bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edward Mapother and the Making of the Maudsley Hospital
Authors: Lewis Sir Aubrey
Published: August 2008

I am particularly grateful for the privilege of delivering the first Mapother Lecture. I believe it will be appropriate to devote it to a review of Professor Mapother's life and his work in shaping the Maudsley Hospital, with which he is inseparably connected. It is nearly thirty years since his death. The course of events since then has shown on what sure foundations he built. Those like myself who had daily contact with him during the later years of his life felt great respect and admiration, as well as warm affection, for him; but it is only in the perspective of recent history that the full measure of his achievement can be seen: perhaps not even yet. In preparing this Address I have been mindful of what Sir James Crichton-Browne said when delivering the first Maudsley Lecture in 1920—‘the last thing the donor of this Lectureship, retiring and shy of publicity as he was, would have wished would be that its inaugural discourse should be devoted to any elaborate eulogy of himself.’ It is an éloge rather than a Eulogy that I would wish to put before you this evening; Condorcet, a master of the art of obituary appraisal, said that an academic éloge should not be a panegyric but an effort to report the truth about a scholar and to do him full justice.
Plasma Magnesium and Calcium in Depression
Authors: Frizel D. , Coppen Alec , Marks V.
Published: August 2008

Recent investigations suggest that there may be an abnormality of calcium and magnesium in depressive illness. Flach (1964) followed the urinary excretion of calcium in depressed patients maintained on a constant intake of calcium before and during recovery. Those patients that recovered showed a significant decrease in the excretion of calcium. Coiraultet al.(1959) reported an increase in ionized calcium and a decrease in total plasma calcium on recovery from depression. Cade (1964) reported considerably raised total plasma magnesium levels in depressed patients both before and after recovery. A connection between affective disorders and calcium metabolism is suggested by the common occurrence of such states in both hypo- and hypercalcaemia (Denco and Kaelbling, 1962; Rookus and Speelman, 1961). The present paper reports an investigation into total and ionized plasma calcium and magnesium in a group of depressed patients both before and after recovery. The effects of lithium carbonate, a compound used in the treatment and prophylaxis of affective disorders (Baastrup and Schou, 1967; Schou, 1963) on plasma concentrations of magnesium and calcium was also investigated.
The Response to Treatment of Individual Patients in a Drug Trial
Authors: Sutherland Sinclair S. , Philip Alistair E. , Sutherland Mackenzie S.
Published: August 2008

It has been suggested by Philip (1969) that more information could be gleaned from conventional drug trials if it were possible to assess the efficacy of treatment for each patient in the trial. A method for the statistical analysis of individual response to treatment has been put forward by Philip using a modification of Ferguson's nonparametric trend analysis of correlated observations (Ferguson, 1965). Sutherland, Sutherland and Philip (1967) have described the details of a double-blind drug trial in which the efficacy of Prondol, an imipramine derivative, was compared with a standard imipramine preparation. The patients in their trial were rated on the Hamilton scale for depression (Hamilton, 1960) on admission, after two weeks' treatment and after four weeks' treatment. Since the data were not amenable to analysis by parametic methods, Mann-Whitney U tests (Siegel, 1956) were calculated to ascertain whether the change scores between rating occasions were different for the two groups of patients. This cumbersome procedure showed that there was no difference in change scores between the trial drug group and their controls for the 0–2 week and 0–4 week comparisons; there was, however, a significant tendency for the control drug group to show significantly greater change between the two week and four week assessments.
Nitrazepam (Mogadon) as a Sleep-Inducing Agent
Authors: Andersen Terje , Lingjærde Odd
Published: August 2008

Nitrazepam is a benzodiazepine closely related to diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. It has been marketed as a sleep-inducing drug, and as such has proved to have an overall effectiveness comparable to that of the barbiturates and related drugs (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12).
Comparative Effects of Propranolol and Chlordiazepoxide in Anxiety States
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: August 2008

Propranolol is a β-adrenergic blocking drug and so relieves symptoms due to excessive adrenaline release, and in particular slows the pulse rate, even in normal subjects (Bollinger et al., 1965). Because of this, Granville-Grossman and Turner (1966) undertook a double-blind trial of propranolol against placebo, showing that it was effective in anxiety. The General Practitioner Research Group has used chlordiazepoxide in comparative trials to new drugs in the treatment of anxiety (G.P. Clinical Trials 1968), under grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Public Health Service (MY–4135 (CI), MH 0413–05 and PH 43–65–626). It was therefore decided to compare propranolol in like manner to chlordiazepoxide, in cases of anxiety neurosis seen in general practice.
The Maudsley Personality Inventory as a Prognostic Instrument
Authors: Wretmark Gerdt , Åström Jan , Eriksson Margareta
Published: August 2008

