bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis Selecting the Transport Routes of Electronics Components from China to Vietnam
Authors: Pham Thi , Yeo Gi-Tae
Published: July 2018

Vietnam has successfully integrated itself into the global value chains (GVCs) as a base for the assembly and production of electronics goods and mobile phones beyond China. Therefore, adequate transport routes from China to Vietnam are essential factors for a seamless supply chain. This study aimed to evaluate the competing transport routes for door-to-door transportation from Shenzhen (China) to Hai Phong (Vietnam) from the logistics service providers and shippers’ perspective. The Delphi method and the Consistent Fuzzy Preference Relations (CFPR) method were employed, using both qualitative and quantitative factors. The results illustrate that, among the principal factors, reliability is prioritized, followed by transportation costs, transportation mode capacity, and transportation time. Meanwhile, of the sub-factors, risk of freight damage and loss is the most important. The route using airway and truck is preferred over the two alternatives. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the possibility of rank reversal. Thus, the study offers crucial academic and practical implications.
Zigzag Solitons and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Discrete Rabi Lattices with Long-Range Hopping
Authors: Xu Haitao , Pan Zhelang , Luo Zhihuan , Liu Yan , Tan Suiyan , Mai Zhijie , Xu Jun
Published: July 2018

A new type of discrete soliton, which we call zigzag solitons, is founded in two-component discrete Rabi lattices with long-range hopping. The spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of zigzag solitons is also studied. Through numerical simulation, we found that by enhancing the intensity of the long-range linearly-coupled effect or increasing the total input power, the SSB process from the symmetric soliton to the asymmetric soliton will switch from the supercritical to subcritical type. These results can help us better understand both the discrete solitons and the Rabi coupled effect.
Towards More Realistic Leaf Shapes in Functional-Structural Plant Models
Authors: Schmidt Dominik , Kahlen Katrin
Published: July 2018

Fluctuating asymmetry in plant leaves is a widely used measure in geometric morphometrics for assessing random deviations from perfect symmetry. In this study, we considered the concept of fluctuating asymmetry to improve the prototype leaf shape of the functional-structural plant model L-Cucumber. The overall objective was to provide a realistic geometric representation of the leaves for the light sensitive plant reactions in the virtual plant model. Based on three-dimensional data from several hundred in situ digitized cucumber leaves comparisons of model leaves and measurements were conducted. Robust Bayesian comparison of groups was used to assess statistical differences between leaf halves while respecting fluctuating asymmetries. Results indicated almost no directional asymmetry in leaves comparing different distances from the prototype while detecting systematic deviations shared by both halves. This information was successfully included in an improved leaf prototype and implemented in the virtual plant model L-Cucumber. Comparative virtual plant simulations revealed a slight improvement in plant internode development against experimental data using the novel leaf shape. Further studies can now focus on analyses of stress on the 3D-deformation of the leaf and the development of a dynamic leaf shape model.
Hyperbolicity of Direct Products of Graphs
Authors: Carballosa Walter , De la Cruz Amauris , Martínez-Pérez Alvaro , Rodríguez José M.
Published: July 2018

It is well-known that the different products of graphs are some of the more symmetric classes of graphs. Since we are interested in hyperbolicity, it is interesting to study this property in products of graphs. Some previous works characterize the hyperbolicity of several types of product graphs (Cartesian, strong, join, corona and lexicographic products). However, the problem with the direct product is more complicated. The symmetry of this product allows us to prove that, if the direct product G1×G2 is hyperbolic, then one factor is bounded and the other one is hyperbolic. Besides, we prove that this necessary condition is also sufficient in many cases. In other cases, we find (not so simple) characterizations of hyperbolic direct products. Furthermore, we obtain good bounds, and even formulas in many cases, for the hyperbolicity constant of the direct product of some important graphs (as products of path, cycle and even general bipartite graphs).
The C-Type Lectin Domain Gene Family in Aedes aegypti and Their Role in Arbovirus Infection
Authors: Adelman Zach N. , Myles Kevin M.
Published: July 2018

Several medically important flaviviruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes have been shown to bind to the C-type lectin fold that is present in either vertebrate or invertebrate proteins. While in some cases this interaction is part of a neutralizing anti-viral immune response, many reports have implicated this as critical for successful virus entry. Despite the establishment of mosquito C-type lectin domain containing proteins (CTLDcps) as known host factors in assisting the infectious process for flaviviruses, little is known about the structural characteristics of these proteins and their relationships to each other. In this report, we describe the manual annotation and structural characterization of 52 Aedes aegypti CTLDcps. Using existing RNAseq data, we establish that these genes can be subdivided into two classes: those highly conserved with expression primarily in development (embryo/early larvae) and those with no clear orthologs with expression primarily in late larvae/pupae or adults. The latter group contained all CTLDcps that are regulated by the Toll/Imd immune pathways, all known microbiome-regulating CTLDcps, and almost all CTLDcps that are implicated as flavivirus host factors in A. aegypti. Finally, we attempt to synthesize results from multiple conflicting gene expression profiling experiments in terms of how flavivirus infection changes steady-state levels of mRNA encoding CTLDcps.
Evaluation of Sustainable Use of Water Resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on S-Type Functions and Set Pair Analysis
Authors: Men Baohui , Liu Huanlong
Published: July 2018

Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is an area with insufficient per capita water resources. This study evaluates the current status and development trend of sustainable use of water resources in the region, and identifies specific factors influencing sustainable development so as to provide a theoretical basis and data support for the management of water resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Applying the compound system of social, economic and ecological environment, this study established an evaluation index system. The evaluation index data is obtained through the relevant calculations based on the National Economic and Social Development Announcement, the Water Resources Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics data. The index weights are calculated using a combination of rough set and fuzzy theory. The obtained weights were added to the set pair analysis method to acquire evaluation results. Based on the traditional set pair analysis method, this study proposes a new set pair analysis method (Method 4) using S-type functions (Formula (11)) instead of the addition weighted synthesis method (Formula (10)) in the calculation of weighted connections. In order to verify the feasibility of this method, the Spearman correlation coefficient method was used to calculate the correlation coefficient between evaluation results of Method 4 and evaluation results of other traditional methods. In addition, the set pair exponential potential is adopted to determine the impact indicators of the sustainable utilization of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in this study. The results show that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the overall level of sustainable use of water resources has been gradually raised in the past 12 years. The results of the set pair analysis method that cites S-type functions have obtained higher Spearman correlation coefficients than traditional methods. The values of the correlation coefficients are 0.9954, 0.9910, and 0.9928 respectively in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Moreover, according to the results of set pair exponential potential, the indicators in the region are quasi-inverse potential or strong inverse potential, including per capita water resources and the ecological environment water use rate. Thus, a dense population with scarce water resources, and a lack of ecological water are the common problems that Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei have to face.
Hazard Assessment of Typhoon-Driven Storm Waves in the Nearshore Waters of Taiwan
Authors: Chang Chih-Hsin , Shih Hung-Ju , Chen Wei-Bo , Su Wen-Ray , Lin Lee-Yaw , Yu Yi-Chiang , Jang Jiun-Huei
Published: July 2018

In Taiwan, the coastal hazard from typhoon-induced storm waves poses a greater threat to human life and infrastructure than storm surges. Therefore, there has been increased interest in assessing the storm wave hazard levels for the nearshore waters of Taiwan. This study hindcasted the significant wave heights (SWHs) of 124 historical typhoon events from 1978 to 2017 using a fully coupled model and hybrid wind fields (a combination of the parametric typhoon model and reanalysis products). The maximum SWHs of each typhoon category were extracted to create individual storm wave hazard maps for the sea areas of the coastal zones (SACZs) in Taiwan. Each map was classified into five hazard levels (I to V) and used to generate a comprehensive storm wave hazard map. The results demonstrate that the northern and eastern nearshore waters of Taiwan are threatened by a hazard level IV (SWHs ranging from 9.0 to 12.0 m) over a SACZ of 510.0 km2 and a hazard level V (SWHs exceeding 12.0 m) over a SACZ of 2152.3 km2. The SACZs threatened by hazard levels I (SWHs less than 3.0 m), II (SWHs ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 m), and III (SWHs ranging from 6.0–9.0 m) are of 1045.2 km2, 1793.9 km2, and 616.1 km2, respectively, and are located in the western waters of Taiwan.
L'intégration économique en Afrique de l'Ouest : problèmes et stratégies
Authors: Berg Elliot
Published: July 2018

The question of regional economic integration in West Africa is partly a response to the economic stagnation of this region in the eighties. This paper first surveys the past initiatives in this field and their disappointing results ; second, it evaluates a number of potential strategies for a better economic integration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Through the various approaches adopted by the Economic Commission for Africa, the World Bank and the French Government, there is however a consensus about some prospects which would improve and accelerate the regional cooperation and the integration in West Africa.
Impact des politiques économiques en situation de rationnement de crédits : illustration à l'aide d'un MCEG appliqué au cas du Rwanda
Authors: Decaluwé Bernard , Nsengiyumva Fabien
Published: July 2018

The transmission channel between monetary instruments and the supply side of the economy via credit financing of working capital needs has been theoretically shown to be a crucial link in the evaluation of the effects of stabilization policies in financially repressed economies. We consider that this credit link must be taken into account in the evaluation not only of monetary policies but also of any other non-monetary policies likely to modify the cost and/or the availability of credit. In addition, the influence of this link on the effects of policies would depend on the structure of the real and financial sectors. To verify these hypotheses, we construct a real and financial Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, which is calibrated with the 1987 data of Rwanda. This model is composed of two versions of which only one introduces the use of bank credit by firms to finance their working capital needs. The comparison of the results obtained from simulations of alternative policies with these two versions allows us to assess the importance of the monerary transmission channel. Our results show that the sign and level of the effects of economic policies on real micro/macro variables do, in fact, differ between the two versions. We also obtain that the instruments of quantitative and selective credit control in force, the banks' behavior and the relative size of non-structured production units in all sectors determine the influence of that credit link on the results of economic policies.
La théorie de la parité des pouvoirs d'achat : un nouveau réexamen
Authors: Baneth Jean
Published: July 2018

