bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A model of government–industry–academic collaboration: mandatory bankruptcy counselling policy in Canada
Authors: McGREGOR SUE L.T. , BERRY RUTH E.
Published: July 2007

This paper profiles the chronology of a productive and complex collaborative relationship between government, industry and academia (mainly home economists) that has existed since late 1992 around the policy issue of mandatory bankruptcy counselling in Canada. Changes to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA) in 1992 mandated counselling for bankrupts. A 1994 National Counselling Directive Working Group evaluated the impact of this legislation leading to the establishment of a 1995 Qualifications of Counsellors Task Force charged with developing a blueprint for use with the 1996 development and delivery of a course of study for insolvency counselling. Those completing the course will be the first roster of names in a national registry of qualified BIA counsellors in 1997. This paper attempts to capture the dynamics of managing and respecting the interconnections between stakeholders within the constraints of their political and economic realities.
An international perspective: factors that affect female midlife and older displaced workers' re‐employment earnings
Authors: BOWMAN JANETTE B.
Published: July 2007

Workers affected by structural unemployment are often referred to as displaced workers. This study compares factors that affect re‐employment earnings of male and female displaced workers. The study focuses on midlife and older workers and is derived from the US 1988 Current Population Survey: Displaced Worker Supplement. Findings indicate that women's re‐employment earnings are largely affected by their human capital investment education. Men, on the other hand, have numerous factors that increase re‐employment earnings. As the economies of the U.S. and the European communities adapt to changes in technology and global competition, worker displacements will continue to be an important issue.
Application of consumption and income data to policy issues, with special reference to women
Authors: CHUNG YOUNG SOOK , MAGRABI FRANCES M.
Published: July 2007

This study provides an overview of how data on household consumption and income may be collected and used to help decision‐makers in designing programmes and policies that promote social and economic development. Special attention is given to methodologies for accurately portraying the participation of women in consumption and consumption‐related activities.
The welfare impact of implicit income generated from childcare in home‐based employment
Authors: FAN JESSIE X.
Published: July 2007

For households that take care of their children when working at home, the income earned from home‐based employment is twofold. While visible money income is generated from the paid employment, there is a certain amount of invisible income generated from performing childcare at the same time. The purpose of this study was to estimate the invisible income generated from performing childcare when working at home, and its impact on household welfare change at both micro and macro levels. The results show that in 1988, for a typical home‐based worker who took care of his/her children when working at home, the Hicksian compensating and the Hicksian equivalent variation were about $2564·53 and $1651·87 respectively. At the aggregate level, for the nine states included in this study, a point estimate of the total Hicksian equivalent variation was about 80·5 million. This means, if these households could not take care of their children when working, 80·5 million dollars would need to be given to them in order to keep them as well off.
An investigation into aspects of energy labelling with special reference to washing machines
Authors: PEEL NICOLA , BURNETT SALLY‐ANN , AINSWORTH PAUL
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the performance of domestic washing machines is adversely affected by reduced levels of energy use. This was felt particularly worthwhile because of the introduction of energy labelling for washing machines in April 1996. Results were determined by conducting tests derived from BS EN 60456. This research also aimed to discover consumer awareness of energy labelling and factors likely to influence the future purchase of washing machines. The results indicate that washing performance may be adversely affected by lower levels of energy consumption and that washing machines with a higher energy consumption achieve a better washing performance. From the survey carried out, it was discovered that the most influential factors when purchasing a washing machine were price, washing performance and brand reliability. Environmental factors such as reduced energy consumption and reduced water consumption only played a minor role in consumers' considerations. However, the research indicates that consumers' decisions may, in the future, be affected by the information displayed on energy labels.
Who are really purchasing environmentally friendly detergents?
Authors: ROOZEN IRENE T.M.
Published: July 2007

This paper investigates the purchasing behaviour of environmentally friendly detergents in Belgium on the basis of a binomial logit model. The results of this analysis shed some light on the extent to which household characteristics influence demand for environmentally friendly detergents. The estimated determinants of revealed preferences are compared with the results from previous stated preference research. Although the positive influence of population density on the chance of purchasing environmentally friendly products could not be confirmed, the estimation results corroborate the importance of household size, age and socio‐economic class (yuppie factor).
Financial attitudes, beliefs and behaviours: differences by age
Authors: HIRA TAHIRA K.
Published: July 2007

