bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrative and Healing in the Hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Young Sandra
Published: May 2005

The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission generated the extraordinary hope that individual testimonies would bring about national catharsis. This article asks whether narrative structure, shaped by the language and rituals of the church, psychotherapy, and nation-building, encourages an orientation towards the future that sanctions forgetting as well as remembering.
The Writer Becomes Text: Naguib Mahfouz and State Nationalism in Egypt
Authors: Aboul-Ela Hosam
Published: May 2005

In October of 1994, Naguib Mahfouz, Egypt's respected octogenarian Nobel Laureate, fell victim to an assassination attempt outside his home in Cairo. The outpouring of support for the aging writer during his convalescence eventually evolved into a discourse that reflected the way the Egyptian State had been complicit all along in making the writer a symbol for the regime. Ultimately, the packaging of Mahfouz by the Egyptian government made him an embodiment of the exploited and powerless Third World intellectual in the era of globalization.
Memoirs as Dynastic Means of Legitimization: Duchess Sophie of Hannover
Authors: Dreier Helke
Published: May 2005

The memoirs of Duchess Sophie of Hannover exemplify female life writing
in the seventeenth century. By no means merely a collection of anecdotes, her
self-narrative is used by the duchess to foster the glory and reputation of the
Dynasty of the Welfen, and to secure her place and role within that dynasty.
Replacing the Self in Cardinal Newman's Apologia
Authors: Regard FrÃ©dÃ©ric
Published: May 2005

This essay analyzes how Newman's Apologia seeks to articulate nineteenth-century conceptions of time through a canonical conception of prophetism, and how the question of private space is made into a national issue through Newman's narrative. The paper finally argues that Newman's technique of "replacement" deconstructs itself as a metaphorical process, which makes for the unique literariness of the Apologia.
Is it Time to Change China's Population Policy?
Authors: Peng Xizhe
Published: May 2005

Controversy exists over the one child policy itself, as well as how it is implemented. The age
structure of China's population is changing, and the issues of abnormal sex-ratio and
population quality, among others, need to be addressed.
Semantic Ambiguity and the Hainan Negotiations Joint Deflections in Two-Level Bargaining
Authors: Yee Albert S
Published: May 2005

This article explains the resolution of the 2001 Hainan Incident as
the outcome of two-level negotiations. Chinese and American leaders
initially confronted a diplomatic impasse because their minimally
acceptable positions (or "resistance points") did not overlap. The
importance of their bilateral relationship, however, prompted them
to explore mutual concessions to resolve this growing crisis. Faced
with strong domestic constraints, they reached a compromise in
large part by jointly lowering their initial demands in ways that
deflected the criticisms of their respective domestic hard-liners.
The semantic ambiguity and linguistic flexibility of their different
languages and translations facilitated the success of these
unofficial joint deflections.
Sars: "Waterloo" of Chinese Science
Authors: Cao Cong
Published: May 2005

It was Mainland China where SARS first struck, and where ultimately there
were the most cases. However, Mainland Chinese scientists and physicians
failed to capitalise, in terms of research publications, on their advantages and resources. They could have been the first to identify the pathogen, sequence its genome and describe how it sickens its victims. This article examines the reasons why the country lost an opportunity to show off its growing scientific prowess to the international community — authoritative and institutional structures, scientists from different jurisdictions not collaborating, etc. — and concludes that nothing has since changed.
Implementing and Avoiding Control: Contemporary Art and the Chinese State
Authors: Salmenkari Taru
Published: May 2005

This article investigates how the legalisation and economic
privatisation processes taking place in China since the late 1970s
have contributed to the formation of autonomous public spheres. It
explores how unofficial artists have worked to create a space for
innovative elite culture outside both state-promoted official culture
and market-driven popular culture. Unofficial artists have found their own sphere by counting on non-interference from the state and
by risking punishment if the state decided to interfere. This strategy requires non-state resources available through the market economy.
The artists' strategy fits with the liberal conception of private economy facilitating social freedom, but questions the universality of the
relationship between social freedom and legal limits for the state.
Taiwan's Dangwai Strategy: Its Implications for Mainland China
Authors: Yu Peter Kien-hong
Published: May 2005

