bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Trauschweizer Ingo
Published: September 2019

Maxwell Taylor’s experience in the Cold War highlights four interrelated themes that have defined the US national security state and also shed light on the nature of strategy. First, the warfare state will guide decision-makers to seek military solutions to political problems. Sometimes that is appropriate, but at other times, as in Vietnam, it can drown out other approaches. Second, strategy and bureaucracy often work at cross-purposes. Again, decisions leading to the Vietnam War offer an illustration: instead of aligning means, ends, and political objectives, US strategy suffered from the collision of politics and policy with operational art and military planning. The various bureaucracies, though linked in the National Security Council, sought separate solutions. Third, strategy in general has increasingly become the fault line between operational art and politics and policy. It should be the connective tissue. Fourth, powerful and influential individuals served as contingent actors in the historical drama, but their options were limited by Cold War structures, ranging from bureaucracies that channeled possible actions to mind-sets that made it difficult not to view the problem at hand through the lens of the wider conflict and recent experiences. As they say in military and policy circles, if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. But what if you had several different hammers all trying to strike the nail at once?...
Alienation
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

Ridley Scott decides to adapt Tristan and Isolde for his next film, with producer David Puttnam on board and a completed screenplay. In 1977 it is placed in development at Paramount. Scott sees Star Wars and is devastated to learn that the movie incorporated many of the ideas he had had for his project. 20th Century Fox puts Scott on a list of possible directors for Alien. Scott is selected and signs onto the dark science fiction/horror film. The movie concerns a beast aboard a spaceship that devours the crew members one by one. The remaining member, a strong and capable woman, manages to eliminate the monster. The visuals are complex, believable, and very scary. The film is a success and puts Ridley Scott on the Hollywood map. Scott next says yes to Dune, a major science fiction project, but his brother Frank dies of cancer at forty-five and Ridley Scott is emotionally unable to continue with the project. In 1975 he marries Sandy Watson, with whom he has a daughter, Jordan. Watson and Scott divorced in 1989.
Electric Ladyland
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

In February 1980, Ridley Scott signed on to direct a film based on Philip K. Dick’s novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? During development of the project the film became Blade Runner, a highly influential science fiction film set in a dystopian Los Angeles of the near future. The production was highly inventive and the narrative experimental. Scott pushed the cast and crew hard because of the limited amount of time he had to put his vision on film. The producers were constantly hounding him over what they considered excesses and lack of respect for the schedule, actually firing him and his producer Michael Deeley at one point, only to rehire them days later, although they constantly threatened to take the film over. Narration included for clarity slowed the film down and was eventually removed after the initial release. Blade Runner is a landmark film in visual effects and for its sophisticated narrative and complex characters.
Not Otto Preminger’s Exodus
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

When Ridley Scott took on this biblical epic, he initially titled his film Exodus but later added the subtitle Gods and Kings so audiences wouldn’t think it was a remake of Preminger’s 1960 film. The character of Moses fascinated Scott, who wanted to add dimension to this towering figure and to understand his actions and beliefs. Scott, an agnostic, defined his approach to the story of Moses and his times by advancing scientific explanations for holy events. The parting of the Red Sea, for example, which is accomplished with dramatic realism in the film, Scott explained as a tsunami. Scott took a radical artistic and religious leap by casting God as a boy who appears and speaks to Moses. Religious communities found fault with the movie, citing a long list of misrepresentations of the Bible.
Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era
Authors: Fry Joseph A.
Published: September 2019

As the Civil War began, President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State William Henry Seward formed a most unlikely, but exceedingly successful foreign policy partnership. While functioning as the senior partner, Lincoln instituted a one-war policy as the cornerstone of US diplomacy, brilliantly articulated the international importance of preserving the nation’s republican experiment, linked freeing the slaves to the Union’s survival, and oversaw the North’s military efforts. By threatening war with any nation that intervened in the American conflict, Seward practiced a purposeful brinkmanship that was essential to precluding potentially decisive European aid to the Confederacy. The secretary of state combined these ongoing threats with timely compromises at crucial junctures, such as the Trent affair; joined Lincoln in the skillful use of public diplomacy aimed at both domestic and foreign audiences; and adeptly responded to Napoleon III’s intervention in Mexico. The US victory advanced the cause of republicanism and nationalism in the western world; it also enabled the United States to resume its imperial growth toward great power status. Seward played a formative role in that imperial growth. Following Lincoln’s assassination, he remained secretary of state during the Andrew Johnson administration. Over those four years, Seward purchased Alaska and outlined an elaborate agenda for US commercial and territorial expansion, an agenda that forecast with remarkable specificity US actions at the turn of the twentieth century.
Into and Out of the Wilderness
Authors: Fields David P.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 examines the Korean independence movement in the interwar years, a period when the movement was nearly destroyed by factionalism. Although personalities—especially Rhee’s—and Korean regional identities did much to fan the flames of factionalism, the efficiency of Japanese control of Korea exacerbated the problems. This chapter also examines Korean efforts in the 1930s to look beyond the United States for potential allies, especially the League of Nations and the Soviet Union. Such efforts are revealing of the Korean independence movement’s relationship with the American mission. Koreans embraced the idea of an American mission not because they necessarily believed in it—though some may have—but as part of a broad and pragmatic strategy to regain Korea’s independence.
Epilogue
Authors: Fields David P.
Published: September 2019

