bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasticity of the nervous system
Authors: Mills K R
Published: November 2023

Plasticity of the nervous system refers to a flexibility in the strength of connectivity between networks of neurons. The frequency with which the network is accessed influences its responsiveness and output. Plasticity is thus thought to be the mechanism underlying learning and memory (Merzenich and Sameshima 1993). Activity-dependent modulation of cortical topography has been found in many animal models; thus digit removal (Rasmussen 1982), nerve section (Merzenich et al. l983a,b), sensory deaf ferentation (Pons et al. 1991), tactile stimulation (Jenkins et al. 1990) and training in a tactile discrimination task (Recanzone et al. 1992a) have all been shown to modify sensory representation areas. In the visual system, retinal lesions lead to modifications in visual cortex (Kaas et al. 1990; Darian Smith and Gilbert 1994, 1995) and cochlear lesions in the auditory cortex (Rajan et al. 1993). Modulation of primary motor cortex function has been documented after peripheral nerve lesions (Sanes et al. 1988, 1990; Donoghue et al. 1990), nerve transposition (Brinkman et al. 1983), prolonged electrical stimulation (Nudo et al. 1990) and motor skill learning (Jenkins et al. 1994; Kami et al. 1995; Nudo et al. 1996).
Obstetrics A Practical Manual
Authors: Neuberg Roger
Published: November 2023

Obstetrics can be a particularly daunting prospect for those starting out. This book is designed for interns and medical students doing their obstetrics rotations who find that they need a small, practical guide to dealing with the many and varied problems they will face. The chapters are arranged chronologically, starting with early pregnancy. Following chapters chart the course of the pregnancy and labor through to the post-natal visit. Throughout the book, Dr. Neuberg stresses the importance of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and emphasizes the intensive nature of much of the specialty, the potential for sudden problems, and the constant need for vigilance. The text is supplemented by many simple line drawings to aid clarification and numerous check lists to reinforce important points. Obstetrics: A Practical Manual is the ideal book for everybody coming to the field. Its chronological structure means that finding information is quick and easy, the check-lists aid recall, and the text focuses on those aspects of the specialty that the physician on the ward needs in everyday practice. It is not an ‘exam-crammer’ but a well-written and concise guidebook to obstetrics and as such it will find a place in the library of every health worker caring for pregnant women.
Psychopathology in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

Considerable progress in our understanding of mental disorders has taken place over the past few decades. In particular technological advances have come in the fields of functional and structural neuroimaging, pharmacology, and genetics, and important conceptual and experimental progress has been made in cognitive psychology. These, in turn, have increased the potential to unlock the secrets of the biological bases of psychiatric disorders and have encouraged those who aim to understand the interplay between biological substrate and environmental insult in the causation of psychological problems. For example, the combination of cognitive psychology and new developments in functional neuroimaging is beginning to provide valuable insights into how the brain processes information, and how this is altered in individuals with psychological disturbances and/or psychiatric disorder.
The effects of ageing
Authors: Melding Pamela
Published: November 2023

From prehistory to modern times, life expectancy has increased by about 32 years. Before the Common Era, the human lifespan averaged 22 years, by the turn of the twentieth century it averaged 50 years. The twentieth century saw an increase in life expectancy almost equivalent to the previous two millennia. Some people did live to great ages, but they were the exception rather than the norm. Cultures that tradition- ally venerated old people perhaps did so because they were rare, and considered the person who lived to ‘three score and ten’ to have survival strengths worthy of special reverence (Hayflick 1994).
A Geriatrician’s Perspective of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses perspectives of psychiatric consultation, primarily on geriatric wards but also medical and surgical units. In addition, the reverse role is considered, that is, the medical or surgical consultation to psychiatric wards. Issues relating to patients with medical and surgical diseases that increase the probability of psychiatric illness are also explored.
Vascular anatomy of the spine
Authors: Thron A
Published: November 2023

The blood supply to vertebral body, paraspinal muscles, dura, nerve root, and spinal cord is derived from segmental arteries (Fig. 2.1). These vessels persist as intercostal and lumbar arteries in the majority of the thoracolumbar region (Fig. 2.2(a)). Whilst several segments in the upper thoracic region are supplied by the supreme inter- costal artery (Fig. 2.2(b)). Following intrauterine vascular rearrangements, longitudinal arteries are established in the cervical region.
Endovascular techniques
Authors: Sellar R
Published: November 2023