TaiwanÃs Dangwai Strategy: Its Implications for Mainland China
TaiwanÃs independence issue is now being used as a strategic weapon against the Chinese
Communist Party, with the awareness that the Party has a current membership of some
66 million and is a much more formidable and ruthless opponent.
Social Isolation and Loneliness: Differences between Older Rural and Urban Manitobans
Authors: Havens Betty , Hall Madelyn , Sylvestre Gina , Jivan Tyler
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this paper was to identify predictors of social isolation and loneliness for very old rural and urban adults. With data from the 1996 Aging in Manitoba Study (N= 1,868; age range 72–104), separate multiple regression models were constructed for rural and urban sub-samples, using the life space index (LSI) to measure social isolation as one outcome, and a loneliness index created by the authors from a combination of items to measure loneliness as a second outcome. Different factors were found to predict the outcomes for the two sub-samples. The models with isolation as the outcome produced five predictors for the rural sub-sample and three for the urban sub-sample. Only living alone was the same for both groups. The models with loneliness as the outcome produced five predictors for the rural sub-sample and two for the urban sub-sample, again with only one factor in common – four or more chronic illnesses. We conclude that health and social factors are important predictors of social isolation and loneliness, and sensitivity to these factors may improve the experience of older adults.
European and Canadian Studies of Loneliness among Seniors
Authors: Perlman Daniel
Published: May 2005

This article provides a commentary on a set of five other articles reporting European and Canadian studies of loneliness among seniors. It places those works involving Canadian, Dutch, Finnish, and Welsh samples in the larger context of research on loneliness; offers reflections on the methods and findings reported in the articles; and addresses the question, Is loneliness universal? Points of similarity in the articles are identified and possible ways of reconciling discrepant findings regarding age trends and gender differences are put forward. A discrepancy model of loneliness is used as a key framework for explaining several points, including why objective social isolation and loneliness don't always go together.
Guilhème Pérodeau et Denyse Côté (Eds.). Le virage ambulatoire : Défis et enjeux. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de l'Université du Québec. 2002.
Authors: Vézina Aline
Published: May 2005

This book is comprised of three sections: the problems and consequences of the push for more de-institutionalized health care, the issues that crop up in this context, and the perceptions of the caregiver. At the core of this text are the two groups of women who are most present in this new context: the informal caregivers or family helpers and the nurses. Three conclusions become evident. Firstly, the push for home care has many negative consequences, especially for women. Secondly, although the help of a family member makes possible the dispensation of care at home, something wished for by most patients, it also entails an increase in, and professionalization of, the tasks for the caregiving family member. Finally, using the home as the place of care also has the consequence of increasing the tasks of nursing personnel, to the point where there is a perception that the quality of care has decreased.
Christianity, Calamity, and Culture: The Involvement of Christian Churches in the 1998 Aitape Tsunami Disaster Relief
Authors: Fountain Philip M , Kindon Sara Louise , Murray Warwick E
Published: May 2005

This paper considers the links between religion and disaster relief through a detailed case study of the activities of Christian churches following the Aitape tsunami of 1998 in northwest Papua New Guinea. Based on primary fieldwork data,
we argue that Christian religion was central to the way in which the Combined Churches Organization conducted its relief work and to why it sought to undertake it in the first place. A comparison of the perspectives of this organization and of other religious and governmental organizations as to the causes of this disaster and what remedies they should undertake suggests that greater attention should be paid—both by aid and development researchers and practitioners—to aspects of religious belief and the way they inform theory and practice. Much remains to explore concerning the ways religion informs the theory and practice of aid and development, particularly in the Pacific. Through the detailed case study offered here, this paper adds to the fledgling debate engaging with the links between religion and development and calls for the initiation of an agenda toward that end.
Tackling Maori Masculinity: A Colonial Genealogy of Savagery and Sport
Authors: Hokowhitu Brendan
Published: May 2005

The primary aim of this paper is to deconstruct one of the dominant discourses surrounding Maori men—a discourse that was constructed to limit, homogenize, and reproduce an acceptable and imagined Maori masculinity, and one that has also gained hegemonic consent from many tane. I use a genealogical approach to outline the historical underpinnings of the image of the Maori man as naturally physical, and the mechanisms, including the confiscation of land and a racist state education system, that served to propound and perpetuate this construction. The contemporary portrayal of the natural Maori sportsman has evolved from these historical roots in what has become a largely subconscious but no less insidious pattern of subjugation through positively framed sporting images.
Precarious Positions: Native Hawaiians and US Federal Recognition
Authors: Kauanui J. Kehaulani
Published: May 2005

This essay examines the politics of the controversial proposal for US federal recognition for Native Hawaiians. It explores a range of historical and legal issues that shed light on the multiple claims that constitute the complex terrain of Hawaiian sovereignty politics. The article provides a historical overview of the events that impact the current situation and then discusses a particular set of contemporary conditions that serve as key elements in catalyzing widespread support for federal recognition—namely, the implications of the recent US Supreme Court ruling in Rice v Cayetano and subsequent legal challenges to Native Hawaiian programs and funding by the US government. It also highlights difficulties with the promise of federal recognition as a solution to "the Hawaiian problem" by looking at lessons from Indian Country, Native Alaska, and the Pacific—especially the US unincorporated territories. Finally, the essay explores the independence movement as an alternative to domestic dependent nationhood.
Murder in San Isidro: Crime and Culture during the Second Cuban Republic
Authors: Beers Mayra
Published: May 2005

