bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focal Liver Lesion Secondary to Endometriosis: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Santana Pedro H. , de Souza Luís Ronan Marquez Ferreira , Brandao Alice , de Lima Marcus Aurelho , Juliano Ernesto Antonio Cunha , Paiva Ticiana Ribeiro
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Hepatic endometriosis is a rare disorder, without preoperative imaging findings are unclear. A diagnosis of endometriosis in a heterogeneous cystic liver mass should be considered, especially in patients with known endometriosis.

Case Report

A 40-year-old female patient complaining of sporadic abdominal and pelvic pain, not related to the menstrual cycle and without previous history of endometriosis, underwent routine sonographic evaluation, which indicated a lesion in the right hepatic lobe, apparently solid-cystic to ultrasonography. Upon further investigation using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), image patterns consistent with hemorrhagic spots were also found; however, without the characteristics compatible with the most common focal hepatic lesions. It was suggested a possible diagnosis of metastasis by tumor of unknown site, due to the presence of a heterogeneous and hypodense nodule in the paracolic gutter, right to the CT, and then established the correlation with the clinical condition. The histological analysis has found a liver endometriosis, and the patient was referred surgical treatment.

Conclusions

Based on the analysis of this case, the authors present a review of the cases of liver endometriosis described so far, exposing and comparing the most common clinical and image findings.
CHIRONOMID FAUNA OF CENTRAL YAKUTIAN LAKES (NORTHERN RUSSIA) IN PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Nazarova L. , Kumke T. , Pestrjakova L. , Hubberten H.-W.
Published: September 2016

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Análisis Sedimentológico y geomorfológico de áreas lacustres en la Península Fildes, Isla Rey Jorge, Antártica Marítima
Authors: Vieira Rosemary , Marotta Humberto , Kellem da Rosa Kátia , Jaña Ricardo , Lorenz Simões Carolina , De Souza Júnior Enoil , Ferreira Fabrício , Ronquette Santos Liliane , Victor dos Santos João , Aurélio Perroni Marcos , Gonçalves Matheus , Farias Santos João Pedro , Issa Rodrigues Raphael , Medeiros Galvão Janaína Cynthia , De Sá Felizardo João Paulo
Published: September 2016

Geomorphological features and sedimentary characteristics are analized from five sets of shallow sediment cores collected in lakes in the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island. The geomorphology of the area was observed and sediments samples were obtained at field activities during the XXXI Brazilian Antarctic Operation (March-April/2013). Biogeochemical characteristics, physical parameters, mineralogical composition, particle size distribution, macroscopic characteristics of the sediments and satellite images were analized. Preliminary results indicate climatic and environmental changes in north-south transect of the peninsula. The mineralogical composition is associated with geological structure of the area, where basaltic rocks predominate. The particle size variation reflects different sediment source environments. Macroscopic analysis and mineralogical composition variation reflect the action of weathering along the peninsula. The sediments also have potential mineralization and subsequent release of greenhouse gases. A preliminary map of the classification of the lakes is presented. In addition, it was identified that wetland sediment presents methane production rates (CH4) about 40 times larger and more sensitive to the effect of global warming compared to lake sediment. Subpolar aquatic ecosystems sediments from Maritime Antarctica can be a preferential site for the effects of climate variability.
Sequías en Chile central a partir de diferentes índices en el período 1981-2010
Authors: Sarricolea Espinoza Pablo Andrés , Meseguer-Ruiz Oliver
Published: September 2016

Se analizan las diferentes dimensiones de la sequía meteorológica en Chile central con el propósito de caracterizar su ocurrencia a múltiples escalas temporales y encontrar indicios de cambio en su variabilidad y frecuencia. Para ello se ha dispuesto de 27 estaciones meteorológicas a resolución diaria, las cuales permiten identificar períodos secos bajo el umbral 0,1 mm. Además de establecer las rachas de sequías y su persistencia (mediante el índice de Besson), se aplicó el índice estándar de precipitación (SPI) para conocer la varibilidad internanual de la sequía, justamente en una región de clima semiárido y mediterráneo. Los resultados indican mayor persistencia de días secos en la región de Valparaíso, lo cual es consistente con la longitud de las rachas de sequía, en muchos casos superior a 22 días al año. El evento La Niña en el invierno de 1998 provocó la mayor racha de días secos del trimestre lluvioso (67 días), sumando en total 86 días sin lluvia. No obstante, no se ha podido probar cambios en su variabilidad y frecuencia.
Aplicación fotogramétrica para el análisis dinámico de barrancas. Caso barrancas Ojo Salado y Seca, en el Volcán Citlaltépetl, México
Authors: Ramos-Aguilar Rogelio , Máximo-Romero Patricia , Soto-Cruz Blanca Susana , Alcántara- Iniesta Salvador , Vázquez-García María de la Cruz , Tlacuatl-Sánchez Aimel , Reyes- Galicia Alberto , González-Franco Lucía
Published: September 2016

