bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of orange-fleshed sweet potato supplementation on the phytochemical composition, physicochemical, and sensory properties of sorghum-based kunu-zaki
Authors:   Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria., Ibrahim A. G. , Ayo J. A. ,   Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria., Joseph H. M. ,   Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria.
Published: September 2022

The phytochemical, physicochemical, and sensory properties of the blended kunun-zaki were determined. The fermented sorghum paste was substituted for orange-fleshed sweet potato puree at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 50% to produce orange-fleshed sweet potato-sorghum blended kunun-zaki. The phytochemical composition: carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamin A content of the blended kunun-zaki increased from 0 to 28.14 mg/100g, 0 to 191.50 mg/100g and 0.44 to 7.74 mg/100g respectively, while the tannin content decreased from 4.97 to 1.51 mg/100g, with an increase in added orange-fleshed sweet potato puree. The effects were significant (p = 0.05). The physicochemical properties: pH, total soluble solids, total solid and specific gravity increased from 3.97 to 4.10, 4.95 to 8.25°Brix, 1.55 to 2.80 g/100g and 5.65 to 13.70 g/100g respectively, while the acidity decreased from 39.21 to 12.00 g/100g, with increase in the added orange-fleshed sweet potato puree (0-50%). The average mean scores for sensory quality; flavour, colour and taste increased from 6.70 to 7.06, 6.70 to 7.41 and 6.43 to7.40 respectively, whereas odour, mouth feel and appearance decreased with increasing inclusion level of oranged-fleshed sweet potato puree from 7.90 to 6.93, 7.40 to 6.40 and 7.26 to 6.72 respectively. Overall results show that the beverage formulated were generally acceptable of which the sample containing 20% orange-fleshed sweet puree was most preferred. The addition of oranged-fleshed sweet potato puree improved the phytochemical content and the sensory quality [taste, flavour and colour] of the sorghum-based kunun-zaki.
The effect of starter cultures on the pH, bacterial population and volatile flavour compounds in ‘ugba’ during fermentation
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, East/West Road,  P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria., Ahaotu I. , Njoku O. H. ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, East/West Road,  P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria., Elmore J. S. ,   Flavour Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Reading, P. O. Box 217, Whiteknights, Shinfield Road,  Reading, West Berkshire, RG6 6UR, United Kingdom., Maduka N. ,   Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Wellspring University, Irhirhi Road, Off Airport Road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Published: September 2022

Traditionally, ugba of acceptable quality made from African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) is characterized by its typical flavour and aroma. In this study, aroma profile and volatile flavour compounds released by spontaneously fermented ugba and five samples of ugba inoculated with starter cultures (A - Bacillus subtilis; B - B. safensis; C- Mixed culture of B. subtilis and B. safensis; D - Mixed culture of B. subtilis, B. safensis, B. clausii, B. licheniformis, and B. xylanilyticus; and E - B. cereus sensu lato) were monitored at 24 hour interval during 72 hours fermentation using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Commercially prepared ugba is the control. The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC) of the samples were determined using Standard Microbiological Methods; the pH involved the use of standard method. Increase in the THBC and pH of all the samples of fermenting ugba were within the range of 1.4 × 104 to 1.7 x 1012 CFU/ml and 5.89 to 8.24, respectively. A total of 31 compounds which comprise of 7 ketones, 7 alcohols, 5 organic acids, 4 aldehydes, 2 pyrazines, 1 ester, 1 furan, 1 sulfur and 3 other compounds were identified as aroma compounds in the fermenting samples of ugba. Flavour compounds categorized as ester, furan and sulfur compound were consistently detected in all the samples of ugba prepared in the laboratory. Ugba prepared using starter cultures including the spontaneously fermented sample compare favourably with commercially produced ugba with regards to volatile flavour compounds.
The New National Education Policy and Teaching of English as a Second Language: Revisiting Grammar Translation Method
Authors: Jha Vinod Kumar
Published: September 2022

Even as the implementation of the New Education Policy gets underway in India, with its radical paradigm changes such as imparting instruction in mother tongue/ home language/ local language/regional language until at least Grade 5, and its emphasis on multilingualism, the subject of Teaching English as a second language calls for a fresh perspective and approach. This paper argues that, given the unsuccessful course of the communicative model of TEOSL in India, The Grammar Translation Method (GMT), in a modified form which incorporates spoken English and a few other features of the communicative method, can prove highly efficacious in making our students proficient in the use of English language.
Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous Levels in Serum of Iraqi Women with Fibromyalgia
Authors: A. Kasim Ali
Published: September 2022

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common, debilitating, and chronic pain syndrome. The women are more likely to have more tender points on examination than are their male counterparts. Iraqi study showed that FM occur in 1.5% among adolescents of Iraqi population. In compare to normal healthy women, present study was revealed that Iraqi women with FM have significant elevation of calcium (p = 0.003) with significant reduction of magnesium (p = 0.001), whereas the inorganic phosphorous was not differs (p = 0.31). In conclusion, magnesium and calcium would play a crucial role in etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia.

