bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic analyses of Seoul hantavirus genome recovered from rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Netherlands unveils diverse routes of spread into Europe
Authors: Ling Jiaxin , Verner‐Carlsson Jenny , Eriksson Per , Plyusnina Angelina , Löhmus Mare , Järhult Josef D. , van de Goot Frank , Plyusnin Alexander , Lundkvist Åke , Sironen Tarja
Published: January 2019

Seoul virus (SEOV) is the etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. It is carried by brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), a commensal rodent that closely cohabitates with humans in urban environments. SEOV has a worldwide distribution, and in Europe, it has been found in rats in UK, France, Sweden, and Belgium, and human cases of SEOV infection have been reported in Germany, UK, France, and Belgium. In the search of hantaviruses in brown rats from the Netherlands, we found both serological and genetic evidence for the presence of SEOV in the local wild rat population. To further decipher the relationship with other SEOV variants globally, the complete genome of SEOV in the Netherlands was recovered. SEOV sequences obtained from three positive rats (captured at close trapping locations at the same time) were found highly similar. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that two lineages of SEOV circulate in Europe. Strains from the Netherlands and UK, together with the Baxter strain from US, constitute one of these two, while the second includes strains from Europe and Asia. Our results support a hypothesis of diverse routes of SEOV spread into Europe. These findings, combined with other indications on the expansion of the spatial European range of SEOV, suggest an increased risk of this virus for the public health, highlighting the need for increased surveillance.
Scrutinizing Ecce Homo: European or Indian painting? Assessment by Raman and complementary spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Antunes Vanessa , Serrão Vitor , Candeias António , Mirão José , Cardoso Ana , Carvalho Maria L. , Fernandes Natasha , Manso Marta
Published: January 2019

This work intends to characterize producing techniques and materials used in Ecce Homo painting (P1) from the beginning of the 17th century, made at the time of Iberian Union government in Goa, which belongs to Museum of Christian Art at Old Goa (India). Determination of the manufacturing processes, material characterization of ground/priming layer, and pigment layers were the scopes of this study.

Knowledge of Goan painting materials at this epoch is an almost unknown issue. For this study, cross sections were analyzed by micro‐Raman spectroscopy to identify core materials, complemented to other techniques: optical microscopy, Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy, and micro‐Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Paintings were also examined by infrared reflectography.

By scrutinizing this painting, scientific confirmation on materials and technique was achieved, and the comparison with two other paintings, one Goan (P2) and another Portuguese (P3), from the same period and under the same theme was established.

Results allowed identification and origin of paintings under study, considered as a Goan feature by art history, bringing also new data for painting conservation decision making.
Evaluation of Robustness of the Biosurfactant Derived from Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.
Authors: Sharma Priyal , Saini Mahesh Kumar , Prasad Jagdish , Gour Vinod Singh
Published: January 2019

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. is a widely distributed xerophytic multipurpose tree. The mesocarp of the fruit of B. aegyptiaca has detergent properties due to the presence of saponins. The stability potential of this biosurfactant at varying pH, temperature, and salinity has not been explored so far. In the present study, the relative surface tensions of five different concentrations of the biosurfactant were studied at different temperatures, salinity, and under pH conditions. This study reveals that this biosurfactant retains its activity over a wide range of pH (3–11) and at high salinity (7% NaCl). It is a thermostable cationic surfactant; surfactant activity was recorded even at 100 °C with the lowest relative surface tension of 0.47. High oil displacement (18.00 mm) was observed when studied with petrol. This biosurfactant was found to have a high emulsification index (E24) of 70% with mustard oil. These results indicate that biosurfactant derived from B. aegyptiaca may find use in a wide range of sectors such as textile, food, cosmetics, oil recovery, and healthcare under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions. It offers an efficient, economically viable, and plant‐derived alternative to synthetic detergents and adds a way to maintain a sustainable environment.
Bacterial community dynamics and physicochemical characteristics in natural fermentation of jiang‐shui, a traditional food made in northwest China
Authors: Liu Zhanggen , Peng Zhen , Huang Tao , Guan Qianqian , Li Junyi , Xie Mingyong , Xiong Tao
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Chinese jiang‐shui is fermented food without salt. In consideration of the few studies of the bacterial community and dynamics of jiang‐shui fermentation, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbial diversity and dynamics of jiang‐shui fermentation using high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the culture‐dependent method.

