bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preschoolers’ Dietary Behaviours:Parents’ Perspectives
Authors: Tucker Patricia , Irwin Jennifer D. , He Meizi , Bouck L. Michelle Sangster , Pollett Graham
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Preschoolers’ dietary intake behaviours are described from the perspective of their parents.

Methods: A maximum variation sample of 71 parents of preschoolers participated in this qualitative study. Ten semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted. Two experienced moderators facilitated all focus groups, which were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Strategies to ensure trustworthiness of the data were employed throughout the study. Two team members independently performed inductive content analysis. NVivo software was used to code the emerging themes.

Results: Parents identified food and food issues as key health-related behaviours among preschoolers. Parents discussed challenges to healthy eating, including time limitations and societal pressures, as well as methods for facilitating healthy food choices, including bribery, education, and being creative with food.

Conclusions: Dietary intake is on the minds of preschoolers’ parents. Unfortunately, some methods that parents currently use to promote healthy food choices may be more detrimental than beneficial for children in the long term. Parents’ keen interest in their preschoolers’ eating habits may make them particularly receptive to learning about and facilitating healthy choices in more behaviourally appropriate ways. Widespread educational messages about the benefits and detriments of various strategies to facilitate healthy eating among preschoolers therefore seem warranted.
Feeding Patterns and Weight Among First Nations Children
Authors: Kuperberg Karen , Evers Susan
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Little information is available on the growth and feeding patterns of First Nations children. Our goal was to assess the anthropometric status, feeding practices, and dietary intake of children born in 1994 or 1995 (n=102) and living in Walpole Island First Nation.

Methods: Information on demographic characteristics and infant feeding practices was obtained through parent interviews conducted between 1994 and 1999. Parents also completed a 24-hour dietary recall for their children when they were 48 months old. Head circumference was measured at three and 18 months, and weight and length/height at three, 18, 33, and 48 months.

Results: Most infants (75%) were breastfed at birth; however, by the time infants were three months old, 39.7% of the mothers had stopped breastfeeding. Over half (57.1%) of the infants were fed solids before age three months, 11.6% were given whole milk before age nine months, and 59.4% had low fat milk before age two years. Body mass index (kg/m2) (BMI) was above the 85th percentile for 27.8% at the 48-month interview, and was associated with a maternal BMI above 25 (OR=7.8, CI=1.1-41.9).

Conclusions: Mothers need to be encouraged to follow current infant feeding recommendations. Strategies should be developed to reduce the prevalence of overweight among adults and children in First Nations communities.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity In School-aged Children
Authors: He Meizi , Beynon Charlene
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Childhood obesity is a public health concern in Canada. Few published anthropometric data are available to indicate obesity prevalence in Canadian children. Obesity prevalence is reported for school-aged children in 11 London, Ontario, schools.

Methods: Data on body weight and height were obtained using standardized procedures. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) body mass index (BMI)-for-age references and Cole’s international BMI reference were used to classify the children’s weight categories.

Results: The study included 1,570 pupils aged six to 13. The CDC BMI references categorized 16.6% and 11.8% of children as overweight and obese, respectively. In comparison, when the Cole BMI reference and cut-off points were used, 17.5% and 7.6% of children were classified as overweight and obese, respectively.

Conclusion: Overweight is prevalent in the study population. Public health interventions are warranted to curb the obesity epidemic in school-aged children.
Prevalence of Childhood Obesity In Northeastern Ontario: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Haque Foyez , de la Rocha Alberto G. , Horbul Betty Ann , Desroches Patricia , Orrell Craig
Published: May 2007

Purpose: In Canada, the incidence of childhood obesity has tripled within the past 20 years. The prevalence of obesity in the Timmins, Ontario, student population was studied to gain knowledge for program planning and resource allocation, and to compare Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria with Cole’s international criteria for childhood obesity.

Methods: Anthropometric measurements of 801 students were taken. Students were chosen from randomly selected schools for each grade. Data were analyzed according to age, gender, and ethnicity. Data were also compared with other studies. Intragroup comparisons were performed using hypothesis testing for significance with the z table and chi-square test.

Results: Overweight and obesity prevalence was 28% according to CDC criteria. No statistical difference was found between genders or among ethnic groups, or between this study and other Canadian studies. In comparison with the CDC criteria, Cole’s international criteria indicated less obesity and increased overweight prevalence. These differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that in the northern Ontario community of Timmins, the prevalence of childhood obesity is of epidemic proportions. When the findings are shared with different agencies, this study will help the health unit to take necessary public health measures to curb the epidemic.
Choix et comportements alimentairesd'enfants québécois
Authors: Marquis Marie , Wright Jessica
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The relationships are explored between food choices of school-aged children and eating in the bedroom, while watching television, or in front of the computer.

Methods: Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that 534 subjects completed in class. Participants were ten- to 12-year-old children from Québec.

