bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EPILOGUE
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

During the Revolutionary War, the largest American cities played host to major military engagements. From the American standpoint, the physical characteristics that rendered the cities ideal for political mobilization also made them vulnerable to British occupation or even destruction. The war disrupted the cities' economic functions. As each of the five cities in this book became untenable, Patriot sympathizers abandoned them for the countryside, and the cities capitulated to occupying forces. This ignominious wartime history, coupled with agrarian ideals and widespread distrust of urban crowds, has led the cities' prewar significance to diminish in American memory. Although the cities of the United States retained their importance as centers of commerce and manufacturing, it was uncertain whether they would ever again play so crucial a role in political mobilization and the advancement of democratic ideas and practices. Still, a variety of groups continued to rely on the cities for political activity.
Virtuous Bodies
Authors: Mrozik Susanne
Published: September 2007

This book investigates the diverse roles bodies play in Buddhist ethical development. Traditionally, Buddhists assumed a close connection between body and morality. Thus, Buddhist literature contains descriptions of living beings that stink with sin, are disfigured by vices, or are perfumed and adorned with virtues. Taking an influential early medieval Indian Mahayana Buddhist text — nullantideva's Compendium of Training (nulliknullasamuccaya) — as a case study, this book demonstrates that Buddhists regarded ethical development as a process of physical and moral transformation. This book chooses the Compendium of Training because it quotes from over one hundred Buddhist scriptures, allowing a broader Buddhist interest in the ethical significance of bodies to be revealed. The text is a training manual for bodhisattvas, especially monastic bodhisattvas. In it, bodies function as markers of, and conditions for, one's own ethical development. Most strikingly, bodies also function as instruments for the ethical development of others. When living beings come into contact with the virtuous bodies of bodhisattvas, they are transformed physically and morally for the better. This book explores both the centrality of bodies to the bodhisattva ideal and the corporeal specificity of that ideal. Arguing that the bodhisattva ideal is an embodied ethical ideal, the book poses an array of fascinating questions: what does virtue look like? What kinds of physical features constitute virtuous bodies? What kinds of bodies have virtuous effects on others?
American Religious Pluralism
Authors: Eck Diana L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses religious pluralism in America. Topics covered include religious diversity in America; the difference between pluralism and diversity; theological and civic perspectives of religious pluralism; and Ten Commandments cases. It argues that pluralism is the dynamic process by which we engage with one another in and through our deepest differences. For some, the engagement will be in the religious or theological register; for others it will be in the civic register; for many or most of us, it will be in both.
A Voice of One's Own
Authors: Volf Miroslav
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of religious diversity in Western countries. It then discusses religion in liberal democracy, and gives a pluralist account of relations among religions, and finally ponders what it means to speak in one' own religious voice.
The End of Religious Pluralism
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley
Published: September 2007

This chapter attempts to show that the Christian response to the challenge of the new religious pluralism has everything to do with Christian nonviolence. It argues that pluralism is the ideology used by Protestant liberals to give themselves the illusion they are still in control of, or at least have responsibility for, the future of America. Religion is the designation created to privatize strong convictions in order to render them harmless so that alleged democracies can continue to have the illusion they flourish on difference. If there is anything new about the current situation, it is that we are coming to the end of Protestant hegemony in America.
Confronting the Communist Past
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian
Published: September 2007

Romania has been hard pressed to confront the communist past and its human rights infringements. Among religious denominations, the most tainted by collaboration with the repressive regime was the Orthodox Church. Four related themes illustrate how transitional justice affected the Orthodox Church: Patriarch Teoctist's undignified resignation in 1990 and his controversial return to the helm of his church; allegations that Orthodox priests broke the secret of the confessional by reporting information to the communist secret political police, the Securitate; reevaluation of the pros and cons of the church's collaboration with the communist regime; and the church's insistence that the names of political police agents and informers drawn from among the Orthodox clergy continue to be kept secret.
Religion, Politics, and Sexuality
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian
Published: September 2007

Since 1989, church and state have tried to impose on the society their views of morality by extolling the virtues of the traditional family and by condemning homosexuality and abortion as dangerous practices threatening the very existence of the Romanian nation. The parliamentary debates on lifting the ban on homosexual behavior and on legalizing abortion have proved illustrative of the tension between church and state, and of the churches’ efforts to influence the legislative vote occasionally by persuasion and at times by condemnation.
Acting as a Group Member
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

The central notions of acting and functioning as a group member are studied in this chapter. One can function and act as a group member either in the we-mode or in the I-mode. In the latter case, one adopts the group's constitutive goals, values, norms, and standards—briefly its “ethos”—in a private sense, whereas in the former case these are collectively accepted and the group members are collectively committed to them. Accordingly, we-mode reasons for actions and mental states are group-based and collectively constructed, while I-mode reasons are private. We-mode acting as group member is called the “standard” sense and the latter the “weak” sense of acting as a group member. The notion of collective commitment—viewed as a conceptual entailment of we-mode collective acceptance—is clarified and shown to be “group-socially” normative and its functions in central group contexts are discussed. Furthermore, the problems of satisfying and maintaining the group's ethos are considered at length.

