bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network Pharmacology of Ayurvedic Multicomponent Formulation Diabecon Containing Gymnema sylvestre, Pterocarpus marsupium and Asphaltum punjabinum with Special Reference to Antidiabetic Property
Authors: Sable Vijay , Ahire Ganesh
Published: April 2024

Network pharmacology, a burgeoning field amalgamating systems biology and computational biology, offers a promising avenue to unravel the intricate mechanisms of multi-component formulations in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda. This paper delves into the network pharmacology analysis of Diabecon, an Ayurvedic formulation comprising Gymnema sylvestre, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Asphaltum punjabinum, with a focus on its antidiabetic properties. Leveraging information from diverse databases and employing tools like Cytoscape, we constructed pharmacological networks elucidating the interactions between bioactive and molecular targets, particularly in the context of diabetes. Our analysis unveils novel insights into the synergistic effects of the constituents of Diabecon, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications in managing diabetes mellitus. This research not only enhances our understanding of the pharmacodynamics of Diabecon but also paves the way for the identification of new therapeutic leads and targets for combating diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
In-silico Molecular Docking Studies of Methyl Oxadiazole Hybrids Inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
Authors: M Magesh , R Gandhimathi
Published: April 2024

Memory loss and cognitive decline are the main signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative brain illness that affects millions worldwide. AD is linked to aberrant beta-amyloid, low acetylcholine, oxidative stress, inflammation, and T protein aggregation. Low acetylcholine levels are one of the most important factors in Alzheimer’s disease since they are essential for cognitive processing and memory. This is why we’ve concentrated on ACHEIs and the cholinergic system. We used in-silico testing to find new and effective oxadiazole acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This study created, docked, and predicted numerous novel oxadiazole scaffolds to find Alzheimer’s disease cholinesterase inhibitors. Offline tools like Protein Data Bank for PBD protein file downloads and Marvin Sketch for chemical structure representation enhance internet resources like PubChem, Swiss ADMET, and PyRx 0.9 for molecular docking research. We used Swiss Protein Data Bank Viewer for protein synthesis and https://plip-tool.biotec.plip.index.html for active site pocket prediction. Study results suggest 108 oxadiazole hybrids were used. Most compounds had zero or one Lipinski rule of five (RO5) violation. ADME research shows that all of these medicines have perfect pharmacokinetic features, including blood-brain barrier penetration. The docking tests demonstrate that our compounds have high target receptor binding energies of 8.1 to 12.3 kcal/mol. Similar to donepezil (12.76 K/cal), 2, 19, and 36 had 12 kcal/mol binding energies, 4, 11, and 32 had 11.5 kcal/mol, while compound 18 had 12.7 kcal/mol. Finally, our medications highly react with amino acid residues like Arg393, Arg525, Ala528 Asp400, and others. This binding approach is similar to donepezil, the gold standard. ADMET projections suggest these medications will have safer toxicological and pharmacokinetic profiles. The research aims to produce innovative AChE medications that restore brain acetyl choline levels, relieve Alzheimer’s disease symptoms and promote cognitive development.
In-silico Discovery of Potential Dengue Type 2 Virus NS1 Inhibitors: A Natural Ligand Zingerone-Derived 3-Point Pharmacophore Screening and Structure-Guided Blind Docking Study
Authors: Deore Sunita , Wagh Vinod , Thorat Mahesh , Bidkar Shital , Tare Harshal
Published: April 2024

This research endeavors to identify potential therapeutic candidates counter to DENV-2 NS1 through a computational approach. Utilizing the three-dimensional crystal structure of DENV-2 NS1 (PDB ID: 1OKE) as a molecular target, we employed a multi-step methodology involving ligand preparation, pharmacophore-based screening, and molecular docking simulations. Zingerone, a bioactive compound, served as the lead molecule for pharmacophore generation. Subsequently, a diverse set of compounds from the ChEMBL drug database was screened, and the top candidates were subjected to molecular docking studies. Noteworthy compounds, such as CHEMBL408701 (Taurolithocholic Acid) and CHEMBL4297253 (Mipicoledine), exhibited promising pharmacophore scores and binding interactions within specific pockets of DENV-2 NS1. Future drug development efforts against dengue virus infections can be built upon the study’s foundation, highlighting these compounds’ potential as inhibitors.
Evaluation of Anti-amnesic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Averrhoa carambola Leaves
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Gupta Asheesh K , Verma Navneet , Kumar Sushil
Published: April 2024

The current research aims to screen the anti-amnesic and neuroprotective efficacy of ethanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola (EEAC) leaves. To fulfill the above purpose, phytochemical screening, quantity of total phenolic, flavonoids, behavioral study, biochemical study and histopathological study were performed. The results of phytochemical screening, quantities of total phenolic flavonoids, behavioral study, biochemical study and histopathological studies revealed the anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activity of the EEAC. EEAC shows anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activity due to numerous phytoconstituents and high amounts of phenolic and flavonoids. The results of this study show that the EEAC may be useful for managing amnesia.
Theoretical Review and Molecular Docking Study of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides
Authors: Katu Yuvraj M , Jain Richa
Published: April 2024

Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Linn is a tiny, procumbent herb that grows in a semiaquatic habitat and has spreading branches. It is a member of the Asteraceae family. In the practice of siddha, it serves as an energizing aid. A wide variety of ailments, including eczema, blood ailments, stomach worms, filaria, fever, skin illnesses, anti-helminthes, and jaundice, were alleviated with the help of this herb. Wound healing, antidiarrheal, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic and antioxidant effects were among the observed benefits. The current article summarizes the many plant-related activities that have been documented.
Asparagus racemosus: A Holistic Review of Its Traditional Uses and Modern Research
Authors: Sinha Barnali , Tare Harshal
Published: April 2024

TThis comprehensive review digs into the multiple significance of Asparagus racemosus, also known as shatavari, as both a beloved traditional cure and a topic of ongoing scientific research. The review weaves together the story of shatavari, from its deep roots in traditional medical systems to its incorporation into current healthcare procedures. The chapter discusses shatavari’s historical applications, particularly in women’s health and reproductive wellbeing, emphasizing its adaptogenic, hormone-balancing, and caring qualities. The investigation also extends to the herb’s phytochemical makeup, revealing the functions of saponins, steroidal glycosides, and flavonoids in the herb’s medicinal actions. The chapter details recent scientific research highlighting shatavari’s potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Its function in treating illnesses such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and menopausal symptoms has received special attention. Safety issues, dosage recommendations, and potential contraindications are addressed to ensure responsible use. The paper concludes with observations on the synergistic interaction between traditional knowledge and current research, highlighting the significance of combining both to fully comprehend shatavari’s holistic potential. Shatavari’s dual significance as a valued embodiment of cultural history and a subject of rigorous scientific investigation emphasizes its ageless relevance in promoting wellbeing..
Legal regulation of the conclusion and execution of a state (municipal) contract in the context of economic sanctions against Russia
Authors: Koryakin K. D. , Gabyshev A. I.
Published: April 2024

Federal Law No. 44-FZ dated 05 April 2013 “On the Contract System in the Field of Procurement of Goods for State and Municipal Needs” establishes the procedure for the execution, modification and termination of contracts, which is one of the key differences from Federal Law No. 94-FZ dated 21 July 2005 “On Placing Orders for the Supply of Goods, Fulfillment of Works, Provision of Services for State and Municipal Needs”. Previously, the process of placing an order ended with the signing of a contract, the execution of which went beyond the rules of this area. At the moment, the execution of the contract includes not only the fulfillment by the counterparty of the obligation to supply goods, but also verification, examination of the results of the fulfillment of such obligations, payment, as well as other actions of the parties aimed at changing, terminating the contract and applying liability measures.
The Significance of Civil Action in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Baishyev P. S. , Ivanova E. S.
Published: April 2024

Compensating for damage caused to victims as a result of committing a crime are subject to consideration in several aspects. The implementation of the mechanism for ensuring civil action follows from the very essence of the plaintiff’s claims against the defendant, with various types of organizations (enterprises) being involved in the circle of participants in civil proceedings as one of the subjects of civil legal relations – legal entities forming an organizational structure. The article examines issues of involving legal entities as civil defendants in criminal cases, as well as the content of the claim filed within the framework of the criminal case under consideration.
Le kitsch
Authors: Genin Christophe
Published: April 2024

Si le kitsch fut initialement l’objet d’un jugement péjoratif, il est peu à peu devenu un style artistique apprécié, assumé. Comment comprendre un tel renversement de sa valeur, de son statut ? Pour répondre à cette question nous reprendrons des éléments historiques, sociaux, notamment l’apport de la bourgeoisie au XIXè siècle, mais surtout nous postulerons la nécessité d’une théorie des valeurs. Nous supposerons également que dévaluation et appréciation du kitsch relève d’une réversibilité inhérente à ce type de productions et de conduite. Divers exemples nous amèneront à osciller entre bonheur et tragédie.
L'impression textuelle des paysages
Authors: Couégnas Nicolas
Published: April 2024

Le présent article aborde la notion de paysage textuel, en se demandant concrètement ce qu’est un paysage mis en discours verbal, ce que devient la structure d’horizon, l’observateur, la distance, etc, et autres éléments supposés être constitutifs de la notion de paysage. La recherche porte sur un corpus particulier : la poésie contemporaine, et la méthodologie se veut à la fois lexico-sémantique, puiqu’on travaille à partir des emplois du termes « paysage », et sémiotique, dans la mesure où l’on tente d’appréhender les configurations perceptives associées au paysage dans le texte. Au final est proposé le concept de bascule méréologique, répondant de la texualisation des paysages.
Voir le monde comme il paraît ou le rôle des visualisations réalistes dans la gestion territoriale
Authors: Joliveau Thierry
Published: April 2024

