bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of a modified distributed-dynamic erosion and sediment
yield model in a typical watershed of hilly and gully region, Chinese
Loess Plateau
Authors: Wu Lei , Liu Xia , Ma Xiaoyi
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Soil erosion not only results in the destruction of land resources and the decline of soil fertility, but also makes river channel sedimentation. In order to explore spatiotemporal evolution of erosion and sediment yield before and after returning farmland in a typical watershed of hilly and gully region, Chinese Loess Plateau, a distributed, dynamic model of sediment yield based on the Chinese Soil Loss equation (CSLE) was established and modified to assess effects of hydrological factors and human activities on soil erosion and sediment yield from 1995 to 2013. Results indicate that: 1) the modified model has characteristics of simple algorithm, high accuracy, wide practicability and easy expansion, and can be applied to forecast erosion and sediment yield of the hilly and gully region, Chinese Loess Plateau; 2) soil erosion gradations are closely related to spatial distributions of rainfall erosivity and land use patterns, the current soil and water conservation projects are not very ideal for high rainfall intensity; 3) the average sediment transport modulus before and after model modification in recent 5 years (in addition to 2013) is 4574.62 Mg/km2 and 1696.1 Mg/km2 respectively, it has decreased by about 35.4 % and 78.2 % compared with the early governance (1995–1998). However, in July 2013 the once-in-a-century storm is the most important factor causing the emergence of maximum value. Results may provide effective and scientific basis for soil and water conservation and ecological management of the hilly and gully region, Chinese Loess Plateau.
Morphological dynamics of gully systems in the subhumid Ethiopian Highlands: the Debre Mawi watershed
Authors: Zegeye Assefa D. , Langendoen Eddy J. , Stoof Cathelijne R. , Tilahun Seifu A. , Dagnew Dessalegn C. , Zimale Fasikaw A. , Guzman Christian D. , Yitaferu Birru , Steenhuis Tammo S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Gully expansion in the Ethiopian Highlands dissects vital agricultural lands with the eroded materials adversely impacting downstream resources, for example as they accumulate in reservoirs. While gully expansion and rehabilitation have been more extensively researched in the semiarid region of Ethiopia, few studies have been conducted in the (sub)humid region. For that reason, we assessed the severity of gully erosion by measuring the expansion of 13 selected permanent gullies in the subhumid Debre Mawi watershed, 30 km south of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. In addition, the rate of expansion of the entire drainage network in the watershed was determined using 0.5 m resolution aerial imagery from flights in 2005 and 2013. About 0.6 Mt (or 127 t ha−1 yr−1) of soil was lost during this period due to actively expanding gullies. The net gully area in the entire watershed increased more than 4-fold from 4.5 ha in 2005 to 20.4 ha in 2013 (> 3 % of the watershed area), indicating the growing severity of gully erosion and hence land degradation in the watershed. Soil losses were caused by upslope migrating gully heads through a combination of gully head collapse and removal of the failed material by runoff. Collapse of gully banks and retreat of headcuts was most severe in locations where elevated groundwater tables saturated gully heads and banks, destabilizing the soils by decreasing the shear strength. Elevated groundwater tables were therefore the most important cause of gully expansion. Additional factors that strongly relate to bank collapse were the height of the gully head and the size of the drainage area. Soil physical properties (e.g., texture and bulk density) only had minor effects. Conservation practices that address factors controlling erosion are the most effective in protecting gully expansion. These consist of lowering water table and regrading the gully head and sidewalls to reduce the occurrence of gravity-induced mass failures. Planting suitable vegetation on the regraded gully slopes will in addition decrease the risk of bank failure by reducing pore-water pressures and reinforcing the soil. Finally, best management practices that decrease runoff from the catchment will reduce the amount of gully-related sediment loss.
A representative density profile of the North Greenland snowpack
Authors: Schaller Christoph Florian , Freitag Johannes , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Laepple Thomas , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Eisen Olaf
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Along a traverse through North Greenland in May 2015 we collected snow cores up to 2 m depth and analyzed their density and water isotopic composition. A new sampling technique and an adapted algorithm for comparing data sets from different sites and aligning stratigraphic features are presented. We find good agreement of the density layering in the snowpack over hundreds of kilometers, which allows the construction of a representative density profile. The results are supported by an empirical statistical density model, which is used to generate sets of random profiles and validate the applied methods. Furthermore we are able to calculate annual accumulation rates, align melt layers and observe isotopic temperatures in the area back to 2010. Distinct relations of δ18O with both accumulation rate and density are deduced. Inter alia the depths of the 2012 melt layers and high-resolution densities are provided for applications in remote sensing.
Detection of ice mass based on the natural frequencies of wind
turbine blade
Authors: Gantasala Sudhakar , Luneno Jean-Claude , Aidanpaa Jan-Olov
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Wind turbines installed in the cold climate regions accumulate ice on the blades affecting their aeroelastic behavior and turbine power output. It is essential to detect icing in the early stages to start the deicing systems so that the losses due to icing can be minimized. The increase in mass distribution of the blade due to icing reduces its natural frequencies and how much these frequencies reduce depends on the amount of ice mass and their location on the blade. Ice detection systems like BLADEControl (Bosch Rexroth) and fos4blade IceDetection (fos4X) systems detect ice based on the deviations in blade natural frequencies, but cannot identify the location and amount of ice mass. In this work, the authors propose a method to detect average ice mass accumulated along three zones defined along the blade based on its natural frequencies using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Different ice masses are added on a wind turbine blade and their natural frequencies are simulated using a finite element model of the blade vibrations. ANN is trained with the natural frequencies of the iced blade as inputs and corresponding ice mass distributions used in the three zones as outputs. ANN approximates the non-linear function between inputs and outputs in the training process. After training with a large data set of possible ice mass distributions, ANN model can be used to predict ice mass distributions in the three zones for any set of natural frequencies (input to ANN) of the iced blade. NREL 5 MW wind turbine blade is considered in this study to demonstrate the proposed method. Various cases of ice mass distributions are tested by the trained ANN model and the predicted ice mass distributions are compared against actual ice mass distribution values. ANN model is able to predict ice mass distributions exactly if they are similar to the ice mass distributions used in the training data, otherwise the ice masses are predicted with an error. Overall, the proposed method is able to approximately detect average ice mass accumulated along the blade which is not possible before.
Diseño de la arquitectura de información del sitio web de la Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial y Turismo de la Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas
Authors: Paz Enrique Luis Ernesto , Cuellar Santos Suárez Lázaro Leonel
Published: September 2016

