bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-century tree-ring based reconstruction of the Neuquén River streamflow, northern Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Mundo I. A. , Masiokas M. H. , Villalba R. , Morales M. S. , Neukom R. , Le Quesne C. , Urrutia R. B. , Lara A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In most cases, gauged river flow records in southern South America exist for only a few decades, hampering the detection of long-term, decadal to centennial-scale cycles and trends. Long streamflow series can be reconstructed from tree-ring records, offering the opportunity of extending the limited hydrological instrumental data for several centuries or millennia. In northern Patagonia, Argentina, the Neuquén River has great importance for local and national socio-economic activities such as hydroelectric power generation, agriculture and tourism. In this study, new and updated tree-ring chronologies from Araucaria araucana and Austrocedrus chilensis are used to reconstruct the October–June mean streamflow for the Neuquén River and place the period of gauged flows, 1903–2009, in a long-term, multi-century context. The reconstruction covers the period 1346–2000 AD and was developed through a nested principal components regression approach using a network of 43 tree-ring chronologies grouped in composite series. Analyses of the frequency, intensity, and duration of droughts and pluvial events indicate that the 20th century contains some of the driest and wettest annual to decadal-scale events in the past millennium, but longer and more severe events can also be observed in previous centuries. Blackman-Tukey and Singular Spectral Analyses identified various multi-decadal quasiperiodic oscillations with a dominant 6.8-year cycle explaining ca. 23.6% of the total variance in the Neuquén River streamflow reconstruction. We also found that the Neuquén River discharges are related to variations in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), a measure of air mass exchanges between middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. This association is consistent with previous studies which indicate a strong connection between rainfall patterns in northern Patagonia and SAM activity.
Eddy characteristics in the northern South China Sea as inferred from Lagrangian drifter data
Authors:   Jiaxun Li,   Ren Zhang,   Baogang Jin
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies from large scale to submesoscale in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) have been statistically characterized based on the satellite-tracked Lagrangian drifters using our developed geometric eddy identification method. There are in total 2208 eddies identified, 70% of which are anticyclonic eddies. If the submesoscale eddies are eliminated, the other eddies in the NSCS will show a 1.2:1 ratio of the number of anticyclones (210) to the number of cyclones (171). The spatial distribution of the eddies is regional: in southwest of Taiwan, the number of anticyclones dominates the number of cyclones, and most of them are the submesoscale anticyclones with small radii; in contrast, the large and medium cyclonic eddies are a little more than the same scale anticyclonic eddies in northwest of Luzon. The temporal distribution of eddy number in the NSCS has a close relation with the Asian monsoon. The number of the large and medium eddies peaks during the winter monsoon, while the submesoscale eddies are apt to generate in the summer monsoon. The spatial and temporal patterns have a good agreement with the results of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA). The maximum and mean tangential velocities of anticyclones (cyclones) are 40 (30) cm s−1 and 25 (15) cm s−1, respectively. The calculated normalized vorticities from drifters suggest that although the mesoscale eddies may be considered in geostrophic balance, ageostrophic dynamics and centrifugal effects may play an important role for the growth and decay of the mesoscale cores.
Spatio-temporal measurements and analysis of snow depth in a rock face
Authors: Wirz V. , Schirmer M. , Gruber S. , Lehning M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Snow in rock faces plays a key role in the alpine environment for permafrost distribution, snow water storage or runoff in spring. However, a detailed assessment of snow depths in steep rock walls has never been attempted. To understand snow distribution in rock faces a high-resolution terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), including a digital camera, was used to obtain interpolated snow depth (HS) data with a grid resolution of one metre. The mean HS, the snow covered area and their evolution in the rock face were compared to a neighbouring smoother catchment and a flat field station at similar elevation. Further we analyzed the patterns of HS distribution in the rock face after different weather periods and investigated the main factors contributing to those distributions. In a first step we could show that with TLS reliable information on surface data of a steep rocky surface can be obtained. In comparison to the flatter sites in the vicinity, mean HS in the rock face was lower during the entire winter, but trends of snow depth changes were similar. We observed repeating accumulation and ablation patterns in the rock face, while maximum snow depth loss always occurred at those places with maximum snow depth gain. Further analysis of the main factors contributing to the snow depth distribution in the rock face revealed terrain-wind-interaction processes to be dominant. Processes related to slope angle seem to play a role, but no simple relationship between slope angle and snow depth was found. Further analyses should involve measurements in rock faces with other characteristics and higher temporal resolutions to be able to distinguish individual processes better. Additionally, the relation of spatial and temporal distribution of snow depth to terrain – wind interactions should be tested.
Strangers No More: the Initial Hitchcock murder
Authors: Dima Vlad
Published: October 2011

This article analyzes the various levels of violence and graphic detail in the initial Hitchcock murder scenes. Through a detailed close reading of these scenes from Blackmail, Strangers on a Train, and Frenzy, I expose the different and increasing levels of intensity at which sadism functions throughout Hitchcock’s career, and I suggest that the audience is stuck at a one-stage sadistic level as opposed to the typical Freudian model.
Re-Organizing Cultural Values: Vers le Sud by Laurent Cantet
Authors: Michelmann Judith
Published: October 2011

