bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Following the Cosmic Evolution of Pristine Gas. II. The Search for Pop III–bright Galaxies
Authors: Sarmento Richard , Scannapieco Evan , Cohen Seth
Published: February 2018

Direct observational searches for Population III (Pop III) stars at high redshift are faced with the question of how to select the most promising targets for spectroscopic follow-up. To help answer this, we use a large-scale cosmological simulation, augmented with a new subgrid model that tracks the fraction of pristine gas, to follow the evolution of high-redshift galaxies and the Pop III stars they contain. We generate rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) luminosity functions for our galaxies and find that they are consistent with current

observations. Throughout the redshift range

, we identify “Pop III–bright” galaxies as those with at least 75% of their flux coming from Pop III stars. While less than 1% of galaxies brighter than

mag are Pop III–bright in the range

, roughly 17% of such galaxies are Pop III–bright at z = 9, immediately before reionization occurs in our simulation. Moving to z = 10,

mag corresponds to larger, more luminous galaxies, and the Pop III–bright fraction falls off to 5%. Finally, at the highest redshifts, a large fraction (29% at z = 14 and 41% at z = 15) of all galaxies are Pop III–bright regardless of magnitude. While

mag galaxies are extremely rare during this epoch, we find that 13% of galaxies at z = 14 are Pop III–bright with

mag, a intrinsic magnitude within reach of the James Webb Space Telescope using lensing. Thus, we predict that the best redshift to search for luminous Pop III–bright galaxies is just before reionization, while lensing surveys for fainter galaxies should push to the highest redshifts possible.
The Transition from Young to Middle-aged Supernova Remnants: Thermal and Nonthermal Aspects of SNR N132D
Authors: Bamba Aya , Ohira Yutaka , Yamazaki Ryo , Sawada Makoto , Terada Yukikatsu , Koyama Katsuji , Miller Eric D. , Yamaguchi Hiroya , Katsuda Satoru , Nobukawa Masayoshi , Nobukawa Kumiko K.
Published: February 2018

Supernova remnants (SNRs) are the primary candidate of Galactic cosmic-ray accelerators. It is still an open issue when and how young SNRs, which typically exhibit strong synchrotron X-rays and GeV and TeV gamma rays, undergo the state transition to middle-aged SNRs dominated by thermal X-rays and GeV gamma rays. SNR N132D in the Large Magellanic Cloud is an ideal target to study such a transition, exhibiting bright X-rays and gamma rays, and with an expected age of ∼2500 years. In this paper we present results of NuSTAR and Suzaku spectroscopy. We reveal that N132D has a nearly equilibrium plasma with a temperature of >5 keV or a recombining plasma with a lower temperature (∼1.5 keV) and a recombining timescale (

) of

cm−3s. Together with the center-filled morphology observed in the iron K line image, our results suggest that N132D is now at the transition stage from being a young SNR to being middle-aged. We have constrained the tight upper limit of nonthermal X-rays. Bright gamma rays compared to faint nonthermal X-rays suggest that the gamma rays are hadronic in origin. The spectral energy distribution from radio to gamma rays shows a proton cutoff energy of ∼30 TeV. These facts confirm that N132D is undergoing the transition from a young to a middle-aged SNR. The large thermal energy of

erg and accelerated proton energy of

erg suggest the supernova explosion might have been very energetic.
Swift Observations of Mrk 421 in Selected Epochs. I. The Spectral and Flux Variability in 2005–2008
Authors: Kapanadze B. , Vercellone S. , Romano P. , Hughes P. , Aller M. , Aller H. , Kharshiladze O. , Kapanadze S. , Tabagari L.
Published: February 2018

We present detailed results of Swift observations of the nearby TeV-detected blazar Mrk 421, based on the rich archival data obtained during 2005 March–2008 June. The best fits of the 0.3–10 keV spectra were mainly obtained using the log-parabolic model, yielding low spectral curvatures expected in the case of the efficient stochastic acceleration of particles. During strong X-ray flares, the position of the synchrotron spectral energy distribution peak

was beyond 8 keV for 41 spectra, while it sometimes was situated at the UV frequencies in quiescent states. The photon index at 1 keV exhibited a broad range, and the values

were observed during the strong flares, hinting at the possible presence of a jet hadronic component. The spectral parameters were correlated in some periods, expected in the framework of the first- and second-order Fermi accelerations of X-ray emitting particles, as well as in the case of turbulence spectrum. The 0.3–10 keV flux and spectral parameters sometimes showed very fast variability down to the fluctuations by 6–20% in 180–960 s, possibly related to the small-scale turbulent areas containing strongest magnetic fields. X-ray and very high-energy fluxes often showed correlated variability, although several occurrences of more complicated variability patterns are also revealed, indicating that the multifrequency emission of Mrk 421 could not be generated in a single zone.
The r-process Pattern of a Bright, Highly r-process-enhanced Metal-poor Halo Star at [Fe/H] ∼ −2
Authors: Sakari Charli M. , Placco Vinicius M. , Hansen Terese , Holmbeck Erika M. , Beers Timothy C. , Frebel Anna , Roederer Ian U. , Venn Kim A. , Wallerstein George , Davis Christopher Evan , Farrell Elizabeth M. , Yong David
Published: February 2018

