bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restructuring State Intervention Strategies towards Chickpea Production Development in India—Application of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Authors: Kumar K. Nirmal Ravi , Konduru Srinivasa , Chandrasekhara P. , Babu Suresh Chandra
Published: September 2021

Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the influence of exogenous variables (research and extension (RE), marketing aspects (MA), and infrastructure development (ID)) on the endogenous variable chickpea production development (CPD) to restructure policy interventions in India. Results of the measurement model revealed that all the latent variables have construct validity (both convergent validity and discriminant validity) and composite reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that all indicators of both exogenous and endogenous variables are significant. Yield-increasing production technologies (PT), minimum support prices (MSP), and storage structures (SS) and the three exogenous variables (research and extension, marketing, and infrastructure development) are the strongest indicators. For the endogenous variable CPD, remunerative prices (RP) is the strongest indicator and also serves as a driving force for other indicators. The results of the structural model revealed that RE is the most effective construct followed by ID and MA, and they cumulatively explained 89 percent of the total variation in CPD. Among these three constructs, MSP is the key indicator of MA with the highest loading factor (0.799), and hence it should be given the highest priority for promoting CPD in India.
Effects of Selenium Fertilizer Application on Yield and Selenium Accumulation Characteristics of Different Japonica Rice Varieties
Authors: Yan Juan , Chen Xiaoju , Zhu Tonggui , Zhang Zhongping , Fan Jianbo
Published: September 2021

In this study, three japonica rice varieties—Nanjing 9108, Jiahua 1 and Wuyunjing 29—were supplied with different levels of nano-foliar selenium fertilizers (0, 40 and 80 kg Se ha−1) under field conditions. Their rice yield and absorption, accumulation, transportation and utilization of selenium were studied to find suitable selenium-rich rice cultivars and optimal selenium supply levels, while providing references for the development of selenium-rich rice. On an average basis, the Nanjing 9108, Jiahua 1 and Wuyunjing 29 yielded 8755 ± 190, 8200 ± 317 and 9098 ± 72.7 kg ha−1, respectively. The selenium content in polished rice of the three rice varieties is between 0.210 and 0.933 mg kg−1. When 40 g Se ha−1 nano-selenium fertilizer was used, the selenium accumulation in the shoots of Nanjing 9108, Jiahua 1 and Wuyunjing 29 was, respectively, 11.4 g Se ha−1, 12.3 g Se ha−1 and 12.2 g Se ha−1, and when 80 g Se ha−1 selenium fertilizer was applied, the total selenium accumulation of three rice varieties was, respectively, 2.45, 1.75 and 2.40 times that of 40 g Se ha−1 selenium fertilizer. No evident diversity was observed in the selenium transport coefficient and the apparent utilization rate of selenium among the three varieties. The three rice varieties in this experiment had a strong selenium enrichment capacity, and they could be planted as selenium-enriched and high-yield rice varieties. Further, the amount of selenium fertilizer should not exceed 40 g Se ha−1.
Modular Interorganizational Network Governance: A Conceptual Framework for Addressing Complex Social Problems
Authors: Jha Srivardhini K. , Gold E. Richard , Dubé Laurette
Published: September 2021

We develop a conceptual governance framework to guide creating and managing a modular interorganizational network to address complex social problems. Drawing on theoretical foundations in modularity and interorganizational networks, we propose that modularizing complex social problems is a dialectic, emergent process that blends a convener-led network formation with a consultative problem definition and solution design. We also posit that social systems are imperfectly modular and need purposefully designed interface governance to integrate the modules. Finally, we advance how leveraging modularity may simultaneously advance the interests of participating actors and deliver societal value. Together, the propositions advance a governance framework for a modular, multi-actor adaptive system suited to tackle the scale, diversity, and dynamics of complex social problems.
Sustainability-Related Parameters and Decision Support Tools for Kinetic Green Façades
Authors: Seyrek Cansu Iraz , Widera Barbara , Woźniczka Agata
Published: September 2021

