bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Modulation of Competitive Mechanisms to Design Stimuli‐Responsive Ln‐MOFs: A Light‐Operated Dual‐Mode Assay for Oxidative DNA Damage
Authors: Hao Ji‐Na , Li Yongsheng
Published: July 2019

The identification of biomolecules for disease diagnosis requires facile analytical technologies with high precision and reliability. Several signal transduction pathways have inspired the development of various bioanalytical systems. However, most systems are greatly limited by a single‐mechanism/mode assay, which easily results in false‐positive/negative results. Herein, a multiple‐mechanism‐driven optical biosensor for 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxo‐dG), an early pathological signature of DNA lesions and various diseases, is designed by assembling adenine as a recognition element, mellitic acid as energy donors and Eu3+ as signal reporters into one metal‐organic framework (MOF) system. Significantly, by regulating the delicate competition between the different mechanisms, the fabricated single platform (Eu‐ade‐MOF) concurrently provides two switchable approaches for rapid qualitative (30 s and 4 min) and quantitive (ppb level) recognition of 8‐oxo‐dG in both complex artificial and real human urine environments. Compared with those single‐mechanism/mode‐driven detections, this light‐operated dual‐mode analysis system can inherently boost the analysis reliability and largely minimize the chances of false negatives/positives for a non‐invasive diagnosis of DNA damage and related diseases. This work represents the first effort in designing a luminescent sensor coupling multiple mechanisms in a single interface to determine DNA damage degree and provides a new approach for developing multimode analysis platforms for human health monitoring.
Deep‐Red/Near‐Infrared Electroluminescence from Single‐Component Charge‐Transfer Complex via Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Channel
Authors: Chen Wen‐Cheng , Huang Bin , Ni Shao‐Fei , Xiong Yuan , Rogach Andrey L. , Wan Yingpeng , Shen Dong , Yuan Yi , Chen Jia‐Xiong , Lo Ming‐Fai , Cao Chen , Zhu Ze‐Lin , Wang Ying , Wang Pengfei , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Lee Chun‐Sing
Published: July 2019

Formation of a single‐component charge‐transfer complex (SCCTC) is unveiled in solid state of an intermolecular charge‐transfer molecule 2‐(4‐(1‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)anthracene‐9,10‐dione (PIPAQ). Intermolecular donor–acceptor interactions between two PIPAQ molecules is the primary driving force for self‐association and contributes to intermolecular charge transfer. The SCCTC character is fully verified by crystallographic, photophysical, electron spin resonance, and vibrational characterizations. The PIPAQ‐based SCCTC is first applied in light‐emitting devices as an emissive layer to realize efficient deep‐red/near‐infrared electroluminescence. This work provides new insights into SCCTC and represents an important step toward their applications in optoelectronic devices.
Electrohydrodynamically Printed High‐Resolution Full‐Color Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Zhu Menghua , Duan Yongqing , Liu Nian , Li Hegeng , Li Jinghui , Du Peipei , Tan Zhifang , Niu Guangda , Gao Liang , Huang YongAn , Yin Zhouping , Tang Jiang
Published: July 2019

Hybrid perovskites show enormous potential for display due to their tunable emission, high color purity, strong photoluminescence and electroluminescence. For display applications, full‐color and high‐resolution patterning is compulsory, however, current perovskite processing such as spin‐coating fails to meet these requirements. Here, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing, with the unique advantages of high‐resolution patterning and large scalability, is introduced to fabricate full‐color perovskite patterns. Perovskite inks via simple precursor mixing are prepared to in situ crystallize tunable‐ and bright‐photoluminescence perovskite arrays without adding antisolvent. Through optimizing the EHD printing process, a high‐resolution dot matrix of 5 µm is achieved. The as‐printed patterns and pictures show full color and high controllability in micrometer dimension, indicating that the EHD printing is a competitive technique for future halide perovskite‐based high‐quality display.
Nucleic‐Acid Structures as Intracellular Probes for Live Cells
Authors: Samanta Devleena , Ebrahimi Sasha B. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: July 2019

The chemical composition of cells at the molecular level determines their growth, differentiation, structure, and function. Probing this composition is powerful because it provides invaluable insight into chemical processes inside cells and in certain cases allows disease diagnosis based on molecular profiles. However, many techniques analyze fixed cells or lysates of bulk populations, in which information about dynamics and cellular heterogeneity is lost. Recently, nucleic‐acid‐based probes have emerged as a promising platform for the detection of a wide variety of intracellular analytes in live cells with single‐cell resolution. Recent advances in this field are described and common strategies for probe design, types of targets that can be identified, current limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Synergistic Effect of Elevated Device Temperature and Excess Charge Carriers on the Rapid Light‐Induced Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Bo , Song Jingfeng , Dai Xuezeng , Liu Ye , Rudd Peter N. , Hong Xia , Huang Jinsong
Published: July 2019

