bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of TLR expression in Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis in mice model by probe based real time PCR
Authors: MITRA SUSWETA DAS , GHOSH SANKAR KUMAR , KRISHNAMOORTHY P , CHAKRABORTY ANAMIKA , C NIMITA VENUGOPAL , ROY MANISHA , SHOME BIBEK RANJAN , RAHMAN HABIBUR
Published: October 2023

Staphylococcus aureus infection of the bovine mammary gland can result in a spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from acute to chronic and subclinical. A molecular understanding of the principles causing this is particularly important to eventually develop innovative strategies for prevention and treatment in mastitis. The present study characterized the temporal (2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48h) expression of 5 important toll like receptors (TLR 2, TLR 4, TLR 9, TLR 11 and TLR 12) induced by S. aureus intramammary inoculation (IMI) in established mice model employing probe based real time PCR (RT-PCR). S. aureus challenge provoked transcriptional expression of each of the 5 TLRs in a temporal manner with maximum expression at 8 h after IMI. S. aureus maximally altered the mRNA concentration of TLR 9 and TLR 12 (> 5 fold) over the PBS control. We found TLR2 to be weakly (1- to 2- fold) regulated by the S. aureus challenge in this study. This study emphasized the contribution of other TLRs besides the most commonly studied TLR 2 and TLR 4 in activating immune response by switching on several receptors mediated signalling cascades. This study sheds light into the diverse pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) mediated mechanisms involved in host pathogen interaction.
Vulnerability to climate change among the livestock rearers of eastern coastal region of India: A household level assessment
Authors: MAITI SANJIT , JHA SUJEET KUMAR , GARAI SANCHITA , NAG ARINDAM , CHAKRAVARTY R , KADIAN K S , CHANDEL B S , DATTA K K , UPADHAYAY R C
Published: October 2023

The impact of global climatic change on agriculture as well as livestock has recently become a subject of increasing importance particularly in coastal ecosystem. The present study was designed to assess climate induced vulnerability at household level among the livestock rearers of eastern coastal region. Total 480 livestock rearers were randomly selected from the 4 coastal districts of 2 eastern coastal states of India as respondents. An exclusively “Social Vulnerability to Climate Change” index was developed by considering 40 indicators. The study revealed that average index score of vulnerability of livestock rearers of each studied districts as well as coastal states were negative with overall mean value -15.503±0.214. It was also found that livestock rearers of South 24 Parganas district were comparatively most vulnerable followed by Bhadrak, Ganjam, and Purba Medinipur districts. In overall, 41.667% of the livestock rearers were in medium vulnerability category followed by 35% and 23.333% in lower and higher vulnerability category, respectively.
Knockdown Fascin impairs bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells migration capacity of Wuzhishan Miniature pig
Authors: YANG LING , XIA YING , TAO XIAO-LI , HE WEI , WU TIAN-WEN , HUANG LEI , RUAN JIN-XUE , YANG SHU-LIN , MU YU-LIAN , LI KUI , FENG SHU-TANG
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from Wuzhishan pig (WZSP) with knockdown expression of Fascin were used to make out the role Fascin gene in migratory potential of BM-MSCs. The role of Fascin gene is well established in cellular migration, but it is unclear for its activity in porcine BM-MSCs. At present study, BM-MSCs were isolated from femur and tibia of the WZSP with about 42 day-old, and had been evaluated by previous study. At first, 4 vectors encoding different short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for Fascin were designed to knock down Fascin, and qRT-PCR was employed to detect the expression of Fascin mRNA by BM-MSCs after transfection, and the vector with best interference effect was selected to be used in the following experiments. And then, the effect of knock down Fascin was further determined through Western blot using Fascin antibody. Finally, the migration capacity of the BM-MSCs was evaluated through scratch assay and transwell migration assay. The results showed that the specific shRNA for knocking down Fascin efficiently was found for the BM-MSCs from WZSP, and Fascin was involved in regulating the migration capacity of the BM-MSCs in vitro, which may be useful for the BM-MSCs from WZSP to be utilized in regenerative therapy for human.
Effect of melatonin implants on the dry period of dairy goats
Authors: JIMÉNEZ ANTONIO , SΑNCHEZ JOAQUÍN , ANDRÉS SANTIAGO
Published: October 2023

The melatonin administration to milking goats before mating increased significantly blood glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities during 3–4 months. Therefore, the use of melatonin implants, in addition to reproductive benefits, could affect milk production through improving the health of the udder during the dry period in dairy goats.
Effect of different tropical roughages on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters of West African Dwarf sheep during dry season
Authors: AKINBODE R M , ISAH O A , ONI A O , ADEWUMI O O , OMONIYI L A
Published: October 2023

