bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KETERAMPILAN GURU INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI TANTANGAN PEMBELAJARAN PADA ABAD 21
Authors: Oktaviani Nadia
Published: May 2022

Pesatnya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi pada abad 21 telah mempengaruhi dunia pendidikan khususnya Indonesia. Salah satu unsur terpenting dalam pendidikan adalah guru. Guru memegang peranan penting dalam konteks pendidikan karena guru memberikan pendidikan dan berada di garda terdepan dalam berdialog langsung dengan siswa. Menggunakan sumber belajar dari buku dan internet dan beberapa media belajar sesuai dengan materi pembelajaran. Serta memiliki keterampilan yang baik dalam membuka dan menutup pembelajaran, menjelaskan materi pembelajaran, memberikan penguatan dan membimbing diskusi kelompok. Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi, hal ini mempengaruhi fungsi utama guru yang tidak lagi menjadi satu-satunya sumber informasi. Meski demikian, peran guru dalam kurikulum tidak bisa dikesampingkan. Pada abad 21, guru perlu mengajarkan keterampilan dan kemampuan tertentu yang tentunya berbeda dengan guru abad terakhir. Dengan percepatan perkembangan informasi dan komunikasi dalam proses pendidikan dan pembelajaran, guru diharapkan mampu menjawab tantangan abad 21.
PERAN GURU INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI TANTANGAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN ABAD 21
Authors: Azwarini Fallia Maylafaiza
Published: May 2022

Guru adalah seseorang yang memiliki seperangkat koleksi nilai dan kemampuan yang lebih, dimana dengan koleksi tersebut maka akan dapat mengubah sebuah tantangan menjadi sebuah peluang. Guru tidak selalu mengajarkan pendidikan yang bersifat formal kepada peserta didiknya, tetapi juga dapat mengajarkan diluar pendidikan formal dan bisa menjadi sosok yang dapat menjadi contoh dan dapat diteladani oleh para peserta didiknya. Abad 21 ini merupakan abad dimana teknologi berkembang dengan sangat pesat, hampir seluruh masyarakat di dunia memanfaatkan segala macam bentuk teknologi untuk berbagai macam kegiatan, khususnya dalam ilmu pendidikan juga memanfaatkan teknologi ini untuk membantu para peserta didik dalam memahami pembelajaran.Pembelajaran pada abad 21 lebih menuntut guru sebagai seorang tenaga pengajar untuk berfokus pada kemampuan, keterampilan dan teknologi. Guru harus mampu dalam menyiapkan peserta didik agar memiliki keterampilan abad 21. Dalam menghadapi perkembangan zaman yang semakin canggih ini guru harus dapat menerapkan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan media sosial dan teknologi, hal ini dapat menambah pengetahuan peserta didik dalam pembelajaran.
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and co-morbid conditions among people aged 30 years and above in a rural area of Jammu
Authors:   Senior Resident, PG Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Jammu 180001, India, Shora Tajali Nazir , Jamwal Davinder Singh ,   Professor and Head, Chintpurni Medical College, Punjab 145001, India, Gupta Rajiv Kumar ,   Associate Professor PG Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Jammu 180001, India
Published: May 2022

Background: Considering the epidemic of diabetes mellitus in recent decades, a prevalence study was carried out in rural adult population to observe the trend of the diseases. Materials and Methods: In a two step simple random sampling, Langotia subcentre was selected in Miran Sahib Zone of R S Pura block for the conduct of the study. A predesigned pretested oral questionnaire was used to screen the entire population aged 30 years & above. The suspects were confirmed as diabetic using fasting blood sugar levels (=>126) as per WHO definition. Results: The prevalence in the study was found to be 8.15%. It was more in females (10.8%) than males (5.82%). Hypertension was found to be the most commonly associated co-morbid condition. Conclusion: The study shows a rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus even in apparently normal population of rural area too.
Immunomodulatory activity of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from Arrowhead
Authors:   Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China, Fan Yijun , Lin Mengchuan ,   Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China, He Qinyi ,   Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China, Wang Miaoyu ,   Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China, Luo Aoxue ,   Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China
Published: May 2022

An acidic polysaccharide (AAP) was obtained from the aqueous extracts of the stems of arrowhead by hot water extraction followed ethanol precipitation. The immunomodulatory effect of the acidic polysaccharide (AAP) was investigated. The results showed that the high dose AAP(100 mg/ kg) has significant increased immune index of S180 mice, and strongly promoted the secretion of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ. Therefore, the acidic polysaccharide AAP could be explored as a novel potential immunomodulatory drug.
Artemether-lumefantrine: Pediatric formulations for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hawassa University, Ethiopia, Tadesse Aschalew Nardos , Eshetu Eyasu Makonnen ,   Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Published: May 2022

