bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex movement patterns by foraging loggerhead sea turtles outside the breeding season identified using Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System
Authors: Dujon Antoine M. , Schofield Gail , Lester Rebecca E. , Papafitsoros Kostas , Hays Graeme C.
Published: March 2018

We used Argos‐linked Fastloc‐Global Positioning System (Argos‐linked Fastloc‐GPS) satellite tags to investigate how loggerhead sea turtles use neritic foraging habitats at multiple scales. Out of 24 turtles, six individuals used more than one foraging site, with all sites being separated by >25 km. These six individuals used up to four sites, remaining at each site for a mean of 150 days and returning to the same site a minimum of 52 days later. The other 18 turtles remained in a single site. The area within sites was not used uniformly, with 15 out of 24 turtles exhibiting complex movement patterns within and amongst up to five focal patches, which were typically 0.1–5.0 km apart within a single site. Movements between sites and patches might sometimes have reflected overwintering behaviour; however, similar movement patterns occurred at multiple times of the year, suggesting other factors were also involved. Use of multiple sites and patches might be driven by differences in resource availability, such as food and/or night‐time refuges, competition, or exploratory movement to investigate or locate alternative patches. We confirmed competition via direct visual observations of aggressive interactions between individuals at one foraging patch. Our results illustrate the importance of standardizing data to the same number of locations per day and night to accurately delineate key areas used by turtles or for evidence‐based marine protected area planning.
Origin and significance of cosmogenic signatures in vesicles of lunar basalt 15016
Authors: Bekaert David V. , Avice Guillaume , Marty Bernard
Published: March 2018

Lunar basalt 15016 (~3.3 Ga) is among the most vesicular (50% by volume) basalts recovered by the Apollo missions. We investigated the possible occurrence of indigenous lunar nitrogen and noble gases trapped in vesicles within basalt 15016, by crushing several cm‐sized chips. Matrix/mineral gases were also extracted from crush residues by fusion with a CO2 laser. No magmatic/primordial component could be identified; all isotope compositions, including those of vesicles, pointed to a cosmogenic origin. We found that vesicles contained ~0.2%, ~0.02%, ~0.002%, and ~0.02% of the total amount of cosmogenic 21Ne, 38Ar, 83Kr, and 126Xe, respectively, produced over the basalt's 300 Myr of exposure. Diffusion/recoil of cosmogenic isotopes from the basaltic matrix/minerals to intergrain joints and vesicles is discussed. The enhanced proportion of cosmogenic Xe isotopes relative to Kr detected in vesicles could be the result of kinetic fractionation, through which preferential retention of Xe isotopes over Kr within vesicles might have occurred during diffusion from the vesicle volume to the outer space through microleaks. This study suggests that cosmogenic loss, known to be significant for 3He and 21Ne, and to a lesser extent for 36Ar (Signer et al. ), also occurs to a negligible extent for the heaviest noble gases Kr and Xe.
The oxygen isotope compositions of olivine in main group (MG) pallasites: New measurements by adopting an improved laser fluorination approach
Authors: Ali Arshad , Jabeen Iffat , Banerjee Neil R. , Osinski Gordon R. , Nicklin Ian , Gregory David , Herrmann Patrick
Published: March 2018

Oxygen isotope measurements of olivine in main group (MG) pallasites by traditional laser fluorination method are associated with some uncertainties including terrestrial weathering, incomplete olivine reaction, and sample state. We improved our laser fluorination approach by pretreating olivine grains with acid to remove terrestrial weathering products and by modifying the sample holder for an efficient and complete laser reaction. Our experiments on Brahin olivine demonstrate that acid‐washing successfully removes the terrestrial weathering with <0.1‰ variation in δ18O value and, at the same time, improving the ∆17O value significantly. We also achieved a complete olivine fluorination by employing a custom‐designed sample holder with “V”‐shaped profile having rounded bottom because incomplete/partial reaction of olivine gives comparatively lighter δ18O values. Using these new techniques, we present precise triple oxygen isotope data (N = 72) of 25 olivine samples separated from main group pallasites. The data are, on average, ~0.5‰ heavier in δ18O relative to the values published in the literature for the same samples. Critically, the ∆17O values of MG pallasites and to some extent their Fo‐contents suggest that there are at least two populations of olivine. Based on our improved data set, we propose that MG pallasites potentially have high‐∆17O‐ and low‐∆17O‐bearing subgroups that are statistically distinct. The subgroups present average ∆17O values of −0.166 ± 0.003 (2SE; N = 16) and −0.220 ± 0.003 (2SE; N = 9), respectively. Furthermore, the high‐∆17O‐bearing subgroup samples trend toward lower Fo‐contents compared to the other subgroup. Taken together, our data provide evidence that argues against a single parent body origin for MG pallasites.
British Neuropathological Society and International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging expert consensus statement for post mortem neurological imaging
Authors: Shelmerdine S. C. , Hutchinson J. C. , Al‐Sarraj S. , Cary N. , Dawson T. , Du Plessis D. , Ince P. G. , McLaughlin S. , Palm L. , Smith C. , Stoodley N. , van Rijn R. , Arthurs O. J. , Jacques T. S. ,   the British Neuropathological Society and International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging
Published: March 2018

Aims

To develop an expert consensus statement regarding appropriate clinical and forensic post mortem neurological imaging.

