bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interlibrary loan librarian
Authors: Boucher Virginia
Published: May 2006

Advances the idea that interlibrary lending is the Cinderella of
the library service. Shows that it is support staff that frequently
perform the tasks associated with interlibrary loan. Argues that a
professional librarian should guide this service. Explores the varied
roles of the professional interlibrary loan librarian within the context
of the US library scene, showing that interlibrary loan service,
properly carried out, is both a challenge and stimulus to the
professional librarian and an important factor in the satisfaction of
user needs.
Interlibrary loan traffic in the South West Pacific and
South East Asia
Authors: Stone Beth
Published: May 2006

Reports on a questionnaire, distributed in early 1988 to 200
libraries in the South West Pacific and South East Asia, that aimed to
gather data about interlibrary loan traffic in those areas and to obtain
information about the availability of union catalogues to libraries in
those areas. Shows that despite a relatively low rate of response, the
questionnaire produced some useful data about type and volume of ILL
traffic intra – and inter – region. Concludes that libraries
in the Asian‐Pacific regions need to be further developed.
Where there is an ILL there’s a way: Australia after SAIL
Authors: Allen GG
Published: May 2006

Describes the complicated current scene of Australian interlibrary
lending. Discusses a report that was published in the wake of the 1987
Survey of Australia Inter‐Library Lending, which, it is argued,
succeeded in raising more questions than it answered. Looks at the
library task force set up to undertake a smaller‐scale follow up to
SAIL. Finally considers other recent developments affecting ILL, in
particular the increase of reciprocal borrowing arrangements and the
current round of amalgamations of higher education institutions.
Interlibrary lending in Botswana: practices, problems and
prospects
Authors: Qobose Edwin N
Published: May 2006

Presents a critical appraisal of the practices and problems of
interlibrary lending (LL) in Botswana. Highlights the importance of
resource sharing through interlending schemes, especially at the
national level. Argues that the improvement of the existing ′gentlemen′s
agreement′ by adopting a formal LL policy would go a long way towards
the realising the provision of information to the nation in a cost
effective and efficient way. Projects future prospects of ILL.
Canadian interlending – partnership between services
and technology
Authors: Lunau Carrol D
Published: May 2006

Argues that interlending services in Canada increasingly rely on
new technologies. Discusses librarians′ use of new developments such as
telefacsimile, CD‐ROM, high bandwidth networks, and OSI based systems.
Shows that technical developments have served as a catalyst for
extensive service and technical planning of national and regional
interlending services.
DOCMATCH: automated input to ADONIS
Authors: Ayres FH , Huggill JAW , Ridley MJ , Yannakoudakis EJ
Published: May 2006

Discusses DOCMATCH, the project designed to test the feasibility of
automatically matching document requests derived from database hosts
with articles on the ADONIS workstation, achieved using Universal
Standard Bibliographic Codes (USBCs). Considers the problems of matching
requests that did not originate from database hosts where the
bibliographic information was of a poorer quality. Finally, examines the
relative merits of different serial article identification schemes.
Interlibrary loan demand as a science policy indicator
Authors: Barden Phil
Published: May 2006

Describes a recent study conducted by the British Library Document
and Supply Centre (BLDSC) aimed at determining whether its data could
provide a useful indicator to the science policy community, as a more
forward looking supplement to citation analysis. Finds that patterns of
document demand and use measures of information services can provide
useful data on the information infrastructure of industrial research.
Regional interlibrary lending in the United Kingdom and
Ireland 1989/90
Authors: WH Watters John
Published: May 2006

Shows that for the year 1989/90 there was no significant change in
the regional interlending statistics in the British Isles and the
Republic of Ireland. Shows that the percentage of requests satisfied by
the British Library Documentation and Supply Centre (BLDSC) has
increased whilst those satisfied by ′Members of the Region′ and ′Other
Libraries′ have fallen.
ALIX Files Download to Librarians′ PCs
Authors: Delfino Erik , Miller Bruce
Published: May 2006

Discusses the Automated Library Information Exchange electronic
bulletin board, and the body of text and program it provides to
librarians, with examples of ALIX messages. Considers PC downloading,
file‐transfer protocols, finding file directories, the downloading
process, and ARChive utility priority. States how files are also
available to libraries without modems.
LANs and CD‐ROMs
Authors: Leggott M.
Published: May 2006

Considers the popularity of LANs and CD‐ROM, and the nature of
these technologies. Describes various hardware and software solutions
that allow shared access to a common database, including LANtastic,
OPTI‐NET, CD Connection, CD/Networker, and various Apple solutions, as
well as the cost implications for CD‐ROM applications.
Using the Search CD450 System: Hints for Finding More Information
Authors: Hudson J.
Published: May 2006

Suggests basic searching tips to help new users of CD450 refine
their searches. Discusses the zero‐hits syndrome, and how it can be
remedied: checking for typographical errors, stopword use, spelling,
using synonyms, different word endings, the ADJ operator, and free‐text
searching.
Getting ANSI: Using ANSI.SYS to Customize Defaults for 350s
Authors: Accardi Joe , Huesmann James
Published: May 2006

