bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Inverted Papilloma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Nasal Contact Endoscopy
Authors: Prado Flavio A.P. , Weber Raimar , Romano Fabrizio R. , Voegels Richard L.
Published: June 2010

Background

Contact endoscopy (CE) was initially described as a method used in the analysis of uterine and vocal folds histology. The first nasal cavity CE studies achieved promising results regarding its use for the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, considering that biopsy might cause some complications, especially bleeding. This study described and compared the findings of CE on inverted papilloma and nasosinusal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and tested the effectiveness of this exam as a noninvasive method for in vivo differentiation between these tumors.

Methods

The patients included in this study were divided into group A, patients diagnosed with inverted papilloma, and group B, patients diagnosed with SCC. CE results were compared among themselves. CE images were presented to examiners not experienced with the method.

Results

Twenty-two patients were examined, 13 in group A and 9 in group B. The main relevant differences in CE findings between those two groups were corkscrew vessels, presence of mitoses, keratinization and nuclear pleomorphism in carcinoma, and vacuolated cells in papilloma. The examiners were capable of defining the diagnosis of these nasal tumors only based on CE images.

Conclusion

CE may be a useful noninvasive exam to be used in the in vivo diagnosis of inverted papilloma and nasosinusal SCC, which may enable better preoperative planning.
Role of Adenylate Kinase Type 7 Expression on Cilia Motility: Possible Link in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Authors: Milara Javier , Armengot Miguel , Mata Manuel , Morcillo Esteban J. , Cortijo Julio
Published: June 2010

Background

Adenylate kinase 7 (AK7) mediates the reaction 2ADP ↔ ATP + AMP, providing energy for the beating of cilia. A study recently showed that AK7 expression may be correlated with the primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) phenotype in mice. In this study, we characterized AK7 expression in vitro in an air–liquid interface (ALI) model and in middle nasal turbinate biopsy specimens from a cohort of patients with PCD to elucidate whether AK7 expression is correlated with ciliary malfunction.

Methods

AK7 expression was measured by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. In vitro differentiated nasal human epithelial cell siRNA experiments were performed to investigate the effect of AK7 expression on ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Ciliary motility and ultrastructure were evaluated in a cohort of 29 patients with PCD (PCD, n = 17; Kartagener's syndrome, n = 12) and 26 healthy control donors.

Results

AK7 expression was mainly located on the apical surface of differentiated nasal ALI cells, and targeted suppression of the AK7 gene decreased CBF by 41%. AK7 expression was diminished significantly in patients with PCD (0.54 ± 0.1-fold; p < 0.05) compared with healthy controls (1.1 ± 0.08-fold). Furthermore, AK7 expression was correlated with CBF in patients with PCD (r = 0.5; p = 0.009).

Conclusion

AK7 expression was correlated with CBF in vitro and in nasal biopsy specimens from patients with PCD, which may have contributed to the ciliary malfunction observed in our patients with PCD.
Expression of a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 33 Protein in Nasal Polyposis: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Erbek Selim S. , Erinanc Hilal , Erbek Seyra , Topal Ozgul , Kiyici Halil
Published: June 2010

Background

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-33 is a member of matrix metalloproteinases. This protein takes a role in angiogenesis and airway remodeling in asthma. Because histopathological findings of airway remodeling in asthma and nasal polyposis (NP) are similar, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ADAM-33 expression in NP.

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining of specimens of 47 patients with NP and 8 patients with concha bullosa was performed to detect the expression of ADAM-33. Paraffin blocks were used to identify the expression of ADAM-33 polyclonal antibodies. Immunostaining of epithelial cells, stroma, mesenchymal cells of vessels, and inflammatory cells were analyzed by using light microscopy.

Results

Immunopositivity scores in epithelial cells in NP (median, 2; range, 1–3) were significantly higher than those of controls (median, 1.5; range, 1–2; p < 0.001). ADAM–33 staining was increased in the mesenchymal cells of vessels of nasal polyps (median, 2; range, 1–3) compared with control tissues (median, 1.5; range, 1–2; p = 0.006). Although the staining scores of fibroblasts in nasal polyp specimens were also high (median, 3; range 1–3), there was no statistical significance when compared with controls (median 2; range, 1–3; p = 0.228). ADAM–33 immunostaining was not related with the presence of allergies, asthma, and aspirin intolerance (p > 0.05). Moreover, no relationship was found between increased expression of ADAM–33 and the stages of polyp or computerized tomography scores (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the increased expression of ADAM-33 protein may have a role in the pathogenesis of NP.
Plant Poisons: Their Occurrence, Biochemistry and Physiological Properties
Authors: Vickery Margaret
Published: June 2010

