bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic search algorithm for IgE-independent allergic rhinitis
Authors:   Tver State Medical University, Tver, 170100, Russia, Trigubenko R. A. , Portenko E. G. ,   Tver State Medical University, Tver, 170100, Russia
Published: October 2020

Allergic rhinitis is a widespread disease located at the junction of two specialties: otorhinolaryngology and allergology. Currently, it is characterized by an early onset, often continuously recurring course and refractory to traditional methods of treatment. Unstable remissions, a tendency to complications, and the lack of effectiveness of the therapy suggest that allergic rhinitis occurs against the background of secondary immunodeficiency, a favorable factor for the development of bacterial superinfection on the damaged mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. In conditions of impaired immune homeostasis, the microbial landscape of the nasal mucosa is characterized by polymorphism, bacterial agents can act as an infectious antigen. The article is devoted to a current problem – chronic IgE-independent allergic rhinitis due to allergen-specific lymphocytes or IgG antibodies with the formation of immune complexes. The article reveals the content of the concept of “chronic infectious-dependent allergic rhinitis”, its characteristic features are highlighted and described, the key stages of diagnosis are considered. The importance of knowledge about mediators of chronic eosinophilic inflammation for practitioners is reflected. The work is interdisciplinary in nature, written at the intersection of otorhinolaryngology, allergology and immunology and will be interesting to doctors of various specialties. Keywords: chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, microbial landscape, immunity, diagnostic algorithm.
The impact of hearing loss on cognitive function and its assessment
Authors:   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Kuzovkov V. E. , Sugarova S. B. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Lilenko A. S. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Luppov D. S. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia
Published: October 2020

The population of the developed countries is aging, thus the number of older people is increasing. At the same time the proportion of the diseases connected with the age is rising. When a person ages, his cognitive function fades away as well. Researchers have long noted that cognitive function of the elderly with defective hearing fades away faster than in normally hearing people. There are several theories explaining it, but this issue is still a matter of debate. Several researches were held recently regarding the impact of cochlear implantation on the level of cognitive function in the preoperative and postoperative periods. Controversial results were received which require further study of the issue. HI-MoCA and RBANS-H special test systems have been developed lately for the hearing impaired. These tests allow you to evaluate the change in cognitive function in people with hearing impairment, up to complete deafness. The tests are original MoCA and RBANS, but are adapted for people with hearing impairment. Thanks to these new instruments we will be studying the change of cognitive function in preoperative and postoperative periods which will allow us to evaluate the role of hearing in the decline in cognitive function of the elderly.
Common mistakes in the diagnosis of laryngeal pathology
Authors:   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Kryukov A. I. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia, Romanenko S. G. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Pavlikhin O. G. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Lesogorova E. V. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Krasnikova D. I. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,  Moscow, 117152, Russia, Eliseev O. V. ,   Sverzhevskiy Research clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology,  Moscow, 117152, Russia
Published: October 2020

The article The article describes in detail the main stages of the diagnosis of voice disorders with an indication of the methods and major errors leading to an incorrect diagnosis. Since in some cases, impaired voice quality is the first and/ or only symptom of concomitant diseases of organs or systems of various etiologies, an expanded diagnostic search is required to make a correct diagnosis. The features of receiving of complaints and medical history from patients with laryngeal diseases, the guidelines for laryngoscopy are described. A description of the laryngoscopic vew is presented, which helps in the diagnosis of the initial stages of Reinke’s edema, hyperplastic laryngitis and early stages of laryngeal cancer. The relationship between the functional and organic pathology of the larynx is very close, it can be difficult to understand the root cause of voice disorder, this leads to incorrect treatment tactics, the progression and relapse of the disease. The causes of laryngeal diseases of an organic and functional nature, the features of the clinical picture and the differential diagnosis of voice disorders are considered. Cases of diagnosis, a clinic of chronic laryngitis, laryngomycosis, and laryngeal cancer are described; the main approaches to the treatment of laryngeal diseases are presented. The article will be useful to otorhinolaryngologists, phoniatricians of outpatient and inpatient care.
The Effect of Family Literacy Program Towards Improving of Parental Involvement in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Hasibuan Salman , Husni Hayuni , Daulay Lokot
Published: October 2020

The aims of the research are: 1) to raise parents’s awareness and improve their participation at school and home; 2) to empower children’s character; 3) to develop children’s academic attainements. The research used correlational method. The samples of the reseach are parents from private early childhood education school of Darul Ilmi Murni Deli Serdang. The findings: 1. Family literacy programs applied by parents are effectively increased parental involvement neither at schools nor at home; 2. The Correlation Coefficient value is known to be 0.913 greater than r (table) 0.349 meaning that there is a significant correlation between the family literacy program and improvement family involvement at school. The Family Literacy Program and the Improvement of Family Involvement at school are classified as near perfect because they are in the> 0.91 range.
Penyampaian Pesan Moral Hadis Pada Anak Usia Dini Melalui Metode Mendongeng Cas Cis Cus
Authors: Sa'adah Nur , Muqowim Muqowim
Published: October 2020

