bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of Transgenic Xenopus laevis: II. Sperm Nuclei Preparation
Authors: Ishibashi Shoko , Kroll Kristin L. , Amaya Enrique
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTION

Manipulating genes specifically during later stages of amphibian embryonic development requires fine control over the time and place of expression. These protocols describe an efficient nuclear-transplantation-based method of transgenesis developed for Xenopus laevis. The approach enables stable expression of cloned gene products in Xenopus embryos. Because the transgene integrates into the genome prior to fertilization, the resulting embryos are not chimeric, eliminating the need to breed to the next generation to obtain nonmosaic transgenic animals. The procedure is based on restriction-enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) and can be divided into three parts: (I) high-speed preparation of egg extracts, (II) sperm nuclei preparation, and (III) nuclear transplantation. This protocol describes a method for the preparation of sperm nuclei from Xenopus laevis. Sperm suspensions are prepared by filtration and centrifugation, and then treated with lysolecithin to disrupt the plasma membrane of the cells. Sperm nuclei can be stored frozen in small aliquots at -80°C.
Genotyping by Allele-Specific Amplification (KASPar)
Authors: Cuppen Edwin
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes the use of allele-specific amplification followed by fluorescence detection (KASPar) for genotyping. The method is compatible with any real-time PCR setup and has the advantage that no specifically labeled oligonucleotides are needed.
Genotyping by Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay (OLA)
Authors: Macdonald Stuart J.
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), which uses a set of three oligonucleotides, in combination with a thermostable Taq DNA ligase enzyme, to discriminate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles. Sixteen-plex OLA genotyping reactions are carried out, and allele-specific OLA products are detected on membrane arrays using radiolabeled probes.
Histological Preparation of Embryonic and Adult Zebrafish Eyes
Authors: Nuckels Richard J. , Gross Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes the histological preparation of embryonic and adult zebrafish eyes. The methods described here can be easily adapted for use on other zebrafish tissues.
Observational Methods Used to Assess Rat Behavior: General Principles
Authors: Paul Carol Ann , Beltz Barbara , Berger-Sweeney Joanne
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTION

The behavioral approach to solving neuroscience questions, unlike cellular and molecular approaches, is difficult to define and is therefore sometimes considered a less-disciplined approach. Methods describing behavioral procedures are often thought to be crude when compared to the precision of physiological or molecular methods. This apparent lack of precision results from the problems inherent in the study of behavior--deciding what to measure among the large number of variables, understanding that behavior is the final output of a vast array of neurochemical and electrophysiological changes, designing reproducible experiments that have appropriate controls, and most importantly, interpreting results. Conflicting results from similar protocols have led to prolonged debates and controversies in interpretation of behavioral data; therefore, it is necessary to strive for a high degree of precision through the cultivation of excellent handling and observational skills and thorough documentation strategies. This article is an introduction to several methods used to measure and assess normal behavior in a rat, including suggestions about how to make objective behavioral observations. Behavioral tests can be used to establish a “behavioral baseline” for a normal animal, to assess the effects of drugs or a lesion on behavior, and to determine whether transgenic animals have a normal behavioral repertoire. It should be kept in mind that, along with the intended effect, experimental manipulations often have unintended side effects, and behavioral tests can also be used to determine some of the less obvious changes.
Optimal Revascularization Strategies for ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly Patient
Authors: Klein Lloyd W.
Published: September 2007

Patients older than 75 years account for >60% of all deaths from acute myocardial infarction. Although there are accepted guidelines for treatment of acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, elderly patients tend to have a variety of conditions that can complicate decisions about the best therapy. Many elderly patients do not receive potentially lifesaving treatments, such as percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolytic therapy, for fear of an adverse event. Those who do receive appropriate revascularization therapy often receive it later in the course of the infarct, when irreversible damage has occurred. Yet studies show that patients older than 75 years will benefit substantially from these therapies. Early treatment improves outcomes in this population, as in younger patients, despite a higher risk of complications. In this review, the evidence regarding medical and revascularization therapies in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction is critically examined.
Octenidine in root canal and dentine disinfection ex vivo
Authors: Tandjung L. , Waltimo T. , Hauser I. , Heide P. , Decker E.‐M. , Weiger R.
Published: September 2007

Aim  The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of octenidine on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 in a dentine block model.

Methodology  Fifty‐six root segments of extracted human teeth were infected with E. faecalis for 4 weeks. Octenidine‐phenoxyethanol gel (1 : 1) was applied for different timing: 1 min, 10 min, 7 days and in a different formula (1 : 3) for 10 min. Three samples were chosen for the group with placebo gel and for the group without infection (negative control). Dentine samples were collected, and the total count of bacteria and colony‐forming units were determined. In addition, for controls and the 10 min group with 1 : 1 gel, the proportion of viable bacteria (PVB) was assessed.