Cantet's movie “Vers le sud/ Heading South“ (2005) explores cultural stereotypes and values without being moralizing in a common sense. His drama deals with female sex tourism, political and social violence, power and money in such a way that people are tempted to judge the protagonists: Their desire for young black men is called “embarrassing“, they are seen as corrupting and as actors in a new kind of imperialism. In fact the images in the film organize characters in a certain kind of dualism which leads easily to these argumentations. But having a look at the cultural values that produce the disgust, we see that they are all open to question.
Changing Landscape of Moral Registers and Urban Pathology in ‘Bombay’ Cinema: Decline of Biological Family and Birth of the Individual through Awara (1951), Deewar (1951), (1975) and Satya (1998)
Authors: Kumar Akshaya
Published: October 2011

This article attempts to map out the changing image of biological family as the central axis of collective moral imagination in Bombay Cinema. Tracing the journey of the nation through three iconic films that were massively successful and helped the nation construct its self-projection, Awara (1951),  Deewar (1975), and Satya (1998), mark the birth of an individual who disengages from the epic imagination of Ramayana and Mahabharata and arrives in the dark modern metropolis of post-liberalization India, not as a star figure but in a forever exile confronting, heroically indeed, a pathological condition of his exiled larger collective.
The Wing Beat of the Butterfly. The Causality of Asymmetric Cultural Encounters and Escalation in Babel (2006) and Valley of Wolves – Iraq/ Kurtlar Vadisi – Irak (2006)
Authors: Bernard Veronika
Published: October 2011

The term ‘asymmetric conflict’ describes a war-like situation in which the opponents involved do not have equal access to decisive logistic resources. The author of this article states that cultural en­coun­ters can also be of asymmetric quality: in situations of provoked or accidental (inter)cultural mis­understandings, in hierarchical situations and in cases of emergency. She further states that the mo­vies Babel (2006) and Valley of Wolves – Iraq (2006) can be seen as cinematic adaptations of such cases putting the focus on the causality of asymmetric cultural encounters and escalation. The ar­tic­le deals with the major cinematic tools applied in visualizing this causality in the two films.
The Language of Colours. A Semiotic Analysis of Colours and Symbolic Imagery in Francis Ford Coppola’s "Bram Stoker’s Dracula" (1992)
Authors: Bernard Veronika
Published: October 2011

Reviews referring to Francis Ford Coppola’s Columbia Pictures Bram Stoker’s Dracula classic of 1992 recurrently mention the images owing to the camera work of Michael Ballhaus as the striking feature of the movie and highly praise them for their thematically coherent effect.. The colours, if mentioned at all, leave reviewers undecided to sceptical when it comes to evaluating their contribution to the overall composition of the film, though. By providing a semiotic analysis of colours and symbolic imagery the below article will show how colours and imagery in their inter-relatedness create coherence and cohesion with Coppola’s interpretation of Stoker’s Dracula as a religiously inspired morality play set in the context of Victorian cultural values and self-perception.
Identity, Cultural Representation and Feminism in the Movie Head-On
Authors: Berchtel Sandra
Published: October 2011

The movie Head On (2004) from the director Fatih Akin draws the attention of the audience to Turkish women living in Germany. It portrays how some women have to struggle with Turkish traditions and identity problems, living in a modern capitalistic country but being surrounded by Turkish culture. This analysis asks the question whether the movie challenges or supports feminist ideas. Therefore, the characterization, the language, the use of violence, and sexuality will be evaluated to find answers. Feminist principles and goals will help to classify my findings and examine displayed power structures, mixed messages, portrayed stereotypes, and the construction of gender.
Intra-Operative Factors Predicting 1-Month Arteriovenous Fistula Thrombosis
Authors: Mestres Gaspar , Fontseré Nestor , García-Madrid Cesar , Campelos Paula , Maduell Francisco , Riambau Vicente
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The aim of this study is to determine clinical and ultrasound intra-operative factors related to 1-month autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) thrombosis in end-stage renal failure patients.

Methods

A prospective study was designed, including AVF performed between October 2009 and May 2010. Patient characteristics and intra-operative measurements (clinical and ultrasound findings in both artery and vein: diameters, peak-systolic, end-diastolic and mean velocities, flow and resistance index) were recorded. At 1-month follow-up, AVF primary patency was analyzed. Stepwise logistic regression and ROC curves of the resulting test were used.

Results

111 autogenous end-to-side AVF (44 radiocephalic, 45 brachiocephalic, 22 brachiobasilic) in 101 patients were performed. One-month primary patency rate was 84.7%. Intra-operative absence of bruit following skin closure could predict 1-month AVF thrombosis (70.6% sensitivity and 80.9% specificity, better than absence of thrill: 35.3% and 87.2%). However, logistic regression identified intra-operative end-diastolic velocity in the proximal feeding artery after AVF creation (EDV) as the best independent predictor of 1-month AVF thrombosis (OR=1.072, 95%CI 1.036–1.109; 76.5% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity for EDV<24.5 cm/s). This is a slight improvement on isolated clinical findings, but nevertheless a low positive predictive value (46.4%) is attained.

