bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E. B. White’s Cosmopolis
Authors: Tochterman Brian
Published: January 2018

With particular attention to E.B. White’s “Here is New York,” this chapter considers the place of the cosmopolitan narrative of New York City in the post-World War II era. White argues that in the new atomic world order, New York must continue to attract migrants from around the country and the world in order to survive. While this narrative of “Cosmopolis” echoes throughout the postwar era, it is drowned out by the image of the dying city until the 1980s.
On Planning Necropolis
Authors: Tochterman Brian
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the use of fear in the written critiques of postwar redevelopment in New York City. With a special emphasis on the celebrated urban thinker Jane Jacobs, it examines how deploying the image of urban death at the hands of planners effectively slowed large scale redevelopment. However, it also considers the contingencies of that narrative for the discipline of planning itself and the political economy of urban development.
Fear City on Film
Authors: Tochterman Brian
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers how films produced in New York City played to an emergent anti-urban political culture. With crime and disorder as the feature antagonist in the New York film cycle of the late 1960s and the 1970s, the vigilante became a vital counterpoint to the perceived incompetence of municipal police departments. Escaping the dying city also served as a powerful motif in the period’s films. The motion picture industry brings the homegrown narrative of New York to a national audience.
Recorded Interviews with Cuban Officials
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents five interviews that Mills conducted with people in some way attached to the Revolutionary Government, four of them associated with the military. These were: Juan Arcocha, who worked for the newspaper Revolución, the official organ of the July 26 Movement that aimed to organize, guide, and disseminate revolutionary ideology to the Cuban people; two army captains who had long been involved in military and administrative capacities; Captain Isabel Rielo who was working at the Camilo Cienfuegos School City; and Comandante Dermidio Escalona who was military commander of Pinar del Rio province.
Fellow-Traveling with Fidel
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

This chapter consists of two transcribed recordings that Mills made detailing his experiences and conversations with Fidel Castro. These are important not only because they offer a firsthand account of Mills’s conference with the Prime Minister, but because they also reveal Mills’s impressions of Castro and the revolution he was leading. Mills, who did not speak Spanish, spent three and a half 18-hour days traveling and conversing with Castro and Juan Arcocha, who served as his translator. On at least one occasion Mills took meticulous notes of such a conversation, but did not record it; later that day he made an audio recording of those notes as he dictated them onto the recorder. In this chapter is another recording that Mills made of interactions Castro had with military men on the Isle of Pines.
Confronting the Enemy
Authors: Treviño A. Javier
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at the considerable consequences Listen, Yankee had on Mills, personally and professionally. The chapter includes a transcribed telephone conversation, tape-recorded by Mills, with a mysterious “Mr. Hadley,” who was likely an FBI agent assigned to investigate Mills and his ties to the Cuban revolutionaries.
Introduction
Authors: Bedasse Monique A.
Published: January 2018

Kisembo Karudi was born in Kingston, Jamaica, during the 1950s, that final decade before the island made the transition from British colony to independent nation-state. The last of six girls raised by her mother, Kisembo spent the early 1970s putting her high school diploma to good use working in a bank, and worshiping in a Methodist church shortly after dawn each Sunday. Her life was by no means intolerable, but she was unable to shake the feeling that she was somehow spiritually adrift—that, in her own words, “something was missing.” That changed in 1974 when she met the love of her life, Ras Bupe Karudi, and he introduced her to Jah, the black god of Rastafarians....
The Wages of Blackness
Authors: Bedasse Monique A.
Published: January 2018

When Rastafarians began to petition the Tanzanian government for the “right of entry” in 1976, they benefitted from a history of linkages between Jamaica and Tanzania, facilitated largely by the personal and political friendship between Julius Nyerere and Prime Minister of Jamaica, Michael Manley. This is the subject of the third chapter, which provides essential context for the repatriation. The chapter begins by unearthing the pan-African politics of Michael Manley, which he constructed after appropriating Rastafarian symbols and consciousness into his political campaigns. It also puts a spotlight on the extent to which African leaders of newly independent states helped to define the pan-Africanism of this period by detailing the impact of Julius Nyerere on Manley’s thinking. Finally, it juxtaposes Manley’s acceptance in pan-African circles across Africa with his personal struggle over his own perceived distance from blackness, as a member of Jamaica’s “brown’ elite. In the end, Rastafari was absolutely central to generating the brand of politics surrounding race, color and class in the moment of decolonization. The history of repatriation transgresses analytical boundaries between state and nonstate actors.
Sow in Tears, Reap in Joy
Authors: Bedasse Monique A.
Published: January 2018

