bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A City and a Sport
Authors: Bhattacharya Nikhilesh
Published: December 2021

The first hockey clubs in India were established in Calcutta in the mid 1800s. And yet by the 1960s, hockey was no longer a prominent sport in the city. Nikhilesh Bhattacharya takes us on a journey into the past of hockey in Calcutta structuring a history of the city’s significance to the game that has been lost in the telling. The author shows that a historiography of a sport need not be based on a perusal of documents alone, but may be explored through the experiences of players on the field and in the lives they led outside the sport as well. In this chapter while the narrative of the 50-odd years before independence is built on newspaper reports, magazine articles and existing literature on hockey, for the later years, the story unfolds in the words and lives of hockey greats, Keshav Datt, Jaswant Singh Rajput, Leslie Claudius and Gurbux Singh and Joseph Thomas Galibardy (through the words of his son Neville Galibardy.)
The Uneven Development of Sport Policy in India
Authors: Kruthika N.S. , Sood Sarthak
Published: December 2021

Although there have been efforts to have a uniform set of guidelines to govern sport across the country, no national sports policy has had long-lasting or consistent effect in sports governance. This disconnect between National and State sports policies has meant that differing standards have been imposed on sports organisations across the country. Any attempt at creating an effective sports policy in India, Kruthika N.S. and Sarthak Sood argue, must first scrutinise the development and implementation of various state and national sports policies that have been codified in the past. This chapter aims to suggest recommendations on the themes to be tackled in an effective sports policy. India must urgently facilitate an ecosystem conducive for sports development, from the grassroots level to elite sport. Such a plan, especially with our nation of great inequalities, will require collective action by both the Centre and the States and should envisage a governance system that can sustain and embrace Indian sport.
Doping in Sports
Authors: Mohan K.P.
Published: December 2021

Elite sports requires the reasoned development and fair implementation of rules and regulations across nations K P Mohan details how doping regulations are applied and misapplied in India, underlining the disarray in sports administration. At a time when doping is threatening to isolate nations from the mainstream of Olympic sports, and Russia is struggling to shed its ‘state-sponsored’ doping image to retain its place in the world of sports, India seems unperturbed by its status as one of the leading countries in the world of doping. For three successive years from 2013, India had the dubious distinction of being number three in the world doping charts but the attempts to curb the menace have not met with desired results. The author argues, with grave evidence that India needs to devise better programmes of educating athletes and implementing regulations.
State, Market, and Media in Indian Cricket
Authors: Halder Avipsu
Published: December 2021

Avipsu Halder’s essay distils a watershed moment when big private broadcasters muscled out state media, and sports became vulnerable to global market forces. Using a political economy perspective the author points out that the socioeconomic groups that dominate the state and its agencies are also at the helm in sports, especially cricket and its governance. Further the differences among these forces over India’s globalisation played itself out in the disputes over broadcast rights and regulations in the early years. The author examines two moments, one, the Hero Cup and how the Doordarshan lost its rights to broadcast. and the allocation of television rights for Indian Premier League matches in and after 2004. In both cases the roles played by the state, its media arm, a private players and the cricketing bodies.
Forms and Ethics of Baloch Midwifery
Authors: Towghi Fouzieyha
Published: December 2021

In Pakistan, the rise of unnecessary uterotonic injections to induce childbirth, sometimes also resulting in hysterectomies, has women returning to dhīnabogs (Baloch midwives) to heal the iatrogenic effects of biomedical interventions; and reinforcing local assumptions about the benefits of Balochi dhawā/medicine, dhīnabogiri or midwifery, and homebirths. Drawing on ethnographic research in Balochistan the chapter traces how dhīnabogs’ work, ethical stances, and critical outlook concerning the iatrogenic effects of biomedical interventions are non-oppositional forms of everyday resistance. The protective role of dhīnabogiri is embedded in the intimate aspects of childbirth that profoundly structure the ethical relationship between the labouring woman and her dhīnabog. This relationship is defined not only by dhīnabogs’ concern for the well-being of mother and child, but also by their character and ethics, which are inscribed in the vernacular and social authorized praxis of dhīnabogs , kawwās (expert midwives) and balluk (granny midwives).
Son Preference in India
Authors: Jullien Clémence
Published: December 2021

