bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microvascular changes following four‐hour single arteriole occlusion
Authors: Saltzman Darin J. , Kerger Heinz , Jimenez Juan Carlos , Farzan Dina , Wilson James M. , THOMPSON Jesse E. , Intaglietta Marcos
Published: November 2012

Background:

Free tissue transplantations are lengthy procedures that result in prolong tissue ischemia. Restoral of blood flow is essential for free flap recovery; however, upon reperfusion tissue that is viable may continue to be nonperfused. To further elucidate this pathophysiology skeletal muscle microcirculation was investigated during reperfusion following 4‐hour single arteriole occlusion.

Materials and methods:

A blunt micropipette probe was use to compress a single arteriole in the unanesthetized hamster (N = 20) dorsal skinfold chamber. Arteriole (n = 20), capillary (n = 97), and postcapillary venule (n = 16) diameters and blood flow were analyzed at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 min and 24 hours of reperfusion after 4 hour occlusion. Results: Feeding arcade arterioles exhibited a brief (<10 min) vasoconstriction [0.31 ± 0.26 (mean ± SE) of baseline] upon reperfusion followed by a maximum vasodilation at 120 min (1.3 ± 0.10: P < 0.05). Vasodilation was observed in transverse arterioles (A3) (1.8 ± 0.20: P < 0.05). Correspondingly, all arteriole and venule flow was increased by 120 min (P < 0.05) of reperfusion. There was a transient decrease in the number of flowing capillaries at 0 and 30 min reperfusion (0.73 ± 0.09 and 0.84 ± 0.06: P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions:

At the onset of reperfusion heterogeneous arteriole flow and transient decrease in flowing capillaries was observed; however, return of flow in all capillaries and an eventual hyperemic response in all arterioles suggests the reversible nature of this response. Single arteriole occlusion may allow for a more controlled and detailed microcirculatory analysis during ischemia‐reperfusion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
7‐T MRI of the spinal cord can detect lateral corticospinal tract abnormality in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Cohen‐Adad Julien , Zhao Wei , Keil Boris , Ratai Eva‐Maria , Triantafyllou Christina , Lawson Robert , Dheel Christina , Wald Lawrence L. , Rosen Bruce R. , Cudkowicz Merit , Atassi Nazem
Published: November 2012

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting lower and upper motor neurons. Degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tract (CST) is a key finding in ALS cervical spinal cord autopsies. We hypothesized that in vivo ultra‐high‐field MRI of the cervical spinal cord can detect abnormality in the CST. Methods: A patient with ALS (disease duration 23 months) and a healthy control were scanned at 7‐T MRI using a 19‐channel coil. Multi‐echo ‐weighted imaging was performed in the spinal cord, covering C2–C6. Cross‐sectional resolution was 0.37 × 0.37 mm2. Results: We detected clear signal hyperintensity in both segments of the lateral CST in the ALS patient, which was significant when compared with the normal control subject (P < 10−7). Conclusion: We believe there are potential benefits of 7‐T MRI for increased sensitivity and spatial accuracy in characterizing pathology in the spinal cord. Muscle Nerve 47: 760–762, 2013
Satellite cell pool expansion is affected by skeletal muscle characteristics
Authors: Macaluso Filippo , Brooks Naomi E. , Niesler Carola U. , Myburgh Kathryn H.
Published: November 2012

Introduction: We investigated changes in satellite cell (SC) pool size after an acute bout of strenuous exercise and evaluated the influence of baseline SC count and fiber type. Methods: Participants completed a downhill running (DHR) intervention (5 × 8 min, 2‐min rest; 80% VO2max; −10% gradient). Muscle biopsies were taken 7 days before VO2max and 7–9 days after the DHR intervention. Delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured on days 1, 2, 7, and 9 post‐DHR. SCs were identified by Pax7 and laminin staining. Relative distribution of MHC isoforms was determined by electrophoresis. Results: DOMS and CK peaked on day 1 post‐DHR (P < 0.01). The SC pool increased (26%) after DHR (P = 0.005). SCs/total myonuclei after recovery correlated with baseline SCs (r = 0.979, P = 0.003) and VO2max (r = 0.956, P = 0.011), whereas change in SC pool (Pax7+ cells/total myonuclei: recovery minus baseline) tended to correlate with percent MHC II (r = 0.848; P = 0.06). Conclusion: Interindividual physiological characteristics affect SC pool expansion after a single bout of DHR and are influenced by VO2max. Muscle Nerve, 2013
National trends in incidence rates of hospitalization for stroke in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: McCavit Timothy L. , Xuan Lei , Zhang Song , Flores Glenn , Quinn Charles T.
Published: November 2012

Background

The success of primary stroke prevention for children with sickle cell disease (SCD) throughout the United States is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to generate national incidence rates of hospitalization for stroke in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) before and after publication of the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP trial) in 1998.

Procedure

We performed a retrospective trend analysis of the 1993–2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Databases. Hospitalizations for SCD patients 0–18 years old with stroke were identified by ICD‐9CM code. The primary outcome, the trend in annual incidence rate of hospitalization for stroke in children with SCD, was analyzed by linear regression. Incidence rates of hospitalization for stroke before and after 1998 were compared by the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test.

