bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Trends in Different Types of Spontaneous False Memories: Implications for the Legal Field
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Howe Mark L. , Peters Maarten , Sauerland Melanie , Raymaekers Linsey
Published: July 2013

In an emerging area of memory research, it is becoming apparent that one particular type of false memory, called spontaneous false memory, follows a developmental trajectory that is the opposite of what is commonly assumed in false memory research – that is, spontaneous false memories are more likely to occur in adults than in children. The present study focused on developmental trends of different types of spontaneous false memories. Specifically, in the current study, 6–8 year‐olds, 10–12 year‐olds, and adults were presented with two methods to induce spontaneous false memories: (i) semantically related word lists that are commonly used to evoke spontaneous false memories [i.e, Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm]; and (ii) a video in which related details were not shown but were presented during a recognition task. The results showed that children were more likely to form false memories than adults in the video false memory paradigm, whereas DRM false memories were more evident in adults than in children. Furthermore, we found that on a general level, DRM false memories were positively related to video spontaneous false memories. We explain that stimuli that contain obvious themes attenuate or even reverse developmental trends in spontaneous false memories. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FDG‐PET as a predictive biomarker for therapy with everolimus in metastatic renal cell cancer
Authors: Chen James L. , Appelbaum Daniel E. , Kocherginsky Masha , Cowey Charles L. , Kimryn Rathmell Wendy , McDermott David F. , Stadler Walter M.
Published: July 2013

The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor, everolimus, affects tumor growth by targeting cellular metabolic proliferation pathways and delays renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. Preclinical evidence suggests that baseline elevated tumor glucose metabolism as quantified by FDG‐PET ([18F] fluorodeoxy‐glucose positron emission tomography) may predict antitumor activity. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients refractory to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibition were treated with standard dose everolimus. FDG‐PET scans were obtained at baseline and 2 weeks; serial computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained at baseline and every 8 weeks. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the most FDG avid lesion, average SUVmax of all measured lesions and their corresponding 2‐week relative changes were examined for association with 8‐week change in tumor size. A total of 63 patients were enrolled; 50 were evaluable for the primary endpoint of which 48 had both PET scans. Patient characteristics included the following: 36 (72%) clear cell histology and median age 59 (range: 37–80). Median pre‐ and 2‐week treatment average SUVmax were 6.6 (1–17.9) and 4.2 (1–13.9), respectively. Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST)‐based measurements demonstrated an average change in tumor burden of 0.2% (−32.7% to 35.9%) at 8 weeks. Relative change in average SUVmax was the best predictor of change in tumor burden (all evaluable P = 0.01; clear cell subtype P = 0.02), with modest correlation. Baseline average SUVmax was correlated with overall survival and progression‐free survival (PFS) (P = 0.023; 0.020), but not with change in tumor burden. Everolimus therapy decreased SUVs on follow‐up PET scans in mRCC patients, but changes were only modestly correlated with changes in tumor size. Thus, clinical use of FDG‐PET‐based biomarkers is challenged by high variability.
Reduced Graphene Oxide: Control of Water Miscibility, Conductivity, and Defects by Photocatalysis
Authors: Yun Jung‐Ho , Ng Yun Hau , Wong Roong Jien , Amal Rose
Published: July 2013

A TiO2‐based photocatalytic reaction is demonstrated to synthesize water miscible reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets with conductivity comparable to that of bulk graphite. Unlike the conventional chemical/thermal reduction pathways which effectively deoxygenated the oxidized graphite, the photocatalytic method removes oxygen functional groups selectively to afford excellent conductivity restoration yet maintaining its water miscibility. The controlled redox capabilities of the photocatalyst serve as an effective modulation tool to tune the conductivity restoration and suppression of hydrophobicity. Moreover, the evolution of defect minimization/generation in a two‐step pattern is monitored throughout the photocatalytic process and its association with the conductivity of RGO is established. The insights of defect engineering at the initial stage of graphene oxide (GO) to RGO transformation provides useful information in developing optimum chemical methods to produce large domain and small defect density graphene.
Solvent Effect on Crystal Structure of Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Authors: Hu X. , Wang Y. , Zhao Y. , Wang G. , Bao Y. , Xie C.
Published: July 2013

The crystal structure of tetracycline hydrochloride was simulated by Bravais‐Friedel‐Donnay‐Harker (BFDH) and modified attachment energy (AE) models, based on the single‐crystal data obtained by Material Studio software. A comparison to the scanning electron microscopy image of tetracycline hydrochloride indicated that the AE model was superior to the BFDH model. The morphology predicted by the AE model was further improved by taking account of the interaction effect between the growing faces and the solvent molecules. The final modification of the AE prediction provided good accordance with the observed results of the experiments.
MnO@Carbon Core–Shell Nanowires as Stable High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Xiong Shenglin , Li Jingfa , Liang Xin , Wang Jiazhao , Bai Jing , Qian Yitai
Published: July 2013

