bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cloud-Based Framework for Lean Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul of Complex Equipment
Authors: Zhang Zhinan , Liu Gang , Jiang Zhichao , Chen Yong
Published: May 2015

Large, complex, expensive, and long-lived equipment often operate in harsh environments, which leads to the requirements of lifecycle maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO). To support the continuous improvement of productivity and to reduce the cost of MRO, this paper developed a cloud-based framework for lean MRO of the equipment with the aforementioned characteristics. A concept and a model of lean MRO are proposed. Taking advantage of cloud-based design and manufacturing (CBDM) into account, an architectural framework of cloud-based MRO is proposed. A case of a lean MRO for continuous casting equipment demonstrates that the proposed cloud-based framework can achieve the goal of lean MRO of complex equipment.
The Influence of Airway Tree Geometry and Ventilation Frequency on Airflow Distribution
Authors: Bauer Katrin , Brücker Christoph
Published: May 2015

The human lung is known to be asymmetric and heterogeneous which leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of air. Within the scope of this paper the influence of the upper airway tree geometry on ventilation distribution and the differences between conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) will be analyzed. The comparison is carried out under the assumption of positive pressure ventilation. Thereby, the mechanics of lung tissue is expected to play a minor role. Oscillatory flow is therefore generated numerically at a 3D model geometry of the upper human airways. For large enough frequencies in the range of HFOV (here 7 Hz) the shape of the velocity profiles changes, but this had no measurable influence on the flow distribution. The flow division is rather governed by airway tree geometry, i.e., branch length, curvature, and tortuosity. A convective net transport of fresh air to the distal branches occurs due to the relocation of mass during ins-/expiration driven by secondary flow. However, a mixing by secondary flow plays a minor role as was suggested by the visualization of particle pathlines. The phenomenon of steady streaming is further investigated by calculating the mean flow of one breathing cycle. Streaming was found to contribute only to a minor percentage to the overall mass transport in the upper lung airways.
A Needlelike Probe for Temperature Monitoring During Laser Ablation Based on Fiber Bragg Grating: Manufacturing and Characterization
Authors: Polito Davide , Arturo Caponero Michele , Polimadei Andrea , Saccomandi Paola , Massaroni Carlo , Silvestri Sergio , Schena Emiliano
Published: May 2015

Temperature distribution monitoring in tissue undergoing laser ablation (LA) could be beneficial for improving treatment outcomes. Among several thermometric techniques employed in LA, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors show valuable characteristics, although their sensitivity to strain entails measurement error for patient respiratory movements. Our work describes a solution to overcome this issue by housing an FBG in a surgical needle. The metrological properties of the probes were assessed in terms of thermal sensitivity (0.027 nm °C−1 versus 0.010 nm °C−1 for epoxy liquid encapsulated probe and thermal paste one, respectively) and response time (about 100 ms) and compared with properties of nonencapsulated FBG (sensitivity of 0.010 nm °C−1, response time of 43 ms). The error due to the strain caused by liver movements, simulating a typical respiratory pattern, was assessed: the strain induces a probes output error less than 0.5 °C, which is negligible when compared to the response of nonencapsulated FBG (2.5 °C). The metallic needle entails a measurement error, called artifact, due to direct absorption of the laser radiation. The analysis of the artifact was performed by employing the probes for temperature monitoring on liver undergoing LA. Experiments were performed at two laser powers (i.e., 2 W and 4 W) and at nine distances between the probes and the laser applicator. The artifact decreases with the distance and increases with the power: it exceeds 10 °C at 4 W, when the encapsulated probes are placed at 3.6 mm and 0 deg from the applicator, and it is lower than 1 °C for distance higher than 5 mm and angle higher than 30 deg.
The nicotinic α6 subunit gene determines variability in chronic pain sensitivity via cross-inhibition of P2X2/3 receptors
Authors: Wieskopf Jeffrey S. , Mathur Jayanti , Limapichat Walrati , Post Michael R. , Al-Qazzaz Mona , Sorge Robert E. , Martin Loren J. , Zaykin Dmitri V. , Smith Shad B. , Freitas Kelen , Austin Jean-Sebastien , Dai Feng , Zhang Jie , Marcovitz Jaclyn , Tuttle Alexander H. , Slepian Peter M. , Clarke Sarah , Drenan Ryan M. , Janes Jeff , Al Sharari Shakir , Segall Samantha K. , Aasvang Eske K. , Lai Weike , Bittner Reinhard , Richards Christopher I. , Slade Gary D. , Kehlet Henrik , Walker John , Maskos Uwe , Changeux Jean-Pierre , Devor Marshall , Maixner William , Diatchenko Luda , Belfer Inna , Dougherty Dennis A. , Su Andrew I. , Lummis Sarah C. R. , Imad Damaj M. , Lester Henry A. , Patapoutian Ardem , Mogil Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2015

Finding that nicotinic receptors containing the α6 subunit, but not the α4, inhibit chronic pain points to a new set of potential therapeutic drugs.
William Heberden and reverse translation
Authors: Edelman Elazer R. , LaMarco Kelly
Published: May 2015

