bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policing, Safety and Security in Public Assembly Facilities
Authors: Frosdick Steve
Published: December 2009

This article explores how ‘policing’, in its widest sense, seeks to maintain public safety and security in the places where people gather to view events. The paper begins by clarifying its setting in public assembly facilities and conceiving of ‘policing’ as ‘almost anything done by anyone who controls other people’ (Waddington, 2007). The paper goes on to show how the long history of disasters and disorder in such facilities means that they have to be ‘policed’ and outlines the various bodies involved in ‘policing’ them. The paper then discusses the concepts of ‘safety’ and ‘security’. ‘Safety’ starts with structural design and maintenance to prevent fire or collapse. It manages capacities, ingress and egress in complex space. It also deals with aspects of human behaviours, emergencies and evacuations. ‘Security’, on the other hand, addresses the prevention and detection of crime, the terrorist threat and the maintenance of public tranquillity. The paper seeks to differentiate the terms ‘safety’ and ‘security’ with reference to four alternative models. Two forms of the integrated whole in which ‘security’ is conceived as a subset of ‘safety’, or vice versa, are outlined and commended as best practice. However, the historical practice and current policy reasons why ‘safety’ and ‘security’ have been treated as either separate or overlapping concepts are also explored. The discussion refers to various facility disasters to illustrate the serious consequences when policing policy and practice overlooks ‘safety’ or allows ‘security’ and ‘safety’ to get out of balance.
The Curious Case of Kykunkor: a dansical/musical exploration and reclamation of Asadata Dafora's Kykunkor, or the Witch Woman (1934)
Authors: Stiehl Pamyla A
Published: December 2009

It has never been easy to categorize or define the 1934 Broadway phenomenon that was Asadata Dafora's Kykunkor, or the Witch Woman. To date, the production, comprised of African song and dance, has been almost exclusively claimed, analyzed, and anthologized by dance scholars
who frame the work as a formative example of black concert dance and African diaspora. This article refutes (and broadens) the sole concert dance definition and position of Kykunkor by situating the work within the musical theatre arena. In doing so, Kykunkor is shown to be not
only an antecedent of the contemporary dance-dominant musical (or dansical) but also an example of the musical theatre Gesamtkunstwerk (Total Art Work), with its integrative musical construct/aesthetic. As such, Kykunkor represents a liminal form of the musical, setting the precedent
for future musical theatre hybrids, variants, and/or mutations while serving as an example of complexity, diversity, and fluidity within the genre.
Chorus boys: words, music and queerness (c.1900-c.1936)
Authors: Lawrence David Haldane
Published: December 2009

While a great deal has been written about the fin-de-sicle chorus girl's subjection to the so-called male gaze, comparatively little has appeared regarding the chorus boy. This article attempts to redress the balance by concentrating on the specific problems of the West End chorus
boy from the turn of the century up until the mid-1930s. As well as discussing questions of queerness, it addresses other issues such as working conditions, salaries, audience perception and World War I. However, while there are a number of articles, reviews and even novels regarding chorus
girls, material on chorus boys is relatively meagre. Primary source research for this article has therefore relied mainly on occasional media references. But there have also been two main areas that have given a more complete depiction of the working life and activities of the chorus boy.
Firstly, the fairly extensive media coverage of Noel Coward's deployment of the Dancing Boys in his 1932 revue for C.B. Cochran, Words and Music, to be found in the C. B. Cochran files of the V&A Theatre Collections. The other important source has been a rare article on Chorus Gentlemen
by Cyril Butcher, who was a member of the Words and Music chorus. This attempts to defend the chorus boy against accusations of effeminacy and homosexuality, while offering a useful insight into his working life. Otherwise material exclusively about the West End chorus boy is sparse,
and this necessitates a certain amount of conjecture.
Popular voices: amplification, rock music and vocal quality in Grease
Authors: Noonan Julie A
Published: December 2009

Grease is rarely thought of as a revolutionary or groundbreaking musical in musical theatre history. However, it is part of an uneasy period of the musical when rock music challenged the conventions of the golden age form. The voices heard in Grease and other 1970s rock
musicals emulated sounds created for mediatized environments rather than the traditional live theatre, creating a rift in the perception of vocal quality. Through its nostalgia for the 1950s and infectious sound, Grease's characters have become recognizable worldwide. Sandy Dumbrowski
is the picture of a good girl at the beginning of the show, but she displays visual and aural characteristics of her 1970s creation by the end. This essay argues that the rock musical techniques used in Grease contribute to a shift in the vocal quality heard from the 1950s women characters.
Thank You For the Music: Catherine Johnson's feminist revoicings in Mamma Mia!
Authors: Womack Malcolm
Published: December 2009