Communes, conseils généraux, régions ou services de l'Etat s’offrent de plus en plus couramment des maquettes numériques, souvent accessibles par Internet, pour promouvoir leur territoire ou pour présenter aux habitants concernés l’état futur d’un projet d’urbanisme ou d'infrastructure. Les rendus de ces techniques de représentations numériques tridimensionnelless ont de plus en plus réalistes, interactifs, accessibles à distance sur le Web le texte et directement connectés aux bases de données géographiques disponibles. Certains utilisateurs pensent que ces techniques vont devenir les supports privilégiés pour une exploration et une réflexion partagées des questions de gestion territoriale. Nombreux sont les chercheurs en sciences sociales qui y voient plutôt des vecteurs d'une confusion généralisée entre la représentation et le représenté, le virtuel et le réel. Il est difficile de trancher, faute de données empiriques correctement collectées pour évaluer l’impact de ces visualisations sur les procédures et les pratiques de ceux qui les produisent comme de ceux qui les utilisent. Mais il est utile d’examiner de manière critique un certain nombre d’a priori théoriques sur ces questions.
Paysages
Authors: Fontanille Jacques
Published: April 2024

Le paysage, d’un point de vue sémiotique, est un ensemble figuratif producteur de valeurs : valeurs différentielles et valeurs visées par une énonciation. L’enjeu, en l’occurrence, est de comprendre comment les valeurs différentielles, saisies dans un acte de perception, sont converties en valeurs narratives et discursives, visées par une énonciation. Cela suppose entre autres que l’on comprenne ce que peut être l’ « énonciation » d’un paysage, et, plus généralement les « instances » actantielles qui le constituent comme sémiotique-objet.L’étude proposée ne prétend pas à la généralisation, car elle se limite à un corpus de paysages limousins, et elle repose sur un mouvement qui va du plan de l’expression au plan du contenu.En partant de l’analyse plastique, on peut montrer en effet comment se mettent en place les opérateurs énonciatifs (la lumière, l’atmosphère, l’horizon) et les acteurs du débrayage et de l’embrayage (ciels, terres et eaux). Pour finir, l’étude détaillée des différentes formes figuratives de l’eau (lacs, fleuves et rivières) conduit à identifier une médiation de type « mythique », où les formes aquatiques assurent la transition entre les paradigmes célestes et terrestres.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL SISTEM PERSAMAAN LINER DUA VARIABEL
Authors: Afifah Laili Nur , Rif'at Mohamad , Hartoyo Agung
Published: April 2024

The goal of this study was to find out how well SMP Negeri 2 Sungai Ambawang students solved two-variable linear equation systems using creative thinking. Case studies are used as the descriptive research method. The research subjects were 6 students with details of 2 having high mathematical abilities, 2 having moderate mathematical abilities, and 2 having low mathematical abilities taken from the average daily test score. Data collection techniques used are tests and interviews. In this study, there were 2 students who met the indicators of fluency, flexibility and novelty, 2 students met the indicators of fluency and flexibility, 2 students met the indicators of fluency. In general, it can be concluded that the students' creative thinking ability in solving the problems of a two-variable system of linear equations in students of SMP Negeri 2 Sungai Ambawang is a student with high mathematical ability, creative thinking ability meets the indicators of fluency, flexibility, and novelty. students who have moderate mathematical ability seem to have not met the novelty indicator. students with low math ability seem to still not be able to meet the flexibility and novelty indicators.Keyword: Creative Thinking Ability, Two-Variable System Of Linear Equations
LITERASI MATEMATIS SISWA DALAM MATERI PERSAMAAN DAN PERTIDAKSAMAAN NILAI MUTLAK SATU VARIABEL DIKAJI DARI SELF-ESTEEM
Authors: Shinta Olivia , Yusmin Edy , T Ahmad Yani , Hamdani Hamdani , Fitriawan Dona
Published: April 2024

In this study aims to determine the ability of mathematical literacy in the matter of equations and inequalities absolute value of one variable studied from high, medium and low self-esteem in students. The method used in this research is descriptive. The subjects in this study were students of class X IPA 6, totaling 33 students. The object to be studied is mathematical literacy in the matter of equations and inequalities of the absolute value of one variable studied from student self-esteem. The techniques used in data collection were questionnaires, mathematical literacy test questions and interviews. Students with low self-esteem cannot fulfill all indicators of mathematical literacy. Students who have moderate self-esteem, are able to understand mathematics based on concepts to describe mathematical problems into various contexts, are sufficiently capable of reasoning logically to solve mathematical problems. However, there are still those who have not been able to communicate it in the form of words or writing to predict and draw conclusions and have not been able to apply or practice based on concepts that have been understood as the basis for solving further mathematical problems. Students who have a high level of self-esteem are able to achieve all existing indicators.
Artificial manganese metalloenzymes with laccase-like activity: Design, Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Garcia-Sanz Carla , Andreu Alicia , Pawlyta Mirosława , Vukoicic Ana , Milivojevic Ana , de las Rivas Blanca , Bezbradica Dejan , Palomo Jose Miguel
Published: April 2024

