bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mitotic spindle in the one-cellC. elegansembryo is positioned with high precision and stability
Authors: Pecreaux Jacques , Redemann Stefanie , Alayan Zahraa , Mercat Benjamin , Pastezeur Sylvain , Garzon-Coral Carlos , Hyman Anthony A. , Howard Jonathon
Published: July 2016

Precise positioning of the mitotic spindle is important for specifying the plane of cell division, which in turn determines how the cytoplasmic contents of the mother cell are partitioned into the daughter cells, and how the daughters are positioned within the tissue. During metaphase in the earlyC. elegansembryo, the spindle is aligned and centered on the anterior-posterior axis by a microtubule-dependent machinery that exerts restoring forces when the spindle is displaced from the center. To investigate the accuracy and stability of centering, we tracked the position and orientation of the mitotic spindle during the first cell division with high temporal and spatial resolution. We found that the precision is remarkably high: the cell-to-cell variation in the transverse position of the center of the spindle during metaphase, as measured by the standard deviation, was only 1.5% of the length of the short axis of the cell. Spindle position is also very stable: the standard deviation of the fluctuations in transverse spindle position during metaphase was only 0.5% of the short axis of the cell. Assuming that stability is limited by fluctuations in the number of independent motor elements such as microtubules or dyneins underlying the centering machinery, we infer that the number is on the order of one thousand, consistent with the several thousand of astral microtubules in these cells. Astral microtubules grow out from the two spindle poles, make contact with the cell cortex, and then shrink back shortly thereafter. The high stability of centering can be accounted for quantitatively if, while making contact with the cortex, the astral microtubules buckle as they exert compressive, pushing forces. We thus propose that the large number of microtubules in the asters provides a highly precise mechanism for positioning the spindle during metaphase while assembly is completed prior to the onset of anaphase.
Assessing hygiene practices during fish selling in retail stores
Authors: Trafialek Joanna , Zwolinski Michal , Kolanowski Wojciech
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assess hygiene practices during fish selling in retail stores.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data were collected by observations during inspections carried out in 100 randomly selected food retail stores, both independent and chain, selling fresh fish, fish products and other seafood. Stores were located in and around the area of Warsaw, Poland. The inspection check list consisted of 43 questions based on rigorist requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) 852, 853 and Codex Alimentarius. The question form was divided into three hygiene sectors: hygiene conditions of seafood departments; hygiene of fish selling process; personal hygiene of employees. Inspections were unannounced, and were conducted by discreet visual observations of employees work routine and selling procedures.

Findings

– The level of hygiene compliances with inspection criteria was unexpectedly low. The highest percentage of compliance appeared in the hygiene of fish selling processes (in 44 percent of the stores compliance with evaluated criteria was found), less one compliance levels appeared in personal hygiene (18 percent) and hygiene of seafood department’s hygiene conditions (23 percent). Neither the size of the store, nor its location and type (independent and local or global chain) affected the compliance rate.

Research limitations/implications

– The main research limitation is that assessment was done only by observation method. This is one of audit/inspection methods according to ISO 19011/2011, guidelines for auditing management systems. However, this kind of inspection cannot assess microbiological cleanliness or other like ATP or symptoms of diseases expect of only visible signs. The used inspection check list needs more testing and more analyses should be done for its reliability and validity.

Practical implications

– Adequate hygiene practices are critical in preventing cross-contamination. However, none of the inspected stores ensured full implementation of all hygiene requirements during the sale of fish. The results indicated that a greater effort should be made to increase hygiene level both in small and large size retail stores. The designed inspection questionnaire proved to be a successful format for detailed evaluation of hygiene practices during the sale of fish. However, more work and analyses should be done for its reliability and validity.

Social implications

– The findings bring some information for the consumers that in many retail stores the hygiene level during the fish sales might be insufficient.

Originality/value

– The paper presents additional and detailed data on hygiene practices during fish selling, which are rarely pointed out by other authors. The applied evaluation method showed a low level of compliance with the rigorous hygienic criteria, adopted in this study, that may raise some food safety concerns.
A bio-inspired model of organizational excellence
Authors: Agarwal Alpana , Vrat Prem
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to validate the enablers of bio-inspired model of organizational excellence proposed by Agarwal and Vrat (2015a). It is also aimed to test its usefulness as an instrument in evaluating the degree of organizational excellence achieved.

Design/methodology/approach

– Survey methodology has been used to investigate the hypotheses. Data have been collected through a self-structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Structural equation modeling and analytic hierarchic process have been used to test and analyze the data.

Findings

– The results of hypothesis testing indicated that out of 19 paths only ten were significant. However, in the revised model only six paths out of those ten significant paths were retained and three new suggested paths were incorporated to make the final model. Besides, calculation of relative weights of each enabler shows that being self-driven occupies the top-most rankings, supply chain optimization occupies the second rank and promptness and reliability and maintainability occupy the bottom ranking in driving performance excellence, being resulting outcomes.

