bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Multi-Ferroic Actuator/Sensor Material and Device for Intelligent/Smart Technology - Basic Design and Experimental Verification
Authors: Furuya Yasubumi , Okazaki Teiko
Published: March 2009

Technical importance of multi-ferroic approach for designing advanced
multi-functional actuator/sensors based on a mutual coupling effect between ferroic material
elements is pointed out for intelligent/smart technology. Two types of multi-ferroic
actuator/sensor devices. i.e. (1) magnetically driven composite actuator and (2)
multi-functional surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor by MEMS are presented. First, a
large-scale robust composite actuator is the composite structure which is reinforced by the
superelastic fiber or lamellar of shape memory alloys (TiNi) in the ferromagnetic metal (Ni)
matrix. This multi-ferroic composite can be driven with high speed as well as considerably
enhanced strain by applying a wireless magnetic field. Secondarily, multi-functionally
designed, multi-ferroic senor device using surface acoustic wave (SAW) is introduced. On the
surface part between IDTs, environmentally active material films such as SMA, FSMA,
magnetostrictive alloy etc. are formed by magnetron-sputtering. Various environmental
sensing parameters i.e. temperature, magnetic field strength, stress, loading hysteresis and
internal damage etc. can be evaluated nondestructively from the signal analysis of amplitude
and phase change of SAW. Consequently, these results show the promising new types of
multi-functional composite actuator and sensor based on multi-ferroic effect.
Room Temperature Magnetic-Semicondcutors in Modified Iron Titanates: Their Properties and Potential Microelectronic Devices
Authors: Pandey R.K. , Stern H. , Geerts W.J. , Padmini P. , Kale P. , Dou Jian , Schad R.
Published: March 2009

The phenomenal growths of information technology and related fields have warranted the
development of new class of materials. Multifunctional oxides, magnetic-semiconductors, multiferroics
and smart materials are just a few examples of such materials. They are needed for the
development of novel technologies such as spintronics, magneto-electronics, radhard electronics, and
advanced microelectronics. For these technologies, of particular interest are some solid solutions of
ilmenite-hematite (IH) represented by (1-x) FeTiO3.xFe2O3 where x varies from 0 to 1; Mn-doped
ilmenite (Mn+3-FeTiO3) and Mn-doped pseudobrookite, Mn+3-Fe2TiO5
(PsB). These multifunctional oxides are ferromagnetic with the magnetic Curie points well above the
room temperature as well as wide bandgap semiconductors with band gap Eg > 2.5 eV. This paper
outlines: (a) processing of device quality samples for structural, electrical and magnetic
characterization, (b) fabrication and evaluation of an integrated structure for controlled magnetic
switching, and (c) the response of the two terminal non-linear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics
when biased by a dc voltage. Subsequently, we will identify a few microelectronic applications based
on this class of oxides.
Formation of Highly Transparent SiCN Films Prepared by HWCVD
Authors: Izumi Akira , Nakayamada T.
Published: March 2009

Highly transparent silicon carbon nitride (SiCN) films were prepared by hot wire chemical
vapor deposition (HWCVD) at low temperature as low as 40oC. Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and
NH3 were used as the source materials for SiCN deposition. The SiCN film prepared by only HMDS
was completely transparent in the wavelength of the visible region. Moreover, there was a little
absorption in the ultraviolet region. However, SiCN prepared by using HMDS and NH3 showed
almost transparent both visible and UV regions.
Multifunctional Wear and Corrosion Resistant Decorative Nanostructured Carbon-Base Coatings
Authors: Cerny Frantisek , Gurovic Jan , Jech Vladimir , Konvickova Svatava
Published: March 2009

Multifunctional wear and corrosion resistant decorative nanostructured carbon-base coatings
were prepared by PACVD (Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition) method on steel
substrates. As the multifunctional coating the carbon-base, particularly DLC (Diamond-Like
Carbon) nanolayer, was chosen.
For the deposition of adherent DLC coating on steel substrate a very thin Si-O-C interlayer
was applied in some cases. Deposition of DLC coating and Si-O-C interlayer was performed
using dc plasma without additional heating and with the HMDSO (hexamethyldisiloxane) and
methane as precursors.
During coating growth with increasing of thickness of DLC nanolayer the colour of nanolayer
is changed. Whole spectrum of attractive colours is obtained, what is possible to use to
decorative purposes. Effect of film thickness on colour is following: The reference specimen
(bare stainless steel) has a bright metallic sheen. In the order of increasing thickness, the DLC
films produced by PACVD have colours as follows: dark violet at ~75 nm; medium blue at
~130 nm; golden light at ~170 nm; deep rose pink at ~240 nm; golden brown at ~320 nm; and
soot black at ~1200 nm.
Decorative coatings must be adherent and hard for good wear resistance. Adhesion was tested
by scratchtester and microhardness was determined by nanoindentation. The microhardness
data were thickness-dependent, influenced by substrate. The highest measured value was 23
GPa. Tribology of the coatings was assessed by wet friction tests.
Multiscale Molecular Modeling of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites of Type I and II
Authors: Fermeglia Maurizio , Maly Marek , Posocco Paola , Pricl Sabrina
Published: March 2009

