bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trade‐related Job Loss, Wage Insurance and Externalities: An Ex Ante Efficiency Rationale for Wage Insurance
Authors: Kaivanto Kim
Published: June 2007

The extension of adjustment assistance to those who have suffered trade‐related job displacement is widely supported on both sides of the economics of globalisation debate. The form that such assistance should take, namely wage insurance, is also the subject of wide agreement. Nevertheless, the formal economic rationales offered for such a policy are varied, including political economy arguments, equity arguments and market failure/ex post efficiency arguments. This note proposes an ex ante efficiency‐based rationale for the provision of adjustment assistance in the specific form of wage insurance. Job displacement imposes pecuniary externalities on displaced workers, which, in a complete markets setting, induce only shifts along the ex ante Pareto‐efficient frontier. However, when markets are incomplete, pecuniary externalities become welfare‐relevant. Without the possibility of diversifying or hedging the risk of pecuniary external diseconomies of job displacement using contingent claims, welfare is reduced ex ante. Wage insurance – whether publicly underwritten, privately underwritten (as in Shiller's (2003) ‘livelihood insurance’), or supplied on a mixed public/private basis – completes the market for contingent claims, allowing workers to diversify or hedge the risk of trade‐related pecuniary external diseconomies. By facilitating risk sharing, wage insurance removes an impediment to ex ante Pareto efficiency. Moreover, wage insurance affects not only post‐displacement behaviour by increasing the incentive to reacquire employment quickly, but it also affects pre‐displacement consumption and investment behaviour, in particular, lowering the threshold at which workers will be willing to undertake irreversible investment in industry‐specific skills.
Increased C-Reactive Protein in Young Adult Patients with Migraine
Authors: Vanmolkot FH , Hoon JN de
Published: June 2007

Interictal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in 50 young adult patients with migraine and compared with 50 controls. The median CRP level was 1.42 mg/l in patients with migraine and 0.90 mg/l in controls ( P = 0.03). This finding supports the role of inflammation in migraine, but needs confirmation in larger controlled studies. Prospective studies may establish whether measurements of CRP can identify patients with migraine at risk for cardiovascular events.
Influence of human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 N‐ and C‐terminus on enzymatic activity and oligomerization
Authors: Tenner K. , Walther D. , Bader M.
Published: June 2007

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyses the first and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. There are two TPH isoenzymes in humans, encoded by two different genes: TPH1 and the recently described TPH2. We have expressed both human enzymes and various deletion mutants of TPH2 (ΔN44, ΔC17, ΔC19, ΔC51) in COS7 cells. TPH1 and 2 displayed different kinetic properties with a lower Km value of TPH1. Removal of 44 amino acids from the N‐terminus of TPH2 resulted in a 3–4‐fold increased Vmax, which indicates a strong inhibitory function of this part on the enzymes activity. TPH1 and 2 were able to form homooligomers and also heterooligomers with each other. The different deletion mutants (ΔC17, ΔC19 and ΔC51), which lack the putative C‐terminal leucine zipper tetramerization domain, existed as monomeric enzymes. While short deletions (ΔC17 and ΔC19) hardly changed Vmax values, the ΔC51 mutant lost 99% of TPH activity. These data identify a region between the C‐terminal oligomerization domain and the catalytic domain, which is indispensable for TPH2 activity.
Hsp70/Hsc70 regulates the effect phosphorylation has on stabilizing ataxin‐1
Authors: Jorgensen Nathan D. , Andresen J. Michael , Pitt Jason E. , Swenson Melissa A. , Zoghbi Huda Y. , Orr Harry T.
Published: June 2007

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. The mutation causing SCA1 is an expansion in the polyglutamine tract of the ATXN1 protein. Previous work demonstrated that phosphorylation of mutant ATXN1 at serine 776 (S776), a putative Akt phosphorylation site, is critical for pathogenesis. To examine this pathway further, we utilized a cell‐transfection system that allowed the targeting of Akt to either the cytoplasm or the nucleus. In contrast to HeLa cells, we found that Akt targeted to the cytoplasm increased the degradation of ATXN1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. However, Akt targeted to the cytoplasm failed to destabilize ATXN1 if Hsp70/Hsc70 was present. Thus, Hsp70/Hsc70 can regulate ATXN1 levels in concert with phosphorylation of ATXN1 at S776.
Agonist selective modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase expression by cannabinoid ligands in a murine neuroblastoma cell line
Authors: Bosier Barbara , Tilleux Sébastien , Najimi Mustapha , Lambert Didier M. , Hermans Emmanuel
Published: June 2007