A high-resolution spectroscopic analysis is presented for a new highly r-process-enhanced ([Eu/Fe] = 1.27, [Ba/Eu] = −0.65), very metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −2.09), retrograde halo star, RAVE J153830.9–180424, discovered as part of the R-Process Alliance survey. At V = 10.86, this is the brightest and most metal-rich r-II star known in the Milky Way halo. Its brightness enables high-S/N detections of a wide variety of chemical species that are mostly created by the r-process, including some infrequently detected lines from elements like Ru, Pd, Ag, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Th, with upper limits on Pb and U. This is the most complete r-process census in a very metal-poor r-II star. J1538–1804 shows no signs of s-process contamination, based on its low [Ba/Eu] and [Pb/Fe]. As with many other r-process-enhanced stars, J1538–1804's r-process pattern matches that of the Sun for elements between the first, second, and third peaks, and does not exhibit an actinide boost. Cosmo-chronometric age-dating reveals the r-process material to be quite old. This robust main r-process pattern is a necessary constraint for r-process formation scenarios (of particular interest in light of the recent neutron star merger, GW170817), and has important consequences for the origins of r-II stars. Additional r-I and r-II stars will be reported by the R-Process Alliance in the near future.
Retreatment with Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir in Cirrhotic Patients with Genotype-4 who Failed a Previous Interferon-Free Regimen: A Case Series
Authors: Boglione Lucio , Pinna Simone Mornese , Lupia Tommaso , Cariti Giuseppe , Di Perri1 Giovanni
Published: February 2018

Background

The novel available interferon (IFN)-free regimens significantly improved the sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), without important side effects and with shorter duration of treatment. In a subset of patients, however, the treatment failure (TF) was due to the presence of resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) that lead to virological breakthrough (BT) or relapse. We analysed in this case series the role of RAS on the TF in cirrhotic patients with genotype (GT)4, treated with a previous IFN-free regimen, and retreated with the combination of sofosbuvir (SOF)/velpatasvir (VEL) for 12 or 24 weeks, without ribavirin (RBV).

Methods

We included in this analysis all patients with GT4 who failed a previous IFN-free treatment, with the presence of RAS at BT or relapse. All patients were retreated with a fixed combination of SOF/VEL for 12/24 weeks, without RBV. We evaluated the SVR and the MELD score change after the treatment.

Results

Seven patients were described. All were cirrhotic, Child–Pugh A ( n=5), B ( n=2); baseline RAS were detected in 4/7 subjects; at post-treatment detection, NS5 RAS were: F28S ( n=1), Q30K ( n=2), S30G ( n=1), NS3 were: S122R ( n=1), S122G ( n=2), D168V ( n=3). All retreated patients gained SVR. MELD score improved in all subjects with a median change of 3 points. No significant side effects or adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

The combination SOF/VEL could be considered for the retreatment of cirrhotic GT4 patients who failed a previous IFN-free treatment with the presence of RAS in NS3 or NS5 regions.
Occupation, Physical Workload Factors, and Disability Retirement as a Result of Hip Osteoarthritis in Finland, 2005–2013
Authors: Solovieva Svetlana , Kontio Tea , Viikari-Juntura Eira
Published: February 2018

Objective.

To identify occupations with a high risk of disability retirement as a result of hip osteoarthritis (OA), and to examine the effect of physical workload factors on the occupational differences in disability retirement.

Methods.

A total of 1,135,654 (49.4% women) Finns aged 30–60 years in gainful employment were followed from 2005 to 2013 for full disability retirement as a result of hip OA. Information on pensions, occupation, and education were obtained from national registers. Physical workload was assessed by a sex-specific job exposure matrix. We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates and examined the associations of occupation, education, and physical workload factors with disability retirement using a competing risk regression model.

Results.

Age-adjusted incidence rate was 25 and 22 per 100,000 person-years in men and women, respectively. Both men and women working in lower-level nonmanual and manual occupations had an elevated age-adjusted risk of disability retirement as a result of hip OA. A very high risk of disability retirement was found among male construction workers, electricians, and plumbers (HR 12.7, 95% CI 8.4–19.7), and female professional drivers (HR 15.2, 95% CI 7.5–30.8) as compared with professionals. After adjustment for age and education, the observed occupational differences in disability retirement were largely explained by physical workload factors among men and to a smaller extent, among women.

