bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of cyclone and flood on crop and fish production in disaster prone coastal Bhola district of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam MS , Jamil MR , Chowdhury MN , Kabir MH , Rimi RH
Published: July 2020

This study assessed the impact of climate change induced disaster on crops and fisheries production at Bhola Sadar and Monpura upazila of Bhola district, Bangladesh during January to June 2018. The study was gathered primary data from primary observation (PO), questionnaire survey (QS), focus group discussion (FGD), and key informant interview (KII). Secondary data were collected from Upazila Agricultural Office and Upazila Fisheries Office of Bhola Sadar and Manpura upazila and moreover, climatic data were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department. Results of the study found that trend analysis indicates overall annual maximum temperature increased for Kharif-I, Kharif-II and Rabi season. Average annual minimum temperature also increased for Kharif-I season but decreased for Kharif-II and Rabi season. Study also found that for all cropping season average relative humidity was increased. Annual average rainfall exhibited decreasing trend for Kharif-I and Rabi season but increased for Kharif-II season in (1990-2019) time period. The Aus, T. Aman, Boro and Mung bean was dominant cropping pattern in Kharif-I, Kharif- II and Rabi season in Bhola district. Overall, Aus rice production in Kharif-I season increased but in 2009, 2013 production was decreased because of cyclone Aila (2009) and Cyclone Mahasen (2013). T. Aman production hampered due to Cyclone Sidr (2007) and flood (2014) in Kharif-II season. In Rabi season Boro rice production lessen because of low rainfall and salinity intrusion. Overall, Mung bean production increase but in 2008 and 2009 production become hampered due to late cultivation because of Cyclone Sidr (2007). Fish production rate increase in Bhola specially Hilsha fish because of non-climatic factor like raid in non-fishing time, banned current net but fish production in pond become diminished due to infrequent natural disaster. Practicing of salt and flood tolerant varieties, floating bed vegetable cultivation, and mixed cropping system (mainly for Rabi season), enhanced expedition activities against catching mother Ilish in prohibition period, dredging in the heart of the river which can eventually reduce vulnerabilities and increase crop and fish production in the Bhola region.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 40-55, June 2020
Evaluating the effect of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques on maize production in moisture stress areas of humbo woreda, wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Naba W , Moges A , Gebremichael A
Published: July 2020

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of different in-situ water harvesting structures as soil moisture conservation techniques under maize crop production in Abela Sippa kebele Wolaita zone, Ethiopia where rainfall variation is affecting agriculture with prolonged dry spells during critical crop growth stages. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replications and four treatments. The four treatments used in the study were; Control, Targa, Tie-ridge and Zai pits. Findings from this study revealed that maize grain yield and yield components, such as, grain yield, dry matter biomass, and cob length were highly significant (p<0.05) on Targa. Soil-moisture content over the crop growing season at dry spell periods was significantly higher in Targa and Tie ridges than the control. Maize yield of (7150 kg ha-1), (6190 kg ha-1), (4500 kg ha-1) and (4900 kg ha-1) was obtained from Targa, Tie ridge, Zai pits and Control, respectively. Targa and Tie ridge treatments recorded higher net returns (29712 and 25164 kg ha-1) than Control (20370 kg ha-1) and Zai (14350 kg ha-1) treatments. The results revealed that the in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques could play great role in improving crop yield in dry periods. However, the utilization of the technology is surrounded by various constraints. The major constraints include labour, cost, lack of knowledge and crops planted on bunds. The findings suggest that Targa structure improved water availability during the growing season, thereby protecting crops from dry periods and it needs minimum cost, less labor power ,and easily constructed by local farmers (not require complicated knowledge).

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 71-79, June 2020
Evaluation of the effect of maize-legume intercropping on soil moisture improvement in arid area of Bena-Tsemay district, South omo zone, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Ayele HM
Published: July 2020

Usually crop failure due to moisture shortage in soils is very much common due to high evaporation. Sometimes famers try to combat this problem by using mulches of crop residues in the study area. However, this is also highly challenged shortage because the crop residues used as feed for animals. Therefore, using the advantage and opportunity of cover legumes as an intercrop is the solution of the problems simultaneously in addition to their contribution improving soil nutrient balance and other many fold benefits. Therefore, this study aimed for evaluating the effect of maize-legume covers intercropping on soil moisture improvement and crop yield in moisture stress areas of the study area. The entire grain yield of maize and legumes, as well as soil moisture data were collected. The result on soil moisture revealed that intercropping of maize with cowpea had better soil moisture contents during active crop development (15.98%) and after harvest (16.70%) in average as compared to the others. The current finding also showed that adopting intercropping of maize with cowpea-boosted yield by 5256.24 kg ha-1 maize and 977.45 kg ha-1 cowpea in average with higher moisture improvement as compare to the other treatments. Therefore, intercropping of maize with cowpea is important to farmers since it would provide additional crop yield with the same piece of land. However, to get considerable changes on soil and water balances, other soil physic-chemical properties and crop yields, conducting similar studies in more than two years period at permanent field plots is paramount in the future.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 80-86, June 2020
A novel method to test for lead contamination in soil around US schools
Authors: Garcia H , Palacio R
Published: July 2020

