bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

The introduction addresses two methodological preliminaries: the book's approach to comparative philosophy, called “rooted global philosophy”; and the scope of the “Neo-Confucian” tradition—in particular, why the book draws simultaneously on two thinkers often thought of as great rivals, Zhu Xi (1130–1200) and Wang Yangming (1472–1529). Rooted global philosophy means to creatively develop a particular philosophical tradition in open dialogue with other traditions from around the globe. The roots of the book's project are in Neo-Confucianism, and careful, contextualized, historical understandings of that tradition are critical to the book. But the book's project is to treat Neo-Confucianism as a live tradition and to develop these ideas in dialogue with contemporary thinkers. With regard to the scope of “Neo-Confucianism,” the book considers a variety of controversies about how to define the limits of Neo-Confucianism and about the relations between Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, but argues that its open stance is justified by strong continuities between them, together with a resolution on the author's part to remain vigilant for (and explicit about) important differences.
3De彻/Virtue
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues that we can use “virtue” as what Aaron Stalnaker has called a “bridge concept” to facilitate comparative dialogue between Neo-Confucian discussions centered around “de” and current work in virtue ethics. The chapter traces early uses and theories concerning de, drawing on the work of Chinese scholars like Chen Lai and others. It then turns to a detailed look at uses of de in Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, and explicates the relation between de—which functions very much like “virtue” functions in Western philosophies—and other key ideas like coherence (li), heart-mind (xin), and humaneness (ren). The chapter also looks at the role of rules in a virtue-based ethics. On the basis of this analysis, the chapter concludes that Neo-Confucianism is a virtue ethics.
7 Sagely Ease and Moral Perception
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

How is it possible that a sage can act with ease? According to the Analects, Confucius was able to “follow his heart's desire without overstepping the bounds” by the time he reached age seventy. The chapter explores what Wang Yangming means when he says that sages have a “mature commitment” and the relation this bears to his famous doctrine of “the unity of knowledge and action.” This interpretation then provides the grounding both for a novel understanding of Wang Yangming's philosophy itself, and the key to Neo-Confucianism's insightful account of moral perception. The chapter draws on contemporary philosophers like Murdoch and Blum to help flesh out the Neo-Confucian picture, including showing how Murdoch's famous example of a mother and her daughter-in-law (M and D) can help us to better understand the critical Neo-Confucian orientation of “looking for harmony.”
10 The Political Problem
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

Sagehood is not just a matter of personal ethics: on any traditional Confucian's view, it is intimately involved in shaping one's broader community both unofficially and through participation in government. In other words, to aim at sagehood is to aim at some sort of political involvement and impact; this is expressed on the slogan “inner sageliness—outer kingliness (neisheng waiwang).” However attractive such an orientation may sound, the political dimension of sagehood seems to have many unfortunate consequences. Critics like Chang Hao and Thomas Metzher have argued that the ideal of sagehood has led to despotism and authoritarianism, has provided the foundation for a problematic utopianism and perfectionism in Chinese social theory, and today undermines democracy and/or support for piecemeal (but genuine) progress. This chapter reviews ways in which Neo-Confucians historically struggled with these issues in their discussions of abstract and institutional limits on rulers. It then turns to some solutions proposed by more recent Confucians like Yu Yingshi, Xu Fuguan, and Mou Zongsan. It concludes that the latter's idea of “self-negation (ziwo kanxian)” offers a promising approach to balancing the different demands of moral and political values.
11 Sages and Politics: A Way Forward
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

This chapter articulates a contemporary Confucian politics that allows the ideal of sagehood to inform both personal and public activities, without falling into the traps that have snared both the theory and practice of previous Confucian politics. The chapter begins with a review of the relation between perfection and fallibility. The attitude toward perfection and ideals that is recommended leads to a second topic, which spans questions of ritual and reverence. Ritual must feature prominently in any Confucian politics. Embracing ritual and reverence entails an affirmative attitude toward spirituality, but this is a very different thing from advocating the establishment of a Confucian church or state religion. Instead, this general approach to embracing ideals undergirds the importance of what Joseph Chan has called “moderate perfectionist institutions.” These institutions must invest a plurality of voices with sovereignty if the effort to look for harmony in our world is to have any practical hope. This, then, leads to a substantial discussion of the ways in which sagely politics must be participatory. Lastly, the chapter argues that in a contemporary Confucian context, laws and rights should be seen as a system of second resort.
Moral Sentimentalism
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

