bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Useful Properties of Log-Logistic Random Variables for Health Care Simulations
Authors: Clark David E. , El-Taha Muhammad
Published: January 2015

A log-logistic (LL) random variable is one whose logarithm has a logistic distribution. Since the logistic distribution is similar to the normal distribution, log-logistic random variables are similar to log-normal (LN) random variables. However, many of the important properties of LN random variables can only be described using integrals, while the corresponding properties of LL random variables can be described using simple algebra. LL random variables may therefore be a useful alternative to LN random variable for computer simulation of operating room processes or other health care applications, especially when they fit the data more closely. We review the properties of LL random variables, and derive some relationships of the mean residual time to the median residual time. We describe methods of fitting LL distributions to observed data, and discuss potential advantages of using them for simulation of operating room utilization.
Noticias sobre el impresor Felipe Teruel Martínez.
Authors: García Cuadrado Amparo
Published: January 2015

El artículo lleva a cabo un acercamiento a los primeros años de actividad del impresor aragonés Felipe Teruel en la ciudad de Murcia. El hallazgo de nuevas escrituras públicas, la consulta de fuentes municipales y la propia producción tipográfica han sido los ejes fundamentales de una investigación que pone de manifiesto el rápido ascenso del tipógrafo en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, sus relaciones profesionales, y las circunstancias personales que marcarán su actividad como librero e impresor desde de los años cuarenta en Murcia. La exposición de estas informaciones se lleva a cabo dentro del contexto tipográfico del momento, de sus peculiaridades y de la situación de indiferencia hacia el arte impresor por parte de las autoridades del Reino. Se dan a conocer, finalmente, algunos datos sobre las disposiciones testamentarias del impresor y la situación del taller después de su muerte.
Pour une approche relationnelle des itinéraires féminins
Authors: Attané Anne
Published: January 2015

Cet article repose sur un triple objectif. Premièrement, à partir d’une perspective théorique explicitée ici, ce texte rend compte d’une méthodologie de recherche qui éclaire les itinéraires féminins comme masculins et qui permet de les analyser conjointement. Résolument ancrée dans une anthropologie dynamique, cette méthode vise à reconstituer l’histoire de vie des personnes rencontrées ainsi que l’ensemble de leurs relations intrafamiliales. Deuxièmement, à partir de trajectoires féminines singulières, il dresse des portraits de citadines en Afrique de l’Ouest. Grâce à un ensemble de résultats de recherches menées entre 1997 et 2014, il dessine les contours des mutations matrimoniales que connaissent les sociétés urbaines de cette partie du continent. Ces transformations influencent la vie des femmes aussi bien dans leur accession à la maternité que dans leur vie conjugale et dans leurs conditions matérielles d’existence. Dans un troisième temps, le recueil des relations de « parenté pratique » réalisé depuis 2011 au sein de groupes familiaux résidant à Lomé, Cotonou ou Ouagadougou montre la diversité des situations conjugales et matrimoniales dans l’Afrique contemporaine et la nécessité de renouveler leurs études.
Genre et prise de décision au sein du ménage au Burkina Faso
Authors: Gnoumou Thiombiano Bilampoa
Published: January 2015

L’étude examine les facteurs sociodémographiques et économiques qui influencent la participation des femmes à la prise de décision au sein du ménage au Burkina Faso. Les données de l’Enquête démographique et de santé réalisée en 2010 sont exploitées à l’aide d’une régression logistique. Ces données quantitatives sont complétées par des entretiens qualitatifs réalisés en 2011 sur le thème « genre et décision économique au Burkina Faso ». Les résultats montrent que les femmes participent peu aux décisions concernant leurs soins de santé, les achats importants du ménage et les visites aux parents, mais les femmes ayant une activité rémunérée sont susceptibles de décider de la gestion de leurs revenus. La scolarisation, l’exercice d’un travail rémunéré, un âge plus élevé, la résidence en milieu urbain et le niveau de vie élevé du ménage sont des facteurs favorables à la participation de la femme à la prise de décision au sein de son ménage. On note cependant des différences selon le groupe ethnique. Ces résultats suggèrent que la scolarisation croissante des filles en Afrique subsaharienne, l’urbanisation et la participation progressive des femmes au marché du travail contribuent à la modification des rapports de genre au sein des couples et, de façon générale, à l’amélioration du statut social de la femme.
Comment les migrations internationales reconfigurent les relations entre conjoints et les identités conjugales au sein de couples sénégalais
Authors: Dia Hamidou
Published: January 2015

