bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of binary mixtures of zinc, copper, cadmium, and nickel on the growth of the freshwater diatom Navicula pelliculosa and comparison with mixture toxicity model predictions
Authors: Nagai Takashi , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C.
Published: April 2016

The authors investigated the effect of binary mixtures of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) on the growth of a freshwater diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. A 7 × 7 full factorial experimental design (49 combinations in total) was used to test each binary metal mixture. A 3-d fluorescence microplate toxicity assay was used to test each combination. Mixture effects were predicted by concentration addition and independent action models based on a single-metal concentration–response relationship between the relative growth rate and the calculated free metal ion activity. Although the concentration addition model predicted the observed mixture toxicity significantly better than the independent action model for the Zn–Cu mixture, the independent action model predicted the observed mixture toxicity significantly better than the concentration addition model for the Cd–Zn, Cd–Ni, and Cd–Cu mixtures. For the Zn–Ni and Cu–Ni mixtures, it was unclear which of the 2 models was better. Statistical analysis concerning antagonistic/synergistic interactions showed that the concentration addition model is generally conservative (with the Zn–Ni mixture being the sole exception), indicating that the concentration addition model would be useful as a method for a conservative first-tier screening-level risk analysis of metal mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2765–2773. © 2016 SETAC
Key Issues and Opportunities in the Initial Identification and Classification of English Learners
Authors: Lopez Alexis A. , Pooler Emilie , Linquanti Robert
Published: April 2016

English learners (ELs) require access to appropriate instructional services that match their strengths and needs to have an equal opportunity to achieve the same academic standards as other students. If ELs are not properly identified and classified, they may be excluded from services that would better help them meet high academic standards, and they may not receive optimal supports to advance both linguistically and academically. Thus, it is critical to accurately and properly identify newly enrolled students who are in need of supplemental instruction and support. The purpose of this report is to identify issues in current initial English‐language proficiency assessment practices used to determine initial EL classification and offer recommendations to strengthen the policies, process, and tools used in the identification and classification of ELs.
Network governance for large‐scale natural resource conservation and the challenge of capture
Authors: Bixler R Patrick , Wald Dara M , Ogden Laura A , Leong Kirsten M , Johnston Erik W , Romolini Michele
Published: April 2016

Large‐scale natural resource conservation initiatives are increasingly adopting a network governance framework to respond to the ecological, social, and political challenges of contemporary environmental governance. A network approach offers new modes of management that allow resource managers and others to transcend a single institution, organization, resource, or landscape and engage in conservation that is multi‐species and multi‐jurisdictional. However, there are challenges to network governance in large‐scale conservation efforts, which we address by focusing on how special interests can capture networks and shape the goals, objectives, and outcomes of initiatives. The term “network capture” is used here to describe an array of strategies that direct the processes and outcomes of large‐scale initiatives in ways that advance a group's positions, concerns, or economic interests. We outline how new stakeholders emerge from these management processes, and how the ease of information sharing can blur stakeholder positions and lead to competing knowledge claims. We conclude by reasserting the benefits of network governance while acknowledging the unique challenges that networks present.
Structure and Proton Dynamics in Catalytic Layer of HT‐PEFC
Authors: Khaneft M. , Holderer O. , Ivanova O. , Lüke W. , Kentzinger E. , Appavou M. S. , Zorn R. , Lehnert W.
Published: April 2016

The present study focuses on structural and dynamical properties of the catalytic layer for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT‐PEFC). The catalytic layer is a composite material containing nanoporous carbon, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. The structure of the catalyst is investigated using small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) following different preparation steps of the electrodes: pure carbon support, platinum/carbon (Pt/C) powder and finally, complete catalytic layer. The structural properties of the Pt/C powder containing different amounts of Pt are discussed along with the size distribution of Pt particles and their arrangement on the surface of the carbon support. Following the preparation sequence of the catalytic layer based on the Pt/C powders the electrodes with different final Pt loadings are analyzed in details. Investigation of the structure of the catalytic layer is accompanied by the study of nanosecond dynamics of the phosphoric acid (PA) in the catalytic layer containing different amount of Pt by means of neutron backscattering spectroscopy. The structure of the catalytic layer is mostly determined by the structure of the catalytic powder and does not vary significantly with Pt loading in the electrode. The behavior of the PA is sensitive to the Pt content in the electrode.
Simulation of Proton Transport in Proton Exchange Membranes with Reactive Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Arntsen C. , Savage J. , Tse Y.‐L. S. , Voth G. A.
Published: April 2016

