bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halstead's Category Test and Lateralized Brain Damage
Authors: Parsons Oscar A. , Jones Ben , Vega Arthur
Published: September 2011

Left-hemisphere-damaged (with Verbal IQ deficits) and right-hemisphere-damaged (with Performance IQ deficits) male, adult patients were compared on Halstead Category Test Performance. Deficits of approximately the same magnitude were found. These results and other evidence question the importance of language mediation on nonverbal, visual-spatial abstracting tests.
Comparison of Task-Central and Task-Peripheral Forms of the Canter-Bip in Diagnosing Brain Damage in Adults
Authors: Adams Jerry
Published: September 2011

As a beginning attempt to determine what aspects of the Canter-BIP task account for its sensitivity to cerebral dysfunction, a special form of the technique with background lines peripheral to the drawing area (Task-peripheral) was compared with the usual form (Task-central). The performance of a heterogeneous group of brain-damaged patients was compared with that of a group of non-brain-damaged psychiatric patients, on the two forms. The damaged group made more errors on the Bender-Gestalt and deteriorated more under BIP conditions but not differentially for the two forms. The diagnostic efficacy of the two forms did not differ meaningfully, but results indicated the need to reevaluate diagnostic criteria when applied in new situations.
Factor Analyses of the De Hirsch Predictive Index
Authors: Adkins Patricia L. , Holmes George R. , Schnackenberg Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Factor analyses were accomplished on the de Hirsch Test Battery scores generated by 50 5½-yr.-old youngsters. The investigator attempted to replicate sampling and screening measures used by de Hirsch in her original work. Results were interpreted in terms of Buktencia's task-analysis approach and also Satz's theoretical model of learning disability. The de Hirsch Index taps a major visual discriminatory component which is interlocked with progressively more complex processes ranging from fine motor coordination productions to immediate memory for complex visual symbols.
Individual Differences in Attention and the Prediction of Flight Criteria
Authors: Gopher Daniel , Kahneman Daniel
Published: September 2011

A dichotic listening test was constructed which requires S to monitor a relevant message and to ignore a concurrent message presented to the other ear. The test has promising validity for predicting different criteria of proficiency in flying high-performance aircraft. An analysis of the most valid type of errors suggests that a change in an existing orientation is accompanied by a transient instability of selective attention. Most errors in continuous attention are omissions, which indicate a failure of the listening set. Intrusions, which indicate a failure of selectivity, are rare and their frequency is not correlated to flight criteria.
Developing Work Behavior in the Hard-Core Unemployed with Videoplayback
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C. , Johnsen Russell P.
Published: September 2011

Previous attempts at establishing appropriate work behaviors in the hard-core unemployed have met with very limited success. Findings with videoplayback procedures suggested that such a procedure might be useful with a disadvantaged population of hard-core unemployed. 40 hard-core unemployed were treated, half with videoplayback and half with more conventional counseling methods. Major variables under consideration included production and time spent working. After 15 days, the experimental (video) group showed significant improvement on both variables, while controls' improvement was not significant.
Social Responsivity in the Profoundly Mentally Retarded
Authors: Altman Reuben , Cleland Charles C. , Swartz Jon D.
Published: September 2011

The elicitation of at least one form of social responsivity, the handshake, from 20 of 26 profoundly mentally retarded Ss, challenges the prevailing pessimistic view of the social sensitivity of such Ss. Implications are discussed with reference to possible corrective training practices.
Evaluation of Personality Content from Accented Speech as a Function of Listeners' Social Attitudes
Authors: Giles Howard
Published: September 2011

By means of the ‘matched-guise’ technique, 20 highly and 20 lowly ethnocentric listeners evaluated the personalities of British ‘standard’ (R.P.) and British ‘nonstandard’ regional speakers (S. Welsh and Somerset) across 18 bipolar-adjective traits. The results showed that the highly ethnocentric Ss rated the regional speakers less favourably, but the R.P. speakers more favourably than the lowly ethnocentric on competence traits of personality. However, with regard to traits related to social attractiveness and personal integrity, the lowly ethnocentric sample rated all voices (standard and nonstandard) more favourably than the highly ethnocentric sample
Predictive Accuracy and Utilization of Cues: Study of the Interaction between an Individual's Cognitive Organization and Ecological Structure
Authors: Nystedt Lars
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate whether increased matching between judges' cognitive and ecological structures was positively related to predictive accuracy in a convergent judgment task. Nineteen judges estimated the correlation between all pairs of six variables. These data were taken as expressions of each judge's cognitive organization in respect to the material in question. The six variables were four tests of intelligence, marks for matriculation examination, and study results in psychology. The judges were also asked to rate the study achievements in psychology of 50 students on the basis of their scores on the other five variables. The results implied (a) that measures of agreement between the cognitive organization of the judges and the ecological structure in data predicted individual differences in predictive accuracy, and (b) that the judges, on the basis of measures of agreement between their estimates of correlations, can be ordered in homogeneous groups, which differ with respect to utilization of cues. The result gives strong support for deductions that can be made from “implicit personality theories.”
Developmental Trends in Letter-Printing Skill
Authors: Stennett R. G. , Smythe P. C. , Hardy Madeline , Wilson H. R.
Published: September 2011