With power conversion efficiencies now reaching 24.2%, the major factor limiting efficient electricity generation using perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is their long‐term stability. In particular, PSCs have demonstrated rapid degradation under illumination, the driving mechanism of which is yet to be understood. It is shown that elevated device temperature coupled with excess charge carriers due to constant illumination is the dominant force in the rapid degradation of encapsulated perovskite solar cells under illumination. Cooling the device to 20 °C and operating at the maximum power point improves the stability of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells over 100× compared to operation under open circuit conditions at 60 °C. Light‐induced strain originating from photothermal‐induced expansion is also observed in CH3NH3PbI3, which excludes other light‐induced‐strain mechanisms. However, strain and electric field do not appear to play any role in the initial rapid degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells under illumination. It is revealed that the formation of additional recombination centers in PSCs facilitated by elevated temperature and excess charge carriers ultimately results in rapid light‐induced degradation. Guidance on the best methods for measuring the stability of PSCs is also given.
Modulating Activity through Defect Engineering of Tin Oxides for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Daiyan Rahman , Lovell Emma Catherine , Bedford Nicholas M. , Saputera Wibawa Hendra , Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Lim Sean , Horlyck Jonathan , Ng Yun Hau , Lu Xunyu , Amal Rose
Published: July 2019

The large‐scale application of electrochemical reduction of CO2, as a viable strategy to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic climate change, is hindered by the lack of active and cost‐effective electrocatalysts that can be generated in bulk. To this end, SnO2 nanoparticles that are prepared using the industrially adopted flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) technique as active catalysts are reported for the conversion of CO2 to formate (HCOO−), exhibiting a FEHCOO− of 85% with a current density of −23.7 mA cm−2 at an applied potential of −1.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Through tuning of the flame synthesis conditions, the amount of oxygen hole center (OHC; SnO●) is synthetically manipulated, which plays a vital role in CO2 activation and thereby governing the high activity displayed by the FSP‐SnO2 catalysts for formate production. The controlled generation of defects through a simple, scalable fabrication technique presents an ideal approach for rationally designing active CO2 reduction reactions catalysts.
Scandium(III)‐Triflate‐Catalyzed Pinacol‐Pinacolone Rearrangement and Cyclization of 1,2‐Diaryl‐1,2‐Ethanediol: A Versatile Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐3‐Benzazepines
Authors: Ieawsuwan Winai , Pingaew Ratchanok , Kunkaewom Sukanya , Ploypradith Poonsakdi , Ruchirawat Somsak
Published: July 2019

An efficient scandium(III)‐triflate‐catalyzed pinacol‐pinacolone rearrangement and cyclization of 1,2‐diaryl‐1,2‐ethanediol has been developed, providing a variety of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepine derivatives in good yields. The obtained products could be transformed to other valuable building blocks for the synthesis of some biologically active compounds or natural products. Moreover, this protocol was also successfully employed for the synthesis of the corresponding 1‐phenyl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydrobenzo[d]azocine and 3‐phenylisoquinoline products.
O−O Bond Formation and Liberation of Dioxygen Mediated by N5‐Coordinate Non‐Heme Iron(IV) Complexes
Authors: Kroll Nicole , Speckmann Ina , Schoknecht Marc , Gülzow Jana , Diekmann Marek , Pfrommer Johannes , Stritt Anika , Schlangen Maria , Grohmann Andreas , Hörner Gerald
Published: July 2019

Formation of the O−O bond is considered the critical step in oxidative water cleavage to produce dioxygen. High‐valent metal complexes with terminal oxo (oxido) ligands are commonly regarded as instrumental for oxygen evolution, but direct experimental evidence is lacking. Herein, we describe the formation of the O−O bond in solution, from non‐heme, N5‐coordinate oxoiron(IV) species. Oxygen evolution from oxoiron(IV) is instantaneous once meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid is administered in excess. Oxygen‐isotope labeling reveals two sources of dioxygen, pointing to mechanistic branching between HAT (hydrogen atom transfer)‐initiated free‐radical pathways of the peroxides, which are typical of catalase‐like reactivity, and iron‐borne O−O coupling, which is unprecedented for non‐heme/peroxide systems. Interpretation in terms of [FeIV(O)] and [FeV(O)] being the resting and active principles of the O−O coupling, respectively, concurs with fundamental mechanistic ideas of (electro‐) chemical O−O coupling in water oxidation catalysis (WOC), indicating that central mechanistic motifs of WOC can be mimicked in a catalase/peroxidase setting.
Revising Complex Supramolecular Polymerization under Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control
Authors: Matern Jonas , Dorca Yeray , Sánchez Luis , Fernández Gustavo
Published: July 2019

Pathway complexity, hierarchical organization, out of equilibrium, and metastable or kinetically trapped species are common terms widely used in recent, high‐quality publications in the field of supramolecular polymers. Often, the terminologies used to describe the different self‐assembly pathways, the species involved, as well as their relationship and relative stability are not trivial. Different terms and classifications are commonly found in the literature, however, in many cases, without clear definitions or guidelines on how to use them and how to determine them experimentally. The aim of this Minireview is to classify, differentiate, and correlate the existing concepts with the help of recent literature reports to provide the reader with a general insight into thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of complex supramolecular polymerization processes. A good comprehension of these terms and concepts should contribute to the development of new complex, functional materials.
Submerged vs. Solid‐State Conversion of Soybean Meal into a High Protein Feed UsingAureobasidium pullulans
Authors: Baldwin Emily L. , Karki Bishnu , Zahler Jacob D. , Rinehart Michael , Gibbons William R.
Published: July 2019

