bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY CARTOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: O'DEA FABIAN
Published: April 2007

The author, who has been lieutenant-governor of the island, examines chronologically the manner in which Newfoundland was shown on maps of the 17th Century. He uses thirty-five illustrations and further references, commencing with the archipelagic form common in the cartography of the preceding century and terminating with vague forms from maps by Jaillot and Visscher. For the most part the examples are depictions of the island planispheres, or of continental or oceanic maps. Here and there an informed view appears, only to be forgotten or ignored by later cartographers.
THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY AND THE RESULTS OF FIFTY YEARS OF WORK BY SOVIET SCHOLARS
Authors: SHIBANOV F A
Published: April 2007

The author, a senior Russian specialist on the history of cartography, briefly and critically reviews Soviet work in his field. He also discusses the nature of the history of cartography, emphasizing that it encompasses the history of the development of cartographic science, not just the history of the geographical map. L'auteur, un éminent spécialiste russe en Histoire de la cartographie, fait une brève rétrospect critique des travaux soviétiques dans ce domaine. Il traite aussi de la nature de l'histoire de la cartographie, soulignant qu'elle embrasse l'histoire de l'avancement de la science cartographique, et non seulement l'histoire de la carte géographique.
Proposed Specifications for the New 1:50,000 Topographic Map Series of Indonesia
Authors: Mastra Ir Dk Riadika , Brown Malcolm H
Published: April 2007

Within the next five years the country of Indonesia will begin production of a new 1:50,000 topographic map series. This paper is an attempt to introduce and explain some of the symbolization proposed for the new series. The work was undertaken as part of a final project while the authors were attending the post-graduate program in cartography at the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) in Enschede, The Netherlands.
Designing Interactive Sound Maps Using Scalable Vector Graphics
Authors: Brauen Glenn
Published: April 2007

Geographical research and cartography have, for the most part, neglected sound, even though it is an important part of the environment within which human society exists. This article examines the use of sound in other disciplines, arguing that cartography is unusual in its relatively limited use of sound and examining research indicating that sound has the potential to provide useful options to cartographers in their map designs. The article then presents research carried out using interactive sound as an added dimension of maps designed to be accessible over the World Wide Web. The sounds are conceived as an integral part of the map, augmenting rather than replicating the visual information to provide new insights into the subject matter of the map. The article presents a detailed discussion of the design of a map of results from the Canadian federal election of 28 June 2004, showing a selection of electoral districts in the vicinity of Ottawa, ON. The map, implemented using Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), JavaScript, and recorded audio files, uses recorded speeches by the leaders of the federal political parties to provide an auditory dimension.
THE MODIFIED POLYCONIC PROJECTION FOR THE IMW
Authors: SNYDER JOHN P
Published: April 2007

The modified Polyconic map projection designed by Lallemand and adopted for the International Map of the World between 1909 and 1962 has two meridians and two parallels which are true to scale. Constructed geometrically in the past, forward and inverse coordinate transformations may be calculated analytically in order to transfer data from existing quadrangles to other maps. The equations for these transformations are derived and used to calculate representative tables of coordinates andscale factors. Although the projection is neither equal-area nor conformai, scale does not vary more than 0.06% throughout the quadrangle.
TEACHING THE NCGIA CURRICULUM IN PRACTICE: ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
Authors: Coulson Michael R.C. , Waters Nigel M.
Published: April 2007

The implementation in the Department of Geography at the University of Calgary of the NCGIA's Core Curriculum for GIS teaching is described. The core curriculum was taught using the two semester, year long option during the 1989-90 academic year. Labs, software and hardware used in association with the two courses are discussed. Plans for implementing the curriculum in the 1990-91 academic year are explained and seek to draw upon the successes and failures encountered during the previous year.
Ignorance Graphique Ou Cartographie De L'ignorance
Authors: MULLER JEAN-CLAUDE
Published: April 2007

Examples of ignorance in the area of graphic expression in map production can be observed at various levels, from the inequality of bar and numeric scales, incomprehensible and nonsignificant symbols, to the use of rigid graphics to represent random variables. The end result is a cartography displaying ignorance and maps that are partially or totally devoid of significance. Examples abound equally in traditional cartography and in computer-assisted cartography. In the latter, there is a growing contradiction in the degree of sophistication in the equipment and programs used and the lack of attention paid to elementary principles of graphic expression. Les manifestations d'ignorance graphique dans la production des cartes peuvent s'observer a différents niveaux, depuis l'inadéquation des échelles statistiques et graphiques, l'incohérence symbolique jusqu'a l'usage d'une graphique déterministique pour représenter des variables aléatoires. On aboutit ainsi à une cartographie de l'ignorance ou la carte est partiellement ou totalement dépourvue de signification. Les exemples abondent aussi bien dans la cartographie dite traditionnelle que sur les cartes produites par ordinateur. Dans ce dernier cas, on constate une contradiction grandissante entre les degrées de sophistication des outils de travail et des programmes et la négligence des principes les plus élémentaires de l'expression graphique.
Mapping, Postmodernism, Indigenous People And The Changing Direction Of North American Cartography
Authors: RUNDSTROM ROBERT A
Published: April 2007

