bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The problem of infant suffering
Authors: CHIGNELL ANDREW
Published: July 2002

The problem of infant suffering and death is one of the most difficult

versions of the problem of evil, especially when we consider how God can
be thought
good to the infant victims by the infant victims. In
the
first portion of this paper, I
examine two theodicies that aim to solve this problem but fail. In the
final section,
I argue that the problem can be better dealt with by maintaining not that
God must
redeem the suffering of such children, but that such children are not the
sort of
beings whose suffering God can or must redeem.

God is good, God is just, God is almighty: only a madman doubts this…
Doubtless
when their elders suffer these afflictions we are wont to say either that
their goodness
is being tested…or that their sins are being punished. But these
are older people.
Tell me what we are to answer about children!

St Augustine, in a letter to Jerome
Knights, Knaves and Gnashers: Professional Values and Private Dentistry
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER , SYLVESTER STELLA , CALNAN MIKE , MANLEY GRAHAM
Published: July 2002

This article applies Le Grand's distinction between knightly and knavish
motivations to the behaviour of dentists in choosing whether to treat
patients on the NHS or privately. Using national quantitative and discursive
surveys, it shows that dentists' notions of their own interests
centre on independent small-business entrepreneurship and their professional
culture defines patient interest in terms of access to clinically
autonomous practice based on a restorative paradigm. Government
attempts to promote preventive dentistry in the context of the weakening
in dentists' bargaining position as general dental health improves and the
determination of the profession to protect high remuneration have led to
conflict. Both knavish and knightly motives (understood from the perspective
of dentists' professional culture) lead dentists to exit from the
NHS. Any analysis of ‘robust’ policies, designed to accommodate both
motivations, must take into account social factors such as professional
cultures which influence how practitioners understand their own interests
and those of their clients.
From a National System Locally Administered to a National System Nationally Administered: The New
Leviathan in Education and Training in England
Authors: AINLEY PATRICK
Published: July 2002

This article's starting point is Glennerster et al.'s 1991 question in JSP,
20: 3 whether ‘the decisive break’ they then saw in British social policy
represented ‘A New Enlightenment or a New Leviathan’. Evidence is produced
from the policy arena of education and training (i.e., learning) to
argue that the Learning and Skills Act due for implementation from 1
April 2001 represents an example of the latter rather than the former.
The Act is a further step on the road from what was traditionally ‘a
national system of education locally administered’ to a national system
nationally administered. This is clearly seen when the post-war system of
education and training established by the 1944 Education Act is contrasted
with the new system of contracting out provision through agencies.
In presenting this contrast the article is an exercise in ‘Learning
Policy’, described as ‘a new area of social policy … [which] indicates the
concerted approach that many governments in developed countries now
take to integrate the reproduction of knowledge at all levels in the education
institutions under their control with skill formation in training in
and out of employment’ (Ainley, 1999, p. 9).
Inviting collaborations in stories about a woman
Authors: BEACH WAYNE A.
Published: July 2002

Stories provide rich environments for understanding
how invitations to action, and responses to them, are delicately
managed and consequential for shaping just how “the
story” evolves as a form of social organization.
The present analysis focuses on seventeen invited collaborations,
as “Two guys” co-author gossip about an absent
woman, and on the distinct interactional dilemmas that
arise as morally indignant references are occasioned, initially
avoided, and yet gradually pursued as resources for escalating
affiliation and intimacy. At noticeably risky moments,
as the story gets reconfigured – from a reporting
about “last night,” to sexualized fantasy enacted
through stereotypic portrayals of uneducated Southern males
– speakers' intoned and animated voices
are revealed as methodically deployed, prosodically constructed,
and increasingly choral practices for shaping story trajectories:
artfully crafted resources for contextualizing and negotiating
concerted actions in ordinary conversation. The analysis
concludes by addressing the question: Are these gossiping
actions “sexist”?
Jane Kamensky, Governing the tongue: The politics
of speech in early New England. Oxford & New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. ix, 291. Hb $35.00.
Authors: Monaghan E. Jennifer
Published: July 2002

In what she terms “an exercise in historical
eavesdropping”, Kamensky explores the relationship
between speech and society in 17th-century New England.
In doing so, she places speech at center stage in the New
England experience. Her insightful study floodlights the
connections between gender and speech, speech and power,
community cohesiveness and community deviance. Early New
Englanders, she argues, believed “speech was conduct
and conduct was speech” that is, in a culture
that remained largely oral, they imbued speech with powers
almost as great as those of actual deeds.
Lexical biases are useful
Authors: Benkí José R.
Published: July 2002

I present two criticisms: (1) Merge is a model of performance in speech perception experiments but not an ecologically valid model integrating both word recognition and speech perception, and (2) Merge's implementation of the variability of lexical effects must be made more precise or the model is indistinguishable from its alternatives.
Insights from functional neuroimaging studies of behavioral state regulation in healthy and depressed subjects
Authors: Nofzinger Eric A.
Published: July 2002

New data are presented showing excellent replicability and test-retest reliability of REM sleep findings from functional brain imaging studies in healthy subjects on which newer brain-based models of human dreaming have been constructed. Preliminary region-of-interest findings related to bottom-up versus dissociable brain systems mediating REM sleep and dreaming are also presented.