The goal of this study was to assess the performance ofAureobasidium pullulansin converting soybean meal (SBM) into high protein feed using the submerged and solid‐state processes. High solid loading rates (SLR) were evaluated for each process, i.e., 10–25% for submerged and 35–70% for static solid‐state fermentation. During the submerged fermentation, 10% SLR was considered the best performer due to the high amount of cell density, low residual carbohydrates, and high protein titers, while 40% SLR resulted in the high protein yields and low residual carbohydrates during the static solid‐state fermentation. The solid‐state fermentation was conducted in a 14‐L paddle‐type reactor at 50% SLR, and periodic mixing resulted in a protein titer of ~58% at 72 hours of fermentation. Overall, results showed the feasibility of scaling up these processes in converting SBM to a high protein feed ingredient for animal diet.
Cytotoxic effects of β‐asarone on Sf9 insect cells
Authors: Yooboon Thitaree , Kuramitsu Kazumu , Bullangpoti Vasakorn , Kainoh Yooichi , Furukawa Seiichi
Published: July 2019

β‐Asarone is the predominant component of the essential oil of rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linn ( Sweet flag). Although rhizome extracts from this plant have long been used for insect pest control, their cytotoxic effects on insect cells are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the potency of β‐asarone as a natural insecticide by using a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line (Sf9). To assess the cytotoxic effects of β‐asarone on Sf9 cells, we observed morphologic changes in treated cells and performed a cell proliferation assay and a DNA fragmentation assay. After 24 and 48 h of treatment with β‐asarone, the proliferation of the Sf9 cells was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner, with IC50 values of 0.558 mg/ml at 24 h and 0.253 mg/ml at 48 h. Morphologic changes in β‐asarone‐treated cells were typical of apoptosis and included loss of adhesion, cell shrinkage, and small apoptotic bodies. The DNA laddering present in β‐asarone‐treated SF9 cells and annexin V assay confirmed that this compound can induce apoptosis in insect cells. Together, these findings suggest that apoptosis induction may be one mechanism through which β‐asarone inhibits the proliferation of insect cells and thus exerts insecticidal effects.
Language acceptability of finite automata based on theory of semi‐tensor product of matrices
Authors: Yue Jumei , Yan Yongyi , Chen Zengqiang
Published: July 2019

Using the theories of many‐valued logic and semi‐tensor product of matrices (STP), this paper investigates how to mathematically determine whether or not a regular language is recognized by finite automata (FA). To this end, the dynamic behaviour of FA is first formulated as bilinear dynamic equations, which provides a uniform model for deterministic and non‐deterministic FA. Based on the bilinear model, the recognition power of FA understanding of regular languages is investigated and several algebraic criteria are obtained. With the algebraic criteria, to judge whether a regular sentence is accepted by a FA or not, one only needs to calculate an STP of some vectors, rather than making the sentence run over the machine as traditional manners. Further, the inverse problem of recognition is considered, an algorithm is developed that can mathematically construct all the accepted sentences for a given FA. The algebraic approach of this paper may be a new angle and means to understand and analyse the dynamics of FA.
Novel Promoters Derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells via In Silico and In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Ly N. , Baumann Martina , Dhiman Heena , Marx Nicolas , Schmieder Valerie , Hussein Mohamed , Eisenhut Peter , Hernandez Inmaculada , Koehn Jadranka , Borth Nicole
Published: July 2019

For the industrial production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines, a high rate of gene expression is desired. Therefore, strong viral promoters are commonly used. However, these have several drawbacks as they override cellular responses, are not integrated into the cellular network, and thus can induce stress and potentially epigenetic silencing. Endogenous promoters potentially have the advantage of a better response to cellular state and thus a lower stress level by uncontrolled overexpression of the transgene. Such fine‐tuning is typically achieved by endogenous enhancers and other regulatory elements, which are difficult to identify purely based on the genomic sequence. Here, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) endogenous promoters and enhancers are identified using histone marks and chromatin states, ranked based on expression level and tested for normalized promoter strength. Successive truncation of these promoters at the 5′‐ and 3′‐end as well as the combination with enhancers are identified in the vicinity of the promoter sequence further enhance promoter activity up to threefold. In an initial screen within stable cell lines, the strongest CHO promoter appears to be more stable than the human cytomegalovirus promoter with enhancer, making it a promising candidate for recombinant protein production and cell engineering applications. A deeper understanding of promoter functionality and response elements will be required to take full advantage of such promoters for cell engineering, in particular, for multigene network engineering applications.
A Rapid Colorimetric Sensor for Soluble Interleukin‐2 Receptor α, Based on Aptamer‐Adsorbed AuNP
Authors: Jeon Jinseong , Jo Hunho , Her Jin , Youn Hyungjun , Park Jonghoon , Jo Jihoon , Lee Jiseon , Chang Chulhun L. , Ban Changill
Published: July 2019