Modern interventional neuroradiology is not as concerned with catheter skills and technical gymnastics as formerly because new equipment has simplified the access to vascular lesions. The emphasis is now on careful analysis of the clinical problem including the angiographic features prior to treatment, safety during procedures, and good long-term outcomes. To achieve these goals the interventionalist must pay attention to detail. This process begins by ensuring that the best tools are available at the start of the procedure and being alert to potential problems during the procedure. In the course of any interventional neuroradiological procedure there will be key moments at which a correct decision has to be made in order to achieve good results. Sometimes these decisions need to be made very quickly. The aim of this chapter is to help the interventionalist to start each procedure properly prepared and to offer some guidance on techniques and decision-making.
Diagnostic and therapeutic percutaneous procedures in the spine
Authors: Ostlere S
Published: November 2023

Percutaneous interventional techniques of the spine are used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools in the management of patients with evidence of nerve root compression or pain related to the spine. Therapeutic tests have been developed with varying degrees of success to provide a low risk alternative to surgery for patients with either disc herniation or discogenic or facet related back pain. Diagnostic tests are usually used preoperatively in determining the site of pathology when imaging gives insufficient or ambiguous information. This chapter summarizes the percutaneous procedures currently employed in the management of patients with symptoms related to the spine. Selected procedures related to each of the disc, facet joints, nerves and vertebral body are discussed. There is no attempt to provide a detailed account of the practical aspects of the techniques as these have been widely published elsewhere (Wilson 1995).
Arteriovenous fistulas of intracranial dural sinuses
Authors: Boccardi E , Ditchfield A , Valvassori L
Published: November 2023

Confusion persists over the term carotid cavernous fistula. It continues to be used in the description of different types of arteriovenous fistulas in the region of the cavernous sinus. A distinction should be drawn between the two main types of fistula at this site to avoid confusion and to emphasize the profound differences in their aetiology, natural his- tory, epidemiology, and treatment. This distinction is fundamental to a discussion of fistulas of the intracranial dural sinuses. A fistula of the cavernous sinus may be a direct arteriovenous fistula, i.e. a true carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), or a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) located in the cavernous region:
Thrombolysis and angioplasty in special situations
Authors: Schumacher M , Schmidt D
Published: November 2023

The term deoppilation means the removal of an obstruction and is thus the opposite of embolization. It can be used for techniques which open vessels, for example to improve or re-establish blood flow. Thrombolysis and angioplasty are two such techniques. They are most commonly applied in the management of ischaemic stroke as discussed in Chapters 14 and 15. In this chapter their use in two special situations—occlusion of the retinal artery and vasospasm of cerebral arteries—will be considered. Both applications employ the standard skills and techniques of the endovascular therapist but because of differences in their clinical presentations and natural histories, they deserve separate consideration. The application, precautions, and efficacy of thrombolysis and angioplasty in these special situations will be discussed in this chapter.
Treatment of thrombosis of intracranial veins and sinuses
Authors: Groden Ch. , Zeumer H
Published: November 2023

Despite more than a century and a half of research into thrombosis of intracranial veins and sinuses, diagnosis and effective treatment remain inadequate. In this chapter we will attempt to provide the reader with an overview of the clinical manifestations, description, diagnosis, and treatment of this important, but unusual, clinical problem. We include a case study to illustrate important new findings.
Critical care in cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Gonzalez N R , Canale A , Viñuela F
Published: November 2023

The development of specialized intensive care units in the last few years has improved the morbidity and mortality rates of patients treated with neuroendovascular and neurosurgical procedures (Knaus et al. 1996; Bertram et al. 1997). Patients with cerebrovascular pathology are at risk of specific complications that require specialized management. Such complications include vasospasm, cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral oedema, intracranial hypertension, seizures, and cerebral ischaemia and infarction. Prompt recognition and successful intervention to prevent and treat these complications is a key component in the overall success of treatment.
Managing anticoagulation and fibrinolytic agents
Authors: Giangrande P
Published: November 2023

Anticoagulants and thrombolytic agents are widely used in many branches of medicine. These agents can be truly life-saving, but there is a narrow therapeutic margin and they can cause serious haemorrhagic complications. Some knowledge of their basic pharmacology is therefore essential for their optimal and safe use in interventional neuroradiology.
Human disease for dentistry
Authors: Fortune Farida
Published: November 2023

Human disease for dentistry will help the dental student to understand the manifestations of human diseases and disorders and the diagnostic services used in their investigations and treatment. Many medical conditions of other systems manifest themselves in the mouth, and dental students are expected to recognize these symptoms as well as to understand the causes and the underlying condition. This book covers these areas specifically for dental students, highlighting the conditions which are most important to the practising dentist. The book will assist the student in recognizing problems in the medical history of patients about to undergo dental treatment and will encourage them to take appropriate action. Written in an innovative style with numerous key points and clinical cases throughout, the book provides the necessary information to provide first rate dental treatment and advice to patients.
Introduction: society, health, and illness
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

part of the overall health service provision and represent one of several facilities in the community that a person might use in order to manage life with a chronic medical condition (see Fig. 1.2). In this view, hospitals and health centres are seen as closely related and interacting parts of an over-all community.
What do we mean by illness?
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

