bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L.
Published: January 2023

The injection of killed cultures of bacteria in animals leads to their development of specific immunity and tissue hypersensitiveness. Much is known regarding the nature of acquired immunity, especially with reference to antibody production, but relatively little appears to be known regarding acquired sensitivity. For over a year we have been investigating quantitative aspects of sensitization to different organisms, utilizing the albino rabbit as the experimental animal. During that period we have become more and more impressed with the extent to which sensitivity or, to use the widely accepted term, allergy is a marked and constant response of the rabbit to repeated injections of bacterial suspensions in the tissue. It was stated in connection with our studies on sensitization to proteins (1), that tissue hypersensitiveness frequently exists in the absence of serum precipitins.
A Refractory State As Concerns the Shwartzman Phenomenon
Authors: Peck Samuel M.
Published: January 2023

Bothrops and rattlesnake venom under the experimental conditions cited were not efficacious in producing a refractory state as concerns the Shwartzman phenomenon. Copperhead and moccasin venom were efficacious. The minimum effective dose of moccasin venom necessary to produce a refractory state as concerns the Shwartzman phenomenon for the sample of moccasin venom used was found to be 0.04 mgm. given intradermally.

Solutions of moccasin venom made from different samples of pooled venom differed markedly in their ability to produce a refractory state against the Shwartzman phenomenon. This difference was due to the fact that the venoms of individual moccasin snakes vary in their content of the refractory-producing factor. Some moccasin venoms have been found which were not capable of producing a refractory state.

The potency of a venom with respect to the production of the refractory state (R.P.) was titrated.

There was no relationship between the neurotoxicity of the individual moccasin venoms and their ability to produce a refractory state as concerns the Shwartzman phenomenon.
Passive Sensitization of the Guinea Pig with Rabbit and Horse Anti-Pneumococcus Type I Serums
Authors: Mehlman Julia , Seegal Beatrice Carrier
Published: January 2023

The passive sensitization of a normal animal with the serum of a hypersensitive animal of the same species was first successfully accomplished in the guinea pig (Otto; Nicolle; Gay and Southard). Pick and Yamanouchi were able passively to sensitize rabbits with serum of actively sensitized rabbits. Manwaring and Azevedo, on the other hand, found that in order to produce passive sensitization in dogs it was necessary to transfuse the blood of an actively sensitized animal directly into the normal dog. Horses (Ritzanthaler), frogs (Friede and Ebert), and chickens (Sherwood) have also been passively sensitized by the use of homologous serums.

It will be seen that attempts to transfer anaphylaxis passively with homologous serums have been generally successful. Fewer successful experiments to transfer anaphylaxis passively with heterologous serums have been reported. It has been consistently possible passively to sensitize guinea pigs with rabbit antiserums as first shown by Otto.
A Study of the Antigenic Properties of Lecithin and Cephalin
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank
Published: January 2023

A study of the activity of purified cephalin and lecithin as antigens in the complement-fixation test and in the animal body is described.

The cephalin and lecithin used were both prepared from beef brain and the lecithin from beef liver and beef heart as well.

These phosphatides, dispersed by several methods, were inactive, outside the lytic or anticomplementary range, in the in vitro test. Reinforcement with cholesterol had no effect.

The lecithins, when preserved under acetone to prevent oxidation, had neither lytic nor anticomplementary properties. The cephalins were all markedly anticomplementary; only very large amounts, which were unsuitable for testing because of the opacity of the solutions, were lytic.

Immunization studies were carried out with three samples of purified cephalin, prepared from brain tissue, and with two samples of purified lecithin, one from liver and one from brain; also, for control, with commercial preparations of both cephalin and lecithin.

The sera of rabbits that received mixtures of the purified phosphatides and swine serum did not fix complement with either the purified or the commercial phosphatides, or with beef-heart extracts. Thus, there was no evidence of the antigenic action of these substances in the tissues. The sera of rabbits inoculated with mixtures of the commercial phosphatides, cephalin and lecithin, with swine serum fixed complement with the commercial preparation used for inoculation, and with the Wassermann antigens but not with the purified phosphatides. This result strongly suggests that the specific activity of the commerical preparations is associated with some contaminating substance rather than with lecithin or cephalin itself.

The advantage of a precise serologic method was demonstrated, since, by its use, reactions which would otherwise have been regarded as significant were shown to be non-specific.

