bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors that May Affect the Health of Siblings of Children Who Have an Intellectual/Developmental Disability
Authors: Marquis Sandra , Hayes Michael V. , McGrail Kimberlyn
Published: August 2019

There are growing a number of children with an intellectual disability (ID). There is also evidence of poor health in the non‐disabled siblings of these children; indicating a possible need for policies and services to address a complex health issue. This article describes a narrative review of the literature regarding the mental and physical health of siblings of children who have an intellectual disability. The review examined 46 articles. Twenty‐one different factors were identified which may have an effect on the health of these siblings. Social determinants, individual variables, characteristics of the child with the disability, family characteristics, and support factors can all affect health. These variables are inter‐related and illustrate the need to account for complexity when studying the health of siblings of children who have an ID.
Comparison of signalment and computed tomography findings in French Bulldogs, Pugs, and English Bulldogs with and without clinical signs associated with thoracic hemivertebra
Authors: De Decker Steven , Packer Rowena M. A. , Cappello Rodolfo , Harcourt‐Brown Tom R. , Rohdin Cecilia , Gomes Sergio A. , Bergknut Niklas , Shaw Tom A. , Lowrie Mark , Gutierrez‐Quintana Rodrigo
Published: August 2019

Background

Although thoracic hemivertebra can cause neurological signs, they occur commonly in neurologically normal dogs.

Objectives

To evaluate whether computed tomography (CT) findings and factors associated with signalment can be used to differentiate between dogs with and without neurological signs associated with hemivertebra.

Animals

One hundred sixty dogs with ≥1 hemivertebrae were retrospectively studied. This group consisted of 40 dogs with clinical signs caused by hemivertebra and 40 French Bulldogs, 40 Pugs, and 40 English Bulldogs that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to neurological disease.

Methods

All dogs underwent CT and affected dogs also underwent magnetic resonance imaging. All CT studies were randomly evaluated by an observer blinded to signalment and clinical status. The following variables were evaluated: presence, number, location, and subtype of hemivertebra; presence of vertebral subluxation; severity of vertebral canal stenosis; presence, location, and severity of kyphosis, and number of vertebrae involved in the kyphotic segment. Statistical modeling was performed to identify factors associated with clinical status.

Results

Pug breed (odds ration [OR], 10.8; P = .01), more severe kyphosis (OR, 1.1 per grade increase; P < .001), fewer instead of more observed hemivertebrae (OR, 0.8; P = 0.03), and ventrolateral hypoplasia hemivertebra subtype (OR, 4.0; P = .011) were associated with higher likelihood of neurological disease. A Cobb angle of 34.5 degrees corresponded with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity to differentiate between clinically affected and unaffected dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The variables identified could aid in differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant hemivertebra in small breed brachycephalic dogs.
Novel crosstalk between ethylene‐ and jasmonic acid‐pathway responses to a piercing–sucking insect in rice
Authors: Ma Feilong , Yang Xiaofang , Shi Zhenying , Miao Xuexia
Published: August 2019

Ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important roles in plant defenses against biotic stresses. Crosstalk between JA and ET has been well studied in mediating pathogen resistance, but its roles in piercing–sucking insect resistance are unclear.

The brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens) is the most notorious piercing–sucking insect specific to rice (Oryza sativa) that severely affects yield. A genetic analysis revealed that OsEBF1 and OsEIL1, which are in the ET signaling pathway, positively and negatively regulated BPH resistance, respectively. Molecular and biochemical analyses revealed direct interactions between OsEBF1 and OsEIL1. OsEBF1, an E3 ligase, mediated the degradation of OsEIL1 through the ubiquitination pathway, indicating the negative regulation of the ET‐signaling pathway in response to BPH infestation.

An RNA sequencing analysis revealed that a JA biosynthetic pathway‐related gene, OsLOX9, was downregulated significantly in the oseil1 mutant. Biochemical analyses, including yeast one‐hybrid, dual luciferase, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, confirmed the direct regulation of OsLOX9 by OsEIL1.

This study revealed the synergistic and negative regulation of JA and ET pathways in response to piercing–sucking insect attack. The synergistic mechanism was realized by transcriptional regulation of OsEIL1 on OsLOX9. OsEIL1‐OsLOX9 is a novel crosstalk site in these two phytohormone signaling pathways.
Between persistently active and activity‐silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory
Authors: Kamiński Jan , Rutishauser Ueli
Published: August 2019

Recent work has revealed important new discoveries on the cellular mechanisms of working memory (WM). These findings have motivated several seemingly conflicting theories on the mechanisms of short‐term memory maintenance. Here, we summarize the key insights gained from these new experiments and critically evaluate them in light of three hypotheses: classical persistent activity, activity‐silent, and dynamic coding. The experiments discussed include the first direct demonstration of persistently active neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that form static attractors with relevance to WM, single‐neuron recordings in the macaque prefrontal cortex that show evidence for both persistent and more dynamic types of WM representations, and noninvasive neuroimaging in humans that argues for activity‐silent representations. A key insight that emerges from these new results is that there are several neural mechanisms that support the maintenance of information in WM. Finally, based on established cognitive theories of WM, we propose a coherent model that encompasses these seemingly contradictory results. We propose that the three neuronal mechanisms of persistent activity, activity‐silent, and dynamic coding map well onto the cognitive levels of information processing (within focus of attention, activated long‐term memory, and central executive) that Cowan's WM model proposes.
The Beveridge Curve Across US States: New Insights From a Pairwise Approach
Authors: Holmes Mark J. , Otero Jesús
Published: August 2019