Mamma Mia! has achieved tremendous popular success by trading on a nostalgia for both the music of Abba and the feminism of the 1970s, two things that are often very much at odds. Abba's principal singers, Agnetha Fltskog and Anna-Frid Frida Lyngstad, sang the songs that their
husbands wrote for them songs that frequently portrayed the women as desperate, dependent, and deeply indebted to their husbands for writing them songs at all. This article explores how librettist Catherine Johnson's strategy of re-gendering the singers and placing Abba's familiar pop songs
in a narrative context (one that ends in a rejection of husbands and fathers) has subverted their original meanings, imbuing both the story and the songs themselves with a cultural feminist message that has been seen by a massive global audience.
Reviews
Authors: Hillman Jessica , Peck Ellen Mary , Sebesta Judith , Stultz Kristin
Published: December 2009

Kander and Ebb [Yale Broadway Masters], James Leve (2009) New Haven: Yale University Press, 365 pp., ISBN 9780300114874, Hardback, $40

Musical Theatre: A History, John Kenrick (2008) New York: Continuum, 424 pp., ISBN 9780826430137 (paperback),
16.99

Defying Gravity: The Creative Career of Stephen Schwartz from Godspell to Wicked, Carol de Giere (2008) New York: Applause, 544 pp., ISBN 9781557837455, Paperback, $24.95

The Ziegfeld Follies: A History in Song, Ann Ommen van der Merwe (2009)
Lanham: Scarecrow Press Inc., 278 pp., ISBN 9780810867161, paperback, $49.95
Salvador Dalíí's Lobsters: Feast, Phobia, and Freudian Slip
Authors: frazier nancy
Published: December 2009

Rational thinking was anathema for Salvador Dalíí, as for all surrealists. They rejected it, pursuing instead what was unreasonable, beyond reason. So, not in spite of but because of the incongruity of the association and its illogic, Dalíí combined lobsters and telephones in several works. Best known is Lobster Telephone, an assemblage of plaster, plastic, and metal, which exists in a few versions, the most familiar of which has a conventional black base and rotary dial and what would be an ordinary black handset were it not surmounted by an extraordinary red lobster. Humorous? Perhaps. But it is truly perverse to combine a familiar object designed for personal communication with a fearsome-looking, aggressive creature. Among Dalíí's other outrageous inventions were lobsters on peoples' heads and on viciously erotic costumes with lobster G-strings. Such portrayals are connected to his idiosyncratic interpretation of Freudian theory, an approach he called ““critical paranoia.”” Symbolically, the lobster might represent an aphrodisiac, a castrating father, a cannibalistic woman, or something else. Everything Dalíí did is open to conjecture (including erotic musings about Hitler), even after he explained what he meant.
““A Beriberi Heart””: Lessons from Slave Soldiers of World War II
Authors: schinto jeanne
Published: December 2009

This article is a group portrait consisting of brief vignettes of three Americans who became prisoners of war and worked as slave laborers for Japanese corporations during World War II. It discusses the men's capture, their food deprivations, the effects of their malnutrition, their ways of coping with imprisonment, and their lives and attitudes toward food after liberation. The author visited with each of the men, all octogenarians living in San Diego County, California, at the time. One, in a wheelchair, was working as a national service director for American Ex-Prisoners of War; another was a retired businessman; the third, who remained in the military after the war, retired as a chief warrant officer, and had since spent a lot of his time in pursuit of physical fitness. Each of the men wrote about his experiences as a POW in both published and unpublished accounts, and this essay also quotes from those sources.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Newborns With Hemolytic Disease
Authors: Figueras-Aloy Josep , Rodríguez-Miguélez José M. , Iriondo-Sanz Martin , Salvia-Roiges María-Dolores , Botet-Mussons Francesc , Carbonell-Estrany Xavier
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess whether the use of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in late-preterm and term newborns with severe isoimmune hemolytic jaundice caused by Rh and ABO incompatibility was a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

METHODS: An observational, retrospective study that encompassed 16 years was conducted. A total of 492 liveborn infants who were of ≥34 weeks' gestation and had severe isoimmune hemolytic jaundice caused by Rh (n = 91) and ABO (n = 401) incompatibility and were treated with phototherapy were included in the study. IVIG (500 mg/kg over 2–4 hours) was indicated when total serum bilirubin level plus 2 points reached 85% of the cutoff value for performing exchange transfusion.

RESULTS: A total of 167 (34%) infants received IVIG. NEC was diagnosed in 11 (2.2%) patients: 10 (6%) in the IVIG-treated group and 1 (0.3%) in the non–IVIG-treated group. Five patients required urgent operation, and 1 of them died as a result of massive intestinal necrosis. Another patient died 2 years later as a result of short bowel syndrome. In the multivariate analysis, cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR]: 3.76 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–12.90), Apgar test at 5 minutes (OR: 0.50 [95% CI: 0.40–0.64), and IVIG (OR: 31.66 [95% CI: 3.25–308.57]) were independent factors significantly associated with NEC.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of high-dose IVIG for severe isoimmune hemolytic jaundice in late-preterm and term infants was associated with a higher incidence of NEC.
Personality Disorders in Older Clients and Their Families: A Challenge for Geriatric Care Managers
Authors: Supiano Katherine P. , Carroll Andrea M.
Published: December 2009

