bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Oral Narrative Skills to English Reading in Spanish–English Latino/a Dual Language Learners
Authors: Huang Becky H. , Bedore Lisa M. , Ramírez Rica , Wicha Nicole
Published: December 2021

Purpose:

The study examined the contributions of Spanish and English oral narrative skills to English reading among 95 early elementary dual language learners (DLLs) from Spanish-speaking homes in the United States. This sample of first- and third-grade DLL children attended Spanish–English dual language immersion programs and received language and literacy instruction in both English and Spanish.

Method:

All participants completed a storytelling task in both languages and two English reading tests in decoding and reading comprehension. The story narratives were analyzed for microstructures (number of different new words, lexical diversity [D], mean length of utterance, subordination index [SI]) using the Computerized Language ANalysis program. The narrative samples were also evaluated for macrostructures (i.e., discourse-level features) using the Narrative Scoring Scheme.

Results:

Grade, English D, and Spanish SI significantly predicted English reading. Grade level was the strongest predictor of the three for both decoding and comprehension. However, Spanish SI was more robust than English D for decoding whereas English D was a stronger predictor than Spanish SI for comprehension.

Conclusions:

Young DLL children's oral narrative skills in English as well as in their home language Spanish contributed to their English reading outcomes. The study further specified the contributions of narrative elements to different reading skills. Microstructural elements appeared to play a stronger role in English reading than macrostructural elements for DLLs in dual language programs in early elementary grades. The results provided support for the
simple view of reading
and the
linguistic interdependence hypothesis
. The results also implicated that maintaining young DLL children's home language skills may be beneficial, rather than harmful, to their English reading development.
Antagonistic activity of the native strain of Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3 of the Belgorod region against the bacterium of the genus Ralstonia
Authors: Avakova Alina , Lyakhovchenko Nikita , Lopin Roman , Goltseva Elizaveta , Belozerskikh Maria , Solyanikova Inna
Published: December 2021

The paper presents data on the evaluation of the antagonistic potential of Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3 and P. chlororaphis BS-1393 strains against the bacterium of the genus Ralstonia. It was revealed that the native strain is 30% more effective than the collection one. A scheme for obtaining an ethyl acetate extract of phenazine compounds, whose antibacterial activity exceeds the effectiveness of the extractant (ethyl acetate) by 57%, has been developed.
Preparation and properties of recycled fine powder foam concrete
Authors: Feng Yongmei
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development of the construction industry brought by the accelerated process of urbanization, the problem of random stacking and landfill of waste concrete can be seen everywhere, which seriously affects the environmental health. The secondary utilization of waste concrete as recycled aggregate has become a research hotspot. This paper mainly studies the influence of the cementing material system of recycled fine powder foam concrete on the water absorption performance of recycled fine powder foam concrete, and explores the feasibility of using recycled fine powder to prepare foam concrete. The experiment also used recycled fine powder instead of some cement to prepare foam concrete. The effects of the amount of recycled fine powder, the amount of hydrogen peroxide and the ratio of water to binder on the compressive strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity and microstructure of the foam concrete were studied. The results showed that the water absorption rate of recycled fine powder foam concrete increased with the increase of red brick powder content, but the water absorption rate gradually increased. When the content of hydrogen peroxide is 6%, the ratio of water to binder has a greater influence on the thermal conductivity of foam concrete. When the amount of hydrogen peroxide is higher, the influence of water binder ratio on thermal conductivity decreases.
Les vésicules extracellulaires
Authors: Bosch Steffi , Mignot Grégoire
Published: December 2021

L’implication des vésicules extracellulaires dans les échanges immunitaires a été parmi les premières fonctions mises en évidence pour ces vésicules, il y a plus de vingt ans. Du fait de leur petite taille, elles diffusent en effet aisément via les fluides interstitiels et la lymphe où elles interagissent avec les multiples effecteurs du système immunitaire. En accélérant et en amplifiant les échanges, il est concevable que ces unités ultra-mobiles favorisent la concertation entre cellules à l’échelle locale et globale, en réponse aux changements que subit l’organisme, que ceux-ci soient internes ou externes. Ici, vous sont présentées les découvertes clés sur les rôles des vésicules extracellulaires dans l’immunité, dont l’impact sur la santé commence tout juste maintenant à être mesuré.
Interfacial reactions between impurities and slag onset of Si purification by slag addition
Authors: Li Yaqiong , Yu Yunlong , Zhang Lifeng , Li Zhengtao
Published: December 2021