Rejecting Cassel's Purchasing Power Parity , Balassa's JPE article affirmed that interna¬ tional price level relations were a function of relative real per capita incomes. This depended on four postulates. Tradeable prices tend to be equal across countries. Wage structures are the same across sectors within each country. Wages are determined by relative productivity in tradeables. In non-tradeables (i.e. services) prices are determined by wages, and by productivity levels that differ little across countries. International price comparisons and the evolution of real exchange rates confirmed Balassa's theory at first, but not in recent years. The postulates were never fully valid. They have been further weakened by technical progress that increased international productivity differences in services. Above all, many developing countries accelerated their growth through low real exchange rate policies. Balassa, the outstanding advocate of such policies, has contributed to weakening the price-income relationship he had earlier established.
La modélisation micro-économétrique de la demande de logement. Apports d'une analyse appliquée au Maroc
Authors: Thuillier Denis
Published: July 2018

La demande de logement a fait l'objet de recherches déjà nombreuses en pays industrialisés mais la connaissance des mécanismes qui régissent la consommation et l'investissement-logement des ménages du Tiers Monde reste modeste. La présente recherche expose en première partie les problèmes méthodologiques liés dans le cas d'une approche micro-économique, d'une part au choix de la forme fonctionnelle sous laquelle on estime la fonction de demande et d'autre part à la spécification des variables explicatives. En seconde partie, on estime les paramètres de la fonction de demande de logement d'une population de ruraux marocains à partir du traitement économétrique d'une base de données «ménages» constituée à cet effet.

Il apparaît que la demande de logement d'une population située très en amont du développement économique ne diffère pas sensiblement - en structure comme en valeur des paramètres qui la caractérisent - de celle des populations des pays avancés, même si les capacités de paiement, par effet d'échelle, restent très inférieures.
Economie néo-institutionnelle et développement - une analyse synthétique
Authors: Yong He
Published: July 2018

La théorie néo-institutionnelle est importante pour le développement parce que les coûts de transaction élevés et l'inefficacité du système des droits de propriété constituent les faiblesses capitales des pays en voie de développement. Grâce à son avantage méthodologique dans le traitement des micro-macro et macro-micro transitions, cette théorie est capable d'analyser comment et par quels mécanismes le comportement des individus est soumis à la structure institutionnelle et comment la structure institutionnelle évolue avec les changements de conditions économiques. Grâce à son approche micro-économique, elle réussit à expliquer l'émergence et l'évolution des «micro-institutions», ce qui s'affranchit des limites du paradigme Etat-marché et montre que l'utilisation des micro-institutions se révèle plus efficace dans beaucoup de domaines qu'une simple libéralisation ou étatisation au niveau macro. Cette théorie nous permet aussi de porter un nouveau regard sur la rationalité des paysans, la persistance des institutions traditionnelles, et le dynamisme des pays d'Asie du Sud-Est.
Le boom du café et du cacao en Côte-d'Ivoire : une étude de cas du syndrome néerlandais
Authors: Nowak Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this article is to study the extent to which Côte-d'lvoire suffered from the symptoms of the Dutch disease following the coffee and the cocoa boom of the late 1970s. We commence by explaining why the standard theoretical framework was chosen, and then proceed to study how the export boom spread in the economy. Evidence on relative prices, growth of sectoral outputs and external trade shows that the demand shock affected the economy in the manner predicted by the Dutch disease model : the real exchange rate appreciated, the size of nonbooming tradeable goods sector shrunk when the non tradeable sectors grew faster, the external accounts deteriorated owing to the decline in exports of nonbooming traded goods and the expansion of imports.
Libre-échange, répartition du revenu et migrations au Maroc
Authors: Cogneau Denis , Tapinos George
Published: July 2018

This paper adresses the issue of trade liberalization, as an alternative to international migration, between Morocco and Europe. A dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Moroccan economy is used to study the likely consequences of free trade upon incomes and employment, as well as their distribution among sectors and social categories. It is found that the budgetary (increase in indirect taxes) and monetary (devaluation) measures that accompany the lowering of import duties somewhat lessen the positive effects of a better factor allocation, and that in the long run free trade would only have a limited impact on national income, total employment and poverty. The hypotheses concerning the responses of exports and foreign investment are crucial for this kind of assessment, as well as the type of cge model used.
Dotations en facteurs, relations contractuelles, et croissance
Authors: Arcand Jean-Louis , Boulila Ghazi
Published: July 2018

We develop a dualistic growth model in which the rental rate on land is determined in the context of a principal-agent type contractual framework which differs from previous treatments in that the individual rationality constraint is endogenized. We show that the steady-state level of capital is higher in a land-abundant than in a labor-abundant economy. Our results reveal a potentially important link between factor endowments and national income, a relationship which has, heretofore, been ignored by growth theorists. Our results are consistent with the stylized fact that arable land per capita is three times greater in industrialized countries than in LDCs.
Politique budgétaire en ajustement et comportements microéconomiques : un modèle à facteurs spécifiques avec bien public intermédiaire
Authors: Mesplé-Somps Sandrine
Published: July 2018