A facile method is presented for the large‐scale preparation of rationally designed mesocrystalline MnO@carbon core–shell nanowires with a jointed appearance. The nanostructures have a unique arrangement of internally encapsulated highly oriented and interconnected MnO nanorods and graphitized carbon layers forming an external coating. Based on a comparison and analysis of the crystal structures of MnOOH, Mn2O3, and MnO@C, we propose a sequential topotactic transformation of the corresponding precursors to the products. Very interestingly, the individual mesoporous single‐crystalline MnO nanorods are strongly interconnected and maintain the same crystallographic orientation, which is a typical feature of mesocrystals. When tested for their applicability to Li‐ion batteries (LIB), the MnO@carbon core–shell nanowires showed excellent capacity retention, superior cycling performance, and high rate capability. Specifically, the MnO@carbon core–shell nanostructures could deliver reversible capacities as high as 801 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 500 mA g−1, with excellent electrochemical stability after testing over 200 cycles, indicating their potential application in LIBs. The remarkable electrochemical performance can mainly be attributed to the highly uniform carbon layer around the MnO nanowires, which is not only effective in buffering the structural strain and volume variations of anodes during repeated electrochemical reactions, but also greatly enhances the conductivity of the electrode material. Our results confirm the feasibility of using these rationally designed composite materials for practical applications. The present strategy is simple but very effective, and appears to be sufficiently versatile to be extended to other high‐capacity electrode materials with large volume variations and low electrical conductivities.
Oxime Side‐Chain Cross‐Links in an α‐Helical Coiled‐Coil Protein: Structure, Thermodynamics, and Folding‐Templated Synthesis of Bicyclic Species
Authors: Haney Conor M. , Horne W. Seth
Published: July 2013

Covalent side‐chain cross‐links are a versatile method to control peptide folding, particularly when α‐helical secondary structure is the target. Here, we examine the application of oxime bridges, formed by the chemoselective reaction between aminooxy and aldehyde side chains, for the stabilization of a helical peptide involved in a protein–protein complex. A series of sequence variants of the dimeric coiled coil GCN4‐p1 bearing oxime bridges at solvent‐exposed positions were prepared and biophysically characterized. Triggered unmasking of a side‐chain aldehyde in situ and subsequent cyclization proceed rapidly and cleanly at pH 7 in the folded protein complex. Comparison of folding thermodynamics among a series of different oxime bridges show that the cross links are consistently stabilizing to the coiled coil, with the extent of stabilization sensitive to the exact size and structure of the macrocycle. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of a coiled coil with the best cross link in place and a second structure of its linear precursor show how the bridge is accommodated into an α‐helix. Preparation of a bicyclic oligomer by simultaneous formation of two linkages in situ demonstrates the potential use of triggered oxime formation to both trap and stabilize a particular peptide folded conformation in the bound state.
Precise Size Control over Ultrafine Rutile Titania Nanocrystallites in Hierarchical Nanotubular Silica/Titania Hybrids with Efficient Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Gu Yuanqing , Huang Jianguo
Published: July 2013

Hierarchical‐structured nanotubular silica/titania hybrids incorporated with particle‐size‐controllable ultrafine rutile titania nanocrystallites were realized by deposition of ultrathin titania sandwiched silica gel films onto each nanofiber of natural cellulose substances (e.g., common commercial filter paper) and subsequent flame burning in air. The rapid flame burning transforms the initially amorphous titania into rutile phase titania, and the silica gel films suppress the crystallite growth of rutile titania, thereby achieving nano‐precise size regulation of ultrafine rutile titania nanocrystallites densely embedded in the silica films of the nanotubes. The average diameters of these nanocrystallites are adjustable in a range of approximately 3.3–16.0 nm by a crystallite size increment rate of about 2.4 nm per titania deposition cycle. The silica films transfer the electrons activated by crystalline titania and generate catalytic reactive species at the outer surface. The size‐tuned ultrafine rutile titania nanocrystallites distributed in the unique hierarchical networks significantly improve the photocatalytic performance of the rutile phase titania, thereby enabling a highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue dye under ultraviolet light irradiation, which is even superior to the pure anatase‐titania‐based materials. The facile stepwise size control of the rutile titania crystallites described here opens an effective pathway for the design and preparation of fine‐nanostructured rutile phase titania materials to explore potential applications.
Numerical Study of a Liquid‐Liquid Slug Flow in a Capillary Microreactor
Authors: Dittmar Ina , Ehrhard Peter
Published: July 2013

Die Hydrodynamik einer Flüssig/flüssig‐Pfropfenströmung in einem Mikrokapillarreaktor zeichnet sich durch komplexe Wirbelstrukturen in der dispersen und in der kontinuierlichen Phase aus. Die komplexe Strömung in diesem zweiphasigen Flüssig/flüssig‐System wird mithilfe der Finiten‐Volumen‐Methode und die Grenzfläche mithilfe einer modifizierten Level‐set‐Methode behandelt. Die Bewegung kleiner Katalysatorpartikel wird zudem durch die Anwendung einer Euler‐ Lagrange‐Methode erfasst. Es zeigt sich, dass die Katalysatorpartikel in dem betrachteten Bereich unter Vernachlässigung der Schwerkraft der Strömung nahezu ideal folgen. Eine Berücksichtigung der Schwerkraft bewirkt eine Relativbewegung zwischen dem Fluid und dem Partikel.
Rationale and Methodology of the Impact of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Patients With ACS and Nonsleepy OSA: The ISAACC Trial
Authors: Esquinas Cristina , Sánchez‐de‐la Torre Manuel , Aldomá Albina , Florés Marina , Martínez Montserrat , Barceló Antonia , Barbé Ferran ,   Spanish Sleep Network
Published: July 2013

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and a possible cause of increased morbidity and mortality.

