bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystems
Authors: Angel Martin V.
Published: April 2008

In 1902 the Discovery sailed into an ocean that was almost totally unknown biologically. Even so, its living resources of seals had been extensively hunted almost to the point of extinction. Exploitation of the whales was about to begin. The expedition resulted in the discovery of 23 new zooplankton species; 5% of the presently known mesozooplankton fauna. The results were worked up within six years, and paved the way for the next century of research. The ultimate target was to provide the scientific basis for the sustainable management of the Southern Ocean especially the whale stocks. This paper summarizes the knowledge base at the start of the expedition and how the various strands of research became woven into our understanding of the biological oceanography of the Southern Ocean. The science has been both technology driven and technology limited. It failed to convince decision-makers in time to prevent the gross overexploitation of the whales, but the Antarctic Treaty now provides a framework of protection. However, within the last two decades we have come to realize that it is not just whales that are at risk, and that the remoteness of the Southern Ocean is proving no protection against the pervasiveness of anthropogenic influences.
Antarctic meteorology and climatology: an unfolding story of discovery
Authors: Walker Malcolm
Published: April 2008

Early explorers and sealers took home from the Southern Ocean tales of tempests, huge waves and massive icebergs. Many recorded in their logbooks and narratives observations of wind, weather and sea state. Meteorological measurements were made on some early voyages but were often of doubtful quality. Not until the 1840s were reliable meteorological observations made near the Antarctic continent. During the First International Polar Year, observations were made near Cape Horn and on South Georgia. From 1899 onwards, bases were established on the Antarctic continent and meteorological observing programmes organized. Extremely strong winds were discovered. Data sets of climatological value became available and data from aloft were obtained. After the First World War, wireless telegraphy was used increasingly to broadcast observations from ships and shore bases to distant analysis centres. During the Second International Polar Year, thousands of meteorological observations were made aboard ships on the Southern Ocean. After the Second World War, the pace of progress quickened, especially during the International Geophysical Year. Research stations and the International Antarctic Analysis Centre were established. Weather satellites, automatic weather stations, global telecommunication networks and powerful computers revolutionized Antarctic meteorology and climatology.
Surveying terrestrial magnetism in time and space
Authors: McConnell Anita
Published: April 2008

Charts marked with the lines of magnetic variation have been published since Halley's Atlantic chart of 1701. It was already known that the location of the magnetic poles shifted over time, and that the north and south poles were not diametrically opposite. As more seafarers penetrated the Southern Ocean, isogons on the charts were extended southwards with greater confidence.

At sea variation was measured by comparing compass direction with the Sun's midday shadow. In polar regions, where horizontal force is too weak to attract a compass needle, the location of the pole was sought by observing the inclination of a dip needle swinging in the magnetic meridian, which would hang vertically at the pole. The Fox dip circle, developed in 1834, was the first instrument capable of measuring dip and intensity at sea, and allowed James Clark Ross to predict the location of the South Magnetic Pole.

In 1902 Discovery's crew landed an observatory ashore, but a trek on to the plateau failed to reach the magnetic pole. Success came in 1909 during Shackleton's Nimrod expedition, when T. Edgeworth David's party reached the zone of maximum dip. Over the following years data from photographic magnetometers recording declination, vertical and horizontal intensity were routinely made at the various national bases round Antarctica; they contributed to our knowledge of the Earth's internal magnetism and on the solar influences.
Antarctica and the global jigsaw – a centennial perspective
Authors: Walton D. W. H.
Published: April 2008

Historical perspectives have shown how several scientific disciplines have developed their Antarctic component over the last century. Antarctic science has changed from a secondary activity of privately organised expeditions by a few countries to a major international activity supported by over 30 countries and making a major contribution to Earth System Science and the improvement of global climate models. What was once a backwater of science is now in the main stream and the seminal contributions of the Discovery expedition and others from the “Heroic Age” of exploration are now becoming clear.
Christopher Merrett's Pinax rerum naturalium britannicarum (1666): annotations to what is believed to be the author's personal copy
Authors: Foley M. J. Y.
Published: April 2008

