bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les "Noms de Qualite", Syntaxe ou Semantique?
Authors: Gandon Francis
Published: November 2010

The first part of this paper presents the position of the discussion: must a node Quality be assumed to describe "non classifying" nouns? N. Ruwet objects to this theoretical attitude as developped by J.-C. Milner.
First is considered the DISQUAL (qualitative dislocation) transformation as unable to describe all the positions of the Quality nouns: the extra-posed dislocation is often impossible and, according to the position within the sentence, the relationship between thema and rhema will be modified. The criterium of dependence between the Quality noun and the main statement is not strict, on the other hand. No definite boundary between syntax and semantics can be drawn within the field considered.
Another point develops the "syntactic pun" (Milner).
The Qualitative question is eventually referred to Opacity and replaced inside an enonciative frame as a particular kind of "shifting out."
Though the Class/Quality distinction operates as continuous (Ruwet), it cannot be separated of a general paradigm elsewhere developped (psychoanalysis, ethnology, semantics, etc.). Though not entirely descriptively adequate Milner's point of view is justified.
Variations Graphiques des Mots Composés Dans le Petit Larousse et le Petit Robert
Authors: Mathieu-Colas Michel
Published: November 2010

Orthographic variations of compound words in le Petit Larousse and le Petit Robert.
The analysis of the two most common French dictionaries — le Petit Larousse and le Petit Robert — brings into relief the orthographic instability of compound words. This study notes many disagreements between the two works, as well as a number of internal contradictions. Hesitation concerns mainly the use of the hyphen (audio-visuel or audiovisuel, fille-mère or fille mère) and plural marks (un corps de troupe/un corps de troupes, des essuie-glace/des essuie-glaces). Whatever may be the best way to correct such contradictions — admission of variants or normalization — it is urgent that dictionaries be coherent.
Trois Emplois du Verbe cuta (donner) en Coréen
Authors: Hyong-Ik Pak
Published: November 2010

In this paper, I distinguish three different uses of the verb cuta: dative verb, support verb, and causative operator verb. The syntactic properties of a sentence containing the verb cuta vary with the lexical choice of the direct object. The subject of the sentence in which cuta is a support verb is seman-tically the subject of the direct object. This special relationship subject -direct object doesn't exist in the sentence with a causative operator verb cuta in which the indirect object is semantically the subject of the direct object. Furthermore, the distribution of the subject in the sentence with a dative verb cuta is different from that in the sentence with a causative operator verb cuta. The causative operator verb cuta takes the subject of the type "unrestricted noun". I present the principal syntactic properties of the verb cuta in the columns of the table. The sign "+" indicates that the verb has the corresponding property: the sign "-" that the verb does not have this property.
Thématicité et Possessivité en Roumain
Authors: Popescu-Ramírez Liliana , Tasmowski-De Ryck Liliane
Published: November 2010

It is well known that syntactic configurations such as active vs passive are not interchangeable in all contexts and that they can be interpreted adequately only within the framework of the discourse. It is our contention that precisely the same phenomenon underlies the way in which possession is expressed in Romanian, and we argue that Romanian exploits the possibility of two distinct predicative relationships in this respect: "Possessor possesses possessum" and "possessum belongs to Possessor".
A similar explanation is given for the choice between lui and sau with a third person Possessor, a fact of Romanian grammar not hitherto understood.
L'expression de la Duree
Authors: Borillo Andrée
Published: November 2010

Several types of duration measurement verbs (Vmtd) can be isolated in french as the result of the description of different types of constructions that can occur with temporal nouns (Ntps) and duration nouns (Ndur). A series of syntactic and semantic properties can be gathered concerning these constructions, leading to the constitution of four main categories, for which durer, prendre, passer, mettre are the best representative verbs. In this study, we try to show the difference that can be made between this specific verbal complementation and durative adverbial complementation in general.
Structural Subject and Thematic Subject
Authors: Graffi Giorgio
Published: November 2010

In the tradition of generative grammar, two different definitions of "subject" have been proposed: we name the first one "structural", since it is based on the constituent structure of the sentence, and the second one "thematic", because it makes use of the concept of thematic role. We argue that both definitions are necessary, since they deal with two different entities, i.e. the structural subject and the thematic subject, which are to be kept distinct. In particular, we show that opacity phenomena are induced by the "thematic" subject, and not by the "structural" one (in showing this, we make use of the notion of "Complete Functional Complex" recently proposed by Chomsky); this kind of analysis allows us to dispense with the so-called "i-within-i condition", which appears theoretically unsound. Some cases of behavior of anaphors which seem to run against our proposal are also discussed, and it is shown that they can be accounted for on the basis of independent principles.
Relatives et Nominalisation
Authors: le Flem Claude D.
Published: November 2010

