bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seigneurs, fiefs et mottes du Cotentin (Xe-XIIe siècles). Étude historique et topographique
Authors: Delacampagne Florence
Published: December 2018

Florence Delacampagne, Lords, fiefs and motte-and-bailey castles in the Cotentin.

The geographic area of the Cotentin covers the northern half of what is now the Department of the Manche. Manuscript sources have made it possible to build up slowly part of the map of honours which made up the Cotentin in the 12th century. The lands of the viscounty were then split into five honours, four of them rather far apart, geographically speaking, undoubtedly because such was the desire of the Duke. About forty earthern fortifications have been catalogued thanks to written sources and systematic exploration of the area. The map formed by these fortifications follows rather closely the map of the fiefs. Concentrated especially in these places in which the honours had their seat, the fortifications are found in the rest of the area in much lower proportions, at a low average of one fortification for every eight parishes.
Céramiques émaillées médiévales de Saint-Félix-de-Montceau, en Languedoc méditerranéen
Authors: Broecker Régine
Published: December 2018

Le renouvellement récent de la documentation dans les régions méridionales et en particulier les découvertes de l'abbaye Saint-Félix-de-Montceau à Gigean dans l'Hérault permettait une étude portant, entre autres, sur les céramiques régionales à décors vert d'oxyde de cuivre et brun de manganèse du XIIIe et XIVe siècles et donnant un aperçu des produits espagnols à décors bleu et lustre du XIVe et XVe siècles en Languedoc méditerranéen. Plusieurs groupes et sous-groupes sont apparus (céramiques à pâte blanche réfractaire et pièces à pâte calcaire, fines ou plus ou moins fines) et semblent mettre en évidence des variations chronologiques et quelques ateliers régionaux de la région du Bas-Rhône, mais différentes des découvertes provençales dont elles se démarquent nettement. Les céramiques à décors bleu et /ou lustre du XIVe et XVe siècles sont originaires de la région de Malaga, Paterna et Valence. Ainsi apparaît l'ouverture précoce de cette région à des techniques évoluées et des importations étrangères.
Sur quelques monnaies mérovingiennes, inédites ou peu connues, trouvées en Anjou
Authors: Delestre Xavier , Collin Guy
Published: December 2018

Les découvertes récentes de deux pièces en argent, inédites, de l'époque mérovingienne, ont servi d'occasion à l'établissement d'un inventaire des trouvailles monétaires de cette époque signalées en Anjou et à quelques commentaires sur leur répartition géographique.
Une mesure à grains d'un système local en Périgord
Authors: Fournioux Bernard
Published: December 2018

Instrument et reflet d'une activité locale, la mesure de la Faye est l'expression matérielle et résiduelle des mécanismes d'une métrologie médiévale complexe et irrationnelle. Elle est une manifestation de ces centres de diffusion (sièges de juridictions châtelaines) qui constellaient l'horizon économique périgourdin à la fin du Moyen Age.

Cette esquisse tente de donner une définition métrique, spatiale et chronologique d'une unité de capacité.

Ainsi, de telles investigations archéologiques inciteront peut-être à l'élaboration d'abaques de conversion qui font tant défaut à l'historien médiéviste.
L'outillage du potier de terre aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles à Sadirac (Gironde), d'après les sources écrites
Authors: Hanusse Claire
Published: December 2018

Claire Hanusse, The implements of the claypotters in the 17th and 18th centuries at Sadirac (Gironde).

The study of a centre known to have produced pottery, as is the case of Sadirac (Department of the Gironde), whose existence as early as the 13th century is attested and whose greatest period of activity was in the 17th and 18th centuries, must be made over a long period of time. It is absolutely essential to use post-mediaeval archives that must be compared with archaeological and ethnological findings.

An example is given in this article of the implements of a clay potter as these were established from documents drawn up by notaries in the 17 th and 18th centuries. Especially because of inventories made of workshops, we are able to reconstitute what made up the tools of the potter. The kind and number of these tools make it possible for us to reconstruct all the stages in the manufacture of jars. It has been noted that the tools of a potter could include up to fourteen items at most, although on the average potters had only six different tools.
HST/GHRS Observations of Cool, Low-gravity Stars. VI. Mass-loss Rates and Wind Parameters for M Giants
Authors: Rau Gioia , Nielsen Krister E. , Carpenter Kenneth G. , Airapetian Vladimir
Published: December 2018

The photon-scattering winds of M giants absorb parts of the chromospheric emission lines and produce self-reversed spectral features in high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/GHRS spectra. These spectra provide an opportunity to assess fundamental parameters of the wind, including flow and turbulent velocities, the optical depth of the wind above the region of photon creation, and the star’s mass-loss rate. This paper is the last paper in the series “GHRS Observations of Cool, Low-Gravity Stars”; the last several have compared empirical measurements of spectral emission lines with models of the winds and mass loss of K giants and supergiants. We have used the Sobolev with Exact Integration radiative transfer code, along with simple models of the outer atmosphere and wind, to determine and compare the wind characteristics of the two M-giant stars, γ Cru (M3.5III) and μ Gem (M3IIIab), with previously derived values for low-gravity K-stars. The analysis specifies the wind parameters and calculates line profiles for the Mg ii resonance lines, in addition to a range of unblended Fe ii lines. Our line sample covers a large range of wind opacities and, therefore, probes a range of heights in the atmosphere. Our results show that μ Gem has a slower and more turbulent wind than γ Cru. Also, μ Gem has a weaker chromosphere, in terms of surface flux, with respect to γ Cru. This suggests that μ Gem is more evolved than γ Cru. Comparing the two M giants in this work with previously studied K-giant and supergiant stars (α Tau, γ Dra, and λ Vel) reveals that the M giants have slower winds than the earlier giants, but exhibit higher mass-loss rates. Our results are interpreted in the context of the winds being driven by Alfvén waves.
A GPU Implementation of the Correlation Technique for Real-time Fourier Domain Pulsar Acceleration Searches
Authors: Dimoudi Sofia , Adamek Karel , Thiagaraj Prabu , Ransom Scott M. , Karastergiou Aris , Armour Wesley
Published: December 2018

