bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric-field-mediated instability modes and Fréedericksz transition of thin nematic films
Authors: Mondal Kartick , Ghosh Abir , Chaudhuri Joydip , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar
Published: November 2017

Instabilities at the deformable free surface of a thin nematic liquid crystal film can develop interesting patterns when exposed to an external electrostatic field. A general linear stability analysis is performed involving the Ericksen–Leslie governing equations for the dynamics of the nematic film coupled with the anisotropic Maxwell stresses for the electric field to uncover the salient features of these instabilities. The study reveals the coexistence of twin instability modes: (i) long-wave interfacial mode – stimulated when the sole destabilizing influence of the electric field overcomes the Frank bulk elasticity and surface tension force, and (ii) finite-wavenumber mode – engendered by the combined destabilizing influence originating from the anisotropic electric field and Ericksen stress, for the films with positive dielectric anisotropy and weaker Frank bulk elasticity. The results reported here are in contrast with the same obtained from the more frequently employed long-wave approach. The air-to-liquid-crystal filling ratio between the electrodes as well as thermodynamic parameters such as the dielectric anisotropy, Frank elasticity, and director orientations across the film and boundaries are found to play crucial roles in the selection of modes, whereas kinetic parameters such as Leslie viscosity coefficients influence only the time scale of instability. Importantly, at higher field intensities a symmetry-breaking Fréedericksz-type transition of director orientations is found to happen, which also causes the transition of the dominant mode of instability from the long-wave to the finite-wavenumber mode for films with relatively lower values of Frank bulk elasticity and positive dielectric anisotropy.
John Blaxland and Rhys Crawley, 'The Secret Cold War: The Official History of ASIO, 1975–1989, Volume III', Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2016, 522 pp., ISBN 9 7817 6029 3215, A$49.99
Authors: Finnane Mark
Published: November 2017

John Blaxland and Rhys Crawley, The Secret Cold War: The Official History of ASIO, 1975–1989, Volume III, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2016, 522 pp., ISBN 9 7817 6029 3215, A$49.99
A multidisciplinary study of a Late Pleistocene arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) midden from Yukon, Canada
Authors: Langeveld Bram W. , Mol Dick , Zazula Grant D. , Gravendeel Barbara , Eurlings Marcel , McMichael Crystal N.H. , Groenenberg Dick , van Reenen Guido B.A. , Palmeira Mona , Vogel Johnny , van Geel Bas
Published: November 2017

Middens (nests and caches) of Late Pleistocene arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii) that are preserved in the permafrost of Beringia archive valuable paleoecological data. Arctic ground squirrels selectively include the plant material placed in middens. To account for this selectivity bias, we used a multi-proxy approach that includes ancient DNA (aDNA) and macro- and microfossil analyses. Here, we provide insight into Pleistocene vegetation conditions using macrofossils, pollen, phytoliths and non-pollen palynomorphs, and aDNA collected from one such midden from the Yukon Territory (Canada), which was formed between 30,740 and 30,380 cal yr BP. aDNA confirmed the midden was constructed by U. parryii. We recovered 39 vascular plant and bryophyte genera and 68 fungal genera from the midden samples. Grass and other herbaceous families dominated vegetation assemblages according to all proxies. aDNA data yielded several records of vascular plants that are outside their current biogeographic range, while some of the recovered fungi yielded additional evidence for local occurrence of Picea trees during glacial conditions. We propose that future work on fossil middens should combine the study of macro- and microfossils with aDNA analysis to get the most out of these environmental archives.
CONTRACTING FOR SELF-DENIAL: ON ENFORCING “NO ORAL MODIFICATION” CLAUSES
Authors: Morgan Jonathan
Published: November 2017

“No oral modification” (NOM) clauses should be enforced in English law. Parties should be permitted to impose formality requirements upon themselves. Entire agreement clauses are (rightly) enforced and this provides a compelling parallel. The reasoning of two Court of Appeal decisions holding NOM clauses unenforceable is critically analysed. The extent to which NOM clauses should be defeasible by estoppel and unfair terms legislation is considered.
PRIVACY AND THIRD PARTIES TO CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Arden Dame Mary
Published: November 2017

In Khuja (formerly PNM) v Times Newspapers Ltd. [2017] UKSC 49; [2017] 3 W.L.R. 351, the appellant (A) failed to obtain an injunction restraining two newspapers from publishing information given about him in a criminal trial in which he had been a third party. The defendants were charged with serious sex offences involving children. A feared that the public would associate him with those offences if the information was published. He claimed that publication would interfere with his and his family's private and family life. As against this, the open justice principle means that, wherever possible, proceedings should be heard in public and that there should be fair reporting of the proceedings. This principle carries great weight in the common law.
SAAMCO REVISITED
Authors: Thomson Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

In Hughes-Holland v BPE Solicitors [2017] UKSC 21; [2017] 2 W.L.R. 1029, Mr. Gabriel lent £200,000 to a developer, Mr. Little. He had expected the money to be wholly employed by Mr. Little in developing a property. Mr. Little, however, used the advance to discharge borrowings secured on the property, and other liabilities. In the event, no development of any significance was carried out, the property was worthless and Mr. Gabriel's advance was lost.
BREACH OF DUTY: A DISAPPEARING ELEMENT OF THE ACTION IN NEGLIGENCE?
Authors: Goudkamp James
Published: November 2017

