bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Madness and the Romantic Poet
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This book examines writing that has linked poetry and poets to madness, covering early literary criticism, biography, medical literature, and poetry itself, and moving between the late eighteenth and the twentieth century. More specifically, its purpose is to offer an account of the development and dissemination of the figure of the ‘Romantic mad poet’ in the nineteenth century, and to show how this figure interacted with coeval ideas about genius or creativity, and the varying fortunes in reception and reputation of Romantic poets, poetry, and conceptions of Romanticism generally. The opening sections address the currency of popular myths on the topic, and the relevance of modern psychological studies on mental illness and creativity. The greater part of the book focuses on reception, broadly conceived, discussing the Romantic conversation with classical and early modern ideas about poetic madness; attitudes towards the creative and literary mind in the psychiatric medicine of the period; contemporary reviews of Romantic poetry, and the hostile rhetoric of insanity they deployed; and life-writing, moving from early brief lives and popular anthologies of the ‘infirmities of genius’ to the larger narratives of irrationality in Victorian literary biography. Figures discussed include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake, Hazlitt, Byron, Lamb, Shelley, and Clare. The book reassesses how Romantic writers both contributed to and resisted the construction of the mad poet, or new and rediscovered mythologies of poetic madness. Finally, the Romantic mad poet is considered as an image of the artist in modernity, and the image’s long afterlife and importance are explained.
Conclusion
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

In conclusion, the afterlife and overall importance of the Romantic mad poet as a token of Romanticism’s place in the dual revolutions of political and industrial modernity is reassessed. Images of the convergence of mind and machinery in both imaginative literature and early psychiatric writing are discussed. The main arguments of the book about how the Romantic mad poet emerged and was popularized in the nineteenth century are concluded and summarized, and a series of broader arguments about why the Romantic mad poet became so popular are considered, drawing especially on political and sociological accounts of the idea of ‘genius’.
Partisanship and Conflicting Obligations
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that under certain conditions participation in politics through political parties can contribute to significantly reducing the tension between conflicting obligations experienced by many citizens in contemporary societies, both from a normative and from an empirical point of view. More specifically, the chapter claims that when party politics is a fair scheme of cooperation, the participation of these citizens (and citizens in general) in politics through political parties produces two desirable outcomes for liberal democracies. First, it relaxes the tension between these citizens’ political and non-political obligations, by allowing them to have a greater influence upon political decision-making, and therefore to shape laws and policies in a way that is more responsive to their interests and values. Second, it provides them with a motivation to comply with the laws of their political community, thus enhancing the stability of the polity in which they operate.
Partisanship and the Constraints of Public Reason
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter illustrates the ‘extrinsic’ approach to public reason, i.e. the view that the Rawlsian ideal of public reason imposes significant constraints upon parties and partisans, and that these constraints are external to parties’ goals. The chapter shows that the forums where partisans operate are clearly subject to the constraints of public reason. It then argues that the distinction between constitutional essentials and matters of basic justice and ordinary legislative matters is irrelevant when we consider the fact that parties’ manifestoes and programmes include both kinds of issues, and need to be justified to the public in their comprehensiveness. The chapter further claims that Rawls’s (2005b) ‘wide’ conception of public reason still imposes onerous demands upon elected and campaigning partisans, and concludes by showing that issues of practical implementation cannot be invoked in order to reject the legal enforcement of the duty of civility.
Two Interpretations of the Ramsey Test
Authors: Briggs R.A.
Published: July 2017

According to Adams’ thesis the probability of a conditional is the conditional probability of the consequent given the antecedent. According to Stalnaker semantics, a conditional is true at a world just in case its consequent is true at all closest antecedent worlds to the original world. The chapter argues that Adams’ thesis and Stalnaker semantics are ways of cashing out the same ‘Ramsey test’ idea. Unfortunately, a well-known class of triviality theorems shows that Adams’ thesis and Stalnaker semantics are incompatible. Stefan Kaufmann has proposed (for reasons largely independent of the triviality theorems) a revised version of Adams’ thesis, which the chapter calls Kaufmann’s thesis. The chapter proves that combining Kaufmann’s thesis with Stalnaker semantics leads to ‘local triviality’ results, which seem just as absurd as the original triviality results for Adams’ thesis.
Causation, Intervention, and Agency
Authors: Price Huw
Published: July 2017

