bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of B cell epitopes in proteins using a novel sequence similarity-based method
Authors: Ras-Carmona Alvaro , Lehmann Alexander A. , Lehmann Paul V. , Reche Pedro A.
Published: August 2022

Prediction of B cell epitopes that can replace the antigen for antibody production and detection is of great interest for research and the biotech industry. Here, we developed a novel BLAST-based method to predict linear B cell epitopes. To that end, we generated a BLAST-formatted database upon a dataset of 62,730 known linear B cell epitope sequences and considered as a B cell epitope any peptide sequence producing ungapped BLAST hits to this database with identity ≥ 80% and length ≥ 8. We examined B cell epitope predictions by this method in tenfold cross-validations in which we considered various types of non-B cell epitopes, including 62,730 peptide sequences with verified negative B cell assays. As a result, we obtained values of accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of 72.54 ± 0.27%, 81.59 ± 0.37% and 63.49 ± 0.43%, respectively. In an independent dataset incorporating 503 B cell epitopes, this method reached accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of 74.85%, 99.20% and 50.50%, respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art methods to predict linear B cell epitopes. We implemented this BLAST-based approach to predict B cell epitopes at http://imath.med.ucm.es/bepiblast.
A study of socio-economic inequalities in self-reported oral and general health in South-East Norway
Authors: Lyshol Heidi , Grøtvedt Liv , Fagerhaug Tone Natland , Feuerherm Astrid J. , Jakhelln Gry , Sen Abhijit
Published: August 2022

This study assesses the association between socioeconomic determinants and self-reported health using data from a regional Norwegian health survey. We included 9,068 participants ≥ 25 years. Survey data were linked to registry data on education and income. Self-reported oral and general health were separately assessed and categorized into ‘good’/‘poor’. Exposures were educational level, personal income, and economic security. Prevalence ratios (PR) were computed to assess the associations between socioeconomic determinants and self-reported health using Poisson regression models. Participants with low education or income had poorer oral and general health than those with more education or higher income. Comparing the highest and lowest education levels, adjusted PRs for poor oral and general health were 1.27 (95%CI, 1.11–1.46) and 1.43 (95%CI, 1.29–1.59), respectively. Correspondingly, PRs for lowest income quintiles compared to highest quintile were 1.34 (95%CI, 1.17–1.55) and 2.10 (95%CI, 1.82–2.43). Low economic security was also significantly associated with poor oral and general health. There were socioeconomic gradients and positive linear trends between levels of education and income in relation to both outcomes (P-linear trends < 0.001). We found statistical evidence of effect modification by gender on the association between education and oral and general health, and by age group between income and oral health.
Dynamic Interfaces for Mechanobiological Studies
Authors: Nakanishi Jun , Tatematsu Kazuhiro
Published: August 2022

Cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions are highly dynamic, both in space and time. Recent studies have elucidated the significant role of molecular events at the cell–ECM interfaces in the cellular mechanosensing of the bulk properties of ECMs. This chapter provides an overview of dynamic interfaces that mimic such dynamic interactions. There are two major but distinct meanings for the word “dynamic”: one is switchable, which responds to an external stimulus, such as heat, voltage, light, and magnetism, and the other is dissipative, which relaxes cellular intrinsic traction force driven by actomyosin contractility. We will introduce their design principles and applications to resolve mechanobiology by manipulating outside-in and inside-out signalling at the cell–ECM interfaces.
Curvature Mechanobiology
Authors: Matsuzawa Ryosuke , Takeuchi Midori , Nishina Takuya , Yamashita Tadahiro
Published: August 2022

Quantitative understanding of how cells sense their surrounding physical environment and how that environment determines their fate will be indispensable for designing cell-culture scaffolds for regenerative medicine in the future. Supported by the rapid progress of microfabrication technologies, recent studies in mechanobiology have revealed that even relatively gentle curvatures in the surface of adjacent material, with radii greater than 100 µm, in fact have a considerable influence on various cellular behaviours such as migration, proliferation, and even differentiation. In this chapter, we highlight surface curvature as an emerging significant parameter in the design of biomaterials. We first introduce microfabrication techniques for engineering curved surfaces. We then review recent findings on how such curvatures—with radii much larger than single-cell scale—are translated into unique cellular behaviour from the viewpoints of both molecular biology and biophysics.
Dynamic Hydrogel
Authors: Ueki Takeshi , Tamate Ryota
Published: August 2022

This chapter summarizes the recent progress in the fabrication of hydrogels for in vitro mechanobiological applications as well as the related progress, challenges, and opportunities, focusing on dynamic hydrogels. Here, we intend to define “dynamic” as having two different meanings: switchable and adaptive. The first part of this chapter, we describe the basic design strategies used to realise “switchable” hydrogels that can change their elastic moduli in response to chemical and physical stimuli. Excellent studies on switchable hydrogels, along with the elaborate molecular mechanism hidden behind them, are explained. The last part of this chapter introduces recent research showcasing adaptive hydrogels. We particularly focus on the control of hydrogel stress relaxation in the study of mechanobiology.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Dimensional Materials
Authors: Gupta Jyoti , Singhal Prachi , Rattan Sunita
Published: August 2022