La arquitectura de información favorece la recuperación de información por parte de los usuarios en ambiente Web. El diseño debe estar centrado en el usuario, favoreciendo la usabilidad. La Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial y Turismo de la Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, carece de un sitio que potencie la divulgación de información a sus miembros. Se plantean como objetivos del estudio: 1) realizar un estudio de usuarios para identificar las necesidades de información de los usuarios, 2) establecer las pautas de la arquitectura de información para la institución centrada en los usuarios, 3) diseñar la arquitectura de información para la institución y 4) evaluar la propuesta diseñada. Para la obtención de resultados se emplean métodos en los niveles teórico y empírico. Se emplearon además, técnicas propias de la arquitectura de información que favorecieron el diseño y la evaluación. A partir del estudio de usuarios realizado se diseña la intranet de la Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial y Turismo, tomando en consideración las características del público y favoreciendo que los mismos participen activamente en el diseño. Se evalúa el diseño propuesto para la validación de los resultados, empleando el test de usuarios internos y el criterio de especialistas. El diseño centrado en el usuario favorece que la usabilidad y el ahorro de recursos para la capacitación de los usuarios.
Producción y presencia de los países de América Central en Scopus en la temática de la Documentación en Comunicación Social (1986-2013)
Authors: Caldera Serrano Jorge
Published: September 2016

Se describen y analizan los resultados obtenidos tras el análisis de las publicaciones presente en la base de dato Scopus y los rankings generados utilizando dicha herramienta por el grupo de investigación Scimago sobre la producción de los diferentes países de América Central sobre la temática de la documentación en los medios de comunicación de masas. Se lleva a cabo una comparativa sobre los diferentes países de la zona y se analiza la producción científica. Para finalizar, y a la vista y análisis de los datos, se realizan una serie de recomendaciones con el fin de mejorar la producción y la presencia en bases de datos indexadas.
Patterns of Stress Experienced by Secondary School Teachers in Choma District of Southern Province of Zambia
Authors: Kanene Kennedy , Mushungekelwa Demian Mwendabai
Published: September 2016

The present paper presents the results of the study that investigated the patterns of stress experienced by secondary school teachers in Choma District of Zambia. The study objectives included; to establish the forms of stress faced by teachers; and to recommend solutions to the identified patterns of stress. A descriptive survey design was used in the study where a sample of six secondary schools and 120 teacher were selected from the District using the simple random sampling technique. The Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) questionnaire was employed in the study. According to the study teachers moderately experienced patterns of stress in terms of, emotional manifestation, fatigue manifestation, cardiovascular manifestation, and gastronomic manifestation but rarely experienced stress in terms of behavioural manifestation. This could be minimised by the Ministry of Education conducting seminars and workshops for the teachers on stress prevention and management together with School head teachers organising leisure events for teachers to allow teachers to refresh and be rejuvenate.
La diligencia como elemento del derecho de opción del acreedor
Authors: Rivera Restrepo José Maximiliano
Published: September 2016

La presente investigación tiene por finalidad analizar la diligencia como presupuesto del derecho de opción del acreedor, ante el incumplimiento contractual. Particularmente, se analizará este elemento, a partir de la legislación, doctrina y jurisprudencia españolas.
Reconocimiento de “marcas nuevas” o “no tradicionales”: Tipologías, retos y desafíos
Authors: Ávila Vallecillo José Alexander
Published: September 2016

