bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Concepts of Ambulatory Home Hyperalimentation
Authors: Dudrick Stanley J. , Englert Deann M. , Van Buren Charles T. , Rowlands Brian J. , Macfadyen Bruce V.
Published: June 2009

Various infusion systems have been devised to allow long‐term administration of total parenteral nutrition solutions on an ambulatory basis to patients who are unable to maintain adequate enteral nutrition and/or who might benefit from a period of bowel rest. During the past 3 yr, the intravenous hyperalimentation team of The Hermann Hospital and The University of Texas Medical School at Houston has gained considerable experience in developing a specially designed patient vest which is comfortable, attractive and practical for continuous or intermittent central venous or enteral feeding on an ambulatory basis. The system is described together with the results of its use. in 25 patients ranging in age from 23 mo to 66 yr for a cumulative total ambulatory home hyperalimentation experience equivalent to 12.4 man‐years. Complications related to the technique have been minimal, and clinical results have been most gratifying. It is anticipated that further advances in this vital field will contribute to increased cost effectiveness, cost containment and favorable clinical results. The purposes of this communication are to: (1) summarize the relatively short history of the genesis of ambulatory home hyperalimentation, (2) describe ambulatory infusion techniques and the system developed at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, and (3) report our experience with the development and clinical application of this system.
Computer Optimization of Enteral Hyperalimentation
Authors: Geller Robert J. , Blackburn Sara A. , Glendon Duncan H. , Henneman William H. , Steffee William P.
Published: June 2009

A computer program has been developed to allow the generation of written orders for the logical progression of enteral hyperalimentation by the technique of continuous nasogastric infusion. Data required for entry include name, age, sex, height, usual and current weights, degree of stress, and if indicated, restrictions of nitrogen, fluids, sodium and potassium. A specific formulation may be requested, or the computer will pick a single nutrient solution or combination of two solutions that will best meet the requested constraints. Output includes entered data with English and Metric interconversion, surface area, and estimates of basal energy expenditure, protein wastage, protein and caloric requirements. If requested, daily orders are written to include a reasonable progression of infusion rates and concentrations of the solution (s). Daily values are printed for the total amounts to be infused of fluid, calories, protein, sodium, potassium, and mOsm. The programs have been demonstrated to run in either on‐line or batch mode. The system is easily accessible by physician, dietician, nurse, or other interested professionals.
Whose Shoe Fits Best? Dubious Physics and Power Politics in the TMD Footprint Controversy
Authors: Mitchell Gordon R.
Published: June 2009

Apparent design breakthroughs in short-range missile defense systems such as Theater High-Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) have prompted questions about the legality of such systems under the 1972 Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. Prominent physicists have used computer “footprint” methodology to prove that if engineered to specifications, THAAD might exceed ABM Treaty performance limits banning highly effective missile defense systems. In response, missile defense officials commissioned Sparta, Inc. to conduct secret research casting doubt on the validity of such findings. The substantial diplomatic issues at stake and the interesting rhetorical dynamics involved in this dispute warrant close scholarly analysis. Attention to the iterative relationship between the interpenetrating spheres of public argument and scientific practice in this case yields novel insight about the processes in which technical knowledge of defense systems is forged and raises fresh issues for the “closure project” in science and technology controversy studies.
Land of Hope and Glory: Exploring Cochlear Implantation in the Netherlands
Authors: Blume Stuart
Published: June 2009

This article deals with the author’s experiences in studying cochlear implantation over a period of some years. While no overt controversy surrounded the device or the practices associated with it in the Netherlands when this work started (as was the case elsewhere), studying its introduction became complex. Following others, the research strategy that was evolved might be termed one of mediation and intervention. It entailed treating the views and aspirations of research subjects, clinical and lay, with equal regard. It entailed promotion of dialogue. For reasons that are discussed in the article, the attempt was made to translate this dialogue to the political level. The challenge confronting the author was simultaneously methodological and political.
Engineering Practice and Engineering Ethics
Authors: Lynch William T. , Kline Ronald
Published: June 2009

Diane Vaughan’s analysis of the causes of the Challenger accident suggests ways to apply science and technology studies to the teaching of engineering ethics. By sensitizing future engineers to the ongoing construction of risk during mundane engineering practice, we can better prepare them to address issues of public health, safety, and welfare before they require heroic intervention. Understanding the importance of precedents, incremental change, and fallible engineering judgment in engineering design may help them anticipate potential threats to public safety arising from routine aspects of workplace culture. We suggest modifications of both detailed case studies on engineering disasters and hypothetical, ethical dilemmas employed in engineering ethics classes. Investigating the sociotechnical aspects of engineering practice can improve the initial recognition of ethical problems in real-world settings and provide an understanding of the role of workplace organization and culture in facilitating or impeding remedial action.
How Not to Construct a Radioactive Waste Incinerator
Authors: Gusterson Hugh
Published: June 2009

