bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Deriving a Proportional System of a Roof Structure Through the Analysis of Hanok Architectural Design Methods
Authors: Shin Byeong-Uk
Published: October 2024

Hanoks are structures that have been built with unique techniques and styles since prehistoric times. Demand for hanoks is growing because they are recognized as climate-friendly buildings that make use of the natural environment as it is. However, there are a lack of standardized records concerning the methods or standards for constructing hanoks, so inferring them through the dimensional analysis of existing buildings is challenging. The roof of a hanok is its most beautiful part, and its proportions change the appearance of the hanok. Relying on existing examples or inherited figures when designing hanoks has led to the formation of uniform hanoks and the loss of their identity due to the lack of proportional standards. This study aimed to derive a proportional roof structure system by analyzing hanok architectural design methods. The employed method allowed for an analysis of the types of roofs and eaves of hanoks and extracted all the roof-related factors, such as the eave overhang, eave angle, roof angle, and hanok height. These data were compared with each other to find regularities and derive a final proportional system for a hanok roof structure. The analysis showed that the eave-height-to-roof-height ratio is 5.5:4.5, and notably, the sum of the eave and roof angles is in the range of 118°~120°, which means that the lower the eave angle, the higher the roof angle. Therefore, the roof structure of a hanok should not be designed based on a partial average value; rather, it should be based on a mutual proportional system considering the eave angle, roof angle, hanok height, and eave height. The results of this study can provide designers with a basis for creating hanoks through the use of the proportional system of roofs. This data basis guarantees continuity between the past and the present, and the proposed system can serve as a guide for hanok roof design and structural analysis.
Systematic Literature Review on Knowledge-Driven Approaches for Construction Safety Analysis and Accident Prevention
Authors: Pandithawatta Sonali , Ahn Seungjun , Rameezdeen Raufdeen , Chow Christopher W. K. , Gorjian Nima
Published: October 2024

Due to its inherent complexities in the process and the dynamic interactions with external environmental factors, the construction industry is widely considered one of the most hazardous industries worldwide. With advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), construction safety management practices have increasingly used knowledge-driven approaches. Such incorporation of knowledge-based methods has led to significant improvements in various elements of construction safety management systems, including hazard identification and risk assessment, selection of risk mitigation strategies, analysis of accident information, sharing of health and safety knowledge, access to regulations, and identification of applicable safety requirements. Against this background, this paper presents a systematic literature review to provide an overview of the current state of the art in the use of knowledge-driven approaches in construction safety management. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedure, this study reviews how the knowledge-driven approach is utilized in the construction safety management field to automate different activities that come under it. Journal papers published from 2000 were considered for this review, and the analysis focused on the contributions of research, the evolution of knowledge-driven approaches, sources of incorporated knowledge, methods of system development, yearly publications, and publication by journals. The results provide a comparison of related studies over two decades and offer insights into trends and gaps in this research field. Notably, the trend analysis shows a dramatic increase in the number, as well as the depth, of research efforts utilizing AI techniques for analyzing unstructured data, such as construction images and texts from construction documents, and drawing data-based decisions for accident prevention.
Study on the Damage Characteristics of Red Sandstone Foundation Under Rainfall Infiltration in the Red-Bed Area of the Sichuan Basin—Taking Zhongjiang County as an Example
Authors: Yu Cong , Zhong Wenwu , Zhang Xin , Li Tao , Fei Zheng
Published: October 2024

The Sichuan Basin in China is one of the most concentrated areas of red beds in China. In the red-bed area, abundant rainfall can easily cause natural disasters, such as landslides, mudslides, collapses, and subsidence. This has had a great impact on the safety of people and property and sustainable modernization in the area. Zhongjiang County of Sichuan Province is a typical red-bed area, and red sandstone is one of the main foundation rocks in this area. Under the influence of rainfall, the strength of red sandstone foundation easily decays, causing disasters such as house collapse. Therefore, in order to explore the influence of rainfall on the mechanical properties of red sandstone, this paper takes the red sandstone in Zhongjiang County, Sichuan Province, China, as the research object and conducts acoustic-emission uniaxial compression experiments under different water contents. The strength characteristics, instability precursor characteristics, fracture types, and damage characteristics of red sandstone in different water-bearing states are obtained. The abovementioned results provide a reference for the Zhongjiang County Government to consider the impact of rainfall on the red sandstone foundation during modernization and emergency management.
Unlocking Urban Breathability: Investigating the Synergistic Mitigation of PM2.5 and CO2 by Community Park Green Space in the Built Environment Using Simulation
Authors: Ma Xina , Wang Mengyao , She Xiaoling , Zhao Jingyuan
Published: October 2024