Conclusions

Prediction of AVF thrombosis with intra-operative ultrasound measurements (proximal artery EDV under 24.5 cm/s) can slightly improve isolated clinical findings, helping to establish an intra-operative criterion to review AVF and increase surgical efficiency, assuming a relatively low positive predictive value.
Effect of high‐speed power training on muscle performance, function, and pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A pilot investigation
Authors: Sayers Stephen P. , Gibson Kyle , Cook Cristi R.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine the effect of high‐speed power training (HSPT) on muscle performance, mobility‐based function, and pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

Thirty‐three participants (mean ± SD age 67.6 ± 6.8 years) were randomized to HSPT (n = 12), slow‐speed strength training (SSST; n = 10), or control (CON; n = 11) for a 12‐week intervention. HSPT performed 3 sets of 12–14 repetitions at 40% of the 1‐repetition maximum (1RM) “as fast as possible,” SSST performed 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions at 80% of the 1RM slowly, and CON performed stretching and warm‐up exercises. Outcome measures included leg press (LP) 1RM and LP peak power (PP) from 40–90% of the 1RM and the corresponding PP velocity (PPV) and PP force; 400‐meter walk, Berg Balance Scale, and timed chair rise; and self‐reported function and pain using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Analysis of variance models were used to compare changes from baseline to 12 weeks. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05.

Results

LP PP improved in both HSPT and SSST compared to CON (P = 0.04). LP PPV improved only in HSPT (P = 0.01). There were also improvements in timed chair rise (P = 0.002), WOMAC function (P = 0.004), and WOMAC pain (P = 0.02) across all of the groups.

Conclusion

HSPT was effective at improving function and pain, but no more so than either SSST or CON. Because HSPT improved multiple muscle performance measures (strength, power, and speed), it is a more effective resistance training protocol than SSST and may increase safety in this population, especially when high‐speed movements are required during daily tasks.
Improved consonant–vowel recognition for low bit‐rate coded speech
Authors: Vuppala Anil Kumar , Sreenivasa Rao K. , Chakrabarti Saswat
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we proposed a method for improving the recognition performance of 145 prominent consonant–vowel (CV) units in Indian languages for low bit‐rate coded speech. Proposed CV recognition method is carried out in two levels to reduce the similarity among a large number of CV classes. In the first level, vowel category of CV unit will be recognized, and in the second level, consonant category will be recognized. At each level of the proposed method, complementary evidences from support vector machine and hidden Markov models are combined to enhance the recognition performance. Effectiveness of the proposed two‐level CV recognition method is demonstrated by performing the recognition of isolated CV units and CV units collected from the Telugu broadcast news database. In this work, vowel onset point (VOP) is used as an anchor point for extracting accurate features from the CV unit. Therefore, a method is proposed for accurate detection of VOP in clean and coded speech. The proposed VOP detection method is based on the spectral energy in 500–2500 Hz frequency band of the speech segments present in the glottal closure region. Speech coders considered in this work are GSM full rate (ETSI 06.10), CELP (FS‐1016), and MELP (TI 2.4 kbps). Significant improvement in CV recognition performance is achieved using the proposed two‐level method compared with the existing methods under both clean and coded conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Size of Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Mehdaoui Boubker , Meffre Anca , Carrey Julian , Lachaize Sébastien , Lacroix Lise‐Marie , Gougeon Michel , Chaudret Bruno , Respaud Marc
Published: October 2011

Progress in the prediction and optimization of the heating of magnetic nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field is highly desirable for their application in magnetic hyperthermia. Here, a model system consisting of metallic iron nanoparticles with a size ranging from 5.5 to 28 nm is extensively studied. Their properties depend strongly on their size: behaviors typical of single‐domain particles in the superparamagnetic regime, in the ferromagnetic regime, and of multi‐domain particles are observed. Ferromagnetic single‐domain nanoparticles are the best candidates and display the highest specific losses reported in the literature so far (11.2 ± 1 mJ g−1). Measurements are analysed using recently a demonstrated analytical formula and numerical simulations of the hysteresis loops. Several features expected theoretically are observed for the first time experimentally: i) the correlation between the nanoparticle diameter and their coercive field, ii) the correlation between the amplitude of the coercive field and the losses, and iii) the variation of the optimal size with the amplitude of the magnetic field. None of these features are predicted by the linear response theory – generally used to interpret hyperthermia experiments – but are a natural consequence of theories deriving from the Stoner–Wohlfarth model; they also appear clearly in numerical simulations. These results open the path to a more accurate description, prediction, and analysis of magnetic hyperthermia.
Charge Transport in a Highly Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complex‐Cored Dendrimer with Double Dendrons
Authors: Gambino Salvatore , Lo Shih‐Chun , Liu Zehua , Burn Paul L. , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: October 2011

