bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetically Elevated Fetuin-A Levels, Fasting Glucose Levels, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jensen Majken K. , Bartz Traci M. , Djoussé Luc , Kizer Jorge R. , Zieman Susan J. , Rimm Eric B. , Siscovick David S. , Psaty Bruce M. , Ix Joachim H. , Mukamal Kenneth J.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE

Fetuin-A levels are associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes, but it is unknown if the association is causal. We investigated common (>5%) genetic variants in the fetuin-A gene (AHSG) fetuin-A levels, fasting glucose, and risk of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Genetic variation, fetuin-A levels, and fasting glucose were assessed in 2,893 Caucasian and 542 African American community-living individuals 65 years of age or older in 1992–1993.

RESULTS

Common AHSG variants (rs4917 and rs2248690) were strongly associated with fetuin-A concentrations (P < 0.0001). In analyses of 259 incident cases of type 2 diabetes, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not associated with diabetes risk during follow-up and similar null associations were observed when 579 prevalent cases were included. As expected, higher fetuin-A levels were associated with higher fasting glucose concentrations (1.9 mg/dL [95% CI, 1.2–2.7] higher per SD in Caucasians), but Mendelian randomization analyses using both SNPs as unbiased proxies for measured fetuin-A did not support an association between genetically predicted fetuin-A levels and fasting glucose (−0.3 mg/dL [95% CI, −1.9 to 1.3] lower per SD in Caucasians). The difference between the associations of fasting glucose with actual and genetically predicted fetuin-A level was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Results among the smaller sample of African Americans trended in similar directions but were statistically insignificant.

CONCLUSIONS

Common variants in the AHSG gene are strongly associated with plasma fetuin-A concentrations, but not with risk of type 2 diabetes or glucose concentrations, raising the possibility that the association between fetuin-A and type 2 diabetes may not be causal.
Infancy-Onset Dietary Counseling of Low-Saturated-Fat Diet Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Adolescents 15–20 Years of Age
Authors: Oranta Olli , Pahkala Katja , Ruottinen Soile , Niinikoski Harri , Lagström Hanna , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Jula Antti , Loo Britt-Marie , Simell Olli , Rönnemaa Tapani , Raitakari Olli T.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE

We reported previously that low-saturated-fat dietary counseling started in infancy improves insulin sensitivity in healthy children 9 years of age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lifelong dietary counseling on insulin sensitivity in healthy adolescents between 15 and 20 years of age. In addition, we examined dietary fiber intake and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) + monounsaturated (MUFA)-to-saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio in the intervention and control adolescents and the association of these dietary factors with homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study comprised adolescents participating in the randomized, controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) study, which aims to guide the study participants toward a diet beneficial for cardiovascular health. HOMA-IR was assessed annually between 15 and 20 years of age (n = 518; intervention, n = 245; control, n = 273), along with diet, BMI, pubertal status, serum cotinine concentrations, and physical activity. Dietary counseling was given biannually during the follow-up.

RESULTS

HOMA-IR was lower (7.5% on average) in the intervention group than in the control group between 15 and 20 years of age (P = 0.0051). The intervention effect was similar in girls and boys. The PUFA+MUFA-to-SFA ratio was higher (P < 0.0001) and the dietary fiber (g/MJ) intake was higher (P = 0.0058) in the intervention group compared with the control group. There was no association between the PUFA+MUFA-to-/SFA ratio and HOMA-IR, whereas dietary fiber intake (g/MJ) was associated with HOMA-IR in girls (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary counseling initiated in infancy and maintained until 20 years of age was associated with improved insulin sensitivity in adolescents.
Influence of Fiber Inserts, Type of Composite, and Gingival Margin Location on the Microleakage in Class II Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Dhingra V , Taneja S , Kumar M , Kumari M
Published: June 2013

This study evaluated the influence of fiber inserts, type of composites, and location of the gingival seat on microleakage in Class II resin composite restorations. Fifty noncarious human third molars were selected for the study. Standardized Class II box type cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal side of 45 teeth. The gingival margin was placed above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) on the mesial side and below the CEJ on the distal side. The remaining five teeth received no cavity preparations. The prepared samples were divided randomly on the basis of type of composite and presence or absence of fiber inserts, into four experimental groups of 10 teeth each and two control groups of five teeth each. The groups were defined as follows: group I (n=10) – Z350 XT; group II (n=10) – Z350 XT with fibers; group III (n=10) – P90; group IV (n=10) – P90 with fibers; and group V (n=5) – positive controls, cavities were not restored; group VI (n=5) – negative controls, no cavities were prepared. The samples were stored in distilled water in incubator at 37°C for 24 hours and then subjected to 500 cycles of thermocycling (5°C and 55°C) with a dwell time of 15 seconds. They were then placed in a 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours at 37°C. Samples were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated for microleakage at the occlusal and gingival margin under a stereomicroscope at 20× magnification. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare the mean leakage scores. Restorations with gingival margins in enamel showed significantly less microleakage. Significant reduction in microleakage was observed in groups restored with P90 composite than those restored with Z350 XT. No improvement in microleakage was observed with the use of fiber inserts (p>0.05).
Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the esophagus in healthy dogs
Authors: Baloi Penelope A. , Kircher Patrick R. , Kook Peter H.
Published: June 2013

Objective—To characterize the ultrasonographic appearance of the canine esophagus.