Through a focus on Rajasthan, this chapter analyses how government awareness campaigns for gender equality, as well as a sharp rise in institutional deliveries throughout the country in the 2000s, have affected how son preference is discussed and treated in hospitals. Drawing on 3 months of ethnographic fieldwork in a government hospital in Jaipur, this chapter shows that the condemnation of son preference has enhanced regimes of medical and moral surveillance within obstetric wards. Not only does it contribute to further castigation and self-disciplining mechanisms, but it also constitutes a new opportunity for social distinction. While condemning son preference practices, women, nurses, and doctors are constantly finding scapegoats in social classes, state, and generational differences. Thus, this chapter considers whether the public condemnation of son preference, currently jeopardizing the relationship of trust between caregivers and patients, could undermine government policies on safe motherhood.
Discourses of Childlessness in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Mirza Taslima
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the discourses around medical and alternative treatments that emerged in the accounts of 11 middle-class Bengali women who sought treatment for their childlessness. Fertility has been considered a prime problem for Bangladesh since the 1980s, and policy documents still focus on fertility reduction, along with reducing maternal mortality. Yet, no recent policy documents considered childlessness as a problem. This investigation informs of the links between biomedical power and childlessness as they are emerging in urban Bangladesh. The sections of this chapter discuss the concepts of biopower and agency, illustrate the different trajectories interviewees pursued in dealing with childlessness, focus on the issue of the so-called perfect age for assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments, and explore interviewees’ stories of their experiences of IVF. The concluding section discusses these women’s accounts of the beliefs according to which they actively decide their technological options.
Bravery
Authors: Pentiuc Eugen J.
Published: December 2021

This chapter analyzes the Scriptures in several hymns prescribed for Holy Wednesday, whose central theme is bravery as exemplified by the sinful woman who anointed Jesus’s feet (Luke 7:36–50). The gospel story was turned into a liturgical hymn, known as the Kassia hymn, after its composer, the ninth-century female hymnographer Kassia of Constantinople. The sinful woman’s bravery is contrasted with Eve’s timidity and shamefulness. Unlike the sinful woman who approached Jesus’s feet seeking mercy, Eve, after having sinned, hid herself among the trees of the Garden of Eden at the sound of God’s “feet” walking through the garden (Gen 3:8). The “feet,” whose “striking sound” (krotos) Eve heard, as Kassia notes, were the same as Jesus’s feet which the sinful woman saw, touched, anointed, and kissed. The contrast between Eve and the sinful woman points to God’s revelation that moves from the “sonic” (Eve) to “visual” (the sinful woman) phase.
The Unraveling
Authors: Bosco David
Published: December 2021

The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.
Jockeying for Position
Authors: Bosco David
Published: December 2021

The Falklands War was a reminder that naval conflict could mean massive restrictions on the use of the oceans. Meanwhile, few Western countries ratified the Convention in the decade after it was finalized. With the Convention stalled, the United States conducted “freedom of navigation” operations to ensure that countries did not claim more of the oceans than Washington thought legal. US operations led to a clash with Libya and a confrontation with the Soviet Union. Other countries focused on sharpening claims to islands, which could give governments rights to nearby waters. At the same time, pressure grew on countries to grapple with overfishing. The costs of unrestricted high-seas fishing became evident in the Bering Sea, where a multinational fleet exhausted fish stocks. The thawing of the Cold War led to diplomatic breakthroughs on both high-seas fishing and seabed mining, paving the way for large-scale ratifications of the Convention.
The Social Mediation of Economic Discourse
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

In the course of the nineteenth century, political economy shifted from a discourse printed in books and journals and directed primarily at ‘men of affairs’ to a stratified public discourse. Where argument had once appealed to ‘reason’, argument by authority now became more significant in the teaching and publications of academic economists. This chapter shows the media through which this transition was effected—clubs, societies, and associations, adult extension teaching, popular literature, the creation of examinations and professional qualifications, and, in some limited cases, certification for employment, plus the creation of specialised academic journals.
Why Not Oxford?
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

The first undergraduate economics programme was created in Cambridge, but before his appointment Alfred Marshall was employed as a tutor by Balliol College Oxford. This chapter explains why, if Marshall had remained in Oxford, and even if he had succeeded the incumbent Professor of Political Economy, he would not have been able to achieve in Oxford what he did in Cambridge, after his appointment there in late 1884. The reason for this lies in the curricular differences between Oxford and Cambridge—in Oxford, Classics was the primary degree for much of the nineteenth century, with a minor Mathematics path—and also the relationship between college and university. In Cambridge, lecturing on the various Triposes was organised at the level of the university, by Special Boards of Study; arguments could therefore be made in university debates that could then result in university-wide changes. In Oxford, by contrast, lecturing was organised directly by colleges among themselves, cutting out the prospect of discussion at the level of the university itself. This and other differences between Oxford and Cambridge militated against the kind of innovations possible in Cambridge, with for example the establishment of the Natural Sciences Tripos in the 1870s.
Anita Bryant Leads a Moral Crusade
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