One of the essential skills that people must acquire to function in our society is the ability to deal with money. This skill and the information necessary to use it are acquired mainly during childhood. There has been little research on when and how children acquire knowledge of money and the economic system in general or the degree to which family influence carries over into consumption activities as adults.1 Little is known about how family financial decisions are made, what age people get involved with money, what kind of financial activities they partake in, which socialization agents have the most important influence on people's money beliefs, and how much and how families communicate about finances. The question of how these patterns have changed over the years also needs to be addressed. The focus of the marketing research has been on purchasing activity and on the socialization of the child. There has been much less work on socialization at later stages in the life cycle.2 Reference to money personalities are frequently made in financial planning materials as useful information to effectively communicate with clients. No studies have explored if people in reality identify with any of the suggested money personalities. Similarly, little is known about buying behaviours and how they have changed over years.
The habit of eating rice in four countries: Japan, China, Spain and France
Authors: HATAE KEIKO , KASAHARA MITSUKO , TANISAWA YOKO , SHIMADA ATSUKO , NAKATANI KEIKO , ZHUORONG YIN , IZQUIERDO MARIA , MONICO AMALIA
Published: July 2007

To determine differences in rice‐eating habits in Japan, China (Shandong), Spain (Catalonia) and France (Alsace), the frequency of eating rice, the volume eaten per meal and the varieties of rice dishes were compared. A total of 486 housewives were surveyed: 125 Japanese, 99 Chinese, 141 Spanish and 121 French. Rice was eaten, on average, 12·1 and 8·2 times a week in Japan and China respectively, but only 0·9 times a week in Spain and France. In Japan, China and Spain, more than 50 g (raw rice) per meal was normally eaten. French subjects ate almost the same amount in only 30% of the total time for eating. In all four countries, rice cooked at home was predominant. In Japan, plain rice was an everyday dish, whereas ‘sushi’ was eaten only once every 2 weeks. Chinese everyday rice dishes were plain rice and rice porridge. In Spain, ‘paella’ and ‘boiled rice with tomato sauce’ were popular. Rice was used both as a main ingredient and as a supplementary ingredient in Spain. In France, boiled rice and ‘Creole‐style rice’ were eaten as a supplement to main dishes. In these two countries, most rice dishes were seasoned with salt and flavoured with butter or olive oil. Interesting differences in the manner of eating rice and the culinary characteristics of each country are described in this study.
Future trends in professional cleaning
Authors: AULANKO MARJA
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to outline how cleaning work will be perceived some 5‐10 years from now by people performing cleaning work in practice. No significant innovations are expected regarding cleaning agents, equipment and machinery. It is apparent that the job description of cleaners will undergo repeated changes in the future. Cleaning will require more planning. Persons performing cleaning work will be acting as marketing agents of their own work. Professional training in the field must be made attractive and training courses eligible. Adding the environmental aspect to cleaning might improve the common image of the profession.
The use of human resources of women in Turkey
Authors: SALMAN MERYEM , BAYRAKTAR MELTEM
Published: July 2007

The use of human resources of women in rural and urban areas in Turkey was studied using the responses from 284 households. The findings suggested that women in both rural and urban areas have skills such as sewing, embroidery and knitting and that only a small number of them use their skills for generating income from home. Women spend most of their time doing housework and looking after children. However, there were many statistically significant differences between women from different areas. In general, women in urban areas, who tended to be better educated, favoured personal fulfilment more than women in rural areas, but in both areas women placed more value on their traditional domestic roles.
The effect of sunlight on the colour of Ghanaian cotton printed fabrics
Authors: Fianu Docea A. G. , Adams Marian
Published: July 2007

Abstract In a 3·2·2 factorial experiment in three replicates, Ghanaian cotton prints (Real Wax, Real Java, Batik) were studied. Specimens were hand washed in soap solution, rinsed in clean water and dried in shade or sunlight twice a week for 3 weeks. Unwashed specimens were similarly sun‐dried or aired. All specimens were exposed to a total of 42 h in the sun or shade. Colour loss was measured by means of a grey scale. The specimens lost significantly more colour (P < 0·01) when dried in the sun (3·96) than when dried in the shade (4·09). Irrespective of the drying method, washed fabrics lost significantly more colour (P<0·01) (3·96) than unwashed ones (4·09). There was no significant interaction effect (P > 0·01) between method of drying and fabric type. However, there was a significant interaction (P<0·01) between fabric type and washing or airing. The grey scale mean for washing was 4·03 for Wax, 3·81 for Batik and 3·75 for Java. For airing, Batik, Wax and Java had means of 4·22, 4·19 and 4·17 respectively. Thus, Real Wax was the most stable when washed, whereas Batik was the most stable to airing. It is suggested that drying or airing of these fabrics be performed in the shade to preserve their colour.
Gender and ethnic differences in factors that influence food intake
Authors: Bock Margaret Ann , Read Marsha , Bruhn Christine , Auld Garry , Gabel Kathe , Lauritzen Georgia , Lee Y. , McNulty Judiann , Medeiros Denis , Newman Rosemary , Nitzke Susan , Ortiz Melchor , Schutz Howard , Sheehan Edward
Published: July 2007

