bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid initial recovery and long‐term persistence of a bee community in a former landfill
Authors: Onuferko Thomas M. , Skandalis Dimitri A. , León Cordero Rodrigo , Richards Miriam H.
Published: September 2017

The effects of habitat restoration are usually studied using cross‐sectional comparisons of species assemblages among sites of various ages or disturbance levels. Longitudinal studies, however, are necessary for detecting long‐term responses to habitat restoration and for understanding annual demographic variation.

To investigate the time course of bee community restoration in sites previously made uninhabitable by anthropogenic disturbance, we studied a former landfill site for 10 years from initial revegetation in 2003 until 2013, comparing two restored sites with three nearby, undisturbed control sites. We used permutational multivariate analysis of variance and generalised additive mixed models to investigate how bee abundance and species richness varied over time (years), between seasons and between restoration levels.

Landfill restoration and the creation of foraging and nesting habitat resulted in rapid and persistent occupation by bees, suggesting that efforts to restore bee communities can be successful when a source of colonists exists nearby.

Based on earlier studies, we predicted that in restored sites there would be an initial rapid increase in bee abundance and species richness, followed by a decline to a stable intermediate level. This prediction was supported as bee abundance and species richness in restored sites increased until 2006/2007 and subsequently declined.

In control sites, there were significant declines in abundance and species richness over time, despite a lack of anthropogenic disturbance. Possible contributors are changing weather patterns, especially severe droughts; plant community succession resulting in loss of bare ground for nesting sites; and increasing suburbanisation of the surrounding landscape.
Determination and distribution of biogenic amines in bee pollen
Authors: Zhao Lingling , Qi Suzhen , Liang Xinwen , Shan Jihao , Cao Wei , Wu Liming , Xue Xiaofeng
Published: September 2017

The natural decomposition of proteins yields peptides and amino acids, which are susceptible to further decay, resulting in formation of biogenic amines (BAs) in proteinaceous foods such as bee pollen (BP). However, excessive consumption of BAs will bring side effects, so it is vital to study the presence of BAs in BP. In this study, a sensitive and reliable ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method was used for the determination of 12 BAs in BP. Large variations in the distribution and levels of BAs were observed with its total concentrations ranging from 6837.4 to 25444.2 μg kg−1. In addition, the changes in the levels of BAs during storage and fermentation were preliminarily investigated. The results showed that fermentation significantly altered the quantities of BAs in rape BP, while changes during storage were modest. The results of this study could be applied for quality evaluation and risk assessment of BP in near future.
Effect of consecutive steeping on antioxidant potential of green, oolong and black tea
Authors: Islam Shaikh N. , Farooq Sumaya , Sehgal Amit
Published: September 2017

After water, tea is considered to be one of the most consumed drinks worldwide. To get the maximum benefit from the whole‐leaf teas, the manufacturers provide instruction that these teas can be steeped 2–3 times over 6–8 h. In this study, the effect of consecutive steeping on radical‐scavenging ability of whole leaf green tea (unfermented), oolong tea (partially fermented) and black tea (fully fermented) was determined. Green tea showed the highest level of antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content followed by oolong tea and black tea irrespective of the number of steeping done. The result also demonstrated that re‐steeping reduced the antioxidant potential of teas. Moreover, it was revealed that green tea is the best candidate for re‐steeping followed by oolong and then black tea.
Polyphenols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity of commercial nutritional drinks, fruit juices, smoothies and teas
Authors: Abountiolas Marvin , do Nascimento Nunes Cecilia
Published: September 2017

Polyphenols of plant origin have received special interest in the last decade because of their potential health benefits. Consequently, many beverages with words ‘antioxidant’ and ‘polyphenols’ have been developed. However, many of the claims are misleading because some beverages so labelled have either no or minimal levels of polyphenols. The objectives of this study were to quantify polyphenols (TPC) and ascorbic acid contents and antioxidant capacity (AOC) of different beverages; identify major polyphenols in beverages that showed higher TPC; correlate the claim on the label with TPC and AOC; and determine the impact of consumer refrigerated storage on TPC and AOC of aronia, blackcurrant and pomegranate juices which contained the most TPC and AOC. Major polyphenols identified from these juices included anthocyanins, myricetin and epicatechin. TPC of aronia, blackcurrant and pomegranate juices was relatively stable during consumer refrigerated storage, even when the juice had been intermittently exposed to air.
Management and implementation of intermittent catheterization in neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Böthig Ralf , Geng Veronika , Kurze Ines
Published: September 2017

