bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflation and the Philadelphia Economy
Authors: Doud Arthur A. , Summers Anita A.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, inflation has been added to the list of factors contributing to the economic malaise of the private and public sectors of old urban areas such as Philadelphia. This article describes some preliminary empirical explorations of the question, using data from Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associate's (WEFA's) Philadelphia Model data bank. An examination of the private sector data suggests that the relatively slow growth of employment in the Philadelphia Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area has contributed to keeping the overall inflation rate—and housing inflation— relatively low. Exploration of links between economic growth and inflation of energy and wage rates suggests that the net effect of relative high energy cost is only marginal. Relatively low inflation rates in the area have apparently helped to bring about an equilibrating adjustment in relative wage rates— an optimistic note in Philadelphia's near-term future. Inflation has created considerable difficulties in the public sector, however. Of the two major local tax sources — property and wages—wage taxes were better able to cope with inflation than property taxes. Rapidly rising prices exacerbate sluggish property tax revenues. Wage tax revenues have contributed to resolving the budget deficit by offsetting the unresponsiveness of the property tax. Inflation makes reform of the property tax imperative.
U.S. and Soviet Strategic Force Levels: Problems of Assessment and Measurement
Authors: Brown Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

The problem of measuring the strategic balance has been viewed by some as a meaningless exercise, by others as a matter of comparing simple static indicators, and by still others as a complex process of assessing likely war outcomes. As the strategic power of the Soviet Union has grown, there has been a trend toward the latter view. To assess likely war outcomes, one must go substantially beyond the standard static indicators, such as warhead count, equivalent megatons, and hard target kill capability, into problems of command and control, long-term endurance, and the dynamics of escalation. To assess the likely outcomes of extended nuclear exchanges which stop short of all-out attacks on cities, it is necessary to employ fairly detailed war games. The use of such games to measure the strategic balance raises problems of how to report the results and how to use the games in posture design.
The Political-Structural Basis for Economic Performance
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH J. ROGERS
Published: March 2007

Focusing on France, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States, this study attempts to answer two basic questions. First, how does one explain the variation across these countries in the organizational structure and the power of the working class? Second, for the period since 1950 how does variation in the organizational structure, the power of the working class, and the structure of the state influence such economic performances as inequality in the distribution of income and rates of change in economic productivity? Whereas the discipline of economics generally explains these performances with economic variables, this article is distinctive in demonstrating that political variables are also important. The findings indicate that the encompassing group structure of Swedish labor unions has maximized equality in income distribution and high rates of change in economic productivity while the fragmented and nonencompassing group structure of American labor has had the opposite effect. Sweden and the United States are polar opposites, with the British and French cases falling between the two extremes on most variables.
French Urban Housing and the Mixed Economy: The Privatization of the Public Sector
Authors: EISINGER PETER K.
Published: March 2007

This examination of the French experience with public-private or mixed-economy corporations in the area of urban renewal and housing explores the advantages and disadvantages of involving private capital on a for-profit basis in the financing and implementation of certain types of public service. Although urban mixed-economy corporations initially helped the French to address their postwar housing crisis, the private partners to such arrangements have increasingly turned from low-income housing to more profitable ventures. The French case suggests the difficulty of sustaining a social housing program underwritten by private capital.
Applied Research in the 1970s: Can Anything Be Learned about Children?
Authors: BOURQUE LINDA BROOKOVER
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings from a careful examination of evaluation studies funded by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1974 and 1975. Particular attention is paid to their methodological adequacy and potential applicability to the development of child-relevant policies and practice procedures. The conclusion is that persons interested in developing a cohesive, national policy for children's welfare or for research on children will find little useful information in evaluation studies of the seventies.
Childhood Lead Toxicity: a Paradox of Modern Technology
Authors: MEDLEY SARA SULLIVAN
Published: March 2007

Lead toxicity, a man-made disease of young children, has only recently come to the focus of professional and public awareness. Lead has become increasingly bioavailable to humans as a direct result of industrial processing and manufacturing. While lead-based paint in older dwellings is the primary cause of lead toxicity among young children, airborne lead from gasoline fumes and factory emissions, plus dirt and dust into which high concentrations of lead have settled, are also significant sources of undue exposure. A variety of consumer products, including kitchen utensils, newsprint, and cosmetics are likewise potentially hazardous because of their high lead content. Exposure to excessive amounts of lead is especially harmful for young children: they are biologically and developmentally more vulnerable to its toxic effects. Even at levels of absorption that produce no medical symptoms, lead may impede children's overall developmental progress by interfering with their performance in several crucial areas. Although the United States has been reluctant to assume an aggressive regulatory position toward lead, the federal government currently supports comprehensive lead poisoning control programs in 60 American cities. The future of these programs is jeopardized by the shift from categorical to block grants. Unless continued funding is made available for lead management programs and a strong regulatory stance is assumed toward lead, young children will continue to become afflicted with this debilitating, yet preventable, illness.
Day Care: Short- or Long-Term Solution?
Authors: JONES ELIZABETH , PRESCOTT ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