Results  Octenidine was particularly effective after incubation periods of 10 min and 7 days. The mean PVB decreased significantly from 57.2% to 5.7% after 10 min application. After 7 days, only one of 10 samples showed positive culture.

Conclusion  The present study showed the effectiveness of octenidine against E. faecalis in dentine disinfection. Further laboratory and clinical studies are required.
Maintaining a high level of suspicion for recurrent malignant disease: report of a case with periapical involvement
Authors: Dewan K. , Owens J. , Silvester K.
Published: September 2007

Aim  To report the unusual endodontic presentation and radiographic features of a subgroup of pleomorphic adenoma called carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma and to stress the importance of maintaining a high level of suspicion in cases where primary or recurrent neoplasia is included in the differential diagnosis.

Summary  This paper describes a case in which a patient with a previous history of malignant neoplasm presented with signs and symptoms similar to a dental infection. The pathology report however confirmed recurrence of the previous tumour in a malignant fashion. The importance of maintaining a high level of suspicion in early management of such disease is highlighted.

Key learning points 

Pleomorphic adenomas, also known as benign mixed tumours, are common salivary gland tumours, which infrequently undergo malignant transformation, with potentially devastating consequences.

Malignant salivary gland tumours can present as dental swelling, dental pain and sudden loss of vitality of teeth so both general practitioners and specialists have the responsibility to evaluate such patients with a broad vision.

Radiographic differential diagnosis of periapical radiolucency should also include malignant salivary gland tumours.

This case highlights the need of vigilance at all times and emphasizes the benefits of biopsy and histological examination in the diagnosis of recurrent malignant salivary gland tumours.
Penetration of dentinal tubules by endodontic sealer cements in extracted teeth and in vivo
Authors: Mamootil K. , Messer H. H.
Published: September 2007

Aim  To compare the depth and consistency of penetration of three different root canal sealer cements into dentinal tubules in extracted teeth and to measure the penetration of an epoxy resin‐based sealer cement in vivo.

Methodology  Root canals of 50 extracted human pre‐molar teeth were prepared and obturated using three different sealer cements based on epoxy resin (AH26), zinc oxide eugenol (Pulp Canal Sealer EWT) and methacrylate resin (EndoREZ). Five teeth filled without sealer were used as controls. Teeth were sectioned and prepared for observation using scanning electron microscopy. A further 12 teeth with a history of successful root filling and subsequent extraction were collected and sectioned. The depth of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules was measured and the consistency and appearance of the sealer within the tubules observed.

Results  AH26 demonstrated the deepest penetration (1337 μm), followed by EndoREZ (863 μm) and Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (71 μm). The difference in penetration between all sealer groups was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). The resin‐based sealers appeared to penetrate tubules more consistently. In the clinical cases, all teeth demonstrated sealer penetration to varying depths (98–1490 μm).

Conclusions  The depth and consistency of dentinal tubule penetration of sealer cements appears to be influenced by the chemical and physical characteristics of the materials. Resin‐based sealers displayed deeper and more consistent penetration. Penetration depths observed for the epoxy resin‐based sealer in vivo were consistent with that found in the experimental model.
Effect of pre‐processing surface treatments of acrylic teeth on bonding to the denture base
Authors: CHUNG K.‐H. , CHUNG C. Y. , CHUNG C. Y. , CHAN D. C. N.
Published: September 2007

Summary  The aim of this study was to examine the bond strength between acrylic teeth after various surface treatments and processing with either a heat‐ or microwave‐polymerized denture base material. Specimens were prepared and tested according to the methods described in American National Standard/American Dental Association Specification No.15 (Synthetic Polymer Teeth) using a special assembly. Three brands of acrylic teeth were used with the following treatments: control (no treatment), grinding and grinding plus sandblasting. Treatment groups were further divided into two denture base processing subgroups: heat‐polymerized and microwave‐polymerized methods. Denture base processing to the acrylic teeth was performed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Bond strength test was performed using a universal testing machine with five specimens and each specimen is composed of six anterior teeth per experimental group. Data were analysed using a three‐way anova and the Scheffe′F‐test post hoc pair wise comparison at the 95% significance level. The mean bond strength values ranged from 33.1 ± 4.1 to 51.6 ± 2.5 MPa. The bond strength values of sandblasted surfaces were significantly higher than those of the ground surface and the control (P < 0.05). Combined (acrylic tooth and denture base resin) cohesive failures were disclosed in all tested samples. Acrylic tooth surface pre‐processed surface treatment with grinding plus sandblasting and processed with a heat‐polymerized denture base provided the greatest bond strength between acrylic tooth and denture base.
Gestational age estimation on United States livebirth certificates: a historical overview
Authors: Wier Megan L. , Pearl Michelle , Kharrazi Martin
Published: September 2007

