bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Poly(1‐Acetamide‐3‐vinylimidazolium Bromide) as a Corrosion Inhibitor for N80 Carbon Steel in HCl
Authors: Kong Minjian , Meng Yan , Fan Lei , Yin Chengxian , Chen Qibin , Liu Honglai
Published: June 2021

A poly(ionic liquid) (PIL), poly(1‐acetamide‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide) (PCVIB), was investigated as a potential hydrochloric acid corrosion inhibitor for N80 carbon steel (N80‐CS) at 25 °C. In this work, the corrosion inhibition properties of PCVIB were monitored using weight loss, potential dynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that the maximum inhibition efficiency (IE, η) of PCVIB can reach up to 95.8 %, whereas its monomer only exhibits a low IE of η=33.6 % under the same conditions. Moreover, PCVIB is characteristic of a mixed type inhibitor, which can effectively impede both cathodic hydrogen evolutions and metal dissolution reactions. Additionally, the adsorption of PCVIB on steel surfaces obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. This finding implies that the polymerization can be a viable and facile method to create the high‐efficiency inhibitor from monomeric units that were found or used with the poor IE previously.
Recent Advances in Electrode Design for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Chang Jinfa , Wang Guanzhi , Yang Yang
Published: June 2021

Rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs) show enticing prospects as next‐generation energy conversion and storage technology due to their unique merits of environmental friendliness, low cost, impressive energy density, and high security. However, the dendrite growth, surface passivation, and metal anode corrosion, as well as the sluggish reaction kinetics, deficient bifunctionality, high platinum group metals (PGMs) dependence, and corrosion of carbon‐based materials for air cathodes, are the main problems hindering the large‐scale application of ZABs. Herein, the fundamental principles of ZABs are first introduced. The detailed discussions will be focused on the electrochemical aspects of the metal anode and air cathode by making a comprehensive comparison of the recent progress in the field. Lastly, brief perspectives on the further development of rechargeable ZABs are introduced. This review aims to provide a better understanding of electrode design for ZABs, which will provide guidelines for the design and fabrication of high‐performance and cost‐effective ZABs.
The ezSpectra suite: An easy‐to‐use toolkit for spectroscopy modeling
Authors: Gozem Samer , Krylov Anna I.
Published: June 2021

A molecule's spectrum encodes information about its structure and electronic properties. It is a unique fingerprint that can serve as a molecular ID. Quantum chemistry calculations provide key ingredients for interpreting spectra, but modeling the spectra rarely ends there; it requires additional steps that entail combined treatments of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom and account for specifics of the experimental setup (light energy, polarization, averaging over molecular orientations, temperature, etc.). This Software Focus article describes the ezSpectra suite, which currently comprises two stand‐alone open‐source codes: ezFCF and ezDyson. ezFCF calculates Franck–Condon factors, which yield vibrational progressions for polyatomic molecules, within the double‐harmonic approximation. ezDyson calculates absolute cross‐sections for photodetachment/photoionization processes and photoelectron angular distributions using Dyson orbitals computed by a quantum chemistry program.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy

Software > Simulation Methods
Erratum zu: Theoretische Grundlagen: Beitrag der soziologischen Systemtheorie
Authors: Schwarting Rena
Published: June 2021

Die korrigierte Version des Kapitels ist verfügbar unter
Existence of a supersymmetric massless ground state of the SU(N) matrix model globally on its valleys
Authors: Boulton Lyonell , del Moral María Pilar García , Restuccia Alvaro
Published: June 2021

Abstract

In this work we consider the existence and uniqueness of the ground state of the regularized Hamiltonian of the Supermembrane in dimensions D = 4, 5, 7 and 11, or equivalently the SU(N) Matrix Model. That is, the 0+1 reduction of the 10-dimensional SU(N) Super Yang-Mills Hamiltonian. This ground state problem is associated with the solutions of the inner and outer Dirichlet problems for this operator, and their subsequent smooth patching (glueing) into a single state. We have discussed properties of the inner problem in a previous work, therefore we now investigate the outer Dirichlet problem for the Hamiltonian operator. We establish existence and uniqueness on unbounded valleys defined in terms of the bosonic potential. These are precisely those regions where the bosonic part of the potential is less than a given value V0, which we set to be arbitrary. The problem is well posed, since these valleys are preserved by the action of the SU(N) constraint. We first show that their Lebesgue measure is finite, subject to restrictions on D in terms of N. We then use this analysis to determine a bound on the fermionic potential which yields the coercive property of the energy form. It is from this, that we derive the existence and uniqueness of the solution. As a by-product of our argumentation, we show that the Hamiltonian, restricted to the valleys, has spectrum purely discrete with finite multiplicity. Remarkably, this is in contrast to the case of the unrestricted space, where it is well known that the spectrum comprises a continuous segment. We discuss the relation of our work with the general ground state problem and the question of confinement in models with strong interactions.
Non-abelian infrared divergences on the celestial sphere
Authors: Magnea Lorenzo
Published: June 2021