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising to become the next generation of energy conversion devices that are efficient, lightweight, and have clean emissions. In these cells, a hydrated polymer membrane acts as an electrolyte layer through which protons travel. Due to the complex nature of the membranes used, the optimization of fuel cell performance is a difficult task, and relies on a number of factors, such as hydration level, polymer side chain length and composition, equivalent weight, morphology, and chemical and mechanical stabilities. Molecular dynamics is a particularly powerful tool for studying PEMs, as it provides the computational efficiency to study length and time scales relevant to these systems. In this review, we present results from several computational papers that use reactive molecular dynamics, which explicitly describe bond breaking and formation, to study proton transport in several polymers commonly used in PEMs. The results presented demonstrate the importance of the interaction between hydronium and the charged side chains and the morphology on the performance of PEM fuel cells.
The mountain from the mountain – On dealing with excavated material / Der “Berg aus dem Berg” – Bewirtschaftung des Tunnelausbruchmaterials
Authors: Hitz Arthur , Kruse Matthias
Published: April 2016

The article describes how the great challenge of managing the material excavated during the construction of the Gotthard Base Tunnel was overcome. The recycling of material from mechanized tunnelling as high‐grade aggregates and the development of high‐quality concrete mixes demanded new methods and set new standards. At the same time, the environmental impact could be considerably reduced and considerable cost savings were achieved.

Der Artikel beschreibt wie die großen Herausforderungen gemeistert wurden, die sich beim Bau des Gotthard‐Basistunnels bezüglich der Bewirtschaftung des Tunnelausbruchmals stellten. Bezüglich der Herstellung von Ausbruchmaterial aus dem mechanischen Tunnelvortrieb zu hochwertigen Gesteinskörnungen und der Entwicklung von qualitativ hochstehenden Betonmischungen wurden neue Wege beschritten und neue Maßstäbe gesetzt. Gleichzeitig konnten die Umweltbelastungen deutlich reduziert und erhebliche Kosten eingespart werden.
Conventional tunnel drives at Sedrun / Konventionelle Vortriebe Sedrun
Authors: Gruber Luzi R. , Holstein Uwe
Published: April 2016

The Sedrun section in the middle of the Gotthard Base Tunnel was critical in terms of scheduling and without doubt the section with the most complicated logistics. The article gives an overview of the complex overall construction measures and describes in detail the geotechnical and logistical challenges that had to be overcome.

Der Teilabschnitt Sedrun im Zentrum des Gotthard‐Basistunnels war zeitlich kritisch und zweifelsohne der logistisch komplizierteste Bauabschnitt, die bautechnischen Anforderungen lagen auf Weltrekordniveau. Der Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über die komplexe Gesamtbaumaßnahme und beschreibt die zu bewältigenden geotechnischen und baubetrieblichen Herausforderungen im Detail.
Transoral laser microsurgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A paradigm shift in therapeutic approach
Authors: Wilkie Mark D. , Upile Navdeep S. , Lau Andrew S. , Williams Stephen P. , Sheard Jon , Helliwell Tim R. , Robinson Max , Rodrigues Jennifer , Beemireddy Krishna , Lewis–Jones Huw , Hanlon Rebecca , Husband David , Shenoy Aditya , Roland Nicholas J. , Jackson Shaun R. , Bekiroglu Fazilet , Tandon Sankalap , Lancaster Jeffrey , Jones Terence M.
Published: April 2016

Background

The contemporary treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an area of debate. We report outcomes of a minimally invasive approach involving transoral laser microsurgery (TLM).

Methods

A consecutive series of patients (n = 153) undergoing primary TLM for oropharyngeal SCC from 2006 to 2013 was studied. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was determined by p16 immunohistochemistry and high‐risk HPV DNA in situ hybridization. Survival analyses were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier statistics.

Results

Tumor subsites included tonsil (n = 94; 61.5%), tongue base (n = 38; 24.8%), and soft palate (n = 21; 13.7%), with the majority being American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III/IVa (n = 124; 81.0%) and HPV‐positive (n = 101; 66.0%). Three‐year overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and disease‐free survival (DFS) were 84.5%, 91.7%, and 78.2%, respectively. HPV‐positivity portended favorable oncologic outcomes. One‐year gastrostomy tube (G‐tube) dependency was 1.3%.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest single‐center TLM oropharyngeal SCC series to date. Our data suggest that TLM +/− postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) results in at least as good oncologic outcomes as chemoradiotherapy (CRT), while conferring swallowing function advantages. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck , 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1263–1270, 2016
Tobacco and alcohol consumption after total laryngectomy and survival: A German multicenter prospective cohort study
Authors: Eichler Martin , Keszte Judith , Meyer Alexandra , Danker Helge , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando , Oeken Jens , Pabst Friedemann , Singer Susanne
Published: April 2016

Background

We examined the relation of tobacco and alcohol consumption after total laryngectomy with overall survival (OS).

Methods

Tobacco and alcohol consumption was assessed at 5 time points after total laryngectomy. Patients were followed up for survival until December 31, 2014. A multivariate Cox regression was fitted to test for differences in OS.

Results

Three hundred fifty‐nine patients were included in this study. Compared to former smokers, never smokers had hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.88 (95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.50–1.59), and continuous smokers 1.31 (95% CI = 0.87–1.96). Constantly high alcohol consumption after total laryngectomy had an HR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.30–3.67). Duration of smoking (HR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.99–1.01) and last known status of alcohol consumption (HR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.76–1.33) was not related to OS.

