bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pesticide use behavior, cognitive impairment and the model of safety standard of pesticide use among farmworkers in Indonesia
Authors: Ma'rufi Isa , Rif’ah Erwin Nur , Wathon Syubbanul , Ali Khaidar
Published: February 2023

Background: The objective of this study was to identify pesticide residue, and to analyze associations between characteristics and pesticide use behavior with cognitive impairment among farmworkers. Additionally, a model of safety standard of pesticide use was constructed.

Methods: This observational study was conducted in Jember Regency, Indonesia using a cross-sectional design. Cluster random sampling was performed, whereby 500 farmworkers were selected as participants. Characteristics, pesticide use behavior and cognitive impairment data were collected using questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using chi-squared and logistic regression tests, respectively. The model was created by comparative analysis between theoretical concepts and empirical findings.

Results: This study found 10/15 agricultural products contain Chlorpyrifos class of Organochlorin. Based on Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 70% of participants were in the category indicating cognitive impairment. Pesticide use behavior among farmworkers showed that 92.4% of participants were in the favorable category. The chi-squared test presented the significance of the type of commodity and pesticide storage associated with cognitive impairment among farmworkers (p<0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, other commodities (tobacco) (AOR: 0.21 (CI: 0.09–0.46)), pesticide exposure duration (AOR: 0.52 (CI:0.27–0.99)), pesticide dissemination at night (AOR:5.77 (CI:1.12-29.85)) and pesticide storage outdoors (AOR: 1.81 (CI:1.13–2.90)) were associated with cognitive impairment (p<0.05). The model of safety standard of pesticide use is constructed by four variables: farmworker behavior, personal protection equipment (PPE) utilization, implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principal, and waste control.

Conclusions: High numbers of agricultural products still contain pesticide residue. Although, pesticide use behavior was mainly within the favorable category, there were issues with excessive dose use, pesticide storage and disseminating time. The combination of favorable farmworker behavior, PPE utilization, implementing IPM principal, and waste control may protect farmworkers during pesticide use. The Agriculture District Office should conduct training workshops to farmworkers and provide waste management systems.
Immigrants, health, and the impact of COVID-19: A narrative review
Authors: Angawi Khadijah
Published: February 2023

While the COVID-19 pandemic has gravely challenged health systems globally, countries that host a large number of refugees are finding themselves even more burdened as providing preventive and curative services to refugees has proved to be a challenging task. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the impact COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants, and seek to understand how COVID-19 affects provision of health services, access to health care and the socioeconomic situation. Like any other health challenge, COVID-19 has also left migrants susceptible to adverse outcomes, both directly and indirectly. Several factors limit their ability to avoid infections, access healthcare, and cope with socio-psychological impacts. In addition, undocumented immigrants or people living on short-term visit visas do not have full access to healthcare services in most countries. It is evident that COVID-19 has also influenced these workers leaving them jobless or receiving low wages or no pay, hence, this has hugely impacted the remittance and economic situation in their country. Extending access to healthcare to the entire immigrant population, irrespective of their legal status, is the cornerstone of an effective response to counter the COVID-19 pandemic.
Real estate valuation
Authors: Varlamov Anatoliy , Komarov Stanislav
Published: February 2023

The textbook is devoted to the issues of determining the market, investment, liquidation and cadastral value of real estate. Theoretical provisions are accompanied by examples from practical activities.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in bachelor's and master's degree courses on 21.03.02 and 21.04.02 "Land management and cadastres", as well as anyone interested in appraisal activities.
Economic theory: elements of institutional analysis
Authors: Pischulov Viktor , Popov E.V. , Semenenko V.V.
Published: February 2023

The textbook is devoted to topical problems of the theory of economic science, including macro- and microeconomics, as well as regional economics. Comprehensive coverage was given to issues related to the theory of finance and accounting.
The textbook complies with the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and includes educational and methodological material for students of all forms of education in the field of preparation 38.03.01 "Economics" (bachelor's degree) of various profiles. The disciplines studied in this direction reveal the features of the models used in the course of economic theory.
It is intended for undergraduate students studying courses in economic theory and finance. It may be useful for practitioners whose activities to some extent require knowledge of the basic institutional features of the functioning of geographically organized markets of different countries.
The role of the retinoids in topical treatment of skin diseases - the review of the literature
Authors: Szczuraszek Paulina , Szczuraszek Hugo , Sałata Piotr , Paluch Michał , Tomkiewicz Michał , Tomkiewicz Julia , Żuchnik Magda , Licak Gabriela , Bętkowska Paulina , Rybkowska Agnieszka
Published: February 2023

INTRODUCTION:
Retinoids are a broad group of natural and synthetic compounds derived from vitamin A. Many studies have shown strong anti-aging effects, and they have also been shown to have therapeutic effects on acne vulgaris or psoriasis.
Vitamin A and its derivatives make the skin more elastic and smooth, cause a decrease in fine wrinkles and cause an increase in fibroblast activity and collagen fiber production. 
Retinoid compounds regulate biological processes of the skin such as immune processes, angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation. 
 
THE AIM OF STUDY: 
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of retinoids and the use of the substances in skin diseases.
 
