bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Work Outcomes From Religiosity and Perceived Calling
Authors: Horvath Michael
Published: June 2015

Research suggests that individuals who perceive their work as a calling experience a variety of positive outcomes, such as occupational identification, career decidedness, and job satisfaction. The present study examined how calling and religiosity interact to influence workplace cognition and behavior. Using a self‐regulatory, multiple‐goals perspective, the author proposed that individuals with greater religiosity would report lower job involvement and work fewer hours. However, this relationship would attenuate or reverse if individuals perceived a transcendent summons calling them to their jobs. In the present study, 233 employed adults reported perceptions of calling, religiosity, job involvement, and hours worked. Calling and religiosity interacted in the hypothesized manner when predicting both job involvement, ΔR2 = .02, and hours worked, ΔR2 = .02, although job involvement did not mediate the relationship between calling, religiosity, and hours worked. The results suggest that career counselors and researchers pay particular attention to the role of calling among religious individuals.
The Origin of Major Choice, Academic Commitment, and Career‐Decision Readiness Among Taiwanese College Students
Authors: Liao Chen Ning , Ji Chang‐Ho
Published: June 2015

The present study aimed to examine if and how career‐decision readiness relates to the origin of college major choice among Taiwanese college students. A total of 375 junior and senior college students (147 women, 228 men) responded to measures of college major choice, academic commitment, career self‐efficacy, and career‐decision readiness. Results indicated that students' academic commitment to a college major tend to increase when they choose their majors based on personal and career preferences. In sequence, high levels of academic commitment lead to high levels of career self‐efficacy, and increased self‐efficacy augments the extent of career‐decision readiness that students manifest near the end of their college education. These findings have practical implications insofar as many Asian students choose a college major because of parents and other authority figures, and these findings demonstrate that a full understanding of career‐decision readiness may require incorporating the origin of college major choice and its academic effects into future research.
Career Development and School Success in Adolescents: The Role of Career Interventions
Authors: Choi Yoonjung , Kim Jieun , Kim Sunkyung
Published: June 2015

Using longitudinal survey data, the present study examined the effect of participation on career development skills in 6 career education experiences and school success among South Korean adolescents (2,473 young men, 2,132 young women; mean age = 15.86 years). Regression analyses indicated that students who participated in career education programs in school once or twice over a 2‐year period had the highest scores in both career development skills and school success. In contrast, there was no relationship between career education, career development skills, and school success for students who participated in career education programs only once or not at all. Results support the influence of career education interventions on students' career development skills and school success. This study provides accountability information on the effectiveness of career education interventions at South Korean secondary schools. The authors offer suggestions about more effective career interventions that can be applied in South Korean high schools.
Preliminary Design of a Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption Process for Natural Gas Upgrading Based on Amino‐Functionalized MIL‐53
Authors: Serra‐Crespo Pablo , Wezendonk Tim A. , Bach‐Samario Carlos , Sundar Nishanth , Verouden Karlijn , Zweemer Matthijs , Gascon Jorge , Berg Henk van den , Kapteijn Freek
Published: June 2015

A preliminary study based on a conceptual process design methodology that includes a technical evaluation and an economic study has been carried out for the use of the metal‐organic framework NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) as adsorbent for the separation of carbon dioxide from methane. Among the alternatives considered, a vacuum pressure swing adsorption was chosen in the detailed design phase. The combination of a design with columns in parallel and the possibility of recirculating some of the streams ensures a high degree of separation and a final product with high quality without compromising the operation costs. A comparison with the state‐of‐the‐art technology, amine scrubbing, and with a process based on membranes demonstrates that the proposed process is competitive as a result of its low operation costs and the energy demand.
Late‐Stage Peptide Diversification by Bioorthogonal Catalytic CH Arylation at 23 °C in H2O
Authors: Zhu Yingjun , Bauer Michaela , Ackermann Lutz
Published: June 2015

The step‐economical late‐stage diversification of tryptophan‐containing peptides was accomplished through chemo‐ and site‐selective palladium‐catalyzed CH arylation under exceedingly mild reaction conditions. Thus, the CH functionalization occurred efficiently at 23 °C with a catalyst loading as low as 0.5 mol %, and/or in H2O.
Group 9 Metal Complexes of meso‐Aryl‐Substituted Rubyrin
Authors: Soya Takanori , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue are Takanori Soya and Atsuhiro Osuka at Kyoto University. The image depicts Group 9 metal (Co, Rh, and Ir) complexes of meso‐aryl‐substituted rubyrin and a meteorite approaching to the atmosphere. A large amount of Iridium is often contained in meteorites. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201501080.
Effects of Aromatic Stabilization Energies on Photochromism of New Asymmetrical Azaindole‐Containing Diarylethenes
Authors: Sun Zhiyuan , Zhang Congcong , Li Hui , Fan Congbin , Liu Gang , Pu Shouzhi
Published: June 2015

