bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground Resolved Distance Estimation of Sentinel-2 Imagery Using Edge-based Scene-Driven Approach
Authors: Dadrass Javan Farzaneh , Samadzadegan Farhad , Toosi Ahmad , Schneider Mathias , Persello Claudio
Published: January 2025

Sentinel‑2 satellite provides freely accessible multispectral images used in various remote sensing (RS) applications, where spatial resolution is crucial. The Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) for Sentinel’s visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands is specified at 10 meters, but it may not accurately reflect ground resolution due to environmental effects. As a result, Ground Resolved Distance (GRD) serves as an alternative measure for actual resolution, but information about Sentinel GRD is lacking, calibration targets are not always available, and GRD may vary across different tiles. This paper estimates Sentinel’s GRD using a scene-driven approach that analyzes the edges of natural targets, reducing the challenges associated with artificial targets. The method involves selecting suitable natural targets based on their geometric and spectral characteristics, sub-pixel edge extraction, estimating the Edge Spread Function (ESF), generating the Line Spread Function (LSF), and calculating the Full-width at Half Maximum (FWHM). Two tiles of Sentinel‑2 imagery from the Shadnagar Calibration Facility, India, and Baotou, China, were analyzed. The analysis of 40 natural targets revealed average GRD values of 12.65 m, 12.40 m, 12.49 m, and 12.58 m for the red, green, blue, and NIR bands, respectively, aligning closely with results from calibration targets. The method demonstrated high accuracy and precision with a total RMSE of approximately 0.77 m and a total standard deviation of 0.19 m, respectively.
Spontaneous Intracranial Haemorrhage Caused by a Non-aneurysmal Brain Vascular Malformation
Authors: Kirollos Sherif R. W. , Kirollos Ramez W.
Published: January 2025

Emergency management of intracranial haemorrhage due to AVMs, DAVFs, and cavernomas involves addressing both the haemorrhage consequences and the underlying vascular lesion. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic workup identify factors necessitating urgent intervention and define the vascular lesion. Urgent intervention may involve ICH management with increased ICP or CSF drainage for acute hydrocephalus. Definitive intervention for the vascular lesion may coincide with or follow evacuation of the intracranial haematoma. Careful considerations and precautions are taken independently or concurrently with the vascular lesion. Indications and timing for AVM intervention involve determining the bleeding source, evaluating mass effect, and assessing the utility of existing ICH for microsurgical AVM resection. Modified microsurgical techniques ensure safety. DAVF intervention with ICH or ASDH requires urgent endovascular treatment and surgical nuances. Cavernoma intervention follows straightforward indications and timing, while brainstem cavernomas require careful consideration of early intervention. Aftercare and a team approach are vital.
The Intellectual Thought of Al-Ghazālī
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali , Fernée Tadd Graham
Published: January 2025

Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazālī (1058–1111) was one of the most influential philosophers of the classical Islamic period, with his intellectual innovations spanning the fields of theology, logic, and law. Despite this, contemporary assessments of Ghazālī often present him as hostile to rationality, and a guardian of dogma and orthodoxy. This study provides an innovative reassessment of Ghazālī's legacy, offering a compelling depiction of a reformer in his own time with increasing relevance to the issues gripping multicultural and globalized societies today. Ali Mirsepassi and Tadd Graham Fernée closely study Ghazālī's major Persian-language text Kīmīyā-e saʿādat (The Alchemy of Happiness) and its scholarly reception, alongside his lesser-read works, arguing that Ghazālī shared a message of reform, and critique of Abbasid institutions. Ghazālī's critical stance is revealed as both pragmatic and cosmopolitan in its recognition of autonomy from religion in many aspects of life, and in the value placed upon scientific contribution.
The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance
Authors: Kramer Mark
Published: January 2025

When Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, the Warsaw Pact was a robust military alliance. It was capable of waging a large-scale war in Europe and was an instrument of Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe, keeping orthodox Communist regimes in power. The alliance over the years had also become an effective mechanism of political coordination and consultation. In April 1985, the Warsaw Pact leaders met in Warsaw and renewed the Pact for another thirty years. Yet only six years later, the alliance was disbanded, having been rendered obsolete by the political transformation of Eastern Europe in 1989–1990. This monograph recounts what happened to the Warsaw Pact during its final years and explains why the organization ceased to exist in 1991.
African Studies, Forging Common Grounds: Languages, Scripts and Translation
Authors: Alidou Ousseina
Published: January 2025

In this presidential address I offer a critical examination of how Africa was misrepresented in the Global North’s imaginations and media reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such biased imaginings of Africa as a site of inevitable catastrophe account for the racialized under-accounting of the history of African scientists’ pioneering success in biomedical research and with epidemics. The global archives of COVID-19 pandemics must acknowledge these scientists, as well as the humanistic contributions of African artists who collaborated with health experts and produced poetic/musical performances in local and world languages to tackle biomedical and social pandemics.
Motivating Reasons, Moral Culpability, and Criminal Law
Authors: Segev Re’em
Published: January 2025