La tecnología crece exponencialmente al grado que el concepto de “marca” desde la perspectiva jurídica en especial de la Propiedad industrial evoluciona constantemente. Habitualmente una marca es definida como cualquier signo visible utilizado para diferenciar bienes, productos y servicios dentro de otros de su misma clase o especie, no obstante la creatividad, la ciencia y tecnología han permitido el surgimiento de un nuevo tipo de marcas o marcas no tradicionales las cuales no son percibidas mediante el sentido de la vista. Ante esa disyuntiva, estos nuevos signos marcarios han provocado gran revuelo en diferentes oficinas registrales alrededor del mundo, no sólo por la novedad que estas presentan, sino que también por la forma en que pueden ser distinguidas y representadas gráficamente al momento de solicitar su registro respectivo. Asimismo la Organización Mundial de Propiedad intelectual a través del Comité Permanente sobre el derecho de marcas, diseños industriales e indicaciones geográficas, ha pretendido establecer criterios únicos tendientes a regular las mismas, no obstante al día de hoy los países miembros de esta organización no han conseguido establecer un acuerdo armónico debido a la complejidad que estas generan. En tanto, la normativa nacional como internacional refleja a lo interno de sus preceptos jurídicos cierta apatía o reticencia por reconocer a las marcas no tradicionales en especial las no visibles, como signos distintivos propiamente dichos.
La excepción de la empresa en crisis (failing firm defence): La evaluación de las concentraciones de recuperación o saneamiento económico en la Unión Europea
Authors: Pérez Molina Mario Antonio
Published: September 2016

La Comisión Europea a fin de determinar la compatibilidad o incompatibilidad de las concentraciones de empresas de dimensión comunitaria ha de tener en cuenta criterios tanto concurrenciales como extraconcurrenciales. Precisamente, entre estos últimos se encuentra la grave situación financiera y económica que atraviesa la empresa objeto de adquisición. Con tal propósito se ha elaborado la doctrina de la empresa en crisis o failing firm defence, que faculta a la autoridad antitrust a declarar licitas aquellas operaciones de concentración, que pese a plantear problemas de competencia, son aptas para funcionar como medidas anticrisis de ciertas empresas que están obligadas a abandonar el mercado. El presente trabajo se propone estudiar dicha doctrina en el ámbito singular del control de las concentraciones de empresas en la Unión Europea.
Size Dependence of Energy Required for Cassava Grating
Authors: Igoni Asinyetogha H. , Fubara-Manuel Isoteim
Published: September 2016

An investigation was conducted into the energy required for grating cassava tubers of varying sizes. The tuberous roots of cassava that naturally occur in lengths of between 15 and 100 cm were cut and separated into groups of five different sizes (343.2mm, 228.8mm, 171.6mm, 85.8mm and 42.9mm). Equal masses of 10kg of these size categories were respectively grated down to a particle size of 1.5mm, with a grating machine powered by a 5.4hp diesel engine. A tachometer was used to measure the speed of rotation of the engine during the operation, from where the power transmitted to the grater was computed. It was found that the size of the cassava affected the speed of the engine in an inverse proportionality relationship; and the reducing sizes resulted in reduced times and energies required for the operation. The experimental values were related to the already known laws of comminution, using Kick and Bond’s formulae. Models were formulated for the various relationships using Microsoft Chart Editor. It was discovered that, although the energy values estimated using the laws were higher than experimental values, the values obtained using Kick’s law were a better approximation. On the overall, this study showed that the smaller the size reduction ratio, by a reduction of the feed size of cassava before grating, the lesser the energy that would be expended during the grating operation.
On Progress of Mass Tertiary Education: Case of Lebanon, Kenya and Oman
Authors: Liu Zhimin , Mutinda Gladys
Published: September 2016

Mass higher education is a huge force to be reckoned with and its existence, already in the expansion of tertiary institutions is undeniable. This study will focus on three countries: Lebanon, Kenya and Oman. The purpose of this study is to evaluate mass tertiary education progress in these countries. It will synthesize data results of gross enrollment ratios, demographics, internationalization and GDP per capita of these countries which we will use as indicators of the progress and direction that mass tertiary education is taking. The principal conclusions of our data will reveal that all 3 countries are experiencing progress only at different rates for varied and different reasons. The findings of this paper are significant as they will aid in informing the governments of the specific countries and other stakeholders who invest in higher education to understand the challenges hindering progress and ensuring that world class academic standards are upheld.
The Role of Universities in International Response to Pandemic Threats
Authors: Chapman David W. , Errecaborde Kaylee Myhre
Published: September 2016

Faced with increasing pressure to generate more of their own budgets, universities in low and middle income countries are increasingly banding together as country and regional-level networks to bid on and subsequently implement externally funded development projects (a pattern already seen in high income countries). While working as a network may offer a competitive advantage in bidding on international contracts, it also introduces a new set of dynamics in cross border collaboration among higher education institutions. This paper examines the dynamics of university networks, drawing on the experience of one regional and four country-level networks in South East Asia which were created to promote better national preparation and response to pandemic threats. Findings suggest that, in many universities, university efforts to work through networks is a source of considerable controversy as it pushes institutions and individuals into new roles and often conflicts with existing institution-level incentive systems.
Nanotechnologies, Risks and Societal Concerns
Authors: Gaymard Sandrine , Engelmann Wilson
Published: September 2016

