bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Schweizer Gemeinden im Wandel: Konvergenz oder Divergenz?
Authors: Ladner Andreas , Steiner Reto
Published: January 2011

Switzerland is currently going through a phase of political restructuring. The numerous reform activities at the beginning of the twenty‐first century leave almost no area of political life untouched. The reforms are particularly abundant in the 2′867 municipalities, spanning from amalgamations, intermunicipal co‐operation, New Public Management, to reforms of the political systems. Accounting for the fact that there are big socio‐economic differences between the municipalities as well as their political systems, we investigate whether the municipalities are headed for divergence or convergence as a result of these reforms. The empirical results are derived from three surveys of the local authorities conducted in 1988, 1994, and 1998. The results indicate that the communes do convergence in regard to their administrative and political structure. However, the convergence appears to be limited to the single cantons and observable only among certain types of municipalities.
Bright Lights, Big Cities? Metropolisation, Intergovernmental Relations, and the New Federal Urban Policy in Switzerland
Authors: Kübler Daniel , Schenkel Walter , Leresche Jean‐Philippe
Published: January 2011

Disparities between increasing urban economic power and cities' limited political autonomy have put pressure on intergovernmental relations in many countries. Some authors have claimed that this process leads to a strengthening of the position of cities with respect to higher state levels such as regions or the nation state. The aim of this article is to test this hypothesis for the case of Switzerland. In the first part, we show that, due to the existing intergovernmental framework, the current dynamics of urbanisation (which we describe as “metropolization”) have produced specific problems for governance in Swiss urban areas: spillovers in the distribution of costs and benefits, new political cleavages between core cities and surrounding communes, as well as increasing autonomy conflicts between cities and cantons. In the second part, we argue that initiatives taken in order to tackle these issues of urban governance have contributed to transforming Swiss federalism. “Politikverflechtung” is increasing in urban areas. In particular, the new federal urban policy has introduced a new vertical dimension of co‐operation between cities, cantons and the Confederation. Although Swiss cities have gained new influence in the process, we conclude that cantons still hold the key position. Therefore, like other federalist countries, Switzerland has not experienced a considerable strengthening of urban governments with respect to higher levels. Nevertheless, current developments in this area can be seen as a move away from the hierarchical pattern of co‐operative federalism towards a more heterarchical pattern of multi‐level governance in Swiss intergovernmental relations.
Mobilität, Wahlbeteiligung und Sozialkapital in Schweizer Gemeinden
Authors: Zingg Elvira , Benz Matthias
Published: January 2011

This paper investigates the relationship between mobility and voting behavior at different spatial levels. To this end, voter turnout in local municipality issues is compared to that in national matters. We find that the difference between local and national turnout strongly correlates with the mobility of a municipality's population. An explanation for the observed negative relationship is that social networks and the sense of duty towards the local community are weaker in municipalities where people are more mobile. In addition to this core result, it is discussed how mobility affects turnout at the local and national level separately, and it is shown how the different measures might be used as proxies for local social capital in a municipality.
Ursachen des Rechtsextremismus. Eine Programmatik für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung in der Schweiz
Authors: D'Amato Gianni
Published: January 2011

This essay wants to indicate elements of a possible approach in forthcoming Swiss social research that could be useful to analyze xenophobic right wing violence and may well be of assistance in the further civilizing and democratization process of modern societies. Working with a limited concept of right wing extremism, different current research approaches in social sciences are taken into attention. Especially those research questions have to be underscored which gave a relevant contribution to the understanding and possibly to the solution of right wing extremism as a social phenomenon.
La confection de diplômes à croix suisse. Standardisation des certifications et construction du national dans l'espace helvétique de la fin du 19e siècle
Authors: Surdez Muriel
Published: January 2011

Which actors initiate or prevent the unification of diploma and what is at stake? How does the state intervene in the reglementation of curricula? This article studies under a socio‐historical angle the nationalisation of certification procedures within the framework of a political sociology approach. It analyses processes of nationalisation as well as nationally differenciated forms of public intervention. Taking as a focal point the nationalisation of lawyer's diploma and vocational training certificates, the article compares the professionalisation of legal and vocational training in Switzerland. It shows that the constitution of a national public sphere materialises through a process of professional interests unification. This implies divisions among professionals as well as among public authorities. The constitution of a national public sphere is not considered as a matter of simple political oppositions but as a conflicting process which challenges the professionalisation of several professionlsectors and the modalities of public action.
From Corporatism to Partisan Politics: Social Policy Making under Strain in Switzerland
Authors: Häusermann Silja , Mach André , Papadopoulos Yannis
Published: January 2011

The literature on neo‐corporatist agreements in social and labor market policy in the 1990s points to a decline of concertation in European countries with a long‐standing tradition of corporatist negotiation. This article identifies a similar trend in Switzerland and argues that three destabilizing factors account for it: 1) retrenchment pressure and ideological polarization prevent compromises; 2) the emergence of new social demands and interests challenges the homogeneity and legitimacy of peak organizations and thus their bargaining power; 3) increasing media coverage tends to open up the traditionally confidential and selective sphere of corporatist negotiation and weakens the social partners’ ability to reach agreements. The impact of these factors on neo‐corporatist bargaining is tested in Switzerland, a case where corporatist negotiations used to be particularly decisive in social policy making. Empirical evidence comes from a cross‐time comparison of two major social policies: Unemployment insurance and pension reforms in the 1970s and in the 1990s. In the last decade, the main locus of decision‐making shifted from the sphere of interest groups to partisan politics. In parliament, the political parties were able to draft bills enjoying wide acceptance thanks to compensations offered to groups particularly vulnerable to new social risks.
Schweizer Welten des Sozialkapitals. Empirische Untersuchungen zum sozialen Leben in Regionen und Kantonen
Authors: Freitag Markus
Published: January 2011