Plants produce poisons as a defence against predators. Many of these substances are biosynthesised from non-protein amino acids by biosynthetic pathways which have been deduced from the results of isotopic tracer analysis. These secondary metabolites have been used by humans over thousands of years, both as drugs and as agents to kill animals and commit homicide.
Unfolding the landscape drawing method of Rakuchū Rakugai Zu screen paintings in a GIS environment
Authors: Tsukamoto Akihiro
Published: June 2010

In this paper, I propose a new methodology for analysing landscape drawing methods using a GIS. The subject of my analysis is the genre of Japanese screen paintings known as rakuchū rakugai zu, created between the 16th and 18th centuries. Rakuchū rakugai zu provide bird's-eye views of the then-capital city of Kyoto, including buildings, natural features, and human activities. The methodology introduced here uses GIS spatial analysis functions to scan the painting surface onto a survey coordinate grid based on the relative positions of landmarks in the painting. The analytic sequence is as follows: (1) derive coordinate values for landmarks both on the painting and on a survey coordinate grid; (2) generate a link table from these two point-data sets; (3) use the projective transformation and rubber sheeting techniques to project the painting surface onto the survey coordinate grid; and (4) project the areas of the rubber sheet-derived polygons onto the painting. This process gives visual representation to differences between real space and the depicted space. Results show that rakuchū rakugai zu painted in the seventeenth century and later distorted real space more than those painted in the sixteenth century, indicating a decrease in adherence to conventional perspective-based painting.
Social Networking to Support Collaborative Interactions in Special Education
Authors: Karagiannidis Charalampos , Efraimidou Sofia , Koumpis Adamantios
Published: June 2010

This paper proposes a framework for the collaboration of teachers in special education. The framework builds on, and extends, social networking services, in order to facilitate collaboration amongst the various categories of stakeholders. The innovation of our approach lies, according to our view, in providing a Service Model and a platform for social networking by using WS directly for the needs of the individual users. Although simple and efficient WS creation tools already exist, our idea is focused on allowing teachers to socially interact with each other -based on WS creation and use- and to create value for themselves and the community.
Using video lectures to make teaching more interactive
Authors: Ronchetti Marco
Published: June 2010

Having worked for a long time with video-lectures, we devised a new teaching model that makes use of the recorded videos to free the teacher from part of his work and allowing him to concentrate his efforts on a more effective and involving teaching strategy.
Sharing Resources in Educational Communities
Authors: Littlejohn Allison , Margarayn Anoush
Published: June 2010

The paper explores the implications of mobility within educational communities for sharing and reuse of educational resources. The study begins by exploring individualsâ?? existing strategies for sharing and reusing educational resources within localised and distributed communities, with particular emphasis on the impact of geographic location on these strategies. The results indicate that the geographic distribution of communities has little impact on individualsâ?? strategies for resource management, since many individuals are communicating via technology tools with colleagues within a localised setting. The study points to few major differences in the ways in which individuals within the localised and distributed communities store, share and collaborate around educational resources. Moving beyond the view of individuals being statically involved in one or two communities, mobility across communities, roles and geographic location are formulated and illustrated through eight scenarios. The effects of mobility across these scenarios are outlined and a framework for future research into mobility and resource sharing within communities discussed.
Modeling for Instructional Engineering
Authors: Hotte Richard , Lundgren-Cayrol Karin , Ruelland Diane , Paquette Gilbert
Published: June 2010

Instructional Engineering has been presented in chapter 8 and in (Paquette 2004) as a method integrating principles and processes from Instructional Design, Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering. As such, Visual Knowledge Modelling is at the heart of the instructional engineering where it serves to represent the knowledge, the learning scenarios, the structure of educational material and the delivery processes that support learning. But as we will see in this chapter, Visual Modelling can also be used to model the very processes of the learning design activity.
CD1d-Dependent NKT Cells Play a Protective Role in Acute and Chronic Arthritis Models by Ameliorating Antigen-Specific Th1 Responses
Authors: Teige Anna , Bockermann Robert , Hasan Maruf , Olofsson Katarina E. , Liu Yawei , Issazadeh-Navikas Shohreh
Published: June 2010