Constant challenges, environmental threats, and rapid changes of living conditions on the earth make it necessary to seriously take up the topic of resilience and sustainability. The interdisciplinary and holistic approach is more important than ever before, and engineering science is required to adapt to global conditions. This article presents the results of research aimed at the identification of sustainability-related parameters for kinetic green façades in the preliminary design phase and evaluation of current decision support tools. The authors carried out the comparative analysis of existing decision support methods and tools for sustainable development, used in fields and disciplines such as architectural design, environmental engineering, and structural design. The particular focus of the research was on the preliminary concept design of kinetic green façades. Specific methods such as forecasting and backcasting linked to post-occupancy evaluation tools were also taken into account. Parametric modeling based on optimization algorithms was recognized as the most adequate method. As a result of the conducted research, the steps to be taken at the early design stage for sustainable façade design were identified based on the example of the innovative system of kinetic green façade. The first step is to determine the design criteria of the façade considering the factors related to climate, culture, environment, and special design requirements. In the next step, the design parameters of the façade system are defined depending on the aforementioned criteria. In the third step, system design and modeling are done. Finally, the performance of the façade system is evaluated. If the desired performance is not achieved, the designer returns to the 2nd and 3rd steps. These last three steps of the preliminary design stage of sustainable façade systems are critical since they allow us for the façade design optimization, which in turn has a significant influence on the whole building performance and sustainability parameters.
A Review of Research on Tourism Industry, Economic Crisis and Mitigation Process of the Loss: Analysis on Pre, During and Post Pandemic Situation
Authors: Bhuiyan Miraj Ahmed , Crovella Tiziana , Paiano Annarita , Alves Helena
Published: September 2021

Throughout time, the global tourism industry and economy have been significantly affected by disasters and crises. At present, COVID-19 represents one of these disasters as it has been causing a serious economic downturn with huge implications in tourism. In this review paper, we have analysed more than 100 papers regarding the effect and consequences of a pandemic on tourism and related industries, the economic situation in countries and areas, and mitigation of the loss incurred due to pandemic situations. The article (1) is based on past research on tourism and economy, (2) examines the effects of a pandemic on listed sectors and mitigation processes, and (3) suggests future research and approaches to help progress the field. We have gathered and categorised the literature reviews into several parts. In addition, we have listed the name of authors, journal names, books, websites, and relevant data.
Formulation of Organic Wastes as Growth Media for Cultivation of Earthworm Nutrient-Rich Eisenia foetida
Authors: Mashur Mashur , Bilad Muhammad Roil , Hunaepi Hunaepi , Huda Nurul , Roslan Jumardi
Published: September 2021

Inadequate management of solid organic waste can lead to the spread of diseases and negatively affects the environment. Fermentation and vermicomposting of organic waste could have dual benefits by generating earthworm biomass for a source of animal feed protein, and, at the same time, turning the organic waste into readily used compost. This study investigated the effect of an organic waste source (as a sole source or blended with others) totaling 24 media for the cultivation of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Eight media sources were applied, namely cow manure, horse manure, goat manure, broiler chicken manure, market organic waste, household organic waste, rice straw, and beef rumen content. E. foetida was cultivated for 40 days, then the number of cocoons, earthworms, and the total biomass weight were measured at the end of the cultivation. Results demonstrated that the media source affected E. foetida earthworm cultivation. The most effective media were those containing horse manure that led to the production of the highest earthworms and the highest biomass. The produced cocoons and earthworms were poorly correlated with an r-value of 0.26 and p-value of 0.21. Meanwhile, the number and weight of the earthworms correlated well with an r-value of 0.784 and p-value of <0.01. However, the average numbers and weights of the produced earthworms in the media containing horse manure, cow manure, goat manure, and non-blended organic waste were insignificant. Overall results suggest that blended organic wastes can undergo composting to produce nutrient-rich earthworm biomass while turning the solid organic waste into readily used compost.
The Impact on Carbon Emissions of China with the Trade Situation versus the U.S.
Authors: Chou Jieming , Yang Fan , Wang Zhongxiu , Dong Wenjie
Published: September 2021

The China–US trade conflict will inevitably have a negative impact on China’s trade imports and exports, industrial development, and economic growth, and will affect the achievement of climate change goals. In the short term, the impact of the trade conflict on China’s import and export trade will cause the carbon emissions contained in traded commodities to change accordingly. To assess the impact of the trade conflict on China’s climate policy, this paper combines a model from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and the input–output analysis method and calculates the carbon emissions in international trade before and after the conflict. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The trade war has led to a sharp decline in China–US trade, but for China as a whole, imports and exports have not changed much; (2) China’s export emissions have changed little, its import emissions have dropped slightly, and its net emissions have increased; and (3) China’s exports are still concentrated in energy-intensive industries. Changes in trade will bring challenges to China’s balancing of climate and trade exigencies. China–US cooperation based on energy and technology will help China cope with climate change after the trade conflict.
Global and Local Dynamics of a Bistable Asymmetric Composite Laminated Shell
Authors: Dong Ting , Guo Zhenkun , Jiang Guoqing
Published: September 2021

