bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Technology of Sanitation in Colonial Delhi
Authors: PRASHAD VIJAY
Published: July 2002

I. Sewage Under Capitalism

The preservation of the wealth and welfare of nations, and advances in
culture and civilisation depend on how the
sewage question is resolved.(von Liebig, 1850s).

Delhi is a very suggestive and moralising place—such stupendous
remains of power and wealth passed and passing away—and somehow I feel
that we horrid English have just ‘gone and done it’,
merchandised it, revenue it, and spoiled it all. (Emily Eden, 1838).

Veena Oldenburg argues that after the Rebellion of 1857 British colonial
officials inaugurated a process of urban reconstruction following three
imperatives: safety, sanitation and loyalty. To make the cities of India
safe, clean and loyal, the colonial regime exerted a measure of
‘social control . . . In an era when tinkering with the structure of
society had been officially and unambiguously forsworn.’. If the highest offices
of the colonial regime proclaimed its remove from society, she argues, the
‘lowest levels of decision making and action’, intruded effectively to
reconstruct the social fabric of urban life. In this essay, we will examine this lowest level
of the colonial regime in the local government of Delhi (the Delhi Municipal
Corporation [DMC], the commissioner's office, the army, the Public Works
Department [PWD], the railway officials) and its relations with the local nobility
(the rais and amirs), the merchants, and working people.
Strikes and ‘Communal’ Riots in Calcutta in the 1890s: Industrial Workers, Bhadralok Nationalist Leadership and the Colonial State
Authors: Basu Subho
Published: July 2002

The growth of industrial suburbs with a large working-class population around Calcutta in the final years of the nineteenth century profoundly influenced the politics on the streets of the ‘second city’ of the British empire. The increasing concentration of a large industrial work force in the newly growing mill towns around Calcutta in these years was accompanied by frequent industrial action and violent confrontations between the colonial law enforcement agencies and various sections of factory operatives in the city and the suburban mill towns. In the 1890s, when the Indian Jute Mill Association (hereafter IJMA) extended working hours and increased the work load in the factories, Calcutta and suburban mill towns witnessed numerous strikes. In 1895 these strikes frightened the jute mill owners so much that the IJMA pleaded with the government to reorganize police forces in the mill municipalities in order to protect the European managerial staff from the wrath of angry workers.
Die ‘Juden’ im Petrusevangelium (PCair 10759): Ein Testfall
Authors: NICKLAS TOBIAS
Published: July 2002

Wie auch immer man die Einzelergebnisse ihrer Forschungen zu apokryphen Evangelien beurteilen mag: Aus dem mit den Arbeiten J. D. Crossans und H. Kösters eingeleiteten Paradigmenwechsel in der Beurteilung apokrypher Literatur folgt fast zwangsläufig die Notwendigkeit einer Problematisierung des Kanonverhältnisses ‘neutestamentlicher Apokryphen’. Daraus ergibt sich u.a. die Forderung apokryphe Evangelien zunächst einmal unter Ausblendung von Fragen ihres literarischen Verhältnisses zu Texten des NTs auch an sich als theologische Literatur ernst zu nehmen. Die folgende Untersuchung versteht sich als Beispiel eines derartigen Zugangs. Die genaue Untersuchung der häufig pauschal beurteilten Rolle der ‘Juden’ im Petrusevangelium erweist diese als bei weitem differenzierter gezeichnet, als meistens angenommen wird.
LUKE 2.7 AGAIN
Authors: DERRETT J. D. M.
Published: July 2002

In his study ‘Du kataluma à la crèche’, NTS 44 (1998) 618–22, J. Winandy argues that Luke 2.7, διoτι oυκ ην αυτoις τoπoς εν τω καταλυματι, does not imply that an innkeeper sent away (for want of room, τoπoς) one about to give birth, but rather that his convivial καταλυμα was inappropriate for the event. The argument attracts. But Winandy's seven examples of τo[pi]oς do not have this meaning. Each takes τo[pi]oς in the sense of ‘the place where one would expect to find something’. To[pi]oς can indeed mean ‘the appropriate place’ (LXX Job 18.22; Eccles 1.5; 10.4), ‘home’ (LXX 2 Chron 25.10; Job 27.21, 23; Isa 14.2; Jer 4.7), or even a temporary abode (LXX Esdras 1.4). But Luke's allusion eluded Winandy, as it does many of his readers. Isa 66 figures in early Christian apologetic. Matthew's Magi can be found there. Isa 66.19 appears as a parallel to Luke 2.34, and Luke 22.68 recalls Isa 66.4.
A generic population model for the African tick
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: RANDOLPH S. E. , ROGERS D. J.
Published: July 2002

