bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic Characterization of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in African Americans by Targeted Massively Parallel Sequencing
Authors: Araujo Luiz H. , Timmers Cynthia , Bell Erica Hlavin , Shilo Konstantin , Lammers Philip E. , Zhao Weiqiang , Natarajan Thanemozhi G. , Miller Clinton J. , Zhang Jianying , Yilmaz Ayse S. , Liu Tom , Coombes Kevin , Amann Joseph , Carbone David P.
Published: April 2015

Purpose

Technologic advances have enabled the comprehensive analysis of genetic perturbations in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, African Americans have often been underrepresented in these studies. This ethnic group has higher lung cancer incidence and mortality rates, and some studies have suggested a lower incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Herein, we report the most in-depth molecular profile of NSCLC in African Americans to date.

Methods

A custom panel was designed to cover the coding regions of 81 NSCLC-related genes and 40 ancestry-informative markers. Clinical samples were sequenced on a massively parallel sequencing instrument, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase translocation was evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization.

Results

The study cohort included 99 patients (61% males, 94% smokers) comprising 31 squamous and 68 nonsquamous cell carcinomas. We detected 227 nonsilent variants in the coding sequence, including 24 samples with nonoverlapping, classic driver alterations. The frequency of driver mutations was not significantly different from that of whites, and no association was found between genetic ancestry and the presence of somatic mutations. Copy number alteration analysis disclosed distinguishable amplifications in the 3q chromosome arm in squamous cell carcinomas and pointed toward a handful of targetable alterations. We also found frequent SMARCA4 mutations and protein loss, mostly in driver-negative tumors.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that African American ancestry may not be significantly different from European/white background for the presence of somatic driver mutations in NSCLC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that using a comprehensive genotyping approach could identify numerous targetable alterations, with potential impact on therapeutic decisions.
GI Stromal Tumors: 15 Years of Lessons From a Rare Cancer
Authors: Cioffi Angela , Maki Robert G.
Published: April 2015

A confluence of factors, most prominently the recognition of GI stromal tumor (GIST) as a specific sarcoma subtype and the availability of imatinib, led to the “Big Bang” of GIST therapy (ie, the successful treatment of the first patient with GIST with imatinib in 2000). The trail blazed by imatinib for chronic myelogenous leukemia and GIST has become a desired route to regulatory approval of an increasing number of oral kinase inhibitors and other novel therapeutics. In this review, the status of GIST management before and after GIST's “Big Bang” and new steps being taken to further improve on therapy are reviewed.
Role of Physical Activity and Diet After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Van Blarigan Erin L. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2015

This review summarizes the evidence regarding physical activity and diet after colorectal cancer diagnosis in relation to quality of life, disease recurrence, and survival. There have been extensive reports on adiposity, inactivity, and certain diets, particularly those high in red and processed meats, and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Only in the past decade have data emerged on how such lifestyle factors are associated with outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors. Prospective observational studies have consistently reported that physical activity after colorectal cancer diagnosis reduces mortality. A meta-analysis estimated that each 15 metabolic equivalent task-hour per week increase in physical activity after colorectal cancer diagnosis was associated with a 38% lower risk of mortality. No randomized controlled trials have been completed to confirm that physical activity lowers risk of mortality among colorectal cancer survivors; however, trials have shown that physical activity, including structured exercise, is safe for colorectal cancer survivors (localized to metastatic stage, during and after treatment) and improves cardiorespiratory fitness and physical function. In addition, prospective observational studies have suggested that a Western dietary pattern, high carbohydrate intake, and consuming sugar-sweetened beverages after diagnosis may increase risk of colorectal cancer recurrence and mortality, but these data are limited to single analyses from one of two US cohorts. Additional data from prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed. Nonetheless, on the basis of the available evidence, it is reasonable to counsel colorectal cancer survivors to engage in regular physical activity and limit consumption of refined carbohydrates, red and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages.
Approach to Patients With Pancreatic Cancer Without Detectable Metastases
Authors: Heestand Gregory M. , Murphy James D. , Lowy Andrew M.
Published: April 2015

The poors outcomes associated with pancreatic cancer clearly reflect the advanced stage of disease at diagnosis for most patients. Through this lens, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that roughly 50% of patients with pancreatic cancer have no clinically detectable metastases at presentation. Herein, we discuss how patients with localized pancreatic cancer are currently managed. The primary goal of care for patients with resectable and borderline-resectable tumors is cure, facilitated by achieving margin-negative resection of the primary disease and delivering effective adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant therapy. For patients with locally advanced disease, the focus is on limiting local progression and outgrowth of metastatic disease and maintaining quality of life. Although it was once a centerpiece of therapy for localized pancreatic cancer, the value and place of radiation therapy in the treatment algorithm is now under increased scrutiny. In contrast, given its value as demonstrated in multiple prospective trials, chemotherapy is an established part of the treatment paradigm for all patients. With the demonstration that cytotoxic combinations such as fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin as well as gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel are active in the metastatic setting, these agents are now being studied in patients with localized disease. The neoadjuvant setting provides a particularly favorable setting for evaluating new systemic strategies. Given the array of new targets, including immunomodulatory approaches, there is reason for optimism that we can markedly improve survival for all patients with pancreatic cancer and enter an era in which surgery with curative intent actually fulfills this goal on a much more regular basis.
Use of Imaging for GI Cancers
Authors: Bentley-Hibbert Stuart , Schwartz Lawrence
Published: April 2015

