bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial differences in doctors' information‐giving and patients' participation
Authors: Gordon Howard S. , Street Richard L. , Sharf Barbara F. , Souchek Julianne
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND

Whether doctor‐patient communication differs by race was investigated in patients with pulmonary nodules or lung cancer.

METHODS

Eligible patients (n = 137) had pulmonary nodules or lung cancer and were seen in thoracic surgery or oncology clinics for initial treatment recommendations at a large southern Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 2001–2004. Doctor‐patient consultations were audiotaped. Audiotapes were transcribed, unitized into utterances, and utterances were coded as doctors' information‐giving or patients' and companions' active participation (asking questions, expressing concerns, and making assertions). Data were compared by patient race and doctor‐patient racial concordance using t‐tests or chi‐square tests as appropriate. Mixed linear regression was used to determine the independent predictors of doctor's information‐giving after controlling for clustering of patients by doctor.

RESULTS

Patient age, gender, marital status, clinical site, and health status were similar by race (P > .20), but black patients were somewhat less likely to have education beyond high school and to bring a companion to the visit (P = .06) than white patients. Black patients and their companions received significantly less information from doctors (49.3 vs. 87.3 mean utterances; P < .001) and produced significantly fewer active participation utterances (21.4 vs. 37.2; P < .001) than white patients. In mixed regression analyses, after adjusting for patients' and companions' participation, clustering by doctor, and other factors, race no longer predicted information‐giving (P = .54). Patients in racially discordant interactions received significantly less information and were significantly less active participants (P < .001) when compared with patients in racially concordant interactions, and after controlling for patients' participation and other factors using mixed regression, racial discordance did not predict information‐giving.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate a pattern of communication that may perpetuate patient passivity and limited information exchange where black patients and patients in discordant interactions do less to prompt doctors for information and doctors in turn provide less information to these patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Clinical implications of the mechanism of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors
Authors: Marshall John
Published: August 2006

Novel therapeutic agents that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) constitute an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of metastatic disease. EGFR‐targeted agents currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration include cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer; and the small‐molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) erlotinib for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer. Approval of the TKI gefitinib for NSCLC recently was withdrawn. Although both classes of anti‐EGFR agents target the same receptor, substantial distinctions regarding their mechanism significantly affect dosing requirements, toxicity profiles, and their use as combination agents. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A note on computing eigenvector derivatives with distinct and repeated eigenvalues
Authors: Wu Baisheng , Xu Zhonghai , Li Zhengguang
Published: August 2006

In this paper, a new method for computing eigenvector derivatives with distinct and repeated eigenvalues for the real symmetric eigensystems is presented. Its main idea is to extend the governing equations of particular solutions for eigenvector derivatives. The extension is completed by requiring the solution to be mass orthogonal with respect to the distinct or repeated modes and adjusting the corresponding coefficients so that the coefficient matrix of the extended system is non‐singular and has smaller condition number. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GDC method as an orthogonal arc‐length method
Authors: Cardoso E. L. , Fonseca J. S. O.
Published: August 2006

The method of generalized displacements (GDC) is a path‐following algorithm for non‐linear mechanics, capable to overcome both limit and snap‐back points. It was proposed as a consistent alternative to most existing techniques, such as the arc‐length family of algorithms. Although it is a reliable algorithm, it has not been as widely used as the arc‐length methods, possibly because it has been seen as belonging to a different category. This paper shows that the GDC method can be seen as an orthogonal arc‐length method, with an interesting constraint equation which leads to its appealing features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical procedure for fluid flow in a pipe performing transverse oscillations
Authors: Ragulskis M. , Bubulis A. , Ragulskis K.
Published: August 2006

Numerical procedure for the analysis of fluid flow in a tube performing transverse oscillations is developed. The formulation of the problem is presented in differential equation form and a finite element model is developed leading to the first‐order matrix differential equation. The fluid flow model incorporates transverse oscillation of the boundary through the convective inertia terms. Modal decomposition of the solution is performed and a technique for numerical solution of the finite element problem incorporating parametric vibrations is developed. Numerical results provide insight into the problem of fluid flow control by transverse vibrations of the tube. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The spectrum of thyroid disorders in adult type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Völzke Henry , Krohn Ulrike , Wallaschofski Henri , Lüdemann Jan , John Ulrich , Kerner Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

Background

Thyroid disorders such as goiter, nodules, autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid dysfunction have rarely been investigated in adult type 1 diabetes mellitus. Our aim was to study the spectrum of thyroid disorders in adult type 1 diabetic subjects and compare them with results obtained from a sample of the general adult population.

Methods

The study population comprised 224 type 1 diabetic and 3481 non‐diabetic subjects aged 20–69 years. Thyroid function (TSH, FT3 and FT4) and serum autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase (anti‐TPO‐Ab) were evaluated from blood samples. Thyroid structure and size were measured by ultrasound.

