bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Gait Performance of People with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Disease Who Do and Do Not Wear Ankle Foot Orthoses
Authors: Ramdharry Gita M. , Pollard Alexander J. , Marsden Jonathan F. , Reilly Mary M.
Published: January 2012

Background and Purpose

Ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly prescribed for people with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease. Scant evidence exists to guide the type and timing of orthotic prescription. This study explores the latter issue by investigating the differences in presentation and gait function of people with CMT disease who wore AFOs for daily mobility (n = 11) and a group who did not (n = 21). The aim was to see if there was a difference in the characteristics in people who regularly wear AFOs.

Methods

Primary measures of gait function were a 10‐m timed walk (comfortable and maximum speed) and a 6‐minute walk test. Means of the variables were compared using independent t‐tests. Secondary measures included disease severity, lower limb muscle strength, sensory impairment, walking effort, fatigue severity and perceived walking ability.

Results

AFO wearers walked slower with higher effort. They also had greater disease severity, weaker leg muscles and perceived greater walking difficulty. Subjects not wearing AFOs showed significant relationships between gait variables and muscle strength, whereas AFO wearers showed significant relationships between gait variables and perceived walking ability, fatigue severity and effort.

Conclusions

People who regularly wore AFOs were more severely affected, had a slower maximum walking speed, higher energy cost of walking and worse perceived walking ability. Walking ability in this group was related to fatigue, perceived exertion during walking and perceived walking ability. Gait function of people not using AFOs was determined by lower limb muscle function. People prescribed AFOs, those who do not wear them and those not prescribed AFOs were similar in presentation, suggesting that people choose to wear orthoses when their condition becomes sufficiently severe. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure and fluorescence studies reveal the role of helical dimeric interface of staphylococcal fabg1 in positive cooperativity for NADPH
Authors: Dutta Debajyoti , Bhattacharyya Sudipta , Das Amit Kumar
Published: January 2012

Crystal structure of Staphylococcal β‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase 1 (SaFabG1) complexed with NADPH is determined at 2.5 Å resolution. The enzyme is essential in FAS‐II pathway and utilizes NADPH to reduce β‐ketoacyl‐ACP to (S)‐β‐hydroxyacyl‐ACP. Unlike the tetrameric FabGs, dimeric SaFabG1 shows positive homotropic cooperativity towards NADPH. Analysis of FabG:NADPH binary crystal structure endorses that NADPH interacts directly with the helices α4 and α5 those are present on a dimerization interface. A steady shift in tryptophan (of α4 helix) emission peak upon steady increment of NADPH concentration reveals that the dimeric interface is formed by α4‐α4′ and α5‐α5′ helices. This dimeric interface imparts positive homotropic cooperativity towards NADPH. PEG, a substrate mimicking molecule is also found near the active site of the enzyme. Proteins 2012; © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoprotection for deltamethrin using chitosan‐coated beeswax solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Nguyen Hiep Minh , Hwang In‐Cheon , Park Jae‐Won , Park Hyun‐Jin
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: In the natural environment, photodegradation is one of the most common degradative processes of pesticides. In order to reduce the photodegradation of pesticides, and so increase their killing activity against target pests, chitosan‐coated beeswax solid lipid nanoparticles (CH‐BSLNs) were prepared by a combination of hot homogenization and sonication, with deltamethrin as an active ingredient.

RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, the highest encapsulation efficiency (95%) and a high payload of deltamethrin (approximately 12.5%) were achieved. In direct photolysis, in the case of CH‐BSLNs after UV irradiation for 24 h, 37.3% of deltamethrin remained, as opposed to only 14.6% of the free‐form deltamethrin. In addition, in indirect photolysis, in the case of CH‐BSLNs after UV irradiation for 2 h in 2% acetone solution, approximately 74.5% of deltamethrin remained, as opposed to only 37.6% of the free‐form deltamethrin.

CONCLUSION: CH‐BSLNs showed good protection for deltamethrin against photodegradation. This novel nanocarrier may be useful in crop protection as an economical strategy to enhance the effect of pesticides in the field and protect the environment as well. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Acaricidal activities of Santolina africana and Hertia cheirifolia essential oils against the two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae)
Authors: Attia Sabrine , Grissa Kaouthar L , Mailleux Anne C , Heuskin Stéphanie , Lognay Georges , Hance Thierry
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Many plant essential oils show a broad spectrum of activity against pests. This study investigated the effects of two essential oils on Tetranychus urticae, one of the most serious pests in the world.

RESULTS: The chemical composition of the two oils was characterised by GC‐MS. The most abundant component in the Santolina africana (Jord. & Fourr) oil was terpinen‐4‐ol (54.96%), while thymol (61%) was prevalent in the Hertia cheirifolia (L.) oil. Mortality and fecundity were measured upon treatment with oil concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 6.75 mg L−1 with a Potter spray tower. Mite mortality increased with oil concentration, with LC50 values of 2.35 mg L−1 for S. africana and 3.43 mg L−1 for H. cheirifolia respectively. For both oils, a reduction in fecundity was observed at concentrations of 0.07, 0.09 and 0.29 mg L−1. Artificial blends of constituents of oils were also prepared and tested with individual constituents missing from the mixture. The results showed that the presence of all constituents was necessary to equal the toxicity of the two natural oils.