Reducing carbon emissions and controlling air pollution is a dual challenge for China in addressing climate change. Analyzing the synergistic relationship between PM2.5 and CO2 in urban green spaces has become an important part of promoting pollution control. The study investigated the influence and synergistic relationship between the spatial pattern of community parks on PM2.5 and CO2 in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, through practical measurement and ENVI-met/Open Studio simulation calculations. The results showed that: (1) Within the sphere of influence, community parks exhibit a positive synergy varying with distance, peaking at 400 m and declining as 300 m > 500 m > 200 m > 100 m. (2) The green space rate, total edge (TE), and mean patch shape index (SHAPE_MN) positively influence the synergistic mitigation of PM2.5 and CO2, with a defined maximum impact boundary. The strongest synergistic reduction of PM2.5 and CO2 occurs at a green space rate of 85%, TE1200, and SHAPE1.2, with optimal influence boundaries of 300 m, 200 m, and 100 m, respectively. This conclusion demonstrates the key role of green space in community parks in the synergistic abatement and provides a scientific basis and practical guidance for the planning and design of urban green space under the goal of “dual-carbon”.
Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Squat RC Shear Walls with Corrosion Along the Base
Authors: Wang Yougang , Bi Zhengchao , Luo Sheng , Wang Jian
Published: October 2024

In corrosive environments containing chloride and sulfate, the corrosion of steel bars is common along the base of squat RC shear walls (SRCSW) due to problems such as construction quality, concrete stress concentration, local defects, and accumulation of water and corrosive media. In this paper, three SRCSWs are designed and constructed and their mechanical properties assessed. One side of each SRCSW was exposed to a corrosive environment for 70 days, while the other side was subject to the same conditions over different corrosion times (i.e., 0 day, 42 days, and 70 days). Then, the corrosion-induced cracking process, the mechanical properties of SRCSWs corroded along the base, the relationship between the mass loss of total steel bars (MLTSB) in the corroded area and the wall mechanical properties, and the relationship between the average width of corrosion-induced cracks (CICs) and the wall mechanical properties were studied through an accelerated corrosion test and a loading failure test. The results indicate that the area of corrosion-induced cracking on SRCSWs increased with the corrosion time, and the cracking area on the different SRCSWs was approximately identical when the SRCSWs were exposed to the same corrosion time. When the degree of corrosion was different, the loading failure characteristics of the SRCSWs were obviously different, but the failure mode always corresponded to shear failure. The load–displacement curves of the SRCSWs with different degrees of corrosion along the base basically coincided and were linear when the loading was in the elastic stage. Compared to SW-1, the peak load of SW-2 decreased by 4.0%, but that of SW-3 increased by 2.7%. Compared to SW-1, the yield loads of SW-2 and SW-3 decreased by 22.4% and 11.8%, respectively. When the MLTSB increased from 13.05% to 16.71%, the crack, yield, and peak loads of the SRCSWs corroded along the base decreased by 8.8%, 22.4%, and 6.8%, respectively. The cracking, yield, and peak loads of the SRCSWs corroded along the base decreased linearly with the increase in MLTSB and the average width of the CICs, and the corresponding fitting relations were established. The results of this study can serve as a reference for the durability design of SRCSWs in corrosive environments.
Dynamic Analysis of a Vehicle–Bridge System Under Excitation of Random Road Irregularities
Authors: Zhang Yue , Duan Jiali , Liu Yongdou , Chen Zhidong , Su Yangui , Liu Shanyong
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the dynamic response analysis of vehicle–bridge coupled systems, with detailed simulation methods for the vehicles, bridges, and wheel–road coupling relationships. The simulation of the entire vehicle–bridge coupling system is carried out using the open-source finite element analysis platform OpenSees. A novel three-dimensional wheel–road coupling element is introduced to model the interactions between the wheel and road nodes. This element facilitates precise computation of the dynamic responses within the vehicle–bridge coupled system, including both vehicle and bridge behaviors, along with the interaction forces between the wheels and the bridge surface. The coupling element consists of a wheel node and all potential road nodes on the bridge surface that the wheel may traverse. This configuration preserves the finite element model of the entire vehicle–bridge coupled system throughout the vehicle’s movement, thereby improving the efficiency of numerical simulations of vehicle–road interactions. The study accounts for the impact of random road irregularities on the dynamic responses of both the vehicle and the bridge. These irregularities are treated as input parameters for the wheel–road coupling element rather than being accounted for through the wheel–road interaction constraint equations, thereby improving the convenience of simulating random road irregularities.
Stability Analysis of Construction Factors for Partially Cable-Stayed Bridges with Multiple Towers and High Piers
Authors: Zhang Hao , Wang Lingbo , Kang Lin , Liu Yixiang , Zhu Chenglong , Xi Rongjie
Published: October 2024

