bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of file I/O traces in commercial computing environments
Authors: Ramakrishnan K. K. , Biswas Prabuddha , Karedla Ramakrishna
Published: January 2007

Improving the performance of the file system is becoming increasingly important to alleviate the effect of I/O bottlenecks in computer systems. To design changes to an existing file system or to architect a new file system it is important to understand current usage patterns. In this paper we analyze file I/O traces of several existing production computer sytems to understand file access behavior.

Our analysis suggests that a relatively small percentage of the files are active. The amount of total data active is also quite small for interactive environments. An average file encounters a relatively small number of file opens while receiving an order of magnitude larger number of reads to it. An average process opens quite a large number of files over a typical prime time period. What is more significant is that the effect of outliers on many of the characteristics we studied is dominant. A relatively small number of processes dominate the activity, and a very small number of files receive most of these operations.

In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic sharing of files in each of these enviroments, addressing both the simultaneous and sequential sharing aspects, and the activity to these shared files. We observe that although only a third of the active files are sequentially shared, they receive a very large proportion of the total operations. We analyze the traces from a given environment across different lengths of time, such as one hour, three hour and whole work-day intervals and do this for 3 different environments. This gives us an idea of the shortest length of the trace needed to have confidence in the estimation of the parameters.
Cluster-based file replication in large-scale distributed systems
Authors: Sandhu Harjinder S. , Zhou Songnian
Published: January 2007

The increasing need for data sharing in large-scale distributed systems may place a heavy burden on critical resources such as file servers and networks. Our examination of the workload in one large commercial engineering environment shows that wide-spread sharing of unstable files among tens to hundreds of users is common. Traditional client-based file cacheing techniques are not scalable in such environments.

We propose Frolic, a scheme for cluster-based file replication in large-scale distributed file systems. A cluster is a group of workstations and one or more file servers on a local area network. Large distributed systems may have tens or hundreds of clusters connected by a backbone network. By dynamically creating and maintaining replicas of shared files on the file servers in the clusters using those files, we effectively reduce reliance on central servers supporting such files, as well as reduce the distances between the accessing sites and data. We propose and study algorithms for the two main issues in Frolic, 1) locating a valid file replica, and 2) maintaining consistency among replicas. Our simulation experiments using a statistical workload model based upon measurement data and real workload characteristics show that cluster-based file replication can significantly reduce file access delays and server and backbone network utilizations in large-scale distributed systems over a wide range of workload conditions. The workload characteristics most critical to replication performance are: the size of shared files, the number of clusters that modify a file, and the number of consecutive accesses to files from a particular cluster.
Performance analysis of locking policies with limited wait depth
Authors: Thomasian Alexander
Published: January 2007

The performance of a transaction processing system with the standard two-phase locking (2PL) concurrency control (CC) method (with the general waiting policy upon a lock conflict) may be degraded significantly due to transaction blocking in a high lock contention environment. In the limit this effect leads to the
thrashing
phenomenon, i.e., the majority of the transactions in the system become blocked. Limiting the wait depth of blocked transactions is an effective method to increase the number of active transactions in the system and to prevent thrashing, but this is at the cost of additional processing due to transaction restarts. The no-waiting (or immediate restart) policy limits the wait-depth to zero, while cautious waiting and the running priority policies use different methods to limit the wait depth to one. A variant of the wait depth limited (WDL) policy [8] also limits the wait depth to one, while attempting to minimize the wasted processing incurred by transaction aborts. A unified methodology to analyze the performance of the 2PL CC method with limited wait depth policies in a system with multiple transaction classes is described in this paper. The analysis is based on Markov chains representing the execution steps of each transaction in isolation, but as affected by hardware resource and data contention with other transactions in the system. Since the transition rates of the Markov chain are not known a priori, an iterative solution method is developed, which is then applied to the running priority and WDL policies. Simulation is used for validating the accuracy of the approximate analytic solutions. Of interest are the conservation laws governing the rate at which locks are transferred among transactions, which can be used to verify the correctness of the analysis.
Closed-loop control with delayed information
Authors: Altman Eitan , Nain Philippe
Published: January 2007

The theory of Markov Control Model with Perfect State Information (MCM-PSI) requires that the current state of the system is known to the decision maker at decision instants. Otherwise, one speaks of Markov Control Model with Imperfect State Information (MCM-ISI). In this article, we introduce a new class of MCM-ISI, where the information on the state of the system is delayed. Such an information structure is encountered, for instance, in high-speed data networks.