In his influential book Making Things Happen (2003) and elsewhere, James Woodward has noted some affinities between his own interventionist account of causation and the view defended by Peter Menzies and Huw Price in ‘Causation as a Secondary Quality’ (British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1993), but argued that the latter view is implausibly ‘subjective’. This chapter discusses Woodward’s criticisms. It argues (i) that the Menzies and Price view is not as different from Woodward’s own account as he believes; (ii) that insofar as it is different, it has some advantages whose importance Woodward misses; and (iii) that the Menzies and Price view lacks some elements whose importance Woodward rightly stresses. It also argues that when properly characterized, the ‘subjectivity’ of the Menzies and Price view survives unscathed—and that Woodward’s interventionism is stronger for embracing it.
Were there Prophets in the Jahiliyya?
Authors: Hawting Gerald
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the evidence that there were individuals other than Muhammad who proclaimed themselves prophets in Arabia in the seventh century. Regarding the Ridda prophets, they are generally portrayed as imitators of Muhammad rather than as his rivals. In the case of others said to have claimed prophethood, the evidence is more limited than some scholars have suggested, and reflects motifs elaborated by the traditional Muslim scholars. For Khālid b. Sinān and Ibn Ṣayyād the evidence is more complex and intractable. The material on them partly reflects to the needs and impulses of the traditional scholars, but questions remain. The evidence that Muhammad was part of a prophetic movement in Arabia is not strong. Obviously, Islam did emerge in a society familiar with the biblical tradition of prophecy as it had evolved in Late Antiquity, but traditional accounts of the Jahiliyya are not primarily factual accounts regarding that society.
Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes
Authors: Pruysers Scott , Cross William P. , Gauja Anika , Rahat Gideon
Published: July 2017

Using data from the Political Party Database, this chapter analyses the impact of the internal structures and rules of political parties on women’s representation (conceptualized as the number of female candidates nominated). It examines the impact of candidate selection methods (inclusive/exclusive, centralized/decentralized), gender quotas, the presence of intra-party women’s organizations, reserved positions in party institutions, and candidacy requirements. The multivariate analysis reveals that state-level gender quotas have a significant positive effect on the number of women nominated, as does the presence of women in positions of authority, such as in parliament and on party executives. Interestingly, the authors find that the formal rules adopted by parties concerning candidate selection (including candidate selection rules) do not make a significant difference when considering representational outcomes.
Formal and Informal Power
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

The main argument of this chapter is that the concentration-of-power hypothesis—the idea that reform capacity is higher under power-concentration institutions—only holds, if at all, in societies where interest groups have negligible informal power. Where interest groups have significant power, sharing formal power among several political parties may lead to higher reform capacity than a concentration of power. The chapter shows that reform capacity tends to be low if power-concentration institutions are situated in societies where interest groups are strong enough to threaten to block reforms, but not strong enough for the government to treat them as a permanent interlocutor. The chapter's empirical sections are concerned with labor market reforms in European Union member states, pension reforms and employment-protection reforms in France, and political strikes in the advanced democracies.
Future-Oriented Reforms
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

Theories of policymaking need to take into account that political institutions, and decision-makers, are situated in time. This chapter shows that when it comes to reforms with investment-like properties—policy changes that are associated with short-term costs and long-term benefits—reform capacity can be higher in power-sharing systems than in power-concentration systems. The reason is that investment-like reforms are associated with great political risks in countries with winner-takes-all political competition. The chapter's empirical sections are concerned with two types of future-oriented reforms: reforms of old-age pension systems and reforms of tax systems. Power sharing has been associated with high levels of reform capacity in both of these policy areas.
James Joyce and the Phenomenology of Film
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

