bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La precipitación media anual en el sector alto de la cuenca del Cinca (Pirineo Aragonés, España)
Authors: Del Valle Melendo Javier
Published: June 2010

[es] El sector alto de la cuenca del Cinca, situado en la vertiente meridional del Pirineo central, es una zona de relieve accidentado y precipitación media abundante, en la que se observa un importante gradiente altitudinal. Para la caracterización pluviométrica es importantísimo disponer de datos obtenidos a diferentes alturas, por lo que hemos utilizado los recogidos por los pluviómetros del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología en algunos pueblos de la zona, y los de los totalizadores instalados por las compañías eléctricas, normalmente a considerable altitud. Las correlaciones precipitación-altura realizadas en los tres sectores en los que hemos dividido el alto Cinca revelan comportamientos muy diferentes entre ellos, con gradientes progresivamente menores en sentido O-E, lo cual queda reflejado en el mapa de isoyetas.
[fr] La haute vallée du Cinca, située dans le versant méridional des Pyrénées centrales, est une zone de relief accidenté avec des précipitations abondantes où l'on observe un gradient d'altitude importante. Pour la caractérisation pluviométrique il est très important disposer des données qui soient obtenues à des altitudes différentes. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé les collectes des pluviomètres de l'Institut national de météorologie prises en quelques villages de la région, et celles provenant des totalisateurs déjà installés para les compagnies d'électricité, lesquelles se trouvent à une altitude élevée. Les corrélations précipitation-altitude réalisés dans le Haut-Cinca mettent en évidence des comportements très différents entre les trois secteurs étudiés, avec des gradients progressivement moins accentués d'O en E., ce qui est montré dans la correspondante carte des isohyètes.
On the usefulness of ecosystem services evaluations
Authors: Belmontes J. A. , López Pintor A. , Rodríguez M. A. , Gómez-Sal A.
Published: June 2010

Un artículo polémico escrito por COSTANZA et al., publicado en Nature el pasado año, ha provocado un intenso debate sobre el potencial y la conveniencia de realizar valoraciones económicas de las funciones o beneficios proporcionados por los ecosistemas. Este debate ha sido estimulado por la revista, dando libre acceso al artículo en Internet, y también por la International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE) y Communications for a Sustainable Future (CSF), quienes han ofrecido la posibilidad de remitir opiniones a su página de la World Wide Web. En este trabajo se resumen y analizan estas opiniones. A pesar de las enormes dificultades técnicas y de sus importantes problemas éticos, muchos consideran que merece la pena el esfuerzo de realizar valoraciones de los servicios proporcionados por los ecosistemas. Se considera que. estas valoraciones pueden ser elementos importantes para el debate conservacionista, ya que el valor monetario es una medida que puede ser entendida por toda la sociedad.
Biodiversity of the Hercynian mountains of central Europe
Authors: Jeník Jan
Published: June 2010

[fr] La végétation de l'Europe Centrale tempérée au nord des Alpes nous montre surtout des forêts à de feuillues et de conifères à faible diversité. Cependant, la présence de trois types d'habitats azonaux peut produire une haute diversité au niveau local: zones humides avec leur nombreux microhabitats, reliefs karstiques et leur profonds défilés fluviaux, et enfin des îles écologiques avec une végétation particulière situées près de la limite supérieure des arbres (treeline). Ces secteurs riches en espèces peuvent s'expliquer par l'interaction des facteurs physiques, biotiques et historiques. Dans ce domaine nous proposons un système anémo-orographique avec ses facteurs inféodés qui pourrait expliquer la haute diversité animale et végétale dans les cirques glaciaires des montagnes hercyniennes.

[es]Al N de los Alpes, la vegetación de la Europa Central templada está constituida fundamentalmente por bosques de baja diversidad, bien sean de hoja ancha o de coníferas. No obstante, la presencia de tres tipos de hábitats azonales aumenta la diversidad: charcos con sus numerosos microhábitats, el relieve kárstico con sus desfiladeros y las islas ecológicas con vegetación diversa cerca del límite superior del bosque en las montañas medias. Estas áreas de gran diversidad específica son el resultado de la interacción de factores físicos, bióticos e históricos. Para explicar la elevada diversidad vegetal y animal de los circos glaciares de las montañas Hercínicas proponemos un modelo anemo-orográfico con sus factores subordinados.
Higher plant and vertebrate species richness in Spanish and some mediterranean mountains
Authors: Martínez-Rica J. P.
Published: June 2010

[fr] Ce travail porte sur la biodiversité de quelques montagnes méditerranéennes, notamment celle de l'Espagne. Ces dernières montrent une flore vasculaire des plus riches au monde, si l'on excepte les pays tropicaux. Aussi le nombre d'espèces endémiques est très important. Six systèmes montagneux d'Espagne et quatre autres sur le pourtour méditerranéen sont étudiés en détail. Dans une section spéciale on étudie la carte de végétation synthétique des montagnes européennes, de façon à inclure les montagnes de l'Espagne et de la Méditerranée.