Results

Type 1 diabetic subjects had a higher risk of known thyroid disease [odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–2.85], a lower risk of goiter (OR 0.73; 95%‐CI 0.54–0.99) and nodules (OR 0.54; 95%‐CI 0.35–0.85), and a higher risk of anti‐TPO‐Ab >200 IU/mL (OR 1.94; 95%‐CI 1.28–2.95) compared to the reference population. Furthermore, diabetic subjects had lower serum FT3 levels than the non‐diabetic references (adjusted mean 5.00 pmol/L; 95%‐CI 4.88–5.12 pmol/L versus 5.27 pmol/L; 95%‐CI 5.24–5.30 pmol/L).

Conclusions

Adult type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with a decreased risk of goiter and nodules and an increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity. A diabetes‐related low T3 syndrome may contribute to the differences in thyroid function between type 1 diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclophilin A is required for M‐CSF‐dependent macrophage proliferation
Authors: Sànchez‐Tilló Ester , Wojciechowska Marta , Comalada Monica , Farrera Consol , Lloberas Jorge , Celada Antonio
Published: August 2006

The immunosuppressor sanglifehrin A (SfA) is a member of a family of immunophilin cyclophilin A‐binding molecules and does not inhibit calcineurin activity. Sanglifehrin A inhibits M‐CSF‐dependent macrophage proliferation by arresting the G1 phase of the cell cycle but does not affect cell viability. This immunosuppressor exerts its action on proliferation by inactivating cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity. Moreover, c‐myc expression is also repressed. In the early steps of M‐CSF signaling, SfA inhibits the phosphorylation of Raf‐1 and the external regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐1, which are required for proliferation. The effects of SfA are not related to a block of the proteosome activity. These data show that immunophilin contributes to M‐CSF‐dependent proliferation through activation of the Raf‐1/MEK/ERK pathway and the regulation of Cdk activities, which is required for cell cycle progression.
TCR‐independent cytokine stimulation induces non‐MHC‐restricted T cell activity and is negatively regulated by HLA class I
Authors: von Geldern Marion , Simm Barbara , Braun Monika , Weiß Elisabeth H. , Schendel Dolores J. , Falk Christine S.
Published: August 2006

Recent evidence suggests that the functional status of T cells activated independently from their TCR differs substantially from classical MHC‐restricted T cells. Here, we show that TCR‐independent, short‐term stimulation via the common γ‐chain of the IL‐2/IL‐15 receptor induces non‐MHC‐restricted cytotoxicity and sustained cytokine secretion in purified CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. NK‐like cytotoxicity is directed against MHC class I‐negative targets and can be inhibited by classical and non‐classical HLA class I molecules. Known inhibitory receptors, such as CD85j (ILT2) and leukocyte‐associated Ig‐like receptor‐1, are not responsible for this HLA‐mediated inhibition. NK‐like cytotoxicity can be costimulated by NKG2D (CD314) triggering, but 2B4 (CD244) and DNAM‐1 (CD226) are not involved. NK‐like T cells display an activated phenotype and secrete various cytokines, including IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐5, IL‐13 and MIP‐1β. Under normal conditions, HLA class I‐mediated inhibition may function as a safety mechanism to prevent unbalanced cytokine production and effector killing mechanisms by T cells that were activated independently from their TCR. Non‐MHC‐restricted activity represents a functional status rather than a property of distinct T cell subpopulations. Thus, cytokine‐induced, non‐MHC‐restricted T cells may be relevant in immune responses against tumors showing aberrant MHC expression through their capacities of cytokine production and direct tumor cell eradication.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism of a Highly Thermally Stable Microporous Metal Organodiphosphonate with Reversible Dehydration/Rehydration Behavior
Authors: Li Hua , Zhu Guang‐shan , Guo Xiao‐dan , Sun Fu‐xing , Ren Hao , Chen Yan , Qiu Shi‐lun
Published: August 2006

The synthesis and crystal structure of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid material Co2(H2O)2[O3PCH2(C6H4)CH2PO3] is described. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca2(1) [a = 9.6214(19), b = 5.6855(11), c = 21.725(4) Å, V = 1188.4(4) Å3], which consists of two‐dimensional cobalt–oxygen inorganic layers pillared by p‐xylylenediphosphonateto form a three‐dimensional framework, which has 10.850 × 5.687 Å channels running along the b‐axis. The material is exceptionally stable, even when heated up to 500 °C in air. More interestingly, the framework components display a reversible dehydration/rehydration behavior. There is an antiferromagnetic interaction between the cobalt ions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of New Aza‐C‐disaccharides Linking 4‐Deoxy‐4‐amino‐β‐L‐erythro‐furanose to C‐2 of D‐Glucose and D‐Allose
Authors: Rodríguez García Eliazar , Brimble Margaret A. , Vogel Pierre
Published: August 2006