This paper offers new insights into Beveridge curve analysis by modelling the unemployment–vacancy rate relationship at state‐level within a pairwise environment in which the unemployment rate in one state is inversely related to the vacancy rate in another. We find that Beveridge curve shifting, or matching efficiency, is driven by factors that include distance between states, the labour force participation rate, homeownership and the relative affordability of housing between states. A pairwise recursive analysis points to a decrease in matching efficiency in the period that followed the Great Recession.
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation: Focal patterns of activation
Authors: de Groot Natasja M. S. , Allessie Maurits A.
Published: August 2019

For decades, electrical activity recorded has been investigated to unravel pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AF). Particularly high‐resolution mapping studies have significantly contributed to novel insights into AF mechanisms. From these mapping studies, it appeared that persistence of AF is associated with a high incidence of focal patterns of activation. Features of these focal activation patterns indicated that they could be attributed to transmural propagation of fibrillation waves. However, “focal fibrillation waves” can only appear when there is electrical asynchrony between the endocardial and epicardial layer. By performing simultaneous high‐resolution mapping of the endo‐ and epicardial wall of the right atrium in humans during AF, the existence of electrical asynchrony (endo‐epicardial asynchrony [EEA]) between the endo‐ and epicardial layer was indeed confirmed. During sinus rhythm, focal patterns of activation are most frequently observed at the right atrium and a considerable degree of EEA—as large as 50 ms—may occur. Furthermore, prematurely aberrant atrial extrasystoles emerging as focal waves caused the highest degree of conduction disorders, particularly in patients with left atrial dilatation and diabetes mellitus. These observations emphasize the contribution of atrial anatomy to EEA and the role of focal patterns of activation in development AF.
Ketamine and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Rapid Opioid Tapering With Sustained Opioid Abstinence: A Case Report and 1‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Ocker Aaron C. , Shah Nirmal B. , Schwenk Eric S. , Witkowski Thomas A. , Cohen Mitchell J. , Viscusi Eugene R.
Published: August 2019

Background

Ketamine, a potent analgesic and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐(NMDA)‐receptor antagonist, improves analgesic outcomes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The NMDA receptor has also been implicated in opioid withdrawal. The use of ketamine to assist with a rapid opioid taper in the setting of CRPS has not been previously described.

Case

We present a case in which a 5‐day continuous ketamine infusion was utilized in a robust multimodal analgesia regimen in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to successfully taper a patient with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) who was taking 330 mg of daily morphine equivalents completely off of opioids, minimize withdrawal symptoms, and produce sustained results.

Discussion

CRPS may involve catecholamine hypersensitivity and central sensitization and can be notoriously challenging to treat by itself even outside of the context of an opioid taper. The patient we describe here received one additional 5‐day infusion at 6 months and remained opioid‐free while experiencing a major improvement in function and lifestyle that he still maintains. This was possible through a combination of aggressive inpatient management with ketamine as the centerpiece, followed by consistent outpatient CBT to maintain results without the need for a return to opioids. This combination has previously not been described in the setting of a rapid opioid taper and this patient’s underlying CRPS made it all the more remarkable.
Comparative analysis of different methods revealing the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds
Authors: Xu Huibin , Jiang Jiahuang , Lian Ling , Wu Fangxi , Zheng Yanmei , Zhu Yongsheng , Jiang Minrong , Xie Hongguang , Wang Yupeng , Chen Liping , Xie Huaan , Zhang Jianfu
Published: August 2019

Seed longevity is a very important characteristic controlling seed quality. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic is poorly understood. In this study, 'FH7185', a storable rice variety, the germination rate of which was 66.63%, much higher than the control after artificial ageing under relative humidity 88% and 42°C for 21 days. Different methods were applied to reveal the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds. In total, 35 differential proteins were identified from 2D‐PAGE, and 3,719 proteins from iTRAQ analysis. A comparison of these two methods showed that not all protein types could be detected on the 2D‐PAGE gels, and the dynamic range was somewhat limited. So the comprehensive proteome map from the iTRAQ analysis was used to identify the quantitatively regulated proteins that played roles in seed longevity, and found that the most marked change was the increased abundance of many metabolic enzymes, especially the ones involved in α‐linolenic acid metabolism in the embryos during ageing. OsLOX2 and OsLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity, which were lower in FH7185 than the control. The dehydrogenase (LOC_Os07g44430) which played a major catalytic role in lipid peroxidation, also changed significantly during ageing. Therefore, OsLOX2, OsLOX3 and Loc_OS 07G44430 may be involved in the regulation of seed longevity with a synergistic effect.
Neurocritical care monitoring of encephalopathic children with acute liver failure: A systematic review
Authors: Hunt Adam , Tasker Robert C. , Deep Akash
Published: August 2019

