bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
9TH CENTURY ARABIC-SPEAKING HISTORIANS AL-BALADHURI AND AL-YA‘QUBI ABOUT THE BYZANTINE ARMY OF ARMENIAKOI: ON THE BYZANTIUM’S MILITARY POLICY WITHIN ITS ARMENIAN AND WEST CAUCASUS POSSESSIONS DURING THE 7TH CENTURY
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Меkhamadiev Е. А.
Published: August 2021

Greek sources, which tell us about a military-political history of Byzantium in the 7th century, mainly the famous “Chronographia” of Theophanes the Confessor, usually contain little evidence on relations between the Empire and local countries of South Caucasus and Armenian highland. But, having based on the Arabic-speaking historians al-Baladhuri and al-Ya‘qubi, who lived both in the 9th century, and also on the evidence of some little-studied Greek texts, i.e. a letter of Anastasius Apocrisiarius and the works of Theodoros Spoudaios, the author tries to discover a role of the Byzantine army of Armeniakoi within these interrelations. The army, which was located in the provinces of Cappadocia, Paphlagonia and Hellenopontus, was established in the mid-650s. It was predominantly composed of the former bodyguards of powerful Armenian nakharars (chiefs of local Armenian noble families). Time after time, depending on geopolitical situation in the region, a central power of Byzantium moved and located the regular units of the army in Lazika, i.e. within modern West Georgia. Moreover, the author traces that one of the noble Armenian nakharars named Nerseh Kamsarakan, who headed a powerful family of Artsruni, occupied the official office of the strategos of the Armeniakoi by 688. The army commanded by Nerseh Kamsarakan reconquered the princedom of Armenia from the Arabs in 686–688; therefore, as a result, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II appointed Nerseh Kamsarakan as the Great Prince of Armenian princedom and located regular troops of the army of Armeniakoi on these lands.
NATIONALISM, CATOLICISM, FEMINISM? GENDER DIMENSION OF THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE IN IRELAND OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY
Authors:   Perm State University, Vershinina D. B.
Published: August 2021

The author analyzes the evolution of the national movement in Ireland in the first half of the 20th century through the prism of women's participation and gender equality issues. It is argued that the Irish nationalists' choice of patriarchal Catholic ideology has not been predetermined since the revival of Irish nationalism, and although the Catholic faith played a significant role in the anti-British activities of the Irish national movement, there were many Protestants among its activists, as well as women who shared feminist values and played an important role in organizing the political and military struggle of the Irish for independence. The article focuses on the various methods of women's participation in the Irish national movement, including the creation of separate women's organizations, and membership in key societies and groups, as well as participation in constructing barricades and in fighting during the Easter Rising. It was more difficult to take part in the specifically women's struggle to grant Irish women the right to vote, which was associated with the activities of London organizations, the Women's Socio-Political Union specifically. It is argued that it was the anti-British orientation of the Irish political struggle that made it impossible (or difficult) to associate Irish feminists with the goals of the women's movement in the United Kingdom, which led to the victory of the social doctrine of Catholics and the “enslavement” of Irish women after the Irish Free State was created. The article analyzes not only sources of personal origin, telling about the participation of Irish women in the national movement, but also official documents of the young Irish state, demonstrating the evolution of its ideology in social and gender issues towards a patriarchal approach to the role of women in society, the fight against which has become the task of feminists of the second wave starting in the 1970s.
INDUSTRIAL CORPORATIONS OF PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY (1990s – 2010s)
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Baryshnikov M. N.
Published: August 2021

Given the growing need for a better understanding of the history of Russian business, the author suggests that a comprehensive historiographic analysis that logically combines theoretically developed conceptual findings and micro indicators obtained empirically is a particularly useful prospect for studying industrial corporations. Based on the capitalist modernization concept, the author studies how factors at the level of production, ownership, management, and the environment are combined into distinct institutional and organizational forms that spur industrial business. The goal of the article is to (1) highlight the utility of using a complex approach in advancing industrial firms research and (2) promote the use of such an approach to foster a better understanding of the interests of business owners and how these interests may relate to important economic, institutional, organizational and sociocultural characteristics of large joint stock companies. With these goals in mind, the article is a survey of research in extant business history literature that used conceptual characteristics and archival research to describe industrial corporations. Engaging recent studies, the author demonstrates how the analysis of firms helps illuminate the dynamics of economic life in pre-revolutionary Russia. Using the proposed subject-chronological approach to the historiographic study, the article confirms that the academic developments of the 1990s – the 2010s were thematically broader than previously described. Thus, the history of industrial corporations is important for understanding various aspects of Russia’s economic development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The author presents suggestions for future research using macro- and microanalysis and their applications to the history of industrial corporations.
THE URAL REGION: PROSPECTS OF A POLITICAL UNION IN THE EARLY 1990s
Authors:   Moscow State University, Osipov I. V.
Published: August 2021