In an article published in 1961 entitled “MPI results in cases of endogenous depression before and after treatment” (7, in Swedish), the authors (Wretmark, Åström and Ölander) showed inter alia that the Lie scale in the Maudsley Personality Inventory (3, 8) has a certain value when it comes to predicting the ability of patients with endogenous depression to regain social function. In view of the restricted material, the authors are careful in their conclusions, but it appears from the article that “high values on the Lie scale can be seen as an unfavourable prognostic factor with reference to the patient's ability to re-adapt to working life after treatment for endogenous depression”.
Psychotherapy and the National Health Service: an Operational Study
Authors: Wing J. K. , Wing Lorna
Published: August 2008

The importance of psychotherapy, as one of the commonest and most distinctive methods of treatment used by psychiatrists, is hardly disputed, although the definition, theoretical basis and effectiveness of its various forms are subject to much debate. In the present article we are concerned with psychotherapy only as a form of service available to N.H.S. patients. Our aims are: (1) to calculate the numbers of patients, living in an area with relatively good services, who are receiving two operationally-defined types of psychotherapy, (2) to estimate the numbers of local patients already attending out-patient clinics who might be referred to a specialized psychotherapy department if certain rules of selection were applied, and (3)to discuss the relevance, if any, of these data for planning local psychotherapy services. The limitations of the material will be obvious and the calculations crude, but they should be adequate to open the subject to realistic discussion.
Psychiatric Aspects of Cosmetic Nasal Operations
Authors: Hay G. G.
Published: August 2008

Patients not uncommonly attend psychiatric clinics with the primary complaint of a cos metic defect in their appearance, e.g. that their nose is big or somehow conspicuous, or that their chin is protuberant or receding. Of the various features concerned, complaints about the nose are by far the most frequent. Such patients also consult plastic surgeons requesting the operation of cosmetic rhinoplasty and it is not unusual for the surgeon to seek a psychiatric opinion about some of the cases he sees, as it has been thought that the motivation of such requests is sometimes complex and the desire for operation may be indicative of psychological disturbance. The surgeons would appear to refer those cases where the defect is minimal or, of course, where severe psychological disturbance is obvious even quite superficially.
Actuarial versus Clinical Prediction in Psychopathology
Authors: Sines Jacob O.
Published: August 2008

The question at issue now, as it was in 1954 when Meehl's book Clinical versus Statistical Prediction was published, is how may we best, most accurately and most efficiently predict the socially, clinically, and theoretically significant characteristics and behaviours of our patients. In the introduction to his book Meehl said ‘My thesis in a nutshell: there is no convincing reason to assume that explicitly formalized mathematical rules and the clinician's creativity are equally suited for any given kind of task, or that their comparative effectiveness is the san*e for different tasks. Current clinical practice should be much more critically examined with this in mind than it has been.’
Plasma Free Fatty Acids Before and After an Intravenous Insulin Injection in Acute Schizophrenic Men
Authors: Franzén G.
Published: August 2008

The possibility of abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism in schizophrenia has been stressed by many authors (Mann 1925, Freeman et al., 1943, Braceland et al., 1945, Morgan and Pilgrim 1952, Henneman et al., 1954, Moya et al., 1958, Lingjaerde and Skaug 1959). As there is a close relation between lipid metabolism (in terms of plasma free fatty acids, FFA) and glucose metabolism Mueller (1961, 1962) tested the FFA-response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in chronic schizophrenic patients. He found that schizophrenics showed less reduction in FFA-values than healthy controls, in some cases even an increase. Results were later presented which tend to confirm Mueller's data (van Sickle et al., 1966). Interest was focused on increased sympathetic activity in the patients, and infusion experiments with epinephrine (van Sickle et al., 1966) and norepinephrine (Cardon and Mueller 1964) were performed without producing conclusive results.
Yoga and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Brar Harchand Singh
Published: August 2008

The word ‘yoga’ is very old and occurs in early Upanishads like the Katha and the Svetasvatara as well as in Mahabharata but it was Patañjali who attempted for the first time to offer a complete system in his Yoga-Sutra. Authorities differ as regards the exact time of the composition of the Yoga-Sutra. According to some it was written in the second century b.c., whereas others believe that it was composed as late as the fourth century a.d.
Recent Parent Death and Mental Illness
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: August 2008

Reaction to the death of a closely related person is characterized by a period of shocked disbelief, a period of acceptance and suffering, during which time the libidinal attachment to the internalized object is gradually withdrawn, and a prolonged period of readjustment. The first two phases usually last a number of months and correspond to the state of acute grief described by Lindemann (1944), Wretmark (1959) and Parkes (1965). The third phase involves the adjustment to a life without the lost person and in some individuals may persist for a number of years.
The Clinical Practice of Mental Deficiency
Authors: Shapiro Alexander
Published: August 2008

The main reason why I have dared to accept our Council's invitation to deliver this lecture is that it gives me the opportunity to pay tribute to Dr. Blake Marsh with whom I had the privilege of working in the Mental Deficiency Section of the Association.
Measurement in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