The connections Rhee built with Americans during his four-decades-long campaign and the prestige these connections afforded him contributed directly to his rise to power in postwar Korea. Thanks largely to the debate that Bruce Cumings began in the 1980s about the origins of the Korean War, we know in some detail the actions taken by Koreans in the days immediately after Japan’s capitulation but prior to the joint Russian-American occupation. Hoping to prevent anarchy and the massacre of Japanese citizens in Korea, Japan cooperated with Korean independence activist Yeo Un-hyeong in establishing a transitional government, which Yeo proclaimed as the Korean People’s Republic (KPR, not to be confused with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or DPRK, commonly known as North Korea). This short-lived republic was the successor of hundreds of locally created People’s Committees which had a left-leaning political orientation....
The Macbeth of Meth
Authors: Cantor Paul A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes Walter White, the protagonist of Vince Gilligan’s Breaking Bad, as a tragic hero by developing a systematic comparison of the television series with Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Many regard White as a villain because of all the murders he commits, but Macbeth commits just as many, and yet Shakespeare presents him as a hero, albeit a tragic hero. For Shakespeare the fundamental tragic fact is that all forms of human excellence are not compatible, and a man who is admirable in some respects may yet perform terrible deeds in extreme circumstances. Treating Walter White as a tragic hero is the key to understanding the divided response the character elicited from television audiences. Beginning with the tamest version of the American dream—a middle-class home in the suburbs—Breaking Bad veers off in a more exciting and disturbing direction, as Walter White goes on a bizarre and perverse journey of self-realization and self-fulfillment that goes tragically awry.
Meat Exports and the Limits of Wartime Multilateralism
Authors: Smith Kevin
Published: September 2019

During the Second World War, the United States transitioned gradually to a foreign policy of "multilateral engagement" from a policy of "unilateral political disengagement." One of those tasked with implementing policy, Secretary of Agriculture Claude Wickard, reverted to nationalism and unilateralism when pressed to implement a promise to expand meat exports to Britain as part of an effort to maximize efficiency in usage of refrigerated shipping capacity during the Battle of the Atlantic. This episode illustrates the challenges in this transition and also depicts the broader managerial context of maritime warfare, ranging far beyond anti-submarine warfare to questions of shipping allocation, cargo provision, and inter-Allied relations. Thus this chapter by Kevin Smith integrates the study of resource management, scarcity, alliance diplomacy, and maritime warfare.
The Other Critical Convoy Battles of 1943
Authors: Bennett G. H.
Published: September 2019

Since 1945, the U-boat campaign has dominated the attention of scholars of the Battle of the Atlantic, and in the popular imagination 1943 remains the year in which the U-boat campaign turned decisively against Germany. That interpretation has been increasingly challenged by historians. However, many historians have completely overlooked a set of convoy battles in late 1943 that did mark a decisive turning point in the war at sea. Those battles were not fought in the Atlantic, but along the English coast from September to December. They marked the eclipse of the German Schnellboot as a serious threat to British coastal shipping, just at the point where the build-up to D-Day meant that the coastal convoys had an added strategic value in terms of the outcome of the Second World War. This chapter by G.H. Bennett examines why the German campaign against Britain's coastal convoys collapsed in 1943, and challenges an existing historiography which has failed to identify the coastal campaign as an integral part of the Battle of the Atlantic.
Silence, sound, accents: Early film translation in the Spanish-speaking world
Authors: Fuentes-Luque Adrián
Published: September 2019