GI cancers are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that differ in their biologic and physical behaviors depending on the organ of origin, location within the organ, and degree of differentiation. As a result, evaluation of these tumors is complex, requiring integration of information from a patient's clinical history, physical examination, laboratory data, and imaging. With advances in anatomic and functional imaging techniques, we now have tools for assessing patients with these tumors at diagnosis, staging, and treatment assessment. It is difficult for a single imaging modality to provide all the necessary information for a given GI tumor. However, well-chosen combinations of available imaging modalities based on the indications, strength, and limitations of the modalities will provide optimal evaluation of patients with these malignancies.
“The Glass of Fashion and the Mould of Form”: The Histrionic Mirror and Georgian-Era Performance
Authors: Robinson Terry F.
Published: April 2015

This essay explores the impact of mirrors on Georgian-era theatrical and social performance. It suggests that looking glasses—as they burgeoned in eighteenth-century playhouses, offstage, onstage, and backstage—provided key sites for actors and audiences to engage with both the metaphysical and empirical implications of specular display. It further reveals how mirrors functioned as cultural touchstones in critical debates over the correlation between morals and manners, authenticity and facsimile, ideal imitation and original expression, and how they thus provide fresh contextual insight into an era of aesthetic transition.
Sensory hair cell development and regeneration: similarities and differences
Authors: Atkinson Patrick J. , Huarcaya Najarro Elvis , Sayyid Zahra N. , Cheng Alan G.
Published: April 2015

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors of the auditory and vestibular systems and are crucial for hearing and balance. In adult mammals, auditory hair cells are unable to regenerate, and damage to these cells results in permanent hearing loss. By contrast, hair cells in the chick cochlea and the zebrafish lateral line are able to regenerate, prompting studies into the signaling pathways, morphogen gradients and transcription factors that regulate hair cell development and regeneration in various species. Here, we review these findings and discuss how various signaling pathways and factors function to modulate sensory hair cell development and regeneration. By comparing and contrasting development and regeneration, we also highlight the utility and limitations of using defined developmental cues to drive mammalian hair cell regeneration.
Animal models for studying neural crest development: is the mouse different?
Authors: Barriga Elias H. , Trainor Paul A. , Bronner Marianne , Mayor Roberto
Published: April 2015

The neural crest is a uniquely vertebrate cell type and has been well studied in a number of model systems. Zebrafish, Xenopus and chick embryos largely show consistent requirements for specific genes in early steps of neural crest development. By contrast, knockouts of homologous genes in the mouse often do not exhibit comparable early neural crest phenotypes. In this Spotlight article, we discuss these species-specific differences, suggest possible explanations for the divergent phenotypes in mouse and urge the community to consider these issues and the need for further research in complementary systems.
Inner workings and biological impact of phospholipid flippases
Authors: Panatala Radhakrishnan , Hennrich Hanka , Holthuis Joost C. M.
Published: April 2015

The plasma membrane, trans-Golgi network and endosomal system of eukaryotic cells are populated with flippases that hydrolyze ATP to help establish asymmetric phospholipid distributions across the bilayer. Upholding phospholipid asymmetry is vital to a host of cellular processes, including membrane homeostasis, vesicle biogenesis, cell signaling, morphogenesis and migration. Consequently, defining the identity of flippases and their biological impact has been the subject of intense investigations. Recent work has revealed a remarkable degree of kinship between flippases and cation pumps. In this Commentary, we review emerging insights into how flippases work, how their activity is controlled according to cellular demands, and how disrupting flippase activity causes system failure of membrane function, culminating in membrane trafficking defects, aberrant signaling and disease.
A Proton Conductive Aromatic Block Copolymer Containing Dibenzofuran Moieties
Authors: Miyake Junpei , Saito Masaki , Akiyama Ryo , Watanabe Masahiro , Miyatake Kenji
Published: April 2015

A rigid, planar dibenzofuran in the hydrophobic parts provided sulfonated aromatic block copolymer with improved membrane properties, i.e., well-developed phase separation, effective water uptake, high proton conductivity, and moderate mechanical strength at wide range of humidity.
Thermal Reaction of 4-(p-Aminophenyl)-1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles Furnishing Benzoyl Cyanides through N-Sulfinyl Imine Intermediates
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Zhao Qiang , Funakoshi Yuuta , Murakami Masahiro
Published: April 2015

A thermal reaction of 4-(p-aminophenyl)-1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles forming benzoyl cyanides is reported. A carbene species thermally generated from the triazole by denitrogenation undergoes intramolecular oxygen migration from sulfur to carbon, giving an N-sulfinyl benzoylimine intermediate. The subsequent Cope-type elimination of the sulfinyl group gives rise to cyano functionality.
Quality Disclosure Programs and Internal Organizational Practices: Evidence from Airline Flight Delays
Authors: Forbes Silke J. , Lederman Mara , Tombe Trevor
Published: April 2015

Disclosure programs exist in many industries in which consumers are poorly informed about product quality. We study a disclosure program for airline on-time performance, which ranks airlines based on the fraction of their flights that arrive less than 15 minutes late. The program creates incentives for airlines to focus their efforts on flights close to this threshold. We find that firms in this industry are heterogeneous in how they respond to these incentives. Moreover, this heterogeneity correlates with internal firm characteristics. Our findings highlight the importance of interactions between incentives created by a disclosure program and firms' internal organizational practices. (JEL D22, L15, L25, L93)
Testing Ambiguity Models through the Measurement of Probabilities for Gains and Losses
Authors: Baillon Aurélien , Bleichrodt Han
Published: April 2015