During the 1960s and 1970s, Anita Bryant made a name for herself as a former beauty queen, a pop star, and a spokeswoman for national brands including Coca-Cola, Tupperware, and Florida Orange Juice. She was especially beloved among evangelical audiences, who also knew her for her frequent publication of small volumes of personal memoir and spiritual advice. In 1976, her public image shifted dramatically when she became the face of a backlash against the emerging gay liberation movement, first in Miami and then nationally. Her story demonstrates how some prominent evangelical women transformed their celebrity into a political platform during the rise of the New Christian Right in the 1970s. It also highlights the strategies that these women used to understand and justify their political roles in light of their sincere commitment to conservative gender and family norms.
Beverly LaHaye Defies Feminism
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

In 1979, Beverly LaHaye founded Concerned Women for America (CWA), which would quickly become the nation’s largest lobbying group for conservative women. With chapters across the country, CWA has been responsible for mobilizing hundreds of thousands of conservative women to become active for conservative causes at the local, state, and federal levels. LaHaye began her career as a megachurch pastor’s wife and the author of marital and spiritual advice for evangelical women. When she turned her attention to politics, she used the language and networks of evangelical women’s culture to mobilize others. Her story demonstrates how even women who took on definitive political leadership roles had to negotiate persistent ambivalence within conservative evangelical communities, both about politics in general and about women’s roles within it. LaHaye’s relationship with Catholic activist Phyllis Schlafly also highlights the limits of ecumenical cooperation within the New Christian Right, even as that movement was defined by new alliances between conservative Protestants, Catholics, Mormons, and Jews.
Scarcely Making Ends Meet
Authors: Hale-Dorrell Aaron T.
Published: December 2021

The Soviet Union’s path through crises of collectivization, World War II, and postwar famine established important preconditions for Khrushchev’s reforms to agriculture and associated changes in rural society. Early visionaries imagined highly productive industrial farms. Under Stalin, the government and Communist Party violently nationalized peasant farms, subordinating combined agricultural enterprises to a bureaucracy that forcibly requisitioned grain but lacked the means and wherewithal to facilitate increases in productivity. Farms and farmers struggled to make ends meet before, during, and after the war, when they faced harsh conditions that culminated in famine. Even privileged urban workers and officials remained reliant on farms for food and therefore faced lean times. When Stalin died in March 1953, his successors moved quickly to address this agrarian crisis. These conditions opened the way for Khrushchev to pursue his distinct version of industrial agriculture and launch his initiative to rapidly expand corn cultivation.
Modeling the Apparent Self
Authors: Bernini Marco
Published: December 2021

After radical blows inflicted by empiricist or pragmatist thinkers like David Hume or William James, cognitive science is today largely rejecting Descartes’ view of the self as an internal and unified “thing” or substance. The growing amount of books by foremost philosophers of mind (Metzinger 2009) and neuroscientists (Hood 2012; Gazzaniga 2012) on the so-called “illusion of self” (Albahari 2006; see also Siderits et al. 2011) is the most tangible sign of how the current dominating theory is rather that we are not who we feel or think we are. If hardly anybody questions that our common phenomenological sense of being or having a self is real, the illusion would reside precisely in a misalignment between this phenomenological feeling and a different underlying ontology. This debate has led to a vital new “tradition of disagreements” (Gallagher 2012, 122–127), with a variety of competing or complementing explanatory models attempting to account for what is illusory about the self, for what is not, and for how this illusion is generated. These models will be progressively reviewed throughout this chapter, as the theoretical ground against which to understand and analyze Beckett’s own variety of modeling solutions in exploring what he also called, in a letter to George Duthuit on July 27, 1948, “the illusion of the human and the fully realised” (BL II, 86).
Two Options for the Branching of Histories
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