The study of mental deficiency can be said to be based upon measurement. It is biometrical in a way that the rest of psychiatry is not, because the ultimate criteria for diagnosis of mental defect (or subnormality) are quantitative. Some kind of intelligence measurement or rating is always implied, and even at the lowest level quite often a measurement is actually made. In this lecture I shall only be able to outline my subject by giving examples.
School Phobia: Its Classification and Relationship to Dependency
Authors: Berg Ian , Nichols Keith , Pritchard Colin
Published: August 2008

We have studied 29 school phobic youngsters (14 boys and 15 girls), of mean age 12 years 10 months (S.D. = 14.7 months) shortly before admission to an adolescent psychiatric in-patient unit. The diagnosis was made when there was severe difficulty in attending school, severe emotional upset at the prospect of having to go to school, staying home during school hours with the parents' knowledge and absence of significant anti-social disorders. Information was gathered from the patient and one parent, usually mother. Most youngsters had completely refused to go to school (23) and the remainder went occasionally with great reluctance; this seemed to depend on the attitudes of parents, school and medical agencies. Psychoses, gross physical illness, truancy, and neurotic disturbances other than school phobia resulting in absence from school were excluded. The cases were classified, reliably, into 19 ‘acute’ (11 boys, 8 girk) and 10 ‘chronic’ (3 boys, 7 girls) school phobics. This was done on the criterion of previous severe reluctance to attend school: at least 3 years of trouble-free attendance led to a classification as ‘acute’, the remainder were ‘chronic’. The mean age of the acutes (13 years 1 month) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of the chronics (12 years 3 months). In the acutes, the school phobia had been present 5 months (S.D. =3.5 months) on average in the boys, and 1 year 5 months (S.D. = 16.5 months) on average in the girls; which was a significant difference (P<0.02). The mean time between onset of symptoms and complete refusal was 3.5 months [boys-2 months (S.D. = 2 months) girls-6 months (S.D. = 9 months)]. The following features did not show significant differences between the acutes and chronics; social class of the patient's father (the typical social class was 5a on the Hall and Jones Scale of Occupational Prestige for Males), the mean age of mother when the child was bom, the number of only or youngest children in the family, birth complications, the number of severe illnesses, accidents and operations added to separations from mother in the first decade, missing some school without the parents' knowledge, suicidal gestures, the occurrence of symptoms on transfer to secondary school, somatic symptoms, frank mental illness in parents and I.Q. (W.I.S.C. total score); 4 acute cases had symptoms coming on following a bereavement.
M.P.I. Scores and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Garside R. F. , Kay D. W. K. , Roy J. R. , Beamish Pamela
Published: August 2008

In two previous papers (Kay et al., 1969a and b) the results obtained from a material of 104 depressed in-patients were discussed. One hundred of these patients were given the Mauds- ley Personality Inventory (M.P.I.) (Eysenck, 1959) at follow-up (5–7 years after the index admission) with the aim of relating M.P.I. scores at follow-up with the symptomatology of the original illness.
Vanilmandelicaciduria in the Different Clinical Phases of Manic Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Campanini Tito , Catalano Alberto , De Risio Carlo , Mardighian Giacomo
Published: August 2008

The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders proposes that 'some-if not all-depressions are associated with an absolute or relative decrease in catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, available at central adrenergic receptor sites. Elation, conversely, may be associated with an excess of such amines' (Schildkraut, 1965).
Attempted Suicide as Language: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Smith Peter , Tan Eng-Seong
Published: August 2008

It is widely accepted by clinicians that many so-called suicidal attempts' function as a form of communication between the patient and the key figures in his environment, most often conveying an appeal for attention (Stengel et al., 1959, Farberow and Shneidman 1961). Yet little rigorous research has been directed to the communicational aspect of attempted suicide, possibly because the concept of communication is itself complex and difficult to define operationally. One line of enquiry has been to examine the consequences of the act for the patient, his family, and friends (McCulloch 1965). The present study, on the other hand, focuses particularly on attempted suicide as a subcultural phenomenon.
Suicide in Afghanistan
Authors: Gobar Asad Hassan
Published: August 2008

This study is based upon data derived from reported cases of suicide in Afghanistan.
The Response of Psychopaths to a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Whiteley J. Stuart
Published: August 2008

The Henderson Hospital is a 68 bed unit for the in-patient treatment of young people of both sexes who are described as psychopaths, sociopaths, personality disorders or character disorders. Treatment is by means of a Therapeutic Community, and prospective patients are referred by external psychiatrists with no working commitment in the hospital, by prison medical officers and sometimes by Probation Officers and other social workers with the medical backing of a general practitioner. All prospective patients are seen at a group interview and on the basis of this will be selected for admission or not.
Sub-Acute Encephalitis: Behavioural and Neurological Aspects
Authors: Himmelhoch Jonathan , Pincus Jonathan , Tucker Gary , Detre Thomas
Published: August 2008