RELATIVES AND NOMINALIZATION: WHERE GUILLAUME TURNS TRANSFORMATIONALIST
It is a little-known fact that by 1940 G. Guillaume had already developed a genetic syntax in which most embedded clauses were generated transformationally. But while the mechanism he postulated — internal or external nominalization — claims to reflect mental reality, an examination of the data shows, at least as far as relative clauses are concerned, it does not meet even the minimum requirement of observational adequacy. Although the falsification of an inadequate hypothesis is a step forward for any theory, the fact that in this case it has taken nearly fifty years to make it denotes a disturbing lack of rigour in the methodology of Psychomechanics.
Nominalizations With the Italian Support Verb Avere
Authors: Angelis Angela de
Published: November 2010

Certain deverbal nouns can be analyzed as predicates. We present here a classification of those deverbal nouns which are in relation with the support verb avere: i.e. the sequence avere V-n (e.g. avere la speranza) corresponds to a simple verb (sperare). This work is part of a larger research effort concerning the construction of a Lexicon-Grammar of italian.
Grammaire Formelle, Grammaire Générative et Grammaire
Authors: Audureau Eric
Published: November 2010

In this paper I analyze the significance of two theorems of formal grammar theory for generative grammar: Peters and Ritchie's theorem about undecidability of membership for transformationnal languages and Parikh's theorem about existence of inherently ambiguous context-free languages. My analysis supports a general thesis which concerns not only the application of the whole formal grammar theory to generative grammar, but any application of mathematics to grammar. This thesis is the following: one cannot expect that mathematics helps to discover any deep and interesting property of human language but, on the other hand, a mathematical study of the descriptive and notional apparatus of grammars is a compulsory methodological preliminary. In other words mathematical linguistics provides a theory of control for the devices, the concepts and the aims of grammatical theories. This is so because mathematical linguistics, and formal grammar especially, is developed to study linguistics facts already represented. And this representation 1) is far from being neutral or "objective" and 2) forces grammars to be algorithms.
Section 5 of the paper is a discussion of the features, bounded to the representation, which are implicitly admitted in the major part of grammatical approaches. Readers who remember the content of Peters and Ritchie's theorem and Parikh's theorem can omit the beginings of sections 3 and 4. Section 2 is a very sketchy overview of contemporary mathematical linguistics.
Norms and Variants in French
Authors: Labelle Jacques
Published: November 2010

In most studies of French, Parisian French is considered as a more or less "institutional norm." Examining some aspects of Québec French (especially frozen sentences), we give evidence that a complete description of French must take into account linguistic varieties which have their own lexico-syntactic characteristics.
Lexique-Grammaire du Portugais
Authors: Ranchhod Elisabete
Published: November 2010

The analysis of 2000 nominal predicates supported by the Vsup =: estar in Portuguese confirmed Z.S. Harris' hypothesis that there are nouns which form the nucleus of sentences: sentences with support verbs. In a support structure, the support verb — in our case estar — carries flexional morphemes: it does not have a characteristic distribution nor much meaning on its own, and it is the supported noun that selects the other constituents (in the same way as ordinary verbs do). In fact, predicative nouns (nominalizations or autonomous nouns) can be analysed and classified as ordinary verbs. Like verbs, they have subjects and complements: the arguments of N. We could therefore integrate those 2000 nouns into the Lexicon-grammar of Portuguese. Since they behave as the main element in sentence structures, they were described by the same type of matrices (Tab 1, Tab 2) that were used for verbs, but in this case the entries are nouns.
Grammaticalité au Passé Récent
Authors: Vetters Carl
Published: November 2010

There are many misunderstandings concerning the French periphrasis venir de + infinitif, mostly called passé récent. Certain aspects of its use like the combination with time adverbials hardly have been examined. The use of the periphrasis is restricted in several ways: it can't be used in the compound tenses and in the passé simple, it also doesn't take state verbs as complement and it can hardly be accompanied by a negation.
Time adverbials can specify whether the event point (E), whether the reference point (R). Time adverbials specifying E have to situate E at a small distance of R. The maximal quantity of this temporal distance is imposed by pragmatic rules. So, the adverb récemment (recently) is not always "recent" enough to be used in combination with the passé récent.
Adverbes de Date
Authors: Maurel Denis
Published: November 2010

French adverbs of date: Preliminary study to their automatic treatment.
This article deals with a study of French adverbs of date. The construction of these adverbs is presented in the form of automata. Paragraph two deals with time adverbs and raises the problem of generalizing the notion of adverb and of the choice of a verb classifier. The next paragraph describes the structure of adverbial complements which have the names of time as heads. Many determinants, extensions of names, co-ordinations are studied. There are also some examples of ellipsis. Paragraph four deals with adverbial complements which have names of feast as heads. A last paragraph concludes with a description of data processing application and with the part that these automata will take in a syntactic analysis, in a transfer model of translation system or in a data base.
The Relation Between Infinitival and Sentential Complements in Traditional Grammar
Authors: Subirats Carlos
Published: November 2010