Gives a program which can be used to redefine keys to produce
certain shortcuts using ANSI. Explains the process as well as warning
potential users of possible difficulties
A LANtastic Connection for CD‐ROM Systems
Authors: Brunell David
Published: May 2006

Looks at the increased use of Local Area Networks (LANs) in
conjunction with CD‐ROM databases in order to make these services more
productive and cost‐effective. Examines the use of the LANtastic local
area network at the Brunel Center for Research in Denver, Colorado
– reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the system.
Form Follows Function Keys In Label Production
Authors: Ballard Terry
Published: May 2006

Examines the use of function keys to create shortcuts in label
production. Contends that the use of such shortcuts makes the process
quicker and easier, as well as less prone to error.
Troubleshooting Microcomputers In The Library: What To Do When The Experts Are Away
Authors: Stanley Nancy M.
Published: May 2006

Endeavours to provide assistance to librarians and support
personnel in resolving computer problems. Lists the steps to follow when
troubleshooting a problem or when diagnosing a ′READ′ error.
The Truth Behind Shareware And Public Domain Software
Authors: Jackson Stephen M. , Halkias Serafim
Published: May 2006

Laments the fact that new and expensive software upgrades are not
always a step forward, and can, in fact, be costly mistakes if they are
not what the buyer wanted in the first place. Introduces the concepts of
′shareware′ – software that can be given a trial run before being
purchased, and ′public domain′ software, which is available free of
charge to be used by any member of the public. Lists a few of the better
shareware programs and places where it can be obtained.
The OCLC Cataloguing Micro Enhancer And CAT CD450 Systems In A Processing Center Environment
Authors: Kaplan Michael
Published: May 2006

Reports on the problems faced by Harvard College Library (made up
of several smaller libraries) while implementing its online union
catalog. Observes that their use of the CAT CD450 systems′ advanced
indexing features coupled with its ease of use cut search costs
considerably. Looks at the menuing system created, and the batch files
that underpin the system.
OCLC: The Original Idea
Authors: Reed Carol
Published: May 2006

Traces the early years of OCLC and shows what it was originally
intended to be. Discusses the plan for library cooperation in Ohio, the
formation of a project committee, the debate about how to mechanise the
union catalog, interlending, and the proposals for a shared cataloguing
program based on a centralised computer database. Surmises that the
perseverance of a few librarians is responsible for the formation of
OCLC, which otherwise would have become an Ohio bibliographical centre
with resources on microprint.
PASSPORT/PRISM
Authors: Carter Judith
Published: May 2006

Considers some of the characteristics and potential problems of
PASSPORT software and the PRISM service in use. Describes the system as
a whole, installation including configuration and log‐on values,
PASSPORT script files, and how to link a laser printer with the software
in cases of difficulty.
OCLC and the Library Community: Serving Tomorrow′s Users
Authors: Holley Edward G.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the history, present state, and future, of libraries in
general and the OCLC in particular. Considers the current extent of the
OCLC database and how it is expected to grow further, librarians′
support of and doubts about OCLC, the governance of OCLC, and the steps
OCLC must take to meet future chllenges, for example the possibility of
document delivery. Concludes that OCLC and the library community are in
an excellent position to build on existing systems to provide maximum
information access at minimum cost.
Public Services
Authors: Muirhead Clark Juleigh
Published: May 2006

Discusses the introduction of EPIC as an opportunity to use OCLC as
more than a verification tool. Considers the methods and problems of
searching through EPIC by subject. Concludes that keyword subject
searching as it exists in EPIC is a complement to traditional subject
heading searching, but is not by itself enough to search such a large
and complex database.
Searching EPIC on the Internet
Authors: Notess Greg
Published: May 2006

Discusses the availability of OCLC′s EPIC service through the
Internet. Considers the cost benefits, as well as Internet access
problems, connection via Internet, hidden costs, terminal troubles,
communications software, and disconnecting. Concludes that the time
spent overcoming difficulties with Internet connection will be
worthwhile in cost terms, especially as more database vendors establish
Internet connections.
The Role of Public Libraries in the Use of NREN
Authors: Ryan Joe , McClure Charles R.
Published: May 2006

Describes research undertaken to investigate the role of public
libraries in developing and exploiting the next generationof national
networks, such as Internet. Considers developments in Internet and NREN,
public libraries and networking, and the impact of the network on public
libraries. Surmises that the research will help identify factors that
affect the library′s role in electronic networks, although many
questions about networks may have more to do with how libraries define
themselves than with the technology itself.
PASSPORT/PRISM
Authors: Carter Judith
Published: May 2006

Discusses the user facilities offered by the PRISM service.
Considers the benefits in moving among bibliographic records of the
commands which differentiate PRISM from previous systems. Demonstrates
the use of PRISM through a step‐by‐step guide to a specific author
search, recommending practice to polish user skills with the new
commands.
The road to the top is paved with good assignments –
part one
Authors: Lombardo Michael M.
Published: May 2006

Reports on interviews and surveys taken from successful executives
to find out how they learn and grow over the span of a career. Describes
two of the five assignment types that appear to be especially important
in the development of successful managers and why they stand out as
such. Briefly considers how these assignments develop successful
managers.
The road to the top is paved with good assignments –
part two
Authors: Lombardo Michael M.
Published: May 2006

