bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current state of demographic reproduction in Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Atambaeva R M , Mingazova E N
Published: August 2015

Aim. To study the changes of reproductive and demographic characteristics and socio-economic indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic, determining the major trends of these changes.

Methods. Social-hygienic, statistical and analytical methods were used. The changes of the main social, demographic and reproductive indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic for the period of 2007-2011 were studied.

Results. The main reproductive and demographic trends and the changes of the socio-economic indicators: significant number of residents were still poor and extremely poor (almost half the population); women prevailed among the unemployed - nearly one in ten females was unemployed, in young women (under 28 years) - one in seven; the population increased due to the birth rates being higher than the death rates with a negative balance of external migration, natural population increase was - 21 persons per 1,000; the fertility rate increased from 2.7 to 3.1; family with average number of children became more common compared to large families; the number of births by unmarried women and young women aged 15-19 increased; maternal and infant mortality rates decreased, while maintaining high rates (2 times or more above the European standard), increased number of abortions in the country, including abortions in 15-19 years old girls, and others.

Conclusion. Changes in reproductive and demographic processes in the Kyrgyz Republic can be seen as a consequence of a significant drop in living standards of the Kyrgyzstan population; a significant number of negative trends that were revealed is the basis for a detailed study of the causes and factors determining them, followed by a scientific substantiation of programs on reproductive health of the Kyrgyz Republic population.
Hypervagotonic binodal dysfunction in children. Features of the natural course
Authors: Vasichkina E S , Kruchina T K , Lebedev D S , Egorov D F
Published: August 2015

Aim. To evaluate the clinical and electrophysiological picture of binodal disease in children, as well as studying the clinical course of this disease.
Methods. To study the clinical and electrophysiological picture of autonomic binodal disease, 426 patients under 18 years old were examined; the average age was 15.35±2.43 years (3-17.9). Patient’s complaints, medical history were examined, ECG, 24-hour ECG, stress ECG (treadmill or bicycle test), echocardiography, transesophageal electrophysiologic study were performed. In the case of a combination with pathological signs of sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular node conduction disorders with the normalization of all parameters after the atropine administration, hypervagotonic binodal dysfunction was diagnosed. To assess the clinical course of the disease, a group of 72 children was selected, who were monitored repeatedly. Mean follow-up duration was 33 months.
Results. During the study period, sinus node dysfunction and atrioventricular blocks completely resolved in 14 (19.44%), seen as normal clinical picture with no complaints, normal heart rate, no signs of sinoatrial block or atrioventricular block, normalization of Wenckebach point position. Another 35 (48.62%) had only one node dysfunction resolved (either sinoatrial or atrioventricular - Wenckebach point position within the age normal values and/or atrioventricular block resolved). In 23 (31.94%) - deterioration of the sinus node and atrioventricular node dysfunction was observed.
Conclusion. There are significant differences in the frequency characteristics of heart rhythm and electrophysiological parameters of sinus node function in children with a favorable clinical course of binodal disease and progressive course of the disease.
Difficult questions of Kawasaki syndrome treatment
Authors: Degtyareva E A , Kantemirova M G , Zhdanova O I , Tyul’kina S A , Kul’kova D M
Published: August 2015

Aim. To summarize the existing literature data and to optimize protocols of anticoagulant therapy for Kawasaki syndrome.
Methods. A review of treatment results in 10 patients with Kawasaki syndrome, where an individual approach to anticoagulation led to a positive result, and surgical treatment was not required, is presented.
Results. In 5 of 6 patients with timely diagnosis and treatment according to the protocol, transient ectasia of coronary arteries with further normalization of their size within 4-7 months of follow up was detected. In one child on the 12th day of the disease small aneurysms of the right and left coronary arteries were identified. They disappeared after 7 months from the debut of the disease. In 3 patients, diagnosis and treatment have been delayed. In this group, a giant aneurysm of the proximal left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery with the signs of thrombosis was discovered in a child aged 9 months on the 45th day of the disease. Anticoagulation with heparin with further switching to dalteparin sodium (Fragmin) was accompanied by adequate anticoagulation to the 3rd day of treatment. Aneurysms decreased to 2-4 mm without signs of thrombosis after 24 months of treatment with warfarin in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). In a girl of 1 year and 4 months of age, on the 20th day of the disease, it was complicated by exudative pericarditis with high risk for tamponade, which required a pericardial puncture and catheterization, and a giant aneurysm of the right coronary artery with the signs of thrombosis was found on the 45th day of the disease. Adequate anticoagulation was reached on the 3rd day of treatment with dalteparin sodium (Fragmin). Long-term use of warfarin in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) was continued. At follow-up at 4 months aneurysm of the right coronary artery has not decreased, but the size and the density of the blood clot reduced significantly. A year later, the aneurysm decreased to 5-6 mm without signs of thrombosis. At the next case of a 3 year old child, who was treated according to the treatment standards, ectasia of the right and left coronary arteries was revealed on the 14th day of treatment, disappearing after of long-term use of acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin).
Conclusion. At further development of standards and following up antithrombotic treatment in patients with the complicated forms of Kawasaki disease, the possibility of individual treatment adjustment based on the detection of thrombophilia genetic markers, which increase the risk for thrombotic complications, should be considered.
Changes in tactics and treatment results in congenital heart diseases in adults during the last 15 years (investigation based on the data of cardio-surgical departments of the Republic of Tatarstan)
Authors: Dzhordzhikiya R K , Vagizov I I , Kharitonov G I , Bilalov I V , Mukharyamov M N
Published: August 2015