Traditional grammar has usually studied sentential complementation in relation with infinitival complements. In general, the reduction of sentential complements Qu F to infinitival complements V-inf has been studied by traditional grammar in relation with the correference of the main and the subordinate sentences, and the semantic class to which the main verb belongs. On the contrary, Pelegrin 1826 sets the temporal marks of V-inf as central in the study of the relation between Qu F and Vinf.
On Some Comparative Frozen Sentences in Italian
Authors: Vietri Simonetta
Published: November 2010

This article describes the italian set of expressions that share the structure N0 essere Agg come C1 (N0 be Adj as C1). These forms are represented in a matrix table named PECO. The study of such idiomatic sentences is regarded as an interesting starting point for the analysis of free comparative sentences.
Les Deux 'a' du Français Québécois
Authors: Bossé Dominique , Dugas André
Published: November 2010

The two 'A' of Québec French
The status of two 'A's, one of the major points of interest in the phonology of Québec French, is debated in this article. After the revision of the current literature on the subject, the authors propose a drastically new analysis which involves the whole structure of this particular variety of French.
Sur Une Construction N0N1-Ita en Coreen
Authors: Nam Jeesun
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study is to describe a class of sentences containing a noun in -ita, which are equivalent to an adjectival predicate. This set of sentences is of the form N0 W N1-ita (where -ita can be translated as one of the uses of être in French). Indeed, for this type of sentence:
Léa-nín motín il-e (yôlsông + pulman)-ita
Léa-Top everything-Pc (passion + discontent)-ita
(Léa is (passionate about + discontented with) everything)
we observe that N1-ita answers to the question ôtôha-(how), and not to nuku(who)/muôs(what). Further, N1-ita allows for an indication of intensity or comparison, but N1 can take no modifiers. This kind of predicate, with a human subject (noted Nsp-ita), shares some fundamental properties with an adjectival predicate. From this point of view, it is different from other types of N -ita predicates, such as:
Max-nîn (haksäng + honsu-sangthä)-ita
Max-Top (student + coma-state)-ita
(Max is (a student + in a coma))
i congi-nîn (semo-k'ol + pola-säk)-ita
this paper-Top (triangle-form + violet-color)-ita
This paper is of (triangular form + violet color))
The fact that Nsp-ita (like SC-cok-ita) resembles the derived adjectives N1-hata or N1-sîlôpta puts into question the current definition of -ita: if -ita, in Nsp-ita, is analyzed as a particle attached to a noun, we would have no adjective in -ita, but only nouns. Under the hypothesis of a support term (here, the adjective supporting the predicative noun), we whould have only the adjective (ita). Finally, if we analyze this kind of -ita as an adjectival suffix, the data Nsp-ita and SC-côk-ita would all make up the entire corpus of adjectives. We underline the fact that this problem is not a simple question of terminology when one is trying to set up a corpus of adjectives for constructing a lexicon-grammar, even though the present study is limited to the classification and description of the nouns that make up the predicate Nsp-ita.
Guide Bibliographique de Phraséologie Française Avec Index Thématique 1900-1990
Authors: Bárdosi Vilmos
Published: November 2010

In spite of the fact that phraseology, a discipline concerned with more or less fixed elements extant in all languages, owes its existence to preeminent French linguists (M. Bréal, Ch. Bally), it was quite a neglected area of French linguistic research for a long time. However, recent developments show a marked increase of interest in this particular field, manifest in the multiplication of publications as well. It is then all the more justified that the present international bibliography on the phraseology of the French language, a long-needed compilation of works published from 1900 to 1990 listing about 550 items at present that may well be enlarged in the future, has been published.
Structuration Syntaxique D'un Fragment du Lexique
Authors: Landelle Martine
Published: November 2010

En soulignant l'intrication fondamentale du Lexique et de la Grammaire, les évolutions récentes de l'approche transformationnelle d'inspiration Harrissienne ont permis de repousser la dichotomie (longtemps réputée indiscutable) entre syntaxe et sémantique.
Dans cette perspective, et à tire d'illustration, nous étudions ici un petit fragment du lexique français (l'expression de la segmentation).
Afin de rendre compte de sa cohérence structurelle, nous proposons d'abord une analyse systématique et approfondie des propriétés syntaxiques et distributionnelles de ce fragment. Puis, nous montrons comment cette analyse permet d'appréhender les limites de l'explication syntaxique, et invite à rendre au lexique une place que l'analyse distributionnelle avait exagérément réduite. Il apparaît en effet que l'interprétation de l'expression repose en dernier lieu sur la reconnaissance d'une relation NOM-NOM, à l'intérieur de la phrase simple, et que cette relation de dépendance échappe à toute explication en termes de contraintes sélectionnelles.
On Theme
Authors: Leeman Danielle
Published: November 2010

In French, the status of on, which is only used as a subject, is quite different from that of other pronouns like je, tu, il... This article deals with various aspects of the syntactical and semantical nature of on.
Frozen Adverbs — Comparative Forms Como C in Portuguese
Authors: Ranchhod Elisabete
Published: November 2010