Tests of kindergarten to Grade 3 students' ability to copy upper- and lower-case primary print letters showed that lower-case letters are more difficult to print. Within upper- and lower-case formats, the letters vary considerably in difficulty as a function of their composition and/or the degree of fine motor control required. Factor analyses, based upon separate intercorrelations for upper- and lower-case letters, produced 7 factors for each type of letter. Although some of the factors tended to contain letters with similar characteristics, no obvious rationale explaining the factor pattern could be developed.
The Popular Number Seven or Number Preference
Authors: Heywood Simon
Published: September 2011

When asked to choose numbers, people show clear preferences, not only on first but also on second choices. The origins of these preferences remain obscure but may be affected by the way choices are made.
Time Estimation in Relation to Gait Tempo
Authors: Newman Margaret A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of accelerated and decelerated rates of walking on judgment of a 40-sec. interval in 52 healthy male Ss. The production method of time estimation was used. Analysis of variance yielded no difference in time estimation in response to the imposed gait tempos. Intra-group variation was large. A low correlation between individual gait tempo and time estimate suggests that individuals with faster gait tempos tend to overestimate an interval of time and those with slower gait tempos tend to underestimate.
Absolute Judgments as a Function of Stimulus Uncertainty and Temporal Effects: Methodological Note
Authors: Fullard William , Snelbecker Glenn E. , Wolk Stephen
Published: September 2011

8 female Ss made absolute judgments of pure tones ac 4 levels of stimulus uncertainty, with 300 trials/level on each of 2 testing days. Sequence effects were balanced by a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Main effects in an analysis of variance showed significantly more correct responses in expected directions for stimulus uncertainty and higher scores on second testing day. Somewhat surprisingly, nonsignificant uncertainty-by-test-day interactions indicated homogeneous increases across uncertainty levels. Discussion focused on assumptions from information theory about asymptotic performance and on potential methodological value of Latin square repeated-measures designs for calculating T at different uncertainty levels.
Reading Disability and Hypothesis-Formation: An Application of the Postman and Bruner Theory
Authors: Ball Thomas S. , Deich Ruth F.
Published: September 2011

According to Postman and Bruner, the individual under stress tends to form premature perceptual hypotheses that interfere with correct perception. Such misperception may become stereotyped and, hence, resistant to correction. This phenomenon can occur under any conditions of perception including that of reading. On this basis, it was hypothesized that reading disability might be related to premature hypothesis-formation. The hypothesis was not confirmed with the present sample. Fifth and sixth grade disabled readers ( n = 20) performed as well as 20 normal third grade reading peers. Longitudinal study was recommended.
Perceptual Style and Detection of Motion in Depth
Authors: Ton William H.
Published: September 2011

Examination of data collected in laboratory investigations indicated persistent individual differences in the detection of motion in depth, i.e., whether or not an object is approaching or receding. This finding stimulated the hypothesis that “perceptual style” might be the source of at least some of this variance, particularly as regards the detection of slowly moving or distant objects. Accordingly, an experiment was devised to test this hypothesis. The findings did not yield a significant interaction of perceptual style with rate of movement. However, there was a difference ( p < .12) in detection times between the 2 groups who differed with regard to perceptual style. It was hypothesized that this was due to a cautious, slow approach to detection tasks on the part of field-dependent individuals.
Perceptual-Motor Attributes of Normal School Children: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Neeman Renate L.
Published: September 2011

The intercorrelations among items of the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey, previously established by Roach and Kephart using a sample of 200 school children of average intelligence, were subjected to factorial analysis, which led to definition of 9 factors, of which 7 were defined by high loadings of a single subtest: I, Walking board; II, Chalkboard; III, Ocular pursuits; V, Rhythmic writing; VI, Form perception; VII, Obstacle course; VIII, Kraus-Weber. The quasi-singlet character of these factors in relation to subtests in the present study was contrasted with the pronounced associations between subtests in an earlier factor analytic study of the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey scores of mentally retarded persons. Four neurological dysfunction patterns of the mentally retarded were hypothesized: dysfunctions of A, postural dimensionality; B, shoulder-arm movement; C, laterality; and D, ocular control.
A Modified Lens Model: A Study of the Interaction between the Individual and the Ecology
Authors: Nystedt Lars
Published: September 2011