Aim. To summarize and to distinguish the features of diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart diseases in adults characteristic for the contemporary cardio surgery, by a retrospective study of case reports.
Methods. The study analyzed the medical charts of 245 adults with congenital heart diseases treated in the Cardio surgical department №2 of the Interregional Clinical and Diagnostic Center between 2007 and 2015 years. The comparison group included 701 adult patients with congenital heart diseases treated in the Kazan Center of Cardiovascular surgery between 1987 and 1997.
Results. The prevalence of congenital heart diseases in adults remains significant. In recent years, the share of operations for these diseases is 5.4% of all cardiac interventions. The most frequent pathology is atrial septal defects. The most frequent complications of septal defects are tricuspidal valve insufficiency (83%) and pulmonary hypertension (77%). Comorbidities include: hypertensive heart disease (36%), cardiac arrhythmias (31%) and ischemic heart disease (33%). The number surrendered surgeries decreased from 28.8% in 1997 to 3.7% in 2014. Postoperative mortality has decreased from 3.3% to 1%. Nowadays a significant amount of operations (56%) is transcatheter occlusion. There is an experience of such surgeries in defects of secondary atrial septum and patent ductus arteriosus.
Conclusion. Congenital heart diseases in adults are characterized by severe impairment of haemodynamics, leading to arterial pulmonary hypertension and tricuspid insufficiency, therefore, require early diagnostics and timely treatment before the onset of complications. 68% of such adult patients suffer from comorbidities that increase the risk of surgical interventions. Endovascular surgeries are low invasive, have minimal complication rate and produce good immediate and long-term results.
Developing mathematical models for cardiovascular system functional assessments
Authors: Rzaev E A , Rasulov S R , Rzaev A G
Published: August 2015

Aim. Development of mathematical models of circulation (considering anomaly in hemorheology) allowing to diagnose functional condition of vessels/cardiovascular system.

Methods. Echocardiography, mathematical modeling, sedimentation and rheology laws, human mechanics and physiology methods were used for developing mathematical models.

Results. The following mathematical models were obtained: for determination of colloid dispersive blood system viscosity, considering concentration of dispersive phase (blood cells) and blood structure formation; velocity of inconvenient blood cells sedimentation depending on flow velocity of sediment and cell concentration; parameters of blood elasticity and viscosity as a connection between the velocity change and blood viscosity, Young`s elasticity and change tension; blood filtration in vessels (modified form of Darcy`s law) considering tension and changes of destroyed and undestroyed colloid blood system structure velocity. It was shown that impairments of blood flow velocity leads to blood cells sedimentation and thrombus structure formation, which is not moving according to Newton’s law. New indicators for diagnosing functional condition of vessels and estimating the severity of vascular insufficiency are introduced.

Conclusion. Developed hemorheologic models allow to adequately estimate human cardiovascular bloodflow.
The next generation of action ecology: novel approaches towards global ecological research
Authors: White Rachel L. , Sutton Alexandra E. , Salguero-Gómez Roberto , Bray Timothy C. , Campbell Heather , Cieraad Ellen , Geekiyanage Nalaka , Gherardi Laureano , Hughes Alice C. , Jørgensen Peter Søgaard , Poisot Timothee , DeSoto Lucía , Zimmerman Naupaka
Published: August 2015

Advances in the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge over the last decade have dramatically reshaped the way that ecological research is conducted. The advent of large, technology‐based resources such as iNaturalist, Genbank, or the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) allow ecologists to work at spatio‐temporal scales previously unimaginable. This has generated a new approach in ecological research: one that relies on large datasets and rapid synthesis for theory testing and development, and findings that provide specific recommendations to policymakers and managers. This new approach has been termed action ecology, and here we aim to expand on earlier definitions to delineate its characteristics so as to distinguish it from related subfields in applied ecology and ecological management. Our new, more nuanced definition describes action ecology as ecological research that is (1) explicitly motivated by the need for immediate insights into current, pressing problems, (2) collaborative and transdisciplinary, incorporating sociological in addition to ecological considerations throughout all steps of the research, (3) technology‐mediated, innovative, and aggregative (i.e., reliant on ‘big data'), and (4) designed and disseminated with the intention to inform policy and management. We provide tangible examples of existing work in the domain of action ecology, and offer suggestions for its implementation and future growth, with explicit recommendations for individuals, research institutions, and ecological societies.
From Blue to Green: The Development and Implementation of a Therapeutic Horticulture Program for Residents of a Battered Women’s Shelter
Authors: Renzetti Claire M. , Follingstad Diane R.
Published: August 2015