A protective and anti-inflammatory role for CD1d-dependent NKT cells (NKTs) has been reported in experimental and human autoimmune diseases. However, their role in arthritis has been unclear, with conflicting reports of CD1d-dependent NKTs acting both as regulatory and disease-promoting cells in arthritis. These differing modes of action might be due to genetic differences of inbred mice and incomplete backcrossing of gene-modified mice. We therefore put special emphasis on controlling the genetic backgrounds of the mice used. Additionally, we used two different murine arthritis models, Ag-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), to evaluate acute and chronic arthritis in CD1d knockout mice and mice depleted of NK1.1+ cells. CD1d-deficient mice developed more severe AIA compared with wild-type littermates, with a higher degree of inflammation and proteoglycan depletion. Chronic arthritis in CIA was also worse in the absence of CD1d-dependent NKTs. Elevated levels of Ag-specific IFN-γ production accompanied these findings rather than changes in IL-17α. Depletion of NK1.1+ cells supported these findings in AIA and CIA. This report provides support for CD1d-dependent NKTs being suppressor cells in acute and chronic arthritis, likely via inhibition of arthritogenic Th1 cells. These results make CD1d-dependent NKTs an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
TLR2- and Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2-Dependent Krüppel-Like Factor 2 Expression Downregulates NF-κB–Related Gene Expression
Authors: Zahlten Janine , Steinicke Robert , Opitz Bastian , Eitel Julia , N’Guessan Philippe Dje , Vinzing Maya , Witzenrath Martin , Schmeck Bernd , Hammerschmidt Sven , Suttorp Norbert , Hippenstiel Stefan
Published: June 2010

The release of potent proinflammatory mediators is not only central for mounting an efficient host response, but also bears the risk for deleterious excessive tissue-damaging inflammation. This is highlighted in severe pneumococcal pneumonia, in which the delicate balance between a robust inflammatory response to kill pneumococci and loss of organ function determines the outcome of disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Krüppel-like factor (KLF)2 counterregulates pneumococci- and pattern recognition receptor-related human lung cell activation. Pneumococci induced KLF2 expression in vitro and in a murine pneumonia model. Activation of TLR2- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2-related signaling induced KLF2 expression in a PI3K-dependent manner. Overexpression of KLF2 downregulated pneumococci-, TLR2-, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2-related NF-κB–dependent gene expression and IL-8 release, whereas small interfering RNA-based silencing of KLF2 provoked an enhanced inflammatory response. KLF2-dependent downregulation of NF-κB activity is partly reversible by overexpression of the histone acetylase p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor. In conclusion, KLF2 may act as a counterregulatory transcription factor in pneumococci- and pattern recognition receptor-related proinflammatory activation of lung cells, thereby preventing lung hyperinflammation and subsequent organ failure.
CD40 Expression Levels Modulate Regulatory T Cells inLeishmania donovaniInfection
Authors: Martin Sunil , Agarwal Reena , Murugaiyan Gopal , Saha Bhaskar
Published: June 2010

Dendritic cell (DC)-expressed CD40 is shown to play crucial roles in eliciting effector T cell responses, primarily the proinflammatory CD4+ Th subsets and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that eliminate various infections and tumors, respectively. In contrast, DCs are also implied in the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that counteract the functions of the proinflammatory Th subsets and exacerbate infections. However, the role of DC-expressed CD40 in the generation of Tregs is unknown. In this study, we generated bone marrow-derived DCs from mice (on a BALB/c background) expressing different levels of CD40 and tested their relative efficiency in generating Tregs. We observed that low levels of CD40 expression were required for efficient Treg generation. DCs expressing low levels of CD40 induced Tregs, whereas DCs expressing high levels of CD40 induced effector T cells, possibly CD8+CD40+ T cells with a contraregulatory activity; the adoptive transfer of the former DC exacerbated whereas the latter significantly reduced Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice. Similarly, priming of mice with leishmanial Ag-pulsed DCs expressing high levels of CD40 induced host protection against L. donovani challenge infection. In contrast, priming with the low CD40-expressing DC resulted in aggravated infection as compared with the control mice. The results establish that CD40 can play differential roles in Treg differentiation and determine the course of infection. We demonstrate that the knowledge can be efficiently used in adoptive cell transfer therapy against an infectious disease.
Plasticity of Invariant NKT Cell Regulation of Allergic Airway Disease Is Dependent on IFN-γ Production
Authors: Matsuda Hiroyuki , Takeda Katsuyuki , Koya Toshiyuki , Okamoto Masakazu , Shiraishi Yoshiki , Miyahara Nobuaki , Dakhama Azzeddine , Matsuda Jennifer L. , Gapin Laurent , Gelfand Erwin W.
Published: June 2010

Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) play a pivotal role in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. However, it is unclear what role they play in the initiation (sensitization) phase as opposed to the effector (challenge) phase. The role of iNKT cells during sensitization was examined by determining the response of mice to intratracheal transfer of OVA-pulsed or OVA–α-galactosylceramide (OVA/αGalCer)-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) prior to allergen challenge. Wild-type (WT) recipients of OVA-BMDCs developed AHR, increased airway eosinophilia, and increased levels of Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas recipients of OVA/αGalCer BMDCs failed to do so. In contrast, transfer of these same OVA/αGalCer BMDCs into IFN-γ–deficient (IFN-γ−/−) mice enhanced the development of these lung allergic responses, which was reversed by exogenous IFN-γ treatment following OVA-BMDC transfer. Further, Jα18-deficient recipients, which lack iNKT cells, developed the full spectrum of lung allergic responses following reconstitution with highly purified WT liver or spleen iNKT cells and transfer of OVA-BMDCs, whereas reconstituted recipients of OVA/αGalCer BMDCs failed to do so. Transfer of iNKT cells from IFN-γ−/− mice restored the development of these responses in Jα18-deficient recipients following OVA-BMDC transfer; the responses were enhanced following OVA/αGalCer BMDC transfer. iNKT cells from these IFN-γ−/− mice produced higher levels of IL-13 in vitro compared with WT iNKT cells. These data identify IFN-γ as playing a critical role in dictating the consequences of iNKT cell activation in the initiation phase of the development of AHR and airway inflammation.
Identification of an Important Immunological Difference between Virulent Varicella-Zoster Virus and Its Avirulent Vaccine: Viral Disruption of Dendritic Cell Instruction
Authors: Gutzeit Cindy , Raftery Martin J. , Peiser Matthias , Tischer Karsten B. , Ulrich Martina , Eberhardt Melanie , Stockfleth Eggert , Giese Thomas , Sauerbrei Andreas , Morita Craig T. , Schönrich Günther
Published: June 2010

Virulent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can spread in immunocompetent humans, resulting in symptoms mostly of the skin. In contrast, vaccine Oka (V-Oka), the attenuated VZV vaccine strain, only rarely causes clinical reactions. The mechanisms underlying these pathogenetic differences are unclear. In this study, we comparatively analyzed the ability of virulent VZV and V-Oka to modulate instruction of dendritic cells (DCs) by innate signals. DCs isolated from normal human skin were susceptible to infection with VZV and V-Oka. Moreover, inflammatory DCs, which play a crucial role in the stimulation of Th1 immune responses, accumulated in herpes zoster lesions. Infection of inflammatory DCs generated in vitro with virulent VZV or V-Oka resulted in upregulation of CD1c. Upon coculture with CD1c-restricted innate cells, DCs developed a mature phenotype whether infected with virulent VZV or V-Oka. Intriguingly, a striking difference was detected on the functional level. The release of IFN-γ and IL-12, the signature cytokines of Th1 responses, was enhanced by V-Oka but blocked by virulent VZV. V-Oka and virulent VZV efficiently synergized with CD40L, eliminating the possibility that CD40 signaling was a target of VZV-associated immune evasion. Instead, virulent VZV selectively interfered with signaling through TLR2, which is known to sense VZV. Thus, virulent VZV subverts Th1-promoting instruction of human DCs by blocking TLR2-mediated innate signals that prime IL-12 production by DCs. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel immune-evasion mechanism of virulent VZV that has been lost during the attenuation process leading to the VZV vaccine strain.
Prevention of Experimental Colitis by a Selective Inhibitor of the Immunoproteasome
Authors: Basler Michael , Dajee Maya , Moll Carlo , Groettrup Marcus , Kirk Christopher J.
Published: June 2010

The proteasome, a multicatalytic protease, is responsible for the degradation of intracellular proteins. Stimulation of cells with inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, leads to the replacement of the constitutive catalytic proteasome subunits by the inducible subunits low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP)2 (β1i), multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like-1 (β2i), and LMP7 (β5i), which are required for the production of certain MHC class I-restricted T cell epitopes. In this study, we investigated the effect of immunoproteasomes on the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Colitis induction in LMP2-, LMP7-, and multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like-1–deficient mice caused reduced weight loss compared with wild-type mice. Although colon lengths were shortened in wild-type mice, no reduction was observed in immunoproteasome-deficient mice. In accordance with this, proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, were not upregulated in these mice. Blockage of LMP7 by a novel LMP7-selective inhibitor (PR-957) strongly reduced pathological symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Production of numerous cytokines in PR-957–treated mice was suppressed, resulting in reduced inflammation and tissue destruction. Taken together, these results demonstrate that an immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor can be used to attenuate autoimmune diseases like colitis.
Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cell IL-4 Production Is Dependent on Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Receptor (CD150)
Authors: Yusuf Isharat , Kageyama Robin , Monticelli Laurel , Johnston Robert J. , DiToro Daniel , Hansen Kyle , Barnett Burton , Crotty Shane
Published: June 2010

