bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nucleoside syntheses, XXII1)Nucleoside synthesis with trimethylsilyl triflate and perchlorate as catalysts
Authors: Vorbrüggen Helmut , Krolikiewicz Konrad , Bennua Bärbel
Published: September 2007

The novel Lewis acids (CH3)3SiOSO2CF3(3), (CH3)5SiOSO2C4F9(6), and (CH3)3SiClO4(4) are highly selective and efficient Friedel‐Crafts catalysts for nucleoside formation form silylated heterocycles and peracylated sugars as well as for rearrangements of persilylated protected nucleosides. With basic silylated heterocycles these new catalysts give much higher yields of the naturalN‐1‐nucleosides than with SnCl4.
Nucleoside Syntheses, XXIII1) On the Mechanism of Nucleoside Synthesis
Authors: Vorbrüggen Helmut , Höfle Gerhard
Published: September 2007

During the silyl‐Hilbert‐Johnson nucleoside synthesis with Friedel‐Crafts catalysts three processes occur simultanously:

The formation of the electrophilic sugar cation.

The σ‐complex formation between th silylated base and the Friedel‐Crafts catalyst and finally.

The reaction of the electrophilic sugar cation with the silylated base to the nucleoside. Mode and rate of σ‐complex formation between the silylated base and the Friedel‐Crafts catalysts were monitored by 13C‐NMR. The probable mechanism of nucleoside synthesis and the factors which influence course and yield of nucleoside synthesis are discussed.
Di‐ und Polyaminozucker, XXIV1) Synthese und Reaktionen der 2,3‐Diamino‐2,3‐didesoxy‐2,3‐N‐oxalyl‐D‐glucose
Authors: Reckendorf Wolfgang Meyer Zu , Weber Rolf , Hehenberger Helmut
Published: September 2007

Bei der Umsetzung von Benzyl‐2,3‐diamino‐4,6‐O‐benzyliden‐2,3‐didesoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranosid (3) mit Oxalsäure‐diethylester entstand das cyclische 2,3‐Oxamid 4, aus dem sich durch Entblockierung die Titelverbindung 9 herstellen ließ. Durch alkalische Hydrolyse konnte der Oxalylrest leicht vollständig entfernt werden (→3), während unter verschiedenen Acetylierungsbedingungen Ringspaltung zu N‐Oxalylderivaten (11, 13, 14, 16‐19).
Ladungsinduzierte Konformationsumwandlungen in Biphenyl‐ und Cyclooctatetraenyl‐System
Authors: Huber Walter , Und Anette May , Müllen Klaus
Published: September 2007

In den strukturverwandten polycyclischen π‐Systemen Biphenyl (1), o‐Terphenyl (2), Dibenzo[a,c]cycloocten (3), Tribenzo[a,c,e]cycloocten (4), und Tetraphenylen (Tetrabenzocycloocten) (5) stehen einer konjugativen Wechselwirkung zwischen den einzelnen Molekülfragmenten erhebliche Spannungseffekte entgegen. Der Übergang zu den bisher unbekannten Dianionen 12− −52− erlaubt eine gezielte Beeinflussung der π‐Bindungssituation, so daß sich die Konkurrenz sterischer und elektronischer Energieterme systematisch verfolgen läßt. Von zentraler Bedeutung für eine derartige Beschreibung der Ionenstrukturen erweist sich die NMR‐spektroskopische Ermittlung der Molekülsymmetrie, der Ladungsverteilung und des dynamischen Verhaltens. Ein bemerkenswertes Resultat ist die ladungsinduzierte Symmetriedeformation innerhalb des Dianions 52−, als deren Folge eine bisher unbekannte Bis(biphenylylen)‐Struktur entsteht.
Thermolyse von Oxazolin‐5‐onen, XI1)N‐Acylimine und Enamide durch Gasphasenpyrolyse von 4‐Alkyl‐2‐oxazolin‐5‐onen
Authors: Jendrzejewski Stefan , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: September 2007

4‐Alkyl‐2‐oxazolin‐5‐one 1 liefern bei der Gasphasenpyrolyse unter CO‐Verlust N‐Acylimine 2, die sich beim Vorhandensein α‐ständiger H‐Atome in die stabileren Enamide 3 umlagern. Ist diese Umlagerung durch ein quartäres C‐Atom verhindert, so lassen sich die N‐Acylimine (z.B. 2a) isolieren. Im Falle des 4,4‐dialkylsubstituierten Oxazolinons 1 o entstehen Gemische von N‐Acylimin 2 o und Enamid 3 o, wobei der Anteil des letzteren bei Erhöhung der Pyrolysetemperatur zunimmt.
Metallcarbonyl‐Brückenligand‐Sechsringsysteme
Authors: Trenkle Armin , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: September 2007

Gezielte Synthesen ergaben zahlreiche Sechsringkomplexe 5, und 9 des Typs Ln M(EMe2E′Me2)2‐M′Ln mit M, M′ = Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni und E, E′ = P, As. Vorstufen waren einkernige metallorganische Lewis‐Basen LnMEMe2E′Me2 und LnM(EMe2E′Me2)2, deren Liganden EMe2‐E′Me2 z. T. am Komplex synthetisiert wurden. Nebenreaktionen der Synthesen lieferten u. a. kettenförmige Mehrkernkomplexe, von denen einige oligomer waren.
Darstellung und Thermolyse P2Me4‐verbrückter Mehrkern‐Carbonylkomplexe
Authors: Trenkle Armin , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: September 2007