We present a simulation population model for the African tick
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, based on previous analyses
of the mortality factors most closely correlated with observed
population changes at 11 sites in equatorial and South
Africa. The model incorporates temperature-dependent rates of egg production
and development, climate-driven density-independent mortality rates,
particularly during the adult-larval stage, and density-dependent
regulation of both nymphs
and adults. Diapause is also included for tick populations in southern
Africa.
The model successfully describes both the
seasonality and annual range of variation in numbers of each tick stage
observed at each of 4 test sites in Uganda, Burundi
and South Africa. Sensitivity analysis showed that the final version of
the model is robust to 4-fold variation in most
parameter values (that were per force based on informed
guesses), but is more sensitive to the regression coefficients
determining density-dependent interstadial mortality (that were derived
from analysis of field data). The model is able to
predict the seasonality of ticks from a site in Kenya where a full
prior population analysis was not possible because only
adults and nymphs had been counted. The model is potentially applicable
to other species of ticks, both tropical and
temperate, to predict tick abundance and seasonality as risk factors
for tick-borne diseases.
Quantitative characterization, classification and
reconstruction of oocyst shapes of Eimeria species from cattle
Authors: SOMMER C.
Published: July 2002

This study reports on morphological variability of
Eimeria species, which may be given either by drawings or as
quantitative data. The drawings may be used to facilitate
identification by eye of ‘unknown’ Eimeria specimens,
whereas quantitative data may serve as a reference set for
identification by multivariate statistical techniques. The morphology of
810 Eimeria specimens was defined in binary (b/w)
digital images by pixels of their oocyst outline. A Fourier transform
of pixel positions yielded size and shape features. To classify
coccidia, the quantitative data were employed in an
agglomerative clustering by average linkage algorithm with equal
weight assigned to size and shape. An inverse Fourier
transform served to reconstruct oocyst outlines, i.e. outlines
of average shape and size, from mean values of features in
resulting clusters. Clusters were subsequently identified based on
their average morphology by comparison with drawings
of species in an earlier taxonomical work. Five hundred oocyst
outlines were simulated for each cluster representing a
species, and shape/size variability was presented in contour
diagrams. Differences in species shapes, and correspondence
in length and width, were seen after reconstruction by inverse
Fourier transform and comparison with earlier studies.
Single-clone and mixed-clone infections versus host
environment in Crithidia bombi infecting bumblebees
Authors: IMHOOF B. , SCHMID-HEMPEL P.
Published: July 2002

Current theories assume that adaptive parasite evolution explains

variation in the level of virulence and parasite success.
In particular, mixed-genotype infections by parasites should generally
be
more virulent, and faster multiplying strains
more successful, either because fixed strategies have evolved or because

parasites facultatively alter virulence in response
to co-infecting competitors. We compared several measures of parasite
success and virulence between single-clone and
mixed-clone infections of 2 strains of the trypanosome Crithidia bombi

in its bumblebee host, Bombus terrestris. Contrary
to expectation, we could not find differences between single-clone and

mixed-clone infections in parasite prevalence,
infection success, duration and clearance rate. However, a clearly
significant effect of colony on infection intensity was
present, and the colony effect emerged in virtually all other measures.

We thus conclude that host environment as defined
by the family (colony) genotype and thus host heterogeneity are more
important in determining parasite virulence than
the parasite characteristics. This does not invalidate modern theories

of parasite evolution but suggests that variation in
both hosts and parasites must be taken into account in more detail.
Whole genome genetic-typing in yeast using high-density
oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: WINZELER E. A. , LEE B. , McCUSKER J. H. , DAVIS R. W.
Published: July 2002

Genome sequence information in combination with new technologies has allowed researchers to approach genetic
problems in new ways. High-density oligonucleotide arrays were used to probe the genome content of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that these arrays, containing oligonucleotides complementary to the sequenced strain
of S. cerevisiae, can be used to identify open reading frames that are missing or present in higher or lower copy number
in related isolates of S. cerevisiae. We apply this method to the characterization of the genome of a strain derived from
a clinical isolate of S. cerevisiae. Our results show that the telomeres are the regions with the most variability between the
two strains.
The effect of pregnancy on Wuchereria bancrofti
microfilarial load in humans
Authors: ALEXANDER N. D. E. , GRENFELL B. T.
Published: July 2002

As part of a drug trial against bancroftian filariasis in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea we measured the pre-treatment microfilarial densities of 2219 individuals. Mean levels generally increased with age in both sexes, with a
tendency to plateau at the highest ages. However, there was a reduction among women of approximately reproductive age.
Allowing for the tendency for aggregation to decrease with age, this reduction was statistically significant. However, a
comparison of pregnant women and controls showed no evidence that the reduction is specifically related to pregnancy.
Moreover, a simple differential equation model of microfilarial acquisition and loss suggests that age-specific patterns of
exposure are also unlikely to be solely responsible. Therefore, we suggest that the observed reduction in microfilarial
intensity may result from hormonal changes associated with female reproduction, possibly in combination with other
factors.
Anaemia of acute malaria infections in non-immune
patients primarily results from destruction of uninfected
erythrocytes
Authors: JAKEMAN G. N. , SAUL A. , HOGARTH W. L. , COLLINS W. E.
Published: July 2002