In the first part of this article, we show that by enlarging the state space so as to include the last known state as well as all the decisions made during the travel time of the information, we may reduce a MCM-ISI to a MCM-PSI. In the second part of this paper, this result is applied to a flow control problem. Considered is a discrete time queueing model with Bernoulli arrivals and geometric services, where the intensity of the arrival stream is controlled. At the beginning of slot
t
+1,
t
=0,1,2,…, the decision maker has to select the probability of having one arrival in the current time slot from the set {

p
1

,

p
2

}, 0 ≤

p
2

<

p
1

≤ 1, only on the basis of the queue-length and action histories in [
0, t
]. The aim is to optimize a discounted throughput/delay criterion. We show that there exists an optimal policy of a threshold type, where the threshold is seen to depend on the last action.
Studying the performance properties of concurrent programs by simulation experiments on synthetic programs
Authors: Candlin Rosemary , Fisk Peter , Phillips Joe , Skilling Neil
Published: January 2007

We have developed a methodology for constructing performance models of different types of concurrent programs, and hence obtaining estimates of execution times on different multiprocessor machines. A given class of program is characterized in terms of a small set of parameters which summarise the behaviour of the program over time. Synthetic programs with selected sets of parameters can then be generated and their execution simulated on a model of some given parallel machine. By varying the parameters systematically, we can discover which factors most affect performance.

Our approach has been to conduct factorial experiments from which we can obtain quantitative predictions of performance for arbitrary concurrent programs whose parameter values lie within the extreme factor levels, and whose synchronization behaviour conforms to one of a number of common patterns.
Algorithms of numeric deduction of analytical expressions
Authors: Shevchenko Ivan I. , Vasiliev Nikolay N.
Published: January 2007

It is suggested to derive formulae (dependences on symbolic parameters) by means of restoration upon a set of fixed exact numeric values of the parameters. The main tool is Pade interpolation. The problem of distortion of structure of restored expressions and, to some extent, the problem of verification of results are considered. A statistical treatment of these problems is proposed. Probabilities of distortion of structure of elementary expressions are calculated. An algorithm of numeric deduction of expressions containing homogeneous terms and that of expressions depending on a few parameters are suggested.
Examples for the algorithmic calculation of formal Puisieux, Laurent and power series
Authors: Koepf Wolfram
Published: January 2007

Formal Laurent-Puisieux series (LPS) of the form [EQUATION] are important in calculus and complex analysis. In some Computer Algebra Systems (CASs) it is possible to define an LPS by direct or recursive definition of its coefficients. Since some operations cannot be directly supported within the LPS domain, some systems generally convert LPS to finite truncated LPS for operations such as addition, multiplication, division, inversion and formal substitution. This results in a substantial loss of information. Since a goal of Computer Algebra is --- in contrast to numerical programming --- to work with formal objects and preserve such symbolic information, CAS should be able to use LPS when possible.There is a one-to-one correspondence between formal power series with positive radius of convergence and corresponding analytic functions. It should be possible to automate conversion between these forms. Among CASs only MACSYMA [5] provides a procedure powerseries to calculate LPS from analytic expressions in certain special cases, but this is rather limited.In [2]-[4] we gave an algorithmic approach for computing an LPS for a very rich family of functions. It covers e.g. a high percentage of the power series that are listed in the special series dictionary [1]. The algorithm has been implemented by the author and A. Rennoch in the CAS MATHEMATICA [7], and by D. Gruntz in MAPLE [6].In this note we present some example results of our MATHEMATICA implementation which give insight in the underlying algorithmic procedure.
Book review: Foundation of Artificial Intelligence by David Kirsh (ed.) (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)
Authors: Pratt Ian
Published: January 2007

Since the birth of AI in the 1950's, it has seemed to many in the field to be natural, even unavoidable, to characterize the states of intelligent systems in terms of what those states
represent.
Thus, programs are regularly said to
know
various facts or to have various
goals.
And researchers regularly attempt to write programs which can
reason
with that knowledge and those goals---programs, that is, which can perform certain sorts of inferences, devise plans in certain domains, generate hypotheses to explain data about a certain subject, and so on. Thus, whilst the solutions which AI researchers seek are couched in the vocabulary of computer programming, the problems they pose themselves are often couched in the vocabulary of representation, in which the states of the system are characterized in terms of what they are supposed to stand for.
Book review: Search M_etho.ds for Artificial Intelhgence by Leonard Bolc and Jerzy Cytowski (Academic Press)
Authors: Truszkowski Walt
Published: January 2007