All causes of action in tort, like all causes of action generally, are constituted by elements or ingredients. It is often the case that these elements are not crisply separated from each other. That is certainly so in relation to the cause of action in negligence, it having regularly been pointed out that none of its elements is self-contained. Denning L.J. took that view further than most. In Roe v Minister of Health [1954] 2 Q.B. 66, 86, he asserted: “you will find that the three questions, duty, causation, and remoteness, run continually into one another. It seems that they are simply three different ways of looking at one and the same problem.” More commonly it is accepted that although the various elements of the tort of negligence overlap, they nonetheless retain separate identities. Thus, determining whether the tort of negligence has been committed is not generally understood as requiring a single homogeneous enquiry but an analysis whereby one examines each element of the action seriatim in order to determine whether it is present. This conventional understanding was embraced by Lord Simons, delivering the advice of the Privy Council in Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd. v Morts Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd. [1961] A.C. 388, 425, when he said: “It is, no doubt, proper when considering tortious liability for negligence to analyse its elements and to say that the plaintiff must prove a breach of duty owed by him to the defendant, a breach of that duty by the defendant, and consequent damage.”
INTERPRETATION AND RECTIFICATION IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Davies Paul S.
Published: November 2017

Both interpretation and rectification continue to pose problems. Difficulties are compounded by blurring the boundary between the two. In Simic v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2016] HCA 47, the High Court of Australia overturned the decisions of the lower courts which had held that performance bonds could be interpreted in a “loose” manner in order to correct a mistake. However, the documents could be rectified in order to reflect the actual intentions of the parties. This decision should be welcomed: the mistake was more appropriately corrected through the equitable jurisdiction than at common law. Significantly, the concurring judgments of French C.J. and Kiefel J. highlight that the law of rectification now seems to be different in Australia from the law in England. It is to be hoped that the English approach will soon be revisited (see further P. Davies, “Rectification versus Interpretation” [2016] C.L.J. 62).
RETURNING TO CLARITY AND PRINCIPLE: THE PRIVY COUNCIL ON STACK v DOWDEN
Authors: Roche Juanita
Published: November 2017

In Marr v Collie (Bahamas) [2017] UKPC 17, a Board of the Privy Council comprising Lord Neuberger, Lady Hale, and Lords Kerr, Wilson, and Sumption has interpreted Stack v Dowden [2007] UKHL 17; [2007] 2 A.C. 432 in a way that many may find surprising. However, on close examination Marr is a clear and correct interpretation of Stack, dispelling misunderstandings by returning to its ratio.
TESTAMENTARY FREEDOM REAFFIRMED IN THE SUPREME COURT
Authors: Sloan Brian
Published: November 2017

The case now known as Ilott v The Blue Cross [2017] UKSC 17 was the first time that the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 was considered at the highest judicial level. The Court of Appeal ([2015] EWCA Civ 797, noted in [2016] C.L.J. 31) had significantly enhanced the award given to an estranged and “disinherited” but needy daughter (Heather Ilott) at the expense of the charities (the Blue Cross, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) who were the principal beneficiaries under the will of her mother, Melita Jackson, leaving her with £143,000 out of the £486,000 estate primarily to purchase the council house in which she and her family were living. The Supreme Court unanimously allowed the charities’ appeal, restoring Judge Million's original £50,000 order. Giving the lead judgment, Lord Hughes reasserted the centrality of testamentary freedom in English law, emphasised the importance of the Act's limitation to “reasonable financial provision” for maintenance for non-spouse/civil partner applicants (s. 1(2)(b)), and held that a need for maintenance was a necessary but not sufficient condition for a successful claim. He approved previous case law in holding that maintenance could not “extend to any or everything which it would be desirable for the claimant to have” (at [14]), but was not limited to “subsistence” either (at [15]). He also confirmed that the focus of the correct test under the 1975 Act is not on the behaviour of the testatrix, but opined the reasonableness of her decision may still be a significant consideration, as may the extent of any “moral claim” even if that is not a “sine qua non” (at [20]).
What Lies Behind the Earliest Story of Buddhism in Ancient Vietnam?
Authors: Taylor K. W.
Published: November 2017

The Vietnamese story about the arrival of Buddhism and the building of the first Buddhist temples in what is now northern Vietnam contains no distinctively Buddhist content, but rather is a tale of thaumaturgy, the worship of trees and of rocks, and rainmaking. This essay analyzes the textual history of the story, which is dated in the early third century CE. It examines the names of the two major protagonists of the story and, although the names were later absorbed into the Sinitic literary tradition, this study proposes a Tamil Hindu origin for them. One is reminded of the trade route that connected India and China along the coasts of Southeast Asia at that time; the evidence of Brahmans from India in early Southeast Asia, including northern Vietnam; and evidence of Hindu elements in Vietnamese texts.
Analytical forms of the first 14 moments of the cosmic ray Fokker–Planck equation
Authors: Shalchi A.
Published: November 2017