James Joyce and the Phenomenology of Film reappraises the lines of influence said to exist between Joyce’s writing and early cinema and provides an alternative to previous psychoanalytic readings of Joyce and film. Through a compelling combination of historical research and critical analysis, Cleo Hanaway-Oakley demonstrates that Joyce, early film-makers, and phenomenologists (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, in particular) share a common enterprise: all are concerned with showing, rather than explaining, the ‘inherence of the self in the world’. Instead of portraying an objective, neutral world, bereft of human input, Joyce, the film-makers, and the phenomenologists present embodied, conscious engagement with the environment and others: they are interested in the world-as-it-is-lived and transcend the seemingly rigid binaries of seer/seen, subject/object, absorptive/theatrical, and personal/impersonal. This book re-evaluates the history of body- and spectator-focused film theories, placing Merleau-Ponty at the centre of the discussion, and considers the ways in which Joyce may have encountered such theories. In a wealth of close analyses, Joyce’s fiction is read alongside the work of early film-makers such as Charlie Chaplin, Georges Méliès, and Mitchell and Kenyon, and in relation to the philosophical dimensions of early cinematic devices such as the Mutoscope, the stereoscope, and the panorama. By putting Joyce’s literary work—Ulysses above all—into dialogue with both early cinema and phenomenology, this book elucidates and enlivens literature, film, and philosophy.
Tactile Vision and Enworlded Being
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

Stephen’s musings on the pre-cinematic ‘stereoscope’ are discussed in relation to Bloom’s contemplation of parallax and his mention of the ‘Mutoscope’. The three-dimensionality, tangibility, and tactility of stereoscopic perception is analysed alongside Bloom’s and Gerty’s encounter in ‘Nausicaa’ and the Merleau-Pontian concepts of ‘flesh’ and ‘intercorporeity’. The bodily effects of projected cinema—achieved through virtual film worlds, virtual film bodies, and the intercorporeity of film and spectator—are discussed through reference to panorama, phantom ride, and crash films. The dizzying effects of some of these films are compared to the vertiginous nature of the ‘Wandering Rocks’ episode of Ulysses; these cinematic and literary vestibular disturbances are elucidated through gestalt theory and the phenomenological concepts of ‘intention’, ‘attention’, and the ‘phenomenal field’. Finally, the relationship between the self and the other is considered, through a discussion of cinematic mirroring in Ulysses and in Mitchell and Kenyon’s fin de siècle Living Dublin films.
Writing Contemporary History in Medieval England
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses the question of why so many people in England at the end of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth chose to write contemporary history. A distinctive feature of historical writing in Angevin England is the attention paid to recent events. Here, various possible explanations for this trend are advanced, including the prominence of secular writers in this period, the inheritance of a body of English history written by an earlier generation, political developments from the 1170s onwards, and a greater attention to modernity in certain intellectual circles. It is suggested that among the most important contributory factors are the dramatic events themselves of the last decades of the twelfth century.
Roger of Howden
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at the work of Roger of Howden, whose two massive chronicles are fundamental to our understanding of political life in the last decades of the twelfth century, paying particular attention to his use of sources. Roger’s chronicles provide an account of public events under Kings Henry II and Richard I that is unrivalled in volume and detail. Howden played a role in royal and ecclesiastical government, but it is argued here that it is only with difficulty that we can use his works as evidence of his own view of the events that he reports. His work is distinguished by its use of administrative and legal texts, but an analysis of his use of sources shows that he also drew on a much wider range of written materials, often without acknowledgement. In fact, when we read Howden’s words, we are often reading the words of others too.
William of Newburgh
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at the work of William of Newburgh, one of the most highly acclaimed of medieval English historians. William’s work has been praised for its critical approach to historical evidence, and noted for its reflective nature, so that it has often been seen as a commentary on recent events. Here the character of his interpretive approach is examined, focusing on his ideas of historical causation. Also addressed here is the question of the edificatory nature of William’s work, and of contemporary historiography in general. It is argued that, while William was certainly aware of the moral lessons that history taught, his first task was to use the moral lessons taught by earlier historians, theologians, and other writers, as a means by which recent events could be interpreted.
Gervase of Canterbury and Ralphof Coggeshall
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter takes as its subject two monastic writers, Gervase of Canterbury and Ralph of Coggeshall. Gervase wrote a history of England focused on a particular place, the cathedral church of Canterbury, and follows a Canterbury tradition of writing about the struggles of that church within the broader scope of English history. Ralph’s work appears much less coherent in its subject matter and approach, combining short annals with long, detailed narratives, and ranging in subject matter from high politics to the supernatural. Here these two works are used as contrasting illustrations of the scope and integrity of English historiography in this period. It is argued that while Gervase’s work shows a strong consistency of purpose, Ralph’s reminds us of the fragmentary and discontinuous nature of much of medieval historical writing.
Henry II and Angevin Kingship
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines portraits of King Henry II written by three courtier-clerks, Peter of Blois, Gerald of Wales, and Walter Map. These descriptions of Henry’s appearance and character are frequently quoted in modern histories, but are seldom analysed for their literary influences. In this chapter it is shown that they are strongly influenced by a tradition of royal portraiture going back to Suetonius and mediated by Einhard, William of Malmesbury, and others. More surprisingly, perhaps, they also have a very contemporary character, influenced by currently fashionable ideas of the courtly king, ideas that are more often associated with Henry’s son Richard.
The Rise and Fall of Henry II
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses biographical representations of King Henry II. Though no medieval biography of the king survives, many contemporaries attempted to trace the arc of his life and make sense of his rise and fall. Best known is Gerald of Wales’s devastating picture of the king in his late work De Principis Instructione, but, as is shown here, this narrative of the king’s life had already begun to take shape before his death. Other writers, both hostile and sympathetic, presented Henry as a king who had been raised to greatness by God but failed to repent for his sins, and consequently suffered divine vengeance.
The derivations into the interfaces
Authors: Lobina David J.
Published: July 2017