Les Sénégalais émigrent vers diverses parties du monde et s’y établissent durablement. Ils continuent cependant d’entretenir des liens multiformes avec leur pays. Des familles se constituent sur plusieurs sites, en particulier sur la base de relations conjugales. Dans ces unités, les femmes, qu’elles soient mères ou épouses, sont souvent présentées sous des traits passifs. Cet article montre que les normes qui assignent des rôles secondaires aux femmes tendent sinon à s’effriter, du moins à être constamment rediscutées. À partir d’histoires familiales recueillies auprès d’émigrés sénégalais et de leurs parents rencontrés à Dakar et dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal, l’article défend la thèse d’une autonomisation croissante, voire d’une émancipation des femmes à la fois au Sénégal et en terre étrangère, à la faveur notamment des migrations internationales. Le parti pris méthodologique de cet article est d’inscrire l’étude des rapports sociaux entre genres dans le contexte familial, que l’on pense souvent comme laissant peu de marge de manoeuvre aux femmes.
La transmission de la langue française au sein des familles exogames et endogames francophones au Canada
Authors: Vézina Mireille , Houle René
Published: January 2015

Cet article examine la transmission de la langue française au Canada entre 1991 et 2011 au Québec et hors du Québec. Une attention plus particulière est portée à l’année de recensement de 2011. Pour cette année de recensement, une analyse plus détaillée est réalisée dans le but de déterminer les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer dans quelles circonstances la langue maternelle française est transmise ou non entre parents et enfants d’âge mineur. Pour ce faire, on utilise le modèle théorique de la transmission culturelle qui met l’accent sur les vecteurs de transmission : transmission verticale, horizontale et oblique. On distingue également les facteurs de transmission qui prennent leur source au sein de la famille et du ménage de ceux qui proviennent de l’environnement immédiat du lieu de résidence, en l’occurrence la sous-division de recensement.
Définitions et manifestations du phénomène de l’exploitation financière des personnes âgées
Authors: Dufour Marie-Hélène
Published: January 2015

L’article 48 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne accorde à toute personne âgée ou handicapée le droit d’être protégée contre toute forme d’exploitation. Le présent texte vise à définir les notions permettant de délimiter les contours du phénomène de l’exploitation financière des personnes âgées. Ainsi, les notions de « personne âgée », « personne vulnérable », « personne dépendante » sont analysées, de même que la notion d’« exploitation » et d’autres notions connexes (« maltraitance » et « abus ») dans le contexte de la protection offerte par cette disposition, plus particulièrement, contre l’exploitation financière. Il appert que bien que toute personne âgée soit visée, il ne pourra y avoir exploitation que si la personne âgée est vulnérable. Le Tribunal des droits de la personne a défini le terme « exploitation » comme étant la mise à profit d’une position de force au détriment d’intérêts plus vulnérables, tout en insistant sur la portée large du terme qui offrirait une protection contre toutes les formes d’exploitation, incluant l’exploitation physique, psychologique, sociale ou morale. Cette définition nous semble trop restrictive pour protéger efficacement les personnes âgées contre les formes d’exploitation ou d’abus autres que d’ordre financier. Quant à la notion de « maltraitance », très utilisée en sciences sociales, elle appert être à la fois plus large et plus restreinte que la notion juridique d’exploitation. Dans un deuxième temps, nous illustrons le phénomène en présentant de nombreuses manifestations de l’exploitation financière des personnes âgées.
Les grands modèles de justice de proximité : bilan d’une nouvelle pratique juridique
Authors: Noreau Pierre , Pasca Alexandra
Published: January 2015

L’institutionnalisation graduelle des institutions juridiques et judiciaires a favorisé, depuis le milieu des années 60, une grande diversité d’expériences et l’élaboration de pratiques visant à combler le fossé qui sépare les activités juridiques traditionnelles des besoins de plus en plus diversifiés des justiciables. Un grand nombre de ces pratiques et de ces services sont nés du besoin de rapprocher les citoyens du système de justice. Ces pratiques et services répondent souvent aux mêmes caractéristiques générales du service juridique et du droit à la justice et fondent une conception plus large de ces derniers. On parle plus largement ici de justice de proximité. Les formes empruntées par ces expériences y sont étudiées de façon systématique dans le présent article. Nous y proposons une typologie qui prend en compte l’étendue et la diversité des formes que peuvent connaître ces services. Nous y distinguons trois modèles d’activités : le modèle du guichet juridique, le modèle d’intercession et le modèle multifonctionnel. Alors que les organismes de justice de proximité ont souvent conçu leurs activités en marge de l’institution judiciaire, des relations se sont graduellement tissées entre ces organismes et les palais de justice. Une discussion vient conclure sur les conditions assurant l’autonomie, la coopération ou l’intégration de ces pratiques dans le cadre des activités ou des structures du système traditionnel de justice, chaque situation étant adaptée en fonction du contexte social et juridique où ces pratiques de proximité sont apparues.
Tying It All Together: The Potential of Legal, Social and Market-Based Control Mechanisms to Enforce Integrated and Sustainable Decision-Making
Authors: Martin Isabelle
Published: January 2015

