bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A draft genome and transcriptome of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) as resources for evolutionary, ecological, and molecular studies in milkweeds and Apocynaceae
Authors: Weitemier Kevin , Straub Shannon C.K. , Fishbein Mark , Bailey C. Donovan , Cronn Richard C. , Liston Aaron
Published: September 2019

Milkweeds (Asclepias) are used in wide-ranging studies including floral development, pollination biology, plant-insect interactions and co-evolution, secondary metabolite chemistry, and rapid diversification. We present a transcriptome and draft nuclear genome assembly of the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. This reconstruction of the nuclear genome is augmented by linkage group information, adding to existing chloroplast and mitochondrial genomic resources for this member of the Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae. The genome was sequenced to 80.4× depth and the draft assembly contains 54,266 scaffolds ≥1 kbp, with N50 = 3,415 bp, representing 37% (156.6 Mbp) of the estimated 420 Mbp genome. A total of 14,474 protein-coding genes were identified based on transcript evidence, closely related proteins, and ab initio models, and 95% of genes were annotated. A large proportion of gene space is represented in the assembly, with 96.7% of Asclepias transcripts, 88.4% of transcripts from the related genus Calotropis, and 90.6% of proteins from Coffea mapping to the assembly. Scaffolds covering 75 Mbp of the Asclepias assembly formed 11 linkage groups. Comparisons of these groups with pseudochromosomes in Coffea found that six chromosomes show consistent stability in gene content, while one may have a long history of fragmentation and rearrangement. The progesterone 5β-reductase gene family, a key component of cardenolide production, is likely reduced in Asclepias relative to other Apocynaceae. The genome and transcriptome of common milkweed provide a rich resource for future studies of the ecology and evolution of a charismatic plant family.
Complete chloroplast genome sequence of the mangrove species Kandelia obovata and comparative analyses with related species
Authors: Yang Yong , Zhang Ying , Chen Yukai , Gul Juma , Zhang Jingwen , Liu Qiang , Chen Qing
Published: September 2019

As one of the most cold and salt-tolerant mangrove species, Kandelia obovata is widely distributed in China. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence K. obovata (Rhizophoraceae) obtained via next-generation sequencing, compare the general features of the sampled plastomes of this species to those of other sequenced mangrove species, and perform a phylogenetic analysis based on the protein-coding genes of these plastomes. The complete chloroplast genome of K. obovata is 160,325 bp in size and has a 35.22% GC content. The genome has a typical circular quadripartite structure, with a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions 26,670 bp in length separating a large single-copy (LSC) region (91,156 bp) and a small single-cope (SSC) region (15,829 bp). The chloroplast genome of K. obovata contains 128 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes and 2 pseudogenes (ycf1 in the IRA region and rpl22 in the IRB region). In addition, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis found 108 SSR loci in the chloroplast genome of K. obovata, most of which are A/T rich. IR expansion and contraction regions were compared between K. obovata and five related species: two from Malpighiales and three mangrove species from different orders. The mVISTA results indicated that the genome structure, gene order and gene content are highly conserved among the analyzed species. The phylogenetic analysis using 54 common protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genome showed that the plant most closely related to K. obovata is Ceriops tagal of Rhizophoraceae. The results of this study provide useful molecular information about the evolution and molecular biology of these mangrove trees.
The Extent of Involvement of Parent Teacher Association in the Management of Primary Schools in Gaborone Broadhurst, Botswana
Authors: Bulala Tapela , Manduwa Tshepiso
Published: September 2019

This study investigated the extent of Parent Teacher Associations’(PTA) involvement in the management of Broadhurst primary schools in Gaborone. To achieve this objective three research questions were developed. The study adopted a descriptive survey type of research design. A sample of 313 was drawn from the population of 1736 out of 8 primary schools in Broadhurst, Gaborone. A random sampling technique was used to select participants from parents and teachers. A structured questionnaire titled “Extent of PTA involvement in Primary School Management” was used for data collection. The instruments were validated by a panel of experts. A reliability coefficient of .76 was obtained from trial testing of parents and teachers rating of extent of PTA involvement in the management primary school. Data collected was analysed descriptively for means and standard deviations. The study indicated that PTA involvement in school management is low on issues of maintaining desirable behaviour in schools and fund raising activities. It is however significant (mean 2.52) which is above the criterion mean of 2.50 when it comes to improvement of academic performance. The study concluded that the PTA involvement in management of schools benefits learners as Gaborone region was rated among the best performing in Botswana. It was therefore recommended that policies and guidelines governing PTA should be developed by Ministry of Basic Education and Training to maximise the benefits of this collaboration.
The Probabilistic State of Computer in Secondary School Education: A Case Study of Oredo Local Government Area, Edo State
Authors: Osagie Maxwell Scale Uwadia , Samuel Ogbebor , Racheal Onoyake , . IfoghaleEfeturi , Ekinadose Omoigiawei Evelyn , Juliana Otoibhi O. , Grace Okeke , Blessing Igbogbo Mary , Ajayi Saratu David
Published: September 2019

