicating that mTORC1 activity is not elevated. Furthermore, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 on Ser636, a site phosphorylated by mTORC1, was similar in muscles of mice fed the HFD and mice fed the CON diet. Taken together, these findings indicate that in vivo insulin resistance can occur without an increase in mTORC1 activity in skeletal muscle and that inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin does not improve insulin action.
NOS inhibition blunts and delays the compensatory dilation in hypoperfused contracting human muscles
Authors: Casey Darren P. , Joyner Michael J.
Published: September 2009

We previously demonstrated that skeletal muscle blood flow is restored in the exercising forearm during experimental hypoperfusion via local dilator and/or myogenic mechanisms. This study examined the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the restoration of blood flow to the active muscles during hypoperfusion. Eleven healthy subjects (10 men/1 woman; 25 ± 1 yr of age) performed rhythmic forearm exercise (10% and 20% of maximum) while hypoperfusion was evoked by balloon inflation in the brachial artery above the elbow. Each trial included baseline, exercise, exercise with inflation, and exercise after deflation (3 min each). Forearm blood flow (FBF; ultrasound) and local (brachial artery catheter pressure, BAP) and systemic arterial pressure [mean arterial pressure (MAP); Finometer] were measured. The exercise bouts were repeated during NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) infusion (NO synthase inhibition). Forearm vascular conductance (FVC; ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1) was calculated from BF (ml/min) and BAP (mmHg). FBF and FVC fell acutely with balloon inflation during all trials ( P < 0.01). Recovery of FBF and FVC [(inflation − nadir)/(steady-state exercise − nadir)] with l-NMMA administration was reduced during 20% exercise (FBF = 77 ± 7% vs. 88 ± 8%; FVC = 71 ± 8% vs. 90 ± 9%; P < 0.01) but not 10% exercise (FBF = 83 ± 4% vs. 81 ± 5%, P = 0.37; FVC = 75 ± 10% vs. 76 ± 7%; P = 0.44) compared with the respective control trial. The time to steady-state vasodilator response was substantially longer during the l-NMMA trials (10% = 74 ± 4 s vs. 61 ± 6 s; 20% = 53 ± 4 s vs. 41 ± 4 s; P < 0.05). Thus the magnitude and timing of the NO contribution to compensatory dilation during forearm exercise with hypoperfusion was dependent on exercise intensity. These observations suggest that NO is released by contracting muscles or that a portion of the dilation caused by ischemic metabolites is NO dependent.
Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index in Turner Syndrome: The Impact of Sex Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Mortensen Kristian H. , Hansen Klavs W. , Erlandsen Mogens , Christiansen Jens S. , Gravholt Claus H.
Published: September 2009

Background: Morbidity and mortality from congenital and acquired cardiovascular (CV) disease is increased in Turner syndrome (TS), where traditional indices of CV risk are widely present but the single most common feature remains estrogen deficiency. Aim: To investigate CV risk in TS as expressed by the widely available ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and the impact of female sex hormone replacement therapy (HRT) hereon. Methods: TS women (n = 26) were examined following HRT washout and again during 6 months of HRT. Age-matched healthy female controls (n = 24) were examined once. 24-Hour ambulatory blood pressures, AASI in addition to metabolic and anthropometric indices of CV risk were measured. Results: The relatively tachycardic TS women had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. HRT reduced diastolic blood pressures with an increase in physical fitness, worsening of glucose tolerance, and a reduction in high-density lipoprotein. AASI was significantly elevated in TS when compared to controls (0.36 (0.02) vs. 0.26 (0.03), p = 0.01) but unaffected by HRT. Major explanatory variables to AASI were status (being TS or not), age, and diurnal pulse variability. Conclusion: AASI was elevated in TS, possibly indicating elevated CV risk with no impact of short-term HRT.
Sex-Specific Associations of Body Mass Index with Mood Disturbance during Smoking Abstinence
Authors: Ceballos Natalie A. , Hooker Stephanie , al’Absi Mustafa
Published: September 2009