The delivery of therapeutic services to clients is influenced by service providers’ understanding of the “fit” of a specific program with their service mandate as well as their perceptions of the potential benefits of the program. This article discusses the development and implementation of a therapeutic horticulture (TH) program at a battered women’s shelter that serves 17 counties in Central Kentucky. Through semistructured interviews, we gauge the shelter staff’s perceptions of the relationship of the TH program to the shelter’s overall mission; their sense of the program’s benefits for residents, for the shelter as a community organization, and for themselves; and their concerns about the TH program. We consider how these findings may impact future programming at the shelter, and we discuss plans for further evaluation of the TH program in terms of its impact on shelter residents’ long-term outcomes.
Using Fenton Oxidation Method to Advanced Treatment of Landfill
Leachate
Authors: Yanjiao Gao , Runzhu Huang , Tiehong Song
Published: August 2015

Hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulfate were used to advanced treatment of landfill leachate effluent from
biochemical tanks. Some influences on removing COD and chroma including the pH value of solution, the dosage of
ferrous sulfate, the dosage of hydrogen peroxide and reaction time were investigated. The test results showed that for
removal of COD and chroma the optimal pH was 3.0, the best ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide dosage was
1500mg/L, 20mL/L respectively, and the optimal reaction time was 60min. Under optimal conditions, COD and chroma
removal rate could reach 79.7% and 95.2% respectively.
Modeling and Simulating of Private EVs Charging Load
Authors: Qiang Hao , Gu Yan , Zheng Jianfeng , Zhou Xing , Li Xu
Published: August 2015

As an important part of the smart grid, Electric Vehicles (EVs) could be a good measure against energy shortages
and environmental pollutions. In this paper, based on the relevant EVs development policy, the private EVs charging
load is investigated. Based on statistical data, the Monte Carlo method is applied to determine the one-trip driven distance
for the private EV. And by analyzing the EVs driving habit and the charging characteristics of EVs battery, we derive the
initial state-of-charge (SOC) of charging, charging power and initial charging time. As a result, a more accurate mathematical
model of computing the charging load used by private EVs is proposed. Furthermore, the EVs charging loads in
2015 and 2020 are computed and compared in plug-in charging and wireless charging mode. The results of simulation
show that the daily load peak of private EVs charging caused by wireless charging mode is significantly lower than that of
plug-in charging mode. And the charging load of large-scale EVs would have significant impacts on the planning and operation
of power grid. It is very important to predict and analyze the EVs charging load for the construction and scheduling
of the smart grid in the future.
The Research of Capillary Pressure in the Process of CO Displacement in
Low-Permeability Reservoir
Authors: Jiqiang Li , Xiaoliang Huang , Xiaofeng Niu , Yingzhong Yuan , Wende Yan
Published: August 2015

The function of capillary pressure in the process of CO displacement in low-permeability reservoir is researched
through combination of indoor experiments and numerical simulation. On the basis of different displacement experiments
in long core chamber, one-dimensional numerical simulation component model is built to research the function
of capillary pressure under the different CO displacement ways. The results show that the capillary pressure under the
different CO displacement ways is not consistent. Capillary pressure is the driving force in the process of CO displacement
while resistance force in the process of CO pressure buildup and displacement. In order to promote reasonable and
efficient development of low-permeability reservoirs, it is suggested that further study about microscopic effects and laws
of the capillary pressure in the reservoir should be done through experiment.
Emerging Technologies Research in Accounting: JETA's First Decade
Authors: Muehlmann Brigitte W. , Chiu Victoria , Liu Qi
Published: August 2015

The Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting (JETA), an American Accounting Association journal, reached its ten-year milestone in 2013. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric and comparative analysis of the 66 main research articles and citations of the contributions, which were published from 2004 to 2013. The analysis of the characteristics of the articles comprises the research methodologies and accounting areas as used in the Brigham Young University Accounting Research Rankings, novel classifications based on an expansion of the Brown and Vasarhelyi (1994) accounting research taxonomy, and the AACSB A7 data terms, artificial intelligence, contributing authors, and institutions. The citation analysis reports and compares scholarly and patent results. Some major differences between the citations in Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus came to light.
Promoting Community Health and Eliminating Health Disparities Through Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Xia Ruiping , Stone John R. , Hoffman Julie E. , Klappa Susan G.
Published: August 2015