Animals—14 healthy Beagles.

Procedures—Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) examinations were performed with a radial ultrasonographic gastrovideoscope in anesthetized dogs. Images were obtained at 3-cm intervals along the esophageal length to allow evaluation of the esophageal wall. Images were obtained with the probe in direct contact with the esophageal wall and with a water-filled balloon as a standoff.

Results—Images were obtained with (12 dogs) and without (10) the water-filled balloon. Median thickness of the esophageal wall was 2.19 mm (range, 1.03 to 5.62 mm) in the proximal third of the esophagus, 2.15 mm (range, 1.10 to 4.45 mm) in the middle third, and 2.84 mm (range, 1.35 to 5.92 mm) in the distal third. Wall thickness differed significantly between proximal and distal thirds. Results were similar when the water-filled balloon was used. Esophageal wall layers appeared as 5 alternating hyperechoic and hypoechoic bands that could not be consistently identified in all dogs. All layers could be identified in 26 of 198 (13%) images, 3 layers could be identified in 67 of 198 (34%) images, and 105 of 198 (53%) images had no layers. Visual identification of layers in images obtained with and without the balloon did not differ significantly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—EUS appeared to be a useful technique for assessing esophageal wall integrity in dogs; however, complete evaluation of all layers could not be accomplished in all instances. Further studies with this technique in dogs are needed.
Effects of intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses with equine metabolic syndrome
Authors: Tadros Elizabeth M. , Frank Nicholas , De Witte Fiamma Gomez , Boston Raymond C.
Published: June 2013

Objective—To test the hypothesis that glucose and insulin dynamics during endotoxemia differ between healthy horses and horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).

Animals—6 healthy adult mares and 6 horses with EMS.

Procedures—Each horse randomly received an IV infusion of lipopolysaccharide (20 ng/kg [in 60 mL of sterile saline {0.9% NaCl} solution]) or saline solution, followed by the other treatment after a 7-day washout period. Baseline insulin-modified frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance tests were performed 27 hours before and then repeated at 0.5 and 21 hours after infusion. Results were assessed via minimal model analysis and area under the curve values for plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations.

Results—Lipopolysaccharide infusion decreased insulin sensitivity and increased area under the serum insulin concentration curve (treatment × time) in both healthy and EMS-affected horses, compared with findings following saline solution administration. The magnitude of increase in area under the plasma glucose curve following LPS administration was greater for the EMS-affected horses than it was for the healthy horses. Horses with EMS that received LPS or saline solution infusions had decreased insulin sensitivity over time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Glucose and insulin responses to endotoxemia differed between healthy horses and horses with EMS, with greater loss of glycemic control in EMS-affected horses. Horses with EMS also had greater derangements in glucose and insulin homeostasis that were potentially stress induced. It may therefore be helpful to avoid exposure of these horses to stressful situations.
Evaluation of the effects of age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on corneal sensitivity in horses
Authors: Miller Chelsey , Utter Mary L. , Beech Jill
Published: June 2013

Objective—To determine effects of age and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) on corneal sensitivity in horses.

Animals—20 adult horses allocated into 3 groups (PPID group, old [> 15 years old] horses with PPID [n = 5]; old group, old [> 15 years old] horses without PPID [9]; and young group, young [≤ 10 years old] horses without PPID [6]). All horses with PPID had hirsutism and abnormal fat deposition or laminitis; none of the old or young horses had hirsutism, abnormal fat deposition, or laminitis.

Procedures—A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to measure the corneal touch threshold (CTT) in both eyes of each horse. The nylon monofilament was applied at a maximum length of 60 mm to the central region of the cornea and length was decreased by 5-mm increments until a consistent blink response was elicited. Tear production was assessed in all eyes via the Shirmer tear test (STT).

Results—Mean ± SD CTT was significantly greater for young horses (47.50 ± 4.52 mm) than for horses in the old (28.06 ± 5.72 mm) and PPID (21.5 ± 3.37 mm) groups. Old horses had significantly higher CTT values than did horses with PPID. The STT values were within the reference range for all groups and did not differ significantly among groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Corneal sensitivity decreased with both age and PPID. Because decreased corneal sensitivity is associated with impaired wound healing, increasing age and PPID may increase the risk for nonhealing or recurrent corneal ulcers in horses.
Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intragastric and intravenous pregabalin administration in clinically normal horses
Authors: Mullen Kathleen R. , Schwark Wayne , Divers Thomas J.
Published: June 2013

Objective—To assess pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in horses after a single intragastric or IV dose.

Animals—5 healthy adult mares.

Procedures—Horses received 1 dose of pregabalin (approx 4 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube in a crossover-design study; after a 3-week washout period, the same dose was administered IV. Food was not withheld. Plasma pregabalin concentrations in samples obtained 0 to 36 hours after administration were measured by use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic variables were estimated by means of noncompartmental analysis.