Gestational age on the birth certificate is the most common source of population‐based gestational age data that informs public health policy and practice in the US. Last menstrual period is one of the oldest methods of gestational age estimation and has been on the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth since 1968. The ‘clinical estimate of gestation’, added to the standard certificate in 1989 to address missing or erroneous last menstrual period data, was replaced by the ‘obstetric estimate of gestation’ on the 2003 revision, which specifically precludes neonatal assessments. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these measures, potential research implications and challenges accompanying the transition to the obstetric estimate.
Assessing the quality of last menstrual period date on California birth records
Authors: Pearl Michelle , Wier Megan L. , Kharrazi Martin
Published: September 2007

Birth certificate last menstrual period (LMP) date is widely used to estimate gestational age in the US. While data quality concerns have been raised, no large population‐based study has isolated data quality issues by comparing birth record LMP (Birth LMP) with reliable LMP dates from another source. We assessed LMP data quality in 2002 California singleton livebirth records (n = 515 381) and in a subset of records with linked prenatally collected LMP from California's statewide Prenatal Expanded Alpha‐fetoprotein Screening Program (XAFP) (n = 105 936). Missing or incomplete LMP data affected 13% of birth records; 17% of those had complete LMP within XAFP records.

Data quality indicators supported XAFP LMP as more accurate than Birth LMP, with a lower prevalence of digit preference, post‐term delivery, out‐of‐range gestational age estimates and implausible birthweight‐for‐gestational age. The bimodal birthweight distribution evident at 20–31 weeks' gestation based on Birth LMP was nearly absent with XAFP LMP‐based gestational age. Approximately 32% of the second birthweight mode was explained by apparent clerical errors in Birth LMP month. Digit preference errors, particularly day 1, were associated with gestational age overestimation. Preterm delivery rates were higher according to Birth (7.6%) vs. XAFP LMP (7.2%). One‐fifth of observed preterm and over half of observed post‐term births using Birth LMP were not true cases; 15% of true preterm cases were missed. African American or Hispanic, less educated, and publicly or uninsured women were most likely to be misclassified and have large LMP date discrepancies attributable to clerical or digit preference error. The implementation of a revised birth certificate is an opportunity for targeted training and data entry checks that could substantially improve LMP accuracy on birth records.
Genetic interaction between glabra3‐shapeshifter and siamese in Arabidopsis thaliana converts trichome precursors into cells with meristematic activity
Authors: Marks M. David , Gilding Edward , Wenger Jonathan P.
Published: September 2007

The identity of many genes required for trichome differentiation is known. This paper describes a novel interaction between mutant alleles of two such genes. One of the alleles, called gl3‐sst, is derived from the GL3 locus, which encodes a basic helix‐loop‐helix type transcription factor. The mutation in the gl3‐sst protein modifies its ability to form a complex with the GL1 protein (a MYB transcription factor required for trichome formation), leading to changes in gene expression compared with wild type during gl3‐sst mutant trichome development. The other mutant allele, sim, is a likely loss of function allele derived from the SIM locus, which is predicted to encode a negative regulator of D‐type cyclin activity. The gl3‐sst sim double mutant exhibits mounds of cells derived from the proliferation of single trichome precursors. The ectopic expression of a D‐type cyclin gene in gl3‐sst mimics the double mutant phenotype. Thus, an interaction between altered trichome gene expression caused by the gl3‐sst mutation and relaxed regulation of D‐type cyclin activity in the double mutant converted a non‐dividing cell into a novel highly proliferating cell type.
Adhesions and Colorectal Surgery – Call for Action
Authors: Parker M. C. , Wilson M. S. , Van Goor H. , Moran B. J. , Jeekel J. , Duron J‐J. , Menzies D. , Wexner S. D. , Ellis H.
Published: September 2007

Mounting evidence highlights that adhesions are now the most frequent complication of abdominopelvic surgery, yet many surgeons are still not aware of the extent of the problem and its serious consequences. While many patients go through life without apparent problems, adhesions are the major cause of small bowel obstruction and a leading cause of infertility and chronic pelvic pain in women. Moreover, adhesions complicate future abdominal surgery with important associated morbidity and expense and a considerable risk of mortality.

Studies have shown that despite advances in surgical techniques in recent years, the burden of adhesion‐related complications has not changed. Adhesiolysis remains the main treatment even though adhesions reform in most patients.

Recent developments in adhesion‐reduction strategies and new anti‐adhesion agents do, however, offer a realistic possibility of reducing the risk of adhesions forming and potentially improving the clinical outcomes for patients and reducing the associated onward burden to healthcare systems.