This experiment was designed to determine the effect of selected tropical roughages on digestibility and rumen parameters of West African dwarf sheep. West African dwarf female sheep (24) weighing 12.2 ±0.26 kg, were allocated to 4 treatments in a completely randomized design. The experimental animals were fed on Panicum maximum hay (PAHA, T1), 5% urea-treated corn cob (UTCC, T2), 5% urea-treated sugarcane top (UTST, T3) and cassava hay (CAHA, T4). Results showed highest dry matter (DM) intake (575.74 g/day) in sheep fed on UTST while DM intake was lowest in those fed on UTCC (377.04 g/day). Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were highest in sheep fed on UTST while crude protein digestibility was highest in animals fed on CAHA. Rumen NH3-N and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were high in animals fed on CAHA. Total VFA (116.00 mM), acetate (70.85 mol/100ml) and propionate (23.40 mol/100ml) concentrations were highest in sheep fed on PAHA. Protozoa, fungal and total viable bacteria counts were different across the treatments. This study revealed that UTST, PAHA and CAHA could be utilized for productive purposes while UTCC could serve as a maintenance ration for West African dwarf sheep during the long period of dry season when grasses are not available.
Effect of graded level of sugarcane press mud in ration on carcass characteristics of crossbred (Landrace × Desi) pigs
Authors: SAHU S , PATEL B H M , DUTT T , VERMA A K
Published: October 2023

The present study determined the effect of graded levels of sugarcane press mud (SPM) in the diet on carcass traits of crossbred Landrace pigs. Crossbred (Landrace × desi) piglets (28) randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, viz. T0: Control diet without SPM inclusion, T1: concentrate with 5% SPM inclusion, T2: concentrate with 10% SPM inclusion, T3: concentrate with 15% SPM inclusion, maintaining 3 barrows: 4 females under each group were used in this experiment. Iso-caloric and iso-proteinic diets were formulated for weaner (10–20kg), grower (20–50kg) and finisher (50–80kg). After the end of finisher stage, 2 barrows: 2 females from each group were slaughtered for carcass traits. All the major carcass traits were found non-significant among the treatment groups, but dressing % marginally variable among the treatment groups. Back fat thickness followed a linear trend from control to graded level of SPM supplementation while loin eye area did not follow any particular trend. Carcass length (cm) was lowest in T0 and highest in T2. All the parameters were comparable among the treatment groups. Similarly, SPM did not influence any carcass traits including primal cuts (%) as-well as edible and in edible offals. Chemical composition of loin eye muscle did not show any variation among the treatment groups. It can be concluded that inclusion of SPM up to 15% in swine ration did not cause any adverse effect on carcass traits.
Entrepreneurial behaviour and constraints encountered by farm women in dairy enterprise
Authors: YADAV D S , CHAHAL V P , KUMAR ARVIND , SINGH UMMED
Published: October 2023

The study analyzed various dimensions of entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy women farmers and identified their constraints encountered by them in dairy farming in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh State of India. Performance of majority of respondents on 10 dimensions of entrepreneurial behaviour was moderate to high except in case of innovativeness and knowledge about enterprise. The overall entrepreneurial behaviour of respondents was of medium level. Except age and family size, all other personal attributes of dairy farm women were observed to be positively and significantly correlated with overall entrepreneurial behaviour. A large majority of respondents (83%) encountered medium to high extent of constraints in dairy farming. The major constraints encountered by women included lack of technical knowhow about improved technology; lack of financial institutions; difficulty in getting loan; high cost of improved milch breed, feed, concentrate and medicines; non-availability of improved seed of fodder crops; lack of proper marketing facility, lack of entrepreneurship development oriented training; low price of milk and repeat breeding in cows.
Ludwik Fleck
Authors: Uzunić Mislav
Published: October 2023

U radu se problemski razmatra teorija Ludwika Flecka s posebnim naglaskom na njegovu primjenu sociološke analize na problematiku spoznaje i znanosti. Fleckove se prosudbe zatim uspoređuju s teorijom Thomasa Kuhna i teorijom edinburške sociološke škole (SSK) s ciljem da se ocrtaju njihove konceptualne i metodološke razlike glede definiranja društvenog u znanosti. Postoji kontinuirana osovina sociološkog analiziranja znanosti i spoznaje u dvadesetom stoljeću na relaciji Fleck, Kuhn, SSK. Međutim, u radu se argumentira da su Fleckova i Kuhnova teorija fundamentalno podudarne zbog analize racionalnih čimbenika koji utječu na proces znanstvenog odlučivanja, no da se SSK izuzima svojom radikalnom interpretacijom Kuhna zbog pretpostavke o snažnom utjecaju iracionalnih i neznanstvenih čimbenika na znanstvene procese. Postoji značajna razlika u njihovoj primjeni sociološkog pristupa, a posljedično i stavu o uspjehu znanstvenih istraživanja. Zato je potrebno razlikovati što Fleck i Kuhn podrazumijevaju pod 'društveno', a što pripadnici SSK. Prvi pod društvenim podrazumijevaju međuodnose unutar znanstvenih kolektiva i samih znanstvenika koji se temelje u epistemičkim čimbenicima – prvenstveno u spoznajama koje pripadnici međusobno dijele temeljem racionalnosti i dokaza. Pripadnici SSK, pak, proširuju analizu na odnos znanosti i šireg društvenog konteksta s ciljem da se prepoznaju iracionalni i neznanstveni čimbenici u takvim odnosima. U istraživanju navedene relacije leži radikalnost, ali i originalnost SSK u primjeni vlastitog sociološkog polazišta, a što je dovelo do kritike da pristup predstavlja jedan znanstveni antirealizam koji relativizira racionalnost i uspjeh znanosti.
Security and Privacy for IoT Data Through Trust Management System by using Cluster Based Management
Authors: Sachdeva Meena , Kumar Davinder
Published: October 2023

