bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Diversity and Economic Development in the Metropolis
Authors: Thomas June Manning , Darnton Julia
Published: October 2006

Theories of regional economic development are increasingly focused on understanding the reasons for metropolitan economic growth. The “creative capital” perspective argues that such growth is extremely dependent on the presence of four main conditions: technology, talent, tolerance, and good quality of place. This article examines evidence for the importance of tolerance in promoting metropolitan economic development. Through his analysis, Richard Florida studied the association of economic growth with the presence of gays and lesbians, bohemians, immigrants, and racial minorities. Literature confirms that diversity is an important component of economic development, although this does not appear to be fully explained by Florida’s creative-cities model.
Pursuing Rural Sustainability at the Regional Level: Key Lessons from the Literature on Institutions, Integration, and the Environment
Authors: Morrison T. H.
Published: October 2006

Regional institutional integration is viewed by many as an essential precursor to the achievement of rural sustainability in that it addresses increasing concerns about institutional complexity in rural areas and the need to manage ecosystems at a bioregional scale. Governments are requiring planners to engage citizens, organizations, and institutions in regional strategic planning, regional organizational amalgamation, and regional administrative-boundary reconfiguration to achieve such integration. Despite this popularity, these approaches still are not well thought out. In particular, there has been little critical hypothesis development on institutions and regional integration by which planning practice toward achieving rural sustainability can be guided. This article seeks to show how certain elements of the scholarship in a range of disciplines within and outside planning can shed light on the different dimensions of this concept. This review enables important lessons to be drawn for planners, citizens, and governments concerned with institutions, integration, and the environment.
Cognitive-Affective Predictors of Women’s Readiness to End Domestic Violence Relationships
Authors: Shurman Lauren A. , Rodriguez Christina M.
Published: October 2006

A model of women’s readiness to terminate an abusive relationship was examined, using cognitive and emotional factors to predict readiness to change as conceptualized in the transtheoretical model. Factors previously identified in the domestic violence literature were selected to represent cognitive predictors (attribution and attachment style) and affective predictors (depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and anger) of readiness to end a domestic violence relationship. Responses by 85 female victims of intimate partner violence indicated that their overall readiness to terminate a relationship was predicted by a preoccupied attachment style and high emotional arousal. However, women’s low level of anger predicted their precontemplation of change, the earliest stage of readiness, whereas internalizing emotional difficulties and preoccupation with their batterer predicted maintenance, the final stage of readiness to persist in their decision to leave their abuser. Implications of these findings for working with women considering leaving their partner are discussed.
Childhood Gender Atypicality, Victimization, and PTSD Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth
Authors: D’Augelli Anthony R. , Grossman Arnold H. , Starks Michael T.
Published: October 2006

This study examined childhood gender atypicality, lifetime victimization based on sexual orientation, and current mental health, including trauma symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among 528 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Nearly 80% reported verbal victimization, 11% physical, and 9% sexual, with males reporting significantly more victimization. Victimization began, on average, at age 13. Verbal attacks occurred as early as age 6, physical attacks at 8, and sexual attacks at 9. Youth who were considered gender atypical in childhood reported more victimization and more current mental health symptoms. PTSD was found in 9% of youth and was associated with past physical victimization.
Factors Influencing Help-Seeking From Informal Networks Among African American Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Morrison Katherine E. , Luchok Kathryn J. , Richter Donna L. , Parra-Medina Deborah
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the challenges African-American women in abusive relationships face when they consider seeking-help from their informal networks. Data are reported from interviews with 15 African-American women who were self-identified as having survived physical intimate partner violence. A 13-item, semi-structured interview guide was developed in order to elicit information from participants. All of the interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for analysis. This analysis revealed emergent themes from these interviews concerning the social factors and perceptions that influence help-seeking behavior. Participants perceived their informal networks as willing to offer instrumental support. However, informal networks were not emotionally supportive. Participants also noted that the African-American community at-large believes victims of violence to be “stupid” for remaining in violent relationships. Additional results are also discussed. Results may be used to help enhance efforts to reduce the rates of intimate partner violence among African-Americans.
The LATCH Scoring System and Prediction of Breastfeeding Duration
Authors: Kumar Savitri P. , Mooney Roberta , Wieser Linda J. , Havstad Suzanne
Published: October 2006

This study aimed to determine whether LATCH scores assessed by professional staff during in-hospital stays are predictive of breastfeeding at 6 weeks. Participants were English-speaking breastfeeding women, 18 years or older, with healthy singletons. LATCH scores were obtained once every 8 hours on day 1 and daily subsequently until discharge. Data were obtained from hospital charts and telephone interviews on day 4 and week 6 postdelivery. At 6 weeks, 188 of 248 (76%) women were contacted and 66.5% were breastfeeding. LATCH scores were higher among women breastfeeding than those who had weaned. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, a score of 9 or above at 16 to 24 hours was the most discriminate of the 5 time periods examined (area under the ROC curve = 0.72). Furthermore, women who met this criterion were 1.7 times more likely to be breastfeeding at 6 weeks than women with lower scores. The LATCH assessment tool is a modest predictor of breastfeeding duration.
Assessment of Breastfeeding Practices and Reasons for Success in a Military Community Hospital
Authors: Haas David M. , Howard Carolyn S. , Christopher Marlene , Rowan Katherine , Broga Mary C. , Corey Tani
Published: October 2006