Functional interactions between catecholamines and cannabinoid transmission systems could explain the influence of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol on several central activities. Hence, the presence of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) containing cells has been suggested, providing clue for a direct control of catecholamines synthesis. In the present study, we evidenced the constitutive expression of functional cannabinoid CB1 receptors in N1E‐115 neuroblastoma and reported on the use of this model to examine the influence of diverse cannabinoid ligands on TH expression. Exposure of the cells to the high‐affinity agonist HU 210 (5 h) resulted in a significant decrease in TH content (pEC50: 6.40). In contrast, no change was observed after a similar treatment with the structurally unrelated agonist CP 55,940. Besides, the use of a luciferase reporter assay revealed that these two agonists showed opposite influences on TH gene promoter activity. Thus, in cells expressing pTH‐luc constructs, inhibition and induction of luciferase activity were respectively observed with HU 210 (pEC50: 8.95) and CP 55,940 (pEC50: 9.09). Pharmacological characterisation revealed that these reciprocal responses were both related to the specific activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, suggesting an agonist‐dependent modulation of distinct signalling pathways. While these data points out the possible pharmacological manipulation of TH expression by cannabinoid ligands, such approach should take into account the existence of agonist selective trafficking of cannabinoid CB1 receptor signalling.
Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in the rainforest canopy tree, Syzygium sayeri (Myrtaceae)
Authors: HILLYER MIA J. , BOULTER SARAH L. , KITCHING ROGER L. , HUGHES JANE M.
Published: June 2007

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the rainforest canopy tree, Syzygium sayeri, in order to study parentage and subsequently pollen dispersal among individuals in wild populations. Screening of one natural population (n = 64) mapped in a 500 × 500 m area at Cape Tribulation, north Queensland, Australia, yielded two to 11 alleles per locus with observed levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.07 to 0.70. One locus was significantly out of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. These loci should provide a useful tool in further understanding the dispersal patterns of this species.
Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers in the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and cross‐species amplification
Authors: DUFOUR BRADLEY A. , HOGAN TERRY M. , HEATH DANIEL D.
Published: June 2007

Ten tetranucleotide, dinucleotide and compound microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. Analysis of 64 gobies from one nonindigenous population in Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada, indicated that allele number varied from three to 12 per locus, while observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.33 and 0.86. Eight of these primers showed some amplification in other species in four genera. These newly developed microsatellite markers are a powerful tool that will provide insights into population structure and dispersal of the round goby in their novel environment.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci from Russell's snapper (Lutjanus russellii)
Authors: GUO YU‐SONG , WANG ZHONG‐DUO , LIU CHU‐WU , LIU LI , LIU YUN
Published: June 2007

A total of 37 microsatellite loci from the Russell's snapper, Lutjanus russellii, were successfully isolated and characterized. Thirty‐four loci were polymorphic in L. russellii samples. Twenty of the 37 markers did not differ significantly from Hardy–Weinberg expected genotype proportions. Significant linkage disequilibrium was detected in one pairwise comparison. The numbers of alleles and observed heterozygosities in polymorphic loci ranged from two to 16 and from 0.41 to 0.95, respectively. These markers will be useful for studying the population genetic structure of this species.
Isolation and characterization of 102 new microsatellite loci in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Percichthyidae), and assessment of cross‐amplification in 13 Australian native and six introduced freshwater species
Authors: ROURKE MEAGHAN , NHEU JENNY , MOUNTFORD HAYLEY , LADE JENNIFER , INGRAM BRETT , MCPARTLAN HELEN
Published: June 2007

We have isolated 102 polymorphic microsatellite loci from an enriched Murray cod DNA library and also assessed their amplification success in 13 native and six introduced freshwater fish species. The loci will serve the dual purpose of assessing wild population genetic structure for future conservation efforts, and for identifying markers for key quantitative trait loci important for aquaculture.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Chinese soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis
Authors: QUE YANFU , ZHU BIN , ROSENTHAL H. , CHANG JIANBO
Published: June 2007

Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the Chinese soft‐shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) from the (GT)n microsatellite‐enriched genomic library, using the fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats protocol. The polymorphism of all 15 loci ranged from two to seven alleles with observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.03 to 0.98 (mean 0.43) in one population of 40 individuals. These novel loci will be helpful for understanding the population structure at genetic level and marker‐assisted breeding of this vulnerable species.
Di‐, tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Authors: SHEN FUJUN , WATTS PHILLIP C. , HE WEI , ZHANG ZHIHE , ZHANG ANJU , SANDERSON STEPHANIE , KEMP STEPHEN J. , YUE BISONG
Published: June 2007

We describe 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Microsatellite sequences were isolated from three partial genomic libraries of giant panda DNA that were enriched for (i) (GT), (ii) (GAA) & (CAA), and (iii) (GATA) repeat sequences. The markers were tested for polymorphism in up to 82 pandas. Number of alleles at each locus varied between four and 11, and the observed and expected heterozygosities varied between 0.267 and 0.732, and between 0.601 and 0.799, respectively.
Ten new microsatellite loci for the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) and their cross‐species applicability among related taxa
Authors: WONKE G. , WALLSCHLÄGER D. , MOLL K. , TIEDEMANN R
Published: June 2007

We describe isolation and characterization of the first microsatellite loci specifically developed for a very common European passerine bird, the yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella. Nine out of our 10 loci are polymorphic within the species E. citrinella. Number of alleles ranged from two to 21 per locus and observed heterozygosity between 0.20 and 0.91. Four primer pairs also yielded reproducible results in other species of Emberizidae. These loci comprise a set of molecular markers for various applications, from moderately polymorphic loci suitable for population studies to highly polymorphic loci for pedigree analysis in Emberizidae.
Characterization of 21 microsatellite marker loci in the prehensile‐tailed skink (Corucia zebrata)
Authors: BRENNEMAN RICK A. , ENGBERG SHANNON E. , SHORE GARY D. , LOUIS EDWARD E.
Published: June 2007

