bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing an Urban Community–Campus Partnership: Lessons Learned in Infrastructure Development and Communication
Authors: Parker Dorothy F. , Dietz Noella A. , Hooper Monica Webb , Byrne Margaret M. , Fernandez Cristina A. , Baker Elizabeth A. , Stevens Marsha S. , Messiah Antoine , Lee David J. , Kobetz Erin N.
Published: December 2012

Background:
A low-income, African American neighborhood in Miami, Florida, experiences health disparities including an excess burden of cancer. Many residents are disenfranchised from the healthcare system, and may not participate in cancer prevention and screening services.
Objective: We sought to describe the development of a partnership between a university and this community and lessons learned in using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) model.
Methods: To better understand the community’s health behaviors and status, a randomized door-to-door survey was conducted in collaboration with a community partner.
Lessons Learned: This collaboration helped foster a mutual understanding of the benefits of CBPR. We also describe challenges of adhering to study protocols, quality control, and sharing fiscal responsibility with organizations that do not have an established infrastructure.
Conclusions: Understanding the organizational dynamics of a community is necessary for developing a CBPR model that will be effective in that community. Once established, it can help to inform future collaborations.
Research as Curriculum: Engaging Undergraduates and Community Residents in Immigrant Health Research Partnerships
Authors: Martinez Linda Sprague , Perea Flavia C. , Ursillo Alyssa , Pirie Alex , Ndulue Uchenna J. , Oliveira Ciliemar , Gute David M.
Published: December 2012

Background:
Engaging undergraduate students in applied community research partnerships can promote greater health equity by providing students with the skills and capacity to work collaboratively with diverse populations.
Objectives: The aim of this project was to develop a sustainable model to engage community members and students in public health research.
Methods: Using an integrated research-as-curriculum model, students, community members, and faculty collaborated on the study design and implementation.
Conclusions: Community residents in the classroom provided insights that strengthened the research process and helped to develop our understanding of contextual factors that influence health and well-being. This model provides a mechanism by which to fully incorporate undergraduate students in interdisciplinary partnership research for health.
"Modern Ecstasy": Macbeth and the Meaning of the Political
Authors: Lowrance Bryan
Published: December 2012

This essay reads William Shakespeare's Tragedy of Macbeth as an interrogation of the meaning of the political in early seventeenth-century England. Resisting the dominant tendency to interpret the play's politics in terms of its particular and local contextual enmeshments, I approach Macbeth as a play fundamentally preoccupied with the problem of political action in a period when individual praxis was becoming increasingly troubled by the emergence of the centralized state.
John Webster, Tussaud Laureate: The Waxworks in The Duchess of Malfi
Authors: Owens Margaret E.
Published: December 2012

Critics have speculated that the waxworks scene in John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi may have been inspired by Prince Henry's funeral effigy. Expanding on this contextualization, this essay demonstrates the existence of a vibrant culture of effigeal exhibition in early modern England. Archival records reveal the mobility and instability of effigies, qualities that characterize their construction and display. The mobility and instability implicit in the material practices involving effigies are echoed in the motifs of portraiture and replication in Webster's play, where the effigy looms as a key emblem for the contradictions inherent in aristocratic portraiture and subjectivity.
"A Blankness To Run At and Dash Your Head Against": On Conrad's The Secret Agent
Authors: Fried Michael
Published: December 2012

In this essay Michael Fried reads Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent in the light of an understanding of literary impressionism developed by him in earlier writings--"Stephen Crane's Upturned Faces" in Realism, Writing, Disfiguration: On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane (University of Chicago Press, 1987) and "Almayer's Face: On 'Impressionism' in Conrad, Crane, and Norris" ( Critical Inquiry , 1990). Briefly, Fried sees literary impressionism as arising out of (also as thematizing in numerous ways) the writer's encounter with the blank page and the tools of writing. In Conrad's case, this leads to a problematic of what Fried calls "erasure," the constant return to a primordial blankness, which in The Secret Agent is further inflected by a commitment to an "ironic" approach to his topic as well as to a materialist epistemology.
"The Tyranny of Age": Godwin's St. Leon and the Nineteenth-Century Longevity Narrative
Authors: Charise Andrea
Published: December 2012

This essay reads William Godwin's novel St. Leon (1799) in relation to contemporaneous medicalizing discourses concerned with the elimination of old age. I argue that in St. Leon, a speculative case study of a disastrously unbounded life, Godwin recants his earlier paean to immortality in Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793-98) by undermining the solitary subject for whom senescence is a symptom of political tyranny. St. Leon therefore signals an acute transitional moment between late eighteenth-century thought and incipient Romanticism, and marks the first example of the nineteenth-century longevity narrative, wherein the finitude of individual lifespan exists in strained reciprocity with the perpetual succession of species.
Wordsworth on Epitaph: Language, Genre, Mortality
Authors: Depew Bradley
Published: December 2012