Objective: Previous reports have suggested an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and negative mood in women. However, little is known about the potential association of these variables under stressful conditions, such as those experienced during smoking cessation. The current investigation examined the relationship of BMI and various indices of mood in a sample of male and female cigarette smokers undergoing cessation. Methods: Along with baseline assessments of variables such as depression and anxiety, total mood disturbance and perceived stress were assessed via self-report during both baseline (e.g. the smoking period) and the early phases of smoking cessation. Results: Among female participants, higher BMI was associated with lower levels of mood disturbance, perceived stress and depression. Similar analyses in male participants were non-significant. Conclusions: The results of the current study confirm previous reports regarding the relationship of BMI and mood in women and extend these findings to the early stages of smoking cessation.
Enhanced Anandamide Plasma Levels in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome following Traumatic Injury: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Kaufmann I. , Hauer D. , Huge V. , Vogeser M. , Campolongo P. , Chouker A. , Thiel M. , Schelling G.
Published: September 2009

The complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disabling neuropathic pain condition that may develop following injuries of the extremities. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is not clear; however, it includes complex interactions between the nervous and the immune system resulting in chronic inflammation, pain and trophic changes. This interaction may be mediated by chronic stress which is thought to activate the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system (ECS). We conducted an open, prospective, comparative clinical study to determine plasma level of the endocannabinoid anandamide by high-performance liquid chromatography and a tandem mass spectrometry system in 10 patients with CRPS type I versus 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. As compared to healthy controls, CRPS patients showed significantly higher plasma concentrations of anandamide. These results indicate that the peripheral ECS is activated in CRPS. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the role of the ECS in the limitation of inflammation and pain.
Association of Amino Acid Substitution Pattern in Core Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2a High Viral Load and Virological Response to Interferon-Ribavirin Combination Therapy
Authors: Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Hirakawa Miharu , Kawamura Yusuke , Yatsuji Hiromi , Sezaki Hitomi , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: September 2009

Background: Substitution of amino acids (aa) 70 and 91 in the core region of HCV genotype 1b is a useful pretreatment predictor of poor response to interferon + ribavirin combination therapy, but the impacts of aa substitutions in the core region of HCV genotype 2a are still not clear. Methods: 154 consecutive Japanese adults with a high viral load (≥100 kIU/ml) of genotype 2a who could complete combination therapy for 24 weeks were evaluated. To examine the differences in virological characteristics between non-sustained virological response (non-SVR) and rapid responder (SVR patients who could achieve a HCV-RNA-negative status within 8 weeks), 86 patients could be analyzed by pretreatment substitution patterns of the core region. Results: SVR was achieved in 127 of 154 patients (83%), and rapid response in 113 of 127 (90%). In all 154 patients, multivariate analysis identified younger age, lower level of viremia, and higher level of albumin as significant determinants of SVR. As significant determinants of rapid response in 86 patients, multivariate analysis identified substitution of aa 4 (non-asparagine) in addition to the significant determinants of SVR. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the aa substitution pattern of the core region in patients with a high titer of genotype 2a may partly affect the virological response to combination therapy.
The Discovery of Oligoclonal Bands: A 50-Year Anniversary
Authors: Holmøy Trygve
Published: September 2009

The discovery of the oligoclonal IgG bands (OCB) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was a major step forward in the understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Separation of IgG molecules produced by different B cell clones was not possible until agar electrophoresis was invented in 1950. The key observation that led to the discovery of OCB can be dated back to 1959, when Karcher, van Sande and Lowenthal reported that agar electrophoresis subdivided CSF γ-globulins from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis into several individual fractions, which were distinguishable with densitometry. OCB were detected in CSF from patients with trypanosomiasis, neurosyphilis and MS by the same research group in 1960. The discovery of OCB was preceded by the detection of intrathecal IgG synthesis with Tiselilus’ moving boundary electrophoresis by Kabat in 1942. This method did not allow separation of IgG molecules produced by different B cell clones, and it is therefore a misconception that Kabat discovered the OCB. The discovery of OCB led to the still prevailing concept that MS is mediated by clonally expanded lymphocytes, and provided the basis for modern diagnostic procedures in MS.
Blood Pressure-Related Genes and the Progression of IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Kim Sun Moon , Chin Ho Jun , Oh Yun Kyu , Kim Yon Su , Kim Suhnggwon , Lim Chun Soo
Published: September 2009