Abstract The objective of this research was to ascertain the gender‐and ethnic‐related factors that influence what one eats. This survey was conducted using a validated, pilot‐tested questionnaire in 11 states and the District of Columbia, which were participating in the W‐182 Western Regional Research project. The results indicated that the factors that influence what one eats differ by gender and ethnicity. Men were very much influenced by likes and dislikes, and by their spouse or significant other. Women were influenced by likes and dislikes, and health. Food likes/dislikes and concerns about health and weight were among the leading four factors for all ethnic groups. Food likes/dislikes were the top factor influencing what is eaten by 51% or more of Asians, Pacific Islanders, Caucasians and Hispanics. Concern about health was the top factor for 62% and 58%, respectively, of African Americans and Native Americans.
We will not make a drama out of a health care crisis: an examination of UK retailers' HIV/AIDS policies
Authors: Moore Christopher M. , McLean Morag
Published: July 2007

Abstract Described as the greatest health crisis to face mankind in the modern era, the threat of HIV and AIDS in the workforce provides important challenges for consumer businesses that seek to balance divergent public opinions with the need to provide adequately for the health care requirements of their workforce. This research, based upon a survey that included 42 of the UK's largest retailers, identifies the many issues surrounding the development of a credible business response to this health issue. The research findings suggest that many retailers have taken cognisance of customer feeling in their development of policies in this area and that in some instances the development of HIV/AIDS policies in respect of staff has had more to do with politically correct posturizing than a commitment to the welfare of staff.
Effects of selected emulsifiers, enzymes and a carbohydrate‐based fat substitute on physical and sensory characteristics in a low‐fat muffin
Authors: Conforti Frank D. , Smith Pamela M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract Selected emulsifiers, enzymes and a carbohydrate‐based fat substitute were incorporated into a standard muffin recipe, and their effects were compared with a full‐fat counterpart. The control muffin had a significantly (P<0·01) more yellow crumb, was less firm (P<0·01) and contained less moisture (P<0·01). Sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) and diacetyl tartaric acid methyl esters (DATEM) contributed to a less firm crumb (P<0·01) and helped to maintain moisture (P<0·01) in the fat‐reduced muffin. Sensory analysis yielded complementary results to the physical data with respect to crumb firmness and crust colour. However, the full‐fat muffin was significantly (P<0·01) moister. The emulsifiers along with the enzymes were found to be responsible for reducing crumb size (P<0·01).
Chronic fatigue and its correlates in long‐term survivors of cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Vistad I , Fosså SD , Kristensen GB , Dahl AA
Published: July 2007

Objective  To describe the prevalence of chronic fatigue (CF) and associated variables in locoregional cervical cancer survivors (CCSs) surveyed >5 years after radiotherapy. Demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics of the CCSs were compared with normative data.

Design  Cross‐sectional study.

Setting  Department of Gynaecologic Oncology at Rikshospitalet‐Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway.

Population  Seventy‐nine CCSs aged ≤79 years, treated between 1994 and 1999, representing 62% of those invited. Normative data were based on various population studies of Norwegian women.

Methods  Data were collected by means of a mailed questionnaire, which included demographic variables and instruments covering fatigue, mental distress, sexual functioning, somatic impairments and quality of life (QOL).

Main outcome measures  Self‐reported fatigue score and caseness of CF based on the fatigue questionnaire.

Results  CCSs showed 30% CF versus 13% reported in the general population (P= 0.001). CCSs with CF had a significantly lower QOL, higher levels of anxiety and depression and more physical impairments than those without CF. In a multivariable regression model, depression was the only variable significantly associated with CF in CCSs.

Conclusions  More CCSs have CF than age‐matched women in the general population. CF should be of clinical concern since these women also frequently have treatable mental and physical problems.
The emotional burden of miscarriage for women and their partners: trajectories of anxiety and depression over 13 months
Authors: Cumming GP , Klein S , Bolsover D , Lee AJ , Alexander DA , Maclean M , Jurgens JD
Published: July 2007

Objective  To identify the trajectories of anxiety and depression in women and in their partners over 13 months after miscarriage.

Design  A prospective study with follow up at 6 and 13 months after miscarriage.

Setting  Three Scottish Early Pregnancy Assessment Units.

Sample  Of the 1443 eligible individuals approached, 686 (48.3%) consented to participate (432 women; 254 men). Complete data were obtained from 273 women and 133 men at baseline, 6, and 13 months.

Methods  On completion of the management of the index miscarriage, eligible and consenting women and men underwent an initial assessment comprising a semi‐structured interview and a standardised self‐report questionnaire. The latter was readministered at the follow‐up assessments.

Main outcome measures  The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), a reliable and valid measure of general psychopathology for use in nonpsychiatric samples.

Results  Compared with depression, anxiety was overall the greater clinical burden. Over the 13‐month period, women reported higher levels of anxiety and depression than men. Over time, a significantly greater level of adjustment was reported by women particularly with regards to the resolution of anxiety symptoms. The effect of time on HADS scores in either gender was similar between subgroups of socio‐demographic and clinical factors.