Kettenförmige Dreikernkomplexe 3 und 5 mit einem MPPM′PPMGerüst (M, M′ = Carbonylmetall‐Einheiten, PPP2Me4) ließen sich aus Metallcarbonylen und den monofunktionellen metallorganischen Lewis‐Basen MP2Me4 im Verhältnis 1:2 oder aus Metallcarbonylen und der bifunktionellen Lewis‐Base (CO)4Cr(P2Me4)2 im Verhältnis 2:1 darstellen. Sie wurden ebenso wei die analogen Zweikernkomplexe mit MPPM′‐Gerüst im Einschlußrohr thermisch zersetzt, mit der Absicht, neue MM′‐verknüpfte Mehrkernkomplexe zu erhalten. Die Thermolysen führten unter milderen Bedingungen vorwiegend zum Ligandenaustausch, wobei sich auch Sechsring‐Komplexe mit M(PP)2M′ ‐Gerüst bildeten. Unter schärferen Bedingungen wurden dazu neben zunehmender Zersetzung auch Ligand‐Fragmentierungen beobachtet, die zu einfachen Komplexen oder solchen mit Metall‐Metall‐Bindungen führten. Als neue Komplexe mit Hetero‐Metall‐Metall‐Bindungen wurden (CO)4Cr(μ‐PMe2)2MnCpCO und (CO)4Cr(μ‐PMe2)2Ni(CO)2 isoliert. Der neuen Verbindung Fe2(CO)4(PMe2)4 ordnen wir eine FeFe‐Bindung, eine P2Me4‐ und zwei PMe2‐Brücken zu.
Pheromonsynthesen ‐ Modellreaktionen zur Synthese von Polyether‐Antibiotika
Authors: Ireland Robert E. , Häbich Dieter
Published: September 2007

Ein allgemeines, konvergentes Schema zur Synthese von Spiroketalen wird vorgestellt. Die Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zwischen einem exocyclischen Enolether 5 und einer α,β‐ungesättigten Carbonylverbindung führt zu Spiroalkenen 6. Diese lassen sich durch oxidative Ringkontraktion oder Reduktion zu 7 oder 8, den gemeinsamen Strukturelementen verschiedener Polyether‐Antibiotika und Insekteninhaltsstoffe, umsetzen. Modellreaktionen zu dieser Sequenz, ausgehend von 2‐Methylentetrahydropyran (14) und ‐furan (22), sowie die Synthesen der racem. Pheromone 2, 4 und 27 werden beschrieben.
Sterisch gehinderte Pyridiniumsalze, II1) Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 2,6‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1‐methyl‐pyridiniumsalzen
Authors: Weber Horst , Pant Jahannes , Liedigk Mechthild , Wunderlich Hartmut
Published: September 2007

Die Pyridiniumsalze 2a–c wurden erstmals durch Alkylierung der entsprechenden Pyridine 1 mit Fluorsulfonsäure‐methylester bei Atmosphärendruck dargestellt. Im Gegensatz zur seitherigen Auffassung besitzen sie keine außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften; sie sind nicht unzersetzt sublimierbar. Die spektroskopischen Befunde werden eingehend diskutiert. Die Kristallstrukturen des Iodids und Perchlorats von 2a wurden mit Röntgenmethoden bestimmt. Die Kationen stimmen im Rahmen der Standardabweichungen überein und zeigen nur eine geringfügige Deformation des Pyridiniumrings.
Cycloadditions of Allyl Cations, 261) Norbornene Derivatives from Cyclopentadiene and 2,4‐Dimethyl‐3‐penten‐2‐ol in an Acidic Two Phase System. A Stepwise Diels‐Alder‐like Cyclization
Authors: Vathke‐Ernst Heidrun , Hoffmann H. M. R.
Published: September 2007

2,4‐Dimethyl‐3‐penten‐2‐ol (1) and cyclopentadiene react in an acidic two phase system at 0‐25°C in several steps yielding epimeric norbornenylcarbinols (endo‐4 and exo‐4) and at least three isomeric allylcyclopentenols (2a, b, c), whereas allylcyclopentadienes (3a, b) and norbornene‐type olefins (endo‐5, exo‐5, and 6) are formed in traces under these conditions. All bicyclic products of this reaction were synthesized independently. On subjecting the pure product norbornenylcarbinols )endo‐4 and exo‐4) to the acidic, two phase reaction conditions at slightly elevated temperature, i. e. 50°C, some epimerization occurs and the norbornene‐type olefins (exo‐5, endo‐5, and 6) are mainly formed in addtion to allylcyclopentadienes (3a,b) allylcyclopentenols (2a, b, c), nortricyclic alcohol 7, and tricyclic ether 8. Independently, the forward reaction was traced by subjecting the isomeric allylcyclopentenols 2b, c to the acidic, two phase reaction conditions at 50°C: once again, endo/exo bicyclization gave the olefins 5 and 6 as well as alcohols 4 and 7 Hence, a stepwise Diels‐Alder‐like cyclization is proposed to account for the norbornenetype alcohols and bicyclic olefins, which are formed from the acid promoted reaction of cyclopentadiene and 1.
Synthesen biologisch wichtiger Kohlenhydrate, 241) Derivate des Sibirosamins (4,6‐Didesoxy‐3‐C‐methyl‐4‐methylamino‐D‐altropyranose) durch 4 → 2‐Chiralitätstransfer und vic. cis‐Oxyaminierung eines 3‐C‐Methyl‐hex‐3‐enopyranosids
Authors: Dyong Ingolf , Schulte Gerhard
Published: September 2007

Methyl‐4‐O‐benzoyl‐2,6‐didesoxy‐3‐C‐methyl‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexopyranosid (14) liefert durch Eliminierung mit Thionylchlorid hoch selektiv das 3‐C‐verzweigte Hex‐2‐enopyranosid 15 bzw. 16 mit D‐erythro‐Konfiguration. 16 wird unter vollständiger Inversion an C‐4 zum D‐threo‐Phenylthioether 18 umgesetzt. Dessen Phenylsulfinyl‐Derivat 19 dient zum Aufbau des Chiralitätszentrums ans C‐2. [2,3]Sigmatrope Allylsulfoxid → Allylsulfenat‐Umlagerung führt unter 4 → 2‐Chiralitätstransfer (“selbst‐immolative” asymmetrische Synthese) zum Methyl‐2‐O‐acetyl‐3.4.6 tridesoxy‐3‐C‐methyl‐σ‐threo‐hex‐3‐enopyranosid (22). Sterische Kontrolle erlaubt die regio‐ und stereospezifische vic. cis‐Oxyaminierung zum Methyl‐2‐O‐acetyl‐4,6‐didesoxy‐3‐C‐methyl‐4‐(p‐tolylsulfonylamino)‐α‐pyranosid 23 mit D‐altro‐Konfiguration. Aus 23 wird das Methyl‐N‐acetyl‐α‐glycosid 28 der Titelverbindung, des Glycons des cytostatisch wirksamen Antibotikums Sibiromycin erhalten.
Sulfenylaziridine
Authors: Bludßus Walter , Mews Rüdiger
Published: September 2007