Methods

An expert panel of clinicians were recruited from registered members of the British Neuropathological Society (BNS) and the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging (ISFRI) with post mortem expertise. Following a focus group meeting, 16 core statements were incorporated into an online modified Delphi survey and each panellist was asked to score their level of agreement. Following the first iteration, two statements that failed to reach consensus were modified and re‐rated. Consensus was predefined as 75% agreement across responders.

Results

Seventeen experts joined the panel and 12 (70.6%) attended the focus group meeting; 14 (82%) completed both iterations of the survey. Consensus was reached for need of adequate clinical history, multidisciplinary discussion, establishment of special interest groups to discuss cases, gathering further evidence to inform imaging choices, establishment of methods for quality assessment in reporting standards and adequate funding for imaging services. The panel agreed that pathologists should be responsible for neuroimaging referrals, collating results of ancillary tests, and producing the final post mortem report. Areas requiring further discussion include the impact of double reporting, indications for neuroimaging and utilities of three‐dimensional printing.

Conclusion

The BNS/ISFRI statement represents current views of an expert panel of health professionals engaged in post‐mortem neuroimaging. We hope this provides a working guideline for less experienced operators, stimulates discussion and highlights the most pressing clinical and research questions.
Management of patients with severe Epstein syndrome: Review of four patients who received living‐donor renal transplantation
Authors: Hashimoto Junya , Hamasaki Yuko , Takahashi Yusuke , Kubota Mai , Yanagisawa Taketo , Itabashi Yoshihiro , Muramatsu Masaki , Kawamura Takeshi , Kumagai Naonori , Ohwada Yoko , Sakai Ken , Shishido Seiichiro
Published: March 2018

Aim

Epstein syndrome is a hereditary disease characterized by macrothrombocytopaenia and progressive nephritis. The abnormality of the MYH9 gene has a strong relationship to the severity of the disease. Severe Epstein syndrome progresses to end‐stage renal disease rapidly after adolescence. There is no established therapy. We sought to clarify appropriate management of Epstein syndrome nephropathy.

Methods

Epstein syndrome patients who underwent renal transplantation at our institution between March 2009 and March 2017 were enrolled. Epstein syndrome was diagnosed based on clinical features and genetic testing. Patient medical records were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Four male patients with Epstein syndrome, all with severe MYH9 gene mutations (p.R702C in three and p.S96L in one), were enrolled. Despite treatment with renin–angiotensin system blockers, nephropathy was refractory and progressed rapidly, and the patients required dialysis or renal transplantation after adolescence. Early preparation for treatment based on early and accurate diagnosis of Epstein syndrome enabled two patients to undergo pre‐emptive renal transplantation. For these patients, we kept the platelet count above 100 × 109/L until day 7 after renal transplantation with platelet transfusions for macrothrombocytopaenia, and no postoperative bleeding episodes occurred.

Conclusion

Epstein syndrome nephropathy due to a severe MYH9 gene mutation can be refractory and progress rapidly; therefore, early and accurate diagnosis is important for safer therapeutic options including pre‐emptive renal transplantation. By keeping the platelet count above 100 × 109/L during the perioperative period, renal transplantation can be a safe treatment option for severe Epstein syndrome nephropathy.
Lesliegraecum elzbietae, a new small‐flowered angraecoid orchid species (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae) from Madagascar
Authors: Mytnik Joanna , Szlachetko Dariusz L. , Olędrzyńska Natalia
Published: March 2018

A new species from Madagascar, Lesliegraecum elzbietae Mytnik, Szlach. & Olędrz. (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae) is described and illustrated. The morphological description is complemented with data of ecology and distribution of the species. The taxonomic affinities of the new taxon are discussed and key to determination of all Lesliegraecum representatives is provided.
N–2 repetition leads to a cost within working memory and a benefit outside it
Authors: Kessler Yoav
Published: March 2018

Removal has been suggested to play a key role in controlling the contents of working memory. The present study examined the aftereffects of removal in a working memory updating task. Participants performed the reference‐back paradigm, a version of the n‐back task that is composed of two trial types: reference trials that required working memory updating and comparison trials that did not require updating. N–2 repetition effects—the difference in performance between trials that presented the same stimulus as the one presented two trials before (ABA sequences) and trials in which the stimulus differed from the two previous stimuli (ABC sequences)—were examined. In two experiments, n–2 repetition costs were observed within sequences of reference trials, while n–2 repetition benefits were observed within sequences of comparison trials. This pattern suggests that removal takes place during working memory updating. Furthermore, automatic formation and updating of representation outside working memory, which takes place in comparison trials and gives rise to n–2 repetition benefits, does not involve removal. Removal, demonstrated by phenomena such as n–2 repetition costs, is therefore proposed to be a marker for the utilization of working memory within a given task.
Hyperbrain network properties of guitarists playing in quartet
Authors: Müller Viktor , Sänger Johanna , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: March 2018