In physical therapy, there is increasing focus on the need at the community level to promote health, eliminate disparities in health status, and ameliorate risk factors among underserved minorities. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is the most promising paradigm for pursuing these goals. Community-based participatory research stresses equitable partnering of the community and investigators in light of local social, structural, and cultural elements. Throughout the research process, the CBPR model emphasizes coalition and team building that joins partners with diverse skills/expertise, knowledge, and sensitivities. This article presents core concepts and principles of CBPR and the rationale for its application in the management of health issues at the community level. Community-based participatory research is now commonly used to address public health issues. A literature review identified limited reports of its use in physical therapy research and services. A published study is used to illustrate features of CBPR for physical therapy. The purpose of this article is to promote an understanding of how physical therapists could use CBPR as a promising way to advance the profession's goals of community health and elimination of health care disparities, and social responsibility. Funding opportunities for the support of CBPR are noted.
Development of the Adoption of Liquefied Natural Gas as a Fuel for Shipping on the Great Lakes
Authors: Stewart Richard D. , Wolosz Carol J.
Published: August 2015

The adoption of the International Maritime Organization's emission control areas by the United States and Canada compelled operators of short sea vessels on the Great Lakes to seek alternatives to current fuel usage. Because of the concurrent discovery and extraction of large quantities of natural gas in the United States and Canada, ship owners have the opportunity to switch to natural gas. Converting to a new fuel is a complex process involving research and changes in operations, engineering, supply chains, and training. The Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute has been involved in a multiyear study supported by government agencies and industry to prepare for the adoption of natural gas as a primary fuel for U.S. vessels on the Great Lakes. This paper discusses the research process, including marine engineering studies, vessel operational issues, investigating regulatory issues, the development of supply chains, public outreach, and the analysis of fuel alternatives for vessels. The environmental benefits that accrue from conversion, as well as the potential operational costs, are compared. Steps in the conversion process, including siting of natural gas liquefaction plants and fuel taxation, are proposed.
Environmental Balance of Shipping Emissions Reduction Strategies
Authors: Zis Thalis , North Robin J. , Angeloudis Panagiotis , Ochieng Washington Y. , Bell Michael G. H.
Published: August 2015

Maritime shipping is regarded as the most efficient mode of transport; however, its contribution to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and the health issues related to shipping activity near residential centers cannot be neglected. In recent years, the efforts of regulators, ship operators, and port authorities have led to actions for ship emissions reduction to improve shipping's environmental performance. This work builds on an activity-based methodology that allows the estimation of emissions and examines environmental effects of slow steaming, fuel regulations, near-port speed-reduction schemes, and cold ironing. Pollutant emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and black carbon are modeled. A linear programming model minimizes fuel consumption through speed differentiation on a shipping line's routes based on fuel costs and binding regulations in each segment of the journey. Although the examined emissions-reduction actions may have a positive regional environmental effect by cutting emissions, it is possible that additional emissions are generated elsewhere because of increased sailing speeds beyond regulated areas. Trade-offs between pollutants are observed for reduction actions that may have a positive effect on some emission species but at the same time result in additional particulate matter and black carbon emissions. The presented framework allows key actors to conduct comprehensive studies and design improved emissions reduction actions with fewer negative impacts in other areas.
Influence of Soft or Hard Floors before and after First Calving on Dairy Heifer Locomotion, Claw and Leg Health
Authors: Bergsten Christer , Telezhenko Evgenij , Ventorp Michael
Published: August 2015

Claw health, an important dairy cow welfare parameter, may be affected by early-life foot/leg stresses. To investigate this, groups of pregnant heifers were allocated to deep straw bedding (Soft) or cubicles (Hard), both with scraped concrete feeding alleys. After the grazing season, they were re-housed in cubicle systems, half on slatted concrete (Hard) and half on slatted rubber (Soft) alleys. Claw measurements, contact area and pressure distribution claw/flooring, claw disorders and leg lesions were recorded at the start and end of each housing season. Locomotion and leg lesions were also scored monthly after calving. Prevalence of sole haemorrhages was higher among pregnant heifers in cubicles than in deep straw. After calving, first-calvers on Hard floors had higher odds for lameness (OR = 3.6; P < 0.01), sole haemorrhages/ulcers (OR = 2.2; P < 0.05), white-line haemorrhages (OR = 2.8; P < 0.01) and leg lesions (OR = 2.6; P < 0.02) than those on Soft floors. Lowest prevalence and severity of sole and white-line haemorrhages (non-significant) in first-calvers was found in those on Soft floors and reared on Hard floors and the highest prevalence and severity on those on Hard floors reared on Soft floors. Soft flooring after calving is of most importance for healthy feet and legs.
N-Vinylcarbazole: As an Additive for Thermal Polymerization at Room Temperature with in situ Formation of Ag(0) Nanoparticules
Authors: Tehfe Mohamad-Ali , Elkoun Saïd , Robert Mathieu
Published: August 2015