There has been a great deal of interest in moral sentimentalism in recent years, but most of that interest has been exclusively either in metaethical questions about the meaning of moral terms or in normative issues about benevolence, caring, and compassion and their place in the moral life. This book seeks to deal with both sorts of issues and to do so primarily in terms of the notion of empathy. Hume tried to do something like this more than two centuries ago, though he didn't have the word empathy and used the term sympathy instead. But Hume misconstrued the phenomenology of moral approval and disapproval, and the nascent theories of moral meaning he grounded in approval and disapproval allow for (much) less objectivity than moral judgments seem to possess. The present book uses a semi‐Kripkean reference‐fixing view of terms like right and wrong to show how moral claims can be objectively valid a priori and yet at the same time action‐guiding and motivating — something that Kantian ethics seeks to provide, but sentimentalism turns out to be more capable of giving us. In addition to dealing with semantic issues, this book shows how sentimentalist forms of moral education and moral learning are possible; and in its later chapters, it also focuses on normative issues of public morality: discussing respect, autonomy, justice, and objectivity itself in strictly sentimentalist care‐ethical terms and demonstrating that such an approach can be thoroughly feminist in its implications and goals. Rationalism now dominates the scene in moral philosophy, but there are signs of change, and this book works to encourage those possibilities.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Defelipe Javier
Published: February 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the many contributions of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, who is considered the father of modern neuroscience. He published almost 300 articles and several books of great importance, such as the classics Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y de los Vertebrados (1899-1904) and Estudios Sobre la Degeneración y Regeneración del Sistema Nervioso (1913-1914). He also received numerous awards and distinctions, including some of the most prestigious awards of his time: the Moscow Award (1900); the Helmholtz Gold Medal (1905); and the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1906). The chapter then goes on to discuss why scientists often referred to trees and forests in their descriptions of the brain and, in particular, of the cerebral cortex, and how these neuronal forests served as an unlimited source of artistic and poetic inspiration to many scientists.
Architectonic structure of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Price Joseph L.
Published: February 2010

The chapter describes the structural organization of the orbital cortex (OFC), together with the medial prefrontal cortex. It reviews previous areal maps of this cortex, and provides a description of architectonic divisions of the cortex based on analysis of eight staining methods in nonhuman primates and humans. Twenty-two areas were recognized, most of which are subdivisions of previously described areas. Distinct subregions were found ranging from several agranular insular areas in the posterior orbital region, through a dysgranular zone in the central region (subdivisions of area 12 and 13), to a granular region in more rostral portions of cortex (subdivisions of areas 10 and 11). The comparable regions in humans are presented with reference to stereotaxic space. An analysis of the comparable regions in rodents is also provided.
A componential analysis of the functions of primate orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Roberts Angela C. , Parkinson John
Published: February 2010

This chapter attempts to define the specific functions served by the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) based on studies in nonhuman primates. Evidence appears to be consistent for an involvement of the primate OFC in integrating information about rewards and punishments and their predictors, and this information is used to select goals for action. This function is dependent upon interactions between the OFC and related brain structures, including the amygdala for processing affective information about explicit conditioned reinforcers and other structures such as the hippocampus for contextual evoked representations of reinforcement and the perirhinal cortex for non-affective information about stimuli-stimulus associations. Integration of this information within the OFC may subsequently lead to goal selection with the affective and attentional processing of the goal and its predictors being enhanced by the central and peripheral arousal mechanisms that are modulated by the OFC.
The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion
Authors: Hooker Christine I. , Knight Robert T.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence that the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex regulates behavior by inhibiting the influence of a broad scope of sensations, feelings, thoughts, and actions. It is argued that the region facilitates successful goal-oriented behavior by inhibiting the influence of emotional feelings or perceptions. Such inhibitory processes are described in the context of physical sensation, including painful sensation, selective attention, emotion regulation, control of mood congruent biases, attitude regulation, memory, decision-making, and regulation in social interactions. This research is consistent with evidence showing that the lateral orbital/ventrolateral prefrontal governs the inhibition of habitual motor responses. The data are discussed with regard to dynamic filtering and disruption theory models of prefrontal functioning.
Technical considerations for BOLD fMRI of the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Stenger V. Andrew
Published: February 2010

