bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new region-aware bias-correction method for simulated precipitation in areas of complex orography
Authors: Gómez-Navarro Juan José , Raible Christoph C. , Bozhinova Denica , Martius Olivia , García Valero Juan Andrés , Montávez Juan Pedro
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Regional climate modelling is used to simulate the hydrological
cycle, which is fundamental for climate impact investigations. However, the
output of these models is affected by biases that hamper its direct use in
impact modelling. Here, we present two high-resolution (2 km) climate
simulations of precipitation in the Alpine region, evaluate their performance
over Switzerland and develop a new bias-correction technique for
precipitation suitable for complex topography. The latter is based on
quantile mapping, which is applied separately across a number of
non-overlapping regions defined through cluster analysis. This technique
allows removing prominent biases while it aims at minimising the disturbances
to the physical consistency inherent in all statistical corrections of
simulated data. The simulations span the period 1979–2005 and are carried out with the
Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), driven by the ERA-Interim
reanalysis (hereafter WRF-ERA), and the Community Earth System Model
(hereafter WRF-CESM). The simulated precipitation is in both cases validated
against observations in Switzerland. In a first step, the area is classified
into regions of similar temporal variability of precipitation. Similar
spatial patterns emerge in all datasets, with a clear northwest–southeast
separation following the main orographic features of this region. The daily
evolution and the annual cycle of precipitation in WRF-ERA closely reproduces
the observations. Conversely, WRF-CESM shows a different seasonality with
peak precipitation in winter and not in summer as in the observations or in
WRF-ERA. The application of the new bias-correction technique minimises
systematic biases in the WRF-CESM simulation and substantially improves the
seasonality, while the temporal and physical consistency of simulated
precipitation is greatly preserved.
Development and implementation of a new biomass
burning emissions injection height scheme for the GEOSChem
model
Authors: Zhu Liye , Val Martin Maria , Hecobian Arsineh , Gatti Luciana V. , Kahn Ralph , Fischer Emily V.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Biomass burning is a significant source of trace gases and aerosols to the atmosphere, and the evolution of these species depends acutely on where they are injected into the atmosphere. GEOS-Chem is a chemical transport model driven by assimilated meteorological data that is used to probe a variety of scientific questions related to atmospheric composition, including the role of biomass burning. This paper presents the development and implementation of a new global biomass burning emissions injection scheme in the GEOS-Chem model. The new injection scheme is based on monthly gridded Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro Radiometer (MISR) global plume-height stereoscopic observations in 2008. To provide specific examples of the impact of the model updates, we compare the output from simulations with and without the new MISR-based injection height scheme to several sets of observations from regions with active fires. Our comparisons with ARCTAS aircraft observations show that the updated injection height scheme improves the ability of the model to simulate the vertical distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and carbon monoxide (CO) over North American boreal regions in summer. We also compare a simulation for October 2010 and 2011 to vertical profiles of CO over the Amazon Basin. When coupled with larger emission factors for CO, a simulation that includes the new injection scheme also better matches selected observations in this region. Finally the improved injection height also improves the simulation of monthly mean surface CO over California during July 2008, a period with large fires.
Internationalization and performance in agri-food firms
Authors: Serrano Raúl , Fernández-Olmos Marta , Pinilla Vicente
Published: June 2018

This paper studies the relationship between internationalization and performance in agri-food firms. In line with the recent literature, it analyses the effects of the degree of internationalization using a uniform sample, a long-term focus and a measure that combines export intensity and regional diversification. The study empirically confirms the hypothesis of a horizontal S-curve relationship between geographical diversification and performance and identifies three phases. Export firms are found in the first phase; their profits are low due the initial costs incurred in exporting. Companies with a more advanced internationalization process are in the second phase; they benefit from the positive outcomes of operating on a larger scale. Lastly, the third phase contains highly international, geographically diversified companies; their performance decreases as a result of the costs of entering extra-regional markets, which are especially steep in this sector; they also face higher transition costs and organisational complexity. The results presented could be interesting for policymakers designing and implementing export programmes for agri-food firms. Policies should include assistance at the start of the internationalization process and an attempt to prolong the strategy until the volume of business is sufficient to start showing an increase in performance. The policies could possibly promote networking between Spanish and foreign companies to reduce the costs of more global internationalization strategies.
Myrmica sabuleti Workers Cannot Acquire Serial Recognition if not Rewarded
Authors: Cammaerts Marie-Claire , Cammaerts Roger
Published: June 2018

Having previously found that workers of the ant Myrmica sabuleti can acquire serial recognition when rewarded after having walked a correct visual sequence, we here examined if they can acquire this type of learning (that is recognizing a correct sequence presented together with wrong ones) without being rewarded. Using the same colonies two months later and sequences made of four never previously presented elements, we observed that these ants could not significantly acquire serial recognition. Thereafter, rewarding the ants at each step (element) of the sequence, they could progressively acquire some serial recognition, reaching a score of 60% after seven training days. This score no longer increased the day after, being thus the maximum score the ants could reach. The ant M. sabuleti can thus acquire serial recognition only if duly rewarded during training. Moreover, on the basis of their responses to three wrong sequences during testing, it might be presumed that, when being rewarded at each element of the sequence and not at the end of it, the ants better memorize the first element of the sequence. These studies have demonstrated that ants, particularly the workers of M. sabuleti, can acquire serial recognition only through operant conditioning.
Islamic Banking: A New Approach for Financial Inclusion
Authors: Zamer Khaled Zohdi
Published: June 2018