Cartographers have an opportunity now to make fundamental changes in the direction and scope of academic cartography. As a catalyst for change, J.B.Harley's proposal for a 'postmodern' cartography is important for text-based societies like ours, but it will restrict our studies unnecessarily if taken alone. I provide a critique of postmodernist thought as applied to cartography, focusing especially on its inability to account for mapping in non-textual, non-Cartesian cultures where action and process are often crucial. Consequently, I propose a process approach to cartography as an additional basis for reorienting the field. Finally, I couple this approach with map deconstruction to interpret recent Inuit (Eskimo) toponymic mapping as part of a lengthy cross-cultural dialogue about Arctic North America.
Metrics, Geometries, Signs, and Language: Sources of Cartographic Miscommunication Between Native and Euro- American Cultures in North America
Authors: LEWIS G MALCOLM
Published: April 2007

This essay is offered as a contribution to multicultural cartography. Intended to stimulate discussion, its significance is wider than the North American cross-cultural experience on which it is based. The structuring of space and the ordering of information on maps made in medieval Europe had much in common with those later found on maps being made by native North Americans. By the time of the first contacts, however, European maps were beginning to change. Only dimly recognized at the time, the emerging differences had important consequences for intercultural relations. These are still being explored. The causes of the differences, however, have received little attention. New formal geometries and increasingly standardized metrics replaced experience and cognition as the bases for the spatial structuring of European maps. Likewise, new systems for classifying and ranking phenomena began to influence their information content. In turn, these influenced the development of cartographic signs. Rooted in natural language and mediated by culture, neither the causes or consequences of the differences were appreciated at the time, yet they almost certainly existed wherever European cultures came into contact with pre-literate cultures after circa 1500. The variants, global extent, and significance of this merits multicultural study. Cet article est offert comme contribution à la cartographie muiticulturelle. Dans l'intention de stimuler la discussion, sa portée se veut plus étendue qu'à la seule expérience transculturelle de l'Amérique du Nord sur laquelle elle est basée. La structuration de l'espace et l'agencement de l'information utilisés sur les cartes de l'Europe médiévale ont beaucoup en commun avec la structuration et l'agencement trouvés plus tard sur des cartes dressées par des indigènes de l'Amérique du Nord. Dès les premiers contacts, toutefois, les cartes européennes ont commencé à changer. À peine perceptibles à ce moment, les différences émergentes ont eu des conséquences importantes sur les relations interculturelles. On les explore d'ailleurs toujours. Les causes des différences ont cependant recueilli peu d'attention. De nouveaux systèmes de géométrie et de mesure, de plus en plus officiels et standardisés, ont remplacé l'expérience et la connaissance comme bases de structuration spatiale des cartes européennes. De nouveaux systèmes pour classifier et ordonner les phénomènes ont aussi commencé à influencer le contenu de l'information. À leur tour, ces derniers ont influencé le développement des signes cartographiques. Enracinées dans le langage naturel et transmises par la culture, ni les causes ni les conséquences des différences ne furent appréciées à ce moment et pourtant, elles ont certainement existé partout où les cultures européennes sont venues en contact avec les cultures illettrées, après les années 1500. Les variantes, l'étendue globale et la signification de ceci méritent une étude multiculturelle.
REGIONALIZING AND MATCHING FEATURES FOR INTERPOLATED DISPLACEMENT IN THE AUTOMATED GENERALIZATION OF DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC DATABASES
Authors: MONMONIER MARK
Published: April 2007

Expert-guided generalization can be an effective method for generating displaced, simplified and smoothed cartographic lines at a scale between those of a given set of matched large-scale and small-scale representations. Efficient implementation of interpolated generalization can benefit from an automated or semi-automated technique to assist the simultaneous partitioning of the two representations into corresponding sections with matched endpoints. Matched regionalization can take advantage of readily identified intersections of corresponding features. In addition, a measurement template can be useful in identifying exchange crossings of otherwise parallel linear features, such as a highway and railroad that share a transportation corridor. A modified two-scale, two-stage version of the Douglas line-simplification algorithm can first regionalize the small-scale database and then produce a matched regionalization of the large-scale database. These procedures offer developers of cartographic databases an efficient approach to either linking existing databases that cover the same area at different scales or developing a small-scale cartographic caricature to guide generalization of an existing large-scale database.
The Power of Disembodied Imagination: Perspective's Role in Cartography
Authors: HILLIS KEN
Published: April 2007