N-vinylcarbazole (NVK) is proposed as an additive for acrylates thermal free radical polymerization (FRP) and epoxy thermal ring opening polymerization (ROP) at room temperature. The new initiating systems are based on a silane/silver salt/N-vinylcarbazole interaction, which ensures good to excellent polymerization. Moreover, the polymerization is much more efficient under air than under argon. The effects of the N-vinylcarbazole, silane, silver salt and monomer structures are investigated. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles Ag(0) are formed in situ. The as-synthesized nanocomposite materials contained spherical nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrices. Polymers and nanoparticles were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-vis spectroscopy. A coherent picture of the involved chemical mechanisms is presented.
Gaussian Network’s Dynamics Reflected into Geometric Entropy
Authors: Felice Domenico , Mancini Stefano
Published: August 2015

We consider a geometric entropy as a measure of complexity for Gaussian networks, namely networks having Gaussian random variables sitting on vertices and their correlations as weighted links. We then show how the network dynamics described by the well-known Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process reflects into such a measure. We unveil a crossing of the entropy time behaviors between switching on and off links. Moreover, depending on the number of links switched on or off, the entropy time behavior can be non-monotonic.
Novel Segmentation Technique for Measured Three-Phase Voltage Dips
Authors: Moreno-Garcia Isabel , Moreno-Munoz Antonio , Gil-de-Castro Aurora , Bollen Math , Gu Irene
Published: August 2015

This paper focuses on issues arising from the need to automatically analyze disturbances in the future (smart) grid. Accurate time allocation of events and the sequences of events is an important part of such an analysis. The performance of a joint causal and anti-causal (CaC) segmentation method has been analyzed with a set of real measurement signals, using an alternative detection technique based on a cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm. The results show that the location in time of underlying transitions in the power system can be more accurately estimated by combining CaC segmentation methods.
Study of Power Flow Algorithm of AC/DC Distribution System including VSC-MTDC
Authors: Liang Haifeng , Zhao Xiaoling , Yu Xiaolei , Gao Yajing , Yang Jin
Published: August 2015

In recent years, distributed generation and a large number of sensitive AC and DC loads have been connected to distribution networks, which introduce a series of challenges to distribution network operators (DNOs). In addition, the advantages of DC distribution networks, such as the energy conservation and emission reduction, mean that the voltage source converter based multi-terminal direct current (VSC-MTDC) for AC/DC distribution systems demonstrates a great potential, hence drawing growing research interest. In this paper, considering losses of the reactor, the filter and the converter, a mathematical model of VSC-HVDC for the load flow analysis is derived. An AC/DC distribution network architecture has been built, based on which the differences in modified equations of the VSC-MTDC-based network under different control modes are analyzed. In addition, corresponding interface functions under five control modes are provided, and a back/forward iterative algorithm which is applied to power flow calculation of the AC/DC distribution system including VSC-MTDC is proposed. Finally, by calculating the power flow of the modified IEEE14 AC/DC distribution network, the efficiency and validity of the model and algorithm are evaluated. With various distributed generations connected to the network at appropriate locations, power flow results show that network losses and utilization of transmission networks are effectively reduced.
Variability and Stability in Daily Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity among 10 Year Old Children
Authors: Pereira Sara , Gomes Thayse , Borges Alessandra , Santos Daniel , Souza Michele , Dos Santos Fernanda , Chaves Raquel , Katzmarzyk Peter , Maia José
Published: August 2015

Day-to-day variability and stability of children’s physical activity levels across days of the week are not well understood. Our aims were to examine the day-to-day variability of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), to determine factors influencing the day-to-day variability of MVPA and to estimate stability of MVPA in children. The sample comprises 686 Portuguese children (10 years of age). MVPA was assessed with an accelerometer, and BMI was computed from measured height and weight. Daily changes in MVPA and their correlates (gender, BMI, and maturity) were modeled with a multilevel approach, and tracking was calculated using Foulkes & Davies γ. A total of 51.3% of boys and 26.2% of girls achieved 60 min/day of MVPA on average. Daily MVPA was lower during the weekend (23.6% of boys and 13.6% of girls comply with the recommended 60 min/day of MVPA) compared to weekdays (60.8% and 35.4%, boys and girls, respectively). Normal weight children were more active than obese children and no effect was found for biological maturation. Tracking is low in both boys (γ = 0.59 ± 0.01) and girls (γ = 0.56 ± 0.01). Children’s MVPA levels during a week are highly unstable. In summary, boys are more active than girls, maturation does not affect their MVPA, and obese children are less likely to meet 60 min/day of MVPA. These results highlight the importance of providing opportunities for increasing children’s daily MVPA on all days of week, especially on the weekend.
Characterization and Feasibility Assessment of Recycled Paper Mill Sludges for Land Application in Relation to the Environment
Authors: Abdullah Rosazlin , Ishak Che , Kadir Wan , Bakar Rosenani
Published: August 2015