The study of binary pulsars enables tests of general relativity. Orbital motion in binary systems causes the apparent pulsar spin frequency to drift, reducing the sensitivity of periodicity searches. Acceleration searches are methods that account for the effect of orbital acceleration. Existing methods are currently computationally expensive, and the vast amount of data that will be produced by next-generation instruments such as the Square Kilometre Array necessitates real-time acceleration searches, which in turn requires the use of high-performance computing (HPC) platforms. We present our implementation of the correlation technique for the Fourier Domain Acceleration Search (FDAS) algorithm on Graphics Processor Units (GPUs). The correlation technique is applied as a convolution with multiple finite impulse response (FIR) filters in the Fourier domain. Two approaches are compared: the first uses the NVIDIA cuFFT library for applying Fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) on the GPU, and the second contains a custom FFT implementation in GPU shared memory. We find that the FFT shared-memory implementation performs between 1.5 and 3.2 times faster than our cuFFT-based application for smaller but sufficient filter sizes. It is also 4–6 times faster than the existing GPU and OpenMP implementations of FDAS. This work is part of the AstroAccelerate project, a many-core accelerated time-domain signal-processing library for radio astronomy.
Morphometric variation among males of Orphulella punctata (De Geer, 1773) (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) from different biomes in Brazil
Authors: Silva Ana Catia Santos da , Andrade Nunes Lorena , Batista Wanessa de Lima , Lhano Marcos Gonçalves
Published: December 2018

The objective of the present study was to examine variation in the shape and size of pronotum, hind femur, and head in the males of Orphulellapunctata (De Geer, 1773) from three different Brazilian biomes: the Cerrado, the Atlantic Forest, and the Pantanal. A total of 150 specimens were analyzed from three populations. The results of MANOVA indicated significant differences (p<0.01) in the shape of the analyzed structures of O.punctata from the different biomes. The results of ANOVA demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) in the size of all analyzed structures. Pearson’s correlation analyses among the different structures and the environmental variables revealed that the shape of pronotum, hind femur, and head (dorsal view), as well as the size of pronotum and head (dorsal and lateral views) varied with the geographic longitude, while the shape of hind femur and head (dorsal view) showed a significant negative correlation with size. Results indicated that the shape and size of the analyzed structures, in general, were influenced by the geographical variables.
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: Endless Border Conflicts
Authors: Kurmanalieva Gulzana
Published: December 2018

La raréfaction des ressources naturelles a pris une ampleur politique et sociale croissante dans un contexte mondial. En particulier au Kirghizistan et au Tadjikistan, où la rareté des pâturages et de l’eau a entraîné des tensions interethniques. La forte dépendance à l’égard des ressources en eau et des pâturages dans les régions frontalières y joue un rôle important et a provoqué des éruptions de violence entre les communautés frontalières tadjikes et kirghizes. Malgré les mesures politiques visant à améliorer la gestion des pâturages et de l’eau en créant de nouvelles institutions après la fin de l’Union soviétique, de multiples conflits entre communautés ethniques persistent sur ce plan. L’absence de structures institutionnelles entraîne une inégalité d’accès et d’utilisation des pâturages et de l’eau dans la région frontalière du Kirghizstan et du Tadjikistan. Cela compromet la coexistence pacifique des différents groupes ethniques dans la région ainsi que la pérennité de la gestion des pâturages et de l’eau. Cet article examine les causes de conflits liés aux ressources naturelles dans les zones frontalières entre le Kirghizistan et le Tadjikistan, où l’eau et les pâturages étaient auparavant accessibles en tant que propriété commune.
Le Royaume-Uni et le monde après le Brexit
Authors: Schnapper Pauline
Published: December 2018

Lors de la campagne référendaire de 2016, la question des conséquences potentielles du Brexit sur la place du Royaume-Uni dans le monde a été éludée. Les partisans du Leave comptent sur la relation spéciale avec les États-Unis, sur l’appartenance à des institutions multinationales et sur les liens avec les pays du Commonwealth pour maintenir le statut international de leur pays. L’âpreté des relations entre Donald Trump et Theresa May montre toutefois qu’il s’agit d’un pari risqué.
Brexit et défense européenne : vers un deal ambigu ?
Authors: Howorth Jolyon
Published: December 2018