Neuroimaging plays a major role in furthering our understanding of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). This chapter presents some of the technical challenges, limitations, and potential solutions with regard to using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to study the OFC. The proximity of the OFC to the sinus results in signal loss and distortion due to inhomogeneity in magnetic susceptibility. Several techniques have proven useful in reducing signal loss and distortion including shorter echo times, thinner slice acquisitions, shimming, post-processing distortion correction using field maps, reduced data acquisition methods, parallel imaging, use of rapid acquisition trajectories including reverse spiral and spiral in-out sequences, gradient compensation, and tailored radiofrequency pulses. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these imaging techniques are discussed.
3 Powers (Theta 1)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows that the program Aristotle has set out for Metaphysics Theta begins with ordinary Greek. Energeia is set to one side, not being an ordinary Greek word but a made-up philosophical term. Another term, ‘dunamis’, takes centre stage, but only as it is used ‘in the preeminently strict sense’. This ordinary and strict usage of the term ‘capacity’ is that connected with change. A capacity connected with change is called a power. So when one speaks of powers, one means to be speaking of ‘capacities’ (dunameis) in the strict and ordinary Greek sense (or at least, what Aristotle takes to be that sense). Even the usage of the term ‘power’ in ordinary Greek is, according to Aristotle, rather complicated. Aristotle begins by trying to sort out these complications.
Chapter 1 The topology of ecological interaction networks: the state of the art
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Morin Peter J. , Olff Han
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers topology, i.e. the shape and structure of networks of interacting organisms in ecological systems. Species often form the nodes of such networks, though life stages, age classes or functional groups are sometimes equally applicable. The links between nodes in ecological networks can have a variety of meanings, in particular they can represent transfer of energy or material, they can represent the net effect on fitness or population size (direct and/or indirect) of one species on another, or represent the exchange of information. These differences create at least three types of interaction networks: competition networks, mutualistic networks and food webs (consumption networks), all of which are subsets of the full network of interactions in any community.
Chapter 3 Modelling the dynamics of complex food webs
Authors: Brose Ulrich , Dunne Jennifer A.
Published: February 2010

This chapter introduces various approaches to dynamic network analyses and illustrates some of the key findings. First, classic results from dynamic analyses of simple interaction modules of few species (food chains, omnivory modules) are shortly introduced. Subsequently, the question of whether embedding such simple modules in complex food webs affects the dynamic outcome is illustrated using the example of a classic keystone module. The following section on dynamic analyses of complex food webs is organized around the classic and enduring debates on the relationships between (1) complexity and stability and (2) diversity and stability. The allometric (body size dependent) scaling of the biological rates of the populations is presented as a solution to the instability of complex food webs, and future directions of research on dynamic models of complex food webs are outlined.
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics: Concurrent Multiscale Simulation at Finite Temperature Protect
Authors: Rudd Robert E.
Published: February 2010

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) is a computer modeling technique that couples conventional molecular dynamics (MD) in some spatial regions of the simulation to a more coarse-grained description in others. This concurrent multiscale modeling approach allows a more efficient use of computer power as it focuses only on those degrees of freedom that are physically relevant. In the spirit of finite element modeling (FEM), the coarse-grained regions are modeled on a mesh with variable mesh size. CGMD is derived solely from the MD model, however, and has no continuum parameters. As a result, it provides a coupling that is smooth and provides control of errors that arise at the coupling between the atomistic and coarse-grained regions. In this chapter, we review the formulation of CGMD, describing how coarse graining, the systematic removal of irrelevant degrees of freedom, is accomplished for a finite temperature system. We then describe practical implementation of CGMD for large-scale simulations and some tests of validity. We conclude with an outlook on some of the directions future development may take.
7 Lexical concepts
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides an overview of the main properties of lexical concepts. It argues that lexical concepts, by virtue of constituting units of semantic structure — the semantic pole of a symbolic unit — are thereby central elements of the language user's mental grammar. The chapter also provides a methodology for identifying distinct lexical concepts and illustrates this with a detailed examination of the lexical concepts associated with the forms time and flying.
9 Conceptual structure
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter is concerned with outlining the nature of conceptual structure as assumed by LCCM Theory. It also addresses the way in which language interfaces with the conceptual system in service of situated meaning construction. It argues that a fundamental design feature of human cognition is that linguistic representations provide an indexing and control function with respect to the conceptual system, greatly increasing the range of uses and flexibility of the human conceptual system. However, this does mean that linguistic representations are equivalent to the concepts which populate the conceptual system. In particular, linguistic representations, i.e., symbolic units, evolved to complement and enhance the existing form of representations that inhere in the conceptual system, rather than duplicating them.
12 Lexical concept integration
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter addresses the second of the compositional processes in LCCM Theory. Once lexical concepts have been selected, they are then subject to lexical concept integration. This process involves the unpacking of linguistic content associated with the lexical concepts being integrated. This gives rise to the formation of lexical conceptual units. The chapter describes and illustrates this process, focusing in particular on the principles which guide lexical concept integration.
14 Metaphor and metonymy
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides an LCCM account of figurative language phenomena such as metaphor and metonymy. It argues that figurative language is continuous with literal language. This follows as there are a common set of mechanisms which underlie meaning construction in language understanding. The chapter illustrates how these mechanisms apply giving rise to figurative language. A further issue addressed is the distinction between metaphor and metonymy, showing how the two are distinct, from the perspective of LCCM Theory.
15 The semantics of Time
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents an application of LCCM Theory to the semantics of time. In particular, it presents a taxonomy of different sorts of linguistic expressions for the expression of time, and provides an LCCM analysis of the range of expressions addressed.
4 Emulation versus Comparative Advantage: Competing and Complementary Principles in the History of Economic Policy
Authors: Reinert Erik S.
Published: February 2010