This research describes the method of learning the proper hadith for early childhood. Hadith presentation for early childhood requires the creativity of a teacher so that the moral message contained in Hadith can be conveyed. In addition to considering the role of learning Hadith, the Nash Hadith, the content of Hadith messages, methods of delivery is also important to note that learning is as effective as possible. This research is done by using library research. Data collection is conducted by analyzing various media-shaped posts such as books, journals, and articles. From the analysis of the results, the method of storytelling of Cis Cus Cas is effective on learning Hadith to convey the moral message of hadith to early childhood. From the analysis of the method of storytelling, Cas Cis Cus is the right method for conveying the moral message of the hadith because in its implementation it gives a sense of happiness and moral education for early childhood.
Enhancement of electrical safety on the catenary system through invention of new work safety signs
Authors:   Ural state university of railway transport (USURT), Pazukha A. A.
Published: October 2020

The analysis of injuries in attendants of catenary units showed that there happen electrical injuries due to extension of the workplace and its area, especially in case of work at interlinkage of anchor sections of station and wayside lines of the catenary system. It was found that attendants not always know their way around in complicated operation environment, show ignorance of the catenary sectionalizing and factual performance place, this resulting in their electrical traumas. The electrical safety signs used on railway catenary systems were studied. A new safety sign which will inform workers about a hazardous factor was invented. It will provide better orientation in the operational process, reducing the risk of being injured and increasing the safety level. The work safety sign was suggested to be installed at interlinkage spots of anchor sections of wayside and station lines and at edges of catenary different sections. The most suitable safety sign variant was determined from three work safety signs using ranking of the variants by the least rank sum. The expert opinion consistency was proved through calculation of concordance coefficient. Using χ2 Pearson criterion it was found out that the expert opinion consistency in selecting the most suitable safety sign was nonrandom. Further lines of research for inventing new work safety signs on the catenary were identified.
Methodological approaches to determination of stability coefficient in network organization structures
Authors:   Ural state university of railway transport (USURT), Gorelova D. Yu.
Published: October 2020

The article focuses on theoretical approaches of modeling of network organization structures. Advantages and disadvantages of network organization structures are given. Network nodes are shown in modeling as graphs and connecting lines as its ribs. Issues of organization networks stability from the model viewpoint were analyzed. Main requirements to geometry configuration of organization networks are stated which must correspond to a practical goal, i.e.: stability, reliability, feasibility or profitability. The term «geometrical stability» was examined and conditions for its achievement. The concept of integrated assessment of network organization structure stability is presented. A set of mathematical features is proposed for construction a mathematical model of organization network stability, divided into two groups of coefficients (geometrical and economic), reflecting the framework of the network structure under study as a geometrical object. A number of coefficients is deduced and studied, which makes it possible to evaluate the organization network on a wider and deeper scale. Concepts of quantitative and structural stability are studied. A principle of equilibrium for the network organization structure as a social and economic system is formulated. Their distinctive feature is found out. Underlying ideas of development of the integrated indicator of stability and methods to determine network organization structure of major company management were grounded. New approaches to calculation of the integrated indicator of network organization structure stability are suggested.
Analysis of 2ЭС10 electric locomotive wheelset binding bands wear
Authors:   Russian University of Transport (RUT-MIIT), Vorobyov A. A. , Smetanin R. S. ,   Russian University of Transport (RUT-MIIT)
Published: October 2020

The article focuses on monitoring of wheelset binding bands condition of electric locomotives with rotary-field traction motors and, since it is a very important factor in reliability of the electric locomotive by and large, the obtained decisions are based on its results. In analysis there were examined wheelset defects of common occurrence and their natural wear during exploitation. The electric rolling stock works under complicated conditions which affect the nature of wear and electric and mechanical equipment damage. One of the main tasks is to ensure reliable operation of different machinery, as failures on track disorder the traffic schedule, distort the transportation rhythm, leading to considerable loss of throughput capacity of sections, which also reduces movement safety and results in great economic losses. Reliability evaluation is a set of measures aimed at monitoring of condition of electric locomotives, which is based on real operational particulars. By virtue of these particulars one can see an ultimately complete picture, analyze it and correct the structure of repair cycle of electric locomotive particulars. The article accentuates the analysis of risks, related to probable defects, unexpectedly high wear out, incorrect choice of repair cycle structure, ways and tools of reliability evaluation, incorrect statutory, results of incorrect measurement.
Statistical filtering algorithms for systems withrandom structure
Authors: Averina Tatyana A. , Rybakov Konstantin A.
Published: October 2020