A modification of Brunswik's lens model is discussed. The modification consists mainly of an attempt to construct, within the lens model, a multidimensional model for the study of the cognitive organization of the individual. The modified lens model contains four subsystems. These have been designated: input-generating system, perceptual-cognitive system, utilization system, and instrumental response system. Interactions between these systems are discussed. Research paradigms are presented, which can be used for the study of interactions between the systems.
Multidimensional Scaling of Perceived Interests of Three Student Stereotypes
Authors: Neufeld Richard W. J.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess the underlying structure of the perception of three hypothetical university-campus stereotypes in terms of their interests in a sample of academic subject matter taken from a course in introductory psychology. Stimuli, 3 of which involved the interests of the hypothetical students and 7 involving the sample of academic interests, were rated in terms of similarity. 3 dimensions, accounting for the majority of variance, were extracted. The first 2 were tentatively designated as “applied-pure” and “theoretical-experimental.” The third seemed specific to interest areas of personality and developmental psychology.
Two Multidimensional Methods Applied to Two Types of Stimuli
Authors: Ekehammar Bo
Published: September 2011

Two multidimensional methods, presented by Ekman and Stone-Coles respectively, were compared for two empirical materials. The values on which the two analyses were based, mean similarities and “correlational similarities,” showed to be curvilinearly related. Starting from the interpretation of the stimulus structure according to Ekman's method, which gives unipolar dimensions only, hypotheses were formulated for the outcome of the Stone-Coles method, which also may give bipolar dimensions. The hypotheses were essentially confirmed but there were some discrepancies between the outcomes of the methods.
Performance of Stutterers on a Single-Word Adaptation Task
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Williams Dean E.
Published: September 2011

2 studies of stuttering adaptation are reported in which the task consisted of consecutive oral repetitions of a word which was initially stuttered. The majority of Ss did not remain fluent once they became fluent but exhibited frequently alternating periods of fluency and stuttering. Several interpretations of this finding are suggested.
Complex Cognitive Performance and Sensory Deprivation: Completing the U-Curve
Authors: Landon P. Bruce , Suedfeld Peter
Published: September 2011

As predicted from an arousal model, previous research demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between sensory deprivation (SD) and performance on simple cognitive tasks; on complex tasks, however, the sub- to optimal part of the curve was not found. The addition of a control group of 17 men who did not anticipate SD provided this missing portion, lending further support to the model and indicating an important consideration for control treatments in SD studies.
Statistical and Normative Studies of the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery Relevant to a Neuropsychiatric Hospital Setting
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Shelly Carolyn H.
Published: September 2011

A series of studies was performed with the general aim of evaluating the usefulness of the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery with a neuropsychiatric population. Factor analysis of the battery showed that it measured language, perceptual, complex problem-solving, and motor skills. Utilizing stepwise discriminant analysis the battery discriminated between brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged Ss at a statistically significant level. However, a simpler index, the Average Impairment Rating, did as well in terms of percentage of correct classifications. Also, through the use of stepwise multiple discriminant analysis, the battery discriminated among Ss with lateralized, diffuse and no brain damage at statistically significant levels, with the exception that it could not discriminate between Ss with right-hemisphere lesions and those with diffuse lesions.
Auditory-Visual Differences in Human Temporal Judgment
Authors: Goldstone Sanford , Lhamon William T.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews the research which demonstrated two intersensory differences in human time judgment: Sounds are judged longer than lights, and more information is transmitted via the judgment of auditory than visual durations. The intersensory difference in reaction time is also discussed and a theoretical schema with suggestions for future research is presented.
Perceptual Field Dependence and Psychopathology: Replication and Critique
Authors: Vardy M. , Greenstein M.
Published: September 2011

The claim of Witkin, et al. that perceptual field-dependence (as measured by the Rod-and-frame Test and the Embedded-figures Test) is a global trait that cuts across levels of intelligence and psychopathology in a meaningful way is critically examined on the basis of this study. 60 randomly selected patients from Bronx State Hospital and 30 of their therapists were administered the tests. There were wide differences between correlations of scores on the two tests in the patient population and in that of the therapists, challenging the claim for the globality of perceptual field-dependence. Subdividing the patients along the lines of psychopathology suggested by Witkin failed to show significant differences in test performances. The adequacy of this simple two-dimensional category to meaningfully differentiate among patient populations is challenged. A multidimensional model such as that of J. Silverman, et al. seems more appropriate.
Sex Influence in Aesthetic Behavior
Authors: Bernard Y.
Published: September 2011