The paper examines the actions taking place in the Ural region in the early 1990s, aimed at increasing independence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the creation of a large political and economic association of several regions of the Urals. In a difficult political situation, new solutions of administrative and territorial structure, regional governance and power decentralization issues were needed. The idea of enlarging Russian regions was seen by various political forces as one of the options for reforming the administrative-territorial structure of the country. The idea was discussed at the Politburo meetings, reflected in the proposals of the democratic opposition representatives, such as Andrey Sakharov, Gavriil Popov and even Boris Yeltsin, and was also discussed in the drafting of the Russian Federation Constitution in 1990–1993. The creation of joint management structures and the formation of public opinion on the issue had begun in the Ural region since 1989, when the regional authorities started to strengthen inter-regional connection of the Urals and launched the process of merging the region into one political entity to solve the economic and social problems. The idea of creating large regions have passed from a discussion format to real political practice and, as a result, was banned. Despite the Ural Republic creation and the political unification of the Ural region into one political entity were prohibited, the processes of inter-regional consolidation to solve common problems and implement joint development programs continued after 1993.
Features of the clinical course of a new coronavirus infection in students who were observed in the observator in the first and second wave of morbidity increasing
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga Yu. , Lubimova Anna V. , Ovakimyan Karina V. , Frolova Olga I. , Zamyatina Olga S. , Durkin Svyatoslav O.
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: The sudden appearance of a new coronavirus infection in the world has posed difficult challenges for science to determine the main clinical manifestations of this disease, as well as to approve standards for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Research of the symptoms of mild COVID-19 is continuing. The data obtained in such studies are particularly relevant for primary care physicians. THE AIM: To evaluate the features of the clinical course of COVID-19 among students of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, placed in the observatory, during the first and second waves of rising morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on the basis of the observatory of the NWSMU named after I.I. Mechnikov in two stages: in the period from 21.04.2020 to 31.08.2020 (the first wave) and from 16.09.2020 to 31.12.2020 (the second wave). Demographic, epidemiological, and clinical-anamnestic data were recorded in all participants of the study. RESULTS: The study involved 309 people: 39.8% men (n = 123) and 58.9% women (n = 182). The average age of the respondents was 21.5 2.6 years. The number of participants in the first and second waves was 113 and 196 people, respectively. The average age of participants with COVID-19 in the first wave was 1.5 years less and was 21.2 2.5 years (р 0.001). There was a significant increase in the frequency of the following symptoms: dry cough, loss of smell, headache, general weakness, increased body temperature to 38.0 С, nasal congestion (р 0.05) in students who were monitored in the second wave of increased incidence of COVID-19 compared to the first. The frequency of symptoms such as chest congestion, lower back pain, and fever above 38.0 С significantly decreased (р 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the incidence of viral pneumonia in patients who were observed during the second wave, compared with the data obtained during the first wave (р 0.001).
Removal of Crossed Artifacts from Multimodal Dispersion Curves with Modified Frequency–Bessel Method
Authors: Zhou Jie , Chen Xiaofei
Published: August 2021

Frequency–Bessel (F-J) transform method can obtain higher-mode Rayleigh dispersion curves by multistation ambient noise data superposition (Wang et al., 2019). Because the dispersion curves of the overtones can provide more information compared with the single fundamental mode, the nonuniqueness of surface-wave inversion can be reduced. Because of the limited number of receivers, the integral in the process of transformation cannot be calculated precisely and there exists a kind of crossed artifacts which cuts off the real dispersion curves and contaminates the spectrum. Forbriger (2003) proposed to use the Hankel function instead of the Bessel function to conduct the transformation to remove the crossed artifacts. However, this method can reduce the resolution of the spectrum from ambient noise data. In this article, we give a complete workflow to deal with ambient noises which can eliminate the crossed artifacts without reducing the resolution. The Kramers–Kronig relations are used to obtain complete cross-correlation functions and a modified F-J transform is conducted to finally acquire the spectrum without crossed artifacts.
Application of a Hybrid Modeling Method for Generating Synthetic Ground Motions in Fennoscandia, Northern Europe
Authors: Jussila Vilho , Fälth Billy , Mäntyniemi Päivi , Voss Peter H. , Lund Björn , Fülöp Ludovic
Published: August 2021