This paper reports on two experiments that test the descriptive validity of ambiguity models using a natural source of uncertainty (the evolution of stock indices) and both gains and losses. We observed violations of probabilistic sophistication, violations that imply a fourfold pattern of ambiguity attitudes: ambiguity aversion for likely gains and unlikely losses and ambiguity seeking for unlikely gains and likely losses. Our data are most consistent with prospect theory and, to a lesser extent, α-maxmin expected utility and Choquet expected utility. Models with uniform ambiguity attitudes are inconsistent with most of the observed behavioral patterns. (JEL D81, D83, G11, G12, G14)
Assessing the bipotency of in vitro-derived neuromesodermal progenitors
Authors: Tsakiridis Anestis , Wilson Valerie
Published: April 2015

Retrospective clonal analysis in the mouse has demonstrated that the posterior spinal cord neurectoderm and paraxial mesoderm share a common bipotent progenitor. These neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) are the source of new axial structures during embryonic rostrocaudal axis elongation and are marked by the simultaneous co-expression of the transcription factors T(Brachyury) (T(Bra)) and Sox2. NMP-like cells have recently been derived from pluripotent stem cellsin vitrofollowing combined stimulation of Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Under these conditions the majority of cultures consist of T(Bra)/Sox2 co-expressing cells after 48-72 hours of differentiation. Although the capacity of these cells to generate posterior neural and paraxial mesoderm derivatives has been demonstrated at the population level, it is unknown whether a singlein vitro-derived NMP can give rise to both neural and mesodermal cells. Here we demonstrate that T(Bra) positive cells obtained from mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) after culture in NMP-inducing conditions can generate both neural and mesodermal clones. This finding suggests that, similar to their embryonic counterparts,in vitro-derived NMPs are truly bipotent and can thus be exploited as a model for studying the molecular basis of developmental cell fate decisions.
Preface
Authors: Kukemelk Hasso , Heidmets Mati
Published: April 2015

Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakirja erinumbris käsitletakse koolijuhtimise ja ‑korralduse valdkonda, esitatakse uut teavet haridussüsteemi kvaliteedi tagamise kohta ning antakse ülevaade õppeasutuse juhtimise eri tahkudele omasest teoreetilisest käsitlusviisist. Temaatiliselt võib artiklid jagada kaheks. Esimesse rühma kuuluvad artiklid, mis pakuvad laiemat, riigi või lausa Euroopa tasandil analüüse haridusprotsesside juhtimise ja korraldamise (ka hariduspoliitika) kohta. Teise osa moodustavad artiklid, mis käsitlevad juhtimisteemasid õppeasutuse tasandil. Artiklid pakuvad lähtematerjali nii uurijatele kui ka õppeasutuste tegevjuhtidele, et edaspidi veelgi efektiivsemalt õppureid koolitada ning muuta koolikeskkond töötajatele sobilikumaks.
High performance leadership in unusually challenging educational circumstances
Authors: Hargreaves Andy , Harris Alma
Published: April 2015

Artiklis antakse ülevaade uurimistulemustest, mis käsitlevad edukalt toimivate organisatsioonide juhtimist kolmes valdkonnas. Organisatsioonid kaasati valimisse eduka toimivuse alusel, võttes arvesse nende kesiseid tulemusi minevikus, võrdlust teiste sarnaste koolidega ning toimimist piiratud ressursside ja keeruliste tingimuste kontekstis. Artiklis keskendutakse nende nelja kooli juhtimisele, mis vastasid valimi kriteeriumitele. Tulemuste selgitused seostatakse Eesti PISA uuringu heade akadeemiliste tulemustega. Artiklis näidatakse, et nendes neljas koolis, mis saavutasid üle ootuste häid tulemusi, rakendati erinevaid kompetentse. Juhtimine võttis narratiivi või otsingu vormi, kutsudes esile innustava kujutluspildi, mida toetas järjekindel otsustavus. Koolid võtsid suuna muudatustele, mis olid teiste sarnaste koolidega võrreldes uuenduslikumad. Pandi alus koostööle ja ühisele kogukonnale, mida toetasid ka konkureerivad koolid, ning lühiajaline edu muutus pikaajaliseks jätkusuutlikkuseks.
 Full text
Estonian higher education in the light of institutional accreditation or what managers should know
Authors: Udam Maiki , Seema Riin , Mattisen Heli
Published: April 2015

