bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pleural catheter placement and intrapleural fibrinolysis following lung transplantation
Authors: Kao Christina C. , Cuevas Jose F. , Tuthill Sarah , Parulekar Amit D.
Published: May 2019

Background

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of lung transplant recipients requiring additional pleural drainage catheters early post–lung transplantation and to determine the safety and efficacy of intrapleural fibrinolytics in these patients.

Methods

A retrospective review of lung transplant recipients at a single center was performed. Patient and transplant characteristics, placement of pleural drainage catheters within 90 days of transplant, and use of intrapleural fibrinolytics were determined.

Results

Out of 128 patients who underwent lung transplantation, 54 patients required 86 additional chest tubes, the majority of which were size 14 French or smaller. Pleural effusion was the most common indication for tube placement. Patients who required additional chest tubes were more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than those who did not. Use of intrapleural fibrinolytics led to radiographic improvement in 77.8% of patients and was not associated with bleeding, pneumothorax, or mortality within 30 days.

Conclusions

Use of small‐bore chest tubes and intrapleural fibrinolytics can be safe and effective in lung transplant recipients with persistent pleural effusions.
Symptomatogenic zone and network of oroalimentary automatisms in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Wang Yao , Wang Xiu , Mo Jia‐jie , Sang Lin , Zhao Bao‐tian , Zhang Chao , Hu Wen‐han , Zhang Jian‐guo , Shao Xiao‐qiu , Zhang Kai
Published: May 2019

Objective

Oroalimentary automatisms (OAAs) are common clinical manifestations of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Nevertheless, the location of the symptomatogenic zone of OAAs remains unclear. The generation mechanism of OAAs also has not been clarified. We attempt to explain these problems by analyzing interictal [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG‐PET) imaging and ictal stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG) recordings in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy.

Methods

Fifty‐seven patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy were analyzed retrospectively. All underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) and were seizure‐free. The patients were divided into OAA (+) and OAA (−) groups according to the occurrence of consistent stereotyped OAAs. The interictal PET data were compared with those of 18 healthy controls and were then compared between groups using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Functional connectivity using linear regression analysis was performed between the target brain regions. To clarify the network of OAAs, ictal epileptogenicity index (EI) values, and the nonlinear correlation method h2 were performed with SEEG on patients.

Results

Compared to OAAs (−), the rolandic operculum was the only area with significant differences. Hippocampus and rolandic operculum showed significant correlations in the OAA (+) group (y = 0.758x+0.470, R2 = 0.456, P = 0.000). No correlation was found in the OAA (−) group (P = 0.486). The EI values of the OAA (+) group (median 0.20) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those of the OAA (−) group (median 0). The h2 in the OAA (+) group (h2 = 0.23 ± 0.13) showed stronger functional connectivity (t = 6.166, P < 0.0001) than that of the OAA (−) group (h2 = 0.08 ± 0.05).

Significance

The rolandic operculum is most likely to be the symptomatogenic zone of OAAs. In medial temporal lobe epilepsy, unilateral functional connection from the hippocampus to the rolandic operculum during seizure onset is the basis for the generation of OAAs.
Improving scientific practice in sports‐associated drug testing
Authors: Nissen‐Meyer Jon , Skotland Tore , Østerud Bjarne , Boye Erik
Published: May 2019

Antidoping work is heavily based on scientific analyses of biological material, such as urine and blood. Because of the high stakes both for sports and for the athletes involved it is important that analyses are performed and interpreted in agreement with established scientific standards and professional norms. This is not always the case, as we document here. It is our experience that the antidoping movement does not appear willing to consider that errors can occur and should be corrected. The consequences of the lack of transparency and responsibility are carried by unlucky athletes. Scientific, ethical and legal considerations urge the antidoping movement to reform some of their rules and regulations and to include the possibility that the World Anti‐Doping Agency position could, in some cases, be incorrect.
Effect of tannin extracts on protein degradation during ensiling of ryegrass or lucerne
Authors: Martens Siriwan D. , Korn Ulrich , Roscher Simone , Pieper Bernd , Schafft Helmut , Steinhöfel Olaf
Published: May 2019

Eleven laboratory‐scale trials were undertaken in different years where ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were ensiled with different concentrations of tannin extracts (quebracho, Schinopsis balansae Engl., mimosa, Acacia mearnsii DE WILD.), and the effects on protein degradation were assessed. The dry‐matter (DM) content in grass silages ranged between 186 and 469 g/kg and in lucerne silages between 187 and 503 g/kg. Tannin extract, either quebracho or mimosa, was applied at 0–30 g/kg forage DM. Commercial additives such as Lactobacillus plantarum, formic acid or hexamine + NaNO2 were applied in two of the grass trials and in six of the lucerne trials. Eight of the trials incorporated a maximum ensiling duration of 90 or 180 days in addition to replicates which were opened and evaluated at earlier stages. All trials included silages which were assessed after at least 49 days of anaerobic storage. The crude protein (CP) fraction A (non‐protein nitrogen, NPN) as proportion of total CP, served as the main indicator for proteolysis. In ryegrass, in general, the level of proteolysis was lower than in lucerne. A correlation of DM content in silages and degree of proteolysis was only evident for ryegrass. In both forages, the degradation of true protein slowed considerably after 24 days of ensiling. True protein was conserved most with the highest level of tannin extract addition. However, in lucerne, the combination of formate with lactobacilli was equally effective up to 330 g DM/kg, and deamination was further inhibited by formic acid compared to tannin extracts.
Performance of Sample Preparation for Determination of Gold in Samples of Geological Origin
Authors: Daniel Lou , Clarke Brenton R. , Parsons Drew F.
Published: May 2019

