bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Within-species variation in the growth and nutrition of Eucalyptus cladocalyx
Authors: Groves RH
Published: December 2005

The growth and nutrition of seedlings from three seed provenances of E. cladocalyx were investigated in water culture at several levels of substrate phosphorus and nitrogen. The form growing on low-nitrogen soil tends to have seed with a higher nitrogen content than found in seed of the form growing on soil higher in nitrogen. This reserve of nutrients may be of advantage in establishment of seedlings on sites low in soil nitrogen in the field, but was of no obvious advantage in the present experiment.
The form from a site low in soil nitrogen produced, at all levels of phosphorus and nitrogen, seedlings of lower dry weight than that of the forms from sites with higher soil nitrogen. There was no difference between forms in the amount of total or orthophosphate phosphorus present in the tissue. There was a significantly increased amount of nitrogen in seedlings of the form growing on soil of higher nitrogen status. Variation within the species is considered to be due to environmental differences present at the sites of occurrence of E. cladocalyx. Such differences include soil nitrogen level.
A critical survey of the marine algae of Southern Australia. II. Phaeophyta
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

A survey is given of the known Phaeophyta of southern Australia, including
synonomy, references, type data, and critical notes. The following new taxa are
described: Sphacelaria carpoglossi, Distromium flabellaturn, and D. multifidum. Many
names are reduced to synonomy and earlier specific names used in a number of cases.
The southern Australian Phaeophyta include nearly 200 recognized species,
and several minute taxa remain undescribed. Noteworthy orders are the Sphacelariales
(4 genera and 23 species), Dictyotales (13 genera and 41 species), Sporochnales (6 genera
and 11 species), and Fucales (16 genera and some 69 species).
Studies on graminicolous species of Phyllachora Nke. in Fckl. V. A taxonomic monograph
Authors: Parbery DG
Published: December 2005

This monograph describes the genus Phyllachora as it occurs on members of the
Gramineae, discusses the reliability of criteria for delimiting species, and gives a
taxonomic account of the Phyllachora species found on grasses.
A world-wide survey of graminicolous Phyllachora specimens has led to the
conclusion that of the 278 species and varieties named in the literature, only 95 are
valid species and a further 21 are doubtful species.
Of the 95 valid species, three (P. americana, P, longinaviculata, and P. microsperma)
have been given new names, and five (P. bulbosa, P. koondrookensis, P. platyelliptica,
P. polytocae, and P. rostellispora) are new species.
Two species complexes are discussed. The P. fallax complex includes four species
which, although fairly readily separated, have several features in common and may be
better delimited in future as varieties. The P. shiraiana complex includes seven
bambusicolous species, few of which have been seen by the author, and the published
descriptions of which are closely similar. It is possible that six of these species are
synonyms of P. shiraiana s. str.
A key to graminicolous Phyllachora species and a guide to its uses are provided as
well as a host index, including 135 grass genera, and an index to Phyllachora species,
their synonyms, and doubtful species.
Histochemistry of reaction wood differentiation in Pinus radiata D. Don
Authors: Scurfield G
Published: December 2005

Histochemical tests have been applied to a study of the differentiation of the
cell walls in reaction wood (compression wood) formed in the stems of horizontally
grown seedlings of Pinus radiata. The results are discussed on the basis of the chemical
specificity of the tests and the information they provide as to the chemical changes
which occur in the cell walls.
Phosphate nutrition of Australian heath plants. I. The importance of proteoid roots in Banksia (Proteaceae)
Authors: Jeffrey DW
Published: December 2005

The proteoid roots of Banksia ornata were examined in the laboratory and in
the field for any special features of phosphate metabolism.
It was found that these roots were particularly efficient at absorbing phosphate,
but this feature was possibly allied with a high root surface area rather than with a
metabolic factor. Both proteoid and non-proteoid roots formed the same proportion
of polyphosphate and other phosphorus fractions.
In the field, even during winter, the proteoid root layer was shown to be active
in absorbing phosphate. Evidence pointing to polyphosphate formation was also
obtained. It was shown that the extensive carpet of these roots at or near the soil
surface could constitute an effective nutrient-trapping organ.
Gametogenesis and seed development in Hereroa hesperantha (Dtr.) Dtr. et Schwant (Aizoaceae).
Authors: Prakash N
Published: December 2005

Hereroa hesperantha belongs to the embryologically little known group of
mesembryanthemums. The anther wall is four-layered, the innermost layer constituting
the secretory tapetum with multinucleate cells. Prominent Ubisch granules
dot the inner tangential and radial walls of the tapetal cells. Cytokinesis in the microspore
mother cells is simultaneous, and either tetrahedral or decussate tetrads are
formed. The mature pollen is three-celled.
The ovules are anacampylotropous, bitegminal, crassinucellar, and non-arillate.
The need for employing a uniform terminology for ovular curvature in the Aizoaceae is
stressed in view of the existing confusion. The ovules are borne on parietal placentae
each of which bears an obturator. The archesporium is one- to many-celled, but only
one cell functions. Sporadic cases of double megaspore tetrads and two-nucleate dyad
cells were observed. The development of the female gametophyte conforms to the
Polygonum type. The synergids and antipedal cells are short-lived.
The endosperm is of the Nuclear type and produces a weakly haustorial chalazal
caecum. Perisperm takes over the function of endosperm in the mature seed. The
embryogeny corresponds to the Solanad type. There is a massive suspensor with some
multinucleate cells.
The mature seed coat resembles closely that of the Cactaceae and comprises the
outer layer of the outer and inner layer of the inner integument, both of which become
greatly enlarged and tanniniferous.
In features like the presence of staminodes and inferior ovary and the absence of
aril, Hereroa differs from other Aizoaceae.
Chromosome survey of Podolepis (Compositae-Inuleae)
Authors: Turner BL
Published: December 2005

