bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short v. Kingdom of the Netherlands
Authors: Parkerson John E. , Lepper Steven J.
Published: May 2019

In the Notes and Comments section of the January 1991 issue of the Journal, Professor Richard Lillich presented a thorough and timely analysis of the Soering decision of the European Court of Human Rights, a significant addition to international human rights law. His evaluation of the Soering judgment and his reflections on several of its wider ramifications are especially relevant to the United States military, for the decision constitutes a serious threat to the administration of U.S. military justice overseas and to the treaty relationships between the United States and its NATO allies. A recent European case, Short v. Kingdom of the Netherlands, demonstrates that this threat is far from hypothetical.
POSITIVE PROPORTION OF SHORT INTERVALS CONTAINING A PRESCRIBED NUMBER OF PRIMES
Authors: MASTROSTEFANO DANIELE
Published: May 2019

We prove that for every $m\geq 0$ there exists an $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}(m)>0$ such that if $0<\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}<\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$ and $x$ is sufficiently large in terms of $m$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, then $$\begin{eqnarray}|\{n\leq x:|[n,n+\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\log n]\cap \mathbb{P}|=m\}|\gg _{m,\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}x.\end{eqnarray}$$ The value of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}(m)$ and the dependence of the implicit constant on $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ and $m$ may be made explicit. This is an improvement of the author’s previous result. Moreover, we will show that a careful investigation of the proof, apart from some slight changes, can lead to analogous estimates when allowing the parameters $m$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ to vary as functions of $x$ or replacing the set $\mathbb{P}$ of all primes by primes belonging to certain specific subsets.
Differentiating continental and oceanic arc systems and retro-arc basins in the Jiangnan orogenic belt, South China
Authors: Yao Jinlong , Shu Liangshu , Cawood Peter A. , Zhao Guochun
Published: May 2019

The Neoproterozoic Jiangnan orogenic belt records the accretion and collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in South China. The orogen is divisible into three units: a northeastern domain (also referred to as the Huaiyu or Shuangxiwu domain), a central domain (Jiuling domain) and an undifferentiated southwestern domain. Detrital zircons from the oldest sequences (Shuangqiaoshan, Lengjiaxi, Fanjingshan and Sibao groups) in the central and southwest domains yield similar age spectra with major age populations at c. 875–820 Ma, along with minor Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic and Archaean ages. The dominance of detrital ages close to the deposition ages of the units, along with juvenile zircon Hf isotopic compositions and arc-like whole-rock compositional data, indicate the sedimentary units accumulated adjacent to a convergent plate margin magmatic arc. The presence of Mesoproterozoic and older zircons, both as detritus in the units and as xenocrysts within igneous rocks displaying a subduction-related signature, along with the compositional data, place the magmatic arc along a continental margin. In the northeastern domain, the oldest coeval sequence (Shuangxiwu and Qigong groups) and arc igneous suites are dated at c. 970–850 Ma, and lack older detritus and xenocrysts, indicating they represent an accreted oceanic arc system.
Magmatic activity at the Silurian/Devonian boundary in the Brunovistulia and Małopolska Terranes (S Poland): possible link with the Rheic Ocean closure and the onset of the Rheno-Hercynian Basin
Authors: Nawrocki Jerzy , Pańczyk Magdalena , Szrek Piotr
Published: May 2019

The age of granophyric diorite from the Sosnowiec IG-1 borehole (Brunovistulia Terrane) was studied by means of U–Pb single-grain zircon analysis performed on a SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) IIe device. The isotope ages and provenance of zircons from the Emsian tuffs cropping out in the southern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Małopolska Terrane) were also investigated using the same method. The age of the diorite intrusion (420 ± 2 Ma) is comparable with the combined Ar–Ar/magnetostratigraphic age of the Bardo diabase intrusion from the northern part of the Małopolska Terrane. These intrusions were emplaced during the same event of regional tectonic extension associated with the Rheic Ocean closure and the onset of processes creating the Rheno-Hecynian Basin near the Silurian/Devonian boundary. A negative Nb anomaly characteristic of both intrusions could be linked with the subduction of the Rheic oceanic crust under the SE margin of the Old Red Continent. Emsian magmatic activity in the distant Rheno-Hercynian Zone provided several tuff layers in the northern part of the Małopolska Terrane. As can be inferred from zircon ages, these tuffs were derived from mafic eruptions that cut sedimentary rocks containing detrital zircons transported from Baltica. This interpretation fits the existing models of development of the Rheno-Hercynian Basin in the Emsian.
Maimonides' Doctrine of Creation
Authors: Samuelson Norbert M.
Published: May 2019

Maimonides'Guide of the Perplexedis among the most influential works ever written in religious philosophy. It occupies a unique place in Jewish religious thought. While the majority of subsequent Jewish thinkers have criticized what they understood of Maimonides' text, they have often felt obligated to struggle with his contentions. This obligation constitutes the highest expression of respect in Jewish philosophy.
Human Rights and Mental Disability: Perspectives on Israel
Authors: Herr Stanley S.
Published: May 2019

The human rights of persons with mental disabilities represents a frontier area for legal protection. The content and means of enforcing their rights have become topics of both scholarly and popular concern. For two decades, the international community has grappled — somewhat fitfully — with the human rights norms that should guide nations in their care and treatment of these vulnerable groups. International concern has focused not only on problems of arbitrary detention and cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment, but on issues of institutionalization, sterilization, and a broad array of education, treatment and welfare services.