Results

From 1993 to 2009, 2,024 hospitalizations were identified for stroke. Using the mean annual incidence rate of hospitalization for stroke from 1993 to 1998 as the baseline, the rate decreased from 1993 to 2009 (point estimate = −0.022/100 patient years [95% CI, −0.039, −0.005], P = 0.027). The mean annual incidence rate of hospitalization stroke decreased by 45% from 0.51 per 100 patient years in 1993–1998 to 0.28 per 100 patient years in 1999–2009 (P = 0.008). Total hospital days and charges attributed to stroke also decreased by 45% and 24%, respectively.

Conclusions

After publication of the STOP trial and hydroxyurea licensure in 1998, the incidence of hospitalization for stroke in children with SCD decreased across the United States, suggesting that primary stroke prevention has been effective nationwide, but opportunity for improvement remains. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 823–827. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fatigue response and constitutive behavior modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) unreinforced and nanocomposite fibers using genetic neural networks
Authors: Averett Rodney D. , Realff Mary L. , Jacob Karl
Published: November 2012

The constitutive behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) unreinforced (control) and PET fibers reinforced with 5 wt% vapor‐grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) under uniaxial tension and subsequent to fatigue loading has been evaluated utilizing various analytical models. Two types of fatigue tests were performed: (1) Long cycle fatigue at 50 Hz (glassy fatigue) to evaluate fatigue resistance and (2) fatigue at 5 Hz (rubbery fatigue) to evaluate residual strength performance. The long cycle fatigue results at 50 Hz indicated that the PET‐VGCNF sample exhibited an increased fatigue resistance of almost two orders of magnitude when compared to the PET unreinforced filament. The results of the fatigue tests at 5 Hz indicated that the constitutive response of both the PET control and PET‐VGCNF samples changed subsequent to fatigue loading. The large deformation uniaxial constitutive response of the PET and PET‐VGCNF fibers was modeled utilizing genetic‐algorithm (GA) based training neural networks. The results showed that the large deformation uniaxial tension constitutive behavior of both PET unreinforced and PET‐VGCNF samples with and without prior fatigue can be represented with good accuracy utilizing neural networks trained via genetic‐based backpropagation algorithms, once the appropriate post‐fatigue constitutive behavior is utilized. Experimental data of uniaxial tensile tests and experimental postfatigue constitutive data have been implemented into the networks for adequate training. The fatigue tests were conducted under tension‐tension fatigue conditions with variations in the stress ratio (R), maximum stress (σmax), number of cycles (N), and the residual creep strain (εR). POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteomic snapshot of breast cancer cell cycle: G1/S transition point
Authors: Tenga Milagros J. , Lazar Iulia M.
Published: November 2012

The biological processes that unfold during the G1‐phase of the cell cycle are dependent on extracellular mitogenic factors that signal the cell to enter a state of quiescence, or commit to a cell‐cycle round by passing the restriction point (R‐point) and enter the S‐phase. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells evolved the ability to evade the R‐point and continue through the cell cycle even in the presence of extensive DNA damage or absence of mitogenic signals. The purpose of this study was to perform a quantitative proteomic evaluation of the biological processes that are responsible for driving MCF‐7 breast cancer cells into division even when molecular checkpoints such as the G1/S R‐point are in place. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of the G1 and S cell‐cycle phases were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS to result in the confident identification of more than 2700 proteins. Statistical evaluation of the normalized data resulted in the selection of proteins that displayed twofold or more change in spectral counts in each cell state. Pathway mapping, functional annotation clustering, and protein interaction network analysis revealed that the top‐scoring clusters that could play a role in overriding the G1/S transition point included DNA damage response, chromatin remodeling, transcription/translation regulation, and signaling proteins.
Cannabinoid receptor agonists upregulate and enhance serotonin 2A (5‐HT2A) receptor activity via ERK1/2 signaling
Authors: Franklin Jade M. , Carrasco Gonzalo A.
Published: November 2012

Recent behavioral studies suggest that nonselective agonists of cannabinoid receptors may regulate serotonin 2A (5‐HT2A) receptor neurotransmission. Two cannabinoids receptors are found in brain, CB1 and CB2 receptors, but the molecular mechanism by which cannabinoid receptors would regulate 5‐HT2A receptor neurotransmission remains unknown. Interestingly, we have recently found that certain cannabinoid receptor agonists can specifically upregulate 5‐HT2A receptors. Here, we present experimental evidence that rats treated with a nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonist (CP 55,940, 50 µg/kg, 7 days) showed increases in 5‐HT2A receptor protein levels, 5‐HT2A receptor mRNA levels, and 5‐HT2A receptor‐mediated phospholipase C beta (PLCβ) activity in prefrontal cortex (PFCx). Similar effects were found in neuronal cultured cells treated with CP 55,940 but these effects were prevented by selective CB2, but not selective CB1, receptor antagonists. CB2 receptors couple to the extracellular kinase (ERK) signaling pathway by Gαi/o class of G‐proteins. Noteworthy, GP 1a (selective CB2 receptor agonist) produced a strong upregulation of 5‐HT2A receptor mRNA and protein, an effect that was prevented by selective CB2 receptor antagonists and by an ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD 198306. In summary, our results identified a strong cannabinoid‐induced upregulation of 5‐HT2A receptor signaling in rat PFCx. Our cultured cell studies suggest that selective CB2 receptor agonists upregulate 5‐HT2A receptor signaling by activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Activity of cortical 5‐HT2A receptors has been associated with several physiological functions and neuropsychiatric disorders such as stress response, anxiety and depression, and schizophrenia. Therefore, these results may provide a molecular mechanism by which activation of cannabinoid receptors might be relevant to the pathophysiology of some cognitive and mood disorders in humans. Synapse, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal serum placental growth factor at 11–13 weeks' gestation and fetal cardiac defects
Authors: Llurba E. , Syngelaki A. , Sánchez O. , Carreras E. , Cabero L. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To investigate the relationship between fetal heart defects and maternal serum placental growth factor (PlGF), a marker of placental angiogenesis.