Describes five assignment types that appear to be especially
important in the development of successful managers. Examines each type
in detail and identifies learning themes that emerged from each.
Concludes by stating the developmental limits of challenging
assignments.
Management Charter Initiative
Authors: Aram Robin
Published: May 2006

Briefly discusses the principles underlying the Management Charter
Initiative (MCI). Looks at the benefits that membership of the
organization can bring and some implications for management.
Ten steps to success
Authors: Lunn Terry
Published: May 2006

Presents brief results of a study into factors that successful
managers use to increase productivity in the UK and USA. Identifies ten
common themes including use of talent, objective measurement and team
building.
A meeting of minds
Authors: Pearson Barrie
Published: May 2006

Discusses strategic workshops, their aims, the management
development opportunities and criteria for success. Provides case
studies on three companies and comments on outcomes of workshops.
Outlines possible difficulties and concludes that strategic workshops
should ensure that people pay sufficient attention to pursuing major
business development projects, as well as concentrating on day‐to‐day
issues.
Too old at 40?
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: May 2006

Discusses the ageing workforce where half of all managers are over
the age of 40. Describes a skill management strategy for dealing with
plateaued managers. Concludes that leadership will derive from the
respect that comes from demonstrated competence rather than rank and
hierarchy.
How to manage a changing organisation
Authors: Jarrell Sue
Published: May 2006

Proposes that executive development specialists should become part
of the company′s infrastructure to help facilitate changes on an ongoing
basis. Considers that companies are in “continuous
evolution” and discusses the responsibility of human resource
professionals in facilitating these changes. Describes systems necessary
and an executive development programme to help a changing organisation.
Concludes that the human resource professional is a critical factor in
helping an organisation to manage change.
The Top‐flight initiative at British Airways – Part 2
Authors: O′Neill Brian
Published: May 2006

Second of two articles focuses on cultural and attitudinal factors
that are potential stumbling‐blocks to corporately driven initiatives
for systematic change. Considers short‐term versus long‐term time
perspectives and corporate versus departmental interests. Discusses the
British Airways leadership development programme including issues of
selection versus position in the company. Considers the role of the
manager of potential participants and concludes that the greatest effort
must be concentrated on the issues affecting career choices and
progression.
Management training for Polish managers
Authors: Carter Steve
Published: May 2006

Reports on the experience of 14 Polish managers undergoing
management training in the UK. The two‐stage programme is described.
Stage one is a core programme dealing with aspects of British management
and for stage two the managers were attached to business schools around
the UK. A final assessment is detailed.
Management by Subjective
Authors: Collins Duncan
Published: May 2006

Suggests the need to take a fresh look at management by objectives
(MBO). Reviews MBO theory and practise and proposes management by
subjective (MBS) offering a way of achieving results using a teamwork
approach. Concludes that a rational, friendly approach seems more likely
to succeed than a series of bureaucratic fixed targets.
East meets West in Cheshire
Authors: Frederick W Richard
Published: May 2006

Describes a computer‐based business strategy simulation –
”MERCATOR”‐ played over four days and including two Russian
business men. Pitting five manufacturing companies against each other
the simulation allowed participants to examine the results of differing
styles. Participant feedback indicated that they returned to their
companies with a new awareness and a better understanding of strategic
issues.
The Hoechst Industrial Scholarship Scheme
Authors: Peacock Ian
Published: May 2006

Describes the background and content of this combination of
work‐related and practical experience leading to a recognised
qualification. Stretching over two years this vocational training
course, held in Germany, includes personnel, marketing, law and
accounting. Concludes that Hoechst will seek to expand this scheme
throughout the UK.
Making the wrong choice – Part two: Executive
assessment
Authors: White Randall P , DeVries David L
Published: May 2006

Explains that eliminating failures in senior‐level selection can
only be achieved by laying a solid groundwork in particular in the
transition from middle manager to general manager. Notes that assessment
must recognise the developmental nature of executive work. Proposes an
expanded methodology and concludes that we need to make selections based
on systematic, continuous and multidimensional assessment.
Morphological divergence within and between the Mexican sailfin mollies,Poecilia veliferaandPoecilia petenensis
Authors: Hankison S. J. , Childress M. J. , Schmitter‐Soto J. J. , Ptacek M. B.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the patterns of morphological variation both between species, and between sexes and among populations within each species of the Mexican sailfin mollies,Poecilia veliferaandPoecilia petenensis, using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements of morphological traits. While sexes within each species differed in characteristics that may be important in sexual selection, such as length of the dorsal fin, species differed in traits, such as body depth, that may also be influenced by natural selection due to differences in habitats. Within each species, many morphological traits were similar among populations, but important differences, including caudal peduncle depth inP. petenensis(but not inP. velifera), suggested that habitat differences may also be important in shaping population divergence independently within each species. Indeed, the evolutionary vectors of male morphological population divergence for each species differed by an angle of 98·5°, representing nearly orthogonal vectors and suggesting independent shape divergence between these two molly species. Finally, geographic isolation did not explain the morphological differentiation seen among populations, suggesting that natural and sexual selection were strong forces promoting morphological diversification within these two species, despite the potential for a high degree of population connectivity and gene flow.
Comprehensive analysis of the ICEN (Interphase Centromere Complex) components enriched in the CENP‐A chromatin of human cells
Authors: Izuta Hiroshi , Ikeno Masashi , Suzuki Nobutaka , Tomonaga Takeshi , Nozaki Naohito , Obuse Chikashi , Kisu Yasutomo , Goshima Naoki , Nomura Fumio , Nomura Nobuo , Yoda Kinya
Published: May 2006