As a considerable heterogeneity in the procedure of intermittent catheterization (IC) was identified by a questionnaire survey conducted in hospitals and institutions for the treatment of patients with spinal cord injury in 2010, it became necessary to standardize the IC procedure (i.e. self‐catheterization and assisted catheterization). These guidelines were developed within a structured consensus process (e.g. several consensus conferences and nominal group process) by members of the working group on neuro‐urology and the working group on nursing of the German‐speaking Medical Society of Paraplegia and were published as guidelines of the German Society of Urology (DGU). The guidelines developer group was a multiprofessional group. Firstly, the indications for IC are presented and concepts such as sterile, aseptic and hygienic catheterization are defined. The materials necessary for the IC are presented in detail. The disinfection and catheterization techniques are described and a detailed explanation of the potential complications and their management is given. Finally, the legal aspects and issues of eligibility of catheter materials are discussed. The purpose of this consensus is to contribute to the standardization of IC. It should remove uncertainty and offer assistance to users (i.e. patients, staff and care providers). A particular focus is placed on practical instructions for carrying out the IC. The intention is to support the realization of IC in various settings (e.g. hospital, rehabilitation, long‐term care institutions and home‐based care). A wide implementation of the guidelines should lead to a reduction of the risks and complications of IC.
De novo activating epidermal growth factor mutations (EGFR) in small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Thai Alesha , Chia Puey L. , Russell Prudence A. , Do Hongdo , Dobrovic Alex , Mitchell Paul , John Thomas
Published: September 2017

In Australia, mutations in epidermal growth factor mutations (EGFR) occur in 15% of patients diagnosed with non‐small‐cell lung cancer and are found with higher frequency in female, non‐smokers of Asian ethnicity. Activating mutations in the EGFR gene are rarely described in SCLC. We present two cases of de novo EGFR mutations in patients with SCLC detected in tissue and in plasma cell free DNA, both of whom were of Asian ethnicity and never‐smokers. These two cases add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that screening for EGFR mutations in SCLC should be considered in patients with specific clinical features.
Reflection on stroke deaths and end‐of‐life stroke care
Authors: Quadri Syed Z. , Huynh Thang , Cappelen‐Smith Cecilia , Wijesuriya Nirupama , Mamun Abul , Beran Roy G. , McDougall Alan J. , Cordato Dennis
Published: September 2017

Background

The benefit of palliative care referral for severe stroke patients on end‐of‐life care pathway (EOLCP) is increasingly recognised. Palliative care provides assistance with symptom management and transition to end‐of‐life care. Advance care planning (ACP) may help accommodate patient/family expectations and guide management.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of all stroke deaths (2014–2015) at Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Data examined included age, comorbidities, living arrangements, pre‐existing ACP, palliative care referral rates and ‘survival time’.

Results

In total, 123 patient (mean age ± SD = 76 ± 13 years) deaths were identified from 1067 stroke admissions (11.5% mortality); 64 (52%) patients had ischaemic stroke and 59 (48%) intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and 40% suffered a prior stroke, and 43% required a carer at home or were in an aged care facility. Survival time from admission was significantly longer in patients with ischaemic stroke compared to intracerebral haemorrhage (median, interquartile range [IQR]: 9.5 [18] vs 2 [4] days, P < 0.001). Only two patients had pre‐existing ACP; 44% of patients were referred to palliative care and 41% were commenced on dedicated EOLCP. Palliative care referral was less likely in patients who died under neurosurgery. EOLCP were significantly less likely to be commenced in patients who underwent acute intervention or were not referred to palliative care.

Conclusion

In this cohort, palliative care referral and EOLCP were commenced in less than 50% of patients, highlighting significant variations in clinical care. These data support the need to promote awareness of ACP, particularly in patients with prior stroke or significant comorbidities. This may help reduce potentially futile invasive investigations and treatment.
Association between coffee consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Wijarnpreecha Karn , Thongprayoon Charat , Thamcharoen Natanong , Panjawatanan Panadeekarn , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: September 2017

Background/Objectives

The risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in individuals who regularly drink coffee is controversial. Several antioxidant compounds in coffee have been proposed to reduce the risk of RCC, while the findings from several studies raise concerns regarding a potential increased risk of RCC with coffee consumption.

Aim

This meta‐analysis aims to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and RCC.

Methods

A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception until December 2016. Studies that reported odd ratios or hazard ratios comparing the risk of RCC in individuals who consumed a significant amount of coffee (at least one cup of coffee per day) versus those who did not consume coffee were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance method.

Results

Twenty‐two observational studies (16 case–control and 6 cohort studies) were included in our analysis to assess the association between RCC and coffee consumption. The pooled RR of RCC in individuals consuming coffee was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.89–1.11). Subgroup analyses stratified by gender showed pooled RRs of RCC of 1.15 (95% CI, 0.85–1.55) in females and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.72–1.04) in males.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates no significant association between coffee consumption and RCC. Thus, coffee consumption is likely not a risk factor for RCC. Whether coffee consumption has a potential role in reduced risk of RCC, particularly in men, requires further investigations.
Invariant natural killer T‐cell development and function with loss of microRNA‐155
Authors: Frias Adolfo B. , Buechel Heather M. , Neupane Arpan , D'Cruz Louise M.
Published: September 2017

