bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polysomnography
Authors: Butkov Nic
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the sleep recording process, including the application of electrodes and sensors to the patient, instrumentation, signal processing, digital polysomnography (PSG), and artifact recognition. Topics discussed include indications for PSG, standard recording parameters, patient preparation, electrode placement for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG), the use of respiratory transducers, oximetry, signal processing, filters, digital data display, electrical safety, and patient monitoring. This chapter also includes record samples of the various types of recording artifacts commonly found in sleep studies, with a detailed description of their causes, preventative measures, and recommended corrective actions.
Other sleep laboratory procedures (MSLT, MWT, and actigraphy)
Authors: Pizza Fabio , Cipolli Carlo
Published: June 2017

Sleep medicine practice requires different objective procedures apart from nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) to quantify sleep patterns and daytime sleepiness. Two approaches are available to measure daytime sleep propensity and vigilance: the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT). Both tests require multiple nap opportunities under online dynamic PSG monitoring; however, in the MSLT, the subject is asked to try to fall asleep (and sleep 15 minutes to document sleep onset REM periods), but in the MWT to remain awake. The MSLT is the gold standard test for the differential diagnosis of central disorders of hypersomnolence after careful clinical assessment, while the MWT is useful to document vigilance levels for safety reasons. Rest–activity patterns can be documented for prolonged periods by actigraphy to measure circadian sleep distribution. Actigraphy is therefore a useful objective tool for insomnia, circadian rhythm, and sleepiness assessment and to track treatment response.
Clinical sleep medicine
Authors: Liebenthal Jennifer A. , Guilleminault Christian
Published: June 2017

Sleep Medicine is now a specialty in its own right and many advances have occurred in recent years. Large-database studies from drug companies or general population surveys have indicated the general health impact of narcolepsy, particularly on the childhood and adolescent populations. Obesity has become a significant health problem. Sleep and its restriction has a drastic impact on regulation of metabolic function. A clearer understanding of the growth and development of the orofacial region during early childhood has led to the recognition of factors that increase collapsibility of the upper airway. Restless legs syndrome is a pain syndrome that continues to be under-diagnosed and left untreated particularly in children. Younger individuals are restricting more and more of their sleep, and they experience sleep disruption related to usage of electronic gadgets late at night. Another large health problem is the increasing number of elderly people with cognitive and sleep impairment
Idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine–Levin syndrome, and symptomatic hypersomnias
Authors: Billiard Michel , Dauvilliers Yves
Published: June 2017

Besides obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy, there are a number of other causes of excessive daytime sleepiness, listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition, as central disorders of hypersomnolence. They include primary sleep disorders such as idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine-Levin syndrome and a number of hypersomnias due to a medical disorder, a medication, or a substance, associated with a psychiatric disorder, or due to insufficient sleep. Idiopathic hypersomnia and Kleine–Levin syndrome have attracted much interest in recent years, and an overview of recent progresses is presented in this chapter. The symptomatic hypersomnias are less well known to sleep physicians and often neglected by specialists, either internists or psychiatrists, although they may seriously impact the quality of life of patients
Sleep and dreams
Authors: Solms Mark
Published: June 2017

Despite the minimal attention that physicians typically pay to dreams, the assessment of dreaming can be of diagnostic interest and have management implications. This chapter reviews the world literature on dream abnormalities of clinical neurological significance, starting with the classical concept of the Charcot–Wilbrand syndrome (anoneira). This and the other recognized disorders are broadly classified here under headings of “deficits” and “excesses” of dreaming. Also reviewed are major trends in the neuroimaging and neurophysiological literature regarding dreams and their relationship to REM sleep. Lastly, the chapter reviews the putative role of microarousals and controversies regarding dopamine and acetylcholine in the generation of dreams.
Sleep in other psychiatric disorders
Authors: Dallaspezia Sara , Benedetti Francesco
Published: June 2017