Three new asymmetrical diarylethenes containing an azaindole moiety and a variable heteroaryl ring have been synthesized. Their properties, such as photochromism, fatigue resistance, thermal stability, acidichromism, and fluorescence, were systematically investigated to elucidate the effects of aromatic stabilization energies (ASE) of the heteroaryl moieties. The results indicated that thermal stability decreased with the increment of the aromatic stabilization energies of the variable heteroaryl rings in the order of thiazyl<thienyl<pyrrolyl. Moreover, the dual switching behaviors of these azaindole‐containing diarylethenes were also studied by the stimulation of acid/base and light. Addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the solutions of these diarylethenes resulted in obvious hypochromic shifts, and their N‐protonated forms also exhibited favorable photochromism.
Homomeric Inclusion and Hydrogen‐Bonding Cooperatively Directed Crystalline Assembly of a Cyclotriguaiacylene Derivative with Different Aromatic Acids
Authors: Song Jingru , Shi Yanyan , Huang Zhitang , Zheng Qiyu
Published: June 2015

Five organic complexes are prepared by cocrystallization of tri‐[(N‐methyl‐2‐imidazoly)methoxy]cyclotriguiacylene (TMIM‐CTG) with corresponding acids. While hydrogen bonds are the basic interactions in the five complexes, the homo‐included motifs with CH···π interactions also control the molecular arrangement except for complex 5. In complex 1, the two dimensional networks contain 1D zigzag chains formed by hydrogen bonding and 1D chains of homo‐included CTG motifs. Complex 2 has 2D 4·82 hydrogen bonding networks, and the chains of homomeric inclusion extend the 2D structure to a 3D framework. Complex 3 contains four‐membered rings through hydrogen bonds, and the chains of homo‐inclusion link the rings to a novel 2D network. In complex 4, hydrogen bonds construct a novel double‐layer 2D network, which is extended to a 3D framework by "hand‐shake" dimeric homomeric inclusion interactions. Interestingly, there is no homomeric inclusion phenomenon in complex 5 and hydrogen bonds solely connect two components to a chiral (6,3) 2D network.
A Formal Synthesis of Betamethasone
Authors: Wang Shasha , Shi Yong , Tian Weisheng
Published: June 2015

A formal synthesis of betamethasone from 5α‐pregnane‐3β,16β,20S‐triol is described. Key transformations are a bromination‐acetylation of triol, an SN2 reaction of the resulting C16α‐bromide with dimethylcopperlithium to get the required C16β‐methyl group, and a double hydroxylation to prepare the dihydroxyacetone side chain.
N‐Cinnamoylation of Antimalarial Classics: Effects of Using Acyl Groups Other than Cinnamoyl toward Dual‐Stage Antimalarials
Authors: Gomes Ana , Machado Marta , Lobo Lis , Nogueira Fátima , Prudêncio Miguel , Teixeira Cátia , Gomes Paula
Published: June 2015

In a follow‐up study to our reports of N‐cinnamoylated chloroquine and quinacrine analogues as promising dual‐stage antimalarial leads with high in vitro potency against both blood‐stage Plasmodium falciparum and liver‐stage Plasmodium berghei, we decided to investigate the effect of replacing the cinnamoyl moiety with other acyl groups. Thus, a series of N‐acylated analogues were synthesized, and their activities against blood‐ and liver‐stage Plasmodium spp. were assessed along with their in vitro cytotoxicities. Although the new N‐acylated analogues were found to be somewhat less active and more cytotoxic than their N‐cinnamoylated counterparts, they equally displayed nanomolar activities in vitro against blood‐stage drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant P. falciparum, and significant in vitro liver‐stage activity against P. berghei. Therefore, it is demonstrated that simple N‐acylated surrogates of classical antimalarial drugs are promising dual‐stage antimalarial leads.
Are lifestyle behavioral factors associated with health‐related quality of life in long‐term survivors of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma?
Authors: Spector Denise J. , Noonan Devon , Mayer Deborah K. , Benecha Habtamu , Zimmerman Sheryl , Smith Sophia K.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to determine whether survivors of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma are meeting select American Cancer Society (ACS) health‐related guidelines for cancer survivors, as well as to examine relationships between these lifestyle factors and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and posttraumatic stress (PTS).

METHODS

A cross‐sectional sample of 566 survivors of NHL was identified from the tumor registries of 2 large academic medical centers. Respondents were surveyed regarding physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, body weight, tobacco use, HRQoL using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36, and PTS using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder CheckList‐Civilian form. Lifestyle cluster scores were generated based on whether individuals met health guidelines and multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate relationships between lifestyle behaviors and HRQoL scores and PTS scores.

RESULTS

Approximately 11% of participants met all 4 ACS health recommendations. Meeting all 4 healthy recommendations was related to better physical and mental QoL (standardized regression coefficient [β], .57 [P<.0001] and β, .47 [P = .002]) and to lower PTS scores (β, ‐0.41; P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Survivors of NHL who met more ACS health‐related guidelines appeared to have better HRQoL and less PTS. Unfortunately, many survivors are not meeting these guidelines, which could impact their overall well‐being and longevity. Cancer 2015;121:3343–3351. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Photochemical Bleaching of an Elaborate Artificial Light‐Harvesting Antenna
Authors: Alamiry Mohammed A. H. , Harriman Anthony , Haefele Alexandre , Ziessel Raymond
Published: June 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by the groups of Tony Harriman (Newcastle University) and Raymond Ziessel (ECPM‐Strasbourg). The image shows the processes following illumination of an artificial light harvester that slowly fades under continuous exposure to white light. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201500150.
The economic impact of patients with heart failure on the Lebanese healthcare system
Authors: Tatari Souzan , Soubra Lama , Tamim Hani , Akhras Kassem , Kabbani Samer
Published: June 2015

Aims

This paper aimed to calculate the annual cost for heart failure (HF) patients in Lebanon.