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are adaptive T cells with innate‐like characteristics including rapid cytokine production and a proliferative response to stimulation. Development of these cells in the thymus is dependent on expression of the microRNA (miRNA) processing enzyme Dicer, indicating that iNKT cells probably have distinct miRNA requirements for gene regulation during development. The miRNA miR‐155 has previously been shown to have numerous roles in T cells, including regulation of proliferation and differentiation, and positive modulation of interferon‐γ expression. We examined the role of miR‐155 in the development and function of iNKT cells. Using germline‐deficient miR‐155 mice, we showed that loss of miR‐155 resulted in unchanged iNKT cell frequency and cell number. Although miR‐155 was up‐regulated in iNKT cells upon activation with α‐galactosylceramide, loss of miR‐155 did not affect cytokine production or proliferation by iNKT cells. Hence, cytokine production occurs in iNKT cells independently of miR‐155 expression.
Combustion synthesis of InSe, In2Se3, and GaSe
Authors: Liu Guanghua , Chen Kexin , Li Jiangtao
Published: September 2017

InSe, In2Se3, and GaSe are important III‐VI semiconductors and are attractive for electronic, optical, and optoelectronic applications. This paper reports a fast and cheap way called combustion synthesis to prepare InSe, In2Se3, and GaSe. Bulk samples with relative densities up to 98% are directly produced in a few seconds. The samples show a high phase purity, correct stoichiometry, and lamellar crystals larger than 100 μm. By optical absorption, the bandgaps of InSe, In2Se3, and GaSe are determined to be 1.08, 1.24 and 1.75 eV, respectively.
High‐temperature oxidation and compressive strength of Cr2AlC MAX phase foams with controlled porosity
Authors: Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus , Onrubia Sara , Bram Martin , Broeckmann Christoph , Vassen Robert , Guillon Olivier
Published: September 2017

Cr2AlC foams have been processed for the first time containing low (35 vol%), intermediate (53 vol%), and high (75 vol%) content of porosity and three ranges of pore size, 90‐180 μm, 180‐250 μm, and 250‐400 μm. Sacrificial template technique was used as the processing method, utilizing NH4HCO3 as a temporary pore former. Cr2AlC foams exhibited negligible oxidation up to 800°C and excellent response up to 1300°C due to the in‐situ formation of an outer thin continuous protective layer of α‐Al2O3. The in‐situ α‐Al2O3 protective layer covered seamlessly all the external surface of the pores, even when they present sharp angles and tight corners, reducing significantly the further oxidation of the foams. The compressive strength of the foams was 73 and 13 MPa for 53 vol% and 75 vol% porosity, respectively, which increased up to 128 and 24 MPa after their oxidation at 1200°C for 1 hour. The increase in the compressive strength after the oxidation was caused by the switch from inter‐ to transgranular fracture mode. According to the excellent high‐temperature response, heat exchangers and catalyst supports are the potential application of these foams.
What Drives Political Parties' Commitment to the ‘Stability Culture’? An Empirical Analysis Based on the Electoral Manifestos Issued in EU Member States
Authors: De Simone Elina , Gaeta Giuseppe Lucio , Sapio Alessandro
Published: September 2017

By using data extracted from the political manifestos released by national political parties from 27 European Union countries over the 1990–2012 period, we estimate non‐linear econometric models whose aim is to understand the determinants of cross‐country political concern for the ‘stability culture’. This expression describes an economic policy perspective based on the aims of providing price stability, fiscally disciplined budgets and rules and procedures that favour public expenditure ceilings. Our findings reveal that parties' commitment to the ‘stability culture’ is determined by their ideological background and by the national macroeconomic situation in the pre‐electoral year.
Reply to: Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Pneumonia in Individuals with Dementia
Authors: Yang Shun‐Fa , Yeh Chao‐Bin
Published: September 2017

See this letter comments on the article by Muhammet Cemal Kizilarslanoglu.
Investor protection and value creation in cross‐border M&As by emerging economies
Authors: Dell'Acqua Alberto , Etro Leonardo , Piva Michele , Teti Emanuele
Published: September 2017

Previous research investigating cross‐border M&As (CBM&As) by emerging economies (EEs) provided contrasting evidence on the value enhancement role of investor protection rules. We conduct a new empirical study to address the issue with an accurate sample selection of bidders from more homogeneous developing countries and transactions on developed countries only. Our analysis over the 1997–2012 period on a sample of M&A deals by companies from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) does not provide evidence that better institutional standards in the destination country are rewarded by the local stock market. We find that foreign governance quality is not associated with positive excess stock returns around the announcement date. Rather, these returns are affected by firm‐specific and deal‐specific factors, such as the relative deal size, the listed status of the target company, and the acquirer size. Comparison with other studies on excess returns for emerging markets (including BRICs) suggests that the results could be driven at least partially by country choice.
Evolution of Bilateral Capital Flows to Developing Countries at Intensive and Extensive Margins
Authors: ARAUJO JULIANA D. , LASTAUSKAS POVILAS , PAPAGEORGIOU CHRIS
Published: September 2017

Motivated by the rise in capital flows to low‐income countries (LICs), we examine the nature of these flows and the factors affecting foreign investors' decision. Recognizing the presence of fixed investment costs, we analyze capital flows at both intensive and extensive margins. To fix ideas, we resort to the gravity literature for the estimating relationships which we embed into a two‐tier econometric framework with cross‐sectional dependence. Our main finding is that market entry costs are statistically and economically very detrimental to LICs. We also obtain the gravity‐type relationship for the destination income unconditionally but not after conditioning on relevant variables, as well as establish labor productivity as a robust attractor of capital inflows.
Myoma and myomectomy: Poor evidence concern in pregnancy
Authors: Milazzo Giusi Natalia , Catalano Angelica , Badia Valentina , Mallozzi Maddalena , Caserta Donatella
Published: September 2017

Aim

Summarize the results of the many, but often underpowered, studies on pregnancy complicated by myoma or myomectomy.