New algorithms for solving the optimal filtering problem for continuous-timesystems with a random structure are proposed. This problem is to estimate the currentsystem state vector from observations. The mathematical model of the dynamic systemincludes nonlinear stochastic differential equations, the right side of which defines the systemstructure (regime mode). The right side of these stochastic differential equations may bechanged at random time moments. The structure switching process is the Markov or conditionalMarkov random process with a finite set of states (structure numbers). The state vectorof such system consists of two components: the real vector (continuous part) and the integerstructure number (discrete part). The switch condition for the structure number may bedifferent: the achievement of a given surface by the continuous part of the state vector orthe distribution of a random time period between structure switchings. Each ordered pairof structure numbers can correspond to its own switch law. Algorithms for the estimation of the current state vector for systems with a randomstructure are particle filters, they are based on the statistical modeling method (MonteCarlo method). This work continues the authors’ research in the field of statistical methodsand algorithms for the continuous-time stochastic systems analysis and filtering.
The problem of boundary control of string vibrationsby displacement of the left end when the right end is fixedwith the given values of the deflection functionat intermediate times
Authors: Barseghyan Vanya R. , Solodusha Svetlana V.
Published: October 2020

We consider the boundary control problem for the homogeneous string vibrationequation with given the classical boundary (initial and final) conditions and with given valuesof the deflection function at intermediate times. The control is performed by displacementof the left end of the string when the right end is fixed. The problem is reduced to thecontrol problem with zero boundary conditions. We propose the constructive method forconstructing the boundary control of the process of string vibrations with given values ofthe deflection function at intermediate times.We present the results of numerical experimentsand the corresponding graphs confirm the validity of the results.
Relaxation of the game problem of guidance connected with alternative in guidance-evasion differential game
Authors: Chentsov Aleksandr G.
Published: October 2020

Differential game (DG) of guidance-evasion for a finite time interval is considered;as parameters, the target set (TS) and the set defining phase constraints (PC) are used.Player I interested in realization of guidance with TS under validity PC uses set-valuedquasistrategies (nonanticipating strategies) and Player II having opposite target uses strategieswith nonanticipating choice of correction instants and finite numbers of such instants.On informative level, the setting corresponds to alternative theorem of N. N. Krasovskii andA. I. Subbotin. For position not belonging to solvability set of Player I, determination ofthe least size of neighborhoods for set-parameters under that Player I guarantees guidance(under weakened conditions) is interested. In article, this scheme is supplemented by priorityelements in questions of TS attainment and PC validity; this is realized by special parameterdefining relation for sizes of corresponding neighborhoods. Under these conditions, a functionof the least size of TS neighborhood is defined by procedure used program iteration methodfor two variants. The above-mentioned function is fixed point for one of two used “program”operators. Special type of the quality functional for which values of the above-mentionedfunction coincide with values of the minimax-maximin games is established.
Perception of Kwara State undergraduates on the contributions of online tools towards improvement of reading habit
Authors: Sulaiman Kabir Alabi , Akanbi M. A.
Published: October 2020

Background of the study: The study aimed at examining perceptions of undergraduates on the contributions of online tools towards improvement of reading habit in Kwara state in universities. The study identified six (6) research questions. The research population was limited to undergraduates at the University of Ilorin, Kwara State University, Malate and Al-Hikmah University.Purpose: The study adopted descriptive survey design with questionnaire to collect data. The simple random sampling technique was adopted. The researcher used Educational and Psychological Measurement Israel model (2003) sample table to arrive at the actual sample size for this study. Therefore, the sample size for this study at level of ± 5% level of significance for population of 53, 130 students was 397. With total population of 76% for University of Ilorin, 18% for Kwara State University Malate and 6% for Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin.Method: Data collected from the field were analyzed using descriptive method of analysis.Findings: The findings of the study revealed that blog, twitters, E-mail, websites, YouTube, Facebook is the most available online tools that improve undergraduates reading habit. The study also revealed that undergraduates using online tools for social purpose than others.Conclusion: The study concluded that undergraduates have good perception using online tools for their reading. The study also established that undergraduates using online tools for social, political, recreation and religion benefits. It is also established that distraction, fallout from technologies, financial constraints and poor power supply are the major setbacks to the use of online tools for reading.
Comparison of the Structural Evolution of β Polypropylene During the Sequential and Simultaneous Biaxial Stretching Process
Authors: Zhang Daoxin , Ding Lei , Yang Feng , Lan Fang , Cao Ya , Xiang Ming
Published: October 2020