Les conséquences de la politique budgétaire dans le cadre des programmes de stabilisation et d'ajustement structurel ont été appréhendées pendant longtemps essentiellement du point de vue de la demande. Cette étude se propose de réexaminer les enseignements du modèle de l'économie dépendante concernant les effets des restrictions budgétaires sur la structure de production et sur le taux de change réel, en prenant en compte le fait que les dépenses publiques peuvent être des biens publics de production et agissent ainsi sur l'offre et la réallocation des ressources. On suppose que ces biens publics intermédiaires peuvent exercer des externalités d'intensité différente selon les secteurs. On montre, entre autres, que les restrictions budgétaires engagées durant les plans de stabilisation peuvent entraîner une appréciation du taux de change réel et nuire au développement des secteurs exposés et donc être en contradiction avec la recherche d'une meilleure compétitivité des économies.
Investissement direct étranger en Chine et croissance économique
Authors: Husain Ishrat , Wang Yan
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in China. The theoretical framework used here underscores the stylized fact that foreign direct investment (FDI) not only provides additional sources of financing for growth, but more importantly it promotes productivity growth, perhaps through imposing good financial disciplines and providing a more competitive external environment. Using provincial level and city-level data, we find that, first, FDI per capita is positively and significantly associated with both capital accumulation and the growth of gdp per capita ; second, the output share of foreign invested firms has a positive and significant relation with per capita gdp, industrial as well as productivity growth ; and third, the output share of soes is negatively associated with both gdp and productivity growth. Further openness in China's investment regime and capital market, if carefully managed and appropriately sequenced, will benefit China not only in injecting capital to the bottlenecks constraining its rapid growth, but more importantly, in fulfilling its daunting tasks of restructuring thousands of state enterprises and improving their productivity.
La Zone franc et l'équilibre budgétaire
Authors: Stasavage David
Published: July 2018

Il y a des raisons de croire que l'établissement d'une union monétaire pourrait soit renforcer soit affaiblir la discipline budgétaire pratiquée par les gouvernements des Etats membres. On peut penser de même pour la mise en place d'un taux de change fixe avec libre convertibilité. Dans cet article, on examinera les raisons pour lesquelles ni l'un ni l'autre de ces deux mécanismes n'ont renforcé l'équilibre budgétaire dans les Etats de la Zone franc. On trouvera que cet échec est dû en partie aux problèmes liés à l'élaboration des institutions, telles que les institutions qui gouvernent le processus de décision au sein des deux banques centrales, les règles adoptées pour la politique monétaire, et les institutions qui gouvernent les relations monétaire entre la France et les Etats membres. Or, ce sont surtout les intérêts politiques qui ont empêché la Zone franc de renforcer l'équilibre budgétaire dans la mesure où ils ont influencé la construction des règles et des institutions de la Zone pendant des périodes de réforme, ainsi que l'application de ces règles et de ces institutions pendant des périodes de crise.
Estimation de frontières d'efficience : un survol des développements récents de la littérature
Authors: Chaffai Mohamed E.
Published: July 2018

Ce papier présente un survol de la littérature sur les développements récents de l'estimation des frontières paramétriques ainsi que des inefficiences. Ces modèles sont présentés dans le cadre de frontières de production. Ils peuvent être adaptés pour estimer des frontières de coût ou de profit. Différentes méthodes d'estimation de ces frontières sont proposées sur données en coupe ou de panel. On précise également les avantages et les limites de chaque méthode d'évaluation.
Un modèle politico-économique des programmes de stabilisation en Afrique
Authors: Dessus Sébastien , Lafay Jean-Dominique , Morrisson Christian
Published: July 2018

Il est maintenant largement admis qu'il n'est pas possible d'établir des plans de stabilisation sans tenir compte des réactions politiques possibles. Nous présentons un modèle macro-économétrique simple décrivant les interactions entre les variables économiques et politiques, en utilisant des données pour 23 pays africains au cours des années 1990. Les résultats indiquent clairement qu'il existe des liens importants entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique. Les politiques économiques ont des effets sur la situation politique et les réactions sociopolitiques influencent l'activité économique, et donc, en retour, les politiques économiques. Nous concluons que la prise en compte des réactions sociopolitiques dans la définition des politiques économiques peut aider à établir des programmes de stabilisation plus efficaces.
Gains féminins, allocation des biens et statut nutritionnel des enfants au Burkina Faso
Authors: Lachaud Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2018