Results: Significant positive correlations were found between the act of eating in the bedroom and eating in front of the television or the computer (p<0.05). Significant positive correlations were also found between eating in the bedroom, or eating in front of the television or the computer, and the consumption of low-density food, foods high in sugar and fat, and foods low in fibre (p<0.05). Data also revealed more negative food habits for boys than for girls (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Because of the prevalence of childhood obesity, these findings support the need to document children's food consumption patterns and gender differences.
Effect of Processing on Galactose In Selected Fruits
Authors: Hartnett Carol , Kim Hyun-Ock , Scaman Christine H.
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The impact of consuming processed versus fresh fruits and vegetables on the galactose intake of galactosemic patients was compared.

Methods: The galactose content of processed fruits was determined when the following processing methods were used: freezing, drying, blanching, microwaving, canning, and a combination of blanching and freezing. Then three-day food intakes of five subjects with galactosemia were recorded. The records were used to estimate galactose intake, according to previously reported galactose levels for fresh fruits and vegetables and the potential reduction in galactose intake when only processed fruits and vegetables are consumed.

Results: The average galactose reduction was approximately 45% for all the fruits and all processing methods, excluding drying. Intakes varied from 17 to 108 mg/day when fresh values were used and 11 to 103 mg/day when only processed fruits and vegetables were consumed. This reduction was statistically significant for four out of five patients.

Conclusions: When the reduction is compared with reported daily fluctuations in galactosemic patients’ endogenous galactose production, the clinical significance of reduced free galactose consumption on long-term outcome is unclear. However, metabolic dietitians now have objective data that the processing methods described will lower the free galactose content of the fruits analyzed.
Menu Planning for Childcare Centres: Practices and Needs
Authors: Romaine Nadine , Mann Linda , Kienapple Kim , Conrad Bonnie
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Childcare menu planners’ relevant knowledge, attitudes, and practices were determined, as were the menu planning guidelines or tools needed and the nutritional adequacy and quality of menus in licensed full-day childcare centres in Nova Scotia.

Methods: An ethics committee-approved questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample of 101 licensed childcare centres across the province. Respondents were instructed to forward a copy of their current four-week menu for nutrient analysis and menu quality evaluation.

Results: Descriptive statistical data analysis from the returned questionnaires (n=35) indicated that fewer than 50% of the menu planners had relevant training and knowledge. Discrepancies exist between attitudes about good menu planning and practices. A positive finding was that most respondents used reliable resources for menu planning and expressed a desire for updated resources and ongoing training in child nutrition/ menu planning. A number of nutrient and menu quality deficiencies were identified from the menus submitted (n=28). A significant statistical correlation was found between menu planning training and higher menu quality scores.

Conclusions: The results will be relevant to nutritionists in the development of effective resources and training for childcare centre menu planners.
Fortuitous FISH diagnosis of an interstitial microdeletion (5)(q31.1q31.2) in a girl suspected to present a cri‐du‐chat syndrome
Authors: Mosca A.L. , Callier P. , Leheup B. , Marle N. , Jalloul M. , Coffinet L. , Feillet F. , Valduga M. , Jonveaux P. , Mugneret F.
Published: May 2007

Constitutional interstitial deletions of 5q are relatively rare and most are poorly characterized cytogenetically. Consequently a definite karyotype–phenotype correlation is difficult to establish. We report on a new case of a girl presenting with an abnormal cry, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, anteverted nostrils, microretrognathia, growth retardation, and an adenoid cyst at the base of the tongue. The first suspected diagnosis was cri‐du‐chat syndrome because of the mewing cry. Standard cytogenetic analyses were interpreted as normal, but FISH studies using the probe of cri‐du‐chat syndrome with the control probe EGR1 (5q31.2)/D5S23 (Abbott) revealed a 5q31.2 microdeletion which was then confirmed by CGH‐array (Abbott). FISH studies using PACs and BACs clones (Rocchi, Italia) enabled us to characterize the breakpoints of the deleted region. Cytogenetic analysis with FISH studies revealed a normal karyotype with normal 5q31 region in both parents. This case is compared with the other cases reported in the literature. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive EMX2 genotyping of a large schizencephaly case series
Authors: Tietjen Ian , Bodell Adria , Apse Kira , Mendonza Ashley M. , Chang Bernard S. , Shaw Gary M. , Barkovich A. James , Lammer Edward J. , Walsh Christopher A.
Published: May 2007

Schizencephaly is a brain malformation disorder characterized by one or more full‐thickness clefts through the cerebral cortex. While initial reports suggested that EMX2 mutations are a common cause of schizencephaly, more recent evidence suggests that EMX2 mutations are not a common cause of this malformation. To determine the frequency of EMX2 mutations in patients with schizencephaly, we sequenced EMX2 in a cohort of 84 affected probands. No pathologic mutations were identified in this cohort, suggesting that EMX2 mutations are an uncommon cause of schizencephaly. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
dup(8p)/del(8q) recombinant chromosome in a girl with hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia
Authors: Tokutomi Tomoharu , Hayashi Shin , Imai Kohsuke , Chida Ayako , Ishiwata Takahiro , Asano Yuh , Inazawa Johji , Nonoyama Shigeaki
Published: May 2007