L’héritage des positions du Royaume-Uni sur la défense européenne est contrasté, marqué par un attachement inconditionnel et exclusif à l’Alliance atlantique et, depuis vingt ans, une adhésion mesurée aux progrès européens. La proclamation de la volonté de Londres de garder, après le Brexit, un haut niveau de coopération s’accompagne cependant de la demande d’un statut spécial, qui dépendra largement des résultats de la négociation globale. Et plusieurs dossiers concrets restent en suspens.
Les guerres commerciales de Trump : haro sur le multilatéralisme
Authors: Siroën Jean-Marc
Published: December 2018

Le multilatéralisme commercial établi après la Seconde Guerre mondiale avait pour objectif de prévenir les guerres commerciales. La création de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce en 1995 et la mise en place de son mécanisme de règlement des différends ont renforcé ce multilatéralisme. Aujourd’hui, Donald Trump multiplie les mesures protectionnistes et cherche à réduire l’OMC à l’impuissance. L’issue de la guerre commerciale actuelle est bien incertaine.
La Libye depuis 2015 : entre morcellement et interférences
Authors: Harchaoui Jalel
Published: December 2018

La Libye est aujourd’hui, de facto , divisée en plusieurs entités. Les efforts déployés par la communauté internationale pour tenter de réconcilier et réunir le pays ont échoué. Un gouvernement d’entente nationale a certes été mis en place mais il peine à s’imposer et à répondre aux besoins de la population. Du point de vue occidental, la situation est toutefois moins préoccupante que par le passé, notamment parce que Daech a perdu ses emprises territoriales.
The Impact of Inadequate Health Literacy in a Population with Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Lacey Rosie J. , Campbell Paul , Lewis Martyn , Protheroe Joanne
Published: December 2018

Musculoskeletal conditions are a major cause of ill health and disability. Inadequate health literacy may partly explain why musculoskeletal self-management programs are not effective for some patients. This study prospectively evaluated the impact of patients' health literacy level on their musculoskeletal pain and physical function (PF) following usual primary care. Primary care patients (
N
= 4,720) who had consulted for musculoskeletal pain were mailed a baseline questionnaire; responders were sent a 6-month follow-up questionnaire. The measure of health literacy used was the single-item Literary Screener at baseline, and the outcomes were PF and pain intensity at the 6-months follow-up. Analysis was conducted by linear regression. The number of patients who responded was 1,890 (40%); 17.3% (95% CI [15.6%–19%]) of them had inadequate health literacy. Inadequate health literacy was associated with older age (
p
< .05), lower education, mental health, and comorbidities (all
p
< .001), but not by gender (
p
= .642). At the 6-month follow-up stage, patients with inadequate health literacy had lower PF (mean difference −12.2; 95% CI [−16.7, −7.6]) and higher pain intensity (mean difference 1; 95% CI [0.6, 1.4]), which was adjusted for age, gender, education, mental health, and comorbidities. Differences in PF and particularly pain scores between patients with inadequate and adequate health literacy increased over 6 months. Future studies should develop interventions that better support patients who have musculoskeletal pain with inadequate health literacy to successfully manage their pain.

[
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2018;2(4):e214–e220.]
Thermal Analysis in an Intermittent Ceramic Kiln
Authors: Soares Gomez Ricardo , Barbosa de Lima A.G. , Porto T.R. Nascimento , Lacerda de Oliveira J. , Araújo Morgana Vasconcellos , Nascimento J.J. Silva
Published: December 2018

The ceramic products processing requires a high consumption of energy. Through the drying and firing stages, the molded product is subjected to high temperatures in a kiln, to obtain the product with required levels of rigidity and resistance. This energy consumption must be evaluated to improve the energy efficiency of the process. This work presents the fundamentals of ceramic materials processing and perform a thermal analysis in an intermittent ceramic kiln. This analysis is based on heat transfer measurements, that occur in the kiln during the ceramic production stages, and effects of the thermal insulation thickness on the heat transfer between the kiln and the environment. The results showed that a considerable amount of energy is used to heat the kiln surfaces, that the greatest heat loss occurs by radiation of the kiln walls and that the use of thermal insulation provides considerable reduction in this heat loss, as well as the reduction in kiln external temperature, which minimize thermal discomfort and work accident risks.
Grade Inflation and Selection of students for medical education in Sri Lanka: the case for Merit and Equity
Authors: Karunathilake Indika
Published: December 2018

No abstract available
Management of patients suspected of having dengue fever: association of Illness severity with clinical parameters: a single center experience from Southern Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunatilake H. , Wijesinghe C. J. , Wijenayake H. G. K. , Wettasinghe S. S. , Mendis M. T. K. , Niroshan W. G. T.
Published: December 2018

IntroductionDengue has been associated with significant mortality and its management is governed mainly by clinical experience and consensus of experts than evidence. This study was carried out to assess the association of disease severity and clinical parameters of patients suspected of having dengue fever. Method A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in District General Hospital (DGH), Matara using hospital data avail­able in patients’ records. A total of 1005 adult patients with fever and low platelets admitted during the months of May, June July and August 2017 were studied. Trends in white cell count (WCC), Platelets counts, haematocrit (PCV) and Platelet distribution width (PDW) were recorded. Comparisons were made between the days of the illness, drop in platelet count, rise in the PCV&WCC and change in PDW, among Dengue fever (DF) and Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients. Correlation with disease severity with the presence of comorbidities and NS1 antigen positivity was also assessed. Results No correlation was found with disease severity and presence of comorbidities or NS1 antigen positivity. Rise in PCV & WCC and drop in platelet counts were noted with the onset of leaking phase of DHF. ConclusionsRapid drop in platelet counts appears to be the most reliable parameters to indicate the onset of leaking phase. Previously described 20% rise of PCV is not a reliable indicator of the onset of leaking in patients hospitalized in the early phase of the illness.
Managing deliberate self harm patients: knowledge and practices among hospital doctors in Galle district
Authors: Chandrasiri A. , Gunethunga W. , Rajapaksha H.
Published: December 2018

