bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elizabethkingia
Authors: Bruun Brita , Bernardet Jean‐François
Published: July 2015

E.liz.a.beth.kin'gi.a. N.L. fem. n.Elizabethkingianamed in honor of Elizabeth O. King, who first described bacteria associated with infant meningitis, notably [Flavobacterium]meningosepticumin 1959.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Elizabethkingia

Straight,single rods with rounded ends,typically 0.5μm wide and variable in length,often forming filaments. Do not form endospores. Spherical degenerative forms do not appear in ageing liquid cultures.Nonmotile. Flagellar motility, gliding movement, and swarming growth have not been reported.Colonies are typically nonpigmented or weakly yellow pigmented, circular, convex, smooth and shiny, with entire edges, and up to 2 mm in diameter. A strong aromatic odor is produced. Gram‐stain‐negative.Obligately aerobic,having a strictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.Nitrate is not reduced. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth occurs at 22–37°C, but not at 5 or 42°C. Growth occurs readily on the usual commercial media. No growth factors are required. Growth on seawater media is possible. Growth on cetrimide and MacConkey agars is slow and weak, but is also strain‐dependent.Catalase,oxidase,phosphatase,andβ‐galactosidase activities are present. Acid, but no gas, is produced from a number of carbohydrates in media with low peptone concentrations. Strong proteolytic activity occurs. Esculin, gelatin, and casein are hydrolyzed, but agar is not. Malonate is not utilized.Resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents. Menaquinone MK‐6 is the predominant respiratory quinone. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C15:0iso, C17:0iso 3‐OH, C17:1iso ω9c, and summed feature 4 (comprising C15:0iso 2‐OH and/or C16:1ω7c/t). As they are ubiquitous in soil and freshwater,strains ofElizabethkingia meningosepticaoccasionally occur in the hospital environment and clinical specimens;they are opportunistic pathogens of humans and various animals.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 35.0–38.2.

Type species:Elizabethkingia meningoseptica(King 1959) Kim, Kim, Lim, Park and Lee 2005b, 1291VP(Flavobacterium meningosepticumKing 1959, 247;Chryseobacterium meningosepticumVandamme, Bernardet, Segers, Kersters and Holmes 1994a, 830).
Empedobacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Em.pe.do.bac'ter. Gr. adj.
empedos
fixed, immovable; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Empedobacter
nonmotile rod

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Empedobacter

Rods
, typically 0.5 µm wide and 1–2 µm long, but some longer rods may be present. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Nonmotile
. Nonsporeforming. Intracellular poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules are absent.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism. Chemo‐organotrophic. All strains grow at 30°C; some strains grow at 37°C.
Growth on solid media is light yellow
. Growth occurs on MacConkey agar and β‐hydroxybutyrate agar.
Positive for catalase
,
oxidase
,
and phosphatase
.
Indole‐positive
. Several carbohydrates are oxidized, but glycerol and trehalose are not.
Casein
,
gelatin
,
tributyrin
,
DNA
,
and Tween 20 are hydrolyzed
,
but not esculin
,
urea
,
or agar
. Fatty acids C
15:0
iso, C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
16:1
ω5
c
, C
16:0
, C
16:0
3‐OH, and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH are predominant. Sphingophospholipids are absent. The only respiratory quinone is menaquinone‐6. Resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 31–33 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Empedobacter brevis
(Holmes and Owen 1982) Vandamme, Bernardet, Segers, Kersters and Holmes 1994a, 830
VP
[
Flavobacterium breve
(
ex
Lustig 1890) Holmes and Owen 1982, 233;
Bacillus brevis
Lustig 1890, 521;
Bacillus canalicolis brevis
Cornil and Babes 1890, 292;
Bacillus canalis parvus
Eisenberg 1891, 362;
Bacterium canalis parvis
(
sic
) (Eisenberg 1891) Chester 1897, 130;
Bacterium canale
Mez 1898, 55;
Bacterium breve
(Lustig 1890) Chester 1901, 69;
Flavobacterium brevis
(
sic
) (Lustig 1890) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, 116;
Pseudobacterium brevis
(
sic
) (Lustig 1890) Krasil'nikov 1949, 239;
Empedobacter breve
(
sic
) (Lustig 1890) Prévot 1961, 181].
Lacinutrix
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

La.ci.nu'trix. L. n.
lacus
lake; L. fem. n.
nutrix
feeder; N.L. fem. n.
Lacinutrix
lake feeder (in the sense of contributing to lake food chains).

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Lacinutrix

Straight or slightly curved
rod‐shaped cells
, 0.4–0.5 × 1–2 µm. Cells occur singly or in pairs. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Nonmotile
.
Gram‐stain‐negative
.
Strictly aerobic
,
with an oxidative type of metabolism
.
Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive
.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Colonies are golden‐yellow
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
.
Sodium ions are required
for growth. Best growth occurs in organic media containing seawater salts. Grows between −2 and 25°C, with temperature optima of 15–20°C in seawater‐containing media. Neutrophilic, with optimal growth occurring at about pH 7.5. The major fatty acids include C
15:1
ω10
c
iso, C
15:1
ω10
c
anteiso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, and C
16:0
iso. The major isoprenoid quinone is
menaquinone‐6
. Habitat: Antarctic saline lakes in association with the calanoid copepod species
Paralabidocera antarctica
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37.

Type species
:
Lacinutrix copepodicola
Bowman and Nichols 2005, 1482
VP
.
Mesonia
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum
Published: July 2015

Me.so'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Mesonia
arbitrary name, derived from the abbreviation
MES
(Marine Experimental Station of Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry,
FEB RAS
) near the site where the bacteria were isolated.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Mesonia

Thin rods
usually measuring 0.4–0.5 × 1.0–2.3 µm.
Cells may be motile by means of gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible yellow pigments. No flexirubin pigments are formed.
Chemo‐organotrophs
.
Strictly aerobic
. Positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase and negative for β‐galactosidase. Agar, alginate, starch, chitin, and cellulose (carboxymethylcellulose and filter paper) are not hydrolyzed, but gelatin and Tween 20 are hydrolyzed. Do not grow without seawater or Na
+
.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6
. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the main polar lipid.
Marine
, isolated from coastal seaweeds.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32–37.