There are complex relationships among sleep, sleep disorders, and psychiatric illnesses: not only can sleep abnormalities be symptoms of psychiatric disorders, but also some sleep disorders increase the risks of developing episodes of psychiatric disorders. During the past few decades, a number of sleep investigations have been performed in patients with the aim of identifying specific sleep patterns associated with psychiatric disorders. Although the majority of these studies have focused on major unipolar depression, sleep abnormalities have also been reported in other psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcohol-related and drug abuse disorders, borderline personality disorder, and eating disorders.
Sleep at high altitude and during space travel
Authors: Nussbaumer-Ochsner Yvonne , Bloch Konrad E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter summarizes data on sleep–wake disturbances in humans at high altitude and in space. High altitude exposure is associated with periodic breathing and a trend toward reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency in healthy individuals. Some subjects are affected by altitude-related illness (eg, acute and chronic mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema). Several drugs are available to prevent and treat these conditions. Data about the effects of microgravity on sleep are limited and do not allow the drawing of firm conclusions. Microgravity and physical and psychological factors are responsible for sleep–wake disturbances during space travel. Space missions are associated with sleep restriction and disruption and circadian rhythm disturbances encouraging use of sleep medication. An unexplained and unexpected finding is the improvement in upper airway obstructive breathing events and snoring during space flight.
Vascularized Fibular Strut Autografts in Spinal Reconstruction after Resection of Vertebral Chordoma or Chondrosarcoma: A Retrospective Series
Authors: Yanamadala Vijay , Rozman Peter A. , Kumar Jay I. , Schwab Joseph H. , Lee Sang-Gil , Hornicek Francis J. , Curry William T.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND: Margin-free en bloc resection is the best medical practice for primary vertebral chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Spinal reconstruction following total spondylectomy requires reconstructive interbody graft (allograft, devascularized autograft, vascularized autograft, or cage constructs) and instrumentation. An important consideration when choosing grafts and instrumentation is the durability and the long-term success of the fusion without subsidence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential use of vascularized fibular autograft as a reconstructive strategy after en bloc resection.

METHODS: We present a series of 16 patients who underwent spondylectomy for primary vertebral chordoma or chondrosarcoma with reconstruction using a vascularized fibular autograft and anterior/posterior instrumentation between January 2011 and April 2014. We report postoperative neurological outcome, 6-mo rates of fusion and graft subsidence, and other complications.

RESULTS: Two patients passed away prior to 6-mo follow-up, and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up time for the remaining 13 patients was 32 mo. Of these patients, 9 (69%) had evidence of fusion on the 6-mo follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan. Of the 4 patients who did not fuse, 2 had undergone surgery for new tumor diagnoses, 1 for hardware failure, and 1 for graft nonunion. Two patients (15%) had eventual graft subsidence along with hardware failure.

CONCLUSIONS: Vascularized fibular strut grafts are a viable method for reconstruction following spondylectomy. We present the largest series of patients to date utilizing this technique. Further comparative studies examining vascularized grafts vs nonvascularized grafts or metallic cage constructs will be important in choosing the best reconstructive strategy.
Applications of Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim , Dauben Joseph W. , Klir George J.
Published: June 2017

The high visibility of fuzzy logic and mathematics based on fuzzy logic is primarily due to their highly successful applications in many areas of human affairs. The aim of this chapter is to characterize the evolution and current status of these applications. Covered are applications in the various areas of engineering, natural, social and earth sciences, psychology, medicine, management and business, decision making, pattern recognition, image analysis, risk analysis, music, among others. In each of these areas, the significance of using fuzzy logic and the associated mathematics is critically assessed. It is argued that in some application areas, such as psychology or quantum mechanics, a cooperation between researchers in fuzzy logic and those in the application domain, leading possibly to new types of nonstandard fuzzy sets, is essential for further progress.
The Company and the Crown
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter articulates the sense of the term renaissance and identifies a number of renaissance tropes. It demonstrates that the Indian colonial period is a renaissance in the same sense that other periods identified by this term are renaissances. It shows why this construct is important for understanding the processes at work in defining Indian modernity and how this period was understood by its intellectual protagonists.
The Cambridge Connection
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses two approaches to neo-Vedānta idealism: māyāvāda and līlāvāda. It shows how Vedānta discourse evolved from a radical idealism to a kind of realism, and how idealism evolved from a religious to a philosophical position, and how Vedānta thought entered secular philosophical discourse, including the philosophy of science.
“When You Know for Yourselves”
Authors: Davis Jake H.
Published: June 2017

This essay offers a naturalistic reconstruction of Buddhist ethical theory, drawing on two central themes of early Buddhist thought. The early Buddhist dialogues of the Pāli Nikāyas and the Chinese Āgamas take as the primary focus of ethical evaluation an agent’s emotional motivations, qualities such as hatred or friendliness, craving or equanimity—what this essay terms “Qualities of Heart.” These dialogues emphasize that one can develop wisdom through the establishment of mindfulness (satipaṭṭhāna), a practice of becoming more fully and accurately aware of both internal and external stimuli. This paper brings these two proposals together with empirical and philosophical considerations to argue for the plausibility of a thesis that lies at the heart of Buddhist ethics: that for all human beings (at least) certain Qualities of Heart are unskillful (akusala); that other qualities are skillful (kusala); and that we can come to discern the difference for ourselves.
The Dynamics of Intention, Freedom, and Habituation according to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakos´abhās.ya
Authors: Meyers Karin L.
Published: June 2017