The question of nanotechnologies and societal concerns is a subject which has been developing for several years and constitutes an indicator of an evolution in the awareness of nanotechnologies as an inherent risk with social and ethical issues. Two disciplines in human and social sciences, social psychology and law, associate their fields of competence and their view of this new societal phenomenon. First an exploratory study of the social representation of nanotechnologies is conducted with Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) students vs Exact Science (ES) students. Results highlight differences between these two groups. Then Law and the challenges to appropriate the innovations brought about by nanotechnology is discussed. In the light of these two disciplines the question of knowing if the human and social science are ready to deal with these new challenges is debated.
Forest fire management expenditures in Canada: 1970–2013
Authors: Stocks B.J. , Martell David L.
Published: September 2016

Fire plays a vital role in forest management in Canada and the cost of fire management varies significantly both spatially and temporally. We present the fixed (pre-suppression) and variable (suppression) expenditures incurred by Canadian forest and wildland fire management agencies over the period 1970–2013. We describe how the data was compiled, display it in a graphical format, present the results of our preliminary analysis of that data and discuss those results and the need to investigate both fire management productivity and the factors that influence it. The data is available in a public repository where it can be readily accessed by others who wish to explore it in further detail.
Species-specific determinants of mortality and recruitment in the forest-steppe ecotone of northeast China
Authors: Zeng Nan , Yao Huaxia , Zhou Mei , Zhao Pengwu , Dech Jeffrey P. , Zhang Bo , Lu Xue
Published: September 2016

Tree mortality is a notable phenomenon in the forest-steppe ecotone of China. However, the association between mortality and factors such as a changing climate is uncertain. In the summer of 2014 tree mortality was investigated in 20 × 400 m2 plots to determine the species-specific determinants of mortality and their influence on subsequent species recruitment. Nine soil physical-chemical properties were examined in addition to slope position, mean DBH and total number of trees. Generalized linear models analyzed relationships between these variables and mortality and recruitment. Mortality was positively associated with increasing average diameter and negatively to high soil pH and total nitrogen content. Recruitment models indicate that Populus davidiana recruitment was positively affected by available phosphorus and mortality, and negatively related to mean DBH. Slope position was the most important contributing variable to Betula platyphylla recruitment. With Quercus mongolica recruitment, soil variables played an important role. These results suggest that tree mortality is affected by soil properties, topography and tree size in China's forest-steppe ecotone, and may improve our understanding of species mortality and contribute to improved forest management.
An exploratory study of the implementation of admission standards (child:guardian ratios) in Ontario's Class A public pools
Authors: Tatar Ofelia , Hon Chun-Yip
Published: September 2016

Admission standards or specific child:guardian ratios for public pools have been endorsed and promoted by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (MOHLTC) to prevent recreational water injuries and fatalities. However, the voluntary adoption of these admission standards in Ontario has not been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the implementation of these admission standards in Class A public pools. An online survey was developed and disseminated to Class A public pool operators in Ontario. Frequency distributions were used to describe the results. All respondents have some form of admission standards integrated into their operations, with 68% using child:parent ratios that exceed the minimum MOHLTC's recommendations. The majority of operators (87%) felt that admission standards have a positive impact and there were no known increases in water-related incidents post-implementation. Many owners/operators (78%) would support their enactment into the pool regulations. The findings from this study highlight the promise of utilizing admission standards to prevent or, at the least reduce, the burden of injury related to recreational water use in Ontario. While the results are encouraging, it is recommended that further research be conducted as this was an exploratory study only.
De compte-fil à garde-fou : la lecture du traducteur de poésie
Authors: Stratford Madeleine
Published: September 2016

Plusieurs représentants de la tradition herméneutique, dont Umberto Eco, Paul Ricoeur et George Steiner, considèrent le texte littéraire inachevé sans le concours du lecteur, lequel est cependant tenu d’en respecter la cohérence interne. Dans un tel contexte, l’affirmation selon laquelle le traducteur serait d’abord un lecteur constitue une évidence qui recèle, en soi, de multiples implications. Dans cet article, nous verrons d’abord comment l’oeuvre littéraire conditionne la lecture et, par conséquent, la traduction pour nous pencher ensuite sur la tension que présuppose la lecture d’un poème à traduire. Pour ce faire, nous comparerons cinq modèles décrivant le processus de traduction poétique des théoriciens suivants : Robert De Beaugrande, Andrei Bantaş, Francis R. Jones, Christopher Millis et Robert Bly. Ceux-ci s’inscrivent, selon nous, dans la lignée herméneutique en ceci qu’ils préconisent une lecture attentive du poème source, mais cherchent à en contrebalancer les effets par une révision obligatoire minimisant l’apport subjectif du traducteur. L’analyse de ces modèles permettra de constater l’importance réelle de la lecture dans la tâche du traducteur de poésie.
La relecture unilingue : une procédure de révision de traduction rapide, fonctionnelle, mais déloyale
Authors: Robert Isabelle S.
Published: September 2016