This paper provides a synopsis of the impact and extent of the problem of adhesions with reference to the wider literature and also consideration of the key note papers presented in this special supplement to Colorectal Disease. It considers the evidence of the risk of adhesions in colorectal surgery and the opportunities and strategies for improvement. The paper acts as a ‘call for action’ to colorectal surgeons to make prevention of adhesions more of a priority and importantly to inform patients of the risks associated with adhesion‐related complications during the consent process.
The magnitude of adhesion‐related problems
Authors: Stanciu D. , Menzies D.
Published: September 2007

Adhesions perhaps should be considered to be the most frequent complication of abdominopelvic surgery. The incidence is well documented but the burden to the cost of healthcare is not given the recognition it deserves. For any other disease or operation, with a recognized complication with such a high incidence, a prophylactic therapy or preventative strategy would be recommended if not mandatory. Adhesions occur in over 95% of all abdominal operations and can account for up to 6% of all readmissions. The problem affects all ages and exists for the life of the patient.
Systematic guide to complex cases from adhesive disease
Authors: Jobanputra S. , Wexner S. D.
Published: September 2007

Intestinal adhesions are inevitable after abdominal surgery. The presence of intra‐abdominal adhesions can create very complex situations which require careful preoperative planning, meticulous intra‐operative technique and detailed postoperative management. This manuscript will review the management of these complex cases of adhesions.
Insulin glulisine, insulin lispro and regular human insulin show comparable end‐organ metabolic effects: an exploratory study
Authors: Horvath K. , Bock G. , Regittnig W. , Bodenlenz M. , Wutte A. , Plank J. , Magnes C. , Sinner F. , Fürst‐Recktenwald S. , Theobald K. , Pieber T. R.
Published: September 2007

Aims:  To compare the end‐organ metabolic effects of insulin glulisine (glulisine), insulin lispro (lispro) and regular human insulin (RHI) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods:  Eighteen patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (mean age 36.9 ± 8.6 years, BMI 23.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2, haemoglobin A1c 7.4 ± 0.9%) were randomized in this single‐centre, double‐blind, three‐period cross‐over, standard Latin‐square, euglycaemic glucose clamp trial. Patients received sequential, primed stepwise intravenous infusions of glulisine, lispro or RHI (infusion rates were increased in a stepwise manner from an initial rate of 0.33 [180 min] to 0.66 [180 min] and 1.00 [180 min] mU/kg/min). The primary variables were the suppression of endogenous glucose production (SEGP) and glucose uptake (GU).

Results:  Mean basal endogenous glucose production (EGP) was 1.88, 2.12 and 2.12 mg/kg/min for glulisine, lispro and RHI respectively. Mean (±s.e.) maximum absolute SEGP (adjusted for basal EGP) was −1.64 ± 0.06, −1.72 ± 0.05 and −1.56 ± 0.05 mg/kg/min respectively. Mean (±s.e.) maximum absolute increase in GU (adjusted for basal GU) was 6.46 ± 0.26, 6.23 ± 0.24 and 6.72 ± 0.24 mg/kg/min respectively. There were no clinically relevant differences between the three insulin treatments with respect to serum insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol or lactate levels. No serious adverse events and no episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were reported.

Conclusions:  This study shows that glulisine, lispro and RHI have similar effects on SEGP, GU, FFA, glycerol and lactate levels, providing evidence for similar end‐organ metabolic effects.
An Empirical Analysis of the Decision to Train Apprentices
Authors: Muehlemann Samuel , Schweri Juerg , Winkelmann Rainer , Wolter Stefan C.
Published: September 2007

Abstract.  It is a widely held belief that apprenticeship training represents a net investment for training firms, the cost of which needs to be recouped after the training period. A new firm‐level data set for Switzerland reveals large variation in net costs across firms and, remarkably, negative net costs for 60 per cent of all firms. We use these data to estimate the effect of net costs on the number of apprentices hired by a firm. The results show that the costs have a significant impact on the training decision but no significant influence on the number of apprentices, once the firm has decided to train. For policy purposes, these results indicate that subsidies for firms that already train apprentices would not boost the number of available training places.
Impaired Functioning and Quality of Life in Severe Migraine: The Role of Catastrophizing and Associated Symptoms
Authors: Holroyd KA , Drew JB , Cottrell CK , Romanek KM , Heh V
Published: September 2007

Migraine characteristics are associated with impaired functioning and quality of life (Fn/QoL), but the impact of other factors on Fn/QoL in headache patients is largely unexplored. We examined catastrophizing, comorbid anxiety/depression and migraine characteristics as related to Fn/QoL, and explored the consistency of these relationships across five Fn/QoL measures. We evaluated 232 frequent migraine sufferers for comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, and they completed anxiety, depression and catastrophizing measures, recorded migraine characteristics in a diary and completed five Fn/QoL measures (four self-report questionnaires, one diary disability measure). Backward regression revealed catastrophizing and severity of associated symptoms (photophobia, phonophobia, nausea) independently predicted Fn/QoL across all five measures (β weights 0.16–0.50, all P < 0.01). This is the first demonstration that a psychological response to migraines (catastrophizing) is associated with impaired Fn/QoL independent of migraine characteristics and other demographic and psychological variables. Severity of associated symptoms also emerged as an important contributor to Fn/QoL.
The spatial politics of the past unbound: transnational networks and the making of political identities
Authors: FEATHERSTONE DAVID
Published: September 2007