A 15‐year‐old girl had exertion dyspnea, focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver, portal vein hypoplasia, portopulmonary hypertension, mental retardation, and minor facial abnormalities. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated an abnormal chromosome 8 with 8p22‐pter duplication and 8q24.3‐qter deletion, with the duplicated 8p segment attached to band 8q24.3. Her mother had a pericentric inversion of chromosome 8, inv(8)(p22q24.3). Therefore, the girl's abnormal chromosome 8 was a recombinant of maternal inversion chromosome: 46,XX,rec(8)dup(8p)inv(8)(p22q24.3)mat. Further characterization of the recombinant chromosome, using array CGH and regional FISH analyses, defined 15 Mb distal 8p duplication and 0.5 Mb 8q deletion. Possible correlation of the recombinant chromosome and hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in the patient is discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The PDAC syndrome (pulmonary hypoplasia/agenesis, diaphragmatic hernia/eventration, anophthalmia/microphthalmia, and cardiac defect) (Spear syndrome, Matthew‐Wood syndrome): Report of eight cases including a living child and further evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance
Authors: Chitayat David , Sroka Hana , Keating Sarah , Colby Randall S. , Ryan Greg , Toi Ants , Blaser Susan , Viero Sandra , Devisme Louise , Boute‐Bénéjean Odile , Manouvrier‐Hanu Sylvie , Mortier Geert , Loeys Bart , Rauch Anita , Bitoun Pierre
Published: May 2007

The combination of pulmonary agenesis/dysgenesis/hypoplasia, microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and a diaphragmatic defect (agenesis or eventration) is a rare syndrome presumed to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance based on a report of affected siblings born to unaffected parents [Seller et al., 1996]. The condition is known as Spear syndrome and Matthew‐Wood syndrome, although genetic heterogeneity cannot be ruled out. We report on eight patients with this condition including a living child, three sibs and three isolated cases. Most presented with fetal ultrasound findings of microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and diaphragmatic eventration/hernia and in five, cardiac abnormalities were also found. The earliest detection was at 20 weeks gestation. This is the second report of sibs affected with this condition, which supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. We present the first and only reported living patient with this condition and expand the intrafamilial, interfamilial, and ethnic variability of this condition. We suggest changing the condition's name to PDAC to reflect the most important components of this condition. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding spectrum of congenital disorder of glycosylation Ig (CDG‐Ig): Sibs with a unique skeletal dysplasia, hypogammaglobulinemia, cardiomyopathy, genital malformations, and early lethality
Authors: Kranz Christian , Basinger Alice A. , Güçsavaş‐Çalıkoğlu Müge , Sun Liangwu , Powell Cynthia M. , Henderson Frederick W. , Aylsworth Arthur S. , Freeze Hudson H.
Published: May 2007

In this report, we describe a brother and sister who presented at birth with short‐limb skeletal dysplasia, polyhydramnios, prematurity, and generalized edema. Dysmorphic features included broad nose, thick ears, thin lips, micrognathia, inverted nipples, ulnar deviation at the wrists, spatulate fingers, fifth finger camptodactyly, nail hypoplasia, and talipes equinovarus. Other features included short stature, microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, B‐cell lymphopenic hypogammaglobulinemia, sensorineural deafness, retinal detachment and blindness, intestinal malrotation with poor gastrointestinal motility, persistent hyponatremia, intermittent hypoglycemia, and thrombocytopenia. Cardiac anomalies included PDA, VSD, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. The brother had a small penis with hypospadias, hypoplastic scrotum, and non‐palpable testes. Skeletal findings included absent ossification of cervical vertebral bodies, pubic bones, knee epiphyses, and tali. Both sibs died before age 2 years, one of overwhelming sepsis and the other of cardiorespiratory failure associated with her cardiomyopathy. Metabolic studies showed a type 1 pattern of abnormal serum transferrin glycosylation. Fibroblasts synthesized truncated LLOs, primarily Man7GlcNAc2, suggestive of CDG‐Ig. Both sibs were compound heterozygotes for a novel 301 G > A (G101R) mutation and a previously described 437 G > A (R146Q) mutation in ALG12. Congenital disorders of glycosylation should be considered for children with undiagnosed multi‐system disease including neurodevelopmental delay, skeletal dysplasia, immune deficiency, male genital hypoplasia, and cardiomyopathy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of new functionalized polymers and their use as stabilizers of Pd, Pt, and Rh nanoparticles. Preliminary catalytic studies
Authors: Favier Isabelle , Gómez Montserrat , Muller Guillermo , Picurelli David , Nowicki Audrey , Roucoux Alain , Bou Jordi
Published: May 2007