The soluble interleukin‐2 receptor α (sIL‐2Rα) is a broad indicator of clinical disease activity in various inflammatory diseases. Here we have developed, for the first time, a rapid, washing‐free colorimetric aptasensor based on a sIL‐2Rα aptamer (Kd=1.33 nm). The aptasensor was fabricated with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) adsorbing sIL‐2Rα aptamers. On addition of sIL‐2Rα, the aptamers become desorbed from the AuNPs, and this in turn weakens the absorption corresponding to AuNP‐catalyzed oxidation of ortho‐phenylenediamine (oPD) with H2O2. The aptasensor was characterized by TEM imaging, ζ potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, and UV/Vis spectrometry, followed by further optimization. The fabricated sensor exhibited great analytical performance, with a linear range of 1 to 100 nm and a detection limit of 1 nm both in buffer and in spiked human serum within 25 min. Other proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), IL‐17Rα, IL‐5Rα, IL‐13Rα2, and CD166, showed negligible effects on the aptasensor. Thanks to the great advantages of the aptamers and AuNPs, this aptasensor provides a rapid, simple, and inexpensive process that might offer insights into various diagnostic applications of sIL‐2Rα.
Lymphedema: An early sign of rodent ulcer metastasis leads to timely intervention
Authors: Mann Caroline , Rietz Stephan , Amedee Ronald , Schepler Hadrian
Published: July 2019

Basal cell carcinoma has a potential for early and late metastasis. Depending on the location of the primary site, the relevant lymphatic drainage routes have to be monitored. Regional lymph edema may be a first indicator for metastasizing disease.
Endoscopic stent treatment of a duodenal ulcer perforation using a semi‐covered stent
Authors: Holm Thor Erik , Olafsson Snorri , Kazaryan Airazat M.
Published: July 2019

Placement of a covered self‐expandable metal stent when primary surgery had failed to close the duodenal ulcer perforation or as a primary modality is a promising procedure when compared to other currently available types of surgical rescue or intervention.
Thiazolium as Single‐Group Bifunctional Catalyst for Selectively Bulk Melt ROP of Cyclic Esters
Authors: Tian Guo‐Qiang , Liu Wen , Chen Li , Wu Gang , Chen Si‐Chong , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: July 2019

Novel single‐group bifunctional hydrogen‐bonding catalysts based on thiazolium were developed. The integration of hydrogen‐bonding donor and acceptor in a single thiazolium ring not only amplified synergetic eﬀect, but also enhanced the stability and the controllability for catalysis, and hence prompt thiazolium an efficient metal‐free catalyst for melt ROP of cyclic esters. More interestingly, thiazolium may form a compacted active center with monomer and initiator (or propagating chain end), thus enabling it to selectively activate lower sterically encumbered substrates in ROP.
Toolbox of Post‐Synthetic Mordenite Modification Strategies: Impact on Textural, Acidic and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Issa Hussein , Chaouati Nourrddine , Toufaily Joumana , Hamieh Tayssir , Sachse Alexander , Pinard Ludovic
Published: July 2019

Which post‐synthetic modification strategy is the best suited for the generation of particular textural or chemical features in mordenite for a desired catalytic application? The aim of this contribution is to shed light on the effective quality of zeolite hierarchization through the rational study of structure/catalytic property dependency. Our study focused on mordenite, as this zeolite is of particular importance due to its strong acidity and monodimensional channel system, which explains why mordenite is industrially extensively employed. A toolbox of post‐synthetic hierarchization strategies on aluminum rich and poor mordenites has been developed based on basic treatments assisted by CTAB and pyridine at various temperatures (in conventional and microwave heating) and acid HF etching in aqueous and organic medium. A systematic study of over 30 post‐synthetically modified mordenites was conducted, which allowed us to assess the impact of each hierarchization strategy on textural, morphological, chemical and catalytic properties. Major correlations between structural features and catalytic activity, selectivity and stability in both the monomolecular n‐hexane cracking and the bimolecular toluene disproportionation were deduced.
Photochemistry with Cyanines in the Near Infrared: A Step to Chemistry 4.0 Technologies
Authors: Strehmel Bernd , Schmitz Christian , Cremanns Kevin , Göttert Jost
Published: July 2019

Cyanines covering the absorption in the near infrared (NIR) are attractive for distinct applications. They can interact either with lasers exhibiting line‐shaped focus emitting at both 808 and 980 nm or bright high intensity NIR‐LEDs with 805 nm emission, respectively. This is drawing attention to Industry 4.0 applications. The major deactivation occurs through a non‐radiative process resulting in the release of heat into the surrounding, although a small fraction of radiative deactivation also takes place. Most of these NIR‐sensitive systems possess an internal activation barrier to react in a photonic process with initiators resulting in the generation of reactive radicals and acidic cations. Thus, the heat released by the NIR absorber helps to bring the system, consisting of an NIR sensitizer and initiator, above such internal barriers. Molecular design strategies making these systems more compatible with distinct applications in a certain oleophilic surrounding are considered as a big challenge. This includes variations of the molecular pattern and counter ions derived from super acids exhibiting low coordinating properties. Further discussion focusses on the use of such systems in Chemistry 4.0 related applications. Intelligent software tools help to improve and optimize these systems combining chemistry, engineering based on high‐throughput formulation screening (HTFS) technologies, and machine learning algorithms to open up novel solutions in material sciences.
Arylazo‐3,5‐dimethylisoxazoles: Azoheteroarene Photoswitches Exhibiting High Z‐Isomer Stability, Solid‐State Photochromism, and Reversible Light‐Induced Phase Transition
Authors: Kumar Pravesh , Srivastava Anjali , Sah Chitranjan , Devi Sudha , Venkataramani Sugumar
Published: July 2019

