bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of safety of using incompatible plasma for therapeutic plasma exchange during shortage of AB plasma
Authors: Yang John Jeongseok , Ryu Kyong‐Suk , Kim Jin Seok , Chung Yousun , Kim Hyungsuk , Hwang Sang‐Hyun , Oh Heung‐Bum , Ko Dae‐Hyun
Published: May 2021

Background

Criteria for selection of FFP blood type has not been clearly established and use of group AB plasma is preferred by numerous transplantation protocols.

Aims

This study assesses the safety and efficacy of alternative group A or B plasma in ABO incompatible solid organ transplantation.

Materials & Methods

Alternative use of group A or B plasma (incompatible plasma) was inevitable during the shortage of group AB plasma. Experience from select number of patients during the period of extreme group AB plasma shortage is described.

Results

The result of alternative use of group A or B plasma was within expectation, showing effective reduction of isoagglutinin titers for pre‐operative desensitization and efficacy for treatment of post‐operative patients. No immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction was reported.

Discussion

While validation in a larger cohort of patients is necessary, our limited experience have shown satisfactory clinical outcomes without adverse events.

Conclusions

Use of incompatible group A or B plasma is a viable option when group AB plasma is limited.
On the use of multiple‐time‐step algorithms to save computing effort in molecular dynamics simulations of proteins
Authors: Pechlaner Maria , Oostenbrink Chris , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: May 2021

Computer simulation of proteins in aqueous solution at the atomic level of resolution is still limited in time span and system size due to limited computing power available and thus employs a variety of time‐saving techniques that trade some accuracy against computational effort. Examples of such time‐saving techniques are the application of constraints to particular degrees of freedom or the use of a multiple‐time‐step (MTS) algorithm distinguishing between particular forces when integrating Newton's equations of motion. The application of two types of MTS algorithms to bond‐stretching forces versus the remaining forces in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a protein in aqueous solution or of liquid water is investigated and the results in terms of total energy conservation and the influence on various other properties are compared to those of MD simulations of the same systems using bond‐length, and for water bond‐angle, constraints. At comparable computational effort, the use of bond‐length constraints in proteins leads to better energy conservation and less distorted properties than the two MTS algorithms investigated.
Serum potassium levels and prognosis in HBV‐associated decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Huang JianJiang , Cai Ming , He Xia
Published: May 2021

Background

Serum potassium disorders are commonly seen in patients with advanced cirrhosis and have a detrimental effect on clinical outcome, but its role in HBV‐related decompensated cirrhosis (DeCi) is remained to be illustrated. We aim to assess the effects of serum potassium on outcomes in HBV‐DeCi patients.

Methods

Retrospective study included 155 subjects. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the independent prognostic factor. Predictive ability of mortality for variables was determined using the receiver operating characteristics curves.

Results

The 30‐day in‐hospital mortality was 12.9%. Serum potassium levels differed markedly between survivors and non‐survivors. On multivariate analysis, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and serum potassium level were identified as independent predictors of outcomes in HBV‐DeCi patients. The combination of serum potassium and MELD score could improve prognostic accuracy in these patients.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that serum potassium is an effective predictor for poor outcomes in HBV‐DeCi patients.
Basal protein synthesis rates differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis muscle
Authors: Smeets Joey S.J. , Horstman Astrid M.H. , van Dijk David P.J. , van Boxtel Astrid G.M. , ter Woorst Joost F. , Damink Steven W.M. Olde , Schijns Olaf E.M.G. , van Loon Luc J.C.
Published: May 2021

Background

In vivo muscle protein synthesis rates are typically assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of stable isotope labelled amino acids in skeletal muscle tissue collected from vastus lateralis muscle. It remains to be established whether muscle protein synthesis rates in the vastus lateralis are representative of muscle protein synthesis rates of other muscle groups. We hypothesized that post‐absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, or temporalis muscle in vivo in humans.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients (62 ± 3 years, 42% female), scheduled to undergo surgery, participated in this study and underwent primed continuous intravenous infusions with l‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine. During the surgical procedures, serum samples were collected, and muscle tissue was obtained from the vastus lateralis as well as from the rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, or temporalis muscle. Fractional mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (%/h) were assessed by measuring the incorporation of l‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine into muscle tissue protein.

Results

Serum l‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine enrichments did not change throughout the infusion period. Post‐absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates calculated based upon serum l‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine enrichments did not differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis (0.032 ± 0.004 vs. 0.038 ± 0.003%/h), vastus lateralis and pectoralis major, (0.025 ± 0.003 vs. 0.022 ± 0.005%/h) or vastus lateralis and temporalis (0.047 ± 0.005 vs. 0.043 ± 0.005%/h) muscle, respectively (P > 0.05). When fractional muscle protein synthesis rates were calculated based upon tissue‐free l‐[ring‐13C6]‐phenylalanine enrichments as the preferred precursor pool, muscle protein synthesis rates were significantly higher in rectus abdominis (0.089 ± 0.008%/h) compared with vastus lateralis (0.054 ± 0.005%/h) muscle (P < 0.01). No differences were observed between fractional muscle protein synthesis rates in vastus lateralis and pectoralis major (0.046 ± 0.003 vs. 0.041 ± 0.008%/h) or vastus lateralis and temporalis (0.073 ± 0.008 vs. 0.083 ± 0.011%/h) muscle, respectively.