Methods

Maternal serum PlGF, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) at 11–13 weeks' gestation were compared in 68 cases of isolated fetal major heart defects and 340 normal controls. Variables were converted into multiples of the median (MoM) after adjustment for gestational age, maternal age, racial origin, weight, parity and method of conception, and then compared between groups. The cardiac defects included 11 cases of obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), 25 conotruncal abnormalities and 32 valve defects.

Results

The median PlGF‐MoM in the heart defect group was lower than in controls (0.80 (interquartile range (IQR), 0.57–1.08) vs 1.00 (IQR, 0.79–1.32); P < 0.0001). Low PlGF levels were observed in the presence of conotruncal and valve defects but not in the presence of LVOT defects. There was no significant difference between the group with fetal heart defects and controls in PAPP‐A‐MoM (0.95 (IQR, 0.68–1.28) vs 1.01 (IQR, 0.70–1.39); P = 0.292) or UtA‐PI‐MoM (1.01 (IQR, 0.84–1.28) vs 0.99 (IQR, 0.80–1.20); P = 0.396).

Conclusion

In pregnancies with isolated fetal heart defects there is evidence of impaired placental angiogenesis in the absence of impaired placental perfusion and function. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
First‐trimester detection of major cardiac defects with the use of ductus venosus blood flow
Authors: Borrell A. , Grande M. , Bennasar M. , Borobio V. , Jimenez J. M. , Stergiotou I. , Martinez J. M. , Cuckle H.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To assess the best method of combining fetal nuchal translucency (NT) and ductus venosus (DV) blood flow measurements in the detection of major cardiac defects in chromosomally normal fetuses during the first‐trimester scan.

Methods

During an 8‐year period NT and DV blood flow were routinely assessed at 11–14 weeks' gestation. Only chromosomally normal singleton pregnancies were included in the study. When a cardiac defect was suspected, or when increased fetal NT and/or absent or reversed (AR) A‐wave in the DV was observed, early fetal echocardiography was offered. Data on routine second‐ and third‐trimester scans, neonatal follow‐up or postmortem examination were obtained from hospital records. The detection and false‐positive rates for all major cardiac defects were calculated for several screening strategies, including: NT or DV pulsatility index for veins (DV‐PIV) above a fixed normal centile; AR A‐wave; risk based on NT and DV‐PIV or A‐wave velocity above a fixed normal centile; and combinations of these strategies.

Results

The study population included 37 chromosomally normal fetuses with a major cardiac defect and 12 799 unaffected pregnancies. Fetal NT above the 95th or the 99th centile and AR A‐wave was observed in 40, 27 and 39% of the fetuses with major cardiac defects, respectively. A 47% detection rate with a 2.7% false‐positive rate was obtained when AR A‐wave or NT above the 99th centile was used as the selection criterion.

Conclusions

Half of major fetal cardiac defects could be detected in the first trimester if NT and DV Doppler are used to select 2.7% of the general pregnant population for extended fetal echocardiography. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
3D ultrasound and Doppler angiography for evaluation of fetal cardiovascular anomalies
Authors: El Guindi Wael , Dreyfus Michel , Carles Gabriel , Lambert Véronique , Herlicoviez Michel , Benoist Guillaume
Published: November 2012

Objective

To highlight the value of 3D ultrasound in the prenatal assessment of fetal cardiovascular anomalies through offline diagnosis and/or second opinion (e.g. via internet link).

Methods

A retrospective offline analysis of volume datasets of fetuses diagnosed with cardiovascular anomalies by 2D ultrasound was conducted.

Results

Thirty‐three fetuses with 38 cardiac malformations were evaluated. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 26 weeks (range, 20–34 weeks). Isolated cardiovascular malformations were detected in 23 fetuses. Extracardiac abnormalities were identified in 8 fetuses, of which 2 had trisomy 21 and 1 had trisomy 18. One fetus exhibited 22q11 microdeletion. Ten pregnancy terminations were performed.

Conclusion

Offline analysis of cardiovascular anomalies conferred significant diagnostic advantages over 2D ultrasound. 3D ultrasound is invaluable for the prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital heart diseases. It may be used to facilitate scientific cooperation between high‐ and low‐income countries.
Effects of an extended free‐of‐fee strategy on the rate of cervical Papanicolaou smear screening in Israel
Authors: Froimovici Miron , Sulema Vicky , Lurie Samuel
Published: November 2012

Objective

To investigate the influence of an extended free‐of‐fee strategy on the rate of cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening in Israel.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of data obtained from a computer‐generated list of women aged 15–74 years who attended appointments with Clalit Health Services between January 1, 2008, and November 30, 2011, during which Pap smears were taken. The basic strategy allowed a no‐fee Pap smear once every 3 years between the ages of 35 and 54 years; the extended strategy allowed a no‐fee Pap smear once every 3 years between the ages of 25 and 54 years.