William Wordsworth's Essays upon Epitaphs is his longest work of literary criticism, yet it has received far less critical attention than the famous prefaces to Lyrics Ballads and the Poems of 1815. I argue that this is because of Wordsworth's elevation of epitaph to the status of an exemplary poetic genre. I contend that in treating epitaph as an exemplary genre, Essays upon Epitaphs implies a novel theory of poetic genre. This theory treats generic categories as necessarily instantiated in history and therefore as susceptible to contingent historical transformation.
Spenser's Unhappy Ends: The Legend of Courtesy and the Pleasure of the Text
Authors: McEleney Corey
Published: December 2012

This essay explores the perverse role that pleasure plays in Elizabethan writers' attempts to defend the epistemological, ethical, and civic value of poetry. Focusing on romance errancy, I argue that the threat of a futile poetic pleasure not only reveals contradictions within the project of Renaissance humanism, but also constitutes a blind spot for contemporary criticism. Countering a critical tradition that approaches Renaissance texts as useful instruments for addressing social and political anxieties, I analyze how book 6 of The Faerie Queene, the Legend of Courtesy, evinces a tension between the pleasurable means and useful ends of poetry.
Afterword: All Сolonialisms May Be Different, But in the End All Are the Same
Authors: Metcalf Thomas R.
Published: December 2012

In his afterthoughts written in dialogue with the editors of Ab Imperio , Thomas Metcalf recollects how, in the course of his academic career and observations of the changing world of the 1950s, he has learned to appreciate the importance of studying British imperialism of the second part of the nineteenth century, when classical liberal imperialism had to be adjusted to the reality of a growing imperial state. The firsthand observation of decline of European colonial empires and the rise of the new superpower, the United States, also contributed to Metcalf's choice of research specialization. In recent years, he has been more active in the fields of global and comparative histories, while retaining his main focus on imperial polities and colonial regimes. Metcalf talks about the importance of a comparative approach, which allows one to make sense of multiple claims of uniqueness and exceptionalism. However, a comparative view acquires additional significance in light of the fact that imperial regimes of the second part of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries pursued mutually connected and dependent policies of imperial governance and legitimation of power. In the last part of the interview, Metcalf discusses how one can pursue a comparative history of modern empires, while avoiding the threat of simplification.

Отвечая на вопросы редакторов Ab Imperio Томас Меткалф вспоминает, как в ходе своей научной карьеры и наблюдений за меняющимся миром 1950-х гг. он пришел к изучению истории британского империализма второй половины XIX века, когда настоятельно проявилась необходимость приспособить принципы классического либерального империализма к реальности растущего имперского государства. Дополнительным фактором выбора проблематики стал закат европейских колониальных империй и приход им на смену новой супердержавы — США. В последнее время Меткалф активно работает в области глобальной и сравнительной истории, оставаясь верным проблематике имперских политий и колониальных режимов. Он подчеркивает важность сравнительного подхода, который единственный позволяет разобраться с многочисленными заявками на уникальность и исключительность. Однако сравнительный взгляд еще более важен в связи с тем, что во второй половине XIX века и в веке XX политика управления и легитимации власти имперских режимов была взаимосвязанной. В последней части своих размышлений Меткалф делится соображениями о том, как можно заниматься сравнительной историей империй Нового времени, избегая упрощенных представлений о характере управления имперским пространством разнообразия.
Женщина между сословной и этнической идентичностью (на примере женского образования в Cеверо-Западном крае в 1830-1860-е годы)
Authors: Мастяница Ольга
Published: December 2012

The article traces the process of elaboration of education policies in the field of female education in the Northwestern region of the Russian empire by different agents of the Russian imperial state on central and local levels in the 1830s-1860s. However, Olga Mastianica's principal goal is not a history of education in a gendered perspective, but a history of the construction of female social roles and national otherness in this troubling imperial borderland. Ethnic and confessional markers of difference in her analysis are complicated by a gender marker in order to produce a complex and dynamic picture of conjuncture of social, national, and gender discourses as well as idiosyncratic local considerations in contradictory efforts of imperial social engineering.
Gender in Narrative Memory: The Example of Civil War Narratives in Tajikistan
Authors: Roche Sophie
Published: December 2012

This article engages with post-civil war Tajikistan and the way that lo­cal narrative memories have developed over the past two decades. It argues that Soviet practices of commemoration as a political concern have been taken over by the independent Tajik regime, thus shaping the way civil war narrative memories have been articulated. While the state monopolizes the official narrative about the civil war, alternate ways of narrative memories do exist, although they do not necessarily challenge the official version. This article focuses on the role of gender in commemoration practices and narrative memories. В статье рассмотрены нарративы памяти о Гражданской войне в постсоветском Таджикистане. Софи Роше показывает, как правящий режим в Таджикистане использует советские коммеморативные прак­тики для создания официальной версии памяти о гражданском противо­стоянии. Однако основное внимание автор уделяет альтернативным версиям памяти, которые не обязательно противостоят официальному нарративу, но связаны с локальными событиями и личной травмой. Центральной проблемой авторской деконструкции этих нарративов памяти является роль гендера в их оформлении и функционировании.
"The People's Instructions": Indigenizing The Great Patriotic War Among "Non-Russians"*
Authors: Schechter Brandon
Published: December 2012