It has been rumored that soils around schools in the US are contaminated with lead, which is known to be harmful to children, and is known to inhibit plant growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the growth of plants in soil sampled from US schools to see if decreased plant growth can indicate lead contamination before testing is done. After comparing the time until germination, height, and root length of radishes grown in soil from the surrounding area of the school to that of those grown in uncontaminated soil, we found that radishes grown in soil from schools germinated at a rate 38% slower than radishes grown in uncontaminated soil (HR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.33-1.2, Ptrend = 0.13). The mean radish heights between the two groups were also found to be significantly different (p = 0.12). Decreased plant growth may serve as an indicator for soil contamination before other laboratory tests are done. It is recommended that further testing for lead and other toxins should be conducted on the soil of the surrounding area, and larger studies with multiple species of plants should be conducted to see if these trends could be applied to the general plant population around schools.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 94-96, June 2020
Growers’ knowledge on spices cultivation in Shibganj upazila under Bogura district
Authors: Afrad MSI , Akter MR
Published: July 2020

The main objective guided the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of the growers on spices cultivation practice in Shibganj upazila under Bogura district. Three unions of the upazila were purposively selected based on the vicinity to the Spices Research Center, Bogura. Data were collected from selected growers using predesigned structured interview schedule. Eleven selected characteristics of the growers were considered as independent variables. As dependent variable, knowledge on spices cultivation practice was calculated by construction of a scale containing thirteen relevant questions. Coefficient of correlation was employed to determine the relationship between the selected characteristics of the growers and their knowledge on spices cultivation practice. Majority (67.8%) of the growers were middle aged, the highest portion (61.1%) of them belonged to primary level education. Major proportion (60.0%) of them had small family size, almost all of them (98.9%) possessed small to medium farm size, and huge majority (87.8%) of them earned up to BDT 240000 annually. About three-fourth (73.3%) of the farmers had medium extension contact, half of them (50.0%) had poor training experience while 40.0 percent of them had medium innovativeness. Great majority (85.5%) of the farmers had small to medium spices cultivation area (up to 0.6 ha) while almost three-fourth (72.2%) of them had medium to long durational (11 to above 20 years) practice of spices cultivation. Majority (65.6%) of them had moderate knowledge on spices cultivation technology compared to more than onefourth (26.7%) having high knowledge and only 7.7 percent had low knowledge on the same. None of the selected characteristics showed significant relationship with the knowledge on spices cultivation practice.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 102-107, June 2020
Evaluation of quality and variety of Indonesian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Amarullah -
Published: July 2020

The evaluating cassava varieties for productivity necessary to assess the cassava stem characteristics for their suitability as planting material and to improve the capability of cassava farmers to select good quality cassava varieties. Cassava varieties are generally distinguished from each other by their morphological characteristics, which include leaf, stem and tuber colour. The cassava planting material used in this study and some of characteristics by five cassava varieties, consisted of mature stem cuttings of about 20 cm in length, containing between 10 and 12 nodes and planted in a vertical position along the top of the ridges. Each plot consisted of 30 plants, with date being taken from ten plants within each plot. Cassava varieties Malang-6 presented the highest yield average is 13.81 tones ha-1 followed by Singgah and Adira-4 i.e. 11.98 t ha-1 and 11.11 t ha-1 of different varieties 1 yang Ketan, which only weighs 6.63 t ha-1. Harvest index varieties of Adira-4, Malang-6, UJ 5 and Singgah were found 0.78, 0.77, 0.77 and 0.76, respectively higher and significantly different IP varieties of glutinous Ketan is 0.58. Malang varieties and Malang-6 that produces the highest tuber weight, has a low dry matter content is 5.65% and 5.62%. The Ketan varieties and UJ-5 has a tuber weight was significantly lower with dry matter content higher than that dried 8.69% and 8.68%. The UJ-5 varieties has a tuber weight starch HCN 230,17 higher and significantly other variety.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 108-116, June 2020
Evaluation of jute leaf as substitute of fish meal in the diet of mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) fingerlings
Authors: Rana KMS , Biswas P , Salam MA
Published: July 2020

The study was conducted to identify jute leaf powder as an alternate to fish meal in diets of juvenile mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) for 60 days. Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) leaf was selected to utilize this unexplored nutritious resource rather leaving under water for potential pollution. Three isonitrogenous test diets were prepared and applied as treatments (T) in triplicates (R). In control (T0) dietary inclusion rate of fish meal was 30%, of which 10% was substituted with jute leaf powder in T10 and in T20 replacement was 20%. Mrigal fingerlings (9.38±0.13 cm and 7.94 ±0.26 g) were stocked in nine plastic half drums (0.26 m2 each) at 10 fish per drum and fed test diets. Although, growth parameters among the treatments were statistically similar, the highest mean length gain, weight gain, SGR and production were 1.51 (±0.18) cm, 2.96 (±0.13) g, 0.53 (±0.03) %/day and 4084.00 (±50.67) kg ha-1, respectively in T10. However, significantly higher (P<0.05) survival was found in T10 (93.33%) and T20 (90.00%) compared to T0 (83.33%). Juveniles in T10 and T20 showed better tolerance to low pH stress than T0. Water quality parameters were within acceptable range in all the treatments. Moreover, carcass composition of fish was statistically similar among the treatments. Importantly, feed formulation cost was reduced by 3.7% and 20.4% in T10 and T20, respectively compared to T0. Therefore, the results signify that jute leaf powder could be a promising substitute of fishmeal in mrigal diet without hampering growth along with improved survival and low feed cost.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 117-122, June 2020
Adoption of improved processing technology among African locust bean processors in south-west, Nigeria
Authors: Kolapo A , Omopariola OE , Adeoye AO , Kolapo AJ
Published: July 2020