Over a thousand deaths per day are exhibited due to malaria in infants and children under five years of age across the world. Despite this, there are no satisfactory World Health Organization (WHO)-endorsed pediatric anti-malarial formulations available including all age groups. Artemisinin-based combination therapy is the current standard of care for patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in many African countries. Artemether/lumefantrine meets WHO prequalification criteria for efficacy, safety and quality. Coartem®, a fixed dose combination of artemether and lumefantrine, has consistently achieved cure rates of >95% in clinical trials. However, AL tablets are inconvenient for caregivers to administer as they need to be crushed and mixed with water or food for infants and young children. Besides, like other antimalarials, they have a bitter taste, which may result in children spitting the medicine out and not receiving the full therapeutic dose. There is a clear unmet medical need for a formulation of Artemether/lumefantrine specifically designed for infants and children in all age groups.
A study of normal bacterial flora of the conjunctiva in patients undergoing cataract surgery in a rural teaching hospital in R. R. district
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Medchal Mandal, Hyderabad 501401, Andhra Pradesh, India, N Karthika. , A Neelima. ,   Department of Microbiology, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Medchal Mandal, Hyderabad 501401, Andhra Pradesh, India, Ramchandran Suresh ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Medchal Mandal, Hyderabad 501401, Andhra Pradesh, India
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Eye harbours bacteria from the time of birth throughout life. Disease will be caused, when the normal flora lose co-dependence and co-regulation with the host. Knowing the organism found most frequently in the ocular flora and their antibiotic sensitivity may provide a better guide in choosing an antibiotic for prophylaxis of postoperative endophtalmitis. Materials and methods: 100 patients from the ophthalmology department of various age and sex were studied. Swabs were cultured aerobically on sheep blood agar, chocolate agar, Mac Conkey agar and nutrient agar media. All the isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity of Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 100 patients 54% were females and 46% were males. The conjuctival swab of 48% of patients was sterile. The predominant isolate was Staphylococcus epidermidis (32%) followed by diphtheroids (11%). All the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Conjunctival colonization with aerobic bacteria accounts for approximately 50% of healthy people. The inner canthus was the most contaminated site. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the main components of this flora. Instillation of antibiotics into the conjunctival sac to make it sterile prior to surgery can prevent post-operative infection by the normal bacterial flora of conjunctiva.
Preparation of silver nanoparticles using leaf and fruit extracts of Morinda coreia Buck., Ham. –A green approach
Authors:   Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany, K.M. Centre for P.G. Studies, Pondicherry, India, Kannan N. , Shekhawat M.S. ,   Department of Botany, M. G. Govt. Arts College, Mahe, Pondicherry, India, Ravindran C.P. ,   Department of Botany, M. G. Govt. Arts College, Mahe, Pondicherry, India, Manokari M. ,   Biotechnology Unit, Department of Botany, K.M. Centre for P.G. Studies, Pondicherry, India
Published: May 2022

Nanotechnology has been a recent developed field of science. Several methods were employed to synthesize different types of nanoparticles. In the present study, we demonstrate the synthesis of silver nanomaterials from leaf and fruit aqueous extracts of Morinda coreia Buck., Ham. using the biological method. The silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed by the colour change of the mixture and further confirmed by spectral analysis. The UV-Visible spectrum of colloidal solutions have absorbance peaks at 421.6- 434.4 nm regions with fruit extract and 431.2-442.4 nm regions observed with the leaf extract measured at various time intervals. These nanoparticles were further used to test the antimicrobial activity against five human pathogenic bacteria.
Complications and risk management of diabetic foot ulcer: A review
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India, M Vishnu Datta , Gowda D.V ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India, shanmukha Karthik ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India, HV Raghunandan ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India, G Prashanth Reddy ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
Published: May 2022

The rise in the cases of people affected by Diabetes is exponential in the last decade the disease can be controlled but not completely treated. One of the micro vascular complication of the disease is diabetic foot ulcer. Patients affected with diabetes have foot problems because of damage in nerve and blood vessel. In severe cases or unmanaged conditions these skin ulcers do not mend, or become complicated leading to the extreme cases of amputation of the affected limb. This mini review covers comprehensive but concise topics about the clinical manifestations symptoms, demographics of the disease basic strategies of risk management of diabetic foot ulcer.
Self- medication among Iranian Hypertensive patients in central Iran
Authors:   Departement of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, Sarahroodi S , Mikaili P ,   Departement of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran, Gharabughlu Z ,   School of Nursing & Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, Ahmadpour A ,   School of Nursing & Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, Safaeian L ,   School of pharmacy, Isfahan University of medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Khodarahmi P ,   Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Parand Brach, Tehran, Iran
Published: May 2022