MATERIALS AND METHOD: 
Literature review of PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct and evaluation of available randomized controlled trials using retinoids in terms of treatment effectiveness in terms of skin quality, anti-aging benefits use in dermatology.
 
CONCLUSIONS: 
Vitamin A and its derivatives plays an important role in anty-aging prevention and treatment of skin diseases, such as acne vulgaris, psoriasis and photo-aging. There are still many ongoing studies and not known opportunities of its use to treat other skin diseases that we should be aware of and keep track of new papers that indicate such.
Microbial alterations of oral cavity and their association with Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Radziejowska Zuzanna , Bielak Alicja , Gryta Jakub , Iwan Karolina , Janczewska Martyna , Kalicka Maria , Krysa Tomasz , Kolasa Agata , Szklarz Magdalena
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Pancreatic Cancer (PC), while relatively infrequent, remains one of the deadliest cancers as a result of late diagnosis and absence of preventive measures. Over 50 % of patients diagnosed with PC already suffer metastasis. Combined with lack of effective treatment, the need arises for universal biomarkers specific to PC. In the last decades the importance of human microbiota in its upholding of the body homeostasis has been under radar, in special regards to its association to cancer. Several species of oral microbiome have been linked to increased or decreased risk of developing pancreatic cancer, most notably P.gingivalis and Fusobacteria.
 
Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to collect and summarize existing evidence on connection of oral microbiome and pancreatic cancer, as well as to assess their potential use in diagnostics of PC .
 
Material and method: Literature review was performed, in English databases, using keywords : cancer, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer prevention, oral microbiome, microbe variation, microbial biomarkers.
 
Results and conclusions: In our systematic review, evident differences between microbial architecture of PC patients and healthy individuals were observed. The data on association between microbiota and risk of developing cancer is limited, however it still provides evidence for relationship between microbial composition and incidence of pancreatic cancer.
Influence of excessive body weight on cancer development and prognosis
Authors: Bielak Alicja , Gryta Jakub , Iwan Karolina , Janczewska Martyna , Kalicka Maria , Krysa Tomasz , Kolasa Agata , Radziejowska Zuzanna , Szklarz Magdalena , Kutermankiewicz Jan
Published: February 2023

Introduction and purpose

According to the WHO, overweight and obesity are defined as excessive or abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue, leading to deterioration of health. Excessive body weight is a constantly growing public health problem that has reached the scale of a pandemic. Currently, there is ample evidence that excess body weight increases the risk of developing cancer and worsens the prognosis. The aim of this review is to analyze the impact of overweight and obesity on cancer development and prognosis, and to elucidate pathogenesis.

State of knowledge 

Based on the current state of knowledge in epidemiology, it is estimated that approximately 20% of all malignancies are related to excessive body weight. So far, there is sufficient evidence to support an association between excess body fat and 13 out of 24 cancer sites: esophagus, gastric cardia, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, ovary, kidney, meningioma, thyroid and multiple myeloma. Adipose tissue cells produce growth factors, hormones and cytokines that can interfere with the regulation of cell growth and survival. Excess adipose tissue leads to systemic chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, increase in sex hormones,  increase in leptin levels and a decrease in adiponectin levels. This leads to DNA defects, stimulation of angiogenesis, cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis, and thus promotes the development of cancer. In addition, studies have estimated that excess body weight is responsible for 14% of cancer deaths in men and 20% in women.

Conclusions

Due to the increasing problem of obesity and cancer worldwide and the proven causal relationship between these diseases, it is necessary to intensify nutrition education and promote a healthy lifestyle in order to minimize excessive body weight, and thus reduce the incidence of cancer.
Wojna, wojna, wojna! Fragmenty
Authors: Wyrwich Mateusz
Published: February 2023

Książka powstała przy wykorzystaniu hasłowych zapisków kodowanych przeze mnie w kalendarzu z okresu stanu wojennego, obejmujących przede wszystkim lata 1981-1982. Sięgających roku 1989, choć bardzo fragmentarycznych. Dziś odczytanych. Prostych, wydawać by się mogło, dla Służby Bezpieczeństwa i raczej mało komunikatywnych. Jednak, na szczęście, nigdy przez nią nieweryfikowanych, a dla mnie całkowicie zrozumiałych. Na przykład pod hasłem „Stefan” zapisywałem obecność w redakcji „Tygodnika Solidarność” na ulicy Batorego. „Wyjazd do Ostrołęki” to spotkania z Markiem Bemem, który był szefem kolportażu w „Tygodniku Wojennym”, jak i w „Samorządnej Rzeczpospolitej”. A wspomniana miejscowość to słynna bitwa z 1831 roku, w której Józef Bem odegrał niebagatelną rolę podczas powstania listopadowego. Kolejna postać to Antonio Salieri. Nauczyciel kompozycji Franca Szuberta. Pod tym pseudonimem umieszczałem spotkania z Piotrem Szubertem, pierwszym szefem kolportażu „Tygodnika Wojennego”. A nasze rozmowy z jego żoną Anią, zwaną Anicą, notowaliśmy jako „jego żona”. Podczas spotkań z Henrykiem Wujcem używałem terminu „Wyjazd do Zamościa”. Henryk w czasie wojny był „dzieckiem Zamojszczyzny”. Fragment Wprowadzenia
Nacjonalizm świecki w Polsce
Authors: Stachniuk Jan
Published: February 2023