In almost opposite fashion to medieval maps, perspective technique helps in imagining how the human body conceptually might be set aside by the painter/viewer/discoverer/subject. This would allow a disembodied visual imagination to extend its point of view across a world cartographically laid out in advance. Bird's-eye-view plans are an intermediate hinge between perspective and cartography that helps condition early modern vision, and generates the speculative confidence needed for world discovery. The grid articulates distances, making great expanse manageable in advance, and legitimizes or embodies an imagined 'reality' not yet found.
The Cartography of Dietrich Brehm and Thomas Hutchins and the Establishment of British Authority in the Western Great Lakes Region, 1760-1763
Authors: Widder Keith
Published: April 2007

Between 1760 and 1762, Lieutenant Dietrich Brehm and Ensign Thomas Hutchins created the first cartographic images of the western Great Lakes produced by British mapmakers who had actually travelled in the region. Their maps and reports provided essential information to British officials, who knew little about the region, as they incorporated territories, newly won from France following the conquest of Canada, into the British Empire. British officers negotiated with Native peoples, placed their troops in forts previously garrisoned by the French, and facilitated the entrance of British traders into the lucrative fur trade. Brehm and Hutchins contributed to this complicated diplomatic enterprise.
Thematic Content Of Canadian Provincial Atlases
Authors: HOCKING DIANA , KELLER C PETER , PETERSON CHERYL
Published: April 2007

This paper compares aspects of format, organization and thematic content of fifteen Canadian provincial atlases. Findings are compared to a 1969 study of provincial and state atlases by Stephenson and Galneder, and to a recent study published in the Professional Geographer by Kent and Tobias (1990) comparing the thematic content of state atlases.
Maps and Journeys: An Ethno-methodological Investigation
Authors: Brown Barry , Laurier Eric
Published: April 2007

The notion of the “cognitive map” has long been central to studies of maps, wayfinding, and navigation. In this article we provide an alternative approach to studying map use that re-situates these activities as shared social and cultural practices. The article draws on ethno-methodology and conversation analysis to study video of two examples of naturally organized map reading. We explore how journeying with maps is part of the in situ organization of matters such as workplace tasks, means of transportation, having a “nice day out,” maintaining friendships, and so on. In our first clip, a saleswoman consults an A–Z map while stopped at traffic lights in order to plan the journey ahead. In the second clip, a group of friends consult a map as they set off for a day trip together in a car. These clips provide thick descriptions of the detailed activities involved in map use.
The Application of Geographic Information Systems by First Nations and Government in Northern Canada
Authors: Duerden Frank , Kuhn Richard
Published: April 2007

As a result of planning and resource development initiatives and the settlement of Native land claims in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, the need for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was identified by numerous government and First Nation organizations. This paper will examine the pattern of GIS acquisition in the Canadian North and will identify and critically comment on recent GIS applications. It also focuses attention on the sources and types of information used by various groups. Detailed interviews were conducted in July and August 1993 with all First Nation and government GIS users. Three themes were focused on: the process of GIS acquisition, GIS applications to land management, and the extent to which First Nations' perspectives on land and environment were integrated into GIS applications.

Despite the widespread adoption of GIS technology, its potential is far from being realized. None of the systems are being used in major decision-support roles to facilitate scenario-building or the evaluation of alternative land-use scenarios. Barriers to effective use include the absence of skilled operators and training programs, particularly for First Nations peoples, and a failure by many organizations to develop clear and appropriate goals for GIS applications. Another factor limiting the use of GIS relates to the availability and compatibility of data sets. Despite these shortcomings, GIS can play a major role in northern planning and resource management processes.
THE ROLE OF PETRINE SURVEYORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CARTOGRAPHY DURING THE 18TH CENTURY
Authors: FEL S YE
Published: April 2007

This article, written by a specialist on 18th century Russian cartography, describes the motives, character, and results of Russia's first state survey, which approximated the first half of the 1700's at the initiative of Peter the Great as part of his sweeping state reorganization. The author discusses the training of the surveyors, the founding of the country's first schools of geodesy, the Senate decrees inaugurating the district surveys, the organization and administration of the surveys, the surveyors' instructions, methods, and instruments, the number and the extent of the surveys, and the resultant district maps, especially their compilation, contents, design, coverage, and fate. The activities of several prominent individuals and the quality of a couple of particular maps are cited as examples.
MAP PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION IN CANADA
Authors: THOMSON DON W.
Published: April 2007