The cross‐aldol condensation of N‐benzyl‐2,5‐dideoxy‐2,5‐imino‐3,4‐O‐isopropylidene‐L‐ribose with 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐erythro‐hexopyranosid‐3‐ulose (potassium enolate + HMPA) gave an aldol as the major product. DAST‐induced water elimination gave two enones that were converted into the aza‐C‐disaccharides (+)‐4 [methyl 2‐deoxy‐2‐(1,2,5‐trideoxy‐2,5‐imino‐L‐ribitol‐1C‐yl)‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside] and (+)‐5 (the α‐D‐allopyranoside analogue). Reduction of the aldol and deprotection provided aza‐C‐disaccharide (+)‐3 {methyl 2‐deoxy‐2‐[(1R or 1S)‐2,5‐dideoxy‐2,5‐imino‐L‐ribitol‐1C‐yl]‐α‐D‐allopyranoside} with a hydroxymethano linker. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A New Efficient Synthesis of Long‐Chain Di‐ and Triaminopolyols
Authors: Coste Gérald , Gerber‐Lemaire Sandrine
Published: August 2006

The asymmetric synthesis of long‐chain di‐ and triaminopolyols is reported. The developed methodology is based on the functionalization of 3,3′‐methylenebis{[6‐(benzyloxy)methoxy]cyclohept‐3‐en‐1‐ol} derivatives that allows theselective introduction of amine moieties at defined positions of polyketide fragments. The versatile strategy disclosed here requires few purification steps and may generate a large panel of stereoisomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
2‐Arylazo‐1‐vinylpyrroles: A Novel Promising Family of Reactive Dyes
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Mikhaleva Al’bina I. , Vasil’tsov Alexander M. , Zaitsev Alexey B. , Smolyanina Natalia S. , Senotrusova Elena Yu. , Afonin Andrey V. , Ushakov Igor’ A. , Petrushenko Konstantin B. , Kazheva Olga N. , Dyachenko Oleg A. , Smirnov Vladimir V. , Schmidt Alexander F. , Markova Marina V. , Morozova Ludmila V.
Published: August 2006

New reactive dyes, 2‐arylazo‐1‐vinylpyrroles, have been synthesized in 52–94 % yield by a modified azo coupling of readily accessible 1‐vinylpyrroles with arenediazonium hydrocarbonates in aqueous ethanol (≈3:1) at 0 °C. Theλmaxvalues for the UV/Vis absorption of the dyes ranges from 377.8–480.6 nm with log ϵ= 4.11–4.99, and this strongly depends on the substituent structure both in the pyrrole and the benzene ring, and is indicative of highly polarizable and tunable chromophores. X‐ray,1H NMR spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies [B3LYP/6‐311 (d,p)] show theE,anti,antiisomer of the dyes to be the most stable under normal conditions. The dyes are reversibly protonated and complex to BF3with a color change. Their copolymerization across the vinyl group affords intrinsically colored copolymers. They have also been shown to act as good ligands in the Pd‐catalyzed Heck alkene arylation. Thus, the properties of the novel dyes are promising for creating new molecular switches, memory and recording devices, acid‐base and metal sensors, as well as transition‐metal complex catalysts.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Tetrahydropyran‐4‐ones and Thiopyran‐4‐ones from Donor‐Substituted α‐Bromostyrene Derivatives
Authors: Rosiak Anna , Frey Wolfgang , Christoffers Jens
Published: August 2006

Tetrahydropyran‐4‐one and tetrahydrothiopyran‐4‐one derivatives with a 3‐aryl substituent were synthesized by double‐conjugate addition of water or H2S to divinyl ketones. These starting materials were prepared in two steps by conversion of lithiated α‐bromostyrene derivatives with acrolein or cinnamaldehyde and subsequent oxidation of the divinyl alcohols with MnO2. The electron‐rich α‐bromostyrene building blocks were prepared by addition of HBr to the respective alkyne under strictly anhydrous conditions, which works reliably on a multigram scale. Two routes to arylacetylenes with a specific substitution pattern have been explored; however, on a larger scale only the Corey–Fuchs sequence turned out to be feasible.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
RhII‐Catalyzed Reactions of Diazocarbonyl Compounds with Dicarboximides
Authors: Nikolaev Vsevolod V. , Heimgartner Heinz , Linden Anthony , Krylov Ivan S. , Nikolaev Valerij A.
Published: August 2006