Results—Mild sedation was observed in 2 horses following intragastric and IV pregabalin administration. Signs of mild, transient colic or behavioral abnormalities were observed in all horses following IV administration. After intragastric administration, median (range) maximal plasma concentration was 5.0 μg/mL (4.4 to 6.7 μg/mL), time to maximal plasma concentration was 1. 0 hour (0.5 to 2.0 hours), elimination half-life was 8.0 hours (6.2 to 9.4 hours), and area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞) was 47.2 μg·h/mL (36.4 to 58.4 μg·h/mL). After IV administration, initial concentration was 22.2 μg/mL (19.8 to 27.7 μg/mL), elimination half-life was 7.74 hours (6.94 to 8.17 hours), and AUC0–∞ was 48.3 μg·h/mL (44.8 to 57.2 μg·h/mL). Bioavailability was 97.7% (80.7% to 109.8%). Median predicted values for minimal, mean, and maximal steady-state plasma concentrations after intragastric administration assuming an 8-hour dosing interval were 3.9, 5.3, and 6.3 μg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At a simulated intragastric dosage of approximately 4 mg/kg every 8 hours, median pregabalin steady-state plasma concentration in healthy horses was within the therapeutic range reported for humans. Therapeutic concentrations and safety of this dosage have not been established in horses.
Family Policies in Quebec and the Rest of Canada: Implications for Fertility, Child-Care, Women’s Paid Work, and Child Development Indicators
Authors: Beaujot Roderic , Du Ching Jiangqin , Ravanera Zenaida
Published: June 2013

Given its unique demographic situation, and its desire to be in control of its own destiny, Quebec has evolved family policies that differ considerably from those of the rest of Canada. Quebec’s tradition of civil law, in contrast to common law in the rest of the country, has meant that there was already a tradition of alternative forms of marriage in Quebec. The extent of cohabitation, along with the greater policy attention to family questions, has brought about a more Nordic model there in contrast to a more liberal model in the rest of the country. Attitudes differ considerably between Quebec and other provinces in terms of child-care (since 1997) and parental leave (since 2006). The Nordic model has helped Quebec to avoid particularly low fertility. Its child-care policy has been designed both to improve child welfare and to enhance women’s opportunities in employment. Comparisons to other provinces indicate that women’s paid work has benefited, but child development indicators are less positive. It may be that universal programs do not permit as much focus on disadvantaged children, where early intervention has a larger impact.
An Efficient Protocol for Multicomponent Synthesis of 1H-chromeno[4,3-b] Pyridin-5(4H)-Ones Derivatives
Authors: Chen Zhiwei , Gu Jinying , Su Weike
Published: June 2013

A series of 1H-chromeno[4,3-b]pyridin-5(4H)-one derivatives were synthesised via a three-component condensation of 4-aminocoumarin, aldehydes and ethyl benzoylacetates, under simple mild reaction conditions.
One-Pot Synthesis of Iodoindolizine Derivatives via a Novel Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Yan Peiyun , Liu Juanjuan , Sun Qian , Yao Juan , Xue Zhiheng , Wang Cunde
Published: June 2013

A one-pot reaction was developed to synthesise a variety of 1-iodoindolizines from substituted acetophenone, acetic acid, pyridine, and molecular iodine. The structure of 3-benzoyl-1-iodoindolizine (2a) and 1,3-dibenzoylindolizine (3a) was further confirmed by X-ray single crystal analysis.
One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of bis[2-(methylthio)-7-oxothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-6(7H)-yl]benzenes
Authors: Fang Zheng Dong , Fang Di , Zheng Jing
Published: June 2013

Three-component reactions of ethyl 2-methylthio-4-[(triphenylphosphanylidene)amino] thiazole-5-carboxylate with aromatic diisocyanates and secondary amines produced novel bis[2-methylthio-7-oxothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-6(7H)-yl]benzenes in the presence of EtONa in 67–93% yields. This method provides an effective synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with the advantages of mild reaction conditions, simple operation and good yields. The structures of the products were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis.
The Formation of Squaramic Acids and Squaryl Diamides by the Reaction of Squaric Acid with Alkyl Isocyanides
Authors: Mehrabi Hossein , Anary-Abbasinejad Mohammad , Pour Sajjad Abbasi
Published: June 2013

The reaction between squaric acid with one equivalent of alkyl isocyanides such as t-butyl isocyanide, cyclohexyl isocyanide and n-butyl isocyanide in ethanol at room temperature after 3h afforded the corresponding squaramic acid derivatives. Symmetric 2,4-squaryl diamides were obtained when the reaction of squaric acid was carried out with two equivalents of alkyl isocyanides under the same conditions. Asymmetric 2,4-squaryl diamides were obtained by reaction of squaramic acids with one equivalent of alkyl isocyanides.
Synthesis and X-ray Crystal Structure of Novel (3E,4E)-1-aryl-3,4-bis[(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylidene]pyrrolidene-2,5-dione
Authors: Lv Hong-Shui , Zhang Jin-Hua , Xie Yong-Sheng , Zhao Bao-Xiang
Published: June 2013

