bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional printing technologies for dental prosthesis: a review
Authors: Alageel Omar
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have gained attention in dentistry because of their ability to print objects with complex geometries with high precision and accuracy, as well as the benefits of saving materials and treatment time. This study aims to explain the principles of the main 3D printing technologies used for manufacturing dental prostheses and devices, with details of their manufacturing processes and characteristics. This review presents an overview of available 3D printing technologies and materials for dental prostheses and devices.

Design/methodology/approach

This review was targeted to include publications pertaining to the fabrication of dental prostheses and devices by 3D printing technologies between 2012 and 2021. A literature search was carried out using the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar search engines, as well as the use of a manual search.

Findings

3D printing technologies have been used for manufacturing dental prostheses and devices using a wide range of materials, including polymers, metals and ceramics. 3D printing technologies have demonstrated promising experimental outcomes for the fabrication of dental prostheses and devices. However, further developments in the materials for fixed dental prostheses are required.

Originality/value

3D printing technologies are effective and commercially available for the manufacturing of polymeric and metallic dental prostheses. Although the printing of dental ceramics and composites for dental prostheses is promising, further improvements are required.
A commentary on the “new” institutional actors in sustainability reporting standard-setting: a European perspective
Authors: Giner Begoña , Luque-Vílchez Mercedes
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the progress and future prospects of two relatively “new” institutions in this field: the European Commission (EC), together with the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reflexively analyses the recent events that characterise the European Union (EU) regulatory standard-setting landscape in the sustainability field. It is mainly based on publicly available documents.

Findings

After analysing the different routes followed to enter the field, this paper shows how the EC/EFRAG takes a wider view than the IFRS Foundation on certain key reporting aspects, that is, target audience, materiality and reporting boundary. As for the reporting scope, although it seems that the IFRS Foundation has a more restrictive vision, it is working to broaden it.

Practical implications

This paper provides some ideas about the potential cooperation between the two institutions. This paper also highlights some potential problems stemming not only from their intrinsic characteristics but also from the routes they have taken to enter the field.

Social implications

By envisioning how the EU sustainability reporting standard-setting landscape might evolve, this paper sheds light on how companies might need to approach sustainability reporting to adapt to the new institutional demands. Suggestions for collaboration between the two institutions could help them reach common ground and, thus, prevent misunderstandings for companies and stakeholders.

Originality/value

The reflections and takeaways benefit from the authors’ first-hand information, as both are involved in the EU process. The authors could, therefore, feed into further discussions on the developments and challenges facing the EU in this domain.
Soil biota is decisive for overyielding in intercropping under low phosphorus conditions
Authors: Qiao Xu , Bei Shuikuan , Wang Guangzhou , Li Chunjie , Li Haigang , Zhang Junling , Zhang Fusuo
Published: May 2022

Cereal/legume intercropping typically increases crop yield; however, the mechanisms through which soil microbes mediate overyielding in intercropping under different nutrient availability remain elusive.

Here we examined the effect of soil biota and phosphate (P) availability on intercropping advantages in wheat Triticum aestivum/faba bean Vicia faba systems using a pot experiment consisting of soil sterilization treatment and different P supply levels. A complementary experiment on the contribution of different microbial groups was also included using the removal method.

Intercropping advantage was observed only in the presence of microbes and was mainly associated with increase in wheat biomass. Overyielding effect was stronger under low‐P than high‐P conditions, and was negatively correlated with P availability and the effect of soil biota in the monoculture. The effect was likely related to the enlarged active P pools and modified microbial communities associated with the alteration of rhizosphere traits (protons and carboxylates) by the neighbouring faba bean. Similarly, simplification of soil microbes significantly increased the growth and P uptake of wheat plants while faba bean growth was less affected.

Synthesis and applications. Our research provides compelling evidence that soil microbiome is important in driving intercropping overyielding by regulating interspecific interactions under nutrient‐limited conditions. These findings have important implications for crop species choice in designing and managing intercropping systems where crop functional traits, soil microbiome and nutrient management should be integrated in pursuit of sustainable agriculture.
Oyster larvae swim along gradients of sound
Authors: Williams Brittany R. , McAfee Dominic , Connell Sean D.
Published: May 2022

Marine soundscapes provide navigational information for dispersing organisms, but with wide‐scale habitat loss, these soundscapes are becoming muted. Consequently, dispersing larvae that use soundscapes for navigation may be lost at sea, limiting the success of restoration efforts that rely upon the recruitment of dispersing organisms to restore habitat. Where limited larval supply constrains restoration efforts, using speakers to create gradients in healthy soundscapes could provide the navigational cue that attract larvae and enhances recruitment.

Combining laboratory and field studies, we test whether broadcasting soundscapes might act as a directional cue for oysters targeted for national‐scale reef restoration; the Australian flat oyster Ostrea angasi. In the laboratory, we tested whether settlement of larvae increases along a gradient of increasing sound intensity (8 m laboratory tank) versus a no sound control, and whether settlement increases with soundscapes that approximate healthy reefs.