In this paper we describe the syntactic characteristics of two classes of frozen comparatives adverbs in Portuguese. These adverbs have been noted como C, where como is a conjunction of comparison, and C a fixed string of lexical items.
After discussing the notion of frozen adverb, we argue in favour of the adverbial status of como C. These forms are often optional, and they modify a verbal or an adjectival sentence in the same way adverbs do. The syntactic behaviour of como C allowed us to propose that the fixed string C is issued from the reduction of recurrent terms in the second member of a comparative structure. Such reductions are analogous to those observed in free comparatives, but the lexical recovery of reduced elements is less arduous than in the free case, since the range of lexical choices is narrower.
Syntaxe du Complément de Nom
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2010

This article deals with the automatic description of N de N phrases. The initial observation is that it is impossible to make a clear distinction between structures of that type (i.e. N de N) that are frozen structures and those that are not frozen or partially frozen. The problem, then, consists in finding criteria that may be useful for the description of those sequences, in grouping these criteria and using them to distinguish the different types of N de N structures. This is equivalent to constructing a complete syntax of the noun complement introduced by de.
A Propos des Noms D'instruments
Authors: Poncet-Montange Anne
Published: November 2010

In this article, we attempt to find syntactic properties that might characterize instrumental nouns, i.e. nouns denoting a tool or a machine. We examine a number of properties, both distributional and transformational, that have traditionally been associated with instrumental nouns and demonstrate that those properties are neither specific to instrumentals nor common to all instrumentals. Such nouns, which typically appear in adverbial phrases, also raise the question of selectional restrictions between the verb, object and adverbial phrase in a sentence. Certain syntactic constructions help decide whether an instrumental adverb is semantically appropriate to the verb, but not with sufficient precision.
Voix et Diathèse en Malgache
Authors: Rabenilaina Roger-Bruno
Published: November 2010

La voix désigne une catégorie morphologique par opposition à la diathèse qui désigne une catégorie sémantique. On a affaire, d'un côté, à la structure formelle du verbe, qui peut être actif, passif ou relatif selon le type d'affixe en présence; de l'autre, à l'orientation sémantique du procès du verbe, qui peut être transitif, intransitif, passif, instrumental, destinataire, datif, locatif, de moyen ou circonstanciel, selon le type d'argument focalisé en sujet grammatical.
//ese//, Suffixe du Francais Contemporain
Authors: Spa J.J.
Published: November 2010

In this article it will be argued that in contemporary French an underlying suffix //ese// has to be admitted in order to account for the surface (lexical) representations /-ess/ and /-so/ (cf. /delikatese/ delicatesse "delicacy" and /obeisase/ obeissance "obedience"). Several arguments will be put forward to make the claim plausible, most important of which are the distributional argument (/ese/ and /se/ do not occur in the same environment) and the phonological argument (/ess/ and /so/ can both be derived from //ese// by otherwise well established rules).
La Syntaxe de Tesnière
Authors: Bechraoui Mohamed-Fadhel
Published: November 2010

The author found out that the concepts used to evaluate a syntactic theory as important as that of Tesnière were insufficient. He suggests a new approach based on a dichotomy "categorial syntax" versus "functional syntax". This two concepts did not only allow the identification of Tesnière's syntax global form, that was shown to be both categorial and functional, but eases the inventory of its internal components, identified under headings such as "categorial syntax" and "functional syntax".
Case Marking and French Psych-Verbs
Authors: Herschensohn Julia
Published: November 2010

This article confirms that two classes of psych-verbs in French, amuser-type ("accusative") and manquer-type ("unaccusative"), involve movement into the subject position. However, the two classes are distinguished by their ability to assign accusative Case: the former assign accusative Case and thereby mimic the syntactic behavior of transitive verbs; the latter assign only partitive Case, thus precluding accusative clitics, passive and WH extraction. The existence of different syntactic configurations of thematic roles with different psych-verb classes indicates a lack of direct correlation between syntactic position and thematic role.
Verbes de Transfert en Français et en Anglais
Authors: Kübler Natalie
Published: November 2010

Verbs denoting transfer between two persons have already been partially studied in French and in English. The systematic investigation undertaken in this study is aimed at showing that the transfer predicate — in both languages — matches structures that appear in other semantic contexts. A number of criteria have been isolated to detect the verbs of transfer and a distinction has been made between lexical and expanded datives. Classes of verbs have been set up in which the syntactic property of transposition appears to be productive both in French and in English, as shown in the following sentences: Max fournit du vin à Luc — Max fournit Luc en vin. The relationship of the structure known as "dative shift" with other "shifted" structures has been clarified. A comparison between these French and English verbs has been established with the aim of using this information in an error-correction program.
Construire un Espace Sémantique Pour Représenter la Polysémie D'un Marqueur Grammatical
Authors: Victorri Bernard , Fuchs Catherine
Published: November 2010