Research limitations/implications

– The major limitations of this research are: verification of the proposed model is done on only two test companies, and results of which are compared with one excellence award model only. Besides, the score resulted for test companies are based on self-assessment by them and thus require further validation.

Practical implications

– The validated model can be applied for assessing degree of organizational excellence achieved by any company. The results of the assessment would serve as key focus areas for improvement.

Originality/value

– The research is first to benchmark the human body for assessing the degree of organizational excellence achieved. The uniqueness of this model is that the various parameters of excellence assessment which are derived from human body, perceived as a benchmark in being the most well managed system.
Relationship between time use in physical activity and gross motor performance of preschool children
Authors: Lin Ling‐Yi , Cherng Rong‐Ju , Chen Yung‐Jung
Published: July 2016

Background/aim

Participation in physical activity is an important health concern for children in most Western communities, but little is known about Asian children's participation. The purpose of this study was to extend the current knowledge on how much time preschool children in Taiwan spend on physical activity, to examine its relationship with gross motor performance and to provide information on the establishment of physical activity guidelines for preschool children in Taiwan.

Methods

Two hundred and sixty‐four children between 36 and 71 months old were recruited from a university medical centre and from preschools in Taiwan. The primary outcomes were measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children‐Second Edition and the modified Preschool‐aged Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire.

Results

89.8% of our participants did not meet the recommendations from the National Association for Sport and Physical Education for time spent in physical activities. Participants spent an average of 155 minutes/week in low intensity physical activity. Children with motor difficulties tended to spend less time on physical activity than did typically developing children. The mother's level of education and whether the child was overweight or obese correlated with how much time the children spent on physical activity.

Conclusions

We conclude that paediatric occupational therapists should explain to parents the relationship between physical activity and motor development and advocate for developmentally positive physical activities for preschool children. Physical activity guidelines for Taiwanese preschoolers should be established immediately.
Speculating on health: public health meets finance in ‘health impact bonds’
Authors: Rowe Rachel , Stephenson Niamh
Published: July 2016

Where modern public health developed techniques to calculate probability, potentiality, risk and uncertainty, contemporary finance introduces instruments that redeploy these. This article traces possibilities for interrogating the connection between health and financialisation as it is arising in one particular example – the health impact bond. It locates the development of this very recent financial innovation in an account of public health's role within governance strategies over the 20th century to the present. We examine how social impact bonds for chronic disease prevention programmes bring two previously distinct ways of thinking about and addressing risk into the same domain. Exploring the derivative‐type properties of health impact bonds elucidates the financial processes of exchange, hedging, bundling and leveraging. As tools for speculation, the functions of health impact bonds can be delinked from any particular outcome for participants in health interventions. How public health techniques for knowing and acting on risks to population health will contest, rework or be subsumed within finance's speculative response to risk, is to be seen.
Association of severe placental inflammation with death prior to discharge and cerebral palsy in preterm infants
Authors: Huetz N , Triau S , Leboucher B , Sentilhes L , Hanf M , Nguyen S , Flamant C , Roze JC , Gascoin G
Published: July 2016

Objective

The objective of our study was to identify placental patterns associated with death before discharge or cerebral palsy in a large cohort of preterm infants with a high follow‐up rate at 2 years of corrected age.

Design

Population‐based monocentric study.

Settings

Monocentric study in the maternity unit of the University Hospital of Angers, France between 24+0 and 33+6 weeks of gestation, between January 2008 and December 2011.

Population

All singleton infants born alive with a placental examination were eligible.

Methods

Clinical data (obstetric and neonatal) were collected prospectively through the LIFT cohort. Placental data were collected retrospectively from medical records. The main outcome measure was death before discharge or cerebral palsy.

Results

We did not find any significant association between severe inflammatory lesions on the placenta and death [odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% CI 0.55–4.01; P = 0.43] or cerebral palsy (OR 1.41; 95% CI 0.43–4.62; P = 0.57). This lack of significant association persisted even after adjustment (aOR 0.9; 95% CI 0.20–2.30; P = 0.54; aOR 0.98; 95% CI 0.27–3.58; P = 0.97).

Conclusion

Our results do not provide evidence for a significant association between severe inflammatory placental lesions and either death before discharge or cerebral palsy at 2 years of corrected age in preterm infants born at <34 weeks of gestational age. Further studies remain necessary to confirm this result.