In the field, we tested the context dependency and magnitude of using boosted soundscapes for restoration practice in areas of low, medium and high background noise, by observing the settlement rates of naturally recruiting oysters at three restoration sites when exposed to boosted reef sound relative to ambient conditions.

In the laboratory, we showed that 83% of larvae swim horizontally towards reef sound to settle in greater densities closer to its source, a near doubling of the larvae (44%) that dispersed in the no sound controls. Larval settlement increased by 300% in the presence of reef sound relative to controls in the laboratory. In the field, speakers increased larval settlement in localities of lower background noise. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that oyster larvae can swim horizontally and choose to move towards a sound source.

Synthesis and applications. We discovered that oyster larvae can swim horizontally towards reef sound and then settle in higher densities, relative to controls. Importantly, this effect of sound on recruitment is enhanced in localities of lower background noise. We propose that where recruitment is limited, restoration practitioners best use acoustic technology in localities of lower background noise to guide larvae to boost recovery.
Review: Genetic structure and local adaptation in natural forests of Cryptomeria japonica
Authors: Tsumura Yoshihiko
Published: May 2022

Cryptomeria japonica is a very important and useful forestry tree in Japan and there are vast areas of plantation area that occupy 44% of the total man‐made forest in the country. Natural populations have declined as a result of logging and overexploitation for more than a thousand years. The natural distribution of C. japonica is from Aomori Prefecture to Kagoshima Prefecture and it has adapted to widely different environments in Japan. In China, the variety C. japonica var. sinensis is distributed. The genetic diversity is higher in Japanese Cryptomeria than in the Chinese variety, and within Japan, western populations have higher genetic diversity than northern populations. Genetic structure of C. japonica within Japan was clear, with isolation by distance (IBD), and the omote‐sugi on the Pacific Ocean side and ura‐sugi group on the Sea of Japan side were clearly separated by STRUCTURE analysis. Genetic structure was also clear in the Chinese population but there was no IBD, which suggested considerable human disturbance in the past. Local adaption is apparent in this species, in, for example, morphological traits among the three groups such as omote‐sugi, ura‐sugi, and Chinese population. The time of divergence among the three groups was at least before last glacial maximum. Global climate change largely affects species distributions and local adaptation, which play important roles in adaptation and speciation. A suitable conservation strategy for natural populations of C. japonica is ex situ conservation of large trees and applying a zoning method to the remaining natural forests.
Introduction: On irreconciliation
Authors: Mookherjee Nayanika
Published: May 2022

Most post‐conflict reconciliatory exercises make it incumbent upon survivors to forgive, and seek closure as a demonstration of ‘moving on’. Various anthropologists have criticized reconciliation and related forms of ‘alternative justice’ extensively but within the framework of maintaining social bonds and the rule of law. In this introduction, I reflect critically on the interdisciplinary scholarship on reconciliation, apology, and forgiveness, and theorize irreconciliation as a less examined lens of analysis. Rather than being in opposition to ‘peace’, irreconciliation allows us to interrogate the status quo by refusing to forgive endemic impunities, particularly in the aftermath of staged processes of justice and the absence‐presence of the rule of law. In this special issue of theJRAI, I ethnographically explore irreconciliation's links with law, aesthetics, temporality, resistance, and control to locate its multiple analytical manifestations. Irreconciliation allows an important examination of the rule of law within processes of unresolved genocidal injustices and debates relating to slavery, Black Lives Matter, and institutional responses.
Evaluation of extraction parameters in authentic hair reference material using statistical design of experiments
Authors: Spear Brianna , DeCaprio Anthony P.
Published: May 2022

Optimal methods for forensic hair analysis are often debated, especially regarding extraction parameters that include incubation time, temperature, and size of extracted hair particles. To assess hair pretreatment parameters for analysis of drugs of abuse, the statistical technique known as Design of Experiments (DoE) is useful. DoE evaluates both the individual roles and the combinatorial associations between multiple variables and overall drug extraction efficiency. Previous reports have focused on incorporated hair reference material (HRM), which is prepared in the lab at a specified drug concentration. In contrast, authentic HRM, which is prepared by diluting hair from drug users with blank hair to achieve specific drug concentrations, is an effective matrix for standardization of forensic hair testing, since the drug is incorporated into the hair matrix via uptake from systemic distribution. In the present study, extraction parameters for authentic HRM samples containing multiple drugs (diazepam, alprazolam, cocaine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine) and metabolites (nordiazepam, cocaethylene, norcocaine, hydroxycocaine, and 6‐monoacetylmorphine) were optimized based on recovery using a 23 full factorial DoE matrix. The factors evaluated included extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio (12.5 or 25 μL/mg), particle size (pulverized or cut into 1 mm snippets), and extraction time (2 or 24 h) using solvent swelling. DoE analysis revealed significant differences in the optimal combinations of extraction parameters for maximum recovery. However, for the majority of drugs and metabolites, the most effective extraction method consisted of pulverizing hair prior to a 2‐h extraction with a 12.5 μL/mg extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio.
Insect diversity and succession patterns on pig cadavers in Changwon, South Korea
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyun , Lee Ji‐Hwan , Woo Da‐Hyun , Ji Bong‐Hwan , Moon Tae‐Young
Published: May 2022