In many countries, obsolete legislation and service delivery models have hindered the realization of both negative and affirmative (“positive resource claims”) human rights.
Security Council Resolution 242 at Twenty Five
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: May 2019

There is hardly any United Nations resolution which is quoted and referred to as often as 242. It has become the cornerstone for all stages in the settlement of the Arab-Israel conflict, as, for example, the Camp David Frameworks (1978) and the Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel (1979). In addition, it has been referred to by the conveners of the Madrid Conference (1991) as the basis for the negotiations which were started at that Conference and are going on as this article is being written.

According to the letter of invitation to the Madrid Conference, the parties are invited to achieve peace through direct negotiations along two tracks, between Israel and the Arab States, and between Israel and the Palestinians. The latter are to be part of a joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation. With respect to the negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, they are to be conducted in phases, beginning with talks on interim self-government arrangements which should last five years.
The effect of intratympanic oxytocin treatment on rats exposed to acoustic trauma
Authors: Akin Ocal F C , Kesici G G , Gurgen S G , Ocal R , Erbek S
Published: May 2019

Objective

To investigate whether oxytocin can prevent ototoxicity related to acoustic trauma.

Methods

Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: noise (group 1), control (group 2), noise plus oxytocin (group 3), and oxytocin (group 4). Intratympanic oxytocin was administered on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 in groups 3 and 4. Groups 1 and 3 were exposed to acoustic trauma. Distortion product otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response testing were performed in all groups.

Results

In group 1, auditory brainstem response thresholds increased significantly after acoustic trauma. In group 3, auditory brainstem response thresholds increased significantly on day 1 after acoustic trauma, but there were no significant differences between thresholds at baseline and on the 7th and 21st days. In group 1, significant differences were observed between distortion product otoacoustic emission signal-to-noise ratios measured before and on days 1, 7 and 21 after acoustic trauma. In group 3, no significant differences were observed between the distortion product otoacoustic emission signal-to-noise ratios measured before and on days 7 and 21 after acoustic trauma.

Conclusion

Oxytocin had a therapeutic effect on rats exposed to acoustic trauma in this experiment.
The steppe marmot—its past and future
Authors: Bibikov Dmitri I.
Published: May 2019

The steppe marmot of European Russia has suffered from hunting pressure and agricultural development in the past. Now it is regaining its former range by colonizing abandoned farming areas and this process is being helped by reintroduction programmes. Once secure these marmots show considerable potential for increase and could form the basis for a useful and substantial harvest in the future.
Conservation of large avian frugivores and the management of Neotropical protected areas
Authors: Strahl Stuart D. , Grajal Alejandro
Published: May 2019

Large frugivorous forest birds are among the most endangered avian groups in the Neotropics. Despite this fact, there has been little field work on members of these groups or on other large Neotropical forest birds. While current studies of Neotropical forests are beginning to provide data for reserve management at the ecosystem level, we lack information for management of particular species or habitats. Throughout Latin America, large forest frugivores are economically important as food, as pets or in local crafts. They can also be important seed dispersers and can be used as indicator species of habitat disturbance in protected areas. The conservation status of these birds demands more attention and commitment from conservation organizations and the scientific community in general. Further field research should focus on the basic ecology and natural history of endangered and non-endangered species. These studies will aid in developing badly needed long-term management and monitoring plans both for populations of large forest frugivores and their habitats.
Assam's rhinos face new poaching threats
Authors: Vigne Lucy , Martin Esmond Bradley
Published: May 2019

Assam, in north-east India, is the main stronghold for the great Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, with most of the 1500 or so individuals that live there concentrated in parks and sanctuaries. Despite valiant efforts to protect them, the forest guards are poorly equipped and no match for poachers armed with automatic weapons or those who make use of high-voltage power lines to electrocute the animals. The authors have discussed the many problems besetting rhino conservation in Assam with wildlife officials and they make several recommendations that would improve the situation.
Buffy-headed marmosets 10 years on
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Mendes Sérgio L.
Published: May 2019

The buffy-headed marmoset Callithrix flaviceps is among the rarest of Brazil's Atlantic Forest primates and is potentially one of the most endangered by habitat destruction. Rarely seen in captivity, little was known about the species until very recently. Studies carried out during the last 10 years have revealed that these marmosets are not only highly adaptable but are also more widespread than was first thought. There thus seems to be room for cautious optimism for the survival of the species as long as further habitat loss can be minimized.
Effect of Naptalam on Chloramben Toxicity, Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Knerr Larry D. , Hopen Herbert J. , Balke Nelson E.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory studies demonstrated that naptalam safens cucumber against the phytotoxic effects of chloramben. In petri dish studies, cucumber seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben plus naptalam had greater shoot growth, root growth, and dry weight than seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben alone. Naptalam also partially reversed the reduction in dry weight of various plant parts caused by exposure of roots of hydroponically grown seedlings to chloramben. More radioactivity from root-applied14C-chloramben remained in cucumber roots and less was translocated to shoots with a14C-chloramben plus naptalam treatment than with a14C-chloramben alone treatment. Naptalam appeared to influence chloramben metabolism. In various plant parts, concentrations of chloramben and its metabolites differed between the two treatments.
Redvine (Brunnichia ovata) Germination and Emergence
Authors: Shaw David R. , Mack Robert E. , Smith Clyde A.
Published: May 2019