While anaemia has long been recognized as a consequence of acute infections with malaria, the relative contributions of
direct erythrocyte destruction by parasites, destruction of uninfected erythrocytes and changes in erythropoiesis have been
unclear. Fitting of parasitaemia and anaemia data from neurosyphilis patients undergoing malaria therapy to a mathematical
model shows that in these patients, an average of 8·5 erythrocytes were destroyed in addition to each erythrocyte
observed to become parasitized. The model also showed that dyserythropoiesis plays an insignificant role in the resulting
anaemia. The anaemia occurs before a substantial antibody response to parasites or erythrocytes could be generated. We
postulate that uninfected erythrocyte destruction occurs through phagocytosis of erythrocytes bound to merozoites killed
as a result of the accompanying malaria paroxysms.
Interferon-γ induces secretion of trypanosome lymphocyte
triggering factor via tyrosine protein kinases
Authors: HAMADIEN M. , BAKHIET M. , HARRIS R. A.
Published: July 2002

Bidirectional signalling between Trypanosoma brucei brucei and CD8+
T cells involves reciprocal action of the parasite-derived trypanosome derived lymphocyte triggering factor (TLTF) and lymphocyte-derived IFN-γ. Herein we further
characterize this relationship and report quantitation of TLTF secretion into culture supernatants using a newly developed
ELISA. Secretion is induced by IFN-γ in a dose–response manner, with 100 U/ml giving maximal yields of bioactive
TLTF as assessed by ELISA and ELISPOT. This is a constitutive and active secretion. Furthermore, IFN-γ-induced
secretion was dependent on tyrosine protein kinase activity. Specific blockers of this signalling system resulted in lower
yields of TLTF in the culture supernatants.
The infection of human skin by schistosome cercariae: studies using Franz cells
Authors: BARTLETT A. , BROWN M. , MARRIOTT C. , WHITFIELD P. J.
Published: July 2002

Franz cells (2-chambered, air/fluid phase static diffusion devices, previously used for the study of drugs across viable
human skin) are utilized for the first time to investigate the process of infection of human skin by Schistosoma mansoni
cercariae. Skin obtained from cosmetic surgery sources was used in the Franz cells to describe the temporal dynamics of
the early interaction of cercariae with skin. At 38 °C, about 50% of cercariae applied in water to the epidermal surface
of the skin were irreversibly attached within 1 min and after 5 min about 85% were similarly irrecoverable. The technique
also provides the means of following the early penetration path of cercariae by histological methods. Franz cell results on
the dynamics of attachment/early penetration have been compared with those obtained using artificial skin equivalents
and non-human mammalian skin models in the context of the physical and chemical differences between these systems
and viable human skin. It is concluded that Franz cells provide a convenient system for directly investigating the early
phases of S. mansoni cercariae interaction with human skin.
Is ‘What is Time?’ a Good Question to Ask?
Authors: Read Rupert
Published: July 2002

Dummett in his recent paper in Philosophy replies in the negative to the question, “Is time a continuum of instants?” But Dummett seems to think that this negative reply entails giving an alternative theoretical account; he nowhere canvasses the possibility that there is something amiss with the question. In other words, Dummett thinks that he still has to reply to the question, “What (then) is time?”

I offer no answer whatsover to such ‘questions’. Rather, I ask what it could possibly mean to say that time is (e.g.) a continuum of instants (and by extension, whether it can mean anything at all to assert that it isn't).

In the course of doing so, I suggest that Dummett's ‘Anti-Realism’ is invariably a form of Realism, just a subtly inconsistent form. Anti-Realism keeps the fundamental metaphysical picture of Realism intact. Anti-Realism still thinks that there is a Reality...settling whether Realism or Anti-Realism is correct!
‘Anti-Realism’ is never anti-Realist enough.
A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
Authors: GARETY P. A. , KUIPERS E. , FOWLER D. , FREEMAN D. , BEBBINGTON P. E.
Published: July 2002

In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).
The course of depression in the elderly: a
longitudinal community-based study in Australia
Authors: HENDERSON A. S. , KORTEN A. E. , JACOMB P. A. , MACKINNON A. J. , JORM A. F. , CHRISTENSEN H. , RODGERS B.
Published: July 2002

Background. We report the outcome of
depressive states after 3-4 years in a community sample
of the elderly.

Methods. A sample of 1045 persons aged 70+ years in 1990–1
was re-interviewed after 3·6
years.

Results. Mortality (21·7%) and refusal or non-availability (10·4%) were higher in those who
initially had had a diagnosis or symptoms of depression. Of those with an ICD-10 depressive
episode in 1990–1, 13% retained that diagnosis. Of those who were not depressed initially only
2·5% had become cases. Depression was unrelated to age or apolipoprotein E genotype. The best
predictors of the number of depressive symptoms at follow-up was the number at Wave 1,
followed by deterioration in health and in activities of daily living, high neuroticism, poor
current health, poor social support, low current activity levels and high service use. Depressive
symptoms at Wave 1 did not predict subsequent cognitive decline or dementia.