Succession patterns spanning three seasons for insect fauna on pig cadavers were studied in Changwon, South Korea in 2018 and 2019. A total of 107 species belonging to 41 families in six orders were collected and identified. Four decomposition stages were recognized: fresh, bloated, decay, and dry. The number of species increased significantly after the fresh stage and reached the maximum number by the decay stage. The sequence of insect succession followed a general pattern in which Diptera peaked initially and Coleoptera peaked later.Chrysomya pinguiswas the most frequently present species, and the timing of its different developmental stages on cadavers could be the most important indicator for post‐mortem interval estimations in Changwon. Spatial and seasonal differences in the richness of insects were not significant. However,Calliphora nigribarbisoccurred exclusively in spring and autumn, andPheropsophus javanusoccurred exclusively in one locality. Therefore, these species may be important for characterizing the different seasons or locations during post‐mortem interval estimations. A list of the insects associated with above‐ground pig cadavers during the three seasons was compiled, and it may be useful for estimating the time since death in areas with a similar bioclimate.
Randomised clinical trial: individual versus group hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Lövdahl Jenny , Törnblom Hans , Ringström Gisela , Palsson Olafur S. , Simrén Magnus
Published: May 2022

Background

Gut‐directed hypnotherapy improves symptoms for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Group hypnotherapy, as well as hypnotherapy administered by nurses, can increase treatment availability, but there are few comparisons between individual and group‐based hypnotherapy.

Aim

We aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of nurse‐administered hypnotherapy for IBS delivered individually or in groups.

Methods

IBS patients were randomised to individual or group hypnotherapy (8 sessions, 12 weeks). The primary endpoint was changes in severity of IBS symptoms. A responder was defined as reduction of IBS severity scoring system (IBS‐SSS) ≥50 points at the end of treatment compared to baseline. The effects on extracolonic and psychological symptoms, and quality of life were also assessed. Symptoms were also followed up 6 months after treatment start.

Results

A total of 119 patients were randomised (61 individual, 58 group hypnotherapy). Patients reported improvements in IBS symptoms (IBS‐SSS) (individual: 332 (273–401) (median, IQR), versus 216 (140–308), (p < 0.0001), group: 315 (239–382), versus 217 (149–314), (p < 0.0001)), with no differences between the groups (p = 0.16). Extracolonic symptoms, psychological symptoms and quality of life also improved, without clear differences between the groups. Sixty‐nine percent of the individual hypnotherapy patients were responders after treatment versus 57% of the group hypnotherapy patients (p = 0.25). Symptom improvements were also seen at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Nurse‐administered gut‐directed hypnotherapy, delivered individually or in groups, relieves IBS symptoms, improves psychological symptoms and quality of life. Group hypnotherapy can be an efficacious alternative, enabling more patients to benefit from the treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov ID no of study: NCT03432078).
Systematic review—pancreatic involvement in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Massironi Sara , Fanetti Ilaria , Viganò Chiara , Pirola Lorena , Fichera Maria , Cristoferi Laura , Capurso Gabriele , Invernizzi Pietro , Danese Silvio
Published: May 2022

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory immune‐mediated disorder of the gut with frequent extra‐intestinal complications. Pancreatic involvement in IBD is not uncommon and comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions, including acute pancreatitis (AP), chronic pancreatitis (CP), autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI); however, data on such an association remain sparse and heterogeneous.

Method

PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies investigating pancreatic involvement in patients with IBD.

Results

Four thousand one hundred and twenty‐one records were identified and 547 screened; finally, 124 studies were included in the review. AP is the most frequent pancreatic manifestation in IBD; the majority of AP cases in IBD are due to gallstones and drugs but cases of idiopathic AP are increasingly reported. AIP is a rare disease, but a strong association with IBD has been demonstrated, especially for type 2 and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenetic link between IBD and AIP remains unclear, but an immune‐mediated pathway seems plausible. An association between CP and PEI with IBD has also been suggested, but data are to date scarce and conflicting.