Optimum temperature for germination and emergence of redvine seed in either petri dishes or soil was 35 C. Reductions in germination and emergence occurred at constant temperatures above or below this temperature. No germination or emergence occurred at temperatures above 40 or below 25 C. Germination in petri dishes first occurred on day 8, and emergence was first observed 12 days after planting in a soil medium. Maximum redvine seedling emergence of 74% occurred in soil when seed were planted 0.5 cm deep, with decreases in emergence noted at depths below 5 cm. No emergence occurred over the 35-day period evalμated when redvine seed were planted on the soil surface or at a depth of 10 cm in soil. Redvine germination was not affected by solution pH, whereas germination did not occur when osmotic stress of as little as −200 kPa was applied to seed.
Postemergence Control of Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) with Herbicides
Authors: Chism William J. , Bingham S. Wayne
Published: May 2019

Four field locations were used to compare environmental factors on efficacy of four postemergence grass herbicides in Kentucky bluegrass and bermudagrass turf. Imazaquin, BAS 514, and tridiphane were compared to fenoxaprop-ethyl, a registered herbicide, for postemergence control of large crabgrass. Best large crabgrass control was provided by BAS 514 and fenoxaprop-ethyl. Use of BAS 514 gave equal turf quality, phytotoxicity to the turf, large crabgrass control, and stand compared to fenoxaprop-ethyl. Imazaquin and tridiphane reduced turf quality and were phytotoxic to both turf types, and did not control large crabgrass adequately.
Pendimethalin Dissipation in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Stahnke G. K. , Shea P. J. , Tupy D. R. , Stougaard R. N. , Shearman R. C.
Published: May 2019

Pendimethalin dissipation was studied following annual 1.7 kg ai ha–1applications to 3-yr-old Kentucky bluegrass turf growing on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil and an 85/15 by volume sand/Sharpsburg soil mixture in 150-cm-deep rhizotron containers. Plant tissue, thatch, and soil were sampled periodically between application and 168 days after treatment (DAT). Soil and leachate were collected to monitor pendimethalin movement. Most of the herbicide appeared to remain within the turfgrass system. Pendimethalin concentration was highest in plant tissue and thatch. The 4-hydroxymethyl pendimethalin metabolite was detected in turfgrass tissue up to 42 DAT. No pendimethalin was detected at the 30-, 60-, or 120-cm depths in the rhizotron containers. Traces (≤0.003 mg kg–1) of pendimethalin detected in rhizotron leachate collected between 6 and 14 days after heavy rainfall (88 and 95 DAT, respectively) were attributed to gravitational displacement of soil colloids containing adsorbed herbicide. Pendimethalin application to established turfgrass would not appear to pose a high risk of groundwater contamination.
Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor on Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Authors: Riddle Gordon E. , Burpee Lee L. , Boland Gregory J.
Published: May 2019

Sixty isolates of the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and six isolates of Sclerotinia minor Jagger were evaluated in a controlled environment for virulence on leaves excised from 8-week-old dandelion plants. Significant negative correlations were obtained between the relative virulence of the isolates and the dry weights of dandelion plants inoculated in a controlled environment; and positive correlations were detected between the relative virulence of isolates and reduction in number of dandelion plants in turfgrass swards infested with inoculum of the isolates. In August 1988, an 80.7% reduction in the number of dandelion plants was detected in a turfgrass sward treated in 1987 with four applications of heat-killed seed of perennial ryegrass (100 g m−2 application–1) infested with isolate R30 of S. sclerotiorum, followed by six applications at the same rate in 1988. Populations of dandelions in untreated swards increased by 22.2% during the same period. Heat-killed seed of perennial ryegrass (100 g m−2) infested with isolate R30 applied simultaneously with dandelion seed (25 g m−2) onto a sward of Kentucky bluegrass reduced the establishment of dandelion seedlings by 85.5%. Necrosis or discoloration did not develop on Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, or quackgrass treated with inoculum of Sclerotinia. Sclerotia of Sclerotinia spp. were found, on occasion, in crowns but not on the foliage of diseased dandelions.
Weed Management Decisions in Corn Based on Bioeconomic Modeling
Authors: Lybecker Donald W. , Schweizer Edward E. , King Robert P.
Published: May 2019

