bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appellate Review
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

Canon law affords the opportunity to appeal a tribunal’s ruling to a higher Church court when “a party ... considers him or herself to be injured by a judgement. “ The wording of the canon, it might be noted, gives no support to the view that in an annulment proceeding only the marriage is on trial. Marriages are metaphysically incapable of considering themselves injured parties. Marriages are subject to injury sacramentally, canonically, and in terms of spousal interaction, but only petitioners, respondents, and those who might be scandalized can rightly perceive themselves as aggrieved. However that may be, let us examine the mechanics of appeal within the American tribunal system. It will be seen that appeals can take some fascinating twists and turns.
African Scripts, Graphic Practices, and Contexts of Learning and Use
Authors: Gundaker Grey
Published: November 2023

This chapter briefly reviews some of the transatlantic resources that may inform African American vernacular practices and interact with conventional literacy. It also lays groundwork for several case studies in later chapters. Resources, as I use the term, include African writing and graphic systems, individual signs and sign complexes (see chapter 4), remnants of Arabic literacy and Muslim magic, functions and contexts of use and learning, and ideologies of inscription. Assessing the relevance of resources involves examining both the geographic distribution of sign systems-and people who use/d them-in West and Central Africa and the diaspora, and the recurrence of certain configurations of signs, functions, and contexts of acquisition and use. The claim that a “resource” has been “used” depends on configurations, not mere resemblances.
Narratives of Literacy Acquisition and Use
Authors: Gundaker Grey
Published: November 2023

This chapter draws on autobiographical narratives and historical accounts in which African Americans describe how they learned to read and write outside school settings in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. I will not survey the history of African American literacy or literacy as a theme in African American autobiography; others have already done so.2 However, I will look at several scholars’ interpretations of the role of literacy in particular narratives. The purpose of this chapter is to trace one pattern that emerges from the interaction of conventional and vernacular approaches to reading and writing in these accounts: the relation ship of reading and writing to pointedly not reading or writing in circumstances that the narrator deems greatly significant for his or her life.
The Childish
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Long (is the night for one awake): dfgha ( jagarato ratti) What is called “night” is only three watches ( yii.ma), [but] to one who stays awake it is long-that is, it seems [to be] three or four times [its actual length]. Neither the very lazy person who sleeps rolling about till sunrise, making himself food for the multitude of bedbugs, nor the sensualist who sleeps on a luxurious couch after consuming a rich meal, knows its length. [But] the one engaged in contemplation, exerting all through the night, knows its length, and the exponent of dhamma who “speaks the speech of dhamma,” the one who listens to dhamma, seated close to [such a speaker’s] seat, the one affected by ailments of the head, and so forth, the one afflicted by pain, having suffered mutilation of hands and feet, and so on, and the traveler who has set out on the road at night.
The Thousands
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Here “thousand” is a word signifying a [numerical) specification. Suppose there are words that are [numerically] specified in thousands [as, e.g.,] one thousand or two thousand [words], and they are<J composed of phrases that are of no avail, that do not illumine the way to transcendence, that serve [only] as descriptions of skies and mountains and forests, and so forth. [Then], as numerous as they be, so [are they] surely detrimental. This is the meaning.
The Wrong
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Wholesome deeds should be performed by the layperson when the thought arises. “Let me do some wholesome act such as offering salaka alms, and so forth; [they should be performed] promptly, very promptly, thinking: “Let me be ahead, let me!” so that no one else may get the chance. And also [wholesome deeds] should be performed promptly, very promptly indeed, by the bhikkhu who attends to duties relating to preceptor, and the like, without giving the chance to another, thinking: “Let me be ahead, let me!” From wrong (hold back your) thought: papa cittamµ ( nivaraye) Hold back the mind with all might from detrimental acts like physical misconduct, and so on, or from allowing unwholesome thoughts to arise.
The Rod
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

And they are indeed frightened of death too. In this discourse the wording admits of no exception, but the sense does. When a king proclaims by drum beat that all should assemble, all do assemble except the princes and ministers of the state. In the same way, even though it is said that all fear [the rod and death], it must be understood that all are frightened except the following four; the thoroughbred horse, the thoroughbred elephant, the thorough bred bull, and the influx-extinct [Arahant]. Of these, the influx-extinct does not fear [death, and the like], not seeing a “being” that can die, due to the fact that the notion of a substantial being [or self] is extinct [in such a one]. The other three are not frightened, not seeing a being [that can] become an adversary to them, due to the fact that the notion of self is very strong [in them].
The Firm in Dhamma
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Were one to settle a case capriciously, One thereby does not become firm in dhamma. But the one who would discriminate Both what is and what is not the case-the sagacious one-(19.1) Who leads others impartially With dhamma, not capriciously, The intelligent one, guarded by dhamma, Is called “one firm in dhamma.” (19.2) A king does not become “firm in dhamma” even though he stays on [the task of] adjudication incumbent upon him, By that reason alone. A matter to which [he has] got down, that is to be adjudicated.
Hell
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Only their exit [from this world] is qualified [by this “equality”]. Their life span [in the world beyond] is not qualified [by that]. For, having done much detrimental action, they are tormented long in hell; having done little, [they suffer] for only a short time. Because the action of both of them is indeed childish, it has been said:<2l”People of base deeds, in the beyond” [Dhp., v. 306d]. The syntactical connection with the word pecca is before the word parattha [i.e., read pecca parattha to get the sense].
American Legal Thought from Prernodernisrn to Postrnodernisrn
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