In 1666 Christopher Merrett published Pinax rerum naturalium britannicarum, this essentially being a catalogue of British plant localities known at the time together with a few other items of natural history. What is thought to be the author's personal annotated copy is held in the British Library. These annotations have been examined and the hand-writing compared to surviving examples known to be either of the author or of one of his sons and are now transcribed. Brief biographical notes relating to Merrett and to the background to his production of the Pinax are also given.
Illustrations of the anatomical wax model collection in the “La Specola” Zoology Museum, Florence
Authors: Lotti S. , Altobelli A. , Bambi S. , Poggesi M.
Published: April 2008

Anatomical illustration has evolved through the centuries, first having artistic and educational purposes and later more strictly medical objectives. Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, the analytical model (representation of individual parts, organs and systems) gave way to the composite model (description of the human body as a whole). Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there was a reversal of tendency: initially the anatomist requested the help of artists, but later the artist asked anatomists to check the accuracy of his work. In this way, anatomical illustration reached a high level of precision. This period also saw the creation of the “La Specola” Zoology Museum's collection of anatomical wax models. Initiated in the eighteenth century, it also included a series of contemporary colour illustrations executed by various artists. Most of the illustrations concern human anatomy, while a small number deal with comparative anatomy. These illustrations, each accompanied by one or more explanatory sheets, were produced to help explain the corresponding wax models. The anatomical wax model collection has been well preserved through the centuries, maintaining its ancient splendour, and it is the object of continuing research and restoration interventions.
The botanical activities of George Edward Post (1838–1909)
Authors: Musselman Lytton John
Published: April 2008

George Edward Post wrote the first flora of the Middle East in English. His other botanical activities are less familiar. In addition to the flora, this paper discusses his teaching, fieldwork, contribution to Bible dictionaries, relations with the Boissier Herbarium in Geneva, establishment of the herbarium, and letters. Those letters are used here for the first time. Post corresponded with botanical luminaries of his day including Autran, Baker, Balfour, Barbey, Boissier, Bornmüller, Carruthers, Denslow, Haussknecht, Hooker, Schweinfurth, Thistleton-Dyer, Torrey, and Winkler. His long-term relationship with the herbarium at Geneva is highlighted. In addition, some of the lesser understood aspects of his life including chaplaincy during the American Civil War, and missionary to Syria are discussed.
“The eyes of our potatoes are weeping”: the rise of the Colorado beetle as an insect pest
Authors: Clark J. F. M.
Published: April 2008

This paper draws upon a prominent example of the fears and strategies surrounding the movements of an insect “pest” in the late nineteenth century. As a menace from the New World, the Colorado beetle carried considerable cultural freight. By examining the American, Canadian, and British responses to the threat of an “alien” species, this paper will shed light on the politics of expertise in the natural world. Nineteenth-century experts and commentators saw the Colorado beetle as the most visible manifestation of the possible dangers of increasing mass monocultural production and international trade and movement. Moreover, they met this threat with the mass application of inorganic insecticides.
The evolution of accuracy in natural history illustration: reversal of printed illustrations of snails and crabs in pre-Linnaean works suggests indifference to morphological detail
Authors: Allmon Warren D.
Published: April 2008

Most natural history illustrations published prior to about 1700 were engraved as drawn and then printed backwards. This is noticeable, however, only for some groups of organisms, such as snails and some crabs, that are not bilaterally symmetrical. The most likely hypothesis for this is that most pre-eighteenth-century engravers, artists, and authors were indifferent to whether such illustrations were presented backwards or forwards. Illustrations of snail shells were not universally printed rightway- forward until the early to mid-eighteenth century, when standards of accuracy in natural history illustration improved as a result of the combined effects of a number of changes in scientific practice, including increasing collecting, publishing, and encyclopedism.
The Gibraltar collections: Gilbert White (1720–1793) and John White (1727–1780), and the naturalist and author Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723–1788)
Authors: Foster Paul
Published: April 2008

Gilbert White's preparation of Selborne (1789) was significantly influenced by his tutoring of his brother, John, at Gibraltar. John White lived at Gibraltar as chaplain to the garrison from 1756 to 1772: prompted by his brother, he began to study natural history during the last few years of his chaplaincy and sent to England (for study by his brother) several consignments of specimens across the entire field of natural history; he also wrote for advice about his studies to the naturalist Giovanni Scopoli and, on return to England, prepared for publication a “Fauna Calpensis”.
The governor's wombat: early history of an Australian marsupial
Authors: Pigott Louis J. , Jessop Leslie
Published: April 2008