Computer education around the globe has taken new dimension and countries that have been able to key into the developmental stride have succeeded to bridging the deficit of traditional classroom teaching in the late 80s and early 90s education. 21st century children have different educational mentality to that of 19th century children and this has been the advancement in technology has changed the narrative. However, there are serious setback in the manner developing countries teaches computer in schools. To a great extent, the quest to make the secondary school students use computer the same way as their counterpart around the globe has over the years surfer serious setback in Oredo Local Government Area. This paper examined and conducted a survey on the use of computer in Oredo Local Government Area Secondary School through structured questionnaires. From the survey, it was observed that the Secondary Schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State are yet to comply with the 1987 initiative of the then Federal Government of Nigeria to make computer available in all school which in turn led to the National Computer Policy of 1998. As at today, the Secondary schools student are still being taught computer classes without having computer to demonstrate the nitty-gritty.
Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Assessment of Euphorbia lateriflora (Schum and Thonn) in Wistar Albino Rats
Authors: Olorunnisola Olubukola Sinbad , Adetutu Adewale , Owoade Abiodun Olusoji , Ajayi Folorunsho Ayodeji , Ajibade Adedoyin Adetutu , Adegbola Peter
Published: September 2019

Aims: The toxicity of ethanol whole plant extract of Euphorbia lateriflora was assessed in Albino Wistar rats.

Methodology: The LD50 was at single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight, the sub-acute dosage of the extract was administered orally at 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.t twice daily for 7 days and the effect of the extract on liver, kidney, and haematological parameters was assessed and recorded during these periods.

Results: The result of the oral acute toxicity study at single high dose of 5000 mg/kg/bwt shows that the LD50 of the extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg/bwt. After 7 days of oral administration, 500 mg/kg/bwt of the extract caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the packed cell volume. At 500 mg/kg/bwt, the extract caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in ALP, total protein and albumin and decrease in serum electrolytes (Na+, k+ and Cl-). Histopathological analysis revealed the expansion of fibrous spaces in the liver and thickening of the glomerular basement of the kidney in the group fed with 500 mg/kg/b.w.t of extracts.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the dose and time-dependent selective organ toxicity effect of this extract suggested that the extract might be relatively unsafe for consumption at especially high concentrations.
Evaluation of Susceptibility of Some Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to Stem Borers in Far North Region of Cameroon: A Case of Off Season Local Varieties
Authors: Djodda Jacques , Nchiwan Elias Nukenine , Ngassam Pierre , Djilé Bouba
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Among cereals, Sorghum is the most consumed as food in the Far North of Cameroon. Muskuwari, which is an off season sorghum, plays a key role in the regulation of its availability. On the other hand, stem borers (Sesamia cretica Lederer) constitute a major constraint, compromise its yield and reduce cereal supply. Despite this fact, ecological control measures to reduce losses are still little known.

Objective: The present research aimed at evaluating the susceptibility of ten local varieties of Muskuwari against Lepidoptera stem borers in natural conditions.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted during the 2012 and 2013 agricultural campaign at Ngassa, a locality of Maroua.

Methodology: Experimentation was carried out in a Completely Randomized Block design with tree replications. Ten local varieties were then under natural infestations. Degrees of infestation were estimated by visual observation and destructive methods. Each year, Seed losses in term of percentage of total harvest loosed, were estimated from 30 ears per variety randomly selected from infested and uninfected plants.

Results: The results showed a large variation in agronomic performance depending on the parameters considered. Mandouéri, Bourgouri, Tchangalari and Soukatari with infestation rates ranging from 4% to 11% and seed losses ranging from 0.96% to 23.42% are more tolerant or less susceptible than other varieties while Safra’s varieties are always the most susceptible to stem borers with over to 40% seed loss.

Conclusion: The study showed there are resistant or tolerant varieties of Muskuwari able to cope with the attacks of stem borers not exploited to mitigate damages. Degree of infestation, seed loss, number of caterpillars and gallery length per plant are suitable parameters for varietal screening of stem borer resistance. Since varietal resistance is an ecological and easily adoptable option, investigations that could lead to Muskuwari varietal improvement could boost cereal supplly in the Far North Region of Cameroon.
Is Anterior Approach Alone With Mesh Appropriate for Incarcerated Groin Hernias?: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Yildiz Baris , Akbulut Serkan , Berkem Huseyin , Yuksel Bulent , Akin Tezcan , Ozel Hakan , Hengirmen Suleyman
Published: September 2019