The charge transporting properties of a phosphorescent iridium(III) complex‐cored dendrimer, with two dendrons attached to each ligand of the core are reported. The results show that the high photoluminescence quantum yield of this material is obtained without compromising charge transport. The hole mobility values are reported over a wide range of temperatures and electric fields using the charge‐generation layer time‐of‐flight technique. The results are analysed using the Gaussian disorder model (GDM), the correlated disorder model, the polaronic correlated disorder model, and the short‐range correlated Gaussian disorder model. It is found that the GDM model gives the most comprehensive description of hole transport in this material. In spite of its larger size, the hole mobility of the doubly dendronised material compares favourably with that of a smaller singly dendronised material, and its spherical shape leads to low energetic disorder and clearly non‐dispersive charge transport. This shows how molecular shape can be used to combine favourable photoluminescence and charge‐transporting properties.
Genome‐wide association study in German patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Hinney Anke , Scherag André , Jarick Ivonne , Albayrak Özgür , Pütter Carolin , Pechlivanis Sonali , Dauvermann Maria R. , Beck Sebastian , Weber Heike , Scherag Susann , Nguyen Trang T. , Volckmar Anna‐Lena , Knoll Nadja , Faraone Stephen V. , Neale Benjamin M. , Franke Barbara , Cichon Sven , Hoffmann Per , Nöthen Markus M. , Schreiber Stefan , Jöckel Karl‐Heinz , Wichmann H.‐Erich , Freitag Christine , Lempp Thomas , Meyer Jobst , Gilsbach Susanne , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Sinzig Judith , Lehmkuhl Gerd , Renner Tobias J. , Warnke Andreas , Romanos Marcel , Lesch Klaus‐Peter , Reif Andreas , Schimmelmann Benno G. , Hebebrand Johannes ,   Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: ADHD subgroup
Published: October 2011

The heritability of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is approximately 0.8. Despite several larger scale attempts, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have not led to the identification of significant results. We performed a GWAS based on 495 German young patients with ADHD (according to DSM‐IV criteria; Human660W‐Quadv1; Illumina, San Diego, CA) and on 1,300 population‐based adult controls (HumanHap550v3; Illumina). Some genes neighboring the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the lowest P‐values (best P‐value: 8.38 × 10−7) have potential relevance for ADHD (e.g., glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 gene, GRM5). After quality control, the 30 independent SNPs with the lowest P‐values (P‐values ≤ 7.57 × 10−5) were chosen for confirmation. Genotyping of these SNPs in up to 320 independent German families comprising at least one child with ADHD revealed directionally consistent effect‐size point estimates for 19 (10 not consistent) of the SNPs. In silico analyses of the 30 SNPs in the largest meta‐analysis so far (2,064 trios, 896 cases, and 2,455 controls) revealed directionally consistent effect‐size point estimates for 16 SNPs (11 not consistent). None of the combined analyses revealed a genome‐wide significant result. SNPs in previously described autosomal candidate genes did not show significantly lower P‐values compared to SNPs within random sets of genes of the same size. We did not find genome‐wide significant results in a GWAS of German children with ADHD compared to controls. The second best SNP is located in an intron of GRM5, a gene located within a recently described region with an infrequent copy number variation in patients with ADHD. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hysteresis Compensation and Adaptive Controller Design for a Piezoceramic Actuator System in Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Yen Ping‐Lang , Yan Mu‐Tian , Chen Yil
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an indirect adaptive controller combined with hysteresis compensation to achieve high accuracy positioning control of piezoceramic actuators and illustrates the results with an atomic force microscope (AFM) application. A dynamic model of a piezoceramic actuator system in AFM is derived and analyzed. A feedforward controller based on the Preisach model is proposed to compensate for the nonlinear hysteresis effects. Then an indirect adaptive controller is designed to achieve desired tracking performance as well as deal with the uncompensated nonlinearity from hysteresis and the system parameter variation due to creep. Experimental results indicate that the proposed controller can significantly improve the positioning control accuracy of the piezoceramic actuator as well as achieve high image quality of the AFM system. The maximum scanning error was reduced from 2µm to 0.3µm in comparison with a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Dissipative control for a class of uncertain nonlinear control systems
Authors: Hsueh Yao‐Chu , Su Shun‐Feng , Hsiao Chih‐Ching
Published: October 2011