Context: OTC or CAM self-medication in hypertensive patients could be the cause of unpredicted effects, drug interactions, compromised blood pressure and cardiovascular disorders. Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate self-medication with OTC or CAM and its pattern among hypertensive patients in Qom, a central state of Iran. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on a sample of 200 hypertensive patients randomly chosen from patients attending a cardiovascular clinic, affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Data was analyzed using SPSS19, an analysis was conducted with descriptive analysis procedures. Results: 13.6% of hypertensive patients have used OTC or CAM via self-medication in the past six months, with no significant difference among different ages and genders. 76.8% of hypertensive patients used OTC and CAM without asking their practitioner or pharmacist. Painkillers by 92.4% and among them Aspirin (38.2%) were the most self-medicated OTC, while Mentha by 17.3% and Calcium by 20.6% were the most self-treated agents respectively among herbs and supplements. The most common problem, which led hypertensive respondents to self-medicate with OTC and CAM was vertigo by 37.7% and after it headache, angina and nausea. Conclusion: In conclusion selfmedication with OTC or CAM, is not high among Iranian hypertensive patients in Qom city and it could be an index for other Iranian hypertensive patients, but we suggest a complete study in all states of Iran. As the source of information about OTC or CAM self-treatment is not an appropriate one, we suggest some radio and TV programs to aware people and furthermore, some CME courses about OTC or CAM for physicians and awareness of patients with them.
Degradation study of different brands of amlodipine using UV spectrophotometer
Authors:   Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan, Naveed Safila , Jawaid Wardha ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan, Bokhari Urooj ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan, Qamar Hina ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
Published: May 2022

There are several different brands available for Amlodipine as it is the most prescribed oral antihypertensive agents that is used for primary and secondary hypertension. The objective of this study develops the degradation studies of different brands of Amlodipine besylate 5 mg. This drug was subjected to different stress conditions as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines (ICH). An ultraviolet UV spectroscopic method was developed for analysis of the drug in the presence of the degradation products. Distilled water was used as a solvents. The amount of degraded drugs was calculated by taking the absorbance at 238 nm. According to the assay limit of USP specified that the content should not be less than 95% and not more than 105% of labelled amount. Brand 1, 2 and 5 are degraded by UV light exposure and Brand 1 and 2 degraded after the heat exposure. On basic pH brand 1, 2 ,4 and 5 showed degradation after the addition of 1N NaOH while brand 3 do not degrade as the base has no impact on Amlodipine concentration. On addition of 1N HCL brands 1, 2, 4 and 5 showed heavy degradation and brand 3 is remain nondegradable in acidic pH. The method was found to be simple and less time consuming and cost effective.
Synthesis and modification by ion exchange of the composite Core-Shell
Authors:   Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, Es-Sénia Oran University, PB 1524 El-M'nouar Oran, Alegeria, Menad Karima. , Feddag Ahmed. ,   Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, Es-Sénia Oran University, PB 1524 El-M'nouar Oran, Alegeria, Hasnaoui Mohamed Abd Elkrim. ,   Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, Es-Sénia Oran University, PB 1524 El-M'nouar Oran, Alegeria, Bengueddach Abd Elkader. ,   Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, Es-Sénia Oran University, PB 1524 El-M'nouar Oran, Alegeria
Published: May 2022

Zeolites are a large family of inorganic compounds with particular properties that have resulted in several important industrial applications; ion exchange has the first industrial application in the field of water treatment. The exchange by aqueous route is the most used method in the case of this type of micro-porous materials and it is that technique which will be used in the present work, this study aims to “Purification”. The objective of this work is to find performance materials for recovery and the incorporation of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. The study is to compare the ion exchange properties of different zeolite Na-X and Na-A, their physical mixture and a composite called LTA/FAU formed by zeolites A (LTA) and zeolite X (FAU). Indeed, several syntheses of different zeolites X and A were performed, then a coreshell model was designed to form the composite LTA/FAU. Finally, the study of ion exchange on the different zeolite materials formed are thus achieved. The cations are exclusively tested for lead and cadmium, toxic elements harmful to health and to the environment as well.
Protective effect of Annona reticulata Linn. againest simvastatin induced toxicity in chang liver cells
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, Cheruvandoor Campus, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala686631, India, Vatakkee Bijesh , Pramod. C ,   Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, Cheruvandoor Campus, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala686631, India
Published: May 2022

The aim of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Annona reticulata Linn (EEAR) leaves using chang liver cell line. Simvastatin was used to induce the hepatotoxicity in the chang liver cell lines. The extract was evaluated for hepatoprotective effect in simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in chang liver cells. The percentage viability of in the cell line was evaluated by the MTT assay [(3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazole –2 yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The EEAR treatment significantly improved viability of chang liver cell line which was evident in morphology. The hepatoprotective activity was confirmed by estimating level of Super Oxide mutase enzyme and lipid peroxidation assay. The EEAR significantly increased super oxide mutase enzyme level and decreased lipid peroxidation. Thus the present study ascertains that the leaf extract of Annona reticulata Linn possesses significant hepatoprotective activity.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis: Phytochemical composition of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, stem-bark, root, fruits and seeds
Authors:   Biochemistry Department, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, P.M.B. 1144, BirninKebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria, Sani I. , Abdulhamid A. ,   Biochemistry Department, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, P.M.B. 1144, BirninKebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria, Bello F. ,   Biochemistry Department, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, P.M.B. 1144, BirninKebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Published: May 2022