Partially cable-stayed bridges have the characteristics of continuous rigid-frame bridges and cable-stayed bridges, making them a novel composite bridge system. This study focuses on the construction project of a multi-tower high-pier curved partially cable-stayed bridge to investigate the bridge’s stability during construction. The Midas/Civil software was used to establish a model for key construction stages of the bridge, considering structural linear elasticity and geometric nonlinearity. The study examines the impact of static wind loads, asymmetric construction of the main girder, closure sequence, and the load and detachment of the hanging basket on the bridge’s stability during construction. The results indicate that static wind loads have a significant impact on structural geometric nonlinearity, with a maximum reduction of 4.99%. Asymmetric construction at both ends of the main girder can cause structural instability and should be avoided. The geometric nonlinearity stability coefficient for the hanging basket load decreased by 10.83% during the maximum no-cable stage and by 7.84% during the cable stage, significantly affecting the stability during construction. A bridge closure sequence of side-span, secondary midspan, and midspan provides the most stable condition during the construction phase. The results of this study can inform the construction of similar partially cable-stayed bridges.
Petrological Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Dokhan Volcanics for Decorative Stones and Building Material Applications
Authors: Lasheen El Saeed R. , Sami Mabrouk , Hegazy Ahmed A. , Arman Hasan , Sanislav Ioan V. , Ahmed Mohamed S. , Rashwan Mohammed A.
Published: October 2024

Wide varieties of igneous rocks are extensively utilized as stones for decoration purposes and as a potential source for building. With the use of petrological (mineralogical and chemical) and physico-mechanical analyses, the current work accurately mapped the Dokhan Volcanics (DV) and utilized them as decorative stones and their prospective in building materials using Frattini’s test. Field observations indicate that metavolcanics, DV, and monzogranites are the principal rock units exposed in the studied area. The DV rocks are characterized by a dense series of stratified, rhyolitic to andesitic lava interspersed with a few pyroclastics. Andesite, andesite porphyry, dacite, and rhyolite are the primary representatives of the selected DV. The lack of infrequent appearance of mafic units in the current volcanic eruptions indicates that the primary magma is not mantle-derived. This is supported by their Mg# (17.86–33.57). Additionally, the examined DV rocks have Y/Nb ratios above 1.2, suggesting a crustal source. The role of fractionation is interpreted by their variation from andesite passing through dacite to rhyolite, which is indicated by gradual negative distribution groups between silica and TiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, Co, and Cu from andesite to rhyolitic lava. Additionally, a wide range of widely used DV rocks like Y/Nb, Rb/Zr, and Ba/Nb point to crustal contamination in the rhyolitic rocks. The partial melting of the lower crust can produce andesitic magma, which ascend to higher crustal levels and form lava of calc-alkaline. A portion of this lava may split, settle at shallow crustal depths, and undergo differentiation to create the DV rocks. Based on the results of physico-mechanical properties, the studied samples met the requirements for natural stone to be used as decorative stones, whether as interior or exterior installations. The pozzolanic assessment of the studied rocks revealed their usability as supplementary cementitious materials in the building sector.
Characteristics of the Spatial Structure of Traditional Villages in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China and Their Influence Mechanisms
Authors: Guo Yanlong , Zhai Siqi , Huang Jie , Guo Haoyuan
Published: October 2024

Traditional villages are one of the basic types of rural revitalisation and one of the important carriers of cultural inheritance. This research is based on the data of 53 traditional villages in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region with the aid of the ArcGIS10.8.1 spatial analysis platform. The study identifies the spatial evolution characteristics from the spatial distribution type, distribution direction, distribution density, distribution balance, etc., and explores their influence mechanisms. The study shows that 1. the spatial structure of traditional villages in Xinjiang was analysed as a cohesive structure type by using the nearest neighbour index method, which shows the evolutionary characteristics of the agglomerative tendency to increase gradually. Among them, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Turpan City have the highest degree of concentration. 2. The establishment and development of traditional villages in Xinjiang is mainly influenced by natural factors such as geographical features and hydrography. Social factors such as population distribution, transport conditions and economic progression have very important implications for the preservation and continuation of traditional villages.
Study on the Interface Reinforcement Effect of Bamboo Grid in Filled Loess Embankment in a High and Steep Gully
Authors: Chen Guozhou , Tian Haodong , Du Zibo , Zhang Jingwei , Guo Yuancheng , Wang Julong
Published: October 2024

A bamboo grid is a new type of reinforcement material, which can replace traditional geogrids in the reinforcement of embankments. In this study, the reinforcement effect of the bamboo grid that is only set at the interface between the filled and undisturbed soils of the filled loess embankment in a high and steep gully was investigated. The influence of reinforcement position and grid spacing on the reinforcement effect was studied by carrying out a large-scale direct shear test, numerical simulation, and field measurement. The results indicated that the bamboo grid could enhance the shear strength of the reinforcement interface. The interface shear strength first improved and then decreased with the decrease in grid spacing. The differential settlement was significantly reduced after the reinforcement of the bamboo grid at the interface. Compared with other reinforcement positions, setting the bamboo grid in the upper part of the embankment was the most efficient and economical. When the grid spacing became dense, the reinforcement effect was improved as the differential settlement decreased. However, the improvement in the reinforcement effect by decreasing the grid spacing was limited, which meant there was an optimal grid spacing.
Landscape Design Strategies for Healthy Aging-in-Place in Communities: Case Studies from Suzhou, China
Authors: Huo Da , Chen Fei , Chen Bing
Published: October 2024