Objectives

The main objective is to determine in patients with ACS and OSA if CPAP treatment reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for unstable angina or transient ischemic attack). The secondary objectives are to determine the prevalence of nonsleepy OSA in patients with ACS; assess the effect of CPAP on the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, symptoms, and quality of life; identify biomarkers of risk involved in cardiovascular complications in these patients; and conduct a cost‐effectiveness analysis of diagnosis and treatment.

Population and Methodology

Multicenter, prospective, randomized and controlled study. Patients are admitted to the coronary care unit with diagnosis of ACS and without daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≤10) at 15 teaching hospitals in Spain. All patients undergo a sleep study by cardiorespiratory polygraphy. Patients with an apnea‐hypopnea index ≥15/hour will be randomized to treatment with CPAP (group 1, 632 patients) or conservative treatment (group 2, 632 patients). Patients with an apnea‐hypopnea index <15/hour (group 3, 600 patients) will be followed as a reference group. Patients will be monitored at baseline (T0), 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3), 12 months (T4), and every 6 months thereafter (where applicable) during the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

The ISAACC trial will contribute to evaluating the effect of CPAP treatment on cardiovascular events in patients with ACS and OSA.
Trends in the use of postprostatectomy therapies for patients with prostate cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare analysis
Authors: Sheets Nathan C. , Hendrix Laura H. , Allen Ian M. , Chen Ronald C.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

For patients with adverse pathologic factors (positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension, or seminal vesicle invasion) on prostatectomy pathology, the use and timing of postsurgical treatments are controversial. The goal of the current study was to examine patterns of care in patients with a pathologic indication for postprostatectomy radiotherapy (RT) using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare–linked database.

METHODS

A total of 3460 men treated with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer between 2000 and 2006 with at least 1 adverse pathologic factor and at least 3 years of claims data after surgery were included. Medicare claims through December 31, 2009 were examined. Rates of postprostatectomy hormonal therapy, RT, or both were examined. Logistic regression analysis examined potential factors associated with the receipt and timing of RT.

RESULTS

Within 3 years after surgery, 1076 patients (31%) received some form of further therapy, including 850 (25%) who received RT. Receipt of RT was < 35% in all subgroups including every year of study. Fewer than one‐half of patients who received RT (43%) did so within 6 months of surgery. On multivariate analysis, pathologic T classification and tumor grade were associated with receipt of RT within 6 months or 3 years of surgery, as were younger age, geographic region, and population density.

CONCLUSIONS

Rates of postprostatectomy RT remain low and the timing of RT has not appreciably changed since the publication of the randomized trials supporting the use of adjuvant RT. The use of hormone therapy is almost as common as RT, despite a relative lack of evidence supporting its use in this setting. Cancer 2013;119:3295–301. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Cingulate area 32 homologies in mouse, rat, macaque and human: Cytoarchitecture and receptor architecture
Authors: Vogt Brent A. , Hof Patrick R. , Zilles Karl , Vogt Leslie J. , Herold Christina , Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola
Published: July 2013

Homologizing between human and nonhuman area 32 has been impaired since Brodmann said he could not homologize with certainty human area 32 to a specific cortical domain in other species. Human area 32 has four divisions, however, and two can be structurally homologized to nonhuman species with cytoarchitecture and receptor architecture: pregenual (p32) and subgenual (s32) in human and macaque monkey and areas d32 and v32 in rat and mouse. Cytoarchitecture showed that areas d32/p32 have a dysgranular layer IV in all species and that areas v32/s32 have large and dense neurons in layer V, whereas a layer IV is not present in area v32. Areas v32/s32 have the largest neurons in layer Va. Features unique to humans include large layer IIIc pyramids in both divisions, sparse layer Vb in area p32, and elongated neurons in layer VI, with area s32 having the largest layer Va neurons. Receptor fingerprints of both subdivisions of area 32 differed between species in size and shape, although AMPA/GABAAand NMDA/GABAAratios were comparable among humans, monkeys, and rats and were significantly lower than in mice. Layers I–III of primate and rodent area 32 subdivisions share more similarities in their receptor densities than layers IV–VI. Monkey and human subdivisions of area 32 are more similar to each other than to rat and mouse subdivisions. In combination with intracingulate connections, the location, cytoarchitecture, and ligand binding studies demonstrate critical homologies among the four species. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4189–4204, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Terminal distribution of the corticospinal projection from the hand/arm region of the primary motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in rhesus monkey
Authors: Morecraft Robert J. , Ge Jizhi , Stilwell‐Morecraft Kimberly S. , McNeal David W. , Pizzimenti Marc A. , Darling Warren G.
Published: July 2013