We describe the nature and prevalence of personality disorders (PD) in the older adult population and the unique presentation of personality disorder in late life. Building upon awareness of the reinforcement patterns articulated in Segal, Coolidge, and Rosowsky’s (2006) model of PD, we discuss the challenges frequently encountered by geriatric care managers in caring for older clients with PD, the support needs of their families, and effective elements of professional care management suitable for this population. Using case examples, we present strategies for assisting clients having strained interpersonal relationships or difficulties navigating service systems, and we offer suggestions for forging successful client relationships.
The John Dewey Academy for Talented, Troubled, and Troublesome Teens: Nine Guiding Principles, Part II
Authors: Bratter Thomas Edward
Published: December 2009

This is the second installment that describes nine psychological and psychotherapeutic guiding principles for the John Dewey Academy. This academy is the most effective college preparatory, voluntary, residential, and therapeutic high school in the United States for students who are gifted but engage in self-destructive behavior.
EVALUATION AND TRAINING OF YES‐NO RESPONDING ACROSS VERBAL OPERANTS
Authors: Shillingsburg M. Alice , Kelley Michael E. , Roane Henry S. , Kisamore April , Brown Melissa R.
Published: December 2009

Topographically similar verbal responses may be functionally independent forms of operant behavior. For example, saying yes or no may have different functions based on the environmental conditions in effect. The present study extends previous research on both the assessment and acquisition of yes and no responses across contexts in children with language deficits and further examined the functional independence of topographically similar responses. All participants in the present study acquired yes and no responses within verbal operants (e.g., mands). However, generalization of the responses across novel verbal operants (e.g., tacts to intraverbals) did not occur without additional training, thus supporting Skinner's (1957) assertion of functional independence of verbal operants.
SEPARATE AND COMBINED EFFECTS OF VISUAL SCHEDULES AND EXTINCTION PLUS DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT ON PROBLEM BEHAVIOR OCCASIONED BY TRANSITIONS
Authors: Waters Melissa B. , Lerman Dorothea C. , Hovanetz Alyson N.
Published: December 2009

The separate and combined effects of visual schedules and extinction plus differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) were evaluated to decrease transition‐related problem behavior of 2 children diagnosed with autism. Visual schedules alone were ineffective in reducing problem behavior when transitioning from preferred to nonpreferred activities. Problem behavior decreased for both participants when extinction and DRO were introduced, regardless of whether visual schedules were also used.
A COMPARISON OF PEER VIDEO MODELING AND SELF VIDEO MODELING TO TEACH TEXTUAL RESPONSES IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Marcus Alonna , Wilder David A.
Published: December 2009

Peer video modeling was compared to self video modeling to teach 3 children with autism to respond appropriately to (i.e., identify or label) novel letters. A combination multiple baseline and multielement design was used to compare the two procedures. Results showed that all 3 participants met the mastery criterion in the self‐modeling condition, whereas only 1 of the participants met the mastery criterion in the peer‐modeling condition. In addition, the participant who met the mastery criterion in both conditions reached the criterion more quickly in the self‐modeling condition. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for teaching new skills to children with autism.
AN EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN QUALITY OF ATTENTION AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT WITH CHILDREN WHO DISPLAY ESCAPE‐MAINTAINED PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Gardner Andrew W. , Wacker David P. , Boelter Eric W.
Published: December 2009

The choice‐making behavior of 2 typically developing children who engaged in problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement was evaluated within a concurrent‐operants assessment that varied the quality of attention across free‐play and demand conditions. The results demonstrated that it was possible to bias responding towards academic demands for both participants by providing high‐quality attention, despite the continuous availability of negative reinforcement. The current study extended brief clinical methods with typically developing children and demonstrated how different qualities of attention provided across concurrent schedules could bias responding.
FURTHER EVALUATION OF ANTECEDENT SOCIAL EVENTS DURING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Kuhn David E. , Hardesty Samantha L. , Luczynski Kevin
Published: December 2009

The value of a reinforcer may change based on antecedent events, specifically the behavior of others (Bruzek & Thompson, 2007). In the current study, we examined the effects of manipulating the behavior of the therapist on problem behavior while all dimensions of reinforcement were held constant. Both participants' levels of problem behaviors increased as a function of the altered behavior of the therapist without direct manipulation of states of satiation or deprivation.
ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF EXCESSIVE STRAIGHTENING AND DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IN AN ADOLESCENT DIAGNOSED WITH AUTISM
Authors: Kuhn David E. , Hardesty Samantha L. , Sweeney Nicole M.
Published: December 2009

Repetitive behaviors such as excessive straightening are commonly observed among individuals with autism. Attempts to prevent these behaviors may increase the likelihood of other problem behaviors. The present study was designed to assess and treat the excessive straightening and associated destructive behaviors of a 16‐year‐old boy who had been diagnosed with autism and moderate mental retardation. Following a series of functional analyses, an intervention that incorporated functional communication, extinction of destructive behavior, and blocking of repetitive straightening was demonstrated to be effective in reducing straightening and destructive behavior.
THE EFFECTS OF TEACHING PRECURRENT BEHAVIORS ON CHILDREN'S SOLUTION OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION WORD PROBLEMS
Authors: Levingston Heather B. , Neef Nancy A. , Cihon Traci M.
Published: December 2009