The paper investigated the effect of socio-economic and institutional factors on the adoption of improved locust bean processing technology in South-West, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the locust bean processors, examines the level of awareness and adoption of the improved locust bean processing technology in the study area and determines the effect of socio-economic and institutional factors on the adoption and intensity of use of improved locust bean processing technology in the study area. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 360 respondents used for the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Cragg’s (double-hurdle) model. The result of the study showed that majority (84%) of the locust bean processors were female with an average age of 48 (±11.36) years. Majority (97%) of the respondents were married with an average household size of 8.25 (±4.32) persons. The result showed that 44.2% were aware while 55.8% were not aware of the technology in the study area. The results from the Cragg’s double hurdle model show that in the first hurdle, age, experience, access to credit and awareness positively influenced the decision to adopt the improved locust bean processing technology while in the second hurdle, education and income positively influenced the intensity of the use of the improved locust bean processing technology. It is therefore recommended that Relevant stakeholders, agencies and government should made available credit facilities which will enable the locust bean processors acquired the technology in no distant time.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 123-128, June 2020
DESAIN DAN UJI COBA VIDEO STOP MOTION SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PERKEMBANGAN TEORI MODEL ATOM
Authors: Arfah Nurul , Fatisa Yuni
Published: July 2020

This research was instigated by student difficulty in comprehending chemistry lesson that was theoretical, recitation and the lack of using instructional media. This research aimed at knowing the feasibility result of Stop Motion video as an instructional media especially on media lesson theoretical and recitation at State Vocational High School through validity test and practicality test. In this research Stop Motion video was designed by using Filmora application to support the learning on Development of Atomic Model Theory lesson. The final product was in the form of a valid tutorial video. It was a research and development (R&D) using model of Borg and Gall modification, and it was carried out at State Vocational High School 7 Pekanbaru. Interview and questionnaire were conducted for the techniques of collecting data. Stop Motion video as an instructional media developed was tested valid with 88.95% percentage (very valid) and practical with 82.75% (very practical). Based on these findings, it could be concluded that Stop Motion video as an instructional media on Development of Atomic Model Theory lesson have been valid and practical, and it got good student responses, so it could be tested in the next phase.
AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL GRASS AND LEGUME CULTIVARS UNDER DRYLAND AND IRRIGATION IN NORTH OTAGO
Authors: Sheath G.W. , Galletly W.S. , Greenwood P.
Published: July 2020

The performance of six grass and seven legume cultivars was evaluated over a two year period under dryland and irrigated conditions in North Otago.
THE PHOSPHATE NUTRITION OF WHITE CLOVER
Authors: Scott R.S.
Published: July 2020

The high phosphate requirements of grass/clover pastures are discussed in relation to the greater efficiency of grasses compared with clovers in extracting limited amounts of available soil P. Results of experiments are briefly described which show that variation in response to applied P exists within the white clover species. It is suggested that the emphasis of research effort should be shifted from its present preoccupation with the determination of P requirements of soils to that of selecting and breeding cultivars which have lower soil P requirements than do cultivars now available. This approach could provide a means of reducing dependence on heavy phosphate topdressing.
GRAZING MANAGEMENT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF BROWNTOP PASTURES IN HILL COUNTRY : A PROGRAMME
Authors: Bircham J.S.
Published: July 2020

The effects of summer spelling, frequency and severity of defoliation on improved pasture which had reverted to browntop dominance in spite of adequate topdressing were investigated on northwest and south-east aspects in North Wairarapa hill country pastures. Frequency and severity of defoliation affected both pasture production and botanical composition on the south-east aspect but had little significant effect on the north-west aspect. A pasture improvement programme based on the field trial results was devised and applied. The interim results of this programme are given.
WATER HARVESTING ON A YELLOW-GREY EARTH
Authors: Bowler D.G. , Turner M.A.
Published: July 2020

THE unequal distribution of rainfall in both time and space is a characteristic of the New Zealand climate. Two farming seasons rarely have the same amount of rain and notable differences can occur between closely located areas. Rainfall intensity and incidence vary greatly from one place to another so that, of all the elements significantly distinguishing climate, it is the one least amenable to generalization.
BEEF PRODUCTION FROM LUCERNE AND LUCERNE/PRAIRIE GRASS SWARDS ON THE PUMICE SOILS OF THE TAUPO REGION
Authors: Marsh K. , Brunswick L.F.C.
Published: July 2020