Laccase is an oxidase of great industrial interest due to its ability to catalyse oxidation processes of phenols and persistent organic pollutants. However, it is susceptible to denaturation at high temperatures, sensitive to pH and in the presence of high concentrations of solvents, which is a problem for industrial use. To solve this problem, this work develops the synthesis in aqueous medium of a new Mn metalloenzyme with laccase oxidase mimetic catalytic activity. To do this, Geobacillus thermocatenulatus lipase (GTL) is used as a "scaffold" enzyme, which is mixed with a manganese salt at 50ºC in an aqueous medium. This produces in situ formation of manganese (IV) oxide nanowires that interact with the enzyme, obtaining the GTL-Mn bionanohybrid. On the other hand, its oxidative activity was evaluated using the ABTS assay, obtaining a catalytic efficiency 300 times greater than the laccase from Trametes versicolor. These new Mn-metalloenzyme turned out to be 2 times more stable at 40 ºC, 3 times more stable in the presence of 10% acetonitrile and 10 times more stable at 20% acetonitrile than laccase Novozym 51003®. Furthermore, the site-selective immobilized GTL-Mn showed much higher stability then the soluble form. Oxidase-like activity of these Mn-metalloenzyme was successfully performed against other substrates such as L-DOPA or phloridzin in oligomerization reactions.
Positive and negative impacts of interfacial hydrogen bonds on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Lin Zhongqiu , Saito Hikaru , Sato Hiromasa , Sugimoto Toshiki
Published: April 2024

Understanding the behavior of water molecules at solid–liquid interfaces is crucial for various applications such as photocatalytic water splitting, a key technology for sustainable fuel production and chemical transformations. Despite extensive studies conducted in the past, the impact of microscopic structure of interfacial water molecules on photo-catalytic reactivity has not been directly examined. In this study, using real-time mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, we demonstrated the crucial role of hydrogen bond (H-bond) networks on the photo-catalytic hydrogen evolution in thickness-controlled water adsorption layers on various TiO2 photocatalysts. Under controlled water vapor environments with a relative humidity (RH) below 70%, we observed a monotonic increase in the H2 formation rate with increasing RH, indicating that reactive water molecules were present not only in the first adsorbed layer but also in several overlying layers. In contrast, at RH > 70%, when more than three water layers covered the catalyst surface, the H2 formation rate turned to decrease dramatically because of the structural rearrangement and hardening of the interfacial H-bond network induced during further water adsorption. This unique many-body effect of interfacial water was consistently observed for various TiO2 particles with different crystalline structures, including brookite, anatase, and a mixture of anatase and rutile. Our results demonstrated that depositing several water layers in a water vapor environment with RH ~70% is optimal for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rather than liquid-phase reaction conditions in aqueous solutions. This study provides molecular-level insights for designing interfacial water conditions to enhance photocatalytic performance.
Assembly of differently sized supercharged protein nanocages into superlattices for construction of binary nanoparticle-protein materials
Authors: Beck Tobias , Rütten Michael , Lang Laurin , Wagler Henrike , Lach Marcel , Keller Thomas , Stierle Andreas , Ginn Helen
Published: April 2024

This study focuses on the design and characterization of binary nanoparticle superlattices: Two differently sized, supercharged protein nanocages are used to create a matrix for nanoparticle arrangement. We have previously established the assembly of protein nanocages of the same size. Here, we present a novel approach for biohybrid material synthesis by successfully assembling two differently sized supercharged protein nanocages with different symmetries. Typically, the ordered assembly of objects with non-matching symmetry is challenging, but our electrostatic-based approach overcomes the symmetry mismatch by exploiting electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged cages. Moreover, our study showcases the use of nanoparticles as contrast enhancer in an elegant way to gain insights into the structural details of crystalline biohybrid materials. The assembled materials were characterized with various methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-crystal small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We employed focused ion beam milling (FIB) under cryogenic temperatures to further characterize the nanoparticle sublattices via cryo-TEM. Notably, for the first time, we refined superlattice structure data obtained from single-crystal SAXS experiments, providing conclusive evidence of the final assembly type. Our findings highlight the versatility of protein nanocages for creating novel types of binary superlattices. Because the nanoparticles do not influence the type of assembly, protein cage matrices can combine various nanoparticle in the solid state. This study not only contributes to the expanding repertoire of nanoparticle assembly methods but also demonstrates the power of advanced characterization techniques in elucidating the structural intricacies of these biohybrid materials.
A Native Mass Spectrometry Approach to Qualitatively Elucidate Interfacial Epitopes of Transient Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Veale Clinton , Chakraborty Abir , Mhlanga Richwell , Albericio Fernando , de la Torre Beatriz , Edkins Adrienne , Clarke David
Published: April 2024

Native mass spectrometric analysis of TPR2A and GrpE with unpurified peptides derived from limited proteolysis of their respective PPI partners (HSP90 C-terminus and DnaK) facilitated efficient, qualitative identification of interfacial epitopes involved in transient PPI formation. Application of this approach can assist in elucidating interfaces of currently uncharacterised transient PPIs.
Spin-polarized white organic light-emitting diodes based on chirality-induced spin selectivity effect
Authors: Xu Letian , Qiu Nuoling , Peng Xiaoluo , Zhou Kun , Zeng Jiajie , Liu Hao , Tang Ben Zhong , Zhao Zujin
Published: April 2024

Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect refers to charge carriers become spin-polarized when traversing through chiral materials, but this unique phenomenon has never been reported for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, robust chiral near-ultraviolet and deep-blue materials with wide energy gaps are explored and demonstrated to possess CISS effect. By aligning a chiral deep-blue layer next to an achiral green layer in OLEDs, spin-polarized charge carriers are generated from the chiral layer and get recombined to form spin-polarized excitons in the adjacent achiral green layer, furnishing green circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP-EL). Furthermore, by incorporating multiple achiral sky-blue, green and red layers with chiral near-ultraviolet or deep-blue layers, complex three-emitting-layer or four-emitting-layer spin-polarized white OLEDs are realized, providing distinct CP-EL signals from different achiral emitting layers simultaneously and outstanding EL performance with excellent external quantum efficiencies reaching 26.6% and high color rendering indexes of 94, much superior to the performances of the reported white OLEDs with circularly polarized light so far. This work introduces CISS effect into OLEDs for achieving CP-EL for the first time, and virtually presents a novel and feasible approach towards high-performance circularly polarized white OLEDs with a single organic chiral layer.
Metal-Metal Redox Exchange to Produce Heterometallic Manga-nese-Cobalt Oxo Cubanes via a “Dangler” Intermediate
Authors: Wheeler T. Alexander , Tilley T. Don
Published: April 2024

Pendent metals bound to heterocubanes are key components of well-known active sites in enzymes that mediate difficult chemical transformations. Investigations into the specific role of these metal ions, sometimes referred to as "danglers," have been hindered by a paucity of rational synthetic routes to appropriate model structures. To generate pendent metal ions bonded to an oxo cubane through a carboxylate bridge, the cubane Co4(μ3-O)4(OAc)4(t-Bupy)4 (OAc = acetate, t-Bupy = 4-tert-butylpyridine) was exposed to various metal acetate complexes. Reaction with Cu(OAc)2 gave the structur-ally characterized (by X-ray diffraction) dicopper dangler Cu2Co4(μ4-O)2(μ3-O)2(OAc)6(Cl)2(t-Bupy)4. In contrast, the anal-ogous reaction with Mn(OAc)2 produced the MnIV-containing cubane cation [MnCo3(μ3-O)4(OAc)4(t-Bupy)4]+ by way of a metal-metal exchange that gives Co(OAc)2 and [CoIII(μ-OH)(OAc)]n oligomers as byproducts. Additionally, reaction of the formally CoIV cubane complex [Co4(μ3-O)4(OAc)4(t-Bupy)4][PF6] with Mn(OAc)2 gave the corresponding Mn-containing cubane in 80% yield. A kinetic and mechanistic examination of the related metal-metal exchange reaction between Co4(μ3-O)4(OBz)4(py)4 (OBz = benzoate) and [Mn(acac)2(py)2][PF6] by UV-vis spectroscopy provided support for a pro-cess involving rate-determining association of the reactants and electron transfer through a μ-oxo bridge in the adduct intermediate. The rates of exchange correlate with the donor strength of the cubane pyridine and benzoate ligand sub-stituents; more electron-donating pyridine ligands accelerate metal-metal exchange, while both electron donating and withdrawing benzoate ligands can accelerate exchange. These experiments suggest that the basicity of the cubane oxo ligands promotes metal-metal exchange reactivity. The redox potentials of the Mn and cubane starting materials, and isotopic labeling studies, suggest an inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism in a dangler intermediate.
Formulation development and evaluation of acyclovir hard candy lozenges
Authors: S Amudha , P Shanmugapandiyan , R Balaji , N Divya Varshini , J Vishal Anto , R Yuvan Selvan , V Dilli Babu
Published: April 2024

Lozenges are dosage forms made of solid materials that are meant to dissolve or disintegrate gradually in the mouth. They are flavoured and sweetened to make them taste good, and they contain one or more active substances. Although its main purpose is topical, it may also contain substances with systemic effects. Preformulation studies are typically used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of drugs and determine their compatibility with other excipients.  In this study five Acyclovir hard candy lozenges were prepared and the results of the FTIR spectrophotometry indicated that the drug and excipients employed in the formulation of the hard candy lozenges were compatible, as there were no interactions between the drug and the excipients as the peaks remained the same in the FTIR graphs. The manufactured medicated lozenges were tested for drug content homogeneity, hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, moisture content, in vitro disintegration, as well as dissolution using pharmaceutical standard procedures. The drug concentration of the prepared lozenges ranged from 98.61 to 99.62 %. Among all the formulations F5, showed maximum drug release 100.23% at 35 minutes. Accelerated stability study conducted as per ICH guidelines (zone IV) at 45°C and 75% relative humidity for the best formulation F5 over a period of 30 and 60 days and was found that prepared formulation was stable.
Exploring the Differences in Password Risk Perception of the Elderly in the Mobile Internet Era
Authors: 陈 宏亮 , 蒲 韵莎
Published: April 2024