Artikli aluseks on 2014. aastal Eesti Kõrghariduse Kvaliteediagentuuris tehtud institutsionaalse akrediteerimise hindamisaruannete kvalitatiivne analüüs, millega selgitati välja Eesti kõrgkoolide peamised tugevad ja nõrgad küljed. Artikli eesmärk on teavitada haridusüldsust rahvusvaheliste ekspertide hinnangutest ja soovitustest Eesti kõrgkoolidele ning pakkuda kõrgkoolide juhtkondadele tuge tõenduspõhiste muudatuste tegemisel. Uuringu valimi moodustasid kümme kõrgkooli, mis olid 2014. aasta juuniks positiivselt akrediteeritud. Analüüsi tulemused osutasid, et kõrgkoolid on edukad personali- ja ressursijuhtimises, nende taristu on väga heal tasemel ning üldjuhul on kõrgkoolide lõpetajad konkurentsivõimelised nii Eestis kui ka rahvusvaheliselt. Uuringust ilmnes ka selge vajadus kõrgkoolide tegevust fookustada, arendada piiratud ressursi tingimustes neid valdkondi, milles ollakse tugevad, ning loobuda valdkondadest, kus puudub kriitiline hulk üliõpilasi ja/või heal tasemel õppejõude. Vaja on muuta kõrgkoolis õppimise ja õpetamise paradigmat, liikudes traditsioonilise õppejõu- ja ainekeskse õpetamise juurest iga õppija individuaalset ja sotsiaalset arengut toetava koostöise õppimise ja õpetamise suunas. Eesti kõrghariduse kestlikkuse seisukohast on samuti oluline lisada rahvusvaheline mõõde kõikidesse kõrgkooli põhiprotsessidesse, sh nendes kõrgkoolides, mis on orienteeritud ainult siseturule.
 Summary
School microclimate: Teachers’ supportive behaviour and student performance
Authors: Kitsing Maie , Täht Karin , Kukemelk Hasso
Published: April 2015

Uuringu eesmärk oli selgitada õpetaja toetava käitumise ja õpilase õppetööd takistava käitumise seoseid õpilaste õpitulemustega, arvestades õpilaste otsiaalmajanduslikku tausta. Valimi moodustasid PISA 2012. aasta uuringus osalenud eesti õppekeelega koolide 3570 õpilast ja nende koolide juhid. Töös kasutati nelja PISA 2012. aasta andmebaasi muutujat: 1) õpilaste keskmist tulemust kolmes hindamisvaldkonnas (matemaatika, loodusteadused, kirjutamine); 2) õpilaste sotsiaalmajanduslikku tausta; 3) õpilaste käitumise indeksit, mis koondas õpilastega seotud õppetööd häirivad tunnused; 4) õpetajate käitumist iseloomustavaid tunnuseid, mis takistavad õppetööd. Uurimistulemustest ilmnes statistiliselt oluline, kuid väga nõrk seos õpilaste keskmise soorituse ja õpetajatepoolse õppetööd takistava käitumise vahel. Õpilasteja õpetajatepoolse õppetööd takistava käitumise seos oli mõõdukas. Sotsiaalmajandusliku tausta põhjal prognoositust madalama ja kõrgema tulemuse saanud õpilaste gruppide puhul avaldus mõõdukas seos õpilaste- ja õpetajatepoolse õppetööd takistava käitumise järgmiste tunnuste vahel: õpilaste ja õpetajate halvad suhted (alasooritajate grupis r = 0,54; ülesooritajate grupis r = 0,51) ja õpetajad ei arvesta iga üksiku õpilase vajadustega (alasooritajate grupis r = 0,40; ülesooritajate grupis r = 0,43). Alasooritajate grupi puhul osutus mõõdukaks seoseks veel tunnus õpilasi ei julgustata saavutama kogu oma potentsiaali (r = 0,41), seevastu ülesooritajate grupis ilmnes mõõdukas seos õpilase käitumise ja õpetaja käitumist iseloomustava tunnuse õpetajad peavad õpetama ühes ja samas klassis erineva etnilise taustaga (st keel, kultuur) õpilasi puhul (r = 0,40). Kahe grupi seoste võrdlemisel osutus statistiliselt oluliselt erinevaks kaks tunnust: õpilasi ei julgustata saavutama kogu oma potentsiaali ja õpetajad peavad õpetama ühes ja samas klassis erinevate võimetega õpilasi.
 Summary
Novice teachers’ perception of senior management support and its connection with involvement in school development and collegial co-operation
Authors: Eisenschmidt Eve , Reiska Epp , Oder Tuuli
Published: April 2015

Artikli eesmärk on vaadelda, kuidas õpetajad tajuvad koostöise koolikultuuri aspekte esimesel ja viiendal tööaastal. Pikiuuringu raames täitsid Eesti esimese kutseaasta programmi läbinud õpetajad ankeedi kahel korral: esmalt siis, kui nad tööd alustasid (2004/2005. õa), ja teist korda siis, kui nad olid õpetajana töötanud viis aastat (2010). Valim koosnes kõigist 2004/2005. õppeaastal kutseaasta programmis osalenust. Vastas 107 inimest, kellest aga osa oli õpetajaametist loobunud (24) või lapsehoolduspuhkusel (29). Võimalik vastajate arv võinuks seega olla 76, küsimustiku täitis teist korda 54 õpetajat. Uuringus osalejatel paluti mõlemal korral samadele väidetele hinnanguid andes peegeldada koolikultuuri kolme aspekti: kaasatust, koostööd ja juhtkonna tuge. Selgus, et koolijuhi tugi on seotud õpetajate kaasamisega kooliarendusse, aga koostöö edendamise valdkonnas on juhtide toetus oluline vaid kooli sisekliima kujundamisel, mitte tööalase õppimise toetamisel. Julgus juhtkonnale ettepanekuid teha on seotud kooliarendusse kaasatusega, enda tundmisega kollektiivi täisväärtusliku liikmena ning tajutud juhtkonnapoolse toega.
 Summary
Policy translation through localisation: implementing national policy in the UK
Authors: Sausman Charlotte , Oborn Eivor , Barrett Michael
Published: April 2015