Internet of Things (IoT) networks has been evolving phenomenally over the past two decades. Although the devices generally hold relatively low memory, resource and processing capability, the challenge with its trend is that nodes generate a vast volume of data. That is where cloud technology kicks off to offer storage space. An extensive network functioning with cloud assistance might be vulnerable due to its centralized nature and robustness. Besides, the devices may be exposed to malicious activities due to weak access control policies. However, cloud technology provides a platform on which such a security system can execute. Within the framework of these criteria, a centralized, secure architecture fails to consider the mobile and edge devices. This raises many questions about the trust in third-party cloud intermediaries that cause security and privacy leakages. This paper presents trust management system mechanism as an excellent component providing security solution in the network which not just lessens device's energy consumption enhances the network lifetime, as well offers a proficient trust model to guarantee the network is treated as reliable, free from any sort of malicious attackers in the IoT system. This describes cluster priority based IoT system with their advantages.
Building and Serving the Queerlit Thesaurus as Linked Open Data
Authors: Matsson Arild , Kriström Olov
Published: October 2023

This paper describes the creation of the Queer Literature Indexing Thesaurus (QLIT) as well as the digital infrastructure supporting the workflow for editing and publishing it. The purpose of QLIT is to adequately catalogue Swedish fiction with LGBTQI themes. It is continually edited in plain-text RDF and automatically processed for correctness and storage. Finally, it is published online as Linked Open Data and used with external systems. The technical approach relies on scripts and applications developed ad hoc, rather than existing solutions. Code is available on https://github.com/gu-gridh/queerlit-terms.
Transliteration Model for Egyptian Words
Authors: Jauhiainen Heidi , Jauhiainen Tommi
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we describe token-based transliteration models for Egyptian words. We explain how we created them using an automatic alignment method we devised based on the Needleman-Wunsch sequence alignment algorithm. We use two sources where encoded Egyptian hieroglyphs and their transliteration pairs are available. Ancient Egyptian Sentences (AES) includes a collection of texts where c. 254,000 Egyptian words encoded using Manual de Codage (MdC) have been aligned with their transliteration counterparts. The second source is the Ramses Transliteration Corpus (RTC), with almost 500,000 MdC encoded words. The RTC consists of encoded hieroglyphic sentences, each on its line, and respective transliteration lines in another file. However, unlike the AES, there is no ready alignment of the MdC and its transliteration on the word level. In order to find word-transliteration pairs, we align the sentences of encoded words with the respective transliterations. The alignment task is made more difficult because many of the texts contain damaged parts and editorial additions.
The Laborious Cleaning: Acquiring and Transforming 19th-Century Epistolary Metadata
Authors: Drobac Senka , Enqvist Johanna , Leskinen Petri , Wahjoe Muhammad Faiz , Rantala Heikki , Koho Mikko , Pikkanen Ilona , Jauhiainen Iida , Tuominen Jouni , Paloposki Hanna-Leena , La Mela Matti , Hyvönen Eero
Published: October 2023

The paper documents the process of collecting, consolidating, and publishing epistolary metadata from Finnish cultural heritage organizations to create an archive for bottom-up analyses of 19th-century epistolary culture. We describe and discuss the data survey that was conducted to gather information about available letter collections across Finland, as well as the cleaning and harmonizing of over 350,000 letters from twelve different sources in various digital formats. We have also developed a data model that combines event-based and letter-based aspects of the metadata. Furthermore, the paper contributes to the ongoing discussion of the initial phases of data-intensive research and the importance of discussing the labor of cleaning data. We believe that our experiences described in this paper can have wider significance for other digital humanities projects in Europe.
TRƯỜNG HỢP CA BỆNH UNG THƯ TUYẾN MỒ HÔI
Authors: Lê Thanh Hiền , Nguyễn Hồng Sơn
Published: October 2023

Ung thư tuyến mồ hôi là một bệnh lí hiếm gặp, chiếm khoảng 0,05% các loại ung thư da . Theo một số nghiên cứu, độ tuổi hay gặp bệnh lý ung thư tuyến mồ hôi là từ 50-70 tuổi. Hiện nay, việc điều trị bệnh này còn nhiều khó khăn do chưa có hướng dẫn điều trị cụ thể, tuy nhiên, theo nhiều chuyên gia trên thế giới, phẫu thuật là phương pháp điều trị được khuyến cáo hàng đầu. Tuy vậy, tỉ lệ tái phát của loại ung thư này là cao nên cần được theo dõi tái khám định kì nhằm phát hiện các dấu hiệu sớm. Ngoài ra, việc chẩn đoán sớm là cực kì quan trọng nhằm hạn chế mức độ xâm lấn của khối u.