A current challenge of physical, chemical and engineering sciences is to develop
theoretical tools for predicting structure and physical properties of hybrid organic inorganic
nanocomposite from the knowledge of a few input parameters. However, despite all efforts,
progress in the prediction of macroscopic physical properties from structure has been slow. Major
difficulties relate to the fact that (a) the microstructural elements in multiphase material are not
shaped or oriented as in the idealizations of computer simulations, and more than one type can
coexist; (b) multiple length and time scales are generally involved and must be taken into account,
when overall thermodynamic and mechanical properties wish to be determined, and finally (c) the
effect of the interphases/interfaces on the physical properties is often not well understood and
characterized. As a consequence, their role is often neglected in the development of new theoretical
tools or they are treated in a very empirical way. In this work, we focused on issues (b) and (c) in a
multiscale molecular simulation framework, with the ultimate goal of developing a
computationally-based nanocomposite designing tool. In particular, we developed a hierarchical
procedure in which lower scale (i.e., QM, MD and /or MC) simulations are performed to obtain
parameters for higher scale (i.e., mesoscopic and/or finite element) calculations, from which the
bulk properties of the hybrid nanocomposite material can be ultimately estimated.
Ultrathin Film Formation by Gamma-Ray Induced Polymerization in Surfactant Template on Solid Surface
Authors: Nummeechai Suwicha , Suwanmala Phiriyathorn , Hemvichian Kasinee , Pongprayoon Thirawudh
Published: March 2009

Ultrathin film of polyisoprene was formed on silica surface in the two dimensional adsorbed
surfactant by gamma-ray induced polymerization. The effect of gamma irradiation total doses on
polymeric film formation was investigated. The modified silica and formed film were characterized.
The results showed the potential of the surface modification by polymer film-surfactant-silica
hybrid.
Bistable Buckled Beam: Modelling and Piezoelectric Actuation
Authors: Maurini C. , Pouget Joel , Vidoli Stefano
Published: March 2009

Bistable structures, such as buckled beams, are characterized by a two-well potential.
Their nonlinear properties are currently exploited in actuators to produce relatively high
displacements and forces with low actuation energies. We investigate the use of distributed
multiparameter actuation to control the buckling and postbuckling behaviour of a three-layer
piezoelectric beam pinned at either end. A two-parameter bending actuation controls the transversal
motion, whilst an axial actuation modulates the tangent bending stiffness. The postbuckling
behaviour is studied by reducing to a 2 dof system a nonlinear extensible elastica model. When the
bending actuation is spatially symmetric, the postbuckling phenomena are characterized by a snapthrough
instability. The use of a two-parameter actuation opens new transition scenarios, where it is
possible to get quasi-static transitions between the two equilibria of the buckled beam, without any
instability phenomenon.
Design of Actuation for Bistable Structures Using Smart Materials
Authors: Cazottes Paul , Fernandes A. , Pouget Joel , Hafez Moustapha
Published: March 2009

Several smart materials such as shape memory alloys (SMA) and electroactive polymers
(EAP) have good properties in small scales and are often a good choice for tiny surface deflection
applications. However they need continuous powering to keep their shape change, leading to a
significant loss of energy. An interesting approach is to associate a smart material with a bistable
element, which provides two stable positions without power. This action requires some energy to
snap from one position to the other one. This association gives a very power-efficient solution.
In this paper, we present a mechanical study on the actuation of a bistable structure, using a
distributed torque actuation that is very suitable for smart materials. We provide an approach to
optimize the actuation location, this allow to use less powerful and more compact actuators.
Multilayered Magnetic Wires and Films for Electromagnetic Sensor Technology
Authors: Panina Larissa V. , Makhnovskiy D.P. , Zhukov Arkadi , Gonzalez J.
Published: March 2009

The discovery of the magnetoimpedance (MI) effect in 1994 had a strong
impact on the development of magnetic sensors, offering miniature, highly sensitive, and
quick response elements. Along with traditional areas of sensing applications (data storage,
bio-medical electronics, robotics and security), the MI elements have a high potential for
non-destructive testing (as eddy current probes) and smart sensory systems (self-sensing
composites). In certain soft magnetic materials, such as composites of amorphous thin wires,
the impedance change (MI ratio) can be as high as 600 % in the MHz band and 50-100% at
GHz frequencies subjected to small magnetic fields or stresses. Furthermore, special thin-film
structures have been proposed to improve the MI performance in miniature elements. This
paper discusses physical concepts of MI in multilayered structures including MI ratio
enhancement and effect of anisotropy, experimental results proving high sensitivity to the
external stimuli for excitation frequencies up to few GHz, practical sensor designs and,
finally, the use of MI fibers for tagging the composites to build-in sensing functionality .
New Electroconducting Radical Cation Salts Based on BEDT-TTF with 8,8’-Dibromo Cobalt Bis(Dicarbollide) Anion
Authors: Kazheva Olga , Alexandrov Grigorii , Kravchenko Andrey , Starodub Vladimir , Lobanova Irina , Sivaev Igor , Bregadze Vladimir , Titov Lev , Dyachenko Oleg
Published: March 2009