Conclusion.

Our results suggest that education and physical workload factors appear to be the major reasons for excess disability retirement as a result of hip OA in manual occupations, particularly among men.
Microscope-Integrated Intraoperative Ultrahigh-Speed Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography for Widefield Retinal and Anterior Segment Imaging
Authors: Lu Chen D. , Waheed Nadia K. , Witkin Andre , Baumal Caroline R. , Liu Jonathan J. , Potsaid Benjamin , Joseph Anthony , Jayaraman Vijaysekhar , Cable Alex , Chan Kinpui , Duker Jay S. , Fujimoto James G.
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To demonstrate the feasibility of retinal and anterior segment intraoperative widefield imaging using an ultrahigh-speed, swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) surgical microscope attachment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A prototype post-objective SS-OCT using a 1,050-nm wavelength, 400 kHz A-scan rate, vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) light source was integrated to a commercial ophthalmic surgical microscope after the objective. Each widefield OCT data set was acquired in 3 seconds (1,000 × 1,000 A-scans, 12 × 12 mm
2
for retina and 10 × 10 mm
2
for anterior segment).

RESULTS:

Intraoperative SS-OCT was performed in 20 eyes of 20 patients. In six of seven membrane peels and five of seven rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair surgeries, widefield retinal imaging enabled evaluation pre- and postoperatively. In all seven cataract cases, anterior imaging evaluated the integrity of the posterior lens capsule.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ultrahigh-speed SS-OCT enables widefield intraoperative viewing in the posterior and anterior eye. Widefield imaging visualizes ocular structures and pathology without requiring OCT realignment.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:94–102.]
Project Management Maturity and Associated Modeling
Authors: Pasian Beverly
Published: February 2018

A universal definition—much less an understanding—of project management maturity and its achievement does not exist. The issue raises many questions, and a review reveals inconsistencies. One is the disconnect between the use of prescriptive models relying on highly defined processes to measure capabilities that manage projects with undefined elements. Universities represent an organizational model on their own unique path toward project management maturity. Over the last decade, they have—as part of a larger trend where specialized management techniques are being adopted (such as strategic planning and business process re-engineering)—embraced project management practices in an attempt to apply a greater degree of planning and coordination to teaching and learning strategies. The management of e-learning projects has been directly affected by such developments and is presented here as representative of a reliable project management capability using non-process factors. This chapter explores these issues.
Insight in Changeability as a Success Factor for Projects
Authors: de Heer Koos , Lok Henk , Schouten Tim
Published: February 2018

Being able to adapt to changes quickly is an important asset in today's world. More and more organizations are becoming aware of a need to improve their capacity for change. A high project management maturity does only part of the job. The success of a change also depends on the attitude of the employees and managers towards change (change-readiness). When looking for a comprehensive framework to assess and improve an organization's change capacity, the authors failed to find an existing model that was complete in its scope. There was either a focus on project management maturity or on the emotional change-readiness, but never on both. This chapter describes the development and test of a comprehensive framework that assesses all relevant aspects of the ability of an organization to go through changes successfully. The instrument also yields indicators for interventions that can improve this ability.
Agile Maturity
Authors: Marnewick Carl , Langerman Josef
Published: February 2018

Information technology (IT) projects are not adding value to organizational strategies. This is due to the high failure rates of these projects. Agile is perceived as a possible solution to this dilemma and preliminary evidence indicates that this is actually the case. To enhance the success rates of IT projects, agile principles need to be adopted and this can only be done through a process of maturity. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the importance of agile in IT project success and to show how agile maturity can be achieved through the application of maturity models. Agile maturity models themselves are not the answer as organizations themselves should be agile mature. This is achieved through a new way of thinking and working. The conclusion is that there should be a new way of managing IT projects in order to achieve value.
Active Learning Strategies for Online Learning
Authors: Gordesky Josh , Cohen Andrew , Huebler Oliver , Jardine Olivia , Brandner Raphaela
Published: February 2018

Online concept maps and digital, adaptive learning flashcards are introduced as two active learning resources that increase the social presence in online courses. These resources apply the spacing effect, which improves learning when the study sessions are appropriately spread out instead of cramming the information into one long session. Also, retrieval practice, which occurs when the learner is required to visualize the response instead of passively reviewing the answer, is used with these resources as well. Strategies for using online concept maps and digital, adaptive learning flashcards are discussed to provide online instructors with ideas on how they can use these tools to build rapport in the online classroom that leads to meaningful learning experiences.
Association Between Information Literacy and Growth of Scientific Literature
Authors: Saravanan P.
Published: February 2018