Type species
:
Mesonia algae
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Han, Lysenko, Rohde, Zhukova, Falsen, Frolova, Mikhailov and Bae 2003a, 1970
VP
.
Muricauda
Authors: Bruns Alke , Berthe‐Corti Luise
Published: July 2015

Mu'ri.cau.da. L. masc. n.
mus
mouse (gen.
muris
of the mouse); N.L. fem. n.
cauda
tail; N.L. fem. n.
Muricauda
tail of the mouse, referring to electron micrographs in which the bacterial appendages appeared like mouse tails.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Muricauda

Rod‐shaped
cells. Size varies between 0.2–0.6 × 1.1–6.0 µm depending on the species. Cells of older cultures (3–4 d) of
Muricauda ruestringensis
and
Muricauda aquimarina
are characterized by long (up to 3 µm) and relatively thick
appendages
(
Muricauda ruestringensis
: 20–30 nm). Gram‐stain‐negative.
Nonmotile
in hanging drop preparations.
Facultatively anaerobic or strictly aerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic, with both an oxidative and a fermentative type of metabolism. Endospores are not formed. Colonies are circular, slightly convex, 0.5–1.2 mm in diameter and
yellow in color
(
Muricauda ruestringensis
) or golden yellow (
Muricauda aquimarina
and
Muricauda flavescens
) after 3 d. No flexirubin‐type pigment is produced. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐positive. Nitrate is not reduced. H
2
S is not produced. Optimal growth occurs at 20–37°C, at pH 6.5–7.5, and in the presence of 2% NaCl (
Muricauda ruestringensis
) to 3% NaCl (
Muricauda aquimarina
and
Muricauda flavescens
). No hydrolysis of high‐molecular‐mass carbohydrates such as starch, agar, or crystalline cellulose occurs. The fatty acid profile is characterized by high amounts of branched fatty acids. The genus is closely related to other
Flavobacteriaceae
, which have been isolated from marine and marine‐derived habitats.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41–45.

Type species
:
Muricauda ruestringensis
Bruns, Rohde and Berthe‐Corti 2001, 2005
VP
.
Persicivirga
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Per.si.ci.vir'ga. L. neut. n.
persicum
peach; L. fem. n.
virga
rod; N.L. fem. n.
Persicivirga
peach‐colored rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Persicivirga

Irregularly straight to curved rods
,
0
.
5–0
.
6
×
2
.
2–7
.
5
μ
m
. No visible flagella.
No gliding motility
. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Growth occurs at 4–20
°
C
; no growth occurs at 30°C. Colonies are peach–orange colored.
Flexirubin pigments are present
. Strictly aerobic.
Oxidase‐ and catalase‐negative
.
Growth requires Na
+
ions or natural seawater
.
Nitrate is not reduced
.
Do not utilize carbohydrates for growth
. The most abundant fatty acids are saturated branched‐chain, unsaturated branched‐chain and hydroxy fatty acids; C
15:0
iso and C
15:0
anteiso are the most abundant individual fatty acids. Isolated from coastal seawater.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.7.

Type species
:
Persicivirga xylanidelens
O'Sullivan, Rinna, Humphreys, Weightman and Fry 2006, 178
VP
.
Psychroserpens
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: July 2015

Psy.chro.ser'pens. Gr. adj.
psychros
cold; L. masc. or fem. n.
serpens
serpent; N.L. masc. n.
Psychroserpens
cold serpent.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Psychroserpens

Cells are
flexible rods with rounded ends
, 0.5–0.6 × 2–6 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Cultures also frequently include
coiled or roughly helical filamentous cells
up to 20 µm in length. Spores, resting cells, and gas vesicles are not present.
Nonmotile
.
Gram‐stain‐negative
.
Colonies are yellow due to accumulation of carotenoids
.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
.
Strictly aerobic
,
having an oxidative type of metabolism
. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Nonagarolytic
.
Carbohydrates are not utilized
,
except for glycogen
. Acid is not formed from carbohydrates.
Seawater salts and yeast extract are required
for growth.
Psychrophilic
. Grows between −2 and 18°C, with optimal growth at 10–12°C and pH 6–8. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:1
ω10
c
iso, C
15:1
ω10
c
anteiso, C
16:1
ω11
c
iso, C
15:1
ω11
c
, C
15:1
ω4
c
, and C
16:1
ω5
c
.
Isolated from saline lakes of Antarctica
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 27–29.

Type species
:
Psychroserpens burtonensis
Bowman, McCammon, Brown, Nichols and McMeekin 1997, 674
VP
.
Stenothermobacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Ste.no.ther.mo.bac'ter. Gr. adj.
stenos
narrow; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Stenothermobacter
a rod with narrow temperature range, pertaining to the narrow temperature range that supports growth of the type strain.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Stenothermobacter

Rods
, >
2
.
5
μ
m in length with tapered ends
, forming chains of up to four cells. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Slow gliding motility is present
. Colonies are orange. Flexirubin‐type pigments are not produced. Temperature range for growth, 20.0–36.0°C; optimum, 28.0–30.0°C.
Require 2
.
0–6
.
0
%
NaCl for growth
.
Strictly aerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic. Oxidase‐positive. Catalase activity is very weak. Acetoin is produced, but not H
2
S.
DNA and casein are not hydrolyzed
. β‐
Galactosidase and
α‐
glucosidase are produced
,
but not
β‐
glucosidase
. MK‐6 is the only respiratory quinone. Isolated from the marine sponge
Lissodendoryx isodictyalis
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41.0