When playing music in an ensemble, musicians need to precisely coordinate their actions with one another. As shown in our previous studies on guitar duets, interbrain synchronization plays an essential role during such interactions. In this study, we simultaneously recorded electroencephalograms from four guitarists during quartet playing, to explore the extent and the functional significance of synchronized cortical activity across four brains. We found that hyperbrain networks based on intra‐ and interbrain connectivity across four brains dwell on higher frequencies for intrabrain communication and on lower frequencies for interbrain connections. The hyperbrain networks show small‐world topology, with a tendency to become more random at lower frequencies and more regular at higher frequencies, such that local efficiency increases and global efficiency decreases with higher frequencies. We identified two different types of information flow within the hyperbrain networks—intra‐ versus intermodular—which are based on hyperbrain modules that include nodes from two, three, or even four brains. Furthermore, we found that hyperbrain networks are unstable and change their structure over time, often as a function of musical context. Our findings demonstrate complex hyperbrain network interactions in a guitar quartet and point to mechanisms that support temporally coordinated joint action.
Craniofacial structures' development in prenatal period: An MRI study
Authors: Begnoni G. , Serrao G. , Musto F. , Pellegrini G. , Triulzi F. M. , Dellavia C.
Published: March 2018

Structured Abstract

Introduction

The development of skeletal structures (cranial base, upper and lower) and upper airways spaces (oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal) of the skull has always been an issue of great interest in orthodontics. Foetal MRI images obtained as screening exam during pregnancy can help to understand the development of these structures using a sample cephalometric analysis.

Material and Methods

A total of 28 MRI images in sagittal section of foetuses from 20th to 32th weeks of gestation were obtained to dispel doubts about the presence of skeletal malformations. Cephalometric measurements were performed on MRI T2‐dependent images acquired with a 1.5 T scanner. The Software Osirix 5 permits to study sagittal and vertical dimensions of the skull analysing linear measurements, angles and areas of the skeletal structures.

Results

Vertical and sagittal dimension of cranial base, maxilla and mandible grow significantly (P < .01) between the second and third trimester of gestational period as well as nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal spaces (P < .05). High correlation between the development of anterior cranial base and functional areas devoted to speech and swallow is demonstrated (r: .97).

Conclusions

The development of craniofacial structures during foetal period seems to show a close correlation between skeletal features and functional spaces with a peak between the second and third trimester of gestation. MRI images result helpful for the clinician to detect with a sample cephalometric analysis anomalies of skeletal and functional structures during prenatal period.
Epidemiology of general anesthesia prior to age 3 in a population‐based birth cohort
Authors: Shi Yu , Hu Danqing , Rodgers Erin L. , Katusic Slavica K. , Gleich Stephen J. , Hanson Andrew C. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Flick Randall P. , Warner David O.
Published: March 2018

Background

Utilization of general anesthesia in children has important policy, economic, and healthcare delivery implications, yet there is little information regarding the epidemiology of these procedures in the United States.

Aims

The primary objective of this study was to describe in a geographically defined population the incidence of procedures requiring general anesthesia up to the child's third birthday, and the patient characteristics associated with receiving these procedures. A secondary objective was to determine the proportion of children in the population who meet the risk criteria promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Methods

A retrospective cohort of children born from 1994 to 2007 in Olmsted County, MN was established. Birth certificate information and receipt of general anesthesia before age 3 were collected. Proportional hazard regressions were performed to evaluate the association between characteristics of children and incidence of general anesthesia.

Results

Among the 20 922 children in the cohort, 3120 (14.9%) underwent at least 1 general anesthesia before age 3. In multivariate regression, factors independently associated with receiving at least 1 procedure included prematurity, male sex, lower birth weight, cesarean delivery, a non‐Hispanic mother, and a White mother, controlling for multiple gestation, number of children previously born, age, education, and marital status of the mother. Seven hundred and twenty‐three children (3.5%) had at least 1 subsequent procedure. Estimated gestational age <32 weeks and low birth weight were independently associated with receiving repeated anesthesia. Eight hundred and twenty children (3.9%) had a single prolonged exposure above 3 hours, multiple exposures prior to age 3, or both.

Conclusion

Approximately 1 in 7 children were exposed to at least 1 episode of general anesthesia before age 3, and approximately 1 in 4 children who received general anesthesia fall within the high‐risk category as defined by the recent FDA warning. The apparent disparities in surgical utilization related to race and ethnicity in this study population deserve further exploration.
Kantian Schemata: A Critique Consistent with the Critique
Authors: Champagne Marc
Published: March 2018

Kant posits the schema as a hybrid bridging the generality of pure concepts and the particularity of sensible intuitions. However, I argue that countenancing such schemata leads to a third‐man regress. Siding with those who think that the mid‐way posit of the Critique of Pure Reason's schematism section is untenable, my diagnosis is that Kant's transcendental inquiry goes awry because it attempts to analyse a form/matter union that is primitive. I therefore sketch a nonrepresentational stance aimed at respecting this primitivity.
Decrease in artificial tanning by French teenagers: 2011‐2016
Authors: Say Matthieu , Beauchet Alain , Vouldoukis Ioannis , Beauchet Pascale , Boudet Monique , Tella Emilie , Mahé Emmanuel
Published: March 2018

Background

The major risk factor for skin cancers is exposure to solar and artificial ultraviolet radiation, in particular during childhood and adolescence. In France, a law was restricted for tanning‐bed access to adults (≥18 years) since 1997.