Tweetable abstract

We found no significant association between inflammatory placental lesions and death or cerebral palsy.
Misclassifications of Hispanics Using Fordisc 3.1: Comparing Cranial Morphology in Asian and Hispanic Populations
Authors: Dudzik Beatrix , Jantz Richard L.
Published: July 2016

It has been brought to the attention of the authors of Fordisc 3.1 that Hispanic samples will often misclassify as Japanese when Asian population samples are included. This study examined this problem in an effort to better document the occurrence and deduce possible causes via comparative analyses. Asian and Hispanic samples were first compared utilizing the existing samples from the University of Tennessee's Forensic Data Bank. Additional modern Japanese, Thai, and Korean samples collected by the first author that have previously not been utilized in analyses were subsequently included. Results of this study confirm frequent rates of misclassification among Hispanic and Japanese groups. Furthermore, a close morphological relationship is identified through further group comparisons and the addition of data used in conjunction with Fordisc samples. Similarities identified among Hispanic and Japanese crania may stem from similar population histories reflected in ancestral Native American and East Asian populations.
Gabapentin for post‐operative pain management – a systematic review with meta‐analyses and trial sequential analyses
Authors: Fabritius M. L. , Geisler A. , Petersen P. L. , Nikolajsen L. , Hansen M. S. , Kontinen V. , Hamunen K. , Dahl J. B. , Wetterslev J. , Mathiesen O.
Published: July 2016

Background

Perioperative pain treatment often consist of combinations of non‐opioid and opioid analgesics, ‘multimodal analgesia’, in which gabapentin is currently used. The aim was to document beneficial and harmful effects of perioperative gabapentin treatment.

Methods

Randomized clinical trials comparing gabapentin vs. placebo or active placebo in adult surgical patients receiving gabapentin perioperatively were included. This review was conducted using Cochrane standards, trial sequential analysis (TSA), and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The primary outcomes were 24‐h opioid consumption and incidence of serious adverse events (SAE).

Results

One hundred and thirty‐two trials with 9498 patients were included. Thirteen trials with low risk of bias reported a reduction in 24‐h opioid consumption of 3.1 mg [0.5, 5.6; TSA‐adjusted CI: −0.2, 6.3]. In the analysis of gabapentin as add‐on analgesic to another non‐opioid analgesic regimen, a mean reduction in 24‐h morphine consumption of 1.2 mg [−0.3, 2.6; TSA‐adjusted CI: −0.4, 2.8] in trials with low risk of bias was found. Nine trials with low risk of bias reported a risk ratio of SAEs of 1.61 [0.91; 2.86; TSA‐adjusted CI: 0.57, 4.57].

Conclusion

Based on GRADE assessment of the primary outcomes in trials with low risk of bias, the results are low or very low quality of evidence due to imprecision, inconsistency, and in some outcomes indirectness. Firm evidence for use of gabapentin is lacking as clinically relevant beneficial effect of gabapentin may be absent and harm is imminent, especially when added to multimodal analgesia.
Alcohol Suppresses Tonic GABAA Receptor Currents in Cerebellar Granule Cells in the Prairie Vole: A Neural Signature of High‐Alcohol‐Consuming Genotypes
Authors: Kaplan Joshua S. , Mohr Claudia , Hostetler Caroline M. , Ryabinin Andrey E. , Finn Deborah A. , Rossi David J.
Published: July 2016

Background

Evidence indicates that the cerebellum plays a role in genetic predilection to excessive alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) consumption in rodents and humans, but the molecular mechanisms mediating such predilection are not understood. We recently determined that EtOH has opposite actions (enhancement or suppression) on tonic GABAA receptor (GABAAR) currents in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) in low‐ and high‐EtOH‐consuming rodents, respectively, and proposed that variation in GC tonic GABAAR current responses to EtOH contributes to genetic variation in EtOH consumption phenotype.

Methods

Voltage‐clamp recordings of GCs in acutely prepared slices of cerebellum were used to evaluate the effect of EtOH on GC tonic GABAAR currents in another high‐EtOH‐consuming rodent, prairie voles (PVs).

Results

EtOH (52 mM) suppressed the magnitude of the tonic GABAAR current in 57% of cells, had no effect in 38% of cells, and enhanced the tonic GABAAR current in 5% of cells. This result is similar to GCs from high‐EtOH‐consuming C57BL/6J (B6) mice, but it differs from the enhancement of tonic GABAAR currents by EtOH in low‐EtOH‐consuming DBA/2J (D2) mice and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. EtOH suppression of tonic GABAAR currents was not affected by the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (500 nM), and was independent of the frequency of phasic GABAAR‐mediated currents, suggesting that suppression is mediated by postsynaptic actions on GABAARs, rather than a reduction of GABA release. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS; which can mediate EtOH enhancement of GABA release) demonstrated that nNOS expression in the GC layer of PV cerebellum was similar to the levels seen in B6 mice, both being significantly reduced relative to D2 mice and SD rats.