With the rapid increase in maternal employment, out-of-home care for young children is being actively promoted as a social necessity in a changing society. The trend is toward group care, in centers of increasing size serving children from infancy up. However, the needs of young children for sensory experience, flexibility in timing, and a sense of the future are very difficult to meet in institutionalized settings. Day care serves, at present, as a necessary from of welfare, provided to rescue the child and parent victims of the system. In the long run, however, it will be important to develop social policy in support of alternatives that are good for children and families. Several seem to show promise: (1) flexibility in time and place of work, that is, flexible hours, job sharing, part-time work, work-site care, and work at the child-rearing site; (2) redefined “families” as support networks, that is, extended families that include unrelated as well as related members, shared housing, and neighborhood family day care; and (3) choice of child-less life-styles by some adults.
Judicial Selection and the Qualities that Make a “Good” Judge
Authors: GOLDMAN SHELDON
Published: March 2007

This exploratory article considers various aspects of the linkage between the judicial selection and the recruitment of “good”—as defined here—judges and the challenge of determining and applying objective criteria to particular individuals. Certain selection procedures are suggested for maximizing the recruitment of good judges. The article examines five principal judicial selection methods used in the United States, with a focus on federal judicial selection and the changes brought about during the Carter administration. Although evaluation of judicial candidates will remain, for the most part, a subjective process, it may be possible to develop somewhat less subjective ways of assessing who does and does not possess the qualities that make for a good judge.
Indirect Aid to the Arts
Authors: O'HARE MICHAEL , FELD ALAN L.
Published: March 2007

Most government support of arts institutions is indirect—the result of charitable deduction provisions of the federal income tax, property tax exemptions extended by local governments, and other tax provisions. The money that government forgoes through these provisions must be made up by higher taxes for all taxpayers. The public, however, has little say about how these funds are spent. By its very nature, the income tax deduction places the decision-making power over arts institutions in the hands of those with high incomes. Those with high incomes receive a greater tax benefit for each dollar they contribute, increasing the amounts they donate, which increases the likelihood of their influence over those who run arts institutions, and they are allowed to place restrictions on the use of their gifts. Moreover the property tax exemption encourages arts institutions to invest heavily in real estate, which is not necessarily in the public's best interests. Replacing some indirect subsidies with direct subsidies and granting tax credits for donations in place of tax deductions would go a long way toward making the system more equitable.
Police Regulation of Illegal Gambling: Frustrations of Symbolic Enforcement
Authors: REUTER PETER
Published: March 2007

This article examines problems presented to the police by their gambling enforcement responsibilities during the four decades following Prohibition's repeal. In this period repeated gambling corruption scandals put the police in disrepute. These scandals accurately reflected the underlying corruption of an effort that was essentially symbolic and not supported by a significant element of the otherwise law-abiding population. The fundamental source of the corruption was the vulnerability of all illegal gambling organizations to police harassment. This corruption also contributed to organized crime's dominance in illegal gambling. The federal government mounted a major campaign against illegal gambling between 1962 and 1972. That effort failed to reduce the availability of gambling services but may have helped reduce the dominance of organized crime by depriving local police of their ability to franchise monopolies. Together with changing attitudes toward gambling, the entry of the state into many gambling markets, and changes in the nature of the games themselves, the federal enforcement effort helped end the era in which gambling enforcement was a major responsibility for the police.
Jail Crowding
Authors: BOLDUC ANNE
Published: March 2007

In light of the constant interaction between local jails and state prisons, a discussion of jail crowding is essential to understanding prison crowding. This article examines the multitude of issues related to jail crowding. The specific causes of jail crowding and numerous solutions, many of which are directly relevant to prison crowding, are discussed.
Soviet Goals in Yugoslavia and the Balkans
Authors: BEKICH DARKO
Published: March 2007