Conclusion

Patients who smoke after total laryngectomy have a 30% higher risk of dying than people who gave up smoking, and constant high alcohol consumption is also a strong risk factor for dying. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1324–1329, 2016
Impact of climate indicators on continental‐scale potential groundwater recharge in Africa
Authors: Nasta Paolo , Gates John B. , Wada Yoshihide
Published: April 2016

In the last decades, human activity has been contributing to climate change that is closely associated with an increase in temperatures, increase in evaporation, intensification of extreme dry and wet rainfall events, and widespread melting of snow and ice. Understanding the intricate linkage between climate warming and the hydrological cycle is crucial for sustainable management of groundwater resources, especially in a vulnerable continent like Africa. This study investigates the relationship between climate‐change drivers and potential groundwater recharge (PGR) patterns across Africa for a long‐term record (1960–2010). Water‐balance components were simulated by using the PCR‐GLOBWB model and were reproduced in both gridded maps and latitudinal trends that vary in space with minima on the Tropics and maxima around the Equator. Statistical correlations between temperature, storm occurrences, drought, and PGR were examined in six climatic regions of Africa. Surprisingly, different effects of climate‐change controls on PGR were detected as a function of latitude in the last three decades (1980–2010). Temporal trends observed in the Northern Hemisphere of Africa reveal that the increase in temperature is significantly correlated to the decline of PGR, especially in the Northern Equatorial Africa. The climate indicators considered in this study were unable to explain the alarming negative trend of PGR observed in the Sahelian region, even though the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values report a 15% drought stress. On the other hand, increases in temperature have not been detected in the Southern Hemisphere of Africa, where increasing frequency of storm occurrences determine a rise of PGR, particularly in southern Africa. Time analysis highlights a strong seasonality effect, while PGR is in‐phase with rainfall patterns in the summer (Northern Hemisphere) and winter (Southern Hemisphere) and out‐of‐phase during the fall season. This study helps to elucidate the mechanism of the processes influencing groundwater resources in six climatic zones of Africa, even though modelling results need to be validated more extensively with direct measurements in future studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ORBKIT: A modular python toolbox for cross‐platform postprocessing of quantum chemical wavefunction data
Authors: Hermann Gunter , Pohl Vincent , Tremblay Jean Christophe , Paulus Beate , Hege Hans‐Christian , Schild Axel
Published: April 2016

ORBKIT is a toolbox for postprocessing electronic structure calculations based on a highly modular and portable Python architecture. The program allows computing a multitude of electronic properties of molecular systems on arbitrary spatial grids from the basis set representation of its electronic wavefunction, as well as several grid‐independent properties. The required data can be extracted directly from the standard output of a large number of quantum chemistry programs. ORBKIT can be used as a standalone program to determine standard quantities, for example, the electron density, molecular orbitals, and derivatives thereof. The cornerstone of ORBKIT is its modular structure. The existing basic functions can be arranged in an individual way and can be easily extended by user‐written modules to determine any other derived quantity. ORBKIT offers multiple output formats that can be processed by common visualization tools (VMD, Molden, etc.). Additionally, ORBKIT possesses routines to order molecular orbitals computed at different nuclear configurations according to their electronic character and to interpolate the wavefunction between these configurations. The program is open‐source under GNU‐LGPLv3 license and freely available at https://github.com/orbkit/orbkit/. This article provides an overview of ORBKIT with particular focus on its capabilities and applicability, and includes several example calculations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biotechnological production of biogrout from iron ore and cellulose
Authors: Stabnikov Viktor , Ivanov Volodymyr
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Grouts are used in construction, agriculture, aquaculture, and environmental engineering to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of soil. Known chemical grouts could be replaced in some cases by new biogrouts, which are based on microbially‐induced precipitation of minerals. The aim of the present paper was to study the production and properties of iron‐based biogrout.

RESULTS

Iron‐based biogrout was produced from hematite iron ore and cellulose by associations of iron‐reducing and cellulose‐fermenting bacteria selected from the bottom sediments of the Dead Sea and mangrove swamp. The concentration of dissolved ferrous ions produced was proportional to the quantity (surface) of the iron ore particles. Precipitation of ferric hydroxide in the pores of sand was supported by urease‐producing bacteria. The hydraulic conductivity of sand after treatment with the iron‐based biogrout decreased from 7 × 10−4 m s−1 to 1.4 × 10−6 m s−1 with 4.5% (w/w) content of iron in biocemented sand.