The usefulness of a map depends upon the craftsmanship and durability of the original production as well as upon the quality and easy availability of reproductions of it. The influences on map making, in turn, of papermaking, copper engraving techniques, lithography, photography, and the use of plastic materials. The practice in Europe during the Middle Ages of family groups operating within guilds of map-making craftsmen, in which manual and other skills passed from father to son, was transmitted to Canada with the arrival in the country from Scotland of the Cunningham family. The representative part played by the Cunninghams in Canadian map production is summarized. Also described are contributions made by various federal civil servants and agencies in accomplishing, smoothly and swiftly, the revolutionary transition from pen and ink drawings of manuscript maps to negative and positive scribing in plastic.
La Conception De Cartes Geographiques Assistee Par Ordinateur
Authors: MAGNENAT-THALMANN NADIA , THALMANN DANIEL
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a computer-assisted design system for geographical maps. The system comprises mainly a geographical map editor. The geographer can use the editor to construct maps very rapidly, then modify, store, retrieve or delete them. It is also possible to store and retrieve specific types of geographical features such as lakes, rivers, or cities, for example. The advantage is that it is very easy to produce a number of different maps in a very short time. The geographer may also enter a map into the computer by using a digitizer and the output can be obtained on paper by the use of a dot printer and a digital plotter.
Avalanche Cartography: Visualization of Dynamic-Temporal Phenomena in a Mountainous Environment
Authors: KRIZ KAREL
Published: April 2007

Avalanches represent a very short, local, dynamic event in snow-covered mountainous regions. They are not easy to predict and often can produce devastating results. Avalanche cartography deals with the causes and consequences of such incidents and attempts to depict them in a variety of ways. The most common cartographic representation within this field is the avalanche hazard map. It incorporates mainly large-scale topographic elements with thematic features. However, besides just visualizing what has happened and depicting locations of potential risk, it is now possible within modern cartography to experiment with different approaches and to visualize complex variables in a cartographically demanding way. This paper deals with the phenomena of avalanches from a cartographic perspective and shows the variety of possibilities cartography can offer today to understand and predict these complex natural hazards.
Videodiscs And Surrogate Travel / The Map-Environment Interface
Authors: CARSTENSEN JR LAWRENCE W , COX ALLAN B
Published: April 2007

The videodisc is the first visual database medium that can provide random access to its contents. As such, it can support simulations that allow a user to control his movement (surrogate travel). In this application, a user is given a map of an area containing a marked course. The user operates a computer to view pictures of the area that have been stored on a videodisc and 'walks' in search of orienteering markers. Using common map use skills such as resection and visual inspection, the user can locate his position on the map and determine that route that will most efficiently locate each marker.
THEMATIC MAPS AND TEXT / AN ANALYSIS OF "WHAT HAPPENED THERE?"
Authors: RITTSCHOF KENT A , KULHAVY RAYMOND W , STOCK WILLIAM A , HATCHER JERROLD W
Published: April 2007

Undergraduates studied a map of Ceylon which contained one of three theme distributions. Following map study, percipients read a text containing facts related to the theme distributions. People correctly recalled significantly more theme-related facts from the text, and were able to draw more inferences related to the particular theme they had studied. The results were interpreted in terms of a dual coding model, where structural information encoded from the map is used to cue text retrieval and to make comparative judgments based on theme levels.
A Look at the History and Future of Animated Maps
Authors: Harrower Mark
Published: April 2007

Compared to static maps, animated maps have always been difficult to make, distribute, and access. The PC and Internet revolutions have greatly improved opportunities for animated maps, and a new era of on-demand animated maps is emerging. In this article, a three-tier historical framework is presented that identifies the key conceptual and technological developments of animated cartography related to the means of production, methods of distribution, and modes of use. Such a historical overview is largely missing from the cartographic literature and helps to situate current developments and issues within a broader social and technological context. The future development and direction of animated maps can be informed by identifying the pivotal ideas and technologies of the last 60 years. It is worth revisiting foundational — but technologically impractical — ideas for animated maps developed by pioneering cartographers in the pre-digital and pre-Web era. This research also includes a look at important remaining technological and conceptual hurdles in the production and distribution of animated maps (e.g., bandwidth, vector-based animation, and automated production) and examines future prospects for on-demand animated mapping systems.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE SUBJECT AND METHOD OF CARTOGRAPHY AFTER THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CARTOGRAPHIC CONFERENCE
Authors: SALICHTCHEV K A
Published: April 2007

The author, a leading Soviet academic cartographer, criticizes some ideas which have resulted from the successes of automated cartography and which have been presented at recent international meetings, particularly the narrow conception of cartography as an informational technique independent of geography and the notion of the inherent subjectivity of the perception of cartographic information. He poses a broader and less technical definition of cartography with strong ties to geography, and urges greater understanding by the cartographer of the phenomena that he or she is mapping and strict objectivity in cartographic generalization.
Review Of Colour Terms And Simultaneous Contrast Research For Cartography
Authors: Brewer Cynthia A
Published: April 2007