Adsorption of commercial cephalin or lecithin on collodion particles did not confer upon them any demonstrable immunizing properties; it did increase the anticomplementary action of cephalin.
The Localization and Fate of Bacteria in the Tissues
Authors: Sullivan F. L. , Neckermann E. F. , Cannon Paul R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Living staphylococci and paratyphoid bacilli injected intravenously into rabbits are quickly removed from the circulating blood stream and are localized particularly in the liver and spleen where they are ingested and destroyed by phagocytes. The lungs, bone marrow and omentum remove distinctly fewer numbers and such organs as the kidney, suprarenal, striated muscle, brain, testis and thyroid remove negligible numbers under comparable conditions. In other words, the primary localization occurs principally in the two organs containing many macrophages and a sinusoidal type of blood flow, whereas practically no localization occurs in organs poorly supplied with macrophages and with a rapid blood flow through vessels lined with ordinary endothelium. Active immunization does not significantly affect the comparative degrees of localization for different organs of the same animal, although it leads to a more energetic removal of the bacteria from the blood stream by the liver and spleen. Bacteria are concentrated more quickly in the liver and spleen of immune than of normal animals but are also killed more rapidly within these organs. Comparatively few living bacteria of these types are eliminated by the bile. Active intravenous immunization leads to a stimulation of mesenchymal tissues, particularly in the liver and spleen, with a resulting elevation of the functional state of the system of macrophages.
The Depression of Phagocytosis by Products of Staphylococci
Authors: Pike Robert M.
Published: January 2023

The fact that staphylococci produce substances harmful to leucocytes has been recognized since the discovery of leucocidin by Van de Velde (1). Denys and Van de Velde (2), Bail (3), Neisser and Wechsberg (4), and Julianelle (5) have confirmed and expanded the original studies. The ability of products of staphylococcal growth to depress phagocytosis was noted by Hektoen (6) and by Wadsworth and Hoppe (7). Believing that the depression of phagocytosis might play an important rôle in staphylococcal pathogenicity, the present work was undertaken with the hope of learning more about the production and nature of the phagocytosis depressing substance.

Preparation of the Phagocytosis Depressing Agent. It has been demonstrated that toxic substances may be produced by staphylococci grown on solid media and that a suspenssion of these substances may be obtained by suspending the organisms in saline and subsequently removing the organisms from the saline by centrifugation or filtration.
The Action of Bacterial Toxins
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus
Published: January 2023

It is a pleasure to extend a cordial welcome to you at this our Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Association. The honor you have conferred on me is deeply appreciated; but I must confess I find it difficult to fulfill the responsibility it entails—that of presenting to you some of the problems of immunology that underlie our work on the action of bacterial toxin. The present state of our knowledge does not support definite conclusions, rather the contrary. The data can only be considered in the broadest relations.

Early studies of experimental pneumonia (1, 2, 3) doubtless account for the trend of the research with which I have since been associated. The subtle conditions underlying the development of infection, the virulence of the incitant, its toxin production and the susceptibility of the tissues of the host, are so interdependent that it has been impossible to dissociate them.
Studies on Vascularization of the Cornea
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Morris M. C. , Harrison R. W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

It has been possible to show that the corneal reaction of clouding and vascularization may accompany hypersensitiveness to protein. Native (egg albumin) and bacterial (Bact. granulosis and Staphylococcus aureus) proteins are equally effective in inducing the corneal reaction. Heightened corneal activity follows repeated, periodic injections of proteins by any route, but it occurs most regularly and vigorously following direct intracorneal injections. There is no constant relationship between corneal reactivity, skin reactivity and circulating precipitins. There is no constant relationship between activity of the cornea receiving the repeated injections and the activity of the previously uninoculated cornea.
Protective Properties against Yellow Fever Virus in the Sera of the Offspring of Immune Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hoskins Meredith
Published: January 2023

Five baby monkeys born of mothers immune to yellow fever were all found to have in their sera protective properties against yellow fever. This was the case when they were still subsisting on their mother's milk. In two instances, in which the baby monkeys had been separated from their mothers for three weeks, the sera of the offspring showed no evidence of protective properties.
Cataphoresis As a Control of Specificity of Streptococcal Vaccines
Authors: Rosenow Edward C.
Published: January 2023

Studies on the bacteriology (10) of various diseases, and on focal infection, (6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 21) have shown that streptococci with elective localizing power were often highly sensitive to oxygen and other requirements for growth in the primary culture, and that when these streptococci were cultivated on artificial mediums in the usual way they promptly lost specific localizing power, and somewhat more slowly general virulence and antigenic specificity (16). Hence, cultures made by usual methods, of material from open foci, such as tonsils, pyorrheal pockets, the nasopharynx, the prostate gland, the uterine cervix, and the nasal accessory sinuses, may yield the easily cultivable saprophytic organisms, including streptococci, instead of the highly sensitive, disease-producing strains. Moreover, cultures made in this way may result in no growth when material from involved tissues and closed foci such as apices of pulpless teeth, is used for inoculation of culture mediums.
The Reaction between Crystalline Urease and Antiurease
Authors: Kirk J. Stanley , Sumner James B.
Published: January 2023

