bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Significance of Log and Boulder Steps for Diversification of Fluvial Sediments Characteristics in a Stream Channel in a Small Forest Catchment in the Polish Carpathians
Authors: Słowik-Opoka Ewa , Michno Anna , Zhang Wenfang
Published: June 2020

The study presents the diversification of sediments deposited on log (LS), boulder (BS) and mixed-type (LBS) steps located in the channel of a stream in a small forest mountain catchment in the Polish Carpathians. The topic of sediment diversification in a stream channel is an important issue not only from the perspective of sediment transport process and shaping fluvial systems in forested catchments caused by woody or rock debris but also in the context of functioning of local ecosystems. We aimed to test the following hypothesis: the morphodynamic features of a stream channel and the type of steps therein significantly affect the diversification of the size and shape of mineral deposits and play an important role in the process of sediments transport and processing in the channels of small mountain streams. In order to verify the above hypothesis, sediments were sampled directly from the stream channel (Ch) in its longitudinal profile as well as upstream and downstream of steps (LS, BS and LBS) in the channel. The diversification of features of sediment grain size was analysed taking into account step type and sediment location in the longitudinal profile of the stream channel. The research was conducted separately for fine-grained sandstone (A) and coarse-grained sandstone (B). In addition, the basic sedimentological indicators and the shape parameter of the gravels, as described by the Zingg method, were determined. In order to determine the transport predisposition of the sediments in a specific load, an analysis of sediment distribution was performed on the C/M (C—first percentile and M—median) diagram. The PCA (Principal component analysis) analysis showed that the step type significantly affects the processing as well as the size and shape diversification of mineral deposits, which confirms our hypothesis. Therefore, this study is a contribution to the current knowledge on fluvial processes occurring in stream channels in small forest mountain catchments.
Tree Damage by Ice Accumulation in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Stands Regarding Stand Characteristics
Authors: Šēnhofa Silva , Katrevičs Juris , Adamovičs Andis , Bičkovskis Kārlis , Bāders Endijs , Donis Jānis , Jansons Āris
Published: June 2020

Freezing rain is a frequently occurring, but relatively rarely studied disturbance in Europe, although ice accumulation may occasionally cause severe damage for forestry. We aimed to characterize ice-accumulation damage to overstory trees in spruce stands, assess the probability of damage based on the stand and individual tree parameters, and define the most significant parameters that affect the probability of individual tree damage in all stands and in recently thinned stands. Among the studied stands, the proportion of damaged overstory spruce ranged from 1.8% to 60.9% and was higher (p < 0.001) in recently thinned stands (27.8% ± 1.9%) than in the other stands (20.4% ± 1.6%). Stem breakage was the prevalent (98.5% ± 1.1%) damage type. At the stand level, the probability of damage decreased for older, less dense stands with a larger mean diameter. Within stands, overstory trees were more damaged (23.5% ± 1.2%; p < 0.001) than those in the lower stand layers, but, within overstory, trees with larger dimensions and a higher social position (high relative diameter and low slenderness ratio) and a higher proportion of crown were less damaged. The probability of breakage to overstory trees was most accurately predicted using almost the same variables for all stands and recently thinned stands. The site type, tree height, relative diameter, and crown ratio were common for both, with the addition of mean diameter at breast height for all stands and the stand density for recently thinned stands. Our results indicate the importance of the tree and stand characteristics on the resistance of individual tree to ice accumulation and the need for management practices that balance increased growth and the stability of trees throughout the rotation.
MESO-Scale Modeling of CFRP-Confined Concrete: Microplane-Based Approach
Authors: Gambarelli Serena , Ožbolt Joško
Published: June 2020

The present paper shows the results of three-dimensional (3D) meso-scale numerical simulations that were performed on unconfined and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)-confined concrete specimens under uniaxial compression. The numerical results are compared with available experimental data. The meso-scale structure of concrete is composed by two phases, namely: the coarse aggregate and the mortar matrix. The presence of Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) is neglected. A simple generation procedure is used to randomly place the coarse aggregate inside the concrete specimens. The finite element code MASA is used to perform the three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element meso-scale simulations. The constitutive laws for mortar and epoxy resin are based on the microplane model, while an elastic-brittle behavior is assumed for the fibers. Aggregate in concrete is considered to be linear elastic. The adopted meso-scale model for concrete can realistically reproduce the mechanical behavior of both unconfined and CFRP-confined specimens. However, in the case of small corner radius, the effect of confinement predicted by the model is overestimated with respect to the experimental results. This is partially related to the simplifications introduced in the model in terms of aggregate volumetric fraction (10%) and aggregate size distribution. It is shown that a more detailed meso-scale model, which is characterized by 30% of the coarse aggregate and realistic aggregate size distribution, can better capture the interaction between the concrete heterogeneity and the confining effect provided by CFRP.
On the Formation and Accumulation of Solid Carbon Particles in High-Enthalpy Flows Mimicking Re-Entry in the Titan Atmosphere
Authors: Esposito Antonio , Lappa Marcello , Zuppardi Gennaro , Allouis Christophe , Apicella Barbara , Commodo Mario , Minutolo Patrizia , Russo Carmela
Published: June 2020