Conclusions

Post‐absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates are higher in rectus abdominis when compared with vastus lateralis muscle. Post‐absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates do not differ between vastus lateralis and pectoralis major or temporalis muscle. Protein synthesis rates in muscle tissue samples obtained during surgery do not necessarily represent a good proxy for appendicular skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates.
Egypt's second wave of coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic and its impact on patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Askar Safaa R , Sakr Mohamed A , Alaty Waleed H A , Sherief Ahmed F , Rashad Heba , Eltabbakh Mohamed
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

After a decrease of COVID‐19 cases in summer, Europe faced the appearance of a COVID‐19 second wave. IBD patients are more vulnerable to various emotional and psychological stresses than normal individuals. The aim of this study explored the emotional state, perception, and coping strategies of patients with IBD during the COVID 19 pandemic period.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted between 15 November and 15 December 2020. Patients presented to IBD Study Group Clinic, Department of Tropical Medicine, Ain Shams University Hospitals. The study included 105 IBD patients. A predesigned questionnaire was used that focused on patients’ knowledge of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and how it influenced patient care. Patient demographics, disease characteristics, and medication type were analyzed.

Results

We found 10.5% of patients stopped or delayed their medications owing to the COVID‐19 pandemic second wave and 61% reported that their clinic visits were affected. Seven patients were tested, and two patients reported having been diagnosed with COVID‐19, and 18 patients reported having relatives diagnosed with COVID‐19.

Conclusion

A considerable number of patients with IBD had an interruption to their care because of the second wave COVID‐19 pandemic. So, patients with IBD should take attention before, during, and after such pandemics to avoid undesirable disease‐related outcomes.
In‐hospital mortality in SARS‐CoV‐2 stratified by hemoglobin levels: A retrospective study
Authors: Al‐Jarallah Mohammed , Rajan Rajesh , Saber Ahmad Al , Pan Jiazhu , Al‐Sultan Ahmad T. , Abdelnaby Hassan , Alroomi Moudhi , Dashti Raja , Aboelhassan Wael , Almutairi Farah , Abdullah Mohammed , Alotaibi Naser , Saleh Mohammad Al , AlNasrallah Noor , Al‐Bader Bader , Malhas Haya , Ramadhan Maryam , Hamza Mahdy , Zhanna Kobalava D.
Published: May 2021

This study is to estimate in‐hospital mortality in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) patients stratified by hemoglobin (Hb) level. Patients were stratified according to hemoglobin level into two groups, that is, Hb <100 g/L and Hb >100 g/L. A total of 6931 patients were included. Of these, 6377 (92%) patients had hemoglobin levels >100 g/L. The mean age was 44 ± 17 years, and 66% of the patients were males. The median length of overall hospital stay was 13 days [2; 31]. The remaining 554 (8%) patients had a hemoglobin level <100 g/L. Overall mortality was 176 patients (2.54%) but was significantly higher in the group with hemoglobin levels <100 g/L (124, 22.4%) than in the group with hemoglobin levels >100 g/L (52, 0.82%). Risk factors associated with increased mortality were determined by multivariate analysis. The Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis showed hemoglobin as a predictor of mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression coefficients for hemoglobin for the HB ≤ 100 category of hemoglobin were significant, B = 2.79, SE = 0.17, and HR = 16.34, p < 0.001. Multivariate logistic regression showed Hb < 100 g/L had a higher cumulative all‐cause in‐hospital mortality (22.4% vs. 0.8%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.33; 95% [CI]: [0.20–0.55]; p < 0.001). In this study, hemoglobin levels <100 g/L were found to be an independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality.
Individualized left anterior oblique projection based on pigtail catheter visualization facilitates leadless pacemaker implantation
Authors: Yamao Kazuya , Hachiya Hitoshi , Kusa Shigeki , Miwa Naoyuki , Sato Yoshikazu , Hara Satoshi , Ohya Hiroaki , Iesaka Yoshito , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: May 2021

Background

Pacemaker positioning on the right ventricular (RV) septum during implantation is conventionally conducted utilizing two fixed fluoroscopy angles, a 45° left anterior oblique (LAO) and 35° right anterior oblique projection. However, placement location can be suboptimal, especially for leadless pacemakers (LPMs).

Objective

To evaluate the safety and ease of LPM implantation using individualized LAO projection.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing LPM implantation were prospectively included. The angle of the RV septum was recorded for each patient by studying the angle at which an RV pigtail catheter (RV‐PC) could be seen edge on. This was then used as the preferred LAO projection angle for that patient. We evaluated the success rate and safety of this method. We also compared the RV septum angle as measured by this method versus that measured by chest CT.

Results

Of the 31 patients (mean age 80.6 ± 7.0 years, 15 females), LPM implantation was successful in 30. The pacemaker was implanted on the RV septum in 29 and on the free wall in one. LPM implantation was abandoned for anatomical reasons in one. Complications were limited to a groin arteriovenous fistula and one deep vein thrombosis. The angle of RV septum as measured by pigtail catheter and chest CT was not significantly different (CT: 54.8 ± 6.0°, RV pigtail catheter: 52.9 ± 6.1°, P = .07).