Methods and results

Heart failure care can reach up to $31 billion annually in the USA. Data in Lebanon are lacking. Estimating it based on USA data is biased; hence, collecting data from all healthcare providers will reflect the actual cost in Lebanon. Data were collected from all healthcare providers on HF hospitalization during the year 2012. In addition, data from 600 outpatient visits were collected by medical students to estimate the cost for outpatient care. The total cost was calculated by adding up all hospitalization cost‐plus outpatient‐estimated cost. There were 72 000 individuals suffering from HF. The hospitalization care in Lebanon is largely delivered by the public sector (91% public vs 9% private). However, the outpatient care is largely paid cash by patients. The direct cost for HF hospitalizations paid by the public and the private sector was $38 081 535. The average cost for each HF hospitalization was $3769. The direct cost for outpatients care was estimated at $65 592 000. The average cost for outpatient care was $911 per patient per year. The annual total direct cost was calculated at $103 673 535. The true cost was almost one third the extrapolated cost based on US statistics ($103 673 535 vs 268 370 607, respectively).

Conclusions

The annual total direct cost for HF patients in Lebanon in 2012 was $103 673 535, which is much less than the extrapolated cost based on US statistics.
Modelling Binuclear Metallobiosites: Insights from Pyrazole‐Supported Biomimetic and Bioinspired Complexes
Authors: Dalle Kristian E. , Meyer Franc
Published: June 2015

Numerous enzymes use two closely spaced metal ions to activate and transform small molecules. This allows these biocatalysts to perform diverse physiological functions, achieving impressive chemistry under remarkably mild conditions. Model studies of these metalloenzymes contribute to furthering our understanding of the unusual mechanistic aspects and interplay of cooperative effects used by Nature, and help provide clues as to how such reactivity might be harnessed for applications outside of the natural systems. This microreview describes synthetic models of binuclear metalloenzymes, focusing on complexes which are bridged by pyrazole ligand scaffolds. Structural and functional models of iron, nickel, copper and zinc binuclear active sites are discussed, in addition to several cobalt complexes possessing biologically relevant features. Metal separation and secondary‐coordination‐sphere interactions are recurring themes which aid in highlighting aspects of common importance in the native enzymes.
Pd‐Catalyzed Functionalization of the Thenoyltrifluoroacetone Coligands by Aromatic Dyes in Bis(cyclometallated) IrIII Complexes: From Phosphorescence to Fluorescence?­
Authors: Dang Tung T. , Bonneau Mickaële , Gareth Williams J. A. , Le Bozec Hubert , Doucet Henri , Guerchais Véronique
Published: June 2015

The synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of a series of neutral Ir(CN‐Meppy)2(OO‐tta‐Ar) (MeppyH = 4‐methyl‐2‐phenylpyridine; tta = thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) complexes containing new functionalized tta‐Ar ligands in which the incorporated Ar group is an aromatic dye such as naphthalene, pyrene, naphthalimide or coumarin, are reported. The arylated proligands ttaH‐Ar are readily obtained in two steps through Pd‐catalyzed C–H bond activation of 2‐acetylthiophene. In contrast to the parent Ir(CN)2(OO) complexes, which are phosphorescent in solution at room temperature, all of the arylated complexes display fluorescence, and the phosphorescence emission is quenched. Thus, this work shows that the incorporation of such aromatic dyes in the tta ligand has a dramatic influence on the photophysical properties of the resulting Ir complexes.
The Role of the Ligand‐to‐Metal Charge‐Transfer State in the Dipivaloylmethanate‐Lanthanide Intramolecular Energy Transfer Process
Authors: Miranda Yolanda C. , Pereira Leide L. A. L. , Barbosa José H. P. , Brito Hermi F. , Felinto Maria C. F. C. , Malta Oscar L. , Faustino Wagner M. , Teotonio Ercules E. S.
Published: June 2015

Two new bis(dipivaloylmethanate)nitrato‐bis(triphenylphosphine oxide)lanthanide(III) complexes [Eu(dpm)2(NO3)(tppo)2] (1) and [Tb(dpm)2(NO3)(tppo)2] have been prepared in monomeric form. The structural behavior of these coordination compounds is significantly different from those of [Eu2(dpm)6] and [Tb2(dpm)6] dimeric complexes. The photoluminescent properties of the monomeric and dimeric complexes are dependent on the energy positions of the low‐lying ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer (LMCT) state, which may be correlated with the chelating and chelate bridging coordination modes of the dpm ligand, respectively. The monomeric complex presents higher luminescence intensity than the dimeric complex due to the higher energy of the LMCT state in this system. Although the excited energy levels of the EuIII ion in complex 1 undergo efficient depopulation by LMCT, the same is not observed for the 5D0 emitting level, which presents values of the emitting lifetime that are almost temperature independent. The triboluminescence phenomenon of the [Ln(dpm)2(NO3)(tppo)2] complex is also discussed.
Long‐Term Stability and Reproducibility of Magnetic Colloids Are Key Issues for Steady Values of Specific Power Absorption over Time
Authors: Sanz Beatriz , Calatayud M. Pilar , Cassinelli Nicolás , Ibarra M. Ricardo , Goya Gerardo F.
Published: June 2015