This book presents an overview of various search methods currently in vogue in artificial intelligence applications. In the authors' words the "objective in this book is to present searching methods: their algorithmic implementations, general area of practical applications, and some more specific applications." The authors strongly feel that search methods have general applicability and feel that the methods discussed in the book should be appropriate to the solutions of more classically solvable problems outside the usual sphere of artificial intelligence problems. To give the reader some appreciation of the scope of this book I will present a brief overview of the contents on a chapter-by-chapter basis. I will reserve my overall evaluation to the end of this review.
IC interconnect routing in a multiprocessing environment
Authors: Brady Nelson , Downs Ed
Published: January 2007

This article explores the possibilities of IC interconnection routing in a multiprocessing environment. Some knowledge of multiprocessing environments and the interconnection routing problem is assumed. Multiprocesing approaches to the related problems of device placement and design rule checking are also being investigated, but will not be discussed here due to space limitations.
Cobol and the information systems curriculum
Authors: Schell George P
Published: January 2007

There is considerable disagreement as to whether or not a procedural language, such as COBOL, should be included in the junior/senior year course work of information systems students. The curriculum recommendations of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) includes a procedural language prerequisite for information systems students. The ACM curriculum course, "Program, Data, and File Structures", includes programming as a topic within the course.This article presents arguments against the inclusion of COBOL within the information systems curriculum. It is intended to promote debate within the academic community to determine if a procedural language should be included in the curriculum and if so, which language should be taught. Arguments for a Procedural Language.
Book review: Multiple Access Protocols: Performance and Analysis by Raphael Rom and Moshe Sidi (Springer Verlag, 1990)
Authors: van de Liefvoort Apple
Published: January 2007

Multiple Access Protocols, the focus of this book, are the rules and procedures which dictate the behavior of switches and channels in computer networks, they are the channel allocation schemes that can be found in the medium Access Control layer in the OSI reference model. Most of us have heard of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ethernet, CSMA, CSMA/CD, Aloha, token passing, packet switching, or their many, many variations. According to their preface, the authors aim this book at the student and professional engineer who is (or will be) responsible for the design and/or operation for such networks. Rather than giving a vast compendium of protocols and their analysis, they hope to give an understanding of the behavior and operation of multiple access systems through their performance analysis. They try to cover all types of protocols for random access networks and most of the analytical methods used in their performance analysis with a uniform notation.
File access patterns in public FTP archives and an index for locality of reference
Authors: Maffeis Silvano
Published: January 2007

Global filesystems and new file transfer protocols are a great need and challenge in the presence of drastically growing networks. In this paper we present results obtained from an investigation of access to public files which took place over three months. This work visualizes first results on the popularity of public ftp files, on common operations (deletions, updates and insertions) to public file-archives and on encountered filesizes. An index for measuring locality of reference to a resource is also proposed. The results show that most file transfers relate to only a small fraction of the files in an archive and that a considerable part of the operations to public files are updates of files. Further results are presented and interpreted in the paper.
Cluster analysis and workload classification
Authors: Raatikainen Kimmo E. E.
Published: January 2007

Clustering techniques are widely recommended tools for workload classification. The k-means algorithm is widely accepted as the "standard" technique of detecting workload classes automatically from measurement data. This paper examines validity of the obtained workload classes, when the current system and workload is analyzed by a queueing network model and mean value analysis. Our results, based on one week's accounting data of a VAX 8600, indicate that the results of queueing network analysis are not stable when the classes of workload are constructed through thek-meansalgorithm. Therefore, we cannot recommended that the most widely used clustering technique should be used in any workload characterization study without careful validation.
ABSTRACTS OF INTEREST
Authors: Humphrey Susanne M. , Shneiderman Ben
Published: January 2007

The following abstracts were selected from a computer search using the BRS Information Technologies retrieval services of the Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) database produced by University Microfilms International.Unless otherwise specified, paper or microform copies of dissertations may be ordered, using the UMI order number, from University Microfilms International, Dissertation Copies, Post Office Box 1764, Ann Arbor, MI 488106; telephone for U.S. (except Michigan, Hawaii, or Alaska): 800/521-3042, for Canada: 800/268-6090. Price lists, ordering, and shipping information are in the introduction to the published DAI. An alternative source for copies is sometimes provided at the end of the abstract.The dissertation titles and abstracts contained here are published with permission of University Microfilms International, publishers of Dissertation Abstracts International (copyright 1985 by University Microfilms International), and may not be reproduced without their prior permission.
Analog input device physical characteristics
Authors: Lipscomb James S. , Pique Michael E.
Published: January 2007