Women's Income, Good Allocation

and Nutritional Status of Children in Burkina Faso

The objective of the present study is to provide an econometric test to the relative validity of collective and unitary household behavior models, with the help of data of the 1994-1995 Burkina Faso household survey. Obtained results seem to justify conclusions of noncooperative approach where the well-being of the group is partly function of the identity of the income earner. On the one hand, the estimation of demand functions indicates that the share of wives income influences significantly, positively food expenses and energy, and negatively expenses to cigarettes, tobacco and moving of household. On the other hand, reduced nutrition equations suggest that, all others things being equal, more the share of woman income of household grows, more the probability of malnutrition of children of less of 60 month decreases. But, the coefficients of malnutrition appear statistically different according to the gender, and suggest an differential effect to the advantage of boys inherent to the share of wives income. Considerations of equity, efficiency and the adherence to rules of the game of the traditional society institutions could justify this situation. Results of the present research have economic policy implications, to the extent of the modification of intra-household distribution of income is a means to increase food expenses, to reduce relative expenses to the tobacco and to raise the nutritional status of children.
Dépenses publiques et mortalité infantile : les effets de la décentralisation
Authors: Duret Elsa
Published: July 2018

Public Expenditure and Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) :

The Effects of Fiscal Decentralization

This article analyses the link between decentralization and the health sector. The first section analyses the involvement of local government in social expenditure. The second section examines how fiscal decentralization can help improve the health status. In the third section we present the data and the methodology adopted. Our hypotheses are tested with a panel data model on 21 developing countries over the 1974-1994 period. The results are discussed in section 4. They show that : (i) the ratio of public expenditures to GDP and indicators of decentralization have a direct effect on IMR ; (ii) the two levels of local government (the regional and the district) have a different impact on IMR ; (iii) the indicators of decentralization have non-linear effects on IMR ; and (iv) the indicators of decentralization have heterogeneous effects on IMR according to the context of fiscal decentralization. These last result suggest that decentralization should be advisable to rethink public intervention instead of substituting a public agent to another.
L'impact des tarifs des services de santé et des revenus sur les décisions de recours aux soins des malades à Bamako
Authors: Juillet Anne
Published: July 2018

The Impact of Health Services Prices and Incomes on the Decision of Sick at Bamako

More than a decade ago, the international agencies advocated the introduction of market mechanisms for the financing of health services in developing countries. In theory, market discipline should have created an increase in effectiveness and equity ; what does this actually mean, given that services had been, up till then, provided free charge ? We therefore analysed the impact of prices and incomes on demand for health care in the town of Bamako (Mali). A survey was undertaken on a representative sample of the population of Bamako between 1st june and 15th july 1996, producing information on approximatively 12,000 individuals. This data has been analysed using a nested multinomial logit specification. The results supported certain conclusions about the preferences of sick. The application of the nested multinomial logit model together with descriptive analysis shows that the sick with the greatest financial resources turn to the more costly private sector, whereas those of lesser means resoort, in the best instance, to primary health care, and in the worst, to self-medication. In the market for health care in Bamako, it would appear that prices act as a signal in guiding the sick in their choices. However, it is less prices of health care than the a priori perception which the sick have of its «expensiveness» which determines their choices.
Migration Sud-Nord et commerce : une revue de la littérature
Authors: Schiff Maurice W.
Published: July 2018

Cet article présente une revue de la littérature sur la migration Sud-Nord et le commerce. La première partie présente les aspects positifs de la relation entre migration et commerce. Elle analyse notamment les conséquences d'une libéralisation des échanges, au Nord ou au Sud, sur les flux migratoires (elle s'interroge, en d'autres termes, sur la question de savoir si commerce et migration sont substituables ou complémentaires).

La seconde partie analyse les effets de la migration sur le bien-être du Sud, du Nord et des migrants. Cette question est envisagée dans deux cas : lorsque sont présentes des externalités fiscales induites par l'imposition du revenu et l'offre de services publics, et lorsque sont présentes des externalités induites par le capital humain (fuite des cerveaux) et le capital social.
Syndicalisme et relations du travail dans un pays en développement, enquête dans quatre secteurs industriels de Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Salmon Claire
Published: July 2018

Le rôle des syndicats sur le marché du travail des pays en développement a fait l'objet d'un regain d'intérêt depuis le début des années 1990. Si la plupart des études s'accordent à reconnaître l'importance de leur action dans la détermination des salaires, peu d'études se sont explicitement intéressées à leur mode d'organisation et à leur influence sur les conditions de travail dans l'entreprise. Utilisant les résultats d'une enquête menée dans quatre secteurs industriels de Dhaka, cet article décrit, tout d'abord, les différents modes de représentation collective dans les établissements bangalais et estime, ensuite, leur impact respectif sur le niveau des salaires et l'application des lois du travail. Les revendications collectives peuvent s'exprimer sous la forme de négociations formelles ou informelles et les salariés peuvent être représentés par un «syndicat d'établissement» ou une «délégation syndicale de branche». Il ressort de l'étude que l'influence des syndicats de branche, négociant à un niveau relativement centralisé, est plus élevée que celle des syndicats d'établissement lorsqu'il s'agit de négocier le niveau des salaires. En revanche, bien que l'effet demeure assez faible, l'application des lois du travail semble se prêter davantage à des négociations décentralisées, en présence de syndicats d'établissement.
La dynamique des microentreprises dans les pays en développement : de nouveaux enseignements
Authors: Marniesse Sarah , Morrisson Christian
Published: July 2018

Cet article étudie pour la première fois la dynamique des microentreprises à partir de deux visites (à quatre ans d'intervalle dans trois villes, Cotonou, Quito et Tunis et un an dans deux villes, Abidjan et Antananarivo), au lieu d'interviews rétrospectives.