Phytochemicalsare active secondary plant metabolites responsible for most of the claimed medicinal activities of plants. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is one of those plants that possess these phytochemicals and claimed to possess medicinal activities on various ailments. The phytochemicals constituents of various parts of this plant were investigated using standard methods of phytochemicals screening in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Qualitative screening revealed that tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids and anthraquinones were present in aqueous extract of all the parts of the plant, whereas alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids were absent. On the other hand, tannins and steroids were present in the ethanolic extract of all the parts of the plant, while saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids were present only in some parts of the plant. However, glycosides and anthraquinone were absent in all the ethanolic extracts. The quantitative screening revealed large amount of saponins in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts across the various parts of the plant. Whereas small amount of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids were found only in the ethanolic extract of some parts of the plant. The presence of these phytochemicals in Eucalyptus camaldulensis could therefore justify the applications of the plant in management and curing of various ailments as claimed traditionally.
Formulation and evaluation of Etodolac alginate beads prepared by ionotropic gelation for sustained release
Authors:   University College of Pharmacy, M G University, Cheruvandoor686631, Kerala, India, Aswathy Koranappallil S. , Abraham Anu M ,   University College of Pharmacy, M G University, Cheruvandoor686631, Kerala, India, Jomy Limiya ,   University College of Pharmacy, M G University, Cheruvandoor686631, Kerala, India, Mehaladevi R ,   University College of Pharmacy, M G University, Cheruvandoor686631, Kerala, India, John Rosemol K ,   University College of Pharmacy, M G University, Cheruvandoor686631, Kerala, India
Published: May 2022

Oral sustained release drug delivery system is getting greater attention due to its therapeutic advantages. Etodolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has a short biological half life of 6.4 hours and is administered in a dose of 200-400 mg every 6-8 hours. In the present study, a suitable particulate system of Etodolac has been developed, by ionotropic gelation method for sustained release that would result in prolonged clinical efficacy, reduced frequency of administration and lesser side effects. Microbeads were prepared with and without using maize starch as polymer and were evaluated for particle size and size distribution analysis, flow properties, loose surface crystal study, entrapment efficiency, swelling ratio, percentage yield and drug content uniformity and invitro drug release. It was found that the particle size distribution of both formulations was varied within a narrow size range. Drug leaching (15.46 % ± 0.118) was more with presence of maize starch. Entrapment efficiency was retarded with the presence of maize starch. Swelling ratio (54.29 ± 0.151) suggested that maize starch incorporated microbeads swelled more to behave as a matrix for controlled drug delivery. Formation of highly viscous dispersion with the incorporation of polymer led to high percentage yield (51.48% ± 0.180). Drug release data was fitted into various kinetic models and indicated that the mechanism was according to Peppas model. The study revealed that the microbeads of Etodolac could be successfully prepared by ionotropic gelation technique with sustained release characteristics.
Toxic effect of different lead concentrations on in vitro culture of Datura inoxia
Authors:   Department of Botany, Barktullah University, Govt M.V.M., Bhopal, India, Waoo Ashwini A. , Khare Swati ,   Department of Biotechnology, Barktullah University, Institute for Excellence in Higher Education (IEHE), Bhopal, India, Ganguly Sujata ,   Department of Botany, Barktullah University, Govt M.V.M., Bhopal, India
Published: May 2022

Metals are the part of natural constituents of soil but industrial activities such as mining and smelting of ores, electroplating work, gas exhaust, energy and fuel production, fertilizer and pesticide application, and municipal waste results in enormous amount of increase in their natural concentrations in soil. Hazardous compounds or chemicals such as heavy metals, oils and battery metals from industries and organic solvents are major soil pollutants. These substances get deposited to the soils of the neighboring area and pollute them by changing the chemical and biological properties of soil of that area. The aim of this research was to identify some interesting accumulators which may associate an important biomass production with an effective heavy metal accumulation, absorption and translocation and their tissue culture approach. This research is mainly focused on the ability of some native plants to accumulate and tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals which are often associated in polluted areas. It has been found that Datura inoxia has the capacity to accumulate the heavy metals in its part. The in vitro culture of Datura inoxia shows better response in Lead supplementing M. S. Media. Although lead is a toxic heavy metal for plants, but Datura inoxia shows good response at higher concentration..
Non-invasive genetic diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy probands using salivary DNA
Authors:   PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College Coimbatore641029, TN, India, Gayathri N. , Parvatham R. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam University for Women Coimbatore-641043, TN, India, Lakshmi B. R. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam University for Women Coimbatore-641043, TN, India, Murugan M. Shakthivel ,   Department of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam University for Women Coimbatore-641043, TN, India, Subashkumar R. ,   PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College Coimbatore641029, TN, India
Published: May 2022