Integrated and sustainable decision-making, which requires directors of corporations to take into account environmental, social and economic issues into their decision process, is the “keystone” of the legal principles of corporate social responsibility. A voluntary form of the principle of integrated and sustainable decision-making is part of Canadian corporate law since the enlargement of corporate directors’ duties of loyalty in the BCE decision. Although socio-legal literature has shown that voluntary principles may have a real regulatory impact, the effectiveness of a voluntary principle of integrated decision-making in furthering social and economic issues has still not been assessed. This article will argue that in order to determine the potential of integrated decision-making in ensuring greater corporate social responsibility, it is necessary to study the legal, social and market-based control mechanisms by which integrated decision-making is implemented. To what extent do these control mechanisms enforce the principle of integrated decision-making, given the unequal access of stakeholders to these control mechanisms and the competing norms of shareholder primacy and share value maximization they carry? We find that while each of the regulatory mechanisms could be used to implement the principle of integrated decision-making, no mechanism alone is sufficient to ensure that social responsibility will trump financial considerations if a choice has to be made. The analysis concludes on the regulatory courses of action that could be taken to strengthen the principle of sustainable and integrated decision-making.
Nation Tsilhqot’in c Colombie-Britannique : bonne décision, mauvaises raisons
Authors: St-Hilaire Maxime
Published: January 2015

Le qualificatif est galvaudé, mais l’arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’affaire Nation Tsilhqot’in c Colombie-Britannique est véritablement « historique ». Il représente la première reconnaissance judiciaire, concrète, formelle et définitive d’un titre constitutionnel autochtone ancestral dans l’histoire du droit canadien. Il dissipe les principaux doutes sur la crédibilité du contrôle judiciaire des droits constitutionnels que la partie II de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 garantit aux peuples autochtones. Or, au-delà de quelques précisions utiles, sa motivation est sérieusement problématique, et ce, à maints égards. Relativement aux droits constitutionnels des peuples autochtones, la plupart des erreurs de la Cour proviennent de la manière dont, sur nombre de questions fondamentales, elle se fonde principalement sur l’arrêt Guerin. À l’égard du droit relatif à la résolution des conflits de compétences attribuées au sein de la fédération, les nombreuses erreurs, conceptuelles notamment, que consignent les motifs de la juge en chef sont symptomatiques de problèmes encore plus profonds.
Commentaires de l’arrêt Walmart
Authors: Morin Fernand
Published: January 2015

La dissolution de l’établissement de Walmart à Jonquière fut une suite immédiate de l’accréditation du syndicat des salariés du lieu. La problématique mit en opposition concrète ces deux libertés : la liberté de commerce de l’employeur et la liberté d’association des 190 salariés qui y travaillaient. Pourtant, l’article 59 du Code du travail impose à l’employeur, dont les salariés sont maintenant représentés par un syndicat accrédité, de maintenir le statu quo ante du moins jusqu’à l’acquisition du droit au lock-out ou à la grève (art 59, al 2 Ct)! À la suite de cette dissolution de l’établissement de Jonquière se posa cette double question en droit : parce que la Cour ne crut pas disposer du pouvoir d’annuler la dissolution de l’établissement de Jonquière ni d’ordonner, en conséquence, la reprise des activités en ce même lieu, elle se refusa à ordonner la réintégration au travail de ces 190 salariés, de plus, la Cour suprême reconnut que l’arbitre qui intervint au différend (art 93.1 Ct – première convention collective), puis qui fut désigné par les parties à titre d’arbitre de grief, dispose à ce dernier titre du pouvoir de réparation nécessaire. Ainsi, la Cour suprême du Canada s’en remit à cet arbitre de grief pour en traiter et en tirer les conclusions juridiques et pratiques qui pourraient s’imposer. Les deux juges dissidents considérèrent que l’article 59 Ct était inapplicable en cette affaire et qu’il aurait fallu d’abord établir si le démantèlement de l’établissement fut un acte antisyndical de la part de Walmart. Nous notons que l’on semble parfois, en cet arrêt, confondre les concepts d’« entreprise » et d’« établissement », du moins selon le libellé de certains énoncés. Une telle confusion des termes ne pourrait-elle pas être aussi porteuse d’éventuelles malheureuses interprétations ou extrapolations?
Community‐academic partnerships in HIV‐related research: a systematic literature review of theory and practice
Authors: Brizay Ulrike , Golob Lina , Globerman Jason , Gogolishvili David , Bird Mara , Rios‐Ellis Britt , Rourke Sean B , Heidari Shirin
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Community involvement in HIV research has increased over recent years, enhancing community‐academic partnerships. Several terms have been used to describe community participation in research. Clarification is needed to determine whether these terms are synonymous or actually describe different research processes. In addition, it remains unclear if the role that communities play in the actual research process follows the recommendations given in theoretical frameworks of community‐academia research.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to review the existing terms and definitions regarding community‐academic partnerships and assess how studies are implementing these in relation to conceptual definitions.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed. Two reviewers independently assessed each article, applying the following inclusion criteria: the article must be published in English before 2013; it must provide an explicit definition and/or defining methodology for a term describing research with a community component; and it has to refer to HIV or AIDS, reproductive health and/or STDs. When disagreements about the relevance of an article emerged, a third reviewer was involved until concordance was reached. Data were extracted by one reviewer and independently verified by a second. Qualitative data were analyzed using MaxQDA for content and thematic analyses while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Community feedback on data analysis and presentation of results was also incorporated.