Chapter five turns to the point at which the Rastafarians received land from the Tanzanian state. This was a major accomplishment with deep symbolic and material meaning. Now secure at home, they were prepared to reap what they had sown. The process was, like life itself, filled with both trials and triumphs. They wrestled with epidemiological threats, economic woes, and family dynamics. In the midst of hardship, however, they contributed to Tanzania’s development in the areas of education, journalism, accounting, while supporting African liberation movements and forging alliances with pan-Africanists worldwide. Of utmost importance is also the interaction between these Rastafarians and the local Tanzanians who embraced Rastafari as a serious philosophy. This set in motion social processes far beyond the initial goals of those who repatriated, as the local movement broke off into sects with one even declaring its independence from the Jamaican Rastafarians, insisting that Rastafari had its roots in East Africa.
Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Bedasse Monique A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between Ras Bupe Karudi and C.L.R. James. In 1964, James highlighted the “absurdities” of Rastafari. Additionally, in contrast to all that Rastafari represented, he remained ambivalent about Af- rican heritage and identity. By 1986, however, he was corresponding with Karudi frequently and sending money to him in support of the mission. This collaboration is critical to my exploration of how Rastafari inserted itself into the intellectual history of pan-Africanism, and to the relationship between Rastafari and the radical left. The chapter also brings James into conversation with Rastafari through the prism of colonial education and engages important questions concerning the debates over identity construction in Africa and the African diaspora.
Epilogue
Authors: Bedasse Monique A.
Published: January 2018

Kisembo Karudi left Tanzania for England in 1998. She was no longer willing to tolerate Ras Bupe Karudi’s worsening efforts to exercise complete control over her life, and she was determined to protect and to educate her children. But she was not willing to leave Tanzania for good. Though the marriage was seriously strained, she returned to Tanzania frequently with the intention to retire there. She also continued to support Ras Bupe financially, and she eventually purchased the house they had rented in Karakata with the money she earned working in England....
Beyond the Crossroads
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: January 2018

This book explores the role played by the devil figure within an evolving blues tradition. It pays particular attention to the lyrics of recorded blues songs, but it also seeks to tell a story about blues-invested southern lives. The first four chapters investigate, in sequence, the origins and meaning of the phrase "the devil's music" within black southern communities; the devil as a figure who empowers and haunts migrant black blueswomen in the urban North of the Jazz Age; the devil as a symbol of white maleficence and an icon for black southern bluesmen entrapped in the "hell" of the Jim Crow system; and the devil as shape-shifting troublemaker within blues songs lamenting failed romantic relationships. The fifth chapter is an extended meditation on the figure of Robert Johnson. It offers, in sequence, a new interpretation of Johnson's life and music under the sign of his mentor, Ike Zimmerman; a reading of Walter Hill's Crossroads (1986) that aligns the film with the racial anxieties of modern blues culture; and a narrative history detailing the way in which the townspeople of Clarksdale, Mississippi transformed a pair of unimportant side streets into "the crossroads" over a sixty-year period, rebranding their town as the devil's territory and Johnson's chosen haunt, a mecca for blues tourism in the contemporary Delta.
Introduction
Authors: Hinnershitz Stephanie
Published: January 2018

“I’ve never heard a political opinion from a Chinaman,” African American civil rights activist and Mississippi Delta entrepreneur Amzie Moore recounted in a 1967 interview. Although Congress passed and enacted major pieces of legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Moore understood that there was still a long way to go on the road to equality and was more than a bit flustered over what he identified as Asian Americans’ lack of participation in the civil rights movement. A native of the Mississippi Delta born to sharecropping parents on a plantation near the small town of Grenada and later a store owner in Cleveland, Mississippi, Moore became a leader in the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, an organization that encouraged self-help and entrepreneurship among African Americans in Mississippi. While the 1955 murder of Emmett Till spurred Moore to action in the search for Till’s body (where Moore and others learned that there were hundreds of unknown Emmett Tills whom whites had murdered and dumped in the swamps, bayous, and murky, slow-winding rivers of the Delta for decades and probably centuries), Moore was most comfortable in the economic arena of civil rights. Moore believed deeply in the value of small business and property ownership in uplifting black southerners and placing them on the path to equality. This was often difficult to accomplish in the Delta, the “most southern place on earth,” as journalists described the flat, cotton-bespeckled landscape of the area. Since the immediate post–Civil War years, however, Chinese migrating to the region from the West Coast in search of business opportunities or to join other family members who lingered after brief stints as plantation workers during the early days of Reconstruction had a strong foothold in the small business scene in the Delta. ...
Black or White?
Authors: Hinnershitz Stephanie
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the experiences of Asian Americans with school segregation in the South. While southern society typically grouped Asian Americans under “colored” and prevented them from attending white schools, Asians often fought this racial classification by stressing their “non-black” status in their communities, local courts, and federal courts. The experiences of the Chinese community of Macon, Georgia with fighting plans to segregate their children from whites in the 1880s, the challenges to easy racial classification presented by a group of Filipino students to a Kentucky school board in 1904, and Gong Lum’s unsuccessful 1927 fight against school segregation in Mississippi form the core of this chapter.
A Love That Could Not Be Known
Authors: Hinnershitz Stephanie
Published: January 2018