Research on non‐invasive neuromonitoring specific to PALF is limited. This systematic review identifies and synthesis the existing literature on non‐invasive approaches to monitoring for neurological sequelae in patients with PALF. A series of literature searches were performed to identify all publications pertaining to five different non‐invasive neuromonitoring modalities, in line with PRISMA guidelines. Each modality was selected on the basis of its potential for direct or indirect measurement of cerebral perfusion; studies on electroencephalographic monitoring were therefore not sought. Data were recorded on study design, patient population, comparator groups, and outcomes. A preponderance of observational studies was observed, most with a small sample size. Few incorporated direct comparisons of different modalities; in particular, comparison to invasive intracranial pressure monitoring was largely lacking. The integration of current evidence is considered in the context of the clinically significant distinctions between pediatric and adult ALF, as well as the implications for planning of future investigations to best support the evidence‐based clinical care of these patients.
Good outcome of the single‐center pediatric kidney transplant program in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Kumar Gurinder , AlIsmaili Zubaida , Ilyas Sadia Hafez , Ayyash Bakar Mustafa , Tawfik Eslam , AlMasri Omar , Al Hadhrami Hanan , Al Yafei Zain , El Ghazali Gehad , AlKhasawneh Eihab
Published: August 2019

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for ESRD in children. It is associated with better quality of life, growth of children, and improved long‐term survival. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of pediatric renal transplantation at a tertiary care center in UAE. A retrospective chart review was undertaken for all the pediatric renal transplants performed at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE, over the past 9 years. The study evaluated the demographic data, outcomes, and complications of pediatric renal transplantation. The post‐transplantation outcomes including surgical complications, documented infections, graft rejection, graft and patient survival, effect on growth, and eGFR were reviewed. Between 2010 and 2018, 30 pediatric patients underwent renal transplantation. The follow‐up period ranged from 1 to 9 years with a mean of 3.3 years. The mean age of the patients at the time of transplant was 9.8 years, and 56.7% were males. Prior to the transplantation, the majority of the recipients were on peritoneal dialysis (70.0%). Main source of renal donation at our center was from LRD, chiefly from parents. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 100% and 96.7%, respectively. Graft survival at 1 and 5 years was 96.7% and 83.3%, respectively. During the 9‐year follow‐up period, 5 (16.7%) recipients experienced rejection episode. This study demonstrates that during 5‐year period, pediatric kidney transplantation program has achieved optimal patient (96.7%) and graft (83.3%) survival rates and is comparable to well‐established centers.
Risk factors for falls in homebound community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Zhao Yunchuan (Lucy) , Alderden Jenny , Lind Bonnie , Stibrany Jennifer
Published: August 2019

Objective

To examine risk factors associated with falls among homebound community‐dwelling older adults, a vulnerable population often possessing functional disabilities and chronic conditions.

Design and Sample

The study was a cross‐sectional study utilizing round 6 data of the National Health and Aging Trend Study (NHATS). Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. A total of 1,356 homebound community‐dwelling older adults aged 65 and above participated in the NHATS.

Measures

The outcome variable was falls within the last month reported in NHATS. Independent variables were selected based on the NHATS disability conceptual model and literature review, including personal conditions, environmental conditions, and physical functioning limitations.

Results

In the sample population, 21.2% reported falls. Males were more likely to experience a fall than females. Hypertension or depression/anxiety increased risk for falls. Older adults with hearing impairment or balance problems limiting activities were also more likely to fall.

Conclusions

Public health nurses need to conduct thorough fall risk assessment for homebound older adults, especially those with chronic health problems or functioning limitations. Studies are needed to examine the association between home environment and falls in homebound older adults.
Sun Protection Habits and Sun Exposure of Physical Education Teachers in the South of Spain
Authors: Castro‐Maqueda Guillermo De , Gutierrez‐Manzanedo José V. , Fernandez‐Santos Jorge R. , Linares‐Barrios Mario , Troya Martín Magdalena De
Published: August 2019

The high prevalence and increasing incidence of skin cancer (SC) is a significant public health problem. We can address its main risk factor, which is incident and accumulated solar radiation, and its damages by disseminating knowledge and promoting changes in habits and attitudes toward the sun. The influence of teachers in the education of young people is crucial. Physical education teachers (PET) spend the majority of their time outdoors, thereby exposing themselves to solar radiation daily and greatly increasing the risk of SC. We carried out a case–control study matching for age and gender through surveys about photoexposure and photoprotection habits on a sample of 200 teachers (100 PET and 100 non‐PET) on South of Spain. The results confirmed that there is a significant difference in sun exposure during the workday; PET group showed higher exposure (P < 0.01). We ascertained that photoprotection habits are deficient across the population. These data contribute to the understanding of the danger associated with poor sun protection among teachers (primary and secondary school teachers) and its mitigation. It is also worth noting that future prevention campaigns will be necessary for the subsequent correct transmission of the habits to students.
Effects of HPV Status on Responsiveness to Ionizing Radiation vs Photodynamic Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer Cell lines
Authors: Kessel David , Cho Won Jin , Rakowski Joseph , Kim Harold E. , Kim Hyeong‐Reh C.
Published: August 2019