This study aimed to explore using Islamic banking as a new approach to tackle the challenges of financial inclusion in Middle east and sub-Saharan Africa where the majority of populations are Muslims and have challenges in accessing the financial instruments. There are different barriers to financial inclusion, one of these is the voluntary exclusion due to religious reasons and the other is the high cost of interest charged to small borrowers. Islamic banking seems to offer reasonable solution to these challenges where the interest is replaced with other tools based on partnerships and social cooperation. However, banks might be facing different type of challenges such as the regulation and customer reach in absence of profitable margins. The other factors impacting adoption will be to offer an economic access to the service without heavy investments from the banks, and maintain high service standard to create trust and drive adoption.
Het thuisgevoel van de buurt-BBQ
Authors: Metze Tamara
Published: June 2018

Editorial

This editorial offers an introduction to the current issue.
De redzaamheidsnotie als dekmantel
Authors: Elsman Sjouke
Published: June 2018

Self-reliance as an easy cover

In recent years few political ambitions enjoyed so much political support as the striving to let the welfare state become more of a ‘participation society’. This ‘participation society’ should be a society with self-reliant citizens; before turning to the state for support, citizens should first of all look at their own capacities, and only in the last case ask the state for help. The premise is promising: collective well-being. However, the fundamental assumptions behind this notion do raise questions. This article argues that the notion for citizens to be self-reliant easily builds on questionable assumptions; these assumptions on the one hand raise hope for collective well-being, but on the other hand easily catalyze citizens’ contemporary uncertainties. It indeed is desirable to restate the relation between state and citizens, but the contemporary focus on citizens’ self-reliance should watch for building on unstable foundations to easily.
Zonder publieke liefde
Authors: Klarenbeek Tessa
Published: June 2018

Without public love

Decades of neoliberalism have placed emphasis on individualism, self-responsibility, and self-interest. As a result solidarity, and charity are losing ground and inter-subjective suspicion enters society. With a dominant focus on the economic life, happiness can be found in working and consuming, which has led to a morbid focus on performance. As a consequence self-exploitation, stress, fear of failure and auto-aggression undermines self-love. Competing individuals, with whom man cannot identify himself, see the other as someone who also has to take care of himself; empathy for the stranger is far to seek. Problematic because in the participatory society people need to care for themselves, and others, which calls for public love. Economic actions of man should be perceived as a social activity that presupposes love. A supplier must show empathy towards its customer before a decent product can be created. A prerequisite for empathy and cooperation is equality. However with scarcity as the engine of hyper-capitalism market thinking inequality between people increases. It seems that men should embrace the ‘difference’ of others. The acceptance of ‘the strange’ could start with a heterogeneous student population during education, and a variety of inhabitants in neighbourhoods. Furthermore a more relaxed working climate with the focus on cooperation instead of competition could contribute to the return of empathy and self-love.
De blinde vlek van burgerschapsonderwijs
Authors: Eidhof Bram
Published: June 2018

De blinde vlek van burgerschapsonderwijs

The most relevant part of a discussion is not what is discussed but what cannot be spoken of. The real taboos are those for which it is taboo to call them taboos. The status quo defines itself as non-ideological while denouncing any challenge to itself as radical.

Therefore the column ‘De Blinde Vlek’ frames the framers, politicizes the status quo and articulates what is not heard of.
La formación en centros de trabajo para los alumnos de formación profesional inicial. Análisis del funcionamiento y perspectivas de futuro
Authors: Vázquez-Cano Esteban , García-Iglesias Ana María , Holgueras González Ana Isabel
Published: June 2018

La formación en centros de trabajo (FCT) es uno de los aspectos cruciales en el desarrollo de la formación profesional actual. Este artículo presenta el funcionamiento del módulo de FCT desde las perspectivas teórica y empírica, mediante una muestra de centros educativos que imparten la formación profesional inicial en las ramas de Peluquería y Estética y Servicios Administrativos. A través de una metodología cualitativa en la que se integra el análisis de redes sociales, se analizan los puntos débiles, los puntos fuertes y las propuestas de mejora desde el punto de vista del profesorado y del alumnado. Los resultados muestran que tanto uno como otro consideran de gran importancia este módulo profesional. Ambos sectores coinciden en que sus puntos fuertes se concentran en un incremento del grado de autonomía y responsabilidad de los estudiantes y en la puesta en práctica de competencias profesionales en un entorno real de trabajo. Los principales puntos a mejorar se centran principalmente en la necesidad del profesorado de disponer de más tiempo para realizar el seguimiento del alumnado en la fase de prácticas y la búsqueda de empresas participantes, junto con la necesidad de actualizar la maquinaria y los recursos con los que cuenta el centro educativo.
What are the core aims of English as a school subject? A study of teacher understanding in lower secondary school
Authors: Chvala Lynell
Published: June 2018