This paper builds on policy implementation studies, which seek to explain how policies undergo some form of ‘translation’ from general policy guidelines to implementation in practice at the local level. The paper makes two contributions to the policy implementation literature. First, it draws on the concept of ‘local universality’ to suggest that the translation of policy by central actors is not simply transmitted but is iteratively transformed through multiple distributed agencies including local actors, infrastructure, data sets and organisational practices. Second, empirical findings show how structural policy design features influence implementation and (re)shape policy content by incorporating knowledge from practice.
A model for collaborative working to facilitate knowledge mobilisation in public health
Authors: Elizabeth Karen , Wallace Annie , Crosland Ann
Published: April 2015

This paper introduces a model for collaborative working to facilitate knowledge mobilisation in public health. The model has been developed by university researchers who worked collaboratively with public health commissioners and strategic partners to evaluate a portfolio of short-term funded interventions to inform re-commissioning. Within this model we identify the contextual factors of partnerships that influenced what it was possible to achieve within evaluations, the nature of evaluation findings (knowledge) and the ways this knowledge was mobilised. We propose that even when partnerships are specifically developed to foster collaboration and co-produce knowledge, these are not easily achievable or desirable outcomes.
Just in time: how evidence-on-demand services support decision making in Ontario’s child and youth mental health sector
Authors: Notarianni MaryAnn , Sundar Purnima , Carter Charles
Published: April 2015

Using the best available evidence to inform decision making is important for the design or delivery of effective health-related services and broader public policy. Several studies identify barriers and facilitators to evidence-informed decision making in Canadian health settings. This paper describes how the Ontario Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health, as an intermediary organisation, facilitates evidence-informed decision making at organisational and system levels in Ontario’s child and youth mental health sector through two unique knowledge mobilisation services. This paper describes these services, offering them as exemplars for other sectors seeking to support evidence use in policy and practice decision making.
Exposure: A civil politics of photography
Authors: Ginsburg Ruthie
Published: April 2015

Exposure is key element of photography as well as in the relationship between the category of regime and the subjects it entails. This article sets out to re-examine the characteristics of exposure across these different contexts and on the basis of Jean-Luc Nancy’s thought. The article focuses on the relation between the practice of photography and civil actions pursued by human rights organizations. Combining theoretical ­considerations, analysis of photographs and interviews with human rights workers, the article points to the key role that exposure plays in civic action and seeks to articulate its complexity. Adopting an ­interdisciplinary methodology, the article argues that exposure is no simple relation between an ‘exposer’ and that which is ‘exposed’, but, rather, that as a process exposure reveals complex social political dynamics which defy ­conventional binary determinations of such relations.
Reviews
Authors: Gogarty Larne Abse , Vanderwees Chris
Published: April 2015

Photography and Social Movements: From the Globalisation of the Movement (1968) to the Movement Against Globalisation (2001), Antigoni Memou (2013) Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 176 pp., ISBN: 9780719097424, h/bk, £65.00

Feeling Photography, Elspeth Brown and Thy Phu (eds) (2014) Durham: Duke University Press, 408 pp., ISBN: 0822355264, h/bk, £72.00; ISBN: 0822355418, p/bk, £17.29
Templarios y hospitalarios en la Reconquista peninsular
Authors: Barquero Goñi Carlos
Published: April 2015

Templarios y hospitalarios llegaron a la Península Ibérica a principios del siglo XII. Su objetivo era obtener recursos para Tierra Santa. Sin embargo, los reyes cristianos pronto buscaron implicar a las dos órdenes militares internacionales en la Reconquista hispánica. No obstante, templarios y hospitalarios ibéricos debían enviar cada año parte de sus rentas al Oriente Latino. En consecuencia, su presencia en la frontera sufrió una crisis en la segunda mitad del siglo XII. En cambio, ambas órdenes participaron activamente en el gran avance de la reconquista durante el siglo XIII. En los siglos XIV y XV sólo la Orden del Hospital tuvo una pequeña presencia en la frontera ibérica con el Islam.
Las órdenes militares en la expansión feudal de la Corona de Aragón
Authors: Bonet Donato Maria
Published: April 2015

La presencia de las órdenes militares en la expansión de la Corona de Aragón fue fundamental. Sus contribuciones trascendentes fueron la alianza con la monarquía, el afianzamiento de las zonas fronterizas conquistadas y otras relacionadas con su idiosincrasia. Se dieron tres etapas en la implicación de las órdenes en el fenómeno expansivo. En la inicial, su establecimiento se produjo gracias al patrocinio de los principales poderes políticos, siendo el testamento de Alfonso el Batallador la máxima expresión del fenómeno. Los fines políticos y estratégicos atribuidos por el rey aragonés se mantuvieron en el impulso de las órdenes internacionales en décadas posteriores. Se les concedió el papel de garantes de ámbitos fronterizos, primero entre los líderes cristianos y luego en los conquistados. La impronta cruzadista favoreció su crecimiento. Además la condición de instituciones especializadas en la guerra y estables beneficiaron la reorganización militar de los espacios cristianos, sobre todo en la reacción a la ofensiva almohade en la segunda etapa. Su actividad militar fue primordial en la defensa organizada a partir de los sistemas de castillos. Estos controlaban los territorios conquistados y funcionaban como lanzaderas para los ataques rápidos que castigaban las posiciones enemigas. Las órdenes destacaron en estas acciones que les fueron confiadas por la monarquía, y significativamente por el rey Alfonso el Casto. Asimismo, el monarca creó nuevas instituciones, algunas vinculadas al territorio, o cambió su relación con las ya establecidas, para garantizar su eficacia. Finalmente, en tiempos de Jaime I, la maquinaria militar aumentó, y las órdenes ya no tenían ni las mismas funciones ni una destacada capacidad ofensiva. Pese a ello, seguían contribuyendo al afianzamiento de la monarquía en el proceso.
Una pesada herencia, los castillos reales en la Mallorca del siglo XV
Authors: Bonnín Femenías Marc
Published: April 2015