In this paper, the lamellar structural evolution and microvoids variations of β-iPP during the processing of two different stretching methods, sequential biaxial stretching and simultaneous biaxial stretching, were investigated in detail. It was found that different stretching methods led to significantly different lamellae deformation modes, and the microporous membranes obtained from the simultaneous biaxial stretching exhibited better mechanical properties. For the sequential biaxial stretching, abundant coarse fibers originated from the tight accumulation of the lamellae parallel to the longitudinal stretching direction, whereas the lamellae perpendicular to the stretching direction were easily deformed and separated. Those coarse fibers were difficult to be separated to form micropores during the subsequent transverse stretching process, resulting in a poor micropores distribution. However, for the simultaneous biaxial stretching, the β crystal had the same deformation mode, that is, the lamellae distributed in different directions were all destroyed, forming abundant microvoids and little coarse fibers formation.
Method for predicting the development of severe nummular microbial eczema
Authors:   Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, Khismatullina Z.R. , Nadyrchenko N.A. ,   Republican Dermatovenerologic Dispensary No 1, Ufa, Russian Federation, Khasanova G.M. ,   Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation, Tutelyan A.V. ,   Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: October 2020

Key words: nummular microbial eczema, phagocytic index, spontaneous redox activity of neutrophils in the nitroblue tetrazolium test
Opportunities of pathogenetic therapy in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Authors:   National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation, Uskova Yu.G. , Pavelkina V.F. ,   National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation
Published: October 2020

Key words: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, intoxication syndrome, cytolytic syndrome, remaxol, cytoflavin
Use of antiseptics in respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   Scientific Information Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections, Moscow, Russian Federation, Vikulov G.Kh. ,   Herpetic Center, Doctor.Prof clinic, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: October 2020

This article covers important aspects of antiseptic use in respiratory infections and presents the review and recommendations on the use of sodium hypochlorite in patients with acute respiratory infections and influenza. It also analyzes the utility of antiseptics for the prevention of COVID-19. Key words: infectious diseases, ARVI, antiseptics, sanitizers, COVID-19, prevention of respiratory infections, sodium hypochlorite
Antioxidants/antihypoxants: the missing puzzle piece in effective pathogenetic therapy for COVID-19
Authors:   V.V.Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation, Voronina T.A.
Published: October 2020

This review focuses on the specific characteristics of COVID-19 disease, which leads not only to respiratory impairments (bronchoalveolar epithelium does not retain oxygen, etc.), but also decreases the level of hemoglobin and its ability to transfer oxygen to the organs and tissues and increases the level of heme, resulting in anoxemia, hypoxia in all organs and tissues, and oxidative stress. Mexidol, a drug developed in Russia, is widely used in clinical practice, including the treatment of diseases accompanied by ischemia and hypoxia. Mexidol has antihypoxic and antioxidant effects, can treat mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, thereby affecting the key processes in different cells of organs and tissues that develop due to hypoxia. Mexidol can be useful in the comprehensive therapy of patients with COVID-19. Key words: COVID-19, antioxidant, antihypoxant, hemoglobin, hypoxia, Mexidol, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress
Effects of CO2/Rock/Formation Brine Parameters on CO2 Injectivity for Sequestration
Authors: Md Yusof Muhammad Aslam , Ibrahim Mohamad Arif , Idress Mazlin , Idris Ahmad Kamal , Saaid Ismail Mohd , Rosdi Nadhirah Mohd , Mohsin M. Saiful , Matali Awangku Alizul Azhari Awangku
Published: October 2020

The injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) into saline aquifers is highlighted as an effective technique to permanently secure anthropogenic gas produced from high CO2 gas fields in the Southeast Asia region. However, previous studies indicate that CO2 injectivity can be impaired primarily due to the interactions between CO2/brine/rock. In this paper, we investigate the effect of a CO2 injection scheme, rock permeability, brine type, and salinity on CO2 injectivity, which is presented by permeability alteration. A CO2 coreflood experiment and the characterization of the rock and effluent produced are presented. Furthermore, core samples with different permeabilities of the typical geological storage for sequestration were selected and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). The cores were then saturated with synthetic brine composed of 6,000, 30,000 or 100,000 parts per million (ppm) of either sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), or calcium chloride (CaCl2). Subsequently, the core samples were injected by either supercritical CO2 (scCO2), CO2-saturated brine, or CO2-saturated brine followed by scCO2. The fines particles from the collected effluent were separated for further analysis. The results indicate that a CO2 injection scheme, injection flow rate, brine salinity, and initial rock permeability are the principal factors that contribute to the permeability alteration of the core samples. It was also found from FESEM-EDX analysis of the produced fines that the precipitated salt, silica grains, and kaolinite migrated during scCO2 injection, suggesting the dissolution and precipitation of minerals. This phenomenon led to the migration of particles, some of which plugged the pore spaces and reduced the permeability. Besides, the core saturated with CaCl2 brine was the only sample with improvement in permeability after the CO2 flooding experiment.
AChE-activity in critically ill patients with suspected septic encephalopathy: a prospective, single-centre study
Authors: Zujalovic Benedikt , Mayer Benjamin , Hafner Sebastian , Balling Florian , Barth Eberhard
Published: October 2020

