bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Skin Disease and Risk of Infection
Authors: Braae Olesen Anne
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we review the existing knowledge on the risk of infections in chronic skin disease. The normal
skin is a major physiological barrier to most microorganisms. In patients with chronic skin diseases the epidermal barrier
function is disrupted and the concentration of antimicrobial peptides may be reduced. Several case series and case-control
studies of selected hospitalized patients confirm a high risk of colonization with S. aureus and cutaneous infections among
patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and erythroderma. Cellulitis is a common secondary skin infection associated
with leg ulcer, varicose veins, lymphedema, tinea pedis, and leg dermatoses. Pox, Human papilloma, and Herpes viruses,
some dermatophytes and candida albicans often give rise to secondary skin infections in chronic skin disease. Concerning
infection of other organs than the skin, a few studies have shown that atopic dermatitis patients are more prone to upper
and lower respiratory tract infection. One study of severe psoriasis patients has shown increased mortality due to
infections. Patients with chronic skin disease may have more severe infections with prolonged periods of antibiotic
treatments and worse prognosis compared with skin healthy controls, but more data from population-based studies
including detailed data on relevant risk factors and confounders is needed.
A Survey of Practice Patterns for Rehabilitation Post Elbow Fracture
Authors: MacDermid Joy C , Vincent Joshua I , Kieffer Leah , Kieffer Ashley , Demaiter Jennifer , MacIntosh Stephanie
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose:

Elbow fractures amount to 4.3% of all the fractures. The elbow is prone to stiffness after injury and fractures can often lead to significant functional impairment. Rehabilitation is commonly used to restore range of motion (ROM) and function. Practice patterns in elbow fracture rehabilitation have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to describe current elbow fracture rehabilitation practices; and compare those to the existing evidence base.

Methods:

Hand therapists (n=315) from the USA (92%) and Canada (8%) completed a web-based survey on their practice patterns and beliefs related to the acute (0-6 weeks) and functional (6-12 weeks) phases of elbow fracture rehabilitation.

Results:

More than 99% of respondents agreed that fracture severity, co-morbidities, time since fracture, compliance with an exercise program, psychological factors, and occupational demands are important prognostic indicators for optimal function. Strong agreement was found with the use of patient education (95%) and active ROM (86%) in the acute stage while, home exercise programs (99%), active ROM (99%), stretching (97%), strengthening (97%), functional activities (ADLs and routine tasks) (97%), passive ROM (95%), and active assisted ROM (95%) were generally used in the functional stage. The most commonly used impairment measures were goniometry (99%), Jamar dynamometry (97%), and hand held dynamometry (97%). Agreement on the use of patient-reported outcome measures was very minimal (1.3%- 35.6%).

Conclusions:

Exercise, education, and functional activity have high consensus as components of elbo fracture rehabilitation. Future research should focus on defining the optimal dosage and type of exercise/activity, and establish core measures to monitor outcomes of these interventions.
Gathering Evidence through Enquiry: A Process Improvement Focus
Authors: Liu Guoping
Published: October 2012

As financial statements continue to contain more estimates and audit programs rely more on enquiry-based evidence, there is an increasing need to understand whether the process of enquiry can provide more reliable evidence. Prior research in other disciplines indicates enquiry process improvement is a first step in the direction of improving the quality of evidence obtained from management enquiry. This study explores which type of decision aid—a simple cognitive planning theory-adapted instruction or a detailed checklist developed from auditing field research—is more likely to improve junior auditors' planning for collecting enquiry-based evidence about a specific accounting issue. An experiment was conducted using 154 participants with an average of 12 months of auditing experience. The results show participants receiving the theory-based instruction, in contrast to those receiving no decision aids, planned to pose a greater number of questions and inquire of a larger and more diverse set of client personnel in areas relevant to the accounting issue. Further, these participants planned to corroborate evidence obtained from management enquiry with an increased number of audit procedures other than enquiry. The practice-based checklist resulted in similar overall effects, albeit at the “cost” of having to deal with a more complex aid and with less focus on corroboration by means other than enquiry. This study suggests that both decision aids can lead junior auditors to improve their planned approach to enquiry, and if these plans are executed appropriately, they could lead to more reliable audit evidence generated from enquiry of management.

Data Availability: Contact the author.
Evaluation of foal production following intracytoplasmic sperm injection and blastocyst culture of oocytes from ovaries collected immediately before euthanasia or after death of mares under field conditions
Authors: Hinrichs Katrin , Choi Young-Ho , Norris Jody D. , Love Linda B. , Bedford-Guaus Sylvia J. , Hartman David L. , Velez Isabel C.
Published: October 2012

Objective—To evaluate the efficiency of foal production following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and blastocyst culture of oocytes from mares that died or were euthanized under field conditions.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—16 mares (age, 3 to 19 years) that died or were euthanized for various causes.

Procedures—Ovaries were collected immediately before euthanasia (n = 10) or after death (6). Ovaries were transported to the laboratory for oocyte recovery (15 mares), or oocytes were recovered at a remote location and shipped to the laboratory (1). Oocytes underwent ICSI, and presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 to 10 days. Blastocysts were shipped to embryo transfer facilities for transcervical transfer to recipient mares.