This article examines a propaganda campaign to mobilize "non-Russians" into the Soviet war effort and highlight their participation through the translation of Soviet war aims into national traditions and idioms. It begins with a look at the crisis situation that had developed in 1942, with an influx of soldiers who did not speak Russian into the army. Unable to understand commands or the war's aims, many viewed these soldiers as liabilities and rates of desertion and self-inflicted wounds were found to be higher among "non-Russians." This led to serious action on the part of the army's Political Department, which crafted special propaganda to both explain the war's goals to "non-Russians" and to clean up their image among "Russians." This propaganda campaign found keen expression in a series of letters that were first published in local and all-union press and later in a collected volume, Nakaz Naroda (The People's Instructions). The author argues that these nearly symmetrical texts utilized statistics, folk sayings, ethnic stereotypes, a Soviet reading of the past as well as national epic heroes to indigenize the war effort and create connections across space, time, and ethnic groups. These tropes were ultimately considered quite successful, and by the summer of 1943, "non-Russians" had ceased to be an issue. The article concludes with an explication of how shifts in propaganda made aspects of these texts potentially dangerous by the war's end.
В статье Брэндона Шехтера рассматривается пропагандистская кампания по мобилизации "нерусских" народов СССР на противостояние врагу в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Автора особенно интересует процесс перевода советских понятий на язык национальных традиций. Он начинает свое рассмотрение с кризиса 1942 г., возникшего в результате пополнения армии солдатами, не говорившими по-русски и вызывавшими недоверие. Эта ситуация стимулировала военное политическое руководство на разработку кампании по разъяснению этой категории солдат целей войны и созданию их позитивного образа в глазах "русских". В статье подробно рассматриваются документы, став­шие выражением этих усилий, - письма, публиковавшиеся в местных и центральных газетах, а позднее вошедшие в том "Наказ народа". Автор показывает, как эти почти одинаковые тексты использовали статистику, фольклор, этнические и общесоветские стереотипы, для того чтобы сделать войну "национальной" и в тоже время создать связи между со­ветскими этническими группами в пространстве и времени. К 1943 г. проблема "нерусскости" была признана решенной и исчезла с полити­ческой повестки дня, однако автор завершает статью размышлениями о потенциальной опасности пропагандистской кампании 1942-1942 гг. для послевоенной стабилизации советского режима.
The Stephen Dedalus Blues: Travel, Trains, and a Blues Sensibility in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Authors: McCombe John
Published: December 2012

This essay explores the traces of a blues aesthetic in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Rather than suggest that blues songs directly informed A Portrait , I instead argue that Joyce's novel can be linked aesthetically and ideologically to the blues and, in particular, that the image of the train plays a significant role in both. Blues songs are filled with images of the railroad, which offered access to employment, altered the demographics of urban and rural communities, and transported people, culture, and ideas like never before. In addition, railroads offered the promise of escape—often as a form of free transportation for disenfranchised African-Americans—at the same time that they radically altered people's perception of time. For all of these and other reasons, the train is a central motif in blues music, and the presence of the railroad in A Portrait invites an analysis of the ways in which this motif functions in Joyce's novel as part of a larger connection to the blues.
Evaluating the First-in-Human Clinical Trial of a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Therapy
Authors: Chapman Audrey R. , Scala Courtney C.
Published: December 2012

Phase I clinical trials generally raise greater ethical and human protection challenges than later stage clinical trials, suggesting a need to proceed cautiously. This is particularly the case for Phase I trials with a novel therapy being tested in humans for the first time, usually termed first-in-human (FIH) trials. In January 2009, the Food and Drug Administration approved the Investigational New Drug application of Geron Corporation, a small California-based biopharmaceutical company, to initiate a clinical trial to assess GRNOPC1, a human embryonic stem cell–derived candidate therapy for severe spinal cord injuries. This article evaluates the ethical and human subject protection issues raised by the Geron FIH trial. It identifies problems with the approval process and with the conduct of the trial, and then recommends ways to improve review of future proposed trials with novel and high-risk therapies.
College Student Engagement and Early Career Earnings: Differences by Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Academic Preparation
Authors: Hu Shouping , Wolniak Gregory C.
Published: December 2012

Using longitudinal data from the 2001 cohort of applicants to the Gates Millennium Scholars (GMS) program, the authors examined scaled measures of academic and social engagement in relation to labor market earnings to test whether the economic value of student engagement among high-achieving students of color differs by student characteristics. Results confirm that academic and social engagement during college had differential effects on early career earnings. Findings suggest conditional effects of student engagement on labor market outcomes, providing evidence for individual and institutional decisions and theory building related to the lasting influence of student engagement in college.
Giorgio Agamben and the Abandonment Paradigm: A New Form of Student Diversion in Public Higher Education
Authors: Harbour Clifford P. , Wolgemuth Jennifer R.
Published: December 2012