This study evaluates whether an extra incision is needed in addition to the standard inguinal incision for the surgery of incarcerated groin hernias. Patients with groin hernias present to an emergency unit when their hernia incarcerates or strangulates. The classical approach to such presentations is open surgery, and a second incision is sometimes needed to resect the strangulated organ. This is a retrospective study enrolling 218 patients treated for incarcerated groin hernias at a state hospital between 2006 and 2010. Data collected were demographic data, type and location of hernia, type of surgery and anesthesia, type of incision, need for resection, and preoperative complications. A total of 37.9% of female and 13.2% of male patients had resection of an abdominal organ. Of patients with incarcerated groin hernias, 20% (n = 43) had resection. Omentum was the most commonly resected organ (n = 19; 8.8%), followed by small intestine (n = 11; 5.1%), bladder, appendix, lymphadenopathy, and preperitoneal fat (each n = 3 and 1.4%). Of 218 patients, 10 (4.58%) needed a secondary incision for hernia reduction. All of these patients had their surgery with one of the anterior approach techniques. There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.4) in need for secondary incision between the anterior and posterior approach techniques. In recent years, posterior approach for incarcerated groin hernias was deemed advantageous because it did not necessitate an additional incision for definitive surgery. Our study showed that in the treatment of incarcerated inguinal hernia, Lichtenstein repair is also a safe and easy alternative, without the need for a second incision.
PENGGUNAAN METODE TAKT TIME UNTUK PERENCANAAN JADWAL PEKERJAAN FINISHING DAN MEKANIKAN ELEKTRIKAL PLUMBING PADA SEBUAH PROYEK APARTEMEN
Authors: Susilo Vedi Wihono , Andi Andi
Published: September 2019

ABSTRAK: Penjadwalan merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting karena akan menentukan sebuah proyek selesai pada waktu yang ditentukan atau malah melebihi dari yang ditentukan, apabila melebihi dari yang ditentukan maka akan terkena sanksi.  Penelitian ini dilakukan studi kasus pada proyek apartemen yang berlokasi di Surabaya bagian barat dimana metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan takt time planning pada pekerjaan finishing dan MEP. Data-Data yang dibutuhkan didapatkan dengan cara meminta kepada chief engineering dan setelah data tersebut didapatkan maka diolah menjadi suatu perencanaan baru dengan menggunakan metode takt time planning. Dalam pengolahannya dibutuhkan koordinasi dengan orang-orang dilapangan supaya tidak terjadi kendala pada saat pelaksanaan nya sehingga dapat menghasilkan hasil yang diharapkan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa perencanaan dengan menggunakan metode takt time yaitu terjadinya keselarasan dalam tiap-tiap pekerjaan selain itu juga dapat mempercepat durasi proyek sebesar 1 minggu dari perencaan awal.
2‐oxoglutarate modulates the affinity of FurA for the ntcA promoter in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Guío Jorge , Sarasa‐Buisan Cristina , Velázquez‐Campoy Adrián , Bes María Teresa , Fillat María F. , Peleato María Luisa , Sevilla Emma
Published: September 2019

2‐oxoglutarate (2‐OG) is a central metabolite that acts as a signaling molecule informing about the status of the carbon/nitrogen balance of the cell. In recent years, some transcriptional regulators and even two‐component systems have been described as 2‐OG sensors. In the nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, two master regulators, NtcA and FurA, are deeply involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism. Both of them show a complex intertwined regulatory circuit to achieve a suitable regulation of nitrogen fixation. In this work, 2‐OG is found to bind FurA, modulating the specific binding of FurA to the ntcA promoter. This study provides evidence of a new additional control point in the complex network controlled by the NtcA and FurA proteins.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Cancer in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Morrisroe Kathleen , Hansen Dylan , Huq Molla , Stevens Wendy , Sahhar Joanne , Ngian Gene‐Siew , Ferdowsi Nava , Hill Catherine , Roddy Janet , Walker Jennifer , Proudman Susanna , Nikpour Mandana
Published: September 2019

Objective

To quantify the burden of cancer in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios relative to the general Australian population were derived. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate survival in patients with SSc with cancer compared to patients without. Determinants of cancer were identified using logistic regression. Health care cost was quantified through cross‐jurisdictional data linkage.

Results

This SSc cohort of 1,727 had a cancer incidence of 1.3% per year and a prevalence of 14.2%, with a SIR of 2.15 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.84–2.49). The most common cancers were breast, melanoma, hematologic, and lung. Anti–RNA polymerase III (RNAP) antibody was associated with an increased risk of cancer (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, P = 0.044), diagnosed within 5 years of SSc disease onset. Calcium channel blockers were associated with a higher risk of overall cancer (OR 1.47, P = 0.016), breast cancer (OR 1.61, P = 0.051), and melanoma (OR 2.01, P = 0.042). Interstitial lung disease (ILD) was associated with lung cancer (OR 2.83, P = 0.031). Incident SSc cancer patients had >2‐fold increased mortality compared to patients with SSc without cancer (hazard ratio 2.85 [95% CI 1.51–5.37], P = 0.001). Patients with SSc and cancer utilized more health care than those without cancer, with an excess annual health care cost of $1,496 Australian (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

SSc carries an increased risk of developing cancer, particularly lung cancer associated with ILD, and breast cancer and melanoma occurring close to SSc disease onset in association with RNAP antibodies. Compared to those patients without cancer, patients with SSc and cancer had higher mortality and an increased health care cost, with an annual excess per patient cost of $1,496 Australian (P < 0.001).
More than 1 in 4 12th graders vapes nicotine monthly
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2019

