bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Search of Effective Principal Appraisal
Authors:   , Chapman Patricia
Published: November 2021

The board of trustees of each New Zealand state and integrated school is responsible for the performance appraisal of its principal. Empirical data on the effectiveness of the appraisal for principals and boards is scarce. This research set out to describe principal appraisal within a region containing approximately one tenth of New Zealand schools. A survey to collect quantitative and qualitative data on the 2006 appraisal was completed by the principal and/or chair of just under half the schools in the region. The results suggest four critical success factors: the way in which the appraiser is selected and their personal qualities; the fairness and clarity of the process; the specific expectations that principals and chairs have of the outcome; and the completeness and congruity of principals' and chairs' understanding of appraisal. The reported experiences were mostly positive. However, understanding and resourcing of effective practice was found to be limited. A professional external appraiser and good interpersonal chemistry are dominant contributors to a satisfying appraisal experience. A functioning process with adequate resourcing and time for evidence gathering and evaluation, appear to be important appraisal prerequisites but do not guarantee a satisfying outcome. Unsatisfying appraisal experiences can be traced to a lack of clear understanding of appraisal aims and practice, together with resources to support their development. It is further compounded by the transient nature of boards. Four key action programmes are suggested to address shortcomings and recommendations are outlined for key stakeholders.
What Can I Understand about Children with Special Needs from the Musical Offerings that Emerge in the Music Therapy Process?
Authors:   , Cammell Shane
Published: November 2021

This arts-based research thesis sought to understand two children with special needs, through their musical offerings within the context of their music therapy sessions. The process of understanding the children came through firstly listening to and extracting meaningful musical data from recordings of their sessions. This data included both actual excerpts of the musical interplays between the child and music therapist (myself), and more broadly, underlying themes drawn from the recorded session material. The data was then creatively 'melded', resulting in two original instrumental works, herein referred to as 'songs'. Before, during and after writing the songs, rigorous analyses were undertaken utilising both a formal approach, via the use of a contextual question framework, and two creative approaches: free-form narration and data-led imagery. The contextual question framework, involving the repetitive use of two key questions - where? and why? - sought to understand the data's context, its purpose for inclusion, and its influence on the respective song. One of the creative approaches, that of free-form narration, sought to, rather than analysing the song through formal structures, instead 'tell the song's story', narratively conveying the experience of being with the child in his music. The other creative approach, that of data-led imagery, involved creating images during and after being 'immersed' in the musical data, employing instinctive or subconscious means to further develop the therapist's understanding of the child's musical offerings, and moreover, the child himself. Upon completion of the two songs, it was discovered that clinical themes present from the sessions strongly influenced the song creation process. Results also strongly supported the validity of arts-based research as a viable means of analysing music created with children with special needs.
Reviving Hedonism about Well-Being: Refuting the Argument from False Pleasures and Restricting the Relevance of Intuitive 'Evidence'
Authors:   , Turton Daniel Michael
Published: November 2021

Throughout the vast majority of its history, hedonism about well-being has been perennially unpopular (Feldman 2004). The arguments in this essay take steps towards reviving the plausibility of hedonism about well-being. The main argument currently used to refute hedonism about well-being, the Argument from False Pleasures, is shown to lack sufficient evidence to be compelling. The main evidence provided for the Argument from False Pleasures comes in the form of two thought experiments, the Experience Machine (Nozick 1974) and the Deceived Businessman (Kagan 1998). These thought experiments typically produce strong intuitive responses, which are used to directly support the Argument from False Pleasures. This essay investigates how theories of well-being are currently evaluated by moral philosophers, with a specific focus on the place our intuitions have in the process. Indeed, the major role that moral intuitions play in evaluating theories of well-being, despite their sometimes dubious epistemic credentials, leads to an in-depth enquiry into their inner workings and potential for containing normatively significant information. The investigation, which draws on the work of Woodward and Allman (2007), concludes that intuitions about unrealistic thought experiments should not play an important role in evaluating theories of well-being. Rather, they should only act as a warning sign, highlighting moral propositions for further analysis. Based on these findings, a new method for assessing theories of well-being is suggested and applied to a specific internalist account of hedonism about well-being to show how the Deceived Businessman and Experience Machine thought experiments lack normative significance, leaving the Argument from False Pleasures without sufficient evidence to be compelling. Indeed, this essay concludes that the Argument from False Pleasures should no longer be thought to provide any good reason to believe that hedonism about well-being is implausible. This result is only one step on the road to reviving hedonism about well-being, but it is a very important one.
The Petrology and Petrochemistry of Andesite and Dacite Volcanoes in Eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
Authors:   , Duncan Andrew Rae
Published: November 2021