Simply, acute illness is short-term or the short-term stages of an illness; chronic illness is long-term. Many illnesses, such as most infections, are always acute and some, such as Parkinson’s disease, are always chronic. Other conditions can have acute and chronic stages. Many chronic diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, are complicated by periodic acute exacerbations. There is no temporal dividing line between acute and chronic illness, although sometimes, as in the case of pain, an arbitrary one is imposed (3 months). It is probably an attitudinal, rather than a temporal change, in that management of acute illness tends to focus on cause and cure, while management of chronic disease tends to focus on limitation of effects, dealing with these, and maximizing patients’ potential quality of life.
Economic and political influences on health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

Economic factors can influence health in many ways, such as the impact of nutrition, housing, and water supplies. Governments can influence economic factors negatively through taxation of certain commodities and positively through subsidies on other commodities.
Bleeding and clotting
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

The suppleness of the healthy body provides its basic protection against abnormal blood loss. In movement, tissues slide over each other. Strong tendons and ligaments protect joints. Their lubricated surfaces glide over each other. Healthy muscle and bone respond to the stresses and strains of normal exercise. Muscle tone and bulk protect deep structures, including major blood vessels. The vessels themselves, usually lying loose in these protective tissues, are pushed aside easily on all but the most sudden and severe impacts. When a vessel does break a series of events, known collectively as ‘haemostasis’ (literally static or still blood), begins.
How to treat: home therapy, prophylaxis, venepuncture
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

True emergencies are very rare in the bleeding disorders. Because bleeding is persistent rather than profuse, there is usually a delay of two or three hours from the onset of a bleed to its full development. This gives time either to get the person with haemophilia to hospital or to give home therapy. First aid measures apply in exactly the same way as in anyone without haemophilia.

In general all the doctor with haemophilia experience. Home therapy is suitable for joint and muscle bleeds, small injuries and cuts not needing stitches, and nose-bleeds. Open bleeds in people wirh haemophilia A should usually be treated with an anti-fibrinolytic as well. Haemophilia B patients are cautioned about the use of these drugs in conjunction with factor IX concentrates (see p.106).
Coping without treatment: the developing world
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

Whenever I visit haemophilic families in the developing world I am both heartened by their spirit, and dismayed by the way many of them are subjected to misleading information about treatment. It cannot be over-emphasized that clotting factor concentrates are not the primary requirement for effective haemophilia management. Concentrates are always expensive, and often difficult to obtain. They divert both finance and attention from the basic care of many families to the interests of the few who are able to arrange access to them. So whilst it is true that home therapy and major surgical programmes in wealthier countries are now reliant on supplies of potent factor VIII and IX freeze-dried concentrates, it is also true that a good quality of life was enjoyed by many haemophilic families before their widespread introduction in the 1970s. Even today less than 25 per cent of the world’s need for factor VIII is met despite the advent of recombinant products. So what can the majority of people with haemophilia do to help themselves? This chapter is concerned with some ideas for haemophilia health in the developing world.
Keeping healthy
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains background information on a variety of topics important to all those with haemophilia and their families.

Having haemophilia confers no protection against infectious disease. Rather, it raises the possibility of contact with infection, especially hepatitis. Whilst recombinant products have removed this particular worry they remain in short supply, and there is always the possibility of someone with haemophilia having to rely on plasma-derived products if there is a failure in the market, however temporary. So, despite the extremely good recent record of clotting factor concentrate safety, this safety can never be absolutely guaranteed and everyone with haemophilia, and those who help with their treatment, should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. Immunization against these and other diseases provides the growing child with an insurance policy.
Surgery
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

The decision to operate on someone with haemophilia is not an easy one for either the patient or the surgeon. Older patients, who have grown up through the years of inadequate treatment, will be afraid of uncontrollable bleeding. Parents of the younger affected boy may have heard stories of long or difficult spells in hospital following the simplest dental extraction. The surgeon will want to be sure that bleeding can be controlled until the wound has healed properly after the operation.
Interprofessional and multiprofessional education and training in primary care
Authors: Burton Jonathan , Prentice Helen , Weight Tony
Published: November 2023