Se presenta un análisis fotogramétrico de las barrancas Ojo Salado y Seca en el Volcán Citlaltépetl, que se encuentran en el área de influencia de los poblados de Cuiyachapa y Tetelcingo, en el estado de Veracruz. Se calculó la aceleración local de la gravedad, presión atmosférica y pendiente para cada barranca, con el fin de modelar de forma estructural la morfología de la zona de estudio. A través de mediciones micrométricas con estereoscopía se pudo inferir que las barrancas analizadas presentan un movimiento fundamental, paralelo al buzamiento de la superficie denominada como falla con desplazamiento vertical. En este trabajo se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la aplicación de métodos fotogramétricos para determinar áreas vulnerables a la acción dinámica de barrancas en laderas volcánicas, que drenan junto a los poblados de Cuiyachapa y Tetelcingo, en las laderas del Volcán Citlaltépetl. La modelación de datos 2D y 3D, correlacionada con datos de modelos fotogeomorfológicos, permitió determinar las escalas del mapa y del terreno. Se plantea una aplicación fotogramétrica para analizar la morfología de las barrancas activas.
Asian Fury: A Tale of Race, Rock, and Air Guitar
Authors: Hutchinson Sydney
Published: September 2016

Attending to race has become essential in ethnomusicology at least since publication of Music and the Racial Imagination (2000). And what sort of musical performance could be more imaginary than air guitar? Competitive air guitarists realized long before scholars that their art form provided an ideal means by which to contest the overwhelming whiteness of rock and electric guitar, sometimes extending their critique to include gender as well. Asian and Asian American competitors in particular used their one-minute stage performances to comment ironically on the emasculation of Asian males and the infantilization of Asian females through the construct of “Asian fury.” Based on field research in Germany, Finland, and the United States since 2009, this article argues that air guitar performance has helped certain audiences to reimagine the linkages between race and rock.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 3
Authors: Lee Joan
Published: September 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2016
Designating Marine Reserves Is not Just an Ecological Process
Authors: Li Jing
Published: September 2016

Marine natural resource and ocean species are endangered because of human activities. In order to avoid marine natural resource depletion and recover marine ecosystem, marine reserves are created. The report will introduce the marine reserve definition and its functions. In addition, the report will describe three main marine reserves in Australia. Moreover, it will explain why designating marine reserves is not an ecological process.
Cleaner and Efficient Green Chemistry Synthesis of N,N´-Dibenzyl or N,N´-(2-Hydroxybenzyl)-Ethane-1,2-Diamine,-Propane-1,3-Diamine and -1,3-Diamino-2-Propanol
Authors: Rivera Augusto , Miranda-Carvajal Ingrid , Ríos-Motta Jaime
Published: September 2016

An efficient and highly eco-friendly protocol for the preparation of N,N´-dibenzyl or N,N´-(2-hydroxybenzyl)diamines via the reduction of the corresponding di-Schiff bases that produces a good yield using water as a solvent without the need for catalysis or the azeotropic removal of water has been developed. These symmetric diimines have been reduced to their corresponding diamines with sodium borohydride using a catalyst- and solvent-free protocol with excellent yield. Mild conditions, high yields, and a simple work-up procedure are the primary benefits of this protocol.
University Students' Perceptions of Social Responsibility Initiatives by Universities in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Imran , Ali Murad
Published: September 2016

Despite of all recent developments towards the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), its significance is still under-emphasized. The research community still realizes the importance of CSR for the uplifting social well being and reducing vulnerabilities by increasing natural disasters. Academic institutions can also play a very important role to promote the spirit of social responsibility among student – the future business leaders. The objective of this study is to measure university student’s perceptions and level of awareness towards socially responsible actions undertaken by universities in Pakistan. An exhaustive survey is conducted to collect data regarding student’s perceptions towards nature and level of CSR actions performed by universities in Pakistan. The result shows that the student pays great attention to socially responsible initiatives taken by universities. Such activities also develop a socially responsible attitude among students which is very important for developing responsible business leaders. The applications and implications of this research are also discussed in detail. 
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Poveda Cesar A.
Published: September 2016

CSR and Sustainability. From the Margins to the Mainstream: A Textbook. Michael Hopkins. (2016). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing, 491 pp., £80.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-78353-444-9
Detailhandel en de provinciale verordening: grenzen overschreden?!
Authors: Koolen H. (Hans)
Published: September 2016

Detailhandel en de provinciale verordening: grenzen overschreden?!

Deze bijdrage gaat in op één specifieke instructieregel in de Verordening ruimte 2014 van de provincie Zuid-Holland, te weten art. 2.1.4 VR. Deze regel ziet op de vestigingsmogelijkheden van detailhandel in Zuid-Holland. Art. 2.1.4 VR staat al enige tijd in de belangstelling. Het is onderwerp van een aantal procedures bij de Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State over reactieve aanwijzingen ex art. 3.8 lid 6 Wro en de weigering van een ontheffing ex art. 4.1a Wro. De regeling staat ook in de belangstelling in verband met de vraag hoe dit artikel zich verhoudt tot de eisen van het Unierecht, de vraag of het voortvloeit uit dwingende redenen van algemeen belang, de vraag of het geschikt, evenredig en noodzakelijk is om ruimtelijke doelstellingen te bereiken, en tot slot de vraag of het kan worden geacht ruimtelijke en provinciaal noodzakelijke belangen te dienen.
The Power of an Apology
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: September 2016