New molecular conductors on the base of 8,8’-dibromo cobalt bis(dicarbollide) anion,
(BEDT-TTF)2[8,8’-Br2-3,3’-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2] (1), and
(BEDT-TTF)[8,8’-Br2-3,3’-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2] (2) were synthesized and their crystal
structures and electrical conductivities were determined. Both radical cation salts prepared were
found to be semiconductors. The introduction of two bromine atoms in the cobalt
bis(dicarbollide) anion produces a strong effect on crystal structure and electrical conductivity of
the prepared materials.
Modulation of the Metallic Oxide Properties through of Soft Chemistry Techniques for Several Applications
Authors: Altamirano-Juárez Delia Cristina
Published: March 2009

Metallic oxides are widely used in the industry; these are object of intensive research due
to the versatility of their applications and the possibility of modulating their properties when the
techniques and the procedures of obtaining them vary. The soft chemistry technique is shown as an
option to obtain films of metallic oxide for their use optoelectronic devices. This work emphasizes
the importance of applying dip-coating techniques of low cost for the industry with good results.
A Review of Test Structures for Characterising Microelectronic and MEMS Technology
Authors: Walton Anthony J. , Smith Stewart
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews present day test structures and illustrates how they have evolved to a
continuously changing technology. Structures for measuring resistivity, contact resistance, feature
dimensions and overlay errors are presented as are MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Systems)/microsystems specific devices.
Friction Drive Simulation of a SAW Motor with Slider Surface Texture Variation
Authors: Kurosawa Minoru , Shigematsu Takashi
Published: March 2009

Potential of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) linear motor had been demonstrated; high
speed up to 1.5 m/s, huge output force more than 10 N, quick response and fine stepping motion
down to 0.5 nm by using a 60 x 15 x 1 mm3 SAW device at 10 MHz operation frequency and 4x4
mm Si slider by experiments. Mechanical output of the SAW motor was 270 times larger that of the
weight and 500 W/kg in power. The conversion efficiency from the traveling wave power to the
motor mechanical output was 14 %. Now, transformation mechanism research from high frequency
vibration of 10 to 100 MHz frequency range to mechanical linear motion through frictional drive is
noteworthy. Contact, friction and other physical matters between a stator and slider are being
studied for stable operation and much superior performance. The slider friction surface has a lot of
projections to control the contact with the stator. From the experimental results, it was shown that
the slider surface projection diameter has huge influence on the motor characteristics. If the total
projection contacting surface areas were same, the output force, for example, varied with the
projection diameter; smaller projection, for example 20 μm diameter, had superior performance
than larger one. In this paper, numerical simulation of SAW motor friction drive was successfully
carried out taking account the wave amplitude attenuation in propagation beneath slider projections.
The Promise of Nano and Micro Systems for Meeting the Emerging Demands of the US Army
Authors: Pellegrino John M.
Published: March 2009

The rapidly changing defense landscape and the exponential increase in complex
challenges and threats faced by our warfighters demand revolutionary advances across the
spectrum and even a rethinking of current combat doctrine. Sensors and Electron devices are
critical elements in a number of application form providing situational awareness to battlefield
operations. Enabling nano and micro system approaches offer the potential to fulfill Army needs
in applications such as chemical and biological sensors, high-frequency and low-power
electronics, micro autonomous systems, micro power generation, specialized optical sources and
detectors and much more. A large part of the advances thus far originate in insights and
understanding of the underlying materials. I will review some emerging needs with recent
illustrative examples from the field and will follow up with potential solutions that are being
developed within ARL and our Army partners. These include RF MEMS for electronically
scanned antennas, carbon nanotube and other nanostructure based chemical/biological sensors,
biomimetic approaches to materials development for power storage applications and
nanostructured semiconductors for integrated electronics and energetics.
A major advance in information gathering in the recent past is the use of persistent sensing,
namely the ability to monitor relevant battle space without interruption. To quote from the
Quadrennial Defense Review Report: [1] “The ability of the future force to establish an
“unblinking eye” over the battle-space through persistent surveillance will be key to conducting
effective joint operations”. The goals of this new approach are to increase awareness of the
battle space and to integrate real-time information with intelligence to provide an operational
advantage. Even if the information is not timely enough to prevent an adversarial action, it can
be critical in forensics. In the longer term, the intelligence contribution can be substantial.
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) networks can deliver high-quality
information to the Soldier by exploiting all available sensor sources and adaptable networks.
This concept is being developed to optimize utility across multiple dynamic missions, to process
data and deliver information driven by mission need within network constraints (e.g. power and
bandwidth), and to support the human user by minimizing data deluge. To support this concept,
research at the Army Research Laboratory’s Sensor and Electron Devices Directorate (ARL –
SEDD) is being conducted in various areas to develop the fundamental underpinnings of multimodal
and multi-sensor fusion, scalable decentralized/distributed processing, autonomous
sensor-network management and metadata representation. This includes the understanding of
Porous Metal Frameworks on Silicon Substrates
Authors: Alves Brito-Neto Jose Geraldo , Matsuzaka Taku , Saito Yosuke , Hayase Masanori
Published: March 2009