CD4 T cell help is critical for the generation and maintenance of germinal centers (GCs), and T follicular helper (TFH) cells are the CD4 T cell subset required for this process. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP [SH2D1A]) expression in CD4 T cells is essential for GC development. However, SAP-deficient mice have only a moderate defect in TFH differentiation, as defined by common TFH surface markers. CXCR5+ TFH cells are found within the GC, as well as along the boundary regions of T/B cell zones. In this study, we show that GC-associated T follicular helper (GC TFH) cells can be identified by their coexpression of CXCR5 and the GL7 epitope, allowing for phenotypic and functional analysis of TFH and GC TFH populations. GC TFH cells are a functionally discrete subset of further polarized TFH cells, with enhanced B cell help capacity and a specialized ability to produce IL-4 in a TH2-independent manner. Strikingly, SAP-deficient mice have an absence of the GC TFH cell subset and SAP− TFH cells are defective in IL-4 and IL-21 production. We further demonstrate that SLAM (Slamf1, CD150), a surface receptor that uses SAP signaling, is specifically required for IL-4 production by GC TFH cells. GC TFH cells require IL-4 and -21 production for optimal help to B cells. These data illustrate complexities of SAP-dependent SLAM family receptor signaling, revealing a prominent role for SLAM receptor ligation in IL-4 production by GC CD4 T cells but not in TFH cell and GC TFH cell differentiation.
Expression of Costimulatory TNFR2 Induces Resistance of CD4+FoxP3− Conventional T Cells to Suppression by CD4+FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Chen Xin , Hamano Ryoko , Subleski Jeffrey J. , Hurwitz Arthur A. , Howard O. M. Zack , Oppenheim Joost J.
Published: June 2010

Our previous study showed that TNFR2 is preferentially expressed by CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), and expression of this receptor identified maximally suppressive Tregs. TNFR2 is also expressed by a small fraction of CD4+FoxP3− conventional T cells (Tconvs) in normal mice, and its expression is upregulated by T cell activation. This raises questions about the role of TNFR2 signaling in the function of Tconv cells. In this study, by using FoxP3/gfp knock-in mice, we showed that TNFR2 signaling did not induce FoxP3− CD4 cells to become suppressive. Ki-67, a marker of proliferation, was concomitantly expressed with TNFR2 by CD4 cells, independent of forkhead box P3 expression, in normal mice and Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. TNFR2 is associated with greater suppressive functions when expressed by Tregs and is associated with greater resistance to suppression when expressed by Tconv cells. In mice bearing 4T1 breast tumor or Lewis lung carcinoma, intratumoral Tconv cells expressing elevated levels of TNFR2 acquired the capacity to resist suppression by lymph node-derived Tregs. However, they remained susceptible to inhibition by more suppressive tumor-infiltrating Tregs, which expressed higher levels of TNFR2. Our data indicate that TNFR2 also costimulates Tconv cells. However, intratumoral Tregs expressing more TNFR2 are able to overcome the greater resistance to suppression of intratumoral Tconv cells, resulting in a dominant immunosuppressive tumor environment.
CD49d Is a New Marker for Distinct Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Subpopulations in Mice
Authors: Haile Lydia A. , Gamrekelashvili Jaba , Manns Michael P. , Korangy Firouzeh , Greten Tim F.
Published: June 2010

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenous population of cells that negatively regulate the immune response during tumor progression, inflammation, and infection. In this study, through gene-expression analysis, we have identified a new marker, CD49d, which is expressed exclusively on CD11b+Gr-1dull/int. MDSCs. We have characterized two subpopulations of MDSCs based on CD49d expression in two different settings, a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease and tumor-bearing mice. The CD49d+ subset of MDSCs was mainly monocytic and strongly suppressed Ag-specific T cell proliferation in an NO-dependent mechanism similar to Gr-1dull/int. MDSCs. Alternatively, CD49d− cells were granulocytic and poorly inhibited T cell proliferation compared with CD11b+Gr-1high cells. Both mouse models showed preferential expansion of the granulocytic CD49d− subset. We suggest that CD49d can be used as an alternative marker for Gr-1 to differentiate between the subpopulations of MDSCs together with CD11b, which will ultimately help in understanding the mechanisms of immune suppression by MDSCs.
Combined Genotypic and Phenotypic Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptor Analyses Reveal KIR2DL3 Alleles Displaying Unexpected Monoclonal Antibody Reactivity: Identification of the Amino Acid Residues Critical for Staining
Authors: Falco Michela , Romeo Elisa , Marcenaro Stefania , Martini Stefania , Vitale Massimo , Bottino Cristina , Mingari Maria Cristina , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro , Pende Daniela
Published: June 2010