The reaction of RhII–oxocarbenoids derived from acyclic diazocarbonyl compounds with phthalimide and succinimide proceeds chemoselectively at the oxygen atom of the imidic carbonyl group, giving rise to the intermediate formation of carbonyl ylides. Intramolecular stabilization of these highly reactive species occurs in three different ways, and is controlled by the structure of the 2‐oxocarbenoids. Carbonyl ylides from diazo esters mainly experience a [1,4]‐hydrogen shift, and in this case, the corresponding O‐alkylimidates are formed as the final products. These ylides may also be stabilized by 1,3‐dipolar electrocyclization with intermediate formation of an oxirane. Carbonyl ylides with an acyl group in the carbene moiety undergo an intramolecular 1,5‐dipolar electrocyclization to produce 1,3‐dioxole derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl Sulfones in the Julia–Kocienski Olefination – Application to the Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Olefins
Authors: Alonso Diego A. , Fuensanta Mónica , Nájera Carmen
Published: August 2006

3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (BTFP) sulfones8a–dare successfully employed in the modified Julia olefination reaction with carbonyl compounds employing phosphazene base P4‐tBu at room temp. in THF, affording tri‐ and tetrasubstituted olefins in good yields. The Julia–Kocienski olefination between primary alkyl BTFP sulfones8a,band aromatic and aliphatic ketones affords the corresponding trisubstituted alkenes in good yields and low stereoselectivities. On the other hand, higher yields and stereoselectivities are obtained in the synthesis of trisubstituted olefins through the other approach, the coupling of secondary alkyl BTFP sulfones8c,dwith aliphatic, aromatic and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. For the first time, tetrasubstituted olefins are synthesized by means of the Julia–Kocienski protocol when the isopropyl BTFP sulfone8creacts with aliphatic and aromatic ketones, employing P4‐tBu as base at THF reflux. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Dyscontrol evoked by erotic and food images in women with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Rodríguez Sonia , Mata José L. , Lameiras María , Fernández M. Carmen , Vila Jaime
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the emotional reactivity to erotic and food images of women with and without bulimia nervosa using the picture‐viewing paradigm. A non‐clinical student sample made up of 48 women, 24 diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and 24 healthy controls, aged between 18 and 27 years (M=21.79), participated in the study. Diagnosis was based on questionnaires and a structured interview following DSM‐IV criteria. Participants assessed a set of food, erotic, neutral and unpleasant pictures using the Self‐Assessment Manikin scales of valence, arousal and control. The women with bulimia nervosa rated as less pleasant the erotic and food pictures, which evoked greater dyscontrol, in comparison with the women without bulimia nervosa. No significant differences were found in the ratings for the remaining pictures. These results suggest that women with bulimia nervosa experience reduced pleasure and control over both food and sexual impulses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Assessing motivation to change in bulimia nervosa: the bulimia nervosa stages of change questionnaire
Authors: Martinez Esteve , Castro Josefina , Bigorra Aitana , Morer Astrid , Calvo Rosa , Vila Montserrat , Toro Josep , Rieger Elisabeth
Published: August 2006

Objective

To assess motivation to change in adolescent patients with bulimia nervosa through the Bulimia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (BNSOCQ), an instrument adapted from the Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ) already validated in anorexic patients.

Method

Subjects were 30 bulimia nervosa patients (mean age = 16.3 years) who were receiving treatment at an eating disorders unit. The evaluation instruments were: the BNSOCQ, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI‐2) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The BNSOCQ was re‐administered 1 week later to evaluate test‐retest reliability.

Results

The BNSOCQ demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) and one week test‐retest reliability (Pearson's r = 0.93). Negative significant correlations were found between the BNSOCQ and several EDI‐2 scales (Pearson's r between −0.51 and −0.84) and the BDI (r = −0.74).

Conclusion

The study provides initial support for the reliability and validity of the BNSOCQ as a self‐report instrument for assessing motivation to change in adolescents with bulimia nervosa. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Self‐liking and self‐competence: relationship to symptoms of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Surgenor Lois J. , Maguire Sarah , Russell Janice , Touyz Stephen
Published: August 2006

Self‐esteem has been hypothesised to play a pivotal role in the development and treatment, and outcome of anorexia nervosa (AN). Though this relationship is typically investigated by considering self‐esteem as a unitary construct, research suggests that this comprises of two related but distinct components of self‐liking and self‐competence. This study investigates the association between self‐liking, self‐competence, and symptomatology of AN through the course of a defined treatment episode in 77 women. Self‐liking was significantly associated with laxative abuse. Self‐competence was significantly associated with elevated ineffectiveness, perfectionism and interpersonal distrust. Although self‐competence and eating disturbance severity significantly improved over the treatment episode, one in three participants reported a reduced self‐like or self‐competence. Changes in both self‐competence and self‐liking at the end of treatment was associated with changes in drive for thinness. Such findings have implications for treatment models concerned with improving self‐esteem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The relationship between self‐discrepancies, eating disorder and depressive symptoms in women
Authors: Sawdon Ann Marie , Cooper Myra , Seabrook Rachel
Published: August 2006

Objective

This study examined the relationship between generic self‐discrepancies, eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms.