The present chapter analyses the information literacy of the faculty members and also the relationship between information literacy and growth of literature. The survey was conducted among the faculty members of both Engineering and Arts & Science Colleges in Tamil Nadu. The study revealed that the majority of the faculty members have information literacy at average level. Academic productivity is more among the members of the faculty of Arts and Science Colleges than Engineering Colleges. Academic productivity shows information literacy significantly contributes to the growth of literature in their respective field. The comparison of information literacy among the faculty members shows that they differ significantly on information literacy based on age, type of college and familiarity of computer; and do not differ significantly based on gender, locality, experience, discipline and familiarity of internet.
Open Educational Resources and Scientific Literature
Authors: Prince G.
Published: February 2018

This chapter is intended to present briefly the open educational resources initiatives in India especially related to growth of scientific literature. Scholarly communication can be defined as the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make it possible as an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet and web 2.0 tools. Thus, the scholarly communications are available in the public domain in the open access platform. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels in electronic media of open access. Also presented is an overview of all available open source resources in Indian context.
Information Needs and Use Pattern of Educationists
Authors: Sheela P.
Published: February 2018

The chapter attempts to identify the information needs of educationists based on the citations in Master's degree dissertations in Education. The source for the study is the Master's degree dissertations submitted to the Manonmanium Sundaranar University during the period 1996 - 2006 from N.V.K.S.D. College of Education. The citation-based approach is followed in the study. Number of citations, cited articles, authors, frequency and percentage distributions were the tools used to analyze the data. Findings showed that journals were the most utilized reference materials in the dissertations. Indian periodicals are ranked first, followed by that from the USA. Mostly cited periodicals are published in the year 1993 with 181 citations (14.23%) and mostly-cited books were published in the year 1996 with 71 (13.95%) citations. Moreover, highest number of citations was in the year 1997 with 702(10.19%) citations and the lowest number of citations was during the year 2001 with 337(4.89%) citations.
Visualizing Zika Virus Research Literature Through Bibliometric Mapping
Authors: Munuswamy Usharani , Jeyasekar J. John
Published: February 2018

This study outlines a significant relationship between a spurt of research activity in the field and the outbreak of the Zika disease, for the purpose of visualizing the phenomenon. By using bibliographic research, it is possible to correlate data with this disease. To identify the hotspots of research the data is evaluated using the following parameters: literature growth since 1975; most prolific authors and their contributions; top contributing institution, country, and journal; identify co-authorship clusters of the authors and institutions; and finally, to create and examine co-word maps of the keywords. It is also found that under-developed countries like Senegal and Zambia have contributed to Zika research along with the USA, France and Germany. Forty-five per cent of the contributions are concentrated in six journals.
The Scientific Communication Process in Homoeopathic Toxicology
Authors: Ramadhas G. , Sankar A.S. Suman , Sugathan N.V.
Published: February 2018

The present chapter evaluates the growth of literature of Toxicology in Homoeopathy. The Scopus database is used as source for the study. Data pertaining to toxicology in homoeopathy for the period 1963 to 2017 is retrieved and analyzed. The study reveals that toxicology literature grows rapidly in the later stages than in the earlier period. The United States of America is the leading contributors at the global level and India is in second position. Among the contributors, E.J. Calabrese, Professor of Toxicology, University of Massachusetts is the most prolific author for Toxicology in Homoeopathy literature. University of Kalyani and University of Massachusetts are the leading institutions, majority of the records are published in the journal ‘Homoeopathy', which is published from the USA and major contributions are in the subject domain ‘medicine' (65.4 per cent). Most frequently repeated keywords in toxicology of homoeopathy literature are: homoeopathy, humans, non-human, unclassified drug and animals.
Research Contributions on Nephrology During 2010–2015
Authors: Natarajan Radhakrishnan
Published: February 2018

Nephrology is the adult and pediatric study of the kidneys and associated diseases. This chapter deals with the research productivity on Nephrology. Since the study is based on scientometric approach, the data has been retrieved from Web of Science database. The objectives of the study are: to identify the growth rate of research productivity, to trace the types of documents in Nephrology, to know the authorship pattern and language wise classification, and to find out the institution and geographical area wise distributions. Software packages such as Histcite and VOSviewer have effectively been used to analyze the data. In addition, various scientometric tools were also applied. As far as the contribution is concerned, the USA leads other parts of the world in Nephrology. English language dominates the globe in terms of publications.
Food and Environment
Authors: Gomes Pedro Pinheiro
Published: February 2018