Methods

Survey of the electronic PubMed database for the last two decades was conducted. We selected reviews, meta‐analyses, case series, case reports, clinical studies only with statistical analysis, and guidelines from scientific societies.

Results

Delaying childbearing leads to an increased incidence of pregnancy complicated by fibroids or previous myomectomy. Approximately 10–30% of pregnant women with myomas develop complications during gestation, at delivery and in puerperium. Submucosal, retroplacental, large and multiple myomas have a greater risk of complications. Cervical myomas, although rare, need careful management. The location and size of the fibroids should be assessed from the first trimester. Despite the increased risk of cesarean section, fibroids are not a contraindication to labor, unless they obstruct the birth canal or other obstetric conditions coexist. Myomectomy during pregnancy, in selected cases, is feasible and safe. Myomectomy cannot be considered a prophylactic measure prior to conception, but has to be individualized. Uterine rupture after myomectomy generally occurs in the third trimester or during labor and some associated risk factors have been identified. There is no consensus on the optimal interval between myomectomy and conception.

Conclusions

Pregnancy in patients with fibroids or previous myomectomy should be considered as high risk, requiring a maternal–fetal medicine specialist. To date available literature is inconsistent on evidence‐based management. Further research is needed for definitive recommendations.
Annual Report of the Committee on Gynecologic Oncology, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Patient Annual Report for 2014 and Treatment Annual Report for 2009
Authors: Saito Toshiaki , Takahashi Fumiaki , Katabuchi Hidetaka ,   The 2016 Committee on Gynecologic Oncology of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Published: September 2017

The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology collects and analyzes annual data on gynecologic cancers from member institutions. We present the Patient Annual Report for 2014 and the Treatment Annual Report for 2009. Data on 7436 patients with cervical cancer, 9673 with endometrial cancer, 5924 with ovarian cancer, and 1909 with ovarian borderline tumor for whom treatment was initiated in 2014 were summarized in the Patient Annual Report. Stage I accounted for 55.6%, stage II for 22.9%, stage III for 10.2%, and stage IV for 11.2% of all patients with cervical cancer. Stage I accounted for 72.3%, stage II for 6.0%, stage III for 14.1%, and stage IV for 7.7% of all patients with endometrial cancer. Stage I accounted for 43.3%, stage II for 9.1%, stage III for 27.6%, and stage IV for 7.2% of all patients with ovarian cancer. Data on the prognosis of 4126 patients with cervical cancer, 4613 with endometrial cancer, and 3205 with ovarian cancer for whom treatment was initiated in 2009 were analyzed in the Treatment Annual Report. Survival was analyzed by using the Kaplan–Meier method, the log–rank test and the Wilcoxon test. The 5‐year overall survival rates for patients with cervical cancer were 92.4% for stage I, 76.7% for stage II, 54.3% for stage III, and 25.2% for stage IV. The equivalent rates for patients with endometrial cancer were 94.6%, 89.4%, 78.3%, and 25.0%, respectively; and those for patients with ovarian cancer (surface epithelial–stromal tumors) were 90.5%, 78.8%, 46.0%, and 25.1%, respectively.
Dehydroepiandrosterone as a potential agent to slow down ovarian aging
Authors: Lin Li‐Te , Cheng Jiin‐Tsuey , Wang Peng‐Hui , Li Chia‐Jung , Tsui Kuan‐Hao
Published: September 2017

Aim

Ovarian aging, which leads to diminished ovarian reserve and decreased oocyte quality, is highly associated with poor reproductive outcomes. It has been suggested that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) might be able to temporarily slow down the aging process. This study attempted to investigate the clinical benefits of DHEA in older patients and the anti‐senescence effect of DHEA on cumulus cells (CC) and human ovarian granulosa cells (HO23 cell line).

Methods

This prospective study enrolled 88 patients who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF), including 30 younger patients (aged ≤ 37 years) and 58 older patients (aged > 37 years). Older patients were assigned to receive DHEA treatment or not prior to the IVF cycle. CC were obtained from all patients after oocyte retrieval and the HO23 granulosa cell line was used for in vitro studies. Senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal) was used as a biomarker of senescence.

Results

In older patients, following DHEA supplementation, a greater number of transferred embryos and a higher fertilization rate were observed compared with those in patients without DHEA supplementation. However, the clinical pregnancy rate was not significantly increased following DHEA supplementation. Additionally, treatment with DHEA resulted in significantly reduced SA‐β‐gal staining in both CC and HO23 cells.