While studies of anti-miscegenation laws and interracial sex in the South tend to focus on white and black relationships, Asian Americans were also subjected to Jim Crow discrimination when it came to prohibitions on interracial sex and marriages. The in-between racial and political status of Asians challenged the black-and-white sexual and legal order of the South. This chapter focuses on two court cases from Georgia and Virginia that highlight the complexities of Asian-initiated battles against sexual and racial laws and norms in southern states: the 1932 Annunciatio v. State of Georgia case and the 1955 Naim v. Naim Supreme Court appeal that began in Virginia.
From the Gulf to the Courts
Authors: Hinnershitz Stephanie
Published: January 2018

The wreckage of the Vietnam War and new American polices geared toward resettling refugees brought thousands of Vietnamese to the United States. Although many Vietnamese settled on the West Coast and in the Great Lakes region, thousands more came to the Gulf of Mexico through sponsors or established family connections seeking work in the shrimping or oil industries of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. But, as the Vietnamese soon discovered, they were not welcomed by the largely white population who feared competition and distrusted racial outsiders. The Vietnamese fought back in the Houston District Court, filing a civil rights suit against the Klan with the assistance of the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Conclusion
Authors: Hinnershitz Stephanie
Published: January 2018

In November 2008, Floridians who went to the polls to cast their ballots for the next president of the United States also had the chance to reverse eighty years of institutionalized discrimination against Asian Americans in their state. Asian American rights groups in Florida and nationwide distributed pamphlets, sent emails, and spoke to media outlets to build support for a ballot initiative that proposed removing the “aliens ineligible for citizenship” clause from the state constitution. There was hope that Florida could go the way of states like Kansas and New Mexico and formally remove the lingering anti-Asian language. Although the U.S. Supreme Court rendered legislative measures to prevent aliens ineligible for citizenship from owning land unconstitutional in 1952, the connection between the continued presence of this outdated language in the constitution and the legacy of anti-Asian sentiment was clear—this would be a symbolic victory that would signal a purge of de jure if not de facto prejudice and racism aimed at Asian Americans. Because Florida’s anti-alien legislation was enshrined in the constitution, 60 percent of voters would have to approve the initiative in order to remove the discriminatory language from the first amendment and insert neutral language specifying property rights for all. Surely, in the twenty-first century, Floridians would recognize the outdated and discriminatory portion of their constitution and vote to move the law of their land beyond the limits of the past....
Mexican American Women’s Alternative Archive
Authors: Roybal Karen R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the ways in which the U.S. government created an alternative archive when it recorded Mexicanas/os' voices in the "official" record during land grant adjudication proceedings in the mid- to late nineteenth century. The testimonio of landowner María Cleofas Bóne de López serves as a prime focus in the chapter to emphasize the ways in which marriage to Mexican women was one way that both Anglo and Mexican men gained access to and amassed material property. Through this and other key cases, the chapter emphasizes that males' land ownership was often predicated on relationships to and with Mexican women and the ways Mexican men were effeminized within the U.S. legal system. The depositions serve as testimonials to the integral role of gender in the history of property ownership and dispossession.
The Not So ”New” Mexico
Authors: Roybal Karen R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter shifts the focus of Southwest history back to New Mexico as it analyses the memoir, We Fed Them Cactus, written by Nuevomexicana cultural broker, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca. The memoir allows Cabeza de Baca to (re)claim her herencia, or inheritance, as she documents the historical implications of U.S imperialism and the ways in which she suffers the impacts of physical and cultural displacement in the burgeoning U.S. Southwest. This chapter also argues that Cabeza de Baca employs a unique narrative style and voice that is androgynous – a tactic that allows her access to the masculine space of historical documentation and storytelling that was then dominated by men. Through her work, Cabeza de Baca preserves the stories of her Hispano New Mexican past, she attempts to maintain a social structure on the verge of loss, and she demonstrates her querencia, or deep abiding love for her homeland.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Ula Yvette
Published: January 2018

I became initially drawn to women and the Nation of Islam (NOI) as a scholarly project when Spike Lee’s movie Malcolm X premiered in 1992. As a young assistant professor, I was asked to participate on a panel after the movie for a question-and-answer session with the audience. Given that I was the only female panelist, I knew I would be expected to answer any woman-related question. It was during my preparation for the event that the glaring void in the literature on women in the original NOI became evident. I published an essay in 1998 based on my initial findings and assumed I was done!...
Epilogue
Authors: Taylor Ula Yvette
Published: January 2018