American legal thought has progressed remarkably quickly from premodernism to modernism and into postmodernism in little over two hundred years, running from the nation’s founding through today. This book tells the story of this mercurial journey through jurisprudence by showing the development of legal thought through these three intellectual periods. Feldman’s narrative revolves around two broad interrelated themes: jurisprudential foundations and the idea of progress. Comprehensive and accessible, the book draws on significant cases from Supreme Court history to provide a handy one-volume overview for law students, practitioners, and legal scholars.
Postmodern American Legal Thought
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

America of the 1950s and early 1960s was a nation characterized by consensus and confidence.1 Many Americans, including most legal process scholars and political theorists, had believed throughout the 1950s that the nation was joined in a consensus celebrating democracy and the rule of law. Moreover, they were confident that because of American knowhow, prosperity, and power, these noble principles could not only suffuse the lives of all Americans but also could beneficently shape the entire world. Yet, this period of consensus was, perhaps, “a fool’s paradise … a time of false complacency and of hubristic and dangerous illusions.” The early civil rights movement suggested the flaws in the idea of consensus, but then widespread support for the movement itself became part of the consensus—reflecting ostensibly the American commitments to liberty and equality. And the successes of the early movement only fueled American confidence: most Americans believed that Southern racism could be defeated so that all citizens would have an equal chance to share in the American dream.
Conclusion: A Glimpse of the Future?
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

The voyage of American legal thought has here been traced from one stage to another, from one substage to another. Much of this story has turned on the interrelated ideas of foundations and progress. In the premodern era, natural law principles seemed to undergird the legal system. During the earliest decades of the nation’s history, legal and political thinkers were largely concerned with preserving the republic and its commitment to eternal and universal principles. From approximately 1820 through the Civil War, though, jurisprudents combined their conviction in the existence of natural law principles with a belief in a premodern idea of progress. Natural law still provided the foundation for the legal system, but America apparently could progress by instrumentally and pragmatically implementing those principles. As such, natural law seemingly provided both the goals and the limits for American jurisprudents and jurists as they sought to perfectly realize the eternal and universal principles. After the Civil War, American legal thought entered its modernist period with the onset of positivism: for the most part, jurisprudents repudiated natural law. Consequently, the idea of progress was unleashed from the natural law limits that inhered during the premodern era. Progress came to be seen as potentially endless, dependent solely on human ingenuity. Even with the rejection of natural law principles, though, modernist jurisprudents retained a desire for grounding the legal system on a firm foundation. Without such a foundation, modernists feared, the law would be overly subjective and relative—even nihilistic.
the church history of rufinus of aquileia, books 10 and 11
Authors: Amidon Philip R
Published: November 2023

What is known of the life of T yrannius (or T urranius) Rufinus is well set out in F. X. Murphy’s authoritative biography.I He was born around 345 C.E. in Iulia Concordia (west of Aquileia). His parents were noble and wealthy, to judge from his education, which he completed in Rome. While a student there he became close friends with Jerome. Athanasius had popularized monasticism in the West during his long exile there, a year of which was spent in Aquileia around the time of Rufinus’s birth. By 370 there was an ascetic community in Aquileia that Rufinus joined upon his return from Rome. He was baptized in 369 or 370. His enthusiasm for the monastic life inspired him, as it did other Western Christians, to visit its birthplace, and he made his way to Egypt at the end of 372 or early in 373.
Book 10
Authors: Amidon Philip R
Published: November 2023

Alexander received the episcopal office after Achillas, who had succeeded the martyr Peter in Alexandria, and it was then that since our people were enjoying peace and a respite from persecution, and the glory of the churches was crowned by the merits of the confessors, the favorable state of our affairs was disturbed by strife within. A presbyter of Alexandria named Arius, a man religious in appearance and aspect rather than in virtue, but shamefully desirous of glory, praise, and novelties, began to propose certain impious doctrines regarding the faith of Christ, things which had never before been talked about. He tried to sever and divide the Son from the eternal and ineffable substance or nature of God the Father, something which upset very many in the church. Bishop Alexander, by nature gentle and reserved, desired to recall Arius from his impious enterprise and teaching by unceasing admonitions, but did not succeed, because by then the contagion of his pestilential doctrine had infected so many not only in Alexandria, but also in the other cities and provinces to which it had spread. He therefore, thinking it would be disastrous to ignore the situation, brought it to the notice of very many of his fellow priests.
What Americans Fear
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