We examined the effects of teaching overt precurrent behaviors on the current operant of solving multiplication and division word problems. Two students were taught four precurrent behaviors (identification of label, operation, larger numbers, and smaller numbers) in a different order, in the context of a multiple baseline design. After meeting criterion on three of the four precurrent skills, the students demonstrated the current operant of correct problem solutions. These skills generalized to novel problems. Correct current operant responses (solutions that matched answers revealed by coloring over the space with a special marker) maintained the precurrent behaviors in the absence of any other programmed reinforcement.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF TEACHERS' RESPONSES TO PROBLEM BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING TRAINING
Authors: Addison Laura , Lerman Dorothea C.
Published: December 2009

The procedures described by Sloman et al. (2005) were extended to an analysis of teachers' responses to problem behavior after they had been taught to withhold potential sources of positive and negative reinforcement following instances of problem behavior. Results were consistent with those reported previously, suggesting that escape from child problem behavior may shape and maintain adult behavior that is potentially countertherapeutic.
WITHIN‐SESSION TRANSITIONS IN CHOICE: A STRUCTURAL AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Banna Kelly M. , Newland M. Christopher
Published: December 2009

The present study used within‐session transitions between two concurrent schedules to evaluate choice in transition. Eight female Long‐Evans rats were trained to respond under concurrent schedules of reinforcement during experimental sessions that lasted 22 hr. The generalized matching equation was used to model steady‐state behavior at the end of each session, while transitional behavior that emerged following the change in reinforcement schedules was modeled using a logistic equation. The generalized matching and logistic equations were appropriate models for behavior generated during single‐session transitions. A local analysis of behavior on the two response alternatives during acquisition was used to determine the source of preference as revealed in response ratios. The number of “low‐response” visits, those containing three to five responses, remained stable. Preference ratios largely reflected a sharp increase in the number of visits with long response bouts on the rich alternative and a decrease in the number of such visits to the leaner alternative.
RESPONSE ACQUISITION BY HUMANS WITH DELAYED REINFORCEMENT
Authors: Okouchi Hiroto
Published: December 2009

The present experiment examined whether a response class was acquired by humans with delayed reinforcement. Eight white circles were presented on a computer touch screen. If the undergraduates touched two of the eight circles in a specified sequence (i.e., touching first the upper‐left circle then the bottom‐left circle), then the touches initiated an unsignaled resetting delay culminating in point delivery. Participants experienced one of three different delays (0 s, 10 s, or 30 s). Rates of the target two‐response sequence were higher with delayed reinforcement than with no reinforcement. Terminal rates of the target sequence decreased and postreinforcement pauses increased as a function of delay duration. Other undergraduates exposed to yoked schedules of response‐independent point deliveries failed to acquire the sequence. The results demonstrate that a response class was acquired with delayed reinforcement, extending the generality of this phenomenon found with nonhuman animals to humans.
Real‐Time Aeration Efficiency Monitoring in the Activated Sludge Process and Methods to Reduce Energy Consumption and Operating Costs
Authors: Leu Shao‐Yuan , Rosso Diego , Larson Lory E. , Stenstrom Michael K.
Published: December 2009

Aeration is the most energy intensive unit operation in municipal wastewater treatment, and fine‐pore diffusers have been widely used to minimize power consumption. Unfortunately, fine‐pore diffusers suffer from fouling and scaling problems, which cause a rapid decline in aeration performance and significant increase in power consumption. Diffusers must be cleaned periodically to reduce energy costs. The cleaning frequency of diffusers is site‐specific and its effectiveness can be evaluated with oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) testing. Off‐gas testing is the best technique for measuring OTE in real‐time. Fine‐pore diffusers have low α factors that are further reduced at high loading rate. A time‐series of off‐gas measurements were conducted to demonstrate the value of real‐time OTE data for developing energy‐conserving operating strategies. The observations confirm the inverse correlation between OTE and airflow rate as well as the economic benefits of diffuser cleaning. In addition, mathematic models were applied to simulate the transient oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and show the impact of varying load on OTE and aeration cost, especially when faced with time‐of‐day power rates. Regular diffuser cleaning can reduce average power costs by 18% and various equalization alternatives can reduce power costs by 6 to 16%.
Use of Hydrodynamic Disintegration to Accelerate Anaerobic Digestion of Surplus Activated Sludge
Authors: Grűbel Klaudiusz , Machnicka Alicja
Published: December 2009