Colours that are next to a map colour change its appearance by simultaneous contrast (the term induction is also used to describe the effect). The problem of simultaneous contrast on maps has been described repeatedly in the general literature on colour use in cartography and has been recognized as a confounding variable in cartographic research on colour. This review article clarifies important distinctions between lightness constancy and brightness contrast effects that interfere with the interpretation of the results of previous research. Likewise, induced changes in hue are often described as shifts toward the complement of the surrounding colour but many different definitions of complementarity exist, and these distinctions are described. Review of the induction literature from other disciplines reveals conflicting conclusions based on varied stimulus configurations that do not approximate the complexity of a map. To establish a perceptual structure relevant to the map reading context, induction must be judged under realistic illumination conditions and test colours must be embedded in a matrix of other colours that includes reference whites. Review of past attempts to explain induced changes in colour reveals that the opponent process approach is the most common and promising avenue for modelling induction.
How do people use maps t o navigate through the world?
Authors: BLADES M , SPENCER C
Published: April 2007

This review summarizes some of the studies which have examined maps designed for navigation, such as road maps, tourist maps etc. Despite the importance of such maps, there has been little research into how people use them for way finding. The results from this research suggest that adults are not always very competent or confident in using maps in the real world. These results have implications both for studies of map design and for studies of how people navigate with maps. Future research is discussed and it is also suggested that school curricula should include education about the use of maps.
COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE POINT SYMBOLS / THE COGNITIVE PROCESS
Authors: LLOYD ROBERT , STEINKE THEODORE
Published: April 2007

Experiments were conducted to compare the cognitive processes used to compare pairs of quantitative point symbols using perception or memory and in or out of a map context. Results indicated that the differences in the sizes of the symbols being compared significantly influenced decision times for all of the experimental situations considered. The decision times for subjects who visually compared symbols on a map were also significantly influenced by the familiarity of the symbol's location. Most subjects who studied a map containing a distribution of quantitative point symbols appeared to selectively code only symbol size information into memory as an ordered list rather than coding a map image that was an analog of the cartographic map.
The Use of Scale Factors in Map Analysis An Elementary Approach
Authors: Bosowski Elaine , Feeman Timothy
Published: April 2007

Throughout human history there has been a close connection between mathematics and cartography to the benefit of both disciplines. Yet most undergraduate students in both areas are unaware of it. In this paper, itself a cooperative effort between a cartographer and a mathematician, we hope to show that mathematical ideas available to many first-year college students can be used to analyze properties of some commonly used map projections. Specifically, our principal mathematical tool is the Calculus of functions of a single variable. After giving a proof, using only high-school algebra and trigonometry, that there can be no fixed-scale flat map of the earth, we demonstrate how the Calculus can be used to compute the scale factors along meridians and parallels for selected cylindrical and azimuthal projections. Conditions that these scale factors should satisfy for a projection to be either conformal or equal-area are then discussed, and canonical examples of each type are exhibited. Finally, we use scale factors to analyze how each projection distorts areas and angles, and discuss how the classic tool known as Tissot's indicatrix applies to this setting.
Rethinking Laboratory Education for an Introductory Course on Geographic Information
Authors: DiBiase David
Published: April 2007

The potential of geographical information science (GIScience)1 to attract new students to geography has not been fully realized. Faculty attitudes about the role of GIScience in the geography curriculum, along with logistic constraints imposed by the conventional model of laboratory instruction, conspire to limit enrolment. Attitudes are changing, however, and alternative instructional models exist. This essay presents the rationale for an instructional delivery model designed to accommodate large enrolments in both resident and distance versions of an introductory GIScience course. The course-a social-science general education introduction to geographic information-emphasizes students' understanding of, and ability to articulate, the unique properties of geographic information and the social contexts in which it is produced and used. The alternative model divides laboratories into two components: discussion sessions that foster collaborative learning in small groups of students, and computer-based activities developed specifically for independent student use on personal computers ('homeware'). It is argued that the alternative model not only overcomes logistic constraints on enrolment, but is desirable on pedagogical grounds as well.
CONCENTRATION OF SCOTS IN RURAL SOUTHERN ONTARIO 1851–1901
Authors: CLARKE J , MACLEOD P K
Published: April 2007

The location quotient is used as a method of analysis to determine concentrations of Scots in Southern Ontario during the period 1851 to 1901. Although changes in census district boundaries do not allow exact comparisons, a definite distributional pattern emerges showing a marked concentration of Scots in Southwestern Ontario and their relative absence from Eastern Ontario, an anomaly explained in terms of the earlier settlement of eastern districts and the process of out-migration.
AUTOMATION IN CARTOGRAPHY WITH REMOTE SENSING METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Hsu Shin-Yi
Published: April 2007