In the study of immunologic reactions the advantage of employing a substance which is both enzyme and antigen is manifest, since one can readily estimate the concentration of the enzyme by determination of its activity and since by means of activity measurements it is possible to follow the reaction between enzyme and antibody. In the past numerous attempts to establish the production of antienzymes after injecting enzymes into animals have been made, but the results have been questioned, partly because the specificity in many cases appeared to be related in some manner to the accompanying protein, and partly because the antienzymatic activity has been so weak as to cause doubt as to the actual existence of any antienzyme. Much work has been done in recent years to clear up the chemical nature of enzymes. Four enzymes, namely, urease (1), pepsin (2), trypsin (3), and pancreatic amylase (4) have been prepared in crystalline and presumably pure form.
Electric Charge of Bacteria Sensitized with Purified Agglutinins
Authors: Olitzki Leo
Published: January 2023

In pursuance of our studies concerning the electric charge of bacterial antigens and antibodies attention has been directed to the changes that occur in the electric charge when bacteria are treated with agglutinating sera. A number of investigators who have studied this problem have reported conflicting results. Bechhold (1904) found that unsensitized bacteria heated to 100°C. as well as those treated with agglutinin and then heated to 100°C. migrate to the anode; those treated with agglutinating serum and not heated were agglutinated between the electrodes nearer to the anode. Teague and Buxton (1907) concluded from experiments with various kinds of bacteria treated with agglutinating sera that without exception all migrated to the anode. In all cases the migration was well marked and in some cases as rapid as that of normal bacteria. Arkwright (1914) also found that bacteria whether agglutinated or not were always negatively charged.
A Refractory State as Concerns the Shwartzman Phenomenon
Authors: Peck Samuel M.
Published: January 2023

Of the eight animals which survived in the venom-antivenin group, six gave a four plus reaction (75 per cent), one a three plus, and one a one plus. Of eleven animals which survived in the venom-normal-horse-serum group, six gave a four plus reaction (54 per cent), one a two plus and four were negative. Eight animals survived in the third group, venom control group. Of these three gave a four plus (37 per cent) reaction, and five were negative. In the toxin control or fourth group, one animal died, seven gave a four plus reaction (80 per cent), one gave a three plus and one was negative. It is seen from the results in this experiment that the venom used had a definite refractory producing potency. Furthermore, antivenin definitely inhibited this refractivity-producing power while the normal horse serum (lot C) did so partially.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. , McDermott Elizabeth B.
Published: January 2023

Introduction In a recent report from this laboratory (1), a method was described which makes possible the study of some aspects of the union between specific antigen and the skin of horse serum-immunized rabbits. The method embraces the interplay between two types of immune reactions: diphtheria toxin with antitoxin and horse serum antigen with the skin of horse serumimmunized rabbits. The method is an indirect one, being based on the observation that horse serum diphtheria antitoxin does not possess the same neutralizing range for diphtheria toxin in normal and in horse serum-immunized rabbits in vivo. If a lethal amount of diphtheria toxin and its neutralizing quantity of antitoxin are injected some distance apart into the skin of both a normal rabbit and a horse serum-immunized rabbit, the former animal will survive and the immunized one will succumb. In the normal rabbit, the toxin and the antitoxin apparently diffuse from the area of injection and neutralization of the toxin takes place in vivo.
On Thermostabile Bactericidal Substance Demonstrated in Human Serum, Particularly During Fever
Authors: Wulff Ferd.
Published: January 2023

A thermostabile bactericidal substance has been demonstrated to occur in human serum, particularly during fever; its effect was particularly seen in tests with a strain of meningococcus highly susceptible to the bactericidal substances of serum. The thermostabile bactericidal substance was found besides in some few other cases, namely, in tests with two different strains of men-ingococci, with three strains of Pfeiffer bacilli and with almost the same frequency as with the highly susceptible meningococcus strain in tests with a strain of Diplococcus crassus.

The thermostabile bactericidal substance is found to occur primarily in the serum of febrile patients; in tests with a highly susceptible meningococcus strain the thermostabile substance was demonstrable in 85 per cent of the febrile patients examined, one fourth showing a very marked action. The thermostabile substance could not be demonstrated in 90 per cent of the non-febrile patients.

Injection of sulfosin seems to stimulate the organism to produce a thermostabile bactericidal substance.

Increase of the bactericidal substances in active serum was found in tests against a diplococcus strain, a phenomenon which is probably elicited only under quite special conditions.

The thermostabile bactericidal substance seems to keep well in vitro.

The thermostabile bactericidal substance possesses an enzymic property, since it did not become fixed in absorption tests with the meningococcus strain which was killed by it.
Experimental Studies of Puerperal Infection
Authors: Torrance Calvin C.
Published: January 2023

The Variation in Hemolytic Complement in Pregnant Rabbits From the results of an earlier study (1) we concluded that pregnancy in mice increases their susceptibility to streptococcus infection. Further experimental work (2, 3) has been undertaken for the purpose of investigating differences in certain of the factors involved in the immune reaction which might be responsible for this increase.