By longstanding habit, Americans use the terms “crime” and “violence” interchangeably. When expressing concern about urban conditions we commonly talk about “the crime problem” or “the violence problem” as if they were the same thing. When drive-by shootings create newspaper headlines, we demand that our elected officials do something about crime.
Only in America? Illicit Drugs and the Death Rate from Violence
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon
Published: November 2023

Conventional wisdom is firm in the belief that the use and marketing of illicit drugs in the United States is a major cause of homicide. Indeed, the belief that illegal drugs generate violence is one of the very few propositions that commands the agreement of both those who support the intensified prohibition of presently illicit drugs and those who urge complete decriminalization.
Introduction
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

In 1836, the self educated son of a Virginia overseer received a call to First Baptist Church in Richmond. Jeremiah Jeter’s congregation soon moved into an elegant Greek Revival church designed by the architect of the addition to the U.S. Capitol. Jeter’s position in Richmond society led him to fault his wife for her plain dress, telling her it stung his pride for her to appear in public in dress “out of keeping with her position.” The style of his new life bred open distaste for the simple religious practices of his youth. After less than a decade in Richmond, he visited several “country meetings” and publicly proclaimed his great disappointment in them as “one accustomed to the almost perfect order of city meetings.”
City Pastors
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

By the 1840s, the experiences of pastors in Virginia’s towns and cities had begun to differ sharply from those in the countryside. Rural churchgoers continued to worship in simplicity and self-denial, while those in the city began to link religion with social respectability. Rural congregations consisted overwhelmingly of farmers, but urban churches attracted a growing number of merchant and professional families. Free and slave families mixed in country churches, while city congregations began to segregate.
Sectionalism and the Rise of Denominations
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

On a March day in 1852, the Reverend Noah Baldwin recorded his doubts about a deed he had accomplished the day before. Noah and Nancy McMillan Baldwin were twelve years married and living in the mountains of southwest Virginia when they bought James Martin. At thirty-five, Baldwin had been preaching for the duration of his marriage in a church he described as a “feeble band, numbering at the aggregate 14, most of whom are in the country and all of us in moderate circumstances, so far as worldly goods is concern ed.”
A Call to Order
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

By the end of the nineteenth century, denominational agencies cast so long a shadow over religious life that some pastors felt obliged to defend the very existence of the local church. “I believe in the local church with all my heart,” Dr. B. C. Henning wrote, “but [for a] church to fence herself in and seek all for her separate ends is the surest way to spiritual death.” These “simple agencies of the New Testament” had lost their “primitive power” and appeared almost obsolete. They seemed spiritually dead, provincial, and out moded.
The Character of God
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

Educated people have become bereft of sophisticated ways to develop their religious inclinations. A major reason for this is that theology has become vague and dull. In The Character of God, author Thomas E. Jenkins maintains that Protestant theology became boring by the late nineteenth century because the depictions of God as a character in theology became boring. He shows how in the early nineteenth century, American Protestant theologians downplayed biblical depictions of God’s emotional complexity and refashioned his character according to their own notions, stressing emotional singularity. These notions came from many sources, but the major influences were the neoclassical and sentimental literary styles of characterization dominant at the time. The serene benevolence of neoclassicism and the tender sympathy of sentimentalism may have made God appealing in the mid-1800s, but by the end of the century, these styles had lost much of their cultural power and increasingly came to seem flat and vague. Despite this, both liberal and conservative theologians clung to these characterizations of God throughout the twentieth century. Jenkins argues that a way out of this impasse can be found in romanticism, the literary style of characterization that supplanted neoclassicism and sentimentalism and dominated American literary culture throughout the twentieth century. Romanticism emphasized emotional complexity and resonated with biblical depictions of God. A few maverick religious writers—such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, W. G. T. Shedd, and Horace Bushnell—did devise emotionally complex characterizations of God and in some cases drew directly from romanticism. But their strange and sometimes shocking depictions of God were largely forgotten in the twentieth century. s use “theological” as a pejorative term, implying that an argument is needlessly Jenkins urges a reassessment of their work and a greaterin understanding of the relationship between theology and literature. Recovering the lost literary power of American Protestantism, he claims, will make the character of God more compelling and help modern readers appreciate the peculiar power of the biblical characterization of God.
The Limitations of Political Theology
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: November 2023