Jan Stachniuk reprezentował w Polsce typ nacjonalizmu świeckiego, który stał w głębokiej opozycji w stosunku do młodej generacji obozu narodowego ideowo wyartykułowanej po wydaniu przez Romana Dmowskiego w 1927 roku głośnego manifestu światopoglądowego, jakim była jedna z broszur programowych dla powstałego rok wcześniej Obozu Wielkiej Polski pt. Kościół, Naród i Państwo. Głównym postulatem Stachniuka była lekceważona przez narodowców industrializacja Polski oparta na fundamencie nowej mentalności Polaka, zwróconej w kierunku dynamicznego opanowywania sił przyrody i budowania potencjału zdolnego do przeciwstawiania się przede wszystkim Niemcom. Słusznie przewidywał, że po wojnie „Niemcy znów wstaną z kolan i staną się groźni”. Na marginesie rozważań o filozofii cywilizacji i gospodarce, które były głównym przedmiotem jego zainteresowań, zarysował on także system władzy konieczny do realizacji wyartykułowanych przez niego wizji. Problem ten stanowi zasadniczą treść niniejszej książki. Stachniuk jako krytyk praktyk powojennej władzy w Polsce został skazany na długoletnie więzienie i zniszczony przez komunizm.
Asthma in children - current recommendations and education options for nurses
Authors: Bodajko-Grochowska Anna , Bednarek Anna , Markut-Miotła Ewa
Published: February 2023

Introduction. Poland’s accession to the European Union led to huge alterations in the way the professions of a nurse or midwife are being perceived. Such changes were obligatory, since the Polish legal regulations should have complied with those issued by the EC. Nurses are expected to permanently upgrade their skills as well as keep their general and occupational knowledge up to date. Possessing both professional and interpersonal skills is particularly important for providing care to a chronically ill child. The most crucial activities performed by nurses/midwives include educational and preventive actions, since they play a great role in the therapeutic process of a pediatric patient.
Aim. The aim of the article was to describe the current knowledge and recommendations of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the most common chronic diseases in children, such as asthma. The study also discusses available forms of nursing care provided to children with asthma.
The attitudes of parents towards children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Zych Beata Ewa , Cepuch Grażyna
Published: February 2023

Introduction. Cerebral palsy (CP) can be regarded as a complex group of disorders, as well as a diagnostic, therapeutic and social issue which may influence the occurrence of abnormal parental attitude that deranges child development.
Aim. Obtaining the knowledge about parents’ attitudes toward children with cerebral palsy and the factors which may be related to their development.
Material and methods. 71 parents of children with CP . The authors used two questionnaires assessing the parents’ attitudes – one questionnaire prepared by M. Ziemska and the other prepared by the authors . The statistical analysis was performed using Chi-squared test, Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Results. The majority of parents have abnormal parental attitude towards their children. In the helplessness scale, irrespective of age of the child, parents scored moderate rating – for children 4-6y.o. 6.08 ± 2.47; 7-12 y.o. 5.56 ± 2.92; >12y.o. 6.00 ±1.00 – all with p<0.05. The statistically significant relationship between the age of a child and fathers’ dominating attitude in children over 12 y.o. was confirmed (over 8.33 in sten score).
Conclusion. Fathers might start to feel helpless, since they are mostly responsible for providing the family with money, while it is the mothers that spend most of the time with children. The increase of domination attitude along with parents’ age can be caused by long-term care giving exhaustion.
The professional and social position of nurse officers in Prison Service and the determining factors
Authors: Cebulska Violetta , Koźlak Violetta , Pollok Anetta , Jachimowicz Violetta , Koźlak Robert
Published: February 2023

Aim. The goal of the study was to assess the professional and social position of nurse officer in Prison Service and the determining factors.

Material and Methodology. The authors of the research used a diagnostic survey with the use of a questionnaire within the group of 146 nurse officers from all over the country, who took part in trainings organised by The Central Prison Service Training Facility

in Kalisz. The analysis of gathered research data was conducted with the use of Pearson’s linear correlation method.

Results. The study showed that Prison Service nurse officers had quite a high opinion about their professional and social position. The majority of those surveyed derive huge satisfaction from their work. Respondents assessing the social position of the nursing profession in Prison Service give it a medium-high status. Respondents also appreciate the importance of training and continuing education to increase their social and professional position.

Conclusion. The research results allowed for concluding that the work of a nurse officer in Prison Service is rewarding and gives satisfaction. The factors affecting the satisfaction mainly includes: job security, high wages, the possibility of promotion and

professional development. Another factor strengthening the position of professional nurse officers in Prison Service is professionalism and the social position is highly influenced by professional reliability. Professional development has the influence on the level of theoretical and practical knowledge, which results in an increase of professional competence.
A comparative analysis of the progress of e-learning education of nursing students in the field of Reliability in scientific research. E-learning education
Authors: Panczyk Mariusz , Woynarowska-Sołdan Magdalena , Belowska Jarosława , Zarzeka Aleksander , Gotlib Joanna
Published: February 2023

Aim. A comparative analysis of two methods of organising e-courses designed for students of nursing and conducted throughout 2012/13 and 2013/14 at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW) within the framework of education in “Reliability in scientific research”.