Results

In total, 246 articles were retrieved, 159 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The number of studies that included community participation in the field of HIV research increased between 1991 and 2012, and the terms used to describe these activities have changed, moving away from action research (AR) to participatory action research (PAR), community‐based research (CBR) and community‐based participatory research (CBPR), with the latter being the most commonly used term. While definitions of all terms had common characteristics (e.g. participation of community in research process), they varied with regard to the emphasis placed on these characteristics. The nature of community participation in reviewed studies differed considerably from that described in theoretical models.

Conclusions

This study indicates the increase of participatory approaches in HIV research and underlines the need for clarification of terms and a framework providing orientation to community‐academia partnerships.
Enhanced stability and polyadenylation of select mRNAs support rapid thermogenesis in the brown fat of a hibernator
Authors: Grabek Katharine R , Diniz Behn Cecilia , Barsh Gregory S , Hesselberth Jay R , Martin Sandra L
Published: January 2015

During hibernation, animals cycle between torpor and arousal. These cycles involve dramatic but poorly understood mechanisms of dynamic physiological regulation at the level of gene expression. Each cycle, Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) drives periodic arousal from torpor by generating essential heat. We applied digital transcriptome analysis to precisely timed samples to identify molecular pathways that underlie the intense activity cycles of hibernator BAT. A cohort of transcripts increased during torpor, paradoxical because transcription effectively ceases at these low temperatures. We show that this increase occurs not by elevated transcription but rather by enhanced stabilization associated with maintenance and/or extension of long poly(A) tails. Mathematical modeling further supports a temperature-sensitive mechanism to protect a subset of transcripts from ongoing bulk degradation instead of increased transcription. This subset was enriched in a C-rich motif and genes required for BAT activation, suggesting a model and mechanism to prioritize translation of key proteins for thermogenesis.
Re-implementation of a pharmacist-managed metabolic syndrome clinic in an outpatient mental health clinic setting
Authors: Ganzer Nicole , Utter Brandon , DeJongh Beth , Behrens Michael , Garcia Guadalupe , Graham Rebecca
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) are often prescribed prior to first-generation antipsychotics (FGA) for mental health disorders by reason of proposed improved tolerability. Patients on SGA are not always appropriately screened for metabolic parameters in the clinical setting. A metabolic clinic was previously established for a limited time period at the West Palm Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center (WPB VAMC) with beneficial outcomes. Re-implementation expanded the clinic to assess the impact when patients were referred from outpatient mental health and primary care providers. The objectives of this quality improvement initiative were to evaluate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions and compare the patient load preexpansion and postexpansion of the metabolic clinic.

Methods: Patients receiving SGA at the WPB VAMC who met the criteria for metabolic syndrome were referred to the metabolic clinic. Preclinic data variables collected include demographics, social history, SGA, and assessment for presence of hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic intervention variables were collected throughout clinic involvement. The patient load post clinic expansion was reported.

Results: Of the 17 patients evaluated, 88.2% had hypertension, 94.1% had dyslipidemia, and 88.2% had diabetes mellitus. The average number of components of metabolic syndrome was 3.7 out of 5 possible components. Most patients were taking risperidone (47.1%). An average of 1.5 medication interventions were made per patient. Only 28 patients were referred during reimplementation phase.

Discussion: Metabolic syndrome commonly occurs in patients receiving SGA. Appropriately trained clinical pharmacists can help fill a gap in care by providing the recommended monitoring criteria and interventions for patients taking SGA.
Global secular changes in different tidal high water, low water and range levels
Authors: Mawdsley Robert J. , Haigh Ivan D. , Wells Neil C.
Published: January 2015

Tides exert a major control on the coastal zone by influencing high sea levels and coastal flooding, navigation, sediment dynamics, and ecology. Therefore, any changes to tides have wide ranging and important implications. In this paper, we uniquely assess secular changes in 15 regularly used tidal levels (five high water, five low water and five tidal ranges), which have direct practical applications. Using sea level data from 220 tide gauge sites, we found changes have occured in all analyzed tidal levels in many parts of the world. For the tidal levels assessed, between 36% and 63% of sites had trends significantly different (at 95% confidence level) from zero. At certain locations, the magnitude of the trends in tidal levels were similar to trends in mean sea level over the last century, with observed changes in tidal range and high water levels of over 5 mm yr−1 and 2 mm yr−1, respectively. More positive than negative trends were observed in tidal ranges and high water levels, and vice versa for low water levels. However we found no significant correlation between trends in mean sea level (MSL) and any tidal levels. Spatially coherent trends were observed in some regions, including the north‐east Pacific, German Bight and Australasia, and we also found that differences in trends occur between different tidal levels. This implies that analyzing different tidal levels is important. Because changes in the tide are widespread and of similar magnitude to MSL rise at a number sites, changes in tides should be considered in coastal risk assessments.
Internal climate memory in observations and models
Authors: Monselesan Didier P. , O'Kane Terence J. , Risbey James S. , Church John
Published: January 2015