Background Up to 70% of septic patients develop a diffuse brain dysfunction named “septic associated encephalopathy” which is often solely based on clinical impressions. However, the diagnosis of septic associated encephalopathy is outcome-relevant due to an increase in mortality in these patients. Neuroinflammation as well as a disturbance of cholinergic transmission are assumed to be the causes of both delirium and septic associated encephalopathy. An alteration in cholinergic activity can be objectified by measuring the erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase-activity. Single-point measurements of acetylcholinesterase-activity are of limited value because individual and dynamic changes over time have to be anticipated. Therefore, the hypothesis should be tested whether a longitudinal analysis of acetylcholinesterase-activity in critically ill patients can help to diagnose a suspected septic-associated encephalopathy and whether acetylcholinesterase-activity differs in comparison to non-septic patients.Methods In this prospective, observational, single-center study, 175 patients (45 with sepsis, 130 without sepsis) were included. All patients were admitted to the surgical Intensive Care Unit of the University hospital Ulm, Germany. Patients were examined daily for the presence of delirium using the CAM-ICU. Daily measurement of the acetylcholinesterase-activity was performed in all patients. The possible time-dependent change in acetylcholinesterase-activity was analyzed with a linear regression model considering repeated measurements. Using a time-adjusted model further factors able to affect AChE-activity were investigated. For nonparametric distributions quantitative data were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. For analysis of independent samples the Mann-Whitney test was performed.Results About 90% of septic patients with suspected septic associated encephalopathy exhibited a statistically significant time-dependent in- or decrease in acetylcholinesterase-activity over a period of at least 5 consecutive days.Conclusion Longitudinal measurement of acetylcholinesterase-activity over several consecutive days revealed a change from baseline only in septic patients with suspected septic-associated encephalopathy. Therefore, longitudinal measurement of acetylcholinesterase-activity is able to diagnose septic associated encephalopathy in septic patients with delirious symptoms.Trial registration Retrospectively registered at German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS 00020542, date of registration: January 27, 2020
Evaluation of liver function using liver parenchyma, spleen and portal vein signal intensities during the hepatobiliary phase in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI
Authors: Yang Ming , Zhang Yue , Zhao Wenlu , Cheng Wen , Wang Han , Guo Shengren
Published: October 2020

Background: Previous studies have used signal intensity (SI) to reflect liver function. However, few studies have evaluated liver function via the portal vein. Regarding the SI of the liver, spleen, and portal vein, no study has indicated which can best reflect liver function. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether these parameters can evaluate liver function in patients with cirrhosis and determine which is the best parameter.Methods: 120 patients with normal livers (n = 41) or Child–Pugh class A (n = 50), B (n = 21) or C (n = 8) disease who had undergone Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI were retrospectively reviewed. Comparisons of the MRI data (liver parenchyma SI, portal vein SI, and spleen SI and liver-to-portal vein contrast ratio (LPC), liver-to-spleen contrast ratio (LSC), and portal vein-to-spleen contrast ratio (PSC)) in the 15-min hepatobiliary phase images were performed among the groups, and the correlations among the liver function parameters (total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, creatinine, platelet count, prothrombin time and international normalized ratio), liver function scores and MRI data were also quantitatively analysed.Results: Significant differences were observed in the liver parenchyma SI, LPC and LSC among the groups. These values all decreased gradually from normal livers to Child–Pugh class C cirrhotic livers (P < 0.001). The portal vein SI constantly and slightly increased from normal livers to Child–Pugh class C cirrhotic livers, but no differences were found among the groups in the portal vein SI and PSC (P > 0.05). LPC showed a stronger correlation with the Child–Pugh score and MELD score than LSC and the liver parenchyma SI. The order of the AUCs of these parameters, from largest to smallest, was as follows: LPC, LSC, and liver parenchyma SI (P > 0.05).Conclusion: The liver parenchyma SI, LSC and LPC may be used as alternative imaging biomarkers to assess liver function, while the portal vein SI and PSC do not reflect liver function. Furthermore, LPC values can more effectively distinguish severity among patients with cirrhosis than the liver parenchyma SI and LSC.
Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Service Availability in Healthcare Facilities in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda
Authors: Kayiwa Denis , Mugambe Richard K. , Mselle Jane Sembuche , Isunju John Bosco , Ssempebwa John C. , Wafula Solomon Tsebeni , Ndejjo Rawlance , Kansiime Winnie K , Nalugya Aisha , Wagaba Brenda , Zziwa Jude. B. , Bwire Constance , Buregyeya Esther , Radooli Martin Othieno , Kimbugwe Ceaser , Namanya Emily , Bateganya Najib Lukooya , McGriff Joanne A. , Wang Yuke , Ssekamatte Tonny , Yakubu Habib
Published: October 2020