CONCLUSION: S. africana and H. cheirifolia oils can provide valuable acaricide activity with significantly lower LC50 values. Thus, these oils cause important mortality and reduce the number of eggs laid by females. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Self‐assembled GaN nanostructures by dry etching and their optical properties
Authors: Haab Anna , Mikulics Martin , Winden Andreas , Voigt Sally , von der Ahe Martina , Moers Jürgen , Wirtz Konrad , Stoica Toma , Grützmacher Detlev , Hardtdegen Hilde
Published: January 2012

The influence of process parameters and template characteristics on the morphology and optical properties of self‐assembled nanostructures produced by dry etching from GaN/sapphire templates was investigated. It was found that the chemical component in the etching gas–chlorine supports the formation of nanostructures and that a minimum amount of RF and ICP power (i.e., energy) is necessary. Additionally the crystalline imperfection and the doping concentration of the template greatly affect the nanostructure morphology. All nanostructures exhibit higher luminescence intensity than the templates they are fabricated from and exhibit a red‐shift of the luminescence with respect to the epilayer. The results indicate effective strain relaxation as well as more efficient absorption of the incoming photons the smaller the nanostructures become.
Crystal growth and spectroscopic properties of Er3+‐doped CaYAlO4
Authors: Zhou Dahua , Xu Xiaodong , Chen Xueyuan , Zhu Haomiao , Li Dongzhen , Di Juqing , Xia Changtai , Wu Feng , Xu Jun
Published: January 2012

A single crystal of 1% Er3+‐doped CaYAlO4 has been grown by the traditional Czochralski method. The as‐grown crystal showed optical transparency and developed two planes along the (001) direction. The absorption spectra showed a marked difference in the 4I15/2 → 4I13/2 and 4I15/2 → 4F9/2 transitions with different polarizing direction. Due to the disordered crystal structure, broad absorption, and emission spectra around 1550 nm were obtained. In our experiments, the lifetime of the 4I13/2 excited state of Er3+ was determined to be 3.46 ms by the powder method, while it was 4.95 ms in the bulk samples. In addition, the upconversion spectrum in the green and red regions was observed pumped by a laser diode (LD) at 970 nm.
Synthesis of Nanoamorphous Germanium and Its Transformation to Nanocrystalline Germanium
Authors: Dag Ömer , Henderson Eric J. , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: January 2012

A simple reaction between a mild reducing agent such as a trialkoxysilane and GeIV species such as germanium tetraalkoxides in a room‐temperature water/alcohol solution produces silica‐coated ultrasmall (2–3 nm) amorphous germanium nanoparticles (na‐Ge/SiO2). The initial reaction involves the straightforward hydrolysis and condensation of the precursors, Ge(OCH2CH3)4 and (CH3CH2O)3SiH, where the reaction rate depends on the water concentration in the reaction medium. These processes can be further accelerated by adding acid to the reaction medium or carrying out the reaction at higher temperatures. At low water contents (up to 50% water/ethanol) and low acid concentrations, the reaction proceeds as a clear solution, and no precipitation is observed. The initially colorless clear solution progressively changes to pale yellow, yellow, orange, red, and finally dark red as the na‐Ge particles grow. Evaporation of the solvent yields a reddish‐brown powder/monolith consisting of na‐Ge, embedded in an encapsulating amorphous silica matrix, na‐Ge/SiO2. The formation of na‐Ge proceeds extremely slowly and follows a first‐order dependence on both water concentration and diameter of the na‐Ge particles under the reaction conditions used. Annealing of the na‐Ge/SiO2 powder under an inert atmosphere at 600 °C produces ultrasmall germanium nanocrystals (nc‐Ge) embedded in amorphous silica (nc‐Ge/SiO2). Freestanding, colloidally stable nc‐Ge is obtained by chemical etching of the encapsulating silica matrix.
The In Vivo Response of Stem and Other Undifferentiated Spermatogonia to the Reversible Inhibition of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling in the Adult
Authors: Savitt Joseph , Singh Dolly , Zhang Chao , Chen Liang-Chin , Folmer Janet , Shokat Kevan M. , Wright William W.
Published: January 2012

Maintaining adequate numbers of spermatogonial stem cells is required for the production of the millions of sperm required for male fertility. To date, however, the mechanisms that regulate the size of this pool in the adult are poorly defined. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is required for establishing this pool in the prepubertal animal, but its in vivo function in the normal adult testis has never been examined directly. We used a chemical-genetic approach to address this issue. We generated mice carrying a single amino acid mutation (V805A) in Ret, the kinase subunit of the GDNF receptor. This mutation does not affect normal GDNF signaling but renders it susceptible to inhibition by the ATP competitive inhibitor, NA-PP1. When GDNF signaling was blocked in adults for 11 days, only a few cells remained that expressed the stem spermatogonial markers, Gfrα1 and Zbtb16, and testicular Ret mRNA content was reduced markedly. These decreases were associated with depletion of functional stem spermatogonia; some were lost when GDNF signaling was inhibited for only 2 days while others survived for up to 11 days. However, when signaling was restored, the remaining stem cells proliferated, initiating tissue restoration. In conclusion, these results provide the first direct proof that GDNF acutely regulates the number of spermatogonial stem cells in the normal adult testis. Additionally, these results demonstrate different sensitivities among subpopulation of these stem cells to inhibition of GDNF signaling.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Cesium and Tetrabutylammonium Salt of the Ethynyl‐closo‐dodecaborate Dianion
Authors: Himmelspach Alexander , Finze Maik , Vöge Andrea , Gabel Detlef
Published: January 2012