Key words: calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, Fibromyalgia.
Therapeutic Response of Serum Lipids to Atorvastatin in Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: M. Murtadha Riyadh
Published: September 2022

Lipid disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are known to be increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. The effects of statins on serum lipid levels are well known; however, previous studies did not compare the effects of statins on serum lipid levels in diabetic patients with non-diabetic patients. To investigate the effects of Atorvastatin on serum lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with hyperlipidemic patients without diabetes.This study was conducted on 33 type 2 diabetic patients & 34 non-diabetic patients; their age range was 40-80 years, all of them were hyperlipidemic, who had been administered 10, 20, & 40 mg daily of Atorvastatin and completed a 6-month follow-up. Serum lipids were measured before and after treatment at 1, 3, and 6 months.It was found that the reduction in S. Total Cholesterol and S. LDL-C were less in diabetic patients than that in non-diabetic patients when they are using the same doses of Atorvastatin, while the changes in S. HDL-C and S. Triglyceride were nearly similar in both. Furthermore, it is noticed that nearly the same responses of S. Cholesterol and S. LDL-C reduction were achieved in diabetic patients when they are using doubled doses that are used for non-diabetic patients.So,higher doses of Atorvastatin (double doses) are needed to improve serum lipid levels in diabetic patients as compared to non-diabetic patients.

Key words: Diabetic , Lipids , Atorvastatin.
Assessment of Patientsâ€™ Knowledge Toward Total Hip Replacement Home â€“ Care
Authors: J. Mohamed Suad , E. Mecheser Abdullah
Published: September 2022

To assess the total hip replacement patientsâ€™ knowledge of home â€“ care regarding pain management, medication therapy, wound care, mobility limitation and complications may occur in the post hip replacement surgery, and to assess relationship between some variables such as, age level of education, sex & marital status with home- care knowledge. A descriptive study was used to assess the hip-replacement patient home-knowledge, a purposive sampling of (60) hip-replaced â€“patients were selected from Gazy Alhariri Hospital  (central of surgical profession ) and Alwasity Hospital ( plastic surgery) , the questionnaire  obtains two parts , part one, which included socio-demographical characteristics of the sample and part 2  , which included hip-replacement home-care  knowledge , reliability and validity of the questionnaire were determined . Data were collected through the use of the questionnaire, at the hip application of the interview techniques and review of the hip replacement surgery rehabilitation review literature. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential data approach.The result of the study presented that the majority of the study sample were group at age (25-35) years old, female married, housewife with (50%) of patients were at level of primary school education. They were lacking knowledge toward pain management at home and wound care , also discharged with very minimum information and rehabilitation training instruction toward practicing assistive walking and activity device or preventing potential complication such as infection and dislocation , Besides the study revealed a significant relationship between total- hip replacement knowledge toward complication may be occurred and level of education ,which revealed that the educated hip- replaced patients can managing and preventing the complication may occurred better than those not educated.Establishing a special rehabilitation unit in the ward to provide the patients with  a rehabilitation program for training , also to provide them with a booklet or pamphlet illustrating all  formations the patient may need at home.

Key words:  Total â€“ hip replacement ,  patientsâ€™ knowledge of pain  , patientsâ€™-knowledge of potential complication  , patients' knowledge toward wound ,  patientsâ€™ knowledge of mobility.
Phytochemical Study of Cynara scolymus L. (Artichoke) (Asteraceae) Cultivated in Iraq, Detection and Identification of Phenolic Acid Compounds Cynarin and Chlorogenic Acid
Authors: Mutalib A.G Nasser Abdul
Published: September 2022

The leaves of globe artichoke, Cynara scolymus Family Asteraceae/ compositea have long â€“ used in traditional medicine and now included in British and European Pharmacopeia, the British Harbal Pharmacopeia and complete German Commission E monographs.The plant originally comes from Mediterranean region and North Africa and cultivated around the world. The flowers are used worldwide for nutrition purposes and the leaves for medical purposes including hepatic affections. The plant wildly distributed in Iraq in the watery lines and boundary of the field.The plant contains many phytochemicals such as the bitter phenolic acids whose choleretic and hypocholestremic as these compounds are antioxidant. Other materials to have other pharmacologic effect specially flavonoids. Thus this work deals with phenolic acids cholrogenic acid and cynarin.This work includes cold extraction evaporation by freeze drying and separation inusing column chromatography, TLC and finally in High pressure liqued chromatography (HPLC), the two important compound; chlorogenic acid and cynarin were separated and identified.