We investigate the performance of sample preparation of gold ores using vibratory (bowl, ring and puck type) mills in common use in mineral analytical laboratories. The main criteria for effective grinding are using reduced grinding charge masses ≤ ca. 50% of nominal bowl capacity and using a grinding aid to prevent caking. We show that gold particles of millimetre scale can be comminuted to ≤ 100 µm by grinding in silica flour, bauxite, synthetic carborundum, or mixtures of silica and these materials using times of up to 5 min and that 95% < 50 µm is achievable with extended grinding. This suggests that modified grinding techniques can be used to make sample masses ≤ 5 g viable for routine determination of gold in geological samples. We also demonstrate homogenisation of a gold‐bearing copper sulfide mineral flotation concentrate alone and in mixtures with silica by extended grinding at reduced charge masses. To support this work, we develop a convenient new benchmark of gold ore sample preparation performance ‘G’, an apparent maximum gold particle size interpolated from replicate analytical variance in order to overcome the limitations of laborious sieve fraction analysis of gold particle size. We show useful agreement between G and sieve fraction analysis of gold particle size in samples and test the viability of G experimentally and by analysis of literature data.
Appraising risk in active surveillance of localized prostate cancer
Authors: Hogden Anne , Churruca Kate , Rapport Frances , Gillatt David
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Men diagnosed with low‐risk prostate cancer are typically eligible for active surveillance of their cancer, involving monitoring for cancer progression and making judgements about the risks of prostate cancer against those of active intervention. Our study examined how risk for prostate cancer is perceived and experienced by patients undergoing active surveillance with their clinicians, how risk is communicated in clinical consultations, and the implications for treatment and care.

Method

Participants were nine patients and three clinicians from a university hospital urology clinic. A staged, qualitative, multi‐method data collection approach was undertaken, comprising: observations of consultations; patient and clinician interviews; and patient surveys. The three data sets were analysed separately using thematic analysis and then integrated to give a comprehensive view of patient and clinician views.

Results

Thirty data points (eight patient surveys; 10 observations of consultations between patients and clinicians; 10 patient interviews; and two clinician interviews) combined to create a detailed picture of how patients perceived and appraised risk, in three themes of “Making sense of risk”, “Talking about risk” and “Responding to risk”.

Conclusion

Effective risk communication needs to be finely tuned and timed to individual patient's priorities and information requirements. A structured information exchange process that identifies patients' priorities, and details key moments in risk assessment, so that complexities of risk are discussed in ways that are meaningful to patients, may benefit patient care. These findings could inform the development of patient‐centric risk assessment procedures and service delivery models in prostate cancer care more broadly.
To flag or not to flag: Identification of children and young people with learning disabilities in English hospitals
Authors: Kenten Charlotte , Wray Jo , Gibson Faith , Russell Jessica , Tuffrey‐Wijne Irene , Oulton Kate
Published: May 2019

Background

Children and young people with learning disabilities experience poor health outcomes and lengthier hospital admissions than those without learning disabilities. No consistently applied, systematic approach exists across the NHS to identify and record this population. This paper describes practices in English hospitals to identify children and young people with learning disabilities.

Method

Interviews: 65 NHS staff. Questionnaire: 2,261 NHS staff. Conducted across 24 NHS hospitals in England.

Results

No standardized approach exists to identify children or young people with a learning disability or for this information to be consistently recorded, communicated to relevant parties within a hospital, Trust or across NHS services. Staff reported a reliance on parents to inform them about their child's needs but concerns about “flagging” patients might be a significant barrier.