To what extent do the Swiss Regions and Cantons differ with regard to their stock of social capital? Based on the data of the Swiss Household Panel this article presents the first empirical investigation of the accumulation of social capital in Swiss sub‐national units in a comparative perspective. Empirical evidence implies that the cantons of the German speaking region show more social capital than the French and Italian speaking parts of the country measured by the engagement in voluntary associations, or the interaction with colleagues and the neighbourhood. However, the Latin cantons show a greater stock of social interaction among family and close friends. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence for the existence of five Swiss worlds of social capital varying among the various types of social interaction.
Analyses factorielles et choix méthodologiques: réplique à Markus Freitag
Authors: Joye Dominique
Published: January 2011

Résume

In this contribution, we discuss the number of factors to consider as well as the consequences of rotation in the case of principal components analysis, a technique belonging to the family of factor analysis. The article by Freitag in this issue, dedicated to the study of social capital in Switzerland, is used as example. This contribution shows the impact of different missing values estimations and, more generally, stresses the importance of looking at different solutions in an exploratory perspective. It underscores also the importance to have access to the data in order to allow a new analysis and, consequently, the possibility of the scientific debate.
From Process to Structure: Developing a Reliable and Valid Tool for Policy Network Comparison
Authors: Serdült Uwe , Hirschi Christian
Published: January 2011

One of the major shortcomings for the use of Social Network Analysis (SNA) in comparative public policy research is the lack of valid, reliable and – maybe most important for people not really familiar with SNA – practical procedures to generate comparable network data. In this research note, we suggest an easy to follow, non‐technical solution for transferring information from decision‐making case studies into policy networks. Focusing on the actors’ participation in decision‐making processes, we visualize in a first step the description of a policy process in an ‘Actor‐Process‐Event Scheme’ (APES). In a second step, the data formalized in the APES can be transformed into two matrices on a) the actors’ event participation and b) the process links between the actors. Joining the two matrices allows us finally to analyze the decision‐making process in the form of a policy network. Furthermore, the generated network data can be used for more formalized comparative methods.
Regime Shift in Japan?Two Decades of Neoliberal Reforms
Authors: Hirashima Kenji
Published: January 2011

This paper uses insights drawn from a paired comparison of Switzerland and Japan to give an account of the changes brought about by neoliberal policy adaptation in Japan over the last two decades. In Switzerland, notwithstanding further liberalization of the traditionally liberal regime prompted by the economic hardships of the 1990s, the referendum system helped the Social Democrats and unions to defend their rights and maintain the welfare schemes belatedly established in the 1980s. By contrast, the Japanese ruling party not only delayed liberalization of the protectionist state, but also aggravated fiscal problems by implementing a series of expansionary macroeconomic policies in the 1990s. Thus, without pursuing coherently such neoliberal policies as fiscal consolidation, privatization, or market deregulation, the Japanese state now faces a serious dilemma between the immediate need for structural reforms and the social unease that would result. Focusing on the reform packages of the Nakasone (1982‐87), Hashimoto (1996‐98), and Koizumi (2001‐) administrations, the paper reviews the sequences of reform policies as an interplay among economic challenges, actors’ aspirations, and institutional constraints, and further develops arguments about the segmented structure, peculiar to the Japanese state, that retards political changes.
Regime Shifts in Japan and Switzerland?
Authors: Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: January 2011

This paper compares the development of the Japanese political economy regime and its repercussions for the party system with the, at least at first sight, contrasting case of Switzerland. Rather than pointing out the differences between the two countries, the comparison emphasizes the similarities: both countries are involved in a comparable regime shift, which has its origins in similar domestic structural and cultural shifts as well as in changes in the world economy. In both countries, the mismatch between the socioeconomic realities and the political configurations has been widening for many years. Since the early nineties, the much needed realignment in the party systems has gotten underway in Japan as well as in Switzerland, but it has not yet reached a new equilibrium. In Switzerland, however, the restructuring of the party system has proceeded more steadily and has gone farther than in Japan
The Problem of Macroeconomic Policy Crossroads:Explaining the Economic Policy Paradox of Switzerland and Japan in the 1990s
Authors: Hiwatari Nabuhiro
Published: January 2011

The 1990s, which can be characterized as a decade of disinflationary growth and austerity policies for most developed market democracies, was the decade of stagnant growth and policy complacency for Switzerland and Japan. Based on a framework that emphasizes the structure of policy choices available to governments at economic crossroads (or crisis), I show Switzerland and Japan are unique in that (a) disinflationary fundamentals spared the countries from speculative or inflationary pressure that required drastic responses and (b) the governments paradoxically maintained conservative economic policies despite room for expansion in order to continue policies based on the compromise between export and domestic sectors. The policy crossroads perspective stresses the importance of endogenous coalitions even in a world of economic globalization to explain concerted politics and conservative policies, and to assess the true impact of international finance on domestic changes.
Modèles de citoyenneté et mobilisation politique des migrants en Suisse: Le rôle des cantons
Authors: Eggert Nina , Murigande Anita
Published: January 2011