To further our understanding of the corticospinal projection (CSP) from the hand/arm representation of the primary motor cortex (M1), high‐resolution anterograde tracing methodology and stereology were used to investigate the terminal distribution of this connection at spinal levels C5 to T1. The highest number of labeled terminal boutons occurred contralaterally (98%) with few ipsilaterally (2%). Contralaterally, labeled boutons were located within laminae I–X, with the densest distribution found in lamina VII and, to a lesser extent, laminae IX and VI. Fewer terminals were found in other contralateral laminae. Within lamina VII, terminal boutons were most prominent in the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral subsectors. Within lamina IX, the heaviest terminal labeling was distributed dorsally. Ipsilaterally, boutons were found in laminae V–X. The most pronounced distribution occurred in the dorsomedial and ventromedial sectors of lamina VII and fewer labeled boutons were located in other ipsilateral laminae. Segmentally, contralateral lamina VII labeling was highest at levels C5–C7. In contrast, lamina IX labeling was highest at C7–T1 and more widely dispersed among the quadrants at C8–T1. Our findings suggest dominant contralateral influence of the M1 hand/arm CSP, a contralateral innervation pattern in lamina VII supporting Kuypers (1982) conceptual framework of a “lateral motor system,” and a projection to lamina IX indicating significant influence on motoneurons innervating flexors acting on the shoulder and elbow rostrally (C5–C7), along with flexors, extensors, abductors and adductors acting on the digits, hand and wrist caudally (C8–T1). J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4205–4235, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tau–amyloid interactions in the rTgTauEC model of early Alzheimer's disease suggest amyloid‐induced disruption of axonal projections and exacerbated axonal pathology
Authors: Pooler Amy M. , Polydoro Manuela , Wegmann Susanne K. , Pitstick Rose , Kay Kevin R. , Sanchez Laura , Carlson George A. , Gomez‐Isla Teresa , Albers Mark W. , Spires‐Jones Tara L. , Hyman Bradley T.
Published: July 2013

Early observations of the patterns of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease suggested a hierarchical vulnerability of neurons for tangles, and a widespread nonspecific pattern of plaques that nonetheless seemed to correlate with the terminal zone of tangle‐bearing neurons in some instances. The first neurofibrillary cortical lesions in Alzheimer's disease occur in the entorhinal cortex, thereby disrupting the origin of the perforant pathway projection to the hippocampus, and amyloid deposits are often found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is the terminal zone of the entorhinal cortex. We modeled these anatomical changes in a transgenic mouse model that overexpresses both P301L tau (uniquely in the medial entorhinal cortex) and mutant APP/PS1 (in a widespread distribution) to examine the anatomical consequences of early tangles, plaques, or the combination. We find that tau uniformly occupies the terminal zone of the perforant pathway in tau‐expressing mice. By contrast, the addition of amyloid deposits in this area leads to disruption of the perforant pathway terminal zone and apparent aberrant distribution of tau‐containing axons. Moreover, human P301L tau‐containing axons appear to increase the extent of dystrophic axons around plaques. Thus, the presence of amyloid deposits in the axonal terminal zone of pathological tau‐containing neurons profoundly impacts their normal connectivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4236–4248, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel prefrontal pathways reach distinct excitatory and inhibitory systems in memory‐related rhinal cortices
Authors: Bunce Jamie G. , Zikopoulos Basilis , Feinberg Marcia , Barbas Helen
Published: July 2013

To investigate how prefrontal cortices impinge on medial temporal cortices we labeled pathways from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) in rhesus monkeys to compare their relationship with excitatory and inhibitory systems in rhinal cortices. The ACC pathway terminated mostly in areas 28 and 35 with a high proportion of large terminals, whereas the pOFC pathway terminated mostly through small terminals in area 36 and sparsely in areas 28 and 35. Both pathways terminated in all layers. Simultaneous labeling of pathways and distinct neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons, followed by analyses of appositions of presynaptic and postsynaptic fluorescent signal, or synapses, showed overall predominant association with spines of putative excitatory neurons, but also significant interactions with presumed inhibitory neurons labeled for calretinin, calbindin, or parvalbumin. In the upper layers of areas 28 and 35 the ACC pathway was associated with dendrites of neurons labeled with calretinin, which are thought to disinhibit neighboring excitatory neurons, suggesting facilitated hippocampal access. In contrast, in area 36 pOFC axons were associated with dendrites of calbindin neurons, which are poised to reduce noise and enhance signal. In the deep layers, both pathways innervated mostly dendrites of parvalbumin neurons, which strongly inhibit neighboring excitatory neurons, suggesting gating of hippocampal output to other cortices. These findings suggest that the ACC, associated with attention and context, and the pOFC, associated with emotional valuation, have distinct contributions to memory in rhinal cortices, in processes that are disrupted in psychiatric diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4260–4283, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collateral branching of long‐distance cortical projections in monkey
Authors: Rockland Kathleen S.
Published: July 2013

