bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on coupling and coordinated development of green development of power grid and ecosystem—from the perspective of energy industry chains
Authors: Jin Yanming , Tan Xue , Zhao Qian , Jiang Shixiong , Li Xi , Wang Zhongqing , Xing Mengjie
Published: May 2024

The advancement of green power grid technology, driven by the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the "Double Carbon" objective, is transforming the energy sector and promoting a greener economy. Understanding the link between green power grid development and the ecosystem is crucial. This study establishes an evaluation system to assess their coordination using a model. The analysis shows a progression towards coordinated development since 2006, with green initiatives playing a key role. This evolution highlights green development as a driving force behind power grid progress, rather than a constraint.
Diffusion of ESG Behavior Improvement Strategy for New Energy Enterprises under Weighted Benefit Risk Mechanism ——Based on Complex Network Evolution Game
Authors: Lei Dan , Liu Qin
Published: May 2024

In order to explore the impact of the enterprise's right, responsibility and profit risk mechanism on the enterprise's ESG behavior improvement strategy in the context of carbon emission reduction, this study uses Matlab to build a new energy enterprise cooperation game network model and establish the NW small world initial network. According to the process and result of multi-agent complex network game, this paper analyzes the strategic choice and development factors of ESG behavior in new energy enterprises. It is found that when the awareness of executives increases, the profits of enterprises will increase, but the spread of ESG behavior improvement is not significant; When the competitive intensity of enterprises increases, the profits of enterprises with ESG behavior improvement will decrease, and the diffusion of ESG behavior improvement strategy will be slow. When the price of carbon trading increases, the income of enterprises adopting ESG behavior will increase, but the sensitivity of carbon trading price to the expansion of enterprise network is not significant.
Assessing China's Path to Carbon Neutrality: Analyzing Historical and Projected Electricity-Related Carbon Emissions in the Context of the Dual Carbon Plan
Authors: Xu Xiaorui
Published: May 2024

Carbon emissions have become a hot topic in the energy sector. China has proposed the "Dual Carbon Plan," aiming to peak its carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, whereby carbon emissions will be completely offset or absorbed, resulting in a net zero or negative carbon emission balance. However, China's heavy reliance on coal for electricity generation, coupled with issues of overcapacity and relatively backward technology, not only leads to significant carbon emissions but also poses challenges for a rapid transition to clean energy. This paper analyses historical data on China's total carbon emissions and carbon emissions from electricity generation. Additionally, it predicts future electricity-related carbon emissions based on policy and technological scenarios proposed by existing scholars, discussing the feasibility of achieving the goals set forth in the Dual Carbon Plan.
Research on the whole life cycle energy consumption and pollution emission of new energy vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles based on the perspective of single vehicle currency of the same vehicle model
Authors: Zhu Yelai
Published: May 2024

To construct an evaluation framework based on whole-life energy consumption and pollution emissions, the control variable method is used when selecting vehicles for comparison. By assessing a new energy vehicle (the Audi Q2L e-tron) and a traditional fuel vehicle (the Audi Q2L) of the same model, differences in emission and energy consumption are solely attributed to power forms. Results are monetized to facilitate analysis of the societal benefits of new energy vehicles, reflecting environmental impact in monetary terms. The results of the paper show that although the replacement of traditional fuel vehicles by new energy vehicles can achieve carbon emission reduction and considerable energy savings in the energy cycle, due to the fact that new energy vehicles produce more sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the production phase, the full replacement of traditional fuel vehicles by electric vehicles at this stage will not be able to achieve an improvement in the overall welfare of the society. Therefore, under the current conditions, the improvement of new energy vehicles should start with finding cleaner and more environmentally friendly ways in the manufacturing stage of automobiles, as well as modifying the way of producing electricity.
Carbon emission monitoring method and empirical study of expressway construction period
Authors: Wang Jun , Yu Xuejuan , Hai Xi , Ming Zhu , Yang Yousen
Published: May 2024

In order to improve the ability of carbon emission management in expressway construction, the precision management of carbon emission is realized. In this paper, the construction period carbon emission monitoring method is proposed, the carbon emission monitoring scope is defined, and the carbon emission monitoring content and method are determined. On this basis, taking the Zhangjinggao Yangtze River Bridge project as an example, analyze the monitoring data of construction carbon emissions. The results of the study showed that from July to December, the total carbon emission from construction was 668.30t. Among them, the carbon emissions of electricity, machinery and equipment, labor and construction water accounted for 47.02%, 40.68%, 11.99% and 0.31% of the total carbon emissions, respectively. In addition, the unit time carbon emission of the excavator is 12.12kg/h; The unit time carbon emission of the truck crane is 1.35kg/h.
Research on the calculation method of indirect carbon emissions of enterprises based on market transaction data
Authors: Cong Pengwei , Zhao Zheng , Yu Xue , Sun Qingkai , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Wang Yu
Published: May 2024