This article proposes a new paradigm to understand recent government policies that pose new barriers to student participation and divert students out of public higher education. We explain how the classic diversion paradigm, exemplified by Clark (1960) and Brint and Karabel (1989), is unable to account for this new form of student diversion. We also show how Agamben’s conceptualization of the “state of exception” and “the camp” offers a foundation for a new “abandonment paradigm” that explains the significance of policies diverting students out of public higher education and onto a threshold where their lives are increasingly uncertain and precarious.
Virtually Perfect: The Dangers of Aesthetic Loss in Carmen Boullosa’s La novela perfecta
Authors: Schulenburg Chris
Published: December 2012

El espacio significa todo para los escritores. Las paredes que les abrazan o estrangulan, el medio ambiente libertador o siniestro, los lugares suelen marcar a los autores de un modo llamativo o invisible, pero siempre dejan una huella. Las computadoras ofrecen una manifestación extrema de este fenómeno artístico puesto que los escritores se encuentran en un sitio sumamente íntimo con respecto a su público; sus textos se comparten universal e instantáneamente desde la pantalla más aislada. Este descubrimiento gradual de los beneficios y peligros del espacio en la producción estética alcanza un enfoque claro en La novela perfecta (2006) de Carmen Boullosa. Al toparse con las tentaciones comerciales de una novela virtual y supuestamente “perfecta”, el narrador del texto de Boullosa (Vértiz) encuentra un espacio discursivo tenebroso y fascinante que carece de palabras. Sin embargo, este abrazo de un espectáculo virtual y textual resulta en una pérdida formidable de sujetividad artística; el “yo” que crea la novela tiene que convertirse en un “nosotros” creativo. Mi ensayo analiza la novela de Boullosa en términos de su exploración de este espacio artístico nuevo y, a la vez, las amenazas para la sujetividad estética que siguen a una eliminación “virtual” de la palabra escrita.
La mosca y sus peligros : Science, Affect and the Microscopic Sublime
Authors: Losada Matt
Published: December 2012

El mediometraje “de divulgación científica” La mosca y sus peligros , producido en Argentina en 1920 pero recientemente descubierto, no ha sido objeto hasta el presente de atención crítica. Este artículo examina la utilización de la microfotografía (entonces flamante tecnología) en conjunción con el aparato cinematográfico. Esta estrategia retórica (que podría denominarse lo “sublime microscópico”) en el contexto de los percibidos desafíos higiénicos por la parte de la población inmigrante, logra generar ansiedad. El artículo considera la película como una “ficción paranoica”—concepto éste formulado por Gabriela Nouzeilles para describir las novelas xenofóbicas naturalistas argentinas que recurren a discursos cientificistas. De esta manera, aunque se sabe muy poco sobre la producción y distribución de la película, La mosca y sus peligros puede leerse como una temprana apropriación del medio cinematográfico, probablemente por parte del estado, suscitada como respuesta a la crisis de la pandemia de la gripe española de 1918–1919.
El engaño del sentido ocular en la Novela del celoso extremeño : Pigmalión y Narciso
Authors: Hidalgo José Manuel
Published: December 2012

Miguel de Cervantes presenta en su Novela del celoso extremeño la infeliz relación amorosa del viejo Felipo Carrizales con la joven Leonora. El desprecio que Carrizales siente por las mujeres después de su etapa de juventud y el proceso de amoldamiento de Leonora rememoran el mito de Pigmalión. La novela emplea este mito para advertir sobre la inhabilidad del sentido visual como medio para destapar la ejemplaridad poética de la novela y, a partir de aquí, teoriza acerca de la falacia que el mundo sensible de una pieza literaria encierra. La inhabilidad de Carrizales para discernir la verdad en el fingido adulterio de Leonora con Loaysa avisa al lector sobre la incapacidad del sentido visual para enjuiciar la realidad que uno lee. A su vez, la novela evoca el mito de Narciso mediante la transformación de Carrizales en estatua de mármol cuando encuentra a Leonora y Loaysa en el aposento de la dueña, y después, con los repetidos encuentros faciales entre Carrizales y Leonora. La inclusión de la leyenda de Narciso apoya la proposición que el mito de Pigmalión plantea acerca del engaño del sentido ocular. Así, pues, la Novela del celoso extremeño muestra un ejemplo que avisa al lector sobre la interpretación cuidadosa de su mundo sensible, y le instruye a desconfiar del sentido ocular a la hora de destapar su ejemplaridad poética.
Anorexigenic postprandial responses of PYY and GLP1 to slow ice cream consumption: preservation in obese adolescents, but not in obese adults
Authors: Rigamonti A E , Agosti F , Compri E , Giunta M , Marazzi N , Muller E E , Cella S G , Sartorio A
Published: December 2012

Objective

Eating slowly increases the postprandial responses of some anorexigenic gut hormones in healthy lean subjects. As the rate of food intake is positively associated with obesity, the aim of the study was to determine whether eating the same meal at different rates evokes different postprandial anorexigenic responses in obese adolescent and adult subjects.