Latin America has played a major role in the history of film translation. Most of the research on film and audiovisual translation to date has focused almost exclusively on Europe, and there is hardly any research on Latin American countries. Apart from the intrinsic interest in and need to expand research to other geographic, linguistic, and cultural contexts, in the case of Latin America there is also a double motive: the magnitude of the Spanish-speaking market; and the fact that, for many years, virtually all the translation into Spanish for audiovisual productions was carried out in specific Latin American countries. This chapter explores the development and implementation of audiovisual translation in the Spanish-speaking context, on both sides of the Atlantic, from intertitles to subtitles, multiple-language versions, and dubbing.
Bodily Action and Distal Attribution in Sensory Substitution
Authors: Briscoe Robert
Published: September 2019

According to proponents of the sensorimotor contingency theory of perception, active control of camera movement is necessary for the emergence of distal attribution in tactile-visual sensory substitution (TVSS) because it enables the subject to acquire knowledge of the way stimulation in the substituting modality varies as a function of self-initiated, bodily action. This chapter, by contrast, approaches distal attribution as a solution to a causal inference problem faced by the subject’s perceptual systems. Given all of the endogenous and exogenous evidence available to those systems, what is the most probable source of stimulation in the substituting modality? From this perspective, active control over the camera’s movements matters for rather different reasons. Most importantly, it generates proprioceptive and efference-copy based information about the camera’s body-relative position necessary to make use of the spatial cues present in the stimulation that the subject receives for purposes of egocentric object localization.
Methodological Challenges in the Business of Forced Labour
Authors: LeBaron Genevieve , Crane Andrew
Published: September 2019

Most forced labour takes place in business contexts, yet the business logics of exploitation are rarely explored empirically. This gap relates to the lack of researchers in the field with specific expertise in business and management, as well as the methodological and logistical challenges with researching the business dynamics of forced labour. This Chapter will argue that we need to take the business of forced labour seriously if we are to understand and address it in a meaningful way. We propose an analytical framework that can be used to understand the business and organisational dynamics of forced labour. Drawing on our own research on forced labour’s business models and supply chains, we reflect on how business methodologies can be strengthened to overcome the substantive gaps that exist in our knowledge about how forced labour works as a business.
Ariosto in England in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Everson Jane E.
Published: September 2019

This essay explores the changing fortunes of Ariosto’s poem in England in mid- to late eighteenth-century criticism through an examination of select passages of the Letters on Chivalry and Romance, by Bishop Richard Hurd (1762), and a close reading of the introduction, notes and commentaries appended to the two translations published in this period: that of William Huggins (1755) with facing-page text and translation into ottava rima; and that of John Hoole (1783) into English heroic couplets. While Huggins is full of enthusiasm for virtually every aspect of the Furioso, both Hurd and Hoole display a certain ambivalence towards Ariosto and his poem, reflecting the negative views of earlier, especially French, critics, the neo-classical preference for Tasso, and the influence of Dryden on the theory and practice of translation of poetry.
Walter Scott and Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso
Authors: Oliver Susan
Published: September 2019

Walter Scott proclaimed Ariosto his favourite Romance poet and Orlando Furioso his preferred epic. Byron subsequently called him the Ariosto of the North, and Ariosto the southern Scott. For Scott, the power of words to ‘make a ladye seem a knight’ or transform a sheeling into a palace associates Scottish folk culture with necromantic tales from medieval Italy and France. His life’s work shows the influence of the Italian Renaissance epic tradition to which the Furioso belongs. Scott’s collected ballads, narrative poetry, and novels demonstrate a complex response to Ariosto’s signature techniques of imitatio and entrelacement. His interest in oral literary history also connects him to improvisatori traditions. Scott’s interest in Ariosto extended beyond his writing career. Reading Orlando became a self-prescribed palliative for ‘mental and bodily fever’. The prospect of an ‘Orlando cure’ for frenzy is intriguing. This chapter explores the connections between Scott and Ariosto’s Furioso.
Authorizing Ariosto
Authors: McCue Maureen
Published: September 2019

The nineteenth century in Britain saw a massive growth in both literacy rates and the popularity of Italian culture. Readers consumed Italian culture through popular periodicals, while British writers identified with Dante, Boccaccio and Tasso. However, the reception of Ariosto was more problematic. While the digressive style and content of Orlando Furioso offered literary freedom to the Pisa Circle of writers, including Lord Byron, the Shelleys and the radical essayist Leigh Hunt, more conservative writers celebrated Ariosto’s embodiment of the chivalric tradition. By exploring the ways in which Ariosto is constructed in both the Pisa Circle’s short-lived periodical The Liberal and Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, this essay argues that Ariosto became a vehicle through which to claim cultural authority for radical and conservative writers alike.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: September 2019