RESULTS

The culture‐dependent method showed that pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli) and yeast mainly existed in the early stage and lactic acid bacteria dominated until the end stage. HTS and DGGE revealed that Serratia marcescens, Serratia sp., Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactococcus lactis, uncultured bacterium and Bacillus thuringiensis started the fermentation, followed by the middle stage with Lactococcus lactis, Weissella sp. and Bacillus arthracis as the predominant species. The end stage was characterized with Lactobacillus pentosus, Weissella cibaria and Weissella sp. as the major bacteria.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that genera Serratia, Lactococcus, Weissella and Lactobacillus dominated the whole process of jiang‐shui fermentation. This study provided a good analysis of the bacterial changes of jiang‐shui fermentation, and future studies should consider the relationships among the sensory characteristics, microbial communities and metabolites. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Distal extremities soft tissue sarcomas: Are they so different from other limb localizations?
Authors: Mattei Jean‐Camille , Brouste Véronique , Terrier Philippe , Bonvalot Sylvie , Lecesne Axel , Stoeckle Eberhard , Italiano Antoine , Ranchere‐Vince Dominique , Meeus Pierre , Laé Marick , Rosset Philippe , Rochwerger Alexandre , Coindre Jean Michel , Salas Sébastien
Published: January 2019

Background and Objectives

Soft tissue sarcoma localization in distal extremities (DESTS) of the limbs (hand/fingers, and foot/toes) is unusual. The literature is scarce about their behavior and this study was designed to assess their epidemiological characteristics, outcomes, and prognosis compared to other limb localizations (OLSTS).

Methods

From 1980 to 2010, adult DESTS and OLSTS in 22 centers were included. Demographics, tumor type, treatment modalities, and latest follow‐up status were collected. Primary endpoints were overall survival and local/metastatic recurrence incidences.

Results

Two hundred five DESTS and 3001 OLSTS were included. The patients were younger, with more female and smaller tumors in DESTS. There were more clear cell/epithelioid sarcomas, synovial sarcomas, and myxoid liposarcomas vs more dedifferentiated liposarcomas in OLSTS. DESTS tumors were less irradiated and more often amputated (24.3% vs 3.4%). The five‐year survival rate was 78.2% compared to 68.6% in OLSTS and after multivariate analysis, STS localization did not impact survival or local/metastatic recurrence.

Conclusion

Though rare and smaller than other limb localizations, DESTS are to be considered as aggressive. Despite a higher amputation rate, the prognosis remains the same as in OLSTS. Limb sparing vs amputation should be carefully assessed in DESTS, especially if grade 3 or of a poor prognosis histological subtype.
Outcomes after hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for colorectal cancer oligometastases
Authors: Yu Jing , Li Ning , Tang Yu , Wang Xin , Tang Yuan , Wang Shu‐Lian , Song Yong‐Wen , Liu Yue‐Ping , Li Ye‐Xiong , Jin Jing
Published: January 2019

Background and Objectives

To assess the efficacy and the effect of biologic effective dose (BED) on outcomes treated by hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) oligometastases.

Methods

Patients with CRC oligometastases treated at our hospital between 2009 and 2016 were included. The relationship between BED and risk of local recurrence was assessed. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to evaluate the effect of BED on outcomes.

Results

A total of 48 patients were included in this study. Median follow‐up time of surviving patient was 15 months (range, 3‐82 months). The 1‐year local control rate was 85%. The risk of local recurrence decreased sharply when BED was >90 Gy10. RPA showed BED of 100 Gy
10 was the appropriate dose for recurrence risk stratification. BED ≥ 100 Gy
10 was significantly better than BED < 100 Gy
10 for achieving 1‐year local control (94.4% vs 63.2%; P = 0.022) and 1‐year OS (100% vs 73.4%; P = 0.028). One patient who received long‐term antiangiogenic treatment died of massive intestinal hemorrhage; no other grade 3 or above early or late events were observed.

Conclusions

Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy provides favorable outcomes with acceptable toxicities in CRC oligometastases. BED ≥ 100 Gy is associated with better outcomes.
Optically reconfigurable planar monopole antenna for cognitive radio application
Authors: Ali Abdul , Topalli Kagan , Ramzan Mehrab , Alibakhshikenari Muhammad , Khan Talha Masood , Altintas Ayhan , Colantonio Paolo
Published: January 2019

Frequency reconfigurable antenna is one of the important elements needed for cognitive radio application. Such antenna can be designed using highly resistive (HR) silicon (Si) operating as an optical switch. This letter presents a novel frequency reconfigurable planar monopole antenna suitable for cognitive radio application. The antenna is designed using HR Si working as an optical switch. The main idea behind the design of antenna is the redistribution of surface current on the antenna while changing the state of Si switches optically from high resistance to low resistance. The antenna is highly compact and uses only two switches for multiband reconfiguration. It is switchable on 1.9 GHz, 2.75 GHz, 3.7 GHz, 4.1 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 7.6 to 11 GHz frequency bands. Simulated and measured results are presented for the antenna. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first multiband optically reconfigurable planar monopole antenna.
Risk of post‐traumatic knee osteoarthritis after knee injury in military service members
Authors: Rhon Daniel I. , Perez Katheryne G. , Eskridge Susan L.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The aims of the present study were: (a) to identify the incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) after a traumatic knee injury; (b) identify the risk of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) based on the type of injury; and (c) identify the time from injury to OA diagnosis.

Patients and methods

The Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database, containing healthcare utilization for all deployment injuries sustained by military service members, was queried for traumatic knee injuries between 2001 and 2016. Subsequent diagnosis of knee OA was identified, defined as PTOA. Time to knee PTOA diagnosis was determined and logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) between knee injury type and development of PTOA.