In the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya Vasubandhu insists that karma is nothing other than intention (cetanā). Ancient and modern interpreters alike have taken this and similar Buddhist statements to imply a thorough psychologization of karma or a radically intentionalist ethics, but this does not fit Vasubandhu’s or Buddhists’ typically realist and objectivist understandings of karma and its results. Some modern thinkers have further interpreted these statements to imply that karma is voluntary and deliberate or that free will and moral responsibility are central features of Buddhist ethical theory. This essay examines Vasubandhu’s theory of karma and intention, demonstrating that although his theory has implications for the voluntary and deliberate nature of karma and can accommodate some variety of free will, his concerns about intention do not map as easily onto Western ethical theory as some interpreters have presumed.
Introduction
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

During the 2008 US presidential campaign, I was in La Habana listening to Cubans of all races tell me a black man could never be elected president of the United States of America. The prediction was no doubt couched in decades of government rhetoric that proclaims the United States to be the prime example of racism and marginalization of blacks. Racism is designated as a problem that resides outside of the island’s borders, thus negating the significance of race in Cuba. Despite the skepticism concerning the United States electing a black president and the dominant discourse that denies the implications of racial identity in Cuba, many ...
De AQUÍ Pa’l Cielo
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 is a theoretical examination of black consciousness in Cuba and the dialogue that comes out of black communities, which often contradicts dominant ideologies. The two forms of ideological critique, formal and informal, are discussed as equally important to the study of black consciousness in Cuba. The chapter highlights everyday conversations and experiences with discrimination as key components of black consciousness. Despite the lack of institutions and networks that support dialogue and agency, blacks have managed, both formally and informally, to challenge the rhetoric from above and sustain a crucial narrative about racism in Cuba from the black perspective. There is an element of solidarity and group identity that stems from blacks’ marginal position not only in Cuba, but also throughout the Americas.
Martí’s Cuba
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 discusses racial democracy and black activism prior to 1959, during the Cuban Republic. The historical foundations of racial ideology in Cuba offer critical information about how the revolution developed its racial discourse. Racial ideology during this period was a dominant narrative, but was not institutionalized to prohibit discussion of racism. Consequently, this period saw the development of an above-ground black voice represented through associations, clubs, press, and a black political party. These voices were silenced by the revolution and the chapter chronicles an important history of black activism and expression that was relegated to the private sphere after 1959.
The Seeds of a Black Movement?
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

The last chapter of the book, chapter 9, takes a look at formal or above-ground expressions of racial consciousness in Cuba and the development of a space, albeit a small one, for racial dialogue on the island. The chapter looks at organizations that were created after the political opening in the 1990s to address issues of discrimination, and how their focus and influence affect the debate that is beginning to circulate around race. It also highlights how the hip-hop movement, one of the most important and far-reaching messengers of black consciousness in Cuba, uses music to insert a new racial rhetoric into the public sphere that has not been heard prior to this period. Finally, the chapter joins the under- and above-ground components of black consciousness to show that black public opinion regarding organization and activism often aligns with what elites and writing about in the public sphere.
Scalar goodness
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

This chapter turns to deontic concepts. I argue that goodness is an interval scale, and consider two interactions with disjunction that would enforce the validity of the Disjunctive Inference: maximality (à la Lewis and Kratzer) and intermediacy. I identify a number of empirically problematic consequences of maximality, concluding that goodness is intermediate: a disjunction can be strictly worse than one of the disjuncts. I propose, as one way to flesh out the scale further, that goodness has the formal structure of expected value, and show that this proposal makes intuitively reasonable predictions about the puzzle cases for maximality as well as a wide variety of instances in which probabilistic information influences the relative goodness of outcomes. Finally, I discuss several possible schemata for the interpretation of the positive form good in light of the sensitivity of this item to prosodic focus and the non-synonymy of its positive and superlative forms.
Ought and should
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