We present a modeling technique for generating synthetic ground motions, aimed at earthquakes of design significance for critical structures and ground motions at distances corresponding to the engineering near field, in which real data are often missing. We use dynamic modeling based on the finite-difference approach to simulate the rupture process within a fault, followed by kinematic modeling to generate the ground motions. The earthquake source ruptures were modeled using the 3D distinct element code (Itasca, 2013). We then used the complete synthetic program by Spudich and Xu (2002) to simulate the propagation of seismic waves and to obtain synthetic ground motions. In this work, we demonstrate the method covering the frequency ranges of engineering interests up to 25 Hz and quantify the differences in ground motion generated. We compare the synthetic ground motions for distances up to 30 km with a ground-motion prediction equation, which synthesizes the expected ground motion and its randomness based on observations. The synthetic ground motions can be used to supplement observations in the near field for seismic hazard analysis. We demonstrate the hybrid approach to one critical site in the Fennoscandian Shield, northern Europe.
Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Assessment (PFDHA) for Nuclear Installations According to IAEA Safety Standards
Authors: Valentini Alessandro , Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Contri Paolo , Ono Masato , Sakai Toshiaki , Thompson Stephen C. , Viallet Emmanuel , Annaka Tadashi , Chen Rui , Moss Robb E. S. , Petersen Mark D. , Visini Francesco , Youngs Robert R.
Published: August 2021

In the last 10 yr, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) revised its safety standards for site evaluations of nuclear installations in response to emerging fault displacement hazard evaluation practices developed in Member States. New amendments in the revised safety guidance (DS507) explicitly recommend fault displacement hazard assessment, including separate approaches for candidate new sites versus existing sites. If there is insufficient basis to conclusively determine that a fault is not capable of surface displacement at an existing site, then a probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) is recommended to better characterize the hazard. This new recommendation has generated the need for the IAEA to provide its Member States with guidance on performing PFDHA, including its formulation and implementation. This article provides an overview of current PFDHA state-of-practice for nuclear installations that is consistent with the new IAEA safety standards. We also summarize progress in an ongoing international PFDHA benchmark project that will ultimately provide technical guidance to Member States for conducting site-specific fault displacement hazard assessments.
Full-Waveform Inversion of High-Frequency Teleseismic Body Waves Based on Multiple Plane-Wave Incidence: Methods and Practical Applications
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Yi , Song Xin , Tong Ping , Liu Qinya , Yang Yingjie
Published: August 2021

Teleseismic full-waveform inversion has recently been applied to image subwavelength-scale lithospheric structures (typically a few tens of kilometers) by utilizing hybrid methods in which an efficient solver for the 1D background model is coupled with a full numerical solver for a small 3D target region. Among these hybrid methods, the coupling of the frequency–wavenumber technique with the spectral element method is one of the most computationally efficient ones. However, it is normally based on a single plane-wave incidence, and thus cannot synthesize secondary global phases generated at interfaces outside the target area. To remedy the situation, we propose to use a multiple plane-wave injection method to include secondary global phases in the hybrid modeling. We investigate the performance of the teleseismic full-waveform inversion based on single and multiple plane-wave incidence through an application in the western Pyrenees and compare it with previously published images and the inversion based on a global hybrid method. In addition, we also test the influence of Earth’s spherical curvature on the tomographic results. Our results demonstrate that the teleseismic full-waveform inversion based on a single plane-wave incidence can reveal complex lithospheric structures similar to those imaged using a global hybrid method and is reliable for practical tomography for small regions with an aperture of a few hundred kilometers. However, neglecting the Earth’s spherical curvature and secondary phases leads to errors on the recovered amplitudes of velocity anomalies (e.g., about 2.8% difference for density and VS, and 4.2% for VP on average). These errors can be reduced by adopting a spherical mesh and injecting multiple plane waves in the frequency–wavenumber-based hybrid method. The proposed plane-wave teleseismic full-waveform inversion is promising for mapping subwavelength-scale seismic structures using high-frequency teleseismic body waves (>1  Hz) including coda waves recorded at large N seismic arrays.
A Big Problem for Small Earthquakes: Benchmarking Routine Magnitudes and Conversion Relationships with Coda Envelope-Derived Mw in Southern Kansas and Northern Oklahoma
Authors: Shelly David R. , Mayeda Kevin , Barno Justin , Whidden Katherine M. , Moschetti Morgan P. , Llenos Andrea L. , Rubinstein Justin L. , Yeck William L. , Earle Paul S. , Gök Rengin , Walter William R.
Published: August 2021

