bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase Change Materials for Nonvolatile, Solid‐State Reflective Displays: From New Structural Design Rules to Enhanced Color‐Changing Performance
Authors: Tao Shuaipeng , Li Qian , Wang Jiafu , Wang Xiaoyi , Cai Jize , Li Shibo , Xu Wei , Zhang Kan , Hu Chaoquan
Published: March 2020

With the arrival of omnimedia era, there has been an increasing demand for energy‐saving, colorful, and portable displays. Traditional display technologies, such as electrophoresis and electronic ink display suffer from low color switching speed and poor color richness. Due to their high performances, phase change materials (PCMs)‐based nonvolatile, solid‐state reflective display coatings have become the most promising materials for new portable display technology. Existing researches mainly focus on improving the color‐changing performance of coatings by optimizing film structural parameters, but ignore improving the performance by designing new PCMs. Here, this study reveals the color‐changing mechanisms of display coatings through a combination of experiments, first‐principles calculations, spectral fitting, and optical simulation. It is found that reducing the vacancy concentrations of PCMs can increase the color‐changing performance of coatings owing to the increase in p–p coupling strength. Based on previous reports and the new insights into p–p coupling strength, this study proposes three structural design principles of ideal PCMs (low ionicity, a limited degree of hybridization, and high p–p coupling strength) and predicts new PCM candidates for display applications. This study opens a broad avenue for developing nonvolatile display technologies and material selection.
Graphdiyne as a Promising Mid‐Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material for Ultrafast Photonics
Authors: Guo Jia , Wang Zhenhong , Shi Rongchao , Zhang Ye , He Zhenwu , Gao Lingfeng , Wang Rui , Shu Yiqing , Ma Chunyang , Ge Yanqi , Song Yufeng , Fan Dianyuan , Xu Jialiang , Zhang Han
Published: March 2020

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a novel 2D all‐carbon nanomaterial, which has an intransic band gap, strong light–matter interaction, and large optical absorption in the infrared region, indicating that it has great potential in the field of mid‐infrared ultrafast photonics. Here, a Z‐scan method is used to demonstrate the broadband and strong nonlinear optical (NLO) response of GDY, and its performance in the application of mid‐infrared ultrafast photonics is explored for the first time. The experimental results demonstrate that its nonlinear parameters are superior to the current mainstream 2D materials. By using GDY as the saturable absorber, stable mode‐locked and chaotic pulses are obtained at 1.5 µm. In addition, as a mode‐locked device of thulium‐doped fiber laser, high‐power pulse output is obtained at 2 µm band. This work shows that GDY, as a promising NLO material, has opened up a new pathway for the development of near‐ and mid‐infrared photonic devices.
Lateral Gating of 2D Electron Gas in Cross‐Sectional LaAlO3/SrTiO3
Authors: Ji Fan , Sharma Pankaj , Xin Tongzheng , Zhang Dawei , Liu Ying , Niu Ranming , Cairney Julie M. , Seidel Jan
Published: March 2020

2D electron gas at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) interfaces has emerged as an attractive platform for novel nanoelectronic devices. Control over the active functional interface by electrical or mechanical means in this regard is of special interest. A new means of electric‐field control by lateral gating of the interface and modification of its electronic properties in cross‐sectional samples that allows direct access to depth‐resolved physical‐property measurements is investigated. Local scanning probe measurements in conjunction with electrical characterization allow it to be established that field‐driven reversible migration of oxygen vacancies is the origin of enhancement and suppression of electronic conductivity in LAO/STO. These results point to new possibilities of device property control in complex oxide heterostructures and thin films that contain highly conductive engineered interfaces.
Hollow Palladium‐Gold Nanochains with Periodic Concave Structures as Superior ORR Electrocatalysts and Highly Efficient SERS Substrates
Authors: Jiao Wenling , Chen Chen , You Wenbin , Zhao Xiaoran , Zhang Jie , Feng Yuzhang , Wang Peng , Che Renchao
Published: March 2020

Unique palladium‐gold hollow nanochains (PdAu HCs) with 1D architecture and an ultrathin Pd‐rich skin exhibit fantastic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) enhancements due to their high conductivity, structural stability, and maximized atomic utilization. More importantly, such PdAu HCs possess periodic concave structures that boost ORR performance. These structures readily form high‐density high‐index facets, and fewer arc edges. Concave structures can deliver strong strain effects and surface charge accumulation is revealed by off‐axis electron holography. In addition, periodic concave structures can provide strong localized surface–plasmon coupling, which means that PdAu HCs have great potential as efficient surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. This study offers a novel and general approach for the design of complex noble metal‐based nanostructures as efficient ORR catalysts and SERS substrates.
Flexible Pseudocapacitive Electrochromics via Inkjet Printing of Additive‐Free Tungsten Oxide Nanocrystal Ink
Authors: Zhang Long , Chao Dongliang , Yang Peihua , Weber Louis , Li Jia , Kraus Tobias , Fan Hong Jin
Published: March 2020