Objective

To evaluate teenagers’ artificial tanning behaviour in 2016 and to compare results with those obtained in a similar survey performed in 2011.

Methods

The SOLADO 2011 and 2016 surveys were conducted in a general school in Antony and a technical school in Fontenay‐aux‐Roses (Paris suburb).

Results

In 2016, 630 teenagers (mean age: 14.2 ± 1.9 y: Males/Females: 301/329) completed the questionnaire, 1.3% of teenagers reported using tanning beds, 1.1% tanning pills and 8.9% tanning creams. Between 2011 and 2016, the use of tanning beds decreased from 1.4% to 0.7% in Antony (P = .26) and from 9.5% to 4.8% in Fontenay‐aux‐Roses (P = .01), and the use of tanning creams from 39.8% to 17.6% in Fontenay‐aux‐Rose (P = .0007). The incidence of sunburn decreased from 60.5% to 54.0% in Antony (P = .02) and from 55.4% to 42.4% in Fontenay‐aux‐Roses (P = .05).

Conclusion

As compared to 2011, teenagers used artificial tanning methods less frequently in 2016. In particular, they used tanning beds less frequently, suggesting that the new stricter legislation has been effective.
Phototherapy as a first‐line treatment for early‐stage mycosis fungoides: The results of a large retrospective analysis
Authors: Nikolaou Vasiliki , Sachlas Athanasios , Papadavid Evangelia , Economidi Afroditi , Karambidou Konstantina , Marinos Leonidas , Stratigos Alexander , Antoniou Christina
Published: March 2018

Background

Phototherapy is one of the main treatments for mycosis fungoides (MF). In this study, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of phototherapy as a first‐line treatment in patients with early‐stage disease.

Methods

We analyzed treatment outcomes in a group of 227 early‐stage patients. The chi‐squared test, the parametric t test, and ANOVA test and the non‐parametric tests of Mann‐Whitney and Kruskal‐Wallis were applied for data analysis.

Results

55.9% of patients treated with UVB‐NB reached complete remission (CR), while analog rates after PUVA treatment were 74.5% (P = .015). Patients with patch‐stage disease showed better response rates to PUVA compared to UVB‐NB therapy (CRs 56.7% vs 91.3%, P < .001). Regarding the latter, long‐lasting disease was proven as an independent negative prognostic factor for treatment outcome. Phototypes I and II were found to be favorable prognostic factors for patients treated with PUVA. Maintenance treatment did not alter final relapse rates but led to prolonged time to relapse compared to no‐maintenance treated cases (19.5 months, vs 32.3, P < .002).

Conclusion

Our analysis indicates that PUVA leads to better responses and longer relapse‐free intervals both in patch‐ and plaque‐stage disease. UVB‐NB could be a valid therapeutic alternative for patients with recent disease presentation.
Pricing Diagnosis‐Based Services When Customers Exhibit Sunk Cost Bias
Authors: Kong Guangwen , Rajagopalan Sampath , Tong Chunyang
Published: March 2018

Significant evidence has emerged that consumers are boundedly rational and display a sunk cost bias when making decisions. Moreover, customers may display dynamically inconsistent beliefs about the extent to which they will discount sunk costs. We evaluate the impact of sunk cost bias and dynamically inconsistent preferences on commonly used pricing schemes in a service setting with diagnosis and treatment phases. Using a two‐part tariff pricing scheme, a monopolist service provider can achieve higher profits by exploiting the dynamic inconsistency of customers in their sunk cost bias proclivity. In fact, the provider can achieve higher profits when sunk cost bias is higher or the dynamic inconsistency is greater. In contrast, the provider's profit is lower when sunk cost bias is higher under a single rate time‐based fee. We evaluate special cases of the two‐part tariff frequently used in practice such as conditional diagnosis fee, single rate time‐based fee, and free diagnosis and characterize their relative performance under different levels of bounded rationality. A conditional diagnosis fee, which is charged only if a customer leaves after diagnosis without treatment, does very well. Offering a free diagnosis and charging a high rate for treatment performs poorly. We also provide insights into a setting in which the market consists of two customer classes with different levels of sunk cost bias or dynamic inconsistency in preferences. Overall, we show that sunk cost bias and inconsistency in beliefs over time are important factors that a provider should carefully consider in choosing a pricing scheme.
Molecular characterization, comparison of screening methods, and evaluation of cross‐pathogenicity of black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) strains from cabbage, choy sum, leafy mustard and pak choi from Taiwan
Authors: Burlakoti R. R. , Chen J.‐R. , Hsu C.‐F. , Burlakoti P. , Kenyon L.
Published: March 2018