For many years, interprofessional education for primary care has been an area for pioneers. Suddenly, it has become an activity that is highly desirable and about to become mainstream. In the stampede to ‘go interprofessional’, some careful consideration will be needed. We will all need to understand what has worked in the past, how effective learning activities can be stimulated, and what the limitations of interprofessional education are.
Clinical effectiveness and evidence-based pri1nary care
Authors: Carter Yvonne , Falshaw Maggie
Published: November 2023

In recent years research and development (R&D) have had a high profile in the provision of health care. As a result, clinical effectiveness has become a key topic for primary care practitioners. This chapter examines the development of evidence-based practice and its relationship to primary care and considers the links between health services, research and development, and education and training (Figure 9.1 ).
Fungal and parasitic infections in the renal transplant patient
Authors: Fishman Jay A , Tan Ban-Hock
Published: November 2023

The success of clinical transplantation has been mirrored in the prolonged survival of recipients of organ transplants. Further, the return of allograft recipients to normal activities in the community has enlarged the spectrum of organisms to which these individuals are exposed. Such exposures have contributed to changing patterns of opportunistic infection with a growing variety of uncommon pathogens including fungi, parasites, and viruses that manifest increasing resistance to common antimicrobial therapies.
Control of infection in the renal unit
Authors: Stratton Jon , Macdonald Alan , Farrington Ken
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the current guidelines for infection control and relate this to the renal population. Patients in a renal unit are a unique population because of the combination of their susceptibility to infection, the range of organisms to which they may be exposed (Table 17.1), and the duration of exposure to hospital environments and other renal patients. Infections may be endogenous (arising from the patient’s own flora) or exogenous (acquired from the hospital environment or from other patients by crossinfection, often from the hands of healthcare workers).
Introduction
Authors: Bamforth Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The subject matter of this volume of essays—based on the 2002series of Oxford Amnesty Lectures—is gender, sexuality and human rights. That issues of gender and sexuality fall squarely within the concern of international and national human rights law cannot be doubted. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is, like sex discrimination, now recognized as being prohibited under the prevailing human rights instruments in Western Europe and Canada, as well as under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1 In the USA, measures which discriminate on the basis of sex are open to judicial review under the Fourteenth Amendment’s ‘heightened scrutiny’ standard.2 US law has lagged behind somewhat in relation to sexual orientation, but a major breakthrough has been achieved in the Supreme Court’s rulings that it is contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment to criminalize consensual sex acts between two persons of the same sex, and that laws which are motivated by ‘animus’ towards members of sexual minority groups cannot withstand scrutiny.3 At a deeper level, however, it is less readily apparent how we should understand and categorize human rights violations based on sex and sexual orientation. Are they, for example, two separate types of discriminatory social practice, or should we see them as examples of a common phenomenon? Does their inclusion within the remit of human rights abuses require us to refine what we mean by human rights?
The Precept of Inferiority
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney’s opinion in the Dred Scott case did not reflect a unique perception about African Americans in that era. In 1857 it probably represented the views of the vast majority of whites in American society. Even in 1996, it might be argued that the belief that African Americans are of an “inferior order” is an idea some find difficult to abandon. Admittedly, this is a terrible accusation to make, and one that many people will challenge and find downright insulting.

When the majority of white Americans consider the history of this nation, they are apt to conclude that the blood of the Civil War washed clean the sins of slavery and that the marches of the civil rights movement erased the remaining vestiges of segregation and racial oppression. Others not given to excessive historical introspection believe—almost equally sincerely—that they personally have nothing whatever to do with slavery, segregation, or racial oppression because neither they nor—as far as they know—their ancestors ever enslaved anyone, ever burned a cross in the night in front of any one’s house, or ever denied anyone a seat at the front of a bus.
Limiting The Seeds of Race Hatred
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon
Published: November 2023

In The race sensitive milieu of the United States, it is difficult to present a well-balanced view that fairly notes both the deficits and the strengths of the American judicial process. As Justice John Harlan said in his dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, at times the United States Supreme Court has permitted “the seeds of race hate to. be planted under the sanction of law.” But as a counterbalance, it must also be recognized that at times the Supreme Court has, extracted or destroyed some of the seeds of racial hatred previously planted by those in power.