Salts of the ethynyl‐closo‐dodecaborate dianion [HC≡C‐closo‐B12H11]2– (1) were synthesized by a microwave‐assisted palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction starting from the iodinated cluster [I‐closo‐B12H11]2– and Me3SiC≡CMgBr. The dianion was characterized in its [nBu4N]+ and Cs+ salt by multi‐NMR and vibrational spectroscopy as well as by (–)‐MALDI mass spectrometry. A crystal of [nBu4N]2[HC≡C‐closo‐B12H11] was studied by X‐ray diffraction. The experimental bond properties and the spectroscopic data are compared to values derived from density functional and (RI)‐MP2 calculations. The charge distribution in the ethynyl substituents of the isoelectronic boron clusters 1, [12‐HC≡C‐closo‐1‐CB11H11]–,and 9‐HC≡C‐closo‐1, 2‐CB11H11 is compared. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the [nBu4N]+ salt of the intermediate[Me3SiC≡C‐closo‐B12H11]2– (2) is described.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Manganese(II) and Cobalt(II) Complexes with 4‐Hydroxypyridine‐2, 6‐dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Wang Yu‐Fang , Li Ying‐Ying , Zhao Jian‐She , Wang Li‐Ya
Published: January 2012

Two complexes, namely [Mn3(hpda)2(H2O)8]n (1) and [Co3(hpdaH)3(H2O)7]·(4, 4′py)·(H2O)3 (2) (hpdaH3 = 4‐hydroxypyridine‐2, 6‐dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrocopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 forms a 1D linear chain, which is extended by hydrogen bonds resulting in a 3D network. Complex 2 consists of a trinuclear cobalt(II) unit, which is further linked by hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network. Magnetic measurements show that there is a weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the adjacent MnII ions in 1.
Effects of climate, disturbance and soil factors on the potential distribution of Liaotung oak (Quercus wutaishanica Mayr) in China
Authors: Li Guoqing , Liu Changcheng , Liu Yuguo , Yang Jun , Zhang Xinshi , Guo Ke
Published: January 2012

Liaotung oak (strictly named as Quercus wutaishanica Mayr, but usually called Q. liaotungensis Koidz) is the main dominant tree species in deciduous broad‐leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad‐leaved forests occupying the warm‐temperate zone and temperate zone of China. It plays important roles in soil and water conservation. We collected occurrence data of Liaotung oak together with environmental variables, and used 24 environmental layers as indicators of climate, human disturbance and soil characteristics (at a spatial resolution of 5 arc‐min) across China. The genetic algorithm for rule‐set prediction (GARP) was used to predict the potential distribution area of Liaotung oak. Forward selection, Monte Carlo permutation tests and variation partitioning methods were used to identify the key environmental factors that determined the distribution pattern of Liaotung oak. The results show that (1) GARP predicts the potential distribution area of Liaotung oak with high accuracy, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Kappa index values being relatively high (0.96 ± 0.01, 0.91 ± 0.01); (2) the highest probability of Liaotung oak occurrence is located mainly in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces in China; (3) climate and disturbance intensity are predominant in determining the geographical boundary of Liaotung oak, with human footprint and precipitation of the coldest quarter being the most important (both explaining 71% variation) among the factors investigated across continental China. While climate and soil factors play important roles in determining the suitability index of Liaotung oak, soil organic carbon and temperature are the critical factors (both explaining 55% variation) among the factors investigated across the potential distribution area.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Jobs and the Future of the US Economy
Authors: Kurban Haydar , Green Rodney D.
Published: January 2012

This special issue of the Review presents selected and revised papers from the October 2010 Conference on Jobs and the Future of the US Economy held at Howard University. It includes several bold “outside the box” proposals for addressing the endemic conditions of unemployment and racism in the U.S. economy. These include augmented and targeted Keynesiani deficit finance, functional finance, a federal jobs guarantee, industrial policy, realignment of the federal budget, and financing jobs programs with a Tobin tax. Additional papers examine the historical and political experience with the struggle against unemployment. The goal of this special issue of the Review is to help broaden and intensify the national debate over today's jobs crisis.
Raummuster der Mortalität in Deutschland und ihre Entwicklungstendenzen zwischen 1998 und 2004
Authors: Behrendt Holger
Published: January 2012