In humans, recent clinical and experimental data from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation revealed that donor-derived alloreactive NK cells exert a beneficial graft versus leukemia effect. The existence of donor-derived alloreactive NK cells can be predicted on the basis of donor killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) gene profile and HLA class I typing of both donor and recipient. Moreover, the size of the alloreactive NK cell population can be directly assessed by the combined use of anti–KIR-specific mAb. In this study, in an attempt to improve the definition of alloreactive NK cell subsets, we assessed the KIR genotype and phenotype in a cohort of 44 donors. This approach allowed the identification of two different KIR2DL3 alleles (KIR2DL3*005 and the novel allele KIR2DL3*015) that did not react with the anti–KIR2DL3-specific ECM41 mAb. In contrast, both alleles were recognized at the cell surface by several mAb reacting with KIR2DL2/L3/S2. Notably, KIR2DL3*005 was also stained by the anti–KIR2DL1/S1-specific EB6B and 11PB6 mAb. Functional analysis revealed that, despite its particular mAb reactivity, the specificity of KIR2DL3*005 for HLA-C molecules did not differ from that of other KIR2DL2/L3 alleles. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that glutamine at position 35 is required for ECM41 staining, whereas glutamic acid 35 and arginine 50 are relevant for staining with EB6B or 11PB6 mAb. Our present data represent a substantial progress in the characterization of the NK cell repertoire and an improved phenotypic/functional definition of given KIR+ subsets.
Naturally Activated Vγ4 γδ T Cells Play a Protective Role in Tumor Immunity through Expression of Eomesodermin
Authors: He Weifeng , Hao Jianlei , Dong Siyuan , Gao Yunfei , Tao Jian , Chi Hongbo , Flavell Richard , O’Brien Rebecca L. , Born Willi K. , Craft Joseph , Han Jihong , Wang Puyue , Zhao Liqing , Wu Jun , Yin Zhinan
Published: June 2010

We previously demonstrated that γδ T cells played an important role in tumor immune surveillance by providing an early source of IFN-γ. The precise role of different subsets of γδ T cells in the antitumor immune response, however, is unknown. Vγ1 and Vγ4 γδ T cells are the principal subsets of peripheral lymphoid γδ T cells and they might play distinct roles in tumor immunity. In support of this, we observed that reconstitution of TCRδ−/− mice with Vγ4, but not Vγ1, γδ T cells restored the antitumor response. We also found that these effects were exerted by the activated (CD44high) portion of Vγ4 γδ T cells. We further determined that IFN-γ and perforin are critical elements in the Vγ4-mediated antitumor immune response. Indeed, CD44high Vγ4 γδ T cells produced significantly more IFN-γ and perforin on activation, and showed greater cytolytic activity than did CD44high Vγ1 γδ T cells, apparently due to the high level of eomesodermin (Eomes) in these activated Vγ4 γδ T cells. Consistently, transfection of dominant-negative Eomes in Vγ4 γδ T cells diminished the level of IFN-γ secretion, indicating a critical role of Eomes in the effector function of these γδ T cells. Our results thus reveal distinct functions of Vγ4 and Vγ1 γδ T cells in antitumor immune response, and identify a protective role of activated Vγ4 γδ T cells, with possible implications for tumor immune therapy.
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Induced CC Chemokine Ligand 22 Maintains a High Frequency of Functional FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Toulza Frederic , Nosaka Kisato , Tanaka Yuetsu , Schioppa Tiziana , Balkwill Frances , Taylor Graham P. , Bangham Charles R. M.
Published: June 2010