Attribution of cause of climate change is hindered by our ability to separate internal low‐frequency variability from the forced response in the climate system. We characterize the spatiotemporal characteristics of internal variability by comparing ensemble averages of in‐band fractional variances in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) preindustrial control simulations to estimates from observations and reanalyses. For sea surface temperature and sea level height anomalies both models and observations show that variability on time scales less than 5 years is predominantly in the tropics and has the spatial signature of El Nio–Southern Oscillation. On progressively longer time scales the variance moves to the extratropics and from middle to higher latitudes while displaying spatially coherent features. The CMIP5 models show good agreement in the spatial and temporal apportioning of in‐band variance when the variances are normalized.
Tropical climate change control of the lower stratospheric circulation
Authors: Lin Pu , Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V.
Published: January 2015

The behavior of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation is investigated using a suite of global climate model simulations with different forcing agents, in conjunction with observation‐based analysis. We find that the variations in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation are strongly correlated with those in the tropical mean surface temperature through changes in the upper tropospheric temperature and zonal winds. This correlation is seen on both interannual and multidecadal time scales, and holds for natural and forced variations alike. The circulation change is relatively insensitive to the spatial pattern of the forcings. Consistent changes in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation with respect to those in the tropical mean surface temperature prevail across time scales and forcings, and constitute an important attribution element of the atmospheric adjustment to global climate change.
East‐west type precursor activity prior to the auroral onset: Ground‐based and THEMIS observations
Authors: Golovchanskaya I. V. , Kornilov I. A. , Kornilova T. A.
Published: January 2015

Using ground‐based optical observations, we study an auroral breakup event, focusing on the wave‐like signatures of the east‐west (E‐W) type auroral activities which appear before breakup. By conjunction with the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) P2 and P5 measurements, it is shown that the underlying wave mode can be identified as the ballooning mode. Considering the similarity of the wave‐like characteristics derived from ground‐based auroral and THEMIS spacecraft observations, we argue that the E‐W activities under study may be related to ballooning waves propagating in the plasma sheet. The implications for mechanisms of substorm triggering are discussed.
Stacking global GPS verticals and horizontals to solve for the fortnightly and monthly body tides: Implications for mantle anelasticity
Authors: Kang Kaixuan , Wahr John , Heflin Michael , Desai Shailen
Published: January 2015

The availability of long‐term position measurements from permanent GPS stations distributed around the Earth makes it feasible to extract small, globally coherent, long‐period geophysical signals from the data. Using 11 years of daily vertical and horizontal positions from over 600 permanent GPS stations worldwide, we solve for the amplitude and phase of the fortnightly and monthly body tides by stacking the surface displacements against spherical harmonics and isolating the fortnightly and monthly signals in the stacks. We use our solutions to help constrain the Earth's anelastic properties, which are not well understood within the tidal frequency band. Our error estimates include the effects of the following: (1) random noise across the fortnightly and monthly tidal bands; (2) fortnightly and monthly ocean tide model errors; (3) errors in the diurnal and semidiurnal ocean tide models that alias into the fortnightly and monthly frequency bands; (4) errors in the solid Earth Green's functions used to compute ocean tidal loading corrections; and (5) leakage from GPS draconitic signals at periods close to the fortnightly and monthly frequencies. The mantle anelasticity coefficients we infer from our solutions are consistent with a ωα frequency dependence of mantle Q with α in the range 0.1–0.3.
Seasonal ice loss in the Beaufort Sea: Toward synchrony and prediction
Authors: Steele Michael , Dickinson Suzanne , Zhang Jinlun , W. Lindsay Ron
Published: January 2015

The seasonal evolution of sea ice loss in the Beaufort Sea during 1979–2012 is examined, focusing on differences between eastern and western sectors. Two stages in ice loss are identified: the Day of Opening (DOO) is defined as the spring decrease in ice concentration from its winter maximum below a value of 0.8 areal concentration; the Day of Retreat (DOR) is the summer decrease below 0.15 concentration. We consider three aspects of the subject, i.e., (i) the long‐term mean, (ii) long‐term linear trends, and (iii) interannual variability. We find that in the mean, DOO occurs earliest in the eastern Beaufort Sea (EBS) owing to easterly winds which act to thin the ice there, relative to the western Beaufort Sea (WBS) where ice has been generally thicker. There is no significant long‐term trend in EBS DOO, although WBS DOO is in fact trending toward earlier dates. This means that spatial differences in DOO across the Beaufort Sea have been shrinking over the past 33 years, i.e., these dates are becoming more synchronous, a situation which may impact human and marine mammal activity in the area. Retreat dates are also becoming more synchronous, although with no statistical significance over the studied time period. Finally, we find that in any given year, an increase in monthly mean easterly winds of ∼1 m/s during spring is associated with earlier summer DOR of 6–15 days, offering predictive capability with 2–4 months lead time.
A semianalytical model for sheet flow layer thickness with application to the swash zone
Authors: Lanckriet Thijs , Puleo Jack A.
Published: January 2015