Two studies of the influence of sex on aesthetic behaviour of art purchasers show significant effects.
Appraising Psychotherapeutic Change in Voice-Deviant Children with the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style
Authors: Mosby Doris P.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed quantitative changes in repression (and thus the availability and facilitative conversion of internal responses into language) in 4 emotionally disturbed boys. Ss were latency aged boys with diagnosed voice pathology. In psychotherapy, differential goals contingent on the direction of repression were established. Supportive play therapy facilitated normal voice quality and adequate personality integration. Qualitative measures rather than the Rorschach index of repressive style were more sensitive to improvement.
Recognition Memory for Faces by Retardates and Normals
Authors: Harris Gilbert J. , Fleer Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Sequences of 10 faces and also sequences of 10 half faces were shown to adolescent familial retardates and normal Ss of equal MA. Recognition memory was tested by asking S to discriminate the 10 stimuli that had been seen from 10 distractors. The retardates' performance was equal to that of the normals when whole faces were to be remembered but the normals were superior when half faces were employed. The results suggest that the symmetry of the human face may provide redundancy which aids the retardates' performance.
Experimenter-Expectancy Phenomenon: Experience of E, Mechanical vs Manual Stimulus Presentation and IQ vs Success-Failure Judgments
Authors: McGinley Hugh , McGinley Pat , Murray Robert
Published: September 2011

50 Es obtained person perception data from 576 Ss. In Phase I, 2 experienced Es obtained IQ and success-failure (SF) judgments from 50 male and 50 female Ss about 10 women whose pictures they viewed. In Phase II, 48 inexperienced Es obtained IQ and SF judgments from 476 female Ss. The independent variables in Phase II were 0 or +5 expectancy, mechanical or manual presentation of picture stimuli, IQ or SF judgments, and order of expectancy inducement. Results showed only a judgment effect, higher ratings for SF than IQ. Questionnaire data showed that Ss whose data were collected by experienced Es felt that SF judgments were easier to make than did Ss whose data were collected by inexperienced Es. They also felt more strongly that SF judgments could be made by looking at a picture of a person, were more confident in their judgments and rated the instructions as clearer.
Preliminary Investigation of the Visuo-Motor Recall Test
Authors: Barclay Allan , Yater Allan , Wechsler David
Published: September 2011

This pilot study yielded no differences in performance on the Wechsler Visuo-motor Recall Test associated with sex or age and no interaction of these variables among 80 Negro pre-school children in the sample studied. Further, the findings suggested that work is needed to arrange items in the order of difficulty. Finally, the influence of response “set” needs to be taken into consideration in future studies with this instrument.
Non-Monotonicity of Temporal Recognition of Brief Duration
Authors: Mo Suchoon S. , Michalski Valerie A.
Published: September 2011

Bow-shaped curves were obtained for correct judgments of five brief durations, regardless of whether judgment was of durations themselves or of the apparent brightness of the stimulus. The mechanism of subjective time was shown not to retain the directionality inherent in objective time.
Long-Term Cultural Change in Cognitive Development
Authors: Tomlinson-Keasey C. , Keasey Charles Blake
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that animistic thinking and thinking about specific moral dilemmas have been affected by cultural events in the last few decades. Animistic thinking was examined in second graders ( n = 73) and was found to have declined markedly since 1929. In fifth and sixth graders ( n = 144) moral reasoning about slavery was at a significantly higher level than moral reasoning on six other dilemmas. Cognitive progress thus seems to be positively affected by cultural changes which are long-term and which allow the child time to consolidate the information and experience provided.
Speed of Movement under Two Conditions of Response-Initiation in Retardates
Authors: Fleer Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The speed of performing a simple ballistic movement under two conditions of response-initiation, stimulus-cued and self-cued, was studied with 24 educable retardates. Also, the effects of stimulus intensity (50 and 70 db re threshold) and sex were examined using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. All main effects, but no interactions, were significant. The slower ballistic speed observed under the self-cued condition was attributed to a deficient capacity for self-arousal.
Motor Performance Tests of Handedness and Motivation
Authors: Provins K. A. , Cunliffe Penny
Published: September 2011

10 right handers and 10 left handers were matched for degree of handedness by questionnaire and their performances with each hand were tested on seven different motor tasks. The influence of motivation on achievement level on each task with each hand was assessed by four different measures. Correlation of task performance and general level of motivation showed little or no over-all influence of motivation across tasks or hand employed but a positive if weak effect on performance where motivation on each task was assessed separately.
Person Perceptions of Deaf and Hearing Observers Viewing Filmed Interactions
Authors: Schiff William , Saxe Erica
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were performed to investigate effects of several visual stimulus factors and observer differences in person perception. Traits of persons were judged after observers viewed films of social interactions. Extreme differences were found in deaf and hearing observers' judgments of persons when static views served as stimuli, but when social interactions served as stimuli, only some traits showed differences between observer groups. Visual information regarding the apparent deafness of an interactant, as well as interactive role and gestural forcefulness showed interaction effects with observer group in several instances. Results were discussed within frameworks of differences between deaf and hearing Ss' judgments, and methodology of typical impression formation and person-perception studies.
Syntactic Complexity of Preschoolers' Egocentric and Socialized Speech
Authors: Silverman Ellen-Marie
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether young children's socialized speech (their speech addressed to an auditor) is more syntactically complex than their egocentric (private) speech. 150 utterances produced by 10 4-yr.-old boys in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation were randomly selected for analysis. 52 judges rated each utterance on a 7-point equal-appearing-interval scale of “intricacy of language usage.” No difference in intricacy was observed between the children's egocentric and socialized utterances.
Effects of Subliminal Stimuli on Dreams: Further Evidence against the Spence-Holland Theory
Authors: George Stephen G. , Jennings Luther B.
Published: September 2011