Results—Ovaries were processed 30 minutes to 12 hours (mean ± SD, 4.6 ± 3.3 hours) after mares' deaths. A mean of 14.1 ± 8.6 oocytes/mare were cultured, and 110 of 225 (49%) matured. Twenty-one blastocysts developed after ICSI and were transferred to recipient mares. Thirteen pregnancies were established; 10 healthy foals were produced from 6 donor mares. The number of blastocysts produced per mare and number of live foals produced per mare were significantly correlated with the number of oocytes recovered.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Foals were produced from mares after death or euthanasia under field conditions. Proportions of foals born overall (10 foals/16 mares) and mares from which ≥ 1 foal was produced (6/16) were greater than those reported following recovery and oviductal transfer of oocytes to inseminated recipients after death of donor mares under field conditions.
The Relationship of Violence to Gender Role Conflict and Conformity to Masculine Norms in a Forensic Sample
Authors: Amato Felix J.
Published: October 2012

This study examines violent men and utilizes gender role conflict theory and conformity to masculine norms as a framework to understand why men continue to victimize others through violence. The sample consisted of 258 detainees and prisoners located in New England. Multiple regression analyses compared violence, gender role conflict, and conformity to masculine norms and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted examining violence as the criterion variable. In all analyses, violence remained statistically significant and gender role conflict and conformity to masculine norms were statistically significant as predictor variables in each analysis. Race, age, religious affiliation, and family history of crime were statistically significant in some regression analyses and predictors of violence. Implications for practice are discussed.
“I'm METRO, NOT Gay!”: A Discursive Analysis of Men's Accounts of Makeup Use on YouTube
Authors: Hall Matthew , Gough Brendan , Seymour-Smith Sarah
Published: October 2012

The last two decades have seen a marked increase in men's self-presentation practices and the creation of a new identity category: “metrosexual” (Simpson, 1994, 2002). Here we examine men's makeup use, considered one of the more extreme indicators of “metrosexuality” (Harrison, 2008). We deploy a discursive analytic approach informed in particular by membership categorisation analysis (Sacks, 1972a, 1972b, 1992) to examine male makeup users' responses to a young man's online makeup tutorial posted on YouTube. In particular we focus on how the video creator and the respondents design and manage the accounts of their activities, paying particular attention to those gendered norms and categories invoked. What we find is that when contributors endorse or reference cosmetic use they invariably attempt to inoculate themselves against potential charges of being “gay”; our analysis highlights the strategies used to manage gender and sexual identities. In addition, we discuss the implications of the analysis for mapping contemporary masculinities.
The subthalamic nucleus at 3.0 Tesla: choice of optimal sequence and orientation for deep brain stimulation using a standard installation protocol
Authors: Kerl Hans U. , Gerigk Lars , Pechlivanis Ioannis , Al-Zghloul Mansour , Groden Christoph , Nölte Ingo
Published: October 2012

Object

Reliable visualization of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is indispensable for accurate placement of electrodes in deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of the study was to evaluate different promising new MRI methods at 3.0 T for preoperative visualization of the STN using a standard installation protocol.

Methods

Magnetic resonance imaging studies (T2-FLAIR, T1-MPRAGE, T2*-FLASH2D, T2-SPACE, and susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences) obtained in 9 healthy volunteers and in 1 patient with PD were acquired. Two neuroradiologists independently analyzed image quality and visualization of the STN using a 6-point scale. Interrater reliability, contrast-to-noise ratios, and signal-to-noise ratios for the STN were calculated. For illustration of the anatomical accuracy, coronal T2*-FLASH2D images were fused with the corresponding coronal section schema of the Schaltenbrand and Wahren stereotactic atlas.

Results

The STN was best and reliably visualized on T2*-FLASH2D imaging (in particular, the coronal view). No major artifacts in the STN were observed in any of the sequences. Susceptibility-weighted, T2-SPACE, and T2*-FLASH2D imaging provided significantly higher contrast-to-noise ratio values for the STN than standard T2-weighted imaging. Fusion of the coronal T2*-FLASH2D and the digitized coronal atlas view projected the STN clearly within the boundaries of the STN found in anatomical sections.

Conclusions

For 3.0-T MRI, T2*-FLASH2D (particularly the coronal view) provides optimal delineation of the STN using a standard installation protocol.
Intradural anterior petrosectomy for petroclival meningiomas: a new surgical technique and results in 5 patients
Authors: Gupta Sunil Kumar , Salunke Pravin
Published: October 2012

Excision of petroclival meningiomas remains a surgical challenge. Extradural anterior petrosectomy is widely used as a skull base approach for these tumors; however, this approach has significant procedure-related morbidity. The authors describe an alternative technique of tailored intradural petrosectomy for removal of petroclival meningiomas. This technique was used successfully in 5 patients. Gross-total or near-total resection was possible in 2 patients, whereas a subtotal removal was achieved in 3 patients, without significant morbidity. The petrous drilling was tailored depending on the extent of tumor. Transsylvian intradural anterior petrosectomy is a safe approach for petroclival meningiomas. This approach avoids problems related to subtemporal retraction and rationalizes the degree of bone drilling.
Impact of extent of resection for recurrent glioblastoma on overall survival
Authors: Bloch Orin , Han Seunggu J. , Cha Soonmee , Sun Matthew Z. , Aghi Manish K. , McDermott Michael W. , Berger Mitchel S. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: October 2012