The subject of the present study is based on an analysis by regions with regards to the mortality in Germany, divided into the “old” and “new” federal countries between 1998 and 2004. The results show that the new countries have caught up with the situation of mortality compared to the old countries, the process being however more distinct for women than for men. The equalising process of the mortality situation, observed in small regions, is connected with an increase in disparities in West Germany, while these are decreasing in Eastern Germany. The different structure of settlements clearly shows deviations between the mortality situation in the old and new countries. The urbanised regions in the old countries have the highest life expectancy from birth, while life expectancy in the new countries reduces from the agglomeration areas to the rural regions. Only the core cities in the agglomeration areas in the new countries have a higher life expectancy from birth compared to the old countries. The differentiation in socio-economic circumstances of the mortalities shows that the more the gradient of socio-economic circumstances varies, the higher are the regional differences in mortality. Using the indicator “avoidable deaths” as an output indicator, it is possible to show that medical precautions and care, during both the interpretation of the regional differences as well as during the examination of the development over time of the mortality, build an important and independent explanation.
A reply to Mr. Rawlence's paper on the Battle of Ethandun
Authors: Major Albany F.
Published: January 2012

An attempt to rehabilitate the theory that the site of the battle of Ethandun was at Edington-by-Westbury was to be expected, and we welcome Mr. Rawlence's paper as the first attempt we know of to work out a Wiltshire theory of the campaign.
A Carved Ivory Fragment of the Twelfth Century Discovered at St. Albans
Authors: King H. H. , Dalton O. M.
Published: January 2012

The conditions under which the beautiful carved ivory fragment illustrated on pl. I, fig. 1, was discovered may be given in the words of Mr. H. H. King, through whose friendly intervention it has been added to the collections in the British Museum. The discovery was made in 1920 on Mr. King's land by his gardener, in the spring following the filling in of the trenches which he describes, while fragments of tile and stone were being collected from the surface of the replaced soil to fill in a hollow place in a garden path.
A Hoard of Bronze discovered at Grays Thurrock
Authors: Butcher Charles H.
Published: January 2012

Hoards of ancient bronze, however unimportant they may seem, are apt to throw much light on the Bronze Age, and all such finds should be placed on record.

Deposited on loan in the Colchester Museum is a bronze founder's hoard discovered in a cavity of the chalk at Grays Thurrock, Essex, in 1906. From the number of pieces and the variety of types comprised it is certainly remarkable, but has remained unpublished. It comprises some 298 pieces, including several fine implements and weapons, numerous fragments of others broken and worn-out and collected as metal, lumps of copper and bronze, waste pieces and imperfect castings, and a portion of a bronze mould for casting socketed celts. The various items are tabulated in groups:

33 socketed celts, lengths' 4·9 to 2·7 in.

71 imperfect ditto and fragments.

I winged celt, length 4·8 in.

2 imperfect ditto, similar.

Among the socketed celts one fine specimen, length 4·9 in., square in section and quite plain except for a bold moulding round the mouth, is worthy of notice. The remainder range in length from 4·4 to 2·7 in., and vary considerably in the form of their sockets and in style of decoration.
The Avebury Ditch
Authors: Passmore A. D.
Published: January 2012

Since the excavations at Avebury it has been a mystery that the Ditch inside the bank surrounding the greatest stone circle in the world should be thirty feet deep on its south side. A walk round the fosse as it remains to-day reveals the fact that it is deeper on the south side, where the ground-level is higher than on the north; on the latter the ordinary level is 510 ft. O.D., while on the former it is 527 ft. This seems to point to the conclusion that a ditch was planned with a level bottom irrespective of the original level of the ground at any one point, and that the Ditch was not therefore made the same depth all round. The enormous labour of digging this huge trench 30 ft. deep, over 40 ft. wide at top, and 17 ft. at the bottom was incurred for some definite object. Ordinarily the theory of a prehistoric ditch is that it was to keep out man or animals; in this case 10 ft. of depth with fairly steep sides would be impassable for either; therefore to accdunt for the extraordinary exertion of going down 20 ft. deeper than necessary we must adopt another hypothesis, and the fact that the ditch is now deeper on the south, where the ground is highest, gives a clue to the problem.
Notes on the Site of Merton Priory Church
Authors: Westlake H. F.
Published: January 2012

It has long been accepted that the site of the church of the Austin Canons of Merton was irretrievably lost, or at least irrecoverable by reason of the railway which runs across the enclosed precinct of the priory. Such portions of the other priory buildings which remain above the ground have been adequately described by our Fellow Mr. P. M. Johnston in the Surrey Archaeological Collections, vol. xxvii. These are somewhat remote, and, indeed, on the other side of the river Wandle from the site the investigation of which is presently to be described.
Lord Emly's Shrine; two ridge-poles of Shrines, and two bronze castings
Authors: Armstrong E. C. R.
Published: January 2012