Collateralization of individual cortical axons is well documented for rodents but less so for monkeys, where double retrograde tracer experiments have tended to find only small numbers of neurons projecting to two different injection sites. Evidence from both double label and single axon studies, however, suggests that in specific projection systems the number of neurons with collateralized axons can be 10% or greater. These include feedback projections from temporal areas (but less so those from V4 and MT/V5). Single‐axon analyses show that many parietal neurons branch to multiple targets. Except for giant Meynert cells in area V1, feedforward projections from early visual areas have only a small number of neurons with branching axons. Why only some neurons collateralize, what determines branch points and projection foci, and how this impacts network organization are largely unknown. Deciphering the branching code might offer new perspectives on space‐time organization at the network level. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4112–4123, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subicular–parahippocampal projections revisited: Development of a complex topography in the rat
Authors: O'Reilly Kally C. , Gulden Dahl Annelene , Ulsaker Kruge Ingvild , Witter Menno P.
Published: July 2013

The subicular–parahippocampal projection has been proposed as the major output pathway of the hippocampus. This projection shows a striking topographic organization along its three‐dimensional axes. Here we aimed to study the development of this projection system. We found that an adult‐like topography of subiculum‐to‐parahippocampal projections is present by postnatal day 7 (P7). The cellular morphology in the subiculum is immature at this age, reaching maturity by P15–19. The density of projections increases from P7 to P15–19 but does so within the constraints of the adult topography. Projections to the entorhinal cortex show a clear arrangement in line with the adult data, in that distal portions of the subiculum project to the medial entorhinal cortex, whereas proximal portions project to the lateral entorhinal cortex. Our results add new details to the proximodistal organization of projections to the pre‐ and parasubiculum. We show that these projections arise exclusively from the more distal part, sharing their origin with that of medial entorhinal projections. Within this distal portion of the subiculum, a proximodistal gradient of origin maps onto a presubicular termination gradient starting in proximal presubiculum and extending gradually until it covers the proximodistal extent. Proximally located neurons in the distal part of the subiculum target the distal portion of the parasubiculum, and distal subicular neurons target the proximal most portion of parasubiculum. Given the specificity of the known topographic projections this early in development, we expect that these newly described topographic features will be maintained in the adult. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4284–4299, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Photogenerated Electrons in CdS Nanocluster Multilayers Assembled on Solid Substrates: Effects of Assembly and Electrode Potential
Authors: Yagi Ichizo , Mikami Kensuke , Okamura Masayuki , Uosaki Kohei
Published: July 2013

The ultrafast dynamics of photogenerated electrons in multilayer assemblies of CdS nanoparticles prepared on quartz and indium–tin oxide (ITO) substrates were followed by femtosecond (fs) visible‐pump/mid‐IR probe spectroscopy. Based on the observation of the photoinduced transient absorption spectra in the broad mid‐IR range at the multilayer assembly of CdS nanoparticles, the occupation and fast relaxation of higher electronic states (1Pe) were clarified. As compared with the electron dynamics of isolated (dispersed in solution) nanoparticles, the decay of photoexcited electrons in the multilayer assembly was clearly accelerated probably due to both electron hopping and scattering during interparticle electron tunneling. By using an ITO electrode as a substrate, the effect of the electric field on the photoelectron dynamics in the multilayer assembly was also investigated in situ. Both the amplitude and lifetime of photoexcited electrons gradually reduced as the potential became more positive. This result was explained by considering the reduction of the interparticle tunneling probability and the increase in the electron‐transfer rate from the CdS nanoparticle assembly to the ITO electrode.
Opal Shell Structures: Direct Assembly versus Inversion Approach
Authors: Deng Tian‐Song , Sharifi Parvin , Marlow Frank
Published: July 2013

Opal shell structures can be fabricated in two ways: By direct assembly from hollow spheres (hs‐opal) or by infiltration of precursors into opal templates and inversion. The resulting lattice disturbances were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and transmission spectra. The hs‐opal system shows much lower disturbances, for example, a lower number of cracks and lattice deformations. The strong suppression of crack formation in one of these inverse opal structures can be considered as promising candidates for the fabrication of more perfect photonic crystals.
Design of OsII‐based Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Influence of Heterocyclic Ancillaries
Authors: Hu Fa‐Chun , Wang Sheng‐Wei , Planells Miquel , Robertson Neil , Padhy Harihara , Du Bo‐Sian , Chi Yun , Yang Po‐Fan , Lin Hao‐Wu , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: July 2013