A distinction between we-mode groups and I-mode groups is made. We-mode groups are social constructions based on collective acceptance, whereas I-mode groups are based on their membersʼ private commitments to some shared goals, beliefs, norms etc., and are not collectively constructed as groups. We-mode groups can be instrumentalistically viewed as agents, although this is not correct from an ontological point of view.
Cooperation
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

This chapter contains an extensive discussion of cooperation, including accounts of both I-mode and we-mode cooperation. I-mode cooperation concerns the participants relevantly “shifting” their I-mode goals and actions toward their partnersʼ goals and actions so that a shared goal outcome is reached. We-mode cooperation amounts to we-mode joint action. These two modes are compared and illustrated in terms of a simple game-theoretical public good acquisition model. It is shown that in some situations we-mode cooperation is preferable to both “progroup” and “plain” I-mode cooperation also on grounds of instrumental rationality. We-mode cooperation, by generally being more holistic and ingrained, gives more stability and order, involves respect-based trust, and also allows for more speed, creativity, and flexibility and better applicability to the large-group case. Because of the ingredient of collective commitment we-mode cooperation entails “strong,” group-sanctioned reciprocity, which helps to escape collective action dilemmas. From the group's point of view such dilemmas ideally do not even arise, although in real life people often do not act as proper group members but free-ride.
Cultural Evolution of Cooperative Social Activities
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

The evolutionary aspects of acting as a group member and cooperation are discussed in this chapter. It is argued that the disposition to act as a group member (and, accordingly, to cooperate) is a coevolutionary adaptation, a stable feature typically involving both biological and cultural elements. This chapter sketches an account of the dynamics and change of social practices. Three types of group change are focused on. The main change mechanism is taken to be social learning (e.g., imitation) based on conformism, thus we-attitudes. This theoretical account squares well with other, empirically supported work in the field.
Group Responsibility
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

The main idea about group responsibility is that we-mode groups, namely, groups in which a substantial number of the members are collectively committed to the group (to its ethos and to each other concerning ethos promotion), are normatively responsible—in a control-based sense of responsibility—for their actions and for what their members, also violators and dissidents, do. In contrast to we-mode groups, I-mode groups, are not responsible as groups for actions or outcomes. However, their members are jointly responsible for what they intentionally jointly (although not as a group) cause.
Liturgical Semiotics
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

One of the major tasks of Mendelssohn and other Jewish thinkers is to formulate a larger vision of the Enlightenment, in which the Jews would not only participate but also take the lead. In Jerusalem (Berlin, 1783), Mendelssohn presents Jewish liturgies as particularly sophisticated forms of rational and theological semiosis. The group performance of Jewish liturgies is a signifying event in which the dynamism of God's spirit and the living wisdom and guidance of God's Torah is represented. Thus, liturgical semiosis is especially important to Judaism because it defeats all idolatrous attempts to fix spirit and wisdom in concrete forms. Mendelssohn's view is that all commandments and laws provide scripts for countless behavioral performances. This moves Jewish commandments out of the realm of civil and criminal law into a philosophical, theological, and aesthetic arena that is led by signs.
Liturgical Time
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

This chapter attends to Rosenzweig's attempt to reestablish the relationship God–word–world, which was shattered in modernity. This provides the basis to rehabilitate a notion of miracle and the signs of liturgy for contemporary Jews. For Rosenzweig, liturgy is a form of reasoning about time that provides answers to the age‐old aporias that Augustine exposed in his Confessions. The first part of the chapter ends with an analysis of the psalms that are chanted in the Hallel service as keys to the liturgical relation to eternity. The second part of this chapter focuses on Rosenzweig's liturgical reasoning with each of the central festivals of the yearly Jewish calendar. These festivals are presented as expressions of three theological terms (creation, revelation, redemption) and the temporal tenses (past, present, future). The chapter concludes with an attempt to revise Rosenzweig's theology of Christianity through the Jewish‐Christian‐Islamic movement of “Scriptural Reasoning.”
Liturgical Space in the Post‐Shoah and Zionist Era
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

