bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significant Improvement in Islet Yield and Survival with Modified ET-Kyoto Solution: ET-Kyoto/Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitor
Authors: Machida Tomohiko , Tanemura Masahiro , Ohmura Yoshiaki , Tanida Tsukasa , Wada Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shogo , Marubashi Shigeru , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Ito Toshinori , Nagano Hiroaki , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro , Sawa Yoshiki
Published: April 2012

Although islet transplantation can achieve insulin independence in patients with type 1 diabetes, sufficient number of islets derived from two or more donors is usually required to achieve normoglycemia. Activated neutrophils and neutrophil elastase (NE), which is released from these neutrophils, can directly cause injury in islet grafts. We hypothesized that inhibition of NE improves islet isolation and islet allograft survival. We tested our hypothesis by examining the effects of modified ET-Kyoto solution supplemented with sivelestat, a NE inhibitor (S-Kyoto solution), on islet yield and viability in islet isolation and the effect of intraperitoneally injected sivelestat on islet graft survival in a mouse allotransplant model. NE and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 increased markedly at the end of warm digestion during islet isolation and exhibited direct cytotoxic activity against the islets causing their apoptosis. The use of S-Kyoto solution significantly improved islet yield and viability. Furthermore, treatment with sivelestat resulted in significant prolongation of islet allograft survival in recipient mice. Furthermore, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α at 1 and 2 weeks posttransplantation were significantly higher in islet recipients than before transplantation. Our results indicated that NE released from activated neutrophils negatively affects islet survival and that its suppression both in vitro and in vivo improved islet yield and prolonged islet graft survival. The results suggest that inhibition of NE activity could be potentially useful in islet transplantation for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Grèce : le bal des hypocrites
Authors: Chiclet Christophe
Published: April 2012

La crise grecque révèle bien des dysfonctionnements politiques à la fois internes (incurie politique, corruption) et externes (atermoiements européens). Le pays est aujourd’hui en proie à une très grave crise sociale et étonnamment la population semble, dans sa globalité, assez résignée. Pourtant, la Grèce se trouve dans un moment tragique qui rappelle des pages sombres de son histoire.
Une fracture Nord/Sud au sein de l'UE
Authors: Alméras Guillaume
Published: April 2012

Quant à l’ € , on ne se livrera ici à aucun pronostic. À ce stade (début 2012), l’incertitude est totale. On soulignera donc tout à la fois les échecs de la monnaie unique et le fait que des demi-mesures, après tout, pourraient bien suffire à la sauver ! Toutefois, la crise de la zone € a fait apparaître une fracture Nord/Sud au sein de l’UE qui oblige à un certain scepticisme face aux solutions prônant plus de fédéralisme. Au vu de cette fracture et derrière les désordres monétaires actuels, la construction européenne parait réclamer aujourd’hui une refondation sans doute plus radicale.
J'agis en citoyen du monde sans lien à la nation
Authors: Iwata Wataru
Published: April 2012

Résumé Compositeur de musique, Wataru s’est résolu à s’installer à Fukushima pour y créer le premier Laboratoire citoyen d’étude de la radioactivité. Son association en a créé depuis une vingtaine d’autres au Japon. Il aide les gens à continuer à vivre en prenant les précautions indispensables, car les gens ne veulent pas partir. Lui non plus ne croit guère à l’effcacité des mouvements antinucléaires tokyoïtes. Ses réflexions sur les contradictions inhérentes à la position d’expert bénévole sont particulièrement intéressantes.
Efficacy of Mosquito Traps for Collecting Potential West Nile Mosquito Vectors in a Natural Mediterranean Wetland
Authors: Roiz David , Roussel Marion , Muñoz Joaquin , Ruiz Santiago , Soriguer Ramón , Figuerola Jordi
Published: April 2012

Surveillance, research, and control of mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile virus require efficient methods for sampling mosquitoes. We compared the efficacy of BG-Sentinel and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-CO2 traps in terms of the abundances of host-seeking and blood-fed female mosquitoes and the origin of mosquito bloodmeals. Our results indicate that BG-Sentinel traps that use CO2 and attractants are as effective as CDC-CO2 traps for Culex mosquito species, Ochlerotatus caspius, and they are also highly efficient at capturing Anopheles atroparvus host-seeking and blood-fed females with or without CO2. The CDC-CO2 trap is the least efficient method for capturing blood-fed females. BG-Sentinel traps with attractants and CO2 were significantly better at capturing mosquitoes that had fed on mammals than the unbaited BG-Sentinel and CDC-CO2 traps in the cases of An. atroparvus and Cx. theileri. These results may help researchers to optimize trapping methods by obtaining greater sample sizes and saving time and money.
Evaluation of a Monoclonal Antibody–Based Rapid Immunochromatographic Test for Direct Detection of Rabies Virus in the Brain of Humans and Animals
Authors: Ahmed Kamruddin , Wimalaratne Omala , Dahal Narapati , Khawplod Pakamatz , Nanayakkara Susilakanthi , Rinzin Karma , Perera Devika , Karunanayake Dushantha , Matsumoto Takashi , Nishizono Akira
Published: April 2012