Consider the following argument: (1) Whether, or the degree, persons are morally culpable ultimately depends on the (final) reasons that motivate their actions; (2) The degree to which persons are morally culpable should be a central concern of criminal law; (3) Criminal law in many countries focuses more on the beliefs and intentions of agents and less on their motivating reasons; therefore (4) Criminal law in many countries is unjust and should be revised. The premises of this argument are appealing and widely accepted, yet its conclusion is radical. Therefore, the argument is interesting and important. However, the argument is not entirely clear in several respects, and the attempt to clarify it reveals several significant (although not necessarily decisive) doubts regarding its soundness. In this paper, I examine these doubts as well as a related, more general, lesson concerning normative arguments about the law.
Knowing One’s Nature as Self-Knowledge
Authors: Glaser Matthew
Published: January 2025

While many people think of self-knowledge as about having particular knowledge of oneself, and contemporary philosophers think of self-knowledge as about knowing one’s own mental states, historically, many thinkers have thought about self-knowledge as about knowing one’s nature. This is clear in Thomas Aquinas’s account of self-knowledge. Yet how is knowing one’s nature, which is one of the least individual aspects of oneself, self-knowledge rather than more general anthropological knowledge? This article defends the idea that there is a knowledge of one’s nature which qualifies as self-knowledge and not just anthropological knowledge. In particular, it defends Aquinas’s conception of self-knowledge in dialogue with contemporary epistemology and Leo Tolstoy’s ‘The Death of Ivan Ilyich’. It is argued that Aquinas’s account of self-cognition describes a first-personal knowledge of our nature which is self-knowledge insofar as it is acquired through reflection on one’s experience of oneself in contrast to third-personal anthropological knowledge.
The Elastic Ruler: Placebo Responses, Clinical Trials, and Medical Knowledge
Authors: Glackin Shane N.
Published: January 2025

This article first poses a skeptical challenge to clinical trials in medicine. The efficacy of treatments is measured against placebo, but placebo responses are not constant. They fluctuate with demographic variables, and they seem to be increasing over time. We therefore find ourselves measuring with the equivalent of what Wittgenstein termed an “elastic ruler.”

I then propose a “skeptical solution” to the problem. Elastic rulers are suitable tools for measuring dynamic, floating networks of values, like foreign currency exchanges. We can assuage the skeptical concerns by understanding clinical trials in this way; I suggest several practical guidelines for doing so.
A modeling radiocarbon dating for the founding of Yan Vassal State in Western Zhou Dynasty
Authors: Ouyang Xinyi , Wu Xiaohong , Wang Jing , Pan Yan , Lin YiHsien , He Jianing , Guo Jingning , Cui Jianfeng
Published: January 2025

Western Zhou Dynasty (ca. 1046–771 BC) was established soon after conquering the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BC) and brought about the earliest enfeoffment system in Chinese history. Yan was one of the vassal states of the same clan as Zhou. According to historical records, the capital of Yan state was located near Yan mountain, which is now known as the Liulihe site in the Fangshan District, Beijing. This study carries out the high-precision dating of two newly discovered Western Zhou Dynasty noble tombs at the Liulihe site. The man in tomb M1902 participated in the groundbreaking ceremony of Yan’s capital according to inscriptions on the bronze vessel found in this tomb. Samples of different materials, especially different parts of human skeletons from the tombs, were selected to form a sample series in chronological order. Wiggle-matching models were established in OxCal program based on the growth and development time of different teeth and bones of human skeletons. More accurate ages were acquired for the death of the individuals. The results indicate that the most probable distribution range of the death date of the individual in M1902 is about 1045–1010 BC. The radiocarbon dates of M1902 give important chronological information about the founding of Yan state, and they are very close to those of the year in which King Wu of Zhou conquered the Shang Dynasty.
Gender differences in the association between adherence to healthy diet principles and adherence to cardiopreventive medication among adults from Québec (Canada)
Authors: Leblay Lise , Lessard-Lord Jacob , Paquette Jean-Sébastien , Guénette Line , Drouin-Chartier Jean-Philippe
Published: January 2025

Adherence to healthy diet principles and to cardiopreventive medication, both key behaviours in CVD prevention, is known to differ between women and men. Whether these adherence behaviours are differentially related among women and men has never been thoroughly assessed. The objective was to assess gender differences in the association between adherence to healthy diet principles and to cardiopreventive medication in adults free of CVD. This cross-sectional study included 268 women and 204 men from the CARTaGENE cohort (Québec, Canada) who were using antihypertensive and/or cholesterol-lowering medication. Adherence to healthy diet principles was assessed using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI, %), calculated from a validated FFQ assessing diet in the 12-month preceding its completion. Medication adherence was assessed using the daily pharmacotherapy possession rate (DPPR, %), calculated from prescription claim data over the same 12-month period. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, an inverse association between AHEI and DPPR was observed among men (βAHEI for 10 % increment in DPPR = –0·65 %; 95 % CI −1·28 %, −0·03 %; P = 0·04), while it tended to be positive among women (β = 0·44 %; 95 % CI −0·11 %, 1·00 %; P = 0·12; Pgender×DPPR = 0·01). The negative association between AHEI and DPPR was stronger among men who never smoked or used cholesterol-lowering medication only. Among women, the positive association was stronger and statistically significant among those with obesity or using ≥ 3 medications simultaneously. Association between adherence to healthy diet principles and to cardiopreventive medication differs between women and men, with men potentially facing greater challenges in achieving optimal complementarity between these two behaviours.
Pukey Jocks: BBS Productions’ Drive, He Said (1971) and the Cultural Revolution in Sports
Authors: VOGAN TRAVIS
Published: January 2025