This conclusion discusses the Nation of Islam after Elijah Muhammad’s 1975 death. Wallace D. Muhammad, the son of Clara and Elijah was his successor but not all Nation members accepted his leadership, which shifted the movement away from his father’s teachings. Louis Farrakhan, Silis Muhammad, and Yusuf Bey gave former Nation of Islam member’s Islamic options beyond Wallace D. Muhammad. Their splinter groups both embraced and changed aspects of Elijah Muhammad’s teachings. Farrakhan re-introduced Tynnetta Muhammad, and brought elements of the Church of Scientology into his teachings. Silis Muhammad and his wife Sister Harriet Abubakr, located its Lost Found Nation of Islam in Atlanta GA. Lastly, Yusef Bey’s Oakland, CA. group concentrated on acquiring businesses and court documents detail how his leadership included the molestation and rape of girls.
To the Chattahoochee
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2018

William T. Sherman's conduct of the Atlanta campaign from the first week of May until he reached the Chattahoochee River by mid-July 1864 was highly successful. Relying on his railroad link with Louisville, Kentucky, Sherman refused to risk his men in repeated or heavy frontal attacks against the well-fortified positions Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston established at Dalton, Resaca, New Hope, Pickett's Mill, and Kennesaw Mountain. Although Sherman experimented with a few attacks along the way, most notably at Resaca and Kennesaw Mountain, his failure did not result in crippling losses like those suffered by Ulysses S. Grant at the same time in Virginia. Johnston's tendency to evacuate his strong positions at the slightest sign of Union flanking moves, or because his corps leaders thought those positions untenable, not only contributed to Sherman's success but tremendously increased the morale of Union soldiers to the point where they were supremely confidence in their leader and in the eventual success of the campaign. In contrast, when Johnston fell back across the Chattahoochee River on July 9, Confederate President Jefferson Davis lost all patience with his Fabian strategy in Georgia and came to the conclusion that he had to be replaced. Johnston failed to protect all the possible crossings of the Chattahoochee that could be used by the Federals. As a result, Sherman was able to secure two bridgeheads on the south side of the river, well north of its junction with Peach Tree Creek, in the days following Johnston's fall back.
Featherston versus Ward
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2018

Winfield Scott Featherston's Brigade of William W. Loring's Division, in Alexander p. Stewart's Army of Mississippi, attacked to the left of Hardee. Opposing Featherston was William T. Ward's division of the Twentieth Corps. Because of Hooker's lackadaisical attitude, Ward was not yet in position on the high ground south of Peach Tree Creek. Taken by surprise, Ward's brigade commanders reacted quickly and led their men in a desperate counter charge up the steep bluffs bordering the south side of the creek, met Featherston's men part way up, and pushed them all the way up the slope. The result was an impressive victory for the men of Ward's division. They established and fortified their line on top of the bluff in line with Newton's division to the left and Geary's division to the right. It is true that Ward's three brigades heavily outnumbered Featherston's lone brigade. Moreover, about one-third (820 out of 1,230) of Featherston's men merely stopped on top of the bluff and failed to move down the slope to engage the 4,000 Federals in Ward's three brigades which were led by John Coburn, Benjamin Harrison (a future president of the United States), and James Wood, Jr.
I Will Take Your Own Golf Stick and Wham the World
Authors: Demas Lane
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes key legal battles over golf integration after World War II and the role played by the NAACP and other national civil rights organizations in waging that fight, including leading litigators Constance Baker Motley and Thurgood Marshall. It explores the ongoing battles to desegregate America’s municipal courses in the 1950s and 1960s—such as the most important legal case, Holmes v. Atlanta—and emphasizes how national black organizations debated the game’s value and whether to support legal challenges to segregated golf in North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Here the narrative transitions from stories of individuals and local groups who took up the game to one of national organizations and institutions sustaining black players and challenging racial discrimination in golf, including before the U.S. Supreme Court. Yet still there was no consensus on the game’s social significance or its value to African Americans. Just as local communities failed to rectify the tension between black golfers as symbolic of integration and economic promise—or symbolic of elitism and racial tokenism—so too did national organizations like the UGA and NAACP fail to reach a consensus on the game’s larger meanings.
Thai People Don’t Get Hate Mail
Authors: Demas Lane
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the decline of golf in America’s inner cities in the 1980s, subsequent efforts to increase minority participation, and the rise of Tiger Woods. Complicating the notion of Woods as a traditional, popular figure in sport desegregation, the narrative instead posits him as a reluctant civil rights hero, contextualizing his popularity and exploring why the media (and many golf fans) struggled to turn back the clock and fit Woods into the mold of historic black athletes. It was a process that future historians may consider a failure, not only because the traditional “civil rights era” was over but also because the young Woods himself asked not to be identified as “black” and instead told the world that he was “Cablinasian,” a term he coined to describe his multiracial heritage. The chapter features an analysis of Woods that draws on a comparison with other athletes, including lesser-known black golfers like Calvin Peete as well as superstars like basketball great Michael Jordan.
Altogether Ignorant
Authors: Hunter Douglas
Published: January 2018