Object

Extent of resection (EOR) has been shown to be an important prognostic factor for survival in patients undergoing initial resection of glioblastoma (GBM), but the significance of EOR at repeat craniotomy for recurrence remains unclear. In this study the authors investigate the impact of EOR at initial and repeat resection of GBM on overall survival.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed for all patients undergoing craniotomy for GBM at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center from January 1, 2005, through August 15, 2009. Patients who had a second craniotomy for pathologically confirmed recurrence following radiation and chemotherapy were evaluated. Volumetric EOR was measured and classified as gross-total resection (GTR, > 95% by volume) or subtotal resection (STR, ≤ 95% by volume) after independent radiological review. Overall survival was compared between groups using univariate and multivariate analysis accounting for known prognostic factors, including age, eloquent location, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), and adjuvant therapies.

Results

Multiple resections were performed in 107 patients. Fifty-two patients had initial GTR, of whom 31 (60%) had GTR at recurrence, with a median survival of 20.4 months (standard error [SE] 1.0 months), and 21 (40%) had STR at recurrence, with a median survival of 18.4 months (SE 0.5 months) (difference not statistically significant). Initial STR was performed in 55 patients, of whom 26 (47%) had GTR at recurrence, with a median survival of 19.0 months (SE 1.2 months), and 29 (53%) had STR, with a median survival of 15.9 months (SE 1.2 months) (p = 0.004). A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed demonstrating that age (HR 1.03, p = 0.004), KPS score at recurrence (HR 2.4, p = 0.02), and EOR at repeat resection (HR 0.62, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of survival. Extent of initial resection was not a statistically significant factor (p = 0.13) when repeat EOR was included in the model, suggesting that GTR at second craniotomy could overcome the effect of an initial STR.

Conclusions

Extent of resection at recurrence is an important predictor of overall survival. If GTR is achieved at recurrence, overall survival is maximized regardless of initial EOR, suggesting that patients with initial STR may benefit from surgery with a GTR at recurrence.
Clinicopathological study on CSOM: a comparison between tubotympanic and atticoantral variety
Authors: Tshering Phub , Hasnat Joarder Md. Abul , Chowdhury M Alamgir , Saha Kanu Lal
Published: October 2012

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the clinico-pathological features of the tubotympanic and atticoantral variety of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study conducted in the department of Otolaryngology  Head & Neck Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was done over a period of six months and a total of 60 cases were selected. In group A 30 cases of CSOM tubotympanic variety were included while in group B 30 cases of atticoantral variety of CSOM were selected. The two groups were compared with regard to their clinical presentations, the type and degree of hearing loss and their associated complications by taking a detailed history followed by clinical examination and doing the relevant investigations.Results: In group A, the patients presented with a profuse non smelly discharge. All had a central perforation and majority had mild conductive hearing loss. There were no associated complications. In group B, the aural discharge were foul smelling and scanty. The perforations were 66% in the attic while 33.3% had marginal perforations. The hearing loss was mainly conductive in nature but in group B its more severe in degree and also there were more associated severe to profound sensori-neural hearing loss. There were also associated extracranial and intracranial complications in group B patients.Conclusion: The atticoantral variety of CSOM is associated with a foul smelling scanty discharge with severe hearing loss and complications than the tubotympanic variety of CSOM. Therefore early detection becomes essential especially in the primary care setting for appropriate referral to higher centers for better management DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.11991 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 138-144
Dysphagia: Indian perspective an often overlooked clinical experience
Authors: Sarkar Saurav , Sikdar Biswajit , Sikdar Biswajit , Kundu Sohag , Kundu Sohag
Published: October 2012

Purpose: To find-out causes of dysphagia in an Indian population and to assess whether the cases termed globus actually has some underlying cause.Methods: History elucidation, ENT examination, neurological check up and neuromuscular examination. Barium swallows of esophagus, upper flexible GED scopy, flexible laryngoscopy, X-ray cervical spine. X-ray soft tissue neck lateral view, CXR, CT scan, MRI and diagnostic rigid esophagoscopy.Results: Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (pyriform fossa) 25% (30) and esophagitis, stricture, caustic injury, webs, 25% (30) commonest cause of dysphagia in India. Osteoarthropathy, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) 2.5% (2) are significant cause of dysphagia though not common. No Patient was found to have globus hystericus.Conclusion: Osteodystrophy though not a common cause of dysphagia, but should be kept in mind when other apparent causes of it are negated and before diagnosing it as globus hystericus as in our study none of the patients were found to have globus. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.11992 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 145-148
Thyroid abscess: A report of six cases
Authors: Shah Shankar , Bhandary S , Natesh V , Chetri ST , Paudel D , Misra S , Shilpakar SL
Published: October 2012