A series of novel (3E,4E)-1-aryl-3,4-bis[(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylidene]pyrrolidene-2,5-dione derivatives was synthesised and characterised by IR, 1H NMR and HRMS. Moreover, the molecular structure of (3E,4E)-3,4-bis [(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene]-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure determination.
Hydroarylation Reactions of N-Acylaminosubstituted Tricyclic Imides
Authors: Gul Melek , Kulu Irem , Ocal Nuket
Published: June 2013

The palladium-catalysed hydroarylation of unsaturated N-acylamino-substituted tricyclic imides provided a new stereoselective synthesis of exo-aryl(heteroaryl)-substituted tricyclic N-acylamino imides.
Novel and Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Spiro[Indoline-3,4′-Pyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole]Derivatives Catalysed by L-Proline in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Yu Jiangxia , Zhou Yongbing , Shen Tianhua , Mao Wengang , Chen Kang , Song Qingbao
Published: June 2013

An efficient mild one-pot synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives by a four-component reaction of hydrazine, a β-keto ester, isatin, and malononitrile catalysed by L-proline in water is reported.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Unsymmetrical Indolyl/Aryl Bis-Thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Li Lin , Jiang Yujia , Liu Xingli , Zhao Zhigang
Published: June 2013

A series of nine novel unsymmetrical bis-thiosemicarbazones were prepared in high yield by condensation of aromatic aldehyde thiosemicarbazones with indole-3-carboxaldehyde using microwave irradiation. The structures of the new compounds were characterised. Six of the compounds displayed varying levels of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
One-pot Synthesis of Cyclopropane Derivatives with a Cis:Trans Stereoselectivity by Wittig Olefination-Sulfur Ylide Cyclopropanation Sequence
Authors: Huang Wenhua , Wang Lai-Ling
Published: June 2013

Cyclopropane derivatives were synthesised in one pot from aromatic aldehydes, phenacyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, and S-phenacylthiolanium bromide by a Wittig olefination-sulfur ylide cyclopropanation sequence. When Cs2CO3 was used as the base and CH3CN/water (8:2, v/v) as the solvent, the major product was the cis-1,2-dibenzoyl cyclopropane. In contrast, when using DBU as the base and MeOH as the solvent, the major product was trans-dibenzoyl cyclopropane. In some cases, the major isomer was obtained in high purity and good yield by simple filtration.
Electrophoretic pattern of seed proteins in Trifolium L. and its taxonomic implications
Authors: George N. M. , Ghareeb A. , Fawzi N. M. , Saad S.
Published: June 2013

The taxonomic delimitations of 61 taxa of the genus Trifolium L. belonging to presently accepted five sections, namely Lotoidea, Mistyllus, Vesicaria, Chronosemium and Trifolium are evaluated, based on numerical analysis of their electrophoretic seed protein profiles. The dendrogram, resulted from the hierarchical cluster analysis of SDS-PAGE profiles of seed proteins conform, with some restrictions, to the present splitting of the genus Trifolium into the sections but not into the subsections and series.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15461Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 19-26, 2013 (June)
Diversity of stomata and trichomes in Euphorbia L. - I
Authors: Devi N. Sarojini , Padma Y. , Narasimhudu C. L. , Raju R.R. Venkata
Published: June 2013

Foliar epidermal features of 18 species of Euphorbia L. s.l. (Euphorbiaceae) are studied. While the anisocytic and anamocytic stomata are common in herbaceous members (Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce), the paracytic type is predominant in succulent species (Euphorbia proper). The stomatal types, index and frequency, and the types of trichomes are explored on vegetative as well as floral parts to evaluate their possible taxonomic importance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15462Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 27-38, 2013 (June)
Taxonomic significance of spermoderm pattern in Cucurbitaceae
Authors: Ali M. Ajmal , Al-Hemaid Fahad M.A. , Pandey Arun K. , Lee Joongku
Published: June 2013

Studies on spermoderm using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were undertaken in 12 taxa under 11 genera of the family Cucurbitaceae sampled from India, China and Korea. The spermoderm pattern in the studied taxa varies from rugulate, reticulate to colliculate type. The spermoderm shows rugulate type in Benincasa hispida and Sicyos angulatus; reticulate type in Citrullus colocynthis, Cucumis melo var. agrestis, Diplocyclos palmatus, Hemsleya longivillosa, Luffa echinata, Momordica charantia, M. cymbalaria, Schizopepon bryoniifolius, and Trichosanthes cucumerina; and colliculate type  in Gynostemma laxiflorum. The present study clearly reveals that the testa features greatly varies across the genera which can be used as micromorphological markers for identification as well as character states for deducing relationship of the taxa within the family.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15465Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 61-65, 2013 (June)
Numerical taxonomy of the genus Senna Mill. from Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman M. Oliur , Rahman Md. Zahidur , Begum Ayesa
Published: June 2013