La littérature récente sur la mobilisation politique des migrants a mis en évidence l'impact des modèles de citoyenneté nationaux sur celle‐ci comme structure des opportunités politiques spécifique au champ de l'immigration et des relations ethniques. Cette approche contient néanmoins des limites, particulièrement pour le cas de la Suisse caractérisée par le fédéralisme d'exécution dans le domaine de la naturalisation et de l'intégration des migrants. Ainsi, la marge de manœuvre laissée aux cantons en la matière permet de construire une typologie de modèles de citoyenneté cantonaux inspirée de la typologie nationale. L'hypothèse est que les modèles de citoyenneté cantonaux influencent la mobilisation des migrants sur le plan local en Suisse, non seulement au niveau de la participation mais également au niveau thèmes abordés. Une analyse des revendications politiques des migrants dans les cantons suisses nous permet de vérifier cette hypothèse. En effet, nous montrons que la participation et les thèmes abordés diffèrent selon les pratiques cantonales en matière de naturalisation et d'intégration des migrants.
L'émergence d'une discipline scientifique. La création de l'Association Suisse de Science Politique (1951‐1959)
Authors: Gottraux Philppe , Schorderet Pierre‐Antoine , Voutat Bernard
Published: January 2011

This article presents the results of a historical research on the creation of the Swiss Political Science Association in 1959. A first attempt of creation had failed eight years before, despite a favourable international context and the important scientific work of Marcel Bridel. Although Bridel was supported by several leading figures of the early political science, his proposal was met by the hostility of his colleagues, who had a historical, philosophical or juristic background. On the other hand, a few years later Jacques Freymond managed to create the Association in an almost administrative way and without any scientific discussion. The contrast between these two attempts illustrates the ambivalence of the institutionalisation process of Swiss political science since 1959. The institutional logic was more important during the creation of the Association than the scientific dimension, but has nonetheless been a useful basis to promote further scientific efforts. This initial ambivalence has had durable effects on the discipline, which obtained academic legitimacy without clearly taking position neither on its basic object, nor on its specificities with respect to the other social sciences or even ordinary discourses on politics. This has led to a disciplinary identity that is contingent, uncertain and fragile, and which calls for an epistemological reconsideration of the intellectual autonomy of political science.
Le soutien aux autorités lors des votations fédérales de 1971 à 1999 dans les cantons suisses
Authors: Tresch Anke
Published: January 2011

Cet article vise à expliquer les variations inter‐cantonales du succès des autorités ainsi que du soutien populaire qui leur est accordé en votation fédérale entre 1971 et 1999. A cette fin, l'auteur cherche à intégrer deux courants de recherches dans un cadre d'analyse unique en déterminant l'impact respectif des mots d'ordre des partis politiques et des facteurs socio‐structurels sur le résultat de vote ainsi que leur effet conjugué. L'analyse empirique, qui est situé au niveau cantonal, est réalisée à l'aide d'une régression logistique et d'un modèle d’équations structurelles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le caractère alémanique, catholique et agraire d'un canton se traduit par une réticence face à la politique des autorités, qui peut s'amplifier selon le type juridique de la votation et l'enjeu politique soumis au vote. Plus qu'ailleurs, les partis politiques de ces cantons s'alignent cependant fermement derrière la recommandation de vote des autorités et exercent, de ce fait, un effet atténuateur qui contribue au nivellement des disparités inter‐cantonales. Ces résultats suggèrent ainsi que les partis politiques cantonaux réussissent, dans une certaine mesure, à contrôler le résultat de vote par le biais d'une concertation accrue durant la phase référendaire.
Determinanten der Arbeitslosigkeit in den Schweizer Kantonen ‐ Eine empirische Untersuchung zu den Disparitäten in den kantonalen Arbeitslosenquoten
Authors: Steffen Isabelle
Published: January 2011

Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Disparitäten in den Arbeitslosenquoten der Schweizer Kantone zwischen 1992 und 2000. Im Zentrum der erklärenden Grössen stehen dabei legal‐rechtliche Institutionen des Arbeitsmarktes in den Kantonen, insbesondere das Ausrichten von Arbeitslosenhilfe sowie die Sanktionstätigkeit bei Missbrauch gegen die Arbeitslosenversicherung. Sie sind wichtige Bestandteile der kantonalen Arbeitsmarktpolitiken und schaffen nicht zuletzt unterschiedliche Anreizstrukturen und damit dauerhafte Unterschiede auf den kantonalen Arbeitsmärkten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass der kantonalen Arbeitsmarktpolitik ein nicht vernachlässigbarer Stellenwert für die Erklärung der kantonalen Unterschiede in den Arbeitslosenquoten zukommt. Kantone, die Missbräuche gegen die Arbeitslosenversicherung relativ stark ahnden und auf über das AVIG hinausgehende Leistungen an Arbeitslose verzichten, weisen eine signifikant geringere Arbeitslosenquote auf, als Kantone mit weniger rigider Sanktionspraxis und zusätzlicher Arbeitslosenhilfe. Während konjunkturelle Grössen zwar das Niveau der Arbeitslosigkeit allgemein, jedoch nicht die grossen Unterschiede zwischen den Kantonen erklären können, sorgen nicht zuletzt diese politisch‐institutionellen Faktoren für eine unterschiedliche Antwort der Kantone auf die konjunkturellen Rahmenbedingungen.
Die Evaluation öffentlicher Politiken mit föderalistischen Vollzugsarrangements. Eine konzeptionelle Erweiterung des Stufenmodells und eine praktische Anwendung
Authors: SAGER Fritz , RÜEFLI Christian
Published: January 2011