The authors’ objectives were (1) to assess factors associated with breastfeeding rates in the early postpartum period and (2) to assess factors contributing to successful breastfeeding among an active-duty and military-dependent population. In September 2002, a baseline breastfeeding survey was administered to women presenting for infant or postpartum care in a military health care facility. A lactation service was then established, and between May and September 2004, a cross-sectional survey was subsequently conducted. Surveys assessed demographics, breastfeeding history and practices, and perceived reasons for success and discontinuation. A total of 934 surveys were collected. Ninety-two percent of women initiated breastfeeding. Eighty-five percent were breastfeeding at 1 week. The rate was 67.0% at 6 weeks and 61.7% at 6 months. Prior breastfeeding experience predicted continued breast-feeding at 6 weeks (OR 2.04); higher education level predicted breastfeeding at 6 months (OR 2.55). Breastfeeding rates increased after the establishment of a lactation service.
Characteristics of Victims Coarrested for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Houry Debra , Reddy Sudha , Parramore Constance
Published: October 2006

This study evaluated the frequency of coarrest in female victims who utilized 911 for intimate partner violence (IPV) and any patterns or circumstances that increased the likelihood of coarrest. All cases of police-documented IPV where a female IPV victim was arrested in conjunction with the perpetrator were included. Each incident report was reviewed to determine demographic characteristics of the victim, weapon and substance involvement, presence of children, and violence severity. Of IPV victims, 9% (131 of 1,489) were arrested. Having a weapon, alcohol use, not being married, and older age were associated with increased likelihood of arrest ( p < .001). The presence of a child decreased the likelihood of victim arrest ( p < .001). Race, prior incidents of IPV, offender restraining order, and incident severity were not significantly associated with coarrest. Although coarrest occurred in a minority of cases, it may deter victims from contacting police for future incidents of police.
Sexual Violence and Reproductive Health Among Young People in Three Communities in Jamaica
Authors: Waszak Geary Cynthia , Wedderburn Maxine , McCarraher Donna , Cuthbertson Carmen , Pottinger Audrey
Published: October 2006

A secondary analysis of data collected from 1,130 young people ages 15 to 24 in a population-based household survey to assess the reproductive health needs of young people in three communities in Jamaica was conducted to determine the relationships among three measures of sexual violence, background variables, three measures of sexual risk taking (early sexual debut, multiple partners, and no condom at last sex), and two reproductive health outcomes (genital discharge within the past 12 months and pregnancy). In the multivariate analyses, forced first sex increased the likelihood of genital discharge among males (odds ratio, OR = 5.33) and females (OR = 2.02) and pregnancy among females (OR = 2.05), controlling for background characteristics and sexual risk taking. Associations between sexual violence and reported genital discharge and pregnancy that were not mediated by our measures of sexual risk taking were found. More research into the causal mechanisms for this association is needed.
Improvement of the Impact Damage Resistance of BMI/Graphite Laminates by the Ex-situ Method
Authors: Cheng Qunfeng , Fang Zhengping , Xu Yahong , Yi Xiao-Su
Published: October 2006

High-performance bismaleimide (BMI) matrix composites reinforced with graphite fibers were prepared and toughened with a thermoplastic component (PEK-C) by using different toughening methods. Four experimental options were conducted using the neat BMI matrix, toughened BMI matrix with PEKC, BMI laminates periodically interleaved with neat PEK-C films (Ex-situ concept 1) and BMI laminates periodically interleaved with BMI/PEK-C blend films (Ex-situ concept 2), respectively. The laminates were tested for compression strength after impact using an impact energy of 2 J mm-1. The highest impact damage resistance was obtained for the laminates toughened using the Ex-situ concept 2, especially, when PEK-C/BMI two-component films, cast from a mixture of PEK-C: BMI = 60: 40 were interleaved between the BMI laminate plies. Interleaving the pure thermoplastic film also gave good results (Ex-situ concept 1). There were two peak temperatures evident in the dynamic mechanical thermal analyses of the ex-situ toughened laminates implying that phase separation had occurred. The glass transition temperature of the toughened BMI laminates was slightly reduced due to the lower glass transition temperature of PEK-C. Morphological investigations revealed that a granular structure was present in the interply region presumably due to spinodal decomposition and coarsening. The results of this study are presented herein.
Free Volume Micro Probe Study of Silver Ions Implanted in Polycarbonate
Authors: Ranganathaiah C.
Published: October 2006