A new semianalytical model for the time‐dependent thickness of the sheet flow layer that includes the effects of pressure gradients, bed slope, boundary layer growth, and bore turbulence is presented. The shear stress and boundary layer growth are computed using the boundary layer integral method. The model is expressed as two coupled ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically given a prescribed time series of free‐stream velocity, horizontal pressure gradient and bore turbulence, which together represent the hydrodynamic forcing. The model was validated against two data sets of sheet flow layer thickness collected in oscillatory flow tunnels and one data set collected in the swash zone of a prototype‐scale laboratory experiment. In the oscillatory flow tunnel data sets, sheet flow is mostly generated by shear stress, with pressure gradients providing an important secondary forcing around flow reversal. In the swash zone, pressure gradients and shear stresses alone are not sufficient to generate the large sheet flow layer thickness observed at the initial stages of uprush. Bore turbulence is most likely the dominant generation mechanism for this intense sheet flow.
The impact of mean state errors on equatorial Atlantic interannual variability in a climate model
Authors: Ding Hui , Keenlyside Noel , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun , Wahl Sebastian
Published: January 2015

Observations show that the Equatorial Atlantic Zonal Mode (ZM) obeys similar physics to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): positive Bjerknes and delayed negative feedbacks. This implies the ZM may be predictable on seasonal timescales, but models demonstrate little prediction skill in this region. In this study using different configurations of the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) exhibiting different levels of systematic error, we show that a reasonable simulation of the ZM depends on realistic representation of the mean state, i.e., surface easterlies along the equator, upward sloping thermocline to the east, with an equatorial SST cold tongue in the east. We further attribute the differences in interannual variability among the simulations to the individual components of the positive Bjerknes and delayed negative feedbacks. Differences in the seasonality of the variability are similarly related to the impact of seasonal biases on the Bjerknes feedback. Our results suggest that model physics must be enhanced to enable skillful seasonal predictions in the Tropical Atlantic Sector, although some improvement with regard to the simulation of Equatorial Atlantic interannual variability may be achieved by momentum flux correction. This pertains especially to the seasonal phase locking of interannual SST variability.
Numerical study of solute transport in shallow beach aquifers subjected to waves and tides
Authors: Geng Xiaolong , Boufadel Michel C.
Published: January 2015

A numerical study was conducted to investigate the fate of solute in a laboratory beach in response to waves and tides. A new temporal upscaling approach labeled “net inflow” was introduced to address impacts of waves on solute transport within beaches. Numerical simulations using a computational fluid dynamic model were used as boundary conditions for the two‐dimensional variably saturated flow and solute transport model MARUN. The modeling approach was validated against experimental data of solute transport due to waves and tides. Exchange fluxes across the beach face and subsurface solute transport (e.g., trajectory, movement speed, and residence time) were quantified. Simulation results revealed that waves increased the exchange fluxes, and engendered a wider exchange flux zone along the beach surface. Compared to tide‐only forcing, waves superimposed on tide caused the plume to be deeper into the beach, and to migrate more seaward. The infiltration into the beach was found to be directly proportional to the general hydraulic gradient in the beach and inversely proportional to the matrix retention (or capillary) capacity. The simulations showed that a higher inland water table would attenuate wave‐caused seawater infiltration, which might impact beach geochemical processes (e.g., nutrient recycle and redox condition), especially at low tide zone. The concept of biochemical residence time maps (BRTM) was introduced to account for the net effect of limiting concentration of chemicals on biochemical reactions. It was found that waves shifted the BRTMs downward and seaward in the beach, and subsequently they engendered different biochemical conditions within the beach.
Failure to bloom: Intense upwelling results in negligible phytoplankton response and prolonged CO2 outgassing over the Oregon shelf
Authors: Evans Wiley , Hales Burke , Strutton Peter G. , Shearman R. Kipp , Barth John A.
Published: January 2015