Meiotic chromosome counts are reported for 23 populations of Podolepis
representing 12 of the 18 species, as follows: P. arachnoidea (n = 9), P. auriculata
(n = 11), P. canescens (n = 10), P. capillaris (n = 3), P. gardneri (n = 8), P. gracilis
(n = 12), P. jaceoides (n = c. 30), P. kendallii (n =11), P. lessonii (n = 7), P. microcephala
(n = c. 12), P. neglecta (n =10), and P. rugata (n = 10). The n = 3 (2n = 6) count for
P. capillaris is the lowest count found to date for an Australian angiosperm; the
chromosome set itself is composed of six large, seemingly identical, "i"-chromosomes.
In spite of the extraordinary base series (x = 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) these are not
believed to be due to recent amphiploidy among the species. In general, there appeared
to be no marked correlation between low or high basic numbers as regards annual
habit and adaptation to xeric conditions. The only polyploid detected was that for
P. jaceoides (n = c. 30), a species of more montane habitats. Additional cytophyletic
observations are made for several of the species, especially P. microcephala and P. rugata.
Studies on structure in plant communities. V. Pattern in Atriplex vesicaria communities in South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Anderson DJ
Published: December 2005

The distribution pattern of Atriplex vesicaria (perennial saltbush) was examined
in a number of locations extending from Hay in western New South Wales to Koonamore
Station in South Australia. The populations sampled were from a range of locations
exhibiting a variety of topographical, edaphic, and effective rainfall conditions.
The scales and intensities of pattern varied considerably between sites, but in all
sites there was evidence of contagion on at least two scales (both larger than could be
attributed to the morphology of the individual plants) and in no instance was there
evidence of uniform (underdispersed) distribution.
The two major scales of pattern were attributable to the development of
gregariousness and either the patchiness of nodulated limestone (or gypsum) in the
soils or the development of gilgai relief.
It was demonstrated for one site that drought stress had brought about an
apparent decrease in the stocking density of A. vesicaria; this reduction of density was
associated with a decline in pattern intensity, although the scales of pattern present in the
original vegetation were maintained in the residual population.
Population differentiation in Australian Cardamine. IV. Variation in flowering response
Authors: Thurling N
Published: December 2005

Considerable variation in flowering time was observed among three altitudinal
races of Cardamine gown under natural ccnditions at Canberra. This variation in
flowering time was closely correlated with altitude, the low altitude race A being the
earliest to flower and the alpine race C the latest.
Comparisons of the flowering responses of the three races under controlled
environments showed that each of the races had specific temperature requirements for
flowering which were related to the climatic regimes in their respective altitudinal
ranges. The vernalization requirements of the low altitude race A were substantially
less than those of race B, which were in turn less than those of race C. Likewise, the
inhibitory effects of high post-vernalization temperatures were least pronounced in
race A, intermediate in race B, and most pronounced in race C.
The adaptive signiticance of the variation in the climatic requirements for floral
initiation among the three races is discussed.
A comparison of eight numerical procedures applied to the classification of some African Trifolium taxa based on Rhizobium affinities
Authors: 't Mannetje L
Published: December 2005

A comparative study was made of correlation coefficients, taxonomic distance,
non-metric coefficient, and probabilistic index in combmatlon with nearest neighbour,
furthest neighbour, centroid, and flexible sorting as methods for the classification of
16 Trifolium taxa. The data used were published Rhizobium affinities that were shown
to be meaningful from the point of view of morphology, cytology, and evolutionary
theory. The criterion used in testing the numerical methods was the ability to produce
groups of taxa in accordance with Rhizobium affinity groups.
On the basis of this study acceptable classifications were obtained by using the
non-metric coefficient with flexible sorting, taxonomic distance with furthest neighbour,
and taxonomic distance with flexible sorting.
Floral morphology and the development of gamethophytes in Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn
Authors: Davis GL
Published: December 2005

