bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of volcanic eruption on nutrients, light, and phytoplankton in oligotrophic lakes
Authors: Modenutti Beatriz E. , Balseiro Esteban G. , Elser James J. , Navarro Marcela Bastidas , Cuassolo Florencia , Laspoumaderes Cecilia , Souza Maria S. , Villanueva Verónica Díaz
Published: August 2016

Volcanic eruptions that shape the earth's surface can have major effect on ecosystems and, as natural experiments, can yield insights into ecological dynamics. On 04 June 2011, a mega‐eruption in the Puyehue volcanic complex (Chile) discharged massive amounts of ash and pumice. Using long‐term data from five North Andean Patagonian lakes (Espejo, Correntoso, Nahuel Huapi, Gutiérrez, and Mascardi) that received differing levels of ash, we show that, in Lakes Espejo, Correntoso, and Nahuel Huapi, these inputs resulted in 1.5‐ to 8‐fold increases in total suspended solids, light extinction, phosphorus concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass relative to pre‐eruption conditions. Although ashes affected light scattering, the ultraviolet : photosynthetically active radiation ratio remained ∼ 0.30–0.35 in all the lakes and no changes were seen in dissolved organic carbon in the affected lakes post‐eruption. Thus, no differential specific absorption of the different light wavelengths occurred due to ash input. The results of multiple regression analysis identified light extinction coefficient of PAR (KPAR) as the primary variable that was associated with variation in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll). Furthermore, incubation experiments demonstrated significant effects of photoinhibition on phytoplankton growth in these lakes at ambient pre‐eruption light intensities. Thus, we infer that increased phytoplankton biomass following the eruption likely reflects nutrient (phosphorus) loading and attenuation of excessive light intensities.
How pollen organic matter enters freshwater food webs
Authors: Masclaux Hélène , Perga Marie-Elodie , Kagami Maiko , Desvilettes Christian , Bourdier Gilles , Bec Alexandre
Published: August 2016

Huge amounts of pollen can accumulate at the air‐water interface during the floral bloom of wind‐pollinated trees. We hypothesized that such pollen rains act as subsidy pulses, promoting the development of a neustonic microbial food web and the transfer of pollen organic carbon to aquatic consumers. During a pine pollen rain event on an oxbow lake, microorganism concentrations were by far higher in the neuston, where pollen grains accumulated, than in the seston. Zooplankton species were also unevenly distributed in the two compartments. Bulk isotope and isotopes of fatty acid analyses revealed trophic partitioning among these zooplankton species, with some of the taxa foraging specifically on neuston, where they benefit from pollen‐derived carbon. Microorganisms were identified as a key element in the trophic upgrading of pollen food quality and in the transfer of pollen carbon to metazoan consumers. Pollen rains may thus contribute, as an allochthonous food pulse, to aquatic production at specific seasons, but they may also act as a structuring factor in lake habitats.
A dynamic model of the cellular carbon to chlorophyll ratio applied to a batch culture and a continental shelf ecosystem
Authors: Baird Mark E. , Ralph Peter J. , Rizwi Farhan , Wild-Allen Karen , Steven Andrew D. L.
Published: August 2016