A research letter from National Institute on Drug Abuse Director Nora Volkow, M.D., published online Sept. 18 in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), gives a preview of some of the data that will be released in December from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of high schoolers. The data was released early in the interest of public health.
Small‐Molecule‐Based Organic Field‐Effect Transistor for Nonvolatile Memory and Artificial Synapse
Authors: Yu Yang , Ma Qihao , Ling Haifeng , Li Wen , Ju Ruolin , Bian Linyi , Shi Naien , Qian Yan , Yi Mingdong , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei
Published: September 2019

With the incorporation of tailorable organic electronic materials as channel and storage materials, organic field‐effect transistor (OFET)‐based memory has become one of the most promising data storage technologies for hosting a variety of emerging memory applications, such as sensory memory, storage memory, and neuromorphic computing. Here, the recent state‐of‐the‐art progresses in the use of small molecules for OFET nonvolatile memory and artificial synapses are comprehensively reviewed, focusing on the characteristic features of small molecules in versatile functional roles (channel, storage, modifier, and dopant). Techniques for optimizing the storage capacity, speed, and reliability of nonvolatile memory devices are addressed in detail. Insight into the use of small molecules in artificial synapses constructed on OFET memory is also obtained in this emerging field. Finally, the strategies of molecular design for improving memory performance in view of small molecules as storage mediums are discussed systematically, and challenges are addressed to shed light on the future development of this vital research field.
Runaway Carbon Dioxide Conversion Leads to Enhanced Uptake in a Nanohybrid Form of Porous Magnesium Borohydride
Authors: Jeong Sohee , Milner Phillip J. , Wan Liwen F. , Liu Yi‐Sheng , Oktawiec Julia , Zaia Edmond W. , Forse Alexander C. , Leick Noemi , Gennett Thomas , Guo Jinghua , Prendergast David , Long Jeffrey R. , Urban Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2019

Leveraging molecular‐level controls to enhance CO2 capture in solid‐state materials has received tremendous attention in recent years. Here, a new class of hybrid nanomaterials constructed from intrinsically porous γ‐Mg(BH4)2 nanocrystals and reduced graphene oxide (MBHg) is described. These nanomaterials exhibit kinetically controlled, irreversible CO2 uptake profiles with high uptake capacities (>19.9 mmol g−1) at low partial pressures and temperatures between 40 and 100 °C. Systematic experiments and first‐principles calculations reveal the mechanism of reaction between CO2 and MBHg and unveil the role of chemically activated, metastable (BH3‐HCOO)− centers that display more thermodynamically favorable reaction and potentially faster reaction kinetics than the parent BH4− centers. Overall, it is demonstrated that size reduction to the nanoscale regime and the generation of reactive, metastable intermediates improve the CO2 uptake properties in metal borohydride nanomaterials.
Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin‐Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics
Authors: Yang Jun Chang , Mun Jaewan , Kwon Se Young , Park Seongjun , Bao Zhenan , Park Steve
Published: September 2019

Recent progress in electronic skin or e‐skin research is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies needed in three main applications: skin‐attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetics. First, since e‐skin will be exposed to prolonged stresses of various kinds and needs to be conformally adhered to irregularly shaped surfaces, materials with intrinsic stretchability and self‐healing properties are of great importance. Second, tactile sensing capability such as the detection of pressure, strain, slip, force vector, and temperature are important for health monitoring in skin attachable devices, and to enable object manipulation and detection of surrounding environment for robotics and prosthetics. For skin attachable devices, chemical and electrophysiological sensing and wireless signal communication are of high significance to fully gauge the state of health of users and to ensure user comfort. For robotics and prosthetics, large‐area integration on 3D surfaces in a facile and scalable manner is critical. Furthermore, new signal processing strategies using neuromorphic devices are needed to efficiently process tactile information in a parallel and low power manner. For prosthetics, neural interfacing electrodes are of high importance. These topics are discussed, focusing on progress, current challenges, and future prospects.
Nanoprotrusions‐Enriched Surface: A Universal and Highly Tolerant Platform for Realizing Uniform Nanoparticles by Sputtering
Authors: Xu Guo‐Heng , Huang Ke‐Jing , Zhang Jia‐Ming , Liu Jie , Wang Shu , Lyu Shuang‐Bao , Duan Jing‐Lai
Published: September 2019

Nanoparticle films sputtered on substrates are key building blocks for photovoltaics, chemical/biological sensors, portable/wearable devices, magnetic devices, and catalysis. For these applications, high size and shape uniformities are highly demanded for improving their functional performance. However, flat substrate surface generally leads to unsatisfied size and shape uniformities. Here, a universal and sputtering rate‐tolerant strategy for improving the uniformities by introducing densely spaced nanoprotrusions (NPTs) at substrate surface is proposed. Unlike the conventional flat surface where the thermodynamic processes are substantially random, the NPTs can predefine the nucleation sites and confine the diffusion of sputtered atoms on the top, and eventually enable uniform nucleation and growth of nanoparticles. The morphological and surface plasmon spectroscopic analyses disclose that the size and particle shape uniformities of the sputtered nanoparticles are significantly improved by this strategy. Finally, an unprecedented universality and high tolerance to sputtering rate of the approach are confirmed by extending the approach to other material systems. Because of the simplicity of the working mechanism, the proposed strategy is expected to be readily extended to more material systems for applications.
γ‐Functionalization of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles under Mild Conditions: Versatile Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐2‐Bromopyridines
Authors: Sim Jaeuk , Viji Mayavan , Rhee Jeongtae , Jo Hyeju , Cho Suk Joon , Park Yunjeong , Seo Seung‐Yong , Jung Kwan‐Young , Lee Heesoon , Jung Jae‐Kyung
Published: September 2019

