bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Automation Learning System with Electronic Materials
Authors: Tian Xian Zhi
Published: August 2013

In recent years, with the development of mechanical automation,automation system had been developed quickly, and it covers different fields in different areas. As for automation learning system, it had been developed by some researchers and learners for its fast speed and energy-saving properties. At the same time, automation learning system is also useful for trainers to develop and improve. Therefore, the author had made some investigations and tried to dig out its advantages and disadvantages, which are useful for its further development in the future application. During the study, the author also found that some electronic materials had been useful to stimulate the uses of automation learning system.From the study, the author hopes that the study will help to improve learning efficiency and saving energy.
Study on Communication Automation with Embedded Real Time Signal Acquisition and Process System Based on PC104
Authors: Chen Wang Da , Cheng Yong Mao , Cao Jian , Liu Hua Qin
Published: August 2013

To meet the demand of communication automation for outfield equipment test module, special embedded system was proposed by combing host computer control board and signal acquisition board, taking advantage of high data transmission efficiency on PC104 bus. Multichannel switch, signal recuperation circuit and Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) were controlled by FPGA logic on signal acquisition board. Signal data acquired were transmitted to host computer control board to display for user in real time. Application shows that the system was easy to operate. It performs well on real time ability and stability.
Study on Mechanical Automation with X-Ray Power Conveyor Belt Nondestructive Detection System Design
Authors: Wang Yu Duo
Published: August 2013

In order to real-time automation detection of conveyor belt running status, found the mechanical fault in time and processing, to ensure mechanical automation reliable and safe operation, to avoid major accidents. This paper designed a kind of X-ray power conveyor belt nondestructive detection system of the detector, Proposed design scheme based on FPGA + ARM detector; Adopts Xilinx companys cost-effective FPGA chip Spartan-3E and Samsung launched using 32-bit RISC microprocessor of ARM chips S3C2440A, Design the hardware circuit of detector; And has carried on the experiment and debugging, has reached the design requirements.
The Automation of Spillway Gate Machine of Hydropower Power Station
Authors: Ren Xi Guo , Yang Cheng Zhi , Wu Yun Bo
Published: August 2013

To increase automation degree of spillway gate machine, the variable speed synchronization control with mechanical location locking device and the remote monitoring system based on hierarchical distributed model are designed in this paper. And the cell controller and the system integration of remote data communication network are also implemented. This design scheme can be well used in spillway gate machine automation proved in Manwan power station.
Implementation of Fuzzy Adaptive PID in Thickener Flocculation Dosing Control System Based on Properties of Mining Materials
Authors: Hu Zhun , Zhang Shou Ming , Lou Jia Jia
Published: August 2013

Lead sulfide solid particles floated from ore are small, hard to concentrate. Thickener flocculation dosing control system is non-linear process control system. This paper studied a mining thickener dewatering control system, with the middle concentration detection technology, PID and the fuzzy control theory research combined, and designed the polymer flocculant dosing fuzzy adaptive PID controller. It completed the simulation study by MATLAB/simulink. The result indicates that this control method responses fast and virtually has no overshoot. It can reduce the flocculant dosing, decrease the overflow density, reach energy conservation emission reduction, and cost saving.
Scapular Kinematics and Shoulder Elevation in a Traditional Push-Up
Authors: Suprak David N. , Bohannon Jennifer , Morales Gabriel , Stroschein Joseph , San Juan Jun G.
Published: August 2013

Context:

Proper scapulothoracic motion is critical for the health and function of the shoulder and represents a principal focus in the rehabilitation setting. Variants of the traditional push-up are used frequently to help restore proper scapular kinematics. To date, substantial research has focused on muscle activation levels of rotator cuff and scapular-stabilizing musculature, whereas a dearth of literature exists regarding scapular kinematics during push-up variants.

Objective:

To examine the effect of shoulder position on scapular kinematics across the range of motion (ROM) of a traditional push-up.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Sixteen healthy participants without a history of upper extremity or spine injury requiring rehabilitation or surgery.

Intervention(s):

Participants performed a traditional push-up while kinematic measurements were acquired from multiple upper extremity segments. The 3 shoulder position conditions were (1) self-selected position, (2) shoulder adducted upon ascent (at side), and (3) shoulder elevated to approximately 90°.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Scapular posterior tilt, upward rotation, and external rotation were examined across elbow-extension ROM and compared across conditions.

Results:

Posterior tilt was greater in the self-selected and at-side conditions than in the elevated condition and increased linearly with elbow extension. External rotation was greater in the self-selected and at-side conditions compared with that in the elevated condition. In the at-side condition, upward rotation began lower than in the other conditions at the start of the concentric phase but increased above the others soon after the elbow started to extend.