Jewish liturgy helps develop new forms of discourse and theology to respond to the two central events of the contemporary Jewish era: the Shoah and the establishment of the State of Israel. Peter Ochs argues that modern philosophical logic is limited and must be augmented with a “logic of scripture.” This chapter argues for the power of the “logic of liturgy.” To address the Shoah, the chapter focuses on the liturgical theodicy of the Passover Seder and the synagogue sermon. The State of Israel revives issues of sacred space for Judaism. Part two of the chapter explores the notion of liturgical space as a response to idolatrous and messianic claims by some Zionists for the present State of Israel. Liturgy preserves the messianic character of Israel as a future and not a present reality.
Epilogue
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

This book could be summarized with the following proposition: Truth is liturgical. This means that truth is performative, communal, and temporal. Truth is also multi‐staged and processional; it takes time to develop and unfold. Truth is also a hybrid multi‐shaped thing rather than a pure and univocal essence. Liturgical truth is philosophy, ethics, theology, art, poetry, music, and dance, all working together. Monotheistic liturgies tell us that truth is married to scripture. If truth is liturgical, this chapter suggests that perhaps it can be found in nonreligious liturgical forms such as the form of the dialogue or, as in ancient Greece, the “symposium.” The chapter concludes with a suggestion that group practices of reading scripture also have liturgical aspects. The study sessions of Scriptural Reasoning are then explored for the ways in which they exhibit liturgical truth.
Differential Involvement of the Prefrontal, Premotor, and Primary Motor Cortices in Rule‐Based Motor Behavior
Authors: Hoshi Eiji
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the differential involvement of multiple areas of the lateral frontal cortex in rule‐based behavior. It presents evidence obtained from physiological and anatomical studies of monkeys and discusses the specific role played by each area from the viewpoint of a hierarchical network within the lateral frontal cortex. It introduces several key types of neuronal activity found in the prefrontal, premotor, and primary motor cortices of macaque monkeys performing a variety of rule‐based behaviors, such as following location‐matching rules or shape‐matching rules.
Dopaminergic Modulation of Flexible Cognitive Control: The Role of the Striatum
Authors: Cools Roshan
Published: September 2007

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is well known to play an important role in cognitive control processing. The effects of dopaminergic drugs on cognitive control are most commonly associated with modulation of the prefrontal cortex. For example, a large body of evidence supports a role for prefrontal dopamine in the stable maintenance of rule‐relevant representations. This chapter reviews studies highlighting a complementary role for the basal ganglia in a different aspect of cognitive control and argues that the straitum mediate the dopaminergic modulation of the flexible (as opposed to stable) control of relevant representations. Moreover, the chapter proposes that the role of the basal ganglia to cognitive flexibility is restricted to the flexible control of concrete stimulus‐response associations, and does not extend to the control of abstract rule representations.
Rules through Recursion: How Interactions between the Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia May Build Abstract, Complex Rules from Concrete, Simple Ones
Authors: Miller Earl K. , Buschman Timothy J.
Published: September 2007

The understanding of abstract rules is necessary for the development of goal‐directed behavior, and generally has been linked to prefrontal function. However, this chapter puts forward the theory that complex thoughts and actions can actually be “bootstrapped” from simpler ones through the parallel interactions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (specifically, the dorsal striatum) via the corticoganglia loops. The relationship between the two structures appears to be that, as the animal learns specific stimulus‐response associations, they are quickly represented in the striatum, which then slowly trains the PFC. The closed circuit loop between the two structures suggests an autoassociative network in which a key component is the ability to learn temporal sequences of patterns and thus make predictions.
4 charting responsibilities
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a sustained critique of Robert Goodin's use of his Principle of Protecting the Vulnerable. Goodin does not succeed in demonstrating that the vulnerability principle, which explains special obligations, also supports individual and collective obligations to distant strangers; in addition, his claim that the principle yields a kind of consequentialism seems mistaken. An ethics of responsibility that focuses on actual distributions and practices of responsibility, however, is especially revealing of how differentiated moral and social positions are constituted. As feminist care ethics illustrates, being held responsible in certain ways, or being exempted or excluded from responsibility of certain types, forms individuals' own senses of responsibility and others' expectations of accountability. Close attention to practices of responsibility also reveals why a purely instrumental account of responsibility assignment misses the multiple functions of responsibility assignment in expressing and reproducing shared moral understandings and expectations.
Beyond Reduction
Authors: Horst Steven
Published: September 2007