Conclusions. Non-random sample attrition is unavoidable. ICD-10 criteria yield more cases than
other systems, while continuous measures of symptoms confer analytical advantages. Risk
factors for depressive states in the elderly have been further identified. The prognosis for these
states is favourable. At the community level, depressive symptoms do not seem to predict cognitive decline,
as they do in referred series.
Clinical factors associated with short-term changes in
outcome of patients with somatized mental disorder in primary care
Authors: DOWNES-GRAINGER E. , MORRISS R. , GASK L. , FARAGHER B.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is little research that examines demographic,

clinical and treatment factors
associated with changes in physical symptoms, psychiatric symptoms and
functional outcome in
patients with somatized depression or anxiety in primary care.

Method. Factors associated with the outcome of psychologized
or
somatized depression or anxiety
were derived from the literature. These factors were tested individually
for
their effects on changes
in physical symptoms, psychiatric symptoms and functional outcome between
baseline consultation
with the general practitioner and 1 or 3 months later in 215 patients
with somatized depression or
anxiety. Individual factors associated with a particular outcome, demographic,

DSM-IV diagnosis and treatment variables were entered into a multiple regression
analysis.

Results. Factors associated with a better outcome on all
three types of outcome measure were the
absence of generalized anxiety disorder and/or simple or social
phobias, absence of physical
pathology, and the prescription of fewer drugs, especially hypnotics or
benzodiazepines. In
addition, a better psychiatric symptom outcome was associated with the
patients' perceived
satisfaction with the general practitioner's understanding or
explanation of the patient's problems.
A better functional outcome was associated with having a job, less
distress over physical symptoms,
not receiving invalidity benefit and no referral to hospital.

Conclusion. There are clinical and demographic factors associated

with all types of short-term
outcome in patients with somatized depression or anxiety but there
are additional factors that are
associated only with either psychiatric or functional outcome.
Manual-assisted cognitive-behaviour therapy
(MACT): a randomized controlled trial of a brief
intervention with bibliotherapy in the treatment of
recurrent deliberate self-harm
Authors: EVANS K. , TYRER P. , CATALAN J. , SCHMIDT U. , DAVIDSON K. , DENT J. , TATA P. , THORNTON S. , BARBER J. , THOMPSON S.
Published: July 2002

Background. The treatment of deliberate self-harm (parasuicide)
remains limited in efficacy. Despite
a range of psychosocial, educational and pharmacological interventions
only one approach,
dialectical behaviour therapy, a form of cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT),
has been shown to
reduce repeat episodes, but this is lengthy and intensive and difficult
to extrapolate to busy clinical
practice. We investigated the effectiveness of a new manual-based treatment
varying from
bibliotherapy (six self-help booklets) alone to six sessions of cognitive
therapy linked to the
booklets, which contained elements of dialectical behaviour therapy.

Methods. Thirty-four patients, aged between 16 and 50, seen
after an episode of deliberate self-harm,
with personality disturbance within the flamboyant cluster and a previous
parasuicide
episode within the past 12 months, were randomly assigned to treatment
with manual-assisted
cognitive-behaviour therapy (MACT N=18) or treatment as usual
(TAU N=16). Assessment of
clinical symptoms and social function were made at baseline and repeated
by an independent
assessor masked to treatment allocation at 6 months. The number and rate
of all parasuicide
attempts, time to next episode and costs of care were also determined.

Results. Thirty-two patients (18 MACT; 14 TAU) were seen at
follow-up and 10 patients in each
group (56% MACT and 71% TAU) had a suicidal act during the 6 months. The
rate of suicidal
acts per month was lower with MACT (median 0·17/month MACT;
0·37/month TAU; P=0·11)
and self-rated depressive symptoms also improved (P=0·03).
The treatment involved a mean of 2·7
sessions and the observed average cost of care was 46% less with MACT (P=0·22).

Conclusions. Although limited by the small sample, the results
of this pilot study suggest that this
new form of cognitive-behaviour therapy is promising in its efficacy and
feasible in clinical practice.
Attentional and mnemonic deficits associated with
infectious disease in humans
Authors: CAPURON L. , LAMARQUE D. , DANTZER R. , GOODALL G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Infectious diseases are accompanied by behavioural
and psychological changes
that suggest the implication of the central nervous system. Among them,
cognitive alterations have
been reported, but their specificity and implication in everyday life are
still largely unclear. The
purpose of the present study was to evaluate and specify the everyday memory
disturbances in sick
human subjects and to determinate the role of fever in the appearance of
these alterations.

Methods. The study was carried out in a military training centre
for naval recruits. Ninety-one
volunteer subjects, healthy (N=30) or suffering from flu-like
syndrome, with (N=29) or without
fever (N=32), participated in this experiment and were administered
a cognitive test (the ERBMT)
according to a cross-sectional design for assessing various aspects of
everyday memory.

Results. Sick subjects were specifically impaired in daily
memory tasks that require the temporary
management of a large amount of information. This impairment was similar
for the feverish and
apyretic sick subjects who both differed from the controls.