Sulfenylaziridines

By irradiation of thiazyl fluoride (1) and hexafluoropropene the sulfenylaziridines 6 and 7 are prepared in 28 and 12% yield, respectively.
[Chlortris(dimethylamino)phosphonium]‐chlorosulfit, ein schonendes Kondensationsmittel bei Peptidsynthesen
Authors: Appel Rolf , Gläsel Ursula , Gläsel Volker Ingo
Published: September 2007

[Chlorotris(dimethylamino)phosphonium] Chlorosulfite, a Versatile and Mild Condensation Reagent for the Synthesis of Peptides

The title compound 5, which can be easily obtained from hexamethylphosphoric triamide (1) and thionyl chloride by catalysis of dimethylformamide, is succesfully applied as a mild condensation reagent for the synthesis of peptides.
Cycloadditions of Allyl Cations, 271) Dehydrative Cyclodimerization of 4‐Methyl‐3‐penten‐2‐ol‐in Two Phases. One‐Pot Preparation of Dimethylated Limonenes and α‐Terpineol
Authors: Vathke‐Ernst Heidrun , Hoffmann H. M. R.
Published: September 2007

Cycloadditionen von Allyl‐Kationen, 271) Dehydrative Cyclodimerisierung von 4‐Methyl‐3‐penten‐2‐ol in zwei Phasen

Dehydrative Eintopfcyclodimerisierung von 4‐Methyl‐3‐penten‐2‐ol (1) in einem Gemisch aus wäβriger Toluosulfonsäure/Kohlenwasserstoff gibt dimethylierte Limonene 2a und c sowie dimethyliertes α‐Terpineol 3.
Synthese und Struktur von pentakoordinierten spirocyclischen Derivaten des Phosphors und Arsens
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Djarrah Habib , Amirzadeh‐Asl Djammschid , Sheldrick William S.
Published: September 2007

Synthesis and Structure of Pentacoordinated Spirocyclic Derivatives of Phosphorus and Arsenic

Phosphorus (2a,b) and arsenic 4 containing spirocyclic compounds have been synthesised from substituted ureas and halides of phosphorus and arsenic. On the basis of an X‐ray analysis of 2b it is demonstrated that λ5‐P compounds and not phosphonium salts were obtained.
Zur Umsetzung des Tricarbonyl(η4‐6,6‐diphenylpentafulven)eisens mit Nucleophilen
Authors: Eilbracht Peter , Henkes Erhard
Published: September 2007

Conversion of Tricarbonyl(η4‐6,6‐diphenylpentafulvene)iron with Nucleophiles

Tricarbonyl(η4‐6,6‐diphenylpentafulvene)iron (2a), reacts with methanol/methoxide to form the “metalloester” 7a via nucleophilic attack of the carbon monoxide ligand. This is contrary to an earlier report in which a bridged cyclopentadiene system 6 has been proposed as reaction product.
Polare und sterische Effekte bei Oxidationsreaktionen mit aliphatischen Persäuren
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg , Becker Norman , Philippi Klaus
Published: September 2007

Polar and Steric Effects in Oxidation Reactions with Aliphatic Peracids

Epoxidation rates of substituted peracids yield Taft reaction constants of p* = +2.0 and δ ≅ 0; the reaction order is secured and it is shown for in situ epoxidations that formation of the peracid is the slow step. α‐Halopercarboxylic acids are eletrophilic enough to oxidize paraffines selectively. Attempts to use hydrophobic interactions between (E)‐2‐octene and steroid carboxylic acids during in situ oxidations in protic solvents for asymmetric induction did not yield optical active compounds.
Verknüpfung von elektronenreichen Alkenen mit elektronenarmen Alkenen in Eintopfsynthesen
Authors: Giese Bernd , Heuck Klaus
Published: September 2007

Coupling between Electron Rich Alkenes and Electron Deficient Alkenes in One‐Flask Syntheses

Electron rich alkenes 4 with nucleophilic neighbouring groups X are coupled with acrylic ester to give the products 5 in one‐flask syntheses at room temperature.
Radikalionen, 451) Notiz zu Radikalanionen (H3C)2P‐substituierter Benzole
Authors: Kaim Wolfgang , Bock Hans
Published: September 2007

Radical Ions, 451) Comment on Radical Anions of (H3C)2P‐substituted Benzenes

An ESR spectroscopic reinvestigation of the reduction of (H3C)2P‐substituted benzenes 1, 3, 5, 7 demonstrates that the corresponding phosphane oxide derivatives 2, 4, 6, 8 are more easily reduced, and that P‐aryl cleavage can occur under measurement conditions.
Distance Determination in Heterogeneous DNA Model Systems by Pulsed EPR
Authors: Ward Richard , Keeble David J. , El‐Mkami Hassane , Norman David G.
Published: September 2007