Rabies diagnosis uses a direct fluorescent antibody test (FAT) that is difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and requires trained personnel. We developed a rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) for the diagnosis of rabies. The efficacy of the RICT was compared with that of the FAT. Brain samples were collected from humans, dogs, cats, and other animals in Sri Lanka (n = 248), Bhutan (n = 27), and Thailand (n = 228). The sensitivity (0.74–0.95), specificity (0.98–1.0), positive predictive value (0.98–1.0), negative predictive value (0.75–0.97), accuracy (0.91–0.98), and kappa measure of agreement (0.79–0.93) were all satisfactory for animal samples and samples preserved in 50% glycerol saline solution. Because the RICT showed high sensitivity but low specificity with human brain samples, it is unsuitable for confirming rabies in humans. No amino acid substitutions were found in the antibody attachment sites of the nucleoprotein gene with FAT-positive, RICT-negative samples. The RICT is reliable, user friendly, rapid, robust, and can be used in laboratories with a modest infrastructure.
Landscape-Level Spatial Patterns of West Nile Virus Risk in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Chuang Ting-Wu , Hockett Christine W. , Kightlinger Lon , Wimberly Michael C.
Published: April 2012

Understanding the landscape-level determinants of West Nile virus (WNV) can aid in mapping high-risk areas and enhance disease control and prevention efforts. This study analyzed the spatial patterns of human WNV cases in three areas in South Dakota during 2003–2007 and investigated the influences of land cover, hydrology, soils, irrigation, and elevation by using case–control models. Land cover, hydrology, soils, and elevation all influenced WNV risk, although the main drivers were different in each study area. Risk for WNV was generally higher in areas with rural land cover than in developed areas, and higher close to wetlands or soils with a high ponding frequency. In western South Dakota, WNV risk also decreased with increasing elevation and was higher in forested areas. Our results showed that the spatial patterns of human WNV risk were associated with landscape-level features that likely reflect variability in mosquito ecology, avian host communities, and human activity.
A Comparative Study of Clinical Features between Monotypic and Dual Infection Cases with Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus in West Bengal, India
Authors: Taraphdar Debjani , Sarkar Arindam , Mukhopadhyay Bansi B. , Chatterjee Shyamalendu
Published: April 2012

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are circulating individually in the state of West Bengal, India. However, after 1965 the dual-infection caused by both viruses had not been recorded until 2010. In 2010, an investigation of the febrile cases was carried out to confirm the involvement of both viruses simultaneously. A total of 550 blood samples were tested for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody against both CHIKV and DENV. Serology by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method confirmed that 131 (23.8%) and 104 (18.9%) patients had IgM antibody against CHIKV and DENV, respectively, whereas 68 (12.4%) had IgM antibodies against both CHIKV and DENV. Fever, joint pain, rashes, headache, myalgia, and nausea/vomiting are the common features in the case of both monotypic and dual-infection. Severe arthralgia and swelling of joints were common only in CHIKV-positive cases and abdominal pain was mainly associated with DENV infection. Diarrhea was reported only by the dual-infected patients (16.2%).
Intraocular Gnathostomiasis: Report of a Case and Review of Literature
Authors: Pillai Gopal S. , Kumar Anil , Radhakrishnan Natasha , Maniyelil Jayasree , Shafi Tufela , Dinesh Kavitha R. , Karim Shamsul
Published: April 2012

Intraocular gnathostomiasis is a rare parasitic infection caused by the third-stage larvae of spiruroid nematode Gnanthostoma spp. seen mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a food-borne zoonosis caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, all of which are known to harbor advanced third-stage larvae of Gnanthostoma spp. To date, 74 cases of intraocular gnathostomiasis have been reported from 12 different countries. Only four countries have reported more than 10 cases each, and India shares the rare distinction of being one of them, with 14 cases. Surprisingly, not a single case of cutaneous gnanthostomiasis has ever been reported from India. We present one such case of intraocular gnathostomiasis in a 41-year-old male who presented with an actively motile worm attached to the iris, and we review the pertinent literature of all such cases reported from India.
House Infestation Dynamics and Feeding Sources of Triatoma dimidiata in Central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Torres-Montero Jesús , López-Monteon Aracely , Dumonteil Eric , Ramos-Ligonio Angel
Published: April 2012