The problem relating to the formation of solid particles enabled by hypersonic re-entry in methane-containing atmospheres (such as that of Titan) has been tackled in the framework of a combined experimental–numerical approach implemented via a three-level analysis hierarchy. First experimental tests have been conducted using a wind tunnel driven by an industrial arc-heated facility operating with nitrogen as working gas (the SPES, i.e., the Small Planetary Entry Simulator). The formation of solid phases as a result of the complex chemical reactions established in such conditions has been detected and quantitatively measured with high accuracy. In a second stage of the study, insights into the related formation process have been obtained by using multispecies models relying on the NASA CEA code and the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Through this approach the range of flow enthalpies in which carbonaceous deposits can be formed has been identified, obtaining good agreement with the experimental findings. Finally, the deposited substance has been analyzed by means of a set of complementary diagnostic techniques, i.e., SEM, spectroscopy (Raman, FTIR, UV–visible absorption and fluorescence), GC–MS and TGA. It has been found that carbon produced by the interaction of the simulated Titan atmosphere with a solid probe at very high temperatures can be separated into two chemically different fractions, which also include “tholins”.
Spectroscopic Techniques for Monitoring Thermal Treatments in Fish and Other Seafood: A Review of Recent Developments and Applications
Authors: Hassoun Abdo , Heia Karsten , Lindberg Stein-Kato , Nilsen Heidi
Published: June 2020

Cooking is an important processing method, that has been used since ancient times in order to both ensure microbiological safety and give desired organoleptic properties to the cooked food. Fish and other seafood products are highly sensitive to thermal treatments and the application of severe heat can result in negative consequences on sensory and nutritional parameters, as well as other quality attributes of the thermally processed products. To avoid such undesired effects and to extend the shelf life of these perishable products, both the heat processing methods and the assessment techniques used to monitor the process should be optimized. In this review paper, the most common cooking methods and some innovative ones will first be presented with a brief discussion of their impact on seafood quality. The main methods used for monitoring heat treatments will then be reviewed with a special focus on spectroscopic techniques, which are known to be rapid and non-destructive methods compared to traditional approaches. Finally, viewpoints of the current challenges will be discussed and possible directions for future applications and research will be suggested. The literature presented in this review clearly demonstrates the potential of spectroscopic techniques, coupled with chemometric tools, for online monitoring of heat-induced changes resulting from the application of thermal treatments of seafood. The use of fluorescence hyperspectral imaging is especially promising, as the technique combines the merits of both fluorescence spectroscopy (high sensitivity and selectivity) and hyperspectral imaging (spatial dimension). With further research and investigation, the few current limitations of monitoring thermal treatments by spectroscopy can be addressed, thus enabling the use of spectroscopic techniques as a routine tool in the seafood industry.
Volatile Profiling of Strawberry Fruits Cultivated in a Soilless System to Investigate Cultivar-Dependent Chemical Descriptors
Authors: González-Domínguez Raúl , Sayago Ana , Akhatou Ikram , Fernández-Recamales Ángeles
Published: June 2020

Volatile compounds are essential for food organoleptic characteristics and of great utility for the food industry as potential markers for authenticity purposes (e.g., variety, geographical origin, adulteration). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristic volatile compounds of strawberry samples grown in a soilless system by using headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography and to investigate the influence of cultivar (Festival, Candonga, Camarosa) on this volatile profile. We observed that Festival and, to a lesser extent, Candonga varieties were characterized by the richest aroma-related profiles, including higher levels of esters, furanones and terpenes. In particular, methyl butyrate, hexyl hexanoate, linalool, geraniol and furaneol were the most abundant aromatic compounds detected in the three varieties of strawberries. Complementarily, the application of pattern recognition chemometric approaches, including principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, demonstrated that concentrations of specific volatiles can be employed as chemical descriptors to discriminate between strawberry cultivars. Accordingly, geraniol and hexyl hexanoate were found to be the most significant volatiles for the discrimination of strawberry varieties.
Natural Pigments of Anthocyanin and Betalain for Coloring Soy-Based Yogurt Alternative
Authors: Dias Sandra , Castanheira Elisabete M. S. , Fortes A. Gil , Pereira David M. , Gonçalves M. Sameiro T.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this work was to evaluate the color stability of betalain- and anthocyanin-rich extracts in yogurt-like fermented soy, in order to develop a preliminary understanding of how these pigments behave in this type of food system during storage for 21 days at 4 °C. Thus, the extracts of red beetroot, opuntia, hibiscus and red radish were integrated into the yogurt-like fermented soy in two different ways—directly after lyophilization, and encapsulated in nanosystems based in soybean lecithin—as this approach has never been used to further increase the value and potential of the dairy-free alternatives of yogurt-like fermented soy. The results showed that non-encapsulated betalain-rich extracts from red radish are the most promising for coloring yogurt-like fermented soy. However, encapsulated opuntia extracts can also be an alternative to supplement the soy fermented beverages with betalains, without changing significantly the color of the system but giving all its health benefits, due to the protection of the pigments by nanoencapsulation.
A Review of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Broiler Meat: Emerging Challenges and Food Safety Measures
Authors: Thames Hudson T. , Theradiyil Sukumaran Anuraj
Published: June 2020