A fixed (conventional) weed management strategy in corn was compared to three other strategies (two mixed and one flexible) in terms of weed control, grain yield, gross margin (gross income minus herbicide treatment costs), and herbicide use under furrow irrigation for four consecutive years. The fixed strategy prespecified preplanting, preemergence, postemergence, and layby herbicides. The flexible strategy herbicide treatments were specified by a computer bioeconomic model. Model decisions were based on weed seed in soil before planting, weed densities after corn emergence, herbicide costs, expected corn grain yield and selling price, and other parameters. The two mixed strategies were a combination of fixed and flexible strategies and designated either specified soil-applied herbicides (mixed/soil), or no soil-applied herbicide (mixed/no soil); postemergence treatments were determined by the model. Average corn grain yield was 10 280 kg ha–1and gross income was 920 $ ha–1and neither differed among strategies. Total weed density and gross margin were significantly higher for the mixed/no soil and flexible strategies compared to the mixed/soil and fixed strategies. Total weed density averaged 28 720, 28 100, 10 910, and 680 plants ha–1for the mixed/no soil, flexible, mixed/soil, and fixed strategies, respectively. Annual gross margins for the four strategies averaged 885, 875, 845, and 810 $ ha–1, respectively. Herbicide use over the 4-yr period for these four strategies averaged 3.8, 5.3, 20.5, and 26.9 kg ha–1, respectively, and each value differed from the other. Thus, weeds can be managed in corn, gross margins increased, and herbicide use decreased by employing a bioeconomic weed-corn model to make weed management decisions.
Expression of Metribuzin Sensitivity in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Populations
Authors: Ratliff R. L. , Carver B. F. , Peeper T. F.
Published: May 2019

Two winter wheat cultivars are known to differ in sensitivity to metribuzin: TAM W-101 (tolerant) and Vona (sensitive). Their reciprocal F1, reciprocal F2, and backcross populations were compared to determine the genetic expression of metribuzin sensitivity. TAM W-101 showed a much wider range of response to metribuzin than Vona with little overlap between the two distributions. Both sets of reciprocal F1and F2populations resembled Vona in metribuzin response, but the variances of maternal TAM W-101 populations exceeded those of maternal Vona populations. Genetic segregation in metribuzin response was expressed in TAM W-101/Vona F2but not in Vona/TAM W-101 F2. The greater variability observed in the metribuzin-tolerant parent TAM W-101 and maternal TAM W-101 populations could not simply be interpreted as the result of differential sampling of male and female gametes from TAM W-101.
Response of Weeds to Tillage and Cover Crop Residue
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Beste C. Edward , Potts William E.
Published: May 2019

Total weed density increased after 1 yr of no-tillage and after 2 yr of conventional tillage in a 4-yr experiment with repeated assignment of the same treatment to the same plots. Large crabgrass, goosegrass, and carpetweed densities were higher in the no-tillage compared with the conventional-tillage treatment in at least 1 yr whereas common lambsquarters density was greater in the conventional-tillage treatment the last year of the experiment. Within the no-tillage treatment, rye or hairy vetch residue reduced total weed density an average of 78% compared to the treatment without cover crop when cover crop biomass exceeded 300 g m–2and when residue covered more than 90% of the soil. Goosegrass, stinkgrass, and carpetweed densities were reduced by cover crop residue in at least 1 yr whereas large crabgrass was unaffected. Common lambsquarters density increased where rye was grown as a cover crop prior to conventional tillage. Despite differences in weed density among treatments, weed biomass was equivalent in all treatments during the last 2 yr.
Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Interference in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Westra Philip
Published: May 2019

Effects of wild proso millet interference with irrigated corn were evaluated in Nebraska and Colorado over a 2-yr period. Corn yield reductions ranged from 13 to 22% from a wild proso millet density of 10 plants m–2. As density increased, corn yield reduction could be predicted with a rectangular hyperbola regression model. Ten wild proso millet plants m–2growing with corn produced 4200 to 6200 seed m–2. Corn yields were reduced 10% at one location if wild proso millet removal was delayed 2 weeks after corn planting. If removal was further delayed until 6 weeks after corn planting, corn yield reductions at the two locations ranged from 16 to 28%.
Influence of Available Soil Water Content, Temperature, and CGA-154281 on Metolachlor Injury to Corn
Authors: Viger Paul R. , Eberlein Charlotte V. , Fuerst E. Patrick
Published: May 2019

The effects of the antidote CGA-154281, available soil water (ASW), and soil temperature on corn injury from preemergence applications of metolachlor were evaluated in field and growth chamber studies. In field studies, metolachlor at rates of 5.6, 8.4, and 11.2 kg ha–1caused corn injury when there was sufficient ASW before corn emergence to activate the herbicide. Injury was prevented when CGA-154281 was applied with metolachlor (30:1, metolachlor:CGA-154281 by wt). The effects of surface-soil ASW, soil temperature, and CGA-154281 on corn tolerance to metolachlor were further evaluated in growth chamber studies. Corn injury from metolachlor was more severe when the surface soil was wet for 5 days immediately after herbicide treatment than when the surface-soil was dry. Corn injury from metolachlor also was greater when corn was grown under cool temperatures (21/13 C, day/night) than when grown under warm temperatures (30/21 C, day/night). CGA-154281 conferred protection against metolachlor injury regardless of surface soil ASW or growth temperature.
Effects of Droplet Composition on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Cranmer John R. , Linscott Dean L.
Published: May 2019