The volcanic rocks of Edgecumbe, Whale Island, White Island and Manawahe are andesites and dacites, which are collectively termed the Bay of Plenty volcanics. Edgecumbe is a comparatively young volcano, being active between 1700 and 8000 years B.P.; Whale Island has probably been inactive for at least the last 36,000 years; White Island has probably been active for much of the late Pleistocene, and is still in a stage of solfataric activity with intermittent tephra eruptions; and Manawahe is probably of the order of 750,000 year old (K-Ar date by J.J. Stipp). The geology of Edgecumbe, Whale Island and White Island is discussed, and the petrography and mineralogy of the Bay of plenty volcanics is discussed and compared. The rocks of Edgecumbe and Whale Island are extremely similar petrographically, but the rocks of White Island and Manawahe are sufficiently different that they can be distinguished both from one another and from Edgecumbe and Whale Island rocks. Most of the Bay of Plenty volcanics are plagioclase andesites or plagioclase dacites. New total rock analyses for 28 elements in 44 samples of the Bay of Plenty volcanics are presented, together with analyses of 4 samples from elsewhere in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Three samples were analysed for an additional 17 elements. The Bay of Plenty volcanics are calc-alkaline and are predominantly dacites (greater than or equal to 63% SiO2) by Taylor et al.'s (1969) definition, but there is chemical continuity from samples with about 61% SiO2 to samples with about 66% SiO2. Major and trace element variation trends cannot be explained entirely by a crystal fractionation hypothesis, and assimilation of upper crustal material of rhyolitic composition best explains the variation trends for Edgecumbe and Whale Island. The variation trends and certain element abundances in White Island rocks suggest the assimilation of marine sediments, and introduction of seawater into the magma. Taken as a whole, the Bay of Plenty volcanics fit the chemical trends which have been established for the Taupo Zone by earlier workers (e.g. Steiner, 1958; Clark, 1960). The apparent geochemical 'gap' or discontinuity between about 68% and 71.5% SiO2 noted by Steiner (1958) is further substantiated by the new geochemical data presented here. It is considered likely that basalt, andesite and rhyolite are all primary magmas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Their possible origins, and the origins of Taupo Zone dacites are discussed.
Synthesis of Sporidesmin Based Antigens
Authors:   , Erasmuson Anton Francis
Published: November 2021

In a program aimed at developing a chemically derived vaccine against sporidesmin-A, the toxin which causes the pasture disease facial eczema, two haptens have been prepared, coupled to protein carriers, and tested for immunogenicity. The hapten, 2-amino-5-chloro-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol has been synthesised from vanillin and the general synthetic methods developed in the course of this work have been used to prepare a large number of related vanillin derivatives for use in cross-hapten studies. The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 16 vanillin derivatives have been obtained, and two independent methods of deducing vanillin substitution patterns have been developed. 5-chloro-6, 7-dimethoxy-N-methyl-lH-indole has been prepared by a new route and its 3-oxoacetic acid derivative has been synthesized for use as a hapten. The Vilsmeier-Haack intermediate, l-methyl-3-(N,N-dimethylimonio) methyl-lH-indole chloride was isolated and a number of possible synthetic routes from it to pyrroloindoles were explored. The vanillin and indole haptens have been coupled to protein carriers to form antigens which generated a low antibody response. However, the use of mycobacterium phlei as a carrier greatly increased the antibody response but the antibodies produced did not interact strongly with sporidesmin-A.
Bureaucracy, Democracy and Westminster: The Quest for Political Control
Authors:   , Somers Jean-Christopher
Published: November 2021

This thesis argues that a Weberian process of bureaucratisation poses a serious threat in itself to the central values and ideals of liberal democracy. Such a threat arises not only from the bureaucratic pathology of 'goal displacement' of substantive ends by instrumental means, but also, because of this pathology, its tendency to mask and embed ideological challenges to liberal democracy. An effective liberal political constitution is therefore necessary to maintain the democratic control of bureaucracy while exploiting the efficiency benefits of bureaucratic administration. Such a political constitution is in fact contained in the Westminster tradition of liberal constitutionalism, based on the principles of parliamentary sovereignty, ministerial responsibility and political neutrality. Through this theoretical lens, the thesis proceeds to examine the trajectory of public sector reforms against the changing political contexts in New Zealand over the past 20 years and its constitutional implications. The NPM reforms in New Zealand, whether intended or unintended, displaced the political and constitutional safeguards implicit in the traditional model of public service with managerial norms which simultaneously serve to embed the neoliberal ideology. Despite the claim of NPM reformers to control bureaucracy, the paradoxical effects of the reform have been to accelerate the process of bureaucratisation and attenuate democratic control. Recent initiatives aimed to address some apparent weaknesses of NPM, have not changed the fundamentals of the managerial system, and thus fail to reverse this trend of declining democratic control of bureaucratic power. A reassertion of the fundamental norms of the Westminster system is recommended to arrest this decline of liberal democracy.
Lyricism and Happiness in the Autobiographical Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors:   , Hollard Thoron Lincoln
Published: November 2021