Discussion

Without an integrated systematic way across the NHS to identify children with learning disabilities, their individual needs will not be identified.
Addition of terpenoids to pear ester plus acetic acid increases catches of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Knight Alan L. , Mujica Valentina , Herrera Sebastian Larsson , Tasin Marco
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to evaluate new kairomone blends in combination with pear ester (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (PE) and acetic acid (AA) for their attraction of male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. The addition of decanal to either AA or PE alone significantly increased total and female moth catches. However, the addition of decanal did not improve the attraction of PE + AA. The addition of either the pyranoid (PyrLOX) or furanoid (FurLOX) linalool oxide but not linalool (LOL) increased moth catches with PE but did not increase catches with PE + AA. Similarly, the addition of PyrLOX plus decanal did not improve PE + AA. The addition of (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT) to either AA, PE + AA or PE + AA+decanal did not significantly increase moth catches. However, the addition of PyrLOX to traps with PE + AA and DMNT (4‐component lure) significantly increased moth catches compared with PE + AA alone or any of the ternary blends of these volatiles. Females accounted for 60%–80% of the total catch with this 4‐component lure. The 4‐component blend with PyrLOX was a more attractive lure than similar blends that substituted LOL, or a binary blend of LOL and FurLOX for PyrLOX. The 4‐component blend caught nearly fourfold more total and female moths than the purported attractant N‐butyl sulphide when it was used in combination with PE + AA. These results indicate that significant improvements in monitoring, mating disruption and mass trapping of codling moth are possible. Further studies are needed to assess the new attractive blend's effectiveness in combination with sex pheromone lures and to evaluate whether other host plant volatiles can be added or substitute for DMNT or LOX when used in combination with PE + AA.
Impact of pharmaceutical industry involvement in the external review of clinical practice guidelines—A case study
Authors: Bartelmann Katharina , Gaskins Matthew , Dressler Corinna , Nast Alexander
Published: May 2019

Rationale and aim

External review is important when developing clinical practice guidelines. Involving pharmaceutical companies may influence guideline recommendations in their favour and is therefore controversial. Our study aimed to measure stakeholder participation in the external review of the 2016 European acne guideline and assess the extent to which comments submitted by pharmaceutical companies suggested changes favouring their own products.

Methods

Retrospective, partially blinded case study using qualitative analysis of comments submitted during external review.

Results

Four stakeholder groups participated in the review: pharmaceutical company representatives (five out of five invited), professional association members (2/222), journal reviewers (n = 2), and visitors to the project website (n = 1). Of 78 comments submitted, 48 were from company representatives, 24 from journal reviewers, and six from others. Each comment suggested one change to the guideline. Of the comments submitted by companies, 41.7% related to “writing or formatting,” 16.7% to “presentation of results,” 12.5% to “background information for main recommendations,” and 12.5% to the “strength of treatment recommendation”. In 54.2% (26/48) of these comments, a change was suggested that put the companies' own products in a more positive light. Five of these changes were implemented by the guideline authors in the way suggested by the company representatives.

Conclusion

Participation of professional societies, patients, and the general public in the external review of the 2016 European acne guideline was unacceptably low. This is in concordance with reports of low participation of these groups in other European dermatology guidelines. While involving the pharmaceutical industry in the review substantially increased the number of comments received, many of these sought changes that would have put companies' own products in a more favourable light. Our findings underscore the need to manage reviewer comments in a robust and transparent fashion. Solutions to encourage participation of all relevant stakeholders are needed.
Instrumental and visual evaluation of the color adjustment potential of resin composites
Authors: Pereira Sanchez Natalie , Powers John M. , Paravina Rade D.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To evaluate the instrumental and visual color adjustment potential (CAP‐I, CAP‐V), of resin composites.

Methods

Resin composites tested were Omnichroma, Filtek Supreme Ultra, TPH Spectra, Herculite Ultra, and Tetric EvoCeram. Two types of specimens, “dual” and “single” were evaluated. For dual specimens, class I preparations (4 mm‐diameter, 2 mm‐depth), were created in denture teeth and restored with test resin composites. For single specimens, replications of denture teeth were created using the test resin composites (n = 5) and compared with unrestored denture teeth. Reflectance values were obtained using a spectroradiometer. CAP‐I and CAP‐V were calculated. Fisher PLSD intervals for comparison of means were calculated at the 0.05 level of significance.

Results

CAP‐I ranged between 0.02 and 0.67. The Fisher PLSD interval for comparisons between single/dual color differences was 0.09 (P < .0001, power 1.0) and for comparisons between materials and shades 0.18 and 0.33, respectively (P < .0001, power 1.0). CAP‐V ranged between 0.16 and 0.60. The Fisher PLSD interval for comparisons between single/dual visual color differences was 0.05 (P < .0001, power 1.0) and 0.08 and 0.14 for comparisons between materials and shades, respectively (P < .0001, except Herculite Ultra‐Tetric EvoCeram and certain shade pairs).

Conclusions

Instrumental color differences and visual rating of single specimens were the greatest for Omnichroma, indicating the largest mismatch, while the instrumental and visual color differences of dual specimens were the smallest. Omnichroma had the most pronounced CAP‐I followed by Tetric EvoCeram>TPH Spectra = Filtek Supreme Ultra >Herculite Ultra. Similarly, Omnichroma exhibited the most pronounced CAP‐V followed by Tetric EvoCeram>TPH Spectra = Herculite Ultra = Filtek Supreme Ultra.