Efficacy of ionizing radiation (I/R) was compared with phototoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vitro using two cell lines derived from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A cell line derived from a donor with a human papilloma virus (HPV) infection was more responsive to I/R but significantly less responsive to PDT than a cell line derived from an HPV‐free patient. Cell death after I/R in the HPV(+) cell line was associated with increased DEVDase activity, a hallmark of apoptosis. The HPV(−) line was considerably less responsive to I/R, with DEVDase activity greatly reduced, suggesting an impaired apoptotic program. In contrast, the HPV(−) cells were readily killed by PDT when the ER was among the targets for photodamage. While DEVDase activity was enhanced, the death pathway appears to involve paraptosis until the degree of photodamage reached the LD99 range. These data suggest that PDT‐induced paraptosis can be a death pathway for cells with an impaired apoptotic program.
Severe maternal morbidity surveillance: Monitoring pregnant women at high risk for prolonged hospitalisation and death
Authors: Dzakpasu Susie , Deb‐Rinker Paromita , Arbour Laura , Darling Elizabeth K. , Kramer Michael S. , Liu Shiliang , Luo Wei , Murphy Phil A. , Nelson Chantal , Ray Joel G. , Scott Heather , VandenHof Michiel , Joseph K. S.
Published: August 2019

Background

There is no international consensus on the definition and components of severe maternal morbidity (SMM).

Objectives

To propose a comprehensive definition of SMM, to create an empirically justified list of SMM types and subtypes, and to use this to examine SMM in Canada.

Methods

Severe maternal morbidity was defined as a set of heterogeneous maternal conditions known to be associated with severe illness and with prolonged hospitalisation or high case fatality. Candidate SMM types/subtypes were evaluated using information on all hospital deliveries in Canada (excluding Quebec), 2006‐2015. SMM rates for 2012‐2016 were quantified as a composite and as SMM types/subtypes. Rate ratios and population attributable fractions (PAF) associated with overall and specific SMM types/subtypes were estimated in relation to length of hospital stay (LOS > 7 days) and case fatality.

Results

There were 22 799 cases of SMM subtypes (among 1 418 545 deliveries) that were associated with a prolonged LOS or high case fatality. Between 2012 and 2016, the composite SMM rate was 16.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.9, 16.3) per 1000 deliveries. Severe pre‐eclampsia and HELLP syndrome (514.6 per 100 000 deliveries), and severe postpartum haemorrhage (433.2 per 100 000 deliveries) were the most common SMM types, while case fatality rates among SMM subtypes were highest among women who had cardiac arrest and resuscitation (241.1 per 1000), hepatic failure (147.1 per 1000), dialysis (67.6 per 1000), and cerebrovascular accident/stroke (51.0 per 1000). The PAF for prolonged hospital stay related to SMM was 17.8% (95% CI 17.3, 18.3), while the PAF for maternal death associated with SMM was 88.0% (95% CI 74.6, 94.4).

Conclusions

The proposed definition of SMM and associated list of SMM subtypes could be used for standardised SMM surveillance, with rate ratios and PAFs associated with specific SMM types/subtypes serving to inform clinical practice and public health policy.
Concepts for prevention of complications in implant therapy
Authors: Romanos Georgios E. , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael , Sculean Anton
Published: August 2019

The use of dental implants is nowadays a well‐accepted and highly predictable treatment modality for restoring the dentition and reestablishing the masticatory function of edentulous and partially edentulous patients. Despite the high predictability and excellent long‐term survival rates reported for implant therapy, complications may still occur and can jeopardize both short‐ and long‐term success. The present paper provides an overview on the most important aspects related to the etiology, prevention, and management of complications associated with implant therapy. Data from the literature indicate that a number of factors, such as surgical trauma, implant diameter, type of implant‐abutment connection, abutment disconnection and reconnection, presence of microgap, and implant malpositioning, can substantially influence the biologic processes of bone remodeling and biofilm formation, thus increasing the rate of short‐ and long‐term hard‐ and soft‐tissue complications. Other factors, such as excess cement at cement‐retained prosthetic restorations, abutment mobility, and infections (e.g. peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis) caused by bacterial biofilm, are further causes for complications and failures. More recent evidence also indicates that besides the need for sufficient bone volume surrounding the implant, the presence of an adequate width and thickness of attached mucosa may improve biofilm control and limit crestal bone resorption. Furthermore, emerging evidence points also to the pivotal role of human factors as one of the most important causes of complications in implant dentistry. It can be concluded that clinicians need to consider all biologic and biomechanical factors affecting implant placement and survival, as well as undergo adequate training to improve their surgical skills to control and prevent implant complications. Careful patient selection and control of environmental and systemic factors, such as smoking, diabetes etc., coupled with an accurate surgical and prosthetic planning, enable a better prevention and control of infections.
Tobacco‐product usage as a risk factor for dental implants
Authors: Javed Fawad , Rahman Irfan , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: August 2019