A series of OsII sensitizers (TFOS‐x, in which x=1, 2, or 3) with a single 4,4′‐dicarboxy‐2,2′‐dipyridine (H2dcbpy) anchor and two chelating 2‐pyridyl (or 2‐pyrimidyl) triazolate ancillaries was successfully prepared. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis showed that the core geometry of the OsII‐based sensitizers consisted of one H2dcbpy unit and two eclipsed cis‐triazolate fragments; this was notably different from the RuII‐based counterparts, in which the azolate (both pyrazolate and triazolate) fragments are located at the mutual trans‐positions. The basic properties were extensively probed by using spectroscopic and electrochemical methods as well as time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations. Fabrication of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) was then attempted by using the I−/I3−‐based electrolyte solution. One such DSC device, which utilized TFOS‐2 as the sensitizer, showed promising performance characteristics with a short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 15.7 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage of 610 mV, a fill factor of 0.63, and a power conversion efficiency of 6.08 % under AM 1.5G simulated one‐sun irradiation. Importantly, adequate incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency performances were observed for all TFOS derivatives over the wide spectral region of 450 to 950 nm, showing a panchromatic light harvesting capability that extended into the near‐infrared regime. Our results underlined a feasible strategy for maximizing JSC and increasing the efficiency of DSCs.
Water Reduction Systems Associated with Homoleptic Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes of Various 2‐Phenylpyridines
Authors: Yuan Yong‐Jun , Yu Zhen‐Tao , Cai Jian‐Guang , Zheng Chao , Huang Wei , Zou Zhi‐Gang
Published: July 2013

The photoreduction of water to hydrogen represents a promising method for generating sustainable clean fuel. The molecular processes of this photoreduction require an effective light absorber, such as the ruthenium polybipyridine complex, to collect and convert the solar energy into a usable chemical form. In the search for a highly active and stable photosensitizer (PS), iridium complexes are attractive because of their desirable photophysical characteristics. Herein, a series of homoleptic tris‐cyclometalated iridium complexes, based on different 2‐phenylpyridine ligands, were utilized as PSs in photocatalytic systems for hydrogen production with [Rh(dtb‐bpy)3](PF6)3 (dtb‐bpy=4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐dipyridyl) serving as the water reduction catalyst (WRC) and triethanolamine (TEOA) as the electron donor. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these complexes were systematically investigated. The excited state of neutral iridium complexes (PS*) could not be quenched by using TEOA as an electron donor, but they could be quenched by using [Rh(dtb‐bpy)3](PF6)3 as an electron acceptor, indicating that the PS* quenching pathway in catalytic reactions was most likely an oxidative quenching process. A set of long‐lived and highly active systems for hydrogen evolution were obtained in IrIII–RhIII–TEOA systems. These systems maintained their activity for more than 72 h with visible‐light irradiation, and the total turnover number was up to 3040. Comparative studies indicated that the photocatalytic performance of these homoleptic tris‐cyclometalated iridium compounds was superior to that of the cationic iridium complex [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)](PF6) (ppy=2‐phenylpyridine, bpy=2,2′‐dipyridyl) (4), which was used as a reference. The significant increase in the photocatalytic efficiencies was in part attributed to the higher photostability of the neutral IrIII complexes. This assumption was supported by their different coordination modes, photophysical, and electrochemical properties.
High throughput FRET analysis of protein–protein interactions by slide‐based imaging laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Szalóki Nikoletta , Doan‐Xuan Quang Minh , Szöllősi János , Tóth Katalin , Vámosi György , Bacsó Zsolt
Published: July 2013

Laser scanning cytometry (LSC) is a slide‐based technique combining advantages of flow and image cytometry: automated, high‐throughput detection of optical signals with subcellular resolution. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a spectroscopic method often used for studying molecular interactions and molecular distances. FRET has been measured by various microscopic and flow cytometric techniques. We have developed a protocol for a commercial LSC instrument to measure FRET on a cell‐by‐cell or pixel‐by‐pixel basis on large cell populations, which adds a new modality to the use of LSC. As a reference sample for FRET, we used a fusion protein of a single donor and acceptor (ECFP‐EYFP connected by a seven‐amino acid linker) expressed in HeLa cells. The FRET efficiency of this sample was determined via acceptor photobleaching and used as a reference value for ratiometric FRET measurements. Using this standard allowed the precise determination of an important parameter (the alpha factor, characterizing the relative signal strengths from a single donor and acceptor molecule), which is indispensable for quantitative FRET calculations in real samples expressing donor and acceptor molecules at variable ratios. We worked out a protocol for the identification of adherent, healthy, double‐positive cells based on light‐loss and fluorescence parameters, and applied ratiometric FRET equations to calculate FRET efficiencies in a semi‐automated fashion. To test our protocol, we measured the FRET efficiency between Fos‐ECFP and Jun‐EYFP transcription factors by LSC, as well as by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, all yielding nearly identical results. Our procedure allows for accurate FRET measurements and can be applied to the fast screening of protein interactions. A pipeline exemplifying the gating and FRET analysis procedure using the CellProfiler software has been made accessible at our web site. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
In vivo knockdown of ckit impairs neuronal migration and axonal extension in the cerebral cortex
Authors: Guijarro Patricia , Wang Yi , Ying Yanting , Yao Yini , Jieyi Xiong , Yuan Xiaobing
Published: July 2013