Flower buds are first recognizable in late December at the commencement of
new growth, and the deciduous bracts enclosing each cyme are shed about 3 weeks later.
The buds increase rapidly in size, but anthesis does not occur until the end of September
and the seeds are not shed from the capsules until the following August.
The development of the double operculum and the floral parts is traced.
Archesporal tissue is differentiated in the anthers in late February but ovule primordia
are not formed until the end of March, by which time the stamens have reached their
full size and anther wall formation is well advanced. In each bud events in the anthers
and ovules are broadly comparable, but variation in the stages of development occurs
between buds on the same branch.
Meiosis takes place during the winter months, and embryo sac development
follows the Polygonum type. The components of the egg apparatus undergo a threefold
increase in size after their formation and, whereas the egg contains little cytoplasm,
the synergids become densely cytoplasmic and laterally hooked.
The pollen grains are two-celled when they are shed through the slits at the apices
of the anthers.
A comparison is made of the embryology of E. melliodora and that of species
cultivated in Italy and the Black Sea area of the Soviet Union.
Fine structure of the primary root phloem of Pisum
Authors: Zee SY , Chambers TC
Published: December 2005

The morphogenesis of the sieve elements, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma
in the region between 0.5 and 2.0 mm from the actively growing root apex of seedlings
of Pisum sativum L. cv. Telephone is described. The overall developmental pattern is
essentially similar to that already described for the secondary phloem of the young
stem internode of the same species, although differences in the development of some
organelles do exist between the two types of phloem. The development of the sieve
element is traced from the earliest stages of cross wall formation up to the morphologically
mature stages. Very few sieve elements reach morphological maturity in this region. The
possibility that the functional translocatory sieve elements are those at earlier stages of
development is discussed.
Movement of nutrients in fungi. I. The Mycelium
Authors: Thrower LB , Thrower SL
Published: December 2005

Thirty-one species of fungi (representing 13 orders) were examined for their
ability to grow from a nutrient medium onto a non-nutrient medium; 17 were capable of
colonizing the deficient medium, 10 were not, and 4 were indeterminate. The ability
to grow onto deficient medium appeared to be related to the natural habitat of the fungus
rather than to taxonomic position.
Experiments with isotopically labelled nutrients showed that both colonizing
fungi and non-colonizing fungi were capable of some transport of nutrients, the difference
between the two groups being one of degree. In transporting fungi, labelled nutrients
were moved more rapidly when the fungus colonized a deficient medium than when
it colonized a nutrient medium; this suggested that movement of nutrients is adaptive
to some extent.
The importance of the growing hyphal apex as a sink for nutrients was
demonstrated.
Movement of nutrients in fungi. II. The effect of reproductive structures
Authors: Thrower LB , Thrower SL
Published: December 2005

Movement of labelled nutrients was investigated in a number of fungi which were
producing reproductive structures (perithecia, basidiocarps, conidia, sclerotia). In every
case markedly greater quantities of labelled nutrients were present in the reproductive
structures than in the growing vegetative hyphae. In Phycomyces blakesleeanus, a species
in which cytoplasmic streaming may be initiated by evaporation from sporangiophores,
transport of label was found to occur at both low and high humidity, but there was
faster movement at low humidity.
It is concluded that transport of nutrients in the fungi may occur without the
intervention of cytoplasmic streaming. The mechanism is unknown but it is apparently
associated with a concentration gradient between sites of absorption from the substrate
and sites of active metabolic removal at the growing apices or developing reproductive
structures.
Competition for nutrients between reproductive structures and vegetative hyphae
may severely limit the ability of the mycelium to colonize non-nutrient substrates.
Relationship in annual species of Medicago. VI. Two-dimensional chromatography of the phenolics and analysis of the results by probabilistic similarity methods
Authors: Simon JP , Goodall DW
Published: December 2005

As part of a programme initiated to secure a better understanding of the
relationships among annual species of Medicago, phenolic substances were investigated
in leaf hydrolysates of 24 annual and 10 perennial species by means of the two dimensional
paper chromatographic technique. A total of 53 compounds were observed
in the two-dimensional chromatograms from the Medicago species and from some
species of Trigonella, Melilotus, and Lotus included for comparison. A few of these
compounds were tentatively identified. The data were analysed by use of the probabilistic
similarity index of Goodall (1964), which permits significance tests of hypotheses concerning
the classification proposed and is believed to be more sensitive than nonprobabilistic
similarity indices in distinguishing smaller groupings.
Significant clustering of the Medicago species in relation to Trigonella, Melilotus,
and Lotus species could be recognized. With few exceptions there was little variation
of the phenolic pattern among accessions of the same species but at the species level no
clear correlation was observed between the degree of exomorphic differences, as
expressed by the current taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretation of the genus, and
the differentiation of the phenolic patterns.
The influence which some of the results may have upon the systematic and
phylogenetic interpretation of the genus and upon future research is discussed.
Effects of waterlogging and salinity on growth and distribution of three Mallee species of Eucalyptus
Authors: Parsons RF
Published: December 2005

Eucalyptus incrassata is frequently found on soils subject to periodic waterlogging,
some of which contain high salt concentrations. In contrast, E. diversifolia and E. oleosa
are found only on freely draining, non-saline soils.
The relative physiological tolerances of the three species to waterlogging and
salinity were investigated by pot experiments. No conclusive differences in tolerance to
waterlogging were demonstrated, but E. incrassata was markedly more tolerant of high
levels of substrate salinity than E. divevsifolia. It is suggested that this difference in
physiological tolerance explains the presence of E. incrassata on saline soils and the
absence of E. divevsifolia from such soils in the field.
Edaphic range and cohabitaion of some Mallee Eucalypts in South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Parsons RF , Rowan JN
Published: December 2005