Abstract

We consider the infrared factorisation of non-abelian multi-particle scattering amplitudes, and we study the form of the universal colour operator responsible for infrared divergences, when expressed in terms of coordinates on the ‘celestial sphere’ intersecting the future light-cone at asymptotic distances. We find that colour-dipole contributions to the infrared operator, to all orders in perturbation theory, have a remarkably simple expression in these coordinates, with scale and coupling dependence factorised from kinematics and colour. Generalising earlier suggestions in the abelian theory, we then show that the infrared operator can be computed as a correlator of vertex operators in a conformal field theory of Lie-algebra-valued free bosons on the celestial sphere. We verify by means of the OPE that the theory correctly predicts the all-order structure of collinear limits, and the tree-level factorisation of soft real radiation.
Gravitational breathing memory and dual symmetries
Authors: Seraj Ali
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Brans-Dicke theory contains an additional propagating mode which causes homogeneous expansion and contraction of test bodies in transverse directions. This “breathing” mode is associated with novel memory effects in addition to those of general relativity. Standard tensor mode memories are related to a symmetry principle: they are determined by the balance equations corresponding to the BMS symmetries. In this paper, we show that the leading and subleading breathing memory effects are determined by the balance equations associated with the leading and “overleading” asymptotic symmetries of a dual formulation of the scalar field in terms of a two-form gauge field. The memory effect causes a transition in the vacuum of the dual gauge theory. These results highlight the significance of dual charges and the physical role of overleading asymptotic symmetries.
Determination of the charm quark mass in lattice QCD with 2 + 1 flavours on fine lattices
Authors: Heitger Jochen , Joswig Fabian , Kuberski Simon
Published: June 2021

Abstract

We present a determination of the charm quark mass in lattice QCD with three active quark flavours. The calculation is based on PCAC masses extracted fromNf= 2 + 1 flavour gauge field ensembles at five different lattice spacings in a range from 0.087 fm down to 0.039 fm. The lattice action consists of the O(a) improved Wilson-clover action and a tree-level improved Symanzik gauge action. Quark masses are non-perturbatively O(a) improved employing the Symanzik-counterterms available for this discretisation of QCD. To relate the bare mass at a specified low-energy scale with the renormalisation group invariant mass in the continuum limit, we use the non-pertubatively known factors that account for the running of the quark masses as well as for their renormalisation at hadronic scales. We obtain the renormalisation group invariant charm quark mass at the physical point of the three-flavour theory to beMc= 1486(21) MeV. Combining this result with five-loop perturbation theory and the corresponding decoupling relations in the$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$MS¯scheme, one arrives at a result for the renormalisation group invariant charm quark mass in the four-flavour theory ofMc(Nf= 4) = 1548(23) MeV, where effects associated with the absence of a charmed, sea quark in the non-perturbative evaluation of the QCD path integral are not accounted for. In the$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$MS¯scheme, and at finite energy scales conventional in phenomenology, we quote$$ {m}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}} $$mcMS¯($$ {m}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}} $$mcMS¯;Nf= 4) = 1296(19) MeV and$$ {m}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}} $$mcMS¯(3 GeV;Nf= 4) = 1007(16) MeV for the renormalised charm quark mass.
Thermodynamic limit of Nekrasov partition function for 5-brane web with O5-plane
Authors: Li Xiaobin , Yagi Futoshi
Published: June 2021

Abstract

In this paper, we study 5d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 Sp(N) gauge theory with Nf (≤ 2N + 3) flavors based on 5-brane web diagram with O5-plane. On the one hand, we discuss Seiberg-Witten curve based on the dual graph of the 5-brane web with O5-plane. On the other hand, we compute the Nekrasov partition function based on the topological vertex formalism with O5-plane. Rewriting it in terms of profile functions, we obtain the saddle point equation for the profile function after taking thermodynamic limit. By introducing the resolvent, we derive the Seiberg-Witten curve and its boundary conditions as well as its relation to the prepotential in terms of the cycle integrals. They coincide with those directly obtained from the dual graph of the 5-brane web with O5-plane. This agreement gives further evidence for mirror symmetry which relates Nekrasov partition function with Seiberg-Witten curve in the case with orientifold plane and shed light on the non-toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds including D-type singularities.
Electrophysiology of ionotropic GABA receptors
Authors: Sallard Erwan , Letourneur Diane , Legendre Pascal
Published: June 2021

GABAA receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels and ionotropic receptors of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates. In this review, we discuss the major and diverse roles GABAA receptors play in the regulation of neuronal communication and the functioning of the brain. GABAA receptors have complex electrophysiological properties that enable them to mediate different types of currents such as phasic and tonic inhibitory currents. Their activity is finely regulated by membrane voltage, phosphorylation and several ions. GABAA receptors are pentameric and are assembled from a diverse set of subunits. They are subdivided into numerous subtypes, which differ widely in expression patterns, distribution and electrical activity. Substantial variations in macroscopic neural behavior can emerge from minor differences in structure and molecular activity between subtypes. Therefore, the diversity of GABAA receptors widens the neuronal repertoire of responses to external signals and contributes to shaping the electrical activity of neurons and other cell types.
Expression and function of Smad7 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Authors: Hu Yiping , He Juan , He Lianhua , Xu Bihua , Wang Qingwen
Published: June 2021