Chagas disease is endemic in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, and we investigated here the dynamics of house infestation by Chagas disease vectors to understand disease transmission and design effective control interventions. Bug collections in 42 rural villages confirmed the widespread distribution of Triatoma dimidiata in central Veracruz. Unexpectedly, collection data further indicated a clear pattern of seasonal infestation by mostly adult bugs. Analysis of feeding sources with a polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex assay indicated a frequent feeding on humans, in agreement with the high seroprevalence previously observed. Feeding sources also confirmed a significant dispersal of bugs between habitats. High dispersal capabilities and seasonal infestation may thus be a shared characteristic of several of the T. dimidiata sibling species from this complex. It would thus be critical to adapt vector control interventions to this behavior to improve their efficacy and sustainability, as the control of T. dimidiata has been notoriously challenging.
CO at 40–80 km above Kiruna observed by the ground-based microwave radiometer KIMRA and simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Hoffmann C. G. , Kinnison D. E. , Garcia R. R. , Palm M. , Notholt J. , Raffalski U. , Hochschild G.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. This study compares CO in the Arctic stratosphere and mesosphere measured by ground-based microwave radiometry with simulations made with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model driven with specified dynamical fields (SD-WACCM4) for the Arctic winters 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. CO is a tracer for polar winter middle atmosphere dynamics, hence the representation of polar dynamics in the model is examined indirectly. Measurements were taken with the KIruna Microwave RAdiometer (KIMRA). The instrument, which is located in Kiruna, Northern Sweden (67.8° N, 20.4° E), provides CO profiles between 40 and 80 km altitude. The present comparison, which is one of the first between SD-WACCM4 and measurements, is performed on the smallest space and time scales currently simulated by the model; the global model is evaluated daily at the particular model grid-point closest to Kiruna. As a guide to what can generally be expected from such a comparison, the same analysis is repeated for observations of CO from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), a microwave radiometer onboard NASA's Aura satellite, which has global coverage. First, time-mean profiles of CO are compared, revealing that the profile shape of KIMRA deviates from SD-WACCM4 and MLS, especially in the upper mesosphere. SD-WACCM4 and MLS are mostly consistent throughout the range of altitude considered; however, SD-WACCM4 shows slightly lower values in the upper mesosphere. Second, the time evolution is compared for the complete time series, as well as for the slowly and rapidly evolving parts alone. Overall, the agreement among the datasets is very good and the model is almost as consistent with the measurements as the measurements are with each other. Mutual correlation coefficients of the slowly varying part of the CO time series are ≥0.9 over a wide altitude range. This demonstrates that the polar winter middle atmosphere dynamics is very well represented in SD-WACCM4 and that the relaxation to analyzed meteorological fields below 50 km constrains the behavior of the simulation sufficiently, even at higher altitudes, such that the simulation above 50 km is close to the measurements. However, above 50 km, the model-measurement correlation for the rapidly varying part of the CO time series is lower (0.3) than the measurement-measurement correlation (0.6). This is attributed to the fact that the gravity wave parametrization in WACCM is based on a generic gravity wave spectrum and cannot be expected to capture the instantaneous behavior of the actual gravity wave field present in the atmosphere.
Carbon monoxide measurements onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft using UV resonance fluorescence
Authors: Scharffe D. , Slemr F. , Brenninkmejer C. A. M. , Zahn A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Goal of the project CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container) is to carry out regular and detailed observations of atmospheric composition (particles and gases) at cruising altitudes of passenger aircraft, i.e., at 9–12 km. Continuous, fast measurement of CO is indispensable for the chemical characterization of encountered air masses, for the detection of plumes of polluted air and for studying troposphere-stratosphere transport. CO is measured by a commercial resonance fluorescence UV instrument modified for the use onboard passenger aircraft. Modifications were necessary to optimize the instrument reliability allowing unattended operation for several days. The instrument has a precision of 1–2 ppbv at an integration time of 1 s. The response time to reach 66.6% signal strength is 2 s. We describe the modifications of the instrument, the experiences made during its operation since December 2004, the quality control of CO measurements onboard CARIBIC, and suggest a regular service routine that guarantees long-term high-quality data.
COSMOS: The COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System
Authors: Zreda M. , Shuttleworth W. J. , Zeng X. , Zweck C. , Desilets D. , Franz T. , Rosolem R. , Ferre T. P. A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Area-average soil moisture at the sub-kilometer scale is needed but until the advent of the cosmic-ray method (Zreda et al., 2008), it was difficult to measure. This new method is now being implemented routinely in the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (or COSMOS). The stationary cosmic-ray soil moisture probe (sometimes called "neutronavka") measures the neutrons that are generated by cosmic rays within air and soil, moderated by mainly hydrogen atoms located primarily in soil water, and emitted to the atmosphere where they mix instantaneously at a scale of hundreds of meters and whose density is inversely correlated with soil moisture. COSMOS has already deployed 53 of the eventual 500 neutronavkas distributed mainly in the USA, each generating a time series of average soil moisture over its hectometer horizontal footprint, with similar networks coming into existence around the world. This paper is written to serve a community need to better understand this novel method and the COSMOS project. We describe the cosmic-ray soil moisture measurement method, the instrument and its calibration, the design, data processing and dissemination used in COSMOS, and give example time series of soil moisture obtained from COSMOS probes.
Adverse Reactions Following Administration of an Ionic Iodinated Contrast Media in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Vance Amanda , Nelson Matthew , Hofmeister Erik H.
Published: April 2012

This retrospective study was conducted to identify hemodynamic alterations associated with the administration of an ionic iodinated contrast media in dogs. Case records of 49 dogs that were anesthetized for computed tomography scanning were reviewed. Values for heart rate (HR) and direct arterial pressure were obtained. Overall, 37% of dogs had a ≥20% change in either HR or systolic arterial pressure from baseline values. Four dogs (8%) became tachycardic and two dogs (4%) became bradycardic. Eight dogs (16%) became hypertensive and two dogs (4%) became hypotensive. A significant proportion of dogs experienced changes in HR and blood pressure following IV administration of an ionic iodinated contrast media under general anesthesia.
Iatrogenic Hyperadrenocorticism, Calcinosis Cutis, and Myocardial Infarction in a Dog Treated for IMT
Authors: Hsu Kimberly , Snead Elisabeth , Davies Jennifer , Carr Anthony
Published: April 2012