Hydrodynamic disintegration of activated sludge resulted in organic matter and polymers transfer from the solid phase into the liquid phase. Disintegration by hydrodynamic cavitation had a positive effect on the degree and rate of excess sludge anaerobic digestion. Also, addition of a part of anaerobic digested sludge containing adapted microorganisms resulted in acceleration of the process. The disruption of cells of foam microorganisms and addition to the digestion process led to an increase of biogas production.
Efficiency and Products Investigations on the Ozonation of 2‐Methylisoborneol in Drinking Water
Authors: Qi Fei , Xu Bingbing , Chen Zhonglin , Ma Jun , Sun Dezhi , Zhang Liqiu
Published: December 2009

2‐Methylisoborneol (MIB) is a terpenoid produced as a secondary metabolite by some cyanobacteria and actinomycetes and thus can be present in some drinking water source waters. The removal efficiency, products, and degradation pathway of MIB in drinking water by ozonation were studied. The results showed that ozone is efficient in removing MIB from an aqueous solution, regardless of the initial MIB concentration. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) scavenger experiments indicated that hydroxyl radicals are involved in MIB degradation. The degradation products of MIB were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Camphor was identified as a primary degradation product, which was further oxidized to form other degradation intermediates, such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. A possible degradation pathway for the ozonation of MIB was proposed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the formation of aldehydes was carried out. It was found that six aldehydes are the main aldehydes products of ozonation of MIB, namely formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal, glyoxal, and methyl glyoxal.
Degradation of 4‐Chloroguaiacol by Dark Fenton and Solar Photo‐Fenton Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Samet Youssef , Ayadi Mohamed , Abdelhedi Ridha
Published: December 2009

This paper evaluates the dark Fenton and the solar photo‐Fenton advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of solutions containing 4‐chloroguaiacol (4‐CG). The 4‐CG was chosen as a model compound found in pulp and paper wastewater formed in the bleaching process in the pulp industry. The effects of operating parameters, including reaction time, hydrogen peroxide‐to‐ferrous iron molar ratio (H2O2/Fe2+), initial chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH value, and temperature, on 4‐CG degradation efficiency using the solar photo‐Fenton process were investigated. It was demonstrated that both processes could effectively degrade 4‐CG in water and followed first‐order kinetics. The degradation rate in solar photo‐Fenton oxidation was much faster than that of the dark reaction. The 4‐CG degradation depends on its concentration in the solution. The degradation efficiency decreases when the concentration of the 4‐CG increases. Under the conditions of pH 3, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 2, H2O2 16 mmol·L−1, Fe2+ 8 mmol·L−1, initial COD 640 mg·L−1, reaction time approximately 24 minutes, and temperature 25°C, the 4‐CG and COD percent removal were greater than 80 and 89%, respectively.
Effects of Total Suspended Solids Loading on Short‐Term Fouling in the Treatment of Secondary Effluent by an Immersed Ultrafiltration Pilot System
Authors: Citulski Joel A. , Farahbakhsh Khosrow , Kent Fraser C.
Published: December 2009

This study examined the performance of a pilot‐scale immersed ultrafiltration system using secondary effluent as a feed source, with particular emphasis on the role played by total suspended solids (TSS) on short‐term fouling rates within permeation cycles. Key secondary effluent quality characteristics, such as ionic composition and total/colloidal organic carbon content, remained reasonably stable during the course of the study. However, TSS loads in the secondary effluent were correlated with the extent of within‐cycle fouling. This relationship existed irrespective of membrane packing density or the operating flux, although the latter parameter did control the rate at which within‐cycle fouling occurred. Although the complex causes of ultrafiltration membrane fouling during tertiary treatment over the long term remain poorly understood, TSS levels in the feed may offer a simple means of better predicting within‐cycle spikes in transmembrane pressure. Based on historical and seasonal trends, or both, of TSS loads in the secondary clarifiers of a given wastewater treatment plant, periods requiring an increased frequency of backpulses or recovery cleanings may be identified before implementation of full‐scale tertiary ultrafiltration systems.
Spatial and Temporal Groundwater Level Variation Geostatistical Modeling in the City of Konya, Turkey
Authors: Cay Tayfun , Uyan Mevlut
Published: December 2009

Groundwater is one of the most important resources used for drinking and utility and irrigation purposes in the city of Konya, Turkey, as in many areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in the level of groundwater by using geostatistical methods based on data from 91 groundwater wells during the period 1999 to 2003. Geostatistical methods have been used widely as a convenient tool to make decisions on the management of groundwater levels. To evaluate the spatial and temporal changes in the level of the groundwater, a vector‐based geographic information system software package, ArcGIS 9.1 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California), was used for the application of an ordinary kriging method, with cross‐validation leading to the estimation of groundwater levels. The average value of variogram (spherical model) for the spatial analysis was approximately 2150 m. Results of ordinary kriging for groundwater level drops were underestimated by 17%. Cross‐validation errors were within an acceptable level. The kriging model also helps to detect risk‐prone areas for groundwater abstraction.
Bioenergy II: Bio-Ethanol from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): The UK Potential and Implication for Sustainable Energy and Waste Management
Authors: Li Aiduan , Khraisheh Majeda
Published: December 2009