This article uses the murder of a well-known politician in Cuba, Alberto Yarini y Ponce de Leon, who was also a celebrated pimp, to delve into questions of national identity and nationalist discourse. The theoretical framework relies on the importance of gender images and prostitution in nation-building rhetoric, arguing that these matters have been used in support of political interests. Its methodology analyzes the tensions and ambivalence surrounding Cuban national identity in the first two decades of the republic. The murder of Alberto Yarini catalyzed a seemingly odd convergence of Havana elites, underworld figures linked to prostitution, and the social and cultural layers in-between. The confluence of class and culture displayed the duality that was--and some argue remains--a fundamental feature of Cuban national identity. However, this article questions the extent to which national identity--cubanidad--was the product of a nativist counterculture that contested elite nationalist discourse. The romantic version of Yarini was the embodiment of that developing consciousness. In the midst of endemic institutional corruption and graft, his most cited attribute was his "honor," within the nuanced context presented by the environment of popular classes and their sense of esteem. This work will, therefore, examine the sociocultural milieu that produced this tension, which formed part of the identities and solidarities that energized Cuban popular culture, thus providing new ways of observing an emerging national identity and drawing important but hidden connections between gendered discourse and popular leadership.
La Division de La Habana: Territorial Conflict and Cultural Hegemony in the Followers of Oyo Lukumi Religion, 1850s-1920s
Authors: Ramos Miguel Willie
Published: May 2005

The Yoruba presence in the Americas, particularly in Brazil and Cuba, has been the topic of much research in past years. The role of the individuals who molded and guided the new directions taken by these cultural manifestations, however, continues to be virgin terrain. In particular and without doubt, women were the most important contributors to these acculturative processes. The present article examines the influence of three African women and their contribution to the evolution and survival of Lukumi religion in Cuba. In so doing, it brings to the fore other important issues that cast light on the lives of Afro-Cuban women in nineteenth-century Cuba forced to live in a Eurocentric society in which they occupied the lowest rung of the ladder. These issues highlight the hardships and impediments that in many ways all Afro-Cubans had to overcome in their struggle for power and respect--even among members of their own ethnic groups. Eventually, this struggle played an important role in the contributions made by these groups to Cuban culture and society.
Militant Heroines and the Consecration of the Patriarchal State: The Glorification of Loyalty, Combat, and National Suicide in the Making of Cuban National Identity
Authors: Stoner K. Lynn
Published: May 2005

The female combatant, a common icon of Cuban nationalism, is found in every historical period from independence through the post-Soviet period. Unlike most other nations, Cubans have eulogized women who have defended their nation with their own lives and with those of their husbands and children. Yet, for all the fanfare these heroines have received in the nationalist discourse, few scholarly treatments of their lives exist. Instead, their heroism has been used to exalt male leaders and to uphold a patriarchal state. Their martyrdom has served as a model of sacrifice unto death for all citizens to follow. This article examines the nature of Cuban combatant iconography that followed the Cuban wars of independence, the Early Republic, and the Cuban Revolution, and connects that iconography to the purposes of state building in each era.
Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of U.S. metropolitan segregation, 1960–2000
Authors: Fischer Claude S. , Stockmayer Gretchen , Stiles Jon , Hout Michael
Published: May 2005

In this article, we assess trends in residential segregation in the United States from 1960 to 2000 along several dimensions of race and ethnicity, class, and life cycle and present a method for attributing segregation to nested geographic levels. We measured segregation for metropolitan America using the Theil index, which is additively decomposed into contributions of regional, metropolitan, center city–suburban, place, and tract segregation. This procedure distinguishes whether groups live apart because members cluster in different neighborhoods, communities, metropolitan areas, or regions. Substantively, we found that the segregation of blacks decreased considerably after 1960 largely because neighborhoods became more integrated, but the foreign born became more segregated largely because they concentrated in particular metropolitan areas. Class segregation increased between 1970 and 1990 mainly because the affluent increasingly clustered in specific metropolitan areas and in specific municipalities within metropolitan areas. The unmarried increasingly congregated in center cities. The main purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate this multilevel approach to studying segregation.
Poverty and macroeconomic performance across space, race, and family structure
Authors: Gundersen Craig , Ziliak James P.
Published: May 2005