An 8 yr old male English bulldog receiving treatment for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was diagnosed with calcinosis cutis 90 days after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Twenty-four days later, the patient presented in a comatose state after collapsing and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed coronary arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction leading to congestive heart failure. Calcinosis cutis and myocardial necrosis were most likely complications associated with administration of corticosteroids in this dog. Important implications regarding the classification of calcinosis cutis and the use of immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids are discussed.
Mémoires berlinoises, ou « l’heure zéro » de Billy Wilder
Authors: Despoix Philippe
Published: April 2012

L’auteur du présent article examine le contexte dans lequel Billy Wilder, en mission à Berlin pour l’armée américaine en 1945, est amené à inaugurer un genre nouveau, une « comédie de ruines » qui croise les représentations des vainqueurs et celles des vaincus. A Foreign Affair (1948), mettant en scène Marlène Dietrich en tant qu’« ancienne nazie », sera sa réponse cinématographique à « l’heure zéro » allemande. C’est en travaillant à partir des images documentaires et des genres déjà existants que le film acquiert paradoxalement une dimension de témoignage mémoriel unique.
Le film comme lieu de mémoire : En el balcón vacío et l’exil mexicain des Espagnols
Authors: Sánchez-Biosca Vicente
Published: April 2012

L’expérience de l’exil en tant que dépossession a d’habitude été transmise de façon orale. Moins fréquente est la mise en images de cette expérience ou, autrement dit, l’utilisation du film comme support de la mémoire de l’exilé. Tel est le cas du film En el balcón vacío (1961), scénarisé par María Luisa Elío et réalisé par Jomí García Ascot. Offrant un support fictionnel aux souvenirs traumatiques de la guerre civile espagnole et de l’exil mexicain de la scénariste, García Ascot réalisa le seul film espagnol entièrement consacré à la mémoire d’une certaine Europe au sein des Amériques.
Les ingénieurs sanitaires à Montréal, 1870–1945 : Lieux de formation et exercice de la profession
Authors: Gagnon Robert , Zwarich Natasha
Published: April 2012

Résumé

Cet article a pour objet les ingénieurs sanitaires à Montréal depuis leur émergence, au XIXe siècle, jusqu’au milieu du siècle dernier. Peu étudiés par les historiens de la médecine et, plus généralement, par les spécialistes de l’histoire urbaine, ces experts ont pourtant joué un rôle de premier plan dans la mise en place de certaines infrastructures liées à la santé publique. Il est cependant difficile de retracer l’histoire d’un groupe qui ne s’est pas incarné dans des organismes de représentation et dont la formation, à l’intérieur des écoles de génie ou des facultés de médecine, ne s’est pas complètement autonomisée. En retraçant l’itinéraire de carrière de quelques ingénieurs sanitaires et en analysant le développement de l’enseignement du génie sanitaire à Montréal, nous avons tenté de jeter un peu de lumière sur un groupe d’experts relativement méconnus en histoire urbaine.
Social Gospel in the City: Rev. W. E. Gilroy and Hamilton Clergymen Respond to Labour Issues, 1911–1918
Authors: Turkstra Melissa
Published: April 2012

This paper examines clergymen’s response to labour issues in early-twentieth-century Hamilton, Ontario. While the majority of Hamilton clergymen ignored the issue of labour, a small group of ministers, with Congregational minister W. E. Gilroy at the helm, established strong ties with organized labour. These ministers championed labour’s cause both inside and outside the pulpit. In addition to making labour issues a regular subject of their sermons, they organized workingmen’s meetings to discuss social issues, publicly supported and spoke at the meetings of working-class organizations, and positioned themselves on the side of unemployed and striking workers.
Old Home Week Celebrations as Tourism Promotion and Commemoration: North Bay, Ontario, 1925 and 1935
Authors: Noël Françoise
Published: April 2012

This paper examines Old Home Week Celebrations held in North Bay, Ontario, in 1925 and 1935 in terms of both tourism promotion and the public use of the past. Tourism promotion in 1925 reflected a booster attitude and the belief that North Bay would soon benefit from the construction of the Georgian Bay Ship Canal. In 1935, the nature of tourism had changed and the major promotional strategy used was to link a visit to the Dionne Quintuplets in Corbeil with travel to North Bay. In 1925 North Bay also celebrated its history, using a pageant parade, celebrated its pioneers, and turned the granting of city status into a public drama. The 1935 Old Home Week celebration, in contrast, lacked focus, but the decentralization of its organization created an opportunity for the French Canadians of North Bay and area to participate in the event to a much greater extent than in 1925 and to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Jacques Cartier’s arrival in Canada. This memorialization reflected their desire for a greater involvement in civic affairs and the monument they erected created a lasting symbol of their presence in the city. Old Home Week celebrations can be used to study both tourism promotion and the social order of the city.
Empowerment des victimes d’actes criminels
Authors: Cyr Katie , Anne Wemmers Jo-Anne
Published: April 2012

