bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IT IS THE EYES AND NOT THE SIZE THAT MATTER
Authors: Strabac Zan
Published: April 2011

The number of immigrants to Western Europe has been increasing, with immigration the subject of much controversy in contemporary Europe. In this article, we investigate the relationship between the size of the immigrant population, how natives perceive this size, and their anti-immigrant attitudes. We use data from the 2002/2003 European Social Survey covering 17 Western European countries, and we find that as a rule Western Europeans think that the immigrant population in their country is much larger than it actually is. The perceived size of an immigrant population has an impact on anti-immigrant prejudices, but the real size does not. Like many authors before us, we find that education reduces prejudice. However, we also find that around 10 percent of the total effect of education is a result of educated individuals' more accurate views about size of immigrant populations. In other words, the effect of education on prejudice is in part mediated by size perceptions.
Divided differences of implicit functions
Authors: Muntingh Georg , Floater Michael
Published: April 2011

Under general conditions, the equation

g
(
x
,
y
)
=
0

g(x,y) = 0

implicitly defines

y
y

locally as a function of

x
x

. In this article, we express divided differences of

y
y

in terms of bivariate divided differences of

g
g

, generalizing a recent result on divided differences of inverse functions.
Utility of Stool Sample–based Tests for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children
Authors: Leal Yelda A , Cedillo‐Rivera Roberto , Simón J Abraham , Velázquez Juan R , Flores Laura L , Torres Javier
Published: April 2011

Objective:

Helicobacter pylori antigen or DNA in stool are meant to detect the bacteria; however, in children the colonization of the gastric mucosa by H pylori is usually weak and fecal excretion of antigen or DNA varies considerably, challenging the utility of these tests in this age group. The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the performance of stool H pylori DNA and antigen tests for the diagnosis of infection in children.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the accuracy of stool tests for diagnosis of H pylori infection in children. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS databases. Selection criteria included participation of at least 30 children and the use of a criterion standard for H pylori diagnosis. In a comprehensive search, we identified 48 studies.

Results:

Regarding antigen‐detection tests, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) monoclonal antibodies showed the best performance, with sensitivity and specificity of 97%, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 29.9, and negative likelihood ratio (LR−) of 0.03. ELISA polyclonal antibodies had sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 93%, LR+ of 16.2, LR− of 0.09, and high heterogeneity (P < 0.0001). One‐step monoclonal antibody tests demonstrated sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 93%, LR+ of 10.6, and LR− of 0.11. For DNA detection, polymerase chain reaction–based test showed sensitivity of 80.8%, specificity of 98%, LR+ of 17.1, and LR− of 0.18.

Conclusions:

Detection of H pylori antigen in stools with ELISA monoclonal antibodies is a noninvasive efficient test for diagnosis of infection in children. One‐step tests showed low accuracy and more studies are needed to obtain a useful office‐based screening test. The available molecular tests are still unreliable.
Cord blood‐circulating endothelial progenitors for treatment of vascular diseases
Authors: Lavergne M. , Vanneaux V. , Delmau C. , Gluckman E. , Rodde‐Astier I. , Larghero J. , Uzan G.
Published: April 2011

Adult peripheral blood (PB) endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are produced in the bone marrow and are able to integrate vascular structures in sites of neoangiogenesis. EPCs thus represent a potential therapeutic tool for ischaemic diseases. However, use of autologous EPCs in cell therapy is limited by their rarity in adult PB. Cord blood (CB) contains more EPCs than PB, and they are functional after expansion. They form primary colonies that give rise to secondary colonies, each yielding more than 107 cells after few passages. The number of endothelial cells obtained from one unit of CB is compatible with potential clinical application. EPC colonies can be securely produced, expanded and cryopreserved in close culture devices and endothelial cells produced in these conditions are functional as shown in different in vitro and in vivo assays. As CB EPC‐derived endothelial cells would be allogeneic to patients, it would be of interest to prepare them from ready‐existing CB banks. We show that not all frozen CB units from a CB bank are able to generate EPC colonies in culture, and when they do so, number of colonies is lower than that obtained with fresh CB units. However, endothelial cells derived from frozen CB have the same phenotypical and functional properties than those derived from fresh CB. This indicates that CB cryopreservation should be improved to preserve integrity of stem cells other than haematopoietic ones. Feasibility of using CB for clinical applications will be validated in porcine models of ischaemia.
Vitis CBF1 and Vitis CBF4 differ in their effect on Arabidopsis abiotic stress tolerance, development and gene expression
Authors: SIDDIQUA MAHBUBA , NASSUTH ANNETTE
Published: April 2011