The interfacial reactions between impurities (Al and Ti) and slag onset of Si purification by 51 mol% SiO2–34 mol% CaO–15 mol% MgO slag addition were studied to enhance impurity removal efficiency from Si. The Al distribution behavior at the Si/Slag interface was investigated; a short reaction time (10 s) resulted in the formation of successive SiO2–CaO–MgO–Al2O3 layers in the slag with a thickness of 10 µm; increasing the reaction time (60 s) resulted in the entire ternary slag being changed into SiO2–CaO–MgO–Al2O3 quaternary slag due to the diffusion of Al2O3. It was shown that the highest impurity removal rate of Al could be achieved at the onset of the slag refining process. Based on the Ti distribution at the Si/slag interface, the slag refinement with 51 mol% SiO2–34 mol% CaO–15 mol% MgO had no effect on Ti removal.
Impact of quality decisions on information sharing with supplier encroachment
Authors: Hou Rui , Li Weijian , Lin Xiaogang , Zhao You
Published: December 2021

This study examines a retailer’s decision to share market demand information in a supply chain wherein a supplier sells a product with a certain level of quality to a retailer, who then resells it to the end consumer. It also considers whether a supplier should establish a direct selling channel by incurring a fixed entry cost to compete with the retail channel. Although conventional wisdom indicates that a retailer may voluntarily disclose information under ex-ante supplier encroachment, our results show how and why a retailer may share information with the supplier who encroaches on the retail market with a decision on quality. Specifically, our findings reveal that information sharing is beneficial to the retailer when the quality cost coefficient is low and entry cost is relatively low, even under encroachment by the supplier. Moreover, the retailer may prefer to disclose demand information to the supplier if the quality cost coefficient is low, even when the entry cost is high, under non-encroachment. Interestingly, we found that the supplier prefers to encroach if the retailer shares demand information when the entry cost is moderate. Further, we found that the retailer has a higher incentive to share information under supplier encroachment compared with non-encroachment. These results are in sharp contrast with the extant literature.
Effect of Environmental Factors on Plectranthus Neochilus Volatile Composition: A GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach
Authors: Galbiatti Maria Isabel , Pinheiro Guilherme Perez , Antunes Elisa Ribeiro Miranda , Hernandes Vinicius Verri , Sawaya Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland
Published: December 2021

Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. is an aromatic species, commonly used for digestive, antispasmodic, and analgesic purposes. Although many studies have reported the chemical composition of its essential oil, variations in the volatile profile were observed, which may be due to multiple factors linked to growth and field conditions. In order to detect metabolic variations in this species, we employed a GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach analyzing samples of four P. neochilus individuals collected over a year. From all analyses, 24 mass features were detected and 21 were identified according to their respective chromatographic peaks. All features varied among samples, particularly (2E)-hexenal, 3-octanone and δ-3-carene, which showed the highest coefficient of variation percentage in our study. Although the four individuals presented the same peaks in the chromatograms, significant differences in the intensity of specific mass features were detected between individuals throughout the year. Time of sampling did not affect P. neochilus volatile composition; the chemical profile remained constant throughout the day. Seasonal trends were observed for the species. Winter months coincided with a drop in the intensity of most components. Air temperature showed a positive correlation with some feature intensities, while myrcene and α-thujene resulted in a positive and a negative correlation with rainfall, respectively. This study was the first attempt to correlate metabolic variation and environmental factors in P. neochilus. Our approach was successful in identifying the composition and variation of the headspace volatiles of P. neochilus leaves.
Telisotuzumab Vedotin beim c-Met + nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: December 2021

Telisotuzumab Vedotin ist das erste Anti-c-Met-Antikörper-Konjugat (antibody-drug conjugate; ADC) seiner Klasse. Es adressiert c- Met-verstärkte und c-Met-überexprimierende (c-Met +) Tumoren. Auf dem virtuellen WCLC 2021 (World Conference on Lung Cancer) wurden erste Ergebnisse einer Phase-II-Studie (NCT03539536) mit dem neuen ADC bei vorbehandelten Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem c-Met + nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom (NSCLC) vorgestellt.
Alterations in Bone Turnover during Chemotherapy in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Gupta Vineeta , Dash Shalini , Aggarwal Priyanka , Singh Surya Kumar
Published: December 2021

Background Disturbances of bone metabolism frequently occur in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), leading to increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis at diagnosis, during and after completion of chemotherapy. The present study was performed to evaluate alteration in bone mineral metabolism in children with ALL during chemotherapy.

Method Fifty newly diagnosed patients with ALL in the age group of 2 to 14 years were included. Relapsed and refractory cases were excluded. Enrolled children were stratified into standard and high risk according to National Cancer Institute criteria. Quantitative analysis of bone resorptive marker carboxyl-terminal telopeptide of human type 1 collagen (ICTP) was assessed at baseline and 3 months after chemotherapy by the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results Of 50 patients enrolled, 21 were standard and 29 were high risk. The mean age was 7.75 ± 4.0 years and the male-to-female ratio was 3.5:1. ICTP levels were analyzed in 44 patients, of which 37 (84%) showed significantly increased levels. The mean ICTP level in patients at diagnosis and controls was 1.78 ± 1.39 and 0.96 ± 0.32 µg/L, respectively (p = 0.001). The mean ICTP level at 3 months after chemotherapy increased to 3.55 ± 1.40 µg/L (p = 0.000). It was significantly increased in males (p = 0.000) and in B cell ALL group (p = 0.000) in comparison to females and T cell group. Both standard and high risk groups were equally affected (p = 0.000). On multivariate analysis, no single risk factor could be identified.