Direct inkjet printing of functional inks is an emerging and promising technique for the fabrication of electrochemical energy storage devices. Electrochromic energy devices combine electrochromic and energy storage functions, providing a rising and burgeoning technology for next‐generation intelligent power sources. However, printing such devices has, in the past, required additives or other second phase materials in order to create inks with suitable rheological properties, which can lower printed device performance. Here, tungsten oxide nanocrystal inks are formulated without any additives for the printing of high‐quality tungsten oxide thin films. This allows the assembly of novel electrochromic pseudocapacitive zinc‐ion devices, which exhibit a relatively high capacity (≈260 C g−1 at 1 A g−1) with good cycling stability, a high coloration efficiency, and fast switching response. These results validate the promising features of inkjet‐printed electrochromic zinc‐ion energy storage devices in a wide range of applications in flexible electronic devices, energy‐saving buildings, and intelligent systems.
Short‐run net returns to a cereal rye cover crop mix in a midwest corn–soybean rotation
Authors: Thompson Nathanael M. , Armstrong Shalamar D. , Roth Richard T. , Ruffatti Michael D. , Reeling Carson J.
Published: March 2020

Unsubstantiated economic returns are a major contributor to producers’ reluctance to adopt cover crops. The objective of this study is to evaluate the direct short‐run net returns to the producer of implementing a predominantly cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop mix into a Midwest corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Experimental agronomic data from field experiments in Lexington, IL, are used to calibrate economic simulations of the costs and benefits of cover crop adoption. Results indicate that net returns to cover crops, including current cost‐share payments, were routinely negative. Returns to the soybean phase of the rotation were higher than corn given that the cover crop significantly reduced corn yield in 1 of 2 yr but did not significantly affect soybean yield. A scenario where cover crop biomass was hypothetically harvested and valued as a livestock feedstuff increased returns. However, further research is needed to validate the agronomic assumptions underlying this scenario. Finally, the breakeven subsidy that would make the producer indifferent to planting cover crops was estimated to be US$13–$23 kg–1 of nitrate saved from leaving the field each year (or approximately $195–$345 ha–1). This is higher than current cost‐share payments ($140 ha–1). In the short‐run, incentivizing producers to adopt cover crops will likely require (i) improved recommendations for cover crop best management practices to eliminate current downside risk and (ii) higher cost‐share payments or established markets to internalize cover crop benefits that accrue to society.
Brain morphological analysis in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
Authors: Shiohama Tadashi , Levman Jacob , Vasung Lana , Takahashi Emi
Published: March 2020

PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a spectrum of hereditary cancer syndromes caused by germline mutations in PTEN. PHTS is of high interest, because of its high rate of neurological comorbidities including macrocephaly, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual dysfunction. Since detailed brain morphology and connectivity of PHTS remain unclear, we quantitatively evaluated brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in PHTS. Sixteen structural T1‐weighted and 9 diffusion‐weighted MR images from 12 PHTS patients and neurotypical controls were used for structural and high‐angular resolution diffusion MRI (HARDI) tractography analyses. Mega‐corpus callosum was observed in 75%, polymicrogyria in 33%, periventricular white matter lesions in 83%, and heterotopia in 17% of the PHTS participants. While gyrification index and hemispheric cortical thickness showed no significant differences between the two groups, significantly increased global and regional brain volumes, and regionally thicker cortices in PHTS participants were observed. HARDI tractography showed increased volume and length of callosal pathways, increased volume of the arcuate fasciculi (AF), and increased length of the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculi (ILF), bilateral inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculi (IFOF), and bilateral uncinate fasciculus. A decrease in fractional anisotropy and an increased in apparent diffusion coefficient values of the AF, left ILF, and left IFOF in PHTS.
Clinical versus automated assessments of morphological variants in twins with and without neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Myers Lynnea , Anderlid Britt‐Marie , Nordgren Ann , Lundin Karl , Kuja‐Halkola Ralf , Tammimies Kristiina , Bölte Sven
Published: March 2020

Physical examinations are recommended as part of a comprehensive evaluation for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder. These examinations should include assessment for morphological variants. Previous studies have shown an increase in morphological variants in individuals with NDDs, particularly ASD, and that these variants may be present in greater amounts in individuals with genetic alterations. Unfortunately, assessment for morphological variants can be subjective and time‐consuming, and require a high degree of clinical expertise. Therefore, objective, automated methods of morphological assessment are desirable. This study compared the use of Face2Gene, an automated tool to explore facial morphological variants, to clinical consensus assessment, using a cohort of N = 290 twins enriched for NDDs (n = 135 with NDD diagnoses). Agreement between automated and clinical assessments were satisfactory to complete (78.3–100%). In our twin sample, individuals with NDDs did not have greater numbers of facial morphological variants when compared to those with typical development, nor when controlling for shared genetic and environmental factors within twin pairs. Common facial morphological variants in those with and without NDDs were similar and included thick upper lip vermilion, abnormality of the nasal tip, long face, and upslanted palpebral fissure. We conclude that although facial morphological variants can be assessed reliably in NDDs with automated tools like Face2Gene, clinical utility is limited when just exploring the facial region. Therefore, currently, automated assessments may best complement, rather than replace, in‐person clinical assessments.
Efficient palladium‐catalyzed C‐S cross‐coupling reaction of benzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole at C‐5‐position: A potential class of AChE inhibitors
Authors: dos Santos Beatriz F. , Pereira Caroline F. , Pinz Mikaela P. , de Oliveira Aline R. , Brand George , Katla Ramesh , Wilhelm Ethel A. , Luchese Cristiane , Domingues Nelson L.C.
Published: March 2020