Thời gian nhận bài: 15/05/2023

Ngày được chấp nhận: 20/05/2023
Climate Roles of Non-Sea Salt Sulfate and Sea Spray Aerosol in the Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer: Highlights of 40 Years of PMEL Research
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Quinn Patricia , Bates Timothy , Coffman Derek , Johnson James , Upchurch Lucia
Published: October 2023

The Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) began measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in 1982 to better understand the seawater sulfur cycle and the contribution of seawater DMS emissions to the global atmospheric sulfur budget. These measurements led to a global ocean database of DMS seawater concentrations currently hosted at PMEL, with contributions from researchers worldwide. In the mid-1980s, PMEL followed DMS from the ocean into the atmosphere and began aerosol measurements. It was found that DMS-derived, biogenic sulfate can make up a large fraction of the submicron aerosol in the remote marine atmosphere. In addition, it was found that a significant and variable fraction of submicron aerosol over the ocean was composed not only of biogenic sulfate but also included sea spray aerosol and long-range transported components. These measurements were pioneering in providing evidence that marine aerosols are a complex mixture of chemical components that should be included in climate models in order to accurately model Earth’s radiation budget. Measurements from 27 cruises have helped form a coherent view of species responsible for aerosol light scattering and cloud drop nucleation in the marine boundary layer. This global database of aerosol properties is publicly available on PMEL web pages for use by the modeling and satellite communities. Most recently, PMEL has developed payloads for uncrewed aerial systems to extend surface shipboard measurements up to 3,000 m in altitude and to include measurements of cloud properties.
PMEL Passive Acoustics Research: Quantifying the Ocean Soundscape from Whales to Wave Energy
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Dziak Robert , Matsumoto Haru , Haver Samara , Mellinger David , Roche Lauren , Haxel Joseph , Stalin Scott , Meinig Christian , Kohlman Katie , Sremba Angie , Gedamke Jason , Hatch Leila , Van Parijs Sofie
Published: October 2023

Passive acoustic monitoring of the global ocean has increased dramatically over the last decade, providing insights into seasonal sea ice and wind/wave variability, biodiversity, geophysical hazards, and anthropogenic noise impacts. All of these phenomena are sentinels of marine ecosystem health and ocean climate change. Recognizing the utility of underwater sound, the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) formed a passive acoustic research program with the goal of quantifying deep-ocean and coastal soundscapes in support of NOAA’s mission to conserve and manage marine ecosystems. PMEL Acoustics Program researchers have built a stable of novel ocean technologies, including autonomous stationary hydrophones, mobile platforms, and near-real-time surface buoys with satellite communication capability. These passive acoustic monitoring systems have been deployed in every major ocean basin on Earth, enabling significant advancements in understanding of natural and anthropogenic sounds. This progress includes evaluation of human-made sound levels across US waters, observations of ship noise fluctuations during the COVID-19 pandemic, and evaluation of noise levels from offshore wave-energy devices. Our natural sound research includes assessment of seasonal variability in the presence of endangered cetacean species due to population recovery and/or changing ocean temperatures as well as early detection of the collapse of an Antarctic ice shelf.
Building Unique Collaborative Global Marine CO2 Observatories
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Musielewicz Sylvia , Osborne John , Maenner Jones Stacy , Battisti Roman , Dougherty Sean , Bott Randy
Published: October 2023

The NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) carbon program has made sustained investments over the last two decades in equipment development, autonomous sampling, and virtual support that undergird the global carbon observing infrastructure. As a result, the program plays an integral role in supporting ocean carbon research with collaborating institutions worldwide (Sutton and Sabine, 2023, in this issue).
Global Synthesis of the Status and Trends of Ocean Acidification Impacts on Shelled Pteropods
Authors:   Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Bednaršek Nina , Feely Richard , Pelletier Greg , Desmet Flora
Published: October 2023

The accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean has major ecological, socioeconomic, and biogeochemical impacts, with repercussions for the ocean as a critical carbon sink. Ocean acidification (OA) disproportionally affects marine calcifiers, among which pelagic zooplanktonic pteropods play a significant role in carbonate export. The pteropod, due to the susceptibility of its aragonite shell to rapid dissolution, is one of most vulnerable groups and a key indicator for OA regional monitoring, but its regional sensitivities have not yet been extrapolated over global scales. To delineate spatial and temporal changes in pteropod shell dissolution, global OA status and the OA rate of change were evaluated, based on gridded climatologies of observations and using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) biogeochemical/ecosystem model. Pteropods dominate in the polar and upwelling regions characterized by low aragonite saturation state and low buffering capacity, where extended pteropod subsurface dissolution is projected. We show that pteropods are most susceptible to OA in the polar regions, subpolar North Pacific, and eastern boundary upwelling system regions, particularly the California and Humboldt Current Systems. Rates of acidification and corresponding increases in pteropod shell dissolution are projected to be the fastest in the North and South Equatorial Currents.
Observing Extreme Ocean and Weather Events Using Innovative Saildrone Uncrewed Surface Vehicles
Authors:   Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, Zhang Dongxiao , Chiodi Andy , Zhang Chidong , Foltz Gregory , Cronin Meghan , Mordy Calvin , Cross Jessica , Cokelet Edward , Zhang Jun , Meinig Chris , Lawrence-Slavas Noah , Stabeno Phyllis
Published: October 2023