The ranges of seven mallee eucalypts in a large area of south-eastern Australia
are described with respect to topography and topsoil texture, and clay, pH, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and calcium values. In some cases, relatively subtle soil differences appear
to control species distribution. The data are compared with results from wetter areas
and the effect of rainfall on species distribution is examined. Mallee eucalypts are
shown to exhibit both very wide and very narrow edaphic ranges. The cohabitation
patterns of the eucalypts in question are described, and the existence of widespread
mixtures of closely related species is demonstrated.
Response of a coastal Queensland heath community to fertilizer application
Authors: Connor DJ , Wilson GL
Published: December 2005

A complete fertilizer was applied to a native heath community in the coastal
lowlands of south-eastern Queensland. Changes in species composition, and the
structure of the community 14 years later are reported. The application of fertilizer
allowed the establishment of non-endemic plants, notably Imperata cylindrica and
Baccharis halimifolia, at the expense of many of the original components. It also
allowed Angophora woodslana, which originally existed as a fire-maintained coppice, to
develop into a low tree layer, thereby completely changing the structure of the community.
Details of changes in species composition and density are recorded.
The distribution and prehistory of Eucalypt diversicolor F. Muell., E. marginata Donn ex Sm., and E. calophylla R. Br. in relation to rainfall
Authors: Churchill DM
Published: December 2005

Fossil pollen of Eucalyptus diversicolor, E. marginata, and E. calophylla has been
identified in peat deposits from south-western Australia, where the species are prominent
and economically important forest trees. The extant distribution of each species has been
surveyed and the presence or absence of each, within and beyond the margins of their
ranges, shows a close relationship with the mean rainfall of the wettest and driest
months of the year. No such relationship was found with temperature data, and it is
evident that the availability of water is a major factor influencing the distribution of these
three species.
Past changes in the relative eucalypt pollen frequencies have been dated by
radiocarbon assay, and the dates appear to cluster around 3000,1200, and 500 B.C. and
A.D. 400 and 1200. Charcoal is common in the peat and it is evident that fires have
frequently occurred around the sites investigated, for at least the past 5000 years. Many
of these fires have severely burnt and truncated the peat deposits. However, charcoal is
not always present at levels of substantial change in the pollen frequencies, from which
it is concluded that equilibrium between these forest eucalypts and fire has existed for
at least the past 7000 years. Fossil evidence of the presence of prehistoric man in
Australia predates the period under investigation, but the impact of man on the
vegetation was probably limited to his use of fire.
From what is known of the moisture requirements of the two species, it seems
probable that a climate which favoured a relative increase of the E. diversicolor/E.
Calophylla ratio would be much wetter than that which would favour a high
E. calophylla/E. diversicolor ratio. This being the case, it is evident from the prehistoric
changes in the ratios of these two species that the climate from at least 4000 until
3000 B.C. was wetter than at present, and thereafter it became increasingly dry (maximum
dryness at c. 1200 B.C.) until about 500 B.C., when conditions once more became
wetter and continued so until A.D. 500; after this a period of rapid drying out is evident
until A.D. 1200-1500, when conditions became wetter up to the present day.
Morphology of Equisetum laterale Phillips, 1829, and E. bryanii sp. nov. from the Mesozoic of South-Eastern Queensland
Authors: Gould RE
Published: December 2005

An equisetaceous plant with wheel-like nodal diaphragms, previously described
as Equisetum rotiferum Tenison-Woods, 1883, is common in the Marburg Sandstone
and Walloon Coal Measures of south-eastern Queensland. The species is now considered
to be synonymous with E. laterale Phillips, 1829.E. bryanii sp. nov. occurs
in the Walloon and Mulgildie Coal Measures. Both forms are described in detail and
can be closely compared with extant Equisetum. The internodal vascular bundles of
E. laterale contain xylem elements with annular, annular-helical, and reticulate
thickenings, annular types predominating. The cone of E. laterale is ovate and
terminal, consisting of whorled peltate sporangiophores; it contains numerous small,
globose, alete, scabrate to microrugulate spores.
The genus Bornetia (Rhodophyta, Ceramiaceae) and its Southern Australian representatives, with dscription of Involucrana gen. Nov
Authors: Baldock RN , Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

Two species of southern Australian marine algae have been previously placed in
Bornetia. One, B. binderiana (Sonder) Zanardini, shows the generic features of the type
species from Europe (B. secundiflora), and an additional species, B. tenuis, is also
described for the genus. Study of the type and the above two Australian species shows that
Bornetia is characterized by subdichotomous filaments of elongate cells, a 5-6(-8)-celled
fertile axis developing procarps successively and also non-functional pseudocarpogonia,
an involucre produced from the lower cells of the fertile axis, and a large stellate fusion
cell; and by the production of tetrasporangia and spermatangial heads in condensed
clusters in which the terminal branch cells curve around the cluster as an involucre.
The other Australian species, B. ? Meredithiana J. Agardh, has procarps confined
to the subterminal cell of a 3-celled fertile axis, and after fertilization sterile cells
associated with the procarp produce an inner involucre around the carposporophyte,
which has a massive fusion cell. Sessile polysporangia are borne in condensed lateral
branch clusters. A new genus, Involucrana, is proposed for this species. Its relationships
are probably with Sphondylothamnion, which also differs from other known Ceramiaceae
in having a similar inner involucre.
Morphology and taxonomy of Southern Australian Genera of Crouanieae Schmitz (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Wollaston EM
Published: December 2005