Conclusion

This is the first systematic review of the association between IBD and pancreatic diseases. Gallstones and drugs should be considered the most probable causes of AP in IBD, with type 2 AIP also being possible.
Infant behavioural effects of smartphone interrupted parent‐infant interaction
Authors: Tidemann Ida T. , Melinder Annika M. D.
Published: May 2022

Infants are vulnerable to changes in the dyadic synchrony with their caregivers, as demonstrated in numerous experiments employing the still‐face paradigm. The sudden lack of attunement causes infant stress reactions and the still‐face literature have suggested potential long‐term costs of this in terms of development of social, emotional and cognitive skills. Acknowledging the rapid technological development accompanied by altered practices in the parent‐infant interaction, the current study investigates infant behavioural reactions in a similar experimental paradigm, manipulating parental responsiveness and sensitivity in a slightly different manner. In the current study, the parent interrupts the ongoing interaction, simulating occupation with a smartphone, rather than making a ‘still‐face’. In a cross‐sectional design, infants of six, nine and twelve months display increased levels of protest behaviour in response to the interrupted interaction with their parent, together with lowered levels of positive engagement and social monitoring, suggesting similar behavioural responses as the still‐face effect. Implications for infant social and emotional development, as well as for mindful tech habits are discussed.
Re‐imaging everyday routines and educational aspirations under COVID‐19 lockdown: Narratives of urban middle‐class children in Punjab, India
Authors: Barn Ravinder , Sandhu Damanjit , Mukherjee Utsa
Published: May 2022

Based on in‐depth interviews with 24 middle‐class Indian child participants, this is the first exploratory qualitative study, in India, to demonstrate the ways in which children as reflexive social actors re‐negotiated everyday schedules, drew on classed resources at their disposal and made sense of the impact of the pandemic on their educational pathways and future aspirations. These narratives offer a unique lens on the politics of middle‐classness and its constitutive relation to constructions of normative childhoods in contemporary India. Study findings contribute to the sociology of Indian childhood and more generally help enrich our understanding of southern childhoods and the reproduction of inequalities in contemporary India.
Tooth as graft material: Histologic study
Authors: Minetti Elio , Corbella Stefano , Taschieri Silvio , Canullo Luigi
Published: May 2022

Background

An effective regenerative protocol is key to reestablish and maintain the hard and soft tissue dimensions over time. The choice of the graft material and its properties also could have an impact on the results. To prevent alveolar ridge dimensional changes, since numerous graft materials have been suggested and in the past years, a growing interest in teeth material has been observed as a valuable alternative to synthetic biomaterials.

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore the histomorphometric outcomes of tooth derivative materials as used as bone substitute material in socket preservation procedure.

Methods

After alveolar socket preservation (ASP) procedures using autologous demineralized tooth as graft material prepared by means of an innovative device, was evaluated. A total of 101 histological samples, from 96 subjects, were analyzed by evaluating the total amount of bone (BV), residual tooth material (residual graft, TT), and vital bone (VB). The section from each sample was then split in nine subsections, resulting in 909 subsections, to allow statistical comparison between the different areas.

Results

It was not noticed a statistically significant difference between maxillary and mandibular sites, being the amount of VB in upper jaw sites 37.9 ± 21.9% and 38.0 ± 22.0% in lower jaw sites and the amount of TT was 7.7 ± 12.2% in maxilla and 7.0 ± 11.1% in mandibles. None of the other considered parameters, including defect type and section position, were statistically correlated to the results of the histomorphometric analysis.

Conclusions

ASP procedure using demineralized autologous tooth‐derived biomaterial may be a predictable procedure to produce new vital bone potentially capable to support dental implant rehabilitation.
Detection of pulmonary hypertension with six training strategies based on deep learning technology
Authors: Wang Miao , Wang JiWen , Hu YaTing , Guo BinBin , Tang Hong
Published: May 2022

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive condition with high mortality. At present, the most accurate diagnosis method is invasive. However, noninvasive methods existed are inaccurate, and could not be used for continuous monitoring. The heart sound (HS) signals allow the earliest monitoring to diagnose a possible cardiovascular pathology. It has become an important tool for evaluating hemodynamic status of heart in outpatient monitoring. The primary aim of this study is to detect the PH disease using the HS signals. The authors develop and test a wavelet scattering convolution network (WSCN) based on long short term memory (LSTM) approach to detect the PH by using the HS signals. We conduct validation using 131 subjects through five cross‐validations. Six methods are used to test the different training strategies and models. We have validated our experiment based on subject dependent, subject independent, subject without segmentation, classification with feature extraction, classification without feature extraction, and classification by CNN and ensemble methods, respectively. Our best general model has a classification accuracy of 94.40%, which outperforms the previous best performance in terms of PH in the literature. The capability of the method is high as it is assessed by the five evaluation indicators, such as the accuracy, specificity, precision, sensitivity, and F1 score. Moreover, establishing the diagnosis with the WSCN+LSTM approach is less time cost. The WSCN based on the LSTM approach is developed to detect PH disease. The system for PH classification, allows for noninvasive assessment of a heart condition in suspect patients without many cost and without risk of invasive detection.
A phase I study to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody MK‐1654 in healthy Japanese adults
Authors: Orito Yuji , Otani Naoyuki , Matsumoto Yuki , Fujimoto Katsukuni , Oshima Nobuyuki , Maas Brian M. , Caro Luzelena , Aliprantis Antonios O. , Cox Kara S. , Tokumaru Osamu , Kodama Masaaki , Kudo Hideo , Imai Hiromitsu , Uemura Naoto
Published: May 2022