The structure of a given linguistic expression and the structure of the derivation that generates such an expression are two very different things; hence, they need not bear an isomorphic relationship. This chapter shows that the derivations of linguistic expressions are not recursive in the sense of computer science: there are no self-calls, and thus no deferred operations. Instead, the combination of merge, interface conditions, lexical items, and general computational properties brings about an iterative process, even if every stage of a derivation is recursively generated, keeping to the subtle distinction discussed in chapter 1 between recursively specified algorithms and the actual computational processes being executed at any particular point—in other words, a distinction between procedures and processes.
The universality and uniqueness of recursion-in-language
Authors: Lobina David J.
Published: July 2017

The role of recursion in language is universal and unique. It is universal because the (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) geometry is the type of structuring that all phrases and all languages unequivocally adhere to, and complexes of such phrases constitute a general recursive structure. It is unique because the asymmetric nature of [(Specifier)-[Head-Complement(s)]] structures is unattested in other domains of human cognition or in the cognition of other animal species. The common claim that not all languages manifest recursive structures is usually couched in terms of self-embedded sentences, a particular sub-type of the (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) geometry. The increasingly common claim that certain representations in human general cognition or in the animal kingdom are isomorphic to language’s recursive structures is the result of great simplification of the representations under comparison, which undercuts the force of the argument. Linguistic structures in the form of bundles of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) remain quirky through and through—and universal in language.
On recursive parsing
Authors: Lobina David J.
Published: July 2017

The processing of a linguistic expression, when viewed as a complex of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) phrases (SHCs), whilst suggestive of a recursive solution—that is, a sentence is a matrix SHC (subject-verb-object) composed of internal SHCs and the completion of the overall task is divisible into smaller but equivalent subtasks—in fact proceeds iteratively. This is here shown by manipulating the memory load of processing SHCs and measuring the reaction times of participants to extraneous tones placed at specific places within a sentence. The results show that there is a decreasing tendency in reaction times across a sentence, this pattern being explained in terms of two different types of uncertainty, a linguistic type and a more perceptual type. The results are discussed in the context of classic results with the tone-monitoring technique and future work along these lines is announced.
Probing recursion
Authors: Lobina David J.
Published: July 2017