We examined the effects of macroeconomic performance and social policy on the extent and depth of poverty in America using state-level panel data from the 1981–2000 waves of the Current Population Survey. We found that a strong macroeconomy at both the state and national levels reduced both the number of families who were living in poverty and the severity of poverty. The magnitude and source of these antipoverty effects, however, were not uniform across family structures and racial groups or necessarily over time. While gains in the eradication of poverty, in general, were tempered by rising wage inequality, simulations indicated that female-headed families and families that were headed by black persons experienced substantial reductions in poverty in the 1990s largely because of the growth in median wages. An auxiliary time-series analysis suggests that the expansions in the federal Earned Income Tax Credit of the 1990s accounted for upward of 50% of the reduction in after-tax income deprivation.
Self-care: Why do parents leave their children unsupervised?
Authors: Casper Lynne M. , Smith Kristin E.
Published: May 2005

We used a preferences-and-constraints model to develop four hypotheses to explain why parents may choose self-care (an unsupervised arrangement) as the primary child care arrangement for their children over supervised alternatives and tested them in a multivariate framework using 1995 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. We found that the choice of self-care over supervised care alternatives is linked to the availability of parents’ time to care for children, the child’s level of responsibility and maturity, and the neighborhood context. However, we found no evidence that parents’ ability to pay for child care is related to the choice of self-care. The results also suggest that parents use different decision-making processes, depending on their children’s ages.
Decomposition of differences in health expectancy by cause
Authors: Nusselder Wilma J. , Looman Caspar W. N.
Published: May 2005

Health expectancy is a widely used measure for monitoring trends in the health of a population and assessing differences in health among population groups. However, no decomposition method is available to examine the contribution made by causes of death and disability to differences in health expectancy among population groups or periods. We present a method for decomposing differences in health expectancy, based on the Sullivan method. This method is an extension of the decomposition method for life expectancy developed by Arriaga. We illustrate the method and its added value by decomposing male-female differences in health expectancy for the Netherlands.
Orphans in Africa: parental death, poverty, and school enrollment
Authors: Case Anne , Paxson Christina , Ableidinger Joseph
Published: May 2005

We examine the impact of orphanhood on children’s school enrollment in 10 sub-Saharan African countries. Although poorer children in Africa are less likely to attend school, the lower enrollment of orphans is not accounted for solely by their poverty. We find that orphans are less likely to be enrolled than are nonorphans with whom they live. Consistent with Hamilton’s rule, the theory that the closeness of biological ties governs altruistic behavior, outcomes for orphans depend on the relatedness of orphans to their household heads. The lower enrollment of orphans is largely explained by the greater tendency of orphans to live with distant relatives or unrelated caregivers.
Pervasive Muslim-Hindu fertility differences in India
Authors: Dharmalingam A. , Morgan S. Philip
Published: May 2005

Using the 1993 Indian Family and Health Survey, we examined Muslim-Hindu differences in (1) the parity-specific intent to have another child and (2) given a stated intent for no more children, reports of the current use of contraceptives. We found that Muslims are much more likely than Hindus to intend to have additional children and, among those who do not want more children, Muslims are much less likely than Hindus to use contraceptives. These findings are robust to model specification and pervasive across the states of India. This national study provides the context within which local studies should be enmeshed and begs for general (as opposed to place-specific) explanations for these pervasive differences.
Paradox lost: Explaining the hispanic adult mortality advantage
Authors: Palloni Alberto , Arias Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

We tested three competing hypotheses regarding the adult “Hispanic mortality paradox”: data artifact, migration, and cultural or social buffering effects. On the basis of a series of parametric hazard models estimated on nine years of mortality follow-up data, our results suggest that the “Hispanic” mortality advantage is a feature found only among foreign-born Mexicans and foreign born Hispanics other than Cubans or Puerto Ricans. Our analysis suggests that the foreign-born Mexican advantage can be attributed to return migration, or the “salmon-bias” effect. However, we were unable to account for the mortality advantage observed among other foreign-born Hispanics.
Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in developing countries: The case of child Survival in São Paulo, Brazil*
Authors: Sastry Narayan
Published: May 2005

I examined trends in socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality for the state of São Paulo, Brazil, over a 21-year period from 1970 to 1991, during which much of the mortality transition unfolded. During this time, there was a decline in inequality in under-five mortality by household wealth but a substantial increase by mother’s education. Improvements in infrastructure and economic development were associated with lower levels of socioeconomic inequality in under-five mortality. Mother’s education emerged as the key factor underlying socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality even as levels of education for women increased and inequality in schooling fell.
The increasing racial disparity in infant mortality: Respiratory distress syndrome and other causes
Authors: Frisbie W. Parker , Song Seung-eun , Powers Daniel A. , Street Julie A.
Published: May 2005