The Fokker–Planck transport equation describing the motion of energetic particles through a plasma is explored analytically. The latter equation provides a pitch-angle and position-dependent distribution function of the charged particles. In the current paper the first 14 moments of this equation are computed exactly for an arbitrary initial pitch angle. Such analytical forms are required in nonlinear treatments of perpendicular transport and other scenarios in plasma physics and astrophysics.
Tracing the development of spatially modulated gestures in the manual modality in nonsigning Chinese-speaking children
Authors: SO WING-CHEE , WONG KIT-YI MIRANDA
Published: November 2017

Speakers employ gestures to identify nonpresent objects in nonneutral locations (e.g., pointing to the left to indicate a toy car) and maintain the same spatial locations to indicate the same objects throughout the discourse. These kinds of gestures are referred to as shared-location spatially modulated gestures. Previous research showed that native signers form associations between locations and objects as early as age 5. We examined whether nonsigning children also produced shared-location spatially modulated gestures as early as age 5, and if so, whether such ability is associated with verbal memory, spatial memory, and eductive reasoning (i.e., the ability to derive meaning from the complex situations). Our results showed that nonsigning children use spatial devices in their gestures as early as age 5, but such ability is not well developed until age 7 to 11. It is interesting that different types of cognitive skills may come into play in the production of shared-location spatially modulated gestures across different age groups. We found significant correlations between the production of this type of gesture and spatial memory in the younger children and eductive reasoning in the older children. Thus, there is possibly a developmental shift of the cognitive processes involved in the production of shared-location spatially modulated gestures.
ETHICS OF SMART HOUSE WELFARE TECHNOLOGY FOR OLDER ADULTS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Sánchez Veralia Gabriela , Taylor Ingrid , Bing-Jonsson Pia Cecilie
Published: November 2017

Background:The University College of Southeast Norway has an on-going project to develop a smart house welfare system to allow older adults and people with disabilities to remain in their homes for as long as they wish in safe, dignified, living conditions.

Objectives:This article reviews reported ethical challenges to implementing smart houses for older adults.

Methods:A systematic literature review identified twenty-four articles in English, French, Spanish, and Norwegian, which were analyzed and synthesized using Hofmann's question list to investigate the reported ethical challenges.

Results:Smart houses offer a promising way to improve access to home care for older adults and people with disabilities. However, important ethical challenges arise when implementing smart houses, including cost-effectiveness, privacy, autonomy, informed consent, dignity, safety, and trust.

Conclusions:The identified ethical challenges are important to consider when developing smart house systems. Due to the limitations of smart house technology, designers and users should be mindful that smart houses can achieve a safer and more dignified life-style but cannot solve all the challenges related to ageing, disabilities, and disease. At some point, smart houses can no longer help persons as they develop needs that smart houses cannot meet.
The non-existence, existence and uniqueness of limit cycles for quadratic polynomial differential systems
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Zhang Xiang
Published: November 2017

We provide sufficient conditions for the non-existence, existence and uniqueness of limit cycles surrounding a focus of a quadratic polynomial differential system in the plane.
A survey of diacritic restoration in abjad and alphabet writing systems
Authors: ASAHIAH FRANKLIN ỌLÁDIÍPỌ̀ , ỌDẸ́JỌBÍ ỌDẸ́TÚNJÍ ÀJÀDÍ , ADÁGÚNODÒ EMMANUEL RÓTÌMÍ
Published: November 2017

A diacritic is a mark placed near or through a character to alter its original phonetic or orthographic value. Many languages around the world use diacritics in their orthography, whatever the writing system the orthography is based on. In many languages, diacritics are ignored either by convention or as a matter of convenience. For users who are not familiar with the text domain, the absence of diacritics within text has been known to cause mild to serious readability and comprehension problems. However, the absence of diacritics in text causes near-intractable problems for natural language processing systems. This situation has led to extensive research on diacritization. Several techniques have been applied to address diacritic restoration (or diacritization) but the existing surveys of techniques have been restricted to some languages and hence left gaps for practitioners to fill. Our survey examined diacritization from the angle of resources deployed and various formulation employed for diacritization. It was concluded by recommending that (a) any proposed technique for diacritization should consider the language features and the purpose served by diacritics, (b) that evaluation metrics needed to be more rigorously defined for easy comparison of performance of models.
Goal Setting Deficits at 13 Years in Very Preterm Born Children
Authors: Haebich Kristina M. , Willmott Catherine , Ellis Rachel , Burnett Alice C. , Scratch Shannon E. , Pascoe Leona , Spencer-Smith Megan M. , Cheong Jeanie L.Y. , Inder Terrie E. , Doyle Lex W. , Thompson Deanne K. , Anderson Peter J.
Published: November 2017