By the second half of the twentieth century, God was being swallowed up into history and disappearing as a distinctive character in cosmopolitan theology. The most sensational reflection on this trend was Harvey Cox’s 1965 work, The Secular City. Cox concluded his book by reflecting on Exodus 3:14. Eighty years earlier, the most Theodore Munger had been able to pick out of this verse was the personal identity implied in the word “I.” Now, even this was dropped. So little did God’s character signify that emphasis shifted to the verb.
The Influence of Family, Church, and Association Personal Perspectives on the Revival
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

THE PRESS REPORTS and popular histories provided the narratives and pro moted the images that gave the Revival of r 857-58 its public and historical identity. As with other events and ideas in a culture profoundly shaped by the printed page, the awakening gained significance when it appeared in print. Yet the standard story of businessmen at prayer was, as noted earlier, a selective account and also surprisingly impersonal. With the exception of Jeremiah Lanphier, Orville Gardner, and, later, D. L. Moody, specific individuals rarely were associated with the revival. Published reports seldom identified the people featured in the many stories of answered prayer or of conversion. In part, this reflected the anonymity of mass urban revivals. Apart from the celebrity and human interest stories, the news of this awakening centered around the magnitude of its collective appeal, particularly to men: around the reports of thousands crowding downtown halls and churches to pray. In addition, to clergy historians anonymity validated the revival’s genuineness and supernatural character. “No name, except the name that is above every name,” they insisted.
Tenacious of Their Liberties
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

This study approaches the Puritan experience in church government from the perspective of both the pew and the pulpit. For the past ten years, James Cooper has immersed himself in local manuscript church records. These previously untapped documents provide a fascinating glimpse of lay-clerical relations in colonial Massachusetts, and reveal that ordinary churchgoers shaped the development of Congregational practices as mych as the clerical and elite personages who for so long have populated histories of the period. Cooper’s new findings both challenge existing models of church hierarchy and offer a new dimension to our understanding of the origins of New England democracy.
The Great Awakening and the Privatization of Piety
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Plumer accused the clergyman of failing to “bear a proper Testimony against such as oppose” the Awakening, a clear “Work of Gods Grace.” “I don’t remember Sir,” he informed his pastor, “that you ever so much as gave Thanks for Such an Unspeakable Favor to the World as Mr. Whitefield.” Another dissenter, Samuel Adams, explained that “it does not please the great God to edify my Soul” under Parsons’s ministry. A third, one Joshua Boynton, objected to the church’s reservations toward itinerant preachers, whom he “look[ed] upon as Ministers of Christ Authorized by his Spirit to preach the Everlasting Gospel of his Grace.”
Fruit From the Dead
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

By now the reader may have gathered that Tamil initiatory and ritual experiences mostly serve to dissociate people from social and personal identities. We have had ample warrant for such an impression. The camis visions of the goddess led them to withdraw from mainstream society and their families. Many of them, in turn, were quick to prescribe “funerals ” of debilitating relationships for their clientele. While the ultimate objective of exorcisms may be seen to reunite “possessed ” women with their husbands, these reconciliations actually entailed suppressing or “beheading ” an inner personality. And while possession by one’s untimely dead does not call for any kind of “removal. ” this is because a more finite separationdeath-has already happened. No wonder it can appear that Tamil religious practices lean toward effecting what Luc de Heusch calls “disjunctions ” (1981). But this is only one side of the Tamil cosmological picture and its mechanisms and motivations. Its other “face ” is expressed through rituals that incorporate participants into a generational sequence and network of forebears, descendants, and relatives. This body of “conjunctive ” rites stands in isomorphic opposition to diagnostic seances, “removals, ” and exorcisms. A mirrored symbolic vocabulary and identical patterning of actions here are employed to forge a continuity of experience and identity instead of the reverse. Yet, at every crucial step the overlaps and repetitions in these ritual processes are consistent with my deeper conclusion that, above all, Tamil religion works to transform the “inner ” self. The difference is that whereas disjunctive practices objectify the “healthy ” person as separated from unrelated others (be they “commanding ” or alien personalities) conjunctive rituals “prescribe ” mingling or even expanding the self into other connected selves. Before entering this new world of ritual transactions, I might set the tone for the chapters to come by recounting one more diagnostic seance by a recruit of the goddess-a seance of some contrast to those we have witnessed before. It was performed by one of those specialists who could “see ” and embody the spirits of her clients’ dead relatives.1 While this female practitioner did not actually carry out the “fruits ” she recommended.
When Parents are Unsuitable Brides
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