Results

A total of 345 (9.57%) of the 3,605 subjects were diagnosed with PTOA. The median time to diagnosis was 4.10 years. Four primary diagnoses remained significantly associated with PTOA after adjusting for age and injury severity score: fracture (adjusted OR [aOR] = 1.36; 95% CI 1.02, 1.82), sprain (aOR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.23, 2.06), dislocation (aOR = 3.70; 95% CI 2.09, 6.55) and derangement (aOR = 2.38; 95% CI 1.33, 4.28). Subjects were significantly less likely to develop PTOA after a soft‐tissue injury (aOR = 0.44; 95% CI 0.41, 0.75).

Conclusions

A substantial number of individuals with a traumatic knee injury developed early PTOA (9.6%). Certain knee injuries have a greater association with PTOA. Future studies should implement longer surveillance periods and identify other healthcare variables associated with the risk of developing PTOA, to include appropriate and timely interventions.
Metabolomic prostate cancer fields in HRMAS MRS‐profiled histologically benign tissue vary with cancer status and distance from cancer
Authors: Dinges Sarah S. , Vandergrift Lindsey A. , Wu Shulin , Berker Yannick , Habbel Piet , Taupitz Matthias , Wu Chin‐Lee , Cheng Leo L.
Published: January 2019

In this article, we review the state of the field of high resolution magic angle spinning MRS (HRMAS MRS)‐based cancer metabolomics since its beginning in 2004; discuss the concept of cancer metabolomic fields, where metabolomic profiles measured from histologically benign tissues reflect patient cancer status; and report our HRMAS MRS metabolomic results, which characterize metabolomic fields in prostatectomy‐removed cancerous prostates. Three‐dimensional mapping of cancer lesions throughout each prostate enabled multiple benign tissue samples per organ to be classified based on distance from and extent of the closest cancer lesion as well as the Gleason score (GS) of the entire prostate. Cross‐validated partial least squares‐discriminant analysis separations were achieved between cancer and benign tissue, and between cancer tissue from prostates with high (≥4 + 3) and low (≤3 + 4) GS. Metabolomic field effects enabled histologically benign tissue adjacent to cancer to distinguish the GS and extent of the cancer lesion itself. Benign samples close to either low GS cancer or extensive cancer lesions could be distinguished from those far from cancer. Furthermore, a successfully cross‐validated multivariate model for three benign tissue groups with varying distances from cancer lesions within one prostate indicates the scale of prostate cancer metabolomic fields. While these findings could, at present, be potentially useful in the prostate cancer clinic for analysis of biopsy or surgical specimens to complement current diagnostics, the confirmation of metabolomic fields should encourage further examination of cancer fields and can also enhance understanding of the metabolomic characteristics of cancer in myriad organ systems. Our results together with the success of HRMAS MRS‐based cancer metabolomics presented in our literature review demonstrate the potential of cancer metabolomics to provide supplementary information for cancer diagnosis, staging, and patient prognostication.
Comparison of two sweat test systems for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns
Authors: Rueegg Corina S. , Kuehni Claudia E. , Gallati Sabina , Jurca Maja , Jung Andreas , Casaulta Carmen , Barben Juerg ,   for the Swiss Cystic Fibrosis Screening Group
Published: January 2019

Objectives

In the national newborn screening programme for CF in Switzerland, we compared the performance of two sweat test methods, by investigating the feasibility and diagnostic performance of the Macroduct® collection method (with chloride mesurement) and Nanoduct® test (measuring conductivity) for diagnosing CF.

Study‐Design

We included all newborns with a positive screening result between 2011 and 2015 who were referred to a CF‐centre for sweat testing. In the CF‐centre, a Macroduct and Nanoduct sweat test were performed simultaneously. If sweat test results were positive or borderline, a DNA analysis was performed. Final diagnosis was based on genetic mutations.

Results

Over 5 years, 445 children were screened positive and in 413 (114 with CF) at least one sweat test was performed (median age at first test, 22 days); both tests were performed in 371 children. A sweat test result was more often available with the Nanoduct compared to the Macroduct (79 vs 60%, P < 0.001). The Nanoduct was equally sensitive as the Macroduct in identifying newborns with CF (sensitivity 98 vs 99%) but less specific (specificity 79 vs 93%; P‐value comparing ROC curves = 0.033).