As the global population ages, the World Health Organization promotes “Healthy Aging” to enhance the quality of life for the elderly. In China, with its substantial aging population, the “9073” elderly care mode, which prioritizes community-based care, was implemented in 2011. However, the specific needs of elderly residents in different climatic and cultural contexts are often overlooked. This study addresses this gap by examining how community green space design can support healthy aging, using Suzhou as a case study due to its significant elderly population. This research examines the relationship between community environments, elderly needs, and behaviors. Our findings reveal that elderly residents have complex needs, seeking safety, comfort, health, social interaction, and spiritual richness simultaneously. A mismatch was observed between their stated preferences for features like seating and shade and their actual usage patterns, suggesting that existing green spaces may not fully meet their needs. This study underscores the importance of incorporating both expressed preferences and proactive design strategies to enhance the healthy benefit of community green spaces. These insights support the “Healthy China 2030” strategy and promote the well-being of elders, contributing to sustainable urban regeneration.
Research on the Stability of Lining Structures Under Different Fault Moments Based on FDM-DEM
Authors: Mao Wei , Ren Zulin , Liu Xuejun , Muhemaier Ruheiyan , Li Yanjun , Jiang Chaoteng
Published: October 2024

Currently, research on employing finite difference method and discrete element method (FDM-DEM) coupling to assess the stability of tunnel lining structures is limited. This study utilized the FDM-DEM coupling approach, with the F2 fault of the East Tianshan Tunnel as a case study, to develop a numerical model in conjunction with PFC3D 6.0 and FLAC3D 6.0 software. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the displacement deformation and crack progression of the tunnel lining structure under varying dislocation momentum conditions, unveiling the underlying mechanisms. The findings indicated that as the dislocation increased, the extent of damage to the vault intensified, and the particle contact force within the tunnel lining shifted from compression to tension, significantly contributing to the crack formation. Fault dislocation influenced the gradual expansion of cracks from the vault to the spandrel and arch waist, with the crack width increasing alongside the rising dislocation momentum. In particular, under substantial dislocation momentum, the overall stability of the tunnel lining was markedly diminished. The safety factor at the tunnel section declined progressively as the dislocation momentum escalated, with values of 2.53, 2.49, 2.43, 2.39, and 2.32 corresponding to dislocation momenta of 0.01 m, 0.05 m, 0.1 m, 0.15 m, and 0.2 m, respectively. This research offers valuable insights and a reference framework for investigating the stability of tunnel lining structures in proximity to fault dislocations, pinpointing potential failure points, and bolstering the structural integrity of tunnels.
Clinical Assessment and Genetic Testing for Hereditary Polyposis Syndromes in an Italian Cohort of Patients with Colorectal Polyps
Authors: Fasano Candida , Cariola Filomena , Forte Giovanna , Buonadonna Antonia Lucia , Sanese Paola , Manghisi Andrea , Lepore Signorile Martina , De Marco Katia , Grossi Valentina , Disciglio Vittoria , Simone Cristiano
Published: October 2024

Background: Hereditary polyposis syndromes are clinically and genetically heterogeneous conditions associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. They are classified based on polyp histology, inheritance mode, causal gene, and colonic and extracolonic manifestations. Their diagnosis is challenging due to overlapping and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Methods: A multigene next-generation sequencing panel was used to screen 75 index cases with colorectal polyps and a personal/family history of cancer for key hereditary polyposis-associated genes (APC, BMPR1A, MUTYH, PTEN, SMAD4, and STK11) in order to identify germline genetic variants. Results: In the screened index cases, we found 14 pathogenic variants involving APC, MUTYH, SMAD4, and STK11 and 6 variants of uncertain significance involving APC, BMPR1A, and SMAD4. In this cohort, four patients not fulfilling the recommended eligibility criteria of current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for genetic testing were molecularly diagnosed with a hereditary polyposis syndrome. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that stringent NCCN eligibility criteria for molecular screening may lead to missing some of the patients affected by hereditary polyposis syndromes. This highlights the need for a careful evaluation of patients’ clinical manifestations, polyp number, age of polyp onset, and family history to select appropriate candidates for molecular diagnosis of these conditions.
PD-L1 Expression Varies in Thyroid Cancer Types and Is Associated with Decreased Progression Free Survival (PFS) in Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Shobab Leila , Al-Souri Deema , Mathews-Kim Liza , McCoy Matthew , Kuenstner William , Hubbard Gretchen K. , Kumari Sonam , Chou Jiling , Lee Wen , Rosen Jennifer , Klubo-Gwiezdzinska Joanna , Atkins Michael , Wartofsky Leonard , Vasko Vasyl , Burman Kenneth
Published: October 2024