移动互联网的普及为老年人带来了便利,同时也蕴含着一定的风险。在移动互联网应用的使用过程中,老年人易采用简单的密码组合,密码被盗会造成个人信息泄露、财产损失,给老年人的生活带来极大的困扰。本研究结合数字鸿沟和保护动机理论,探究了老年人采用不安全的密码策略的原因,考察了老年群体的人口统计因素对密码风险感知和管理策略的影响,并进一步验证了高风险密码管理策略和网络诈骗信息暴露之间的关联。通过问卷调查法,本研究发现,风险暴露性感知不足易导致老年人采用高风险密码组合,对互联网平台的信任与不安全的密码策略呈正相关关系。此外,学历和收入较低的老年人易使用简单、易被破解的密码;相比男性,女性老年人的密码使用风险更高。
Impact of digital marketing on consumer behavior in small medium entrepreneurship businesses in Malawi
Authors: Alexander George Pahuwa , Muthuvel Laxmikanthan
Published: April 2024

Small and medium businesses play a huge and crucial role in the Malawian economy by contributing to job creation and poverty reduction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the value and influence of digital marketing on the buying behavior of consumers in small and medium-sized establishments (SMEs) in the business environment. This research investigates how digital marketing can have a very huge effect on the rapid growth and success of SMEs, which results in improving brand recognition and strengthening customer relationships. This study applies a qualitative research approach that involves a number of companies that operate as SMEs in Malawi. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to help provide the primary data, where respondents had to answer according to the best of their abilities. Secondary data relevant to the study was also gathered through peer-reviewed articles, journals, and websites. The study concludes with the view that digital marketing is identified as a creative and efficient method of acquiring, growing, and maintaining customer relationships. Online platforms such as websites, industry-specific outlets, and forums have been identified as the most beneficial for SMEs. It further recommends that newly established and existing SMEs stand to hugely benefit from adopting digital marketing strategy for creating brand awareness and building brand trust amongst customers.
High-field current transport and charge trapping in buried oxide of SOI materials under high-field electron injection
Authors: Nazarov Alexei N. , Houk Yuri , Kilchytska Valeriya I.
Published: April 2024

Mechanisms of the charge transfer, the charge trapping, and the generation of positive charge during the high-field electron injection into buried oxide of silicon-on-insulator structures fabricated by different technologies are analyzed based on the data obtained from current-voltage, injection current-time, and capacitance-voltage characteristics together with SIMS data. Electron injection both from the Si film and the Si substrate is considered. The possibility of using the trap-assisted electron tunneling mechanisms to explain the high-field charge transfer through the buried oxides of UNIBOND and SIMOX SOI materials is considered. It is shown that considerable positive charge is accumulated near the buried oxide/substrate interface independently from the direction of the injection (from the film or from the silicon substrate) for UNIBOND and SIMOX SOI structures. Thermal stability of the charge trapped in the buried oxides is studied at temperatures ranging from 20 to 400OC. The theory is compared with the experimental data to find out the mechanisms of the generation of positive charge in UNIBOND and SIMOX buried oxides.
Testing of interworking between network terminals with FSK receivers and public exchanges providing display and related services
Authors: Michalski Wojciech
Published: April 2024

Implementation of new services in the network requires appropriate methods and tools for checking correctness of interworking between terminals and exchanges. In this article the methodology and test procedures prepared for testing terminals handling FSK protocol transmitted over the local loop for display and related services was described. Methodology presented here is based on ETSI standards. Test procedures were developed for services offered in Polish network. Tests cover all levels of FSK protocol. For two lower layers, separate procedures for ``on-hook`` and ``off-hook`` loop states were prepared. The procedure for ``on-hook`` state contains tests related to data transmission ``associated`` and ``not associated with ringing``. These procedures cover normal cases with parameter values and sequence elements complying with standards and exceptional procedures with the extreme values of the parameters and with modified elements of the sequences.
Analysis of bandwidth reservation algorithms in HIPERLAN/2
Authors: Woźniak Józef , Janczak Tomasz , Machan Przemysław , Neubauer Wojciech
Published: April 2024

This paper focuses on performance of channel access methods in the HIPERLAN/2 standard. It discusses commonly used approaches to bandwidth allocation and presents a modified algorithm for effective bandwidth management based on pre-scheduled resource grants. Simulation results show that the new algorithm ensures much higher throughput compared to the standard method.
Application of a hash function to discourage MAC-layer misbehaviour in wireless LANs
Authors: Konorski Jerzy , Kurant Maciej
Published: April 2024

Contention-based MAC protocols for wireless ad hoc LANs rely on random deferment of packet transmissions to avoid collisions. By selfishly modifying the probabilities of deferments greedy stations can grab more bandwidth than regular stations that apply standard-prescribed probabilities. To discourage such misbehaviour we propose a protocol called RT-hash whereby the winner of a contention is determined using a public hash function of the channel feedback. RT-hash is effective in a full hearability topology, assuming that improper timing of control frames is detectable and that greedy stations do not resort to malicious actions. Simulation experiments show that RT-hash protects regular stations` bandwidth share against various sophisticated greedy strategies of deferment selection; as such it may contribute to MAC-layer network security.
Towards broadband global optical and wireless networking
Authors: Marciniak Marian
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a novel, non-conventional approach to the future optical and wireless hybrid transport network, capable of supporting dominant kinds of traffic, i.e., voice/real time, wireless and packet data traffic in a single transport network. The proposed model combines different technologies as connection and connectionless networks, optical cable and wireless (microwave/millimetre wave or optical wireless), being suitable for a variety of purposes and services in order to achieve global broadband networking features. Our new networking model contains an extension to wireless world in order to achieve mobility and personalisation of connection. From the networking point of view it consists of an upgrade of real-time traffic with the microwave modulated optical wave, in order to carry out conventional mobile wireless signals via optical fibres over long distances and without significant distortion. The whole available bandwidth can be fully exploited in the hybrid network. In the IP part of the network the quality of service (QoS) can be differentiated for various classes of packets and network reliability/survivability can be categorised for the whole hybrid network. This proposal combines complete and revolutionary shift to packet traffic with smooth evolutionary upgrades. We believe the model presented here is a powerful tool to trace the future evolution of telecommunications worldwide for the next 25 years.
Integrated analysis of communication protocols by means of PLA formalism
Authors: Pranevicius Henrikas
Published: April 2024