Conclusions

This national multicentre study revealed high failure rates for Macroduct and Nanoduct in newborns in real life practice. While this needs to be addressed, our results suggested that performing the Nanoduct in addition to the Macroduct might speed up the diagnostic process because it more often yields valid results with comparable diagnostic performance. The addition of the Nanoduct sweat test can therefore help to reduce the stressful time of uncertainty for parents and to start appropriate treatment earlier.
New assay method based on Raman spectroscopy for enzymes reacting with gaseous substrates
Authors: Kawahara‐Nakagawa Yuka , Nishikawa Koji , Nakashima Satoru , Inoue Shota , Ohta Takehiro , Ogura Takashi , Shigeta Yasuteru , Fukutani Katsuyuki , Yagi Tatsuhiko , Higuchi Yoshiki
Published: January 2019

Enzyme activity is typically assayed by quantitatively measuring the initial and final concentrations of the substrates and/or products over a defined time period. For enzymatic reactions involving gaseous substrates, the substrate concentrations can be estimated either directly by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry, or indirectly by absorption spectroscopy, if the catalytic reactions involve electron transfer with electron mediators that exhibit redox‐dependent spectral changes. We have developed a new assay system for measuring the time course of enzymatic reactions involving gaseous substrates based on Raman spectroscopy. This system permits continuous monitoring of the gas composition in the reaction cuvette in a non‐invasive manner over a prolonged time period. We have applied this system to the kinetic study of the [NiFe] hydrogenase fromDesulfovibrio vulgarisMiyazaki F. This enzyme physiologically catalyzes the reversible oxidation of H2and also possesses the nonphysiological functions of H/D exchange and nuclear spin isomer conversion reactions. The proposed system has the additional advantage of enabling us to measure all of the hydrogenase‐mediated reactions simultaneously. Using the proposed system, we confirmed that H2(the fully exchanged product) is concomitantly produced alongside HD by the H/D exchange reaction in the D2/H2O system. Based on a kinetic model, the ratio of the rate constants of the H/D exchange reaction (k) at the active site and product release rate (kout) was estimated to be 1.9 ± 0.2. The proposed assay method based on Raman spectroscopy can be applied to the investigation of other enzymes involving gaseous substrates.
Salicylate enhances the response of prostate cancer to radiotherapy
Authors: Broadfield Lindsay A. , Marcinko Katarina , Tsakiridis Evangelia , Zacharidis Panayiotis G. , Villani Linda , Lally James S. V. , Menjolian Gabe , Maharaj Danitra , Mathurin Tammy , Smoke Marcia , Farrell Thomas , Muti Paola , Steinberg Gregory R. , Tsakiridis Theodoros
Published: January 2019

Background

Radiotherapy (RT) is a key therapeutic modality for prostate cancer (PrCa), but RT resistance necessitates dose‐escalation, often causing bladder and rectal toxicity. Aspirin, a prodrug of salicylate (SAL), has been associated with improved RT response in clinical PrCa cases, but the potential mechanism mediating this effect is unknown. SAL activates the metabolic stress sensor AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), which inhibits de novo lipogenesis, and protein synthesis via inhibition of Acetyl‐CoA Carboxylase (ACC), and the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), respectively. RT also activates AMPK through a mechanism distinctly different from SAL. Therefore, combining these two therapies may have synergistic effects on suppressing PrCa. Here, we examined the potential of SAL to enhance the response of human PrCa cells and tumors to RT.

Methods

Androgen‐insensitive (PC3) and ‐sensitive (LNCaP) PrCa cells were subjected to proliferation and clonogenic survival assays after treatment with clinically relevant doses of SAL and RT. Balb/c nude mice with PC3 xenografts were fed standard chow diet or chow diet supplemented with 2.5 g/kg salsalate (SAL pro‐drug dimer) one week prior to a single dose of 0 or 10 Gy RT. Immunoblotting analysis of signaling events in the DNA repair and AMPK‐mTOR pathways and lipogenesis were assessed in cells treated with SAL and RT.

Results

SAL inhibited proliferation and clonogenic survival in PrCa cells and enhanced the inhibition mediated by RT. Salsalate, added to diet, enhanced the anti‐tumor effects of RT in PC3 tumor xenografts. RT activated genotoxic stress markers and the activity of mTOR pathway and AMPK and mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of ACC. Interestingly, SAL enhanced the effects of RT on AMPK and ACC but blocked markers of mTOR activation.

Conclusions

Our results show that SAL can enhance RT responses in PrCa. Salsalate is a promising agent to investigate this concept in prospective clinical trials of PrCa in combination with RT.
Management of flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata Olivier) in woody ornamental nursery production with a winter cover crop
Authors: Dawadi Sujan , Oliver Jason B , O'Neal Paul , Addesso Karla M
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

The flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata Olivier) (FHAB) is a native pest of fruit, shade and nut trees throughout the United States. Use of cover crops is an effective pest management tool for some key insect pests in vegetable and cereal production systems, but its impact in woody ornamental production systems has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a winter cover crop for management of FHAB in nursery production. Red maple trees (Acer rubrum L.) grown under four treatment regimes (cover crop, cover crop + insecticide, bare row and bare row + insecticide) were evaluated for damage by FHAB and impact on tree growth parameters.

RESULTS

The cover crop reduced FHAB damage, with results equivalent to standard imidacloprid treatments. The reduction in FHAB attacks in cover crop treatments may be due to microclimate changes at preferred oviposition sites, trunk camouflage or interference with access to oviposition sites. Tree growth was reduced in the cover crop treatments due to competition for resources.