Along with rapid advances in texture feature extraction, perceptual studies on textural patterns and measures have gained a significant role in designing feature extractors for image processing and automation in cartography. This paper demonstrates that the Hsu measurement corresponds closely to visual perception with respect to similarity measurements between perceptual distances and the Mahalanobis D<sup≯2</sup≯ distances derived by using a 10-variable feature system based on wave-form parameters and a 3-variable system based on micro-texture parameters. A Monte Carlo simulation of real-world land use patterns has also been successfully performed. The significance of this feature extraction/classification system in automated cartography is further examined with respect to the development of the Automatic Feature Extraction System (AFES) by U.S. Air Force/Rome Air Development Center. Avec les progrès rapides de l'extraction des caractéristiques de texture, les études de perception sur les textures et les mesures ont pris de l'importance dans la conception de systèmes permettant l'extraction des caractéristiques destinées au traitement de l'image et de l'automatisation en cartographie. Le présent document démontre que la mesure de Hsu correspond étroitement avec la perception visuelle en ce qui concerne les mesures de similarité entre des distances de perception et les distances D<sup≯2</sup≯ de Mahalanobis calculées en utilisant un système à dix variables fondé sur des paramètres sinusoïdaux et un système à 3 variables fondé sur des paramètres associés à la microtexture. Une simulation de Monte-Carlo des configurations de l'utilisation des terres en milieu réel a aussi été réalisée avec succès. L'importance de ce système d'extraction et de classification des caractéristiques dans la cartographie automatique est examinée plus en détail en ce qui concerne la mise au point du système d'extraction automatique des caractéristiques par le U.S. Air Force/Rome Air Development Center.
Part 3: Atlas of Minimum-Constraint Minimum-Error Projections of the World: A New Approach to Classification and Visualization of Map-Distortion Measures for Minimum-Error Projections
Authors: Laskowski Peter
Published: April 2007

More than seventy MCME representations of the world (graticule plus the shoreline) are included in this Atlas of map-distortion measures. The Atlas is of practical use for map designers seeking new optimal (minimum-error) world projections that best represent global GIS data according to the given design criteria. The entries in the Atlas include the algebraic formula for each distortion measure under consideration, its MCME representation, and its Distortion Spectrum. This information offers the map designer a cartographic insight into the nature of map-distortion measures, and helps in the selection of the best measure, or best combination of measures, for a given world-mapping purpose.

The Atlas, by providing a visual classification of map-distortion measures, also has a more theoretical value for cartographers and map users. The proposed classification is based on the algebraic type of the formula for distortion. This classification schema allows for an analysis in-depth of the intrinsic distortion and geometric characteristics of map-distortion measures, as Tobler's classification of map projections allows for analysis of the geometric and analytic properties of projections based on the algebraic type of the corresponding mapping equations.
Full Circle: More than Just Social Implications of GIS
Authors: Chrisman Nicholas
Published: April 2007

The emergence of geographic information systems (GIS) has raised a useful debate in the discipline of geography over the connection between technology and society. Proponents of GIS have argued from the beginning that their work had a value that warranted adoption; hence, that technology brought something to society. A wave of criticism argued that there were implications and risks to society in adopting these technologies. While this debate served some useful purposes, it was only a start on the issue. The focus on implications risked the simplification of seeing GIS as an inexorable, implacable force, a form of “technological determinism.” This paper argues for a full circle of implication: GIS – the daily practice, the data stored, the software – is constructed and maintained by social processes embedded in historical and geographically contingent settings. The full circle requires an openness to studies of the influence from the social realm to the technology. By tracing the full circle, too, we can better appreciate the implications to society.
MAPPAEMUNDI AND THE MIRROR IN THE MOON
Authors: STOOKE PHILIP J
Published: April 2007

A belief that the spots on the Moon are reflections of Earth's lands and seas can be traced from classical Greece via medieval Europe and the Middle East to 19th-century Persia and perhaps to the early years of this century in European folklore. Cartographers could have used the vista thus afforded them to fill in otherwise unknown regions on mappaemundi. It is not certain that they did so, but several examples of lunar influence may be noted. The most promising is a depiction of southern Africa by Ibn Said (c. 1250) which closely resembles the lunar eastern maria reversed by reflection. The imagined reflection of the Earth in the lunar mirror may also account for the reversed T-O maps in several manuscripts of Isidore's De Natura Rerum and two reversed Macrobian mappaemundi. An otherwise meaningless text associated with Aristotle may be interpreted by means of the lunar mirror hypothesis to indicate that lunar librations were observed in classical Greece some 1900 years before their 'discovery' by Galileo.
Integer Programming Applied To The Map Label Placement Problem
Authors: ZORASTER STEVEN
Published: April 2007