Type species
:
Stenothermobacter spongiae
Lau, Tsoi, Li, Plakhotnikova, Dobretsov, Wu, Wong, Pawlik and Qian 2006, 184
VP
.
Natronomonas
Authors: Kamekura Masahiro
Published: July 2015

Na.tro.no.mo' nas
. Arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natrun
soda (sodium carbonate); Gr. n.
monas
unit; M.L. fem. n.
Natronomonas
the soda unit.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Natronomonas

Cells are short rods
0.8 × 1–3 µm in liquid culture. Cells stain Gram‐negative. Motile by a tuft of polar flagella. Chemoorganotrophic and strictly aerobic. Halophilic;
growth occurs in media containing 2–5.2 M NaCl
, with optimum concentration of 3.5 M.
Alkaliphilic, growing between pH 7 and 10
, with optimum pH of 8.5–9.5. Growth occurs at 25–50°C. There are six signature bases (Table A2.25).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61.2–64.3.

Type species
:
Natronomonas pharaonis
(Soliman and Trüper 1982) Kamekura, Dyall‐Smith, Upasani, Ventosa and Kates 1997, 856
VP
(
Halobacterium pharaonis
Soliman and Trüper 1982, 327;
Natronobacterium pharaonis
Tindall, Ross and Grant 1984a, 55.)
Methanosaeta
Authors: Patel Girishchandra B.
Published: July 2015

Me.tha.no.sae' ta. M.L. neut. n.methanummethane; Gr. n.saetabristle; M.L. fem. n.Methanosaetamethane (‐producing) bristle.

Euryarchaeota / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinales / Methanosaetaceae / Methanosaeta

Straight rods with flat ends; single cells are usually 0.8–1.3 µm wide by 2.0–7.0 µm long and are enclosed within a tubular sheath structure. Forms short (~5–25 µm) to long (average of up to 150 µm and longer) flexible chains of cells within the sheath that may resemble filaments (Figures 1 and 2). Gas vacuoles are generally observed in thermophilic strains but have so far not been observed in mesophilic strains.Obligate anaerobe. Nonmotile; stain Gram‐negative. Optimum temperature for mesophilic strains, 35–40°C with a range of 10–45°C; for thermophilic strains, 55–60°C with a range of 30–70°C. Optimum pH: 6.5–7.5 with a range of 5.5–8.4.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 48–54.

Type species:Methanosaeta concilii(Patel 1 9 8 4) Patel and Sprott 1 9 9 0, 80 (Methanothrix conciliiPatel 1 9 8 4, 1394).
Methanolobus
Authors: Boone David R.
Published: July 2015

Me.tha.no.lo' bus
. M.L. neut. n.
methanum
methane; Gr. masc. n.
lobos
lobe; M.L. masc. n.
Methanolobus
methane (‐producing) lobe.

Euryarchaeota / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinaceae / Methanolobus

Irregular cocci
, 0.8–1.25 µm in diameter, sometimes forming loose aggregates (Figure 1). Cells are surrounded by a unit membrane and a protein S‐layer (Figure 2).
Flagella, when present, are monotrichous
(Figure 3). Stain Gram‐negative.
Strictly anaerobic
. Optimum temperature, 37°C; maximum, 40–45°C; minimum, 10–15°C. Fastest growth occurs at marine salinity.
Catabolic substrates are methanol, methylamines, and sometimes methyl sulfides
. No growth on H
2
/CO
2
, formate, acetate, or alcohols other than methanol (König and Stetter, 1 9 8 2; Zellner and Winter, 1 9 8 7a). In the presence of molecular sulfur, H
2
S, in addition to methane and CO
2
, is formed from methanol (Stetter and Gaag, 1 9 8 3). Tungstate is required (Zellner and Winter, 1 9 8 7b).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 39–41.

Type species
:
Methanolobus tindarius
König and Stetter 1 9 8 3, 439 (Effective publication: König and Stetter 1 9 8 2, 488).
Halolactibacillus
Authors: Ishikawa Morio , Yamasato Kazuhide
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.lac'ti.ba.cil'lus. Gr. n.halssalt; L. n.laclactis milk; L. masc. n.bacillusstick, a small rod; N.L. masc. n.Halolactibacillussalt (‐loving) lactic acid rodlet.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Halolactibacillus

Cells areGram‐positive, nonspore‐forming, straight rods, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains, and elongated.Motile with peritrichous flagella. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced. Starch and casein are hydrolyzed.Growth does not occur in the absence of sugars. Slightly halophilic and highly halotolerant. Alkaliphilic. Mesophilic.In anaerobic cultivation,l‐lactic acid is the major end product from glucose. In addition to lactate, considerable amounts of formate, acetate, and ethanol are produced in a molar ratio of approximately 2:1:1 without gas production. Carbohydrates and related compounds are aerobically metabolized to acetate and pyruvate without production of lactate, formate, and ethanol. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan ismeso‐diaminopimelic acid. Cellular fatty acids are of the straight‐chain, anteiso‐branched saturated, iso‐branched saturated, and monounsaturated acids. Major cellular fatty acids are C13:0 anteand C16:0. Respiratory quinones and cytochromes are absent. Located within the phylogenetic group composed of halophilic/halotolerant/alkaliphilic and/or alkalitolerant genera inBacillusrRNA group 1.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 38.5–40.7.

Type species:Halolactibacillus halophilusIshikawa, Nakajima, Itamiya, Furukawa, Yamamoto and Yamasato 2003b, 2437VP.
Pontibacillus
Authors: Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Pon.ti.ba.cil'lus. L. n.
pontus
the sea; L. masc. n.
bacillus
a small staff, a wand; N.L. masc. n.
Pontibacillus
bacillus pertaining to the sea.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Pontibacillus

Gram‐positive, spore‐forming rods, 0.4–0.9 µm × 2.3–4 µm. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Terminal, spherical endospores in swollen sporangia. Catalase‐positive. Urease‐negative. Oxidase is reported to be different in the different species. Strictly aerobic. No growth occurs in media without NaCl or with more than 15% NaCl. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains A1γ type
meso
‐DAP. Major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐7. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0 ante
, C
15:0 iso
, and C
16:0 iso
on Marine Agar (MA). Phylogenetically, the genus belongs to the family
Bacillaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40.8–42.