One aspect of Rousseau's prose style, not only in La Nouvelle Heloise but also in the autobiographical writings, particularly the Confessions and the Reveries du promeneur solitaire, is his lyricism. While Rousseau's lyricism has always been generally recognized it has rarely been given detailed examination, especially in the case of the autobiographical works. In this thesis, therefore, a detailed study of lyrical passages in Rousseau's autobiographical writings is undertaken. This analysis is linked to the theme of happiness, which is usually related in some way to Rousseau's lyricism. The first chapter of Part One of this study considers, the nature of lyricism in relation to literary expression in poetry and in prose, and also briefly surveys lyrical prose before Rousseau. Then Rousseau's potential for lyrical expression, as so far defined, is studied. As Rousseau's lyricism is to be analysed within the framework of happiness, the role of happiness in his life and works is considered in Chapter III. Part Two, namely Chapters IV to VII inclusive, consists of an examination of lyrical passages connected with happiness in Rousseau's autobiographical Writings. The subdivisions of happiness in the different chapters into absence of happiness, wishful thinking, happiness in personal relationships and happiness associated with nature respectively, are to be regarded as no more than a convenient framework for stylistic analysis. The aim of the thesis is to discover, in the course of analysing these lyrical passages, in what manner and with what effect certain feelings and reflections are expressed; to show what characterizes his lyrical suppleness and what is responsible for his melodiousness; to discover what features of, style are, variously, characteristics, special, unexpected or even disappointing, whether at one time or more generally in Rousseau's lyrical expression.
Geology of the Tinui district
Authors:   , Johnston Michael Robert
Published: November 2021

The Tinui District is assumed to be typical of the more deformed part of the New Zealand Mobile Belt. It contains an unusually complete stratigraphic record, rocks representing most stages from Upper Jurassic to Recent being present. Although the rocks are strongly deformed, the complex diapiric structures that occur in the northeast of the mobile belt are absent. The stratigraphy is described in terms of formations which are then used to infer the paleogeography for eight periods of time. An attempt is made to treat the structure according to its development with time. The main conclusion is that there was a change in the strike of the fold axes and in the sense of movement of the faults. Strong folds, striking approximately northeast, are Paleocene in age and weak folds, striking approximately north, are post-Miocene. There are two fault trends, one NNE and the other ENE. The ENE striking faults were dominant in the Early Cenozoic and the NNE striking faults were dominant in the Late Cenozoic. The sense of movement on the NNE faults changed from sinistral to dextral. The change in the direction of the axes and in the sense of movement on the faults can be expressed as a change in the direction of maximum horizontal shortening, which is inferred to have changed with time. It is also found that the rates of tilting, and probably faulting, have not been constant with time, but occurred as bursts (disturbances) in the Paleocene, Early Miocene Late Pliocene, and Late Quaternary. The Mesozoic part of the geological history of the Tinui District is scrappy and far less complete than the Cenozoic part. In order to place the Tinui District in a broader setting, the central part of the New Zealand landmass in the Cenozoic, called the New Zealand Mobile Belt, is discussed in some detail. The mobile belt consists of fault blocks which form a geanticline along the New Zealand landmass and a geosynclinal trough between the east coast and the Hikurangi Trench. It is shown that a clear distinction has to be made between tilting and uplift. A main feature of the New Zealand Mobile Belt is the dextral faulting, on major NNE striking faults, in the Late Cenozoic. A major reversal in the direction of maximum horizontal shortening was found in the Tinui District to have taken place at the beginning of the Miocene or in the Oligocene. The reversal indicates that the dextral faulting of the New Zealand Mobile Belt may have started at that time, and that earlier strike-slip movement had been sinistral. This conclusion contradicts existing reconstructions of the New Zealand landmass with time, and a more complex reconstruction is required to satisfy the tectonics of the Tinui District.
What Lies Beneath the Stated Meanings: a Transactional View of Language Learners Making Meaning with Texts
Authors:   , Marianne
Published: November 2021