Polymers I‐X with functionalized main chain were synthesized from commercial polymers containing reactive groups, anhydride (for Gantrez), or carboxylate (for polyacrylates) moieties, to be used as stabilizers of metallic nanoparticles. 1H HRMAS, 13C MAS NMR, IR, and GPC techniques were applied to characterize the new polymers. Metal transition nanoparticles stabilized with these polymers were prepared in organic solvents (Pd and Pt) and also in water/ethanol medium (Rh), under hydrogen atmosphere. TEM analysis revealed the formation of small nanoparticles, in the range ∼ 3–20 nm, depending on the solvent, metal precursor, metal concentration, and polymer nature. Preliminary catalytic applications, CC couplings using palladium and hydrogenations using platinum and rhodium systems in organic and also aqueous medium, were tested. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate butyrate and poly(ethylene oxide) blend microspheres for gastroretentive floating delivery of repaglinide
Authors: Rokhade Ajit P. , Patil Sangamesh A. , Belhekar Anagha A. , Halligudi Shivaraj B. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M.
Published: May 2007

In this study, hollow microspheres of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were prepared by emulsion–solvent evaporation method. Repaglinide was successfully encapsulated into floating microspheres. Various formulations were prepared by varying the ratio of CAB and PEO, drug loading and concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution. Encapsulation of the drug up to 95% was achieved. The microspheres tend to float over the simulated gastric media for more than 10 h. The micromeritic properties of microspheres reveal the excellent flow and good packing properties. The % buoyancy of microspheres was found to be up to 87. SEM showed that microspheres have many pores on their surfaces. Particle size ranges from 159 to 601 μm. DSC and X‐RD revealed the amorphous dispersion in the polymer matrix. In vitro release experiments were performed in simulated gastric fluid. In vitro release studies indicated the dependence of release rate on the extent of drug loading and the amount of PEO in the microspheres; slow release was extended up to 12 h. The release data were fitted to an empirical equation to compute the diffusional exponent (n), which indicated that the release mechanism followed the non‐Fickian trend. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Using collaborative poetry in child psychotherapy: the tale of the terrible rabbit
Authors: Seiden Henry M.
Published: May 2007

In recent papers (Seiden, 2004a, 2004b) parallels have been examined between poetry and psychoanalysis in the way language is used to create, extend, transform, and give voice to meaning. What follows is a presentation of work with a child therapy patient which made use of these parallels in employing collaborative poetry as a means to a psychoanalytic end. The parallels suggest several lessons for psychoanalysts. One among them is that interpretation may be less important that we have been taught to think for the working through that is essential in enduring change. A second, as Winnicott (1971a) famously pointed out, is that joy in the process is an important part of the child therapy experience. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statutory reform is associated with improved court practice: results of a tri‐state comparison
Authors: Moye Jennifer , Wood Erica , Edelstein Barry , Wood Stacey , Bower Emily H. , Harrison Julie A. , Armesto Jorge C.
Published: May 2007

Purpose

This study investigates the impact of statutory reform in adult guardianship on court practice.

Methods

Case files for 298 cases of adult guardianship were reviewed in three states with varying degrees of statutory reform: MA (no reform), PA (major amendments in 1992), and CO (full re‐enactment of statute per UGPPA in 2000). Five court practices associated with progressive statutory reform were studied: (1) diversion to less restrictive alternatives; (2) minimal and appropriate use of emergency procedures; (3) presence of the alleged incapacitated person at the hearing; (4) use of functional evaluation; (5) use of limited orders.

Results

CO more frequently utilized all five practices, whereas PA used diversion to less restrictive alternatives and less frequent emergency procedures, but not other practices. MA files rarely showed evidence for use of any of these reforms.

Implications

Statutory reform may improve court practice. More study of the effects of reform on court practices, and the vulnerable adults served by these courts, is needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The perceived credibility of older adults as witnesses and its relation to ageism
Authors: Mueller‐Johnson Katrin , Toglia Michael P. , Sweeney Charlotte D. , Ceci Stephen J.
Published: May 2007

In experiment 1, 267 undergraduates read a case summary and witness statement. Sex and age of the witness (49, 69, 79 or 89 years) were varied. Participants rated the witness's perceived convincingness, confidence, quality of observation, accuracy, honesty, competence, memory, suggestibility, and cognitive functioning. As well as an age effect for honesty, age by sex interactions were observed for several characteristics, particularly for comparisons of the 79‐year‐olds versus the 49‐year‐olds, and 89‐year‐olds versus the 49‐year‐olds. In experiment 2, 94 undergraduates read the same testimony given by a 79‐year‐old male or female witness, and completed the Fraboni Scale of Ageism and the Aging Semantic Differential. Participants who evidenced stronger aging stereotypes on these measures rated the witness less favorably than did participants who were less prejudiced. This experiment is the first to show a link between perceived credibility of older adults and ageist attitudes. Practical applications regarding how older witnesses are viewed by jurors, and the criminal justice system more generally, are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dititanium‐Containing 19‐Tungstodiarsenate(III) [Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)]8−: Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry, and Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Hussain Firasat , Bassil Bassem S. , Kortz Ulrich , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Timofeeva Maria N. , de Oliveira Pedro , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis
Published: May 2007