This report describes the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐2‐halopyridines via γ‐functionalization of α,β‐unsaturated nitriles, which were obtained by the HWE reaction with the corresponding ketones. The key features of our methods involve a conjugated γ‐enamine formation of α,β‐unsaturated nitrile (enamino nitrile), followed by consecutive intramolecular cyclization, resulting in heteroaromatic compounds like 2‐halopyridines, α‐pyrone, etc.

magnified image
A New Electrolyte Formulation for Securing High Temperature Cycling and Storage Performances of Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yan Guochun , Reeves Kyle , Foix Dominique , Li Zhujie , Cometto Claudio , Mariyappan Sathiya , Salanne Mathieu , Tarascon Jean‐Marie
Published: September 2019

The Na‐ion battery is recognized as a possible alternative to the Li‐ion battery for applications where power and cost override energy density performance. However, the increasing instability of their electrolyte with temperature is still problematic. Thus, a central question remains how to design Na‐based electrolytes. Here, the discovery of a Na‐based electrolyte formulation is reported which enlists four additives (vinylene carbonate, succinonitrile, 1,3‐propane sultone, and sodium difluoro(oxalate)borate) in proper quantities that synergistically combine their positive attributes to enable a stable solid electrolyte interphase at both negative and positive electrodes surface at 55 °C. Moreover, the role of each additive that consists in producing specific NaF coatings, thin elastomers, sulfate‐based deposits, and so on via combined impedance and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is rationalized. It is demonstrated that empirical electrolyte design rules previously established for Li‐ion technology together with theoretical guidance is vital in the quest for better Na‐based electrolytes that can be extended to other chemistries. Overall, this finding, which is implemented to 18 650 cells, widens the route to the rapid development of the Na‐ion technology based on Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C chemistry.
Distinguished primatologist address—moving from advocacy to activism: Changing views of primate field research and conservation over the past 40 years
Authors: Garber Paul A.
Published: September 2019

Field studies of wild nonhuman primates have grown exponentially over the past 40 years and our knowledge of primate behavior, ecology, and social, and mating systems has expanded greatly. However, we are facing a major extinction crisis with some 60% of all primate species listed as threatened and more than 75% of species with declining populations. The primary factor driving primate population decline is human population increase, which over the past 50 years has resulted in the unsustainable conversion and degradation of natural landscapes for industrial agriculture, the production of nonagricultural commodities for international trade, pastureland for cattle, dam construction, fossil fuel exploration, mining, and the construction of road networks and infrastructure to support large urban centers. Recent ecological modeling predicts that by the end of the century, the four primate‐richest countries in the world will lose 32–78% of their existing primate habitat to agricultural expansion, and nine of the top 15 primate‐richest countries are expected to have 80–100% of their primate species extinct or threatened with extinction. If we are going to save the world's primates, the time to act is now! Not only should all primate field research include a strong conservation component, but in addition we must actively join with our professional societies, zoos and research facilities, universities, conservation organizations, concerned business leaders, global citizens, like‐minded political leaders, and grassroots organizations to inform, demand and direct governments, multinational corporations, and international organizations to engage in transformational change to protect biodiversity and seek environmental justice against those entities that actively destroy our planet. As the chief academic discipline dedicated to the study of primates, we must organize and collectively move from being advocates for primate conservation to becoming activists for primate conservation. This is a call to action.
An Unprecedented Blueshifted Naphthalimide AIEEgen for Ultrasensitive Detection of 4‐Nitroaniline in Water via “Receptor‐Free” IFE Mechanism
Authors: Khatun Mst Nasima , Tanwar Arvin Sain , Meher Niranjan , Iyer Parameswar Krishnan
Published: September 2019

The development of a new naphthalene appended naphthalimide derivative (NMI) with aggregation‐induced enhanced emission (AIEE) property for the sensitive detection of 4‐nitroaniline (4‐NA) in aqueous media is presented here. The newly designed naphthalimide AIEEgen has an exceptional blue‐shifted condensed state emission that is devoid of any receptor site, accomplished ultrasensitive detection of 4‐NA, which is one of the broad‐spectrum pesticides that belong to the class III toxic chemical, at parts per billion level (LOD/36 ppb, Ksv=4.1×104 m−1) in water with excellent selectivity even in the presence of potentially competing aliphatic and aromatic amines. The reported probe is the first of its kind, demonstrating major advantages of receptor‐free inner filter effect (IFE) mechanism for the sensitive detection of 4‐NA using an AIEEgenic probe. Excellent sensitivity for 4‐NA is also achieved on paper‐based test‐strip for low‐cost on‐site detection.
Efficient engineered probiotics using synthetic biology approaches: A review
Authors: Yadav Monika , Shukla Pratyoosh
Published: September 2019