Twenty‐one polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the genome of the prehensile‐tailed skink (Corucia zebrata). The markers were screened using a set of 16 individuals from the collection of the Philadelphia Zoo. The corresponding characterization indicated significant levels of heterozygosity and information potential for use in future studies. These markers will be a valuable tool in analysing the paternal contributions in twin birth questions and for population genetic studies in wild populations.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the threatened wild toad lily Tricyrtis flava (Liliaceae)
Authors: TAKAHASHI YASUHIRO , MAKI MASAYUKI
Published: June 2007

Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the threatened toad lily Tricyrtis flava. The number of alleles ranged from three to 17, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.35 to 0.96 and from 0.50 to 0.93, respectively, in a population of T. flava. We also tested cross‐species amplifications of the markers in three other species of Trycyrtis sect. Flavae. Most of 12 markers developed for T. flava were successfully amplified in the species of sect. Flavae and will be useful for population genetic studies of these species.
Distributional Implications of Tax Relief on Voluntary Private Pensions in Spain*
Authors: Antón José‐Ignacio
Published: June 2007

Using taxation statistics, this paper explores the distributional implications of tax relief on private pensions in Spain in 2002. For this purpose, the author suggests a decomposition of the Kakwani index and its generalisations that allows us to distinguish between the regressivity caused by targeting and that due to benefits allocation among recipients. This paper finds that these tax incentives are regressive ‐ mainly for the latter reason ‐ and have negative although small distributional effects. Finally, this work presents several proposals for reform of the current system and simulates their implications for equity.
Determinants of Bilateral Effective Tax Rates: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries*
Authors: Loretz Simon
Published: June 2007

This paper identifies the relevant determinants of a company's effective tax burden. Thereby, we account for bilateral aspects of corporate taxation by calculating bilateral effective tax rates as proposed by Devereux and Griffith (1999 and 2003). The empirical evidence of a large panel of nearly 8,000 bilateral effective tax rates within the OECD suggests that country size is an important determinant of the effective tax rate. In line with the literature, bilateral tax rates with small host countries exhibit a smaller overall effective tax rate, despite the fact that larger countries are more likely to reduce the tax burden by means of tax treaties at the bilateral level. Further, we find that geographically remote countries impose higher taxes, whereas economic integration tends to reduce the extent of the bilateral effective tax burden.
Patient and Provider Perceptions of Hypertension Treatment: Do They Agree?
Authors: Kaboli Peter J. , Shivapour Daniel M. , Henderson Michael S. , Barnett Mitchell J. , Ishani Areef , Carter Barry L.
Published: June 2007

The objective of our study was to explore physician and patient attitudes regarding hypertension management. One hundred forty‐five primary care providers and 189 patients with hypertension at 6 Veterans Administration clinics completed a hypertension survey. Fifty‐one percent of patients were at their blood pressure goal, 58% were on guideline‐concordant therapy, and 31% achieved both. Patients and providers agreed that physicians were a “very/extremely” useful source of information but differed in perceived value of pharmacists, educational material, advertising, and the Internet. They also agreed on the value of preventing cardiovascular events but differed in their perceptions of the importance of medication costs, side effects, and national guidelines. Blood pressure control and guideline‐concordant therapy was higher than most prior reports, but with opportunity for improvement. Patients and providers differed in perceived value of various aspects of hypertension management; this information may help to determine trial design and quality improvement strategies in the future.
Effects of Candesartan and Lisinopril on the Fibrinolytic System in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Hirschl Michael M. , Bur Andreas , Woisetschlaeger Christian , Derhaschnig Ulla , Laggner Anton N.
Published: June 2007

The effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan and the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril on the fibrinolytic system were investigated in a double‐blinded, prospective, randomized study. Seventy‐seven hypertensive patients taking candesartan (n=41) and lisinopril (n=36) with a systolic blood pressure >130 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure >80 mm Hg obtained by 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement were included in the study. Blood pressure, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and the molar ratio of PAI‐1/tPA were determined before treatment and 6 weeks later. Blood pressure decreased in both groups (candesartan, 155/85 mm Hg to 140/84 mm Hg; P<.05; lisinopril, 152/85 mm Hg to 138/83 mm Hg; P<.05). The fibrinolytic balance was significantly different between treatment groups (molar ratio of PAI‐1/tPA: candesartan, 3.66 [2.2]; lisinopril, 5.44 [2.6]; P<.05). In contrast to lisinopril, the balance between coagulation and fibrinolytic activity shifted toward fibrinolysis during candesartan treatment.
Novel Strategies: Challenge Loop Diuretics and Sodium Management in Heart Failure—Part II
Authors: Pasquale Pietro Di , Sarullo Filippo M. , Paterna Salvatorew
Published: June 2007