Depuis 2006, les agences de traduction européennes qui souhaitent travailler conformément à la norme EN 15038 sur les services de traduction doivent intégrer la révision dans leur processus. Toutefois, la norme n’est pas claire quant à la manière dont cette révision doit être effectuée et en particulier quant à la nécessité de comparer les textes source et cible durant la révision. Ce constat est à la base d’une étude en cours devant déterminer l’impact de la procédure de révision sur le produit et le processus de révision. Dans la présente contribution, une procédure de révision non comparative, la relecture unilingue, sera comparée à trois autres procédures : la relecture bilingue et deux relectures dites « doubles », à savoir la relecture bilingue suivie d’une relecture unilingue et la relecture unilingue suivie d’une relecture bilingue. L’objectif est de déterminer si la relecture unilingue est efficace et, le cas échéant, dans quelles conditions et par rapport à quelle autre procédure. Pour ce faire, les scores de seize réviseurs professionnels ayant révisé quatre textes cibles comparables chaque fois selon une procédure différente ont été comparés en ce qui concerne la qualité de la révision (produit), la détection d’erreurs et la durée du processus de révision (processus). Une analyse de la variance (ANOVA) a révélé que la relecture unilingue n’est pas significativement moins efficace, en termes de qualité et de potentiel de détection d’erreurs, qu’une relecture bilingue, mais qu’elle ne prend pas non plus significativement moins de temps. En revanche, si la relecture unilingue est significativement moins efficace que les relectures doubles, elle prend aussi significativement moins de temps.
Anthropologie des lectures féministes de la traduction
Authors: Wilhelm Jane
Published: September 2016

Cet article se propose d’examiner différentes théories de la lecture, de l’écriture et de la traduction dans le cadre d’une anthropologie interdisciplinaire de la traduction et à partir d’une réflexion féministe se situant aussi dans une perspective herméneutique. Si le concept de « genre » est une catégorie d’analyse utilisée pour désigner les rapports sociaux entre les sexes, c’est également unegrille de lecturede constructions sociales signifiant des rapports de pouvoir. En effet, l’évolution actuelle des sociétés remet en question les acquis du mouvement féministe depuis les années 1970, et la traduction, en mettant au jour des enjeux de pouvoir, peut apporter de nouveaux éléments dans les débats autour de la question du rapport au pouvoir et celle de la violence de la tradition patriarcale. Notre examen de la symbolique de la hiérarchisation valorisant le masculin se réfère notamment aux travaux de Françoise Héritier sur la pensée de la différence sexuée dans les systèmes de représentation. Nous examinerons, à la suite de Lori Chamberlain, l’isotopie métaphorique de la sexualité et du mariage en traduction et le modèle masculin de George Steiner. Nous évoquerons aussi, en souscrivant à l’idée d’un « inconscient théologique » avancée par Jean-René Ladmiral, l’horizon d’un inconscient amoureux qui lui serait lié et qui nous paraît être à l’oeuvre dans toute la pensée sur la traduction et la réflexion traductologique. D’autres lectures de la traduction dans leur dimension amoureuse ou érotique seront également abordées, en particulier celles de Valery Larbaud et de Serge Gavronsky s’articulant autour de l’inconscient freudien. Nous opposerons à l’isotopie métaphorique de la sexualité en traduction et au modèle de Steiner différentes lectures féministes illustrant la liberté de s’insurger contre les stéréotypes et l’inégalité entre les sexes, tout en ouvrant la réflexion sur la question de l’autorité. Les questions de genre, de sexualité et d’autorité en traduction font apparaître des enjeux proprement politiques, et il conviendra en conclusion d’insister sur le pluralisme de l’autorité.
Baudelaire, l’opium et la poésie : digestion, digression et adaptation
Authors: Muris-Prime Camille
Published: September 2016

Baudelaire n’est pas que le traducteur de Poe. Il a aussi adapté Confessions of an English Opium Eater de Thomas De Quincey. Devenu Un mangeur d’opium et placé en deuxième partie des Paradis artificiels, ce texte est utilisé par Baudelaire de plusieurs façons. Le poète s’attache à remanier le texte de sorte à faire du travail de traduction un véritable travail d’adaptation, et il le place aussi au sein d’un diptyque afin de l’utiliser dans sa démonstration sur les drogues. L’analyse du texte de Baudelaire permet de comprendre la façon dont se développe son projet esthétique qui consiste à comparer l’état dans lequel met la drogue au paradis poétique auquel tente d’accéder le poète. La traduction permet aussi à Baudelaire de préciser sa position éthique puisqu’il réussit à adapter l’oeuvre de De Quincey tout en la laissant visible, la rendant lisible tout en dialoguant avec elle. Si Un mangeur d’opium est un texte assez peu connu, il est pourtant un laboratoire où la traduction permet à Baudelaire de mettre en abyme sa propre pratique poétique.
Liquidité du marché des actions et rendements des fonds mutuels en temps de crise : évidence canadienne
Authors: Beaulieu Marie-Claude , Carrier Simon , Guimond Jean-François
Published: September 2016