Clinical significance

Resin composites with pronounced CAP blends with surrounding enamel and dentin, resulting in reduced color differences and therefore improving the esthetic appearance of the restoration, simplifying the shade matching and compensating for any color mismatch.
Structural complexity in the hatchery rearing environment affects activity, resting metabolic rate and post‐release behaviour in brown trout Salmo trutta
Authors: Watz Johan
Published: May 2019

The effects of structural enrichment in the hatchery rearing environment of brown trout Salmo trutta was linked to post‐release performance. Enrichment resulted in reduced swimming activity scored in an open field test and reduced movement in a natural river after release. Also, enrichment increased resting metabolic rates, which correlated positively with overwinter growth.
Evaluation of flood prediction capability of the distributed Grid‐Xinanjiang model driven by weather research and forecasting precipitation
Authors: Yao Cheng , Ye Jinyin , He Zhixin , Bastola Satish , Zhang Ke , Li Zhijia
Published: May 2019

The lead time of operational flood forecasting is critical for the effectiveness of flood alert and flood risk reduction. It is impossible to extend the lead time of flood forecasting by solely using rain gauge observations. However, the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model has the potential to produce quantitative precipitation forecasts that can facilitate the flood risk management by increasing the flood forecasting lead time. This study investigates the flood prediction capabilities of the well‐tested Grid‐Xinanjiang model (GXM) in a flood‐prone area, located in the upper region of the Huaihe River Basin, when driven by gauge observations and WRF precipitation forecasts, respectively. The results indicate that GXM is capable of producing improved flood predictions by using the WRF precipitation forecasts. The incoming floods are difficult to be predicted in advance by using the gauge‐measured precipitation, especially when the lead time is larger than the flow concentration time. However, with the WRF forecasts, the occurrence of flood events can be predicted for longer lead times. This study also demonstrates that the temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation forecasts have an important impact on the prediction of both timing and magnitude of incoming floods.
Effects of alpha‐synuclein post‐translational modifications on metal binding
Authors: González Nazareno , Arcos‐López Trinidad , König Annekatrin , Quintanar Liliana , Menacho Márquez Mauricio , Outeiro Tiago F. , Fernández Claudio O.
Published: May 2019

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Neurodegeneration in this pathology is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, coupled with cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies containing α‐synuclein. The brain is an organ that concentrates metal ions, and there is emerging evidence that a break‐down in metal homeostasis may be a critical factor in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. α‐synuclein has emerged as an important metal‐binding protein in the brain, whereas these interactions play an important role in its aggregation and might represent a link between protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and neuronal cell loss. Additionally, α‐synuclein undergoes several post‐translational modifications that regulate its structure and physiological function, and may be linked to the aggregation and/or oligomer formation. This review is focused on the interaction of this protein with physiologically relevant metal ions, highlighting the cases where metal‐AS interactions profile as key modulators for its structural, aggregation, and membrane‐binding properties. The impact of α‐synuclein phosphorylation and N‐terminal acetylation in the metal‐binding properties of the protein are also discussed, underscoring a potential interplay between PTMs and metal ion binding in regulating α‐synuclein physiological functions and its role in pathology.

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This article is part of the Special Issue “Synuclein”.
Current status and potential role of circular RNAs in neurological disorders
Authors: Lu Shanshan , Yang Xue , Wang Chudong , Chen Siqi , Lu Shuang , Yan Weitao , Xiong Kun , Liu Fengxia , Yan Jie
Published: May 2019

Given the importance of non‐coding RNAs in modulating normal brain functions and their implications in the treatment of neurological disorders, non‐coding RNA‐based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have shown great clinical potential. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as potentially important players in this field. Recent studies have indicated that circRNAs might play vital roles in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, ischemic brain injury, and neurotoxicity. However, the mechanisms of action of circRNAs have not been fully characterized. We aimed to review recent advances in circRNA research in the brain to provide new insights on the roles of circRNAs in neurological disorders.

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Effects of 8 weeks of masticatory muscles focused endurance exercises on women with oro‐facial pain and temporomandibular disorders: A placebo randomised controlled trial
Authors: Barbosa Michelle Almeida , Tahara Ariany Klein , Ferreira Isabella Christina , Intelangelo Leonardo , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho
Published: May 2019

Background

Exercises are used to treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD), but they are often assessed with other therapies. Local endurance exercises may alter the resistance to fatigue and pain.

Objective

To assess the effects of an 8‐week protocol of local endurance exercises of masticatory muscles on muscle excitation, force response, perceived pain and over muscle efficiency.

Design

Randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Ambulatory care.

Subjects

In a placebo randomised controlled trial, 46 women with TMD and oro‐facial pain were randomised into intervention group and placebo group. The intervention group received a protocol of biting endurance exercises, controlled by biofeedback. The placebo group received a placebo (simulated laser therapy).

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcomes were collected at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Pain was assessed through visual analogue scale (VAS) and pressure pain thresholds (PPT). Bite force was collected by a load cell synchronised with surface electromyography of masticatory muscles, bilaterally.