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a critical role in the pathological processes of various diseases. However, the signaling mechanism of TGF-β in the pathological response remains largely unclear. In this review, we discuss advances in research of Smad7, a member of the I-Smads family and a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, and mainly review the expression and its function in diseases. Smad7 inhibits the activation of the NF-κB and TGF-β signaling pathways and plays a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Specifically, Smad7 can not only attenuate growth inhibition, fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and inflammatory T cell differentiation, but also promotes epithelial cells migration or disease development. In this review, we aim to summarize the various biological functions of Smad7 in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancers, and kidney diseases, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Smad7.
Bildgebung von Lebertumoren im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Tschauner S. , Riccabona M.
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Kindliche Lebertumoren sind relativ selten, aber die Kenntnisse über ihre bildgebende Diagnostik nicht weniger wichtig.

Fragestellung

Häufigkeit und Bildmorphologie benigner und maligner Raumforderungen der Leber im Kindesalter.

Material und Methode

Aufbereitung der einschlägigen Originalarbeiten, Übersichtsarbeiten und Expertenempfehlungen betreffend die Bildgebung kindlicher Lebertumoren.

Ergebnisse

Die häufigsten bösartigen Lebertumoren sind das meist bei Kleinkindern auftretende Hepatoblastom sowie in manchen Regionen auch das hepatozelluläre Karzinom. Ihre Bildmorphologie ist im Gegensatz zu manchen benignen Raumforderungen, wie beispielsweise der fokalen nodulären Hyperplasie, simplen Zysten oder Steatosearealen, wenig charakteristisch. Radiologisch kommen üblicherweise die Sonographie und die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zum Einsatz. Beide Methoden profitieren von einer intravenösen Kontrastmittelgabe.

Schlussfolgerung

Kindliche Lebertumoren weisen ein breites morphologisches Spektrum auf. Manche Entitäten lassen sich mittels Bildgebung charakterisieren, manche benötigen eine multimodale Bildgebung oder eine histologische Begutachtung. Neben den bildmorphologischen Kriterien spielen insbesondere auch Alter, Laborparameter und Anamnese eine wichtige Rolle in der Diagnosefindung.
Amplicon-sequencing of raw milk microbiota: impact of DNA extraction and library-PCR
Authors: Siebert Annemarie , Hofmann Katharina , Staib Lena , Doll Etienne V. , Scherer Siegfried , Wenning Mareike
Published: June 2021

The highly complex raw milk matrix challenges the sample preparation for amplicon-sequencing due to low bacterial counts and high amounts of eukaryotic DNA originating from the cow. In this study, we optimized the extraction of bacterial DNA from raw milk for microbiome analysis and evaluated the impact of cycle numbers in the library-PCR. The selective lysis of eukaryotic cells by proteinase K and digestion of released DNA before bacterial lysis resulted in a high reduction of mostly eukaryotic DNA and increased the proportion of bacterial DNA. Comparative microbiome analysis showed that a combined enzymatic and mechanical lysis procedure using the DNeasy® PowerFood® Microbial Kit with a modified protocol was best suitable to achieve high DNA quantities after library-PCR and broad coverage of detected bacterial biodiversity. Increasing cycle numbers during library-PCR systematically altered results for species and beta-diversity with a tendency to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of particular taxa. To limit PCR bias, high cycle numbers should thus be avoided. An optimized DNA extraction yielding sufficient bacterial DNA and enabling higher PCR efficiency is fundamental for successful library preparation. We suggest that a protocol using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to resolve casein micelles, selective lysis of somatic cells, extraction of bacterial DNA with a combination of mechanical and enzymatic lysis, and restriction of PCR cycles for analysis of raw milk microbiomes is optimal even for samples with low bacterial numbers.

Key points

• Sample preparation for high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of raw milk microbiota.

• Reduction of eukaryotic DNA by enzymatic digestion.

• Shift of detected microbiome caused by high cycle numbers in library-PCR.
Impact of Inter‐Hospital Transfer on Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Emergency Abdominal Surgery: A Tertiary Referral Center's Perspective
Authors: Lavanchy Joël L. , Dubuis Jean‐Baptiste , Osterwalder Alice , Winterhalder Sebastian , Haltmeier Tobias , Candinas Daniel , Schnüriger Beat
Published: June 2021

Background

In trauma patients, the impact of inter‐hospital transfer has been widely studied. However, for patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery (EAS), the effect of inter‐hospital transfer on outcomes is largely unknown.

Methods

This is a single‐center, retrospective observational study. Outcomes of transferred patients undergoing EAS were compared to patients primarily admitted to a tertiary care hospital from 01/2016 to 12/2018 using univariable and multivariable analyses. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality.

Results

Some 973 patients with a median (IQR) age of 58.1 (39.4–72.2) years and a median body mass index of 25.8 (22.5–29.3) kg/m2 were included. The transfer group comprised 258 (26.3%) individuals and the non‐transfer group 715 (72.7%). The population was stratified in three subgroups: (1) patients with low surgical stress (n = 483, 49.6%), (2) with hollow viscus perforation (n = 188, 19.3%) and (3) with potential bowel ischemia (n = 302, 31.1%). Neither in the low surgical stress nor in the hollow viscus perforation group was the transfer status associated with mortality. However, in the potential bowel ischemia group inter‐hospital transfer was a predictor for mortality (OR 3.54, 95%CI 1.03–12.12, p = 0.045). Moreover, in the hollow viscus perforation group inter‐hospital transfer was a predictor for reduced hospital length of stay (RC ‐10.02, 95%CI −18.14/−1.90, p = 0.016) and reduced severe complications (OR 0.38, 95%CI 0.18–0.77, p = 0.008).