The southern Australian species of the tribe Crouanieae Schmitz (Ceramiaceae.
Rhodophyta) have been studied with particular reference to their taxonomy relationships.
and phylogeny; in all cases the type specimens have been examined.
Three tribes. Crouanieae. Antithamnieae. and Heterothamnieae. can be
recognized. including 16 genera. of which Euptilocladia. Macrothamnion. Tetuathamnion.
Amoenothamnion. and Trithamnion are newly described and 48 species (26 newly
described) . Recognition of the subfamilies Crouanioideae and Ceramioideae. as defined
by Hommersand (1963). is not supported by these studies .Features of greatest taxonomic significance are those indicative also of phylogenetic trends and hence the classification is based upon concepts of phylogeny.
Evolutionary advance in both morphological and reproductive features involves
specialization, particularly towards adaptations in form with relation to function.
The Crouanieae, Antithamnieae, and Heterotharnnieae are probably primitive
groups of the Ceramiaceae. The Antithamnieae and Heterothamnieae are closely
related and probably arose from the same evolutionary line, while Crouanieae has
evolved independently. Thalli in the Heterothamnieae are smaller and less specialized
than those of the most advanced species of Antithamnieae, and it is likely that the
Heterothamnieae arose as a branch from the Antithamnieae line of development
through specialization in reproductive features rather than thallus form. Both
morphological and reproductive features are discussed and it is shown that Hommersand's
definition of Antithamnieae must be modified, particularly in reference to procarp
development.
The probable phylogenetic lines revealed form useful bases for comparisons and
provide a logical approach to the taxonomy of the group. Taxonomic features used in
classification and reasons for the terminology adopted are also discussed.
Analyses of records indicating the geographic distribution of species within
southern Australia provide few useful conclusions.
The origin of Cotyledon and Epicotyl in Elettaria cardamomum Maton
Authors: Philip VJ
Published: December 2005

A reinvestigation of embryo development in Elettaria cardamomum reveals that
from the very early stages of development both the cotyledonary and epicotylary sectors
are aligned adjacent to each other and are engendered by the derivatives of the terminal
cell q. Thus the two sectors are topographically terminal on the proembryonal axis.
One half of the working sphere is involved in the organization of the cotyledon and the
other half in that of the epicotyl.
Sieve tube elements in the stem of Neptunia oleracea Lour
Authors: Shah JJ , James MR
Published: December 2005

Some structural aspects of the phloem of Neptunia oleracea, an aquatic plant,
are reported. The sieve tube elements on an average are 190μ long and 13μ wide and
have compound sieve plates at varying degrees of inclination. The developing sieve
tube element has a single large spindle-shaped slime body, which presumably has an
outer membrane. The slime body undergoes dispersal before or after full development
of the sieve plate, but often nuclear degeneration occurs first. Distinct slime plugs are
absent. Plastids and other granular bodies are attached to many of the strands, which
are less than 0.5μ in diameter. During the process of nuclear disintegration the nuclear
membrane is indistinct, and extruded nucleolus is not observed. Sieve areas and connections
are comparatively few in number, and the sieve areas and wall connections as well
as the sieve plates show scanty callose deposition. Plastids are abundant in the sieve
tube elements, especially near the sieve plates. The companion cells of two consecutive
sieve tube elements are placed on alternate sides and hence their longitudinal continuity
is not always maintained. Companion cells do not exceed the length of the sieve tube
element.
Floral anatomy of the genus Oligarrhena R. Br. (Epacridaceae)
Authors: Jackes BR
Published: December 2005

The organography and vascular anatomy of the flower of Oligarrhena micrantha
R. Br, has been examined in detail. Whilst in general agreement with the other members
of the tribe Styphelieae, it does exhibit a greater degree of carpel sterilization, and
supports the suggestion that progressive sterilization has been occurring within this
tribe.
The velocity of translocation in trees
Authors: Canny MJ , Nairn B , Harvey M
Published: December 2005

Reasons are advanced for mistrusting some published measurements that
suggested velocities of translocation in trees around 2-4 m hr-1. Estimates of the velocity
in Acer pseudoplatanus L. have been made by following the rate of spread of labelled
photosynthate in branches throughout a growing season. Speeds of label movement
were not greater than in most herbaceous plants studied. The highest rates were about
17cm hr-1 for a short period in autumn; for most of the year values were around
2cm hr-1. During 24 hr following the application of 14C there can be extensive
radial movement and fixation of carbon in wood laid down many years before. The
measurements strengthen our distrust of the high velocities of translocation claimed
in trees and emphasize the view of a tree as a slow-paced organism.
Tissue water relations for Brigalow and Mulga
Authors: Connor DJ , Tunstall BR
Published: December 2005