This thesis reports on a year long case study conducted into the processes and products of English Second Language (ESL) learners reading fiction texts for pleasure in a high school extensive reading program. Although 'extensive reading' is usually associated with interactive language learning perspectives such as 'Second Language Acquisition' (for one view within this perspective see Krashen [1982]), a different theoretical perspective was applied in the present study. Louise Rosenblatt's transactional theory of reader response is used to analyse and discuss data made about teenagers reading for pleasure in an extensive reading program. At the heart of Rosenblatt's transactional theory is the assumption that every reading event is unique to the person, text and context of that reading experience. To understand what it means to make meaning with a text, each of those things must be considered. Thus in order to better understand ESL learners' processes and products of reading for pleasure, this thesis provides a fine grained, deep description of how one reader made meaning with texts. This description is contextualised and enriched through the inclusion of case study data from other ESL and native English speaker participants. By focusing on one reader, the complexity of the interrelationships of reader, text and context are amply demonstrated. This, it will be argued, provides a valuable lens through which teachers and researchers may view other readers, other texts and other contexts. Conclusions drawn from this study will claim that Rosenblatt's transactional theory not only readily facilitates language learning goals (for example, extensive use of the target language) but importantly provides another perspective, apart from the predominant interactive language learning perspectives, on what it might mean for readers to make meaning with texts read for pleasure. Understanding the processes and products of reading for pleasure from a transactional view has pedagogical import for the utilization of extensive reading programs, and perhaps most importantly, for the intellectual development of second language learners.
Environment and Archaeology in New Zealand
Authors:   , McFadgen Bruce Gordon
Published: November 2021

This thesis deals mainly with central New Zealand. The writer's archaeological excavations are described in Appendices. Lists are prepared giving all archaeological radiocarbon dates on wood, charcoal, moa bones, human bones and marine shells, for New Zealand up to 1974. The dates are sorted according to material, and the dates and their standard errors corrected. A stratigraphic system based on soils and Loisels pumice and tied to the corrected radio carbon dates is set up for central New Zealand. Radiocarbon and stratigraphy provide dates for vegetation changes' Moahunter sites, cultivation sites, and for the artifact assemblages that are independently grouped as either Early or Late. Change from Early to Late is explained by cultural breakdown and an initial movement of culture from south to north, The sequence of events postulated is summarised in a Table at the end of the text.
The Case Against Cognitive Enhancement: Responding to the Reversal Test
Authors:   , Monro Alice
Published: November 2021

In this thesis I argue against the use of genetic technologies to enhance human cognitive capacities. More specifically, I respond to Nick Bostrom and Toby Ord's "Reversal Test", which they use to argue in favour of genetic cognitive enhancement. The Reversal Test is a burden of proof challenge designed to diagnose status quo bias in arguments against enhancement. By noting that most of those who oppose raisingintelligence would also oppose lowering intelligence, the Reversal Test puts the onuson opponents of enhancement to explain why both increases and decreases in our cognitive capacity would be worse than the status quo (our current level of intelligence). Bostrom and Ord claim that if no good reasons can be provided, this indicates that the opposition to enhancement is influenced by status quo bias. Since cognitive biases cannot provide a moral reason against enhancement, opposition to genetic cognitive enhancement shown to be affected by status quo bias canaccordingly be discounted. The aim of my thesis, then, is to overcome the Reversal Test' s burden of proof challenge by showing that my reasons for opposing cognitive enhancement are notinfluenced by status quo bias. However, I do not argue that enhanced intelligence could not be beneficial to the individual. Instead, I claim that the probable unequal distribution of enhancements between the best- and worst-off would be likely to cause serious injustices to those who are unable to afford them.
An Investigation of the Antigenic Characteristics of the Renal Glomerulus in the Rat
Authors:   , Nicol Maurice James
Published: November 2021

The finding of a granular deposition of immunoglobulin in the kidney in experimental animal models of glomerulonephritis has been been interpreted as resulting from the random deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli. Recent data suggests that although immune complex deposition may be an important factor in some forms of glomerulonephritis, the in situ formation of immune complexes between circulating anti-kidney antibodies and fixed glomerular capillary wall antigens may also be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of some animal models of glomerulonephritis. To examine the characteristics of discontinuously represented glomerular capillary wall antigens in the rat, monoclonal antibodies were generated against a glomerular plasma membrane fraction, depleted of glomerular basement membrane, prepared from isolated Lewis rat glomeruli. A total of 17 hybridomas, generated from the fusion of splenocytes obtained from mice immunised with the glomerular membrane fraction produced monoclonal antibodies which reacted with discontinuously represented antigens in the glomerulus and renal tubules. One further hybridoma secreted a monoclonal antibody which reacted with an antigen present on glomerular and tubular nuclear membranes. No hybridomas were produced which secreted a monoclonal antibody which reacted with linearly arrayed glomerular basement membrane antigens. Two of these monoclonal antibodies, both of the IgM subclass and code-named PH7 and SC5, produced a heavy granular glomerular staining pattern when examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Neither monoclonal antibody was kidney specific, with reactivity being demonstrated with a number of non-renal tissues. When administered intravenously to normal Lewis rats both SC5 and PH7 induced a mild proteinuric lesion. The proteinuria was not associated with histopathological changes at the light or electron microscope level. Immunoblotting experiments revealed that SC5 reacted predominantly with a protein band of 96 kDa present in detergent extracts of isolated glomeruli and glomerular plasma membranes. PH7 was shown to react with three low molecular weight proteins of 14, 13 and 11 kDa The findings of this study demonstrate the potential for a nephritogenic response to occur following the in situ formation of immune complexes between circulating anti-kidney antibodies and discontinuously arrayed non-glomerular, basement membrane glomerular capillary wall antigens characterised by granular immunofluorescence patterns,in animal models of glomerulonephritis.
The Nature of Zeolite Catalytic Sites
Authors:   , Parker Linda Margaret
Published: November 2021