In this article I consider the relations between historical and contemporary forms of transnational political networks. I contest accounts that counterpose a networked present against a more settled and bounded past, arguing that this contrast rests on a problematic temporalization of difference in the construction of political identities. I consider how this temporalization produces particular accounts of relations between space, politics and identity. Drawing on the insurgent imaginative geography of resistance in C. L. R. James'sThe Black Jacobins, I argue for a focus on the dynamic geographies of connection formed through transnational networks. I develop this position through a discussion of the relations of the London Corresponding Society, formed in London in 1792, to transnational routes of political activists, organizational forms and ideas. This account highlights the multiple political identities crafted through transnational political networks. I conclude by outlining elements of a ‘usable past’ for contemporary counter‐global struggles.
Women Working Worldwide: transnational networks, corporate social responsibility and action research
Authors: HALE ANGELA , WILLS JANE
Published: September 2007

In this article we trace the history of a new form of labour internationalism that emerged in support of women workers’ organizations, in particular in the garment industry, from the 1980s. We tell the story of the emergence of Women Working Worldwide (WWW), a small UK‐based NGO that provides solidarity and support for a network of women workers’ organizations in the commodity producing zones of the global South. WWW grew along with other organizations that have succeeded in forcing global corporations to take some responsibility for the employment conditions along their supply chains. In what has become corporate social responsibility (CSR), companies now establish codes of conduct and workplace audits of employment conditions in those factories to which they subcontract manufacturing work. WWW played a key part in the establishment of the Clean Clothes Campaign, Labour Behind the Label and the Ethical Trading Initiative that continue to develop such practices today. WWW used the power of transnational networks to ensure that the needs and voices of women workers were put on the agenda for action. The story of WWW demonstrates the potential to effect change through transnational networking, the extent to which different local organizations can find common cause with each other and the benefits of engaging in locally‐focused but transnationally coordinated educational and action research projects.
‘Roundabout routes and sanctuary schools’: the role of situated educational practices and habitus in the creation of transnational professionals
Authors: WATERS JOHANNA L.
Published: September 2007

In this article, I examine the role of ‘education’ in the formation of transnational professionals in contemporary Hong Kong. A significant body of work has been devoted to considering the ways in which knowledge within particular global financial centres is embodied through the practices of a transnational capitalist class (TNCC). Yet, very few researchers have discussed how this TNCC is actually created. In this article, I highlight the importance of one faction of the TNCC ‐‘overseas‐educated locals’‐ and describe the sense of common identity and mutual recognition that binds them. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Hong Kong and Vancouver between 2000 and 2003, I demonstrate the salience of embedded and spatialized practices of education in the creation of the TNCC. In particular, I look at the role of inculcation within a school/university and home environment, as well as the significance of a distinctive habitus, and conclude that these situated processes are indeed crucial to the development of an exclusive class of transnational professionals.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci from the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma
Authors: SHAO C. W. , LIAO X. , CHEN S. L.
Published: September 2007

Paucity of polymorphic molecular markers in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) has been a major limitation in genetic improvement of this important economic fish. Hence, we constructed a repeat‐enriched genomic library from P. lethostigma. A total of 39 new microsatellites were identified, for which 33 primer pairs were designed. After validating and scoring, 10 of these loci were polymorphic in a test population with the range of alleles from two to nine per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.2500 to 0.9000 and from 0.4469 to 0.8514, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellites will be useful for genetic diversity analysis and linkage map construction for P. lethostigma.
A sensitive quantitative single‐platform flow cytometry protocol to measure human platelets in mouse peripheral blood
Authors: Schipper Laurus F. , Van Hensbergen Yvette , Fibbe Willem E. , Brand Anneke
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: The NOD/SCID mouse is a widely used model for human cord blood (CB) transplantation. Engraftment is generally estimated with semiquantitative methods, measuring the percentage of human cells among mouse cells. To compare protocols aiming to improve hematopoietic recovery, quantitative methods to enumerate human cells would be preferred. This study describes a single‐platform protocol to count human platelets (hPLTs) after transfusion and CB transplantation in the peripheral blood (PB) of the mouse.

METHODS: With an anti‐human CD41 antibody against hPLTs and counting beads, the sensitivity to detect hPLTs in mouse blood by flow cytometry was validated. PLT recovery after hPLT transfusions and PLT kinetics after transplantation with CB CD34+ cells was followed in time in NOD/SCID mice.

RESULTS: hPLTs could be reliably detected to a level as low as 1 PLT per μL with this single‐platform protocol, what appeared to be at least 10 times more sensitive than detection with the dual‐platform protocol. To verify the applicability for mouse studies, hPLTs were measured serially in transfusion and transplantation studies in NOD/SCID mice. The results showed that earlier detection of PLT recovery was feasible with the single‐platform protocol.