Results

Pain scores decreased for both groups, but the intervention group showed lower values at 8 weeks. No differences were noted between groups for PPT, but the results increased for both overtime. Time until fatigue and muscle efficiency were higher in the intervention group vs placebo group in both within‐ and between‐subject analysis. Force increased from 4 to 8 weeks in the PG, without differences between groups. Temporal muscle excitation was higher on 8 weeks compared with baseline for the intervention group, without differences between groups.

Conclusion

Eight‐week exercise protocol of muscle endurance alleviates the pain and improves the resistance to fatigue and muscle efficiency in TMD subjects.
Factors Associated with School Nurses' and Personnel's Professional Practice to Encourage Parents to Vaccinate Against Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Rosen Brittany L. , Rhodes Darson , Visker Joseph , Cox Carolyn , Banez J. Christian , Lasser Benjamin
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

School nurses and personnel play a vital role in promoting the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with school nurses' and personnel's professional practice to provide parents with HPV vaccine information and to encourage parents to vaccinate their child against HPV.

METHODS

School nurses and personnel from Ohio and Missouri completed a survey to assess their professional practice in providing HPV vaccine information and encouraging parents to vaccinate their child against HPV. Independent variables included demographics, HPV knowledge/attitudes, perceptions of their as an opinion leader for the HPV vaccine, self‐efficacy to provide vaccine education, and perception of school district support.

RESULTS

Providing parents with HPV vaccine information was predicted by age, role within the school, grade‐serving, knowledge, perceptions, self‐efficacy, and district support; accounting for 38% of the variance (p < .000, R2 = .38). Encouraging parents to vaccinate their child against HPV was predicted by perception, self‐efficacy, and grade‐serving; accounting for 39% of the variance (p < .000, R2 = .39).

CONCLUSIONS

To enhance school nurses' and personnel's professional practice, interventions should focus on nurses' and personnel's perception of their role as opinion leaders and self‐efficacy to provide HPV education and vaccine recommendation.
Outsider Privileges Can Lead to Insider Disadvantages: Some Psychosocial Aspects of Ableism
Authors: Dunn Dana S.
Published: May 2019

People with disabilities are sometimes described as an invisible minority group, one that frequently encounters ableism in the course of daily life. Ableism entails biased ideas and assumptions, as well as prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory acts, aimed at people with disabilities. This article examines how and why ableism poses distinct social and psychological privileges for outsiders (the nondisabled) and resulting disadvantages for insiders (people with disabilities). Four theories accounting for outsiders’ ableism directed at insiders are presented: just world theory, mourning, suffering and meaning, and the fundamental negative bias. The consequences of ableism for people with disabilities are then discussed, including internalized ableism, deindividuation, stigmatization and stereotyping, and the problems posed by benign ableism. I argue that sometimes ableism represents a form of outsider privilege, one allowing nondisabled people to feel, think, and act in ways that often unknowingly promote their social and psychological interests over people with disabilities. I then conclude the article by calling for efforts to better educate nondisabled people regarding guidelines for constructively engaging people with disabilities as a matter of social policy.
Calcitriol suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced alveolar bone damage in rats by regulating T helper cell subset polarization
Authors: Bi Chun‐Sheng , Wang Jia , Qu Hong‐Lei , Li Xuan , Tian Bei‐Min , Ge Shaohua , Chen Fa‐Ming
Published: May 2019

Background

Although the immunomodulatory properties of calcitriol in bone metabolism have been documented for decades, its therapeutic role in the management of periodontitis remains largely unexplored. In this study, we hypothesized that calcitriol suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced alveolar bone loss by regulating T helper (Th) cell subset polarization.

Methods

To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of calcitriol intervention on the development of LPS‐induced periodontitis in rats in terms of bone loss (micro‐CT analysis), local inflammatory infiltration levels, the number of osteoclasts (hematoxylin and eosin staining) and the level of osteoclastogenesis (tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase method). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression levels of the receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) as well as the cytokine levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), IL‐17, and IL‐10 throughout the LPS‐injected region. Finally, the polarization potential of Th cells in peripheral blood was analyzed using flow cytometry.

Results

Calcitriol intervention decreased alveolar bone loss in response to LPS injection and inflammatory cell infiltration. Analysis of osteoclast number and RANKL and OPG expression showed that bone resorption activity was largely suppressed in response to calcitriol administration, along with decreased IL‐17 levels but increased IL‐4 and IL‐10 levels in periodontal tissues (the LPS‐injected region). Similarly, the percentages of Th2 and Treg cells in peripheral blood increased, but the percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells decreased in rats receiving calcitriol.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that calcitriol can be used to inhibit bone loss in experimental periodontitis, likely via the regulation of local and systemic Th cell polarization.
Harmonically Weighted Processes
Authors: Hassler Uwe , Hosseinkouchack Mehdi
Published: May 2019