Positron lifetime, UV-VIS absorption and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements were performed on pristine polycarbonate (PC) and Ag2+-ion-implanted polycarbonate before and after isochronal annealing treatment. UV absorption results indicated the formation of silver clusters in the polymer matrix. The cluster sizes and number of atoms in these clusters were evaluated from UV results. DSC scans for the sample before and after implantation revealed the diffusion of silver ions in the matrix. Further, these results reveal that the Tg of the implanted PC decreased from its pristine value before annealing whereas it increased after annealing. This was inferred to be due to the formation of cross-links by Ag2+ ions when implanted but after annealing, the cross-link seemed to decrease, which resulted in increased diffusion. Positron results as a function of annealing temperature revealed that small size clusters may have been formed in the available free volume and there was migration of silver atoms in the polymer matrix due the rearrangement of the polymer chains. From the positron results the activation energy for the diffusion of silver atoms was determined to be 0.6 eV.
Development of a Cure/Postcure Cycle for PETI-330 Laminates Fabricated by Resin Transfer Molding
Authors: Bain Stewart , Ozawa Hideki , Criss Jim M.
Published: October 2006

As part of our product development effort for PETI-330, an investigation to determine the effect of a thermal cure cycle and thermal postcure treatment on laminate properties was conducted. Laminates of PETI-330/T650-35 carbon fabric (un-sized) were fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM) using a high temperature injector. The resin was degassed at 525-550 °F (274-288 °C) and subsequently injected into an Invar tool and cured for 1 h at 700 °F(371 °C). The laminates were characterized for quality by ultrasonic inspection and acid digestion, the dry glass transition temperatures (Tg values) were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Specimens (7.6 cm × 7.6 cm) were subsequently machined from the panels and free-standing postcures were performed at 600 °F(316 °C), 625 °F (329 °C), 675 °F (357 °C) and 700 °F(371 °C) for 6 and 12 h at each temperature in flowing air at 1 atmosphere. The postcured specimens were characterized for weight loss, and dry and wet Tg values. The postcured laminates were machined into specimens approximately 7.6 cm × 6.4 cm and isothermal aging was performed for 100 h at 625 °F (329 °C), 650 °F(343 °C) and 700 °F(371 °C). After isothermal aging, the aged specimens were characterized for weight loss, dry and wet Tg and micro-cracking using optical microscopy. The results of this study are presented. Based on these results, the postcure conditions that gave the best combination of results were identified.
Synthesis and Characterization of Schiff Base Functionalized Cyanate Esters/BMI Blends
Authors: Anuradha G. , Sarojadevi M.
Published: October 2006

A range of Schiff base functionalized cyanate esters and their precursors were prepared in high yield and characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis. One of the dicyanates was blended with bismaleimide (BMI) at various proportions to increase the toughness of BMI. The thermally initiated polymerization was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Cure studies reveal that BT4 (1: 1 weight ratio of cyanate ester and BMI) was more compatible. The thermal stability of the bismaleimide-riazine (BT) resins was studied using TGA. The 10% weight loss temperatures in N2 were above 380°C with char yield in the range of 72-86%. Moisture absorption of these blends was in the range of 0.3-2%. Chemical resistance of the BT resins was also studied towards acids, alkali and ketone solvent.
Synthesis and characterization of cyanate epoxy composites
Authors: Jayakumari L. S. , Thulasiraman V. , Sarojadevi M.
Published: October 2006

Anthraquinone dicyanate was prepared by treating CNBr with 1,4 dihydroxy anthraquinone in the presence of triethylamine at -5 to 5°C. The dicyanate was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The prepared dicyanate was blended with commercial epoxy resin in different ratios and cured at 120 °C for 1 h, 180 °C for 1 h and post-cured at 220 °C for 1h using diamino diphenyl methane as the curing agent. Castings of neat resin and blends were prepared and characterized by FTIR analysis. The composite laminates were also fabricated from the same composition. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness were measured as per ASTM D 3039, D 790 and D 5528, respectively. The tensile strength increased with increasing cyanate content (3, 6, and 9%) from 52.1 to 80.1 MPa. The values of fracture toughness also increased from 0.7671 kJ m-2 for the neat epoxy resin to 0.9168 kJ m-2 for the 9% cyanate ester epoxy-modified system. The thermal properties were also studied. The 10% weight loss temperature of pure epoxy was 358 °C and it increased to 381 °C with incorporation of cyanate ester resin. The incorporation of cyanate ester up to a 9% loading level did not affect the glass transition temperature to a very great extent.
Vision, Media, Noise and the Percolation of Time
Authors: Witmore Christopher L.
Published: October 2006