Plants growing in temperate regions encode several C‐repeat binding factor/dehydration responsive element binding factors (CBF/DREB1) and the question is whether these transcription factors have different functions. In this study, Arabidopsis transformed with grape CBF1 (VrCBF1) or grape CBF4 (VrCBF4) were characterized. Electrolyte leakage assays showed that the freezing tolerance of transgenic lines was correlated with the level of VrCBF expression irrespective of the type of CBF, while drought tolerance was most increased by VrCBF1. VrCBF overexpression coincided with an increase in the expression of the cold‐regulated genes AtCOR15a, AtRD29A, AtCOR6.6 and AtCOR47. In addition, the development of grape CBF overexpressing plants was seen to be altered and resulted in dwarf plants which flowered later and had thicker rosette leaves with a higher stomatal density. Analysis of gene expression showed that these morphological changes may be because of an increase in the expression of AtRGL3 in VrCBF4 lines or AtGA2ox7 in VrCBF1 lines, and AtFLC in both. In addition, the results show for the first time that CBFs can positively affect the expression of AtICE1/SCREAM1, the gene that is known to induce AtCBF3 expression. The difference in gene induction by VrCBF1 compared with VrCBF4 suggests that these CBFs have different regulons.
Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a central role for glutathione
Authors: SETH C. S. , REMANS T. , KEUNEN E. , JOZEFCZAK M. , GIELEN H. , OPDENAKKER K. , WEYENS N. , VANGRONSVELD J. , CUYPERS A.
Published: April 2011

Phytoextraction has a promising potential as an environmentally friendly clean‐up method for soils contaminated with toxic metals. To improve the development of efficient phytoextraction strategies, better knowledge regarding metal uptake, translocation and detoxification in planta is a prerequisite. This review highlights our current understanding on these mechanisms, and their impact on plant growth and health. Special attention is paid to the central role of glutathione (GSH) in this process. Because of the high affinity of metals to thiols and as a precursor for phytochelatins (PCs), GSH is an essential metal chelator. Being an important antioxidant, a direct link between metal detoxification and the oxidative challenge in plants growing on contaminated soils is observed, where GSH could be a key player. In addition, as redox couple, oxidized and reduced GSH transmits specific information, in this way tuning cellular signalling pathways under environmental stress conditions. Possible improvements of phytoextraction could be achieved by using transgenic plants or plant‐associated microorganisms. Joined efforts should be made to cope with the challenges faced with phytoextraction in order to successfully implement this technique in the field.
Quantitative relationship between recovery and benefit‐finding among persons with chronic mental illness in Japan
Authors: Chiba Rie , Kawakami Norito , Miyamoto Yuki
Published: April 2011

This study quantitatively examined the association between recovery and benefit‐finding among persons with a chronic mental illness in Japan. A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was conducted, with responses from 237 (74%) of 319 individuals (≥ 20 years old) with a chronic mental illness in community and inpatient ward settings. The data of 120 questionnaires were analyzed (men, 64%; average age, 41 years). The questionnaire included the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) and Self‐identified Stage of Recovery Parts A and B (SISR‐A and SISR‐B) for assessing recovery and the Perceived Positive Change Scale (PPCS) for assessing benefit‐finding. The total RAS and SISR‐B scores strongly and positively correlated with the PPCS score. The PPCS score significantly differed among the recovery stages, as classified by the SISR‐A, with higher scores at higher stages; the association was almost linear. The study confirmed the theoretically expected relationship between recovery and benefit‐finding among these individuals. Benefit‐finding might be associated not only with a higher stage of recovery but also with each step from one stage to another.
Benign cystic mesothelioma: A case series with one case complicated by pregnancy
Authors: Akbayir Ozgur , Gedikbasi Ali , Akyol Alpaslan , Numanoglu Ceyhun , Koroglu Nadiye , Gulkilik Ahmet
Published: April 2011

Benign cystic mesothelioma (BCM) is a rare tumor of unknown origin, most frequently encountered in women of reproductive age and with unknown etiology. Most patients have a history of previous pelvic operation, endometriosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. We report the cases of three patients, with one case complicated by pregnancy, and discuss the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of this rare disease. Complete surgical resection is recommended if feasible. However, recurrent disease is not uncommon. Clinical positive effects of different adjuvant medical treatments are also discussed.
Clinical analysis of 828 cases of iatrogenic preterm births
Authors: Yang Xiao , Zeng Weiyue
Published: April 2011

Aim:  To investigate the incidence, causes and delivery methods of iatrogenic preterm births.

Material & Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted to review a cohort of preterm birth records to learn the incidence, causes and delivery methods of 828 iatrogenic preterm births from January 2004 to June 2007. The chi‐squared and two tailed Student's t‐test were used for statistical analysis.

Results:  During the 3.5‐year study period, the total incidence of iatrogenic preterm birth was 6.4%, accounting for 49.8% of the total recorded preterm births. Specifically, the proportion of iatrogenic preterm births to the total recorded preterm births in 2005 was 51.9%, the highest during the study. The top three etiologies of iatrogenic preterm birth were intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, hemorrhage and hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. Among the preterm births studied, 62 pregnancies delivered prior to term were for no recorded indications. Seven hundred and twenty‐nine iatrogenic preterm births underwent cesarean section.