Two-dimensional (2-D) materials are the significantly preferred candidates for developing new optoelectronic and electronic devices due to their superlative properties and active sites which promote 2-D materials in various applications such as sensing, photodetectors, batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectric, photocatalysis etc. 2-D materials include transition metal oxides (TMOs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 2-D graphene, black phosphorus, carbide, nitride-based 2-D materials. The exceptional properties of 2-D materials such as their tunable atomic thickness, larger surface-to-volume ratio, excellent electron mobility, high light absorption capacity, and their tunable bandgap in the photonic range from UV (∼390 nm) to visible light (∼480 nm) which is an extremely critical requirement in the current energy crisis scenario. The controllable synthesis of high-quality 2-D materials is the first critical step for their efficient application as their structure morphology, chemistry, thickness, surface area, and creation of defects directly controls their overall properties. This chapter summarizes two feasible approaches along with their advantages and disadvantages for the synthesis of 2-D materials, namely, the top-down strategy and bottom-up strategies. It also summarizes the specific characterization techniques to study, and understand the structural, morphological, chemical, and physical properties of the synthesized 2-D materials.
Synthesis of Two-dimensional Hybrid Materials, Unique Properties, and Challenges
Authors: Autul Yashdi Saif , Khan Rowfi , Chowdhury Muhammad Ifaz Shahria , Hoque Md Enamul , Sagadevan Suresh
Published: August 2022

Global energy consumption will double by 2050, increasing our dependence on fossil fuels in the process. Fossil fuel combustion is predicted to generate 500 tons of CO2 by 2060. Researchers have been working for years to reduce CO2 emissions by converting it into value-added products, like chemicals and fuels. CO2 is an inert gas with a low electron affinity and a high bandgap (13.6 eV). The dissociation of the C=O bond requires a large energy input (750 kJ mol−1), which is only possible under pressure and temperature conditions or using highly efficient catalysts. After discovering graphene in 2004, research on catalysts for CO2 conversion has become a hot topic. Nanomaterials with a large surface area to volume ratio act as catalysts more effectively than their bulk counterparts. The extremely thin thickness of 2D nanomaterials also results in extraordinary electrical and optical properties, which facilitate the process of harvesting energy. In addition, a high density of crystal imperfections like dislocations and point defects can easily be incorporated into 2D materials, which can act as active sites for catalytic reactions. Graphene oxides, graphitic carbon nitrides, 2D metal oxides, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal complexes, etc., exhibit promising potential for catalytic CO2 reduction. Chemical conjugates of inorganic and organic compounds are the most effective catalysts in the CO2 reduction reaction. They minimize the cost of using noble elements without compromising efficiency. This chapter addresses 2D hybrid nanomaterials used to reduce CO2 to value-added chemicals and fuels, focusing on their synthesis, properties, applications, and challenges.
Two-dimensional Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 Into Energy-rich Chemicals
Authors: Das Anirban , Devi Laxmi , Tandava VSRK , Manchala Saikumar
Published: August 2022

2-dimensional (2D) materials due to quantum confinement effects have unique electrochemical properties. The exfoliation of 2D graphene paved the way for research on 2D materials. Recently, researchers have intensively investigated single-layer metal oxides for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) due to their flexible structure, conductivity, functionality, composition, and large surface area. Uncontrollable CO2 emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels have an extremely detrimental effect on humans and the global climate. One of the ways of mitigating this problem is by using CO2 as a fuel whose electrochemical reduction can yield useful energy-rich fuels such as methanol, methane, ethanol, formic acid, carbon monoxide, and ethylene. In this chapter, we explain the synthesis and characterization of 2D-metal oxides, the state of the art in CO2 electrochemical reduction using these materials as catalysts. The gaps in research and bottlenecks encountered that prevent large-scale industrial applications of the use of 2D-metal oxides for ECR are discussed.
Two-dimensional Nanomaterials Design and Reactor Engineering of Different Methods for CO2 Electrochemical Conversion Process
Authors: Kumar Bijandra , Malali Praveen , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar , Kannan Karthik
Published: August 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured materials are emerging catalysts for different electrochemical reactions, including water splitting reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR), and CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR). This chapter presents the essential fundamental properties of 2D nanostructured materials, and their performances for CO2RR in terms of product selectivity, catalytic activity, and CO2RR mechanism. A number of 2D nanomaterials such as graphene, metal nanosheets, metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), metal–organic framework thin films, and hybrids compositions are highlighted as a state-of-the-art catalysts towards CO2RR. This chapter also includes further discussion on different pathways for engineering 2D materials for CO2RR. Next, the configurations, operating principles and key advantages/disadvantages of different types of electrolyzer used to study CO2RR are discussed. Finally, challenges and future directions associated with the role of 2D nanocatalysts and electrolyzers for the scale-up of CO2RR are discussed.
Na3AEZn2B3O9 (AE = Mg, Ca): two new short-wave ultraviolet beryllium-free Sr2Be2B2O7-type zincoborates designed by chemical cosubstitution
Authors: Fang Zhi , Hu Chun-Li , Chen Wen-Tong , Mao Jiang-Gao
Published: August 2022