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is the most common fatal X-linked recessive disorder, which means that the disease is carried by mother but usually appears in boys. Since muscle wasting occurs in these children, it is difficult to draw blood from them for the DNA test and also it is an invasive technique. The present study is to bring out the non-invasive method of DNA test for the children. Saliva also harbors a wide spectrum of genetic data that can be used for genetic research and clinical diagnostic applications. Saliva samples from several DMD patients and non DMD patients (as control) were collected and the total DNA was extracted by the modified method and their quality were also determined by spectroscopic method. The resultant DNA was of better quality and good for amplification of the DMD exons by PCR, both uniplex and multiplex. But only bands of less intensity were seen on the gel which may be due to PCR inhibitors and this was further confirmed by PCR method. DNA isolated by this method does not have PCR inhibitors and this was shown by the fact that both multiplex and uniplex PCR’s showed a significant level of amplicons. This study has shown that saliva could be used as a source of genomic DNA for use in PCR based genetic analysis. If standardized, this could be cost effective and less invasive and will benefit the children and old patient too for the diagnosis of all genetic disorders. Thus, this study may be used for the analysis of disease diagnosis and genetic disorder using saliva DNA.
Impact of cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of lanthanum-doped tin-silver-copper lead free solders
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan, Ali Bakhtiar , Bilal Salma ,   Electrochemistry Labs. National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
Published: May 2022

A detailed research study was carried out to suggest improvements in the properties of lanthanum-doped Tin-Silver-Copper (SAC) by eliminating the adverse effects caused by applying slow cooling rate during solidification. The effects of faster cooling rate during solidification on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lanthanum-doped SAC were studied. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were studied and were further analyzed by ImageJ software to measure the average inter-metallic compounds (IMCs) size. These IMCs, present inside the bulk tin (Sn) matrix, are brittle in nature and have an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the alloys. With faster cooling rate the IMCs formation was significantly controlled, both for the as cast and thermally aged samples and slow cooling rate led to undue IMCs growth. Optical microscopy with crossed polarized light was used to study the grains. The faster cooling rate resulted in much smaller grains and slow cooling rate caused an undue grain growth. MTS tensile machine was used to carry out quasistatic tensile tests to find out the mechanical properties. Yield stress and tensile strength were found to be greatly improved for the alloy with faster cooling rate. Finally, an optimum cooling rate was found to be 6°C/s.
The recent concept in the management of anterior Skull base tumor: A review of the literature
Authors: Sigdel Brihaspati , Neupane Bhima , Panta Ashirbad
Published: May 2022

Introduction Tumor of the skull base are classified based on their tissue of origin. Tumor originates from epithelium, mesenchyme, and neuroectoderm. Management of tumors depends on location, histologic characteristics, and their behaviors. A sinus endoscopy, Computerized tomography scan, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging should be performed to know the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment includes surgical excision either endoscopic vs open, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. We are highlighting the management option of each tumor according to their type of tissue origin and its location.  
Methods: A PubMed search was conducted for relevant publications using the terms “anterior skull base malignancies” and “anterior skull base malignancies treatment and “open vs endoscopic anterior skull base malignancies.” The publication language should be English.
Results: Articles published after 2000 that cover the most recent paradigm shift in the treatment of anterior skull base tumors were included. There have been 35 articles found, despite 20 of them are being rejected due to the lack of full text, abstract, and non-english. Three of the fifteen articles have been downloaded twice, thus they have been excluded.
Conclusion: Skull base tumors are treated based on findings of diagnostic nasal endoscopy and imaging results. CT scans and MRIs are becoming more significant in the diagnosis of diseases. Endoscopic techniques to the skull base were beneficial in treating the malignancy. Chemotherapy can be used as a gold standard first-line treatment with radiation and surgery for significant types of head and neck tumors. immunotherapy-like checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD1 are the second-line treatments of advanced HNSCC. Prospective research and trials will be required in the future.
Avaliação de uma intervenção analítico-comportamental para meninas em acolhimento institucional
Authors: Valin Tassiane Aparecida Ferreira , Rocha Giovana Munhoz
Published: May 2022