The semantics of good places strong constraints on the better-studied and near-synonymous items ought and should. I argue that comparative goodness fact constrain – but do not determine – the interpretation of ought, and propose “Sloman’s Principle”: ought p implies that p is better than all of its alternatives. This is not yet a semantics for ought, but it takes us surprisingly far, as I show by analysing a number of puzzles involving ought and probabilistic information. It is also incompatible with the classically valid inference patterns “agglomeration” and “deontic detachment”. Several examples and an experiment show that this consequence is correct. The account can be strengthened to enforce validities such as the “Smith argument” (Horty 2003) and Weakening (Cariani 2015). Finally, I provide data showing that ought and should are actually the positive forms of gradable verbs, and discuss prospects for deriving their behaviour from the structure of their scales.
Diet
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Four methods were used to document the diet of cheetahs: incidental observations, radio tracking, tracking, spoor, and continuous follows. A combination of continuous follows and tracking spoor gave the best results. Steenbok were the most frequently killed species, but they did not dominate the diet in the same way as Thomson’s gazelle do in the Serengeti. Coalition males have a different diet profile from single males, single females, females with cubs, and sibling groups. For all but single males, the relative occurrence of prey species in the diet reflected its dietary importance in terms of kilograms of meat obtained. Gemsbok calves and adult ostrich were important prey for coalition males and springhares were important for single males. Three individual prey specializations for females were found; namely springbok specialists, steenbok/duiker specialists, and intermediates. Contrary to an earlier study, springbok were not found to be the most important prey species.
Twenty-four-hour activity patterns and distances moved
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Cheetahs spent 70.2% of their time resting, 29.3% on food acquisition, and only 0.6% socializing. Males spent more time walking than females did. Females with small cubs spent more time vigilant than single females and females with large cubs. Cheetahs were predominantly diurnal. However, single animals and coalition males especially remained active after dark to extend hunting time because of the heat in summer, and to hunt springhares throughout the year. They showed a preference, but not exclusively so, for moonlit nights. Male cheetahs moved further per 24 h than females did and moved almost as far during the night as during the day. Females sometimes made long-distance moves when in oestrus. Springbok-hunting females had to move further than steenbok-hunting females because of difference dispersion patterns in the prey. Southern Kalahari cheetahs move longer distances to find food than do cheetahs in more mesic areas.
Coexistence and the cheetah’s relations with other carnivores
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

In the southern Kalahari densities of large carnivores are relatively low, with the brown hyena the most abundant. Resource partitioning is well defined as each species tends to concentrate on the prey species it is best adapted to utilize, and they show dietary flexibility. Interactions between cheetahs and other large carnivores were rare and mostly inconsequential. Only 6.1% of kills were kleptoparasitized, with an average percentage loss of 65% per kill. Nearly all (82.6%) kills stolen, were stolen at night, were springbok, and the perpetrators were mainly lions and brown hyenas. Diurnal hunting largely counters kleptoparasitism, and anyway cheetahs are well adapted physiologically, through their daily energy expenditure, to cope with over 25% loss of kills. Jackals were often attracted to cheetah kills. Occasionally, if numbers grew to more than five, they could harass cheetahs into abandoning the kill prematurely. Jackals may also sometimes kill small cheetah cubs.
Socio-spatial organization and spatial ecology
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Home ranges of males (1204 km2) and females (1510 km2) were similar. Female home range size was positively related to the dispersion of prey and generally, but not exclusively, they displayed home range fidelity. Overlap between female home ranges was extensive, although they rarely met up. Male home ranges overlapped extensively and there was no difference in size between coalition and single males. Males overcame the problem of scent marking a large home range by concentrating scent marks in core areas. Generally female cheetah home range size is affected by resource productivity, although where prey are migratory, or in fenced reserves where movements are constricted, and areas where disturbance is severe, this may be different. Southern Kalahari males apparently need large home ranges to increase the likelihood of locating wide-ranging and sporadically receptive females. Mean dispersal distance for subadult males (96 km) was further than for females (39 km).
Besieged
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

In 1966 Pamela was asked by the Daily Telegraph to write about the infamous Moors murders trial in which Myra Hindley and Ian Brady were charged with the torture and murder of five children. Her experience of the trial was so powerful and her feelings about the social damage caused by pornography so strong that she expanded her newspaper article into her most controversial non-fiction work, On Iniquity, published in 1967. Some critics praised her strong moral insistence that the ready availability of pornography had led to the murders; but others attacked her as an enemy of free speech. At the end of the 1960s she visited Auschwitz with Snow and her son Philip and began her most ambitious novel to date: The Survival of the Fittest, which traces the lives of five friends over a period of thirty years—from the 1930s to the late 1960s.
Elegies
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