Choy sum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), leafy mustard (Brassica juncea) and pak choi (B. rapa var. chinensis) are highly nutritious components of diets in Taiwan and other Asian countries, and bacterial black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a major biotic constraint in these crops. As very little was known about the Xcc strains from these crops in these regions, including their cross‐pathogenicity and aggressiveness on different hosts, Xcc strains were obtained from cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), choy sum, leafy mustard and pak choi crops in Taiwan. Two previously published PCR‐based assays reliably distinguished the Xcc strains from other Xanthomonas species and subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis based on repetitive sequence‐based PCR assays placed the Xcc strains in a clade distinct from other Xanthomonas species, and also showed host specificity. Although all of the Xcc strains from the different host species were pathogenic on all five Brassica test species in both a detached leaf assay and an intact plant assay, in the intact plant assay they showed differences in virulence or aggression on the different test hosts. The Xcc strains from leafy mustard and pak choi were consistently highly aggressive on all the test host genotypes, but the strains from choy sum and cabbage were less aggressive on leafy mustard and choy sum. The intact plant assay proved more discriminating and reliable than the detached leaf assay for comparing the aggressiveness of Xcc strains on different host genotypes, and so, with the new Xcc strains isolated in this study, will be useful for screening leafy brassica germplasm accessions for resistance to black rot.
The use of branch piles to assist in the restoration of degraded semiarid steppes
Authors: Castillo‐Escrivà Andreu , López‐Iborra Germán M. , Cortina Jordi , Tormo Jaume
Published: March 2018

Desertification is a major environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions. Tree plantation has been commonly employed to foster the recovery of degraded areas. However, this technique is costly, and their outcomes are often uncertain. Therefore, we evaluated an alternative method for the restoration of degraded semiarid steppes that involved the construction of branch piles to attract frugivores as potential seed‐dispersing birds, promoting seed rain, and fostering the formation of woody patches. We measured the success of branch piles in terms of the number of bird visits and seed input compared to naturally occurring shrub patches. Generally, frugivorous birds visited branch piles less frequently than shrub patches. Yet, branch piles accumulated seeds of patch‐forming shrub species. Seed rain was higher under patches of the dominant shrubRhamnus lycioidesthan under branch piles. In contrast, woody patches and branch piles did not differ in seed input of the less abundantPistacia lentiscusshrub. Our study demonstrates that branch piles are used by frugivorous birds and accumulate seeds of patch‐forming shrubs. Branch piles may be a suitable method to promote the expansion of bird‐dispersed plant species and restore semiarid wooded steppes. However, their efficiency largely depends on pile persistence and economic cost.
Vitamin D deficiency can impair respiratory health
Authors: Davidson Bruce L. , Alansari Khalid
Published: March 2018

See related Article
What is told when the story is retold? Consistency of victimization reports in psychiatric patients
Authors: Mesquita Cristina S. , Maia Ângela C.
Published: March 2018

The use of retrospective self‐reports is a major methodological concern when ascertaining the occurrence of victimization experiences, with additional concerns when assessing psychiatric patients. The test for consistency can overcome some of these concerns, increasing the confidence in the information reported. Our aim was twofold: (1) to know the consistency of victimization reports; and (2) to test the role of changes on emotional distress in predicting report discrepancies, in a sample of 34 adult psychiatric patients. Participants were assessed twice, with a year interval. Sexual abuse was the experience that presented the higher level of consistency for childhood victimization, while assault with a weapon had the higher consistency level for adolescent and adult victimization. We found that increases on emotional distress predicted report discrepancies, and more specifically, increases in the report of victimization. Our results displayed acceptable consistency levels, suggesting some stability in the reporting of victimization over time. Considering that inconsistencies tended either to increases and decreases in the reporting of victimization, it would be important to consider the impact of such experiences when intervening with psychiatric patients.
Digital technologies and the biomedicalisation of everyday activities: The case of walking and cycling
Authors: Carter Simon , Green Judith , Speed Ewen
Published: March 2018

Walking and cycling have been transformed by digital technologies, which range from mapping apps for wayfinding, through ‘wearables’ which monitor activity, to social media apps for comparing activity within social groups. Some technologies are explicitly orientated to health projects, others are not, yet all have potentially profound effects on bodies, health‐orientated identities, and understandings of health.

This paper uses the concept of biomedicalisation to explore emerging literature on the intersection of digital technologies with everyday mobility, focusing on walking and cycling. Beyond simply ‘medicalising’ mobility (by bringing it into the realm of public health), digital technologies contribute to various transformations of health: encouraging some health practices, inhibiting others; creating or excluding individual and collective health‐related identities; and reconfiguring health and well‐being. There is research evidence on the contingent and multiple relationships between digital technologies and social practices, with specific themes including quantification; the role of apps in framing walking as extraordinary, cycling as competitive; enabling users to perform as healthy, neoliberal citizens; and digital careers. There has been less attention on how social divisions are reproduced or disrupted by the mediation of mobility through digital technologies. Further research should consider the impact of digital technologies on political economies of health.
Characteristics of rumors and rumor victims in early adolescence: Rumor content and social impact
Authors: Malamut Sarah T. , Dawes Molly , Xie Hongling
Published: March 2018