Contemporary debates in philosophy of mind‐between reductionists, dualists, nonreductive materialists, and eliminativists‐have been based upon the perception that mental phenomena like consciousness and intentionality are uniquely irreducible. The “explanatory gap” between mind and body seems to be an urgent and fascinating problem if one assumes that intertheoretic reductions are the rule in the special sciences, with the mind as the lone exception. While this debate was going on in philosophy of mind, however, philosophers of science were rejecting this very sort of reductionism: intertheoretic reductions are not ubiquitous but rare. This book argues that post‐reductionist philosophy of science poses problems for all the familiar positions in philosophy of mind and calls for a deep rethinking of the problematic. To this end, a new perspective, Cognitive Pluralism, is urged.
1 Varieties of Naturalism
Authors: Horst Steven
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines several varieties of “naturalism” in philosophy of mind and philosophy of science. In philosophy of mind, it is the view that mental phenomena can be accommodated within the framework of the world of the nature as understood by the natural sciences. However, there are a number of variations on this view. Naturalism takes normative and positive forms. It can be a claim about metaphysics or about explanation. And it can be based on several paradigms for understanding explanation in the natural sciences: reductive, nomic, and evolutionary. The preeminent importance of reductive naturalism in philosophy of mind is explained.
Ordinary Objects
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: September 2007

Arguments that ordinary inanimate objects such as tables and chairs, sticks and stones, simply do not exist have become increasingly common. Some arguments for eliminativism are based on demands for parsimony or for a non-arbitrary answer to the special composition question; others arise from prohibitions against causal redundancy, ontological vagueness, or colocation; and others still come from worries that a common sense ontology would be a rival to a scientific one. This book makes the case that the mistakes behind all of these superficially diverse eliminativist arguments may be traced to a common source, and may be successfully resisted by adopting a small cluster of interrelated and independently plausible theses about reference, analyticity, and modality. By adopting these theses, we can make sense of our common sense world view without internal contradiction, violation of plausible metaphysical principles, or rivalry with a scientific ontology. In the end, however, the most important result of addressing these eliminativist arguments is not merely avoiding their conclusions. It also leads to important metaontological results, bringing into question widely held assumptions about which uses of metaphysical principles are appropriate, which metaphysical demands are answerable, and how we incur ontological commitments. As a result, the work of this book hopes to provide not only the route to a reflective understanding of our unreflective common sense world view, but also a better understanding of the proper methods and limits of metaphysics.
Problems of Vagueness
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: September 2007

Unger's sorites-style argument against ordinary objects relies on the vagueness of the associated terms. While standard solutions to the problems of vagueness are often accused of being ad hoc, this chapter argues that the above view of reference provides an understanding of the source of vagueness that suggests that supervaluational solutions and Tye's indeterminist solution are entirely suitable and not ad hoc. Others reject ordinary objects given worries that these objects would have to be vague, since ontic vagueness is often considered incoherent. This chapter also addresses Horgan's and Evans' reasons for rejecting ontic vagueness, arguing that the kind of vagueness in the world that we must posit to accept ordinary objects is a kind of anodyne vagueness that explains the vagueness in the world in terms of vagueness in our representations, but that even serious ontological vagueness does not present the difficulties it is thought to.
A Coherent Common Sense View
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins by bringing out three common mistakes that lie behind the various arguments against ordinary objects discussed in this book. It goes on to suggest that all of these mistakes may be avoided by adopting a unified picture, based on the thesis that our singular and general nominative terms have a basic conceptual content in the form of frame-level conditions of application and coapplication collectively established by competent speakers. It shows how to develop a workable ontology of ordinary objects — one that can avoid all of the standard arguments against such objects — from that basis, and defends the claim that this provides a common sense view. The closing sections consider some prominent objections to the positive view, including that it posits too many objects and that it leads to some form of anti-realism.
Introduction
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of Enlightenment philosophers, and how their strategies overlapped with and differed from “piecemeal social engineering”. The purpose of the book is explained, which is to examine a widely shared Enlightenment strategy for the gradual realization of basic social and moral ideals. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Religion
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter seeks to challenge the myth of the antireligious Enlightenment by presenting an account of Enlightenment religiosity, an account anchored by three core ideas shared by a wide number of Enlightenment intellectuals from different countries. These include the unity thesis, morality thesis, and toleration.
Education
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the ideas of the Enlightenment intellectuals regarding education. Topics covered include (almost) universal education, learning to use one's own reason, and Enlightened universities.
International Relations
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines international relations since the Enlightenment. Topics covered include the League of Nations, the United Nations, warring nations, the moral pressure of human rights, and global jurisdiction versus national sovereignty. It is argued that the present situation with regard to Enlightenment ideals in the sphere of international relations is very similar to that of education. In both cases, it appears at first glance that subsequent generations have indeed realized a good many Enlightenment hopes. However, the reality underneath the surface is quite different. There exists a variety of minimally functional but by no means robust international institutions and an abundance of global rules, and they are both contributing to the creation of a global civil society. But there is still no peace.
The Mind Possessed
Authors: Cohen Emma E. A.
Published: September 2007