Accurate accounting of indirect carbon emissions from electricity is conducive to motivating market entities to proactively and voluntarily reduce emissions, fairly promoting regional emissions reductions, and accelerating the formation of green and low-carbon consumption models. Based on the analysis of the problems faced by China's power carbon emission accounting, this paper considers different transaction types such as market-based electricity consumption, priority power purchase, and power grid agency power purchase, and proposes an indirect carbon emission accounting method for enterprise power sources based on power transaction data. The effectiveness of the proposed model and method is verified through case calculations for high-energy-consuming enterprises. The method proposed in this article can accurately describe the power consumption structure of enterprises and effectively encourage market entities to proactively and voluntarily reduce emissions.
Assessment of Pozzolanic Reactivity for Calcined Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA) using Strength Activity Index (SAI), Frattini Test and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Authors: Lim Chung Han , Anwar Syaza Syazvina
Published: May 2024

This research briefly investigates and compares three different and distinct methods of assessing the pozzolanic reactivity of a cementitious replacement material, Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA). SBEA is waste by-product of the edible oils refining industry and has some pozzolanic properties that could possibly be enhanced through calcination. Many methods have been developed to assess the reactivity of pozzolans and three of the most common ones were employed in this research; namely the Strength Activity Index (SAI), Frattini Test and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. These three methods were chosen as they measured reactivity based on fundamentally different methods; the SAI method relies on the mechanical strength of mortar cubes, XRD based it on the morphology of the material whilst the Frattini test looks into consumption of artificially-introduced calcium hydroxide by the pozzolan. This investigation allows correlation to be drawn between the three methods and at the same time, the effectiveness of calcination on SBEA can also be evaluated. The calcined SBEA was obtained through a 700°C heating process in the furnace at the for 4 hours. Both the SAI and Frattini tests were in good agreement and showed that the calcined SBEA consistently under-performed compared to uncalcined SBEA at both testing ages. This was, however, disputed by the XRD result which showed that SBEA benefitted from the calcination process as it lost over 7 % in crystallinity, hence making it more reactive. This outcome tells us that the selection of testing methods for pozzolanic reactivity must be done carefully and ideally several methods be used concurrently in order to correlate the results.
Ionic liquid coating for charge mitigation of solar modules in space: Electron microscopy on insulating nanosphere lithography patterned surfaces
Authors: Wendt Mirco , Dorn Franziska , Lange Regina , Ludwig Ralf , Berdermann Jens , Barke Ingo , Speller Sylvia
Published: May 2024

Surfaces of satellites and spacecraft are exposed to high energy charged particles from the solar wind, especially during space weather events. This can lead to differential charging, which is a common reason for hardware degradation and sensor errors. Solutions like coatings are required to avoid excessive cost and weight. Mimicking the electron part of space-like environments in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chambers can be achieved by using electrons emitted by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a performance test for the discharge capabilities we use the quality of electron microscopy images on otherwise insulating substrates such as glass, structured by nanosphere lithography and coated with an ionic liquid (IL). Additionally, the surface potential was measured by Kelvin Probe Force Spectroscopy. The IL film (BMP DCA) was applied ex-situ and a thickness of 12.8 (±0.8) nm was determined by reflectometry and confirmed by dynamic atomic force microscopy. Such a film of ionic liquid would lead to an additional mass of below 20 mg and negligible additional material costs. The light absorption and influence of ionic liquid coatings on the current output of an actual solar cell were investigated. The results indicate, that these coatings are promising candidates for surface charge mitigation with a high potential for application.
Iodine(III)-Mediated Ring-Contraction Reactions Using Halogenated and Non-halogenated Solvents
Authors: Khan Ajmir , Nishan Umar , Badshah Amir , Ullah Riaz , Ali Essam A.
Published: May 2024

The transformation of a six-membered ring into the corresponding five-membered product is an important synthetic approach used in medicinal chemistry and industrial technologies. However, the yield of the product obtained through a simple one-step reaction is lower in some reported solvent systems. Here, we present the ring contraction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene derivatives into the corresponding indanes­ using an environmentally friendly reagent hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB). This transformation is achieved in both non-halogenated and halogenated solvents. We show that the halogenated solvent system not only increased the yield of the anticipated product but also reduced the formation of by-products. This study delivers an important development regarding the effectiveness of hypervalent iodine reagents in halogenated and non-halogenated solvents for ring-contraction reactions.
Colossal superconducting spin-valve effect in superconductor-non-magnetic metal heterostructure mediated by spin–orbit coupling
Authors: Paschoa Anderson , Gonzalez Jorge L. , Checca-Huaman Noemi-Raquel , P. Nascimento Valberto , C. Passamani Edson
Published: May 2024