Despite the prominence of rumor spreading in early adolescence, little research has examined the features of rumors during this developmental period. To address this gap in the literature, we analyzed rumor reports in a longitudinal study from fifth to seventh grades to identify subtypes of rumor content and to investigate gender and grade differences, the social impact of rumors, and victims’ social status across rumor content. In seventh grade, a higher proportion of girls were victims of sexual activity rumors whereas a higher proportion of boys were victims of sexual orientation rumors. There were significantly more sexual activity rumors in seventh grade than fifth and sixth grade. In sixth and seventh grade, sexual activity rumors had higher social impact compared to all other rumors. Higher social status was found for victims of romantic rumors in fifth grade, for victims of personal/physical characteristics rumors in sixth grade, and for victims of sexual activity rumors in seventh grade. These findings provide critical insight into rumors across early adolescence and add to growing evidence that victims of aggressive behavior may have high social status. The importance of incorporating multiple methods for assessing victimization and implications for awareness of rumor spreading are discussed.
Evolution of Export Product Space in China: Technological Relatedness, National/Local Governance and Regional Industrial Diversification
Authors: He Canfei , Zhu Shengjun
Published: March 2018

Regions tend to develop new products that are related to pre‐existing industrial structure. This stresses the critical role of relatedness in regional industrial diversification. Governments can also strongly affect the evolution of regional industrial structure by using a variety of industrial policies. Based on China's custom product level data, this study explores the evolution of China's export product space during 2000–2011. Econometric analyses suggest that the evolution of export product space in China is heavily driven by relatedness between export products, indicating that regional industrial diversification is path‐dependent. Chinese national and local governments can exert significant influence on the evolution of export products by using export and FDI‐related policies and by establishing development zones. More importantly, national and local governments have played conflicting roles in China's regional industrial dynamics.
Dealing with non‐normality: an introduction and step‐by‐step guide using R
Authors: Courtney Matthew G.R. , Chang Kevin C.
Published: March 2018

The article presents some notes on normalization and illustrates these procedures using graphing functions in R. Using real data, the paper also presents an R package and online Shiny app that efficiently transforms variables in large datasets.
PtdIns(4,5)P2 is not required for secretory granule docking
Authors: Omar‐Hmeadi Muhmmad , Gandasi Nikhil R. , Barg Sebastian
Published: March 2018

Phosphoinositides (PtdIns) play important roles in exocytosis and are thought to regulate secretory granule docking by co‐clustering with the SNARE protein syntaxin to form a docking receptor in the plasma membrane. Here we tested this idea by high‐resolution total internal reflection imaging of EGFP‐labeled PtdIns markers or syntaxin‐1 at secretory granule release sites in live insulin‐secreting cells. In intact cells, PtdIns markers distributed evenly across the plasma membrane with no preference for granule docking sites. In contrast, syntaxin‐1 was found clustered in the plasma membrane, mostly beneath docked granules. We also observed rapid accumulation of syntaxin‐1 at sites where granules arrived to dock. Acute depletion of plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) by recruitment of a 5′‐phosphatase strongly inhibited Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis, but had no effect on docked granules or the distribution and clustering of syntaxin‐1. Cell permeabilization by α‐toxin or formaldehyde‐fixation caused PtdIns marker to slowly cluster, in part near docked granules. In summary, our data indicate that PtdIns(4,5)P2 accelerates granule priming, but challenge a role of PtdIns in secretory granule docking or clustering of syntaxin‐1 at the release site.
Factors related to the outcome of prophylactic platelet transfusions in patients with hematologic malignancies: an observational study
Authors: Seigeot Audrey , Desmarets Maxime , Rumpler Anne , Leroux Franck , Deconinck Eric , Monnet Elisabeth , Bardiaux Laurent
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

A better knowledge of the connections between platelet concentrate (PC) characteristics and transfusion outcomes in day‐to‐day practice would help improve the selection process of the most appropriate PC.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In this study of prophylactic platelet transfusions in patients with hematologic malignancies between 2002 and 2012, outcome criteria were corrected count increments (CCIs) and platelet transfusion intervals (TIs, in days). Studied characteristics were ABO matching status, platelet source, dose, storage duration, irradiation, washing, and transfusion sequence number (TSN). The analysis consisted of multivariable linear mixed‐effects models with adjustments for patient diagnosis, sex, and type of treatment.

RESULTS

Overall, 869 patients and 6662 platelet transfusions were analyzed. For each day after the second day of storage, the CCI and TI decreased by 0.88 and 0.06 day, respectively. Compared to ABO‐identical, transfusion with major ABO‐incompatible PCs decreased the CCI and TI by 0.79 and 0.21 day, respectively. Platelet washing reduced the CCI and TI by 2.28 and 0.24 day, respectively. There was no significant association between platelet source or irradiation and CCI or TI. TI increased as the platelet dose per kg increased. Both CCI and TI decreased as the TSN increased.