This paper gives an account of the European discovery of an Australian marsupial, the common wombat Vombatus ursinus, with particular reference to the first complete wombat specimen to reach Europe, which survives in The Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne. The involvement of colonial officials, navigators, explorers, naturalists and artists is discussed.
A plant list of 1633: annotations in a copy of Thomas Johnson's Iter plantarum
Authors: Edgington John
Published: April 2008

At the back of a copy of Thomas Johnson's Iter plantarum at Magdalen College, Oxford, is a manuscript list of plants in the hand of John Goodyer, Johnson's “onely Assistant” in the revision of Gerard's Herball. The purpose of the list, and its date, is unknown. From a comparison of the plants included with those in the Herball, in Johnson's Iter plantarum and Descriptio itineris plantarum, and in Goodyer's other writings I conclude that the list was written in the late summer or early autumn of 1633 as an aide-mémoire of corrections and additions to the Herball. I discuss the relevance of a few entries to priority of discovery in Britain.
The contingent meaning of –ex brand names in English
Authors: Stvan Laurel Smith
Published: April 2008

The –ex string found in English product and company names (e.g., Kleenex, Timex and Virex), is investigated to discover whether this ending has consistent meaning across coined words and to observe any constraints on its attachment and interpretation. Seven hundred and ninety-three –exbrand name types were collected and examined, derived from American English texts in the Brown and Frown corpora as well as over 600 submissions to the US Patent and Trademark Office's Trademark Electronic Search System database (TESS); American native English speakers were also surveyed to assess interpretations of –ex meaning in brands. Analysis of these coined terms reveals that –ex meaning is contingent, reflecting assumptions by a given speaker of a referent's domain in a given time, region and culture. Yet, despite ambiguities in its interpretation, the –ex form shows increasing use.
An analysis of formal errors in a corpus of L2 English produced by Chinese students
Authors: Chuang Fei-Yu , Nesi Hilary
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the investigation of a small corpus of writing of English for academic purposes produced by L1 speakers of Mandarin. The investigation involved the development of a tagset for the identification of formal errors in the corpus, and the subsequent analysis of these errors with a view to creating remedial grammar materials for Chinese students studying in the medium of English. Some past approaches to error analysis are discussed, the process of developing the tagging system is described, and error types are identified, categorised, quantified, described and (as far as possible) explained.
Corpus-assisted literary evaluation
Authors: O'Halloran Kieran
Published: April 2008

Fleur Adcock's poem, Street Song, is evaluated by the stylistician, Roger Fowler, as ‘dynamic and disturbing’. I agree with his literary evaluation. These unsettling effects take place in initial response to the poem, effects which draw me into the work. In other words, they are experienced before proper reflection and analysis of the poem and individual interpretation of it. Implicit within Fowler's evaluation is that this is likely to apply for readers generally. The purpose of this article is to show how empirical corpus evidence can usefully provide substantiation of such initial evaluations of literary works, showing whether or not they are likely to be stereotypically experienced by readers. In drawing on both schema theory and corpus analysis to achieve this, the article makes links between cognitive stylistic and corpus stylistic foci.
The Wenzhou Spoken Corpus
Authors: Newman John , Lin Jingxia , Butler Terry , Zhang Eric
Published: April 2008

The creation of the Wenzhou Spoken Corpus, an online searchable corpus of a modern Chinese dialect, presents a number of challenges that are of interest to the corpus linguistic community. We review issues involved with collection of spoken data, its transcription and markup, as well as the functionality of the search tools. The transcription makes use of Chinese characters as well as IPA symbols for Wenzhou colloquial forms not conventionally represented by characters. XML was adopted as the standard for the basic format of files, with file searches expressed in XPath form. The search tools provide the usual options of restricting searches by age, gender, etc., and yield concordances and tables of collocates. Though the collection of data for the corpus was ‘opportunistic’ in some ways, and so not ideally balanced or representative, it is nevertheless proving to be a valuable tool for corpus-based research on Wenzhou.
Thing Theory: Towards an Integrated Archaeological Perspective
Authors: HODDER PROFESSOR IAN
Published: April 2008