With reference to Sr2Be2B2O7, two new short-wave ultraviolet beryllium-free Sr2Be2B2O7-type zincoborates, Na3AEZn2B3O9 (AE = Mg and Ca), were successfully designed by a cosubstitution strategy and synthesized by a molten-salt method.
Correction: Highly efficient green up-conversion emission from fluoroindate glass nanoparticles functionalized with a biocompatible polymer
Authors: Jimenez G. Lesly , Shrestha Binita , Porter Tyrone , Starzyk Bartlomiej , Lesniak Magdalena , Kuwik Marta , Kochanowicz Marcin , Szumera Magdalena , Lisiecki R. , Dorosz D.
Published: August 2022

Correction for ‘Highly efficient green up-conversion emission from fluoroindate glass nanoparticles functionalized with a biocompatible polymer’ by G. Lesly Jimenez et al., RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 20074–20079, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA03171J.
Tuning the hybridization and charge polarization in metal nanoparticles dispersed over Schiff base functionalized SBA-15 enhances CO2 capture and conversion to formic acid
Authors: Cherevotan Arjun , Ray Bitan , Yadav Anish , Bagchi Debabrata , Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Riyaz Mohd , Churipard Sathyapal R. , Naral Vinay , Kaur Komalpreet , Gautam Ujjal K. , Vinod Chathakudath P. , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: August 2022

This work reports the development of metal nanoparticles dispersed over Schiff base functionalized SBA-15. Tuning the hybridization favours optimum CO2 capture and charge polarization at metal nanoparticles enhances the conversion of CO2 to formic acid.
Unveiling the mechanism of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2to formate promoted by porphyrinic Zr-based metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Benseghir Youven , Solé-Daura Albert , Cairnie Daniel R. , Robinson Amanda L. , Duguet Mathis , Mialane Pierre , Gairola Priyanka , Gomez-Mingot Maria , Fontecave Marc , Iovan Diana , Bonnett Brittany , Morris Amanda J. , Dolbecq Anne , Mellot-Draznieks Caroline
Published: August 2022

A complete picture of the reaction mechanism driving the photocatalytic reduction of CO2into formate promoted by the Zr-based porphyrinic MOF-545 in CH3CN/TEOA solutions is provided for the first time by combining experimental and computational approaches.
Smart coordination of predictive load balancing for residential electric vehicles based on EMD‐Bayesian optimised LSTM
Authors: Akil Murat , Dokur Emrah , Bayindir Ramazan
Published: August 2022

The charging load forecasting of residential Electric Vehicles help grid operators make informed decisions in terms of scheduling and managing demand response. The residence can include integrated residential appliances with multi‐state and high‐frequency features. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the total load of residence accurately. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a hybrid forecasting model using the empirical mode decomposition and Bayesian optimised Long Short‐Term Memory for load balancing based on residential electricity meter data. The residential electricity meter data includes three datasets as Electric Vehicle, heat pump and photovoltaic system. To decompose of the data characteristics, the empirical mode decomposition method performs to the original data. Then, the Bayesian optimised Long Short‐Term Memory is applied to forecast for each sub‐component of the data sequentially. The main features of the proposed model include a significant improvement in prediction accuracy and capture the local maximums. The advantage of the proposed method over existing methods are also verified over with experiments of data‐driven on the IEEE 33 busbar test system. The result of simulation forecasting model indicates that predict closely the busbar outflow power, voltage drop, transformer loading states and power losses to compare with actual load model.
Numerical study on stability of composite cutter bar milling system in rotating coordinate frame
Authors: Zhang Yuhuan , Ren Yongsheng , Zhang Jinfeng
Published: August 2022

This paper studies the chatter stability of composite cutter bar milling system in rotating coordinate frame. The main contribution of this paper is establishing a continuous distributed chatter analysis model for a composite cutter bar milling system in rotating coordinate frame. The stability of the milling system with a rotary symmetric dynamic cutter bar is predicted using the semi‐discrete time domain method. The effects such as internal damping, external damping, and symmetrical and asymmetric laminates on the stability of the milling system were analysed, and the results were compared between rotating and fixed coordinate frames. The results are consistent for symmetrical cutter bars in both the rotating and fixed coordinate frames. A new chatter instability zone appears at high rotating speeds due to the material internal damping of the rotating composite cutter bar.
Carbon footprint analysis of the cultivated banana cultivation in Prachinburi Province, Thailand
Authors: Suwan Chalita , Somjai Thanutyot
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to estimate the carbon footprint and analyze the environmental hotspots of the cultivated banana cultivation in a case study of Prachinburi Province in Thailand. In addition, the study proposed the mitigation of the carbon footprint. Primary data were obtained from eleven Prachinburi banana farmers. The banana farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire. Planting area, plant spacing, yield, land preparation, planting, fertilization, irrigation, and harvesting were among the data collected. The results revealed that the carbon footprint of cultivated banana cultivation was 117 g CO2e/kg of fresh cultivated banana, with fertilization accounting for 83 percent of the total. To predominantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the usage of fertilizer should be reduced. Different parts of the plants, such as trimmed leaves, de-suckered shoots, and stems should be chopped into small pieces and spread over the soil where the bananas are planted to nourish the plants without supplemental fertilizer. However, the reduced usage of fertilizer for banana cultivation should be studied along with the productivity of the crop.
Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Palm Kernel Cake Protein
Authors: Tungchaisin Thanida , Sae-Tan Sudathip , Rattanaporn Kittipong
Published: August 2022

Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant by-product of the palm oil industry. It is used as an ingredient in feed due to the high amount of protein and fiber content. In order to increase the value of PKC, the PKC protein can be extracted and may be able to be used as an alternative protein for plant-based food. This study aims to optimize the PKC protein extraction using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method with a response surface methodology (RSM). MAE is a green extraction method due to less chemicals needed, less time and less energy consumption when compared to the traditional thermal extraction method. The experiment was designed by the Box-Behnken method with 3 factors; microwave power (A), extraction time (B) and solid-liquid ratio (C). The optimum condition was at the microwave power of 700.16 W, extraction time of 543.08 s and the solid-liquid ratio of 1:7.73 g PKC/ ml water resulting in a theoretical yield of protein extraction of 32.46%.
An Electrical-Variable-Frequency Compact Wien-Bridge Oscillator
Authors: LI Yongan , HOU Jingqiang
Published: August 2022

This paper designs a current-mode Wien-bridge oscillator to use current-controlled conveyor (CCCIIs) based on the traditional Wien-bridge oscillator and the adjoint network theorem. This oscillator employs only four CCCIIs and two grounded capacitors. Its resonant condition and resonant frequency can be independently and electronically varied by tuning bias currents of the CCCIIs linearly. Then this oscillator is simple in design, compact in size, and convenient in adjustment. The oscillator analysis and computer simulation results have been included to support the generation method.
Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction
Authors: Arthur Thomas , Burgess Adele
Published: August 2022

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) is a functional disorder of the large intestine distinguished by colonic dysmotility resulting in colonic distension in the absence of mechanical obstruction. The underlying pathophysiology of ACPO remains unclear despite technological advances in understanding the physiology of colonic motility, such as spatio-temporal mapping and high-resolution manometry. In many ways, the management of ACPO has remained relatively unchanged for 40 years. Patients with perforation or suspected ischemia undergo operative intervention, while patients without undergo initial conservative management with bowel rest, correction of electrolyte disturbances, and mobilization. Patients who fail conservative management or have prominent cecal dilatation undergo decompression with either neostigmine or colonoscopy. A subset of patients with ACPO will have recurrent symptoms despite endoscopic and medical management. For these patients who are difficult to manage, an underlying colonic functional disorder, such as slow-transit dysmotility or chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction may be considered. The following review of ACPO aims to provide a concise update of the causes, diagnosis, and management of this emergency surgical condition.
Approach to the Adult Colorectal Patient with a History of Pediatric Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Sajankila Nitin , DeRoss Anthony , Lipman Jeremy M.
Published: August 2022

Children with colorectal diseases often undergo operative management in their youth. As these patients become adult, it is important for surgeons to understand their postoperative anatomy as well as the pathophysiology of their diseases. Here, we present a description of common colorectal diseases of childhood that may have significant impact on patients' presentations as adult. We also discuss the diagnosis and management of conditions that are usually seen early in life but may present during adulthood as well.
Turning 2D materials into 3D tubular structures yields enormous advantages
Authors: Ikenson Ben
Published: August 2022

Reviewing research into and applications of emerging nanomembranes in the “More than Moore” era
A ridge-to-reef ecosystem microbial census reveals environmental reservoirs for animal and plant microbiomes
Authors: Amend Anthony S. , Swift Sean O. I. , Darcy John L. , Belcaid Mahdi , Nelson Craig E. , Buchanan Joshua , Cetraro Nicolas , Fraiola Kauaoa M. S. , Frank Kiana , Kajihara Kacie , McDermot Terrance G. , McFall-Ngai Margaret , Medeiros Matthew , Mora Camilo , Nakayama Kirsten K. , Nguyen Nhu H. , Rollins Randi L. , Sadowski Peter , Sparagon Wesley , Téfit Mélisandre A. , Yew Joanne Y. , Yogi Danyel , Hynson Nicole A.
Published: August 2022