In laboratory studies, absorption and translocation of glyphosate in velvetleaf was dependent on the concentration of both glyphosate and surfactant in the applied droplet(s). At equivalent total quantities applied, absorption by leaves was greater with concentrated droplets than with more dilute droplets in greater number. Increasing the surfactant concentration increased the relative absorption of dilute glyphosate droplets but did not overcome the negative effect of higher droplet number on total amount absorbed. More glyphosate was translocated from concentrated versus the most dilute droplets at equivalent total quantity applied. Conversely, more absorbed glyphosate from dilute droplet applications remained in the treated leaves. About 90% of translocated14C glyphosate from the most concentrated drops was distributed evenly between roots and shoot tissue above the treated leaf and the remainder in shoot tissue below the treated leaf. As droplet number increased and surfactant concentration decreased, the relative amount of glyphosate distributed in roots declined in relation to shoots.
The Economics of Alternative Tillage Systems, Crop Rotations, and Herbicide use on Three Representative East-Central Corn Belt Farms
Authors: Martin Marshall A. , Schreiber Marvin M. , Riepe Jean Rosscup , Bahr J. Robert
Published: May 2019

A linear programming model was used to determine which crop rotations and weed management systems result in the highest net farm income for each of three farm sizes (120, 240, and 480 hectares) under alternative tillage systems. Test plot data for the years 1981 through 1988 from the Purdue University Agronomy Farm, which has highly productive, well-drained soils, were analyzed. Net incomes for no-till tillage systems on all farms in the model were consistently and significantly lower than incomes for moldboard and chisel plow tillage systems due to slightly lower yields and substantially higher herbicide costs. Generally, net farm incomes were slightly higher with a moldboard plow versus chisel plow tillage system. Also, as farm size increased, per hectare net incomes increased. About 80% of the time under moldboard or chisel plow tillage systems, the model chose as optimal the lowest of three herbicide application rates. A corn/soybean rotation was chosen as optimal on 56% of the farm area analyzed, versus 25% for continuous corn and 13% for a corn/soybean/wheat rotation.
Mechanism of Clomazone Selectivity in Corn (Zea mays), Soybean (Glycine max), Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Liebl Rex A. , Norman Michael A.
Published: May 2019

Based on chlorophyll content, hydroponically cultured soybean seedlings were 254, 66, and 13 times more tolerant to clomazone than velvetleaf, corn, and smooth pigweed, respectively. Clomazone, at concentrations that inhibited chlorophyll, did not affect fresh weight accumulations of any species except velvetleaf. However, in velvetleaf, fresh weight accumulation was only half as sensitive to clomazone as the leaf chlorophyll content. Uptake of14C-clomazone from nutrient solution by 72 h after treatment (HAT) (pigweed > velvetleaf > soybean > corn) indicates that differential absorption cannot account for selectivity. Shoot:root ratios of14C recovered from soybean, corn, velvetleaf, and pigweed by 72 HAT were 0.39, 0.84, 1.67, and 2.37, respectively. The limited acropetal clomazone translocation in soybean seedlings may account to a small degree for soybean tolerance to clomazone. Conversion of clomazone to more polar metabolites was rapid in all four species. There were no significant differences among species in the percentage of14C activity recovered as clomazone from root tissue by 72 HAT. Of the14C activity recovered from shoots of soybean, corn, pigweed, and velvetleaf seedlings by 72 HAT, 46, 59, 35, and 54%, respectively, was clomazone. Differences in clomazone uptake, distribution, and metabolism among the four species were either insignificant or poorly correlated to selectivity, and therefore cannot account for the tremendous differences in clomazone sensitivity among these species. These observations indicate, indirectly, that differences at the site of action may account for selectivity.
Effects of Methylammonium and Urea Ammonium Nitrate on Foliar Uptake of Thifensulfuron in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Beckett Thomas H. , Stoller Edward W.
Published: May 2019

Effects of ammonium and methylammonium on foliar uptake of14C-thifensulfuron, in the presence of 0.2% nonionic surfactant by vol, into velvetleaf were investigated. Total14C uptake into velvetleaf 24 h after treatment was only 15% without addition of nitrogen, but addition of 0.32 M NH4Cl, urea ammonium nitrate, or CH3NH2·HCl increased total14C uptake to 31, 38, or 59%, respectively. Total14C uptake 24 h after treatment was increased 3- and 4-fold by addition of 0.08 and 0.16 M CH3NH2·HCl, respectively, but was not increased further by greater CH3NH2·HCl concentrations. Although the increase in14C uptake was followed by an increase in total14C translocated, the relative amount of14C translocated (expressed as a percentage of total14C uptake) was not affected by nitrogen additives. Enhancement of uptake of14C-thifensulfuron by CH3NH2·HCl was partially reversed by addition of 0.16 M CaCl2to the application solution.
Effect of Soil pH, Soil Water, Light Intensity, and Temperature on Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL.)
Authors: Zollinger Richard K. , Kells James J.
Published: May 2019