Eighteenth-century physician-scientist William Heberden transformed science, medicine, and society in ways that remain relevant today.
Anti-CD20/CD3 T cell–dependent bispecific antibody for the treatment of B cell malignancies
Authors: Sun Liping L. , Ellerman Diego , Mathieu Mary , Hristopoulos Maria , Chen Xiaocheng , Li Yijin , Yan Xiaojie , Clark Robyn , Reyes Arthur , Stefanich Eric , Mai Elaine , Young Judy , Johnson Clarissa , Huseni Mahrukh , Wang Xinhua , Chen Yvonne , Wang Peiyin , Wang Hong , Dybdal Noel , Chu Yu-Waye , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Scheer Justin M. , Junttila Teemu , Totpal Klara , Dennis Mark S. , Ebens Allen J.
Published: May 2015

Anti-CD20/CD3 T cell–dependent bispecific antibodies may be useful for the treatment of B cell malignancies.
A comprehensive time-course–based multicohort analysis of sepsis and sterile inflammation reveals a robust diagnostic gene set
Authors: Sweeney Timothy E. , Shidham Aaditya , Wong Hector R. , Khatri Purvesh
Published: May 2015

Five publicly available gene expression cohorts comparing SIRS/trauma to sepsis were split into time-matched subcohorts and summarized via multicohort analysis, which yielded an 11-gene set that was validated for discriminating patients with sepsis or infection in 15 independent cohorts.
Functional inflammatory profiles distinguish myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Cao Yonghao , Goods Brittany A. , Raddassi Khadir , Nepom Gerald T. , Kwok William W. , Love J. Christopher , Hafler David A.
Published: May 2015

CCR6
+
myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis secrete inflammatory cytokines compared to T cells from healthy subjects, showing a distinct pathogenic gene expression profile and sharing a transcriptome homology with encephalitogenic CD4
+
T cells isolated from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalitis.
Night and day: Circadian rhythms and glucose tolerance
Authors: Statland Jeffrey
Published: May 2015

Sleep/wake cycles and timing of meals affect glucose tolerance, emphasizing the intricate homeostatic mechanisms behind glucose control.
An unusual presentation of cardiac tamponade associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection
Authors: Ho Kai Man Alexander , Mitchell Sheena C
Published: May 2015

We present a case of an 80-year-old woman who presented with a dry cough, shortness of breath and general malaise. She had presented 5 days previously with a sore throat, feeling feverish and with non-specific symptoms. Her background included paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and hypertension. She was initially thought to have decompensated heart failure secondary to atrial fibrillation and was initiated on diuretic therapy. However, a transthoracic echocardiogram performed revealed collapse of the right ventricle and a swinging heart, suggestive of cardiac tamponade. The patient underwent therapeutic pericardiocentesis where 700 mL of exudative, blood-stained fluid was drained. Subsequent testing of the pericardial fluid revealed the presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Serial follow-up transthoracic echocardiograms revealed resolution of the pericardial effusion and the patient remained asymptomatic.
Insulin therapy and dietary adjustments to normalize glycemia and prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia after evening exercise in type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Campbell Matthew D , Walker Mark , Bracken Richard M , Turner Daniel , Stevenson Emma J , Gonzalez Javier T , Shaw James A , West Daniel J
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Evening-time exercise is a frequent cause of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, fear of which deters participation in regular exercise. Recommendations for normalizing glycemia around exercise consist of prandial adjustments to bolus insulin therapy and food composition, but this carries only short-lasting protection from hypoglycemia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of a combined basal-bolus insulin dose reduction and carbohydrate feeding strategy on glycemia and metabolic parameters following evening exercise in type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Ten male participants (glycated hemoglobin: 52.4±2.2 mmol/mol), treated with multiple daily injections, completed two randomized study-days, whereby administration of total daily basal insulin dose was unchanged (100%), or reduced by 20% (80%). Participants attended the laboratory at ∼08:00 h for a fasted blood sample, before returning in the evening. On arrival (∼17:00 h), participants consumed a carbohydrate meal and administered a 75% reduced rapid-acting insulin dose and 60 min later performed 45 min of treadmill running. At 60 min postexercise, participants consumed a low glycemic index (LGI) meal and administered a 50% reduced rapid-acting insulin dose, before returning home. At ∼23:00 h, participants consumed a LGI bedtime snack and returned to the laboratory the following morning (∼08:00 h) for a fasted blood sample. Venous blood samples were analyzed for glucose, glucoregulatory hormones, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α. Interstitial glucose was monitored for 24 h pre-exercise and postexercise.

Results

Glycemia was similar until 6 h postexercise, with no hypoglycemic episodes. Beyond 6 h glucose levels fell during 100%, and nine participants experienced nocturnal hypoglycemia. Conversely, all participants during 80% were protected from nocturnal hypoglycemia, and remained protected for 24 h postexercise. All metabolic parameters were similar.

Conclusions

Reducing basal insulin dose with reduced prandial bolus insulin and LGI carbohydrate feeding provides protection from hypoglycemia during and for 24 h following evening exercise. This strategy is not associated with hyperglycemia, or adverse metabolic disturbances.