The dititanium‐containing 19‐tungstodiarsenate(III) [Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)]8− (1) has been synthesized and characterized by IR, TGA, elemental analysis, electrochemistry, and catalytic studies. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis was carried out on Cs8[Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)]⋅2 CsCl⋅12 H2O (Cs‐1), which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/m, with a=12.7764(19), b=19.425(3), c=18.149(3) Å, β=110.234(3)°, and Z=2. Polyanion 1 comprises two (B‐α‐AsIIIW9O33) Keggin moieties linked through an octahedral {WO5(H2O)} fragment and two unprecedented square‐pyramidal {TiO4(OH)} groups, leading to a sandwich‐type structure with nominal C2v symmetry. Synthesis of 1 was accomplished by reaction of TiOSO4 and K14[As2W19O67(H2O)] in a 2:1 molar ratio in aqueous, acidic medium (pH 2). Polyanion 1 could also be isolated as a tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium (TBA) salt, {(n‐C4H9)4N}5H3[Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)] (TBA‐1). TBA‐1 was studied by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile (MeCN) solutions containing 0.1 M LiClO4 and compared with the results obtained with Cs‐1 in aqueous media. In MeCN, the TiIV and WVI waves could not be separated distinctly. An important adsorption phenomenon on the glassy carbon working electrode was encountered both in cyclic voltammetry and in controlled potential electrolysis and was confirmed by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) studies on a carbon film. TBA‐1, dissolved in MeCN, reacts with H2O2 to give peroxo complexes stable enough for characterization by UV‐visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and EQCM. TBA‐1 shows high catalytic activity (TOF=11.3 h−1) in cyclohexene oxidation with aqueous H2O2 producing products typical of a heterolytic oxidation mechanism. The stability of TBA‐1 under turnover conditions was confirmed by using IR, UV‐visible spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry.
Adaptive Recognition of Small Molecules by Nucleic Acid Aptamers through a Label‐Free Approach
Authors: Li Tao , Li Bingling , Dong Shaojun
Published: May 2007

We report a novel label‐free method for the investigation of the adaptive recognition of small molecules by nucleic acid aptamers using capillary electrophoresis analysis. Cocaine and argininamide were chosen as model molecules, and the two corresponding DNA aptamers were used. These single‐strand DNAs folded into their specific secondary structures, which were mainly responsible for the binding of the target molecules with high affinity and specificity. For molecular recognition, the nucleic acid structures then underwent additional conformational changes, while keeping the target molecules stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The intrinsic chemical and physical properties of the target molecules enabled them to act as indicators for adaptive binding. Thus any labeling or modification of the aptamers or target molecules were made obsolete. This label‐free method for aptamer‐based molecular recognition was also successfully applied to biological fluids and therefore indicates that this approach is a promising tool for bioanalysis.
A Highly Efficient Asymmetric Organocatalytic Aldol Reaction in a Ball Mill
Authors: Rodríguez Belén , Bruckmann Angelika , Bolm Carsten
Published: May 2007

Anti‐aldol products with up to >99 % enantiomeric excess (ee) have been obtained by proline catalysis in excellent yields under experimentally simple solvent‐free conditions. Efficient mixing of all the components is accomplished by applying a mechanochemical technique (ball milling). The catalysis is air and moisture tolerant and can be performed with non‐purified starting materials. Even mixtures of solely solid compounds react, giving (mostly solid) products through a partially homogeneous (honey‐like) intermediate melt. Since the reactant ratio is almost 1:1 (avoiding the common excess of ketone), the product isolation is easy leading to high aldol product yields.
Apparent Asymmetry in Fingerprint Similarity Searching is a Direct Consequence of Differences in Bit Densities and Molecular Size
Authors: Wang Yuan , Eckert Hanna , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: May 2007

Recently, systematic similarity calculations using Tversky coefficients have suggested that putting higher weight on bit settings of active reference molecules (templates) than database compounds increases hit rates in similarity searching using 2D fingerprints. These findings have been interpreted as evidence for “asymmetry” in chemical similarity searching. We have thoroughly analyzed this phenomenon and demonstrate that apparent asymmetry in similarity search calculations is a direct consequence of differences in fingerprint bit densities, which often correlate with differences in molecular size. Accordingly, a size‐independent fingerprint with constant bit density does not produce asymmetrical search results. For Tversky similarity calculations, differences in fingerprint bit densities between active and inactive compounds determine which weighting factors produce high hit rates.
Numerical study of hemodynamics comparison between small and large femoral bypass grafts
Authors: Qiao Aike , Liu Youjun
Published: May 2007

The geometry factors have prominent impacts on the flow patterns of bypass graft. In order to clarify the influence of graft diameter on the hemodynamics of femoral bypass graft, the pulsatile blood flows in three bypassing models with different graft diameters were simulated with finite‐element method. The temporal–spatial distributions of flow patterns, pressure drops, and wall shear stresses were depicted and compared. The results indicated that femoral artery bypassed with a large graft demonstrates relatively better and more profitable hemodynamic phenomena with large longitudinal velocity, uniform wall shear stress, and small wall shear stress gradient. The large model may be effective in decreasing the probability of the initiation and development of postoperative intimal hyperplasia and restenosis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of square‐root domain filters by substituting the passive elements of the prototype filter by their equivalents
Authors: Psychalinos Costas
Published: May 2007