Conclusion The marker of bone resorption (ICTP) in children with ALL was increased at diagnosis, which further increased during chemotherapy. The disease itself and the intensive chemotherapy both contributed to the increased levels.
Morphometric Anatomy of the Posterior Aspect of the Atlas and the Vertebral Artery Groove in Relation to Lateral Mass Screw Placement
Authors: Aksoy Selda , Yalcin Bulent
Published: December 2021

Background Atlantoaxial instability is an important disorder that causes serious symptoms such as difficulties in walking, limited neck mobility, sensory deficits, etc. Atlantal lateral mass screw fixation is a surgical technique that has gained important recognition and popularity. Because accurate drilling area for screw placement is of utmost importance for a successful surgery, we aimed to investigate morphometry of especially the posterior part of C1.

Methods One hundred and fifty-eight human adult C1 dried vertebrae were obtained. Measurements were performed directly on dry atlas vertebrae, and all parameters were measured by using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm for linear measurements.

Results The mean distance between the tip of the posterior arch and the medial inner edge of the groove was found to be 10.59 ± 2.26 and 10.49 ± 2.20 mm on the right and left, respectively. The mean distance between the tip of the posterior arch and the anterolateral outer edge of the groove was 21.27 ± 2.28 mm (right: 20.96 ± 2.22 mm; left: 21.32 ± 2.27 mm). The mean height of the screw entry zone on the right and left sides, respectively, were 3.86 ± 0.81 and 3.84 ± 0.77 mm. The mean width of the screw entry zone on both sides was 13.15 ± 1.17 and 13.25 ± 1.3 mm.

Conclusion Our result provided the literature with a detailed database for the morphometry of C1, especially in relation to the vertebral artery groove. We believe that the data in the present study can help surgeons to adopt a more accurate approach in terms of accurate lateral mass screw placement in atlantoaxial instability.
Beware of the Impostors—Scalp Pathology Primer for the Hair Transplant Surgeon
Authors: Venkataram Aniketh , Venkataram Mysore
Published: December 2021

Histopathological features are important for the practicing hair transplant surgeon to ensure proper case selection, diagnosis, choice of proper treatment, and successful outcome. While the primary focus of the hair transplant surgeon is androgenetic alopecia (AGA), it is important to be aware of other conditions that can mimic AGA, whose treatment may be different. This article outlines some of these conditions such as scarring alopecias, alopecia areata, etc., and how to distinguish them. Proper identification will ensure proper treatment and avoid potential missteps in management.
Overview of Follicular Extraction
Authors: Garg Anil , Garg Seema
Published: December 2021

Follicular unit extraction (FUE), now named as follicular unit excision, is one of the methods of harvesting hair follicles from the donor area for implanting in the recipient area. The occipital scalp area is the most common donor area, but nonscalp donor areas like beard, chest, and other hairy body parts can be used as donor hair follicle area. The extraction of the hair follicle leaves a tiny circular scar over the donor area. Over the past 20 years, various devices for FUE have been developed, starting from manual, simple motorized to highly advanced motors with rotation, oscillation, and vibration. Similarly, different types of punch are used: dull, sharp, ultrasharp, serrated, hybrid and specially designed punch blade for long hair follicles harvesting in various diameters from 0.7 mm to 1.1 mm. The follicles can be harvested either by manual method or by motorized method.
Patient Counselling and Medicolegal Aspects of Hair Transplant Surgery
Authors: Sattur Sandeep Suresh , Sattur Indu Sandeep
Published: December 2021

Hair transplantation being an elective aesthetic surgery, the importance of informed consent cannot be overstated. Explaining the condition of hair loss, the causes, progress, prognosis, and all available treatment options is a part of this process. Providing conflict-free information, ensuring that the patient comprehends this information, and allowing him/her to make the decision to authorize the surgeon to perform the procedure is the moral obligation of the hair transplant surgeon. The benefits of this approach are noticeable and one of the most effective ways to have a satisfied patient and reduce the possibility of claims.
Time-irreversibility test for random-length time series: The matching-time approach applied to DNA
Authors: Salgado-García R.
Published: December 2021

In this work, we implement the so-called matching-time estimators for estimating the entropy rate as well as the entropy production rate for symbolic sequences. These estimators are based on recurrence properties of the system, which have been shown to be appropriate for testing irreversibility, especially when the sequences have large correlations or memory. Based on limit theorems for matching times, we derive a maximum likelihood estimator for the entropy rate by assuming that we have a set of moderately short symbolic time series of finite random duration. We show that the proposed estimator has several properties that make it adequate for estimating the entropy rate and entropy production rate (or for testing the irreversibility) when the sample sequences have different lengths, such as the coding sequences of DNA. We test our approach with controlled examples of Markov chains, non-linear chaotic maps, and linear and non-linear autoregressive processes. We also implement our estimators for genomic sequences to show that the degree of irreversibility of coding sequences in human DNA is significantly larger than that for the corresponding non-coding sequences.
High performing designer glass platform to host versatile photonic devices
Authors: Fernandez T. Toney , Gross Simon , Arriola Alexander , Privat Karen , Withford Michael J.
Published: December 2021