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection among all infants worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To address this unmet medical need, MK‐1654, a half‐life extended RSV neutralizing monoclonal antibody, is in clinical development for the prevention of RSV disease in infants. This was a phase I, randomized, placebo‐controlled, single‐site, double‐blind trial of MK‐1654 in 44 healthy Japanese adults. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, antidrug antibodies (ADAs), and serum neutralizing antibody (SNA) titers against RSV were evaluated for 1 year after a single intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) dose of MK‐1654 or placebo in five groups (100 mg i.m., 300 mg i.m., 300 mg i.v., 1000 mg i.v., or placebo). MK‐1654 was generally well‐tolerated in Japanese adults. There were no serious drug‐related adverse events (AEs) reported in any MK‐1654 recipient and no discontinuations due to any AEs in the study. The half‐life of MK‐1654 ranged from 76 to 91 days across dosing groups. Estimated bioavailability was 86% for 100 mg i.m. and 77% for 300 mg i.m. One participant out of 33 (3.0%) developed detectable ADA with no apparent associated AEs. The RSV SNA titers increased in a dose‐dependent manner among participants who received MK‐1654. These data support the development of MK‐1654 for use in Japanese infants.
Inequality, Redistribution and Wage Progression
Authors: Blundell Richard
Published: May 2022

Changes in the structure of work and families over the last four decades have increased many labour market inequalities. Growing earnings inequality, adverse labour market ‘shocks’ for the low‐educated, and geographically concentrated pockets of deprivation are among the most evident of these in Britain. The decade since the financial crisis has brought these inequalities into sharper focus, and the Covid‐19 pandemic has further exacerbated labour market inequality. The object of this paper is to highlight the key role played by poor wage progression for lower‐ and middle‐educated workers in understanding inequality in the labour market and for designing effective policy responses. It is unlikely that we can address all the concerns about low wages, wage progression and earnings inequality through the tax and welfare system alone. The challenge is how best to balance tax and welfare benefit policy with other policies, such as human capital policies, the minimum wage and labour market regulation. The results point to a mix of policies that aim to enhance wage progression for the lower‐educated within a welfare system that supports low‐earning families and provides a minimum wage floor for hourly wages.
Extensive intra‐myocardial calcifications: Value of multimodality imaging
Authors: Sozzi Fabiola B. , Iacuzio Laura , Schiavone Marco , Civaia Filippo , Carugo Stefano , Canetta Ciro , Levy Franck , Eker Armand
Published: May 2022

Background

Massive myocardial calcification is a very rare finding.

Introduction

Accurate identification and characteriation may help the clinicians to determine the etiology and clinical
significance.

Results

In this case, the diagnostic pathway excluded previous myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and calcium‐phosphate disorders. A possible dystrophic etiology was considered.

Discussion

There are no standardized imaging features available to classify specific subtypes of intra‐myocardial calcifications. The relative merits of computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in providing complimentary diagnostic information in the evaluation of calcific myocardial lesions are shown.

Conclusion

Knowledge of the potential etiology and their imging patterns are important to provide a concise and accurate differential diagnosis.
Altered brain activity and functional networks in school‐age boys with severe haemophilia A: A resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Hu Di , Liu Jingran , Liu Guoqing , Hu Shasha , Li Zekun , Wei Yunyun , Zhang Ningning , Wu Runhui , Peng Yun
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Microstructural alterations of brain structure in haemophilic boys were found in our previous study.

Aim

We investigated alterations of brain function in school‐age boys with severe haemophilia A (HA) with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI).

Methods

We obtained rs‐fMRI scans from 24 boys with HA and 25 demographically matched healthy children. Spontaneous brain activity parameters were calculated. Graph theoretical analyses on rs‐fMRI data at the global and regional levels were performed. Two‐sample t tests were used to analyze differences, and correlation analyses identified relationships between altered neural properties and psychological characteristics.

Results

Children with severe HA showed small‐worldness organization but with an increased efficiency and compactness in functional segregation. The whole brain showed an overtight connection pattern. At the regional level, significantly increased nodal efficiency in the salience network (SN), default mode network (DMN) and executive control network was found. Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) scores were positively correlated with these alterations. Spontaneous brain activity alterations in regions including the cerebellum, frontal gyrus (orbital part), temporal gyrus and thalamus were observed; some of these regions have been closely related to social anxiety and family or social support.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to evaluate the neurological functional changes in school‐age boys with severe HA. Disruptions in topographic characteristics and abnormal activity were closely related to social conditions. These data could help us to understand early neurological alterations in haemophilic children, improve the traditional view of family support and strengthen normal school life at an early stage.
What's Up With Everyone? A qualitative study on young people's perceptions of cocreated online animations to promote mental health literacy
Authors: Ito‐Jaeger Sachiyo , Perez Vallejos Elvira , Curran Thomas , Crawford Paul
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Adolescence and young adulthood are especially critical times to learn about mental health, given that 75% of mental health issues are developed by the age of 24. Animations have great potential to effectively deliver mental health information to young people. A series of five short animated films to promote mental health literacy were created with and for young people in partnership with the multi‐award‐winning independent animation studio, Aardman Animations. The aim of this study was to explore young people's perceptions of the cocreated animated films.