Type species
:
Pontibacillus chungwhensis
Lim, Jeon, Song and Kim 2005b, 169
VP
.
Ammoniphilus
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: July 2015

Am.mo.ni.phi'lus. N.L. neut. n.
ammonium
ammonia (NH
3
); Gr. adj.
philos
loving, friendly to; N.L. masc. n.
Ammoniphilus
ammonia lover.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / Ammoniphilus

Straight or slightly curved rods. Motile
by peritrichous flagella. Endospores are formed. Gram reaction is variable. Cell wall consists of two electron‐dense layers and electron‐dense granules.
Obligate aerobe
. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive.
Chemo‐organotroph
. Produce H
2
S from cysteine. Nitrate is not reduced. Indole‐negative. High concentrations of ammonium ions required for growth. Growth is optimal at ≥0.07 M NH
4
+
. Oxalate is used as the sole organic source for carbon and energy.
Obligate oxalotroph
. Temperature optimum for growth is 28–30°C; pH optimum for growth is 8.0–8.5. Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. Phylogenetically this genus belongs to the Bacilli lineage of Gram‐positive bacteria. Isolated from
Rumex acetosa
roots and decaying pinewood.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42–46 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Ammoniphilus oxalaticus
Zaitsev, Tsitko, Rainey, Trotsenko, Uotila, Stackebrandt and Salkinoja‐Salonen 1998, 161
VP
.
Brevibacillus
Authors: Logan Niall A. , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Bre.vi.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.
brevis
short; L. dim. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Brevibacillus
short, small rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / Brevibacillus

Gram‐positive, Gram‐variable, or Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped cells, 0.7–1.0 µm × 3.0–6.0 µm. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Ellipsoidal spores are formed and swell the sporangia
. Most species grow on routine media such as nutrient agar and trypticase soy agar producing flat, smooth, yellowish‐gray colonies. One species produces red pigment.
Most species are strictly aerobic, but one species is microaerophilic and one species is facultatively anaerobic
. Most species are catalase‐positive. Oxidase reaction varies between species. Voges–Proskauer reaction is negative. Nitrate reduction and casein, gelatin, and starch hydrolysis varies between species. Growth is inhibited by 5% NaCl. Optimum growth occurs at pH 7.0.
Carbohydrates may be assimilated, but acid is produced weakly if at all from them by most species
. Some amino acids and organic acids may be used as carbon and energy sources. The major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0 ante
and C
15:0 iso
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40.2–57.4.

Type species
:
Brevibacillus brevis
(Migula 1900) Shida, Takagi, Kadowaki and Komagata 1996a, 943
VP
(
Bacillus brevis
Migula 1900, 583.).
Planomicrobium
Authors: Yoon Jung‐Hoon , Kim Byung‐Chun , Park Yong‐Ha
Published: July 2015

Pla.no.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. n.
planos
wanderer; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Planomicrobium
motile microbe.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Planomicrobium

Rods or rods to cocci/short rods
in liquid culture and on plates usually 1.0–2.0 µm. Spores are not formed.
Gram‐positive to Gram‐variable. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum or peritrichous flagella
. Aerobic. Colonies on plates are circular, smooth, and
yellow to orange or pale orange
in color. Nitrate is or is not reduced to nitrite. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative or positive. Urease‐negative. Hydrolysis of esculin, casein, starch, and Tween 80 are negative or positive. Hydrolysis of gelatin is positive. The menaquinone profile is characterized by the predominance of MK‐8 followed by MK‐7, or by the predominance of MK‐8 followed by MK‐7 and MK‐6. The cellular fatty acids are mainly unsaturated and branched fatty acids (Table 1). The cellular phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and bisphosphatidylglycerol. In the 16S rRNA gene sequences, two sequence signatures, cytosine and guanine, are present at positions 183 and 190 (
Escherichia coli
numbering), respectively (Dai et al., 2005).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34.8–47 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Planomicrobium koreense
Yoon, Kang, Lee, Lee, Kho, Kang and Park 2001a, 1518
VP
.
Jeotgalicoccus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Je.ot.ga.li.coc'cus. N.L. n.
jeotgalum
(Korean n.
jeotgal
) jeotgal, traditional Korean seafood; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Jeotgalicoccus
coccus from jeotgal.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Staphylococcaceae” / Jeotgalicoccus

Nonsporeforming cocci
(0.6–1.1 µm).
Gram‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Optimal pH for growth is 7.0–8.0 and no growth occurs at 5.5.
Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive
. Urease negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
L
‐lysine at position 3 of the peptide subunit.
Peptidoglycan type is A3
α based on
L
‐Lys–Gly
3–4
–
L
‐Ala(Gly).

The principal menaquinone is MK‐7. Major fatty acids are C
15:0 ante

and C

15:
0 iso

.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–42.