Sir Martin Conway's paper on portable reliquaries, tracing the origin of the familiar gabled type, includes a list of the Irish specimens; to this list it is possible to add another, which has twice been mentioned, but I believe neither described nor illustrated. Its existence is not generally known, for it was not alluded to by either Coffey or Romilly Allen in their works on Celtic Art. This reliquary was formerly deposited with the Royal Irish Academy by its owner, Mr. William Monsell, of Tervoe, co. Limerick, afterwards Lord Emly. It is described in one of the old Museum Registers as ‘A Shrine for holding relics 4¼ inches long, 3¾ high, and 1¾ broad. In shape of a house with roof sloping from both sides and ends. One side is deficient, but supplied with cork. Formed of wood with brass-ornamented ridge-pole, and brass bending at angles. One side and the adjoining slope of the roof is ornamented ingeniously with inlaying and enamel, the side having two, and the roof one circular ornament divided into compartments, which are subdivided by divisions radiating from their centres.’ The shrine was returned to Mr. Monsell in 1872. A plaster cast of it is, however, in the collection, from which the illustration is made. The colours in which the cast is painted show that the metal plates are bronze, not brass. The reliquary opens by means of hinges placed at the back, the upper part being a true lid. The ridge-pole terminates in animals' heads. The bronze plates covering the front of the shrine are ornamented with a species of fret pattern; they are inset with three roundels arranged like those on the Lough Erne and Copenhagen shrines. The empty centres of the roundels may have contained half-beads of amber (pl. IX, fig. 1).
A Late-Medieval Bracer in the British Museum
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: January 2012

The archer's bracer illustrated in the fig. on p. 209 is of cuir bouilli, the ornament on the outer side consisting of a rose crowned, a design of oak leaves and acorns treated in a conventional manner, and the words (Jesus help).

A tradition, apparently not very ancient, associated this rare and interesting object with certain relics of Henry VI once at Bolton Hall, near Sawley, in Bowland (Bolland), Yorkshire. I have failed to find confirmation of this tradition, and it is contradicted by Mr. W. A. Littledale, F.S.A., whose family was long connected with Bolton Hall; Mr. Littledale informs me that the bracer was never preserved in the house with the objects said to have been left there by Henry VI and now preserved at Liverpool. But additional evidence may be derived from the object itself.
Further Discoveries of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages at Peterborough
Authors: Leeds E. T.
Published: January 2012

In 1910 Mr. G. Wyman Abbott read to this Society a paper in which he gave some account of his discoveries of early British remains at Fengate, Peterborough (see Archaeologia, lxii, 352 ff.). Since that date he has been assiduous in collecting from the same locality such further material as has been brought to light in the process of gravel-digging. This new material already serves to indicate that the site was occupied continuously from Late Neolithic down to Late Celtic times, and, if only for that reason, is of the highest importance, since it is but seldom that a site with signs of habitation covering so long a period comes to light in this country.
On Coldharbours
Authors: Karslake J. B. P.
Published: January 2012

I think I may safely say that there is no place-name in English topography which has given rise to more discussion and controversy than Coldharbour. In the course of a somewhat close and detailed examination of the ordnance survey maps which I had to make while preparing the papers I recently read to the Society on the circumstances and surroundings of Pre-Roman Silchester, I was struck with the frequent occurrence of Coldharbour in that area until I felt convinced that it had some distinct relationship to the subject-matter of my inquiry.
A Small Bronze Group of St. Peter and St. Paul
Authors: Conway Martin
Published: January 2012

This little bronze (height 4 in.) was recently found in Rome, possibly in the neighbourhood of the Tombs of the Apostles, where excavations have been going on. It obviously represents St. Peter and St. Paul standing side by side with the monogram, in its early form, behind in the space between their heads.
New Discoveries at Knossos
Authors: Evans Arthur
Published: January 2012

It might have been thought that after eight campaigns—extending back to 1900 and supplemented by minor investigations—the Palace site of Knossos would have been pretty well exhausted. The work indeed on my first volume about the House of Minos had brought out certain lacunas in the evidence which it was of the first importance to fill in, and the probings that it had been possible to carry out in the period immediately preceding the Great War led me to the conclusion that the site, if seriously attacked, might still be productive of archaeological surprises.
A Romanesque Drawing at Oxford
Authors: Wormald F.
Published: January 2012

The remarkable miniature of the Virgin and Child reproduced here (pl. 1) is found in a copy of St. Augustine's Commentary on Psalms ci-cl now in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. It is drawn on the blank recto of the first folio of the text. The verso of the leaf has the opening words of the work set out in capitals with an elaborately decorated initial letter. The Virgin is seated on a throne whose arms end in dogs' heads, and the whole composition is framed by a mandorla. She holds the Infant Christ on her left knee and supports Him with her left hand. In her right hand is a long sceptre ending in a trefoil upon which a bird perches. The bottom of the sceptre has a curious indent where her fingers grasp it. This may be an allusion to the ‘radix Jesse’, since it slightly resembles a root.
Some Fresh Aspects of the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper
Authors: Coghlan H. H.
Published: January 2012

The work of the French mission under Ghirshman, at Tepe Sialk near Kashan, on the Iranian plateau, has now given us a picture of the use of copper from the earliest times up to 3000 B.C., when the copper industry became firmly established. The present paper is an attempt to trace the development of the metallurgy of prehistoric copper in the light of the new evidence which is now available.
Two Fourteenth-Century Gauntlets From Ripon Cathedral
Authors: Mann James G.
Published: January 2012