Why in the articulation of archaeological knowledge have wider sensory properties of the material world been over looked? This article considers this question in relation to sound. It argues that the neglect of sound is partly the product of human transactions with instruments and media in practice. Moreover, the denial of sound as a relevant category of archaeological inquiry arises out of modernist notions of space-time that reside at the heart of the discipline. So while the visual is linked with spatial properties that are resistant to change, the aural is connected with the temporal and is considered momentary and fleeting in nature. Still, it is argued that sound as a quality of things is fundamental to human sensation - to being. In building upon a non-modernist notion of time where entities and events quite distant in a linear temporality are proximate through their simultaneous entanglement and percolation I suggest we might learn what we can understand from tuning into the acoustic properties of the material past. But rather than reproduce an unnecessary dualism between seeing and hearing, this endeavor will require us to relearn how to see and hear at the same time through other, complimentary modes of articulation and engagement.
Observed Decay: Telling Stories with Mutable Things
Authors: DeSilvey Caitlin
Published: October 2006

The degradation of cultural artefacts is usually understood in a purely negative vein: the erosion of physical integrity is associated with a parallel loss of cultural information. This article asks if it is possible to adopt an interpretive approach in which entropic processes of decomposition and decay, though implicated in the destruction of cultural memory traces on one register, contribute to the recovery of memory on another register. The article tracks the entanglement of cultural and natural histories through the residual material culture of a derelict homestead in Montana. In conclusion, the article suggests that deposits of degraded material, though inappropriate for recovery in conventional conservation strategies, may be understood through the application of a collaborative interpretive ethic, allowing other-than-human agencies to participate in the telling of stories about particular places.
Experiences and challenges in data monitoring for clinical trials within an international tropical disease research network
Authors: Chen-Mok M , VanRaden M J , Higgs E S , Dominik R
Published: October 2006

Background Models for the structure and procedures of data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) continue to evolve in response to issues of new and of old concern. Some authors have called for an open dialogue on these questions through publication of the experiences of DSMBs in addressing them.

Purpose The goal of this paper is to add to the current discussion about acceptable models for establishing, serving on, and reporting to monitoring committees, particularly those that oversee multiple studies in less developed countries. The paper seeks to do so by describing the establishment and subsequent operation of one such multi-trial DSMB over a five-year period. This DSMB was formed to monitor trials conducted by members of the International Centers for Tropical Disease Research (ICTDR) network of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

Methods The operational model and experiences are summarized by the authors, who had immediate responsibilities for directing the DSMB's activities.

Results The board played an active, traditional role in assuring that patient safety was maintained and that current standards for clinical research were met. In addition, both NIAID and the board members viewed education of investigators to be an important role for the board to play in this particular setting. This affected the threshold for identifying which trials would be monitored, and it impacted several procedures adopted by the board.

Limitations This report reflects the observations of those involved in managing the DSMB, including comments offered by the DSMB and by investigators, but not data gathered in a systematic way.

Conclusions The operational model described here has allowed the DSMB to fulfill its role in the oversight of the trials. We hope that the ideas we present may help others facing similar situations and may stimulate further critical thinking about DSMB structure and function.
Consent for genetics studies among clinical trial participants: findings from Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD)
Authors: Espeland M A , Dotson K , Jaramillo S A , Kahn S E , Harrison B , Montez M , Foreyt J P , Montgomery B , Knowler W C ,   Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: October 2006

Background Increasingly, genetic specimens are collected to expand the value of clinical trials through study of genetic effects on disease incidence, progression or response to interventions.

Purpose and methods We describe the experience obtaining IRB-approved DNA consent forms across the 19 institutions in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD), a clinical trial examining the effect of a lifestyle intervention for weight loss on the risk of serious cardiovascular events among individuals with type 2 diabetes. We document the rates participants provided consent for DNA research, identify participant characteristics associated with consent, and discuss implications for genetics research.

Results IRB approval to participate was obtained from 17 of 19 institutions. The overall rate of consent was 89.6% among the 15 institutions that had completed consenting at the time of our analysis, which was higher than reported for other types of cohort studies. Consent rates were associated with factors expected to be associated with weight loss and cardiovascular disease and to affect the distribution of candidate genes. Non-consent occurred more frequently among participants grouped as African-American, Hispanic, female, more highly educated or not dyslipidemic.

Limitations The generalizabilty of results is limited by the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the trial.

Conclusions Barriers to obtaining consent to participate in genetic studies may differ from other recruitment settings. Because of the potentially complex associations between personal characteristics related to adherence, outcomes and gene distributions, differential rates of consent may introduce biases in estimates of genetic relationships.
Imputation strategies for blood pressure data nonignorably missing due to medication use
Authors: Cook N R
Published: October 2006

Background Underlying or untreated blood pressure (BP) is often an outcome of interest, but is unobservable when study participants are on anti-hypertensive medications. Untreated levels are not missing at random but would be higher among those on such medication. In such cases, standard methods of analysis may lead to bias.

Purpose BPs obtained at the private physician's office (out-of-study BPs) at the time of prescription of anti-hypertensive medications were available from Phase II of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) and were used to adjust for the potential bias.