The centromere is a chromatin structure essential for correct segregation of sister chromatids, and defects in this region often lead to aneuploidy and cancer. We have previously reported purification of the interphase centromere complex (ICEN) from HeLa cells, and have demonstrated the presence of 40 proteins (ICEN1–40), along with CENP‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐H and hMis6, by proteomic analysis. Here we report analysis of seven ICEN components with unknown function. Centromere localization of EGFP‐tagged ICEN22, 24, 32, 33, 36, 37 and 39 was observed in transformant cells. Depletion of each of these proteins by short RNA interference produced abnormal metaphase cells carrying misaligned chromosomes and also produced cells containing aneuploid chromosomes, implying that these ICEN proteins take part in kinetochore functions. Interestingly, in the ICEN22, 32, 33, 37 or 39 siRNA‐transfected cells, CENP‐H and hMis6 signals disappeared from all the centromeres in abnormal mitotic cells containing misaligned chromosomes. These results suggest that the seven components of the ICEN complex are predominantly localized at the centromeres and are required for kinetochore function perhaps through or not through loading of CENP‐H and hMis6 onto the centromere.
Protease inhibitors in bacteria: an emerging concept for the regulation of bacterial protein complexes?
Authors: Schwarz Wolfgang H. , Zverlov Vladimir V.
Published: May 2006

Serine protease inhibitors (serpins), the antagonists of serine proteases, were unknown in the bacterial kingdom until recently. Kang et al. in this issue of Molecular Microbiology report the cloning and functional analysis of the three serpin genes from the thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. Two of the serpins contain a dockerin module for location in the extracellular hydrolytic multienzyme complex, the cellulosome. The susceptibility of cellulosome to proteolytic degradation and the presence of a serine protease in the same complex provoke speculation that protease inhibitor/protease pairs could play hitherto unrecognized roles in protein stability and regulation in bacteria.
Negative per capita effects of purple loosestrife and reed canary grass on plant diversity of wetland communities
Authors: Schooler Shon S. , McEvoy Peter B. , Coombs Eric M.
Published: May 2006

Invasive plants can simplify plant community structure, alter ecosystem processes and undermine the ecosystem services that we derive from biotic diversity. Two invasive plants, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), are becoming the dominant species in many wetlands across temperate North America. We used a horizontal, observational study to estimate per capita effects (PCEs) of purple loosestrife and reed canary grass on plant diversity in 24 wetland communities in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Four measures of diversity were used: the number of species (S), evenness of relative abundance (J), the Shannon–Wiener index (H′) and Simpson's index (D). We show that (1) the PCEs on biotic diversity were similar for both invasive species among the four measures of diversity we examined; (2) the relationship between plant diversity and invasive plant abundance ranges from linear (constant slope) to negative exponential (variable slope), the latter signifying that the PCEs are density‐dependent; (3) the PCEs were density‐dependent for measures of diversity sensitive to the number of species (S, H′, D) but not for the measure that relied solely upon relative abundance (J); and (4) invader abundance was not correlated with other potential influences on biodiversity (hydrology, soils, topography). These results indicate that both species are capable of reducing plant community diversity, and management strategies need to consider the simultaneous control of multiple species if the goal is to maintain diverse plant communities.
Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai mountain range, China
Authors: Xu Weihua , Ouyang Zhiyun , Viña Andrés , Zheng Hua , Liu Jianguo , Xiao Yi
Published: May 2006