Design and methods

Eighteen obese adolescents and adults were enrolled. A test meal was consumed on two different sessions by each subject, meal duration taking either 5 min (fast feeding) or 30 min (slow feeding). Circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), peptide YY (PYY), glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were measured over 210 min. Visual analog scales were used to evaluate the subjective feelings of hunger and satiety.

Results

Fast feeding did not stimulate GLP1 release in obese adolescent and adults, whereas slow feeding increased circulating levels of GLP1 only in obese adolescents. Plasma PYY concentrations increased both in obese adolescents and in adults, irrespective of the eating rate, but slow feeding was more effective in stimulating PYY release in obese adolescents than in adults. Simultaneously, slow feeding evoked a higher satiety only in obese adolescents compared with fast feeding but not in obese adults. In obese adolescents, slow feeding decreased hunger (only at 210 min). Irrespective of the eating rate, postprandial responses of insulin and triglycerides were higher in obese adults than in obese adolescents. Conclusion: Slow feeding leads to higher concentrations of anorexigenic gut peptides and favors satiety in obese adolescents, but this physiological control of food intake is lost in obese adults.
Hungarian adaptation of the long and the short form of the drinking motives questionnaire (DMQ-R)
Authors: Németh Zsófia , Urbán Róbert , Farkas Judit , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: December 2012

Háttér: Az alkoholmotiváció kutatása mindeddig kevés figyelmet kapott Magyarországon. Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy ismertesse az Alkoholfogyasztás Motivációi Módosított Kérdőív hosszú (DMQ-R-HU) és rövid (DMQ-R-SF-HU) változatának hazai alkalmazásáról szóló tapasztalatokat.
Módszer és minta: Egyéb, az alkoholfogyasztáshoz kapcsolódó kérdésekkel kiegészítve egy középiskolás (N=922, átlagéletkor=16,6, szórás=1,44), valamint egy egyetemista (N=346, átlagéletkor=21,6, szórás=2,61) mintán alkalmaztuk a DMQ-R-HU kérdőívet. Mivel a konfirmációs faktorelemzés eredménye nem volt kielégítő, így a DMQ-R-SF-HU illeszkedését is megvizsgáltuk. Ezt követően a DMQ-R-SF-HU alkalmazhatóságát egy harmadik, speciális populációs, fiatal felnőtt mintán (N=390 fő, átlagéletkor=23,6, szórás=4,4) is ellenőriztük. Ezen vizsgálat további célja az volt, hogy a korábbi nemzetközi vizsgálatoktól eltérően egy idősebb, rekreációs mintán is vizsgáljuk a kérdőív alkalmazhatóságát. A vizsgálatok során a motivációk és az alkoholhasználati indikátorok közötti kapcsolatot a többváltozós strukturális egyenlet modelljeinek segítségével elemeztük.
Eredmények: Az alkoholmotivációk átlagértékeinek rangsora mindhárom minta esetében ugyanúgy alakult (szociális > fokozásos > megküzdéses > konformitás). A motivációk és az alkoholhasználati indikátorok közötti kapcsolatokat vizsgálva az egyetemisták esetében a fokozásos motivációk jelezték előre az alkoholfogyasztás és a részegség gyakoriságát, a középiskolások esetében a szociális és konformitás motivációk jelezték előre az alkoholfogyasztás gyakoriságát, a konformitás és fokozásos motivációk pedig a részegség gyakoriságát. A fiatal felnőtt rekreációs populációban is a szociális motivációk jelezték előre az alkoholfogyasztás gyakoriságát, míg a részegség gyakoriságát mind a négy motiváció megbízhatóan előrejelezte. Az alkoholhasználattal összefüggő problémáknak a megküzdéses motiváció volt minden esetben a szignifikáns magyarázója a fiatal felnőttek között. Ezen kívül a szociális motiváció az iskolai, illetve munkahelyi problémákat, a konformitás motiváció pedig a verekedést jelezte előre.
Következtetések: A DMQ-R-SF-HU kiváló statisztikai tulajdonságai és illeszkedési mutatói miatt széles körben, különböző sajátosságokkal bíró mintákon jól alkalmazható kérdőív. Az alkoholmotivációk fontos előrejelzői az alkoholfogyasztás különböző indikátorainak. Az eltérő korosztályokban eltérő motivációk játszanak kitüntetett szerepet, amelyek figyelembe vétele a prevenció során meghatározó jelentőséggel bírhat.
Topic and topicality in text
Authors: Hidalgo Raquel , Downing Angela
Published: December 2012