The study presented here constitutes an important part of a general project of modeling polysemy, which involves three steps: linguistic theory, mathematical formalization, and computer implementation. In this approach, two continuous spaces are to be constructed to model the behaviour of a polysemous expression: a contextual space to represent the context in which the expression appears and a semantic space to represent the different values that can be taken by this expression. We focus here on the problems involved in the construction of the semantic space, illustrating our general method on the example of the French adverb encore.
After a brief description of our framework, we present a general methodology to represent the different meanings of the polysemous expression as regions of a continuous space. Analysis of a real corpus of utterances containing encore revealed a small number of typical values. There appear to be both (1) a unique semantic kernel of the expression, which defines the basic abstract operation associated with the expression, and (2) different features which have to be instanciated in every occurrence of the expression in context, and which determine the different dimensions of the semantic space. Then we show how different types of interpretative figures of a polysemous expression can be represented in this space.
Contre la Conception Sémantique Sous-Jacente a la Morphologie Dérivationnelle Associative ou Contre une Critique Faite par Corbin a la Lexicographie Traditionnelle
Authors: Vanderhoeft Claire
Published: November 2010

On aimerait pouvoir penser qu'il y a moyen de construire automatiquement la définition, et donc le sens des mots morphologiquement dérivés, à partir du sens de leur base. La morphologie dérivationnelle associative de Corbin en fait sa thèse fondatrice. Beaucoup d'arguments sémantiques s'opposent pourtant à ce que soient menées conjointement la dérivation morphologique et la construction de sens. On confond, à tort, l'expression qu'est une définition et le sens auquel elle donne lieu. Si une opération sémantique de construction de sens semble partir de mots en tant qu'expressions qu'il suffit de combiner pour obtenir une définition, il faut tenir compte de ce que devient le sens de ces mots lorsqu'ils entrent dans une définition. Ce n'est pas parce que la définition d'un dérivé contient le mot qui constitue sa base morphologique qu'on peut établir un rapport de sens entre cette base et ce dérivé sans tenir compte du reste de la famille dérivationnelle à laquelle ils appartiennent tous deux. Souvent, si un verbe est dérivé d'un nom, le fait que le nom attribue une propriété nécessaire ou, au contraire, possible à son référent est de première importance pour déterminer le sens du verbe.
Syntactic Information in Monolingual Dictionaries
Authors: d'Elia Caterina
Published: November 2010

We have here wanted to show how inadequate monolingual dictionaries can be in providing syntactic information as to the verb arguments and how they pattern together. By examining some verbal classes, we have thus brought to light several deficiencies in the present classificatory procedure of the Oxford Learner's Dictionary
Our work ends with a proposal as to a new model of syntactic representation along the lines of the lexicon-grammar approach.
Verbal, Nominal and Adjectival Inflection in the Electronic Dictionary of Simple Forms of Spanish
Authors: Subirats Carlos
Published: November 2010

A general classification of the inflectional classes of verbs, nouns and adjetives in the lexicon of the Spanish language is presented in this article. This classification has been used to codify the inflectional properties of the verbal, nominal and adjetival entries of the Electronic Dictionary of Simple Forms of Spanish.
A Distributive Representational Framework for English Collocations in an Electronic Dictionary
Authors: Suematsu Hiroshi , Sugiura Mayumi , Arioka Masako
Published: November 2010

A two-step framework for representing collocations in an electronic dictionary (ED) is proposed (with English examples) as an alternative to the current EDR specification, with notable advantages of descriptivity, clarity, and processibility. First, collocations are described in a syntactic sub-tree whose nodes are expressed with syntactic functions. Each node is correlated, by node path, with a bundle of constraint features on all levels of morphology, syntax, and semantics. Then, the sub-tree is distributively represented in an ED by assigning independent word entries to constituents. The relationships among constituents are assured by assigning them the same ID's, subcategorization information, and node path.
La Maniere D'orthographier en la Langue Françoyse Traité de 1556
Authors: Colombo Timelli Maria
Published: November 2010

The Dictionarius of Noël de Berlaimont, first published in Antwerp in 1530, had about 150 editions in over two centuries. It is a composite work consisting of two parts: a first section contains dialogues, examples of business letters and prayers; the second section is a bi- or plurilingual word-list, according to the different editions.
A few editions published in Flanders between 1556 and 1558 also include a short treatise on French orthography whose edition is here presented.
The interest of this work lies not only in the date of its compilation, but in the remarks on some persisting difficulties and incongruities of the French orthographic system.
Anaphore Associative, Pontage et Stéréotypie
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: November 2010