Earthquake magnitudes are widely relied upon measures of earthquake size. Although moment magnitude (Mw) has become the established standard for moderate and large earthquakes, difficulty in reliably measuring seismic moments for small (generally Mw<4) earthquakes has meant that magnitudes for these events remain plagued by a patchwork of inconsistent measurement scales. Because of this, magnitudes of small earthquakes and statistics derived from them can be biased. Furthermore, because small earthquakes are much more numerous than large ones, many applications, such as seismic hazard modeling, depend critically on analysis of events characterized by magnitudes other than Mw. To assess this problem, we apply coda envelope analysis to reliably determine moment magnitudes for a case study of small earthquakes from northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas. Not surprisingly, we find significant differences among ML, mbLg, and Mw for M ∼2–4 earthquakes examined here. More troublingly, we find that relations designed to convert other magnitudes to Mw, which are relied upon for important applications such as seismic hazard analysis, often increase rather than decrease this bias for our dataset. In our case study, we find that converted magnitudes can result in a systematic bias sometimes exceeding 0.5 magnitude units, a difference that typically corresponds to a factor of ∼3 in seismicity rate. Moreover, we find a correspondingly large bias in Gutenberg–Richter b-values, controlled primarily by inaccurate magnitude scaling in the conversion relationships. Although this study focuses on a relatively small geographic area, we can expect that similar issues exist with varying severity in other regions. Therefore, magnitudes of small earthquakes and their associated statistics, including seismicity rates and b-values, should be treated with caution.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND VARIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR MAJOR GROWTH AND FLOWERING TRAITS OF Lilium longiflorum THUNB. GENOTYPES
Authors:   College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University(KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Korea, Rai Rameshwar ,   Oriental Bio-herb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea, Kim Jong Hwa ,   College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University(KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Korea,   Oriental Bio-herb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
Published: August 2021

The performance evaluation and variability estimation are some of the most important basic steps in any breeding scheme and are usually taken as a pre-breeding task. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and estimate the variability for major growth and flowering traits of Sixteen Lilium longiflorum Thunb genotypes in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The estimated analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated prevailing significant variability for studied ten growth and flowering traits of all 16 genotypes. The experiment was conducted to quantify the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM), for understanding the breeding potentiality of L. longiflorum genotypes based on their performance for growth and flowering traits, so that pre-breeding scheme could be executed properly. The estimated genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) value, along with heritability estimate and GAM, revealed that almost all studied traits besides flower diameter were controlled by additive gene action. For these traits, improvement would be possible through the selection after cross-breeding among these genotypes. The choice of genotypes for the hybridization scheme could be made based on the mean performance of those genotypes for the particular traits of the breeding scheme.
Stakeholders within the framework of Corporate Social Responsibility: A systematic review
Authors: Zárate-Rueda Ruth , Bautista-Zárate Juan Sebastian , Beltrán-Villamizar Yolima Ivonne
Published: August 2021

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) represents the ethical corporate behavior in relation to stakeholders to respond to their needs and expectations; however, it has been suggested that involving stakeholders in corporate management reduces the profit maximization and leads to losses. Thus, this paper intends to analyze theoretical and conceptual trends on stakeholders and CSR between 2012 and 2016 to contextualize their origin, characteristics, and perspectives. The systematic review methodology was followed, which stems from bibliometric analysis to identify patterns related with literature, impact studies, and theoretical-conceptual evolution. The results show that organizations must find a balance between their interests in profit and socially responsible practices through sustainable processes from the social, economic, and environmental perspectives.
Ética corporativa y precio justo percibido, el binomio estratégico para el consumo responsable
Authors: Rangel-Lyne Lucirene , Azuela-Flores José Ignacio , Ochoa-Hernández Magda Lizet , Infante-Aguillón Mirtha Elba
Published: August 2021

La responsabilidad corporativa ética eleva la percepción de justicia en los precios de los productos adquiridos. El propósito de este artículo fue confirmar dicha premisa como predictora de la intención de recompra socialmente responsable. Se analizaron las percepciones de 153 consumidores con poder adquisitivo restringido, que declararon comprar productos de empresas con responsabilidad ética. El efecto del precio justo percibido se demostró en una mediación total para explicar las intenciones de recompra socialmente responsables.
Apoyo del supervisor: su influencia en la autonomía, cohesión y percepción de apoyo organizacional en una dependencia del gobierno
Authors: Máynez-Guaderrama Aurora Irma
Published: August 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer, en una dependencia del sector público mexicano, si el apoyo que brinda el supervisor influye en la percepción de apoyo organizacional, la autonomía y la cohesión grupal. El método de investigación fue cuantitativo, descriptivo, no experimental y transversal con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados evidencian que la percepción del apoyo que brinda el supervisor favorece la autonomía, la cohesión y la percepción de apoyo organizacional. Estos hallazgos permiten avanzar en el conocimiento de sus efectos en el sector gubernamental, contexto en el cual esta clase de trabajos son escasos. Se recomienda profundizar en el efecto de la edad en la relación entre la percepción del apoyo que brinda el supervisor y la cohesión, dado que se encontraron diferencias significativas asociadas a ella.
ALTERNATİF YÖNTEMLERE DAYALI PORTFÖY OPTİMİZASYONU
Authors: BÜBERKÖKÜ Önder
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada koşullu riske maruz değer (Conditional value-at-risk, CVaR), maksimum düşüş oranı (Maximum drawndown, MDD), Omega rasyosu ve Markowitz (1952) ortalama-varyans yönteminden oluşan dört farklı portföy optimizasyon yönteminin performansları aylık veriler kullanılarak Ocak 2000 ile Eylül 2020 dönemi için karşılaştırılmıştır. Portföy optimizasyon yöntemleri hedeflenen üç farklı yıllık getiri oranı dikkate alınarak uygulanmıştır. Portföy optimizasyon yöntemlerinin performanslarının değerlendirilmesinde Sharpe rasyosu, Treynorrasyosu, Bilgi rasyosu, Sortino rasyosu, Calmar rasyosu ve Jensen (alfa) kriterinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları incelenen dönem için en iyi performansı Omega rasyosuna dayalı portföy optimizasyon yönteminin sergilediği sonucuna işaret etmektedir. Fakat, bulgular Omega rasyosuna dayalı portföylerin yoğunlaşma riskine ilaveten önemli oranda piyasa riski de içerdiğini göstermektedir.
Extracellular Production and Purification of the β-glucanase in Pichia pastoris Expression System
Authors: KARAOGLAN Mert , ERDEN KARAOĞLAN Fidan
Published: August 2021