Griffith and Scott (4) have reported that the hemolytic activity of the sera of pregnant or postparturient guinea pigs is often only one-fifth as great as that of the sera of normal animals. This fact provided a logical starting point for the investigation of alterations in the humoral defense reactions during pregnancy. Rabbits were selected as the experimental animals because, while less suitable than guinea pigs for the study of complement, they have a gestation period of only thirty-one days and are much better adapted to the investigation of the other factors which were subsequently to be correlated with the findings in this experiment.
Sheep and Rabbit Cell Agglutinins in Horse Serum Sickness and Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Tallman Juanita , Brintzenhoff Esther
Published: January 2023

It is generally conceded that immediate, accelerated and delayed anaphylactic reactions are fundamentally identical processes differing only in the speed and severity of response. The delayed serum reactions, which so frequently follow an initial injection of horse serum have never been satisfactorily explained. Individual predisposition is not commonly accepted since Park (1), Lamson (2) and many others have demonstrated that skin sensitivity tests are not always reliable guides in serum sickness. According to Von Pirquet and Schick (3) the formation of antibodies after an injection of horse serum precedes the complete disappearance of antigen from the blood and a reaction between these antibodies and residual antigen could account for the delayed response. Wells (4), Longcope and Rackeman (5) and others are inclined to favor this explanation. Weil (6), Opie (7) and Oguchi and Hamano (8), however, have shown that when antigen and antibody coexist in the same serum the residual antigen is not specific for the new formed antibodies.
Some Observations on the Relative Importance of the Reticulo-Endothelial Tissues and Circulating Antibody in Immunity
Authors: Teale F. H.
Published: January 2023

These experiments show that in regard to immunity to foreign protein: Immunity to them rests in the tissues, in their capacity of dealing with the protein in question.The circulating antibody, even if it could saturate the inoculated antigen before being taken up by the tissues, does not appear to be able to aid the tissues appreciably in dealing with the dose inoculated.In incompletely immunised animals (a) in the period before they are fully hypersensitive the saturation of the antigen before inoculation is not protective but can provoke shock when the non-saturated antigen fails to do so; (b) when the animal is fully hypersensitive the saturation of the antigen with the specific antibody does not aid the tissues in dealing with the inoculum and obviate the symptoms of shock.In more highly immune animals saturation of the homologous antigen with specific antibody does not aid the tissues in dealing with it and obviate shock.In really immune animals the tissues are capable of dealing with the homologous antigen perfectly and there is no reaction when the antigen is inoculated, whether it is saturated with the antibody or not.
The Effect of Temperature on the Antigenic Value of Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. , Eisner Minnie
Published: January 2023

According to Ramon (1), the diphtheria toxoid retains its properties indefinitely. After being kept at room temperature at 18° to 22°C. or icebox from five to seven years, his toxoids gave the original value and initial flocculation, though the latter was somewhat retarded. The same worker found that heating the toxoid at 65°C. or even at 70°C. did not diminish its flocculating or antigenic value. The heated anatoxin retains its dissociating capacity in contrast to the heated toxin. Thus when he added ⅓ cc. of a toxoid containing 10 flocculating units per cubic centimeter and heated at 80°C. for fifteen minutes to an Lo mixture and injected into guinea pig, the animal died in forty-eight hours. The animal lived when it was injected with an Lo mixture to which 1 cc. of heated-at-70°C. toxin was added. However, only a completely detoxified toxoid offers much resistance to heat.
A Quantitative Study of Serum Precipitin in Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Jackson Carol
Published: January 2023

Doerr and Russ (1) were among the earliest workers to undertake any quantitative determinations on the relation of antigen to antibody in anaphylaxis. These investigators obtained the important information that there was apparently a complete parallelism between the ability of an immune serum to sensitize passively and its precipitin titer. They also observed the fact that the animals sensitized with serum precipitating in the highest dilutions could be shocked with the smallest amounts of antigen, whereas animals injected with serums in which little precipitin was present, gave little or no reaction even when large amounts of antigen were used to shock.

Friedberger (2) in an attempt to establish the relation of anaphylaxis to immunity assumed that a large volume of circulating antibodies might confer a state of “immunity” to anaphylaxis, since these circulating antibodies would bind the injected antigen and so protect the body cells.
An Ultramicro Technic for Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions
Authors: Hudson Charles L. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

The capillary tube technic developed by Richards, Bordley and Walker for the ultramicro chemical analysis of minute amounts of fluid has been adapted for the performance of certain immunological reactions. Precipitation and agglutination tests have been made with as little as 0.1 cu.mm. of reacting material. The sensitivity and reliability were found to be equal to those of standard macro methods. The apparatus required is neither expensive nor difficult to obtain and the technic is easily mastered.