Conclusions:

Performing a traditional push-up with the shoulders elevated may place the scapula in a position of impingement. Clinicians should be cognizant of shoulder elevation when prescribing and monitoring exercise progression. The results of this study will provide further direction for clinicians in prescribing rehabilitation exercises for the upper extremity, especially closed chain exercises for shoulder conditions.
An analysis of ‘non-Johannine’ vocabulary in John 7:53–8:11, Part 2
Authors: Punch John D.
Published: August 2013

Although scholars usually use external evidence to argue against the inclusion of John 7:53–8:11 in the Gospel of John, they frequently suggest arguments of internal evidence, mostly based on the inclusion of non-Johannine vocabulary, to support their objections. However, in contrast to the textual evidence, arguments of non-Johannine vocabulary seldom receive the necessary amount of evaluation. This article is the second of a two-part series that evaluates explanations for the appearance of various ‘non-Johannine’ terms. Both articles rebut claims of ‘non-Johannine’ vocabulary in John 7:53–8:11, thereby providing opportunities for discussing Johannine features in the passage.Hoewel navorsers eksterne bewyse gebruik om teen die insluiting van Johannes 7:53–8:11 in die Evangelie van Johannes te argumenteer, maak hulle dikwels voorstelle van interne bewyse, meestal gebaseer op die insluiting van nie-Johannese terme, ter ondersteuning van sodanige besware. In teenstelling met die tekstuele bewyse, ontvang die voorstelle vir nie-Johannese termes egter selde die nodige evaluering. Hierdie artikel is die tweede van ’n tweeledige reeks wat verklarings vir die verskynsel van verskeie ‘nie-Johannese’ terme evalueer. Albei artikels weerlê die bewerings wat gemaak word ten opsigte van ‘nie-Johannese’ terme in Johannes 7:53–8:11 en skep daardeur geleentheid vir ’n algemene bespreking van Johannese eienskappe.
An outbreak of dermatophilosis in sable Hippotragus niger and roan Hippotragus equinus in the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Vos V. , Imes G. D.
Published: August 2013

A severe skin disease diagnosed as dermatophilosis took on alarming proportions in roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and sable antelope Hippotragus niger herds, which were kept in a 256 ha enclosure in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. Only calves were effected. Numerous Dermatophilus organisms were identified in skin biopsies taken from affected areas and examined histologically. Complete recovery followed a single treatment of intramuscular injections of a combination of a long-acting penicillin and streptomycin and the topical application of a preparation which included copper sulphate and benzene hexachloride. Factors which probably contributed to the outbreak included prolonged wetness, flies, a high density of susceptible animals and playful butting behaviour of the calves. This is the first report of the occurrence of dermatophilosis as a disease entity in wildlife species in southern Africa.
Vitamin A storage in the liver of certain African wild ruminants and elephant
Authors: Bartelmus C. , Giesecke D. , Hoppe P.
Published: August 2013

The levels of vitamin A were determined in liver samples from 40 animals including ruminant species feeding on grass (4 buffalo, 6 blue wildebeest, 5 gemsbok) or mainly on plant material other than grass (10 impala, 3 springbok, 7 kudu and 5 elephants). The mean values obtained for the ruminant species ranged from 212 to 1217 I.U. vitamin A/g liver fresh weight mass and showed no relationship to the percentage of grass in rumen contents. An unusually low level of 67 I.U. was found in elephant.
Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook
Authors: Toerien D. K.
Published: August 2013

The topography, physiography and geology of the Tsitsikama coastal area which includes the Tsitsikama Forest and Coastal National Parks are discussed and illustrated by photographs and a geological map, scale 1 : 100 000.
Additions to the check-list of birds of the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Penzhorn B. L. , Van Straaten P. F.
Published: August 2013

In his original check-list of the birds of the Addo Elephant National Park, Liversidge (1965) recorded 120 species. In a subsequent publication six additional species were reported from the Park (Penzhorn and Morris 1969). A further seven species are reported here, increasing the species total for the Park to 133.
Lewensloop van 'n rooihartbeesbevolking Alcelaphus buselaphus caama in die Bontebok Nasionale Park
Authors: Van der Walt P. T. , De Graaff G. , Van Zyl L. J.
Published: August 2013

The life history of a re-introduced red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus caama population in the Bontebok National Park, near Swellendam, is discussed and illustrated.
The McKusick-Kaufman hydrometrocolpos-polydactyly syndrome: A rare case report
Authors: Yewalkar Swapnil P , Yadav Vikas K , Khadse G J
Published: August 2013