Poultry is one of the largest sources of animal-based protein in the United States. Poultry processing has grown from a small local network of plants to nearly 500 plants nationwide. Two of the most persistent bacteria in poultry processing are Salmonella and Campylobacter. It was not until the introduction of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point systems in 1996 that major efforts to reduce bacterial contamination were developed. Traditionally, chlorine has been the industry standard for decontaminating chicken meat. However, antimicrobials such as peracetic acid, cetylpyridinium chloride, and acidified sodium chlorite have replaced chlorine as primary antimicrobials. Despite current interventions, the emergence of stress-tolerant and biofilm-forming Salmonella and Campylobacter is of primary concern. In an effort to offset growing tolerance from microbes, novel techniques such as cold plasma treatment, electrostatic spraying, and bacteriophage-based applications have been investigated as alternatives to conventional treatments, while new chemical antimicrobials such as Amplon and sodium ferrate are investigated as well. This review provides an overview of poultry processing in the United States, major microbes in poultry processing, current interventions, emerging issues, and emerging technologies in antimicrobial treatments.
Fibrinogen Increases Resveratrol Solubility and Prevents it from Oxidation
Authors: Gligorijević Nikola , Radomirović Mirjana , Rajković Andreja , Nedić Olgica , Ćirković Veličković Tanja
Published: June 2020

The French paradox describes a lower incidence of cardiovascular problems despite a high intake of saturated fats. This phenomenon was associated with higher consumption of red wine, as it was later discovered that the presence of antioxidants, including resveratrol, have beneficial effects. We hypothesized that resveratrol may have a more direct role in protection from harmful oxidation, presumably through binding to important proteins of the blood coagulation process. Spectrofluorimetry demonstrated that resveratrol is capable of binding to fibrinogen, the main protein in the coagulation process, which is also important as a food additive. Various spectroscopic methods determined that binding does not cause fibrinogen unfolding or destabilization since protein melting temperature remains unchanged. A mutually protective effect against the free radical-induced oxidation of polyphenol and fibrinogen was found. The presence of fibrinogen caused only a negligible masking effect of the antioxidative abilities of resveratrol, measured by a reduction of hexacyanoferrate (III), while greatly increasing its solubility in an aqueous environment, thus increasing its potential bioavailability. Due to its interaction with fibrinogen, resveratrol may serve as an antioxidant at the site of injury. The antioxidative effect of resveratrol may also protect and thus keep the desired characteristics of fibrinogen during the application of this protein as a food additive.
One-Pot Synthesis of Lactose Derivatives from Whey Permeate
Authors: Enteshari Maryam , Martínez-Monteagudo Sergio I.
Published: June 2020

The simultaneous production of lactulose (LAU), lactobionic acid (LBA), and organic acids from sweet and acid whey permeate (SWP and AWP) via catalytic synthesis (5% Ru/C) was studied in a continuous stirred-tank reactor. At selected conditions (60 °C, 60 bar, and 600 rpm), a maximum conversion of lactose (37 and 34%) was obtained after 90 min for SWP and AWP, respectively. The highest yield calculated with respect to the initial concentration of lactose for LAU was 22.98 ± 0.81 and 15.29 ± 0.81% after only 30 min for SWP, and AWP, respectively. For LBA, a maximum yield was found in SWP (5.23%) after 210 min, while about 2.2% was found in AWP. Six major organic acids (gluconic, pyruvic, lactic, formic, acetic, and citric acid) were quantified during the one-pot synthesis of lactose.
Critical Family History: An Introduction
Authors: Sleeter Christine
Published: June 2020

Critical family history challenges historians to ask about their ancestors. Who else (what other groups) was around, what were the power relationships among groups, how were these relationships maintained or challenged over time, and what does all this have to do with our lives now? These are different questions from the questions most family historians ask. This introductory essay elaborates on what critical family history is and where the concept came from, then provides a brief overview of the articles included in this Special Issue.
A Third MLPH Variant Causing Coat Color Dilution in Dogs
Authors: Van Buren Samantha L. , Minor Katie M. , Grahn Robert A. , Mickelson James R. , Grahn Jennifer C. , Malvick Julia , Colangelo Jennifer R. , Mueller Elisabeth , Kuehnlein Petra , Kehl Alexandra
Published: June 2020