Functionalization of 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTD) with thiols at C‐5 position remains low explored. Moreover, the arylthiol‐substitutions at this position are also unexplored and can not be found by a SN2 or SN1 reaction. In this sense, herein we present a new palladium‐catalyzed methodology for a wide variety of unpublished 5‐arylsulfanyl‐benzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole derivatives synthesis with moderate to high yields using a low catalytic loading of Pd(L‐Pro)2 as low‐coast, and efficient catalyst in low reaction time. Besides, we concluded that the pKa of thiol species has an important role in this catalysis, mainly in the CMD like catalytic cyclo process, which strongly interferes in the reaction yields. Furthermore, arylsulfanyl‐benzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazoles derivatives have been assessed (in vitro) as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
An eco‐friendly method based on the self‐glue effect of keratins for preparing Fe3O4‐coated wool
Authors: Zhao Zhenyun , Song Chi , Zhou Jing , Hu Ruimin , Xiao Hang , Liu Yiping , Lu Ming
Published: March 2020

Although coating technology and in‐situ synthesis have been widely applied to produce Fe3O4 NPs‐containing composite materials, there still exist potential risks to the environment. Herein, an eco‐friendly preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FNPs)‐coated wool felt is proposed based on the self‐glue effect of wool keratins in the NaHSO3/urea solution. It avoids the use of coating agents, and also the commercially available FNPs are directly utilized as raw materials, both making the residual FNPs completely recyclable. The resulting FNPs‐coated wool felt shows high magnetization (23.54 emu g−1) and excellent microwave‐assisted heating properties (the temperature rise is about 40°C after 10 min). The results of EDS‐SEM (energy dispersive spectrometer‐scanning electron microscope), loud amount (%), crease recovery angle (CRA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) prove that the dramatical swelling and the recoagulation of superficial keratins of wool fibers are the mechanism of the self‐glue effect.
Did Acidic Stress Resistance in Vertebrates Evolve as Na+/H+ Exchanger‐Mediated Ammonia Excretion in Fish?
Authors: Tseng Yung‐Che , Yan Jia‐Jiun , Furukawa Fumiya , Hwang Pung‐Pung
Published: March 2020

How vertebrates evolved different traits for acid excretion to maintain body fluid pH homeostasis is largely unknown. The evolution of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)‐mediated NH4+ excretion in fishes is reported, and the coevolution with increased ammoniagenesis and accompanying gluconeogenesis is speculated to benefit vertebrates in terms of both internal homeostasis and energy metabolism response to acidic stress. The findings provide new insights into our understanding of the possible adaptation of fishes to progressing global environmental acidification. In human kidney, titratable H+ and NH4+ comprise the two main components of net acid excretion. V‐type H+‐ATPase‐mediated H+ excretion may have developed in stenohaline lampreys when they initially invaded freshwater from marine habitats, but this trait is lost in most fishes. Instead, increased reliance on NHE‐mediated NH4+ excretion is gradually developed and intensified during fish evolution. Further investigations on more species will be needed to support the hypothesis. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/vZuObtfm-34.
Timing of procedural stroke and death in asymptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: individual patient analysis from four RCTs
Authors: Poorthuis M H F , Bulbulia R , Morris D R , Pan H , Rothwell P M , Algra A , Becquemin J-P , Bonati L H , Brott T G , Brown M M , Calvet D , Eckstein H-H , Fraedrich G , Gregson J , Greving J P , Hendrikse J , Howard G , Jansen O , Mas J-L , Lewis S C , de Borst G J , Halliday A
Published: March 2020

Background

The effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for stroke prevention depends on low procedural risks. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and timing of procedural complications after CEA, which may clarify underlying mechanisms and help inform safe discharge policies.

Methods

Individual-patient data were obtained from four large carotid intervention trials (VACS, ACAS, ACST-1 and GALA; 1983–2007). Patients undergoing CEA for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis directly after randomization were used for the present analysis. Timing of procedural death and stroke was divided into intraoperative day 0, postoperative day 0, days 1–3 and days 4–30.

Results

Some 3694 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 103 patients (2·8 per cent) had serious procedural complications (18 fatal strokes, 68 non-fatal strokes, 11 fatal myocardial infarctions and 6 deaths from other causes) [Correction added on 20 April, after first online publication: the percentage value has been corrected to 2·8]. Of the 86 strokes, 67 (78 per cent) were ipsilateral, 17 (20 per cent) were contralateral and two (2 per cent) were vertebrobasilar. Forty-five strokes (52 per cent) were ischaemic, nine (10 per cent) haemorrhagic, and stroke subtype was not determined in 32 patients (37 per cent). Half of the strokes happened on the day of CEA. Of all serious complications recorded, 44 (42·7 per cent) occurred on day 0 (20 intraoperative, 17 postoperative, 7 with unclear timing), 23 (22·3 per cent) on days 1–3 and 36 (35·0 per cent) on days 4–30.