An apology consisting of precisely defined, essential attributes can help avoid a costly lawsuit and smooth over a potential public relations disaster.
Massachusetts’ Return on Investment: A Gap Funding Model for Success
Authors: Dibara Michael , Doucett Jamie , Lowery Ann , Knapik Daniel , Powelka Aimee
Published: September 2016

Thanks to a gap funding program offered through a partnership of Massachusetts government agencies, water and wastewater facilities have overcome financial and other resource barriers and are implementing clean‐energy projects.
Am I Flint?
Authors: Mercer Kenneth L.
Published: September 2016

In April 2014, the City of Flint began using the Flint River for its potable water supply. The changes in the water quality were enough that the network of pipes, connections, and their protective coatings began to corrode. Customers reported a series of problems and ultimately had to fight to be heard, but in the end it was discovered that lead concentrations in the water had spiked, in some cases to incredible levels ‐ this for a poison for which we are told there is no safe amount. Flint reconnected to Detroit's water in late 2015, but only in 2016 have the lead levels decreased below current action levels.
What Are Some Common Fire Flow Requirements for Municipalities?
Authors: Kelly Kevin
Published: September 2016

Most municipalities are willing to incur higher costs for water distribution system sizing because of the reduction in loss made possible by using the water system for fire protection. Water in sufficient quantity can cool a fire; steam can deprive the fire of oxygen, and in the case of miscible or dense fluids, water can disperse the fuel. The key question for water utilities is how large must distribution system components be to provide sufficient water for fire protection.
Atributinių ir predikatinių junginių su būdvardžiais dažnumas ir struktūra sakytinėje kalboje
Authors: Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė Laura , Balčiūnienė Ingrida
Published: September 2016

Tyrimo tikslas ‒ remiantis natūralios kalbos analize, aprašyti sintaksinių būdvardžių funkcijų skyrimo kriterijus, aptarti atributinių ir predikatinių junginių su būdvardžiais struktūrą bei dažnumą sakytinėje kalboje. Tyrimo metu taikomas tekstynų lingvistikos metodas. Tyrimo šaltinis – Vytauto Didžiojo universitete sukurtas morfologiškai ir iš dalies sintaksiškai anotuotas 225 000 žodžių Sakytinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, apimantis 80 valandų suskaitmenintų ir specialiomis programomis apdorotų garso įrašų.
Simbolinis Aldonos Gustas kraštovaizdis poezijoje ir tapyboje
Authors: Mykolaitytė Aurelija
Published: September 2016

Straipsnyje gilinamasi į lietuvių kilmės poetės ir dailininkės Aldonos Gustas (g. 1932) kūrybą, kurioje labai svarbią vietą užima Lietuvos kraštovaizdis, vaikystės atsiminimai. Ši patirtis buvo atkurta jau gyvenant Vokietijoje, Vakarų Berlyne: vaizduotė atgaivino tai, kas būta pojūčiuose, ir suteikė impulsų savitai meninei raiškai.
Synchronized excitability in a network enables generation of internal neuronal sequences
Authors: Wang Yingxue , Roth Zachary , Pastalkova Eva
Published: September 2016

Hippocampal place field sequences are supported by sensory cues and network internal mechanisms. In contrast, sharp-wave (SPW) sequences, theta sequences, and episode field sequences are internally generated. The relationship of these sequences to memory is unclear. SPW sequences have been shown to support learning and have been assumed to also support episodic memory. Conversely, we demonstrate these SPW sequences were present in trained rats even after episodic memory was impaired and after other internal sequences – episode field and theta sequences – were eliminated. SPW sequences did not support memory despite continuing to ‘replay’ all task-related sequences – place- field and episode field sequences. Sequence replay occurred selectively during synchronous increases of population excitability -- SPWs. Similarly, theta sequences depended on the presence of repeated synchronized waves of excitability – theta oscillations. Thus, we suggest that either intermittent or rhythmic synchronized changes of excitability trigger sequential firing of neurons, which in turn supports learning and/or memory.
Multiple-probe scanning probe microscopes for nanoarchitectonic materials science
Authors: Nakayama Tomonobu , Shingaya Yoshitaka , Aono Masakazu
Published: September 2016

Nanoarchitectonic systems are of interest for utilizing a vast range of nanoscale materials for future applications requiring a huge number of elemental nanocomponents. To explore the science and technology of nanoarchitectonics, advanced characterization tools that can deal with both nanoscale objects and macroscopically extended nanosystems are demanded. Multiple-probe scanning probe microscopes (MP-SPMs) are powerful tools that meet this demand because they take the advantages of conventional scanning probe microscopes and realize atomically precise electrical measurements, which cannot be done with conventional microprobing systems widely used in characterizing materials and devices. Furthermore, an MP-SPM can be used to operate some nanoarchitectonic systems. In this review, we overview the indispensable features of MP-SPMs together with the past, present and future of MP-SPM technology.
Numerical simulation of offset-drain amorphous oxide-based thin-film transistors
Authors: Jeong Jaewook
Published: September 2016