Conclusions

Using an RV‐PC to determine the preferred angle of LAO projection facilitates differentiation between the RV septum and free wall, which in turn facilitates optimal LPM placement.
Virtual otolaryngologic management of sleep apnea patients: Lessons learned from COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Huntley Colin , Boon Maurits , Ishman Stacey , Capasso Robson , Crawford Julia , D'Agostino Mark A. , Hoff Paul
Published: May 2021

Objective

To discuss the virtual management options and strategies learned during the COVID‐19 pandemic for treatment of patients with sleep complaints and sleep disordered breathing presenting to the otolaryngologist.

Methods/Results

The addition of a virtual evaluation can be beneficial in assessing the patient presenting to the otolaryngologist with sleep complaints. With the implementation of telemedicine, validated subjective assessment tools, and a limited physical exam, patients can be triaged for the need for treatment implementation, further evaluation or testing, and counseled regarding various management options.

In this article, we discuss the lessons learned from the authors' collective experience on how to effectively use telemedicine as a tool in the management repertoire for patients with sleep disorders.

Conclusion

The otolaryngologist will commonly see patients with sleep complaints, particularly patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea not able to tolerate conservative therapies. These patients are well suited for virtual evaluation utilizing telemedicine. The technology and workflows which have been developed during the COVID‐19 pandemic can be carried forward for select patients to improve access and efficiency of care.

Level of evidence: 5.
Development of a standards‐based phenotype model for gross motor function to support learning health systems in pediatric rehabilitation
Authors: Koscielniak Nikolas , Piatt Gretchen , Friedman Charles , Vinson Alexandra , Richesson Rachel , Tucker Carole
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Research and continuous quality improvement in pediatric rehabilitation settings require standardized data and a systematic approach to use these data.

Methods

We systematically examined pediatric data concepts from a pediatric learning network to determine capacity for capturing gross motor function (GMF) for children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) as a demonstration for enabling infrastructure for research and quality improvement activities of an LHS. We used an iterative approach to construct phenotype models of GMF from standardized data element concepts based on case definitions from the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Data concepts were selected using a theory and expert‐informed process and resulted in the construction of four phenotype models of GMF: an overall model and three classes corresponding to deviations in GMF for CP populations.

Results

Sixty five data element concepts were identified for the overall GMF phenotype model. The 65 data elements correspond to 20 variables and logic statements that instantiate membership into one of three clinically meaningful classes of GMF. Data element concepts and variables are organized into five domains relevant to modeling GMF: Neurologic Function, Mobility Performance, Activity Performance, Motor Performance, and Device Use.

Conclusion

Our experience provides an approach for organizations to leverage existing data for care improvement and research in other conditions. This is the first consensus‐based and theory‐driven specification of data elements and logic to support identification and labeling of GMF in patients for measuring improvements in care or the impact of new treatments. More research is needed to validate this phenotype model and the extent that these data differentiate between classes of GMF to support various LHS activities.
Conducting a multi‐country online alcohol survey in the time of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Kilian Carolin , Rehm Jürgen , Allebeck Peter , Barták Miroslav , Braddick Fleur , Gual Antoni , Matrai Silvia , Petruželka Benjamin , Rogalewicz Vladimir , Rossow Ingeborg , Schulte Bernd , Štelemėkas Mindaugas , Manthey Jakob
Published: May 2021

Objectives

This contribution provides insights into the methodology of a pan‐European population‐based online survey, performed without external funding during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We present the impact of different dissemination strategies to collect data from a non‐probabilistic convenience sample and outline post‐stratification weighting schemes, to provide guidance for future multi‐country survey studies.

Methods

Description and comparison of dissemination strategies for five exemplary countries (Czechia, Germany, Lithuania, Norway, Spain) participating in the Alcohol Use and COVID‐19 Survey. Comparison of the sample distribution with the country's actual population distribution according to sociodemographics, and development of weighting schemes.

Results

The dissemination of online surveys through national newspapers, paid social media adverts and dissemination with the support of national health ministries turned out to be the most effective strategies. Monitoring the responses and adapting dissemination strategies to reach under‐represented groups, and the application of sample weights were helpful to achieve an analytic sample matching the respective general population profiles.