When selecting a device, a designer should compare alternative devices point-by-point. When making a tentative decision, one needs to know what other possibilities have been locked out. A classification graph does this.New here is this classification graph. Also new are several terms:
free, sticky, unbounded, bounded, homogeneous
and
volatile.
We developed this classification of existing devices while building the GRIP-75 interactive molecular computer graphics system [2, 11] and refined the classification during discussions with other system builders where we used this classification to map out alternatives. This paper is founded on practice and experience, not on classification theory.
A baby babble-blanket
Authors: Ferrier Linda J. , Fell Harriet J. , Silverman Charles , Horowitz David , Silvestri George , Harm Michael
Published: January 2007

We have developed a multiple-switch-activated device with speech output for use by infants with severe speech and physical impairments. It is hoped that using this device for early intervention will provide these infants with a means of environmental control and communication with parents.
Menu stacking—help or hindrance?
Authors: Gray John S.
Published: January 2007

Successful interaction with a computer to solve a specific problem requires the user to accomplish three basic tasks. First, the user must identify the goal to be accomplished. Second, a series of steps needed to accomplish the goal should be generated. Third, the user must carry out the specified steps. It is this third task that requires the user to interact with the computer. Most frequently this interaction is facilitated by the use of a software package that acts as an interface medium. The software permits the formulated steps to be implemented by the underlying system.
A componential model of human interaction with graphical display
Authors: Gillan Douglas J.
Published: January 2007

A componential model of graphical interaction was developed based on analyses of humans interacting with graphical displays. The model, known as the Mixed Arithmetic--Perceptual (MA-P) model, proposes that five component processes underlie graphical interactions: Searching, Encoding, Arithmetic operations, Spatial comparison, and Responding. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the number of components for a given question--graph combination predicted the time to answer that question using that graph. Experiment 2 provided empirical support for two predictions from the model concerning the spatial relations among the elements of the graph. A metric for determining the ease of processing of a graph is outlined and guidelines for design of graphs are presented.
Book review: PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES IN SOFTWARE USER INTERFACE DESIGN by Deborah J . Mayhew (Prentice Hall, 1992)
Authors: Wixon Dennis
Published: January 2007

The birth of the field of human computer interface design is often traced to the Gaithersburg conference 10 years ago. In the inevitable assessments of the impact of HCI after 10 years, questions have arisen about the applicability of research to product design. Deborah Mayhew's outstanding new book,
Principles and Guidelines in Software User Interface Design
, should dispel any doubts about the applicability of research to interface design. Mayhew distills a set of practical guidelines for designing better interfaces from a comprehensive, well-organized, and insightful review of the research literature.
Book review: TOG ON INTERFACE by Bruce Tognazzini (ADDISON-WESLEY, 1992)
Authors: Nielsen Jakob
Published: January 2007

For several years, Bruce Tognazzini held the intriguing job title of user interface evangelist and had the responsibility for persuading independent software developers to design usable interface and follow specified user interface standards. This book is mostly a collection of monthly essays he wrote in that role. The book stands out in the current crowd of user interface books for several reasons: It is practically the only one written firmly from the perspectives of graphical user interfaces, personal computers (instead of mainframes or departmental computing), and fast-moving independent software development. Also, it includes unique coverage of several important practical topics in commercial user interface design.
Standards factor
Authors: Billingsley Pat
Published: January 2007

It now appears that the first three parts of the 17-part ISO 9241 standard,
Visual display terminals used for office tasks - Ergonomic requirements
, have successfully completed the entire ISO standards-development and approval process. Parts 1, 2, and 3 are entitled
Introduction, Task requirements,
and
Visual display requirements
, respectively. Several of the outcomes of their approval should be of interest to the CHI community because they may foretell events that will follow approval of Parts 10--17, which address software ergonomics:• TUV Rheinland, the German national certification body, has begun to certify products for compliance with Part 3.• ANSI is investigating the procedure for becoming a national certification body.• The United Kingdom and Sweden are moving towards implementing the approved parts of 9241.• Parts 1, 2, and 3 have recently been adopted as CEN standards by the member nations of the European Community.
Report on the CHI'91 workshop
Authors: Edwards Alistair
Published: January 2007

This was a two-day workshop, attended by some 13 people. The days were split into sessions following a given theme with 45-minute talks from each of two or three participants followed by an open discussion. An outline of the programme and presentations is as follows:Session 1: Advancing accessibility as an HCI design principle

Alan Newell, Dundee University, Scotland: Extra-ordinary computer-human operation

Rex Hancock, GSA: The Role of the Federal GovernmentSession 2: Accessible design: a framework for current trends and directions

Alistair Edwards, University of York, England: Are 'special needs' really special?