Lucerne and lucerne/prairie grass swards were compared at three stocking rates using yearling beef cattle. A 35 day rotational grazing system was used and the experiment ran for 130 days from early October, 1976. Pasture DM yields were higher on the mixed sward but animal production was greater on the lucerne only sward, particularly from December onwards. Increasing stocking rate tended to reduce herbage DM yield and per-animal production. There was no significant interaction between sward type and stocking rate on either sward or animal yield. Lucerne and lucerne/ prairie grass swards on pumice soil compared favourably with fertile Waikato permanent pastures in terms of carcass gain per hectare over the grazing period.
INTEGRATING CROPPING AND LIVESTOCK IN THE MANAWATU
Authors: Coulson R.K.
Published: July 2020

OVER the past 15 to 20 years, cropping in the lower part of the North Island has developed from small beginnings to the quite large areas that are grown today.
REMOTE SENSING DATA FROM SPACECRAFT AND AIRCRAFT : THEIR PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Ellis Peter J.
Published: July 2020

Some aspects of the New Zealand remote sensing programme involving the US spacecraft "Landsat I" are discussed. An agricultural project is used as an illustration of the many ways in which "multispectral" data can be processed to yield the desired information. Finally, some of the possible future: for an "operational" remote sensing programme from spacecraft are considered.
THE PERFORMANCE OF 'GRASSLANDS MATUA' PRAIRIE GRASS IN THE SOUTHERN NORTH ISLAND
Authors: Ritchie G.J.Rys I.M. , Smith R.G. , Thomson N.A. , Crouchley G. , Stiefel W.
Published: July 2020

The performance of 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) was compared with perennial ryegrasses under mowing or grazing in three trials conducted in the southern North Island. Production of Matua under mowing at Flock House and Waimate West was 13% and 19% greater than G.4708 and Nui ryegrass, respectively, with the extra production contributed in summer and winter. At Masterton no difference between Matua and Ariki ryegrass production occurred under grazing. A 31% increase in annual production was recorded for both Matua and G.4708 swards receiving N, compared with those sown with white clover, with the annual yield of G.4708 receiving N similar to Matua receiving no N. Less frequent defoliation increased production of Matua swards by 17% and the Matua component by 38%. Production of Nui in comparison with Matua swards was 14% lower under frequent and 9% lower under infrequent defoliation. Similar production was recorded from red clover under frequent, and infrequent defoliation for both Nui and Matua swards. A 48% lower yield of white clover occurred under infrequent defoliation of Matua swards. At Masterton a higher incidence of goitre in newborn lambs, accompanied by a 12% lower lamb liveweight at weaning, occurred on Matua- compared with Ariki-based swards. Aspects of seasonal production, fertility response, management, and animal health are discussed.
WATER HARVESTING - TWO YEARS' EXPERIENCE ON NO. 4 DAIRY, MASSEY UNIVERSITY
Authors: Lowe Kevin I.
Published: July 2020

The water harvesting concept offers the potential for irrigation which may be considered in the absence of a cheaper and less limited water source. Because of high capital costs and storage limitations, it would not be a viable financial proposition for many grassland farmers. It may, however, have a place for a specific purpose such as the production of high value crops.
PASTURE PLANT, WATER-TABLE INTERACTIONS ON MANAWATU SANDY COUNTRY
Authors: Rumball P.J.
Published: July 2020

Movements of a water-table (WT) underlying a site in the Manawatu sand country were measured over 18 months and related to soil moisture levels and pasture performance across a soil toposequence. The WT made an effective contribution to plant growth in summer only when in contact with the topsoil. Stabilizing WT levels by drainage and outlet control appears to offer the best approach to increased plant utilization of the WT on the more elevated soils.
PASTURE AND LUCERNE RESEARCH ON SAND COUNTRY
Authors: Smith R.G. , Stiefel W.
Published: July 2020

Some of the results of ten years' experimental work on the major soils of the Flock House Field Research Area are presented and briefly discussed. High-producing pastures are readily maintained on the wetter sand plain soils with adequate surface drainage and annual additions of 350 to 450 kg/ha of 30% potassic superphosphate. A range of herbage species is being evaluated on the drier sand plains. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in particular can markedly increase the productivity of these soils. Factors which affect soil moisture status at and after sowing have the greatest influence on lucerne establishment. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) can inhibit lucerne tap-root development, though several chemicals give effective but expensive control of the nematode. To maintain high production, up to 1000 kg/ha of 50% potassic superphosphate is required annually if lucerne is hayed, though requirements may be less when the crop is mainly grazed.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO WATER STRESS OF SEVERAL PASTURE AND CROP SPECIES
Authors: Kerr J.P. , Mcpherson H.G.
Published: July 2020

The effect of water on pasture and crop yield is determined by many factors in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Over recent years, Plant Physiology Division has been examining the system to better understand the principles to be applied in effectively managing pasture and crops under dryland and irrigation and to find criteria which could be used in breeding plants better adapted to dry conditions. The evapotranspiration of pastures and crops, the influence of pastures and crops on their water loss through leaf cover and stomatal behaviour, some of the consequences of water stress on leaf growth, as well as soil evaporation and drainage losses, are discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF 'GRASSLANDS MATUA' PRAIRIE GRASS UNDER CLOSE MOWING IN THE CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND
Authors: Baars J.A. , Cranston A.
Published: July 2020