CONCLUSIONS

Low cost iron‐based biogrout can be produced using anaerobic fermentation of cellulose and bioreduction of hematite iron ore. Bio‐induced precipitation of ferric hydroxide could be used in practice for the sealing of agricultural channels, aquaculture and wastewater treatment ponds, landfill sites, dams and retaining walls, and the tunneling space before or after excavation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Alcohol‐related diagnoses and increased mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients: An analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample
Authors: Yedlapati Siva Harsha , Mendu Anuradha , Stewart Scott H.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease death, but heavy alcohol consumption may increase risk.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to determine the association of alcohol‐related diagnoses with in‐hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

DESIGN/SETTING/PATIENTS

Discharge data collected from all admissions recorded in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2011. A cross‐sectional analysis was performed using regression methods appropriate for the NIS sample design.

MEASURES

The outcome measures were in‐hospital mortality, length of stay, and cardiac procedures.

RESULTS

AMI accounted for 610,963 (1.9%) of adult in‐patient admissions, with an in‐hospital mortality rate of 5.3%. Alcohol‐related diagnoses were associated with increased mortality in AMI patients after controlling for factors associated with alcoholism including age, sex, liver disease, hypertension, diabetes, renal failure, peripheral vascular disease, arrhythmias, drug abuse, gastrointestinal bleed, and smoking (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2‐1.7, P < 0.001). This association was significant in both ST‐elevation myocardial infarction patients (adjusted OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4‐2.2, P < 0.001) and non–ST‐elevation myocardial infarction patients (adjusted OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0‐1.7, P = 0.025). Chronic alcohol‐related diagnoses were significantly associated with death, but acute alcohol effects (as estimated by withdrawal and intoxication) were not associated.

CONCLUSION

Chronic alcohol‐related diagnoses were associated with a modest increase in the risk for death in individuals presenting with AMI. This risk was not accounted for by common alcohol‐related comorbidities. As a component of global efforts to limit hospital deaths from AMI, future research should identify the factors underlying this association. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:563–567. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Pediatric whole‐body MRI: A review of current imaging techniques and clinical applications
Authors: Davis Joseph T. , Kwatra Neha , Schooler Gary R.
Published: April 2016

There are many congenital, neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious processes in the pediatric patient for which whole‐body imaging may be of benefit diagnostically and prognostically. With recent improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hardware and software and resultant dramatically reduced scan times, imaging of the whole body with MRI has become a much more practicable technique in children. Whole‐body MRI can provide a high level of soft tissue and skeletal detail while avoiding the exposure to ionizing radiation inherent to computed tomography and nuclear medicine imaging techniques. This article reviews the more common current whole‐body MRI techniques in children and the primary pathologies for which this imaging modality may be most useful to the radiologists and referring clinicians. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:783–793.
Photooxygenation and gas‐phase reactivity of multiply threaded pseudorotaxanes
Authors: Nowosinski Karol , Warnke Stephan , Pagel Kevin , Komáromy Dávid , Jiang Wei , Schalley Christoph A.
Published: April 2016

The solution‐phase photooxygenation of multiply threaded crown/ammonium pseudorotaxanes containing anthracene spacers is monitored by electrospray ionization Fourier‐transform ion‐cyclotron‐resonance (ESI‐FTICR) mass spectrometry. The oxygenated pseudorotaxanes are mass‐selected and fragmented by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and/or collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments and and their behavior compared to that of the non‐oxygenated precursors. [4+2]Cycloreversion reactions lead to the loss of O2, when no other reaction channel with competitive energy demand is available. Thus, the release of molecular oxygen can serve as a reference reaction for the energy demand of other fragmentation reactions such as the dissociation of the crown/ammonium binding motifs. The photooxygenation induces curvature into the initially planar anthracene and thus significantly changes the geometry of the divalent, anthracene‐spacered wheel. This is reflected in ion‐mobility data. Coulomb repulsion in multiply charged pseudorotaxanes assists the oxygen loss as the re‐planarization of the anthracene increases the distance between the two charges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Elucidation of β‐Lactam Diastereoisomers through Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Studies and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Troć Anna , Zimnicka Magdalena , Koliński Michał , Danikiewicz Witold
Published: April 2016

The ion mobility combined with mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations were used to characterize and separate six diastereoisomeric β‐lactams. The influence of traveling wave height and wave velocity, size of the alkali metal ion (Li+, Na+ and K+) and drift gases with varying masses and polarizabilities (N2 and CO2) on separation efficacy was additionally examined. The best separation of diastereoisomers of β‐lactams was observed for adducts with Na+ and Li+ ions, whereas other parameters had little impact on separation process. The isomeric β‐lactams were characterized by both experimental and theoretical collision cross sections. The theoretically calculated values of collision cross sections obtained from extensive molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations for model structures agreed well with those established experimentally. The relationship between separation efficacy and the configuration at the carbon atoms C5 and C6 of β‐lactam ring was defined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal degradation of β‐carotene studied by ion mobility atmospheric solid analysis probe mass spectrometry: full product pattern and selective ionization enhancement
Authors: Xiao Xiaoyin , Miller Lance L. , Bernstein Robert , Hochrein James M.
Published: April 2016