Recent studies related the link between food consumption and impacts on environment and health. These may present variations according to the dietary patterns of different populations. This chapter assesses the impacts of six dietary patterns while emphasizing protein overconsumption and sustainability of food systems in a world where one billion people are hungry and several more suffer from conditions related to obesity. The chapter shows the nutritional disparity existent in different dietary patterns and potential to make changes. Changes in dietary patterns are an opportunity to contribute for environmental and health benefits. The analysis was based on a set of environmental indicators such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and land use demand, while providing a nutritional balance. The methodology comprehended a life cycle assessment in order to quantify the GHG emissions and the land use demand for food production. Finally, a review is made to focus on the benefits of shifting from current diet patterns to more sustainable ones, such as the Mediterranean.
Comparing the Effects of Unsustainable Production and Consumption of Food on Health and Policy Across Developed and Less Developed Countries
Authors: Mbonigaba Josue
Published: February 2018

The unsustainable food consumption across high-income countries (HICs) and low-income countries (LICs) is expected to differ in nature and extent, although no formal evidence in this respect has been documented. Documenting this evidence is the aim of this chapter. Specifically, the chapter seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Do the contexts in less developed countries (LDCs) and developed countries (DCs) make the nature and extent of unsustainability in food consumption different? 2) Do the mechanisms of the linkage between unsustainability of food consumption and health outcomes independent of countries' contexts? 3) Are current policies against unsustainable food consumption equally effective in DCs and LDCs? These questions are answered by means of a systematic review of the literature for the period 2000-2017. The findings are that the nature and extent of unsustainability is quite different across contexts of LICs and HICs.
Rights-Based Approach to Food and Nutrition Security in Nigeria
Authors: Ajayi Clementina Oluwafunke , Adenegan Kemisola O.
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the need for a rights-based approach to food and nutrition security in Nigeria. The topic is introduced with the definition of basic terms used throughout the chapter. The objectives of this chapter are to create awareness of the need to adopt a rights-based approach to food and nutrition security and help define the context of the right to food in Nigeria. The rest of the chapter sets out the roles of right holders, duty bearers, and accountable agents in food and nutrition security. It highlights their rights, obligations, and responsibilities, as well as voluntary guidelines and implications for a rights-based approach to food. The chapter also reviews policies that have been developed toward ensuring a right to food in Nigeria.
Economics of Soil Fertility Management Practices in Nigeria
Authors: Ogwu Ibukun Joyce , Omotesho Olubunmi Abayomi , Muhammad-Lawal Abdulazeez
Published: February 2018

The production of cereals, tubers, and vegetables largely depends on the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to offset their nutrients requirement. In this chapter, the authors identify different soil fertility management practices the maize farmers are using and examine the economic benefits of such practices in maize production. To complete the study, 237 maize farmers across Kogi and Kwara States, Nigeria were investigated. Descriptive statistics, gross margin, and multinomial logit tools were used to analyze the data. The results show that majority of the maize farmers (41.40%) use only inorganic material. Labour employed in the application of fertility materials, distance to the source of fertility materials, the quantity of seed planted, educational attainment, and gender of the maize farmer were the determinants of the use of fertility management practices relative to integrated soil fertility management (ISFM). The analyses of the results show that the use of ISFM for maize production is the most profitable method with a profitability ratio of 2.29.
Big Data Computation Model for Landslide Risk Analysis Using Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Venkatesan M.  , Prabhavathy P.
Published: February 2018

Effective and efficient strategies to acquire, manage, and analyze data leads to better decision making and competitive advantage. The development of cloud computing and the big data era brings up challenges to traditional data mining algorithms. The processing capacity, architecture, and algorithms of traditional database systems are not coping with big data analysis. Big data are now rapidly growing in all science and engineering domains, including biological, biomedical sciences, and disaster management. The characteristics of complexity formulate an extreme challenge for discovering useful knowledge from the big data. Spatial data is complex big data. The aim of this chapter is to propose a multi-ranking decision tree big data approach to handle complex spatial landslide data. The proposed classifier performance is validated with massive real-time dataset. The results indicate that the classifier exhibits both time efficiency and scalability.
Big Data Processing
Authors: Mukherjee Abhishek , Kumar Chetan , Datta Leonid
Published: February 2018