Conclusion

Other than in patients with low surgical stress or hollow viscus perforation, in patients with potential bowel ischemia inter‐hospital transfer was an independent predictor for higher mortality. Taking into account the time sensitiveness of bowel ischemia, efforts should be made to avoid inter‐hospital transfer in this vulnerable subgroup of patients.
Evolutionary morphology of the antennal heart in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) and webspinners (Embioptera) (Insecta: Eukinolabia)
Authors: Wipfler Benjamin , Bradler Sven , Büsse Sebastian , Hammel Jörg , Müller Bernd R. , Pass Günther
Published: June 2021

The morphology of the antennal hearts in the head of Phasmatodea and Embioptera was investigated with particular reference to phylogenetically relevant key taxa. The antennal circulatory organs of all examined species have the same basic construction: they consist of antennal vessels that are connected to ampullae located in the head near the antenna base. The ampullae are pulsatile due to associated muscles, but the points of attachment differ between the species studied. All examined Phasmatodea species have a Musculus (M.) interampullaris which extends between the two ampullae plus a M. ampulloaorticus that runs from the ampullae to the anterior end of the aorta; upon contraction, all these muscles dilate the lumina of both ampullae at the same time. In Embioptera, only the australembiid Metoligotoma has an M. interampullaris. All other studied webspinners instead have a M. ampullofrontalis which extends between the ampullae and the frontal region of the head capsule; these species do not have M. ampulloaorticus. Outgroup comparison indicates that an antennal heart with a M. interampullaris is the plesiomorphic character state among Embioptera and the likely ground pattern of the taxon Eukinolabia. Antennal hearts with a M. ampullofrontalis represent a derived condition that occurs among insects only in some embiopterans. These findings help to further clarify the controversially discussed internal phylogeny of webspinners by supporting the view that Australembiidae are the sister group of the remaining Embioptera.
Forest management affects seasonal source-sink dynamics in a territorial, group-living bird
Authors: Layton-Matthews Kate , Griesser Michael , Coste Christophe F. D. , Ozgul Arpat
Published: June 2021

The persistence of wildlife populations is under threat as a consequence of human activities, which are degrading natural ecosystems. Commercial forestry is the greatest threat to biodiversity in boreal forests. Forestry practices have degraded most available habitat, threatening the persistence of natural populations. Understanding population responses is, therefore, critical for their conservation. Population viability analyses are effective tools to predict population persistence under forestry management. However, quantifying the mechanisms driving population responses is complex as population dynamics vary temporally and spatially. Metapopulation dynamics are governed by local dynamics and spatial factors, potentially mediating the impacts of forestry e.g., through dispersal. Here, we performed a seasonal, spatially explicit population viability analysis, using long-term data from a group-living territorial bird (Siberian jay, Perisoreus infaustus). We quantified the effects of forest management on metapopulation dynamics, via forest type-specific demography and spatially explicit dispersal, and how forestry impacted the stability of metapopulation dynamics. Forestry reduced metapopulation growth and stability, through negative effects on reproduction and survival. Territories in higher quality natural forest contributed more to metapopulation dynamics than managed forests, largely through demographic processes rather than dispersal. Metapopulation dynamics in managed forest were also less resilient to disturbances and consequently, may be more vulnerable to environmental change. Seasonal differences in source-sink dynamics observed in managed forest, but not natural forests, were caused by associated seasonal differences in dispersal. As shown here, capturing seasonal source-sink dynamics allows us to predict population persistence under human disturbance and to provide targeted conservation recommendations.
How rainfall influences tephra fall loading — an experimental approach
Authors: Williams George T. , Jenkins Susanna F. , Lee Daniel W. J. , Wee Shi Jun
Published: June 2021

The load a tephra fall deposit applies to an underlying surface is a key factor controlling its potential to damage a wide range of assets including buildings, trees, crops and powerlines. Though it has long been recognised that loading can increase when deposits absorb rainfall, few efforts have been made to quantify likely load increases. This study builds on previous theoretical work, using an experimental approach to quantify change in load as a function of grainsize distribution, rainfall intensity and duration. A total of 20 laboratory experiments were carried out for ~ 10-cm thick, dry tephra deposits of varying grainsize and grading, taken to represent different eruptive scenarios (e.g. stable, waxing or waning plume). Tephra was deposited onto a 15° impermeable slope (representing a low pitch roof) and exposed to simulated heavy rainfalls of 35 and 70 mm h−1 for durations of up to 2 h. Across all experiments, the maximum load increases ranged from 18 to 30%. Larger increases occurred in fine-grained to medium-grained deposits or in inversely graded deposits, as these retained water more efficiently. The lowest increases occurred in normally graded deposits as rain was unable to infiltrate to the deposit’s base. In deposits composed entirely of coarse tephra, high drainage rates meant the amount of water absorbed was controlled by the deposit’s capillary porosity, rather than its total porosity, resulting in load increases that were smaller than expected. These results suggest that, for low pitch roofs, the maximum deposit load increase due to rainfall is around 30%, significantly lower than the oft-referenced 100%. To complement our experimental results, field measurements of tephra thickness should be supplemented with tephra loading measurements, wherever possible, especially when measurements are made at or near the site of observed damage.
Gamma-gliadin specific celiac disease antibodies recognize p31-43 and p57-68 alpha gliadin peptides in deamidation related manner as a result of cross-reaction
Authors: Diós Ádám , Elek Rita , Szabó Ildikó , Horváth Szilvia , Gyimesi Judit , Király Róbert , Werkstetter Katharina , Koletzko Sibylle , Fésüs László , Korponay-Szabó Ilma R.
Published: June 2021

Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-dependent enteropathy with autoimmune features where tissue transglutaminase (TG2)-mediated posttranslational modification of gliadin peptides has a decisive role in the pathomechanism. The humoral immune response is reported to target mainly TG2-deamidated γ-gliadin peptides. However, α-gliadin peptides, like p57-68, playing a crucial role in the T-cell response, and p31-43, a major trigger of innate responses, also contain B-cell gliadin epitopes and γ-gliadin like motifs. We aimed to identify if there are anti-gliadin-specific antibodies in CeD patients targeting the p31-43 and p57-68 peptides and to examine whether deamidation of these peptides could increase their antigenicity. We explored TG2-mediated deamidation of the p31-43 and p57-68 peptides, and investigated serum antibody reactivity toward the native and deamidated α and γ-gliadin peptides in children with confirmed CeD and in prospectively followed infants at increased risk for developing CeD. We affinity-purified antibody populations utilizing different single peptide gliadin antigens and tested their binding preferences for cross-reactivity in real-time interaction assays based on bio-layer interferometry. Our results demonstrate that there is serum reactivity toward p31-43 and p57-68 peptides, which is due to cross-reactive γ-gliadin specific antibodies. These γ-gliadin specific antibodies represent the first appearing antibody population in infancy and they dominate the serum reactivity of CeD patients even later on and without preference for deamidation. However, for the homologous epitope sequences in α-gliadins shorter than the core QPEQPFP heptapeptide, deamidation facilitates antibody recognition. These findings reveal the presence of cross-reactive antibodies in CeD patients recognizing the disease-relevant α-gliadins.
Oligomictic alluvial aggregates: petro-mineralogical and geochemical evaluation of sandy gravel formations on the middle course of the Danube (Hungary)
Authors: Szilágyi V. , Gméling K. , Józsa S. , Harsányi I. , Szentmiklósi L.
Published: June 2021

This paper evaluates the applicability of Hungarian oligomictic alluvial gravel formations at two sections of the Danube river for construction use. The classification of these aggregates is more challenging than monomictic rock aggregates due to their heterogeneous nature. Multi-source clastic sediments cannot be characterized by single values of physical properties but only a distribution, and they are generally less predictable than monomictic materials. The possible applications in concrete manufacturing were evaluated by complex macro-microscopic petrographic, heavy mineral and nuclear analytical geochemical investigations. The two regions falling on the middle course of the Danube have similar sandy gravel formations, applicable as aggregates for conventional and unconventional concrete building purposes or road construction. Their utilization in open-air constructions might be problematic due to their probable alkali-silica reactivity.
Distribution of serum adiponectin isoforms in pediatric patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Tamai Tetsuro , Kamijo Kaori , Abe Yoshifusa , Hibino Satoshi , Sakurai Shunsuke , Watanabe Shuichiro , Watanabe Yoshitaka , Nimura Satomi , Shiratori Atsutoshi , Takayanagi Takaaki , Watanabe Tsuneki , Nakano Yuya , Ikeda Hirokazu , Dobashi Kazushige , Nakano Yasuko , Mizuno Katsumi , Itabashi Kazuo
Published: June 2021

Background

Serum adiponectin circulates in three multimeric isoforms: high-molecular-weight (HMW), middle-molecular-weight (MMW), and low-molecular-weight (LMW) isoforms. Potential change in the circulating adiponectin levels in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) remain unknown. This study aimed to assess the levels of total adiponectin and the distribution of its isoforms in pediatric patients with NS.

Methods

We sequentially measured total adiponectin and each adiponectin isoform levels at the onset of NS, initial remission, and during the remission period of the disease in 31 NS patients. We also calculated the ratios of HMW (%HMW), MMW (%MMW), and LMW (%LMW) to total adiponectin incuding 51 control subjects.

Results

The median of total serum adiponectin levels in patients were 36.7, 36.7, and 20.2 μg/mL at the onset, at initial remission, and during the remission period of NS, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in control subjects. The median values of %HMW, %MMW, and %LMW values were 56.9/27.0/14.1 at the onset, 62.0/21.8/13.4 at the initial remission, and 58.1/21.7/17.5 at during the remission period of NS, respectively. Compared with control subjects, %HMW at initial remission and %MMW at the onset were high, and the %LMW values at the onset and at initial remission were low.