We discuss a model for long memory and persistence in time series that amounts to harmonically weighting short memory processes, . A non‐standard rate of convergence is required to establish a Gaussian functional central limit theorem. Theoretically, the harmonically weighted (HW) process displays less persistence and weaker memory than the classical competitor, fractional integration (FI) of order d. Still, we establish that a test rejects the null hypothesis of d = 0 if the process is HW. Similarly, a bias approximation shows that estimators of d will fail to distinguish between HW and FI given realistic sample sizes. The difficulties to disentangle HW and FI are illustrated experimentally and with USA inflation data.
Let's not get tied into knots: a response to Newman, (2018)—Vygotsky, Wittgenstein and sociocultural theory
Authors: Lantolf James P. , Xi Jiao
Published: May 2019

The September 2018 issue of this journal included an article by Newman, (2018) that challenges research carried out on second language acquisition (henceforth, SCT‐L2) informed by the psychological theory proposed by L. S. Vygotsky. We would like to respond to Newman's critique, which he problematizes as three “knots” that he then undertakes to untie through analysis of Vygotsky's writings contained in Vygotsky's two most popular works, Thought and Language and Mind in Society. We first summarize Newman's knots and his approach to untying them. We then present our response to each of these in turn.
‘Waiting in the wings’; Lived experience at the threshold of clinical practice
Authors: Coakley Niamh , O'Leary Paula , Bennett Deirdre
Published: May 2019

Context

The transition to clinical practice is challenging. Lack of preparedness and issues with support, responsibility and complex workplace interactions contribute to the difficulties encountered. The first year of clinical practice is associated with negative consequences for new doctors’ health and well‐being. The contemporaneous lived experience of new graduates on the threshold of clinical practice has not been described. Deeper understanding of this phase may inform interventions to ease the transition from student to doctor.

Methods

We used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore the individual experience of making the transition from medical student to doctor, focusing on the period prior to commencing clinical practice. Fourteen recent graduates were purposively recruited, and semi‐structured interviews were conducted with each, with respect to how they anticipated the transition.

Results

We draw on the metaphor of the actor ‘waiting in the wings’ to describe participants’ lived experience on the threshold of practice. The experience of the actor, about to step into the spotlight, was mirrored in participants’ perceptions of an abrupt transformation to come, mixed feelings about what lay ahead, and the various strategies that they had planned to help them to perform their new role convincingly.

Discussion

Participants in this study braced themselves for a trial by ordeal as they contemplated commencing clinical practice. The hidden curriculum shaped their understanding of what was expected of them as new doctors, and inspired dysfunctional strategies to meet expectations. Solutions to make the experience a more positive one lie in the approximation of the roles of senior medical student and newly qualified doctor, in explicitly addressing the hidden curriculum and generating cultural change. An emphasis on experience‐based learning through contribution to patient care, guided reflection on the hidden curriculum and shifting cultural expectations through faculty development and strong local leadership can contribute to these objectives.
Aurora kinase Ipl1 facilitates bilobed distribution of clustered kinetochores to ensure error‐free chromosome segregation in Candida albicans
Authors: Varshney Neha , Sanyal Kaustuv
Published: May 2019

Candida albicans, an ascomycete, has an ability to switch to diverse morphological forms. While C. albicans is predominatly diploid, it can tolerate aneuploidy as a survival strategy under stress. Aurora kinase B homolog Ipl1 is a critical ploidy regulator that controls microtubule dynamics and chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we show that Ipl1 in C. albicans has a longer activation loop than that of the well‐studied ascomycete S. cerevisiae. Ipl1 localizes to the kinetochores during the G1/S phase and associates with the spindle during mitosis. Ipl1 regulates cell morphogenesis and is required for cell viability. Ipl1 monitors microtubule dynamics which is mediated by separation of spindle pole bodies. While Ipl1 is dispensable for maintaining structural integrity and clustering of kinetochores in C. albicans, it is required for the maintenance of bilobed distribution of clustered kinetochores along the mitotic spindle. Depletion of Ipl1 results in erroneous kinetochore‐microtubule attachments leading to aneuploidy due to which the organism can survive better in the presence of fluconazole. Taking together, we suggest that Ipl1 spatiotemporally ensures bilobed kinetochore distribution to facilitate bipolar spindle assembly crucial for ploidy maintenance in C. albicans.
Mannan oligosaccharides trigger multiple defence responses in rice and tobacco as a novel danger‐associated molecular pattern
Authors: Zang Haoyu , Xie Shanshan , Zhu Bichun , Yang Xue , Gu Chunyan , Hu Benjin , Gao Tongchun , Chen Yu , Gao Xuewen
Published: May 2019