Los castillos mallorquines sufren una transformación durante el siglo XV por lo que respecta a su uso y papel en la administración real. El presente trabajo pretende analizar dicho proceso a través de las inversiones llevadas a cabo durante todo el siglo por la Procuración Real en concepto de obras realizadas en dichos edificios. La falta de cuidados, el puro mantenimiento o las mejoras quedan reflejados en esa documentación y permiten, mediante su análisis, llegar a las conclusiones aquí reflejadas.
Grupos de trabajo de SCELE
Authors: Aguilera Martínez Rosa , Cruz Bonmatí Loreto , De Docencia e Investigación de SCELE Vocalías
Published: April 2015

La formación de Grupos de trabajo, en el marco de la Sociedad Científica de Enfermería, facilitará el cumplimiento de los objetivos y fines de esta Sociedad. La constitución del Grupo de trabajo de SCELE destinado a la Docencia e Investigación (GDI) se propuso desde la Junta Directiva de SCELE (Vocalías de Docencia y de Investigación), en la asamblea ordinaria del 26 de febrero de 2009. La constitución efectiva fue el día 9 de marzo de 2009. Su contribución es indispensable para el avance de la Enfermería como ciencia. Además, constituye un elemento de difusión de resultados basados en revisiones sistemáticas, aportando rigor científico a las recomendaciones que elaboren. Esta es la Misión del Grupo de Docencia y de Investigación de SCELE (GDI).
Is the expansion of universe accelerating or the Photons decelerating?
Authors: Tank Hasmukh
Published: April 2015

Astronomical observations of the cosmological red-shift are currently interpreted in terms of ‘expansion of universe’ and ‘accelerated-expansion of the universe’, at the rate of H0 c; here H0 is Hubble’s constant, and c is the speed of light. Whereas a straight-forward derivation presented here suggests that: rather it is the photon which is decelerating, at the rate of H0 c. Such a deceleration of photons can be caused by virtual electrons, positrons and pi-mesons, contained in the extra galactic quantum vacuum, because: they do have gravitational-acceleration of the same order as H0 c at their “surfaces”; or by decay of a photon into a lighter photon and a particle of mass h H0 / c2. Tired-light interpretations of the cosmological red-shift’ were so far considered as not compatible with the observations of ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’; so in a paper titled: “Wave-theoretical insight into the relativistic ‘length-contraction’ and ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’” (Tank, Hasmukh K. 2013), it has been already shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’.  Therefore, we now need not to remain confined to the Big-Bang model of cosmology.
Piv Method and Numerical Computation for Prediction of Liquid Steel Flow Structure in Tundish
Authors: Cwudziński A.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents the results of computer simulations and laboratory experiments carried out to describe the motion of steel flow in the tundish. The facility under investigation is a single-nozzle tundish designed for casting concast slabs. For the validation of the numerical model and verification of the hydrodynamic conditions occurring in the examined tundish furniture variants, obtained from the computer simulations, a physical model of the tundish was employed. State-of-the-art vector flow field analysis measuring systems developed by Lavision were used in the laboratory tests. Computer simulations of liquid steel flow were performed using the commercial program Ansys-Fluent¯. In order to obtain a complete hydrodynamic picture in the tundish furniture variants tested, the computer simulations were performed for both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.
The Voltammetric Analysis of Selenium Electrodeposition from H2SeO3 Solution on Gold Electrode
Authors: Kowalik R.
Published: April 2015

The different voltammetry techniques were applied to understand the process of selenium deposition from sulfate solution on gold polycrystalline electrode. By applying the cycling voltammetry with different scan limits as well as the chronoamper-ometry combined with the cathodic and anodic linear stripping voltammetry, the different stages of the deposition of selenium were revealed. It was found that the process of reduction of selenous acid on gold surface exhibits a multistage character. The cyclic voltammetry results showed four cathodic peaks which are related to the surface limited phenomena and which coincide with the bulk deposition process. The fifth cathodic peak is related to the reduction of bulk deposited Se0 to Se-2 ions. Furthermore, the connection of anodic peaks with cathodic ones confirmed the surface limited process of selenium deposition, bulk deposition and reduction to Se-2. Additionally, the cathodic linear stripping voltammetry confirms the process of H2SeO3 adsorption on gold surface. The experiments confirmed that classical voltammetry technique proved to be a very powerful tool for analyzing the electrochemical processes related with interfacial phenomena and electrodeposition.
The Effect of Fine Non-Metallic Inclusions on the Fatigue Strength of Structural Steel
Authors: Lipiński T. , Wach A.
Published: April 2015

The article discusses the results of a study investigating the effect of the number of fine non-metallic inclusions (up to 2 µm in size) on the fatigue strength of structural steel during rotary bending. The study was performed on 21 heats produced in an industrial plant. Fourteen heats were produced in 140 ton electric furnaces, and 7 heats were performed in a 100 ton oxygen converter. All heats were desulfurized. Seven heats from electrical furnaces were refined with argon, and heats from the converter were subjected to vacuum circulation degassing.