Virtually all clinical applications of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) require the formulation of biocompatible, water‐based magnetic colloids. For magnetic hyperthermia, the requirements also include a high colloidal stability against precipitation and agglomeration of the constituent MNPs to maintain the heating efficiency of the ferrofluid in the long term. Agglomeration can change the heating efficiency by forming MNP clusters that modify the magnetic dipolar interactions between particles. Additionally, precipitation of the MNPs (i.e., the heating sources within the liquid) can change the measured heating rates of a colloid by altering the heat flow dynamics as the particles plunge to the precipitate. The specific power absorption (SPA) of single‐domain MNPs depends critically on the average particle size and size distribution width and therefore first‐rate reproducibility of different batches with respect to these parameters is also needed. We have studied the evolution of the SPA of highly reproducible and stable water‐based colloids composed of polymer‐coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. By measuring the specific power absorption (SPA) values for 1 year as a function of field amplitude and frequency (H ≤ 24 kA/m; 260 ≤ f ≤ 830 kHz), we have demonstrated that the SPA values of these samples can be reproduced in successive synthetic batches and stable for several months due to the in situ polymer coating that provides colloidal stability and keeps dipolar interactions negligible.
Reactions of Laser‐Ablated U Atoms with HCN: Infrared Spectra in Solid Argon and Quantum Chemical Calculations for HUNC
Authors: Gong Yu , Cho Han‐Gook , Andrews Lester
Published: June 2015

Reactions of laser‐ablated U atoms with HCN produce HUNC, which is identified from its argon matrix infrared spectrum of strong N–C and U–H stretching modes at 2028 and 1417 cm–1. B3LYP calculations show that the unobserved HUCN isomer has a 6.3 kcal/mol higher energy, and its C–N stretching mode is about 125 cm–1 higher with more than an order of magnitude weaker intensity. Complementary experiments were done with thorium and group 4 metal atoms to form the analogous HMNC species for comparison and to demonstrate metal dependence for these new metal‐bearing product absorptions.
A Kumada Coupling Catalyst, [Ni{(Ph2­P)2N(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3‐P,P′}Cl2], Bearing a Ligand for Direct Immobilization Onto Siliceous Mesoporous Molecular Sieves
Authors: Stamatopoulos Ioannis , Giannitsios Dimitrios , Psycharis Vassilis , Raptopoulou Catherine P. , Balcar Hynek , Zukal Arnošt , Svoboda Jan , Kyritsis Panayotis , Vohlídal Jiří
Published: June 2015

The ligand‐exchange reaction between [Ni(PPh3)2Cl2] and (Ph2P)2N(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3 afforded the novel NiII complex [Ni{(Ph2P)2N(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3‐P,P′}Cl2] (1) in which the square‐planar NiP2Cl2 coordination sphere contains a four‐membered Ni–P–N–P ring. Comparison of the structure of 1 and related NiII square‐planar or Ni0 tetrahedral complexes containing similar P–N–P ligands shows that the magnitude of the P–Ni–P angle is controlled by the presence of the Ni–P–N–P ring, irrespective of the geometry of the nickel coordination sphere. Direct anchoring of 1 onto SBA‐15 molecular sieves through the trimethoxysilyl end‐group of the ligand afforded heterogeneous catalyst 1/SBA‐15. Both 1 and 1/SBA‐15 catalyze Kumada cross‐coupling reactions, exhibiting similar activity and a slightly higher product selectivity than the [Ni{Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2‐P,P′}Cl2] and [Ni{(Ph2P)2N‐(S)‐CHMePh‐P,P′}X2] (X = Cl, Br) complexes described in the literature. The Grignard reagent employed is likely to induce leaching of the catalyst, which retains its activity in solution.
A C‐3‐Selective Direct Alkylation of Coumarins by Using a Microwave‐Assisted Xanthate‐Based Radical Reaction
Authors: Miranda Luis D. , Icelo‐Ávila Estefanía , Rentería‐Gómez Ángel , Pila Michell , Marrero Joaquín G.
Published: June 2015

A xanthate‐based oxidative radical process for the direct alkylation of the coumarin ring system is presented. In the reaction, a vinylic and unactivated C–H bond of the coumarin system is replaced by an α‐acyl functionality under neutral conditions. This reaction has a high reaction site selectivity, which can realize alkylation at the C‐3 position.
Silver Triflate Catalyzed Cyclopropyl Carbinol Rearrangement for Benzo[b]oxepine and 2H‐Chromene Synthesis
Authors: Chan Philip Wai Hong , Teo Wan Teng , Koh Shaun Wei Yong , Lee Bo Ra , Ayers Benjamin James , Ma Dik‐Lung , Leung Chung‐Hang
Published: June 2015