The tyrosine kinase receptor cKit and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF) are well known mediators in proliferation, survival, and positive chemotaxis of different cell types in the hematopoietic system. However, and in spite of previous reports showing robust expression of cKit and SCF in the brain during development, their possible function in the cerebral cortex has not been clarified. In this study, embryonic knockdown expression of cKit in the rat cortex by in utero electroporation of specific RNAi resulted in delayed radial migration of cortical neurons. In conditional Nestin‐cKit KO homozygous mutants, radial migration in the cortex was also delayed. The opposite phenotype was observed after overexpressing cKit in the cortex: radial migration was accelerated. Callosal fibers electroporated with cKit RNAi were also delayed in their extension within the contralateral cortex and eventually failed to innervate their target area. In vitro experiments showed that, whereas SCF was able to promote migration of cortical neurons, it had no effect on cortical neurite outgrowth. In summary, our results demonstrate that (1) cKit is necessary for radial migration of cortical neurons, probably through SCF binding and (2) cKit is necessary for the correct formation of the callosal projection, most likely by a mechanism not involving SCF. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 871–887, 2013
Localization of essential rhombomeres for respiratory rhythm generation in bullfrog tadpoles using a binary search algorithm: Rhombomere 7 is essential for the gill rhythm and suppresses lung bursts before metamorphosis
Authors: Duchcherer Maryana , Baghdadwala Mufaddal I. , Paramonov Jenny , Wilson Richard J.A.
Published: July 2013

Frog metamorphosis includes transition from water breathing to air breathing but the extent to which such a momentous change in behavior requires fundamental changes in the organization of the brainstem respiratory circuit is unknown. Here, we combine a vertically mounted isolated brainstem preparation, “the Sheep Dip,” with a search algorithm used in computer science, to identify essential rhombomeres for generation of ventilatory motor bursts in metamorphosing bullfrog tadpoles. Our data suggest that rhombomere 7, which in mammals hosts the PreBötC (PreBötzinger Complex; the likely inspiratory oscillator), is essential for gill and buccal bursts. Whereas rhombomere 5, in close proximity to a brainstem region associated with the mammalian expiratory oscillator, is essential for lung bursts at both stages. Therefore, we conclude there is no rhombomeric translocation of respiratory oscillators in bullfrogs as previously suggested. In premetamorphic tadpoles, functional ablation of rhombomere 7 caused ectopic expression of precocious lung bursts, suggesting the gill oscillator suppresses an otherwise functional lung oscillator in early development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 888–898, 2013
Acceleration of Neural Network Learning by GPGPU
Authors: Tsuchida Yuta , Yoshioka Michifumi
Published: July 2013

Recently, graphic boards have come to have higher performance than CPUs as a result of the development of 3DCG and movie processing, and are now widely used due to progress in computer entertainment. Implementation of general‐purpose computing on GPU (GPGPU) has become easier as a result of the integrated development environment CUDA distributed by NVIDIA. A GPU has dozens or hundreds of arithmetic circuits, whose allocations are controlled by CUDA. In prior research, the implementation of a neural network using GPGPU has been studied; however, the training of networks was not mentioned because the GPU performance is low in conditional processing but high in linear algebra processing. Therefore, we have proposed two methods. First, a whole network is implemented as a thread, and some networks are trained in parallel to shorten the time necessary to find the optimal weight coefficients. Second, this paper introduces parallelization in the neural network structure, in which the calculation of neurons in the same layers is parallelized. The processing to train the same network with different patterns is likewise independent. As a result, the second method is 20 times faster than the CPU, and 6 times as fast as the first proposed method. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(8): 59–66, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11412
Estimation of an Optimized Number of Topics by Consensus Soft Clustering Using NMF
Authors: Yokoi Takeru
Published: July 2013

We propose here a novel approach to exploring an optimized number of topics in a document set using consensus clustering based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). It is useful to automatically determine the number of topics in a document set because various approaches to heuristic topic extraction determine it. Consensus clustering merges multiple results of clustering so as to achieve robust clustering. In this paper, assuming that robust clustering is achieved by optimizing the number of clusters, we propose a novel consensus soft clustering algorithm based on NMF and estimate an optimized number of topics with exploration of a robust classification of documents into topics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(8): 50–58, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11438
Characteristics of Silicon Films Deposited by Atmospheric‐Pressure Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Transport
Authors: Naito Teruki , Yokoyama Yoshinori , Konno Nobuaki , Tokunaga Takashi , Itoh Toshihiro
Published: July 2013

The characteristics of silicon films deposited at 700 Torr by plasma‐enhanced chemical transport were investigated. The Si films were polycrystalline and the Hall mobility was 1.9 cm2/Vs. These results indicate that our Si films are comparable with polycrystalline Si deposited by conventional plasma‐enhanced CVD. We fabricated a strain gauge sensor using our silicon film. The output voltage showed a good linearity to the pressure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(8): 26–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11467
MII–Malonate Complexes (M = Mg, Cu, Ni and Co) Characterized by Layered Structures: Experimental Observation, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis and Theoretical Study
Authors: Mitra Monojit , Seth Saikat Kumar , Choudhury Somnath Ray , Manna Prankrishna , Das Amrita , Helliwell Madeleine , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio , Mukhopadhyay Subrata
Published: July 2013