Microbes are found in nearly every habitat and organism on the planet, where they are critical to host health, fitness, and metabolism. In most organisms, few microbes are inherited at birth; instead, acquiring microbiomes generally involves complicated interactions between the environment, hosts, and symbionts. Despite the criticality of microbiome acquisition, we know little about where hosts’ microbes reside when not in or on hosts of interest. Because microbes span a continuum ranging from generalists associating with multiple hosts and habitats to specialists with narrower host ranges, identifying potential sources of microbial diversity that can contribute to the microbiomes of unrelated hosts is a gap in our understanding of microbiome assembly. Microbial dispersal attenuates with distance, so identifying sources and sinks requires data from microbiomes that are contemporary and near enough for potential microbial transmission. Here, we characterize microbiomes across adjacent terrestrial and aquatic hosts and habitats throughout an entire watershed, showing that the most species-poor microbiomes are partial subsets of the most species-rich and that microbiomes of plants and animals are nested within those of their environments. Furthermore, we show that the host and habitat range of a microbe within a single ecosystem predicts its global distribution, a relationship with implications for global microbial assembly processes. Thus, the tendency for microbes to occupy multiple habitats and unrelated hosts enables persistent microbiomes, even when host populations are disjunct. Our whole-watershed census demonstrates how a nested distribution of microbes, following the trophic hierarchies of hosts, can shape microbial acquisition.
Expressing emotion
Authors: Mestre-Mestre Eva M. , Díez-Bedmar María Belén
Published: August 2022

The acquisition of pragmatic competence, namely, the capability to ‘produce and comprehend […] discourse that is adequate to the L2 socio-cultural context’ (Istvan Kecskes, 2013, p. 64) is a major challenge for learners with a medium-to-advanced level of language proficiency, and a main concern for teachers. To study it, two approaches exist: the ethnopragmatic perspective (Anna Wierzbicka, 2004) and the intercultural pragmatics perspective (Laura Maguire & Jesús Romero-Trillo, 2013). Because of its complexity, the study of emotions is core in pragmatic competence acquisition.

This paper explores the way English as a lingua franca (ELF) users with different L1s express their emotions, as compiled in the Corpus of Language and Nature (Romero-Trillo et al., 2013). To do so, 115 texts from L1 German speakers and 115 texts from L1 Brazilian Portuguese speakers are explored following corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches. The former was conducted by analysing the presence in the subcorpora of the items in two emotion word lexicons. To complement the information obtained, further corpus-based analyses of the use of modals and intensifiers employed by the participants to express emotion were conducted. The corpus-driven approach allowed the manual identification of any linguistic unit employed by ELF users to express emotion which had not been previously considered. The results cast light on the linguistic units that ELF users from the two backgrounds employ to express emotion in the same situations. The findings highlight the differences and similarities in their use of the language as well as the suitability of the lexicons to study emotion in ELF.
Fluidic rolling robot using voltage-driven oscillating liquid
Authors: Mao Zebing , Asai Yota , Yamanoi Akimasa , Seki Yumeta , Wiranata Ardi , Minaminosono Ayato
Published: August 2022

Rolling motions have been observed in many animals and insects. In the previous fluidic rolling system, a deformed chamber and long cables were imperative to drive the soft rolling actuators, which required high pressure and a sophisticated controlling strategy. In this study, we propose a soft fluidic roller using a simple structure composed of a bendable and twistable electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump and a layer of natural latex. To realize the rolling motion, we first optimized the electrode and channel height of the EHD pumps using different patterns and designs. We also examined the output power, efficiency, pressure loss, bending, and twisting performance. Subsequently, the optimized electrodes and channel height were selected to design the power source of the EHD roller. This roller was lightweight (0.7 g) with an amount of liquid (0.6 g). This EHD robot can roll as the EHD liquid oscillates under a duty-controlled voltage realized using a high-voltage circuit. Next,we investigated the influence of frictional forces on rolling performance. Finally, the rolling motion in the liquid was demonstrated. This study extends the EHD pumps to independent soft actuators integrated with a soft power source.
Control of electron beam polarization in the bubble regime of laser-wakefield acceleration
Authors: Fan H C , Liu X Y , Li X F , Qu J F , Yu Q , Kong Q , Weng S M , Chen M , Büscher M , Gibbon P , Kawata S , Sheng Z M
Published: August 2022

Electron beam polarization in the bubble regime of the interaction between a high-intensity laser and a longitudinally pre-polarized plasma is investigated by means of the Thomas–Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi equation. Using a test-particle model, the dependence of the accelerated electron polarization on the bubble geometry is analysed in detail. Tracking the polarization dynamics of individual electrons reveals that although the spin direction changes during both the self-injection process and acceleration phase, the former has the biggest impact. For nearly spherical bubbles, the polarization of electron beam persists after capture and acceleration in the bubble. By contrast, for aspherical bubble shapes, the electron beam becomes rapidly depolarized, and the net polarization direction can even reverse in the case of a oblate spheroidal bubble. These findings are confirmed via particle-in-cell simulations.
PVDF-directed synthesis, stability and anion exchange of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals
Authors: Panda Suvadeep , Soni Amritansh , Gupta Vidhu , Niranjan Raghvendra , Panda Debashis
Published: August 2022