Type species
:
Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans
Yoon, Lee, Weiss, Kang and Park 2 0 0 3, 600
VP
.
Abiotrophia
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki , Kawamura Yoshiaki
Published: July 2015

A.bi.o.tro'phi.a. Gr. pref.a‐, negative (un‐); Gr. n.bioslife; Gr. n.trophenutrition; N.L. fem. n.Abiotrophialife‐nutrition‐deficiency.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Aerococcaceae” / Abiotrophia

Cells are mainly cocci, but pleomorphic ovoid cells, coccobacilli, and rod‐shaped cells may occur. Pyridoxal hydrochloride(0.001%)orL‐cysteine(0.01%)required for growth on blood agar. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Gram‐positive. Facultative anaerobes. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative.Lactic acidis the major end product of glucose fermentation. Gas is not produced from glucose. Growth does not occur at 10 and 45°C or in the presence of 6.5% NaCl. Alpha‐hemolytic on supplemented sheep blood agar. Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine arylamidase are positive.Hippurate is not hydrolyzed. Arginine dihydrolase is negative. Resistant to optochin and susceptible to vancomycin. The organisms have been isolated from human clinical specimens, such as blood with sepsis (Bouvet et al., 1989; Carey et al., 1975) and endocarditis (Bouvet, 1995; Bouvet et al., 1980, 1981).

DNA G+C content(mol%): 46.0–46.6.

Type species:Abiotrophia defectiva(Bouvet, Grimonet and Grimont 1989) Kawamura, Hou, Sultana, Liu, Yamamoto and Ezaki 1995, 802 (Streptococcus defectivesBouvet, Grimonet and Grimont 1989, 290.)
Alkalibacterium
Authors: Ntougias Spyridon , Russell Nicholas J.
Published: July 2015

Al.ka.li.bac'te.ri.um. N.L. n.
alkali
(from Ar. article
al
the; Ar. n.
qaliy
ashes of saltwort) alkali; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Alkalibacterium
bacterium living under alkaline conditions.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Alkalibacterium

Cells are
rods
up to 0.4–1.2 × 0.7–3.7 µm
in both liquid culture and on plates
. Cells occur singly, in pairs, or in clusters of up to five cells.
Gram‐stain‐positive
.
Motile by polar or peritrichous flagella
.
Endospores are
not formed. Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Produce
DL
‐lactate from glucose. On plates, forms round (0.5–2.5 mm diameter)
white colonies
.
Obligately alkaliphilic
,
growing only above pH 8
.
0 and up to pH 11 or higher
.
Halotolerant
with growth up to 15–17 % NaCl and often a broad optimum from 0 to 13 % NaCl.
Mesophilic
(
often psychrotolerant
) with growth from 4–15 to 35–45 °C and optimal growth at 20–37 °C. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and an unknown phospholipid; glycolipids are also present. The cellular
fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated even‐carbon chain
, with
n
‐hexadecanoic, hexadecenoic, and octadecenoic acids as the major components.
Quinones are not present
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39.7–47.8.

Type species
:
Alkalibacterium olivapovliticus
corrig. Ntougias and Russell 2001, 1169
VP
.
Alloiococcus
Authors: Collins Matthew D.
Published: July 2015

Al.loi.o.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
alloios
different; N.L. n.
coccus
coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Alloiococcus
different coccus, referring to the phylogenetic distinctiveness of the organism.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Alloiococcus

Cells are ovoid in shape and divide on an irregular plane giving rise to pairs, tetrads, and clusters. Gram‐stain‐positive and nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.
Nutritionally fastidious
. Grows in 6.5% NaCl (slowly) but not in 10% NaCl.
No growth at 10 or 45
°
C. Aerobic
. Catalase may or may not be produced. Oxidase‐negative.
Gas is not produced. Acid is not produced from glucose and other carbohydrates. Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine aminopeptidase‐positive. Vancomycin sensitive
. Long‐chain cellular fatty acids are of the straight‐chain saturated and unsaturated types.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44–45 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Alloiococcus otitis
Aguirre and Collins 1992a, 83
VP
.
Atopobacter
Authors: Collins Matthew D. , Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

A.to.po.bac'ter. Gr. adj.
atopos
having no place, strange; L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Atopobacter
strange rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Atopobacter

Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, short, nonsporeforming, irregular rods. Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative. No growth at 45
°
C
. Gas is not produced.

Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other sugars. Arginine dihydrolase, pyroglutamic acid arylamidase, and pyrrolidonyl arylamidase are produced. Esculin, gelatin, hippurate, and urea are not hydrolyzed

. Nitrate is not reduced. Voges–Proskauer‐negative.

The cell‐wall murein is type
L
‐ornithine

–

d

‐
aspartic acid
(
A4
β).

Type species
:
Atopobacter phocae
Lawson, Foster, Falsen, Ohlén and Collins 2000, 1759
VP
.
Pediococcus
Authors: Holzapfel Wilhelm. H. , Franz Charles M.A.P. , Ludwig Wolfgang , Dicks Leon M.T.
Published: July 2015

Pe.di.o.coc'cus. Gr. n.
pedium
a plane surface; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Pediococcus
coccus growing in one plane.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Lactobacillaceae / Pediococcus

Nine species are recognized within this genus, including
Pediococcus acidilactici
(Lindner, 1887; Skerman et al., 1980),
Pediococcus claussenii
(Dobson et al., 2002),
Pediococcus cellicola
(Zhang et al., 2005),
Pediococcus damnosus
(Balcke, 1884; Claussen, 1903; Skerman et al., 1980),
Pediococcus dextrinicus
(Back, 1978a; Coster and White, 1964; Skerman et al., 1980),
Pediococcus inopinatus
(Back, 1978a, 1988),
Pediococcus parvulus
(Günther and White, 1961; Skerman et al., 1980),
Pediococcus pentosaceus
(Mees, 1934; Skerman et al., 1980) with the subspecies
Pediococcus pentosaceus
subsp.
pentosaceus
and
Pediococcus pentosaceus
subsp.
intermedius
, and
Pediococcus stilesii
(Franz et al., 2006). The
Pediococcus
type species is
Pediococcus damnosus
(Claussen, 1903). Judicial Opinion 52 states that this generic name is conserved over
Pediococcus
(Balcke, 1884) and all earlier objective synonyms. Erroneously, the genus name
Pediococcus
(Balcke, 1884) has been cited in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Skerman, McGowan and Sneath, 1980) and in the Amended Edition of the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Euzéby, 1998; Skerman, McGowan and Sneath, 1989). These species can clearly be distinguished on the basis of DNA–DNA similarity (Table 88).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–44 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Pediococcus damnosus
Claussen 1903, 68
AL
.
Leuconostoc
Authors: Holzapfel Wilhelm. H. , Björkroth Johann A. , Dicks Leon M. T.
Published: July 2015