The experimental probing of recursion in human performance is fraught with non-trivial problems. Here, a number of case studies from the literature are analysed that contrast with the approach set out in chapter 5, and it is proposed that they give little information about the underlying mental processes at play within each of these domains. Among the questions discussed are whether experimental participants employ recursive rules in parsing artificial strings of nonsense syllables, the role of self-embedded structures in reasoning and general cognition, and the reputed connection between structural features of a visuospatial object and the corresponding recursive rules needed to represent or generate it. What a recursive process would actually look like and how one could go about probing its presence in human behaviour is then re-emphasized.
A Realistic Color Realism
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter draws a distinction between rough and precise colors. Rough colors are picked out by such basic color terms as “red,” “blue,” “pink,” “gray,” and so on. Precise colors, on the other hand, correspond to precise locations in standard color spaces. There is a natural temptation to suppose that the prospects for a realism about precise colors are inseparably yoked to the prospects of a realism about rough colors. But despite the tempting simplicity of this view, the chapter argues that the most realistic version of color realism would hold that only rough colors can ever truly be predicated of objects. Precise color vocabulary, on the other hand, is appropriate only for descriptions of experiences.
Friendlier Rivals
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers Keith Allen’s heroic primitivism and Derek Brown’s layering view. Both views hold that our experience of a color can vary with perspective, without that variation entailing any error or illusion. But Allen rejects one of the core theses of the hybrid view; he takes the existence of widespread agreement about rough objective colors to suggest that disagreements about precise color appearances reflect a lack of precision in our visual systems, rather than the absence of a precise fact of the matter. That is, he seems to hold that there is always a precise and determinate fact of the matter regarding the objective colors of objects. And Brown takes a similar view, holding that the colors of opaque surfaces can be located, precisely, in HSL space or something similar. The chapter argues that this determinacy assumption leads to problems.
Introduction
Authors: Constantakopoulou Christy
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of Delos, with particular emphasis on the period of Independence (314–166 BC). It examines the image of the Delian ‘parasite’, and explains it as essentially the result of a negative approach towards the Delians’ reliance to outsiders. The chapter discusses the nature of the sources, and the importance of epigraphy. What allows us to write the history of Delos is the plethora of Delian inscriptions: inventories, accounts, and decrees, among others. The chapter then discusses network theory and regionalism as the two main methodological approaches employed in the book, and presents a summary of the four case studies discussed in the book.
The Politics of Connectivity
Authors: Constantakopoulou Christy
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the history of the Islanders’ League (koinon ton nesioton), a federal organization centred on Delos, from the late fourth until the middle of the third century. It discusses the evidence of structure, key officials, and membership. The main source of evidence for the history of the League is a number of key decrees that the League produced and published on Delos, including the Nicouria decree. The chapter proposes that the Islanders’ League is the expression of a strong regional island identity, and emphasizes the islanders’ own agency in the processes of negotiation of power in the heavily contested space of the third-century Aegean.
Conclusions
Authors: Constantakopoulou Christy
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the previous case studies. It discusses the four networks examined over the course of the book,. The first case study explores the history of the Islanders’ League. It proposes that the League is the expression of a strong regional island identity. The second case study focuses on the history of monumentalization of Delos. By exploring the different funding sources for building activity on Delos, it shows the active engagement of the Delian community, the Hellenistic kings, and other non-royal individuals in the monumentalization processes. The third case study examines the Delian network of honours which was geographically immense, with the southern Aegean as the primary region of local interaction, and with specific clustering beyond this primary region. The fourth case study focuses on the evidence of the Delian inventories in order to reconstruct the social dynamics of dedication.
‘He was but a Yong Man’
Authors: McClune Kate
Published: July 2017

This chapter analyses the presentation of the figure of King Arthur in a selection of Scots chronicles and romances. It considers Scots ambivalence towards the figure of Arthur, and examines this against the perennial Scots concern with the problem of youthful kingship. In doing so, it highlights a hitherto neglected aspect in the equivocal Scottish treatments of Arthur: the issue of age. It argues that the varied nature of Arthur’s characterization is related to the extreme youth of the true heir (in Scots tradition at least), Modred, and a corresponding anxiety about minority rule which reflects contemporary Scots concerns. It concludes with an analysis of Malory’s Morte Darthur and points to hitherto unnoticed parallels in the English tradition.
Theoretical versus Practical Security
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we consider the relationship between theoretical and practical security of a cryptosystem. The concept of perfect secrecy is introduced, and the one-time pad is exhibited as a cryptosystem having this property. We explain why the one-time pad offers the best possible theoretical security that any cryptosystem can have. We then identify reasons why the one-time pad may well be insecure when adopted in practice. The compromises real cryptosystems adopt for reasons of practicality are investigated with the intention of working towards a notion of practical security of a cryptosystem.
Control of Cryptography
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we will discuss the complex issue of controlling the use of cryptography. We will identify a societal dilemma that arises from the use of cryptography. We will present arguments for and against control of use of cryptography, as well as identifying a number of different strategies for doing so. We will then review various historical approaches that have been adopted for trying to control the use of cryptography, including backdoors, export controls, and key escrow. We then consider the control of cryptography in the modern era, illustrating that the ubiquity and complexity of technology using cryptography provides both challenges and opportunities for undermining cryptographic protection.
Family Relationships and Gender Equality in the Social Investment Discourse
Authors: Saraceno Chiara
Published: July 2017