The Mind Possessed examines spirit concepts and mediumistic practices from a cognitive scientific perspective. Drawing primarily, but not exclusively, from ethnographic data collected during eighteen months of fieldwork in Belém, northern Brazil, this book combines fine‐grained description and analysis of mediumistic activities in an Afro‐Brazilian cult house with a scientific account of the emergence and the spread of the tradition's core concepts. The book develops a novel theoretical approach to questions that are of central importance to the scientific study of transmission of culture, particularly concepts of spirits, spirit healing, and spirit possession. Making a radical departure from established anthropological, medicalist, and sociological analyses of spirit phenomena, the book looks instead to instructive insights from the cognitive sciences and offers a set of testable hypotheses concerning the spread and appeal of spirit concepts and possession activities. Predictions and claims are grounded in the data collected and sourced in specific ethnographic contexts. The data presented open new lines of enquiry for the cognitive science of religion (a rapidly growing field of interdisciplinary scholarship) and challenge the existing but outdated theoretical frameworks within which spirit possession practices have traditionally been understood.
Medicalist, Physiological, and Sociological Explanations
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

Chapter 5 reviews medicalist, physiological, and sociological approaches to possession. The usefulness of the approaches reviewed—descriptive, interpretive, and explanatory—is assessed against the evidential standards required for scientific investigation. Chapters 4 and 5 argue that scientific explanation necessitates cross‐disciplinary collaboration between traditionally disparate bodies of knowledge, as well as the sharing of methodological tools of investigation.
Observing Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