Jackie Ryan, University of Guelph, Canada: An Interface Design Builder

Elliot Cole, University of Pennsylvania: Cognitive prosthetics: application of computer-human interaction to restore function in individuals with brain injuriesSession 3: How to design, implement and evaluate accessible interfaces

Jerome Elkind, Lexia Institute: Models of writing by dyslexics using speech and other output methods

Gary Strong, Drexel University: An evaluation of the PRC Touchtalker with Minspeak: some lessons for speech prosthesis design

Robin Shaw & Anne Loomis, Rhode Island VA: The eye wink control interface and using computers to enhance the abilities of severely handicapped personsSession 4: The changing marketplace: opportunities and obstacles

Saul Greenberg, University of Calgary, Canada: Predictive interfaces: what will they think of next?

Bob Williges, Virginia Tech: Travel alternatives for mobility impaired: the surrogate electronic traveller (SET)
Neural networks and pattern recognition in human-computer interaction
Authors: Finlay Janet , Beale Russell
Published: January 2007

This paper reports on the activities of the workshop held on Sunday 28th April at the CHI'91 conference. Participants were there to discuss different ideas, methods and approaches to using pattern recognition in human-computer interaction.The workshop aimed to bring together researchers using novel methodologies, such as neural networks, in HCI applications, as well as practitioners using alternative or more traditional methods to perform pattern recognition tasks in HCI. The intention was to explore the scope and limitations of each type of approach and its requirements, for example in terms of representation and resources. The workshop considered the relationships between the different approaches and the possibility of developing hybrid methodologies to resolve HCI problems.Researchers working with both traditional and novel pattern recognition methods that have applications to human-computer interaction, and those with strong views either way, submitted position statements outlining their interest and viewpoints. Their research results are summarised in this report; in addition, the discussions on methods, on how the work reported interrelates, and on future areas of interest are presented. Major results from the use of neural network systems and other pattern recognition systems in the interface are presented, with application areas ranging from the interpretation of gestural input to the automatic determination of user task. Fuller details of the research can be found in a book based on the proceedings[2].
Getting started in visual interaction design
Authors: Cargile Andy
Published: January 2007

Visual interaction design, as Maria Wadlow described in the January issue of the SIGCHI Bulletin, involves the visual aspects of interaction in interface design (Wadlow, 1993). It is an "intersection" of the disciplines of graphic design and interface design. Though it combines elements of both, it does not encompass the entire spectrum of each of these disciplines.
Using the Fortran 90
DO WHILE
Authors: Reid Edward
Published: January 2007

The development of the Fortran 90 standard included several flip-flops on the question of whether to include a
DO WHILE
construct --- that is, a loop statement whose termination is based on a logical condition rather than being controlled by a stepped variable. First
DO WHILE
was included based on the opinions of programmers who were accustomed to the availability of similar constructs in other languages. Later, as part of a move to trim down what some perceived as an overly large language,
DO WHILE
was dropped. In the final iteration, the original arguments prevailed, and
DO WHILE
became part of the standard.
Fortran 90 is almost object-oriented
Authors: Schonfelder Lawrie
Published: January 2007

Fortran 90 already has much of the technology needed to provide for Object Oriented Programming, if the fashionable hype and evangelical dogma is ignored. The data abstraction facilities of Fortran 90 provide a very good basis on which to build OOP functionality.
Object-oriented Fortran 77 (a practitioner's view)
Authors: Patton Bob
Published: January 2007

With just a little discipline, you can quite easily develop systems with objects in Fortran. This has been done for more than 15 years, but for some reason it has not been well publicized.
Human-computer interaction research at the University of Maryland
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: January 2007

The Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) is a unit of the Center for Automation Research at the Univesity of Maryland. HCIL is an interdisciplinary research group whose participants are faculty in the Departments of Computer Science and Psychology and the Colleges of Library and Information Services, Business, and Education. In addition, staff scienctists, graduate students, and undergraduates contribute to this small, but lively community that pursues empirical studies of people using computers.Our support comes from industrial research projects, government grants, the State of Maryland, and the University of Maryland. Projects often become interrelated in surprising ways enabling individuals to cooperate constructively. Some of our efforts during the past year are described below.
THE INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE WORKERS INTO THE CULTURE OF CREATIVE, PRODUCTIVE COMPUTER USERS
Authors: Neuhauser Charlotte
Published: January 2007

A creative, productive computer user finds novel relationships and new connections between the computer, information and self in order to solve problems. The user becomes sensitive to gaps in knowledge, deficiencies and disharmonies, and searches for solutions.
INFLUENCE OF HUMAN FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Authors: Rao A. Appa
Published: January 2007