Although substantial declines in infant mortality rates have occurred across racial/ethnic groups, there has been a marked increase in relative black-white disparity in the risk of infant death over the past two decades. The objective of our analysis was to gain insight into the reasons for this growing inequality on the basis of data from linked cohort files for 1989–1990 and 1995–1998. We found a nationwide reversal from a survival advantage to a survival disadvantage for blacks with respect to respiratory distress syndrome over this period. The results are consistent with the view that the potential for a widening of the relative racial gap in infant mortality is high when innovations in health care occur in a continuing context of social inequality. As expected, the results for other causes of infant mortality, although similar, are less striking. Models of absolute change demonstrate that among low-weight births, absolute declines in mortality were greater for white infants than for black infants.
Family structure, intergenerational mobility, and the reproduction of poverty: Evidence for increasing polarization?
Authors: Musick Kelly , Mare Robert D.
Published: May 2005

A substantial body of research has demonstrated links between poverty and family structure from one generation to the next, but has left open key questions about the implications of these associations for aggregate-level change. To what extent does intergenerational inheritance affect trends in poverty and single parenthood over time and, in particular, trends in the relative economic positions of single-parent and two-parent families? This article examines how patterns of intergenerational inheritance play out in the population over the long run, using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys and a model of population renewal that takes into account intergenerational mobility and differential fertility across groups that are defined by poverty status and family structure. Our results suggest that current rates of intergenerational inheritance have little effect on population change over time. They account for only a small share of the recent historical change in poverty and family structure and play no role in exacerbating existing economic disparities by family structure.
A decomposition of trends in poverty among children of immigrants
Authors: Van Hook Jennifer , Brown Susan L. , Kwenda Maxwell Ndigume
Published: May 2005

Poverty levels among all children in the United States have tended to fluctuate in the past 30 years. However, among the children of immigrants, child poverty increased steadily and rapidly from about 12% in 1970 to 33% in the late 1990s before declining to about 21% in 2000. Using 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples data, we identified key factors that underlie the fluctuations in immigrant child poverty from 1969 to 1999 and the divergence from children of natives. We found that roughly half the absolute increase in immigrant child poverty can be linked to changing conditions in the U.S. economy that make it more difficult to lift a family out of poverty than 30 years ago. These changes occurred disproportionately among children of parents with lower levels of education, employment, and U.S. experience but not among racial/ethnic minorities. Poverty risks among various racial and ethnic groups converged over time. The relative increase in poverty for immigrant versus native children owes largely to the divergence between immigrant and native families in racial/ethnic composition, parental education, and employment.
Educational selectivity in U.S. Immigration: How do immigrants compare to those left behind?
Authors: Feliciano Cynthia
Published: May 2005

Current immigration research has revealed little about how immigrants compare to those who do not migrate. Although most scholars agree that migrants are not random samples of their home countries’ populations, the direction and degree of educational selectivity is not fully understood. This study of 32 U.S. immigrant groups found that although nearly all immigrants are more educated than those who remain in their home countries, immigrants vary substantially in their degree of selectivity, depending upon the origin country and the timing of migration. Uncovering patterns of immigrant selectivity reveals the fallacy in attributing immigrants’ characteristics to national groups as a whole and may help explain socioeconomic differences among immigrant groups in the United States.
Remarks on the analysis of causal relationships in population research
Authors: Moffitt Robert
Published: May 2005

The problem of determining cause and effect is one of the oldest in the social sciences, where laboratory experimentation is generally not possible. This article provides a perspective on the analysis of causal relationships in population research that draws upon recent discussions of this issue in the field of economics. Within economics, thinking about causal estimation has shifted dramatically in the past decade toward a more pessimistic reading of what is possible and a retreat in the ambitiousness of claims of causal determination. In this article, the framework that underlies this conclusion is presented, the central identification problem is discussed in detail, and examples from the field of population research are given. Some of the more important aspects of this framework are related to the problem of the variability of causal effects for different individuals; the relationships among structural forms, reduced forms, and knowledge of mechanisms; the problem of internal versus external validity and the related issue of extrapolation; and the importance of theory and outside evidence.
The importance of education-occupation matching in migration decisions
Authors: Quinn Michael A. , Rubb Stephen
Published: May 2005

In this article, we present and test a model that incorporates education-occupation matching into the migration decision. The literature on education-occupation matching shows that earnings are affected by how individuals’ education matches that required by their occupation. Accordingly, individuals with more schooling than required by their occupation have an additional incentive to migrate: the increase in earnings that occurs with a more beneficial education-occupation match. Using data from Mexico, we found statistical support for the importance of education-occupation matching in migration decisions. Education-occupation matching provides a plausible explanation for the mixed findings in the literature on the relationship between educational attainment and migration.
Differences in disability among older women and men in Egypt and Tunisia
Authors: Yount Kathryn M. , Agree Emily M.
Published: May 2005