Conclusion

At least half of the procedural strokes in this study were ischaemic and ipsilateral to the treated artery. Half of all procedural complications occurred on the day of surgery, but one-third after day 3 when many patients had been discharged.
Neural characteristics of cognitive reappraisal success and failure: An ERP study
Authors: Cao Dan , Li Yingjie , Niznikiewicz Margaret A.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Cognitive reappraisal, an important strategy of emotion regulation, can change emotional experience and attention to emotional information. However, not all individuals can deploy reappraisal strategies successfully. In the current study, we investigated event‐related potential (ERP) characteristics of reappraisal success and of reappraisal failure.

Methods

Twenty‐six participants were divided into the success group or the failure group based on self‐report ratings of how successful they were in reducing their response to negative images using cognitive reappraisal strategy. All participants viewed 30 neutral images and 30 negative images which they were asked to just watch, and 30 negative stimuli that they were asked to reappraise, while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded.

Results

The success group reported a significant reduction in the unpleasantness of negative images than the failure group in the negative‐reappraisal condition. The ERP data indicated that two time windows differentiated between the success and failure groups. In 200–300 ms, P200 was significantly more positive to the negative‐watch condition relative to both negative‐reappraisal and neutral conditions in the failure group, while no difference was observed in the success group. In 300–5,000 ms, cognitive reappraisal led to increased late positive potential (LPP) relative to negative‐watch in the early and middle latency windows (300–3,100 ms) in both groups; in the late latency window (3,100–5,000 ms), the reappraisal success group showed the LPP amplitude to the negative‐reappraisal stimuli to be more positive than to the negative‐watch stimuli, while no difference was found in the reappraisal failure group.

Conclusion

Our study provided direct evidence that different neurophysiological features were associated with reappraisal success and failure while engaging in the reappraisal of negative stimuli. This result will contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanism of emotion regulation in emotional disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety).
Can entrepreneurial orientation improve sustainable development through leveraging internal lean practices?
Authors: Chavez Roberto , Yu Wantao , Sadiq Jajja Muhammad Shakeel , Lecuna Antonio , Fynes Brian
Published: March 2020

This study aims to examine the mediating role of internal lean practices (ILPs) on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and triple bottom line performance (i.e. environmental, social, and operational performance). We examine Chile, which represents a vibrant economy and one of the world's most productive entrepreneurship ecosystems but with a history of socio‐economic inequalities and strong profit‐driven pressures to overextract natural resources. The study is based on a questionnaire related to manufacturing sent to 112 companies in Chile. The proposed relationships are analysed through structural equation modelling. The results indicate that ILPs fully mediate the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on environmental performance and social performance and partially mediates the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on operational performance. Our study extends the literature by explaining that entrepreneurial orientation builds and strengthens ILPs for creating triple bottom line competitive advantage.
Beware brand concerns presented by variations of domain names
Authors: Rooksby Jacob H.
Published: March 2020

Domain names are alphanumeric character strings that substitute for the numerical addresses, or IP addresses, actually used by internet host computers to locate one another and provide requested information to end users. Like real property, every domain name is unique, and thus their scarcity means their brand function is important. Colleges and universities have an advantage in that the top‐level domain‐name extension .edu is widely recognized as signifying an involvement with higher education (although to be sure, owning a domain name in the .edu extension doesn't indicate accreditation).
Keep up with esports developments, impact on college campuses
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: March 2020

CLEARWATER, Fla. — The popularity of esports among college‐age individuals brings a host of legal and policy issues to campuses, regardless of whether or not schools have esports teams, clubs, or programs. In fact, many college students have some interaction with esports, whether they're playing solo or competitively, watching in person or via livestream, working behind the scenes, betting on events, or planning to pursue a career. And your campus could attract potential students with an esports team, club, or major.
Crackdown on undisclosed foreign ties impacts higher ed
Authors: Kelly Sean R. , Cirilli Vincent C.
Published: March 2020

The U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts announced on Jan. 28 that Harvard University Professor Charles Lieber, Ph.D., was arrested and charged with a crime for allegedly lying to the U.S. government about his ties with China in connection with the application and receipt of federal grant money. This charge is the latest example of the U.S. government's crackdown on undisclosed university ties to China and illustrates the consequences for lack of candor.
Did court dismiss employee's disability‐discrimination lawsuit?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: March 2020

Because the plaintiff developed memory problems while working as a university receptionist, she was granted the accommodation of her assignments being put in writing.
Before you click: Publishing accessible websites
Authors: Taylor Zachary W. , LaRonde Susan , Yvonne Taylor M.
Published: March 2020