Many biological systems, especially those based on nucleic acids, are structurally heterogeneous in solution. We demonstrate here the ability to measure multiple distances, of between 2 and 7 nm, from a heterogeneous mixture of double‐spin‐labeled DNA duplexes. We have constructed a DNA distance ruler based on the attachment of nitroxide spin labels to 2′‐amino‐modified nucleosides. The distribution of distances between the spin labels was obtained by Tikhonov regularization analysis of the dipolar coupling evolution data measured by using the electron paramagnetic resonance method, pulsed‐electron double resonance (PELDOR). Optimization of the conditions and techniques used in the preparation of the samples has allowed us to increase the sensitivity and reduce aggregation artifacts. As a result, we have been able to demonstrate deconvolution of distances from structurally heterogeneous samples and show the limits of the technique by examining data derived from up to five DNA duplexes, in a single mixture, in which the concentration of each species was as low as 5 μM.
LOX‐Induced Lipid Peroxidation Mechanism Responsible for the Detrimental Effect of Marine Diatoms on Zooplankton Grazers
Authors: Fontana Angelo , d'Ippolito Giuliana , Cutignano Adele , Romano Giovanna , Lamari Nadia , Massa Gallucci Alexia , Cimino Guido , Miralto Antonio , Ianora Adrianna
Published: September 2007

Some marine diatoms negatively affect the reproduction of dominant zooplankton grazers such as copepods, thus compromising the transfer of energy through the marine food chains. In this paper, the metabolic mechanism that leads to diatom‐induced toxicity is investigated in three bloom‐forming microalgae. We show that copepod dysfunctions can be induced by highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) and a blended mixture of diatom products, including fatty acid hydroperoxides (FAHs); these compounds display teratogenic and proapoptotic properties. The process is triggered by the early onset of lipoxygenase activities that elicit the synthesis of species‐specific products, the basic structures of which were established (1–20); these compounds boost oxidative stress by massive lipid peroxidation. Our study might explain past laboratory and field results showing how diatoms damage zooplankton grazers even in the absence of polyunsaturated aldehydes, a class of molecules that has been formerly implicated in mediating the toxic activity of diatoms on copepods.
Interception of the Enzymatic Conversion of Farnesyl Diphosphate to 5‐Epi‐Aristolochene by Using a Fluoro Substrate Analogue: 1‐Fluorogermacrene A from (2E,6Z)‐6‐Fluorofarnesyl Diphosphate
Authors: Faraldos Juan A. , Zhao Yuxin , O'Maille Paul E. , Noel Joseph P. , Coates Robert M.
Published: September 2007

Tobacco 5‐epi‐aristolochene synthase (TEAS) catalyzes the MgII‐dependent cyclizations and rearrangements of (E,E)‐farnesyl diphosphate (PP) to the bicyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon via a tightly bound (+)‐germacrene A as a deprotonated intermediate. With the native enzyme, only a few percent of the putative germacrene A intermediate is released from the active site during the catalytic cycle. 6‐Fluorofarnesyl PP was designed and synthesized with the aim of arresting the cyclization–rearrangement mechanism en route to 5‐epi‐aristolochene. Indeed, incubation of (2E,6Z)‐6‐fluorofarnesyl PP with recombinant TEAS afforded (−)‐1‐fluororogermacrene A as the sole product in 58 % yield. Steady‐state kinetic experiments with farnesyl PP and the 6‐fluoro analogue showed that the overall catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) are essentially the same for both substrates. 1‐Fluorogermacrene A was characterized by chromatographic properties (TLC, GC), MS, optical rotation, UV, IR and 1H NMR data, and by heat‐induced Cope rearrangement to (+)‐1‐fluoro‐β‐elemene. 1H NMR spectra at room temperature revealed that this (E,E)‐configured fluorocyclodecadiene exists in solution as a 7:3 mixture of UU and UD conformers. 1‐Fluorogermacrene A underwent trifluoroacetic acid‐catalyzed cyclization to give three 1α‐fluoroselinene isomers at a rate estimated to be about 1000 times slower than that of the similar cyclization of (+)‐germacrene A to the parent selinenes.
Photooxidation of Guanine by a Ruthenium Dipyridophenazine Complex Intercalated in a Double‐Stranded Polynucleotide Monitored Directly by Picosecond Visible and Infrared Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Elias Benjamin , Creely Caitriona , Doorley Gerard W. , Feeney Martin M. , Moucheron Cécile , Kirsch‐DeMesmaeker Andrée , Dyer Joanne , Grills David C. , George Michael W. , Matousek Pavel , Parker Anthony W. , Towrie Michael , Kelly John M.
Published: September 2007

Transient species formed by photoexcitation (400 nm) of [Ru(dppz)(tap)2]2+ (1) (dppz=dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine; tap=1,4,5,8‐tetraazaphenanthrene) in aqueous solution and when intercalated into a double‐stranded synthetic polynucleotide, [poly(dG‐dC)]2, have been observed on a picosecond timescale by both visible transient absorption (allowing monitoring of the metal complex intermediates) and transient infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy (allowing direct study of the DNA nucleobases). By contrast with its behavior when free in aqueous solution, excitation of 1 when bound to [poly(dG‐dC)]2 causes a strong increase in absorbance at 515 nm due to formation of the reduced complex [Ru(dppz)(tap)2]+ (rate constant=(2.0±0.2)×109 s−1). The subsequent reformation of 1 proceeds with a rate constant of (1.1±0.2)×108 s−1. When the process is carried out in D2O, the rates of formation and removal of [Ru(dppz)(tap)2]+ are reduced (rate constants (1.5±0.3)×109 and (0.7±0.2)×108 s−1 respectively) consistent with proton‐coupled electron transfer processes. Picosecond transient IR measurements in the 1540–1720 cm−1 region in D2O solution confirm that the reduction of 1 intercalated into [poly(dG‐dC)]2 is accompanied by bleaching of IR ground‐state bands of guanine (1690 cm−1) and cytosine (1656 cm−1), each with similar rate constants.
Proton Activity Inside the Channels of Zeolite L
Authors: Albuquerque Rodrigo Q. , Calzaferri Gion
Published: September 2007