The disposal of industrial paper mill sludge waste is a big issue and has a great importance all over the world. A study was conducted to determine the chemical properties of recycled paper mill sludge (RPMS) and assess its possibilities for land application. RPMS samples were collected from six different paper mills in Malaysia and analyzed for physical and chemical properties, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 13C-NMR spectra and for the presence of dioxins/furans. The RPMS was dewatered, sticky with a strong odour, an average moisture of 65.08%, pH 7.09, cation exchange capacity (CEC) 14.43 cmol (+) kg–1, N 1.45, P 0.18, K 0.12, Ca 0.82, Mg 0.73, Na 0.76 and Al, 1.38%. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals levels were below the standard Class 2 limits. The dioxin and furan were in below the standard concentration of Class 1. The most prominent peak in the 13C-NMR spectra of RPMS was centered at 31 ppm, proving the presence of methylene (-CH2) groups in long aliphatic chains, with lipids and proteins. The signal at 89 ppm and highly shielded shoulder at 83 ppm were due to presence of cellulose carbon C-4, and the peak at 63 and 65 ppm was due to the cellulose carbon spectrum. The RPMS therefore contains significant amount of nutrients with safe levels of heavy metals and PAHs for environment and can be used as a fertilizer and soil amendment for land application.
Kynurenines and Multiple Sclerosis: The Dialogue between the Immune System and the Central Nervous System
Authors: Rajda Cecilia , Majláth Zsófia , Pukoli Dániel , Vécsei László
Published: August 2015

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, in which axonal transection takes place in parallel with acute inflammation to various, individual extents. The importance of the kynurenine pathway in the physiological functions and pathological processes of the nervous system has been extensively investigated, but it has additionally been implicated as having a regulatory function in the immune system. Alterations in the kynurenine pathway have been described in both preclinical and clinical investigations of multiple sclerosis. These observations led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis, such as synthetic tryptophan analogs, endogenous tryptophan metabolites (e.g., cinnabarinic acid), structural analogs (laquinimod, teriflunomid, leflunomid and tranilast), indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors (1MT and berberine) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase inhibitors (nicotinylalanine and Ro 61-8048). The kynurenine pathway is a promising novel target via which to influence the immune system and to achieve neuroprotection, and further research is therefore needed with the aim of developing novel drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
Chitosan in Molecularly-Imprinted Polymers: Current and Future Prospects
Authors: Xu Long , Huang Yun-An , Zhu Qiu-Jin , Ye Chun
Published: August 2015

Chitosan is widely used in molecular imprinting technology (MIT) as a functional monomer or supporting matrix because of its low cost and high contents of amino and hydroxyl functional groups. The various excellent properties of chitosan, which include nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and attractive physical and mechanical performances, make chitosan a promising alternative to conventional functional monomers. Recently, chitosan molecularly-imprinted polymers have gained considerable attention and showed significant potential in many fields, such as curbing environmental pollution, medicine, protein separation and identification, and chiral-compound separation. These extensive applications are due to the polymers’ desired selectivity, physical robustness, and thermal stability, as well as their low cost and easy preparation. Cross-linkers, which fix the functional groups of chitosan around imprinted molecules, play an important role in chitosan molecularly-imprinted polymers. This review summarizes the important cross-linkers of chitosan molecularly-imprinted polymers and illustrates the cross-linking mechanism of chitosan and cross-linkers based on the two glucosamine units. Finally, some significant attempts to further develop the application of chitosan in MIT are proposed.
Permeability Study of Polyphenols Derived from a Phenolic-Enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract by UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS
Authors: Borrás-Linares Isabel , Herranz-López María , Barrajón-Catalán Enrique , Arráez-Román David , Gonzálezlvarez Isabel , Bermejo Marival , Gutiérrez Alberto , Micol Vicente , Segura-Carretero Antonio
Published: August 2015

Previous findings on the capacity of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) polyphenols to ameliorate metabolic disturbances justify the necessity of studies oriented to find the potential metabolites responsible for such an effect. The present study examined the intestinal epithelial membrane permeability of polyphenols present in a phenolic-enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (PEHS), free and encapsulated, using the Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, selected polyphenols (quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, and N-feruloyltyramine) were also studied in the same absorption model. The powerful analytical platform used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS), and enabled the characterization of seven new compounds in PEHS. In the permeation study, only a few compounds were able to cross the cell monolayer and the permeability was lower when the extract was in an encapsulated form. Pure compounds showed a moderate absorption in all cases. Nevertheless, these preliminary results may need further research to understand the complete absorption mechanism of Hibiscus polyphenols.
Work Function Adjustment by Using Dipole Engineering for TaN-Al2O3-Si3N4-HfSiOx-Silicon Nonvolatile Memory
Authors: Lin Yu-Hsien , Yang Yi-Yun
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a novel TaN-Al2O3-HfSiOx-SiO2-silicon (TAHOS) nonvolatile memory (NVM) design with dipole engineering at the HfSiOx/SiO2 interface. The threshold voltage shift achieved by using dipole engineering could enable work function adjustment for NVM devices. The dipole layer at the tunnel oxide–charge storage layer interface increases the programming speed and provides satisfactory retention. This NVM device has a high program/erase (P/E) speed; a 2-V memory window can be achieved by applying 16 V for 10 μs. Regarding high-temperature retention characteristics, 62% of the initial memory window was maintained after 103 P/E-cycle stress in a 10-year simulation. This paper discusses the performance improvement enabled by using dipole layer engineering in the TAHOS NVM.
Development of Equivalent Material Properties of Microbump for Simulating Chip Stacking Packaging
Authors: Lee Chang-Chun , Tzeng Tzai-Liang , Huang Pei-Chen
Published: August 2015