Conclusions:  Iatrogenic preterm birth has become the main reason for preterm births and no recorded indications have become one cause of it. Cesarean delivery was the main delivery method among iatrogenic preterm births. Obstetricians should choose the delivery method strictly.
Adult congenital heart disease
Authors: Seal Robert
Published: April 2011

For a decade now, it has been recognized that optimal management of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) requires a skilled multidisciplinary team. The size and complexity of the population of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) are increasing. This article reviews the general considerations for giving an anesthetic to an adult with CHD for cardiac or noncardiac surgery and provides further elaboration for a variety of complex patient types. Lastly, the advantages of an organized multidisciplinary approach to patients with ACHD are discussed.
Associations between variants in the cyclooxygenase 2 enzyme gene (PTGS2) and development of benign prostate enlargement
Authors: St. Sauver Jennifer L. , Lieber Michael M. , Slager Susan L. , Jacobson Debra J. , McGree Michaela E. , Jacobsen Steven J.
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Aetiology (cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Inflammatory processes may be associated with benign prostatic enlargement.

Variants in the PTGS2 gene may increase the risk of prostate enlargement through increases in inflammatory processes. However, this increased risk may be minimized by use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

OBJECTIVE

• To determine if polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) enzyme gene (prostaglandin synthase 2; PTGS2) were associated with development of benign prostate enlargement (BPE), and whether associations were modified by use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Participants were men residing in Olmsted County, MN, who were between 40 and 79 years of age in 1990 (N= 356).

• Prostate volume was measured by transrectal ultrasound and men reported all the medications that they were taking at the time of the examination. Men were followed biennially for 16 years.

• Ten tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PTGS2 gene were typed using the Illumina GoldenGateTM Assay.

• Associations between SNPs and development of BPE (volume >30 mL) were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. Models were also stratified by NSAID use.

RESULTS

• We observed significant associations between four polymorphisms in the PTGS2 gene and development of BPE (all P < 0.05).

• These associations were not observed among men who used NSAIDs.

CONCLUSION

• Variants in the PTGS2 gene may increase the risk of prostate enlargement, but the increased risk may be minimized by use of NSAIDs.
Consumer Heterogeneity, Free Trade, and the Welfare Impact of Income Redistribution
Authors: Ju Jiandong
Published: April 2011

Demographic differences, like young and elderly, and healthy and disabled, are summarized as consumers' heterogeneity in expenditure shares, and introduced into an otherwise standard Heckscher–Ohlin model, together with income distribution in this paper. We prove that free trade may hurt consumers who spend more on the exporting good if the volume of trade is small, while redistributing more income to consumers who spend more on the exporting good may make everyone in the country better off. By contrast, redistributing more income to consumers who spend more on the importing good may make everyone in the country worse off.
The primacy of the good midwife in midwifery services: an evolving theory of professionalism in midwifery
Authors: Halldorsdottir Sigridur , Karlsdottir Sigfridur Inga
Published: April 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 806–817
 
The primacy of the good midwife in midwifery services: an evolving theory of professionalism in midwifery

Theory is the acknowledged foundation to practise methodology, professional identity and growth of formalized knowledge. It has been noted that practice must not only be evidence‐based but also theory‐based. Hence, midwifery must be theory based because theories serve as a broad framework for practice and may also articulate the goals of a profession and core values. In this paper, an evolving theory on the empowerment of childbearing women is introduced, where the midwife’s professionalism is central. The theory is synthesized from nine datasets and scholarly work, and then more than three hundred studies were reviewed for clarification and confirmation. According to the theory, the midwife’s professionalism is constructed from five main aspects: The professional midwife cares for the childbearing woman and her family. This caring within the professional domain is seen as the core of midwifery. The professional midwife is professionally competent. This professional competence must always have primacy for the sake of safety of woman and child. The professional midwife has professional wisdom and knows how to apply it. Professional wisdom is a new concept used to denote the interplay of knowledge and experience. The professional midwife has interpersonal competence, is capable of empowering communication and positive partnership with the woman and her family. The professional midwife develops herself both personally and professionally, which is the prerequisite for true professionalism. This evolving theory must be regularly reconstructed in the light of current knowledge within midwifery. It is an attempt to identify and articulate the processes and components of the art and science of midwifery practice in an endeavour of continuing the discipline’s development by assisting in the understanding and practice of creating further theoretical discourse, processes and products for midwifery practice. The theory has implications for midwifery education and practice.
Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments
Authors: Rosenfield Mark
Published: April 2011

Citation information: Rosenfield M. Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 502–515. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00834.x