À travers l’analyse du discours de 15 victimes de crimes interrogées au sujet de leur processus de reprise de contrôle à la suite du délit dont elles ont été l’objet, on remarque que les victimes semblent se distancier des procédures judiciaires en cours. Elles prennent conscience qu’elles doivent prendre en charge leur propre rétablissement, puisque le système judiciaire ne pourra leur venir en aide à cet égard. Les victimes se sentent ignorées par les autorités judiciaires, et la majorité attribuent le traitement reçu à leur « statut » de victime plutôt qu’à leurs caractéristiques personnelles, ce qui les pousse à refuser ce statut, à entreprendre des actions valorisantes dans diverses sphères de leur vie, et à mobiliser des ressources extérieures au système judiciaire afin de prendre en charge leur rétablissement. L’exclusion et l’absence d’information sur les procédures en cours et sur les recours disponibles engendrent un sentiment d’impuissance chez les victimes. Garantir des droits d’information et de consultation lors des procédures pénales serait ainsi susceptible d’améliorer l’expérience des victimes d’actes criminels.
Figures de l’altérité dans le documentaire brésilien contemporain
Authors: Guimarães César , Loyola Alice
Published: April 2012

En tenant compte du contexte de la production brésilienne de documentaires au cours des deux dernières décennies, cet article décrit quelques figures de l’altérité qui, au milieu de la pauvreté et de la violence, émergent des espaces quotidiens. Ce faisant, il aborde les difficultés touchant la représentation de « celui de l’autre classe sociale » et fait ressortir le caractère de la fameuse « ethnographie discrète » qu’Ismail Xavier a reconnue dans les films d’Eduardo Coutinho, tout en portant une attention particulière à l’apparition de la figure de la femme ou de l’homme de la rue dansBoca de Lixo.
From City of God to City of Men: The Representation of Violence in Brazilian Cinema and Television
Authors: Borges Gabriela , Caravela Alex
Published: April 2012

This paper discusses the representation of violence in Brazilian cinema and television through analysis of the TV series City of Men (2003-7), which is a follow-up to the film City of God (2002), with the same actors, sets and non-linear narrative. The project began with the production of the TV episode Palace II (2000), which was developed into City of God’s script. After receiving international acclaim, it resulted in the production of City of Men. In this context, it is important to emphasise the relationship between cinema and television and their particular features as products of the Brazilian audiovisual industry’s renaissance in the 1990s. The representation of violence is analysed not only as a thematic issue common to Brazilian favelas but also as an aesthetic element of TV drama. The representation of the oppressed has been well known in Brazilian cinema since Glauber Rocha’s manifesto “Aesthetics of Hunger” (1965), in which he argues that films need to be aggressive in order to truly expose poverty. The main point to be addressed, however, is whether the representation of violence in this series conveys, criticises or reflects about what is really happening in Brazilian favelas or if it merely offers an aesthetic look into poverty for the delight of audiences in Brazil and abroad.
La musique de Pierre Mercure à l’affiche de spectacles de danse
Authors: Caron Claudine
Published: April 2012

Le catalogue des oeuvres de Pierre Mercure reste des plus énigmatiques ; manuscrits introuvables et bandes magnétiques perdues seraient en cause. Tourné vers les spectacles de danse lors desquels ses oeuvres ont été diffusées – entre 1948 et 1964, Pierre Mercure compose onze musique de danse – , cet article propose d’en retracer l’histoire à partir des photographies, des programmes de spectacles et des articles de presse. Nous verrons par ce corpus comment Mercure repense la composition au fil des années en explorant des trajectoires originales dans son écriture, en utilisant des outils et des techniques des studios de musique électroacoustique et en revisitant le cadre du concert conventionnel avec, d’une part, des danseurs, de l’équipement technologique en lieu et place des interprètes et, d’autre part, un éclairage spécialisé et la participation de collaborateurs en arts visuels. Pierre Mercure aura certes été un grand créateur aux côtés des artistes de Refus global et ceux-ci auront naturellement contribué à la diffusion et à la réception de la musique contemporaine au Québec.
“The most exclusive village in the world”: The Utilization of Space by the Victorian Aristocracy during the London Season
Authors: Wilkins Kathryn
Published: April 2012

On 18 May 1859, after a “smutty journey,”2 Lucy Lyttelton stepped from a Britschka carriage onto the pavement of Stratton Street, Piccadilly, in the heart of the West End of London. Accompanied by her politician father, and her elder sister Meriel, Lucy had migrated from Hagley Hall, the family’s country estate in Worcestershire. Four weeks later, Lucy travelled to St. James’s Palace with “awestruck anticipation,”3 to be presented to Queen Victoria; she was officially “out” in Society. For the three months that followed, Lucy was engaged in a whirl of socializing that characterised the West End during the period. She attended concerts and dinner parties dressed in expensive gowns, and danced with eligible suitors in crowded ballrooms. During the day, she rode along Rotten Row in Hyde Park in the family’s carriage, accompanied by her Aunt Catherine, the wife of Prime Minister William Gladstone. In the afternoon she gossiped with her equally aristocratic and titled friends, plotting the capture of a suitable husband at the next ball or private party.

Lucy’s life in London was mirrored by thousands of other debutantes and their families, each a constituent part of the “London Season.” The social whirl that occurred in this corner of the capital during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had significant implications for the nature of the West End at the time. The character and meaning of individual houses and streets, and entire neighbourhoods, were altered by the activities of elite families such as Lucy’s to the extent that the London Season can be understood to have been of fundamental importance in shaping space in this corner of London.