Conclusions

Combined, these data highlight the GC GABAAR response to EtOH in another species, the high‐EtOH‐consuming PV, which correlates with EtOH consumption phenotype and further implicates the GC GABAAR system as a contributing mechanism to high EtOH consumption.
Dissociating Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Recently Detoxified Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals
Authors: Maurage Pierre , D'Hondt Fabien , de Timary Philippe , Mary Charlotte , Franck Nicolas , Peyroux Elodie
Published: July 2016

Background

Emotional and interpersonal impairments have been widely described in alcohol dependence, and their role in relapse has been clearly established. However, several components of social cognition have not been well explored in this context. Particularly, Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities, which are critical social skills enabling one to understand others' perspectives, and which have been largely investigated in other psychiatric populations, remain to be measured using ecological tasks in individuals with alcohol dependence. This study evaluated ToM abilities in close to real‐life situations among alcohol‐dependent individuals and differentiated its affective and cognitive subcomponents.

Methods

Thirty‐two alcohol‐dependent individuals (in their third week of abstinence) and 32 matched healthy controls performed the Movie for Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC), a multiple‐choice task requiring the identification of the emotions, thoughts, and intentions expressed in 45 short video sequences depicting real‐life social interactions.

Results

Alcohol‐dependent individuals showed a global ToM impairment, indexed by a reduced MASC global score. However, exploration of ToM's subcomponents showed that the overall deficit was driven by a massive reduction in affective ToM, with the cognitive subcomponent preserved.

Conclusions

Ecological ToM evaluation shows that alcohol dependence is not related to a generalized ToM deficit but rather to dissociation between a preserved cognitive subcomponent and an impaired affective one. These results underscore the importance of ecological measures to precisely investigate each subcomponent of social cognition in alcohol‐dependent individuals. They further show that alcohol dependence is closely associated with emotional‐affective impairments, pointing to the need to develop rehabilitation programs focusing on these components in clinical settings.
Review of autoinflammatory diseases, with a special focus on periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis syndrome
Authors: Wekell Per , Karlsson Anna , Berg Stefan , Fasth Anders
Published: July 2016

There have been remarkable developments in the field of autoinflammatory diseases over the last 20 years. Research has led to definitions of new conditions, increased understanding of disease mechanisms and specific treatment. The polygenic autoinflammatory condition of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) is the most common autoinflammatory disorder among children in many parts of the world. The clinical features often include clockwork regularity of episodes, prompt responses to corticosteroids and therapeutic effects of tonsillectomy, but the disease mechanisms are largely unknown.

Conclusion

This review discusses the emerging understanding of autoinflammatory diseases, with special emphasis on PFAPA.
Identification of leptin gene polymorphisms associated with carcass traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Kawaguchi Fuki , Okura Kazuki , Oyama Kenji , Mannen Hideyuki , Sasazaki Shinji
Published: July 2016

Previous studies have indicated that some leptin gene polymorphisms were associated with economically important traits in cattle breeds. However, polymorphisms in the leptin gene have not been reported thus far in Japanese Black cattle. Here, we aimed to identify the leptin gene polymorphisms which are associated with carcass traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle. We sequenced the full‐length coding sequence of leptin gene for eight Japanese Black cattle. Sequence comparison revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three of these were predicted to cause amino acid substitutions: Y7F, R25C and A80V. Then, we genotyped these SNPs in two populations (JB1 with 560 animals and JB2 with 450 animals) and investigated the effects on the traits. Y7F in JB1 and A80V in JB2 were excluded from statistical analysis because the minor allele frequencies were low (< 0.1). Association analysis revealed that Y7F had a significant effect on the dressed carcass weight in JB2; R25C had a significant effect on C18:0 and C14:1 in JB1 and JB2, respectively; and A80V had a significant effect on C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, monounsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in JB1. The results suggested that these SNPs could be used as an effective marker for the improvement of Japanese Black cattle.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling of drug‐induced QTc interval prolongation in man: prediction from in vitro human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene binding and functional inhibition assays and conscious dog studies
Authors: Dubois V F S , Casarotto E , Danhof M , Della Pasqua O
Published: July 2016

Background and Purpose

Functional measures of human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG; Kv11.1) channel inhibition have been prioritized as an in vitro screening tool for candidate molecules. However, it is unclear how these results can be translated to humans. Here, we explore how data on drug binding and functional inhibition in vitro relate to QT prolongation in vivo. Using cisapride, sotalol and moxifloxacin as paradigm compounds, we assessed the relationship between drug concentrations, binding, functional measures and in vivo effects in preclinical species and humans.

Experimental Approach

Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling was used to characterize the drug effects in hERG functional patch clamp, hERG radio‐labelled dofetilide displacement experiments and QT interval in conscious dogs. Data were analysed in parallel to identify potential correlations between pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo.

Key Results

An Emax model could not be used due to large variability in the functional patch clamp assay. Dofetilide displacement revealed that binding curves are unrelated to the in vivo potency estimates for QTc prolongation in dogs and humans. Mean in vitro potency estimates ranged from 99.9 nM for cisapride to 1030 μM for moxifloxacin.