Altered melanosome transport in melanocytes, resulting from variants in the melanophilin (MLPH) gene, are associated with inherited forms of coat color dilution in many species. In dogs, the MLPH gene corresponds to the D locus and two variants, c.−22G > A (d1) and c.705G > C (d2), leading to the dilution of coat color, as described. Here, we describe the independent investigations of dogs whose coat color dilution could not be explained by known variants, and who report a third MLPH variant, (c.667_668insC) (d3), which leads to a frameshift and premature stop codon (p.His223Profs*41). The d3 allele is found at low frequency in multiple dog breeds, as well as in wolves, wolf-dog hybrids, and indigenous dogs. Canids in which the d3 allele contributed to the grey (dilute) phenotype were d1/d3 compound heterozygotes or d3 homozygotes, and all non-dilute related dogs had one or two D alleles, consistent with a recessive inheritance. Similar to other loci responsible for coat colors in dogs, this, alongside likely additional allelic heterogeneity at the D locus, or other loci, must be considered when performing and interpreting genetic testing.
Transcriptome Profiling of Haloxylon persicum (Bunge ex Boiss and Buhse) an Endangered Plant Species under PEG-Induced Drought Stress
Authors: Thayale Purayil Fayas , Rajashekar Balaji , S. Kurup Shyam , Cheruth Abdul Jaleel , Subramaniam Sreeramanan , Hassan Tawfik Nadia , M.A. Amiri Khaled
Published: June 2020

Haloxylon persicum is an endangered western Asiatic desert plant species, which survives under extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we focused on transcriptome analysis of H. persicum to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with drought tolerance. Two different periods of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress (48 h and 72 h) were imposed on H. persicum under in vitro conditions, which resulted in 18 million reads, subsequently assembled by de novo method with more than 8000 transcripts in each treatment. The N50 values were 1437, 1467, and 1524 for the control sample, 48 h samples, and 72 h samples, respectively. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis resulted in enrichment of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and plant hormone signal transduction pathways under PEG-induced drought conditions. The differential gene expression analysis (DGEs) revealed significant changes in the expression pattern between the control and the treated samples. The KEGG analysis resulted in mapping transcripts with 138 different pathways reported in plants. The differential expression of drought-responsive transcription factors depicts the possible signaling cascades involved in drought tolerance. The present study provides greater insight into the fundamental transcriptome reprogramming of desert plants under drought.
A Dual Face of APE1 in the Maintenance of Genetic Stability in Monocytes: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Betlej Gabriela , Bator Ewelina , Pyrkosz Antoni , Kwiatkowska Aleksandra
Published: June 2020

Monocytes, which play a crucial role in the immune system, are characterized by an enormous sensitivity to oxidative stress. As they lack four key proteins responsible for DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, they are especially prone to reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure leading to oxidative DNA lesions and, consequently, ROS-driven apoptosis. Although such a phenomenon is of important biological significance in the regulation of monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cells’ balance, it also a challenge for monocytic mechanisms that have to provide and maintain genetic stability of its own DNA. Interestingly, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), which is one of the key proteins in two DDR mechanisms, base excision repair (BER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways, operates in monocytic cells, although both BER and NHEJ are impaired in these cells. Thus, on the one hand, APE1 endonucleolytic activity leads to enhanced levels of both single- and double-strand DNA breaks (SSDs and DSBs, respectively) in monocytic DNA that remain unrepaired because of the impaired BER and NHEJ. On the other hand, there is some experimental evidence suggesting that APE1 is a crucial player in monocytic genome maintenance and stability through different molecular mechanisms, including induction of cytoprotective and antioxidant genes. Here, the dual face of APE1 is discussed.
The Changes of Expression and Methylation of Genes Involved in Oxidative Stress in Course of Chronic Mild Stress and Antidepressant Therapy with Agomelatine
Authors: Wigner Paulina , Synowiec Ewelina , Jóźwiak Paweł , Czarny Piotr , Bijak Michał , Barszczewska Gabriela , Białek Katarzyna , Szemraj Janusz , Gruca Piotr , Papp Mariusz , Śliwiński Tomasz
Published: June 2020