Methods Observed out-of-study BPs were used to estimate the conditional expectation and variance of the unobserved unmedicated study BPs. For those with no physician data, imputation from bootstrap samples of out-of-study BPs was used. An iterative method based on the EM algorithm was used to estimate the unknown study parameters in a random-effects model using multiple imputations. This was compared to an alternative model for the out-of-study BPs based on a theoretical truncated normal distribution, and to standard analyses, including both multivariate repeated measures and last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) analyses, using data from Phase II of TOHP.

Results Differences between methods were seen in the decline in BP over time in the reference group, where the changes from baseline to 36 months were 3.0 in univariate analyses, 2.4 using LOCF, and 2.6 in the multivariate analysis, compared to 2.0 or 1.7 in the imputation analyses, depending on the number of physician visits. Estimated intervention effects tended to be slightly larger using the imputation methods. Limitations out-of-study measures may not be available for other studies.

Conclusions Because the proposed strategy was based on an empirically observed distribution for out-of-study BP, fewer assumptions about the missing data were made. These data may be useful in suggesting imputation strategies for other studies.
Species sensitivity of zeolite minerals for uptake of mercury solutes
Authors: Campbell L. S. , Chimedtsogzol A. , Dyer A.
Published: October 2006

The uptake of inorganic Hg2+and organometallic CH3Hg+from aqueous solutions by 11 different natural zeolites has been investigated using a batch distribution coefficient(Kd) method and supported by a preliminary voltammetric study. The effect of mercury concentration on theKdresponse is shown over an environmentally appropriate concentration range of 0.1–5 ppm inorganic and organometallic Hg using a batch factor of 100 ml g-1and 20 h equilibration. Analcime and a Na-chabazite displayed the greatest methylmercury uptakes(Kdvalues at 1.5 ppm of 4023 and 3456, respectively), with mordenite as the smallest at 578. All uptake responses were greater for methylmercury than for the inorganic mercuric nitrate solutions, suggesting a distinctive sensitivity of zeolites to reaction with different types of solute species. It is likely that this sensitivity is attributable to the precise nature of the resultant Hg-zeolite bonds. Additionally, both the Si-Al ratio and the Na content of the initial natural zeolite samples are shown to influence theKdresponses, with positive correlations betweenKdand Na content for all zeolites excluding mordenite.
Orientation relationships of carlsbergite in schreibersite and kamacite in the north Chile iron meteorite
Authors: Nolze G. , Wagner G. , Saliwan Neumann R. , Skála R. , Geist V.
Published: October 2006

The crystallographic orientation of carlsbergite (CrN) in the north Chile meteorite (hexahedrite) was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. These studies examined the CrN crystals in the rhabdites (idiomorphic schreibersite) and in kamacite. It was found that the CrN crystals embedded in rhabdite show a number of different orientation relationships with the host crystals. These orientations can be explained based on the lattice dimensions of both coexisting crystalline materials. It was also found that both carlsbergite and kamacite are characterized by a high dislocation density (≥ l09 cm-2) while rhabdite is free of dislocations. It is supposed that in spite of the deformed metallic matrix, a general connection between the orientation relation of all the phases involved exists.
A summarization approach for Affymetrix GeneChip data using a reference training set from a large, biologically diverse database
Authors: Katz Simon , Irizarry Rafael A , Lin Xue , Tripputi Mark , Porter Mark W
Published: October 2006

Background

Many of the most popular pre-processing methods for Affymetrix expression arrays, such as RMA, gcRMA, and PLIER, simultaneously analyze data across a set of predetermined arrays to improve precision of the final measures of expression. One problem associated with these algorithms is that expression measurements for a particular sample are highly dependent on the set of samples used for normalization and results obtained by normalization with a different set may not be comparable. A related problem is that an organization producing and/or storing large amounts of data in a sequential fashion will need to either re-run the pre-processing algorithm every time an array is added or store them in batches that are pre-processed together. Furthermore, pre-processing of large numbers of arrays requires loading all the feature-level data into memory which is a difficult task even with modern computers. We utilize a scheme that produces all the information necessary for pre-processing using a very large training set that can be used for summarization of samples outside of the training set. All subsequent pre-processing tasks can be done on an individual array basis. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by defining a new version of the Robust Multi-chip Averaging (RMA) algorithm which we refer to as refRMA.