This chapter is a description of MapReduce, which serves as a programming algorithm for distributed computing in a parallel manner on huge chunks of data that can easily execute on commodity servers thus reducing the costs for server maintenance and removal of requirement of having dedicated servers towards for running these processes. This chapter is all about the various approaches towards MapReduce programming model and how to use it in an efficient manner for scalable text-based analysis in various domains like machine learning, data analytics, and data science. Hence, it deals with various approaches of using MapReduce in these fields and how to apply various techniques of MapReduce in these fields effectively and fitting the MapReduce programming model into any text mining application.
Modeling the Impact of Crises on Evolution of Pension Systems
Authors: Yakimova Larisa
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this chapter is twofold: to assess the relationship of the nonlinear dynamics of pension systems and economic cycles, and to develop a descriptive evolutionary model of the stages of pension systems. Hodrick-Prescott filter is used to identify cycles in the pension and economic dynamics. The study proved empirically that the evolutionary dynamics of pension systems depends on the cyclicity of national and world economies. In addition, the bifurcation points associate with big Kondratiev cycles, and the fluctuations of the indicators of pension systems correlate with the medium-term Juglar cycles. The crisis starts pension reforms. The results of this study indicate that public pension spending growth is countercyclical and coincident indicator relative to the global business cycle in 13 countries from 21 of the OECD countries studied. The amount and volatility of public pension spending depends on the basic pension model and has higher values in Bismarck-model countries.
Volatility Spillover Between Developed and Developing Markets During Crisis Period
Authors: Karakuş Rıfat , Küçük Şeyma Yılmaz , Bozkurt İbrahim
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to determine how the volatility spillover between developed and developing markets behaved during times of crisis. For this purpose, daily returns of indices from the Group of Seven countries and the fragile five countries between 2004 and 2016 are used. The volatility spillover between the markets is examined by the Lagrange multiplier-based causality-in-variance test. As a result of the study, it is determined that the volatility of emerging markets is less influenced by the developed markets in the crisis period than before the crisis and after the crisis. Furthermore, in the post-crisis period, an increase in the volatility spillover to the developed markets from the developing markets is detected.
E-Retailing Laws and Regulations in India
Authors: Mann Yogendra Nath , Mann Kavindra Nath
Published: February 2018

E-commerce in today's world has become one of the most essential parts of everyday life. Particularly for urban areas, the accessibility to platforms of e-commerce is not just an opportunity but rather a necessity for most people. In 2014, nearly 75% (2.1 billion) of all internet users in the world (2.8 billion) lived in top 20 countries. The remaining 25% (0.7 billion) were distributed among the other 178 countries, each representing less than 1% of total users. China, the country with the most users (642 million in 2014), represents nearly 22% of the total and has more users than the next three countries—United States, India, and Japan—combined. The growth of the e-commerce industry is not only indicative of the increasing openness of the public but has also brought to the front the issues that the legal system of the country has been faced with. The legal system has constantly tried to be updated especially with the enactment of IT Act to deal with lots of issues emerging from the use of the internet.
E-Retailing Laws and Regulations in India
Authors: Agarwal Pravin
Published: February 2018

Cross-border boundaries have changed the way business is being conducted. From time-consuming strenuous manual transactions, consumers have walked a long way to instant e-commerce transactions pushed across by ease and digitization of financial services. Thus rules and regulations are required for setting-up web sites, conducting of business, providing of financial services, digitizing of all commerce-related activities and services, protection of IPR, protecting against all risks and losses, all legal aspects including terms and conditions/conduct of trade/provision of after-sales service/security/entry and exit of start-ups/protection of consumer rights/crypto currency/virtual banks/legally acceptable unsigned documents/mobile commerce, and all other related aspects. These laws cannot be country specific but have to be framed with global outlook since transaction can happen from any place to any other place worldwide.
Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) and the Digital Economy
Authors: Ojo Marianne , DiGabriele James A.
Published: February 2018

The digital economy, undoubtedly, has contributed to the immense task of clearly identifying, ascertaining, and accounting for sources, rationales, and audit trails relating to tax transactions. This is not only evident owing to difficulties associated with cross-border transaction regulations which govern different jurisdictions as well as the enforcement of such regulations, but also in respect of risks associated with the present global financial environment – all having generated from the rise in automation, increased and improved sophisticated technologies, globalization, and conglomeration. This chapter not only seeks to highlight the extent, contribution, and significance of the digital economy in respect of those risks associated with base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) but also amongst other aims and objectives to recommend measures whereby regulations can be better enforced as a means of addressing practices associated with BEPS.
Total Quality Management Practices and Employees' Satisfaction
Authors: Álvarez-García José , del Río Rama María de la Cruz , Galeana-Figueroa Evaristo , Aguilasocho-Montoya Dora
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the results of an empirical case carried out in 2014 in a thermal centre in Spain are exposed. The aim of this study is to identify/evaluate current labour satisfaction of the employees to analyse strengths and weaknesses of the labour conditions that will allow the suggestion of some improvement actions to the managers and test whether the proposed scale based on the EFQM model is a valid measurement scale for measuring job satisfaction in organizations. A descriptive analysis was used as methodology, and a questionnaire was sent to 55 employees of the thermal centre with the aim to collect data; the response rate was of a 76.36%. The obtained results show that the employees are satisfied with the organizational climate, 4.09 points in average, and the measuring instrument was tested and validated. Furthermore, it shows areas with possibilities of improvement are training, internal communication, knowledge and identification of objectives, and organization and change management, on the other hand, the areas that need to improve are the work conditions, the perception of the executives and salary. The Originality this paper is detect the dimension's strengths and weaknesses of the labour.
Attrition Risk Management
Authors: Srivastava Anugamini Priya
Published: February 2018