Individual recognition thresholds were defined for each of 48 Ss. 3 experimental groups with 8 Ss each received colored slides of animals below, at, or above the defined limen; respective control groups received other inverted slides. Ss were given a forced-choice test where correct answers named the animals on the slides. Correct verbal descriptions were rewarded with money, and Ss recorded their dreams for the following week. 3 judges rated the degree to which experimental and control stimuli were manifest in the dreams. No support was found for the Spence and Holland (1962) theory that subliminal stimuli are more pervasive than liminal or supraliminal stimuli in their effect on unconscious thought processes.
EEG and Psychometric Testing in Brain Lesions: Combined Screening
Authors: Serafetinides E. A.
Published: September 2011

In 15 adult patients of both sexes, investigated for seizures, independent comparisons were made of EEG and psychometric findings. Agreement as to the presence and/or localization of brain lesion was registered in 10 cases; in the remaining 5 only the EEG was abnormal. The complementary nature of such a combined screening in diagnosis was emphasized.
Amplitude, Position, Timing and Velocity as Cues in Reproduction of Movement
Authors: Marteniuk Ronald G. , Shields Kenneth W. , Campbell Sharon
Published: September 2011

In three experiments the method of average error was used to study the reproductions of amplitudes of standard horizontal arm movements ranging from 45° to 125°. Response sensitivity, in terms of mean difference limens and absolute errors, was relatively precise and constant over the range of movement. However, constant errors exhibited a definite trend in that small movements were constantly overestimated and large ones were underestimated. It was also found that the starting and terminal positions of a movement were important cues in movement reproduction, whereas timing ability and movement velocity seemed unrelated to accuracy.
Analysis of Component Variance: Block Designs and Repeated Measures
Authors: Ender Philip B. , Pinneau Samuel R.
Published: September 2011

The method of analysis of component variance, as previously proposed by the authors, is extended to include block designs and designs with repeated measures.
Aphasic Performance on Visual Tracking Program
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Smith Patricia H.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 9 adult aphasics on a visual tracking program was investigated. The results indicated (1) significant increases in visual tracking rate over an 8-wk. training period, (2) significant increases in performance on tests of silent reading rate and over-all reading ability, and (3) no direct relationships between increases in visual tracking rate and silent reading rate or over-all reading ability. The significant gains observed in perceptual speed and accuracy, silent reading rate, and over-all reading ability indicated that the visual tracking program (Gaeke & Smith, 1962) may contribute significantly to the remediation of reading deficits in aphasia.
Lateral Eye Movements and Reaction to Persuasion
Authors: Sherrod Drury R.
Published: September 2011

The direction of lateral eye-movements upon inward direction of attention was related to reaction to persuasion. A predominance of left eye-movements was associated with more extreme reaction in either a pro or con direction, while right eye-movements were associated with more moderate reaction. Findings were discussed in terms of functional asymmetry of the brain.
Effects of Increasing Intensity Levels of Intermittent and Continuous 1000-HZ Tones on Human Equilibrium
Authors: Harris C. Stanley
Published: September 2011

Human equilibrium was measured during exposure to continuous and intermittent 1000-Hz tones presented both asymmetrically (one ear) and symmetrically (both ears). Intermittency combined with asymmetry produced greater decrements in equilibrium than either variable alone. The results are interpreted as a possible demonstration of acoustic stimulation of the vestibular system.
Verbal Estimations of Time at Four Spatial Distances
Authors: Adkins Cephas J.
Published: September 2011

The method of verbal estimation was used to study the Kappa effect with unfilled, light-flash-bounded intervals of .5 to 22 sec. duration. Ss viewed dual flashes of one light and single flashes of paired lights set at 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-in. horizontal separations. Group studies of 56 college students yielded evidence for larger estimations with greater light separation. A significant sex difference was found, female Ss giving longer estimations than males. 4 Ss were studied for 16 daily sessions to observe individual patterns and progressive changes in estimates.
Perceptual Dynamics of Drug Addicts as Measured by the Semantic Differential Test
Authors: Rudin S. A.
Published: September 2011