Methods

Seven Youth Juries were conducted to capture young people's opinions and recommendations about the content related to mental health literacy and presentation style of the cocreated animated films. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the audio transcripts.

Results

Many participants reported a view that the animated films had the potential to promote mental health literacy, especially for understanding mental health and reducing stigma. Some recommendations were provided to improve the films, such as including subtitles and having a better transition to the companion website.

Conclusion

Cocreated animations have great potential to promote the mental health literacy of young people. We hope that the findings from the present study will inform future media development to make them as effective as possible.

Patient or Public Contribution

Young people were actively involved in the development, production, implementation and evaluation (up to the time before data analysis) of the animated films.
A novel preoperative analysis method of upper blepharoplasty: Movable pulley concept
Authors: Hwang Jin , Park Tae Hwan
Published: May 2022

Background

Up to date, many surgical techniques have been introduced for upper eyelid rejuvenation. Despite those technical advances, little attention has been put on objective preoperative analysis methods.

Objectives

The current study introduces our simplified, versatile, and predictable upper eyelid analysis method for upper blepharoplasty patients.

Methods

A total of 1509 surgeries were performed from March 2017 to May 2021 using our preoperative analysis method.

Results

As a result of the operation based on this new analysis method, it was possible to individualize the plan according to the patient's needs and obtain satisfactory outcomes.

Conclusions

Using our simplified, versatile, and predictable upper eyelid analysis method, we could counsel the surgical result with high predictability. In addition, it is a highly recommended method for beginners as it is easy to understand the mechanism of double eyelid surgery.
Emergency department childhood anaphylaxis presentations in regional/remote Australia
Authors: Weber Heinrich C , Bassett Gaylene L , Hollingsworth Laura K , Gan Vincent WS , Rose Samantha , Lim Jacqueline , Prior Sarah J
Published: May 2022

Aim

Explore the prevalence of childhood anaphylaxis and clinical presentation of anaphylaxis in children across two regional emergency departments over a 7‐year period.

Methods

Retrospective audit of all children (0–18 years) presenting to emergency from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2016 with anaphylaxis, defined by Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy definitions and doctor diagnosis.

Results

Seven hundred and twenty‐four patients were identified with allergic diagnosis, 60% were diagnosed with non‐anaphylaxis allergic reactions or unspecified urticaria and 40% with anaphylaxis (n = 286). Annual prevalence of anaphylaxis remained stable over the study period (M = 30.9/10 000 cases, range: 20.8–48.3/10 000). Gender distribution was equal, median age was 9.48 years (interquartile range = 4–15). Most (71%) arrived by private transport. 23% had a prior history of anaphylaxis. Food triggers (44%) were the most common cause of anaphylaxis. Insect bites/stings triggers occurred in 21%. Patients were promptly assessed (average wait time = 13 min), 16% received prior adrenaline injections. Adrenaline was administered in 26% and 20% were admitted to hospital. On discharge, 29% had a follow‐up plan, 9% received an allergy clinic referral, 6% anaphylaxis action plan, 26% adrenaline autoinjector prescriptions and allergy testing performed in 6%.

Conclusions

We found a relatively low prevalence of overall childhood anaphylaxis in a regional area. The two most common causes of anaphylaxis in this population (food and bites/stings) recorded increased prevalence providing an opportunity for further study. Significant gaps in evidence‐based care of anaphylaxis were noted, demonstrating the need for improved recognition and treatment guideline implementation in regional areas.
Rural‐urban, age, and gender disparities and trends in suicide and homicide: Multistate evidence across 12 years
Authors: Lemke Michael Kenneth , Akinlotan Marvellous , Yang Yijiong , Drake Stacy A.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Few studies have simultaneously assessed age and gender trends in homicide and suicide across the rural‐urban continuum. Herein, we examine geographic and demographic trends in suicide and homicide death rates by: (1) determining overall macro and disaggregated trends; (2) examining differences in trends based on rural‐urban county classification; and (3) identifying differences in stratified trends among age and gender classifications.

Methods

A retrospective study design used suicide and homicide data (n = 199,456) from years 2005to 2017 across 16 US states. Suicide and homicide deaths were grouped by age, gender, and rural‐urban classification for descriptive analyses, and trends were analyzed using Joinpoint trend analysis software.