Population viability of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is threatened by small population sizes in scattered isolated habitat areas. Designing a conservation plan for protecting and connecting the fragmented habitat will improve the chances for survival of this endangered species. For such a plan, this study assessed the overall habitat suitability for the species in the Qionglai mountain range (Sichuan, China) using Landsat TM imagery acquired in 2001, geographical data, field surveys, and information acquired in previous researches. Results show that the habitat is separated by roads and rivers, as well as by human settlements and cropland areas, into four main habitat blocks. Overlapping these four habitat blocks with the current nature reserve network reveals that only 36% of the total habitat is protected within nature reserves. Thus, the current nature reserve network is failing to preserve essential habitat for dispersal and genetic exchange. In this study, five key areas and four linkage areas were identified and suggested as nature reserves and/or corridors. These areas, together with the six currently established nature reserves in the mountain range, will form a conservation unit for facilitating the exchange of giant panda individuals among previously isolated habitat blocks. Policies recently implemented by the Chinese government, including the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) and the Grain‐to‐Green Program (GTGP), could aid in the formation of such a conservation unit.
The prevalence of BK viremia and urinary viral shedding in a pediatric renal transplant population: A single‐center retrospective analysis
Authors: Todd Alexander R. , Langlois Valerie , Tellier Raymond , Robinson Lisa , Hébert Diane
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Polyomavirus‐induced nephropathy has emerged as an important cause of renal graft dysfunction. Limited pediatric data are available for this disease. We therefore reviewed the results of the first year of polyomavirus screening in our pediatric renal transplant recipients to determine the prevalence of polyomavirus viremia and urinary shedding. Screening included detection of polyomavirus in plasma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in urine by electron microscopy (EM). In patients with a positive screening test, an assessment of graft dysfunction was made. Fifty‐two patients met the inclusion criteria. Urinary EM was performed in 205 samples and polyomavirus was detected in 10 patients, representing 19% of the study population. PCR was performed on 222 samples and was positive for the BK virus in plasma from seven patients or 13.4% of the study population. Eight patients had a positive screening test and increased creatinine. All these patients underwent renal transplant biopsy. This revealed evidence of polyomavirus nephropathy in four patients. Our findings reveal a high prevalence of polyomavirus in both urine and plasma that is frequently associated with graft dysfunction. These findings support the routine screening of pediatric post‐renal transplant patients for polyomavirus replication.
Is using ethanol–glycine irrigating fluid monitoring and ‘good surgical practice’ enough to prevent harmful absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate?
Authors: COLLINS JUSTIN W. , MACDERMOTT SEAMUS , BRADBROOK RICHARD A. , KEELEY FRANK X. , TIMONEY ANTHONY G.
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the utility of using a tracer of 1% ethanol in 1.5% glycine for the early detection of irrigation fluid absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 126 men undergoing TURP were irrigated with a solution of 1% ethanol and 1.5% glycine; their expired air was tested for ethanol every 20 min, and again at the end of the procedure. Maximum absorption by the breath‐ethanol reading was compared with the serum concentration of absorbed glycine (analysed by anion‐exchange chromatography).

RESULTS

Complete data on 120 men were assessed; 75% of the men absorbed irrigation fluid, with glycine levels above the normal range. The sodium levels tended to decrease with increasing glycine levels (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, − 0.57; 120 men) and five men (4%) developed clinical features of the TUR syndrome. There was a weak correlation between breath‐ethanol levels and serum glycine levels (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, 0.54). The experience of the surgeon, the weight of the resected chips, and the operative duration were not significantly predictive of irrigation fluid absorption.

CONCLUSIONS

A rising breath‐ethanol level indicates irrigation fluid absorption. However, irrigating fluid absorption is unpredictable, supporting the case for alternative, potentially safer irrigants.
Strategizing for the Future through the Civil Partnership Act
Authors: Glennon Lisa
Published: May 2006

Using Fraser's ‘status model of recognition’ as the conceptual lens through which to view the ‘misrecognition’ of gay and lesbian relationships, this paper assesses the value of the Civil Partnership Act in light of family law policy and gay and lesbian politics. The second section considers the context of Northern Ireland where the issue is complicated by prevailing moral conservatism and the historical reductionism in the politics of identity.
Agency and Market Area Factors Affecting Home Health Agency Supply Changes
Authors: Porell Frank W. , Liu Korbin , Brungo David P.
Published: May 2006

Objective. To use the natural experiment created by the Medicare interim payment system (IPS) to study supply change behavior of home health agencies (HHAs) in local market areas.

Data Sources. One hundred percent Medicare home health claims for 1996 and 1999, linked with Medicare Provider of Service and Denominator files, and the Area Resource File.

Study Design. Medicare home health care (HHC) claims data were used to distinguish HHAs that changed the local market supply of Medicare HHC by their market exit or by significant expansion or contraction of their geographic service area between 1996 and 1999 from other HHAs. Multinomial logit models were estimated to analyze how characteristics of agencies and the market areas in which they served were associated with these different agency‐level supply changes.

Principal Findings. Changes in local HHA supply stemming from geographic service area expansions and contractions rivaled those owing to agency closures and market entries. Agencies at greater risk of closure and service area contraction tended to be smaller, newer, freestanding agencies, operating with more visit‐intensive practice styles in markets with more competitor agencies. Except for having much less visit‐intensive practice styles, similar attributes characterized agencies that increased local supply through service area expansion.

Conclusions. Supply changes by HHAs largely reflected rational market responses by agencies to significant changes in financial incentives associated with the Medicare IPS. Recently certified agencies were among the most dynamic providers. Supply changes were more likely among agencies operating in more competitive market environments.
The Stepparent Relationship Index: Development, validation, and associations with stepchildren’s perceptions of stepparent communication competence and closeness
Authors: SCHRODT PAUL
Published: May 2006

There is a growing consensus among family researchers that many of the challenges facing members of stepfamilies revolve around the role of the stepparent. Using schema theory, this study extends recent research on the stepparent role by developing an empirically reliable measure for the primary dimensions that stepchildren identify as part of their stepparent relationship schemas. Participants included 522 young adult stepchildren from 4 different states who completed an inventory assessing key dimensions of the stepparent‐stepchild relationship, as well as stepchildren’s perceptions of stepparents’ communication competence and closeness. The results produced a new multidimensional measure, the Stepparent Relationship Index, as three dimensions of the stepparent‐stepchild relationship emerged from factor analytic techniques: positive regard, (step)parental authority, and affective certainty. Each subscale produced acceptable reliability estimates, and initial evidence of concurrent validity was obtained.
Editorials: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: An Emerging Threat Among Renal Patients
Authors: DeHoratius Danielle M. , Cowper Shawn E.
Published: May 2006