Clinical trials number

NCT02204839, ClinicalTrials.gov.
Evaluating holistic needs assessment in outpatient cancer care—a randomised controlled trial: the study protocol
Authors: Snowden Austyn , Young Jenny , White Craig , Murray Esther , Richard Claude , Lussier Marie-Therese , MacArthur Ewan , Storey Dawn , Schipani Stefano , Wheatley Duncan , McMahon Jeremy , Ross Elaine
Published: May 2015

Introduction

People living with and beyond cancer are vulnerable to a number of physical, functional and psychological issues. Undertaking a holistic needs assessment (HNA) is one way to support a structured discussion of patients’ needs within a clinical consultation. However, there is little evidence on how HNA impacts on the dynamics of the clinical consultation. This study aims to establish (1) how HNA affects the type of conversation that goes on during a clinical consultation and (2) how these putative changes impact on shared decision-making and self-efficacy.

Methods and analysis

The study is hosted by 10 outpatient oncology clinics in the West of Scotland and South West England. Participants are patients with a diagnosis of head and neck, breast, urological, gynaecological and colorectal cancer who have received treatment for their cancer. Patients are randomised to an intervention or control group. The control group entails standard care—routine consultation between the patient and clinician. In the intervention group, the patient completes a holistic needs assessment prior to consultation. The completed assessment is then given to the clinician where it informs a discussion based on the patient's needs and concerns as identified by them. The primary outcome measure is patient participation, as determined by dialogue ratio (DR) and preponderance of initiative (PI) within the consultation. The secondary outcome measures are shared decision-making and self-efficacy. It is hypothesised that HNA will be associated with greater patient participation within the consultation, and that shared decision-making and feelings of self-efficacy will increase as a function of the intervention.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been given a favourable opinion by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee and NHS Research & Development. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference attendance.

Trail registration number

Clinical Trials.govNCT02274701.
Evaluation of a complex, population-based injury claims management intervention for improving injury outcomes: study protocol
Authors: Collie Alex , Gabbe Belinda , Fitzharris Michael
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Injuries resulting from road traffic crashes are a substantial cause of disability and death worldwide. Injured persons receiving compensation have poorer recovery and return to work than those with non-compensable injury. Case or claims management is a critical component of injury compensation systems, and there is now evidence that claims management can have powerful positive impacts on recovery, but can also impede recovery or exacerbate mental health concerns in some injured people. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of a population-based injury claims management intervention in the State of Victoria, Australia, on the health of those injured in motor vehicle crashes, their experience of the compensation process, and the financial viability of the compensation system.

Methods and analysis

Evaluation of this complex intervention involves a series of linked but stand-alone research projects to assess the anticipated process changes, impacts and outcomes of the intervention over a 5-year time frame. Linkage and analysis of routine administrative and health system data is supplemented with a series of primary studies collecting new information. Additionally, a series of ‘action’ research projects will be undertaken to inform the implementation of the intervention. A program logic model designed by the state government Transport Accident Commission in conjunction with the research team provides the evaluation framework.

Ethics and dissemination

Relatively few studies have comprehensively examined the impact of compensation system processes on the health of injured persons, their satisfaction with systems processes, and impacts on the financial performance of the compensation scheme itself. The wholesale, population-based transformation of an injury claims management model is a rare opportunity to document impacts of system-level policy change on outcomes of injured persons. Findings will contribute to the evidence base of information on the public health effects of injury claims management policy and practice.
Biomarkers of necrotising soft tissue infections: aspects of the innate immune response and effects of hyperbaric oxygenation—the protocol of the prospective cohort BIONEC study
Authors: Hansen Marco Bo , Simonsen Ulf , Garred Peter , Hyldegaard Ole
Published: May 2015

Introduction

The mortality and amputation rates are still high in patients with necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs). It would be ideal to have a set of biomarkers that enables the clinician to identify high-risk patients with NSTI on admission. The objectives of this study are to evaluate inflammatory and vasoactive biomarkers as prognostic markers of severity and mortality in patients with NSTI and to investigate whether hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) is able to modulate these biomarkers. The overall hypothesis is that plasma biomarkers can be used as prognostic markers of severity and mortality in patients with NSTI and that HBOT reduces the inflammatory response.

Methods and analysis

This is a prospective, observational study being conducted in a tertiary referral centre. Biomarkers will be measured in 114 patients who have been operatively diagnosed with NSTI. On admission, baseline blood values will be obtained. Following surgery and HBOT, daily blood samples for measuring regular inflammatory and vasoactive biomarkers (pentraxin-3, interleukin-6 and nitrite) will be acquired. Samples will be analysed using validated ELISA assays, chemiluminescence and Griess reaction. Clinical data will be obtained during admission in the intensive care unit for a maximum of 7 days. The primary analysis will focus on pentraxin-3, interleukin-6 and nitrite as early markers of disease severity in patients with NSTI.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the Regional Scientific Ethical Committee of Copenhagen (H-2–2014–071) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (J. no. 30–0900 and J. no. 30–1282). Results will be presented at national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Trial registration

NCT02180906.
Medical benefits in young adulthood: a population-based longitudinal study of health behaviour and mental health in adolescence and later receipt of medical benefits
Authors: Sagatun Åse , Heyerdahl Sonja , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Lien Lars
Published: May 2015

Objectives

To examine the extent to which smoking, alcohol, physical activity and mental health problems in 15–16-year-olds are associated with receipt of medical benefits in young adulthood, after adjustment for confounders.