Findings

Violence resulted in 142,470 suicide and 56,986 homicide deaths between 2005 and 2017. Among both males and females, overall macro trends of suicide and homicide rates generally increased with greater rurality, and trends in rural rates differed from those in nonrural areas. Joinpoint trend analysis revealed significant increases in male suicide rates in large metropolitan (1.66%), micropolitan (1.78%), and rural areas (1.77%); female suicide rates in large metropolitan (2.17%), small metropolitan (3.25%), and micropolitan areas (3.26%); male homicide rates in large metropolitan areas (10.19%); and female homicide rates in rural areas (8.29%). Finally, when stratified by age, several significant trends were found, including increases in suicide rates among females aged 64 and older in rural areas (11.71%).

Conclusions

Heterogeneous trends were found in suicide and homicide rates within specific rural‐urban, age, and gender subgroups. Prevention efforts should proactively target those subgroups identified herein as most at‐risk of violence.
The ‘David’ in a Divided Gulf: Qatar's Foreign Policy and the 2017 Gulf Crisis
Authors: Al‐Eshaq Saoud , Rasheed Amjed
Published: May 2022

This article analyzes how Qatar strategically utilized its foreign policy to overcome the implications of the 2017 Gulf crisis. Using neoclassical realism, it investigates the ways in which Qatar used its foreign relations to mitigate the impact of a crisis that barred Qatar from aerial, naval, and land corridors in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, henceforth referred to as the Quartet. The impacts are threefold. Starting from a macro‐level perspective, Qatar leveraged its status as a crucial energy supplier, alongside the resultant financial boon, to prevent an international consensus supporting the claims of the Quartet. From a micro‐level perspective, the likelihood of military escalation was circumvented by Qatar's ties with Turkey and the United States. Finally, the economic impact of the crisis was largely absorbed by Qatar's ties with Iran.
The burden of chronic kidney disease in Asia, 1990–2019: Examination of estimates from global burden of disease 2019 study
Authors: Aashima  , Nanda Mehak , Sharma Rajesh , Jani Chinmay
Published: May 2022

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health issue, with Asia accounting for one of the highest CKD prevalence worldwide. This study examines the burden of CKD in Asian continent in the last three decades.

Data and Methods

The estimates of age, sex and year wise burden of CKD for 49 countries in Asia for 1990 to 2019 were procured from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.

Findings

In 2019, there were 9.8 million [9.0–10.6 million] new cases and 763 024 [696 050–823 829] deaths due to CKD in Asia. Between 1990 and 2019, CKD prevalence doubled from 202.4 million [186.5–219.1 million] to 431.2 [400.3–462.0 million]. Although age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of CKD increased from 170.6 [156.7–186.2] in 1990 to 206.3 [190.4–223.4] per 100 000 person‐years in 2019, the age‐standardized mortality rate (ASMR) witnessed a modest reduction from 18.4/100 000 [17.0–20.1] to 17.3/100 000 [15.7–18.7]. In 2019, the ASIR spanned from 141.9/100 000 [126.2–159.2] in Tajikistan to 561.4/100 000 [524.6–598.6] in Saudi Arabia, and ASMR varied from 8.9/100 000 [7.2–9.8] in Japan to Saudi Arabia (52.9 [42.8–63.1]). Between 1990 and 2019, absolute count of CKD incident cases, deaths, prevalent cases and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) increased 100% or more in 48/49, 32/49, 43/49 and 23/49 countries, respectively.

Interpretation

CKD is widespread in the Asian region, with an alarming burden in resource‐constrained countries. Strategies such as promoting awareness, screening among high‐risk individuals, provision of cost‐effective therapies, and increased healthcare coverage could help deal with the CKD epidemic in Asia.
Flash‐free and conventional adhesive ceramic brackets in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Daraqel Baraa , Yingying Tang , Zheng Leilei
Published: May 2022

To investigate whether flash‐free adhesive ceramic brackets (FFA) have a better clinical performance than conventional adhesive ceramic brackets (CVA) in patients undergoing multi‐bracket orthodontic treatment. PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, CNKI and Grey‐literature were searched without restrictions up to January 2022. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the RoB 2.0 and ROBINS‐I cochrane risk of bias tools. Eight articles, for seven studies, were included in this systematic review, and four split‐mouth trials (SMT) were included in the meta‐analysis. A random‐effects meta‐analysis found a statistically significant faster bonding time with FFA (mean difference [MD] = −93.85 seconds/quadrant, P = .002, 2 SMT), and no statistically significant difference regarding bracket failure rate at 6 months (risk ratio [RR] = 1.05; P = .93, 3 SMT), adhesive removal time (MD = −18.26 seconds/quadrant, P = .50, 2 SMT), and amount of remnant adhesive (MD = −0.13/bracket, P = .72, 2 SMT) between FFA and CVA. No difference (P > .05, 3 SMT) was found in enamel demineralization and periodontal measurements. CVA showed a statistically significant higher debonding pain score (P = .004, 1 SMT). Both flash‐free and conventional adhesive ceramic brackets had a similar clinical performance, except for the faster bonding with FFA. Further, well‐designed clinical trials are still required.
Time‐series expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs during mammalian palatogenesis
Authors: Huang Wenbin , Zhong Wenjie , He Qing , Xu Yizhu , Lin Jiuxiang , Ding Yi , Zhao Huaxiang , Zheng Xiaowen , Zheng Yunfei
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Mammalian palatogenesis is a highly regulated morphogenetic process to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs participate in numerous biological and pathological processes, but their roles in palatal development and causing orofacial clefts (OFC) remain to be clarified.