The aluminum to alkaline earth ratio (Al:[AE]) in borosilicate glass is introduced as a novel compositional parameter to produce high index waveguides through femtosecond laser inscription. Alkaline earths are considered to be major refractive index providers for laser written optical waveguides due to their collective migration toward the guiding region. Contrary to the existing belief that increasing the concentration of such index providers within a glass composition will help to produce high index change waveguides, we demonstrate that high index waveguides can be fabricated by tuning the Al:[AE] ratio while keeping the absolute concentration of the index provider to a minimum.
Compressional wave propagation in saturated porous media and its numerical analysis using a space–time conservation element and solution element method
Authors: Yang Duoxing
Published: December 2021

Compressional waves in saturated porous media are relevant to many fields from oil exploration to diagnostic of human cancellous bone and can be used to interpret physical behaviors of materials. In this work, based on Biot’s theory in the low frequency range, a key finding is that there exists a critical frequency of Biot’s theory in the low frequency range, which determines the coincidence of the properties of Biot waves of the first and second kinds. Furthermore, we have investigated the dispersion and attenuation of the coalescence of the first and second compressional waves in the low frequency range. The coalescence of the first and second waves is strongly attenuated with a moderate phase velocity and shows the in-phase feature. In addition, acoustic wave propagation has been calculated numerically using the space–time conservation element and solution element (CESE) method. The CESE-simulated results are compared to the experimental data and to those of the classical transfer function approach. We show that the CESE scheme preserves the local and global flux conservations in the solution procedure of Biot’s theory. It is found that the CESE method provides more accurate predictions of high dispersion and strong attenuation of compressional waves in the low frequency range and is well suitable for predicting compressional wave fields in saturated porous media.
Initial evaluation of a multimodal diamond sensor for simultaneous temperature and radiation measurements
Authors: Ahl Corey , Beck Tyler , Lukosi Eric
Published: December 2021

Several experimental disciplines require simultaneous neutron flux and temperature monitoring. This paper provides the groundwork on a diamond sensor concept that could be used in harsh environments where the limits of current technologies are exceeded. Here, we present initial results on the functionality of a multimodal diamond sensor, which can simultaneously sense the presence of alpha particles at a few counts per second at temperatures up to 494 K. Such a sensor may also have applications where both charged particles or neutron detection and temperature measurement are simultaneously desired.
A quadratic Reynolds stress development for the turbulent Kolmogorov flow
Authors: Wu Wenwei , Schmitt François G. , Calzavarini Enrico , Wang Lipo
Published: December 2021

We study the three-dimensional turbulent Kolmogorov flow, i.e., the Navier–Stokes equations forced by a single-low-wave-number sinusoidal force in a periodic domain, by means of direct numerical simulations. This classical model system is a realization of anisotropic and non-homogeneous hydrodynamic turbulence. Boussinesq's eddy viscosity linear relation is checked and found to be approximately valid over half of the system volume. A more general quadratic Reynolds stress development is proposed, and its parameters are estimated at varying the Taylor scale-based Reynolds number in the flow up to the value 200. The case of a forcing with a different shape, here chosen Gaussian, is considered, and the differences with the sinusoidal forcing are emphasized.
Stability of the non-wetting state in a droplet impinging on surfaces with multiple holes
Authors: Yuan Zhicheng , Matsumoto Mitsuhiro , Kurose Ryoichi
Published: December 2021

The hydrophobicity of low-energy surfaces is frequently enhanced by masking with micro-structures. However, wetting transition from the Cassie state (total non-wetting state) to the Wenzel state (total wetting state), which often occurs under external factors, such as impingement and vibration, is known to weaken the water repellency, namely, the hydrophobicity of these textured surfaces. The present work numerically examines the stability of the total non-wetting state on the multi-hole surface (MHS) and multi-pillar surface (MPS). The results show that the multi-hole structures not only enhance the hydrophobicity of a surface but also suppress the so-called Cassie-to-Wenzel wetting transition seen on the MPS. On the MHS, the stable air pocket in the holes prevents the three-phase contact line (TPCL) from depinning, thereby stabilizing the total non-wetting state for an impinging droplet. Furthermore, transition to the total wetting state is not found, even under a large We condition due to the corresponding pressure increase in the air pocket. A theoretical model for predicting the maximum spreading factor of an impinging droplet is constructed, which considers the air cavity in the center of the droplet and the energy loss of the TPCL depinning on structures.
Multicomponent MP4 and the inclusion of triple excitations in multicomponent many-body methods
Authors: Fajen O. Jonathan , Brorsen Kurt R.
Published: December 2021