Design

Prospective population-based cohort survey linked to national registers.

Participants

In the ‘Youth studies’ from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 15 966 10th graders in 6 Norwegian counties answered a health behaviour and mental health questionnaire; 88% were linked to National Insurance Administration Registers (FD-Trygd).

Outcome measure

Time to receipt of medical benefits, based on FD-Trygd. Follow-up was from age 18 years until participants were aged 22–26 years.

Method

We performed Cox regression analyses to examine the extent to which variations in health behaviour and mental health problems during 10th grade were associated with receipt of medical benefits during follow-up.

Results

Daily smoking at age 15–16 years was associated with a significant increase in hazard of receiving health benefits at follow-up compared with not smoking for boys, HR (95% CI) 1.56 (1.23 to 1.98), and for girls 1.47 (1.12 to 1.93). Physical activity was associated with a decrease in hazard compared with inactivity from 23% to 53% in boys and from 21% to 59% in girls, while use of alcohol showed a mixed pattern. The hazard for benefits use rose with increasing levels of emotional symptoms, peer problems, conduct problems and hyperactivity–inattention problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) at 15–16 years among both genders.

Conclusions

Health behaviour and mental health problems in adolescence are independent risk factors for receipt of medical benefits in young adulthood.
The Lisbon Cohort of men who have sex with men
Authors: Meireles Paula , Lucas Raquel , Martins Ana , Carvalho Ana Cláudia , Fuertes Ricardo , Brito João , Campos Maria José , Mendão Luís , Barros Henrique
Published: May 2015

Purpose

Newly diagnosed HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) are rising in many European countries. Surveillance tools must be tailored to the current state of the epidemic, and include decentralised prospective monitoring of HIV incidence and behavioural changes in key populations. In this scenario, an open prospective cohort study was assembled—The Lisbon Cohort of MSM—aiming to dynamically monitor the frequency of disease and its predictors.

Participants

The Lisbon Cohort of MSM is an ongoing observational prospective study conducted at a community-based voluntary HIV counselling and testing centre in Lisbon, Portugal (CheckpointLX). Men testing negative for HIV, aged 18 or over and reporting having had sex with men are invited to follow-up visits every 6 months. At each evaluation, a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire is conducted, and HIV and syphilis rapid tests are performed by trained peer counsellors. From April 2011 to February 2014, 3106 MSM were eligible to the cohort of whom 923 (29.7%) did not participate. The remaining 2183 (70.3%) MSM were enrolled and 804 had at least one follow-up evaluation, for a total of 893 person-years of observation.

Future plans

The study findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences. The follow-up of this cohort of HIV-negative MSM will be a valuable tool for monitoring HIV incidence in a setting where limited prospective information existed. Moreover, it will allow for a deeper analytical approach to the study of population time trends and individual changes in risk factors that currently shape the HIV epidemic among MSM.
Racial ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes treatment patterns and glycaemic control in the Boston Area Community Health Survey
Authors: Goonesekera Sunali D , Yang May H , Hall Susan A , Fang Shona C , Piccolo Rebecca S , McKinlay John B
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Numerous studies continue to report poorer glycaemic control, and a higher incidence of diabetes-related complications among African–Americans and Hispanic–Americans as compared with non-Hispanic Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. We examined racial/ethnic differences in receipt of hypoglycaemic medications and glycaemic control in a highly insured Massachusetts community sample of individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Setting

Community-based sample from Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Participants

682 patients with physician-diagnosed diabetes from the third wave of the Boston Area Community Health Survey (2010–2012). The study included approximately equal proportions of African–Americans, Hispanics and Caucasians.

Methods

We examined racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes treatment by comparing proportions of individuals on mutually exclusive diabetes treatment regimens across racial/ethnic subgroups. Using multivariable linear and logistic regression, we also examined associations between race/ethnicity and glycaemic control in the overall population, and within treatment regimens, adjusting for age, gender, income, education, health insurance, health literacy, disease duration, diet and physical activity.