Teachers’ interpretations of the core aims of a school subject open or constrain what can be taught and learned in the subject in school. The global spread of English and its changing status in the world have impacted how English as a school subject is understood and what it is meant to achieve. This article explores teachers’ understandings of the core aims of English as a school subject at the end of basic English education in Norway.  Data consist of interviews with 12 teachers across six schools in a large school district. Qualitative analyses of the data identify four core aims: 1) acquiring content knowledge of English-speaking countries, 2), developing communicative language ability 3) developing linguistic knowledge of English and 4) developing the democratic citizen. While acquiring knowledge and learning to communicate in English are dominant in teacher understanding, linguistic knowledge of English and democratic participation are much less pronounced. These findings are discussed in light of future needs for English as a world language. Finally, suggestions are made for bridging the way English as a school subject is understood today and imagining an alternative for the future. Key words: English as a school subject, core aims, teacher cognition, lower secondary school, NorwayHva er kjernemålene i engelskfaget på ungdomstrinnet i skolen? En studie av lærers forståelseSammendragLærernes tolkning av de sentrale målene for et skolefag er avgjørende for hva som kan undervises og læres i faget i skolen. Utbredelsen av engelsk og språkets endrede status i verden påvirker hvordan faget forstås og hva som oppleves som hensikten med faget. Denne artikkelen utforsker læreres oppfatninger av de sentrale målene for engelskfaget i grunnskolen i Norge.Datamaterialet består av intervjuer med 12 lærere ved seks skoler i en stor kommune. Gjennom kvalitative analyser av intervjudata er fire sentrale mål identifisert: 1) Å tilegne seg kunnskap om engelsktalende land, 2) Å utvikle kommunikative ferdigheter, 3) Å utvikle  engelsk språk- (lingvistisk-) kunnskap og 4) Å utvikle demokratiske medborgere. Mens kunnskapstilegnelse og utviklingen av kommunikative ferdigheter er dominerende i lærernes forståelse, er kunnskap om det engelske språksystemet og opplæring i demokratisk deltagelse mindre tydelig i materialet. Funnene blir diskutert med tanke på fremtidige behov for engelsk som verdensspråk. Til slutt presenteres et forslag for hvordan man kan bygge broer mellom forståelsen av engelsk som skolefag i dag og et mulig alternativ til dette i fremtiden.Nøkkelord: Engelsk som skolefag, kjernemål, formål, sosial praksis, lærerdiskurs, Norge
The Alert Collector: Workplace Diversity and Inclusion
Authors: Grissom Andrew R.
Published: June 2018

It is usually assumed that the Alert Collector column author has some expertise on the subject covered. This is especially true this issue for author Andrew R. Grissom’s column on workpace diversity and inclusion. Grissom is an information professional at a nonprofit devoted to these issues. You could say he “lives and breathes” this topic. The column has something for all libraries, whether you are seeking to expand your circulating collections or offer an in-house collection of resources to help your library create or maintain an inclusive workplace.—Editor
Antibiotic resistance profiles of deep surgical site infections in hip hemiarthroplasty; comparing low dose single antibiotic versus high dose dual antibiotic impregnated cement
Authors: Tyas Ben , Marsh Martin , Oswald Tamsin , Refaie Ramsay , Molyneux Catherine , Reed Mike
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Objectives: The incidence of fractured neck of femur (FNOF) is increasing yearly. Many of these patients undergo hip hemiarthroplasty. High dose dual-antibiotic cement (HDDAC) has been shown to reduce rates of deep surgical site infection (SSI) when compared to the current standard low dose single-antibiotic cement (LDSAC) in a quasi-randomised controlled trial. Some concerns exist regarding the use of HDDAC and the development of antibiotic resistance. We reviewed cases of infection in LDSAC and HDDAC bone cement with regard to causative organism and resistance profile.Methods: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all hemiarthroplasties within our trust from April 2008 to December 2014. We identified all patients in this time period who acquired a deep SSI. The infecting organisms and susceptibility patterns were collated for each cement.Results: We identified 1941 hemiarthroplasties. There were 38 deep surgical site infections representing an infection rate of 3.4% in LDSAC patients and 1.2% in HDDAC patients. The majority of infections were polymicrobial. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most commonly isolated organism. It accounted for a larger proportion of HDDAC than LDSAC infections (p<0.05). Infection with Corynebacterium species and S. aureus, including MRSA, was eradicated completely with the use of HDDAC. There was no significant change in the proportion of Gram negative and Gram positive infections between the two cements. In Gram positive organisms, there was no significant change in resistance to most antibiotics. Although fewer resistant infections overall, there were significant increases in the proportion of resistance to ciprofloxacin and clindamycin with HDDAC. We observed no resistance to daptomycin or linezolid in either cement and levels of resistance remained low to rifampicin and teicoplanin. In Gram negative organisms, no significant change in resistance was observed.Conclusions: We observed a significantly lower infection rate with the use of HDDAC compared to LDSAC. Such was this reduced infection rate that there was a trend to a lower rate of resistance with the use of HDDAC. However, there were increases in the proportion of resistant cases, most notably to clindamycin and ciprofloxacin in Gram positive organisms, possibly reflecting the higher number of S. epidermidis in the HDDAC group. Whilst the differences in our study were not found to be statistically significant, it is reassuring for teams using HDDAC to prevent SSI in hip hemiarthroplasty.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TRITICALE IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
Authors: GLAMOČLIJA Nataša , STARČEVIĆ Marija , ĆIRIĆ Jelena , ŠEFER Dragan , GLIŠIĆ Milica , BALTIĆ Milan , MARKOVIĆ Radmila , SPASIĆ Marija , GLAMOČLIJA Đorđe
Published: June 2018