Conclusion

Reaching a large pan‐European convenience sample, including most European countries, in a short time was feasible, with the support of a broad scientific network.
The Bi‐DOPO derivative functionalized graphene oxide: Preparation and its flame‐retardation on epoxy resin
Authors: Ji Pengfei , Cui Yihua , Liu Dongyue , Zhang Tianlong , Lv Jipeng
Published: May 2021

A novel functionalized graphene oxide (F‐GO) decorated with a double‐phosphaphenanthrene structure was fabricated using a covalent modification method. The F‐GO with Bi‐DOPO groups then was introduced into the epoxy matrix as a highly effective flame retardant. The Flame retardant epoxy resins (FREP) containing F‐GO exhibited superior fire‐resistant performance with extremely low loading. When the content of F‐GO was 1 wt%, the limiting oxygen index value of the FREP was increased from 19.9% to 30.8%, and the total heat release and the peak heat release rate was decreased by 44.0% and 55.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile and impact tests results indicated that the mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were improved with the addition of F‐GO. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis showed that F‐GO greatly increased the char‐yield of the cured FREP. Based on the char analyses of SEM images, F‐GO was conducive to form a more protective char barrier for FREP during combustion. F‐GO developed a synergistic flame‐retardant effect of the Bi‐DOPO derivative and graphene layer structures on epoxy resins.
Highly advanced phthalonitrile composites from epoxy‐ended hyperbranched poly(trimellitic anhydride ethylene glycol) ester grafted basalt fibers
Authors: Belgacemi Raouf , Derradji Mehdi , Mehelli Oussama , Trache Djalal , Liu Wenbin , Wang Jun
Published: May 2021

In this study, a partially bio‐based composite was prepared from a high‐performance thermosetting resin, namely the phthalonitrile, and chopped basalt fibers (CBFs). Aiming to create strong covalent bonds between the matrix and the fillers, the CBFs were priorly grafted with an epoxy‐ended hyperbranched poly (trimellitic anhydride ethylene glycol) ester (EHBP). The modification technique was validated by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of the fillers treatment on the mechanical performances highlighted remarkable enhancements in the tensile, bending, and Charpy impact properties. For instance, the tensile strength and modulus values were 30% and 20% higher than those afforded by the pristine fibers. Meanwhile, the SEM analysis of the fractured surfaces clearly confirmed the excellent state of adhesion and dispersion of the treated fillers with the polymeric matrix. Additionally, the influence of different quantities of EHBP‐CBFs on the composite properties further revealed the exceptionally high mechanical properties of the developed materials. In fact, the tensile strength attained exceptional value of about 310 MPa for the composite of 20 wt% of EHBP‐CBFs. Overall, this study unraveled the great potential of these newly developed materials with a focus on overcoming the debonding phenomena and easing the stress‐transfer between the constituents.
Predictive quality control for compound liquorice tablets by the intelligent mergence fingerprint method combined with the systematic quantitative fingerprint method
Authors: Hou Zhifei , Sun Guoxiang
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Compound liquorice tablet (CLT) is a herbal compound preparation and is used as a classic antitussive and expectorant in China. It is composed of liquorice extract powder, opioid powder, star anise oil, camphor, and sodium benzoate. The complexity of herbal materials brings a huge challenge in producing compound preparations with stable and uniform quality consistency.

Objective

To establish a new intelligent model for predicting the quality of CLT.

Methods

The HPLC fingerprints of raw materials including liquorice extract powder, powdered opium, star anise oil, and sodium benzoate were tested and merged to generate the intelligent mergence fingerprints, whose correlation with the raw materials and the CLT samples was studied. The consistency of the intelligently merged fingerprints with the standard fingerprints was observed by using the systematic quantitative fingerprint method in order to calculate quality evaluation results.

Results

The intelligent mergence fingerprints covered all the main fingerprint peaks of four raw materials and had a good correlation with the CLT sample fingerprint. There were no significant quality differences either among the six intelligent mergence models obtained by combining different batches of raw materials or between the reference fingerprint of the intelligent mergence connection fingerprints (RFPIMFC) and the theoretical standard preparation (RFPS).

Conclusion

The computer‐aided model of intelligent mergence fingerprints could be used to predict the quality of herbal compound preparations based on raw materials. In this way, preproduction quality prediction can be realised in order to avoid low‐quality medicinal materials and improve the quality consistency among different batches.
Registration of ‘SB255’ winter barley
Authors: Brooks Wynse , Griffey Carl , Vaughn Mark , Seago John , Thomason Wade , Fitzgerald Joshua , Christopher Anthony , Pitman Robert , Dunaway David , Light Jon , Rucker Elizabeth , Behl Harry , Beahm Bruce , Browning Phillip , McMaster Niki , Schmale David , Hardiman Thomas , Custis J. Tommy , Gulick Steve , Ashburn S. Bobby , Jones Ned , Marshall David , Fountain Myron , Tuong Tan , Oakes Joseph
Published: May 2021

‘SB255’ (Reg. no. CV‐373, PI 693987) is a six‐rowed hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar with winter growth habit. The cultivar was released by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station in May 2019. SB255 is widely adapted, high yielding, high grain volume weight, and medium tall. It has good winterhardiness and good straw strength. The spikes of SB255 are strap and slightly waxy with no overlapping lateral kernels and with long awns. Prior to being named, SB255 was tested under the experimental designation VA11B‐141 (LA). It was derived from the cross Spont03‐44/VA01B‐44 and developed using a modified‐bulk breeding method. It was evaluated from 2013 to 2019 in the Virginia Official Variety Trials at five to six locations. SB255's average grain yield (5,214 kg ha–1) was similar to the check cultivars ‘Secretariat’ and ‘Thoroughbred’ but significantly (P ≤ .05) higher than ‘Atlantic’, ‘Price’, ‘Callao’, ‘Nomini’, and ‘Wysor’. Average grain volume weight of SB255 (60.8 kg hL–1) was similar to Secretariat and Price but exceeded (P ≤ 0.05) those of Thoroughbred, Atlantic, Callao, Nomini, and Wysor. Head emergence of SB255 was similar to Thoroughbred and 2–5 d later than winter feed barley cultivars Secretariat, Atlantic, Price, Callao, and Nomini. SB255 was developed primarily as a feed barley cultivar. It provides barley producers and end users in the eastern United States with a high‐grain‐yielding cultivar having good to moderate resistance to all diseases prevalent in the eastern United States, including Fusarium head blight (FHB), and also lower deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in the grain.
Registration of USDA‐N6005 germplasm combining high yield, elevated protein, and 25% pedigree from Japanese cultivar Tamahikari
Authors: Mian M. A. Rouf , McNeece Brant T. , Gillen Anne M. , Carter, Thomas E. , Bagherzadi Laleh
Published: May 2021