[Hobson et al.; Solms]>
The dangers of taking capacity limits too literally
Authors: Avons S. E. , Ward Geoff , Russo Riccardo
Published: July 2002

The empirical data do not unequivocally support a consistent fixed capacity of four chunks. We propose an alternative account whereby capacity is limited by the precision of specifying the temporal and spatial context in which items appear, that similar psychophysical constraints limit number estimation, and that short term memory (STM) is continuous with long term memory (LTM).
On widening the explanatory gap
Authors: van der Heijden A. H. C. , Hudson P. T. W. , Kurvink A. G.
Published: July 2002

The explanatory gap refers to the lack of concepts for
understanding “how it is that . . . a state of consciousness
comes about as a result of irritating nervous tissue.” By
assuming that there are colours in the outside world, Block needlessly
widens this gap and Lycan and Kitcher simply fail to see the gap. When
such assumptions are abandoned, an unnecessary and incomprehensible
constraint disappears. It then becomes clear that the brain can use
its own neural language for representing aspects of the outside world.
While this may not close the gap, it becomes clearer where we need new
concepts.
Flexible feature creation: Child's play?
Authors: Deák Gedeon
Published: July 2002

Schyns, Goldstone & Thibaut's argument is evaluated
from a developmental perspective. Theoretically, feature creation is
not necessarily problematic; this view derives from the assumption of
innate content (primitive feature sets). Alternative assumptions
(e.g., Piaget's theory) are possible. Preschool children readily
search for novel features in response to task demands. This is
compatible with functionalist approaches, but not the rationalist ones
criticized by the authors.
Revolution, no! Reform, si!
Authors: Dennett Daniel C.
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder's hard line against representations is not
supported or supportable, and his soft line in favor of dynamical
systems thinking as a supplement to representational models of
cognition is good advice, but not revolutionary, as he seems to
think.
When the coefficient hits the clinic: Effect size and the size of the effect
Authors: Maher Brendan
Published: July 2002

The usefulness of effect-size differs in utilitarian experiments from its use in theory corroborations. Chow introduces the
question of the relationship of effect-size to practical validity and
the role of the assessment of “importance” in this. This
review develops this question and suggests the actuarial table as a
replacement for effect-size in practical decision-making.
What can we learn from highly developed special skills?
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: July 2002

Skills cannot be divided into the innate and the acquired.
Also, genetic effects may not come into play until well after early
childhood, and evocative gene-environment correlations are to be
expected. Special talents are common in autism and warrant more
detailed study, but whether they have the same meaning as talents
in nonautistic individuals is not known.
Today's dynamical systems are too simple
Authors: Jaeger Herbert
Published: July 2002

Cognitive systems are wilder than today's dynamical
systems theory can handle. Cognitive systems might be tamed in
principle, but the very notion of a dynamical system will change in
the process.
Theories of structure versus theories of change
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: July 2002

The dynamics/computation debate recalls a similar debate in
the evolutionary biology community concerning the relative primacy
of theories of structure versus theories of change. A full account of
cognition will require a rapprochement between such theories and will
include both computational and dynamical notions. The key to making
computation relevant to cognition is not making it analog, but rather
understanding how functional information-processing structures can
emerge in complex dynamical systems.
Innateness, universality, and domain-specificity
Authors: Solomon Gregg E. A.
Published: July 2002

There are problems with Atran's argument for an innate
cognitive module for folk biology. He has been too quick to assume
innate origins for what might plausibly be learned. Furthermore, in
his characterization he includes aspects – essentialist
reasoning and inductions from classes – that are not
domain-specific. Finally, his characterization compromises his
argument that the module is pretheoretical.
Motion percepts: “Sense specific,” “kinematic,” or . . . ?
Authors: Wertheim A. H.
Published: July 2002

In line with my model of object motion perception (Wertheim
1994) and in contradistinction to what Stoffregen (1994) states,
Sauvan's data suggest that percepts of motion are not sense
specific. It is here argued that percepts of object- or self-motion
are neither sense specific nor do they necessarily stem from what
Stoffregen calls “kinematic events.” Stoffregen's
error is in believing that we can only perceive object- or self-motion
relative to other objects, which implies a failure to realise that
percepts of absolute object- or self-motion in space (relative to the
earth's surface) do exist as well, even when the earth's
surface itself is not perceived.
Why asymmetries in color space cannot save functionalism
Authors: Cohen Jonathan
Published: July 2002

Palmer's strategy of saving functionalism by constraining spectrum inversions cannot succeed because (1) there remain many nontrivial transformations not ruled out by Palmer's constraints, and (2) the constraints involved are due to the contingent makeup of our visual systems, and are therefore not available for use by functionalists.
Stability of behavioral traits within the framework of neural plasticity
Authors: Depue Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Lifelines supports the theme that behavioral
development is a fluid, life-long phenomenon. In contrast, many
emotional and cognitive traits are subject to strong genetic
influence, and are highly stable over many years. The manner
in which neuroplasticity and trait stability cooccur needs to
be modeled. An outline of such a model is provided to promote
discussion of this complex issue.
A more substantive neuron doctrine
Authors: Lau Joe Y. F.
Published: July 2002