This study examines the patterns of morphological variation and phenetic relationships among 11 species of Senna Mill. from Bangladesh using 32 vegetative and floral characters. The highest similarity is found between S. obtusifolia and S. tora, while the highest variation is observed between S. alata and S. hirsuta. UPGMA tree derived from cluster analysis reveals three major clusters, the first of which consists of two species (S. alata and S. auriculata), the second cluster comprises four species (S. hirsuta, S. obtusifolia, S. tora and S. occidentalis) and the third one is composed of five species (S. multiglandulosa, S. sophera, S. siamea, S. timoriensis and S. surattensis). A close relationship is also found between S. multiglandulosa and S. sophera, and between S. siamea and S. timoriensis. Results obtained from the present study are found congruent with cytological and anatomical studies showing the significance of numerical analysis for taxonomic relationship in the genus Senna.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15467Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 77-83, 2013 (June)
Taxonomy of the leafy vegetables in Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Maksuda , Hassan Md. Abul , Islam Shaikh Nazrul , Rahman M. Oliur
Published: June 2013

Thirty four exploration trips made throughout Bangladesh from 2000 to 2012 resulted in identification of 186 taxa used as leafy vegetables in the country, of which 173 taxa belong to angiosperms and 13 taxa to pteridophytes. Among the angiosperms, Magnoliopsida is represented by 153 taxa under 114 genera and 43 families, whereas Liliopsida is represented by 20 species under 15 genera and 8 families. Pteridophytes are symbolized by 13 species belonging to 10 genera and 10 families. Under each taxon updated nomenclature, vernacular names, habit, representative specimen and area of major consumption of the plant as a leafy vegetable have been provided. Out of 186 leafy vegetables identified in Bangladesh, 140 taxa are wild and 46 are cultivated. Among the cultivated ones 16 species are cultivated only as leafy vegetables and 30 are cultivated for other purposes but also used as leafy vegetables. A total of 61 species have been newly documented as leafy vegetables for Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i1.15469Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(1): 95-123, 2013 (June)
Improving the Reliability of Optimal In-Feed Amino Acid Ratios Based on Individual Amino Acid Efficiency Data from N Balance Studies in Growing Chicken
Authors: Wecke Christian , Liebert Frank
Published: June 2013

Three consecutive nitrogen balance experiments with fast-growing male broiler chickens (ROSS 308), both during starter and grower periods, were conducted to determine the ideal ratios of several indispensable amino acids relative to lysine. The control diets based on corn, wheat, fishmeal, field peas, wheat gluten and soybean oil were formulated by computer optimizing to meet the assumed ideal amino acid ratios and to fulfill both the energy and nutrient requirements of growing chicken. According to principles of the diet dilution technique, balanced control diets were diluted by wheat starch and refilled by crystalline amino acids and remaining feed ingredients, except the amino acid under study. The lysine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, isoleucine and valine diluted diets resulted in significantly lower protein quality as compared to control diet, especially following increased dietary lysine supply (experiments II and III) and stronger amino acid dilution (experiment III). Accordingly, the limiting position of individual amino acids was confirmed, and the derived amino acid efficiency data were utilized to derive ideal amino acid ratios for the starter period: Lys (100): Thr (60): Trp (19): Arg (105): Ile (55): Val (63); and the grower period: Lys (100): Thr (62): Trp (17): Arg (105): Ile (65): Val (79).
Livestock Production in the UK in the 21st Century: A Perfect Storm Averted?
Authors: Wathes Christopher , Buller Henry , Maggs Heather , Campbell Madeleine
Published: June 2013

There is a school of thought that future demand for meat and other farm animal products is unsustainable for several reasons, including greenhouse gas emissions, especially from ruminants; standards of farm animal health and welfare, especially when farm animals are kept intensively; efficiency of conversion by livestock of solar energy into (human) food, particularly by pigs and poultry; water availability and usage for all types of agricultural production, including livestock; and human health and consumption of meat, eggs and milk. Demand for meat is forecast to rise as a result of global population growth and increasing affluence. These issues buttress an impending perfect storm of food shortages, scarce water and insufficient energy, which is likely to coincide with global population reaching about 9 billion people in 2030 (pace Beddington). This paper examines global demand for animal products, the narrative of ‘sustainable intensification’ and the implications of each for the future of farm animal welfare. In the UK, we suggest that, though non-ruminant farming may become unsustainable, ruminant agriculture will continue to prosper because cows, sheep and goats utilize grass and other herbage that cannot be consumed directly by humans, especially on land that is unsuitable for other purposes. However, the demand for meat and other livestock-based food is often for pork, eggs and chicken from grain-fed pigs and poultry. The consequences of such a perfect storm are beginning to be incorporated in long-term business planning by retailers and others. Nevertheless, marketing sustainable animal produce will require considerable innovation and flair in public and private policies if marketing messages are to be optimized and consumer behaviour modified.
Evaluation of Model Validation Techniques in Land Cover Dynamics
Authors: Ahmed Bayes , Ahmed Raquib , Zhu Xuan
Published: June 2013