The two gauntlets which were exhibited to the Society by kind permission of the Archdeacon of Richmond, on 26th November 1941, form part of the funeral achievement of Sir Edward Blackett (died 1718), hanging above his monument in the north transept of Ripon Cathedral. The achievement consists of a close-helmet of the sixteenth century with a wooden funeral crest of a falcon (for Blackett); a tabard; a cruciform sword in its scabbard, of the heraldic pattern of the early eighteenth century; and two iron gauntlets. The wooden escutcheon and pair of spurs which must once have completed the group are now missing.
Third Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge
Authors: Hawley W.
Published: January 2012

My last report presented a year ago concluded with an account of the third excavation of the ditch outside the circular earthwork. A fourth excavation in continuation of the third was begun immediately afterwards and carried 26 ft. to the west. It was made 2 ft. wider, as the ditch here appeared to have been wider and deeper, but except for this there was no appreciable difference from former sections. The upper soil had been much disturbed by rabbits or persons digging them out, the burrows being occasionally found to be 4 ft. deep. The upper layer of humus, and the rubble layer beneath it, contained chips of the building of Stonehenge to the number of 570, but none was found lower than the junction with the silt. With the chips were four small worn pieces of Bronze Age pottery, 10 of the Roman Period, a small quartzite maul, about 60 animal bone fragments, and the greater part of a human ulna bone.
The Siege of Berkhampstead Castle in 1216
Authors: Kendall J. Murray
Published: January 2012

The earth-works at Great Berkhampstead which form one of the finest examples of a Norman Castle have also an interest almost unique in that they provide an example of (what may well be) siege-works of the thirteenth century. That this was the case was first suggested by Sir William Hope some ten or fifteen years ago, but the matter does not appear to have been fully considered in the light of all the available evidence.
An Early Palaeolith from the Glacial Till at Sidestrand, Norfolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: January 2012

For some time past Mr. J. E. Sainty, of Norwich, has subjected the cliffs and the foreshore of the north-east coast of Norfolk to examination, with a view to finding there examples of flint implements. His researches, conducted with much care, have resulted in the finding of many interesting specimens, and, at his request, I now place on record a discovery of considerable importance.
An English Fourteenth-century Bronze Figure of Christ from a Crucifix
Authors: Smith H. Clifford
Published: January 2012

The bronze figure of Christ here illustrated is the property of Mrs. Hubert Cordes and has been in the possession of her family for upwards of a century. The family have long been resident in Monmouthshire, and the figure may, conceivably, be native to that part of the country.
The Distribution of Roman Remains in Cornwall
Authors: Greenaway Reginald D.
Published: January 2012

The extent of the Roman settlements in Cornwall forms an interesting subject for inquiry. Particularly noteworthy is the absence of military roads; and in the subjoined notes an hypothesis is advanced which may account for this.
Pottery finds at Wisley
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: January 2012

The site adjoining the septic tanks and filters of the Byfleet and Pyrford sewage works was, on the occasion of some discoveries in 1922-3, described in the press as a Pottery-village, but has now been shown to have been occupied in the late Neolithic and Early Iron Ages by pit-dwellers who left behind plentiful traces of their culture in the shape of potsherds, and manufactured pottery on the spot, as four large kilns were uncovered and one small one, made expressly for firing the largest urn (fig. 7 A). The recovery of these relics is due to Mr. A. Choate, Engineer-in-charge of the pumping station about half a mile distant, aided by his family and others, their careful excavation and assembling of the pottery (mostly in small fragments) deserving special commendation. A representative selection of the two periods concerned has been ceded to the British Museum, and this is the first description of a discovery that adds its quota to our knowledge of local conditions in prehistoric times.
Roman Milestones in Cornwall
Authors: Collingwood R. G.
Published: January 2012

Although the Romans were mining lead in the Mendips by A. D. 49, it seems almost certain that they did not begin seriously to work the Cornish tin-mines for another two hundred years. We only know of one site at which they appear to have mined tin in the first century: the earthwork at Tregear, close to Bodmin, was probably occupied by Roman tin-workers under Vespasian, but it does not seem to have outlasted the reign of Trajan. Cornwall contains no other Roman site of the first or second century; and the isolated finds of that period, which are almost exclusively single coins, are evidence of trade and not of occupation.
Spanish Rock-shelter Paintings of Aeneolithic Age (Spanish Group III)
Authors: Burkitt M. C.
Published: January 2012

In the course of a conversation with the writer, the late Émile Cartailhac, of Toulouse, once expressed the opinion that, in localities where copper ore was plentiful and easily smelted, true Neolithic culture without the knowledge of the use of metal for purposes of tool-making was of brief duration as far as Europe and the Mediterranean basin were concerned. This applies to many parts of Spain, and we therefore should expect and do find a rich Aeneolithic culture flourishing over large areas of the country, while in neighbouring parts of Europe still only stone was employed for purposes of tool-making. It is important to study this culture, since it had its influence on the development of the early metal cultures elsewhere. Certainly a close connexion existed between parts of north-west Spain and Ireland from very early times, for certain engravings on rocks in Galicia recall some of those occurring in Ireland (e.g. those on the stone of Clonfin-lough). Further, a number of dolmens, resembling those found in many places in Ireland (e.g. those near Sligo), occur in very large numbers in many districts—notably in south-east Portugal, on the Spanish frontier.
Some Notes on the Preservation, Moulding and Casting of Seals
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: January 2012