Der vorliegende Artikel leistet einen Beitrag zur Konzipierung von Wirkungsmodellen für die Evaluation von öffentlichen Politiken mit föderalistischen Vollzugsarrangements. Das Phasenmodell des Policy‐Zyklus erfasst die Prinzipal‐Agent‐Probleme des Vollzugsföderalismus nur unzureichend. Es ist aus diesem Grund sinnvoll, in der Genesephase eine Zusatzschlaufe vorzusehen, die dem Umstand Rechnung trägt, dass in der Schweiz die Kantone beim Vollzug von Bundesgesetzen nicht nur Umsetzungs‐, sondern auch Programmierungskompetenzen haben. Diese Zusatzschlaufe impliziert allerdings beim häufig verwendeten Stufenmodell von Knoepfel und Bussmann (1997) für die Evaluierung öffentlicher Politik das Problem, dass es zu einer Vermischung der Evaluationsgegenstände auf Bundes‐ und Kantonsebene kommt. Diesem Umstand begegnen wir mit der Erweiterung des Stufenmodells, indem wir die beiden föderalen Ebenen getrennt betrachten und die Evaluationsgegenstände nicht generell, sondern entsprechend der Staatsebene definieren. Das Modell wird mit einer Anwendung aus der Evaluation des Krankenversicherungsgesetzes illustriert.
Verhandlungssituationen in der EU: Eine theoriegeleitete Analyse der Gemeinsamen Fischereipolitik
Authors: da Conceição‐Heldt Eugénia
Published: January 2011

Auf der Grundlage des akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus präsentiert der vorliegende Beitrag eine theoriegeleitete und empirisch angereicherte Analyse von Verhandlungsergebnissen in der EU am Beispiel der Gemeinsamen Fischereipolitik. Dabei fasst das zugrunde liegende Untersuchungsdesign die Verhandlungsergebnisse als die abhängige, die Präferenzen der Mitgliedstaaten, die Präferenzen der Kommission sowie den institutionellen Rahmen als die unabhängigen Variablen auf. Dieses Untersuchungsdesign wird dann empirisch an zwei wichtigen Verhandlungssituationen überprüft, die gleichzeitig mit der Kompetenzübertragung der Fischereipolitik auf die europäische Ebene einhergehen. In der ersten Verhandlungssituation geht es um die Einführung der Strukturpolitik und der Gemeinsamen Marktorganisation für den Fischereisektor im Jahr 1970. Bei der zweiten Verhandlungssituation steht die Einführung der Bestanderhaltungspolitik für die Fischbestände im Jahr 1983 im Mittelpunkt. Zusätzlich zu den Verhandlungspositionen der Regierungen der Mitgliedstaaten wird in diesem Beitrag anhand der Rolle der Kommission und der formellen (Einstimmigkeitsprinzip) und informellen Regeln (Schatten der Zukunft) gezeigt, wie sich diese Variablen auf die Politikergebnisse auswirken.
Policy Change and the Politics of Expertise: Economic Ideas and Immigration Control Reforms in Switzerland
Authors: Afonso Alexandre
Published: January 2011

This article analyses the varying influence across time of the “epistemic community“ of free‐market economists on immigration policy making in Switzerland. To this end, a framework for the analysis of the impact of economic expertise is provided, and then used in an historical analysis comparing the 1960s with the 1990s. Whereas this influence can be considered to have been weak in the 1960s, it gained significantly in importance in the 1990s, when a period of economic unrest seriously challenged previous immigration policies. It is argued that economic experts played an important role in framing the reforms undertaken during this latter period, notably by providing a “credible causal story“ about the links between the existing immigration policy and the social problems which arose in the country in the 1990s. As compared to the 1960s, economic expertise in the 1990s enjoyed more credibility, more political support and took full advantage of a more uncertain social and economic context.
Les groupes d'intérêt économiques face à un changement de paradigme: le cas de l'énergie nucléaire en Allemagne
Authors: Evrard Aurélien , Saurugger Sabine
Published: January 2011

Cet article s'interroge sur les conséquences de la décision allemande de 1998, qui prévoit l'arrêt de la production d'énergie nucléaire, sur les relations entre les groupes d'intérêt économiques et les acteurs gouvernementaux. L'hypothèse est que ce changement de paradigme énergétique entraîne un changement des relations entre ces acteurs. A partir de l'étude des cadres cognitifs et des stratégies des acteurs, l'article étudie les différentes phases de transformation de la politique énergétique allemande. Si les changements graduels des années 1980 et 1990 ont mené à des adaptations à la marge, la décision de 1998, entraînant la mise à l'écart des groupes d'intérêt économiques, contraint ces derniers à élaborer de nouvelles stratégies: ils cherchent à compenser leur perte d'influence au niveau national par de nouvelles collaborations à l'échelle européenne et au niveau international. Ces stratégies restent néanmoins influencées par les structures nationales.
Abschied vom Interventionsstaat? Der Wandel staatlicher Subventionsausgaben in den OECD‐Ländern seit 1980
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Zohlnhöfer Reimut
Published: January 2011