In this work, we describe the use of porous Si as a base material for the production of
porous metal layers by a galvanic displacement reaction. We have applied this process for the
production of porous Pt, Au, Ru and Pd layers. By adding HF to the reaction bath, we achieve a
virtually complete displacement of Si by the metal. We have worked with porous Si samples of
different morphologies, obtained on differently doped Si substrates, and studied the influence of the
chemical nature of the metal precursor on the morphology of the porous metal layer produced. The
samples were studied by SEM with EDS, BET analysis, and voltammetry. Porous metal layers
comprising random agglomerates of spherical particles with diameters between 50 and 100 nm are
usually obtained, while the original porous Si samples show arrays of straight pores. With Au,
using its ethylenediamine complex, the original straight pore morphology could be preserved.
GaAs Non Resonant Micro-Sensors: Design and Simulations
Authors: Tellier C.R. , Durand Stephane
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on the design of piezoresistive GaAs sensors and focuses on non
conventional orientations. The piezoresistive detection of in-plane longitudinal and shear stresses is
studied to determine the best orientations for pressure and force sensors. Simulation of shapes for
micromachined membranes and cantilevers allows us to select some (hk0) orientations for which
the sensitivity is evaluated.
Resistive Electrical Switching of Nonvolatile Memories from Electrodeposited Copper Tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ)
Authors: Müller Robert , Katzenmeyer A. , Rouault Olivier , Goux Ludovic , Wouters Dirk J. , Genoe Jan , Heremans Paul
Published: March 2009

CuTCNQ is a charge transfer complex displaying resistive electrical switching when
sandwiched between Cu and Al contacts. Corresponding memory cells switch from a native high
resistive OFF state (HRS) to a low resistive ON state (LRS) by applying a negative voltage to the
Al with respect to the Cu. Inversion of the signal polarity leads to switching from the LRS to the
HRS. Typical CuTCNQ preparation occurs by a chemical reaction of a Cu substrate with TCNQ,
involving (partial) corrosion of the metal. In this contribution we present electrodeposition of
CuTCNQ on Au and Pt substrates, leading – in contrast to previously published dendritically crystal
growth – to relatively smooth, micrometer thick layers. Corresponding large area cross-bar memory
arrays (200m by 200m, with Al top contacts) exhibited up to several thousand write/erase cycles
with an ON/OFF current ratio of 5-10. Furthermore preliminary growth experiments with blanket
tungsten bottom contact Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) wafers with 250 nm diameter
contact holes showed that electrodeposition is a suitable method for CuTCNQ integration.
Effect of Various Electrode Materials in Non-Volatile Memory Device Using Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) Thin Films
Authors: Ha Hun Jun , Lee J.M. , Kim M. , Kim O.H.
Published: March 2009

We have studied the effect of various electrodes on non-volatile polymer memory devices.
The ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Top electrode (TE) devices had bipolar switching behavior. The OFF current
level of devices increased from 3×10-4 A to 3×10-3 A and the ON voltage decreased from 0.8 V to 0.5
V as the TE work function increased. The yield of devices decreased from over 50 % to under 10 % as
the TE work function of devices increased. This result occurred because carrier injection was affected
by the TE work function.
Effect of Varying Memory Device Architectures on the Electrical Properties of P(VDF/TrFE)(72/28) Copolymer Thin Film
Authors: Choi Chang Woo , Prabu Arun Anand , Yoon Sun , Kim Yu Min , Kim Kap Jin
Published: March 2009

In this study, the dipole switching and non-volatile memory functionality of
poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF/TrFE)(72/28 mol%) random copolymer ultrathin
films were analyzed. PVDF/TrFE(72/28) used as ferroelectric insulator in varying memory device
architectures such as metal-ferroelectric polymer-metal (MFM), MF-insulator-semiconductor
(MFIS), MIS and ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFET) were examined using different
electrical measurements. A maximum data writing speed of 1.69 MHz was calculated from the
switching time measured using MFM architecture. Compared to MFM, MFIS device architecture was
found to be more suitable for distinguishing the ‘0’ and ‘1’ state using the capacitance-voltage
measurement. With FeFET, the measured drain current (Id) as well as its memory window increased
with decreasing channel length, thereby enabling the easier identification of ‘0’ and ‘1’ state
comparable to the MFIS case. The data obtained from this study will be useful in the fabrication of
non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) devices operating at lower voltage with faster data
R/W/E speed and memory retention capability.
Study of Langasite Crystal Micro-Resonators Using Length-Extension Mode: Temperature-Compensated Cuts and Applications to Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Douchet G. , Sthal F. , Leblois T. , Bigler E. , Tellier C. , Bourquin R.
Published: March 2009

Quartz length-extension resonators have already been used to get atomically-resolved
imaging by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. Other piezoelectric materials could be
appropriate for this application. Theoretical study is reported on Langasite length extension
resonator. In this paper, an attempt to fabricate similar micro resonators in Langasite temperaturecompensated
cuts is prospected.
Design and Optimization of IPMC for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Jo Choong Hee , Naguib Hani E. , Kwon Roy H.
Published: March 2009