Leu.co.nos'toc. Gr. adj.
leucus
clear, light; N.L. neut. n.
Nostoc
algal generic name; N.L. neut. n.
Leuconostoc
colorless nostoc.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Leuconostocaceae” / Leuconostoc

The genus
Leuconostoc
comprises 10 species, with three subspecies for
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
.
Leuconostoc paramesenteroides
has been reclassified as
Weissella paramesenteroides
(Collins et al., 1 9 9 3) and
Leuconostoc oenos
has been assigned to the genus
Oenococcus
as
Oenococcus oeni
sp. nov. (Dicks et al., 1 9 9 5a).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–44 (
T
m
and Bd).

Type species
:
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
(Tsenkovskii 1 8 7 8) van Tieghem 1 8 7 8, 191
AL
(
Ascococcus mesenteriodes
Tsenkovskii 1 8 7 8, 159.).
Heliobacillus
Authors: Madigan Michael T.
Published: July 2015

He.li.o.ba.cil' lus
. Gr. n.
helios
sun; L. dim.n.
bacillum
a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Heliobacillus
sun rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Heliobacteriaceae” / Heliobacillus

Highly motile cells containing peritrichous flagella
. For other properties, see Table 1.

Type species
:
Heliobacillus mobilis
Beer‐Romero and Gest 1998, 627 (Effective publication: Beer‐Romero and Gest 1987, 113.)
Heliobacterium
Authors: Madigan Michael T.
Published: July 2015

He.li.o.bac.ter' i.um
. Gr. n.
helios
sun; Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
, a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Heliobacterium
sun bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Heliobacteriaceae” / Heliobacterium

Rod‐shaped cells
, slightly curved, 0.8–1 × 2.5–9 µm (Figure 2),
or spirilla
, 1–1.2 µm in width and of similar length to rod‐shaped cells (Figure 3). From an ultrastructural standpoint, cells of heliobacteria lack intracytoplasmic membranes or chlorosomes, and thus electron micrographs of the cytoplasm give no indication that the cells are phototrophic (Figure 4). Colonies on a yeast extract/salts medium (medium PYE, see Kimble et al., 1995) frequently have irregular margins because of wavy protrusions of cell masses in palisade formations, similar to what is seen in gliding bacteria. Motility variable but usually by polar or subpolar flagella;
H
.
chlorum
may show slow gliding movement.
Some species
, particularly
H
.
chlorum
,
lyse readily at stationary phase in rich or defined media
. One species is thermophilic.

Type species
:
Heliobacterium chlorum
Gest and Favinger 1985, 223 (Effective publication: Gest and Favinger 1983, 15.)
Heliophilum
Authors: Madigan Michael T.
Published: July 2015

He.li.o.phi' lum
. Gr. n.
helios
sun;
philos
loving; M.L. neut. n.
Heliophilum
sun lover.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Heliobacteriaceae” / Heliophilum

Cells straight rods with tapered ends
.
Form bundles of several cells that are motile as a unit
. Entire bundles show scotophotophobic response. Heat‐resistant endospores produced in newly isolated cultures. Contain bacteriochlorophyll
g
. Capable of assimilatory sulfate reduction; growth inhibited by sulfide above 0.1 mM. Biotin required. NaCl not required and growth inhibitory at concentrations 1%. Other properties are the same as those described for the family
Heliobacteriaceae
(see also Table 1).

Type species
:
Heliophilum fasciatum
Ormerod, Kimble, Nesbakken, Torgersen, Woese and Madigan 1996b, 1189 (Effective publication: Ormerod, Kimble, Nesbakken, Torgersen, Woese and Madigan 1996a, 233.)
Carbon‐Stabilized High‐Capacity Ferroferric Oxide Nanorod Array for Flexible Solid‐State Alkaline Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Device with High Environmental Suitability
Authors: Li Ruizhi , Wang Yimeng , Zhou Cheng , Wang Chong , Ba Xin , Li Yuanyuan , Huang Xintang , Liu Jinping
Published: July 2015

Iron oxides are promising to be utilized in rechargeable alkaline battery with high capacity upon complete redox reaction (Fe3+ Fe0). However, their practical application has been hampered by the poor structural stability during cycling, presenting a challenge that is particularly huge when binder‐free electrode is employed. This paper proposes a “carbon shell‐protection” solution and reports on a ferroferric oxide–carbon (Fe3O4–C) binder‐free nanorod array anode exhibiting much improved cyclic stability (from only hundreds of times to >5000 times), excellent rate performance, and a high capacity of ≈7776.36 C cm−3 (≈0.4278 C cm−2; 247.5 mAh g−1, 71.4% of the theoretical value) in alkaline electrolyte. Furthermore, by pairing with a capacitive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film cathode, a unique flexible solid‐state rechargeable alkaline battery‐supercapacitor hybrid device (≈360 μm thickness) is assembled. It delivers high energy and power densities (1.56 mWh cm−3; 0.48 W cm−3/≈4.8 s charging), surpassing many recently reported flexible supercapacitors. The highest energy density value even approaches that of Li thin‐film batteries and is about several times that of the commercial 5.5 V/100 mF supercapacitor. In particular, the hybrid device still maintains good electrochemical attributes in cases of substantially bending, high mechanical pressure, and elevated temperature (up to 80 °C), demonstrating high environmental suitability.
Mosaic paternal genome‐wide uniparental isodisomy with down syndrome
Authors: Darcy Diana , Atwal Paldeep Singh , Angell Cathy , Gadi Inder , Wallerstein Robert
Published: July 2015