Oligosaccharide, a typical danger‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP), has been studied and applied as plant defence elicitor for several years. Here, we report a novel oligosaccharide, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) with a degree of polymerization of 2–6, which was hydrolysed from locust bean gum by a newly reported enzyme, BpMan5. The MOS treatment can significantly enhance the generation of signalling molecules such as intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species. Subsequent defence events like stomata closure and cell death were also caused by MOS, eventually leading to the prevention of pathogen invasion or expansion. Transcriptional expression assay indicated that MOS activated mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades in tobacco and rice via different cascading pathways. The expression levels of the defence‐related genes PR‐1a and LOX were both up‐regulated after MOS treatment, suggesting that MOS may simultaneously activate salicylic acid and jasmonic acid‐dependent signalling pathways. Furthermore, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis showed that MOS led to the accumulation of four phytoalexins (momilactone A, phytocassane A, phytocassane D, and phytocassane E) in rice seedling leaves within 12–24 h. Finally, MOS conferred resistance in rice and tobacco against Xanthomonas oryzae and Phytophthora nicotianae, respectively. Taken together, our results indicated that MOS, a novel DAMP, could trigger multiple defence responses to prime plant resistance and has a great potential as plant defence elicitor for the management of plant disease.
Worker–Plant Matching and Ownership Change*
Authors: Balsvik Ragnhild , Haller Stefanie A.
Published: May 2019

Is a change in ownership an opportunity for the new owners to make systematic changes to the workforce of the acquired plant? Using matched employer–employee data, we document changes to the workforce along observable and unobservable dimensions of worker quality around the time of ownership change. We observe above‐average separations of workers around domestic acquisitions. This is associated with a decline in unobserved worker quality in the plant. Foreign acquisitions are not associated with above‐average worker turnover; instead, new foreign owners share rents with the high‐skilled workers who are already in the plant before the acquisition.
Wage Cyclicality and Composition Bias in the Norwegian Economy*
Authors: Dapi Bjorn
Published: May 2019

Using employer–employee register data, I estimate the real wage semi‐elasticity of aggregate unemployment for the years 1997–2014 in the Norwegian private sector. An increase of 1 percentage point in aggregate unemployment is associated with an average decrease of 2 percent in (total) daily wages. Although Norway has influential labor market institutions, wages in the Norwegian private sector are quite sensitive to business‐cycle fluctuations. Gender differences in wage cyclicality and compositional variation are considerable. Men have significantly more procyclical wages than women, and appear more likely to upgrade procyclically to better‐paying firms.
Design of heterogeneous mechanical tests: Numerical methodology and experimental validation
Authors: Aquino José , Andrade‐Campos A. Gil , Martins João M. P. , Thuillier Sandrine
Published: May 2019

Standard material parameters identification strategies for constitutive equations generally use an extensive number of classical tests for collecting the required experimental data. Recently, new specimen geometries for heterogeneous tests were designed to enhance the richness of the strain field and capture supplementary strain states using full‐field measurement techniques. The butterfly specimen is an example of such a geometry, designed through a numerical optimization procedure where an indicator capable of evaluating the heterogeneity and the richness of strain information is used. The aim of this work is to experimentally validate the heterogeneous butterfly mechanical test in the parameter identification framework. Blanks of mild steel DC04 are cut with the butterfly geometry, and specific grips are designed. Tests are performed with Digital Image Correlation technique, and a Finite Element Model Update inverse strategy is used for the parameter identification, as well as the calculation of the indicator. The identification strategy is accomplished with the data obtained from the experimental tests, and the results are compared with quasi‐homogeneous tests.
Identification of a novel HLA‐C*03 variant, C*03:465, using sequence‐based typing in a Korean man
Authors: Roh Soong K. , Ham Ji Y. , Lee Nan Y. , Im Jisu , Lee Hyunchul
Published: May 2019

HLA‐C*03:465, differs from C*03:04:01:01 by a single nucleotide in codon 135 (GCC → GTC).
Massive uric acid crystalluria and cylinduria in a dog after l‐asparaginase treatment for lymphoma
Authors: Tvedten Harold , Lilliehöök Inger , Rönnberg Henrik , Pelander Lena
Published: May 2019

A 10‐year‐old golden retriever bitch was treated for diarrhea and vomiting that lasted about 1 month without a specific diagnosis until a hepatic biopsy provided a histopathologic diagnosis of lymphoma. The dog was referred to the Swedish University of Agricultural Science and treated with one dose of l‐asparaginase. The day after chemotherapy, the urine was dark yellow, very turbid, and had large amounts of small amorphous crystals and many casts made of similar appearing material identified by infrared spectroscopy to be 100% uric acid dihydrate. Serum uric acid was elevated at 224 μmol/L (RI 0‐59). The dog's illness became worse after chemotherapy. Lymphoma treatment was not continued, and the dog was euthanized 9 days after the l‐asparaginase treatment. Among other problems were persistent proteinuria with a urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio of 2.3 and severe hypoalbuminemia. Serum protein electrophoresis performed 3 weeks prior to chemotherapy indicated hyperproteinemia (total protein 78 g/L) having a biclonal gammopathy with 35 g/L β‐2 globulins and 11 g/L γ globulins. Despite prominent cylinduria and crystalluria, the patient did not develop azotemia or isosthenuria.
Analysis of Teacher Measurement-Evaluation Preferences from the Perspective of Epistemological Belief
Authors: Özeren Ender , Akpunar Burhan
Published: May 2019