Preclinical studies conducted so far suggest that oxidative stress processes may be associated with the mechanism of depression development. This study shows the effects of chronic administration of agomelatine on expression and the methylation status of Sod1, Sod2, Gpx1, Gpx4, Cat, Nos1, and Nos2 in the brain stricture and blood in the chronic mild stress (CMS) animal model of depression. The animals were exposed to the CMS procedure and treatment with agomelatine (10 mg/kg/day, IP) for five weeks and then were sacrificed. TaqMan Gene Expression Assay, Western blot, and methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting techniques were used to evaluate mRNA and protein expression of the genes, and the methylation status of their promoters. Gpx1, Gpx4, and Sod2 expression in the PBMCs and Sod1 and Sod2 expression in the brain were reduced in the stressed group after agomelatine administration. CMS caused an increase in the methylation of the third Gpx4 promoter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Gpx1 promoter in the cerebral cortex. Additionally, stressed rats treated with agomelatine displayed a significantly lower Gpx4 level in the hypothalamus. The results confirm the hypothesis that the CMS procedure and agomelatine administration change the expression level and methylation status of the promoter region of genes involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Relative Abundance of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes in the Enterocytes of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Lee Jaewon J. , Kopetz Scott , Vilar Eduardo , Shen John Paul , Chen Ken , Maitra Anirban
Published: June 2020

There is increasing evidence of gastrointestinal (GI) infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We surveyed the co-expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 throughout the GI tract to assess potential sites of infection. Publicly available and in-house single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets from the GI tract were queried. Enterocytes from the small intestine and colonocytes showed the highest proportions of cells co-expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Therefore, the lower GI tract represents the most likely site of SARS-CoV-2 entry leading to GI infection.
The Role of the Water Level in the Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability for the 23 November 1980 Irpinia–Basilicata Earthquake
Authors: Forcellini Davide
Published: June 2020

The seismic vulnerability of structures is closely related to changes in the degree of soil saturation that may cause significant changes in volume and shear strength, and consequently, bearing capacity. This paper aims to consider this issue during the strong earthquake that struck Southern Italy on 23 November 1980 (Ms = 6.9) and affected the Campania and Basilicata regions. Several 3D numerical finite element models were performed in order to consider the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on a representative benchmark structure. In particular, the role of the water level depth is herein considered as one of the most significant parameters to control the shear deformations inside the soil, and thus the performance of the superstructure. Results show the importance of considering the water level for buildings on shallow foundations in terms of settlements, base shear forces and floor displacements.
Examining Social Determinants of Health, Stigma, and COVID-19 Disparities
Authors: Turner-Musa Jocelyn , Ajayi Oluwatoyin , Kemp Layschel
Published: June 2020

There is growing attention to disparities in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality associated with COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) in racial/ethnic communities. The conditions leading to these disparities may be a function of social determinants of health and stigma linked to the disease. It is important to examine how these factors may be implicated in COVID-19 onset, treatment, and outcomes. A brief overview of these issues allows for a cursory examination of the role of social determinants of health and stigma in COVID-19. Consideration is given to how understanding COVID-19 in the context of social determinants and stigma may be included in interventions to mitigate its transmission within vulnerable populations.
Methodology Proposal for the Management of Nursing Competencies towards a Strategic Training. A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Sánchez-Gómez María Begoña , Novo-Muñoz Mercedes , Rodríguez-Gómez José Ángel , Romero-Martín Macarena , Gómez-Salgado Juan , Duarte-Clíments Gonzalo
Published: June 2020

Professional and academic legislation relating to nursing skills reflects conceptual and professional developments. In this sense, conceptual and methodological analyses are required to describe the concept of nursing competencies, the individual or group self-perception of competencies, to identify training needs, and to specify the nursing professional profile within the health organization. A sequential mixed methodology was proposed combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative methodology involves the Focus Group and the Delphi technique. The quantitative methodology involves surveying and analyzing self-perception (descriptive and analytical in relation to personal and professional variables and levels of excellence). The methodology was piloted among primary care nurses. Competencies were analyzed and distributed across the training program. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods showed that obtaining a deep insight into the nurses’ competencies would be a good process. This proposal is applicable as an approach to global nursing competencies or to a particular specialty.
Nursing Genetic Research: New Insights Linking Breast Cancer Genetics and Bone Density
Authors: Sanchez-Fernandez Antonio , Roncero-Martin Raúl , Moran Jose M. , Lavado-García Jesus , Puerto-Parejo Luis Manuel , Lopez-Espuela Fidel , Aliaga Ignacio , Pedrera-Canal María
Published: June 2020

Nursing research is expected to provide options for the primary prevention of disease and health promotion, regardless of pathology or disease. Nurses have the skills to develop and lead research that addresses the relationship between genetic factors and health. Increasing genetic knowledge and research capacity through interdisciplinary cooperation as well as the development of research resources, will accelerate the rate at which nurses contribute to the knowledge about genetics and health. There are currently different fields in which knowledge can be expanded by research developed from the nursing field. Here, we present an emerging field of research in which it is hypothesized that genetics may affect bone metabolism. Better insight of genetic factors that are contributing to metabolic bone diseases would allow for focused nursing care and preventive interventions.
The Analysis of the Urban Sprawl Measurement System of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Based on Deep Learning and Neural Network Algorithm
Authors: Huang Huafang , Wu Xiaomao , Cheng Xianfu
Published: June 2020