The electroactive behavior of ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuator was
modeled and the optimum parameters for maximizing the bending deformation of the material were
studied. A suitable equation of motion characterizing the mechanical response of the IPMC actuator
subjected to a given electrical field was proposed considering the electro-chemical parameters. To
find the optimum conditions maximizing the blocking force and deflection, multivariable
constrained equation was modeled and design variables such as saturation level of hydration,
applied voltage, and the thickness of IPMC were studied. IPMC samples based on Nafion
membrane were manufactured and the model was verified by experiment.
Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lendlein Andreas , Behl Marc
Published: March 2009

Most polymers used in clinical applications today are materials that have been developed
originally for application areas other than biomedicine. On the other side, different biomedical
applications are demanding different combinations of material properties and functionalities.
Compared to the intrinsic material properties, a functionality is not given by nature but result from
the combination of the polymer architecture and a suitable process. Examples for functionalities that
play a prominent role in the development of multifunctional polymers for medical applications are
biofunctionality (e.g. cell or tissue specificity), degradability, or shape-memory functionality. In this
sense, an important aim for developing multifunctional polymers is tailoring of biomaterials for
specific biomedical applications. Here the traditional approach, which is designing a single new
homo- or copolymer, reaches its limits. The strategy, that is applied here, is the development of
polymer systems whose macroscopic properties can be tailored over a wide range by variation of
molecular parameters.
The Shape-memory capability of a material is its ability to trigger a predefined shape change by
exposure to an external stimulus. A change in shape initiated by heat is called thermally-induced
shape-memory effect. Thermally, light-, and magnetically induced shape-memory polymers will be
presented, that were developed especially for minimally invasive surgery and other biomedical
applications. Furthermore triple-shape polymers will be introduced, that have the capability to
perform two subsequent shape changes. Thus enabling more complex movements of a polymeric
material.
Properties of Nanostructured Resonant Leaky-Mode Photonic Devices
Authors: Magnusson Robert , Shokooh-Saremi Mehrdad
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we review the basic properties of resonant leaky mode elements
implemented with periodic waveguide layers and consider their applicability in photonic devices
and systems. Leaky waveguide modes can be exited when an incident light beam is coupled into the
waveguide structure through an inscribed periodicity under phase-matching conditions. This results
in generation of a guided-mode resonance field response in the spectrum. Device operation can be
explained in terms of the photonic band structure and associated leaky-wave effects near the second
stop band. Resonant devices such as bandpass/bandstop filters, polarizers, wideband reflectors,
biosensors, tunable filters, and display pixels can be designed using this operational principle.
Low Frequency Coherent Raman Scattering of Spherical Acoustical Vibrations of Three-Dimensional Self-Organized Germanium Nanocrystals
Authors: Ivanda Mile , Buljan M. , Desnica U.V. , Furić K. , Ristić D. , Righini G.C. , Ferrari Maurizio
Published: March 2009

The Ge+SiO2 and SiO2 alternating multilayers are prepared by the magnetron
sputtering of germanium and silica targets. By controlling the substrate temperature and by
subsequent thermal annealing, the self-organized germanium quantum dots in 3D
rombohedral (R 3 m) superlattice are produced. The polarized low-frequency Raman
scattering measurements shows the coherent effects on the symmetric and quadrupolar
spheroidal vibrations of Ge nanocrystals. It has been shown that the coherence effects are
dependent on degree of Ge-ordering in the superlattice.
Highly Accurate Computer Modeling of Light Propagation in Inhomogeneous, Anisotropic Medium for the Acousto-Optical Phenomenon
Authors: Mihajlik Gabor , Maák P. , Barócsi A. , Richter P.
Published: March 2009

We present a novel numerical model that simulates the anisotropic Bragg
diffraction in optically anisotropic (uniaxial) acousto-optical devices. We use a non-paraxial
vectorial beam propagation method adapted to optically inhomogeneous medium and
arbitrary optical field distribution.
The principal idea of our solving method is that since the amplitude of the spatial variation
of the refractive index caused by the acoustic wave is relatively small, we can consider it
as a perturbation and iterate to the exact solution of the wave equation describing the
propagation of the optical field distribution. To describe anisotropic diffraction with
polarization rotation, we use a fully vectorial beam propagation method (BPM) where the
accuracy depends on the relative step size.
The results converge rapidly to fulfill energy conservation (up to 10–3 with less than an
hour of computational time).
We show that the calculated angles, the space dependent intensity and polarization
variations of the diffracted beams agree accurately with those predicted by theory and
experiment, under Bragg diffraction condition, in various acousto-optic configurations.
Photomasks for Semiconductor Lithography: From Simple Shadow Casters to Complex 3D Scattering Objects
Authors: Erdmann Andreas , Reibold David , Fühner Tim , Evanschitzky Peter
Published: March 2009