At the beginning of the 1970s, Pamela entered a decade of ill health. A migraine sufferer from childhood and long susceptible to depression (which she believed she inherited from her mother), the headaches and the mood swings became serious. The family doctor, David Sofaer, prescribed various medications, primarily tranquillizers. Also, after having suffered from gynaecological problems for many months, she underwent a hysterectomy. But during these years she never stopped writing and published four interesting and very different novels. Two feature the escape from working-class life of a male character and the price he pays for his social dislocation. The Honours Board is a moving depiction of life in a boys’ preparatory school, thought to be based upon her son Philip’s school. The Holiday Friend is a chilling story of erotic obsession and murder set in a Belgian seaside resort.
Anatomy, Embroidery, and the Fabric of Celebrity
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 investigates the activities of the artificers Anna Morandi (1714–1774) and Giovanni Manzolini (1701–1755) by tracing the trajectory of their collection of anatomical waxworks. In the mid-1740s, Giovanni Manzolini worked as an assistant to Lelli in the realization of the anatomy room sponsored by Benedict XIV. After the two had a falling out, Manzolini left Lelli’s workshop and started modelling with Anna Morandi, whom he had married in 1740. Anna and Giovanni created their own collection of anatomical waxworks and displayed it within their house. This chapter draws attention to their artisanal home as a venue of making and knowing where family life intersected with anatomical practice. Likewise, it examines the domestic setting as a site where the world of maternity and the largely female domains of sewing and needlework could naturalize women’s presence in the anatomical world and support their fashioning as anatomical celebrities.
Women, Wax, and Anatomy
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 follows Anna Morandi’s activities after her husband’s death, reconstructing the setting in which she consolidated her role as a celebrity and recipient of papal patronage. It situates Morandi’s waxworks within a diversified world of wax modelling that was characterized by patterns of continuity and discontinuity among devotional, artistic, and anatomical displays. Moreover, it reads the pope’s patronage of Morandi against the backdrop of his concerns for the authenticity of claims of divine inspiration in the context of saint-making. Likewise, it juxtaposes Morandi’s activities with those of Laura Chiarini, a Bolognese nun whose abilities as a wax modeller were taken to be the measure of her divine inspiration. It suggests that while Chiarini’s wax modelling performances represented a model of inspiration that was carefully scrutinized, Morandi’s activities as an anatomist and a trustworthy modeller of nature instantiated an example of female accomplishment that met with papal approval.
Hamiltonian Mechanics
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Hamilton’s genius was to understand what were the true variables of mechanics (the “p − q,” conjugate coordinates, or canonical variables), and this led to Hamilton’s Mechanics which could obtain qualitative answers to a wider ranger of problems than Lagrangian Mechanics. It is explained how Hamilton’s canonical equations arise, why the Hamiltonian is the “central conception of all modern theory” (quote of Schrödinger’s), what the “p − q” variables are, and what phase space is. It is also explained how the famous conservation theorems arise (for energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum), and the connection with symmetry. The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation is derived using infinitesimal canonical transformations (ICTs), and predicts wavefronts of “common action” spreading out in (configuration) space. An analogy can be made with geometrical optics and Huygen’s Principle for the spreading out of light waves. It is shown how Hamilton’s Mechanics can lead into quantum mechanics.
The whole of physics
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

How the Principle of Least Action underlies all physics (all physics that can be reduced to mathematical equations) is explained at a qualitative, semi-popular level. It even applies to smartphones. The domains of classical mechanics, continuum mechanics, materials science, light and electromagnetic waves, special and general relativity (Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation), electrodynamics, quantumelectrodynamics (QED), hydrodynamics, physical chemistry, statistical mechanics, and the quantum world, are examined. It is shown that the Principles of Least Time, Least Resistance, and Maximal Ageing, and Lenz’s Law are, in fact, examples of the Principle of Least Action. It is also shown how Planck’s constant is a measure of “absolute smallness,” and its units are the units of action. Never again, post quantum mechanics, can there be any doubt about the deep significance of action in physics.
Centaurs and Lapiths in the Landscape of Thessaly
Authors: Aston Emma
Published: June 2017

Lapiths and Centaurs are famous figures of Greek myth in both its literary and its artistic representation. However, what is rarely discussed is the localization of their conflict in the landscapes of Thessaly, in northern Greece. This chapter restores the Thessalian dimension, in two ways: first, by examining the landscape of Thessaly as a setting, and second, by reconstructing the involvement of certain of the region’s communities in the formation and development of the myths. It is argued that these communities should be regarded as active participants in myth-making rather than just the backgrounds onto which the myths were projected by non-Thessalians. The ultimate aim, however, is not to identify this local perspective as an isolated one, separate from the literary and artistic traditions by which Lapiths and Centaurs are chiefly known; instead, Thessalian voices feed into, and respond to, the wider myth-making processes of the ancient Greek world.
Meddling with Myth in Thebes
Authors: Larson Stephanie
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses an Attic red-figure vase found on the Ismenion hill, in Thebes in Greece; the vase changes the iconography of the canonical Panhellenic grypomachy scene by substituting a sphinx, a symbol of local Theban significance. The chapter sets this vase into the context of sphinx imagery and adduces other vases from both within and outside Boeotia as evidence for a link between the image of the sphinx and the myth of Oedipus. It also suggests that this substitution on the vase could be seen as following a Theban trend in altering details of myth to fit local interests, as seen also in the earlier literary works of the Theban poet Pindar.
Asymmetric processing of consonant duration in Swiss German
Authors: Ehrenhofer Lara , Roberts Adam C. , Kotzor Sandra , Wetterlin Allison , Lahiri Aditi
Published: June 2017