The uses of probiotics‐based food supplements are getting emphasis due to their power to ensure better health conditions. Probiotics have diverse and significant applications in the health sector, so probiotic strains require an understanding of the genome level organizations. Probiotics elucidate various functional parameters that control their metabolic functions. In this review, we have compiled aspects of synthetic biology, which are used for the optimization of metabolic processes in probiotics for their use as a supplement in allopathic medicines. Synthetic biology approaches provide information about diverse biosynthetic pathways and also facilitate the novel metabolic engineering approaches for probiotics strain improvement. We have discussed the synthetic biology approaches for producing engineered probiotics via genetic circuits, expression systems, and genome editing tools like CRISPR–Cas and PEVLAB. This review also enlightens future challenges in the development of engineered probiotics.
Production and characterization of multifacet exopolysaccharide from an agricultural isolate, Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Mohite Bhavana V. , Koli Sunil H. , Rajput Jamatsing D. , Patil Vikas S. , Agarwal Tarun , Patil Satish V.
Published: September 2019

This study aims to explore the fermentative production and physicochemical properties of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced from agricultural isolate, Bacillus subtilis S1 in submerged culture. The structural characterization (Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry) revealed that the EPS is an acidic heteropolymer consisting of glucose, glucuronic acid, pyruvic acid, and succinic acid. The non‐Newtonian shear thickening nature of EPS with a 1.55 × 107 Da molecular weight is confirmed by rheology analysis. The extracted EPS was 61.3% amorphous with partial crystallinity (38.7%) as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The EPS shows two‐step decomposition and thermal stability up to 300 °C as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The EPS has a small Z‐average particle size (74.29 nm), high porosity (92.99%), high water holding (92.39%), and absorption capacity (1,198%). The biocompatible nature is confirmed by cytotoxic testing on the human keratinocytes cell line. The demonstrated unique characteristics of Bacillus EPS presents it as a choice of biomaterial for diverse applications.
The fission yeast FHIT homolog affects checkpoint control of proliferation and is regulated by mitochondrial electron transport
Authors: Sjölander Johanna J. , Sunnerhagen Per
Published: September 2019

Genetic analysis has strongly implicated humanFHIT(Fragile Histidine Triad) as a tumor suppressor gene, being mutated in a large proportion of early‐stage cancers. The functions of the FHIT protein have, however, remained elusive. Here, we investigatedaph1+, the fission yeast homolog ofFHIT, for functions related to checkpoint control and oxidative metabolism. In sublethal concentrations of DNA damaging agents,aph1Δ mutants grew with a substantially shorter lag phase. Inaph1Δ mutants carrying a hypomorphic allele ofcds1(the fission yeast homolog of Chk2), in addition, increased chromosome fragmentation and missegregation were found. We also found that under hypoxia or impaired electron transport function, the Aph1 protein level was strongly depressed. Previously, FHIT has been linked to regulation of the human 9‐1‐1 checkpoint complex constituted by Hus1, Rad1, and Rad9. InSchizosaccharomyces pombe, the levels of all three 9‐1‐1 proteins are all downregulated by hypoxia in similarity with Aph1. Moreover, deletion of the aph1+gene reduced the Rad1 protein level, indicating a direct relationship between these two proteins. We conclude that the fission yeast FHIT homolog has a role in modulating DNA damage checkpoint function, possibly through an effect on the 9‐1‐1 complex, and that this effect may be critical under conditions of limiting oxidative metabolism and reoxygenation.
Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds over Small Size Colloidal Ru Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao JingPeng , Hernández Willinton Y. , Zhou WenJuan , Yang Yong , Vovk Evgeny I. , Capron Mickael , Ordomsky Vitaly
Published: September 2019

The selective oxidation of alcohols to corresponding aldehydes is one of the most challenging problems in modern chemistry due to over‐oxidation of these products further into corresponding acids and esters. Herein, we report an efficient and eco‐friendly method for selective oxidation of aliphatic, unsaturated and aromatic alcohols to aldehydes (>90 %) using small size (2 nm) non‐supported colloidal Ru nanoparticles. The selectivity rapidly decreases with increase of the size of nanoparticles (from 2 to 10 nm) or after their deposition over support.