Soviet interest in Yugoslavia and the Balkans has revived in the last decade owing to the autonomous policies pursued by Yugoslavia and Rumania, the succession struggle in Albania, and the emergence of a socialist government in Greece. Increased Soviet pressures have been rewarded, despite the Balkan countries' long experience in using diplomatic tactics to ensure survival, partly because of regional economic difficulties and a lack of support from the West.
Immigration Policy in France and Germany: Outputs versus Outcomes
Authors: HOLLIFIELD JAMES F.
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the successes and failures of immigration policy in France and Germany. Particular attention is given to comparing immigration and foreign-worker policies—outputs—and the results of these policies—outcomes—in each state since the suspension of immigration in the mid-1970s. The analysis of the French and German experiences suggests that the gap between outputs and outcomes results from the inability of the state fully to control the migratory process. Inevitably, many foreign workers will choose to settle in the country in which they work. Stopping the movement of workers into and out of the country and suspending immigration tends to speed up the process of settlement and increase family and seasonal immigration. The principal lesson for other industrial democracies is that suspending immigration and exporting workers is not an effective way to solve employment problems.
Research Access: Scholarship versus National Interest
Authors: BARBER ELINOR G.
Published: March 2007

Research access to foreign countries has become increasingly problematic. Because research is seen as potentially damaging to national interests or the interests of local researchers, foreigners' access to research sites may be restricted. Claims to rights to carry out scientific endeavors come into conflict with claims to rights to make access conditional or to deny access. The following issues or sticking points have provoked conflicting interpretations of rights: where, within a foreign country, research may be done; what topics may be studied; what types of research are acceptable; who shall study a given problem; who shall be supporting the research; and who shall benefit from it. In the absence of clear-cut agreement about rights, access has to be negotiated, by governments or organizations or individual researchers. Different kinds of reciprocal concessions are necessary, depending on the relationships between the countries involved, for example, between the United States and the Soviet Union or between the United States and Third World countries.
Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: In Search of a Silver Bullet
Authors: SYLVESTER SHERRY
Published: March 2007

Current criminal justice policy in the United States costs billions annually and provides little in return but despair. “Neighborhoods, jobs, and families,” is a catch phrase for a successful crime prevention formula. Ultimately neighborhoods, jobs, and families must also serve as the foundation for reform of policing methods, court processes, sentencing, and corrections.
Innovative Policing in Houston
Authors: BROWN LEE P.
Published: March 2007

To address crime, we must solve the social and economic problems facing the poor and minorities in our cities. Until the nation accepts this proposition, we can still work toward becoming more responsive, by refining the presently reactive role of police, among other initiatives. In Houston, police beats have been redesigned to reflect natural boundaries and officers have been assigned to specific neighborhoods on a permanent basis. Through the Directed Area Responsibility Team program, officers learn as much as they can about their neighborhoods and meet with community leaders. A complementary innovation, Project Oasis, assumes that, in a bad neighborhood, residents are good people who must take responsibility for local improvement, building on supportive services from government. In these and other new strategies in Houston, the use of community resources is the umbrella under which all policing activities are conducted.
Drug Testing in the Workplace
Authors: BENSINGER PETER B.
Published: March 2007

The increasingly serious problem of substance abuse in the workplace is reviewed. There are new initiatives to deal with this major public health problem in the United States. The various drug-testing methodologies and procedures are outlined, and the value, accuracy, and impact of drug testing are discussed. The development of drug-testing programs sensitive to the medical, legal, and work-related issues raised by substance abuse in the workplace are reviewed. The concerns of industry regarding alcohol and drug abuse in the workplace relate to health and safety, accidents, absenteeism, and medical and insurance costs. Employers have rights and responsibilities in ensuring a safe work environment. Specific suggestions for employers concerned with the drug problem in industry are discussed.
Public Opinion and Presidential Support
Authors: BOND JON R. , FLEISHER RICHARD , NORTHRUP MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Previous research identifies three variables that might bridge the inevitable conflict between the president and Congress: political party, political ideology, and presidential popularity. While the literature provides unambiguous evidence that party and ideology affect presidential support in Congress, the evidence that public approval affects support is mixed. The study reported in this article seeks to clarify the relationship using a research design that corrects some of the limitations of previous work. The analysis reveals that variables within Congress—party and ideology—have the strongest effect on presidential support. Although presidential popularity exerts statistically significant effects, the substantive effects are marginal. Public approval has slightly stronger effects on foreign-policy issues than on economic issues, and the effects are generally stronger on members of the president's party than on members of the opposition. The marginal effects do not increase in strength as we refine the measure of popularity to approach the relevant public for members of Congress.
Is the United States Losing Technological Influence in the Developing Countries?
Authors: LALKAKA RUSTAM
Published: March 2007