In Swiss German, which encodes a phonological contrast in consonant length, consonant duration signals the segment’s geminate status and, in medial position, indicates the word’s syllable structure. The present work investigates the interaction between these aspects of durational processing using the N400, an electrophysiological component which offers a fine-grained measure of the success of lexical access. A cross-modal semantic priming ERP study tested to what extent words with medial consonants whose duration had been phonetically lengthened or shortened (leading to an incorrect syllable structure) trigger lexical access. Behavioural and ERP results revealed a processing asymmetry: lengthening a singleton does not negatively impact lexical access, but shortening a geminate does. This asymmetry supports an underspecification account of the geminate/singleton contrast, and may indicate a bias towards initially parsing acoustic input according to a CV template.
Geminates and weight-manipulating phonology in Chuukese (Trukese)
Authors: Davis Stuart
Published: June 2017

One of the main controversies regarding the phonology of geminates is whether geminates are best represented as being underlyingly moraic or as being a single consonant linked to two C-slots. One language that has played a major role in the discussion of geminate representation is the Micronesian language Chuukese, also known as Trukese. After reviewing the arguments for the moraic representation of Chuukese geminates, this chapter develops a comprehensive optimality-theoretic analysis of Chuukese quantity-manipulating phonology that includes an analysis of initial geminates, final mora deletion, syllable weight, the minimal word effect, compensatory lengthening, geminate throwback, and cases of variation.
The relation between L2 perception and L1 phonology in Japanese loanwords
Authors: Tanaka Shin’ichi
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines how geminates in words from a donor language are borrowed by a recipient language that already has a geminate/singleton contrast. It analyses the loanword adaptation of Italian geminates in Japanese and its relationship to Japanese speakers’ perception of geminates. A corpus study and a perception experiment show that both phonological and phonetic factors affect adaptation patterns. Although Japanese speakers are essentially capable of perceiving geminates in Italian, their adaptation of geminates in actual loanwords is affected by the class of the consonant and the phonological environments in which it appears. Specifically, geminate consonants are more likely to be perceived as geminates by native Japanese listeners the further they appear towards the end of the source words.
Latin corpus linguistics and the study of language change
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses some methodological aspects of the corpus work that constitutes the empirical foundation of this book. It starts by addressing the question why one would want to use corpus methods in the first place. Next, the Latin text corpus, which is reported on in the upcoming chapters, is presented on. To show that this corpus can indeed be considered a reliable source of information on how the Latin language evolved in the period from 200 BC to 600 AD, a case study is offered on the diachronic development of a particular type of periphrastic construction with esse ‘be’. Specifically, it is shown that the spread of future perfects of the type amatus fuero can be nicely fitted onto an S-curve, suggesting that the corpus reliably reflects the actual spoken language. The chapter concludes with some remarks on the distinction between synchronic and diachronic variation.
Multiple object positions and how to diagnose them
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

This chapter addresses the question of which syntactic environment constitutes the most reliable source of information on variable object placement in Latin. The relevance of this question is illustrated by showing that very different results are obtained when one compares the rate of VO in two different syntactic contexts, namely clauses with a single synthetic verb and clauses with a modal verb and a dependent infinitive. It is argued that the OV/VO alternation is best studied to clauses with more than one verb, as in such clauses, more object positions can be unambiguously identified. The final part of the chapter is devoted to the phrase structure analysis of clauses with the modals possum ‘be able’ and debeo ‘have to’. These structures are argued to constitute monoclausal domains, in which the modals are raising predicates that originate in functional heads in the extended projection of lexical verbs.
Changing EPP parameters
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

This chapter starts with a description of the core facts concerning the VPAux/AuxVP alternation in the history of Latin. In the case of modal verbs and infinitives, there is a clear decline of the head-final order VPAux, whereas Late Latin BE-periphrases surprisingly prefer this order. Against the backdrop of these observations, the discussion then turns to the analysis of Classical and Late Latin clause structure. It is proposed that during the transition from Classical to Late Latin, a major parametric change took place related to the way the clausal EPP-requirement is satisfied. In the earlier grammar (‘Grammar A’), the entire VP undergoes A-movement to the high T-domain, resulting in the characteristic VPAux word order. In the later grammar (‘Grammar B’) the EPP-requirement is met by means of verb movement, with the VP staying in situ. In this grammar VPAux-orders are derived through roll-up movement, which is incompatible with the VOAux-pattern.
The development of BE-periphrases
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