A novel parameterization of the dynamical relationship between cellular carbon (C) and chlorophyll (Chl) is developed using a Chl synthesis term that includes the physiological status of the cell and the effect of packaging of pigments within cells. The geometric derivation highlights the non‐linear relationship between Chl content and absorption due to the package effect. When parameterized for a generic 3 µm radius phytoplankton cell, the model reproduces the magnitude and daily variations of C : Chl and C : nitrogen ratios of the diatom Skeletonema costatum in published laboratory experiments. The parameterization is then applied in a three‐dimensional biogeochemical model containing three phytoplankton classes in the coastal waters off southeast Tasmania, Australia, which demonstrates the behavior of the dynamic Chl parameterization over a range of light‐ and nutrient‐limiting environments for phytoplankton of different sizes and growth rates. The model produces C : Chl ratios of ∼ 12–20 (weight : weight) and ∼ 60–80 for phytoplankton communities dominated by fast‐growing small and fast‐growing large cells, respectively, close to the ratios of 17 and 76 observed at two sampling stations during periods with diatom‐ and flagellate‐dominated communities. Throughout the simulation, community C : Chl ratios generally vary between 12 and 200, which is similar to the range observed globally. In the new parameterization, C : Chl ratios are most influenced by the package effect for light‐limited, slow‐growing large microalgae, with physiological processes becoming important for smaller, nutrient‐limited, fast‐growing microalgae.
Simulations of organic aerosol concentrations during springtime in the
Guanzhong Basin, China
Authors: Feng Tian , Li Guohui , Cao Junji , Bei Naifang , Shen Zhenxing , Zhou Weijian , Liu Suixin , Zhang Ting , Wang Yichen , Huang Ru-jin , Tie Xuexi , Molina Luisa T.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The organic aerosol (OA) concentration is simulated in the Guanzhong Basin, China from 23 to 25 April 2013 utilizing the WRF-CHEM model. Two approaches are used to predict OA concentrations: (1) a traditional secondary organic aerosol (SOA) module; (2) a non-traditional SOA module including the volatility basis-set modeling method in which primary organic aerosol (POA) is assumed to be semivolatile and photochemically reactive. Generally, the spatial patterns and temporal variations of the calculated hourly near-surface ozone and fine particle matters agree well with the observations in Xi'an and surrounding areas. The model also yields reasonable distributions of daily PM2.5 and elemental carbon (EC) compared to the filter measurements at 29 sites in the basin. Filter-measured organic carbon (OC) and EC are used to evaluate OA, POA, and SOA using the OC ∕ EC ratio approach. Compared with the traditional SOA module, the non-traditional module significantly improves SOA simulations and explains about 88 % of the observed SOA concentration. Oxidation and partitioning of POA treated as semivolatile constitute the most important pathway for the SOA formation, contributing more than 75 % of the SOA concentrations in the basin. Residential emissions are the dominant anthropogenic OA source, constituting about 50 % of OA concentrations in urban and rural areas and 30 % in the background area. The OA contribution from transportation emissions decreases from 25 % in urban areas to 20 % in the background area, and the industry emission OA contribution is less than 6 %.
Effects of aerosol–radiation interaction on precipitation during
biomass-burning season in East China
Authors: Huang Xin , Ding Aijun , Liu Lixia , Liu Qiang , Ding Ke , Niu Xiaorui , Nie Wei , Xu Zheng , Chi Xuguang , Wang Minghuai , Sun Jianning , Guo Weidong , Fu Congbin
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Biomass burning is a main source for primary carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and acts as a crucial factor that alters Earth's energy budget and balance. It is also an important factor influencing air quality, regional climate and sustainability in the domain of Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX). During the exceptionally intense agricultural fire season in mid-June 2012, accompanied by rapidly deteriorating air quality, a series of meteorological anomalies was observed, including a large decline in near-surface air temperature, spatial shifts and changes in precipitation in Jiangsu province of East China. To explore the underlying processes that link air pollution to weather modification, we conducted a numerical study with parallel simulations using the fully coupled meteorology–chemistry model WRF-Chem with a high-resolution emission inventory for agricultural fires. Evaluation of the modeling results with available ground-based measurements and satellite retrievals showed that this model was able to reproduce the magnitude and spatial variations of fire-induced air pollution. During the biomass-burning event in mid-June 2012, intensive emission of absorbing aerosols trapped a considerable part of solar radiation in the atmosphere and reduced incident radiation reaching the surface on a regional scale, followed by lowered surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. The perturbed energy balance and re-allocation gave rise to substantial adjustments in vertical temperature stratification, namely surface cooling and upper-air heating. Furthermore, an intimate link between temperature profile and small-scale processes like turbulent mixing and entrainment led to distinct changes in precipitation. On the one hand, by stabilizing the atmosphere below and reducing the surface flux, black carbon-laden plumes tended to dissipate daytime cloud and suppress the convective precipitation over Nanjing. On the other hand, heating aloft increased upper-level convective activity and then favored convergence carrying in moist air, thereby enhancing the nocturnal precipitation in the downwind areas of the biomass-burning plumes.
Determination of NOx emissions from Frankfurt Airport by optical
spectroscopy (DOAS) – A feasibility study
Authors: Frins Erna , Shaiganfar Reza , Platt Ulrich , Wagner Thomas
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Standard methods like in-situ measurements can hardly register NOx (= NO + NO2) emissions from aircrafts during take-off, when engines run at high load and thus an important amount of fuel is consumed and most of the harmful emissions are produced . The goal of this work is to show that it is possible to measure aircraft emissions generated during take-off (and initial part of the climb) by a remote spectroscopic method like automobile – based – Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (Mobile-DOAS), which uses scattered solar radiation in the blue spectral range (around 445 nm). In order to test its feasibility, total column measurements of NO2 encircling Frankfurt Airport were carried out on 23 February 2012 using Mobile-DOAS. Also, NOx fluxes were derived from the NO2 observations. Unlike standard mobile-DOAS measures using a spectrometer looking at zenith, the measurements were performed looking at 22° elevation angle leading to a roughly two to three times higher sensitivity compared to zenith observations. The origin of the observed NO2 is discussed and the total NOx fluxes are calculated. As result of three round-trips encircling the Frankfurt Airport, the mean NOx flux was found to correlate with the number of aircrafts taking-off. Our results demonstrate that mobile-DOAS method is suitable for quantifying emissions from airports and to study their impact in the planetary boundary layer, which is most relevant concerning the impact on the environment and the human health.
Rapid surface water volume estimations in beaver ponds
Authors: Karran Daniel J. , Westbrook Cherie J. , Wheaton Joseph M. , Johnston Carol A. , Bedard-Haughn Angela
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Beaver ponds are surface water features that are transient through space and time. Such qualities complicate the inclusion of beaver ponds in local and regional water balances, and in hydrological models, as reliable estimates of surface water storage are difficult to acquire without time and labour intensive topographic surveys. A simpler approach to overcome this challenge is needed, given the abundance of the beaver ponds in North America, Eurasia and southern South America. We investigated whether simple morphometric characteristics derived from readily available aerial imagery or quickly measured field attributes of beaver ponds can be used to approximate surface water storage among the range of environmental settings in which beaver ponds are found. Studied were a total of 40 beaver ponds from four different sites in North and South America. The Simplified V-A-h approach, originally developed for prairie potholes, was tested. With only two measurements of pond depth and corresponding surface area, this method estimated surface water storage in beaver ponds within 5 % on average. Beaver pond morphometry was characterized by a median basin coefficient of 0.91, and dam length and pond surface area were strongly correlated with beaver pond storage capacity, regardless of geographic setting. These attributes provide a means for coarsely estimating surface water storage capacity in beaver ponds. Overall, this research demonstrates that reliable estimates of surface water storage in beaver ponds only requires simple measurements derived from aerial imagery and/or brief visits to the field. Future research efforts should be directed at incorporating these simple methods into both broader beaver-related tools and catchment scale hydrological models.
MEU DEUS E AGORA? ANÁLISE FUNDAMENTALISTA PARA A DECISÃO DE INVESTIMENTO NA BMF&BOVESPA
Authors: Silva André Leonardo Pruner da , Alberton Anete , Marinho Sidnei Vieira
Published: August 2016