The obvious advantages of the ultramicro method are the minuteness of the quantity of fluid required and the rapidity with which a determination can be completed. An additional advantage is the opportunity for microscopic observation of the precipitation and agglutination during the course of the reaction. The vividness with which the reactions may be seen contributes an appreciation of the character of these phenomena even to an observer experienced with macro methods.
The Chemical Composition of the Active Principle of Tuberculin
Authors: Seibert Florence B.
Published: January 2023

“Although the antigenic capacity of a protein depends on the entire large colloidal molecular structure, its specificity seems to reside in certain of the radicals of the molecule.” That this summarizing statement made by Wells (1) can be applied to the active principle of tuberculin, appears from the experiments described in this paper.

It has been shown previously (2) that the capacity to elicit a tuberculin skin reaction may reside in a whole series of molecules of widely differing molecular sizes, ranging from about 25,000 down to about 2,000, the latter being the smallest active molecule so far isolated. All of these molecules have been obtained from the protein fractions of tuberculin, and they are, in fact, the tuberculin protein or derivatives of this protein molecule.
Oral Immunization to Colds
Authors: Rockwell George E. , Van Kirk Herman C. , Powell H. M.
Published: January 2023

There were used 1036 persons in this experiment: 536 were used as controls and 500 were given oral cold vaccine during the school year 1933–1934. The vaccine was in capsules, each of which contained in the dry form 100 billion each of a rough pneumococcus, and a streptococcus. The vaccine was high in bile-resisting heterophile antigen.

Among the 500 treated cases, 38 had a history of continuous colds, while 425 had a history of one to eight colds per year per person. Among the 536 controls, 9 had a history of continuous colds, while 527 had a history of only one to eight colds per year per person.

Among the 47 patients who gave a history of continuous colds, the 38 who were given the oral cold vaccine had, for that year, only a total of 41 colds; thus passing from a stage of continual coryza to an average of 1.08 colds per person. While of the nine cases used as controls, only one reported a less severe type this year.

Among those who had a history for the past three years of one to eight colds per year per person, 462 patients having a yearly average total during the previous three years of 1400 colds or 3.03 colds per person per year, while taking the vaccine this year had a total of only 604 colds, or an average of 1.30 colds per person, e.g. 1.73 colds less per person, a decrease of 57 per cent. The 527 cases used as controls had a yearly average total, for the past three years, of 1314 colds, or 2.49 colds per person per year. During the school year 1933–1934 this group had a total of 1156 colds, or 2.19 colds per person, which is 0.30 cold less per person, or a decrease of 12 per cent.

The vaccinated group had a decrease of 57 per cent in the number of colds, whereas the controls had a decrease of 12 per cent. The essential decrease due to the oral cold vaccine is thus 45 per cent.

This work is being continued and the results will be reported at a later date. The relationship between the response of the individual to the heterophile antigen and his incidence of colds is given in a separate article.
The Cytotoxic Principle in Anti-Euglena Rabbit Serum
Authors: Sauer Mary Elmore
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The presence of a specific cytotoxic principle in anti-euglena rabbit serum which does not require serum complement for its action has been confirmed. The cytotoxic effect of anti-euglena serum is enhanced by the presence of complement. The cytotoxic principle behaves like a true antibody in its specificity and absorption reactions, and in its association with the non-dialyzable globulin constituents of serum. Electrolytes may not be necessary for the reaction. Immune rabbit serum containing the cytotoxic principle passively sensitizes guinea pigs to the homologous organism.
Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Klugh George , Rule Anna M.
Published: January 2023

The intracutaneous injection of 0.05 cc. of 5, 10 and 20 per cent suspensions of monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord did not produce in normal Macacus rhesus monkeys any reactions ascribable to the virus. Normal Macacus rhesus monkeys receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of a Berkefeld filtrate of the Kolmer vaccine of 4 per cent monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord in 1 per cent sodium ricinoleate showed mild temporary reactions ascribed to the effects of sodium ricinoleate. The intracutaneous injection of monkeys vaccinated fourteen months previously by 10 daily subcutaneous injections of Kolmer vaccine in dose of 0.05 cc. per kilogram of weight, with 0.05 cc. of 10 and 20 per cent suspensions of monkey poliomyelitis spinal cord produced no reactions ascribable to the effects of virus or possible acquired allergic sensitization to spinal cord protein. Among 34 human adults given intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of the Kolmer vaccine or a Berkefeld filtrate of it, mild temporary reactions occurred in 2 which were ascribed to the effects of sodium ricinoleate. There were no evidences of reactions due to virus or to natural allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein. Among 6 children varying in age from twenty-two months to seven years receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of Kolmer vaccine temporary reactions occurred in 3. Of 6 children varying in age from seven to twelve years receiving intracutaneous injections of 0.1 cc. of a Berkefeld filtrate of this vaccine, mild temporary reactions occurred in one. These reactions were ascribed to the irritating effects of sodium ricinoleate and spinal cord tissue rather than to attenuated virus or natural allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein. Among 18 children varying in age from eight months to eleven years receiving 3 subcutaneous injections of Kolmer vaccine at weekly intervals, 4 showed mild to moderate reactions following the intracutaneous injection of 0.1 cc. of Kolmer vaccine given about seven days after the last dose of vaccine. These reactions were ascribed to the irritant effects of sodium ricinoleate and spinal cord tissue plus the possibility of acquired allergic sensitization to monkey spinal cord protein in the vaccine previously administered in at least one of these.
A Method for the Production of Staphylococcus Toxin and Toxoid
Authors: Leonard George F. , Holm August
Published: January 2023