This paper investigates the feasibility of using municipal solid waste (MSW) as biomass substrates for bioethanol production. MSW are categorised into three types: paper and card, kitchen organics, and green organics. MSW data are collected from UK Department of Environment, food and rural affairs (DEFRA). Characterisations of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents have shown that MSW has high potential as biomass source. Experimental work on waste characterisation and MSW-to-ethanol conversion has been carried out in laboratory. The experimental results have shown that more than 85% of the cellulose from the waste can be converted to glucose which can be easily fermented to ethanol production. This MSW-to-ethanol process provides an alternative solution for both biomass resources for cost reduction and preventing organic fraction of municipal solid waste going into landfill.Projected estimates of waste to ethanol bases on London (UK) as a case study are made. Recommendation on both sustainable waste management and biofuel production are developed based on the result findings.
Numerical Study on the Effect of Bend Angle on Turbulent Flow through Oscillating Bend
Authors: Ameri Elham , Nasr Esfahany M
Published: December 2009

The effect of the bend angle on the unsteady developing turbulent air flow through oscillating circular-sectioned curved pipes with the various angles of 180°, 135° and 90° was investigated numerically. The bends had a diameter of 106 mm and a curvature radius ratio of 6.0 with long, straight upstream and downstream sections. Results of the mean velocity and static pressure were obtained at a Reynolds number of 31200 and at various longitudinal stations. The velocity of the primary flow was illustrated in the form of contour map and vector diagram. From the inlet plane of the three oscillating bends to the angle of 45°, the velocity fields in 180°, 90° and 135° bends are similar. The high velocity regions, however, occur near the upper and lower parts in 90° and 180° bends, respectively.
A Meta-Learning Approach to Predicting Financial Statement Fraud
Authors: McKee Thomas E.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT: An “ultimate learning algorithm” is one that produces models that closely match the real world’s underlying distribution of functions. To try to create such an algorithm, researchers typically employ manual algorithm design with cross-validation. It has been shown that cross-validation is not a viable way to construct an ultimate learning algorithm. For machine learning researchers, “meta-learning” should be more desirable than manual algorithm design with cross-validation. Meta-learning is concerned with gaining knowledge about learning methodologies.

One meta-learning approach involves evaluating the suitability of various algorithms for a learning task in order to select an appropriate algorithm. An alternative approach is to incorporate predictions from base algorithms as features to be evaluated by subsequent algorithms. This paper reports on exploratory research that implemented the latter approach as a three-layer stacked generalization model using neural networks, logistic regression, and classification tree algorithms to predict all categories of financial fraud. The purpose was to see if this form of meta-learning offered significant benefits for financial fraud prediction.

Fifteen possible financial fraud predictors were identified based on a theoretical fraud model from prior research. Only public data for these possible predictors were obtained from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings from the period 1995–2002 for a sample of 50 fraud and 50 non-fraud companies. These data were selected for the year prior to when the fraud was initiated. These variables were used to create a variety of neural network, logistic regression, and classification tree models while using holdout sample and cross-validation techniques.

A 71.4 percent accurate neural network model was then stacked into a logistic regression model, increasing the prediction accuracy to 76.5 percent. The logistic regression model was subsequently stacked into a classification tree model to achieve an 83 percent accuracy rate. These results compared favorably to two prior neural network studies, also employing only public data, which achieved 63 percent accuracy rates. Model results were also analyzed via probability-adjusted overall error rates, relative misclassification costs, and receiver operating characteristics.

The increase in classification accuracy from 71 percent to 83 percent, the decline in estimated overall error rate from 0.0057 to 0.0035, and the decline in relative misclassification costs from 2.79 to 0.58 suggest that benefits were achieved by the meta-learning stacking approach. Further research into the meta-learning stacking approach appears warranted.
Effect of Time on Clinical Efficacy of Topical Anesthesia
Authors: Bhalla Jasdev , Meechan John G. , Lawrence Herenia P. , Grad Helen A. , Haas Daniel A.
Published: December 2009

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time on the clinical efficacy of topical anesthetic in reducing pain from needle insertion alone as well as injection of anesthetic. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-mouth, clinical trial which enrolled 90 subjects, equally divided into 3 groups based upon time (2, 5, or 10 minutes) of topical anesthetic (5% lidocaine) application. Each group was further subdivided into 2: needle insertion only in the palate or needle insertion with deposition of anesthetic (0.5 mL 3% mepivacaine plain). Each subject received drug on one side and placebo on the other. Subjects recorded pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). The results showed that for needle insertion only, 5% lidocaine reduced pain as determined by a significant difference in mean VAS after 2 minutes (20.1 mm, P < .002), 5 minutes (15.7 mm, P < .022), and 10 minutes (13.7 mm, P < .04), as analyzed by paired t tests. For needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, a significant difference in mean VAS was noted only after 10 minutes (14.9 mm, P < .031), yet pain scores for both topical anesthetic and placebo were elevated at this time point resulting in no reduction in actual pain. Time of application did not result in a significant difference in effect for either needle insertion only or needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, as analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In conclusion, topical anesthetic reduces pain of needle insertion if left on palatal mucosa for 2, 5, or 10 minutes, but has no clinical pain relief for anesthetic injection.
Review and Management of the Dental Patient With Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
Authors: Rochford Christopher , Seldin R. David
Published: December 2009