To discuss only those cases that involved the perpetuation of racism in the American courts would significantly distort one’s over-all view of the American judicial process. There were thousands of cases involving African Americans that were decided fairly. Furthermore, at various times, the federal courts did impose restraints on the state courts regarding issues involving state-imposed racism.
American Values
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

In 1620 Virginians niet in the first constitutional assembly in the New World, the House of Burgesses. The same year the first African slaves were sold in Virginia. Thus, the establishment of democratic government and the establishment of slavery coincided. These facts are emblematic of the way American values tended to develop in sharply opposed directions.
“Free Soil, Free Labor and Free Men”
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Chase’s social life and to some extent his legal business had become secondary to a passion for politics. After the Wilmot debates, antislavery gained in acceptance. The division in the Democratic party and the end of the Mexican American War fueled the movement. Chase now bent every effort to head off any Liberty party nomination for the Presidency in 1848. Most of the eastern leadership except Bailey and Lewis Tappan were insisting on a nomination. Their favorite candidate, if not Birney, was John P. Hale, recently elected to the United States Senate from New Hampshire and one of the few distinct antislavery members of that body. Chase tried to dampen the Hale enthusiasm indirectly. He pointed out to his eastern colleagues that the new senator’s ability to further antislavery goals should not be jeopardized by formal identification with the Liberty party.
Among the Great
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Chase had thought that the Free Soil ticket would make a better showing in Ohio, yet he saw hope both for the cause and for his own future in the close vote between the two major parties.1 If the eleven Free Soilers elected to the legislature voted as a bloc, they would hold the balance of power between the Whigs and the Democrats. But that “if,” as Chase well knew, was a tenuous one. Almost all of the Free Soil vote came from the northeastern counties, the core of Whig strength in the state. The election of Zachary Taylor, a slave-holder and a southerner, had hurt the Whig party in that region. But Lewis Cass and his popular sovereignty theme had not endeared the Democratic party to conscience Whigs either.
No Other Recourse
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Thirteen-year-old Nettie Chase woke earlier than usual on July 22, 1861. It had been raining steadily for some hours and the air was hot and humid. But it was not the sound of the pelting rain that disturbed her sleep, it was the steady rumbling of heavy wagons moving along on Sixth Street, the cries of the drivers, the staccato sound of hundreds of nervous voices. Nettie moved to the window and saw what seemed to her an endless procession of “gloomy-looking vehicles” moving along the muddy, unpaved street. She remembered seeing these same “black curtained, curiously shaped carriages” along with supply wagons and gun batteries passing over the Long Bridge several days earlier. She had been told that they were ambulances. Everyone knew that a great battle was being fought in Virginia, but everyone was confident of victory. Could they be wrong? Nettie wondered. Were the ambulances “not empty now? I felt within a thrill of horror, as I remembered the big army hospital somewhat further down the street.”
Impeachment
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

On February 26, 1868, the Supreme Court adjourned. After Richard Parsons, the new marshall, proclaimed this fact the Justices made their stately way along the east wall of the chamber to the robing room, where they doffed their judicial attire. Here, Daniel Middleton, the clerk of the court, whispered to Chase that Senators Jacob Howard of Michigan and George F. Edmunds of Vermont wished to see him. They were waiting in the Court’s reception room.1 Chase knew both of them well and since they were members of the Senate Select Committee to consider the House Resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson for high crimes and misdemeanors, he assumed that their mission was to consult him on procedures for the trial before the Senate. Two days earlier the House had impeached Johnson. The Constitution provided that the Chief Justice would preside at the trial.2 As they explained to Chase, their committee had been charged to provide rules for the trial. Did the Chief Justice have any suggestions? Chase said that he had “nothing but impressions on the subject for [he] had not considered it, but supposed that he would be a member of the court and as such have a right to vote. . . .” He added that he thought his role would be like that of the Vice President and might be limited to a vote in case of a tie. The operative words here were “right to vote” and “member of the court.” They were not lost on Edmunds, who everybody conceded was a sharp lawyer.
Introduction
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: November 2023

Our thinking about embryos and fetuses has changed dramatically in recent years. Hardly a day passes without newspaper coverage of some new development regarding prenatal life. Most obvious, perhaps, is the de bate over abortion, but we have also been confronted with a host of other issues. Consider just a few. An estranged couple in Tennessee had a legal battle over control of the frozen embryos they had created while married in hopes of having a child. A Florida appeals court upheld the first conviction in the nation of a woman charged with delivering cocaine to her newborn baby through the umbilical cord. In Washington, D.C., a young woman dying of cancer was compelled by a court to undergo a cesarean section in an attempt to save her 26-week old fetus. Both the woman and her fetus died. A federal court of appeals upheld the ‘ ‘ fetal protection policy” of Johnson Controls, Inc., prohibiting women with childbearing capacity from working in high-lead-· exposure positions in its battery division. The Supreme Court reversed, declaring that fetal protection policies discriminate against women and are prohibited by the Civil Rights Act. Doctors in Colorado implanted a small amount of fetal brain tissue obtained from an abortion into the brain of a man suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
The Interest View
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: November 2023