This essay uses BBS Productions’ Drive, He Said (1971) to consider how New Hollywood cinema and a cluster of campus revolt films contributed to activist critiques of American sport during the Vietnam era. Drive, He Said conceptualized a “pukey jock,” an athlete who was ambivalent about sport's stereotypical embodiment of establishmentarian values. In doing so, it created a template for the emergence of a new kind of politicized athlete that emerged in the 1970s.
A decision-analytic method to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of remote monitoring technology for chronic depression
Authors: Sun Xiaonan , Wissow Lawrence , Liu Shan
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Advances in mobile apps, remote sensing, and big data have enabled remote monitoring of mental health conditions, but the cost-effectiveness is unknown. This study proposed a systematic framework integrating computational tools and decision-analytic modeling to assess cost-effectiveness and guide emerging monitoring technologies development.

Methods

Using a novel decision-analytic Markov-cohort model, we simulated chronic depression patients’ disease progression over 2 years, allowing treatment modifications at follow-up visits. The cost-effectiveness, from a payer’s viewpoint, of five monitoring strategies was evaluated for patients in low-, medium-, and high-risk groups: (i) remote monitoring technology scheduling follow-up visits upon detecting treatment change necessity; (ii) rule-based follow-up strategy assigning the next follow-up based on the patient’s current health state; and (iii–v) fixed frequency follow-up at two-month, four-month, and six-month intervals. Health outcomes (effects) were measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs).

Results

Base case results showed that remote monitoring technology is cost-effective in the three risk groups under a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of U.S. GDP per capita in year 2023. Full scenario analyses showed that, compared to rule-based follow-up, remote technology is 74 percent, 67 percent, and 74 percent cost-effective in the high-risk, medium-risk, and low-risk groups, respectively, and it is cost-effective especially if the treatment is effective and if remote monitoring is highly sensitive and specific.

Conclusions

Remote monitoring for chronic depression proves cost-effective and potentially cost-saving in the majority of simulated scenarios. This framework can assess emerging remote monitoring technologies and identify requirements for the technologies to be cost-effective in psychiatric and chronic care delivery.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms predict rate of change in executive function in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
Authors: Goodwin Grace J. , Briley D.A. , Singsank Katie , Tanner Denise , Maloy-Robertson Myjae , John Samantha E.
Published: January 2025

Objective:

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are considered diagnostic and prognostic indicators of dementia and are attributable to neurodegenerative processes. Little is known about the prognostic value of early NPS on executive functioning (EF) decline in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). We examined whether baseline NPS predicted the rate of executive function (EF) decline among older adults with ADRD.

Method:

Older adults (n = 1625) with cognitive impairment were selected from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database. EF was estimated with a latent factor indicated by scores on Number Span Backward, Letter Fluency, and Trail Making-Part B. A curve of factors (CUFF) latent growth curve model was estimated to examine rate of change over four years. Baseline NPS severity was entered as a predictor in the model to examine its influence on the rate of change in EF over time.

Results:

The CUFF models exhibited good fit. EF significantly declined over four waves (slope = −.16, p < .001). Initial visit NPS severity predicted decline in EF (slope = .013, p < .001), such that those with greater baseline NPS severity demonstrated a more rapid decline in EF performance over time. Presence of 2 NPS significantly predicted EF decline, and those with medium total NPS severity (NPS score of 2–4) at baseline exhibited a sharper decline in EF.

Conclusions:

Findings underscore the importance of targeting NPS early across ADRD syndromes to minimize EF decline, offering novel insights into how early NPS treatment may alter cognitive trajectories. We provide an innovative, user-friendly web-based application that may be helpful for personalized treatment planning.
Radar‐Based Deep Learning for Debris Flow Identification Amid the Environmental Disturbances
Authors: Liu Shuang , Hu Kaiheng , Li Hao , Schöffl Tobias , Cheng Haiguang , Zhang Xiaopeng
Published: January 2025