We report on a 6‐month‐old girl with two apparent cell lines; one with trisomy 21, and the other with paternal genome‐wide uniparental isodisomy (GWUPiD), identified using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based microarray and microsatellite analysis of polymorphic loci. The patient has Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) due to paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) at chromosome location 11p15 (UPD 11p15), which was confirmed through methylation analysis. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is present, which is associated with paternal UPD 11p15.5; and she likely has medullary nephrocalcinosis, which is associated with paternal UPD 20, although this was not biochemically confirmed. Angelman syndrome (AS) analysis was negative but this testing is not completely informative; she has no specific features of AS. Clinical features of this patient include: dysmorphic features consistent with trisomy 21, tetralogy of Fallot, hemihypertrophy, swirled skin hyperpigmentation, hepatoblastoma, and Wilms tumor. Her karyotype is 47,XX,+21[19]/46,XX[4], and microarray results suggest that the cell line with trisomy 21 is biparentally inherited and represents 40‐50% of the genomic material in the tested specimen. The difference in the level of cytogenetically detected mosaicism versus the level of mosaicism observed via microarray analysis is likely caused by differences in the test methodologies. While a handful of cases of mosaic paternal GWUPiD have been reported, this patient is the only reported case that also involves trisomy 21. Other GWUPiD patients have presented with features associated with multiple imprinted regions, as does our patient. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neurobehavioral and molecular phenotype of Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Wink Logan K. , Fitzpatrick Sarah , Shaffer Rebecca , Melnyk Sophia , Begtrup Amber H. , Fox Emma , Schaefer Tori L. , Mathieu‐Frasier Lauren , Ray Balmiki , Lahiri Debomoy , Horn Paul A. , Erickson Craig A.
Published: July 2015

Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with developmental delay, speech impairment, gait ataxia, and a unique behavioral profile. AS is caused by loss of maternal expression of the paternally imprinted UBE3A gene. In this study we aim to contribute to understanding of the neurobehavioral phenotype of AS with particular focus on the neuropsychiatric presentation of the disorder. We also undertake initial exploration of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plasma levels in AS. Twelve individuals ages 3 years or older with a confirmed genetic diagnosis of AS underwent detailed medical history, phenotypic characterization, and BDNF plasma sampling. The results of this study demonstrate that individuals with AS suffer from significant developmental delay, impaired adaptive behavior, and sleep disruption. Additionally, hyperactivity/impulsivity appears to be the primary behavioral domain noted in these individuals. The majority of individuals in this project met criteria for autism spectrum disorder on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS); however, a negative correlation was noted between ADOS score and developmental age. BDNF plasma levels in AS individuals were significantly elevated compared to neurotypical controls. This is the first report of abnormal BDNF levels in AS, and one that necessitates larger future studies. The results provide a clue to understanding abnormal neuronal development in AS and may help guide future AS research. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mizoroki–Heck Reaction of Aryl Halides and Dialkyl Allylphosphonates in Water Catalyzed by Reusable Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Liao Wei‐Ting , Yang Xin‐Jing , Tseng Ya‐Yi , Wu Chien‐Chi , Liu Ling‐Jun , Tsai Fu‐Yu
Published: July 2015

Commercial [PdCl2(NH3)2] was applied to catalyze the Mizoroki–Heck coupling of aryl halides with dialkyl allylphosphonates using iPr2NH as the base in water under aerobic conditions. The reaction was conducted at 80 °C (for aryl iodides) or 120 °C (for aryl bromides) for 36 h, giving the corresponding aryl‐substituted allylphosphonates in good to excellent yields, and both water‐soluble and insoluble aryl halides could be utilized in this reaction. After extracting the reaction solution with ethyl acetate, the residual aqueous solution was reused for the same reaction several times, and the true catalyst was found to be palladium nanoparticles. In addition, a one‐pot synthesis of 1,4‐diarylbuta‐1,3‐dienes, which combined this catalytic reaction with the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons–Wittig reaction, was also performed.
Generalized Approach to Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Substituted β‐Amino Acids Bearing CHF2, CBrF2, and CClF2 Groups
Authors: Dai Yanling , Xie Chen , Zhou Jie , Mei Haibo , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: July 2015

Currently, there is a great demand for the development of new methods for the preparation of fluorine containing compounds. However, biologically relevant molecules bearing fluoroalkyl groups other than CF3 still remain virtually unexplored. Herein, we report a simple approach for preparation of β‐amino acids derivatives containing CHF2, CBrF2, and CClF2 groups via addition reactions of the corresponding (Ss)‐N‐(tert‐butanesulfinyl)‐CXF2‐acetaldimines and alkyl‐acetate‐derived enolates. The reactions occur with excellent diastereoselectivity of up to >99:1 providing a simple and reliable access to a type of biologically valuable derivatives.
Multi‐Compartmental Hydrogel Microparticles Fabricated by Combination of Sequential Electrospinning and Photopatterning
Authors: Cho Kanghee , Lee Hyun Jong , Han Sang Won , Min Ji Hong , Park Hansoo , Koh Won‐Gun
Published: July 2015

Multi‐compartmental non‐spherical hydrogel microparticles were fabricated by combining electrospinning and photopatterning. Sequential electrospinning produced multi‐layered fiber matrices with different composition in which each layer became a compartment of the particle. Photopatterning of the hydrogel in the presence of the multi‐layered fiber matrix generated multi‐compartmental microparticles with different vertical functionalities. While the shapes of the hydrogel microparticles were determined by the design of the photomask, the chemical properties and size of each compartment were independently controlled by changing the molecules incorporated into each fiber matrix and the electrospinning times, respectively. The resultant multi‐compartmental hydrogel microparticles could carry out not only the release of different growth factors with independent kinetics but also binding of multiple targets at different compartments.
Lanthanide Luminescence Modulation by Cation–π Interaction in a Bioinspired Scaffold: Selective Detection of Copper(I)
Authors: Isaac Manon , Denisov Sergey A. , Roux Amandine , Imbert Daniel , Jonusauskas Gediminas , McClenaghan Nathan D. , Sénèque Olivier
Published: July 2015