The developing countries, which have over the centuries made their contribution to world scientific ideas, are today in a state of technological dependence and economic deprivation. The United States, which after World War II reached the zenith of prosperity and power, now has a reduced share of the world's research expenditures, patent awards, and trade in high-technology products. Japan, Europe, and the newly industrialized countries have accelerated their pace of technological development. In absolute terms, America is still ahead in the international technology race, judged by its scientific research and education systems, corporation-university synergy, innovation, and employment in small businesses. This article reviews U.S. technological influence from a Third World perspective and concludes that the developing countries are now generally more hospitable to American technology and investment; in turn, America needs their markets and raw materials. Revised forward-looking policies by U.S. government and corporations could well prolong the American Century.
Sex Codes and Family Life among Poor Inner-city Youths
Authors: ANDERSON ELIJAH
Published: March 2007

Sexual conduct among poor black inner-city adolescents is resulting in growing numbers of unwed parents. At the same time, many young fathers are strongly committed to their peer groups. They congregate, often boasting of their sexual exploits and deriding conventional family life. These two interconnected realities are born of the extremely difficult socioeconomic situation prevailing in ghetto communities. The lack of family-sustaining jobs or job prospects denies young men the possibility of forming economically self-reliant families, the traditional American mark of manhood. Partially in response, the young men's peer group emphasizes sexual prowess as a mark of manhood, at times including babies as its evidence. A sexual game emerges and becomes elaborated, with girls becoming lured by the boys' often vague but convincing promises of love and marriage. As the girls submit, they often end up pregnant and abandoned, but eligible for a limited but sometimes steady income in the form of welfare, which may allow them to establish their own households and, at times, attract other men, in need of money.
Single Mothers, the Underclass, and Social Policy
Authors: McLANAHAN SARA , GARFINKEL IRWIN
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the question of whether mother-only families are part of an emerging urban underclass. An underclass is defined as a population exhibiting the following characteristics: weak labor force attachment, persistence of weak attachment, and residential isolation in neighborhoods with high concentrations of poverty and unemployment. We find that only a small minority of single mothers fit the description of an underclass: less than 5 percent. But a small and growing minority of black, never-married mothers meet all three criteria. We argue that welfare programs are necessary but that too heavy a reliance on welfare can facilitate the growth of an underclass. In contrast, universal programs such as child support assurance, child care, health care, children's allowances, and full employment would discourage such a trend and promote economic independence among single mothers.
Trends in College Curricula and Programs
Authors: LOPEZ GEORGE A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores trends in curriculum development in peace studies over the last two decades. It isolates three different time periods and the corresponding themes that have dominated them, paying particular attention to the development of new substantive areas of interest and to the challenges that each era has faced in the implementation of peace studies. Each era of peace studies development has been stimulated by the larger sociopolitical debates of the time, yet the continuity of substantive themes and pedagogical challenges testifies that peace studies is not a teaching and research field that merely parodies the trends of the time. The article concludes with a brief statement about the importance of peace studies to university education.
Institutionalizing Peace Studies in College Life
Authors: MULCH BARBARA GOODEN
Published: March 2007

An academic administrator in a college, even one personally sympathetic to the values and knowledge base upon which peace studies rests, must confront many issues when faculty members wish to establish a peace studies program. At one level, these issues involve traditional ones such as budget, staffing, program proliferation, quality control, faculty politics, and student politics. At another level, questions of how the college's president, its governing board, and the community will respond to such a program must be satisfactorily answered. If the institution has little tradition of concern for social and moral values or has had a poor history of multidisciplinary programs, the issues will be more intense. In such circumstances, questions will inevitably arise as to whether the college should become involved in teaching some of the policy opinions embodied in peace studies, or whether the program will be objective in presenting controversial issues, or whether the faculty members are treating peace studies as an activist issue rather than an academic concern. Many of these matters can be addressed effectively, thus assuring the establishment and maintenance of a high-quality peace studies program.
International Politics in the Pacific Rim Era
Authors: GILPIN ROBERT
Published: March 2007