Sociologists of risk tend to presume that populations have static perceptions of risk that can be correlated with their degree of technical expertise or their structural relation to society. Such commentators show little interest in human agency unless it is the agency of professional risk communicators educating the public. This analysis of the conflict over a radioactive incinerator in Livermore, California, emphasizes the fluidity of public perceptions of the incinerator and the agency of activists in shaping those perceptions in a battle for rhetorical position with the U.S. Department of Energy. At a historical moment (the end of the cold war) when the media was publicizing decades of environmental problems in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex, activists were able to defeat the incinerator by creating a transitory alliance with local developers and by using rhetorical strategies that slyly undermined the official discourse on risk.
Switching between Science and Culture in Transpecies Transplantation
Authors: Brown Nik , Michael Mike
Published: June 2009

This article discusses xenotransplantation (XTP: the surgical use of nonhuman tissues, organs, and cells for human transplantation) and examines the way its scientific promoters have defended their technology against potentially damaging public representations. The authors explore the criteria used to legitimate the selection of the pig as the best species from which to “harvest” transplant tissues in the future. The authors’ analysis shows that scientists and medical practitioners routinely switch between scientific and cultural repertoires. These repertoires enable such actors to exchange expert identities in scientific discourse for public identities in cultural discourse. These discourses map onto similarities and differences between animal donors and human hosts. Finally, the case is used to comment on a number of related approaches where the dynamics of medical and scientific authority are discussed.
The Civic Shaping of Technology: California’s Electric Vehicle Program
Authors: Brown Mark B.
Published: June 2009

Constructivist technology studies have often cast government as one “social group” among many, reflecting a liberal pluralist view of politics. This article argues, in contrast, that due to the conceptions of citizenship conveyed by policy designs, governments have a special role to play in the shaping of new technologies. This argument is illustrated in the case of the controversial 1996 decision by the California Air Resources Board to significantly revise its electric vehicle program. The article shows that the board’s decision changed the image of citizenship conveyed by its policy design, thus influencing the civic values embedded within electric vehicle technology.
Physics and Finance: S-Terms and Modern Finance as a Topic for Science Studies
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: June 2009

This article argues that modern finance should be an important object of attention. Particularly worthy of study are three demarcations: the changing disciplinary boundary of economics, the distinction between private and public knowledge, and the legal and cultural demarcation between legitimate trading and gambling. The balance between what Barnes calls N-type (natural kind) and S-type (social kind) terms in finance is different from, for example, that in physics, but that is no criticism of finance theory: the activities of those who disbelieve finance theory’s efficient market hypothesis probably make the hypothesis more true. The case of Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing theory is drawn on to argue that the loops of self-reference intrinsic to S-terms seem predominantly performative: they increase the truth of finance theory’s typical assumptions. S-loops in the financial markets do not always promote stability, however, as is shown here by a case study of the fate of the hedge fund, Long-Term Capital Management.
Continuity in Discontinuity: Changing Discourses of Science in a Market Economy
Authors: Cohen Laurie , McAuley John , Duberley Joanne
Published: June 2009

There is an emerging consensus that we are experiencing radical change in the way that science is organized and performed. Frequently described as a shift from Mode 1 to Mode 2, this view emphasizes application, transdisciplinarity, collaboration, and accountability. This article examines the ways in which U.K. public sector scientists make sense of scientific endeavor. The data reveal that the extent to which science is being constructed varied both across and between institutions. Data highlight how individual scientists weave their own paths through the changing discourses of science, constructing new understandings that do not fit neatly into any binary framework for understanding.
Mapping Gender Differences in Scientific Careers in Social and Bibliometric Space
Authors: Mählck Paula
Published: June 2009

Despite a growing interest in gender differences in scientific careers, few studies have focused on the impact of research organization on researchers. This article offers a new approach to this issue by introducing bibliometric maps combined with sociological data and interviews, taking both the research organization and the experiences of the individual researcher into account. The results indicate that gender biases operate at various levels of the research organization and are often imbedded in seemingly gender-neutral processes and practices in the everyday working life of researchers.
Anthropomorphism, Anthropocentrism, and Anecdote: Primatologists on Primatology
Authors: Rees Amanda
Published: June 2009