This study implements the full multicomponent third-order (MP3) and fourth-order (MP4) many-body perturbation theory methods for the first time. Previous multicomponent studies have only implemented a subset of the full contributions, and the present implementation is the first multicomponent many-body method to include any connected triples contribution to the electron–proton correlation energy. The multicomponent MP3 method is shown to be comparable in accuracy to the multicomponent coupled-cluster doubles method for the calculation of proton affinities, while the multicomponent MP4 method is of similar accuracy as the multicomponent coupled-cluster singles and doubles method. From the results in this study, it is hypothesized that the relative accuracy of multicomponent methods is more similar to their single-component counterparts than previously assumed. It is demonstrated that for multicomponent MP4, the fourth-order triple-excitation contributions can be split into electron–electron and electron–proton contributions and the electron–electron contributions ignored with very little loss of accuracy of protonic properties.
Magnetic stray field mapping of stainless steel sheets using spin Hall magnetoresistance sensor
Authors: Lu Ling , Li Xiaomin , Hua Younan , Wu Yihong
Published: December 2021

Recently, we have developed a spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) sensor featuring high-sensitivity, low-noise, zero-offset, and negligible hysteresis. Here, we demonstrate that the SMR sensor can be used to map the self-magnetic leakage field (SMLF) of stainless steel sheets. The SMLF serves as an effective knob for probing magnetism in steel sheets induced by either stress or composition inhomogeneity, which, in turn, affects its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, the SMLF is typically quite weak, and thus the high-sensitivity and low-noise SMR sensor is uniquely suited for this application. The self-magnetic flux leakage mapping experiments have been conducted on SUS304 steel sheets with emphasis on the lift-off effect. Both analytical model and finite element modeling have been used to account for the experimental results. Although the SMLF mapping alone is unable to pinpoint the root cause of magnetism, i.e., whether it is due to stress or composition inhomogeneity, it does provide an efficient way for pre-screening of steel sheets to prevent defect formation at early stages.
Perspective on skyrmion spintronics
Authors: Marrows C. H. , Zeissler K.
Published: December 2021

Magnetic skyrmions are attractive for representing data in next-generation spintronic devices owing to their stability, small size, and ease of manipulation with spin torques. In order to realize such devices, it is necessary to be able to write, manipulate, and read back data by means of nucleating, propagating, and detecting skyrmions using an all-electrical approach. Here, we review the basic concepts underpinning magnetic skyrmions, describe our recent results on their electrical nucleation, propagation, and detection, and offer some perspectives for future research in this vibrant field.
Quantitative prediction of rolling dynamics of leukocyte-inspired microroller in blood flow
Authors: Qi Xiaojing , Wang Shuo , Ma Shuhao , Han Keqin , Bian Xin , Li Xuejin
Published: December 2021

A magnetic microroller, inspired by leukocytes (also called white blood cells, WBCs) in the microcirculatory system, represents a promising candidate for targeted drug delivery. However, the rolling dynamics of an individual microroller in response to controlled changes in shear stress and magnetic fields remains largely unknown. Here, we develop a mesoscopic model of the WBC-inspired microroller to investigate its locomotion behavior inside blood vessels under different shear stresses and magnetic torques. We find that the microroller can roll along with the blood flow or move against the bloodstream depending upon the competition between the applied magnetic torque and fluid shear stress. Our simulations reveal that the microroller can achieve precise navigation under low shear stress levels. We also probe the effect of the blood hematocrit on the dynamic performance of the microroller, which shows that shear-induced collisions between erythrocytes (also called red blood cells) and the microroller can significantly alter the motion of the microroller, especially under high hematocrit levels. In addition, we examine the rolling dynamics of the WBC-inspired microroller in a bifurcating microfluidic channel, demonstrating that the microroller can navigate along the user-defined path. These findings provide unique insights into the rolling dynamics of the individual microroller in physiologically relevant blood flow and offer an objective way for facilitating the design of bioinspired microrollers in targeted and localized therapeutic delivery with high precision and efficiency.
Superscalability of the random batch Ewald method
Authors: Liang Jiuyang , Tan Pan , Zhao Yue , Li Lei , Jin Shi , Hong Liang , Xu Zhenli
Published: December 2021