USDA‐N6005 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. GP‐442, PI 696388), is an F5–derived early maturity group (MG) VI germplasm jointly released by the USDA–ARS and North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in January 2021. USDA‐N6005 is a genetically diverse germplasm with 25% of its pedigree from Japanese cultivar Tamahikari and has high yield potential coupled with elevated seed and meal protein content. USDA‐N6005 is the first MG VI release derived from Tamahikari. In the USDA Uniform Tests–Southern States during 2017–2018, USDA‐N6005 yielded 102, 103, and 102% of the check cultivars NC‐Dunphy, NC‐Dilday, and NC‐Roy, respectively. It had significantly better lodging resistance (1.5) than NC‐Roy and NC‐Dilday (2.6 and 2.5, respectively). The seed protein content on a dry basis of USDA‐N6005 (424 g kg–1) was significantly higher than that of NC‐Dunphy and NC‐Dilday (392 and 383 g kg–1, respectively). The estimated meal protein content (49.0%) of USDA‐N6005 was significantly higher than that of NC‐Dunphy and NC‐Dilday (46.2 and 45.5%, respectively). Across the five environments of the 2016 USDA Preliminary Tests–Southern States, USDA‐N6005 yielded 100 and 102% of check cultivars AG6534 and NC‐Roy, respectively. This release should help to reverse the declining trend in genetic diversity and seed protein of U.S. soybean cultivars without negative impact on seed yield.
Prospects for rambutan peel extract as natural antioxidant on the aging properties of vulcanized natural rubber
Authors: Sukatta Udomlak , Rugthaworn Prapassorn , Seangyen Wichudaporn , Tantaterdtam Rattana , Smitthipong Wirasak , Chollakup Rungsima
Published: May 2021

Natural rubber (NR) is sensitive to oxidative degradation, which needs to add commercial antioxidant for NR compounding to improve its aging properties. The aim of this study is to apply natural antioxidant obtained from extracted rambutan peel powder (RE) by methanol compared to commercial antioxidants for NR compounding in a conventional vulcanization (CV system). Two types of commercial antioxidants were N‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐N'phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 2,2,4‐Trimethyl‐1,2dihydroquinoline (TMQ). The main phenolic compounds in RE were geraniin, corilagin, ellagic acid and gallic acid which had greater antioxidant activity based on all methods, especially for 2,2‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrlhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay (DPPH) and had a similar antioxidant activity to 6PPD. The antioxidants were applied in NR vulcanizates at 1 phr and 2 phr to study their physical and mechanical properties. The decomposition temperature of RE was higher than for 6PPD but similar to TMQ. The decomposition temperature of the rubber vulcanizates containing RE was higher than for the commercial antioxidants. Rubber vulcanizates with RE retained similar tensile strength and modulus at 100% strain as the commercial antioxidants. Furthermore, the addition of RE in rubber vulcanizates helped to resist thermal aging at 70°C and ozone aging, particularly at 1 phr at least as well as in the commercial antioxidants. Therefore, RE can be used as an alternative natural antioxidant in natural rubber to replace commercial antioxidants.
Naringenin has an inhibitory effect on rivaroxaban in rats both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Shi Hai‐Feng , Zhao Fang‐Ling , Chen Hao , Zhou Quan , Geng Pei‐Wu , Zhou Yun‐Fang , Wu Hua‐Lan , Chong Jia , Wang Fang , Dai Da‐Peng , Yang Jie‐Fu , Wang Shuang‐Hu
Published: May 2021