In the history of international relations, economic, technological, and demographic developments have, over the centuries, caused the center of economic and political activities to shift from one locus to another. The modern world's history can best be understood as a process of historical change that began in the Mediterranean and subsequently diffused north to Atlantic seaboard states and then spread both westward across the Atlantic and eastward across the Eurasian continent. Forces of change swept across both the North American continent and what the geographer Halford J. Mackinder called “the heartland of the Eurasian continent” in eastern Europe and European Russia. Today, historic movements of economic, political, and technological forces are converging on the Pacific. A more pluralistic world is rapidly emerging in which the Pacific Basin nations and economic forces will play an increasingly important role.
Official English: A False Policy Issue
Authors: MADRID ARTURO
Published: March 2007

Making English the official language of the United States is a false policy issue. The evidence does not support arguments that the use of English is declining or that the use of other languages debilitates the social fabric of the United States. On the contrary, attempts to impose English on the U.S. population have served historically to divide the nation. The facts do not support linguistic or social fragmentation. English is the language of state and the common language of the U.S. population. Immigrants continue to enter the United States because of the protections and opportunities it offers, and they give highest priority to learning English. The real language-policy issues have to do with literacy and high-level multilingual skills. A sane national language policy would give primacy to literacy and would promote multilingualism. The nation's energies must be directed at language policies that empower all citizens rather than punish some.
Women and Literacy in Morocco
Authors: SPRATT JENNIFER E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the gender gap in literacy and education in Morocco, presenting the distribution of education and literacy by gender, its relation to labor force participation and family health, and the implications for literacy efforts that these factors suggest. Morocco's literacy and educational participation rates for both genders, while improving, remain among the lowest in the region, and a large gender gap—22 points for adult literacy—persists. Like men, women with a relatively high degree of education benefit in the urban labor market. In the rural labor market, postprimary education appears to be a liability, especially for females, although females with only a primary certificate may fare better than males. As elsewhere, literate and educated Moroccan women tend to have fewer children, lose fewer children to disease, and use more modern health care practices. More effective literacy work in this context demands improved statistics, targeted research, and attention to societal expectations.
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Young Children's Development
Authors: MAYES LINDA C.
Published: March 2007

The current state of knowledge about the neurodevelopmental sequelae of prenatal cocaine exposure is reviewed. Maternal cocaine use is associated with a number of other factors such as poor nutrition, inadequate prenatal care, and exposure to other substances, including alcohol and tobacco, that also affect neurodevelopmental outcome. The effects of postnatal maternal cocaine use on the mother's capacity to care for the infant as well as the association of cocaine use with more general environmental factors—for example, poverty, violence, neglect, and abuse—are discussed as important factors to consider when attempting to define whether or not prenatal cocaine exposure has specific and unique effects on the developing fetal brain. Six methodological problems commonly found in the literature on prenatal cocaine exposure are cited as issues to consider when attempting to evaluate the validity of currently available findings.
Drug Abuse among Juvenile Detainees
Authors: DEMBO RICHARD , WILLIAMS LINDA , SCHMEIDLER JAMES
Published: March 2007

Although recent surveys of youths in the general population indicate that drug use has declined, drug use among juvenile detainees remains at a high level. These youths, who are often experiencing multiple problems, are a seriously underserved population group in our society. A review of the literature, and results from an ongoing longitudinal study of juvenile detainees in Tampa, Florida, documenting their drug use and related problems, lead to the identification of five key areas for policy and program development: early intervention; quality screening and assessment; providing quality, community-based services; improving linkages between community agencies; and continuity of services. Youths entering the juvenile justice system often require repeated interventions over a protracted period, reinforced by improvements in their social, vocational, and educational skills, if their lives are to be directed in socially responsible ways. A national effort is needed to address the poignant issues presented by these youths and their families.
Affirmative Action and the Clash of Experiential Realities
Authors: HAMILTON CHARLES V.
Published: March 2007

The different historical experiences of African Americans and other immigrants have engendered different approaches to the social and economic discrimination they encountered. Immigrating voluntarily to improve their status, other ethnic groups met de facto discrimination but not dehumanization. Glad to leave worse conditions, they expected little from the state and advanced by their own work. Blacks, free in Africa, entered in chains as de jure property. They had to struggle for de jure human status, for full legal equality as citizens. Demanding that the state restore rights it had deprived them of, they also demanded, in affirmative action programs dating to the mid-1930s, a fair proportion of jobs. Ghetto poverty, it is said, is an economic and social, not a racial, problem. Civil rights groups have long recognized that the welfare of blacks and the welfare of other citizens are united.
Work for Americans with Disabilities
Authors: OI WALTER Y.
Published: March 2007