Lithographic processes belong to the most critical steps in the fabrication of microelectronic
circuits. Optical projection lithography which transfers the layout of a mask into a photoresist
at the top surface of a silicon wafer is still the workhorse of semiconductor industry. Many innovations
regarding the optical imaging system and the introduction of new mask technologies have
pushed optical projection techniques close to their theoretical limits. Nowadays, optical projection
lithography is used to create 45nm features with a wavelength of 193nm.
This paper discusses the impact of the mask on the performance of a lithographic process. For large
feature sizes the mask can be considered as infinitely thin and its local transmission and phase can
be directly derived from the design. For mask features comparable to the wavelength of the used
light and below, the mask becomes a complex scattering object which has a pronounced impact on
the intensity, phase, and polarization of the diffracted light. The light diffraction from the mask has
to be computed by rigorous electromagnetic methods. Several consequences with respect to the
choice of most appropriate mask materials and geometries will be discussed.
New Magnetron Sputtered Stainless Steel Nitride Cermet Solar Absorbing Coatings
Authors: Juang Rei Cheng , Yeh Yung Chin , Chang Shiau Wei , Chen Wen Chieh
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new method for sputtering solar selective absorber coatings. Radio
frequency magnetron reactive sputtering created stainless steel/stainless steel nitride (SS/SS-N)
cermet (ceramic-metal composite) thin films under varied nitrogen gas flow ratios. In this present
study, a stainless steel material is used for one-target sputtering to manufacture a solar selective
absorber film having good solar absorptance of 0.91 and low thermal emittance of 0.06. This
sputtering process shows considerable and stable usefulness due to the anti-oxidation and single
target. Optical constants n and k have been determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry for cermet
composite in a reactive gas flow from 0 percent to 50 percent. Based on the nitrogen content of the
film, we used a different oscillator to analyze the film. When the nitrogen gas flow reaches 10 percent,
the sputtered film has a significant transformation from metal to cermet properties. When the nitrogen
gas flow goes above 17.5 percent, then the film transforms to a dielectric film which can be an
anti-reflection layer. A solar absorptance of 0.92 was accepted as the theoretical prediction of optimal
selective solar-absorbing three-layer processes which shows that the experimental results agree well
with the theoretical prediction.
Electrochromic Nickel Oxide-Based Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Bath
Authors: Mendoza-Galván Arturo , Vidales-Hurtado M.A.
Published: March 2009

Nickel oxide-based thin films were deposited onto indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass
substrates by the chemical bath method. The synthesis, based on the decomposition of urea in an
aqueous nickel nitrate solution, promotes the deposition of the turbostratic -Ni(OH)2 phase. The
electrochromic behavior of films obtained from low and high urea concentrations was tested after
air annealing at temperatures of 250 and 300 °C. Using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry
and in-situ single wavelength transmittance it is shown that the films exhibit good reversibility and
coloration efficiency. Transmittance spectra in the visible range show the high optical contrast of
the films. It was found that in films annealed at 250 °C the bleached-colored switching is between
the Ni(OH)2 and -NiOOH phases. Films annealed at 300 °C are comprised by a Ni(OH)2-NiO
mixture and Ni2O3 units or the -NiOOH phase are responsible for coloring depending on urea
concentration in solution. The -NiOOH phase was clearly identified in over-colored films. X-ray
diffraction, Raman scattering, and infrared reflectance were used for phase identification.
Structural and Spectroscopic Assessment of Er3+-Activated SiO2-HfO2 Glass Ceramics Planar Waveguides
Authors: Minati L. , Speranza Giorgio , Jestin Yoann , Armellini Cristina , Chiappini Andrea , Chiasera A. , Ferrari Maurizio , Righini G.C.
Published: March 2009

Two series of xHfO2 - (100-x) SiO2 (x=10, 20, 30 mol%) glass-ceramics planar waveguides doped
with 0.3 mol% Er3+ ions were prepared by the sol-gel route. A thermal treatment at 1000°C was
applied to the second series of samples to nucleate HfO2 crystals. The waveguides were analyzed by
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the effect of the Hf concentration and of the annealing on
the material structure. XPS shows that in the first series of samples a Hf concentration threshold
exists. Above this threshold the material undergoes a spinodal decomposition with formation of HfO2
rich domains. In the second series of samples the presence of thermal treatment lowers the
concentration threshold so that the phase separation occurs also at a Hf concentration of 10%mol. In
the waveguides where spinodal decomposition in present, the emission spectra from the Er3+ ions
reveal a sensible narrowing of the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 line. This demonstrates the presence of a crystalline
environment for the Er3+ ions since the inhomogeneous broadening due to the disordered glassy
network is suppressed. These results may have important implications for the fabrication of photonic
devices with increased efficiency.
Rhodamine 6G Encapsuled Mesoporous Silica Channels
Authors: Samara Saran Priscila , Utrera Martines Marco Antonio , Felinto de Brito Hermi , Rocha de Castro Gustavo , Messaddeq Younes , Ribeiro Sidney José Lima
Published: March 2009