We have just seen that the investiture of the family deity climaxes with the crowning of the groom with the flowerpot. Comparison of this ritual with the exorcism has allowed us to discern that this crucial sequence enacts a symbolic “recapitation ”: dead parents, heads of the family, are affixed to the groom’s body in proper conjunction. It is critical to never forget, however, that despite the tidy, depersonalized framework offered in the last chapter, whatever relevant representations this investiture might encode for any given body of participants are constructed on the spot, during actual performances. Ritual meanings do not exist independently of specific people’s actions and agendas. They are created, recreated, or modified in the course of any given ceremonial process. The cosmology that is articulated through any of these “decoding ” seances, countersorcery rituals, exorcisms, and instances of spirit possession has neither reality nor efficacy apart from social and personal investments. Most especially is this the case for the investiture of household deities, whose success, as we have seen, is held to depend upon the “love ” and “affection ” of the family. The question, then, is do participants themselves arrive at the meanings which are suggested by the comparative approach we have just read?
From Feast To Self-Sacrifice
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

By concentrating on religious experiences that concern individuals, couples, or families, this essay has remained within the confines of the particular, the private, and the domestic. This focus made me aware that the symbolism of marriage (and its counterpart divorce) threaded through much of Tamil religion. But as the preceding chapters suggest, marriage is generally employed for transforming a situation of disunion [usually: absence or death] into one of lasting or surviving intimacy between goddesses and male initiates, for example, or dead and living kin. For effecting “crossings ” with gods and others who are already connected with one’s self, Tamil religion offers another model: sacrifice. In exploring the transformations that result from sacrifice, these final chapters will take us outside the ritual practices that are bounded by individuals and their households. This is because sacrifice is not a private endeavor but always a collective one. Accordingly, the remaining pages of this book expand into the realm of lineal worship, which might be seen as the next tier of religious activities, falling somewhere between rites of the domicile and married families and those of village temple worship. For in rural Tamilnadu a key ceremony for descent groups is their sacrificial offering to the lineage deity (kulam tevam), in which all lineage members must have a “share ” (pariku).
Relationship With the Mendicants
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

The relationship of Grosseteste with the two mendicant orders of Dominicans and Franciscans, and especially with the latter, is an obligatory chapter in even the briefest life of the bishop.

When Grosseteste’s friendship with the friars is mentioned, people think in the first place of the Franciscans and forget too easily his friendships with Jordan of Saxony, O.P. (the successor of St. Dominic), John of St. Giles, O.P., whom he wanted at his side at Lincoln, and Robert Bacon, his theological colleague at Oxford who joined the Dominicans. As bishop, Grosseteste had both Dominicans and Franciscans living at the palace at Lincoln. The Br. Hubert (otherwise unknown) who wrote a Latin verse lament for him during the vacancy following his death was probably one of the former. He regarded the late bishop as a saint. The following short extract portrays the relationship between the friars and their episcopal patron.
The Earliest Franciscan Masters at Oxford
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

We are fortunate in being able to follow quite closely the development of one of the early Oxford schools of theology, that belonging to the Franciscan Order, and to record something of the debt it owed to its first master. Although the chronicler Thomas of Eccleston, O.F.M., was not himself a scholar, he devoted particular attention to the place held by studies within the life of the English Province, from the arrival of the first friars up to the time (ca. 1258) when his narrative ends. Nine Franciscans landed at Dover on IO September 1224, at a time when St. Francis himself was still alive. The founder of the order had appointed as the minister for England Fr. Agnellus of Pisa, formerly guardian of the Paris house. Before the end of October two of the nine, Richard of lngworth and Richard of Devon, were staying with the Dominicans at Oxford. They rented a house, which rapidly became too small as students and bachelors joined the movement. A larger house was bought for them, and near it Agnellus of Pisa had a school built. Agnellus made the decision to invite Grosseteste to lecture rather than any of the friar theologians he might have requested. Under him, Eccleston proudly records, “within a short time they made incalculable progress both in scholastic discussions [in questionibus] and in subtle moralities suitable for preaching.”
Aseneth and the Adjuration of Angels
Authors: Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

In the later antique Mediterranean world, belief in the possibility, if not the probability, of encounters between humans and divine beings was widespread. These beliefs testify to a cosmology in which the heavens are populated with numerous lesser divine beings who limit human access to the highest divinity. Such cosmology corresponds closely to the political realities of the period, in which increasingly complex government bureaucracies, both local and Roman, distanced virtually everyone from kings and emperors. Whether our sources are formulas for compelling the appearance of suprahuman beings or narratives of such experiences, encounters with lesser divine beings are typical whereas encounters with the highest God are rarer and require considerable effort and expense, analogous again to the political realities.
The Israelite Messiahs
Authors: Nazareth Jesus of , Kosiba Shim’on bar , Forerunners Their
Published: November 2023