This paper applies different methods of map comparison to quantify the characteristics of three different land change models. The land change models used for simulation are termed as “Stochastic Markov (St_Markov)”, “Cellular Automata Markov (CA_Markov)” and “Multi Layer Perceptron Markov (MLP_Markov)” models. Various model validation techniques such as per category method, kappa statistics, components of agreement and disagreement, three map comparison and fuzzy methods have then been applied. A comparative analysis of the validation techniques has also been discussed. In all cases, it is found that “MLP_Markov” gives the best results among the three modeling techniques. Fuzzy set theory is the method that seems best able to distinguish areas of minor spatial errors from major spatial errors. Based on the outcome of this paper, it is recommended that scientists should try to use the Kappa, three map comparison and fuzzy methods for model validation. This paper facilitates communication among land change modelers, because it illustrates the range of results for a variety of model validation techniques and articulates priorities for future research.
Comparison of Cellular Uptake and Inflammatory Response via Toll-Like Receptor 4 to Lipopolysaccharide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Mano Sharmy , Kanehira Koki , Taniguchi Akiyoshi
Published: June 2013

The innate immune response is the earliest cellular response to infectious agents and mediates the interactions between microbes and cells. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in these interactions. We have already shown that TLRs are involved with the uptake of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and promote inflammatory responses. In this paper, we compared role of cellular uptake and inflammatory response via TLR 4 to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TiO2 NPs. In the case of LPS, LPS binds to LPS binding protein (LBP) and CD 14, and then this complex binds to TLR 4. In the case of TiO2 NPs, the necessity of LBP and CD 14 to induce the inflammatory response and for uptake by cells was investigated using over-expression, antibody blocking, and siRNA knockdown experiments. Our results suggested that for cellular uptake of TiO2 NPs, TLR 4 did not form a complex with LBP and CD 14. In the TiO2 NP-mediated inflammatory response, TLR 4 acted as the signaling receptor without protein complex of LPS, LBP and CD 14. The results suggested that character of TiO2 NPs might be similar to the complex of LPS, LBP and CD 14. These results are important for development of safer nanomaterials.
Alleviation of Osmotic Stress Effects by Exogenous Application of Salicylic or Abscisic Acid on Wheat Seedlings
Authors: Marcińska Izabela , Czyczyło-Mysza Ilona , Skrzypek Edyta , Grzesiak Maciej , Janowiak Franciszek , Filek Maria , Dziurka Michał , Dziurka Kinga , Waligórski Piotr , Juzoń Katarzyna , Cyganek Katarzyna , Grzesiak Stanisław
Published: June 2013

The aim of the study was to assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings. This was accomplished by determining the impact of the acids applied exogenously on seedlings grown under osmotic stress in hydroponics. The investigation was unique in its comprehensiveness, examining changes under osmotic stress and other conditions, and testing a number of parameters simultaneously. In both drought susceptible (SQ1) and drought resistant (CS) wheat cultivars, significant physiological and biochemical changes were observed upon the addition of SA (0.05 mM) or ABA (0.1 μM) to solutions containing half-strength Hoagland medium and PEG 6000 (−0.75 MPa). The most noticeable result of supplementing SA or ABA to the medium (PEG + SA and PEG + ABA) was a decrease in the length of leaves and roots in both cultivars. While PEG treatment reduced gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content in CS, and osmotic potential, and conversely, increased lipid peroxidation, soluble carbohydrates in SQ1, proline content in both cultivars and total antioxidants activity in SQ1, PEG + SA or PEG + ABA did not change the values of these parameters. Furthermore, PEG caused a two-fold increase of endogenous ABA content in SQ1 and a four-fold increase in CS. PEG + ABA increased endogenous ABA only in SQ1, whereas PEG + SA caused a greater increase of ABA content in both cultivars compared to PEG. In PEG-treated plants growing until the harvest, a greater decrease of yield components was observed in SQ1 than in CS. PEG + SA, and particularly PEG + ABA, caused a greater increase of these yield parameters in CS compared to SQ1. In conclusion, SA and ABA ameliorate, particularly in the tolerant wheat cultivar, the harmful effects and after effects of osmotic stress induced by PEG in hydroponics through better osmotic adjustment achieved by an increase in proline and carbohydrate content as well as by an increase in antioxidant activity.
Reinvestigation of the Oxidative Folding Pathways of Hen Egg White Lysozyme: Switching of the Major Pathways by Temperature Control
Authors: Arai Kenta , Shibagaki Wataru , Shinozaki Reina , Iwaoka Michio
Published: June 2013

It has been well established that in the oxidative folding of hen egg white lysozyme (HEL), which has four SS linkages in the native state (N), three des intermediates, i.e., des[76–94], des[64–80], and des [6–127], are populated at 20 °C and N is dominantly formed by the oxidation of des[64–80] and des[6–127]. To elucidate the temperature effects, the oxidative folding pathways of HEL were reinvestigated at 5–45 °C in the presence of 2 M urea at pH 8.0 by using a selenoxide reagent, DHSox. When reduced HEL was reacted with 1–4 equivalents of DHSox, 1S, 2S, 3S, and 4S intermediate ensembles with 1–4 SS linkages, respectively, were produced within 1 min. After the oxidation, 3S was slowly converted to the des intermediates with formation of the native structures through SS rearrangement. At 5 °C, des[76–94] was populated in the largest amount, but the oxidation to N was slower than that of des[64–80] and des[6–127]. At 35 °C, on the other hand, des[64–80] and des[6–127] were no longer stable, and only des[76–94] was populated. The results suggested that the major folding pathways of HEL can be switched from one to the other by temperature control.
Toll-Like Receptor and Accessory Molecule mRNA Expression in Humans and Mice as Well as in Murine Autoimmunity, Transient Inflammation, and Progressive Fibrosis
Authors: Kumar Vankayala Ramaiah , Günthner Roman , Lech Maciej , Anders Hans-Joachim
Published: June 2013