Key words: Artichoke, Cynara scolymus, Poly phenolic acids, Chlorogenic acid, Cynarin.
Polymeric Membrane Sensors for the Selective Determination of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride and their Applications to Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: A. Al-Haideri Abdul-Muhsin , I. Abdulla Najwa , K. Malih Ibtihaj
Published: September 2022

Metoclopramide (MCP) ion selective electrodes based on metoclopramide-phosphotungstic acid (MCP-PT) ion pair complex in PVC matrix membrane were constructed. The plasticizers used were tri-butyl phosphate (TBP), di-octyl phenyl phosphonate (DOPP), di-butyl phthalate (DBPH), di-octyl phthalate (DOP), di-butyl phosphate (DBP), bis 2-ethyl hexyl phosphate (BEHP). The sensors based on TBP, DOPP, DBPH and DOP display a fast, stable and linear response with slopes 59.9, 57.7, 57.4, 55.3 mV/decade respectively at pH ranged 2-6. The linear concentration range between 1.0Ã—10-5 â€“ 1.0Ã—10-2 M with detection limit 3.0Ã—10-6 and 4.0Ã—10-6 M for electrodes using TBP, DOPP and DBPH while electrode using DOP shows a linear concentration range between 3.0Ã—10-5 â€“ 1.0Ã—10-2 M and detection limit 6Ã—10-6 M. The selectivity coefficient values were calculated for MCP with respect to different inorganic cations, sugars and amino acids using the MCP depending on TBP plasticizer which is also used for the determination of MCP in pure solutions and in pharmaceutical preparations by direct, standard addition methods and as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration with phosphotungstic acid (PT) giving satisfactory results.

Key words: Metoclopramide-HCl membrane sensors , Metoclopramide determination , pharmaceutical analysis , PVC membrane sensors
Serratiopeptidase a Hope in a Rapid and Better Improvement of Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris
Authors: M. Mikhael Ehab , Y. Mohammed Mahdi
Published: September 2022

Acne vulgaris is a very common, chronic disorder, involving inflammation of the pilosebaceous units that can be varied in presentation and difficult to treat. Inflammatory acne may yield both scarring and pigmentary changes so early and adequate therapy will, in all cases, decrease its severity and may entirely suppress this disease. Serratiopeptidase has anti-inflammatory, anti-edemic and fibrinolytic activity and acts rapidly on localized inflammation. Serratiopeptidase was added in aim to hasten acne resolution. During March to July 2010, A comparative study for a 50 healthy patient suffering from acne was divided into 2 groups: 1st group treated by common acne modalities and the 2nd one with same modalities plus serratiopeptidase. All patients were followed up in out patient clinic by a dermatologist after 1st week of treatment and once weekly through the period of treatment. The results of this study showed that the effect of serratiopeptidase as adjuvant therapy for acne treatment result in a significant rapid improvement, this might be explained by serratiopeptidase ability in enhancing antibiotic efficacy and also increase the possibility of excellent improvement in acne appearance which may be due of itâ€™s  anti-inflammatory, anti-edemic. Serratiopeptidase was found to create a good hope as additional therapy for complicated acne vulgaris and bring a rapid and better improvement in treating acne.

Key words: Acne ,Serratiopeptidase.
Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives Coupled to Amino Acid Esters and Studying their Biological Activity as Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: A. Al-Dawaf Rana , Y. Saour Kawkab
Published: September 2022

A series of coumarin derivatives linked to amino acid ester side chains were synthesized and evaluated of their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The coumarin derivatives was alkylated by the ethyl bromoacetate and then using potassium carbonate to get alkylated hymecromone. Conventional solution method for amide bond formation was used as a coupling method between the carboxy-protected amino acids with acetic acid side chain of coumarin derivatives. The DCC/ HOBt coupling reagents were used for peptide bond formation. The proposed analogues were successfully synthesized and their structural formulas were consistent with the proposed structures as they were proved and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), melting point, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and elemental microanalysis (CHN).

Key words: coumarin, amino acid, coumarin antimicrobialal activity.
Design and Synthesis of Some Nitrate Derivatives of Mefenamic Acid with Expected Nitric Oxide Release
Authors: A. Sadon Ahmed , J. Qasir Ahlam
Published: September 2022

This study include design and synthesis of 2 derivatives of compounds consisting of mefenamic acid, glycine and organic nitrates (2-nitrooxy ethanol or 1,3-dinitrooxy-2-propanol). Nitric oxide NO has been reported to support many of the same mucosal protection mechanisms as prostaglandins and is sufficient for acute gastroprotection and ulcer healing. So we suppose these 2 compounds would reduce non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs gastrointestinal side effect.

Key words: Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Glycine, Mefenamic acid, Organic nitrates, Nitric oxide (NO).
Preparation and Evaluation of Oral Disintegrating Tablets of Ketoprofen by Dirct Compression
Authors: J.Nasser Saddam , H. Sameen Laith , M.Ghareeb Mowafaq
Published: September 2022

Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. It is widely used in the treatment of inflammation and pain associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and in soft tissue injury. The purpose of this study was to prepare an  oral disintegrating tablets of ketoprofen by simple method. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and different ratios of various subliming agents or superdisintegrants were incorporated. Then these tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, water absorption ratio, disintegrating time and dissolution time. The results showed that Formula F11 batch had short disintegration time (18.0 sec) with good physical properties. This formula demonstrated a promised potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance.