Growth of perennial sowthistle was examined under different levels of soil pH, soil moisture content, light intensity, and temperature. Soil pH ranging from 5.2 to 7.2 had little effect on the number of leaves, rosette diameter, plant height, and number of capitula. However, total dry weight was 30% less in plants grown in soil of pH 5.2 compared to those grown at higher soil pH levels. Perennial sowthistle demonstrated a consistent positive growth response to increasing soil water including saturation. Severe reduction in vegetative and reproductive growth occurred in plants grown in soil below field capacity. Plants grown under full light (1015 μE m−2s−1photosynthetic photon flux density) developed a fourfold increase in the number of capitula per plant and a 50% increase in total dry weight compared to plants grown at 285 μE m−2s−1. Initiation of reproduction was delayed 4 weeks for plants grown at 580 μE m−2s−1and 285 μE m−2s−1. Plants grown under less than full light developed fewer but larger leaves. Plants grown under a day/night temperature of 20/15 C grew more rapidly than those under 30/25 C or 10/5 C. Plants at 30/25 C began to senesce 7 to 8 weeks after planting. Net carbon assimilation, leaf conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency decreased as soil moisture and light intensity decreased. Plants at 30/25 C had the highest rate of transpiration and the lowest water use efficiency. The observed optimum for perennial sowthistle growth occurred at a soil pH of 6.2 or 7.2, water-saturated soil, high light intensity, and a temperature of 20/15 C, day/night.
Influence of Soil Moisture on Phytotoxicity of Cinmethylin to Various Crops
Authors: Russell Steven G. , Monaco Thomas J. , Weber Jerome B.
Published: May 2019

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on cinmethylin activity. The herbicide was applied preemergence at rates of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha−1to both dry and moist sandy loam soil, followed by varying irrigation regimes. Plant species used in the study included soybean, snap bean, cotton, peanut, and cucumber. Peanut was the most tolerant to cinmethylin, followed by cotton, soybean, snap bean, and cucumber. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil, less crop injury resulted than when it was applied to a dry soil. If 7.6 cm of water was applied shortly after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, severe crop injury occurred. When 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied within 8 h or at 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, crop injury was reduced when compared to applying 7.6 cm irrigation.
Protecting Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Fluometuron Injury with Seed Protectants
Authors: Corbin Billy R. , Frans Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to evaluate the potential of growth regulators mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride as seed treatments to protect cotton from fluometuron injury. Fluometuron at two and three times the recommended use rate reduced cotton stand and height on Taloka and Convent silt loam soils both years. Cotton grown on a Sharkey silty clay soil was not injured by fluometuron. Mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride increased cotton stands on a Taloka silt loam soil when averaged over rates and years. In general, fluometuron injury to cotton was not reduced by treating seed with 1000 ppmw concentrations of chlormequat chloride or mepiquat chloride. Chlormequat chloride reduced chlorosis and necrosis of cotton treated with fluometuron, but neither growth regulator eliminated cotton injury or yield reduction caused by fluometuron at two or three times the recommended rates.
Herbicides that Inhibit Acetohydroxyacid Synthase
Authors: Stidham Mark A.
Published: May 2019

Acetohydroxyacid synthase was discovered as the site of action of imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides over 6 yr ago. In recent years, advances have been made in the understanding of this enzyme as a herbicide target site. Derivatives of both imidazolinones and sulfonylureas have yielded new herbicide chemistry. AH of the herbicides display unusual “slow-binding” behavior with the enzyme, and this behavior may help explain efficacy of the herbicides. Resistance to these herbicides has been developed through a number of different procedures, and the mechanism of resistance is through changes in sensitivity of the enzyme to the herbicides. The changes are either selective to only one class of chemistry, or broad to a number of classes of chemistry. These data support the idea that binding sites for the herbicides on the enzyme are only partially overlapping. Progress in purification of AHAS from corn includes discovery of the existence of the enzyme in monomer and oligomer aggregation states. The interaction of the enzyme with the herbicides is affected by enzyme aggregation state.
Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors
Authors: Gronwald John W.
Published: May 2019

Five classes of herbicides (carbamothioates, chloroacetamides, substituted pyridazinones, cyclohexanediones, and aryloxyphenoxypropionic acids) have been reported to inhibit lipid biosynthesis in higher plants. Carbamothioates impair the synthesis of surface lipids (waxes, cutin, suberin). These effects have been attributed to the ability of this herbicide class to inhibit one or more acyl-CoA elongases. Though as yet poorly characterized, these enzymes are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyze the condensation of malonyl-CoA with fatty acid acyl-CoA substrates to form very long-chain fatty acids used in the synthesis of surface lipids. There is contradictory evidence regarding the effects of chloroacetamide herbicides on de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Selected substituted pyridazinones decrease the degree of unsaturation of plastidic galactolipids. This effect is attributed to the ability of selected members of this herbicide class to inhibit fatty acid desaturases which are thought to be located in the chloroplast envelope. Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid and cyclohexanedione herbicides inhibit de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in grasses. The target site for these herbicide classes is the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase which is found in the stroma of plastids. In most cases, selectivity between grasses and dicots is expressed at this site. Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acids and cyclohexanediones are reversible, linear, noncompetitive inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from grasses. Both classes are also mutually exclusive inhibitors of grass acetyl-CoA carboxylase which suggests that they bind at a common domain on the enzyme.
Phytoene Desaturase, the Essential Target for Bleaching Herbicides
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard , Schmidt Arno , Linden Hartmut , Böger Peter
Published: May 2019