Conclusions  These findings verify that early pregnancy loss represents a significant emotional burden for women, and to some extent for men, especially with regards to anxiety. For many, the detrimental effects of miscarriage are enduring and display a complex course of resolution. These findings are discussed in terms of their clinical implications for early identification and management.
Costs of NHS maternity care for women with multiple pregnancy compared with high‐risk and low‐risk singleton pregnancy
Authors: Mistry H , Dowie R , Young TA , Gardiner HM ,   TelePaed Project Team
Published: July 2007

Objective  To compare antenatal and obstetric costs for multiple pregnancy versus singleton pregnancy risk groups and to identify factors driving cost differentials.

Design  Observational study over 15 months (2001–02).

Setting  Four district hospitals in southeast England.

Population  Consecutive women with multiple pregnancy and singleton women with risk factors for fetal congenital heart disease (CHD) (pregestational diabetes, epilepsy, or family history of CHD) or Down syndrome, and a sample of low‐risk singleton women.

Methods  Clinical care was audited from the second trimester anomaly scan until postnatal discharge, and the resource items were costed. Multiple regression analysis determined predictors of costs.

Main outcome measures  NHS mean costs of antenatal and obstetric care for different types of pregnancy.

Results  A total of 959 pregnancies were studied. Three percent of 243 women with multiple pregnancy reached 40 weeks of gestation compared with 54–55% of 163 low‐risk and 322 Down syndrome risk women and 36% of 231 cardiac risk women. Antenatal costs for cardiac risk (£1,153) and multiple pregnancy (£1,048) were nearly double the costs for other two groups (P < 0.001). As 63% of multiple births were delivered by caesarean section, the obstetric cost for multiple pregnancy (£3,393) was £1,000 greater overall. Pregestational diabetes was the most influential factor driving singleton costs, resulting in similar total costs for multiple pregnancy women (£4,442) and for women with diabetes (£4,877).

Conclusions  Our analyses confirm that multiple pregnancies are substantially more costly than most singleton pregnancies. Identifying women with diabetes as equally costly is pertinent because of the findings of the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health that standards of maternal care for diabetics often are inadequate.
GLOBAL HEALTH ETHICS FOR STUDENTS
Authors: PINTO ANDREW D. , UPSHUR ROSS E.G.
Published: July 2007

As a result of increased interest in global health, more and more medical students and trainees from the ‘developed world’ are working and studying in the ‘developing world’. However, while opportunities to do this important work increase, there has been insufficient development of ethical guidelines for students. It is often assumed that ethics training in developed world situations is applicable to health experiences globally. However, fundamental differences in both clinical and research settings necessitate an alternative paradigm of analysis. This article is intended for teachers who are responsible for preparing students prior to such experiences. A review of major ethical issues is presented, how they pertain to students, and a framework is outlined to help guide students in their work.
Limited Reintroduction Does Not Always Lead to Rapid Loss of Genetic Diversity: An Example from the American Chestnut (Castanea dentata; Fagaceae)
Authors: Pierson Sarah A. M. , Keiffer Carolyn H. , McCarthy Brian C. , Rogstad Steven H.
Published: July 2007

In restoring species, reasons for introducing limited numbers of individuals at different locations include costs of introduction and maintenance, limited founder supply, and risk “bet hedging.” However, populations initiated from few founders may experience increased genetic drift, inbreeding, and diversity loss. We examined the genetic diversity of an isolated stand of more than 5,000 American chestnut trees relative to that of the 9 surviving stand founders (out of 10 total) planted in the 1880s. We used minisatellite DNA probes to reveal 84 genetic markers (circa 24 loci) among the nine founders, and their genetic diversity was compared with three separate plots of descendant trees, as well as with two natural stands. The descendants were circa 7.3% more heterozygous than the founders (mean estimated H= 0.556 vs. 0.518, respectively; p < 0.0001). Genetic differentiation was not pronounced (FST < 0.031), and no markers, including those at low frequency among the founders, were lost in the descendants. The founders and natural transects were not significantly different in H or similarity (mean proportion of bands shared). Special planting or mating protocols for establishment of a vigorous American chestnut population from a low number of founders may not be required to avoid strong effects of genetic drift and inbreeding. These results demonstrate that loss of genetic diversity following reintroduction of a limited number of founders is not always inevitable, such as this case where the species is highly outcrossing, expression of heterozygous advantage may occur, the original founders remain as gene contributors over generations, and the establishing population expands constantly and rapidly.
Restoring Rivers One Reach at a Time: Results from a Survey of U.S. River Restoration Practitioners
Authors: Bernhardt Emily S. , Sudduth Elizabeth B. , Palmer Margaret A. , Allan J. David , Meyer Judy L. , Alexander Gretchen , Follastad‐Shah Jennifer , Hassett Brooke , Jenkinson Robin , Lave Rebecca , Rumps Jeanne , Pagano Laura
Published: July 2007