During summer, upwelled water with elevated CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and nutrients outcrops over the Oregon (OR) inner shelf. As this water transits across the shelf, high rates of primary production fueled by the upwelled nutrients results in net atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Upwelled source‐waters typically have pCO2 approaching 1000 µatm that is then reduced to ∼200 µatm. For almost the entire month of July 2008, strong and persistent upwelling brought cold (∼8°C), saline (∼33.5), high‐pCO2 (>600 µatm) water to our midshelf buoy site, and high‐pCO2 water was broadly distributed over the shelf. Chlorophyll levels, as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, were low (< 2 mg m−3) on the shelf during the period of most intense upwelling, and satellite data showed no evidence of a downstream phytoplankton bloom. A small chlorophyll increase to ∼4 mg m−3 was observed at our buoy site following a decrease in the strength of southward wind stress 10 days after upwelling initiated. Chlorophyll levels further increased to ∼10 mg m−3 only after a cease in upwelling. These higher levels were coincident with the appearance of water masses having temperature and salinity properties distinct from recently upwelled water. We suggest that rapid offshore transport and subsequent subduction before phytoplankton populations could respond is the most likely explanation for the persistent low chlorophyll and elevated surface‐water pCO2 throughout the July upwelling event. This mechanism likely dominates under conditions of strong and persistent upwelling‐favorable winds that coincide with close proximity of low‐density offshore waters, which may have implications for the biogeochemical functioning of this system under future climate scenarios.
Near‐infrared spectroscopy of lacustrine sediments in the Great Salt Lake Desert: An analog study for Martian paleolake basins
Authors: Lynch Kennda L. , Horgan Briony H. , Munakata‐Marr Junko , Hanley Jennifer , Schneider Robin J. , Rey Kevin A. , Spear John R. , Jackson W. Andrew , Ritter Scott M.
Published: January 2015

The identification and characterization of aqueous minerals within ancient lacustrine environments on Mars are a high priority for determining the past habitability of the red planet. Terrestrial analog studies are useful both for understanding the mineralogy of lacustrine sediments, how the mineralogy varies with location in a lacustrine environment, and for validating the use of certain techniques such as visible–near‐infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy. In this study, sediments from the Pilot Valley paleolake basin of the Great Salt Lake desert were characterized using VNIR as an analog for Martian paleolake basins. The spectra and subsequent interpretations were then compared to mineralogical characterization by ground truth methods, including X‐ray diffraction, automated scanning electron microscopy, and several geochemical analysis techniques. In general, there is good agreement between VNIR and ground truth methods on the major classes of minerals present in the lake sediments and VNIR spectra can also easily discriminate between clay‐dominated and salt‐dominated lacustrine terrains within the paleolake basin. However, detection of more detailed mineralogy is difficult with VNIR spectra alone as some minerals can dominate the spectra even at very low abundances. At this site, the VNIR spectra are dominated by absorption bands that are most consistent with gypsum and smectites, though the ground truth methods reveal more diverse mineral assemblages that include a variety of sulfates, primary and secondary phyllosilicates, carbonates, and chlorides. This study provides insight into the limitations regarding the use of VNIR in characterizing complex mineral assemblages inherent in lacustrine settings.
Forecasting SEP events with same active region prior flares
Authors: Kahler S. W. , Ling A. , White S. M.
Published: January 2015

Forecasting large solar energetic (E > 10 MeV) particle (SEP) events is currently based on observed solar X‐ray flare peak fluxes or fluences. Recent work has indicated that the probability of a solar eruptive event in an active region (AR) is enhanced when a large flare has occurred in that AR during the previous day. In addition, peak intensities Sp of SEP events associated with fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are larger for CMEs with prior CMEs from the same associated ARs in the previous day. This suggests that the associated SEP event probability and/or Sp may be higher for a given solar X‐ray flare with a recent prior major flare in the same AR. We use data sets of NOAA flares and SEP events from solar cycles 22–24 to test this idea statistically for periods of prior flares ranging from 12 to 48 h. The occurrence probabilities and Sp of large SEP events for flares with prior same AR major (≥ M2) flares are not significantly higher than for flares without the prior flares; hence, prior flare occurrence is not a useful SEP event forecasting tool. The flare‐based occurrence probabilities are higher for cycle 24 than for cycles 22 and 23, but the dependence of Sp on X‐ray fluence appears unchanged. We show an example of a recent flare‐prolific AR for which the SEP‐associated flares are spatially distinct from the numerous non‐SEP associated flares, indicating how prior AR flares may be unrelated to SEP‐associated flares.
Aminoacyl‐
tRNA
Synthetases
Authors: Arnez John G , Beinsteiner Brice , Moras Dino
Published: January 2015

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases catalyse a key reaction in protein biosynthesis. They match the 20 amino acids to the genetic code by specifically attaching them to their adaptors, transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) molecules. The reaction proceeds in two steps: the amino acid is first activated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form aminoacyl adenylate and then the aminoacyl group is transferred to the terminal ribose of tRNA. This family of enzymes is divided into two classes, based on the similarities in primary structure and architecture of the active site domains; the two architectures are characterised by two modes of binding of ATP, the intermediate aminoacyl adenylate and the acceptor end of tRNA, which result in two regioselectivities of amino acid attachment to the terminal ribose of the tRNA. Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases are modular enzymes; to the central active site module are attached various domains with diverse functions such as tRNA‐binding and amino acid editing. The primary subject of this article are structural and functional aspects of these enzymes.

Key Concepts

Highly specific attachment of amino acids to their corresponding adaptor molecules, the transfer ribonucleic acids.

Synthetases are partitioned into two classes according to structural features of their catalytic site and their functional correlation.

Class II enzymes exhibit a unique fold and bind ATP in a unique bent conformation.