This article critically examines the ways in which primatologists account for their research. Based on a series of unstructured interviews, it argues that the location of primates at the boundary between Western conceptions of nature and culture or human and animal has materially affected how primatologists talk about their research, what they find possible to write about in their research, and where they choose to publish their research. Through the discussion of a number of related topics (e.g., popular science, sociobiology, the potentially distinctive nature of nonhuman primates as objects of research), it outlines the reflexive nature of primatologists’ response to the cultural positioning of their research subjects.
Affiliation Bias and Expert Disagreement in Framing the Nicotine Addiction Debate
Authors: Murphy Priscilla
Published: June 2009

This study examined the relation between professional affiliation and the framing of expert congressional testimony about nicotine's addictiveness. Experts were chosen from three different types of sponsoring organizations: the tobacco industry, government, and independent research organizations, both pro- and anti-tobacco. The study sought to identify common technical biases and policy concerns that could define an overall “expert” attitude, as well as differences where the experts’ framing of nicotine addiction would reveal attempts to favor their own institutions. Semantic network analysis was applied to each group's discourse, thereby clustering associated words that represented major themes in each type of expert group. Clusters revealed a common preoccupation with narrowly defined, lab-based evidence, but more locally, each group framed the issues to support its sponsor's strategy.
Locating HIV/AIDS and India: Cautionary Notes on the Globalization of Categories
Authors: Karnik Niranjan
Published: June 2009

HIV/AIDS can now be considered a pandemic as it affects all parts of the world. As attentive as scholars have been to the biomedical and epidemiological aspects of the disease, they have been slower to try to understand it as a disease of transnational significations or meanings. This article looks to the ways that the conceptual categories of HIV/AIDS came to India in the biomedical literature, the approaches that the media in the United States and India took in contending with these meanings, and how these categories travel globally in dominant and negotiated realms of discourse. Throughout this analysis, attention is paid to ways that high-risk groupings obscure alternative approaches based on understandings of the dynamics of poverty, history, gender, and culture. Finally, this article argues that critical approaches to science and medicine are essential to help produce a more complex science.
The Effect of Supersonic Transports on the Global Environment: A Debate Revisited
Authors: Drake Frances , Purvis Martin
Published: June 2009

Initial moves to develop a new generation of commercial supersonic transports (SSTs) to succeed Concorde are already under way. Aircraft manufacturers promise a plane that will withstand both economic and environmental scrutiny. Yet, the crash of an Air France Concorde at Paris in July 2000 has caused further doubts about the viability of SSTs. This study revisits the previous debate surrounding Concorde to explore the potential for current initiatives to overcome the public’s anxiety of further environmental degradation. This article seeks, therefore, to examine the role that environmental issues and campaign groups played in the development of the first generation of SSTs, concentrating on the influence of global environmental arguments on political decision making. Debate surrounding the global environmental impact of SSTs foreshadows later attention to human impact at the planetary scale. It provides the first illustration of the often complex links between attempted protection of the global environment and political and public perceptions of national vested interests.
Outline for a History of Science Measurement
Authors: Godin Benoît
Published: June 2009

The measurement of science and technology (S&T) is now fifty years old. It owes a large part of its existence to the work of the National Science Foundation and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the 1950s and 1960s. Given the centrality of S&T statistics in science studies, it is surprising that no history of the measurement exists in the literature. This article outlines such a history. The history is cast in the light of social statistics. Like social statistics, S&T indicators are produced mainly by governments but differ in a number of aspects. First, they have not been developed to control individuals. Second, they have taken shape from the start at the international level. Third, they reflect a consensus among states and their organizations. This article shows that this specificity is due to the sociopolitics that drives S&T measurement.
The Social Construction of Technology: Structural Considerations
Authors: Klein Hans K. , Kleinman Daniel Lee
Published: June 2009

Although scholarship in the social construction of technology (SCOT) has contributed much to illuminating technological development, most work using this theoretical approach is committed to an agency-centered approach. SCOT scholars have made only limited contributions to illustrating the influence of social structures. In this article, the authors argue for the importance of structural concepts to understanding technological development. They summarize the SCOT conceptual framework defined by Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker and survey some of the methodological and explanatory difficulties that arise with their approach. Then the authors present concepts from organizational sociology and political economy that illuminate structural influences in shaping phenomena of interest to SCOT scholars. These structural concepts can be applied to the study of the design, development, and transformation of technology. The authors conclude that the limited amount of scholarship on structural factors in the social shaping of technological development presents numerous opportunities for research.
The Emergence and Change of Materials Science and Engineering in the United States
Authors: Groenewegen Peter , Peters Lois
Published: June 2009