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the combination of eye and vision problems associated with the use of computers. In modern western society the use of computers for both vocational and avocational activities is almost universal. However, CVS may have a significant impact not only on visual comfort but also occupational productivity since between 64% and 90% of computer users experience visual symptoms which may include eyestrain, headaches, ocular discomfort, dry eye, diplopia and blurred vision either at near or when looking into the distance after prolonged computer use. This paper reviews the principal ocular causes for this condition, namely oculomotor anomalies and dry eye. Accommodation and vergence responses to electronic screens appear to be similar to those found when viewing printed materials, whereas the prevalence of dry eye symptoms is greater during computer operation. The latter is probably due to a decrease in blink rate and blink amplitude, as well as increased corneal exposure resulting from the monitor frequently being positioned in primary gaze. However, the efficacy of proposed treatments to reduce symptoms of CVS is unproven. A better understanding of the physiology underlying CVS is critical to allow more accurate diagnosis and treatment. This will enable practitioners to optimize visual comfort and efficiency during computer operation.
Bile pigment pharmacokinetics and absorption in the rat: therapeutic potential for enteral administration
Authors: Bulmer AC , Coombes JS , Blanchfield JT , Toth I , Fassett RG , Taylor SM
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bilirubin and biliverdin possess antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties and their exogenous administration protects against the effects of inflammation and trauma in experimental models. Despite the therapeutic potential of bile pigments, little is known about their in vivo parenteral or enteral absorption after exogenous administration. This study investigated the absorption and pharmacokinetics of bile pigments after i.v., i.p. and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration in addition to their metabolism and routes of excretion.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anaesthetized Wistar rats had their bile duct, jugular and portal veins cannulated. Bile pigments were infused and their circulating concentrations/biliary excretion were measured over 180 min.

KEY RESULTS After i.v. administration of unconjugated bilirubin, biliverdin and bilirubin ditaurate, their plasma concentrations decreased exponentially over time. Subsequently, native and metabolized compounds appeared in the bile. When administered i.p., their absolute bioavailabilities equalled 14.0, 16.1 and 33.1%, respectively, and correspondingly 38, 28 and 34% of the same bile pigment doses were excreted in the bile. Administration of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubin ditaurate i.d. increased their portal and systemic concentrations and their systemic bioavailability equalled 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Correspondingly, 2.7 and 4.6%, of the doses were excreted in the bile. Biliverdin was rapidly metabolized and these products were absorbed and excreted via the urine and bile.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Bile pigment absorption from the peritoneal and duodenal cavities demonstrate new routes of administration for the treatment of inflammatory and traumatic pathology. Oral biliverdin administration may lead to the production of active metabolite that protect from inflammation/complement activation.
On the mode of action of emodepside: slow effects on membrane potential and voltage‐activated currents in Ascaris suum
Authors: Buxton SK , Neveu C , Charvet CL , Robertson AP , Martin RJ
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anthelmintics are required for treatment and prophylaxis of nematode parasites of humans and domestic animals. Emodepside, a cyclooctadepsipeptide, is a modern anthelmintic that has a novel mode of action involving a Ca‐activated K channel (SLO‐1) in Caenorhabditis elegans, sometimes mediated by a latrophilin (LAT) receptor. We examined mechanisms of action of emodepside in a parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RT‐PCR was used to investigate expression of slo‐1 and lat‐1 in A. suum muscle flaps, and two‐micropipette current‐clamp and voltage‐clamp techniques were used to record electrophysiological effects of emodepside.

KEY RESULTS Expression of slo‐1 and lat‐1 were detected. Emodepside produced a slow time‐dependent (20 min), 4‐aminopyridine sensitive, concentration‐dependent hyperpolarization and increase in voltage‐activated K currents. Sodium nitroprusside increased the hyperpolarizations and K currents. N‐nitro‐L‐arginine inhibited the hyperpolarizations and K currents. Phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13 acetate increased the K currents, while staurosporine inhibited the hyperpolarizations and K currents. Iberiotoxin reduced these emodepside K currents. The effect of emodepside was reduced in Ca‐free solutions. Emodepside had no effect on voltage‐activated Ca currents.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Asu‐slo‐1 and Asu‐lat‐1 are expressed in adult A. suum muscle flaps and emodepside produces slow activation of voltage‐activated Ca‐dependent SLO‐1‐like K channels. The effect of emodepside was enhanced by stimulation of protein kinase C and NO pathways. The data are consistent with a model in which NO, PKC and emodepside signalling pathways are separate and converge on the K channels, or in which emodepside activates NO and PKC signalling pathways to increase opening of the K channels.
Vasodilator signals from perivascular adipose tissue
Authors: Gollasch Maik
Published: April 2011