Chapter 7 addresses the social cognition of possession activities. Some researchers have noted that possession observation is often characterised by ambiguity, contradiction, and inconsistency. This is the first attempt to explain why using established and recent hypotheses and data from social psychology (on social perception processes and biases) and neuroscience together with observations and interview data from the field.
ONE The U.S Supreme Courtversusthe States
Authors: Ellis E. Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the various decisions handed down by the US Supreme Court, under Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, that dealt with federal state relations. Emphasis is placed on United States v. Peters (1809) and Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and their impact.
THREE The Statesversus the Second Bank of the United States
Authors: Ellis E. Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the impact of the Panic of 1819 on the 2 BUS, the congressional investigation of the activities of the 2 BUS, the removal of William Jones as its President, and how relations with the state banks were further exacerbated. It also traces the formal reactions of a number of different states to the creation of branches within their jurisdiction. Special attention is given to developments in the state of Maryland which led to the arranged case of McCulloch v. Maryland, and Chief Justice Marshall's role in it.
Introduction
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter presents the objectives of the book and its scope of analysis in terms of the extent, pattern, and character of capital formation and its contribution to South Korea's economic development and structural changes in the economy after the Korean War. This reveals a unique experience compared to that of other countries with similar backgrounds, especially those in Asia. The chapter also notes the reasons why the study of economic development and capital formation is essential to understanding the path of South Korea's economic development. The approach followed in this study and the nature of data sources used in this book are discussed.
Economic Development and Structural Changes
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the path and record of economic development in South Korea. This is carried out in several stages, focusing on the increases in GDP and the structural changes that transformed the economy after the Korean War. These are investigated in terms of aggregate and sectoral expansions and shifts, the rise of capital- and technological-intensive industries, the expansion of the scale of business enterprises, and changes in the magnitude and pattern of foreign trade. The chapter also evaluates the structural changes in various economic sectors, such as social overhead capital, industry, manufacturing, service sectors, agriculture, mining, and others. It follows with an examination of the fundamental changes in industrial structure and organization, including the rise of jaebeol and their importance to economic growth. Finally, the factors affecting economic growth and structural changes are enumerated.
Aggregate and Sectoral Investment
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates aggregate and sectoral investments in both the public and private sectors, estimating their magnitudes, discerning their patterns and nature, and assessing the role of the government. The nature of aggregate investment is evaluated in terms of the extent and type of investment in construction, equipment, machinery, and replacement/new capital goods, while sectoral investment is examined relative to social overhead capital in the public, business, and household sectors, including manufacturing and housing. The nature of business investment is evaluated relative to capital and technology intensity, scale, and overseas investment. In addition to investment in physical capital, investment in human capital and its contribution to economic development are also scrutinized.
Economic Impacts of Industrial and Financial Policies
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This chapter evaluates the economic impacts of the government's industrial and financial policies, which provided interest subsidies, wealth, and inflation windfalls to privileged businesses in terms of production costs, profits, investments, sectoral growth, industrial organization, and savings. The chapter further evaluates the impact of resource allocation on macroeconomic disruptions, sectoral misallocations between privileged and unsupported businesses, manufacturing vs. service industries, heavy and chemical industries vs. light industries, and large vs. small businesses. Economic rent-seeking activities, cronyism and corruption, non-performing loans, financial burdens, the disciplining of financial intermediaries, and financial and corporate reforms in recent years are assessed. The chapter also asks: were the government's industrial and financial policies the optimal measures to achieve the industrialization and the expansion of the nation's economy? Who were the major beneficiaries of the government's industrial and financial policies? Did government control of financial institutions deprive the banks of incentive to improve efficiency? Finally, the chapter lists the future economic and financial challenges facing the country.
Capital Formation
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This chapter assesses the balance between investment and savings by examining the deficit and surplus savings sectors for the last half of the 20th century following the Korean War. In order to gain comprehensive insight into the contribution of each component of investment to the overall capital formation and economic development of the country, investment is linked to the sources of the savings that financed it, and their relationship and relative importance are evaluated.
Sex Talk and Gender Rites
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses women's roles and attitudes toward women in the Tantric rite of sexual union. This chapter also addresses the problem of the relation between sex represented in a text and the question of whether “anyone ever really did this.” What does it mean to portray a rite involving sex in a textual source? This chapter explores the discourse around women's bodies and how identity is enacted through sex and language—and language about sex. Key in this version of the rite is that it rejects a notion of ascetic mastery over the body and women. This is coded in the rite gesturally, in the ways that bodies act in relation to one another, and iterated conceptually in the philosophical “secret” behind the Tantric rite of sexual union—that, contrary to normative understanding of the feminine as matter, the Tantric “secret” is that the feminine principle is spirit, soul and essence.
The Other/Woman
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: September 2007

What role, if any, do wives play in Tantric rite of sexual union? This chapter focuses on a neglected counterview within Tantric praxis: the participation of the wife as the male practitioner's partner in the Tantric sex rite. Admittedly, the texts that enjoin only the wife as partner, excluding the “other” woman, are a minority. Nevertheless, that this occurs at all suggests we need to expand our images of Tantric practice. The alternative this presents makes it apparent that dominant representations did not exist uncontested. This chapter suggests that the wife as partner disrupts normative relations between the genders. A consequence is that the wife as partner in the rite undoes the more typical coding of women as male property. It also allows us to see an otherwise obscured element of transgression as religious phenomenon: it may here in part derive from the anxiety of difference that woman presents.
To Speak Like a Woman
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the links between “female” speech and the female body, arguing that female speech is frequently stereotypically coded as performative speech. A consequence of this stereotype of female speech is that it undermines the validity of women's speech. This chapter explores these stereotypes through comparing a myth in the Great Blue Tantra that tells the story of the birth of the feminine word, the feminine mantra, with two other examples of women's speech as connected to the body and as performative speech, within both an Indian context and in the contemporary U. S. This chapter suggests with the comparison an instance of recoding the stereotype, and with it, a recoding of the value attached to the body, matter, materiality, and Nature.
Conclusion
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: September 2007

Referencing the image of the Goddess Kāmākhyā, the Renowned Goddess of Desire introduced at the beginning of this book, this conclusion recaps the themes of this book. In particular it argues for a multifaceted understanding of women's roles in Tantra. The overarching hermeneutic framework has been to locate alternative images of women within the parameters of speech and representation. Each of the chapters reflects upon the issues involved in representing women, how representation of women is intertwined with women's ability, or not, to speak and how women's bodies are represented in their speech. Thus throughout this book the guiding theme has been a return to the question of speech, speech about women, and the implication of women's bodies in this speech.
Evolution and Divine Suffering
Authors: Schaab Gloria L.
Published: September 2007