In the context of rapid urbanization, the spread of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is intensifying, which has an impact on the green and sustainable development of these cities. It is necessary to establish an accurate urban sprawl measurement system. First, the regulation theory of urban sprawl is explained. According to the actual development situation of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, smart growth theory is selected as the basic regulation method of urban sprawl. Second, the back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm under deep supervised learning is applied to construct a smart evaluation model of land use growth. Finally, based on the actual development of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the quantitative growth measurement method is selected to construct a measurement system of urban sprawl in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the empirical analysis is carried out. The training results show that the proposed BPNN smart growth evaluation model, based on deep supervised learning, has good evaluation accuracy, and the error is within the preset range. The analysis of the quantitative growth-based measurement system in the increase of urban construction land shows that the increase in urban construction land area of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2019 was 78.67 km2. Meanwhile, the increases in urban construction land area in different years are different. The empirical results show that the population composition of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the urban construction area between 2005 and 2019 show a trend of increasing annually; at the same time, urban sprawl development shows a staged characteristic. It is of great significance to apply deep learning fusion neural network algorithm in the construction of the urban sprawl measurement system, which provides a quantitative basis for the in-depth analysis and discussion of urban sprawl.
Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals
Authors: Ferguson Alesia , Kumar Dwivedi Ashok , Ehindero Esther , Adelabu Foluke , Rattler Kyra , Perone Hanna , Montas Larissa , Mena Kristina , Solo-Gabriele Helena
Published: June 2020

Skin adherence (SA) of soil affects exposure from soil contaminants through dermal routes via loading on the skin and through ingestion routes through hand to mouth activities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between adherence versus child-specific and environmental factors. Two sets of soil-to-skin adherence were evaluated. The first was based on loading on hands following hand presses (Hand SA). The second was based on body rinses following one hour of play activities on the beach (Body SA). Results for 98–119 children conducted at four beach sites show that mean Hand SA was 35.7 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 41.8 mg/cm2), while Body SA based on full coverage was 352.3 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 250.4 mg/cm2). Statistically significant differences in Body SA were observed between male (419.2 mg/cm2) and female (300.4 mg/cm2) children (p < 0.05). No significant difference by sex was found for Hand SA. Other statistically different observations were that Hand SA (p < 0.05), but not Body SA, differed across the four beaches (p < 0.05). For Hand SA, this difference was associated soil size variability across the beaches. Hand and Body SA values measured during this study are recommended for use in risk assessments that evaluate beach exposures to oil spill chemicals for young children.
Soil Microbial Community and Its Interaction with Soil Carbon Dynamics Following a Wetland Drying Process in Mu Us Sandy Land
Authors: He Huan , Liu Yixuan , Hu Yue , Zhang Mengqi , Wang Guodong , Shen Weibo
Published: June 2020

Increasing drought globally is a severe threat to fragile desert wetland ecosystem. It is of significance to study the effects of wetland drying on microbial regulation of soil carbon (C) in the desert. In this study, we examined the impacts of wetland drying on microbial biomass, microbial community (bacteria, fungi) and microbial activity [basal microbial respiration, microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2)]. Relationships of microbial properties with biotic factors [litter, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)], abiotic factors (soil moisture, pH and clay content) and biological processes (basal microbial respiration, qCO2) were also developed. Results showed that the drying of wetland led to a decrease of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content, microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) content and fungi and bacterial abundance, and an increase of the fungi:bacteria ratio. Wetland drying also led to increased soil basal respiration and increased qCO2, which was attributed to lower soil clay content and litter N concentration. The MBC:SOC ratios were higher under drier soil conditions than under virgin wetland, which was attributed to stronger C conserve ability of fungi than bacteria. The wetland drying process exacerbated soil C loss by strengthening heterotrophic respiration; however, the exact effects of soil microbial community structure on microbial C mineralization were not clear in this study and need further research.
Functional Dentition and 12-Month Changes in Body Measurements among Thai Older Adults
Authors: Gaewkhiew Piyada , Sabbah Wael , Bernabé Eduardo
Published: June 2020

This study evaluated the association of functional dentition with 12-month changes in body measurements and nutrient intake among older adults. Data from 651 community dwellers, aged 60 years and over, in Phetchaburi, Thailand, were analysed (retention rate: 83%). Data were collected via interviews (including a semi-structured food frequency questionnaire), anthropometric measurements and dental examinations. Associations were tested in linear regression models adjusted for baseline sociodemographic factors, behaviours, chronic conditions and medications. On average, participants experienced a significant increase in body mass index (BMI) and significant decreases in waist circumference (WC) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF). A negative, albeit not significant, association between functional dentition and change in BMI was observed after adjusting for confounders. Whilst participants who had non-functional dentition without dentures experienced increases in BMI (predicted mean change: 0.25; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.09, 0.41), those who had non-functional dentition with dentures (0.21; 95%CI: −0.08, 0.50) and functional dentition (−0.07; 95%CI: −0.42, 0.28) remained stable. No similar trends were noted for WC or TSF. Functional dentition was not associated with changes in nutrient intake either. The findings provide little evidence on the association of functional dentition with short-term changes in nutrient intake or nutritional status.
A Taxonomy Proposal for the Assessment of the Changes in Soundscape Resulting from the COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Asensio César , Aumond Pierre , Can Arnaud , Gascó Luis , Lercher Peter , Wunderli Jean-Marc , Lavandier Catherine , de Arcas Guillermo , Ribeiro Carlos , Muñoz Patricio , Licitra Gaetano
Published: June 2020