L'analyse de la mobilité en fonction du nombre d'actifs montre qu'un nombre significatif de microentreprises de 6-9 actifs deviennent des petites entreprises (10-30 actifs). L'analyse économétrique des facteurs de croissance de l'emploi met en évidence l'impact négatif de la taille initiale, le rôle, positif ou négatif, du secteur d'activité, l'impact favorable de l'éducation de l'entrepreneur, du capital matériel et l'impact défavorable de deux variables qui indiquent la rigidité des coûts (pourcentage d'actifs déclarés à la sécurité sociale et pourcentage de salariés réguliers dans la main-d'œuvre totale). À partir de ces résultats, on propose les moyens les plus efficaces pour développer l'emploi dans les microentreprises afin qu'elles passent de moins de 10 actifs à 10-20 (ou 30) actifs.
Demande d'éducation et taille de la famille dans l'agglomération d'Antananarivo
Authors: Coury Diane , Razafindratsima Nicolas
Published: July 2018

The Effects of Family Size

on Children's Educational Attainment in Antananarivo

This paper focuses on the relationship between family size and children's education in Antananarivo (Madagascar). Previous studies done on this issue pointed that a trade-off between the number of children and children schooling was occurring, concluding to the existence of a «family size cost». This effect occurs because of a dilution of familial resources available per child with larger number of children.

Our results stressed the existence of an inverse link between those two variables, according to children school's performances (diplomas obtained, level achieved), as well as efforts provided by the parents to the education of their children. However, this relationship is relevant only from a given size threshold. As a matter of fact, beyond four children, the degradation of the quality variables is quite strong.
L'informel est-il une forme de fraude fiscale ? Une analyse micro-économétrique de la fraude fiscale des micro-entreprises
Authors: Gautier Jean-François
Published: July 2018

Dans cet article, nous essayons de déterminer dans quelle mesure la fiscalité influence le dualisme formel-informel. Un modèle de fraude fiscale appliqué aux micro-entreprises et à la fiscalité malgache est construit, puis testé à partir des données de l'enquête sur le secteur informel à Antananarivo. Il ressort de nos estimations que la propension d'une entreprise à devenir formelle peut être expliquée de manière pertinente par un modèle de fraude fiscale.
Efficacité relative des écoles publiques et privées à Madagascar : étude d'une période de restriction budgétaire
Authors: Arestoff Florence , Bommier Antoine
Published: July 2018

Cet article étudie les différences d'efficacité entre écoles primaires publiques et privées de la capitale malgache. Nous cherchons à voir si la baisse relative des inscriptions dans les écoles publiques s'est accompagnée d'une perte de qualité relative de l'enseignement public à Madagascar. Nous développons une procédure d'estimation correspondant à une variation de la procédure d'Heckman. Une première équation de type probit rend compte de la sélection des élèves qui choisissent une école privée. Simultanément, une seconde équation analyse les déterminants de la réussite scolaire, la réussite scolaire étant mesurée par le nombre d'années d'études réussies, l'obtention du diplôme ou le taux de redoublement. Il apparaît qu'au niveau des écoles primaires, les parents accroissent significativement les chances de réussite de leurs enfants en les inscrivant dans des écoles privées. L'examen des résultats de ces dernières années indique en outre que l'écart entre écoles privées et écoles publiques est allé en s'accroissant.
Amartya Sen et la mesure de la croissance économique et du développement social
Authors: Silber Jacques
Published: July 2018

Cette étude essaye avant tout d'expliquer la façon dont Sen conçoit la mesure de la croissance économique et du développement social. Les premières sections montrent que son approche est intrinsèquement liée à son analyse des comportements individuels et qu'elle dérive de la distinction qu'il fait entre ressources, performances (Functionings) et capacités (Capabilities ). On retrouve aussi ces concepts dans ses travaux sur la mesure du bien-être social. Les sections suivantes résument les éléments essentiels d'une analyse théorique de la mesure de l'inégalité et de la pauvreté, sujets auxquels Sen a fait des contributions extrêmement importantes. Les dernières sections décrivent les apports de Sen à l'analyse de la discrimination sexuelle et raciale, l'importance qu'il attribue à la mortalité comme indicateur du succès ou de l'échec économique et finalement ses études sur la malnutrition et les famines.
Infrastructures, investissement et croissance : nouvelles évidences empiriques
Authors: Véganzonès-Varoudakis Marie-Ange
Published: July 2018

Infrastructures, Investment and Growth :