Conclusions

In patients with NS, total serum adiponectin levels increase at the onset of the disease, and the ratio of adiponectin isoforms changes during the course of the disease. Further studies are needed to delineate the mechanisms between proteinuria and adiponectin isoforms change.
Phenotypic and marker-assisted characterization of new apple genotypes with high resistance to fire blight
Authors: Sobiczewski Piotr , Keller-Przybyłkowicz Sylwia , Lewandowski Mariusz , Mikiciński Artur , Maciorowski Robert
Published: June 2021

In the period 2016–2018 the susceptibility to fire blight of seven apple genotypes, including four recently bred was assessed. The studies showed that two of the genotypes (J-2003-05 and ‘Early Szampion’) are highly resistant to the disease. The indicator of assessment was evaluated by the size of necrotized part of terminal shoots after their inoculation with strain Ea659 of Erwinia amylovora. The analysis of disease incidence on individual shoots of both genotypes showed no symptoms on 92% and 100% of shoots inoculated in 2016, 83.8 and 77.0% of shoots in 2017, and 87.8 and 77.3% of shoots inoculated in 2018, respectively. Molecular tests based on 16 genetic markers revealed that genotype J-2003-05 possesses 10 resistance alleles (covering the region of interest from LG 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12). This genotype is derived from the cross between ‘Melfree’ and ‘Sawa’ and produces very large dark-red tasty fruits. Genotype ‘Early Szampion’ representing the selected hybrid from the cross of ‘Gold Milenium’ and ‘Šampion’, producing large, bright red, attractive fruits, was found to possess 10 resistance alleles (covering the region of interest from LG 3, 7, 10 and 12), Both genotypes have the prospect of being used in breeding programs and commercial planting.
Effect of Prior Oxidation on the Reduction Behavior of Magnetite-Based Iron Ore During Hydrogen-Induced Fluidized Bed Reduction
Authors: Zheng Heng , Spreitzer Daniel , Wolfinger Thomas , Schenk Johannes , Xu Runsheng
Published: June 2021

Magnetite-based iron ore usually shows a high sticking tendency and a poor reducibility in the fluidized bed because of its dense structure. To enhance the fluidization and reduction behaviors of magnetite-based iron ore during hydrogen-induced fluidized bed reduction, the effect of a prior oxidation treatment is investigated. The results show that the untreated magnetite-based iron ore cannot be fluidized successfully in the tested temperature range between 600 °C and 800 °C. At 600 °C reduction temperature, the de-fluidization can be avoided by a prior oxidation treatment. At higher reduction temperatures, the fluidization behavior can be further improved by an addition of 0.5 wt pct MgO. Magnesiowüstite (Fe
x
Mg1−x
O) is formed, which decreases the contact chance of the sticky surface between particles. Regarding to the reduction rate, a prior partial oxidation is more beneficial compared to deep oxidation. The kinetic analysis shows that MgO could promote the initial reaction. The reaction rate limiting step is no longer diffusion but chemical reaction for prior partly oxidized samples. A prior partial oxidation combined with an addition of MgO is considered to be a promising pretreatment method for a successful processing of magnetite-based iron ore.
Simultaneously Enhanced Activity and Selectivity for C(sp3)–H Bond Oxidation Under Visible Light by Nitrogen Doping
Authors: Hou Tingting , Gao Zhuyan , Zhang Jian , Luo Nengchao , Wang Feng
Published: June 2021

Selective oxidation of saturated C(sp3)–H bonds in hydrocarbon to target chemicals under mild conditions remains a significant but challenging task because of the chemical inertness and high dissociation energy of C(sp3)–H bonds. Semiconductor photocatalysis can induce the generation of holes and oxidative radicals, offering an alternative way toward selective oxidation of hydrocarbons under ambient conditions. Herein, we constructed N-doped TiO2nanotubes (N-TNTs) that exhibited remarkable activity and selectivity for toluene oxidation under visible light, delivering the conversion of toluene and selectivity of benzaldehyde of 32% and > 99%, respectively. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the incorporation of nitrogen induced the generation of N-doping level above the O 2pvalance band, directly contributing to the visible-light response of TiO2. Furthermore, hydroxyl radicals generated by photogenerated holes at the orbit of O 2pwere found to be unselective for the oxidation of toluene, affording both benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. The incorporation of nitrogen was able to inhibit the generation of hydroxyl radicals, terminating the formation of benzoic acid.
Substrate mediated dissolution of redox active nanoparticles; electron transfer over long distances
Authors: Xie Ruo-Chen , Batchelor-McAuley Christopher , Yang Minjun , Compton Richard G.
Published: June 2021