The cell type-, organ-, and species-specific expression of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well described, but little is known about the respective expression profiles of their accessory molecules. We therefore determined the mRNA expression levels of LBP, MD2, CD36, CD14, granulin, HMGB1, LL37, GRP94, UNC93b1, TRIL, PRAT4A, AP3B1, AEP and the respective TLRs in human and mouse solid organs. Humans and mice displayed significant differences between their respective mRNA expression patterns of these factors. In addition, the expression profiles in transient tissue inflammation upon renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, in spleens and kidneys from mice with lupus-like systemic autoimmunity, and in progressive tissue fibrosis upon unilateral ureteral obstruction were studied. Several TLR co-factors were specifically regulated during the different phases of these disease entities, suggesting a functional involvement in the disease process. Thus, the organ- and species-specific expression patterns need to be considered in the design and interpretation of studies related to TLR-mediated innate immunity, which seems to be involved in the tissue injury phase, in the phase of tissue regeneration, and in progressive tissue remodelling.
CD44 Is Associated with the Aggressive Phenotype of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through Redox Regulation
Authors: Lin Chien-Hung , Hung Peir-Haur , Chen Yann-Jang
Published: June 2013

Recent studies have shown that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) within a tumor have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, and are associated with an aggressive phenotype and therapeutic resistance. Studies have also associated tumor progression with alterations in the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we cultured nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) CSCs in conditions that allowed sphere formation. The resulting sphere cells displayed stemness properties, characteristics of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased expression of the CSC surface marker CD44. We further evaluated the association between CD44 expression and EMT marker expression, and any correlation with redox status, in these CSCs. We showed that the EMT in sphere cells is associated with the upregulation of CD44 expression and increased ROS generation, which might promote NPC aggressiveness. We also identified the coexpression of CD44 with the EMT marker N-cadherin in sphere cells, and downregulated CD44 expression after the addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Our results indicate that CD44 plays a role in the EMT phenotype of CSCs in NPC, and suggest its involvement in EMT-associated ROS production. These findings might facilitate the development of a novel therapy for the prevention of NPC recurrence and metastasis.
NS3 Protease from Hepatitis C Virus: Biophysical Studies on an Intrinsically Disordered Protein Domain
Authors: Vega Sonia , Neira Jose , Marcuello Carlos , Lostao Anabel , Abian Olga , Velazquez-Campoy Adrian
Published: June 2013

The nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) from the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is responsible for processing the non-structural region of the viral precursor polyprotein in infected hepatic cells. NS3 protease activity, located at the N-terminal domain, is a zinc-dependent serine protease. A zinc ion, required for the hydrolytic activity, has been considered as a structural metal ion essential for the structural integrity of the protein. In addition, NS3 interacts with another cofactor, NS4A, an accessory viral protein that induces a conformational change enhancing the hydrolytic activity. Biophysical studies on the isolated protease domain, whose behavior is similar to that of the full-length protein (e.g., catalytic activity, allosteric mechanism and susceptibility to inhibitors), suggest that a considerable global conformational change in the protein is coupled to zinc binding. Zinc binding to NS3 protease can be considered as a folding event, an extreme case of induced-fit binding. Therefore, NS3 protease is an intrinsically (partially) disordered protein with a complex conformational landscape due to its inherent plasticity and to the interaction with its different effectors. Here we summarize the results from a detailed biophysical characterization of this enzyme and present new experimental data.
Development of the Serosal Mesothelium
Authors: Winters Nichelle , Bader David
Published: June 2013

Mesothelia in the adult vertebrate are the simple squamous epithelia covering all coelomic organs and body cavities. Until recently, analysis of the generation and differentiative potential of mesothelia in organogenesis has largely focused on development of visceral mesothelium of the heart; the epicardium and its progenitor, the proepicardium. Here, we review emerging data on the development and differentiation of serosal mesothelium, the covering of the gastrointestinal tract. This literature demonstrates that serosal mesothelium is generated through a completely different mechanism than that seen in the heart suggesting that commitment of progenitors to this cell lineage does not follow a common pathway. The differentiative potential of serosal mesothelium is also discussed in comparison to that observed for progeny of the proepicardium/epicardium. In our review of the literature, we point out gaps in our understanding of serosal mesothelial development and that of mesothelial development as a whole.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Some 17-Acetamidoandrostane and N,N-Dimethyl-7-deoxycholic Amide Derivatives as Cytotoxic Agents: Structure/Activity Studies
Authors: Huang Yanmin , Cui Jianguo , Jia Linyi , Gan Chunfang , Song Huacan , Zeng Chun , Zhou Aimin
Published: June 2013