O acolhimento institucional é a realidade de muitas crianças e adolescentes que foram retiradas do ambiente familiar. Por estarem expostos a múltiplos fatores de risco, têm grande probabilidade de apresentar problemas de comportamento. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar uma intervenção analítico-comportamental para meninas em acolhimento institucional. Participaram 10 adolescentes do sexo feminino entre 12 e 17 anos em situação de acolhimento na cidade de Curitiba e região metropolitana. A intervenção foi avaliada pelos instrumentos YSR, TDE II e IEP. A intervenção teve 15 sessões que consistiu na adaptação do Programa de Comportamento Moral (Gomide, 2010) para as adolescentes. Observou-se redução de problemas de comportamento com tamanho de efeito médio (d=0,650). Também houve aumento em todas as categorias do TDE. Destaca-se a importância de desenvolver pesquisas direcionadas as especificidades da população feminina que se encontra acolhida em instituições. Estudos com uma maior amostra são recomendados.
ATUAÇÃO DO BNDES POR MEIO DO PRONAF PARA A PROMOÇÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO E FORTALECIMENTO DO COOPERATIVISMO AGROPECUÁRIO
Authors: Souza Pereira Ane Flávia , Cella Daltro
Published: May 2022

O objetivo foi descrever o papel do BNDES via Pronaf para o desenvolvimento econômico e produtivo das cooperativas agropecuárias brasileiras. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica qualitativa e descritiva. As associações e cooperativas agrícolas agroindustriais contaram com a liberação de aproximadamente R$ 4 bilhões para o Pronaf entre os anos de 1996 e 2009. O maior volume de recursos foi liberado em 2011. Embora outros fatores como mercados e preços sejam importantes, a relação estabelecida entre o BNDES e as políticas públicas de crédito tem desempenhado um papel decisivo no crescimento recente das cooperativas, promovendo a produção e o investimento empresarial no setor por meio do crédito de longo prazo. A conclusão é que os recursos do Pronaf, disponibilizados pelo BNDES, possibilitaram o crescimento do associativismo rural e aumentou o número de micro e pequenos agricultores que passaram a ter acesso ao crédito e aos serviços bancários.
Application of Edward Azar's Theory "Protracted Social Conflict": A Case Study of Palestine-Israel Conflict
Authors: Mehdi Muhammad Anser , Khalid Uffaq
Published: May 2022

The sacred land of Palestine is under the commotion of blood and smoke.The origin and fundamental grounds of 70 years old between Muslims and the Jewish community. Since the inception of Israel, the western world has supported and expanded the reigns of Israel by shrinking the geographical and religious space for Palestinian Arabs. The conflict embraced ethnoreligious, racial, territorial, and ideological emotions,which remain unresolved even after numerous agreements and accords.The said conflict is evaluated through the lens of Edward Azar’s protracted social conflict theory, which encompasses communal content,governance, deprivation of human rights, and international linkages towards the Palestine- Israel conflict. The paper will highlight the major constraints and deep-rooted causes of the Palestine Israel conflict.
Information Security Policy Development: the Mechanism to Ensure Security Over Information Technology Systems
Authors: Saadat Maryam , Abbasi Muhammad Umar
Published: May 2022

Information security is still in its embryonic phase. The reason is that there are certain malevolent actors in the network that are always looking for loopholes in the system and can harm organizations with their malicious activities. The development of information security policy is very important. It lays the foundations of certain significant standards and procedures that help mitigate the potential risks associated with the organization or its network. The following article has discussed information security policy and its respective development cycle for the implementation of policy infrastructure that could help secure vital data and information in an organization. A framework is explained that demonstrates the construction of a policy, keeping in mind the implementation of an effective security policy. It has elaborated the significance of auditing measures focusing on ISO-27001, the policy specifically designed for information security.
War on Terror: Socio-Economic Ramifications for Pakistan
Authors: Jamshed Unsa , Jahangir Amar , Fazil Nasira
Published: May 2022

After the attack on the American twin tower on September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched a war against the terrorists and Al-Qaeda hiding in Afghanistan. During this war, Pakistan became the front-line state due to its proximity to Afghanistan. The American war on terror also brought disastrous effects on Pakistan. Due to the war on terror, Pakistan faced and is still facing a number of challenges in its social and economic spheres. This paper is an attempt to highlight the socio-economic challenges faced by Pakistan due to the war on terror. The paper revolves around these research questions. What are the socio-economic effects of the war on terror on Pakistan? What socio-economic cost was paid by Pakistan during the war on terror? What are the implications of the war on terror for Pakistan?
Pakistan-China Relations and Central Asian Republics
Authors: Kasi Mirwais , Qadir Abdul , Kasi Adil Zaman
Published: May 2022

Pakistan-China relationship has survived the test of time and denotes the phrase of respect,advantages to both sides, and natural alignment. Both nations provided support for each other at regional and international levels, which not only worked to secure their own interests but is also attracting other regional actors to explore advantages for themselves out of the time-tested friendship of Pakistan-China.Central Asian Republics are also attracted to Pakistan-China as to benefit in multidimensional aspects. The Central Asian Republics desire for access to their energy resources to consumers, while Pakistan and China's objectives in Central Asia have been driven by their diplomatic, security obligations, economic advantages,and their aspiration to become an energy transit corridor in the region. Pakistan-China relations and their targets increase the interdependence environment between all these actors, which also provides an impetus where Pakistan-China rising influence in Central Asian Republics is anticipated. The significance of this article is that it analyzes the two prongs of Pakistan-China's growing influence in Central Asian Republics;the first is based on unilateral efforts of the two countries to explore more areas of cooperation with Central Asian Republics and the second is based in Pakistan-China bilateral relations impact on Central Asian Republics.
Belt and Road Initiative: A Debate in Context with the New World Order with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Akhter Muhammad Nauman
Published: May 2022