This paper analyzes in depth this relationship between space and the London Season, identifying specifically the impact elites had on the West End. In so doing, the research moves beyond previous literature regarding the Season to understand the part-time nature of space, the way in which gated communities were created, the influence of elite fashion on residential spaces, and the close relationship between space and status formed during this period. These analyses make important contributions to a critical understanding of the location of the Season in the West End, and the importance of this space to the elite in the nineteenth century.
Loisirs dansants de la bourgeoisie anglo-montréalaise. Transformation et persistance des lieux de pratique, 1870–1940
Authors: Roquigny Peggy
Published: April 2012

Cet article, qui porte sur l’analyse des différents espaces dans lesquels la bourgeoisie anglo-montréalaise pratique l’activité dansante récréative entre 1870 et 1940, a pour objet d’examiner la tendance à l’exclusivisme couramment associée au mode de vie et aux activités des élites. Nous pensons en effet que l’exclusivisme est possible dans chaque forme d’activité dansante, mais de façon variable, selon le type d’activité et l’espace dans lequel elle se déroule. Pour appuyer cette hypothèse, nous analyserons quatre types d’espaces dans lesquels la bourgeoisie anglo-montréalaise peut s’adonner à la danse récréative entre 1870 et 1940. Nous nous attarderons d’abord sur deux espaces privés, entièrement contrôlés par l’élite : les résidences privées et les locaux des associations bourgeoises. Nous verrons ensuite comment le développement de trois grands hôtels, le Windsor, le Ritz-Carlton puis l’hôtel Mont-Royal, a amené de nouvelles perspectives et une redéfinition partielle de la notion d’exclusivisme. Nous verrons enfin comment les commerces de danse de Saint-Antoine Nord, quartier traditionnellement attaché à la bourgeoisie anglo-montréalaise, parviennent à concilier leur ouverture au public et un certain exclusivisme.
A Model Suburb for Model Suburbanites: Order, Control, and Expertise in Thorncrest Village
Authors: Vitale Patrick
Published: April 2012

In 1945, Marshall Foss began construction of Thorncrest Village, a subdivision in Etobicoke just to the west of Toronto. Foss and urban planner Eugene Faludi envisioned Thorncrest Village as nothing less than a model suburb for postwar Canada. They created a community that embodied the ideals of modern suburban planning: conformity, community, privacy, stability, and a careful mixture of nature and city. They developed an orderly and controlled suburb that secured upper-middle-class residents’ financial investments and their social status. These residents, in turn, placed unbounded faith in Foss and Faludi’s expertise and identified with the Village as a landmark experiment in modern suburban living. Thorncrest Village became a key site that intertwined the expertise of modern urban planning and the identities of elite suburbanites. The values that developers and residents put into place in Thorncrest Village—particularly the pursuit of order and control—are significant components of suburbanization in Canada and elsewhere.
L’interprétation du droit par les juristes : la place de la délibération éthique
Authors: Simard Jeanne , Morency Marc-André
Published: April 2012

Dans cet article, il sera fait un bref rappel du modèle traditionnel d’interprétation des lois, toujours prescrit dans la doctrine, sinon épousé verbalement dans les tribunaux canadiens. Il sera démontré que ce modèle ne peut pas représenter toute la réalité du travail d’interprétation des juristes canadiens, pour plusieurs raisons. L’herméneutique, la sociologie critique, l’analyse du discours, prenant pour objet les textes législatifs, les jugements rendus, les arguments pratiques entendus, ont montré l’étendue du comportement réflexif réel, l’étendue du champ interprétatif visant les circonstances d’une cause. Les textes législatifs donnent de fait de plus en plus de place à l’interprétation des circonstances pertinentes à l’encadrement de l’action des justiciables. Sur un plan empirique, l’analyse des jugements, de même que les prises de position de juges lorsqu’ils s’expriment en dehors du forum judiciaire, mettent en évidence la variété des motifs effectivement pris en considération, l’espace considérable de délibération éthique impliquant de fait tous les interprètes, qu’ils soient simples citoyens d’une communauté, inspirés par l’un ou l’autre des ordres sociaux, ou acteurs spécialisés de l’ordre juridique. Cet article se propose d’examiner comment se produit actuellement, en droit canadien ou québécois, l’interprétation des juristes, dans des processus décisionnels réflexifs, en situations complexes, voire même dans la perspective du développement des institutions.
Hydrogen Sintering of Titanium to Produce High Density Fine Grain Titanium Alloys
Authors: Fang Zhigang Zak , Sun Pei , Wang Hongtao
Published: April 2012

Titanium powder is typically sintered in high vacuum to achieve high density and low oxygen. Sintered materials usually have coarse grain size or coarse lamellar structure if it is the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. A novel process—hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT)—for sintering Ti in hydrogen is studied in this paper that can produce near‐fully dense (>99%CP‐Ti, >98%Ti–6Al–4V) Ti materials with very fine grain size (<1.0µm) in as‐sintered state. This presents a potential opportunity for low cost manufacturing of powder metallurgy Ti materials with superior mechanical properties.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydroquinazolinones from Imines and 2‐Aminobenzamides
Authors: Cheng Dao‐Juan , Tian Yu , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: April 2012