Coulomb interaction, following an inverse-square force-law, quantifies the amount of force between two stationary and electrically charged particles. The long-range nature of Coulomb interactions poses a major challenge to molecular dynamics simulations, which are major tools for problems at the nano-/micro-scale. Various algorithms are developed to calculate the pairwise Coulomb interactions to a linear scale, but poor scalability limits the size of simulated systems. Here, we use an efficient molecular dynamics algorithm with the random batch Ewald method on all-atom systems where the complete Fourier components in the Coulomb interaction are replaced by randomly selected mini-batches. By simulating the N-body systems up to 108 particles using 10 000 central processing unit cores, we show that this algorithm furnishes O(N) complexity, almost perfect scalability, and an order of magnitude faster computational speed when compared to the existing state-of-the-art algorithms. Further examinations of our algorithm on distinct systems, including pure water, a micro-phase separated electrolyte, and a protein solution, demonstrate that the spatiotemporal information on all time and length scales investigated and thermodynamic quantities derived from our algorithm are in perfect agreement with those obtained from the existing algorithms. Therefore, our algorithm provides a promising solution on scalability of computing the Coulomb interaction. It is particularly useful and cost-effective to simulate ultra-large systems, which is either impossible or very costly to conduct using existing algorithms, and thus will be beneficial to a broad range of problems at nano-/micro-scales.
Superior elasto-optic tetragonal SrTiO3 films
Authors: Tyunina M. , Nepomniashchaia N. , Vetokhina V. , Dejneka A.
Published: December 2021

Cutting-edge acousto-optic devices require optically transparent thin films, which possess a high index of refraction and large elasto-optic coefficients. For the wide near-infrared to ultraviolet spectral region, the mainstream technology employs lithium niobate crystals, which interferes with the vital demands of global sustainability. Here, we demonstrate unprecedented elasto-optic properties in thin films of sustainable and environmentally friendly strontium titanate [SrTiO3 (STO)]. Compared to cubic STO, a nearly twofold increase in elasto-optic coefficients is achieved in epitaxial tetragonal STO films, which concurrently exhibit excellent transparency and a high index of refraction at wavelengths from 400 to 1700 nm. The room-temperature non-polar state is evidenced by the thermo-optical behavior of the films. The obtained enhancement is related to the tetragonal antiferrodistortive phase of STO. It is suggested that such films can form a platform for future sustainable acousto-optic materials.
Electroluminescence of NV by impact excitation and Stark shift in a MIM diamond structure
Authors: Guo Yuhang , Zhu Wei , Zhao Jiaxin , Lin Shengran , Yang Yuanjie , Lou Liren , Wang Guanzhong
Published: December 2021

Electrically driven emission of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has recently emerged as a viable candidate for quantum photonics. However, it is challenging to efficiently excite NV centers by an electric field because of the low density of free carriers in doped diamond. Here, we report efficient electroluminescence of neutrally charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV0) color centers under a high electric field (105 V/cm) and study its Stark effect in a MIM (Metal–Insulator–Metal) diamond device. The MIM device was fabricated by electron beam evaporating molybdenum electrodes and microwave plasma chemical vapor depositing a nitrogen-doped diamond epilayer successively on a single-crystal diamond substrate. We demonstrate the field dependence of the electrically driven emission and extract the NV0 ground state electric field susceptibility of 15.83 ± 0.86 GHzmMV−1 from the Stark effect at 5.5 K. Our findings provide a perspective toward electrically exciting color centers in diamond and help one to understand the inherent features of NV0.
Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Justicia adhatoda leaf extract and its application in cotton fibers as antibacterial coatings
Authors: Islam Md. Johurul , Khatun M. T. , Rahman Md. Rezwanur , Alam M. M.
Published: December 2021

In this research, the ability of the leaf extract of Justicia adhatoda is observed as a unique reducing agent for bioconversion of copper ions to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). CuO NPs have significant antibacterial activity and nontoxicity toward humans. The formation of nanoparticles is confirmed by the color change of the solution from light blue to brown because of the trouble of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The optical study showed an SPR peak at 280 nm. The interaction of CuO NPs excipients with the biomolecules is studied using x-ray diffraction and particle size is also calculated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy has been applied to recognize the size, shape, and morphology of nanoparticles, which is incorporated in cotton. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the reduction of CuO NPs was due to the biomolecules present in the leaf extract, which acted as reducing, in addition to capping, agents. The synthesized CuO NPs-coated cotton were tested for antibacterial activity to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, which are applicable for the fabrication of an antibacterial cotton textile.
Investigation of the surface tension of water-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluids under magnetic field: The effect of surfactants
Authors: Chen Qianqian , Li Decai , Yang Zhifan , Xue Zhengyan , Hao Jiangtao , Wang Hui , Xu Sankui , Chen Qi
Published: December 2021

In this work, water-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluids were prepared and the effect of surfactants on magnetic surface tension was investigated under a constant magnetic field. Different surfactants include anionic surfactants citric acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); nonionic surfactants polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30) and polyethylene glycol(PEG-600) were employed to modify Fe3O4 nanoparticles. After the modification, the stability of Fe3O4-SDS magnetic fluid improved greatly, with the zeta potential improved to −40.5 mV compared to Fe3O4 magnetic fluid (−22 mV) without surfactants. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to characterize the crystalline and the surface changes. The results showed that the surfactant was successfully coated on the surface of Fe3O4 without changing the crystallinity. The surface coverage of nanoparticles by the surfactants caused a smaller saturation magnetization than uncoated Fe3O4 nanoparticles while keeping the superparamagnetic behavior. More importantly, the surface tension of the magnetic fluid was measured by the Du Noüy ring method, and an in-depth study of the magnetization time and direction on the magnetic surface tension has been carried out. Visual characterization of the cluster structure was carried out for an in-depth analysis of the influence of the external magnetic field on magnetic surface tension.
Fat-tailed dunnarts (
Authors: Scicluna Emily L. , Gill Brittney P. , Robert Kylie A.
Published: December 2021

Grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems, with <1% of Victorian grasslands remaining. Extinctions of many grassland fauna species have occurred since European settlement due to loss of suitable habitat, and dramatic range reductions continue for those that still exist. Fat-tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) are the only small ground-dwelling marsupial known to persist in Victorian grassland habitats. The last long-term targeted surveys for this species were conducted in Victoria in the 1970s. Incidental findings from more recent short-term targeted and non-targeted surveys in the same area suggest a decline. We performed direct targeted surveys for fat-tailed dunnarts at the 1970s survey site over a 12-month period in 2019 and found no evidence of fat-tailed dunnart presence. The species is classified as Near Threatened in the state and Least Concern internationally. Our work highlights the importance of targeted surveys to assess the stability of this species across Victoria, and the need for collection of long-term data to better identify population declines.
Common sequence motifs of nascent chains engage the ribosome surface and trigger factor
Authors: Deckert Annika , Cassaignau Anaïs M. E. , Wang Xiaolin , Włodarski Tomasz , Chan Sammy H. S. , Waudby Christopher A. , Kirkpatrick John P. , Vendruscolo Michele , Cabrita Lisa D. , Christodoulou John
Published: December 2021

Significance

Proteins are produced by ribosomes in the cell, and during this process, can begin to adopt their biologically active forms assisted by molecular chaperones such as trigger factor. This fundamental cellular mechanism is crucial to maintaining a functional proteome and avoiding deleterious misfolding. Here, we study how disordered nascent chains emerge from the ribosome exit tunnel, and find that interactions with the ribosome surface dominate their dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that the types of amino acids that mediate such interactions are also those that recruit trigger factor. This lays the foundation to describe how nascent chains are handed over from the ribosome surface to chaperones during biosynthesis within the crowded cytosol.
Accounting for spatial sampling patterns in Bayesian phylogeography
Authors: Guindon Stéphane , De Maio Nicola
Published: December 2021

Significance

Statistical phylogeography has led to substantial progress in our understanding of the pace and means by which organisms colonize their habitats. Yet, inference from these models often relies on implicit assumptions pertaining to spatial sampling design, potentially leading to biased estimation of key biological parameters. While sampled locations sometimes convey signal about the processes that shape spatial biodiversity, they do not always do so. We present a statistical approach that permits accurate estimation of dispersal rates, even in cases where spatial sampling is driven by practical motivations unrelated to the outcome of the evolutionary process. The proposed framework paves the way to further developments in phylogeography with key applications, including the efficient monitoring of pandemics and invasive species during the course of their evolution.
Large contribution of biomass burning emissions to ozone throughout the global remote troposphere
Authors: Bourgeois Ilann , Peischl Jeff , Neuman J. Andrew , Brown Steven S. , Thompson Chelsea R. , Aikin Kenneth C. , Allen Hannah M. , Angot Hélène , Apel Eric C. , Baublitz Colleen B. , Brewer Jared F. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Commane Róisín , Crounse John D. , Daube Bruce C. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Emmons Louisa K. , Fiore Arlene M. , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Hills Alan , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Huey L. Gregory , Jimenez Jose L. , Kim Michelle , Lacey Forrest , McKain Kathryn , Murray Lee T. , Nault Benjamin A. , Parrish David D. , Ray Eric , Sweeney Colm , Tanner David , Wofsy Steven C. , Ryerson Thomas B.
Published: December 2021

Significance

Understanding the sources of tropospheric ozone is important for effective air quality management and accurate radiative forcing attribution. Biomass burning emits large quantities of ozone precursors to the lower atmosphere. This source can drive regional-scale ozone production, but its impact on global tropospheric ozone is poorly constrained. Here, we present unique global in situ aircraft observations of ozone and continental pollution tracers. Ozone enhancements attributable to biomass burning equal or exceed those from urban emissions, a result that is not predicted by current chemical transport models. These findings represent a potentially major shift in the understanding of the sources of ozone in the lower atmosphere and indicate the need for model developments to improve the representation of global tropospheric ozone.
The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase
Authors: Krause Sandra T. , Liao Pan , Crocoll Christoph , Boachon Benoît , Förster Christiane , Leidecker Franziska , Wiese Natalie , Zhao Dongyan , Wood Joshua C. , Buell C. Robin , Gershenzon Jonathan , Dudareva Natalia , Degenhardt Jörg
Published: December 2021