Moral problems typically involve conflicts between par ties. These conflicts often arise because the interests of the individuals clash or cannot be mutually satisfied. For example, smokers’ interest in smoking where they please conflicts with nonsmokers’ interest in not being subjected to smoke. One factor relevant to a moral resolution of such conflicts is the relative importance of interests. Which is a more pressing claim, health or liberty? Equally important is the moral status of the claimants. That is, we need to know which beings count morally.
Beyond Abortion: The Legal Status of the Fetus
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: November 2023

Apart from criminal abortion, the law has been reluctant to accord legal rights to the unborn “except in narrowly defined situations and except when the rights are contin gent upon live birth.” For centuries, the common law has held that a fetus, viable or otherwise, could not be the subject of homicide. Most states continue to follow this common law rule. In 1989, the Supreme Court of North Carolina held that the unlawful, willful, and felonious killing of a viable fetus is not murder under North Carolina law. A Connecticut Superior Court judge reached the same conclusion in 1986. He rejected the first formal request for a murder warrant in the shooting death of a six-month-old fetus, finding that under state law a fetus--even a viable one--is not considered a hu man being. In other areas of the law, however, the fetus appears to have a different status. The majority of jurisdictions allow recovery for the stillbirth of a viable fetus, even though the wrongful-death acts of most states allow recovery only in the death of a “person.” For example, the Supreme Court of Missouri ruled in 1983 that a stillborn fetus is a person within the meaning of the state’s wrongful death statute.
Embryo Research and the New Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie
Published: November 2023

In vitro fertilization (IVF), in which fertilization takes place outside the body, is the core of the new reproductive technologies. The concept of IVF is simple. A ripe human egg is extracted from the ovary shortly before ovulation. Next, the egg is mixed with sperm in a petri dish (hence the term in vitro, meaning “in glass”) so that fertilization can occur. After the fertilized egg has begun to divide, it is transferred to a uterus, normally to the uterus of the egg donor, otherwise to the uterus of a surrogate. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET) may be indicated for women who can produce healthy eggs but who have damaged or diseased fallopian tubes, which prevent the eggs’ passing from the ovary into the uterus. IVF can also help men who have a low sperm count (oligospermia) or low motility, since sperm will not have to travel as far, nor through cervical mucus, if brought together with the egg in a dish. When used in conjunction with a surrogate, IVF/ET can enable a woman who has no uterus to have a child who is genetically related to her.
Technology and Global Strategies and Organizations
Authors: Galbraith Jay R
Published: November 2023

Technology, acting directly and indirectly, is the most powerful shaper of global strategies and organizations today. Gerald Hage identifies 1975 as the year of the beginning of the new competitive era (Hage, 1988). In that year R & D spending increased 6 percent in real dollars over previous years. Every year since then U.S. firms have increased real spending from 4.5 percent to 8 percent per year. Through the compounding effects of percentage increases, the United States in 1988 will spend twice as much in real dollars on R & D than it did in 1975.
Beyond the Clash: Managing High Technology Professionals
Authors: Resnick-West Susan , Von Glinow Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

On January 28, 1986, millions watched as the spaceship Challenger blew up only seconds after take off. Some say the incident was avoidable. Hours before the tragedy, Thiokol project engineers pleaded with authorities to delay the launch. They feared the inevitable, that the cold temperatures would cause the O-rings and joints to malfunction. Much to the nation’ s regret, the engineers were overruled by their management.
Leveraged Buyouts, Corporate Restructuring, and Debt in the 1980s
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, we examined the rise of corporate leverage since 1977 and the changing role of debt in the corporate capital structure. Junk bonds played an important part in these economic trends, providing public corporations with funds that allowed them to outperform their industries in several key performance measures. As corporate debt levels rose, many companies started to view leveraged buyouts (LBOs) as an attractive way to restructure their operations and improve their competitive positioning. While the term leveraged buyout is used in a variety of ways, it generally refers to an acquisition in which the acquiror uses substantial debt (both senior and subordinated) to take a business private or to finance a change of corporate control.
LBO Companies
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

Our statistical analysis in the last chapter provides a sound empirical basis for understanding the overall economic impact of leveraged buyout transactions. However, while market trends and aggregate data are highly instructive, they provide little insight into the specific effects of leveraged buyouts on individual companies. To place LBOs in their proper perspective, we need to remember that each transaction takes place in a specific company. While our data may reveal general patterns, the trends that emerge are the result of individual management decisions, specific corporate strategies, and competitive pressures felt at the firm level.
Wilhelm II And The Germans
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