In this study, Rhizomucor miehei -1,3-1,4-glucanase gene was expressed under the regulation of AOX1 promoter in the Pichia pastoris expression system, and the clone providing the highest production level was determined. The codon-optimized gene was ligated into expression vector pPICZA and transferred into competent P. pastoris KM71H cells. Thirty transformants were selected from plates containing different concentrations of zeocin and cultured in test tubes for protein production. Glucanase enzyme activities in supernatant samples were measured and ten clones showing the highest glucanase activity were determined. The proteins in supernatant samples were also analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the glucanase enzyme was observed in 2 bands, approximately 34 and 38 kDa. Protein production was performed for 72 hours in 200 mL induction medium (BMMY) with the clone providing the highest glucanase enzyme production and the recombinant glucanase enzyme was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. After purification, it was determined that the analyzed clone reached 796 mg/L glucanase production level. SDS-PAGE analysis of samples from each step of the purification procedure showed that the two protein bands also observed in the supernatant samples represent glucanase enzyme.
Nexus between Issue of Environmental Pollution and the Urban Population: Evidence of Economic Growth in Indonesia
Authors: Qodri Lutfi Asnan , Tri Wahyudi Setyo
Published: August 2021

This study aims to analyze the factors that cause climate change that occurs in Indonesia. From every effort to increase economic growth, some elements are sacrificed. The Oil Palm Industry, high levels of CO2 emissions, Gini ratio index, and population increase in urban areas are variables used in this research. This research was conducted for thirty years, from 1990 to 2020. The analysis model used was the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The estimation results show that the palm oil industry, the impact of CO2 emissions, and the increase in urban population have a positive effect in the long term but do not impact economic growth in the long term because one of them is environmental quality degradation. Therefore, sometimes every effort to increase economic growth must be accompanied by mitigation of environmental impacts that will affect the short and long term.
Enhancing waste degradation and biogas production by pre-digestion with a hyperthermophilic anaerobic bacterium
Authors: Hansen Jaron C. , Aanderud Zachary T. , Reid Lindsey E. , Bateman Carson , Hansen Conly L. , Rogers L. Scott , Hansen Lee D.
Published: August 2021

The hyperthermophilic anaerobic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, is effective in degrading and solubilizing lignocellulosic materials. Laboratory studies have characterized the chemistry of the process for crystalline cellulose and switchgrass, but the data are insufficient for engineering commercial plants to use C. bescii for pre-digestion of waste streams. The purpose of this study is three-fold: 1) to identify any potential toxicities in C. bescii pre-digestion and biogas production from several wastes; 2) to determine the potential enhancement of biogas production by anaerobic digestion of pre-digested dairy manure and waste activated sludge; and 3) to identify variables that must be quantified and controlled for engineering commercial, continuous-flow systems for waste disposal and biogas production incorporating C. bescii pre-digestion. Tests were run at lab-, bench- and pilot plant-scale with C.bescii pre-digestion and controls run at 75°C and pH 7-8 followed by mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 37-41°C. The lab- and bench-scale tests demonstrate that C. bescii is capable of growing on several organic wastes and pre-digestion with C. bescii increases conversion of waste into biogas, typically by a factor of 2 or more. Incorporation of C. bescii pre-digestion in an optimized commercial system is predicted to provide 75-85% volatile solids conversion to biogas with 75% methane when digesting dairy manure and sewage sludge. Achieving these results at a commercial scale requires further work to quantify C. bescii growth and enzyme production rates, as well as rates of base- and enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the polymeric materials, e.g., lignocellulose, in the waste in order to optimize retention times.
SecA – a multidomain and multitask bacterial export protein
Authors: Ambroziak Patrycja , Rzepka Iga , Skorko-Glonek Joanna
Published: August 2021