IntroductionDeliberate Self-Harm (DSH) has emerged as an important health issue in Sri Lanka. It is one of the strongest risk fac­tors for completed suicides. Methods:A questionnaire based descriptive cross-sectional study with a qualitative component was done in three hospitals in Galle district, in Southern Sri Lanka. Selection of variables was done by reviewing selected literature and curricula of basic training of medical officers. A series of in depth interviews were conducted to supplement the findings by using purposive sampling. Multivariate analysis was done to determine factors associated with satisfactory level of performances. Qualitative data analysis was done for in depth interviews. Results:Overall knowledge and practices were shown to be satisfactory but deficiencies were noted in certain aspects. Male gender (OR 3.560) and having a work experience of <5 years (OR 6.184) showed significantly higher level of knowl­edge while age<30 years (OR 4.497) showed satisfactory level of practices. Lack of priority given for psychiatric care stood as the main barrier in delivering satisfactory care. Excess work load, lack of competency and inadequate train­ing appeared to be contributory factors. Conclusions:More training opportunities on psychiatric management DSH patients should be included. Competencies on prelimi­nary risk assessments and providing basic psychological support should be improved.
Treatment of uncomplicated intussusception in children: saline enema without ultrasound guidance: a case series
Authors: Weeratunga Arachchige N. D. , Sajeevan P. , Vidanapathirana S. , Mahagedara R. S. , Lamahewage A. K.
Published: December 2018

Introduction:A retrospective study was done to assess the efficacy of saline reduction without radiological guidance for uncomplicated intussusceptions at a tertiary care children’s hospital from April 2014 to May 2015. Methods:Clinical records of consecutively admitted 103 children were analysed. Results:85 children were successfully treated with a single attempt of saline reduction while another 11 patients were successfully managed with second or third attempt of saline reduction. Only seven children needed laparoto my. Overall success rate of the procedure in this sample was 93.2%. Conclusions:Hydrostatic reduction can be used effectively and safely in the absence of ultrasound facilitiesto manage uncomplicated intussusceptions.
Road traffic accidents in Polonnaruwa District: analysis of patients admitted to a surgical unit
Authors: Weerawardena W. A. K. , Thennegadara T. G. L. H. M. , Priyantha H. G. V. , Chandrasiri P. A. C. G. S. , Disanayaka W. S. I.
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Mortality and morbidity due to Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) is a major problem in Sri Lanka. Death toll in 2017 was 3101 and there were 8144 critical accidents. Motor cycle has been the commonest vehicle type involved. Objective: To describe the injuries and identify causes of injury in RTAs presented to a general hospital in a semi urban region in Sri Lanka. Method: We prospectively analyzed all the patients admitted with a history of RTA to a surgical unit at District General Hospi­tal Polonnaruwa, in North Central Province of Sri Lanka from 01/02/2017 for a 3 months period. Results: There were 199 patients in the sample with 146 (74%) being male. 118(59%) were drivers/riders, 70(35%) pas­sengers and 11(06%) pedestrians. Commonest vehicle involved was motor cycle 152(78%).Commonest body area involved was limbs 126(67%) followed by head 89(48%) and face 57(31%). 22 of 84 driver patients (30%) did not have a valid driving license and 26(22%) of 126 driver/pillion rider of motorcycles had not been wearing a helmet at the time. There was evidence for alcohol involvement in 37(18.6%) injured patients. Conclusion:The findings indicate many of the injuries due to RTAs are preventable by taking appropriate action.
Mucinous adenocarinoma of the appendix: a retrospective note
Authors: Prabhashwara A. B. , Rajapakse D. C. , Wickramasuriya P. K. H. , Randunu L. Y. P. , Abeysekara K. K.
Published: December 2018

No abstract available
Histopathological and patient-related characteristics of basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck influencing therapeutic management
Authors: Holtmann Henrik , Fuhrmann Vera , Sander Karoline , Sproll Christoph , Kübler Norbert R. , Singh Daman Deep , Lommen Julian
Published: December 2018

The authors hypothesize that histopathological characteristics of basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck (BCCHN) have changed over time and the correlation of BCCHN localization and histological tumour type can help improving the number and quality of necessary therapeutic interventions. Information of 222 patients with 344 BCCHN was gained. Descriptive measures were compared to prior studies to prove whether or not characteristics of basal cell carcinomas or patients have changed over time. Afterwards descriptive measures were correlated with number of conducted operations to evaluate if tumour localization, histological tumour type and number of operations depend on one another. Aggravating factors which lead to a higher number of operations were older age, greater size of BCCHN, adjacent elastosis, the localizations eye, ear and nose and histological tumour types morpheaform and nodularulcerated. In comparison to earlier studies characteristics of BCCHN and patients showed positive developments because of grown awareness of BCCHN. Furthermore, our correlations demonstrate that therapeutic results of BCCHN treatment are continuously improving. Nevertheless, treatment of aggressive morpheaform BCCHN in combination with distinctive patient characteristics still needs improvement.
Prevalence of disordered eating attitudes among adolescent girls in Arar City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Fatima Waseem , Ahmad Leena M.
Published: December 2018