Key concepts in the evolutionary theology provide primary grounding for an affirmation of divine suffering. Chapter 5 explores six elements that factor significantly into a proposal of divine passibility: the costly process of evolution, the reality of cosmic indeterminacy, God‐world interaction through whole‐part influence, the notion of the anthropic universe, the transcendent and immanent creativity of God, and the panentheistic paradigm of the God‐world relationship. It analyzes each element specifically in terms of its impact on a theology of the creative suffering of the Triune God. It concludes by analyzing the proposal of suffering in God according to the criteria delineated in chapter 4.
Social Mobility and the Cities of Italy
Authors: Patterson John R.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the resources of the cities, and the cities’ relationship with benefactors, in the context of the phenomenon of social mobility in the cities of Italy, both below and above the local ordo decurionum (city council), as members of the local aristocracies advanced into the equestrian order and the senate, and were in turn replaced in civic life by men from lower social echelons, often the sons of freedmen. An examination of the career of the emperor Vespasian shows how social mobility worked in the case of one Italian family. The chapter examines the impact of mobility of this kind on the cities and their territories, and the strategies the cities devised to counteract the impact of the advancement of the traditional local elites, by appointing civic patrons, cultivating affluent families, and widening participation in civic affairs to involve the upwardly mobile, who often served as Augustales and took on roles in the collegia (popular associations).
Conclusion
Authors: Patterson John R.
Published: September 2007

The final chapter ties together developments in city and countryside revealed by the previous discussions. It outlines two possible models of urban development in this period, emphasizes the increasing hierarchisation of cities in the high empire, and returns to the four areas examined in the first chapter — Campania, Etruria, Samnium, and Lucania — to provide a concluding overview of city-country relationships there. A final case study, of Ligures Baebiani, provides an illustration of the efforts made to maintain civic life even in a small centre overshadowed by its much larger neighbour.
Theodoret's Early Christology
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the early works of Theodoret. These include Graecarum Affectionum Curatio, Expositio Rectae Fidei, and Quaestiones et Responsiones ad Orthodoxos.
Introduction
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a review of post-classical artistic representations of the myth of Romulus' asylum. It then discusses Roman identity in modern contexts and the frequent linking of the myth of Romulus' asylum with that of the rape of the Sabine women. The main theme of the book is then described, namely, the inseparability of myth, history, and institutions in ancient perceptions of the Roman citizenship.
Flesh and Blood
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the ancient perception of ethnicity and race. To the ancients, culture was a far more important factor in human behaviour than skin colour or other ‘racial’ characteristics. This chapter explores the history of ideas relating to Roman identity with an emphasis on the socio-specific nature of taxonomies and meanings. The chapter also considers the problems associated with the assumption that the ‘disabled’ were any kind of meaningful group in antiquity, either by their own claims or by ascription.
Epilogue: Closure?
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that historical specificity is peculiarly vexed in the study of Roman history, given the clustering of continuous narrative sources from the end of the Republic, which has led to very different assessments of the value of such narratives for the reconstruction of ‘what really happened’ in the early, and even the middle, Republic. Despite the difficulties of trying to extrapolate different historical ‘layers’, it is essential to attempt to identify changing traditions, not least to gain a clearer insight into how, by whom, and why the history of the Republic was substantially ‘invented’. This exercise is particularly necessary given the impression of unchanging essentialism that Roman myth and mythologizing history frequently seeks to affirm.
The Structured Self in Hellenistic and Roman Thought
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: September 2007

This book examines ideas about personality and self in Hellenistic and Roman philosophy, and the possible influence of these ideas on Greek and Roman literature. The book is subdivided into three parts. The first part focuses on the question of what is new and distinctive in the Hellenistic philosophical conception of self, especially in Stoicism and Epicureanism. A shared or converging set of ideas (the structured self) is analyzed in these two theories, centred on a combination of radical (Socratic) ethical claims and on psychophysical and psychological holism. This view of selfhood is contrasted with the non-holistic, part-based conception of personality found in the Platonic-Aristotelian philosophical tradition in this period. The second part illustrates this broad contrast with special reference to the Stoic theory of passions and its critical reception by thinkers in the Platonic-Aristotelian tradition, such as Plutarch and Galen. It is suggested that the Stoic theory and its critics are both influenced by different strands in Plato’s thought about psychology. The third part of the book discusses theoretical issues about concepts of selfhood. It argues against the common view that Hellenistic-Roman thought shows a shift towards a subjective-individualistic notion of self. This part also considers the possible influence of the philosophical ideas discussed here on literature in this period. It identifies contrasting Platonic-Aristotelian and Stoic-Epicurean ways of thinking about collapse of character, and traces the possible influence of these patterns in Plutarch’s biography, Senecan tragedy, and Virgilian epic.
Psychophysical Holism in Stoicism and Epicureanism
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: September 2007