One of the central questions that any description of associative anaphor (Nous arrivâmes dans un village. L'église était située sur une hauteur) implies is that of the role which stereotypic knowledge plays in its establishment. There are two conflicting answers. One maintains that the associative relation is of semantic or a priori order. The other, on the contrary, asserts that cognition and discourse are responsible for such anaphoric connections. The aim of this paper is to show that, despite their attractive power, the arguments and examples invoked by the second one, are not sufficient to finally carry the day: associative anaphors works with stereotyps.
Les Fonctions Lexicales du Dictionnaire Explicatif et Combinatoire Pour L'étude de la Cohésion Lexicale
Authors: Alonso Ramos Margarita , Tutin Agnès
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we show that the Lexical Functions (LFs) of the Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary are well suited for addressing some lexical questions in textual cohesion. We first describe LFs and divide them into two subsets: paradigmatic LFs and syntagmatic LFs. We show how paradigmatic LFs can be used to explain coreferential relations and definite descriptions.
Traitement du Cas Génitif dans Une Classification des Phrases à Compléments Figés du Grec Moderne
Authors: Fotopoulou Aggeliki
Published: November 2010

In this article we have stressed the treatment of the genitive case for a syntactic classification of sentences containing frozen complements: the genitive presents a problem to the extent that several syntactic functions can be assigned to it. Thus, on the one hand we examine sentences whose complement in the genitive is frozen and, on the other hand, we examine frozen sentences whose genitive complement is free.
In the first case, we use three tests to determine the syntactic status of the genitive in question:
(i) the alternation of the genitive complement with a prepositional phrase;
(ii) a comparison with free sentences having an equivalent structure;
(iii) the paraphrase of the genitive complement by an adverbial, which is frequently prepositional.
In the second case, when the base form is N0 V C (accus) N (gén), we have made use of such properties as the following:
(i) the pronominalisation in the form of a Ppv,
(ii) the pronominalisation in the form of a Poss,
(iii) the alternation of the genitive with a prepositional phrase (à N (accus)), which brings out distinct structures quite clearly.
In this way, taking syntactic criteria into account for the analysis of (free or frozen) genitive forms allows us to set up classes that are more homogeneous from the point of view of their syntax. We have also been able to observe that cases, as morphological markers, play no essential role in the criteria that constitute the basis of our classification.
Adjectivation D'un Complément de Nom
Authors: Monceaux Anne
Published: November 2010

This work deals with the morphosyntactical relations between a noun complement and an adjective in Dét V-n (de N1 + Adj) noun phrases in which V-n is a noun derived from a transitive verb. These noun phrases are similar to transitive verb structures in which the noun N1 is the direct object of the verb. We show that the operations that relate the two structures N0 V N1 and Dét V-n (de N1 + Adj) consist in zeroing the N0 argument through a passive or a middle transformation.
Sur Quelques Comparaisons D'adverbes Figés de L'italien et du Français
Authors: De Gioia Michele
Published: November 2010

In this paper the author presents his lexicon-grammar of frozen adverbs in Italian, in a general way. One of the important conclusions that emerges from the author's research concerns the existence of similar syntactical structures that are classified by Maurice Gross in his lexicon-grammar of frozen adverbs in French.
The two group classifications are therefore similar: the same classes and almost the same syntactical-semantical properties and results. At this point a vast comparative work is justifiable.
The author therefore wants to take particular account of the contrastive analyses effectuated on two frozen adverb classes. With the outcome of the corresponding situations, the author has been able to make a definate percentage of the semantic, lexical and syntactical equivalences and differences.
Une Assignation de Cas Assez Exceptionnelle
Authors: Kupferman Lucien
Published: November 2010

The goal of this paper is to give an answer to the following questions concerning the French de-existential construction as illustrated in (1): il y a une place de libre (often described as a 'gallicisme'): i) does the existential predicate govern a small clause (SC) of the form NP-de-AP? ii) which is the assigner of a 0-role to the NP: the AP within the construction or the existential predicate? iii) what Case-assigner licenses that NP? iv) what is the precise categorial status of the item de, and its precise role in the configuration?
Our answer to those questions will be that: i) the NP-de AP string in (1) is an SC constituant functionning as an internal argument of the (inaccusative) existential predicate; ii) the AP is the 0-role assigner of the embedded NP; iii) the Case-assigner of that NP is de, which appears to be a (partitiive) quantifier; therefore de, and not the matrix predicate, is the Case licenser of the NP. De is the functional head of the SC, which has to be categorized as a QP. It is shown that the Case assignated by de to the Spec of the SC is Partitive, so that the 'gallicisme' supports a unification of the status of the SC subject and of the internal argument NP in the French existential construction.
Other de-AP-constructions are then analysed as sharing basic licensing properties with (1).
Lexique-Grammaire du Français de Belgique
Authors: Klein Jean René , Lamiroy Béatrice
Published: November 2010

This paper presents an analysis of about 400 idiomatic expressions that belong exclusively to the regional variant of French spoken in Belgium. The model adopted is that of M. Gross's lexicon-grammars: each expression is listed as a lexical entry and classified according to its syntactic structure, in one of the classes that were proposed by M. Gross for standard French idiomatic expressions.
Our research shows, on the one hand, that all the classes of standard French are represented in Belgium French and, on the other, that certain subtypes are particularly productive in Belgium while others seem to be less common than in standard French.
A Multilevel Functional Classification of Relative Clauses
Authors: Lombardi Vallauri Edoardo
Published: November 2010