'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) was evaluated under close mowing (a) against cocksfoot, phalaris, and tall fescue as a companion grass for lucerne, on a pumice soil from 1974 to 1977 at sowing rates of 4, 13 and 22 kg/ha and (b) against ryegrasses in grass/white clover pastures on a sandy loam from 1975 to 1977. (a) In the first year lucerne/Matua sown at 13 and 22 kg/ha outyielded lucerne/Matua sown at 4 kg/ha by 19%, lucerne alone by 61%, and other mixtures by at least 21%. There were no significant differences in total production between the three lucerne/ Matua treatments, luccrne alone, and other mixtures over the second and third year. The inclusion of Matua reduced weed ingress. In the third year, Matua had a higher weed content than lucerne/tall fescue, which was almost weed free. (b) Annual production of Matua and Nui ryegrass swards was not significantly different. Matua swards were, however, superior to Nui from midsummer to early spring, whereas over spring/early summer Nui swards outproduced Matua swards.
EVALUATION OF NEW HERBAGE CULTIVARS
Authors: Lancashire J.A. , Harris A.J.
Published: July 2020

Some basic principles of herbage cultivar evaluation are outlined. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of procedures which are realistic and relevant to New Zealand farming systems. The importance of regional differences, the zrazing animal; level of soil fertility, management factors, compatibility in mixtures and feeding value are illustrated by examples from different sites within New Zealand and overseas. The high cost involved in the detailed evaluation of the large number of new cultivars now being developed illustrates the need for a continual review oE the effectiveness of current procedures. Suggestions for improvements are made
LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS ESTABLISHMENT IN INTENSIVE FARMING
Authors: Brocr J.L. , Charlton J.F.L.
Published: July 2020

Higher levels of lotus establishment were obtained in mixed pastures by broadcast sowing compared with drilling in early spring, using high seed rates (3 to 5 kg/ha) and no fertilizer, followed by lenient management (long spells and lax grazing) which may include conservation. The establishment phase of lotus extends until adequate N fixation and taproot and rhizome development have occurred to increase persistency, which takes one or even two years from sowing. While lotus has valuable properties for intensive farming, the agronomic characters of the present varieties fall far short of those required for its success in this situation. Farmers wishing to use lotus in mixed pastures must be prepared to adopt special management procedures to establish and maintain this legume.
EVALUATION OF CLOVERS ON SANDY COASTAL SOIL
Authors: Williams W.M. , Anderson L.B. , Cooper B.M.
Published: July 2020

In evaluations of clover performances on summer-dry Himatangi sandy soil, it was found that none could match lucerne over summer. Emphasis was therefore placed on production in autumn-winter- early spring when lucerne growth was slow. Evaluations of some winter annual clover species suggested that Trifolium spumosum, T. pallidum, T. resupinatum, and T. vesiculosum would justify further investigation, along with T. subterraneum which is already used in pastures on this soil type. Among the perennial clover species, Kenya white clover (7'. semipilosum) showed outstanding recovery from drought and was the only species to produce significantly in autumn. However, it failed to grow in winter-early spring. Within red clover, materials of New Zealand x Moroccan origin substantially outproduced the commercial cultivars. Within white clover, material from Israel, Italy and Lebanon, as well as progeny of a selected New Zealand plant, showed more rapid recovery from drought stress and subsequently better winter growth than New Zealand commercial material ('Grasslands Huia'). The wider use of plant material of Mediterranean origin and of plants collected in New Zealand dryland pastures is advocated in development of clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland situations.
EFFECT OF LAMBING DATE ON PRODUCTTON FROM BREEDING EWES AND ON PASTURE ALLOWANCE AND INTAKE
Authors: Rattray P.V.
Published: July 2020

In an attempt to improve the synchronization of the feed requirements of the breeding ewe with the onset of spring pasture growth, lambing was delayed one month (mean lambing date August 31 vs. October 1) in a 3-year experiment with 5-year-old ewes stocked at two rates (21.3 vs. 27.7 ewes/ha). There was no effect of stocking rate or lambing date on annual pasture growth. However, the later lambing groups had higher available pre-grazing DM yields in late pregnancy and early lactation. This resulted in higher pasture allowances and pasture intakes in late pregnancy (+ 0.6 and + 0.3-0.5 kg DM/ewe/day) and in early lactation (+ 1.4 and + 0.3-0.9 kg DM/ewe/day), respectively. The late lambing ewes were 5 kg and 1.5-2.0 kg heavier pre-lambing and 4 weeks postlambing, while their lambs were 0.7-1.4 kg heavier at 4 weeks. Compared with the early groups the later lambing ewes lost more weight and their lambs had lower growth rates from weeks 4 to 10 of lactation, although pasture allowances and intakes were similar to the early groups during the same lactation period. The poorer performance of the later lambing groups over this period appeared to be associated with a decline in pasture digestibility.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLIES IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Harding T.S.
Published: July 2020

This study evaluates the influence of climate in the development of agricultural water supplies in Canterbury. A discussion of the historical and spatial occurrence is presented, as well as a description of the suitability of the region to such development.
INTENSIVE SYSTEMS OF PASTURE USE BY SHEEP IN SOUTHLAND
Authors: Harris A.J. , Hickey M.J.
Published: July 2020