The social investment approach (SIA) with regard to gendered family arrangements might be defined as a dual defamilization: of women and children. This dual defamilization, however, presents risks, particularly for women, in so far it strongly delegitimizes family/mother’s caring as a valuable activity, with the additional risks of, on the one hand, undermining the trend towards more male caring and, on the other hand, of presenting low-educated mothers’ caring as a liability for their children. In order to be effective, the SIA should address in a systematic way both the issue of social inequality and that of non-paid work and activities as meaningful ones, deserving themselves time and social investment. It should also address the risk of creating a new dichotomy between people deserving (e.g. children, the young) and undeserving (e.g. the old, the severely disabled, the ‘inactivable’) of social investment.
Social Investment and the Service Economy Trilemma
Authors: Wren Anne
Published: July 2017

This chapter identifies a key role for social investment policies as the basis for sustainable service economy growth models. It argues that public investment in university, school, and early childhood education is absolutely critical to the development of an appropriate workforce for the expansion of knowledge-intensive service sectors. In an era of deindustrialization, successful expansion in these sectors is essential if the unappealing set of trade-offs between fiscal responsibility, employment creation, and equality embodied in the service economy ‘trilemma’ are to be avoided.
Practical Pluralism in the Empirical Study of Social Investment
Authors: Burgoon Brian
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the empirical challenges of understanding the socioeconomic implications of social investment welfare reform. Such understanding is crucial to gauging the pay-offs and pitfalls of social investment, but is also extremely difficult, given the complex character of social investment and its multiple and interacting consequences for work and well-being. Such complexity, the chapter contends, yields an unusually strong tension between relevance and rigour that dooms any dialogue among social scientists and practitioners with clashing methodological commitments. The present study argues in favour of a practical pluralism to facilitate such dialogue. This pluralism entails combining and comparing empirical work across the full spectrum of relevance and rigour. The chapter illustrates the problems and pluralist solutions with a combination of macro-country-year and macro-individual-year analysis of how active labour-market policies (ALMP) affect the poverty of vulnerable citizens.
Developing and Spreading a Social Investment Perspective
Authors: Jenson Jane
Published: July 2017

In the mid-1990s, the practice of international organizations began to cohere around the social investment perspective, with strategies that were child-centred and advocated human capital investments for economic growth and social development. This chapter examines the World Bank, which endorsed the policy instrument of conditional cash transfers (CCT) to allow very poor families to invest in children’s health and education—a stock-plus-buffer strategy. Then it scans the OECD, which recommended early childhood education to ensure human capital development and the labour-market activation of parents—a stock-plus-flow strategy. Both organizations developed anti-poverty positions with attention to the intergenerational transfer of disadvantage and investments in human capital. This similarity has declined in recent years, as the World Bank incorporated the social investment perspective into its new inclusive growth frame, while the OECD turned its attention to problems of inequality rather than poverty and thereby associated itself less with the social investment perspective.
The Impact of Social Investment Reforms on Income and Activation in the Netherlands
Authors: Soentken Menno , Hooren Franca van , Rice Deborah
Published: July 2017

In this chapter we assess the buffer and flow dimension of the social investment state for early school leavers and lone parents in the Netherlands. By applying an ‘at-risk household-type model’, we show that the buffer function of the welfare state for the two risk groups out of work has declined in the last decade, particularly for early school leavers. On the other hand, the buffer function, in terms of minimum income protection, for those risk groups that have acquired paid employment has significantly improved. In terms of labour-market flow, we show that capacitation of risk groups is an explicit aim of service delivery at the local level in the Netherlands. On the other hand, capacitation was brought in jeopardy by recent budget, which undermined the flow function for precarious risk groups. Both the buffer and flow function of the Dutch social investment state point to an ambivalent reform path.
Ireland
Authors: O’Donnell Rory , Thomas Damian
Published: July 2017

Ireland’s hybrid welfare system was extended in the period of economic growth from the early 1990s to 2008, and there were some efforts to provide tailored services. A social investment perspective emerged as an overlapping consensus within the social partnership system. The crisis forced a massive fiscal consolidation and ended the partnership approach. After 2008, some reforms had a social investment element, but it remains unclear whether the organizational structures are being created to deliver tailored capacitating services. The Irish case prompts thought about the relation between piecemeal cases of tailored services and a wider, well-articulated, social investment programme. It also illustrates a shift from service provision through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the 1990s, to a focus on reform of state services since the crisis. There is potential for a broad coalition in support of social investment, but this raises political risks and poses profound organization challenges.
Social Investment for a Cohesive and Competitive European Union
Authors: Astor Evelyn , Fransen Lieve , Vothknecht Marc
Published: July 2017