We report the effect of solvent on the rhodamine 6G encapsuled into channels of
mesoporous silica, synthesized by two-step process that gives intermediary stable hybrid micelles.
Mesoporous materials have been obtained by the method that involves surfactant micelles (mainly
cationic) and inorganic precursor of the structure to be obtained. MSU-X type mesoporous silica
has been synthesized with polyethylene oxide surfactant as the directing-structure agent and
tetraethyl orthosilicate Si(OEt)4 as the silica source. The influence of the solvent on the
encapsulation of rhodamine dye was systematically explored, specially its influence on the
luminescence properties. Rhodamine 6G encapsuled into mesoporous silica channel was
characterized by UV-Vis and luminescence spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy, small
angle x ray scattering and N2 sorption-desorption. The pore size and the solvent effects into
luminescence dye encapsuled into mesoporous silica channels are observed in the visible absorption
and emission spectra of rhodamine 6G. The intense photoluminescence band of rhodamine 6G dye
is in 500 to 600 nm region. The observed shift of the absorption and emission bands can be assigned
to the effect of the solvents dielectric constant and pore size of mesoporous silica.
Optical and Structural Characterization of Erbium-Doped Ion-Implanted Tellurite Glasses for Active Integrated Optical Devices
Authors: Berneschi Simone , Brenci M. , Nunzi Conti Gualtiero , Pelli Stefano , Righini G.C. , Bettinelli M. , Speghini A. , Bányász I. , Fried M. , Khanh N.Q. , Pászti F. , Watterich A. , Leto Andrea , Pezzotti Giuseppe , Porporati Alessandro Alan
Published: March 2009

Erbium-doped tellurite glasses show great potential for the fabrication of high-performance
integrated optical amplifiers and lasers, thanks to their unique properties in terms of bandwidth and
rare earth solubility. As a first step towards the development of smart multi-functional integrated
optical circuits, the fabrication of multimode channel waveguides in a sodium-tungsten-tellurite
glass, by using nitrogen ions implantation, has been recently demonstrated [1].
The effects of the ion implantation process, however, have not been fully clarified, and a deeper
investigation would be necessary in order to optimize the process and to truly exploit the glass
useful characteristics. We therefore report here the results of a broad optical, topographic, and
structural characterization of tellurite samples irradiated with various doses of nitrogen ions, while
keeping constant the beam energy at 1.5 MeV. Characterization techniques have included
absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, modal (dark-line) spectroscopy, surface profilometry,
scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and EDX analysis.
Structure Formation and Strengthening of Hot Deformed Nitrogen-Containing Steels
Authors: Prokoshkina Vera , Kaputkina Liudmila M. , Svyazhin A.G. , Siwka J.
Published: March 2009

The structural and phase transformations and the strengthening of nitrogen-containing
steels resulting from alloying and thermomechanical treatment have been investigated using X-ray
diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, hardness measurements and tensile testing. For the
modeling of thermomechanical treatment processes, a DIL 805A/D dilatometer with a deformation
capability and a Gleeble 3800 simulator were used. Rational nitrogen or nitrogen plus carbon
concentrations are determined by basic composition of an alloy. They are limited by the processes
of precipitation of excess phases during crystallization and their dissolution during heating stage of
the thermal or thermomechanical treatment. Combined alloying by carbon and nitrogen leads to
significant complication of phase and structural transformations in steels, including hot deformation
that manifests itself in changes of strain-stress diagram parameters. Effectiveness of increasing of a
hot deformation resistance under alloying by nitrogen and carbon depends on a basic composition
of steel, C/N ratio and temperature-strain rate deformation conditions.
Performance Characteristics of a Jetting Dispenser Featuring Piezostack and Flexible Beam Mechanism
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Hung , Choi Seung Bok , Lee Chul Hee
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new type of jetting dispenser driven by a piezostack. Via a flexible
beam mechanism, the amplitude of a needle motion is amplified to such a value that can make a
dispensing of medium and high viscosity adhesive. By designing the flexible beam with high
resonant frequency, the dispenser can operate at a frequency much higher than that of conventional
dispensers. Therefore, it is expected that the dispenser can provide very small dispensing dot size at
high dispensing flow rate, which is imperatively required in modern semiconductor packaging
processes. Furthermore, the dispensing flow rate and dot size can be effectively controlled by driving
voltage applied to the piezostack. After describing the mechanism and operational principle of the
dispenser, a mathematical model of the system is derived by considering dynamic behaviors of
structural parts such as the piezostack, the flexible beam and the needle structure, and the adhesive
fluid dynamics. In the modeling, a lumped parameter method is applied to model the adhesive
dynamics and the governing equation of the whole dispenser is then derived by integrating the
structural model with the fluid model. Based on the proposed model, the dispenser is designed and
manufactured. Subsequently, dispensing performances such as a dot size and dispensing flow rate are
experimentally evaluated.
Model Development and Control Design of Smart Functionally Graded Structures
Authors: Marinova Daniela
Published: March 2009