Key words:  Rapid disintegrating tablets, Ketoprofen, Direct compression, Superdisintegrants.
Evaluation of Trace Elements in Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
Authors: M. Ali Huda , A. Al-Zubaidi Mohammed
Published: September 2022

Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Magnesium, Manganese, Chromium, Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Vanadium and Germanium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, (30) patients (14male and 16female) with age range (37-60) years compared with normal tensive control. The analysis of results showed that the mean value of concentration (Magnesium,  Manganese and Nickel) were significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to that of healthy, while the mean levels of serum (Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Chromium, Iron, Cobalt and Germanium) were significantly lower than controls. There were no significant changes in overall mean concentration of serum Vanadium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and control group. There were no significant variations in trace elements levels in relation to sex.Our results suggest that low level of trace elements of Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Chromium, Iron, Cobalt and Germanium , and high levels of Magnesium, Manganese and Nickel may provide good clues to the physician about the high probability of the individual for developing of rheumatoid arthritis disease unless the imbalance of these elements in blood serum to be corrected.

Key words: Trace elements, Rheumatoid arthritis,Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).
Comparison between Rowatinex and Tamsulosin as a Medical Expulsion Therapy for Ureteral Stone
Authors: S.Ahmed Ghassan , J. Al-Shamma Kassim , M.Asghar Majeed
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rowatinex and tamsulosin in the treatment of patients with ureteric stone.

Forty patients with ureteric stone ranged (4- 12) mm, were included in this study. They were randomized into two groups where the first group includes twenty patients treated with Rowatinex three times daily (Group 1), and the second group includes twenty patients treated with tamsulosin 0.4mg/day (Group 2). All patients were randomly assigned to receive the designed standard medical therapy for a maximum of 3 weeks.

Each group was given an antibiotic as prophylaxis and an injectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used on demand. At the outpatient clinic all subjects were assessed by CT-scan at baseline and evaluated every 7 days by physical examination, plain abdominal X-ray (KUB), and abdominal ultrasonography. Data were analyzed by using Student t-test method to compare the results; differences in the success rate between treatments were compared with the chi-square test for 2Ã— 2 tables.

The results showed that tamsulosin significantly increases the expulsion rate, and reduce expulsion time of ureteric stone when compared with rowatinex group. Tamsulosin results in a better control of renal colic pain, and decreases in endoscopic procedures performed to remove the stone. 

Key words: Ureteric stone, Tamsulosin, Rowatinex, Medical expulsion therapy.
Serum Levels of Total IgE, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-18 in Children Patients with Asthma
Authors: M. Saleh Al-Quraishi Ghadah
Published: September 2022

T-cell activation and alteration of cytokine levels are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. However, the profile of circulating T-lymphocyte subsets and related cytokines during asthmatic attacks is still unclear. We compared the serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines Interleukine-18( IL-18) and Interleukine-12(IL-12), T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine Interleukine-13(IL-13 ) and Immunoglobuline-E ( IgE) in 27 asthmatic children and 21 sex and age matched healthy control subjects. Serum cytokines and IgE concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum IL-13 , IL-18 and IgE concentrations were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than normal control subjects ( IL-13: median 9.73 versus 4.43 pg/ml, P<0.05  ; IL-18: 76.81 versus 35.41 pg/ml, P<0.05 ; IgE: 225.44 versus 37.94 IU/ml, P<0.05 . Asthmatic patients showed a decreased       serum IL-12 concentration 93.57 versus 122.83 pg/ml, P<0.05 . In conclusion, it was suggested that IL-13 and IL-18 might have a potential role in controling lymphocyte responses in asthmatic patients specially in children through an IgE-mediated pathway.

Key words: Asthma, Interleukine-12, -13, -18, Immunoglobuline-E.
Synthesis of new derivatives of Ceftazidime as possible Prodrugs
Authors: M. Alwan Shakir , H. Abdul-Wahab Abdul-Hafeedh
Published: September 2022

Five new ceftazidime derivatives were designed and synthesized in an attempt to improve the acid stability and may increase the spectrum of ceftazidime. The synthesized compounds included;  Schiff base of ceftazidime (compound 1), ceftazidime lysine amide Schiff base (compound 2), ceftazidime lysine amide (compound 3), ceftazidime-di-lysine amide Schiff base (compound 4) and ceftazidime-di-lysine amide (compound 5). New ceftazidime derivatives were successfully prepared characterized and identified using spectral and elemental microanalysis (CHNS) analyses and the results comply with the calculated measurements.

Compounds 1 and 2 were subjected to a stability study in phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 7.4) and in KCl/HCl buffer (0.2M, pH 1.2) at different time intervals (0 â€“ 240 min) incubated at 37 Â°C. This revealed that both compounds in phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 7.4) are significantly stable with t 1/2 of 18hrs and 24hrs respectively. However, compounds 1 and 2 are less stable in KCl/HCl buffer (0.2M, pH 1.2) with t1/2 of 3.48hrs and 3.13hrs respectively.