Most bacterial secretory proteins destined to the extracytoplasmic space are secreted posttranslationally by the Sec translocase. SecA, a key component of the Sec system, is the ATPase motor protein, directly responsible for transferring the preprotein across the cytoplasmic membrane. SecA is a large protein, composed of several domains, capable of binding client preproteins and a variety of partners, including the SecYEG inner membrane channel complex, membrane phospholipids and ribosomes. SecA-mediated translocation can be divided into two major steps: (1) targeting of the preproteins to the membrane translocation apparatus and (2) transport across the membrane through the SecYEG channel. In this review we present current knowledge regarding SecA structure and function of this protein in both translocation steps. The most recent model of the SecA-dependent preprotein mechanical translocation across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is described. A possibility of targeting SecA with inhibitory compounds as a strategy to combat pathogenic bacteria will be discussed as well.
Gene therapy. The legacy of Wacław Szybalski
Authors: Dulak Józef
Published: August 2021

Seminal demonstration of the possibility of stable genetic modification of mammalian cells performed by Wacław and Elisabeth Szybalski opened the doors for gene therapy, the term coined by Wacław Szybalski already in 1962. In the next 60 years, numerous tools for gene delivery have been developed and applied for clinical research, culminating in the registration of several genetic therapies in Europe and the USA. Some of these strategies, aimed to treat severe combined immunodeficiencies, inherited forms of blindness, spinal muscular atrophy, some cancers, and genetic anemias, are the real hope for patients suffering from previously incurable diseases or the ones whose treatment was not effective. On the approaching 60th anniversary of gene therapy, combined with the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Wacław Szybalski (September 9th, 1921), who passed away on December 16, 2020, here I present the summary of the most important aspects of clinical applications of genetic therapies.
A Rare and Unusual Cause of Recurrent Hemoptysis: Alive Intratracheal Leech Infestation
Authors: Nadi Ebrahim , Naderishahab Marzieh
Published: August 2021

Hemoptysis is defined as blood expectoration from below the vocal cords. Foreign bodies inhaled or consumed can be the cause of hemoptysis. Among alive foreign objects, leech infestation happens via drinking infested bodies of water. Leech infestation in the airway might be the cause of serious complications naming dysphonia, stridor, hemoptysis, choking, respiratory distress, and foreign body sensation. Although intratracheal leech infestation has been rarely reported, in the current case, a 79-year farmer presented recurrent non massive hemoptysis. Via fiberoptic bronchoscopy, a live leech was found in the trachea of the patient and with the use of lidocaine the leech was removed. In order to avoid such incidences, governments play an important role in building and repairing infrastructures regarding sanitary water and meanwhile educating and informing their population about sanitary water consumption.
Covid-19 y una potencial ola proteccionista: análisis de los efectos de la pandemia y los planes de recuperación de China en el comercio exterior
Authors: Vesga Benavides María Margarita
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo expone un breve análisis de los efectos económicos y en el comercio exterior que han tenido las regulaciones y políticas implementadas a nivel mundial para enfrentar y contener la pandemia de la covid-19, incluyendo: i) restricciones sobre las exportaciones de insumos médicos y de protección personal y facilitación de las importaciones, ii) limitaciones a la movilidad y cierres de fronteras y iii) los efectos de la incertidumbre generada por la emergencia sanitaria en la inversión extranjera directa. Adicionalmente, se propone que una de las consecuencias a largo plazo que dejará la covid-19 será el aumento generalizado de medidas proteccionistas a través de mecanismos de defensa comercial y barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias. Lo anterior en respuesta a las políticas de recuperación económica que implementen los países. Particularmente, China cuenta con un plan de reactivación de exportaciones tan agresivo que tiene el potencial de desencadenar una ola de medidas de defensa comercial en el mundo para contener su expansión en los mercados internacionales. La historia del desarrollo del comercio exterior muestra cómo el aumento en las medidas de defensa comercial ha sido una respuesta normal del mundo ante las graves crisis financieras que se han presentado. En el presente caso, ya se muestran algunos indicios de aumento del proteccionismo en algunos países, especialmente en la industria siderúrgica. Por ende, es probable que, en un contexto de recuperación de la economía mundial por la covid-19, los países continúen adoptando medidas para proteger la sostenibilidad de sus industrias nacionales.
Emergencia covid-19. Efectos en Latinoamérica y el desafío ecuatoriano hacia la modernización administrativa
Authors: Heredia Pazmiño Pamela Fernanda , Santacruz Mediavilla Angie Nathaly , Zaldumbide Vaca Jennifer Vanessa
Published: August 2021