Food–drug interactions are reported to have some impacts on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various oral drugs. To better understand the effects of naringenin, one natural product in many fruits, on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban, drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between naringenin and rivaroxaban in vitro were investigated in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat liver microsomes. For the DDIs in vivo, 12 male SD rats were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group with six rats in each group. Rats in the experimental group were pre‐treated with naringenin (10 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks before the administration of rivaroxaban (10 mg/kg) by oral gavage, while the rats in the control group were given rivaroxaban (10 mg/kg) only once. The plasma concentration of rivaroxaban in rats was then measured by UPLC‐MS/MS. In vitro data indicated that naringenin could decrease the metabolic clearance rate of rivaroxaban with the IC50 value of 38.89 μM, and exhibited a mixed inhibition to rivaroxaban (Ki =54.91 μM, aKi =73.33 μM, a = 0.74). In vivo data in rats revealed that as compared with that of the control group, the AUC(0–t) value of rats in the experimental group was increased from 2406.28 ± 519.69 μg/h/L to 4005.04 ± 1172.76 μg/h/L, the Cmax value was increased from 310.23 ± 85.76 μg/L to 508.71 ± 152.48 μg/L, and the Vz/F and CLz/F were decreased from 23.03 ± 4.81 L/kg to 16.2 ± 8.42 L/kg, 4.26 ± 0.91 L/h/kg to 2.57 ± 0.73 L/h/kg, respectively. These data indicated that naringenin had an inhibitory effect on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban in rats, suggesting that the DDIs between naringenin and rivaroxaban might occur when they were co‐administered in the clinic.
Quantum Embedded Superstates
Authors: Nefedkin Nikita , Alù Andrea , Krasnok Alex
Published: May 2021

Optical supercavity modes (superstates), i.e., hybrid modes emerging from the strong coupling of two modes of an open cavity, can support ultranarrow lines in their scattering spectra associated with quasi bound states in the continuum (quasi‐BIC). These modes are of great interest for sensing applications as they enable compact systems with unprecedented sensitivity. However, classical quasi‐BIC sensors are fundamentally limited by the shot‐noise limit, which may be overcome in quantum sensors. Here, it is shown that a three‐level quantum system (e.g., atom, quantum dot, superconducting qubit) can be tailored to support the quantum analog of superstates with an unboundedly narrow emission line. Remarkably, it is demonstrated that the coupling of such a system with a cavity (e.g., plasmonic or dielectric nanoparticle, microcavity, microwave resonator) enables sensing properties with excellent statistical features. The results can be applied to a plethora of quantum platforms, from superconducting circuits to cold atoms and quantum dots, opening exciting opportunities for quantum sensing and computing.
Machine learning to detect marine animals in UAV imagery: effect of morphology, spacing, behaviour and habitat
Authors: Dujon Antoine M. , Ierodiaconou Daniel , Geeson Johanna J. , Arnould John P. Y. , Allan Blake M. , Katselidis Kostas A. , Schofield Gail
Published: May 2021

Machine learning algorithms are being increasingly used to process large volumes of wildlife imagery data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); however, suitable algorithms to monitor multiple species are required to enhance efficiency. Here, we developed a machine learning algorithm using a low‐cost computer. We trained a convolutional neural network and tested its performance in: (1) distinguishing focal organisms of three marine taxa (Australian fur seals, loggerhead sea turtles and Australasian gannets; body size ranges: 0.8–2.5 m, 0.6–1.0 m, and 0.8–0.9 m, respectively); and (2) simultaneously delineating the fine‐scale movement trajectories of multiple sea turtles at a fish cleaning station. For all species, the algorithm performed best at detecting individuals of similar body length, displaying consistent behaviour or occupying uniform habitat (proportion of individuals detected, or recall of 0.94, 0.79 and 0.75 for gannets, seals and turtles, respectively). For gannets, performance was impacted by spacing (huddling pairs with offspring) and behaviour (resting vs. flying shapes, overall precision: 0.74). For seals, accuracy was impacted by morphology (sexual dimorphism and pups), spacing (huddling and creches) and habitat complexity (seal sized boulders) (overall precision: 0.27). For sea turtles, performance was impacted by habitat complexity, position in water column, spacing, behaviour (interacting individuals) and turbidity (overall precision: 0.24); body size variation had no impact. For sea turtle trajectories, locations were estimated with a relative positioning error of <50 cm. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, while the same machine learning algorithm can be used to survey multiple species, no single algorithm captures all components optimally within a given site. We recommend that, rather than attempting to fully automate detection of UAV imagery data, semi‐automation is implemented (i.e. part automated and part manual, as commonly practised for photo‐identification). Approaches to enhance the efficiency of manual detection are required in parallel to the development of effective implementation of machine learning algorithms.
Low‐complexity detection method based on channel matrix periodic N‐diagonal equivalence for uplink MU‐MIMO of multi‐beam satellite communication systems
Authors: Zhu Feng , Ba Teer , Zhang Yuan , Gao Xiqi , Zhai Shenghua , Gong Xianfeng
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a low‐complexity detection method for uplink Multi‐User Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MU‐MIMO) of multi‐beam satellite communication systems is studied. Firstly, we derive the uplink receiving system model and give the beam‐domain channel expression. Utilizing the characteristics of energy concentration of uplink channel in beam domain, we propose that the channel matrix can be equivalent to periodic N‐diagonal matrix, which can reduce the number of channel estimations and reduce the computational complexity of detection. Then, based on the beam‐domain channel matrix equivalent model, two low‐complexity minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection methods are proposed to reduce the computational complexity of traditional MMSE detection from
to O(K). Simulation results show that the proposed methods have limited performance loss compared with the traditional methods.
On the vanishing of Love numbers for Kerr black holes
Authors: Charalambous Panagiotis , Dubovsky Sergei , Ivanov Mikhail M.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