This chapter outlines a broad historical interpretation of industrial policies in modern history, focusing on technological learning, synergies, and increasing returns. Throughout all experiences of catching up, successful strategies always involved a principle of emulation involving explicit measures explicitly aimed to acquire knowledge in increasing returns activities. Only later, after the success of industrialization, countries can effort forms of market governance relying on the principle of comparative advantage as they emerge from the dynamics of international specialization and trade.
6 Industrial Tariffs, International Trade, and Development
Authors: Akyüz Yılmaz
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the appropriate structure and evolution of tariffs in the course of industrial development. It argues that rapid liberalization and harmonization of industrial tariffs across countries and sectors advocated by developed countries in multilateral trade negotiations is not only inconsistent with their own historical experience, but it could also hold back industrialization in developing countries. The longer-term implications for industrialization of a commitment to low and uniform tariffs by developing countries are much more serious than their impact on “static” resource allocation and welfare, they influence the potential for long-term learning and growth. Finally, some proposals are advanced that can help reconcile policy flexibility with multilateral discipline.
7 The (Slow) Return of Industrial Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Peres Wilson
Published: February 2010

In order to empower their development processes, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean need to implement policies aimed at creating new sectors or modernizing mature ones, albeit within the constraints imposed by the size, development level, and economic structure of the individual national economies. This chapter analyzes the re-emergence of such policies after the “liberalization shock”, their achievements so far, and the obstacles facing their implementation.
8 Flying Geese and Waddling Ducks: The Different Capabilities of East Asia and Latin America to ‘Demand‐Adapt’ and ‘Supply‐Upgrade’ their Export Productive Capacity
Authors: Palma José Gabriel
Published: February 2010

This chapter investigates the consequences of different patterns of specialization and export for the long-term growth paths of developing countries (in terms of patterns, pace, and sustainability). A comparison between East Asian and Latin American countries highlights the different potentials for productivity growth and production upgrading of different specialization patterns. It is argued that the latter come together with different internal institutional arrangements and can be influenced by explicit policy measures. The chapter discusses the degrees of freedom that developing countries have in their “choices” of specialization and the underlying political economy.
10 The Impact of Public Policies in Brazil along the Path from Semi‐Stagnation to Growth in a Sino‐Centric Market
Authors: Barros de Castro Antonio
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes the interaction between public policies and patterns of growth in Brazil over the last three decades, starting from the period when fast industrialization ends and major macroeconomic imbalances emerge. The effects of the various macroeconomic policy measures in terms of patterns of industrial growth are discussed. Brazil is possibly the only Latin American country that has emerged from the stabilization cures and liberalization shocks with a live and diversified industrial structure. However, at the end of the tunnel of semi-stagnation the international scene has dramatically changed with the emergence of China as a powerful major producer and exporter (including to the markets of other industrializing countries). Hence, new challenges but also new opportunities have arisen in Brazilian industry. As industrial policies played a crucial role in the early industrialization phase, they are likely to be important — albeit on different levels — in the adjustment to a Sino-centric world.
11 The Past, Present, and Future of Industrial Policy in India: Adapting to the Changing Domestic and International Environment
Authors: Singh Ajit
Published: February 2010