Method

One hundred women volunteered to take part in the study. Each participant completed a self‐discrepancy questionnaire and questionnaires related to eating disorder and depressive symptoms.

Results

Eating disorder and depressive symptoms were correlated with a number of self‐discrepancies. The relationship between eating disorder symptoms and actual: future discrepancies, but not that with actual: potential discrepancies, was explained by its link with appearance related stimuli. When the effects of depressive symptoms were controlled, only the relationship between actual: potential discrepancies and eating disorder symptom remained significant.

Discussion

At least one generic self‐discrepancy is related specifically to eating disorder rather than depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings for theory and clinical practice are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Illness representations in early‐stage dementia: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Clare Linda , Goater Trish , Woods Bob
Published: August 2006

Background

The self‐regulation model of adjustment to illness suggests that individual differences in coping and responding are related to the illness representations people hold. The present study explored the feasibility of applying this concept with people with early‐stage dementia.

Method

Understanding of the illness was explored in semi‐structured interviews with 22 people who had a diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease or mixed dementia, and a measure of mood was administered. Interview transcripts were subjected to content analysis.

Results

Representations covering illness identity, cause, course, cure/control and consequences were successfully elicited, but diverged from professional constructs in some important respects. Most participants regarded their difficulties as part of normal ageing, and one‐third viewed their condition as stable or improving. Almost all participants described some positive coping strategies; participants who believed that nothing could be done to help were more likely to score above clinical cut‐offs for depression or anxiety.

Conclusions

The findings offer a preliminary insight into the nature of illness representations in early‐stage dementia, and support the relevance of the self‐regulation model as a basis for understanding and intervention. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease: association with cognitive decline?
Authors: Allcock Liesl M. , Kenny Rose Anne , Mosimann Urs Peter , Tordoff Sherley , Wesnes Keith A. , Hildreth Anthony J. , Burn David J.
Published: August 2006

Background

Orthostatic hypotension is common in Lewy body disorders and may be related to disease progression and the spread of Lewy body pathology. We therefore hypothesize that PD patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH) have a different cognitive profile compared to PD patients without OH.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 175 PD patients. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with a validated digital blood pressure monitor and patients with a systolic BP drop of ≥20 mmHg or a systolic pressure of <90 mm Hg after standing were considered to have OH. Cognition was assessed using MMSE extended by a selection of computerized cognitive tests focusing on reaction time, sustained attention, working memory and episodic verbal and visual memory.

Results

Eighty‐seven (49.7%) of the PD patients had OH. These patients were significantly more impaired in sustained attention and visual episodic memory compared to PD patients without OH.

Conclusion

We conclude that there are differences in the neuropsychological performance of patients with PD and OH, supporting the hypothesis that OH might be a marker for disease progression and cognitive decline in PD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Chinese Challenging Behaviour Scale: clinical correlates of challenging behaviours in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Lam Chi Leung , Chan W.C. , Mok Cycbie C.M. , Li S.W. , Lam Linda C.W.
Published: August 2006

Background

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are associated with considerable burden to patients with dementia and their caregivers. Formal caregivers in residential care settings face different challenges when delivering care.

Objective

This study aimed at assessing the clinical correlates of challenging BPSD using the Chinese version of the Challenging Behaviour Scale (CCBS) designed for residential care settings.

Methods

One hundred and twenty‐five participants were recruited from three care‐and‐attention homes in Hong Kong. The CCBS was administered together with the Cantonese version of Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to explore the relationships between challenging behaviour and important clinical correlates.

Results

The CCBS had good internal consistency (α = 0.86), inter‐rater (ICC = 0.79) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.98). A four‐factor structure is demonstrated by factor analysis: hyperactivity behaviours, hypoactivity behaviours, verbally aggressive and aberrant behaviours. Challenging behaviours were associated with male gender, cognitive impairment, functional disability, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and higher caregiver's workload.

Conclusions

The CCBS is a valid and reliable measure to assess BPSD in residential care settings in local Chinese community. It is useful in evaluating the challenges faced by formal caregivers during daily care of the dementia patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of evapotranspiration and its components from an apple orchard in northwest China using sap flow and water balance methods
Authors: Gong Daozhi , Kang Shaozhong , Yao Limin , Zhang Lu
Published: August 2006