The long introduction presents a typology of different forms of name change and presents the individual papers against this background, while also referring to other relevant studies.
Greek or Minoan? Names and Naming Habits in the Aegean Bronze Age
Authors: Meißner Torsten
Published: September 2019

The decipherment of Linear B in 1952 has added a completely new historical dimension to the study of Greek personal names. Due to the administrative nature of the texts, the Linear B documents provide ample evidence for personal names at the end of the Aegean Bronze Age. Much of the research has focussed on interpreting and etymologising individual names, a task made difficult, and to some extent uncontrollable, by the nature of the script that renders the Greek language less precisely than the later alphabetic script. The criteria to identify and therefore define a personal name in Linear B is examined and some common interpretations are questioned on this basis. Naming habits and name structures are also examined and compared to the situation in the first millennium, and the differences between the two periods are highlighted. This article argues that any overarching account of personal names in Mycenaean Greek needs to be sensitive to the different sites and find spots of Linear B documents, and therefore to the historical and social contexts reflected in the texts. The main aims of this article are both methodological and practical and can form the basis for future work in this area.
Christianisation and Local Names in Asia Minor: Fall and Rise in Late Antiquity
Authors: Destephen Sylvain
Published: September 2019

This article analyses processes in detail based on the evidence now provided by the relevant volumes of Prosopographie chr�tienne du Bas-Empire, Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names and the rich cemetery at Korykos. It is argued that the onomastic patrimony of late antique Asia Minor underwent a twofold process of transformation and simplification but did not vanish. The complete hegemony that the Romans achieved in Asia Minor in the 1st century BC induced a Latinisation of the region that was only superficial. This development had two contrasting effects. Firstly, Hellenistic and Roman influences reduced ethnic and cultural diversity in Asia Minor to the point where indigenous languages were more or less extinct when Christianity arose. Secondly, Hellenisation and Romanisation allowed a general enrichment of the onomastic patrimony in Asia Minor. The study of names therefore provides a balanced response since Asia Minor possesses a rich, varied onomastic patrimony. It also relates to how the conversion of the Roman Empire in general, and of Asia Minor in particular, brought about an overall transformation of the names people bore, even though modifications occurred more rapidly within ecclesiastical and monastic milieus than among ordinary laymen.
Narrativizing foreclosed history in ‘postmemorial’ fiction of the Algerian War in France: October 17, 1961, a case in point
Authors: Laronde Michel
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents the resistance against the erasure of institutional violence from collective history during the Algerian War in France with the example of the 17 October 1961 massacre of North Africans in Paris. The political foreclosure of the event resulting in a collective trauma tied to the war resurfaces in beur literature and mainstream French fiction from the 1980s onward as memorial fragments naturalized in the novels. The traces of the October 17 event narrativized in postcolonial writing signal a postmemorial mentality where the past bears on the present of the nation’s postcolonial process of correcting the distortions of silenced history. The next section of the chapter briefly outlines ways to generate the reparative potential of postmemorial writing reflected in the ekphrases of the event present in more than twenty novels. The last section explains how this situation of repressed memory spanning more than one generation and repeated in literature resonates with Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory, as a call to revisit the official history of the traumas of the Algerian War in an unending process of healing and repair of the colonial past. .
Kosher consumers
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

In this chapter we explore how Jewish consumers in the UK and Denmark understand and practice kosher consumption in their everyday lives. Many Jewish groups are fastidious about their everyday kosher consumption and this point has reinforced regulation of global kosher production and regulation. A specific focus in this chapter is how consumers make sense of the issues raised in previous chapters, that is, buying/eating meat and non-meat products in a changing global context.  Another important theme explored is how Jewish consumers understand and practice their everyday (kosher) food consumption in our two case countries.
Introduction
Authors: Colville Quintin , Davey James
Published: September 2019