In the post-World War II period, India was probably the first non-communist developing country to have instituted a fully-fledged industrial policy based on some form of central planning. The purpose of the policy was to co-ordinate investment decisions both in the public and the private sectors and to seize the “commanding heights” of the economy by bringing certain strategic industries and firms under public guidance. This chapter argues that the ensuing industrial policies not only had a major role in fostering India's industrial revolution but still play an important role in the current period of rapid growth.
13 The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in Asia and Latin America
Authors: Khan Mushtaq H. , Blankenburg Stephanie
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the viability and effectiveness of industrial policies for catching up in relation to state-led management of rents throughout the process of social transformation. A crucial point is that “progressive” rent-management strategies aimed at technology acquisition and economic development are politically constrained by power constellations within society and their relations with the State itself. Essential for the explanation of success and failure of industrial policy strategies in late developers is therefore the compatibility of industrial and technological strategies with the distribution of political power. The chapter discusses a number of policy variants in different Asian countries and in Latin America, explaining how different internal political configurations can account for different outcomes of apparently similar industrial policies both within and between these regions.
15 Nationality of Firm Ownership in Developing Countries: Who Should ‘Crowd Out’ Whom in Imperfect Markets?
Authors: Amsden Alice H.
Published: February 2010

In traditional theory, the nationality of an enterprise shouldn't matter to economic development. Whether a firm is a foreign-owned subsidiary of a multinational (FOE), or a private nationally owned enterprise in the developing world (POE), development will be the same so long as markets are perfect. However, this is no longer the case in markets that are monopolistic. Firms incorporate specific forms of knowledge and the location of ownership contributes to determine technological and production strategies. In these circumstances, the nationality of ownership does matter. Whether a developing economy is dominated by FOEs or POEs, its mid-tech or (mature) high-tech sectors affect the rates of learning and expansion of productive capacity. In fact, the chapter argues that crowding out of POEs by FOEs in such industries is not development friendly.
3 Plato's Hesiod: An acquired taste?
Authors: Most G. W.
Published: February 2010

By analysing the pattern of Hesiodic quotations across Plato's works, this chapter concludes that Plato came to admire and use Hesiod — especially the Works and Days — more as he got older. The Hesiodic corpus, included the Theogony and Works and Days but not the Catalogue of Women and the minor works, just as the only genuine Homeric texts, for Plato, appear to be the Iliad and Odyssey.
From Dual to Cooperative Federalism
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: February 2010

What is the federal philosophy inspiring the structure of European law? The federal principle stands for constitutional arrangements that find “unity in diversity”. The two most influential manifestations of the federal principle emerged under the names of “dual” and “cooperative” federalism in the constitutional history of the United States of America. Dual federalism is based on the idea that the federal government and the State governments are co-equals and each is legislating in a separate sphere. Cooperative federalism, on the other hand, stands for the thought that both governments legislate in the same sphere. They are hierarchically arranged and complement each other in solving a social problem. Can the European Union be understood in federal terms? The book’s General Part introduces three constitutional traditions of the federal idea. Following the American tradition, the European Union is defined as a Federation of States as it stands on the “middle ground” between international and national law.
Introduction
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

This introductory chapter starts with an overall summary of the book, and then goes on to provide a summary of each chapter. Topics covered in the book include nominalism, realism, commonsense realism, scientific realism, moral realism, naturalism, biological essentialism, and nonfactualism.
Scientific Realism
Authors: Devitt Michael , Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter argues for scientific realism. Scientific realism is primarily a metaphysical doctrine about the existence and nature of the unobservables of science. There are good explanationist arguments for realism, most famously that from the success of science, provided abduction is allowed. Abduction seems to be on an equal footing, at least, with other ampliative methods of inference. One argument against realism is the argument from underdetermination. It starts from the claim that any theory faces many empirically equivalent rivals. Once we note the role of auxiliary hypotheses in testing theories, and our ability to create evidence in novel experiments, the argument collapses. Another argument against realism is the pessimistic meta-induction argument. The key defense against this is that, over recent centuries, methodological changes have greatly improved our capacity to understand the unobservable world.
Global Response Dependency and Worldmaking
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