The available data indicate that less than a third of disabled working-age adults are employed, and, when they are, they are paid lower wages. Their incomes are low even after including transfer payments. The problem of identifying a disabled person and the nature of the labor market are reviewed in this article. It is argued that in addition to imposing functional limitations, disability steals time and shortens life expectancy. The Americans with Disabilities Act is intended to improve the plight of the disabled by mandating equal employment rights, a rights approach that worked well for race and gender but will not do for the task at hand. People with disabilities do not constitute an identifiable minority. They move into and out of a state of being disabled and exhibit different degrees of limitation and different life expectancies. The aim of eliminating labor market discrimination is important, but equal access to jobs and public places will not significantly improve the well-being of disabled persons unless it is integrated into a larger disability policy program including rehabilitation, medical care, and income transfers.
Islamicist Utopia and Democracy
Authors: ADDI LAHOUARI
Published: March 2007

This article addresses democratic construction in Islamic societies throughout the Algerian experience. Its main conclusions can be summarized as follows. First, in all Muslim societies, there exists an Islamicist utopia that stands as an obstacle not only to democracy but also to political modernity. Until now, this utopia has been contained only by repression that finally impedes the democratization. Second, Islam presents itself as a public religion that participates in the legitimization of political power. The democratic ideology, however, is compatible with religion to the extent that it is lived as a private concern. Finally, the Islamicist utopia and the public aspect of Islam aim at maintaining society's communal structures. They refuse to make the singularity of the political arena independent and reject differentiation through politics within a society that claims to be fraternal.
An African Case Study of Political Islam: Nigeria
Authors: HUNWICK JOHN
Published: March 2007

Since the early nineteenth century, when Uthman b. Fudi established an Islamic state in northern Nigeria, there has been a close symbiosis between religion and political power. Since independence in 1960, the issue of regional or ethnic power sharing in Nigeria has shifted to a contest between Muslims and Christians, with the part-Muslim, part-Christian Yoruba of the southwest helping to hold the balance. Since the 1960s, Saudi Arabia has promoted its own austere interpretation of Islam, to the discomfort of the Sufi groups. More recently, Iran has been a model for younger militant Muslims. Calls by Nigerian Muslims for an Islamic state, and wider application of shari`a law, as well as the question of Nigeria's membership in the Organization of Islamic Conference have aroused the antagonism of Christians. Religious issues were behind several outbreaks of violence in the 1980s, some of which threatened the integrity of the Nigerian state.
Insider Trading: The SEC Meets Carl Karcher
Authors: SZOCKYJ ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, the Securities and Exchange Commission stepped up its enforcement of insider trading violations. This article examines, by means of an intensive case study, the intricacies involved in proving both civil and criminal insider trading charges. The case offers important insights about the way that insider trading cases are perceived, handled, and adjudicated; it also provides empirical evidence regarding the considerable difficulty of litigating a white-collar offense. The accused can afford effective and astute legal representation; the offense is essentially financial, with no eyewitness testimony or visible victims to take the stand; and the defendants are well-respected, established members of the community.
Learning Networks: Looking to 2010
Authors: TATE THOMAS G.
Published: March 2007

Proposed learning network technology offers some alternatives to the way we currently carry out education and training. High schools, state land-grant universities, libraries, community learning centers, public information terminals in public buildings will all be affected by new innovations in information technology. Reinventing and conversion of our traditional educational institutions are feasible and plausible as a result of development in new learning network technologies. We are becoming a nation of community learning centers that cater to formal and informal training and educational needs. These learning centers will be used by a full range of learners: K-12 students during the regular school hours; students in after-school programs during the afternoon and early evening hours; and adults in labor, management, and the professions all during the day and night. This network of community learning centers will be linked by the new National Research and Education Network. Satellite as well as land-based educational networks will be involved. Information terminals at schools, libraries, community learning centers, public buildings, homes, farms, and firms will have access to and be linked by learning networks.
The Economics of the Renewed Integration Movement
Authors: OVERTURF STEPHEN F.
Published: March 2007

Beginning in 1978, the European Community embarked upon a process that would leave the member states 15 years later at a significantly higher level of economic integration. The establishment and institutional development of the European Monetary System would be perceived to be a success, leading to the Single European Act and the eventual adoption of many of those policies characteristic of a single internal market within the Community. This, in time, provided a base upon which an attempt at establishing economic and monetary union could be made. Although difficulties associated with a premature vision of the true nature of the European Monetary System would need to be described as a setback to the process, it is nevertheless clear from a broader perspective, and from the desire shown by other states to join the Community, that the economies of Western Europe are integrating.
Main Directions of Research in the Arms Trade
Authors: CATRINA CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2007