Der Aufsatz untersucht den Wandel der Subventionsausgaben der OECD‐Länder in den vergangenen 25 Jahren. Diese Ausgaben sind einerseits in fast allen Staaten der OECD‐Welt erheblich zurückgegangen, andererseits kam es zu einer starken Angleichung der Ausgabenniveaus. Die Analyse der Determinanten der nationalen Ausgabenniveaus und ihrer Veränderung zeigt einen Status quo‐Bias eines hohen institutionellen Pluralismus, während Parteien‐ und Interessengruppeneffekte seit den 1990er Jahren an Bedeutung verlieren. Sozioökonomische Problemlagen tragen ebenfalls nur in begrenztem Umfang zur Erklärung der internationalen Differenzen der Subventionsausgaben bei. Ebenso können die Europäische Integration und die Globalisierung für den Niedergang staatlicher Subventionsausgaben nicht unmittelbar verantwortlich gemacht werden.
Analyser les réformes institutionnelles sur le terrain: l'exemple de la réforme de l'armée suisse «Armée XXI»
Authors: Buffat Aurélien
Published: January 2011

L'étude des réformes de l'administration et des institutions publiques suisses a considérablement délaissé la problématique des conséquences des changements sur le terrain et surtout n'a pas analysé le vécu des acteurs administratifs de base. Notre étude vise, au niveau analytique, à rendre compte du vécu des réformes à l'échelon des «petits fonctionnaires»; sur un plan méthodologique, une enquête de nature ethnographique est introduite pour étudier ce questionnement. Notre enquête sur la réforme de l'armée suisse «Armée XXI» sert d'illustration. Si notre démarche permet de parvenir à des résultats intéressants sur les conséquences et le vécu de cette réforme, elle comporte également des enjeux empiriques spécifiques articulés autour de la question centrale de la relation du chercheur à son terrain. Au final, une microsociologie ethnographique du vécu des réformes par les acteurs de base nous semble susceptible de contribuer à un enrichissement de la recherche sur les transformations récentes des institutions publiques en Suisse.
The Hobbesian Case for Multilateralism
Authors: Cheneval Francis
Published: January 2011

In this paper an analysis of Hobbes' argument in favor of the Leviathan is combined with a reassessment in a new security environment. The analysis shows that Hobbes' premises are complex and lead to conclusions that differ from the realist as well as from the world‐state position, both attributed to Hobbesian logic in IR theory. A strict application of the Hobbesian argument in today's security context leads to a rationale of multilateral institution‐building among states. In the first part of the paper the internationalist analogy in the concept of war of all against all is uncovered and analyzed in relation to the security dilemma, domestic analogy, and methodological individualism. The second part reassesses the Hobbesian security rationale in a security environment which is assumed to be shaped by transnational terrorism and nuclear WMD.
La concrétisation législative des initiatives populaires fédérales acceptées en votation: un processus aux outputs très incertains
Authors: Tauxe Lionel
Published: January 2011

L'étude des processus de concrétisation législative des rares initiatives populaires fédérales adoptées en votation a été négligée par la recherche politologique. Dans une démarche exploratoire, en abordant l'initiative “pour l'internement à vie” et en recourant à des études de cas traitant des initiatives “des Alpes” et “de Rothenthurm”, le contenu de ces dispositions constitutionnelles est comparé avec leurs outputs législatifs d'exécution. Les résultats mettent en lumière l'issue difficilement prévisible de ces processus: les lois d'application ne correspondent pas toujours aux souhaits des initiants tels qu'inscrits dans la Constitution. Paradoxalement, alors que la majorité des Chambres fédérales est généralement opposée aux initiatives populaires, c'est précisément au parlement que revient la charge de concrétiser celles qui sont acceptées par le peuple et les cantons.
Why Give Reason? Measuring Arguing and Bargaining in Survey Research
Authors: Naurin Daniel
Published: January 2011

This article addresses the question of how to define, operationalise and measure empirically the concepts of arguing and bargaining, which are central to the normative theories of deliberative democracy. It points at, and proposes a solution to, one particularly difficult problem with respect to operationalisation, namely the distinction between arguing and cooperative forms of bargaining. The key to capturing this distinction is to look not only at whether, but also at why, actors give reasons for their positions. Motivations partly define arguing and bargaining as types of social decision procedure and it is difficult for researchers within the “empirical turn” of deliberative democratic theory to distinguish the two without studying the motives of the actors. The most straightforward way of analysing motives is asking people about them in interviews. An illustration of how the survey method can be used in practise is given from an ongoing research project on the Council of the European Union.
Groups and Deliberation
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: January 2011

We present a group‐based approach to the study of deliberation. Deliberation occurs in groups, yet many studies of deliberation do not take the group as a unit of analysis. We argue that group composition and the attendant social dynamics to which they give rise are an important aspect of deliberation. We offer several examples of ways to study these effects, including the interaction of gender composition and the group's decision rule in the context of an experimental study of decisions about justice, the effect of racial composition in simulated juries, and the effect of ideological composition in local meetings. We examine the consequences of these factors on a variety of outcomes, including individuals' private opinion, individuals' behaviour, and group decisions. In conclusion we discuss the implications that group effects have for empirical and normative theories of deliberation.
Learning and Party Competition
Authors: Lin Jie‐Shin
Published: January 2011

Downs's (1957) analysis of political ideologies by means of a spatial analogy suggests that parties' efforts to attract votes lead them to adopt a median position. In this study, we consider a typology of two‐party competition based on two different learning environments, i.e. individual and social learning. Our results suggest that in the environment of population learning we have the median outcome, i.e. conventional, and in the one of individual learning we have the outcome of divergence.
Verschafft die direkte Demokratie den Benachteiligten mehr Gehör? Der Einfluss institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen auf die mediale Präsenz politischer Akteure
Authors: Höglinger Dominic
Published: January 2011