Results

Among those treated (82%), the most commonly prescribed antidiabetic regimens were biguanides only (31%), insulin only (23%), and biguanides and insulin (16%). No overall racial/ethnic differences in treatment or glycaemic control (per cent difference for African–Americans: 6.18, 95% CI −1.00 to 13.88; for Hispanic–Americans: 1.01, 95% CI −10.42 to 12.75) were observed. Within regimens, we did not observe poorer glycaemic control for African–Americans prescribed biguanides only, insulin only or biguanides combined with insulin/sulfonylureas. However, African–Americans prescribed miscellaneous regimens had higher risk of poorer glycaemic control (per cent difference=23.37, 95% CI 7.25 to 43.33). There were no associations between glycaemic levels and Hispanic ethnicity overall, or within treatment regimens.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a lack of racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes treatment patterns and glycaemic control in this highly insured Massachusetts study population. Future studies are needed to understand impacts of increasing insurance coverage on racial/ethnic disparities in treatment patterns and related outcomes.
What caused the outbreak of ESBL-producingKlebsiella pneumoniaein a neonatal intensive care unit, Germany 2009 to 2012? Reconstructing transmission with epidemiological analysis and whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Haller Sebastian , Eller Christoph , Hermes Julia , Kaase Martin , Steglich Matthias , Radonić Aleksandar , Dabrowski Piotr Wojtek , Nitsche Andreas , Pfeifer Yvonne , Werner Guido , Wunderle Werner , Velasco Edward , Abu Sin Muna , Eckmanns Tim , Nübel Ulrich
Published: May 2015

Objective

We aimed to retrospectively reconstruct the timing of transmission events and pathways in order to understand why extensive preventive measures and investigations were not sufficient to prevent new cases.

Methods

We extracted available information from patient charts to describe cases and to compare them to the normal population of the ward. We conducted a cohort study to identify risk factors for pathogen acquisition. We sequenced the available isolates to determine the phylogenetic relatedness ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeisolates on the basis of their genome sequences.

Results

The investigation comprises 37 cases and the 10 cases with ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)-producingK. pneumoniaebloodstream infection. Descriptive epidemiology indicated that a continuous transmission from person to person was most likely. Results from the cohort study showed that ‘frequent manipulation’ (a proxy for increased exposure to medical procedures) was significantly associated with being a case (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.19). Genome sequences revealed that all 48 bacterial isolates available for sequencing from 31 cases were closely related (maximum genetic distance, 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms). Based on our calculation of evolutionary rate and sequence diversity, we estimate that the outbreak strain was endemic since 2008.

Conclusions

Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses consistently indicated that there were additional, undiscovered cases prior to the onset of microbiological screening and that the spread of the pathogen remained undetected over several years, driven predominantly by person-to-person transmission. Whole-genome sequencing provided valuable information on the onset, course and size of the outbreak, and on possible ways of transmission.
Classification of accelerometer wear and non-wear events in seconds for monitoring free-living physical activity
Authors: Zhou Shang-Ming , Hill Rebecca A , Morgan Kelly , Stratton Gareth , Gravenor Mike B , Bijlsma Gunnar , Brophy Sinead
Published: May 2015

Objective

To classify wear and non-wear time of accelerometer data for accurately quantifying physical activity in public health or population level research.

Design

A bi-moving-window-based approach was used to combine acceleration and skin temperature data to identify wear and non-wear time events in triaxial accelerometer data that monitor physical activity.

Setting

Local residents in Swansea, Wales, UK.

Participants

50 participants aged under 16 years (n=23) and over 17 years (n=27) were recruited in two phases: phase 1: design of the wear/non-wear algorithm (n=20) and phase 2: validation of the algorithm (n=30).

Methods

Participants wore a triaxial accelerometer (GeneActiv) against the skin surface on the wrist (adults) or ankle (children). Participants kept a diary to record the timings of wear and non-wear and were asked to ensure that events of wear/non-wear last for a minimum of 15 min.

Results

The overall sensitivity of the proposed method was 0.94 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.98) and specificity 0.91 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.94). It performed equally well for children compared with adults, and females compared with males. Using surface skin temperature data in combination with acceleration data significantly improved the classification of wear/non-wear time when compared with methods that used acceleration data only (p<0.01).

Conclusions

Using either accelerometer seismic information or temperature information alone is prone to considerable error. Combining both sources of data can give accurate estimates of non-wear periods thus giving better classification of sedentary behaviour. This method can be used in population studies of physical activity in free-living environments.
Effects of an internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy intervention on preventing major depressive episodes among workers: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Imamura Kotaro , Kawakami Norito , Furukawa Toshi A , Matsuyama Yutaka , Shimazu Akihito , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: May 2015

Introduction

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of an internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) program on decreasing the risk of major depressive episodes (MDEs) among workers employed in a private corporate group in Japan, using a randomised controlled trial design.

Methods and analysis

All of the workers in a corporate group (n=20 000) will be recruited through an invitation email. Participants who fulfil the inclusion criteria will be randomly allocated to intervention or control groups (planned N=4050 for each group). They will be allowed to complete the six lessons of the iCBT program within 10 weeks after the baseline survey. Those in the control group will receive the same iCBT after 12 months. The program includes several CBT skills: self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, assertiveness, problem-solving and relaxation. The primary outcome measure is no new onset of MDE (using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)/DSM-5 criteria) during the 12-month follow-up. Assessment will use the web version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview V.3.0 depression section.

Ethics and dissemination

The Research Ethics Review Board of Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo (No. 3083-(2)), approved the study procedures.