Research in arms transfers over the past decades has greatly increased our knowledge, but in a somewhat uneven fashion. With the end of the Cold War, arms transfers take place in a new international system. It appears that the most useful research at this stage—and given the limitations on the quantitative information available—should involve factual description of the different stages of arms transfers, the parties, their interests, the legal aspects, and the mechanics of arms transfers; harder information on the economic aspects of arms transfers, including the effects of offsets, of transfer of technology, and of joint development and production; identification of general trends and of characteristics relevant to more general concepts; and elaboration of ways and means to bring arms transfers under better national and international control. Perhaps most important, researchers should show detachment, devoting their efforts more to establishing facts than to presenting opinions.
Flexibility in Negotiation and Mediation
Authors: DRUCKMAN DANIEL , MITCHELL CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

This introductory article provides an overview of the concept of flexibility and the articles to follow. Both positive and problematic aspects of flexibility for conflict resolution are discussed: if manifest in joint problem-solving behavior, flexibility can contribute to improved negotiated outcomes; if used tactically by one or another party, it can lead to unfavorable outcomes for at least one of the parties. Flexibility can be understood at each of three levels of analysis—individual, small group, and organizational behavior—and the articles in this collection reflect these different levels. A variety of factors have been shown to influence flexible behavior, including the way negotiators plan, their orientations, tactics, and a number of aspects of the negotiating situation. These and other factors are treated in the articles to follow, each of which is summarized in this article. The articles in this collection are intended to contribute to our understanding of this concept, and the key lessons learned are presented in a final article.
Reworking Work: Tough Times Ahead
Authors: COATES JOSEPH F.
Published: March 2007

Business, financial, technological, economic, social, and political trends indicate an impending mass wave of structural unemployment rivaling that of the Great Depression within a decade. In this article, a dozen prophylactic and therapeutic remedies are suggested, all of which require a rethinking of socioeconomic policy, reevaluation of goals for the long-term future, and recognition that new policies must be approached as continuing, open-ended social experiments.
China's Muffling of the Hong Kong Media
Authors: SCIUTTO JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

Press freedom in Hong Kong is in an international spotlight because of the impending assumption of sovereignty by China, whose record of press freedom is deplorable. Hong Kong has two separate classes of news media: English and Chinese. China already is pressuring both classes but is especially concerned with publications in Chinese. Unfortunately, many Hong Kong journalists are bending under the pressure. Hong Kong itself maintains laws permitting press suppression, although this has almost never happened. Hong Kong journalists have no praise for British or Hong Kong officials' defense of press freedom, and some point to the United Kingdom itself as “the most secretive government among Western countries.” Hong Kong press freedom is steadily eroding, even before 1997. The bad news is that there is less news.
Holocaust Revisited: A Catalyst for Memory or Trivialization?
Authors: DONESON JUDITH E.
Published: March 2007

In any exchange on film and the Holocaust, the difficulty surfaces over the merits or, in many scholarly views, the lack of merit of Hollywood simulations of the Final Solution. Academic circles tend to oppose the Hollywood culture. Yet such cinematic dramatizations of the Holocaust have helped to shape memory of the Holocaust in the popular consciousness. This article examines the controversy over the perceived exploitative nature of Hollywood interpretations of the Final Solution and the critiques of the film medium as a source for memory, but it also indicates a number of ways in which Holocaust-related films have become the defenders of memory.
HIV Infection and the Americans with Disabilities Act: An Evolving Interaction
Authors: STUDDERT DAVID M. , BRENNAN TROYEN A.
Published: March 2007

Architects of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) contemplated that people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS would attract the act's antidiscrimination protections. Courts have recognized both conditions as covered disabilities. The extent to which the ADA introduces protection against insurers and health care providers who single out AIDS and HIV-related diseases for special treatment is not clear, however. Factors such as the increasing penetration of managed care, existing regimes of insurance regulation, and ambiguities in the act itself accentuate this lack of clarity. Efforts to define better the ADA's role in governing health benefits determinations and the obligations of hospitals and health care professionals can be expected to intensify. Also unclear, and likely to be borne out by successive interpretations, is whether the ADA will be used for judicial review of state action aimed at protecting the public's health from infectious diseases associated with the AIDS epidemic.
State and Local Revitalization Efforts in East St. Louis, Illinois
Authors: REARDON KENNETH M.
Published: March 2007