Com a popularização da BMF&Bovespa e o aumento do número de investidores pessoa física na última década, surge a necessidade de preparar e educar os novos entrantes. A fim de auxiliar no desenvolvimento do conhecimento necessário para compreender os riscos envolvidos, bem como na tomada de decisão, este caso para ensino utiliza dados reais para simular a experiência de um jovem investidor que deve por meio da análise fundamentalista identificar qual a decisão de investimento mais apropriada. Foram selecionadas quatro empresas e disponibilizados uma série de informações e indicadores financeiros e de mercado que devem ser utilizadas para a análise.
COMO SE DÁ A SEGURANÇA DE QUEM TRABALHA COM A SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA? O TRABALHO POLICIAL, MEDOS E PRIVAÇÕES
Authors: Griza Anne , Cavedon Neusa Rolita
Published: August 2016

Este artigo objetiva trazer à luz alguns dados de pesquisa acerca do medo e das privações vividos pelos policiais em seu trabalho. Para isso, procedeu-se à pesquisa qualitativa, com a utilização de um estudo de caso. Os dados foram obtidos através de observação direta e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito policiais do DECA (Departamento Estadual da Criança e do Adolescente), da Polícia Civil do Rio Grande do Sul e analisados com base na análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados dão conta de que o trabalho do policial civil possui características bastante objetivas, como a construção de inquéritos policiais e a investigação de crimes. As características subjetivas do trabalho desses profissionais demonstram que eles realizam suas atividades em condições muitas vezes precárias e muito próximas do perigo, fazendo com que suas rotinas de trabalho e de vida sejam perpassadas pelo medo. Isso os coloca em situação de duplo alerta, ao se sentirem responsáveis pela segurança da sociedade, se veem também obrigados a permanecer em estado de prontidão para sua própria segurança e daqueles que privam de suas relações.
PROCESSO DE IDENTIFICAÇÃO E CONSTRUÇÃO DISCURSIVA EM UMA ORGANIZAÇÃO POLICIAL
Authors: Marra Adriana Ventola , Fonseca Jeferson Aderbal , Sousa Mariana Mayumi Pereira de
Published: August 2016

Este artigo teve por objetivo analisar o processo de identificação de policiais militares da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais. Buscou-se explorar como as “escolhas” desses sujeitos foram realizadas e se refletem em suas práticas discursivas. O eixo teórico que sustenta as análises pautou-se na dicotomia entre identidade pessoal e social, na Teoria da Identidade Social e em suas implicações para o entendimento dos processos de identificação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, em que foram realizadas dez entrevistas em profundidade, analisadas pela Análise Crítica do Discurso. As representações (discursos) dos policiais militares foram dialeticamente internalizadas em maneiras particulares de ação (gêneros) e em modos específicos de identificação (estilos). Desta forma, foi possível verificar como discursos dos grupos do alto comando da Corporação e demais discursos sociais e culturais foram inculcados nas identidades dos policiais e como as constituem.
Preocupações com a sustentabilidade imbricadas na missão social das organizações: a percepção de empreendedores sociais do Brasil e de Portugal
Authors: Estivalete Vania de Fátima Barros , Andrade Taís De , Costa Vívian Flores , Faller Lisiane Pellini
Published: August 2016

This study aims to investigate the perception of social entrepreneurs from Brazil and Portugal in relation to concerns about sustainability by revealing the social mission of the organizations they serve. Therefore, it was used as a methodological strategy the multiple case study, considering social projects in Brazil and Portugal. Data collection, semi-structured interviews with 11 social entrepreneurs were held, six of Brazil and five of Portugal, consolidated through a script with profile questions and about sustainability, characterized by social, environmental and economic dimensions, as well as consultations in sites, reports and documents. The data were analyzed qualitatively through content analysis procedure. The survey results suggest a predominance of concerns about the social dimension of sustainability in all analyzed enterprises, although different aspects to consider. As for the economic dimension, found themselves converging views between entrepreneurs interviewed in Brazil and Portugal, since the vast majority revealed a lack of financial resources and lack of government support. On the environmental dimension there was little evidence in the statements of the respondents.
Satisfação com o Suporte Social e Perda de Peso — Estudo Transversal
Authors: Pimenta Filipa , Bernardino Adriana , Rosas Raquel , Tapadinhas Ana , Leal Isabel
Published: August 2016

Objetivo

Potencial moderador e mediador da eficácia nas intervenções para perda de peso bem-sucedida (PPBS), o suporte social é poucas vezes avaliado neste contexto. Pretende-se averiguar a relação entre a percentagem de peso perdido e variáveis sociodemográficas e psicológicas, incluindo satisfação com o suporte social, em pessoas que realizaram uma PPBS.