A general dissipative controller is proposed to achieve robust tracking control performance for a class of uncertain single‐input single‐output (SISO) nonlinear systems. The feedback linearization technique is employed to transform the nonlinear system into an assignable inner linear system with a differential control input so that the relationship of the external (input) power and the stored energy of system can be shown clearly. Then, a dissipative controller with an assignable attenuation level is proposed to make the system energy dynamics fit a required dissipative inequality. The unstable factors of the system can then be attenuated accordingly. The system stability is guaranteed even if the system has permanent unavoidable uncertainties. The proposed design can be achieved without the use of traditional means, i.e. optimal control, which requires solution of a Hamilton inequality (or Riccati equation). The Lyapunov stable condition is assured in our approach when the system uncertainties belong to L ∞. Moreover, due to the compatibility of the proposed controller, the controller can be embedded into the designs of other controllers. In those designs, knowledge of the system functions is not required. Basically, the proposed dissipative controller is independent of the system functions. The use of the bounds of the system function is considered to prove the system stability only. Two simulations are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Output power distributions of terminals in a 3G mobile communication network
Authors: Persson Tomas , Törnevik Christer , Larsson Lars‐Eric , Lovén Jan
Published: October 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of the output power of mobile phones and other terminals connected to a 3G network in Sweden. It is well known that 3G terminals can operate with very low output power, particularly for voice calls. Measurements of terminal output power were conducted in the Swedish TeliaSonera 3G network in November 2008 by recording network statistics. In the analysis, discrimination was made between rural, suburban, urban, and dedicated indoor networks. In addition, information about terminal output power was possible to collect separately for voice and data traffic. Information from six different Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) was collected during at least 1 week. In total, more than 800000 h of voice calls were collected and in addition to that a substantial amount of data traffic. The average terminal output power for 3G voice calls was below 1 mW for any environment including rural, urban, and dedicated indoor networks. This is <1% of the maximum available output power. For data applications the average output power was about 6–8 dB higher than for voice calls. For rural areas the output power was about 2 dB higher, on average, than in urban areas. Bioelectromagnetics 33:320–325, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic fields on rat testicular function
Authors: Lee Hae‐June , Jin Yeung Bae , Kim Tae‐Hong , Pack Jeong‐Ki , Kim Nam , Choi Hyung‐Do , Lee Jae‐Seon , Lee Yun‐Sil
Published: October 2011

Wireless mobile phones and other telecommunication devices are used extensively in daily life. We therefore examined the effects of combined exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF) on rat testicular function, specifically with respect to sensitive processes such as spermatogenesis. Male rats were exposed to single code division multiple access (CDMA) and wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) RF signals for 12 weeks. The RF exposure schedule comprised 45 min/day, 5 days/week for a total of 12 weeks. The whole‐body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of CDMA and WCDMA was 2.0 W/kg each or 4.0 W/kg in total. We then investigated the correlates of testicular function such as sperm count in the cauda epididymis, testosterone concentration in the blood serum, malondialdehyde concentrations in the testes and epididymis, frequency of spermatogenesis stages, and appearance of apoptotic cells in the testes. We also immunoblotted for p53, bcl2, GADD45, cyclin G, and HSP70 in the testes of sham‐ and combined RF‐exposed animals. Based on the results, we concluded that simultaneous exposure to CDMA and WCDMA RF‐EMFs at 4.0 W/kg SAR did not have any observable adverse effects on rat spermatogenesis. Bioelectromagnetics 33:356–364, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A modified IMAC method for the capture of target protein from mammalian cell culture harvest containing metal chelating species
Authors: Zhang Aming , Zhang Cheng , Warikoo Veena , Forstrom Jonathan , Riske Frank
Published: October 2011

Although immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) offers high capacity and protein selectivity it is not typically used commercially for the capture of native proteins from mammalian cell culture harvest. This is due mainly to the potential for low target recovery due to the presence of strong metal ion chelating species in the harvest that compete for the metal immobilized on the resin. To address this issue a buffer exchange step, such as tangential flow filtration (TFF), is added after harvest clarification and prior to IMAC to remove the interfering harvest components. The addition of a TFF step adds process time and cost and reduces target protein recovery. The elimination of the TFF might make IMAC competitive with other orthogonal methods of protein capture. In this study, we developed a modified IMAC method to allow the direct loading of clarified mammalian harvest without prior buffer exchange (direct IMAC). Although the target enzyme recovery was lower than that from standard IMAC the elimination of the buffer exchange step resulted in a 19% increase in overall enzyme recovery. The target enzyme capacity in direct IMAC was higher, in our experience, than the capacity of hydrophobic interaction (HIC) and ion‐exchange (IEX) for protein capture. An economic evaluation of using direct IMAC as a capture step in manufacturing is also discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:747–753. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increasing the Reactivity of Nitrogen Catalysts
Authors: De Rycke Nicolas , Couty François , David Olivier R. P.
Published: October 2011

This review article presents how nitrogen‐centred Lewis bases were modified in order to increase their reactivity in catalytic processes. As examples, we focus on alcohol acylation and Morita–Baylis–Hilman reactions in order to showcase the fundamental parameters at play in transformations initiated by catalysts bearing respectively an active sp2 or sp3 nitrogen atoms. These two aspects are epitomised by two leading compounds, the Steglich base 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). Throughout this review, we stress the role played and the information brought by physical organic chemistry. Comprehension of these complex transformations relies on the fundamental knowledge of parameters, such as, nucleophilicity, nucleofugality, Lewis basicity, and crucially also the knowledge of their divergent impacts on each elementary step of the catalytic cycle.
System‐Dependent Dispersion Coefficients for the DFT‐D3 Treatment of Adsorption Processes on Ionic Surfaces
Authors: Ehrlich Stephan , Moellmann Jonas , Reckien Werner , Bredow Thomas , Grimme Stefan
Published: October 2011