This introduction gives on overview of the sub-discipline of naval history since its emergence in the early eighteenth-century. It outlines the various social, cultural and political influences that have shaped the subject over the past three centuries, and discusses its relationship with the wider historical profession. The second half of the introduction sums up the current state of naval history, describing the many historiographies that now have a bearing on how the subject is conducted. Each contribution to the volume is introduced in this context, offering a precis of the chapters that follow.
Patriotism and pageantry: representations of Britain’s naval past at the Greenwich Night Pageant, 1933
Authors: Hanna Emma
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores how ideas and images of Britain’s Naval past were represented by the historian Arthur Bryant and the president of the Royal Naval College, Admiral Barry Domvile, at the Greenwich Night Pageant in June 1933. Bryant sought to revitalise the present by romanticizing the past, motivated by his desire to raise awareness of Britain’s past glories to halt a perceived decline in patriotism during the interwar period. Using material sourced from a range of archives, including the National Maritime Museum, the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives and the National Archives, this article will show how representations of Britain’s naval heritage was utilised in debates about the nature of British identity in an era of imperial decline and an increasingly volatile international situation in the period before the Second World War.
The body in the cave
Authors: Peterson Rick
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces two important questions for the study. It looks at the possible relationships between Neolithic cave burial and other Neolithic burial practices. It then introduces the important idea that caves and other natural places had agency and were actively incorporated into funerary rites. The chapter also introduces the data set used in the book, 48 cave sites in Britain with Neolithic radiocarbon dates on human remains. The chapter concludes by reviewing problems in interpreting this data and introduces the theoretical themes discussed in the following chapters: temporality; object agency and funerary ritual.
Reforming benchmarks
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the effects of the Financial Stability Board review of interest rate benchmarks. The board’s report recommended a number of measures to help improve security, notably by underpinning existing IBORS with transactions data and by developing alternative, nearly risk-free rates. New benchmarks would be developed with reference to the ISOCO Principles published in July 2013. The chapter explains these principles and how they were put into practice.
Holding senior bankers to account
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter addresses the question of why so few senior bankers have borne the consequences of market manipulation carried out by their subordinates. It argues that the huge fines imposed on banks have failed both in terms of justice and in terms of bringing about changes in culture and behaviour. Tracing the changes in the senior-management regime from the 1990s to the present, it weighs up the possible means of ensuring that senior figures are held responsible in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the significance of referendum campaigns as an increasingly used form of direct democracy and explores the role of the mass media in determining how referendums are understood in the public sphere. It introduces the idea of media framing and sets out the research questions addressed in this book.
The Scottish constitutional issue and the 2014 referendum
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 provides historical background to the case study analysed in subsequent chapters by looking at the historical events that led to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. It offers a summary of how the Scottish constitutional issue developed particularly in the second half or the 20th century, the movement for devolution in the 1990s, the establishment and the first decade of the devolved Scottish parliament, up until the 2011 Scottish election, which instigated the independence referendum. It also discusses definitions of Scottish identity and their role in claims for Scottish independence. It then maps out the media landscape in Scotland and the media’s ideological positions in relation to autonomy.
Framing referendum campaigns in the media: towards a frame-building model
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 proposes an explorative frame-building model for referendum campaigns to help explain how the media cover referendums in particular media systems. It compares insights from the previous chapters with those from other framing studies in different contexts and discusses the extent to which certain frames may be expected to emerge in the coverage of referendum campaigns in general, as a broader category of political event. Comparisons are drawn to research focusing on the 1980 Quebec independence referendum, the 2000 Euro referendum in Denmark and the 2008 Swiss direct-democratic consultation on immigration, which are the other case studies where media framing studies have been carried out. The chapter identifies connections between the similarities these cases share and the characteristics of the media systems where they are located. These similarities form the basis of the original analytical model proposed here.
Shils and the intellectuals
Authors: Pooley Jefferson
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces Shils' distinctive conception of the intellectual—as indispensable to, but all too often an opponent of, social order. Shils’ aversion to intellectual disloyalty was a constant throughout his adult life, though his specifically ‘Shilsian’ take on the intellectual and his society would only cohere, in a sophisticated, original, and consistent way, in the late 1950s. The chapter reconstructs Shils encounter with the downcast intellectual, first as a precocious reader of Gustave Flaubert, Hippolyte Taine, and, above all, Georges Sorel. It was Sorel’s chiliastic politics of heroic violence which, in its purist clarity, helped disclose the transcendent moral impulse that, to varying degrees, leads intellectuals to judge their societies harshly. When, after World War II, the moral ideal seemed spent even within socialist movements, Shils observed its traces in the complaints of ex-radicals. Society’s loose consensus depends on public belief, he argued, which in turn depends on the social picture put forward by intellectuals. These ‘persons with an unusual sensitivity to the sacred’ could help support the fragile achievements of civil politics, but Shils was not optimistic.
Dispersing in diverse places: how the other LEAs fared
Authors: Esteves Olivier
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses the different forms that dispersal took in the Local Education Authorities that introduced it besides Ealing (Southall) and Bradford. Blackburn presented a specific case in the sense that multiracial neighbourhoods were often situated near voluntary-aided schools, either Anglican or Roman Catholic. The problem was compounded by the activism of the National Front locally. Huddersfield and Halifax presented more ordinary cases, like West Bromwich, although in Huddersfield and West Bromwich the large proportion of (Anglophone) West Indian pupils made dispersal look more like an anomaly. Halifax put an end to bussing only in 1986–87. In Leicester, it was only the sudden influx of Ugandan Asians in 1972–73 which made the local authorities reluctantly introduce dispersal. In Bristol, the form dispersal took was radically different from elsewhere, and barely deserves the name. Lastly, the local situations of Wolverhampton, Walsall, Smethwick, Hounslow, Luton, Croydon and Dewsbury are presented.
Babylon by bus: the quotidian experience of being bussed
Authors: Esteves Olivier
Published: September 2019