A novel technique for designing square‐root domain (SRD) filters is introduced in this paper. The concept of the proposed method is based on the substitution of the passive elements of the corresponding prototype filter by their SRD equivalents. The signal processing performed by the proposed SRD equivalents achieves that the voltage at each terminal of the SRD equivalent is the compressed version of the voltage at the corresponding terminal of the passive element, and that the current that flows through the SRD equivalent is the same as that flows through the passive element. The main attractive characteristic of the proposed method is that a quick procedure for designing SRD filters is offered. The validity of the proposed technique was verified by studying the behaviour of a 5th‐order SRD low‐pass filter. In order to demonstrate the benefits offered by the proposed technique, a SRD leapfrog filter was also designed and its performance is compared with that of the active filter that topologically simulates the same prototype filter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CMOS current‐steering DAC architectures based on the triple‐tail cell
Authors: Grasso Alfio Dario , Mirabella Carmelo Alessandro , Pennisi Salvatore
Published: May 2007

In this paper two novel current‐steering digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) architectures, exploiting the triple‐tail cell as switching element, are presented. The proposed solutions are theoretically analysed and design equations are carried out. The two architectures show better performance than the classical binary‐weighted solution and it is shown that they can profitably substitute the binary sub‐DAC section in a segmented topology. Theoretical results are compared with behavioural‐level simulations and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed architectures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of a floxed allele of the mouse endoglin gene
Authors: Allinson Kathleen R. , Carvalho Rita L.C. , van den Brink Stieneke , Mummery Christine L. , Arthur Helen M.
Published: May 2007

Endoglin is an auxiliary receptor for TGFβ signalling. Heterozygous germline Endoglin mutations have been identified in patients with the vascular abnormality, Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Endoglin is upregulated in endothelial cells during angiogenesis and loss of Endoglin in the mouse results in embryonic lethality at mid‐gestation. This phenotype points to an important role of Endoglin in new blood vessel formation but precludes analysis at later stages in development and in postnatal life. To bypass this limitation and allow further investigations of the function of Endoglin we have generated a floxed Endoglin allele in which loxP sites flank exons 5 and 6. Mice homozygous for this allele are normal and in the presence of appropriate Cre lines will allow time and cell specific Endoglin deletion for in vivo analysis of function in cardiovascular development and disease. genesis 45:391–395, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noncanonical cell death pathways act during Drosophila oogenesis
Authors: Peterson Jeanne S. , Bass B. Paige , Jue Deborah , Rodriguez Antony , Abrams John M. , McCall Kimberly
Published: May 2007

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a highly conserved process that occurs during development and in response to adverse conditions. In Drosophila, most PCDs require the genes within the H99 deficiency, the adaptor molecule Ark, and caspases. Here we investigate 10 cell death genes for their potential roles in two distinct types of PCD that occur in oogenesis: developmental nurse cell PCD and starvation‐induced PCD. Most of the genes investigated were found to have little effect on late stage developmental PCD in oogenesis, although ark mutants showed a partial inhibition. Midstage starvation‐induced germline PCD was found to be independent of the upstream activators and ark although it requires caspases, suggesting an apoptosome‐independent mechanism of caspase activation in mid‐oogenesis. These results indicate that novel pathways must control PCD in the ovary. genesis 45:396–404, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and utility of DSM‐IV eating disorder diagnostic criteria among youth
Authors: Ackard Diann M. , Fulkerson Jayne A. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne
Published: May 2007

Objective:

To examine the prevalence and utility of DSM‐IV eating disorder (ED) criteria and anorexia (AN), bulimia (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) among adolescents.

Method:

An ethnically diverse population‐based sample of 4,746 public middle and high school students completed anthropometric measures and Project EAT survey items.

Results:

Many youth endorsed body shape perception disturbance (41.5% female; 24.9% male), undue influence of body shape/weight on self‐esteem (36.4% female; 23.9% male), and compensatory behavior (9.4% female; 13.5% male). Prevalence among females and males, respectively, was: AN = 0.04%, 0%; BN = 0.3%, 0.2%; BED = 1.9%, 0.3%. Analyses of individual criteria showed high sensitivity and negative predictive values for each disorder and corresponding criteria, low specificity for several AN (27.8%) and BN (32.0%) criteria, and low positive predictive values (0.06–40.2%).