Background: Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Healthcare facilities (HCFs) is of significant public health importance. It is associated with a reduction in the transmission of healthcare acquired infections (HAIs), increased trust and uptake of healthcare services, cost saving from infections averted, increased efficiency and improved staff morale. Despite these benefits, there is limited evidence on availability of WASH services in HCFs in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). This study assessed the availability of WASH services within HCFs in the GKMA in order to inform policy and WASH programming.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 HCFs. Availability of WASH services in the study HCFs was assessed using a validated WASH Conditions (WASHCon) tool comprising of structured interviews, HCF observations and microbial water quality analysis. Data were analysed using Stata 14 software and R software. Results: Overall, 84.5% (49/58) and 12.1% (7/58) of HCFs had limited and basic WASH service respectively. About 48.3% (28/58) had limited water service, 84.5% (49/58) had limited sanitation service, 50.0% (29/58) had limited environmental cleanliness service, 56.9% (33/58) had limited hand hygiene service, and 51.7% (30/58) had limited waste management service. About 94.4% of public HCFs had limited WASH service compared to only 68.2% of private not for profit facilities. More health centre IIIs, 92.5% and health centre IVs (85.7%) had limited WASH service compared to hospitals (54.5%).Conclusions: Our findings indicate that provision of water, sanitation, hand hygiene, environmental cleanliness, and health care waste management services within HCFs are largely hindered by structural and performance limitations. In spite of these limitations, it is evident that environmental cleanliness and treatment of infectious waste can be attained with better oversight and dedicated personnel. Attaining universal WASH coverage in HCFs will require deliberate and strategic investments across the different domains.
Haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different H5N1 viruses in chickens
Authors: Lei Han , Gao Tong , Cen Qianhong , Peng Xiaojue
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. The currently available avian influenza H5N1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. Therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling H5N1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed.ResultsRecombinant L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA was generated, and the influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) protein of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) was displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis). Spax was used as an anchor protein. Chickens vaccinated orally with unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA could produce significant humoral and mucosal responses and neutralizing activities against H5N1 viruses belonging to different clades. Importantly, unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA conferred cross-clade protection against lethal challenge with different H5N1 viruses in the chicken model.ConclusionThis study provides insights into the cross-clade protection conferred by unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA, and the results might help the establishment of a promising platform for the development of a safe and effective H5N1 cross-clade vaccine for poultry.
The Relationship of Nursing Home Price and Quality of Life
Authors: Raes Sarah , Vandepitte Sophie , De Smedt Delphine , Wynendaele Herlinde , DeJonghe Yannai , Trybou Jeroen
Published: October 2020

Background: Knowledge about the relationship between the residents’ Quality of Life (QOL) and the nursing home price is currently lacking. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between 11 dimensions of QOL and nursing homes price in Flemish nursing homes.Methods: The data used in this cross-sectional study were collected by the Flemish government from years 2014 to 2017 and originates from 659 Flemish nursing homes. From 2014 to 2016, data on the QOL of 21,756 residents was assessed with the InterRAI instrument. This instrument contains 11 QOL dimensions. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the research question.Results: The multiple linear regressions indicated that a 10 euro increase in the daily nursing home price is associated with a significant decrease (P < 0.001) of 0.1 in 5 dimensions of QOL (access to services, comfort and environment, food and meals, respect, and safety and security). Hence, our results indicate that the association between price and QOL is very small. When conducting a subgroup analysis based on ownership type, the earlier found results remained only statistically significant for private nursing homes.Conclusion: Our findings show that nursing home price is of limited importance with respect to resident QOL. Contrary to popular belief, our study demonstrates a limited negative effect of price on QOL. Further research that includes other indicators of QOL is needed to allow policymakers and nursing home managers to improve nursing home residents’ QOL.
Career aspirations among specialty residents: a gender-based comparison
Authors: Cathelain Alice , Jourdain Mercedes , Cordonnier Charlotte , Jonard Sophie Catteau , Sebbane Deborah , Copin Marie-Christine , Berlingo Laura , Rubod Chrystele , Garabedian Charles
Published: October 2020