A potent staphylococcus toxin can be produced on semisynthetic medium, which has been heat sterilized.

Methods are reported in detail for titration of the toxin, and likewise the conditions for the conversion of staphylococcus toxin into toxoid.

A suitable test for the antigenicity of staphylococcus toxoid has been developed, which also may prove of value in clinical cases of staphylococcus infections for the determination of the patient's response to immunization with staphylococcus toxoid.
The Specificity of Intracutaneous Absorption
Authors: Smith G. H. , Cook M. W.
Published: January 2023

In previously reported experiments (1) we have shown that the absorption of antigen from the cutaneous tissues of specifically immunized animals proceeds at a rate markedly in excess of that occurring in normal animals. Horse serum, injected intracutaneously into guinea-pigs immunized against horse serum, disappeared from the site of injection much earlier than did horse serum similarly injected into normal pigs. The question was not determined, however, as to whether the heightened reactivity of the tissues, attendant upon the immune state, pertained to the specific antigen only or whether it indicated an activation of a general mechanism of elimination extending to non-specific antigens. The experiments here reported deal with this point.

In the present work guinea-pigs immunized to one antigen were tested by the intracutaneous injection of the specific and also of a heterologous antigen to demonstrate to what extent absorption depends upon a specific factor.
Specific Reactions of the Body Fluids in Pneumococcic Infections
Authors: Lacy G. R. , Hartman C. C.
Published: January 2023

The problem of the reaction of the body fluids in pneumococcus infections has claimed our interest for some time. Together with the grouping of the pneumococci which was begun in our laboratory in the fall of 1916, the following studies were made to determine if possible, the extent and the way in which the body fluids reacted to the pneumococci and to antipneumococcic sera. The materials examined were obtained from patients admitted to the Allegheny General Hospital. Sputum from persons presenting clinical manifestations of pneumonia were sent to the laboratory at the earliest opportunity and the grouping made according to the method of Dochez and Gillespie (1). When the type of pneumococcus to which the infection belonged had been determined, tests were begun for the purpose of demonstrating any defensive antibody formations that might be present in the body fluids. For this purpose, examinations were made of the blood serum, spinal fluids, urine, pleural fluid and, in those instances where autopsies were held, pericardial fluids.
The Study of Problems of Immunity by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Suzuki Yoshio
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

By these experiments it has been possible to show definitely that the natural immunity of rats for diphtheria toxin and chickens for tetanus is due to two factors—a special resistance of at least certain of the cells of these animals and further to the existence of neutralizing substances in their plasma. The plasma of these animals protects not only the cells of these animals against lethal doses of toxin but it also protects the cells of susceptible animals.

So far heart muscle and ovary or in other words connective tissue cells have alone been studied. The resistance of many other tissue may be similarly investigated; such as, nervous tissue, other epithelial tissues and lymphoid tissue.

A sufficient number of experiments have not been made to give quantitative results. The method allows this study and a further investigation into the nature of the cellular resistance and the mechanism of neutralization as indicated in the plasma tests.
A Note on the Relation Between Proteolysins and Haemolysins
Authors: McNeil Archibald , Kahn Reuben L.
Published: January 2023

This note is a report of studies undertaken with a view of determining whether specific proteolysins are produced in animals on protein injections, if a procedure simulating the production of specific haemolysins be adhered to.

The question of the presence of specific proteolytic substances in the blood of animals injected with proteins, is an old one and no attempt will be made here to go over the range of literature. Suffice it to recall that the so-called Abderhalden reaction for cancer and pregnancy, which was based on the assumption of the presence of such proteolysins in the blood (2), is now discarded. More recently, Taylor and Hulton (1) also, studied this problem from a biochemical viewpoint. They injected various proteins into rabbits with a view of detecting the presence of proteolytic ferments in the blood of these animals, obtaining negative results.
A Contribution to the Study of the Complement Fixation Reaction for Tuberculosis
Authors: Von Wedel Hassow
Published: January 2023

The complement fixation reaction for tuberculosis has occupied the attention of many investigators for the past seventeen years,and it has been studied mainly from the standpoint of its possible value to clinical medicine in the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. The methods commonly employed for diagnosing tuberculosis leave much to be desired and there is little doubt that many cases escape detection until marked damage has been done. A test, therefore, that will give a sure and early diagnosis,is of the utmost value both to the patient and to the general public.