First, it is not clear from Gold & Stoljar's definition
of biological neuroscience whether it includes computational and
representational concepts. If so, then their evaluation of Kandel's
theory is problematic. If not, then a more direct refutation of the
radical neuron doctrine is available. Second, objections to the
psychological sciences might derive not just from the conflation of the
radical and the trivial neuron doctrines. There might also be the
implicit belief that, for many mental phenomena, adequate theories must
invoke neurophysiological concepts and cannot be purely psychological.
Extrapolated lifelines
Authors: Rowell T. E.
Published: July 2002

Extending lifelines still further, beyond determinism leads
to doubt about females' ability to select mates with “good
genes,” and to a scenario for troop selection and to a link with
questions of scale in ecology.
Perception, inference, and the veridicality of natural constraints
Authors: Singh Manish , Hoffman Donald D.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn's target article argues that perception
is not inferential, but this is true only under a narrow construal of
inference. A more general construal is possible, and has been used to
provide formal theories of many visual capacities. This approach
also makes clear that the evolution of natural constraints need not
converge to the “veridical” state of the world.
Monocular and binocular mechanisms in saccade generation
Authors: Zhou Wu , King W. M.
Published: July 2002

The target article retains the traditional account of saccades as conjugate eye movements. However, recent single-unit recordings of premotor cells in the saccade pathway (excitatory burster neurons [EBNs]) found that they do not encode conjugate eye velocity, but rather, monocular eye velocity. These data argue against the traditional concept of saccades as inherently conjugate. Instead, they suggest a monocular mechanism in the sensorimotor transformation stage of saccade generation. This commentary will discuss the implications of these data for the saccade generation model proposed in Findlay & Walker's target article.
German noun plural reconsidered
Authors: Wunderlich Dieter
Published: July 2002

German noun plurals not ending in -s are not as irregular as Clahsen suggests. Feminine nouns get the -n plural, unless they umlaut and are subject to a constraint that requires a reduced final syllable in the plural. Another regular class is masculine nouns ending in schwa, which are weakly inflected. It is suggested that more differentiated psycholinguistic experiments can identify these regularities.
Sharp ergodic theorems for group actions and strong ergodicity
Authors: FURMAN ALEX , SHALOM YEHUDA
Published: July 2002

Let $\mu$ be a probability measure on a locally compact group $G$, and suppose $G$ acts measurably on a probability measure space $(X,m)$, preserving the measure $m$. We study ergodic theoretic properties of the action along $\mu$-i.i.d. random walks on $G$. It is shown that under a (necessary) spectral assumption on the $\mu$-averaging operator on $L^2(X,m)$, almost surely the mean and the pointwise (Kakutani's) random ergodic theorems have roughly $n^{-1/2}$ rate of convergence. We also prove a central limit theorem for the pointwise convergence. Under a similar spectral condition on the diagonal $G$-action on $(X\times X,m\times m)$, an almost surely exponential rate of mixing along random walks is obtained.

The imposed spectral condition is shown to be connected to a strengthening of the ergodicity property, namely, the uniqueness of $m$-integration as a $G$-invariant mean on $L^\infty(X,m)$. These related conditions, as well as the presented sharp ergodic theorems, never occur for amenable $G$. Nevertheless, we provide many natural examples, among them automorphism actions on tori and actions on Lie groups' homogeneous spaces, for which our results can be applied.
The ageing of the property owning democracy
Authors: FORREST RAY , LEATHER PHILIP
Published: July 2002

Existing tenure trends amongst middle-aged households mean that
the next
two decades will inevitably see significant increases in the numbers of
older
home owners in Britain. This paper applies estimates of trends in home

ownership amongst older households in England, broken down by age group

and household type, to official household projections to derive detailed

estimates of the number of older home owners up to the year 2011. Additional

data are used to derive estimates of the type and age of dwellings which
older
home owners will occupy and the amount of unmortgaged equity which they

will have available. The paper goes on to discuss the implications of these

estimates for a range of policies and academic debates. In future, fewer
older
home owners will experience poor housing conditions but significant minorities

of single older people, many of them women and households headed by a
person aged 75 and over, will continue to do so. The amount and effectiveness

of investment undertaken in middle age is a key determinant of the conditions

experienced in later old age, and factors such as right-to-buy and involuntary

early retirement from the labour market in the 1980s and 1990s recessions,
will
lead to an increase in the number of very old home owners experiencing
poor
conditions. There will be more demand for mobility but limited equity and
the
lack of moving opportunities will restrict the extent to which older home

owners' aspirations can be realised. The paper concludes that older
home
owners will face a varied future in the post-Keynesian welfare state, with
many
pressures to use the wealth tied up in their dwellings to meet welfare
needs.
Robust Combined Adaptive and Variable Structure Adaptive Control of Robot
Manipulators
Authors: Yu H.
Published: July 2002