Material and Methodology. A group of 285 students of the 1st degree course at the Nursing Faculty, including 141 subjects from the academic year 2012/13 and 144 from 2013/14. Data from reliability reports were analysed comparatively as well as the scored results that represented the assessment results for the solved tasks prepared in the form of Short Answer Questions (SAQs) or tests generated automatically (Multiple-Choice Questions, MCQs).

Results. Students who passed the e-course in SAQ format, spent a considerable longer amount of time on the MoodleTM platform (229.1 ± 122.23 minutes, academic year of 2012/13) than the students who passed the e-course taking MCQs (175.3 ± 93.38 minutes, academic year 2013/14) (U Mann-Whitney test = 7298.0, P = 0.0002). Moreover, the activities of students in consecutive months of the academic year 2012/13 were similar to the activities of the academic year 2013/14. Reliability evaluation of the pool of test questions points to a high degree of internal consistency of the exam set (α-Cronbach = 0.93, standard error = 0.12).

Conclusion. Applying an MCQ e-test ensured a reliable evaluation of the students’ progress. The final MCQ type of the test with the set time limit increases the reliability of educational measurement. Regardless of the applied system of organising e-courses, lack of systematic work on part of the students presented the greatest problem throughout the whole term.
Sleep disturbances in nurses enrolled in part-time studies
Authors: Tomaszek Lucyna , Cepuch Grażyna , Fugie Beata
Published: February 2023

Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders among nurses enrolled in part-time studies and to identify the key factors affecting the sleep quality.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on part-time student-nurses majoring in nursing. Sleep disorders were described using the Athens Insomnia Scale and the FIRST scale, as well as the author’s questionnaire. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney U tests, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and appropriate post-hoc tests. A significance criterion of P<0.05 was used throughout the study.

Results. Sleep disorders were found in most student nurses – almost a half of them were at-risk of insomnia due to inadequate sleep hygiene. The main factors affecting sleep included nurses’ anxiety about their academic performance, stress, workload and shift work. Lack of sleep affected work performance the following day, leading to fatigue, increased daytime sleepiness, deterioration of concentration and irritability.

Conclusion. Some individuals may not be aware about the relationship between one’s lifestyle and sleep quality which contributes to poor sleep quality and deteriorates one’s functioning during the day. In turn, this may lead to lower nursing care quality and it may also put additional strain on home chores.
Em busca do bem-estar perdido: mobilidade, contra-urbanização e sensibilidades contemporâneas
Authors: Cajarville Daniel
Published: February 2023

A partir de novas ondas migratórias à procura de afastar-se do estilo de vida das grandes urbes, este artigo ensaístico explora as motivações de tais mobilidades em um contexto do capitalismo tardio. Discorre-se sobre as emoções em jogo perante as ditas escolhas, a formação social das mesmas e suas potenciais consequências práticas. A discussão teórica aqui formulada aspira a contribuir para a reflexão sobre as sensibilidades do século XXI para as camadas médias e altas cosmopolitas.
Ventres livres? Pensando sobre cesariana, violência obstétrica e histerectomia no horizonte da justiça reprodutiva
Authors: Acácia Tempesta Giovana , Lemos Cavalcanti Clarissa , Luciano de França Ruhana
Published: February 2023

O diálogo entre ciências sociais e ciências da saúde vem produzindo reflexões interessantes a respeito das experiências reprodutivas em diferentes contextos sociais. Várias pesquisadoras demonstraram que essas experiências são influenciadas por matrizes de opressão historicamente constituídas e têm conexão direta com as taxas nacionais de morbidade e mortalidade materna e infantil, as quais evidenciam a perpetuação de hierarquias reprodutivas racializadas, resultantes do processo colonial.  Neste artigo, propomo-nos a realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre aportes das ciências sociais e dos estudos interseccionais e decoloniais que podem contribuir para aprofundar o debate crítico sobre a apropriação biomédica do ciclo reprodutivo das mulheres, focalizando as duas cirurgias ginecológicas mais realizadas no Brasil, a saber, a cesariana e a histerectomia (remoção do útero), bem como a problemática da violência obstétrica. A presente reflexão se desenrola no horizonte político-epistemológico da justiça reprodutiva, fundamenta-se no conceito de racismo estrutural e aposta na educação perinatal crítica como via estratégica para a superação das iniquidades no campo da reprodução.
Diversity of edible canna (Canna edulis Ker.) in Surakarta region based on the morphological characters and isozym band pattern.
Authors: ASHARY SANTI SILFIANA , ETIKAWATI NITA , SURATMAN SURATMAN
Published: February 2023