[es] Se estudia la biodiversidad de las montañas españolas y de otras mediterráneas. Si se exceptúan algunas áreas tropicales, se trata de una de las áreas más ricas en plantas vasculares. El número de especies endémicas resulta sustancial. Se estudian con mayor detalle seis áreas montañosas de España y cuatro áreas más del Mediterráneo. De un modo particular se estudia un mapa sintético de vegetación de las montañas de Europa en relación con las montañas de España y del Mediterráneo.
The Caledonian mountains. Northern Europe, and their changing ecosystems
Authors: Sonesson M. , Molau U.
Published: June 2010

[fr] À l'exception des conditions solaires, le climat des montagnes dites «Caledonian», au Nord de l'Europe, est beaucoup plus influencé par la proximité de l'Océan Atlantique et le Goulf Stream que par l'altitude ou la latitude. La durée de la photopériode pendant la saison de végétation augmente avec la latitude, tandis que la radiation solaire total s'abaisse. À des altitudes et latitudes basses, les landes riches en espèces à distribution boréale deviennent caractéristiques, tandis que les espèces arctiques et artico-alpines dominent dans les hautes altitudes ou latitudes. Des événements périodiques dans la dynamique de la population de certains animaux ou plantes peuvent distinguer les écosystèmes des hautes latitudes de ceux de basse latitude. Les effets du changement climatique global seraient bien sûr plus prononcés au nord, car d'une part le taux d'absortion de Vultraviolet-B (UV-B) par la couche d'ozone devient plus bas et d'autre part la concentration de gaz à effet de serre est plus forte dans les régions arctiques que plus au sud. De plus, dans certaines régions, il y a de changements dans les écosystèmes dûs à un impact direct croissant des activités humaines.

[es] Condiciones solares aparte, el clima de las montañas caledonianas, situadas en el N de Europa, viene condicionado por la cercanía del Océano Atlántico y la corriente del Golfo, más que por la latitud y la altitud. Es sabido que la duración del fotoperíodo en el período de crecimiento vegetativo se incrementa con la latitud, aunque el flujo total solar descienda. Los brezales en cuya composición entran especies de distribución boreal son muy característicos de las bajas altitudes y latitudes. Ahora bien, las perturbaciones periódicas que tienen lugar en la dinámica poblacional de ciertas plantas o animales distinguen los ecosistemas de latitudes elevadas de los que están situados a baja latitud. Sin duda, los efectos del cambio global serán más intensos en el Norte, por cuanto la tasa de absorción de rayos ultravioleta B (UV-B) por parte de la capa de ozono se aminora y el incremento de la concentración de los «gases-invernadero» es consecuentemente mayor en el Ártico que en las zonas más meridionales. Además, en los ecosistemas también se están notando cambios por causa de los crecientes impactos directos de las actividades humanas en ciertas áreas.
Production and turnover of organic matter in three southern European Fagus sylvatica L. Stands
Authors: Santa Regina I. , Leonardi S. , Hanchi A. , Tarazona T. , Rapp M.
Published: June 2010

[fr] Les biomasses aériennes, les retombées de litières, leur accumulation à la surface du sol et leur décomposition, ont été étudiées dans trois hêtraies méditerranéennes d'Italie, de France et d'Espagne, pour mieux connaître la restitution au sol des bioéléments par l'intermédiaire de la matière organique. Les biomasses aériennes s'élevaient respectivement à 131.9 Mg ha-1 dans la hêtraie de l'Etna (Italie), 134.2 Mg ha-1 dans celle de Sierra de la Demanda (Espagne) et à 223.9 Mg ha-1 au Mont Lozère (France). Les retombées de litière les plus fortes sont observées dans la hêtraie de la Sierra de la Demanda (4.7 Mg ha-1 an-1), suivie de celles du Mont Lozère (4.4 Mg ha-1 an-1) et de l'Etna (3.9 Mg ha-1 an-1). L'ensemble de la matière organique accumulée à la surface du sol des trois hêtraies était de 25.8 Mg ha-1 au Mont Lozère, 14.4 Mg ha-1 à Sierra de la Demanda et 12.6 Mg ha-1 dans l'Etna. Les proportions respectives de la fraction feuilles par rapport à la litière totale étaient proches dans les stations de l'Etna et de la Sierra de la Demanda (72 - 70%) et voisines de celle du Mont Lozère (65%). Toutes les forêts de Fagus sylvatica dans le climat Méditerranéen sont très similaires par rapport à la distribution et aux flux, malgré que les conditions de climat et de sol soient différentes.

[es] Se han estudiado la biomasa aérea, la caída, acumulación y descomposición de la hojarasca en tres ecosistemas forestales de hayedo en Italia, Francia y España en orden a conocer mejor el reciclado de elementos- biógenos asociados al reciclaje de materia orgánica. La biomasa aérea estimada es de 131.0 Mg ha-1 en Etna (Italia), 134.2 Mg ha-1 en la Sierra de la Demanda (España) y 223.9 Mg ha-1 en Mont Lozère (Francia). La mayor cantidad de caída de hojarasca se ha observado en la Sierra de la Demanda (4.7 Mg ha-1 año-1) seguida de Mont Lozère (4.4 Mg ha-1 año-1). La materia orgánica acumulada en la superficie del suelo en los tres ecosistemas forestales estudiados fue de 25.8 Mg ha-1 en Mont Lozère, 14.4 Mg ha-1 en la Sierra de la Demanda y 12.6 Mg ha-1 en Etna. El porcentaje relativo de las hojas con relación a la hojarasca total fue similar en las parcelas de Etna y Sierra de la Demanda (72-70%) y algo más bajo en Mont Lozère (65%). Los bosques de Fagus sylvatica estudiados reflejaron valores similares respecto a la distribución y flujos de materia orgánica, aunque se han evidenciado diferencias en cuanto a condiciones locales de clima y suelo.
Evolución de la composición florística Post-fuego en un carrascal de Navarra (N de España)
Authors: Cavero R. Y. , Ederra A.
Published: June 2010