Trial registration number

The study protocol is registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR; ID=UMIN000014146).
Exploratory clinical trial of combination wound therapy with a gelatin sheet and platelet-rich plasma in patients with chronic skin ulcers: study protocol
Authors: Morimoto Naoki , Kakudo Natsuko , Matsui Makoto , Ogura Tsunetaka , Hara Tomoya , Suzuki Kenji , Yamamoto Masaya , Tabata Yasuhiko , Kusumoto Kenji
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Chronic skin ulcers, such as diabetic ulcers, venous leg ulcers and pressure ulcers, are intractable and increasing in prevalence, representing a costly problem in healthcare. We developed a combination therapy with a gelatin sheet, capable of providing sustained release of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The objective of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of autologous PRP covered with a hydrocolloid dressing and PRP covered with a gelatin sheet in the treatment of chronic skin ulcers.

Methods and analysis

Thirty patients with chronic skin ulcers who have not healed with conventional therapy for at least 1 month are being recruited. The patients will receive PRP after debridement, and the wounds will be covered with a hydrocolloid dressing or gelatin sheet. The efficacy will be evaluated according to the time from the beginning of PRP application to secondary healing or the day on which wound closure is achieved with a relatively simple surgical procedure, such as skin grafting or suturing. All patients will be followed up until 6 weeks after application to observe adverse events related to the application of PRP and the dressings. This study was designed to address and compare the safety and efficacy of PRP covered with a hydrocolloid dressing versus a gelatin sheet. If successful, this combination therapy may be an alternative to bioengineered skin substitutes containing living cells and lead to substantial progress in the management of chronic skin ulcers.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kansai Medical University (KMU Number 0649-1, 4 August 2014: V.1.0). The findings of this trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, and national and international scientific meetings as well as to the patients.

Trial registration number

UMIN000015689.
First confirmation of Pseudogymnoascus destructans in British bats and hibernacula
Authors: Barlow A. M. , Worledge L. , Miller H. , Drees K. P. , Wright P. , Foster J. T. , Sobek C. , Borman A. M. , Fraser M.
Published: May 2015

White‐nose syndrome (WNS) is a fatal fungal infection of bats in North America caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans. P. destructans has been confirmed in Continental Europe but not associated with mass mortality. Its presence in Great Britain was unknown. Opportunistic sampling of bats in GB began during the winter of 2009. Any dead bats or samples from live bats with visible fungal growths were submitted to the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency for culture. Active surveillance by targeted environmental sampling of hibernacula was carried out during the winter of 2012/2013. Six hibernacula were selected by their proximity to Continental Europe. Five samples, a combination of surface swabs or sediment samples, were collected. These were sent to the Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, for P. destructans PCR. Forty‐eight incidents were investigated between March 2009 and July 2013. They consisted of 46 bat carcases and 31 other samples. A suspected P. destructans isolate was cultured from a live Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) sampled in February 2013. This isolate was confirmed by the Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol (Public Health England), as P. destructans. A variety of fungi were isolated from the rest but all were considered to be saprophytic or incidental. P. destructans was also confirmed by the Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics in five of the six sites surveyed.
Cardiopulmonary reflex, cardiac cytokines, and nandrolone decanoate: response to resistance training in rats
Authors: Lima Ewelyne Miranda , Nascimento Andrews Marques , Brasil Girlandia Alexandre , Kalil Ieda Carneiro , Lenz Dominik , Endringer Denise Coutinho , Andrade Tadeu Uggere , Bissoli Nazaré Souza
Published: May 2015

This study evaluated the effects of nandrolone associated with resistance training (RT) on cardiac cytokines, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (ACEA), and the sensitivity of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR). Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: CONT (received vehicle, no training); EXERC (RT: after one week of water adaptation, rats were exercised by jumping into water twice a week for 4 weeks), and ND+EXERC (received nandrolone decanoate 10 mg/kg, twice/week, i.m, associated with RT). The BJR was analysed by measuring bradycardic and hypotensive responses elicited by serotonin administration. Myocyte hypertrophy and matrix collagen deposition were determined by morphometric analysis of H&E and picrosirius red-stained samples, respectively. TNF-α and ACEA were also studied. RT promoted physiological myocyte hyrpertrophy but did not cause changes in the other parameters. The association of ND with RT increased myocyte hypertrophy, deposition of matrix type I collagen, TNF-α and ACEA; decreased IL-10, and impairment in the BJR were observed in ND+EXERC compared with CONT and EXERC. ND is associated with alterations in cardiac structure and function as a result of the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy (cardiac cytokine imbalance, elevation of ACEA) and cardiac injury, even when combined with resistance training.
Effects of the Inhaled Treatment of Liriope Radix on an Asthmatic Mouse Model
Authors: Kim Ki-Suk , Cho Dong-Hyuk , Yang Hea Jung , Choi Eun-Kyeong , Shin Min Hee , Kim Kang-Hoon , Ahn Kwang Seok , Ha In Jin , Na Yun-Cheol , Um Jae Young , Chung Won Seok , Jung Hee-Jae , Jung Sung-Ki , Jang Hyeung-Jin
Published: May 2015