CONCLUSION

Transfusion outcomes were significantly related to several PC‐related factors. Associations for ABO matching status and storage duration were stronger than previously reported. Taking into account such factors when selecting a PC for transfusion could be beneficial to the recipient.
Radiographic and computed tomographic appearance of caseous lymphadenitis in a goat
Authors: Vilaplana Grosso Federico , Tinkler Stacy , Sola Mario , Miller Margaret , Heng Hock Gan
Published: March 2018

A 2‐year‐old Boer doe was presented with respiratory distress and severe inspiratory dyspnea. Cervical and thoracic radiographs revealed a marked retropharyngeal soft tissue mass effect, several mineralized pharyngeal and retropharyngeal structures, and a pulmonary mass. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a severely enlarged right medial retropharyngeal lymph node, which caused laryngeal compression, leading to upper airway obstruction. Multiple cervical and thoracic lymph nodes, and the pulmonary mass had an irregular layered/laminated pattern of mineralization. Imaging findings were consistent with caseous lymphadenitis, and further confirmed with culture, necropsy, and histopathology. This is the first report of CT appearance of caseous lymphadenitis in a goat.
Long‐term precipitation trend analysis in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin
Authors: Caloiero Tommaso , Caloiero Paola , Frustaci Francesco
Published: March 2018

The spatiotemporal analysis of a region's precipitation climate regime could be particularly interesting for many fields of applied sciences, such as climatology, hydrology and water resources management. In this study, the precipitation trends at seasonal and annual scale, over a large area of the northern Hemisphere have been analysed based on a globally gridded precipitation data sets of monthly observations. In particular, among the several data sets available in literature, with spatial resolutions of 0.5° longitude/latitude, in this work the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Full Data Reanalysis Version 6 data set has been used. The broad extension of the area under investigation allowed a better understanding of trend precipitation patterns over space. In fact, yearly results evidenced a marked negative rainfall tendency in the eastern Mediterranean (more than −20 mm/10 years) and in North Africa (until −16 mm/10 years), while a relatively large positive trend (more than 20 mm/10 years) in central and northern Europe has been observed.
Multiple genetically modified GTKO/hCD46/HLA‐E/hβ2−mg porcine hearts are protected from complement activation and natural killer cell infiltration during ex vivo perfusion with human blood
Authors: Abicht Jan‐Michael , Sfriso Riccardo , Reichart Bruno , Längin Matthias , Gahle Katja , Puga Yung Gisella L. , Seebach Jörg D. , Rieben Robert , Ayares David , Wolf Eckhard , Klymiuk Nikolai , Baehr Andrea , Kind Alexander , Mayr Tanja , Bauer Andreas
Published: March 2018

Background

In pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation, early cellular rejection reactions are mediated by natural killer cells (NK cells). Human NK cells are inhibited by HLA‐E via CD94/NKG2A receptors. To protect porcine grafts against human NK cell responses, transgenic GTKO pigs expressing hCD46 and HLA‐E have been generated. The aim of this study was to test the effect of this genetic modification on xenogeneic, and in particular human NK cell response, using an ex vivo perfusion model of pig hearts with human blood.

Methods

Cardiopleged and explanted genetically modified (gm) pig hearts (GTKO/hCD46/HLA‐E/hβ2‐microglobulin) and wild‐type (wt) controls (n = 6 each) were reperfused and tested in an 8 hours ex vivo perfusion system using freshly drawn human blood. Cardiac function was evaluated during a 165‐minute period in working heart mode. Myocardial damage, antibody deposition, complement activation, and coagulation parameters were evaluated histologically at the end of perfusion. The number of NK cells in the perfusate was determined by flow cytometry at baseline and at 8 hours; tissue infiltration by NK cells was quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy using NKp46 staining of frozen sections.

Results

Deposition of IgG (1.2 ± 1 × 107 vs 8.8 ± 2.9 × 106; P < .01), IgM (4.4 ± 3.7 × 106 vs 1.7 ± 1.2 × 106; P < .01), and the complement activation product C4b/c (3.5 ± 1.3 × 106 vs 2.3 × 106 ± 9.4 × 105; P > .01) was lower in gm than wt hearts. NK cell percentages of leukocytes in the perfusate decreased from 0.94 ± 0.77% to 0.21 ± 0.25% (P = .04) during xenoperfusion of wt hearts. In contrast, the ratio of NK cells did not decrease significantly in the gm hearts. In this group, NK cell myocardial infiltration after 480 minutes of perfusion was lower than in wt organs (2.5 ± 3.7 × 104/mm3 vs 1.3 ± 1.4 × 105/mm3; P = .0001). The function of gm hearts was better preserved compared to wt organs, as demonstrated by higher cardiac index during the first 2 hours of ex vivo perfusion.