‘Worldmaking’ is the antirealist doctrine that we make the known world with our concepts. It is Constructivism without a commitment to relativism. This chapter considers the relation between Worldmaking and the global response-dependency theory of concepts urged by Pettit. According to this theory all concepts are of dispositions to produce a certain sort of response in normal humans in normal conditions. Pettit denies that this theory leads to Worldmaking. The chapter argues that he is wrong. The theory leads to the view that all properties are response-dependent and this leads to Worldmaking. For that reason alone Pettit's theory of concepts should be rejected.
Natural Kinds and Biological Realisms
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines some interesting ‘realism’ issues in biology, arguing that these are best seen as about which kinds are explanatorily significant, which ones are ‘natural kinds’. Seeing them as ‘realism’ issues has caused unclarity and confusion. The main issue discussed is that between Ereshefsky's ‘pluralistic antirealism’ and Kitcher's ‘pluralistic realism’ about species. The chapter argues that so far as ‘realism’ is concerned, these views are actually the same. Concerning the higher categories it finds no good reason for the view of Eldredge and Cracraft that the higher taxa ‘do not exist in the same sense as do species’ and doubts the cladistic view that only monophyletic groups are ‘real’, that is to say, natural kinds. However, the signs are that the higher categories are not natural kinds and hence that the Linnaean hierarchy should be abandoned.
Chapter 7 Social Justice and the Welfare State: Institutional Problems
Authors: Plant Raymond
Published: February 2010

One of the central themes of this chapter is the neo‐liberal critique of the ‘public service ethic’ which it has been thought by Social Democratic thinkers as the main way in which the self‐interested behaviour of welfare bureaucracies can be constrained. The chapter looks at the close links between the neo‐liberal approach to this and the Public Choice School of public policy analysts who argue that the role and expansion of welfare bureaucracy is best explained by the utility maximizing behaviour at work in such bureaucracies when they are exempt from market disciplines and the possibility of bankruptcy. The role of interest groups in a welfare state is taken up again with reference to the work of Macur Olson in terms of his account of the rigidities caused to the economy by long lasting interest groups. The neo‐liberal approach to trades unions is also considered in this chapter.
The Idea of Iambos
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: February 2010

This study of the genre of Greek iambic poetry, from the perspective provided by ancient testimonies, places research on iambos in the framework of a new methodological approach to ancient genres based on the cognitive sciences, offering an unprecedented study of ancient theories of genres and the way they affected ancient scholarship. It examines the possibility of musical performance of iambic poetry as well as the various occasions of public performance, particularly at musical contests and rhapsodic recitals. The author argues that, from the Archaic to the Classical period, there was a shift from the notion of literary class depending primarily on rhythm and on its archetypical representative, Archilochus, towards iambos as a genre defined mainly by invective as its dominant feature.
Approaching Genre
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: February 2010

As often happens with ancient literary genres, most divergences on iambos in contemporary scholarship are due to a basic disagreement on what literary genres are. This chapter presents a view of literary genres that derives from studies on categorization that the cognitive sciences have developed in the fields of psychology, anthropology, linguistics, and the growing field of cognitive poetics. It discusses approaches to the genre and corpus of iambos.
Iambosin Archilochus (fr. 215W)
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents an interpretation of Archil. 215W. It attempts to define a general type of occasion and a general function for the iamboi in Archil. 215W. The occasion: that of ritualized commensality or conviviality, either restricted to some (i.e. symposia) or more public (at religious festivals or public meals). The function: mainly entertainment. Such an occasion and such a function are not distinctive enough for us to argue that they shaped the genre of iamboi or that they gave them their name. The more inclusive an occasion of performance, the less prone it is to give names to specific songs. It seems, therefore, that the question about the meaning of iambos for 7th-century BCE audiences cannot be answered exclusively by reference to function or occasion of performance. Additional features must have been at work, of which, rhythm may well have been a prominent one.
Iambe andIambos
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the nature of the link between Iambe and iambos. Since all ancient explanations of the type ‘iambos — from Iambe’ ultimately derive from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, it begins by looking at the relevant passage to see what Iambe stands for there.
Public Performance ofIamboi
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: February 2010

This chapter suggests that iamboi were a ‘performance framed by ritual’; that is to say, not directly playing a role in ritual, but not purely theatrical either. Accordingly, iamboi had a loose connection to their various performance contexts, with entertainment playing an important role. They could be performed and re-performed at festivals and competitions, as well as on private or semi-private occasions (such as symposia). This proposition is examined with particular attention to evidence for the performance of iamboi on occasions other than symposia, namely religious festivals and mousikoi agones.
Invective as the Dominant Feature ofIambos
Authors: Rotstein Andrea
Published: February 2010

The perception of Archilochus played a major role in the process of selection and reduction of the elements relevant for the categorization of iambos. Before the notion of iambos was restricted to the dominant feature of abuse, it was the prototype of the genre, Archilochus, who was taken to be predominantly abusive, at the expense of the thematic and functional variety of his poetry. This chapter examines the stage at which the perception of iambos as mainly abusive crystallized.
Sending the Letter
Authors: Whyman Susan E.
Published: February 2010