An unprecedented catalytic asymmetric synthesis of aminal‐containing heterocyclic compounds has been developed from imines and tethered nitrogen/nitrogen nucleophiles. In the presence of 10 mol% of a commercially available chiral phosphoric acid, a range of aromatic, α,β‐unsaturated, and aliphatic imines react with 2‐aminobenzamides to give dihydroquinazolinones in good to excellent yields and ee. The enantioselectivity is significantly affected by the imine N‐substituent through non‐bonding interactions with the chiral phosphoric acid and the 2‐aminobenzamide.
One‐Step Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Quaternary 5‐Hydroxyproline Synthesis: An Asymmetric Entry to Highly Functionalized α‐Quaternary Proline Derivatives
Authors: Breistein Palle , Johansson Jonas , Ibrahem Ismail , Lin Shuangzheng , Deiana Luca , Sun Junliang , Cordova Armando
Published: April 2012

The highly enantioselective cascade reaction between N‐protected α‐cyanoglycine esters and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is disclosed. The reaction represents a one‐step entry to polysubstituted 5‐hydroxyproline derivatives having a quaternary α‐stereocenter generally in high yields with up to >95:5 dr and 99:1 er. It is also a direct catalytic two‐step entry to functionalized α‐quaternary proline derivatives.
Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Poly(N‐Heterocyclic Carbene)‐Supported Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Dingyi , Tan Mei Xuan , Zhang Yugen
Published: April 2012

An N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) polymer supported silver nanoparticle catalyst system was developed. The novel nano‐composite catalyst demonstrated very high activity and excellent stability and reusability in the carboxylation of terminal alkynes with carbon dioxide at ambient conditions. The unique N‐heterocyclic carbene polymer and silver nanoparticle composite structure provided a synergistic effect on activation of terminal alkynes and carbon dioxide that contributed to the high catalytic activity. The poly‐NHC‐silver catalyst exhibited excellent substrate generality and tolerance to various functionalities. In addition, the catalyst is stable to air and moisture and can be easily recovered and reused.
Cationic polyacrylamides increase the rate of liquefaction and hydrolysis of cornstarch
Authors: Maxwell Kendra E. , Krantz Alison L. , Banerjee Sujit
Published: April 2012

Cationic polyacrylamides (c‐PAMs) bind to starch granules and decrease the temperature for the onset of gelatinization by 8°C. c‐PAM increases the binding of α‐amylase to cornstarch; the rate of cornstarch hydrolysis also increases. By analogy to previous work on the c‐PAM promoted hydrolysis of cellulose, it is proposed that the polymer reduces the charge on the surface of starch through a charge‐patch mechanism. Because both enzyme and substrate are negatively charged, the bound c‐PAM reduces the charge repulsion experienced by the approaching enzyme, which leads to stronger enzyme‐substrate binding and faster hydrolysis. Overall, the c‐PAM reduces enzyme dose by up to 62% under the conditions used. There is a mirror image relationship between the viscosity of the medium and the hydrolysis rate, which allows optimization of these parameters with enzyme and c‐PAM dosage. Low c‐PAM levels increase viscosity by agglomerating the substrate, but the viscosity drops at higher c‐PAM concentration. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 79–83, 2013
Genome‐wide search for replicable risk gene regions in alcohol and nicotine co‐dependence
Authors: Zuo Lingjun , Zhang Fengyu , Zhang Heping , Zhang Xiang‐Yang , Wang Fei , Li Chiang‐Shan R. , Lu Lingeng , Hong Jiang , Lu Lin , Krystal John , Deng Hong‐Wen , Luo Xingguang
Published: April 2012

The present study searched for replicable risk genomic regions for alcohol and nicotine co‐dependence using a genome‐wide association strategy. The data contained a total of 3,143 subjects including 818 European‐American (EA) cases with alcohol and nicotine co‐dependence, 1,396 EA controls, 449 African‐American (AA) cases, and 480 AA controls. We performed separate genome‐wide association analyses in EAs and AAs and a meta‐analysis to derive combinedP‐values, and calculated the genome‐wide false discovery rate (FDR) for each SNP. Regions withP < 5 × 10−7together with FDR < 0.05 in the meta‐analysis were examined to detect all replicable risk SNPs across EAs, AAs, and meta‐analysis. These SNPs were followed with a series of functional expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses. We found a unique genome‐wide significant gene region—SH3BP5‐NR2C2—that was enriched with 11 replicable risk SNPs for alcohol and nicotine co‐dependence. The distributions of −log(P) values for all SNP‐disease associations within this region were consistent across EAs, AAs, and meta‐analysis (0.315 ≤ r ≤ 0.868; 8.1 × 10−52 ≤ P ≤ 3.6 × 10−5). In the meta‐analysis, this region was the only association peak throughout chromosome 3 atP < 0.0001. All replicable risk markers available for eQTL analysis had nominalcis‐ andtrans‐acting regulatory effects on gene expression. The transcript expression of the genes in this region was regulated partly by several nicotine dependence (ND)‐related genes and significantly correlated with transcript expression of many alcohol dependence‐ and ND‐related genes. We concluded that theSH3BP5‐NR2C2region on Chromosome 3 might harbor causal loci for alcohol and nicotine co‐dependence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial genome diversity in the tubalar, even, and ulchi: Contribution to prehistory of native siberians and their affinities to native americans
Authors: Sukernik Rem I. , Volodko Natalia V. , Mazunin Ilya O. , Eltsov Nikolai P. , Dryomov Stanislav V. , Starikovskaya Elena B.
Published: April 2012