Cet article porte sur la relation entre les rendements des fonds mutuels canadiens et la liquidité du marché des actions. Nous cherchons spécifiquement à documenter comment cette relation a évolué au cours de la période entourant la crise de liquidité qui a secoué le monde financier en 2008. Ces travaux sont importants puisque d’une part, les fonds mutuels sont des véhicules d’investissements très présents dans l’économie et d’autre part, la liquidité des marchés financiers est un catalyseur du risque systémique. Nos résultats montrent que la prime d’illiquidité traditionnellement observée au sein des fonds mutuels avant la crise – dont dans cette étude – a donné lieu à une prime d’illiquidité au plus fort de la crise et a modifié l’évaluation de ces fonds par la suite.
Distinct stages in stress granule assembly and disassembly
Authors: Wheeler Joshua R , Matheny Tyler , Jain Saumya , Abrisch Robert , Parker Roy
Published: September 2016

Stress granules are non-membrane bound RNA-protein (RNP) assemblies that form when translation initiation is limited and contain a biphasic structure with stable core structures surrounded by a less concentrated shell. The order of assembly and disassembly of these two structures remains unknown. Time course analysis of granule assembly suggests that core formation is an early event in granule assembly. Stress granule disassembly is also a stepwise process with shell dissipation followed by core clearance. Perturbations that alter liquid-liquid phase separations (LLPS) driven by intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDR) of RNA binding proteins in vitro have the opposite effect on stress granule assembly in vivo. Taken together, these observations argue that stress granules assemble through a multistep process initiated by stable assembly of untranslated mRNPs into core structures, which could provide sufficient high local concentrations to allow for a localized LLPS driven by IDRs on RNA binding proteins.
Improvement of radiation response of SiC MOSFETs under high temperature and humidity conditions
Authors: Takeyama Akinori , Matsuda Takuma , Yokoseki Takashi , Mitomo Satoshi , Murata Koichi , Makino Takahiro , Onoda Shinobu , Okubo Shuichi , Tanaka Yuki , Kandori Mikio , Yoshie Toru , Hijikata Yasuto , Ohshima Takeshi
Published: September 2016

The response of hexagonal (4H) silicon carbide (SiC) power metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) to gamma-ray irradiation was investigated under elevated temperature and humid conditions. The shift in drain current–gate voltage (I
D–V
G) curves towards negative voltages and the leakage of I
D with a current hump due to elevated temperature irradiation were suppressed under high humidity conditions relative to dry conditions. This result can be explained in terms of the reduction in trapped oxide charge and oxide–SiC interface traps generated by irradiation due to the humid conditions. In addition, during irradiation at elevated temperature in humid conditions, electron traps at the oxide–SiC interface obviously decrease at doses above 100 kGy.
Improvement in luminance efficiency of organic light emitting diodes by suppression of secondary electron bombardment of substrate during sputter deposition of top electrode films
Authors: Hamaguchi Daichi , Kobayashi Shin-ichi , Uchida Takayuki , Sawada Yutaka , Lei Hao , Hoshi Yoichi
Published: September 2016

In this study, we investigated the degradation mechanisms of the luminance performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) when their top electrode films were deposited by sputter deposition process. During the sputter deposition of the top electrode films, the suppression of the incidence of high-energy electrons on the substrate was attempted using various methods. As a result, we found that during electrode deposition, the incidence of the high-energy secondary electrons, which were emitted from the target surface, on the substrate was the main cause of the significant degradation of the luminance performance. It was also found that the application of a magnetic field by setting permanent magnets near the substrate holder and the insertion of a shield plate near the target cathode were effective in suppressing the incidence of secondary electrons on the substrate.
Ny versjon av standarden ISO 15489
Authors: Andresen Herbjørn
Published: September 2016

Standarden NS-ISO 15489-1:2016 er gjeldende norsk standard fra 1. juli 2016. Dette er andre versjon av ISO 15489, den første versjonen fra 2001 er ikke lenger gyldig. 2001-utgaven av ISO 15489 besto av to deler. Del 2, SN-ISO/TR 15489-2:2001 er trukket, slik at den nye ISO 15489 kun består av del 1. ISO 15489 var den første internasjonale Records Management-standarden, og har en funksjon som overordnet referansestandard for en voksende portefølje av senere standarder på tilgrensende områder. Denne artikkelen gjennomgår endringene i hovedtrekk, både i standarden ISO 15489 som sådan og i noen av de standardene som bygger videre på den.
Digital Accessible Knowledge and well-inventoried sites for birds in Mexico: baseline sites for measuring faunistic change
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend , Navarro-Sigüenza Adolfo G. , Martínez-Meyer Enrique
Published: September 2016

Background

Faunal change is a basic and fundamental element in ecology, biogeography, and conservation biology, yet vanishingly few detailed studies have documented such changes rigorously over decadal time scales. This study responds to that gap in knowledge, providing a detailed analysis of Digital Accessible Knowledge of the birds of Mexico, designed to marshal DAK to identify sites that were sampled and inventoried rigorously prior to the beginning of major global climate change (1980).