Research on child survival and health has indicated disparities between boys and girls in selected Middle Eastern countries. Health disparities in later life are understudied in this region. In this article, we examine differences between women and men in later-life activity limitation in Egypt and Tunisia. Difficulty executing physical tasks is more common for women than for men in both study sites, although differences are smaller after adjustment for underlying illness. Differences in the difficulty of executing physical tasks also are sensitive to environmental controls in variable ways across the study sites. The findings caution against the sole use of reported disability in comparative studies of gender and aging.
It Was All a Pleasant Business: The Historical Context of "On the Quai at Smyrna"
Authors: Stewart Matthew
Published: May 2005

"On the Quai at Smyrna" exemplifies Hemingway's skill in fictionalizing events he did not witness. The magnitude and particularities of the Smyrna catastrophe are now largely forgotten. Using his iceberg principle, Hemingway creates a remarkable but ultimately puzzling narrative voice. Laying open the story's diplomatic and military context and revealing the horrific events that the speaker witnessed helps to elucidate the speaker's frame of mind, his manner of speaking and the story's tone. The speaker's self-protective irony is generated by self-disgust resulting from an enforced and prolonged powerlessness in the face of inhumane behavior, itself the byproduct of duplicitous politics.
Reading Around Jake's Narration: Brett Ashley and The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Fulton Lorie Watkins
Published: May 2005

For decades, Jake Barnes' narration of The Sun Also Rises has effectively obscured the intricacies of Brett Ashley's character. By acknowledging Jake's narrative bias, and moving beyond it and the volumes of critical commentary that it has inspired, readers can begin to appreciate Brett as a complex character. Freed from the limits Jake's narration imposes, a re-examination of Brett and her role in Jake's life shows that she stands as one of Hemingway's most developed female personae, a woman eminently worthy of Jake's fascination, as well as our own.
Poetica e ideologia: la aristocratizacion del endecasilabo en la "Carta a la Duquesa de Soma"
Authors: Lorenzo Javier
Published: May 2005

This essay explores the relationship between the ideology and values of the aristocracy and the new poetic of the hendecasyllabic line that Bosc�n introduces in his famous "Letter to the Duchess of Soma" at the beginning of Las obras de Bosc�n y algunas de Garcilaso (1543). The article focuses on three aspects that have not been studied in detail in previous treatments of this topic. First, the association between the new italianate poetry and well-known members of the aristocratic class that Bosc�n establishes in the letter. Bosc�n creates this association in order to isolate the new poetry in a "socially pristine" environment and to distance himself from the notion of the poeta avisado that was common among his fifteenth-century predecessors. Second, the hermetic tone in which Bosc�n couches his discussion of the metric and rhythmic peculiarities of the hendecasyllable. Bosc�n describes the new verse as "grave" (a concept he borrows from Bembo) but refuses to explain to his audience the meaning and provenance of this critical term. By doing so, he adheres to the courtly-aristocratic ideal of a coded performance that allows the speaker to establish his social and intellectual superiority over those incapable of deciphering the code. Finally, the emphasis that Bosc�n places on the flexibility and dignified origins of the hendecasyllable illustrate the ideas of versatility and genealogy that, according to Castiglione and some formulators of hidalgu'a, must identify the figure of the noble-courtier.
Present Absence: Memory and Narrative in Los recuerdos del porvenir
Authors: Gladhart Amalia
Published: May 2005

Elena Garro's Los recuerdos del porvenir (Recollections of Things to Come, 1963) describes a world in which memory is at once paramount and unreliable. The novel's collective narrator (the town of Ixtepec) recalls the past while perched on a "seeming stone" that is, in fact, the petrified body of Isabel Moncada, one of the novel's two female protagonists. Garro's novel offers a powerful evocation of both the attraction and the difficulty of memory as that which is past and at the same time present. Although it contains concrete references to the violence of Mexico's Cristero Revolt of the 1920s, Garro's novel also presents a mythical time of long horizons and uncertain duration. The novel closes with the inscription, in stone, of an explanation of Isabel's betrayal of her family and community. The inscribed stone makes the female body legible and this readable body, in turn, makes memory possible. Yet Isabel's body is at the same time a monument to forgetting, to absence. The crucial link between body and memory becomes evident in the stone monument that preserves the body without its contents, an empty figure of unresolved loss. The voice behind the inscription, moreover, is that of a marginalized woman whose "definitive" version of events is unreliable. At once visible and invisible, the stone body of Isabel becomes a double figure of presence and absence that situates memory at the juncture of embodiment and disembodiment. The unresolved tension between presence and absence shapes the novel's approach to memory.
Una poetica del descenso: entre mezcla y conversacion en Blanca Varela
Authors: Carcamo-Huechante Luis E
Published: May 2005