The conflicting results of diuretic treatments in heart failure (HF) and the importance of Na management in the context of the cardiorenal syndrome and neurohormonal activation in HF have suggested novel and counterintuitive strategies, focused primarily on the use of vasopressin antagonists and hypertonic saline solution with high doses of loop diuretics and their neurohormonal interference. The emerging novel therapies involving direct inhibition of vasopressin receptors appear to show promising results. The use of hypertonic saline solution mixed with a high dose of loop diuretics produces, probably by indirect mechanisms, a reduction or inhibition of the activated neurohormonal systems in HF patients. This treatment opens a new window on the role of sodium management in these patients and on the relation between sodium and the kidney's role and function in heart failure. The authors review the current evidence for these therapies and suggest hypothetical bases for their efficacy.
Positive Illusions and the Necessity of a Bright Line Forbidding Psychologist Involvement in Detainee Interrogations
Authors: Olson Brad , Soldz Stephen
Published: June 2007

The authors commend Costanzo, Gerrity, and Lykes (2007) and their cogent summary of a number of ethical and scientific considerations relevant to evaluating the proper role of psychologists in national security interrogations of so‐called “enemy combatants.” From their careful analysis they derive a series of recommendations for the American Psychological Association (APA) and other psychology‐related associations, all of which are quite powerful. While supporting these recommendations, the authors also argue that the logic and evidence presented by Costanzo et al. imply, in current legal, political, and organizational circumstances, that psychologists should play no role in the interrogations process. The authors propose that a “bright line” should separate the profession of psychology completely from national security interrogations. The argument is based partly upon ethical considerations, on the practical knowledge available for documenting psychologist participation in interrogations as members of the so‐called Behavioral Science Consultation Teams (BSCTs) at Guantánamo, evidence from other locations and sources, and equally upon the social psychological research regarding the interrogation process so adroitly summarized by Costanzo et al.
Effect of Xuezhikang on Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Elderly Patients with a History of Myocardial Infarction: A Subgroup Analysis of Elderly Subjects from the China Coronary Secondary Prevention Study
Authors: Ye Ping , Lu Zong‐Liang , Du Bao‐min , Chen Zuo , Wu Yang‐Feng , Yu Xue‐Hai , Zhao Yu‐Cheng ,   for the CCSPS Investigators
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether lipid‐lowering therapy with xuezhikang reduces the risk of coronary events and total mortality in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) aged 65 and older.

DESIGN: Subgroup analysis of the China Coronary Secondary Prevention Study, a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial.

SETTING: Sixty‐six hospitals in China.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,445 patients, aged 65 to 75, were chosen from 4,780 patients with a history of myocardial infarction.

INTERVENTION: The patients were randomized to the xuezhikang (n=735) or the placebo (n=710) group and followed for a mean of 4 years.

MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was recurrent coronary events; the secondary endpoint was all‐cause mortality and other clinical events, including adverse effects.

RESULTS: Elderly patients were at greater risk for coronary events, death from coronary events, all‐cause mortality, and malignancies than younger patients. Xuezhikang therapy reduced the incidence of coronary events 36.9% (P=.001), death from coronary heart disease 31.0% (P=.04), all‐cause mortality 31.9% (P=.01), stroke 44.1% (P=.04), the need for a percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft 48.6% (P=.07), and malignancies 51.4% (P=.03). Based on the treatment of elderly patients with xuezhikang for an average of 4 years, the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one coronary event, one coronary death, and one mortality due to all causes was estimated to be 18, 33, and 23, respectively. In a like manner, the estimated NNT to prevent one coronary event, one coronary death, and one mortality due to all causes in younger patients was 23, 82, and 51, respectively. There was not a significantly greater number of adverse effects in the xuezhikang group than in the placebo group.

CONCLUSION: This is the first study demonstrating that treatment with xuezhikang capsules is safe and effective for the secondary prevention of CHD in older Chinese people.
Healthcare Costs of Acute and Chronic Pain Associated with a Diagnosis of Herpes Zoster
Authors: Dworkin Robert H. , White Richard , O'Connor Alec B. , Baser Onur , Hawkins Kevin
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine the healthcare costs of acute and chronic pain associated with herpes zoster.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis.

SETTING: Inpatient and outpatient care.

PARTICIPANTS: Patients were selected from Medicare, commercial insurance, and Medicaid claims databases if they had a diagnosis of herpes zoster or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) or were prescribed analgesics after a diagnosis of herpes zoster (possible PHN) and were matched to controls for demographic and clinical factors using propensity scores.

MEASUREMENTS: One‐year excess healthcare expenditures attributable to herpes zoster pain or PHN were calculated for inpatient, outpatient, and prescription drug services.

RESULTS: For the Medicare cohort, the average excess cost per patient was $1,300 in the year after a diagnosis of herpes zoster with 30 days or fewer of analgesic use and ranged from $2,200 to $2,300 per patient with PHN or possible PHN. Patients with possible PHN were 53% more prevalent than patients with PHN in the Medicare cohort and accounted for half of all excess expenditures. Findings were similar in the younger cohorts with commercial insurance and Medicaid except that costs attributable to PHN and possible PHN were higher, and patients with possible PHN were three to five times as prevalent as patients with PHN.

CONCLUSION: Healthcare costs associated with PHN were substantially greater than those associated with herpes zoster pain that resolved within 30 days. The data suggest that as many as 80% of patients with PHN may not be diagnosed with PHN and that these patients account for at least half of PHN expenditures.
Intraoperative Radiation for Limb Sparing of the Distal Aspect of the Radius Without Transcarpal Plating in Five Dogs
Authors: BOSTON SARAH ELIZABETH , DUERR FELIX , BACON NICK , LARUE SUSAN , EHRHART EUGENE J. , WITHROW STEVE
Published: June 2007

Objectives— To evaluate intraoperative irradiation (IORT) as a method of limb spare with preservation of the radiocarpal joint.