The sixth and final chapter of this book deals with word order in Latin BE-periphrases. It is first shown that the unexpected Late Latin preference for the head-final order ‘past participle–esse’ is not observed in every single environment, but only in the case of so-called ‘E-periphrases’, which display a mismatch between the tense of the BE-auxiliary in isolation and the tense of the entire periphrastic expression. In contrast, structures which lack this tense mismatch (‘F-periphrases’) can be shown to behave very differently. Next, the diachronic development of these two types of BE-periphrases is discussed, and it is suggested that in the light of the Late Latin corpus data, some received wisdom about the origins of the Romance present tense passive needs to be reconsidered. Finally, a prosodic account is proposed of the unexpected word order behaviour of Late Latin E-periphrases.
The Subject of the Virtues
Authors: Irwin T. H.
Published: June 2017

Aristotle divides the soul into a rational and a non-rational part, and this division underlies his theory of the virtues. Virtues of character are virtues of the non-rational part. Mediaeval students of Aristotle express this view by saying that the passions are the subject of the virtues. Virtues of character require the agreement of the passions with the rational part of the soul. In a virtuous person, the rational part achieves ‘indirect rationality’, so that it agrees with the ‘direct rationality’ of the desires of the rational part. The capacity of the non-rational part for listening to reason in this way supports Aquinas’ argument for making the passions the ‘subject’ of some virtues of character.
Emotions and Rational Control
Authors: Perler Dominik
Published: June 2017

All medieval philosophers agreed that emotions ought to be controlled by reason, but they gave different accounts of the control that is possible. Aquinas took emotions to be sensory states that are under immediate rational control because both sensory and rational states are produced by a single soul. By contrast, Ockham distinguished two souls and two types of emotions, namely sensory ones that inevitably arise, and rational ones that can be changed by the will. This chapter examines the mechanisms of control in both cases, paying particular attention to the metaphysical framework the two authors chose. Moreover, it looks at the way they dealt with cases of internal emotional conflict. Whereas Aquinas ruled out permanent conflict in a well-functioning soul, Ockham conceded that some rational emotions could coexist with opposing sensory emotions, thus agreeing that true conflict is possible.
The Passions and Actions of Laughter in Shaftesbury and Hutcheson
Authors: Jaffro Laurent
Published: June 2017

The third Earl of Shaftesbury and Francis Hutcheson considered laughter as a passion in its own right. The hilarious response is not reducible, as Hobbes believed, to the facial expression of the sudden awareness of our own superiority. Ridicule is however an important kind of laughter; it is also an action, part of a strategy against the seriousness of fanaticism. Shaftesbury gives much importance to the politics of laughter and to the caustic power of ridicule, but also to the capacity to laugh at one’s laughter, which is crucial to what he calls good humour. Hutcheson and Shaftesbury interestingly disagree on the question of how to regulate laughter and limit its abuse.
Grace, Freedom, and the Expression of Emotion
Authors: Bennett Christopher
Published: June 2017

Schiller’s discussion of the expression of emotion takes place in the context of his arguments for the importance of grace. The expressions of emotion that help to constitute grace, on Schiller’s view, are neither physiological changes that accompany emotion, nor expressions in art, but rather gestures. Schiller notices that actions like this pose a problem for what he takes to be an attractive, Kantian conception of freedom. Schiller accepts that action out of emotion cannot be explained simply mechanistically, and accepts the Kantian conception of freedom as spontaneity; but he breaks new ground in asking how that view is to be reconciled with the fact that sometimes we act expressively, out of emotion. His answer has to do with the synthesis of the different sides of human nature in grace. The ideal of grace is an ideal where we act expressively yet freely.
Thrills, Orgasms, Sadness, and Hysteria
Authors: Mulligan Kevin
Published: June 2017

Austrian and German philosophers, in particular the heirs of Brentano, such as Stumpf and Scheler, as well as Wittgenstein, criticized in detail William James’s influential account of emotions. The chapter presents, analyses, and assesses these criticisms in the context of the largely unknown accounts of bodily feelings, sensory feelings, such as localized pains, and emotions given by Stumpf, Husserl, Scheler, and other early phenomenologists. In these accounts, the modes of emotions are distinguished from their contents and objects. Within the latter category, the proper object of an emotion, for example, a dog which is feared, is distinguished from the danger the dog represents and the fearfulness of the situation of which the dog is a part.
In What Sense is Hegel’s Philosophy of Right “Based” on His Science of Logic?
Authors: Pippin Robert B.
Published: June 2017