The 18th-century Post Office is usually portrayed as mired in inefficiency. New private and public sources tell a different earlier story. Post office records and 34 letter collections show how people used the Royal Mail and how it affected their lives. In the 17th century, basic postal routines were established and the quantity of letters carried increased. In the 18th century, a national network served by coaches grew out of the old six roads. By 1800 the Royal Mail had become a commercial newsagent spreading papers throughout the nation. At the same time, it continued to open letters and censor mail. The newspaper, novel, and coffeehouse are often cited in regard to the rise of the public sphere, but the letter and the Post Office are rarely mentioned. Yet its arena of unrestricted discourse was as provocative to the state as any coffeehouse. By 1800, a service created to censor mail had become a private necessity and a public right.
What's Wrong with the British Constitution?
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: February 2010

In this provocative new study, Iain McLean argues that the traditional story of the British constitution does not make sense. It purports to be both positive and normative: that is, to describe both how people actually behave and how they ought to behave. In fact, it fails to do either; it is not a correct description and it has no persuasive force. The book goes on to offer a reasoned alternative. The position that still dominates the field of constitutional law is that of parliamentary sovereignty (or supremacy). According to this view, the supreme lawgiver in the United Kingdom is Parliament. Some writers in this tradition go on to insist that Parliament in turn derives its authority from the people, because the people elect Parliament. An obvious problem with this view is that Parliament, to a lawyer, comprises three houses: monarch, Lords, and Commons. The people elect only one of those three houses. This book aims to show, contrary to the prevailing view, that the United Kingdom exists by virtue of a constitutional contract between two previously independent states. Professor McLean argues that the work of the influential constitutional theorist A. V. Dicey has little to offer those who really want to understand the nature of the constitution. Instead, greater understanding can be gleaned from considering the ‘veto plays’ and ‘credible threats’ available to politicians since 1707. He suggests that the idea the people are sovereign dates back to the seventeenth century (may be fourteenth century in Scotland), but has gone underground in English constitutional writing. He goes on to show that devolution and the United Kingdom's relationship with the rest of Europe have taken the United Kingdom along a constitutionalist road since 1972, and perhaps since 1920. He concludes that no intellectually defensible case can be made for retaining an unelected house of Parliament, an unelected head of state, or an established church. This book will be an essential reading for political scientists, constitutional lawyers, historians, politicians, and the like.
Should health gains by children be given the same value as health gains by adults in an economic evaluation framework?
Authors: Petrou Stavros
Published: February 2010

Evidence suggesting that a unit of health gain by a child is not of equal value to a unit of health gain by an adult would suggest that age should be considered as an important criterion in health care resource allocation decisions. This chapter focuses on whether units of health gain, and specifically quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gains, should be given the same value for children as for adults. It begins by presenting empirical evidence from the revealed preference and stated preference literature on the economic value of health outcomes for children and adults. This is followed by a discussion of methodological issues that require consideration when valuing health gains by children using preference-based techniques. Finally, a future research agenda in this area is outlined.
LOT 2
Authors: Fodor Jerry A.
Published: February 2010

This book presents a new development of the famous Language of Thought hypothesis, which has since the 1970s been at the centre of interdisciplinary debate about how the mind works. The book defends and extends the groundbreaking idea that thinking is couched in a symbolic system realized in the brain. This idea is central to the representational theory of mind which has been established as a key reference point in modern philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science. The foundation stone of our present cognitive science is Turing's suggestion that cognitive processes are not associations but computations; and computation requires a language of thought. This book offers a more cogent presentation and a fuller explication of a distinctive account of the mind, with various intriguing new features. The central role of compositionality in the representational theory of mind is revealed: most of what we know about concepts follows from the compositionality of thoughts. The book shows the necessity of a referentialist account of the content of intentional states, and of an atomistic account of the individuation of concepts. Not least among the new developments is the book's identification and persecution of pragmatism as the leading source of error in the study of the mind today.
Concept Pragmatism: Declined and Fell
Authors: Fodor Jerry A.
Published: February 2010

There is a recent vogue in the philosophical literature for reviving the definition construct in an altered version with ‘definitions-in-use’ playing the role of definitions-tout-court. This definition-in-use story deserves close scrutiny if only because it raises some Very Large Questions about the individuation of concepts and about what it is to have one, and about relations between natural-language semantics and logic. This chapter discusses this in some detail, starting with a word or two about old-style definitions just to remind readers of the background.
Nativism
Authors: Fodor Jerry A.
Published: February 2010