In this study, topic and topicality are explored through the application of a model of analysis to a bilingual sample of English and Spanish written narrative texts in equivalent genres. A Core Annotation Scheme and an Extended Annotation Scheme were designed to search for and test ‘aboutness’ topics, frame setting topics, and the information status of discourse referents. The texts are also analysed for classes of topics, namely NewTops, GivTops, SubTops and ResTops. All the Annotation categories were tested in both the Spanish and the English texts. The results of the analysis show that aboutness topics and frame-setting topics are cross-linguistically stable categories, although language-specific differences are found in the syntactic coding, for instance in how Spanish marks topicless sentences. The distribution of the information status of discourse referents is also stable, with minor differences between languages and genres. Likewise, the distribution of the different classes of topics tallies with the general principles of topic organisation and information structure. A surprising result was to find a higher distribution of Resumed Topics than expected, suggesting that this class has a wider range of discourse functions than is usually noted in the literature.
Discourse markers in French and German
Authors: Adam Séverine , Dalmas Martine
Published: December 2012

The ‘pragmatic movement’ at the end of the 1970s, as well as the increasing number of studies on the oral language and the development of phraseology paved the way for descriptions of language and discourse phenomena, which had been neglected until then. Discourse markers are such phenomena: in each language there are units that speakers use to mark certain discourse operations and to convey communicative intentions, feelings and attitudes. Because most of these units are pragmaticalized forms (syntagms), which have undergone a linguistic change, they can’t be translated literally, so that they may appear to have no equivalents in other languages. This is the case for German particles, for instance: it would be pointless to look for literal, mono-lexical equivalents for them in French for example. This does not mean, however, that the French language has no specific linguistic means to fulfil similar functions as German particles. On the other hand, the formal similarity of some units in different languages is no guarantee for their functional equivalence. These observations lead to the basic idea of this contribution: if we want to find equivalents in other languages for the units of one language that fulfil pragmatic functions, such as discourse markers, we have to give an accurate formal and functional description of these units first and then to look for possible equivalents in other languages. We want to illustrate this by having a closer look at three French discourse markers (dis donc, tu vois and écoute) and their possible equivalents in German.
Thematic Parentheticals in Dutch and English
Authors: Hannay Mike , de los Ángeles Gómez-González María
Published: December 2012

Adopting a contrastive-rhetorical stance, this study explores what we call thematic parentheticals in a comparable English-Dutch corpus comprising four written genres. Thematic parentheticals are parenthetical expressions, irrespective of form, which are marked off typographically and occur immediately after, and are triggered by, a thematic element, where the latter is defined in terms of its treatment in Systemic Functional Grammar. Our data suggest that English uses thematic parentheticals much more than Dutch. This quantitative picture is true across the genres studied, but we also see qualitative differences between Dutch and English in the use of parentheticals in news texts and academic texts in particular. In attempting to explain the quantitative difference between the languages, we conclude that an interplay between writing cultures and basic syntactic patterns contrives to facilitate the use of parentheticals in English, which also demonstrates a relatively broad range of discourse functions, whereas for Dutch this interplay leads to a dispreference for certain kinds of thematic parentheticals.
BMP4 Polymorphism is Associated with Nonsyndromic Oral Cleft in a Brazilian Population
Authors: Antunes Leonardo Santos , Küchler Erika Calvano , Tannure Patricia Nivoloni , Costa Marcelo Castro , Gouvêa Cresus Vinicius Depes , Olej Beni , Granjeiro Jose Mauro
Published: December 2012

Objective

To evaluate the association of the polymorphisms in the TGFB3 gene (rs2268626) and the BMP4 gene (rs17563) with nonsyndromic oral clefts.

Design

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted with nonsyndromic oral clefts cases and unaffected controls. Cleft type and tooth agenesis data were collected by clinical examination and confirmed through medical records. Risk factors were obtained through a questionnaire. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms for TGFB3 and BMP4 were carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction using the Taqman assay method from a genomic DNA isolated from buccal epithelial cells of all individuals.

Setting

The case group was ascertained through a public reference hospital of oral cleft rehabilitation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The noncleft group consisted of unrelated subjects, with no history of oral cleft in the family, recruited at the Dental Clinic at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Participants

A total of 833 unrelated individuals (450 control individuals and 383 cases with nonsyndromic oral clefts)

Results

No significant association in relation to genotype or allele distributions for TGFB3 polymorphism was found between oral cleft subgroups and the control group. For BMP4, there were significant differences in the genotype frequencies between the oral cleft and control groups ( P = .0007). Regarding cleft type, there were statistically significant differences between the cleft lip and control groups ( P = .00009).

Conclusion

Our findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting that the risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts may be influenced by variation in the BMP4 gene.
Interfacial interaction between comb-like copolymer dispersants and tricalcium silicate
Authors: Yu Yinhui , Liu Jiaping , Ran Qianping , Qiao Min , Gao Nanxiao
Published: December 2012