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of leaf area index and soil moisture content on evapotranspiration and its components within an apple orchard in northwest China for 2 years. Evapotranspiration in the non‐rainfall period was estimated using two approaches: the soil water balance method based on tube‐type time‐domain reflection measurements, and sap flow plus micro‐lysimeter methods. The two methods were in good agreement, with differences usually less than 10%. The components of evapotranspiration varied with canopy development. During spring and autumn, soil evaporation was dominating as result of low leaf area index. In summer, plant transpiration became significant, with an average transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio of 0·87. The crop coefficient Kc showed a strong linear dependence on leaf area index. The water stress coefficient Ks was around 1·0 when soil moisture was above 23% and started to decrease linearly after that. This study demonstrates that prediction of evapotranspiration in apple orchards can be made using the Food and Agriculture Organization's crop coefficient method from commonly available meteorological data in the area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory peripheral chemosensory irritation, acute and repeated exposure toxicity studies with aerosols of triethylene glycol
Authors: Ballantyne Bryan , Snellings William M. , Norris James C.
Published: August 2006

The potential for adverse effects from exposure to respirable aerosols of triethylene glycol (TEG: CAS Number 112‐27‐6) was investigated by a peripheral chemosensory irritation study, and by acute and repeated exposure toxicity studies. The sensory irritation study, conducted with male Swiss Webster mice, showed an exposure concentration‐related depression of breathing rate that allowed the calculation of an RD50 of 5140 mg m−3. In an acute study male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed whole body to aerosols of TEG up to 6730 mg m−3 for 4 h. No mortalities occurred at this high concentration, but unexplained mortality occurred in female rats at 5230 mg m−3 at 2–3 days postexposure. Two repeats of the 5230 mg m−3 exposure did not cause mortality. Signs at 6730 and 5230 mg m−3 were limited to those of irritancy. For a 9 day repeated exposure study rats were exposed whole body to 0, 494, 2011 and 4824 mg m−3 TEG aerosols for 6 h day−1. Mortalities occurred at 4824 mg m−3 between exposure days 2 and 5. Nonspecific indications of toxicity at 2011 mg m−3 were signs of irritation, decreased body weight and increased food and water consumption; evidence of hepatic dysfunction was indicated by increased serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities, but liver histology was normal. Fluid imbalance was suggested by increases in water consumption, blood urea nitrogen, relative kidney weight and urine volume, with decreased urine osmolality, pH and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase activity. At 494 mg m−3 there were minimal signs of irritation, increased water consumption and slightly increased alkaline phosphatase; histology of the kidney was normal. Thus, in this 9 day repeated aerosol whole body exposure study a No‐Observed‐Effect‐Level (NOEL) could not be established. Since preening of the fur at these high aerosol concentrations exposures might have led to a confounding factor from the resultant oral intake, another 9 day repeated aerosol study was conducted, but by nose‐only exposure of rats for 6 h day−1 to TEG aerosol concentrations of 0, 102, 517 and 1036 mg m−3. In this study there were no clinical signs, no effects on food and water consumption, and no biochemical or histological evidence of hepatorenal dysfunction. By the end of the exposure period, male and female rats of the 1036 mg m−3 group had body weights lower than those of the controls, but not with statistical significance. Since there were no statistically significant effects on any monitors, 1036 mg m−3 is considered to be a threshold for toxicity by nose‐only exposure to TEG aerosol. The findings indicate that exposure to a respirable aerosol is not acutely harmful, but may cause sensory irritant effects. Repeated exposure to high concentrations of TEG aerosols may be harmful, particularly if there are contributions from additional routes of exposure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the technical efficiency of rice producers in Bangladesh
Authors: Balcombe Kelvin , Fraser Iain , Rahman Mizanur , Smith Laurence
Published: August 2006

Despite record national output in the early years of this decade there is widespread concern that rice yields in Bangladesh are below those attainable, and that given future population growth this may constrain achievement of food security and poverty reduction objectives. A frequent response to this problem is that farmers could close the gap between actual farm yields and potential yields identified in field trials if farmers who are technically inefficient could improve their current farming practices. This paper estimates and explains technical efficiency for a sample of rice farmers in Bangladesh employing Bayesian methods. The results provide insights into the distribution of technical efficiency and identify important influences on rice growing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucobrassicin enhancement in woad (Isatis tinctoria) leaves by chemical and physical treatments
Authors: Galletti Stefania , Barillari Jessica , Iori Renato , Venturi Gianpietro
Published: August 2006