The postbiblical usage of the word “messiah” connects the messiah with the end of time and its mysteries. It is associated with reinterpretations of biblical verses and certain literary works, such as the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the Qumran material, and rabbinic doctrines as they appear in the early literature or in the canon of the New Testament.1 Sacrificing a present throne, the messiah now gains a distant one instead, ultimately (by the middle of the second century BCE) one in Heaven at the end of this era. The messiah of the apocalypse is essentially a fantasy, never to come true in this world or in this time except through God’s will and effort.
The Messiahs Of The Inquisition
Authors: Reubeni David , Molkho Shlomo
Published: November 2023

After the twelfth century, the stage of Jewish messianic activity shifted from the Islamic east to the northern Mediterranean to Spain, where Jewish communities experienced freedom and oppression intermittently as the fortunes of the dominant powers of Christianity and Islam rose and fell. The first section of this chapter will trace the rise of Jewish mysticism in this period, the development of crypto-Judaism (converting to Islam or Christianity while secretly maintaining Jewish practices), and the effect both of these had on Jewish messianism and messiahs.
The Messiah Of Izmir
Authors: Zvi Shabtai
Published: November 2023

In the seventeenth century, outside the land of Israel, Jewish messianic contenders again began to proliferate. This chapter focuses on the first and foremost of these, Shabtai Zvi, who attained a higher level of fame and influence than had any Jewish messiah since Jesus. Zvi was a student of the Lurianic Kabbalah; his own revolutionary view of cosmic repair turned legal and normative behavior on its head. Others, seeking to abide by his teachings engaged in acts that ranged from ascetic to antinomian. Zvi saw himself as a sultan rather than a military leader, but this posture was real only in his imagination.
The Polish Messiahs
Authors: Frank Yakov , Ewa His Daughter
Published: November 2023

In the century after Shabtai Zvi’s death, many continued to adhere to Shab bateanism, and many figures claimed to have inherited Zvi’s messianic soul. This chapter first summarizes the careers of Zvi’s successors. It then focuses on one of these, Yakov Frank, concerning whom we have more primary material by far than is available for any other Jewish messiah. Frank’s antinomianism encompassed his conversions to both Islam and Catholicism and his elevation of himself, a fearless and physically powerful figure but uneducated and disdainful of religious traditions, above the Jewish rabbinic elite.
The Tzaddik Of Hasidism
Authors: Lenowitz Harris
Published: November 2023

The multiplication of messiahs stirred by or associated with Shabbateanism is at least partially responsible for the proliferation of messiahs and prophets in Hasidism, which first arose in the eighteenth century in eastern Europe and has continued until the present, its followers still wearing the clothing of that period, and thought of today as members of ultraorthodox Jewry. This chapter examines the connection between Shabbateanism/Frankism and Hasidism and then focuses on four important hasidic figures who either were considered to be the messiah or closely resembled messianic figures.
The Devil’s Mousetrap
Authors: Munk Linda
Published: November 2023

Saint Augustine’s phrase “Muscipula Diaboli” (the Devil’s mousetrap) is cited by the distinguished art historian Meyer Schapiro in an essay published in 1945: “‘Muscipula Diaboli,’ The Symbolism of the Merode Altarpiece.” In the right wing of the triptych (by the Master of Flemalle, Robert Campin), Joseph, the husband of Mary, is portrayed as an artisan who fashions intricate wooden mousetraps. “Not only is the presence of Joseph in the context of the Annunciation exceptional in Christian art,” Schapiro writes, “we are surprised also that his craft of carpentry should be applied to something so piquant and marginal in métier.”
The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

Freud begins Civilization and Its Discontents by referring to a friend of his whom he thought to be a great man, one of the “exceptional few” who eschewed “false standards of measurement” such as wealth and power and knew what was of “true value in life” and whose greatness rested on “attributes and achievements which are completely foreign to the aims and ideals of the multitude.” The “friend” was, of course, Romain Rolland.1 Freud then went on to describe how he had received a letter from Rolland, dated December 5, 1927, in response to The Future of an Illusion. Rolland “entirely agreed” with his analysis of the “common-man’s” religion but pointed out that Freud neglected to treat the true source of religious sentiments.
States of Desire
Authors: Mahaffey Vicki
Published: November 2023

Mahaffey’s fascinating study shows how the writings of Wilde, Yeats, and Joyce are politically subversive in the most local and dangerous sense of the term: they aim to take apart the assumptions and verbal practices that make dominance possible. Each writer developed an experimental style out of the struggle with his national heritage, but each also had to come to terms with passionate ideals of his own that for a time impeded or denied the versatility of his writing.
Tradition as a Liturgical Act
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