The paper addresses the robust adaptive control problem of robot manipulators. The
dynamic equations of robot manipulators and their fundamental properties that facilitate analysis and control system design are first reviewed. Then the direct, indirect, and combined direct and indirect adaptive control approaches of robot manipulators are presented. After that, a number of variable structure adaptive control approaches which combines features of
the robust design based on variable structure systems with parameter adaptive control, are studied. After that, a new combined adaptive and variable structure adaptive control approach is proposed for the tracking control of robot manipulators under the uncertainty environment. This is a robust, high-performance adaptive control scheme that combines the advantages and overcomes the disadvantages of both types of techniques. Finally, the extensive comparing simulation results are presented to demonstrate the theory study.
The design and control of a jointed-leg type of a quadrupedal robot for locomotion on irregular ground
Authors: Hong Yeh-Su , Lee Hyoung-Ki , Yi Soo-Yeong , Lee Chong-Won
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a study of a quadrupedal walking robot capable of walking on the irregular ground is presented. The robot has specially-designed feet with toes making soft and safe landings on uneven surfaces. Using the toe angle and landing force sensors integrated within the feet, its gait control algorithm can adapt the foot trajectory to the ground profile, while the body weight is evenly distributed on the supporting legs. After the landing of a foot, the roll and pitch angles of the body are measured and controlled to keep the body attitude parallel to the plane of support. The contents of this study are the design concept and

working principle of the foot, including the gait control algorithm for walk on the irregular ground. Experimental results are reported.
A successive approximation algorithm for the inverse position analysis of
serial manipulators
Authors: Zhao Xinhua , Peng Shangxian
Published: July 2002

A new numerical method for the solution of the inverse position analysis of serial manipulators is presented. The main feature of the method that makes it attractive with respect to the method available in the literature, is its ability to search out
the inverse solution of any precision quickly.
Learning strategies in instrumental music practice
Authors: Nielsen Siw G.
Published: July 2002

This case study of two organ students aims to identify learning strategies used in preparing a complex piece for performance. The results are based on data gathered from verbal reports given both during and after practice sessions. These sessions were also videotaped. The results show that the students used learning strategies to select and organise information and to integrate it with existing knowledge. In addition, they were systematic in their approaches to sorting the learning material.
EVALUATION OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS ON COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Authors: Bloom Bernard S. , Retbi Aurélia , Dahan Sandrine , Jonsson Egon
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is
growing in all Western countries. The goal of this study was to evaluate
quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CAM interventions for
specific diagnoses to inform clinical decision making.

Methods: MEDLINE and related databases were searched for CAM RCTs.
Visual review was done of bibliographies, meta-analyses, and CAM journals.
Inclusion criteria for review and scoring were blinded RCT, specified
diagnosis and intervention, complete study published between January 1, 1966
and July 31, 1998 in an English-language, peer-reviewed journal. Two reviewers
independently scored each study.

Results: More than 5,000 trials were found, but only 258 met all
study inclusion criteria. The main cause for rejection (> 90%) was that the
study was not an RCT or had no blinding. Mean score across 95
diagnosis/intervention categories was 44.7 (S.D. ± 14.3) on a
100-point scale. Ordinary least-squares regression found date of publication,
biostatistician as author or consultant, published in one of five widely read
English-language medical journals and diagnosis/intervention category of
hypertension/relaxation as significant predictors of higher scores.

Conclusions: The overall quality of evidence for CAM RCTs is poor
but improving slowly over time, about the same as that of biomedicine. Thus,
most services are provided without good evidence of benefit.
The effects of altitude and rainfall on the composition of the termites (Isoptera) of the Leuser Ecosystem (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Authors: GATHORNE-HARDY FREDRICK , SYAUKANI  , EGGLETON PAUL
Published: July 2002

In 1998 a survey was made of the termites of the Leuser Ecosystem (in Sumatra, Indonesia), which
includes a substantial area (c. 1 million ha) of unbroken primary rain forest. Nine sites and an altitudinal gradient were
sampled. Altitude had a significant effect on species richness, which declines with even a 100-m increase in altitude.
Species composition too was significantly affected by altitude. Functionally, only termites in one feeding group (II,
which forage outside of their nests) were significantly affected by altitude. A mid-altitude termite species assemblage
was evident. Longitude also significantly affected species composition; Macrotermitinae were numerous on the western
side of the Ecosystem and Termitinae and Nasutitermitinae more numerous to the east of it. This was probably due to
differences in rainfall patterns across the Ecosystem.
Recruitment of tall arborescent palms in the Yasuní National Park, Amazonian Ecuador: are large treefall gaps important?
Authors: Svenning J.-C.
Published: July 2002