Método

No total, 105 adultos com PPBS (ou seja, perda igual ou superior a 7% do peso inicial, com manutenção mínima de 12 meses) preencheram a Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social e um questionário para recolha de informação sociodemográfica, estado de saúde psicológica e estilos de vida.

Resultados

O modelo estrutural com as dimensões de satisfação com a família e intimidade apresentou um bom ajustamento (χ2/gl = 1,343; CFI = 0,943; GFI = 0,924; RMSEA = 0,057, p < 0,001; C.I. 90% = ]0,000; 0,093[); a satisfação com o suporte familiar (β = 0,193;p= 0,081) e a existência de uma relação afetivo-sexual (β = -0,184; p = 0,082) foram as únicas variáveis a predizer marginalmente a percentagem de peso perdido.

Conclusão

Participantes mais satisfeitos com o suporte familiar (no mínimo, um ano após a PPBS) perderam uma maior percentagem de peso; assim, a satisfação com suporte social da família poderá ser uma variável relevante no processo de perda de peso. Todavia, a natureza do estudo (tipo de estudo e de amostra) torna necessária mais investigação na área para confirmar este resultado.
Intervenções comportamentais de prevenção da obesidade infantil: Estado da arte em portugal
Authors: Filipe Jessica , Godinho Cristina A. , Graça Pedro
Published: August 2016

Objetivo

A prevenção do excesso de peso e obesidade infantis em Portugal é prioritária e tem sido alvo de vários programas de intervenção. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal desenvolver um registo nacional, caracterizando as intervenções implementadas.

Método

Incluíram-se programas de promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis implementados em Portugal, identificados através do “Google” e de websites Institucionais, que visavam contribuir direta ou indiretamente para a prevenção e controlo da obesidade infantil. A seleção foi realizada pela leitura dos títulos e informação disponibilizada nos websites, e foram depois extraídas informações sobre cada projeto.

Resultados

Foram incluídos na análise 29 programas de promoção de alimentação saudável (n = 19), atividade física (n = 2) ou ambos (n = 8), realizados entre 2001 e 2015. À exceção de um programa, as atividades realizadas são descritas, mas o racional teórico e as técnicas de mudança comportamental utilizadas não são explicitadas. Apenas 16 programas foram avaliados, disponibilizando online os resultados obtidos.

Conclusão

A maioria dos programas não fornece dados relativamente à sua fundamentação teórica e empírica, nem informação detalhada sobre as atividades realizadas e avaliação. Futuros programas devem fornecer maior detalhe sobre o racional teórico e as técnicas de modificação comportamental utilizadas, e a avaliação da eficácia na mudança do comportamento-alvo.
Skeletal Muscle Differentiation on a Chip Shows Human Donor Mesoangioblasts’ Efficiency in Restoring Dystrophin in a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Model
Authors: Serena Elena , Zatti Susi , Zoso Alice , Lo Verso Francesca , Tedesco F. Saverio , Cossu Giulio , Elvassore Nicola
Published: August 2016

Restoration of the protein dystrophin on muscle membrane is the goal of many research lines aimed at curing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Results of ongoing preclinical and clinical trials suggest that partial restoration of dystrophin might be sufficient to significantly reduce muscle damage. Different myogenic progenitors are candidates for cell therapy of muscular dystrophies, but only satellite cells and pericytes have already entered clinical experimentation. This study aimed to provide in vitro quantitative evidence of the ability of mesoangioblasts to restore dystrophin, in terms of protein accumulation and distribution, within myotubes derived from DMD patients, using a microengineered model. We designed an ad hoc experimental strategy to miniaturize on a chip the standard process of muscle regeneration independent of variables such as inflammation and fibrosis. It is based on the coculture, at different ratios, of human dystrophin-positive myogenic progenitors and dystrophin-negative myoblasts in a substrate with muscle-like physiological stiffness and cell micropatterns. Results showed that both healthy myoblasts and mesoangioblasts restored dystrophin expression in DMD myotubes. However, mesoangioblasts showed unexpected efficiency with respect to myoblasts in dystrophin production in terms of the amount of protein produced (40% vs. 15%) and length of the dystrophin membrane domain (210–240 µm vs. 40–70 µm). These results show that our microscaled in vitro model of human DMD skeletal muscle validated previous in vivo preclinical work and may be used to predict efficacy of new methods aimed at enhancing dystrophin accumulation and distribution before they are tested in vivo, reducing time, costs, and variability of clinical experimentation.