Ashary SS, Etikawati N, Suratman. 2016. Diversity of edible canna (Canna edulis Ker.) in Surakarta region based on the morphological characters and isozym band pattern. Bioteknologi 13: 18-33. The aim of the research is to study the diversity and relationship of Edible Canna in Surakarta region based on the morphological characters and isozym band pattern. This research included morphological observation of Edible Canna and electrophoresis of the rhizomes to get isozym band pattern. Edible Cannaâ€™s fresh rhizomes were extracted with extract buffer and then centrifuged at 13000 rpm during 20 minutes. Supernatan and loading dye were mixed and then electrophored with poliacrilamide gel. The morphological characters and isozym band pattern were analysed using Similarity Index (SI) and computed with Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYS) program 2.0 version until get the dendogram. From the research, it can be concluded that there were diversity of Edible Canna based on the morphological characters and isozym band pattern. The diversity of morphological ganyong included the colour and size of Edible Cannaâ€™s organs. The diversity of isozym band pattern included emergence and thickness of band. Based on the morphological characters and isozym band pattern, Edible Canna from Wonogiri and ganyong from Sukoharjo have the closest relationship with similarity coefficient 48%, whereas the farthest was the relationship of C. hybrida with the others at similarity coefficient of 11.57%.
Independent Intensity-Modulation and Phase-Modulation Microscope Images Using Phase-Conjugate Illumination
Authors: Brody Philip S. , Garvin Charles , Shentu Lian , Gillman Arthur
Published: February 2023

The laser holographic microscope (LHM) uses phase-conjugate illumination from a photorefractive hologram to transilluminate subjects. We use the LHM to generate both intensity- and phase-modulation images. In this paper we also show that the distorting effects of an aberrating medium, for intensity-modulation images, can be reduced using the LHM.
Transillumination Imaging of Tissue by Phase Modulation Techniques
Authors: Kaschke M. , Jess H. , Gaida G. , Kaltenbach J.-M. , Wrobel W.
Published: February 2023

Optical imaging through human tissue to determine interior structure
and functional status has broad potential applications in many fields
of medicine, just to name early cancer diagnosis of breast and scrotum
or brain imaging. Images for medical diagnosis in these areas can be
obtained using a number of existing techniques1. However,
most of these techniques suffer from the fact that they are either
invasive by utilizing ionizing radiation or they are implemented
largely by non-portable, costly devices. Even more important, the
images obtained by these methods almost exclusively reveal static,
morphological information about the biological object, i.e. they give
no indication about the functional status or the functional dynamics
of the tissue under investigation.
Spatial Frequency Imaging Through Random Scattering Media
Authors: Dolne J. J. , Yoo K. M. , Liu F. , Alfano R. R.
Published: February 2023

Shadow images of objects hidden behind random intralipid solutions were significantly improved using a Fourier spatial filter system and NIR laser wavelengths of 670 nm, 830 nm, and 1300 nm in the therapeutic window. The decrease in scattering and the increase in absorption of these media were found to improve the image quality at longer wavelengths.
Source Estimation in Inverse Radiative Transfer Problems
Authors: McCormick N.J.
Published: February 2023

An inverse diffusion algorithm is proposed for estimating the spatial dependence of a fluorescent source from time-independent, directionally-integrated radiance measurements outside a medium.
Spatial Resolution in Time-Gated Transillumination of Turbid Media
Authors: Papaioannou D. G. , ‘t Hooft G. W.
Published: February 2023

The performance of two different time-resolved transillumination approaches applied to turbid media is compared on the basis of the resulting spatial resolution; a photon counting set-up with a time resolution of 35 ps, and a streak camera arrangement with a 6 ps time resolution. In the case of a substantial relative amount of unscattered light, it is found that small detection angles improve spatial resolution irrespective of temporal resolution. For large concentration of scatterers and large sample thicknesses, i.e. when the amount of unscattered light is negligible, it is observed that the spatial resolution is improved by increasing the time resolution. Moreover, the time gate position corresponding to best spatial resolution is found to be at later times than the minimum transit time.
Photon Paths in Turbid Media: Theory and Experimental Observation
Authors: Perelman L. T. , Wu J. , Itzkan I. , Wang Y. , Dasari R. , Feld M. S.
Published: February 2023

We present a new approach to the problem of light propagation in turbid media based on the path integral formalism. The theory and experiments show that photons traveling in turbid media follow well-defined time-resolved path.
Early Arriving Transmitted Photon Intensity through Tissues
Authors: Liu Feng , Yoo K. M. , Alfano R. R.
Published: February 2023

The intensity of transmitted ultrashort laser pulses through thick biological tissue within various arriving time windows were studied. It was found that intensity of the early arriving photons decay exponentially with a factor ≈z/l
t
, which decay much slower than the first arriving ballistic photons (z/l
s
), where z, l
t
, and l
s
is thickness, transport mean free path, and scattering mean length of the medium, respectively. This results show that by using near infrared ultrashort laser pulses there may be enough early arriving photons to be used to image through a thick tissue.
Optical Vortices in Random Wavefields
Authors: Freund Issac
Published: February 2023

Vortices (topological phase singularities), which may be either positive or negative
in sign, are found in many different types of optical fields. On every zero crossing of the real or
imaginary part of the wavefield, adjacent vortices must be of opposite sign. This
new "sign principle", which is unaffected by boundaries, leads to the surprising results that for a
given set of zero crossings: (i) fixing the sign of any given vortex automatically
fixes the signs of all other vortices in the wavefield, (ii) the sign of the
first vortex created during the evolution of a wavefield determines the signs of
all subsequent vortices, and (iii) the sign of this first vortex places additional
strong constraints on the future development of the wavefunction. The sign
principle also constrains how contours of equal phase thread through the wavefield from one vortex
to another.