[es] Se presentan los resultados de cuatro años de estudio sobre la evolución de la composición florística de un carrascal mediterráneo sometido a fuegos controlados en Navarra (N de España). Los muestreos se han llevado a cabo en ocho cuadrados permanentes de 1 m2 de superficie, cada uno sometido a distinto tratamiento: distinto tipo de fuego, distinta situación en la parcela y adición o no de suelo no quemado. Se analizan la estrategia de regeneración de las especies que aparecen después de los fuegos y la influencia de los tratamientos en la regeneración de la flora. La evolución de la composición florística sigue un modelo general: las especies empiezan a aparecer progresivamente, su número crece hasta obtener un máximo entre el año y los cuatro años después de los fuegos, a partir del cual disminuye. Las especies que aparecen son las mismas que había previamente, es decir, se da un proceso de autosucesión.

[fr] On présente les résultats de quatre ans d'étude sur l'évolution de la composition floristique d'un bois de chêne vert méditerranéen soumis à des feux contrôlés en Navarra (N de l'Espagne). Les échantillonnages ont été réalisés sur huit carrés permanents d'un mètre carré de surface, chacun soumis à un traitement différent selon: la sorte de feu, la difference de situation dans la parcelle et l'addition ou pas de sol non brûlé. On analyse la stratégie de régénération des espèces qui se montrent après les feux et l'influence des traitements employés sur la régénération de la flore. L'évolution de la composition floristique suit un modèle général: les espèces commencent à apparaître progressivement; leur nombre augmente jusqu'à obtenir un maximum entre une année et quatre ans après les incendies, au delà il diminue. Les espèces qui apparaissent sont les mêmes qu'antérieurement, c'est-à-dire, qu'il y aun processus d'autosuccession.
The effect of grazing on soil and water losses under arid and mediterranean climates. Implications for desertification
Authors: Cerdà A. , Lavée H.
Published: June 2010

[fr] Afin d'étudier l'effet du pâturage sur la dégradation des sols, deux zones de caractéristiques climatiques différentes soumises au pâturage ont été sélectionnées en Israel. L'une de ces zones se trouve située dans le désert de Judée, un milieu très aride (260 mm de précipitation annuelle moyenne) avec un couvert végétal peu dense et une longue influence du surpâturage. La deuxième zone se trouve sur les montagnes de Galilée, caractérisées par un climat méditerranéen (650 mm de précipitation annuelle moyenne) et un couvert végétal bien plus dense et ce malgré l'influence du pâturage. Afin d'évaluer le comportement hydrologique et érosif des sols de ces deux zones, des expériences ont été réalisées sous pluie simulée sur le terrain et en laboratoire. Les résultats mettent en évidence une différence nette entre les deux écosystèmes. Dans le désert de Judée, où la couverture végétale est faible, une croûte superficielle se développe favorisant le ruissellement superficiel et l'érosion. Dans la zone méditerranéenne, le ruissellement superficiel et l'érosion sont insignifiants dans les zones recouvertes par les plantes alors qu'ils sont relativement élevés dans les couloirs entre les plantes du maquis. A l'échelle de la pente s'organise une répartition sous forme d'une mosaïque de zones génératrices et d'autres réceptrices d'eau et de sédiments. Ce patron évite à la pente d'être érodée. Les taux de ruissellement et d'érosion se sont avérés être très élevés dans le désert de Judée et insignifiants sur les montagnes de Galilée.

[es] Dos zonas afectadas por pastoreo pero bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas fueron seleccionadas en Israel para estudiar el efecto del pastoreo en la degradación del suelo. Una zona se encuentra en el desierto de Judea, un medio muy árido (260 mm de precipitación media anual) con una larga historia de sobrepastoreo y muy baja cubierta vegetal. El segundo está en las montañas de Galilea donde el clima es Mediterráneo (650 mm de precipitación media anual) y la cubierta vegetal es mucho mayor a pesar del pastoreo. Para evaluar el comportamiento hidrológico y erosivo de los suelos de ambas zonas se realizaron experimentos con lluvia simulada en el campo y en laboratorio. Los resultados muestran una clara diferencia entre los dos ecosistemas. En el Desierto de Judea, donde la cubierta de plantas es escasa, se desarrolla una costra superficial, que favorece la escorrentía superficial y la erosión. En la zona Mediterránea, la escorrentía superficial y la erosión es insignificante en las zonas cubiertas con matas y relativamente alta en los corredores entre el matorral. A escala de ladera se desarrolla un patrón en forma de mosaico de zonas contribuidoras y receptoras de agua y sedimentos. Este patrón protege la ladera de ser erosionada. Las tasas de escorrentía y erosión fueron muy altas en el Desierto de Judea e insignificantes en las montañas de Galilea.
Abstracts and conclusions from the third workshop of the european wild boar research group Zaragoza (Spain), 4-5 december 1998
Authors: Herrero Cortés Juan , García González Ricardo
Published: June 2010