A combination of hydrometrocolpos, polydactyly, and cardiac anomlies is the cardinal feature of McKusick-Kaufman syndrome. Neonatal hydrometrocolpos is rare Mullerian duct anomaly caused by obstruction of the vagina. There is an accumulation of mucus secretions proximal to the obstruction. The secretions are secondary to intrauterine and postnatal stimulation of uterine and cervical glands by maternal estrogens. Here, we report a case of 1-day-old neonate who presented with abdominal distension. Ultrasound and computed tomography findings revealed a large abdominopelvic cystic mass posterior to the urinary bladder. Other associated findings were polydactyly and bilateral hydronephosis. Laparotomy confirmed the findings of hydrometrocolpos caused by stenosis/atresia of lower vagina.
Embolization of a large high-flow renal arteriovenous fistula using 035″ and 018″ detachable coils
Authors: Sundarakumar Dinesh K , Kroma Ghazwan M , Smith Crysela M , Lopera Jorge E , Suri Rajeev
Published: August 2013

Transcatheter embolization of renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a minimally invasive procedure that, in some occasions, can replace surgery and potentially save the kidney. The embolization techniques for the renal AVFs have evolved considerably with the availability of newer hardwares. Still, the risk of inadvertent migration of the embolization materials to the pulmonary circulation is a concern. This article describes a novel technique of coiling the feeding segmental artery to a large high-flow renal AVF using 035″ and 018″ detachable coils only, and briefly reviews the previously described strategies to safely embolize renal AVFs.
Numerical Buoyancy-Wave Model for Wave Stress and Drag Simulations in the Atmosphere
Authors: Zirk M. , Rõõm R. , Männik A. , Luhamaa A. , Kaasik M. , Traud S.
Published: August 2013

Orographic drag formation is investigated using a numerical wave model (NWM), based on the pressure-coordinate dynamics of non-hydrostatic HIRLAM. The surface drag, wave stress (vertical flux of horizontal momentum), and wave drag are split to the longitudinal and transverse components and presented as Fourier sums of their spectral amplitudes weighted with the power spectrum of relative orographic height. The NWM is accomplished, enabling a spectral investigation of the buoyancy wave stress, and drag generation by orography and is then applied to a cold front, characterised by low static stability of the upper troposphere, large vertical and directional wind variations, and intensive trapped wave generation downstream of obstacles. Resonances are discovered in the stress and drag spectra in the form of high narrow peaks. The stress conservation problem is revisited. Longitudinal stress conserves in unidirectional flow, 2D orography conditions, but becomes convergent for rotating wind or 3D orography. Even in the convergent case the vertical momentum flux from the troposphere to stratosphere remains substantial. The transverse stress never conserves. Disappearing at the surface and on the top, it realises the main momentum exchange between lower an upper parts of the troposphere. Existence of stationary stratospheric quasi-turbulence (SQT) is established above wind minimum in the stratosphere.
Reversal of Hartmann's Procedure in Patients with Very Short Rectal Stump: A New Technique
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Singh Gurpreet
Published: August 2013

Objective

Reversal of Hartmann's procedure is a difficult surgical exercise with significant morbidity and mortality. One of the difficulties encountered during surgery is the presence of a very short rectal stump.

Materials and methods

We present two cases where the patients underwent a Hartmann's procedure for abortion induced colonic injury and a subsequent failed attempt at reversal. The distal stump was mobilized from the sacrum (virgin field). An end to side anastomosis was performed between the distal end of colon and the posterior surface of the rectal stump using an end to end circular stapler.

Results

The patients had a complete recovery with good functional results.

Conclusion

This is a novel technique which when applied in such situations will prove technically easy and functionally adequate.

How to cite this article

Singh G, Gupta V. Reversal of Hartmann's Procedure in Patients with Very Short Rectal Stump: A New Technique. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(3):150-152.
A Case Report of Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma Colon
Authors: Singh Surinder , Kohli Ritesh , Gupta Ashwani K , Matreja Prithpal Singh
Published: August 2013

We report a case of 14-year-old male coming to the emergency department with acute intestinal obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy shows an annular stenosing growth in the descending colon. Resection and anastomosis of descending colon with defunctioning right transverse colostomy is performed followed by chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) which ensured survival of the patient without metastatic disease even after 6 months of the treatment.

Despite the reported high malignant behavior and poor prognosis of such tumors, prompt effective surgical and chemotherapeutic management may increase the chances of survival of such patients.

How to cite this article

Kohli R, Singh S, Gupta AK, Matreja PS. A Case Report of Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma Colon. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(3):153-155.
Hydatid Cyst of Liver: A Rare Cause of Secondary Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Authors: Khandelwal Niranjan , Kang Mandeep , Gupta Rajesh , Mahajan Divyesh
Published: August 2013

Hydatid cyst of the liver, causing compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins is a rare cause of secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). As the hydatid disease is endemic in India, it is a rare but treatable cause of BCS. The early diagnosis and timely intervention can prevent hepatic complications leading to BCS in the affected patients.