Atmospheric solid analysis probe mass spectrometry has the capability of capturing full product patterns simultaneously including both volatile and semi‐volatile compounds produced at elevated temperatures. Real‐time low‐energy collision‐induced fragmentation combined with ion mobility separations enables rapid identification of the chemical structures of products. We present here for the first time the recognition of full product patterns resulting from the thermal degradation of β‐carotene at temperatures up to 600 °C. Solvent vapor‐induced ionization enhancement is observed, which reveals parallel thermal dissociation processes that lead to even‐ and odd‐numbered mass products. The drift‐time distributions of high mass products, along with β‐carotene, were monitored with temperature, showing multiple conformations that are associated with the presence of two β‐rings. Products of masses 346/347, however, show a single conformation distribution, which indicates the separation of two β‐rings resulting from the direct bond scission at the polyene hydrocarbon chain. The thermal degradation pathways are evaluated and discussed. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Oriflame CIS: The Successful Evolution of a Regional Subsidiary's Mandate
Authors: Gurkov Igor
Published: April 2016

Oriflame CIS, a regional subsidiary of a Swedish beauty and cosmetics company operating in the countries of the former Soviet Union, generated 43 percent of global sales and 62.2 percent of operating profits for the parent company in 2014—despite the fact that markets in Russia and Ukraine were stagnant or declining. Using an attractive remuneration scheme, Oriflame CIS was able to profit from its position as a latecomer to localized manufacturing by attracting managers with experience and skills gained from working with the manufacturing arms of other foreign multinationals in Russia. In addition, the firm was also able to enhance links with customers by localizing the process of designing the company's product catalogs. In significantly expanding its mandate, Oriflame CIS was able to overcome the challenges arising from a volatile market, increase robustness, and remain profitable. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Securing the Organization's Future by Learning From Its Past
Authors: Rieley James B.
Published: April 2016

The organizations most likely to realize their potential are those whose members are able to learn from past mistakes. This entails three basic steps: determining what happened, analyzing why it happened, and taking steps to change future behavior. To this end, organizational leaders must be equipped to delve into the critical patterns of behavior, system structures, and mental models lying beneath the surface of everyday actions. They also must be willing to encourage workers at all levels to improve their decision‐making skills by better understanding the reasons why they do what they do. Compiling a learning history can shed light on the efficacy of long‐standing practices and foster a climate in which employees are not only encouraged to openly discuss what they can do to become more effective, but also are given the opportunity to put what they learn into practice. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary results for treatment of early stage breast cancer with endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy combined with endoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy in China
Authors: Wang Zi‐Han , Qu Xiang , Teng Chang‐Sheng , Ge Zhi‐Cheng , Zhang Hui‐Ming , Yuan Zhu , Gao Yin‐Guang , Lu Can , Yu Jian‐An , Zhang Zhong‐Tao
Published: April 2016

Background and Objectives

To evaluate efficacy and aesthetic outcome for combined endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (E‐SM) and endoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy (E‐SLNB) in early stage breast cancer patients.

Methods

Combined E‐SM+E‐SLNB was compared to modified radical resection in a cohort of Chinese patients (n = 49) with stages I and II breast cancer. Patient satisfaction with the aesthetic results was assessed 1 year after surgery with a 5‐item‐by‐4‐step scoring system for evaluating cosmetic outcomes.

Results

All patients were alive 1 year following surgery with no locoregional recurrence or distant metastases and without any critical complications. The average length of incision was less in patients receiving E‐SM+E‐SLNB (4.4 vs. 19.4 cm; P < 0.001), but time in surgery was longer (131.6 vs. 99.2 min; P = 0.024). After 1 year, nearly all E‐SM+E‐SLNB patients rated satisfaction with their appearance as excellent or good (23/24; 95.8% vs. 19/25; 76.0%; P < 0.001), and exhibited less disturbance of sensory (P < 0.001) and motor function (P = 0.014) relative to modified radical resection.

Conclusions

E‐SM+E‐SLNB provides significant aesthetic and functional advantages for patients with early stage breast cancer without compromising medical efficacy as assessed at 16 months postsurgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:616–620. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and radiological features of synchronous pure ground‐glass nodules observed along with operable non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Dai Chenyang , Ren Yijiu , Xie Huikang , Jiang Sen , Fei Ke , Jiang Gening , Chen Chang
Published: April 2016

Background

It is common to observe synchronous pure ground‐glass nodules (PGN) along with operable primary tumor on initial CT scans while clinical and radiological features of these PGNs remain unclear.

Methods

We included patients with primary tumor and PGNs detected between June 2010 and December 2013 retrospectively. The radiographic manifestations of all PGNs, pathologic findings of resected PGNs, and follow‐up outcomes of unresected PGNs were analyzed to determine the predictors of malignant PGNs.