Availability of external funding influences the viability and structure of scientific fields. In the 1980s, structural changes in the manner in which external funds became available started to have an impact on materials science and engineering in the United States. These changes colluded with the search for a disciplinary identity of this research field inside the university. The solutions that arose were intended to find a mediating structure between external demands and resources and disciplinary orientation. Interviews with seventeen scientists in seven universities revealed the impact in local university settings. The rise of research centers as new organizational units in universities can be linked to two periods. In the 1960s, expensive instruments stimulated unit formation; in the 1980s, the increase in application-related funding forced new administrative ways. It is shown that organizational changes also have an impact on disciplinary identity as witnessed by a strong increase in interdisciplinary materials Ph.D.s awarded.
A Framework for Analyzing Dialogues over the Acceptability of Controversial Technologies
Authors: Wolfe Amy K. , Bjornstad David J. , Russell Milton , Kerchner Nichole D.
Published: June 2009

This article asks under what circumstances controversial technologies would be considered seriously for remediation instead of being rejected out of hand. To address this question, the authors developed a conceptual framework called public acceptability of controversial technologies (PACT). PACT considers site-specific, decision-oriented dialogues among the individuals and groups involved in selecting or recommending hazardous waste remediation technologies. It distinguishes technology acceptability, that is, a willingness to consider seriously, from technology acceptance, the decision to deploy. The framework integrates four dimensions: (1) an acceptability continuum that underlies decision-oriented dialogues among individuals and constituency groups, (2) the attributes of these individuals and groups, (3) the attributes of the technology at issue, and (4) the community context—social, institutional, and physical. This article describes and explores PACT as a tool for understanding and better predicting the acceptability of controversial technologies.
Science, Policy, Activism, and War: Defining the Health of Gulf War Veterans
Authors: Zavestoski Stephen , Brown Phil , Linder Meadow , McCormick Sabrina , Mayer Brian
Published: June 2009

Many servicemen and women began suffering from a variety of symptoms and illnesses soon after the 1991 Gulf War. Some veterans believe that their illnesses are related to toxic exposures during their service, though scientific research has been largely unable to demonstrate any link. Disputes over the definition, etiology, and treatment of Gulf War-related illnesses (GWRIs) continue. The authors examine the roles of science, policy, and veteran activism in developing an understanding of GWRIs. They argue that the government’s stress-based explanation of GWRIs and its insistence on a scientific link between service in the gulf and veteran illnesses forced veterans to shift from pleas for care, treatment, and compensation on moral grounds to engagement in the scientific process and debates over the interpretation of scientific findings. The authors compare the experiences of veterans to those of breast cancer activists to explain the stages of illness contestation in general.
Remaking “Nature”: The Ecological Turn in Dutch Water Management
Authors: Disco Cornelis
Published: June 2009

The ecological turn in water management has usually been interpreted as a political and cultural rather than technical and professional accomplishment. The dynamics of the uptake of ecological expertise into hydraulic engineering bureaucracies have not been well described. Focusing on the controversy around the damming of the Oosterschelde estuary in the Netherlands in the 1970s, this article shows how public environmental politics transformed the politics of interprofessional competition. Andrew Abbott’s concept of “jurisdictional vacancies” is mobilized to illuminate how ecologists took advantage of the political bankruptcy of the Dutch coastal engineering agency to extend their professional jurisdiction. The subsequent “ecologization” of Dutch coastal engineering was successful, however, only because the ecologists were able and willing to adapt their practices to the professional culture of the hegemonic civil engineers.
Cultural Politics in Action: Developing User Scripts in Relation to the Electric Vehicle
Authors: Gjøen Heidi , Hård Mikael
Published: June 2009

This article addresses two interrelated questions: Why is it often difficult to create better environmental conditions in the world using traditional political processes and new technological fixes? May science and technology studies analyses of user strategies and micropolitics contribute to societies’ treatment of these difficulties? Focusing on the problems that the electric car has confronted in establishing itself as a viable alternative to the internal combustion car, the authors argue that its failure illustrates the poverty of organized politics, on one hand, and the shortcomings of engineering design practices, on the other. The authors suggest that a thoroughgoing change in the automobility system will take place only if more attention is paid to the actual use of alternative vehicles. By driving differently and viewing automobility differently, electric vehicle owners develop “user scripts” that challenge established political and engineering scripts while contributing to what the authors call a “cultural politics of automobility.”
From Thing to Sign and “Natural Object”: Toward a Genetic Phenomenology of Graph Interpretation
Authors: Roth Wolff-Michael , Bowen G. Michael , Masciotra Domenico
Published: June 2009

This study was designed to find out what scientists and science students actually do when they are reading familiar and unfamiliar graphs. This study provides rich details of the subtle changes in the ontologies (ensemble of elements perceptually available) of scientists and science students as they engage in the reading tasks assigned to them. In the course of the readers’ interpretation work, initially unspecified marks on paper (“ its ”) are turned into objects with particular topologies that are said to correspond to specific features in the world. We theorize this interpretive work as a transition of graphs from things to signs that come to stand for natural objects. Especially among physicists and theoretical ecologists, graphs enter new relations and become natural objects in their own right.
(actor-net) Working Bodies and Representations: Tales from a Training Field
Authors: Mulcahy Dianne
Published: June 2009

This article seeks to locate the body and embodiment more centrally among the concerns of actor-network theory by exploring working bodies. Using a newly introduced national system of vocational training as an exemplary case, it explores the tension between representations of skilled human bodies—‘competencies’—as given to trainers and the ways in which these representations are incorporated into their everyday practice. Vocational training has had a long struggle with the apparent separability of subject and object—between what can be felt and experienced as distinct from what can be stated, measured, and expressed in words. The argument is made that paying attention to bodies in vocational training can shed light on this struggle. Paying attention to bodies in networks can also strengthen network analyses. Like texts and other forms of materiality, ‘the body’ is not singular but multiple. Furthermore, body politics constitutes an important actor-network them e.
Making a Difference: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Urban Energy Policies
Authors: Evans Robert , Guy Simon , Marvin Simon
Published: June 2009

Infrastructure management has traditionally been based on a logic of predict and provide in which rising demand was met with an increase in infrastructure capacity. However, recent changes in political, economic, and environmental priorities mean that projects such as new roads, which simply expand supply, have become more controversial, and that reducing demand is now a key challenge. This article is about the different ways in which infrastructure managers have tried to achieve reductions in demand, as well as the range of plans that blend various proportions of technological and institutional innovation. For the sociology of science, the controversies over these urban environment plans are interesting not just because they are scientific controversies but because they are controversies over the relationships between science, expertise, technology, and society. As a result, the authors argue that sociologists of science have a contribution to make as experts in their own right. This article argues that the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) needs to move beyond symmetry and neutrality and outlines some of the ways in which SSK can make a difference by repositioning itself at the center of contemporary policy debates.
Closed-Chest Cardiac Massage: The Emergence of a Discovery Trajectory
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: June 2009

This article applies a theoretical framework developed by the late American sociologist Anselm Strauss to the discovery of a new resuscitation technique, closed-chest cardiac massage. The discovery, which took place in the laboratories of Johns Hopkins University between 1956 and 1960, is analyzed as the collective management of a trajectory over time. The article follows the discovery trajectory from its origins in defibrillator research to the establishment of closed-chest cardiac massage and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as a universal life-saving method. The analytical focus on the experimental, clinical, and promotional activities performed by the different actors interacting with the emerging technology allows one to critically question the value of concepts such as closure, stabilization, and black boxing in sociology of science and technology. Instead of prematurely freezing the analysis of technoscience, a trajectory conceptual framework emphasizes the ongoing dynamic between actors and medical technology to define the scope, effectiveness, and multiple interpretations of the technology-actor interaction.
Regulatory Science, Europeanization, and the Control of Agrochemicals
Authors: Rothstein Henry , Irwin Alan , Yearley Steven , McCarthy Elaine
Published: June 2009

This article addresses issues of regulatory convergence and Europeanization as they have developed within the agrochemicals sector. Taking the United Kingdom as a case study, the article considers the continuing importance of local and national factors within systems that are ostensibly international and standardized. In particular, the article shows how the embedded social relations of regulatory science in the United Kingdom, including institutional practices, judgments of expertise, and established relationships of trust, result in a “nation centeredness” and divergence of regulatory cultures despite the putative development of a harmonized European framework. It is argued that, as a consequence, the claimed universalism of scientific culture in this area is in tension with the local conditions of its practice and enactment.
On Masculinities, Technologies, and Pain: The Testing of Male Contraceptives in the Clinic and the Media
Authors: Oudshoorn Nelly
Published: June 2009

In the last fifteen years, testing has attracted much attention in science and technology studies. Most researchers have focused almost exclusively on testing in the laboratory, specifically designed test locations, and, for medical technologies, the clinic. What counts as testing has largely been described in terms of the activities of scientific experts. This is not to say that science and technology studies have completely neglected other institutional discourses. Journalistic texts have been a favorite research site for scholars in science and technology studies, particularly those seeking to understand the dynamics of public controversies on science and technology. Although most constructivist studies of science and media relations have treated journalistic texts as secondary to scientific texts, other scholars have dismissed this hierarchy. In this article, scientific texts and journalistic texts are considered equally important locations in which to analyze the testing of technologies. Based on a case study on the testing of a new contraceptive technology for men, the article shows that what counts as successful testing is not solely in the hands of scientific experts. In the case of male contraceptive technologies, journalists have contested the claims of scientific experts, particularly their claims about the cultural feasibility of the new technology.
The care crunch: changing work, families and welfare in Australia
Authors: Hancock Linda
Published: June 2009

Structural shifts in labour markets and in households are impacting on the capacity of households and families to deal with risk. In Australia the post-Federation and post-war social settlement, based on the gendered assumptions underpinning the male breadwinner/female carer model, is no longer viable in an era of increasingly precarious employment, diverse family forms and deepening inequalities. Labour market and industrial relations changes, when combined with major demographic shifts such as divorce and population ageing, and increasing expectations for community care are contributing to a `care crunch'. The article canvasses the challenge of developing a social risk protection framework that balances caring, work and quality of life.
Spheres of care in the UK: separate and unequal
Authors: Land Hilary
Published: June 2009

This article analyses recent developments in Britain in the use of formal and informal day care following the introduction of a National Child Care Strategy in 1997. It is argued that the government's focus on only supporting formal care ignores the crucial contribution made by the informal sector. A small study of the daycare arrangements of mature student parents compares the informal and formal daycare `markets' and shows how the firm line which government policy draws between formal and informal care is based on an incomplete understanding of the meaning of `care' and of `work'. The use of cash payments in the informal sector can sustain, rather than damage, the willingness and ability of carers to care — a choice does not have to be made between love and money. Rather, policies that support both are needed.
Combining work and care in the polder model: an assessment of the Dutch part-time strategy
Authors: Plantenga Janneke
Published: June 2009

Working time is an important ingredient in the Dutch `polder model'. In particular, part-time employment has proven to be an important element on the road towards full employment. Part-time employment is also an important element in the so-called `combination model', a model that has been adopted by the Dutch government as the main guideline for policies in the field of labour and care. The point of departure of the combination model is a balanced combination of paid and unpaid care, where unpaid care work is shared equally between men and women and both work part-time for pay. The article looks at the consequences of this part-time strategy from an equal opportunities perspective. It concludes that for women the popularity of part-time work has resulted in a destandardization and individualization of working hours. The combined effects of both gender and the specific working time policy has been to create a one-and-a-half earner society. Given the half income of women, the polder model has not as yet resulted in a remedy for the socioeconomic inequality between men and women.
Regenerating health in communities: voices from the inner city
Authors: East Linda
Published: June 2009

This study explores the ways in which neighbourhood residents, voluntary and professional workers perceive the `health' of their community. Participants were invited to comment on factors affecting health and to identify health-related projects that had been particularly successful or unsuccessful. Negative influences on health were identified more readily than positive influences. Perceived threats to health appeared to offer the most likely locus for collective action, but were unlikely to appear on the official agenda of local health and council organizations. The diversity of `local voices' has implications for the concept of `community as partner' in public health and urban regeneration initiatives.
Child care, social inclusion and urban regeneration
Authors: Scott Gill , Campbell Jim , Brown Usha
Published: June 2009

This article examines the background to and the implications of the adoption of child care as part of national and local social inclusion policies in the UK. It suggests that while the incorporation of child care into urban regeneration strategy holds the potential to reduce the barriers to labour market involvement by mothers in low-income households, less positive effects are also identifiable. Interim findings are used to illustrate that the commodification of care within economic regeneration policies establishes care work as low-paid, insecure employment. It concludes by arguing that a more critical evaluation of both the social and economic aspects of child care in area regeneration and social inclusion policies is needed.
The future of prison health care: a critical analysis
Authors: Sim Joe
Published: June 2009

In 1999, in response to the ongoing controversy surrounding prison health care, the Home Office and the NHS Executive published The Future Organization of Prison Health Care. This article, building on interviews and field notes from research conducted in the health care centres of three local prisons, analyses and critiques the document's premises, and argues that, until the formal and informal networks of penal power are addressed, then the document's hopes for change are unlikely to be realized.
In the name of protection: youth prostitution policy reforms in England and Wales
Authors: Phoenix Joanna
Published: June 2009

This article examines recent policy innovations with regards to young people's involvement in prostitution. It deconstructs the policy framework put forward in the Department of Health/Home Office's guidance Safeguarding Children Involved in Prostitution in order to: (i) articulate how and in what ways the `problem' of youth prostitution is currently constructed; (ii) lay bare the underpinning assumptions about its key terms of reference (such as `victim', `offender' and `sex'); and, (iii) raise questions about the adequacy of innovating policy by renaming the policy problem to be addressed. This article argues that simply transposing the `problem' of youth prostitution into a `problem' of child (sexual) abuse not only occludes the material and social realities that structure youth prostitution, but can have potentially devastating effects on the population that the current innovation is seeking to `help'.
Encounters in the new welfare domains of the Third Way: social work, the Connexions agency and personal advisers
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael
Published: June 2009

In England, the Connexions service is to provide a universal service which is to inform, advise and guide young people aged 13—19 years old. The role of the agency and the personal advisers `at the heart' of the scheme is also likely to have a major impact on other professionals working with children and families, such as social workers. A number of initiatives introduced by New Labour have already resulted in the marginalization of social work. Personal advisers and other `new emergent professionals', such as mentors, also provide evidence of cultural transformations that are being promoted in terms of how best to properly engage with children and families. It is critically important to respond to the range of discourses that are identifiable in the Connexions strategy. These are centred on: youth transitions; social exclusion and disaffection; risk and the surveillance of young people. In the latter context, particular concerns relate to a database or `register' of all those aged 13—19 and a Connexions Card which tracks `progress' in education and the `world of work', and which provides `rewards' for compliance.
New Labour and the `problem of men'
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Drakeford Mark
Published: June 2009

The New Labour government has arguably broken new ground by making `masculinity policy'. Whereas the policy process is always inevitably gendered, with implications for men as well as women, it is only in the last few years that a government has made quite such explicit references to men in some areas of policy. The most high-profile initiatives have been in relation to fathering and the education of boys. In this article, we make out a case that New Labour proceeds with policy optimism about men in the home and pessimism about men outside the home. In contrast, there has been policy pessimism about women in the home and optimism about women outside the home. Where New Labour is optimistic, it tends to produce policies that are encouraging and facilitative, and where New Labour is pessimistic, it can produce policies that are authoritarian.
Relationship-based social policy: personal and policy constructions of `care'
Authors: Henderson Jeanette , Forbat Liz
Published: June 2009

This article stems from a constructionist understanding of community care, drawing on the work of Bytheway and Johnson on the social construction of community care and Heaton's Foucauldian analysis of the visibility of the informal carer. The article develops an understanding of how care is represented in contemporary social policy and what appears to be missing from such constructions. This builds on the work of Lloyd who identifies a lack of consideration of the multidimensional aspects of care in policy. The Department of Health's National Strategy for Carers is problematized, and issues of what is and is not visible in this policy are discussed in the light of research into care relationships by the authors. We argue that, while emotional labour and the relational component of informal care are highly salient in the constructed accounts of both carers and cared-for people, they are invisible in the National Strategy.
Interpersonal Communication in the Casual Interaction of Marital Partners
Authors: Fitzpatrick Mary Anne , Witteman Hal , Vance Leslie
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to code the communication behaviour of married couples asked to have a pleasant conversation with one another. Fifty-one couples participated in this experiment. These couples were categorised into one of five basic marriage patterns: Traditionals, Independents, Separates, Separate/Traditionals and Mixed type couples. The middle four minutes of their interaction was coded using the Verbal Response Modes (Stiles, 1978a). The casual interaction styles of these couples differed from one another on an utterance by utterance basis as well as in reference to the three major interpersonal roles: acquiescence, presumptuousness and attentiveness.
Vitality Perceptions and Language Attitudes: Some Canadian Data
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y. , Sachdev Itesh
Published: June 2009

Italian (IC) and English (EC) Canadians, in two school settings, completed the Subjective Vitality Questionnaire (SVQ) and a sociolinguistic questionnaire concerning self-reported usage and evaluations of Italian and English in different domains. SVQ results from the two settings showed that subject perceptions do not necessarily match objective assessments of ethnolinguistic vitality. Both ECs and ICs had more realistic perceptions in a majority setting (study 2) than in an equal setting (study 1). Whereas in both studies, self reports of language usage reflected the dominance of the English language in Hamilton, ECs were more biased against Italian language usage in study 1 than in study 2. Setting and subjective vitality perceptions seemed to affect evaluations of language use rather than self-reported usage. These results show that the SVQ and sociolinguistic surveys, in combination, can prove to be powerful instruments in studying the dynamics of ethnic group perceptions and language attitudes in multilingual settings.
Conversational Time Patterns of Japanese-American Adults and Children in Same and Mixed-Gender Dyads
Authors: Welkowitz Joan , Bond Ronald N. , Feldstein Stanley
Published: June 2009

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the influence of age and gender on conversational time patterns of Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii. In addition, the study examined the influence of the gender composition of the conversational dyads (male-male, female-female, male-female) on the conversational behaviour of the participants. Adults and children engaged in a 20-minute conversation with a partner of the same age and of the same or opposite gender. The results indicate that there were few gender differences among the children, but that adult males were more active vocally than adult females. Also, the adults tended to achieve congruence on a larger number of the conversational parameters than the children and did so in same-and mixed-gender dyads. Finally, the results for dyad gender suggest that the adult females tended to exhibit different vocal styles in same-and mixed-gender dyads, such that their conversational patterns in mixed-gender dyads were similar to those of the male adults in same-gender dyads.
Models of Turn Taking in Conversational Interaction
Authors: Wilson Thomas P. , Wiemann John M. , Zimmerman Don H.
Published: June 2009

The routine exchange of turns is a fundamental structural feature of conversational interaction. This paper reviews current attempts to understand the mechanisms by which turns are exchanged and considers three major approaches: stochastic models, signalling models, and sequential-production models. Conceptual and empirical strengths and limitations of each approach are examined, and it is suggested that a synthesis combining some ideas from the signalling approach with the sequential-production approach offers the greatest promise. Attention is directed to three major concepts: conversational events as resources; the functions of social organisational, relational, and sequential contexts in the management of turn taking; and the interactional construction of turns.
Ascribed Status, Lexical Diversity, and Accent: Determinants of Perceived Status, Solidarity, and Control of Speech Style
Authors: Bradac James J. , Wisegarver Randall
Published: June 2009

The effects of status ascriptions (high vs. low) and accent (standard American vs. Mexican-American) upon perceptions of speaker status and solidarity are examined. Consequences of the independent variables for a novel dependent variable, perceived control of speech style, are examined also. One hundred and twenty-two respondents rated one of eight message versions in a between-group design. Results indicated, among other things, that: (1) status ascriptions and accent combined additively to affect judgements of speaker status, as did status ascriptions and diversity; (2) lexical diversity and accent affected both solidarity judgements and status judgements interactively, although the nature of the interactive effect differed across measures; and (3) lexical diversity was an especially potent determinant of perceptions of control of speech style. It is suggested that a clear picture of linguistic and non-linguistic determinants of judgements of speaker status is emerging.
Factors Influencing Young Children's Ability to Detect Logical Inconsistencies in Oral Communications
Authors: Nesdale A. R. , Tunmer W. E. , Clover J.
Published: June 2009

Factors influencing the ability of kindergarten and first grade children to detect inconsistencies in communications were investigated in two experiments. The first experiment revealed that detection was better when the inconsistency occurred between contiguous rather than interspersed statements but that performance was not influenced by the particular source of the story (an adult versus a puppet). The second experiment manipulated set (whether or not children were explicitly told that some passages would not make sense), passage length (short versus long) and passage content (animal versus non-animal). Main effects were obtained for each variable. The results suggest that children as young as five years of age can detect inconsistencies provided the communications presented to them do not exceed their processing capacities or concern topics which prompt a suspension of these capacities.
Masculine and Feminine Speech in Dyads and Groups: A Study of Speech Style and Gender Salience
Authors: Hogg Michael A.
Published: June 2009

An examination of the impact of the situational salience of gender on males' and females' speech styles is identified as a lacuna in the sex and language literature. An experiment was conducted in which subjects' ratings of speakers for whom sex was more or less salient were employed to monitor real speech differences. Tape-recorded extracts of the spontaneous discourse of males and females, from interpersonal debates in single sex dyads (gender less salient) and intersex debates in mixed sex four-person groups (gender more salient), were rated on sex-stereotypical speech dimensions. It was predicted, from speech accommodation theory and the general social identity analysis of group behaviour, that females in groups would be rated as speaking in a more masculine and less feminine manner than in dyads, and that this effect would be less pronounced for male speakers. The results, which entirely confirm the experimental hypotheses, are discussed in the context of a possible alternative explanation in terms of conformity to situational speech norms. Some suggestions for further research are made.