Significance

The monoterpene alcohols thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone are characteristic flavor compounds of thyme, oregano, and other Lamiaceae. These specialized metabolites are also valuable for their antibacterial, anti-spasmolytic, and antitumor activities. We elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathway of these compounds, which starts with the formation of γ-terpinene from geranyl diphosphate. The aromatic backbone of thymol and carvacrol is formed by P450 monooxygenases in combination with a dehydrogenase via an unstable intermediate. Additional P450s hydroxylate thymol and carvacrol to form thymohydroquinone. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism for the formation of phenolic monoterpenes that differs from previous predictions and provides targets for metabolic engineering of high-value terpenes in plants.
Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to White people?
Authors: Block Ray , Crabtree Charles , Holbein John B. , Monson J. Quin
Published: December 2021

Significance

Although previous attempts have been made to measure everyday discrimination against African Americans, these approaches have been constrained by distinct methodological challenges. We present the results from an audit or correspondence study of a large-scale, nationally representative pool of the American public. We provide evidence that in simple day-to-day interactions, such as sending and responding to emails, the public discriminates against Black people. This discrimination is present among all racial/ethnic groups (aside from among Black people) and all areas of the country. Our results provide a window into the discrimination that Black people in the United States face in day-to-day interactions with their fellow citizens.
Hierarchical cortical networks of “voice patches” for processing voices in human brain
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ding Yue , Huang Juan , Zhou Wenjing , Ling Zhipei , Hong Bo , Wang Xiaoqin
Published: December 2021

Significance

The human voice contains information about a speaker's identity and emotional state. How the brain processes the human voice remains largely unknown. We recorded electrocorticographic signals from intracranial electrodes implanted in epilepsy patients while they listened to different categories of voice and nonvoice sounds. We identified several spatially distinct “voice patches” in the temporal lobe that exhibited preferences for human voices. Further analyses suggested that the voice patches are functionally connected, and form a dual-directional hierarchical network for voice processing. This study provides clear evidence to demonstrate the existence of an interconnected “voice patch system” in the human brain, which is analogous to the face patch system of primate visual cortex, suggesting similar cortical architectures for processing faces and voices.
Variability of ecosystem carbon source from microbial respiration is controlled by rainfall dynamics
Authors: Huang Heng , Calabrese Salvatore , Rodriguez-Iturbe Ignacio
Published: December 2021

Significance

The variability of the different ecosystem carbon fluxes directly influences the global carbon budget and future climate trajectory. Heterotrophic respiration is particularly uncertain and the extent to which its dynamics are driven by climate, soil, and vegetation properties remains poorly understood. Here we combine a global carbon flux dataset with a probabilistic model of microbial growth to show that despite its complexity the ecosystem-scale heterotrophic respiration can be described as a function of rainfall characteristics and vegetation primary productivity, regardless of ecosystem type. This emergent simplicity in ecosystem-scale heterotrophic respiration may help close the ecosystem carbon budgets and provide a quantitative framework to forecast the possible impacts of climate change on the soil carbon balance.
Degrees of authenticity
Authors: Nguyen Anh Khoi
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a taxonomy of indexicalities attached to Linguistic Landscapes in the city of Manchester, UK, which utilise Vietnamese writing and imagery. The taxonomy contrasts the employment of Vietnamese as a foreign language by a British restaurant chain, as a heritage language by second-generation Vietnamese businesses, and as a first language by first-generation businesses. Through the incorporation of scale analysis, the paper aims to show that while all three types of landscapes index Vietnamese authenticity on the surface level of indexicality, on a higher level, a distinction can be drawn between place-making, identity work, and purely commercial indexicalities. That distinction is argued not to be identifiable in the visual resources of the landscapes themselves, but rather in the shared knowledge drawn on in their interpretation. The paper hopes to further contribute to the theoretical diversity of Linguistic Landscape by demonstrating the compatibility and benefits of scale analysis.
Translation/Interpreting psychological mechanism as embodied bilingual processing
Authors: Zhu Lin
Published: December 2021

Based on the psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic research on bilingualism, this paper firstly discusses three fundamental models and relevant central issues involved in the bilingual processing of interpreting: the selective and non-selective feature of bilingual access and control, the serial and parallel view of bilingual processing, and the coordination view of serial and parallel procedure of bilingual information processing, with the dual purpose of explicating the bilingual processing and cognitive control mechanism in the interpreting process and paving the way for further explanation of the embodied nature of bilingual processing in interpreting from the embodied cognition perspective. Then with the two aspects of processing mechanism and neurolinguistic evidence, it elaborates how the interpreter’s embodied experience and skills in the profession, as a part of cognitive resources, play crucial roles in different levels of cognitive processing which coordinates the serial and parallel processing in the interpreting process. Lastly, this paper argues for viewing the translating process likewise as embodied bilingual processing using a brief comparison between translating and interpreting with a focus on the embodied nature of bilingual processing in their respective processes.