The antibacterial evaluation of the new ceftazidime derivatives showed various degrees of antibacterial activities when compared with ceftazidime. The chemical modifications of ceftazidime showed slight effect on activities and most of compounds retained the antibacterial activities. Compounds 2 and 4  afforded comparable antibacterial action. However, compounds 3 and 5 were equipotent with ceftazidime with respect to E.coli and Staph. aureose. Compound 4 has better activity than ceftazidime with respect to Pseudomonas  aeruginosa. Schiff's base derivative of lysine (2, 6-bis-(benzylideneamino) hexanoic acid) gave a reasonable antibacterial action towards Escherichia coli and Streptococcus Spp; as compared with lysine which has no antibacterial activity.

Key words: Ceftazidime, Schiff bases, Lysine.
Preparation and Evaluation of Cefixime Nanocrystals
Authors: A. Hussein Ahmed , Sh. Mahmood Hasanain
Published: September 2022

Drug nanocrystals are nanoscopic crystals of the parent compound with dimensions less than 1 Âµm. A decrease in particle size will lead to an increase in effective surface area in the diffusion layer, which, in turn, increases the drug dissolution rate. Drug nanocrystals are one of the most important strategies to enhance the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.

Cefixime is the first member of what is generally termed the third generation orally active cephalosporins. These third generation cephalosporins are distinct from the older Î²-lactam antibiotics in their intensive antibacterial activity against a wide range of gram-negative bacteria.

The aim of this study is to prepare nanocrystals of cefixime as a capsules dosage form in order to increase its oral dissolution rate and bioavailability.

The cefixime nanocrystals were prepared by solvent/antisolvent precipitation method. Certain amount of drug was dissolved in water miscible solvent (methanol used in this study), then this solution was injected (at certain speed) into water containing stabilizer. Upon injection, precipitation of cefixime nanocrystal will occur immediately; this precipitate is sonicated at 37 ËšC for 30 min. then lyophilized. Powder of nanocrystal was obtained and filled into capsules. The physicochemical interaction between drug and addatives was studied using FTIR, DSC,

Results show that the best formula of cefixime nanocrystals prepared by dissolving 20mg/ml of cefixime in methanol, then 5ml was injected at 60ml/hr rate to a 50ml PVP solution as stabilizer in concentration 0.05%, then lyophilized to obtain the cefixime nanocrystal powder. The resulted mean particle size was 9-11 nm and the dissolution rate was significantly higher than that of the raw cefixime powder (p>0.05).

Keywords:  Cefixime trihydrate, Nanocrystals, Anti-solvent precipitation, PVP, HPMC, Poloxamer 188.
Association of Oxidative Stress Markers with Cholelithiasis
Authors: S.Sadiem Omer , A. Taher Mohamed , S. Amin Seenaa
Published: September 2022

Oxidative stress markers are of important diagnostic parameters for many disorders including cholelithiasis. This present study has aimed to assess the state of oxidative stress in symptomatic radiographically confirmed (Cholelithiasis) patients by measuring two parameters used as oxidative stress parameters which are serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). This study was carried out on 100 patient diagnosed as (Cholelithiasis) patients with 30 age and sex matched healthy controls by measuring serum (MPO) and (SOD) by ELIZA technique .Results showed significantly decrease in antioxidant enzyme(SOD) and increase in serum level of (MPO) comparing with controls.

Keywords: Cholelithiasis , Oxidative stress, MPO, SOD
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Ceftriaxone Derivatives
Authors: S. Hmood Kasim , N. Elias Amer
Published: September 2022

The present study was designed to synthesize a number of new Ceftriaxone derivatives by its involvement with a series of different amines, through the chemical derivatization of its 2-aminothiazolyl- group into an amide with chloroacetyl chloride, which on further conjugation with these selected amines will produce compounds with pharmacological effects that may extend the antimicrobial activity of the parent compound depending on the nature of these moieties.

Ceftriaxone was first equipped with a spacer arm (linker) by the action of chloroacetyl chloride in aqueous medium and then further reacted with seven different aliphatic and aromatic amines which resulted in the production of the aimed final target products. The syntheses have been carried out following simple methodology in excellent isolated yields.

The structure of the synthesized derivatives has been characterized by elemental microanalysis (CHN), FTIR spectroscopy, and other physicochemical properties. All the final synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms and showed excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities in comparison to Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin and Fluconazole.

The new Ceftriaxone derivatives have broadened the antimicrobial spectrum of the parent compound in having an extra antifungal activity in addition to its original antibacterial activity.

Keywords: Ceftriaxone, 2-aminothiazole, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity, Ceftriaxone derivatives.
Preparation, Characterization and Prophylactic Study of New Microsphere Containing Doxycycline against Diseases of Shrimp
Authors: J. Mehsin Raheem , A.Raheem Leaqaa , H. Ghazi Abdulhussein , A.Khathem Saba
Published: September 2022

Therapeutically and prophylactically using Microspheres containing doxycycline isolated from shell of shrimp. Low molecule weight poly lactic acid was prepared. In this study, Poly lactic acid (PLA)/ poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/poly ethyleneglycol(PEG) loading doxycycline blend solutions was prepared. Also Poly lactic acid (PLA)-Tannin blend via solvent evaporation method was prepared. Microspheres of chitosan/gelatin microsphere loading doxycycline was prepared by emulsion crosslinking technique. Both microsphere and blends were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The FTIR spectra were shown distinguish bands. The in vitro release of doxcycline from its matrix at pH 7 was studied. The prophylactic against white spot (Ich) disease of shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) was studied. The results were shown increase of percentage of survival of shrimp in both microsphere and blend compared with control. The highly percentage of survival was shown in the microsphere compare with blends.