Many bleaching herbicides with different core structures inhibit phytoene desaturase (PD), a membrane-bound enzyme in the carotenogenic pathway catalyzing the hydrogen abstraction step at the first C40precursor of β-carotene. Prospects are good that new PD-active herbicides will be discovered by screening for bleaching activity. Accordingly, interest in PD enzymology and molecular genetics has increased. Although active carotenogenic cell-free systems are available, no isolation of PD has been achieved since the enzyme cannot be detected in its isolated form due to complete loss of activity. A portion of theRhodobacterPD gene was incorporated into an appropriate plasmid which could be expressed inE. coli.This system was used to produce an antibody specific against PD from higher plants as well asRhodobacter.All PDs assayed had an apparent molecular weight of 52 to 55 kDa. ARhodobactergene probe hybridized with a 3.1 kbBamH I fragment fromAphanocapsawhich allowed us to sequence the PD gene from this cyanobacterium. Its DNA sequence matched with the apparent molecular weight of the PD band in the western blot, and a fusion-gene product was found to be immunoreactive with theRhodobacterPD antibody,Anacystismutants were produced exhibiting cross-resistance against norflurazon and fluorochloridone. Apparently, this resistance is due to an altered PD with concurrent decrease of inhibitor binding affinity. Cloning of the resistant gene into the wild type is in progress.
Fun with Mutants: Applying Genetic Methods to Problems of Weed Physiology
Authors: Christianson Michael L.
Published: May 2019

Genetics can be a powerful adjunct to just about any kind of physiological study, including weed physiology or weed/herbicide interactions. Making, mapping, and reverting mutations is simple and straightforward. Making mutants can be as simple as isolating variant individuals from the “wild”, as uncomplicated as doing seed mutagenesis in your laboratory, or as sneaky as recovering mutants as sectors in whole plants. The overall principles for successful development of a protocol for seed mutagenesis of weeds are described and potential problem areas noted. These generalities are illustrated with a specific case history, that of chlorsulfuron. Although chlorsulfuron is accurately described as an inhibitor of the synthesis of branched chain amino acids, careful physiological examination suggests that it kills plant cells, not by starvation for amino acids, but by active toxicity of a metabolite, α-amino butyric acid, produced from a precursor available for diversion in cells with inhibited acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18, ALS). The story of dominant resistance due to an altered ALS enzyme is well known; analysis using additional mutants fleshes out the story of how chlorsulfuron works. Such analysis has the potential to help unravel other problems in weed physiology.
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques for Weed Science Research
Authors: Smeda Reid J. , Weller Stephen C.
Published: May 2019

Tissue and cell culture offer weed scientists many opportunities to research herbicide effects on plants. This review will discuss examples in which plant cells grown in vitro have been used to study herbicide action. Plant cell and tissue culture have many advantages over the use of whole plants; however, several disadvantages that exist are discussed. Cell cultures can be established for most plant species and provide a relatively homogeneous system for studying herbicide action. Responses of plant cells to herbicides are usually correlated with responses at the whole plant level, and cells have the advantage of posing fewer physical barriers to herbicide uptake and translocation. Cell culture techniques discussed include: screening candidate herbicide compounds; investigating herbicide efficacy, mechanism of action, metabolism, and uptake; and ascertaining mechanisms of herbicide resistance, selecting for resistance, and regenerating crops.
Immunology in Weed Science
Authors: Sherman Timothy D. , Vaughn Kevin C.
Published: May 2019

Many problems in weed science may be solved by utilizing immunochemical techniques, although these techniques are currently underutilized by weed scientists. In this review, we describe some of the methods of greatest use to weed scientists. Antibodies may be raised against proteins, such as the targets of herbicide action or against the herbicide itself which can be linked to a larger molecule so that antibodies are elicited. Once specific antibodies are obtained, several techniques may be performed utilizing the binding phenomena of antibody-antigen interactions. Immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy are utilized to obtain tissue and subcellular distributions of the protein or herbicide of interest. Quantitation of either protein or herbicide in a given sample may be performed by ELISA or “slot” and “dot” blotting. These protocols are less costly, more sensitive, and much less labor-intensive than most analytical methods. Molecular mass or charge alterations may be determined by electrophoresis and subsequent immunoblotting. With the increased exposure to immunological techniques by weed scientists and their potential utility, we predict that many more weed science problems will be addressed using these protocols.
Tolerance and the Basis for Selectivity to 2,4-D in PerennialGlycineSpecies
Authors: Hart Steve E. , Glenn Scott , Kenworthy William W.
Published: May 2019