No disponible
Shellfish Culture in the Open Ocean: Lessons Learned for Offshore Expansion
Authors: Cheney Daniel , Langan Richard , Heasman Kevin , Friedman Bernard , Davis Jonathan
Published: June 2010

AbstractMarine shellfish or bivalve aquaculture accounts for a large fraction of the total world production of cultured seafood, with production trailing only freshwater fish (mainly carps and similar species) and aquatic plants. However, growth of nearshore bivalve aquaculture
is increasingly constrained by space, economics, human health, and environmental concerns. Offshore or open ocean waters offer a tremendous potential for expansion of the shellfish farming. Developments to date indicate that it is feasible to install, to maintain, and to operate bivalve culture
systems in high-energy offshore waters with production rates often equaling or exceeding nearshore environments. Although production to date is limited and a number of technical, operational, economic, and social challenges must be addressed, a number of small to large-scale bivalve culture
systems are in development or production. This article reviews the current production of bivalve shellfish, describes characteristics through case examples of offshore shellfish culture system, and assesses the future potential of this farming method.
Sustainable U.S. Marine Aquaculture Expansion, a Necessity
Authors: Corbin John S.
Published: June 2010

AbstractExpanded development of marine aquaculture and aquaculture-enhanced fisheries for U.S. coastal and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters has been a hot topic in recent years. Driving these discussions have been the converging issues of America’s growing demand
for quality seafood for a healthy diet, increasing reliance on imports to meet demand, in large part from the developing countries, and recurring concerns over the long-term stability of these outside sources in a highly volatile seafood marketplace and interconnected world economy. The United
States has the largest and most diverse EEZ in the world. This resource is essential to domestic fisheries landings and could be the location for commercial open ocean aquaculture of a variety of economically important species. Recent efforts by the Obama Administration and Congress have focused
on comprehensive ocean use planning and management as well as promulgating a permitting and leasing regime for commercial aquaculture in federal waters. It is suggested that sufficient scientific understanding exists for establishing an interim permitting and leasing process for EEZ aquaculture
while the regional multiuse ocean planning is carried out. The issues mentioned above are discussed in this article to support the contention that expanded domestic marine aquaculture development and aquaculture-enhanced fisheries are a necessity. Positive action to develop a strong, proactive
federal policy framework for marine aquaculture expansion and to increase investment in research, development, and demonstration of sustainable technologies should occur now.
Deep Ocean Water Resources in the 21st Century
Authors: Yoza Brandon A. , Nihous Gérard C. , Takahashi Patrick. K. , Golmen Lars G. , War Jan C. , Otsuka Koji , Ouchi Kazuyuki , Masutani Stephen M.
Published: June 2010

AbstractArtificial upwelling could enhance the ocean food web and help restore depleted marine life at all trophic levels. The primary technical challenge of artificial upwelling is devising site-specific strategies to retain as much of the nutrients contained in deep ocean
water at higher concentrations than the background for as long as possible in the photic zone. Recent experiments and analyses have helped to move the concept forward, but substantial work remains to be undertaken. Here, we discuss some long-time-horizon, large-scale concepts involving utilization
of deep ocean water for energy and mariculture that could require or result in the geo-engineering of large areas in the ocean.
Sex Differences in Head Acceleration During Heading While Wearing Soccer Headgear
Authors: Tierney Ryan T. , Higgins Michael , Caswell Shane V. , Brady Jessica , McHardy Krista , Driban Jeffrey B. , Darvish Kurosh
Published: June 2010

Context:

Researchers have indicated that female soccer players may be at greater risk of concussion compared with their male counterparts. Soccer headgear is marketed for reducing head acceleration and risk of concussion.

Objective:

To determine the effect of sex and soccer headgear on head impact kinematics and dynamic stabilization during soccer heading.

Design:

Cross-sectional design.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Forty-four college-aged soccer players (29 women, 15 men).

Intervention(s):

Using a head impact model, participants performed 4 soccer headers under 3 headgear conditions (control, Head Blast Soccer Band, and Full90 Select Performance Headguard).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Dependent variables assessed before soccer heading were head-neck anthropometrics and isometric neck muscle strength, and those assessed during soccer headers were resultant linear head acceleration, Head Injury Criteria (HIC36), and superficial neck muscle electromyography. Statistical analyses included multivariate and univariate analyses of variance with repeated measures, independent-samples t tests, appropriate follow-up analyses of variance and post hoc t tests, and Pearson product moment correlations (α  =  .05).

Results:

Head acceleration in women was 32% and 44% greater than in men when wearing the Head Blast (21.5 g versus 16.3 g) and Full90 Select (21.8 g versus 15.2 g), respectively (P < .05). Compared with men, women exhibited 10% greater head accelerations (20.2 g versus 18.2 g) during the control condition (P  =  .164).