Conclusion

DHEA supplementation ameliorated IVF outcomes but without a consequence on pregnancy rate in older patients and decreased SA‐β‐gal activity in CC and HO23 cells, suggesting that DHEA might be used as a possible intervention to slow down ovarian aging.
Effects on jaw function shortly after whiplash trauma
Authors: Lampa E. , Wänman A. , Nordh E. , Häggman‐Henrikson B.
Published: September 2017

Normal jaw function involves muscles and joints of both jaw and neck. A whiplash trauma may disturb the integrated jaw‐neck sensory‐motor function and thereby impair chewing ability; however, it is not known if such impairment is present shortly after a neck trauma or develops over time. The aim was to evaluate jaw function after a recent whiplash trauma. Eighty cases (47 women) were examined within 1 month after a whiplash trauma and compared to 80 controls (47 women) without neck trauma. Participants completed the Jaw disability checklist (JDC) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) questionnaires and performed a 5‐minute chewing test. Elicited fatigue and pain during chewing were noted, and group differences were evaluated with Fisher's exact test and Mann‐Whitney U‐test. Compared to controls, cases had higher JDC (P < .0001) and NDI scores (15% vs 2%, P < .0001), and reported more fatigue (53% vs 31%, P = .006) and pain (30% vs 10%, P = .003) during the chewing test. Cases also had a shorter onset time for fatigue and pain (both P = .001) Furthermore, cases reporting symptoms during chewing had higher JDC and NDI scores compared to cases not reporting symptoms (both P = .01). Symptoms mainly occurred in the trigeminal area for both groups, but also in spinal areas more often for cases than for controls. Taken together, the results indicate that jaw‐neck sensory‐motor function is impaired already within 1 month after a whiplash trauma. The association between neck disability and jaw impairment underlines the close functional relationship between the regions, and stresses the importance of multidisciplinary assessment.
Decreased γ‐aminobutyric acid levels in the brainstem in patients with possible sleep bruxism: A pilot study
Authors: Fan X. , Qu F. , Wang J.‐J. , Du X. , Liu W.‐C.
Published: September 2017

Background

An increasing number of studies have indicated that the central and autonomic nervous systems play roles in the genesis of sleep bruxism (SB). The role of specific neurochemicals in SB has been a subject of interest.

Objective

In this study, we use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) to determine whether the levels of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) are different in the brainstem and bilateral cortical masticatory area (CMA) between possible sleep bruxism (SB) patients and controls, and discuss whether the brainstem or cortical networks which may affect the central masticatory pathways are under the genesis of SB.

Methods

Twelve possible SB patients and twelve age‐ and gender‐matched controls underwent 1H‐MRS using the “MEGA‐Point Resolved Spectroscopy Sequence” (MEGA‐PRESS) technique in the brainstem and bilateral CMA. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were processed using LCModel. Because the signal detected by MEGA‐PRESS includes contributions from GABA, macromolecules (primarily proteins) and homocarnosine, the GABA signal is referred to as “GABA+”. The glutamate complex (Glx) signal contains both glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln), which mainly reflect glutamatergic metabolism.

Results

Edited spectra were successfully obtained from the bilateral CMA in all subjects. There were no significant differences in neurochemical levels between the left and right CMA in possible SB patients and controls. In the brainstem, significantly lower GABA+ levels were found in possible SB patients than in controls (P = .011), whereas there was no significant difference (P = .307) in Glx levels between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

SB patients may possess abnormalities in the GABAergic system of brainstem networks.
He's more katakana than kanji: Indexing identity and self‐presentation through script selection in Japanese manga (comics)
Authors: Robertson Wesley C.
Published: September 2017

This paper examines the role of script selection in indexing identities and styles of self‐presentation within a Japanese manga (comic). By cataloguing where the kanji, hiragana, and katakana scripts are used to represent first person pronouns, I establish the contexts where each script/pronoun combination serves as a locally normative representation. These norms are compared against non‐normative representations to gain insight into the local meanings associated with the various scripts. Analysis of the variant forms is combined with an interview with the manga's author. Ultimately, the results reveal that the contribution of script to the meaning of a Japanese text goes beyond any single marked selection, and involves interactions between both locally normative patterns of script use and meaningful local violations of these norms. Selections of script are seen to convey nuances in how meaning is constructed in the text, as well as reflecting wider ideologies about language use in Japan.
Gender, electrodermal activity, and videogames: Adding a psychophysiological dimension to sociolinguistic methods
Authors: Mendoza‐Denton Norma , Eisenhauer Scarlett , Wilson Wesley , Flores Cory
Published: September 2017

User experience research on the affective dimensions of videogame players’ interactions has looked to psychophysiological measures as proxies for emotional states. We add to the growing body of literature on this topic and offer our research as a novel application to the methodological toolbox of sociolinguistics. We present a case study of an interaction occurring in a mixed‐gender group (3m/1f) playing a video game that has a potentially sexualized component in gameplay, using a Nintendo Wii‐mote joystick as a mimetic penis in the gameMario Party 8. Through a detailed analysis of (1) gameplay interaction, including talk, laughter and gesture, (2) participants’ electrodermal activity (EDA), and (3) a post‐game debriefing, we track the varied engagements of the players in‐game and with each other, showing how the design of the game itself and the entanglement of hardware and software design with gendered gameplay serve to marginalize and exclude the female participant.
Royalties, entry, and spectrum allocation to the broadcasting industry
Authors: Caputo Michael Ralph , Freyens Benoit Pierre
Published: September 2017