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) remains a significant clinical challenge worldwide, with a subset of patients facing aggressive disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have emerged as promising therapeutic approaches for various malignancies, yet their efficacy in TC remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to investigate PD-L1 expression in aggressive TC and its association with histological subtypes, molecular mutation, and progression-free survival. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with advanced TC seen in two tertiary health care centers. Included in this study were patients with advanced TC with recurrence or progression on therapy for whom tumor molecular profiling and PD-L1 status were available. Kaplan–Meier estimators were utilized to analyze the progression-free survival (PFS) between patients with PD-L1 positive and negative status in Anaplastic TC (ATC) subgroup. Results: A total of 176 patients with advanced thyroid cancer were included (48.9% female). Of the patients, 13 had ATC, 11 Medullary TC (MTC), 81 Papillary TC Classic Variant (PTCCV), 20 Follicular TC (FTC), 8 Oncocytic TC (OTC), 10 Poorly Differentiated TC (PDTC), and 30 had the Papillary TC Follicular Variant (PTCFV). BRAF mutation was present in 41%, TERT in 30%, RAS in 19%, TP53 in 10%, and RET in 8.6% of patients. PD-L1 positivity was significantly different across different TC types and histological subtypes (p < 0.01): Patients with OTC had the highest frequency of PD-L1 positivity (71%), followed by ATC (69%), PTCCV (28.5%), and FTC (11%). Patients with MTC and PTCFV did not exhibit any PD-L1 positivity. TP53 mutation was positively associated with PD-L1 expression (21.6% vs. 7.5%, p = 0.03), and RAS mutation was negatively associated with PD-L1 expression (8.1% vs. 24.2% p = 0.04). Among patients with ATC, positive PD-L1 expression was associated with lower PFS (p = 0.002). Conclusions: PD-L1 expression varies across different TC types and histological subtypes and may be modulated by the mutational landscape. PD-L1 expression in ATC is associated with shorter PFS. Follow up studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanism driving the observed differences in immune pathways, potentially paving the way for the development of more effective and personalized immune therapies for patients with aggressive TC.
One-Step Scalable Synthesis of 3D Self-Supported Superaerophobic Ce-Coupled Ni3S2/NiS@NF Nanobud Catalyst for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Lu Mengjie , Cheng Run , Wang Li , Liang Dandan , Qin Meng , Wang Bili , Song Rui , Chen Duo
Published: October 2024

The elaborate design of inexpensive, high-performance electrocatalysts from earth-abundant elements toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical in various (electro)chemical processes. Herein, a novel binder-free catalyst of Ce-coupled Ni3S2/NiS supported on Ni foam (Ce-Ni3S2/NiS@NF) is successfully synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method that enables practical feasibility with a significant enhancement of OER activity through anchoring Ce dopants on an Ni3S2/NiS nanobud host. Ce species coupling can modulate electronic structure, which reduces the reaction energy barrier and optimizes OER catalytic activity. More profoundly, the superhydrophilic and superaerophobic properties of the Ce-Ni3S2/NiS@NF electrode further promote mass transfer. As a result, the Ce-Ni3S2/NiS@NF electrode exhibits excellent OER activity with a low overpotential of 236 and 350 mV to achieve current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, and long-term durability for 24 h in alkaline medium. These results could supply valuable guidelines for the design of other OER catalysts and beyond.
Enhancing Sustainable Production of Biodiesel from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Oil Using Bio-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Wang Jingwen , Sheng Jian , Zhang Kai , Li Mengyao , Duan Rao , Li Zexin , Hao Yinan , Wang Ximing
Published: October 2024

The swift exhaustion of natural oil reserves and worsening environmental issues have prompted the quest for an economical method to produce biofuels. The superiority of heterogeneous catalysis promotes the development of bio-based catalysts. Carbon materials prepared from agricultural and forestry biomass waste have good application prospects in catalysis. In the present study, Xanthoceras sorbifolia shell waste was used as the raw material, Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Carbon (XC) was used as the catalyst carrier, and K2CO3 was used as the activator to prepare a heterogeneous catalyst (KXC). The heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis techniques to evaluate its chemical composition, structure, and physical morphology. EDS and XPS revealed the presence of K metal, which provided an alkaline site for the transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel yield was observed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GCMS). Under the reaction conditions of a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, a reaction time of 90 min, a temperature of 65 °C, and a catalyst loading of 4 wt.% using 25KXC-600-4, the yield of biodiesel can reach 95.13 ± 0.82%. After being repeated five times, the yield was still 58.11 ± 3.80%. The catalyst has no waste generation, and has the characteristics of simple preparation and environmental friendliness, which make it a green heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production.
17β-Estradiol Stimulates Oxidative Stress Components and Thyroid Specific Genes in Porcine Thyroid Follicular Cells: Potential Differences Between Sexes
Authors: Stępniak Jan , Karbownik-Lewińska Małgorzata
Published: October 2024