Conclusions:

Female soccer players exhibited greater head accelerations than their male counterparts when wearing headgear. Our results are important clinically because they indicate that soccer headgear may not be an appropriate head injury prevention tool for all athletes.
Leg Immersion in Warm Water, Stretch-Shortening Exercise, and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Authors: Skurvydas Albertas , Kamandulis Sigitas , Stanislovaitis Aleksas , Streckis Vytautas , Mamkus Gediminas , Drazdauskas Adomas
Published: June 2010

Context:

Whether muscle warming protects against exercise-induced muscle damage is unknown.

Objective:

To determine the effect of leg immersion in warm water before stretch-shortening exercise on the time course of indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Design:

Crossover trial.

Setting:

Human kinetics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Eleven healthy, untrained men (age  =  21.5 ± 1.7 years).

Intervention(s):

Participants' legs were immersed in a water bath at 44 ± 1°C for 45 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Creatine kinase changes in the blood, muscle soreness, prolonged (within 72 hours) impairment in maximal voluntary contraction force and height of drop jump, and electrically evoked muscle force at low and high stimulation frequencies at short and long muscle lengths.

Results:

Leg immersion in warm water before stretch-shortening exercise reduced most of the indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, including creatine kinase activity in the blood, muscle soreness, maximal voluntary contraction force, and jump height. The values for maximal voluntary contraction force and jump height, however, were higher during prewarming than for the control condition at 48 hours after stretch-shortening exercise, but this difference was only minor at other time points. Muscle prewarming did not bring about any changes in the dynamics of low-frequency fatigue, registered at either short or long muscle length, within 72 hours of stretch-shortening exercise.

Conclusions:

Leg immersion in warm water before stretch-shortening exercise reduced most of the indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage. However, the clinical application of muscle prewarming may be limited, because decreasing muscle damage did not necessarily lead to improved voluntary performance.
Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Football Linemen
Authors: Buell Jackie L. , Calland Doug , Hanks Fiona , Johnston Bruce , Pester Benjamin , Sweeney Robert , Thorne Robert
Published: June 2010

Context:

Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of symptoms associated with abdominal obesity that demonstrates a high risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus.

Objective:

To evaluate football linemen in National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III schools for the presence of metabolic syndrome according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria as well as to document other related biomarkers.

Design:

Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Setting:

Three university locations on the first full day of football camp in early morning.

Patients or Other Participants:

Of 76 football linemen, 70 were able to provide blood samples.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Height, mass, blood pressure, upper-body skinfolds, and waist circumference were measured at various stations. Two small venous samples of blood were collected and analyzed in a hospital laboratory for fasting insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and glycosylated hemoglobin. The last station was a verbal family history for cardiovascular disease and diabetes; also, athletes filled out a nutrition attitudes questionnaire.

Results:

Of the 70 athletes, 34 were identified as having metabolic syndrome according to measures of blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. The mean total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for the group was 4.95, with 32 participants displaying values higher than 5.0. Twelve volunteers had total cholesterol levels greater than 200 mmol/L, 15 had high levels of C-reactive protein, and 9 had slightly elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin.

Conclusions:

Although athletes might be assumed to be protected from risks of cardiovascular disease, we found a high incidence of metabolic syndrome and other associated adverse biomarkers for heart disease in collegiate football linemen. Early screening, awareness, and intervention may have favorable effects on the overall health outcomes of football linemen.
Self-Reported Health and Fitness Habits of Certified Athletic Trainers
Authors: Groth Jessica J. , Ayers Suzan F. , Miller Michael G. , Arbogast William D.
Published: June 2010

Context:

As health care providers, certified athletic trainers (ATs) should be role models for healthy behaviors.

Objective:

To analyze the self-reported health and fitness habits of ATs.

Design:

A cross-sectional, cluster random sample.

Setting:

Online questionnaire.

Patients or Other Participants:

Of a sampling frame of 1000 potential participants, 275 ATs completed the questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Health habits and activity were based on a typical 7-day week.

Results:

A total of 41% of the participants met the exercise recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine; 7% reported being sedentary. Differences were noted between the sexes for fitness habits (P < .035) and composite health score (P < .001). None of the ATs reported meeting the Daily Reference Intake for all 5 food groups. Seven percent of female ATs consumed more alcohol than recommended, compared with 2% of males. However, 80% of males and 93% of females reported consuming 5 or fewer drinks per week. Only 0.8% reported currently smoking.

Conclusions:

This sample of ATs had better health and fitness habits than the general population but did not meet professional recommendations set forth by the American College of Sports Medicine or the United States Department of Agriculture. Thus, these ATs were not ideal role models in demonstrating healthy behaviors.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Environmental Cold Injuries
Authors: Cappaert Thomas A. , Stone Jennifer A. , Castellani John W. , Krause Bentley Andrew , Smith Daniel , Stephens Bradford A.
Published: June 2010

Objective:

To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of environmental cold injuries.

Background:

Individuals engaged in sport-related or work-related physical activity in cold, wet, or windy conditions are at risk for environmental cold injuries. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology, risk management, recognition, and immediate care of environmental cold injuries is an essential skill for certified athletic trainers and other health care providers working with individuals at risk.