A MgII complex containing malonate as the primary ligand and 4‐aminopyridine as the secondary ligand (counter ion), namely (ampyH)2[Mg(mal)2(H2O)2] (1; ampyH = protonated 4‐aminopyridine, malH2 = malonic acid), has been synthesized from purely aqueous media just by mixing the reactants in their stoichiometric proportions. Its crystal structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In 1, monomeric metal malonate units [Mg(mal)2(H2O)2]2– are interlinked through hydrogen bonds to generate infinite 2D supramolecular sheets. These supramolecular sheets are bridged by 4‐aminopyridine molecules to generate a 3D structure. Similar complexes containing 4‐aminopyridine as the secondary ligand (counter ion) show an identical self‐assembly process, except for the copper analogue, which was found to be polymeric in nature. By means of DFT theoretical calculations (BP86‐D3/def2‐TZVPD), we provide a plausible explanation for this different behaviour and present an energetic analysis of the complexes. The Hirshfeld surfaces of the Mg structure and related Cu, Ni and Co structures were analyzed to clarify the nature of the intermolecular interactions.
{CH2(PPh2=NSiMe3)(PPh2=S)} and {CH(PPh2=NSiMe3)(Ph2P=S)}– as Ligands in Zinc Chemistry: Synthesis and Structures
Authors: Kuzdrowska Magdalena , Murugesapandian Balasubramanian , Hartenstein Larissa , Gamer Michael T. , Arleth Nicholas , Blechert Siegfried , Roesky Peter W.
Published: July 2013

The (iminophosphoranyl)(thiophosphoranyl)methane zinc complexes [{(PPh2=NSiMe3)(PPh2=S)CH2}ZnX2] (X = Cl, I) have been obtained by the reaction of {CH2(PPh2=NSiMe3)(PPh2=S)} with the corresponding zinc dihalides ZnCl2 and ZnI2. The (iminophosphoranyl)(thiophosphoranyl)methane ligand coordinates as a bidentate ligand through the nitrogen and sulfur atoms to the zinc atom to form a six‐membered metallacycle (N–P–C–P–S–Zn). The reaction of {CH2(PPh2=NSiMe3)(PPh2=S)} with [Zn{N(SiMe3)2}2] and ZnPh2 resulted in the (iminophosphoranyl)(thiophosphoranyl)methanide complexes [{(PPh2=NSiMe3)(PPh2=S)CH}Zn{N(SiMe3)2}] and [{(PPh2=NSiMe3)(PPh2=S)CH}ZnPh], respectively. In addition to the coordination of the phosphinimine nitrogen and sulfur atoms to the zinc atom, a long contact between the methine carbon atom of the P–C–P bridge and the zinc atom was observed in these complexes. The solid‐state structures of all the new compounds were established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Copper(II) Complexes with Aromatic o‐Phosphorylated Phenols – Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Shuvaev Sergey , Bushmarinov Ivan S. , Sinev Ilya , Dmitrienko Artem O. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Baulin Vladimir , Grünert Wolfgang , Tsivadze Aslan Yu. , Kuzmina Natalia
Published: July 2013

The structural properties of copper complexes with (2‐hydroxyphenyl)di‐p‐tolylphosphane oxide (CuL12) and 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[f][1,5,3]dioxaphosphepine 3‐oxide (CuL22) are studied in detail. The o‐phosphorylated phenols demonstrate both bridging and chelating behaviour, and the main reaction product is a coordination polymer containing dimeric Cu2O8 fragments. The structural peculiarities of the o‐phosphorylated phenols were revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The copper complexes are studied by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, and IR, Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The applicability of XPS spectroscopy to structural studies of coordination compounds with complex organic ligands is demonstrated with CuL12 and CuL22. The results of ab initio structure solution and Rietveld refinement of the CuL22 structure from powder data are augmented by PW‐PBE‐D calculations.
Integration of Ln‐Sandwich POMs into Molecular Porous Systems Leading to Self‐Assembly of Metal–POM Framework Materials
Authors: Yao Shuang , Yan Jing‐Hui , Duan Hui , Zhang Zhi‐Ming , Li Yang‐Guang , Han Xin‐Bao , Shen Jian‐Qiang , Fu Hai , Wang En‐Bo
Published: July 2013

Reactions of lacunary polyoxometalate (POM), transition‐metal (TM), and lanthanide‐metal (Ln) cations with the assistance of additional small organic molecules under hydrothermal conditions led to the formation of a group of metal–POM frameworks (MPFs) with nanospaces: [Cu(enMe)2]13{Ln(SiW11O39)2}2·xH2O [Ln = Ho3+ (compound 1), Dy3+ (compound 2), Eu3+ (compound 3), Er3+ (compound 4), Sm3+ (compound 5), Pr3+ (compound 6); x = 18 for 1, 5, 6; x = 20 for 2, 3, 4; enMe = 1,2‐diaminopropane). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal that all the compounds are composed of two monovacant POMs, which are linked by one Ln3+ ion into a dimeric structure. The dimeric structure acts as an inorganic polydentate ligand coordinated with Cu2+ ions, which results in 3D MPFs with two channels. As the individual components integrated in the MPF materials posess fluorescent and magnetic properties, the luminescence properties and magnetic behavior of the resulting MPFs were measured.