Reversibly photoswitchable phenylazo‐3,5‐dimethylisoxazole and 37 aryl‐substituted derivatives were synthesized. Excellent photoswitching ability of these compounds in solution and the solid state was demonstrated. Through kinetics studies by means of NMR spectroscopy, high Z‐isomer stability was demonstrated. Interestingly, the majority of the derivatives showed light‐induced contrasting color changes in solution and the solid state. Besides, many of the derivatives exhibit partial phase transition upon UV irradiation. The highlight of this class of photoswitches is the reversible light‐induced phase transition between solid and liquid phases in the parent compound, which can be used in patterned crystallization. These results show that this new class of azoheteroarene based photoswitches has opportunities to be useful in various domains.
Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photo‐/Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Zhang Yao , Lin Huijuan , Zhu Jixin
Published: July 2019

Considerable attention has been paid to the utilization of CO2, an abundant carbon source in nature. In this regard, porous catalysts have been eagerly explored with excellent performance for photo‐/electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to high valued products. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring large surface area, high porosity, tunable composition and unique structural characteristics, have been widely exploited in catalytic CO2 reduction. This Minireview first reports the current progress of MOFs in CO2 reduction. Then, a specific interest is focused on MOFs in photo‐/electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 by modifying their metal centers, organic linkers, and pores. Finally, the future directions of study are also highlighted to satisfy the requirement of practical applications.
Formal Halo‐Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement of Propargylic Acetates through a Novel Intermediate and an Unexampled Mechanistic Pathway
Authors: Sadhukhan Santu , Baire Beeraiah
Published: July 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue are Santu Sadhukhan and Beeraiah Baire at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201901856.
SeC‐SDWSN: Secure cluster‐based SDWSN environment for QoS guaranteed routing in three‐tier architecture
Authors: Vishnu V.M. , Manjunath P.
Published: July 2019

Software defined wireless sensor network (SDWSN) is a recent evolution in networking that improves network performance and scalability. However, Quality of Service (QoS) and security are major the issues in SDWSN due to inefficient route selection (traffic load minimization algorithm) and insecure cryptography scheme (homomorphic algorithm). This paper proposes novel three‐tier architecture for secure cluster‐based SDWSN (SeC‐SDWSN) environment to ensure QoS and security for WSN using SDN. In the first tier, sensor nodes are segregated into multiple clusters by secure hash tree‐based clustering (SHTC) algorithm. Within each secure cluster, data transmission is performed through optimal route selected by adaptive spider monkey optimization (ASMO) algorithm in which two new fitness factors (F1, F2) are formulated by multiple QoS metrics. For data security, parallel advanced encryption standard with cipher block chaining (PAES‐CBC) algorithm is proposed. Aggregated ciphertext is transmitted to optimal switch in the second tier by using fuzzy weighted technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (FW‐TOPSIS) algorithm according to selection criteria. Switches forward the data to sink node based on flow rules deployed by SDN controllers in the third tier. SDN controllers provide global view on the entire network and deploy flow rules on switches in accordance to network status and security level. Extensive simulation in ns‐3 shows that the proposed three‐tier architecture achieves 5% throughput improvement, 7.8% PDR improvement, and 16% energy consumption improvement.
Inflammatory neonatal pain disrupts maternal behavior and subsequent fear conditioning in a rodent model
Authors: Davis Seth M. , Rice Makaela , Burman Michael A.
Published: July 2019

Infants spending extended time in the neonatal intensive care unit are at greater risk of developing a variety of mental health problems later in life, possibly due to exposure to painful/stressful events. We used a rodent model of inflammatory neonatal pain to explore effects on fear conditioning, somatosensory function and maternal behavior. Hindpaw injections of 2% λ‐carrageenan on postnatal days 1 and 4 produced an attenuation in conditioned freezing during the postweaning period, similar to our previous work with acute pain, but did not cause lasting impacts on contextual freezing nor somatosensory function. Additionally, we assessed maternal behavior to observe dam–pup interactions during the neonatal period. Results showed dams of litters which experienced pain spent similar amounts of time with pups as undisturbed controls. However, the specific behaviors differed per condition. Dams of pain litters exhibited less time licking/grooming, but more time nursing than controls. These results suggest changes in maternal care following pain could be a contributing factor underlying the long‐term effects of neonatal trauma. Furthermore, our laboratory has previously shown acute, but not inflammatory pain, disrupted conditioned freezing; the current experiment observed the long‐term effects of neonatal inflammatory pain on conditioned fear using a weak conditioning protocol.
Generation and characterization of DSPP‐Cerulean/DMP1‐Cherry reporter mice
Authors: Vijaykumar Anushree , Ghassem‐Zadeh Sean , Vidovic‐Zdrilic Ivana , Komitas Karren , Adameyko Igor , Krivanek Jan , Fu Yu , Maye Peter , Mina Mina
Published: July 2019