This chapter trace the rise of scholarly misinterpretations of Dighton Rock in the eighteenth century in writings of Cotton Mather and Harvard professors Isaac Greenwood, John Winthrop, and Stephen Sewall. The parallel evolution of human migration theories is traced in the writing of Jean-François Lafitau. Gothicism, a fusion of White race destiny, Noachic lineage, culture, republican liberty, and civilization, is introduced through the works of Olf Rudbeks, Pierre-Henri Mallet, and the Baron de Montesquieu. Ideas about Indigenous origins and human evolution are presented by the Comte de Buffon. Ezra Stiles includes Dighton Rock in his ideas about ancient Hebrew and Phoenician migrants. Phoenicians become the leading candidates for the rock’s markings. Contributions to migration theories are noted by Pehr Kalm and Johann Forster. Linnaeus, a protégé of Rudbeks’ son, develops his human racial scheme with Europeans a superior race, with further refinements by Johann F. Blumenbach and Christoph Meiners. Gothicist Europeans are championed as the superior human form while Indigenous people are thought to have descended from inferior Asian Tartars.
Vinland Imagined
Authors: Hunter Douglas
Published: January 2018

Aided by American antiquarians, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquities of Denmark produced Antiquitates Americanae (1837) which argued Vinland of the Norse sagas was in southern New England. Editor Carl Christian Rafn published a borderline fraudulent interpretation of Dighton Rock that turned it into a Viking inscription. A colonial windmill in Newport, Rhode Island was misinterpreted as the ruin of a Christian Norse church. An Indigenous burial near Dighton Rock at Fall River was miscast as Norse or Phoenician and immortalized by Henry Longfellow in “The Skeleton in Armor.” This chapter argues Antitquiates Americanae and the RSNA’s Mémoires represented an elaborate exercise in transatlantic Gothicism. White Tribism also factored in Rafn’s analysis, as he made Norsemen the improvers of ancestral Native Americans.
Meaningless Scribblings
Authors: Hunter Douglas
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the late-nineteenth acceptance of Dighton Rock as an Indigenous artefact by most scholars. Holdouts among New England Gothicists see Dighton Rock almost moved to Boston as a memorial to the Vikings. Brown psychology professor Edmund Burke Delabarre launches an exhaustive study of the historiography of Dighton Rock, only to succumb to an eleventh-hour conviction that the rock bears the inscription of a lost 16th century Portuguese explorer, Miguel Corte-Real. In making his case, Delabarre enlists White Tribism and advances a derogatory view of Indigenous people. This chapter situates the Norse and Portuguese interpretations within home-making myths described by immigration historian Orm Øverland
Claiming Turtle Mountain's Constitution
Authors: Richotte Keith, Jr.
Published: January 2018

Claiming Turtle Mountain’s Constitution examines the formation and adoption of the first constitution of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians through the eyes of the tribal members who voted to adopt it. Focusing on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this work of legal and social history describes the seminal moment in which the people of Turtle Mountain chose their constitution as a means to accomplish a much larger political goal: beginning a lawsuit against the federal government. By decentering the federal government, the federal actors of the time, and federal legislation such as the Indian Reorganization Act, Claiming Turtle Mountain’s Constitution reorients the tribal citizens who made this important decision at the heart of their own governance and legal, political, and social history. The Plains Ojibwe and Métis who merged together – within the vise of settler colonialism – to become the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians were distressed at the federal government’s disruption of their leadership structure, their treaty, and their reservation and for decades sought a lawsuit against the federal government to rectify these wrongs. The tribal nation adopted a constitution in 1932 that many recognized as deficient and limiting in the hopes that it would lead toward a lawsuit. Tribal citizens have lived with the consequences of this difficult choice ever since. Claiming Turtle Mountain’s Constitution argues that understanding the origins of tribal constitutions from the tribal nation’s perspective is crucial to understanding both historical and contemporary tribal governance and American constitutionalism more broadly.
Green Setting Feather’s World
Authors: Richotte Keith
Published: January 2018

Chapter one describes the parent groups of the Turtle Mountain Band – the Plains Ojibwe and the Métis – and the often cooperative, sometimes contentious nature of their relationship. Beginning in the early nineteenth century through mid-century, the chapter demonstrates the evolution of the Plains Ojibwe and Métis, their leadership and governance structures, and their overlap. While both groups had much in common and were often cooperative, there was tension and conflict as well. Both the Plains Ojibwe and Métis made claims to the land that would eventually come under dispute with the federal government.
The Reservation
Authors: Richotte Keith
Published: January 2018