Background - Two recent studies looked at the career choice of residents in obstetrics & gynecology. It seemed useful to us to broaden this questioning to other specialties, by proposing a study to all residents in the same Faculty. The objective of our study was to describe residents career aspirations and possible barriers according to gender.Methods – Declarative cross-sectional survey, using questionnaires sent by email to the specialty residents of the Faculty of Medicine of Lille (France). An analysis by specialty group (i.e. medicine, surgery, obstetrics & gynecology and anesthesia & resuscitation) and a comparison of the results according to gender were performed. Results – Of the 1,384 specialty residents currently in training, 462 answered the questionnaires (33.38%), among whom 289 women and 173 men (average age = 27.08 years +/- 0.091). 17 women (5.9%) were currently considering a university hospital career versus 37 men (21.4%) (p = 0.001). Gender analysis made it possible to identify obstacles to engaging in a university career: lacking female model, more frequent doubting in the ability to lead this type of career among women (61.6%) than men (35.3%) (p <0.001), and gender discrimination felt in the workplace for 51.6% of women (versus 7.5% of men, p <0.001). Subgroup analysis showed specificities related to each specialty. Conclusions – Few residents plan to embark upon a university hospital career, let alone female residents. There are specificities specific to each specialty and marked gender differences regarding career aspirations. Many obstacles have been identified as obstacles to access to university hospital positions for women. It is important to develop strategies to remove these barriers and enable women to pursue such university careers. Trial registration – Not applicable (no intervention)
Malaria vector species composition and entomological indices following indoor residual spraying in regions bordering Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Kakilla Charles Elias , Manjurano Alphaxard , Nelwin Karen , Martin Jackline , Mashauri Fabian , Kinung'hi Safari , Lyimo Eric , Mangalu Doris , Bernard Lucy , Iwuchukwu Nduka , Mwalimu Dismasi , Serbantez Naomi , Greer George , George Kristen , Oxborough Richard M , Magesa Stephen M
Published: October 2020

BackgroundVector control through long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and focal indoor residual spraying (IRS) is a major component of the Tanzania national malaria control strategy. In mainland Tanzania, IRS has been conducted annually around Lake Victoria basin since 2007. Due to pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors, use of pyrethroids for IRS was phased out and from 2014 to 2017 pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® 300CS) was sprayed in regions of Kagera, Geita, Mwanza, and Mara. Entomological surveillance was conducted in 10 sprayed and 4 unsprayed sites to determine the impact of IRS on entomological indices related to malaria transmission risk.MethodsWHO cone bioassays were conducted monthly on interior house walls to determine residual efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl CS. Indoor CDC light traps with or without bottle rotator were hung next to protected sleepers indoors and also set outdoors (unbaited) as a proxy measure for indoor and outdoor biting rate and time of biting. Prokopack aspirators were used indoors to capture potentially resting malaria vectors. A sub-sample of Anopheles was tested by PCR to determine species identity and ELISA for sporozoite rate. ResultsAnnual IRS with Actellic® 300CS from 2015 to 2017 was effective on sprayed walls for a mean of 7 months in cone bioassay. PCR of 2016 and 2017 samples showed vector populations were predominantly Anopheles arabiensis (58.1%, n=4,403 IRS sites, 58%, n=2,441 unsprayed sites). There was a greater proportion of Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.l) in unsprayed sites (20.4%, n=858) than in sprayed sites (7.9%, n=595) and fewer Anopheles parensis (2%, n=85 unsprayed, 7.8%, n=591 sprayed). Biting peaks of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) followed periods of rainfall occurring between October and April, but were generally lower in sprayed sites than unsprayed. In most sprayed sites, An. gambiae s.l. indoor densities increased between January and February, i.e., 10-12 months after IRS. The predominant species An. arabiensis had a sporozoite rate in 2017 of 2.0% (95% CI: 1.4-2.9) in unsprayed sites compared to 0.8% (95% CI: 0.5-1.3) in sprayed sites (p=0.003). Sporozoite rates were also lower for An. funestus collected in sprayed sites. ConclusionThis study contributes to the understanding of malaria vector species composition, behaviour and transmission risk following IRS around Lake Victoria and can be used to guide malaria vector control strategies in Tanzania.
Hepatocyte high-mobility group box 1 protects against steatosis and cellular stress during high fat diet feeding
Authors: Lin Minjie , Long Jungke , Li Wenbo , Yang Chenxuan , Loughran Patricia , O’Doherty Robert , Billiar Timothy R. , Deng Meihong , Scott Melanie J.
Published: October 2020