Conclusion. These findings suggest that infectious disease
disturbs the complex cognitive processes
that might be associated with attentional functions. Moreover, these results
show that fever is not
a necessary condition for the appearance of these cognitive disturbances.
Capacity to make health care decisions: its
importance in clinical practice
Authors: WONG J. G. , CLARE I. C. H. , GUNN M. J. , HOLLAND A. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Assessment of capacity plays a pivotal role
in determining when decisions need to be
made on behalf of an individual. It therefore has major clinical management
implications for health
care professionals and civil liberties implications for the person concerned.
In many countries, there
is a presumption that adults have the capacity to make health care decisions.
However, in persons
with a mental disability, capacity may be temporarily or permanently impaired.

Methods. A selective review is presented which considers:
(i) the broad approaches taken to
determining capacity; (ii) the abilities commonly assessed in

determining capacity; and (iii) the
principles underlying health care decision-making for adults who are without
capacity.

Results. Capacity is a functional concept, determined by the
person's ability to understand, retain,
and weigh up information relevant to the decision in order to arrive at
a choice, and then to
communicate that choice. We have reviewed the studies that examined decision-making
abilities in
people with dementia, chronic mental illness or intellectual disabilities.
Approaches to
decision-making in adults who lack capacity include: anticipatory decisions
made through advance health
care statements or decisions by proxy based on ‘best interests’

or ‘substituted judgement’.

Conclusions. The understanding of clinical and legal aspects
of capacity is still developing. This
paper examines current concepts of capacity and decision-making on behalf
of those without
capacity. We propose a framework, in line with current ethical and legal
guidelines, as an aid to
clinicians when they are seeking consent for a health care intervention.
Can children with autistic spectrum disorders
perceive affect in music? An experimental
investigation
Authors: HEATON P. , HERMELIN B. , PRING L.
Published: July 2002

Background. Children with autistic spectrum disorders typically show impairments in processing
affective information within social and interpersonal domains. It has yet to be established whether
such difficulties persist in the area of music; a domain which is characteristically rich in emotional
content.

Methods. Fourteen children with autism and Asperger syndrome and their age and intelligence
matched controls were tested for their ability to identify the affective connotations of melodies in
the major or minor musical mode. They were required to match musical fragments with schematic
representations of happy and sad faces.

Results. The groups did not differ in their ability to ascribe the musical examples to the two affective
categories.

Conclusions. In contrast to their performance within social and interpersonal domains, children
with autistic disorders showed no deficits in processing affect in musical stimuli.
Biological rhythm disturbance in depression:
temporal coherence of ultradian sleep EEG rhythms
Authors: ARMITAGE R. , HOFFMANN R. F. , RUSH A. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Recent studies have suggested that major depressive disorders are associated with a
breakdown in the organization of ultradian rhythm in sleep EEG. The present study used cross-spectral analysis of sleep EEG to confirm this finding, in a larger-scale study, evaluating the
influence of gender and age on ultradian rhythms in depression.

Methods. Temporal coherence of ultradian (80–120 min) rhythms in beta, theta and delta, recorded
from central and parietal sites, were compared in 120 symptomatic, unmedicated, depressed out-patients and 59 healthy normal controls.

Results. Few macro-architectural differences were noted between patients and controls. However,
interhemispheric beta and theta coherence and intrahemispheric coherence between beta and delta
rhythms were significantly lower in depressed patients. Coherence measures were lowest in women
with depression and highest in men in the control group, but were not strongly influenced by age.
Over 65% of depressed patients were [ges ]2 standard deviations below normal on at least one
coherence measure, in sharp contrast to less than 10% of patients on macro-architectural variables.

Conclusions. It was concluded that dysregulation of ultradian rhythms characterizes the majority
of depressed out-patients, primarily women, even when macro-architecture did not differentiate
groups. The outcome of this study supports the view that the pathophysiology of depression is
strongly influenced by gender. It was suggested that low temporal coherence in depression reflects
a breakdown in the organization of sleep EEG rhythms within and between the two hemispheres.
Altered brain energy metabolism in lithium-resistant
bipolar disorder detected by photic stimulated 31P-MR spectroscopy
Authors: MURASHITA J. , KATO T. , SHIOIRI T. , INUBUSHI T. , KATO N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous 31P-MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) studies suggested altered brain
energy metabolism in bipolar disorder. This study characterized brain energy metabolism in
lithium-resistant bipolar disorder using the photic-stimulation paradigm.

Methods. Subjects were 19 patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder (nine responders and 10 non-responders, 13 with bipolar I and six with bipolar II) in the euthymic state and 25 healthy
volunteers. Energy metabolism in the occipital region was examined by 31P-MRS during photic
stimulation (PS). Six 31P-MR spectra were obtained, one was before PS (Pre), two during 12 min
of PS (PS1, PS2), and three after the PS (Post 1, Post 2, Post 3).

Results. Significant effect of diagnosis (lithium-responsive bipolar disorder, lithium-resistant
bipolar disorder, and control) was found for the phosphocreatine peak area ratio during the course
of the photic stimulation (P<0·05 by repeated measures ANOVA). The phosphocreatine peak area
ratio was significantly decreased at Post 1 and Post 2 compared with Pre in lithium-resistant bipolar
patients (P = 0·01 and P = 0·01 by Dunnett's multiple comparison).