The oral cavities of tobacco smokers and users of smokeless tobacco products are exposed to high concentrations of nicotine. A limited number of animal studies have assessed the effect of nicotine on osseointegration. Results from experimental studies have reported a statistically significant decrease, at 4 weeks of follow‐up, in bone‐to‐implant contact among rats exposed to nicotine compared with unexposed rats. Nicotine increases the production of inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha) by osteoblasts. Waterpipe, pipe, and cigarette smokers are at increased risk of developing oral cancer, periodontal disease, and alveolar bone loss. One explanation for this is that smokers (regardless of the type of tobacco product) are exposed to similar chemicals, such as nicotine, tar, oxidants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Moreover, raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been identified in the gingival crevicular fluid of cigarette smokers with peri‐implant diseases. Therefore, it is hypothesized that nicotine and chemicals in tobacco smoke induce a state of oxidative stress in peri‐implant tissues (gingiva and alveolar bone), thereby increasing the likelihood of peri‐implant disease development via an inflammatory response, which if left uncontrolled, will result in implant failure/loss. In this regard, tobacco smoking (including cigarettes, waterpipe, and pipe) is a significant risk factor for peri‐implant diseases. The impact of vaping electronic cigarettes using nicotine‐containing e‐juices remains unknown. Habitual use of smokeless tobacco products is associated with oral inflammatory conditions, such as oral precancer, cancer, and periodontal disease. However, the effect of habitual use of smokeless tobacco products on the success and survival of dental implants remains undocumented.
Chronic hyperglycemia as a risk factor in implant therapy
Authors: Javed Fawad , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: August 2019

It has been estimated that by 2030, the number of patients with diabetes aged > 64 years will be > 82 million in underdeveloped countries, and > 48 million in developed countries. Chronic hyperglycemia delays wound healing by reducing the expression of growth factors in the wound fluid and re‐epithelialization. Impaired wound healing in patients with diabetes has also been associated with inhibition of the production of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1alpha by several tissues including bone marrow, brain, heart, spleen, and gingivae. Chronic hyperglycemia interferes with the osseointegration of implants by deferring the expression of fibronectin and integrins. Results from experimental studies have shown a significantly higher bone‐to‐implant contact around implants placed in healthy animals compared with animals with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. Moreover, persistent hyperglycemia plays a role in abnormal differentiation of osteoclasts, thereby making bone tissue more susceptible to resorption. Furthermore, persistent hyperglycemia has also been associated with increased peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation (increased peri‐implant bleeding on probing and probing depth) and crestal bone loss. Clinical studies have shown that under optimal glycemic control dental implants can show success and survival rates of up to 100% in patients diagnosed with diabetes. Although patients with diabetes can undergo dental implant therapy and can exhibit implant survival similar to those in systemically healthy individuals, the contribution of glycemic control and regular oral hygiene maintenance cannot be disregarded.
Risk factors in lateral window sinus elevation surgery
Authors: Testori Tiziano , Weinstein Tommaso , Taschieri Silvio , Wallace Stephen S.
Published: August 2019

Maxillary sinus augmentation is the most predictable of the pre‐prosthetic surgical procedures. There are, however, known and well‐documented complications that can and do occur. The most common are the intraoperative complications of sinus membrane perforation and bleeding, and the postoperative complications of sinus graft infections, sinus infections, and sinusitis. The majority of these complications can be prevented, or their incidence greatly reduced, through a thorough understanding of maxillary sinus anatomy, the multifaceted etiologies of these conditions, and the steps that can be taken to avoid them. This volume of Periodontology 2000 will discuss both the preoperative and intraoperative procedures that will prevent these untoward outcomes and the necessary treatment modalities that will limit their adverse effects.
Soft tissue‐related complications and management around dental implants
Authors: Chackartchi Tali , Romanos Georgios E. , Sculean Anton
Published: August 2019

Implant installation for replacing missing teeth is a frequent treatment procedure with high long‐term survival and success rates. However, the success of implant therapy may be jeopardized by several complications related to mistakes in treatment planning, surgical procedure, management of hard and soft tissues, and infections. Increasing evidence suggests that the stability of the soft tissues surrounding osseointegrated dental implants may substantially influence long‐term clinical stability and esthetics. Therefore, when implant therapy is planned, the clinician must not only be able to perform the appropriate steps to maintain/create a stable soft tissue, but also needs to be aware of the potential sources for complications and possess the adequate knowledge for their appropriate management. The present paper provides an overview of the most important aspects related to the prevention and management of soft tissue‐related complications in conjunction with implant therapy. The current literature indicates that the presence of an adequate width of keratinized attached mucosa around dental implants may lead to better soft and hard tissue stability, less plaque accumulation, limited soft tissue recession, and lower incidence of peri‐implant mucositis. Proper implant positioning by carefully considering appropriate mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual dimensions and implant angulation may prevent the loss of interdental soft tissues and development of soft tissue recessions. To optimize the width of keratinized attached mucosa, the appropriate soft tissue augmentation protocol should be selected for each particular indication. When the use of autogenous soft tissue grafts is planned, a thorough knowledge of the anatomical structures is mandatory in order to harvest soft tissue grafts of an appropriate quality and quantity and to avoid/minimize postoperative complications. Finally, the clinician needs to master the necessary steps in order to manage complications related to extensive bleeding and tissue necrosis that may occur in conjunction with soft tissue augmentation procedures.
Implant‐abutment connection as contributing factor to peri‐implant diseases
Authors: Koutouzis Theofilos
Published: August 2019