Behavioural symptoms suggestive of the so-called functional psychiatric disorders are often observed during the course of sub-acute or chronic encephalitides, particularly sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis. This has been regarded as an invariably fatal neurological illness, but Cobb et al. (1) have recently presented two non-fatal cases and have drawn attention to rare scattered reports of others, some with behavioural disorders. We have therefore made a survey of cases of sub-acute encephalitis at the Yale-New Haven Hospital, especially noting their behavioural aspects.
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts: I. The Extension of Clinical Concepts Outside the Psychoanalytic Situation
Authors: Sandler J. , Dare C. , Holder A.
Published: August 2008

This paper aims at introducing a series of articles on basic psychoanalytic concepts. Many concepts which have developed within psychoanalysis have been extended for use within other frames of reference and in very different settings. If psychoanalytic concepts have validity such extension should be possible and useful, but it seems inevitable that in the process of extension changes in their meaning will occur, and it is one of the purposes of this series of papers to examine a number of concepts from this point of view. The philosophical implications of change of meaning when concepts are transferred from their original context has recently been discussed by a number of writers, e.g. Kaplan (1964) and Schon (1963). In this connection psychoanalytic theory presents special problems of its own. It is often regarded as being a completely integrated and consistent system of thought, but this is far from being the case. Psychoanalytic concepts are not all well defined, and changes in their meaning have occurred as psychoanalysis has developed and its theories have changed. We hope to show some of these changes in the papers which follow. Further, the same term has been used with different meanings even at the same point in the development of psychoanalysis. A prime example of this is the multiple meaning of the term ego (Hartmann, 1956), or of terms such as identification and introjection (Sandier, 1960). We find a situation existing within psychoanalysis at the present time in which the meaning of a concept is often only fully discernible from an examination of the context in which it is used. The situation is complicated still further by the fact that different schools of psychodynamic thought have inherited (and then modified for their own use) much of the same basic terminology.
Varieties of Pathological Gambling
Authors: Moran E.
Published: August 2008

Gambling may be defined as an activity which has the following four characteristics:

1.

There is an agreement between two or more persons; the participation of others is therefore essential, although sometimes, as in pools and fruit machine gambling, this is more remote.

2.

Certain property is transferred between the persons involved so that some gain at the expense of others; this is usually referred to as the stake.

3.

The result is dependent on the outcome of a risky or uncertain situation; it therefore involves risk taking.

4.

Participation can be avoided and is typically pursued in an active fashion; the motivation for this is not uniform often being unrelated to the property staked and arising out of various psychological needs.
Methodological Problems of Prophylactic Trials in Recurrent Affective Disorders
Authors: Grof P. , Schou M. , Angst J. , Baastrup P. C. , Weis P.
Published: August 2008

During the past year the question of lithium prophylaxis has been the subject of lively debate (Blackwell and Shepherd, 1968; Hullin et al., 1968; Houghton, 1968; Baastrup and Schou, 1968a; Lader, 1968; Sargant, 1968; Saran, 1968; Baastrup and Schou, 1968b; Melia, 1968; Fieve and Platman, 1968; Cole, 1968; Kline, 1968; Kerry, 1968; Editorial, 1968; Berlyne, 1968; Silverman, 1968; Laurell and Ottosson, 1968; Lancet Editorial, 1969; Whybrow, 1969; Melia, 1969; Angst et al., 1969c). This discussion has revealed considerable uncertainty about the design and assessment of prophylactic trials, and there have been misunderstandings on important points.
Lithium Prophylaxis in Recurrent Affective Disorders
Authors: Angst J. , Weis P. , Grof P. , Baastrup P. C. , Schou M.
Published: August 2008

Following the first reports of a prophylactic lithium action in recurrent affective disorders (Hartigan, 1963; Schou, 1963; Baastrup, 1964; Schou and Baastrup, 1966; Baastrup and Schou, 1967), a large number of research projects on this subject have been started. Prophylactic studies yield results slowly, and reports published to date are mainly of a preliminary nature. Some have been negative; the authors found little or no evidence of prophylactic lithium action (Fieve et al., 1968; Zall et al., 1968). Other observations seem to confirm the ability of lithium to prevent manic and depressive relapses (Achté et al., 1968; Blinder, 1968; Christodoulou, 1968; Dyson and Mendels, 1968; Gershon, 1968; Gottfries, 1968; Haastrup et al., 1968; Hofmann and Boleloucky-Bolen, 1968; Hullin et al., 1968; Kerry and Owen, 1968; Lauter, 1969; Levy, 1968; Melia, 1968; Sargant, 1968; Vaadal and Robak, 1968; Annell, 1969; Forssman and Wålinder, 1969; Fries, 1969; Uddenberg, 1969). The reports are based on samples which range from a few patients to about seventy. Few deal with systematic studies.
Miliary Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis of Ribs and Heroin Addiction
Authors: Merry Julius , Gompels B. M.
Published: August 2008