Background/Aims: Hypertension is one of the most significant prognostic factors of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). We investigated the role of polymorphisms of hypertension-related genes in the clinical impact of IgAN. Methods: A total of 238 IgAN and 300 healthy cohorts were studied. The polymorphisms of angiotensinogen (AGT M235T), the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166C), aldosterone synthase (C-344T), α-adducin (G460W) and endothelin-1 (K198N and 3A/4A) were determined. Results: The genotype distributions of the polymorphisms were similar between patients and controls. The individual genotypes taken alone were not associated with the development of hypertension or progression of renal dysfunction. Although AGT M235T was not associated with the development of hypertension in either sex, men with M235T TT were found to be at an increased risk of IgAN progression compared to those with the other genotypes (p = 0.019). In the Cox regression model with adjustment for clinical risk factors, including age at diagnosis, hypertension, serum creatinine and urinary protein excretion at renal biopsy, AGT M235T TT variant was an independent risk factor only for male patients (hazard ratio 5.848; p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the AGT M235T polymorphism is associated with the progression of IgAN in Korean male patients.
Cystatin C as Predictor of Microalbuminuria in the Early Stage of Hypertension
Authors: Palatini Paolo , Benetti Elisabetta , Zanier Ada , Santonastaso Massimo , Mazzer Adriano , Cozzio Susanna , Zanata Giuseppe , De Toni Renzo , Zaninotto Martina
Published: September 2009

Background/Aims: Predictors of microalbuminuria in the early stage of hypertension are not well known. We did a prospective study to investigate whether glomerular hyperfiltration assessed from serum cystatin C predicts development of microalbuminuria in hypertension. Methods: We assessed 101 treatment-naive subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension and followed-up for a median 3.1 years. Cystatin C was measured at entry and glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the Hoek formula (CystGFR). Urinary albumin and ambulatory blood pressure were measured at entry and during the follow-up. Results: Subjects in the top CystGFR tertile (>115 ml/min/1.73m2) were leaner (p = 0.002) and developed microalbuminuria more frequently (p = 0.02) than the rest of the group. In univariate Cox regression, CystGFR was associated with future microalbuminuria (hazard ratio, 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.10, p = 0.001). After controlling for baseline albumin excretion rate and several confounders, CystGFR remained a significant predictor of microalbuminuria development (hazard ratio, 1.19, 95% CI, 1.03–1.37, p = 0.019). The association between future microalbuminuria and creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate estimated with the Cockroft-Gault or the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula did not attain the level of statistical significance in this sample. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that CystGFR is more sensitive than creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate for predicting microalbuminuria development in the early stage of hypertension and confirm that hyperfiltration precedes microalbuminuria in this clinical entity.
Validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale and Falls Efficacy Scale International in Geriatric Patients with and without Cognitive Impairment: Results of Self-Report and Interview-Based Questionnaires
Authors: Hauer K. , Yardley L. , Beyer N. , Kempen G. , Dias N. , Campbell M. , Becker C. , Todd C.
Published: September 2009