Visceral fat has been linked to metabolic disturbances and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies propose a paracrine role for periadventitial adipose tissue in the control of arterial vascular tone. This regulation depends on the anatomical integrity of the vessels and involves a transferable mediator(s) (adipokine) released from either periadventitial adipocytes or perivascular adipose tissue. Although a number of adipokines with vasoactive properties have been identified, a still unidentified adipocyte‐derived relaxing factor (ADRF) plays a major role in the periadventitial vasoregulation of visceral arteries, such as the aorta and mesenteric arteries. ADRF is released by visceral periadventitial adipocytes and primarily produces endothelium‐independent vasorelaxation by opening voltage‐dependent (Kv) K+ channels in the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. At least in part, KCNQ (Kv7) channels could represent the subtype of Kv channels involved. Glibenclamide‐sensitive KATP channels are not involved or play a minor role. The ‘third gas’, namely H2S, could represent ADRF. Alterations in the paracrine control of arterial tone by visceral periadventitial adipose tissue have been found in animal models of hypertension and metabolic disease. ADRF, or perhaps its putative targets, might represent exciting new targets for the development of drugs for treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐3
The acute effects of dimebolin, a potential Alzheimer's disease treatment, on working memory in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Webster Scott J , Wilson Christina A , Lee Chih‐Hung , Mohler Eric G , Terry Jr Alvin V , Buccafusco Jerry J
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUNDDimebolin (latrepirdine), a compound with multiple potential drug targets, is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and preliminary results suggest it can slow the disease process. There is also evidence that dimebolin directly improves aspects of cognition. Here we examined the acute effect of dimebolin on components of working memory in non‐human primates, young adult (11–17 years old) and aged (20–31 years old) rhesus macaques.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe effects of dimebolin (3.9–118 µg kg−1) on working memory, as measured by performance on delayed matching‐to‐sample (DMTS), were examined in the normal young adult monkeys and aged adult monkeys. All the monkeys studied were proficient in the performance of a computer‐assisted DMTS task. In a subsequent experiment in the same subjects, dimebolin was administered 15 min before a cognitively‐impairing dose (20 µg kg−1) of scopolamine.

KEY RESULTSIn both the young adult and aged monkeys, dimebolin significantly increased the DMTS task accuracies. In young adults, the task improvement was associated with long (retention/retrieval) delay trials, and a protracted enhancement was observed for sessions run 24 h post administration of a single dose. Dimebolin did not significantly attenuate the scopolamine‐induced impairment. In the aged monkeys, dimebolin significantly improved the reduced task accuracies associated with long delay intervals.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSHere we demonstrated that dimebolin is able to improve components of working memory in monkeys and to induce a protracted response for at least 24 h after administration of a single dose.
Parental perceptions of end‐of‐life care on paediatric intensive care units: a literature review
Authors: Longden Jennifer V
Published: April 2011

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to review the literature relating to parental perceptions on what constitutes quality end‐of‐life care (ELC) at the time of their child's death in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs).

Background: There are few issues in medicine as complex as those involving ELC provision and within paediatric intensive care, these decisions are particularly emotive. Improving the quality of ELC has become a national priority and an understanding of the reality of parents during and after the loss of a child is a mandatory step in achieving this. Efforts to improve ELC in PICU must be based on an understanding of the issues and problems that are unique to parents within this environment and cannot simply be extrapolated from other settings. It is imperative that this has a high priority in training, clinical practice and research for all members of the intensive care team.

Search strategy: Databases were systematically searched to identify primary research that related specifically to parental needs during the death of their child on PICU and published between 2000 to the present.

Conclusions: Although the retrospective nature of the studies reviewed presents some limitations, it does provide a broad overview of the characteristics of parental needs, indicating the scope for further empirical research. The identification and acknowledgement of the fundamental needs of parents at this time can enable health professionals to provide competent and compassionate ELC which is as focussed and evidence based as other aspects of paediatric critical care medicine.
Public Health Nursing: An Autonomous Career for World War II Nurse Veterans
Authors: Barnum Nancy C.
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT
The 1944 G.I. Bill increased accessibility of higher education to male veterans. Less is known about how its availability affected opportunities for female veterans. The purpose of this study was to examine nurse veterans' use of the G. I. Bill at one large public university. Primary sources included archival documents of one large public university as well as articles published in professional nursing and medical journals of the 1940s and 1950s. Secondary sources addressing nursing and nursing education history, and the history of the G. I. Bill provided further context. Historical research methodology was conducted. Findings demonstrate that nurse veterans desired more independence in practice following the war. Archival documents of one large public university show that nurse veterans used G. I. Bill funds to seek degrees in public health nursing. The specialty of public health provided increased independence and autonomy of practice not experienced in hospital based care. G.I. Bill educational funds provided these nurse veterans the means to attain degrees in public health nursing, providing them the opportunity for more autonomous practice.
Host relationships of Dasineura ingeris: oviposition preferences and juvenile survival on clones of Salix viminalis, other Salix species and hybrids
Authors: Åhman Inger , Lövgren Linnéa
Published: April 2011

In the present study we assessed the extent to which oviposition preferences and larval survival rates of the gall midge Dasineura ingeris Sylvén & Lövgren (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) can explain variation in its use of Salix viminalis phenotypes as hosts. Furthermore, based on oviposition preferences and juvenile survival rates we estimated the host potential of various Salix species and species hybrids.

Egg distribution patterns explained 67% of the intraspecific variation in damage to S. viminalis shoots in the field. Juvenile survival, on the other hand, was not related to field damage or egg distribution patterns among the S. viminalis clones studied.