Two commercial comb-like copolymer dispersants (also called polycarboxylate-based superplasticisers, hereinafter called PCs) were employed to investigate their interaction with tricalcium silicate (C3S). It is determined that when tricalcium silicate dissolves in deionised water, it releases a large amount of cations (mainly Ca2+). Those cations adsorb the surface of initially negatively charged tricalcium silicate and finally reach saturation. Through this mechanism, tricalcium silicate attains a slightly positive zeta potential. Thus, it is emphasised that with a larger amount of cations present in the synthetic pore solution, higher zeta potential values are measured. Owing to the positively charged layer of adsorbed cations, anionic PC adsorption occurs by chelating with calcium ions. Ultimately, the adsorbed PCs impart dispersity owing to its steric hindrance from hydrophilic graft side chains. Moreover, the introduced PCs lead to a strong retardation of tricalcium silicate hydration, and consequently have a significant effect on the initial dispersity of tricalcium silicate paste. Results are presented for a better understanding of the interaction between PCs and tricalcium silicate.
Nonparametric forecasting outperforms parametric methods for a simulated multispecies system
Authors: Perretti Charles T. , Sugihara George , Munch Stephan B.
Published: December 2012

Ecosystem dynamics are often complex, nonlinear, and characterized by critical thresholds or phase shifts. To implement sustainable management plans, resource managers need to accurately forecast species abundance. Moreover, an ecosystem‐based approach to management requires forecasting the dynamics of all relevant species and the ability to anticipate indirect effects of management decisions. It is therefore crucial to determine which forecasting methods are most robust to observational and structural uncertainty. Here we describe a nonparametric method for multispecies forecasting and evaluate its performance relative to a suite of parametric models. We found that, in the presence of noise, it is often possible to obtain more accurate forecasts from the nonparametric method than from the model that was used to generate the data. The inclusion of data from additional species yielded a large improvement for the nonparametric model, a smaller improvement for the control model, and only a slight improvement for the alternative parametric models. These results suggest that flexible nonparametric modeling should be considered for ecosystem management.
Intrapregnancy Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment and Pregnancy Outcome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pirie Martina , Linden Gerard , Irwin Christopher
Published: December 2012

Background: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the potential link between maternal periodontitis and pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2,500 g).

Methods: Ninety nine pregnant females with mild/moderate periodontitis were randomly allocated to a control (n = 50) or test (n = 49) group. Test group participants received intrapregnancy non‐surgical periodontal treatment, whereas this was deferred until after delivery for controls. Demographic and baseline clinical data were obtained for all participants at initial assessment pretreatment. Clinical data were rerecorded for test participants at review 8 weeks after treatment. Birth outcomes were completed at delivery by midwives who also collected cord blood samples when possible; the latter were analyzed to determine the presence/levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8. All data were analyzed on an intention‐to‐treat basis using appropriate statistical tests.

Results: Random allocation of participants resulted in well‐balanced control and test groups. All test group participants and all but one control participant gave birth to a live infant. No significant differences were detected between control and test groups with regard to birth outcome measures of birth weight and gestational age or in relation to cytokine prevalence/levels.

Conclusion: Intrapregnancy non‐surgical periodontal treatment, completed at 20 to 24 weeks, did not reduce the risk of preterm, low‐birth‐weight delivery in this population.
Seasonal Influenza Morbidity Estimates Obtained From Telephone Surveys, 2007
Authors: Kamimoto Laurie , Euler Gary L. , Lu Peng-Jun , Reingold Arthur , Hadler James , Gershman Ken , Farley Monica , Terebuh Pauline , Ryan Patricia , Lynfield Ruth , Albanese Bernadette , Thomas Ann , Craig Allen S. , Schaffner William , Finelli Lyn , Bresee Joseph , Singleton James A.
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We assessed telephone surveys as a novel surveillance method, comparing data obtained by telephone with existing national influenza surveillance systems, and evaluated the utility of telephone surveys.

Methods. We used the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the 2007 National Immunization Survey–Adult (NIS–Adult) to estimate the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI), medically attended ILI, provider-diagnosed influenza, influenza testing, and treatment of influenza with antiviral medications during the 2006–2007 influenza season.

Results. With the January–May BRFSS, among persons aged 18 years and older, the cumulative incidence of seasonal ILI and provider-diagnosed influenza was 37.9 and 5.7 adults per 100 persons, respectively. Monthly medically attended ILI and provider-diagnosed influenza among adults were temporally associated with influenza activity, as documented by national surveillance. With the NIS–Adult survey data, estimated provider-diagnosed influenza, influenza testing, and antiviral treatment were 2.8%, 1.4%, and 0.6%, respectively.

Conclusions. Our telephone interview–based estimates of influenza morbidity were consistent with those from national influenza surveillance systems. Telephone surveys may provide an alternative method by which population-based influenza morbidity information can be gathered.
Trends and Correlates of Child Passenger Restraint Use in 6 Northwest Tribes: The Native Children Always Ride Safe (Native CARS) Project
Authors: Lapidus Jodi A. , Smith Nicole Holdaway , Lutz Tam , Ebel Beth E. ,   for the Native CARS Study Group
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We compared proportions of children properly restrained in vehicles in 6 Northwest American Indian tribes in 2003 and 2009, and evaluated risks for improper restraint.

Methods. During spring 2009 we conducted a vehicle observation survey in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho tribal communities. We estimated the proportions of children riding properly restrained and evaluated correlates of improper restraint via log-binomial regression models for clustered data.