Chapter three describes the establishment of the reservation and how that process laid a foundation for first the claim and eventually the constitution. The reservation was established, after much consternation on the northern prairie, through various Executive Orders. Considered temporary and politically expedient from the federal government’s perspective, the Executive Orders were unsatisfactory to everyone in the region. Settlers wanted the Plains Ojibwe and Métis completely removed from the territory. The Plains Ojibwe and Métis wanted a larger reservation and acknowledgement of ownership over land that they had not ceded. The reservation was the first major step on the road to a claim against the federal government.
The Aftermath
Authors: Richotte Keith
Published: January 2018

Chapter five articulates the aftermath of the establishment of the reservation and treaty substitute, the difficult conditions on the reservation and elsewhere, the myriad ways the people of Turtle Mountain were subject to coercion and continued threat, and the ways in which members of the community responded to the conditions in which they found themselves. Focusing on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter details the Allotment Era of federal Indian policy and its effects at Turtle Mountain. Two major issues emerged on and around the reservation at this time: enrolment and allotment. The treaty and reservation history forced the community to engage with increasingly difficult questions about who belonged and who had access to the land. These difficulties exacerbated the circumstances that eventually led to the constitution.
Conclusion
Authors: Richotte Keith
Published: January 2018

By any rational measure, the constitution adopted by the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians in October of 1932 was a failure. It did not lead to the much desired claim against the federal government, it was not a particularly effective governing document, nor did it engender a sense of respect or validity within the community. It was immediately despised by many, and less than thirty years after it was adopted it was replaced. It left little in the way of anything practical or useful to structure or guide the government of the Turtle Mountain Band into the future. What it did leave, however, was a legacy to which the community continues to respond and that continues to shape constitutionalism at Turtle Mountain today....
Conclusion
Authors: Wenger Tisa
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter draws connections and comparisons across the varieties of religious freedom talk described in the book. Religious freedom emerges in this book as an eminently malleable discourse, a shared cultural value that can be defined and deployed in many different ways. It has worked historically to shape the contours of religion in opposition to the secular and the political, and the boundaries between racial and religious identities. It has served as a mechanism for U.S. imperialism and an avenue of resistance to empire. The ideal of religious freedom cannot be removed from the coercions of modernity, but like any ideal its prospects and possibilities remain open for future generations to define.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Joan Marie
Published: January 2018

Women are learning something men have traditionally understood: money provides access.

—Karen D. Stone

Philanthropy lies at the heart of women’s history.

—Kathleen D. McCarthy

Over the first six decades of the twentieth century, Katharine Dexter McCormick wrote checks totaling millions of dollars to advance political, economic, and personal freedom and independence for women. She gave her time and money to the woman suffrage movement, funded a dormitory for women at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to encourage women’s education in science, and almost single-handedly financed the development of the birth control pill. McCormick opposed the militant tactics of some suffragists—such as picketing the White House—which were bankrolled by another woman, Alva Belmont, a southerner who stunned New York society when she divorced William K. Vanderbilt, inheritor of the Vanderbilt fortune. With her flair for the dramatic, Belmont brought crucial publicity to the woman suffrage movement and wielded power with her money, giving tens of thousands of dollars to the national suffrage associations under certain conditions—for example, that organization offices be moved; that she be given a leadership position; and, later, that the movement focus on international women’s rights. Mary Garrett, another generous supporter of the suffrage movement, also understood the coercive power of philanthropy, paying the salary of the dean at Bryn Mawr College—but only if that dean was her partner, M. Carey Thomas—and orchestrating a half-million-dollar gift to Johns Hopkins University to open a medical school, with the condition that the school admit women. These monied women, and many like them, understood that their money gave them clout in society at a time when most women held little power....
Dictating with Dollars
Authors: Johnson Joan Marie
Published: January 2018