The task of card-indexing the enormous number of seals scattered over the various groups and classes of documents in the Public Record Office, originally undertaken by Sir William St. John Hope, but interrupted by his death and by the war, was resumed in 1922 by Mr. R. C. Fowler. It was then decided to create a small special section within the Repairing Department, to deal with questions of packing, repairing, moulding and casting. When this work came to be started, it was discovered that the various processes had been hitherto regarded in this country rather as trade secrets; and although some works on the subject have been published abroad, though also various archivists have been most generous in placing their experience at my disposal, I found that some matters which interested us were still unexplained and that in practice we had to make almost every step the subject of more or less elaborate experiment. As we are now passing out of this experimental stage, and as many Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries and other persons in this country are possessors of seals and may be presumed to have some interest in the technical and mechanical processes involved in their preservation, it has seemed worth while to record the result of our modest inquiries in this place.
The Evora Gorget
Authors: Reinach Salomon
Published: January 2012

To the appreciation of the Society I submit an exhibit which seems to me well worthy of some further study and discussion. I have not brought over the original, because it is a ponderous mass of gold, worth almost £300, and because masses of gold are unfit to travel without an escort; but the workshop attached to the Saint-Germain Museum has made an excellent electrotype to be circulated with a developed drawing. The facsimile will be gilded and exhibited in the Museum, the original remaining confined to my safe, an appropriate location for heavy jewels which have a dangerous tendency to find their way, through improper hands, to the melting-pot. This extraordinary gorget—let us call it thus without prejudging its use—is in massive gold, at the standard of 800, and weighs 2,300 grammes, or nearly 74 oz. troy (fig. 1). It is said to have been unearthed in or about 1883 in Portugal, province of Alemtejo, not far from Evora, by a peasant who was digging at the foot of a tree. His spade must have been energetically handled, as it has chipped pieces of the metal in six neighbouring places. I do not think that the injury was done purposely by the finder in order to ascertain if it were truly gold. I have been told that he found three similar gorgets and that the two smaller ones were at once melted down, which I have some reason to disbelieve. The biggest gorget was first acquired by a Portuguese lady called Mattos, who bequeathed it to her daughter; the latter sold it to the father of M. Joaquim Arantes Ferreira da Silva, who, after having failed to sell it in turn to the Museum in Lisbon (then lacking funds), parted with it in favour of our Museum (June 1920), where it has been registered as number 67071, but as yet neither exhibited nor published.
Disputes between English and Foreign Glass-Painters in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Knowles John A.
Published: January 2012

At the beginning of the sixteenth century Flanders had for a hundred years or more been the art centre of western Europe. Thence, and from the Rhenish provinces, most of the art movements sprang; and it was there that new ideas of technique and craftsmanship and new ways of looking at things had their birth. Henry VII, who since the age of five had lived abroad, favoured foreigners, especially Flemings, and encouraged trade with the Netherlands in every possible way. At his coronation he had the ‘trappour’ of his horse covered with stars made by ‘Hanche Dutchmen’; and he presented to Antwerp Cathedral a window with portraits of himself and his wife, Elizabeth of York.
Some Flint Tools of the Iron Age: a Singular Series
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: January 2012

Some years ago Dr. Blackmore discovered, on top of Laverstock Down, a hitherto unknown series of flint tools, turned up by the plough, which he named ‘Rectangular’. He has pointed out that it is in their extreme simplicity, together with constancy to type, that the skill in making them lies; for the manufacturers of these tools chipped flakes of one pattern, with several particular features, by the hundred. Modern practitioners know how many blows have to be given to knock a flake or a block into a required shape, but these people made one kind of tool with some halfdozen strokes, almost unfailingly, over and over again.
Phoenician Ring from Malta
Authors: Zammit T.
Published: January 2012

An interesting finger-ring, presumably of Phoenician origin, was brought to my notice as having been found in a rock-cut tomb in Malta. The owner was unable or unwilling to give any details as to the conditions under which the ring was found, but he is positive that it was given to him by a farmer who found the ring himself. The ring appears to have such exceptional features that I thought it my duty to describe it for the benefit of those who may be interested in this branch of archaeology.
Flambard's Crosier
Authors: Kendrick T. D.
Published: January 2012

The Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral very kindly gave me permission to exhibit Flambard's crosier to the Society after it had been cleaned and repaired in the Laboratory of the British Museum during the latter part of 1937, and I am further indebted to them for allowing me to print the notes that I prepared for the evening of its exhibition. I must also record my gratefulness to them for sending Flambard's ring to London in order that the Society might have the pleasure of inspecting both these famous relics of the celebrated bishop.
Five Viking-Period Swords
Authors: Grove L. R. A.
Published: January 2012

Of the five swords to be described four, of iron, come from the Middle Thames basin. The fifth is sculptured on stone and comes from the North Riding of Yorkshire. It is especially interesting as a commentary on one of the iron swords.

Under each sword description there has been added a brief note on types and possible affinities.