Recommendations:

These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care with the specific knowledge and problem-solving skills needed to address environmental cold injuries. Each recommendation has been graded (A, B, or C) according to the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy criterion scale.
Fluid Consumption and Sweating in National Football League and Collegiate Football Players With Different Access to Fluids During Practice
Authors: Godek Sandra Fowkes , Bartolozzi Arthur R. , Peduzzi Chris , Heinerichs Scott , Garvin Eugene , Sugarman Eric , Burkholder Richard
Published: June 2010

Context:

Considerable controversy regarding fluid replacement during exercise currently exists.

Objective:

To compare fluid turnover between National Football League (NFL) players who have constant fluid access and collegiate football players who replace fluids during water breaks in practices.

Design:

Observational study.

Setting:

Respective preseason training camps of 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II (DII) football team and 1 NFL football team. Both morning and afternoon practices for DII players were 2.25 hours in length, and NFL players practiced for 2.25 hours in the morning and 1 hour in the afternoon. Environmental conditions did not differ.

Patients or Other Participants:

Eight NFL players (4 linemen, 4 backs) and 8 physically matched DII players (4 linemen, 4 backs) participated.

Intervention(s):

All players drank fluids only from their predetermined individual containers. The NFL players could consume both water and sports drinks, and the DII players could only consume water.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We measured fluid consumption, sweat rate, total sweat loss, and percentage of sweat loss replaced. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for fluids consumed and urine produced.

Results:

Mean sweat rate was not different between NFL (2.1 ± 0.25 L/h) and DII (1.8 ± 0.15 L/h) players (F1,12  =  2, P  =  .18) but was different between linemen (2.3 ± 0.2 L/h) and backs (1.6 ± 0.2 L/h) (t14  =  3.14, P  =  .007). We found no differences between NFL and DII players in terms of percentage of weight loss (t7  =  −0.03, P  =  .98) or rate of fluid consumption (t7  =  −0.76, P  =  .47). Daily sweat loss was greater in DII (8.0 ± 2.0 L) than in NFL (6.4 ± 2.1 L) players (t7  =  −3, P  =  .02), and fluid consumed was also greater in DII (5.0 ± 1.5 L) than in NFL (4.0 ± 1.1 L) players (t7  =  −2.8, P  =  .026). We found a correlation between sweat loss and fluids consumed (r  =  0.79, P < .001).

Conclusions:

During preseason practices, the DII players drinking water at water breaks replaced the same volume of fluid (66% of weight lost) as NFL players with constant access to both water and sports drinks.
The prevalence and effects of urinary incontinence in women working in the Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein
Authors: Bailey Veronique C. , Bakaya Meenakshi , Jada Siyabulela H. , Khalanyane Kekeletso E. , Steinberg Wilhelm J. , Joubert Gina , Prollius Almereau
Published: June 2010

Urinary incontinence affects 30% of women by the time they reach 50 years of age and continues to increase thereafter. Symptoms vary in severity and adversely impact on the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of affected individuals. By means of a self-administered questionnaire, the study investigated the prevalence of urinary incontinence and its effects on the quality of life in women working at the Universitas Academic Hospital in Bloemfontein in 2007. Pregnant women were not included in the study. One hundred and nine questionnaires were analysed. Participants were 24–62 years of age (mean age 44.4 years). Of these, 27.5% reported symptoms of urinary incontinence. Only one affected individual was younger than 30 years. Three-quarters of affected women rated their symptoms as light to moderate. In 34.6% of the affected women, the condition did not interfere with everyday activities at all, but 11.5% reported severe interference. Information regarding urinary incontinence, precautionary measures, such as Kegel exercises, and its associated psychosocial consequences, should be disseminated to women of all ages.
The Weak Type (1, 1) Estimates of Maximal Functions on the Laguerre Hypergroup
Authors: Huang Jizheng , Heping Liu
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we discuss various maximal functions on the Laguerre hypergroup K including the heat maximal function, the Poisson maximal function, and the Hardy–Littlewood maximal function which is consistent with the structure of hypergroup of K. We shall establish the weak type (1, 1) estimates for these maximal functions. The Lp estimates for p > 1 follow fromthe interpolation. Some applications are included.
Exploring Moderators of the Relationship between Physical Activity Behaviors and Television Viewing in Elementary School Children
Authors: Smith Nicole E. I. , Rhodes Ryan E. , Naylor Patti-Jean , McKay Heather A.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Previous research suggests that there is limited evidence to support a negative association between physical activity (PA) behaviors and television (TV) viewing time in children. The purpose of this study was to extend the research involving PA–TV viewing relationships and to explore potential moderators, including gender, ethnicity, weekday/weekend behaviors, structured/unstructured activities, and seasonal variability.

Design.

A 9-month longitudinal design, across one school year, with assessments every 3 months.

Setting.

Elementary schools in the Vancouver and Richmond districts of British Columbia, Canada.

Subjects.

Subjects (N = 344; 47% female) were 9- to 11-year-old children who participated in a school-based PA initiative from September 2003 to June 2004.

Intervention.

Not applicable.

Measures.

Assessments of PA were measured using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children. TV viewing time and structured PA were measured using a self-report questionnaire.

Analysis.

Basic descriptives, Pearson r bivariate correlations and moderated multiple regressions with mean centered variables.

Results.

No significant interaction effects were found for any of the proposed moderators. Null bivariate correlations are supportive of findings in previous literature.