En la época actual los seres humanos están enfrentando una de las más exponenciales crisis económicas, políticas y sociales derivadas de una pandemia viral a causa de la covid-19 o coronavirus. Esta emergencia sanitaria ha generado cambios a nivel mundial, desestabilizando el sistema administrativo de los estados. Con el objetivo de buscar soluciones, la OCDE, organismo internacional que vela por crear condiciones favorables que garanticen una calidad de vida integra, ofrece su metodología y amplia trayectoria en el perfeccionamiento de respuesta gobierno para encaminar al mundo en esta emergencia global. Desde esta breve revisión, se desprende un análisis enfocado en las necesidades de los países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC), en el que se demuestra que los porcentajes de sectores afectos son desmedidos. En el contexto ecuatoriano, se estudia el deficiente nivel de respuesta del aparato gubernamental que, anteriormente a la pandemia, ya enfrentaba una organización poco lineal y conflictiva. Para explorar la importancia de alcanzar eficiencia y efectividad en medio de la crisis de salud, se plantean herramientas regulatorias y tecnológicas que podrían sobrellevar la nueva normalidad de vida a nivel mundial.
Pravni i medicinski aspekti nematerijalne štete
Authors:   University of Split, Faculty of Law, Split, Croatia, Šago Dinka
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the applicability of Orientation Criteria of the Croatian Supreme Court from 2002. on determining compensation for non-pecuniary damage by the Law on Obligations from 2005. When Law on Obligations (2005) came into force, it essentially changed the system of compensation for non-pecuniary damage in such a way that, instead of the subjective concept of non-pecuniary damage, it introduced an objective concept of non-pecuniary damage.Attention is given to the basic problems in defining nonpecuniary damage and the recognition of the right to monetary compensation in personal injuries cases.
Upravljanje podacima i informacijama u zdravstvenim informacijskim sustavima Republike Hrvatske - sigurnost, zaštita i odgovornost
Authors:   University of Split, Faculty of Law, Split, Croatia, Boban Marija
Published: August 2021

Every provider of electronic services in the Republic of Croatia as well as in the European union, including healthcare services providers, is exposed to the risk of data and information disclosure on a daily basis. In accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation and the Law on Data and Information in Health of the Republic of Croatia, they must implement technical and organizational measures to increase the level of data protection. The author in this paper emphasizes the methodology of security and data protection and liability in risk management in health information systems by applying international standards, ISO 27799: 2016 in particular in accordance with the applicable legal framework in the field of protection of personal data and information in health care, which ensures a high level of protection, with a clear identification of the liability of supervisory entities in the management of data and information in health care.
Odgovornost u sportu - neka (sporna) pitanja
Authors:   University of Split, Faculty of Law, Split, Croatia, Kačer Hrvoje
Published: August 2021

Sports law is a relatively new but very important branch of the law. It is essential to protect athletes at the amateur level and at the professional level from each other, as well as from the third parties. This paper analyzes some legal issues of the liability in sport, primarly about types of responsibilities in sports law.
Odgovornost za institucionalno pridržane osebe po Zakonu o duševnem zdravju
Authors:   Senior Legal Advisor, Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Farmany Polona
Published: August 2021

When state (i.e. court) decides on involuntary admission or placement of persons with a mental disorder in institutional care (either in a ward under the special supervision of a psychiatric hospital or in a secure ward of a social care institution, after the hospital treatment finishes), it pursues in particular the protective objective (i.e. protection from endangering the life or health of the person concerned or the life and health of others). However, with the admission of these persons into institutional care comes the duty and responsibility of the state (and its institutions) to provide to the detained persons an appropriate therapeutic treatment, i.e. an appropriate therapeutic environment that will allow these persons to improve their health to such an extent that they will be able to live independently in their social environment.
Odgovornost za financiranje zdravil
Authors:   Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Fürst Jurij
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the regulatory framework for medicine in Slovenia and describes its financing. Financing approaches for medicine, with lower prices than the market, are being introduced at several levels. International comparisons show that the availability of medicine in Slovenia is at the average European level. An area in which we are far behind the most developed countries is the use of biosimilars. Suggestions are made to increase their consumption. This will improve cost management and allow new medicine to be introduced faster. This is especially important in the area of medicine for rare diseases (orphan drugs), where we keep facing highly high costs. Proposals to set up a special fund for orphan drugs mean a nonsystematic solution and diversification of funding to several financially and personnel-limited payers, which would weaken Slovenia's bargaining power against pharmaceutical companies and make the medicine less accessible. The current model of drug development and marketing is becoming increasingly socially unacceptable. That is why ideas about how to improve the way medicine is developed, patented, and funded to the benefit of society are emerging
Nekrivdna odškodninska odgovornost v zdravstvu
Authors: Žnidaršič Skubic Viktorija ,   University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Published: August 2021