As bistable composite laminated plate and shell structures are often exposed to dynamic environments in practical applications, the global and local dynamics of a bistable asymmetric composite laminated shell subjected to the base excitation is presented in this paper. Temperature difference, base excitation amplitude, and detuning parameters are discussed. With the change of temperature difference, the super-critical pitchfork bifurcation occurs. Three equilibrium solutions corresponding to three equilibrium configurations (two stable configurations and one unstable configuration) can be obtained. With the increase of excitation amplitude, local and global dynamics play a leading role successively. The global dynamics between the two stable configurations behave as the periodic vibration, the quasi-periodic vibration, the chaotic vibration and dynamic snap-through when the excitation amplitude is large enough. The local dynamics that are confined to a single stable configuration behave as 1:2 internal resonance, saturation and permeation when the excitation amplitude is small. Dynamic snap-through and large-amplitude vibrations with two potential wells for the global dynamics will lead to a broad application prospect of the bistable asymmetric composite laminated shell in energy harvesting devices.
Experimental Design for the Lifetime Performance Index of Weibull Products Based on the Progressive Type I Interval Censored Sample
Authors: Wu Shu-Fei , Wu Yu-Cheng , Wu Chi-Han , Chang Wei-Tsung
Published: September 2021

In this study, the experimental design is developed based on the testing procedure for the lifetime performance index of products following Weibull lifetime distribution under progressive type I interval censoring. This research topic is related to asymmetrical probability distributions and applications across disciplines. The asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of the lifetime performance index is utilized to develop the testing procedure. In order to reach the given power level, the minimum sample size is determined and tabulated. In order to minimize the total cost that occurred under progressive type I interval censoring, the sampling design is investigated to determine the minimum number of inspection intervals and equal interval lengths when the termination time of experiment is fixed or not fixed. For illustrative aims, one practical example is given for the implementation of our proposed sampling design to collect the progressive type I interval censored sample so that the users can use this sample to test if the lifetime performance index exceeds the desired target level.
Spread Mechanism and Control Strategies of Rumor Propagation Model Considering Rumor Refutation and Information Feedback in Emergency Management
Authors: Chen Jianhong , Chen Chaoqun , Song Qinghua , Zhao Yifei , Deng Longxin , Xie Raoqing , Yang Shan
Published: September 2021

The rumor-free equilibrium state and rumor-endemic equilibrium state are two symmetric descriptions of the status of a system. The constant spreading of rumors would affect the smooth operation of emergency management procedures and cause unnecessary social and economic loss. To reduce the negative effect of rumor propagation, in this paper, we introduce a compartmental model of rumor propagation, which considers the rumor refutation of public and information feedback. By deriving mean-field equations that describe the dynamics of the model, we use analytical and numerical solutions of these equations to investigate the threshold and dynamics of the model in both the closed system and open system. The results imply that the initial equilibrium point is not stable and there exists a rumor-free equilibrium point; in the open system, there exists a threshold beyond which rumors can spread; the stability of the initial equilibrium point is related to the threshold R0 = (φ*α)/μ, and there exists a rumor-endemic equilibrium point. The development process of rumor propagation can be divided into four stages: latent period, progressive period, intense period, and recession period. Under the influence of population, rumor spreading can exceed the threshold readily because the migration rate μ is usually less than the proportion of ignorants without critical ability φ, and the rumor spreading process in an open system presents a fluctuating development, the rumor would not disappear in this autonomous system. Based on the analysis, we propose some measures, such as providing open and efficient information queries and exchange platforms, etc.
Multifrequency Topological Derivative Approach to Inverse Scattering Problems in Attenuating Media
Authors: Carpio Ana , Rapún María-Luisa
Published: September 2021

Detecting objects hidden in a medium is an inverse problem. Given data recorded at detectors when sources emit waves that interact with the medium, we aim to find objects that would generate similar data in the presence of the same waves. In opposition, the associated forward problem describes the evolution of the waves in the presence of known objects. This gives a symmetry relation: if the true objects (the desired solution of the inverse problem) were considered for solving the forward problem, then the recorded data should be returned. In this paper, we develop a topological derivative-based multifrequency iterative algorithm to reconstruct objects buried in attenuating media with limited aperture data. We demonstrate the method on half-space configurations, which can be related to problems set in the whole space by symmetry. One-step implementations of the algorithm provide initial approximations, which are improved in a few iterations. We can locate object components of sizes smaller than the main components, or buried deeper inside. However, attenuation effects hinder object detection depending on the size and depth for fixed ranges of frequencies.
Plant Leaves Recognition Based on a Hierarchical One-Class Learning Scheme with Convolutional Auto-Encoder and Siamese Neural Network
Authors: Hamrouni Lamis , Kherfi Mohammed Lamine , Aiadi Oussama , Benbelghit Abdellah
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we propose a novel method for plant leaves recognition by incorporating an unsupervised convolutional auto-encoder (CAE) and Siamese neural network in a unified framework by considering Siamese as an alternative to the conventional loss of CAE. Rather than the conventional exploitation of CAE and Siamese, in our case we have proposed to extend CAE for a novel supervised scenario by considering it as one-class learning classifier. For each class, CAE is trained to reconstruct its positive and negative examples and Siamese is trained to distinguish the similarity and the dissimilarity of the obtained examples. On the contrary and asymmetric to the related hierarchical classification schemes which require pre-knowledge on the dataset being recognized, we propose a hierarchical classification scheme that doesn’t require such a pre-knowledge and can be employed by non-experts automatically. We cluster the dataset to assemble similar classes together. A test image is first assigned to the nearest cluster, then matched to one class from the classes that fall under the determined cluster using our novel one-class learning classifier. The proposed method has been evaluated on the ImageCLEF2012 dataset. Experimental results have proved the superiority of our method compared to several state-of-the art methods.
Optimal Scheduling of Microgrid Considering the Interruptible Load Shifting Based on Improved Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Li Bo , Deng Hongsheng , Wang Jue
Published: September 2021