Conclusions. The finding that phosphocreatine decreased after photic stimulation may be
compatible with mitochondrial dysfunction. It is possible that mitochondrial function is impaired
in lithium-resistant bipolar disorder.
A multicentre, double-blind, randomized comparison
of quetiapine (ICI 204,636, ‘Seroquel’) and
haloperidol in schizophrenia
Authors: COPOLOV D. L. , LINK C. G. G. , KOWALCYK B.
Published: July 2002

Background. Quetiapine (ICI 204,636, ‘Seroquel’) is a new atypical antipsychotic agent with a
similar binding profile to the original atypical antipsychotic, clozapine. Its clinical efficacy has
already been demonstrated at multiple fixed doses (150–750 mg/day) and has been suggested to be
comparable with haloperidol (12 mg/day).

Methods. This international, 6-week, multicentre, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial
compared quetiapine with haloperidol (455 mg and 8 mg mean total daily doses, respectively) in 448
hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic or subchronic schizophrenia (DSM-III-R),
in order to establish their equivalence in terms of efficacy, and the nature of their tolerability
profiles, especially in terms of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and serum prolactin levels.

Results. Both quetiapine and haloperidol produced a clear reduction in the Positive and Negative
Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity of Illness and
Global Improvement scores. At day 42, the PANSS total score was reduced by −18·7±1·63 in the
quetiapine group, and −22·1±1·63 in the haloperidol group (P = 0·13, between-treatment).

Quetiapine was better tolerated than haloperidol in terms of EPS as demonstrated by the
significant differences in the Simpson Scale and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores
(P<0·05). Although patients in both groups had elevated serum prolactin concentrations at baseline,
mean serum prolactin concentration decreased (by 16·5 μg/l) in quetiapine-treated patients, yet
increased (by 5·9 μg/l) in patients treated with haloperidol.

Conclusion. Quetiapine is an effective and well tolerated antipsychotic of comparable efficacy to
haloperidol and lacks the latter compound's effect on prolactin and EPS.
Homeless youth in London: II. Accommodation,
employment and health outcomes at 1 year
Authors: CRAIG T. K. J. , HODSON S.
Published: July 2002

Background. While there is considerable evidence of a high prevalence of psychiatric disorder
among homeless youth, much less is known about its long-term course or the impact it may have
on accommodation outcomes.

Method. A random sample of 161 homeless people 16–21 years of age were recruited from
consecutive attendees at two of London's largest facilities for homeless young people. These young
people were traced and re-interviewed a year later to examine accommodation, occupation and
health outcomes.

Results. A total of 107 (67%) people were successfully re-interviewed. Psychiatric disorder was
identified in 55% at follow up. Two thirds of those with a psychiatric disorder at index interview
remained symptomatic at follow-up. Persistence of psychiatric disorder was associated with adverse
childhood experiences and rough sleeping. Satisfactory accommodation outcomes were achieved by
45 subjects (42%). Better accommodation outcomes were associated with three variables measured
at the index assessment: ethnic minority status; educational achievement; and, the presence of
accommodation plans negotiated through a resettlement agency. While psychiatric disorder at
index interview was not associated with accommodation outcome, persistent substance use in the
follow-up year was associated with poor accommodation outcome. Over half of the young people
had been involved in petty crime and just under a third had been convicted for more serious criminal
activity. Offending and antisocial behaviour in the follow-up year were related to a history of
conduct disorder, persistent substance abuse and poor accommodation outcomes.

Conclusions. Young homeless people are characterized by multiple social and medical needs.
Successful resettlement of this population may depend upon integrated services that address
problems of persisting substance use and mental illness as well as the immediate housing need.
Monoamine oxidase: associations with alcohol
dependence, smoking and other measures of psychopathology
Authors: WHITFIELD J. B. , PANG D. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , MADDEN P. A. F. , HEATH A. C. , STATHAM D. J. , MARTIN N. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Many reports have appeared on associations between platelet monoamine oxidase
(MAO) activity and susceptibility to psychiatric conditions; principally alcohol dependence but also
conduct disorder, other drug use and depression. Recently, it has become apparent that MAO
activity is inhibited by some component of cigarette smoke, and smokers have low platelet MAO
activity. Since the prevalence of smoking is higher in many of the conditions in which MAO has
been implicated, the MAO susceptibility associations may be partly, or entirely, false.

Methods. We have measured platelet MAO in 1551 subjects, recruited from the Australian
NHMRC Twin Registry, who have provided information on alcohol use and dependence, smoking,
conduct disorder, depression, attempted suicide, panic disorder and social phobia.

Results. Current smoking reduced platelet MAO activity in a significant and dose-related manner,
with no evidence of lower MAO in ex-smokers or in non-smoking subjects with co-twins who
smoked. Alcohol use and lifetime DSM-III-R alcohol dependence history were not associated with
MAO activity when smoking was taken into account. Depression, panic disorder and social phobia
showed no significant associations with platelet MAO activity. Subjects with a history of serious
attempts at suicide had low platelet MAO activity; but although the difference from controls was
as great as the reduction associated with smoking it was not significant after correction for smoking
effects.