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), also known as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, is a scleroderma‐like disease of the skin observed in patients with renal insufficiency. Since its recognition in 1997, relatively little has been published in the nephrology literature, despite indications that the disorder is becoming increasingly recognized in the United States and abroad. As nephrology professionals may be the first to encounter newly developing cases of NSF, it becomes imperative that they be able to recognize the symptoms and comorbidities and initiate tests and treatment. To date, the cause of NSF has not been established. Recent observations indicate that specific cells normally involved in wound repair and tissue remodeling may be aberrantly recruited to the skin and soft tissues of NSF patients.
An Analytical Model for the Prediction of Minimum Chip Thickness in Micromachining
Authors: Liu X. , DeVor R. E. , Kapoor S. G.
Published: May 2006

In micromachining, the uncut chip thickness is comparable or even less than the tool edge radius and as a result a chip will not be generated if the uncut chip thickness is less than a critical value, viz., the minimum chip thickness. The minimum chip thickness effect significantly affects machining process performance in terms of cutting forces, tool wear, surface integrity, process stability, etc. In this paper, an analytical model has been developed to predict the minimum chip thickness values, which are critical for the process model development and process planning and optimization. The model accounts for the effects of thermal softening and strain hardening on the minimum chip thickness. The influence of cutting velocity and tool edge radius on the minimum chip thickness has been taken into account. The model has been experimentally validated with 1040 steel and Al6082-T6 over a range of cutting velocities and tool edge radii. The developed model has then been applied to investigate the effects of cutting velocity and edge radius on the normalized minimum chip thickness for various carbon steels with different carbon contents and Al6082-T6.
Formation of nanoscale columnar structures in silicon by a maskless reactive ion etching process
Authors: Gharghi M. , Sivoththaman S.
Published: May 2006

We describe a maskless reactive ion etching process that employs CF4 gas plasma to create nanoscale structures in silicon. Process conditions are controlled to produce pillars of up to 2μm tall and less than 50nm wide. The contributing mechanisms are discussed based on the trends observed for varying plasma conditions. Higher pressures or lower self-bias voltages result in pyramidal structures. Lower pressure and higher voltage result in needlelike structures that resemble silicon wires. By carefully controlling the automasking process mechanism, columnar silicon structures were reproducibly formed with good uniformity all over the wafer. The regularity of the fabricated structures, process controllability, and process compatibility of dry etching are promising for potential photonic and optoelectronic applications.
Silicon-on-insulator waveguide photodetector with self-ion-implantation-engineered-enhanced infrared response
Authors: Knights A. P. , Bradley J. D. B. , Gou S. H. , Jessop P. E.
Published: May 2006

We describe the fabrication and characterization of silicon-on-insulator, p+-i-n+ waveguide photodetectors with enhanced sensitivity to wavelengths around 1550nm. Increased sensitivity to sub-band-gap light results from the deliberate introduction of mid-band-gap defects via 1.5MeV silicon-ion implantation to a dose of 1×1012cm−2. For a waveguide of length of 6mm, an on-chip signal of 3.5dBm generates a photocurrent of 5μA while the defect-induced excess optical absorption is 8dB. Postimplantation annealing at a temperature of 300°C for 10min increases the photocurrent to 19μA, corresponding to a responsivity of 9mA∕W, while reducing the excess loss to 2dB. The devices described here are completely compatible with standard silicon processing and can be integrated easily with other photonic and electronic functionalities on the same silicon substrate.
Microelectrode arrays for two-dimensional polar movement of microparticles in water
Authors: Belisle Andre , Brown Matthew , Hubbard Ted , Kujath Marek
Published: May 2006

This article demonstrates the circular movement of microparticles in water using radial microelectromechanical system electrode arrays. The particles are moved in two polar dimensions, θ and r, by ac electro-osmosis. It is observed that initially particles circle rapidly above the array and move slowly radially to finally form a thin ring at an equilibrium radius. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed, cross sectional information is extracted to obtain tangential (Uθ) velocity as a function of r. Orbital velocity and equilibrium radius measurements are performed at various voltages. Velocities and radii are found to be in general agreement with the simulated results.
Gain spectra of 1.3μm GaInNAs laser diodes
Authors: Zhang X. , Gupta J. A. , Barrios P. J. , Pakulski G. , Wu X. , Delâge A.
Published: May 2006

We present an experimental investigation of the optical gain properties of 1.3μm GaInNAs double quantum well ridge waveguide laser diodes. High-resolution gain spectra versus injection current and temperature were obtained by measuring the modulation depth introduced into the spontaneous emission spectrum by the Fabry-Pérot resonances. As the injection current increases, the modal gain spectral peak experiences a small blueshift over the photon energy, and the magnitude increases asymptotically, saturating at the lasing threshold level of 24.4cm−1. The peak of the modal gain spectra exhibits a redshift with an average rate of 0.58nm∕°C as the temperature increases from 30to50°C. For wavelengths corresponding to photon energy below the band gap, the modal gain spectra converge to the internal loss of 7cm−1. The full width at half maximum of the gain spectrum is 41.1meV at 30°C, 40mA and increases with injection current at a rate of 0.42meV∕mA. The high optical gain and low internal loss indicate that GaInNAs is a promising active material for long wavelength laser diodes.
Microstructure investigations of indium tin oxide films cosputtered with zinc oxide at room temperature
Authors: Liu Day-Shan , Lin Chun-Hsing , Tsai Fu-Chun , Wu Chun-Ching
Published: May 2006