CONCLUSION

Physical blockage of oviposition sites by cover crops and subsequent microclimate changes protected against FHAB damage. Therefore, cover crops can be an alternative to chemical insecticides. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Systematic review of spontaneous splenic rupture in dengue‐infected patients
Authors: Radwan Ibrahim , Magdy Khattab Mohamed , Mahmoud Abdalla Reda , Nghia Thai Le Ba , Y Mai Nhu , Trung Dinh The , Hirayama Kenji , Huy Nguyen Tien
Published: January 2019

Dengue infection varies from a mild febrile form to more severe disease with plasma leakage, shock, and multiorgan failure. Several serious complications such as cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy, encephalitis, hepatic damage, and neural manifestations cause organ damage in dengue infection. Splenic rupture, a less well known but life‐threatening complication, can occur in dengue. The mechanism of splenic rupture in dengue is still unclear. Optimal therapeutic management is required to save the lives of patients with this complication. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies documenting the development of spontaneous nontraumatic splenic rupture in patients with dengue infection. In March 2018, a search was conducted systematically in nine electronic databases, in addition to hand‐ searching. A total of 127 references were exported to Endnote; 47 references remained after removing duplicates. Finally, 16 reports met the inclusion criteria and represented 17 cases. All articles were evaluated and data extracted according to predefined criteria: number of cases, age, sex, severity of dengue disease, days of illness before admission, methods of definitive diagnosis, timing of the event, and management and outcome. A total of 17 individual patients including 13 males and four females were found. Most of the patients were young adults (ranging from 20 to 52 years) and diagnosed with computed tomography scan and managed with splenectomy. Four cases were fatal. Pathological splenic rupture in dengue is a rare, life‐threatening condition where timely management can achieve a favorable outcome.
Autonomous landing on a moving vehicle with an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Baca Tomas , Stepan Petr , Spurny Vojtech , Hert Daniel , Penicka Robert , Saska Martin , Thomas Justin , Loianno Giuseppe , Kumar Vijay
Published: January 2019

This paper addresses the perception, control, and trajectory planning for an aerial platform to identify and land on a moving car at 15 km/hr. The hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), equipped with onboard sensors and a computer, detects the car using a monocular camera and predicts the car future movement using a nonlinear motion model. While following the car, the UAV lands on its roof, and it attaches itself using magnetic legs. The proposed system is fully autonomous from takeoff to landing. Numerous field tests were conducted throughout the year‐long development and preparations for the Mohamed Bin Zayed International Robotics Challenge (MBZIRC) 2017 competition, for which the system was designed. We propose a novel control system in which a model predictive controller is used in real time to generate a reference trajectory for the UAV, which are then tracked by the nonlinear feedback controller. This combination allows to track predictions of the car motion with minimal position error. The evaluation presents three successful autonomous landings during the MBZIRC 2017, where our system achieved the fastest landing among all competing teams.
Weighted causal inference methods with mismeasured covariates and misclassified outcomes
Authors: Shu Di , Yi Grace Y.
Published: January 2019

Inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimation has been widely used in causal inference. Its validity relies on the important condition that the variables are precisely measured. This condition, however, is often violated, which distorts the IPW method and thus yields biased results. In this paper, we study the IPW estimation of average treatment effects for settings with mismeasured covariates and misclassified outcomes. We develop estimation methods to correct for measurement error and misclassification effects simultaneously. Our discussion covers a broad scope of treatment models, including typically assumed logistic regression models and general treatment assignment mechanisms. Satisfactory performance of the proposed methods is demonstrated by extensive numerical studies.
Evaluating center‐specific long‐term outcomes through differences in mean survival time: Analysis of national kidney transplant data
Authors: He Kevin , Ashby Valarie B. , Schaubel Douglas E.
Published: January 2019

Center‐specific survival outcomes of kidney transplant recipients are an important quality measure, with several challenges. Existing methods based on restricted mean lifetime tend to focus on short‐ and medium‐term clinical outcomes and may fail to capture long‐term effects associated with quality of follow‐up care. In this report, we propose methods that combine a lognormal frailty model and piecewise exponential baseline rates to compare the mean survival time across centers. The proposed methods allow for the consistent estimation of mean survival time as opposed to restricted mean lifetime and, within this context, permits more accurate profiling of long‐term center‐specific outcomes. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are derived, and finite‐sample properties are examined through simulation. The proposed methods are then applied to national kidney transplant data. The novelty of the proposed techniques arises from several angles. We utilize mean survival, in contrast to the most previous works that considered the restricted mean. Few previous studies have used the integrated survival function as a basis for center effects. Few provider profiling methods use a random effects model to estimate fixed center effects.
Classification using ensemble learning under weighted misclassification loss
Authors: Xu Yizhen , Liu Tao , Daniels Michael J. , Kantor Rami , Mwangi Ann , Hogan Joseph W.
Published: January 2019