Results

In all, 65 565 Pap smears were taken. The mean monthly study population was 161 438 women. The mean monthly Pap smear rate for the basic strategy was 0.64% ± 0.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59–0.68) versus 0.75% ± 0.6% (95% CI, 0.70–0.79) for the extended strategy (P = 0.004). Age group (P < 0.001), Pap smear strategy type (P < 0.001), and combined age group and strategy type (P = 0.028) each predicted the monthly rate of Pap smear screening in a univariate analysis.

Conclusion

Implementation of the extended free‐of‐fee strategy increased the rate of Pap smear screening among Israeli women.
Defining the Clinical Syndrome of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Recursive Specialist Survey Process
Authors: Sandella Danielle E. , Haig Andrew J. , Tomkins‐Lane Christy , Yamakawa Karen S.J.
Published: November 2012

Background

Lumbar spinal stenosis has evolved from an anatomic concept to a poorly defined clinical syndrome. Rules for such a syndrome need to be informed by the experience and beliefs of expert clinicians. The level of certainty is seldom considered in defining criteria for a syndrome.

Objective

To design an innovative online recursive survey technique to seek out information that is valued by specialists and to measure the impact of this evidence on their strength of conviction regarding the diagnosis of spinal stenosis.

Design

Prospective online survey.

Setting

University‐based project.

Participants

American physiatrists recruited by online postings and postcards.

Interventions

A recursive process presented a scenario that allowed clinicians to choose 1 of 10 clinical factors and then asked their level of certainty about diagnosis when that factor is true. Subsequent questions build on that assumption by adding other factors.

Main Outcome Measures

Certainty regarding the diagnosis of clinical lumbar spinal stenosis.

Results

Of a total of 97 participants, 80 completed 3 or more iterations. “Leg pain while walking” (66%), “must sit down or bend” (66%), and “flex forward while walking” (49%) were the most commonly selected questions. “Normal foot pulses” (19%), “back pain” (16%), “leg pain” (15%), “relief with rest” (14%), and “sensory deficits” (12%) were of intermediate value, whereas “problems with balance,” “have fallen recently,” and “the sacroiliac joint is not the main pain generator” were all chosen less than 5% of the time. Statistically significant (P < .05) change in certainty ceased after 6 questions at 86.2% certainty.

Conclusions

A recursive approach to diagnostic certainty is valuable. Within 5 questions, clinicians become almost 90% certain that a person has clinical spinal stenosis. This question set provides one pragmatic clinical criterion for the syndrome of lumbar spinal stenosis.
The Borrower's Tale: A History of Poor Debtors inLochnerEra New York City
Authors: Fleming Anne
Published: November 2012

When asked why he did not read over the loan documents before signing them, John Doherty explained: “I was anxious to get the money, I didn't bother about it.” In February 1910, the twenty-three-year-old railroad clerk walked into the offices of the Chesterkirk Company, a loan-sharking operation with offices in lower Manhattan. He was looking to borrow some money. Repayment was guaranteed by the only security Doherty had to offer: his prospective wages and, in his words, his “reputation.” After a brief investigation of Doherty's creditworthiness, the loan was approved. The office manager placed a cross in lead pencil at the bottom of a lengthy form and Doherty signed where indicated. He received $34.85 in exchange for his promise to repay the loan principal plus $10.15 in combined fees and interest in three months. The interest charged was significantly greater than the 6 percent per year allowed in New York State. Doherty's effective annualized interest rate, including fees, was over 100 percent.
ARROW AND DEBREU DE-HOMOGENIZED
Authors: DÜPPE TILL
Published: November 2012

To this day, the so-called Arrow–Debreu model represents a trademark of rigorous economic research—be it as a benchmark for extending the model, for weakening its assumptions, for structuring data sets, or for providing alternative models. But who should earn the credit? Arrow or Debreu? This essay presents “the making of” Arrow’s and Debreu’s joint article of 1954 as documented in their extensive letter exchange between their first contact in February 1952 and submission in May 1953. I show, pivotally, that Arrow and Debreu did not share the same interest in their work, that they played different roles, and drew different lessons from it. Moreover, neither Arrow nor Debreu can be identified with the way the profession would later refer to the Arrow–Debreu model. To the contrary, both, in their own ways, sought to counter what others perceived as limitations when placing their hopes in the model.
ADAM SMITH ON JUSTICE AND THE NEEDS OF THE POOR
Authors: SALTER JOHN
Published: November 2012

The paper critically discusses some recent contributions to the literature that argue that Smith incorporated the needs of the poor within his account of justice. Three specific claims are examined and rejected: that Smith blurred the traditional distinction between perfect and imperfect rights; that he endorsed the doctrine of the right of necessity; and that he maintained that all people have a natural right to subsistence.
The meaning of love in the debate for legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Australia
Authors: Grossi Renata
Published: November 2012

Love is ever-present in the debate for the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Its importance, however, is often underestimated. I will show in this article that much can be gained by viewing this issue through the analytical lens of romantic love. This analysis will show that romantic love is a contested idea. On the one hand it claims to embody a radical and permissive ideology that is capable of penetrating established social and cultural divides. On the other hand, however, love has been accused of replicating patriarchy, and of being ideologically heteronormative. As such, love is not necessarily the answer needed to win the legal argument for same-sex marriage – not unless we begin a process of redefining love for our times.