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a unique cardiovascular condition, with both congenital and acquired forms that afflict patients. These patients show a lengthening of the repolarization phase of the cardiac cycle, which can be best visualized on an electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG changes can include QT interval (the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave, as seen on an ECG) and T wave abnormalities, as well as progression to torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation. The ECG changes are most commonly elicited by physical activity, emotional stress, and certain medications. This condition represents a challenge for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Patients with LQTS must receive proper medical management and a controlled and anxiety-free surgical environment. The purpose of this article was to present a review of LQTS and provide recommendations for effective surgical management. Additionally, a case report of a patient with LQTS, treated by one of the authors, has been included.
Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema After Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Mamiya Hideki , Ichinohe Tatsuya , Kaneko Yuzuru
Published: December 2009

Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) following upper airway obstruction (UAO) has been reported in several clinical situations. The main cause of NPPE is reported to be increased negative intrathoracic pressure. We present a case of NPPE that occurred after general anesthesia for plate removal after jaw deformity surgery. After completion of the surgery, administration of inhaled anesthetics was stopped and the patient opened his eyes on verbal command. Immediately after extubation, the patient stopped breathing and became cyanotic. Acute UAO following laryngospasm was suspected. Soon after reintubation, pink, frothy fluid came out of the endotracheal tube, and a tentative diagnosis of NPPE was made. Continuous positive airway pressure was applied. In addition, furosemide and dexamethasone were administered. By the next day, the symptoms had almost disappeared.
Comfort and Durability Tire Model Validation
Authors: Yang X. , Medepalli S.
Published: December 2009

In this study, a systematic validation of comfort and durability tire models (CDT) using LMS software was performed by focusing on the measured tire data collection, bench test, and full vehicle model predictions. Different road events are considered in the validation process, including deterministic and random type roads, as well as braking/accelerating and cornering events. The study shows that the current version of commercial CDT models is reasonably accurate for durability road loads simulation, but requires simulation time improvement. The seven published SAE J-documents for road load tire model parameterization tests cover the necessary data to parameterize the CDT model for “non-misuse” road loads simulation.
Effects of intravenous administration of perzinfotel, fentanyl, and a combination of both drugs on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs
Authors: Ueyama Yukie , Lerche Phillip , Eppler C. Mark , Muir William W.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To determine the effects of IV administration of perzinfotel and a perzinfotel-fentanyl combination on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy sexually intact Beagles (3 males and 3 females).

Procedures—All dogs were instrumented with a telemetry device for continuous monitoring of heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and core body temperature (at a femoral artery). Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (6 mg/kg, IV) and isoflurane. Isoflurane MAC values were determined in 3 experiments in each dog, separated by at least 7 days, before (baseline) and after the following treatments: no treatment (anesthetic only), perzinfotel (20 mg/kg, IV), fentanyl (5 μg/kg bolus, IV, followed by a continuous IV infusion at 0.15 μg/kg/min), and a fentanyl-perzinfotel combination (20 mg of perzinfotel/kg, IV, plus the fentanyl infusion). Bispectral index and oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry were also monitored throughout anesthesia.

Results—Without treatment, the mean ± SD isoflurane MAC for all 6 dogs was 1.41 ± 0.10%. Baseline MAC was 1.42 ± 0.08%. Intravenous administration of perzinfotel, fentanyl, and the perzinfotel-fentanyl combination significantly decreased the MAC by 39%, 35%, and 66%, respectively. Perzinfotel and perzinfotel-fentanyl administration yielded significant increases in the bispectral index. Mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial blood pressures significantly increased from baseline values when perzinfotel was administered. Systolic arterial blood pressure significantly increased from the baseline value when perzinfotel-fentanyl was administered. No adverse effects were detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of perzinfotel, fentanyl, or a perzinfotel-fentanyl combination reduced isoflurane MAC in dogs and increased arterial blood pressure.
Effects of tramadol hydrochloride on the thermal threshold in cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Siao Kristine T. , Ilkiw Jan E.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To determine the thermal antinociceptive effect of oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride at doses between 0.5 and 4 mg/kg in cats.

Animals—6 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats.

Procedures—Baseline (before drug administration; time 0) thermal threshold was determined by applying a thermal probe to the thorax of each cat. Tramadol (0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 mg/kg) or a placebo was then administered orally in accordance with a Latin square design. Thermal threshold was determined by an observer who was unaware of treatment at various times until thermal threshold returned to baseline values or 6 hours had elapsed. Plasma tramadol and O-desmethyl-tramadol concentrations were measured prior to drug administration and at 1-hour intervals thereafter. Effect-concentration data were fitted to effect maximum models.