Dispersion‐corrected density functional theory calculations (DFT‐D3) were performed for the adsorption of CO on MgO and C2H2 on NaCl surfaces. An extension of our non‐empirical scheme for the computation of atom‐in‐molecules dispersion coefficients is proposed. It is based on electrostatically embedded M4X4 (MNa, Mg) clusters that are used in TDDFT calculations of dynamic dipole polarizabilities. We find that the ${C_6^{MM} }$ dispersion coefficients for bulk NaCl and MgO are reduced by factors of about 100 and 35 for Na and Mg, respectively, compared to the values of the free atoms. These are used in periodic DFT calculations with the revPBE semi‐local density functional. As demonstrated by calculations of adsorption potential energy curves, the new C6 coefficients lead to much more accurate energies (Eads) and molecule–surface distances than with previous DFT‐D schemes. For NaCl/C2H2 we obtained at the revPBE‐D3(BJ) level a value of Eads=−7.4 kcal mol−1 in good agreement with experimental data (−5.7 to −7.1 kcal mol−1). Dispersion‐uncorrected DFT yields an unbound surface state. For the MgO/CO system, the computed revPBE‐D3(BJ) value of Eads=−4.1 kcal mol−1 is also in reasonable agreement with experimental results (−3.0 kcal mol−1) when thermal corrections are taken into account. Our new dispersion correction also improves computed lattice constants of the bulk systems significantly compared to plain DFT or previous DFT‐D results. The extended DFT‐D3 scheme also provides accurate non‐covalent interactions for ionic systems without empirical adjustments and is suggested as a general tool in surface science.
Vaporization Enthalpies of Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids: Dependence on Alkyl Chain Length
Authors: Zaitsau Dzmitry H. , Verevkin Sergey P. , Emel'yanenko Vladimir N. , Heintz Andreas
Published: October 2011

Vaporization enthalpies of a series of ten 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids (ILs) [Cnmim][NTf2] with alkyl chain lengths of n=2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 are determined by using a recently developed quartz crystal microbalance method. Due to the high sensitivity of the microbalance vapor studies can be extended to temperatures 60–100 K lower than those available with other methods. The results reveal a remarkably linear dependence of the vaporization enthalpies on the chain length at the reference temperature of 298 K.
Doping control of biosimilar epoetin kappa and other recombinant erythropoietins after intravenous application
Authors: Okano Masato , Sato Mitsuhiko , Kaneko Emi , Kageyama Shinji
Published: October 2011

Since the expiration of patent protection, a number of new recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) biosimilars have appeared on the worldwide market. In 2010, epoetin kappa, which is biosimilar to epoetin alfa, was clinically approved in Japan. Currently, both isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF‐PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) are approved by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) for detection of rEPO doping. Because it was unclear whether epoetin kappa could be detected by WADA‐accredited detection methods, intravenous administration studies of epoetin kappa, epoetin alfa, and epoetin beta were performed to test the applicability of these methods. The isoform bands of epoetin kappa expanded more widely towards the basic area and the profile appeared to be composed of at least eight bands, which were clearly different from those of other epoetins. The results showed that epoetin kappa also contains isoforms of higher molecular masses than those of originator epoetins on SDS‐PAGE; the mass distribution was confirmed by electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. We clearly detected epoetin kappa after its administration up to 10 h by IEF‐PAGE and 24 h by SDS‐PAGE; the detection window of the SDS‐PAGE is longer than that of the IEF‐PAGE. SDS‐PAGE compensates for the disadvantages of IEF‐PAGE in detecting urinary epoetin kappa. We also concluded that athletes abusing rEPO might move to intravenous injections for shorter clearance times instead of subcutaneous injections. In conclusion, out‐of‐competition tests need to be applied more frequently to improve the effectiveness of the rEPO detection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comorbidity of partial and subthreshold ptsd among men and women with eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey‐replication study
Authors: Mitchell Karen S. , Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Schlesinger Michelle R. , Brewerton Timothy D. , Smith Brian N.
Published: October 2011

Objective:

The comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders (EDs) is high among women but has been understudied in men. Little is known about the association between partial or subthreshold PTSD and EDs among women or men.

Method:

This study included PTSD and ED data from male (n = 2,382) and female (n = 3,310) National Comorbidity Survey‐Replication study participants.

Results:

The vast majority of women and men with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) reported a history of interpersonal trauma. Rates of PTSD were significantly higher among women and men with BN and BED. Subthreshold PTSD was more prevalent than threshold PTSD among women with BN and women and men with BED.