three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) structure with a significant scale mismatch causes difficulty in analytic model construction. This paper proposes a simulation technique to introduce an equivalent material composed of microbumps and their surrounding wafer level underfill (WLUF). The mechanical properties of this equivalent material, including Young’s modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), are directly obtained by applying either a tensile load or a constant displacement, and by increasing the temperature during simulations, respectively. Analytic results indicate that at least eight microbumps at the outermost region of the chip stacking structure need to be considered as an accurate stress/strain contour in the concerned region. In addition, a factorial experimental design with analysis of variance is proposed to optimize chip stacking structure reliability with four factors: chip thickness, substrate thickness, CTE, and E-value. Analytic results show that the most significant factor is CTE of WLUF. This factor affects microbump reliability and structural warpage under a temperature cycling load and high-temperature bonding process. WLUF with low CTE and high E-value are recommended to enhance the assembly reliability of the 3D-IC architecture.
Epipolythiodiketopiperazines from the Marine Derived Fungus Dichotomomyces cejpii with NF-κB Inhibitory Potential
Authors: Harms Henrik , Orlikova Barbora , Ji Seungwon , Nesaei-Mosaferan Damun , König Gabriele , Diederich Marc
Published: August 2015

The Ascomycota Dichotomomyces cejpii was isolated from the marine sponge Callyspongia cf. C. flammea. A new gliotoxin derivative, 6-acetylmonodethiogliotoxin (1) was obtained from fungal extracts. Compounds 2 and 3, methylthio-gliotoxin derivatives were formerly only known as semi-synthetic compounds and are here described as natural products. Additionally the polyketide heveadride (4) was isolated. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 dose-dependently down-regulated TNFα-induced NF-κB activity in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells with IC50s of 38.5 ± 1.2 µM, 65.7 ± 2.0 µM and 82.7 ± 11.3 µM, respectively. The molecular mechanism was studied with the most potent compound 1 and results indicate downstream inhibitory effects targeting binding of NF-κB to DNA. Compound 1 thus demonstrates potential of epimonothiodiketopiperazine-derived compounds for the development of NF-κB inhibitors.
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) Regulatory Networks in Marine Organisms: From Physiological Observations towards Marine Drug Discovery
Authors: Lee Jin-Young , Orlikova Barbora , Diederich Marc
Published: August 2015

Part of our ocean’s richness comes from its extensive history of supporting life, resulting in a highly diverse ecological system. To date, over 250,000 species of marine organisms have been identified, but it is speculated that the actual number of marine species exceeds one million, including several hundreds of millions of species of marine microorganisms. Past studies suggest that approximately 70% of all deep-sea microorganisms, gorgonians, and sea sponges produce secondary metabolites with anti-cancer activities. Recently, novel FDA-approved drugs derived from marine sponges have been shown to reduce metastatic breast cancer, malignant lymphoma, and Hodgkin’s disease. Despite the fact that many marine natural products have been shown to possess a good inhibition potential against most of the cancer-related cell signaling pathways, only a few marine natural products have been shown to target JAK/STAT signaling. In the present paper, we describe the JAK/STAT signaling pathways found in marine organisms, before elaborating on the recent advances in the field of STAT inhibition by marine natural products and the potential application in anti-cancer drug discovery.
Research on Urban Road Congestion Pricing Strategy Considering Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Wang Yitian , Peng Zixuan , Wang Keming , Song Xiaolin , Yao Baozhen , Feng Tao
Published: August 2015

Congestion pricing strategy has been recognized as an effective countermeasure in the practical field of urban traffic congestion mitigation. In this paper, a bi-level programming model considering carbon dioxide emission is proposed to mitigate traffic congestion and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The objective function of the upper level model is to minimize the sum of travel costs and the carbon dioxide emissions costs. The lower level is a multi-modal transportation network equilibrium model. To solve the model, the method of successive averages (MSA) and the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) are introduced. The proposed method and algorithm are tested through the numerical example. The results show that the proposed congestion pricing strategy can mitigate traffic congestion and reduce carbon emissions effectively.
Communication and Awareness Patterns of Distributed Agile Teams
Authors: Inayat Irum , Salim Siti Salwah , Marczak Sabrina
Published: August 2015