17β-estradiol plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes in both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, including the thyroid gland. It modulates oxidative stress and contributes to sexual dimorphism in thyroid diseases, with ROS production, particularly H2O2, generated by NOX/DUOX enzymes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 17β-estradiol (10 nM or 100 nM) on the expression of NOX/DUOX, thyroid-specific genes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes in male and female porcine thyroid follicular cells. Expression of the studied genes was evaluated by RT-PCR before and after treatment with 17β-estradiol alone or with the addition of NOX4 inhibitor (GKT-136901). Additionally, the level of ROS was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Our results show that 17β-estradiol significantly upregulates thyroid-specific genes, particularly TPO, and stimulates NOX/DUOX expression, affecting the redox state of thyroid cells. It also stimulates ER stress-related genes such as CHOP. In conclusion, estrogen excess may contribute to thyroid disease development via such possible mechanisms as the upregulation of key thyroid-specific genes, particularly TPO, and of genes involved in the cellular response to ER stress, especially CHOP, as well as by the stimulation of the NOX/DUOX system with consequent ROS overproduction. These mechanisms may play a certain role in the higher prevalence of thyroid diseases in women.
Eosinophil–Basophil/Lymphocyte (EB/LR) and Eosinophil–Basophil–Platelet/Lymphocyte (EBP/LR) Ratios Could Serve as Useful Additional Markers for Assessing the Severity of Wasp Allergic Reactions
Authors: Urbańska Weronika , Szymański Łukasz , Lewicka Aneta , Ciepielak Martyna , Kostrzeńska-Sęk Karolina , Chciałowski Andrzej , Lewicki Sławomir
Published: October 2024

Wasp venom allergy can trigger severe allergic reactions, and predicting these acute responses remains challenging. This study evaluates the utility of immune system indexes, particularly the eosinophil–basophil/lymphocyte (EB/LR) and eosinophil–basophil–platelet/lymphocyte (EBP/LR) ratios, in assessing the severity of allergic reactions in patients with wasp venom allergy. A total of 61 patients with confirmed wasp venom allergy were categorized according to the Mueller scale, which classifies the severity of allergic reactions. Blood samples were analyzed for total and specific IgE levels alongside a range of hematological and biochemical parameters. This study found significant differences in the EB/LR and EBP/LR indexes between patients with mild (Mueller I–II) and severe (Mueller III–IV) allergic reactions, with higher values indicating more severe responses. However, no significant differences were observed in other immune indexes, such as the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, and systemic inflammatory response index, as well as in additional blood parameters. These findings suggest that the EB/LR and EBP/LR ratios may serve as useful markers for predicting the severity of allergic reactions in patients with wasp venom allergy. This is the first study to establish such a link, although further research with larger cohorts is necessary to confirm these results and their potential application in clinical settings.
LC-ESI-MS and GC-MS Profiling, Chemical Composition, and Cytotoxic Activity of Endophytic Fungus Pleosporales sp. Derived from Artemisia annua
Authors: Samy Mamdouh Nabil , Attia Eman Zekry , Khalifa Basma Ali , Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan , Ross Samir Anis
Published: October 2024

The chemical profiling of ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Pleosporales sp. using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) revealed the presence of 12 metabolites of different chemical classes such as steroids, α-pyrones, asterric acid derivatives, and quinones. Additionally, the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol extracts exhibited the presence of fatty acids and their esters, in which methyl palmitate (18.72%, and 25.48%, respectively) and methyl linoleate (11.92% and 23.39%, respectively) were found in both extracts. On the other hand, palmitic acid (12.60%), methyl oleate (26.90%), oleic acid (4.01%) and linoleic acid (3.25%) were present only in methanol extract. Furthermore, ethyl palmitate (12.60%), 13-octadecenoic acid (19.36%), and ethyl linoleate (3.25%) occurred in EtOAc extract. A phytochemical investigation of both extracts led to the isolation of fatty acids such as palmitic acid (18), oleic acid (20), and linoleic acid (21) and their esters including methyl palmitate (13), methyl stearate (22), methyl linoleate (16), methyl 3-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate (23), and monomethyl azelate (27), in addition to monoacyl derivatives of glycerol such as 3,3-dihydroxypropyl hexadecanoate (24), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl elaidate (25), and 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol (26). The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by different spectroscopic analyses including 1H- and 13C-NMR and GC-MS. The EtOAc extract exhibited a cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines, with IC50 values of 4.12 ± 0.10 and 10.05 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively.
Increased Autonomous Bioluminescence Emission from Mammalian Cells by Enhanced Cofactor Synthesis
Authors: Brinker Theresa , Gregor Carola
Published: October 2024