In this study, we analyzed the electrical characteristics of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with an offset-drain structure by technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation. When operating in a linear region, an enhancement-type TFT shows poor field-effect mobility because most conduction electrons are trapped in acceptor-like defects in an offset region when the offset length (L
off) exceeds 0.5 µm, whereas a depletion-type TFT shows superior field-effect mobility owing to the high free electron density in the offset region compared with the trapped electron density. When operating in the saturation region, both types of TFTs show good field-effect mobility comparable to that of a reference TFT with a large gate overlap. The underlying physics of the depletion and enhancement types of offset-drain TFTs are systematically analyzed.
Welfare Service Professionals, Migrants, and the Question of Trust. A Danish Case
Authors: Fersch Barbara
Published: September 2016

The aim of this article is to analyze migrants’ interpretations of their encounters with welfare service professionals in Denmark, focusing on client trust and exploring its diversity across professions. It is based on qualitative interviews with migrants. Migrants as newcomers to the welfare state constitute an interesting case that might allow specific insights into how and in what ways trust and distrust emerge. Aspects such as procedural justice, professional morality, and personal feelings have emerged from the explorative analysis as important trust-generating features of encounters. Trust in the welfare state appears to be useful for “overriding” negative experiences with individual professionals and in other cases of distrust, and migration specific exit practices have been observed. Finally, some migrants do indeed seem to apply experiences of trust with welfare service professionals to the Danish state or even society, and thus the professionals involved can be called hidden “integrative” resources.
Yrkesfagutdanning for elever som står i fare for å slutte – en studie av et alternativt opplæringsprosjekt
Authors: Rokkones Klara , Saur Ellen
Published: September 2016

I dagens frafallsdiskurs beskrives risikoen, både den samfunnsøkonomiske og den individuelle, ved at mange elever ikke fullfører videregående skole. Det har de siste åra dukket opp mange initiativ for å redusere frafallet. Prosjektet «Den tredje vei» er et prosjekt med formål å redusere frafallet i en videregående skole gjennom å gi elever en yrkesfaglig delkompetanse innen Restaurant og matfag eller Helse og oppvekstfag. Vi har fulgt dette prosjektet i de to første årene, observert og intervjuet ledelse og lærere. Vi vil i denne artikkelen beskrive hvordan prosjektet fungerer, og diskutere hvordan et alternativt opplæringstilbud av denne typen kan forstås på system- og organisasjonsnivå, samt på gruppe- og individnivå. Her viser våre resultater at muligheten for fleksibilitet og det å være tett på eleven med god tilpasset undervisning er viktige suksesskriterier. Dette gjelder både i skolen og i arbeidspraksis.
Losses Approximation for Soft Magnetic Composites Based on a Homogenized Equivalent Conductivity
Authors: Ren X. , Corcolle R. , Daniel L.
Published: September 2016

Soft magnetic composites (SMC) are a promising alternative to laminated steel in many Electrical Engineering applications. This is largely owing to their low level of eddy current losses. The electromagnetic behavior of SMC in electromagnetic devices cannot be easily predicted using standard numerical techniques such as the finite element method, mostly due to the computational cost required to model the material microstructure. Another difficulty lies in the high property contrast between the matrix and the inclusions. In this paper we propose a homogenization strategy to define the equivalent electromagnetic properties of SMC. For components made of SMC, the equivalent conductivity and permeability can be determined. These equivalent properties can be used to calculate eddy current losses or introduced into structural analysis tools to design electromagnetic devices.
Extremely low genetic variability within and among locations of the greenfish holothurianStichopus chloronotusBrandt, 1835 in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Soliman Taha , Takama Okuto , Fernandez-Silva Iria , Reimer James D.
Published: September 2016

The greenfish sea cucumberStichopus chloronotusis an economically and ecologically important sea cucumber species throughout its range. This species is widely distributed, inhabiting coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Our study evaluated population genetic structure and levels of genetic diversity in southern Japan. A total of 180 individuals were collected from eight locations from Okinawa and Okinoerabu Islands and sequenced using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (16S) and nuclear histone H3 (H3) gene. Only three 16S haplotypes were detected (518 bp) with haplotype diversity ranging from 0 to 0.56 and nucleotide diversity from 0 to 0.1%. H3 showed no variation among the studied locations. It is plausible that such results could be due to a shift to asexual reproduction.Additionally, the presence of the species on the east coast of Okinawa could only be detected in one location and all individuals consisted of a single haplotype. Genetic differences between the east and west coasts of Okinawa have been noticed in other coral reef organisms, and attributed to either ecological or biogeographical historical differences between the coasts due to differing levels of isolation during Pleistocene ice ages. Results from the present study should inform management and conservation policies ofS. chloronotusin southern Japan.
Actin-dependence of the chloroplast cold positioning response in the liverwortMarchantia polymorphaL.
Authors: Kimura Shun , Kodama Yutaka
Published: September 2016