The existing global governance system in which an unparalleled growth of China is exceedingly constrained and overwhelmed by the US and its allies. President Xi’s all-encompassing foreign policy such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) primarily seeks out to develop the much-needed infrastructure, global financial integration and trade liberalisation. This paper examines the impression of China’s initiative, such as BRI on the global governance system—an area in which China has gradually expanded its input. Inspired from China’s historical prestige and ideology, Chinese institutions present three significant challenges to the existing world order; (i) the emerging non-western ideology, (ii) the non-western multilateralism, and (iii) the introduction of diversity and equality in international relations. The paper concludes that China’s unprecedented economic growth coupled with its assertive foreign policy means an alternative global governance system is emerging with Chinese characteristics.
Impact of Electronic Media on International Image of Pakistan: An Extensive Review of Literature
Authors: Chaudhry Summaiya , Ashraf Imran , Fatima Noor
Published: May 2022

Pakistan has been the front line ally of United States in war on terror sacrificing seventy-five thousand lives and suffering an economic loss of 123 billion US Dollars. Even then the US led war on terror has impacted the global image of Pakistan. It has been portrayed in the international media as estate that supports terrorism, and is rife with religious and secular extremism – all of this making it a country that is extremely dangerous to visit. The country’s global image has constantly deteriorated since2001 and until this very day, it has increased challenges to redeem itself to its former glory. This depiction of Pakistan, in the international media, as a state that is constantly undergoing political turmoil,unchecked violence and economic instability has resulted in strenuous trade, economics and diplomatic relations with many developed and developing countries in the world.
The Use, Importance and Adaptation of Innovative Teaching Strategies in Physical Education at Degree College Level of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Arif Awais , Akhtar Nazia
Published: May 2022

The aim of study was to investigate the perception of physical education teachers and students about the use, importance and adaptation of innovative teaching strategies in physical education at the degree college level of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was qualitative in nature but due to some limitation, the researcher adopted a quantitative method with a simple survey to carry out the research work. All the teachers and students at the degree college level at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were taken as a population. Multi-stage random sampling technique with stratified sample technique was used to investigate teachers and students perception regarding the importance of innovative teaching strategies regarding health and physical education and the adaptation of innovative teaching strategies. Close ended questionnaire was for the data collection. Inferential statistics one sample T-test, was used for the data collection. It has been concluded that teachers and students agreed upon the importance of innovative teaching strategies regarding health and physical education at the college level. It was that the concerned authority may have repeated and systematic evaluation policy to maintain and further improve the quality of innovative teaching strategies to meet the information needs of users.
Soviet Afghan War: Challenges for Pakistan
Authors: Ishfaq Uroosa , Ashfaq Kashif , Nuzhat
Published: May 2022

The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan has affected Pakistan’s foreign policy. Both the states are sharing common border and cultural ties. The attack on Afghanistan soil was a treat for Pakistan’s territorial integrity. Pakistan adopted policy of partnership with US in order to withdraw the Soviet Union from Afghanistan.The paper aims to explore Pakistan’s role in Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Secondary data has been collected from books, articles and newspapers. The findings of the study suggest that Pakistan faced serious challenges due to its active role in Soviet Afghan war.
Asymptomatic spinal subdural epiarachnoid hygroma after lumbar laminectomy for lumbar spinal canal stenosis: illustrative case
Authors: Kawasaki Toshinari , Takayama Motohiro , Maki Yoshinori , Kobayashi Tamaki , Ioroi Yoshihiko
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Spinal subdural epiarachnoid hygroma (SSEH) after lumbar laminectomy is an extremely rare complication.

OBSERVATIONS

An 84-year-old man presented to the hospital with lower back pain, radicular pain, and numbness in the lateral aspect of the left leg. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed anterior lumbar spondylolisthesis at L3, severe disc herniation at L3–4, and severe lumbar spinal canal stenosis at L3–4 and L4–5. Lumbar laminectomy at L3–4 and L4–5 and discectomy at L3–4 were performed without complications such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and durotomy intraoperatively. Although lower back pain and numbness at the lateral aspect of the left leg were resolved postoperatively, postoperative MRI showed spinal nerve deviation to the ventral side due to SSEH from T12 to S1. Conservative therapy was performed for asymptomatic SSEH, and MRI 1 week postoperatively indicated improved ventral spinal nerve deviation and reduced SSEH.