Twenty accessions within 11 perennialGlycinespecies plus soybean were tested for tolerance to 2,4-D. Soybean was severely injured by 2,4-D, but 13 of theGlycineaccessions had 15% or less injury 4 weeks after 2,4-D application. Greatest 2,4-D tolerance occurred with accessions ofG. latifoliaandG. microphylla.There was no difference among tolerant accessions ofG. latifoliaandG. microphyllaand susceptible accessions ofG. canescensin recovery or absorption of14C-2,4-D 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after treatment (DAT). Distribution of14C from14C-2,4-D in various plant parts was similar among accessions. Metabolism of 2,4-D in the tolerant accessions (81 to 89% 1 DAT) was higher and more rapid than in susceptible accessions (approximately 50%, 1 DAT). The same five metabolites plus parent 2,4-D were extracted from the treated leaf of all accessions at all sampling dates. However, relative distribution between metabolites differed between tolerant and susceptible accessions. More rapid metabolism of 2,4-D in treated leaves of tolerantGlycineaccessions can explain differential 2,4-D responses.
Environmental Variability Associated by Economic Thresholds for Soybeans
Authors: Bauer Troy A. , Mortensen David A. , Wicks Gaila , Hayden Thomas A. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989 to determine the stability of crop loss functions across site by year environments. Environment was a significant source of variation for the soybean crop loss function as influenced by velvetleaf, but not as influenced by tall waterhemp and common sunflower. Weed density was a highly significant source of variation for all weed species studied. Regressions between percent soybean seed yield reductions and weed populations were linear. The velvetleaf interference regression equations were divided into two groups, those with high soybean-yielding intercepts and those with low-yielding intercepts, to explain the variance observed across environments. The regression equation for the high-yielding intercept group was Ŷ = 4.24X while the low-yielding group was Ŷ = 2.14X, where Y is percent soybean yield reduction and X is weed density per 10.7 m of soybean row. Tall waterhemp and common sunflower regression equations were determined to be Ŷ = 1.37X and Ŷ = 6.52X, respectively. Confidence intervals were used to account for the variance associated with the mean regression equation for each model and to develop economic threshold models that include risk aversion principles.
Rotational Crop Response to Chlorimuron, Clomazone, and Imazaquin Applied the Previous Year
Authors: Monks C. Dale , Banks Philip A.
Published: May 2019

Experiments to determine effects of chlorimuron, clomazone, and imazaquin applied the year before planting corn, cotton, and sorghum were conducted at three locations in Georgia. Corn injury was <20% in 1987 and 1988 and yield was not affected. In 1988, imazaquin applied at a high rate or sequentially the previous year to late-planted soybeans injured corn more than applications to the early-planted soybeans. Cotton was the most sensitive crop to herbicides applied the previous year. However, seed cotton yield was not decreased due to herbicides applied the previous year. Sorghum growth and yield 8 weeks after planting was not affected by soybean herbicide application the previous year. Sicklepod, corn, and wheat bioassays did not detect any of the herbicides in soil samples obtained the season after treatment. Bioassays accurately predicted potential injury in corn and sorghum but not cotton.
Bioherbicidal Potential ofFusarium moniliformeand its Phytotoxin, Fumonisin
Authors: Abbas Hamed K. , Boyette C. Douglas , Hoagland Robert E. , Vesonder Ronald F.
Published: May 2019

An isolate ofFusarium moniliforme(Sheldon) (JW #1) was discovered on greenhouse-grown jimsonweed in Mississippi, U.S.A., in 1990. Applications of aqueous suspensions of spores/mycelia (>1 × 107propagules ml−1) grown on potato-dextrose agar to the potted soil in which 2- to 4-wk-old jimsonweed plants were grown caused local lesions or mosaic-like patterns on the leaves and inhibited growth. Application of lesser doses to the leaves only produced no visual effects. When the fungal suspensions were applied at higher dosages (>1 × 107propagules ml−1) either by soil drench or subirrigation, symptoms such as local lesions or a mosaic-like pattern on the leaves appeared and plant growth was inhibited. When the fungus was grown on an autoclaved rice medium and the ground mixture applied to jimsonweed plants, the plants wilted within 24 h and died after 48 h. Crude and cell-free filtrates of the fungal-rice culture also killed 1- to 2- and 3- to 4-week-old plants after 24 to 72 h. A major toxin identified was fumonisin B1, isolated from fermented rice at 400 μg g−1. Fumonisin B1applied in water at 2.5 μg 100 μl−1to excised jimsonweed leaves caused the same symptomology (i.e., soft rot diffusing along leaf veins) within 24 h as the cell-free extract or the crude culture filtrates. Similar damage occurred to intact plants treated with crude or cell-free filtrates or purified aqueous fumonisin B1solutions.
MAGISTRATURA E POLITICA: IL CASO ITALIANO
Authors: Guarnieri Carlo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nel periodo repubblicano, l'assetto istituzionale della magistratura italiana è stato radicalmente trasformato con l'obiettivo, almeno in apparenza, di salvaguardarne il piò possibile l'indipendenza. In realtà, la posizione assunta oggi dalla magistratura nel nostro sistema politico sembra per molti versi peculiare. Per valutare correttamente grado e implicazioni di questa peculiarità è però necessario partire da una considerazione del ruolo della magistratura nei regimi democratici e comparare l'attuale assetto della magistratura italiana con quello delle magistrature operanti in regimi simili.