Binary classification rules based on covariates typically depend on simple loss functions such as zero‐one misclassification. Some cases may require more complex loss functions. For example, individual‐level monitoring of HIV‐infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy requires periodic assessment of treatment failure, defined as having a viral load (VL) value above a certain threshold. In some resource limited settings, VL tests may be limited by cost or technology, and diagnoses are based on other clinical markers. Depending on scenario, higher premium may be placed on avoiding false‐positives, which brings greater cost and reduced treatment options. Here, the optimal rule is determined by minimizing a weighted misclassification loss/risk. We propose a method for finding and cross‐validating optimal binary classification rules under weighted misclassification loss. We focus on rules comprising a prediction score and an associated threshold, where the score is derived using an ensemble learner. Simulations and examples show that our method, which derives the score and threshold jointly, more accurately estimates overall risk and has better operating characteristics compared with methods that derive the score first and the cutoff conditionally on the score especially for finite samples.
Perceived stress in human–machine interaction in modern manufacturing environments—Results of a qualitative interview study
Authors: Körner Ulrike , Müller‐Thur Kathrin , Lunau Thorsten , Dragano Nico , Angerer Peter , Buchner Axel
Published: January 2019

Rapid advances in digitization technologies are changing modern working conditions especially in industrial settings. Consequently, employees are confronted with new forms of human–machine interaction. Whether changes in working conditions in general, and the increasing relevance of human–machine interaction in particular, affect psychosocial working conditions, and employee's health is currently matter of debate, but empirical data are lacking. Therefore, we conducted semistructured interviews with 36 employees working in five different companies. The interviews were aimed at identifying potential stressors associated with the introduction and use of modern technologies in the manufacturing industry.

The results show that stressors linked to human–machine interaction are technical problems, poor usability, low situation awareness, and increased requirements on employees' qualification. For example, technical problems such as breakdowns or slowdowns were described as a main stressor when employees were not qualified to handle these problems on their own, thus decelerating work flows and causing additional time pressure. Overall, the results show that problems in human–machine interaction, which have been observed in laboratory and nonindustrial settings, also apply to industrial work places with highly automated working conditions and are a potential source of stress. These factors should be considered in psychosocial risk assessment of work‐related stressors.
Utilizing PLC Data for Workpiece Flaw Detection in Machine Tools
Authors: Sossenheimer Johannes , Bauerdick Christoph J. H. , Helfert Mark , Petruschke Lars , Abele Eberhard
Published: January 2019

Workpiece quality is one of the essential goals of every production company, due to the fact that it is strongly related to customer satisfaction and therefore to sales revenue and business success. While in single-part production every product can be checked for quality issues, this is inefficient in higher volume series production. Hence, random sampling is a widespread method for quality control in high-volume production. The problem with this method is that it just uses samples. Defect workpieces in between the samples are not recognized and therefore processed further on. In this chapter, an approach for monitoring systems for higher volume series production in machine tools is introduced to implement a 100% quality monitoring. It is utilizing the already implemented sensor network that is delivering its data to the machine PLC of the machine tool to indirectly measure the quality.
Simulation of Machining Operations Based on the VMT Concept
Authors: Cugnon Frédéric , Delsemme Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2019

This section focusses on the dynamic modelling of the machine tool including its computer numeric control, and its interaction with the machining process. To properly simulate modern machine tools in machining condition, the virtual machine tool model based on SAMCEF Mecano is used to account for close interaction between the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical structure, drives and the control. To fully capture the dynamic behaviour of the machine, force interactions between the cutting tool and the workpiece are also considered. A strong coupling between the mechatronic model of the machine tool and a machining simulation tool is implemented. A specialized cutting force element has been developed. It considers the dynamics of the tooltip combined with the tool-workpiece engagement to generate cutting forces. The use of such digital twin model is demonstrated considering some machining operations.
Twin-Control Evaluation in Industrial Environment: Aerospace Use Case
Authors: Armendia Mikel , Ghassempouri Mani , Gil Guillermo , Mozas Carlos , Sanchez Jose A. , Cugnon Frédéric , Berglind Luke , Peysson Flavien , Fuertjes Tobias
Published: January 2019

More and more ICT applications appear in both market and research world, but few of them are applied under industrial conditions. One of the highlights of Twin-Control project is the validation of the different features in industrial environments. To do that, two validation scenarios, with very different requirements were defined. In this chapter, the evaluation of Twin-Control in an aerospace use case is presented. The evaluation consists in the presentation of the different implementations and the obtained results, as well as the impact caused by them in the end-users. This document shows the benefits of the application of Twin-Control in such a demanding sector like aerospace.
Twin-Control Approach
Authors: Armendia Mikel , Alzaga Aitor , Peysson Flavien , Euhus Dirk
Published: January 2019