The computer is one of the most recent invasions of technology into the homestead. Even the phrase "personal computer" is not yet used by all manufacturers. Many of them believe that their own model names need neither augmentation nor replacement with terms such as PERSONAL or DESK TOP computer, even though they are descriptive of the function of the device. A microwave oven on the other hand is called an oven. The attitudinal difference clearly stems from the difference in utilitarian appeal. Personal computers can never be as badly needed as ovens, regardless of the relative market potentials at present.
No members, no officers, no dues: A ten year history of the software psychology society
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: January 2007

For ten years we have joyfully overcome our insecurity with anarchy and successfully conducted the "business" of the Software Psychology Society. Our business has always been science; to improve our understanding of how people use computers. The two-horse team of computer science and psychology usually pulled in the same direction. Sometimes it leaned towards design guidelines, software, and hardware, other times it leaned towards cognitive models, personality theory, and human problem-solving. Mostly our travel was steadied by an appreciation of the importance of empirical studies, data collection, and controlled experiments with an occasional diversion into theoretical models or inspirational system designs. Our destinations have included programming and command language design, human-computer interaction models, menu selection strategies, natural language interaction, software engineering metrics and methods, educational packages, expert system user interfaces, voice communications and conferencing systems, screen readability, use of color, user interface management systems, and text editor design.
In search of a user interface reference model
Authors: Lynch Gene , Meads Jon
Published: January 2007

The conclusion of the workshop on Planning for User Interface Standards (held at the CHI '85 conference in San Francisco) was that a reference model of human computer interaction should be developed before standards could reasonably be contemplated. That conclusion prompted the workshop on User Interface Reference Models which was held just prior to the CHI '86 conference in Boston. As the title implies we still do not have a reference model, but we have learned a lot in our search. The purpose of this paper is to convey the issues, process, problems, difficulties, suggested solutions, and directions that came to light during this workshop.
Dialogue management reference model
Authors: Sisson Norwood
Published: January 2007

I would like to review and extend the discussion of the layered structure model similar to the ISO Open Systems Interconnect model in the Report on the SIGCHI Workshop on Planning for User Interface Standards published in the October, 1985
SIGCHI Bulletin
. First, I would like to compliment the people who worked on the report. They produced a document which I regard as correct, however incomplete. Bullinger and Faehnrich in Germany have published papers on what they regard as the User Interface Management System. I have integrated Figure 3 and Figure 4 from the CHI '85 Report with the diagrams from Bullinger et al to produce Figure 1. The layers added---semantic, syntactic and lexical---are commonly used in the implementation of compilers and interpreters and are supported by many tools referred to as compiler compilers i.e., yacc and lex from the UNIX system. In the ISO OSI reference model, interfaces exist at the vertical arrows between adjacent layers, protocols exist between peer layers. The term "user interface" conflicts with the ISO usage of "interface." I will instead refer to "human-computer dialog rules." Human-computer dialog rules are the set of peer layer protocols along with the user feedback rules, and appear as horizontal arrows on Figure 1. It is the set of human-computer dialog rules that should be standardized by SIGCHI members. Interfaces between the adjacent layers are implementation details and should be standardized by implementors.
Legal liability for malfunction and misuse of expert systems
Authors: Lucash Richard M
Published: January 2007

The expert system represents the evolution of the computer from a tool to manipulate data to one which applies attributes of humans - reasoning, judgment, experience and "intelligence" - to the data, or at least appears to do so. Questions are thus raised about whether this evolution requires a concomitant evolution in the law governing liability for malfunction or misuse of computer systems. Historically, malfunctions of a computer system have been viewed as ultimately traceable to human error, usually in engineering or programming. The ability of an expert system to mimic a human expert has suggested that the humans involved in the creation or use of the system might be less liable than in the case of the nonexpert system, or that some form of liability should attach to the system itself. This article will explore how existing law would apply to expert systems, and consider whether new legal developments are required to deal with such systems.
An annotated bibliography on computers and the physically handicapped Part V-A: The speech impaired and hearing impaired, 1975-1980
Authors: Schurer Lisa , Lambert Ross W
Published: January 2007

This is the fifth in a series of articles reviewing the scientific literature on computers and the physically hadicapped. Please see the Spring, 1983 issue of the SIGCAPH newsletter (No. 32) for a description of this series. This article is a bibliography of articles appearing in the literature between January, 1975 and December, 1980 concerning the speech impaired and the hearing impaired. Note that Part IV, Vol. 35 was erroneously titled Part V. It should be Part IV. The literature 1975-1090 is large enough to be listed in two parts, V-A and V-B. Articles are backordered and the publishing schedule will depend on their arrival.
Survey on special purpose computer architectures for AI
Authors: Wah B , Li G J
Published: January 2007