Conclusions.

Our results did not find support for PA–TV viewing relations, regardless of gender, ethnicity, structured PA, and seasonal variability. PA interventions aimed at modifying sedentary behaviors, such as TV viewing may not be warranted.
Using Hypothetical Data to Assess the Effect of Numerical Format and Context on the Perception of Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Authors: Fair Anna K. I. , Murray Peter G. , Thomas Anna , Cobain Mark R.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To test the hypothesis that responses to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk estimates are heightened by use of ratio formats, peer group risk information, and long time frames.

Design.

Cross-sectional, experimental, between-factors design.

Setting.

Three regions in England.

Subjects.

A total of 740 men and women ages 30 to 70 years.

Measures.

Risk perception, “emotional” response, intention to change lifestyle.

Analysis.

Logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of numerical format (ratio vs. percentage), peer group risk (personal vs. peer group), and time frame (10-year vs. 30-year) on risk perception. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the impact of these factors on emotional response and intention to change lifestyle questions.

Results.

Higher perceived risk was observed when risk was presented as a ratio (p < .001) and when it was supplemented with peer group risk estimates (p = .006). Emotional responses to risk information were heightened when risk was presented as a ratio (p = .0004) and supplemented with peer group risk estimates (p = .002). Presentation with ratios also increased intention to make lifestyle changes (p = .047).

Conclusion.

Perception of CHD risk information is affected by the presentation format. Where absolute risks may appear low, use of ratios and supplementation of personal risk estimates with peer group risk may increase risk perception.
Social Support, Network Heterogeneity, and Smoking Behavior in Women: The 10-Town Study
Authors: Väänänen Ari , Kouvonen Anne , Kivimäki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Vahtera Jussi
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Examine the associations among social support, network heterogeneity, and smoking behavior in a large sample of Finnish female municipal employees.

Design.

Cross-sectional observational study.

Setting.

Workplaces in 10 towns in Finland.

Measures.

Smoking behavior and social support from one's partner, relatives, friends, supervisor, and coworkers was assessed by a questionnaire survey in 2000 to 2001.

Analysis.

Logistic regression analysis.

Subjects.

Total of 23,069 female employees (mean age = 45 years). Separate models for heavy smoking (≥ 20 cigarettes per day) were calculated for 4119 current smokers. The association between social support and ex-smoking was examined in 7352 ever-smokers.

Results.

After adjustment for various confounders, women who reported low heterogeneity of their support network or no support from their partners or relatives were approximately 1.2 times more likely to be smokers compared with their counterparts with high heterogeneity or high support. Low network heterogeneity was also significantly associated with an elevated prevalence of heavy smoking in current smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.06, 2.19) and a lower likelihood of ex-smoking in ever-smokers (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.87). The associations were more pronounced among nonmanual vs. manual employees.

Conclusion.

Our findings suggest an association among network heterogeneity, sources of social support, and smoking in female employees. The preventive impact of these social resources on smoking behavior is stronger among nonmanual female employees.
Treatment for Tobacco Dependence for Rural, Lower-Income Smokers: Outcomes, Predictors, and Measurement Considerations
Authors: Sheffer Christine E. , Stitzer Maxine , Payne Thomas J. , Applegate Bradford W. , Bourne David , Wheeler J. Gary
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Outcomes from a statewide program that delivered evidence-based, intensive treatment for tobacco dependence to a rural population of lower socioeconomic status (SES) were evaluated. Factors that predicted success and measurement considerations were examined.

Design and Analyses.

Data were collected at intake, at all treatment sessions, and at 3- and 12-months posttreatment. Abstinence rates were calculated using complete-case analysis and intention-to-treat analysis, and they were estimated for all participants. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictive significance of demographic and clinical factors.

Setting.

Twenty health care sites across Arkansas.

Participants.

A total of 2,350 predominantly rural, lower SES, Arkansas residents.

Intervention.

Evidence-based, six-session, multi-component cognitive-behavioral therapy with relapse prevention.

Results.

The estimated percent abstinent was 26.47% at 3-months and 21.73% at 12-months posttreatment; 51.02%) of patients completed treatment and demonstrated markedly higher quit rates. Although numerous factors predicted outcomes at different points, self-efficacy and dependence levels at intake were robust predictors across time and methods of calculating outcomes. Sex, partner smoking status, and educational level were significant predictors of long-term abstinence.

Conclusions.

This study demonstrates that intensive, evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence can be successfully delivered in a statewide program and can yield long-term outcomes that approximate those seen in more controlled settings. Overall sample estimates may be more appropriate for the assessment of outcomes in this context.
An Overview and Proposed Framework of Social-Environmental Influences on the Physical-Activity Behavior of Women
Authors: Vrazel JoEllen , Saunders Ruth P. , Wilcox Sara
Published: June 2010

Objective.

The primary purposes of this review were to identify key social-environmental influences on the physical-activity behavior of women and to propose an organizing framework of these influences in the social environment.

Data Sources.

Computerized searches of MEDLINE, Science Direct, and CINAHL were conducted to identify relevant research.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

Studies were included if they used a sample of adult women or included gender-specific analysis, identified or measured some aspect of the social environment in relation to physical activity, and were published in English within the last two decades.