They say that the world was built for two

Only worth living if somebody is loving you1
G × E interaction and neurodevelopment I. Focus on maltreatment
Authors: Bellani M. , Nobile M. , Bianchi V. , van Os J. , Brambilla P.
Published: November 2012

In a short series of articles, we will review the evidence for genotype by environment interaction (G × E) in developmental psychopathology. We will focus specifically on the characteristics of types of exposure assessed with respect to both their methods and findings. This article aims to review the studies exploring the effects of child maltreatment on children, adolescents and young adults closer in time to maltreatment experience, in a G × E perspective.
Analyzing the Hidden Curriculum
Authors: Hopman Marit , de Winter Micha , Koops Willem
Published: November 2012

Values play an important part in the childrearing practices of parents, but are hardly a subject of debate in discussions about the youth care system. Also, a reliable research instrument for an investigation of values in this specific field is not readily available. In this article we will present our research design, which will make such an investigation possible. The framework we use is based on an existing theory and model of universal values ( Schwartz, 1992 ). Our adapted framework consists of 39 universal values and can be used for the content analysis of documents. It offers the opportunity for an objective, empirical analysis of values. Next to an elaborate description of this framework, a case study will be presented as an example of how this method can be used.
Assessment of optimally filtered recent geodetic mean dynamic topographies
Authors: Siegismund F.
Published: November 2012

Recent geoids from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite mission (GOCE) contain useful short‐scale information for the construction of a geodetic ocean mean dynamic topography (MDT). The geodetic MDT is obtained from subtracting the geoid from a mean sea surface (MSS) as measured by satellite altimetry. A gainful use of the MDT and an adequate assessment needs an optimal filtering. This is accomplished here by defining a cutoff length scale dmax for the geoid and applying a Gaussian filter with half‐width radius r on the MDT. A series of MDTs (GRACE, GOCE, and combined satellite‐only (GOCO) solutions) is tested, using different sets of filter parameters dmax and r. Optimal global and regional dependent filter parameters are estimated. To find optimal parameters and to assess the resulting MDTs, the geostrophic surface currents induced by the filtered geodetic MDT are compared to corrected near‐surface currents obtained from the Global Drifter Program (GDP). The global optimal cutoff degree and order (d/o) dmax (half‐width radius r of the spatial Gaussian filter) is 160 (1.1°) for GRACE; 180 (1.1–1.2°) for 1st releases of GOCE (time‐ and space‐wise methods) and GOCO models; and 210 (1.0 degree) for 2nd and 3rd releases of GOCE and GOCO models. The cutoff d/o is generally larger (smaller) and the filter length smaller (larger) for regions with strong, small‐scale (slow, broad scale) currents. The smallest deviations from the drifter data are obtained with the GOCO03s geoid model, although deviations of other models are only slightly higher.
Interpretation and downstream correlation of bedrock river terrace treads created from propagating knickpoints
Authors: Finnegan N. J.
Published: November 2012

Derivation of an analytical model for the slope of a strath terrace created following an upstream propagating wave of incision reveals that for detachment‐limited river incision the exponent on channel slope, n, governs terrace tread slope. Terrace elevations can increase upstream (n > 1), downstream (n < 1), or can be horizontal (n = 1). Numerical modeling confirms these results for temporally evolving knickpoint geometries and for incision due to sudden base level fall and an increase in rock uplift rate. Except in the case of bedrock river incision with a slope threshold only exceeded during knickpoint propagation, a terrace created from transient headward incision contains no information about the paleo‐channel gradient. Gradients in rock uplift rate along channels potentially complicate the interpretation of terraces by altering the primary tilt on strath terraces. In particular, monotonic gradients in rock uplift can produce terrace treads that are apparently folded. Because gradients in rock uplift rate are common, where terraces are not longitudinally traceable, care is warranted in terrace correlation. In simple tectonic settings where terraces are longitudinally traceable, the slope of a strath terrace created from headward incision may provide a means of estimating the dependency of river incision rate on channel slope. Terraces in four locations argued to have formed from headward incision are parallel or close to parallel with the active channel, implying a slope exponent on river incision rate that is much greater than one or a threshold slope for incision that is only exceeded during knickpoint propagation.
Solutions of the Boussinesq equation subject to a nonlinear Robin boundary condition
Authors: Moutsopoulos Konstantinos N.
Published: November 2012

Key Points

The non‐linear Boussinesq equation is solved subject to a third kind BC

An adequate non‐linear form of the Robin BC is used

The accuracy of the semi‐analytical solution is checked using numerical results
Critical Closing Pressure Determined with a Model of Cerebrovascular Impedance
Authors: Varsos Georgios V , Richards Hugh , Kasprowicz Magdalena , Budohoski Karol P , Brady Ken M , Reinhard Matthias , Avolio Alberto , Smielewski Peter , Pickard John D , Czosnyka Marek
Published: November 2012