CONCLUSION: A single‐platform flow cytometry method can repeatedly measure low numbers of circulating hPLTs in the PB of the same mouse. This method may be helpful in search of new protocols aiming at accelerating PLT recovery after CB transplantation, but also in a number of clinical settings, such as monitoring PLT reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Rights and Quarantine During the SARS Global Health Crisis: Differentiated Legal Consciousness in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Toronto
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A.
Published: September 2007

Interventions in public health crises inevitably give rise to concerns about how the balance between rights concerns and community health security might be handled. During the SARS global health crisis, different jurisdictions struggled simultaneously with similar public health challenges posed by the previously unknown and deadly disease. Yet instead of a convergence of strategies, different jurisdictions responded with measures, especially with regard to the use of quarantine, that revealed a pattern of divergence about how to strike the balance between rights concerns and health security. The origins of this article stem from the realization that Toronto's use of quarantine was far more extensive than that of either Hong Kong or Shanghai, two jurisdictions with historically weak records regarding respect for fundamental rights and civil liberties. Perspectives on the balancing of individual rights and community health security are treated here as expressions of legal consciousness. Instead of assuming a uniform legal consciousness in Toronto, Shanghai, or Hong Kong, this article presents legal consciousness as varied among groups of individuals differently situated in the crisis. The promise of this differentiated approach to legal consciousness is that it facilitates both drawing contrasts between perspectives of differently situated groups within the same city and noting commonalities between similarly situated groups in other cities. Through an examination of three distinct perspectives on rights and quarantine in each city—those of senior public health officials, frontline hospital workers, and contacts of SARS patients—the competing legal meanings and understandings about the tensions between community health security and individual rights during the SARS crisis are identified in a way that enables us to better understand the pattern of different uses of quarantine.
Headscarves, Human Rights, and Harmonious Multicultural Society: Implications of the French Ban for Interpretations of Equality
Authors: Wiles Ellen
Published: September 2007

Through the lens of the French law prohibiting Muslim headscarves in schools, this article examines the way in which societal tensions that arise in the context of religious and cultural pluralism are translated into legal discourses relating to human rights and equality. It explores the way in which the law is rooted in France's broader sociopolitical structure and history and contrasts it to the United Kingdom and Turkey. It proposes that the law is based on an anachronistic, formal interpretation of equality that is inappropriate for addressing the inevitable cultural diversity of modern French society, and through its permeation into law and policymaking more widely, it is a primary cause of the heightened social tensions involving the Muslim minority. An assessment of the legitimacy of a law that restricts minority groups' cultural practices in this way in any society should be based on a substantive interpretation of equality and should necessarily involve an active endeavor to understand the meanings of those cultural practices for those groups within their distinct context. Upon this foundation, law and policy can be developed in a way that better reconciles the pluralism of modern society with the common objectives of social harmony, stability, and tolerance.
Loan Rates and Collateral
Authors: Gottesman Aron A. , Roberts Gordon S.
Published: September 2007

We investigate the relation between corporate loan spreads and collateralization. We use propensity scoring to create a matched sample of pairs of loan facilities from the Dealscan database. We find that noncollateralized loans are associated with lower spreads even after controlling for risk.
The Impact of Changes in the FTSE 100 Index
Authors: Mase Bryan
Published: September 2007

This paper investigates FTSE 100 index membership changes, which are determined quarterly by market capitalization and should have no information content. Return reversal around index additions and deletions suggests that buying (selling) pressure moves prices temporarily away from equilibrium, consistent with short‐term downward sloping demand curves. In contrast to widely reported results for the S&P 500, there is no evidence of permanent price effects. Further results suggest that investor awareness and monitoring due to index membership do not explain the price effects. There is statistically significant anticipatory trading in stocks that just fail to be promoted to the FTSE 100.
Two Different Therapeutic Strategies in ICD Lead Defects: Additional Combined LeadVersus Replacement of the Lead
Authors: WOLLMANN CHRISTIAN G. , BÖCKER DIRK , LÖHER ANDREAS , PAUL MATTHIAS , SCHELD HANS H. , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , GRADAUS RAINER
Published: September 2007

Objectives: Implantation of an additional HV‐P/S lead versus extraction of the defective HV‐P/S lead and implantation of a new one is one possible therapeutic approach in cases of a defective high‐voltage pace/sense lead (HV‐P/S). No information is available on potential differences in clinical outcome in these different approaches.

Methods: Between January 2000 and February 2006, 86 patients with HV‐P/S lead defect received either an additional transvenous HV‐P/S lead (n = 33, group 1) or the HV‐P/S lead was replaced (n = 53, group 2). The duration of the initially implanted leads was significantly different in the two groups (7.4 ± 2.9; group 1 and 4.1 ± 3.4 years; group 2).The outcome of these two groups of patients was retrospectively analyzed.