This paper describes a point label placement program that uses a mathematical optimization algorithm to determine the best position for each label. The program detects all label overplots, moves labels to new positions to resolve overplot problems, and deletes labels when absolutely necessary. All tasks are performed without human intervention. The program is designed for use in production mapping application in the oil industry where thousands of labels must be placed, and hundreds of label conflicts resolved on a single map in everyday operations. This function is performed accurately and efficiently by this program, independent of the number of labels involved. Based on success in this application, it is reasonable to consider the use of optimization techniques to help solve other problems in automated cartography, including label placement for linear features and the selection of features to be displayed on a map.
Cartographic Modeling Of Hydrothermal Resource Potential
Authors: HODLER THOMAS W
Published: April 2007

The potential for utilizing hydrothermal (low temperature) resources can be evaluated by using a three-dimensional cartographic model. The four components of the model include temperature of the geothermal water, topographic slope, land elevation and supply economics. Each individual component is scaled ordinally and a perspective drawing of the site utility is computer generated. Temperature distribution is determined from an isothermal linear cartogram based on a constant temperature decay function. Slope and elevation are determined from 1:250,000 series topographic maps. Supply economics is defined by the pumping cost in transporting the water from hot spring to the point of utilization. The components are merged into a composite data set and the perspective representation of that data reflects the potential for hydrothermal utilization. Le potentiel d'utilisation des ressources hydrothermales de basses températures peut être évalué par le moyen d'un modèle cartographique en trois dimensions. Les quatre parties du modèle sont la température de l'eau géothermale, la pente et l'élévation du terrain, et les frais d'exploitation de la source. On attribue a chaque partie un ordre d'importance, et l'ordinateur produit un dessin en perspective du potentiel du site. On obtient la distribution de température d'un cartogramme linéaire d'isotherme calculé par une fonction de décroissement constant de température. Les cartes topographiques du 1/250 000 donnent la pente et l'élévation. Les frais d'exploitation représentent le cout de pompage pour le transport de l'eau de la source thermale jusqu'au point d'utilisation. Les quatre composantes sont combinées eu une seule donnée, dont la mise en perspective indique le potential d'utilisation des ressources hydrothermales.
A Qualitative Evaluation of MapTime, A Program For Exploring Spatiotemporal Point Data
Authors: Slocum Terry , Sluter Robert , Kessler Fritz , Yoder Stephen
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide a user evaluation of MapTime, a software package for exploring spatiotemporal data associated with point locations, and (2) to examine some cognitive issues associated with the display of a dynamic geographic phenomenon - the change in population for cities over time. The methodology consists of a combination of individual interviews and focus groups conducted for three distinct groups of participants: novices, geography students, and domain experts. Some of the key findings are (1) that people do not naturally think of time lines in association with time (clocks and calendars are more common), which raises questions about the use of a linear time line for controlling animations; (2) that pictographic symbols tend to be preferred over geometric symbols for static maps, but pictographic symbols are apt to be too complex for animated maps; (3) that animations, small multiples, and change maps all have important roles to play in examining spatiotemporal data - animations for examining general trends, small multiples for comparing arbitrary time periods, and change maps for explicitly depicting change; (4) that automatic animations are useful for examining trends in pattern, while user-controlled animations are useful for focusing on details within a pattern; and (5) that individual interviews are particularly useful in obtaining users' reactions to software (as opposed to having them learn the software on their own) because the interviewer can steer the interview based on the user's responses.
DOCUMENTARY AND MAP SOURCES FOR RECONSTRUCTING THE HISTORY OF THE RESERVED LANDS IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF UPPER CANADA
Authors: CLARKE JOHN
Published: April 2007

A map of the location of Crown, Clergy and Indian Reserves, together with a list of the sources upon which it is based, is presented for the Western District of Upper Canada. Sufficient of the history is reconstructed to allow the reader to understand the distribution of these lands. L'auteur a établi une carte du district Ouest du Haut-Canada sur laquelle figurent les réserves de l'Etat et du clergé et les réserves indiennes; elle est accompagnée d'une liste des sources sur lesquelles l'auteur s'est fondé. L'auteur offre aussi un contexte historique qui permet au lecteur de mieux comprendre la répartition de ces terres.
THE EFFECTS OF BACKGROUND ON THE EQUAL VALUE GRAY SCALE
Authors: COX CARLETON W
Published: April 2007