We characterize the socially optimal trajectory of spectrum royalty and firm entry in a deregulated over‐the‐air broadcasting industry. A social planner maximizes consumers' lifetime utility by setting royalties for the use of publicly owned spectrum. As the number of broadcasters adjusts to profits over time, the quality of service improves through greater variety but also deteriorates through intensified interferences. Contrary to observed consolidation and return to concentration in past deregulatory reforms, we find that optimal royalty control that accounts for these quality effects steers the socially optimal trajectory of royalties and firms to a more competitive steady state.
Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase gene induction with benzothiadiazole elevates defence against Lasiodiplodia theobromae in tea in India
Authors: Das Shibu , Chakraborty Prosenjit , Mandal Parimal , Saha Dipanwita , Saha Aniruddha
Published: September 2017

Tea is widely used as an aromatic beverage cultivated in more than 35 countries from different continents. The global production of tea during the year 2015–2016 was 5,303 million kg where India stands 2nd contributing 23% of the world production. Diplodia disease is one of the most common diseases of tea in sub‐Himalayan West Bengal, India. Phenylpropanoids act as a precursor of several secondary metabolites that are synthesized at the time of biotic and abiotic stress conditions. During the induction of systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid production is regulated by phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) gene expression. In this communication, twelve‐month‐old tea seedlings (TV‐26) were treated with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and inoculated with Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Transcript accumulation in different treatments, that is treated‐uninoculated, untreated‐inoculated and treated‐inoculated were measured in comparison with untreated‐uninoculated control to study the effect of BTH in defence induction. From the results, it was evident that BTH‐treated and L. theobromae‐inoculated plants showed higher transcript accumulation (3.81 μg/μl) and reduced disease index (3.8 ± 0.02) in comparison with untreated control where transcript accumulation was 3.26 μg/μl and disease index reduced to 14.6 ± 0.05. After sequencing, nucleotide and deduced protein sequences were compared, and 3D structure was established where three lyase superfamily (cl26059) motifs were found. The increase in PAL activity was also observed in treated‐inoculated plants (from 2.5 to 4.4 μmol min−1 g−1) in comparison with healthy control (from 2.5 to 2.7 μmol min−1 g−1) after 4th day of treatment. Nonetheless, BTH might be one of the significant inducers of PAL which can be used to induce of disease resistance in tea plants in India.
Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate Duration of Action and Individualized Dosing Intervals in Dogs with Primary Hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Jaffey J.A. , Nurre P. , Cannon A.B. , DeClue A.E.
Published: September 2017

Background

Clinicians alter dosing for desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) to mitigate costs, but this practice has not been critically evaluated in a prospective clinical trial.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The duration of action ofDOCPis longer than 30 days in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism (PH).

Animals

A total of 53 client‐owned dogs withPH. Twenty‐four dogs with newly diagnosedPH(Group 1) and 29 dogs with treatedPH(Group 2).

Methods

Prospective, multicenter, clinical trial. For phase I,DOCPwas administered and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured until the dog developed hyponatremia or hyperkalemia at a planned evaluation, or displayed clinical signs with plasma electrolyte concentrations outside of the reference interval independent of a planned evaluation, thus definingDOCPduration of action. Plasma electrolyte concentrations then were assessed at the end of the individualized dosing interval (IDI; i.e.,DOCPduration of action minus 7 days, phaseIIand at least 3 months after concluding phaseII, phaseIII).

Results

The duration of action ofDOCPin dogs in phase I with naïvePH(n = 24) ranged from 32 to 94 days (median, 62 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57, 65) and previously treatedPH(n = 29) from 41 to 124 days (median, 67 days;CI, 56, 72). Overall, the finalDOCPdosing interval for all dogs that completed phaseII(n = 36) ranged from 38 days to 90 days (median, 58 days;CI, 53, 61). No dog that completed phaseIII(n = 15) required reduction in theIDI. TheDOCPduration of action, independent of group, was not significantly associated with several baseline variables. The median drug cost reduction usingIDIwas approximately 57.5% per year.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