Thyroid abscess is a rare clinical entity and infrequently encountered. We hereby present a review of six cases-four in the paedriatic and two in the adult age group who presented to our hospital which is a Tertiary care referral centre with thyroid abscess and the management varying from serial aspiration to incision and drainage of abscess. A brief review of literature is also included. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v18i2.12019 Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 18(2): 207-211
A Class of Extended Fractional Derivative Operators and Associated Generating Relations Involving Hypergeometric Functions
Authors: Srivastava H. M. , Parmar Rakesh K. , Chopra Purnima
Published: October 2012

Recently, an extended operator of fractional derivative related to a generalized Beta function was used in order to obtain some generating relations involving the extended hypergeometric functions [1]. The main object of this paper is to present a further generalization of the extended fractional derivative operator and apply the generalized extended fractional derivative operator to derive linear and bilinear generating relations for the generalized extended Gauss, Appell and Lauricella hypergeometric functions in one, two and more variables. Some other properties and relationships involving the Mellin transforms and the generalized extended fractional derivative operator are also given.
Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics among Tertiary Level Students in Accra, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Donkor Eric S. , Tetteh-Quarcoo Patience B. , Nartey Patrick , Agyeman Isaac O.
Published: October 2012

The study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among tertiary level students in Accra (Ghana) and evaluate factors associated with the practice. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study and involved face-to-face interviews of 600 respondents selected by convenient sampling. Prevalence of self medication was 70% (95% CI: 66.3–73.7), and the practice was significantly lower among medically inclined students (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.4, p < 0.001). Among the respondents who practiced self medication, the most common frequency of antibiotic usage was at intervals of one month (30%, 95% CI: 25.6–34.4%), and the most common antibiotic used was amoxacillin (23.9%, 95% CI: 21.0–26.8%). Treatment failure were reported by 35% (95% CI: 30.5–39.6%) of the respondents, and the main reasons cited for self medication were that, it was less expensive compared to medical care in the hospital and secondly, medical care in hospitals were associated with long delays. Forty nine percent (95% CI: 44.2–53.8%) of the respondents had poor knowledge about the health implications of irrational use of antibiotics, and 46% (95% CI: 41.2–50.8%) did not comply with the completion of the full course of antibiotics. Self medication among tertiary students in Accra is an important public health problem and this may reflect the situation among tertiary students in the whole of Ghana.
The Pianist: Musical Mobile Application
Authors: Elfaki Abbdelrahman Osman , Tan Donavan , Khalip Suhaila , Loo Teow Aik Kevin , Liew Fong Sim , Md Johar Md Gapar
Published: October 2012

In this paper, the process of developing a musicalmobile application has been described. The main motivation for this product is to support Samsung BADA apps market. We have developed this product based on two perspectives: educational and entertainment. The product can teach users how to play piano and at the same time, they can use it for fun, i.e., just to play piano like a real piano instrument. Firstly, we have studied and analysed the similar current products to know and understand the main functions of such product. Later we used prototype methodology, the final product generated after 8 prototypes. As a conclusion, this product (The Pianist) introducing a smart phone as a musical instrument which can be used for learning and playing piano.
Driverâ??s Big Brother: How Smartphones Can Increase Driverâ??s Awareness
Authors: Khalil Ashraf , Elnaffar Said
Published: October 2012

Using mobile devices while driving has been widely shown to pose serious safety risk. Various approaches aim at mitigating the risk of mobile devices while driving. Some initiatives have focused on increasing driversâ?? awareness of such potential risk. Along the same vein, we present a model, and its implementation, for assessing the degree of distraction that drivers experience while using phones during driving. Based on data collected during each driving session, the application gives statistics, such as keypad interaction, number and length of phone calls and the driving speed, to the driver. This should increase the awareness of drivers by helping them understand how much distraction they got involved with during driving and how much hazardous they can be to themselves and to others. Our experiments with drivers demonstrated the potential of the application at highlighting risky behavior, promoting awareness and motivating better driving.
Connecting Mobile Users Through Mobile Social Networks
Authors: Alkhateeb Faisal , Manasrah Ahmed M. , Abu Doush Iyad , Al Maghayreh Eslam
Published: October 2012

Nowadays, social networks become popular with the emerging of web-based social networking services. Recently, several mobile services are developed to connect users to their favourite social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, etc. However, these services depends upon the existing web-based social networks. In this paper, we present a mobile service for joining groups across communities. The originality of the work is that the framework of the service allows creating and joining social networks that are self-contained for mobile company servers. The service consists of several sub-services such as users invitation, group finding and others. Users, regardless of their disability, can use the service and its sub-services without the need to create their own accounts on social web sites and thus their own groups. We also propose a privacy control policy for mobile social networks.
Représentation et symbolisme du paysage dans le roman criollista du Venezuela
Authors: Belrose Maurice
Published: October 2012