How to cite this article

Mahajan D, Kang M, Gupta R, Khandelwal N. Hydatid Cyst of Liver: A Rare Cause of Secondary Budd-Chiari Syndrome. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(3): 159-161.
A novel tropopause-related climatology of ozone profiles
Authors: Sofieva V. F. , Tamminen J. , Kyrölä E. , Mielonen T. , Veefkind P. , Hassler B. , Bodeker G. E.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. A new ozone climatology, based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements, spanning the altitude region between the Earth's surface and ~60 km is presented (TpO3 climatology). This climatology is novel in that the ozone profiles are categorized according to calendar month, latitude and local tropopause heights. Compared to the standard latitude-month categorization, this presentation improves the representativeness of the ozone climatology in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS). The probability distribution of tropopause heights in each latitude-month bin provides additional climatological information and allows transforming/comparing the TpO3 climatology to a standard climatology of zonally mean ozone profiles. The TpO3 climatology is based on high-vertical-resolution measurements of ozone from the satellite-based Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (in 1984 to 2005) and from balloon-borne ozonesondes in 1980 to 2006. The main benefits of the TpO3 climatology are reduced standard deviations on climatological ozone profiles in the UTLS, partial characterization of longitudinal variability, and characterization of ozone profiles in the presence of double tropopauses. The first successful application of the TpO3 climatology as a priori in ozone profiles retrievals from Ozone Monitoring Instrument on board the EOS-Aura satellite shows an improvement of ozone precision in UTLS of up to 10% compared with the use of conventional climatologies. In addition to being advantageous for use as a priori in satellite retrieval algorithms, the TpO3 climatology might be also useful for validating the representation of ozone in climate model simulations.
The Backscatter Cloud Probe – a compact low-profile autonomous optical spectrometer
Authors: Beswick K. , Baumgardner D. , Gallagher M. , Newton R.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. A compact (500 cm3), lightweight (500 g), near-field, single particle backscattering optical spectrometer is described that mounts flush with the skin of an aircraft and measures the concentration and optical equivalent diameter of particles from 5 to 75 μm. The Backscatter Cloud Probe (BCP) was designed as a real-time qualitative cloud detector primarily for data quality control of trace gas instruments developed for the climate monitoring instrument packages that are being installed on commercial passenger aircraft as part of the European Union In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) program (http://www.iagos.org/). Subsequent evaluations of the BCP measurements on a number of research aircraft, however, have revealed it capable of delivering quantitative particle data products including size distributions, liquid water content and other information on cloud properties. We demonstrate the instrument's capability for delivering useful long-term climatological information, across a wide range of environmental conditions. The BCP has been evaluated by comparing its measurements with those from other cloud particle spectrometers on research aircraft and several BCPs are currently flying on commercial A340/A330 Airbus passenger airliners. The design and calibration of the BCP is described in this presentation, along with an evaluation of measurements made on the research and commercial aircraft. Comparisons of the BCP with two other cloud spectrometers, the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), show that the BCP size distributions agree well with those from the other two, given the intrinsic limitations and uncertainties related to the three instruments. Preliminary results from more than 7000 h of airborne measurements by the BCP on two Airbus A-340s operating on routine global traffic routes (one Lufthansa, the other China Airlines) show that more than 340 h of cloud data have been recorded at normal cruise altitudes (> 10 km) and more than 40% of the > 1200 flights were through clouds at some point between takeoff and landing. These data are a valuable contribution to data bases of cloud properties, including sub-visible cirrus, in the upper troposphere and useful for validating satellite retrievals of cloud water and effective radius as well as providing a broader, geographically and climatologically relevant view of cloud microphysical variability useful for improving parameterizations of clouds in climate models. They are also useful for monitoring the vertical climatology of clouds over airports, especially those over mega-cities where pollution emissions may be impacting local and regional climate.
Autonomous, high-resolution observations of particle flux in the oligotrophic ocean
Authors: Estapa M. L. , Buesseler K. , Boss E. , Gerbi G.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Observational gaps limit our understanding of particle flux attenuation through the upper mesopelagic because available measurements (sediment traps and radiochemical tracers) have limited temporal resolution, are labor-intensive, and require ship support. Here, we conceptually evaluate an autonomous, optical proxy-based method for high-resolution observations of particle flux. We present four continuous records of particle flux collected with autonomous profiling floats in the western Sargasso Sea and the subtropical North Pacific, as well as one shorter record of depth-resolved particle flux near the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) and Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) sites. These observations illustrate strong variability in particle flux over very short (~1-day) timescales, but at longer timescales they reflect patterns of variability previously recorded during sediment trap time series. While particle flux attenuation at BATS/OFP agreed with the canonical power-law model when observations were averaged over a month, flux attenuation was highly variable on timescales of 1–3 days. Particle fluxes at different depths were decoupled from one another and from particle concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence in the immediately overlying surface water, consistent with horizontal advection of settling particles. We finally present an approach for calibrating this optical proxy in units of carbon flux, discuss in detail the related, inherent physical and optical assumptions, and look forward toward the requirements for the quantitative application of this method in highly time-resolved studies of particle export and flux attenuation.