This chapter relies almost wholly on ethnographic fieldwork, i.e. interviews of formerly bussed pupils sharing their recollections some decades later. An analysis is provided of their broad sociological profile and how this may impact their memories of bussing. Then, various pragmatic elements about the bussing routine are studied, as well as the way racism in the dispersal schools was an unchallenged norm. Just as importantly, bussing’s effect was in fact to segregate rather than to integrate children in various kinds of ways. The fieldwork also illustrates sometimes the way individual children or families managed to circumvent certain demands through their seeming compliance and calculated conformity. Lastly, some exceptions to how negative bussing was are studied, as well as the way bussing ‘toughened up’, with hindsight, many of the interviewees themselves.
Race and riots in Thatcher's Britain
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

In 1980–1, anti-police collective violence spread across England. This was the earliest confrontation between the state and members of the British public during Thatcher’s divisive government. This powerful and original book locates these disturbances within a longer struggle against racism and disadvantage faced by black Britons, which had seen a growth in more militant forms of resistance since World War II. In this first full-length historical study of 1980–1, three case studies – of Bristol, Brixton, and Manchester – emphasise the importance of local factors and the wider situation, concluding that these events should be viewed as ‘collective bargaining by riot’ – as a tool attempting increased political inclusion for marginalised black Britons. Focussing on the political activities of black Britons themselves, it explores the actions of community organisations in the aftermath of disorders to highlight dichotomous valuations of state mechanisms. A key focus is public inquiries, which were contrastingly viewed by black Britons as either a governmental diversionary tactic, or a method of legitimising their inclusion with the British constitutional system. Through study of a wide range of newly-available archives, interviews, understudied local sources, and records of grassroots black political organisations, this work expands understandings of protest movements and community activism in modern democracies while highlighting the often-problematic reliance upon ‘official’ sources when forming historical narratives. Of interest to researchers of race, ethnicity, and migration history, as well as modern British political and social history more generally, its interdisciplinary nature will also appeal to wider fields, including sociology, political sciences, and criminology.
‘No other way to make their points of view known’? St Pauls, Bristol, 2 April 1980
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the disturbance occurring in the St Pauls area of Bristol on 2 April 1980; examining the response to and impact of this disturbance, this chapter considers a number of aspects through study of local and national records, media representations, and interviews with participants. Firstly, it observes previously poor police/community relations in the area, including numerous accusations of police misconduct and growing concern regarding their tactics. It subsequently examines the police action that ignited disorder – a raid on a local café popular with black locals – and resulting disturbance, which saw the police withdraw from the area for nearly four hours, prompting widespread fears of the emergence of police ‘no-go’ areas and a movement towards ‘hard’ policing tactics. The chapter ends by examining how news of the disturbance spread, initially within the city and later elsewhere, concluding that its influence on subsequent disturbances is undeniable.
Escalation: Brixton, 10–12 April 1981
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

Study of recently-released records of Lord Scarman’s public inquiry into events and grassroots political organisations allows this chapter to chart Brixton’s history of troubled police/community relations and the impact that perspectives of this poor relationship itself had upon deployed officers in the area, who often depicted local people purely as criminals. Examining attempted formal police/community liaison prior to the disturbances, which broke down due to tensions regarding policing attitudes and tactics, the chapter notes how provocative police actions and the detrimental effect of saturation-policing operations, further to the influence of events elsewhere, led to the most well-known outbreak of disorder in 1980–1. Continuing analysis into the disturbances themselves, the key events are charted, noting the impact of rumours on events in spreading and maintaining anti-police discontent, and the media in spreading news of disorder nationwide.
A ‘conspicuous success’? Policing Liverpool and Manchester in July 1981
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines some key policing developments of the 1980–1 disorders, focussing upon Toxteth, Liverpool and Moss Side, Manchester through interviews and original local records. Reaction to previous disturbances strengthened police tactics and riot control equipment, with this transformation demonstrated by the first use of CS gas within mainland Britain and suggestions of arming the police or mobilising the army; radical black groups even alleged the police instigated the July disorders to justify enhanced equipment and ‘stronger’ police tactics. In Moss Side, during a contentious meeting between local community organisations and the police, apparent advances in the police/community relationship were alleged to have actually been a ploy to justify a forceful police response to disorder, employing tactics modelled upon Northern Ireland examples – including using police vehicles to disperse crowds, and ‘snatch squads’ targeting influential participants. Authorities again framed disturbances around law and order, rather than addressing broader issues of racism, discrimination, or their economic and social policies; Manchester Chief Constable James Anderton’s actions were described by the government as a ‘conspicuous success’, but did little to improve poor police/black relations at the heart of spreading disturbances.
Food for all? Critically evaluating the role of the Incredible Edible movement in the UK
Authors: Hardman Michael , Adams Mags , Barker Melissa , Beesley Luke
Published: September 2019