Blood-borne infection is a common complication of the self-administration of drugs of dependence by the intravenous routes. British drug addicts are notorious for their disregard of even the most elementary hygienic precautions. They will use dirty needles and syringes, which are often being used by other addicts as well. They may use unboiled tap water or even lavatory pan water to dissolve the drug for self-injection. They may not clean the skin before injection and in desperate moments may inject themselves through a number of layers of clothing.
Comparing the Classification of Subjects by Two Independent Judges
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

In a typical classification problem each subject in a sample of N subjects is allocated to one or other of k exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories. For example, a sample of families may be classified into social-class groupings in accordance with the Registrar General's classification based on the occupation of the father or father substitute. Or a sample of psychiatric patients may be classified into one or other of the diagnostic categories recommended by the W.H.O. Now it occasionally happens that the same sample of subjects is classified, for a given set of categories, independently by two different agents. For example in the Plowden Reports, Appendix 3 Table 29, a sample of children is classified into types of secondary school, Grammar, Comprehensive, Technical, etc., on the one hand according to the parent's ambition for their children and on the other hand according to the type of school in which the children were eventually placed. In situations such as the latter a k k classification table evolves in which, when the categories are arranged in the same order, the matches between the two separate classifications appear in the cells of the main diagonal of the table and the mismatches appear in the off-diagonal cells (see Table I below). The question then arises as to how to compare the two separate classifications and to measure in quantitative terms the degree of agreement between them.
The Complete Analysis of a Data Matrix: Application and Interpretation
Authors: Hope K.
Published: August 2008

In a recent article (Hope, 1969a) the author has demonstrated the theoretical relations between what psychologists call the analysis of persons and the analysis of tests. The demonstration was illustrated by an analysis of a hypothetical matrix M whose rows were called entities and whose columns were called variables. It was shown that, by combining Slater's (1964) method of spherical co-ordinate mapping with a method of numerical taxonomy suggested by the author, it is possible to perform a comprehensive and self-consistent pair of analyses whose conclusions can be read off three diagrams: a map of variables, a dendrogram of entities, and a profile diagram of the multivariate means of groups of entities.
Interpersonal Considerations and Judgements in a Day Hospital
Authors: Ferguson R. S. , Carney M. W. P.
Published: August 2008

There is a body of opinion which regards psychiatrically ill individuals, or at least one great class or subdivision of them, as suffering primarily from disturbances in personal relationships and social interaction processes generally. Sullivan, Horney and Fromm have made the most significant theoretical contributions to this subject, and empirical applications have been reported by Balint (1957), Maxwell Jones (1968), Rapoport (1960) and Laing (1961). These writers have at least this in common, that they take the point of view that since the pathology of the illness lies in social relationships the fundamental treatment process must lie there also—must, in fact, consist of re-experiencing social interaction within a therapeutic re-educative framework. In the past attention has been directed principally to the doctor-patient relationship as a heuristic model of social interaction, but Rapoport has extended the operational range of significant interaction to include all staff-patient, staff-staff and patient-patient encounters. As the recent Subcommittee of the Central Health Services Council has pointed out (1968), little has been written of the nurse as therapist, but a considerable literature has accumulated concerning the role of the social worker or caseworker or counsellor (e.g. Halmos, 1965). Halmos investigates the nature of such relationships, and finds therapeutic utility to be unrelated to intellectual skills. The therapeutic process is adjudged to lie in the relationship, true enough, but the essential qualities have more to do with the interpersonal styles of the therapist, than with his analytical expertise. Such is his conclusion. Apparently social skills are necessary for the professional worker, but intellectual skills for the problems to be unravelled are of little importance, and are largely irrelevant.
The Medical Assessment of Mentally Retarded Children in Hospital
Authors: Donoghue E. C. , Abbas K. A. , Gal E.
Published: August 2008

Most subnormal patients in hospitals are not there because they require active hospital treatment. Leck, Gordon and McKeown (1967), Pilkington (1966) and Tizard (1964) have suggested that respectively 0·4 per cent, 10 per cent and 12 per cent of the hospitalized patients they studied were admitted as the result of medical advice, or were in need of ‘detailed specialist day to day diagnosis, care and treatment’. This study is part of a computer evaluation of medical data concerning 285 severely retarded children, admitted to hospital for very varying periods during 1964–1966. Altogether 375 admissions took place but of these 86 were readmissions, so there were 289 ‘primary’ admissions, 4 of whom had no traceable documentation, thus 285 (76 per cent) of the 375 admissions were studied.
Age-Related Correlates of Self-Derogation: Report of Childhood Experiences6
Authors: Kaplan Howard B. , Pokorny Alex D.
Published: August 2008