The author acknowledges that there is something wrong with the argument in LOT 1; namely, that its conclusion is too weak and the offending empirical assumption — that quotidian concepts are mostly primitive — is superfluous. What he should have said is that it is true and a priori that the whole notion of concept learning is per se confused. This chapter starts with a brief review of the LOT 1 argument, and then amends it. It considers what it shows about the status of nativism. Prolepsis: it does show that there is something radically incoherent about the thesis that concepts can be learned. But it does not quite follow that any concepts are innate.
Advanced Statistical Mechanics
Authors: McCoy Barry M
Published: February 2010

This book begins where elementary books and courses leave off and covers the advances made in statistical mechanics in the past fifty years. The book is divided into three parts. The first part is on general theory which includes a summary of the basic principles of statistical mechanics; a presentation of the physical phenomena covered and the models used to discuss them; theorems on the existence and uniqueness of partition functions; theorems on order; and critical phenomena and scaling theory. The second part is on series and numerical methods which includes derivations of the Mayer and Ree–Hoover expansions of the low density virial equation of state; Groeneveld's theorems; the application to hard spheres and discs; a summary of numerical studies of systems at high density; and the use of high temperature series expansions to estimate critical exponents for magnets. The third part covers exactly solvable models which includes a detailed presentation of the Pfaffian methods of computing the Ising partition function, magnetization, correlation functions, and susceptibility; the star-triangle (Yang–Baxter equation); functional equations and the free energy for the eight-vertex model; and the hard hexagon and chiral Potts models. All needed mathematics is developed in detail and many open questions are discussed. The goal is to guide the reader to the current forefront of research.
Remaking Global Order
Authors: Casarini Nicola
Published: February 2010

Relations between the European Union (EU) and China have grown at a sustained pace across the board in recent times, transforming the relationship from one of previous neglect into a matter of global strategic significance. This book offers an examination of the evolution of contemporary EU—China relations in the economic, technological, and high politics dimensions, including implications of the high‐tech and security‐related elements of the relationship (space and satellite navigation cooperation; advanced technology transfers; arms sales, including the proposal to lift the EU arms embargo on China) for the United States and its East Asian allies. The analysis of EU—China relations is placed in the context of evolving dynamics in transatlantic relations on the one hand, and East Asia's major powers' changing security perceptions on the other. With this approach, this study intends to provide the reader with a better understanding of the global significance acquired by Sino—European relations, while also raising the question as to whether, and to what extent, the promotion of EU space and defence interests in China has made the EU a novel strategic factor in East Asia. This book contributes to current debates on the emerging global order, including discussions of how European and Chinese policy makers would perceive the post‐Cold War international system, evaluate the place and role of their countries in it, and appraise the policies to be adopted to maintain global competitiveness in key strategic industrial sectors and increase political autonomy in an international environment characterized by US primacy.
4 Techno‐Political Partnership
Authors: Casarini Nicola
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyses the main reasons provided by Chinese and EU policy makers for the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership since Autumn 2003. It includes discussions of how policy makers in Europe and China would perceive the post‐Cold War international system, evaluate the place and role of their countries in it, and appraise the policies to be adopted to maintain global competitiveness in key strategic industrial sectors. This chapter employs the IR notion of soft balancing to explain behaviour by some powerful EU political and corporate elites to fashion — beneath the rhetoric about strategic partnership — a techno‐political linkage with China aimed to achieve three things: (a) counter a perceived US preponderance in the technologically‐advanced aerospace and defence sectors; (b) increase scientific, technological, and political autonomy from Washington; and (c) foster the emergence of a world order characterized by multiple poles of influence.
5 Space Cooperation
Authors: Casarini Nicola
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines EU—China space and satellite navigation cooperation, including the strategic implications of this form of collaboration for the United States. This chapter traces the process leading to the EU—China political agreement on the joint development of Galileo (the EU‐led global navigation satellite system alternative to the dominant US Global Positioning System) and examines the reaction of US policy makers concerned that this form of international collaboration would support China in upgrading its space capabilities and power projection in the region precisely at a time when the Pentagon would perceive Beijing as a potential space competitor. This chapter asks the following: Why did the EU invite China to cooperate in the joint development of Galileo? What would EU and Chinese policy makers like to achieve with this kind of cooperation? And what would be the strategic implications for the United States and its East Asian allies?