The nature of zeolite catalytic sites was studied by observing their interactions with sorbants. In situ FTIR studies of a range of sorbants on H+ZSM-5, H+mordenite and H+Y showed that the zeolite Bronsted proton was transferred towards the sorbant. Sorbants could be placed in three classes depending on the type of hydrogen bond formed. "Class A" sorbants were alcohols, alkanes, ammonia, amines and carboxylic acids and showed a single v0-H band shifted from the vO-H of the zeolite. The shift in vO-H increased with increasing proton affinity of the sorbant. "Class B" sorbants were alkenes and aromatics and showed a resultant broad, flat vO-H due to bonding through the t electrons of the double bond or aromatic ring. "Class C" sorbants included water, ethers, ketenes, aldehydes, nitriles and carboxylic acids (also Class A). They showed extremely broad hydroxyl bands from -3700 to -1200 cm-1 with several maxima. Bonding was through oxygen or nitrogen lone electron pairs. A novel, low temperature (-400 [degrees] C), reaction of acetic acid to ketene was observed over alkali-exchanged zeolites. Thermal desorption/mass spectrometry, mini-reactor mass spectrometry and in situ FTIR techniques were used to investigate the products obtained by varying the carboxylic acid and the catalyst, and the reaction mechanism.
The Portrayal of the Germani in German Latin Textbooks
Authors:   , McNamara James
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the ways in which the Germani have been portrayed in textbooks used for teaching and practising the Latin  language in schools in Germany from 1872 to 2007. It is a contribution to the reception history of Roman ethnographic and historical writing about the Germani, especially Tacitus' Germania, but also Tacitus' Annals and Histories, and Caesar's Gallic War.The study also provides a perspective on the place of classics in education and society at large since the 1870s.  Concentration on Germany has been necessary for the sake of time, space and thoroughness, though many of the trends discussed are related to developments in other countries or are indicative of broader trends across Europe. The first chapter discusses Christian Ostermann's textbooks from Prussia in the late 19th century. The content of these textbooks' practice sentences often reflects Nationalist trends in German society and the education system. In the second chapter the influential Ludus Latinus series represents the Weimar Republic. The series attempted to make Latin appealing to young learners and also shows the influence of the Kulturkunde theory, which made understanding of German culture the centre of the education system. In the third chapter the influence of National Socialism on Germany's education system is discussed with reference to a variety of textbooks of the period from 1938 to 1945. During this period, under the influence of racial ideology, nationalistic interpretations of ancient history and the close identification of Deutsche with Germani reached an extreme. Chapter four deals with the years from 1945 to 1970. After 1945, associations with the ideology of National Socialism made Germania and the Germani unpopular topics. Latin and Greek also became unfashionable subjects and experienced a 'crisis' from which they only slowly recovered due to radical reforms in the methodology of ancient language teaching (described in chapter 5), including the production of textbooks that aimed at providing greater understanding of the ancient world and challenged long-entrenched stereotypes. Public interest in Germany's ancient heritage (both Roman and Germanic) has increased in recent decades, and the content of textbooks reflects this trend. In addition, the process of European unification has led to new perspectives on the ancient world and its relevance to modern Germany and Europe as a whole.
Faiva: Trials of Skill: the Song and Dance of Tongan Politics, 1773-1993
Authors:   , Pond Wendy Rona
Published: November 2021