A prototype luminescent turn‐on probe for Cu+ (and Ag+) is described, harnessing a selective binding site (log Kass=9.4 and 7.3 for Cu+ and Ag+, respectively) based on the coordinating environment of the bacterial metallo‐chaperone CusF, integrated with a terbium‐ion‐signaling moiety. Cation–π interactions were shown to enhance tryptophan triplet population, which subsequently sensitized, on the microsecond timescale, the long‐lived terbium emission, offering a novel approach in bioinspired chemosensor design.
The Hexacyanodiborane(6) Dianion [B2(CN)6]2−
Authors: Landmann Johannes , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Hailmann Michael , Bernhardt‐Pitchougina Vera , Willner Helge , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Bernhardt Eduard , Finze Maik
Published: July 2015

Diborane(6) dianions with substituents that are bonded to boron via carbon are very reactive and therefore only a few examples are known. Diborane(6) derivatives are the simplest catenated boron compounds with an electron‐precise B–B σ‐bond that are of fundamental interest and of relevance for material applications. The homoleptic hexacyanodiborane(6) dianion [B2(CN)6]2− that is chemically very robust is reported. The dianion is air‐stable and resistant against boiling water and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Its salts are thermally highly stable, for example, decomposition of (H3O)2[B2(CN)6] starts at 200 °C. The [B2(CN)6]2− dianion is readily accessible starting from 1) B(CN)32− and an oxidant, 2) [BF(CN)3]− and a reductant, or 3) by the reaction of B(CN)32− with [BHal(CN)3]− (Hal=F, Br). The latter reaction was found to proceed via a triply negatively charged transition state according to an SN2 mechanism.
From Gas‐Phase to Liquid‐Water Chemical Reactions: The Fluorine Atom Plus Water Trimer System
Authors: Li Guoliang , Li Qian‐Shu , Xie Yaoming , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: July 2015

The potential energy profile for the F+(H2O)3→HF+(H2O)2OH reaction has been investigated using the “gold standard” CCSD(T) method with correlation‐consistent basis sets up to cc‐pVQZ. Four different reaction pathways have been found and these are related, both geometrically and energetically. The entrance complexes F⋅⋅⋅(H2O)3 for all four reaction pathways are found lying ca. 7 kcal mol−1 below the separated reactants F+(H2O)3. The four reaction barriers on their respective reaction coordinates lie ca. 4 kcal mol−1 below the reactants. There are also corresponding exit complexes HF⋅⋅⋅(H2O)2OH, lying about 13 kcal mol−1 below the separated products HF+(H2O)2OH. Compared with analogous F+(H2O)2 and F+H2O reactions, the F+(H2O)3 reaction is somewhat similar to the former but qualitatively different from the latter. It may be reasonable to predict that the reactions between atomic fluorine and water tetramer (or even larger water clusters) may be similar to the F+(H2O)3 reaction.
Lignocellulosic biomass for the preparation of cellulose‐based hydrogel and its use for optimizing water resources in agriculture
Authors: Ibrahim Maha M. , Abd‐Eladl Mostafa , Abou‐Baker Nesreen H.
Published: July 2015

Recently, efforts have been devoted to find ways in utilizing biomass as feedstocks for the production of organic chemicals. This is because of its abundance, renewability and worldwide distribution. Lignocellulosic agricultural waste materials are regarded as abundant, inexpensive, and readily available natural resources for both chemical and paper industries. Hydrogels are polymeric materials that vary in their origin and composition and can absorb large amount of water without dissolving. In our study, cellulose‐based acrylic acid hydrogel was synthesized starting from rice straw as a source for the lignocellulosic material, where cellulose was first isolated after alkaline‐acid pulping treatment followed by bleaching step with sodium hypochlorite resulting of 90.8% holocellulose. The cellulose‐based acrylic acid hydrogel was synthesized applying heterogeneous reaction and shows a swelling ratio more than 3000%. The resulting hydrogel was further characterized with FT‐IR and SEM. On the other hand, comparison between the rice straw‐based hydrogel and the commercially available acrylamide hydrogel was studied for improving maize production in salt affected soil as well as in the growth promoters of maize under water stress. The experimental results demonstrated that the yield parameters were increased with increasing irrigation rates. Both types of hydrogels introduce positive and significant effect compared to the one without adding hydrogels. Also, acrylamide hydrogel was effective for improving almost yield parameters more than applying rice straw‐based hydrogel. Generally, the addition of hydrogel increases the nutrient concentration, uptake, and both of water and nutrients use efficiency. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42652.
Polyether polyols as GPC calibration standards for determination of molecular weight distribution of polyether polyols
Authors: Mohd Noor Mohd Azmil , Sendijarevic Vahid , Abu Hassan Hazimah , Sendijarevic Ibrahim , Tuan Ismail Tuan Noor Maznee , Seng Soi Hoong , Hanzah Nurul ‘Ain , Ghazali Razmah
Published: July 2015

Average molecular weights (Mn,MwandMp) are important characteristics of oligomers and polymers, and therefore there is a need to have a precise and reliable determination method. A gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with a single refractive index detector was used to determine the molecular weight distributions of commercial polyether polyols calibrated against a series of polyether polyols with known molecular weights and low polydispersity. Results of these GPC analyses were compared to the ones calibrated against the commercially available polystyrene (PS) standards. The number‐average molecular weights (Mn) obtained with GPC using polyether polyols calibration were closer to the theoretical values than theMnobtained using PS as calibration standards. Hence, these GPC analyses using polyether polyols as calibration standards can provide reliable determination of molecular weight distribution of polyether polyols and can be potentially applied to natural oil‐based polyols, including palm oil‐based polyols. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42698.