The perception of other persons, concepts, and drugs was measured in 54 male drug addicts by means of a 17-item Semantic Differential Test incorporating the three main factors: Evaluation, Potency, Activity. Major findings were that: (a) Ss denied the reality of their situation by showing stronger identification with “straight” persons than with addicts; (b) the major effect of taking “your favorite drug” (in most, but not all, cases heroin) was to make the self more relaxed and calm, and other persons and the world in general less threatening; (c) marihuana is extremely highly regarded apparently because it produces all the desired effects but none of the drawbacks of other drugs; (d) Ss can indeed perceive the criminality of an act but not to the extent other groups do.
Measurement of Broad Spectrum Social Attitudes: Liberalism-Conservatism
Authors: Rambo William W.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation studied the structure of the liberalism-conservatism system of social attitudes and constructed a scale to measure the domain. Items were prepared that expressed ideas relating to such basic social considerations as the nature of man, the nature of social order, and the need for tradition or social change. The scale was constructed using a methodology which combined a Likert procedure with a series of item-discrimination procedures using known-affiliation groups as external criteria. The scale was also subjected to a series of factor analyses employing data generated by three independent samples. Two forms of the instrument are presented along with evidence bearing on reliability and validity. Consideration is given to the stability of the instrument's factor structure over samples of varying composition.
Recognition Memory of Paced and Unpaced Decision-Time for Rare and Common Verbal Material
Authors: Garton R. F. , Allen L. R.
Published: September 2011

The experiment varied the time available for retrieval decisions in recognition memory. The results indicated that, although the discrimination of old from new items in a recognition test was independent of the time available for decision responses, additional processing time significantly reduced the number of false-positive identifications for low-frequency words but not for common words.
Relationship between Reaction Time and Number of Choice Alternatives in an Overlearned Task
Authors: Burns Marcelline , Moskowitz Herbert
Published: September 2011

A choice-reaction-time experiment is reported in which Ss named visually displayed numerals. Choice conditions were varied by presenting 6 different sets of stimuli containing either 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 stimulus alternatives. Reaction time was a function of the number of stimulus alternatives. Response latency, measured from onset of S's voice, increased as the number of stimulus alternatives increased.
Reactions to a Stranger as a Function of Style of Dress
Authors: Lambert S.
Published: September 2011

A female E posed as a market research investigator, under two conditions of dress: smart and untidy. Ss, who were persons leaving an underground station, were more willing to answer the questions of a smartly dressed E. This difference was significant for older people. There was also a marked difference in the reactions of older and younger women to the untidy condition of dress.
Choice of Gender on the Dap and Measures of Sex-Role Identification
Authors: Kokonis Nicholas D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between choice of which gender is drawn first on the DAP and measures of sex-role identification was investigated in 34 schizophrenic and 34 normally functioning male Ss. The results indicated no significant relationship between choice of gender and sex-role identification scores, thus questioning the usefulness of gender choice as a criterion of sex-role identification. Clinicians should be extremely cautious in assigning interpretive significance to choice of gender on the DAP as reflecting sex-role identification.
Cognitive Styles in Children and Performance on Piagetian Conservation Tasks
Authors: Fleck J. Roland
Published: September 2011

An investigation of the relationship of field-independence-dependence and verbal mediation-nonmediation to Piagetian conservation behavior in 88 kindergarten, first, and second grade boys. It was hypothesized that the field-independent and the verbally mediating boys will have grasped the principle of conservation to a significantly greater degree than field-dependent and nonmediating boys. The Children's Embedded-figures Test and a reversal-nonreversal shift task were administered in order to categorize the boys on the two main effect dimensions of field independence-dependence and verbal mediation-nonmediation. The Concept Assessment Kit-Conservation was administered to measure the ability of each boy to conserve. The procedure resulted in a three-way irregular analysis of variance design. The main effect of field independence was significant as hypothesized ( p < .05). Grade was also significant ( p < .01), but neither the verbal mediation main effect nor any of the interactions was.
Estimation of the Passing of Four Consecutive Hours
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Ross Wayne
Published: September 2011

In the AM and PM (9 to 1) males and females gave estimates of the hourly passing of time for 4 hr. (N = 28). There were no differences between sexes or AM/PM estimates. The group was less than 1 min. off after an hour and 12 min. off after 4 hr. There was a wide range of individual differences. One-fourth of the Ss were within an error of 10 min. after 4 hr. whereas another one-fourth were off more than 50 min. The accuracy of estimates was about equal to accuracy of awakening from sleep to randomly chosen awakening times.
Constraint Redundancy as a Determiner of Attribute- and Rule-Learning Aspects of Sequential Pattern Recognition
Authors: Corum Charles R. , Brown Bill R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to assess the manner in which attribute-learning and rule-formation components of schema learning vary as a function of constraint redundancy magnitude. Twenty-four Ss participated in a pattern recognition task involving 70%, 50%, 40%, or 20% redundant Markov sequences sampled from three different schema families. Ss were required to work through the 90 sequences in a manner similar to that encountered in a probability learning paradigm. Results showed that decreasing magnitude of redundancy reduced the degree to which both attribute- and rule-learning occurred. The supposition that constraint redundancy is a necessary condition for and one of the main determiners of the schema-learning process was thus confirmed.
Cognitive Style and Style of Adaptation
Authors: Wachtel Paul L.
Published: September 2011