Methods

Palatal tissues were separated from ICR mouse embryos at four stages (E10.5, E13.5, E15, and E17). Then, RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was used. Various analyses were performed to explore the results. Finally, hub genes were validated via qPCR and in situ hybridization.

Results

Starting from E10.5, the expression of cell adhesion genes escalated in the following stages. Cilium assembly and ossification genes were both upregulated at E15 compared with E13.5. Besides, the expression of cilium assembly genes was also increased at E17 compared with E15. Expression patterns of three lncRNAs (H19, Malat1, and Miat) and four mRNAs (Cdh1, Irf6, Grhl3, Efnb1) detected in RNA‐seq were validated.

Conclusions

This study provides a time‐series expression landscape of mRNAs and lncRNAs during palatogenesis, which highlights the importance of processes such as cell adhesion and ossification. Our results will facilitate a deeper understanding of the complexity of gene expression and regulation during palatogenesis.
Effects of Blue Light on Hypocrellin A Production in Shiraia Mycelium Cultures
Authors: Li Xin Ping , Ji Hong Yao , Wang Wen Juan , Shen Wen Hao , Wang Jian Wen
Published: May 2022

Blue light is a crucial environmental cue for fungi. Hypocrellin A (HA) is a photoactive perylenequinone from Shiraia with strong antimicrobial and anticancer properties. In this study, effects of the illumination of blue–light‐emitting diode (LED) at 470 nm on Shiraia sp. S8 were investigated. Blue light at 50–200 lx and 4–6 h day−1 could enhance HA content in the mycelia, but suppress it at 300–400 lx or with longer exposure (8–24 h day−1). The intermittent blue light (6 h day−1) at 200 lx not only enhanced the fungal conidiation but also stimulated HA production without any growth retardation. The generation of fungal reactive oxygen species was induced to upregulate HA biosynthetic gene expressions. When the culture was maintained under the intermittent blue light for 8 days, HA production reached 242.76 mg L−1, 2.27‐fold of the dark control. On the other hand, both the degradation of HA and downregulation of HA biosynthetic genes occurred under long exposure time (8–24 h day−1), leading to the suppression of HA production. These results provide a basis for understanding the regulation of blue light on the biosynthesis of fungal photoactivated perylenequinones, and the application of a novel light elicitation to Shiraia mycelium cultures for enhanced HA production.
“Carrying the black pot”: Food safety and risk in China's reactive regulatory state
Authors: Wang Li , Demeritt David , Rothstein Henry
Published: May 2022

This paper explores the struggles of China's party‐state to address chronic food safety problems by adopting international best practices of risk‐based regulation. Despite formally adopting risk‐based approaches for targeting inspections and enforcement in 2002, implementation has been halting and uneven, as we show in the first analysis of risk‐based regulation beyond its OECD heartlands. Drawing on policy document analysis and 36 key informant interviews with food business operators and government officials working on food safety regulation at every level of the state, we identify contradictions between official commitments to risk‐based inspection and top‐down demands for zero tolerance and strict accountability, which leave local inspectors preoccupied with avoiding blame more than reducing safety risks. Our analysis advances recent scholarship on regulatory states of the global South by highlighting how risk‐based ideas, instruments, and practices are refracted through the distinctive norms and style of China's reactive regulatory state.
Uncovering the verticality and temporality of environmental policy mixes: The case of agricultural residue recycling in China
Authors: Chen Xieao , Huang Ping , Xiao Zhenhong
Published: May 2022

In the face of unprecedented ecological crises, a consensus has been consolidated in the global community to fundamentally alter current modes of economic growth and patterns of resource allocation, in pursuit of a low‐carbon transition. Environmental governance plays an important instrumental role in this global agenda. The policy mix framework has emerged as a holistic approach to the design and analysis of environmental policies. A policy mix encompasses different dimensions, featuring not only the horizontality but also the verticality and temporality of interactions. Nevertheless, existing literature on environmental policy mixes focuses on the horizontal interactions, and very few studies have systematically explored the vertical and temporal interactions of policy mixes. Drawing upon the case of agricultural residue recycling in China, this study captures the evolution of both the narrative temporality and the verticality of environmental policy mixes. More importantly, the changing political narratives around residue recycling exert an intangible but significant influence on the vertical interactions between multilevel governments in both policy making and policy implementation, in which institutional and organizational arrangements constitute a key operational and mediating mechanism to manage vertical coordination. The study finally proposes three avenues for future research on environmental policy mixes.