“LE PRINCIPAL INSTRUMENT DE LA TRADITION DE L1EGLISE,” WROTE BISHOP J.B. Bossuet of Meaux (1627-1704), “est renferme dans ses prieres.” Whereas there is obvious truth to Bossuet’s thesis that the liturgy is the principal instrument of the church’s Tradition, I wish to suggest that the obvious truth rests on a deeper truth that is discovered only when the thesis is turned around. Bossuet’s formulation makes it appear thatthere has always already existed a substantive Tradition which the continuing liturgy subserviently hands on to the future; liturgy is thereby adjectival to Tradition, or even a mere locus theologicus from which doctrines may be proven. Thus Bossuet went on: “The solemn conclusion of all the church’s prayers ‘through Jesus Christ,’ and ‘in the unity of the Holy Spirit,’ shows the necessity of express faith in the Trinity, in the incarnation, and in the mediation of the Son of God.
Eucharist and/as Ethics
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

suggests that our topic is full of both problems and positive potential. Take first “eucharist as ethics.” The danger is that we shall see the eucharist as a duty more than as a delight. Or in historic Lutheran terms: we may succumb to works-righteousness if, with the medieval west, we place worship or religion under moral theology and view the liturgy as a “cultus debitus,” the payment of what we owe to God. Nevertheless, that is a risk I believe we are obliged to take; and fortunately the Lutheran tradition contains a feature that helps correct our course: I mean the understanding of “ethics as eucharist,” though here in turn we shall have to be on our guard against dissolving the concreteness of the ethical demand into a mere doxological intention. The first half of this study, then, will be divided into two: “eucharist as ethics” and “ethics as eucharist.”
The Story of the Siloam Tunnel
Authors: Parker Simon B
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the eighth century BCE (if 2 Kgs 20:20 is to be believed), a tunnel was constructed from the Gihon spring, outside the east wall of Jerusalem, through the rock under the eastern hill to a pool on the southwestern side of the hill. Dan Gill, an Israeli geologist, has recently demonstrated that the tunnel followed the course of a fissure that was part of a larger karstic system of fissures, caves, and sinkholes in the limestone and dolomite of the hill (1991; 1994). While this tunnel was only one of several engineering projects undertaken over the centuries to provide water for different pools in the southern part of the ancient city,1 it was certainly the most ambitious and impressive, involving excavation underground for a distance of about 533 meters (1,748 feet). In comparison, the Siloam channel, running along the western slope of the Kidron Valley, was about
Stories of Appeals for Military Intervention
Authors: Parker Simon B
Published: November 2023

The stories of which we have just been speaking all concern military victories and conquests. In this chapter, we turn to stories in which the protagonist is on the defensive and initiates diplomatic moves to dispose of the force that threatens him. While the deity was always involved in the campaigns of the preceding stories, he is notably absent from all the stories that follow.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Simon B
Published: November 2023

While each of the preceding chapters may be read as a separate study, together they shed light on three general topics. This comparison of epigraphic and biblical narratives contributes to our appreciation of the literary character of each; to our reconstruction of the transmission of certain stories and types of stories; and to our recognition of the role of the deity in different kinds of stories. This concluding chapter addresses these three topics in turn.
James Weldon Johnson (June 17, 1871-June 26, 1938)
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

1871 Born to James and Helen Louise Dillet Johnson on June 17, in Jacksonville, Florida. 1884 Makes trip to New York City. 1886 Meets Frederick Douglass in Jacksonville. 1887 Graduates from Stanton School, Jacksonville. Enters Atlanta University Preparatory Division. 1890 Graduates from Atlanta University Preparatory Division. Enters Atlanta University’s freshman class. 1891 Teaches school in Henry County, Georgia, during the summer following his freshman year. 1892 Wins Atlanta University Oratory Prize for “The Best Methods of Removing the Disabilities of Caste from the Negro.” 1893 Meets Paul Laurence Dunbar at the Chicago World’s Fair. 1894 Receives B.A. degree with honors from Atlanta University. Delivers valedictory speech, “The Destiny of the Human Race.” Tours New England with the Atlanta University Quartet for three months. Is appointed principal of Stanton School in Jacksonville, Florida, the largest African-American public school in the state. 1895 Founds the Daily American, an afternoon daily serving Jacksonville’s black population. 1896 Expands Stanton School to high school status, making it the first public high school for blacks in the state of Florida. 1898 Becomes the first African American to be admitted to the Florida bar.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of December 1920
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Since the convening of Congress the National Office has had assurances from both Senator Curtis, who introduced the Anti-Lynching Bill in the Senate, and Congressman Dyer, who introduced the Anti-Lynching Bill in the House, that they will immediately become active in pushing these measures. The branches of the Association have been asked to urge upon their members and others to write their senators and representatives requesting that they vote for these measures. Congressman Dyer is to be one of the speakers at an Anti-Lynching Meeting which is to be held by the Brooklyn Branch on December 9, at the Academy of Music. The other speakers will be Senator Joseph I. France of Maryland, Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, and the Assistant Secretary [Walter White].
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of March 1921
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In keeping with the suggestion made at the annual meeting of the Anti-Lynching Committee, influential and wealthy persons are being written to with a view to interesting them in the fight the Association is making against lynching, to the extent of making a substantial contribution to this work. New Jersey Legislature On February 16 a letter was received from Dr. W. G. Alexander, member of the House of Assembly of New Jersey, requesting that the Association prepare for him immediately the kind of Memorial or Resolutions it would like to have passed in the New Jersey Legislature asking Congress to make lynching a federal crime. The following resolutions were drawn and sent to Dr. Alexander: Whereas, sixty-five persons were lynched in the United States in 1920, one of the victims of mob murder being a woman and eight being burned at stake.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of October 1924
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