Nb/Pt and Nb/Cu nanohybrids were sputtered on Si(100) substrate and systematically studied by transmission electron microscopy and magneto-transport measurements. Our experimental findings show that the colossal spin-valve effect measured in a hybrid formed by thick Pt layers deposited on Nb films is absent in equivalent Nb/Cu nanohybrids. In the latter, an ordinary spin-valve effect was experimentally measured and numerically quantified using the superconducting anisotropic phenomenon based on the Ginzburg–Landau model. The unusual enhancement of the spin-valve effect is explained considering the formation of odd-frequency triplet states of Cooper pairs at the Nb/Pt interface induced by the spin–orbit coupling of the Pt component. In a broad perspective, this study strongly evidences the role that the spin–orbit interaction can play for controlling the spin state of Cooper pairs at interfaces of superconductor-based hybrids in the absence of ferromagnetic materials.
Bandgap modulations and promoted carrier separation in crystalline g-C3N4 thin films via chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Du Ying , Nie Kaiqi , Wang Weichao , Sa Na , Yang Renqi , Wu Meng , Wang Hui-Qiong , Kang Junyong
Published: May 2024

The preparation of high-quality graphite-like phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) films is challenging, which limits the potential optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications. Here, we report the growth of crystalline g-C3N4 films with thicknesses of approximately 100–200 nm on the indium tin oxide substrates by chemical vapor deposition. The films show high crystalline quality and uniformity as suggested by the appearance of interference fringes in the transmission spectra and the existence of exciton peak. The optimized growth conditions for high-quality g-C3N4 films deposition have been obtained through combined optical characterizations and detailed electronic structure analyses using x-ray spectroscopies. The as-grown g-C3N4 films exhibit a bandgap value of 3.05 eV as well as an enhanced fluorescence lifetime of ∼12.43 ns. By adding thiourea to the melamine precursors, N vacancies have been formed in the main heptazine structure, achieving the modulation of the bandgap and the promoted carrier separation. This work provides guidelines for understanding the property–structure relationships during g-C3N4 film deposition. The deposition of high crystallinity g-C3N4 films therein further extends the applications in the fields of optoelectronic and photocatalytic devices.
Unraveling the excited-state vibrational cooling dynamics of chlorophyll-a using femtosecond broadband fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Heyuan , Ruan Meixia , Mao Pengcheng , Wang Zhuan , Chen Hailong , Weng Yuxiang
Published: May 2024

Understanding the dynamics of excited-state vibrational energy relaxation in photosynthetic pigments is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying energy transfer processes in light-harvesting complexes. Utilizing advanced femtosecond broadband transient fluorescence (TF) spectroscopy, we explored the excited-state vibrational dynamics of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) both in solution and within the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII). We discovered a vibrational cooling (VC) process occurring over ∼6 ps in Chl-a in ethanol solution following Soret band excitation, marked by a notable ultrafast TF blueshift and spectral narrowing. This VC process, crucial for regulating the vibronic lifetimes, was further elucidated through the direct observation of the population dynamics of higher vibrational states within the Qy electronic state. Notably, Chl-a within LHCII demonstrated significantly faster VC dynamics, unfolding within a few hundred femtoseconds and aligning with the ultrafast energy transfer processes observed within the complex. Our findings shed light on the complex interaction between electronic and vibrational states in photosynthetic pigments, underscoring the pivotal role of vibrational dynamics in enabling efficient energy transfer within light-harvesting complexes.
Nuclear quantum effects on the vibrational dynamics of the water–air interface
Authors: Ojha Deepak , Henao Andrés , Zysk Frederik , Kühne Thomas D.
Published: May 2024

We have applied path-integral molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of nuclear quantum effects on the vibrational dynamics of water molecules at the water–air interface. The instantaneous fluctuations in the frequencies of the O–H stretch modes are calculated using the wavelet method of time series analysis, while the time scales of vibrational spectral diffusion are determined from frequency-time correlation functions and joint probability distributions. We find that the inclusion of nuclear quantum effects leads not only to a redshift in the vibrational frequency distribution by about 120 cm−1 for both the bulk and interfacial water molecules but also to an acceleration of the vibrational dynamics at the water–air interface by as much as 35%. In addition, a blueshift of about 45 cm−1 is seen in the vibrational frequency distribution of interfacial water molecules compared to that of the bulk. Furthermore, the dynamics of water molecules beyond the topmost molecular layer was found to be rather similar to that of bulk water.
Tuning effect of Cu doping on martensitic transformation and magnetic and mechanical properties of Heusler alloy Mn50Ni40In10−xCux (x = 0–10) ribbons
Authors: Li Jianqiang , Li Haoze , Jiang Xiangxiang , Liu Heyan , Luo Hongzhi , Meng Fanbin
Published: May 2024