X-ray diffraction coupled with atomic force microscopy measurements were employed to investigate the cosputtered oxide films at various zinc content [Zn∕(Zn+In)at.%] atomic ratios prepared at room temperature using rf cosputtering indium tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) targets simultaneously. The crystalline structure of a pure ITO film is polycrystalline with obvious diffraction peaks of (222) and (400). As the atomic ratio reaches 26%, the cosputtered oxide film evolves from a polycrystalline ITO structure into an amorphouslike ZnkIn2Ok+3 structure. This structure also dominates the cosputtered oxide films at the atomic ratios raging from 26% to 54%. The formation of amorphouslike ZnkIn2O3+k structures is found to markedly reduce the associated film resistivity and performs a superior surface uniformity. At an atomic ratio of 60%, a diffraction peak identifies as ZnO (100) phase appears to pile on the original amorphous domain. This phase is attributed to the substitution of In3+ sites in the ITO structure unit by Zn2+ ions. The appearance of ZnO phase is responsible for the increase of film resistivity. In addition, the smooth surface roughness contributed from the amorphous structures is therefore roughened due to the appearance of the microcrystalline ZnO structures. While the atomic ratio increases to 71%, the surface roughness and resistivity are found to further increase due to the growth of ZnO (100) phase. The optical absorption edge of these cosputtered oxide films shows an apparent redshift at ultraviolet wavelengths with incremental ZnO contents incorporating into ITO films.
Hexaethylbenzene complexes of ruthenium and manganese  X-ray crystal structures and NMR spectra of [(HEB)2Ru2(µ-Cl)3][C5(CO2Me)5], [(HEB)Ru(H2O)3][BF4]2, (HEB)RuCl2[P(OMe)3], trans-RuCl2(PMe3)4, and (HEB)Mn(CO)2Br
Authors: Gupta Hari K , Lock Philippa E , Reginato Nada , Britten James F , McGlinchey Michael J
Published: May 2006

Hexaethylbenzene (HEB) and [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 react in the melt to yield [(HEB)RuCl2]2 (6), the NMR spectra of which reveal the presence of [(HEB)2Ru2(µ-Cl)3]Cl in solution. In [(HEB)2Ru2(µ-Cl)3][C5(CO2Me)5] (7), the cation has D3h symmetry with alternating proximal and distal ethyl groups. Bridge cleavage of 6 with trimethyl phosphite or with trimethylphosphine gives (HEB)RuCl2[P(OMe)3] (9) or (HEB)RuCl2(PMe3) (10), respectively. The latter reaction also yields RuCl2(Me3P)4 (11), whose structure represents a relatively rare example of a crystallographically characterized trans isomer of this type. In 9, five of the ethyl ligands are distal, whereas in 10 all six substituents are distal. Attempts to prepare the sandwich dication [(HEB)2Ru]2+ gave instead [(HEB)Ru(H2O)3](BF4)2 (8), whose NMR and X-ray data reveal the 1,3,5-distal2,4,6-proximal arrangement of ethyls both in the solid state and in solution. (HEB)Mn(CO)2Br (13) likewise adopts the 1,3,5-distal2,4,6-proximal structure in the solid state but, surprisingly, there is no evidence for slowed ethyl rotation in solution.Key words: hexaethylbenzene conformations, hindered rotations, crystallography, NMR, ruthenium, manganese.
2005 Pure or Applied Inorganic Chemistry Award Lecture — Host–guest inclusion chemistry of electroactive, mesoporous transition metal oxides oxidation and 1-D confinement in one step and why amorphous is better
Authors: Skadtchenko B O , Antonelli D M
Published: May 2006

The flexible oxidation states of mesoporous Nb, Ta, and Ti oxides make them unique amongst porous materials allowing reaction pathways and cascades that are not possible for mesoporous silica or microporous materials such as zeolites. This electronic activity coupled with the 20–30 Å pores and the amorphous wall structure, which provides greater bandwidth (W) and hence an even greater range of redox potentials, leads to a rich variety of host–guest inclusion chemistry, which serves as an unprecedented 1-D analogue to layered 2-D host–guest inclusion reactions studied for decades. In this paper we survey a series of reactions between these mesoporous hosts and a wide variety of organic and organometallic guest species including alkali fullerides, cobaltocene, and other organometallic sandwhich species, and discuss the electronic and magnetic properties of the resulting composites.Key words: mesoporous materials, semiconductors, fullerides, superconductors, oxides, nanomaterials, metallocenes.
One-pot, solvent-free synthesis of α-aminonitriles under catalysis by magnesium bromide ethyl etherate
Authors: Mojtahedi Mohammad M , Abaee M Saeed , Abbasi Hassan
Published: May 2006