Conclusions and Implications

The lack of standardized protocols for in vitro assays leads to significant differences in experimental conditions, making the assessment of in vitro–in vivo correlations unreliable. Identification of an accurate safety window during the screening of candidate molecules requires a quantitative framework that disentangles system‐ from drug‐specific properties under physiological conditions, enabling translation of the results to humans. Similar considerations will be relevant for the comprehensive in vitro pro‐arrhythmia assay initiative.
CLOVES syndrome: review of a PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum (PROS)
Authors: Martinez‐Lopez A. , Blasco‐Morente G. , Perez‐Lopez I. , Herrera‐Garcia J.D. , Luque‐Valenzuela M. , Sanchez‐Cano D. , Lopez‐Gutierrez J.C. , Ruiz‐Villaverde R. , Tercedor‐Sanchez J.
Published: July 2016

Overgrowth syndromes are characterized by global or localized disproportionate growth associated with other anomalies, including vascular malformations and neurological and/or visceral disorders. CLOVES (Congenital Lipomatous asymmetric Overgrowth of the trunk with lymphatic, capillary, venous, and combined‐type Vascular malformations, Epidermal naevi, Scoliosis/Skeletal and spinal anomalies) is an overgrowth syndrome caused by mosaic activating mutation in gene PIK3CA, which gives rise to abnormal PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR pathway activation. These mutations are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the syndrome, which include low‐ and high‐flow vascular malformations, thoracic lipomatous hyperplasia, asymmetric growth, and visceral and neurological disorders. These common anomalies are illustrated with figures from two personal cases. Identification of the clinical and genetic characteristics of CLOVES syndrome is crucial for the differential diagnosis with other overgrowth syndromes, such as Proteus or Klippel–Trenaunay (K–T) syndromes, and for the therapeutic management of the different anomalies. In this context, a new entity comprising different syndromes with phenotypic mutations in PIK3CA has been proposed, designated PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum (PROS), with the aim of facilitating clinical management and establishing appropriate genetic study criteria.
The Potential of Indole/Indolylquinoline Compounds in Tau Misfolding Reduction by Enhancement of HSPB1
Authors: Chang Kuo‐Hsuan , Lin Chih‐Hsin , Chen Hsuan‐Chiang , Huang Hsin‐Yu , Chen Shu‐Ling , Lin Te‐Hsien , Ramesh Chintakunta , Huang Chin‐Chang , Fung Hon‐Chung , Wu Yih‐Ru , Huang Hei‐Jen , Lee‐Chen Guey‐Jen , Hsieh‐Li Hsiu Mei , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: July 2016

Background

Neurofibrillary tangles formed from tau misfolding have long been considered one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The misfolding of tau in AD correlates with the clinical progression of AD and inhibition or reversal of tau misfolding may protect the affected neurons.

Methods

We generated 293 and SH‐SY5Y cells expressing DsRed‐tagged pro‐aggregation mutant of repeat domain of tau (ΔK280 tauRD) to test indole/indolylquinoline derivatives for reducing tau misfolding and neuroprotection.

Results

Four of the 10 derivatives tested displayed good misfolding‐inhibitory effects on Tet‐On 293 cells. Among them, NC009‐1 and NC009‐7 enhanced heat‐shock 27 kDa protein 1 (HSPB1) expression to increase ∆K280 tauRD‐DsRed solubility and promoted neurite outgrowth in Tet‐On SH‐SY5Y cells. Knockdown of HSPB1 resulted in decreased ∆K280 tauRD‐DsRed solubility and reduced neurite outgrowth, which were rescued by addition of NC009‐1/NC009‐7. Treatment with indole/indolylquinoline derivatives also improved neuronal cell viability and neurite outgrowth in mouse hippocampal primary culture under tau cytotoxicity.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate how indole/indolylquinoline derivatives are likely to work in tau misfolding reduction, providing insight into the possible working mechanism of indole and indolylquinoline derivatives in AD treatment.
Syphilitic gumma arising in association with foreign material
Authors: Boyd Alan S.
Published: July 2016

Until recently the number of patients with syphilis has been diminishing. Although that trend has reversed cases of tertiary syphilis are rare and often difficult to diagnose as a substantial number of patients will have a negative rapid plasma reagin. Histologically, cutaneous lesions in late stage syphilis exist in two forms, noduloulcerative and gummatous. Silver stains for spirochetes are almost invariably negative and, surprisingly, immunohistochemical stains are problematic as most lesions contain few, if any organisms. Presented here is a case of gummatous tertiary syphilis arising in association with foreign material deposited after a motor vehicle accident.
Revitalizing the Global Trading System: What Could the G20 Do?
Authors: Hoekman Bernard
Published: July 2016