Objectives:Preterm children demonstrate deficits in executive functions including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility; however, their goal setting abilities (planning, organization, strategic reasoning) remain unclear. This study compared goal setting abilities between very preterm (VP: <30 weeks/<1250 grams) and term born controls during late childhood. Additionally, early risk factors (neonatal brain abnormalities, medical complications, and sex) were examined in relationship to goal setting outcomes within the VP group.Methods:Participants included 177 VP and 61 full-term born control children aged 13 years. Goal setting was assessed using several measures of planning, organization, and strategic reasoning. Parents also completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Regression models were performed to compare groups, with secondary analyses adjusting for potential confounders (sex and social risk), and excluding children with major neurosensory impairment and/or IQ<70. Within the VP group, regression models were performed to examine the relationship between brain abnormalities, medical complications, and sex, on goal setting scores.Results:The VP group demonstrated a clear pattern of impairment and inefficiency across goal setting measures, consistent with parental report, compared with their full-term born peers. Within the VP group, moderate/severe brain abnormalities on neonatal MRI predicted adverse goal setting outcomes at 13.Conclusions:Goal setting difficulties are a significant area of concern in VP children during late childhood. These difficulties are associated with neonatal brain abnormalities, and are likely to have functional consequences academically, socially and vocationally. (JINS, 2018,24, 372–381)
Surveillance of the armed forces as a sentinel system for detecting adverse effects of dietary supplements in the general population
Authors: Lieberman Harris R , Austin Krista G , Farina Emily K
Published: November 2017

Objective

Half the US population takes dietary supplements, but surveillance systems available to regulatory and public health authorities to determine whether specific dietary supplements present a risk are inadequate and numerous severe injuries and deaths have occurred from their consumption. Uniformed military personnel regularly use dietary supplements and are more likely to use potentially dangerous supplements than civilians. Recently, the supplement 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) was marketed for physical performance-enhancement and weight loss. However, after over 100 reports of illness attributed to DMAA, including six deaths, the Food and Drug Administration issued a warning to cease its sale.

Design

When DMAA was legal (2010–2011), we conducted, using convenience samples, supplement surveys of service members and determined prevalence of use and self-reported symptoms of DMAA use.

Subjects

We surveyed 4374 armed forces personnel using a standardized dietary supplement survey administered by local health-care professionals.

Results

Overall, 11 % of survey respondents used dietary supplements labelled as containing DMAA at least once/week. Regular users were over two times more likely to report tachycardia (P<0·0001), tremors (P<0·0001) and dizziness (P=0·0004), and over three times more likely to report numbness/tingling (P<0·0001) than non-users.

Conclusions

Military services could readily monitor adverse events associated with dietary supplements using electronic surveys and medical records. Since armed forces personnel are much more likely than civilians to use potentially dangerous dietary supplements like DMAA, near real-time surveillance of them using electronic surveys and medical records would provide early warning to regulatory agencies and the medical and public health communities when high-risk dietary supplements are introduced.
Hybrid Regimes for Local Public Goods Provision: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Post Alison E. , Bronsoler Vivian , Salman Lana
Published: November 2017

There is a growing recognition that the state is not the sole provider of “local public goods” such as water and education in the developing world. Mainstream approaches to the study of local public goods provision, however, have yet to incorporate these insights. We offer a descriptive typology of hybrid local public goods regimes, or systems in which both state and non-state actors contribute to provision. It emphasizes two dimensions: the type of state involvement (direct versus indirect provision), and the degree of formal state penetration. The politics of producing local public goods, we argue, takes on distinct forms in each cell. The framework allows scholars to develop more accurate and precise explanations of variation in service quality and access, and to choose more appropriate outcome measures. We illustrate the utility of this framework by analyzing distinct hybrid regimes for water and sanitation, and mass transit in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
UNDER SIEGE IN ANY ERA
Authors: Lavelle Kristen M.
Published: November 2017

Whites’ sense of their racial vulnerability has been established as a key facet of U.S. post-civil rights racial ideology. This paper analyzes Whites’ victim claims attached to a historical era, via recent in-depth interviews with elder White Southerners, and argues that, through invoking civil rights-era racial vulnerabilities—mistreatment from social changes and African Americans—White Southerners downplay institutional racism, delegitimize the Civil Rights Movement, and construct White innocence and Black pathology. In contrast, younger Whites’ victim claims assert Whites as racially innocent and equitably vulnerable to racism, but these narratives of the racial past achieve similar ends. By constructing the civil rights era as dangerous and unjust, elder White Southerners lay claim to a lifelong nonracist identity and deny systemic racism. This analysis suggests that White threat and victim narratives are not products of a post-civil rights milieu, but rather are generated by Whites’ use of racial framing to construct a sense of self, other, and society.
A Statewide Survey of PPO-Inhibitor Resistance and the Prevalent Target-Site Mechanisms in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Accessions from Arkansas
Authors: Varanasi Vijay K. , Brabham Chad , Norsworthy Jason K. , Nie Haozhen , Young Bryan G. , Houston Michael , Barber Tom , Scott Robert C.
Published: November 2017

Palmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in the midsouthern United States, and the evolution of resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors in biotypes already resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors is a major cause of concern to soybean and cotton growers in these states. A late-season weed-escape survey was conducted in the major row crop–producing counties (29 counties) to determine the severity of PPO-inhibitor resistance in Arkansas. A total of 227 Palmer amaranth accessions were sprayed with fomesafen at 395 g ha−1to identify putative resistant plants. A TaqMan qPCR assay was used to confirm the presence of the ΔG210 codon deletion or the R128G/M (homologous to R98 mutation in common ragweed) target-site resistance mechanisms in thePPX2gene. Out of the 227 accessions screened, 44 were completely controlled with fomesafen, and 16 had only one or two severely injured plants (≥98% mortality) when compared with the 1986 susceptible check (100% mortality). The remaining 167 accessions were genotypically screened, and 82 (49%) accessions were found to harbor the ΔG210 deletion in thePPX2gene. The R128G was observed in 47 (28%) out of the 167 accessions screened. The mutation R128M, on the other hand was rare, found in only three accessions. About 13% of the accessions were segregating for both the ΔG210 and R128G mutations. Sixteen percent of the tested accessions had mortality ratings <90% and did not test positive for the ΔG210 or the R128G/M resistance mechanisms, indicating that a novel target or non–target site resistance mechanism is likely. Overall, PPO inhibitor–resistant Palmer amaranth is widespread in Arkansas, and the ΔG210 resistance mechanism is especially dominant in the northeast corridor, while the R128G mutation is more prevalent in counties near Memphis, TN.
Who Cooperates? Reciprocity and the Causal Effect of Expected Cooperation in Representative Samples
Authors: Bechtel Michael M. , Scheve Kenneth F.
Published: November 2017

When do societies succeed in providing public goods? Previous research suggests that public goods contributions correlate with expectations about cooperation by others among students and other demographic subgroups. However, we lack knowledge about whether the effect of expected cooperation is causal and a general feature of populations. We fielded representative surveys (N= 8,500) in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States that included a public goods game and a novel between-subjects experiment. The experiment varied expectations about cooperation by others. We find that higher expected cooperation by others causes a significant increase in individual contributions. When classifying contribution schedules, we find that almost 50% of the population employs a conditionally cooperative strategy. These individuals are on average richer, younger, and more educated. Our results help explain the varying success of societal groups in overcoming cooperation problems and assist policymakers in the design of institutions meant to solve social dilemmas.
Keine geradlinigen Wege
Authors: Müller Christoph
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung. Mit dem Buch „Seitenwechsel“ hat Sibylle Prins im Jahre 2006 ein Tabu angesprochen. Sie ist ins Gespräch mit Menschen gegangen, die nicht nur als professionell Tätige in der Psychiatrie arbeiten. Ihre Dialogpartnerinnen und Dialogpartner sind gleichzeitig von einer seelischen Erkrankung betroffen. Damit hat sie einen Graben überwunden, den es eigentlich zwischen helfenden und hilfebedürftigen Menschen nicht geben sollte. Das Buch ist in der Gegenwart zwar nur noch antiquarisch erhältlich. Die Einzigartigkeit dieses Interview-Buchs ist jedoch von längerer Dauer. Christoph Müller hat mit Sibylle Prins gesprochen.
Krankheitserfahrungen führen zu vertieftem Verständnis
Authors: Zuaboni Gianfranco , Schulz Michael
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung. Eigene Betroffenheit von Fachpersonen und der Umgang ist immer wieder Thema in der psychiatrischen Pflege. Der Forschungsartikel von Oates, Drey und Jones (2017) untersuchte diese Thematik. Die Autorinnen gingen der Frage nach, wie die Krankheitserfahrungen von psychiatrischen Pflegefachpersonen die eigene Praxis beeinflusst, dabei vor allem der direkte Kontakt zu Patientinnen und Patienten. Im ersten Teil dieses Beitrages wird die Studie zusammengefasst vorgestellt, danach erfolgt eine Diskussion über die möglichen Konsequenzen für die psychiatrische Praxis.
Das „Expressed-Emotions-Konzept“ im Kontext psychiatrischer Pflege
Authors: Wilhelm Birgit , Schädle-Deininger Hilde
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung. Das „Expressed-Emotions-Konzept“ kann Psychiatrie-Erfahrenen, Angehörigen oder auch professionell Pflegenden eine Grundlage bieten, sich mit den Auswirkungen von Emotionen auseinanderzusetzen. Diese spezifischen theoretischen Grundlagen können sowohl die Gestaltung eines förderlichen Milieus, als auch die Unterstützung von Angehörigen und Betroffenen sowie den gefühlsmäßigen Umgangsformen maßgeblich beeinflussen. Die Grundgedanken beziehen sich im Ursprung auf den Umgang von Angehörigen mit einem Familienmitglied, das an einer Schizophrenie erkrankt ist, aber auch auf Menschen mit bipolaren und affektiven Störungen. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass es grundsätzlich im zwischenmenschlichen Miteinander nützlich sein kann.
Satellites Accurately Capture Ocean Salinity in the Arctic
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: November 2017

On-the-ground measurements are notoriously difficult in the harsh environment of the Arctic, but satellites could help close the gap in measuring sea surface salinity.
Integrated sources of photon quantum states based on nonlinear optics
Authors: Caspani Lucia , Xiong Chunle , Eggleton Benjamin J , Bajoni Daniele , Liscidini Marco , Galli Matteo , Morandotti Roberto , Moss David J
Published: November 2017