Extreme ocean events and severe weather systems have large environmental impacts but are under-observed due to their harsh conditions and associated challenges with deployments of in situ observing platforms. Through a public-private partnership, the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) has developed the Saildrone uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) into a viable air-sea interaction observing platform that can be utilized by the broader ocean research community. PMEL and the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) have demonstrated the potential of USVs for observing the Arctic marginal ice zone during the seasonal Arctic ice retreat and for observing the extreme ocean and weather conditions inside major hurricanes. These USVs will be an essential part of the Global Ocean Observing System, providing real-time data to improve prediction of rapid climate change and extreme ocean and weather events, and to reduce their harmful impacts.
Can Seasonal Forecasts of Ocean Conditions Aid Fishery Managers? Experiences from 10 Years of J-SCOPE
Authors:   University of Connecticut, Siedlecki Samantha , Alin Simone , Norton Emily , Bond Nicholas , Hermann Albert , Feely Richard , Newton Jan
Published: October 2023

Multiple stressors co-occurring in coastal waters are of increasing concern to local fisheries. Many economically, culturally, or ecologically important species (e.g., oysters, crabs, pteropods) in the Pacific Northwest are already directly affected by ocean acidification (OA), warming, and hypoxia. Additional indirect economic impacts on the finfish industry are possible due to losses of prey species. Because of strong seasonal and interannual variations in ocean conditions, capability for predicting degrees of acidification and hypoxia, as well as relevant indices of impact for species of interest, could be of considerable benefit to managers. Over the past 10 years, we have developed a seasonal ocean prediction system, JISAO’s Seasonal Coastal Ocean Prediction of the Ecosystem (J-SCOPE), for the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. The goal has been to provide seasonal (six-month) predictions of ocean conditions that are testable and relevant to management decisions regarding fisheries, protected species, and ecosystem health. The results of this work include publicly available seasonal forecasts of OA variables, hypoxia, temperature, and ecological indicators that are tailored for decision-makers involved in federal, international, state, and tribal fisheries. We codesigned J-SCOPE model products with state and tribal managers, and now federal managers at the Pacific Fishery Management Council receive J-SCOPE forecasts of OA and hypoxia within their annual Ecosystem Status Reports. US and Canadian managers of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) are now briefed on J-SCOPE-driven forecasts of hake distribution. Most recently, new ocean acidification indices specific to Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) have been co-produced with state and tribal managers. In each of these cases, the team has also investigated the sources of skill in forecasting ocean conditions to assess applicability of the forecasts to the variables, depths, and seasons relevant to these high-value fisheries. Observations from NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and other regional partners have provided critical validation of model performance throughout the model development process. We offer a retrospective look at the first 10 years of forecasting to provide perspective on its successes and limitations, and the potential global applicability of seasonal forecasting to inform flexible management responses to rapidly changing climate and ocean conditions.
MAPR: PMEL’s Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorder
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Walker Sharon
Published: October 2023

The NOAA Vents program was established in 1983 at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL; Hammond et al., 2015), just six years after the discovery of hydrothermal vents and their unique chemosynthetic ecosystems (Corliss et al., 1979). Because seafloor hydrothermal venting contributes significantly to the transfer of heat and mass from the solid Earth to the ocean, the program’s mission was to systematically explore, discover, and characterize the environmental impacts of submarine volcanism and hydrothermal venting on ocean physical, chemical, and biological processes. The program initially focused on the mid-ocean spreading centers in PMEL’s “backyard” (i.e., the Gorda, Juan de Fuca, and Endeavour Ridges in the Northeast Pacific) where segment-scale surveys detected plumes in the water column above the ridge crest that led to the discovery of numerous individual vent fields (see Hammond et al., 2015, and references therein). New technologies and techniques were created and/or adapted to address the challenges of finding and studying these vents. Repeat visits to the Northeast Pacific sites documented spatial and temporal changes, stimulating the development of new hypotheses about their associated biogeochemical processes. However, testing how broadly applicable these hypotheses would be on a global scale required discovering new vent sites from a far wider range of geological settings, and global-scale exploration requires significant resources.
Monitoring Biodiversity Impacts of a Changing Arctic Through Environmental DNA
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Galaska Matthew , Brown Shannon , McAllister Sean
Published: October 2023

The Ocean Molecular Ecology (OME) program at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) is a recently established research group that partners with several established PMEL and Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) programs including Ecosystems & Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (EcoFOCI), Ocean Carbon, and Earth-Ocean Interactions (EOI). The OME program utilizes a suite of molecular tools to support long-term research initiatives through genomics applications, and their development and application as novel environmental (e)DNA approaches has been key for facilitating collaborations within PMEL and NOAA Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, and across NOAA line offices.
Acidification of the Global Surface Ocean: What We Have Learned from Observations
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Feely Richard , Jiang Li-Qing , Wanninkhof Rik , Carter Brendan , Alin Simone , Bednaršek Nina , Cosca Catherine
Published: October 2023