Results

Overall, 84 PGNs in 71 patients were included, of which 41 were resected at primary surgery and 43 were followed up. In resected group, there were 17 carcinomatous PGNs, 11 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and 13 benign lesions. In a follow‐up group, 7 out of 43 PGNs grew, out of which four PGNs were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma and the remaining three PGNs were still followed up. In univariate analysis, size (P < 0.001), air bronchogram (P = 0.001), bubble lucency (P = 0.038), and pleural tag (P = 0.004) were the factors for malignant potential of PGNs. Multivariate analysis showed that size was an independent risk factor (P = 0.005), and the cut‐off value was 9.4 mm.

Conclusions

The initial size and imaging signs may be useful in assessing the malignant potential of synchronous PGNs before surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:738–744. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The feasibility of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for identifying and assessing the perfusion of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy
Authors: Zaidi Nisar , Bucak Emre , Yazici Pinar , Soundararajan Sarah , Okoh Alexis , Yigitbas Hakan , Dural Cem , Berber Eren
Published: April 2016

Background

There are limited adjuncts available for identifying and assessing the viability of parathyroid glands (PGs) during total thyroidectomy (TT). The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of indocyanine green (ICG) imaging in identifying and assessing perfusion of PGs during TT.

Methods

ICG was administered in patients undergoing TT and fluorescence of PGs was assessed. A grading scale was developed for assessing degree of ICG uptake. Patients were evaluated for hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism on post‐operative day (POD) #1.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients underwent TT with ICG imaging for multinodular goiter (n = 13), thyroid cancer (n = 10), and Graves’ disease (n = 4). Eight‐five PGs were identified visually, 71 (84%) of which showed ICG fluorescence. False negative rate was 6%. Post‐operatively, three patients (11%) had a serum calcium value <8 mg/dl. ICG uptake after TT correlated with post‐operative PTH levels: mean POD#1 PTH of those patients with at least two PGs exhibiting <30% fluorescence was 9 pg/ml; whereas those with fewer than two demonstrating <30% fluorescence had a POD#1 PTH of 19.5 pg/ml (P = 0.05).

Conclusion

ICG imaging of PGs during TT is feasible. ICG might be a useful adjunct in identifying those patients at risk for post‐thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:775–778. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prophylactic pasireotide administration following pancreatic resection reduces cost while improving outcomes
Authors: Abbott Daniel E. , Sutton Jeffrey M. , Jernigan Peter L. , Chang Alex , Frye Patrick , Shah Shimul A. , Schauer Daniel P. , Eckman Mark H. , Ahmad Syed A. , Sussman Jeffrey J.
Published: April 2016

Background and Objectives

Pasireotide decreases leak rates after pancreatic resection, though significant drug cost may be prohibitive. We conducted a cost‐effectiveness analysis to determine whether prophylactic pasireotide possesses a reasonable cost profile.

Methods

A cost‐effectiveness model compared pasireotide administration after pancreatic resection versus usual care, populated by probabilities of clinical outcomes from a randomized trial and hospital costs (2013 US$) from a university pancreatic disease center. Sensitivity analyses were performed to identify influential clinical components of the model.

Results

With the cost of pasireotide included, per patient costs of pancreatectomy, including those for readmission, were lower in the intervention arm (41,769 versus 42,159$; net savings of 390$, or 1%). This was associated with a 56% reduction in pancreatic fistula/pancreatic leak/abscess (PF/PL/A; 21.9–9.2%). Pasireotide cost would need to increase by over 15.4% to make the intervention strategy more costly than usual care. Sensitivity analyses exploring variability of key model inputs demonstrated that the three strongest drivers of cost were (i) cost of pasireotide; (ii) probability of readmission; and (iii) probability of PF/PL/A.

Conclusions

Prophylactic pasireotide administration following pancreatectomy is cost savings, reducing expensive post‐operative sequealae (major complications and readmissions). Pasireotide should be utilized as a cost‐saving measure in pancreatic resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:784–788. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detectable subspaces and inverse problems for Hain–Lüst‐type operators
Authors: Brown B. M. , Marletta M. , Naboko S. N. , Wood I. G.
Published: April 2016

We examine the extent to which a block operator matrix of Hain–Lüst type can be reconstructed from its Titchmarsh–Weyl coefficients. The detectable subspace of the operator is determined in a variety of cases and the question of unique determination of the coefficients is considered for both first and second order operators.
Mass spectrometry in the characterization of reactive metal alkoxides
Authors: Peruzzo Valentina , Chiurato Matteo Andrea , Favaro Monica , Tomasin Patrizia
Published: April 2016