Microwave radar, utilizing the differences in Doppler frequencies from moving target echoes, offers remote sensing capabilities and continuous all‐weather monitoring for geological disasters. However, intelligent identification of debris flow signals using such radar remains unexplored. Therefore, we implemented 12 deep learning models coupled with a voting strategy to develop classification models for identifying the debris flow, using 24,000 samples across eight categories of targets obtained from field experiments. Each model demonstrated significant proficiency in classification, achieving a remarkable highest accuracy of 95.46% for the multi‐object classification. Among the individual models, the vgg16 model with a simple and deep architecture excelled in debris flow identification, exhibiting a high precision and a low false alarm rate. The voting strategy further improved the reliability of individual deep learning model. We propose that employing radar‐based deep learning techniques combined with extensive field data represents a crucial advancement in the monitoring and early warning of debris flow.
Atmospheric River Frequency‐Category Characteristics Shape U.S. West Coast Runoff
Authors: Zhou Yang , North Joshua S. , Rhoades Alan M. , Tao Jing , Rudisill William , Risser Mark D. , Collins William D.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the factors influencing runoff response to atmospheric rivers (ARs) over the U.S. West Coast. We focused on runoff time series variations impacted by AR characteristics (e.g., category and frequency) and land preconditions during Northern Hemisphere cool seasons in the period of 1940–2023. Results show that high‐category ARs significantly increase local runoff with higher hourly precipitation rates leading to a greater incremental rate and peak runoff. Extreme runoff increases greatly with the AR category with an increase rate up to 12.5 times stronger than non‐extreme runoff. Besides the AR category, land preconditions such as soil moisture and snowpack also play crucial roles in modulating runoff response. We found that runoff induced by weak‐category ARs is more sensitive to land preconditions than high‐category ARs, with high peak runoff occurring when soil is nearly saturated. Additionally, more than 50% of high‐peak‐runoff events in snow‐covered grid cells are associated with rain‐on‐snow events particularly for the events associated with weaker ARs. Regression analysis reveals that AR precipitation and land preconditions jointly influence runoff, emphasizing the importance of including soil moisture and snowpack levels in AR impact assessments. The study also highlights the intensified runoff response to back‐to‐back ARs with short intervals, which may become more frequent with climate warming, posing increased flood risks via facilitating wet soil conditions. Our findings have significant implications for AR risk predictions and the development of prediction models for AR‐induced runoff.
Longer Duration of Extreme Cold Events Over East Asia Affected by the Stratospheric Polar Vortex Extension
Authors: Hu Dingzhu , Liu Meichen , Guan Zhaoyong , Tian Wenshou , Yin Zhicong
Published: January 2025

Using long‐term reanalysis data, extreme cold events (ECEs) over East Asia are categorized into long‐duration ECEs (L‐ECEs, lasting more than 7 days) and short‐duration ECEs (S‐ECEs, lasting 3–7 days) according to the duration of ECEs during boreal winters from 1959/1960 to 2019/2020. Our results show that L‐ECEs over East Asia exhibit greater intensity, higher frequency, and longer persistence than S‐ECEs. On annual average, L‐ECEs are 1.8 K colder, contribute over 60% of total ECE days, and dominate in longer durations, persisting beyond day 5 and lasting up to 12 days. L‐ECEs in East Asia are attributed to the extension of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) toward the Atlantic‐Euro region. This SPV extension tends to enhance the Atlantic‐Euro trough, which is coupled with a strengthened and persistent Eurasian teleconnection pattern and a strengthened Ural ridge and East Asia trough during the decay of ECEs (after day 3). The strengthened East Asia trough, accompanied with cyclonic circulation, facilitates the transport of cold air from higher to lower latitudes. This process makes the ECEs more persistent and longer in duration, potentially developing into L‐ECEs. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the linkages between the extension of the SPV and ECEs over East Asia from a long‐term climate statistics perspective instead of relying solely on case‐by‐case analysis. This study may offer a valuable new predictor for forecasting long‐lasting ECE events over East Asia.
A Novel Flexible Ultra Wide Band Wearable Slot Antenna With Defected Ground for WBAN Applications
Authors: Regulagadda Nageswara Rao , Kumari U. V. Ratna
Published: January 2025

This study introduces the development of a flexible and compact radiator using a jeans material as a substrate for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. A fabric made of jeans with a thickness of 0.6 mm, a tangent loss (tan δ) of 0.02, and a dielectric constant (εr) of 1.6 is used for designing an element with dimensions of 18.5 × 27 × 0.6 mm3. The jeans substrate incorporates a triangular feed structure on top and a defected ground structure on its back. This design enables a span ranging from 3.41 to more than 20 GHz, with a magnitude of S11 < −10 dB, a peak gain of 4.48 dBi, and a peak efficiency of 97.28%. The system is designed for Ultra‐wideband (UWB) integrated with Ku band. The measurement findings are very consistent with the results obtained from the models. The suggested antenna is highly appropriate for WBAN applications because of its thin profile, flexible design, and compatibility with WBAN and UWB technologies.
Hardy-Rand-Rittler colour vision testing in cone and cone-rod dystrophies: correlation with structural and functional outcome measures
Authors: Tharmarajah Brindhan , Cornish Elisa E. , Nguyen Jonathan , Barnes Elizabeth , Leahy Kate E. , Vaze Anagha , Jamieson Robyn V. , Grigg John R.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To determine how Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) colour vision testing correlates with visual functional and structural assessments in Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophy.

Methods

Thirty-four Cone and 69 Cone-Rod Dystrophy patients diagnosed by electroretinography (ERG) at the Save Sight Institute in Sydney were included in a retrospective analysis. Each patient’s HRR colour vision test scores were compared with markers of cone and rod system function including visual acuity (VA), ERG responses, changes on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Fundus Autofluorescence.