A microgrid is an efficient method of uniting distributed generations. To ensure the applicability and symmetry of the microgrid, the environmental benefits and economic costs are considered to comprehensively model the optimal operation of the microgrid under the grid-connected operation mode, at the same time, considering the effect of interruptible load on the operating cost of the microgrid, the power shifting for interruptible load is attempted on the basis of battery storage capacity. By adaptively adjusting the migration rate using the habitat suitability index of a normalized individual and adding a certain differential perturbation to the migration operator of the migration mechanism, an improved biogeography-based optimization algorithm is proposed and the microgrid optimization dispatching algorithm based on the improved biogeography-based optimization is applied. The advancement and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and model is verified by the example, and the simulation results indicate that the implementation of the power dispatching scheme proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the total cost of the system. Moreover, the proper consideration of shifting interruptible load, the effective load management and guiding the electricity consumption behavior of users are of certain significance for optimizing the utilization of renewable energy and improving the system efficiency and economy.
Ankle-Brachial Index Is a Good Determinant of Lower Limb Muscular Strength but Not of the Gait Pattern in PAD Patients
Authors: Stefańska Małgorzata , Bulińska Katarzyna , Woźniewski Marek , Szuba Andrzej , Dziubek Wioletta
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) level with kinetic and kinematic parameters of the gait pattern and force-velocity parameters generated by lower limb muscles. Methods: The study group consisted of 65 patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The ABI value, kinetic and kinematic parameters of gait and force-velocity parameters of knee and ankle extensors and flexors were determined in all subjects. The values obtained for right and left limbs as well as the limbs with higher and lower ABI were compared. Results: Regardless of the method of analysis, the values of the gait’s kinematic and kinetic parameters of both lower limbs did not differ significantly. However, significant differences were noted in the values of peak torque, work and power of the extensor muscles of the knee and the flexor muscles of the ankle with the higher and lower ABI. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a higher degree of ischemia worsened the level of strength, endurance, and performance of ankle flexors and extensors of the knee joint. ABI is not related to the gait pattern. The above-mentioned relationship should be taken into account in the rehabilitation process and methodological assessment.
Production of Alternaria Toxins in Yellow Peach (Amygdalus persica) upon Artificial Inoculation with Alternaria alternate
Authors: Meng Jiajia , Guo Wenbo , Zhao Zhihui , Zhang Zhiqi , Nie Dongxia , Tangni Emmanuel K. , Han Zheng
Published: September 2021

The yellow peach (Amygdalus persica), an important fruit in China, is highly susceptible to infection by Alternaria sp., leading to potential health risks and economic losses. In the current study, firstly, yellow peaches were artificially inoculated with Alternariaalternate. Then, the fruits were stored at 4 °C and 28 °C to simulate the current storage conditions that consumers use, and the Alternaria toxins (ATs) contents from different parts of the fruits were analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the growth of A. alternate and the ATs production were dramatically affected by the storage temperature. At 28 °C, the fungi grew rapidly and the lesion diameter reached about 4.0 cm within 15 days of inoculation, while, at 4 °C, the fungal growth was noticeably inhibited, with no significant change in the lesion diameter. To our surprise, high contents of ATs were produced under both storage conditions even though the fungal growth was suppressed. With an increase in the incubation time, the amounts of ATs showed a steady tendency to increase in most cases. Remarkably, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were detected in the rotten tissue and also in the surrounding tissue, while a large amount of TeA could also be found in the healthy tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the production of ATs by the infection of Alternaria sp. in yellow peach fruits via artificial inoculation under regulated conditions, and, based on the evidence herein, it is recommended that ATs be included in monitoring and control programs of yellow peach management and food safety administration.
Cadherin Protein Is Involved in the Action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin in Ostrinia furnacalis
Authors: Jin Wenzhong , Zhai Yuqian , Yang Yihua , Wu Yidong , Wang Xingliang
Published: September 2021

Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins have been extensively planted for insect pest control, but the evolution of Bt resistance in target pests threatens the sustainability of this approach. Mutations of cadherin in the midgut brush border membrane was associated with Cry1Ac resistance in several lepidoptera species, including the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, a major pest of maize in Asian–Western Pacific countries. However, the causality of O. furnacalis cadherin (OfCad) with Cry1Ac resistance remains to be clarified. In this study, in vitro and in vivo approaches were employed to examine the involvement of OfCad in mediating Cry1Ac toxicity. Sf9 cells transfected with OfCad showed significant immunofluorescent binding with Cry1Ac toxin and exhibited a concentration-dependent mortality effect when exposed to Cry1Ac. The OfCad knockout strain OfCad-KO, bearing homozygous 15.4 kb deletion of the OfCad gene generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, exhibited moderate-level resistance to Cry1Ac (14-fold) and low-level resistance to Cry1Aa (4.6-fold), but no significant changes in susceptibility to Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa, compared with the original NJ-S strain. The Cry1Ac resistance phenotype was inherited as autosomal, recessive mode, and significantly linked with the OfCad knockout in the OfCad-KO strain. These results demonstrate that the OfCad protein is a functional receptor for Cry1Ac, and disruption of OfCad confers a moderate Cry1Ac resistance in O. furnacalis. This study provides new insights into the mode of action of the Cry1Ac toxin and useful information for designing resistance monitoring and management strategies for O. furnacalis.
Outcomes in Hepatitis C Positive Liver Transplantation: Timing of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment and Impact on Graft Fibrosis
Authors: Wellington Jennifer , Ma Andrew , Kottilil Shyam , Ravichandran Bharath , Husson Jennifer , Bruno David , Wilson Eleanor
Published: September 2021

Liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related disease has the lowest five-year graft survival among all liver transplant recipients. Graft failure due to accelerated fibrosis from unrestrained HCV replication is common. Optimal timing of HCV treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents remains unknown. We compared HCV liver transplant recipients successfully treated for HCV before transplant to those treated within 1 year of transplant to determine if graft fibrosis, measured by Fib-4 scores, differs with timing of treatment. Fib-4 scores less than or equal to 1.45 defined minimal fibrosis and greater than 1.45 defined greater than minimal fibrosis. We identified 117 liver transplant recipients: 52 treated before transplantation and 65 treated within 1 year of transplantation. Overall, 34% of recipients had minimal fibrosis, and the likelihood of having minimal fibrosis following treatment and liver transplantation did not differ by timing of treatment. The odds ratio of having greater than minimal fibrosis was 0.65 (95% CI 0.30, 1.42) among those treated within 1 year after transplantation compared to those treated before transplantation (p-value 0.28). Importantly, nearly 2/3 of these patients had evidence of fibrosis progression one year after sustained virologic response, supporting recommendations for early antiviral-based treatment to prevent accumulation of HCV-related disease.
Genetic Subtypes and Natural Resistance Mutations in HCV Genotype 4 Infected Saudi Arabian Patients
Authors: Di Stefano Mariantonietta , Ismail Mona H. , Leitner Thomas , Faleo Giuseppina , Elmnan Adem Saada A. , Elamin Mohamed O. M. E. , Eltreifi Obeidi , Alwazzeh Marwan J. , Fiore Jose R. , Santantonio Teresa A.
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to characterize the HCV genetic subtypes variability and the presence of natural occurring resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in Saudi Arabia patients. A total of 17 GT patients were analyzed. Sequence analysis of NS3, NS5A, and NS5B regions was performed by direct sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were used to determine genetic subtypes, RAS, and polymorphisms. Nine patients were infected by GT 4a, two with GT 4o and three with GT 4d. Two patients were infected with apparent recombinant virus (4a/4o/4a in NS3/NS5A/NS5B), and one patient was infected with a previously unknown, unclassifiable, virus of GT 4. Natural RASs were found in six patients (35%), including three infected by GT 4a, two by GT 4a/GT 4o/GT 4a, and one patient infected by an unknown, unclassifiable, virus of GT 4. In particular, NS3-RAS V170I was demonstrated in three patients, while NS5A-RASs (L28M, L30R, L28M + M31L) were detected in the remaining three patients. All patients were treated with sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir; three patients were lost to follow-up, whereas 14 patients completed the treatment. A sustained virological response (SVR) was obtained in all but one patient carrying NS3-RAS V170I who later relapsed. GT 4a is the most common subtype in this small cohort of Saudi Arabia patients infected with hepatitis C infection. Natural RASs were observed in about one-third of patients, but only one of them showed a treatment failure.
AMDV Vaccine: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Markarian Nathan M. , Abrahamyan Levon
Published: September 2021