Metal alkoxides are metal‐organic compounds characterized by the presence of MOC bonds (M = metal). Their chemistry seems to be, in principle, relatively simple but the number of possible reactant species arising as a consequence of their behavior is very remarkable. The physico‐chemical properties of metal alkoxides are determined by many different parameters, the most important ones being the electronegativity of the metal, the ramification of the ligand, and the acidity of the corresponding alcohol. Their reactivity makes them suitable and versatile candidates for many applications, including homogeneous catalysis, synthesis of new ceramic materials through the sol‐gel process and, recently, also for Cultural Heritage. Metal alkoxides are characterized by a strong tendency to give clusters and/or oligomers through oxo‐bridges. Mass spectrometry has been successfully employed for the characterization of metal alkoxides in the gas‐phase. Electron ionization (EI) allowed the assessment of the molecular weight and of the most relevant decomposition pathways giving information on the relative bond strength of differently substituted molecules. On the other hand, information on the reactivity in solution of these molecules have been obtained by electrospray ionization (ESI)‐matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) experiments performed on their reaction products. These data were relevant to investigate the sol‐gel process. In this review, these aspects are described and the results obtained are critically evaluated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev
Novel de novo EEF1A2 missense mutations causing epilepsy and intellectual disability
Authors: Lam Wayne W.K. , Millichap John J. , Soares Dinesh C. , Chin Richard , McLellan Ailsa , FitzPatrick David R. , Elmslie Frances , Lees Melissa M. , Schaefer G. Bradley ,   DDD study, Abbott Catherine M.
Published: April 2016

Background

Exome sequencing has led to the discovery of mutations in novel causative genes for epilepsy. One such gene is EEF1A2, encoding a neuromuscular specific translation elongation factor, which has been found to be mutated de novo in five cases of severe epilepsy. We now report on a further seven cases, each with a different mutation, of which five are newly described.

Methods

New cases were identified and sequenced through the Deciphering Developmental Disabilities project, via direct contact with neurologists or geneticists, or recruited via our website.

Results

All the mutations cause epilepsy and intellectual disability, but with a much wider range of severity than previously identified. All new cases share specific subtle facial dysmorphic features. Each mutation occurs at an evolutionarily highly conserved amino acid position indicating strong structural or functional selective pressure.

Conclusions

EEF1A2 should be considered as a causative gene not only in cases of epileptic encephalopathy but also in children with less severe epilepsy and intellectual disability. The emergence of a possible discernible phenotype, a broad nasal bridge, tented upper lip, everted lower lip and downturned corners of the mouth may help in identifying patients with mutations in EEF1A2.
Charter High Schools’ Effects on Long‐Term Attainment and Earnings
Authors: Sass Tim R. , Zimmer Ron W. , Gill Brian P. , Booker T. Kevin
Published: April 2016

Since their inception in 1992, the number of charter schools has grown to more than 6,800 nationally, serving nearly three million students. Various studies have examined charter schools’ impacts on test scores, and a few have begun to examine longer‐term outcomes including graduation and college attendance. This paper is the first to estimate charter schools’ effects on earnings in adulthood, alongside effects on educational attainment. Using data from Florida, we first confirm previous research (Booker et al., ) that students attending charter high schools are more likely to graduate from high school and enroll in college. We then examine two longer‐term outcomes not previously studied in research on charter schools—college persistence and earnings. We find that students attending charter high schools are more likely to persist in college, and that in their mid‐20s they experience higher earnings.
Effects of alicyclic moiety incorporation on the properties of polyimide/silica hybrid films
Authors: Jeong Keuk‐Min , Li Yu‐Heng , Lee Hyeok‐Gi , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: April 2016

Polyimide (PI)/silica hybrid films were prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) using a sol‐gel process as well as pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4‐oxydianiline. 1,4‐Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1,4‐CHDA) was added as a coupling agent. The PI/silica hybrid films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The thermal, tensile and dielectric properties of the hybrid films were measured. The results showed that the tensile and dielectric properties of the hybrid films improved with increasing silica concentration and 1,4‐CHDA content in the PI matrix. Covalent ester bonds were formed between SiOH groups of silica and carboxyl groups of 1,4‐CHDA. As a result, the silica particle size was reduced and dispersed homogeneously in the PI matrix, leading to increased tensile strength and tensile modulus of the typical hybrid film with 1,4‐CHDA (PI‐2), when compared with the PI/silica hybrid film without 1,4‐CHDA at the same silica contents. The presence of an alicyclic moiety containing silica in PI reduced the dielectric constant considerably to 2.83, which was lower than that of pristine PI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hygrothermal effects on mechanical behavior of scarf repaired carbon‐epoxy laminates subject to axial compression loads: Experiment and numerical simulation
Authors: Cheng Xiaoquan , Liu Shufeng , Zhang Jikui , Guo Xin , Bao Jianwen
Published: April 2016