Single-phase Mn50Ni40In10−xCux (x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) Heusler alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning method. Martensitic transformation is retained within the whole composition range studied. The substitution of Cu for In leads to a drastic increase in the martensitic transformation temperature TM from below room temperature to above 750 K, and enhances the antiferromagnetic character of the martensite. The increase in TM is related to the increasing electron concentration e/a and decreasing cell volume V with Cu doping. The energy difference between martensite and austenite also increases with Cu doping, which tends to elevate the TM. Cu doping can enhance the metallic bonding character in NiMn-based magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) and is a grain refining strategy of their ribbons. The oriented columnar grains in In-rich samples change to fine equiaxial grains in Cu-rich samples. All this has a positive effect on the strength and ductility. The tensile strength of the Mn50Ni40Cu10 ribbon is 3.6 times higher than that of Mn50Ni40In6Cu4. So, Mn–Ni–Cu can be a promising all-d-metal Heusler alloy platform for developing MSMAs with interesting properties.
Effect of temperature on polaronic transport in CeO2 thin-film
Authors: Paul Mousri , Karmakar Sabyasachi , Tripathi Shilpa , Jha S. N. , Satpati Biswarup , Chakraborty Supratic
Published: May 2024

The outstanding catalytic property of cerium oxide (CeO2) strongly depends on the polaron formation due to the oxygen vacancy (V̈O) defect and Ce4+ to Ce3+ transformation. Temperature plays an important role in the case of polaron generation in CeO2 and highly influences its electrical transport properties. Therefore, a much needed attention is required for detailed understanding of the effect of temperature on polaron formation and oxygen vacancy migration to get an idea about the improvement in the redox property of ceria. In this work, we have probed the generation of polarons in CeO2 thin-film deposited on a silicon (Si) substrate using the resonance photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) study. The RPES data show an increase in polaron density at the substrate–film interface of the thermally annealed film, indicating the formation of an interfacial Ce2O3 layer, which is, indeed, a phase change from the cubic to hexagonal structure. This leads to a modified electronic band structure, which has an impact on the capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics. This result nicely correlates the microscopic property of polarons and the macroscopic transport property of ceria.
Development of an x-ray polarimeter at the SOLEIL synchrotron
Authors: Manzanillas L. , Ablett J. M. , Choukroun M. , Iguaz F. J. , Rueff J.-P.
Published: May 2024

Synchrotron radiation facilities provide highly polarized x-ray beams across a wide energy range. However, the exact type and degree of polarization vary according to the beamline and experimental setup. To accurately determine the angle and degree of linear polarization, a portable x-ray polarimeter has been developed. This setup consists of a silicon drift detector that rotates around a target made of high-density polyethylene. The imprint generated in the angular distribution of scattered photons from the target at a 90-degree angle between the incident x-rays and detector has been exploited to determine the beam polarization. Measurements were conducted at the GALAXIES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. The expected angular distribution of the scattered photons for a given beam polarization was obtained through simulations using the Geant4 simulation toolkit. An excellent agreement between simulations and the collected data has been obtained, validating the setup and enabling a precise determination of the beam polarization.
Strong coupling-induced frequency shifts of highly detuned photonic modes in multimode cavities
Authors: Thomas Philip A. , Barnes William L.
Published: May 2024

Strong coupling between light and molecules is a fascinating topic exploring the implications of the hybridization of photonic and molecular states. For example, many recent experiments have explored the possibility that strong coupling of photonic and vibrational modes might modify chemical reaction rates. In these experiments, reactants are introduced into a planar cavity, and the vibrational mode of a chemical bond strongly couples to one of the many photonic modes supported by the cavity. Some experiments quantify reaction rates by tracking the spectral shift of higher-order cavity modes that are highly detuned from the vibrational mode of the reactant. Here, we show that the spectral position of these cavity modes, even though they are highly detuned, can still be influenced by strong coupling. We highlight the need to consider this strong coupling-induced frequency shift of cavity modes if one is to avoid underestimating cavity-induced reaction rate changes. We anticipate that our work will assist in the re-analysis of several high-profile results and has implications for the design of future strong coupling experiments.
Three-dimensional diagnosis of lean premixed turbulent swirl flames using tomographic background oriented Schlieren
Authors: Li Jiawei , Xiong Yuan , Tang Yihao , Han Wang , Pan Chong , Wang Jinjun
Published: May 2024

The necessity of minimizing NOx emissions drives the pursuit of ultra-lean premixed combustion in aeroengines and gas turbines, characterized by susceptibility to combustion instabilities. To tackle this issue, swirling flow design is widely incorporated into lean premixed combustor design, enhancing flame stability, and shortening flame length. This study utilizes the tomographic background-oriented Schlieren (TBOS) to reconstruct the spatial distribution of the refractive index gradient of lean premixed turbulent swirl flames with an aeroengine combustor configuration. A parametric study of the TBOS reconstruction quality is conducted, and the results reveal that view sparseness primarily degrades the reconstruction quality compared to the specific iterative algorithm used. The classic visual hull approach is explored to address this challenge, highlighting the significance of visual hull size. Furthermore, to improve the reconstruction quality, a posterior support constraint method is proposed, involving the removal of voxels of nearly constant refractive index within the central volume surrounded by flames. Results demonstrate that implementing this posterior support constraint further improves the reconstruction quality of lean premixed turbulent swirl flames. Finally, the robustness of this posterior support constraint method is validated by introducing high-level noise to the light deflection data, showcasing the potential of combining the dedicated designed visual hull and proposed posterior support constraint in addressing the view sparseness challenge for TBOS measurements.
The design and analysis of a novel multistage depressed collector for gyro-TWT
Authors: Zhou Jianwei , Jiang Wei , Lu Chaoxuan , Liu Guo , Wu Zewei , Wang Minxing , Yan Ran , Wang Jianxun , Luo Yong , Wang Tieyang , Song Fangfang
Published: May 2024