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is known to cause the most significant disease in the mink industry. It is globally widespread and manifested as a deadly plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia. So far, measures to control the viral spread have been limited to manual serological testing for AMDV-positive mink. Further, due to the persistent nature of this virus, attempts to eradicate Aleutian disease (AD) have largely failed. Therefore, effective strategies to control the viral spread are of crucial importance for wildlife protection. One potentially key tool in the fight against this disease is by the immunization of mink against AMDV. Throughout many years, several researchers have tried to develop AMDV vaccines and demonstrated varying degrees of protection in mink by those vaccines. Despite these attempts, there are currently no vaccines available against AMDV, allowing the continuation of the spread of Aleutian disease. Herein, we summarize previous AMDV immunization attempts in mink as well as other preventative measures with the purpose to shed light on future studies designing such a potentially crucial preventative tool against Aleutian disease.
Recent and Future Advances in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Homogeneous Glycans for Bacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development
Authors: Adegbite Ayobami , McCarthy Pumtiwitt C.
Published: September 2021

Vaccines are important in preventing disease outbreaks and controlling the spread of disease in a population. A variety of vaccines exist, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been an important tool to fight against diseases caused by a number of bacteria. Glycoconjugate vaccines are often heterogeneous. Vaccines of the future are becoming more rationally designed to have a defined oligosaccharide chain length and position of conjugation. Homogenous vaccines could play an important role in assessing the relationship between vaccine structure and immune response. This review focuses on recent advances in the chemoenzymatic production of defined bacterial oligosaccharides for vaccine development with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis and selected WHO-prioritized antibacterial resistant-pathogens. We also provide some perspective on future advances in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of well-defined oligosaccharides.
Safety and Risk Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles Using Computer Vision and Neural Networks
Authors: Dixit Aditya , Kumar Chidambaram Ramesh , Allam Zaheer
Published: September 2021

The autonomous vehicle (AVs) market is expanding at a rapid pace due to the advancement of information, communication, and sensor technology applications, offering a broad range of opportunities in terms of energy efficiency and addressing climate change concerns and safety. With regard to this last point, the rate of reduction in accidents is considerable when switching safety control tasks to machines from humans, which can be noted as having significantly slower response rates. This paper explores this thematic by focusing on the safety of AVs by thorough analysis of previously collected AV crash statistics and further discusses possible solutions for achieving increased autonomous vehicle safety. To achieve this, this technical paper develops a dynamic run-time safe assessment system, using the standard autonomous drive system (ADS), which is developed and simulated in case studies further in the paper. OpenCV methods for lane detection are developed and applied as robust control frameworks, which introduces the factor of vehicle crash predictability for the ego vehicle. The developed system is made to predict possible crashes by using a combination of machine learning and neural network methods, providing useful information for response mechanisms in risk scenarios. In addition, this paper explores the operational design domain (ODD) of the AV’s system and provides possible solutions to extend the domain in order to render vehicle operationality, even in safe mode. Additionally, three case studies are explored to supplement a discussion on the implementation of algorithms aimed at increasing curved lane detection ability and introducing trajectory predictability of neighbouring vehicles for an ego vehicle, resulting in lower collisions and increasing the safety of the AV overall. This paper thus explores the technical development of autonomous vehicles and is aimed at researchers and practitioners engaging in the conceptualisation, design, and implementation of safer AV systems focusing on lane detection and expanding AV safe state domains and vehicle trajectory predictability.
The Water–Economy Nexus of Beef Produced from Different Cattle Breeds
Authors: Maré Frikkie Alberts
Published: September 2021

The sustainable use of water, or any other natural resource for that matter, is not the only factor that should be considered in terms of sustainability, as social equity and economic prosperity are equally important. The objective of this study was to analyse different breeds of beef cattle, following the same production method, in terms of their water footprint and economic value addition for different links in the value chain. A bottom-up approach was applied to identify the breed with the best economic water consumption in terms of beef production. The results indicated that the total WF/kg carcass revealed notable differences between the various breeds. The Bonsmara had the smallest WF/kg carcass, while the Limousin had the largest. The WF/kg of beef for the different cuts (rib eye, topside, and flank) showed large variations between the breeds and between the different cuts of beef from the same breed. In terms of the economic water consumption, the Angus consumed between 4% and 25% less water per rand of economic value addition than the Bonsmara, Simmentaler, Simbra, Limousin, Afrikaner, and Brahman. When the economic water consumption of the individual value links was considered, it was found that Bonsmara had the best figures for cow–calf production, while the Limousin and Simmentaler were the best in terms of feedlot finishing and processing, respectively. These contradicting results showed the importance of a bottom-up approach to ensure that the fallacy of division does not occur and, secondly, that possible problem areas in the value chain are identified and addressed separately.
Estimation of Populuseuphratica Forest Leaf Litterfall and Time Variation of Nutrient in Leaf Litter during Decomposition along the Main Channel of the Tarim River, China
Authors: Yang Yuhai , Zhou Honghua , Ye Zhaoxia , Zhu Chenggang
Published: September 2021