Clones of complete or partial S. viminalis origin ranked highest in suitability for D. ingeris survival, and four out of these six clones also received the highest egg rankings. Species belonging to the subgenus Salix were not oviposited on at all, whereas others belonging to the same subgenus as S. viminalis, i.e. Vetrix, were intermediate in terms of oviposition rates. Although there was a significant correlation between D. ingeris egg distributions and larval survival rates on the clones in the Salix species/hybrid set, mismatches were evident.
Vaginal pudendal nerve stimulation: a new technique for assessment of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency
Authors: Tetzschner Tine , Sørensen Michael , Lose Gunnar , Christiansen John
Published: April 2011

Background. To evaluate vaginal stimulation of the pudendal nerve, a new method for investigation of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and to assess the reproducibility of the method.

Methods. Thirteen healthy women and 11 female patients, median age 31 years (range 21–53 years), participated in the study. Ten patients had sustained an anal sphincter rupture and one had idiopathic anal incontinence.

Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was measured after vaginal stimulation of the pudendal nerve with motor response from the pelvic floor and rectal stimulation with motor response from the anal sphincter using the St. Marks pudendal electrode. The women were stimulated by two observers both vaginally and by the rectum.

Results. Vaginal PNTML for observer 1 was 2.06 msec (0.50 msec, 2 s.d.) and 2.04 msec (0.55 msec, 2 s.d.) for observer 2, while rectal PNTML was 1.99 msec (0.56 msec, 2 s.d.) and 1.97 msec (0.54 msec, 2 s.d.) respectively. The difference between vaginal and rectal PNTML was 0.065 msec for observer 1 (p=0.106) and 0.070 msec for observer 2 (p<0.05).

Degree of agreement between vaginal and rectal PNTML was 80%‐116% for observer 1 and 84%‐12% for observer 2 (100% represent total agreement between measurements). Interobserver reproducibility for vaginal PNTML was 90%‐109% and 86%‐113% for rectal PNTML.

Conclusion. In clinical practice vaginal PNTML may replace rectal PNTML in women. Reproducibility is in the same range as for rectal PNTML.
Motor vehicle accident during the second or third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Aitokallio‐Tallberg Ansa , Halmesmäki Erja
Published: April 2011

Objective. To evaluate the need of immediate treatment, follow‐up and consequences of different types of traffic accidents during pregnancy.

Method and material. A retrospective analysis covering five years involving thirty‐five pregnant women involved in motor vehicle accidents at 22–39 weeks of gestation.

Results. Fifteen of the 35 women were involved in frontal impact collisions, and suffered mild subjective and objective symptoms; all their fetuses survived and were delivered at term. Fifteen other women were involved in broadside collisions; two of these were riding a bicycle. These 15 women had clear objective findings like uterine contractions or tenderness, and some of them needed tocolytic therapy and hospitalization up to eight days. This was significantly longer than in those involved in frontal impact collisions. However, the broadside accidents did not have any adverse effect on pregnancy outcomes either. Five women were involved in serious accidents at speeds of 80–110 km/h, and one mother and her fetus died immediately because of rupture of the uterus and the cervical joint and spinal canal. Four other fetuses were found dead on arrival at hospital or soon after. In all cases the cause of fetal loss was placental abruption. The presence of fetal blood cells in maternal blood was evaluated in 15 of 35 patients, but was positive in only one.

Conclusion. Frontal collisions are associated with lower vehicular speed, less trauma and no acute or later effects on pregnancy, whereas broadside collisions and high speed (≥80km/h) cause more symptoms. The latter type of accidents are associated with high risk of placental abruption and of fetal and maternal death. Fortunately the symptoms are evident immediately after the accident, and early hospital discharge is possible if no abnormalities are present during the first hours.
Maternal mortality after cesarean section in The Netherlands
Authors: Schuitemaker Nico , van Roosmalen Jos , Dekker Guus , van Dongen Pieter , van Geijn Herman , Gravenhorst Jack Bennebroek
Published: April 2011

Background. To assess cesarean section‐related maternal mortality in The Netherlands during 1983–1992.

Methods. A nationwide confidential enquiry into the causes of maternal death.

Results. The risk of dying after vaginal birth was 0.04 per 1000 vaginal births (65/1.763.999) compared to 0.53 per 1000 cesarean births (57/108.587).

The direct risk of dying from cesarean section was 0.13 per 1000 operations (14/108.587). In some women cesarean section did not initiate, but contributed to, the train of events leading to death. Adding this associated risk to the direct risk gives a fatality rate of 0.28 per 1000 cesarean births (30/108.587).

Conclusions. Although cesarean section is a relatively safe procedure nowadays, birth by cesarean section in The Netherlands is seven times more hazardous than vaginal birth.