Aggregate approach and its possibilities for specification and analysis of computer network protocols are presented. The theoretical basis of the aggregate approach is a piece-linear aggregate (PLA) for formal specification of systems. The advantage of that approach is that it permits to create models both for analysis correctness of specifications and simulation. Some methods that can be used for validation and verification of aggregate specifications are presented also.
IP-KRYPTO cipher machine for military use
Authors: Borowski Mariusz , Łabuzek Grzegorz
Published: April 2024

Polish military IP networks can be effectively and cheaply secured by IP-KRYPTO cipher machines which are developed in the Military Communication Institute. The cooperation with Polish manufacturers - Optimus and ABA Kraków and the usage of COTS elements and ideas speed up the research and development works. The IP-KRYPTO cipher machine will be used for securing the "SECRET" data so it must be certified to fulfill E3 ITSEC evaluation criteria. This requirement generates additional challenges in the development process when the COTS elements are to be implemented.
User services of tactical communications in the digital age
Authors: Erkan Esra C¸ iftc¸ibași , Uzun S¸ enol
Published: April 2024

Increasing demands on an extensive amount of digital data and information flows for C4I is forcing the modern armies to freeze and omit EUROCOM based tactical area communications system and to develop new concepts based on the adoption of modern communication systems such as ISDN, ATM described in the TACOMS Post 2000 Final Report II in NATO. ASELSAN, as a leading company in the military electronics arena, is following and participating all the activities of TACOMS Post 2000 together with Turkish Ministry of Defense. Turkey`s tactical area communications system TASMUS is a mature and fielded system, which will satisfy future communication needs of the 21st century C4I systems. In this paper, we describe the basic features and user services of TASMUS. With the support of simultaneous voice and data capabilities, TASMUS aims to form mobile, survivable, flexible and secure network to support all the present and future communication requirements of the tactical commanders. Using the near real time data communications feature, TASMUS is also significant for the network-centric warfare applications such as tactical sensor and weapon systems, besides the communication needs of the Turkish Army.
Developing standards for interoperability of tactical communications systems
Authors: Echols Christopher J.
Published: April 2024

The lack of interoperability in tactical communications systems has been a known fact in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since the end of the Cold War. This condition still exists today. The only alternative to obtain tactical communications systems with the interoperability necessitated by future operational requirements are through the establishment of NATO standards. This paper examines the tactical communications systems Post 2000 (TACOMS) project whose aim is to develop technical standards that will allow for achievement of interoperability between multinational tactical communications networks.
Comparison of traffic performance of QPSK and 16-QAM modulation techniques for OFDM system
Authors: Islam Imdadul , Hossain Siddique
Published: April 2024

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) provides better spectral efficiency than frequency division multiplexing (FDM), while maintaining orthogonal relation between carriers; hence traffic is better carried by OFDM than FDM within the same spectrum. This paper reveals a comparison of spectral efficiency, performance of communication system in context of bit error rate (BER) for the same information rate and peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of quadrature amplitude shift keying (QPSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) technique.
A new method of frequency offset correction using coherent averaging
Authors: Gajewski Piotr Z. , Łopatka Jerzy , Piotrowski Zbigniew
Published: April 2024

This paper describes a new method of frequency offset correction to improve clock stability in communication systems where the temporary drift or jitter of phase angle is not accepted. This method bases on coherent spectral averaging with a special phase scanning algorithm. Achieved results show that proposed method is effective for strongly degraded signals. Method is useful for precise phase angle reconstruction in these systems where clock stability of the transceiver and receiver is insufficient.
Ultra-shallow nitrogen plasma implantation for ultra-thin silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) layer formation
Authors: Bieniek Tomasz , Beck Romuald B. , Jakubowski Andrzej , Kudła Andrzej
Published: April 2024

The radiation damage caused by low energy r.f. plasmas has not been, to our knowledge, studied so far in the case of symmetric planar plasma reactors that are usually used for PECVD processes. The reason is that, unlike non-symmetrical RIE reactors, such geometry prevents, basically, high-energy ion bombardment of the substrate. In this work, we present the results of experiments in which we have studied the influence of plasma processing on the state of silicon surface. Very low temperature plasma oxidation has been used as a test of silicon surface condition. The obtained layers were then carefully measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry, allowing not only the thickness to be determined accurately, but also the layer composition to be evaluated. Different plasma types, namely N2, NH3 and Ar, were used in the first stage of the experiment, allowing oxidation behaviour caused by the exposure to those plasma types to be compared in terms of relative differences. It has been clearly proved that even though the PECVD system is believed to be relatively safe in terms of radiation damage, in the case of very thin layer processing (e.g., ultra-thin oxynitride layers) the effects of radiation damage may considerably affect the kinetics of the process and the properties of the formed layers.
Trends in assembling of advanced IC packages
Authors: Kisiel Ryszard , Szczepański Zbigniew
Published: April 2024