Problem The following is a report of the differential relationships observed between retrospective reports of eight childhood experiences and self-derogation (SD) scores for adult subjects in five age groupings. Variability in the relationships between particular experiences and SD among the different age-groupings was to be expected for any of several reasons: social role-related variability in the evaluative significance of particular attributes (Kaplan, 1970); generational differences in evaluative standards; variability in interaction effects between earlier experiences and later circumstances associated with particular ages; etc.
Treatment of Compulsive Gamblers by Electrical Aversion
Authors: Seager C. P.
Published: August 2008

Man has always been interested in predicting the outcome of various random events and at times has been prepared to risk his money, his wife and on occasions his life, on his ability to make the correct guess. There has been much speculation and concern about the effect of gambling on the national well-being, but there is little doubt that for the individual there is great satisfaction to be derived from making a correct prediction and winning something for nothing. Many charities and some governments benefit from this common desire.
Methodological Problems in Psychotherapy Research: Observations on the Karon-VandenBos Study of Psychotherapy and Drugs in Schizophrenia
Authors: May Philip R. A. , Tuma A. Hussain
Published: August 2008

A recent note by Karon and VandenBos (1) on psychotherapy of schizophrenic patients claims to have demonstrated that additional psychotherapy produced significantly better results than the usual hospital treatment; and that outcome depended strikingly on an interaction between the use of drugs and the experience of the therapist. In presenting their findings as a challenge to a report by May and Tuma, they fail to point out that their results run contrary also to the general trend in other studies of psychotherapy and schizophrenia. These indicate that, even when given by experienced therapists, psychotherapy for hospitalized schizophrenic patients is, in general, relatively ineffective, while drug therapy enhances results regardless of the therapist's experience.
Comparative Trial of a New Mono-Amine Oxidase Inhibitor in Depression
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: August 2008

The use of mono-amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) entails the risk of hypertensive crises with various foodstuffs and other drugs. On the other hand, the tricyclic antidepressants have a slow onset of action, and this may be a serious disadvantage in a condition like acute depression where there is always a danger of suicide. The use of an MAOI can therefore be justified if it is shown to be more effective than the tricyclic compounds.
On the Contributions of Psychoanalysis to Psychiatry: Mechanism and Meaning
Authors: Hill Denis
Published: August 2008

It has often been said that no one knows what psychoanalysis is—whether it is a science, one of the humanities, a particular type of therapeutic art, a religion or a form of semantic theory (Ryecroft 1968). There are those who postpone judgement, waiting to see whether psychoanalytical theory is refuted or accepted. This raises the question of the nature of theories developed to explain human nature, as opposed to those designed for the purpose of explaining physical nature. Failure to distinguish between them leads to much confusion. Consideration of human nature leads to what is exclusively and most significantly human—human experience, so-called psychic reality, a phenomenon unique to human beings, but shared to a certain extent by them, and capable of communication between them. Physical nature, both organic and inorganic, is of a different order of abstraction. Psychic reality, which cannot be directly perceived through the physical senses, is only directly experienced in the self, but can be communicated by language—and can be inferred from observation. Physical reality can only be perceived through the physical senses.
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts: IX. Working Through
Authors: Sandler J. , Dare G. , Holder A.
Published: August 2008

Psychoanalytic treatment shares with other forms of psychotherapy the aim of bringing about lasting changes within the patient. In common with other ‘insight’ therapies it makes use of interpretations and other verbal interventions (Sandier, Dare and Holder, 1971). While these are aimed partly at making unconscious content and processes conscious, it has been maintained since the early days of psychoanalytic treatment that ‘making what is unconscious conscious' and the gaining of insight is not sufficient, in the ordinary course of events, to bring about a fundamental change in the patient. In contrast to procedures involving hypnosis and massive abreaction (catharsis), the psychoanalytic method is regarded as depending for its success on a number of additional elements. A number of these have been discussed in previous papers, particularly the elements oftreatment alliance(Sandier, Holder and Dare, 1970a),transference(Sandier, Dare and Holder, 1970a, b) and the analysis ofresistance(Sandier, Holder and Dare, 1970b). It is the purpose of the present paper to examine those further factors in the psychoanalytic treatment situation which have been encompassed under the heading ofworking through.
Neurotic Symptoms, Personality and Personal Constructs
Authors: Smail D. J.
Published: August 2008

The process whereby neurotic symptoms are generated, and the degree to which they are linked to pre-existent personality traits, is still a matter of debate in psychiatric and psychological literature. On the basis of the medical model, symptoms may be thought of as intruding unaccountably (from the subjective point of view) into the individual's experience as part of a disease process. This standpoint, where it exists, must be accepted as an article of faith, since no convincing demonstration of how a phobia or an obsession, for example, can be accounted for in this way has yet been put forward. However, cogent arguments have been advanced (e.g. Foulds 1965) for regarding symptoms as distinct from personality traits; in part such arguments have been occasioned by the confusion in psychiatric diagnosis between concepts such as ‘hysteria’ and ‘hysterical personality’.
The Effects of Four Hypnotic Drugs and Placebo on Normal Subjects' Sleeping and Dreaming at Home
Authors: Morgan Hilary , Scott D. F. , Joyce C. R. B.
Published: August 2008