New Empiric Facts

In this article, we validate a model of the link between infrastructures, investment and growth. This model is estimated by the three stages least squares method on a panel of 87 countries. Our estimates are based on an aggregate indicator of infrastructures constructed from the principal component analysis of various physical, social and financial indicators. We highlight two channels of transmission of the impact of infrastructures on growth : a first one through the production capacities which shows a complementarity between public investment and private investment ; another one through the improvement of total factor productivity. Our estimations stress in addition the influence of financial development, as well as of primary schooling and health for the taking off of the economies.
The Impact of the Hungaroring Grand Prix on the Hungarian Tourism Industry
Authors: Dávid Lóránt Dénes , Remenyik Bulcsú , Molnár Csilla , Baiburiev Ruslan , Csobán Katalin
Published: July 2018

The Formula One race circuit is one of the most popular spectator sports events worldwide. The "speeding circus" was introduced in Hungary in 1986 and regime changes and governmental fluctuations notwithstanding, the event enjoys almost undisputed support among the respective political
decision makers. Relying on the latest scholarly results and data provided by Hungaroring Sport Ltd. and the Hotel Association of Hungary, this study aims to explore the reasons why the Hungarian Grand Prix is worth holding on an annual basis.
Citizen Cocreation in Tourist and Cultural Events
Authors: Corte Valentina Della , Sepe Fabiana , Storlazzi Alessandra , Savastano Iris
Published: July 2018

The aim of this research is to illustrate that in event planning and organization several actors are involved and each of them in specific local communities plays a key active role in the event's success. Event managers and socioinstitutional actors are increasingly looking at events
as a mechanism to enhance tourism development in the regions where the events are organized. Therefore, the empowerment of residents and their involvement in the process of territorial development becomes of paramount importance. In this sphere, service-dominant logic is the main theoretical
framework of interest, as it embraces the assumption that a host community's involvement in the process of valuation of local traditions, environment, and knowledge of the territory is an essential factor in both tourist and cultural events. Service-dominant logic enables all social and economic
actors to be recognized as key actors in resource integration, service provisioning, and value cocreation. Furthermore, in their resource integrating, service provisioning, value cocreating activities, each actor plays an active and dynamic role, thus representing operant resources. Research
conducted using Ebsco-source (July 2015), exclusively on academic peer-reviewed journals, highlights articles based on the topic of service-dominant logic and articles regarding management in touristic and cultural events. No articles merging these two spheres were found. The original value
of this research lies in demonstrating that service-dominant logic and management in tourist and cultural events are a natural fit. Through multiple case studies, the article examines four international events "Ravello Festival," "Umbria Jazz Festival," "Edinburgh International Festival,"
and "Singapore International Festival of Arts."
Transcriptome Analysis and Functional Identification of Xa13 and Pi‐ta Orthologs in Oryza granulata
Authors: Yang Rui , Li Jing , Zhang Hui , Yang Fei , Wu Zhigang , Zhuo Xiaoxuan , An Xingyu , Cheng Zaiquan , Zeng Qianchun , Luo Qiong
Published: July 2018

Oryza granulata Nees & Arn. ex Watt, a perennial wild rice species with a GG genome, preserves many important genes for cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) improvement. At present, however, no genetic resource is available for studying O. granulata. Here, we report 91,562 high‐quality transcripts of O. granulata assembled de novo. Moreover, comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 1311 single‐copy orthologous pairs shared by O. granulata and Oryza meyeriana (Zoll. & Moritzi) Baill. that may have undergone adaptive evolution. We performed an analysis of the genes potentially involved in plant–pathogen interactions to explore the molecular basis of disease resistance, and isolated the full‐length cDNAs of Xa13 (OgXa13) and Pi‐ta (OgPi‐ta) orthologs from O. granulata. The overexpression of OgPi‐ta in Nipponbare and functional characterization showed enhanced the resistance of transgenic Nipponbare to rice blast resulting from the presence of the OgPi‐ta gene. OgPi‐ta, an alternatively spliced transcript of the Pi‐ta blast resistance gene in O. sativa, encodes a 1024‐amino acid polypeptide with a C‐terminal thioredoxin domain. This study provides an important resource for functional and evolutionary studies of the genus Oryza.
REDUCING RENEWABLE RESOURCE DEMAND FLUCTUATION USING SOFT PRECEDENCE RELATIONS IN PROJECT SCHEDULING
Authors: Jaskowski Piotr , Biruk Slawomir
Published: July 2018

Renewable resource levelling is the core of the scheduling process. A perfect schedule ensures that resource supply corresponds to the demand at every unit of project time. A classic approach to resource levelling in schedules with predefined project completion dates consists in manipulating processes start dates. Resource deployment can be also improved by considering alternative construction processes execution modes with various crew formations, and by allowing activities to be split. There are other possibilities: in many practical cases, the activities’ precedence logic predefined in the network model can be changed with no harm to the project outcome. Within the structure of the project network model, some precedence relations between activities would definitely be of fixed (hard) character, whereas some might allow the activities to be executed at the same time or arranged in a variety of logical sequences. The authors use soft precedence relations that let the processes run in reversed order or that can be cancelled, in search for improved resource usage profiles. The benefits of scheduling with soft precedence relations are demonstrated by an example.
The Solar Neighborhood. XLIII. Discovery of New Nearby Stars with μ < 0.″18 yr−1 (TINYMO Sample)
Authors: Riedel Adric R. , Silverstein Michele L. , Henry Todd J. , Jao Wei-Chun , Winters Jennifer G. , Subasavage John P. , Malo Lison , Hambly Nigel C.
Published: July 2018