The chapter discusses how the histories in a common BST structure are related. By the axioms of the core theory of BST, any two histories share some past, but there are different ways to implement this. These are distinguished by the so-called prior choice principles, which make specific demands on the way in which histories branch. On one option (which yields structures of BST92), histories branch, or remain undivided, at points, which means that there is a maximal element in the overlap of any two histories. The other option (which yields BSTNF structures) prohibits the existence of such maximal elements and works with so-called choice sets. The chapter discusses the pattern of branching in the two theories, BST92 and BSTNF, also with respect to topology. As it turns out, the two theories are are intertranslatable. The chapter ends with a sketch of these translatability results.
Branching in Relativistic Space-Times
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

The chapter shows how local indeterminism underlying BST combines with relativistic space-times. First it defines particular BST structures in which histories are isomorphic to Minkowski space-times. It further argues that many general relativistic space-times are one-history structures of BST. It introduces the notion of non-Hausdorff differential manifolds and investigates if they can be interpreted modally, as structures of BST with multiple histories. It investigates bifurcating curves in non-Hausdorff manifolds, which are natural representations of alternative evolutions of point-like objects. As the required bifurcating curves are unlikely in General Relativity, whereas there are cases of indeterministic general relativistic space-times, the chapter concludes that General Relativity is globally indeterministic, but locally deterministic.
Design of Spoken Language Tests for Hearing L1 Children
Authors: Roy Penny , Chiat Shula
Published: December 2021

The identification of language problems and subsequent evaluation of interventions depend in part on the availability of useful and psychometrically robust assessments to determine the nature and severity of a child’s problems and monitor progress. This chapter addresses issues involved in the development of spoken language tests for L1 children and the ways in which they have been addressed, with reference to specific examples. Spoken language here refers to oral language, both receptive (comprehension) and expressive (production). The authors draw on a range of existing tests to illustrate the decisions that need to be made when assessing children’s language; they then discuss issues that arise in the development of new tests, drawing on examples of tests that the authors have themselves developed.
Discussion of Issues Related to Spoken and Signed Language Test Design for L1 Children
Authors: Chiat Shula , Herman Rosalind , Rowley Katherine , Roy Penny
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the development of spoken language tests (Chapter 1.1) and signed language tests (Chapter 1.2) for L1 children and the ways in which they have been addressed. We highlight the common issues and challenges in spoken and signed language assessment as well as the differences, e.g., availability of tests. In so doing, we consider how experience with spoken language assessment—for example, the development of methods for assessing language abilities that are independent of language experience—may inform test development in signed language. We also consider how awareness of issues in signed language assessment may increase awareness of similar issues that are easily overlooked in spoken language assessment—for example, the range of communication contexts and partners that children regularly encounter—and stimulate critical reflection on the use of language tests in general. One specific recommendation the chapter has for developers of signed language tests in the future is to consider areas that are unique to signed communication and critical to signing children’s language development.
Discussion of Issues Related to Score Use and Interpretation of First Spoken and Signed Language Assessments
Authors: Boudreault Patrick , Camilleri Bernard , Enns Charlotte
Published: December 2021

A standardized assessment of spoken languages will collect data from native, monolingual speakers, thus establishing the range of receptive and/or expressive abilities of children across different ages. Similarly, normative data for standardized assessments of signed language are established by collecting data from native signing deaf children. Where the difference arises is the way in which the normative data relate to the target populations and the individuals within those populations who are being assessed. While standardized assessments of spoken language are normed on and predominantly intended for use with native speakers of that language, standardized assessments of signed language are intrinsically designed for use with a heterogenous group of children, of whom only a minority have the opportunity of learning signed language as their native language. In this chapter, key items related to score use and interpretation in first language (L1) assessment that were presented in Chapters 2.1 and 2.2 will be jointly discussed by the authors.
Dynamic Assessment of Learners of a Spoken Language
Authors: Hasson Natalie
Published: December 2021