Methods

We accumulated DAK records for Mexican birds from all relevant online biodiversity data portals. After extensive cleaning steps, we calculated completeness indices for each 0.05° pixel across the country; we also detected ‘hotspots’ of sampling, and calculated completeness indices for these broader areas as well. Sites were designated as well-sampled if they had completeness indices above 80% and >200 associated DAK records.

Results

We identified 100 individual pixels and 20 broader ‘hotspots’ of sampling that were demonstrably well-inventoried prior to 1980. These sites are catalogued and documented to promote and enable resurvey efforts that can document events of avifaunal change (and non-change) across the country on decadal time scales.

Conclusions

Development of repeated surveys for many sites across Mexico, and particularly for sites for which historical surveys document their avifaunas prior to major climate change processes, would pay rich rewards in information about distributional dynamics of Mexican birds.
Bioavailability ofD-methionine relative toL-methionine for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay
Authors: Kong Changsu , Ahn Jong Young , Kim Beob G.
Published: September 2016

This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability ofD-methionine (Met) relative toL-Met for nursery pigs using the slope-ratio assay. A total of 50 crossbred barrows with an initial BW of 13.5 kg (SD = 1.0) were used in an N balance study. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain an adequate amount of all amino acids (AA) for 10–20 kg pigs except for Met. The two reference diets were prepared by supplementing the BD with 0.4 or 0.8 gL-Met/kg at the expense of corn starch, and an equivalent concentration ofD-Met was added to the BD for the two test diets. The pigs were adapted to the experimental diets for 5 d and then total but separated collection of feces and urine was conducted for 4 d according to the marker-to-marker procedure. Nitrogen intakes were similar across the treatments. Fecal N output was not affected by Met supplementation regardless of source and consequently apparent N digestibility did not change. Conversely, there was a negative linear response (P< 0.01) to Met supplementation with both Met isomers in urinary N output, which resulted in increased retained N (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake). No quadratic response was observed in any of the N balance criteria. The estimated bioavailability ofD-Met relative toL-Met from urinary N output (g/4 d) and N retention (% of intake) as dependent variables using supplemental Met intake (g/4 d) as an independent variable were 87.6% and 89.6%, respectively; however, approximately 95% of the fiducial limits for the relative bioavailability estimates included 100%. In conclusion, with an absence of statistical significance, the present study indicated that the mean relative bioequivalence ofD- toL-Met was 87.6% based on urinary N output or 89.6% based on N retention.
ECG is an inefficient screening-tool for left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive African children population
Authors: Di Gioia Giuseppe , Creta Antonio , Campanale Cosimo Marco , Fittipaldi Mario , Giorgino Riccardo , Quintarelli Fabio , Satriano Umberto , Cruciani Alessandro , Antinolfi Vincenzo , Di Berardino Stefano , Costanzo Davide , Bettini Ranieri , Mangiameli Giuseppe , Caricato Marco , Mottini Giovanni
Published: September 2016

Background

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a marker of pediatric hypertension and predicts development of cardiovascular events. Electrocardiography (ECG) screening is used in pediatrics to detect LVH thanks to major accessibility, reproducibility and easy to use compared to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), that remains the standard technique. Several diseases were previously investigated, but no data exists regarding our study population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between electrocardiographic and echocardiographic criteria of LVH in normotensive African children.

Methods

We studied 313 children (mean age 7,8 ± 3 yo), in north-Madagascar. They underwent ECG and TTE. Sokolow-Lyon index was calculated to identify ECG-LVH (>35 mm). Left ventricle mass (LVM) with TTE was calculated and indexed by height2.7(LVMI2.7) and weight (LVMIw). We report the prevalence of TTE-LVH using three methods: (1) calculating percentiles age- and sex- specific with values >95th percentile identifying LVH; (2) LVMI2.7>51 g/m2.7; (3) LVMIw>3.4 g/weight.

Results

40 (13%) children showed LVMI values >95th percentile, 24 children (8%) an LVMI2.7>51 g/m2.7while 19 children (6%) an LVMIw>3.4 g/kg. LVH-ECG by Sokolow-Lyon index was present in five, three and three children respectively, with poor values of sensitivity (ranging from 13 to 16%), positive predictive value (from 11 to 18%) and high values of specificity (up to 92%). The effects of anthropometrics parameters on Sokolow-Lyon were analyzed and showed poor correlation.