The subcellular positioning of chloroplasts can be changed by alterations in the environment such as light and temperature. For example, in leaf mesophyll cells, chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls under high-intensity light, and along periclinal cell walls under low-intensity light. These types of positioning responses are involved in photosynthetic optimization. In light-mediated chloroplast positioning responses, chloroplasts move to the appropriate positions in an actin-dependent manner, although some exceptions also depend on microtubule. Even under low-intensity light, at low temperature (e.g., 5°C), chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls; this phenomenon is termed chloroplast cold positioning. In this study, we analyzed whether chloroplast cold positioning is dependent on actin filaments and/or microtubules in the liverwortMarchantia polymorphaL. When liverwort cells were treated with drugs for the de-polymerization of actin filaments, chloroplast cold positioning was completely inhibited. In contrast, chloroplast cold positioning was not affected by treatment with a drug for the de-polymerization of microtubules. These observations indicate the actin-dependence of chloroplast cold positioning inM. polymorpha. Actin filaments during the chloroplast cold positioning response were visualized by using fluorescent probes based on fluorescent proteins in living liverwort cells, and thus, their behavior during the chloroplast cold positioning response was documented.
Meltwater pathways from marine terminating glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Gillard Laura C. , Hu Xianmin , Myers Paul G. , Bamber Jonathan L.
Published: September 2016

The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) stores the largest amount of freshwater in the Northern Hemisphere and has been recently losing mass at an increasing rate. An eddy‐permitting ocean general circulation model is forced with realistic estimates of freshwater flux from the GrIS. Two approaches are used to track the meltwater and its trajectory in the ocean. We show that freshwater from western and eastern GrIS have markedly different fates, on a decadal time scale. Freshwater from west Greenland predominantly accumulates in Baffin Bay before being exported south down the Labrador shelf. Meanwhile, GrIS freshwater entering the interior of the Labrador Sea, where deep convection occurs, comes predominantly (∼80%) from east Greenland. Therefore, hosing experiments, which generally assume a uniform freshwater flux spatially, will not capture the true hydrographic response and regional impacts. In addition, narrow boundary currents are important for freshwater transport and distribution, requiring simulations with eddy‐resolving resolution.
An empirical model of the high‐energy electron environment at Jupiter
Authors: de Soria‐Santacruz M. , Garrett H. B. , Evans R. W. , Jun I. , Kim W. , Paranicas C. , Drozdov A.
Published: September 2016

We present an empirical model of the energetic electron environment in Jupiter's magnetosphere that we have named the Galileo Interim Radiation Electron Model version‐2 (GIRE2) since it is based on Galileo data from the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD). Inside 8RJ, GIRE2 adopts the previously existing model of Divine and Garrett because this region was well sampled by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft but poorly covered by Galileo. Outside of 8RJ, the model is based on 10 min averages of Galileo EPD data as well as on measurements from the Geiger Tube Telescope on board the Pioneer spacecraft. In the inner magnetosphere the field configuration is dipolar, while in the outer magnetosphere it presents a disk‐like structure. The gradual transition between these two behaviors is centered at about 17RJ. GIRE2 distinguishes between the two different regions characterized by these two magnetic field topologies. Specifically, GIRE2 consists of an inner trapped omnidirectional model between 8 to 17RJ that smoothly joins onto the original Divine and Garrett model inside 8RJ and onto a GIRE2 plasma sheet model at large radial distances. The model provides a complete picture of the high‐energy electron environment in the Jovian magnetosphere from ∼1 to 50RJ. The present manuscript describes in great detail the data sets, formulation, and fittings used in the model and provides a discussion of the predicted high‐energy electron fluxes as a function of energy and radial distance from the planet.
Laboratory simulation of the geothermal heating effects on ocean overturning circulation
Authors: Wang Fei , Huang Shi‐Di , Zhou Sheng‐Qi , Xia Ke‐Qing
Published: September 2016

Motivated by a desire to understand the geothermal heating effects on ocean circulation, a large‐scale circulation generated and sustained by thermal forcing at the surface subject to a small amount of heating from the bottom boundary is investigated through laboratory experiments. Despite its idealization, our experiments demonstrate that the leading order effect of geothermal heating is to significantly enhance the abyssal overturning, in agreement with the findings in ocean circulation models. Our experiments also demonstrate that geothermal heating cannot influence the poleward heat transport due to the strong stratification in the thermocline. Our study further reveals that the ratio of geothermal‐flux‐induced turbulent dissipation to the dissipation due to other energies is the key parameter determining the dynamical importance of geothermal heating. This quantity explains why the impact of geothermal heating is sensitive to the deep stratification, the diapycnal mixing, and the amount of geothermal flux. Moreover, it is found that this dissipation ratio may be used to understand results from different studies in a consistent way.
Century‐scale perspectives on observed and simulated Southern Ocean sea ice trends from proxy reconstructions
Authors: Hobbs Will , Curran Mark , Abram Nerilie , Thomas Elizabeth R.
Published: September 2016

Since 1979 when continuous satellite observations began, Southern Ocean sea ice cover has increased, whilst global coupled climate models simulate a decrease over the same period. It is uncertain whether the observed trends are anthropogenically forced or due to internal variability, or whether the apparent discrepancy between models and observations can be explained by internal variability. The shortness of the satellite record is one source of this uncertainty, and a possible solution is to use proxy reconstructions, which extend the analysis period but at the expense of higher observational uncertainty. In this work, we evaluate the utility for change detection of 20th century Southern Ocean sea ice proxies. We find that there are reliable proxies for the East Antarctic, Amundsen, Bellingshausen and Weddell sectors in late winter, and for the Weddell Sea in late autumn. Models and reconstructions agree that sea ice extent in the East Antarctic, Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas has decreased since the early 1970s, consistent with an anthropogenic response. However, the decrease is small compared to internal variability, and the change is not robustly detectable. We also find that optimal fingerprinting filters out much of the uncertainty in proxy reconstructions. The Ross Sea is a confounding factor, with a significant increase in sea ice since 1979 that is not captured by climate models; however, existing proxy reconstructions of this region are not yet sufficiently reliable for formal change detection.
Candidatus
Nitrosotalea
Authors: Prosser James I. , Nicol Graeme W.
Published: September 2016