Photoluminescent perovskite nanocrystals are mostly used along with base materials such as polymers for material processing and large-scale production purpose. However, the role of polymer in crystal structure engineering and thereby dictating the emission properties of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals has been poorly understood. First, we have developed a polymer-directed antisolvent method for synthesis of halide perovskite crystals at room temperature and observed that the thermodynamic stabilities of crystals drive the formation of perovskite composite crystal of orthorhombic Cs4PbBr6 and monoclinic CsPbBr3. Surprisingly, hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) can reduce the size of perovskite crystals to nano dimensions even at room temperature. On the other hand, perovskite nanocrystals, CsPbBr3 synthesized by modified hot-injection method undergo rapid encapsulation in PVDF matrices. The size of the encapsulated nanocrystal in PVDF matrices ranges in 88 ± 32 nm. We have illustrated that there are three types of radiative recombination predominantly operative in nanocrystals-doped polymer- (i) surface defect caused radiative recombination (0.6–3 ns), (ii) exciton recombination (3–15 ns), and (iii) shallow trap assisted recombination (10–50 ns). The interface created at nanocrystal and polymer plays a decisive role in populating the shallow trap states in perovskite-polymer nanocomposite. These nanocomposites undergo fast halide exchange in aqueous hydroiodic acid solution and possess remarkable enhancement of water-/photo-stability. This research would pave way for their greater use in hydrogen production and light-emitting devices.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy based insights into diffusion in electrochemical energy systems
Authors: Tyagi Viplove , Debnath Bharati , Patrike Apurva , Ogale Satishchandra , Patil Shivprasad
Published: August 2022

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy, a commonly used technique for measuring diffusion of biomolecules and tracer dyes in different solvents, is employed to characterise the local transport properties in battery electrolytes. Diffusion of ions, a major limiting factor in battery capacity and charging rates, depends on the local interactions and structuredness of the electrolytic species. Structuredness in the electrolyte results from typical solvation behaviour of diffusing ions/molecules leading to long-range interactions. In this work, we have used FCS to measure tracer diffusion of Coumarin 343 in a mixture of Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), commonly used as electrolyte solvent in Li-ion batteries. The measured diffusion is found to depend on lithium-ion concentrations. It is found that the addition of LiPF6 to an EC-DMC equimolar mixture slows down tracer diffusion significantly. Indeed, the bulk viscosity of the electrolyte added with LiPF6 salt varies with salt concentration. However, the change in bulk viscosity (global behaviour) at high ion concentrations does not match the one inferred from applying Stoke-Einstein’s relation to the diffusion data (local behaviour). This indicates that the homogeneity of the electrolyte does not extend spatially to molecular scales around the diffusing tracer molecule. Measurements made on coin cells prepared with different concentrations of LiPF6 show battery performance limited at higher concentrations, characterized by specific capacity loss at faster charging cycles. This limitation is directly related to the local behaviour of the electrolyte as quantified by measurements of tracer diffusion, which slows down, which remarkably outweighs the advantage of high carrier densities.
Two Wittgensteins
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: August 2022

In this work, the suggestion is made that Wittgenstein's later (therapeutic) philosophy bears a striking resemblance to Pyrrhonism, urbanely understood. Wittgenstein, however, deepens the Pyrrhonian critique of philosophizing. He is a Pyrrhonian in a new, more sophisticated guise. He is a Neopyrrhonian. The appendix explores what seems to be a non‐Pyrrhonian element in his last writings, in particular, in his notes published under the title “On Certainty.” In various places, Wittgenstein seems to be attracted to a philosophical position that simply reverses earlier commitments found in the Tractatus. Turning things around, he favors holism over atomism, publicity over privacy, and doing over thinking. The Neopyrrhonian Wittgenstein would view both standpoints with equal suspicion.
Extant Works of Gyōnen
Authors: Blum Mark L.
Published: August 2022

This appendix provides a list of both the known extant writings (46, excluding letters and dedications) of Gyōnen, the Buddhist historian, and current text-critical information on each of these works, including all known editions, what form they are in (holograph, manuscript, xylograph, modern printed), and where they are held.
Appendices
Authors: Bloomfield Paul
Published: August 2022

An argument for the nonreducibility of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics is given and a nonreducible ontology for entropy, health, and goodness is suggested. The argument is based on the modal fact that the putative reduction makes it impossible to distinguish between what is impossible and what does not exist, as well as making the mortality of the human body contingent.
Appendix A
Authors: Hayes Christine E.
Published: August 2022

The ritual impurity of Gentile lands and houses is a rabbinic rather than a biblical principle that derives from the impurity generated by Gentile corpses. As such, the ritual impurity of Gentile lands and houses does not constitute evidence of an ancient principle of intrinsic ritual impurity of Gentiles, as asserted by Gedaliah Alon. Numerous sources adduced by Alon in support of his views are examined and discounted as evidence.
A Consideration of the Sources
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter
Published: August 2022

The earliest biographies of Francis were written against a backdrop of poverty‐related controversies that had begun to tear apart the Franciscan order even before Francis's death. This appendix attempts to place the principal biographies (those of Thomas of Celano and Bonaventure as well as the anonymous Legend of the Three Companions and the Assisi Compilation) in the context of these disputes.
Agent‐Centred Restrictions, Rationality, and the
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: August 2022