Dynamic assessment (DA), or the assessment of learning potential, is becoming recognized as an alternative method that has wide application within the assessment of language. In moving away from comparison to normative data, the assessment enables a wider range of children to be assessed, including all of those for whom the norms do not apply, such as children with autistic spectrum conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hearing loss, and bi- or multilingual children. In addition to differentiating language difficulties due to lack of experience with the target language from developmental language disorders (DLD), the DA procedure contributes a considerable amount of qualitative information about the learning skills of the test-taker. This chapter reviews the multiple models and methods of DA and the work that has been done to develop tools to assess language skills in first language learners.
Dynamic Assessment of Learners of a Signed Language
Authors: Mann Wolfgang , Hoskin Joanna , Dumbrill Hilary
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, the authors discuss the use of dynamic language assessment with signing deaf children. This is a fairly new area, and, in spite of the growing interest on behalf of researchers and practitioners, there is very limited research. Given the lack of available studies, the authors use anecdotal information that draws on observations made by two of the authors from their own work with signing deaf children, one in a hospital and the other in a school setting. Some of the questions that will guide the discussions are: What makes dynamic assessment useful for signing deaf children? And, how do we determine that dynamic assessment is appropriate for a particular child, and how do we evaluate whether it works? The authors finish with a look at possible future directions and present recommendations on how to make dynamic assessment (more) meaningful for use with signing deaf children.
Assessing Spoken Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kissel Frisbie Amy
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, the author discusses assessment of language development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to evidence-based practice, it is vital to evaluate all aspects of communication in order to determine a specific diagnosis or to direct intervention. While this is true for any child suspected of having a language impairment, it is especially true for children also diagnosed with ASD. Although there are a number of accepted standardized measures to evaluate receptive and expressive language and speech articulation, evaluation of pragmatic abilities is often more complicated. With the incidence of children and young adults with ASD, and social (pragmatic) communication disorders, on the rise in all settings, it is vital to thoughtfully consider best practice related to the thorough assessment of communication abilities for those with ASD, from our youngest learners to adolescents.
Discussion of Issues Related to Assessment of Signed or Spoken Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kissel Frisbie Amy , Shield Aaron , Mood Deborah , Salamy Nicole , Henner Jonathan
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a joint discussion of key items presented in Chapters 4.1 and 4.2 related to the assessment of deaf and hearing children on the autism spectrum . From these chapters it becomes apparent that a number of aspects associated with signed language assessment are relevant to spoken language assessment. For example, there are several precautions to bear in mind about language assessments obtained via an interpreter. Some of these precautions apply solely to D/HH children, while others are applicable to assessments with hearing children in multilingual contexts. Equally, there are some aspects of spoken language assessment that can be applied to signed language assessment. These include the importance of assessing pragmatic language skills, assessing multiple areas of language development, differentiating between ASD and other developmental disorders, and completing the language evaluation within a developmental framework. The authors conclude with suggestions for both spoken and signed language assessment.
Developmental Language Disorder and the Assessment of Spoken Language
Authors: Murphy Carol-Anne , Frizelle Pauline , McKean Cristina
Published: December 2021

Developmental language disorder (DLD), previously known as specific language impairment (SLI), is a long-term developmental disorder affecting approximately 7.5% of children. Language abilities in children with DLD are variable and can be challenging to ascertain with confidence. This chapter aims to discuss some of the challenges associated with assessing the language skills of children with DLD through an overview of different forms of language assessment including standardized language testing, language sample analysis, and observations. Uses and limitations of the different forms of assessment are considered, bearing in mind the different functions of assessment and the need to gain a full understanding of children’s profiles of strength and weakness and communicative functioning in context. The authors conclude with requirements for best practice in assessment and promising avenues of development in this area.
Developmental Language Disorder and the Assessment of Signed Language
Authors: Quinto-Pozos David
Published: December 2021

In recent years, deaf and/or hard of hearing (D/HH) children with atypical signed language abilities have become the focus of attention by researchers and educators, especially clinicians in programs that focus on bilingual (signed-written/spoken) education. Studies have shown that Deaf children with a language disorder present with a myriad of linguistic challenges, including struggles with fingerspelling comprehension, complex morphology, or lexical processing. This chapter highlights methods commonly used in assessing children suspected of having a developmental signed language disorder. In addition, it outlines issues that are critical for working with D/HH children, such as considering the possible role of co-occurring disabilities (such as attention deficits and autism) and obtaining information and support from parents and educators/clinicians. Finally, the chapter outlines suggestions for researchers and clinicians working together to identify and provide intervention for children suspected of having a developmental signed language disorder.
Assessing Signed Language Skills in Bi-/Multilingual, Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children
Authors: Crowe Kathryn
Published: December 2021