Wealthy women’s understanding of financial independence and sisterhood are themes that are crucial to the ideas of women wealthy throughout the book. The Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) largely failed to effectively develop a cross-class coalition of wealthy women and labor women. By studying the WTUL in comparison to Grace Dodge’s working girls clubs and YWCA work, and the support of wealthy women for the 1909 Shirtwaist Strike, the chapter explores why many wealthy women sought gender equality. Their interactions with working-class women and their desire to control their own finances drove them to link financial independence with political equality. When the wealthy held the purse strings, cross-class cooperation, while potentially empowering to laboring women, was also a potent source of conflict. Working women resented the fact that Margaret Dreier Robins and Mary Dreier dominated the funding for the WTUL and insisted on having their way, despite the sisters’ deep commitment to feminism and their professed desire for cross-class coalition.
Epilogue
Authors: Johnson Joan Marie
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Pink and Sister
Authors: Cox Karen L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the African American principals in the book, Emily Burns and George Pearls a.k.a. Lawrence Williams. The history of the African American experience in Natchez, from slavery through Reconstruction and Jim Crow, is discussed. George lived in Chicago and when he came to Natchez in 1932 he introduced himself to Emily as Pinkney. He was called “Pink” and she was known in the community as “Sister.” Emily’s mother Nellie Black is introduced, as is their boarder, Edgar Allen Poe Newell or “Poe.” Both Emily and her mother were widows and domestics. All suffered from poverty, particularly in the depths of the Great Depression.
Sideshows
Authors: Cox Karen L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how Dick Dana and Octavia Dockery profited from their notoriety. They not only opened their estate and home to tourists, they went on tour performing as the “Wild Man” and “Goat Woman” of Goat Castle. Those assisting the pair printed flyers inviting people to help the “old folks” restore Glenwood. And to come see the famous goats.
Epilogue
Authors: Cox Karen L.
Published: January 2018

The epilogue describes what happened to Natchez and to the remaining principals of the case in the years following the trial and conviction of Emily Burns. It explains how Duncan Minor, who inherited Jennie Merrill’s estate, fended off a lawsuit by Nellie Grist who claimed she was Jennie’s daughter. It describes the continuing fascination with Goat Castle in the press and from tourists, and how Octavia Dockery fought off eviction notices, allowing her and Dick Dana to remain at Glenwood until his death and then her own. Lastly, the chapter highlights the return of Emily/Sister to Natchez where she became one of the town’s dressmakers and returned to her home church Antioch Baptist. She remarried and became a mother of the church there and died in 1969.
Prologue
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

This prologue sets the stage in the Roosevelt house called Springwood in Hyde Park after Eleanor Roosevelt and her close friends, Marion Dickerman, and Nancy Cook, have agreed to Franklin Roosevelt's suggestion that they build a weekend cottage for themselves at nearby Val-Kill.
The Decision to Build the Cottage
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the historic picnic scene in the place called Val-Kill, on the east side of the Hyde Park estate, where Franklin suggests that the women build a stone cottage for themselves so that they can still come on weekends after his mother has closed up the Big House.
The Family Vacation
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the trip by automobile from Hyde Park to Roosevelt summer home on Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, that Eleanor Roosevelt, Marion Dickerman, and Nancy Cook took with the two youngest Roosevelt boys (Franklin, Jr. and John), Eleanor's brother Hall's son, Henry: and George Draper, the son of her doctor. Describes stopover in Castine, Maine, with Molly Dewson and Polly Porter.ER reads Willa Cather aloud and embroiders their linens E M N.
The love Nest
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

FDR supervises construction of Val-Kill cottage and Eleanor Roosevelt, Marion Dickerman, and Nancy Cook pay the bills. FDR inscribes library books to "the three graces" in "the love nest." They move in January l, 1926, celebrate with family, and begin creating their own community. FDR develops his retreat at Warm Spring, Ga.
Change Comes to Val-Kill
Authors: Wilson Emily Herring
Published: January 2018

Eleanor was spending more and more time away from Val-Kill, and Nancy Cook, especially, was worn out with travels to West Virginia, trying to keep Val-Kill afloat, and coping with all the visitors that FDR and Eleanor to Val-Kill, when they came at all. In 1936 Eleanor announced that she was closing the furniture shop and renovating the building for her own privater residence next door, with an apartment for her secretary and close friend, Malvina "Tommy" Tompson. She Roosevelt picnics at Val-Kill continued, under Nancy's supervision, but the two households here geographically close but drifting irrevocably apart.
Coming of Age: The Shock of the Shops and the Dawning of Political Consciousness, 1900–1909
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 traces Schneiderman’s, Newman’s, Cohn’s and Lemlich’s early years in New York garment shops at a time when electric sewing machines were doubling the speed at which workers were expected to produce. It examines their first exposure to “the Jewish labor movement,” their battles with male union leaders, their early attempts to organize young women garment workers, prior to 1909.
Common Sense: New York City Working Women and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage
Authors: Orleck Annelise
Published: January 2018

By telling the story of working women’s involvement in the campaign for woman suffrage in the U.S., this chapter shatters the conventional notion that the women’s suffrage movement was merely a middle-class project. Tracing how the “Common Sense of working women” was cast in opposition to the “sentimentality of Senators,” this chapter offers a fresh interpretation of suffrage history.
New York Intellectuals
Authors: Wald Alan M.
Published: January 2018