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht den Einfluss politisch‐institutioneller Kontextfaktoren auf die Artikulationschancen politischer Akteure in der Öffentlichkeit. Als empirische Grundlage dient eine Inhaltsanalyse der Schwangerschaftsabbruchdebatte in der Schweiz im Vergleich mit Deutschland und den USA über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahrzehnten. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass institutionell bedingte Machtdifferentiale ‐ vermittelt über mediale Selektionslogiken ‐ in hohem Masse die öffentliche Präsenz der Akteure, ihr mediales Standing, bestimmen. Dies benachteiligt insbesondere zivilgesellschaftliche Herausforderer, wie etwa soziale Bewegungen. Direktdemokratische Verfahren, so wird weiter argumentiert, wirken in der Schweiz diesem Effekt jedoch entgegen, indem sie den Aussenseitern Möglichkeiten zur Profilierung und Etablierung bieten. Davon profitieren ebenfalls die Parteien, welchen in der Schweiz ansonsten eine schwache institutionelle Stellung attestiert wird. Mit seinen Ergebnissen stützt der Aufsatz schliesslich die Forderung nach einer Kontextualisierung politischer Kommunikationsforschung im Sinne eines “institutional turn” und zeigt das Potenzial einer komparativen Vorgehensweise auf.
In Search of Co‐variance, Causal Mechanisms or Congruence? Towards a Plural Understanding of Case Studies
Authors: Blatter Joachim , Blume Till
Published: January 2011

Methodological reflections about case study research have increased within recent years. According to our account, there are three distinct approaches to case studies: co‐variational, causal process tracing, and congruence analysis. The main goals of this article are to lay out the distinct ways in which causal inferences are drawn for the cases under study and to scrutinize the different understandings and directions of generalization within these three approaches. By doing so we highlight two aspects: First, causal process tracing and congruence analysis should be seen as two distinct alternatives to the dominant co‐variational template. Second, the main characteristics of case studies, their thickness, provides only an unavoidable dilemma if we aim to generalize the findings towards a wider population of similar cases as in the co‐variational template. If we would like to get deeper insights â‐“ as the causal process tracing approach does â‐“ or if we would like to use the empirical evidence for a broader theoretical discourse â‐“ as the congruence analysis does â‐“ case studies do not face a trade‐off.
Empirical Modeling of Policy Diffusion in Federal States: The Dyadic Approach
Authors: Gilardi Fabrizio , Füglister Katharina
Published: January 2011

Policy diffusion is a common phenomenon in federal states: indeed, one of the normative justifications of decentralized policy making is that it permits the development and spread of best practices. Following Berry and Berry (1990), event‐history analysis has been the method of choice for the quantitative investigation of policy diffusion, but Volden (2006) has recently introduced a dyadic variant of this method in which units of analysis are not states but, instead, pairs of states. This article discusses the dyadic approach with a particular focus on the diffusion of policies in Switzerland. The goal is not to introduce a new method, but rather to provide a practical overview for researchers interested in using it. The article shows how the method has migrated from the international relations literature to the policy‐diffusion literature, describes the typical structure of a dyadic dataset in a diffusion context, and discusses several modeling issues. The usefulness of the dyadic approach is illustrated empirically with the example of health‐insurance subsidy policies in Swiss cantons.
Des femmes candidates dans des circonscriptions compétitives: L'exemple du Québec
Authors: Tremblay Manon
Published: January 2011

L'objectif de cet article est d'offrir une explication à la proportion relativement élevée de femmes à l'Assemblée nationale du Québec, et ce, en dépit du scrutin majoritaire et uninominal réputé leur être défavorable. L'hypothèse qui l'inspire attribue cette performance au fait que les femmes ont été candidates dans des circonscriptions compétitives. La notion de « compétitivité » a été saisie à l'aide de trois dimensions: qui s'affronte, où, et avec quel ancrage gouvernemental ? Elle a guidé l'analyse du combat électoral dans toutes les circonscriptions aux élections législatives provinciales québécoises de 1976, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1998 et 2003. Les résultats obtenus mènent à deux conclusions: (1) rien ne permet de soutenir l'idée selon laquelle les femmes davantage que les hommes brigueraient de manière systématique les suffrages dans des circonscriptions dites perdues d'avance; (2) le mode de scrutin majoritaire et uninominal ne peut être décrété comme étant systématiquement hostile aux femmes.
Du fatalisme en matière de prolifération nucléaire: Retour sur une représentation opiniâtre
Authors: Pélopidas Benoît
Published: January 2011

Les discours des décideurs politiques mais aussi de la majorité des spécialistes du nucléaire militaire véhiculent l'idée selon laquelle l'augmentation, pas nécessairement linéaire, du nombre d'acteurs dotés de l'arme nucléaire est une tendance lourde, voire une loi de l'histoire. Cet article entend mettre au jour le rôle de la métaphore biologique de la prolifération, transposée aux armes nucléaires, dans la construction de cette vision de l'histoire nucléaire et explorer la sélection qu'elle opère dans la mise en récit qui en découle. Il conclut par la saisie des conséquences politiques de cette vision et une mise en garde contre une alternative fallacieuse au fatalisme proliférant que serait la pédagogie de la catastrophe, avant de proposer plusieurs pistes de recherche sur les autres sources du « fatalisme » que nous avons identifié ainsi que la possibilité d'un changement de paradigme.
Charles Tilly's Understanding of Contentious Politics: A Social Interactive Perspective for Social Science
Authors: Passy Florence
Published: January 2011