To fill remaining gaps in mitochondrial DNA diversity in the least surveyed eastern and western flanks of Siberia, 391 mtDNA samples (144 Tubalar from Altai, 87 Even from northeastern Siberia, and 160 Ulchi from the Russian Far East) were characterized via high‐resolution restriction fragment length polymorphism/single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis. The subhaplogroup structure was extended through complete sequencing of 67 mtDNA samples selected from these and other related native Siberians. Specifically, we have focused on the evolutionary histories of the derivatives of M and N haplogroups, putatively reflecting different phases of settling Siberia by early modern humans. Population history and phylogeography of the resulting mtDNA genomes, combined with those from previously published data sets, revealed a wide range of tribal‐ and region‐specific mtDNA haplotypes that emerged or diversified in Siberia before or after the last glacial maximum, ∼18 kya. Spatial distribution and ages of the “east” and “west” Eurasian mtDNA haploclusters suggest that anatomically modern humans that originally colonized Altai derived from macrohaplogroup N and came from Southwest Asia around 38,000 years ago. The derivatives of macrohaplogroup M, which largely emerged or diversified within the Russian Far East, came along with subsequent migrations to West Siberia millennia later. The last glacial maximum played a critical role in the timing and character of the settlement of the Siberian subcontinent. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hawaii longline tuna fishery temporal trends in standardized catch rates and length distributions and effects on pelagic and seamount ecosystems
Authors: Gilman Eric , Chaloupka Milani , Read Andrew , Dalzell Paul , Holetschek Jörg , Curtice Corrie
Published: April 2012

Declines in absolute abundance and altered size distributions from size‐selective removals of market species of pelagic apex predators in tuna fisheries alters evolutionary characteristics of populations and ecosystem processes and stability. Pelagic fishing at seamounts, where hyperstability of pelagic predators may occur, can exacerbate declining abundance and have high bycatch of species groups that are highly vulnerable to overexploitation.

Generalized additive mixed Poisson regression models (GAMMs) were fitted to Hawaii longline tuna fishery observer data to determine temporal trends in standardized catch rates, an index for local, relative abundance. Temporal trends in expectile length distributions were determined through geoadditive expectile GAMMs.

Significant declining trends in relative abundance in this fishery were observed for tunas, sharks and billfish. A decline in seabird standardized catch rate occurred concurrently with the uptake of seabird bycatch mitigation technology. Changed spatial distribution of fishing effort and increased use of wider circle hooks likely contributed to a declining sea turtle standardized catch rate.

Tuna and billfish mean lengths significantly increased over the time series due to entire distributions of length classes having shifted towards larger fish. Larger tunas comprised a larger proportion of the catch due to fewer small tunas being caught, and to a lesser extent because mean lengths of larger size classes increased. Conversely, billfish largest length classes experienced the largest increases in average lengths. Changes in spatial and seasonal distributions of fishing effort, increased use of wider circle hooks, and possibly increasing purse seine selective removals of juvenile tunas, may have contributed to increased selectivity for larger fish.

Significant differences in standardized catch rates and length distributions at a shallow seamount vs. the open ocean confirms the aggregating effect of seamounts on pelagic predators, including juvenile market species of pelagic fish and species groups relatively vulnerable to overexploitation.

Wider circle hooks significantly improved valuable tuna standardized catch rates, but also increased unwanted shark and reduced valuable billfish standardized catch rates.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiplex fluorometric assessment of nutrient limitation as a strategy for enhanced lipid enrichment and harvesting of Neochloris oleoabundans
Authors: Davis Ryan W. , Volponi Joanne V. , Jones Howland D.T. , Carvalho Benjamin J. , Wu Huawen , Singh Seema
Published: April 2012

Detailed in this study are the results of fluorometric assays used to assess the impact of gradual nutrient limitation versus punctuated nitrate limitation on the lipid content and morphology of Neochloris oleoabundans cells in batch culture. Punctuated nitrate limitation was imposed during pre‐log, log, late‐log, stationary, and senescent growth phases, and the cells were analyzed by bulk fluorescence emission, flow cytometry, and hyperspectral fluorescence imaging. In addition to intrinsic spectroscopic signatures provided by scatter and endogenous fluorescence, Nile Red staining was employed to monitor relative changes in lipid concentration. Analysis of the fluorescence images and temporal data sets was performed using multivariate curve resolution and fitting to logistic growth models to extract parameters of interest. The spectral components independently isolated from the image and temporal data sets showed close agreement with one another, especially relating to chlorophylls and Nile Red in polar and neutral lipid fractions, respectively. The fastest accumulation and highest total neutral lipid per cell and per chlorophyll were obtained with punctuated nitrate limitation during log phase growth on day 4 of culture. The presence of unbound chlorophyll in the resulting lipid bodies supports a membrane recycling TAG accumulation mechanism mediated by chloropolast–ER lipid exchange. Furthermore, an increase in cell size, indicated by forward scatter, was also found to correlate with increased neutral lipid, providing a size selection mechanism for passive harvest of algal cells at peak lipid enrichment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2503–2512. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.