Amplitude topological (AT) singularities are defined (for the first time) in terms
of the gradient of the field amplitude. Such singularities correspond to stationary points of the
amplitude and are located at the intersections of the zero crossings of the x- and y-partial
derivatives of the amplitude. Amplitude maxima and minima are positive AT
singularities and saddle points are negative AT singularities. The sign principle
implies that adjacent AT singularities on any given zero crossing must be of
opposite sign, that in an unbounded wavefield the total number of maxima and minima must equal the
number of saddle points, that in free space stationary points of the amplitude must
first appear as positive-negative AT singularity twins, and that there must exist strong
correlations between neighboring maxima, minima and saddle points.

The numerous, far reaching implications of the sign principle have been verified using a computer
simulation that generates a random Gaussian wavefield.
Experimental Evidence for Loop-Type Photon Trajectories in Random Media with Strong Disorder
Authors: van Albada Meint P. , Wiersma Deiderik S. , Lagendijk Ad
Published: February 2023

Strongly scattering media exhibit weak–localization enhancement factors below two in de helicity preserving channel. An explanation in terms of loop–type light paths is given.
Real-Time Three-Dimensional Imaging Through Turbid Media Using Photorefractive Holography
Authors: Jones R. , Hyde S.C.W. , Lynn M.J. , Barry N.P. , Dainty J.C. , French P.M.W. , Kwolek K. M. , Nolte D. D. , Melloch M. R.
Published: February 2023

We describe the use of holography using bulk photorefractive crystals and multiple quantum well devices in the near infra-red to record three dimensional images through turbid media for biomedical and other applications.
A Noninvasive Optical Topography Measurement System
Authors: Yamashita Yuichi , Maki Atsushi , Koizumi Hideaki
Published: February 2023

The developed system noninvasively measures topographic images inside tissue by using near-infrared light. Nine incident and four detecting optical fibers are arranged alternately at square lattice points on the subject. Incident light is optically demultiplexed and connected to one of the incident fibers. Light reflected from the subject is received by the detecting fibers, each of which is connected to a photo-diode. The photo-diode outputs are multiplexed. Sixteen combinations of neighboring incident- and detecting-fibers are selected sequentially. Evaluation of system performance by using a phantom containing an absorber localized in a scattering medium showed that this system can topographically detect brain activity in the cerebral cortex.
Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor activity using noninvasive optical topography
Authors: Maki Atsushi , Yamashita Yuichi , Ito Yoshitoshi , Watanabe Eiju , Koizumi Hideaki
Published: February 2023

To noninvasively observe the spatiotemporal hemodynamic changes in the cortex that are associated with human cortical activity, we have recently proposed a novel cortical imaging method: noninvasive optical topography (OT). Using OT, which is based on spectroscopic reflection measurement of near-infrared light, we can visualize the changes in the oxygenation states of the cortex. By simulating regional absorption changes in a highly scattering medium using Monte Carlo method, we have determined that linear-signal processing can be used for OT. Furthermore, we have developed a 12-channel OT system and measured the hemodynamic changes around the central sulcus induced by finger movement. The changes caused by contralateral (right) finger movement were found to be significantly different than those due to ipsilateral (left) finger movement.
Emerging Optical Biomedical Imaging Techniques
Authors: Gayen S.K. , Alfano R.R.
Published: February 2023

Researchers in optical biomedical imaging are pursuing a dream that someday soon they will develop noninvasive modalities enabling doctors to peer inside the human body by shining light. By analyzing how light interacts with tissues, these “optical body scanners” would help doctors diagnose lesions such as tumors in the breast, and would determine whether a tumor is malignant or benign.
Breast Cancer Diagnostics by Laser Opto-Acoustic Tomography
Authors: Oraevsky Alexander A. , Esenaliev Rinat O. , Jacques Steven L. , Tittel Frank K. , Medina Daniel
Published: February 2023

Laser opto-acoustic tomography based on time-resolved detection of laser-induced stress transients is tested in vitro (gel phantoms) and in vivo (mouse model of breast cancer) as a method for diagnostic screening of breast tumors. A small gel sphere with diameter of 2.5 mm and optical properties that resemble that of carcinoma was detected at a depth of 25 mm in a gel phantom with optical properties that simulate normal breast tissue. Substantially stronger signals were observed in tumors of two mice. The laser-induced stress profiles qualitatively different from profiles in normal mammary glands were observed. Combination of the two results encourages our group to plan first clinical trials on laser opto-acoustic mammography.
Photoacoustic Imaging of Objects Hidden in Random Scattering Media
Authors: Gayen S. K. , Alfano R. R. , Penney C. M.
Published: February 2023