We recently reported that human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is accompanied by a high frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in the circulation. In asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-1 and in patients with HTLV-1–associated inflammatory and malignant diseases, a high FoxP3+ cell frequency correlated with inefficient cytotoxic T cell-mediated killing of HTLV-1–infected cells. In adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), the FoxP3+ population was distinct from the leukemic T cell clones. However, the cause of the increase in FoxP3+ cell frequency in HTLV-1 infection was unknown. In this study, we report that the plasma concentration of the chemokine CCL22 is abnormally high in HTLV-1–infected subjects and that the concentration is strongly correlated with the frequency of FoxP3+ cells, which express the CCL22 receptor CCR4. Further, we show that CCL22 is produced by cells that express the HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax, and that the increased CCL22 enhances the migration and survival of FoxP3+ cells in vitro. Finally, we show that FoxP3+ cells inhibit the proliferation of ex vivo, autologous leukemic clones from patients with ATLL. We conclude that HTLV-1–induced CCL22 causes the high frequency of FoxP3+ cells observed in HTLV-1 infection; these FoxP3+ cells may both retard the progression of ATLL and HTLV-1–associated inflammatory diseases and contribute to the immune suppression seen in HTLV-1 infection, especially in ATLL.
Dilute Doping, Defects, and Ferromagnetism in Metal Oxide Systems
Authors: Ogale Satishchandra B.
Published: June 2010

Over the past decade intensive research efforts have been carried out by researchers around the globe on exploring the effects of dilute doping of magnetic impurities on the physical properties of functional non‐magnetic metal oxides such as TiO2 and ZnO. This effort is aimed at inducing spin functionality (magnetism, spin polarization) and thereby novel magneto‐transport and magneto‐optic effects in such oxides. After an early excitement and in spite of some very promising results reported in the literature, this field of diluted magnetic semiconducting oxides (DMSO) has continued to be dogged by concerns regarding uniformity of dopant incorporation, the possibilities of secondary ferromagnetic phases, and contamination issues. The rather sensitive dependence of magnetism of the DMSO systems on growth methods and conditions has led to interesting questions regarding the specific role played by defects in the attendant phenomena. Indeed, it has also led to the rapid re‐emergence of the field of defect ferromagnetism. Many theoretical studies have contributed to the analysis of diverse experimental observations in this field and in some cases to the predictions of new systems and scenarios. In this review an attempt is made to capture the scope and spirit of this effort highlighting the successes, concerns, and questions.
Biological Nutrient Removal Using a Novel Laboratory‐Scale Twin Fluidized‐Bed Bioreactor
Authors: Andalib M. , Nakhla G. , Zhu J.
Published: June 2010

The capability of biological nutrient removal from wastewater of a novel laboratory‐scale twin fluidized‐bed bioreactor (TFBBR) was studied. The work showed approximately 96 % organic matter, 84 % nitrogen, and 12 % phosphorus removal efficiencies in the first three phases of the study at influent synthetic municipal wastewater (SMW) flow rates of 150, 190, and 240 L/d, with corresponding organic loading rates of 1.3, 1.7, and 2.3 kg COD m–3 d–1 and nitrogen loading rates of 0.14, 0.18 and 0.25 kg N m–3 d–1. The TFBBR effluent was characterized by <1.0 mg NH4‐N/L, <4.3 mg NO3‐N/L, <6 mg TN/L, <6 mg SBOD/L, and 6–10 mg VSS/L. For the three phases, biomass yields of 0.06, 0.066, and 0.071 g VSS/g COD were observed, respectively, which was a significant further reduction in yield compared to the liquid‐solid circulating fluidized‐bed bioreactor technology developed and patented by this research group, of 0.12–0.16 g VSS/g COD. The very low yield was due to a longer solid retention time of 72–108 d.
Binary Adsorption of n‐Butane or Toluene and Water Vapor
Authors: Sager U. , Schmidt F.
Published: June 2010