The duration of action ofDOCPin dogs withPHis >30 days, and plasma sodium and potassium concentrations can be maintained with anIDI>30 days long term.
Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of cefquinome in buffalo calves
Authors: Venkatachalam D. , Dumka V. K. , Ranjan B.
Published: September 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following single intramuscular (IM) administration in six healthy male buffalo calves. Cefquinome was administered intramuscularly (2 mg/kg bodyweight) and blood samples were collected prior to drug administration and up to 24 hr after injection. No adverse effects or changes were observed after the IM injection of cefquinome. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The disposition of plasma cefquinome is characterized by a mono‐compartmental open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters after IM administration (mean ± SE) were Cmax 6.93 ± 0.58 μg/ml, Tmax 0.5 hr, t½kα 0.16 ± 0.05 hr, t½β 3.73 ± 0.10 hr, and AUC 28.40 ± 1.30 μg hr/ml after IM administration. A dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg bodyweight at 24‐hr interval following IM injection of cefquinome would maintain the plasma levels required to be effective against the bacterial pathogens with MIC values ≤0.39 μg/ml. The suggested dosage regimen of cefquinome has to be validated in the disease models before recommending for clinical use in buffalo calves.
Familiarity dominates relatedness in mate selection in ladybirds
Authors: Saxena S. , Mishra G. , Omkar
Published: September 2017

Cuticular and volatile hydrocarbons have been known to act as signatures of sex, species, mating partners and relatives in ladybird beetles. Our aim was to see (1) whether chemical proximity to an individual establishes familiarity and whether this modulates behaviour, and (2) whether ladybirds can detect familiarity or relatedness, and if so, which quality they respond to more favourably. The first experiment investigated whether familiarity can be established in Cheilomenes sexmaculata on the basis of perception of volatile profiles, and the second experiment investigated whether familiarity is stronger than relatedness in determining mate preference. Males and females were housed in an arena which permitted only chemical contact, for 1–10 days, to create familiarity. Females were then given a choice of familiar versus unfamiliar males and were found to preferentially mate with unfamiliar males. The preference for unfamiliar males increased with confinement duration. This preference was also evident in mating as well as in reproductive performance: females mated faster with unfamiliar males and males remained in copula for longer duration with novel females, and higher number of eggs was also laid by females that mated with unfamiliar males. In the second experiment, females were given a choice of related unfamiliar and unrelated familiar males and they preferred the latter, indicating that relatives were not preferred even when they were unfamiliar. When choosing between relatives and familiar individuals, the aversion to relatives was stronger than the affinity for unfamiliar individuals. Bias against mating with relatives is probably a function to prevent inbreeding depression.
Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Triatoma dimidiata nymphs to conspecific faecal volatiles
Authors: GALVEZ‐MARROQUIN Z. , CRUZ‐LÓPEZ L. , MALO E. A. , RAMSEY J. M. , ROJAS J. C.
Published: September 2017

The behavioural and electrophysiological (electroantennography) responses of the first two instars of Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Latreille to fresh and dry faecal headspace volatile extracts from fifth instar conspecific nymphs and synthetic compounds were analysed in this study. Recently emerged nymphs (3–5 days) aggregated around filter paper impregnated with dry faeces and around filter paper impregnated with extracts from both fresh and dry faeces. Older first instars (10–15 days) and second instars aggregated around filter paper impregnated with fresh and dry faeces, and their respective headspace extracts. Dry faecal volatile extracts elicited the strongest antennal responses, followed by fresh faecal extracts. Gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis of dried faecal headspace volatiles demonstrated the presence of 12 compounds: 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, n‐octadecane, n‐nonadecane, n‐eicosane, n‐heneicosane, n‐tricosane, n‐pentaeicosane, n‐hexaeicosane, n‐octaeicosane, nonanal, and 4‐methyl quinazoline. In fresh faecal headspace extracts, only nonanal was clearly detected, although there were other trace compounds, including several unidentified sesquiterpenes. Four of the 11 compounds tested individually elicited aggregation behaviour at concentrations of 100 ng/µL and 1 µg/µL. A blend containing these four components also mediated the aggregation of nymphs. These volatiles may be valuable for developing monitoring methods and designing sensitive strategies to detect and measure T. dimidiata infestation.
Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits?
Authors: Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Grootemaat Saskia , Verheijen Lieneke M. , Cornwell William K. , van Bodegom Peter M. , van der Wal René , Aerts Rien
Published: September 2017

Biological decomposition and wildfire are connected carbon release pathways for dead plant material: slower litter decomposition leads to fuel accumulation. Are decomposition and surface fires also connected through plant community composition, via the species’ traits? Our central concept involves two axes of trait variation related to decomposition and fire. The ‘plant economics spectrum’ (PES) links biochemistry traits to the litter decomposability of different fine organs. The ‘size and shape spectrum’ (SSS) includes litter particle size and shape and their consequent effect on fuel bed structure, ventilation and flammability. Our literature synthesis revealed thatPES‐driven decomposability is largely decoupled from predominantlySSS‐driven surface litter flammability across species; this finding needs empirical testing in various environmental settings. Under certain conditions, carbon release will be dominated by decomposition, while under other conditions litter fuel will accumulate and fire may dominate carbon release. Ecosystem‐level feedbacks between decomposition and fire, for example via litter amounts, litter decomposition stage, community‐level biotic interactions and altered environment, will influence the trait‐driven effects on decomposition and fire. Yet, our conceptual framework, explicitly comparing the effects of two plant trait spectra on litter decomposition vs fire, provides a promising new research direction for better understanding and predicting Earth surface carbon dynamics.ContentsSummary653I.Introduction654II.Decomposition–fire interactions via traits in the plant economics spectrum (PES)657III.Fire–decomposition interactions via traits in the size and shape spectrum (SSS)659IV.Integrating decomposition–fire interactions: decoupling of PES and SSS effects?661V.From species to communities: are litter interactions for decomposition and fire behaviour connected?662VI.Feedbacks between community (trait) composition, decomposition and fire663VII.Conclusion665Acknowledgements665References665
Biological and clinical implications of herbal medicine and natural products for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Guo Bao‐Jian , Bian Zhao‐Xiang , Qiu Hong‐Cong , Wang Yi‐Tao , Wang Ying
Published: September 2017