Grains have great agronomic and economic importance and they are oneof the most important plants. Triticale is modern cereal grain, hybrid of wheat andrye, which inherited the ability of the rye to survive the high frosts, but has a higherprotein value than rye, while higher grain yields and increased tolerance to diseaseswere inherited from wheat. The way in which triticale will be used depends on thecharacteristics of the variety. Triticale varieties of large and uniform grains whichhave more proteins then starch are used as concentrated feed for poultry, ruminantsand nonruminants. Varieties that form large biomass, similar to rye, can be and aregrazed, or harvested for silage or hay and straw. Triticale grain has nutritional valuelike wheat but with slightly more lysine amino acid. Triticale as a feed grain withgood essential amino acid balance, minerals and vitamins is primarily included inlivestock diets especially as an energy source. Depending on the type of domesticanimal and meal, triticale can be used in significant percentage. The advantage oftriticale over other cereals is that it has higher yields, a faster spring growth, and alonger mowing time as a green animal feed, than for example rays or oats. Becauseof all these advantages, triticale is suitable for planting especially in developingcountries.
APPLICATION OF MEASURES OF DISINFECTON, DISINSECTON AND RODENT CONTROL IN SLAUGHTERHOUSES
Authors: JANKOVIĆ Ljiljana , TEODOROVIĆ Radislava , ĐORĐEVIĆ Milutin , VUČINIĆ Marijana , NENADOVIĆ Katarina
Published: June 2018

The responsibility of all food business operators is the prevention ofconditions that can lead to the development and spread of foodborne diseases.Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points HACCP (Hazard Analysis CriticalControl Point) has been identified as the most effective standardized approach thatreduces the risks of foodborne diseases and is therefore accepted by FAO (Foodand Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization). Disinfection,disinsection and deratization (DDD) is just one of the prerequisite programmes inthe application of the HACCP system in the food industry. By implementing thesemeasures, manufacturers are closer to their ultimate goal which is a safe productof high quality. Measures of disinfection, disinsection and deratization are carriedout continuously and involve complex, carefully planned and complete proceduresfor destruction of microorganisms, insects and rodents. These measures require acombination of preventive and curative measures and they must be implementedin order to achieve the expected effects. Companies that implement DDD measuresmust have trained staff who understand the principles of HACCP and know how toapply these measures in a way that will not pose a risk to the end consumer.
Interpreting Global Land and Water Grabbing through Two Rival Economic Paradigms
Authors: Chiodi Guglielmo
Published: June 2018

The paper tries to address attention to the recent phenomenon of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) made by foreign investors in low-income agriculture-based countries. Since 2008, the phenomenon of LSLAs has increased at a very high speed and at a growing scale, although it has assumed different connotations, compared with previous LSLAs, with particular reference to the space concerned (the phenomenon has a global dimension), to the motivations behind it, to the way in which the acquisitions have been made, not to mention the impacts produced on local populations and the environment. The aim of the paper is that of contributing to examine, from the economic theory historic-analytical perspective, some aspects of contemporary LSLAs, global land and water grabbing in particular, which seem passed generally unnoticed. The main thesis will be that the dominant economic theory (neoclassical economics) appears indeed as an invisible though crucial driver of that phenomenon, in so far as it profoundly shapes the ‘vision’ which supposedly lies at the very background of most of the subjects and of the policy makers and institutions involved. It is suggested that an alternative ‘vision’ should be used instead – the contemporary classical economic theory rivaled by Sraffa in the 1960s.
The Registration of the Ownership of the Illegal Objects in Albania
Authors: Shyle Petanaj Enkeleida
Published: June 2018

The right of ownership in Albania is one of the fundamental human rights sanctioned on the Constitution. The right of ownership changes with the changes of economic social relations. Together with the tremendous political and economical changes in Albania, there was a great development in illegally obtaining the state property and private property also. After the year 1990, a considerable number of people used the force to keep and protect the property acquired illegally. In these conditions, the legalization was a pragmatic answer against the difficult consequences that came from the occupation of the land and massive population movement onto these lands. The legalization aimed to give ownership of state and private land to people who had illegally constructed buildings and to make them part of the process of urbanization. Legislative initiatives were undertaken and institutions were created in relation to this process. This study aims to present the legal steps and the documentation needed to obtain the title of ownership of the illegal objects and the closure of the procedures of its registration up to the final step of acquiring the certificate of property. This study presents a series of legal and judicial norms and their analysis in the view of respecting the right of ownership, and by giving suggestions that help the finalization of the process, in order to harmonize it with guaranteeing of the property right to the legitimate owners.
The Growing Problem of Obesity in the UAE
Authors: Babu Rajan Panthayil
Published: June 2018