Despite expenditures of more than 1 billion dollars annually, there is little information available about project motivations, actions, and results for the vast majority of river restoration efforts. We performed confidential telephone interviews with 317 restoration project managers from across the United States with the goals of (1) assessing project motivations and the metrics of project evaluation and (2) estimating the proportion of projects that set and meet criteria for ecologically successful river restoration projects. According to project managers, ecological degradation typically motivated restoration projects, but post‐project appearance and positive public opinion were the most commonly used metrics of success. Less than half of all projects set measurable objectives for their projects, but nearly two‐thirds of all interviewees felt that their projects had been “completely successful.” Projects that we classified as highly effective were distinct from the full database in that most had significant community involvement and an advisory committee. Interviews revealed that many restoration practitioners are frustrated by the lack of funding for and emphasis on project monitoring. To remedy this, we recommend a national program of strategic monitoring focused on a subset of future projects. Our interviews also suggest that merely conducting and publishing more scientific studies will not lead to significant improvements in restoration practice; direct, collaborative involvement between scientists, managers, and practitioners is required for forward progress in the science and application of river restoration.
Freshwater Habitat Restoration Actions in the Pacific Northwest: A Decade’s Investment in Habitat Improvement
Authors: Katz Stephen L. , Barnas Katie , Hicks Ryan , Cowen Jeff , Jenkinson Robin
Published: July 2007

Across the Pacific Northwest (PNW), both public and private agents are working to improve riverine habitat for a variety of reasons, including improving conditions for threatened and endangered salmon. These projects are moving forward with little or no knowledge of specific linkages between restoration actions and the responses of target species. Targeted effectiveness monitoring of these actions is required to redress this lack of mechanistic understanding, but such monitoring depends on detailed restoration information—that is, implementation monitoring. This article describes the process of assembling a database of restoration projects intended to improve stream and river habitat throughout the PNW. We designed the database specifically to address the needs of regional monitoring programs that evaluate the effectiveness of restoration actions. The database currently contains spatially referenced, project‐level data on over 23,000 restoration actions initiated at over 35,000 locations in the last 15 years (98% of projects report start or end dates between 1991 and 2005) in the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. Data sources included federal, state, local, nongovernmental organization, and tribal contributors. The process of database production identified difficulties in the design of regional project tracking systems. The technical design issues range from low‐level information such as what defines a project or a location to high‐level issues that include data validation and legalities of interagency data sharing. The completed database will inform efficient monitoring design, effectiveness assessments, and restoration project planning.
Systematic Postproject Appraisals to Maximize Lessons Learned from River Restoration Projects: Case Study of Compound Channel Restoration Projects in Northern California
Authors: Tompkins Mark R. , Kondolf G. M.
Published: July 2007

We conducted systematic postproject appraisals (PPAs) of seven compound channel restoration projects, supplementing available data with new field data and analyses to produce comparable datasets for all seven projects. We describe how systematic PPAs can be developed and illustrate a systematic PPA for compound channel projects organized around performance with respect to geomorphic, habitat, and conveyance objectives. We found that preexisting monitoring programs for a group of similar restoration projects can be supplemented with relatively low‐effort data collection and analyses to produce lessons on a “class” of restoration projects. Using this approach to assess a set of seven compound channel projects, we found that two fully achieved geomorphic objectives, three appear likely to achieve geomorphic objectives with additional time and/or minor interventions, and two did not achieve geomorphic objectives. Further, four projects achieved habitat objectives and three projects appeared likely to achieve objectives if given more time to develop and/or a minor intervention to mitigate limitations on critical ecological processes. Finally, four of the projects satisfied conveyance objectives, and the remaining three appeared likely to satisfy objectives with minor interventions to maintain design roughness and geometry conditions. Based on observations from our new systematic PPA approach applied to compound channels in Mediterranean climates, we suggest application of systematic PPAs for other classes of river restoration projects to evaluate scale and geomorphic setting issues in project design, to refine postproject monitoring guidelines, and to predict vegetation recruitment, growth, and succession patterns to avoid potential vegetation problems.
Evaluating Stream Restoration in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed through Practitioner Interviews
Authors: Hassett Brooke A. , Palmer Margaret A. , Bernhardt Emily S.
Published: July 2007

River restoration is an integral part of restoring the Chesapeake Bay. As part of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis (NRRSS), we conducted 47 independent interviews with stream restoration project managers randomly selected from a database of 4,700 projects in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Here we present results from those interviews and characterize patterns in project goals, design, and expenditures, trends in project evaluation, and characterize project success as reported by interviewees. Interviewed practitioners reported that the majority of their projects were designed by private consultants. One‐third of projects were part of a watershed management plan and 70% were linked to other projects within the same watershed. Most interviewees considered their projects to be successful, and 76% of projects had conducted some form of project‐associated monitoring. Although most interviewees based their evaluation of success on observations or monitoring data, respondents indicated that very few projects had explicitly stated quantifiable project objectives within their design plans. Many interviewed practitioners specifically commented at the end of the surveys on the important role of stakeholder involvement and the need for initiatives to fund project monitoring.
Reputation When Threats and Transfers Are Available
Authors: Dal Bó Ernesto , Dal Bó Pedro , Di Tella Rafael
Published: July 2007