In this survey, we will provide a short survey and classification on the current work in special purpose architectures to support AI applications. In spite of the growing importance of AI applications, work in the area of designing AI architectures are so diversified that articles were published in other areas besides Al, ranging from psychology, medicine, manufacturing, computer architecture, software engineering, and database management to industrial engineering, operations research, and the list grows. The literature search is also complicated by the fact that with the development of the Fifth-Generation Computer Systems, some work in this area is very recent and was published in many foreign countries. During our literature search to compile this survey, we systematically went through over sixty different journals published in various countries and proceedings from over fifty conferences in the last twenty years and over seventy books.
Using AI as a research tool
Authors: Kyle T
Published: January 2007

AI and expert systems techniques have been used as part of a research project and found to be useful and to have great potential for aiding both the research and the management of such projects. The potential benefits to each of these areas go far beyond what has been realized in the present project. We discuss some of these benefits and the experience gained to this time.
1990 EC directive may become driving force
Authors: Billingsley Pat
Published: January 2007

Amid the political turmoil surrounding the establishment of the European Economic Community (EC), a relatively unknown EC directive has assumed a growing importance for vendors of computer hardware and software. In May 1990, the Council of European Communities issued Directive 90/270, which lays down "minimum safety and health requirements for work with display terminals." The Annex to the directive states that, among other requirements, software must be suitable for the task, easy to use, and adaptable to the operator, and that the principles of software ergonomics must be applied. In spite of this somewhat ambiguous wording, EC member nations are required to adopt laws, regulations, and administrative provisions that comply with the directive by 31 December 1992.
Exploratory sequential data analysis
Authors: Fisher Carolanne , Sanderson Penelope
Published: January 2007

In many areas of HCI, investigators make video or audio recordings of humans working with computers and other humans. These recordings capture verbalizations, actions, and often general aspects of the working environment as well. The investigator then explores and analyses these data in the light of some HCI research or design issue. Protocol analysis, video analysis, interaction analysis, conversation analysis, discourse analysis, sequential data analysis, task analysis, etc., are all examples of such research activity. What they have in common is a concern with handling dynamic, on-line, event-driven behavior that unfolds over time and with capturing the essence of that behavior in summary statements.
Concepts of object-oriented programming (abstract)
Authors: Ege Raimund K.
Published: January 2007

This tutorial defines and teaches the basic concepts of environment, and gives an overview of the features of object-oriented programming, illustrates the object-oriented languages and environments. This advantages of object-oriented techniques over tutorial will let you make an informed decision conventional programming, introduces the about what language/environment will best serve components of an object-oriented programming your programming needs.
Object-oriented software development with the Demeter Method (abstract)
Authors: Lieberherr Karl
Published: January 2007

The Demeter Method is a formal method that lifts object-oriented software development to a higher level of abstraction by using a graphical specification language for describing object-oriented programs. Executable programs are automatically generated by a CASE tool (the Demeter System/C++) from the graphical high-level descriptions. Unlike other specification languages, the Demeter Method allows you to keep the binding of methods to classes flexible under changing class structures. The higher level of abstraction leads to shorter and more reusable programs than by programming directly in one of todays object-oriented languages such as C++, Smalltalk, Eiffel or CLOS.

Because the Demeter Method is regularly taught at NU both at the graduate and undergraduate level with the 10 week quarter system, it has become, by nnecessity, very easy to learn.

This tutorial is for professionals who want to learn powerful, formally defined high-level concepts that describe the programming task in terms of data-model-based graphs and their subgraphs.
Testing object-oriented software (abstract)
Authors: Berard Edward
Published: January 2007

Testing of object-oriented software is just as important as testing non-object-oriented software, but the process is fundamentally different because of such factors as information hiding, encapsulation, and inheritance. This tutorial teaches you the terms and concepts of testing software in general, and object-oriented software in particular; how to apply a number of different testing techniques to object-oriented software; how to construct test cases; and an appreciation of what is involved in planning a successful software testing effort. The testing techniques that are covered include both white-box testing such as basis path testing and coverage testing, and black-box testing techniques such as equivalence class partitioning and boundary value analysis.