Climate and atmospheric drivers of historical terrestrial carbon uptake in the province of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Peng Y. , Arora V. K. , Kurz W. A. , Hember R. A. , Hawkins B. , Fyfe J. C. , Werner A. T.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The impacts of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration on the terrestrial uptake of carbon dioxide since 1900 in the Canadian province of British Columbia are estimated using the process-based Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM). Model simulations show that these two factors yield a carbon uptake of around 44 g C m−2 yr−1, during the 1980s and 1990s, and continuing into 2000s, compared to pre-industrial conditions. The increased carbon uptake translates into an increased sink of 41 Tg C yr−1, when multiplied with the 944 700 km2 area of the province. About three-quarters of the simulated sink enhancement in our study is attributed to changing climate, and the rest is attributed to increase in CO2 concentration. The model response to changing climate and increasing CO2 is corroborated by comparing simulated stem wood growth rates with ground-based measurements from inventory plots in coastal British Columbia. The simulated sink is not an estimate of the net carbon balance because the effect of harvesting and insect disturbances is not considered.
Mass movement deposits in the 3.6 Ma sediment record of Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic
Authors: Sauerbrey M. A. , Juschus O. , Gebhardt A. C. , Wennrich V. , Nowaczyk N. R. , Melles M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This paper focuses on the characterization and genesis of mass movement deposits (MMDs) in the Quaternary and Pliocene sediments of Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic. Three partly overlapping holes were drilled into the 320 m long sediment record at International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Site 5011-1 in the lake basin, recovering the Quaternary almost completely, and the Pliocene down to 3.6 Ma with 52% recovery. Mass movement deposits were investigated in all three cores, based on macroscopical core descriptions, radiographic images, high-resolution magnetic susceptibility and gamma-ray density. Five different types of MMDs were identified: turbidites, grain-flow deposits, debrites, slumps and slides. These are formed by transitional mass movement processes, and thus can be co-generic. An initial slope failure is thought to transform into a debris flow that deforms frontal sediments, partly disintegrates and dilutes into a turbidity flow. Turbidites are by far the most frequent MMD type in the lake center. They occur throughout the record in all pelagic sedimentary facies, but they are thinner in facies formed during cold climate conditions. All other MMDs, by contrast, incise exclusively the pelagic facies deposited during warm climates. In the 123 m thick Quaternary composite sediment record 230 mass movement events are identified, comprising 33% of the sediment length. Turbidites contribute 93% of the number of Quaternary MMDs, but only 35% of their thickness. In the Pliocene sediments between 123 and 320 m, 181 additional mass movement deposits are identified, which constitute ~33% of the recovered sediments. The mean recurrence interval for MMDs is 11 and 5 ka in the Quaternary and Pliocene, respectively.
Hindcasting the continuum of Dansgaard–Oeschger variability: mechanisms, patterns and timing
Authors: Menviel L. , Timmermann A. , Friedrich T. , England M. H.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Millennial-scale variability associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) and Heinrich events (HE) is arguably one of the most puzzling climate phenomena ever discovered in paleoclimate archives. Here, we set out to elucidate the underlying dynamics by conducting a transient global hindcast simulation with a 3-dimensional intermediate complexity Earth system model covering the period 50 ka BP to 30 ka BP. The model is forced by time-varying external boundary conditions (greenhouse gases, orbital forcing, and ice sheet orography and albedo) and anomalous North Atlantic freshwater fluxes, which mimic the effects of changing Northern Hemisphere ice-volume on millennial timescales. Together these forcings generate a realistic global climate trajectory, as demonstrated by an extensive model/paleo data comparison. Our analysis is consistent with the idea that variations in ice sheet calving and related changes of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation were the main drivers for the continuum of DO and HE variability seen in paleorecords across the globe.
An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2)