An efficient AgOTf‐catalyzed (TfO = trifluoromethanesulfonate) cyclopropyl carbinol rearrangement for the synthesis of benzo[b]oxepines and 2H‐chromenes is reported by starting from 2‐[cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl]phenols. The reactions proved to be general in scope and furnished a range of the corresponding functionalized oxygen heterocycles. The formation of the benzo‐fused six‐membered adduct is proposed to result from the ring‐contraction of the benzo[b]oxepine derivative. Control of the product selectivity is achievable by fine‐tuning the reaction time. The catalytic synergy between the silver(I) cation and the triflate anion was essential for optimal product yields.
An Unexpected Pathway to Enantiomerization of Hemithioketals in Toluene Involving a Dimeric Transition State: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Bottoni Andrea , Calvaresi Matteo , Cosimelli Barbara , Mazzanti Andrea , Rambaldi Mirella , Spinelli Domenico
Published: June 2015

5‐Alkyl‐8‐aryl‐8‐hydroxy‐8H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[3,4‐c][1,4]thiazin‐3‐ones (1) and their thioketals (2) represent interesting hits as LTTC blockers as well as inhibitors of MDR1 activity. Compounds 1 contain an unstable chiral centre which can give rise to an enantiomerization process, because of the possible equilibrium with the open‐chain forms 4. We have carried out a combined experimental‐computational study on the 1/4 equilibrium in toluene by using the 8‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐5‐ethyl‐8‐hydroxy‐8H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[3,4‐c][1,4]thiazin‐3‐one (1a), containing two diastereotopic hydrogen atoms. 1H‐NMR techniques have allowed to calculate the relevant energy barriers for the enantiomerization process (ca. 20 kcal mol–1). QM computations have individuated a transition state for a concerted asynchronous process occurring on a dimer of 1a with an activation barrier (ca. 23 kcal mol–1) in rather good agreement with the 1H‐NMR experimental value, thus showing how a spontaneous mutarotation process could occur in non‐polar aprotic solvent.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐(Benzylamino)cyclobutanones
Authors: Melis Nicola , Ghisu Lorenza , Guillot Régis , Caboni Pierluigi , Secci Francesco , Aitken David J. , Frongia Angelo
Published: June 2015

An organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of α‐(benzylamino)cyclobutanones has been achieved by employing a tandem condensation/intramolecular rearrangement/proton transfer reaction and starting from racemic α‐hydroxycyclobutanone and a selection of benzylamines. This reaction sequence afforded the products in good to high yields with moderate to high enantioselectivities.
Sequential capillary electrophoresis analysis using optically gated sample injection and UV/vis detection
Authors: Liu Xiaoxia , Tian Miaomiao , Camara Mohamed Amara , Guo Liping , Yang Li
Published: June 2015

We present sequential CE analysis of amino acids and l‐asparaginase‐catalyzed enzyme reaction, by combing the on‐line derivatization, optically gated (OG) injection and commercial‐available UV‐Vis detection. Various experimental conditions for sequential OG‐UV/vis CE analysis were investigated and optimized by analyzing a standard mixture of amino acids. High reproducibility of the sequential CE analysis was demonstrated with RSD values (n = 20) of 2.23, 2.57, and 0.70% for peak heights, peak areas, and migration times, respectively, and the LOD of 5.0 μM (for asparagine) and 2.0 μM (for aspartic acid) were obtained. With the application of the OG‐UV/vis CE analysis, sequential online CE enzyme assay of l‐asparaginase‐catalyzed enzyme reaction was carried out by automatically and continuously monitoring the substrate consumption and the product formation every 12 s from the beginning to the end of the reaction. The Michaelis constants for the reaction were obtained and were found to be in good agreement with the results of traditional off‐line enzyme assays. The study demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of integrating the OG injection with UV/vis detection for sequential online CE analysis, which could be of potential value for online monitoring various chemical reaction and bioprocesses.
Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane using an Isothermal Redox Membrane Reactor
Authors: Michalsky Ronald , Neuhaus Dominique , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: June 2015

The continuous production of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) by dry reforming of methane (CH4) is demonstrated isothermally using a ceramic redox membrane in absence of additional catalysts. The reactor technology realizes the continuous splitting of CO2 to CO on the inner side of a tubular membrane and the partial oxidation of CH4 with the lattice oxygen to form syngas on the outer side. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3‐δ (LSCF) membranes evaluated at 840–1030 °C yielded up to 1.27 μmol CO  s−1 from CO2, 3.77 μmolH₂ g−1 s−1 from CH4 , and CO from CH4 at approximately the same rate as CO from CO2. We compute the free energy of the oxygen vacancy formation for La0.5Sr0.5B0.5B′0.5O3−δ (B, B′=Mn, Fe, Co, Cu) using electronic structure theory to understand how CO2 reduction limits dry reforming of methane using LSCF and to show how the CO2 conversion can be increased by using advanced redox materials such as La0.5Sr0.5MnO3−δ and La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.5Co0.5O3−δ.
Quantifying sheet wash erosion rates in a mountainous semi‐arid basin using environmental radionuclides and a stream power model
Authors: Geng Haopeng , Pan Baotian , Milledge David G , Huang Bo , Zhang Guoliang
Published: June 2015