At the last meeting of the Board Mr. James A. Cobb of the Legal Committee stated that besides the Washington Segregation Case there were five similar cases pending in various parts of the United States. Washington Segregation Case As suggested by Mr. Cobb at the last meeting of the Board the National Office sent out in September a press release giving detailed information regarding the Washington Segregation Case. This release was in the main a statement by Mr. Cobb in which he stressed the importance of securing if possible from the United States Supreme Court a favorable decision, since this bar against colored people, if sustained, would have the practical effect of nullifying the victory won in the Louisville Segregation Case. On Saturday morning, October 4, a conference on the Washington Segregation Cases with Mr. Louis Marshall was held at his office. Present at the conference were Mr. Marshall, Mr. Arthur B. Spingarn, Mr. Cobb, Mr. Stockton, and the Secretary. The case was discussed in all of its important phases. Mr. Marshall made suggestions growing out of his study of the brief and the record. He advised that as promptly as possible an application for a writ of certiorari be made in order that the case might be brought before the Court in all of its phases in the event of the Court’s ruling that the case as brought up on appeal was not before it. Mr. Cobb stated that he would take immediate steps to make the application. Mr. Marshall expressed the opinion that the case should not rest entirely upon constitutional grounds but should include the broad question of policy. He also expressed his willingness to give his aid in arguing the case before the Supreme Court.
The N.A.A.C.P.’s Fight Against Lynching
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Johnson in this address recounts the NAACP’s efforts to abolish lynch ing. He discusses the Association’s eight-year systematic, tenacious, and organized actions to wipe out the heinous act. The NAACP relied heavily upon publicity to educate the public on the issue of lynching. Consequently, there was some appreciable effect, and out of that grew Federal legislation. This address was given at the NAACP’s Annual Meeting on January 3, 1923. I shall not take any time to go over all the various steps in the fight against lynching, especially in these recent months. Nevertheless, there is a good deal to be learned from the results and from the benefits which have come from that fight. There has been a fight against lynching going on for some time in this country. The first that I remember was protest made a number of years ago against the burning of Sam Hose, and there was one voice which rang out stirring against it in almost scathing indictment of American civilization, and that voice was the voice of a man whom perhaps America thinks of generally as an infidel; but his was one of the greatest brains and one of the biggest hearts that America ever knew. That man was Robert Ingersol. In that day when Robert Ingersol spoke and spoke as he did about the lynching of Sam Hose, it took some bravery to do it. When ministers of the gospel were silent this so-called atheist spoke out. In years following there were sporadic and individual voices here and there, but the recognized, systematic fight against lynching began with the work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Presiding at Annual Mass Meeting Speech
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In this speech Johnson reviews the NAACP’s work during the preceding year, 1923. He states that one of the NAACP’s objectives is to take stock of what has been gained so that the Association’s staff will move forward with the strength and confidence of hindsight. This address was given at the Annual Mass Meeting of the NAACP in New York City on January 6, 1924. Ladies and Gentlemen: We are met together today for two purposes-first, to take stock of what the past twelve months show for us and to reassemble, as it were, our lines of battle for the continuance of the struggle that is before us.
Address Before the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the N.A.A.C.P.
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In the following address, Johnson speaks to the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Association in 1931. As he retires from the NAACP he pronounces the organization and its aims and its achievements as now part of American history. Johnson further discusses the numerous hurdles the NAACP has overcome and some disadvantages that continue to plague the organization. In his new role as Vice-President and member of the Board, he reaffirms his commitment to the work of the NAACP. Madam Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I must speak to you briefly, because of the hour for one thing. I know that in speaking of the work of the N.A.A.C.P I cannot trust myself to speak briefly, and for that reason I am going to confine myself more or less to some notes which I have jotted down.