[Stinchcombe's essay on my work] gives you jaz and science at the same time. I don't know whether to call his work “jazzy science” or “scientific jazz”. Maybe it doesn't matter. In real life, after all, smart human beings follow more than one road from past to future
Vereine als Schulen des Vertrauens? Eine empirische Analyse zur Zivilgesellschaft in der Schweiz
Authors: Freitag Markus , Grießhaber Nicolas , Traunmüller Richard
Published: January 2011

In der Tradition von Alexis de Tocqueville wird zivilgesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen eine essentielle Bedeutung in der zwischenmenschlichen Vertrauensbildung zugeschrieben. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, den Zusammenhang zwischen Vereinsengagement und generalisiertem Vertrauen differenzierter zu betrachten und empirisch für die Schweiz zu untersuchen. Dabei werden sowohl das Engagement in verschiedenen Organisationstypen (brückenbildende vs. abgrenzende und isolierte vs. verbundene) als auch die vereinstypusunabhängige Integration miteinander verglichen. Empirische Analysen auf Basis aktueller Daten des Schweizer Freiwilligen‐Monitors 2007 kommen dabei zu dem Schluss, dass entgegen weitverbreiteter Meinung die Vertrauensentwicklung in der Schweiz weniger vom Engagement in spezifischen Vereinen abhängt, sondern vielmehr dem Ausmass der persönlichen Integrationsbereitschaft geschuldet ist. Von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Vertrauensentwicklung ist also nicht die Qualität der hier untersuchten einzelnen Vereinigungen, sondern die Quantität des persönlichen Engagements.
"More In Than Out": Switzerland's Association With Schengen/Dublin Cooperation
Authors: Wichmann Nicole
Published: January 2011

From the point of view of modes of governance and constellations of interdependence, EU research policy offers ideal conditions for the flexible inclusion of non‐member states: it is based on transgovernmental coordination through policy networks rather than supranational legislation, it follows scientific rather than political imperatives, and cooperation is in the interest of both the EU and of Switzerland. This article analyses the degree to which these factors have allowed for Switzerland's inclusion into the regulatory and organisational aspects of EU research policy, and highlights the limits of such flexible sectoral integration.
Some Talk, No Action (Yet): Interdependence, Domestic Interests and Hierarchical EU Governance in Climate Policy
Authors: Schäfer Werner
Published: January 2011

This article analyses why Switzerland has so far remained outside the European Union's emissions trading system (EU ETS), the centerpiece of the EU's efforts to combat climate change. In doing so, it contributes three insights to the literature on the EU's external governance. First, it shows that interdependence is of limited explanatory power in predicting EU–Swiss interactions. Secondly, it identifies domestic interests in the non‐member state, Switzerland, as the key factor in explaining the EU's external governance structures concerning emissions trading. Thirdly, it highlights the EU's limited flexibility in dealing with third countries in areas where its internal governance mode is hierarchical. The article presents a hypothesis about the future development of emissions trading in Switzerland and discusses implications for both the external governance literature and the development of global carbon markets.
Does Associational Involvement Spur Political Integration? Political Interest and Participation of Three Immigrant Groups in Zurich
Authors: Eggert Nina , Giugni Marco
Published: January 2011

This article looks at the determinants of the political integration of migrants at the local level, focusing on two dimensions of political integration: political interest (attitudinal dimension) and political participation (behavioral dimension). Based on a representative survey among Italians, Kosovars, and Turks in the city of Zurich, we tested the thesis advanced by the social capital approach which posits a link between membership in voluntary associations and political integration. Our findings suggest that membership in voluntary associations favors the political integration of the three groups under investigation. Furthermore, we find an impact of both ethnic and cross‐ethnic membership. However, while the effect of associational involvement on the behavioral dimension of political integration is strong and consistent across national groups, the attitudinal dimension displays a weaker and differential impact. Political attitudes and socio‐demographic characteristics play a less important role, except for the effect of the former on political interest, and also tend to have a differential impact on the three groups.
Publication Output of Swiss Political Science Departments
Authors: Bernauer Thomas , Gilardi Fabrizio
Published: January 2011

This article compares the scientific publication output and international academic visibility of Swiss political science departments, using three indicators (number of publications, number of citations, and the h‐index) and publicly available data from two sources: the ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar. We also examine whether the publication output of political science professors and postdoctoral researchers in Switzerland varies as a function of academic age. We observe rather strong variations both across and within departments. The analysis also shows that the most prolific professors tend to be those who completed their Ph.D. about 10–20 years ago and that some postdocs are on a very promising publications trajectory. We derive some benchmarks for publication output that might be useful for hiring decisions or promotions.
Synthese von Virginiamycin S1 und Virginiamycin S4
Authors: Kessler Horst , Kühn Manfred , Löschner Thomas
Published: January 2011

Zwei Synthesen von Virginiamycin S1 (1a) und eine Synthese von Virginiamycin S4 (1b) werden beschrieben. In der ersten Synthese von 1a wird das cyclische Hexapeptid 9 zuerst hergestellt und anschließend die exocyclische 3‐Hydroxypicolinsäure an der freien Aminogruppe des Threonins ankondensiert. In der zweiten und dritten Synthese wird die ungeschützte 3‐Hydroxypicolinsäure in die lineare Peptidsequenz mit eingebaut (13, 17) und nach Cyclisierung zwischen Prolin und N‐Methylphenylalanin direkt Virginiamycin S1 (1a) bzw. Virginiamycin S4 (1b) erhalten.
Chemie reaktiver Kationen von Schwefeldioxidanalogen, XIV1) Reaktion kationischer Schwefeldiimide mit Alkenen
Authors: Lux Rudolf , Schwöbel Alfred , Kresze Günter
Published: January 2011