Twin-Control (http://twincontrol.eu/) is a new concept for machine tool and machining process performance optimization. It is based on a new simulation model that integrates the different aspects that affect machine tool and machining performance. This holistic approach allows a better estimation of machining performance than single-featured simulation packages, including lifecycle concepts like energy consumption and end-of-life components. This theoretical representation of the machine is complemented with real process data by the monitoring of the most important variables of the machining process and machine condition. This monitored information, combined with the developed models, is used at machine level to perform model-based control actions and/or warn about damaged components of the machine tool. In addition, a fleet-level data management system is used for a proper health management and optimizes the maintenance actions on the machine tools.
Modelling of Machining Processes
Authors: Berglind Luke , Ozturk Erdem
Published: January 2019

The Twin-Control product takes a holistic approach to modelling and simulation of machining processes, incorporating machine controller, machine structure, part program, part geometry, and process forces and dynamics into a single system. The focus of this chapter is on the process models used to simulate cutting forces, torques, form error, and tool dynamics throughout a part program. These predictions provide process planners with valuable information about an operation before it is executed on machine, allowing for potential issues to be identified and reduced or eliminated before the first part is produced.
Behaviours Indicators of Machine Tools
Authors: Peysson Flavien , Leon David , Lafuste Quentin , Armendia Mikel , Mutilba Unai , Guruceta Enrique , Kortaberria Gorka
Published: January 2019

Knowledge of machine tool behaviour is a key element to improve production, quality and availability as behaviour indicators represent or give an idea of the real state of the machine. Indeed, real conditions can be used to update simulation models’ parameters, detect or anticipate quality fault on workpiece, and to estimate damage state of machine components such as axis and spindle. Behaviour indicators extraction is based on the analysis of specific and known moves or actions of the machine tools. Two kinds of approaches to build these indicators are discussed in this chapter.
Non-intrusive Load Monitoring on Component Level of a Machine Tool Using a Kalman Filter-Based Disaggregation Approach
Authors: Sossenheimer Johannes , Weber Thomas , Flum Dominik , Panten Niklas , Abele Eberhard , Fuertjes Tobias
Published: January 2019

Collecting high-quality data points in the production process and using them to optimize the process are becoming increasingly important in the age of Industry 4.0. Measured energy and power data enable benchmarking and condition monitoring applications based on insightful energy performance indicators. As reliable measurement concepts require high investments and are accompanied by uncertain amortization periods, the development of new and more low-cost alternatives is essential. The following chapter will illustrate a cost-effective monitoring approach for industrial production machines on component level that can be applied to a wide range of machines. This is based on an algorithm that calculates the energy consumption from the aggregated power consumption and the control signals of the components. Cost and time-intensive sensor installations can thus be avoided. The data points obtained are then used to derive indicators that are able to identify energy wastage on component level. For this reason, the algorithm is implemented as a plug-in on an existing process control system. To ensure robustness against measurement uncertainties and distorting noise, a Kalman filter forms the basis of the algorithm. The capabilities of the proposed approach are demonstrated on a laboratory machine tool.
Violence Against Men in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

In this introductory chapter we present the ambitions, objectives and structure of this book. We define what violence in intimate relationships is and offer some insight into the contemporary theoretical debates on violence in intimate relationships, as set out by sociologist Michael P. Johnson’s typologies about partner violence.
Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

It has been well documented in a host of studies that partner violence leads to many and various consequences for victims. Our study shows that self-reproach, shame of being a victim of violence and social anxiety seem to be universal, rather than gendered, phenomena among people who experience violence from those who are close to them. Those men who have lived in violent relationships have taken time to recognise and process the violence to which they have been subjected.
Men Who Are Subjected to Sexual Abuse
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

This chapter is based on interviews with ten men who have sought help for sexual abuse. Most of these men have additionally experienced other forms of physical and psychological violence, as well as childhood neglect. Their experiences with these various forms of violence are described here in detail, as are the differing consequences these have had for the men involved.
Experience with Support Agencies
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