Hegel famously says in the “Preface” to The Philosophy of Right that that outline or Grundriss presupposes “the speculative mode of cognition.” This is to be contrasted with what he calls “the old logic” and “the knowledge of the understanding” (Verstandeserkenntnis), a term he also uses to characterize all of metaphysics prior to his own. He makes explicit that he is referring to his book, The Science of Logic, but he does not explain the nature of this dependence anywhere in the book. This chapter attempts to explain the nature of this dependence, and to show that it is indeed crucial to understanding the argument of the work.
The State as a System of Three Syllogisms
Authors: Vieweg Klaus
Published: June 2017

Hegel’s theory of the state is the culmination of his practical philosophy that he presents as a philosophy of freedom. However, many substantial contents of the Philosophy of Right remain unexplored unless one draws on the Science of Logic, which constitutes the coordination system of the argument. This chapter examines the fact that Hegel describes the state as a whole of three syllogisms. This does not apply to the structure of internal state law and to the political state (the constitution) only but also elucidates the overall structure of the state. Crucially, the application of the triad of the syllogism is realised in the context of interpreting the state as a single totality, that is as a whole that supplies its own inner logical mediation. So what is at stake is the justification of the individual freedom of all particular actors within the universality of a modern and democratic state.
To Know and Not Know Right
Authors: Stein Sebastian
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the epistemological status of the knowledge claims Hegel makes in the Philosophy of Right. It distinguishes between empirical knowledge (EK), potentially conditioned knowledge (PCPK), and philosophical knowledge (PK), and argues that PK is immune to criticism based on EK and PCPK because it is ontological prior to them. From ‘our’, PCPK-style perspective, Hegel might have failed truthfully to express PK so for ‘us’, his claims as well as our own are open for revision by the always already present standard of PK. Insofar as Hegel failed to express PK and we succeed, true thought is manifest and recognizes itself in ‘our’ thinking. When this happens, PK replaces PCPK and the contradiction between PK and PCPK is avoided.
Adjunction of complex heads inside words
Authors: Mathieu Éric , Fry Brandon J. , Barrie Michael
Published: June 2017

Piggott and Travis (2013) argue that Ojibwe words, despite their flagrant complexity, are complex heads. In order to maintain this analysis, they claim that complex adjuncts inside Ojibwe words must be complex heads formed in a separate workspace before being adjoined to the main structure. This chapter argues that nothing in their argumentation requires these adjuncts to be complex heads. Their analysis in terms of the independent spell-out of adjuncts goes through equally well if these adjuncts are analysed as phrasal elements. Furthermore, it is shown that by analysing Ojibwe words as phrasal units as opposed to complex heads, the theoretical landscape of syntactic theory is cleaner, since the many problems introduced by head movement are eliminated; and greater empirical coverage is achieved, specifically with respect to the scope of preverbs and the complexity of noun incorporation constructions.
Adjuncts as a diagnostic of polysynthetic word formation in Inuit
Authors: Compton Richard
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines polysynthetic word formation in Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut), using the presence and variable ordering of a closed class of adverbs within verbal complexes as a diagnostic device to evaluate the adequacy of different accounts of word formation. It is argued that a head movement account of Mirror Principle orders within Inuit words undergenerates with respect to the observed variation in adverb ordering, particularly if a fixed hierarchy of adverbial functional projections is assumed, as in Cinque (1999). Instead, it is shown that an analysis that employs a right-headed structure, XP-sized phasal words, and Ernst’s (2002) semantically based framework of adverb licensing better captures the observed variation.
To Reform or Not to Reform?
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

This theoretical chapter presents the existing contributions in order to enable understanding of the determinants of democratic reforms, but also the processes leading to reform in established democracies. It focuses, first, on the sets of incentives and obstacles to change of the institutions: political crisis, political instability, and the state of the pre-existing institutional system. On the other hand, the research in this field has confirmed the existence of several barriers to change, the importance of taking the roles of complexity and uncertainty into account, and how the type of reform and the type of process leading to reform (or non-reform) are intrinsically linked. Second, this chapter shows that authors often fall into traps, of which there are several, and these mainly derive from the absence of cross-national and multidimensional data on institutional change: that reforms are rare, mainly self-interested, and tend to happen as isolated events.
Disentangling the Long- and Short-Term Determinants of the Reforms of Core Democratic Rules
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

The aim of this fourth chapter is to understand the determinants of reforms of core democratic rules through a macro-analysis taking into account both long-term and short-term factors of change. Two dependent variables are examined: first, the total number of reforms adopted per country between 1990 and 2010; and second, the number of institutional reforms adopted by legislature. In the long term, polities with a lack of political support and majoritarian polities experience more reforms. Focusing on short-term determinants, the results show that rising electoral uncertainty, as measured by volatility, along with the changing preferences of actors in power as measured by the advent of new forces in government, lead to the adoption of greater numbers of institutional reforms in following legislatures.