Ni.tro.so.ta'le.a. N.L. adj.
nitrosus
, full of natron; here intended to mean nitrous; L. fem. n.
talea
, a slender staff, rod, stick; N.L. fem. n.
Nitrosotalea
a nitrite‐forming slender rod.

Thaumarchaeota / Nitrososphaeria / Candidatus Nitrosotaleales / Candidatus Nitrosotaleaceae / Candidatus Nitrosotalea

Since the late nineteenth century, aerobic ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria have been cultivated from a wide range of environments. In the past decade, ammonia‐oxidizing archaea belonging to the phylum
Thaumarchaeota
have also been recognized as an abundant group of organisms that contribute to ammonia oxidation in the majority of terrestrial and aquatic habitats investigated. One lineage within the
Thaumarchaeota
, currently represented by the cultivated isolates “
Candidatus
Nitrosotalea devanaterra” and “
Candidatus
Nitrosotalea sp. Nd2,” is abundant in acidic soil environments. Both isolates are obligate acidophiles, growing optimally around pH 5.0. These organisms are the first and only cultivated autotrophic ammonia oxidizers that do not grow at neutral pH. They possess ≤90% 16S rRNA gene identity with other cultivated thaumarchaea in genera such as
Ca
. Nitrosopumilus,
Nitrososphaera
and
Ca
. Nitrosocaldus, and
Ca
. Nitrosotalea isolates are therefore representatives of a novel genus within the
Thaumarchaeota
.
Ca
. Nitrosotalea are small, rod‐shaped cells with angular and electron dense poles. They are obligately aerobic autotrophs and require ammonia as their sole energy source.

Type species: Candidatus
Nitrosotalea devanaterra
Synthesis of branched benzoxazine monomers with high molecular mass, wide processing window, and properties of corresponding polybenzoxazines
Authors: Ma Hong‐Xia , Zhao Chen , Qiu Jin‐Jun , Liu Yun , Liu Cheng‐Mei
Published: September 2016

Four cyclotriphosphazene‐based benzoxazine monomers (I, II, III, and IV) with relatively high molecular weight were synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, and their chemical structures were confirmed by1H‐NMR and31P‐NMR. A new term, oxazine value (OV, similar to epoxy value), was first proposed to explain the structure–property relationship of the cured polymers. The polymerization behaviors of the four monomers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The maximum exothermic peaks of the four monomers are in the range 244–248 °C. All monomers possess a wide processing window despite their high molecular weight. The thermal stability, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), and mechanical properties of each cured polymer were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The char yield at 850 °C,Tg, and storage moduli of PIV (polybenzoxazine obtained from monomer IV) are 60.0%, 218 °C, and 9.0 GPa, respectively. The surface property and humidity absorption character of the cured polybenzoxazines were also studied. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44453.
Dynamically controlled fibrillation under combination of ionic liquid with mechanical grinding
Authors: Eksiler Kubra , Andou Yoshito , Yilmaz Faruk , Shirai Yoshihito , Ariffin Hidayah , Hassan Mohd Ali
Published: September 2016

Combination of mortar grinder mill (MG) and ionic liquid (IL) treatment was employed in order to fibrillate fibers from oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) in one‐step. The structural changes of OPMF before and after the treatment were examined by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transformed infrared (FT‐IR) spectra, Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared with the only use of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM[BF4]), combination of MG and IL helped to remove hemicellulose and lignin components partially from OPMF, and also fibrillated OPMF fibers at average particle diameter of 127 nm. Afterwards, the fibrillated fibers were utilized as reinforcement material for the purpose of enhancement of mechanical properties of poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)(PCL). The addition of OPMF treated with the combined method led to a 64% increase in tensile strength in comparison with that of untreated OPMF. These results indicate that the combined method enables effective fibrillation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44469.
Chitosan/OA nanoparticle as delivery system for celecoxib: Parameters affecting the particle size, encapsulation, and release
Authors: Méndez Paula A. , Vásquez Gloria M. , Gartner Carmiña , López Betty L.
Published: September 2016