The paper reviews the modelling of intelligent structures and the control of a low energy
active system. The structure composite couples functionally graded material and longitudinally
piezoelectric fibre reinforced composite for actuating. Active control based on feedback concept is
considered for shape regulating. The problem for optimal selection of the actuators number and
locations is considered. Numerical simulations are presented.
Anti-Overturning Control of a Serially Connected Isolation System Using Piezo Electric and MR Tube Support
Authors: Du Yong Feng , Liu Yan Hui , Li Hui
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a numerical simulation of anti-overturning control of serially
connected isolation system using an imagined novel device by combining piezo electric foot and MR
tube support. In the vibration isolation of a serially connected electric device which is a real project
and was installed on an overhead frame, overturning was observed as a determinant failure mode. To
counter for this overturning problem, several additional bolts were used in the isolation layer which
decreased the isolation effect. This paper further proposed a semi-active solution using a device for
providing anti-overturning moment without increasing the seismic response of the superstructure.
This paper presents the idea of the control device set-up and provides a vibration control algorithm, as
well the range of validity of parameters of the plant.
On Behavior of Multi-Layered Bases- Foundations and Seismoisolators
Authors: Aghalovyan Lenser A. , Hovhannisyan Ruben Z.
Published: March 2009

The asymptotic method is used to solve the three-dimensional dynamic problem of the
elasticity theory on forced vibrations of multi-layered orthotropic plate under full contact conditions
between the layers. The analysis of the obtained mathematically exact solutions is conducted and the
usage of seismoisolators is proved.
For a three-layered packet (foundation-seismoisolator-base) it is shown that in case the layers are
rigid enough, the displacements imparted to the lower layer are basically transmitted to the upper
layers, and when the middle layer is considerably soft, the amplitudes of the upper layer vibrations
are essentially diminishing. The results prove the necessity of using seismic isolators, particularly in
the construction of especially responsible buildings, such as schools, hospitals etc., with the aim of
decreasing negative influence of earthquakes.
The simple algorithm is built in order to calculate the amplitudes of forced vibrations in case of
any quantity and configurations of layers. The behavior of the multi-layered packets under various
layers configurations is graphically illustrated.
Fundamental Study on Simple Quantitative Approach of Damping Performance for Variable Hydraulic Damper
Authors: Hiwatashi Takeshi , Fujitani Hideo
Published: March 2009

Recently, the semi-active control method has attracted significant attention from many
researchers and engineers. This method aims to minimize a structure's response by changing the
damper capacity according to the state of the structure and the external loads, and various kinds of
semi-active control algorithms have been proposed. A lot of them utilize mathematically difficult
algorithms that require complicated computer systems. With these methods, we can not evaluate the
effectiveness and overall safety of the system under various kinds of loads. One reason is that the
behaviors of structures incorporating such complicated control systems can not be evaluated by
conventional means such as equivalent viscous damping factor based on hysteresis. Therefore, a
semi-active control system is wished in which the control effects can be easily quantified as with
passive control systems. This paper describes the result of having proposed the simple quantification
approach for the semi-active control effectiveness.
Examples of Future Potential Smart Civil Structures
Authors: del Grosso Andrea E.
Published: March 2009

The paper starts reviewing the problems that the structural engineer of tomorrow will
have to solve by taking advantage of the smart technologies. As a second aspect, the paper will
summarize the smart technologies already available or that will most likely become available in the
near future, in order to individuate the opportunities that these technologies will offer for the conception
of innovative smart civil structures. Some examples of future smart civil structures that can
be based on such technologies are finally presented.
Chemical Monitoring of Composite Matrices Using Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy
Authors: Bailey Peter B.S. , Hayes S.A. , Hand R.J. , Zhang B.
Published: March 2009

The results of an initial investigation into the monitoring of water absorption and chemical
degradation in epoxy matrix composites using evanescent wave spectroscopy are presented. While
conventional silica glasses have too low a refractive index and too short an IR transmission window
to be useful as unclad sensing elements in most resin systems, chalcogenide glasses offer suitable
refractive indices and infrared transmission windows. Arsenic selenide compositions with gallium
or tellurium additions were initially investigated as they have been successfully demonstrated in
other fibre sensing applications. However their glass transition point lies near or below the curing
temperature for many commercial epoxy resins and thus germanium-antimony-lead sulphide glasses
were also investigated as they display higher glass transition temperatures. The fibres were
embedded in a representative matrix resin by casting samples of epoxy resin around sections of
fibre. The end faces were prepared to allow an infrared beam to be passed along the fibre and the
samples were subjected to hygrothermal aging. Changes in the transmitted spectra were observed,
and photoelasticity was used to monitor the occurrence of fibre fragmentation. Both the arsenic
selenide based compositions and the germanium-antimony-lead sulphide compositions displayed
minimal bonding with the epoxy resin, so a simple silane treatment was used to improve adhesion.
Amplification of Interstory Drift and Velocity for the Passive Control of Structural Vibrations
Authors: Di Paola Mario , Lo Iacono Francesco , Navarra Giacomo
Published: March 2009

Mitigation of structural damage due to earthquake ground motion may be performed by
inserting dampers in the structure. In order to enhance the damping effect various toggle brace
configurations have been recently proposed. In this paper these equipments are analyzed in detail
and compared with a new one here proposed. The analysis is performed by taking into account the
inherent nonlinearities of the damper by means of stochastic analysis and validated by using time
histories of recorder accelerograms and by the stochastic analysis using spectrum consistent power
spectral density.