Significance

This study aimed to provide in vitro quantitative evidence of the ability of human mesoangioblasts to restore dystrophin, in terms of protein accumulation and distribution, within myotubes derived from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), using a microengineered model. An ad hoc experimental strategy was designed to miniaturize on a chip the standard process of muscle regeneration independent of variables such as inflammation and fibrosis. This microscaled in vitro model, which validated previous in vivo preclinical work, revealed that mesoangioblasts showed unexpected efficiency as compared with myoblasts in dystrophin production. Consequently, this model may be used to predict efficacy of new drugs or therapies aimed at enhancing dystrophin accumulation and distribution before they are tested in vivo.
Outcomes After Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycle Training in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis Who Are Nonambulatory
Authors: Backus Deborah , Burdett Blake , Hawkins Laura , Manella Christine , McCully Kevin K. , Sweatman Mark
Published: August 2016

Background:

Exercise is safe and beneficial for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling offers people with significant weakness and mobility challenges an option for exercise. We sought to evaluate the safety of FES cycling and its potential to improve fatigue, pain, spasticity, and quality of life in people with moderate-to-severe MS.

Methods:

Sixteen participants with MS who were nonambulatory cycled for 30 minutes two to three times a week for 1 month. Outcomes assessed included MS Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI) subscales, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and manual muscle test (MMT).

Results:

Fourteen participants (six women and eight men) with MS completed the training. All were able to maintain or increase their cycle time; half increased the resistance while cycling. Participants demonstrated a significant decrease in the Physical (P = .02) and Psychosocial (P < .01) subscales of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. There was no significant change in the other MSQLI subscale scores. There was no change in MAS and MMT scores. Type of MS and the use of antispasticity medications, disease-modifying therapies, or dalfampridine did not seem to influence response to training. There were no adverse events.

Conclusions:

Functional electrical stimulation cycling may be a viable and effective exercise option for people with moderate-to-severe MS. Further study is required to examine the parameters of FES cycling that are most effective for people with different MS symptoms and to fully explore the potential benefits of optimizing function and improving health in people with MS.
Troubled Waters: Marcantonio Raimondi and Dürers Nightmares on the Shore
Authors: Brown Beverly Louise
Published: August 2016

Marcantonio Raimondis Il Sogno and Albrecht Dürers Sea Monster share a number of
compositional similarities as well as a fascination with the bizarre. The
association of monstrous forms as an omen of grave misfortune, including
pestilence and war, was particularly common at the beginning of the sixteenth
century. In Marcantonios engraving the chimeric monsters, billowing inferno and
shooting star can be perceived as a graphic warning that by 1509 Venices world
was in deep peril.
Interobserver and Intraobserver Agreement on Qualitative Assessments of Right Ventricular Dysfunction With Echocardiography in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Weekes Anthony J. , Oh Laura , Thacker Gregory , Johnson Angela K. , Runyon Michael , Rose Geoffrey , Johnson Thomas , Templin Megan , Norton H. James
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To evaluate observer agreement using qualitative goal‐directed echocardiographic criteria for right ventricular (RV) dysfunction prognostication in submassive pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

Two emergency physicians and 2 cardiologists independently reviewed 31 packets of goal‐directed echocardiographic video clips consisting of at least 3 windows obtained by emergency physicians from normotensive patients with PE. Nine packets were repeated to assess for intraobserver agreement. Right ventricular dysfunction criteria on goal‐directed echocardiography were as follows: RV enlargement was present, with a right‐to‐left ventricular basal diameter ratio of 1.0 or higher and blunting of the apex of the RV in 2 or more different windows; RV systolic dysfunction was present if the tricuspid annulus moved toward the apex 10 mm or less and there was RV free wall hypokinesis; and septal deviation was present with any flattening or deviation of the ventricular septum toward the left ventricle.

Results

Among the 4 participants, there was 83.9% agreement on the presence or absence of RV enlargement (κ = 0.84), 74.2% agreement on the presence or absence of RV systolic dysfunction (κ = 0.69), and 71.0% agreement on the presence or absence of septal deviation (κ = 0.59). Intraobserver agreement was 100% for each RV dysfunction variable for each observer (κ = 1.0).

Conclusions

Agreement was substantial for both severe RV enlargement and RV systolic dysfunction and moderate for septal deviation. Right ventricular dysfunction assessment with qualitative goal‐directed echocardiographic criteria is reproducible for PE risk stratification.
Effect of Postoperative Diclofenac on Anastomotic Strength and Histologic Healing in Rabbit Small Intestine
Authors: Le Grevès Sebastian S , Bremseth Petter Lysberg , Biagini Matteo , Holst Rene , Qvist Niels
Published: August 2016

In this experimental study, we investigated the effects of a 5-day postoperative treatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac on anastomotic healing in rabbits. NSAIDs are widely used analgesics in today's “fast-track surgery,” raising concerns about their potential negative effects on healing in humans. A total of 33 New Zealand White female rabbits underwent laparotomy and 2 separate end-to-end anastomoses of the ileum.. The animals were randomized to receive subcutaneous diclofenac 4 mg/kg/d (17 experimental rabbits) or subcutaneous isotonic saline 0.1 mL/kg/d (16 control rabbits) postoperatively. On the fifth postoperative day, the animals were humanely killed, and anastomotic leakage, anastomotic breaking strength, and histopathologic changes were evaluated. Breaking strength in the diclofenac group was 21% lower than in the placebo group (P = 0.027). Anastomotic leakage was found in 4 rabbits in the diclofenac group (26.7%). The rabbits treated with diclofenac demonstrated a 16% lower collagen deposition compared with the placebo group (P = 0.008). In our study, postoperative treatment with diclofenac had a negative effect on the anastomotic healing and strength in the ileum of rabbits. Caution should be taken in the use of diclofenac after gastrointestinal surgery.
A Novel and Scarless Laparoscopic Appendectomy Technique: Two Ports in a Single Incision Plus One Puncture Without Trocar
Authors: Takita Junko , Masuda Norihiro , Haga Norihiro , Ito Tomokazu , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: August 2016