The work embarks on a quest to discover the parameters of faiva, the dances, martial arts, aquatic and land-based sports which are exhibited on Tongan festival grounds as trials of skill. The work is organised as a succession of festivals (katoanga), shows, receptions, night concerts, funerals, and regattas spanning 200 years, from the 1770s to the 1970s. The work employs a strategy of Juxtaposing ethnographic and historical evidence. This technique enriches historical records with an ethnographic reading, and allows historical insight into the choreographic and aesthetic conventions of Tongan performances. It indicates which accounts to trust and what sense to impute to fragments. Contest on the festival ground, contest in twentieth century social status rivalry, and contest in eighteenth century political challenge, all follow the same codes. The work proposes a new paradigm for interpreting Tonga's political history. That paradigm is faiva. The work proposes a critical theory for reading Tongan records. Tongan accounts are not intended to recount historical origins, but to validate new configurations. In politics, history, and faiva, the eighteenth century objective was to harness the realm of the sacred. Part I is an ethnographic description of villagers rehearsing a dance in 1971, torn between reluctance to fulfill feudal obligations to the ruling aristocracy, and the appeal of retaining a reputation as the island's leading dancers. Of all tasks, presentation of a faiva was given priority. Part II is a historical reconstruction of the repertoire of the late eighteenth century. Here each faiva is seen exhibited in its lakanga : appropriate occasion. Martial arts and implement dances accompanied presentations between chiefs contesting for power. Mock battles followed presentations to the gods. Night dances were lit by torchlight. High-ranking women processed at the weddings of sacred chiefs. Appropriate settings enhanced the peculiar aesthetic of each faiva; political and religious agendas added force to performances. Part III describes the process of a new repertoire emerging, and the social fabrication of its legitimacy. The Appendix assembles an eighteenth century repertoire of choreographies and song texts, demonstrating that records exist for the scholarship of early Tongan music and dance.
Cytological and Cytogenetical Studies on Normal and Interchange Allium Triquetrum
Authors:   , Rickards Geoffrey Keith
Published: November 2021

Interchanges (otherwise known as segmental chromosome interchanges or reciprocal translocations), involving exchanges of segments of nonhomologous chromosomes, have been studied extensively in plants. Probably the earliest observations were those of Gates (1903) on a ring of chromosomes at meiosis in Oenothera rubrinervis. Belling's reports of sterility in hybrids amongst certain velvet beans (Stizolobium) were later attributed to an interchange of chromosome segments (Belling, 1925). More clearly defined early cases were provided by McClintock's (1930) cytological demonstrations of interchanges in maize. Burnham's (1956) review indicates a sizable accumulation of data in plants. The researches in maize by Brink, McClintock and Burnham, and others, are by far the most extensive, and these data have contributed much to our present understanding of many cytological processes, particularly synapsis, chiasma formation and orientation phenomena.
Problem Representation in Occupational Therapy
Authors:   , Robertson Linda J
Published: November 2021

Clinical reasoning is a fundamental component of occupational therapy practice. Educators, researchers and clinicians are faced with the challenge of understanding and fostering the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills. The aim of this study was to examine the internal problem representations held by students and clinicians in respect of clients they had been treating for a period of time. Such representations form the basis on which treatment is formulated so are highly influential in the clinical reasoning process. The ultimate purpose of the study was to identify educational strategies that could be used to assist students to develop clinical reasoning skills. Understandings gained from the literature and from observation, indicated that there would be differences between novices and experts and that the work setting would affect problem representation. Thus the influence of experience and location was the primary focus of the study. To place the study within the context of the occupational therapy literature, the beliefs underlying problem representation were also explored to determine whether or not these were consistent with the philosophical assumptions identified in the literature. The method of investigation was an interview with pre-determined questions. The interview was consistent with the theory base of the study (ie. information processing), but the analysis also included the investigation of qualitative aspects. To ensure a developmental perspective was gained, respondents included students on two different levels of an occupational therapy course and clinicians who were currently practicing. The total number of respondents was 67 ie. 14 stage II students, 31 stage III students (ie. in their final year) and 22 clinicians. The study illustrated that the environmental context affects problem representation in respect of both the amount of data to be considered and the nature of that data. Differences between students' and clinicians' representation of the problem were related to qualitative aspects rather than identification of the elements relevant to treatment planning. In particular, clinicians were more able to elaborate on the data, justify their responses and provide a humanistic perspective beyond the more technical aspects of knowing the clients concerns. The beliefs governing thinking about treatment, demonstrated consistency with the occupational therapy literature (apart from one assumption). A major finding of this study is that the development of schemata related to practice areas is the basis of sound reasoning and justification of treatment planning decisions. Both domain specific knowledge and an understanding of the environmental context are important to the forming of these schemata. The implication for teaching is that the wealth of experiential knowledge that is gained by students while on clinical practice should be tapped to enable them to make links with academic knowledge and thus develop a comprehensive problem representation.
Studies on Echinoderms of the Southern Pacific Ocean
Authors:   , Pawson David Leo
Published: November 2021