An experiment comparing two self-contained grazing systems is described in which a high stocking rate of ewes (23/ha) is compared with a moderate rate (19/ha) which had an induced high lambing percentage. Yields of animal products and pasture utilization patterns are presented and demonstrate the advantage of fitting animal requirements as closely as possible to pasture production. This advantage is emphasized in winter feeding patterns. Some conclusions on management as it affects the technique of "all grass wintering" in Southland are discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF NITROGEN MINERALIZATION IN SOIL UNDER FALLOW AND WHEAT
Authors: Hart P.B.S.
Published: July 2020

The nature of net soil nitrogen mineralization and its implications in Soil under fallow and wheat were investigated in field and pot experiments.
A STUDY OF THE GRAZING BEHAVIOUR OF SHEEP ON A HIGH COUNTRY SUMMER RANGE
Authors: Harris P.S.
Published: July 2020

At a high country sheep station in Central Canterbury a study was made of the grazing behaviour of sheep. For three summers, between approximately late October and early April, the distribution of an average of 250 dry sheep grazing 590 ha of a 6200 ha summer range was recorded. During the third season, levels of dry matter and water contents of available inter-tussock vegetation were measured, the visual abundance of plant species in cut samples assessed, and diet determined using faecal cuticle analysis. Digestibilities of some available dry matter samples and selected plant species were also measured. Sheep activities were monitored.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON LIGHT LAND DEVELOPMENT IN MID CANTERBURY
Authors: Evans B.M.
Published: July 2020

This thesis reviews the development over the past 30 years of an area of light land in Mid Canterbury, New Zealand. The aim is to examine the effect that irrigation has had on this development. Development is defined in terms of increased production, greater flexibility, or more intensive land use. Both archival research and a survey of a 30% random sample of farmers is used to gather base data from an irrigated and adjacent dryland zone. These zones have similar cultural and physical characteristics.
GRAZING DURATION STUDIES ON LUCERNE
Authors: Cosgrove G.P.
Published: July 2020

A grazing study was conducted on irrigated Wairau lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) 'during summer and autumn using mixed-aged ewes. Two treatments were imposed: grazing durations of 3 and 12 days, with similar spells to the early flower stage of growth between successive grazings. This was carried out over two grazing and regrowth cycles.
SOME ASPECTS OF HERBAGE QUALITY IN CANTERBURY HIGH AND HILL COUNTRY PASTURES
Authors: Clarke D.G.
Published: July 2020

A current review of some general aspects of herbage quality and its evaluation is presented. It is concluded that the two-stage in vitro digestion procedure is a reliable predictor of in viva digestibility, and that the more time-consuming chemical analyses can be used to indicate changes in the herbage which may explain observed digestibility changes.
GRASS WINTERING OF EWES IN COASTAL SOUTHLAND
Authors: Watson D.G.
Published: July 2020

A description is given of the farm, soil type, stock numbers, etc., together with an account of the management policy followed. The various methods available for providing feed for periods of insufficient growth, and the reasons for a change from the traditional methods to an all-grass system for wintering ewes, are stated. An analysis is given of the advantages and disadvantages of such a system, together with the methods of easing its planning and adoption. Reasons are given for a small area of swedes or choumoellier still being grown for wintering the ewe hoggets, rather than the complete adoption of an all-grass wintering for all stock. Reference is made to peat swamp development and the use of Roundup (glyphosate) in cutty-grass control.
PROGRESS WITH "SAFE" PASTURE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH OTAGO
Authors: Jagger H.J.
Published: July 2020

ONE OF THE reasons for poor lambing performances in South Otago has been the light weight of two-tooth ewes at mating. From weighings done on a number of farms it appears that to achieve satisfactory two-tooth weights it is a prerequisite that a certain liveweight has to be achieved at the lamb stage, before the first winter. This target is well above the weight being achieved on most farms.
THE BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF SHEEP DIET - A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS OF SHEEP DIET DETERMINATION AND THE FIELD APPLICATION OF FAECAL CUTICLE ANALYSIS
Authors: Stevens E.J.
Published: July 2020

Three methods of sheep diet determination were compared at Brooksdale Station during one time of the year under conditions of declining herbage availability.
RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT IN EASTERN SOUTHLAND AND WEST OTAGO
Authors: Hook P.J.
Published: July 2020

The build-up in general soil fertility and productivity in eastern Southland and West Otago are discussed, with references to indices such as sheep numbers, grassland fertilized and fertilizer sown. Annual and seasonal dry matter production figures from browntop dominant and ryegrass dominant swards are compared. Reference is made to the decreasing importance of winter fodder crops in the region as soil fertility has built up and as pasture growth has been extended. Wintering systems for ewes, hoggets and cattle using grass, hay and grain are discussed. The implications of a rotational grazing system with ewes and lambs in early spring are reviewed, and topics for future research to try and harvest the spring-summer flush of growth are suggested.
GRASSLAND MEMORIAL TRUST ADDRESS
Authors: Brougham R.W.
Published: July 2020