Absorption of amplitude-modulated, continuous-wave 800-nm light by a black silicon-rubber ball located inside a highly-scattering medium, such as Intralipid suspensions and chicken breast tissue, generated ultrasound at the modulation frequency. The characteristics of this photoacoustic signal was studied with a focused ultrasound transducer. A one-dimensional image of the object was obtained by scanning it across the irradiating laser beam and monitoring the resulting photoacoustic signal.
Fermat Photons: Paths Propagation and Imaging in Turbid Media
Authors: Polishchuk A. Ya. , Dolne Jean , Liu Feng , Zevallos M. , Das B. , Alfano R.R.
Published: February 2023

Photon diffusion on the velocity sphere describes photon migration in highly forward scattering media. The non-Euclidean diffusion leads to the concept of the most favorable photon paths described by Generalized Fermat Principle for turbid media. Experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions. Application of Fermat photons to imaging will be discussed.
Confocal spatial filtering for imaging with ballistic light in transillumination
Authors: Kempe M. , Wong J. , Genack A.Z.
Published: February 2023

The detection of ballistic and diffuse light in confocal imaging in transillumination is investigated. We find an optimum pinhole size for detection of ballistic and suppression of diffuse light. The limits of confocal imaging with ballistic light are primarily determined by sample parameters. Spherical aberration introduced by the sample is a major limiting factor for high resolution imaging. In the aberration free case and for sample and illumination characteristics which are typical for biomedical imaging, the limits of ballistic light detection in confocal imaging are close to the noise limits of standard detectors.
Light Scattering Angular Correlation of Spherical Droplets Containing Inclusions
Authors: Videen Gorden , Pellegrino Paul , Ngo Dat , Pinnick R.G. , Nachman Paul
Published: February 2023

Micrometer-size glycerol droplets containing spherical latex inclusions are levitated in an electrodynamic trap. The scattering phase functions of such particles undergo random fluctuations with time. We measure the intensities at two (near-forward and near-backward) scattering angles and find them to have strong positive correlations during some time periods and strong negative correlations during other time periods. Characteristic time constants of the correlations are on the order of seconds. We compare our experimental results with correlations predicted by two simple scattering models and suggest that these correlation changes are associated with the diffusion of inclusions within the host droplet, rather than interference effects between the inclusions.
A System for Solving the Forward and Inverse Problems in Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging
Authors: Schweiger Martin , Arridge Simon R.
Published: February 2023

We present a complete software implementation of a fast and versatile diffusion light transport forward model and reconstruction system for near-infrared imaging of complex and inhomogeneous tissues. The system includes an iterative inverse solver and various pre- and postprocessing tools for setup and visualisation. The forward model used in the solver employs the finite element method to solve the diffusion approximation to the transport
Near-Infrared Medical Imaging: Improved Approximations for the Forward and Inverse Problems
Authors: Virmont Jean , Ledanois Guy
Published: February 2023

We consider imaging of objects hidden in a scattering and absorbing medium, thick enough for the diffusion approximation to be valid, e.g. mammography or brain activity studies. We propose approximate models improving over Born to calculate the image: the electrostatic approximation if the object is small, plus a renormalization transform if it is larger. Using an exact solution of the ‘sphere in slab’ problem for comparison, and a Bayesian simplified inverse code, we demonstrate that these approximations improve the reconstruction.
Fitting of Time-Resolved Reflectance Curves with a Monte Carlo Model
Authors: Pifferi Antonio , Berg Roger , Taroni Paola , Andersson-Engels Stefan
Published: February 2023

We propose a fast method to reconstruct a time-resolved reflectance curve starting from a library of Monte Carlo simulations. The procedure is fast enough to be used in a non-linear fitting algorithm. Compared to a standard solution of the Diffusion equation, the proposed method is more adequate to fit a reflectance curve for low values of the scattering coefficient or of the interfiber distance.
Probability Distributions for Diffusive Light
Authors: Kogan Eugene , Kaveh Moshe
Published: February 2023

Statistical properties of coherent radiation propagating in a quasi-ID random media is studied in the framework of random matrix theory. Distribution functions for the total transmission coefficient and the angular transmission coefficient are obtained.
Laser Radar Imaging with a Sparse Random Array Receiver
Authors: Clark S E , Desandre L F
Published: February 2023

Over the last few years, there has been considerable interest1-4 in using multiple aperture receiver arrays in laser radar systems where low cost lightweight sensor systems of low power consumption and high angular resolution for tracking and imaging are required. As has been previously demonstrated2-4, the problem of determining the target phase from the measured phase which is corrupted by positional and reference wavefront errors can be overcome in an adaptive way prior to using the array for imaging.
Generation of a Sodium Guidestar Using a High Power Dye Laser*
Authors: Friedman Herbert
Published: February 2023

Sodium laser guide stars have been proposed1,2 as a means to correct for the effects of atmospheric turbulence in large astronomical telescopes. Several groups3-6 have produced such guide stars, but as yet, none has been able to close a control loop for an adaptive optics system using this means largely because of the limited power available in the laser system. In this paper, the effort to utilize a high power laser system developed by LLNL for laser isotope separation, for the generation of a sodium guide star, is described.
Use of Spectral Characteristics of Phase Differences to Optimize Adaptive Optics
Authors: Tatarskii V.I.
Published: February 2023