Self‐assembled nanoparticles prepared from amphiphilic chitosan/oleic acid (Ch/OA) have shown antibacterial activity and potential application as a carrier for hydrophobic anticancer drugs. In this study, a low molecular weight chitosan was modified with oleic acid obtaining a degree of substitution (DS) of 12%. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of the Ch/OA polymer obtained (0.025 mg mL−1) is lower in comparison with some systems of chitosan‐fatty acids. The self‐assembled Ch/OA nanoparticle size was optimized by changing polymer concentration, solvent, method, and time of homogenization to obtain particles with sizes around 300 nm and positive zeta potential. The drug loading about 7 μg mL−1 and encapsulation efficiency of 75.8 ± 3.6% for Celecoxib was affected by the drug concentration. In vitro release behavior performed in (PBS, pH 7.4) and MES buffer (pH 6) indicated a pH‐dependent drug release behavior. The self‐assembled systems show stability during 4 weeks after the encapsulation of the hydrophobic drug. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44472.
The effect of injection molding process parameters on mechanical and fracture behavior of polycarbonate polymer
Authors: Dar Uzair Ahmed , Xu Ying Jie , Zakir Sheikh Muhammad , Saeed Muhammad‐Umar
Published: September 2016

In this work, the mechanical and failure behavior of injection molded aviation standard optical grade polycarbonate (PC) was investigated through uniaxial tensile testing. The effect of different injection molding process parameters including injection velocity, packing pressure, cooling time, mold temperature, and melt temperature were determined to observe their effect on yield and postyield behavior of PC. Out of these examined parameters, the mold and melt temperature show significant effect on mechanical behavior of studied polymer. The yield and flow stresses in polymer increase with the increase in mold and melt temperature during injection molding. However, other process parameters i.e., packing pressure, injection velocity, and cooling time showed little effect on mechanical performance of the polymer. The molded specimens were annealed at different temperatures and residence time to evaluate its effect on mechanical behavior and fracture morphology. The yield stress increases gradually with the increase in annealing temperature and time. The annealing treatment also changed the failure mode of PC specimens from ductile to brittle. In addition to process parameters, the effect of increased loading rate was also undertaken which shows substantial effect on mechanical and failure behavior of PC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44474.
Detection of Buried Roman Wall Remains in Ground‐penetrating Radar Data using Template Matching
Authors: Verdonck Lieven
Published: September 2016

Whereas in the last decades the acquisition and processing of archaeological ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data have become mature, the interpretation is still challenging. Manual delineation in three dimensions is time consuming, and often the determination of an isosurface value is not straightforward. This paper presents a method designed specifically for the extraction of buried linear features such as wall foundations, based on template matching. First, the three‐dimensional (3D) GPR data cube is synthesized into a two‐dimensional (2D) slice. To achieve this, an energy slice based on a sufficiently large time window may often be appropriate, although in this study a combination with other attributes, for example based on phase symmetry, made weak anomalies more distinct. In the next step, we compute the 2D normalized cross‐correlation of the composite 2D slice and a number of templates with dimensions similar to the walls in the data set. Of the resulting correlation matrices, the highest correlation coefficient is kept for each pixel, if it exceeds a certain threshold. In this way, wall foundations are successfully mapped, but also many false detections are produced. The latter are greatly reduced in number by using a size threshold and discarding isolated features. The remaining regions are enclosed in bounding boxes, which after vertical extrusion can be used as a simplified 3D representation of the wall structures, and for the creation of a filtered isosurface. For the evaluation of our results, a manual interpretation was used. In the 2D case (i.e. when comparing the total area of the automatically mapped structures versus the manually delineated ones), both the detection rate and the correctness were ~77%. Slightly lower rates (~71%) were obtained in the 3D case (i.e. comparing volumes). Our method was applied to the GPR survey of a Roman villa in Kent, UK. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joined Interpretation of Buried Anomalies from Ground Penetrating Radar Data and Endoscopic Tests
Authors: Matera Loredana , Persico Raffaele , Bianco Nadia , Leopizzi Gaetano , Leopizzi Giuseppe
Published: September 2016

This paper presents ground penetrating radar (GPR) results joined with and back‐upped by endoscopic tests performed in two churches. The aim of this work is to show how the endoscopic tests can help the interpretation of the achieved GPR images, and this will be shown with respect to two case histories in southern Italy. The usefulness of the endoscopic tests depends on the kind of targets, but is expected to be particularly useful in cases of buried cavities, where information about the volume and the possible past use of the cavity can be retrieved. In the examined cases, the endoscopic tests allowed the presence of three cavities to be established, helping also in the interpretation of their possible nature and use, even if the endoscopic probe was not gyroscopic nor equipped with a laser for the precise measure of the distances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archaeological Applications of Low‐Cost Integrated Sidescan Sonar/Single‐Beam Echosounder Systems in Irish Inland Waterways
Authors: Westley Kieran , Mcneary Rory
Published: September 2016

Inland waterways, such as rivers and lakes have been foci of human settlement and use for millennia. However, underwater archaeological prospection or survey in these environments is often hindered by poor or no‐visibility conditions. While this can be overcome using a range of well‐established geophysical techniques, their application in inland waterways seems comparatively less common than in offshore environments. Possible reasons include the logistical challenges of surveying shallow confined, often inaccessible and uncharted waters coupled with a wider lack of awareness of the submerged archaeological potential of inland waterways. This paper demonstrates one method by which the logistical challenge can be circumvented, specifically the use of low‐cost acoustic systems which combine a single‐beam echo sounder and sidescan sonar. These systems have appeared within the last decade and are smaller and cheaper than their survey‐grade counterparts. Although developed for the sport fishing community, as shown here, they can also be used for archaeological purposes. Their effectiveness for archaeological prospection is illustrated via three case studies from lacustrine and riverine settings in Northern Ireland and by reference to object detection and bathymetric mapping. The data presented indicate that the low‐cost systems are capable of collecting data that is sufficient for archaeological purposes but they are best suited to shallow confined waters where their disadvantages (limited range and depth of operation, reduced image quality) are minimized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing asteroseismic scaling relations using eclipsing binaries in star clusters and the field
Authors: Brogaard K. , Jessen‐Hansen J. , Handberg R. , Arentoft T. , Frandsen S. , Grundahl F. , Bruntt H. , Sandquist E. L. , Miglio A. , Beck P. G. , Thygesen A. O. , Kjærgaard K. L. , Haugaard N. A.
Published: September 2016