To gain a better understanding of the progression of progenitor cells in the odontoblast lineage, we have examined and characterized the expression of a series of GFP reporters during odontoblast differentiation. However, previously reported GFP reporters (pOBCol2.3‐GFP, pOBCol3.6‐GFP, and DMP1‐GFP), similar to the endogenous proteins, are also expressed by bone‐forming cells, which made it difficult to delineate the two cell types in various in vivo and in vitro studies. To overcome these difficulties we generated DSPP‐Cerulean/DMP1‐Cherry transgenic mice using a bacterial recombination strategy with the mouse BAC clone RP24‐258g7. We have analyzed the temporal and spatial expression of both transgenes in tooth and bone in vivo and in vitro. This transgenic animal enabled us to visualize the interactions between odontoblasts and surrounding tissues including dental pulp, ameloblasts and cementoblasts. Our studies showed that DMP1‐Cherry, similar to Dmp1, was expressed in functional and fully differentiated odontoblasts as well as osteoblasts, osteocytes and cementoblasts. Expression of DSPP‐Cerulean transgene was limited to functional and fully differentiated odontoblasts and correlated with the expression of Dspp. This transgenic animal can help in the identification and isolation of odontoblasts at later stages of differentiation and help in better understanding of developmental disorders in dentin and odontoblasts.
Oribatid mites reveal that competition for resources and trophic structure combine to regulate the assembly of diverse soil animal communities
Authors: Magilton Matthew , Maraun Mark , Emmerson Mark , Caruso Tancredi
Published: July 2019

The role of niche partitioning in structuring species‐rich soil animal communities has been debated for decades and generated the “enigma of soil animal diversity.” More recently, resource‐based niche partitioning has been hypothesized to play a very limited role in the assembly of soil animal communities. To test this hypothesis, we applied a novel combination of stable isotopes and null models of species co‐occurrence to quantify the extent of resource niche partitioning on a diverse oribatid mite community sampled from mature oak woodland.

We asked whether species aggregate or segregate spatially and how these patterns correlated with the abundance of estimated trophic guilds. We also estimated the effects of environmental variables on community structure.

All measured environmental variables accounted for 12% of variance in community structure, including 8% of pure spatial structure unrelated to measured environmental factors and 2% of pure environmental variance unrelated to spatial variation. Co‐occurrence analysis revealed 10 pairs of species that aggregated and six pairs of species that were spatially segregated. Values of δ15N indicated that five out of the 10 pairs of aggregated species occupied the same trophic guild, while values of δ13C indicated that species in these five pairs consumed resources of different quality, supporting a significant role of resource‐based niche partitioning. Also, one of the five pairs of segregated species occupied the same trophic guild but had overlapping δ13C values suggesting that these species do not co‐occur locally and thus minimize competition for shared resources.

Partitioning of resources plays an underestimated role in soil microarthropod communities and different local communities consisted of the same trophic guilds with species identity changing from place to place. The sum of resource partitioning, multi‐trophic interactions, and microscale environmental variability in the environment is a viable solution to the enigma of soil animal diversity.
Recent Progress in High‐efficiency Planar‐structure Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Yang , Ye Qiufeng , Chu Zema , Gao Feng , Zhang Xingwang , You Jingbi
Published: June 2019

Lead halide perovskite owns charge diffusion length in micrometer range, which makes the planar‐structure solar cells possible. The simple and low‐temperature process of planar devices makes it very promising. The power conversion efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells has increased from 1.8% to 23.7% in past several years, which can compete with the mesoporous structure counterpart. In this minireview, recent progress in high‐efficiency planar perovskite solar cells will be summarized.
Sex disparities in acute kidney injury complicating acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock
Authors: Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra , Ya'Qoub Lina , Dunlay Shannon M. , Vallabhajosyula Saarwaani , Vallabhajosyula Shashaank , Sundaragiri Pranathi R. , Jaffe Allan S. , Gersh Bernard J. , Kashani Kianoush
Published: July 2019

Aims

To evaluate sex‐specific disparities in acute kidney injury (AKI) complicating acute myocardial infarction‐related cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS) in the United States.

Methods and results

This was a retrospective cohort study from 2000 to 2014 from the National Inpatient Sample (20% sample of all hospitals in the United States). Patients >18 years admitted with a primary diagnosis of AMI and concomitant CS that developed AKI were included. The endpoints of interest were the prevalence, trends, and outcomes of men and women with AKI in AMI‐CS. Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression was used to control for confounding, and a two‐sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. During this 15 year period, 440 257 admissions with AMI‐CS met the inclusion criteria, with AKI noted in 155 610 (35.3%). Women constituted 36.3% of the cohort and were older, of non‐White race, and with higher co‐morbidity compared with men. Women with AKI less often received coronary angiography (59% vs. 66%), percutaneous coronary intervention (39% vs. 43%), mechanical circulatory support (39% vs. 48%), mechanical ventilation (49% vs. 54%), and haemodialysis (9% vs. 10%) compared with men (all P < 0.001). Adjusted in‐hospital mortality was higher in women—odds ratio 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.14–1.19); P < 0.001—compared with men. Women had shorter lengths of stay (12 ± 14 vs. 13 ± 14 days), lower hospital costs ($150 071 ± 180 796 vs. $181 260 ± 209 674), and were less often discharged to home (19% vs. 31%) (all P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Women with AKI in AMI‐CS received fewer cardiac and non‐cardiac interventions, had higher in‐hospital mortality, and were less often discharged to home compared with men.
Insulin treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Shen Li , Rørth Rasmus , Cosmi Deborah , Kristensen Søren Lund , Petrie Mark C. , Cosmi Franco , Latini Roberto , Køber Lars , Anand Inder S. , Carson Peter E. , Granger Christopher B. , Komajda Michel , McKelvie Robert S. , Solomon Scott D. , Staszewsky Lidia , Swedberg Karl , Huynh Thao , Zile Michael R. , Jhund Pardeep S. , McMurray John J.V.
Published: July 2019