As a treatment for allergic asthma, inhaled treatments such as bronchodilators that contain β2-agonists have an immediate effect, which attenuates airway obstructions and decreases airway hypersensitivity. However, bronchodilators only perform on a one off basis, but not consistently. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways accompanying the overproduction of mucus, airway wall remodeling, bronchial hyperreactivity and airway obstruction. Liriope platyphylla radix extract (LPP), a traditional Korean medicine, has been thoroughly studied and found to be an effective anti-inflammatory medicine. Here, we demonstrate that an inhaled treatment of LPP can attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mouse model, compared to the saline-treated group (p < 0.01). Moreover, LPP decreases inflammatory cytokine levels, such as eotaxin (p < 0.05), IL-5 (p < 0.05), IL-13 (p < 0.001), RANTES (p < 0.01), and TNF-α (p < 0.05) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatic mice. A histopathological study was carried out to determine the effects of LPP inhalation on mice lung tissue. We performed UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS, LC/MS, and GC/MS analyses to analyze the chemical constituents of LPP, finding that these are ophiopogonin D, spicatoside A, spicatoside B, benzyl alcohol, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. This study demonstrates the effect of an inhaled LPP treatment both on airway AHR and on the inflammatory response in an asthmatic mouse model. Hence, LPP holds significant promise as a nasal inhalant for the treatment of asthmatic airway disease.
Undaria pinnatifidaPromotes Spinogenesis and Synaptogenesis and Potentiates Functional Presynaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Maqueshudul Haque Bhuiyan Mohammad , Mohibbullah Md. , Hannan Md. Abdul , Hong Yong-Ki , Choi Jae-Suk , Choi In Soon , Moon Il Soo
Published: May 2015

Reductions in neurotrophic factors are implicated in synaptic dysfunction in the central nervous system, but exogenous neurotrophic factors with potential effects on neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction could offer therapeutic and preventive strategies for treating memory-related neurological disorders. In an earlier effort to identify natural neurotrophic agents, we found that the ethanol extract of the edible marine alga Undaria pinnatifida (UPE) had promising effects on the neuritogenesis of cultured hippocampal neurons. Here, we further investigated the ability of UPE to promote spinogenesis and synaptogenesis in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. It was found that UPE triggered significant increase in numbers of dendritic filopodia and spines, promoted the formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and potentiated synaptic transmission by increasing the sizes of reserve vesicle pools at presynaptic terminals. These findings indicate a substantial role for UPE in the morphological and functional maturation of neurons and suggest that UPE is a possible therapeutic preventative measure and treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, such as those involving cognitive disorders and memory impairments.
Nitrogen oxide removal dynamic process through 15 Ns DBD technique
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Zhang Lianshui , Lai Weidong , Liu Fengliang
Published: May 2015

Nitrogen oxides exhaust gas assumes the important responsibility on air pollution by forming acid rain. This paper discusses the NO removal mechanism in 15 ns pulse dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma through experimental and simulating method. Emission spectra collected from plasma are evaluated as sourced from N + and O (3 P ). The corresponding zero-dimensional model is established and verified through comparing the simulated concentration evolution and the experimental time-resolved spectra of N +. The electron impact ionization plays major role on NO removal and the produced NO + are further decomposed into N + and O (3 P ) through electron impact dissociative excitation rather than the usual reported dissociative recombination process. Simulation also indicates that the removal process can be accelerated by NO inputted at lower initial concentration or electrons streamed at higher concentration, due to the heightened electron impact probability on NO molecules. The repetitive pulse discharge is a benefit for improving the NO removal efficiency by effectively utilizing the radicals generated from the previous pulse under the condition that the pulse period should be shorter enough to ignore the spatial diffusion of radicals. Finally, slight attenuation on NO removal has been experimentally and simulatively observed after N 2 mixed, due to the competitive consumption of electrons.
The association of folds and fractures and the link between folding, fracturing and fluid flow during the evolution of a fold–thrust belt: a brief review
Authors: Cosgrove J. W.
Published: May 2015

Because of the importance of understanding the association of folds and fractures in the hydrocarbon and mining industry, a considerable amount of work has been undertaken to establish the geometric relationship between these structures. The structures are linked in a variety of ways. Sometimes, as for example in the formation of fractures in the inner and outer arcs of the hinge zones of single-layer folds or of accommodation thrusts in the hinge regions of multilayer folds, it is the process of folding that generates the fractures. At other times, as in the formation of a fault-bend fold and other types of forced folds, the reverse is true. In this paper an attempt is made to look briefly at the various types of fold-fracture associations found in nature and, by considering the evolution of a typical fold–thrust belt, obtain an insight into the controls on the temporal and spatial organization of the different types of folds and their associated fractures that form in this tectonic regime. The role of fluids in the initiation of both folds and thrusts is considered, as is the subsequent impact of these structures on fluid migration. It is shown that understanding the links between stress, fluid pressure, fracturing and folding provides a clear insight into the fluid mechanics operating in an active fold–thrust belt.
Sound frequency-invariant neural coding of a frequency-dependent cue to sound source location
Authors: Jones Heath G. , Brown Andrew D. , Koka Kanthaiah , Thornton Jennifer L. , Tollin Daniel J.
Published: May 2015