The accuracy of stellar masses and radii determined from asteroseismology is not known! We examine this issue for giant stars by comparing classical measurements of detached eclipsing binary systems (dEBs) with asteroseismic measurements from the Kepler mission. For star clusters, we extrapolate measurements of dEBs in the turn‐off region to the red giant branch and the red clump where we investigate the giants as an ensemble. For the field stars, we measure dEBs with an oscillating giant component. These measurements allow a comparison of masses and radii calculated from a classical eclipsing binary analysis to those calculated from asteroseismic scaling relations and/or other asteroseismic methods. Our first results indicate small but significant systematic differences between the classical and asteroseismic measurements. In this contribution we show our latest results and summarize the current status and future plans. We also stress the importance of realizing that for giant stars mass cannot always be translated to age, since an unknown fraction of these evolved through a blue straggler phase with mass transfer in a binary system. Rough estimates of how many such stars to expect are given based on our findings in the open clusters NGC 6819 and NGC 6791.
Models of rotating stars constrained by asteroseismic measurements of red giants
Authors: Eggenberger P. , Lagarde N. , Miglio A. , Montalbán J. , Ekström S. , Georgy C. , Salmon S. , Meynet G. , Maeder A.
Published: September 2016

Solar‐like oscillations have now been characterized for a large number of stars, thanks to asteroseismic data obtained recently by space missions. This has led to the determination of the global and internal properties of these stars. In particular, core rotation rates have been obtained for red‐giant stars, which is of prime importance for progress in the modelling of the dynamical processes at work in stellar interiors. In this presentation, we discuss which constraints can be brought by these asteroseismic measurements on stellar models that include rotational effects. Similarly to the solar case, we show that an efficient mechanism is required for the transport of angular momentum in the radiative zones of red giants. The efficiency of this transport process can be determined by asteroseismic observations of red‐giant stars.
Milky Way populations with TRILEGAL
Authors: Girardi L.
Published: September 2016

We briefly describe the simulation of stellar populations in the Milky Way by means of the TRIdimensional modeL of thE GALaxy (TRILEGAL) code. Among the many possible uses of this kind of code, we emphasize their role for improving stellar evolution models.
Dynamical and chemical evolution of the thin disc
Authors: Just A. , Rybizki J.
Published: September 2016

Our detailed analytic local disc model (JJ‐model) quantifies the interrelation between kinematic properties (e.g. velocity dispersions and asymmetric drift), spatial parameters (scale‐lengths and vertical density profiles), and properties of stellar sub‐populations (age and abundance distributions). Any consistent radial extension of the disc evolution model should predict specific features in the different distribution functions and in their correlations. Large spectroscopic surveys (SEGUE, RAVE, APOGEE, Gaia‐ESO) allow significant constraints on the long‐term evolution of the thin disc. We discuss the qualitative difference of correlations (like the α‐enhancement as function of metallicity) and distribution functions (e.g. in [Mg/H] or [Fe/H]) for the construction of a disc model. In the framework of the JJ‐model we build a local chemical enrichment model and show that significant vertical gradients for main sequence and red clump stars are expected in the thin disc. A Jeans analysis of the asymmetric drift provides a link to the radial structure of the disc. The derived metallicitydependent radial scale‐lengths can be combined in the future with the abundance distributions at different Galactocentric distances to construct full disc models. We expect to be able to constrain possible scenarios of inside‐out growth of the thin disc and to characterise those populations, which require significant radial migration.
Radial migration in numerical simulations of Milky‐Way sized galaxies
Authors: Grand R. J. J. , Kawata D.
Published: September 2016

We show that in rmN ‐body simulations of isolated spiral discs, spiral arms appear to transient, recurring features that co‐rotate with the stellar disc stars at all radii. As a consequence, stars around the spiral arm continually feel a tangential force from the spiral and gain/lose angular momentum at all radii where spiral structure exists, without gaining significant amounts of random energy. We demonstrate that the ubiquitous radial migration in these simulations can be seen as outward (inward) systematic streaming motions along the trailing (leading) side of the spiral arms. We characterise these spiral induced peculiar motions and compare with those of the Milky Way obtained from APOGEE red clump data. We find that transient, co‐rotating spiral arms are consistent with the data, in contrast with density wave‐like spirals which are qualitatively inconsistent. In addition, we show that, in our simulations, radial migration does not change the radial metallicity gradient significantly, and broadens the metallicity distribution function at all radii, similar to some previous studies.