The concept of coherence of radiation is related to the possibility of obtaining a clear interference pattern, i.e. to the possibility of using phase relations between wave fields. The high coherence of radiation makes it possible to realize high-quality optical instruments. Adaptive systems do not fit into such representations, because they make it possible to obtain a high-quality image even for low-coherent radiation. Thus, the concept of coherence must be modified for adaptive systems. We will first consider this problem.
The UH wavefront curvature sensor.
Authors: Roddier F. , Graves J.E. , McKenna D.L. , Northcott M.J.
Published: February 2023

Wavefront sensors currently used in adaptive optics operate only on relatively bright sources. One of the most sensitive sensor ever built is the Hartmann sensor of the European COME-ON adaptive optics system developed for infra-red astronomy [1]. It is equipped with an electron-bombarded CCD and can stabilize images on a 3.6 m telescope with a mag 13 star. With some improvement in the optical transmission, the sensor should be able to operate up to a mag. 15 star. Because only a few astronomical objects are bright enough or are close enough to a bright star to enable the sensor to work, it is generally thought that artificial laser guide stars are necessary to benefit from the full potential of adaptive optics in astronomy. However the aforementioned sensors are far from the theoretical sensitivity limit An image stabilizer developed for the CFH telescope (HR Cam [2]) was recently equipped with four photon-counting avalanche photodiodes in a quadrant detector, and image stabilization was demonstrated on a mag 19.5 star. Such a sensitivity allows images to be sharpened over the whole sky. The UH wavefront sensor was developed to reach HR Cam performance on tip/tilt compensation together with higher order compensation using brighter natural reference sources. It is estimated that under average Mauna Kea seeing conditions a Strehl ratio improvement by a factor 10 can be obtained over 30% of the sky at 1.6μm with a 3.6 m telescope.
Development of a fully adaptive coronagraph with a wavefront curvature sensor and membrane mirror
Authors: Golimowski David A. , Durrance Samuel T. , Clampin Mark
Published: February 2023

The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) is continuing its development of an Adaptive Optics Coronagraph (AOC) to include a wavefront curvature sensor (WCS) of the type described by Roddier1 and a membrane mirror for full correction of the distorted wavefront. Initially constructed with an image motion compensation system for the removal of wavefront tilt effects,2 the fully-adaptive AOC will retain the high speed tip/tilt mirror of the earlier instrument to complement the membrane mirror in the feedback loop. The complete system is shown schematically in Figure 1. The 91 element membrane mirror (M1) is placed in the recollimated telescope beam at the location of the telescope exit pupil, and corrects for all wavefront aberrations other than tilt. The tip/tilt mirror (M2) removes image motion due to wavefront tilt, and the light is then refocussed by lens L2 onto the occulting mask (M3). This mask, consisting of a small aluminum spot deposited on a clear window, reflects the light of the bright star into the WCS leg of the instrument, while the circumstellar environment is imaged, aberration free, in the coronagraph leg.
Innovative Adaptive Optics Using A Liquid Crystal Light Valve
Authors: Mitchell P. V. , Pepper D. M. , Lind R. C. , Gaeta C. J. , Brown W. P. , O'Meara T. R. , Efron U.
Published: February 2023

We report on the demonstration of an all-optical, closed-loop adaptive optical compensation system and white-light compensated imaging scheme using a liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) as the correction element. A typical LCLV is a two-port device consisting of a large array of equivalent pixels (approaching one million), which can be optically addressed. When illuminated by a two-dimensional image, the LCLV is photo-activated via a CdS- or Si-based photoconductor. The image information is mapped within the device onto a thin liquid crystal layer via a local internal electric field. A second beam (in general) then samples the LC layer which encodes the information via phase and/or polarization changes on a pixel-by-pixel basis. These devices1 have application to display systems as well as to optical data processing networks. For our application, we modified a Hughes LCLV so that, upon activation, the liquid crystal readout layer imposed only local phase shifts onto an optical beam while maintaining its polarization state. Hence, the optical wavefront of the readout beam can be controlled without affecting its amplitude, thereby resembling a deformable mirror with a large number of effective actuators. Thr basic scheme has been employed using discrete electro-optic phase shifters,2 CRT-driven LCLVs,3 and electrically driven single-pixel membrane light modulators.4
Alignment Of Segmented Mirrors In The Presence Of Static Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Mehta Naresh C.
Published: February 2023

The segmented mirror geometry has acquired popularity over the past few years. The Keck Telescope at Mauna Kea in Hawaii has a 10-m primary mirror. The Lockheed Active Mirror System is a 30-cm adaptive mirror which provides partial turbulence compensation in solar observations. Both mirrors have an array of closely packed hexagonal segments, 36 segments for the Keck primary and 19 segments in the Lockheed mirror. In order to achieve a diffraction-limited performance (without atmospheric turbulence), the mirror segments must be aligned, yielding a smooth figure across the aperture.
Infrared Imaging Using a Tip/Tilt Secondary Mirror
Authors: McCarthy D. , Close L. , McLeod B. , Rieke M.
Published: February 2023

A rapidly tiltable secondary mirror has been implemented at the 2.3 m telescope to provide real-time correction (~100 Hz) of atmospheric fluctuations in wavefront slope. Infrared wavelengths are used for both wavefront sensing and long exposure imaging.