Many countries around the world have chosen lockdown and restrictions on people’s mobility as the main strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. These actions have significantly affected environmental noise and modified urban soundscapes, opening up an unprecedented opportunity for research in the field. In order to enable these investigations to be carried out in a more harmonized and consistent manner, this paper makes a proposal for a set of indicators that will enable to address the challenge from a number of different approaches. It proposes a minimum set of basic energetic indicators, and the taxonomy that will allow their communication and reporting. In addition, an extended set of descriptors is outlined which better enables the application of more novel approaches to the evaluation of the effect of this new soundscape on people’s subjective perception.
Comparison of Random Forest Model and Frequency Ratio Model for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in Yunyang County (Chongqing, China)
Authors: Wang Yue , Sun Deliang , Wen Haijia , Zhang Hong , Zhang Fengtai
Published: June 2020

To compare the random forest (RF) model and the frequency ratio (FR) model for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM), this research selected Yunyang Country as the study area for its frequent natural disasters; especially landslides. A landslide inventory was built by historical records; satellite images; and extensive field surveys. Subsequently; a geospatial database was established based on 987 historical landslides in the study area. Then; all the landslides were randomly divided into two datasets: 70% of them were used as the training dataset and 30% as the test dataset. Furthermore; under five primary conditioning factors (i.e., topography factors; geological factors; environmental factors; human engineering activities; and triggering factors), 22 secondary conditioning factors were selected to form an evaluation factor library for analyzing the landslide susceptibility. On this basis; the RF model training and the FR model mathematical analysis were performed; and the established models were used for the landslide susceptibility simulation in the entire area of Yunyang County. Next; based on the analysis results; the susceptibility maps were divided into five classes: very low; low; medium; high; and very high. In addition; the importance of conditioning factors was ranked and the influence of landslides was explored by using the RF model. The area under the curve (AUC) value of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve; precision; accuracy; and recall ratio were used to analyze the predictive ability of the above two LSM models. The results indicated a difference in the performances between the two models. The RF model (AUC = 0.988) performed better than the FR model (AUC = 0.716). Moreover; compared with the FR model; the RF model showed a higher coincidence degree between the areas in the high and the very low susceptibility classes; on the one hand; and the geographical spatial distribution of historical landslides; on the other hand. Therefore; it was concluded that the RF model was more suitable for landslide susceptibility evaluation in Yunyang County; because of its significant model performance; reliability; and stability. The outcome also provided a theoretical basis for application of machine learning techniques (e.g., RF) in landslide prevention; mitigation; and urban planning; so as to deliver an adequate response to the increasing demand for effective and low-cost tools in landslide susceptibility assessments.
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Social Skills and Peer Harassment. A Study with High School Students
Authors: Trigueros Rubén , Sanchez-Sanchez Elena , Mercader Isabel , Aguilar-Parra José M. , López-Liria Remedios , Morales-Gázquez María José , Fernández-Campoy Juan M. , Rocamora Patricia
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between emotional intelligence and social skills, and how these two variables influence bullying. In this study, 912 Spanish high school students, 471 boys and 441 girls aged 14–16 years, participated, who were administered the Spanish version of the Trait Meta Mood Scale 24, the “Bateria de socialización BAS-3” and the Peer Harassment Questionnaire. To analyse the results, a structural equation model was made. The results reflected a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and social skills (B = 0.44, p < 0.001), and a negative relationship with respect to bullying (B = −0.56, p < 0.001). In turn, social skills reflected a negative relationship with respect to bullying (B = −0.38, p < 0.001). These results reflect the need to implement educational programs focused on the development of emotional intelligence in the classroom, as a means to try to stop bullying behaviours in the classroom.
Exploring the Association between Life Perceptions and Emotional Profiles in Taiwan: Empirical Evidence from the National Well-Being Indicators Survey
Authors: Kuan Mei-Yin , Wang Jiun-Hao , Liou Yu-Chang , Peng Li-Pei
Published: June 2020