A novel method of spatial separation of electrons with different initial energies in the helical electron beams of gyro-traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT), configured by two orthogonal external transverse magnetic fields, is presented. To demonstrate the method, an advanced asymmetric two-stage depressed collector has been designed. The structure of the collector and the electronic classification method are analyzed in detail in this article. The simulation shows that the application of this method can realize electronic classification effectively. The overall efficiency of the gyro-TWT improved from 32.6% to 55.7% and increased by 70.8%. The maximum power dissipation and the maximum thermal loading on the electrode were 2.12 kW/cm2 and 299 °C, respectively. The secondary electron analysis shows that the rectangular groove on the electrode surface can effectively suppress the influence of secondary electrons on the collector's efficiency.
Alignment of ND3 molecules in dc-electric fields
Authors: Le Duc Viet , Zou Junwen , Osterwalder Andreas
Published: May 2024

The control of movement and orientation of gas-phase molecules has become the focus of many research areas in molecular physics. Here, ND3 molecules are polarized in a segmented, curved electrostatic guide and adiabatically aligned inside a rotatable mass spectrometer (MS). Alignment is probed by photoionization using a linearly polarized laser. Rotation of the polarization at fixed MS orientation has the same effect as the rotation of the MS at fixed polarization, proving that the molecular alignment adiabatically follows the MS axis. Polarization-dependent ion signals reveal state-specific populations and allow for a quantification of the aligned sample in the space-fixed reference frame.
Footprints in an urban array model under multiple wind directions: A wind tunnel experiment investigation
Authors: Jia Hongyuan , Wang Xiang , Kikumoto Hideki
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the footprint distributions at various measurement positions in an urban array model, considering two incident wind directions, 22.5° and 45°, by a wind tunnel experiment. The airflow velocity and tracer concentration are simultaneously measured by an X-probe hot wire anemometer and a flame ionization detector, respectively, to assess the vertical flux of tracer gas. The experiment findings reveal a unified relationship between footprint distributions and measurement heights, as well as pronounced heterogeneity in footprints across horizontal positions in the urban model. The concentration footprints in both wind directions exhibit local patterns, primarily influenced by the local canopy vortex between buildings, and global patterns, arising from the large-scale building configuration within the urban model. Notably, the local pattern demonstrates a significant spanwise tilt in the 22.5° case and wave-like propagation along the streamwise direction in the 45° case, while the global pattern, characterized by contour lines developing along rows of blocks, remains consistent across both scenarios. Moreover, the flux footprint has constrained source areas compared to the concentration footprint, with its peak coinciding with areas exhibiting local patterns, where turbulent flux contribution exceeds 70%. These findings emphasize the importance of predicting the dispersion driven by local canopy vortex in the numerical modeling of urban footprint applications.
TET2–STAT3–CXCL5 nexus promotes neutrophil lipid transfer to fuel lung adeno-to-squamous transition
Authors: Xue Yun , Chen Yuting , Sun Sijia , Tong Xinyuan , Chen Yujia , Tang Shijie , Wang Xue , Bi Simin , Qiu Yuqin , Zhao Qiqi , Qin Zhen , Xu Qin , Ai Yingjie , Chen Leilei , Zhang Beizhen , Liu Zhijie , Ji Minbiao , Lang Meidong , Chen Luonan , Xu Guoliang , Hu Liang , Ye Dan , Ji Hongbin
Published: May 2024

Phenotypic plasticity is a rising cancer hallmark, and lung adeno-to-squamous transition (AST) triggered by LKB1 inactivation is significantly associated with drug resistance. Mechanistic insights into AST are urgently needed to identify therapeutic vulnerability in LKB1-deficient lung cancer. Here, we find that ten-eleven translocation (TET)–mediated DNA demethylation is elevated during AST in KrasLSL-G12D/+; Lkb1L/L (KL) mice, and knockout of individual Tet genes reveals that Tet2 is required for squamous transition. TET2 promotes neutrophil infiltration through STAT3-mediated CXCL5 expression. Targeting the STAT3–CXCL5 nexus effectively inhibits squamous transition through reducing neutrophil infiltration. Interestingly, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils are laden with triglycerides and can transfer the lipid to tumor cells to promote cell proliferation and squamous transition. Pharmacological inhibition of macropinocytosis dramatically inhibits neutrophil-to–cancer cell lipid transfer and blocks squamous transition. These data uncover an epigenetic mechanism orchestrating phenotypic plasticity through regulating immune microenvironment and metabolic communication, and identify therapeutic strategies to inhibit AST.
Thermopower and resistivity of the topological insulator Bi2Te3 in the amorphous and crystalline phase
Authors: Osmic E , Barzola-Quiquia J , Winnerl S , Böhlmann W , Häussler P
Published: May 2024