Eating disorders (ED) are one of the most common psychiatric problems faced by todays adolescent girls where the attitude towards weight and shape as well as their perception of body shape are disturbed. The aim of the paper is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of disordered eating attitudes among adolescent girls of Arar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This is a cross-sectional survey design in which 314 adolescents females (age: 15-19 years) were selected from four schools of Arar city, KSA. Subjects were asked to fill pre-tested questionnaire about socioeconomic status, eating habits and Eating attitude test 26 (EAT 26), there height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Disturbed eating behaviors (EAT-26>20) was found in 25.47% participants. The prevalence of disordered eating was more in overweight and obese than normal weight. Vegetarian girls had higher EAT 26 score than non - vegetarian and significant difference was found in total EAT 26 score and subgroup namely oral control and dieting score (P<0.01) but non-significant difference was found between Saudi and non-Saudi adolescent girls in different BMI ranges. Eating disorders prevalent in adolescent girls and were strongly associated with weight status and eating habits. Future prospective and experimental studies are warranted to advance our understanding of the risk factors to enable better preventive program planning.
The isolated tubal torsion: an insidious pediatric and adolescent pelvic urgency
Authors: Noviello Carmine , Romano Mercedes , Papparella Alfonso , Ciavattini Andrea , Martino Ascanio , Cobellis Giovanni
Published: December 2018

Isolated tubal torsion (ITT) is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult because of a lack of specific signs. Surgery is recommended to preserve the integrity of the tube. Seven patients of median age of 13 years (range 9 to 15) came to our observation for worsening abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. On admission, all girls had blood tests and ultrasound. Laparoscopy was performed for diagnosis in all cases. The girls had one-month and one-year ultrasound and clinic follow up. In all cases diagnosis was delayed, median 66 hours after the onset of symptoms and laparoscopy showed necrosis of the Fallopian tube. In five girls a laparoscopic salpingectomy was performed. In the other two, an open salpingectomy was necessary because of pelvic adhesions. Histology showed a hemorrhagic infarction of the Fallopian tubes. At follow up all patients were asymptomatic with normal ovaries, but one ovarian cyst. In the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in children or female adolescents the possibility of ITT should be considered for a conservative treatment. Laparoscopy allows for definitive diagnosis and treatment.
Feather and skin development of ostriches Struthio camelus
Authors: Brand Tertius S. , Kritzinger Werné J. , Van der Merwe Daniel A. , Muller Anieka , Hoffman Louw C. , Niemann Gert J.
Published: December 2018

Information on feather and skin growth is important for the development of mathematical optimisation nutritional models for ostriches. Ostriches (n = 65) were subjected to a four-stage formulated growth diet programme (pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher), with declining protein and energy content. Nine birds were weighed, stunned, exsanguinated, defeathered, skinned and eviscerated at 1, 54, 84, 104, 115, 132 and 287 days of age. Feathers from four pre-selected locations on the body were harvested and weighed. The wet skin weight, wet unstretched skin size and wet unstretched crown size were measured at each slaughter stage. The live weight, feather and skin yields of the birds increased with age at slaughter, as did feather shaft diameter. Prediction models were developed to estimate the yield of the skin in terms of live weight and of empty body protein weight to aid in diet formulation. The allometry of feather growth was determined from total feather weight, as the maturation rates of the feathers differ from that of the ostrich body. Results from this study will aid in setting up a mathematical optimisation nutritional model for ostriches.
Prevalence and risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity in cattle in Nyagatare District, Eastern Province, Rwanda
Authors: Ndazigaruye Gervais , Mushonga Borden , Kandiwa Erick , Samkange Alaster , Segwagwe Basiamisi E.
Published: December 2018

A survey involving 120 small-scale dairy farmers was carried out to assess risk factors associated with brucellosis in cattle from selected sectors of Nyagatare District, Rwanda. A sample of cattle from nine selected sectors of Nyagatare was tested for brucellosis using the Rose Bengal Test. Of the respondents, 57.5% were unaware of brucellosis as a disease, 85.8% did not screen new additions to the herd for brucellosis and 82.5% did not remove brucellosis seropositive animals from the herd. The prevalence of brucellosis in herds with cows with no history of abortion was 38.5% and 17.0% in those with a history of abortion. None of the respondents disinfected abortion sites or vaccinated against brucellosis. The prevalence of brucellosis in cows with a history of retained placenta was 36% and 2% in those with no history of retained placenta. Of the respondents, 62.5% reportedly fed foetal membranes to dogs. About 65.8% of the respondents with brucellosis-positive animals reported a calving interval longer than 1 year. Katabagemu (28.6%) had the highest prevalence of brucellosis seropositivity while Karama had none. Brucellosis in cows (21.4%) was significantly higher than that in heifers (12.8%) (p  0.05), but there was no significant difference between heifers and bulls or between bulls and cows (p  0.05). The occurrence of brucellosis in herds with 40–70 cattle (26.9%) was significantly greater than the 14.9% of herds with 10–39 cattle (p  0.05). Seropositivity to brucellosis in cross-breed cattle (23.6%) was significantly greater than that in indigenous cattle (13.8%) (p  0.05). There was no significant difference in the overall prevalence of brucellosis in cattle from different grazing systems (p  0.05). Seropositivity to brucellosis was significantly different (p  0.05) between the fourth parity (32.5%) and first parity (14.3%) cows. The findings in this study confirmed the existence of brucellosis as a problem in Nyagatare and the authors recommend that farmer education on the epidemiology, risk factors and mitigation of the disease be undertaken as a matter of urgency.
THE PROBLEM OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MILK*
Authors: Calbert H. E.
Published: December 2018