Since 2008, G20 leaders have repeatedly committed themselves not to resort to protectionism and to conclude WTO negotiations expeditiously. The jury is out on the extent to which they have lived up to the first promise; they have failed to deliver the second. Anemic global trade growth rates since 2010 imply that trade has not been a driver of much‐needed economic dynamism. This paper argues that the G20 should pursue a more ambitious trade agenda and that there is much that greater leadership by the G20 could do to reinvigorate the trading system. A first step would be to commit to concrete actions that can be implemented by individual governments on a concerted basis and that center on reducing trade costs and improving access to services for firms. The Chinese presidency should also seek to have the G20 commit to more effective monitoring and analysis of trade policy broadly defined (including subsidies and investment incentives) and the impact of the many preferential trade agreements involving China, the EU and the USA, the world's largest trading powers.
Impalement of an unusual foreign body on the temporomandibular joint causing severe trismus
Authors: Ito Ryohei , Kubota Kosei , Furudate Ken , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Kon Takao , Tamura Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Wataru
Published: July 2016

A penetrating injury by a foreign body is comparatively common in the oral and maxillofacial region. On the other hand, injury to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by a foreign object is very rare. The TMJ is an anatomically narrow space surrounded by hard bony processes. An unusual case of trauma with severe trismus caused by a foreign body that impaled the TMJ is reported. A 55‐year‐old man presented with a 5 × 1‐cm laceration to the right cheek caused by a flying object propelled during the use of a lawn mower. The edge of the foreign body had a metallic wire, which became imbedded in the wound. His jaw opening was severely limited. Computed tomography revealed that the foreign body was 3 mm in diameter and was impaled on the articular capsule. The object was successfully removed, and the wound and interior of the TMJ were irrigated. Rehabilitation of mouth opening was started on postoperative day 3. On day 9, mouth opening had improved to 35 mm, and he was discharged. After 1 year, mouth opening was 45 mm with no sign of any TMJ disorders.
The Determinants of Non‐Cognitive Education: does the school matter? Empirical evidence from Spain
Authors: Suárez Pandiello Javier , García Valiñas Marián , Muñiz Manuel A.
Published: July 2016

The literature on the economics of education emphasises the relevance of the cognitive and non‐cognitive dimensions of educational results. However, the latter have been ignored in the empirical literature that focuses on the measurement and evaluation of outcomes in secondary education. This article analyses non‐cognitive outcomes using a survey on some 5,500 15‐year‐old pupils at grant‐aided and public schools in Spain for the 2010‐2011 academic year. Our results show that school ownership does not have a significant impact on non‐cognitive educational outcomes. However, other school‐specific characteristics do matter, for example, the student's peer group. With regard to individual and family characteristics, we found some new variables that should be considered in the case of affective education. Therefore, some traditional explanatory factors (such as socioeconomic attributes) lose significance and other variables (such as the father's age) emerge as significant explanatory factors of non‐cognitive educational results.
Vulnerability of stream community composition and function to projected thermal warming and hydrologic change across ecoregions in the western United States
Authors: Pyne Matthew I. , Poff N. LeRoy
Published: July 2016

Shifts in biodiversity and ecological processes in stream ecosystems in response to rapid climate change will depend on how numerically and functionally dominant aquatic insect species respond to changes in stream temperature and hydrology. Across 253 minimally perturbed streams in eight ecoregions in the western USA, we modeled the distribution of 88 individual insect taxa in relation to existing combinations of maximum summer temperature, mean annual streamflow, and their interaction. We used a heat map approach along with downscaled general circulation model (GCM) projections of warming and streamflow change to estimate site‐specific extirpation likelihood for each taxon, allowing estimation of whole‐community change in streams across these ecoregions. Conservative climate change projections indicate a 30–40% loss of taxa in warmer, drier ecoregions and 10–20% loss in cooler, wetter ecoregions where taxa are relatively buffered from projected warming and hydrologic change. Differential vulnerability of taxa with key functional foraging roles in processing basal resources suggests that climate change has the potential to modify stream trophic structure and function (e.g., alter rates of detrital decomposition and algal consumption), particularly in warmer and drier ecoregions. We show that streamflow change is equally as important as warming in projected risk to stream community composition and that the relative threat posed by these two fundamental drivers varies across ecoregions according to projected gradients of temperature and hydrologic change. Results also suggest that direct human modification of streams through actions such as water abstraction is likely to further exacerbate loss of taxa and ecosystem alteration, especially in drying climates. Management actions to mitigate climate change impacts on stream ecosystems or to proactively adapt to them will require regional calibration, due to geographic variation in insect sensitivity and in exposure to projected thermal warming and hydrologic change.
Civil Society and the Governance of Urban Food Systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Warshawsky Daniel N.
Published: July 2016