Providing appropriate and evidence-based services for linguistically diverse, bilingual, and multimodal deaf and/or hard-of-hearing (D/HH) children is an important aspect of education and intervention programs. The increasing linguistic diversity of D/HH children creates challenges for professionals who need to understand and document these children’s linguistic systems through appropriate and informative assessment of children’s speech, and spoken language, and/or sign language skills. However, assessment can prove challenging, particularly when a child’s language environment contains more than one language in one or more modality. In this chapter, areas of assessment relevant to bilingual D/HH children are discussed to guide practitioners’ decisions on selecting and using appropriate assessment materials and approaches. Special focus is given to assessment considerations that can inform practice when assessment resources for a particular language are not available.
Validation of Signed Language Assessments for Adult L2 Learners
Authors: Schönström Krister , Hauser Peter C. , Rathmann Christian
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the validity of tests of second language (L2) signed language learners. Test validity depends on how test developers take the language as well as the modality into consideration and how the test captures natural variation in local signed languages, which impacts the use of tests and interpretation of results. In this chapter, the argument-based approach to validation is used to evaluate claims that test developers make about the uses of tests. A sample of signed language tests for L2 learners is reviewed and discussed. Caution in the extrapolation and making decisions based on test results are discussed. The chapter ends with suggestions about how to evaluate the validity of future L2 signed language tests.
New Technologies in Second Language Spoken Assessment
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Hegelheimer Volker
Published: December 2021

In second language (L2) spoken assessment, one challenge has been to mimic real-life situations. New technologies may help improve test authenticity by placing language learners into authentic settings. This chapter provides an overview of the use and usefulness of new technologies in L2 spoken assessment and outlines inherent opportunities and challenges presented by these technologies. Specifically, it discusses commonly used technologies for test design, delivery, and scoring of examinees’ responses. It concludes with a visitation of Douglas’s warning that “language testing … driven by technology, rather than technology being employed in the services of language testing, is likely to lead us down a road best not traveled” in light of recent technological advances.
Discussion on New Technologies in Spoken and Signed Language Assessment
Authors: Ebling Sarah , Nguyen Phuong , Hegelheimer Volker , Cihan Camgöz Necati , Bowden Richard
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses the implications of second language (L2) spoken assessment technologies and signed language assessment technologies. Specifically, the authors discuss how signed language recognition technology can be applied for the assessment of interactional competence in L2 spoken language assessment. The chapter outlines assessment management systems and the improvement of signed language recognition and animation technologies as important steps to support L2 signed language assessment. The authors also propose directions for future technological developments in both spoken language and signed language assessment. This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the use of new technologies in signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 12.1 and 12.2.
Buddhist Ethics as Moral Phenomenology
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter explains Buddhist ethics as moral phenomenology, that is, as a theory of the transformation of our moral experience of ourselves, others, and the world. It compares Buddhist “input ethics” to Western “output ethics” and explains how Buddhist practice aims at developing a less pathological, less egocentric view of our place in the world by cultivating a sense of interdependence. The discussion is grounded in Śāntideva’s Bodhicāryāvatāra, and explores his insights on anger, aversion, vice, and generosity. Śāntideva argues for the importance of developing our moral self-awareness, and changing the way we view suffering, both of ourselves and others.
Describing Side Two
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: December 2021

This chapter offers the first in-depth musical analysis of Big Science’s second half. Using the paradigms of chronos and kairos explained in chapter 1, it uncovers historical origins, intertextualities, structural characteristics, and the remarkable signs of the songs. Tracks discussed are “O Superman,” “Example #22,” “Let X = X,” and “It Tango.” Particularly noteworthy is the new historical research into the origins of “O Superman,” Laurie Anderson’s top-charting and most well-known song.
The Natural Sciences
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

Part II of the book takes up questions of curriculum, beginning with the natural sciences. The aim throughout Part II is to identify what all students should share. The sciences bring material benefits, not only to the societies out of which new research comes but also to the entire human population. Hence it is important to train young people who can build on past achievements to make new advances in the future. Scientific education is not merely for the few who fill this important role, or even for the larger number who will draw on established science in their daily employment. The results of science should be as widely available as possible, not simply because of the intrinsic value of understanding but, more importantly, because policy debates often turn on scientific details. General education in science should preserve the curiosity most children have, and instill scientific literacy. The chapter argues that this is best done by distinguishing the curriculum for specialists from a broad general education in science, and it formulates concrete proposals for how this might be achieved.
The Characterisation of God and the Retributive Punishment of David
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

Evidence from 2 Sam 12–20 and related texts is sought to give depth to a portrait of God’s characterisation related to retribution: God can be described as judging and ruling, author of covenant and curse, creator, redistributor of power and possessions, and demonstrating fatherly love. The key phrases ‘evil in the eyes of the LORD’ and ‘favour in the eyes of the LORD’ are examined for insights into God’s interior judgement. Whilst the former suggests impartiality and the latter partiality, both are subjective interior responses of God after David’s actions gain God’s attention and are consistent with God’s covenant relationship with David. External descriptions of God as transcendent and communicating through a prophet are used to develop the divine characterisation further.
God has Become your Enemy
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