Scheffler responds to Philippa Foot's argument that agent‐centred restrictions cease to appear paradoxical when considered in the light of a certain virtue‐based, non‐consequentialist theory. Foot argues that the ranking of states of affairs from best to worst owes its place within morality to the virtue of benevolence, but that other virtues such as justice limit the role of such rankings in morality. According to Scheffler, Foot suggests that meaningful comparison of states of affairs is impossible when one of the states of affairs is the result of an unjust action. Scheffler rejects this suggestion as he explores the apparent conflict between agent‐centred restrictions and a conception of rationality, maximizing rationality , which is embodied in consequentialism as well as in other normative theories.
Quine's Objection to Quantified Modal Logic
Authors: Plantinga Alvin
Published: August 2022

I begin by clarifying W.V. Quine's objection to quantified modal logic. I then consider responses from Jaako Hintikka and Arthur Smullyan. I demonstrate that both of them rely on distinguishing between proper and improper terms. Quine's reply to Hintikka and Smullyan is that their solution entails that quantified modal logic is committed to Aristotelian Essentialism. I conclude that Quine is right that quantified modal logic presupposes essentialism, but I also claim that this is not a reason to reject quantified modal logic.
Notes on Method
Authors: Schlicht Ekkehart
Published: August 2022

This appendix contrasts individualism with holism, explains the position adopted here, and comments on the use of psychology.
The Principle of Relativity
Authors: Schlicht Ekkehart
Published: August 2022

This appendix contrasts cultural relativism with cultural universalism and argues in favour of the ‘principle of relativity’, viz. that social theory ought to be formulated independently of the point of view, or cultural position, taken by the observer.
Hume's Law
Authors: Schlicht Ekkehart
Published: August 2022

‘Hume's Law’, as commonly interpreted, states that ethical judgement cannot be derived from factual judgement. This position would lead to ethical relativism. It is argued that this interpretation is wrong and that factual judgement and ethical judgement are tied together.
Weak Convergence of Probability Measures on Rp and C[0,1]
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this appendix is to explain the concept of weak convergence on C[0,1], the space of continuous functions on the unit interval [0,1]. It explains what is behind the formulae involving Brownian motion and stochastic integrals, which appear in the discussion of the limit distributions in cointegration theory. We discuss the existence of stochastic processes like Brownian motion, and find distributions of suitable functionals of Brownian motion using the continuous mapping theorem.
Selections from Jerome's Epistles 33, 61, and 84
Authors: Heine Ronald E.
Published: August 2022

Contains translations of selections taken from Jerome's letters 33, 61, and 84. In the first selection, Jerome includes Origen's commentary on Ephesians in a list he gives of Origen's writings on the New Testament. In the second and third selections, Jerome refers to his own commentary on Ephesians as proof that, while he admires Origen's Biblical interpretation, he has never embraced those doctrines of Origen considered heretical.
The Semantic Wages of Neuralism
Authors: Pietroski Paul M.
Published: August 2022

Given a so‐called naturalistic theory of mental content (of the sort urged by Fodor and others), one might be able to maintain that certain biochemical events have the very mental contents that some mental events have, thereby avoiding many arguments against identity theses. But given the arguments, one cannot assume that there is a naturalistic theory to be had. And by drawing on Stalnaker, we can sketch an account of ‘where content comes from’ given which, it is implausible that biochemical events have mental content.
Authors: Charles David
Published: August 2022

Aristotle's discussion of the Principle of Non‐Contradiction rests on his account of what terms signify, as this is developed in the Posterior Analytics. Attention to this semantic background enables us to better understand some of his arguments in Metaphysics Γ. 3–4.
Essence, Necessity, and the Copula
Authors: Charles David
Published: August 2022

Aristotle's discussion of the semantic role of the copula in De Interpretatione reveals an interesting and distinctive account of the logical form of claims such as ‘A is essentially F’ and ‘A is necessarily F’, in which the terms ‘essentially’ and ‘necessarily’ modify the copula. This proposal allows Aristotle to formulate his essentialist claims without using the later Leibnizian notion of possible worlds.
Mycobacterial response to an acidic environment: protective mechanisms
Authors: Rai Rupal , Singh Vinayak , Mathew Bijina J , Singh Anirudh K , Chaurasiya Shivendra K
Published: August 2022

Given the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the world faces the urgency of finding new drugs to combat tuberculosis. Understanding the biochemical/physiological processes enabling Mtb to survive the stressful environment within macrophages and acquire tolerance, resistance and persistence against the stresses are the key to developing new approaches to tackle this health problem. As Mtb gains entry into the respiratory tract and is engulfed by macrophages, lowering pH acts as a primary defence of phagosomes within macrophages and also in the centres of caseating granulomas. It becomes essential for the pathogen to maintain pH homeostasis for survival in these conditions. Acid resistance mechanisms are well known and extensively studied in other bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp., Brucella spp., Helicobacter pylori and Listeria monocytogenes. However, in the case of Mtb, acid tolerance and resistance mechanisms still need to be explored in detail. This review aims to describe the current understanding of underlying mechanisms involved in countering low pH faced by Mtb as the acid resistance/tolerance mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Cecal microbiota of feedlot cattle fed a four-species Bacillus supplement
Authors: Fuerniss Luke K , Kreikemeier Kelly K , Reed Lynn D , Cravey Matt D , Johnson Bradley J
Published: August 2022