Results: Seventy‐three patients [85%] survived until the end of follow‐up of 29 ± 15 (group 1) and 33 ± 21 (group 2) months (P = ns), respectively. Thirteen patients died: six in group 1 and seven in group 2 (P = ns). Fourteen patients experienced perioperative complications (group 1: six; group 2: eight; P = ns). ICD system‐related complications occurred in 22 patients (group 1: seven; group two: 15; P = ns). The event‐free cumulative survival of patients with additional and replaced HV‐P/S lead for postoperative events (including death) after 1, 2, and 3 years was 82%, 70%, 70%, and 86%, 81%, 66%, respectively (P = 0.93).

Conclusions: Implantation of an additional HV‐P/S lead or replacement of the HV‐P/S lead in case of HV‐P/S lead failure is statistically not different concerning mortality and morbidity. There are no predictors for further lead defects. Implantation of an additional HV‐P/S lead should not be recommended in young patients or patients with greater likelihood of living many years. Predictors for death were an age over 70 years and renal insufficiency.
Reverse Polarity Pacing:The Hemodynamic Benefit of Anodal Currents at Lead Tips forCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: LLOYD MICHAEL S. , HEEKE SHEILA , LERAKIS STAMATIOS , LANGBERG JONATHAN J.
Published: September 2007

Background: Myocardial depolarization can be achieved with currents of either anodal or cathodal polarity. In contrast to conventional cathodal pacing, anodal pacing initially hyperpolarizes tissue and improves myocardial contractility in animal models.

Methods and Results: In 13 patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation, we compared the mean left ventricular outflow velocity‐time integral (LV‐VTI) for anodal and cathodal polarities in three different pacing configurations. Intraoperative continuous‐wave Doppler measurements were taken at a fixed interrogation angle, while polarities were switched during unipolar left ventricular, unipolar biventricular, and shared‐coil biventricular pacing. Comparisons used identical pacing rates, intervals, and stimulus strengths. Patients had a mean ejection fraction of 0.18 ± 0.08 and a mean QRS duration of 140 ± 34 ms. All capture thresholds were less than 4.5 volts at a pulse width of 0.4 ms. Data were suitable for analysis in 37 of the 39 pairs of Doppler measurements. Anodal polarity significantly increased average LV‐VTI in 36 of these 37 comparisons. The mean increase in LV‐VTI for each configuration with anodal versus cathodal polarity was 2.8 ± 2.6 cm (P < 0.001). The combined mean LV‐VTI for all configurations was similarly higher for anodal polarity (24.4 ± 11.7 cm) versus cathodal polarity (21.7 ± 10.9 cm; P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Anodal pacing polarity significantly improves a measure of LV function compared to traditional cathodal currents. Anodal pacing, which can be achieved by a simple reversal of pacing circuit polarity, may represent an important therapeutic addition to future resynchronization devices.
A Bayesian Approach to a Logistic Regression Model with Incomplete Information
Authors: Choi Taeryon , Schervish Mark J. , Schmitt Ketra A. , Small Mitchell J.
Published: September 2007

Summary We consider a set of independent Bernoulli trials with possibly different success probabilities that depend on covariate values. However, the available data consist only of aggregate numbers of successes among subsets of the trials along with all of the covariate values. We still wish to estimate the parameters of a modeled relationship between the covariates and the success probabilities, e.g., a logistic regression model. In this article, estimation of the parameters is made from a Bayesian perspective by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm based only on the available data. The proposed methodology is applied to both simulation studies and real data from a dose–response study of a toxic chemical, perchlorate.
Quantifying the Predictive Performance of Prognostic Models for Censored Survival Data with Time‐Dependent Covariates
Authors: Schoop R. , Graf E. , Schumacher M.
Published: September 2007

SummaryPrognostic models in survival analysis typically aim to describe the association between patient covariates and future outcomes. More recently, efforts have been made to include covariate information that is updated over time. However, there exists as yet no standard approach to assess the predictive accuracy of such updated predictions. In this article, proposals from the literature are discussed and a conditional loss function approach is suggested, illustrated by a publicly available data set.
Evaluation of the Metabolic Syndrome in Hypertensive Patients: Results From the ICEBERG Study
Authors: Kabakci Giray , Koylan Nevrez , Kozan Omer , Buyukozturk Kemalettin , Ilerigelen Baris
Published: September 2007