Understanding of the adaptive significance of styles of cognition has been limited in much of the research on cognitive style and control by a number of features of typical research strategy. Firstly, many of the measures used have clear better-or-worse implications which provide information about the possession of prerequisites for particular adaptive strategies but not about the strategies themselves. Secondly, understanding of adaptive intentions is minimized because Ss are allowed very limited choices as to adaptive requirements they will try to meet. Thirdly, the imposed situations which Ss face do not allow observation of the stimulus-generating aspects of their style, which play an important role in personality consistency. Failure to consider this process may have led to an underestimation of the degree of consistency which exists.
Acquisition of Visual-Auditory Associations by Good and Excellent Readers
Authors: Bartholomeus Bonnie N. , Doehring D. G.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of visual-auditory associations was studied in 96 7-yr.-old Ss who had successfully completed 1 yr. of reading instruction. The effects of reading status, stimulus order, and type of associative task were assessed. Children classified as Excellent Readers made significantly fewer errors in learning the associative tasks than did children classified as Good Readers. Visual-preceding-auditory stimulus presentation was consistently easier than auditory-preceding-visual presentation for Good Readers; whereas this order effect was limited to tasks involving verbal visual stimuli for Excellent Readers. For both reading groups associations involving verbal visual stimuli were more difficult than those involving nonverbal visual stimuli. There were no significant differences between associative tasks involving verbal and nonverbal sounds, and no significant interaction of stimulus modalities with the verbal-nonverbal characteristics of the stimuli. The results were compared with those obtained in a previous study with adult Ss.
OTIS IQ and Information-Processing Rate in a Work-Paced and Self-Paced Task
Authors: McLaurin William A. , Bishop Gerri , Bell Janice
Published: September 2011

Previous investigators had found that self-pacing enhances performance of perceptual-motor tasks. To determine whether self-pacing would increase the observed relationship of information-processing rate with measures of intelligence 31 matched pairs of students, matched for Otis IQ, were randomly assigned to a Work-paced or Self-paced simple arithmetic task. The relationship of the mean response latency to Otis IQ was moderate in each group. However, there was no significant difference between groups in the magnitude of relationship. Self-pacing did not enhance the relationship. The magnitude of the relationship with Otis IQ was relatively high considering the complexity and duration of the arithmetic test.
Individual Differences in Eye-Movement Patterns
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Stillman Richard
Published: September 2011

The reliability of individual differences in patterns of eye fixation during a size-estimation task was studied in normal adults, each tested twice. The most stable measures not specifically related to the stimulus configuration appeared to be the number of fixations per unit time; measures related to dispersal of looking were unreliable. Data on where S looked, the duration of each fixation and the distance between fixation points appeared to follow first-order Markov processes and the transitional probabilities appeared to be individual characteristics stable over time.
Discrimination and Generalization of Complex Visual Shape Variations in Pigeons
Authors: Ferraro Douglas P. , Grisham Michael G.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments investigated stimulus control of key pecking in pigeons by varying the distance of vertices movement for a six-point complex visual shape. Ease of discrimination learning was monotonically related to the distance of vertices movement when the directions of vertices movement were held constant. As suggested by selective attention theory, steep generalization gradients were obtained following intradimensional differential training but not following nondifferential training or interdimensional differential training. These results indicate that, unlike the dimension of angular orientation or tilt, distance of vertices movement provides a consistent functional representation of complex shape similarity.
Test of a Linguistic Theory for the Differential Rates of Learning of High and Low M' CVCS
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

A linguistic theory for the differential rates of learning of high and low m' CVCs (Noble, 1961) was tested and found tenable. The high and low m' CVCs of Badia, Rosenberg, and Langer (1965) were used because of their non-overlapping error distributions on a serial learning task. CVCs were judged for being: (1) lexical items with high graphemic, phonemic, semantic correspondences; (2) non-lexical items with high graphemic-phonemic correspondence; or (3) non-lexical items with low graphemic-phonemic correspondence. Scores for 81 of 82 Ss separated the high and low m' CVCs.
Children's Size-Difference Judgments: Latency and Amplitude Effects Associated with Degree of Stimulus Similarity
Authors: Cantor Gordon N.
Published: September 2011