As commercial fed cattle consume large amounts of concentrate feedstuffs, hindgut health can be challenged. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercially available Bacillus feed additive on cattle health outcomes and cecal microbiota of fed cattle at the time of harvest. Commercial cattle from a single feedlot were identified for characterization of cecal microbial communities using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing. All cattle were fed a common corn-based finishing diet. Control cattle (CON) were administered no treatment while treated cattle (TRT) were supplemented daily with 0.050 g of MicroSaf 4C 40 (2 billion colony forming units of Bacillus spp.; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Immediately after harvest and evisceration, the cecal contents of cattle were sampled. After DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing, reads from CON samples (N = 12) and TRT samples (N = 12) were assigned taxonomy using the SILVA 138 database. Total morbidity, first treatment of atypical interstitial pneumonia, and early shipments for harvest were decreased among TRT cattle compared to CON cattle (P ≤ 0.021). On average, cecal microbiota from TRT cattle had greater alpha diversity than microbiota from CON cattle as measured by Shannon diversity, Pielou’s evenness, and feature richness (P < 0.010). Additionally, TRT microbial communities were different (P = 0.001) and less variable (P < 0.001) than CON microbial communities when evaluated by unweighted UniFrac distances. By relative abundance across all samples, the most prevalent phyla were Firmicutes (55.40%, SD = 15.97) and Bacteroidetes (28.17%, SD = 17.74) followed by Proteobacteria (6.75%, SD = 10.98), Spirochaetes (4.54%, SD = 4.85), and Euryarchaeota (1.77%, SD = 3.00). Spirochaetes relative abundance in TRT communities was greater than that in CON communities and was differentially abundant between treatments by ANCOM testing (W = 11); Monoglobaceae was the only family-level taxon identified as differentially abundant (W = 59; greater mean relative abundance in TRT group by 2.12 percentage points). Half (N = 6) of the CON samples clustered away from all other samples based on principal coordinates and represented cecal dysbiosis among CON cattle. The results of this study indicated that administering a four-species blend of Bacillus positively supported the cecal microbial communities of finishing cattle. Further research is needed to explore potential mechanisms of action of Bacillus DFM products in feedlot cattle.
Novel median thoracic expansion for asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
Authors: Wang Wenlin , Long Weiguang , Liu Yang , Cai Bin
Published: August 2022

There are several surgical techniques for asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (ATD), and various techniques have various indications, but no one has studied this problem in the past. We designed a new procedure for the type of ATD with narrow and cylindrical thorax, and clinical results show that this method is reasonable for this type of patient.
Percutaneous extraction of metallic foreign body from pyogenic liver abscess
Authors: Basin Michael , Dimmer Alexandra , Abramyan Shogik , Tewari Sanjit O , Lucia Amie
Published: August 2022

We report a case of a 35-year-old male who developed a pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) secondary to a foreign body that migrated from the transverse colon into the liver. The mainstay of treatment of PLA requires removal of the foreign body, most frequently performed surgically. Few case reports exist of percutaneous removal. As our patient was hemodynamically stable at time of presentation, he underwent successful percutaneous transhepatic removal of the foreign body, avoiding any need for surgical operation.
Theoretical Base and Mechanism of Action
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K.
Published: August 2022

Despite the strong empirical support for the efficacy of exposure therapy, disagreement remains regarding the theoretical underpinnings of how and why exposure works. This chapter introduces the primary mechanistic theories of how exposure leads to symptom change and then provides a working model synthesizing these theories. The specific steps for implementing exposure with youth presented in later chapters are grounded in the mechanistic theories reviewed in this chapter and integrated in the clinical model presented at the end of the chapter. The order of this presentation is based on the belief that understanding how exposure works allows therapists to apply this technique in situations that do not fit neatly within their previous experiences. Given the heterogeneity of anxiety problems, it is important to have a theoretical framework of the mechanisms of action to guide implementation and problem-solving.
Cornerstones of Attachment Research
Authors: Duschinsky Robbie
Published: August 2022

Cornerstones of Attachment Research re-examines the work of key laboratories that have contributed to the study of attachment. In doing so, the book traces the development in a single scientific paradigm through parallel but separate lines of inquiry. Chapters address the work of Bowlby, Ainsworth, Main and Hesse, Sroufe and Egeland, and Shaver and Mikulincer. Cornerstones of Attachment Research utilises attention to these five research groups as a lens on wider themes and challenges faced by attachment research over the decades. The chapters draw on a complete analysis of published scholarly and popular works by each research group, as well as much unpublished material.