We have conducted a novel search of most of the southern sky for nearby red dwarfs having low proper motions, with specific emphasis on those with μ < 0.″18 yr−1, the lower cutoff of Luyten’s classic proper-motion catalog. We used a tightly constrained search of the SuperCOSMOS database and a suite of photometric distance relations for photographic BRI and 2MASS JHK

s
magnitudes to estimate distances to more than 14 million red dwarf candidates. Here we discuss 29 stars in 26 systems estimated to be within 25 pc, all of which have μ < 0.″18 yr−1, that we have investigated using milliarcsecond astrometry, VRI photometry, and low-resolution spectroscopy. In total, we present the first parallaxes of 20 star systems, 9 of which are within 25 pc. We have additionally identified 14 young M dwarfs, of which 3 are new members of the nearby young moving groups, and 72 new giants, including two new carbon stars. We also present the entire catalog of 1215 sources we have identified by this means.
Observational Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection Associated with Magnetic Flux Cancellation
Authors: Yang Bo , Yang Jiayan , Bi Yi , Hong Junchao , Li Haidong , Xu Zhe , Chen Hechao
Published: July 2018

Using high spatial and temporal data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), several observational signatures of magnetic reconnection in the course of magnetic flux cancellation are presented, including two loop–loop interaction processes, multiple plasma blob ejections, and a sheet-like structure that appeared above the flux cancellation sites with a Y-shaped and an inverted Y-shaped end. The IRIS 1400 Å observations show that the plasma blobs were ejected from the tip of the Y-shaped ends of the sheet-like structure. Obvious photospheric magnetic flux cancellation occurred after the first loop–loop interaction and continued until the end of the observation. Complemented by the nonlinear force-free field extrapolation, we found that two sets of magnetic field lines, which revealed an X-shaped configuration, aligned well with the interacted coronal loops. Moreover, a magnetic null point was found to be situated at about 0.9 Mm height, which was right above the flux cancellation sites and located between the two sets of magnetic field lines. These results suggest that the flux cancellation might be a result of the submergence of magnetic field lines following a magnetic reconnection that occurs in the lower atmosphere of the Sun, and the ejected plasma blobs should be plasmoids created in the sheet-like structure due to the tearing-mode instability. This observation reveals a detailed magnetic field structure and a dynamic process above the flux cancellation sites and will help us to understand magnetic reconnection in the lower atmosphere of the Sun.
A Very High Energy γ-Ray Survey toward the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy
Authors: Abeysekara A. U. , Archer A. , Aune T. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Brose R. , Buchovecky M. , Bugaev V. , Cui W. , Daniel M. K. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Finley J. P. , Fleischhack H. , Flinders A. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Gotthelf E. V. , Grube J. , Hanna D. , Hervet O. , Holder J. , Huang K. , Hughes G. , Humensky T. B. , Hütten M. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kar P. , Kelley-Hoskins N. , Kertzman M. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Kumar S. , Lang M. J. , Lin T. T. Y. , Maier G. , McArthur S. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , O’Brien S. , Ong R. A. , Otte A. N. , Pandel D. , Park N. , Petrashyk A. , Pohl M. , Popkow A. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Reynolds P. T. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Rousselle J. , Rulten C. , Sadeh I. , Santander M. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Tyler J. , Vassiliev V. V. , Wakely S. P. , Ward J. E. , Weinstein A. , Wells R. M. , Wilcox P. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. , Zitzer B.
Published: July 2018

We present results from deep observations toward the Cygnus region using 300 hr of very high energy (VHE) γ-ray data taken with the VERITAS Cerenkov telescope array and over 7 yr of high-energy γ-ray data taken with the Fermi satellite at an energy above 1 GeV. As the brightest region of diffuse γ-ray emission in the northern sky, the Cygnus region provides a promising area to probe the origins of cosmic rays. We report the identification of a potential Fermi-LAT counterpart to VER J2031+415 (TeV J2032+4130) and resolve the extended VHE source VER J2019+368 into two source candidates (VER J2018+367* and VER J2020+368*) and characterize their energy spectra. The Fermi-LAT morphology of 3FGL J2021.0+4031e (the Gamma Cygni supernova remnant) was examined, and a region of enhanced emission coincident with VER J2019+407 was identified and jointly fit with the VERITAS data. By modeling 3FGL J2015.6+3709 as two sources, one located at the location of the pulsar wind nebula CTB 87 and one at the quasar QSO J2015+371, a continuous spectrum from 1 GeV to 10 TeV was extracted for VER J2016+371 (CTB 87). An additional 71 locations coincident with Fermi-LAT sources and other potential objects of interest were tested for VHE γ-ray emission, with no emission detected and upper limits on the differential flux placed at an average of 2.3% of the Crab Nebula flux. We interpret these observations in a multiwavelength context and present the most detailed γ-ray view of the region to date.