Key words: Chitosan, Microsphere, Polymer blend, Shrimp, Prophylactic.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of bis Heterocyclic Derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole
Authors: A. Al-jubouri Ahlam , J. Qasir Ahlam
Published: September 2022

The Chemistry of heterocyclic sulphur and nitrogen containing compounds have a great role in the  field of scientific studies, The 2-amino 5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole ring for instance, has gained more importance in recent years because  they are considered as potent biologically active nucleus. In this study disulfide derivative can be obtained by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide of thiol group of the heterocyclic 2-amino 5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole ring to obtain compound (3) with expected antibacterial  activity. In order to use it as a diazo component to prepare some new bis azo compounds as possible antibacterial  agents, the reaction of two primary amino groups on both sides of disulfide dimer with sodium nitrite was carried out to prepare diazounium salt which was coupled with different coupling compounds to form the azo linkage. The reaction steps and the purity of the products were confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and melting points measurement .The chemical structure of the final compounds were characterized and confirmed by measuring their FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis(C, H, N &S).These compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity which was done on four different strains of bacteria by well diffusion method. These compounds show moderate to good activity against tested gram positive bacteria and low or no activity against gram negative bacteria compared to the standard compounds.

Key words: Disulfide dimer, Diazo compound, Antibacterial  activity.
Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Derivatives of Cephalexin
Authors: M. Alwan Shakir , S. Jabbar Sarrah
Published: September 2022

There is a continuous and massive need for newer cephalosporins that should have resistance against Î²-lactamases and can be used orally. An approach of using cephalexin, as a well-studied and potent antibacterial compound is considered to prepare new designed derivatives.  These derivatives include the incorporation of amino acid moiety linked through an amide bond with the Î±-amino group of cephalexin. Certain aliphatic amino acids were used, such as glycine, alanine, valine and proline. The chemical structures of these derivatives were confirmed by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. All the synthesized compounds were subjected for preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial activity using well diffusion method, against certain microbes. Most of the synthesized compounds were found to possess significant antibacterial activities.  Compound 1 (125 Î¼g and 250Î¼g) showed significant activity against P. aeruginosa. Compound 2 (125 and 250Î¼g) exhibited significant activity against P. aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus.  Compound 3 (125 and 250Î¼g) demonstrated very significant activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus and slight activity towards S. aureus. Compound 4 (250Î¼g) showed significant activity against P. aeruginosa and no antibacterial activities against E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus cereus, as compared with cephalexin as the standard compound.

Keywords: Cephalosporins, Cephalexin, Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Proline.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ezetimibe Nanoparticles
Authors: A.Ali Yasser , N. Abd-Alhammid Shaimaa
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate ezetimibe nanoparticles using solvent antisolvent technology. Ezetimibe is a practically water-insoluble drug which acts as a lipid lowering drug that selectively inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and related phytosterols. Ezetimibe prepared as nano particles in order to improve its solubility and dissolution rate.

Thirty formulas were prepared and different stabilizing agents were used with different concentrations such as poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVPK-30), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose E5 (HPMC), and poloxamer. The ratios of drug to stabilizers used to prepare the nanoparticles were 1: 2, 1:3 and 1:4.

The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency, dissolution study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy. The percentage of drug entrapment efficiency of F1-F30 was ranged from 85% Â± 1 to 98 % Â± 1. On the other hand dissolution rate increasing as the particle surface area is increase due to reduction of particle size to the nano range.

The results showed that poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVPK-30) was found to be the best stabilizer.

 Keywords: Ezetimibe, Nanoparticles, Particle Size, poly vinyl alcohol.
Detection of Serum Ferritin in Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: S. Nassir Eman
Published: September 2022

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in females. In Iraq there are noticeable elevation in incidence rates and prevalence of advanced stages of breast cancer. Ferritin is intracellular iron storage protein abundant in circulation and its main application in differential diagnosis of anemia.

The level of serum ferritin was found raised in various cancers including breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess whether the serum ferritin concentration would be altered in Iraqi women with breast cancer and it could be related to progression of disease.

Sixty eight females participated in this study. The mean age of these females was 53.25Â± 9.52 .The level of serum ferritin was measured in 24 Iraqi women of early stage of breast cancer (stage I and II) and 24 Iraqi women of advanced stage (III and IV). These levels were compared with 20 healthy females as controls. Serum ferritin was estimated by using enzyme linked immune sorbent assay method. This serum ferritin was found to be raised in all breast cancer patients (p<0.05) as compared to controls. The rise in ferritin level was significant in advanced stage (p<0.05) as compared to early stage. Thus the estimation of ferritin may aid in diagnosis, assessment of severity and monitoring of Iraqi women with breast cancer.