Relative Clauses (RCs) have been described and classified according to many different criteria (Sect. 1). This article deals with the distinctions that can be observed within the variety of English RCs in terms of phonological shape, syntactic structure, semantic content, presuppositions and thematic structure of the utterance. A classification of RCs is proposed, which is based upon criteria of all different levels (Sect. 2). The aim is to provide a way to characterize as precisely as possible the functional features of any RC in correlation with its formal features. The classification is then applied to an analysis of the often stated equivalence between RCs and other kinds of linguistic constituents, leading to the recognition of the different types of RCs that are functionally equivalent to adjectives, participles, prepositional phrases and coordinated sentences (Sect. 3). A further application proposed is the comparison between the functional and formal features of English and Italian RCs (Sect. 4).
Un Système Simple de Levée des Homographies
Authors: Laval Philippe
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a software who's goal is to ease automatic analysis of natural language by solving two analysis problems:
— resolution of syntactic ambiguities;
— identification of fixed forms.
In order to fulfil this goal, it appears that using negative rules make this system really powerful and easy to use, as long as sentences are represented by a graph structure.
There are three main points to this paper:
— the graph structure of the sentence;
— the use of negative rules;
— the identification of fixed forms based upon a new categorization of those forms.
It's important to stress the industrial dimension of this work: actually, two systems are already using in software, namely a translating system for concept and a grammatical corrector for newspapers.
Accessibilité Pronominale Des Dét. N1 de (DÉT.) N2
Authors: Kister Laurence
Published: November 2010

The analysis of pronominal anaphora in dét. N1 de (dét.) N2 requires on the one hand a preliminary study of anaphora and of the relations supported by de, and on the other hand, an examination of referential functioning of propositional constructions. The analysis of the relations supported by de is seldom enough to determine whether the whole structure, or just a part of it, is favoured. Thus, the notion of "head" which underlies the principle of pronoun accessing and the preselective clauses must take into account the way of determining the different components of the Dét. N1 de (dét.) N2. The role of determiners is therefore essential : those introducing N2 just as well as those preceding the whole prepositional construction because they all can contribute to making the whole complex structure, or part of it, salient. Examining the distribution of the determiners does not allow us to list all the possible and impossible anaphoras ; it simply aims at building up an access and preference scale based on the notions of salience and accessibility. The identification of references requires a treatment taking many other factors into account: conceptual agreement in gender, immediate or remote contexts, argumentative structure, shared information, extra-linguistic and encyclopedic knowledge...
Comme, Genre et Style Postposés en Français du Québec
Authors: Dostie Gaétane
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
This study first aims to show that the postposed use of comme, genre and style that has appeared in the last few years in the French spoken in Quebec illustrates a well known pattern, the possibility of moving to the end of statements lexical units that serve to express approximation and attenuation, and to introduce an example. Second, it proposes fine semantic descriptions for these uses and shows how they are linked to other uses that have comme, genre and style. Finally, it shows that this group of lexical units is semantically linked by a very general notion, the notion of 'resemblance'.
RÉSUMÉ
En premier lieu, cette étude vise à montrer que l'emploi postposé de comme, genre et style, qui est apparu depuis quelques années en français québécois, s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une démarche bien connue en français, à savoir la possibilité de déplacer vers la finale des énoncés les unités qui servent à faire une approximation et une atténuation, ainsi qu'à introduire un exemple. En second lieu, elle vise à proposer des descriptions sémantiques fines pour Ces emplois et à montrer comment ceux-ci sont liés à d'autres emplois que possèdent comme, genre et style. Enfin, elle vise à montrer que l'unité sémantique du groupe est assurée par une notion très générale, la notion de 'ressemblance'.
Analyse Contrastive des Formes Être Prép X en Français et en Roumain
Authors: Rădulescu Anda-Irina
Published: November 2010

Taking as a starting point one of Maurice Gross' items on the constructions be Prep X, we have tried to maintain the same classes he established for French in Romanian and see what differences appear between these two Romance languages.
The translation we offer was made word for word whenever that was possible; if not, we use the equivalent to preserve the sense.
Opened to different applications, our work aims at finding various ways of converting and transmitting information in a foreign language, as well as serving as a basis for ulterior comparative studies enabling the future automatic translations by computers.
Une Classe de Constructions Adjectivales à Sujet-Complétive en Coréen
Authors: Nam Jeesun
Published: November 2010