Conclusions. Although synaptic MAO activity undoubtedly plays a role in psychopathology, the
concept that platelet MAO activity is a direct genetic marker of vulnerability to alcohol dependence
cannot be sustained.
Physical health and the onset and persistence of
depression in older adults: an eight-wave prospective
community-based study
Authors: GEERLINGS S. W. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , DEEG D. J. H. , VAN TILBURG W.
Published: July 2002

Background. Poor physical health has long been recognized to be one of the most important risk
factors for depression in older adults. Since many aspects of physical health can be targeted for
improvement in primary care, it is important to know whether physical health problems predict the
onset and/or the persistence of depression.

Methods. The study is based on a sample which at the outset consisted of 327 depressed and 325
non-depressed older adults (55–85) drawn from a larger random community-based sample in the
Netherlands. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression
scale (CES-D) at eight successive waves.

Results. From all incident episodes, the majority (57%) was short-lived. These short episodes could
generally not be predicted by physical health problems. The remaining incident episodes (43%)
were not short-lived and could be predicted by poor physical health. Chronicity (34%) was also
predicted by physical health problems.

Conclusions. The study design with its frequent measurements recognized more incident cases than
previous studies; these cases however did have a better prognosis than is often assumed. The
prognosis of prevalent cases was rather poor. Physical health problems were demonstrated to be a
predictor of both the onset and the persistence of depression. This may well have implications for
prevention and intervention.
Childhood sexual abuse and pathogenic parenting in the childhood recollections of adult twin pairs
Authors: McLAUGHLIN T. L. , HEATH A. C. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , MADDEN P. A. F. , BIERUT L. J. , SLUTSKE W. S. , DINWIDDIE S. , STATHAM D. J. , DUNNE M. P. , MARTIN N. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. We examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and
interviewees' recollections of pathogenic parenting, testing for possible retrospective biases in the
recollections of those who have experienced CSA.

Methods. Information about CSA, parental divorce and interviewees' recollections of parental
rejection, parental overprotection and perceived autonomy (as assessed through a shortened version
of the Parental Bonding Instrument) was obtained through telephone interviews with 3626
Australian twins who had also returned self-report questionnaires several years earlier. Recollections
of parental behaviours were compared for individuals from pairs in which neither twin, at least one
twin, or both twins reported CSA.

Results. Significant associations were noted between CSA and paternal alcoholism and between
CSA and recollections of parental rejection. For women, individuals from CSA-discordant pairs
reported levels of parental rejection that were significantly higher than those obtained from CSA-negative pairs. The levels of parental rejection observed for twins from CSA-discordant pairs did
not differ significantly from those obtained from CSA-concordant pairs, regardless of respondent's
abuse status. For men from CSA-discordant pairs, respondents reporting CSA displayed a tendency
to report higher levels of parental rejection than did respondents not reporting CSA. Other
measures of parenting behaviour (perceived autonomy and parental overprotection) failed to show
a clear relationship with CSA.

Conclusions. The relationship between CSA and respondents' recollections of parental rejection is
not due solely to retrospective bias on the part of abused individuals and, consistent with other
studies, may reflect a pathological family environment with serious consequences for all siblings.
Fitness to plead. A prospective study of the inter-relationships between expert opinion, legal criteria and specific symptomatology
Authors: JAMES D. V. , DUFFIELD G. , BLIZARD R. , HAMILTON L. W.
Published: July 2002

Background. Psychiatrists are asked to give opinions as to fitness to plead, a legal concept. There
is a dearth of research into fitness to plead in the UK, with no prospective studies and no studies
involving the comparison of fit and unfit subjects. In particular, there have been no investigations
into the meaning of ‘unfit to plead’ in terms of psychiatric symptomatology, or as to the relative
importance of each legal fitness criterion in psychiatrists' conclusions as to fitness.

Method. The study comprised a prospective evaluation of 479 consecutive referrals to psychiatrists
at court. Individual legal fitness criteria were examined as predictors of unfitness. Associations of
unfitness, and of individual legal fitness criteria, were examined with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
(BPRS) symptom scores.

Results. The two most important of the legal criteria in clinical decisions as to unfitness were
whether the person could follow the proceedings of the trial or give adequate instructions to their
solicitor. The legal criteria concerning trial were more predictive of unfitness than those concerning
plea. Unfitness was significantly associated with the presence of positive psychotic symptomatology,
in particular conceptual disorganization and delusional thinking, but not with symptoms of anxiety,
depression or withdrawal.