Single-port laparoscopic appendectomy (SILS-A) is now being performed in a great number of patients. However, SILS-A requires extended operation time and does not markedly decrease postoperative pain or improve cosmesis. To solve these problems, we developed a new technique for laparoscopic appendectomy that relies on 2 ports in a single incision plus 1 puncture (POP-SILS), and we can prove that this useful technique allows SILS-A to be easier and more cosmetic. The cases of 112 patients treated by laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) at our hospital between 2010 and 2013 were studied retrospectively. Forty-one were cases of locally complicated appendicitis, and 71 were cases of simple appendicitis. In laparoscopic appendectomy with POP-SILS, we maintain instrument triangulation using two 5-mm ports in the umbilicus and needle instruments that are introduced by puncture above the pubic bone. We studied the safety and usefulness of this method from the standpoint of operation time, postoperative stay, and complications. From 2010 to 2013, we performed 77 POP-SILS-LAs. Thirty-five patients required 1 or more additional ports or underwent conventional LA. The time required for POP-SILS-LA was 54 minutes (range, 23–209) in cases of simple appendicitis. Even in 17 cases of locally complicated appendicitis, POP-SILS-LA was successful. There was no statistical difference in surgical complications between POP-SILS-LA and multiport LA. Both the umbilical scar and the puncture scar eventually became invisible. The outcomes in our patient series showed POP-SILS-LA to be a safe and beneficial, minimally invasive approach to laparoscopic appendectomy.
Liquid‐filled canyons on Titan
Authors: Poggiali V. , Mastrogiuseppe M. , Hayes A. G. , Seu R. , Birch S. P. D. , Lorenz R. , Grima C. , Hofgartner J. D.
Published: August 2016

In May 2013 the Cassini RADAR altimeter observed channels in Vid Flumina, a drainage network connected to Titan's second largest hydrocarbon sea, Ligeia Mare. Analysis of these altimeter echoes shows that the channels are located in deep (up to ~570 m), steep‐sided, canyons and have strong specular surface reflections that indicate they are currently liquid filled. Elevations of the liquid in these channels are at the same level as Ligeia Mare to within a vertical precision of about 0.7 m, consistent with the interpretation of drowned river valleys. Specular reflections are also observed in lower order tributaries elevated above the level of Ligeia Mare, consistent with drainage feeding into the main channel system.
Testing the two‐layer model for correcting near‐cloud reflectance enhancement using LES/SHDOM‐simulated radiances
Authors: Wen Guoyong , Marshak Alexander , Várnai Tamás , Levy Robert
Published: August 2016

A transition zone exists between cloudy skies and clear sky; such that, clouds scatter solar radiation into clear‐sky regions. From a satellite perspective, it appears that clouds enhance the radiation nearby. We seek a simple method to estimate this enhancement, since it is so computationally expensive to account for all three‐dimensional (3‐D) scattering processes. In previous studies, we developed a simple two‐layer model (2LM) that estimated the radiation scattered via cloud‐molecular interactions. Here we have developed a new model to account for cloud‐surface interaction (CSI). We test the models by comparing to calculations provided by full 3‐D radiative transfer simulations of realistic cloud scenes. For these scenes, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐like radiance fields were computed from the Spherical Harmonic Discrete Ordinate Method (SHDOM), based on a large number of cumulus fields simulated by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) large eddy simulation (LES) model. We find that the original 2LM model that estimates cloud‐air molecule interactions accounts for 64% of the total reflectance enhancement and the new model (2LM + CSI) that also includes cloud‐surface interactions accounts for nearly 80%. We discuss the possibility of accounting for cloud‐aerosol radiative interactions in 3‐D cloud‐induced reflectance enhancement, which may explain the remaining 20% of enhancements. Because these are simple models, these corrections can be applied to global satellite observations (e.g., MODIS) and help to reduce biases in aerosol and other clear‐sky retrievals.
The May 1967 great storm and radio disruption event: Extreme space weather and extraordinary responses
Authors: Knipp D. J. , Ramsay A. C. , Beard E. D. , Boright A. L. , Cade W. B. , Hewins I. M. , McFadden R. H. , Denig W. F. , Kilcommons L. M. , Shea M. A. , Smart D. F.
Published: August 2016