An evaluation of whether large arborescent palms depend on large treefall gaps for recruitment to the adult stage is reported. Specifically three hypotheses were tested: (1) The light requirement of juveniles of tall arborescent palms increases as they grow in size. (2) Tall arborescent palms depend on gaps over 0.10 ha for growth and survival to maturity, due to high light requirements during the stem height growth phase. (3) Stilt-rooted palms are not dependent on gaps for juvenile height growth. The hypotheses were evaluated using data on size and crown position of individuals of tall arborescent palm species as well as data on the forest-phase in which each individual grew. The study site was a 50-ha plot in old-growth rain forest in Amazonian Ecuador. The first hypothesis was accepted for the two most common species, Iriartea deltoidea and Oenocarpus bataua, but tentatively rejected for the arborescent palm community as a whole. The second hypothesis was rejected for Iriartea and the community as a whole. Only Oenocarpus had strongly gap-dependent recruitment. The results for Iriartea and Oenocarpus were consistent with the third hypothesis.
Balancing, networking and the causes
of emigration: early German
transatlantic migration in a local
perspective, 1700–1754
Authors: FERTIG GEORG
Published: July 2002

Since the early 1980s, the eighteenth-century beginnings of German
mass
migration to North America have been the subject of intense research and
writing. In spite of the multifaceted results of this research on both
sides
of the ocean, the textbook explanation of early German Atlantic migration
has demonstrated a striking persistence. To quote from one of the best
English-language textbooks on German social history, ‘from about
1750
on, over-population fuelled…the beginnings of the exodus to North
America’. This interpretation is exactly where scholars such as Wolfgang
von Hippel stood more than a decade ago, and it dovetails with the
migration theories of German population sociology of the 1970s. But is
it right? And what alternative explanations are available? The most
important alternative to the received approach is offered by the concept
of
networks. As Charles Tilly put it, ‘categories stay put, networks
move’.
If emigrants moved along lines of contacts and information, we do not
need to refer to strong push or pull factors in order to explain why they
were ‘uprooted’ from the territorial categories to which they
belonged.
Chain migration can be interpreted as a self-generating and self-sustaining
process, a system in itself. In this perspective, migration becomes more
and more likely because of flows of information, credit or capital between
the areas involved in migration – contacts created by migration cause
additional migration.
Putting ontologies to use
Authors: USCHOLD MIKE , TATE AUSTIN
Published: July 2002

Interest in the nature, development and use of ontologies is becoming increasingly widespread. Since the early nineties, numerous workshops have been held. Representatives from historically separate disciplines concerned with philosophical issues, knowledge acquisition and representation, planning, process management, database schema integration, natural language processing and enterprise modelling, came together to identify a common core of issues of interest. There was highly varied and inconsistent usage of a wide variety of terms, most notably, “ontology”, rendering cross-discipline communication difficult. However, progress was made toward understanding the commonality among the disciplines. Subsequent workshops addressed various aspects of the field, including theoretical issues, methodologies for building ontologies, as well as specific applications in government and industry.
Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems: Techniques, Tools and Theory
Authors: LUCK M. , D'INVERNO M. , FISHER M. , FOMAS'97 CONTRIBUTORS
Published: July 2002

Interest in agent-oriented technology continues to grow, both at a theoretical level and a practical level, with the UK maintaining a strong representation in the area in both academic institutions and commercial organizations. In December 1997, the Second UK Workshop on Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems (FoMAS'97), held at the University of Warwick, built on the success of FoMAS'96 a year earlier (Luck, 1997; Doran et al., 1997; d'Inverno et al., 1997; Fisher et al., 1997) in seeking to provide a forum for academics and industrialists within the UK to present and discuss current directions in research and applications development. Supported by the EPSRC and HP Labs, FoMAS'97 was expanded to two days with invited presentations from Professor Ken Binmore of UCL, and Professor Cristiano Castelfranchi of the Italian National Research Council's Institute of Psychology, in addition to paper presentations and panel discussions. The aim again was to provide an opportunity for promoting and supporting activity in the research and development of multi-agent systems.
A Word from the Editor
Authors: Valdman Albert
Published: July 2002

Three years ago we ushered in a new rubric of SSLA, Replication Studies. We
believed—and still do—as did many researchers and consumers of second language
and foreign language (S/FL) acquisition research that the problems of reliability and
generalizability are best resolved through attempts at replication. We realized that the system of
rewards in academe inhibited investment in research that could be viewed as lacking originality.
However, we have been gratified by the response from workers in our field who perceived the
potential contribution of replication studies and have availed themselves of this new
venue.
PROGRAMMATIC AHISTORICITY IN SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION THEORY
Authors: Thomas Margaret
Published: July 2002

Second language acquisition theory
conventionally represents itself as having been invented ex nihilo in the last decades
of the twentieth century. This article investigates the nature of this largely unexamined
disciplinary self-concept and questions its validity. I dispute arguments that might be formulated
to support the notion that SLA theory has no relevant earlier history, enumerate some of the
unfortunate consequences of maintaining this belief, and speculate about benefits to the field that
might accrue from abandoning it. Instead of presenting SLA theory as having its origin in the last
20 or 30 years, I suggest that we need to look for ways to identify, investigate, and eventually
reconceptualize its true history.
NARRATIVE STRUCTURE AND LEXICAL ASPECT
Authors: Bardovi-Harlig Kathleen
Published: July 2002