The interpretation of Saul’s sins, the prophetic condemnation against him, and his rejection by God in 1 Sam 13 and 15 is contested in scholarship. Many interpretations have been influenced by or respond to the interpretation of David Gunn that Saul is unfairly rejected. Main themes in Part 2 on upheavals in divine retribution in the stories of Saul and Eli are introduced. These include questions around the proportionality of Saul’s punishment to his transgressions; God’s hostility towards the Amalekites and king Agag as a model of divine hostility towards Saul; and the central role of the portrayal of God’s emotions for evaluating Saul’s rejection ethically.
The House of Eli and God’s Delight
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

The rejection of Saul is compared and contrasted with the rejection of the house of Eli. The rejection of Eli is another upheaval of retribution, indicated in 1 Sam 2:25, where God prevents Eli’s sons from repenting because God delighted to kill them. Eli’s sons break universal laws, but Eli’s offence is a command he could not keep, like Saul’s transgressions. Although there are many elements of proportionality in the punishment on the house of Eli, it is not retribution because there is no restoration. The violence against the house of Eli is created by divine departure of the ark, rather than active enmity. Later priestly politics, and Zadokite support for the Davidic kings, probably lies behind these narratives as Eli’s replacement will remain loyal to the Davidic king.
Who is Able to Stand before the LORD, this Holy God?
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

Two accounts of the ark’s violence in 1 Sam 6:19 and 2 Sam 6:7 have prompted a multitude of interpretations in scholarship. Most explanations for the violence of the ark assume the violence is related to the right (or wrong) treatment of the ark. Even if these interpretations acknowledge that the violence is out of proportion to the transgression, they propose, nevertheless, that a known law has been broken; or the violence establishes a custom for the ark’s treatment or endorses the ark’s holiness. This chapter introduces the thought of Walter Benjamin whose work gives categories to understand divine violence as neither preserving or creating law.
Good Boy Gone Bad
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

This chapter details Zayn’s construction of “post boy band masculinity.” His departure from One Direction instigated an extensive reconfiguration of his public identity, and the bulk of the chapter concerns the creation of discursive distance between his solo persona and his boy band past. The chapter opens with a thorough assessment of the prevailing prejudices that characterize boy bands as innocent, immature, and inauthentic. It is in response to such prejudices, it is argued, that Zayn’s transformation was undertaken in a bid to authenticate his solo persona in both musical and masculine terms. This is achieved in the music video, Pillowtalk (2016), wherein a sonic alignment with rock idioms and the audiovisual construction of a seductive dreamscape largely maintains gender norms and affirm his heterosexual virility. At the same time, Zayn’s openness about mental health issues and his devotion to fashion have spurred descriptions of him as ushering in new ways of being masculine. These contradictory facets of his persona indicate that even seemingly heteronormative expressions of identity may contain potentially subversive aspects, and vice versa.
A Different Country?
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

The chapter focuses on Lil Nas X and his record-breaking hit “Old Town Road” (2018), which combines stylistic elements from country and trap music. The song received immense attention in early 2019 after Billboard discreetly removed it from its Hot Country Songs chart, a decision that was interpreted by some as racially motivated. The chapter investigates how Lil Nas X’s musical eclecticism and queer cowboy iconography raises questions pertaining to the boundaries of inclusion and exclusion in the country and hip hop genres. First, it critiques the popular narrative that his widespread success following the Billboard incident is indicative of the declining authority of the music industry in the face of the democratizing effects of digital technologies. Then, it turns its attention to the official movie, Old Town Road, in which Lil Nas X is joined by guest artist Billy Ray Cyrus. Particular focus is devoted to the intersectional aspects of masculinity, which are elucidated through a discussion of how certain sounds and vocal characteristics become constructed and experienced as racially coded. Finally, drawing on perspectives from queer of color critique, the chapter explores the idea that Lil Nas X’s queer tactics both stand as a corrective to accounts of the past that bypass the contributions of black musicians in the development of country music (and black cowboys’ participation in the Old West) and introduces new ways of moving past dominant social constraints.
Piety and Privilege
Authors: O'Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