We present a model where a long run player is allowed to use both money transfers and threats to influence the decisions of a sequence of short run players. We show that threats might be used credibly (even in arbitrarily short repeated games) by a long‐lived player who gains by developing a reputation of carrying out punishments. Particular cases of the model are a long‐lived pressure group offering rewards and punishments to a series of targets (public or corporate officials) in exchange for policy favors, or that of a long‐lived extorter who demands money in order not to punish. We use the model to analyze the “convicted nonpayor” debate around judicial corruption. The model highlights formal similarities between lobbying and extortion.
Regulation, Corporate Social Responsibility and Activism
Authors: Calveras Aleix , Ganuza Juan‐JosÉ , Llobet Gerard
Published: July 2007

This paper analyzes the interplay between firms' self‐regulation (often denoted as corporate social responsibility) as opposed to the formal regulation of a negative externality. Firms respond to increasing activism in the market (conscious consumers that take into account the external effects of their purchase) by providing more socially responsible goods. However, because regulation is the outcome of a political process, an increase in activism might imply an inefficiently high externality level. This may happen when a majority of non‐activist consumers collectively free‐ride on conscious consumers. By determining a softer than optimal regulation, they benefit from the behavior of firms, yet they have access to cheaper (although less efficient) goods.
Introduction to the Older Patient: A “First Exposure” to Geriatrics for Medical Students
Authors: Adelman Ronald D. , Capello Carol F. , LoFaso Veronica , Greene Michele G. , Konopasek Lyuba , Marzuk Peter M.
Published: July 2007

In 2003, Weill Cornell Medical College developed a 4‐hour module to introduce the geriatric patient within the required first‐year doctoring course. The educational intervention highlights the importance of communication between older patients and physicians, the utility of an enhanced social history and functional assessment, and the pitfalls of ageism in the medical setting. The module incorporates film, the performing arts, and small‐group exposure to a community‐residing older person.

To evaluate the module's effect, four successive classes of first‐year medical students (2003–2006) responded to a 14‐item questionnaire and three opened‐ended questions at the end of the 4‐hour curriculum. Quantitative and qualitative analysis reveal consistently strong positive student feedback to this module. Almost all students agreed that the learning objectives were clear (99%) and had been met (99%).

Several curricular interventions received high endorsement from the respondents in their questionnaire and narrative comments. Most (94%) were in strong agreement that meeting the older patient in the small group was a worthwhile experience. Also, students appreciated observing an example of a substandard interview (76% in strong agreement) and then a demonstration of effective communication (83% in strong agreement) through dramatic enactments. The majority of students (97%) commented that exposure to these presentations enabled them to see ageist behavior firsthand and to observe how ageist attitudes interfere with appropriate diagnosis and medical care. This approach to introducing the older patient may be of use at other medical schools. Future studies will need to evaluate the long‐term effect of this educational intervention.
The Quality of Pharmacotherapy in Older Veterans Discharged from the Emergency Department or Urgent Care Clinic
Authors: Hastings S. Nicole , Sloane Richard J. , Goldberg Kenneth C. , Oddone Eugene Z. , Schmader Kenneth E.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and type of suboptimal pharmacotherapy that older veterans discharged from the emergency department (ED) or urgent care clinic (UCC) receive and to examine factors associated with suboptimal pharmacotherapy in this population.

DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study.

SETTING: An academically affiliated Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) Medical Center.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred twenty‐one veterans aged 65 and older who were prescribed a new medication at the time of discharge from the ED or UCC.

MEASUREMENTS: The primary dependent variable, suboptimal pharmacotherapy, was a composite measure defined as one or more drug‐related problems, based on drugs‐to‐avoid criteria, drug–drug interactions, drug–disease interactions, and failure to satisfy an explicit quality indicator for prescribing or medication monitoring.

RESULTS: A total of 757 drugs were prescribed to the 421 patients at the time of discharge from the ED or UCC (mean number±standard deviation per patient 1.65±1.1). The most frequently prescribed medications were nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (n=59), opioid analgesics (n=47), and fluoroquinolone antibiotics (n=46). Overall, 134 (31.8%) subjects were found to have suboptimal pharmacotherapy with regard to their discharge medications; 49 (11.6%) were prescribed a drug to avoid, 53 (12.6%) received a drug that introduced a new drug–drug interaction, 24 (5.7%) were given a drug that introduced a drug–disease interaction, and 74 (17.6%) did not have a quality indicator satisfied (61% of these evaluated prescribing and 39% evaluated medication monitoring). No consistent associations between patient or visit characteristics and suboptimal pharmacotherapy were identified in multivariable models.