Discussion:

Interpersonal forms of trauma, PTSD, and subthreshold/partial PTSD, were prevalent among men and women with EDs. Findings highlight the importance of assessing for trauma and PTSD in ED patients. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Convenient Synthesis and Evaluation of a Heptadentate Bifunctional Ligand for Radioimmunotherapy Applications
Authors: Chong Hyun‐Soon , Sun Xiang , Dong Pengfei , Kang Chi Soo
Published: October 2011

An efficient synthetic route to a bifunctional chelating agent C‐NE3TA‐NCS for antibody‐targeted radioimmunotherapy (RIT) applications was developed. Various synthetic methods centered on key reaction steps, including bimolecular cyclization, ring‐opening reactions of aziridine and aziridinium cations, and reductive amination, were explored to optimize the preparation of a tetraaza‐based chelate TANPA and C‐NE3TA analogues. Heptadentate C‐NE3TA‐NCS was conjugated to a tumor‐targeting antibody and compared with hexadentate C‐NOTA‐NCS for radiolabeling reaction kinetics with lanthanides for RIT. The C‐NE3TA–antibody conjugate displayed significantly enhanced complexation kinetics with 90Y compared with the C‐NOTA–antibody conjugate. The synthetic methods for TANPA and C‐NE3TA‐NCS reported herein have broad applications for the preparation of bifunctional and macrocyclic chelating agents.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Tanikolide and the β‐Methyl‐Substituted Analogues of (+)‐Tanikolide and (–)‐Malyngolide
Authors: Doran Robert , Duggan Lesley , Singh Surrendra , Duffy Colm D. , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: October 2011

The δ‐lactone‐containing natural product (+)‐tanikolide, a brine shrimp toxin and antifungal compound, was synthesized in nine steps with an overall yield of 26.4 % by employing Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and ZrCl4‐catalyzed intramolecular acetalization as the key steps. The novel β‐methyl‐substituted analogues of (+)‐tanikolide and(–)‐malyngolide have also been prepared by using the same asymmetric synthetic approach.
Phase II trial of induction chemotherapy followed by surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young adults
Authors: Kies Merrill S. , Boatright Dowin H. , Li Guojun , Blumenschein George , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Brandon Gunn G. , Lewin Jan S. , Steinhaus Ganene D. , Sturgis Erich M.
Published: October 2011

Background

We conducted a phase II clinical trial of induction chemotherapy followed by surgery ± radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT) in young adults.

Methods

From September 2001 to October 2004, 23 patients aged 18 to 49 years with clinical T2–3 N0–2 M0 SCCOT and no prior radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or neck dissection underwent induction chemotherapy (paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and carboplatin) followed by glossectomy and neck dissection ± radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Results

On final surgical pathology, 9 patients (39%) had a complete/major (2 complete) histologic response at the primary tumor site; 8 patients (35%) had no response or progression. Similarly, 9 patients (39%) had a complete response in the neck or remained node negative; 6 patients (26%) had an increase in nodal category. No treatment‐associated deaths occurred, and toxicity was modest. At a median follow‐up from the end of treatment of 52 months (minimum, 23 months), 10 patients (43%) developed recurrence, and all 10 died of cancer. Crude recurrence/cancer death rates were associated with ≤ a partial response at the tongue (p = .029), poor histologic differentiation (p = .012), and multiple adverse features on final surgical pathology (p = .040).

Conclusion

Response rates and overall survival with this induction chemotherapy regimen were limited, but complete/major response at the tongue was associated with excellent prognosis. Additionally, improved patient selection and predictive tumor biomarkers will be needed for induction chemotherapy to be routinely incorporated into the treatment of oral tongue cancer in young adults. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Water storage in a till catchment. II: Implications of transmissivity feedback for flow paths and turnover times
Authors: Bishop Kevin , Seibert Jan , Nyberg Lars , Rodhe Allan
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the flow paths and turnover times within a catchment characterized by the transmissivity feedback mechanism where there is a strong increase in the saturated hydraulic conductivity towards the soil surface and precipitation inputs saturate progressively more superficial layers of the soil profile. The analysis is facilitated by the correlation between catchment water storage and groundwater levels, which made it possible to model the daily spatial distribution of water storage, both vertically in different soil horizons and horizontally across a 6300‐m2 till catchment. Soil properties and episodic precipitation input dynamics, combined with the influence of topographic features, concentrate flow in the horizontal, vertical, and temporal dimensions. Within the soil profile, there was a vertical concentration of lateral flow to superficial soil horizons (upper 30 cm of the soil), where much of the annual flow occurred during runoff episodes. Overland flow from a limited portion of the catchment can contribute to peak flows but is not a necessary condition for runoff episodes. The spatial concentration of flow, and the episodic nature of runoff events, resulted in a strong and spatially structured differentiation of local flow velocities within the catchment. There were large differences in the time spent by the laterally flowing water at different depths, with turnover times of lateral flow across a 1‐m‐wide soil pedon ranging from under 1 h at 10‐ to 20‐cm depth to a month at 70‐ to 80‐cm depth. In many regards, the hydrology of this catchment appears typical of the hydrology in till soils, which are widespread in Fenno‐Scandia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of grout curtains on karst groundwater behaviour: an example from the Dinaric karst
Authors: Bonacci Ognjen , Roje‐Bonacci Tanja
Published: October 2011