Accurate determination of annual leaf litter amount constitutes the basis of scientific leaf litter nutrient release assessment. In this study, we tried to establish an equation between leaf litter amount and relevant tree characteristics of Populus euphratica (P. euphratica) tree on an individual scale, and to find the leaf litter nutrient content variation within 760 d incubation experiment in the main channel of the Tarim River, China. Results showed that there was no proper equation between leaf litter amount and tree height or diameter at breast height. There was great difference in leaf litter amount on an individual scale. The mean annual leaf litter amount per tree was 10.2, 14.83 kg/y obtained by field survey and the equation between annual leaf litter amount and canopy area on an individual scale, respectively. Leaf litter mass changed over incubation time and exhibited three main phases: an initial slow decomposition phase (0–173 d) with mass loss; a rapid mass loss phase (173–290 d); and a second rapid mass loss phase (470–560 d). Overall, carbon (C) and potassium (K) content decreased, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content increased in a fluctuating manner over time in the P. euphratica leaf litter.
Impact Assessment of Climate Change on the Near and the Far Future Streamflow in the Bocheongcheon Basin of Geumgang River, South Korea
Authors: Kim Yoonji , Yu Jieun , Lee Kyungil , Chung Hye In , Sung Hyun Chan , Jeon Seongwoo
Published: September 2021

Highly concentrated precipitation during the rainy season poses challenges to the South Korean water resources management in efficiently storing and redistributing water resources. Under the new climate regime, water resources management is likely to become more challenging with regards to water-related disaster risk and deterioration of water quality. To alleviate such issues by adjusting management plans, this study examined the impact of climate change on the streamflow in the Bocheongcheon basin of the Geumgang river. A globally accepted hydrologic model, the HEC-HMS model, was chosen for the simulation. By the calibration and the validation processes, the model performance was evaluated to range between “satisfactory” and “very good”. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the future streamflow over six decades from 2041 to 2100 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results indicated significant increase in the future streamflow of the study site in all months and seasons over the simulation period. Intensification of seasonal differences and fluctuations was projected under RCP 8.5, implying a challenge for water resources managers to secure stable sources of clean water and to prevent water-related disasters. The analysis of the simulation results was applied to suggest possible local adaptive water resources management policy.
Climatic Changes and Anthropogenic Activities Driving the Increase in Nitrogen: Evidence from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project
Authors: Wang Yuanzhu , Li Yuan , Liang Jiankui , Bi Yonghong , Wang Shulei , Shang Yuming
Published: September 2021

As one of the most widespread elements, nitrogen has been broadly concerned in water bodies. Understanding variations in nitrogen is of paramount importance to ecosystem stability and human health. The spatiotemporal variations in total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRP) during the period from 2015 to 2019 were evaluated. The correlation between anthropogenic activities based on quantitative land use cover and nitrogen concentration was addressed. The results indicated that TN increased by 0.072 mg/L from south to north over the period (p < 0.05), but ammonia decreased by 0.018 mg/L (p < 0.05), notably, in five years. In addition, Chl a had the highest concentration in autumn, showing seasonal variation. The linear regression showed that ammonia concentration was significantly negatively correlated with Chl a (p < 0.1). Furthermore, as human activities’ intensity increased by 6‰ from 2015 to 2019, TN increased and ammonia decreased. The rhythm of meteorological conditions could also result in the variation in nitrogen, which affected N concentration in the MRP. The increase in construction land and agricultural land led to TN increase, and algae absorption was one of the reasons leading to the decrease in ammonia. It could be concluded that climatic changes and anthropogenic activities were the driving forces of nitrogen changes in the MRP. Thus, land use changes around the MRP should be the focus of attention to reduce the nitrogen concentration. This study is the first report on the nitrogen distribution pattern in the MRP. It could be useful to authorities for the control and management of nitrogen pollution and better protection of water quality.
Stormwater Detention Ponds in Urban Catchments—Analysis and Validation of Performance of Ponds in the Ouseburn Catchment, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Authors: Birkinshaw Stephen J. , Kilsby Chris , O’Donnell Greg , Quinn Paul , Adams Russell , Wilkinson Mark E.
Published: September 2021