This chapter sets out why an SIA is of timely and crucial importance for European member states to meet the challenges of increased poverty and social exclusion, demographic ageing and increasingly knowledge-based societies, as well as to deliver on the EU’s objective of upward social convergence. The chapter outlines the key elements of an SIA that the European Commission has sought to take forward in its policy guidance. The Commission’s efforts to support reforms in this direction are discussed, ranging from the mobilization of governance instruments and funds, to financial support for research, innovation, and capacity building, and the development of assessment frameworks in support of evidence-based policy reform. Finally, the chapter explores some potential avenues for further work, at both EU and country level, to support and monitor the implementation of policy reforms.
Social Investment as a Policy Platform
Authors: Vandenbroucke Frank
Published: July 2017

This contribution argues for a truly reciprocal social investment pact for Europe: member states should be committed to policies that respond to the need for social investment; simultaneously, member states’ efforts in this direction—notably efforts by those in a difficult budgetary context—should be supported in a tangible way. Social investment is a policy perspective that should be based on a broad consensus between people who may entertain certain disagreements regarding the level of their empirical and/or normative understanding of the social world. For that reason, the expression of an ‘overlapping consensus’ is used for delineating social investment advocacy. Data on education spending show that we are far removed from a social investment perspective at the European Union (EU) level. This underscores the fact that social investment advocates need to clearly consider the role the EU has to play in social investment progress.
The Uses of Affordable Social Investment
Authors: Hemerijck Anton
Published: July 2017

The final chapter concludes with five contemporary ‘uses’ of social investment, in full recognition of limits underscored by critics. The first ‘use’ of social investment therefore concerns its ‘paradigmatic’ bearings. To what extent does social investment represent a distinct policy paradigm for twenty-first-century welfare capitalism? A second ‘use’ relates to paradigm change, in the sense of theoretical progress inspiring interdisciplinary methodological innovation, in particular with respect to the empirical assessment of well-being ‘returns’ on social investment. The third more practical ‘use’ covers the identification of virtuous social investment policy mixes of ‘stocks’, ‘flows’, and ‘buffers’. The fourth ‘use’ is geographically confined to the European conundrum of overcoming the fiscal austerity to make way for social investment reform, as means to reignite socioeconomic convergence, at least for the Eurozone. The more general final use of social investment bears on the ‘politics of social investment’ in the aftermath of the financial crisis.
Diploma Democracy
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

Lay politics lies at the heart of democracy. Every adult citizen has the constitutional right to run for office. Contemporary political practices are diametrically opposed to this constitutional ideal. University graduates have come to dominate all relevant political institutions. This rise of a political meritocracy is part of larger trend. In the information society, educational background is a very significant social marker. Like class, or religion, educational background is an important source of social and political divides. This chapter introduces the central argument and what we mean by diploma democracy and the rise of political meritocracy. A diploma democracy is a democracy which is dominated by the citizens with the highest formal educational qualifications. In less academic terms: a diploma democracy is ruled by the citizens with the highest degrees.
Democracy
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

There is not one model of democracy, but there are several. These models differ in the emphasis they put on the different yardsticks that are used to assess the quality of democratic processes. We look first at different understandings of democracy and the principal elements underlying them, notably representation, responsiveness, accountability, and legitimacy. Evaluations of the rise of diploma democracy may vary greatly, depending on the way these different yardsticks are perceived. Then we address how the democratic expansion in the past decades has opened up new opportunities for many citizens to participate and to voice concerns. Yet, as we shall show in the book, this has at the same time closed down opportunities for other citizens to influence decision-making, and paved the way for a diploma democracy.
The Consequences of Diploma Democracy
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