Erosion rates and processes define how mountainous landscapes evolve. This study determines the range of erosion rates in a semi‐arid landscape over decadal time spans and defines the dominant processes controlling variability in erosion rates. The varying topography and climatic regimes of the Xiying Basin (Qilian Shan Mountains, China) enables us to examine the relative roles of sheet wash versus rainsplash and the influence of vegetation on soil erosion and deposition. Soil erosion rates since 1954 were determined using 137Cs along 21 transects at four sites with varying gradient, rainfall, and vegetation cover. The mean 137Cs derived soil erosion rate ~0.42 mm/a was consistent with the catchment level erosion rate derived from total sediment yield for a 44 year record. However, there is considerable variability in 137Cs erosion rates both between transects and along transects, perhaps reflecting variation not only in the effectiveness of individual processes but also in their relative roles. We compare the 137Cs‐derived erosion rates with 1‐D models for sediment flux that incorporate sheet wash and rainsplash processes, testing them over a previously untested 60 year timescale. The variability in 137Cs erosion rates along transects is best replicated by sheet wash dominated simulations, suggesting that this is the dominant erosion process in this semi‐arid landscape. The functional form of the sheetwash model can also explain our observations that 137Cs erosion rates decrease with upslope length (i.e. distance down slope) while its variability increases. However, sparsely vegetated sites, located in slightly drier locations, have higher erosion rates, and are not as accurately modeled as densely vegetated sites, suggesting that patchiness of vegetation introduces fine scale variability in erosion rates on these slopes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in glia reactivity after cortical brain injury
Authors: Acaz‐Fonseca Estefania , Duran Juan C. , Carrero Paloma , Garcia‐Segura Luis M. , Arevalo M. Angeles
Published: June 2015

Several brain disorders associated with neuroinflammation show sex differences in their incidence, onset, progression and/or outcome. The different regulation of the neuroinflammatory response in males and females could underlie these sex differences. In this study, we have explored whether reactive gliosis after a penetrating cortical injury exhibits sex differences. Males presented a higher density of Iba1 immunoreactive cells in the proximity of the wound (0–220 μm) than females. This sex difference was due to a higher number of Iba1 immunoreactive cells with nonreactive morphology. In addition microglia/macrophages in that region expressed arginase‐1, marker of alternatively activated microglia, and the neuroprotective protein Neuroglobin, in a greater proportion in males than in females. No sex differences were found in the number of astrocytes around the lesion. However, the percentage of astrocytes expressing chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), involved in recruitment of immune cells and gliosis regulation, was higher in males. Males also presented a significantly higher density of neurons in the lesion edge than females. These findings indicate that male and female mice have different neuroinflammatory responses after a cortical stab wound injury and suggest that sex differences in reactive gliosis may contribute to sex differences in neuroinflammatory diseases. GLIA 2015;63:1966–1981
Simultaneous Estimation of Properties in a Combined Mode Conduction–Radiation Heat Transfer in a Porous Medium
Authors: Mishra Vijay K. , Mishra Subhash C. , Basu Dipankar N.
Published: June 2015

Simultaneous estimation of thermophysical and optical properties such as the thermal conductivity, the scattering albedo, and the emissivity of a 1‐D planar porous matrix involving combined mode conduction and radiation heat transfer with heat generation is reported. Coupled energy equations for the gas and solid phase account for the nonlocal thermal equilibrium between the two phases. Performances of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the global search algorithm (GSA) in simultaneous estimation of three properties are analyzed. Both the GA and the GSA utilize a priori knowledge of the axial gas temperature distribution, and the magnitudes of the convective and the radiative heat fluxes at the outer surface of the porous matrix. With volumetric radiative information needed in the solid‐phase energy equation computed using the discrete transfer method, the two energy equations are simultaneously solved using the finite volume method. GSA provides better estimation, and computationally, it is much faster than the GA.
Lottery Payment Cards: A Study of Mental Accounting
Authors: Yang Ann Shawing
Published: June 2015

This study analyses the difficulties of using stored‐value cards for noncash payment adoption and payment framing behaviour development. This study applies the Rasch model via mental accounting theory to identify unobservable and latent difficulties in adopting noncash payment instruments for lottery participation. Anonymity, a reduction in cash carrying, and convenient purchases have discouraged noncash payment adoptions. However, consumers prefer stored‐value cards because they are easy to carry and reduce payment time and long waits. Consumers also develop payment framing behaviour difficulties from crediting up to the maximum stored value and fear of insufficient cash, with preferences for period purchases. Lower income significantly discourages noncash payment adoption and payment framing behaviour development, whereas being of a younger age causes significant payment framing difficulties. Regional variations differ in convenience, anonymity, stored value, balance checking, and indirect donations. The moderating effect between income and age also positively significantly influences noncash payment adoption and payment framing behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affective Constellations for Countertransference Awareness Following a Client's Suicide Attempt
Authors: Cureton Jenny L. , Clemens Elysia V.
Published: June 2015

Effective counseling with suicidal clients requires the development and maintenance of a strong therapeutic alliance. However, unmanaged countertransference (CT) can inhibit the alliance. This article provides strategies for enhancing CT awareness in counselors to support alliance building with clients after a client suicide attempt. The authors define CT in the context of suicide, introduce affective constellations as a method for CT awareness, and apply the method to a case vignette. A figure for self‐reflection and supervision is provided.
Enhancing Counselor Supervision Through Compassion Fatigue Education
Authors: Merriman Julie
Published: June 2015