Results—Highest plasma tramadol and O-desmethyl-tramadol concentrations increased with increasing tramadol dose. Significant effects of dose and time on thermal threshold were detected. Thermal threshold was significantly higher than the baseline value at 80 and 120 minutes for the 0.5 mg/kg dose, at 80 and from 120 to 360 minutes for the 2 mg/kg dose, from 40 to 360 minutes for the 3 mg/kg dose, and from 60 to 360 minutes for the 4 mg/kg dose.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tramadol induced thermal antinociception in cats. Doses of 2 to 4 mg/kg appeared necessary for induction of significant and sustained analgesic effects. Simulations predicted that 4 mg/kg every 6 hours would maintain analgesia close to the maximum effect of tramadol.
Analgesic effects of intramuscular administration of meloxicam in Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis) with experimentally induced arthritis
Authors: Cole Gretchen A. , Paul-Murphy Joanne , Krugner-Higby Lisa , Klauer Julia M. , Medlin Scott E. , Keuler Nicholas S. , Sladky Kurt K.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of meloxicam in parrots with experimentally induced arthritis, with extent of weight bearing and rotational perch walking used as outcome measures.

Animals—15 adult Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Procedures—Arthritis was experimentally induced via intra-articular injection of microcrystalline sodium urate suspension (MSU) into 1 intertarsal joint. Parrots were treated in a crossover design. Five treatments were compared as follows: meloxicam (4 dosages) at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg (IM, q 12 h, 3 times) and 0.03 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (IM, q 12 h, 3 times). The first treatment was given 6 hours following MSU administration. Lameness was assessed by use of a biomechanical perch to record weight-bearing load and a rotational perch to determine dexterity. Feces were collected to assay for occult blood.

Results—Parrots treated with meloxicam at 1.0 mg/kg had significantly better return to normal (baseline) weight bearing on the arthritic pelvic limb, compared with control parrots or parrots treated with meloxicam at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg. All fecal samples collected from parrots following induction of arthritis and treatment with meloxicam had negative results for occult blood.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Meloxicam administered at 1.0 mg/kg, IM, every 12 hours effectively relieved arthritic pain in parrots.
Effect of exercise on thicknesses of mature hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone of equine tarsi
Authors: Tranquille Carolyne A. , Blunden Antony S. , Dyson Sue J. , Parkin Tim D. H. , Goodship Allen E. , Murray Rachel C.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To investigate effects of exercise on hyaline cartilage (HC), calcified cartilage (CC), and subchondral bone (SCB) thickness patterns of equine tarsi.

Sample Population—30 tarsi from cadavers of horses with known exercise history.

Procedures—Tarsi were assigned to 3 groups according to known exercise history as follows: pasture exercise only (PE tarsi), low-intensity general-purpose riding exercise (LE tarsi), and high-intensity elite competition riding exercise (EE tarsi). Osteochondral tissue from distal tarsal joints underwent histologic preparation. Hyaline cartilage, CC, and SCB thickness were measured at standard sites at medial, midline, and lateral locations across joints with a histomorphometric technique.

Results—HC, CC, and SCB thickness were significantly greater at all sites in EE tarsi, compared with PE tarsi; this was also true when LE tarsi were compared with PE tarsi. At specific sites, HC, CC, and SCB were significantly thicker in EE tarsi, compared with LE tarsi. Along the articular surface of the proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone, SCB was thickest in EE tarsi and thinnest in LE tarsi; increases were greatest at sites previously reported to undergo peak strains and osteochondral damage.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased exercise was associated with increased HC, CC, and SCB thickness in mature horses. At sites that undergo high compressive strains, with a reported predisposition to osteoarthritic change, there was increased CC and SCB thickness. These results may provide insight into the interaction between adaptive response to exercise and pathological change.
Use of color flow Doppler ultrasonography to diagnose a bleeding neuroendocrine tumor in the gallbladder of a dog
Authors: Bhandal Jitender , Head Laurie L. , Francis David A. , Foster Robert A. , Berrington Allan
Published: December 2009

Case Description—A 13-year-old neutered female Keeshond-cross was evaluated because of a history of melena, anemia, hematemesis, vomiting, and high serum liver enzyme activities over a 1.5-year period.

Clinical Findings—Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a hyperechoic mass in the gallbladder. In the gallbladder mass itself, a distinct linear blood flow pattern was detected by use of color flow Doppler ultrasonography.

Treatment and Outcome—A cholecystectomy was performed, and clinical signs resolved. Samples of the mass were examined histologically and immunohistochemically, and findings supported a diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor of the gallbladder.

Clinical Relevance—Tumors of the biliary tree are a potential source of blood loss into the gastrointestinal tract. Color flow Doppler ultrasonography in conjunction with conventional grayscale ultrasonography may be useful in evaluation of the gallbladder in dogs. When echogenic material is detected in the gallbladder, it is important to evaluate the region for blood flow.