Two hypotheses regarding the distribution of emergent tense-aspect morphology in SLA
have been proposed: the aspect hypothesis, which claims the distribution of interlanguage verbal
morphology is determined by lexical aspectual class, and the discourse hypothesis, which claims
it is determined by narrative structure. Recent studies have tested and supported both hypotheses
individually. This study expands the investigation to include an analysis of both narrative
structure and lexical aspectual class in a single corpus comprising 74 narratives (37 oral and
written pairs) produced by adult learners of English as a second language at various proficiency
levels. The results suggest that both hypotheses are necessary to account for the distribution of
verbal morphology in interlanguage.
ACQUIRING LINGUISTIC CUES TO IDENTIFY AGENT
Authors: Rounds Patricia L. , Kanagy Ruth
Published: July 2002

This study investigates children's changing sensitivity to processing cues for
identifying agent (word order, case marking, and animacy) as a function of proficiency in a
second language. English-speaking learners of Japanese need to appropriately adjust cue
strengths in moving from a rigid SVO language to one in which SOV word order is a good
general processing strategy, but case marking must ultimately be relied on if it conflicts with this
order. English-speaking children in grades K–7 in an immersion school were asked to
identify the agent for a set of audiotaped sentences in English and Japanese. The children in this
study learned to use SOV word order, lexical semantics, and canonical case marking, but they do
not provide evidence of appropriately exploiting noncanonical case marking. We suggest that
these results might be accounted for by the context in which input is processed in immersion
school classrooms.
The prevalence and the weakness of an early name mapping preference
Authors: EVEY JULIE A. , MERRIMAN WILLIAM E.
Published: July 2002

An empirical puzzle regarding toddlers' fast mapping motivated
the
current investigation. Whereas children between 1;10 and 2;1 have
shown only a modest rate of mapping novel nouns onto unfamiliar rather

than familiar objects, a very high rate has been observed in those
between 1;4 and 1;8 (Mervis & Bertrand, 1994). Study 1 examined
whether young two-year-olds (N=40, mean age=2;1) might map at
a
higher rate when tested with procedures unique to Mervis & Bertrand's

assessment – strong corrective feedback rather than mild positive

non-contingent feedback; large sets of test objects rather than pairs;

presentation of easier tests first. Only the first variable affected performance

in a manner that could solve the puzzle. Unfamiliar kinds were
selected at a much higher rate under corrective (0·86) than non-contingent

(0·57) feedback. Although nearly every child in the non-contingent

group chose correctly on the first trial, many failed to do so
thereafter. In Study 2, rather than presenting a test word to the children

(N=16, mean age=2;2), the experimenter merely asked for ‘the
one
I want’. Unfamiliar kinds were selected much less often than in Study

1, suggesting that at least one lexical principle proposed in the literature

underlies the noun mapping preference. Changes over trials in the two
studies indicated that the noun mapping preference is quite prevalent,

but unless initial choices are strongly reinforced, an increase in the

salience of familiar kinds after the first trial lures some children into

error. Consistent with this analysis, toddlers in Study 3 (N=24,
mean
age=2;1) who received non-contingent strong acceptance for their
noun mapping decisions, selected unfamiliar kinds more often than
those who had received non-contingent mild acceptance in Study 1.
Rearrangement of vector series. I
Authors: NASH-WILLIAMS C. St. J. A. , WHITE D. J.
Published: July 2002

Let ℝd* = ℝd ∪ {[midast ]} be the
one-point compactification of Euclidean space ℝd and d [ges ] 2. Given a permutation
f of the set ℕ of positive integers, let
[Cscr ]f(ℝd*) denote the
set of all sets C ⊆ ℝd* for which there is a series
[sum ]an in ℝd with zero sum such that C
is the cluster set in ℝd* of the sequence of partial sums of
[sum ]af(n). Every
C ∈ [Cscr ]f(ℝd*) is
non-empty, connected and closed in ℝd*. We give a combinatorial characterization of
the permutations f for which all non-empty closed connected subsets of
ℝd* belong to
[Cscr ]f(ℝd*). For every permutation f of ℕ,
we determine all C ∈ [Cscr ]f(ℝd*)
which contain [midast ].
Tameness for the distribution of sums of Markov random variables
Authors: BISBAS A. , KARANIKAS C. , MORAN W.
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the spectral properties of a class of probability
measures on
the circle. The key aim is to describe the local structure of the maximal
ideal space on
the L-subspaces generated by the measures and hence the spectral
properties of
these measures. In particular we give a necessary and sufficient condition
for such measures
to belong to M0 (T).
Characterizing the complex hyperbolic space by Kähler
homogeneous structures
Authors: GADEA P. M. , AMILIBIA A. MONTESINOS , MASQUÉ J. MUÑOZ
Published: July 2002