IN September 1964, the New Zealand Grassland Association sponsored the establishment of the Grassland Memorial Trust to commemorate the lives of men who had made outstanding contributions to fostering progress in the science and practice of grassland farming. The men first commemorated in this way were the late Dr Peter D. Sears of New Zealand and the late Sir R. George Stapledon of the United Kingdom.
SOIL NITROGEN AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Carran R.A.
Published: July 2020

The seasonal pattern of nitrogen mineralization is described and compared with the potential demand for nitrogen by grasses. Peak mineralization rates occur in spring but are quite inadequate for expression of potential grass growth. Nitrogen fixation by clovers provides a significant input into the system over a short period. Consideration of the fate of fixed nitrogen shows that losses largely o&et this input unless it is maintained at a high level. The role of pasture management and fertilizer practice in this maintenance is stressed. Seasonal differences in nitrogen transformations and their influences on nitrogen losses are discussed.
A FARM GRAZING SYSTEM IN SOUTHLAND - AN ADVISER'S ,RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Cooney G.J. , Thompson K.F.
Published: July 2020

Based on farm trials and observations, a management system is recommended that covers three criteria: (a) an above-average stocking rate; (b) high per head performance; (c) very low cost. The main features of the system are: (a) rotational grazing all year on grass; (b) ewes and hoggets. have separate rotations for most of the year; (c) rotation lengths are designed to achieve maximum available feed at times of high animal intake; (d) supplementary feeding is minimal. The major advantages, cost savings, and limitations are described. Future research needs to optimize this system are discussed.
PERENNIAL RYEGRASS CULTIVARS
Authors: Lancashire J.A. , Harris A.J. , Armstrong C.S. , Ryan D.L.
Published: July 2020

In the period 1973-77, 71% of pasture grasses certified in New Zealand were perennial ryegrasses. Data from one of the major seed merchants showed that during 1977-8 Ruanui comprised over 70% of the retail sales of perennial ryegrass cultivars, while Nui (17%) and Ariki (10%) were also important. Comparative production data between the New Zealand bred cultivars, some overseas cultivars and some uncertified local populations are presented. Overseas cultivars are generally inferior to New Zealand cultivars but some local populations are very promising in a number of environments. The newer cultivars Nui and Ariki often show a greater yield response to longer intervals between defoliations and increased nitrogen supply than Ruanui.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING PASTURE PRODUCTION IN SOUTHLAND
Authors: Risk W.H. , Ludecke T.E.
Published: July 2020

The pattern of production from permanent pastures on two major soil groups in Southland and some factors affecting production are discussed. Production was shown to be lower on the summer droughtprone YGE/YBE intergrade soils compared with the wetter southern YBE. The major proportion (80%) of the production occurred in spring and summer. Grasses contributed two-thirds and white clover one-third of the annual production. Inadequate mineral nitrogen levels in soils over the spring result in seasonal responses to nitrogen fertilizers. The use of high rates of nitrogen fertilizer at regular intervals throughout the year increased total pasture production by about 25%. The clover cyst nematode was shown to reduce white clover establishment and production in field trials.
MY USE OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
Authors: Miller C.C.
Published: July 2020

IN THIS PAPER I want to deal with how stock management and pasture management are fitted to the benefit of performance of both. These two aspects are not always easy to separate, hence both managements tend to be welded together with some degree of compromise for the maximizing of the end product-meat and wool. I have found perennial ryegrass associated with white clover to be the one grass able to fit these demanding requirements, under fairly heavy stocking rates.
HERBAGE DRY MATTER PRODUCTION: THE BALANCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEATH
Authors: Korte C.J. , Sheath G.W.
Published: July 2020

Dry matter accumulation patterns in pastures are the net result of two processes: the growth of new herbage and the death, and disappearance of old herbage. The relative importance of these two processes in influencing regrowth is discussed and illustrated with data from two markedly different pasture types. In a Nui ryegrass/ white clover pasture and a pure Maku lotus sward, defoliation intensity and season markedly influence the accumulation of dead material, its subsequent disappearance, and hence net dry matter production. The effect of new growth on dry matter accumulation was greatly diminished by within-canopy dry matter losses. The implications of herbage death and disappearance are discussed with reference to the adequacy of certain experimental techniques in estimating herbage dry matter production.
PERFORMANCE OF WHITE CLOVER LINES ON NEW ZEALAND HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Williams W.M. , Caradus J.R.
Published: July 2020

Eighty-two white clover lines from overseas and 13 hill country collections from within New Zealand have been examined on a hill country site for their persistence and production potential under sheep grazing on infertile soils. By the third year of the trial only seven lines were equal to or better than Huia. These included only two overseas lines (one cultivar from France ('Crau') and a line from New Hampshire, U.S.A.) and five of the 13 collections from New Zealand hill country. This is considered to be a strong argument for the use of New Zealand material in breeding white clover for New Zealand hill country conditions.
LEGUMES AND GRASSES FOR DRY NORTH CANTERBURY HILL COUNTRY
Authors: White J.G.H. , Meijer G.
Published: July 2020