Dental implant–supported prostheses are an established treatment modality for the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of partial and/or complete edentulous patients. One of the most essential factors for successful treatment outcomes stems from preservation of the peri‐implant bone. Early peri‐implant crestal bone loss has been a common observation, coincides with the time period where most treatment manipulations occur and has been considered as a complex multifactorial event. Microbial leakage at the implant‐abutment interface has been associated with inflammatory reactions that may jeopardize peri‐implant crestal bone stability. Prevention of microbial leakage at the implant‐abutment interface is a major challenge in the construction of two‐piece implant systems. Changes in the implant‐abutment complex design achieved reduction in the magnitude of microbial leakage and/or separation of the implant‐abutment interface from the osseous surface. However, it is still unclear if microbial leakage at the implant‐abutment interface plays a role beyond the initial crestal bone remodeling, namely on the development of peri‐implantitis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the knowledge available on the integrity of different types of implant‐abutment connections and their potential role on the development of peri‐implant crestal bone loss and peri‐implant diseases.
BPAP is an effective second‐line therapy for obese patients with OSA failing regular CPAP: A prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Ishak Athanasius , Ramsay Michelle , Hart Nicholas , Steier Joerg
Published: August 2019

Background and objective

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most common treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), but many patients fail long‐term therapy. Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) is a potential alternative. We hypothesized that BPAP could improve treatment adherence and outcomes in patients who cannot tolerate CPAP.

Methods

Patients with OSA who failed CPAP (usage < 4 h/day) and were referred to a tertiary sleep centre between 2014 and 2017 for BPAP were included. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), co‐morbidities, CPAP use and reasons for failure, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep study data, spirometry data and average maximum nightly compliance were recorded.

Results

A total of 52 patients with OSA requiring CPAP > 15 cm H2O (71% male, age: 58 (15) years, BMI: 42.6 (10.1) kg/m2, apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI): 51.1 (30.4)/h) were studied; 62% had respiratory co‐morbidities affecting nocturnal breathing including obesity hypoventilation syndrome and COPD; 25% had neuromuscular conditions; and 17% had cardiovascular disease. CPAP was used for 199 (106–477) days prior to referral for BPAP. Reasons for CPAP failure were intolerant pressures (23%), uncontrolled symptoms (23%), mask problems (21%), adverse effects (13%), claustrophobia (8%), co‐morbidities (8%) and other issues (4%). Lower expiratory positive airway pressures were needed with BPAP compared to CPAP (10 (8–12) vs 16.8 (15.7–19.2) cm H2O, P = 0.001); patients achieved better adherence to BPAP (7.0 (4.0–8.5) vs 2.5 (1.6–6.7) h/night, P = 0.028) and better symptom control (ESS: 4.0 (1.0–7.0) vs 10.0 (6.0–17.0) points, P = 0.039).

Conclusion

In patients with moderate–severe OSA who fail CPAP therapy due to low adherence, BPAP is well tolerated and achieves sufficient control of sleep‐disordered breathing and its symptoms.
Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Utanobori Gold Deposit in Northern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Sorulen Thomas T. , Takahashi Ryohei , Tanaka So , Suzuki Kana , Imai Akira , Watanabe Yasushi , Kikuchi Shingo
Published: August 2019