Although listed as one of the most significant events of the last 80 years, the space weather storm of late May 1967 has been of mostly fading academic interest. The storm made its initial mark with a colossal solar radio burst causing radio interference at frequencies between 0.01 and 9.0 GHz and near‐simultaneous disruptions of dayside radio communication by intense fluxes of ionizing solar X‐rays. Aspects of military control and communication were immediately challenged. Within hours a solar energetic particle event disrupted high‐frequency communication in the polar cap. Subsequently, record‐setting geomagnetic and ionospheric storms compounded the disruptions. We explain how the May 1967 storm was nearly one with ultimate societal impact, were it not for the nascent efforts of the United States Air Force in expanding its terrestrial weather monitoring‐analysis‐warning‐prediction efforts into the realm of space weather forecasting. An important and long‐lasting outcome of this storm was more formal Department of Defense‐support for current‐day space weather forecasting. This story develops during the rapid rise of solar cycle 20 and the intense Cold War in the latter half of the twentieth century. We detail the events of late May 1967 in the intersecting categories of solar‐terrestrial interactions and the political‐military backdrop of the Cold War. This was one of the “Great Storms” of the twentieth century, despite the apparent lack of large geomagnetically induced currents. Radio disruptions like those discussed here warrant the attention of today's radio‐reliant, cellular‐phone and satellite‐navigation enabled world.
Thermoelectric Power Factor Enhancement by Spin‐Polarized Currents—A Nanowire Case Study
Authors: Niemann Anna Corinna , Böhnert Tim , Michel Ann‐Kathrin , Bäßler Svenja , Gotsmann Bernd , Neuróhr Katalin , Tóth Bence , Péter László , Bakonyi Imre , Vega Victor , Prida Victor M. , Gooth Johannes , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: August 2016

Thermoelectric (TE) measurements have been performed on the workhorses of today's data storage devices, exhibiting either the giant or the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect (GMR and AMR). The temperature‐dependent (50–300 K) and magnetic field‐dependent (up to 1 T) TE power factor (PF) has been determined for several CoNi alloy nanowires with varying Co:Ni ratios as well as for CoNi/Cu multilayered nanowires with various Cu layer thicknesses, which are all synthesized via a template‐assisted electrodeposition process. A systematic investigation of the resistivity, as well as the Seebeck coefficient, is performed for CoNi alloy nanowires and CoNi/Cu multilayered nanowires. At room temperature, measured values of TE PFs up to 3.6 mW K−2 m−1 for AMR samples and 2.0 mW K−2 m−1 for GMR nanowires are obtained. Furthermore, the TE PF is found to increase by up to 13.1% for AMR CoNi alloy nanowires and by up to 52% for GMR CoNi/Cu samples in an external applied magnetic field. The magnetic nanowires exhibit TE PFs that are of the same order of magnitude as TE PFs of BiSbSeTe based thermoelectric materials and, additionally, give the opportunity to adjust the TE power output to changing loads and hotspots through external magnetic fields.
Lithium‐ and Manganese‐Rich Oxide Cathode Materials for High‐Energy Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Jun , He Xin , Paillard Elie , Laszczynski Nina , Li Jie , Passerini Stefano
Published: August 2016

Layered lithium‐ and manganese‐rich oxides (LMROs), described as xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 or Li1+yM1–yO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, etc., 0 < x <1, 0 < y ≤ 0.33), have attracted much attention as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries in recent years. They exhibit very promising capacities, up to above 300 mA h g−1, due to transition metal redox reactions and unconventional oxygen anion redox reaction. However, they suffer from structural degradation and severe voltage fade (i.e., decreasing energy storage) upon cycling, which are plaguing their practical application. Thus, this review will aim to describe the pristine structure, high‐capacity mechanisms and structure evolutions of LMROs. Also, recent progress associated with understanding and mitigating the voltage decay of LMROs will be discussed. Several approaches to solve this problem, such as adjusting cycling voltage window and chemical composition, optimizing synthesis strategy, controlling morphology, doping, surface modification, constructing core‐shell and layered‐spinel hetero structures, are described in detail.
Kinetically Controlled α‐Selective O‐Glycosylation of Phenol Derivatives Using 2‐Nitroglycals by a Bifunctional Chiral Thiourea Catalyst
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Kanoko Yohei , Takao Kenichi
Published: August 2016

The highly α‐selective organocatalytic glycosylation of phenol derivatives using 2‐nitroglycals has been developed. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was kinetically controlled by a bifunctional thiourea catalyst, the chirality of which was crucial for obtaining the high α‐selectivity. A variety of phenol derivatives were added to 2‐nitrogalactal with excellent stereoselectivity. The reaction of 2‐nitroglucal also achieved highly stereoselective glycosylation. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of glycopeptides.
Die Enzymologie organischer Umwandlungen: Namensreaktionen in biologischen Systemen
Authors: Lin Chia‐I. , McCarty Reid M. , Liu Hung‐wen
Published: August 2016