We have, in-situ, prepared and measured the temperature dependence of thermopower S(T) and resistance R(T) of Bi2Te3 topological insulator (TI) thin films in the amorphous and crystalline phase. Samples were prepared by sequential flash-evaporation at liquid 4He temperature. The S(T) in the amorphous phase is negative and much larger compared to other known amorphous materials, while in the crystalline phase it is also negative and behaves linearly with the temperature. The resistivity

ρ
(
T
)

in the amorphous phase shows a semiconducting like behavior that changes to a linear metallic behavior after crystallization. S(T) an

ρ
(
T
)

results in the crystalline phase are in good agreement with results obtained both in bulk and thin films reported in the literature. Linear behavior of the

ρ
(
T
)

for T > 15 K indicates the typical metallic contribution from the surface states as observed in other TI novel materials. The low temperature conductivity T < 10 K exhibits logarithmic temperature dependent positive slope κ ≈ 0.21, indicating the dominance of electron-electron interaction (EEI) over the quantum interference effect, with a clear two dimensional nature of the contribution. Raman spectroscopy showed that the sample has crystallized in the trigonal

R

3
―

m

space group. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy reveales high homogeneity in the concentration and no magnetic impurities introduced during preparation or growth.
Predicting photovoltaic parameters of perovskite solar cells using machine learning
Authors: Hui Zhan , Wang Min , Chen Jialu , Yin Xiang , Yue Yunliang , Lu Jing
Published: May 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention owing to their highly power conversion efficiency (PCE) and cost-effectiveness. Traditionally, screening for PSCs with superior photovoltaic parameters relies on resource-intensive trial-and-error experiments. Nowadays, time-saving machine learning (ML) techniques serve as an artificial intelligence approach to expedite the prediction of photovoltaic parameters using accumulated research datasets. In this study, we employ seven supervised ML methods to forecast key photovoltaic parameters for PSCs such as PCE, short-circuit current density (J
sc), open-circuit voltage (V
oc), and fill factor (FF). Particularly, we design an artificial neural network (ANN) architecture that incorporates residual connectivity and layer normalization after the linear layers to enhance the scope and adaptability of the network. For PCE and J
sc, ANN demonstrates superior prediction accuracy, yielding root mean square errors of 2.632% and 2.244 mA cm−2, respectively. The Random Forest (RF) model exhibits exceptional prediction performance for V
oc and FF. Additionally, an interpretability analysis of the model is conducted to elucidate the impact of features on PCE prediction, offering a novel approach for accurate and interpretable ML methods in the context of PSCs.
Cryogenic platform to investigate strong microwave cavity-spin coupling in correlated magnetic materials
Authors: Jones Aulden K , Mourigal Martin , Mounce Andrew M , Lilly Michael P
Published: May 2024

We present a comprehensive exploration of loop-gap resonators for electron spin resonance (ESR) studies, enabling investigations into the hybridization of solid-state magnetic materials with microwave polariton modes. The experimental setup, implemented in aPhysical Property Measurement Systemby Quantum Design, allows for measurements of ESR spectra at temperatures as low as 2 Kelvin. The versatility of continuous wave ESR spectroscopy is demonstrated through experiments on CuSO4⋅5H2O and MgCr2O4, showcasing the g-tensor and magnetic susceptibilities of these materials. The study delves into the challenges of fitting spectra under strong hybridization conditions and underscores the significance of proper calibration and stabilization. The detailed guide provided serves as a valuable resource for laboratories interested in exploring hybrid quantum systems through microwave resonators.
Bio-inspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Salsola imbricata and its application as antibacterial additive in glass ionomer cement
Authors: Siddiqui Anosha , Gul Anum , Khan Hanzala , Anjum Fatima , Hussain Tabassum
Published: May 2024

Nanotechnology has gained immense popularity and observed rapid development due to the remarkable physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) and related nanomaterials. The green production of NPs has many benefits over traditional techniques because the current procedures are expensive, time-consuming, and involve harmful substances that limit their applicability. This study aimed to use a novel green source, the Salsola imbricata (SI) plant, which is commonly found in Central Asia and known for its medicinal properties as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. The current study also utilized efficient statistical design, the Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) of Experiment method to synthesize the NPs. The characterization of NPs was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PBD results showed that only two out of four factors i.e. AgNO3 concentration and incubation time, were significant for the synthesis of SI-AgNPs. While remaining factors, incubation temperature and plant extract: AgNO3 ratio were non-significant. The SEM analysis result showed that SI-AgNPs had a size of 20–50 nm. The SI-AgNPs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, with the highest efficacy observed at a concentration of 2 mg ml−1. The addition of SI-AgNPs in glass ionomer cement significantly increased the antibacterial activity of GIC against S. mutans. Based on the results of the current study, the plant based AgNPs can be further evaluated in detail as alternate antimicrobial agent either alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents for different dental applications.
Abelian covers of hyperbolic surfaces: equidistribution of spectra and infinite volume mixing asymptotics for horocycle flows
Authors: Flaminio Livio , Ravotti Davide
Published: May 2024