For a generation, this book has stood as the authoritative account of an often misunderstood chapter in the history of a celebrated tradition among literary radicals in the United States that began in the Great Depression. Wald’s passionate investigation of over half a century of dissident Marxist thought, Jewish internationalism, fervent political activism, and the complex art of the literary imagination is enriched by more than one hundred personal interviews, unparalleled primary research, and critical interpretations of novels and short stories depicting the inner lives of committed writers and thinkers. Wald's commanding biographical portraits of rebel outsiders, some of whom founded Partisan Review, who mostly became insiders, often Cold War liberals and a few neoconservatives, retains its resonance today. Included is commentary on Max Eastman, Elliot Cohen, Lionel Trilling, Sidney Hook, Tess Slesinger, James Burnham, Meyer Schapiro, Dwight Macdonald, Philip Rahv, Mary McCarthy, James T. Farrell, Irving Kristol, Irving Howe, Hannah Arendt, and more. With a new preface by the author that tracks the rebounding influence of these intellectuals in the era of Occupy and Bernie Sanders, this anniversary edition shows that the trajectory and ideological ordeals of the New York intellectual Left still matters today.
Civil Rights
Authors: Grundy Pamela
Published: January 2018

Examines the ways that growing up in a supportive, ambitious community spurred Charlotte's young African Americans to question and then challenge inequality.Highlights key moments in Charlotte's civil rights history, including the furor sparked by Dorothy Counts' efforts to become the first black student at Harding High School in 1957, the sit-ins of 1960, the successful efforts to desegregate restaurants in 1963, and the bombs that exploded at the homes of four civil rights activist families in 1965. Follows Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg, the landmark desegregation case filed by civil rights attorney Julius Chambers. In 1969, Chambers convinced federal judge James McMillan to issue a sweeping order that required Charlotte-Mecklenburg to fully desegregate every school in the countywide system, setting the stage for the nation's most comprehensive school busing plan.
Building an Integrated School
Authors: Grundy Pamela
Published: January 2018

Traces the work done by West Charlotte's veteran African American teachers and staff members to mentor younger white teachers and administrators, and to ensure that the school's African American history remained an important part of its identity. Examines the ways that the diversity of West Charlotte's population fostered a situation in which young people felt able to explore and appreciate differences. Highlights the pride that West Charlotte students felt in the diversity of their school. Considers the active efforts of teachers and administrators to build racial balance in academic and extracurricular activities. Explores ongoing cultural divisions in the school, the intellectual and emotional challenges of dealing with a diverse range of people, and the ways that students and teachers sought to address these challenges.Links the success of school desegregation to other developments that included growing diversity in city government and rapid economic growth.
Pulling Apart
Authors: Grundy Pamela
Published: January 2018

Covers the rise of Ronald Reagan and a more conservative, individualistic approach to government and society that would have far-reaching effects on Charlotte schools.Explores persisting obstacles to racial advancement, including shifts in job markets, housing patterns and political priorities that perpetuated income and homeownership gaps into the 1980s and 1990s, and sharpened distinctions between struggling central-city neighborhoods and increasingly prosperous suburban communities. Traces the national shift in education priorities from promoting integration to a concern with test scores and an interest in "choice," which led Charlotte's business leaders to promote a desegregation plan focused around magnet schools instead of race-based busing. Examines growing concerns about the performance of African American students in desegregated schools, and about the challenges faced by young black men in urban neighborhoods. Follows the Capacchione lawsuit, which challenged the use of race in student assignment and brought an end to Charlotte's busing plan.
Introduction
Authors: Mueller Max Perry
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the book’s main argument: that the three original American races, “black,” “red,” and, “white,” were constructed first in the written archive before they were read onto human bodies. It argues that because of America’s uniquely religious history, the racial construction sites of Americans of Native, African, and European descent were religious archives. The Mormon people’s relationship with race serves as a case unto itself and a case study of the larger relationship between religious writings and race. During the nineteenth century early Mormons taught a theology of “white universalism,” which held that even non-whites, whom the Bible and the Book of Mormon taught were cursed with dark skin because of their ancestors’ sin against their families, could become “white” through dedication to the restored Mormon gospel. But Mormons eventually abandoned this “white universalism,” and instead taught and practiced a theology of white supremacy.
“Aunt Jane” or Joseph’s Adopted Daughter?
Authors: Mueller Max Perry
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the period during which the Latter-day Saints built “the City of Joseph” in Nauvoo, Illinois. During this time, in a limited manner the Mormons attempted to create a Zion that included people of African descent. Both contemporaneous and retrospective archival records from this period portray Joseph Smith Jr. as a prophet who welcomed blacks as (all but) full members of the Mormon covenantal community. Yet Joseph and other Smith family members were far from colorblind. In fact, the Smiths’ willingness to accept black Mormons like Jane Manning James was predicated on the black Mormons’ ability to overcome the legacy of spiritual inferiority of the cursed lineages into which they were born. If they remained faithful to the gospel, then their cursed bloodlines would be purified. This inward change meant that these black Saints could become equal to their white brethren and (eventually) white themselves.