The two classes bind the acceptor arm of tRNA in two ways that constitute mirror images of each other.

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases are modular enzymes, various domains of diverse functions being attached to the active site domain.

Continuous editing is part of the tRNA aminoacylation process in living organisms.
Climate Change and Biogeochemical Impacts
Authors: Doney Scott C , Schimel David
Published: January 2015

Human activities are causing a significant build‐up of heat‐trapping greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and aerosols in the atmosphere driven by emissions from fossil fuel combustion, industry, agriculture and deforestation. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is more than 40% above preindustrial levels and growing, and levels would be even higher without modulation by land biosphere and ocean uptake. Model projections for the coming century suggest that these changes in atmospheric composition will result in substantial global warming and strengthening of the hydrological cycle and there is growing observational evidence of a substantial alteration in climate patterns. Carbon cycle (

CO
2

and

CH
4

) feedbacks to climate from the land and ocean can significantly affect future climate, but current projections of these effects are highly uncertain. Climate change and other human‐driven processes such as land‐use changes and ocean acidification will have profound impacts on global biogeochemistry and terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Key Concepts

The carbon cycle will have a significant impact on the amount and pace of future climate change.

Atmospheric levels of CO
2
, other greenhouse gases (CH
4
and N
2
O) and some aerosols have increased substantially above preindustrial levels due to human activities.

Changing atmospheric composition alters the radiative balance of the planet and the resulting climate impacts reflect many feedback mechanisms that can either amplify or diminish the initial perturbation.

Global‐scale climate warming, changes in the water cycle and melting of the cryosphere are already underway, and these trends are projected to continue into the future.

Fossil‐fuel use transfers carbon from a long‐lived geological reservoir to the atmosphere–land–ocean system where excess CO
2
can reside in the atmosphere for many centuries.

The biosphere and oceans mitigate some of the effects of fossil fuel burning and deforestation but the future of these carbon sinks under an altered climate is highly uncertain.

Changes to climate and the carbon cycle cause profound changes to ocean physics, biology and chemistry including changes to temperature and pH likely to affect marine ecosystems profoundly.

Changes to climate may change terrestrial ecosystems through disturbance processes such as wildfire or disease.

New approaches are essential including expanded observing systems and satellite measurements and improving techniques for combining these observations with predictive models.
Corpus Analysis
Authors: Vaughan Elaine , O'Keeffe Anne
Published: January 2015

Large and small language text corpora have become quite ubiquitous in the broad fields that make up the study of language and social interaction. This article provides an introduction to the concept of the “corpus” where language research is at issue and to the field of corpus linguistics. It reviews the main corpus analysis tools and the sort of perspectives they can open for language data. Finally, it gives a very broad overview of the ways in which corpus analysis has to date informed, or is beginning to permeate, different areas of language study.
Selective Mutism
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Ross Emma
Published: January 2015

Selective mutism (SM) is a persistent and debilitating condition in which a child fails to speak in public situations where speaking is expected. It is commonly linked to social anxiety, mild oppositional behavior, and developmental problems. The assessment of SM can involve various methods but the general goal is to evaluate the parameters and function of a child's failure or refusal to speak. Primary assessment methods include interviews, questionnaires, behavioral observations, and formal testing. Treatments for youths with SM are designed to increase the audibility and frequency of speech in public contexts, such as school. Common treatments include exposure‐based practices integrated with stimulus fading, self‐modeling, as well as shaping and prompting. Supplementary procedures include social skills and language training, anxiety‐management techniques, parent‐based contingency management, and family therapy.
Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP)
Authors: Routh Donald K.
Published: January 2015

The 1947 Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology (CTCP), chaired by David Shakow (1901–81), was the most important committee of its day because its report provided the framework for the 1949 Boulder Conference and its scientist‐practitioner model for training clinical psychologists. It was at this time, after World War II, that the federal government began to support clinical psychology training in a very big way. The CTCP agreed on three main points: that clinical psychology training required a doctoral degree, that a 1‐year, full‐time internship was necessary, and that the scope of the field included diagnosis, treatment, and research.
Attachment Therapies
Authors: Mercer Jean
Published: January 2015

Attachment therapy comprises certain treatments for childhood mental health disorders that focus on emotional attachment as primary to mental health. Treatments use reenactments of early experiences and physical contact with the child as therapeutic practices. The evidence for efficacy of any of the treatments is very weak, and harmful effects, including child deaths, have been documented for versions involving physical restraint.
Catharsis (Abreaction)
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Adams Thomas G.
Published: January 2015

Catharsis (venting) has a long history in the psychology of emotion expression. Suppression of negative emotions is presumed to result in psychological harm, and the expression of such emotions is presumed to be beneficial in reducing the experience and expression of these emotions in the future. Alternative psychological theory predicts that the expression of negative emotions will increase their experience and expression and social psychological research supports that prediction. Psychosocial treatments that employ catharsis increase negative emotions, and cognitive‐behavioral treatments that teach alternative ways of responding decrease the experience and expression of those emotions.