Le Venezuela, pays à la fois caribéen et sud-américain de 912 050 km2, se caractérise par la grande diversité de ses paysages. On y distingue trois régions naturelles couvrant respectivement 20 %, 35 % et 45 % du territoire : la Región Costa-Montaña, le Llano et la Guayana. La première, qui englobe au nord la côte caraïbe ainsi que les îles, et au nord-ouest la Cordillère des Andes, a toujours été la partie la plus peuplée et la plus importante économiquement du pays. Le Llano, situé au sud de la chaîne montagneuse, est une immense plaine couverte de savanes, traditionnellement consacrée à l’élevage intensif de bovins et de chevaux, au climat très rude, marqué par l’alternance de deux saisons fortement contrastées : la saison sèche (verano) et la saison humide (invierno). Quant à la Guayana, qui couvre le sud et le sud-est du pays et est séparée du Llano par le fleuve Orénoque, elle correspond à l’Amazonie.Il sera question du roman rural de la fin du XIXème siècle et du début du XXème siècle, période où fleurit le Criollismo, courant littéraire de type nationaliste, fondé sur la croyance que la campagne est le dépositaire de « l’âme nationale » - ou « créole » - la ville étant tenue pour un lieu inauthentique, cosmopolite et corrompu. L’accent sera mis sur les œuvres dont l’action se déroule dans les deux premières régions mentionnées ci-dessus, la forêt amazonienne n’ayant intéressée vraiment qu’un seul grand écrivain: Rómulo Gallegos, l’auteur de Canaima. Ces romans, représentatifs des différentes écoles littéraires qui coexistent ou se succèdent de 1890 à 1934, à savoir le Romantisme, le Réalisme, le Modernismo (Modernisme) et la Vanguardia (Avant-garde), offrent des paysages de vallées et de montagnes une vision généralement idéalisée, tandis que ceux du Llano sont présentés comme hostiles et inquiétants, quoique d’une beauté « barbare ».
Perception et représentation de l’univers amazonien dans Sortilèges de Diana Lichy : un paysage chamanique
Authors: Bertin-Elisabeth Cécile
Published: October 2012

Diana Lichy, poétesse vénézuélienne contemporaine, nous propose dans son recueil Sortilèges (1994) la mise en valeur d’un paysage chamanique, soit un paysage propre à l’imaginaire et aux traditions de l’univers amazonien. Ces trente poèmes sont autant de « voyages » oniriques dans les mondes irrationnels où, à la différence de l’approche occidentale du paysage qui privilégie le regard, est mise en exergue la dimension pluri-sensorielle et notamment sonore de paysages hors du temps, vus de l’intérieur, sans exotisme aucun. Ainsi, au travers de jeux métamorphiques, Diana Lichy nous invite à découvrir des paysages amérindiens plutôt qu’amazoniens, car le paysage amazonien n’existe pas sans le regard porté sur lui, il est une représentation du monde, en l’occurrence ici de l’imaginaire amérindien, doté d’une conception spécifique de l’univers, des hommes et de leurs relations.
Le paysage au service de la biodiversité dans la ville durable
Authors: Bourcier Alban
Published: October 2012

2010 ayant été l’année internationale de la biodiversité, il convient d’admettre qu’il n’est plus acceptable de dissocier l’appauvrissement de la diversité animale et végétale des activités humaines. Cette contribution a pour objectif de lister quelques pistes d’action à privilégier dans le cadre du développement soutenable des territoires, afin de préserver et d’améliorer le cadre de vie des sociétés en réhabilitant le patrimoine naturel comme une composante de première importance.Une des finalités sera de démontrer la nécessité d’une approche multiscalaire des dispositifs d’aménagement afin de favoriser la prise en compte de la biodiversité et des paysages en adoptant une vue d’ensemble à l’échelle des territoires en sus des seules applications locales.De la planification à la mise en œuvre opérationnelle, cette contribution tente de dresser le panel des dispositifs et modes d’action pouvant servir d’outils et de leviers de la biodiversité à l’échelle des territoires et des opérations d’aménagement.L’objectif principal est de pointer les enjeux majeurs que les sociétés peuvent traiter au moyen d’une plus grande diversité faunistique et floristique en ville
Forêts, évangélismes et aides humanitaires post-sismique en Haïti : des liaisons dangereuses
Authors: Merat Pierre Jorès
Published: October 2012

Haïti vit, depuis au moins une cinquantaine d’années, une situation de déforestation sévère qui s’explique par des facteurs historiques, socio-économiques, militaires et politiques. Le séisme du 12 janvier 2010 a fait émerger dans son sillage un autre accélérateur de la déforestation. En effet, l’aide internationale post-sismique dont bénéficie Haïti est une arme à double tranchant. Elle sauve des vies, mais elle contribue insidieusement à la déforestation de ce pays. Cette dynamique est liée à son contenu (riz et haricots secs) et ses dommages collatéraux (le prosélytisme des Organisations Non Gouvernementales humanitaires d’origines religieuses et l’utilisation exclusive du bois comme matériau/modèle pour la reconstruction). Ce que nous soumettons à l’analyse c’est l’avenir du capital forestier d’Haïti dans la grande dynamique de la reconstruction post-catastrophe du pays qui se fait avec l’aide de la communauté internationale. Cette aide dans son volet humanitaire n’arrive pas à concilier l’urgence et les intérêts futurs du pays. Elle met en place les conditions de réalisation d’une autre catastrophe, l’extinction des ressources forestières. De ce fait, l’aide humanitaire post-sismique dans sa forme actuelle est donc dangereuse pour la sauvegarde des forêts en Haïti.
Natures urbaines
Authors: Monnier Yves
Published: October 2012