Compassion fatigue has been documented as an occupational hazard in counseling. Providing education to interns on compassion fatigue and protective factors, such as self‐care, can normalize struggles experienced by interns. Supervision provides a relationship to build skills to help prevent compassion fatigue. Interns should understand counselor developmental phases and the necessity of self‐care plans. To instill this knowledge, supervisors should focus on the purpose of supervision, activities of supervision, counselor developmental phases, and compassion fatigue education.
Tandem One Pot and Efficient Method for the Palladium‐Reagent‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Quinazoline Thiols
Authors: Karuna P. Satya , Murthy R. V. V. Ramana , Reddy M. R. P. , Katari Naresh Kumar , Srinivas Kummari
Published: June 2015

A facile synthesis of 1,4‐dihydroquinazolines from 2‐aminobenzyl amine and carbon disulfide via dithiocarbamate performed at room temperature is reported. Corresponding S‐alkyl quinazoline derivatives were obtained from 1,4‐dihydroquinazolines in one‐pot reactions under the palladium reagents after addition of alkyl halides. The versatility of this synthetic protocol has been demonstrated with various halo benzenes. The products thus obtained have been characterized by MP, IR, 1H‐NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
Unusual Investigation of Polycyclic Saturated Tetrazine: A Breakthrough to 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine
Authors: Swain Pravat K.
Published: June 2015

The theoretical investigation of polycyclic saturated tetrazine is a novel process, and the reaction of 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine with diazomethane that undergoes polymerization reaction has been studied by using a computational method, and it gives dinitrogen (N2) as the major product. The spectroscopic studies, bond length, bond angle, heat of formation, and densities are measure of investigations in this communication. The theoretical evidence of the possibility to synthesize polycyclic saturated tetrazine is a major challenge for nitrogen‐rich chemistry.
Trends and behaviour of meteorological drought (1901–2008) over Indian region using standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index
Authors: Das Prabir Kumar , Dutta Dibyendu , Sharma J. R. , Dadhwal V. K.
Published: June 2015

Monthly gridded (0.5° × 0.5°) standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) data of 1901–2008 were used to detect spatial pattern of temporal trend in meteorological drought during the Indian summer monsoon period. The SPEI data were converted into drought duration, magnitude and types of occurrence to capture overall drought scenario. A non‐parametric (Mann–Kendall test) method was used to test for monotonic trend at each grid level, whereas the magnitude was estimated using Sen's method. Further, a field significance test was performed at major meteorological regions level to assess whether the individual trends identified could occur by chance in an analysis of large number of time series analysed. Significant (α = 0.05) increasing trend of both drought duration and magnitude during the monsoon was found over parts of eastern, central and north‐eastern region of India, whereas the parts of west coast, arid western region and north India showed significantly decreasing trend. The trends in mid‐ as well as late‐season drought were contributing towards significant increase in drought condition, whereas trends in early‐season drought were responsible for decrease in drought events. The time series analysis of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) illustrated that over eastern part of India the increase in drought was attributed due to decrease in rainfall, whereas the decrease in drought occurrence over western arid region was mainly because of decrease in PET.
Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), a potential biomass candidate for bioethanol: cell wall structural changes enhancing hydrolysis in a mild alkali pretreatment regime
Authors: Haque Md Azizul , Barman Dhirendra Nath , Kim Min Keun , Yun Han Dae , Cho Kye Man
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Imperata cylindrica is being considered as a biomass candidate for bioethanol. This work aimed to evaluate a mild alkali pretreatment effect on the Imperata recalcitrant structure. Therefore, varied concentrations of NaOH (0, 7.5, 15, 20, and 25 g L−1) were applied as treatments to Imperata at 105 °C for 10 min.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that 20 to 25 g L−1 NaOH‐treated Imperata exposed amorphous cellulose on surface granules composed of lignin, waxes, and partly hemicelluloses were abolished due to the comprehensive disruption of the linkages between lignin and carbohydrates. The cellulose crystalline index was increased with 7.5 to 20 g L−1 NaOH treatments and reduced with a 25 g L−1 NaOH treatment. In fact, the cellulose content in solids increased with the increasing NaOH concentration and was estimated to be 720 and 740 g kg−1 for the 20 and 25 g L−1 NaOH treatments, respectively. The yield of the reducing sugar was obtained 805 and 813 mg g−1 from 20 and 25 g L−1 NaOH‐treated Imperata, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Considering the cost of pretreatment, the 20 g L−1 NaOH treatment is judged to be effective for disrupting Imperata recalcitrance in this pretreatment regime. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Proanthocyanidins in an astringent persimmon inhibit Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) secretion
Authors: Morita Ai , Tai Akihiro , Ito Hideyuki , Ganeko Natsuki , Aizawa Shin‐Ichi
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Astringent compounds contained in persimmon fruits have been widely used in Japan as food preservatives and thus as anti‐bacterial and anti‐fungi reagents. However, the molecular mechanism of the anti‐microbial activity has been unclear. One of the virulence secretion systems in Salmonella enterica was used to test the anti‐microbial activity of extracts from a persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb ‘Saijo’).