Key words: - Ferritin, Breast cancer, Iraq.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Olanzapine via Coupling with Diazotized p-Nitroaniline
Authors: R. Fadhel Sahar , I. Abdulla Najwa , D. Sulaiman Intidhar
Published: September 2022

A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the assay of olanzapine (OLN.) in pure and dosage forms. The method is based on the diazocoupling of (OLN.) with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable brown colored water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 405 nm.  The variables that affect the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized. Beerâ€™s law is obeyed over the concentration range of (0.5-45.0 Î¼g.mL-1) with a molar absorptivity of 1.5777Ã—104 L.mol-1.cm-1.  The limit of detection was  0.3148  Î¼g.mL-1 and  Sandellâ€™s  sensitivity value was 0.0198 Î¼g.cm-2. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the determination of olanzapine in tablet pharmaceutical preparations.

Keywords: Spectrophotometry, Olanzapine, Diazotization, p-nitroaniline, tablet dosage form.
Detection and isolation of flavonoids from Calendula officinalis (F.Asteraceae) cultivated in Iraq
Authors: N. Hamad Maha
Published: September 2022

Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) known as marigold is known to have several pharmacological activities and used for the treatment of several diseases as measles, jaundice, constipation and several inflammations. Marigold flowers contain several chemical constituents mainly flavonoids, triterpenoids and essential oil. In this study marigold flowers cultivated in Iraq had been investigated for its flavonoids content. The study revealed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides and the absence of myricetin glycosides. The flowers were extracted with ethanol 70% fractionated with different solvent and the flavonoids were isolated by preparative HPLC. The isolated flavonoids were identified by measuring melting points, UV, IR, analytical HPLC and TLC.Keywords: Marigold, Flavonoids, Kaempferol, Preparative HPLC.
APN Fonksiyonlar ile Tanımlanan Bazı İkili Yarı-mükemmel Lineer Kodlar
Authors: TUTDERE Seher
Published: September 2022

In 2021, Tutdere proved that the covering radii R of a class of primitive binary cyclic codes with minimum distance strictly greater than an odd integer l satisfy r≤R≤l, where l, r are some integers depending on the given code. We here first discuss some equivalences of linear codes defined by Gold functions, which are quadratic APN (almost perfect nonlinear) functions. We then show that by applying the result of Tutdere one can find the covering radii of these quasi-perfect codes. In 2016, Li and Helleseth proved that the linear codes defined by the quadratic APN functions are quasi-perfect and they asked whether the linear codes defined by the non-quadratic APN functions are quasi-perfect or not. We here prove that the linear codes defined by some non-quadratic APN functions over the finite field〖 F〗_(2^m ) , for 1≤m≤8, are quasi-perfect, by computing the covering radii of these codes.
İkinci Dereceden İnterpolasyon ile Nöronda Kayıp Bilginin Yeniden Hesabı
Authors: YÜCEDAĞ Vedat Burak , DALKIRAN İlker
Published: September 2022

The main function of neurons in a living creature is to transmit information. Neurons carry out information transmission without loss despite environmental and internal noise sources. However, sometimes there may be losses in the transmission of information. This results in diseases such as Alzheimer's, MS, and Epilepsy. In this study, the information lost in neurons is recalculated with the Quadratic Spline Interpolation method. In cases where it is difficult or impossible to calculate a function, the process of calculating the corresponding value of an unmeasured variable is called interpolation. In this study, first of all, three sample neuron behaviours are created with the Fitzhugh-Nagumo model, and the action potential and recovery parameter variables are obtained. Then, some data in the variables are deleted, resulting in unhealthy neuron behaviour. Then, these deleted data are recalculated using the Quadratic Spline Interpolation method. Various error values are obtained by comparing the actual and calculated data. The data lost in the action potential-recovery variable are detected with a very low error rate of 0.2630-0.0524%, 0.2885-0.0165% and 0.2543-0.0781% for the three sample neuron behaviours, respectively. With this study, it has been demonstrated that information lost or incorrectly coded in neurons for any reason can be corrected. It is also understood that this study can be used to prevent losses in real-time measurement results from biological neurons and to recalculate erroneous values.
Predicting Occupation with Machine Learning from Turkish Tweets
Authors: MAYDA İslam
Published: September 2022

With the spread of social media platforms and the rapid increase in the number of users, the amount of data produced in social media is growing rapidly. One of the goals of scientific studies to extract information from this data is occupation prediction. Social media users' occupation information can be used in many different areas, especially in smart suggestion systems. In this study, it is aimed to make occupation prediction using Turkish tweets. Within the scope of the study, an occupation dataset consisting of 25,000 Turkish tweets was created and shared publicly. Various preprocessing steps were applied on this dataset, and feature sets were extracted using both the words themselves and the word roots. In the tests, tweets were used both singularly and combined in groups of 5 and 10. In the experiments in which Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression methods were applied, tests were repeated by feature selection. While the best result was obtained as 74.90% accuracy in the experiments with singular tweets, the best performances were reported as 96.20% accuracy in experiments with tweets combined in groups of 5, and 99.00% accuracy in experiments with tweets combined in groups of 10. It has been seen that the using of word roots in the tests has higher success than using the words themselves, and the feature selection generally increases the success. At the end of the study, these results were discussed and suggestions for future studies were presented.
Açıklanabilir Yapay Zeka Destekli Evrişimsel Sinir Ağları Kullanılarak Maymun Çiçeği Deri Lezyonunun Sınıflandırılması
Authors: AKIN Korhan Deniz , GURKAN Caglar , BUDAK Abdulkadir , KARATAŞ Hakan
Published: September 2022