Conclusion:

Body disparagement and compensatory behaviors indicate eating disturbance, despite low prevalence of EDs. Diagnostic classification may be clinically useful, but is complicated for use in epidemiological populations. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007.
Lung CD11c+ cells from mice deficient in Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI‐3) prevent airway hyper‐responsiveness in experimental asthma
Authors: Hausding Michael , Karwot Roman , Scholtes Petra , Lehr Hans A. , Wegmann Michael , Renz Harald , Galle Peter R. , Birkenbach Mark , Neurath Markus F. , Blumberg Richard S. , Finotto Susetta
Published: May 2007

Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene (EBI)‐3 codes for a soluble type 1 cytokine receptor homologous to the p40 subunit of IL‐12 that is expressed by antigen‐presenting cells following activation. Here, we analyzed the functional role of EBI‐3 in a murine model of asthma associated with airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) in ovalbumin‐sensitized mice. Upon allergen challenge, EBI‐3–/– mice showed less severe AHR, decreased numbers and degranulation of eosinophils and a significantly reduced number of VCAM‐1+ cells in the lungs as compared to wild‐type littermates. We thus analyzed lung CD11c+ cells before and after allergen challenge in these mice and found that before allergen challenge, lung CD11c+ cells isolated from EBI‐3–/– mice express markers of a more plasmacytoid phenotype without releasing IFN‐α as compared to those from wild‐type littermates. Moreover, allergen challenge induced the development of myeloid CD11c+ cells in the lungs of EBI‐3–/– mice, which released increased amounts of IL‐10 and IL‐12 while not expressing IFN‐α. Finally, inhibition of EBI‐3 expression in lung DC could prevent AHR in adoptive transfer studies by suppressing mediator release of effector cells into the airways. These results indicate a novel role for EBI‐3 in controlling local immune responses in the lungs in experimental asthma.
Human keratinocyte induction of rapid effector function in antigen‐specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
Authors: Black Antony P. B. , Ardern‐Jones Michael R. , Kasprowicz Victoria , Bowness Paul , Jones Louise , Bailey Abigail S. , Ogg Graham S.
Published: May 2007

The ability of human keratinocytes to present antigen to T cells is controversial and, indeed, it has been suggested that keratinocytes may promote T cell hyporesponsiveness. Furthermore, it is unclear whether keratinocytes can process antigen prior to MHC class I and class II presentation. We tested the ability of keratinocytes to induce functional responses in epitope‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells using peptides, protein and recombinant expression vectors as sources of antigen. Keratinocytes were able to efficiently process and present protein antigen to CD4+ T cells, resulting in cytokine secretion (Th1 and Th2). This interaction was dependent on keratinocyte expression of HLA class II and ICAM‐1, which could be induced by IFN‐γ. In addition, keratinocytes could present virally encoded or exogenous peptide to CD8+ T cells, resulting in T cell cytokine production and target cell lysis. Finally, T cell lines grown using keratinocytes as stimulators showed no loss of function. These findings demonstrate that keratinocytes are able to efficiently process and present antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells and induce functional responses. The findings have broad implications for the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease and for transcutaneous drug or vaccine delivery.
The Effects of Ring Size and Substituents on the Rates of Acid‐Catalysed Hydrolysis of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Ring Cyclic Ketone Acetals
Authors: Knowles Jonathan P. , Whiting Andrew
Published: May 2007

A series of sterically similar five‐ and six‐membered ring cyclic diol‐derived ketone acetals have been prepared and their rates of acid‐catalysed hydrolysis examined. The rates of hydrolysis are substantially affected by acetal ring conformational stereoelectronic effects and resonance effects depending upon the substituents on the parent ketone; an A1 mechanism of hydrolysis explains the observed effects.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Attack, inhibition and target of aggression
Authors: Hewitt Lynn Stewart
Published: May 2007

Predictions concerning aggression displacement, derived from Miller's conflict model, were investigated under conditions in which subjects' inhibitions about aggressing against an attacker were manipulated. Half of the high‐attacked subjects were placed in a high‐inhibition situation, designed so that strong inhibitory tendencies competed with strong aggressive tendencies; the remaining high‐attacked subjects were placed in a low‐inhibition situation, designed so that weak inhibitory tendencies competed with strong aggressive tendencies. Low‐attacked control subjects also received the inhibition treatment. High‐ and low‐attacked subjects were then confronted with one of four target persons, varying in similarity, toward whom they could aggress with electric shock.

As expected, under high inhibition, the target most similar to the attacker received more shocks from high‐attacked subjects than did either the attacker or two less similar targets. Contrary to expectation, the attacker did not receive the most shocks under low inhibition; personality evaluations of the attacker suggested that high‐attacked subjects in substitute target conditions may have been unintentionally angered further by being denied the opportunity for direct retaliation.
The changing intercaste attitudes in North India: A follow‐up after four years
Authors: Anant Santokh Singh
Published: May 2007

Since independence, the government of India, through various constitutional and legislative measures, has tried to root out the evils of the caste system. In order to study the effect of these measures and of various socioeconomic changes on intercaste attitudes, a study of intercaste attitudes conducted by the author in 1968 is used as a baseline to study the changes over the four‐year period. The responses to the 15 items compared deal with general caste attitudes, attitudes toward special privileges for the scheduled castes and, the caste Hindus' attitudes toward Harijans (former ‘untouchables’). The comparison of the responses to these items in 1968 and 1972 (the follow‐up study) indicates that a higher percentage of respondents gave liberal responses in 1972 than in 1968 to the questions dealing with public and peripheral areas of interaction. However, very little change was found in those spheres of interaction which are relatively personal and central or involve intimate interaction, e.g., the theory of Karma, attitude toward the caste system as such and attitudes toward dining with or acceptance of food from Harijans. The results lend further support to the ‘cognitive imbalance’ theory of attitude change.
Dissimilation and differential assimilation in social influence (situations of ‘normalization’)
Authors: Lemaine Gérard
Published: May 2007