Rapid urbanization of the planet has placed pressure on humanity to build sustainable, healthy, and socially just cities. In particular, key challenges associated with food access threaten the livability of the urban environment. For this reason, research on urban food systems has increased significantly, as scholars have studied the production, distribution, acquisition, consumption, and waste of food. However, key research gaps persist, as it remains unclear how urban food systems are governed and the roles that different institutions play to ensure that cities are livable. In particular, while food civil society organizations (FCSOs) have emerged as important players in urban food systems in lower‐income regions such as Sub‐Saharan Africa, FCSOs are poorly understood. This has resulted in an inadequate theorization of their institutional roles, governance structures, and potential impacts. To fill this critical research gap, this paper analyzes the roles of FCSOs, including the range of food non‐governmental organizations (FNGOs), food community‐based organizations (FCBOs), and food social movements (FSMs) in Sub‐Saharan Africa. While this paper highlights the range of scholarship devoted to urban food systems, key empirical and theoretical gaps remain unanswered by scholars. Importantly, the size, structure, and spatiality of urban food systems are not well understood. In addition, it remains unclear how FCSOs intersect with broader political, economic, and social processes of inequality. Moreover, given the range of informal livelihood strategies that urban residents utilize to access food, more scholarship is needed to understand the innovative ways that FSCOs are integrated into the daily lives of people residing in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
Parameters affecting inhalation therapy adherence in elderly patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma
Authors: Turan Onur , Turan Pakize Ayse , Mirici Arzu
Published: July 2016

Aim

One of the most significant problems in the treatment of elderly patients is incorrect use of inhaler devices. The purpose of the present study was to assess the parameters affecting treatment adherence among elderly patients.

Methods

Spirometry, the Mini‐Mental State Examination for cognitive impairment and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale‐4 were carried out in 121 (88 chronic obstructive lung disease patients according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 33 asthma patients according to The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria) participants aged over 65 years.

Results

The patients with cognitive impairment, low socioeconomic status, a high number of admissions to an emergency service in past year and the presence of dyspnea or sputum had significantly lower inhalation device use scores (P = 0.017, 0.03, 0.025, 0.03 and 0.02). The patients with high Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (as liter and percentage) were found to be more successful in using inhaler devices (P = 0.005, 0.007 and 0.022). There was a negative correlation between number of hospitalizations and inhalation device score (P = 0.021).The participants without education/training by a doctor about the inhaler device had a significantly poorer treatment adherence (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Older chronic obstructive lung disease and asthmatic patients have more difficulty with the correct use of inhaler devices. Cognitive impairment might be an important parameter that can affect inhalation device technique. Socioeconomic status, smoking, pulmonary symptoms and admissions to hospital were also thought to have effects on the adherence to inhalation therapy. The type of chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive lung disease/asthma) is not a major factor influencing therapy adherence. Assessment of cognitive functions, choosing suitable inhalation devices and educational programs for inhaler use could improve the success of inhaler technique in elderly patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 999–1005.
Antihypertensive medicines utilization: A decade‐long nationwide study of octogenarians, nonagenarians and centenarians
Authors: Narayan Sujita W , Nishtala Prasad S
Published: July 2016

Aim

Gaining an insight into the utilization of antihypertensive medicines against a background of evolving hypertension treatment guidelines that might not be relevant to the oldest old is important. The aim of the present study was to characterize the overall trends in the utilization of antihypertensive medicines in the oldest old by therapeutic class and chemical type, stratified by age and sex over a decade.

Methods

Antihypertensive medicines utilization was examined using the therapeutic and chemical groups based on the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Mythology's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system for all individuals aged ≥80 years. Regression and repeated cross‐sectional analyses was carried out, and defined daily dose was used to describe the utilization per thousand older people per day.

Results

Utilization of antihypertensive medicines increased over the decade from 187.28 in 2005 to 205.01 defined daily dose per thousand older people per day in 2014, and shifted from mainly diuretics to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Interestingly, with the exception of diuretics, utilization of all medicines decreased gradually with increasing age. Single products use increased by 1.48‐fold in 2014 compared with 2005, and for fixed‐dose combinations the increase was 1.41‐fold for the same period.

Conclusions

The increased utilization of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors is consistent with recommendations from cardiovascular guidelines formulated from large randomized control trials that often exclude the oldest old. Interestingly, the utilization of beta‐blockers decreased and diuretics increased in centenarians. The utilization of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors across the study period increased in all age categories. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1109–1117.
Low intakes of carotene, vitamin B2, pantothenate and calcium predict cognitive decline among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial
Authors: Araki Atsushi , Yoshimura Yukio , Sakurai Takashi , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Kamada Chiemi , Iimuro Satoshi , Ohashi Yasuo , Ito Hideki ,   the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial Research Group
Published: July 2016

Aim

The present study aimed to examine whether nutrient intakes predicted cognitive decline among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods

This study evaluated data from a 6‐year prospective follow up of 237 elderly patients (aged ≥65 years) with diabetes mellitus, and the associations of baseline nutrient intakes with cognitive decline. Cognitive decline was defined as a ≥2‐point decrease in the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Intakes of food and nutrients were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and were compared between patients with cognitive decline and intact cognition. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analysis were used to compare the changes in the MMSE score during the follow up among intake tertile groups for each nutrient.