Authors: Bakker D. C. E. , Pfeil B. , Smith K. , Hankin S. , Olsen A. , Alin S. R. , Cosca C. , Harasawa S. , Kozyr A. , Nojiri Y. , O'Brien K. M. , Schuster U. , Telszewski M. , Tilbrook B. , Wada C. , Akl J. , Barbero L. , Bates N. , Boutin J. , Cai W.-J. , Castle R. D. , Chavez F. P. , Chen L. , Chierici M. , Currie K. , de Baar H. J. W. , Evans W. , Feely R. A. , Fransson A. , Gao Z. , Hales B. , Hardman-Mountford N. , Hoppema M. , Huang W.-J. , Hunt C. W. , Huss B. , Ichikawa T. , Johannessen T. , Jones E. M. , Jones S. D. , Jutterström S. , Kitidis V. , Körtzinger A. , Landschtzer P. , Lauvset S. K. , Lefèvre N. , Manke A. B. , Mathis J. T. , Merlivat L. , Metzl N. , Murata A. , Newberger T. , Ono T. , Park G.-H. , Paterson K. , Pierrot D. , Ríos A. F. , Sabine C. L. , Saito S. , Salisbury J. , Sarma V. V. S. S. , Schlitzer R. , Sieger R. , Skjelvan I. , Steinhoff T. , Sullivan K. , Sun H. , Sutton A. J. , Suzuki T. , Sweeney C. , Takahashi T. , Tjiputra J. , Tsurushima N. , van Heuven S. M. A. C. , Vandemark D. , Vlahos P. , Wallace D. W. R. , Wanninkhof R. , Watson A. J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an effort by the international marine carbon research community. It aims to improve access to carbon dioxide measurements in the surface oceans by regular releases of quality controlled and fully documented synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products. SOCAT version 2 presented here extends the data set for the global oceans and coastal seas by four years and has 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values from 2660 cruises between 1968 and 2011. The procedures for creating version 2 have been comparable to those for version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) provides access to the individual cruise data files, as well as to the synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Scientific users can also retrieve the data as downloadable files or via Ocean Data View. Version 2 enables carbon specialists to expand their studies until 2011. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled-climate carbon models.
Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 – an efficient and user-friendly tool for Earth surface sciences
Authors: Schwanghart W. , Scherler D.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. TopoToolbox is a MATLAB software for the analysis of digital elevation models (DEMs). With the release of version 2, the software adopts an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) approach to work with gridded DEMs, and derived data such as flow directions and stream networks. The introduction of a novel technique to store flow directions as topologically ordered vectors of indices allows for easy coding, increased processing speed and reduction in memory overhead. Graphical user interfaces enable visual exploration and interaction with DEMs and derivatives and provide access to tools targeted at fluvial and tectonic geomorphologists. With this new release, TopoToolbox has become a more memory efficient, faster and more user-friendly tool for digital terrain analysis that can be used as a framework for building hydrological and geomorphological models in MATLAB.
Contribution of the "Institut Scientifique Chérifien" to the development of geoscientific research in Northwest Africa since its creation in 1914
Authors: Medina F.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The contribution of the "Institut Scientifique Chérifien", the oldest scientific research centre in Morocco, is reviewed since its creation almost a century ago. Planned in 1914 by the French protectorate of Morocco, this institute has played, since its effective creation in 1920, an important role in the development of several geosciences in North Africa, such as meteorology and climatology, geophysics (gravimetry, magnetism and especially seismology), geomorphology, geology and oceanography. After the independence of Morocco in 1955, several activities, such as meteorology, were transferred elsewhere, but others, such as seismology and magnetism, remained important elements of the centre until recent years. In addition to the research activities, its observatories and libraries that were built during the early years are unique in Northwest Africa.
MICRO UAV BASED GEOREFERENCED ORTHOPHOTO GENERATION IN VIS + NIR FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Authors: Bachmann F. , Herbst R. , Gebbers R. , Hafner V. V.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This paper presents technical details about georeferenced orthophoto generation for precision agriculture with a dedicated selfconstructed camera system and a commercial micro UAV as carrier platform. The paper describes the camera system (VIS + NIR) in detail and focusses on three issues concerning the generation and processing of the aerial images related to: (i) camera exposure time; (ii) vignetting correction; (iii) orthophoto generation.
UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY: BLOCK TRIANGULATION COMPARISONS
Authors: Gini R. , Pagliari D. , Passoni D. , Pinto L. , Sona G. , Dosso P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. UAVs systems represent a flexible technology able to collect a big amount of high resolution information, both for metric and interpretation uses. In the frame of experimental tests carried out at Dept. ICA of Politecnico di Milano to validate vector-sensor systems and to assess metric accuracies of images acquired by UAVs, a block of photos taken by a fixed wing system is triangulated with several software. The test field is a rural area included in an Italian Park ("Parco Adda Nord"), useful to study flight and imagery performances on buildings, roads, cultivated and uncultivated vegetation. The UAV SenseFly, equipped with a camera Canon Ixus 220HS, flew autonomously over the area at a height of 130 m yielding a block of 49 images divided in 5 strips. Sixteen pre-signalized Ground Control Points, surveyed in the area through GPS (NRTK survey), allowed the referencing of the block and accuracy analyses. Approximate values for exterior orientation parameters (positions and attitudes) were recorded by the flight control system. The block was processed with several software: Erdas-LPS, EyeDEA (Univ. of Parma), Agisoft Photoscan, Pix4UAV, in assisted or automatic way. Results comparisons are given in terms of differences among digital surface models, differences in orientation parameters and accuracies, when available. Moreover, image and ground point coordinates obtained by the various software were independently used as initial values in a comparative adjustment made by scientific in-house software, which can apply constraints to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods of point extraction and accuracies on ground check points.