The Kähler case of Riemannian homogeneous structures [3, 15,
18] has been studied in [1, 2, 6, 7,
13, 16], among other papers. Abbena and Garbiero [1]
gave a classification of Kähler homogeneous structures, which has four primitive classes
[Kscr ]1, …, [Kscr ]4 (see [6, theorem
5·1] for another proof and Section 2 below for the result).
The purpose of the present paper is to prove the following result:

THEOREM 1·1. A simply connected irreducible homogeneous Kähler manifold admits
a nonvanishing Kähler homogeneous structure in Abbena–Garbiero's class
[Kscr ]2 [oplus ] [Kscr ]4if
and only if it is the complex hyperbolic space equipped with the Bergman metric of
negative constant holomorphic sectional curvature.
Faction and Fusion in The 7 Stages of Grieving
Authors: Grehan Helena
Published: July 2002

Indigenous Australian theatre company Kooemba Jdarra's production of Wesley Enoch and Deborah Mailman's The 7 Stages of Grieving (performed by Mailman) presents us with a series of stories about grief, grieving and loss. Mailman adopts the position of a ‘nomadic performer’ moving between stories and personae, refusing to embrace a singular character position, instead weaving the performance together through her use of slides, photographs, story and song. The performer claims and marks the space and empowers herself through her control over representation. The stories told often use autobiographical references, however, the style of the work positions the performance piece as a pastiche of stories about Aboriginal grief and grieving rather than an attempt to tell ‘true’ stories. This analysis interrogates the ways in which the spectator is invited to question his/her understandings of, and responses to, the concepts of grief and grieving, and to further question the issue of belonging in Australia, given the past and ongoing oppression of the Indigenous peoples of this land.
The effects of traditional fisheries management on fisheries yields and the coral-reef ecosystems of southern Kenya
Authors: MCCLANAHAN T.R. , GLAESEL H. , RUBENS J. , KIAMBO R.
Published: July 2002

Many traditions of coastal peoples may be viewed as traditional forms of marine conservation because, like modern fisheries management, they restrict fishing gear, fishing times, and places, but their effects are little studied in practice. A study was undertaken of human culture and fisheries resources in an area of southern Kenya, designated as a national marine reserve, to determine the effect of the existing 'traditional management' on fisheries yields and on the ecological condition of the fished reefs. This area has one of the oldest and most elaborate cultural traditions concerning sacred sites and rituals of sacrifice along the Kenyan coast. The purpose of the customs is, however, to appease spirits rather than to regulate fish stocks which are traditionally seen to fluctuate independently of fishing effort. Many of these traditions have decayed in recent times as Islamization of the culture has occurred, and authority has shifted towards national organizations, weakening the effectiveness of the traditional leaders. Coincidentally, fishers have adopted new or foreign gear, colleagues, and traditions. Two adjacent landing sites (Mvuleni and Mwanyaza) have, however, successfully stopped pull seiners from landing their catch at their sites for over 20 years through passive means. Other landing sites have adopted pull seining. Both landing areas use arguments based on tradition to justify their use of gear. The two landings that restrict pull seining have higher per capita fish catches than those that do not. Nonetheless, there were no obvious differences in the ecological condition of the reefs at these two management areas; both areas were amongst the most degraded reefs reported in East Africa. Biological diversity and coral cover were reduced greatly in all these areas compared to other fished or fully-protected marine park or reserve sites established by the national government. Presently, traditional management is not effective in protecting species diversity or ecological functions, which was probably never the intention of the customs. The conflict between national organizations and local fishers arises because some resource users are concerned that the management proposed by the national organizations will eventually lead to the total loss of access to, and control of the resource by local fishers. There is, therefore, a need to resolve conflicts concerning gear use and regulation, and a need to increase awareness of the expectations and management programmes among the national and local organizations. Many of the traditional forms of management are compatible with the policies of national organizations, but confusion and conflict occur concerning enforcement and its benefits. To solve these conflicts discussions are required between traditional and national fisheries leaders to develop mutually-acceptable policies that augment and share the power of management.
An Australian perspective on the constraints to the transfer and adoption of innovations in land management
Authors: GUERIN TURLOUGH F.
Published: July 2002

There are numerous reasons why land users do not always adopt innovations even though all evidence may suggest that they should. The purpose of this study was to review the literature in the field of extension and technology transfer drawing upon the rural sector primarily in Australia. Australia is now recognized as a world leader in adopting new technology and ideas, particularly those relating to the management of the physical environment but there has been little assessment of the circumstances and constraints surrounding this adoption. The reasons for non-adoption range from complexity of the technology, land user's beliefs and opinions towards the innovation, attitude to risk and conflicting information. For different land-use enterprises and innovations, different constraints will apply and it is argued that these are in three broad categories, characterized by: the land user and the adoption process; the characteristics of, and issues associated with the developers of, the innovation; and the role of extension agents and the transfer process. It is apparent from the changing nature of technology transfer that commercial organizations have assumed a leading role in this field and land users are being recognized as key stakeholders in both the adoption and technology development processes. The study, however, reveals a shortage of data on the effectiveness of corporations and other commercial organizations in the technology transfer and adoption processes.
An expert system for pneumatic design
Authors: SHIN HEUNG-YEOUL , LEE JAE-WON
Published: July 2002