We consider Abelian covers of compact hyperbolic surfaces. We establish an asymptotic expansion of the correlations for the horocycle flow on

Z

d

-covers, thus proving a strong form of Krickeberg mixing. We also prove that the spectral measures around 0 of the Casimir operators on any increasing sequence of finite Abelian covers converge weakly to an absolutely continuous measure.
Recent advances and prospects for a GaN-based hybrid type ultraviolet photodetector
Authors: Zhang Jiaxin , Deng Liqiong , Xia Shihong , Guo Chenyu , Liu Kunzi , Chen Li , Liu Wei , Xiao Hui , Yang Zhenhai , Guo Wei , Ye Jichun
Published: May 2024

Solid-state ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) have received significant attention due to their advantages of small size, absence of external cooling, high selectivity and the ability to utilize the energy band structure semiconductor materials to achieve detection across various wavelengths. III-nitride thin films, as typical wide bandgap semiconductors with mature n-type and p-type doping capabilities, are ideal candidates for solid-state UV-PDs. However, a combination of III-nitride and other wide bandgap materials can either enrich the functionality of devices such as spectrum-selective and broadband UV detectionor offer opportunities to enhance device performance, including high photoresponsivity, high external quantum efficiency, low dark current and fast response time. This topical review focuses on giving a thorough review of the III-nitride-based hybrid-type UV PDs, their recent progress and future prospects. We highlight the different optical and electrical properties of various materials including GaN, Ga2O3, ZnO, perovskite, etc. By carefully choosing the materials on both sides of the heterojunction and modulating the thickness and Fermi levels and corresponding layers, p–i–n, Schottky or metal–semiconductor–metal-type PDs were successfully fabricated. They displayed outstanding device performance and novel spectral-selective properties. The advantages for future development of these hybrid-type PDs will be discussed, such as inherently formed p–n junction with large depletion regions at the interface of two different materials and capability of bandgap engineering to tune the band offset between the conduction and valence bands, thus enabling large barrier height for one type of carrier without influencing the other. The drawbacks of hybrid-type UV-PD due to poor interface quality and challenges in forming electrical contact in nanostructured hybrid UV-PD will also be discussed.
Isothermal aging treatment and its effect on the mechanical properties of Fe-Cr-Mn high-nitrogen austenitic steel
Authors: Ararat Özge , Erişir Ersoy
Published: May 2024

The high-temperature solution nitriding process is a suitable treatment for producing high-nitrogen steels by the diffusion of nitrogen from the surface to the center of steels under high nitrogen pressure at high temperatures. On the other hand, long-term solution nitriding at high temperatures can cause the formation of coarse-grained austenite. This study focused on the grain size, strength, and elongation properties of Fe-Cr-Mn high-nitrogen austenitic steels by isothermal aging. For this purpose, we produced high-nitrogen steels by three-step phase transformations: (i) high-temperature solution nitriding, (ii) isothermal aging, and (iii) reaustenitization. After solution nitriding, high-nitrogen austenitic steel was treated with isothermal aging to induce austenite decomposition. Supersaturated austenite (ϒ) transformed to less nitrogen-saturated austenite (ϒ′) and discontinuous cellular precipitation (DCP) during the isothermal aging treatment. Subsequently, the decomposed structure was reversed into austenite through reaustenitization. The results suggested that austenite grain refinement and increasing hardness were achieved by nucleating reversed austenite grains after reaustenitization treatment. On the other hand, a noticeable increase in elongation appeared after reaustenitization treatment for 30 min.
All inkjet-printed organic solar cells on 3D objects
Authors: Steinberger Marc , Distler Andreas , Hörber Johannes , Tam Kai Cheong , Brabec Christoph J , Egelhaaf Hans-Joachim
Published: May 2024

Drop-on-demand inkjet printing is a promising and commercially relevant technology for producing organic electronic devices of arbitrary shape on a wide variety of different substrates. In this work we transfer the inkjet printing process of organic photovoltaic devices from 2D to 3D substrates, using a 5-axis robot system equipped with a multi-nozzle inkjet printing unit. We present a ready-to-use 3D printing system for industrial application, using a 5-axis motion system controlled by commercial 3D motion software, combined with a commonly used multi-nozzle inkjet print head controlled by the corresponding printing software. The very first time inkjet-printed solar cells on glass/ITO with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 7% are realized on a 3D object with surfaces tilted by angles of up to 60° against the horizontal direction. Undesired ink flow during deposition of the inkjet-printed layers was avoided by proper ink formulation. In order to be able to print organic (opto-)electronic devices also on substrates without sputtered indium tin oxide bottom electrode, the bottom electrode was inkjet-printed from silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink, resulting in the first all inkjet-printed (i.e. including bottom electrode) solar cell on a 3D object ever with a record PCE of 2.5%. This work paves the way for functionalizing even complex objects, such as cars, mobile phones, or ‘Internet of Things’ applications with inkjet-printed (opto-)electronic devices.
Overlapping top gate electrodes based on low temperature atomic layer deposition for nanoscale ambipolar lateral junctions
Authors: Fuchs Christopher , Fürst Lena , Buhmann Hartmut , Kleinlein Johannes , Molenkamp Laurens W
Published: May 2024