Woad (Isatis tinctoria), a long‐known dye plant, is a noticeable source of indolic compounds, bioactive molecules exploitable as fine chemicals. Among these, glucobrassicin and its derivatives seem to play an antitumoral role, especially against mammary cancer. Since different Brassicaceae, such as broccoli and cauliflower, which are present in the human diet, contain glucobrassicin, it would be interesting to study its metabolic pathway following the fate of the pure compound in vivo. At present such studies are prevented by the difficulties encountered in the purification, mainly due to the lack of a rich vegetable source. Synthetic production is complicated and expensive. This study aimed to assess the possibility of enhancing glucobrassicin in woad leaves through artificial wounding and fertilisation, in the greenhouse and open field, in order to obtain high levels of the compound suitable for its purification. Jasmonic acid treatment on young woad leaves of the ‘Casolavalsenio’ accession is confirmed to be highly effective in the enhancement of glucobrassicin content, especially in combination with N–S fertilisation, under greenhouse conditions. For large scale production in the open field, where the use of jasmonic acid would be economically prohibitive, an alternative method of stimulation could be advantageously represented by artificial wounding that is able to provoke a remarkable increase of the compound, giving more then 1% d.w., which would allow its purification. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A clinical comparison and long‐term follow‐up of topical 5‐fluorouracil versus laser resurfacing in the treatment of widespread actinic keratoses
Authors: Ostertag Judith U. , Quaedvlieg Patricia J.F. , van der Geer Simone , Nelemans Patty , Christianen Miranda E.M.C. , Neumann Martino H.A.M. , Krekels Gertruud A.M.
Published: August 2006

Background and Objectives:

Many treatment modalities exist for actinic keratoses (AK). Topical 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) has been one of the standard treatments. Laser resurfacing is a more recent treatment option. In the literature prospective randomized studies comparing these treatments are lacking.

Study Design/Patients and Methods:

Prospective randomized study to compare topical 5‐FU with Er:YAG laser resurfacing. Fifty‐five patients with multiple AK on the scalp and or the face were included. Clinical and histopathological evaluation took place at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment.

Results:

At 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, there were significantly less recurrences in the laser group compared to the group of patients treated with 5‐FU. Side effects did occur more frequently in the laser group, especially erythema and hypopigmentation.

Conclusions:

Compared to treatment with topical 5‐FU, Er:YAG laser resurfacing is more effective regarding recurrence rates. Although significantly more side effects occur, laser resurfacing is a useful therapeutic option especially in patients with widespread AK. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:731–739, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The α‐reliable mean‐excess regret model for stochastic facility location modeling
Authors: Chen Gang , Daskin Mark S. , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max , Uryasev Stanislav
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we study a strategic facility location problem under uncertainty. The uncertainty associated with future events is modeled by defining alternative future scenarios with probabilities. We present a new model called the α‐reliable mean‐excess model that minimizes the expected regret with respect to an endogenously selected subset of worst‐case scenarios whose collective probability of occurrence is no more than 1 − α. Our mean‐excess risk measure is coherent and computationally efficient. Computational experiments also show that the α‐reliable mean‐excess criterion matches the α‐reliable minimax criterion closely. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Hedging quantity risks with standard power options in a competitive wholesale electricity market
Authors: Oum Yumi , Oren Shmuel , Deng Shijie
Published: August 2006

This paper addresses quantity risk in the electricity market and explores several ways of managing such risk. The paper also addresses the hedging problem of a load‐serving entity, which provides electricity service at a regulated price in electricity markets with price and quantity risk. Exploiting the correlation between consumption volume and spot price of electricity, an optimal zero‐cost hedging function characterized by payoff as a function of spot price is derived. It is then illustrated how such a hedging strategy can be implemented through a portfolio of forward contracts and call and put options. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Mean‐variance trade‐offs in supply contracts
Authors: Martínez‐de‐Albéniz Victor , Simchi‐Levi David
Published: August 2006

We study the trade‐offs faced by a manufacturer signing a portfolio of long‐term contracts with its suppliers and having access to a spot market. The manufacturer incurs inventory risk when purchasing too many contracts and spot price risk when buying too few. We quantify these risks for a single selling period by studying the profit mean and variance for a given portfolio of option contracts. We characterize the set of efficient portfolios that the manufacturer must hold in order to obtain dominating mean‐variance pairs. Among these, we emphasize the maximum expectation portfolio, obtained by solving the classical newsvendor problem, and the corresponding minimum variance portfolio. We show that the upper‐level sets of a mean‐variance utility function are connected. Hence, a greedy method will find the portfolios on the efficient frontier. Finally, we provide a comparison with standard hedging strategies and show that the approximation associated with financial hedging can be relatively inaccurate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2006
Numerical simulation of martensitic phase transitions in shape memory alloys using an improved integration algorithm
Authors: Helm D.
Published: August 2006

The numerical simulation of structures made of shape memory materials is of increasing interest in different fields. Among others, the computation of pipe connectors or medical devices like endoscopic instruments and stents is a challenge. In such practical applications the pseudoelastic effect as well as the one‐way and two‐way shape memory effects are utilized. These material properties are caused by martensitic phase transitions between austenite and martensite. In the present contribution, a recently proposed constitutive theory is numerically treated in the context of the finite element method. This constitutive theory is formulated in the framework of continuum thermomechanics for geometrically linear problems and is able to represent the occurring martensitic phase transitions in shape memory alloys. For the numerical integration of the evolution equations, the backward Euler method is applied. In spite of the complexity of the constitutive theory, it is shown that an improved integration procedure can be formulated, which merely involves the solution of three non‐linear equations for three scalar‐valued unknown variables. Numerical examples show the capability of the proposed model and the improved integration algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An uncoupled directional damage model for fibred biological soft tissues. Formulation and computational aspects
Authors: Calvo B. , Peña E. , Martinez M. A. , Doblaré M.
Published: August 2006