The ability to generate complex optical photon states involving entanglement between multiple optical modes is not only critical to advancing our understanding of quantum mechanics but will play a key role in generating many applications in quantum technologies. These include quantum communications, computation, imaging, microscopy and many other novel technologies that are constantly being proposed. However, approaches to generating parallel multiple, customisable bi- and multi-entangled quantum bits (qubits) on a chip are still in the early stages of development. Here, we review recent advances in the realisation of integrated sources of photonic quantum states, focusing on approaches based on nonlinear optics that are compatible with contemporary optical fibre telecommunications and quantum memory platforms as well as with chip-scale semiconductor technology. These new and exciting platforms hold the promise of compact, low-cost, scalable and practical implementations of sources for the generation and manipulation of complex quantum optical states on a chip, which will play a major role in bringing quantum technologies out of the laboratory and into the real world.
Multicomponent mapping of boron chemotypes furnishes selective enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Tan Joanne , Cognetta III Armand B. , Diaz Diego B. , Lum Kenneth M. , Adachi Shinya , Kundu Soumajit , Cravatt Benjamin F. , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: November 2017

Heteroatom-rich organoboron compounds have attracted attention as modulators of enzyme function. Driven by the unmet need to develop chemoselective access to boron chemotypes, we report herein the synthesis of α- and β-aminocyano(MIDA)boronates from borylated carbonyl compounds. Activity-based protein profiling of the resulting β-aminoboronic acids furnishes selective and cell-active inhibitors of the (ox)lipid-metabolizing enzyme α/β-hydrolase domain 3 (ABHD3). The most potent compound displays nanomolar in vitro and in situ IC50 values and fully inhibits ABHD3 activity in human cells with no detectable cross-reactivity against other serine hydrolases. These findings demonstrate that synthetic methods that enhance the heteroatom diversity of boron-containing molecules within a limited set of scaffolds accelerate the discovery of chemical probes of human enzymes.
Publisher Correction: Mergeable nervous systems for robots
Authors: Mathews Nithin , Christensen Anders Lyhne , O’Grady Rehan , Mondada Francesco , Dorigo Marco
Published: November 2017

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author contributions section, whereby credit for design of the experiments was not attributed to N.M. This error has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Structure of Rap1b bound to talin reveals a pathway for triggering integrin activation
Authors: Zhu Liang , Yang Jun , Bromberger Thomas , Holly Ashley , Lu Fan , Liu Huan , Sun Kevin , Klapproth Sarah , Hirbawi Jamila , Byzova Tatiana V. , Plow Edward F. , Moser Markus , Qin Jun
Published: November 2017

Activation of transmembrane receptor integrin by talin is essential for inducing cell adhesion. However, the pathway that recruits talin to the membrane, which critically controls talin’s action, remains elusive. Membrane-anchored mammalian small GTPase Rap1 is known to bind talin-F0 domain but the binding was shown to be weak and thus hardly studied. Here we show structurally that talin-F0 binds to human Rap1b like canonical Rap1 effectors despite little sequence homology, and disruption of the binding strongly impairs integrin activation, cell adhesion, and cell spreading. Furthermore, while being weak in conventional binary binding conditions, the Rap1b/talin interaction becomes strong upon attachment of activated Rap1b to vesicular membranes that mimic the agonist-induced microenvironment. These data identify a crucial Rap1-mediated membrane-targeting mechanism for talin to activate integrin. They further broadly caution the analyses of weak protein–protein interactions that may be pivotal for function but neglected in the absence of specific cellular microenvironments.
Plasma cell survival in the absence of B cell memory
Authors: Hammarlund Erika , Thomas Archana , Amanna Ian J. , Holden Lindsay A. , Slayden Ov D. , Park Byung , Gao Lina , Slifka Mark K.
Published: November 2017

Pre-existing serum antibodies play an important role in vaccine-mediated protection against infection but the underlying mechanisms of immune memory are unclear. Clinical studies indicate that antigen-specific antibody responses can be maintained for many years, leading to theories that reactivation/differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells is required to sustain long-term antibody production. Here, we present a decade-long study in which we demonstrate site-specific survival of bone marrow-derived plasma cells and durable antibody responses to multiple virus and vaccine antigens in rhesus macaques for years after sustained memory B cell depletion. Moreover, BrdU+cells with plasma cell morphology can be detected for 10 years after vaccination/BrdU administration, indicating that plasma cells may persist for a prolonged period of time in the absence of cell division. On the basis of these results, long-lived plasma cells represent a key cell population responsible for long-term antibody production and serological memory.
Transformation of the head-direction signal into a spatial code
Authors: Peyrache Adrien , Schieferstein Natalie , Buzsáki Gyorgy
Published: November 2017