Study Design— Prospective case series.

Animals— Dogs (n=5) with stage II sarcoma of the distal aspect of the radius.

Methods— A bone segment containing the tumor was isolated surgically, treated by IORT, reimplanted, and secured by internal fixation. In 1 dog, the postradiation tumor bed was curetted and filled with bone cement. Dogs were administered alternating adriamycin and carboplatin starting 2 weeks after IORT and monitored at regular intervals.

Results— Four dogs had osteosarcoma and 1 had undifferentiated sarcoma. Implant failure (n=3), deep tissue infection (3), and pathologic fracture (3) resulted in amputation (3) or pancarpal plating (2). The dog with undifferentiated sarcoma was euthanatized because of suspected tumor recurrence 4 months postoperatively. Osteotomy healing was documented by radiography (1), histopathology (2), or by direct observation (2).

Conclusions— A technique for limb‐sparing surgery of the distal portion of the radius in dogs using IORT had advantages include healing of the autograft and a source for a perfectly fitting autograft but did not appear to offer any advantage with respect to infection rate. Long‐term preservation of the radiocarpal joint was not successful.

Clinical Relevance— It was not possible to preserve the function of the radiocarpal joint and so this technique cannot be recommended currently. Further study is needed to evaluate whether or not IORT can be considered in combination with pancarpal plating and possibly curettage and cementation of the tumor to prevent subchondral bone collapse.
Transverse Ulnar Bone Transport Osteogenesis: A New Technique for Limb Salvage for the Treatment of Distal Radial Osteosarcoma in Dogs
Authors: JEHN CARL T. , LEWIS DANIEL D. , FARESE JAMES P. , FERRELL ERIC A. , CONLEY WENDY G. , EHRHART NICOLE
Published: June 2007

Objective— To develop instrumentation and a technique for transverse ulnar bone transport osteogenesis in dogs.

Study Design— Cadaveric study and in vivo validation (1 dog).

Sample Population— Paired cadaveric antebrachii (n=10 dogs) and 1 live dog.

Methods— Circular fixator constructs were applied and fitted with reeling or linear motors designed to transport an ulnar segment transversely into a defect created by excising the distal 50% of the ipsilateral radius. A longitudinal osteotomy of the adjacent ulna was created and the segment was transported across the radial defect. Pre‐ and post‐distraction CT scans were used to compare the efficacy of each construct. The procedure was performed unilaterally in a live dog using the reeling motor (RM) construct.

Results— Both constructs effectively transported the ulnar segment into the defect. Subjectively, the RMs were easier to apply and operate. No significant differences were observed in the objective measures of efficacy between the 2 construct types. The live dog produced viable regenerate bone after transverse ulnar bone transport.

Conclusions— Transverse ulnar bone transport should be considered a potential method for limb salvage in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA) of the distal radius. The RMs were effective and clinically applicable.

Clinical Relevance— Transverse ulnar bone transport osteogenesis affords the benefits of longitudinal radial bone transport osteogenesis, allowing resolution of large longitudinal radial defects in a substantially less time as a result of shortening the transport distance. This would be beneficial when treating conditions such as OSA where minimizing convalescence and maximizing quality of life is a priority.
Repair of a Longitudinal Scapular Fracture in a Horse
Authors: KIDD JESSICA A. , LAMAS LUIS , HENSON FRANCES M.D.
Published: June 2007

Objective— To report repair of a longitudinal scapular fracture in a horse.

Study Design— Case report.

Animals— A 2‐year‐old Paint Horse colt.

Methods— A longitudinal scapular fracture was surgically repaired using four 4.5 mm dynamic compression plates.

Results— An acute longitudinal scapular fracture repaired surgically returned the horse to soundness within 6 months.

Conclusions— Internal fixation of longitudinal scapular fracture is possible with multiple 3–5 hole dynamic compression plates.

Clinical Relevance— Longitudinal fractures of the scapula should be considered when there is lateral instability of the shoulder after trauma. A displaced fracture can be adequately stabilized by internal fixation with a reasonable prognosis for soundness.
Intramedullary Pinning of Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures in Cats Using a Simple Distraction Technique
Authors: DEGASPERI BRIGITTE , GRADNER GABRIELE , DUPRÉ GILLES
Published: June 2007

Objective— To describe a simple technique of intramedullary (IM) pinning for open reduction and internal fixation of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cats and evaluate outcome.

Study Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals— Cats (n=17).

Methods— Medical records of cats with metacarpal and metatarsal fractures treated by a specific IM pinning method with Kirschner wires were reviewed. Types of fractures and number of pins used were recorded. Pre‐ and postoperative radiographs were evaluated. Outcome was assessed based on clinical examination, evaluation of radiographs, and owner questionnaire.

Results— Seventeen questionnaires were evaluated. Thirteen cats had a final recheck and radiographic assessment. Eight cats were lost to follow‐up. Sixteen owners (94%) reported no obvious change in their cat's gait after treatment. One owner reported excellent function in her cat despite a slightly abnormal gait because of bent implants.