Hypnotic drugs are most commonly used with patients at home, yet with few exceptions (Ghernish, Gruber and Kohlstaedt, 1956) most trials of hypnotic drugs are carried out in hospitals. Studies on such patients by general practitioners are valuable, but they often rely on retrospective or other forms of delayed reporting and their validity is thereby somewhat limited. This preliminary study therefore compared four widely used hypnotics with a placebo when normal subjects were sleeping at home. Their impressions of the quality of their sleep and other information, including their dreams, were collected by telephone the morning after the drug had been administered. All subjects were healthy and did not complain of sleep disorders; neither before nor at the time of the trial were they taking either hypnotics or other medication.
Anticholinesterase Drugs and Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Ikonomoff Stoyan
Published: August 2008

Despite the views of many authors that migraine and epilepsy are unrelated phenomena, there is much evidence to the contrary. Davidenkov (1934) studied fifty parents with epilepsy, twenty-six of whose children had migraine. Barolin (1966) and Janzen (1969) also present evidence of a high incidence of migraine in epileptics. Owing to the success in treating migraine with anticholinesterases syntostigmin and nivalin (Ikonomoff, 1961, 1967, 1968), and the possible relationship between migraine and epilepsy, the same anticholinesterase drugs were administered to epileptics. Tentative and careful studies with syntostigmin and nivalin seemed to show that these anticholinesterases could be given with safety and apparent success. A study was therefore. undertaken of the effects of syntostigmin.
A Comparative Double Blind Trial of Pimozide and Fluphenazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Morris P. A. , MacKenzie D. H. , Masheter H. C.
Published: August 2008

Pimozide is a new neuroleptic drug and is chemically described as bis-para-fluoro-phenyl-butylpiperidine. It is active after oral administration, with a 24 hour duration of action and a peak effect lasting four to six hours (1). Superiority over placebo has been demonstrated by Brugmans (2).
The Effects of Low Level DC Scalp Positive and Negative Current on the Performance of Various Tasks
Authors: Hall Karyl M. , Hicks Robert A. , Hopkins H. Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Recently increased interest has been shown in the physiological and behavioural consequences of DC polarization of the brain.
Psychiatric Illness in a Large Family with Familial Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Flanagan Thomas A. , Goodwin Donald W. , Alderson Philip
Published: August 2008

In 1964 Cutler et al. (1) reported on a family in which 11 members apparently had primary hyperparathyroidism. Seven cases were diagnosed at surgery; four other members had elevated serum calcium and other evidence of the disease. It was noted as an incidental finding that two of the affected members also suffered from severe psychiatric illness. The present study is a six-year follow-up investigation of the family from a psychiatric viewpoint, using non-hyperparathyroidism family members as controls to explore the possible relation of hyperparathyroidism to psychiatric illness.
Thought Disorder in the Parents of Thought Disordered Schizophrenics
Authors: Muntz Hilary J. , Power R. P.
Published: August 2008

The studies to be discussed were carried out within the framework of the Personal Construct Theory, as proposed by G. A. Kelly (4) and summarized by Bannister (1), and follow the line that thought disorder in offspring may be related to some kind of thought disorder in parents (2,6).
Observations in Hypoglycaemia: Oral and Facial Movements
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

a. Introduction.

Neurological symptoms in hypoglycaemia seem bewildering and difficult to analyse because of their variety, covering, as one author puts it, the entire range of neurological and psychological manifestations. There are great differences between individual cases, each following a certain pattern of symptoms. Even this pattern may vary from day to day in the time and mode of onset and in the progression of symptoms.
A Study of the Binet and Cattell Systems of Intelligence Testing in a Colony for Mental Defectives
Authors: Rohan J. C.
Published: August 2008

In the estimation of intellectual level the adherents of the Binet-Simon scales still claim for it a predominant position (1). This type of code is empirically constructed, and relies on obtaining small samples of cognitive behaviour of widely different kinds (2). There is, however, another system of testing, diametrically opposed in principle to the Binet plan. This, which is sometimes styled the factorial principle, acknowledges its theoretical dependence on the well-known conceptions on Intelligence of Prof. Spearman (3). The factorial tests are specifically designed to measure the statistically determined “general factor” only. Both methods have their advocates and the theoretical advantages and disadvantages have been hotly debated. The theoretical aspect is not of concern in the present study however. This was undertaken to discover whether the Cattell series of scales—perhaps the most important factorial test series (4)—could be used with advantage to replace or supplement the Binet scales, e.g. the widely used Terman-Merrill Revision—in the clinical examination of adult defectives, who are mainly of high grade. The scales have been compared, in other words, from the point of view of clinical practice, rather than of scientific theory.
A Psycho-Biological Approach to the Acute Anxiety Attack
Authors: Palmer H. A.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatrist, the neurologist and the cardiologist all meet with patients who complain of their liability to a certain type of “attack” characterized by alteration of their apprehension of reality, varying degrees of subjective distress, and bodily symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, amongst which the cardiac components are given the most prominence. These attacks are often referred to as “acute anxiety attacks” by the psychiatrist and “vaso-vagal attacks” by the neurologist and the cardiologist, and vary considerably in their features and severity. The neurologist sees the most punched out clinical pattern, and in consequence it was the neurologist, Sir William Gowers, who first drew attention to them in his book, The Borderland of Epilepsy.
Spinal Injuries in Convulsion Therapy
Authors: Cook L. C. , Sands D. E.
Published: August 2008