The century-old duplex theory of sound localization posits that low- and high-frequency sounds are localized with two different acoustical cues, interaural time and level differences (ITDs and ILDs), respectively. While behavioral studies in humans and behavioral and neurophysiological studies in a variety of animal models have largely supported the duplex theory, behavioral sensitivity to ILD is curiously invariant across the audible spectrum. Here we demonstrate that auditory midbrain neurons in the chinchilla ( Chinchilla lanigera) also encode ILDs in a frequency-invariant manner, efficiently representing the full range of acoustical ILDs experienced as a joint function of sound source frequency, azimuth, and distance. We further show, using Fisher information, that nominal “low-frequency” and “high-frequency” ILD-sensitive neural populations can discriminate ILD with similar acuity, yielding neural ILD discrimination thresholds for near-midline sources comparable to behavioral discrimination thresholds estimated for chinchillas. These findings thus suggest a revision to the duplex theory and reinforce ecological and efficiency principles that hold that neural systems have evolved to encode the spectrum of biologically relevant sensory signals to which they are naturally exposed.
Decision making: effects of methylphenidate on temporal discounting in nonhuman primates
Authors: Rajala Abigail Z. , Jenison Rick L. , Populin Luis C.
Published: May 2015

Decisions are often made based on which option will result in the largest reward. When given a choice between a smaller but immediate reward and a larger delayed reward, however, humans and animals often choose the smaller, an effect known as temporal discounting. Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is central to reward processing and encodes delayed reward value. Impulsivity, the tendency to act without forethought, is associated with excessive discounting of rewards, which has been documented in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both impulsivity and temporal discounting are linked to the dopaminergic system. Methylphenidate (MPH), which blocks the DA transporter and increases extracellular levels of DA in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, is a primary treatment for ADHD and, at low doses, ameliorates impulsivity in both humans and animals. This study tested the hypothesis that low doses of MPH would decrease the discounting rate of rhesus monkeys performing an intertemporal choice task, suggesting a reduction in impulsivity. The results support this hypothesis and provide further evidence for the role of DA in temporal discounting and impulsive behavior.
An Incarcerated Colon Inguinal Hernia That Perforated into the Scrotum and Exhibited an Air-Fluid Level
Authors: Ota Seisuke , Noguchi Toshio , Takao Tomoya , Sakamoto Takumi , Kanie Yuichiro , Omae Ken-ichi , Fujie Shunji , Kanaya Yoshiaki , Kasahara Akinori , Matsumra Tadashi
Published: May 2015

There are few reports of a transverse colon inguinal hernia; furthermore, an inguinal hernia perforating the scrotum is rare. Here we report the case of a 79-year-old man who died after developing an incarcerated colon inguinal hernia that perforated the scrotum and exhibited an air-fluid level. The patient was referred to our hospital in November 2011 with a complaint of inability to move. Physical examination revealed an abnormally enlarged left scrotum and cold extremities. He reported a history of gastric cancer that was surgically treated more than 30 years ago. His white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level were elevated. Abdominal and inguinal computed tomography revealed that his transverse colon was incarcerated in the left inguinal canal. Free air and air-fluid level were observed around the transverse colon, suggestive of a perforation. The patient and his family refused any surgical intervention; therefore, he was treated with sultamicillin tosilate hydrate and cefotiam hydrochloride. However, he succumbed to panperitonitis 19 days after admission. The findings from this case indicate that the transverse colon can perforate into an inguinal hernia sac.
Combined Effects of Muricid Extract and 5-Fluorouracil on Intestinal Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Yazbeck Roger , Lindsay Ruth , Abbott Catherine A. , Benkendorff Kirsten , Howarth Gordon S.
Published: May 2015

Chemotherapy drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU), are the standard approach for cancer and are associated with several peripheral toxicities. We previously demonstrated that Muricidae marine molluscs exhibit chemopreventive properties. This study investigated the combined effect of muricid extract derived fromDicathais orbita, with 5FU, on intestinal toxicity in rats. Groups of rats were orally gavaged water, muricid extract, or sunflower oil, with or without 5FU (150 mg/kg). Metabolic data was collected daily and small intestinal brush border enzyme activity was measured by sucrose breath test (SBT). Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for whole blood analysis. Intestinal biopsies were taken for histopathology. Neutrophil activity was measured by myeloperoxidase activity. No additional toxicity effects were observed in rats receiving the combination of 5FU and muricid extract compared to 5FU alone, as indicated by SBT, histopathology, and myeloperoxidase activity. Intestinal integrity was protected from 5FU-induced damage in the sunflower oil vehicle group, compared to controls, as measured by SBT, villus height, and crypt depth. We concluded that combination of muricid extract and 5FU did not confer any additional intestinal toxicity, further supporting its potential as a chemopreventive food product. In this model system, sunflower oil partially protected against 5FU-induced intestinal toxicity.