The Utanobori gold deposit is a low‐sulfidation, epithermal vein‐type deposit located in northern Hokkaido, Japan. The deposit is hosted by conglomerate, sandstone, and tuff of the Middle to Late Miocene Esashi Formation. These rocks were hydrothermally altered. Silica sinters and quartz‐adularia veins are common in the deposit. The quartz‐adularia veins either contain a ginguro band, which corresponds to the main gold‐bearing vein (Type 1 Veins), or do not contain a ginguro band but contain minor adularia (Type 2 Veins). Type 1 Veins are divided into three stages with 12–14 substages. Ore minerals identified include electrum, naumannite, chlorargyrite, bromargyrite, an unidentified Fe‐Sb mineral, and an Fe‐(Sb)‐As mineral. These ore minerals formed in the main mineralization stages I (bands I‐b and I‐d) and II (band II‐a). Scanning electron microscopy with cathodoluminescence images show that cathodoluminescence‐dark microcrystalline quartz exhibiting colloform (ghost‐sphere) texture is closely associated with ore minerals in the Type 1 Vein and Type 2 Vein, and the Al and K contents of such quartz are commonly >1000 ppm. This indicates that the ore minerals were crystallized from alkaline, silica‐saturated fluids at temperatures <200°C, which initially deposited amorphous silica that was recrystallized to microcrystalline quartz. The average Au content of electrum is 52.5 at% Au (n = 10), 65.7 at% Au (n = 20), and 55.5 at% Au (n = 5) in bands I‐b, I‐d, and II‐a, respectively, of Type 1 Veins. The δ34SCDT values of two fine‐grained disseminated pyrites in the altered conglomerate and bedded tuff in the argillic altered zone are −4.3 and −4.2‰. Ar‐Ar dating on adularia yielded 13.6 ± 0.06 Ma, 13.6 ± 0.07 Ma, and 13.6 ± 0.06 Ma for the stages I, II, and III of the Type 1 Vein, respectively. K‐Ar ages determined on adularia in the silica sinter and on whole‐rock of glassy rhyolite of the Esashi Formation are 15.0 ± 0.4 Ma and 14.6 ± 0.4 Ma, respectively. These radiometric ages indicate that silica sinter associated with the rhyolitic volcanic rocks formed prior to the main gold mineralization.
Petrochemical Pollution and the Suppression of Environmental Protest
Authors: Adams Alison E. , Shriver Thomas E. , Bray Laura A. , Messer Chris M.
Published: August 2019

While research has established how elite actors can work to protect structures that contribute to environmental harm, relatively less is known about the cultural resources that can serve elite interests at the local level. In cases of localized pollution, multiple groups have vested interests in protecting corporate legitimacy. We draw on treadmill of production theory and collective identity to analyze a case of community petrochemical contamination. Specifically, we asked: (1) how elite actors appropriated cultural resources to protect productivity following a legitimization crisis; and (2) how discursive retaliation matters in understanding the pathways to violence when protest threatens an industrial community's economic identity. Our data for this research included in‐depth interviews, newspaper coverage, and archival data. Findings indicate that the corporation, the city, and corporate employees responded to local environmental activism with a discursive campaign that ultimately paved the way for widespread threats and retaliation against the residents. This research highlights the ways in which local proponents of the energy industry can take advantage of cultural resources to suppress challengers to the industry.
Emotions and Deliberation in the Citizens’ Initiative Review
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Fuji , Morrell Michael E. , Black Laura W.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Emotions in deliberative democratic practices have been of interest to researchers and practitioners of democracy for years. Yet, scholars have not fully analyzed emotions in this context. We advance this discussion in terms of both data collection and analysis with respect to Citizens' Initiative Reviews (CIRs) in Arizona, Oregon, and Massachusetts in 2016. We respond to four central research questions: (1) What discrete emotions do participants report experiencing during mini‐public deliberation? (2) How do the reported emotions vary across the period of deliberation? (3) How do the expressed emotions affect the deliberation? and (4) What work do expressed emotions do in mini‐publics in terms of helping or hindering deliberation?

Methods

To ensure a comprehensive analysis of the data we were able to collect, we employ a mixed‐methods design and use both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Results and Conclusion

Ultimately, we contend that the activities and tasks of the group, as well as the behaviors of participants and relationships among them, are all important factors that shape how people experience emotion, but that the CIR procedures have the greatest influence in mediating emotions to serve the ends of deliberation in these mini‐publics.
Non‐equivalent pass‐through of anti‐dumping duties, countervailing duties and import tariffs
Authors: Nizovtsev Dmitri , Skiba Alexandre
Published: August 2019

We directly compare the short‐run pass‐through of tariffs, anti‐dumping (AD) duties and countervailing (CV) duties into US import prices. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, we find clear pattern of non‐equivalence in import price reaction to the three duty types, with the most notable difference detected between AD duties and tariffs. According to our estimates, a tariff rate would have to be approximately two times higher than an AD duty rate in order to have the same effect on the delivered import price.
Determinants shaping the international currency system: Where do currencies stand relative to their equilibria?
Authors: Siranova Maria , Rocha Manuel Duarte
Published: August 2019

Using a sample of 27 currencies, we empirically test the role of a large set of determinants potentially underlying currencies' share in the international currency system, providing, to the best of our knowledge, the most comprehensive study of this kind so far. We propose a new global indicator that quantifies the international use of currencies on the basis of three dimensions—medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. From a range of indicators including openness, financial development and institutional development indicators, we uncover several variables that are significant in explaining the international status of currencies, hence contributing to understanding the role of the determinants shaping the international currency system. We also investigate the long‐run equilibrium values for currency shares, allowing us to score currencies on the basis of the potential stemming from the determinants. We contribute to the debate on international currencies' prospects, not only by looking at much discussed currencies such as the US dollar, the euro and the Chinese renminbi, but also by uncovering potential of emerging currencies. This knowledge is of the utmost importance for the debate on the reform of the international monetary system—from the point of view of academics, policymakers and market practitioners.
Fluorescence biomodulation in the management of canine interdigital pyoderma cases: a prospective, single‐blinded, randomized and controlled clinical study
Authors: Marchegiani Andrea , Spaterna Andrea , Cerquetella Matteo , Tambella Adolfo M , Fruganti Alessandro , Paterson Susan
Published: August 2019