Background: Circulating high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intracellular HMGB1 is critical for the biology of hepatocytes. However, the intracellular role of HMGB1 in hepatocellular steatosis is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of hepatocyte-specific HMGB1 (HC-HMGB1) in development of hepatic steatosis.Methods: Wild type (WT) C57BL/6 and HC-HMGB1-/- mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for up to 16 weeks.Results: As expected, HMGB1 translocated from nuclear into cytoplasm and released into circulation after HFD treatment. HC-HMGB1 deficiency significantly reduced circulating HMGB1, suggesting that hepatocyte is a major source of circulating HMGB1 during NAFLD. Unexpectedly, HC-HMGB1 deficiency promoted rapid weight gain with enhanced hepatic fat deposition compared with WT at as early as 4 weeks after HFD treatment. Furthermore, there was no difference between WT and HC-HMGB1-/- mice in glucose tolerance, energy expenditure, liver damage or systemic inflammation. Interestingly, hepatic gene expression related to free fatty acid (FFA) β-oxidation was significantly down-regulated in HC-HMGB1-/- mice compared with WT, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers were significantly higher in livers of HC-HMGB1-/- mice. In vitro experiments using primary mouse hepatocytes showed absence of HMGB1 increased FFA-induced intracellular lipid accumulation, accompanied by increased ER-stress, significant downregulation of FFA β-oxidation, and reduced oxidative phosphorylation.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that hepatocyte HMGB1 protects against dysregulated lipid metabolism via maintenance of β-oxidation and prevention of ER stress. This represents a novel mechanism for HMGB1-regulation of hepatocellular steatosis, and suggests that stabilizing HMGB1 in hepatocytes may be effective strategies for prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of alfalfa in response to microRNA156 under high temperature
Authors: Arshad Muhammad , Puri Alpa , Simkovich Aaron J , Renaud Justin , Gruber Margaret Y , Marsolais Frédéric , Hannoufa Abdelali
Published: October 2020

Background: Abiotic stress, including heat, is one of the major factors that affect alfalfa growth and forage yield. The small RNA, microRNA156 (miR156), regulates multiple traits in alfalfa during abiotic stress. The aim of this study was to explore the role of miR156 in regulating heat response in alfalfa at the protein level. Results: In this study, we compared an empty vector control and miR156 overexpressing (miR156OE) alfalfa plants after exposing them to heat stress (40 °C) for 24 hours. We measured physiological parameters of control and miR156OE plants under heat stress, and collected leaf samples for protein analysis. A higher proline and antioxidant contents were detected in miR156OE plants than in controls under heat stress. Protein samples were analyzed by label-free quantification proteomics. Across all samples, a total of 1878 protein groups were detected. Under heat stress, 45 protein groups in the empty vector plants were significantly altered (P < 0.05; |log2FC| > 2). Conversely, 105 protein groups were significantly altered when miR156OE alfalfa was subjected to heat stress, of which 91 were unique to miR156OE plants. The identified protein groups unique to miR156OE plants were related to diverse functions including metabolism, photosynthesis, stress-response and plant defenses. Furthermore, we identified transcription factors in miR156OE plants, which belonged to squamosa promoter binding-like protein, MYB, ethylene responsive factors, AP2 domain, ABA response element binding factor and bZIP families of transcription factors. Conclusions: These results suggest a positive role for miR156 in heat stress response in alfalfa. They reveal a miR156-regulated network of mechanisms at the protein level to modulate heat responses in alfalfa.
A risk stratification model based on four novel biomarkers predicts prognosis for patients with renal cell carcinoma.
Authors: Kubota Shigehisa , Yoshida Tetsuya , Kageyama Susumu , Isono Takahiro , Yuasa Takeshi , Yonese Junji , Kushima Ryoji , Kawauchi Akihiro , Chano Tokuhiro
Published: October 2020

Background: Accurate prediction of the prognosis of RCC using a single biomarker is challenging due to the genetic heterogeneity of the disease. However, it is essential to develop an accurate system to allow better patient selection for optimal treatment strategies. ARL4C, ECT2, SOD2 and STEAP3 are novel molecular biomarkers identified in earlier studies as survival-related genes by comprehensive analyses of 43 primary RCC tissues and RCC cell lines. Methods: To develop a prognostic model based on these multiple biomarkers, the expression of four biomarkers ARL4C, ECT2, SOD2, and STEAP3 in primary RCC tissue were semi-quantitatively investigated by immunohistochemical analysis in an independent cohort of 97 patients who underwent nephrectomy, and the clinical significance of these biomarkers were analyzed by survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves. The prognostic model was constructed by calculation of the contribution score to prognosis of each biomarker on Cox regression analysis, and its prognostic performance was validated.Results: Patients whose tumors had high expression of the individual biomarkers had shorter cancer-specific survival (CSS) from the time of primary nephrectomy. The prognostic model based on four biomarkers segregated the patients into a high- and low-risk scored group according to defined cut-off value. This approach was more robust in predicting CSS compared to each single biomarker alone in the total of 97 patients with RCC. Especially in the 36 metastatic RCC patients, our prognostic model could more accurately predict early events within 2 years of diagnosis of metastasis. In addition, high risk-scored patients with particular strong SOD2 expression had a much worse prognosis in 25 patients with metastatic RCC who were treated with molecular targeting agents. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a prognostic model based on four novel biomarkers provides valuable data for prediction of clinical prognosis and useful information for considering the follow-up conditions and therapeutic strategies for patients with primary and metastatic RCC.