The bacterial bioluminescence system has been successfully implemented in mammalian cell lines, enabling the substrate-free luminescence imaging of living cells. One of the major limitations of the system is its comparatively low brightness. To improve light emission, we aimed to increase the cellular production of FMNH2 and NADPH, which serve as cosubstrates in the bacterial bioluminescence reaction. We coexpressed different proteins involved in the synthesis of these two cofactors together with the proteins of the bacterial bioluminescence system in different mammalian cell lines. The combined expression of a riboflavin kinase (RFK) and a constitutively active Akt2 variant (Akt2CA) that participate in the cellular production of FMN and NADP+, respectively, increased bioluminescence emission up to 2.4-fold. The improved brightness allows autonomous bioluminescence imaging of mammalian cells at a higher signal-to-noise ratio and enhanced spatiotemporal resolution.
Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
Authors: Lee Kyeong Hun , Kim Baek Seung , Seo Gitae , Yang Hyeon-Jong , Kim Kyunghoon , Yang Eun-Ae
Published: October 2024

Background: Early childhood obesity is highly associated with obesity in adolescents and adults. However, studies on specific eating behaviors that have a decisive effect on obesity in early childhood (aged 3–5 years) are scarce. We hypothesized that critical risk factors associated with eating behaviors leading to obesity at ages of 3–5 years may be different. To confirm this hypothesis, we conducted a study on the risk factors of obesity related to eating behaviors in preschool children. Methods: Using the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children (NHSPIC) in Korea’s general population cohort, we found the obesity trends in 3–5-year-olds. The risk factors of obesity in 3–5-year-olds were analyzed through logistic regression. Results: Among children with obesity at 3 years old, but without obesity at 4 years old, only 10.1% (107/1063) transitioned to obesity at 5 years old, whereas among children with obesity at 3–4 years old, 62.7% (398/635) transitioned to obesity at 5 years old. The risk factors for obesity at 3 years old were inclusion of meat in complementary food, prolonged breastfeeding, and consumption of sweetened beverages; at ages 4–5 years, the risk factors were the inclusion of meat in complementary food and consumption of sweetened beverages. Conclusions: Obesity at 4 years is more likely to lead to obesity in the following year than obesity at 3 years. The dietary factor with the greatest impact on obesity in children aged 3–5 years has been found to be consumption of sweetened beverages.
Effects of PTPN6 Gene Knockdown in SKM-1 Cells on Apoptosis, Erythroid Differentiation and Inflammations
Authors: Yu Li , Gu Xiaoli , Chen Pengjie , Yang Rui , Xu Yonggang , Yang Xiupeng
Published: October 2024

Objective: Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6) is a cytoplasmic phosphatase that acts as a key regulatory protein in cell signaling to control inflammation and cell death. In order to investigate the role of PTPN6 in hematologic tumor myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), this study infected SKM-1 cell line (MDS cell line) with packaged H_PTPN6-shRNA lentivirus to obtain H_PTPN6-shRNA SKM-1 stable strain. The effect of PTPN6 knockdown on apoptosis, erythroid differentiation, and inflammations in SKM-1 cell line was examined. Methods: The stable knockdown SKM-1 cell line was validated using qPCR and Western blot assays. The proliferation activity, apoptosi, erythroid differentiation, and inflammatory cytokines in SKM-1 cells were assessed before and after transfection. Results: qPCR confirmed that the expression level of H_PTPN6-shRNA in SKM-1 cells was significantly reduced, and Western blot showed that the protein expression level of H_PTPN6-shRNA in SKM-1 cells was also significantly reduced. The CCK-8 cell viability assay confirmed that stable gene knockdown did not affect cell viability. Flow cytometry revealed that the apoptosis rate of cells in the PTPN6 knockdown group was 0.8%, lower than the 2.7% observed in the empty plasmid group; the expression rate of the erythroid differentiation marker CD235a was 13.2%, lower than the 25.0% observed in the empty plasmid group. The expression levels of the proinflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-8 increased, and the expression levels of the inhibitor factor IL-4 decreased. Conclusions: The PTPN6 gene was successfully knocked down using lentivirus-mediated transduction, and the constructed cell line was validated using PCR and Western blot. The CCK-8 cell viability assay confirmed that stable gene knockdown did not affect cell proliferation viability. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis and erythroid differentiation indicated that PTPN6 knockdown inhibits apoptosis and erythroid differentiation in SKM-1 cells and also alters the level of inflammations in the bone marrow microenvironment. It suggests that the PTPN6 gene acts as a tumor suppressor in myelodysplastic syndrome cells, influencing hematopoietic cell apoptosis, erythroid differentiation, and inflammations. This provides a reliable experimental basis for further in-depth studies on the mechanism of PTPN6 in MDS and related pharmacological research.
Comparative Analysis of Digital Transcriptomics Between Pre- and Post-Treatment Samples of Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Baek Sunhwa , Mairinger Fabian Dominik , Borchert Sabrina , Zhao Yue , Ratiu Dominik , Mallmann Peter Konrad , Pilch Henryk , Noh Ka-Won
Published: October 2024

Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide, with limited treatment options for advanced stages and therapy-resistant cases. Despite advances in treatment, the variability in the patient response to standard therapies underscores the need for molecular biomarkers to guide personalized treatment strategies. This study aimed to explore the transcriptomic changes associated with the therapeutic response in locally advanced cervical cancer, focusing on 770 immune-related genes. We employed a digital multiplexed gene expression analysis, comparing gene expression profiles between matching pre- and post-treatment samples. The results revealed the significant upregulation of C7 and EGR2 in the post-treatment samples, suggesting that enhanced immune activity is a key factor in therapeutic success. Conversely, IL17RB, S100A7, and SAA1 were upregulated in the pre-treatment samples, potentially indicating resistance mechanisms. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted that the immune response and apoptosis pathways are crucial to post-treatment changes. These findings suggest that C7, EGR2, and IL17RB may serve as biomarkers for predicting therapeutic outcomes and could inform the development of more effective, individualized treatment strategies for cervical cancer. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying treatment response and resistance.
Zinc in Dermatology: Exploring Its Emerging Role in Enhancing Botulinum Toxin Formulations and Clinical Efficacy
Authors: Foster Lacey , Foppiani Jose A. , Xun Helen , Lee Daniela , Utz Begum , Hernandez Alvarez Angelica , Domingo-Escobar Maria J. , Taritsa Iulianna C. , Gavlasova Dominika , Lee Theodore C. , Lin Gavin J. , Choudry Umar , Lin Samuel J.
Published: October 2024

This literature review provides a novel exploration of zinc’s multifaceted roles in dermatology, with a particular focus on its potential integration into botulinum toxin formulations—an area that remains relatively underexplored in clinical practice. Zinc is widely recognized for its critical functions in skin health, including morphogenesis, regeneration, and protection, and its use in aesthetic medicine offers a unique opportunity for innovation. Specifically, incorporating zinc into botulinum toxin formulations could enhance the efficacy and stability of these treatments. Although zinc has historically been used in topical dermatological products and systemic health interventions, its potential in cosmetic preparations, such as anti-aging therapies or non-invasive aesthetic treatments, remains under-researched. Emerging patents suggest promising formulations combining zinc with botulinum toxin that may improve product stability and extend therapeutic effects. While current studies on oral zinc supplementation present mixed results concerning its ability to prolong botulinum toxin effects, this underscores the need for more rigorous investigation in the realm of aesthetic medicine. Zinc’s well-established role in stabilizing dermatological products, such as sunscreens, and its applications in wound healing and skin regeneration, further highlights its potential for broader therapeutic uses beyond cosmetic applications. This review identifies a critical gap in the literature and calls for future research to optimize zinc concentrations and delivery methods specifically for aesthetic medical procedures, offering new insights into improving dermatological treatments beyond the scope of traditional cosmetic preparations.
The Antiviral and Antimalarial Prodrug Artemisinin from the Artemisia Species: A Review
Authors: Das Gitishree , Shin Han-Seung , Patra Jayanta Kumar
Published: October 2024

Artemisinin is a truly fascinating drug in many ways. Since the unrestrained procedure of its detection, as an antimalarial drug, artemisinin has received a great deal of consideration. Recently, application of artemisinin-based combination therapy has been broadly applied for treating numerous ailments. Moreover, as an antimalarial compound, artemisinin and its associated compounds have abundant healing efficacy and can be repurposed for additional symptoms, like autoimmune infections, cancer, and viral contaminations. Recently a number of studies have highlighted the significance of the artemisinin-related compounds in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. The current review purposes to present a concise account of the history of the antiviral and antimalarial prodrugs—Artemisinin, from the Artemisia species. It is followed by its antiviral, antimalarial prospective, chemical nature and extraction procedure, photochemistry, mechanism of action, and its clinical trials and patents, and accentuates the significance of the mechanistic studies concerned for therapeutic results, both in viral and malarial circumstances.
Simulation of Dendrite Remelting via the Phase-Field Method
Authors: Han Xing , Li Chang , Zhan Hao , Li Shuchao , Liu Jiabo , Kong Fanhong , Wang Xuan
Published: October 2024

The solidification of alloys is a key physical phenomenon in advanced material-processing techniques including, but not limited to, casting and welding. Mastering and controlling the solidification process and the way in which microstructure evolution occurs constitute the key to obtaining excellent material properties. The microstructure of a solidified liquid metal is dominated by dendrites. The growth process of these dendrites is extremely sensitive to temperature changes, and even a small change in temperature can significantly affect the growth rate of the dendrite tip. Dendrite remelting is inevitable when the temperature exceeds the critical threshold. In this study, a temperature-induced-dendrite remelting model was established, which was implemented through the coupling of the phase field method (PFM) and finite difference method (FDM). The transient evolution law of dendrite remelting was revealed by simulating dendritic growth and remelting processes. The phase field model showed that the lateral dendrites melt first, the main dendrites melt later, and the main dendrites only shrink but do not melt when the lateral dendrites have not completely melted or the root is not broken. The long lateral branches break into fragments, while the short lateral branches shrink back into the main dendrites. The main dendrites fracture and melt in multiple stages due to inhomogeneity.