Field experiments have been conducted for 6 years at Hunua in North Canterbury to compare a range of grass and legume cultivars for sunny aspects of dry hill country. The most suitable legumes were Woogenellup subterranean clover and College Glutinosa lucerne. White, red and alsike clovers, Lotus corniculatus and L. pedunculatus did not survive summer droughts, while Trifolium ambiguum was low producing. Of the grasses, Grasslands K1950 cocksfoot showed promise, being drought resistant, coal season active and easily established from ovcrsowing. Perennial ryegrasses, Grasslands Apanui cocksfoot and Grasslands 4710 tall fescue did not tolerate severe droughts. Recommendations are given for establishment and management of the most promising species for this environment.
HOW GOOD IS TAMA RYEGRASS?
Authors: Scott W.R. , Brown K.R.
Published: July 2020

'GRASSLANDS TAMA' Westerwolds ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a tetraploid cultivar of an extreme annual form of Italian ryegrass, bred in New Zealand and released into certification in 1967 (Barclay and Vartha, 1966) . Tama has been used mainly as a greenfeed crop to provide high quality production feed for use in late pregnancy and early lactation and should not be confused with winter maintenance feed crops such as swedes and turnips. Seed sales of Tama on the domestic market have declined in recent years, no doubt caused in part by the high cost of seed and by poor performance from sowings in dry autumns. To ensure reliability of Tama feed supply in late winter-early spring, correct husbandry in the previous months is required. It is the purpose of this paper to review this husbandry in the light of recent research findings.
RESPONSE OF SOME RYEGRASS CULTIVARS TO OVERDRILLING IN SOUTHLAND
Authors: Ryan D.L. , Hay R.J.M. , Baker C.J.
Published: July 2020

A series of experiments investigating the response of several pasture grasses direct drilled into existing swards is reported. The technique has relevance to pasture renovation, improvement of winter forage production, and more rapid introduction into farming of improved pasture cultivars. Improvements in coulter design and use of pasture desiccants were coupled with direct drilling to assist plant establishment. It appeared that aggress,ive cultivars such as Nui and Tama ryegrasses were best suited to establishment by these techniques, and that lower seeding rates than those normally recommended were very successful. Methods of improving winter herbage production by using winter-active ryegrass cultivars without the need to resow to pasture in the following spring are discussed.
PRODUCTION OF MILK AND MILK COMPONENTS BY COWS GRAZING DIFFERENT RYEGRASS CULTIVARS
Authors: Brookes I.M. , Lancashire J.A.
Published: July 2020

The production of milk and milk components by identical twin cows given ad libitum access to swards of Nui or Ruanui perennial ryegrasses, or a tetraploid hybrid ryegrass (G4708), for short-term periods in spring, summer, and autumn, showed no consistent differences. Similar trials conducted in the spring with unrelated cows grazing Tama tetraploid Westerworlds ryegrass or a tetraploid Italian ryegrass (G4709) also showed no production differences. The use of these cultivars in dairy production systems is therefore more likely to be determined by such agronomic features as annual and seasonal yields, disease resistance and persistency rather than nutritional characteristics.
THESIS SUMMARY STUDIES OF ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS AND SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER RED LEAF VIRUS
Authors: Teh P.B.
Published: July 2020

AMV was shown to be transmitted by sap, aphids and through lucerne seed, but not by Cuscuta. Virus source and test plant influenced transmission frequency. Sap-inoculation tests showed that 20 species of plants were susceptible to this virus. Thirteen species of plants from the fields where AMV had been detected were tested but only three were found to be infected with the virus.
NITROGEN FELTILIZER RESPONSES ON HILI. COUNTRY PASTURES
Authors: Luscombe P.C.
Published: July 2020

The response of hill pastures to N fertilizer was measured at Ballantrae, the Grasslands Division, DSIR, hill country research station. Both initial and residual responses were affected by the timing and rate of nitrogen fertilizer applications. The pasture response at lower rates of N varied between 10 and 25 kg DM/kg N, while at higher rates the efficiency of N use was reduced to 5 to 7 kg DM/kg N. Most efficient use of nitrogen occurred on cool aspects. An analysis of the profitability of using fertilizer N to intensify hill country sheep farming suggests that fertilizer N may be useful where additional animals can be carried, by providing nitrogen-boosted pasture for a limited period over the winter/spring months.
THE PERFORMANCE OF FRIESIAN STEERS GRAZING 'GRASSLANDS ROA' TALL FESCUE PASTURES ON PEAT SOILS IN THE WAIKATO
Authors: Goold G.J. , Hupkensvan der Elst F.C.C.
Published: July 2020

Legume-based pastures of perennial ryegrass ('Grasslands Ruanui + Nui') and 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue were established on semideveloped peat soils near Hamilton in autumn 1975. Pastures were grazed with yearling Friesian steers at equal stocking rates from August until March during the years 1976 to 1979. Roa tall fescue swards substantially outyielded those of perennial ryegrass in January, February and March with an overall total yield advantage of some 21%. As a result, in most months, steers grazing Roa were offered approximately 15% more DM, which was utilized with similar efficiency to ryegrass (67% tall fescue and 69% ryegrass). Steer liveweight gains per head and per hectare were 10% higher on Roa tall fescue pastures, with average daily growth rates being 0.74 kg/head and the 3-year mean total LWG/ha being 970 kg from the tall fescue pasture.