Trenelle à Fort-de France et La Mouzaïa à Paris apparaissent comme des « fragments » de campagne dans la ville. Ce type d’habitat qui mime un mode de vie rural perdu, mais jamais oublié est l’héritage d’une histoire qui mêle misère, déplacements de populations, pression démographique, luttes sociales et mouvements d’idées. Si Trenelle cultive des plantes d’usage dans ses jardins créoles, La Mouzaïa structure des jardins d’agrément. Mais le caractère privé de ces jardins et l’amateurisme des pratiques, les différencient des parcs, des squares et de tout autre espace vert institutionnel. Ces natures urbaines préservent une relation authentique de l’homme à la nature et la biodiversité de ces milieux originaux est exceptionnelle.
Unités Paysagères et services écosystémiques, l’exemple des récifs coralliens
Authors: David Gilbert , Mirault Émilie , Pennober Gwenaëlle , Révillion Christophe
Published: October 2012

Les services écosystémiques sont une manière récente de voir le monde sous le prisme de l’économie. Facilitant l’intégration de l’environnement dans la décision publique, ils font l’objet d’une demande grandissante. Les récifs coralliens n’échappent pas à cette évolution. L’évaluation économique des services écosystémiques qu’ils génèrent se fait sous la forme d’une valeur économique totale, qu’on applique à l’ensemble d’un récif donné, considéré comme un capital naturel, sans tenir compte de son hétérogénéité en matière de géomorphologie, d’habitats, de biocénoses et d’usages. Cette isotropie fonctionnelle du capital naturel récif, perçu comme une boîte noire, constitue une puissante contrainte pour intégrer l’évaluation des services écosystémiques qu’il génère à la gouvernance locale. La solution consiste à croiser cette conception économique à une conception géographique considérant le récif comme un paysage, composé d’espaces ressources générant des services écosystémiques spécifiques. Mais cette vision pluridisciplinaire se heurte à la financiarisation grandissante de l’évaluation économique des services écosystémiques. Cette évolution ne peut conduire qu’à une impasse, car elle consacre le découplage entre l’écosystème et sa valeur. Il est donc urgent de mieux intégrer le paysage dans l’évaluation des services écosystémiques.
Un conservatoire botanique adapté au territoire guyanais : comment intégrer connaissances scientifiques et connaissances traditionnelles?
Authors: Fleury Marie , Gonzalez Sophie , Grenand Pierre , Guitet Stéphane , Sabatier Daniel
Published: October 2012

Malgré l’idée couramment admise d’un territoire couvert d’une forêt homogène, en réalité la Guyane est très hétérogène tant dans la répartition des espèces que des paysages végétaux. Nous évoquerons les différentes voies d’exploration possibles de la biodiversité végétale utilisées jusqu’à présent et leurs perspectives de développement dans le cadre de la mise en place d’un conservatoire botanique en Guyane. Deux exemples seront développés: l’état des connaissances et les stratégies d’acquisition pour les espèces arborescentes forestières mettant l’accent sur l’aspect fragmenté de l’espace forestier ; et l’étude des espèces dites « utiles », associées aux activités humaines, en particulier les plantes liées à l’agriculture traditionnelle, les plantes médicinales et les plantes introduites, dont la présence est liée à l’habitat humain, ancien ou récent.La mise en place du conservatoire botanique à l’échelle de la Région Guyane, portée par la collectivité locale, et soutenue par le ministère de l’Environnement nous permet d’envisager la mise en place d’une structure intégrant les connaissances scientifiques et les connaissances traditionnelles. Médiateur entre l’État, les collectivités, les organismes de recherche, les associations et les communautés, il pourrait devenir un véritable outil de gouvernance de la biodiversité pour la Guyane, mais aussi une plateforme de collaboration internationale à l’échelle du plateau des Guyanes.
L'agriculture urbaine dans les quartiers défavorisés de la métropole New-Yorkaise: la justice alimentaire à l'épreuve de la justice sociale
Authors: Paddeu Flaminia
Published: October 2012

La notion de justice alimentaire irrigue les discours des tenants du food movement aux États-Unis. Elle se traduit par l'essor de l'agriculture urbaine dans les grandes métropoles américaines. Loin de se cantonner à son statut de mouvement de classes moyennes blanches préoccupées par leur bien-être alimentaire, la justice alimentaire cherche à favoriser la sécurité alimentaire des populations pauvres et des minorités ethniques des quartiers défavorisés. Elle introduit dès lors des enjeux de justice sociale dans les enjeux alimentaires des métropoles. Le cas d'étude de la ville de New York, et notamment du quartier de Hunts Point dans le South Bronx, permet de rendre compte des pratiques contemporaines locales de justice alimentaire et de souligner leurs apports théoriques, notamment à partir des concepts dont le mouvement s'inspire : justice sociale, justice spatiale et justice environnementale.
Intractable schizo-affective disorder successfully treated with electroconvulsive treatment over six years
Authors: Berg John E.
Published: October 2012