This chapter illuminates men’s experiences with support agencies. First, we investigate men’s help-seeking and their perception of the help they require. We highlight men’s experiences with family counselling services before focusing on men’s experiences of the services offered at crisis centres and at centres against incest and sexual abuse. Several of the men express the feeling that these centres have saved their lives. However, men find it problematic that women and men are kept separate in crisis centres and suggest it detracts from the service offered to them. We conclude the chapter with concrete proposals for action.
“Firm Outlines and Hard Muscles Immortalised”: Ancient Statuary and E.P. Warren’s “Uranian Ideal”
Authors: Grove Jen
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role of ancient sculpture in the homoerotic ideals and real-life relationships of collector Edward Perry Warren in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The classical male nude in particular facilitated for Warren the establishment of models of virile masculinity and age-differentiated male-male attachments, as well as their wider dissemination through the provision of material to international museums. He saw certain styles of ancient art as embodying specific ancient values which could challenge contemporary heteronormativity, but also associations between homosexuality, effeminacy and aestheticism, and could confront emerging political ideas around gender equality.
Testing the (0,2) mirror map
Authors: Bertolini Marco
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We test a proposed mirror map at the level of correlators for linear models describing the (0,2) moduli space of superconformal field theories with a (2,2) locus associated to Calabi-Yau hypersurfaces in toric varieties. We verify in non-trivial examples that the correlators are exchanged by the mirror map and we derive a correspondence between the observables of the A/2- and B/2-twisted theories. We also comment on the global structure of the (0,2) moduli space and present a simple non-renormalization argument for a large class of B/2 model subfamilies.
Self-dual sectors for scalar field theories in (1 + 1) dimensions
Authors: Ferreira L. A. , Klimas P. , Zakrzewski Wojtek J.
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We use ideas of generalized self-duality conditions to construct real scalar field theories in (1 + 1)-dimensions with exact self dual sectors. The approach is based on a pre-potential U that defines the topological charge and the potential energy of these theories. In our algebraic method to construct the required pre-potentials we use the representation theory of Lie groups. This approach leads naturally to an infinite set of degenerate vacua and so to topologically non-trivial self-dual solutions of these models. We present explicit examples for the groups SU(2), SU(3) and SO(5) and discuss some properties of these solutions.
The large D membrane paradigm for Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Authors: Saha Arunabha
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We find the equations of motion of membranes dual to the black holes in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity to leading order in 1/D in the large D regime. We also find the metric solutions to the EGB equations to first subleading order in 1/D in terms of membrane variables. We propose a world volume stress tensor for the membrane whose conservation equations are equivalent to the leading order membrane equations. We work out the light quasi-normal mode spectrum of static black holes in EGB gravity from the linearised fluctuations of static, round membranes. Also, the effective equations for stationary black holes and the spectrum of linearised spectrum about black string configurations has been obtained using the membrane equation for EGB gravity. All our results are worked out to linear order in the Gauss-Bonnet parameter.
Global Disparities in Breast Cancer Genetics Testing, Counselling and Management
Authors: Yip C. H. , Evans D. G. , Agarwal G. , Buccimazza I. , Kwong A. , Morant R. , Prakash I. , Song C. Y. , Taib N. A. , Tausch C. , Ung O. , Meterissian S.
Published: January 2019

Hereditary breast cancers, mainly due to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, account for only 5–10% of this disease. The threshold for genetic testing is a 10% likelihood of detecting a mutation, as determined by validated models such as BOADICEA and Manchester Scoring System. A 90–95% reduction in breast cancer risk can be achieved with bilateral risk‐reducing mastectomy in unaffected BRCA mutation carriers. In patients with BRCA‐associated breast cancer, there is a 40% risk of contralateral breast cancer and hence risk‐reducing contralateral mastectomy is recommended, which can be performed simultaneously with surgery for unilateral breast cancer. Other options for risk management include surveillance by mammogram and breast magnetic resonance imaging, and chemoprevention with hormonal agents. With the advent of next‐generation sequencing and development of multigene panel testing, the cost and time taken for genetic testing have reduced, making it possible for treatment‐focused genetic testing. There are also drugs such as the PARP inhibitors that specifically target the BRCA mutation. Risk management multidisciplinary clinics are designed to quantify risk, and offer advice on preventative strategies. However, such services are only possible in high‐income settings. In low‐resource settings, the prohibitive cost of testing and the lack of genetic counsellors are major barriers to setting up a breast cancer genetics service. Family history is often not well documented because of the stigma associated with cancer. Breast cancer genetics services remain an unmet need in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where the priority is to optimise access to quality treatment.
Trends in the Nature and Management of Serious Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Ferrah Noha , Cameron Peter , Gabbe Belinda , Fitzgerald Mark , Martin Kate , Beck Ben
Published: January 2019

Background

There have been recommendations for increased non‐operative management (NOM) of abdominal trauma in adults. To assess the impact of this trend and changes in the epidemiology of trauma, we examined the management of serious abdominal injuries and mortality, in Victorian major trauma patients 16 years or older, between 2007 and 2016.

Methods

Using data from the population‐based Victorian Trauma Registry, characteristics of patients who underwent laparotomy, embolisation, laparotomy and embolisation, or NOM, were compared with the Chi‐square test. Poisson regression was used to determine whether the incidence of serious abdominal injury changed over time. Temporal trends in the management of abdominal injury and in‐hospital mortality were analysed using, respectively, the Chi‐square test for trend, and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Of 2385 patients with serious abdominal injuries, 69% (n = 1649) had an intervention; predominantly a laparotomy (n = 1166). The proportion undergoing laparotomy decreased from 60% in 2007 to 44% in 2016 (p < 0.001), whilst embolisation increased from 6 to 20% (p < 0.001). Population‐adjusted incidence of abdominal injury increased 1.6% per year (IRR 1.016, 95% CI 1.002–1.031; p < 0.024), predominantly in people aged 65 years and over (4.6% per year). Adjusted odds of in‐hospital mortality declined 6.0% per year (adjusted odds ratio 0.94; 95% CI 0.89, 1.00; p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Whilst the incidence of major abdominal trauma increased during the study period, there was a reduction in the proportion of patients managed with laparotomy and reduction in the adjusted odds of in‐hospital mortality. Older patients, for whom management is influenced by the complex interplay of frailty and co‐morbidities, had lower laparotomy rates.