Reflective dark field microscopy is used to observe the decrease in the light scattered from Ag nanoparticles immobilised on differing solid substrates. The nanoparticles are exposed to solutions containing halide ions, both at open circuit and under potentiostatic control, leading to the loss of the nanomaterial. By coupling optical and electrochemical techniques the physical origin of this transformation is demonstrated to be the electrochemical dissolution of the metal nanoparticles driven by electron transfer to ultra-trace dissolved oxygen. The dissolution kinetics of the surface-supported metal nanoparticles is compared on four substrate materials (i.e., glass, indium titanium oxide, glassy carbon and platinum) with different electrical conductivity. The three conductive substrates catalyse the redox-driven dissolution of Ag nanoparticles with the electrons transferred from the nanoparticles, via the macroscopic electrode to the dioxygen electron acceptor.
Multi-isotopic study of diet and mobility in the northeastern Nile Delta
Authors: Stantis Chris , Kharobi Arwa , Maaranen Nina , Macpherson Colin , Bietak Manfred , Prell Silvia , Schutkowski Holger
Published: June 2021

The origin of the Hyksos dynasty (c. 1638–1530 BCE) is thought to be rooted in the Near East given the architectural features and burial customs present at the site of Tell el-Dabca, identified as the capital of Hyksos rule in the Eastern Delta of Egypt. We expand previous 87Sr/86Sr research on the site’s cemetery assemblage using a multi-isotopic methodology: oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13Ccarb) stable isotopes from the carbonate portion of tooth enamel (n = 75), along with collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15N) analysis of dentine and bone (n = 31). Pairing δ18O with previous 87Sr/86Sr data identifies 60% of the cohort as non-locals (45/75). Although there were a greater proportion of non-local females (24/30, 80%) compared to males (10/20, 50%), there were no significant differences between the sexes in δ13Ccarb or δ18Ocarb values. There were no spatial patterns regarding the three cemetery sites, nor any observable patterns regarding where non-locals were interred in the largest excavated cemetery, Area A/II. Both first-generation immigrants and individuals from the northeastern Nile Delta were buried following elite Asiatic burial customs, suggesting continuation of foreign burial culture. All collagen showed poor preservation; δ13Ccoll and δ15N analysis were not possible. δ13Ccarb showed no significant difference between locals and non-local diet, although non-locals at Tell el-Dabca did eat a broader variety of foods as a group, suggested by a wider δ13Ccarb range (− 13.5 to − 9.6‰ in non-locals compared to locals’ − 12.1 to − 10.3‰). If there is a difference in food culture between immigrants and native Egyptians, it was not observable using isotopic analyses.
Silencing long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 00987 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by sponging miR-376a-5p to regulate FNBP1 expression
Authors: Cao Riliang , Shao Jianli , Zhang Wencai , Lin Yongxin , Huang Zerong , Li Zhizhong
Published: June 2021

High expression of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 987 (LINC00987) is strongly associated with low overall survival of osteosarcoma; however, its role in osteosarcoma remains unclear. This study explored the biological function and underlying mechanism of LINC00987 in osteosarcoma. In this study, LINC00987 expression in osteosarcoma cells was analyzed using Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and qRT-PCR. The proliferation and migration and invasion in osteosarcoma cells were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the LINC00987-bound miRNAs and miR-376a-5p-bound mRNAs. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to assess the interaction between miR-376a-5p, LINC00987, and forming-binding protein 1 (FNBP1). FNBP1 expression was measured by western blotting. LINC00987 was found to be upregulated in osteosarcoma cells. LINC00987 silencing suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, miR-376a-5p expression was downregulated in osteosarcoma cells. miR-376a-5p knockdown reversed the effect of LINC00987 silencing on the biological function of osteosarcoma cell. miR-376a-5p was found to target LINC00987 and FNBP1. FNBP1protein level was increased in osteosarcoma cells; however, it was inhibited by silencing LINC00987 and enhanced by silencing miR-376a-5p. In conclusions, this study suggests LINC00987 silencing inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by sponging miR-376a-5p to regulate FNBP1 expression. LINC00987 as a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
Effect of bacterial inoculation on co-composting of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) waste and cattle manure
Authors: Greff Babett , Szigeti Jenő , Varga Ágnes , Lakatos Erika , Sáhó András , Varga László
Published: June 2021

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Cellulomonas flavigena and Streptomyces viridosporus, as a bacterial inoculant, on the compostability of post-extraction lavender waste. The major physicochemical, microbiological, and biological properties of the composting materials were monitored for 161 days. The technology developed was shown to improve the compostability of recalcitrant herbal residues. The use of lavender waste beneficially affected the composting process by extending the thermophilic phase, accelerating the degradation of organic matter, and elevating the viable counts of useful microorganisms; however, adverse effects were also observed, including an increased carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (19.05) and a decreased germination index (93.4%). Bacterial inoculation was found to preserve the nitrogen content (2.50%) and improve the efficiency of biodegradation. The Salmonella- and Escherichia coli-free final composting products were mature, stable, and ready for soil application. To the authors’ knowledge, no previous research has investigated the compostability of lavender waste. Likewise, this is the first study that has used strains of C. flavigena and S. viridosporus in combination to facilitate a composting process.
Distributed dynamic fibre-optic strain monitoring of the behaviour of a skewed masonry arch railway bridge
Authors: Cocking Sam , Alexakis Haris , DeJong Matthew
Published: June 2021