ASPECTS OF DEM GENERATION FROM UAS IMAGERY
Authors: Greiwe A. , Gehrke R. , Spreckels V. , Schlienkamp A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Since a few years, micro UAS (unmanned aerial systems) with vertical take off and landing capabilities like quadro- or octocopter are used as sensor platform for Aerophotogrammetry. Since the restricted payload of micro UAS with a total weight up of 5 kg (payload only up to 1.5 kg), these systems are often equipped with small format cameras. These cameras can be classified as amateur cameras and it is often the case, that these systems do not meet the requirements of a geometric stable camera for photogrammetric measurement purposes. However, once equipped with a suitable camera system, an UAS is an interesting alternative to expensive manned flights for small areas. The operating flight height of the above described UAS is about 50 up to 150 meters above ground level. This low flight height lead on the one hand to a very high spatial resolution of the aerial imagery. Depending on the cameras focal length and the sensor's pixel size, the ground sampling distance (GSD) is usually about 1 up to 5 cm. This high resolution is useful especially for the automatic generation of homologous tie-points, which are a precondition for the image alignment (bundle block adjustment). On the other hand, the image scale depends on the object's height and the UAV operating height. Objects like mine heaps or construction sites show high variations of the object's height. As a result, operating the UAS with a constant flying height will lead to high variations in the image scale. For some processing approaches this will lead to problems e.g. the automatic tie-point generation in stereo image pairs. As precondition to all DEM generating approaches, first of all a geometric stable camera, sharp images are essentially. Well known calibration parameters are necessary for the bundle adjustment, to control the exterior orientations. It can be shown, that a simultaneous on site camera calibration may lead to misaligned aerial images. Also, the success rate of an automatic tie-point generation differs extremely between several photogrammetric software packages. In this article, the calibration results of a suitable camera system will be shown. For a small format consumer grade camera, the authors will give the proof of ability for photogrammetric measurements purposes. This includes the results of different processing approaches for DEM generation of environments showing high object height variations.
FIELD ACCURACY TEST OF RPAS PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Barry P. , Coakley R.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Baseline Surveys Ltd is a company which specialises in the supply of accurate geospatial data, such as cadastral, topographic and engineering survey data to commercial and government bodies. Baseline Surveys Ltd invested in aerial drone photogrammetric technology and had a requirement to establish the spatial accuracy of the geographic data derived from our unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry before marketing our new aerial mapping service. Having supplied the construction industry with survey data for over 20 years, we felt that is was crucial for our clients to clearly understand the accuracy of our photogrammetry so they can safely make informed spatial decisions, within the known accuracy limitations of our data. This information would also inform us on how and where UAV photogrammetry can be utilised. What we wanted to find out was the actual accuracy that can be reliably achieved using a UAV to collect data under field conditions throughout a 2 Ha site. We flew a UAV over the test area in a "lawnmower track" pattern with an 80% front and 80% side overlap; we placed 45 ground markers as check points and surveyed them in using network Real Time Kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK GPS). We specifically designed the ground markers to meet our accuracy needs. We established 10 separate ground markers as control points and inputted these into our photo modelling software, Agisoft PhotoScan. The remaining GPS coordinated check point data were added later in ArcMap to the completed orthomosaic and digital elevation model so we could accurately compare the UAV photogrammetry XYZ data with the RTK GPS XYZ data at highly reliable common points. The accuracy we achieved throughout the 45 check points was 95% reliably within 41 mm horizontally and 68 mm vertically and with an 11.7 mm ground sample distance taken from a flight altitude above ground level of 90 m.The area covered by one image was 70.2 m × 46.4 m, which equals 0.325 Ha. This finding has shown that XYZ data derived from UAV photogrammetry has a similar practical accuracy to RTK GPS, which is commonly used for cadastral, topographic and engineering survey work. This means that UAV photogrammetry can, for the most part, replace GPS surveying as the main method of data capture for engineering projects, boundary mapping and topographical surveying. Aerial Photogrammetry, in conjunction with RTK GPS, can now be used for projects with a 1:200 map scale accuracy requirement.
NAVIGATION AND REMOTE SENSING PAYLOADS AND METHODS OF THE SARVANT UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM
Authors: Molina P. , Fortuny P. , Colomina I. , Remy M. , Macedo K. A. C. , Zúnigo Y. R. C. , Vaz E. , Luebeck D. , Moreira J. , Blázquez M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In a large number of scenarios and missions, the technical, operational and economical advantages of UAS-based photogrammetry and remote sensing over traditional airborne and satellite platforms are apparent. Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) or combined optical/SAR operation in remote areas might be a case of a typical "dull, dirty, dangerous" mission suitable for unmanned operation – in harsh environments such as for example rain forest areas in Brazil, topographic mapping of small to medium sparsely inhabited remote areas with UAS-based photogrammetry and remote sensing seems to be a reasonable paradigm. An example of such a system is the SARVANT platform, a fixed-wing aerial vehicle with a six-meter wingspan and a maximumtake- of-weight of 140 kilograms, able to carry a fifty-kilogram payload. SARVANT includes a multi-band (X and P) interferometric SAR payload, as the P-band enables the topographic mapping of densely tree-covered areas, providing terrain profile information. Moreover, the combination of X- and P-band measurements can be used to extract biomass estimations. Finally, long-term plan entails to incorporate surveying capabilities also at optical bands and deliver real-time imagery to a control station. This paper focuses on the remote-sensing concept in SARVANT, composed by the aforementioned SAR sensor and envisioning a double optical camera configuration to cover the visible and the near-infrared spectrum. The flexibility on the optical payload election, ranging from professional, medium-format cameras to mass-market, small-format cameras, is discussed as a driver in the SARVANT development. The paper also focuses on the navigation and orientation payloads, including the sensors (IMU and GNSS), the measurement acquisition system and the proposed navigation and orientation methods. The latter includes the Fast AT procedure, which performs close to traditional Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) and better than Direct Sensor Orientation (DiSO), and features the advantage of not requiring the massive image processing load for the generation of tie points, although it does require some Ground Control Points (GCPs). This technique is further supported by the availability of a high quality INS/GNSS trajectory, motivated by single-pass and repeat-pass SAR interferometry requirements.
PROCESSING, CATALOGUING AND DISTRIBUTION OF UAS IMAGES IN NEAR REAL TIME
Authors: Runkel I.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Why are UAS such a hype? UAS make the data capture flexible, fast and easy. For many applications this is more important than a perfect photogrammetric aerial image block. To ensure, that the advantage of a fast data capturing will be valid up to the end of the processing chain, all intermediate steps like data processing and data dissemination to the customer need to be flexible and fast as well. GEOSYSTEMS has established the whole processing workflow as server/client solution. This is the focus of the presentation. Depending on the image acquisition system the image data can be down linked during the flight to the data processing computer or it is stored on a mobile device and hooked up to the data processing computer after the flight campaign. The image project manager reads the data from the device and georeferences the images according to the position data. The meta data is converted into an ISO conform format and subsequently all georeferenced images are catalogued in the raster data management System ERDAS APOLLO. APOLLO provides the data, respectively the images as an OGC-conform services to the customer. Within seconds the UAV-images are ready to use for GIS application, image processing or direct interpretation via web applications – where ever you want. The whole processing chain is built in a generic manner. It can be adapted to a magnitude of applications. The UAV imageries can be processed and catalogued as single ortho imges or as image mosaic. Furthermore, image data of various cameras can be fusioned. By using WPS (web processing services) image enhancement, image analysis workflows like change detection layers can be calculated and provided to the image analysts. The processing of the WPS runs direct on the raster data management server. The image analyst has no data and no software on his local computer. This workflow is proven to be fast, stable and accurate. It is designed to support time critical applications for security demands – the images can be checked and interpreted in near real-time. For sensible areas it gives you the possibility to inform remote decision makers or interpretation experts in order to provide them situations awareness, wherever they are. For monitoring and inspection tasks it speeds up the process of data capture and data interpretation. The fully automated workflow of data pre-processing, data georeferencing, data cataloguing and data dissemination in near real time was developed based on the Intergraph products ERDAS IMAGINE, ERDAS APOLLO and GEOSYSTEMS METAmorph!IT. It is offered as adaptable solution by GEOSYSTEMS GmbH.
THE SALSA PROJECT – HIGH-END AERIAL 3D CAMERA
Authors: Rüther-Kindel W. , Brauchle J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The ATISS measurement drone, developed at the University of Applied Sciences Wildau, is an electrical powered motor glider with a maximum take-off weight of 25 kg including a payload capacity of 10 kg. Two 2.5 kW engines enable ultra short take-off procedures and the motor glider design results in a 1 h endurance. The concept of ATISS is based on the idea to strictly separate between aircraft and payload functions, which makes ATISS a very flexible research platform for miscellaneous payloads. ATISS is equipped with an autopilot for autonomous flight patterns but under permanent pilot control from the ground. On the basis of ATISS the project SALSA was undertaken. The aim was to integrate a system for digital terrain modelling. Instead of a laser scanner a new design concept was chosen based on two synchronized high resolution digital cameras, one in a fixed nadir orientation and the other in a oblique orientation. Thus from every object on the ground images from different view angles are taken. This new measurement camera system MACS-TumbleCam was developed at the German Aerospace Center DLR Berlin-Adlershof especially for the ATISS payload concept. Special advantage in comparison to laser scanning is the fact, that instead of a cloud of points a surface including texture is generated and a high-end inertial orientation system can be omitted. The first test flights show a ground resolution of 2 cm and height resolution of 3 cm, which underline the extraordinary capabilities of ATISS and the MACS measurement camera system.