Results

We assess performance based on multiple sets of samples processed over HG U133A Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays. We show that the refRMA workflow, when used in conjunction with a large, biologically diverse training set, results in the same general characteristics as that of RMA in its classic form when comparing overall data structure, sample-to-sample correlation, and variation. Further, we demonstrate that the refRMA workflow and reference set can be robustly applied to naïve organ types and to benchmark data where its performance indicates respectable results.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that a biologically diverse reference database can be used to train a model for estimating probe set intensities of exclusive test sets, while retaining the overall characteristics of the base algorithm. Although the results we present are specific for RMA, similar versions of other multi-array normalization and summarization schemes can be developed.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in an immunocompetent pregnant woman
Authors: Song Joon Young , Park Cheong Won , Kee Sae Yoon , Choi Won Seok , Kang Eun Young , Sohn Jang Wook , Kim Woo Joo , Kim Min Ja , Cheong Hee Jin
Published: October 2006

Background

Disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) occurs mainly in immunocompromised hosts, which is associated with abnormal cellular immunity.

Case presentation

A 26-year-old pregnant woman presented with fever and general weakness. Miliary lung nodules were noted on chest X-ray. Under the impression of miliary tuberculosis, anti-tuberculosis medication was administered. However, the patient was not improved. Further work-up demonstrated MAC in the sputum and placenta. The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin-based combination regimen.

Conclusion

This appears to be the first case of disseminated MAC in an otherwise healthy pregnant woman. Clinicians should be alert for the diagnosis of MAC infection in diverse clinical conditions.
Consumer satisfaction with primary care provider choice and associated trust
Authors: Chu-Weininger Ming Ying L , Balkrishnan Rajesh
Published: October 2006

Background

Development of managed care, characterized by limited provider choice, is believed to undermine trust. Provider choice has been identified as strongly associated with physician trust. Stakeholders in a competitive healthcare market have competing agendas related to choice. The purpose of this study is to analyze variables associated with consumer's satisfaction that they have enough choice when selecting their primary care provider (PCP), and to analyze the importance of these variables on provider trust.

Methods

A 1999 randomized national cross-sectional telephone survey conducted of United States residential households, who had a telephone, had seen a medical professional at least twice in the past two years, and aged ≥ 20 years was selected for secondary data analyses. Among 1,117 households interviewed, 564 were selected as the final sample. Subjects responded to a core set of questions related to provider trust, and a subset of questions related to trust in the insurer. A previously developed conceptual framework was adopted. Linear and logistic regressions were performed based on this framework.

Results

Results affirmed 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' was significantly (p < .001) associated with provider trust. 'PCP's care being extremely effective' was strongly associated with 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' and 'provider trust'. Having sought a second opinion(s) was associated with lower trust. 'Spoke to the PCP outside the medical office,' 'satisfaction with the insurer' and 'insurer charges less if PCP within network' were all variables associated with 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' (all p < .05).

Conclusion

This study confirmed the association of 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' with provider trust. Results affirmed 'enough PCP choice' was a strong predictor of provider trust. 'Second opinion on PCP' may indicate distrust in the provider. Data such as 'trust in providers in general' and 'the role of provider performance information' in choice, though import in PCP choice, were not available for analysis and should be explored in future studies. Results have implications for rethinking the relationships among consumer choice, consumer behaviors in making trade-offs in PCP choice, and the role of healthcare experiences in 'satisfaction with amount of PCP choice' or 'provider trust.'
Apoptosis induced in HIV-1-exposed, resting CD4+ T cells subsequent to signaling through homing receptors is Fas/Fas ligand-mediated
Authors: Ji Jiaxiang , Chen Jenny J-Y , Braciale Vivian L , Cloyd Miles W
Published: October 2006

The hallmark of HIV-1 disease is the gradual disappearance of CD4+ T cells from the blood. The mechanism of this depletion, however, is still unclear. Evidence suggests that lymphocytes die in lymph nodes, not in blood, and that uninfected bystander cells are the predominant cells dying. Our and others’ previous studies showed that the lymph node homing receptor, CD62 ligand (CD62L), and Fas are up-regulated on resting CD4+ T cells after HIV-1 binding and that these cells home to lymph nodes at an enhanced rate. uring the homing process, signals are induced through various homing receptors, which in turn, induced many of the cells to undergo apoptosis after they entered the lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to determine how the homing process induces apoptosis in HIV-1-exposed, resting CD4+ T cells. We found that signaling through CD62L up-regulated FasL. This resulted in apoptosis of only HIV-1-presignaled, resting CD4+ T cells, not normal CD4+ T cells. This homing receptor-induced apoptosis could be blocked by anti-FasL antibodies or soluble Fas, demonstrating that the Fas-FasL interaction caused the apoptotic event.
Leu505 of Nox2 is crucial for optimal p67phox-dependent activation of the flavocytochromeb558 during phagocytic NADPH oxidase assembly
Authors: Li Xing Jun , Fieschi Franck , Paclet Marie-Hélène , Grunwald Didier , Campion Yannick , Gaudin Philippe , Morel Françoise , Stasia Marie-José
Published: October 2006