Therapeutic convulsions were introduced by Meduna in 1934, but it was not until the latter part of 1938, after many thousands of fits had been induced all over the world, that spinal injuries were first recorded (Wespi, 1938; Stalker, 1938). The reason for this is not far to seek; it lies in the fact that these injuries are for the most part symptomless, and consequently to be found only by means of routine radiographic examinations. In 1939 alarming reports of the high incidence of compression fractures following induced convulsions were published, and the possibility of subsequent permanent disability led in many hospitals to the abolition of a very useful form of treatment.
Psychical Illness Among the Services in Singapore
Authors: Logan W. R.
Published: August 2008

The following 50 cases are presented as representative of psychical illness among the Services in Singapore. The majority are R.A.F. personnel, though a few have been included from Navy and Army sources. There are also in this series six cases of such illness among wives of Service personnel. These last have been included, because nervous illness necessitating repatriation and occurring in wives presents the same quantitative inconvenience to the authorities as such illness in the troops themselves, for in these cases the husband is usually repatriated as escort.
The Treatment of Mental Disorders by Electrically Induced Convulsions
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Walter W. Grey
Published: August 2008

Convulsion therapy in some form is now in common use in the majority of mental hospitals. A method of inducing convulsions by electrical stimulation of the brain was introduced into this country in 1939 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

This method commended itself readily because of the ease of operation, the freedom from special disadvantages inseparable from the use of a blood-borne drug, and the greater accuracy of dosage possible. Several papers describing this method and some early results have already appeared (7, 8, 9, 10).
The Contribution of the Rorschach Method to Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: Ross W. Donald
Published: August 2008

The Rorschach method is valuable in the study of personality and claims have been made for its application to clinical diagnosis. Clinicians would welcome any method which would help to distinguish “psychoneurotic” from “organic” disease. There is a tendency, however, to demand from a new and unfamiliar method a complete diagnosis, rather than that the technique should provide standardized information which can be used towards a diagnosis by the clinician along with other methods. Psychologists using the Rorschach method have played into this expectation to some extent and have sought to present sets of signs and types of Rorschach records which could be considered as suggesting certain definite diagnoses. This paper is concerned with the study in a wide range of patients of some of the signs obtainable by the Rorschach technique in an effort to determine what degree of specificity can be attributed to them, and what likelihood of success and failure is attached to their use.
Fatigue and the Effort Syndrome
Authors: Guttmann E. , Rimoldi H.
Published: August 2008

Fatigue is one of the commonest complaints a physician encounters, so common indeed that it gives little guidance for the diagnostic approach. Besides, fatigue is a normal phenomenon; so why and when does it become a symptom, in other words an indicator of illness ? Fatigue is a conspicuous symptom in effort syndrome cases, and the close association between effort, or rather incapacity for effort, and fatigue suggested an approach to the effort syndrome problem from the angle of fatigue.

Fatigue, as used in psychomatic medicine, has both a subjective and an objective meaning. According to the prevalent interest in the somatic side the objective aspect has been studied more than the subjective in medicine; even the psychologist tends to interest himself in the objective results of fatigue rather than in the psychological phenomenon as such.
Psychogenic Episodes in the Course of Major Psychoses
Authors: Anderson E. W. , Mallinson W. P.
Published: August 2008

This paper is concerned with the occurrence in three cases of a major psychosis of more or less circumscribed and apparently psychogenic episodes similar to those described by Ganser (1897), and which form a characteristic syndrome, since called after him. Two of the cases here described were endogenous depressions, the third was a schizophrenia. All three showed depersonalization.
Convulsion Therapy in War Psychoneurotics
Authors: Good Rankine
Published: August 2008

This communication is a summary of convulsion therapy in a series of 40 cases admitted for psychoneuroses occurring in war-time. It comments on similarities and differences observed during treatment as compared with the convulsion treatment of psychotics, and discusses the psycho-dynamics of convulsion therapy. It is assumed that the reader is acquainted with the elements of convulsive treatment and the various phenomena which may result therefrom.