The proton activity inside the channels of zeolite L has been studied by investigating dye‐loaded zeolite L crystals under different conditions, such as water content, nature of the counterions, and nature of the solvent. The discussion is made within the frame of three types of dye‐loaded zeolite L systems, classified according to their ability to exchange matter (dyes, cations, solvent, and other small molecules) with the environment. The classification refers to dye‐loaded zeolites. The term “closed” and “semi‐open” characterize different possibilities of the channels to exchange small molecules, cations, and solvent molecules with the environment, but not dyes. The “open” systems also allow for dye exchange. UV‐visible and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to observe the proton activity inside the zeolite L channels. The influence of the proton activity on the luminescence of encapsulated dyes is discussed, special attention being given to luminescence quenching by excited‐state protonation. Partially proton‐exchanged zeolite L can be a superacid, whereas for the M‐exchanged form (M: K+, Li+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+) the pH ranges from about 2.5 to 3.5. For these last forms, the differences in pH are due to the acid–base reactions of the respective metal cations with water inside the zeolite. Finally, we describe an easy experimental procedure that can be used to tune the proton activity inside the zeolite L to a considerable extent.
Bisamides Derived from Azulene‐1,3‐ and ‐5,7‐dicarboxylic Acids as New Building Blocks for Anion Receptors
Authors: Zieliński Tomasz , Kȩdziorek Mariusz , Jurczak Janusz
Published: September 2007

Bisamides based on the azulene moiety were investigated as building blocks for anion receptors. In the course of these studies, derivatives of azulene‐1,3‐ and ‐5,7‐dicarboxylic acid were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The anion affinities of the derivatives based on functionalization in the five‐membered ring and in the seven‐membered ring were determined by 1H NMR titration. The structural analysis of these building blocks was performed by X‐ray diffractometry, molecular modelling and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The five‐membered ring derivatives are easy to obtain, offer a binding site preorganized in the syn–syn conformation and bind anions with a strength similar to those of pyrrole‐based analogues. There is also strong evidence for aromatic CH⋅⋅⋅anion interactions. The ligands substituted at the 5‐ and 7‐positions offer a binding cleft with an uncommon geometry that originates from the seven‐membered ring and seems to be complementary to the chloride anion.
20‐(S)‐Camptothecin Analogues as DNA Topoisomerase I Inhibitors: A QSAR Study
Authors: Hansch Corwin , Verma Rajeshwar P.
Published: September 2007

The interest in the application of the quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) has steadily increased in recent decades because it has repeatedly proven itself to be a low‐cost, high‐return investment. Potential use of QSAR models for screening of chemical databases or virtual libraries before their synthesis appears equally attractive to chemical manufacturers, pharmaceutical companies, and government agencies. We hope it may also be useful in the design and development of new camptothecin derivatives as DNA topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibitors. In this paper, two series of camptothecin derivatives were undertaken to correlate DNA topo I inhibition with their hydrophobic and steric properties, to understand their chemical–biological interactions. The resulting QSAR have shown that the inhibitory activity of camptothecin analogues4toward DNA topo I is mainly dependent on their hydrophobic and steric descriptors, whereas the same activity of 10,11‐methylenedioxy‐ camptothecin analogues5is largely dependent on their hydrophobicity at position‐7. Using internal [cross‐validation, quality factor (Q), Fischer statistics (F), and Y‐randomization tests] and external validation tests both of these QSAR models have been validated. Both series of these camptothecin derivatives are also filtered by Lipinski’s rule of five to check their oral bioavailability. On the basis of these QSAR models, five compounds (4‐35,4‐36,5‐20,5‐21, and5‐22) have been predicted that may be the next synthetic target. These molecules also fulfill the conditions of Lipinski’s rule of five.
A phase 3 randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of atrasentan in men with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Carducci Michael A. , Saad Fred , Abrahamsson Per‐Anders , Dearnaley David P. , Schulman Claude C. , North Scott A. , Sleep Darryl J. , Isaacson Jeffrey D. , Nelson Joel B. ,   for the Atrasentan Phase III Study Group Institutions.
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atrasentan (Xinlay), a selective endothelin‐A receptor antagonist, in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).

METHODS.

This multinational, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial enrolled 809 men with metastatic HRPC. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either atrasentan 10 mg per day or placebo. The primary endpoint was time to disease progression (TTP), which was determined according to radiographic and clinical measures. Analyses of overall survival and changes in biomarkers also were performed.

RESULTS.

Atrasentan did not reduce the risk of disease progression relative to placebo (hazards ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–1.04;P= .136). Most patients progressed radiographically at the first 12‐week bone scan without concomitant clinical progression. In exploratory analyses, increases from baseline to final bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels were significantly lower with atrasentan treatment (P< .05 for each). The median time to BAP progression (≥50% increase from nadir) was twice as long with atrasentan treatment (505 days vs 254 days;P< .01). The delay in time to PSA progression did not reach statistical significance. Atrasentan generally was tolerated well, and the most common adverse events associated with treatment were headache, rhinitis, and peripheral edema, reflecting the vasodilatory and fluid‐retention properties of endothelin‐A receptor antagonism.

CONCLUSIONS.

Atrasentan did not delay disease progression in men with metastatic HRPC despite evidence of biologic effects on PSA and BAP as markers of disease burden. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Increased risk of oral cancer in relation to common Indian mitochondrial polymorphisms and Autosomal GSTP1 locus
Authors: Datta Sayantan , Majumder Mousumi , Biswas Nidhan K. , Sikdar Nilabja , Roy Bidyut
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

Polymorphisms at mitochondrial (mt) loci could modulate the risk of diseases including cancers. Here the mtDNA polymorphisms at 12,308 nucleotide pairs (np), 11,467 np, 10,400 np, and 10,398 np were studied to examine the association with the risk of oral cancer and leukoplakia, alone and in combination with polymorphisms at the GST loci.

METHODS.

Polymorphisms at mt loci were screened in 310 cancer, 224 leukoplakia, and 389 control individuals by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) and most of the GST genotype data were taken from previously published reports. Data were analyzed to determine the risk of the diseases.

RESULTS.