Skewed masonry arch railway bridges are common, yet their structural behaviour under typical working loads, along with gradual changes in behaviour due to degradation, can be difficult to determine. This paper aims to address this problem through detailed monitoring of a damaged, skewed masonry arch railway bridge in the UK, which was recently repaired. A comprehensive Structural Health Monitoring system was installed, including an array of fibre-optic Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors to provide distributed sensing data across a large portion of the bridge. This FBG monitoring data is used, in this paper, to investigate the typical dynamic structural response of the skewed bridge in detail, and to quantify the sensitivity of this response to a range of variables. It is observed that the dynamic bridge response is sensitive to the time of day, which is a proxy for passenger loading, to the train speed, and to temperature. It is also observed that the sensitivity of the response to these variables can be local, in that the response can differ throughout the bridge and be affected by existing local damage. Identifying these trends is important to distinguish additional damage from other effects. The results are also used to evaluate some typical assumptions regarding bridge behaviour, which may be of interest to asset engineers working with skewed masonry arch bridges.
Complement factor B regulates cellular senescence and is associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Shimazaki Reiri , Takano Shigetsugu , Satoh Mamoru , Takada Mamoru , Miyahara Yoji , Sasaki Kosuke , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Kagawa Shingo , Furukawa Katsunori , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Kuboki Satoshi , Sogawa Kazuyuki , Motohashi Shinichiro , Nomura Fumio , Miyazaki Masaru , Ohtsuka Masayuki
Published: June 2021

Background

The interplay between cancer cells and stromal components, including soluble mediators released from cancer cells, contributes to the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we set out to identify key secreted proteins involved in PDAC progression.

Methods

We performed secretome analyses of culture media of mouse pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDAC cells using Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acid in Cell culture (SILAC) with click chemistry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results obtained were verified in primary PDAC tissue samples and cell line models.

Results

Complement factor B (CFB) was identified as one of the robustly upregulated proteins, and found to exhibit elevated expression in PDAC cells compared to PanIN cells. Endogenous CFB knockdown by a specific siRNA dramatically decreased the proliferation of PDAC cells, PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-II. CFB knockdown induced increases in the number of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) positive cells exhibiting p21 expression upregulation, which promotes cellular senescence with cyclinD1 accumulation. Furthermore, CFB knockdown facilitated downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and led to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in PDAC cells. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that high stromal CFB expression was associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes with hematogenous dissemination after surgery in human PDAC patients. Despite the presence of enriched CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the PDAC tumor microenvironments, patients with a high stromal CFB expression exhibited a significantly poorer prognosis compared to those with a low stromal CFB expression. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a correlation between stromal CFB expression in the tumor microenvironment and an enrichment of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We also found that high stromal CFB expression showed a positive correlation with high CD8+/Foxp3+ Tregs populations in PDAC tissues.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that CFB, a key secreted protein, promotes proliferation by preventing cellular senescence and is associated with immunological tumor promotion in PDAC. These findings suggest that CFB may be a potential target for the treatment of PDAC.
Sesquiterpenoids and 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone Derivatives from the Resinous Heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis
Authors: Wei Shu-Ya , Hu Dong-Bao , Xia Meng-Yuan , Luo Ji-Feng , Yan Hui , Yang Jing-Hua , Wang Yun-Song , Wang Yue-Hu
Published: June 2021

One novel spirolactone, aquilarisinolide (1), three new sesquiterpenoids, (2R,4S,5R,7R)-2-hydroxyeremophila-9,11-dien-8-one (2), (1R,4S,5S,7R,11R)-13-hydroxyepidaphnauran-9-en-8-one (3), and (4R,5S,7R,8S,10S,13R)-8,13-dihydroxyrotunda-1,11-dien-3-one (4), together with 13 known compounds (5–17) were isolated from the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis (Thymelaeaceae). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of NMR and MS data and theoretical calculations their ECD spectra. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their protective activities against PC12 cell injury induced by corticosterone (CORT) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion (MPP+), as well as inhibitory activities against BACE1. Compound 4, 5,6-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (5), daphnauranol B (7), 6-methoxy-2-[2-(3-methyoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone (10), isoagarotetrol (14), and 1-hydroxy-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-one (16) showed significant protective effects on CORT-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20 μM (P < 0.001). Isoagarotetrol (14) showed a significant protective effect on MPP+-induced injury in PC12 cells at a concentration of 20 μM (P < 0.001), while compound 4 showed a moderate activity (P < 0.01). The BACE1-inhibitory activities of all tested compounds were very weak with less than 30% inhibition at a concentration of 20 μM.

Graphic Abstract
What is in the KGQA Benchmark Datasets? Survey on Challenges in Datasets for Question Answering on Knowledge Graphs
Authors: Steinmetz Nadine , Sattler Kai-Uwe
Published: June 2021

Question Answering based on Knowledge Graphs (KGQA) still faces difficult challenges when transforming natural language (NL) to SPARQL queries. Simple questions only referring to one triple are answerable by most QA systems, but more complex questions requiring complex queries containing subqueries or several functions are still a tough challenge within this field of research. Evaluation results of QA systems therefore also might depend on the benchmark dataset the system has been tested on. For the purpose to give an overview and reveal specific characteristics, we examined currently available KGQA datasets regarding several challenging aspects. This paper presents a detailed look into the datasets and compares them in terms of challenges a KGQA system is facing.