RESULTS

We found that the extract could inhibit the secretion of virulence proteins but did not affect cell growth and determined the critical concentrations of the extract to show the effect. Then, the effective fraction on the suppression of secretion of virulence proteins was purified from the crude extracts using solvent partition, absorption chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. The anti‐bacterial fraction was analysed by HCl–butanol treatment and gel permeation chromatography followed by nuclear magnetic resonance and identified as the octamers of epigallocatechin and its gallate as major components.

CONCLUSION

Proanthocyanidins suppress the secretion of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 virulence proteins. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
A new standard method of subjective assessment of barely visible image artifacts and a new public database
Authors: Hoffman David M. , Stolitzka Dale
Published: June 2015

Assessing image quality is an important aspect of developing new display technology. A particularly challenging assessment is determining whether a bitwise lossy operation is visually lossless. We define “visually lossless” and describe a new standard for a subjective procedure to assess whether the image quality meets these criteria. Assessments are made between a reference image and temporally interleaved reference and test images using a forced‐choice procedure. In extensive testing, we have validated that this method is suitable for discriminating between subtle differences in image rendering and is free of observer bias or criteria variability. The results of these tests demonstrate the efficacy of using as few as five randomly chosen observers. We have found that the subjective testing is more reliable than several widely available image quality metrics. As part of this work, we release a database of nearly 0.25 million subjective responses collected from 35 observers to 18 different images. The study uses a largely within‐subjects design and tested observers from two viewing distances. We encourage the use of this dataset in future research to refine objective image quality metrics to improve predictability of subtle but potentially visible compression‐induced image impairments.
Biodegradable Nanotopography Combined with Neurotrophic Signals Enhances Contact Guidance and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Yang Kisuk , Park Esther , Lee Jong Seung , Kim Il‐Sun , Hong Kwonho , Park Kook In , Cho Seung‐Woo , Yang Hee Seok
Published: June 2015

Biophysical cues provided by nanotopographical surfaces have been used as stimuli to guide neurite extension and regulate neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. Here, we fabricated biodegradable polymer substrates with nanoscale topography for enhancing human NSC (hNSC) differentiation and guided neurite outgrowth. The substrate was constructed from biodegradable poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) using solvent‐assisted capillary force lithography. We found that precoating with 3,4‐dihydroxy‐l‐phenylalanine (DOPA) facilitated the immobilization of poly‐l‐lysine and fibronectin on PLGA substrates via bio‐inspired catechol chemistry. The DOPA‐coated nanopatterned substrates directed cellular alignment along the patterned grooves by contact guidance, leading to enhanced focal adhesion, skeletal protein reorganization, and neuronal differentiation of hNSCs as indicated by highly extended neurites from cell bodies and increased expression of neuronal markers (Tuj1 and MAP2). The addition of nerve growth factor further enhanced neuronal differentiation of hNSCs, indicating a synergistic effect of biophysical and biochemical cues on NSC differentiation. These bio‐inspired PLGA nanopatterned substrates could potentially be used as implantable biomaterials for improving the efficacy of hNSCs in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Betulinic Acid and its Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents
Authors: Zhang Dong‐Mei , Xu Hong‐Gui , Wang Lei , Li Ying‐Jie , Sun Ping‐Hua , Wu Xiao‐Ming , Wang Guang‐Ji , Chen Wei‐Min , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: June 2015

Betulinic acid (BA) is a lupane‐type pentacyclic triterpene, distributed ubiquitously throughout the plant kingdom. BA and its derivatives demonstrate multiple bioactivities, particularly an antitumor effect. This review critically describes the recent research on isolation, synthesis, and derivatization of BA and its natural analogs betulin and 23‐hydroxybetulinic acid. The subsequent part of the review focuses on the current knowledge of antitumor properties, combination treatments, and pharmacological mechanisms of these compounds. A 3D‐QSAR analysis of 62 BA derivatives against human ovarian cancer A2780 is also included to provide information concerning the structure–cytotoxicity relationships of these compounds.
Asymptotic behavior for the one‐dimensional pth power Newtonian fluid in unbounded domains
Authors: Wan Ling , Wang Tao
Published: June 2015

We consider the initial and initial‐boundary value problems for a one‐dimensional pth power Newtonian fluid in unbounded domains with general large initial data. We show that the specific volume and the temperature are bounded from below and above uniformly in time and space and that the global solution is asymptotically stable as the time tends to infinity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale analysis method for thermo‐mechanical performance of periodic porous materials with interior surface radiation
Authors: Yang Zhiqiang , Cui Junzhi , Sun Yi , Liang Jun , Yang Zihao
Published: June 2015

This study develops a novel multiscale analysis method to predict thermo‐mechanical performance of periodic porous materials with interior surface radiation. In these materials, thermal radiation effect at microscale has an important impact on the macroscopic temperature and stress field, which is our particular interest in this paper. Firstly, the multiscale asymptotic expansions for computing the dynamic thermo‐mechanical coupling problem, which considers the mutual interaction between temperature and displacement field, are given successively. Then, the corresponding numerical algorithm based on the finite element‐difference method is brought forward in details. Finally, some numerical results are presented to verify the validity and relevancy of the proposed method by comparing it with a direct finite element analysis with detailed numerical models. The comparison shows that the new method is effective and valid for predicting the thermo‐mechanical performance and can capture the microstructure behavior of periodic porous materials exactly.s Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.