This striking biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II is the most penetrating study to date of his development and personality, as well as an important contribution to our understanding of the crucial period in history that bears his name, `Wilhelmine Germany'. A skilful, psychoanalytically informed analysis of the Kaiser's character, the book shows how the powerful leader of Germany's `Second Reich' became the slave of public opinion - restless, impulsive, and easily swayed by flattery or by those with stronger wills. It reveals a man both anxiously insecure and brashly arrogant, flamboyant and confident in public, yet vacillating and ineffective in his political decisions. Despite his political ineptitude, however, Wilhelm II was one of the most successful and beloved symbolic leaders of modern times. Professor Kohut argues that, in this nationalistic age, the new German nation wanted to see itself as it saw its Kaiser - strong, self-assured, and surrounded by pomp and splendour.
Improving the Pattern of Technology Transfers and Trade Between the United States and Japan
Authors: Gold Bela
Published: November 2023

To analyze meaningfully past and prospective patterns of technology transfer between the United States and Japan, they must be considered within the larger framework of the international trade adjustments to which they are responsive. Substantial transfers of technology from the United States to Japan after 1950 have been largely replaced since the mid-1970s by large Japanese exports to the United States of industrial products that benefited from the previously imported technologies.
Industrial Buying Behavior in the Peoples Republic of China: The Yin and Yang of Buyer-Seller Relationships in a Centrally Planned Economy
Authors: Johnston Wesley J
Published: November 2023

Since its “reopening” to trade with the West in 1979, the China market has seemed both tantalizing as the largest potential sales opportunity ever available and impenetrable as more and more industrial marketers have failed to realize any of that potential.
Technical Progress in an Input-Output Framework with Special Reference to Japan’s High-Technology Industries
Authors: Shishido Shuntaro , Harada Kiyo , Matsumura Yuji
Published: November 2023

Rapid technical progress in Japan’s manufacturing industries in recent years, especially after the oil price shock in 1973, has attracted much international concern among economists and policymakers. Although technical progress at the macroeconomic level has suffered from a deterioration since 1973, the manufacturing industries have experienced a remarkable annual increase in productivity, especially the high-technology Industries such as robotics, microelectronics, fine chemicals, fine ceramics, and biotechnology. The rise in these new sectors, which have replaced the traditional ones such as steel, petrochemicals, ship building, and heavy electrical appliances, facilitated a rapid structural change during the 1970s that was characterized by a shift from capital-intensive and energy-using sectors to knowledge-intensive and energy-saving sectors.
Explaining Cost Differences Between Germany, Japan, and the United States
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains differences in the unit cost of production between the United States, Japan, and Germany for twenty-five industrial sectors for the period 19601979. My colleagues and I consider the differences in the level of total factor productivity (TFP) and in input price as two major factors generating these differences in the level of unit production costs. We thus break down inter country differences in unit production cost into the differences in TFP and in input price.
Concept Development Effort In Manufacturing
Authors: Ettlie John E
Published: November 2023

The resurgence of intense interest in managing the product development process in manufacturing is but one of many manifestations of the increasing harshness of global competitiveness. New and improved products were once considered to be central to the competitive strategy of firms in just a few, less mature industries. New products are costly to develop and risky to introduce (Wind and Mahajan, 1988). Now all manufacturing industries, as well as many segments of the service, extraction, and agriculture industries seem to be preoccupied with the hows and wherefores of getting to market sooner with products that please customers. But this does not remove the risk or expense. For example, Grabowski and Vernon (1990) found that only the top 30 drugs introduced in the recent history of the pharmaceutical industry actually made enough money to cover mean R&D costs.
Epilogue
Authors: Susman Gerald I
Published: November 2023

This book suggests that companies that depend on superior product development capability for competitive advantage require an exceptional ability to organize, process, and learn from information that is related to product development. Most of the authors in this book argued or implied that the product development process is information intensive; that is, project personnel need to exchange a significant amount of information during the product development process. Several authors relied heavily on information-processing concepts in their analyses.
A Functional Approach to Choosing Remedies
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