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Homeostasis of various regulatory factors involved with intestinal immunity is disrupted in IBD, including the intestinal epithelial barrier, macrophages, and cellular mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. No successful treatment is currently available for the management of IBD. Natural products and herbal medicines have exhibited efficacy for UC and CD in experimental models and clinical trials with the following activities: (1) maintenance of integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, (2) regulation of macrophage activation, (3) modulation of innate and adaptive immune response, and (4) inhibition of TNF‐α activity. Here, we discuss the major factors involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and the current development of natural products and herbs for the treatment of IBD.
Mechanical signals protect stem cell lineage selection, preserving the bone and muscle phenotypes in obesity
Authors: Frechette Danielle M. , Krishnamoorthy Divya , Pamon Tee , Chan M. Ete , Patel Vihitaben , Rubin Clinton T.
Published: September 2017

The incidence of obesity is rapidly rising, increasing morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Associated comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, heart disease, fatty liver disease, and cancer. The impact of excess fat on musculoskeletal health is still unclear, although it is associated with increased fracture risk and a decline in muscular function. The complexity of obesity makes understanding the etiology of bone and muscle abnormalities difficult. Exercise is an effective and commonly prescribed nonpharmacological treatment option, but it can be difficult or unsafe for the frail, elderly, and morbidly obese. Exercise alternatives, such as low‐intensity vibration (LIV), have potential for improving musculoskeletal health, particularly in conditions with excess fat. LIV has been shown to influence bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward higher‐order tissues (i.e., bone) and away from fat. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, recent studies utilizing LIV both at the bench and in the clinic have demonstrated some efficacy. Here, we discuss the current literature investigating the effects of obesity on bone, muscle, and bone marrow and how exercise and LIV can be used as effective treatments for combating the negative effects in the presence of excess fat.
Individual heterogeneity and capture–recapture models: what, why and how?
Authors: Gimenez Olivier , Cam Emmanuelle , Gaillard Jean-Michel
Published: September 2017

Variation between and within individuals in life history traits is ubiquitous in natural populations. When affecting fitness‐related traits such as survival or reproduction, individual heterogeneity plays a key role in population dynamics and life history evolution. However, it is only recently that properly accounting for individual heterogeneity when studying population dynamics of free‐ranging populations has been made possible through the development of appropriate statistical models. We aim here to review case studies of individual heterogeneity in the context of capture–recapture models for the estimation of population size and demographic parameters with imperfect detection. First, we define what individual heterogeneity means and clarify the terminology used in the literature. Second, we review the literature and illustrate why individual heterogeneity is used in capture–recapture studies by focusing on the detection of life‐history tradeoffs, including senescence. Third, we explain how to model individual heterogeneity in capture–recapture models and provide the code to fit these models (https://github.com/oliviergimenez/indhet_in_CRmodels). The distinction is made between situations in which heterogeneity is actually measured and situations in which part of the heterogeneity remains unobserved. Regarding the latter, we outline recent developments of random‐effect models and finite‐mixture models. Finally, we discuss several avenues for future research.
Oral challenge without skin tests in children with non‐severe beta‐lactam hypersensitivity: Time to change the paradigm?
Authors: Moral Luis , Caubet Jean‐Christoph
Published: September 2017

Suspected allergy to penicillins and cephalosporins is very common in childhood. After a proper evaluation, allergy will be confirmed only in a small portion of them. Intradermal tests are usually part of the allergy workup, but they are painful for children and time‐consuming, and their role has been debated. A systematic review found only two studies reporting a positive predictive value of skin tests in children of 36% and 33%, respectively, leading to a high rate of inaccurate diagnosis. Moreover, considering that skin tests are negative in more than 90%‐95% of cases, an oral provocation test (OPT) is finally needed to confirm tolerance in most of these children. Positive OPT are rare, and even where children demonstrate reproducible signs on challenge, they rarely constitute immediate or serious symptoms. Therefore, OPT to the index antibiotic without skin tests are increasingly being considered an accepted procedure for children with a suspected mild non‐immediate reaction related to a beta‐lactam antibiotic. Furthermore, a recent research has taken the same approach including children with suspected mild immediate reactions, with similar safety and positive results. In light of recent evidence highlighted, it is now the time for large and multicentric studies to confirm that OPT with the index antibiotic, without skin tests, are safe and convenient for children with a history of a mild reaction with a beta‐lactam antibiotic before it can be recommended in pediatric allergy guidelines.