t In the article, the authoress deals with the problem of liability for damages in the health care sector. In Slovenia and comparative law the s. c. classic system still prevails. That is a fault-based compensation system, which is used in all cases of determining liability for damages and therefore does not apply only to health care. However, in some countries, due to the problems caused by the aforementioned systems, they have decided to introduce the s. c. no-guilt damages system. An essential feature of such compensation schemes is the payment of (major) medical damage to the patient, even in cases where the physician's fault is not precisely established. It is mainly about enforcing the principle of protecting the rights of the weaker party (a patient), when interfering with one of his greatest goods (his/her health). This trend is also increasingly present in classic compensation systems: primarily, the rules of civil litigation are being softened.
Green Marketing Tools, Religiosity, Environmental Attitude And Green Purchase Behaviour Among Millenials Generation
Authors: Solekah Nihayatu Aslamatis , Premananto Gancar , Hartini Sri
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the research isto examine relationship between Green Marketing Tools (GMT), Environmental Attitudes (EA), Religiosity and Green Purchase Behavior (GPB) and test Religiosity moderates between Environmental Attitudes (EA) and Green Purchase Behavior (GPB). This study employs samples using a questionnaire instrument. The result of the collected 268 questionnaires of respondents were processed using descriptive and quantitative analysis data using SEM (Strutural Equation Model) analysis techniques with Stata 13. The results  showed that millennial generation in shaping their engagement behavior on environmental issues is influenced by environmentally friendly advertisements, attributes or labels used on a product, then perceptions of environmentally friendly brands and trust in environmentally friendly advertisements, trust in compliance or environmentally friendly labels and brands that are on the products they know.The findings of this study suggest that individual factors in the form of religious and situational factors in the form of green marketing tools in the form of eco labels, eco brands, trusts or trust in eco labels and eco brands, and environmental advertising affect green behavioral.
Determining Factors of Community Commitment in Automotive and Sneaker Communities
Authors: Moko Wahdiyat , Barinta Dunga Dwi , Wati Cicik Retno
Published: August 2021

This study to examine the effect of brand community integration and perceived benefits on community commitment as moderated by type of community. This study uses a quantitative approach with a hypothesis testing approach. The sample of this research is the automotive and sneaker communities. The data analysis used was SEM analysis using PLS software. Variable Brand Community Integration (x1) does not have the effect of significantly at variable community commitment (Y) and the perceived benefit (X2 ) effect is significant to the variable community commitment (Y). The study explains how importance of brand community integration and perceived benefits have a contribution to building brand community commitment. Companies can pay attention to community involvement in increasing their commitment to continue using the product. Besides, Members of communities will tend to pay attention to the benefits that they get to follow the community, It is can be used by companies to improve the provision of benefits to the members, and will give benefits for the company to increase the commitment of the customers.
Factors Influencing Customers’ Interest at Alam Sutera Mall, Indonesia
Authors: Maria Hesti , Putri Indah Wira , Bernarto Innocentius , Meilani F. Cahya Palupi
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine factors attracting customers to a shopping mall, especially the potential customers to AlamSutera Mall. It was done in a quantitative manner, empirically testing a conceptual model consisting of convenience, tenant variants, internal environment, leisure mix and promotions as the variables. The data were analyzed through structural equation modelling (SEM) on a sample of 105 visitors. The results showed that the convenience and leisure mix had a positive influence on frequency of visits, and the frequency of visits had a positive influence on purchase intention. However, the tenant variant, promotions and internal environment in the shopping mall did not have a positive influence on the frequency of visits. This study provides input to shopping mall managers to understand how to attract potential customers.
Expanding and Sustaining Breastfeeding in the Sick and Premature Babies in Thailand
Authors: Khorana Meera , Thavonvattana Siriluck , Thussanasupap Benjamas , Sawasdivorn Siraporn
Published: August 2021

The clinical guidance for human milk (HM) feeding for sick and premature babies in Thailand was developed in 2013 to help improve their breastfeeding rates.

Objective

To expand breastfeeding (BF) for sick and premature babies using the clinical guidance, develop a monitoring system, and to integrate the practice into the national routine newborn care for sick babies.

Method

Volunteer tertiary care hospitals were recruited to implement the clinical guidance. The development of a monitoring and evaluation system was done by the multidisciplinary team and volunteer hospitals. The integration into routine national care practice was done by including it in the national neonatal service plan of Thailand.

Results

Thirty-eight pilot tertiary care hospitals volunteered for implementing the program. The proposed outcome indicators of rate of exclusive BF sick babies at hospital discharge and at 6 months of life for the volunteer hospitals were 62.97% and 41.76%, respectively. Since its integration into the national service plan in 2019, a total of 98 hospitals have been included in the program.

Conclusion

The integration of the clinical guidance into the national service plan is essential for sustaining BF of sick, premature babies in the country.