Most of the studies on subjective well-being have focused on positive emotions. The adverse effect of negative emotions on mental health has been overlooked. This study investigates the extent to which specific life perceptions are associated with emotional profiles, and explores relevant factors that effectively enhance subjective well-being. The data were drawn from 4656 respondents in the 2015 National Well-being Indicators Survey in Taiwan. T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and ordinary least squares regression were conducted. The results reveal that perceptions of all life domains are positively associated with life satisfaction and happiness. Depression and worry are negatively associated with most of the life perceptions, except for environmental quality. These results demonstrate that the emotional profile approach sheds light on current literature on subjective well-being, and suggests that strategies to increase well-being should take positive and negative emotion into account simultaneously. The findings contribute by confirming which life domains can produce the best or worst outcomes in emotional regulation and positively influence mental health. Given that personal safety and the future security of external types is the most crucial factor within the emotional profiles, social welfare and protection programs would be an important strategy to increase subjective well-being.
Humin Assists Reductive Acetogenesis in Absence of Other External Electron Donor
Authors: Laskar Mahasweta , Kasai Takuya , Awata Takanori , Katayama Arata
Published: June 2020

The utilization of extracellular electron transfer by microorganism is highly engaging for remediation of toxic pollutants under “energy-starved” conditions. Humin, an organo-mineral complex of soil, has been instrumental as an external electron mediator for suitable electron donors in the remediative works of reductive dehalogenation, denitrification, and so forth. Here, we report, for the first time, that humin assists microbial acetogenesis as the extracellular electron donor using the electron acceptor CO 2 . Humin was obtained from Kamajima paddy soil, Japan. The anaerobic acetogenic consortium in mineral medium containing CO 2 / HCO 3 − as the inorganic carbon source used suspended humin as the energy source under mesophilic dark conditions. Retardation of acetogenesis under the CO 2 -deficient conditions demonstrated that humin did not function as the organic carbon source but as electron donor in the CO 2 -reducing acetogenesis. The consortium with humin also achieved anaerobic dechlorination with limited methanogenic activity. Total electron-donating capacity of humin was estimated at about 87 µeeq/g-humin. The metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed the predominance of Firmicutes (71.8 ± 2.5%) in the consortium, and Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were considered as the CO 2 -reducing acetogens in the consortium. Thus, microbial fixation of CO 2 using humin introduces new insight to the holistic approach for sustainable treatment of contaminants in environment.
Nature Prescriptions for Health: A Review of Evidence and Research Opportunities
Authors: Kondo Michelle C. , Oyekanmi Kehinde O. , Gibson Allison , South Eugenia C. , Bocarro Jason , Hipp J. Aaron
Published: June 2020

Nature prescription programs have emerged to address the high burden of chronic disease and increasingly sedentary and screen-based lifestyles. This study examines the base of evidence regarding such programs. We conducted a narrative review of published literature using four electronic databases. We included case studies, research design articles, and empirical studies that discussed any type of outdoor exposure or activities initiated by a health-care provider from an outpatient clinic. We examined articles for information on target populations, health outcomes, and structural and procedural elements. We also summarized evidence of the effectiveness of nature prescription programs, and discussed needs and challenges for both practice and research. Eleven studies, including eight empirical studies, have evaluated nature prescription programs with either structured or unstructured formats, referring patients either to nearby parks or to formal outdoor activity programs. Empirical studies evaluate a wide variety of health behaviors and outcomes among the most at-risk children and families. Research is too sparse to draw patterns in health outcome responses. Studies largely tested program structures to increase adherence, or patient follow-through, however findings were mixed. Three published studies explore providers’ perspectives. More research is necessary to understand how to measure and increase patient adherence, short and long-term health outcomes for patients and their families, and determinants of provider participation and participation impacts on providers’ own health.
Through Internet and Friends: Translation of Air Pollution Research in Malmö Municipality, Sweden
Authors: Lisberg Jensen Ebba , Westerberg Karin , Malmqvist Ebba , Oudin Anna
Published: June 2020

Air pollution is estimated to cause more than 7000 deaths annually in Sweden alone. To reduce the impact of air pollution and to plan and build sustainable cities, it is vital that research is translated into efficient decisions and practice. However, how do civil servants in a municipality access research results? How do they normally find relevant information, and what obstacles are there to accessing and applying research results? As part of the collaborative and transdisciplinary research project Air Pollution Research in Local Environmental Planning (ARIEL), these questions were explored through interviews and seminars with civil servants within the Malmö Municipality Environmental Office. We found that the civil servants generally have proficiency in processing research results, but often do not use such results as part of their everyday decision making and practices. Instead, the data and measurements used are mostly produced case-by-case within the municipal sector itself. Information about best practices is also collected via a number of knowledge access practices, involving the Internet or social networks within other municipalities. Lack of time, paywalls, and the insufficient applicability of research hinder the dissemination of up-to-date results. This slows down the process whereby research, funded by tax-money, can be put to best practice in the effort to create healthy and sustainable cities.