The chemistry of the global ocean is rapidly changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). This process, commonly referred to as ocean acidification (OA), is negatively impacting many marine species and ecosystems. In this study, we combine observations in the global surface ocean collected by NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory scientists and their national and international colleagues over the past four decades, along with model outputs, to provide a high-resolution, regionally varying view of global surface ocean carbon dioxide fugacity, carbonate ion content, total hydrogen ion content, pH on total scale, and aragonite and calcite saturation states on selected time intervals from 1961 to 2020. We discuss the major roles played by air-sea anthropogenic CO2 uptake, warming, local upwelling processes, and declining buffer capacity in controlling the spatial and temporal variability of these parameters. These changes are occurring rapidly in regions that would normally be considered OA refugia, thus threatening the protection that these regions provide for stocks of sensitive species and increasing the potential for expanding biological impacts.
After Two Decades, Argo at PMEL, Looks to the Future
Authors:   NOAA PMEL, Johnson Gregory , Fassbender Andrea
Published: October 2023

The NOAA Pacific Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) has contributed to the revolutionary Argo ocean observing system since its inception, developing CTD calibration algorithms and software that have been adopted by the international Argo community. PMEL has provided over 1,440 Argo floats—~13% of the global array—with ~500 currently active. PMEL scientific contributions using Argo data have ranged from regional to global analyses of ocean circulation and water-mass variability, to ocean warming and its contributions to sea level rise and Earth’s energy imbalance, to estimates of global ocean deoxygenation. In recent years, PMEL has initiated both Deep Argo (with a regional pilot array of full-ocean-depth profiling floats in the rapidly changing and dynamic western South Atlantic) and Biogeochemical (BGC) Argo (with a pilot array in the biogeochemically diverse and economically important California Current Large Marine Ecosystem). PMEL is also developing innovative near-global maps of ocean physical and biogeochemical parameters using machine learning algorithms that enable investigations of societally important oceanographic phenomena, and an Adopt-A-Float program. Future challenges include growing the financial, infrastructure, and human resources necessary to take the Deep and BGC Argo missions global and to fulfill the One Argo mission of a global, full-depth, multidisciplinary ocean observing array.
Physiological and biochemical basis of cold storage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds
Authors: N NITHYA  , J RENUGADEVI
Published: October 2023

A study to determine the optimumseedmoisture content and storage temperature for groundnut seeds under cold storage conditions in comparison to ambient conditions revealed that the seeds stored at -20ºC with 6 per cent moisture content maintained the seed physiological qualities like germination and vigour index at higher level with minimum loss in biochemical parameters like protein and oil content and less reduction in the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidise and lipoxygenase enzymes than the seeds under ambient storage. The supremacy of cold storage was also supported by structural study of seed coat changes through scanning electron microscope and seed health study.
Diseases of linseed (Linum usitatissium L.) in India and their management - A Review
Authors: JYOTI SINGH  , P K SINGH  , R L SRIVASTAVA
Published: October 2023

In India linseed (Linum usitatissium L.) is grown mainly for seeds which has high industrial, nutritive and medicinal value. Bast fibre obtained from straw which has an additive value. India ranks second in area but productivity of crop is very low. One of the major factors affecting its productivity is diseases. The important diseases damaging linseed crop in India are mainly fungal, causing crop losses upto 80-100 per cent under epidemic condition. Rust (Melampsora lini Erenb), wilt [Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini(Bolley) Snyder & Hansen], Alternaria blight (Alternaria lini Dey, A. linicola Groves and Skolko), powderymildew [Oidium lini Skoric, Leviellula taurica (Lev.) Arnaud] are the major ones. The minor diseases are Macrophomina/Rhizoctonica wilt/collar rot, Sclerotium stemrot, Pythiumdamping-off, Botrytis rot, anthracnose andDreschlera blight. The number ofseed bornemycoflora are more. Bacterial disease has not been reported and only tobacco leaf curl virus has been reported. Few nematodes viz., Rotylenchus reniformis, Tylenchorynchus brevidens, Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla and Pratylenchus are known to be associated with root. A phanerogamic parasite, cuscuta also become a serious problem in certain areas. The paper deals with the diseases occurring, crop losses and management ofthe commerciallyimportant oilseed crop in India.
Validation of SSR markers linked to oil content in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: N DEVASENA  , B K ANITHA  , N MANIVANNAN  , G NALLATHAMBI  , P JANILA  , M K PANDEY  , R K VARSHNEY
Published: October 2023

A set of 14 SSR markers that are specific for six QTLs for oil content reported by various authors was selected for validation in the present study. The F4:5 mapping population of the cross ICGV 00440 x ICGV 03128 was used to validate the markers as well as QTLs specific for oil content. Among the selected markers, six markers were polymorphic for the parents ICGV 00440 and ICGV 03128. Among the six polymorphic SSR markers, two markers IPAHM103 and PGS16F10 revealed a strong association for oil content with a PVE of 15.3 and 19.6 respectively in single marker analysis. Validation of QTLs was also performed through composite interval mapping analysis. A QTL with flanking markers IPAHM103 and PM36 could be considered as a potential tool for marker assisted selection of the trait oil content in groundnut.
NDSH 1012 (Prabhat) : A high yielding and high oil content sunflower hybrid suitable for Andhra Pradesh
Authors: S NEELIMA  , K ASHOK KUMAR  , K VENKATARAMANAMMA  , V JAYALAXMI
Published: October 2023