Grout curtains are vertical grout walls installed in the ground. In karst terrains, their construction is primarily connected with dams and reservoirs. Their main role is to increase water tightness and to prevent progressive erosion, blocking possible seepage paths along karst fissures and conduits. In this article, changes in the behaviour of the groundwater level (GWL) and the water temperature in nine deep piezometers, which were caused by the construction of a grout curtain at the Đale Reservoir on the Cetina River (Croatia), were analysed. The total length of the grout curtain is 3966 m. It spreads 120 m below the dam. The most analysed data are from the period after the dam had been built. Only few data and figures concern the comparison between pre‐ and post‐dam periods. The hourly data of the GWL and the water temperature were analysed for the period between 1 September 2008 at 02:00 h to 31 December 2009 at 23:00 h (11 687 h total) in six deep piezometers (marked in the text and figures as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). For three piezometers (marked in the text and figures as A, B and C), some discontinuous measurements of the GWL and the water temperature were available for analysis. The construction of the grout curtain made strong, sudden and possibly dangerous changes to the characteristics of the aquifer and the circulation of groundwater in the local area. Special attention is paid to analyses of the behaviour of the hourly GWL data measured in the piezometers pairs (two neighbouring piezometers, one inside and the other outside of the grout curtain). During more than 80% of the analysed period, the GWL was higher in the piezometer inside the grout curtain than the one outside of it. The intensity and range of the dynamics of GWL was higher in piezometer outside the grout curtain than the inside ones. After the construction of the grout curtain, the maximum measured hydrostatic pressure on some parts of the grout curtain was approximately 40 m. It changes quickly in both time and direction. The water temperature was found to be similar in all of the measured piezometers, and it varies between 10.2 and 15.7 °C with an average value of 12.7 °C. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐summer thermal regime of a small proglacial lake
Authors: Richards J. , Moore R. D. , Forrest A. L.
Published: October 2011

This study was motivated by an interest in understanding the potential effects of climate change and glacier retreat on late summer water temperatures in alpine areas. Fieldwork was carried out between July and September 2007 at Place Lake, located below Place Glacier in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Place Lake has an area of 72 000 m2, a single inlet and outlet channel, and an approximate residence time of 4 days. Warming between the inlet and outlet of the lake ranged up to 3 °C and averaged 1.8 °C, which exceeds the amount of warming that occurred over the 1 km reach of Place Creek between the lake outlet and tree line. Over a 23‐day period, net radiation totalled about 210 MJ·m–2, with sensible heat flux adding another 56 MJ m‐2. The latent heat flux consumed about 8% of the surface heat input. The dominant heat sink was the net horizontal advection associated with lake inflow and outflow. Early in the study period, temperatures between the surface and 6‐m depth were dominantly at or above 4 °C and were generally neutral to thermally stable, whereas temperatures decreased with depth below 6 m and exhibited irregular sub‐diurnal variations. The maximum outflow temperature of almost 7 °C occurred in this period. We hypothesize that turbidity currents associated with cold, sediment‐laden glacier discharge formed an underflow and influenced temperatures in the deeper portion of the lake but did not mix with the upper layers. Later in the study period, the lake was dominantly well mixed with some near‐surface stability associated with nocturnal cooling. Further research is required to examine the combined effects of sediment concentrations and thermal processes on mixing in small proglacial lakes to make projections of the consequences of glacier retreat on alpine lake and stream temperatures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrochemical characteristics and salinization processes of groundwater in the shallow aquifer of Eastern Laizhou Bay, China
Authors: Wen Xiaohu , Diao Meina , Wang De , Gao Meng
Published: October 2011

Groundwater salinization has become a crucial environmental problem worldwide and is considered the most widespread form of groundwater contamination in the coastal zone. In this study, a hydrochemical investigation was conducted in the eastern coastal shallow aquifer of Laizhou Bay to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and the salinity of groundwater using ionic ratios, deficit or excess of each ions, saturation indices and factor analysis. The results indicate that groundwater in the study area showed wide ranges and high standard deviations for most of hydrochemical parameters and can be classified into two hydrochemical facies, Ca2+‐Mg2+‐Cl‐ facies and Na+‐Cl‐ facies. The ionic ratio, deficit or excess of each ions and SI were applied to evaluate hydrochemical processes. The results obtained indicate that the salinization processes in the coastal zones were inverse cation exchange, dissolution of calcite and dolomite, and intensive agricultural practices. Factor analysis shows that three factors were determined (Factor 1: TDS, EC, Cl‐, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and SO42‐; Factor 2: HCO3‐ and pH; Factor 3: NO3‐ and pH), representing the signature of seawater intrusion in the coastal zone, weathering of water–soil/rock interaction, and nitrate contamination, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.