Steel sections with a diameter of 18 mm were hardened and tempered at a temperature of 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. The experimental variants were compared in view of the applied melting technology and heat treatment options. The results were presented graphically, and the fatigue strength of steel with a varied share of non-metallic inclusions was determined during rotary bending. The results revealed that fatigue strength is determined by the relative volume of fine non-metallic inclusions and tempering temperature.
Dynamic Influences of Non-Stationary Liquid Flows in Fluid Drives of Heavy Metallurgical Machines on System Dynamics and Reaction for Surroundings
Authors: Michalczyk J.
Published: April 2015

The influence of liquids contained in hydraulic pipes of drives of heavy metallurgical machines, e.g. forging hammers and presses, on reduced mass and system dynamics and forces and moments of reaction for surroundings, was investigated in the paper.

Most of these calculations were performed on the bases of the volumetric flow rate only, without knowing the rate distribution on the pipe cross-section.

Investigations included hydraulic pipes of variable diameters and arbitrary pathways in the space, for the stationary and non-stationary flows.
Influence of Low-Alloy Cast Steel Modification on Primary Structure Refinement, Type and Shape of Non-Metallic Inclusions
Authors: Bartocha D. , Suchoń J. , Baron Cz. , Szajnar J.
Published: April 2015

In the article there are presented methods and results of investigation which main aim were determination of influence of melting technology (gas extraction, vacuum refining, slag refining and extraction, deoxidation and degassing) and type of used modifiers on the type and shape of non-metallic inclusions and the primary structure refining. Low alloy cast steel melted in laboratory conditions, in an inductive furnace was investigated. Additions of FeNb, FeV, FeTi and FeZr modifiers were applied. The contents of oxygen and nitrogen in obtained cast steel were determined.

The most advantageous impact on refining of the primary structure of has been found for the modifiers FeTi+FeZr. In cast steel with the addition of Zr the conglomerates from a different non -metallic inclusions have been observed. Zirconium probably plays role of the nucleus - creating for other inclusions present in the conglomerates. Clusters of inclusions due to their size affect the crystallization and grain growth processes reducing grain size of the primary structure.
Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Selected Semi-Solid Slag Systems in Blast Furnace Flow Conditions
Authors: Migas P.
Published: April 2015

The rheological properties of liquid and semi-solid systems of slag and hot metal in a blast furnace are extremely important from the perspective of their dripping in the unit. The rheological nature and the values of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid and semi-solid phases - slag and hot metal - determine the permeability of the zones in which those systems exist. The modelling of dripping processes and e.g. static and dynamic holding/retention of liquid in the bed, requires an accurate description of the rheological behaviour of slag and iron systems. Determining the liquid flow through the lump bed of the blast furnace is based on the assumption that liquids in the unit in the whole range of their occurrence are similar to a Newtonian ideal liquid. This study presents an analysis of the findings of high-temperature rheometric measurements of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO systems, liquid, semi-solid slags of the blast furnace type doped with TiO2 and solids in the form of TiN. The tests were performed within a temperature range of 1310-1490°C. Also measurement results for glycerol solutions with concentrations of 86% and 100% at the ambient temperature, simulating blast furnace slags with various contents of solids - PC, anthracite - are presented.
Electrochemical Studies of Lead Telluride Behavior in Acidic Nitrate Solutions
Authors: Rudnik E. , Biskup P.
Published: April 2015

Electrochemistry of lead telluride stationary electrode was studied in nitric acid solutions of pH 1.5-3.0. E-pH diagram for Pb-Te-H2O system was calculated. Results of cyclic voltammetry of Pb, Te and PbTe were discussed in correlation with thermodynamic predictions. Anodic dissolution of PbTe electrode at potential approx. -100÷50 mV (SCE) resulted in tellurium formation, while above 300 mV TeO2 was mainly produced. The latter could dissolve to HTeO+2 under acidic electrolyte, but it was inhibited by increased pH of the bath.
Gas Mixtures for Welding with Micro-Jet Cooling
Authors: Węgrzyn T.
Published: April 2015

Welding with micro-jet cooling after was tested only for MIG and MAG processes. For micro-jet gases was tested only argon, helium and nitrogen. A paper presents a piece of information about gas mixtures for micro-jet cooling after in welding. There are put down information about gas mixtures that could be chosen both for MAG welding and for micro-jet process. There were given main information about influence of various micro-jet gas mixtures on metallographic structure of steel welds. Mechanical properties of weld was presented in terms of various gas mixtures selection for micro-jet cooling.
Tribological Properties and a Wear Model of Aluminium Matrix Composites - SiC Particles Designed for Metal Forming
Authors: Wieczorek J.
Published: April 2015