The impact of stormwater drainage and detention ponds on flooding is assessed using statistical analysis and physically based computer simulation of a 45-year case study for a peri-urban catchment. In 1978, the 54 km2 Ouseburn catchment in Newcastle upon Tyne was impacted by the connection of a new 2.1 km2 residential development, directly to the Ouseburn River, via a stormwater drain, which reduced the time to peak and increased flood risk. Further residential developments of 1.6 km2 have been built since 2004, again with separated sewer systems, but this time linked to stormwater detention ponds before draining into the Ouseburn River. Detailed analysis of the data, confirmed with computer simulation, shows that in contrast with the 1978 intervention, these new developments had only a minimal effect on the flows in the Ouseburn River, in fact achieving a small reduction in peak flows for large events. This study assesses the post-construction efficiency of such systems, and we show that the stormwater detention ponds are working as designed.
Toward Unified pH of Saline Solutions
Authors: Lainela Silvie , Leito Ivo , Heering Agnes , Capitaine Gaëlle , Anes Bárbara , Camões Filomena , Stoica Daniela
Published: September 2021

Fluctuations of pH in coastal systems are generally surveyed through potentiometric pH measurements. A new concept of a unified pH scale was introduced with the great advantage of enabling comparability of absolute values, pHabs, pertaining to any medium. Using water as an anchor solvent, yielding pHabsH2O, enables referencing the pHabs values to the conventional aqueous pH scale. The current work aims at contributing to implement pHabsH2O to saline solutions. To this purpose, differential potentiometric measurements, with a salt bridge of ionic liquid [N2225][NTf2], were carried out aiming at overcoming problems related to residual liquid junction potentials that affect the quality of such measurements. The ability to measure pHabsH2O with acceptable uncertainty was evaluated using Tris-Tris·HCl standard buffer solutions prepared in a background matrix close to the characteristics of estuarine systems (salinity of 20) as well as with NaCl solutions with ionic strength between 0.005 and 0.8 mol kg−1. The present study shows that for high ionic strength solutions, such as seawater, challenges remain when addressing the assessment and quantification of ocean acidification in relation to climate change. Improvements are envisaged from the eventual selection of a more adequate ionic liquid.
A Review of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques and Methods for Open and Closed Agricultural Field Applications
Authors: Ghiat Ikhlas , Mackey Hamish R. , Al-Ansari Tareq
Published: September 2021

Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. This paper reviews the major mechanistic and empirical models for estimating evapotranspiration including the Penman–Monteith, Stanghellini, Priestly–Taylor, and Hargreaves and Samani models. Moreover, the major differences between the models and their underlined assumptions are discussed. The application of these models is also reviewed for both open and closed field mediums and limitations of each model are highlighted. The main parameters affecting evapotranspiration rates in greenhouse settings including aerodynamic resistance, stomatal resistance and intercepted radiation are thoroughly discussed for accurate measurement and consideration in evapotranspiration models. Moreover, this review discusses direct evapotranspiration measurements systems such as eddy covariance and gas exchange systems. Other direct measurements appertaining to specific parameters such as leaf area index and surface leaf temperature and indirect measurements such as remote sensing are also presented, which can be integrated into evapotranspiration models for adaptation depending on climate and physiological characteristics of the growing medium. This review offers important directions for the estimation of evapotranspiration rates depending on the agricultural setting and the available climatological and physiological data, in addition to experimentally based adaptation processes for ET models. It also discusses how accurate evapotranspiration measurements can optimise the energy, water and food nexus.
Infraestructura de transporte y exportaciones en la frontera norte de México
Authors: Corrales C. Salvador , Mendoza Cota Jorge Eduardo
Published: September 2021

El objetivo del artículo es identificar la eficiencia de la infraestructura de transporte para facilitar las exportaciones en la frontera norte de México. La metodología utilizada se basó en el cálculo de varios indicadores de infraestructura y en el desarrollo de un modelo de datos panel, con el fin de analizar el impacto de la infraestructura de transporte en las exportaciones de la región. En los resultados se sugiere invertir en ferrocarriles para reducir los congestionamientos en los cruces fronterizos y mejorar las carreteras de acceso a los puertos. Además, se resalta la necesidad de aumentar el financiamiento en las aduanas para facilitar la verificación de la carga.
Artificial Intelligence in Architectural Design
Authors:   Universitas Komputer Indonesia, Harapan A , Indriani D , F Rizkiya N , M Azbi R
Published: September 2021

Artificial intelligence is one of the methods in elaborating design, especially on architectural design. This method has been adapted to many designs, such as building complex, massing models. This study aims to determine the influence of artificial intelligence in forming complex conceptual designs in architecture. We used a case study method by examining documents or journals related to research to conduct this research. The results show that more than 50% of artificial intelligence helps architects make conceptual designs. This is due to artificial intelligence's ability to analyze data and turn it into a draft plan. Then, it will be analyzed by the architect will so that they can make the final plan. However, there is still a bad influence that allows an architect to be replaced by automation. Therefore, that means artificial intelligence must be used with great responsibility.