The antibiotics used in the treatment of mastitis are very effective inhibitors of starter culture organisms. When very small amounts of these antibiotics get into the milk supply, the milk is unfit for use. There is no practical method by which the dairy plant Operator can overcome the presence of these “wonder drugs.” A comprehensive education program must be instituted to inform the dairy farmer of the dangers of allowing these antibiotics to get into the milk supply. He must be taught methods of avoiding this hazard. This program must be accompanied by legal action when necessary.
DETECTION OF HORSE MEAT BY THE BIOLOGICAL PRECIPITIN TEST
Authors: Kaplan Emanuel , Buck T. C.
Published: December 2018

The fraudulent substitution of horse meat for beef stimulated interest in methods of horse meat detection. A precise method is described for the preparation of anti-horse rabbit serum and the use of the serum in the recognition of horse meat, particularly in sausage.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SIX AGARS PROPOSED FOR BACTERIAL PLATE COUNTS OF MILK
Authors: Pessin Vivian , Black Luther A.
Published: December 2018

Because of faults noted by laboratory workers in the current A.P.H.A. Standard Methods agar, the Committee on Applied Laboratory Methods of the I.A.M.F.S. sponsored this study of proposed substitute agars. The Standard agar, another agar containing skim milk, and four agars without skim milk were tested simultaneously on 505 milk samples in a total of ten laboratories. The productivities of the five proposed new media were compared with that of the Standard Medium, with due consideration being given to effects of size of counts, differences among laboratories, and dilutions used. Agars without skim milk can be prepared which possess more desirable attributes than, and colony counts at least as great as, the Standard medium.
THE GERMICIDAL EFFECTIVENESS OF A NEW CHLORINE COMPOUND*
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: December 2018

Superior germicidal activity has been claimed for a new organic type of chlorine germicide, Antibac 25, and also for LoBax 21, a hypochlorite powder containing a wetting agent. Laboratory tests, employing three test organisms and two methods, have not shown their products to be superior to two other hypochlorites included for comparison.
VARIATIONS IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF E. COLI INDUCED BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: Crocker C. Kenneth
Published: December 2018

Escherichia coli lost the ability to produce gas in liquid media and formed atypical small colony variants on desoxycholate agar, concurrent with induced resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds. Paralleling high resistance, the metallic sheen of colonies on confirmatory medium did not appear. The variant strains showed a decrease in growth rate, failed to reduce methylene blue, and were unable to ferment normal sugars. Thus, with induced resistance, variations occurred in Escherechia coli such as to reduce the value of coliform tests used to identify its presence.
INFLUENCE OF REFRIGERATED STORAGE ON DYE REDUCTION TIME OF MILKS
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: December 2018

Working with 100 weigh-can samples from 5 dairies it was found that icing for even 2 hours slightly retarded reduction of methylene blue; after 23 hours the effect was somewhat greater when the dye was present, but not when it was added just before incubation. With resazurin, on the other hand, there was better agreement when the dye was present during overnight storage. In no instance was the difference statistically significant. Methylene blue reduction times were in surprisingly close agreement with standard plate counts on the raw milk, while the correlation between reduction times (raw) and plate counts after laboratory pasteurization was better than was expected.
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA PULLORUM ON THE SKIN OF HUMAN BEINGS AND IN EGGS DURING STORAGE AND VARIOUS METHODS OF COOKING1,2
Authors: Stafseth H. J. , Cooper Margaret M. , Wallbank A. M.
Published: December 2018

S. Pullorum causes a dysentery-like disease in human beings. It seemed desirable to know its survival time under the conditions indicated above. No recovery could be made from the skin of the back of the hand of a young woman 10 minutes after application (summer). It was recoverable after 45 but not after 60 minutes in the winter. It was recovered from eggs stored 8 months at 25° C and 5 months at 4° C. The usual methods of cooking did not destroy all pullorum bacilli in eggs. Scrambling and four-minute boiling were most effective.
SANITARY PROCEDURES AND PRODUCT CONTROL IN THE CHEESE INDUSTRY*
Authors: Zelm R. P.
Published: December 2018

The article deals with the Quality Control Program as developed by the Kraft Foods Company. It points out the object of the program, the method used to analyze the plants and the seting of standards of raw materials. finished products and packaging supplies. The paper also stresses the need of education to insure the operation of any Quality Control Program.
ROLE OF THE PLANT FIELD MAN IN MILK SANITATION*
Authors: Kiser Vincent V
Published: December 2018