Critical closing pressure (CCP) is the arterial blood pressure (ABP) at which brain vessels collapse and cerebral blood flow (CBF) ceases. Using the concept of impedance to CBF, CCP can be expressed with brain-monitoring parameters: cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), ABP, blood flow velocity (FV), and heart rate. The novel multiparameter method (CCPm) was compared with traditional transcranial Doppler (TCD) calculations of CCP (CCP1). Digital recordings of ABP, intracranial pressure (ICP), and TCD-based FV from previously published studies of 29 New Zealand White rabbits were reanalyzed. Overall, CCP1 and CCPm showed correlation across wide ranges of ABP, ICP, and PaCO2 ( R = 0.93, P < 0.001). Three physiological perturbations were studied: increase in ICP ( n = 29) causing both CCP1 and CCPm to increase ( P < 0.001 for both); reduction of ABP ( n = 10) resulting in decrease of CCP1 ( P = 0.006) and CCPm ( P = 0.002); and controlled increase of PaCO2 ( n = 8) to hypercapnic levels, which decreased CCP1 and CCPm, albeit insignificantly ( P = 0.123 and P = 0.306 respectively), caused by a spontaneous significant increase in ABP ( P = 0.025). Multiparameter mathematical model of critical closing pressure explains the relationship of CCP on brain-monitoring variables, allowing the estimation of CCP during cases such as hypercapnia-induced hyperemia, where traditional calculations, like CCP1, often reach negative non-physiological values.
Synthesis and Self-Assembly of a Peptide - Amphiphile as a Drug Delivery Vehicle
Authors: Son Soo Jung , Brimble Margaret A. , Yang Sunghyun , Harris Paul W. R. , Reddingius Tom , Muir Benjamin W. , Hutt Oliver E. , Waddington Lynne , Guan Jian , Savage G. Paul
Published: November 2012

The formation of functional liposomes by the self assembly of a peptide–amphiphile that comprises the neuroprotective tripeptide motif glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid linked to a hydrophobic moiety is reported. The self-assembled peptide–lipid conjugate displays long range order and can be dispersed as nanometre sized particles.
Lead, antimony and arsenic in dissolved and colloidal fractions from an amended shooting-range soil as characterised by multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration and centrifugation
Authors: Klitzke Sondra , Lang Friederike , Kirby Jason , Lombi Enzo , Hamon Rebecca
Published: November 2012

Environmental context The size of soil colloids is – among other characteristics – crucial for the mobility of associated contaminants. We analysed the effect of liming on the size of colloids mobilised from strongly contaminated shooting-range soils using multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration (MTUF) for the size fractionation of dispersed soil colloids. Our results indicate the high analytical potential of MTUF and show that liming induces the aggregation of colloids, thereby decreasing the mobilisation of colloid-bound Sb and As, but increasing colloidal Pb. Abstract The size and composition of colloids are important factors controlling their relevance as carriers of metal(loid)s in soils. Liming, which is often used to reduce the effect of heavy metal contamination in soil, can alter concentrations and characteristics of colloids in soil suspension. In batch studies, we compared the influence of changing pH and cation valency on the size distribution and composition of dispersed colloids and on the concentrations of Pb, As and Sb associated with colloids and in solution following the addition of Ca(OH)2 and KOH to soil samples from a contaminated-shooting range site. Multi-stage tangential ultrafiltration (MTUF) and centrifugation were used for the size fractionation of colloids in aqueous suspension. An increase in soil pH resulted in an increase in colloid-associated Pb, with much higher concentrations in the KOH than in the Ca(OH)2 treated samples. In contrast colloid-associated Sb and As increased only in the KOH treated samples. Addition of the monovalent K-ion induced the dispersion of small (~9–220 nm) organo(-mineral) colloids, whereas the divalent Ca-ion suppressed their dispersion and led to the formation of larger colloids (220–1200 nm). Whereas centrifugation underestimated contaminants (i.e. Pb) associated with organic colloids (density <2.6 g cm–3) MTUF gave a distorted distribution of inorganic colloids (i.e. needle-shaped sesquioxides).
Expression of nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors in the canine oviduct during the periovulatory period
Authors: Tahir M. Z. , Reynaud K. , Grimard B. , Thoumire S. , Chastant-Maillard S. , Saint-Dizier M.
Published: November 2012

Important reproductive events take place in the canine oviduct in the presence of increasing concentrations of progesterone (P4). To investigate the potential effects of P4 on the canine oviduct, the expression of nuclear (PR) and membrane (PGRMC1 and 2, mPRα, β and γ) P4 receptors was studied by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Oviducts were collected from Beagle bitches after the onset of pro-oestrus and before the LH peak (Pre-LH), after the LH peak and before ovulation (Pre-ov) and on Days 1, 4 and 7 post-ovulation (n = 6 bitches/stage). PR mRNA concentrations decreased from Pre-LH to Day 7 in the ampulla and isthmus, whereas both PGRMC1 and 2 mRNA levels increased over the same period. The main change in mPR expression was an increase in mPRβ and γ mRNAs at Day 7 in the isthmus. Furthermore, PR proteins were expressed in the nuclei of luminal epithelial, stromal and muscular cells, whereas the expression of PGRMCs and mPRs was primarily cytoplasmic and localised in the luminal epithelium. The immunostaining for PR decreased at Day 4 in the stroma and muscle, whereas it remained strong in the epithelium from Pre-LH to Day 7. PGRMC1 staining was strong at Days 4 and 7 whereas PGRMC2 was highly expressed from Pre-ov to Day 7. The most intense immunostaining signals for all three mPRs were observed at Day 7. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that P4 is an important regulator of oviductal functions in the bitch through complementary classical and non-classical P4 pathways.
Optimality and robustness in quorum sensing (QS)-mediated regulation of a costly public good enzyme
Authors: Pai Anand , Tanouchi Yu , You Lingchong
Published: November 2012