In this paper we present a fully three‐dimensional finite‐strain damage model for fibrous soft tissue. Continuum damage mechanics is used to describe the softening behaviour of soft tissues under large deformation. The structural model is formulated using the concept of internal variables that provides a very general description of materials involving irreversible effects. We considered the internal variables associated to damage to correspond to separated contributions of the matrix and fibres. In order to show clearly the performance of the constitutive model, we present 3D simulations of the behaviour of the human medial collateral ligament and of a coronary artery. Results show that the model is able to capture the typical stress–strain behaviour observed in fibrous soft tissues and seems to confirm the soundness of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A temperature‐related homogenization technique and its implementation in the meshfree particle method for nanoscale simulations
Authors: Xiao Shaoping , Yang Weixuan
Published: August 2006

A new homogenization technique, the temperature‐related Cauchy–Born (TCB) rule, is proposed in this paper with the consideration of the free energy instead of the potential energy. Therefore, temperature effects at the nanoscale can be investigated using continuum approximation with the implementation of the TCB rule. The TCB rule is verified via stress analyses of several crystalline solids. Temperature‐related material instability is also studied. In addition, a new hierarchical multiscale method is developed through implementing the TCB rule into meshfree particle methods. Quasicontinuum meshfree particle simulations are conducted to investigate bending of nanobeams, crack propagation in nanoplates and a three‐dimensional nanoindentation problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of flow field induced by a locomotive fish in the moving meshes
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Chen Y. H.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, the equations of motion are solved together with the incompressible constraint condition to simulate the flow field induced by the two specified fish motions. Since the investigated flow/structure interaction varies with time, the analysis is conducted in the moving meshes. Within the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework, both the space conservation law and the geometric conservation law have been rigorously enforced on the discrete level. Grid points move along with the fish to facilitate the analysis of the induced flow field for revealing the interaction mechanism. The resulting wave and sinusoidal motions of the fish are addressed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulics of a submerged weir and applicability in navigational channels: basic flow structures
Authors: Huang Sui Liang , Ng Chiu‐On
Published: August 2006

This paper presents the basic flow structures in a river bend in a physical model with and without a submerged weir. The CCHE2D model and the CCHE3D model for free surface and turbulent flows, which have been extensively validated and verified in recent years, are combined to study the flow in the channel in both the presence and absence of a submerged weir, where the water surface elevations and velocities are measured for certain flow conditions and in certain ranges. A 2D model is used to determine the water edge and to calibrate the bed roughness for the 3D model. A 3D model, after calibration and validation with the physical model data, is used to investigate the flow structure in the channel both in the presence and absence of a submerged weir. The agreement between the measured velocities (surface elevations) and the simulated velocities is reasonably good, which indicates that the CCHE3D model is capable of investigating the flow structure of such a channel. It is found that the submerged weir has a significant effect on the flow in the channel, and that the largest influence appears in the vicinity of the weir. Secondary flows, which are key to navigational conditions, undergo a process of break up when the flow approaches the weir, and develop into single, two, and three secondary flow zones downstream of the weir and then decay from three to two secondary flow zones and finally revert to a single secondary flow zone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trauma in the Crusader period city of Caesarea: a major port in the medieval eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Mitchell P. D.
Published: August 2006

Caesarea is the first fortified city to undergo palaeopathological analysis of its Crusader period inhabitants. This study of the 12th and 13th century population aims to determine the major types of trauma present, whether from weapon injuries or accidents. Since the Crusades were known for the significant number of battles and raids that took place, weapon injuries were expected to be common.

Thirteen cases of trauma are described and a highly unexpected pattern has come to light. These cases do not include one single example of weapon‐related trauma. Every fracture is of a type expected from accidents or interpersonal violence without weapons. Possible explanations include the location of the city deep within Frankish territory and the robust city walls giving effective protection to the inhabitants, and also that the population were involved in activities that left them prone to accidents but not weapon injuries. The other important finding from this study was that the cases of lower limb long bone spiral fractures had healed in a near‐anatomical alignment. This is not what we would expect, as a proportion of these injuries would normally have been unstable and tend to heal poorly aligned. The good position could have resulted from surgeons' use of splints to immobilise the bones while they healed. This suggestion is supported by laws of the kingdom of Jerusalem, which stated that surgeons were to be punished if they allowed such fractures to heal at an angle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.