The relationship between the relative water content and the water potential of the
phyllodes in brigalow and mulga is compared. It is shown that brigalow phyllode tissue
is more resistant to desiccation than that of mulga. This is of interest because mulga has
previously been considered to represent an extreme in drought tolerance of Australian
arid zone plants.
The role of bark type in relative tolerance to fire of three central Victorian Eucalypts
Authors: Gill AM , Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

A laboratory approach to the study of fire resistance in trees is described and the
method applied to three central Victorian eucalypts which possess different types of bark.
For each species, bark thickness increases with the girth of the trunk or older
branches. The fibrous bark of E. obliqua is thicker than the subfibrous bark of E. radiata,
and this in turn is thicker than the decorticating bark of E. cypellocarpa for the same
girth of trunk or branch. The rate of heat penetration to the cambium, however,
is greatest in E. obliqua and least in E. cypellocarpa. This apparent anomaly is due
to the greater inflammability of the fibrous bark.
It is suggested that the fire tolerance of a species should be evaluated against fuel
accumulation and the fire intensity of the site, as well as the extent of damage to various
parts of the tree and the ability of these parts to recover.
Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire.
Authors: Vines RG
Published: December 2005

Measurements have been made of cambium temperatures in living trees subjected
to mild and fierce fires. Fire resistance depends upon bark thickness: thus only big
trees with thick bark can survive unharmed in really severe fires.
The rate of change in cambium temperature is related to the thermal diffusivity of
the bark, and is largely independent of bark structure or moisture content. A simple
mathematical model is used to calculate heat transfer in bark, and the results obtained
agree well with experimental measurements made on a variety of trees.
Studies of soil temperature and results from experiments on pines are referred to
briefly in appendices.
A cytotaxonomic study of Australian Cardamine
Authors: Thurling N
Published: December 2005

A cytogenetic study of Cardamine, based on material collected in southern New
South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, indicated the presence of at least
six distinct species in this area. Two species, the 16-chromosome C. hirsuta and the 32-
chromosome C. flexuosa, were introduced with white settlement. The other four
species are native to the area, occupying a variety of habitats between sea-level and
7200 ft. One species, with a somatic chromosome number of 64, is confined to altitudes
below 4000 ft, whereas the other three species (2n = 48) are found only above 4000 ft.
Of the 48-chromosome species, one comprises a single population found at Mt. Franklin
and the remaining two are confined to particular altitudinal ranges, one between 4000 and
5400 ft and the other between 5200 and 7200 ft. All four native species are completely
isolated from one another by the inviability of the F1 hybrids. Within species, however,
all populations were fully interfertile and there was no evidence of any other form of
reproductive isolation. Despite the magnitude of reproductive isolation there were no
distinct morphological differences between the native species except in the case of the
48-chromosome form from Mt. Franklin, which had entire rather than pinnate leaves.
The other three species were in fact more comparable to ecotypes in respect of their
altitudinal distribution and the degree of morphological differentiation. Speciation
mechanisms involved in the evolution of the native species of Cardamine are discussed.
The occurrence of unisexuality and polyploidy in Isotoma fluviatilis
Authors: Mccomb JA
Published: December 2005

In northern New South Wales Isotoma fluviatilis is diploid and hermaphrodite;
in southern New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania it is tetraploid
and hermaphrodite; on the coastal plain to the west and north of Sydney it is diploid
and dioecious; and near Rylstone (N.S.W.) there occurs one gynodioecious population.
The morphology of the different forms is described, and the possibility is discussed
that unisexuality and polyploidy in I. Fluviatilis represent alternative mechanisms by which
hybridity has been increased in inbreeding marginal populations of diploid hermaphrodites,
and that these two mechanisms have been associated with the elaboration of
genetic constitutions enabling new territory to be invaded.
Polyploid structure in the Setaria sphacelata complex
Authors: Hacker JB
Published: December 2005

Meiotic behaviour and fertility were studied in hybrids between tetraploid,
hexaploid, octaploid, and decaploid strains in the Setaria sphacelata complex,
the strains studied including S. sphacelata sensu stricto, S. sphacelata var. stolonifera
S. anceps, and S. trinervia. Metaphase and telophase data in 5x (4x × 6x), 7x
(6x × 8x), 9x (8x × 10x), 6x (4x × 8x), and 8x (6x × 10x) plants allowed the interpretation
of genome homologies as tetraploid AB, hexaploid AB(A'/B1), octaploid AB(A′/B′)(A′/B′),
and decaploid AB((A′/B′)(A′/B′)(A′/B′). It is argued that the complex is an autopolyploid
series, but further work is necessary before the relationships between the A and B
genomes can be determined.
Failure of chromosome pairing in a probable Desmodium intortum × D. sandwicense hybrid
Authors: Hacker JB
Published: December 2005

Failure of chromosome pairing was noted in some plants in the progeny of a
putative hybrid derivative of Desmodium intortum and D. sandwicense. Pairing failure
resulted in abnormal tetrad formation, the number of cells in each tetrad ranging from
one to eight. Pollen stainability was poor but varied considerably, even within a
single flower.
Seed set in asynaptics was poor or nil. A sample of 30 seedlings derived from
a single asynaptic parent was entirely euploid; a single tetraploid plant probably
occurred following the fusion of two restitution nuclei.
Cytology of species hybrids in the Setaria sphacelata complex
Authors: Hacker JB
Published: December 2005