Background: Frail, old patients with and without cognitive impairment are at high risk of falls and associated medical and psychosocial issues. The lack of adequate, validated instruments has partly hindered research in this field. So far no questionnaire documenting fall-related self-efficacy/fear of falling has been validated for older persons with cognitive impairment or for different administration methods such as self-report or interview. Objective: To validate the self-report and interview version of the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Falls Efficacy Scale International Version (FES-I) in frail geriatric patients with and without cognitive impairment. Methods: 156 geriatric patients in geriatric rehabilitations wards with (n = 75) and without cognitive impairment (n = 81) were included in this study. Reports of fall-related self-efficacy were based on self-reported and interview-based questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, reliability estimates and validation results were computed for the total group and sub-samples with respect to cognitive status, for the 2 different questionnaires (FES/FES-I) and for the 2 administration methods. Test-retest reliability was tested in a subsample of 62 patients. Results: Internal reliability and test-retest reliability were good to excellent in both the FES and FES-I, with the FES-I showing better internal reliability and the FES better test-retest reliability with respect to cognitively impaired persons. The group of cognitively impaired persons tended to show lower test-retest reliability and mean fall-related self-efficacy and had significantly lower completion rates in self-administered questionnaires. As indicated by significant differences in parameters closely related to falls, such as vertigo, functional performances, fear of falling and history of falls, both the FES and the FES-I showed good construct validity. Effect sizes computed for the above-mentioned groups for fall-related parameters confirmed the results of construct validation. Conclusion: Both the FES as well as the FES-I showed good to excellent measurement properties in persons with and without moderate cognitive impairment. In frail older persons, especially in persons with cognitive impairment, an interview-based administration method is recommended.
Oxidative Stress as a Trigger for Growth Phase-Specific σE-Dependent Cell Lysis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Noor Rashed , Murata Masayuki , Yamada Mamoru
Published: September 2009

σE, encoded by rpoE, causes lysis of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells at the early stationary phase in Escherichia coli. However, the factors that trigger this lysis phenomenon remain unidentified. In this study, we found that the defective strain of katE, encoding catalase, exhibited a σE-dependent cell lysis phenotype, showing a decrease in turbidity of cell culture and an increase in accumulation of proteins in the culture medium as well as an increase in rpoE expression. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species became maximal at the transition period from exponential to stationary phases, and VBNC cells gradually increased after that period. In the wild-type strain, both sodA, encoding superoxide dismutase, and katE plasmid clones almost completely suppressed cell lysis, largely reduced reactive oxygen species, and substantially increased culturable cells. Consistent results were obtained in a defective strain of rseA, encoding an anti-σE, in which σE is constitutively expressed. These results suggest that oxidative stress is a major factor responsible for VBNC cell formation and cell lysis at the early stationary phase. Therefore, we assume that oxidative stress that has accumulated in the transition period gives rise to VBNC cells, which are in turn lysed by a σE-dependent process.
Smooth Muscle LDL Receptor-Related Protein-1 Inactivation Reduces Vascular Reactivity and Promotes Injury-Induced Neointima Formation
Authors: Basford Joshua E. , Moore Zachary W.Q. , Zhou Li , Herz Joachim , Hui David Y.
Published: September 2009

Objective—

Defective smooth muscle expression of LDL receptor-related protein-1 (Lrp1) increases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. This study explored the importance of smooth muscle Lrp1 expression under normolipidemic conditions.

Methods and Results—

Smooth muscle cells isolated from control (
smLrp1
+/+
) and smooth muscle-specific Lrp1 knockout (
smLrp1
−/−
) mice were characterized based on morphology, smooth muscle marker protein expression levels, and growth rates in vitro. Vascular functions were assessed by aortic constrictive response to agonist stimulation in situ and neointimal hyperplasia to carotid arterial injury in vivo. The
smLrp1
−/−
smooth muscle cells displayed reduced α-actin and calponin expression and an accelerated growth rate attribtuable to sustained phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PRGFR) and protein kinase B/Akt. Vasoconstrictive response to agonist stimulation was impaired in aortic rings isolated from
smLrp1
−/−
mice. Injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia was significantly increased in
smLrp1
−/−
mice. The increase in neointima was associated with corresponding elevated activation of PDGFR signaling pathway.

Conclusions—

Smooth muscle expression of Lrp1 is important in maintaining normal vascular functions under normolipidemic conditions. The absence of Lrp1 expression results in greater smooth muscle cell proliferation, deficient contractile protein expression, impairment of vascular contractility, and promotion of denudation-induced neointimal hyperplasia.