The collection comprises ten genera (of which one is new) and ten species. Neopsolidium n.g., type species Psolidium convergens (Herouard) has dorsal deposits in the form of small perforated plates up to 0.4 mm in diameter, and cups. The holothurian fauna of southern Chile is generalised, containing few restricted species, and sharing many elements with distant subantarctic islands and with Antaretics.
Language-Games in the Later Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein
Authors:   , Sinclair Michael Benjamin Warren
Published: November 2021

1.1 When I first looked, into Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations I felt not so much that this was great work, but that it was alive and exciting, a going concern. I next learned of its difficulty; it seemed to me then (as it does now) that Wittgenstein omitted all the preliminary easy bits that we usually find in philosophy books and, treated only of the very difficult problems which concerned him. That this was great philosophy had to be accepted, for most of the people I knew of as top philosophers said so. Its acknowledged greatness was not, however, the primary reason, nor even an important reason, for my continued reading of Wittgenstein's work it was the enigmatic style and. the strange feeling of depth in the remarks; I felt they really did say something glorious, make a powerful gesture (cf., PI, *610), if I could only figure out what.
Law and Order in Contemporary Papua New Guinea: an Examination of Causes and Policy Options
Authors:   , Sali Garry Wakani
Published: November 2021

After twenty-one years of independence, problems of law and order remain the single most important issue on the agenda of public debate in Papua New Guinea. The impression is one of rising crime and social disorder, on the one hand, and an ineffective crime prevention capability on the other. Against that background, this thesis offers an exploratory and illuminative account about the nature of crime and delinquency in Papua New Guinea. A general descriptive analysis of causal determinants of crime in Papua New Guinea is offered, with examination of the prevalence of law and order problems in different parts of the country, and the effectiveness of state responses as reported by youths and government officials in the city of Port Moresby, and also by young people and village leaders in the Central Highlands region of the country. The thesis is unique in that it is the first research of its kind to be carried out by a Melanesian scholar belonging to a tribal group whose explanations for crime and delinquency are also given formal acknowledgement. The thesis concludes that as crime and social disorder in Papua New Guinea is manifest with a Melanesian social and cultural setting, it must be examined as a melanesian social problem that requires Melanesian approaches in addressing it.
A Mountain Feeling: the Narrative Construction of Meaning and Self Through a Commitment to Mountaineering in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors:   , Davidson Lee
Published: November 2021

Mountaineering is commonly associated with feats of daring in a landscape of extreme danger. Past theories of mountain climbing, and other adventurous leisure activities, have predominantly focused on uncovering the motives for participation; and risk has been posited as a primary attraction. A number of studies have concluded that identity and meaning are factors related to participation. However, none to date have examined the dynamics by which these factors are constructed and maintained in the lives of participants. This thesis places meaning and self or identity at the centre of its enquiry into how New Zealand mountaineers sustain their commitment to an adventurous leisure activity. Thus, it seeks to address the current lack of knowledge regarding the way in which activities such as mountain climbing can contribute to participants' sense of who they are and what their lives are about. A biographical narrative approach was adopted to achieve this central aim as, it is argued, self and meaning are constructed through the stories told about life experiences. Narrative interviews were conducted with twenty-two committed New Zealand mountaineers; and supporting materials were collected from publications and other relevant sources. The interpretation of the research material was facilitated by theories of the interrelationship between narrative, meaning and self, and the implications of current social conditions for their construction. By applying a narrative approach to the study of mountaineers for the first time, this thesis sheds new light on our understanding of mountaineering. It demonstrates the way in which mountaineers weave together the biographical particulars of their lives with a 'folk psychology' of mountaineering to produce a strong sense of self. In addition, it shows how these 'mountaineering selves' are influenced by a communal narrative, or shared discourse, about what it means to be a mountaineer in New Zealand. The research also reveals the complexities in approaches to the dangers of mountain climbing, and offers an alternative conceptualisation of this issue which does not characterise mountaineers as principally risk seeking individuals. These findings provide an empirical basis by which to consider theories relating to the impact of socio-historical conditions upon individual experience, and the efficacy of certain strategies for addressing dilemmas of meaning and self. Finally, although the study is situated within a specific social and historical context, it contributes - in the spirit of interpretive hermeneutics - to an on-going exchange of meanings about mountaineering and leisure in contemporary society.
Quasi-Empirical Fictionalism as an Approach to the Philosophy of Geometry
Authors:   , Waygood Scott
Published: November 2021