Hybrids were produced between diploid strains of Setaria anceps, S. trinervia, tetraploid strains of S. anceps and S. splendida, and hexaploid strains of all three species. Very high levels of chromosome pairing at meiosis indicate close relationship of the different species and throw doubt on the validity of their separation. It is probable that characters from S. trinervia and S. splendida may be incorporated in the commercially useful S. anceps without too much difficulty.
Studies in the ecology of the Riverine Plain. IV. Basal area and density changes of Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich, in a natural pasture grazed by sheep
Authors: Williams OB
Published: December 2005

The changes in basal area and density of Danthonia caespitosa were measured
over the 9-year period 1949-1957 by charting permanent quadrats in plots which were
ungrazed, and lightly, moderately, and heavily grazed.
Compared with the control, the grazing treatments had no effect on basal area,
and a significant but not substantial effect on the contribution made by the various age
groups of the dominant grass.
There were no real differences between the age groups of D. caespitosa on
continuously and intermittently grazed treatments, and it is suggested that the design of
grazing experiments might be simplified, cognizance being given to the stage of degeneration
reached by the pasture, and to the possibility that seasonal deferment procedures
might cause substantial changes in botanical composition..
In the autumn or winter of 1951 the mature population of D. caespitosa was
almost wiped out and the build-up of basal area and density over the 1951-1957 period
was very slow.
Dry summers and the late arrival of the opening rains in autumn appeared to be
responsible for substantial losses in D. caespitosa. Abnormally high rainfall during the
preceding growth season appeared to accentuate these losses.
In the gilgai microrelief death rates were greater on the depression than on the
shelf. It is suggested that the D. caespitosa grassland was degraded, and reached a
"steady state" condition under the influence of cattle, sheep, rabbits, and drought.
If grazing treatments are to induce changes in such a plant population, such treatments
must be a wide departure from the previous procedures which have given rise to the
existing plant community.
The results are discussed in relation to grazing experiments in Queensland, New
South Wales, South Australia, and the north-west of Western Australia.
The leaf area of an Australian heathland with reference to seasonal changes and the contribution of individual species
Authors: Jones R
Published: December 2005

The leaf area of an Australian heathland was determined on harvested material
for a series of monthly harvests over 2 years. The leaf area index (LAI) varied from
1 .8 to 3.2. Seasonal growth flushes accounted for the high values, while leaf fall induced
by water stress restored the equilibrium to approximately 2.0.
The dominant shrub, Leptospermum myrsinoides, contributed 53.5% of the
total leaf area, and this species alone caused the seasonal fluctuations in community
area. Only three other species contributed more than 5 % to the total.
Community growth was characterized by the behaviour of L. myrsinoides.
Detailed analyses of this species showed the need for seasonal measurements to fully
describe the LAI of evergreen communities.
Phosphate nutrition of Australian heath plants. II. The formation of polyphosphate by five heath species
Authors: Jeffrey DW
Published: December 2005

Experiments described suggest that formation of polyphosphate, found previously
in Banksia ornata, occurs also in five other Australian heath species: Banksia serrata
(Proteaceae), Hakea ulicina (Proteaceae), Casuarina pusilla (Casuarinaceae), Hypolaena
fastigiata (Restionaceae), and Lepidosperma concavum (Cyperaceae).
As these species belong to highly evolved angiosperm families, polyphosphate
synthesis is not restricted to "primitive organisms" as suggested by earlier workers.
It is suggested that, since environmental stress conditions are necessary for polyphosphate
synthesis in microorganisms, this is also the case for higher plants, and that these unusual
conditions may be a natural factor of the oligotrophic heath environment.
Indications of polyphosphate synthesis have not been demonstrated in Pinus
radiata, a forest tree often planted on the same soils as those which support the above
heath species.
Fine structure of the walls of the conidia of various fungi and of the conidiophore of Fomes annosus
Authors: Scurfield G , Da Costa EWB
Published: December 2005

Light and phase contrast microscopy were used to investigate the structure and mode of formation of the conidia of various fungi. Conidial walls were examined with the electron microscope before and after chemical treatment of the walls to remove surface electron-opaque material. Two sorts of microfibrillar arrangement occurred: (i) a circular arrangement about an electron-opaque papilla at one pole which gives way to a more disperse arrangement at the opposite pole (Fomes annosus); (ii) a disperse arrangement (Pithomyces chartarum, Hormodendron resinae, Aschochyta pisi, Colleto- trichum lindemuthianurn). Conidial wall texture did not appear to be related to conidial ontogeny. Type (ii) conidia had perforate end walls. The occurrence of such walls is discussed in relation to spore formation and germination. The possibility that conidium formation involves the sequence: arrestment of growth →altered chemical composition and/or microfibrillar wall texture → swelling → conidium formation - is discussed on the basis of the microfibril arrangements in the conidiophore of Fomes annosus.
The Gametophytes of the Victorian Blechnaceae. II. Doodia aspera R. Br., D. media R. Br., and D. caudata R. Br.: A comparison with three extra-Australian Genera, Brainea, Sadleria, and Woodwardia
Authors: Stone IG
Published: December 2005

An account is given of the spores, germination, and vegetative and reproductive
features of the gametophytes of eight species of Blechnaceae. The close resemblance
between the prothalli of Doodia aspera, D. media, and D. caudata and those of three
Woodwardia species, Sadleria cyatheoides, and Brainea insignis is described. Minor
differences in morphological and developmental features of the gametophytes were
noted between all species but these were no greater between genera than they were
between individual species of a genus.
Unlike Blechnum nudum, but like many other Blechnum species and other higher
ferns the cordate prothalli bore unicellular papillate hairs. There was no evidence that
the terminal cell of the primary filament ended in a hair or became quiescent with
subsequent development of the wedge-shaped meristematic cell from a subterminal cell,
a feature reported by others to be common in some species of Blechnaceae. The meristematic
cell almost invariably appeared to be a product of the terminal cell of the filament
although there was considerable variation in the sequence of divisions contributing to
plate formation.
The antheridia were normally of the advanced type with three wall cells and
showed similar variations in shape to those of B. nudum. Abnormal development of
hairs on the wall cells of antheridia and the neck cells of archegonia is reported for the
Doodia species. Various concepts concerning development of the cap cell of the
antheridium are discussed. Antheridia were induced in W. japonica and were formed
on prothalli of two or three cells, occasionally on the basal cell itself.
No archegonia were formed on prothalli of W. martinezii and this species was
apogamous. Other species formed normal sporophytes. Juvenile leaves on young
sporophytes of W. orientalis were slow to develop a dissected lamina, and pinnate
venation and costal areolae were initiated before this occurred. In the Doodia species,
however, early dissection of the blade occurred and no anastomoses between veins
were observed on juvenile fronds with several pinnae.
The influence of pH and nitrate on Mycorrhizal associations of Pinus radiata D. Don
Authors: Theodorou C , Bowen GD
Published: December 2005

Growth of 5-month-old Pinus radiata seedlings was 60-80% lower in soil at
pH 8.0 than at pH 6.2. At pH 8.0 mycorrhiza formation was lower by c. 60% and
ectotrophic mycorrhizas were compIetely replaced by ectendotrophic mycorrhizas.
In a laboratory medium at pH 5.0, 575 p.p.m. nitrate did not depress growth
of the mycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus granulatus, and Cenococcum
graniforme, but at pH 8.0 growth was slight regardless of the nitrate concentration in
the medium. Rhizosphere colonization by Rhizopogon luteolus was studied by comparing
its growth along roots of P. radiata seedlings with that along glass fibres in sterile soil.
At pH 5 .0 appreciable colonization of the root occurred but this was less with 115 p.p.m.
than with 12 p.p.m. soil nitrate. Growth along fibres was significantly less than along
roots. Alkalinity produced the most marked effect on colonization, there being no
growth of R. luteolus along the root at pH 8.0 at both nitrate levels. It is concluded that
decreased mycorrhiza formation in alkaline soils is caused by inhibition of growth of
some mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere in addition to possible nitrate inhibition of
infection but nitrate inhibition of mycorrhiza formation under acid conditions is mainly
due to inhibition of infection.
Floral morphology, embryology, and relationships of the Berberidaceae.
Authors: Sastri RLN
Published: December 2005

The floral morphology and development of the gametophytes in Berberis
umbellata and Mahonia leschenaultii have been studied.
All the perianth members have three traces each in B. umbellata while in
M. leschenaultii the members of the outer three whorls have five veins each and those
of the fourth three veins each. The vascular supply for the inner two whorls of perianth
and the stamens arises as conjoint traces. The wall of the gynoecium is traversed by
numerous bundles with some concentrated in the placental region. The dorsal and
ventral bundles are differentiated in M. leschenaultii but not in B. umbellata. The
tricarpellary interpretation of the gynoecium is shown to be unconvincing. The
gynoecium is regarded as monocarpellary.
The mature anther wall is five-layered including the epidermis, of which the
innermost layer forms the tapetum of secretory type. The tapetal cells are four to
eight-nucleate. The hypodermal wall layer develops into a fibrous endothecium in
M. leschenaultii. In B. urnbellata, the endothecium develops U-shaped thickenings.
Division of pollen mother cells is successive. Pollen tetrads are usually isobilateral.
Mature pollen grains are three-colpate and two-celled.
The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. In B. umbellata, a
rudimentary aril is formed as an outgrowth of the funiculus. The single hypodermal
archesporial cell in the young ovule cuts off a parietal cell. Development of the embryo
sac is of the Polygonum type. The synergids show filiform apparatus and are persistent.
The antipodals are large and persistent in M. leschenaultii and ephemeral in B. umbellata.
The relationships of the Berberidaceae (sensu Hutchinson 1959) to the
Menispermaceae, Lardizabalaceae, and the Ranunculaceae (sensu lato) are discussed.