A company cannot be successful if it fails to retain talent in the organization. They have to manage effectively their resources, comprising financial, psychical, and human resources. This is important because higher attrition rate can have various consequences that an attrition incident can cause. It can affect profitability, customer loyalty, revenue, and market image. This chapter aims to identify the antecedents and precedents of attrition in different sectors and evaluates the data received to understand the actual scenarios and its implication on future. This aspect is very important as employee attrition and retention strategies influence the trajectory of the organization.
Factors Affecting High Employee Turnover in Indian Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Singh Nishant
Published: February 2018

This chapter is an attempt to explore the factors affecting high employee turnover (ET) in the Indian manufacturing sector. The study shows the association between meaningful work (MWF), organizational information and communication (OIC), and organizational trust (OT). The authors have chosen convenience sampling method and 211 respondents' data was collected from the five Indian manufacturing organizations located in Uttarakhand state. Reliability and validity (convergent and divergent) were also checked and found high. They used conditional process modeling to check the mediation effect of OIC. Findings suggest that MWF positively impacts OT and OIC positively impacts OT. Partial mediation effect of OIC was also captured on the relationship of MWF and OT. The managerial implications, limitations, and future scope were also discussed in detail. These implications provide the good insights to all the employers who are constantly seeking the solution to resolve the issues of attrition and high ET in their respective organizations.
Employee Retention
Authors: Ponnuru Karteek Ramalinga , Gupta Rashik
Published: February 2018

Attrition is a major problem in many Indian IT firms. On an average, attrition stands at around 14.5% in many major IT firms, making it a major problem. Attrition is not only a result of poor HR policies; it is also because of the many aspirations and need for career development for many young professionals. This gap between fulfilling the aspirations of the new entrants and the scope of development at any organization is the result of attrition. From the study, it has also been concluded that recognition, valuing one's individual opinion, and also the aspect of broadening and the scope of an organization to provide enough career development prospects in terms of training, executive education, and salary, etc. are also factors because of which many young professionals leave their respective organizations. Therefore, there is a need to amend the existing employee practices in order to meet the ever-changing momentum across the organizations and reduce the cost that happens due to attrition.
Pedagogical Approaches and Service-Learning in Teacher Preparation
Authors: Sulentic Dowell Margaret-Mary , Meidl Tynisha D.
Published: February 2018

As the initial chapter in this volume, the authors set the tone by inviting service-learning practitioners who are situated within teacher education into dialogue regarding the foundational aspects of service-learning as an effective pedagogical approach for preparing pre-service teachers to teach from a culturally responsive stance. In this chapter, practitioners from across the field of teacher education's spectrum, from emerging scholars to veteran service-learning researchers, are encouraged to reflect on the ways they envision and position service-learning. Overall, service-learning is presented as a pedagogical approach involving various partners, including faculty, staff, students, community members, and agencies. This chapter foreshadows the varied methods and approaches contributors to this edited volume employ to strengthen and extend traditional field experiences and, thus, teacher preparation.
Service-Learning as a Means for Preparing Preservice Teachers to Work With English Language Learners
Authors: Cho Hyesun , Adams Debby J.
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores ways in which preservice content-area teachers were engaged in service-learning as part of a teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) methods course at a public research university in the U.S. Midwest. It describes the reflections of 26 undergraduate students majoring in English Language Arts, Math, Science, Foreign Languages, and Social Studies Education, who were involved in service-learning as a medial field experience. Findings reveal that the experience contributed tremendously to their understanding of the backgrounds of English language learners as well as the challenges these learners faced in and out of school. As a result of this “eye-opening” experience, teacher candidates reported a commitment to valuing diversity and equity in their future classrooms, as well as a responsibility to advocate for their culturally and linguistically diverse learners. The chapter concludes with suggestions for implementing service-learning for preservice teachers across content areas in a teacher education program.
The Value of Service-Learning in L2 Teacher Preparation
Authors: Lindahl Kristen M. , Tomas Zuzana , Farrelly Raichle , Krulatz Anna
Published: February 2018