Experimental and numerical study are carried out to investigate hygrothermal effects on the mechanical behavior and damage propagation of scarf repaired carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates. Experimental tests were carried out under four environment conditions: room temperature/dry, room temperature/wet, elevated temperature (95°C)/dry and elevated temperature (95°C)/wet. Results showed no decrease in compression strength after moisture absorption, whereas the reduction under elevated temperature were 15.5% and 17.2% for dry and wet specimens, respectively. Furthermore, a finite element model was developed to simulate the failure process and predict structural strength, in which moisture diffusion, hygrothermal stress analysis and progressive damage model were considered. Good agreement was achieved between the predicted compression strength and experimental results. It is revealed that the damage in the adhesive initiates adjacent to 0° plies and propagates in circumferential direction. Water absorption causes initial damage in the edge of the adhesive layer, while it does not reduce the compression strength. And elevated temperature leads to earlier damage in adhesive. After large part of the adhesive layer damaged, damages in parent laminate occur and propagate transversely to the free edge sides until the final structural collapse, which is similar with the experimental phenomenon. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:904–914, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cobicistat Significantly Increases Tacrolimus Serum Concentrations in a Renal Transplant Recipient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Han Zhe , Kane Brenna M. , Petty Lindsay A. , Josephson Michelle A. , Sutor Jozefa , Pursell Kenneth J.
Published: April 2016

Cobicistat is a pharmacokinetic booster in several fixed‐dose combination products for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, significant drug‐drug interactions are expected between cobicistat and medications that are metabolized primarily through the CYP3A pathway, including calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus and cyclosporine). We describe a case of tacrolimus toxicity due to supratherapeutic tacrolimus concentrations when Stribild (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) was initiated for newly diagnosed HIV infection in a 50‐year‐old renal transplant recipient who was previously receiving a stable tacrolimus regimen. Drug‐drug interaction via CYP3A inhibition was acknowledged, and weekly labs were ordered to allow for close monitoring of renal function and tacrolimus serum concentrations as recommended by Stribild prescribing information. The patient reported headache, insomnia, stomachache, and decreased urine output within 1 week of starting Stribild and was found to have acute kidney injury (serum creatinine [Scr]concentration increasing from 1.5–2.3 mg/dl) and a serum tacrolimus concentration of 111.2 ng/ml at 1 week follow‐up (goal trough level 4–6 ng/ml). Both tacrolimus and Stribild were withheld. In 15 days, the patient's tacrolimus serum concentration returned to goal. In the interim, he required twice/week clinic visits for laboratory assessments and an emergency department visit for management of hyperkalemia (potassium 6.5 mEq/L). Triumeq (abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine) was started about 4 weeks later after Scr returned to baseline, and his tacrolimus serum trough concentrations subsequently remained stable. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the extent, significance, and onset of cobicistat and tacrolimus drug‐drug interaction in clinical practice. As more fixed‐dose combination products including cobicistat as a pharmacokinetic booster come to market, clinicians should be reminded of its multitude of clinically significant drug‐drug interactions.
Bio‐based aromatic copoly(ether ester)s with enhanced toughness and degradability: Influence of insertion of phenoxy‐ether linkage and eugenol‐derived composition on properties
Authors: Hu Keling , Zhao Dongping , Wu Guolin , Ma Jianbiao
Published: April 2016

Two series of renewable nipagin and eugenol‐based copoly(ether ester)s, PDN11−xE1x and PDN11−xE2x (x = 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%), were prepared in the melt with 1,10‐decanediol as a comonomer. The synthesized poly(ether ester)s have weight‐average molecular weights (Mw) in the range of 20,400–37,200 g mol−1, and dispersity (D) values between 1.7 and 1.9. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) reveal that all the poly(ether ester)s exhibit a two‐step degradation mechanism with an initial degradation temperature above 350 °C. Results from differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXRD) analyses demonstrate that the poly(ether ester)s are all semicrystalline materials with glass transition temperature (Tg) values ranging between −21.3 and −8.3 °C. The insertions of phenoxy‐ether linkage and eugenol‐derived composition have significant influence on the Tg, crystallinity, Young's modulus, and tensile strength, as well as the toughening effect and degradability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2171–2183
Proteomic profile of platelets during reconstitution of platelet counts after apheresis
Authors: Thiele Thomas , Braune Johannes , Dhople Vishnu , Hammer Elke , Scharf Christian , Greinacher Andreas , Völker Uwe , Steil Leif
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Circulating platelets consist of subpopulations of different age. We designed an approach to remove platelets from circulation using platelet apheresis. We aimed to detect changes in the platelet proteome related to increased platelet turnover after apheresis to map candidate proteins, which may serve as markers of young platelets.

Experimental design

A healthy donor underwent three platelet apheresis procedures on three consecutive days. Blood was drawn at day 1 (baseline) and at days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 for the analysis of the platelet proteome using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and 2D‐DIGE.

Results

Among 1017 proteins identified by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS, 54 changed in quantity throughout the course of the study. Potential markers of young platelets were 40S ribosomal protein SA, COP9 signalosome complex subunit 5, and proteins involved in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis signaling. Among 1036 protein spots observed by 2D‐DIGE, 45 spots displayed changes in fluorescence intensity. Identified spots contained IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 2, talin, moesin, myosin regulatory light chain 2, and coronin‐1C.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

We provide the proof of principle that a combination of platelet apheresis and proteomic approaches enables identification of changes in the platelet proteome that are related to platelet de novo synthesis.