CONCLUSION: A substantial number of older adults discharged from the ED or UCC may be at risk for adverse events due to suboptimal prescribing and inadequate medication monitoring. Further study is needed to examine the relationship between suboptimal pharmacotherapy and adverse clinical outcomes.
Predicting Caregiver Burden from Daily Functional Abilities of Patients with Mild Dementia
Authors: Razani Jill , Kakos Bernadette , Orieta‐Barbalace Carla , Wong Jennifer T. , Casas Rachel , Lu Po , Alessi Cathy , Josephson Karen
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between performance‐ and informant‐based measures of activities of daily living (ADLs) in patients with early dementia and burden or psychological distress experienced by the patients' caregivers.

DESIGN: Descriptive study.

SETTING: Ambulatory center.

PARTICIPANTS: Thirty‐four patient‐caregiver dyads in which the patient had mild dementia (Mini‐Mental State Examination score >17).

MEASUREMENTS: A performance‐based ADL measure (the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS)) was administered to patients with mild dementia. Caregivers completed an informant‐based measure of patient functional status (instrumental activities of daily living). Caregivers also completed the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).

RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between the informant‐based ADL measure and caregiver burden (CBI) and psychological distress (BSI) (correlation coefficient (r)=−0.34 to −0.71, all P<.05). Alternatively, fewer and weaker relationships were observed between the DAFS (performance‐based) ADL measure and caregiver burden or distress ratings (r=−0.32 to −0.43, all P<.05). Of the seven tasks assessed using the DAFS, impairments in orientation, communication, financial, and transportation skills in patients were associated with greater time and developmental burden and greater hostility in caregivers. Impairment in financial skills in patients was the strongest predictor of time‐dependence burden and hostility in caregivers, whereas impairment in patient transportation skills was the best predictor of developmental burden.

CONCLUSIONS: The ADL abilities of cognitively impaired patients can predict caregiver burden and psychological distress, with informant‐based measures having the greatest association with patient impairment.
Turkey's Admission to Europe Would Defeat Jihadists
Authors: FISCHER JOSCHKA
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
The Third Wave: Muslim Migration to Europe
Authors: LEWIS BERNARD
Published: July 2007

In this age of confrontation, the secular Turkish model has been seen as a bridge between Islam and the West as well as the link between Europe and Asia. Now that model faces the most severe test in its history. How the current crisis is settled will frame future relations between Islam and the West no less than the events of 9/11.
Efron‐Type Measures of Prediction Error for Survival Analysis
Authors: Gerds Thomas A. , Schumacher Martin
Published: July 2007

Summary Estimates of the prediction error play an important role in the development of statistical methods and models, and in their applications. We adapt the resampling tools of Efron and Tibshirani (1997, Journal of the American Statistical Association92, 548–560) to survival analysis with right‐censored event times. We find that flexible rules, like artificial neural nets, classification and regression trees, or regression splines can be assessed, and compared to less flexible rules in the same data where they are developed. The methods are illustrated with data from a breast cancer trial.
Infiltration and Top Seed Growth‐Textured YBCO Bulks With Multiple Holes
Authors: Noudem Jacques G. , Meslin Sophie , Horvath Daniel , Harnois Christelle , Chateigner Daniel , Ouladdiaf Bachir , Eve Sophie , Gomina Mousta , Chaud Xavier , Murakami Masato
Published: July 2007

The recently reported hole‐patterned YBa2Cu3Oy (Y123) bulks with improved superconducting properties are highly interesting from material quality and application variety points of view. It is well known that the core of plain bulk superconductors needs to be fully oxygenated and some defects like cracks, pores, and voids must be suppressed in order that the material can trap a high magnetic field or carry a high current density. To minimize the above defects, we have used a combination of standard superconducting ceramic processing and an infiltration technique to prepare regularly perforated YBa2Cu3Oy (Y123) bulk superconductors. This process leads to negligible shrinkage upon annealing and a uniform distribution of Y211 inclusions. Texture was evidenced by neutron pole figure measurements. Flux mapping was used to verify the superconducting homogeneity of the samples and to investigate the field‐trapping ability. In addition, the textured drilled samples were reinforced using resin or metal impregnation and the influence of the different processing steps on the hardness of the materials has been investigated.
Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand relates to inflammatory bone resorption, with or without occlusal trauma, in rats
Authors: Yoshinaga Y. , Ukai T. , Abe Y. , Hara Y.
Published: July 2007

Background and Objective:  Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is an important factor in osteoclast differentiation, activation and survival; however, its involvement in inflammatory bone resorption, with or without occlusal trauma, is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution of RANKL‐expressing cells in rat periodontium during lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation with or without occlusal trauma.