Aims

Insulin causes sodium retention and hypoglycaemia and its use is associated with worse outcomes in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction. We have investigated whether this is also the case in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Methods and results

We examined the association between diabetes/diabetes treatments and the risk of the primary composite of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, as well as other outcomes in adjusted analyses in CHARM‐Preserved (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 45%), I‐Preserve and TOPCAT (Americas) pooled. Of 8466 patients, 2653 (31%) had diabetes, including 979 (37%) receiving insulin. Patients receiving insulin were younger, had a higher body mass index, prevalence of ischaemic aetiology, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and use of diuretics, worse New York Heart Association class and signs and symptoms, and worse quality of life and renal function, compared to patients with diabetes not on insulin. Among the 1398 patients with echocardiographic data, insulin use was associated with higher left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure and more diastolic dysfunction than in other participants. The primary outcome occurred at a rate of 6.3 per 100 patient‐years in patients without diabetes, and 10.2 and 17.1 per 100 patient‐years in diabetes patients without and with insulin use, respectively [fully adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) insulin‐treated diabetes vs. other diabetes: 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–1.63, P < 0.001]. The adjusted HR is 1.67 (95% CI 1.20–2.32, p = 0.002) for sudden death (insulin‐treated diabetes vs. other diabetes).

Conclusions

Insulin use is associated with poor outcomes in HFpEF. Although we cannot conclude a causal association, the safety of insulin and alternative glucose‐lowering treatments in HF needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
Targeting the tumor microenvironment and T cell metabolism for effective cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Hope Helen Carrasco , Salmond Robert J.
Published: July 2019

The successful implementation of immunotherapies has provided new impetus in the fight against cancer. Antibody‐mediated blockade of immune checkpoint molecules PD‐1/PD‐L1 and CTLA‐4 has had a dramatic impact upon the treatment of previously intractable cancers such as malignant melanoma, while adoptive cell therapies using chimeric antigen receptor‐bearing T cells have proven highly efficacious in B cell leukemia. Furthermore, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which tumors evade or become resistant to these immunotherapies. In this regard, approaches to broaden the applicability and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies increasingly include modulation of tumor and immune cell metabolism. In this mini‐review, we highlight the most recent studies describing novel approaches and targets for the manipulation of the tumor microenvironment and T cell metabolism and describe how these approaches are being combined with current immunotherapies in preclinical studies.
Fluoroform: an Efficient Precursor for the Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic Esters by Sodium Diisopropylamide with Trialkylamines
Authors: Han Zhaomeng , Chen Sihan , Tu Yongjun , Lian Xiongdong , Li Gongyong
Published: July 2019

The trifluoromethanide anion is the postulated key intermediate in nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reactions. It is believed to be incompatible with Na+ cation due to the strong Na–F bond. However, herein we demonstrate that it could be prepared for the first time. Trialkylamines can be used as cation chelating agents to stabilize the isolated –CF3 ion to realize trifluoromethylation reaction. With this strategy, trifluoromethyl aromatic ketones could be effectively synthesized from fluoroform and aromatic esters with diisopropyl aminosodium (NaDA) and trialkylamines.
Effective Synthesis of 3,4‐Diaryl‐isoxazole‐5‐carboxamides and their Antiproliferative Properties
Authors: Maksimenko Anna S. , Kislyi Victor P. , Chernysheva Natalia B. , Strelenko Yuri A. , Zubavichus Yan V. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Semenova Marina N. , Semenov Victor V.
Published: July 2019

A simple scalable procedure for the synthesis of 3,4‐diaryl‐isoxazole‐5‐carboxamides 6 under mild conditions from readily available material was developed. The targeted compounds 6, structural analogues of heat shock protein inhibitors, were obtained by the rearrangement of intermediate 3,4‐diaryl‐5‐carboxamido‐isoxazoline N‐oxides 5. In contrast to carboxamido‐isoxazoline oxides 5, base‐catalyzed recyclization of 3,4‐diaryl‐5‐(ethoxycarbonyl)isoxazoline N‐oxides 9c unexpectedly yielded 5‐hydroxy‐1,2‐oxazin‐6‐ones 17c instead of ethyl 3,4‐diaryl‐isoxazole‐5‐carboxylates 10. Crystal and molecular structure of 4‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐phenyl‐6H‐1,2‐oxazin‐6‐one 17c was established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. In a phenotypic sea urchin embryo assay, carboxamide 6f showed moderate antimitotic antitubulin activity compared to 5‐unsubstituted 3,4‐diarylisoxazoles 15, which featured strong microtubule destabilizing effect.
Convenient, Column Chromatography‐Free, and Effective Synthesis of Benzo‐21‐crown‐7 and Its Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Yi , Ouyang Yunyun , Luo Zheng , Dong Shengyi
Published: July 2019