The role of Leu505 of Nox2 on the NADPH oxidase activation process was investigated. An X-CGD PLB-985 cell line expressing the Leu505Arg Nox2 mutant was obtained, exactly mimicking the phenotype of a previously published X91+-CGD case. In a reconstituted cell-free system (CFS), NADPH oxidase and iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) reductase activities were partially maintained concomitantly with a partial cytosolic factors translocation to the plasma membrane. This suggests that assembly and electron transfer from NADPH occurred partially in the Leu505Arg Nox2 mutant. Moreover, in a simplified CFS using purified mutant cytochrome b558 and recombinant p67phox, p47phox, and Rac1proteins, we found that the Km for NADPH and for NADH was about three times higher than those of purified WT cytochrome b558, indicating that the Leu505Arg mutation induces a slight decrease of the affinity for NADPH and NADH. In addition, oxidase activity can be extended by increasing the amount of p67phox in the simplified CFS assay. However, the maximal reconstituted oxidase activity using WT purified cytochrome b558 could not be reached using mutant cytochrome b558. In a three-dimensional model of the C-terminal tail of Nox2, Leu505 appears to have a strategic position just at the entry of the NADPH binding site and at the end of the α-helical loop (residues 484–504), a potential cytosolic factor binding region. The Leu505Arg mutation seems to affect the oxidase complex activation process through alteration of cytosolic factors binding and more particularly the p67phox interaction with cytochrome b558, thus affecting NADPH access to its binding site.
Antibody‐Mediated Antigen Sampling across Intestinal Epithelial Barriers
Authors: BERIN M. CECILIA , LI HONGXING , SPERBER KIRK
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is the interface between luminal contents and the mucosal immune system. It must function as a selective barrier to limit penetration of antigens yet keep the mucosal immune system “informed” for the purpose of generating oral tolerance responses to food antigens or commensal organisms and host defense responses against pathogens. Alterations in epithelial barrier function have been proposed to play a significant role in gastrointestinal disease. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms of regulation of epithelial barrier function, and we will focus on the emerging understanding of how secreted immunoglobulins play a role in antigen‐specific antigen sampling across the gastrointestinal epithelium.
The Intestinal Microvasculature as a Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: HATOUM OSSAMA A. , HEIDEMANN JAN , BINION DAVID G.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Chronic inflammation is a complex biologic process which involves immune as well as non‐immune cells including the microvasculature and its endothelial lining. Growing evidence suggests that the microvasculature plays an integral role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). The microvasculature contributes to chronic inflammation through altered leukocyte recruitment, impaired perfusion, and angiogenesis leading to tissue remodeling. These diverse areas of IBD microvascular biology represent therapeutic targets that are currently undergoing investigation.
Role of CEACAM1 as a Regulator of T Cells
Authors: NAGAISHI TAKASHI , IIJIMA HIDEKI , NAKAJIMA ATSUSHI , CHEN DAOHONG , BLUMBERG RICHARD S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  A major inmmunological attribute of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the presence of unrestrained activation of T cells that produce a variety of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Gaining an understanding of T cell regulation is therefore fo major importance to IBD. Carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 CEACAM1) is a novel protein that has been recently recognized as being expressed by immune cells and T lymphocytes, in particular; this protein appears to function as a coinhibitory receptor after T cell activation. Ligation of CEACAM1 on T cells induces a signal cascade that leads inhibition of T cell cytokine production and IBD. CEACAM1 is thus a novel potential therapeutic target in the treatment of IBD.
Toll‐Like Receptor Signaling and its Relevance to Intestinal Inflammation
Authors: CARIO ELKE , PODOLSKY DANIEL K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  This review discusses the current progress in the understanding of how commensal‐mediated activation of toll‐like receptors (TLRs) may be involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes of the intestinal mucosa including tissue regeneration and inflammation. While regulation of TLRs and their downstream signaling mediators might be used to prevent and treat inflammatory bowel diseases, paradoxically, at this time, it remains uncertain whether this would be more effectively accomplished by enhancing or inhibiting these pathways.
Growth Factors as Treatment Options for Intestinal Inflammation
Authors: DIECKGRAEFE BRIAN K. , KORZENIK JOSHUA R. , ANANT SHRIKANT
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  On the basis of several studies that have been completed to date, some growth factors appear promising for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: keratinocyte‐like growth factor‐2 (KGF‐2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) enemas used in combination with oral mesalamine, somatropin (human growth hormone), and sargramostim (recombinant human GM–CSF). The results of these studies are highlighted and suggest that new insights into the regulation of intestinal immunity may provide effective synergistic or single‐agent treatment alternatives to immunosuppression for inflammatory bowel disease. These data focus on the reparative components of mucosal homeostasis.
NF‐κB Signaling
Authors: EGAN LAURENCE J. , TORUNER MURAT