30 7th-grade boys made a series of size difference judgments (which of 2 circles was larger) when faced with circle pairs differing by 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm. in diameter. Response latencies were related in a decreasing, negatively accelerated fashion to difference magnitudes. Evidence for a linear, negative relationship between response amplitude and difference magnitude was also obtained. The relevance of the latter to theories attributing a drive-increment property to conflict was discussed.
Influence of Visual Enrichment on Infants' Visual Preferences
Authors: Rose Susan Ann , Katz Phyllis A. , Samsky Jeremy
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to assess the role of differential carly visual experience on neonates' visual preferences 30 neonates were exposed to either vari-colored, grey or no mobiles fot the first 2 days of life, and preferences were obtained on the third day Males fixated more than females, and patterned stimuli were preferred to monochromatic ones. The effect of treatment was not significant, although Ss exposed to colorful mobiles showed stronger preferences.
Perceptual Responses during Prolonged Work
Authors: Pandolf Kent B. , Cafarelli Enzo , Noble Bruce J. , Metz Kenneth F.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to determine if cardiac frequency is a factor in the rating of perceived exertion. 10 fit male Ss were exposed to a design that used heat to manipulate cardiac frequency. Five treatments of various work loads in neutral and hot-dry environments were used to elicit unequal cardiac frequencies for equal work loads and equal cardiac frequencies for unequal work loads. Respiratory and body temperature variables were also collected. Multivariate analysis showed that there was no significant difference between ratings of perceived exertion of equal work loads even though cardiac frequency had been significantly elevated by the heat. The rating of perceived exertion seemed to follow alterations in work load when an increment of more than 200 to 300 kpm/min. was used. Ss also demonstrated ability to partial out thermal sensations from ratings of perceived exertion.
Auditory-Visual Integration, School Demographic Features and Reading Achievement
Authors: Reilly David H.
Published: September 2011

Research attempts to relate either auditory or visual discrimination skills to reading achievement have resulted in equivocal results. The present study was directed toward investigating auditory-visual integration skills as they are related to one demographic feature of a school and reading success. For 225 students in Grades 1 to 4 it was concluded that auditory-visual integration ability was related to reading success, but in a complex manner, depending in part on developmental level and economic background. Differentiated teaching techniques, dependent upon economic background, might be considered and the screening of auditory-visual integration skills emphasized prior to teaching reading.
Effects of Overlearning on Retention and Relearning of Gross-Motor Skill by Mentally Retarded Males
Authors: Chasey William C. , Knowles Claudia Jane
Published: September 2011

To study the effects of gross-motor skill overlearning on retention and relearning by mild, moderate, and severe institutionalized male retardates 79 mentally retarded males were randomly assigned to a learning group or an overlearning group. Learning to throw a bean bag at a target at 8 ft. occurred when Ss accumulated 10 points in 3 consecutive throws, and at 16 ft. when 6 points were accumulated in three consecutive throws. The learning group reached criterion at one time at each distance, but the overlearning group was given three consecutive trials at criterion. All Ss were retrained after 5 wk. Trials to criterion for original acquisition and relearning indicated overlearning gave superior performance on retention.
Effects of Discrimination Pretraining upon Intralist Similarity Phenomenon in Developing Beginning Reading Skills
Authors: McDowell Eugene E. , Youth Robert Allan
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of discrimination pretraining upon the intralist-similarity phenomenon in developing beginning reading skills. The response measures included rate of learning, amount of word recognition, and amount of word generalization. The findings showed that the high intralist-similarity groups required more learning trials but demonstrated greater word-recognition skills than the low intralist-similarity groups regardless of whether or not pretraining was used. Discrimination pretraining did, however, increase the rate of learning in beginning reading.
Generalization Gradients for Categorization of Polygon Patterns
Authors: Mavrides Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Two polygons at each of 3 levels of association value (AV) were used to produce 72 variants with 2 different units of perturbation (dissimilarity to the original) and a varying number of perturbations (1 to 6) per form. More correct categorizations were observed for patterns with the smaller unit of perturbation and also for those with the highest level of AV ( p < .01). Generalization gradients evaluating the frequency of correct categorizations against an increasing number of perturbations were sharpest for the larger unit of distortion ( p < .01), and no systematic differences in gradient due to association value were evident. Results were interpreted as stressing the importance of association value and constraint metrics for categorization tasks.
A New Test of Auditory-Visual Integration
Authors: Gregory Andrew H. , Gregory H. Margaret
Published: September 2011

Two auditory-visual integration tests were given to 86 children from 6 yr. to 11 yr. One test was basically that developed by Birch; the other used Morse-type stimuli. The children were also given tests of nonverbal intelligence, reading and vocabulary. With age and intelligence partialled out, the Morse form of test was significantly more highly correlated with reading ability than the Birch test. Reasons are suggested as to why the Morse version may be a better test of some of the underlying skills involved in reading.