The central claim of this thesis is that geometry is a quasi-empirical science based on the idealisation of the elementary physical operations that we actually perform with pen and paper. This conclusion is arrived at after searching for a theory of geometry that will not only explain the epistemology and ontology of mathematics, but will also fit with the best practices of working mathematicians and, more importantly, explain why geometry gives us knowledge that is relevant to physical reality. We will be considering all the major schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics. Firstly, from the epistemological side, we will consider apriorism, empiricism and quasi-empiricism, finding a Kitcherian style of quasi-empiricism to be the most attractive. Then, from the ontological side, we will consider Platonism, formalism, Kitcherian ontology, and fictionalism. Our conclusion will be to take a Kitcherian epistemology and a fictionalist ontology. This will give us a kind of quasiempirical-fictionalist approach to mathematics. The key feature of Kitcher's thesis is that he placed importance on the operations rather than the entities of arithmetic. However, because he only dealt with arithmetic, we are left with the task of developing a theory of geometry along Kitcherian lines. I will present a theory of geometry that parallels Kitcher's theory of arithmetic using the drawing of straight lines as the most primitive operation. We will thereby develop a theory of geometry that is founded upon our operations of drawing lines. Because this theory is based on our line drawing operations carried out in physical reality, and is the idealisation of those activities, we will have a connection between mathematical geometry and physical reality that explains the predictive power of geometry in the real world. Where Kitcher uses the Peano postulates to develop his theory of arithmetic, I will use the postulates of projective geometry to form the foundations of operational geometry. The reason for choosing projective geometry is due to the fact that by taking it as the foundation, we may apply Klein's Erlanger programme and build a theory of geometry that encompasses Euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic geometries. The final question we will consider is the problem of conventionalism. We will discover that investigations into conventionalism give us further reason to accept the Kitcherian quasi-empirical-fictionalist approach as the most appealing philosophy of geometry available.
A Biosystematic Study of Microseris Subgenus Monermos (Compositae: Cichorieae)
Authors:   , Sneddon Barry Victor
Published: November 2021

The taxonomy of Microseris subgenus Monermos (Hook. f.) Chambers (Compositae) is investigated. Two species are recognized, namely M. scapigera (sol. ex A. Cunn.) Sch.-Bip. and M. lanceolata (Walp.) Sch.-Bip., which are confined to New Zealand and Australia respectively. In M. scapigera, taxonomic subdivision was not practicable, the formae of Allan (1961) not being upheld. Microseris lanceolata is subdivided into three groups which are described informally as races. The races are viewed as probable subspecies but need further study before this status can be confirmed. The two species are described and illustrated and details are given for each on typification, synonymy, chromosome number, distribution, ecology and geographical variation. Strong self-incompatibility is prevalent in both M. scapigera and M. lanceolata. The only exceptions in the populations examined were in M. scapigera, in which two populations were only moderately self incompatible, and another was substantially self-compatible. The last population appeared to have morphological and behavioural adaptations to promote autogamy. Artificial hybridizations were made within and between the two species. Microseris scapigera and M. lanceolata were freely or poorly intercrossable according to the populations used, and formed semi-fertile or sterile hybrids. Semi-fertile hybrids were virtually blocked from forming a F2 generation (fruit set was very low and no fruits germinated) but they cold be backcrossed. Fertility in BC1 hybrids was mostly higher than in the F1, but was not restored to normal. Microseris scapigera and M. lanceolata race 1 appear to have largely homologous chromosomes. Attempts to cross the species of subgenus Monermos with M. borealis (subgenus Apargidium) were unsuccessful
Reflections and Analysis to Improve Clinical Practice: a Student Music Therapist's Journey with a Preschool Child with Special Needs
Authors:   , Wilkinson Catherine Joy
Published: November 2021

This qualitative study critically examines the researcher' music therapy clinical practice with a preschool child with global developmental delay. The researcher/student music therapist critically examined and refined her clinical practice using an action research model. Each cycle consisted of a plan, action, data collection, reflection, and analysis. The researcher was the main participant. The child, his mother and a speech language therapist were co-participants with different roles. The child and his mother participated in the sessions. The speech-language therapist observed three sessions through a window. Feedback from the child' mother and the speech-language therapist contributed to the reflective data. Important issues that developed through the cycles related to early intervention techniques (having fun, being playful and spontaneous, and being in close proximity). Other important issues that developed were, the use of the voice and guitar; confidence; professionalism with parents and other health professionals; self-awareness; and the understanding of early childhood development (especially in the area of communication). Related literature on aspects of music therapy practice, music therapy in early intervention, music therapy and communication, and action research are described. These results cannot be generalised. However, they may firstly, illustrate relevant trends in early intervention, and secondly, enable the researcher to adapt skills learnt to use in future practice in early intervention.