Agile methods emphasize on team's collaboration and so does the requirements engineering process. But how do agile teams collaborate with their geographically distributed counter parts to accomplish requirements related activities? Although, proved to be flexible and dynamic it needs to conduct more empirical investigation to identify the collaboration patterns of distributed agile teams. Therefore, in this chapter collaboration patterns of geographically distributed agile teams are identified in terms of reported communication (defined as information exchange) among team members and their awareness (defined as knowledge about each other) of each other. A multiple case study method is used in this chapter to study the geographically distributed agile teams in four IT organizations. Though, some of the findings revealed several patterns are corroborating the previous results available in literature. However, some of the patterns identified in this chapter are specific to distributed agile teams. For instance, the chapter identifies that high awareness among agile teams leads to more communication. Implications for research and software industry are discussed and future research directions are also provided.
Legacy Systems towards Aspect-Oriented Systems
Authors: Goel Noopur
Published: August 2015

Evolution and maintainability of legacy systems is all time attention drawing subject for researchers and especially practitioners. Discovering the crosscutting concerns and separating it from core functionalities of a software system may help in evolution of the legacy systems. Aspect-oriented software development (AOSD) tries to achieve the goal. AOSD is new programming paradigm which helps to bring in modularity in the program by writing the crosscutting concerns in the form of ‘aspects'. Modularity brings comprehensibility and hence maintainability of the software system. Tools and techniques, which aid in identifying the crosscutting concerns in such systems and refactoring them into aspects, are needed to apply aspect-oriented techniques to legacy systems at use in industry. This chapter aims to identify issues, problems and approaches used in the migration from legacy systems to aspect-oriented software system.
One Plan, Four Libraries
Authors: Galloup Allison
Published: August 2015

The University of North Georgia, a recently consolidated university, has four libraries of varying sizes with different types of collections – ranging from libraries with larger sized book collections to libraries that rely on electronic resources. In addition to the differences in size and collections, the libraries also face the challenge of distance. This chapter follows the creation of an emergency plan, a recovery plan, and a continuity of operations plan for an academic library with four unique campus locations. The creation process begins with risk assessments of all four libraries, creating a team to write the plan, writing the plan and implementation and training for faculty and staff. The policies were written by a committee of five and included at least one representative from each campus.
Responding to High-Volume Water Disasters in the Research Library Context
Authors: Baker Whitney
Published: August 2015

The University of Kansas (KU) Libraries comprise seven physical campus spaces with a total volume count of over 4.4 million volumes. The Libraries' Conservation Services Department manages a Collections Emergency Response Team (CERT), with representation across the library system. This chapter describes how, in the summer of 2012, the CERT's preparation was put to the test when extreme drought conditions in the region led to a water main break that inundated the campus art and architecture library. Over 17,000 volumes were vacuum-freeze-dried by a commercial vendor, and an additional 26,000 dry volumes moved from the space, which was rebuilt from the ground up. Lessons learned from that disaster were applied to a smaller, yet still significant, mechanical failure the following summer in the science and social science library, which wetted around 4,500 volumes and led to another contract with a commercial vendor. Insights learned from these experiences are shared in the following chapter.
Surviving Sandy
Authors: Chin Sushan
Published: August 2015

This chapter offers a case study on how the New York University medical archives, located in New York City, recovered from Superstorm Sandy and resumed operations. The importance of having the right tools, such as a disaster plan and business continuity plans, are emphasized. With the right tools, institutions can recover from disasters of most magnitudes. Experiences shared in this chapter include working with a disaster recovery company, implementing digital technology to provide access to library and archival collections, and utilizing social media and other Web 2.0 technology to improve communications between staff and patrons. These experiences will assist archivists, curators, and special collections managers in preparing for and recovering from a major disaster.
Ambiguous Play
Authors: Hulsey Nathan
Published: August 2015

This chapter is a critical-conceptual introduction to the topic of gamification from the standpoint of game studies (the study of games) and ludology (the study of play). A secondary task is to move the definition and conceptual history of gamification away from essentialist notions of play and games and towards a more nuanced understanding of gamification as a philosophy of design with situational outcomes. By examining the controversy surrounding gamification as a complex history of concepts, the chapter aims to give the reader an overview of how gamification aligns with or deviates from various definitions of games and play. Gamification can be controversial when using traditional ludological concepts largely because traditional ludology is pre-digital, and does not account for the current technological and cultural shifts driving gaming and gamification. Finally, the chapter ends with the suggestion that the current cultural turn in game studies provides a way to analyze gamification as an example of the “gaming of culture.”