Obesity is an epidemic in the UAE. The obesity level in the UAE is one among the highest in the world. It is one of the leading health concerns in the country affecting people of all ages. The fat-rich fast-food, sedentary lifestyles, and harsh climatic conditions are the important causes of obesity that creates severe negative impacts on health and wellbeing of people. However, it is a controllable problem. If people cultivate healthy lifestyles and say no to fat-rich fast-stood and calorie-rich soft drinks, they can prevent becoming obese to a great extent. Collective efforts by governmental organizations, voluntary organizations, service agencies, media and educational institutions appear to be imperative to offset the growing problem of obesity in country and cultivating healthy lifestyles among people.
Multi-omic profiling to assess the effect of iron starvation inStreptococcus pneumoniaeTIGR4
Authors: Jiménez-Munguía Irene , Calderón-Santiago Mónica , Rodríguez-Franco Antonio , Priego-Capote Feliciano , Rodríguez-Ortega Manuel J.
Published: June 2018

We applied multi-omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) to study the effect of iron starvation on the Gram-positive human pathogenStreptococcus pneumoniaeto elucidate global changes in the bacterium in a condition similar to what can be found in the host during an infectious episode. We treated the reference strain TIGR4 with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate. DNA microarrays revealed changes in the expression of operons involved in multiple biological processes, with a prevalence of genes coding for ion binding proteins. We also studied the changes in protein abundance by 2-DE followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis of total cell extracts and secretome fractions. The main proteomic changes were found in proteins related to the primary and amino sugar metabolism, especially in enzymes with divalent cations as cofactors. Finally, the metabolomic analysis of intracellular metabolites showed altered levels of amino sugars involved in the cell wall peptidoglycan metabolism. This work shows the utility of multi-perspective studies that can provide complementary results for the comprehension of how a given condition can influence global physiological changes in microorganisms.
Population diversity and relatedness in Sugarbirds (Promeropidae:Promeropsspp.)
Authors: Haworth Evan S. , Cunningham Michael J. , Calf Tjorve Kathleen M.
Published: June 2018

Sugarbirds are a family of two socially-monogamous passerine species endemic to southern Africa. Cape and Gurney’s Sugarbird (Promerops caferandP. gurneyi) differ in abundance, dispersion across their range and in the degree of sexual dimorphism in tail length, factors that affect breeding systems and potentially genetic diversity. According to recent data,P. gurneyiare in decline and revision of the species’ IUCN conservation status to a threatened category may be warranted. It is therefore necessary to understand genetic diversity and risk of inbreeding in this species. We used six polymorphic microsatellite markers and one mitochondrial gene (ND2) to compare genetic diversity inP. caferfrom Helderberg Nature Reserve andP. gurneyifrom Golden Gate Highlands National Park, sites at the core of each species distribution. We describe novel universal avian primers which amplify the entire ND2 coding sequence across a broad range of bird orders. We observed high mitochondrial and microsatellite diversity in both sugarbird populations, with no detectable inbreeding and large effective population sizes.
Fuel Cells
Authors: Heinzel Angelika , Cappadonia Marcella , Stimming Ulrich , Kordesch Karl V. , Oliveira Julio Cesar Tambasco
Published: June 2018

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Principles of Fuel Cells2.1.Functions2.2.Setup2.3.Efficiency2.4.History and Development3.Classification of Fuel Cell Systems3.1.Low‐Temperature Fuel Cells3.1.1.Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)3.1.2.Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)3.1.3.Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)3.2.Intermediate‐Temperature Fuel Cells3.3.High‐Temperature Fuel Cells3.3.1.Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)3.3.2.Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)4.Examples of Application of Fuel Cells4.1.Zero‐Emission Vehicle4.2.Combined Heat and Power Plants4.3.Residential Fuel Cells4.4.Early Market Applications
Pyrotechnics
Authors: Griffiths Trevor T. , Krone Uwe , Lancaster Ronald
Published: June 2018

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Pyrotechnic Compositions3.Pyrotechnic Effects4.Environmental Aspects5.Pyrotechnics for Military Use6.Fireworks6.1.Toy Fireworks6.2.Garden Fireworks6.3.Display Fireworks7.Civil and Industrial Applications7.1Automotive Systems7.2Other Applications8.Production9.Legal Aspects; Storage and Transportation
Azo Dyes, 3. Direct (Substantive) Dyes
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Mischke Peter , Rieper Wolfgang , Zhang Shufen
Published: June 2018

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Conventional Direct Dyes2.1.Monoazo Dyes2.2.Disazo Dyes2.2.1.Primary Disazo Dyes2.2.2.Secondary Disazo Dyes2.3.Trisazo Dyes2.4.Tetrakisazo Dyes2.5.Condensation Dyes2.6.Direct Dyes with a Urea Bridge2.7.Triazinyl Dyes2.8.Copper Complexes of Substantive Azo Dyes3.Direct Dyes with Aftertreatment3.1.Aftertreatment with Cationic Auxiliaries3.2.Diazotization Dyes3.3.Aftertreatment with Metal Salts
Prospective memory, working memory, planning, and attention in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A comparative study
Authors: Yasmin Natasha , Pandey Rashmi
Published: June 2018