The goal of this research is to make an epistemological analysis of methods used by high school teachers in teaching process and their measurement and evaluation preferences. The research is based on descriptive model and conducted on a total of 819 teachers. Data are collected through information form and analyzed with scientific statistical techniques. At the end of the analyses, it is observed that high school teachers participated in the research are partially sufficient in terms of epistemological belief; but these teachers stated that they highly benefit from the nature of knowledge while teaching a topic and conducting an exam. As there seems to be a dilemma between the statements and practices of teachers, the statements are found questionable. Participant teachers preferred the method of presentation in teaching process while they preferred conducting written exams in measurement-evaluation processes. These preferences justified the questionable point. This situation, which reveals the epistemological deficiency of teachers who participated in the research, is also an indication of epistemological discrepancy between current education programs and teachers. This indication shows that modern constructivist education programs in Turkey are practiced in a traditional sense. Putting education programs into practice by epistemologically destroying their nature is a serious risk that can prevent Turkey from reaching educational goals. It is known that constructivist approach makes significant contributions to ensure efficient education and to the process of raising creative individuals.
Effects of Explicit Timing on the Reading Fluency of Third Graders with Learning Challenges
Authors: Grünke Matthias , Karnes Jennifer , Hisgen Susanne
Published: May 2019

In this study, we examined the impact of a simple explicit-timing intervention on low-achieving third-grade students’ ability to read more rapidly and accurately. We implemented an ABAB design with four struggling readers to establish experimental control and to evaluate the effects of the treatment in terms of the target variable. The results indicated that explicit timing was very helpful in increasing the participants’ reading rates. That is, each of the four students demonstrated better mean results in the B phases than in the A phases. The article closes with a discussion of the practical implications and applications of the findings, including limitations to be addressed in future studies.
Comparison of Blood Lipid and Lipoprotein Amount of Wrestlers and Skiers
Authors: Koca Feyzullah
Published: May 2019

In this study it is aimed to compare form blood parameters lipid and lipoprotein values of wrestlers and skiers who have different training levels. In addition, was to examine the risks of cardiovascular diseases for wrestler and skiers. In order to achieve this purpose, 33 male of elite wrestling and ski athletes measured in the study. In this study, Triglyceride (TG), were determined Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C levels (With Hitachi 717 autoanalyser). To determine the differences between groups “independent t” tests were performed.In this study, there were significant differences in plasma LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC values between wrestlers and skiers (p<.05 and p<0,001). There were no significant differences in plasma TG values between wrestlers and skiers (p>.05). In this study, HLC values of skiers were found to be significantly higher than wrestlers (p<0.001). In this study the cardiovascular risk ratios (TC/HDL-C) were found to be 3.39 mg/100cc for wrestlers and 2.80 mg/100cc for skiers. Ratios LDL-C/HDL-C were found 1.76 mg/100cc for wrestlers and 1.45 mg/100cc for skiers.Conclusion: Although the wrestlers’ training levels were always found to be difference than the skiers, TG values were not found to be different. But the HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC levels of skiers were found better than wrestlers. This results shows that medium and high level of different exercises did cause little differences in blood plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. Plasma Lipid and lipoprotein values of the wrestler and skiers was accept good.  Wrestling and ski athletes would not be exposed to risk of cardiovascular diseases. Blood parameter values should be examined separately on Cross-country skiers and alpine skiers.
Orbits through polytropes
Authors: Gjerløv Amalia , Dean Pesnell W.
Published: May 2019

We describe how orbital tunnels could be used to transport payloads through the Earth. If you use a brachistochrone for the tunnel, the body forces in the tunnel become overwhelmingly large for small angular distances traveled. Projectiles move along an orbital tunnel faster than they would along a brachistochrone connecting the same points but the body force components cancel. We describe how parabolic Keplerian orbits outside the object merge onto quasi-Keplerian orbits inside the object. We use models of the interior of the Earth with three values of the polytropic index (n) to calculate interior orbits that travel between surface points. The n = 3 results are also scaled to the Sun. Numerical integrations of the equations describing polytropes were used to generate the initial models. Numerical integration of the equations of motion are then used to calculate the angular distance you can travel along the surface and the traversal time as a function of the parabolic periapsis distance for each model. Trajectories through objects of low central condensation show a focussing effect that decreases as the central condensation increases. Analytic solutions for the trajectories in a homogeneous sphere are derived and compared to the numeric results. The results can be scaled to other planets, stars, or even globular clusters.
Gravity-driven fluid oscillations in a drinking straw
Authors: Smith Ryan P. , Matlis Eric H.
Published: May 2019

We describe a simple experiment observing oscillations of fluid in a drinking straw immersed in a bath of water. The motion of this oscillator system with changing mass is matched remarkably well by a model derived from Newton's laws with the inclusion of only a phenomenological damping coefficient. We compare the frequency of the oscillations to Hooke's law for small displacements and find 0.25% discrepancy. This experiment can be shown as a demonstration of oscillations of fluids, or it can be performed by students as a laboratory activity in upper-division undergraduate physics and engineering courses.