Chemische Reaktionen, die zu Ehren ihrer wahren oder zumindest wahrgenommenen Entdecker benannt sind, werden als “Namensreaktionen” bezeichnet. Dieser Aufsatz ist eine Zusammenstellung von biologischen Beispielen für benannte chemische Reaktionen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Reaktionsarten und Katalysemechanismen, die die chemische Diversität in der Biosynthese von Naturstoffen wie auch Parallelen zur organischen Synthesechemie veranschaulichen. Enzymatische Katalysemechanismen werden soweit möglich im Kontext mit den entsprechenden Mechanismen in der Synthese beschrieben, und für derzeit noch untersuchte Reaktionen werden mechanistische Hypothesen diskutiert. Der Aufsatz ist nach Reaktionsarten gegliedert, z. B. Kondensation, Reduktion und Oxidation, Substitution, Carboxylierung, Radikal‐vermittelte Reaktionen und Umlagerungen, und diese sind anhand der Namensreaktionen weiter unterteilt.
C−N Bond Formation from a Masked High‐Valent Copper Complex Stabilized by Redox Non‐Innocent Ligands
Authors: Jacquet Jérémy , Chaumont Pauline , Gontard Geoffrey , Orio Maylis , Vezin Hervé , Blanchard Sébastien , Desage‐El Murr Marine , Fensterbank Louis
Published: August 2016

The reactivity of a stable copper(II) complex bearing fully oxidized iminobenzoquinone redox ligands towards nucleophiles is described. In sharp contrast with its genuine low‐valent counterpart bearing reduced ligands, this complex performs high‐yielding C−N bond formations. Mechanistic studies suggest that this behavior could stem from a mechanism akin to reductive elimination occurring at the metal center but facilitated by the ligand: it is proposed that a masked high oxidation state of the metal can be stabilized as a lower copper(II) oxidation state by the redox ligands without forfeiting its ability to behave as a high‐valent copper(III) center. These observations are substantiated by a combination of advanced EPR spectroscopy techniques with DFT studies. This work sheds light on the potential of redox ligands as promoters of unusual reactivities at metal centers and illustrates the concept of masked high‐valent metallic species.
The Enzymology of Organic Transformations: A Survey of Name Reactions in Biological Systems
Authors: Lin Chia‐I. , McCarty Reid M. , Liu Hung‐wen
Published: August 2016

Chemical reactions that are named in honor of their true, or at least perceived, discoverers are known as “name reactions”. This Review is a collection of biological representatives of named chemical reactions. Emphasis is placed on reaction types and catalytic mechanisms that showcase both the chemical diversity in natural product biosynthesis as well as the parallels with synthetic organic chemistry. An attempt has been made, whenever possible, to describe the enzymatic mechanisms of catalysis within the context of their synthetic counterparts and to discuss the mechanistic hypotheses for those reactions that are currently active areas of investigation. This Review has been categorized by reaction type, for example condensation, nucleophilic addition, reduction and oxidation, substitution, carboxylation, radical‐mediated, and rearrangements, which are subdivided by name reactions.
Stabilization of Charge Carriers in Picket‐Fence Polythiophenes Using Dielectric Side Chains
Authors: Zhao Chunhui , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Yoneda Satoru , Seki Shu , Sugimoto Manabu , Oki Choji , Takeuchi Masayuki , Sugiyasu Kazunori
Published: August 2016

Insulated molecular wires (IMWs) are π‐conjugated polymers that are molecularly sheathed with an insulating layer and are structurally analogous to electric power cords at the nanoscale. Such unique architectures are expected in molecular electronics and organic devices. Herein, we propose a new molecular design concept of IMWs, in which the sheaths can be customized, thereby enabling the modulation of the electronic properties of the interior π‐conjugated systems. To this end, we focused our attention on the dielectric constant of the sheaths, as it governs the electrostatic interaction between charges. Upon doping, charge carriers, such as polaron and bipolaron, were generated regardless of the dielectric properties of the sheaths. Flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity measurements revealed that intrawire charge carrier mobility was independent of the sheaths. However, we found that the charge carriers could be stabilized by the sheaths with a high dielectric constant owing to the charge screening effect. We expect that IMWs designed in this way will be useful in a variety of applications, where the nature of charge carriers plays an important role, and particularly when redox switching is required (e.g., electrochromic, magnetic, and memory applications).
Fe‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Vinylic Ethers with Aryl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Iwasaki Takanori , Akimoto Ryo , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: August 2016

Iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of vinylic ethers with aryl Grignard reagents is described. The reaction proceeded at room temperature with catalytic amounts of an iron salt without the aid of costly ligands and additives. In this catalytic system, vinylic C−O bonds were preferentially cleaved over aromatic C−O bonds of aryl ethers or aryl sulfonates.
Brief Behavioral Knowledge Questionnaire: Measuring Change in Caregiver's Knowledge Following Participation in a Brief Behavioral Training
Authors: Stern Karin , González Melissa L.
Published: August 2016

Behavioral caregiver training programs are extensively used interventions, based on empirical research and applied concepts of behavior. As these interventions become more widespread in use across settings for various populations, the availability of efficient methods to evaluate program effectiveness is crucial. Currently, there is a lack of widely used and psychometrically sound measurement tools to assess change in caregivers' knowledge of behavioral principles following participation in such training. In the current study, we assessed change in caregivers' knowledge of behavioral principles following participation in a caregiver training based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis. Twenty caregivers participated in the evaluation, which included pre‐ and post‐Brief Behavioral Knowledge Questionnaire (BBKQ) completed before and after participation in a brief behavioral training (BBT). The measurement was found to have good internal consistency. Results also show that following participation in the BBT, caregivers' initial knowledge of behavioral principles increased significantly. The results suggest that the BBKQ may be a useful tool in detecting changes in caregiver's knowledge of behavior principles following BBT. Limitation and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.