There is a need to study prospective memory (PM) and its relationship with aspects of frontal lobe functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The study aims to investigate event‐based (EB) and time‐based (TB) PM functioning in the two groups, and its association with working memory, planning, and attention. A word categorisation task was developed to assess PM functioning among 90 participants (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and a control group). Frontal lobe functioning was assessed using Tower of London, N‐Back test, and triads test. Mean comparisons revealed significantly higher impairment in TB PM in comparison to EB PM in both the clinical groups. Significant relationship between PM and frontal lobe impairment was found. Relationship between PM and frontal lobe deficits in the clinical groups emphasises the need to include its assessment at an early stage and to develop PM rehabilitation strategies to improve the quality of living.
Creating Effective Nanoreactors on Carbon Nanotubes with Mechanochemical Treatments for High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathodes and Lithium Anodes
Authors: Yang Gang , Tan Jian , Jin Ho , Kim Young Heon , Yang Xinyu , Son Dong Hee , Ahn Sangjung , Zhou Hongcai , Yu Choongho
Published: June 2018

Li‐S batteries can potentially deliver high energy density and power, but polysulfide shuttle and lithium dendrite formations on Li metal anode have been the major hurdle. The polysulfide shuttle becomes severe particularly when the areal loading of the active material (sulfur) is increased to deliver the high energy density and the charge/discharge current density is raised to deliver high power. This study reports a novel mechanochemical method to create trenches on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in free‐standing 3D porous CNT sponges. Unique spiral trenches are created by pressures during the chemical treatment process, providing polysulfide‐philic surfaces for cathode and lithiophilic surfaces for anode. The Li‐S cells made from manufacturing‐friendly sulfur‐sandwiched cathodes and lithium‐infused anodes using the mechanochemically treated electrodes exhibit a strikingly high areal capacity as high as 13.3 mAh cm−2, which is only marginally reduced even with a tenfold increase in current density (16 mA cm−2), demonstrating both high “cell‐level” energy density and power. The outstanding performance can be attributed to the significantly improved reaction kinetics and lowered overpotentials coming from the reduced interfacial resistance and charge transfer resistance at both cathodes and anodes. The trench–wall CNT sponge simultaneously tackles the most critical problems on both the cathodes and anodes of Li‐S batteries, and this method can be utilized in designing new electrode materials for energy storage and beyond.
Ion Transport beyond the Polyether Paradigm: Introducing Oligocarbonate Ion Transporters for Efficient Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Mindemark Jonas , Tang Shi , Li Hu , Edman Ludvig
Published: June 2018

The light‐emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is fundamentally dependent on mobile ions for its operation. In polymer LECs, the mobile ions are commonly provided by dissolving a salt in an ion transporter, with the latter almost invariably being an ether‐based compound. Here, the synthesis, characterization, and application of a new class of carbonate‐based ion transporters are reported. A polymer LEC, comprising a star‐branched oligocarbonate endowed with aliphatic side groups as the ion transporter, features a current efficacy of 13.8 cd A−1 at a luminance of 1060 cd m−2, which is a record‐high efficiency/luminance combination for a singlet‐emitting LEC. It is further established that the design principles of a high‐performance carbonate ion transporter constitute the selection of an oligomeric structure over a corresponding polymeric structure and the endowment of the oligomer with functional side chains to render it compatible with the polymeric emitter.
Near‐Infrared Small Molecule Acceptor Enabled High‐Performance Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells with Over 13% Efficiency
Authors: Gao Wei , Liu Tao , Ming Ruijie , Luo Zhenghui , Wu Kailong , Zhang Lin , Xin Jingming , Xie Dongjun , Zhang Guangye , Ma Wei , Yan He , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2018

One of the most promising approaches to achieve high‐performance polymer solar cells (PSCs) is to develop nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (SMAs) with an absorption extending to the near‐infrared (NIR) region. In this work, two novel SMAs, namely, BTTIC and BTOIC, are designed and synthesized, with optical bandgaps (Egopt) of 1.47 and 1.39 eV, respectively. Desipte the narrow Egopt, the PBDB‐T:BTTIC‐ and PBDB‐T:BTOIC‐based PSCs can maintain high VOCs of over 0.90 and 0.86 V, respectively, with low energy losses (Eloss) < 0.6 eV. Meanwhile, due to the favorable morphology of the PBDB‐T:BTTIC blend, balanced carrier mobilities are achieved. The high external quantum efficiencies enable a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 13.18% for the PBDB‐T:BTTIC‐based PSCs. In comparison, BTOIC shows an excessive crystallization propensity owing to its oxyalkyl side groups, which eventually leads to a relatively low PCE for the PBDB‐T:BTOIC‐based PSCs. Overall, this work provides insights into the design of novel NIR‐absorbing SMAs for nonfullerene PSCs.
High‐Throughput Continuous Production of Shear‐Exfoliated 2D Layered Materials using Compressible Flows
Authors: Rizvi Reza , Nguyen Emily P. , Kowal Matthew D. , Mak Wai H. , Rasel Sheikh , Islam Md Akibul , Abdelaal Ahmed , Joshi Anup S. , Zekriardehani Shahab , Coleman Maria R. , Kaner Richard B.
Published: June 2018