This chapter identifies, as a key innovative feature of Hellenistic thought about personality, the idea of the person as a psychophysical unit or whole in Stoicism and Epicureanism. It contrasts this idea with the core-centred or part-based view of the personality sometimes found in Plato and Aristotle, while highlighting certain strands in Platonic or Aristotelian thought that may have helped to shape Stoic and Epicurean thought about personality. Psychophysical holism in Stoicism and Epicureanism is illustrated by reference to their views about the physical nature of the psyche and the development of human beings (and other animals) as embodied psychological wholes. Connections are also traced with some puzzles about identity in Stoic and Epicurean thought.
Issues in Selfhood: Subjectivity and Objectivity
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: September 2007

This chapter challenges the rather common view that Hellenistic-Roman thought shows a shift towards a more subjective and individualistic conception of self. It argues that this period expresses an ‘objective-participant’ conception, like that of Classical Greece. The account of self-knowledge in Plato’s Alcibiades is offered as an illustration of Classical Greek objective-participant thinking about the self. The chapter contests the idea, maintained by some scholars, that we find a shift towards a more subjective conception of self in the Stoic theory of development as appropriation or in Epictetus’ Stoic teachings on practical ethics. It also questions the idea that we can find in ancient thought generally certain themes associated in modern thought with subjective conceptions of selfhood, especially that of the uniquely ‘first-personal’ viewpoint; this point is illustrated by reference to Cyrenaic and Sceptical thought about impressions.
Women Latin Poets in Spain and Portugal
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Spanish women and scholarship: evidence from the middle ages. It discusses Spanish attitudes towards learned women, the royal nun Costanza de Castilla, and Fernando and Isabel as Renaissance rulers. Limited Spanish reception for humanism and women's involvement with mystical religion are examined. The chapter also considers learned women at the Spanish court, an evolving Hapsburg tradition of educated princesses. It also discusses the humanist Lucio Marineo Siculo's relations with a variety of Latin-literate women. It includes separate sections on Luisa Sigea; Renaissance literary culture in Portugal; women as contributors to poetic certamina in Latin as well as the vernacular; Latinity in convent culture; and the case of Juliana Morel. Reasons why the extensive humanist activity of the 16th century was not built upon in the 17th are enumerated.
Women Latinists of the Renaissance in Northern and Central Europe
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on late medieval German convent culture, and its renaissance in the 15th century. It explores the impact of the Reformation: Charitas Pirckheimer and nuns' defense of Catholicism, and women Protestant apologists. It also examines 15th-century Latinate laywomen, notably Margaretha Welser, and the idea of an educated woman as national ornament. The influence of Protestant exiles from Italy in the early 16th century, such as Olimpia Morata and Celio Secundo Curio, is discussed. The chapter presents the Protestant ideal of companionate marriage: Erasmus, Paul Melissus, and his wife Aemilia. An increasing tendency to educate princesses in Latin as the 16th century progressed is pointed out. Netherlandic Latinity, Dutch women humanists, especially Johanna Otho, and Petronia Lansenberg, living within a network of epistolatory connections are considered. Women's participation in alba amicorum; Elizabeth Jane Weston and other 16th-century women Latinists in central Europe; and royal and other women Latinists in Renaissance Poland are also discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

Were there problems with women studying Latin? Evidence suggests that European society could accommodate individual women scholars without changing its views on ‘women’. Early modern women scholars existed within the republic of letters, maintaining networks of correspondence. Significant numbers of them married, and achieved a respected position within their immediate milieu.
The Ghost in the House:Bowen's Court(1942) and ‘The Back Drawing-Room’ (1926)
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a reading of Bowen's family history, Bowen's Court, and of a crucial short story, The Back Drawing-Room. It suggests that the various types of ghost encountered in both are crucial to an understanding of Bowen's writing. It traces these back to Bowen's inheritance from forms of Irish 19th-century Protestant Gothic and from her origins as a member of the Ascendancy, in which her view of the ‘big house’ is crucial. It also explores in detail Bowen's view of Irish history, her attitudes of both attachment to and detachment from Ireland, and her permanent interest in various forms of dispossession. Doing so, it takes issue with some influential earlier readings of Bowen, notably that by Declan Kiberd.