The work of field men is more effective when it is done in collaboration with the sanitarians. Mutual confidence among sanitarians is in order to preclude multiple inspection. Educational methods are more successful than coersion, and cases are given in illustration.
A COMPARATIVE TEST WITH MILK STAINS*
Authors: Gray P. H. H.
Published: December 2018

Tests were made to compare the relative value of four methods of straining milk films, for the enumeration of bacteria and body cells. The methods compared were those of Barber, Gray, Mallman, & Churchill, and one recommended by the A.P.H.A. (called herein the Standard). The author's method proved to give the more satisfactory films, in which bluestained cells were easily seen against a pink background of milk solids, and to give significantly higher numbers of bacteria.
THE EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE AFTER THE ADDITION OF FOLIN REAGENT IN THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Sieverding Omer C. , Lang Barbara G.
Published: December 2018

It was noted that during the summer months the phosphatase results on milk samples frequently were higher than normally expected. Those results also tended to be higher when the examinations were performed by temporary summer assistants. Investigations showed that increases in the ambient temperature to which the tubes were exposed following the addition of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and before the time the tubes were immersed in boiling water, or an increase in the length of time the tubes were exposed to the elevated temperature, would raise the final readings. Control of the time-temperature exposure at this point eliminated the error.
QUATERNARIES AND HYPOCHLORITES IN MASTITIS SANITATION1,2
Authors: Elliker P. R.
Published: December 2018

A comparison of the relative merits of quaternaries and of hypochlorites for mastitis sanitation procedures — such as washing teat cups and udders — showed that both types of sanitizers were about equally effective.
THE CLEANING OF GLASS PIPING IN DAIRY PLANTS*
Authors: Fleischman F. F. , Holland R. F.
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative efficiency of various chemical compounds used to clean permanently installed glass milk lines. Nine different commercial alkaline cleaners and four acid cleaners were selected.

To evaluate the effectiveness of each selected cleaner, a continuous thirty-day test was made at two dairy plants.

For purposes of comparison between physical (l80°F hot water) and chemical sanitization, a study of some of the more commonly used chemical germicidal agents was included.

The nine commercial alkaline cleaners adequately cleaned Pyrex brand glass pipe but all quaternary-ammonium compounds used in this study were unsatisfactory either as cleaners or sanitizers.
FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH ANTIBAC. A NEW TYPE OF CHLORINE SANITIZER
Authors: Bacon Leslie R. , Sotier Alfred L. , Roth Armin A.
Published: December 2018

A new type of chlorine-liberating germicide designed to provide sanitizing solutions in the pH range of 5.8 to 7.0 has been introduced under the name of Wyandotte Antibac. This new germicide is a white, low-density powder based on 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin as the active agent and contains 16 percent available chlorine.

Data obtained from performance tests in food and beverage serving establishments in several cities show that Antibac is an outstanding sanitizer for eating and drinking utensils. In germicidal performance it is comparable to sodium hypochlorite but its action on the skin is much milder. The material is rapidly and completely soluble in hot or cold water and shows excellent wetting and rinsing behavior. Other favorable characteristics found are a lesser retention of chlorous odor by sanitized vessels and no adverse effects on the foaming of beverages. After the introduction of Antibac for the sanitization of farm dairy utensils in unsupervised tests a considerable reduction in total bacteria counts in the milk and a very notable reduction in heat-resistant bacteria counts were found.
BACTERIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS ALONE AND IN DETERGENT FORMULATIONS
Authors: Humphreys T. W. , Johns C. K.
Published: December 2018

Using Escherichia coli as test organism, three quaternary detergent-sanitizers and their constituent QACs were evaluated by modified glass slide and Weber and Black methods at 5°, 20°, and 45°C in artificial hard and distilled waters. QAC activity was reduced by low temperature and water hardness, the latter exerting the greater effect. Each detergent product was more effective than its constituent QAC component alone. Reasons for the earlier endpoints obtained with glass slide method are discussed.
THE KEEPING QUALITY OF PASTEURIZED MILK AS INFLUENCED BY THE GROWTH OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA AND THE ADDITION OF AUREOMYCIN*
Authors: Olson J. C. , Willoughby D. S. , Thomas E. L. , Morris H. A.
Published: December 2018

In studies of the keeping quality of pasteurized milk, it was found that past records from milk plants showing good bacterial counts of finished products, afforded a rather reliable indication that milk from such plants may show better keeping quality than milk from plants with poor past records. Proper pasteurization resulted in extensive if not complete destruction of psychrophiles. Negative coliform counts of freshly pasteurized milk were not reliable as indicators of good keeping quality during storage at the temperature used in these studies. The mere absence of psychrophiles in one or two milliliters of milk was not found to be a guarantee of long storage life. The presence of aureomycin in the concentration used in these studies had no effect in extending the keeping quality of pasteurized milk.
Q FEVER AND ITS RELATION TO DAIRY PRODUCTS*
Authors: Enright J. B. , Thomas R. C. , Mullett P. A.
Published: December 2018

Q fever is an infectious disease of man. It is found as an inapparent infection in animals. Cattle, sheep, and goats are found widely infected in nature and are probably the source of the organisms infecting man. These animals shed the organism in their milk which introduces it into the environment of man. It has been demonstrated that the rickettsiae of Q fever may survive present day pasteurization procedures.