To clean the air in cars of noxious gases by adsorption, predominantly activated carbon is used. The height of the activated carbon layer is especially small in cabin air filtration. As test substances for adsorptive filters in cabin air filtration, toluene and n‐butane are prescribed in several engineering standards, e.g., ISO TS 11155‐2. In the study presented, the differences in binary adsorption between toluene or n‐butane and water vapor are investigated with emphasis on adsorption equilibrium and kinetics at temperatures between 15 °C and 33 °C, and relative humidity varying between 0 % and 90 %. The range of input concentrations is from 2 ppmV up to 80 ppmV.
ChemInform Abstract: Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopic Study of Gas‐Phase ClPO2: Molecular Geometry and Electronic Structure Parameter Determinations.
Authors: Brupbacher‐Gatehouse Bethany
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: ArF and KrF Laser‐Induced Gas‐Phase Photolysis of Selenophene and Tellurophene: Extrusion of Te and Se and Intramolecular 1,3‐H Shift Competing with β‐C—C Cleavage in C4H4 Residue.
Authors: Pola Josef , Ouchi Akihiko
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Silica‐Pillared Microporous Manganese Oxide.
Authors: Liu Zong‐huai , Ooi Kenta , Kanoh Hirofumi , Tang Weiping , Tomida Tahei
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: RuO4‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of 1,6‐Dienes to trans‐2,6‐Bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyranyldiols. A Novel Stereoselective Process.
Authors: Piccialli Vincenzo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric N‐Sulfinyl Dienophile Diels—Alder Cycloadditions Using Chiral Ti(IV)‐Based Lewis Acids.
Authors: Bayer Annette , Gautun Odd R.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective and Recyclable Dendritic BINAP Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Fan Qing‐Hua , Chen Yong‐Ming , Chen Xiao‐Min , Jiang Da‐Zhi , Xi Fu , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Catalytic Enantioselective Reactions of C3‐Symmetric Tris(oxazoline)s Derived from Kemp′s Triacid.
Authors: Chuang Tsung‐Hsun , Fang Jim‐Min , Bolm Carsten
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Chemoselective and Diastereoselective Trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid Catalyzed Addition of Allyltributylstannanes to a Steroidal Aldehyde in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Loh Teck‐Peng , Xu Jia , Hu Qi‐Ying , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldehyde Addition to Allylic Stannanes via a Transmetalation Pathway: Stereocontrol in the Absence of Internal Coordination.
Authors: Marshall Raymond L. , Muderawan I Wayan , Young David J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of the Relative Magnitude of the β‐Effect of Silicon and the γ‐Effect of Tin by Intermolecular Competition.
Authors: Sugawara Masanobu , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Samarium‐Induced Alkyl Halide Mediated Reductive Coupling of Ketones.
Authors: Ghatak Anjan , Becker Frederick F. , Banik Bimal K.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed [π2a+π2s] Cycloadditions of α‐Bromoalkyl Ketenes to Cyclopentadiene.
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Dickinson Julia M. , Cristea Ileana M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Initiation of Radical Cyclization Reactions Using Dimanganese Decacarbonyl. A Flexible Approach to Preparing 5‐Membered Rings.
Authors: Gilbert Bruce C. , Kalz Wilhelm , Lindsay Chris I. , McGrail P. Terry , Parsons Andrew F. , Whittaker David T. E.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser Flash Photolysis of 2‐Diazo‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1,3‐propanedione: An Unusual Long‐Lived Triplet as a Reaction Intermediate.
Authors: Ortica F. , Pohlers G. , Scaiano J. C. , Cameron J. F. , Zampini A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis[2‐(2‐pyridyl)phenyl] Diselenide, a More Effective Catalyst for Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Ehara Hitoshi , Noguchi Masato , Sayama Shinsei , Onami Tetsuo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Using Ammonium Persulfate.
Authors: Varma Rajender S. , Meshram Harshadas M. , Dahiya Rajender
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzoylation in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Rebeiro Geeta L. , Khadilkar Bhushan M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine in Synthesis. Part 30. Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Diaryliodonium Salts with β‐Substituted‐α,β‐enones
Authors: Xia Min , Chen Zhen Chu
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Neighboring Group Participation of the N‐Acyl Function. Part 1. A Selective Conversion of Nitriles into Carboxamides by Formic Acid.
Authors: Friedrich Klaus , Zamkanei Mohebullah , Zimmer Ralph
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for the Generation of Nitriles from Aldoximes.
Authors: Jose Binoy , Sulatha M. S. , Pillai P. Madhavan , Prathapan Sreedharan
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Perfluorozinc Aromatic by Direct Insertion of Zinc into C—F or C—Cl Bonds.
Authors: Miller Alexey O. , Krasnov Vyacheslav I. , Peters Dietmar , Platonov Vyacheslav E. , Miethchen Ralf
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of (E,E)‐δ‐Fluoro‐α,β,γ,δ‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds by Heck‐Type Reaction of Fluoroalkenyliodonium Salts.
Authors: Yoshida Masanori , Hara Shoji , Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Yoneda Norihiko
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐1‐Halo‐6,6‐dimethyl‐2‐hepten‐4‐yne: A Key Intermediate for Terbinafine.
Authors: Chou Shan‐Yen , Tseng Chin‐Lu , Chen Shyh‐Fong
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of lyxo‐(2R,3R,4R)‐C18‐Phytosphingosine Using Double Stereodifferentiation.
Authors: Martin Catherine , Pruenck William , Bortolussi Michel , Bloch Robert
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis on N‐Alkylated Maleimides.
Authors: Clevenger Randell C. , Turnbull Kenneth D.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.