Sunflower is one of the most important edible oilseed crops in the world including India due to its wide range of adaptability and high oil content. The feasibility studies conducted at the time of introduction of sunflower cultivation in India indicated that Andhra Pradesh is ideally suited for growing sunflower. Though, a large number of private sector hybrids are available in the market, quality seed is always a question. Of late, AICRP on sunflower scheme at Regional Agricultural Research Station, ANGRAU, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh has developed a sunflower hybrid 'PRABHAT' (NDSH 1012), which is a short duration and a high oil yielding and suitable for cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. It is a robust plant type, matures in 90-95 days with a yield potential of 20-25 q/ha (irrigated condition) and an oil content of 40-41%. In All India coordinated trials during kharif 2014 and rabi 2015-16, 'NDSH 1012' registered an increase of oil yield by 12.2 % and 5.3 % over national checks KBSH 44 and DRSH 1, respectively. Moreover, 'NDSH 1012' was found to be moderately resistant to downy mildew disease. Hence, it can be concluded that cultivation of 'NDSH 1012' can be a better option for improving the productivity ofsunflower in Andhra Pradesh.
Character association and path coefficient studies on capsule shattering related traits and yield attributing character in sesame
Authors: MOHAMMED IMRAN  , MANASI DASH
Published: October 2023

Thirty five sesame genotypes were evaluated for the estimation of heritability, correlation, path analysis and genetic divergence for twenty traits. High estimates of heritability were recorded for all characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for characters capsule split before drying, retained seed weight, unattached and retained seed number. Seed yield showed a highly significant and positive correlation with branch number per plant, capsule number per plant, 1000-seed weight, unattached and retained seed number. The character potential seed weight contributed maximum towards genetic divergence. From the combined results of correlation coefficient and path analysis, it was observed that branch per plant; capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, unattached and retained seed number are the major yield contributing characters to be given selection pressure for improving yield. Also the genotypes possessing combination of above characters should be used in a breeding program for obtaining desirable high yielding segregants.
Identification of fertility restorer and sterility maintainer lines for diversified CMS lines in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: C NANDINI  , Y G SHADAKSHARI  , K T PUTTARANGASWAMY  , K KARUNA
Published: October 2023

Six diversifiedCMS lines ARG-6-3-1-4, PKUZ, ARG-3, ARG-2-1-2, PRUN-29 and MUT2-8-3-2 were crossed with ninety six inbred lines in a line x tester fashion to study their sterility maintenance or fertility restoration reaction. Out of 96 inbreds tested, 48 inbreds restored fertility in the diversified CMS lines viz., ARG-6-3-1-4, PKUZ, ARG-3, ARG-2-1-2, while 47 and 45 inbreds restored fertility in MUT2-8-3-2 and PRUN-29, respectively. On the other hand, 39, 46, 45, 43, 44 and 46 inbreds maintained sterility in the diversified CMS lines ARG-6-3-1-4, MUT-2-8-2, PUKZ, ARG-3, PRUN-29 and ARG-2-1-2, respectively. Among 96 inbreds, as many as 38 inbreds were identified as common maintainers for all the six diverse CMS lines. Similarly, 39 inbreds were identified as common restorers for all the six diverse CMS lines. Effective restorer lines identified for alternate sources of cytoplasm could be exploited in developing hybrids with better heterosis and it can pave way for broadening the CMS sources used in commercial hybrid development. Identified promising maintainer lines could be used in development of new CMS lines through conversion.
Effect of drip fertigation on productivity and profitability of castor (Ricinus communis L.)
Authors: P M VAGHASIA  , R L DAVARIYA  , K L DOBARIYA
Published: October 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Main Oilseeds Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) during kharif for three consecutive seasons of the year 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, with four replications. The soil was medium black in texture. The seven treatments comprised oftwo levels of drip irrigation [at 0.6 and 0.8 Pan Evaporation Fraction (PEF)] with combination of three levels of nitrogen (50 %, 75 % and 100 % of recommended dose through fertigation) and check basin method of irrigation 0.6 IW/CPE ratio with IWof 50 mm. Drip system(4 LPH) was operated after every third day for 2 hours during October and for 1 hour and 45 minutes during November to January. The pooled analysis of results revealed that drip fertigation at 0.8 PEF in conjunction with nitrogen fertigation @ 90 kg/ha in the form of urea (20 kg as basal and 70kg in five equal split doses at 12 days interval) resulted in the highest seed yield (3541 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 90712/ha) and B:C ratio (3.25). Drip fertigation also recorded saving of 25% nitrogen fertilizer and better water use efficiency. The highest water use efficiency of 12.26 kg/ha mmwas obtained under drip fertigation at 0.6 PEF +100% RDN (T3).
Screening of Arachis ssp. against Aspergillus flavus with in vitro seed colonization, EST-SSRs and generic primers and efficacy of different fungicidal control measures
Authors: KALYANI KUMARI  , N SASIDHARAN
Published: October 2023