In the paper, an overview of the current trends in the development of advanced IC packages will be presented. It will be shown how switching from peripheral packages (DIP, QFP) to array packages (BGA, CSP) and multichip packages (SiP, MCM) affects the assembly processes of IC and performance of electronic systems. The progress in bonding technologies for semiconductor packages will be presented too. The idea of wire bonding, flip chip and TAB assembly will be shown together with the boundaries imposed by materials and technology. The construction of SiP packages will be explained in more detail. The paper addresses also the latest solutions in MCM packages.
An accurate prediction of high-frequency circuit behaviour
Authors: Yoshitomi Sadayuki , Kimijima Hideki , Kojima Kenji , Kokatsu Hideyuki
Published: April 2024

An accurate way to predict the behaviour of an RF analogue circuit is presented. A lot of effort is required to eliminate the inaccuracies that may generate the deviation between simulation and measurement. Efficient use of computer-aided design and incorporation of as many physical effects as possible overcomes this problem. Improvement of transistor modelling is essential, but there are many other unsolved problems affecting the accuracy of RF analogue circuit modelling. In this paper, the way of selection of accurate transistor model and the extraction of parasitic elements from the physical layout, as well as implementation to the circuit simulation will be presented using two CMOS circuit examples: an amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). New simulation technique, electro-magnetic (EM)-co-simulation is introduced.
Challenges in scaling of CMOS devices towards 65 nm node
Authors: Jurczak Małgorzata , Pollentier Ivan , Severi Simone , Henson Kirklen , Lauwers Anne , Lindsay Richard , Scaekers Marc , Rotschild Aude , Mertens Sofie , Augendre Emmanuel , Rooyackers Rita , Veloso Anabela , Keersgieter An de
Published: April 2024

The current trend in scaling transistor gate length below 60 nm is posing great challenges both related to process technology and circuit/system design. From the process technology point of view it is becoming increasingly difficult to continue scaling in traditional way due to fundamental limitations like resolution, quantum effects or random fluctuations. In turn, this has an important impact on electrical device specifications especially leakage current and the circuit power dissipation.
All-optical intensity noise suppression for solid-state and semiconductor lasers
Authors: Csörnyei Mark , Berceli Tibor , Marozsák Tamás
Published: April 2024

This paper will report on a new all-optical technique of relative intensity noise (RIN) suppression for solidstate and semiconductor lasers. The new scheme we have used is based on an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (UMZI), which is able to cancel the intensity noise enhancement at relaxation resonance. Although the relaxation oscillations frequency and the level of the corresponding noise maximum are extremely different concerning solid-state microchip lasers and semiconductor laser diodes, the proposed passive noise suppression is well suited for both types of laser sources used in telecommunication. The UMZ fiber interferometer solution for solid-state lasers demonstrated hereunder was generalized and deployed in case of semiconductor lasers as well.
Broadside coupled stripline with double-side UC-PBG structure
Authors: Meissner Paweł , Kitliński Marek
Published: April 2024

A stripline waveguide with double-side UC-PBG pattern is considered. To verify usefulness of the stripline structure with UC-PBG a 3 dB coupler has been designed and fabricated. Reduction of the coupler size (due to slow wave effect) has been predicted and observed. Numerical and experimental investigation confirmed enhanced backward coupling phenomena.
A 100 W ISM 2.45 GHz-band power test system
Authors: Wojtasiak Wojciech , Gryglewski Daniel , Gwarek Wojciech K.
Published: April 2024

This paper describes development of solid-state microwave power test system (MPTS) operating over 2.3 to 2.6 GHz with the output power level of 100 W for industrial applications in material processing, and for designing of microwave power industrial equipment. The MPTS unit consists of four major parts: PLL synthesizer, high power solid-state amplifier, detector probes for return losses and leakage measurement and microcontroller. The MPTS system is able to operate in either single fixed-frequency regime, or in swept mode with self-tuning for minimum reflection of a heated load.
Analysis of errors in on-wafer measurements due to multimode propagation in CB-CPW
Authors: Lewandowski Arkadiusz , Wiatr Wojciech
Published: April 2024

We study for the first time errors in on-wafer scattering parameter measurements caused by the parasitic microstrip-like mode propagation in conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW). We determine upper bound for these errors for typical CPW devices such as a matched load, an open circuit, and a transmission line section. To this end, we develop an electromagnetic-simulations-based multimode three-port model for the transition between an air-coplanar probe and the CB-CPW. Subsequently, we apply this model to examine errors in the device S parameters de-embedded from measurements affected by the parasitic MSL mode. Our analysis demonstrates that the multimode propagation in CB-CPW may significantly deteriorate the S-parameters measured on wafer.