The results of the early work with this complement fixation test were of such a contradictory nature that they were of little practical value. However, the reports of recent investigators seem to promise that this test will be of marked value to the clinician.

The following is a brief review of some of the more important investigations made during the past few years.
A Note on Bleeding Guinea-Pigs and on Preserving Sheep's Erythrocytes
Authors: Wenner John J.
Published: January 2023

I. The Bleeding of Guinea-Pigs. In serological work where guinea-pig's blood is essential, investigators are often seriously handicapped by not being able to obtain this fluid at all, or in sufficient quantities. This handicap may be due to a scarcity of these animals or to the expense resulting from their use in large numbers.

Several methods may be employed for drawing the blood from the animal. If a very small quantity is desired, it is possible to bleed the animal from its marginal ear vein and collect the blood in a Wright tube. This is, however, a slow process and can be carried out successfully only on an adult animal. In a few laboratories blood is drawn directly from the animal's heart with a sterile syringe. By this method a considerable quantity of blood may be taken readily, without any serious injury to the animal; the technic involved is, however, so difficult that few investigators make use of it.
Two Antigens of High Molecular Weight: Hemocyanins of Limulus Polyphemus and Fulgur Caniculatus
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

The ratio by weight of antibody to antigen in the equivalence zone was determined for two hemocyanins, Limulus polyphemus and Fulgur caniculatus, and compared with that predicted by the authors' formula connecting this ratio with the molecular weight of antigen. The results, 1.23 (σM = 0.067), and 0.68 (σM = 0.025) are significantly lower than the predicted results but definitely of the right order of magnitude.
Relation of the Adrenal Glands to Immunological Processes
Authors: Fox Charles A. , Whitehead R. W.
Published: January 2023

The administration of cortico-adrenal extract to normal rats, immunized with a single injection of sheep cells produces an increase of 60 to 70 per cent in the hemolysin titers over those of control rats. The prolonged administration of cortico-adrenal extract to rabbits immunized with repeated injections of large doses of sheep cells, results in an increased titer, especially marked during the early stages of the immunization process. The rabbits receiving the extract maintain their body weights and general body growth. The cortical extract had no effect on the leucocyte count in the blood of the immunized rabbits. The significance of the stimulation in the immunological response produced by the extract, is discussed.
On Differentiation in the Suipestifer Group and on Resistance to Phage
Authors: Levine Philip , Frisch Arthur W.
Published: January 2023

Phages for various suipestifer strains differ both in their direct reactions and in their absorption effects. Such studies with one of the suipestifer phages revealed the close parallelism of the specificities revealed by antibody and phage. With one exception, both sorts of reagents revealed the same subgrouping of suipestifer strains. Other results point to the existence of further differences of strains within a particular subgroup. For the diagnosis of the species suipestifer the suipestifer fraction in a polyvalent phage is less specific than phages for particular strains of the homologous group. The property of any culture in its behavior to phage may be employed along with other criteria to aid in its identification. This is particularly significant for certain cultures which are resistant to phage action but, nevertheless, absorb specifically. The nature of bacterial resistance to bacteriophage is discussed in terms of variation in antigenic composition.
Studies on Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Jones F. G. , Moss J. M.
Published: January 2023

The need for active immunization against Clostridium tetani infection is evident, especially in those instances in which it has been necessary for industrial and constructional workers to receive numerous prophylactic injections of tetanus antitoxin over a comparatively short period of time owing to various individual injuries. This has resulted in development of a hypersensitivity to horse serum proteins with the resulting severe serum reactions after injection which incapacitate the workers for variable periods of time. Active immunization could be adopted advantageously among military forces and in groups that are unusually subject to injury under conditions where C. tetani might exist and the potential danger from tetanus is high.

Historical. In 1924 Ramon (1) detoxified soluble products of Cornebacterium diphtheriae using 0.4 per cent formaldehyde. This work was followed by Descombey's (2) observation that the same technic was applicable to the soluble products of C. tetani with subsequent production of tetanus toxoid.
A Study of the Virulence of Meningococcus Strains and of the Protective Activity of Antimeningococcus Sera
Authors: Cohen Sophia M.
Published: January 2023

By the use of gastric mucin to enhance the virulence for mice of meningococcus cultures, further comparative data on stock and recently isolated strains have been secured. Marked differences in virulence occurred among both stock and recent cultures. Certain stock strains of groups I and III which have been used in the production of serum for many years were found to have retained a relatively high degree of virulence.