With the concept of Urban Agriculture (UA) growing in popularity, more cities and towns are exploring opportunities to enable the practice and transform neglected spaces into havens for produce. This chapter provides an insight into one such town, Todmorden and its Incredible Edible movement, located in the heart of England. This chapter adopts a qualitative approach to critically exploring the IET movement and to understand its impact on Todmorden. We engaged with key actors and the public in order to ascertain views towards the schemes, analysing the positives and negatives of the model. Findings revealed that the scheme has an overwhelmingly positive impact on the town, with social, environmental and economic benefits. Furthermore, it was made clear that IET is helping to create a more just food movement in Todmorden, particularly through its free for all philosophy. However, some negatives were also highlighted during the course of the research, predominately around maintenance issues and a lack of perceived inclusivity in parts. Overall, the scheme was highly valued and seen as a powerful method for growing the wider UA movement; recommendations centred on further replicating the model and helping local food to prosper in similar locations globally.
The genesis of international mass migration
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

Very large numbers of people began to depart the British Isles for the New Worlds after about 1770. This was a pioneering movement, a rehearsal for modern international migration. This book contends that emigration history is not seamless, that it contains large shifts over time and place, and that the modern scale and velocity of mobility have very particular historical roots. The Isle of Man is an ideal starting point in the quest for the engines and mechanisms of emigration, and a particular version of the widespread surge in British emigration in the 1820s. West Sussex was much closer to the centres of the expansionary economy in the new age. North America was the earliest and the greatest theatre of oceanic emigration in which the methods of mass migration were pioneered. Landlocked Shropshire experienced some of the earliest phases of British industrialisation, notably in the Ironbridge/Coalbrookdale district, deep inland on the River Severn. The turmoil in the agrarian and demographic foundations of life reached across the British archipelago. In West Cork and North Tipperary, there was clear evidence of the great structural changes that shook the foundations of these rural societies. The book also discusses the sequences and effects of migration in Wales, Swaledale, Cornwall, Kent, London, and Scottish Highlands. It also deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The common historical understanding is that the pre-industrial population of the British Isles had been held back by Malthusian checks.
Migration in Shropshire and the English Midlands
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

Shropshire and the English Midlands provide instructive examples of mobility induced by rapid economic and demographic change, redistributing and dislocating its population in certain key districts. Precocious industrialisation came to Shropshire by the 1770s and performed its dynamic and disruptive functions in classic but localised form. In adjacent Staffordshire there were parallel developments, though the course of industrialisation was more comprehensive and cumulative than in Shropshire. Farmers and the rural community in Shropshire had faced turbulent times as parts of the county experienced the impact of industrial growth and then relative decline. Contemporary perceptions emphasised the common reluctance of rural folk to migrate, and still more to emigrate. Highley was a middling rural parish losing a large proportion of its people, mostly young folk, who migrated short distances; they were predominantly male, and followed the decline of agriculture and its reduced use of labour.
A general view of the origins of modern emigration and the British case
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

By the 1880s, emigration to North America was rapidly exceeding the entire rural exodus in England and Wales and ‘the reserves of potential migration in the rural areas were much reduced’. By then most British emigrants were urban people. In the British case there is a crucial question about the extent of internal mobility in the home context, studied most influentially by Clark and Souden. The campsites, despite their diversity, align in the conditions favourable to migration and emigration, and therefore encourage broader explanations of the British discontinuity. In terms of the structural underpinnings of population mobility and its eventual expression in actual emigration, there are long lines of causation as well as matters of contingency in the story. In the end the rural sector expanded positively and unprecedentedly, to the demands generated by the essential needs of the expanded and industrialising population of the country.
Camera, mind and eye
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that written and spoken language do not accurately convey how we actually think, or even how language presents itself in our minds. The ways images are organised in films also fail to represent accurately how we see and how we process mental images. The conventions of language and film are partly responsible for this, but the author argues that it is sometimes possible for individual artists to break the rules, bringing films closer to portraying the realities of conscious experience. For example, filmmakers such as Flaherty, Godard, and Hitchcock are able to construct new and distinctive ways of looking at the world. Referring to the work of the anthropologist and filmmaker Ivo Strecker and art critic Norman Bryson, the chapter closes with a discussion of the uses of the short and long take in nonfiction cinema, comparing these with the glance and the gaze in human perception.
Environments of childhood
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