As technology has advanced in recent years, institutions of higher education have the ability to present digital information in a variety of formats: visual, audio, and interactive. Web accessibility technology has also advanced, allowing students who are deaf or blind or have other disabilities to access digital content in a variety of formats. For instance, “screen reader” technologies have made it possible for students who are blind to read an entire website, engage with multimedia, and enjoy a web experience that was formerly reserved exclusively for students without disabilities. Technology has increased students with disabilities’ access to and user experience on the internet, yet many institutions of higher education have lagged behind in making their sites fully accessible. Institutions are being held to higher standards for web accessibility through national legislative mandates. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 doesn't mention the internet, the Justice Department has issued guidelines.
Effects of awe on consumer preferences for healthy versus unhealthy food products
Authors: Cao Fei , Wang Xia , Wang Ze
Published: March 2020

This research investigates how a discrete positive emotion (awe) impacts consumers' decisions on food choices. We probe and demonstrate that the experience of awe enhances consumer preferences for healthy versus unhealthy products. In a series of three studies, we find that awe, compared with a neutral emotion, increases consumers' likelihood to choose healthy products over unhealthy products (Study 1). Consumers' processing styles drive the observed awe effect (Study 2), whereby awe increases reliance on analytic processing, which leads to preferences for healthy products. Moreover, the experience of awe exerts a stronger influence on product choices among consumers with a chronic intuitive rather than analytic processing style (Study 3). Theoretical contributions to the research on awe, information processing, and healthy food preference, as well as practical implications for consumers and marketers, are discussed.
Therapeutic drug monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: A case of nontuberculous mycobacterium catheter‐related infection treated with amikacin
Authors: Kojya Sanae , Shiohira Hideo , Sunagawa Yoshitsugu , Tsuneyoshi Shoji , Kohagura Kentaro , Ohya Yusuke , Yonaha Fusako , Hokama Nobuo , Nakamura Katsunori
Published: March 2020

The pharmacokinetics of amikacin makes it difficult to predict the appropriate dosing to avoid harmful side effects in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring may be useful in controlling amikacin serum concentrations in patients receiving CAPD.
Electrochemical CO oxidation by a Rh tetraaza[14]annulene‐based catalyst
Authors: Yamazaki Shin‐ichi , Asahi Masafumi , Siroma Zyun , Ioroi Tsutomu
Published: March 2020

Electrochemical CO oxidation catalyzed by Rh complexes of tetraaza[14]annulene was examined. Rh complexes on carbon black exhibit much higher CO oxidation activity than Rh porphyrins or conventional Pt alloy catalysts. The onset potential for CO oxidation is lower than 0 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. As a result, a combination of electrochemical CO oxidation by Rh tetraaza[14]annulene and proton reduction by Pt catalysts generates slight electricity. The combined overall reaction is a water‐gas shift reaction (CO+H2O→CO2+H2). The co‐presence of Rh tetraaza[14]annulene catalyst and Pt catalyst promotes the water‐gas shift reaction.
Partial Seeding Policy for Controlling the Crystal Quality in Batch Cooling Crystallization
Authors: Unno Joi , Hirasawa Izumi
Published: March 2020

Partial seeding, in which the nuclei originating from seed crystals grow to yield the product crystals, was simulated and optimized for controlling the batch cooling crystallization process of L‐arginine. The product quality was evaluated by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the crystal size distribution. First, the optimum seed amount for partial seeding was estimated by simulation. Then, the simulated values of the optimum seed amount and the resulting local minimum CV were correlated with the seed crystal size and the cooling rate. The correlation can be utilized for estimating the seed amount in the case that the seed crystals are added in a slurry. Finally, these simulated values were compared to the measured ones. Consequently, the optimum seed amount was suggested to be reasonably predicted.
Controllable Synthesis of Leaf‐Like CuO Nanosheets for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Ethylene
Authors: Tan Zhonghao , Peng Tingyue , Tan Xiaojie , Wang Wenhang , Wang Xiaoshan , Yang Zhongxue , Ning Hui , Zhao Qingshan , Wu Mingbo
Published: March 2020

The carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) driven by renewable electricity is a promising way to tackle the CO2 emission woes and recycle use of CO2. The synthesis of electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity for CO2RR to ethylene remains a great challenge. Herein, leaf‐like CuO nanosheets are fabricated in situ on nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) by using a novel reduction‐oxidation‐reconstruction process. When used as a catalyst for the CO2RR in 0.1 M KHCO3, a high faradaic efficiency of approximately 30 % for ethylene with an ultra‐high ethylene/methane ratio of 190 was achieved at −1.3 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. The SEM and TEM images confirm the leaf‐like CuO nanosheets display high‐curvature structures, while multiple distinguished grain boundaries constructed by CuO(110) and CuO(111) planes are verified by HRTEM. For the first time, we present a facile method to combine the high‐curvature structure and the grain boundary to enhance the selectivity of the CO2RR to ethylene over a CuO catalyst.
Allosteric p97 Inhibitors Can Overcome Resistance to ATP‐Competitive p97 Inhibitors for Potential Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Wang. Feng , Li Shan , Gan Taiping , Stott Gordon M. , Flint Andrew , Chou Tsui‐Fen
Published: March 2020