Results

Compared with men with intact cognition, the men with cognitive decline had lower baseline intakes of calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B2, pantothenate, soluble fiber, green vegetables and milk. However, no significant associations between cognitive decline and nutrient intakes were observed among women. After adjusting for age, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin levels, history of severe hypoglycemia, previous stroke and baseline MMSE score, we found that cognitive decline was significantly associated with low intakes of carotene, vitamin B2, pantothenate, calcium and green vegetables. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that intakes of nutrients and green vegetables predicted cognitive decline after adjusting for age, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin levels, baseline MMSE score, and incident stroke during the follow up.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that sufficient intakes of carotene, vitamin B2, pantothenate, calcium and vegetables could help prevent cognitive decline among elderly men with diabetes mellitus. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1168–1175.
Owning the future: Why progressive politics in the 2020s must reject political short‐termism and find a new voice
Authors: Kelly Gavin , Pearce Nick
Published: July 2016

Gavin Kelly and Nick Pearce argue that progressive politics must seek to understand long‐term social and economic trends and the electoral shifts that will come in their wake. Today's politicians mustn't let political short‐termism and the fallout from the Brexit crisis deflect them from the work of understanding how these forces will shape the politics of the 2020s.
Improved Salinity Tolerance by Phosphorus Fertilizer in Two Phaseolus vulgaris Recombinant Inbred Lines Contrasting in Their P‐Efficiency
Authors: Bargaz A. , Nassar R. M. A. , Rady M. M. , Gaballah M. S. , Thompson S. M. , Brestic M. , Schmidhalter U. , Abdelhamid M. T.
Published: July 2016

Legumes' sensitivity to salt is exacerbated under growth conditions requiring nitrogen fixation by the plant. Phosphorus (P) deficiency is widespread in legumes, especially common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). To examine the performance of P. vulgaris under salt stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted using two recombinants inbred lines (RILs) 115 (P‐deficiency tolerant) and 147 (P‐deficiency susceptible), grown under different salinity levels (L) (1.56, 4.78, and 8.83 dS m−1 as LI, L2, and L3, respectively) and supplied with four P rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha−1 P as P0, P30, P60, and P90, respectively) in order to assess the impact of P on salt tolerance. Results indicate that growing both RILs at P60 or P90 under all salinity levels (especially L1) significantly increased total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, and proline. Increasing P supply up to P60 under all salinity levels significantly induced higher accumulation of P, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ leaves in both RILs. Based on quadratic response over all locations, the maximum seed yield of 1.465 t ha−1 could be obtained at application of P 81.0 kg ha‐1 in RIL115, while seed yield of 1.275 t ha−1 could be obtained with P rate of 78.3 kg ha−1 in RIL147. RIL115 exhibited more salt‐tolerance with positive consequence on plant biomass and grain yield stability. Improved salt tolerance through adequate P fertilization is likely a promising strategy to improve P. vulgaris salinity tolerance and thus productivity, a response that seems to be P‐rate dependent.
The effect of milk composition, yeast‐mould numbers and seasons on aflatoxin M1 amounts in camel milk
Authors: Shokri Hojjatollah , Torabi Sepideh
Published: July 2016

The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition, fungal and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contaminations in raw camel milk samples collected from seven dairy farms in Yazd province, Iran. Milk samples (10 samples from each of 7 farms) were collected in autumn and winter seasons. The mean contents of protein, fat and ash ranged from 2.14 to 3.28%, 1.52 to 2.01%, and 0.93 to 0.97%, respectively. Of the fungal agents identified, yeasts belonged to Candida spp. (48.2%), Rhodotorula spp. (22.3%) and Trichosporon spp. (13.4%); and moulds belonged to Geotrichum spp. (16.1%). Of the 70 milk samples, 20 (28.6%) samples had AFM1 in concentrations in excess of the maximum levels specified in European Union (EU) regulations, that is, 50 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 in milk samples was 45.95 ng/L, and the minimum and maximum levels were 5.19 and 150.17 ng/L, respectively. The mean concentrations of AFM1 in winter and autumn months were 54.24 and 34.92 ng/L, respectively (p<.05). As contamination of milk with fungi and AFM1 is a potential risk for human health, raw camel milk should be monitored for their presence.

Practical applications

Having an idea of fungal load and AFM1 contamination in raw camel milk could be used by food safety organizations to establish regulations for the control of contamination sources. In Iran, there is no study about the incidence of fungal and AFM1 contaminations in raw camel milk. Our study is the first one in Yazd province, Iran. In the current study, Candida species were the most predominant yeasts in raw camel milk. The mean AFM1 contamination was 45.95 ± 49.50 ng/L, representing 28.6% samples exceeded the EU accepted limit (50 ng/L). Therefore, feed hygiene control is the first step in preventing the transfer of aflatoxins to human; and continuous monitoring of dairy products will be necessary for evaluation of hygienic managements.