The adjectives described in this paper are defined by the following syntactic relation:
(1) a. [N1-Acc VR - ki]0Adj ([V-inf N1 W]0 be Adj)
b.= (N1)0 [VR - ki], - i Adj ((N,)0 be Adj Prep [V-inf W])
For example:
[i This nunce problem -lîl Acc phul resolve -ki Sinf] -ka nmtf himtîl hard -ta St
(To resolve this problem is hard)
[i This nunce problem -nîn nmtf [phul resolve -ki Sinf] -ka Postp himtîl hard -ta St
(This problem is hard to resolve)
The relation (1) concerns some adjectival constructions which contain a sentential clause, reduced to an infinitive (i.e. the subject is deleted) and introduced by the suffix -ki. This infinitive is made up of an accusative complement and a transitive verb. We are interested in the syntactic relation between these two constructions, without supposing any transformational operations nor treating any changes of semantic and logical focus between each pair.
The class of adjectives defined by the relation (1), codified as AP, includes about 320 items. It is contained in the classes of adjectives carac-terised by a subject-completive in our classification of Korean adjectives (about 5300 adjectives).
Vers la Constitution D'un Dictionnaire Électronique Des Noms Propres
Authors: Maurel Denis , Leduc Benoît , Courtois Blandine
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
Within the system of electronic dictionaries of the LADL, a database of proper nouns is necessary in order to retrieve them during automatic text analysis. The aim of this paper is to present two approaches to the elaboration of an electronic dictionary of geographic names. The first one consists of using those adjectives in the DELAS that refer to inhabitants of countries, cities, regions, etc., in order to generate the names of the corresponding locality; a systematic codification of gender and number is then introduced. The second approach is the creation of an electronic dictionary of names of French towns, organized as a structured database.
RÉSUMÉ
Dans le système de dictionnaires électroniques du LADL, un ensemble de noms propres est nécessaire pour pouvoir reconnaître de tels noms lors de l'analyse automatique de texte. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter deux approches d'élaboration d'un dictionnaire électronique de noms propres géographiques. La première consiste à utiliser les adjectifs du DELAS relatifs aux habitants de pays, villes, régions, etc., pour construire les noms de lieux correspondants ; une codification systématique en genre et nombre est ensuite introduite . La seconde approche a pour objet la création d'un dictionnaire électronique des noms de villes françaises, organisé en base de données structurées.
Dictionnaire Syntaxique Électronique des Noms Prédicatifs de L'allemand
Authors: Bresson Daniel
Published: November 2010

In this paper, I describe the general organization of an electronic syntactic dictionary of predicative nouns in German currently being elaborated at the Université de Provence.
In the first part, I review the various criteria used to define the class of nouns that either must or can occur predicatively in a sentence.
In the second part, I describe the fields of the data-base that characterize the main syntactic and semantic properties of the sentences in which the nouns studied, with the help of a supporting verb, make up the predicate (the fields involved include determiners, supporting verbs, arguments, aspectual value, translation).
Constructions Nominales à Contraintes Fortes et Grammaires D'unification
Authors: Habert Benoît , Jacquemin Christian
Published: November 2010

Irregular nominal compounds can be defined as noun phrases having a regular syntactic construction but having restrictions on their syntactic variations and specific semantic behaviours. The aim of our study is to bring to the fore some of the constraints which have to be taken into account for the realisation of a parser for non lexicalised nominal compounds. Therefore, two nominal compounds are studied from a linguistic standpoint. The first one verre à vin (wineglass) can be classified as a true compound noun although accepting several modifications. The second one verre de vin (glass of wine) is a compositional noun phrase although having idiosyncratic characters. The features drawn from the observation of variations and meaning construction of these two compounds are used to evaluate four unification formalisms in their ability to represent and parse precisely such sequences: PATR-II, Lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar, OLMES and Acceptability Controlled Grammar. The first two are general grammar formalisms whereas the last two are dedicated to idioms and compound parsing. The conclusions of this evaluation yield a set of principles which should govern the construction of a parser better suited for compound noun parsing and interpretation.
A Semantic Approach to Causation in French
Authors: Cannings Peter , Moody Marvin D.
Published: November 2010

As noted at the outset, our purpose has been to offer an alternative approach to the syntactic analyses of a given construction in French. We have argued that A and PAR in causative constructions exhibit essentially the same semantic characteristics as they do in other structures in the language. It has been shown that a semantic approach centering on the principle of deictic orientation can account for certain data which are problematic for a purely syntactic analysis (while noting the shortcomings of this approach whenever appropriate): restrictions on verbs of perception, reflexive verbs, and non-passivizable verbs are naturally explained in such an approach, which further offers partial explanation for more opaque restrictions on cliticization which appear to be related to the semantic "completeness" of the Theme of the causation and to the fact that a clitic before FAIRE must be interpretable as the Goal of the causation. It is clear that many of the concepts discussed herein need further definition and clarification, but we hope to have shown that deictic orientation is a potentially productive working hypothesis for the investigation of other areas of French,39 as well as the study of other languages.
Les Déterminants Nominaux Aspectuels
Authors: Buvet Pierre-André , Lim Jung-Hae
Published: November 2010

French nouns like heure (hour), série (series) or soupçon (hint) can be described as nominal determiners in NI de N2 sequences, as in:
une heure de cheval (an hour's horse-riding)
une série d'interviews (a series of interviews)
un soupçon de jalousie (a hint of jalousy)
This article deals with the aspectual role of such nouns, in particular when combined with what we call "predicative nouns".