This course is designed for those with experience in object-oriented software engineering who would like to follow a more rigorous approach to testing.
Teaching “object think” with multi-sensory engagement (abstract)
Authors: Coad Peter
Published: January 2007

This is a tutorial about how to teach the big picture of objects, especially in an industrial environment where time is short. It is based on the whole brain theory and multi-sensory engagement. The tutorial shows over twenty specific techniques for teaching using multi-sensory engagement, many of these unified into The Object Game, which lets those new to objects see and manipulate them. The tutorial describes a set of specific techniques for leading someone into more effective object think, and compares and contrasts whole-brain multi-sensory engagement with other "object think" techniques, such as graphics, languages, and CRC cards.

This tutorial is designed for those trying to teach object-oriented development who have been frustrated by the inability of some people to reach effective object think. It will also be of interest to those planning to teach object-oriented programming, or if you are responsible for selecting such a course.
Object-oriented communication server for banking applications (abstract)
Authors: Cartiant Ion
Published: January 2007

In France, there is a generalized file transfer method used for customer-bank information exchange, on X25 networks and on telephone switched lines (BSC 2780/3780 like protocol). It is used by (almost) all France-based banks, and thousands of customers.

RONDO is an 00 file server, supporting these protocols. It was developed in BORLAND C++, with TURBO VISION graphics library. Without the included files, the overall code lines, as reported by the project manager, are 22,000. The server works fine on a 386 based PC, DOS 5.0. RONDOs capabilities are:

The demonstrations purposes are:

Through graphic objects, this technology brings a spectacular new comfort to DOS users with less overhead than in graphical environments. For developers it provides reusable objects and simple building logic.
Book review: Readings in Knowledge Representation. Edited by Ronald J. Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers)
Authors: Smith J. Elliott
Published: January 2007

This book is a collection of basic papers in the topic area grouped in six broad categories together with a bibliography. Each article is prefaced by a brief discussion of its historical context and relation to other works appearing in the volume.
Executing Temporal Logic Programs by Ben Moszkowski
Authors: Marck Wiktor
Published: January 2007

The influence of Japanese culture seems to creep out of the yuppies community extending to the remaining AI fans.
Toward expert systems on a chip
Authors: Looney C G , Alfize A R
Published: January 2007

1. INTRODUCTION. In this investigation we attempt to quantify expert reasoning to process boolean values 0 (FALSE) and 1 (TRUE) instead of large lists of atoms that form conditions. The human brain reasons by processing demodulated signals through axons and across synapses, which either fire or don't fire in a boolean fashion. Our approach bridges the current expert systems approach (see, e.g., Hayes-Roth et al.[3]) and the old approaches, e.g., neural nets (McCulloch and Pitts[6]) and associations (Nakano[9]). It simplifies knowledge representation by reducing much of symbolic processing to efficient ANDing and ORing. An ultimate application of our approach would be an expert systems on a chip. A side effect of this would be the demise of inefficient, memory cluttering, list processing languages.
BOOK REVIEW: Database: A Primer by C. J. Date (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1983)
Authors: Martin Ann
Published: January 2007

A giant in the field of database management systems, C. J. Date, has proved that databases can be explained in conversational English without falling back on the technical sublanguage usually employed. Time was when the very term "database" implied a vast amount of data, multiple users, and arcane language. But times change. It is significant that this database primer is issued in paperback for the publisher's microcomputer popular series, at a modest price ($12.95). And it is a book that appeals to the reading public -- the issue used for this review is from the third printing, April 1984.
Automated learning of rules for heuristic classification systems
Authors: Spackman A Kent
Published: January 2007

New methods for automated construction of knowledge bases for expert classification systems are being developed using a logic-based language and inductive inference techniques. This research addresses deficiencies of currently available methods for deriving classification rules from empiric data. Unate boolean functions are proposed as a useful language for logical classification rules. An example is given showing the use of an algorithm for converting unate functions to a "criteria table" knowledge representation.
Evaluation methods in visualization
Authors: McConathy Deirdre A.
Published: January 2007

So the Emperor walked in procession under the fine canopy, and all the people in the streets and standing at the windows cried, "Oh, how wonderful the Emperor's new clothes look! What a fine cloak he's wearing over his coat! How well they suit him!" For no one wanted people to think he couldn't see anything. That would have meant he was either stupid or unfit for his job. None of the Emperor's other clothes had ever been so greatly admired. "But the Emperor has no clothes on!" said a child."Listen to the little innocent!" said the child's father.But the people began passing what the child had said on to each other."The emperor has no clothes! The child over there says the Emperor has no clothes on!" Finally all the people were shouting, "The Emperor has no clothes on!" And the Emperor cringed, for he thought in his heart they were right, but he said to himself, "I must hold out until the end of the procession." So he bore himself even more proudly than before, and the chamberlains went on carrying the train that wasn't there at all.