This essay proposes to read the poetry of Peruvian author Blanca Varela (1926) as the embodiment of a poetics of descendant, which implies an existential sense of fall and disenchantment. Varela's literary production is situated in the context of what has been called the Generation of the 1950s in Peruvian literature and posvanguardismo in twentieth-century Spanish-American poetry. Her poetic writing poses critical questions to the symbolic power of language, in order to bring to the fore its finitude and historical immersion. Focused on the analysis of Varela's poem "Conversaci�n con Simone Weil," from her book Valses y otras falsas confesiones (1972), this essay builds intersections between Varela's poetic approach to the issue of hunger and existential disenchantment, and Simone Weil's elaborations on the notion of "mouvement descendant" and the experience of starving. In this way, the Peruvian poet develops a writing strategy based on a mixture of metaphysical and bodily, biological, existential, and social dimensions, through the formulation of the poem as a site of conversation.
It's Not My Fault: Predicting High School Teachers Who Blame Parents and Students for Students' Low Achievement
Authors: Thompson Gail L. , Warren Susan , Carter LaMesha
Published: May 2005

This study used regression analysis to identify the characteristics
of teachers in an underperforming high school who were most likely to
blame students and their parents for students' low achievement. The
results revealed that the teachers who were most likely to do so can
be characterized mostly by negative and contradictory attributes. The
need for professional development that is aimed at improving teacher
attitudes and beliefs about students and parents, and helping teachers
to understand how their attitudes affect the quality of instruction that
students receive is underscored.
Developing Parent Information Frameworks that Support College Preparation for Latino Students
Authors: Torrez Nena
Published: May 2005

Latino parents trust a secondary school system that often misclassifies
and misdirects their children. Survey results from three high school
sites indicate that Latino parents trust that the school is doing what
is best for their children, and they do not understand the importance of
being an advocate for their children. Important curriculum decisions are
being made for Latino students without informing their parents. Rather
than pointing to a lack of expectations on the part of the parents,
it would be more fruitful to consider what is happening to the students
inside the school setting.
Critical Xicana/Xicano Educators: Is It Enough to be a Person of Color?
Authors: Berta-Avila Margarita Ines
Published: May 2005

Grounded in a Xicana/Xicano framework and critical pedagogy, this study
utilizes the methods of participatory research and
critical ethnography to understand how Xicanas/Xicanos perceive their
role in the classroom when teaching Raza students. This three-month
study focuses on three critical Xicana/Xicano educators who are in
the teaching profession to work specifically with Raza students. Using
their Xicana/Xicano identity as the central point to understand why and
how they teach, the research explores what it means to be a critical
Xicana/Xicano educator when teaching is viewed as a political act for
social transformation and the emancipation of Raza students. Specifically,
through dialogues, observations, and journal entries, the participants and
I explore how their teaching for social trans/formation transcends into
the classroom. This article will focus on the themes of positionality
and agency that emerged from the data collected. These themes will
be contextualized in relation to student/teacher relationships and
curriculum.
The Transformative Potential of Humanizing Pedagogy: Addressing the Diverse Needs of Chicano/Mexicano Students
Authors: Franquiz Maria E , Salazar Maria del Carmen
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this paper is to present an argument for understanding the
factors that support or constrain the development of Chicana/o students'
academic identities and consequently, their academic resiliency in
high school. The article draws on a larger study investigating ways
that schooling structures and teacher mind-sets can sustain students'
ability to complete high school requirements. A subset of findings from
a five-year ethnographic study in a high school in Colorado serves as
the basis for a conceptual framework that honors what Chicana/o students
identify as critical to their ability to succeed. Using observational
data, interviews and an ethnographic perspective the article examines
participating adolescents' understandings of key elements that fostered
their academic resilience. These key elements are respeto (respect),
confianza (mutual trust), consejos (verbal teachings) and buen ejemplos
(exemplary models). Findings suggest that teachers who practice a
humanizing pedagogy are instrumental in fostering healthy educational
orientations among Chicana/o adolescents, which in turn results in their
academic resiliency against all odds.
Tensions, Contradictions, and Resistance: An Activist's Reflection of the Struggles of Latino Parents in the Public School System
Authors: Olivos Edward M
Published: May 2005

Substantial literature suggests that parent participation is beneficial
to student success. Latino parents, however, have traditionally been
underrepresented in their children's schools. Historically, this
phenomenon has been explicated using deficit perspectives which have
viewed Latino parents as culpable for their children's academic and
social failure, arguments which have failed to capture the complexity
of the relationship between these parents and the public school system.
This article is a parent activist's narrative. Integrating personal
experience and parental voices, it examines tensions in the relationship
between Latino parents and the public schools. The author suggests that
Latino parents can resist, challenge, and even transform contradictory and
"oppressive" school policies and practices, particularly when accompanied
by political consciousness.
Peer Sexual Harassment Among High School Students: Teachers' Attitudes, Perceptions, and Responses
Authors: Stone Marilyn , Couch Sue
Published: May 2005