Some patients with severe mental disorders are refractory to psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacological interventions. We describe a patient with severe symptoms from the age of 16 to 44. Her illness is best described as a schizo-affective disorder. Several series of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) followed by maintenance once a week for more than six years has kept her out of hospital beds for three years. The patient demonstrates the feasibility of long term ECT and the absence of disturbing cognitive reductions.
Erratum: GEOTRACES radium isotopes interlaboratory comparison experiment
Authors: Charette Matthew A. , Dulaiova Henrieta , Gonneea Meagan E. , Henderson Paul B. , Moore Willard S. , Scholten Jan C. , Pham M.K.
Published: October 2012

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GEOTRACES IC1 (BATS) contamination‐prone trace element isotopes Cd, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mo intercalibration
Authors: Boyle Edward A. , John Seth , Abouchami Wafa , Adkins Jess F. , Echegoyen‐Sanz Yolanda , Ellwood Michael , Flegal A. Russell , Fornace Kyrstin , Gallon Celine , Galer Steve , Gault‐Ringold Melanie , Lacan Francois , Radic Amandine , Rehkamper Mark , Rouxel Olivier , Sohrin Yoshiki , Stirling Claudine , Thompson Claire , Vance Derek , Xue Zichen , Zhao Ye
Published: October 2012

We report data on the isotopic composition of cadmium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, and molybdenum at the GEOTRACES IC1 BATS Atlantic intercalibration station. In general, the between lab and within‐lab precisions are adequate to resolve global gradients and vertical gradients at this station for Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn. Cd and Zn isotopes show clear variations in the upper water column and more subtle variations in the deep water; these variations are attributable, in part, to progressive mass fractionation of isotopes by Rayleigh distillation from biogenic uptake and/or adsorption. Fe isotope variability is attributed to heavier crustal dust and hydrothermal sources and light Fe from reducing sediments. Pb isotope variability results from temporal changes in anthropogenic source isotopic compositions and the relative contributions of U.S. and European Pb sources. Cu and Mo isotope variability is more subtle and close to analytical precision. Although the present situation is adequate for proceeding with GEOTRACES, it should be possible to improve the within‐lab and between‐lab precisions for some of these properties.
Getting good particles: Accurate sampling of particles by large volume in‐situ filtration
Authors: Bishop James K.B. , Lam Phoebe J. , Wood Todd J.
Published: October 2012

We deployed the Multiple Unit Large Volume in‐situ Filtration System (MULVFS) to simultaneously sample 12 depths between 10 and 900 m during the US GEOTRACES Atlantic and Pacific intercalibration experiments. Sampling was designed to simultaneously compare large (>51 µm) and small (micron or sub‐micron to 51 µm) size particulates collected by four classes of 142 mm filter holders against those collected using the main MULVFS filter holder. We evaluated Whatman “QMA,” Pall “Supor” (0.8, 0.45, 0.2 µm), and Millipore “MF” (0.45 µm) filters. Paired QMA filters had best particle loading and uniformity and sample particles to 0.8 µm. Paired 0.8 µm Supor filters sample particles to 0.45 µm and provide the best compromise in terms of sample loading and evenness of particle distribution for elements that require total sample digestion. We also found, under the most benign oceanographic conditions, that many 142 mm single and double baffle filter holders lost of up to 90% of the large particle size fraction, especially in the upper 150 m. We designed and validated a new 142 mm filter holder that solves this problem. We further studied the effect of filtration flow rate on large particle size distribution and chemistry; samples from 500‐800 m in the oligotrophic Pacific showed a 50% decrease of > 51 µm Mn, Ba, and Ca (but no effect on P) over a flow velocity range of 0.1 to 1.6 cm s−1. We recommend sampling below 1 cm s−1. The methodology of bottle and in‐situ filtration is also discussed.
Assessment of sample storage techniques for total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater
Authors: Huang Wei‐Jen , Wang Yongchen , Cai Wei‐Jun
Published: October 2012

The borosilicate glass bottle sealed with a ground stopper and vacuum grease is a high quality container for preserving seawater samples for total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); it is recommended in the standard methods, even though this bottle is expensive and hard‐to‐handle. As there is an increased demand for sample storage and transportation by laboratories involved in biological and ocean acidification research, we explore alternative sample storage techniques by testing four types of containers. The results demonstrated that over a period of 47 d, TA values from seawater samples stored in polypropylene (PP) bottles and high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles were not statistically different from those stored in the benchmark borosilicate glass bottles, both at room and refrigerated temperatures. In addition, DIC concentrations from a seawater sample stored in soda‐lime glass bottles and small volume borosilicate glass vials with screw caps were not statistically different from those stored in the borosilicate glass bottles over at least 148 d. However, the TA value of seawater stored in soda‐lime glass bottles increased significantly with increasing storage time, indicating that this type of soft glass bottle is not suitable for TA sample storage. Therefore, we suggest that PP or HDPE bottles can be used for TA sample storage and small volume borosilicate glass vials with screw caps can be used for DIC sample storage for a period of at least 1.5 months. These storage containers provide economical and easy‐to‐transport alternatives to the recommended high‐quality borosilicate glass bottles.
Characterization of adsorbed microlayer thickness on an oceanic glass plate sampler
Authors: Shinki Masaya , Wendeberg Magnus , Vagle Svein , Cullen Jay T. , Hore Dennis K.
Published: October 2012