LESSONS

SSEHs after posterior decompression without durotomy are extremely rare. Asymptomatic SSEHs may resolve with conservative treatment. However, surgery should be performed to decompress hygroma in patients with symptomatic SSEH.
Привітання, побажання, тости як форма вираження національного характеру
Authors: Щербак С. В.
Published: May 2022

Статтю присвячено дослідженню структурних особливостей жанрових різновидів паремій (привітань, побажань, тостів) з точки зору проявів в них національного менталітету та відображення в них фрагментів національного колориту. Виявлено засоби та прийоми вираження рис національного характеру українського народу та основні принципи, на яких ґрунтоване розмежування привітань, побажань, тостів. Досліджуючи такі паремії як привітання, побажання, тости ми помітили, що тематика багатьох аналізованих творів відображає життя та побут українського народу і його національні риси характеру: доброту, щедрість, відвертість.
Чорнобильські тексти сучасних українських письменників як художні моделі національного буття в час апокаліпсису
Authors: Онікієнко І. М.
Published: May 2022

У статті розглядаються чорнобильські тексти В. Яворівського, І. Драча та В. Кордуна, в яких зображено Чорнобиль як явище глобальної катастрофи, її причини та наслідки. Кожен текст представлено як своєрідну художню модель національного буття в час Апокаліпсису.
Український колимський епістолярій Михайла Драй-Хмари
Authors: Онікієнко І. М.
Published: May 2022

У статті розглядається епістолярна спадщина М. Драй-Хмари , адресована родині з колимського заслання, яку можна визначити як звинувачення радянській тоталітарній системі у знищенні природнього історико-культурного шляху розвитку української нації. Мова йде про неймовірні можливості творчої самореалізації людини в умовах ув’язнення.
Augmented reality in process of studying astronomic concepts in primary school
Authors: Midak Liliia Ya. , Kravets Ivan V. , Kuzyshyn Olga V. , Berladyniuk Khrystyna V. , Buzhdyhan Khrystyna V. , Baziuk Liliia V. , Uchitel Aleksandr D.
Published: May 2022

The objective of the research is development a mobile application (on the Android platform) designed for visualization of the Solar System with the AR technology and the alphabet study, applying the astronomic definitions, which can be used by the teacher and the students for an effective training for studying the subjects of the astronomic cycle in primary school. Augmented Reality cards with the images of the Solar System planets and other celestial bodies were developed, as well as the “Space alphabet” was created. In the developed alphabet every letter of the alphabet becomes a certain celestial body or a different astronomic definition. Augmented Reality gives the opportunity to visualize images of the Solar System as much as possible, in other words to convert 2D images into 3D, as well as “make them alive”. Applying this tool of ICT while studying new data gives the ability to develop and improve the pupils’ spatial thinking, “to see” the invisible and to understand the perceived information in a deeper way, which will be beneficial for its better memorizing and development of computer skills. Studying the alphabet in the offered mobile app will definitely help nail the achieved knowledge and get interesting information about celestial bodies that are invisible and superior for kids; to make a journey into the space, prepare a project on “The Space Mysteries” subject; to stimulate the development of curiosity, cognitive motivation and learning activity; the development of imagination, creative initiative, including speaking out.
Using a virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning
Authors: Bodnenko Dmytro M. , Kuchakovska Halyna A. , Proshkin Volodymyr V. , Lytvyn Oksana S.
Published: May 2022

The article substantiates the importance of using a virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning in the conditions of distance education, incl. social distance (for the quarantine period 2020). The main advantages of using a virtual digital board are outlined and their functions for the organization of cooperative education are compared. An analysis of the benefits of using virtual digital boards and a survey of experts made it possible to identify the most popular virtual digital boards: Wiki-Wall, Glogster, PadLet, Linoit, Twidla, Trello, Realtimeboard (Miro), Rizzoma. The comparison of the functions of virtual digital boards outlines their ability to organize students’ cooperative learning. The structure of the module E-Learning “Creating education content with tools of virtual digital board Padlet” is presented in the system LMS Moodle. The results of the experiment are presented, which show the effectiveness of the use of instruments of the virtual digital board to organize student’s cooperative learning. Perspectives of researches in developing methods of using a virtual digital board by students of natural-mathematical specialties are determined.
Features of the development of an automated educational and control complex for checking the quality of students
Authors: Bukreiev Dmitriy , Chornyi Pavlo , Kupchak Evgeniy , Sender Andrey
Published: May 2022

The paper reveals the problematic features of developing an automated system for teaching students. The authors emphasize the need to study the specialized needs of the system before the development process and conduct an in-depth analysis of the needs of the modern educational process in order to identify the needs of the future product. In this paper authors develop a model of knowledge representation in the system and reveal the features of the mathematical apparatus for calculating and automating the processes of obtaining and evaluating students knowledge.