Taking the problem of filming children’s lives as a focus, this chapter explores how environments in cinema both condition and reflect the inner life of the film subject, citing films by Rossellini, De Sica, Ozu, Antonioni, and several documentary filmmakers. For the author, the experiences of filming children at a school and at a juvenile detention centre in India raised important questions about the relation of physical and social environments to an individual’s consciousness, and how this could be conveyed by cinematic means. One solution was to focus specifically on the concrete objects and surroundings that shaped the children’s perceptual world. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the difficulties of accurately portraying children’s lives in modern society, caused by parental fears and the increasing idealisation of childhood innocence. All these factors make accurately portraying children’s lives in documentary films more difficult, and may even increase the risks of doing so.
Anthropology and the cinematic imagination
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

The anthropologist George Marcus has written that cinema helped to inspire the use of montage-like juxtapositions in ethnographic texts. In this chapter, the author argues that the emergence of a cinematic imagination, which imagines the world constructed around the viewer, had more effect on anthropological writing than the presence of films themselves. Concern about how the construction of documentary films represents reality also probably preceded similar concerns by anthropologists about the writing of anthropological texts. In the 19th and early 20th century, anthropologists conceived of images as a source of knowledge, but this waned as they turned to less visible aspects of culture. Interest in visual anthropology only revived after the Second World War with the work of Jean Rouch and John Marshall, the first of whom pioneered a form of intense, immersive cinema, and the second who employed filming and editing strategies that placed the viewer imaginatively within the three-dimensional field of the scenes filmed. This tended to counteract the perceptual and conceptual ‘flatness’ of earlier representations of culture. Malinowski’s and Evans-Pritchard's writing had contributed to a more immediate and rounded view, but ethnographic cinema confirmed it, making a significant contribution to anthropology as a whole.
Safe as houses
Authors: Hodkinson Stuart
Published: September 2019

As the tragedy of the Grenfell Tower fire has slowly revealed a shadowy background of outsourcing and deregulation, and a council turning a blind eye to health and safety concerns, many questions need answers. Stuart Hodkinson has those answers. Safe as Houses weaves together Stuart’s research over the last decade with residents’ groups in council regeneration projects across London to provide the first comprehensive account of how Grenfell happened and how it could easily have happened in multiple locations across the country. It draws on different examples of unsafe housing either refurbished or built by private companies under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) to show the terrible human consequences of outsourcing and deregulation that have enabled developers, banks, and investors to profiteer from highly lucrative, taxpayer-funded contracts. The book also provides shocking testimonies of how councils and other public bodies have continuously sided with their private partners, doing everything in their power to ignore, deflect, and even silence those who speak out. The book concludes that the only way to end the era of unsafe regeneration and housing provision is to end the disastrous regime of self-regulation for good. This means strengthening safety laws, creating new enforcement agencies independent of government and industry, and replacing PFI and similar models of outsourcing with a new model of public housing that treats the provision of shelter as ‘a social service’ democratically accountable to its residents.
The making of a cornerstone
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 describes the evolution of British general practice between the 1940s and the 1980s, a period during which it took on a role as the ‘cornerstone’ of the NHS. In the years that immediately followed the inception of the NHS in 1948, the field’s status was low and the Collings report of 1950 offered a damning assessment of the care it offered. Gradually however, policy makers placed an increasing focus on the provision of care in community settings rather than the more costly environment of hospitals. In parallel, general practice went through a process of professionalisation and was recognised as a medical specialty. The combined effect of these developments was to consolidate the position of primary care at the heart of the British healthcare system. General practice nevertheless remained a fragmented field, with practitioners enjoying a great deal of professional autonomy. South Asian migrant doctors were key to these developments. General practice remained unpopular with British-trained doctors, so the presence of migrant doctors masked a recruitment crisis which was particularly acute in industrial areas. The fragmented nature of general practice also resulted in them having a significant impact on the nature of care on a day-to-day basis.