The thickness of solution layers adsorbed onto rotating glass plates designed for use on an oceanic glass plate sampler was investigated in laboratory experiments using optical techniques. Using the Beer‐Lambert Law, light attenuation measurements were used to calculate the thickness of adsorbed solution layers on a rotating glass disk with and without salt and surfactants. The observations have shown that the adsorbed film thickness can vary between 80 and 40 µm for glass rotation speeds between 4 and 16 cm s−1, depending on salinity and surfactant concentrations. For example, the thickness of a film of water with 40 ppt of salt and 5 cm s−1 rotation speed was in the range of 80 µm. The adsorbed layer thickness increases with increasing salt concentration and with increasing concentrations of surface active substances. These results are comparable to results obtained by vertically dipping a glass plate and determining film thickness from the collected volume of water. Because the glass disk rotational speed significantly influences the thickness of the adsorbed solution layer, it is important that the speed is maintained at a value for which the adsorbed thickness has been calibrated. At typical oceanic salinities, the dependence of the adsorbed film thickness on rotation speed was limited. However, even small changes in surface active substances resulted in significant thickness changes.
Uncertainties in modeling heterogeneous chemistry and Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2009/2010
Authors: Wohltmann I. , Wegner T. , Müller R. , Lehmann R. , Rex M. , Manney G. L. , Santee M. L. , Bernath P. , Sumińska-Ebersoldt O. , Stroh F. , von Hobe M. , Volk C. M. , Hösen E. , Ravegnani F. , Ulanovsky A. , Yushkov V.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Stratospheric chemistry and denitrification are simulated for the Arctic winter 2009/2010 with the Lagrangian Chemistry and Transport Model ATLAS. A number of sensitivity runs is used to explore the impact of uncertainties in chlorine activation and denitrification on the model results. In particular, the efficiency of chlorine activation on different types of liquid aerosol versus activation on nitric acid trihydrate clouds is examined. Additionally, the impact of changes in reaction rate coefficients, in the particle number density of polar stratospheric clouds, in supersaturation, temperature or the extent of denitrification is investigated. Results are compared to satellite measurements of MLS and ACE-FTS and to in-situ measurements onboard the Geophysica aircraft during the RECONCILE measurement campaign. It is shown that even large changes in the underlying assumptions have only a small impact on the modeled ozone loss, even though they can cause considerable differences in chemical evolution and denitrification. In addition, it is shown that chlorine activation on liquid aerosols alone is able to explain the observed magnitude and morphology of the mixing ratios of active chlorine, reservoir gases and ozone.
NO2 observations over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean by MAX-DOAS on Kaiyo, a Japanese research vessel
Authors: Takashima H. , Irie H. , Kanaya Y. , Syamsudin F.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) profile retrievals were performed by ship-borne Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) using a compact/low-power spectrometer on the Japanese research vessel Kaiyo during two ocean cruises around Japan and Japan–Bali (Indonesia)–Indian Ocean. DOAS analysis using a 425–450 nm fitting window revealed a clear land–ocean contrast in NO2 differential slant column densities (DSCDs) but poor fitting results and negative values, especially at low elevation angles at low latitudes (
Volcanic forcing and climate variations during the last glacial period
Authors: Flinders A. F.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Measurements of δ18O in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice-core from Summit, Greenland, show repeated temporal variations associated with rapid warming events throughout the last glacial period of the Pleistocene-10–110 kya. The majority of these warming events are preceded in the ice-core record by an increased concentration of insoluble micro-particulate sulfate, indicative of increases in global volcanism. Wavelet analysis of ice-core and marine-sediment records show a repeated 5000–6000 yr periodicity in both volcanic SO4 and δ18O ice records, as well as a 5000–8000 yr cycle in the lithic concentration of ice-rafted debris, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and a database of late Quaternary volcanic eruptions. Increasing concentrations in atmospheric CO2 and CH4 initiated during periods of increased volcanism, peaking during a warm transition, reflect a volcanic-atmospheric-deglaciation feedback, regulated by meridional overturning current-shutdown related cooling.
Modelling mid-Pliocene climate with COSMOS
Authors: Stepanek C. , Lohmann G.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. In this manuscript we describe the experimental procedure employed at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany in the preparation of the simulations for the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). We present a description of the utilized Community Earth System Models (COSMOS, version: COSMOS-landveg r2413, 2009) and document the procedures that we applied to transfer the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) Project mid-Pliocene reconstruction into model forcing fields. The model setup and spin-up procedure are described for both the paleo- and preindustrial (PI) time slices of PlioMIP experiments 1 and 2, and general results that depict the performance of our model setup for mid-Pliocene conditions are presented. The mid-Pliocene, as simulated with our COSMOS setup and PRISM boundary conditions, is both warmer and wetter in the global mean than the PI. The globally averaged annual mean surface air temperature in the mid-Pliocene standalone atmosphere (fully coupled atmosphere-ocean) simulation is 17.35 °C (17.82 °C), which implies a warming of 2.23 °C (3.40 °C) relative to the respective PI control simulation.