A larger proportion of recent strains than of stock strains proved to be highly virulent, but a number of the fresh cultures were of a low degree of virulence.

A reduction in the virulence of two stock strains as well as a loss in precipitative activity resulted from their maintenance on certain media. Thus, the type of medium was again shown to be an important factor in preserving the essential activities of strains which are to be used in the production of serum.

Polyvalent antimeningococcus serum produced with six stock strains exhibited marked protective potency against a virulent stock strain and highly virulent recent strains of groups I and III. The results of comparative tests of various routine and experimental sera indicated wide variations in protective activity.

As a gauge of the protective activity of antimeningococcus serum, the method described gives definite promise of value.
On the Agglutinogens M and N of the Ainu
Authors: Kubo Tadao
Published: January 2023

In the first study of the racial distribution of the agglutinogens M and N, Landsteiner and Levine found significant differences between whites and American Indians. However, most of the races thus far examined have a similar distribution of the factors. Table 1 shows the distribution of M and N in several parts of Japan.

In 1934, Kubo and his co-workers (1) studied the distribution of M and N substances among the Ainu in the Shizunai district. The results are shown in table 2.

It appears that the distribution of M and N among the Ainu differs considerably from that among the Japanese.

Discussion. 1. Considering differences in distribution of the agglutinogens M and N, the races of the world may be divided into three groups. Let s and t represent the frequencies of M and N respectively; the three groups are determined as follows:
Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A Comparative Study
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Grossman L. H.
Published: January 2023

We have been unable to obtain evidence of attenuation of the poliomyelitis virus by 1 per cent sodium ricinoleate.3

Thirty animals received 5 doses each by subcutaneous inoculation at weekly intervals. Sixteen of the animals developed sufficient neutralizing substance in their blood to neutralize a single constant infective dose of virus. All but 2 succumbed to the intracerebral inoculation of the same dose of virus.
Studies on the Mechanism of Immunity in Typhus Fever
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: January 2023

The sera of guinea pigs infected with or recovered from either variety of typhus (Mexican and European) possess opsonins for Rickettsia prowazeki (Mexican type). The opsonizing properties have been observed in the blood of guinea pigs as early as 96 hours after the inoculation of Mexican typhus virus.

In the convalescent and recovered guinea pigs the opsonizing properties of the serum have been found to persist as long as 3 months after the infection.

The sera from patients and human convalescents from Mexican typhus, possess opsonizing properties for rickettsial bodies. This property is still apparent in the sera of persons who had had typhus or Brill's disease from 2 to 6 years previous to the date of the present studies.

Following vaccination with the formalinized Mexican rickettsiae, opsonins appeared in the blood of a normal man.

Anti-proteus X-19 sera fail to opsonize the rickettsiae of Mexican typhus fever.
The Availability of Specific Pneumococcus Antibody after Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Injection
Authors: Carmichael R. Tilghman , Finland Maxwell
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The intravenous route is the method of choice for the administration of concentrated antipneumococcic antibody, since by this route a greater concentration of antibody is attained more constantly, appears more rapidly, and persists longer than when given by the intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. While an occasional individual may, after an intramuscular injection, attain a concentration of circulating antibody similar to that usually observed following the intravenous administration of the same amount of antibody, most subjects injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously acquire only one per cent or less of the concentration of circulating antibody observed after the same amount is injected intravenously. Individual subjects vary considerably in the titer of circulating antibody attained and in the maintenance of this titer after administration of antibody under apparently similar conditions. There may be some variation in absorption dependent on the lot of serum used, apart from its content in units of antibody. Positive immediate cutaneous reactions to type-specific pneumococcic polysaccharides may be elicited after the administration of the homologous type antipneumococcic horse-serum by any parenteral route. There is considerable individual variation with respect to the occurrence of these reactions and the interval after injection when they can be first elicited. In patients with pneumonia, untoward reactions to initial injections of concentrated antibody are considerably less frequent after intramuscular injection than after intravenous injections of the same or even smaller doses. An initial intramuscular injection may reduce the incidence of chills after subsequent intravenous injections.
Refractometric and Chemical Study of Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Siebenmann C.
Published: January 2023

The growth of a Park-Williams No. 8 strain on broth is accompanied by a marked drop of the refractive index of the medium.

The interdependence of growth and toxin production finds expression in a close relationship between Lf-formation and the refractometric changes. For a given strain (P.W. 8) and a definite type of medium, the refractometric difference between control broth and toxin may serve as an approximate measure of the number of Lf-units formed.

Between the sixth and tenth days of incubation (32°C.) the protein, built up by the microörganism and given off into the originally protein-free medium, increases faster than the Lf-units. This fact suggests that only part of this protein should be identified as toxin.

The toxicity (max. 6000 M.L.D.) begins to fall off before the maximum Lf-value (78) is reached. No accurate and constant ratio MLD/Lf can therefore be established.