Evidence suggests that adults in school settings are doing less than they should to stop student peer sexual harassment. When such behavior persists, it creates an intrusive environment that may interfere with learning. The study was designed to determine teachers' attitudes toward sexual harassment; their perceptions of sexually harassing student behaviors; how they would respond to these behaviors; and the influence of teachers' age, sex, sex role identity, and size of school on their attitudes, perceptions, and actions. The two hundred and seventy survey respondents represented 20 randomly selected high schools in a 20-county region of one southwestern state. The results show that the teachers were intolerant in their attitudes toward sexual harassment. They recognized student peer sexual harassment, particularly in its more severe forms, and indicated that they would take action to stop such behavior when it occurred. The teachers were relatively homogeneous in their attitudes toward and perceptions of sexual harassment. However, the set of four predictors, age, sex, sex-role identity, and size of school, did influence the actions teachers would take in response to peer harassment, particularly with regard to the most frequently chosen actions, report the behavior to the designated authority and tell the initiator to stop.
Illusion of Homogeneity in Claims: Discourse on School Rules in Japan
Authors: Tamura Yuichi
Published: May 2005

School rules in Japan are consequential in prescribing socially accepted patterns of students' lifestyles both within and outside schools. This article discusses how school rules were interpreted as a social problem in the 1980s and the 1990s. Social constructionist perspectives of social problems call for sensitivity to the plurality of people's interpretations of a given condition. Current understanding of Japanese school rule controversy concentrates on the constitutionality of rules, thus neglecting less reported interpretations. Drawing on the verbal and written accounts of individuals who are involved in Japanese education, this article identifies diverse claims in which school rules are problematized and counter-claims that defend the legitimacy of rules. Identification of diversity in claims and counter-claims contributes to a more-balanced understanding of school rule controversy in Japan. Also, the findings of this article provide a framework for comparative analysis of claims and counter-claims about school rules in different societies.
Preparing Teachers for Latino Children and Youth: Policies and Practice
Authors: Tellez Kip
Published: May 2005

This paper explores the role teacher education can play in improving the education of Latino children and youth in the US. By first suggesting that preservice teachers cannot reasonably be prepared for each and every student population, it promotes reforms in three areas of teacher education policy and practice, each oriented towards improving the education of Latinos: (a) preservice teachers' acquisition of cultural knowledge, (b) preservice teachers' knowledge of second language teaching, and (c) the value of targeted recruitment of Latino teachers.
Genetic Profile of the Kichwas (Quichuas) from Ecuador by Analysis of STR Loci
Authors: González Andrade Fabricio , Sánchez Dora
Published: May 2005

Allele frequency data for the STR systems CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D5S818, and D7S820 were determined in a population sample of unrelated, healthy Amerindian Kichwa individuals. All loci met Hardy-Weinberg expectations, and there was no evidence for association of alleles among the seven loci.
Comic Views and Metaphysical Dilemmas: Shattering Cultural Images through Self-Definition and Representation by Black Comediennes
Authors: Fulton DoVeanna S.
Published: May 2005

Using the paradigm of Gary Alan Fine's "folklore diamond," this
essay analyzes comedic material of contemporary African American women
comics. This comedic material conveys the uniqueness of African American
women's position at the intersections of race, gender, and class dynamics,
thereby marking the performers as not only Black, not only female,
but as Black women entertainers who are changing the face of Black
women's comedy.
Narrative, Cosmos, and Nation: Intertextuality and Power in the Marshall Islands
Authors: McArthur Phillip Henry
Published: May 2005

A much-neglected charge in Richard Bauman's work is the socially
constitutive role of folklore and its potential for social transformation
beyond the performance event. Highlighting the intersections between
textual signs, cosmology, and social relations reveals the formation of
power relations within the newly independent nation-state of the Marshall
Islands. These relations represent a contested and emerging product
achieved through the intertextual uses of cosmological images embedded
in a mythological narrative about matriliny and chiefly polity.
The Unbearable Weight of Authenticity: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and a Theory of "Touristic Reading"
Authors: Hathaway Rosemary V
Published: May 2005

Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God is the focal point in this article for a discussion of "touristic reading," a process that occurs when a reader assumes a fictional text is an authentic and complete representation of its source culture. Although this can happen even when the ethnicity of the writer and reader match, the dynamic is often intensified when their ethnicities differ—that is, when readers read across ethnic (or other) boundaries. Folkloric content in fiction may make texts particularly vulnerable to such readings, but the presence of ethnographic material may also help undermine touristic readings, as evidenced by the resistant and subversive aspects of Hurston's text.