Die Reaktivität der beiden unsymmetrisch substituierten kationischen Schwefeldiimide 1a und 1b gegenüber Alkenen 2 wurde untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu 1b reagiert 1a regioselektiv zu den [2+2]‐Cycloaddukten 7 und 9, die Vertreter einer bisher noch unbekannten Verbindungsklasse, der Thiazetidiniumsalze, sind. Diese Cycloaddukte lassen sich basisch zu den entsprechenden Sulfinsäureamiden 10 bzw. 11 hydrolysieren.
Muramyl Peptides, 1 Stereochemically Pure Derivatives of Muramic and Isomuramic Acids
Authors: Gross Paul H. , Rimpler Manfred
Published: January 2011

An improved, large‐scale preparation is described, leading from 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose to benzyl 2‐acetamido‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐3‐O‐[(R)‐1‐carboxyethyl]‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside (α‐Benzyl N‐acetyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidenemuramic acid. 5r) and its (S)‐isomer (α‐Benzyl N‐acetyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylideneisomuramic acid, 5s) via chromatographic separation of their methyl esters (4r and 4s). The high yield and complete separation of 4r and 4s allow a reliable assessment of the low stereoselectivity of the lactyl ether synthesis step from racemic 2‐chloropropionic acid. Similarly, syntheses employing pure enantiomers of 2‐chloropropionic acid were disclosed as not completely stereospecific. Coupling products with L‐ and D‐alanine esters were prepared for both 5r and 5s.
Chemie und Stereochemie der Iridoide, VI1) Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Herstellung von (1S,2S,6R,7R)‐(−)‐2‐(Benzylthio)‐7‐hydroxy‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐9‐on aus Catalpol – Strukturbeweis durch Röntgenbeugung
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Haremsa Sylke , Huber‐Patz Ursula , Jahn Reiner , Rodewald Hans , Irngartinger Hermann , Jaggy Hermann , Melzer Ernst
Published: January 2011

Es wird die Isolierung von Catalpol (1) aus Picrorhiza kurrooa (Scrophulariaceae) im 100‐g‐Maßstab beschrieben. Aus Catalpol (1) wird nach einem einfachen Verfahren das (1S,2S,6R,7R)‐(−)‐2‐(Benzylthio)‐7‐hydroxy‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐9‐on (4a) hergestellt. Da 4a eine zentrale Zwischenverbindung für EPC‐Synthesen cyclopentanoider Naturstoffe ist, wird seine Struktur durch Röntgenbeugung von 4b bestimmt.
Chemie und Stereochemie der Iridoide, VII1) Enantiomerenreine Zwischenprodukte zur Synthese von diastereomeren 12‐epi‐Prostaglandinen
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Brunner Dieter
Published: January 2011

Durch eine Vierkomponenten‐Inversionsreaktion wird aus Catalpol (7a) das 6,3′‐epi‐Catalpol (8a) erhalten, aus dem durch Abbau das (1S,2S,6R,7S)‐(−)‐2‐(Benzylthio)‐7‐ hydroxy‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐9‐on (4) entsteht. 4 läßt sich durch LiAlH4‐Reduktion in die diastereomeren 2‐(Benzylthio)‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐7,9‐diole (5a und 6a) überführen, deren absolute Konfigurationen NMR‐spektroskopisch bewiesen werden. Damit sind die vier Diole 2a, 3a, 5a und 6a aus Catalpol (7a) zugänglich, die als Zwischenprodukte zur Synthese von diastereomeren 12‐epi‐Prostaglandinen von Interesse sind.
Struktur und Geruch, IV1) Synthese und Riechstoff‐Eigenschaften von Rosenoxid‐Analoga
Authors: Hoepfner Wolfgang , Weyerstahl Peter
Published: January 2011

Zur systematischen Untersuchung von Analoga des Rosenoxids (1) wurden die seco‐Ether 2–6, die cyclischen nor‐Ether 7–10 und die in der Funktion variierten Verbindungen 11 und 12 dargestellt. – Für den typisch krautig‐würzigen Geruch von 1 ist vor allem die cyclische Ether‐Struktur wichtig.
F‐Säuren als Vorstufen der Urofuransäuren
Authors: Schödel Rolf , Dietel P. , Spiteller Gerhard
Published: January 2011

Der starke Anstieg der Pentylurofuransäure 1 im Harn nach Einnahme einer Probe des F‐Säure‐methylesters 2a beweist, daß der menschliche Körper im Gegensatz zum Organismus der Ratte befähigt ist, nicht nur die lange Seitenkette der F‐Säure abzubauen, sondern auch die Methylgruppe in Position 3 des Furanringes zu oxidieren. Als Nebenprodukt dieses Stoffwechselversuches wurde die Furandicarbonsäure 3d gefunden. Diese ist bei Ratten eines der Hauptstoffwechselprodukte eines F‐Säuremethylestergemisches. Darüber hinaus ließ sich 3d auch vor Einnahme des F‐Säure‐methylesters 2a in menschlichem Harn nachweisen. Damit ist wahrscheinlich geworden, daß F‐Säure auch im menschlichen Organismus vorhanden ist.