Results

The number of plates identified on HRR testing correlated with logMAR best-corrected distance VA; r(101) = −0.49, p < 0.0001. HRR scores correlated with markers of cone and macula function including OCT Ellipsoid Zone Gap Width, Central Macular and Outer Nuclear Layer Thickness, Full Field ERG 30 Hz flicker amplitudes, light adapted 3.0 b-wave amplitudes and Pattern ERG 15- and 30-degree p50 amplitudes.

Conclusion

HRR colour vision testing correlates with structural and functional measures in Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophy. HRR colour vision testing provides a simple clinic-based option to monitor disease changes in Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophy patients, especially when ERG testing is not available.
Shear localisation controls the dynamics of earthquakes
Authors: Barras Fabian , Brantut Nicolas
Published: January 2025

Earthquakes are produced by the propagation of rapid slip along tectonic faults. The propagation dynamics is governed by a balance between elastic stored energy in the surrounding rock, and dissipated energy at the propagating tip of the slipping patch. Energy dissipation is dictated by the mechanical behaviour of the fault, which is itself the result of feedbacks between thermo-hydro-mechanical processes acting at the mm to sub-mm scale. Here, we numerically simulate shear ruptures using a dual scale approach, allowing us to couple a sub-mm description of inner fault processes and km-scale elastodynamics, and show that the sudden localisation of shear strain within a shear zone leads to the emergence of classical cracks driven by a constant fracture energy. The fracture energy associated to strain localisation is substantially smaller than that predicted in theoretical and numerical models assuming uniform shearing within the shear zone. We show the existence of a unique scaling law between the localised shearing width and the rupture speed. Our results indicate that earthquakes are likely to be systematically associated to extreme strain localisation.
Challenging the Astral mass analyzer to quantify up to 5,300 proteins per single cell at unseen accuracy to uncover cellular heterogeneity
Authors: Bubis Julia A. , Arrey Tabiwang N. , Damoc Eugen , Delanghe Bernard , Slovakova Jana , Sommer Theresa M. , Kagawa Harunobu , Pichler Peter , Rivron Nicolas , Mechtler Karl , Matzinger Manuel
Published: January 2025

Despite significant advancements in sample preparation, instrumentation and data analysis, single-cell proteomics is currently limited by proteomic depth and quantitative performance. Here we demonstrate highly improved depth of proteome coverage as well as accuracy and precision for quantification of ultra-low input amounts. Using a tailored library, we identify up to 7,400 protein groups from as little as 250 pg of HeLa cell peptides at a throughput of 50 samples per day. Using a two-proteome mix, we check for optimal parameters of quantification and show that fold change differences of 2 can still be successfully determined at single-cell-level inputs. Eventually, we apply our workflow to A549 cells, yielding a proteome coverage ranging from 1,801 to a maximum of >5,300 protein groups from a single cell depending on cell size and search strategy used, which allows for the study of dependencies between cell size and cell cycle phase. Additionally, our workflow enables us to distinguish between in vitro analogs of two human blastocyst lineages: naive human pluripotent stem cells (epiblast) and trophectoderm-like cells. Our data harmoniously align with transcriptomic data, indicating that single-cell proteomics possesses the capability to identify biologically relevant differences within the blastocyst.
Identification of a metabolic brain network characterizing essential tremor
Authors: Volnov Solange , Baagil Hamzah , Winz Oliver , Kaiser Hans-Juergen , Meles Sanne Katherina , Schulz Joerg Bernhard , Reetz Kathrin , Mottaghy Felix Manuel , Holtbernd Florian
Published: January 2025

The neuronal correlate of tremor genesis and cognitive function in essential tremor (ET) and its modulation by deep brain stimulation (DBS) are poorly understood. To explore the underlying metabolic topography of motor and cognitive symptoms, sixteen ET patients (age 63.6 ± 49.1 years) and 18 healthy controls (HC) (61.1 ± 6.3 years) underwent tremor and cognitive assessments and18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET of the brain. Multivariate spatial covariance analysis was applied for identifying ET related metabolic brain networks. For network validation and to explore DBS effects, 8 additional ET patients (68.1 ± 8.2 years) treated with DBS were assessed in both the ON and OFF state, respectively. The ET related metabolic spatial covariance pattern (ETRP) was characterized by relatively increased metabolism in the cerebellum, brainstem, and temporo-occipital cortices, accompanied by relative metabolic decreases mainly in fronto-temporal and motor cortices. Network expression showed inverse correlations with tremor severity and disease duration and positive correlations with cognitive dysfunction. DBS substantially alleviated tremor, but had only marginal effects on cognitive performance. There were no significant DBS effects on ETRP expression at the group level, but all but one subject showed higher scores in the ON state. Our findings suggest ET is characterized by an abnormal brain network associated with disease phenotype.
Fractional tackles: leveraging player tracking data for within-play tackling evaluation in American football
Authors: Nguyen Quang , Jiang Ruitong , Ellingwood Meg , Yurko Ronald
Published: January 2025