We present overlapping top gate electrodes for the formation of gate defined lateral junctions in semiconducting layers as an alternative to the back gate/top gate combination and to the split gate configuration. The optical lithography microfabrication of the overlapping top gates is based on multiple layers of low-temperature atomic layer deposited hafnium oxide, which acts as a gate dielectric and as a robust insulating layer between two overlapping gate electrodes exhibiting a large dielectric breakdown field of

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. The advantage of overlapping gates over the split gate approach is confirmed in model calculations of the electrostatics of the gate stack. The overlapping gate process is applied to Hall bar devices of mercury telluride in order to study the interaction of different quantum Hall states in the nn′, np, pn and pp′ regime.
Floral structure, histochemistry, and volatile compounds in Bulbophyllum species of the ‘Cirrhopetalum alliance’ (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Davies Kevin L , Stpiczyńska Małgorzata , Ludlow Richard A , Wheaton Louise , Aros Danilo , Hailer Frank , Müller Carsten T , Rogers Hilary J
Published: May 2024

Bulbophyllum is the most species-rich orchid genus. Recent molecular data groups certain of its species into a monophyletic ‘Cirrhopetalum alliance’. Within this alliance are a monophyletic section Cirrhopetaloides and a non-monophyletic section Cirrhopetalum. Floral morphology and scent are partially conserved phylogenetically compared to the molecular data. Here, floral morphology, histochemistry, anatomy, and floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of selected Bulbophyllum species are analysed to assess whether there are structural or chemical differences that support separation into the two sections, to update available VOC data from this genus, and to consider evolutionary adaptations in the ‘Cirrhopetalum alliance’. We found that ‘Cirrhopetalum alliance’ flowers differ from some sections of Bulbophyllum in the structure of cells lining the longitudinal groove on the labellum or lip and report, for the first time in Bulbophyllum, a type of atypical oleiferous trichome probably involved in VOC production. We show a clear difference in floral VOC profiles between B. bicolor (sect. Cirrhopetaloides) and four other Bulbophyllum species, three previously assigned to sect. Cirrhopetalum, but VOC profiles do not support separation into the two sections. The lack of congruence between already established molecular phylogeny, floral anatomy, and VOC data suggests that VOC differences are due to recently and independently evolved pollinator specificity. We therefore show that there is no clear separation of these sections based on floral anatomy, histochemistry, or VOC profiles.
Power optimization of photovoltaic modules under varying environmental conditions based on current equalization collaborating with constant voltage control
Authors: Tang DaiBin , Siaw Fei Lu , Thio Tzer Hwai Gilbert
Published: May 2024

The performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is affected by environmental factors such as irradiance and temperature, which can lead to a decrease in output performance or even damage. This study proposes an improved formula for calculating the real maximum power of PV modules by analysing the influence of irradiance and temperature. A simulation model is developed using PLECS software to simulate the global maximum power of PV modules under different environmental conditions and the results are compared with the calculated real maximum power. A power optimization scheme for PV modules is then proposed based on current equalization and constant voltage control. This scheme employs a single-switch multi-winding forward–flyback converter to equalize the mismatched currents between cell strings, thereby enhancing the output performance. Traditional proportional–integral controllers are utilized to achieve constant voltage control and obtain the real maximum power of PV modules. Simulation models are built in the PLECS simulation platform to evaluate the performance of a global maximum power point tracking scheme based on the traditional perturb-and-observe (TPO) algorithm with current equalization, a segment perturb-and-observe algorithm without current equalization, and the proposed power optimization scheme. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed constant voltage control has greater efficiency than the TPO algorithm. The proposed scheme achieves a significant improvement in efficiency, with a 27.87% increase compared with the segment perturb-and-observe algorithm without current equalization.
Pachyonychia congenita: pathogenesis of pain and approaches to treatment
Authors: McCarthy Rebecca L , de Brito Marianne , O’Toole Edel A
Published: May 2024

Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by a triad of chronic severe plantar pain, focal palmoplantar keratoderma and hypertrophic nail dystrophy. Plantar pain can be debilitating and have a profound impact on quality of life. Current therapeutic options for pain in PC are limited to lifestyle adjustment and mechanical techniques, with a small subgroup of patients benefiting from oral retinoids. This review investigates the pathogenesis of pain in PC and provides a summary of the current and future therapeutic options.