Using pregnenolone and 7-deoxycholic acid as starting materials, some 17-acetamidoandrostane and N,N-dimethyl-7-deoxycholic amide derivatives were synthesized. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was tested in vitro against two tumor cell lines: SGC 7901 (human gastric carcinoma) and Bel 7404 (human liver carcinoma). The result showed that the blockage of the interaction of the amide group with outside groups might cause a decrease of the cytotoxicity, and an O-benzyloximino group at the 3-position of N,N-dimethyl-7-deoxycholic amide could enhance the cytotoxic activity of the compound. The information obtained from the studies provides the structure-activity relationship for these compounds and may be useful for the design of novel chemotherapeutic drugs.
Study on the Potential Toxicity of a Thymoquinone-Rich Fraction Nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Tubesha Zaki , Imam Mustapha , Mahmud Rozi , Ismail Maznah
Published: June 2013

Toxicological studies constitute an essential part of the effort in developing an herbal medicine into a drug product. A newly developed thymoquinone-rich fraction nanoemulsion (TQRFNE) has been prepared using a high pressure homogenizer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential acute toxicity of this nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley rats. The acute toxicity studies were conducted as per the OECD guidelines 425, allowing for the use of test dose limit of 20 mL TQRFNE (containing 44.5 mg TQ)/kg. TQRFNE and distilled water (DW) as a control were administered orally to both sexes of rats on Day 0 and observed for 14 days. All the animals appeared normal, and healthy throughout the study. There was no observed mortality or any signs of toxicity during the experimental period. The effects of the TQRFNE and DW groups on general behavior, body weight, food and water consumption, relative organ weight, hematology, histopathology, and clinical biochemistry were measured. All the parameters measured were unaffected as compared to the control (DW) group. The administration of 20 mL TQRFNE /kg was not toxic after an acute exposure.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Antagonists and Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Gurkoff Gene , Shahlaie Kiarash , Lyeth Bruce , Berman Robert
Published: June 2013

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. Despite more than 30 years of research, no pharmacological agents have been identified that improve neurological function following TBI. However, several lines of research described in this review provide support for further development of voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Following TBI, neurons and astrocytes experience a rapid and sometimes enduring increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). These fluxes in [Ca2+]i drive not only apoptotic and necrotic cell death, but also can lead to long-term cell dysfunction in surviving cells. In a limited number of in vitro experiments, both L-type and N-type VGCC antagonists successfully reduced calcium loads as well as neuronal and astrocytic cell death following mechanical injury. In rodent models of TBI, administration of VGCC antagonists reduced cell death and improved cognitive function. It is clear that there is a critical need to find effective therapeutics and rational drug delivery strategies for the management and treatment of TBI, and we believe that further investigation of VGCC antagonists should be pursued before ruling out the possibility of successful translation to the clinic.
Measurements of the Weak UV Absorptions of Isoprene and Acetone at 261–275 nm Using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Evaluation of a Potential Portable Ringdown Breath Analyzer
Authors: Sahay Peeyush , Scherrer Susan , Wang Chuji
Published: June 2013

The weak absorption spectra of isoprene and acetone have been measured in the wavelength range of 261–275 nm using cavity ringdown spectroscopy. The measured absorption cross-sections of isoprene in the wavelength region of 261–266 nm range from 3.65 × 10−21 cm2·molecule−1 at 261 nm to 1.42 × 10−21 cm2·molecule−1 at 266 nm; these numbers are in good agreement with the values reported in the literature. In the longer wavelength range of 270–275 nm, however, where attractive applications using a single wavelength compact diode laser operating at 274 nm is located, isoprene has been reported in the literature to have no absorption (too weak to be detected). Small absorption cross-sections of isoprene in this longer wavelength region are measured using cavity ringdown spectroscopy for the first time in this work, i.e., 6.20 × 10−23 cm2·molecule−1 at 275 nm. With the same experimental system, wavelength-dependent absorption cross-sections of acetone have also been measured. Theoretical detection limits of isoprene and comparisons of absorbance of isoprene, acetone, and healthy breath gas in this wavelength region are also discussed.
Evaluation of surgical treatment of medial patellar luxation in Pomeranian dogs
Authors: Theyse L. F. H. , Techakumphu M. , Soontornvipart K. , Hazewinkel H.A.W. , Wangdee C.
Published: June 2013

In a prospective study, the outcome of surgical correction of medial patellar luxation of 70 stifle joints in 55 Pomeranian dogs was evaluated. Trochlear block recession alone was performed in 46 stifle joints, or in combination with tibial tuberosity transposition in 24 stifle joints in cases with grade II, III or IV medial patellar luxation. Additional procedures were performed to restore lateral and medial retinacular function. The recurrence of patellar luxation and the degree of lameness were evaluated up to at least 16 weeks after surgery. The overall recurrence rate was 10%. The outcome of surgery was considered good for grade II luxation with a 100% success rate. Recurrent medial patellar luxation was diagnosed in approximately 11% of dogs with grade III and in 36% of dogs with grade IV luxation. The postoperative lameness score decreased significantly in comparison with the preoperative score at four weeks and thereafter until the end of the study.