In this study a psychophysical experiment was conducted in order to determine to what extent changes in background reflectance affect the selection of equal appearing gray tone intervals. This is important to know because cartographers frequently use a series of gray area tones to represent quantitative data, and it is essential that the map reader perceive a direct correspondence between the value of the gray area tones and the quantities they represent. The results of the experiment indicated that changes in background reflectance had no significant effect on the selection of the darker gray tones, but as the value of the gray tones increased, so did the effects of background. The power formula developed by Stevens and Galanter provided a good approximation to the experimental data for white and black backgrounds, and can be used to construct a series of equal appearing gray tone intervals. The potential of a reformulated power function based on adaptation-level theory to predict background effects was considered. Some constraints in using the equal value gray scale with screened gray area tones also were discussed.
ACADIA/THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME AND ITS GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL UTILIZATION
Authors: RAYBURN ALAN
Published: April 2007

Acadia is a name that has been used for nearly 400 years in the area of the Maritime Provinces. There is strong evidence that it derives from Archadia (Arcadia), given by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 when he sighted an ideal landscape described in classical literature. Cartographers applied it to a region south of New France. In the early 1600s Sieur de Monts found it to be a useful designation for a new colonization scheme between New France and the Spanish possessions. The Micmac termination – Acadie ('occurrence place') appears to have no bearing on the origin of the choronym.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CARTOGRAPHIC DATA HANDLING SYSTEM
Authors: RENTMEESTER LESTER F.
Published: April 2007

Within the Department of Defense, the Defense Intelligence Agency is responsible for managing, and budgeting for, all mapping, charting and geodetic programmes within the Army, Navy and Air Force. One of the programmes involved is the automation of the cartographic data handling system, which includes millions of maps, photography, nautical and aeronautical charts, publications, gravity and magnetic data, bathymetry and hydrography data, etc. DIA is insuring that this data handling system can be used interchangeably by the military departments, federal agencies and other interested organizations by standardizing equipments,, formats and operating procedures. This commonality will result in many benefits during the accession, data processing and output phases in geography, cartography, hydrography and other earth sciences. In addition, this system is compatible with the current planning for an improved national network of information systems in science and technology. It can also be used in universities to support educational programmes; by planning groups to analyse and design natural resource systems, such as ecology; or any other agency interested in relating geography to natural and human resources.
Planetary Maps: Visualization and Nomenclature
Authors: Hargitai Henrik I.
Published: April 2007

Planetary maps are powerful tools for the visualization of the formerly unknown planetary surfaces. The appropriate use of visualization and nomenclature is essential for making planetary maps that can be used by both professionals and the general public. This article describes an international mapping project that has produced several maps of the terrestrial planets and the Moon. The maps were published separately, as educational wall maps, and also appeared together in a world atlas. To select the most effective visual tools and nomenclature, we conducted a map reader perception study at the Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary, which is discussed in detail. The second part of the article describes the current system of planetary nomenclature, highlighting some of its problems, with special attention to its localization for bi- or multilingual planetary maps.
Value And Values In Cartography
Authors: PETCHENIK BARBARA BARTZ
Published: April 2007

Although these three essays appear to deal with disparate topics (cartographic marketing, maps for school textbooks and the evolution of thematic atlases) they are, in fact, integrated around two themes: 1 the nature of cultural values assigned to cartography by society, and 2 the conception of monetary value assigned to the cartographic enterprise and its chief product, the map. These topics require careful, and perhaps critical, scrutiny at this time because the introduction of the computer to cartography in recent decades is changing in significant ways the forms in which human needs for spatial knowledge have been met for hundreds of years. The ultimate question becomes: what future is there for map-centred cartography as we know it today? Only by introducing the issues of value and values to professional discourse can we begin to formulate answers and see directions in which to move forward.
Human Resources Planning and the Production of Health: A Needs-Based Analytical Framework
Authors: Birch Stephen , Kephart George , Tomblin-Murphy Gail , O'Brien-Pallas Linda , Alder Rob , MacKenzie Adrian
Published: April 2007

Traditional approaches to health human resources planning emphasize the effects of demographic change on the needs for health human resources. Planning requirements are largely based on the size and demographic mix of the population applied to simple population-provider or population-utilization ratios. We develop an extended analytical framework based on the production of health-care services and the multiple determinants of health human resource requirements. The requirements for human resources are shown to depend on four separate elements: demography, epidemiology, standards of care, and provider productivity. The application of the framework is illustrated using hypothetical scenarios for the population of the combined provinces of Atlantic Canada.
REPRODUCTION MATERIALS
Authors: RAYMOND J. P.
Published: April 2007

Les techniques de reproduction changent si rapidement que certains matériaux deviennent dé suets et ne font jamais l'objet de production. Les matériaux dont il est question ici sont ceux que l'on utilise actuellement à la Direction des levés et de la cartographie Cela ne veut pas nécessairement dire que le produit constitue une classe par lui-même, mais plutôt qu'il convient le mieux à nos propres besoins spéciaux. Nous nous occuperons surtout des matériaux qui sont directement reliés au cycle de reproduction et nous laisserons de côté tous les produits connexes associés à la majorité des procédés techniques.