Results. We observed 1853 children aged 12 years and younger in 1207 vehicles; 49% rode properly restrained. More children aged 8 years and younger rode properly restrained in 2009 than 2003 (51% vs 29%; P < .001). Older booster seat–eligible children were least likely to ride properly restrained in 2009 (25%). American Indian children were more likely to ride improperly restrained than nonnative children in the same communities. Other risk factors included riding with an unrestrained or nonparent driver, riding where child passenger restraint laws were weaker than national guidelines, and taking a short trip.

Conclusions. Although proper restraint has increased, it remains low. Tribe-initiated interventions to improve child passenger restraint use are under way.
Methodological Challenges of Measuring Primary Care Delivery to Pediatric Medicaid Beneficiaries Who Use Community Health Centers
Authors: Tyo Karen R. , Gurewich Deborah , Shepard Donald S.
Published: December 2012

Efforts to measure quality of care have focused on ambulatory care providers. We examined the performance of community health centers serving children on Medicaid in 3 states. Descriptive analysis showed considerable patient population heterogeneity, and regression analysis demonstrated that variation explained by the assigned provider was small (mean R2 = 4.3%) compared with the variation explained by patient demographic variables (mean R2 = 29.9%). The results reinforce the need for caution when one is attributing quality differences to provider performance.
Mental Health of African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Gibbs Tresha A. , Okuda Mayumi , Oquendo Maria A. , Lawson William B. , Wang Shuai , Thomas Yonette Felicity , Blanco Carlos
Published: December 2012

Objectives. Previous epidemiological studies have found lower mood, anxiety, and substance use disorder prevalence in Black Americans, in general, compared with White Americans. We estimated the prevalence and persistence of psychiatric disorders in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites.

Methods. We drew data from wave 1 (2001–2002) of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of US adults, which included 7529 African Americans, 469 Caribbean Blacks, and 24 502 non-Hispanic Whites.

Results. Blacks had equal or lower prevalence than Whites of lifetime (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.6 for African Americans; 0.3 for Caribbean Blacks) and 12-month (AOR = 0.7 for African Americans; 0.4 for Caribbean Blacks) Axis I psychiatric disorders, but higher prevalence of several personality disorders. Among Blacks, Caribbean Blacks had higher prevalence of 12-month psychotic disorders and lower lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug abuse than African Americans. There were no differences in persistence of disorders between Caribbean Blacks and African Americans.

Conclusions. This study yielded new data on prevalence of mental disorders in these groups, which has important implications for clinical work with US Blacks.
Same-Sex Legal Marriage and Psychological Well-Being: Findings From the California Health Interview Survey
Authors: Wight Richard G. , LeBlanc Allen J. , Lee Badgett M. V.
Published: December 2012

Objectives. We examined whether same-sex marriage was associated with nonspecific psychological distress among self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, and whether it had the potential to offset mental health disparities between lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons and heterosexuals.

Methods. Population-based data (weighted) were from the 2009 adult (aged 18–70 years) California Health Interview Survey. Within-group analysis of lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons included 1166 individuals (weighted proportion = 3.15%); within-group heterosexual analysis included 35 608 individuals (weighted proportion = 96.58%); and pooled analysis of lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons and heterosexuals included 36 774 individuals.

Results. Same-sex married lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons were significantly less distressed than lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons not in a legally recognized relationship; married heterosexuals were significantly less distressed than nonmarried heterosexuals. In adjusted pairwise comparisons, married heterosexuals had the lowest psychological distress, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons who were not in legalized relationships had the highest psychological distress (P < .001). Psychological distress was not significantly distinguishable among same-sex married lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons, lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons in registered domestic partnerships, and heterosexuals.

Conclusions. Being in a legally recognized same-sex relationship, marriage in particular, appeared to diminish mental health differentials between heterosexuals and lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons. Researchers must continue to examine potential health benefits of same-sex marriage, which is at least in part a public health issue.
Evaluation of Geophysical Techniques for Dike Inspection
Authors: Niederleithinger Ernst , Weller Andreas , Lewis Ronald
Published: December 2012

After some river embankment failures during recent floods in Germany, major investigation and improvement programs for river embankments have been implemented. Presently, the investigation mainly relies on existing documentation, visual inspection, and drilling and sampling. Geophysical techniques, which are applied non-destructively from the surface, have the potential to cover the gaps between sampling points and to enhance the reliability of subsurface information. This paper describes the evaluation results for resistivity, electromagnetic, seismic and GPR techniques acquired at a test site along the Mulde River in eastern Germany. The work was carried out under the government funded project DEISTRUKT. Each geophysical method has its own specific advantages and limitations. Keeping the requirements posed by current German guidelines for river embankments in mind, 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is the method of first choice. However, all geophysical results have to be calibrated carefully using information, such as material properties and depth of structures, determined from boreholes. Although some recommendations are provided here, a set of detailed recommendations have been compiled in a handbook.