Bacteria secrete a variety of public good exoproducts into their environment. These exoproducts are typically produced under the control of quorum sensing (QS), a signaling mechanism by which bacteria sense and respond to changes in their density. QS seems to provide an advantageous strategy to regulate these costly but beneficial exoproducts: it delays production until sufficiently high cell density, when the overall benefit of exoproducts outweighs cost of their production. This notion raises several fundamental questions about QS as a general control strategy adopted by bacteria. How much delay is advantageous? Under what conditions does QS-mediated regulation become advantageous? How does this advantage depend on the kinetic properties of QS? How robust is a given QS system to the stochastic events that occur over bacterial lifecycles? To quantitatively address these questions, we engineered a gene circuit in
Escherichia coli
to control the synthesis and secretion of a costly but beneficial exoenzyme. We show that exoenzyme production is overall advantageous only if initiated at a sufficiently high density. This property sets the potential advantage for QS-mediated regulation when the initial density is low and the growth cycle is sufficiently long compared with the exoenzyme response time. This advantage of QS-mediated regulation is robust to varying initial cell densities and growth durations, and it is particularly striking when bacteria face uncertainty, such as from stochastic dispersal during their lifecycle. We show, however, that, for QS to be optimal, its kinetic properties must be appropriately tuned; this property has implications for antibacterial treatments that target QS.
Arabidopsis
ribosomal proteins control developmental programs through translational regulation of auxin response factors
Authors: Rosado Abel , Li Ruixi , van de Ven Wilhelmina , Hsu Emily , Raikhel Natasha V.
Published: November 2012

Upstream ORFs are elements found in the 5′-leader sequences of specific mRNAs that modulate the translation of downstream ORFs encoding major gene products. In
Arabidopsis
, the translational control of auxin response factors (ARFs) by upstream ORFs has been proposed as a regulatory mechanism required to respond properly to complex auxin-signaling inputs. In this study, we identify and characterize the aberrant auxin responses in specific ribosomal protein mutants in which multiple ARF transcription factors are simultaneously repressed at the translational level. This characteristic lends itself to the use of these mutants as genetic tools to bypass the genetic redundancy among members of the ARF family in
Arabidopsis
. Using this approach, we were able to assign unique functions for ARF2, ARF3, and ARF6 in plant development.
A network of genetic repression and derepression specifies projection fates in the developing neocortex
Authors: Srinivasan Karpagam , Leone Dino P. , Bateson Rosalie K. , Dobreva Gergana , Kohwi Yoshinori , Kohwi-Shigematsu Terumi , Grosschedl Rudolf , McConnell Susan K.
Published: November 2012

Neurons within each layer in the mammalian cortex have stereotypic projections. Four genes—
Fezf2, Ctip2, Tbr1
, and
Satb2
—regulate these projection identities. These genes also interact with each other, and it is unclear how these interactions shape the final projection identity. Here we show, by generating double mutants of
Fezf2, Ctip2
, and
Satb2
, that cortical neurons deploy a complex genetic switch that uses mutual repression to produce subcortical or callosal projections. We discovered that
Tbr1, EphA4
, and
Unc5H3
are critical downstream targets of Satb2 in callosal fate specification. This represents a unique role for
Tbr1
, implicated previously in specifying corticothalamic projections. We further show that Tbr1 expression is dually regulated by
Satb2
and
Ctip2
in layers 2–5. Finally, we show that
Satb2
and
Fezf2
regulate two disease-related genes,
Auts2
(Autistic Susceptibility Gene2) and
Bhlhb5
(mutated in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia), providing a molecular handle to investigate circuit disorders in neurodevelopmental diseases.
Abundance theorem for numerically trivial log canonical divisors of semi-log canonical pairs
Authors: Gongyo Yoshinori
Published: November 2012

We prove the abundance theorem for numerically trivial log canonical divisors of log canonical pairs and semi-log canonical pairs.
Significance of Wheat Flour Particle Size on Sponge Cake Baking Quality
Authors: Choi Hyun‐Wook , Baik Byung‐Kee
Published: November 2012

We evaluated the effect and magnitude of flour particle size on sponge cake (SC) baking quality. Two different sets of wheat flours, including flours of reduced particle size obtained by regrinding and flour fractions of different particle size separated by sieving, were tested for batter properties and SC baking quality. The proportion of small particles (<55 μm) of flour was increased by 11.6–26.9% by regrinding. Despite the increased sodium carbonate solvent retention capacity, which was probably a result of the increased starch damage and particle size reduction, reground flour exhibited little change in density and viscosity of flour‐water batter and produced SC of improved volume by 0.8–15.0%. The volume of SC baked from flour fractions of small (<55 μm), intermediate (55–88 μm), and large (>88 μm) particles of soft and club wheat was in the range of 1,353–1,450, 1,040–1,195, and 955–1,130 mL, respectively. Even with comparable or higher protein content, flour fractions of intermediate particle size produced larger volume of SC than flour fractions of large particle size. The flour fractions of small particle size in soft white and club wheat exhibited lower flour‐water batter density (102.6–105.9 g/100 mL) than did those of large and intermediate particle fractions (105.2–108.2 g/100 mL). The viscosity of flour‐water batter was lowest in flour fractions of small particle size, higher in intermediate particles, and highest in large particles. Flour particle size exerted a considerable influence on batter density and viscosity and subsequently on SC volume and crumb structure. Fine particle size of flour overpowered the negative effects of elevated starch damage, water absorption, and protein content in SC baking.
First Report of Late Blight Caused by Phytophthora infestans Clonal Lineage US-22 on Tomato and Potato in Wisconsin
Authors: Gevens A. J. , Seidl A. C.
Published: November 2012