The World Health Organization (WHO) has given people various protective warnings for Monkeypox. If monkeypox spreads rapidly, it becomes a serious public health problem. In this case, it creates a serious congestion in hospitals. Therefore, auxiliary systems can be needed in hospitals. In this study, explainable artificial intelligence (xAI) assisted convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based a decision support system was proposed. The data set was used for this task consists of 572 images in two classes, such as Monkeypox and Normal. 12 different CNN models were used for Monkeypox and Normal skin classification. MobileNet V2 model achieved best performance with the accuracy of 98.25%, sensitivity of 96.55%, specificity of 100.00% and F1-Score of 98.25%. This model was supported by explainable AI methods. As a result, an artificial intelligence (AI) assisted auxiliary diagnosis system has been proposed for Monkeypox skin lesion.
Kama ile Destekli Elastik Tabakanın Temas Analizi
Authors: BAKİOĞLU Mehmet , YANIK Arcan , ALDEMİR Ünal
Published: September 2022

In this paper the contact analysis of elastic layer supported by a wedge is considered in plane. The problem is formulated with closed formed integral equations. The length of the contact region, the pressure between the wedge and the layers, and the pressure between the layer and the punch are unknowns. Both the material and layer are elastic in this problem. This problem can be defined as a layer supported over two wedges with perpendicular angle. The upper surface of the layer is assumed as circle with a large radius. The thickness of the layer is finite. Singular integral equations are used in the formulation of the problem. The benefits of this formulation are the following: the problem can easily be generalized for the case of forces acting through many rigid punches. The solution gives the contact stress directly and the solution of the singular integral equations is an appropriate way in terms of numerical solution technique. The application of this problem is the train wheel that is contacted to the connection part of the rails. It is shown that the divergent terms at the kernels cancel each other by considering the equilibrium conditions. As a numerical example, the contact problem between the wheel and rails is investigated.
A Simulation Study for Optimum Location Selection in Wind Turbine Application on Ships: A Case Study for a Tanker Ship
Authors: AKYOL Buğra , YİĞİT Kenan
Published: September 2022

Today, wind energy contributes to the generation of electrical energy as well as the propulsion system on ships. In this study, the issue of optimum efficiency from wind turbines that can be installed on ships for electrical energy generation has been examined. In this context, a tanker ship was modeled and a simulation study was carried out. By dividing the ship deck into five zones, it was estimated which areas on the ship could receive more intense and homogeneous winds. In this way, the optimum wind areas and heights of the ship were determined. Thus, it is aimed that the wind turbine will operate in the most suitable area with maximum efficiency. As a result, the maximum wind speeds for the investigated ship model were determined as forecastle, fore main deck, and amidship regions, respectively. The optimum wind area is expected to differ for each ship model. For this reason, it is important to carry out such approaches specifically to the ship where the wind turbine will be applied. With this study, the importance of simulation studies has been emphasized, and it has been stated that such alternative approaches can increase the efficiency potential of ships.
Comparison of Ni-P-CNF Coatings Produced by Electrodeposition and Electroless Methods in terms of Hardness and Corrosion
Authors: KÖSE Melisa , YAVUZ Buse , ÖZCAN Zeynep , USLU Dilara , BULUT Görkem , TAN Sezer , ALGÜL Hasan , UYSAL Mehmet
Published: September 2022

Ni-P and Ni-P-CNF (carbon nanofiber) coatings produced by electrodeposition and electroless methods were compared in terms of hardness and corrosion properties in this study. Electrolytic (with and without current) coatings, which have been very popular in recent years, have many advantages in themselves. Many researchers have benefited from these advantages and created a wealth of literature. Coating studies with CNF are limited. CNF reinforced to coatings provides an increase in corrosion resistance. In the study, this increase is shown by giving the corrosion rate values. The corrosion rate of the coatings obtained by adding CNF was found to be 5.34x10-3mpy in the Ni-P-CNF sample coated with the electroless method. In electrodeposition coating, this value increased slightly to 15.79x10-3. The corrosion resistance of the coatings produced by the electroless coating method is higher. In order to better explain the effect of CNF, the alloy Ni-P coatings are compared. The results revealed the positive effect of CNF. In the study, the hardness values were also compared by taking Vickers microhardness. CNF showed a negative effect in hardness studies. Hardness values were lower in the coatings with CNF added (521Hv in electroless – 572Hv in electrodeposition). The coatings were also supported by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy distribution spectrometry (EDS) analyzes.