Conclusion. Unfitness is most significantly associated with symptoms affecting comprehension and
communication. The fitness criteria could be simplified without loss of power. These results,
predominantly concerned with mental illness, may not generalize to the mentally impaired.
Source monitoring deficits in patients with
schizophrenia; a multinomial modelling analysis
Authors: KEEFE R. S. E. , ARNOLD M. C. , BAYEN U. J. , HARVEY P. D.
Published: July 2002

Background. Schizophrenia patients, particularly those with symptoms such as thought insertion,
passivity experiences and hallucinations, may share an underlying cognitive deficit in monitoring the
generation of their own thoughts. This deficit, which has been referred to as ‘autonoetic agnosia’,
may result in the conclusion that self-generated thoughts come from an external source. Previous
work supports this notion, yet the statistical approaches that have been used have not enabled a
distinction between specific deficits suggesting autonoetic agnosia and more general cognitive
dysfunction.

Methods. Autonoetic agnosia was assessed using source-monitoring paradigms in 28 patients with
schizophrenia and 19 control subjects. Multinomial model analyses, which allow the distinction
between deficits in recognizing information, remembering its source, and response biases, were
applied to the data.

Results. Schizophrenia patients were impaired in discriminating between words that came from two
external sources, from two internal sources, and one internal and one external source. In a condition
requiring subjects to distinguish between words they had heard from those they had imagined
hearing, when schizophrenic patients did not remember the source of the information, they showed
a stronger bias than controls to report that it had come from an external source.

Conclusions. The application of multinomial models to source monitoring data suggests that
schizophrenia patients have source monitoring deficits that are not limited to the distinction
between internally-generated and externally-perceived information. However, when schizophrenia
patients do not remember the source of information, they may be more likely than controls to report
that it came from an external source.
Lunar Musings? An Investigation of Hegel's and

Kierkegaard's Portraits of Despair
Authors: BERTHOLD-BOND DANIEL
Published: July 2002

Despite his persistent polemics against the Hegelian

‘speculative’

philosophy, Kierkegaard recognized his own ‘enigmatic

respect for Hegel’, and one

of his pseudonyms (Johannes Climacus) even acknowledged that his

‘own energies are for the most part consecrated to the

service’ of speculation. Nowhere are

Kierkegaard's energies more productively devoted to

this service than in the work

of his last pseudonym, Anti-Climacus, The Sickness Unto

Death. In this essay, I argue

that not only are there structural parallels between the

anatomy of despair in The Sickness Unto Death and

the analysis of the ‘unhappy consciousness’

in Hegel's Phenomenology, but that there are

striking parallels in terms of the actual content of

the respective accounts. I develop these parallels in order,

finally, to reconsider the

terrain of difference between Kierkegaard's Christian

therapeutics of despair and

Hegel's phenomenological therapeutics.
Many are culled but few are chosen
Authors: WIELENBERG ERIK J.
Published: July 2002

In his recent book Divine Providence: The Molinist Account, Thomas
Flint suggests that necessarily, a world is culled iff it is chosen. I argue that there is
good reason to think that this thesis is false. I further argue that the thesis is
inconsistent with certain other claims that many theists will want to endorse and
hence that many theists will want to reject Flint's claim. I next consider Flint's
reasons for endorsing the thesis and argue that his reasons are not good ones. I then
examine the implications of this debate with respect to two varieties of Molinism:
Fourth Momentism and Fifth Momentism. Finally, I consider some objections to my
view.
‘Market Workfare’: Social Security, Social Regulation
and
Competitiveness in the 1990s
Authors: GROVER CHRIS , STEWART JOHN
Published: July 2002

A Regulation Approach framework has been adopted to analyse the
very
rapid period of change in social security policy since the late 1980s.
It is
argued that the changes can be explained in terms of a number of
regulatory dilemmas which emerged or were intensified under neo-liberal

capital accumulation. Some of the regulatory dilemmas – high levels
of
economic inactivity, inflationary pressures consequent to higher employment

and low levels of wages – it was thought could be managed through

the social security system using what we call ‘market workfare’;
by which
we mean in-work means-tested social security benefits which have some
measure of compulsion to work attached, such that it counts as workfare.

The aim of in-work benefits is to reduce wages further so that the market

can respond by creating more low-wage employment. By this stratagem it

is the market which responds to labour demand, rather than the government

creating work opportunities. The parliamentary neo-liberal right's

approach to ‘market workfare’ is discussed, and then it is
suggested that
the marked similarities between New Labour and the previous parliamentary

neo-liberal right can be explained because both administrations
were attempting to manage the same regulatory dilemmas.
Markets and Motives
Trust and Egoism in Welfare Markets
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER
Published: July 2002

Enthusiasm for the expansion of markets in welfare reflects the
currency of
assumptions derived from rational choice theory among policy-makers. This

article reviews recent evidence from the ESRC's Economic Beliefs
and
Behaviour programme that calls into question the basic tenet of the
rational
choice approach – that individual choices are driven by instrumental
rationality
– and argues that welfare markets require a normative framework in

which trust plays an important role. Experimental evidence from recent

work in economic psychology indicates that individuals often display a
level
of trust in market interactions that is hard to explain on the basis of
simple
rationality, but that such trust is fragile and easily undermined by egoistic

action. Lack of attention to the normative issues which the rational choice

approach fails to capture may lead to the design of markets which are inefficient

in meeting the aims of policy-makers and which deplete the moral
legacy on which many welfare markets in practice depend.