I have to thank Mrs. Brakspear, the vicar of Ebberston, the Thames Conservancy Board, and Reading Museum for allowing me to publish the swords; and Messrs. W. A. Smallcombe, W. Seaby, C. Scott, R. Patterson, D. E. Redfearn, J. D. Cowen, and T. D. Kendrick for much help given.
Roman Roads with Small Side Ditches
Authors: Margary Ivan D.
Published: January 2012

Roman roads are frequently described as having ditches beside them, but these are usually large hollows of varying depth and width from which material has been scooped to form the agger of the roadway. The ditches discussed here are of quite a different type, and so far only four instances of them are known, though it is very probable that others exist. They are quite small, usually 3–7 ft. wide and a few inches deep; are cut in accurately straight lines parallel with the road and distant from it on each side by a space roughly equal to the width of the actual roadway; and are apparently found only in places where the road is crossing high and fairly level ground.
The Tablet-woven Braids from the Vestments of St. Cuthbert at Durham
Authors: Crowfoot Grace M.
Published: January 2012

The braids which form the subject of this study were found with a stole and maniple on the body of St. Cuthbert when the tomb was opened in 1827. The vestments are embroidered in coloured silks and gold thread: the stole with figures of prophets, and the maniple with those of saints. Both have an inscription embroidered on the ends, with the names of the donor, Ælflæda, and the ‘pious Bishop Fridestan’ for whom they were worked. Fridestan became the Bishop of Winchester in A.D. 905 and Ælflæda, second wife of Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, died in A.D. 916, so that the gift must have been made between these dates. It is further probable that this stole and maniple are identical with those recorded as having been presented to the shrine of St. Cuthbert (then at Chester-le-Street) by King Athelstan, stepson of Queen Ælflæda, in A.D. 934. Fridestan had died in 931, and this circumstance, together with the close connexion of the king's family with Winchester, supports the story.
On Two Long Barrows near Rodez in the South of France
Authors: Daniel G. E.
Published: January 2012

Among the Lukis MSS. in the Lukis Museum, St. Peter Port, Guernsey, are some plans of burial chambers in the neighbourhood of Bennac, a small village in the commune of Salles-la-Source, in the Aveyron. Bennac is about two and a half kilometres south-east of Salles-la-Source itself, and some nine kilometres north-west of Rodez, the chief town of the department. These plans were made by Sir Henry Dryden and the Rev. W. C. Lukis during a visit to Rodez, and they include one of a chambered long barrow (fig. 1), here reproduced by kind permission of the authorities of the Lukis Museum. This plan is dated 17th September 1872 and is described as ‘Oval Barrow no. 2 at Vennac’: the total length of the barrow is given as 101 ft. 3 in., while, according to the plan, the maximum breadth is about 65 ft. The barrow is orientated from east to west with the chamber set in the broader east end: from the western edge of the barrow (the outer line) to orthostat D is given as 78 ft. 5 in., and from orthostat D to the eastern edge of the barrow as 22 ft. 10 in. The chamber is a short rectangular gallery from 13 to 14 ft. long and about 5 ft. wide: a note appended to the plan gives the lengths of the orthostats as follows: A, 13 ft. 8 in.; B, 5 ft.; C, 5 ft. 6 in.; and D, 4 ft. 11 in. The height of D is not given, but to the west of this stone, Lukis had written, ‘another chamber?’; which suggested that D was perhaps only a sill-stone.
Eoliths of a late Prehistoric Date
Authors: Burchell J. P. T. , Moir J. Reid
Published: January 2012

The question of the artificial or natural origin of the flaking of the Harrisonian Eoliths of tabular form has been debated for many years. The problem is of considerable importance because Eoliths of this type have been found not only in deposits on the high plateau of Kent and in the Pliocene Bone Bed beneath the Red Crag of Suffolk but also in the Upper Miocene gravel at Aurillac, in the Cantal, France. Thus, if these specimens are flaked artificially, it means that intelligent beings were on this earth in very remote pre-Pleistocene times. As is known, certain investigators reject the idea that the Harrisonian Eoliths are intentionally flaked, and claim that they were fractured as the result of natural percussion or pressure. Other observers take the opposite view and not only believe these flints to have been intentionally flaked, but regard such an Eolithic stage as a fundamental necessity in the evolution of flint implements. From time to time the discoveries of isolated implements of Eolithic type have been made in Palaeolithic and later deposits, thus demonstrating the survival of these primitive forms long into Eolithic times.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Kenyon Frederic
Published: January 2012

Last year, on this occasion of our Anniversary Meeting, I was able to begin my address with a reference to the very handsome bequest received by the Society from our Fellow Mr. Garraway Rice. This year I have to report an even larger benefaction, partly immediate and partly in prospect. By the death of Miss May Morris (whose name will always be held in honour among lovers of the beautiful past, for her own sake as well as that of her father), the Society entered into the possession of the legacy of her sister, Miss Jane Morris, amounting to about £8,500. It will also eventually receive, after the termination of a life interest, a bequest of somewhat similar amount from the estate of Miss May Morris herself. The income from these benefactions will be available for the conservation of ancient buildings and monuments, especially of the medieval period, and will greatly increase the power of the Society for good. The fund will also serve as a worthy monument of a family which did much for the appreciation of medieval art, and for the preservation of our historic monuments and the beauties of our countryside.