Data Extraction.

Characteristics of study design, sample population, and identified social-environmental variables were extracted.

Data Synthesis.

Through an iterative review of the data by several researchers, common influences and themes were identified and organized into a social environment framework, which included the following components: social support/social networks, life transitions/multiple roles, and cultural standards/gender role expectations.

Results.

Women are exposed to societal messages that indicate physical activity is not a priority and may be inappropriate; they may also lack the social support necessary to adopt and maintain physical activity.

Conclusions.

This review reveals the complex range of factors in the social environment that influence women, and it provides support for the importance of the social environment on physical-activity behavior in women. A social-environmental framework related to Bronfenbrenner's social ecological model is proposed along with recommended strategies to apply in interventions targeting women.
Happiness and Life Satisfaction Prospectively Predict Self-Rated Health, Physical Health, and the Presence of Limiting, Long-Term Health Conditions
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Spittal Matt , Singh Gopal K.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To examine the effect of happiness and life satisfaction on health.

Design.

Longitudinal data from waves 1 and 3, conducted in 2001 and 2004, respectively, of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey.

Setting.

Australia.

Subjects.

A total of 9981 respondents aged 18 years and older.

Measures.

Outcomes were self-reported health; the absence of long-term, limiting health conditions; and physical health. Happiness was assessed with the following question: “During the past 4 weeks, have you been a happy person”? Life satisfaction was determined with the following question: “All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life”?

Analysis.

We used multiple regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (ORs), beta coefficients (β), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between baseline happiness or life satisfaction and health at wave 3.

Results.

Baseline happiness and life satisfaction both were positively associated at wave 3 with excellent, very good, or good health (OR = 1.50, CI = 1.33–1.70, p < .0001; and OR= 1.62, CI = 1.27–2.08, p < .0001, respectively); with the absence of long-term, limiting health conditions (OR = 1.53, CI = 135–1.15, p < .0001; and OR = 1.51, CI = 1.25–1.82, p < .0001, respectively); and with higher physical health levels (β̂ = .99, CI = .60–1.39, p < .0001; and β̂ = .99, CI = .20–1.18, p < .0145, respectively).

Conclusion.

This study showed that happier people and those who were more satisfied with their lives at baseline reported better health (self-rated health; absence of limiting, long-term conditions; and physical health) at the 2-year follow-up when adjusted for baseline health and other relevant covariates.
Community Readiness for Local Smoke-Free Policy Change
Authors: York Nancy L. , Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Talbert Jeff
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to use the Community Readiness Model to examine local smoke-free policy development.

Design, Setting, and Subjects.

A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to assess 64 Kentucky communities. Dimensions of readiness included a community's knowledge of the problem and existing voluntary smoke-free policies; leadership for policy development; resources for policy development; climate surrounding policy development; existing voluntary policy efforts; and political climate for policy development. Dimension scores were summed to identify one of six overall readiness stages: (1) unawareness; (2) vague awareness; (3) preplanning; (4) preparation; (5) initiation; and (6) endorsement.

Analyses.

Correlations between dimensions and overall readiness scores were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate regional trends, and multiple regression was used to assess the influence of sociodemographic/political variables on policy readiness.

Results.

The knowledge dimension rated highest, and community climate rated lowest. Most communities were in the lower stages of readiness. No relationship was found between overall readiness and region (F[4,59] = 1.17; p > .05); nor were there regional differences among dimension scores. Smaller communities were less ready for local policy development than larger ones (adjusted R2 = .25; p = .003).

Conclusions.

The Community Readiness Model is appropriate for understanding local policy development, and it provides advocates with information that may prove helpful in advancing smoke-free policy. (Am J Health Promot 2008;23[2]:112–120.)
Process Evaluation Results from the Eating for a Healthy Life Study
Authors: Hart Alton , Bowen Deborah J. , Christensen Catherine L. , Mafune Riki , Campbell Marci K. , Saleeba Ashley , Kuniyuki Alan , Beresford Shirley A. A.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Conduct a process evaluation of a low-fat, high-fruit/vegetable dietary intervention in religious organizations (ROs). The purpose of this process evaluation was to explore differences in healthy eating activities between the intervention and delayed control ROs and among the intervention ROs to identify the intervention activities most associated with dietary change.

Methods.

Process data were collected via phone surveys and participation logs. A 12-month follow-up phone survey was conducted with an RO representative from intervention and delayed control ROs. The survey asked about healthy eating activities. Eating for a Healthy Life staff maintained participation logs of intervention RO participation in intervention activities: advisory board meetings, volunteer activities, healthy eating sessions, social events, dietary change mailings, print advertisements, and motivational messages. We used a stepwise regression model to determine which intervention activities were associated with changes in fat-and fiber-related dietary behaviors.

Results.

RO member participation in advisory board meetings, social activities, and healthy eating sessions were associated with healthier fat- and fiber-related dietary behaviors. Greater RO attendance at advisory board meetings and greater numbers of healthy eating sessions at the RO were associated with decreased fat-related dietary behaviors (p ≤ .05). Member participation in social activities was associated with more favorable fat, fruit, and vegetable intake.

Conclusion.

We successfully delivered an increased number of healthy activities at the intervention ROs and improved dietary-related behaviors.