A three-component, efficient, and facile procedure has been developed for the synthesis of α-aminonitriles from aldehydes, amines, and trimethylsilyl cyanide using a catalytic amount of magnesium bromide ethyl etherate in the absence of solvent. Rapid formation of products is observed at room temperature in a one-pot procedure under very mild conditions giving excellent yields of the title compounds.Key words: catalyzed Strecker's reaction, α-aminonitriles, magnesium bromide, solvent-free.
Cyclization of Ph2Si(NHNHMe)2. II. Reactions with methyl iodide, HCl, and Ph2SiCl2, and thermolysis
Authors: He Jiliang , Harrod John F.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of Ph2Si(NHNHMe)2 (1) with MeI results in a mixture of two six-membered ring isomers, 1,2,4,5-tetraaza-1,4-dimethyl-3,3,6,6-tetraphenyl-3,6-disilacyclohexane (2), 45%, and 1,2,4,5-tetraaza-1,5-dimethyl-3,3,6,6-tetraphenyl-3,6-disilacyclohexane (3), 40%. The reaction of 1 with HCl or Ph2SiCl2 proceeds in a similar fashion. The thermolysis of 1 is studied from 25–600 °C. In the range of 250–300 °C, about 50% of 1 is converted into 2,3, and 1,2,4-triaza-1-methyl-4-methylamino-3,3,5,5-tetraphenyl-3,5-disilacyclopentane, 8. Possible pathways for the formation of 2,3, and 8 in these cyclization reactions are discussed.
Solvation and metal ion effects on structure and reactivity of phosphoryl compounds. Part 4. Dealkylation of phosphate esters by thiophenoxide ion in methanol
Authors: Mentz Marian , Modro Agnes M. , Modro Tomasz A.
Published: May 2006

Second-order rate constants for the demethylation of three phosphate esters by thiophenoxide salts, PhS−M+ (M+ = Me4N+, K+, Na+, Li+) in methanol-d4 at 25 °C have been measured. In contrast to the demethylation by iodide salts, metallic counterions do not exhibit any catalytic effects on the demethylation rate. The absence of the catalysis indicates that the salts react exclusively as ion pairs, in which an alkali metal ion is not available for the interactions with the phosphoryl group in the transition state.
On the water-promoted mechanism of peptide cleavage by carboxypeptidase A. A theoretical study
Authors: Alvarez-Santos Silvia , González-Lafont Angels , Lluch José M. , Oliva Baldomero , Avilés Francesc X.
Published: May 2006

The water-promoted pathway of peptide cleavage by carboxypeptidase A has been studied by semiempirical (AM1) quantum mechanical calculations. A relatively large model for the CPA-active site elements plus substrate has been designed, using two imidazoles and one acetate as the Zn2+ ligands, acetate as the proton acceptor (simulating Glu-270), and N-ethylacetamide as the peptide-like substrate. This model, although simpler than the natural one, is one of the largest used for theoretical calculations on CPA catalytic mechanisms. To ensure that this model is able to mimic the natural system, it has been compared with the structure of the (Gly)3-L-Tyr + water + CPA complex resulting from several molecular dynamics/energy minimization simulations. Among the different steps involved in the water-promoted pathway proposed by Lipscomb's group, the attack of the oxygen atom that comes from the activated water molecule to the carbon atom of the peptide bond of the substrate has been found to be the rate-determining step, with a high enthalpy barrier of 37.9 kcal/mol. However, this enthalpy barrier is dramatically decreased when a positive charge, simulating Arg-127, is included near the scissile carbonyl. The reported results seem to favour the occurrence of the mechanism studied and indicate the limitations of using simple elements for the theoretical analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Structural studies on dioxan-2-ylium ions; intramolecular attack of an oxygen atom on a carbenium ion centre
Authors: Childs Ronald F. , Kang Guogong J. , Wark Teresa A. , Frampton Christopher S.
Published: May 2006

As models for the ionization of orthoesters, a series of 1,3-dioxan-2-ylium salts have been prepared and characterized. The properties of 1,3-dioxan-2-ylium hexachloroantimonate 1, 5-ethoxymethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-ylium hexachloroantimonate 2, 2-methyl-5-ethoxymethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-ylium hexachloroantimonate 3, and 2-phenyl-5-ethoxymethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-ylium hexachloroantimonate 4, have been studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 3 and 4 have been determined using X-ray crystallography. Salts 3 and 4 both crystallize in monoclinic crystal systems. For 3, the space group is C2/c, with a = 30.192(4) Å, b = 9.613(2) Å, c = 12.742(2) Å, β = 109.71(1)°, V = 3482(1) Å3, and Z = 8. Complex 4 crystallizes in the space group P21/n, with a = 10.638(2) Å, b = 11.849(2) Å, c = 16.970(3) Å, β = 106.84(1)°, V = 2047(1) Å3, and Z = 4. The geometries of 3 and 4 are similar with the ether oxygen disposed over the dioxan-2-ylium ring. However, the interaction between the ether oxygen and the cationic centre is not significant due to the large internuclear distance observed. The cation 5, in which the carbon chain length between the ether oxygen and C(5) was increased, was prepared. This ion was found to undergo a reversible, intramolecular rearrangement resulting in the formation of 1-methyl-4-acetoxymethyl-tetrahydrofuranyl oxonium hexachloroantimonate 11.