Aluminium based metal matrix composites are well known for their good wear resistance, high specific strength, stiffness and hardness. They have been applied in the aerospace, military and, especially, in the automotive industries. This paper presents the results of tests with regard to the application of a mixture of particles in aluminium matrix (AlCu2SiMn) composites where a mixture of SiC ceramic particles was used. The aim of the research was to determine the tribological properties as well as the phenomena and mechanisms which accompany the tribological wear of composites under dry friction conditions. The tribological investigations were conducted on a pin-on-block tester. The results of the tests show the composite obtained can be applied for sliding elements. Based on microscopic examinations and profilometry of the composites AlCu2SiMn+SiC surfaces at interaction the relationship between the size of reinforcing particles and the geometry of the surface layer of the composite was described. The study made it possible to develop a model of tribological wear of composites depending on the size of reinforcing particles.
Failure Strain and Strain-Stress Analysis in Titanium Nitride Coatings Deposited on Religa Heart Ext Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Kopernik M.
Published: April 2015

The Polish ventricular assist device is made of Bionate II with deposited TiN biocompatible nano-coating. The two scale finite element model is composed of a macro-model of blood chamber and a micro-model of the TiN/Bionate II. The numerical analysis of stress and strain states confirmed the possibility of fracture. Therefore, the identification of a fracture parameter considered as a failure strain is the purpose of the present work. The tensile test in a micro chamber of the SEM was performed to calibrate the fracture parameter of the material system TiN/Bionate II. The failure strain is a function of a temperature, a thickness of coating and parameters of surface's profile. The failure strain was calculated at the stage of the test, in which the initiation of fracture occurred. The finite element micro-model includes the surface roughness and the failure strain under tension condition for two thicknesses of coatings which will be deposited on the medical device.
Microstructure of Cast Ni-Cr-Al-C Alloy
Authors: Cios G. , Bała P. , Stępień M. , Górecki K.
Published: April 2015

Nickel based alloys, especially nickel based superalloys have gained the advantage over other alloys in the field of high temperature applications, and thus become irreplaceable at high temperature creep and aggressive corrosion environments, such as jet engines and steam turbines. However, the wear resistance of these alloys is insufficient at high temperatures. This work describes a microstructure of a new cast alloy. The microstructure consists of γ matrix strengthened by γ’ fine precipitates (dendrites) improving the high temperature strength and of Chromium Cr7C3 primary carbides (in interdendritic eutectics) which are designed to improve wear resistance as well as the high temperature strength.
Part III. Kinetics of the (Zn) - Coating Deposition During Stable and Meta-Stable Solidifications
Authors: Wołczyński W. , Kucharska B. , Garzeł G. , Sypień A. , Pogoda Z. , Okane T.
Published: April 2015

Two different steel substrates are applied to the hot dip (Zn) - coating formation. The influence of the substrate composition on the (Zn) - coating thickening is recorded. Morphologies of both coatings are compared to each other. The transition from stable into meta-stable solidification is revealed. The criterion for the competition between stable and meta-stable solidification is applied to justify the analyzed transition.
Investigation of the Flow Structure in the Tundish with the Use of Rans and Les Methods
Authors: Warzecha M. , Merder T. , Warzecha P.
Published: April 2015

The liquid steel flow structure in the tundish has a very substantial effect on the quality of the final product and on efficient casting conditions. Numerous model studies are being carried out to explain the effect of the tundish working conditions on casting processes.

It is necessary to analyze the structure of liquid steel flow, which is strongly supported with numerical modeling. In numerical modeling, a choice of a proper turbulence model is crucial as it has a great impact on the flow structure of the fluid in the analyzed test facility. So far most numerical simulations has been done using RANS method (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) but in that case one get information about the averaged values of the turbulent flow. In presented study, numerical simulations using large eddy simulations (LES) method were used and compared to RANS results. In both cases, numerical simulations are carried out with the finite-volume commercial code AnsysFluent.
Effect of Temperature Fields Heterogeneity in the Tundish on Primary Structure of Continuously Cast Ingots
Authors: Pieprzyca J. , Kudliński Z. , Merder T.
Published: April 2015

The formation of the cast strands’ primary structure is a very complex process in terms of the thermodynamics and physicochemical. It occurs during solidification and crystallization of the liquid steel in the crystallizer and in the secondary cooling zone of the CC device. On the basis of the experience gained in the industry and knowledge arising from theory of metals and alloys solidification it can be concluded, that substantial influence on the shape of cast strands primary structure have the temperature of overheating of the liquid steel above liquidus temperature and solidification velocity. A proper control of those casting parameters allows to obtain the cast strands with desired primary structure. In the one and two-way symmetric devices regulation like this is not problematic, in the multi-way devices - specially in the asymmetric - causes a series of problems. In those devices can occur a major temperature difference in each outlet zone of the tundish working space caused by i.e. the distance length diversity of liquid steel stream from the inlet to each outlet and by disadvantageous layout of liquid steel flow zones (turbulent flow zone, plug flow and dead zones) in working area of tundish. Particularly high values of those diversity can be expected in the asymmetric tundishes.

The article presents results of laboratory research - model and industrial regarding impact of the liquid steel overheating temperature, but also heterogeneity of the temperature fields in the tundish on primary structure of the cast strands.
Improving Efficiency of CCS Numerical Simulations Through Use of Parallel Processing
Authors: Konopka K. , Miłkowska-Piszczek K. , Trębacz L. , Falkus J.
Published: April 2015

The study presents the findings of research concerning the possibilities for application of parallel processing in order to reduce the computing time of numerical simulations of the steel continuous casting process. The computing efficiency for a CCS model covering the mould and a strand fragment was analysed. The calculations were performed with the ProCAST software package using the finite element method. Two computing environments were used: the PL-Grid infrastructure and cloud computing platform.