The major allele, A, at 12,308 np on tRNALeu (CUN), increased the risk of cancer (odd ratio [OR] of 1.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.1–2.6) but not that of leukoplakia. The same allele also appeared to increase the risk of cancer in smokers (OR of 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–14.4), who are mostly males (OR of 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1‐3‐2), but not in smokeless tobacco users, who are mostly females. The major allele A at 11467 np demonstrated identical results as the major allele, A, at 12,308 np. The major alleles G at 10,398 np and T at 10,400 np (ie, M‐haplogroup) increased the risk of cancer significantly in smokers (OR of 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2–5.7 and OR of 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–5.1, respectively). The risk‐risk genotype‐allele combination at GSTP1 and mt12308 np loci increased the risk of cancer (OR of 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4–4.9) when compared with the nonrisk‐nonrisk combination in leukoplakia patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

Polymorphisms at the mt loci alone and in combination with the risk genotype at GSTP1 increased the risk of oral cancer. Thus, risk genotypes from 2 different organelles may work in combination to increase the risk of oral cancer. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
The role of rituximab in combination with pentostatin or cladribine for the treatment of recurrent/refractory hairy cell leukemia
Authors: Else Monica , Osuji Nnenna , Forconi Francesco , Dearden Claire , Del Giudice Ilaria , Matutes Estella , Wotherspoon Andrew , Lauria Francesco , Catovsky Daniel
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

The purine analogs pentostatin and cladribine have revolutionized the treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) with overall responses in greater than 85% of patients and a median progression‐free survival of up to 15 years. They continue to be effective at second‐ and even third‐line therapy; however, alternative treatments are needed for patients who are or have become refractory to these agents or whose remissions are shorter with each course of therapy.

METHODS.

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 8 patients who received pentostatin or cladribine combined concurrently (n = 6 patients) or sequentially (n = 2 patients) with rituximab at second‐line therapy (n = 3 patients) and at subsequent lines of therapy (n = 5 patients). Results from a previously reported database of 219 patients with HCL (73 patients who received second‐line therapy and 20 patients who received third‐line therapy) were used as a historic control group against which to measure benefit.

RESULTS.

All 8 patients responded to therapy, with 7 complete responses (CRs) (87.5%) and minimal toxicity. All patients who had CRs were negative for minimal residual disease (MRD). At a median follow‐up of 29 months (range, 5–39 months) 1 patient developed recurrent disease, and the estimated 2‐year recurrence rate was 20% (0% after second‐line therapy and 25% after subsequent lines of therapy). In the historic control group, the CR rates were 70% after second‐line therapy and 45% after third‐line therapy, and the recurrence rates at 2 years were 15% and 33%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS.

The combination of purine analogs with rituximab was safe and effective for patients with recurrent and/or refractory HCL, and the current results suggested an added benefit compared with standard treatment. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Is radiologic placement of an arm port mandatory in oncology patients?
Authors: Marcy Pierre‐Yves , Magné Nicolas , Castadot Pierre , Italiano Antoine , Amoretti Nicolas , Bailet Cédric , Bentolila Franck , Gallard Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

The objective of the current study was 2‐fold: to evaluate a radiologically placed percutaneous arm port device (PRAPD) in a large series of 1000 consecutive cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (in terms of safety, efficacy, complications, and quality of life [QoL]) and to propose future recommendations.

METHODS.

From 1998 to August 2002, all patients who had cancer required chemotherapy underwent insertion of a PRAPD and were prospectively included. All patients were followed for technical feasibility, overall device‐related complications, and QoL.

RESULTS.

Technical failures (6.3%) were caused by the inability to perform an arm venogram in 22 patients or to catheterize the brachial vein in 41 patients. Septic complications (3.2%) included septicemia (n = 7 patients), catheter sepsis (n = 9 patients), and febrile neutropenia (n = 16 patients). Mechanical complications (4%) included a twisted port (n = 2 patients), extravasation (n = 7 patients), catheter leaks (n = 7 patients), port obstruction (n = 7 patients), skin dehiscence of the port (n = 11 patients), catheter rupture and occlusion (n = 5 patients), and median nerve compression (n = 1 patient). Central venous thrombosis occurred in 12 patients (1.2%), and arm phlebitis occurred in 7 patients (0.7%). Procedure‐related death occurred in 0.4%. Early port removal was performed in 5.3% of patients. Good QoL was reported at port removal.

CONCLUSIONS.

The PRAPD was found to be safe, effective, and well tolerated in oncology patients. PRAPD could be recommended in selected patients instead of a surgical port device. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Cobalt Complexes with Pendant Nitrogen Functional Groups
Authors: Li Longjin , Han Shuang , Li Qiang , Chen Zhenxia , Pang Zhen
Published: September 2007

Several derivatives of cyclopentadienylcobalt complexes having a pendant amino‐functionalised side chain (Cp′) are described, the cyclopentadienyl ligands being (2‐aminoethyl)cyclopentadienyl, (2‐piperidinoethyl)cyclopentadienyl,1‐(2‐piperidinoethyl)‐2,3,4,5‐tetraisopropylcyclopentadienyland 2‐picolylcyclopentadienyl. Chelation by the amino‐functionalised side chain occurred when the Cp*‐cobalt(I) dicarbonyl complexes 5, 6, 7 and 8 were oxidised by iodine, thereby forming the corresponding Cp*‐cobalt(III) chelates 9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively, through the diiodocarbonyl intermediates 5′, 6′, 7′ and 8′, respectively. The stabilities of the intermediates differ greatly due to the different amino functions in the pendant side chain. Structural studies of 9, 10 and 12 were carried out and the correlation of the I–Co–I angles and the repulsive forces from the amino‐functionalised groups with the stabilities of the intermediates is discussed. The diiodocarbonyl‐η5‐(2‐piperidinylethyl)cyclopentadienylcobalt(III) intermediate 6′ becomes reduced to 6 by the CO released upon chelation of the former when the concentration of CO reaches about 0.088 mol L−1. The chelated piperidine group in 10 could be easily replaced by triphenylphosphane to form the diiodotriphenylphosphanyl‐η5‐(2‐piperidinioethyl)cyclopentadienylcobalt(III) iodide dichloromethane solvate 13 in the presence of hydrogen iodide. A strong N–H···I hydrogen bond with an N···I distance of 3.414(14) Å and a D–H···A angle of 164.1° were found in 13. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
2‐Chloro‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholenes – A Crystal Structural Study
Authors: Burck Sebastian , Gudat Dietrich , Nättinen Kalle , Nieger Martin , Niemeyer Mark , Schmid Dirk
Published: September 2007