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  The transcription factor, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), is a dominant regulator of the expression of hundreds of genes, many of which play important roles in the regulation of inflammation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Since the discovery of NF‐κB in the mid 1980s, this transcription factor has been the subject of intense investigation. Excess or inappropriate activation of NF‐κB has been observed in human inflammatory bowel disease and in a host of other inflammatory diseases and type of cancer. Functional studies in animals have shed light on the role of NF‐κB in broader pathophysiological contexts. From such studies, it has become quite clear that NF‐κB plays unique and distinct functions in different cell types. Because of the importance of NF‐κB in signaling inflammation, and in inhibiting programmed cell death, many pharmaceutical companies are developing small‐molecule inhibitors of this pathway. In this article, we evaluate the relative pros and cons of blocking NF‐κB as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of the results of studies in animals that have primarily used genetic approaches to inhibit NF‐κB activity, we suggest that there are certain niche indications for blocking NF‐κB in inflammatory bowel disease that offer particular promise.
Molecular Approaches to the Role of the Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: ELSON CHARLES O. , CONG YINGZI , QI FENGXIA , HERSHBERG ROBERT M. , TARGAN STEPHAN R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  The microbiota plays a crucial role in experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease, but the exact mechanisms of its effects are unknown. These studies took two molecular approaches to this question. The first used amplification of the 16s ribosomal DNA to define microbial diversity in the colon. Although there were differences in colitic and non‐colitic mice, we could not determine whether this was primary or secondary to the disease. The second approach used serologic expression cloning to identify the microbial proteins stimulating the pathogenic immune response. Previously unknown microbial flagellins were the dominant cluster of antigens identified. About half of the sera from patients with Crohn's disease have IgG antibodies to these flagellins.
CARD15/NOD2 Mutations in Crohn's Disease
Authors: HUGOT JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex genetic disorders characterized by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors. At least ten genes or anonymous loci have been proposed to play a role in IBD. Among them, the best studied is CARD15/NOD2, a gene coding for a protein involved in bacterial recognition by cells involved in innate immunity. Despite a large amount of work, a consensus model explaining the effect of Card 15/NoD2 mutations did not emerge, and the disease mechanisms are still subject to debate.
Apoptosis as a Therapeutic Tool in IBD?
Authors: LÜGERING ANDREAS , LEBIEDZ PIA , KOCH STEFAN , KUCHARZIK TORSTEN
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Defective apoptosis of mucosal cell populations seems to be a relevant pathogenetic mechanism in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It has been suggested that the induction of apoptosis in various effector cells may be a relevant therapeutic mechanism in IBD. Indeed, it was shown that different drugs used for treatment of IBD have the capacity to induce apoptosis in T cells or monocytes in vitro and in vivo. However, it remains unclear whether these observations are related to clinical efficacy of these agents. TNF‐α is one of the most relevant proinflammatory mediators in IBD and anti‐TNF treatment has been shown to be of particular benefit for patients with IBD. It could subsequently be shown that various anti‐TNF‐α agents, such as infliximab and adalimumab, can induce apoptosis in activated monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. This mechanism requires reverse signaling via transmembranous TNF, thereby eliciting a signal transduction cascade that results in programmed cell death. Although other mechanisms might also contribute to the clinical effect of anti‐TNF‐α, current data suggest that apoptosis is a relevant mechanism that is associated with clinical efficacy of anti‐TNF agents. Induction of apoptosis in activated monocytes or T cells may be regarded as therapeutic tool not only for anti‐TNF agents, but also for other drugs used in IBD. Future strategies should focus on identification of mechanisms that prevent apoptosis in the mucosa of patients with IBD and in targeting apoptotic pathways as a therapeutic strategy in IBD.
High Diagnostic Value of 18F–FDG–PET in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: LÖFFLER M. , WECKESSER M. , FRANZIUS C. , SCHOBER O. , ZIMMER K.‐P.
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children requires noninvasive, atraumatic diagnostic tools that depict localization and acuity of inflammation and yield only a low radiation dose. This retrospective analysis evaluates the diagnostic potential of FDG‐PET. Twenty‐six consecutive FDG‐PET scans of 23 patients (age: 2–16, years, 14 M, 9 F) with suspected IBD were analyzed in this retrospective study. Results were compared to endoscopic, histologic, and abdominal ultrasound (US) finding. In these examinations, presence of inflammation was evaluated in each patient in 8 bowel segments (score 1–4). Standardized uptake values (SUVs) for FDG–PET were measured for all segments. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated using histology as the standard of reference on a segment‐based analysis (pathologic if inflammation score ≥ 3 or SUVmax/SUVliver>1.2). With histology as the standard of reference, FDG‐PET showed a sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of 98%/68%/8%/3 as compared to endoscopy (90%/75%/82%) and US (56%/92%/75%). For the small bowel, FDG‐PET was even more reliable (100%/86%/90%). Because of its high sensitivity and accuracy,FDG‐PET is an excellent, noninvasive diagnostic tool for IBD. Depicting inflammation in the whole bowel, while being not traumatic, it is attractive for use especially in children. FDG‐PET is especially reliable for the small bowel and can inform application of topical therapy.