During the period 1922–1967 the Catholic Church in Ireland opposed any notion of joint responsibility between laity and clergy for secondary school education. The State also permitted the Church to pursue its major interest in education in secondary schools. Unhindered, the Church thus was able to promote within the schools sets of practices aimed at ‘the salvation of souls’ and at the reproduction of a loyal middle class along with priests, brothers, and nuns to maintain and expand the institution. The State for its part supported that arrangement as the Church also acted on its behalf in aiming to produce a literate and numerate citizenry, in pursuing nation building and in ensuring the preparation of an adequate number of secondary school graduates to address the needs of the public service and the professions. All of that took place at a financial cost much lower than the provision of a totally State-funded system of schooling would have entailed.
Segregation, Innocence, and Gender Construction
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

The Catholic Church ensured its teachers operated the secondary schools in such a manner that the sexes were segregated. That it did partly because of its view that if there were not appropriate safeguards, young people would readily engage in sexual relations before marriage, a practice considered gravely sinful. Thus, it promoted single-sex education to minimize threats in this regard. Equally, it promoted it to perpetuate the domestication of women and to encourage students, both male and female, to join the religious life, a matter dealt with in detail in the next chapter. For the same reasons, the Catholic bishops and the schools’ authorities also frowned on the provision of sex education. The Church also operated the secondary schools to construct as it desired those Irish Catholic males and females it recognized were not going to enter religious life.
Feudal Privilege in Education
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

The concern in this chapter is with how the Church constructed the religious as teachers and as school principals, with memories of how they concurrently constructed themselves. An informing assumption is that one needs to consider these matters to arrive at an appreciation of how the religious were able to operate to pursue the Church’s interests in the classroom. Notwithstanding the nature of their religious formation and the rules that governed their lives, members of the teaching religious were not automatons in their approach to their teaching. If they had been so, then Catholic schooling could possibly have collapsed since the teaching religious would have been unable to respond to challenges, to change, and to demands of them by their superiors. While ‘religious formation’ was very much designed to produce very rigid and largely unbending individuals, the teaching religious were able to execute a certain amount of agency and be leaders even if contained within the structures of the life they lived.
A Marginalized Laity
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

For the period 1922–1967 the Catholic Church opposed any notion of joint responsibility between laity and clergy for primary and secondary schooling. It did so in order to be able to pursue unhindered its major interest in schooling, which was ‘the salvation of souls’ and the production of priests, brothers, nuns, and a loyal middle class. Further, the State cooperated with the Church because in doing so it was able to pursue its own aim of producing a literate and numerate citizenry, pursuing nation building, and preparing an adequate number of secondary school graduates to address the requirements of the public service and the professions without having to provide schools. The Church legitimated the involvement of the teaching religious in associated practices with parents, school inspectors, and lay teachers. Relatedly, it worked to try to ensure that the voices of educationists who were not religious received little hearing in relation to education policy-making. A small number of secondary schools run largely by lay Catholics were able to operate. The individuals in question, in establishing these schools, quietly contested the hegemony of the Catholic clergy and religious in the provision of education, and indicated what might be possible in the future.
The Student in the Classroom and Beyond
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an exposition of former students’ memories of secondary schooling in Ireland for the period 1922–1967, supplemented by similar material uncovered in the historical record. No claim is made that it portrays what were the common experiences of all. Rather, it is the product of a desire to cast the net as widely as possible, in order to canvass a maximum variety of perspectives. Further, most although not all of the testimony upon which we have based it is mainly of the ‘topical life story’ type. In other words, it is testimony based on memory. At the same time, we are not denying the possibility that it has the potential to provide understandings to add to the corpus of historical work already undertaken on the history of Irish secondary school education presented in previous chapters.
Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

By examining a suite of over 90 indicators for nine major U.S. fishery ecosystem jurisdictions, Link and Marshak systematically track the progress the U.S. has made toward advancing ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) and making it an operational reality. Covering a range of socioeconomic, governance, environmental forcing, major pressures, systems ecology, and fisheries criteria, they evaluate progress toward EBFM in the U.S., covering a wide range of longitude, latitude, and parts of major ocean basins, representing over 10% of the world’s ocean surface area. They view progress toward the implementation of EBFM as synonymous with improved management of living marine resources in general, and highlight lessons learned from a national perspective. Although US-centric, the lessons learned are applicable for all parts of the global ocean. Though much work remains, significant progress has been made to better address many of the challenges facing the sustainable management of our living marine resources.