One of these statements comes from Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, a leading nineteenth-century treatise. The other comes from the United States Reports for June of 1988. Which is which? And which better describes the current state of the law? The first statement is the recent one, from a dissent by Justice Scalia. Two other justices joined him. But it is not the law. It is not even close to the law. It is merely a spectacular example of the confusion created by one of our archaic “rules” for choosing among remedies. It states an extreme but recognizable version of the traditional understanding, even though it is wildly wrong as a description of what courts do.
The Decline of Logical Positivism
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Modern philosophy of science grew out of a movement called logical positivism, which emerged in the early twentieth century. The movement was highly complex; it should be cautioned that any brief attempt to characterize the movement, such as what follows, cannot do it justice. Logical positivism, a term coined by A. E. Blumberg and Herbert Feigl in 1931, is the name given to the philosophical ideas put forth by a mixed group of academicians who referred to themselves as members of the Vienna Circle, the Wiener Kreis. Logical positivism is not to be confused with the positivism of August Comte (1798–1857) or with logical empiricism, the more mature form of logical positivism that evolved after the Vienna Circle dissolved with the Nazi AnschluB in 1938. Logical empiricism as a school of philosophical thought continues today. The clear distinction made here is not always observed in discussions on logical positivism and empiricism.
Technological Change and the Management of Architectural Knowledge
Authors: Henderson Rebecca M
Published: November 2023

One of the most difficult and important challenges facing many modem organizations is the need to respond to seemingly ceaseless rapid technological change. Developments in computing technology, in new materials, in medicine, biotechnology, and a wide variety of other fields present firms in industries as diverse as banking, food, capital equipment, and packaged consumer goods with both major opportunities and significant threats.
A Labor Leader’s Perspective
Authors: Ephlin Donald
Published: November 2023

Leadership in today’s environment is a very important topic for discussion. Years ago when I served on an air force bomber, I was introduced to the team concept in the truest sense. The pilot had power not because he was the highest ranking person on the plane, but because of his knowledge. But even if the lowest ranking person on the plane had looked out his window, seen one of the engines was on fire, and yelled “Hey, the engines on fire, bail out,” no one would have questioned his rank and waited for someone of higher rank to verify what he had seen. Everyone would simply have bailed out. That is teamwork.
The First Intercollegiate Sport: Crew and the Commercial Spirit
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

More Than A Decade after Oxford and Cambridge engaged in their first intercollegiate crew meet, seven members of the junior class at Yale purchased a four-oared boat in New York City. That 1843 purchase established a tradition in rowing. There was no hint of the commercial spirit which was soon to grip college crew. The expense for the year ‘s rowing was $7.19 for each rower.1 In reality it was more a social activity than a competitive one. Even after three additional boats were purchased by Yale students, a four-oared, an eight-oared, and a log canoe, the first challenge race did not occur until the summer of 1844. The dug-out canoe owners challenged the students with the eight-oared, lapstreak gig to a four-mile race to a lighthouse.
The Americanization of Rugby Football: Mass Plays, Brutality, and Masculinity
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The rugby game, first introduced by McGill to Harvard, became the dominant American college sport by the 1890s. The vast benefits which were believed to accrue to colleges from the growth of foot ball were not without cost. The positive values of developing an image of virility in what was often looked upon as effete college education and increasing the visibility of collegiate life had a re verse side. The negative involved the whole question of academic integrity and the place of organized sport in institutions which were formed to further moral and intellectual qualities. Football, more than any other sport, received the credit and took the brunt of criticism given to college sport. To many it was a cancer because of its brutal side and unethical play; to others it was valued for its promotion of character, virility, and esprit de corps. Football began to represent college sport, and no individual came to represent college sport more than Walter Camp.
Eligibility Rules in a Laissez-Faire Collegiate Scene
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The development of the professional model and its emphasis upon excellence and winning had a dramatic impact upon the recruitment of athletes and the need for eligibility rules. From an early period in American intercollegiate athletic history, there was pressure to bring in athletes with little regard for academic considerations. This, like nearly all other aspects of intercollegiate sport, began un der student control. Recruiting expanded under the professional coach, and as the twentieth century progressed, recruiting and keeping athletes scholastically eligible for athletic competition became a full-time job.
Notes on the lnterlanguage of Comity
Authors: Aston Guy
Published: November 2023

I take it that interlanguage pragmatics is concerned with the means by which goals are (or are not) achieved in contexts of spoken or written discourse where one or more of the participants is a nonnative speaker-what I shall term, for ease of reference, NNS discourse. As well as having descriptive and explanatory objectives-attempting to categorize and account for uses of discourse strategies that contrast qualitatively or quantitatively with those employed in contexts with exclusively native speaker participants (NS discourse)-it may also have pedagogic ones, aiming to facilitate learners’ achievement of their goals in interaction. Whichever objective is primary, we must ask what kinds of goals need to be achieved, and what constraints on their achievement distinguish NNS from NS discourse. In so doing it seems important to consider not just the constraints relevant to the achievement of goals of communicating information but also those relevant to achieving those social goals of interpersonal rapport that dominate much of our everyday talk.