Keeping the cesarean birth rate as low as possible is therefore in the interest of women of reproductive age.
Results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in relation to indication
Authors: Ziebe Søren , Andersen Anders Nyboe , Andersen Anne‐Grethe , Mikkelsen Anne Lis , Lindenberg Svend
Published: April 2011

Background. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was first introduced as a treatment to couples that were infertile due to severe male factors. Later, the ICSI technic has also been used on other indications like low or no fertilization in previous IVF cycles.

Methods. A total of 262 ICSI cycles performed in 180 patients were reviewed and the results related to the indications. The indications were severely impaired semen quality (182 cycles) or absent or low fertilization in previous IVF attempts (80 cycles).

Results. A total of 2298 oocytes were aspirated and 1939 oocytes were injected resulting in 1172 fertilized (60%) and 995 cleaved oocytes (51%). Of these, 547 preembryos were transferred in 240 cycles and 287 preembryos were cryopreserved. We obtained 99 pregnancies (41%/transfer) of which 63 were ongoing pregnancies (26%/transfer). The pregnancy rate was significantly lower (p=0.025) in couples referred for ICSI due to previously failed IVF (29%/transfer) compared to couples with impaired semen quality (46%/transfer). Seventy‐seven children have been born. Forty‐eight healthy children were born from singleton pregnancies with a mean gestational age of 39.8 weeks and an average birthweight of 3561 g. Thirteen sets of healthy twins and one set of healthy triplets were born. In 29 of the 63 ongoing pregnancies amniocenteses were performed and all karyotypes were normal.

Conclusion. IVF with ICSI gave good clinical results in couples with severe male factor infertility. The technic can also be used in couples with unexplained fertilization failure, but the pregnancy rate may be lower.
The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in Hordaland county, Norway 1976–1993
Authors: Storeide Olav , Veholmen Marit , Eide Martha , Bergsjø Per , Sandvei Roar
Published: April 2011

Objective. To gain longterm knowledge of incidence rates of ectopic pregnancy, as a basis for analysing risk factors.

Material. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was studied in the county of Hordaland, Western Norway, through 18 years, 1976–1993. The protocols of 1821 cases of ectopic pregnancy were registered. Population data of the county, the number of births and legal abortions were available.

Results. There was considerable increase in crude numbers of ectopic pregnancies throughout the period. Grouping the cases in three six‐year periods showed an increased crude incidence rate per 100000 women from 95 during 1976–81 to 154 during 1988–93. The corresponding rates per 1000 births increased from 13.6 to 22.2 and the rates per 1000 reported pregnancies from 11.2 to 18.0. All rates increased also in women aged 40–44 years. During the years 1979–1993 the rates per 1000 reported pregnancies increased by 25%, from 9.4 to 11.8 in age groups below 30 years, while the rates for women over 35 years increased by 98%, from 20.7 to 40.9. Compared to the age group 15–19, women over 35 years had an eightfold risk during the last period. In addition they also contributed to higher numbers of reported pregnancies by 58%.

Conclusion. The rates of ectopic pregnancy increased in age groups older than 20 years during 1976–93, moderately in younger age groups, but considerably in older age groups, who also contributed with higher total rates of pregnancy. More older women, with presumably accumulated risk factors getting pregnant, thus explain part of the increased rates of this disease.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ryott Michael , Marklund Linda , Wangsa Darawalee , Elmberger Göran , Munck‐Wikland Eva
Published: April 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 40: 385–389

Background:  Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression is associated with unfavorable outcome in various cancers, and evidence is accumulating that carcinogenesis possibly evolves from intracellular changes in response to induction of this enzyme. Today selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors are being studied and used as complement in cancer treatment. This study examined the prognostic value of cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).

Methods:  Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 was determined in biopsies from 76 stage matched patients with OTSCC by immunohistochemistry between January 2000 and December 2004 in Stockholm, Sweden. Additionally, twelve samples taken after pre‐operative radiotherapy were investigated.

Results:  All OTSCC specimen expressed cyclooxygenase‐2 by immunostaining. The cyclooxygenase‐2 staining intensity increased significantly with more advanced stage (P = 0.020). Fifty percent of the surgical specimen showed a decrease in immunostaining post‐radiation (P = 0.031). No association was found with survival.

Conclusion:  Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression has limited prognostic value in OTSCC.
Dermatological rehabilitation
Authors: Nürnberg Wolf , Wehrmann Jochen , Breuer Kristine
Published: April 2011

Chronic and chronically recurring diseases often cannot be treated causally and usually lead to a considerable impairment in social and occupational participation. In order to deal appropriately with such restrictions, a more comprehensive therapeutic approach is required in the sense of a bio‐psychosocial model of disease and health which serves as the basis for modern dermatological rehabilitation. Multimodal, quality‐controlled dermatological rehabilitation gives patients with chronic skin diseases a treatment option that goes beyond the primarily symptom‐oriented outpatient care provided by office‐based physicians and the acute care of inpatient facilities. This paper presents the complex opportunities offered by dermatological rehabilitation. The aim of this paper is to put dermatologists working in the practical field in a position to help their patients with chronic skin diseases to realize their statutory right to participate in society. For this purpose, it will impart the understanding of medical rehabilitation that is necessary so that the dermatologist in charge can advise his or her patient competently, in order to successfully arrange for the corresponding care appropriate to the indication and taking into account personal circumstances and insurance‐related requirements.
The Comprehensive Muscular Activity Profile (CMAP): Its Clinical Utility in Objectively Differentiating Between Low Back Pain Patients and Normals1
Authors: Gatchel Robert J. , Ricard Mark D. , Dougall Angela , Jain Mayank , Ghosh Sunil
Published: April 2011