Tackling is a fundamental defensive move in American football, with the main purpose of stopping the forward motion of the ball-carrier. However, current tackling metrics are manually recorded outcomes that are inherently flawed due to their discrete and subjective nature. Using player tracking data, we present a novel framework for assessing tackling contribution in a continuous and objective manner. Our approach first identifies when a defender is in a “contact window” of the ball-carrier during a play, before assigning value to each window and the players involved. This enables us to devise a new metric called fractional tackles, which credits defenders for halting the ball-carrier’s forward motion toward the end zone. We demonstrate that fractional tackles overcome the shortcomings of traditional metrics such as tackles and assists, by providing greater variation and measurable information for players lacking recorded statistics like defensive linemen. We view our contribution as a significant step forward in measuring defensive performance in American football and a clear demonstration of the capabilities of player tracking data.
A mitochondria-targeted iridium(iii) complex-based sensor for endogenous GSH detection in living cells
Authors: Xu Sha , Ju Qikai , Mao Xueting , Cai Tangxuan , Zhang Daobin
Published: January 2025

The phosphorescent probe Ir–DNFB has a large Stokes shift, high sensitivity for GSH detection, low cytotoxicity, and short response time, and can specifically analyze glutathione in living cells and target endogenous glutathione in mitochondria.
Comparison of data augmentation and classification algorithms based on plastic spectroscopy
Authors: Luo Jiachao , Wu Qunbiao , Cao Jin , Fang Haifeng , Xu Chenyang , He Defang
Published: January 2025

We propose a C-GAN-based model for generating plastic spectroscopy data, enhancing classification accuracy by 3%+. Preprocessing improves accuracy, and deep learning excels on large datasets, while SVM and RF are reliable for smaller datasets.
Emergent superconductivity driven by Van Hove singularity in a Janus Mo2PS monolayer
Authors: Tang Meng , Zhang Wenyuan , Yang Guochun , Deng Huiqiu
Published: January 2025

The Janus Mo2PS monolayer with the breaking of out-of-plane mirror symmetry can induce superconductivity, and its Tc value can reach 9.09 K at a tensile strain of 9%.
Computational exploration of the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of thiocyanate catalyzed by cobalt-phthalocyanines
Authors: Miranda-Rojas Sebastián , Gutiérrez-Sánchez Néstor , Orellana Carlos , Blanco-Esperguez Kevin , Gazzari-Jara Sasha , Sierra-Rosales Paulina , Mendizábal Fernando
Published: January 2025

This work aimed to clarify the electrocatalytic oxidation mechanism of SCN−, which requires high overpotentials on common electrodes. Using a Co-based system, we explored ligand effects on the reaction pathway, enhancing their efficiency.
Peptide design to control protein–protein interactions
Authors: van Wier Suzanne P. , Beekman Andrew M.
Published: January 2025

Targeting of protein–protein interactions has become of huge interest in every aspect of medicinal and biological sciences.
Synthesis of rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatites using Aloe vera plant extract and their characterization
Authors: Sahadat Hossain Md. , Jahan Shirin Akter , Islam Dipa , Akhtar Umme Sarmeen , Ahmed Samina
Published: January 2025

A certain amount of Aloe vera plant extract can be used to tune the size and shape of nano-hydroxyapatites.
Colorimetric detection of oxidizing metal ions using anilide-poly(phenylacetylene)s
Authors: Núñez-Martínez Manuel , Fernández-Míguez Manuel , Quiñoá Emilio , Freire Félix
Published: January 2025

Anilide-PPAs are easily oxidized with Fe3+ ions in a redox process that is accompanied by a colorimetric change in the PPA solution.
I2-Catalyzed benzylation of NH-sulfoximines with diarylmethanes and alkylarenes
Authors: Chen Yiyi , Chen Qisheng , Zhang Shuangquan , Feng Kun , Kong Xianqiang , Chen Xiaohui , Li Wenjuan , Cao Zhong-Yan
Published: January 2025

A simple method for preparing N-benzyl sulfoximines has been disclosed with broad substrate scope via a cross-dehydrogenative coupling strategy.
Amphiphilic block-random copolymer stabilisers: extension to other monomer types
Authors: Werner Arthur , Sanders Connor A. , Smeltzer Sandra E. , George Sean R. , Gernandt Andreas , Reck Bernd , Cunningham Michael F.
Published: January 2025

New generation of block-random copolymers (BRCs) can stabilize a wide range of monomers in emulsion polymerization.
Engineering the solid electrolyte interphase for enhancing high-rate cycling and temperature adaptability of lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Zhongming , He Zhiyuan , Wang Zhongsheng , Long Kecheng , Yang Jixu , Huang Shaozhen , Wu Zhibin , Mei Lin , Chen Libao
Published: January 2025

The new lithium salt additive prevents the decomposition of VN and promotes the formation of a SEI film rich in RSO3 and LiF on the graphite electrode surface.
A review on bio-inspired nanoparticles and their impact on membrane applications
Authors: Puri Sinki , Divakar Swathi , Pramoda K. , Praveen B. M. , Padaki Mahesh
Published: January 2025

Incorporation of nanoparticles into the membrane matrix plays a pivotal role in water purification and treatment.
Fluorinated imine modulating efficient sulfur redox kinetics and a stable solid electrolyte interphase in lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Wu Tong , Jia Mingxun , Lu Ye , Ye Jinting , Yang Daotong , Zhang Yingying , Xie Shuyuan , Kang Dawei , Duan Limei , Xie Haiming , Liu Jinghai
Published: January 2025

The shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) lead to lithium dendrite growth and severe corrosion of lithium anodes (Li-anodes) for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries.
Transfer impedance measurement of shielded cables with mismatched loads
Authors: Huang Wenxuan , Li Bing , Wang Chen , Xing Jiayue , Zhou Zongfei
Published: January 2025

With the growing use of custom shielded cables in advanced electronic systems, evaluation of the transfer impedance of shielded cables with non‐standard characteristic impedances is increasingly necessary; however, traditional measurement methods here are limited by the difficulty of obtaining matched loads. This letter presents a method for characterizing the transfer impedance of electrically short shielded cables with an arbitrary characteristic impedance. The proposed method can be used with mismatched loads in the experimental configuration. Validation is performed with cables of known transfer impedance. The presented results closely align with the theoretical formulas.
A stable machine learning based control for bidirectional interleaved DC/DC converter in battery systems
Authors: Li Ran , Wang Ruigang , Feng Wendong , Qie Tianhao , Liu Yulin , Fernando Tyrone , HoChing Iu Herbert , Zhang Xinan
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes an innovative machine learning‐based control algorithm for the bidirectional interleaved DC/DC converter in battery systems. It offers fast dynamics, gain tuning‐free control design, and guaranteed closed‐loop stability. Furthermore, compared to the other learning‐based control methods, the proposed algorithm shows low computational complexity in both the neural network training and the online digital implementation. The efficacy of the proposed method is substantiated through experimental validation.
Integrating the strategic response of parking lots in active distribution networks: An equilibrium approach
Authors: Tostado‐Véliz Marcos , Bhakar Rohit , Javadi Mohammad Sadegh , Esmaeel Nezhad Ali , Jurado Francisco
Published: January 2025

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles will be accompanied for a wide deployment of charging infrastructures. Large charging demand brings formidable challenges to existing power networks, driving them near to their operational limits. In this regard, it becomes pivotal developing novel energy management strategies for active distribution networks that take into account the strategic behaviour of parking lots. This paper focuses on this issue, developing a novel energy management tool for distribution networks encompassing distributed generators and parking lots. The new proposal casts as a tri‐level game equilibrium framework where the profit maximization of lots is implicitly considered, thus ensuring that network‐level decisions do not detract the profit of parking owners. The original tri‐level model is reduced into a tractable single‐level mixed‐integer‐linear programming by combining equivalent primal‐dual and first‐order optimality conditions of the distribution network and parking operational models. This way, the model can be solved using off‐the‐shelf solvers, with superiority against other approaches like metaheuristics. The developed model is validated in well‐known 33‐, and 85‐bus radial distribution systems. Results show that, even under unfavourable conditions with limited distributed generation, charging demand is maximized, thus preserving the interests of parking owners. Moreover, the model is further validated through a number of simulations, showing its effectiveness. Finally, it is demonstrated that the developed tool scales well with the size of the system, easing its implementation in real‐life applications.
Modeling the astrosphere of LHS 1140
Authors: Scherer K. , Herbst K. , Engelbrecht N. E. , Ferreira S. E. S. , Kleimann J. , Light J.
Published: January 2025

Context. The cosmic ray (CR) flux, as well as the hydrogen flux into the atmosphere of an exoplanet, can change the composition of said atmosphere. Here, we present the CR and hydrogen flux above the atmosphere. To do so, we study the 3D multi-fluid magentohy- drodynamic (MHD) structure of astrospheres.

Aims. We aim to discuss the shock structure of the stellar wind of LHS 1140 using four different models: hydrodynamic (HD) and ideal MHD single-fluid models, as well as multi-fluid models for both cases, including a neutral hydrogen flow from the interstellar medium (ISM). The CR flux in a multi-fluid model and the ionization rate in an exoplanetary atmosphere are also presented.

Methods. The astrosphere is modeled using the 3D Cronos code, while the CR flux at LHS 1140b is calculated using both a 1D and a 3D stochastic Galactic CR (GCR) modulation code. Finally, the atmospheric ionization and radiation dose is estimated using the AtRIS code.

Results. It is shown that the 3D multi-fluid positions of the termination (TS) differ remarkably from those found in the 3D ideal-single fluid HD case. CR fluxes computed using a 1D approach are completely different from those calculated using the 3D modulation code and show an essentially unmodulated spectrum at the exoplanet in question. Utilizing these spectra, ionization rates and radiation exposure within the atmosphere of LHS 1140 b are derived.

Conclusions. It is shown that the multi-fluid MHD TS distances differ remarkably from those of other models, especially from an analytic approach based on ideal single-fluid HD. The TS, astropause, and bow shock distances must be taken from the 3D multi-fluid MHD model to determine the CR fluxes correctly. Moreover, because of the tiny astrosphere, the exoplanet is submerged in the neutral hydrogen flow of the ISM, which will influence the exoplanetary atmosphere. A 3D approach to GCR modulation in astrospheres is also necessary to avoid unrealistic estimates of GCR intensities. Since atmospheric chemistry processes, and with that, the derivation of transmission spectra features and biosignature information, strongly depend on atmospheric ionization, our results highlight that reliable GCR-induced background radiation information is mandatory, particularly for inactive cool stars such as LHS 1140.
Cosmic rays cannot explain the high ionisation rates in the Galactic centre
Authors: Ravikularaman S. , Recchia S. , Phan V. H. M. , Gabici S.
Published: January 2025

Context. The H2 ionisation rate in the central molecular zone, located in the Galactic centre, is estimated to be ζ ∼ 2 × 10−14 s−1, based on observations of H3+ lines. This value is two to three orders of magnitude larger than that measured anywhere else in the Galaxy.