Background

Interdigital pyoderma is a common multifactorial, inflammatory disease of the canine interdigital skin. Lesions commonly become infected secondarily. In addition to management of the underlying cause, management of the chronic inflammatory changes in the interdigital skin created by secondary infection and by the release of keratin into deep tissues is required. Fluorescence biomodulation appears to modulate the inflammatory process in dermatological disorders and has shown promise in preliminary studies evaluating its use in superficial and deep pyoderma in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the effect of a fluorescence biomodulation (FB) system used in conjunction with systemic antibiotic on clinical manifestations of canine interdigital pyoderma (CIP), compared to dogs treated with antibiotic alone.

Animals

Thirty‐six dogs diagnosed with CIP.

Methods and materials

Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment groups of either antibiotic alone (Group A) or antibiotic plus twice‐weekly FB application (Group B). Dogs were scored over a 12 week period on the basis of two measured parameters: a global lesion score composed of four different lesions types and neutrophil engulfing bacterial scores.

Results

A statistically significant decrease was seen by Week 3 in both measured parameters for Group B compared to Group A. The mean time‐to‐resolution of lesions was 4.3 weeks in Group B and 10.4 weeks in Group A.

Conclusion and clinical importance

The FB system shows promise as an adjunct therapy to systemic antibiotic use in the management of CIP.
Carbon release mechanism of synthetic and agricultural solid carbon sources
Authors: Yu Luji , Cheng Lulu , Peng Zhaoxu , Li Tingmei , Liu Lu , Liu Xiaofang , Fan Pengyu
Published: August 2019

Exploring slow‐release carbon source is essential to improve nitrogen removal performance of low C/N wastewater. Synthetic polymers and agricultural products were selected as solid carbon source, the results showed that each solid carbon source followed the first‐order release kinetic equation. The released total organic carbon of polpolycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate, corncob, peanut shell and obsolescent rice were 3.19, 3.49, 5.42, 29.44, 26.95 and 6.53 mg/g, respectively. Acetic was the main released short‐chain fatty acid, whose proportion was higher than 80% for agricultural products and lower than 70% for synthetic polymers. For agricultural carbon source, the porosity and carbon distribution on surface was increased after carbon release, the amount of N–H and benzene rings was increased. While for synthetic carbon source, the carbon distribution on surface was decreased after carbon release. The carbon release mechanism was mainly skeleton dissolution for agricultural solid carbon source, while for synthetic carbon source, Fick diffusion was the dominated function.
Overcoming the “Other’s” Stigma: Arab and Muslim Representations in US Media and Academia
Authors: Ben Hafsa Lanouar
Published: August 2019

The present work focuses on Arab and Muslim representations in U.S. media and academia. It suggests to offer an overview of the collective and often stereotyped image of such categories amidst shifting ideological and political contexts. While it rests upon deep investigation of the literature underlying Orientalist discourse, it by no means aims to delve into the controversy purporting to the core tenets of such an age-old trend tackled extensively by renowned scholars like Edward Said and Jack Shaheen. Rather, it endeavors to contribute novel insights into the way Arabs and Muslims are depicted and perceived in the United states, by deconstructing certain Orientalist binary frames to demonstrate, ultimately, how both spheres of influence (media and academia) mimic the same political language and work in conjunction to propagate a Eurocentric culture. The study, eventually, adopts a quantitative approach based on the analysis of literature contents using statistical data to justify and substantiate discussed arguments. It, regrettably, does not cover all American media outlets due to the immensely broad scope of the addressed matter.
Broadband acoustic signal variability induced by internal solitary waves and semidiurnal internal tides in the northeastern East China Sea
Authors: Park Jungyong , Seong Woojae , Yang Haesang , Nam SungHyun , Lee Seung-Woo , Choo Youngmin
Published: August 2019

The relation between high-frequency broadband acoustic signal variability and two types of internal waves (short-period internal solitary waves; ISWs, and semidiurnal internal tides; ITs) is investigated using data collected during the shallow-water acoustic variability experiment 2015 in the northeastern East China Sea. In this flat (∼100 m depth) region, an underwater sound channel with sound speed profile (SSP) variability observed during the experiment significantly affects the acoustic variability induced by the ISW, and the arrival structure of the channel impulse response (CIR) modeled by ray tracing. To model the range-dependent SSP due to ISW, the location and characteristics of the mode-1 ISW of wavelength (0.5–1 km) are estimated and verified based on the two-layer Korteweq–de Vries theory and by analyzing the observed temperature fluctuations. It is found from comparison between the measured and modeled CIRs that the ISW scatters the arrival structures of refracted rays. Meanwhile, semidiurnal ITs change the channel size modeled as range-independent considering the wavelengths (15–40 km) longer than the model range (3 km). Higher centroid of acoustic arrival time is found with lower isotherm depressions owing to the multimode ITs, indicative of acoustic energy focusing at the lower channel region.