Earlier findings demonstrated that the comprehensive muscular activity profile (CMAP) system was a powerful clinical method for evaluating lumbar range of motion (ROM) and lifting capacity (LC) while also documenting participant effort. A subsequent study also reported the CMAP's clinical utility for patients with musculoskeletal pain claims. Building upon these studies, the present investigation evaluated the CMAP's ability to reliably differentiate between healthy individuals versus those with low back pain (LBP). Twenty LBP patients and 20 demographically matched healthy subjects were administered the CMAP protocol (measuring ROM and LC). For ROM, there were no significant differences between the groups for overall performance and for degree of effort. However, for the LC, there were significant differences between groups: the LBP patients displayed lower performance relative to normals. Results demonstrate the clinical utility of the CMAP for the objective quantification of functional differences between the two groups.
Skyline‐plot methods for estimating demographic history from nucleotide sequences
Authors: HO SIMON Y. W. , SHAPIRO BETH
Published: April 2011

Estimation of demographic history from nucleotide sequences represents an important component of many studies in molecular ecology. For example, knowledge of a population’s history can allow us to test hypotheses about the impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors. In the past, demographic analysis was typically limited to relatively simple population models, such as exponential or logistic growth. More flexible approaches are now available, including skyline‐plot methods that are able to reconstruct changes in population sizes through time. This technical review focuses on these skyline‐plot methods. We describe some general principles relating to sampling design and data collection. We then provide an outline of the methodological framework, which is based on coalescent theory, before tracing the development of the various skyline‐plot methods and describing their key features. The performance and properties of the methods are illustrated using two simulated data sets.
Visual Analytics as a Translational Cognitive Science
Authors: Fisher Brian , Green Tera Marie , Arias‐Hernández Richard
Published: April 2011

Visual analytics is a new interdisciplinary field of study that calls for a more structured scientific approach to understanding the effects of interaction with complex graphical displays on human cognitive processes. Its primary goal is to support the design and evaluation of graphical information systems that better support cognitive processes in areas as diverse as scientific research and emergency management. The methodologies that make up this new field are as yet ill defined. This paper proposes a pathway for development of visual analytics as a translational cognitive science that bridges fundamental research in human/computer cognitive systems and design and evaluation of information systems in situ. Achieving this goal will require the development of enhanced field methods for conceptual decomposition of human/computer cognitive systems that maps onto laboratory studies, and improved methods for conducting laboratory investigations that might better map onto real‐world cognitive processes in technology‐rich environments.
The Anatomy of the Leaf of Symphytum Officinale L
Authors: Peck (Miss) J M , Fell K R
Published: April 2011

The history and uses of the leaves of Symphytum officinale L. are given together with an illustrated account of the macroscopy of the upper and lower leaves of the plant and of the anatomical structure of the leaf. The diagnostic characters of the powdered leaves are also recorded and illustrated.
Hydrogenation of Digitalis Genins and Anhydrogenins
Authors: Brown B T , Wright S E
Published: April 2011

Hydrogenation of the 14,15-unsaturated linkage in the digitalis β–anhydrogenins without simultaneous reduction of the cyclobutenolide group is described. The reduced compounds have an α configuration for the hydrogen at C(14). Hydrogenation of the cyclobutenolide ring produces two isomeric compounds which have been separated and assigned to the 20α and 20β steroid series respectively.
Phytochemical Studies on the Genus Crotalaria: Part I. A Phytochemical Investigation of the Seeds ofCrotalaria sericea Retz
Authors: Atal C K , Sethi M L
Published: April 2011

By chromatography of an unsaponifiable fraction of a petroleum extract, a saturated hydrocarbon triacontane, 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol and α-carotene were isolated. The identity of triacontane was confirmed by its melting point and elemental analysis. 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol was identified by its melting point, mixed melting point, melting points of its acetate and benzoate and by its specific rotation in chloroform. α-Carotene was identified by its absorption maxima at 460 and 480 mμ. From the ethanolic extracts a mixture of alkaloids was separated which on chromatography over alumina gave a crystalline alkaloid, monocrotaline, C16H23NO6, m.p. 196–197° and a new crystalline base m.p. 180–181°, named sericine which has not been completely identified. It has the tentative empiric formula C17H24NO7 and may be a new alkaloid. Presence of two more alkaloids was shown by paper chromatography