It was shown recently that the static tidal response coefficients, called Love numbers, vanish identically for Kerr black holes in four dimensions. In this work, we confirm this result and extend it to the case of spin-0 and spin-1 perturbations. We compute the static response of Kerr black holes to scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational fields at all orders in black hole spin. We use the unambiguous and gauge-invariant definition of Love numbers and their spin-0 and spin-1 analogs as Wilson coefficients of the point particle effective field theory. This definition also allows one to clearly distinguish between conservative and dissipative response contributions. We demonstrate that the behavior of Kerr black hole responses to spin-0 and spin-1 fields is very similar to that of the spin-2 perturbations. In particular, static conservative responses vanish identically for spinning black holes. This implies that vanishing Love numbers are a generic property of black holes in four-dimensional general relativity. We also show that the dissipative part of the response does not vanish even for static perturbations due to frame-dragging.
Calibration to FX triangles of the 4/2 model under the benchmark approach
Authors: Gnoatto Alessandro , Grasselli Martino , Platen Eckhard
Published: May 2021

We calibrate a novel multifactor stochastic volatility model that includes as special cases the Heston-based model of De Col et al. (J Bank Finance 37(10):3799–3818, 2013) and the 3/2-based model of Baldeaux et al. (J Bank Finance 53:34–48, 2015). Using a dataset on vanilla option quotes in a triangle of currencies, we find that the risk neutral approach typically fails for the calibrated model, in line with the results of Baldeaux et al. (2015).
Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature
Authors: Frigerio Alberto , Ballerini Lucia , Valdés Hernández Maria
Published: May 2021

This review systematically explored structural, functional, and metabolic features of the cisgender brain compared with the transgender brain before hormonal treatment and the heterosexual brain compared to the homosexual brain from the analysis of the neuroimaging literature up to 2018, and identified and discussed subsequent studies published up to March 2021. Our main aim was to help identifying neuroradiological brain features that have been related to human sexuality to contribute to the understanding of the biological elements involved in gender identity and sexual orientation. We analyzed 39 studies on gender identity and 24 on sexual orientation. Our results suggest that some neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurometabolic features in transgender individuals resemble those of their experienced gender despite the majority resembling those from their natal sex. In homosexual individuals the majority resemble those of their same-sex heterosexual population rather than their opposite-sex heterosexual population. However, it is always difficult to interpret findings with noninvasive neuroimaging. Given the gross nature of these measures, it is possible that more differences too subtle to measure with available tools yet contributing to gender identity and sexual orientation could be found. Conflicting results contributed to the difficulty of identifying specific brain features which consistently differ between cisgender and transgender or between heterosexual and homosexual groups. The small number of studies, the small-to-moderate sample size of each study, and the heterogeneity of the investigations made it impossible to meta-analyze all the data extracted. Further studies are necessary to increase the understanding of the neurological substrates of human sexuality.
A holistic framework integrating plant-microbe-mineral regulation of soil bioavailable nitrogen
Authors: Daly Amanda B. , Jilling Andrea , Bowles Timothy M. , Buchkowski Robert W. , Frey Serita D. , Kallenbach Cynthia M. , Keiluweit Marco , Mooshammer Maria , Schimel Joshua P. , Grandy A. Stuart
Published: May 2021

Soil organic nitrogen (N) is a critical resource for plants and microbes, but the processes that govern its cycle are not well-described. To promote a holistic understanding of soil N dynamics, we need an integrated model that links soil organic matter (SOM) cycling to bioavailable N in both unmanaged and managed landscapes, including agroecosystems. We present a framework that unifies recent conceptual advances in our understanding of three critical steps in bioavailable N cycling: organic N (ON) depolymerization and solubilization; bioavailable N sorption and desorption on mineral surfaces; and microbial ON turnover including assimilation, mineralization, and the recycling of microbial products. Consideration of the balance between these processes provides insight into the sources, sinks, and flux rates of bioavailable N. By accounting for interactions among the biological, physical, and chemical controls over ON and its availability to plants and microbes, our conceptual model unifies complex mechanisms of ON transformation in a concrete conceptual framework that is amenable to experimental testing and translates into ideas for new management practices. This framework will allow researchers and practitioners to use common measurements of particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) to design strategic organic N-cycle interventions that optimize ecosystem productivity and minimize environmental N loss.
An update on magnesium and bone health
Authors: Rondanelli Mariangela , Faliva Milena Anna , Tartara Alice , Gasparri Clara , Perna Simone , Infantino Vittoria , Riva Antonella , Petrangolini Giovanna , Peroni Gabriella
Published: May 2021