The Intensive/Initial Cardiovascular Examination Regarding Blood Pressure Levels: Evaluation of Risk Groups (ICEBERG) study was aimed at evaluating the components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) for cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients. The ICEBERG study consisted of 2 subprotocols: ICEBERG‐1, conducted at 20 university hospitals, and ICEBERG‐2, conducted at 197 primary health care centers. Each subprotocol had 2 patient profiles: patients diagnosed with hypertension and receiving medical treatment (treated group) and patients who had not received antihypertensive treatment (untreated group). MS was defined in the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel as the presence of at least 3 of the following abnormalities: decreased plasma high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level, increased plasma triglyceride level, hypertension, increased fasting glucose level, and obesity. In a total of 4039 patients, 65.0% had MS, 30.2% had 3 components, 15.0% had 2 components, and 24.8% had 4 components. The most common accompanying component to hypertension was abdominal obesity. Therefore, this study underlined the value of questioning metabolic components in patients with high‐normal or high blood pressure to identify individuals with high added risk of cardiovascular disease.
Hypoadiponectinemia as a Marker of Adipocyte Dysfunction—Part I: The Biology of Adiponectin
Authors: Stern Naftali , Osher Etty , Greenman Yona
Published: September 2007

Adiponectin is the most abundantly secreted adipocyte‐derived peptide hormone, possessing an array of antidiabetogenic and cardiovascular protective effects. Acting through 2 distinct membrane receptors, adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (which utilize 5'‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase phosphorylation, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α as key cell signaling elements), adiponectin increases hepatic and skeletal muscle sensitivity to insulin, enhances fatty acid oxidation, suppresses monocyte‐endothelial interaction, supports endothelial cell growth, lowers blood pressure, and moderates adipose tissue growth. The secretion of adiponectin can be suppressed by adipose factors, which are turned on once fat cell mass increases, such as cytokines, adipose renin‐angiotensin system, and increased oxidative stress. Inhibition of adiponectin secretion results in the loss of an array of mechanisms, which under normal conditions of fat cell homeostasis provide protection from insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic cheilitis
Authors: Kodama Makiko , Watanabe Daisuke , Akita Yoichi , Tamada Yasuhiko , Matsumoto Yoshinari
Published: September 2007

Although actinic cheilitis is a common disease, it should be treated carefully because it can undergo malignant transformation. We report a case of actinic cheilitis treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), with satisfactory outcome in both clinical and pathological aspects. Actinic cheilitis is a pathologic condition affecting mainly the lower lip caused by long‐term exposure of the lips to the UV radiation in sunlight. Analogous to actinic keratosis of the skin, actinic cheilitis is considered as a precancerous lesion and it may develop into squamous cell carcinoma. We report a case of actinic cheilitis treated with PDT using ALA, with satisfactory outcome in both clinical and pathological aspects.
Efficacy of ALA‐PDT vs blue light in the treatment of acne
Authors: Akaraphanth R. , Kanjanawanitchkul W. , Gritiyarangsan P.
Published: September 2007

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the principle of using light excitation of a wavelength‐specific endogenous or exogenous photosensitizer to destroy the target tissue, and has shown efficacy in the treatment of certain non‐melanoma skin cancers. PDT using aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) has attracted attention in the treatment of acne vulgaris.

Method: Twenty patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris on the face were treated with four sessions of topical ALA‐PDT with blue light (415 nm) on the right side of the face compared with blue light alone on the left side of the face, each treatment being 1 week apart. Ten percent of topical ALA was applied to acne spots on the right side of the face with a 1‐h incubation period and the entire face was treated with 48 J/cm2 of 415±5 nm light from an articulated LED planar array. Evaluation was performed by counting acne lesions at baseline, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the beginning of the treatment. Biophysical measurements included sebum levels and the erythema, and melanin indices.

Result: At the given assessment times 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the beginning of the treatment, the mean percent reduction in inflamed lesions counts tended to be higher in the ALA‐PDT areas; it was 32%, 50.9%, 65.9% and 71.1%, respectively, compared with the blue‐light‐alone treatment, which was 20.7%, 27%, 57.7% and 56.7%, respectively, but without any statistical significance (P=0.092). There was no demonstrable significant change in sebum excretion, erythema or the melanin index after treatment. The side effects were pain, stinging, peeling, erythema, pruritus, oozing and pustules. These side effects were stronger on the ALA‐PDT‐treated side.

Conclusion: From this study, the trend for ALA‐PDT with blue light to be superior to blue light alone was observed, but it did not reach statistical significance. ALA‐PDT had more side effects.
The Birthday Problem
Authors: Borja Mario Cortina , Haigh John
Published: September 2007

Happy Birthday! If it is not your birthday today, it may well be the birthday of someone in your office, or in your class at school. Possibly, it is the birthday of two people in your office or your class. Just how big does a group have to be before its members are likely to share a birthday? Mario Cortina Borja and John Haigh explain the birthday problem.
The Statistics Bill: The Treasury's View
Authors: Eagle Angela
Published: September 2007

The bill for the independence of the official statistical system received its final reading in the House of Lords on 20th July, just as this edition of Significance went to press. In this article, Angela Eagle, the new Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury, sets out the official view of what this legislation, and associated developments, should mean for statisticians and users of statistics. She looks in particular at how the reforms could raise statistical quality. (An article setting out the Royal Statistical Society's view of the legislation will appear in the next issue.)