We have presented two experiments on the processes of normalization (appraisal of an ambiguous stimulus). In the first experiment, pairs of subjects were taken from natural groups whose structure and functioning we had previously studied; the subjects were paired off in terms of (a) sociometric choices which they had put forward and (b) difference in hierarchical position in the ordinary life of the group. In the second experiment a definite image of the other ‘subject’ (an accomplice) was created in the subject such that he appeared very similar or very different to him (in areas in no way connected with the task). Furthermore, in the ‘collective’ phase of the estimation the accomplice replied exactly like the subject or in a way which was remote or very remote from the subject's replies.

We did not observe the contrast phenomenon described by some authors, but we were able to show that the patterns of interaction of everyday life, stabilized social relationships or images of the other which are unconnected with the tasks to be performed play a role in the influence that the replies of one subject have on those of another. Apart from differential assimilation we have shown a process of dissimilation, these two phenomena being, in our opinion, rooted in the structures of action of the social agents' lives.

Negotiation in influence is rarely something symmetrical, even in situations of normalization where the dissymmetry of everyday life can be transfered. We have shown, too, that in these types of situations the subjects do not always try to minimize conflict since when they are in agreement (there is nothing to negotiate) they can diverge from one another. It can thus be said that subjects are not rational in the usual sense and are quite clearly something different from logicians or statisticians. The explanation which we have outlined shows how notions of social identity, differentiation and otherness are brought into play.
Punitiveness in response to films varying in content: A cross‐national field study of aggression
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey H. , Rosnow Ralph L. , Raday Tamas , Silverman Irwin , Gaskell George D.
Published: May 2007

Punitiveness in male movie‐goers in London, Philadelphia, Rome and Toronto was measured before or after they attended films varying in content (aggressive, sexual, neutral) and arousal potential (low, high). A second dependent variable, altruism, was also assessed for some Ss. Hypotheses stemming from social learning theory and arousal theory were tested by comparing changes in punitiveness at aggressive, nonaggressive arousing (sexual) and nonaggressive nonarousing (neutral) films. At aggressive films there was an increase in punitiveness whereas a reduction in punitiveness was found at neutral films. Sexual films led to a smaller (nonsignificant) increase in punitiveness than aggressive films. The findings implied that arousal was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for increasing punitiveness. There were no significant cross‐national differences in response to the films. Since the results did not generalize to other, nonaggressive responses, the film effects may be aggression‐specific. Two additional findings in the U.S. sample were that urban Ss were more punitive than rural Ss and that the length of urban residency correlated negatively with altruism.
The effects of elimination of hand gestures and of verbal codability on speech performance
Authors: Graham Jean Ann , Heywood Simon
Published: May 2007

Subjects were required to describe line drawings of two‐dimensional shapes at two levels of verbal codability, with and without using hand gestures. Elimination of gesture affected speech performance by changing the semantic content of utterances and the proportion of speaking time spent pausing; numbers of words, numbers of pauses, mean pause length and semantic content were found to be related to the verbal codability of the stimulus material; and the number of hesitations was related to both gesture and level of codability.
Effect of snap and thoughtful judgments on person impressions
Authors: Simpson David D. , Ostrom Thomas M.
Published: May 2007

Judgment type (snap and thoughtful) and valence of stimulus person (from likable to unlikable) were varied as within‐subjects factors in four studies to test whether situational and motivational variables (as opposed to the perceptual variable of unit formation) would interfere with integrative activity in forming first impressions. If such variables are influential, both the averaging and meaning shift formulations would expect that snap judgments should produce less extreme impression ratings than more thoughtful judgments. None of three indices of integrative activity (impression ratings, component ratings and variance of impression ratings) detected a difference between the snap and thoughtful response conditions for early and late judgments in a series, for moderate or extreme traits, or for between‐ or within‐subjects designs. These findings suggest that certain boundary conditions need to be placed on the assumptions underlying the averaging and meaning shift formulations.
Negotiations, image of the other and the process of minority influence
Authors: Mugny Gabriel
Published: May 2007

The new theoretical presuppositions used by Moscovici to explain social influence phenomena led him to show that the consistency of behavior can account for the influence of a minority. Experimental data confirm this idea. However, some counter‐examples, showing that consistency sometimes induces subjects to refuse compromises, are problematical. To clear up this apparent contradiction, a distinction is made between behavioral style (in the face of the majority norm) and the style of negotiation (in the face of the population the minority wants to influence). A first experiment, then, shows that when two minorities are seen as equally consistent, the minority with a flexible style of negotiation has more influence than the more rigid minority. A second experiment deals with Ss' perception of the source of influence and clarifies the effects of minority negotiations; the links between opinions, opinion change and perception of others are also clarified.