Why bother about the rise of diploma democracy? We discuss the consequences of diploma democracy for each of the elements of democracy—representation, responsiveness, accountability, and legitimacy—that we distinguished in Chapter 3. Descriptive representation matters for symbolic, heuristic, and democratic reasons. The over-representation of university graduates in parliament is simply not in line with the preferences of large parts of the electorate. Moreover, educational background is not politically neutral. Different levels of education may lead to diverging preferences and standards, particularly with regard to cultural issues. Because the higher educated are over-represented among political participants and politicians, the political agenda tends to be biased towards their priorities and preferences. This may cause cynicism and distrust. A diploma democracy may not remain stable if large parts of the population feel they are no longer represented politically, and if they have no hope of being able to improve their social position.
The political background to arts in health
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

In recent decades, there has been an increasing number of national policy and strategy papers discussing arts in health in countries around the world. Some of this activity has been driven by national arts bodies, championing the value of the arts in health and wellbeing and advocating for their inclusion within core arts funding and practice. Other activity has been led by health bodies, including health departments within governments and health services themselves. This chapter explores some of the most influential documents and considers their implication for research and practice. It draws on case studies of activity within Ireland, the UK, the USA, Australia, and Nordic countries.
Defining arts in health
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores what ‘arts in health’ actually is. It considers some of the existing models for explaining the scope of arts in health practice and proposes a new way of categorizing arts in health activity. It outlines seven of the key areas of activity, including the use of arts and design in the healthcare environment, participatory arts programmes for specific patient groups, general arts activities in everyday life, arts in psychotherapy, arts in healthcare technology, arts-based training, and arts in health education. For each, a brief history of the development of activity is provided along with case studies of practice and resources for learning more. The chapter also considers how arts in health sits in relation to other fields such as medical humanities.
Conceptualizing and planning interventions
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter outlines the first four stages in the process of designing and delivering arts in health interventions. Using business models from industry, management, and health care, it provides a step-by-step guide to conceptualizing and planning effective arts in health interventions that meet a real need within health care. It shows how to scope national and local opportunities, identify specific challenges that the arts could address, select appropriate target groups, understand the needs of patients, public, and staff, undertake consultations, identify relevant research, develop initial ideas, plan for a pilot, and model the impact that the intervention could have. These steps will provide the foundation for a creative and novel intervention with the potential to have real impact and sustainability.
An introduction to research
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores what we mean by ‘research’ in relation to arts in health: what its purpose is and how it differs from evaluation or audits. It questions whether arts in health research is ‘exceptional’ or different from other sorts of research in health, examining some of the most frequent misconceptions about research in this field. It also considers some of the debates around issues such as whether the arts can be assessed using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and how quantitative research can capture the essence of an arts intervention. It explores different types of disciplinary working and proposes how the arts and health can be researched effectively together. Finally, the chapter provides top tips for research and recommends journals and conferences for keeping up-to-date with research findings.
A step-by-step approach to the research process
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter maps the four stages involved in a research process, giving an overview of each one and providing sources for more in-depth information such as specific research methods books. The first stage involves developing the idea for a research study, including identifying a research problem, developing research questions and hypotheses, developing a theory, assessing the feasibility of an intervention, choosing a study team, and involving patients and the public. The second stage involves designing a research study, including deciding on a research design and selecting the research methods. The third stage involves running the research study and assessing whether it has been run with enough fidelity to the initial plan to provide viable data. The fourth stage is the outcome of the research study, including deciding how to report results, how to disseminate findings, and whether findings can lead to further implementation of the intervention or further research.
Fact file 10: Public health
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Public health is defined by the World Health Organisation as ‘the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society’.(1) Public health looks at populations, from small communities through to entire continents, identifying factors that cause and exacerbate physical and mental health problems, and promoting healthy behaviours. Public health is an inter-disciplinary field that incorporates epidemiology, healthcare services, behavioural health, health economics, and public policy, among others....
Conclusion
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

The chapter offers a concluding synthesis of Borges’s geopolitical and postcolonial thinking, organized around the concepts of i) Argentine culture; ii) personal, national, and regional perspectives on identity; iii) history; iv) East and West; and v) creole ethnicity. It calls for recognition of Borges as not only a precursor, but in fact as a prototype of the postcolonial intellectual in the mould of Joyce, Césaire, or Said. In tandem with, for example, Uruguayan intellectuals Eduardo Galeano and Joaquín Torres García, Borges articulates a postcolonialism that speaks for the River Plate. At the same time, he remains a distinctive, individual voice; a creative writer who is instantly recognizable in his mastery of many forms and kinds of verse and prose.