A series of 2‐chloro‐1,3,2‐diazaphospholenes with different substitution patterns has been prepared from 1,4‐diazabutadienes according to a general synthetic methodology. Subsequent chloride abstraction with Lewis acids affords the corresponding 1,3,2‐diazaphospholenium salts. All products have been characterised spectroscopically and by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. A detailed analysis of trends in the structural parameters supports the interpretation that the unusual P–Cl bond lengthening in the diazaphospholenes is attributable to n(N)/σ*(P‐Cl) hyperconjugation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Aggregation Properties of Water‐Soluble Newkome‐Dendronized Perylenetetracarboxdiimides
Authors: Schmidt Cordula D. , Böttcher Christoph , Hirsch Andreas
Published: September 2007

The synthesis and characterization of three highly water‐soluble perylenetetracarboxdiimide (“perylene bisimide”, PBI) dyes 1 and 2b is presented. The water solubility is provided by peripheral dendronization with 1G‐ and 2G‐Newkome dendrons. The aggregation behaviour of these amphiphiles in water and that of their tert‐butyl‐protected precursor molecules 3 and 4 in organic solvents was investigated by UV/Vis‐ and fluorescence spectroscopy. The symmetric 1G‐dendronized dye 1a forms aggregates more easily than its 2G‐counterpart 1b. The asymmetric derivatives 2b reveals pronounced aggregation properties due to the presence of both a 2G‐dendron and a flexible and non‐bulky dodecyl substituent. The 1G‐analogue 2a is insoluble in water as a result of insufficient overall hydrophilicity caused by only one 1G‐Newkome dendron. Within the series of water‐soluble perylenes 1 and 2b the asymmetric derivative 2b forms the most regularly shaped micelles in water (pH = 7.2) with a mean diameter of 16 nm as demonstrated by transition electron microscopy (TEM). The bola‐amphiphiles 1a and 1b form a distribution of smaller aggregates on average with less defined shape.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Enantioselective One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of Hydrophobic Allylic Alcohols in Aqueous Medium through the Combination of a Wittig Reaction and an Enzymatic Ketone Reduction
Authors: Kraußer Marina , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald
Published: September 2007

A one‐pot two‐step process for the enantioselective synthesis of hydrophobic allylic alcohols was developed, which comprises ketone formation by the Wittig reaction and their enzymatic in situ biotransformation into the desired target products. By means of this combined Wittig reaction and bioreduction, the allylic alcohols were prepared with conversions of up to 90 %, and with excellent enantioselectivities of >99 % ee. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
From Theozymes to Artificial Enzymes: Enzyme‐Like Receptors for Michael Additions with Oxyanion Holes and Active Amino Groups (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 29/2007)
Authors: Simón Luis , Muñiz Francisco M. , Sáez Silvia , Raposo César , Morán Joaquín R.
Published: September 2007

The cover picture shows the design of molecular receptors with enzyme‐like catalytic activity for the Michael addition of pyrrolidine to an α,β‐unsaturated lactam. The picture emphasizes the design process of these receptors by using a draft‐like style for the receptor structure. This design is based on a model for the transition state (represented as a high‐quality 3‐D model) that is obtained from theoretical study of the reaction mechanism. In the paper, we use both kinetic experiments and molecular modeling studies to assist the design of the H‐bonding catalyst. From these studies we concluded that the presence of an auxiliary amine group could improve the catalytic activity of previous catalysts that resemble the oxyanion hole structure found in many enzymes. A simple modeling procedure is used to predict the catalytic activity of the tested catalyst, that in some cases shows kcat/kuncat values close to the range of values observed for many catalytic antibodies. Details are discussed in the article by L. Simón et al. on p. 4821 ff.
A compatible finite element multi‐material ALE hydrodynamics algorithm
Authors: Barlow A. J.
Published: September 2007

The main ideas of compatible Lagrangian hydrodynamics were originally developed in the form of a finite volume scheme by Caramana et al. at LANL. A new compatible finite element Lagrangian hydrodynamics method has been developed and implemented in a 2D arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) code CORVUS. The new finite element method was developed in preference to the published finite volume schemes in order to see if the fundamental principles of compatible hydro could be translated across to other numerical methods in use in hydrocodes and to facilitate a more direct comparison of the performance of the compatible hydro scheme with the existing finite element scheme in CORVUS. The new finite element scheme provides total energy conservation to round off for the Lagrangian step. The edge artificial viscosities and sub‐zonal pressures that have been introduced through the framework of the compatible hydro scheme provide further improvements in terms of accuracy and robustness for Lagrangian calculations. The details of the compatible finite element Lagrangian scheme and the extensions required to the scheme to allow it to be applied as the Lagrangian step of a multi‐material ALE code are discussed. Test problems will be presented to demonstrate some of the benefits and the performance of the new method for hydrocode applications. © British Crown Copyright 2007/MOD. Reproduced with permission. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced modelling of blood flow in the cerebral circulation: Coupling 1‐D, 0‐D and cerebral auto‐regulation models
Authors: Alastruey J. , Moore S. M. , Parker K. H. , David T. , Peiró J. , Sherwin S. J.
Published: September 2007