A convenient and column chromatography‐free strategy was developed to prepare benzo‐21‐crown‐7 and its derivatives in high yields. Because of the absence of commonly used KPF6 or KBF4, tedious and time‐consuming processes were not necessary to remove template salts.
λ3‐Iodanes as Visible Light Photocatalyst in Thioacetalization of Aldehydes
Authors: Choudhuri Khokan , Pramanik Milan , Mal Prasenjit
Published: July 2019

Introduction of an iodine(III) reagent as visible‐light photocatalyst for chemoselective dithioacetalization has been the limelight of the current methodology. The mechanistic investigations reveal that the reactions proceeded via radical pathway upon light induced hemolytic cleavage of C–I bond of the catalyst. Several dithioacetals were easily accessible at room temperature and environmentally benign condition.
Multivariate air pollution prediction modeling with partial missingness
Authors: Boaz R.M. , Lawson A.B. , Pearce J.L.
Published: July 2019

Missing observations from air pollution monitoring networks has posed a longstanding problem for health investigators of air pollution. Growing interest in mixtures of air pollutants has further complicated this problem, as many new challenges have arisen that require development of novel methods. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for multivariate prediction of air pollution. We focus specifically on tackling different forms of missing data such as spatial (sparse sites), outcome (pollutants not measured at some sites), and temporal (varieties of interrupted time series). To address these challenges, we develop a novel multivariate fusion framework, which leverages the observed interpollutant correlation structure to reduce error in the simultaneous prediction of multiple air pollutants. Our joint fusion model employs predictions from the Environmental Protection Agency's Community Multiscale Air Quality model along with spatiotemporal error terms. We have implemented our models on both simulated data and a case study in South Carolina for eight pollutants over a 28‐day period in June 2006. We found that our model, which uses a multivariate correlated error in a Bayesian framework, showed promising predictive accuracy particularly for gaseous pollutants.
Cannabidiol reduces seizures following CNS infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus
Authors: Patel Dipan C. , Wallis Glenna , Fujinami Robert S. , Wilcox Karen S. , Smith Misty D.
Published: July 2019

Objective

C57BL/6J mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) develop acute behavioral seizures in the first week of infection and later develop chronic epilepsy. The TMEV model provides a useful platform to test novel antiseizure therapeutics. The present study was designed to test the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD) in reducing acute seizures induced by viral infection.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were infected intracortically with 2 × 105 plaque‐forming units of TMEV. Mice were divided into two treatment groups—1) CBD‐treated mice and 2) vehicle‐treated mice. Frequency and severity of acute seizures were evaluated by video‐monitoring the mice four times daily by the experimenter blinded to the treatment group.

Results

Cannabidiol (180 mg/kg; 360 mg/kg/day) decreased both the frequency and severity of acute behavioral seizures following TMEV infection, but 150 mg/kg of CBD did not improve overall seizure outcome. The time to peak effect (TPE) of CBD in the 6 Hz 32 mA psychomotor seizure test using C57BL/6J mice was observed at 2 hours post‐CBD treatment. Interestingly, CBD (150 mg/kg) significantly reduced frequency and severity of TMEV‐induced acute seizures at 2 hours post‐CBD treatment. These results suggest that CBD could be effective in decreasing TMEV‐induced acute seizures when the seizure test is conducted at the TPE of CBD.

Significance

Cannabinoids are increasingly studied for their potential antiseizure effects. Several preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence that CBD could be an effective therapy for intractable epilepsies. The present study corroborates those previous findings and provides an opportunity to investigate pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and mechanism(s) of antiseizure effects of CBD in the TMEV model, which may help to design future clinical studies more effectively.
Structural characterization and hypolipidemic activities of purified stigma maydis polysaccharides
Authors: Deng Wenwen , Yang Xia , Zhu Yuan , Yu Jiangnan , Xu Ximing
Published: July 2019

This study aimed to investigate structural features and antihyperlipidemic effects of the stigma maydis polysaccharide, termed SMP‐1. This polysaccharide was composed of D‐mannose, L‐rhamnose, D‐glucose, D‐galactose, L‐arabinose, D‐xylose, and D‐galacturonic acid, with a molar ratio of 1.00:0.21:1.41:1.44:0.70:0.44:0.56. The SMP‐1 was mainly bonded by (1 → 6) and (1 → 3) linkages, with various monosaccharides being evenly distributed in the main and side chains. Moreover, SMP‐1 had neither triple‐helical structure nor molecular aggregation. Importantly, the SMP‐1 could effectively bind the bile acids in vitro and significantly lower the total cholesterol, triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and moderately increase the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level in poloxamer 407‐induced hyperlipidemic mice. Moreover, pretreatment with SMP‐1 (≥300 mg/kg) could remarkably reduce fat accumulation and restore hepatocyte morphology in the liver of hyperlipidemic mice. Altogether, these findings indicated that SMP‐1 could be developed as a safe and effective food supplement for preventing and treating hyperlipidemic disorders.