Conclusions— IM pinning after distraction of bone fragments is a reliable technique for treatment of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cats. Complications associated with fracture healing may or may not be associated with lameness.

Clinical Relevance— IM pinning used in conjunction with appropriate bandaging for 4 weeks yields excellent functional outcome for treatment of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in cats. Metacarpo‐ and metatarsophalangeal joint damage is prevented using this technique.
Infectivity of blood components with low hepatitis B virus DNA levels identified in a lookback program
Authors: Satake Masahiro , Taira Rikizo , Yugi Hisao , Hino Satoru , Kanemitsu Kimihiro , Ikeda Hisami , Tadokoro Kenji
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: Japanese Red Cross (JRC) blood centers implemented anti‐hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) screening in 1989 and 50‐minipool (MP)‐nucleic acid testing (NAT) in 2000. A systematic lookback study has been conducted to determine the hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission risk of donations drawn in the pre‐hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or MP‐NAT window phase and by donors with occult HBV infection.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: JRC blood centers have been storing aliquots of every blood donation since 1996. On the basis of the complete repository tube archives, all donations from repeat donors received from 1997 to 2004 were subjected to a lookback study. When repeat donors turned positive for HBV viral marker(s), repository tubes from their previous donations were tested for HBV with individual‐donation (ID)‐NAT. The frequency of ID‐NAT‐only–positive donations and the HBV transmission risk by the transfusion of those components were investigated.

RESULTS: HBV ID‐NAT was performed on 15,721 repository tubes, and 158 tubes (1.01%) were found positive for the presence of HBV DNA. Of these 158 ID‐NAT‐only–positive donations, 95 (60%) were derived from carriers with low anti‐HBc titers. Of 63 patients transfused with ID‐NAT‐only–positive components, 12 (19%) proved to be infected with HBV. Only 1 of 33 components with low anti‐HBc titers could be identified as infectious, whereas 11 of 22 anti‐HBc–negative components proved to be infectious. None of the 16 identified hepatitis B surface antibody–positive components showed serologic evidence of infection.

CONCLUSION: The clinically observed HBV infection risk caused by blood components from occult HBV carriers with low anti‐HBc titers who slip through the JRC screening system is more than 10‐fold lower than the transmission risk by donations in the pre‐HBsAg and/or MP‐NAT window phase.
Rituximab‐ESHAP as a mobilization regimen for relapsed or refractory B‐cell lymphomas: a comparison with ESHAP
Authors: Kim Min Kyoung , Kim Shin , Lee Sung Sook , Sym Sun Jin , Lee Dae Ho , Kim Sang We , Jang Seongsoo , Park Chan Jeong , Chi Hyun Sook , Huh Jooryung , Suh Cheolwon
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: It has previously been shown that ESHAP was an effective mobilization regimen for patients with pretreated lymphoma. To extend these observations, the efficacy and feasibility of rituximab plus ESHAP regimen in CD20+ B‐cell NHL were assessed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The mobilization efficacy and engraftment characteristics were compared in the 22 patients who received the rituximab plus ESHAP (R‐ESHAP) with 33 historical controls who received ESHAP.

RESULTS: The two treatment groups were well matched in patient characteristics. In the R‐ESHAP group, 62 pheresis procedures were performed. Apheresis procedures were started on median Day 16 (range, Days 13‐18). The median number of collected CD34+ cells was 10.6 × 106 per kg (range, 4.9 × 106‐52.6 × 106/kg). Nineteen (95%) patients achieved optimal peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cell (PBPC) collection, defined as at least 5 × 106 CD34+ cells per kg. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to mobilization efficacy. Sixteen patients in the R‐ESHAP group (73%) underwent autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (APBPCT). The median time to absolute neutrophil count at least 0.5 × 109 per L was 10 days (range, 8‐17 days), and the median time to a platelet count of at least 20 × 109 per L was 12 days (range, 7‐27 days). Lymphocyte recovery was slower in the R‐ESHAP group, but the rate of infectious complications was similar in the two groups. In the R‐ESHAP group, the 2‐year overall survival and progression‐free survival after APBPCT were 63.2 and 57.4 percent, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Addition of rituximab to ESHAP chemotherapy did not have any adverse effects on PBPC mobilization. Further studies are needed, however, to determine whether addition of rituximab improves outcomes.
The Impact of the Madrid Bombing on Personal Emotions, Emotional Atmosphere and Emotional Climate
Authors: Conejero Susana , Etxebarria Itziar
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes the personal emotions, emotional atmosphere, and emotional climate in Spain both one week and two months after the terrorist attacks that took place in Madrid on March 11, 2004. It also examines the relationship among these variables and their effect on various behaviors. Participants consisted of 1,807 people from seven autonomous regions in Spain with a mean age of 27.64 years. Personal emotions were significantly affected by degree of Spanish identification. These personal emotions and the general emotional atmosphere were characterized by high levels of sadness, disgust, anger, and contempt, as well as (to a lesser degree) fear. Personal emotions, emotional atmosphere, and the nation's emotional climate improved after two months, although a high degree of sadness persisted in the atmosphere. The emotional climate was relatively independent and stable. Personal emotions had a low but significant capacity for predicting avoidant and altruistic behaviors. Measures of emotional climate added to this ability to predict specific avoidant and altruistic behavior.
The Effectiveness of Transtelephonic Monitoring of Pacemaker Function in Pediatric Patients
Authors: FOX SCOTT A. , MACKENZIE LAURA , FLEMMING JOANNA MILLS , WARREN ANDREW E.
Published: June 2007

Background:

To determine the sensitivity and specificity, rate of compliance, and predictors of failure of telephone transmission of pacemaker function in a pediatric population.