Pulsatile blood flow in the cerebral circulation is simulated using a nonlinear, one‐dimensional model of the arterial haemodynamics coupled in the time domain with lumped parameter and flow auto‐regulation models of the perfusion of the microcirculation. A linear analysis of the coupling shows that a resistance equal to the characteristic impedance of the blood vessel is required at the inflow of a terminal windkessel model to avoid the generation of non‐physiological wave reflections. The cerebral model suggests that the worst anatomical variation of the circle of Willis in terms of restoring normal cerebral flows after a sudden carotid occlusion is a circle without the first segment of the contralateral anterior cerebral artery. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TNFAIP3 is the target gene of chromosome band 6q23.3‐q24.1 loss in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma
Authors: Honma Keiichiro , Tsuzuki Shinobu , Nakagawa Masao , Karnan Sivasundaram , Aizawa Yoshifusa , Kim Won Seog , Kim Yoon‐Duk , Ko Young‐Hyeh , Seto Masao
Published: September 2007

The genomic aberrations in extra nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma vary according to their anatomical origin. This polarization is a reflection of the participation of different genes in the lymphomagenesis of marginal zone B cell lymphoma. We previously demonstrated by means of genome‐wide array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) that the genomic profile of ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma is distinct from that of pulmonary or nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. The novel finding was a recurrent deletion of a 2.9‐Mb region at chromosome band 6q23.3‐q24.1, including homozygous loss, in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. For a more detailed examination of the deletions of 6q23.3‐24.1, we used contig bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array CGH, containing 24 BAC clones covering the 2.9‐Mb region, to analyze nine cases with 6q23.3‐q24.1 loss. We narrowed the minimal common region down to a length of 586 kb with two genes and four expressed sequence tags (ESTs). All of these genes and ESTs were subjected to RT‐PCR and real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. Correlation between genomic loss and expression level was found only for TNFAIP3, demonstrating that TNFAIP3 is a target gene of 6q deletion in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. TNFAIP3 is an inhibitor of NF‐kB signaling so that loss of this gene may play an important role in lymphomagenesis and suggests that TNFAIP3 may act as a tumor suppressor gene in ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute treatment with 17β‐estradiol attenuates astrocyte–astrocyte and astrocyte–neuron communication
Authors: Rao Shilpa P. , Sikdar Sujit Kumar
Published: September 2007

Astrocytes are now recognized as dynamic signaling elements in the brain. Bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes involves integration of neuronal inputs by astrocytes and release of gliotransmitters that modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. The ovarian steroid hormone, 17β‐estradiol, in addition to its rapid actions on neuronal electrical activity can rapidly alter astrocyte intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) through a membrane‐associated estrogen receptor. Using calcium imaging and electrophysiological techniques, we investigated the functional consequences of acute treatment with estradiol on astrocyte–astrocyte and astrocyte–neuron communication in mixed hippocampal cultures. Mechanical stimulation of an astrocyte evoked a [Ca2+]i rise in the stimulated astrocyte, which propagated to the surrounding astrocytes as a [Ca2+]i wave. Following acute treatment with estradiol, the amplitude of the [Ca2+]i elevation in astrocytes around the stimulated astrocyte was attenuated. Further, estradiol inhibited the [Ca2+]i rise in individual astrocytes in response to the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans‐(±)‐1‐amino‐1,3‐cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid. Mechanical stimulation of astrocytes induced [Ca2+]i elevations and electrophysiological responses in adjacent neurons. Estradiol rapidly attenuated the astrocyte‐evoked glutamate‐mediated [Ca2+]i rise and slow inward current in neurons. Also, the incidence of astrocyte‐induced increase in spontaneous postsynaptic current frequency was reduced in the presence of estradiol. The effects of estradiol were stereo‐specific and reversible following washout. These findings may indicate that the regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission by astrocytes is sensitive to rapid estradiol‐mediated hormonal control. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STI1 promotes glioma proliferation through MAPK and PI3K pathways
Authors: Erlich Rafael B. , Kahn Suzana A. , Lima Flávia R. S. , Muras Angelita G. , Martins Rodrigo A. P. , Linden Rafael , Chiarini Luciana B. , Martins Vilma R. , Moura Neto Vivaldo
Published: September 2007

Gliomas are tumors derived from glia or their precursors within the central nervous system. Clinically, gliomas are divided into four grades and the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), also referred as grade IV astrocytoma, is the most aggressive and the most common glioma in humans. The prognosis for patients with GBM remains dismal, with a median survival of 9–12 months. Despite their striking heterogeneity, common alterations in specific cellular signal transduction pathways occur within most GBMs. Previous work from our group identified the co‐chaperone stress‐inducible protein 1 (STI1) as a cell surface ligand for cellular prion (PrPC), which leads to the activation of several signal transduction pathways, some of which modulate cell survival. In the present work, we used thymidine incorporation assays to investigate the effect of STI1 upon proliferation of the human glioblastoma‐derived cell line A172. Here we report that STI1 is secreted by and induces proliferation in tumor cells, an effect that is modulated by the Erk and PI3K pathways, and that, in contrast to glioma cells, STI1 does not induce proliferation of normal glia. In addition, our data suggest the involvement of PrPC in STI1‐induced proliferation of A172 cells. These results provide initial evidence of a new functional role for STI1 on the physiology of human gliomas, and may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets in these tumors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Building the school of engineering
Authors: Wright Jeff R.
Published: September 2007

Building an academic institution can be likened to an endless race. Success is reflected in satisfaction with processes and events rather than products.
Student and residence life: Planning a campus around students
Authors: Oehler Valery
Published: September 2007

A carefully constructed combination of services, programs, mentoring, interventions, opportunities, and celebrations brought the campus to life.
Creating an academic library for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Barclay Donald A.
Published: September 2007

The UC Merced library is not wed to any particular technology and will abandon any technology when its time has passed.
What was it like? Being in the pioneer class at UC Merced
Authors: Perry Lisa
Published: September 2007

A unique collaboration between residence life and other student affairs units addressed the need for experienced students on a campus where most students were freshmen.
UC Merced's inaugural class
Authors: Ochsner Nancy
Published: September 2007

The newness of the campus helped draw students to the campus, though the comparative disadvantage in terms of breadth of social and recreational activities and academic offerings presented challenges.