Material and Methods:  Lipopolysaccharide was injected into rat gingiva of the lower left first molar to induce inflammation. In addition, the occlusal surface of the upper left first molar of rat was raised by placing a gold inlay to induce occlusal trauma in the lower left first molars. The distribution of RANKL‐expressing cells was immunohistochemically observed.

Results:  In the inflammatory model, many osteoclasts were observed at the apical inter‐radicular septum on day 5 and they were reduced by day 10. On the other hand, in the inflammatory model with occlusal trauma, many osteoclasts were still observed on day 10. RANKL expression was similar to the changes in osteoclast number. The expression of RANKL increased in endothelial cells, inflammatory cells and periodontal ligament cells.

Conclusion:  These findings clearly demonstrated that RANKL expression on endothelial cells, inflammatory cells and periodontal ligament cells is involved in inflammatory bone resorption and the expression is enhanced by traumatic occlusion. These results suggest that RANKL expression on these cells is closely involved in the increase of osteoclasts induced by occlusal trauma.
Posttraumatic Nonischemic Priapism Treated with Autologous Blood Clot Embolization
Authors: Numan Furuzan , Cantasdemir Murat , Ozbayrak Mustafa , Sanli Oner , Kadioglu Ates , Hasanefendioglu Aylin , Bas Ahmet
Published: July 2007

Introduction

High-flow arterial priapism is rare and characterized by a prolonged nonpainful erection. Autologous clot embolization allows complete resolution of the problem in most of the cases.

Aim

To review our experience with superselective transcatheter embolization in the treatment of nonischemic priapism.

Main Outcome Measures

Advances in the understanding of the nonischemic priapism with the aid of newer techniques have altered the current management of nonischemic priapism.

Materials and Methods

Between 2002 and 2006, 11 patients underwent superselective transcatheter embolization of nonischemic priapism with blunt trauma to the penis or perineum. All patients underwent diagnostic evaluation with color–flow Doppler ultrasound and superselective pudendal arteriography, revealing bilateral arteriocorporal fistula and pseudoaneurysm in two cases, bilateral arteriocorporal fistula in one case, unilateral arteriocorporal fistula in one case, and unilateral arteriocorporal fistula and pseudoaneurysm in seven cases. Autologous blood clot was used as an embolization agent in all cases combined with microcatheter guidance.

Results

The procedure was technically successful in all cases. In three (27.2%) cases, a second embolization was required due to recurrence of priapism. In all patients, erectile function was restored within 6 weeks of the procedure. Follow-ups at 6 and 12 months after the last procedure revealed that full erectile capacity was restored in 10 of 11 patients, and these patients did not experience further recurrence of priapism. One patient reported a slight decrease in the quality of his penile erection.

Conclusions

Our experience revealed that superselective transcatheter embolization and transient occlusion of the fistula with autologous blood clot is an effective therapy for the treatment of nonischemic priapism. Furthermore, recovery of erectile function due to recanalization of the occluded vessel occurred weeks after the procedure.
Dysregulation of Emotions and Premature Ejaculation (PE): Alexithymia in 100 Outpatients
Authors: Michetti Paolo Maria , Rossi Roberta , Bonanno Daniele , De Dominicis Carlo , Iori Francesco , Simonelli Chiara
Published: July 2007

Introduction

There is still a lack of agreement on etiology, definition, and mechanisms that underlie premature ejaculation (PE) as well as on the different role and interaction between psychological and biological factors.

Alexithymia is a deficit in identifying and communicating emotions that is presumed to play an important role in psychosomatic diseases. The influences of alexithymic features on sexuality are still understudied.

Aim

Following a previous report on the relationship between alexithymia and erectile dysfunction, the objective of this study was the investigation of alexithymic features in patients with lifelong PE compared with controls, and the relationship between alexithymia level and PE severity.

Methods

We assessed 100 consecutive outpatients with lifelong PE (age range 20–60). A control group of 100 male volunteers was recruited for the control group. The two groups were comparable in age, marital status, and socioeconomic characteristics.

Main Outcome Measures

The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was employed for the assessment of alexithymia. The premature ejaculation severity index was used as self-report measure of PE severity on a multidimensional perspective.

Results

Our data show significantly higher scores of alexithymia in patients with PE than in the control group (P  < 0.001), and a positive correlation between alexithymia level and PE severity (P  < 0.002). With regard to TAS-20 subfactors, an externally oriented cognitive style shows the highest correlation with PE severity (P  < 0.001) and the most significant difference in the comparison between PE and control group (P  < 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that alexithymic features, and in particular, an externally oriented cognitive style, can be seen as possible risk and/or maintenance factors for PE, and may contribute to a more serious manifestation of this condition. Alexithymia could represent an important variable for an integrated diagnosis and treatment of PE in a modern somatopsychic and holistic viewpoint.