Service-learning (SL) constitutes a particularly effective vehicle for engaging pre-service teachers with ELs during their university-level coursework, mostly due to the nature of SL that addresses the potential cultural and linguistic mismatch between teachers and learners in today's school systems by encouraging future educators to engage with the communities of their students long before they enter the teaching profession. This chapter describes four cases that demonstrate how second language (L2) teacher education programs utilize service-learning (SL) to engage pre-service teachers in diverse cultural and linguistic contexts through the lens of pedagogy of particularity. Each case presents four consistent key principles of service-learning: course content, community collaboration, integrated assignments that guide student engagement, and reflective practices that culminate the SL experience.
Establishing Asset Thinking With Preservice Teachers
Authors: Meidl Christopher , Chao Xia , FitzGerald Anne Marie
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores how deficit and asset thinking of preservice teachers is influenced when they are provided with community-engaged learning (CEL) that prepares them to serve children and families from a marginalized community. Twenty-seven early childhood education preservice teachers participated in CEL at a local HUD neighborhood as part of a junior level course called Families, Schools, and Communities. Narrative inquiry guided the methodological framework to analyze data from course assignments including weekly Exit Slips and student reflections from the actual CEL experience. From those data sources, several themes emerged in relation to asset thinking, deficit think, and pedagogical approaches to learning about marginalized communities using CEL. Students recognized asset thinking in a variety of ways, but also were stuck using deficit thinking to judge the community's utility of a childcare event.
International Service-Learning in Practice
Authors: Habashy Noel B.
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores key theoretical concepts relevant to the planning and implementation of international (and domestic) service-learning programs. This chapter explores the power dynamics of international service-learning through four key theoretical concepts: the politics of power, local knowledge, framing, and problem definition. While these ideas are particularly appropriate for international service-learning program, they are also relevant for domestic service-learning partnerships in nearby communities. In addition to providing theoretical frameworks, this chapter identifies recommendations for practice in order to address each of the four challenges identified. Universities must consider these factors if they wish to develop stronger programs with reciprocal benefits to communities and students. With stronger partnerships, better development will occur for both students and community members.
Insider Attack Analysis in Building Effective Cyber Security for an Organization
Authors: Dhavale Sunita Vikrant
Published: February 2018

Recent studies have shown that, despite being equipped with highly secure technical controls, a broad range of cyber security attacks were carried out successfully on many organizations to reveal confidential information. This shows that the technical advancements of cyber defence controls do not always guarantee organizational security. According to a recent survey carried out by IBM, 55% of these cyber-attacks involved insider threat. Controlling an insider who already has access to the company's highly protected data is a very challenging task. Insider attacks have great potential to severely damage the organization's finances as well as their social credibility. Hence, there is a need for reliable security frameworks that ensure confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and availability of organizational information assets by including the comprehensive study of employee behaviour. This chapter provides a detailed study of insider behaviours that may hinder organization security. The chapter also analyzes the existing physical, technical, and administrative controls, their objectives, their limitations, insider behaviour analysis, and future challenges in handling insider threats.
Online Research Methods
Authors: Kaye Linda K.
Published: February 2018

With the advancement of technology and internet connectivity, the potential for alternative methods of research is vast. Whilst pen-and-paper questionnaires and laboratory studies still prevail within most scientific disciplines, many researchers are selecting more contemporary methods for undertaking research. This chapter provides an overview of a number of key online research methodologies to highlight their role in scientific investigation. In particular, it suggests how these may function to enhance our understanding of psychological issues, particularly within areas relating to cybersecurity.
Emerging Threats for the Human Element and Countermeasures in Current Cyber Security Landscape
Authors: Benson Vladlena , McAlaney John , Frumkin Lara A.
Published: February 2018

The chapter presents an overview of emerging issues in the psychology of human behaviour and the evolving nature of cyber threats. It reflects on the role of social engineering as the entry point of many sophisticated attacks and highlights the relevance of the human element as the starting point of implementing cyber security programmes in organisations as well as securing individual online behaviour. Issues associated with the emerging trends in human behaviour research and ethics are presented for further discussion. The chapter concludes with a set of open research questions warranting immediate academic attention to avoid the exponential growth of information breaches in the future.
Aspects of Content Generation Through Narrative Communication and Simulation
Authors: Ogata Takashi , Asakawa Shin
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the authors focus on narrative contents by considering and analyzing narrative communication and simulation. In particular, the authors present the multiple narrative structures model and informational narratology as original theoretical frameworks in seeking to undertake narrative hierarchical and multiple structures and micro and macro structures. The authors also introduce, as designing and developing systems, the integrated narrative generation system (INGS) for implementing the narrative micro mechanism, and the geinō information system (GIS) for designing the macro mechanism. Furthermore, neural network technologies including deep learning are also introduced to show the technological possibility of implementing narrative generation systems. These show a synthesized approach or establish a paradigm for narrative generation studies.