Abstract: A major challenge of targeted cancer therapy is the selection for drug‐resistant mutations in tumor cells leading to loss of treatment effectiveness. p97/VCP is central regulator of protein homeostasis and a promising anticancer target because of its vital role in cell growth and survival. One ATP‐competitive p97 inhibitor, CB‐5083, has entered clinical trials. Selective pressure on HCT116 cells dosed with CB‐5083 identified five different resistant mutants. Identification of p97 inhibitors with different mechanisms of action would offer the potential to overcome this class of resistance mutations. Our results demonstrate that two CB‐5083 resistant p97 mutants, N660 K and T688 A, were also resistant to several other ATP‐competitive p97 inhibitors, whereas inhibition by two allosteric p97 inhibitors NMS‐873 and UPCDC‐30245 were unaffected by these mutations. We also established a CB‐5083 resistant cell line that harbors a new p97 double mutation (D649 A/T688 A). While CB‐5083, NMS‐873, and UPCDC‐30245 all effectively inhibited proliferation of the parental HCT116 cell line, NMS‐873 and UPCDC‐30245 were 30‐fold more potent in inhibiting the CB‐5083 resistant D649 A/T688 A double mutant than CB‐5083. Our results suggest that allosteric p97 inhibitors are promising alternatives when resistance to ATP‐competitive p97 inhibitors arises during anticancer treatment.
Reduction‐Triggered Doxorubicin Delivery by Self‐Assembled Nanospheres of Lipoylated Caffeine
Authors: Kumar Krishan , Kumar Shyamlal Bharti Rajesh , Verma Rajbala , Kondaiah Paturu , Chaudhary Sandeep
Published: March 2020

This study reports a new amphiphilic bioconjugate (CAFF‐LA) derived from the lipoylation of a hydroxyethyl derivative of caffeine. In water, CAFF‐LA self‐assembles into nanospheres with an average size of 155 nm, as evidenced from dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy studies. The nanospheres are stable in serum and could be disintegrated upon exposure to the reducing environment of dithiothreitol (DTT; 10 mM) and glutathione (GSH; 10 mM). These nanospheres easily encapsulate the chemotherapy medication, doxorubicin (DOX), and demonstrate an efficacious transport into doxorubicin‐resistant cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, wherein a marked induction in apoptosis and significantly lower IC50 have been observed when compared to that of free drug. The in vitro assessment of cell viability and hemocompatibility present these nanospheres as potentially safe and efficient intracellular reduction stimulus‐responsive drug‐delivery vehicles.
Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part II: Progress toward Healthy People 2020 objectives for 4 common cancers
Authors: Henley S. Jane , Thomas Cheryll C. , Lewis Denise Riedel , Ward Elizabeth M. , Islami Farhad , Wu Manxia , Weir Hannah K. , Scott Susan , Sherman Recinda L. , Ma Jiemin , Kohler Betsy A. , Cronin Kathleen , Jemal Ahmedin , Benard Vicki B. , Richardson Lisa C.
Published: March 2020

Background

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate to provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States and to address a special topic of interest. Part I of this report focuses on national cancer statistics, and part 2 characterizes progress in achieving select Healthy People 2020 cancer objectives.

Methods

For this report, the authors selected objectives—including death rates, cancer screening, and major risk factors—related to 4 common cancers (lung, colorectal, female breast, and prostate). Baseline values, recent values, and the percentage change from baseline to recent values were examined overall and by select sociodemographic characteristics. Data from national surveillance systems were obtained from the Healthy People 2020 website.

Results

Targets for death rates were met overall and in most sociodemographic groups, but not among males, blacks, or individuals in rural areas, although these groups did experience larger decreases in rates compared with other groups. During 2007 through 2017, cancer death rates decreased 15% overall, ranging from −4% (rural) to −22% (metropolitan). Targets for breast and colorectal cancer screening were not yet met overall or in any sociodemographic groups except those with the highest educational attainment, whereas lung cancer screening was generally low (<10%). Targets were not yet met overall for cigarette smoking, recent smoking cessation, excessive alcohol use, or obesity but were met for secondhand smoke exposure and physical activity. Some sociodemographic groups did not meet targets or had less improvement than others toward reaching objectives.