In 2009 EFSA Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of magnesium (Mg) and maintenance of normal bone. After 2009, numerous studies have been published, but no reviews have made an update on this topic. So, the aim of this narrative review was to consider the state of the art since 2009 on relationship between Mg blood levels, Mg dietary intake and Mg dietary supplementation (alone or with other micronutrients; this last topic has been considered since 1990, because it is not included in the EFSA claims) and bone health in humans. This review included 28 eligible studies: nine studies concern Mg blood, 12 studies concern Mg intake and seven studies concern Mg supplementation, alone or in combination with other nutrients. From the various studies carried out on the serum concentration of Mg and its relationship with the bone, it has been shown that lower values are related to the presence of osteoporosis, and that about 30–40% of the subjects analyzed (mainly menopausal women) have hypomagnesaemia. Various dietetic investigations have shown that many people (about 20%) constantly consume lower quantities of Mg than recommended; moreover, in this category, a lower bone mineral density and a higher fracturing risk have been found. Considering the intervention studies published to date on supplementation with Mg, most have used this mineral in the form of citrate, carbonate or oxide, with a dosage varying between 250 and 1800 mg. In all studies there was a benefit both in terms of bone mineral density and fracture risk.
Prolonged Siberian heat of 2020 almost impossible without human influence
Authors: Ciavarella Andrew , Cotterill Daniel , Stott Peter , Kew Sarah , Philip Sjoukje , van Oldenborgh Geert Jan , Skålevåg Amalie , Lorenz Philip , Robin Yoann , Otto Friederike , Hauser Mathias , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Lehner Flavio , Zolina Olga
Published: May 2021

Over the first half of 2020, Siberia experienced the warmest period from January to June since records began and on the 20th of June the weather station at Verkhoyansk reported 38 °C, the highest daily maximum temperature recorded north of the Arctic Circle. We present a multi-model, multi-method analysis on how anthropogenic climate change affected the probability of these events occurring using both observational datasets and a large collection of climate models, including state-of-the-art higher-resolution simulations designed for attribution and many from the latest generation of coupled ocean-atmosphere models, CMIP6. Conscious that the impacts of heatwaves can span large differences in spatial and temporal scales, we focus on two measures of the extreme Siberian heat of 2020: January to June mean temperatures over a large Siberian region and maximum daily temperatures in the vicinity of the town of Verkhoyansk. We show that human-induced climate change has dramatically increased the probability of occurrence and magnitude of extremes in both of these (with lower confidence for the probability for Verkhoyansk) and that without human influence the temperatures widely experienced in Siberia in the first half of 2020 would have been practically impossible.
Generative learning strategies do not diminish primary students’ attitudes towards augmented reality
Authors: Buchner Josef
Published: May 2021

Do generative learning strategies influence the motivational and affective factors of learning with augmented reality? This article explores this highly topical new question in the field of research on educational technology and reports the results of a value-added study that compares two mobile AR learning environments with or without additional learning strategies. A total of 56 primary school students participated and learned with augmented reality (AR) learning materials either in an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group learned with AR and additional learning strategies based on generative learning theory, namely, self-explanation and self-testing. The control group learned only with AR. It was investigated whether the addition of learning strategies would lead to a reduction in positive attitudes towards AR as a learning technology. The experimental group of students showed overall positive attitudes towards AR as a learning technology at approximately the same level as the control group. However, significant differences were found for the skepticism subscale, indicating that learners who learned with both AR and learning strategies were more skeptical about AR as a learning technology than those who learned only with AR. Gender differences were also found for the accessibility subscale, with male participants considering the AR technology to be easier to access outside of the classroom too. The impact of these results on theory and practice as well as further research directions is discussed.
Is There a Place for Responsible Artificial Intelligence in Pandemics? A Tale of Two Countries
Authors: El-Haddadeh Ramzi , Fadlalla Adam , Hindi Nitham M.
Published: May 2021

This research examines the considerations of responsible Artificial Intelligence in the deployment of AI-based COVID-19 digital proximity tracking and tracing applications in two countries; the State of Qatar and the United Kingdom. Based on the alignment level analysis with the Good AI Society’s framework and sentiment analysis of official tweets, the diagnostic analysis resulted in contrastive findings for the two applications. While the application EHTERAZ (Arabic for precaution) in Qatar has fallen short in adhering to the responsible AI requirements, it has contributed significantly to controlling the pandemic. On the other hand, the UK’s NHS COVID-19 application has exhibited limited success in fighting the virus despite relatively abiding by these requirements. This underlines the need for obtaining a practical and contextual view for a comprehensive discourse on responsible AI in healthcare. Thereby offering necessary guidance for striking a balance between responsible AI requirements and managing pressures towards fighting the pandemic.
Neochloris oleoabundans oil production in an outdoor tubular photobioreactor at pilot scale
Authors: Norsker Niels-Henrik , Cuaresma Maria , de Vree Jeroen , Ruiz-Domínguez Mari Carmen , García Maria Carmen Márquez , Uronen Pauliina , Barbosa Maria J. , Wijffels René
Published: May 2021

Oil production was tested with Neochloris oleoabundans in a 6 m3, horizontal soft sleeve tubular reactor from 22 October to 7 November in Matalascañas, southern Spain. Biomass productivity during the nitrogen replete phase was 7.4 g dw m−2 day−1. Maximum lipid content in the biomass was 39% and average lipid productivity during the nitrogen depletion phase was 2.0 g m−2 day−1. Nitrogen depletion of the cultures was carried out in order to enhance fatty acid formation, using the inverse nitrogen quota in the biomass to predict the fatty acid content. TFA concentration at harvest was 14% DW, compared to a value of 17%, predicted by the inverse nitrogen quota. The overall feasibility of the horizontal tubular technology for microalgal oil production, including mixing energy expenditure, was evaluated.