2D nanomaterials are finding numerous applications in next‐generation electronics, consumer goods, energy generation and storage, and healthcare. The rapid rise of utility and applications for 2D nanomaterials necessitates developing means for their mass production. This study details a new compressible flow exfoliation method for producing 2D nanomaterials using a multiphase flow of 2D layered materials suspended in a high‐pressure gas undergoing expansion. The expanded gas–solid mixture is sprayed in a suitable solvent, where a significant portion (up to 10% yield) of the initial hexagonal boron nitride material is found to be exfoliated with a mean thickness of 4.2 nm. The exfoliation is attributed to the high shear rates ( > 105 s−1) generated by supersonic flow of compressible gases inside narrow orifices and converging‐diverging channels. This method has significant advantages over current 2D material exfoliation methods, such as chemical intercalation and exfoliation, as well as liquid phase shear exfoliation, with the most obvious benefit being the fast, continuous nature of the process. Other advantages include environmentally friendly processing, reduced occurrence of defects, and the versatility to be applied to any 2D layered material using any gaseous medium. Scaling this process to industrial production has a strong possibility of reducing the cost of creating 2D nanomaterials.
A Magnifying Glass for Virtual Imaging of Subwavelength Resolution by Transformation Optics
Authors: Sun Fei , Guo Shuwei , Liu Yichao , He Sailing
Published: June 2018

Traditional magnifying glasses can give magnified virtual images with diffraction‐limited resolution, that is, detailed information is lost. Here, a novel magnifying glass by transformation optics, referred to as a “superresolution magnifying glass” (SMG) is designed, which can produce magnified virtual images with a predetermined magnification factor and resolve subwavelength details (i.e., light sources with subwavelength distances can be resolved). Based on theoretical calculations and reductions, a metallic plate structure to produce the reduced SMG in microwave frequencies, which gives good performance verified by both numerical simulations and experimental results, is proposed and realized. The function of SMG is to create a superresolution virtual image, unlike traditional superresolution imaging devices that create real images. The proposed SMG will create a new branch of superresolution imaging technology.
Stable Blue Luminescent CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals Confined in Mesoporous Thin Films
Authors: Malgras Victor , Henzie Joel , Takei Toshiaki , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: June 2018

Creating CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with bright blue emission is challenging because their optical properties depend sensitively on structure. Growing perovskites in mesoporous templates bypasses some of these purification issues because the size of the nanocrystal is governed by the dimensions of the pores. Mesoporous silica consisting of aligned channels with tunable diameter can be easily synthesized and used as a template. When the perovskite solution evaporates and retreats, some of the liquid remains trapped in the interconnecting pores by discontinuous dewetting. The precursor crystallizes, generating stable ca. 3.1 nm blue‐emitting perovskite nanocrystals. The mesoporous template also serves as a protective barrier to preserve the optical properties of the CsPbBr3 from atmospheric conditions. Compared to the bulk crystals and the powder composite, the strong blue‐shift of the emission peak in the film is accompanied by a decrease in the longer lifetime component and an 8‐fold increase in the external quantum efficiency.
Myoglobin‐Catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Unprotected Indoles
Authors: Vargas David A. , Tinoco Antonio , Tyagi Vikas , Fasan Rudi
Published: June 2018

Functionalized indoles are recurrent motifs in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. While transition metal‐catalyzed carbene transfer has provided an attractive route to afford C3‐functionalized indoles, these protocols are viable only in the presence of N‐protected indoles, owing to competition from the more facile N−H insertion reaction. Herein, a biocatalytic strategy for enabling the direct C−H functionalization of unprotected indoles is reported. Engineered variants of myoglobin provide efficient biocatalysts for this reaction, which has no precedents in the biological world, enabling the transformation of a broad range of indoles in the presence of ethyl α‐diazoacetate to give the corresponding C3‐functionalized derivatives in high conversion yields and excellent chemoselectivity. This strategy could be exploited to develop a concise chemoenzymatic route to afford the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug indomethacin.
Site‐Specific Dual Labeling of Proteins on Cysteine Residues with Chlorotetrazines
Authors: Canovas Coline , Moreau Mathieu , Bernhard Claire , Oudot Alexandra , Guillemin Mélanie , Denat Franck , Goncalves Victor
Published: June 2018

Dual‐labeled biomolecules constitute a new generation of bioconjugates with promising applications in therapy and diagnosis. Unfortunately, the development of these new families of biologics is hampered by the technical difficulties associated with their construction. In particular, the site specificity of the conjugation is critical as the number and position of payloads can have a dramatic impact on the pharmacokinetics of the bioconjugate. Herein, we introduce dichlorotetrazine as a trivalent platform for the selective double modification of proteins on cysteine residues. This strategy is applied to the dual labeling of albumin with a macrocyclic chelator for nuclear imaging and a fluorescent probe for fluorescence imaging.
Synthesis of Stereodefined Borylated Dendralenes through Copper‐Catalyzed Allylboration of Alkynes
Authors: Rivera‐Chao Eva , Fañanás‐Mastral Martín
Published: June 2018