Aims. Due to the high density of the gas in the central molecular zone, UV and X-ray photons do not penetrate this region. Hence, cosmic rays are expected to be the exclusive agents of ionisation. A high cosmic-ray density has been invoked to explain the unusually high ionisation rate. However, this excess is not seen in the γ-ray emission from this region, which is produced by high-energy cosmic rays. Therefore, an excess is expected only in the low-energy cosmic-ray spectrum. Here, we derive constraints on this hypothetical low-energy component in the cosmic-ray spectra, and we question its plausibility.

Methods. To do so, we numerically solved the cosmic-ray transport equation in the central molecular zone, considering spatial diffusion, advection in the Galactic wind, re-acceleration in the ambient turbulence, and energy losses due to interactions with matter and radiation in the interstellar medium. We derived stationary solutions under the assumption that cosmic rays are continuously injected by a source located in the Galactic centre. The high-energy component in the cosmic-ray spectrum was then fitted to available γ-ray and radio data, and a steep low-energy component was added to the cosmic-ray spectrum to explain the large ionisation rates.

Results. We find that injection spectra of p−7 for protons below penh, pc ≃ 780 MeV and p−5.2 for electrons below penh, ec = 1.5 GeV are needed to reach the observed ionisation rates. This corresponds to a cosmic-ray power of the order of ∼1040 − 41 erg s−1 injected at the Galactic centre. Not only is this unrealistic, but it is also impossible to reproduce a constant ionisation rate across the region, as observations suggest.

Conclusions. We conclude that cosmic rays alone cannot explain the high ionisation rates in the Galactic centre.
Plantonome: A Cross-Platform Application for Precision Agriculture
Authors: Deroussi Anass , Ait Madi Abdessalam , Alihamidi Imam , Chabou Zakaria , Addaim Adnane
Published: January 2025

In recent years, there has been growing interest in leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies for agriculture. A significant challenge for developers in this field is creating applications that provide precise data about plants, facilitating the smart automation of plant management.

This paper presents Plantonome, an open-source application developed using the Flutter software development kit (SDK) and the Dart programming language. Designed to integrate with IoT devices, Plantonome quickly and accurately identifies ornamental plant genera or species using the Plant.id API for plant image analysis. The application also utilizes a NoSQL database for storing user data and plant preferences, and it includes a dataset of ornamental plants with details such as name, brightness, temperature, and humidity requirements. The development approach outlined in this paper accelerates the creation process and results in a high-performing application with a flexible user interface and smooth user experience. The application, tested on Android 5.0 (API level 21) or higher, achieved an accuracy of 94.64% for plant identification and received highly positive feedback regarding its functionality, usability, and efficiency. This work offers significant benefits to researchers and startups aiming to develop cross-platform applications that can automate various agricultural tasks, contributing to advancements in smart agriculture.
Integration of Earth-based materials in 3D concrete printing (3DCP): Physico-chemical and Technological characterization
Authors: Oulkhir Fatima-Zahra , Rihani Nadir , Akhrif Iatimad , El Jai Mostapha
Published: January 2025

The overall goal of this study is to support the advancement of new construction methods and materials that are more cost-effective and have lower carbon emissions. There is a rising interest in utilizing earth materials in 3DCP for sustainable construction solutions, but their progress is limited by slow production rates. This research investigated the influence of various parameters on the efficacy of 3D earth materials printing using Taguchi experimental design, such as alginate dosing, scan strategy, scan speed, layer thickness, and curing age. Moreover, the impact of incorporating 2% alginate biopolymer into the clay matrix was assessed through FTIR and XRD analysis. Additionally, the Taguchi method was assessed using Fault Tree Analysis FTA to pinpoint the primary causes of failure in extrud- ability and buildability functions.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Effects of Gas Diffusion Layer Porosity Differences
Authors: Kabouchi Kaoutar , Ettouhami Mohamed Karim
Published: January 2025

Fuel cells are a key technology for clean energy production due to their low environmental impact and their high efficiency, yet optimizing their performance remains challenging, particularly regarding the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The GDL is critical for distributing reactants and removing products within the cell. This study employs a 3D model, built in COMSOL Multiphysics, to simulate and assess fuel cell performance at different GDL porosity levels. The porosity varied from 0.2 to 0.8 in increments of 0.1, while all other material properties were kept constant. The results show that increasing porosity improves performance, with a strong correlation between simulation and experimental data. Polarization curves highlight the effect of GDL porosity on cell efficiency. This model offers valuable insights for optimizing fuel cell designs by adjusting GDL properties, contributing to the development of more efficient, cost-effective, and durable fuel cells for clean energy applications.