Conclusions

Monitoring trends in cancer risk factors, screening test use, and mortality can help assess the progress made toward decreasing the cancer burden in the United States. Although many interventions to reduce cancer risk factors and promote healthy behaviors are proven to work, they may not be equitably applied or work well in every community. Implementing cancer prevention and control interventions that are sustainable, focused, and culturally appropriate may boost success in communities with the greatest need, ensuring that all Americans can access a path to long, healthy, cancer‐free lives.
Amphibian thalamic nuclear organization during larval development and in the adult frog Xenopus laevis: Genoarchitecture and hodological analysis
Authors: Morona Ruth , Bandín Sandra , López Jesús M. , Moreno Nerea , González Agustín
Published: March 2020

The early patterning of the thalamus during embryonic development defines rostral and caudal progenitor domains, which are conserved from fishes to mammals. However, the subsequent developmental mechanisms that lead to the adult thalamic configuration have only been investigated for mammals and other amniotes. In this study, we have analyzed in the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis (an anamniote vertebrate), through larval and postmetamorphic development, the progressive regional expression of specific markers for the rostral (GABA, GAD67, Lhx1, and Nkx2.2) and caudal (Gbx2, VGlut2, Lhx2, Lhx9, and Sox2) domains. In addition, the regional distributions at different developmental stages of other markers such as calcium binding proteins and neuropeptides, helped the identification of thalamic nuclei. It was observed that the two embryonic domains were progressively specified and compartmentalized during premetamorphosis, and cell subpopulations characterized by particular gene expression combinations were located in periventricular, intermediate and superficial strata. During prometamorphosis, three dorsoventral tiers formed from the caudal domain and most pronuclei were defined, which were modified into the definitive nuclear configuration through the metamorphic climax. Mixed cell populations originated from the rostral and caudal domains constitute most of the final nuclei and allowed us to propose additional subdivisions in the adult thalamus, whose main afferent and efferent connections were assessed by tracing techniques under in vitro conditions. This study corroborates shared features of early gene expression patterns in the thalamus between Xenopus and mouse, however, the dynamic changes in gene expression observed at later stages in the amphibian support mechanisms different from those of mammals.
Exploring research regarding mediation party preferences and mediation within commercial arbitration
Authors: Storrow Rebecca , Coleman Harold
Published: March 2020

Mediation is a valued alternative dispute resolution process in commercial business disputes. When used prior to arbitration or litigation, mediation is helpful in narrowing disputes and supporting settlement. When included as a supplemental step within other processes, mediation has additional benefits. It is worthwhile to explore the barriers and benefits counsel cite regarding mediation. We will consider participants' underlying assumptions surrounding how and when to mediate using American Arbitration Association® (AAA) User Surveys and data from 2,814 AAA cases closed in 2018. Practice and extant literature indicate that early mediation reduces the financial, emotional, and relational costs of business disputes.
Screening Viologen Derivatives for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Liu Yahua , Li Yuanyuan , Zuo Peipei , Chen Qianru , Tang Gonggen , Sun Pan , Yang Zhengjin , Xu Tongwen
Published: March 2020

Viologen derivatives have been developed as negative electrolyte for neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AOFBs), but the structure–performance relationship remains unclear. Here, it was investigated how the structure of viologens impacts their electrochemical behavior and thereby the battery performance, by taking hydroxylated viologens as examples. Calculations of frontier molecular orbital energy and molecular configuration promise to be an effective tool in predicting potential, kinetics, and stability, and may be broadly applicable. Specifically, a modified viologen derivative, BHOP‐Vi, was proved to be the most favorable structure, enabling a concentrated 2 m battery to exhibit a power density of 110.87 mW cm−2 and an excellent capacity retention rate of 99.953 % h−1.
Intergenerational effects of mother's early rearing experience on offspring treatment and socioemotional development
Authors: Sproul Bassett Ashley M. , Wood Elizabeth K. , Lindell Stephen G. , Schwandt Melanie L. , Barr Christina S. , Suomi Stephen J. , Higley James D.
Published: March 2020

This longitudinal study spans two generations of rhesus monkeys. First, the study investigates the effects of early rearing experiences on the maternal behavior of first‐generation mothers (rates of premature infant rejection) and, second, the study investigates the effects of maternal rejection on the behavior of second‐generation infants. Rhesus macaque mother–infant dyads (Macaca mulatta—N = 176) were observed twice weekly, with each session lasting 300 s. First‐generation mothers were raised in one of three conditions: as mother‐reared controls (MR; [n = 95]), in peer groups (PR; raised without adults but with constant access to three same‐aged peers [n = 49]), or with an inanimate surrogate (SPR; raised with an inanimate fleece‐covered, surrogate mother and limited daily peer‐group interactions [n = 32]). Second‐generation infants were all raised by their differentially reared mothers and statistically grouped into one of two groups: those that were rejected by their mothers beginning at a more‐typical weaning age (controls), starting in the third month of life (n = 108), and those that were prematurely rejected, with mothers showing rejections before the third month of infant life (n = 68). Overall, PR mothers exhibited the highest rates of premature infant rejection, except for month 1 of infant life, when SPR mothers exhibited the highest rates of rejection. Intriguingly, after month 1, SPR mothers showed high rates of infant cradling and seldom rejected their infants. Independent of their mothers’ early rearing environment, prematurely rejected infants displayed more aggression and passive vigilance, and were cradled and groomed less by their mothers, and there was evidence that the overall rates of rejection after the first 2 months of life had a cumulative negative effect on the developing infant. Post hoc analyses of plasma cortisol levels showed that the prematurely rejected infants had higher cortisol concentrations, suggesting a high level of stress in the prematurely rejected infants. These results suggest that maternal presence during infancy has long‐term effects on a female's future maternal skills which, in turn, have intergenerational consequences for the socioemotional development of second‐generation infants.
Statins are associated with new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Medicare patients ≥65 years
Authors: Tangelloju Srikanth , Little Bert B. , Esterhay Robert J. , Brock Guy , LaJoie Scott
Published: March 2020

Background

To evaluate the association of statins and co‐morbidities with new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients 65 years and older.