Conclusion

ECG is a poor screening test for detecting LVH in children. In clinical practice, TTE remains the only tool to be used to exclude LVH.
Generation of He+ and O+ EMIC waves by the bunch distribution of O+ ions associated with fast magnetosonic shocks in the magnetosphere
Authors: Lee K. H. , Lee L. C.
Published: September 2016

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are often observed in the magnetosphere with frequency usually in the H+ and He+ cyclotron bands and sometimes in the O+ band. The temperature anisotropy, caused by injection of energetic ions or by compression of magnetosphere, can efficiently generate H+ EMIC waves, but not as efficient for He+ or O+ EMIC waves. Here we propose a new generation mechanism for He+ and O+ EMIC waves associated with weak fast magnetosonic shocks, which are observed in the magnetosphere. These shocks can be associated with either dynamic pressure enhancement or shocks in the solar wind and can lead to the formation of a “bunch” distribution in the perpendicular velocity plane of O+ ions. The O+ bunch distribution can excite strong He+ EMIC waves and weak O+ and H+ waves. The dominant He+ EMIC waves are strong in quasi‐perpendicular propagation and show harmonics in frequency spectrum of Fourier analysis. The proposed mechanism can explain the generation and some observed properties of He+ and O+ EMIC waves in the magnetosphere.
Comparison ofF1layer critical frequency between recent two solar minimums
Authors: Lee Chien‐Chih
Published: September 2016

This study compares theF1layer critical frequencies (foF1) between the 22/23 and 23/24 solar minimums to investigate the effects of extremely low solar activities onF1layer. ThefoF1data of 1996 and 2008 at various latitudes are collected and analyzed. Results show that thefoF1value in 2008 is quantitatively identical to that in 1996. This equality offoF1is contrary to the expectation, since the solar activities are lower in 2008 than in 1996. In order to know the reason for the unexpected results, the production rate (q) of ionization inF1layer is examined. The EUV intensity andqat the peak of theqprofile are calculated, through the integration of atmospheric number densities above the peak. Because the thermospheric densities are anomalously low under extremely low solar activities, the EUV attenuations are unusually small. The EUV intensity andqat the peak in 2008 are almost equal to those in 1996. Further, the equality offoF1between 1996 and 2008, obtained from the equality ofqat the peak, is consistent with the observed results.
Surface water subduction during a downwelling event in a semienclosed bay
Authors: Barton E. D. , Torres R. , Figueiras F. G. , Gilcoto M. , Largier J.
Published: September 2016

The Ría de Vigo is a bay strongly influenced by upwelling‐downwelling cycles along the adjacent coast of NW Iberia. Moored and ship‐board observations during September 2006 showed that subduction, initially associated with an estuarine circulation, strengthened when a strong downwelling circulation, resulting from northward wind over the coastal ocean, was generated in the outer Ría causing ambient waters to be advected outward in the lower layer. Incoming surface waters confined the estuarine circulation to the shallow interior and displaced isopleths downward through the water column at ∼10 m d−1. As the estuarine circulation retreated inward, strong flow convergence developed between middle and inner ria in the layer above 15 m, while divergence developed beneath. The convergence increased through the period of downwelling‐favorable wind at a rate consistent with the observed isopleth displacement velocities. The coefficient of turbulent diffusion Kt, from a microstructure profiler, indicated that mixing was strong in the estuarine circulation and subsequently in the downwelling zone, where localized instabilities and temperature‐salinity inversions were observed. During the downwelling, concentrations of phytoplankton, including potentially harmful species, increased, especially in the middle and inner ria, as a result of inward advection, subduction, and the ability of the dinoflagellates to maintain their position in the water column by swimming. In the course of the 5 day event, the water mass of all but the innermost Ría was flushed completely and replaced by waters originating in the coastally trapped poleward flow along the Atlantic coastline.
Aqueous history of Mars as inferred from landed mission measurements of rocks, soils, and water ice
Authors: Arvidson Raymond E.
Published: September 2016

The missions that have operated on the surface of Mars acquired data that complement observations acquired from orbit and provide information that would not have been acquired without surface measurements. Data from the Viking Landers demonstrated that soils have basaltic compositions, containing minor amounts of salts and one or more strong oxidants. Pathfinder with its rover confirmed that the distal portion of Ares Vallis is the site of flood‐deposited boulders. Spirit found evidence for hydrothermal deposits surrounding the Home Plate volcanoclastic feature. Opportunity discovered that the hematite signature on Meridiani Planum as seen from orbit is due to hematitic concretions concentrated on the surface as winds eroded sulfate‐rich sandstones that dominate the Burns formation. The sandstones originated as playa muds that were subsequently reworked by wind and rising groundwater. Opportunity also found evidence on the rim of the Noachian Endurance Crater for smectites, with extensive leaching along fractures. Curiosity acquired data at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater that allows reconstruction of a sustained fluvial‐deltaic‐lacustrine system prograding into the crater. Smectites and low concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been identified in the lacustrine deposits. Phoenix, landing above the Arctic Circle, found icy soils, along with low concentrations of perchlorate salt. Perchlorate is considered to be a strong candidate for the oxidant found by the Viking Landers. It is also a freezing point depressant and may play a role in allowing brines to exist at and beneath the surface in more modern periods of time on Mars.