Aflatoxin produced in groundnut due to the infection by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a major issue with respect to human health as well as export potential. Genetic resistance against this fungus is an important trait needed to counter the issue of Aflatoxin. In the present investigation, 50 Arachis subspecies genotypes including five different Arachis botanical types viz., spanish bunch, virginia bunch and valencia (cultivated) as well as two wild species viz., A. peruviana and A. aequatoriana were tested for their resistance to A. flavus. Compared to the reported resistant varietyICG1326 (J11), only three genotypes viz., ICG10933, ICG12625, TG26 showed resistance to fungal infection. Specific EST-SSR marker shown to be associated with resistance to A. flavus as well as generic molecular markers known to be associated with fungal resistance was tested in the selected genotypes. But, no strong association between markers and fungal resistance could be established. Also, among different fungicides tested for their ability to control A. flavus, carbendazim + thiram was found to be effective.
In vitro evaluation of fungicides, botanicals and biocontrol agents against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. - The causal organism of root rot of sesame
Authors: C S KARIBASAPPA  , BHARATI N BHAT  , S CHANDER RAO
Published: October 2023

The efficacy of six fungicides was evaluated in vitro by poisoned food technique which revealed that all the fungicides were effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina to varying degrees. Complete inhibition (100%) of growth of pathogen over control was observed in Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP followed by Mancozeb 63% WP + Carbendazim 12% WP with mycelial growth inhibition percentage of 98.79%. Among the commercially available botanicals, fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents Neem oil, Trichoderma viride (Tv1) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) were effectivewithmycelial growth inhibition percentage of 27.05, 71.05, 40.58 per cent, respectively.
Farmers' income from oilseeds production in India: Trends and prospects
Authors: PURUSHOTTAM SHARMA
Published: October 2023

Oilseeds are of pivotalsignificance in the agricultural economy ofIndia supporting income ofmillions offarmers practicing mainly rainfed cultivation. Profitability of oilseeds is an important concern for enhancing domestic production in order to reduce import dependence for edible oils. The present study attempts to analyze the trends in real income from oilseed crops in selected states and discuss some of the underlying factors using secondary data from the cost of cultivation surveys for selected states during the period 2000-01 to 2014-15. Farm income from oilseeds has increased in the states with higher proportionate rise in price realized and or yield of the crop as compared to the change in cost ofinputs. Profitability of oilseeds has declined in the states with higher proportionate increase in cost of inputs as compared to the yield or decline in the real price received. The factors which affected change in income from oilseeds included change in yield realized, farmers' price and change in cost of inputs. There exists a large yield gap for oilseeds across states on account of poor adoption of production technologies and lower application of productive and protective inputs. The yield gap can be narrowed down through ensuring quality input supply at affordable prices, increase adoption of production technology and price support with effective procurement. Efforts are to be enhanced to improve water use efficiency through protective irrigation, effectiveness of extension services to enhance productivity and profitability, and in turn farmers' income.
Export competitiveness of groundnut: A state wise analysis
Authors: MURLIDHAR MEENA  , K A KHUNT  , H N MEENA  , H T KHORAJIYA
Published: October 2023

The export of agricultural commodities became competitive in post-WTO period as a result of increased interaction of world economies. Therefore, it is relevant to check competitiveness of groundnut export from India. Export competitiveness was assessed for major groundnut growing states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu using Policy Analysis Matrix from 1996-97 to 2013-14. Groundnut was found export competitive in all the states except in Karnataka in almost all the years. The values of Nominal protection coefficient (NPC), Effective protection coefficient (EPC) and Effective subsidy coefficient (ESC) measured less than unity, indicating the export worthiness. Domestic resource cost ratio (DRCR) values were found below one indicating the efficient utilisation of domestic resources in this crop. Social profit was measured positive throughout years indicating the positive social welfare in producing and exporting groundnut from these states. Total policy transfer measured negative in all the states indicating that this crop is generating resources to the state economy of all the major groundnut producing states. The export competitiveness of groundnut from India was found to improve over years during the study period. Therefore, government support and promotional activities can help to boost groundnut export from India.
Impact of frontline demonstrations on the yield and economics of castor in Saurashtra region of Gujarat under climate change conditions
Authors: P M VAGHASIA  , K L DOBARIYA
Published: October 2023

Sixty five frontline demonstrations (FLDs) were organized on farmers' fields to demonstrate the impact of improved technology on castor productivity in Saurashtra region of Gujarat state during the years 2011-12 to 2015-16 under irrigated conditions to ascertain the yield gaps between improved technology (IT) and farmer's practice (FP) in castor crop. The productivity and economic returns of castor crop in improved technologies were calculated and compared with the corresponding farmer's practices (local checks). In the FLDs, the results revealed that seed yield (3640 kg/ha) of improved technology was higher as compared to farmers' practice (3148 kg/ha). Higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were recorded in FLD plots as compared to farmers' practice plots. The average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were 3360 kg/ha, 492 kg/ha and 94 per cent, respectively in FLD plots as compared to farmers' practice plots. Each year, extension gap was lower than technology gap indicating the need to educate farmers in adoption of improved technologies. It is suggested that location-specific approaches would be needed to bridge the productivity gap of castor crop in the region.