Animals integrate multiple sensory inputs to successfully navigate in their environments. Head direction (HD), boundary vector, grid and place cells in the entorhinal-hippocampal network form the brain’s navigational system that allows to identify the animal’s current location, but how the functions of these specialized neuron types are acquired remain to be understood. Here we report that activity of HD neurons is influenced by the ambulatory constraints imposed upon the animal by the boundaries of the explored environment, leading to spurious spatial information. However, in the post-subiculum, the main cortical stage of HD signal processing, HD neurons convey true spatial information in the form of border modulated activity through the integration of additional sensory modalities relative to egocentric position, unlike their driving thalamic inputs. These findings demonstrate how the combination of HD and egocentric information can be transduced into a spatial code.
Microbial volatile communication in human organotypic lung models
Authors: Barkal Layla J. , Procknow Clare L. , Álvarez-García Yasmín R. , Niu Mengyao , Jiménez-Torres José A. , Brockman-Schneider Rebecca A. , Gern James E. , Denlinger Loren C. , Theberge Ashleigh B. , Keller Nancy P. , Berthier Erwin , Beebe David J.
Published: November 2017

We inhale respiratory pathogens continuously, and the subsequent signaling events between host and microbe are complex, ultimately resulting in clearance of the microbe, stable colonization of the host, or active disease. Traditional in vitro methods are ill-equipped to study these critical events in the context of the lung microenvironment. Here we introduce a microscale organotypic model of the human bronchiole for studying pulmonary infection. By leveraging microscale techniques, the model is designed to approximate the structure of the human bronchiole, containing airway, vascular, and extracellular matrix compartments. To complement direct infection of the organotypic bronchiole, we present a clickable extension that facilitates volatile compound communication between microbial populations and the host model. Using Aspergillus fumigatus, a respiratory pathogen, we characterize the inflammatory response of the organotypic bronchiole to infection. Finally, we demonstrate multikingdom, volatile-mediated communication between the organotypic bronchiole and cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Virtual screening of inorganic materials synthesis parameters with deep learning
Authors: Kim Edward , Huang Kevin , Jegelka Stefanie , Olivetti Elsa
Published: November 2017

Virtual materials screening approaches have proliferated in the past decade, driven by rapid advances in first-principles computational techniques, and machine-learning algorithms. By comparison, computationally driven materials synthesis screening is still in its infancy, and is mired by the challenges of data sparsity and data scarcity: Synthesis routes exist in a sparse, high-dimensional parameter space that is difficult to optimize over directly, and, for some materials of interest, only scarce volumes of literature-reported syntheses are available. In this article, we present a framework for suggesting quantitative synthesis parameters and potential driving factors for synthesis outcomes. We use a variational autoencoder to compress sparse synthesis representations into a lower dimensional space, which is found to improve the performance of machine-learning tasks. To realize this screening framework even in cases where there are few literature data, we devise a novel data augmentation methodology that incorporates literature synthesis data from related materials systems. We apply this variational autoencoder framework to generate potential SrTiO3 synthesis parameter sets, propose driving factors for brookite TiO2 formation, and identify correlations between alkali-ion intercalation and MnO2 polymorph selection.
Direct evidence of multichannel-improved charge-carrier mechanism for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution
Authors: Zhao Jiangtao , Zhang Peng , Wang Zhuo , Zhang Shijie , Gao Hongqing , Hu Junhua , Shao Guosheng
Published: November 2017

In the field of photocatalysis, the high-charge recombination rate has been the big challenge to photocatalytic conversion efficiency. Here we demonstrate the direct evidence of multichannel-improved charge-carrier mechanism to facilitate electron-hole transfer for raising photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), were used to characterize the as-fabricated samples. The result shows that the present design of Au/Pt nanoparticles (NPs) decorated one-dimensional Z-scheme TiO2/WO3 heterostructure composite nanofibers have been fabricated, which even exhibited excellent light absorption in the visible region and greatly enhanced photocatalytic activities on H2 generation comparing with pure TiO2, TiO2/WO3 and Pt/WO3/TiO2 nanofibers. This greatpromotion is mainly on account of the photosynthetic heterojunction system, which include the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au nanoparticles, low overpotential of Pt nanoparticles, and more importantly, the one-dimensional multichannel-improved charge-carrier photosynthetic heterojunction system with Pt as an electron collector and WO3 as a hole collector. Transferring photoinduced electrons and holes at the same time, leading to effective charge separation was directly proved by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photocurrent analysis and incident photon-to-electron conversion spectrum.
Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes and microparticles protect cartilage and bone from degradation in osteoarthritis
Authors: Cosenza Stella , Ruiz Maxime , Toupet Karine , Jorgensen Christian , Noël Danièle
Published: November 2017

Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) exert chondroprotective effects in preclinical models of osteoarthritis (OA). Most of their therapeutic effects are mediated via soluble mediators, which can be conveyed within extracellular vesicles (EVs). The objective of the study was to compare the respective role of exosomes (Exos) or microvesicles/microparticles (MPs) in OA. MPs and Exos were isolated from bone marrow murine BM-MSCs through differential centrifugation. Effect of MPs or Exos was evaluated on OA-like murine chondrocytes and chondroprotection was quantified by RT-qPCR. In OA-like chondrocytes, BM-MSC-derived MPs and Exos could reinduce the expression of chondrocyte markers (type II collagen, aggrecan) while inhibiting catabolic (MMP-13, ADAMTS5) and inflammatory (iNOS) markers. Exos and MPs were also shown to protect chondrocytes from apoptosis and to inhibit macrophage activation. In vivo, Exos or MPs were injected in the collagenase-induced OA (CIOA) model and histomorphometric analyses of joints were performed by µCT and confocal laser microscopy. BM-MSCs, MPs and Exos equally protected mice from joint damage. In conclusion, MPs and Exos exerted similar chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory function in vitro and protected mice from developing OA in vivo, suggesting that either Exos or MPs reproduced the main therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs.
The origin of motif families in food webs
Authors: Klaise Janis , Johnson Samuel
Published: November 2017

Food webs have been found to exhibit remarkable “motif profiles”, patterns in the relative prevalences of all possible three-species subgraphs, and this has been related to ecosystem properties such as stability and robustness. Analysing 46 food webs of various kinds, we find that most food webs fall into one of two distinct motif families. The separation between the families is well predicted by a global measure of hierarchical order in directed networks—trophic coherence. We find that trophic coherence is also a good predictor for the extent of omnivory, defined as the tendency of species to feed on multiple trophic levels. We compare our results to a network assembly model that admits tunable trophic coherence via a single free parameter. The model is able to generate food webs in either of the two families by varying this parameter, and correctly classifies almost all the food webs in our database. This is in contrast with the two most popular food web models, the generalized cascade and niche models, which can only generate food webs within a single motif family. Our findings suggest the importance of trophic coherence in modelling local preying patterns in food webs.
Differential distribution of Y-chromosome haplotypes in Swiss and Southern European goat breeds
Authors: Vidal Oriol , Drögemüller Cord , Obexer-Ruff Gabriela , Reber Irene , Jordana Jordi , Martínez Amparo , Bâlteanu Valentin Adrian , Delgado Juan Vicente , Eghbalsaied Shahin , Landi Vincenzo , Goyache Felix , Traoré Amadou , Pazzola Michele , Vacca Giuseppe Massimo , Badaoui Bouabid , Pilla Fabio , D’Andrea Mariasilvia , Álvarez Isabel , Capote Juan , Sharaf Abdoallah , Pons Àgueda , Amills Marcel
Published: November 2017

The analysis of Y-chromosome variation has provided valuable clues about the paternal history of domestic animal populations. The main goal of the current work was to characterize Y-chromosome diversity in 31 goat populations from Central Eastern (Switzerland and Romania) and Southern Europe (Spain and Italy) as well as in reference populations from Africa and the Near East. Towards this end, we have genotyped seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), mapping to the SRY, ZFY, AMELY and DDX3Y Y-linked loci, in 275 bucks from 31 populations. We have observed a low level of variability in the goat Y-chromosome, with just five haplotypes segregating in the whole set of populations. We have also found that Swiss bucks carry exclusively Y1 haplotypes (Y1A: 24%, Y1B1: 15%, Y1B2: 43% and Y1C: 18%), while in Italian and Spanish bucks Y2A is the most abundant haplotype (77%). Interestingly, in Carpathian goats from Romania the Y2A haplotype is also frequent (42%). The high Y-chromosome differentiation between Swiss and Italian/Spanish breeds might be due to the post-domestication spread of two different Near Eastern genetic stocks through the Danubian and Mediterranean corridors. Historical gene flow between Southern European and Northern African goats might have also contributed to generate such pattern of genetic differentiation.
Functional anatomy of a giant toothless mandible from a bird-like dinosaur: Gigantoraptor and the evolution of the oviraptorosaurian jaw
Authors: Ma Waisum , Wang Junyou , Pittman Michael , Tan Qingwei , Tan Lin , Guo Bin , Xu Xing
Published: November 2017

The Oviraptorosauria are a group of theropod dinosaurs that diverged from the typical carnivorous theropod diet. It includes two main lineages – Caenagnathidae and Oviraptoridae – that display a number of differences in mandibular morphology, but little is known about their functional consequences, hampering our understanding of oviraptorosaurian dietary evolution. This study presents the first in-depth description of the giant toothless mandible ofGigantoraptor, the only well-preserved stemward caenagnathid mandible. This mandible shows the greatest relative beak depth among caenagnathids, which is an adaptation seen in some modern birds for processing harder seeds. The presence of a lingual triturating shelf in caenagnathids more crownward thanGigantoraptorsuggests a possible increased specialization towards shearing along this lineage. Like other oviraptorosaurs, the possession of a dorsally convex articular glenoid inGigantoraptorindicates that propalinal jaw movement was probably an important mechanism for food processing, as inSphenodonand dicynodonts. Oviraptorid mandibles were more suited for producing powerful bites (e.g. crushing-related) compared to caenagnathids: oviraptorids generally possess a deeper, more downturned beak, a taller coronoid process prominence and a larger medial mandibular fossa. This disparity in caenagnathid and oviraptorid mandible morphology potentially suggests specialization towards two different feeding styles – shearing and crushing-related mechanisms respectively.