This manuscript presents preliminary data of the survival of this organism when suspended in milk and subjected to various time-temperature combinations within the pasteurization range.
THE ADHERENCE OF ORGANISMS AND SOIL TO SURFACES OF EATING UTENSILS
Authors: Hucker G. J.
Published: December 2018

The surface wetting properties of china and plastic eating utensils were measured by preparing solutions of a given “wetting number.” Swab tests were not as reliable when applied to plastic surfaces as they were for china ones. Even on used dishes, the removal from chino exceeded those from plastic. Swabs from cultures of relatively long standing on plastic dishes showed greater reduction than when freshly taken.
THE INFLUENCE OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF PLATE INCUBATION UPON BACTERIAL COUNTS OF MARKET MILK AND RELATED PRODUCTS, PARTICULARLY AFTER HOLDING UNDER REFRIGERATION1
Authors: Nelson F. E. , Baker M. P.
Published: December 2018

Use of incubation periods shorter than 3 days at 25° C, 4 days at 21° C, 7 days at 15 or 10° C and 10 days at 5° C resulted in some decrease in counts on certain samples. Incubation at 25° C for 3 days detected many samples containing large numbers of bacteria which would not develop colonies at 35° C. Negative coliform counts were obtained on many samples giving high psychrophilic counts.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RADIATION STERILIZATION OF FOODS1
Authors: Miller William C. , Proctor Bernard E. , Goldblith Samuel A.
Published: December 2018

Research efforts during the past decade indicate that ionizing radiations may be used in certain industrial processes. Unique among these processes is that of cold sterilization of foods, drugs, and pharmaceuticals. Discussion of the applicability of the various types of ionizing radiations available for such purposes and a brief discussion of the theory of the mode of action of ionizing radiations ore presented. Major problems involved in this method of processing are discussed. The results of some of the more pertinent research studies are summarized.
PRACTICAL SANITARY ASPECTS OF BULK MILK DISPENSING
Authors: Noles Samuel O. , Wilkowske H. H.
Published: December 2018

Many sanitation problems have accompanied the rapid growth of the bulk dispensing method of serving milk.

This article deals with some of the current problems which have been observed by sanitarians in the field and their practical solution.

Until such time when sanitary equipment standards and timeproven operating and handling procedures are developed, the suggestions here should be of immediate practical value to the many sanitarians who are responsible for milk dispensing operations at the present time.
COMPARISON OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS AS A TEST ORGANISM TO DETERMINE THE SANITARY QUALITY OF FOOD
Authors: Allen C. H. , Fabian F. W.
Published: December 2018

Part II

Six strains of E. coli and two strains of Strept. faecalis were seeded into 12 different foods having a pH range of 2.8 to 6.7. Viability tests were run at different time intervals to study the viability of these organisms in the different foods under normal conditions. The results showed that the growth curve of E. coli in the foods depended upon the food and that the height of the curve was determined by the initial inoculation. E. coli var. communis was more viable in the foods than were the other strains. Strept. faecalis remained viable longer in some of the acid foods such as orange juice with a pH of 3.5 and mayonnaise with a pH of 3.7 than did any of the strains of E. coli. There appeared to be little difference between the viability of the two organisms in the less acid foods within the time limits studied.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENCE OF FACULTATIVE PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN MILK PRODUCED UNDER THE FARM TANK SYSTEM1
Authors: Prouty C. C.
Published: December 2018

A study was made, using plate counts at 17° C. of the prevalence of facultative psychrophilic bacteria in raw milk produced under the farm tank system, together with the observations on the subsequent growth of these bacteria during storage for periods of 24 and 48 hours at 37° – 39° F. At the initial plating period the facultative psychrophilic types were not present at high enough levels to induce the presence of abnormal flavors and odors. As the samples were held in storage, the facultative psychrophilic types increased more rapidly than did the organisms enumerated by the standard plate method.
WASHING AND SANITIZING THE COW'S UDDER
Authors: Moore A. V.
Published: December 2018

Liberal use of a plain water wash, preceding a bactericidal treatment is an effective means of sanitizing the cow's udder, preparatory to milking. Both hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium bactericides are aided by the plain water rinse. In this study hypochlorite reduced bacteria counts on teat surfaces and in the milk more satisfactorily than quaternary ammonium solution.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF GELATINOUS CURD DEFECTS OF COTTAGE CHEESE
Authors: Collins E. B.
Published: December 2018

Fruitiness, caused by growth of Pseudomonas fragi, was the defect that most commonly limited the storage life of commercial cottage cheese. Cultures of Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas viscosa, and Alcaligenes metalcaligenes produced typical defects in cottage cheese at initial pH values as low as 4.6 and at temperatures as low as 3.5° C. Low temperature was very effective as a means of retarding the development of defects. Of the species studied, P. fragi was retarded least by low temperature. Violet red bile agar was found satisfactory for enumeration of the three species of bacteria.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF GELATINOUS CURD DEFECTS OF COTTAGE CHEESE
Authors: Collins E. B.
Published: December 2018

The influence of temperature and pH upon the bactericidal efficiency of free chlorine was determined for cultures of Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas viscosa, Alcaligenes metalcaligenes, Escherichia coli, and Aerobacter aerogenes. Low temperature and high pH markedly decreased the effectiveness of chlorine. P. fragi was the most resistant species studied.