An efficient method to access diversely substituted borylated dendralenes from simple and readily available materials is reported. This method is based on a multicomponent copper‐catalyzed allylboration of alkynes with diboron and a 1,4‐dibromo‐2‐butene which provides bromo‐ and boron‐substituted skipped dienes with a remarkable chemo‐, stereo‐, and regioselectivity. These products can be easily transformed into dendralenic organoboronates, which display an extremely versatile reactivity as demonstrated by novel selective transformations.
Structure and Dynamics in the Nucleosome Revealed by Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Shi Xiangyan , Prasanna Chinmayi , Nagashima Toshio , Yamazaki Toshio , Pervushin Konstantin , Nordenskiöld Lars
Published: June 2018

Eukaryotic chromatin structure and dynamics play key roles in genomic regulation. In the current study, the secondary structure and intramolecular dynamics of human histone H4 (hH4) in the nucleosome core particle (NCP) and in a nucleosome array are determined by solid‐state NMR (SSNMR). Secondary structure elements are successfully localized in the hH4 in the NCP precipitated with Mg2+. In particular, dynamics on nanosecond to microsecond and microsecond to millisecond timescales are elucidated, revealing diverse internal motions in the hH4 protein. Relatively higher flexibility is observed for residues participating in the regulation of chromatin mobility and DNA accessibility. Furthermore, our study reveals that hH4 in the nucleosome array adopts the same structure and show similar internal dynamics as that in the NCP assembly while exhibiting relatively restricted motions in several regions consisting of residues in the N‐terminus, Loop 1, and the α3 helix region.
Characteristic analysis of biaxially stretched PVDF thin films
Authors: Ting Yung , Suprapto  , Chiu Chun‐Wei , Gunawan Hariyanto
Published: June 2018

By use of biaxial stretching process of poly(vinylidene fluoride) fabrication to gain high piezoelectricity is the focus in this article. The influence of different stretch ratio and temperature are investigated and compared to uniaxial stretching process. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction are used to observe the β‐phase fraction and the degree of crystallinity. The piezoelectric coefficients (d33, d31) and the sensitivity are also measured. All the above characteristic examinations show the same consequences that equi‐biaxial stretching process employed with same stretch ratio in both axial directions of poly(vinylidene fluoride) fabrication is the focus in this article. And heating temperature would have adequate piezoelectricity approximate to uniaxial stretching. In observation of surface morphology by using scanning electron microscopy, uniformity in biaxial direction is gained. However, biaxial stretching with higher stretch ratio of R = 4 × 4 would produce porosity and crack. Via atomic force microscopy, biaxial stretching with higher stretch ratio attains better surface chain orientation and smoothness. To sum up, the biaxial stretching approach has the advantage of low stretch ratio requirement to preserve good fabrication quality. Set up with stretch ratio in‐between R = 3 × 3 and R = 4 × 4 at 80 °C is suggested to use in biaxial stretching. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46677.
A stochastic techno‐economic analysis of shrub willow production using EcoWillow 3.0S
Authors: Frank Jenny R. , Brown Tristan R. , Volk Timothy A. , Heavey Justin P. , Malmsheimer Robert W.
Published: June 2018

EcoWillow 3.0S is a techno‐economic analysis (TEA) tool that calculates realistic willow biomass production costs using data from field trials of willow production in New York State. The model represents the input parameters for diesel fuel price, wood price, and willow yield as data‐derived probability distributions rather than as single values. This study uses EcoWillow 3.0S with Oracle Crystal Ball to perform a stochastic TEA of shrub willow production in the northeastern USA. Two outputs obtained from this model are a 24‐year net present value (NPV) and minimum selling price (MSP) of shrub willow production under price and yield uncertainty. The MSP for dry willow ranges within a 95% confidence interval from $59–$102/Mg. The NPV, also within a 95% confidence interval, ranges from −$153 819 to $207 129 for 40 ha of willow harvested seven times over 24 years. The relevance of this study is to use the TEA methodology to assess the financial feasibility of shrub willow production as a bioenergy feedstock. The results of this analysis provide the bioenergy field with NPV and MSP probability distributions on shrub willow production that have previously been absent from the refereed literature. Using data collected from field operations over a number of years, EcoWillow 3.0S captures some of the key inputs that influence the variation in the delivered cost of willow biomass crops. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The complexity of the environment, management control and firm performance
Authors: Arrive Jean Tsitaire , Feng Mei
Published: June 2018

The objective of this study is to contribute to the strengthening of management control systems in the face of environmental complexities with assumptions related to competent staff and real‐time information. A questionnaire and the quota‐sampling method of 32 Chinese‐listed companies in Madagascar were used. The results show that both assumptions of competent staff and real‐time information are factors leading to effective management control. The first hypothesis is confirmed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9, and the second hypothesis is confirmed with a correlation coefficient of 0.8. The study indicates that having competent staff, in terms of management control and in terms of anticipation of the facts, is the main factor in effective management control.