This article explains how the processes of suburbanization, deindustrialization, disinvestment, and globalization combined to destroy the economic security of East St. Louis, Illinois, a once-thriving industrial and transportation center. The article discusses the impact that the city's 1991 economic collapse had on its ability to maintain basic services. It describes how state and federal officials worked together during a six-year period to support the community-stabilization efforts of local officials. The article shows how specific state and federal initiatives reinforced the actions of municipal authorities to strengthen the city's fiscal well-being, enhance its municipal services, improve its housing stock, expand local business and employment opportunities, and lessen the city's most serious environmental problems. The case illustrates the powerful role that enlightened state and federal policies can play in mitigating the most serious consequences of contemporary economic restructuring on local populations.
Beyond Modernization: Conflict Resolution in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: SHAPIRO ILANA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the Modernization program of transition in the Central and Eastern Europe region and discusses the problems and limitations of this framework of development. In particular, it examines the role of conflict resolution efforts within and apart from this framework and suggests that local and international conflict resolution activities can complement the strengths of Modernization while moving beyond its limitations.
The Mediating Future
Authors: SHONHOLTZ RAYMOND
Published: March 2007

Drawing from the development of mediating processes in North America and Central and Eastern Europe, this article focuses on the need to apply new mediating modalities to conflicts that have a transnational and multinational character. Not only democracies but also authoritarian governments are increasingly finding the need to mediate in the international arena over human rights, environmental degradation, economic competition, and like concerns. While international issues have traditionally been settled through power, new forms of social justice will increasingly be required to resolve issues not amenable exclusively to power-based solutions. The future will witness a new effort to promote justice, fairness, and cultural sensitivity in the resolution of international differences. Currently, there is a paucity of mechanisms to advance social justice in the international domain. The lack of a global political federation with the power to require participation and compliance with the settlement of differences means that mediating processes will increasingly be used to address the needs and interests expressed by nations, diverse groups, and institutions.
U.S. Ocean Shipping Policy: Going against the Tide
Authors: FOX NANCY RUTH , WHITE LAWRENCE J.
Published: March 2007

The ocean shipping industry remains the odd man out in an era of deregulation and decreased protectionism for the economy in general and transportation industries in particular. In this article, we discuss current U.S. policies toward ocean shipping and analyze their rationales and consequences. A long-standing combination of operating and construction subsidies, antitrust immunity, and reserved cargo has shielded the U.S. merchant marine from market forces. This protection has meant higher costs for shipping goods in the coastal trades and higher costs for shipping government-impelled cargoes. Government-enforced cartel agreements maintain rates above market levels. These policies are responsible, at least in part, for the steady decline of the U.S. fleet. The rationale for these policies is based on faulty economic reasoning. Even the apparently strongest rationale, the need for the U.S. merchant marine in the event of war, does not provide support for current policies. We conclude that a change in course is imperative. We recommend an end to economic regulation, cargo preference, and operating and construction subsidies. The result would be a more efficient merchant marine.
Nonmotorized Transportation: The Forgotten Modes
Authors: WILKINSON BILL
Published: March 2007

For the last fifty years, the development of the U.S. transportation system has focused on providing for travel by private motor vehicle. Today, many people have no choice but to use a car for even the shortest trips. This transportation monoculture is the product of very deliberate policies, reflecting the special interests of the agencies and businesses directly connected to transportation. Serious problems are just around the curve, however, as we approach the limits of space, resources, and the carrying capacity of our environment. If we shift our view of transportation from a commodity to a cost, we will adopt different performance objectives, which will help lead us in the development of a more efficient, sustainable transportation system. This new system would feature greater attention to compact land use to make trips shorter and would make it both possible and likely that many people would choose to walk or bicycle.
Adult Enrollment and Educational Attainment
Authors: JACOBS JERRY A. , STONER-EBY SCOTT
Published: March 2007

This article examines the growth of adult enrollment in recent decades in the United States and its impact on the educational attainment of the population. First, in order to better understand the growth of adult enrollment, the change between 1970 and 1990 is decomposed into its demographic elements. Next, the projected growth of enrollment over the next decade is analyzed. Finally, the article examines the cumulative impact of adult enrollment on educational levels, as well as on race and sex differentials in educational attainment. The study draws on data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Systems, the U.S. decennial censuses, and the School Enrollment Supplements of the October 1970, 1980, and 1990 Current Population Surveys. The results highlight the role of the baby-boom generation in spurring the growth of adult enrollment. They also show that adult enrollment contributes significantly to the educational attainment of the U.S. population.