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that this catalytic performance can be attributed to high content Ru−O species on the surface of small size Ru nanoparticles, which undergo reduction with formation of water and aldehyde and easy oxidation cycles during the reaction according to the Mars‐van Krevelen mechanism. The presence of surface oxide layer over small size Ru nanoparticles suppresses over‐oxidation of aldehydes to acids.
Sodium Butylated Hydroxytoluene (NaBHT) as a New and Efficient Hydride Source for Pd‐Catalysed Reduction Reactions
Authors: Sharif Sepideh , Rodriguez Michael J. , Lu Yu , Kopach Michael E. , Mitchell David , Hunter Howard N. , Organ Michael G.
Published: September 2019

NaBHT (sodium butylated hydroxytoluene), a hindered and soluble base for the efficient arylation of various base‐sensitive amines and (hetero)aryl halides has been found to have an unanticipated role as a hydride donor to reduce (hetero)aryl halides and allylic acetates. Mechanistic studies have uncovered that NaBHT, but not BHT, can deliver multiple hydrides through oxidation of the benzylic methyl group in NaBHT to the aldehyde. Further, performing the reduction with NaBHT‐d20 has revealed that the redox‐active benzylic position is not the only hydride donor site from NaBHT with one hydride in three coming, presumably, from the tert‐butyl groups. The reduction works well under mild conditions and, incredibly, only consumes 20 percent of the NaBHT in the process; the remaining 80 percent can be readily recovered in pure form and reused. This, combined with the low cost of the material in ton‐scale quantity, makes it practical and attractive for wider use in industry at scale.
Triplet‐Induced Lesion Formation at CpT and TpC Sites in DNA
Authors: Gontcharov Julia , Liu Lizhe , Pilles Bert M. , Carell Thomas , Schreier Wolfgang J. , Zinth Wolfgang
Published: September 2019

UV irradiation induces DNA lesions particularly at dipyrimidine sites. Using time‐resolved UV pump (250 nm) and mid‐IR probe spectroscopy the triplet pathway of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation within TpC and CpT sequences was studied. The triplet state is initially localized at the thymine base but decays with 30 ns under formation of a biradical state extending over both bases of the dipyrimidine. Subsequently this state either decays back to the electronic ground state on the 100 ns time scale or forms a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion (CPD). Stationary IR spectroscopy and triplet sensitization via 2′‐methoxyacetophenone (2‐M) in the UVA range shows that the lesions are formed with an efficiency of approximately 1.5 %. Deamination converts the cytosine moiety of the CPD lesions on the time scale of 10 hours into uracil which gives CPD(UpT) and CPD(TpU) lesions in which the coding potential of the initial cytosine base is vanished.
Stable Radical Cations of N,N′‐Diarylated Dihydrodiazapentacenes
Authors: Xie Gaozhan , Brosius Victor , Han Jie , Rominger Frank , Dreuw Andreas , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: September 2019

A series of quinoidal N,N′‐diaryldiaza‐N,N′‐dihydropentacenes (Quino) was prepared in a two‐step reaction, starting from quinacridone. Oxidation of Quino furnishes stable radical cations, isoelectronic to the radical anions of the azaacenes, whereas the dicationic species are isoelectronic to neutral azapentacenes. The spectroscopic properties of the diaryldiazapentacenes and their oxidized mono‐ and dications are equivalent to that of the dianion of tetraazapentacene (TAP), its radical anion and the neutral TAP.
Effects of Capping Agents on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Shape Stability of Pt Nanocubes
Authors: Safo Isaac A. , Dosche Carsten , Özaslan Mehtap
Published: September 2019

We investigated the formation of Pt nanocubes (NCs) and their electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties and structural stability using two different capping agents, namely, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and oleylamine (OAm). The mono‐dispersity of the obtained Pt NCs and their interactions with PVP and OAm were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM data show a high mono‐dispersity (82 %) and a large mean particle size (9‐10 nm) for the Pt NCs obtained by the oleylamine‐assisted method compared to those prepared via the PVP‐assisted procedure (68 %, 6–7 nm). FTIR, XPS, and TGA data show that PVP and OAm still remain at the Pt surface, despite washing. Interestingly, the OAm‐capped Pt NCs show significantly higher electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and ORR activity than the PVP‐capped ones. An accelerated stress protocol, however, reveals that the OAm‐capped NCs possess a poor structural stability during electrochemical cycling. The loss of a defined surface arrangement in the NCs is connected with a transformation into a near‐spherical particle shape. In contrast, the PVP‐capped NCs mainly retain their particle shape due to their strong capping behavior. In addition, we have developed a degradation model for NCs as a function of electrochemical parameters such as upper potential and cycle number. Altogether, we provide fundamental insights into the electronic interactions between capping agent and Pt NCs and the role of the adsorption strength of the capping agent in improving the electrochemical ORR performance as well as the structural stability of shape‐controlled nanoparticles.
Diet‐induced obesity in young mice: Consequences on the pancreatic intrinsic nervous system control of insulin secretion
Authors: Saade Marie‐Béatrice , Cahu Armelle , Moriez Raphaël , Neunlist Michel , Blat Sophie
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Obesity has become a pandaemic even in children. We aimed to investigate the impact of obesity in youth on later pancreatic intrinsic nervous system (PINS) phenotype and control of insulin secretion.

Methods

Young mice (5‐week‐old, T0 group) were fed either a normal diet (ND group) or a Western diet (WD group) for 12 weeks. Pancreas nervous system density, PINS phenotype and pancreas anatomy were analysed by immunohistochemistry at T0 and in adulthood (ND and WD groups). Insulin secretion was also studied in these 3 groups using a new model of ex vivo pancreatic culture, where PINS was stimulated by nicotinic and nitrergic agonists with and without antagonists. Insulin was assayed in supernatants by ELISA.