Methods:

A total of 2,638 pacemaker transmission records were reviewed retrospectively. Standard calculations of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were performed. Longitudinal data analysis was used to detect factors influencing the effectiveness of transtelephonic monitoring. The proportion of missed transmissions was calculated, thus enabling assessment of compliance. Logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of poor compliance.

Results:

Telephone transmission of pacemaker function, as a diagnostic tool, had a sensitivity of 94.8%, specificity of 99.2%, positive predictive value of 82.1%, and negative predictive value of 99.9%. Longitudinal analysis failed to show any significant predictors of transmission failure. Compliance with a prescribed transmission reached 84.5% in our patient population. Logistic regression analysis failed to identify any predictors of noncompliance.

Conclusion:

Values for sensitivity and specificity indicate that telephone transmission is a useful diagnostic tool for assessing pacemaker function at a distance. Negative predictive value is 99.9%, indicating that normal telephone transmissions are very reassuring of normal pacemaker function. Telephone transmission is equally successful in all age groups, genders, distances from a tertiary referral center, underlying diagnoses, pacing modes, and pacemaker models. Compliance with telephone transmission follow‐up was higher in our population than in previous studies.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Arrhythmic Events in ICD Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Procedures
Authors: GUERTIN DANETTE , FAHEEM OSMAN , LING THEA , PELLETIER GLENN , MCCOMAS DAVID , YARLAGADDA RAVI K. , CLYNE CHRISTOPHER , KLUGER JEFFREY
Published: June 2007

Background:

The objective was to determine the effect of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. The implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) is the primary therapeutic modality for patients at risk for sudden cardiac death. One potential problem with ICDs is interactions with electrical devices and medical procedures causing EMI or triggering arrhythmic events. Endoscopy frequently employs electrocautery (EC) for diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Current guidelines advise inactivating ICDs before any surgical procedure. There is limited information on management of ICDs during endoscopy with or without EC. We prospectively evaluated patients with ICDs undergoing endoscopic procedures at our institution.

Methods and results:

Forty‐one ICD patients underwent 52 gastrointestinal endoscopies over 17 months. The mean age of the population was 66 years (51–83). There were 28 men and 13 women. Thirteen patients had single chamber devices, 25 had dual chamber devices, and 2 had biventricular ICDs. The mean tachyarrhythmia detection rate programmed was 164.7 bpm (125–188). Eighteen procedures (43.9%) required biopsy, coagulation, or polypectomy. Of these, 10 (55%) required the use of EC. Only unipolar EC with mean current 19.6 mA was used. All ICDs were programmed to detection‐only with therapies off. Sensitivity was left at nominal programmed settings. Post procedure interrogation showed no detection of EMI or tachyarrhythmic events.

Conclusions:

Our study shows no EMI or arrhythmic events triggered during endoscopic procedures in patients with pectorally implanted transvenous ICDs. Routine practice of programming ICDs off for gastrointestinal procedures may not be necessary. However, larger studies are needed before change in current recommendations.
Intramyocardial Pacing and Sensing for the Enhancement of Cardiac Stimulation and Sensing Specificity
Authors: ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J , BRUCE CHARLES J , DANIELSEN ANDREW , JOHNSON SUSAN B , OKUMURA YASUO , KATHMANN EVA , PACKER DOUGLAS L , FRIEDMAN PAUL A
Published: June 2007

Background:

Intracardiac electrodes create an “antenna” capable of unintentionally recording and stimulating tissue beyond the chamber in which they are positioned, resulting in far‐field R wave oversensing in pacemakers and inappropriate detection in defibrillators. This feasibility study sought to determine whether a specially constructed lead with two distal totally intramyocardial electrodes could overcome these limitations.

Methods:

Two mongrel dogs were anesthetized and a median sternotomy performed. Epicardial intramyocardial pacing and sensing function was assessed and compared to standard active fixation pacing and sensing placed at the same atrial and ventricular sites. Right ventricular pacing was also assessed.

Results:

For the novel intramyocardial lead, the average R wave amplitude was 7.2 mV, compared to an average R wave of 8.4 mV for the standard active fixation lead placed at identical ventricular sites; P‐waves were also similar. Cross‐chamber sensing was present in the ventricle and atrium with the standard lead, and absent with the intramyocardial lead. The average pacing threshold was 0.7 mA at 0.2 ms for the novel lead compared to 1.1 mA for the standard lead. With the standard lead, phrenic stimulation was seen at threshold (cathode distal) and at 3 mA (cathode proximal electrode). No phrenic stimulation was seen with the novel intramyocardial lead despite outputs up to 20 mA at sites located 3–5 mm from the phrenic nerve.