Methods

This retrospective study used de‐identified administrative healthcare claims and enrolment data from a Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug (MAPD) health plan offered by a large multistate healthcare company. The plan covered >2.4 million individuals, of whom >1.7 million individuals were ≥65 years. Of these, 265 554 individuals had continuous MAPD enrolment January 2008 to December 2015. The unadjusted model assessed demographic, pharmacy and T2DM co‐morbidities as covariates. Significant variables (P < .05) in the unadjusted model were then included in the adjusted model. The adjusted model used Cox proportional hazards to evaluate covariate effects. Matched propensity score analysis was used to analyse the association of statins and T2DM onset.

Results

The cumulative rate of diagnosed T2DM onset in the study cohort was 4.82% (4314/89 390). Annualised incidence of T2DM diagnosis was 0.82%, 0.88%, 1.04% and 2.09% in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. T2DM onset was associated with male sex, non‐white (African American or Hispanic ethnicity), statin use, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, heart failure, lower limb ulceration, atherosclerosis, other retinopathy, angina pectoris, poor vision and blindness and absence ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Matched propensity score analysis showed that statin use was significantly associated with T2DM onset (Odds Ratio = 1.26, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.12‐1.41, P < .0001) in the adjusted model.

Conclusions

Analyses indicated that statin usage was associated with new onset T2DM after adjusting for covariates.
Plants use identical inhibitors to protect their cell wall pectin against microbes and insects
Authors: Kirsch Roy , Vurmaz Esma , Schaefer Carolin , Eberl Franziska , Sporer Theresa , Haeger Wiebke , Pauchet Yannick
Published: March 2020

As fundamentally different as phytopathogenic microbes and herbivorous insects are, they enjoy plant‐based diets. Hence, they encounter similar challenges to acquire nutrients. Both microbes and beetles possess polygalacturonases (PGs) that hydrolyze the plant cell wall polysaccharide pectin. Countering these threats, plant proteins inhibit PGs of microbes, thereby lowering their infection rate. Whether PG‐inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play a role in defense against herbivorous beetles is unknown. To investigate the significance of PGIPs in insect–plant interactions, feeding assays with the leaf beetlePhaedon cochleariaeonArabidopsis thaliana pgipmutants were performed. Fitness was increased when larvae were fed on mutant plants compared to wild‐type plants. Moreover, PG activity was higher, althoughPGgenes were downregulated in larvae fed onPGIP‐deficient plants, strongly suggesting that PGIPs impair PG activity. As low PG activity resulted in delayed larval growth, our data provide the first in vivo correlative evidence that PGIPs act as defense against insects.
Prognostic impact of angiographic findings, procedural success, and timing of percutaneous coronary intervention in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Sabell Tuija , Banaszewski Marek , Lassus Johan , Nieminen Markku S. , Tolppanen Heli , Jäntti Toni , Kataja Anu , Hongisto Mari , Køber Lars , Sionis Alessandro , Parissis John , Tarvasmäki Tuukka , Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Jurkko Raija
Published: March 2020

Aims

Urgent revascularization is the mainstay of treatment in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) related cardiogenic shock (CS). The aim was to investigate the association of angiographic results with 90‐day mortality. Procedural complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were also examined.

Methods and results

This CardShock (NCT01374867) substudy included 158 patients with ACS aetiology and data on coronary angiography and complications during PCI procedure. Survival analysis was conducted with Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis. Median age was 67 ± 11 years, and 77% were men. During 90‐day follow‐up, 66 (42%) patients died. Patients with one‐vessel disease (n = 49) had lower mortality than patients with two‐vessel (n = 59) or three‐vessel (n = 50) disease (25% vs. 48% vs. 52%, P = 0.011). Successful revascularization [Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Flow 3 post‐PCI) was achieved more often in survivors than non‐survivors (81% vs. 60%, P = 0.019). The median symptom‐to‐balloon time was 340 (196–660) minutes, with no difference between survivors and non‐survivors. In multivariable mortality analysis, multivessel disease (HR 2.59, CI95% 1.29–5.18) and TIMI flow <3 post‐PCI (HR 2.41, CI95% 1.4–4.15) were associated with 90‐day mortality. Procedural PCI complications were recorded in 51 (35%) patients, arrhythmic complications being the most common (n = 32, 63%). The incidence of complications was similar between survivors and non‐survivors (31% vs. 42%, P = 0.21).

Conclusions

Multivessel disease is associated with worse survival in ACS‐related CS. In patients undergoing PCI, arrhythmic complications were common, but not associated with excess mortality. Successful revascularization of the IRA had positive effect on outcome despite delay from symptom onset.