Results

Pancreas nervous system density decreased with age in ND (P < .01) but not in WD mice (P = .08). Western diet decreased the PINS nitrergic component as compared to normal diet (P < .01) but it did not modify its cholinergic component (P = .50). Nicotinic PINS stimulation induced greater insulin secretion in ND compared to WD mice (P < .001) whereas nitrergic stimulation significantly decreased insulin secretion in ND mice (P < .001) and tended to increase insulin secretion in WD mice (P = .08). Endocrine pancreas anatomy was not modified by the Western diet as compared to the normal diet (P = .93).

Conclusions

Early Western diet induced neuronal density and phenotype changes in PINS that might be involved in the pancreas insulin secretion dysfunctions associated with obesity.
A Rare Type of Rhenium(I) Diimine Complexes with Unsupported Coordinated Phosphine Oxide Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Photophysical and Theoretical Study
Authors: Nayeri Sara , Jamali Sirous , Pavlovskiy Vladimir V. , Porsev Vitaly V. , Evarestov Robert A. , Kisel Kristina S. , Koshevoy Igor O. , Shakirova Julia R. , Tunik Sergey P.
Published: September 2019

This paper presents synthesis and photophysical investigation of a very rare type of the ReI diimine complexes, [Re(diimine)(CO)3(OPR3)]+, R = Ph, Cy; diimine – phenanthroline and neocuproine, containing monodentate (unsupported) phosphine oxide ligands. The obtained compounds have been structurally characterized in solid phase by using XRD crystallography, which revealed unusual distortions in the pseudo octahedral rhenium environment, which may be ascribed to intramolecular interligand (phosphine oxide – diimine) interaction rather than to crystal packing effect. Optimization of the ground state structure of these molecules with the DFT method also confirmed intramolecular origin of the observed structural peculiarities. The complexes display phosphorescence in solution and in solid state with the quantum yield up to 11 % and 14 %, respectively, which originates from 3MLCT excited state as demonstrated by DFT calculations. Comparative analysis of the ligand (L) effect onto emission energy in the [Re(neocuproine)(CO)3(L)] complexes (L = PPh3, NCMe, OPPh3, Cl–) showed that the position of emission wavelength in the corresponding complexes qualitatively correlates with cumulative donor ability of these ligands that is in complete agreement with the 3MLCT character of emission.
Iron and Ruthenium Glycoporphyrins: Active Catalysts for the Synthesis of Cyclopropanes and Aziridines
Authors: Damiano Caterina , Gadolini Sebastiano , Intrieri Daniela , Lay Luigi , Colombo Cinzia , Gallo Emma
Published: September 2019

In view of the relevance of cyclopropanes and aziridines as synthetic building blocks as well as active parts in biological and pharmaceutical compounds, the development of sustainable synthetic procedures for obtaining these products continues to be a significant challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis of iron and ruthenium glycoporphyrins and their catalytic activity in promoting cyclopropanations and aziridinations by using diazo compounds and aryl azides as carbene and nitrene precursors, respectively. The number and location of carbohydrate units on the porphyrin skeleton modulated the shape‐ and diastereoselectivity of the reactions. Interestingly, while iron(III) glycoporphyrins showed good performances in alkene cyclopropanations, ruthenium(II) complexes performed better in aziridination reactions. Although none of the reported complexes induced enantiocontrol, probably due to the long distance between the chiral carbohydrate and the active metal center, excellent trans‐diastereoselectivities were observed by using iron‐glycoporphyrins as cyclopropanation promoters.
Retracted:Propofol exerts anticancer activity on hepatocellular carcinoma cells by raising lncRNA DGCR5
Authors: Sun Yan , Sun Hai
Published: September 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most fatal cancers worldwide. Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic extensively used in clinical. Herein, we tested the anticancer activity of propofol on hepatocellular carcinoma, along with the internal molecular mechanism related to lncRNA DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5). Followed by propofol stimulation, hepatocellular carcinoma Huh‐7 and HepG2 cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were tested, respectively. Then, DGCR5 expression levels in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells were measured. sh‐DGCR5 was transfected to silence DGCR5 expression. Subsequently, the influence of DGCR5 silence on propofol caused Huh‐7 and HepG2 cell viability loss, proliferation inhibition, migration and invasion suppression, apoptosis induction, as well as Raf1/ERK1/2 and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways inactivation were assessed, respectively. We discovered that propofol declined Huh‐7 and HepG2 cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion, but increased cell apoptosis. DGCR5 had a relatively lower expression level in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells. Propofol elevated DGCR5 expression in Huh‐7 and HepG2 cells. Increased expression of DGCR5 was connected with the anticancer activity of propofol on Huh‐7 and HepG2 cells. Besides, propofol repressed Raf1/ERK1/2 and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways through elevating DGCR5 expression. In conclusion, the anticancer activity of propofol on hepatocellular carcinoma was verified in this study. Propofol repressed hepatocellular carcinoma Huh‐7 and HepG2 cell growth and metastasis at least by elevating DGCR5 and hereafter inactivating Raf1/ERK1/2 and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways.