bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Assessment of Bird Carcass Removal (Scavenging) Time on Wind Farm in Egypt
Authors: Abdou Wed Abdellatif Ibrahim
Published: January 2020

Wind farms developing rapidly in order to meet the high demand for energy from green sources. However, the impact of wind farm operation on the environment still needs to be established. The risk to wild birds is drawing the attention of stakeholders and bird conservation organizations. Carcass search is the main method used to assess the impact of wind farm operation on wild birds of various systematic groups and sizes. Assessment of the overall risk that wind farms pose to birds depends primarily on accurate calculation of carcass removal times and the detection ability of the searcher.

Most studies have assessed the carcass removal time using pet bird species, pigeons, or various local birds. In Egypt, all studies conducted in operating wind farms up to 2016 had used chickens to assess the carcass removal time and in this way to the estimate the total number of bird fatalities within wind farms.

The use of birds killed by a wind farm in carcass removal trials provides the actual time of carcass disappearance, in contrast with the use of other bird species. The removal times of carcasses of parakeets, quails, partridges and chickens were shorter than those of carcasses of White Stork, White Pelican, Honey Buzzard, Black Kites and eagles used in the current study and in another study in Australia.

The results of the present study indicate that carcasses of birds killed within the studied wind farm remain for two to three months, while the carcasses of other in species other localities remain no more than 1 to 15 days, which unquestionably influences the calculation of total fatalities and leads to overestimation of the overall risk that wind farms for birds.
Autumn Migration of the Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus, at Eastern Part of the Polish Baltic Coast
Authors: Machowina Justyna M. , Rząd Izabella
Published: January 2020

The Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus, is a common diurnal migrant across most of the Europe. The visual observations were carried out during autumn work of the Operation Baltic ringing stations, mainly at Mierzeja Wiślana (54°21’N, 19°19’E) parallely to the ringing of birds. Observations of passing birds were performed 15 minutes per every hour from sunrise to sunset. The autumn observation period was long enough to cover whole pigeons migration at the southern coast of Baltic (14 Aug. – 11 Nov.). Altogether 119,019 Wood Pigeons were observed within 20 seasons of observations. The goals of this work is (1) to describe the course of the Wood Pigeon autumn migration at the Polish Baltic coast as to numbers in long-term aspect and the seasonality of migration, (2) to propose further development in the study on wave structure of the bird passage. The main analysis of this work-description of the seasonal dynamics of migration - was carried out with modified and widened method used for that kind of analysis in earlier publications. In the present paper the wave structure is described by the estimated border days between supposed waves taking under consideration different properties of the passage dynamics. Here are used three groups of parameters: (1) total numbers of birds observed daily during several years, inter-year variability (as SD between year number values), and the coefficient of variation (V), (2) number of migration peaks that occurred in that date within years of the study (there were used two classes of peaks – High Peaks and Peaks), (3) numbers of birds passing during recognized peak days. All estimations were done independently of others and only finally summarized using common ranking scheme. Such step by step procedure make estimation more and more reliable. Very high agreement between estimations based on three groups of parameters suggests strongly that the proposed estimation procedure is effective enough.
Estimation of the Autumn Migration Pattern of Passerines within the SE European Flyway by Orientation Cage Tests
Authors: Busse Przemysław
Published: January 2020

The general migration pattern of passerines can be estimated using a variety of methods. A number of partial analyses based on ringing data, usually limited to a few species, have been published. A very few continent-scale presentations have been offered, as extremely long periods of ringing activity are necessary for passerines. This is especially true for areas where the recovery rate is very low, including vast areas of north-eastern and eastern Europe and the Middle East/Africa. Similarly, radar and moon-watching studies are of limited value for drawing migration patterns within wider areas. Radar studies require good coverage by the radar systems, while weather radar distribution density and the level of evaluation are very uneven. Modern logger and satellite tracking are more applicable to non-passerines, and as yet enable detailed study only of limited numbers of individuals, and not population studies. At the end of the 20th century, a very simple tool was introduced for field studies on the preferred headings of individual birds caught for ringing, i.e. the use of flat orientation cages. This method was introduced as a standard within the SEEN (SE European Bird Migration Network) in 1995. This study presents a preliminary large-scale evaluation of the data collected within this project. The database used contains more than 43,000 orientation tests performed at 45 ringing sites. The area covered stretches from the northern part of western Russia to southern Egypt and from Italy and Poland to Siberia and Armenia. Eight streams of migration are identified within this area, creating a fairly complicated pattern of avian movements.
A trace bound for integer-diagonal positive semidefinite matrices
Authors: Mitchell Lon
Published: January 2020

We prove that an n-by-n complex positive semidefinite matrix of rank r whose graph is connected, whose diagonal entries are integers, and whose non-zero off-diagonal entries have modulus at least one, has trace at least n + r − 1.
Evaluating of daylighting in selected office room: Case of Study
Authors: Erika Dolnikova
Published: January 2020

On average, we spend 90% of our time indoor particularly at work and a healthy work space is essential to that feeling of wellbeing. In a typical building, lighting accounts for up to 40% of energy consumption. Allowing more natural light to penetrate the building and controlling both the light and heat components of power consumption, will result in significant reductions. However, using natural light doesn´t come without some issues. Glare, overheating, variability and privacy issues can all cause problems. Daylight is a basic human need, which is highlighted by the provision of transparent and translucent surfaces to all occupied spaces that we see around us. In many cases, the drive to create healthier, more occupant-conscious buildings works hand in hand with the requirement for greater energy efficiency. This article presents illumination of indoor workspace using daylight lighting. Measured values were compared with values calculated by simulation program Velux Daylight Visualizer 3.
Light Pipe Comparative Study
Authors: Omishore Ayodeji , Mohelník Petr , Míček Denis
Published: January 2020

Results of daylight illuminance measurements of the field testing of two light guides with different roof installations is presented in the article. The first one is a common tubular system with a glass roof dome and the second one is a new light guide prototype with a concentrator head. The daylight illuminance was measured in a test chamber with the light guides installation. The measurements were carried out at the end of a summer season from August to September 2017. The measured data show differences in the daylight illuminance of the two tested light guides. The measured data were compared with simulation outputs in software Holigilm. In summary, it was found that the common light guide is about 37 percentage more efficient in light transmittance compared to the new light guide prototype. In temperate climate with dominant cloudy and partly cloudy daylight conditions the common light guide transmitted more light that the device with the concentrator head which reduced light transmission much more.
Evaluation of concrete deterioration under simulated acid rain environment
Authors: Smolakova Michaela , Estokova Adriana
Published: January 2020

Acid rain is identified as one of the most serious environmental problems nowadays and it is mainly a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. Deterioration of concrete structures exposed to aggressive acid rain attack is a key durability issue that affects the performance and maintenance costs of vital civil infrastructures. The motivation for understanding the acid rain corrosion process is high because of the early age deterioration of many concrete structures exposed to acid rain. The main objective of this study was to investigate the durability of concrete specimens with different supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly ash, zeolite and blast furnace slag against acid rain attack. Experiments of acid rain simulation influence on the composites were carried out for 7 weeks and parameters like visual changes, absorbability and leachability of calcium and silicon ions were evaluated. The increase in absorbability was detected for all samples while the sample with blast furnace slag was identified to be the most durable in this point of view. The most durable sample considering leached-out calcium and silicon ions was found to be sample with fly ash.
Verification of building environmental assessment system for houses
Authors: Selecká Iveta , Vilčeková Silvia , Moňoková Andrea
Published: January 2020

Sustainable construction and its architecture of buildings seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency in the use of materials, energy, and development space and the ecosystem at large. Sustainable buildings use a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment in cities. This article is devoted to the environmental assessment of three family houses which represent three different material and design solutions. The houses were evaluated through the Slovak building environmental assessment system (BEAS), which has been developed for Slovak conditions at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, TUKE. This study shows that the influence of green design, compared to traditional construction, is important and more beneficial for the practice of designing sustainable buildings. It creates the most comprehensive relationship between the building and its environment and significantly affects building sustainability.
Green roof in module of climate chamber
Authors: Baláž Richard , Budzáková Jana , Dorinová Denisa
Published: January 2020

The submitted article is devoted to the research of the green roofs located at Faculty of civil engineering of Technical University of Kosice. The aim of this research work is to improve the quality of integrated research of advanced building constructions with focusing on intelligent buildings and indoor technologies with respect on design and evaluation of design elements for the progressive buildings.
Study on utilization of zeolite in concrete precast industry
Authors: Figmig Róbert , Kováč Marek
Published: January 2020

Article contains experiment investigating influence of partial cement replacement by zeolite on consistency of fresh concrete, early compressive strength development and temperature development in early stages of curing. Four concrete mixture compositions were tested – containing zeolite in 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of binder weight. Consistency was tested by flow table test in 5 minutes and 30 minutes after mixing of fresh concrete. Compressive strength and temperature gain were tested after 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours of curing. Results showed significant influence of zeolite on consistency of fresh concrete while compressive strength results were still in the acceptable range.
Deflection of concrete slabs with GFRP reinforcement caused by shrinkage
Authors: Kušnírová Darina , Priganc Sergej
Published: January 2020

The use of new reinforcing materials and products in the construction industry requires their thorough assessment for a variety of design situations. One of the significant effects is the shrinkage of the concrete, which in the case of asymmetrically reinforced elements can cause the element to be deformed. The research was focused on slabs asymmetrically reinforced by composite reinforcement (GFRP) and by three reinforcement stages. To eliminate the effect of concrete non-homogeneity, a concrete slab of the same dimensions was made of the same concrete. The results show a significant effect of shrinkage on reinforced slabs.
Integration der Geflüchteten in den Arbeitsmarkt: Ziele, Strategien und Hemmnisse aus Sicht der Jobcenter
Authors: Boockmann Bernhard , Scheu Tobias
Published: January 2020

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, wichtige Herausforderungen und Handlungsansätze der Jobcenter bei der Integration der Geflüchteten in Arbeit zu identifizieren. Hierzu wurden qualitative Interviews in fünf Jobcentern durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse geben Aufschluss über Vorbedingungen und Problemlagen sowie über Ziele, Strategien und Instrumente bei der Betreuung von Geflüchteten. Übereinstimmend wird das geschäftspolitische Ziel der Vermeidung von Langzeit-Leistungsbezug betont. Andere Ziele wie die Integration in Arbeit oder die soziale und kulturelle Integration haben je nach Jobcenter einen unterschiedlichen Stellenwert. Entsprechend unterschiedlich fallen auch die Strategien der Jobcenter und ihre Bewertung von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen aus. Die Wahl der Strategien durch die Jobcenter wird durch Kontextfaktoren wie Vorerfahrungen mit Migrantengruppen im SGB II und die regionale Arbeitsmarktsituation beeinflusst.
Finanzialisierung als Entdifferenzierung – Zur wachsenden Verschränkung von Finanzmarkt und Wohlfahrtsstaat in der deutschen Sozialpolitik
Authors: Rohringer Julia , Münnich Sascha
Published: January 2020

Der vorliegende Artikel zielt auf ein vertieftes konzeptionelles Verständnis der wachsenden Verschränkung von Finanzmarkt und Wohlfahrtsstaat. Wir schlagen vor, diesen Prozess als Entdifferenzierung zu konzeptualisieren – als eine Neubestimmung der institutionellen Verschränkung von wohlfahrtsstaatlichen und finanzwirtschaftlichen Geldkreisläufen. Diese Perspektive entwickeln wir aus einer theoretischen Zusammenschau der Literatur zur Finanzialisierung in der Politischen Ökonomie und der Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung. Anhand von deskriptiven Daten zur Transformation der deutschen Sozialpolitik identifizieren wir dann vier Kanäle der Entdifferenzierung von Finanzmarkt und Sozialsystem: Die private Vorsorge im Sparverhalten der Haushalte, den Bedeutungszuwachs privater Versicherungen, das Anlageverhalten der Sozialversicherungsträger sowie die private Verschuldung als sozialpolitisches Problem. Schließlich weisen unsere Beobachtungen darauf hin, dass im deutschen Bismarck’schen Wohlfahrtsmodell Entdifferenzierung maßgeblich durch vermittelnde Institutionen im Sinne privater Versicherungsunternehmen einerseits und der gesetzlichen Sozialversicherung andererseits geprägt wird.
Zur fehlenden Äquivalenz von Mindestsicherungsbezug und Armutsgefährdung
Authors: Cischinsky Holger , Weber Ines
Published: January 2020

Die Armutsgefährdungsquote unterscheidet sich in Deutschland von der Mindestsicherungsquote. In Übereinstimmung mit anderen Studien zeigt unsere Analyse mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels, dass neben der Überschneidung beider Gruppen es auch Haushalte gibt, die trotz Mindestsicherungsbezugs nicht armutsgefährdet sind, während andere Haushalte zwar armutsgefährdet sind, jedoch keine Mindestsicherungsleistungen beziehen. Die empirischen Auswertungen weisen darauf hin, dass diese Unterschiede von der Art des Haushaltstyps und des Wohnorts abhängen. Da diese Ex-post-Analyse jedoch unvermeidlich unpräzise ist, greift dieser Artikel ferner auf ein Analysetool zurück, welches eine Ex-ante-Analyse des Mindestsicherungsanspruchs auf der Haushaltsebene ermöglicht. Die vorgenommene Analyse identifiziert die zugrundeliegenden Gründe für die beobachtete fehlende Übereinstimmung zwischen Armutsgefährdungs- und Mindestsicherungsquote.
Effects of Various Densities of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Serum IL-9, IL-10, and TNF-α Levels
Authors: Mahaki Hanie , Jabarivasal Naghi , Sardarian Khosro , Zamani Alireza
Published: January 2020

Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are abundantly produced in modern societies. In recent years, interest in the possible effects of ELF-EMFs on the immune system has progressively increased. Objective: To examine the effects of ELF-EMFs with magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 µT on the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-9, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods: 80 adult male rats were exposed to ELF-EMFs at a frequency of 50 Hz for 2 h/day for 60 days. The serum cytokines were measured at two phases of pre- and post-stimulation of the immune system by human serum albumin (HSA). Results: Serum levels of IL-9 and TNF-α, as pro-inflammatory cytokines, were decreased due to 50 Hz EMFs exposure compared with the controls in the pre- and post-stimulation phases. On the contrary, exposures to 1 and 100 µT 50 Hz EMFs increased the levels of antiinflammatory cytokine, and IL-10 only in the pre-stimulation phase. In the post-stimulation phase, the mean level of serum IL-10 was not changed in the experimental groups. Conclusion: The magnetic flux densities of 1 and 100 µT 50 Hz EMFs had more immunological effects than EMFs with higher densities. Exposure to 50 Hz EMFs may activate anti-inflammatory effects in rats, by down-modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-9 and TNF-α) and induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10).
Subcellular Organelle Toxicity Caused by Arsenic Nanoparticles in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Jahangirnejad Rashid , Goudarzi Mehdi , Kalantari Heibatullah , Najafzadeh Hossein , Rezaei Mohsen
Published: January 2020

Background: Arsenic, an environmental pollutant, is a carcinogenic metalloid and also an anticancer agent. Objective: To evaluate the toxicity of arsenic nanoparticles in rat hepatocytes. Methods: Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 100 µM of arsenic nanoparticles and its bulk counterpart. Their viability, reactive oxygen species level, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial and lysosomal damage, and apoptosis were evaluated. Results: By all concentrations, lysosomal damage and apoptosis were clearly evident in hepatocytes exposed to arsenic nanoparticles. Evaluation of mitochondria and lysosomes revealed that lysosomes were highly damaged. Conclusion: Exposure to arsenic nanoparticles causes apoptosis and organelle impairment. The nanoparticles have potentially higher toxicity than the bulk arsenic. Lysosomes are highly affected. It seems that, instead of mitochondria, lysosomes are the first target organelles involved in the toxicity induced by arsenic nanoparticles.
Prevalence and Predicting Factors of Chronic Pain among Workers of Petrochemical and Petroleum Refinery Plants
Authors: Shaygan Maryam , Yazdanpanah Maryam
Published: January 2020

Background: Taking into account the differences in job requirements and conditions, it is expected that workers in some occupations are more susceptible to pain than others. Objective: To examine the prevalence of chronic pain among workers of several petrochemical and petroleum refinery plants. We also examined the predictive role of psycho-familial variables (depression, work-family conflict and job stress) in causing chronic pain when controlling for demographic and occupational factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 674 workers. Those with chronic pain were identified by affirmative answers to screening questions based on the ICD-11 criteria. Results: There were 162 (24.0%; 95% CI 20.8% to 27.3%) workers meeting the ICD11 criteria for chronic pain. Headache was the most frequently reported pain (29.9%). We found a significantly (p=0.03) higher prevalence of pain among the middle age than in other age groups. Chronic pain more frequently affected divorced/widowed workers (p<0.001), and those with more work experience (p=0.04). Workers with chronic pain reported significantly higher levels of depression (p<0.001), job stress (p=0.007), and work-family conflict (p<0.001). After controlling for demographic and occupational factors, depression (p<0.001) and work-family conflict (p=0.003) were found to be independent predictors of chronic pain among studied workers. Conclusion: Workers who experience higher levels of depression, work-family conflict and job stress might be more prone to chronic pain. The majority of these factors are modifiable, and the problem may thus be solved by establishing appropriate screening programs, and availability of proper services and education.
Genomic Instability in Exfoliated Buccal Cells among Cement Warehouse Workers
Authors: Krishna Lalu , Sampson Ursula , Annamala Panthapulaykal Theru , Unni Kumudam M , Binukumar Bhaskarapillai , George Alex , Sreedharan Ranjith
Published: January 2020

Background: Workers in cement warehouses of Kerala are enduring long-standing exposure to cement dust, which is considered genotoxic. Objective: To evaluate the extent of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity caused due to exposure of cement dust among those working in cement warehouses. Methods: The study included 82 cement warehouse workers and 82 age-matched individuals with no exposure to cement dust. Exfoliated buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) was performed to analyze the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects caused by inhalation of cement dust. Results: The frequency of various genotoxic and cytotoxic end markers (micronucleated cells [2-fold increase, p<0.001], nuclear buds [4-fold increase, p<0.001], binucleated cells [4-fold increase, p<0.001], karyorrhectic cells [2-fold increase, p<0.001], pyknotic cells [3- fold increase, p<0.001], and karyolytic cells [2-fold increase, p<0.001]) were higher in the exposed workers compared with unexposed group. Increase of these parameters represented an increased level of chromosomal damage, nuclear disintegration and increased cell death among exposed group compared with unexposed group. Conclusion: Continuous exposure to cement dust results in increased frequency of nuclear aberrations and cellular apoptosis. This may lead to defects in genome maintenance, accelerated ageing, increased chance of oral cancer and neurodegenerative disorders in those occupationally exposed to cement dust.
Polymorphism of Glutathione S-transferase Genes and the Risk of Toxic Liver Damage in Petrochemical Workers
Authors: Valeeva Elvira Timeryanovna , Mukhammadiyeva Guzel Fanisovna , Bakirov Akhat Barievich
Published: January 2020

Background: Exposure to numerous chemicals, including industrial ones, may result in liver damage. The body susceptibility to the environmental hazards largely depends on the activity of the enzymes in the xenobiotic detoxification system. Function abnormalities of such enzymes due to genetic variations would increase the risk of developing various diseases. Objective: To elucidate the relationship between polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and the risk of toxic liver damage in a group of petrochemical workers. Methods: This study was conducted on 72 workers with toxic liver injury, 156 healthy workers, and 322 healthy individuals without history of occupational exposure to chemicals. Genotyping of the GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to perform genotyping of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes polymorphism. Results: There was a significant difference in genotype frequencies of the GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism among the groups studied. The distribution of Val/Val genotype of the GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism had a higher incidence in healthy workers compared with patients with toxic liver damage (p=0.036). No significant association was found between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and toxic liver damage. Conclusion: The GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism can play a protective role in the development of toxic liver damage in petrochemical workers.
The Effect of Stirrup Length on Impact Attenuation and Its Association With Muscle Strength
Authors: Keener Michaela M. , Critchley Meghan L. , Layer Jacob S. , Johnson Evan C. , Barrett Steven F. , Dai Boyi
Published: January 2020

Keener, MM, Critchley, ML, Layer, JS, Johnson, EC, Barrett, SF, and Dai, B. The effect of stirrup length on impact attenuation and its association with muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3056–3062, 2021—Horseback-riders have a high prevalence of low back injuries, which may be related to the repetitive low back impacts experienced in riding. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effect of 3 stirrup lengths and 2 riding styles on the peak acceleration experienced by the rider and the association between the peak acceleration and the rider's different elements of muscle strength. Thirteen female riders performed a sitting or rising trot at each of the 3 stirrup lengths (2-point length, mid-seat length, or dressage length), while the acceleration of the tibia, sacrum, seventh cervical vertebra (C7), and head were collected. Subjects completed a push-up, a vertical jump, and 4 core exercises to assess upper-body strength, lower-body strength, and core endurance, respectively. Peak acceleration of the sacrum, C7, and head were generally lower in the standing phase of the rising trot compared with the sitting phase of either the sitting or rising trot, particularly at the shortest stirrup length. Peak acceleration of the sacrum, C7, and head decreased as the stirrup length was shortened in the standing phase of the rising trot. Canonical correlations showed nonsignificant correlations between strength measurements and peak acceleration. Riding with more weight supported through the legs with a short stirrup length may decrease low back impacts and their associated injury risk. Technique training is likely needed to encourage riders to use lower-body and core strength for impact attenuation.
Validity and Reliability of a Standardized Protocol for Assessing the One Repetition Maximum Performance During Overhead Pressing Exercises
Authors: Soriano Marcos A. , García-Ramos Amador , Torres-González Antonio , Castillo-Palencia Joaquín , Ayuso Víctor , Marín Pedro J. , Comfort Paul
Published: January 2020

Soriano, MA, García-Ramos, A, Torres-González, A, Castillo-Palencia, J, Ayuso, V, Marín, PJ, and Comfort, P. Validity and reliability of a standardized protocol for assessing the one repetition maximum performance during overhead pressing exercises. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 2988–2992, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine the validity of performing 3 one repetition maximum (1RM) assessments for the push press (PP), push jerk (PJ), and split jerk (SJ) in sequence in one testing session vs. the criterion method (testing on separate days), while determining the between-session reliability of the combined assessment. Twenty-two well-trained men (n = 22; age: 28.5 + 1.3 years; height: 1.80 + 0.04 m; body mass: 84.9 + 1.9 kg; training experience: 4.27 + 4.08 years) participated in this study. The 1RM was assessed in a sequential order in the same testing session (combined 1RM assessment) for the PP, PJ, and SJ on 2 occasions, to determine between-session reliability. The 1RM for each exercise was also examined on 3 separate sessions to compare the results against the combined method. A high reliability, low variability, and low measurement error were evident for the PP (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.960; coefficient of variation [CV] = 1.8%; smallest detectable difference [SDD] = 7.1%), PJ (ICC = 0.978; CV = 1.5%; SDD = 5.4%) and SJ (ICC = 0.987; CV = 0.8%; SDD = 4.6%). In addition, there were no significant (p > 0.05) or meaningful (η2 ≤0.001) differences between the single and combined assessments. The high reliability and validity of the combined assessment suggest that practitioners and researchers may simplify the testing procedure by assessing the 1RM during the 3 main overhead pressing exercises in a single testing session.
Seasonal Change in Body Composition and Physique of Team Sport Athletes
Authors: Walker Emily J. , Aughey Robert J. , McLaughlin Patrick , McAinch Andrew J.
Published: January 2020

Walker, EJ, Aughey, RJ, McLaughlin, P, and McAinch, AJ. Seasonal change in body composition and physique of team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 565–572, 2022—Body composition of team sport athletes was measured at 3 points across the preseason and competitive season. This repeated-measures study was conducted in 46 professional Australian football (AF) (age 23.8 ± 3.8 years), 26 soccer (age 22.7 ± 4.7 years), and 33 rugby union players (age 28.1 ± 4.2 years). A mixed-design analysis of variance was used to determine change across the season, and Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between different measures. Anthropometry, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and 3-dimensional (3D) scan technology were used in AF and soccer, whereas only DXA was used in rugby. Body mass remained unchanged for both AF and soccer with gains in lean mass (p < 0.01), from preseason to early in the competitive season. Skinfold measures declined in AF (p < 0.001) and soccer (p < 0.05) across the season, whereas DXA-measured fat mass only declined in soccer (p < 0.01). Rugby backs (p < 0.01) and forwards (p < 0.001) reduced body fat and gained lean mass from preseason to in-season with forwards having greater relative and absolute changes as measured by DXA. 3D technology did not show change across the season. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body fat percent and the sum of skinfold correlation were large (r = 0.74 [p < 0.001, CI 0.67–0.81]). The greatest change in body composition occurs from the beginning of preseason to the start of competition, with changes returning to baseline levels toward the end of season. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfold measures were moderately correlated, providing a good alternative to track change in subcutaneous fat in AF and soccer athletes.
Comparison of Internal and External Training Loads in Male and Female Collegiate Soccer Players During Practices vs. Games
Authors: McFadden Bridget A. , Walker Alan J. , Bozzini Brittany N. , Sanders David J. , Arent Shawn M.
Published: January 2020

McFadden, BA, Walker, AJ, Bozzini, BN, Sanders, DJ, and Arent, SM. Comparison of internal and external training loads in male and female collegiate soccer players during practices vs. games. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 969–974, 2020—The purpose of this study was to compare the internal and external training loads (TLs) in men and women throughout a Division I soccer season during practices versus games. Players were evaluated during all practices and regulation game play using the Polar TeamPro system, utilizing Global Positioning Satellite technology and heart rate (HR) monitoring to determine TL, time spent in HR zones expressed as a percent of HRmax (HRZ1–Z5), calories expended per kilogram body mass (Kcal·kg−1), distance covered (DIS), sprints, average speed (SPDAVG), and distance covered in speed zones (DISZ1–Z5). During games, no significant differences were seen between men and women for TL, Kcal·kg−1, HRZ1–Z5, SPDAVG, DIS, DISZ1, DISZ3, and DISZ4. However, men accumulated a significantly greater number of sprints and DISZ5 (p < 0.05) during games, whereas women accumulated a greater DISZ2 (p < 0.05). During practice, no differences were observed for TL, DIS, sprints, Kcal·kg−1, DISZ2, DISZ3, HRZ1–Z5, but men exhibited higher SPDAVG, (p < 0.05), DISZ1 (p < 0.05), DISZ4 (p < 0.05), and DISZ5 (p < 0.05). The parallels in Kcal·kg−1, total DIS, HR, and TL indicate a similar relative workload between men and women. However, distance covered in higher speed zones was found to be greater in men than women across practice and games likely reflecting inherent sex differences in the ability to achieve those speeds. Monitoring techniques that track relative player workloads throughout practices and games may enhance player health and performance during the season. An individualized approach to tracking high-intensity running may improve workload prescriptions on a per player basis.
Early Season Hormonal and Biochemical Changes in Division I Field Hockey Players: Is Fitness Protective?
Authors: Walker Alan J. , McFadden Bridget A. , Sanders David J. , Bozzini Brittany N. , Conway Sean P. , Arent Shawn M.
Published: January 2020

Walker, AJ, McFadden, BA, Sanders, DJ, Bozzini, BN, Conway, SP, and Arent, SM. Early season hormonal and biochemical changes in Division I field hockey players: is fitness protective? J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 975–981, 2020—The purpose was to evaluate changes in hormonal and biochemical markers as a result of the accumulated stress of the initial 4-week training block in field hockey players. Women's Division I field hockey players (N = 22; Mage = 19.7 ± 1.1 years) performed testing before the start of preseason (A1) that included body composition (%BF), vertical jump, and V̇o
2max. Blood draws were conducted at A1 to assess creatine kinase (CK), iron (Fe), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), percent saturation (%sat), total cortisol (TCORT), free cortisol (FCORT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), prolactin (PRL), vitamin D (vitD), and thyroxine (T3). Blood draws were repeated 4 weeks later (A2). Athletes were monitored during this training block, which included 2 weeks of preseason and the first 2 weeks of the season, using heart rate monitors to determine energy expenditure (Kcal) and training load. There were significant disruptions in TCORT, FCORT, T3, CK, Fe, and SHBG (p < 0.05) from A1 to A2. V̇o
2max accounted for 31% (p < 0.05) of the variance in TCORT and %BF accounting for an additional 20.1% (p < 0.05). V̇o
2max accounted for 32.7% (p < 0.05) of the variance in FCORT. %BF accounted for 48.9% (p < 0.05) of the variance in T3. Kcal was positively correlated with V̇o
2max (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with %BF (p < 0.05). Athletes with higher V̇o
2max and lower %BF may be capable of a higher work output and therefore more likely to experience increased physiological disruptions during intense training. The high-volume nature of preseason and differences in athlete fitness capabilities require coaches to manage players at an individual level to maintain athlete readiness.
Postactivation Potentiation in Blood Flow–Restricted Complex Training
Authors: Cleary Christopher J. , Cook Summer B.
Published: January 2020

Cleary, CJ and Cook, SB. Postactivation potentiation in blood flow–restricted complex training. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 905–910, 2020—Complex training uses a high-load (HL) resistance exercise to elicit postactivation potentiation (PAP) that is typically observed through enhanced plyometric performance. Blood flow–restricted (BFR) resistance exercise uses low loads to induce similar muscular adaptations to HL resistance exercise; however, the efficacy and feasibility of BFR complex training are unknown. Fifteen college-aged men (mean ± SD; age: 20.3 ± 0.9 years; relative back-squat one-repetition maximum [1RM]: 1.78 ± 0.3 kg·kg−1) with at least 2 years of resistance training experience completed 3 sessions: a familiarization session with 1RM testing, and 2 complex training sessions of 3 presquat vertical jumps (VJs), condition-specific back squats (HL: 5 repetitions at 85% 1RM, BFR: 30 repetitions at 30% 1RM), and a single postsquat VJ. Postactivation potentiation was calculated as (postsquat VJ height ÷ max presquat VJ height) ∙ 100. Electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and hamstrings was collected, quantified to root mean square values, and normalized to peak 1RM activity. Postsquat VJ height was significantly reduced in both conditions, and PAP did not occur because it was less than 100% (HL: 96.1 ± 5.1%, BFR: 90.8 ± 7.8%, p = 0.010). Vastus lateralis and hamstrings EMG amplitude was highest (p < 0.001) in the HL condition. High-load and BFR complex training decreased subsequent VJ height in these individuals, and this might have been due to an ineffective complex training protocol and individual factors such as training status and relative strength.
Monitoring Internal Training Load, Stress-Recovery Responses, and Immune-Endocrine Parameters in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Training
Authors: Campos Flavia , Molina Correa Júlio C. , Canevari Vinicius C.M. , Branco Braulio H.M. , Andreato Leonardo V. , de Paula Ramos Solange
Published: January 2020

Campos, F, Molina Correa, JC, Canevari, VCM, Branco, BHM, Andreato, LV, and de Paula Ramos, S. Monitoring internal training load, stress-recovery responses, and immune-endocrine parameters in Brazilian jiu-jitsu training. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 723–731, 2022—This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between training loads, stress, and immune-endocrine markers during a precompetitive period in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes. For this, 12 athletes were submitted to 1 physical and 1 technical-tactical training session per day, 5 days a week, for 7 weeks. The saliva sampling and physical tests (countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ]) were performed before starting the training period (pre) and at the fourth week (4-week) and eighth week (post). Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire–Sport (RESTQ) were applied, and the training load was calculated weekly. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Friedman test were used, with significance levels set at p < 0.05. Increased training loads were recorded by the sRPE method in technical-tactical training sessions (p < 0.05). Higher physical loads were reported by athletes during weeks 1–4, contributing to overall higher training load, monotony, and strain during this period (p < 0.05). Increased perception of stress, by the RESTQ, and cortisol were detected, whereas decreased salivary testosterone and salivary immunoglobulin A were observed at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in CMJ and SJ tests, suggesting that training neither elicited significant fatigue and underperformance nor improved strength performance. However, decreasing physical training loads appeared to reduce symptoms of stress and improved recovery, favoring immune recovery and anabolic balance. Thus, the sRPE seems to be a reliable and simple method to monitor training loads in BJJ athletes because variation in values was related to the RESTQ and physiological responses to training loads.
Volleyball-Specific Skills and Cognitive Functions Can Discriminate Players of Different Competitive Levels
Authors: Formenti Damiano , Trecroci Athos , Duca Marco , Vanoni Marta , Ciovati Miriam , Rossi Alessio , Alberti Giampietro
Published: January 2020

Formenti, D, Trecroci, A, Duca, M, Vanoni, M, Ciovati, M, Rossi, A, and Alberti, G. Volleyball-specific skills and cognitive functions can discriminate players of different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 813–819, 2022—The aim of this study was to investigate whether volleyball-specific skills, physical performance, and general cognitive functions differ between players of different competitive levels. Twenty-six female volleyball players competing at 2 different levels (n = 13, regional; n = 13, provincial) were tested on volleyball-specific skills (accuracy and technique of setting, passing, spiking, and serving), change of direction speed (COD) by the modified T-test, countermovement jump (CMJ) and general cognitive functions (executive control by Flanker task and perceptual speed by visual search task). Four machine learning models were tested to detect the best one to predict players' level. Regional players presented higher passing, spiking, serving accuracy (p < 0.05) and setting, passing, spiking, and serving technique (p < 0.05) than provincial players. Regional players had also better performance in COD and CMJ than provincial players (p < 0.05). Regional players presented lower response time than provincial players in both congruent and incongruent conditions of the Flanker task, and in both 10 items and 15 items conditions of the visual search task (p < 0.05). Decision tree classifier was the machine learning model with the highest performance to discriminate regional and provincial players (93% precision and 73% recall) by considering passing technique, congruent and incongruent condition of the Flanker task, 15 items and 10 items condition of the visual search task, and spiking technique. These findings demonstrated the importance of assessing volleyball-specific skills and cognitive functions as playing a role to discriminate players of different competitive levels.
Recruit Fitness Standards From a Large Law Enforcement Agency: Between-Class Comparisons, Percentile Rankings, and Implications for Physical Training
Authors: Lockie Robert G. , Dawes J. Jay , Orr Robin M. , Dulla Joseph M.
Published: January 2020

Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, and Dulla, JM. Recruit fitness standards from a large law enforcement agency: Between-class comparisons, percentile rankings, and implications for physical training. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 934–941, 2020—Law enforcement can be a physically demanding profession. Many agencies use a “one-size-fits-all” academy training approach, which may not be optimal for all recruits. There is also little information that benchmarks fitness of law enforcement recruits. The purpose of this study was to analyze between-academy class differences in fitness, as well as produce normative data for the development of strength and conditioning programs. A retrospective analysis of 908 recruits (761 men and 147 women), comprising 11 classes from one agency, was used. Fitness assessment data included push-ups, sit-ups, and mountain climbers in 120 seconds; pull-ups; 201-m run; and 2.4-km run. A one-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc adjustment revealed that fitness varied significantly between classes. Class 11 completed less sit-ups than 6 other classes (p ≤ 0.033) and were slower in the 201-m and 2.4-km run than 5 classes (p ≤ 0.005). Class 7 completed less push-ups than 3 classes (p ≤ 0.036) and less mountain climbers and were slower in the 201-m run than 5 classes (p ≤ 0.005). Individual recruit analysis and percentile data indicated a wide spread of all assessment results and the effects upon female recruits. For example, 81% of women completed ≤2 pull-ups and were in the bottom 2 percentile bands; 72–76% of women were in the bottom 3 bands for push-ups and the 201-m run. Fitness varies from class-to-class, and female recruits will generally be less physically fit. Training staff should ideally implement individualized, ability-based programming where appropriate to train their recruits.
El sentido de la comunicación en adolescentes de una Casa Hogar en Chiapas
Authors: Rodríguez Aguilar Verónica
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo examinó la realidad social en catorce adolescentes de secundaria en una Casa Hogar de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, con el propósito de interpretar el sentido de la comunicación que han construido los menores, para reconocer si existen códigos opresores y modelos estándares que se contrarresten con la noción de concientización, mismos que les impidan tener una visión amplia de las formas de vida al interactuar con la sociedad y poseer una postura crítica para desarrollarse, mediante tres acciones principales: primero, el conocimiento de las bases bajo las que se establecen los procesos comunicacionales a través de las trayectorias discursivas, historias y experiencias de vida; segunda, la identificación de la relación que existe entre sujeto, cultura y poder en la construcción del sentido; y por último, el análisis de los datos, a través de la triangulación de las categorías, subcategorías y dimensiones encontradas. En la investigación se empleó la metodología cualitativa, con la combinación de dos perspectivas: la de interpretación y la Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP) desde un enfoque crítico, donde las categorías consideradas fueron: Un marco microsociológico, pautas psicosociológicas y características individuales, las subcategorías fueron: instrumental, valorativa, pertenencia, seguridad, disciplinar, religiosa y uso del poder, en las dimensiones objetivo-subjetivas. Los resultados obtenidos se presentaron en tres perspectivas: En la política, el uso del poder discursivo jerárquico vertical, la imposición de la religión como modelo de adoctrinamiento para la modificación del comportamiento; en la cultura, la manipulación de las subjetividades, a través de la domesticación de sentimientos por medio de la disciplina para ser buenas personas y la adquisición de valores en el camino de llegar a ser buenos cristianos; y en el plano económico, la construcción de un sentido instrumental-material, la inducción a una programación visual alienante y el posicionamiento de marketing.
Genetic Basis of Increased Lifespan and Postponed Senescence inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Parker Grace A , Kohn Nathan , Spirina Ally , McMillen Anna , Huang Wen , Mackay Trudy F C
Published: January 2020

Limited lifespan and senescence are near-universal phenomena. These quantitative traits exhibit variation in natural populations due to the segregation of many interacting loci and from environmental effects. Due to the complexity of the genetic control of lifespan and senescence, our understanding of the genetic basis of variation in these traits is incomplete. Here, we analyzed the pattern of genetic divergence between long-lived (O) Drosophila melanogaster lines selected for postponed reproductive senescence and unselected control (B) lines. We quantified the productivity of the O and B lines and found that reproductive senescence is maternally controlled. We therefore chose 57 candidate genes that are expressed in ovaries, 49 of which have human orthologs, and assessed the effects of RNA interference in ovaries and accessary glands on lifespan and reproduction. All but one candidate gene affected at least one life history trait in one sex or productivity week. In addition, 23 genes had antagonistic pleiotropic effects on lifespan and productivity. Identifying evolutionarily conserved genes affecting increased lifespan and delayed reproductive senescence is the first step toward understanding the evolutionary forces that maintain segregating variation at these loci in nature and may provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention to delay senescence while increasing lifespan.
Hadiste Sağlam Nüsha Oluşturma Çalışmaları Adlı Eser Üzerine Notlar
Authors: GÖKDUMAN Mustafa Avni
Published: January 2020

Akademik sahada sağlam nüsha oluşturmaya matuf metin tenkidini konu edinen çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu çalışmalar geniş yelpazeli olup muhaddislerin sağlam nüsha oluşturma faaliyetlerine teksif edilmemiştir. Mahmut Gurbet’in muhaddislerin sağlam nüsha oluşturma çabalarını konu edinen kitabı bu anlamda ilgi çekicidir. Giriş, üç bölüm ve sonuçtan oluşan eserin Giriş’inde konu, amaç, metot ve kaynakların yanı sıra kitapta etraflıca incelenmesi beklenen kavramlardan yalnızca “nüsha, sahîfe ve cüz” yüzeysel olarak ele alınmış, ayrıca Kur’ân’ın mushaf haline getirilip çoğaltılmasının sağlam hadis nüshası oluşturma faaliyetlerine ne tür bir katkıda bulunduğuna değinilmiştir. Birinci Bölüm’de Batıda ve İslâm âlemindeki metin tenkidi faaliyetleri işlenirken İkinci Bölüm’de sahâbe, mütekaddimûn ve müteahhirûn dönemlerinde sağlam hadis nüshası oluşturma gayretleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü Bölüm’de ise muhaddislerin sağlam nüsha oluşturma yöntemiyle tarihçi ve edebiyatçıların yöntemleri kısaca karşılaştırılmıştır.