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato (S. tuberosum) crops are grown on over 67,000 acres (27,114 hectares) in the state of Wisconsin each year. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary, is a potentially devastating oomycete pathogen that sporadically affects tomato and potato crops in the state. Prevention of this disease through prophylactic application of oomycete-specific fungicides can cost producers millions of dollars per year in additional chemical, fuel, and labor expenses. In 2009, late blight was observed on tomato and potato in over 25 Wisconsin counties. The epidemic initiated on tomato in southern WI in early August and progressed northward in the state with additional reports on tomato primarily from home gardens and small farms. Potato late blight was also identified but with limited incidence in central WI, likely due to routine fungicide programs in commercial production. Clonal lineages of P. infestans documented in Wisconsin in previous epidemics included US-1 in the 1970s and US-8 in the mid-1990s. Populations of P. infestans in the U.S. have recently undergone significant genetic changes, resulting in isolates with unique clonal lineages and epidemiological characteristics (1). Symptoms of late blight observed on tomato and potato included water-soaked to dark brown circular lesions with pale green haloes accompanied by signs of pathogen sporulation typically on leaf undersides during periods of high humidity. Isolates of P. infestans were generated from field infected tomato and potato foliar tissues. Axenic, single zoospore derived cultures were generated and maintained on Rye A agar for further characterization. Mycelium was coenocytic with hyphal diameter of 5 to 8 μm (n = 50). Sporangia were limoniform or ovoid, semi- to fully papillate, caducous, had short pedicels, and were 29.6 (h) × 16.8 μm (w) (n = 50). The average length/width ratio was 1.76. Allozyme banding patterns at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) locus indicated a 100/122 profile, consistent with the US-22 clonal lineage (3). Mating type assays confirmed the isolates to be A2 and in vitro mefenoxam sensitivity was observed (4). Restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis of a representative isolate from Wisconsin with the multilocus RG57 sequence and EcoRI produced the DNA pattern indicative of US-22 (2). The P. infestans clonal lineage US-22 was predominant in U.S. epidemics on tomato in 2009. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. infestans clonal lineage US-22 causing late blight on tomato and potato in Wisconsin, USA.

References: (1) K. Deahl. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 100(suppl.):S161, 2010. (2) S. B. Goodwin et al. Curr. Genet. 22:107, 1992. (3) C. H. Hu et al. Plant Dis. 96:1323, 2012. (4) A. C. Seidl et al. Phytopathology 101(suppl.):S246, 2011.
First Report of White Fir Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum f. sp. concoloris) on Durango Fir (Abies durangensis) from Durango, Mexico
Authors: Barraza S. Quiñonez , Mathiasen R. , Gonzalez-Elizondo S.
Published: November 2012

White fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. ex Munz f. sp. concoloris Hawksw. & Wiens, Viscaceae) is a common parasite of grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.) in the Cascade Range and of Sierra white fir (Abies lowiana (Gord. & Glend.) A. Murray) in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (1). It also occurs in isolated populations on Rocky Mountain white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Hildebr.) in Nevada, Utah, and Arizona (1). In addition, there are two widely separated known populations of white fir dwarf mistletoe on Durango fir (Abies durangensis Mart.) from Chihuahua, Mexico (1,2). The southernmost range of these Mexican populations extends to Cerro Mohinora near Guadalupe y Calvo close to the border with Durango and Sinaloa. In July 2012, white fir dwarf mistletoe was found infecting Durango fir on Cerro Gordo, the highest peak in the state of Durango (Latitude: 23° 12′ 37″ N; Longitude: 104° 56″ 23″ W; elevation 3,060 m). Although there are many populations of Durango fir in Durango between Cerro Gordo and Cerro Mohinora, white fir dwarf mistletoe has never been reported from any of those populations (1). More than 70% of the trees were infected in the stand where the mistletoe was observed on Cerro Gordo, but little mortality of Durango fir was observed (4 trees). The infected Durango firs were growing in a mixed conifer forest of Durango fir, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Cooper pine (Pinus cooperi Blanco), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite Ehrenb. ex Schltdl.), Durango pine (Pinus durangensis Mart.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). There were no pure stands of Durango fir in the area. Infection by white fir dwarf mistletoe was only observed on Durango fir and infection was characterized by the formation of witches' brooms and branch swellings. Mistletoe plants collected from Durango fir on Cerro Gordo were identical to white fir dwarf mistletoe plants found on Cerro Mohinora when compared using morphological characters such as plant height (mean approximately 8 cm), plant color (yellow-green, green, green-brown, and rarely red-brown), mean diameter of flowers (2.8 mm), and mean fruit dimensions (5.0 × 3.0 mm) (2). White fir dwarf mistletoe is relatively host-specific and is the only dwarf mistletoe that has been reported to parasitize Durango fir in Mexico (1). Specimens of white fir dwarf mistletoe from Cerro Gordo were collected and deposited at the Hebario (CIIDIR), Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Durango, Mexico (Accession #40190). To our knowledge, this is the first report of white fir dwarf mistletoe from Durango, Mexico, and extends the known southern range of this mistletoe by approximately 370 km (1).

References: (1) F. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 709, 1996. (2) R. Mathiasen. Plant Dis. 94:635, 2010.