Conclusion

GTKO, hCD46, and HLA‐E expression in porcine hearts reduced complement deposition, complement dependent injury, and myocardial NK cell infiltration during perfusion with human blood. This tested combination of genetic modifications may minimize damage from acute human‐anti‐pig rejection reactions and improve myocardial function after xenotransplantation.
Respect for the Sacred versus Freedom of Expression: Analysis from an Islamic Perspective in the Context of De-Radicalization
Authors: Dogan Recep
Published: March 2018

Freedom is the most basic of rights that every human being is born with. Freedom of expression is one of the essential elements of a democratic society. Although in a liberal democratic society freedom of expression is an essential right there are some concerns that if it could cause harms to others when used without any limit. In this regard, all human beings expect respect for their sacred and this seems to be the only way to build a peaceful society. Because, if the sacred of people are humiliated through media, newspapers, cartoons, or any other means this creates enmity and hatred towards certain faiths and in return, the humiliated ones develop anger, violence and terror towards to abusers of their faiths. This article aims to examine whether freedom of expression should be limited when criticizing the sacred, and also seeks to analyze if respecting for the sacred can be a solution towards the process of de-radicalizing religious extremism. Finally, this article emphasizes on the necessity of interfaith dialogue among people from different faiths to promote peace in the world.
Campus as a Living Laboratory for Sustainability: The Physics Connection
Authors: Lindstrom Timothy , Middlecamp Catherine
Published: March 2018

One of us is a physicist. The other is a chemist. For the past four years, we have been teaching a large introductory environmental science course that uses our campus as a lens through which to explore issues relating to sustainability. Our students “ask questions about the energy we use to heat and cool our buildings, the food we eat, the air we breathe, the electricity to run light bulbs and appliances, the goods we purchase, and the waste we create.” This course fits in the genre of using “campus as a living laboratory,” a term we will discuss later.
Numerical investigation of shear layer effect on sound generation in jet diffusion flame
Authors: Xiong Caiyi , Jiang Yong
Published: March 2018

Shear layer effect was pointed out to be associated with the vortex–flame interaction and leads to the difference in combustion noise. In this work, numerical simulation combining with an acoustic analogy equation was performed to investigate the shear layer effect on the sound generation by jet diffusion flames. To easily identify the cause and effect, the approach that varies the thickness of shear layer by changing the Prandtl number is adopted, which provides deeper physical insight into the characteristics of the acoustic near field. The formation and evolution mechanisms of sound sources in jet diffusion flames are interpreted. It is observed that the sound sources are concentrated in vortex centers and appear as either the sources or the drains for the sound waves. The spectral analysis shows that the low frequency sound is emitted from the flame base, while the high frequency sound is radiated from the downstream region. Moreover, the theoretical analysis based on vortical dynamics shows that the low frequency sound is primarily affected by the combustion-induced buoyancy effect, whereas the high frequency sound is determined by the baroclinic torque.
Fidelity Criteria Development: Aligning Paralympic School Day With Contact Theory
Authors: McKay Cathy , Park Jung Yeon , Block Martin
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to address contact theory as the theoretical basis of the Paralympic School Day (PSD) disability awareness program using a newly created fidelity of implementation instrument (fidelity criteria) to measure a single construct (contact theory), seeking to control and explain the manner in which PSD satisfied the four components of contact theory. Participants were 145 sixth-grade students who took part in PSD. Results determined that the PSD intervention supported the four theoretical components of contact theory, with statistically significant differences in student responses across all four indicators (p < .001). In addition, results determined that the fidelity criteria had strong test–retest reliability with internal consistency that was strong across time points (r = .829; p < .001). Results also determined that the four indicators of the instrument measured a single construct (one indicator significant at the p ≤ .01 level and three indicators significant at the p ≤ .001 level), thus, determining strong construct validity.
Improvement of Prediction of Noncontact Injury in Elite Australian Footballers With Repeated Exposure to Established High-Risk Workload Scenarios
Authors: Colby Marcus J. , Dawson Brian , Peeling Peter , Heasman Jarryd , Rogalski Brent , Drew Michael K. , Stares Jordan
Published: March 2018

Objectives: To assess the effect of multiple high-risk-scenario (HRS) exposures on noncontact injury prediction in elite Australian footballers. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Sessional workload data (session rating of perceived exertion, global positioning system–derived distance, sprint distance, and maximum velocity) from 1 club (N = 60 players) over 3 seasons were collated; several established HRSs were also defined. Accumulated HRS sessional exposures were calculated retrospectively (previous 1–8 wk). Noncontact injury data were documented. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models determined injury incidence rate ratios (IRRs) while accounting for moderating effects (preseason workload volume and playing experience). Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics (area under curve). Results: Very low (0–8 sessions: IRR = 5.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69–19.66) and very high (>15 sessions: IRR = 4.70; 95% CI, 1.49–14.87) exposures to >85% of an individual’s maximal velocity over the previous 8 wk were associated with greater injury risk compared with moderate exposures (11–12 sessions) and displayed the best model performance (area under curve = 0.64). A single session corresponding to a very low chronic load condition over the previous week for all workload variables was associated with increased injury risk, with sprint distance (IRR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.95–5.40) providing the most accurate prediction model (area under curve = 0.63). Conclusions: Minimal exposure to high-velocity efforts (maximum speed exposure and sprint volume) was associated with the greatest injury risk. Being underloaded may be a mediator for noncontact injury in elite Australian football. Preseason workload and playing experience were not moderators of this effect.