Conclusion:

Totally intramyocardial pacing is feasible, and results in site‐specific pacing and sensing function. This may eliminate far‐field signal oversensing and phrenic stimulation in future devices.
Alternate Site Atrial Pacing in the Young: Conventional Echocardiography and Tissue Doppler Analysis of the Effects on Atrial Function and Ventricular Filling
Authors: ZILBERMAN MARK V , KARPAWICH PETER P
Published: June 2007

Background:

Although the right atrial appendage (RAA) is typically used for atrial pacing lead implant, recent studies have shown benefits of alternate site atrial pacing (ASAP) in the elderly. However, comparable studies in the young are lacking.

Methods:

To investigate effects of ASAP on cardiac function and atrioventricular mechanical interactions in the young, 26 subjects (ages 10 to 23 years) with normal cardiac anatomy, function, and atrioventricular node conduction underwent echocardiography during electrophysiology studies while in sinus rhythm (NSR), and with temporary pacing from high right atrium (HRA), RAA, mid septal right atrium approximating Bachmann's bundle (BB), and left atrium (LA) via the distal coronary sinus (CS). After a paced steady state of 10 minutes, left atrial total and systolic ejection fractions, color‐guided mitral inflow, and annular tissue Doppler indices were obtained. Left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial performance indexes (MPI) were calculated.

Results:

The total and systolic LA ejection fractions were higher during the NSR compared to all ASAP. Mitral inflow velocities changed significantly with ASAP. The passive/active ventricular filling ratio (E/A) deteriorated from NSR to HRA to BB to CS. There were significant changes in late diastolic tissue Doppler velocities during ASAP compared to NSR. The MPI during ASAP differed from those during the NSR. HRA and Bachmann bundle pacing provided better MPIs than RAA or CS pacing.

Conclusion:

The location of atrial pacing leads has an acute impact on cardiac function and atrioventricular mechanical interaction. Pacing close to sinus node location may be beneficial in the young.
Combined Ventricular Endocardial and Epicardial Substrate Mapping Using a Sonomicrometry‐Based Electroanatomical Mapping System
Authors: AVILA ANDRE D' , THIAGALINGAM ARAVINDA , RUSKIN JEREMY N , REDDY VIVEK Y
Published: June 2007

Background:
Substrate mapping using a magnetic electroanatomical mapping system (MEAM) has been shown to accurately delineate the location/extent of scarred myocardium. This study examined the ability of a sonomicrometry‐based electroanatomic mapping system (SEAM) to render endocardial and epicardial substrate maps of infarcted ventricular myocardium.

Methods and Results:
In 7 swine with healed myocardial infarctions, combined epicardial and endocardial left ventricular (LV) substrate maps were created with both SEAM and MEAM mapping systems using 246±68 and 244±44 points respectively. Scarred myocardium was identified based upon bipolar electrogram amplitude < 1.5 mV, and radiofrequency ablation lesions were delivered to the scar border as defined by the sonomicrometry mapping system. The LV endocardial chamber volume as defined by SEAM (125±46 ml) correlated well with that defined by the MEAM (137±45 ml, r=0.77, p < 0.05). The area of infarcted tissue as determined by SEAM was highly correlated with that determined by gross pathology (r=0.96 for endocardial scar and r=0.92 for epicardial scar p < 0.05). The scar area calculated by the SEAM system also correlated well with the scar area determined by the MEAM system (0.91 for endocardial scar and 0.90 for epicardial scar p < 0.05). Finally, the sonomicrometry‐based system was able to guide the placement of radiofrequency ablation lesions to the borders of the scar.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that the sonomicrometry‐based mapping can accurately reconstruct three‐dimensional voltage maps of the endocardial and epicardial ventricular surfaces and guide the placement of ablation lesions along the scar border zone.
Bilateral Inferior Vena Cava: A Vascular Abnormality Encountered During Electrophysiologic Study
Authors: GRUBB BLAIR P , BURKET MARK W , BROWN WENDY NELSON
Published: June 2007

In the course of clinical practice, the electrophysiologist may encounter a wide variety of vascular abnormalities, which are important to recognize, as they may potentially impact on the health and welfare of the patient. We describe a case of bilateral inferior vena cava and review its etiology, diagnosis, and significance to the cardiologist and electrophysiologist.
Predicting the Spinel–Nepheline Liquidus for Application to Nuclear Waste Glass Processing. Part I: Primary Phase Analysis, Liquidus Measurment, and Quasicrystalline Approach
Authors: Jantzen Carol M. , Brown Kevin G.
Published: June 2007

The crystal–melt equilibria in complex 15 component simulated high‐level waste (HLW) glass melts are modeled on the basis of quasicrystalline concepts. A pseudobinary phase diagram between a transition metal ferrite spinel (an incongruent melt product of transition metal iron‐rich acmite) and nepheline is defined in Part II on the basis of these concepts. The pseudobinary lies within the Al2O3–Fe2O3–Na2O–SiO2 quaternary system that defines the crystallization of basalt glass melts. Part I defines the complex transition metal species that crystallize in waste glasses, the role of the octahedral site preference energies, the evidence for quasicrystalline clustering in waste glasses, and the potential quasicrystalline exchange reactions at the liquidus. The liquidus model developed on the basis of these concepts has been used to prevent unwanted crystallization in the world's largest HLW melter for the past 4 years while allowing >10 wt% higher waste loadings to be processed.