One of the biggest problems in pneumatic system
design is over design. Thus, the results are excessive
in costs of the initial investment and it requires too
much energy. This article describes the development of
expert system based pneumatic design system, PNEUDES (PNEUmatic
Design Expert System), prototype that enables the user
the optimal design of pneumatic system. Once the design
requirements such as cylinder type and work load, etc.
are input to the system, optimal cylinder specifications
with standardized order-based size, valves types, and necessary
accessories are all determined. Also the configuration
information such as the connectivity among components and
cylinder image data are supplied to the user. It can also
help the novice of pneumatic design. The rule-based reasoning
approach is used as a reasoning strategy with Intelligent
Rule Element shell.
Genetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O isolates responsible for field outbreaks in India between 1993 and 1999
Authors: HEMADRI D. , TOSH C. , VENKATARAMANAN R. , SANYAL A. , SAMUEL A. R. , KNOWLES N. J. , KITCHING R. P.
Published: July 2002

Partial nucleotide sequence at the 3′ end of 1D (VP1-encoding) gene of 90 foot-and-mouth
disease virus type O isolates recovered from field outbreaks in India between 1993–9 were
determined. The sequences were compared with each other and reference viruses. The published
sequences of 15 type O isolates recovered from different parts of Asia and one isolate (O1BFS)
from Europe and one from Egypt (O1/Sharquia/Egypt/72) were also included in the analysis
for comparison. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis the viruses could be grouped into four
distinct genotypes (genotypes I–IV). All 90 isolates from India were genotype-I, as were the
reference isolates from Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey.
Genotype-I isolates were further subdivided into 16 sub-genotypes. The Indian isolates were
found to be extremely heterogeneous in nature and clustered into 12 different genetic groups.
In genotype-I, the nucleotide sequence difference seen between the isolates was 0–11·6%, while
among the Indian isolates it is 0–8·8%. Viruses of similar genetic groups are circulating in
India, Bangladesh and countries of the Middle East. Genotype-II and -III are represented by
isolates from Lebanon (O1/South Lebanon) and Europe (O1-BFS), respectively. Genotype-IV
is formed by isolates from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The present study reveals the
occurrence of viruses belonging to multiple genetic groups over a short period of time and
persistence of single genetic group in the same geographical area over several years. This is
consistent with the endemic nature of the disease in the country.
Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes in recent clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus avium
Authors: KOBAYASHI N. , MAHBUB ALAM MD. , NISHIMOTO Y. , URASAWA S. , UEHARA N. , WATANABE N.
Published: July 2002

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) are major factors which confer aminoglycoside resistance on bacteria. Distribution of genes encoding seven AMEs was investigated by multiplex PCR for 279 recent clinical isolates of enterococci derived from a university hospital in Japan. The aac(6′)-aph(2″), which is related to high level gentamicin resistance, was detected at higher frequency in Enterococcus faecalis (42·5 %) than in Enterococcus faecium (4·3 %). Almost half of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates possessed ant(6)-Ia and aph(3′)-IIIa. The profile of AME gene(s) detected most frequently in individual strains of E. faecalis was aac(6′)-aph(2″)+ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa, and isolates with this profile showed high level resistance to both gentamicin and streptomycin. In contrast, AME gene profiles of aac(6′)-Ii+ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa, followed by aac(6′)-Ii alone, were predominant in E. faecium. Only one AME gene profile of ant(6)-Ia+aph(3′)-IIIa was found in Enterococcus avium. The ant(4′)-Ia and ant(9)-Ia, which have been known to be distributed mostly among Staphylococcus aureus strains, were detected in a few enterococcal strains. An AME gene aph(2″)-Ic was not detected in any isolates of the three enterococcal species. These findings indicated a variety of distribution profiles of AME genes among enterococci in our study site.
A large localized outbreak of Mycobacterium ulcerans

infection on a temperate southern Australian island
Authors: VEITCH M. G. K. , JOHNSON P. D. R. , FLOOD P. E. , LESLIE D. E. , STREET A. C. , HAYMAN J. A.
Published: July 2002

Mycobacterium ulcerans, the organism which causes Buruli
or

Bairnsdale ulcer, has never been

isolated in culture from an environmental sample. Most foci of infection

are in tropical

regions. The authors describe the first 29 cases of M. ulcerans

infection from a new focus on

an island in temperate southern Australia, 1992–5. Cases were

mostly elderly, had

predominantly distal limb lesions and were clustered in a small region
in

the eastern half of the

main town on the island. The authors suspected that an irrigation system

which lay in the

midst of the cluster was a source of infection. Limitation of irrigation

was associated with a

dramatic reduction in the number of new cases. These findings

support the hypothesis that

M. ulcerans has an aquatic reservoir and that persons may be

infected directly or indirectly

by mycobacteria disseminated locally by spray irrigation.