Lecture 1.  Humans and things - developing some ideas and terms Lecture 2.  Çatalhöyük: a Neolithic ‘town’ in Turkey Lecture 3.  Humans and things at Çatalhöyük Lecture 4.  Developing a long-term view: the ‘origins of agriculture’ in the Middle East

This lecture series has two aims. One is to discuss a new theoretical framework for the relationships between humans and material culture which I am calling ‘Thing Theory’. This framework focuses on the co-dependencies and entanglements between humans and non-humans and argues that long-term change comes about through the dispersed interactions of these entanglements. The theory is integrated in the sense that it adopts aspects of many theoretical agendas in recent archaeology, from experimental and behavioral archaeology to neo-evolutionary and selectionist models. It is also integrated in that it links theoretical agendas with archaeometry and archaeological science. The second aim is to show the application of Thing Theory to the 9000 year old Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük in central Turkey, and to the ‘origins of agriculture’ in the Middle East. My excavations at Çatalhöyük over the past 15 years have uncovered a rich world of human-thing entanglements and have shed light on the complex lived worlds within which agriculture and settled villages were produced.
A Medieval Bloomery Mound in Glen Docherty, Kinlochewe, Highland
Authors: JOHNSON MELANIE , PHOTOS-JONES EFFIE , HICKMAN SAMANTHA
Published: April 2008

Summary

An iron-working bloomery mound was excavated by CFA Archaeology Ltd in 2004 at the head of Glen Docherty, near Kinlochewe, Achnasheen, Highland. A mound of waste material was excavated and dated to the 15th–17th centuries on the basis of radiocarbon analysis. A solidified bed of ferruginous deposit was revealed during the bloomery mound excavations but was found to be of an earlier date (1050–1285 AD). There was no further evidence for metalworking installations. A charcoal-burning platform was also excavated in Glen Docherty in 2005 and radiocarbon dated to the 15th–17th centuries. The above provide evidence for a long involvement with iron making in this part of the western Highlands and prior to the 17th century when the area, and the north shore of Loch Maree in particular, became known as the location for the installation of the first charcoal-operated blast furnace in Scotland.
‘A Shetland Voyage of Discovery Starts Here….’: Reflections on the New Shetland Museum and Archive
Authors: BATEY COLLEEN
Published: April 2008

As a publicity slogan, this ranks amongst the best: short, to the point and accurate! On 31 May 2007 the flagship development of Shetland's Museum and Archive received its royal opening. Appropriately enough, Her Majesty the Queen of Norway takes primacy over Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Rothesay, not only following protocol in such matters, but reflecting Shetland's close links with their Scandinavian neighbours.

Located on the last remaining area of original 19th century dock in Lerwick, the capital of Shetland, this energetic new building with sail-shaped extension, sits comfortably adjacent to the red painted and timber buildings which are more reminiscent of Faroese architecture than those found elsewhere in the British Isles. Incorporating also old boat sheds which will enable visitors to see the boatmen as they restore the traditional boats, many of which reflect original Norse forms, this development is both high quality and award-winning for its sustainable architecture. The culmination of eight years of planning, and funded by a consortium of Heritage Lottery, Shetland Islands Council and Shetland Amenity Trust funds in excess of 10 million pounds, the museum provides a heritage hub for visitors to the islands and locals alike.
Citizen Kant: Flatness and Depth in the Image of Thought
Authors: Crocker Stephen
Published: April 2008

In the final pages of his Cinema books, Deleuze explains that his aim is not to understand films, but to extract from them concepts that the cinema has itself given rise to ‘which are themselves related to other concepts corresponding to other practices’ ( Deleuze 1989 : 272). Cinema does not resemble concepts, it creates them. The Cinema books are not a guide to reading films. Instead, we are invited to see how concepts such as ‘image’, ‘plane’ or ‘orelations of thought’ correspond to and interfere in creative ways with other practices outside the cinema. So, a cinematic concept such as ‘image of thought’ can help us think in new ways about developments in widely differing fields, such as the history of painting and philosophy.
Wounds and Scars: Deleuze on the Time and Ethics of the Event
Authors: Reynolds Jack
Published: April 2008

Deleuze's oeuvre is best understood as a philosophy of the wound synonymous with a philosophy of the event. The philosophy of his immediate predecessors in the phenomenological tradition can thus be envisaged as constituting a philosophy of the scar, with phenomenological and embodied intentionality (including the significance given to habit, coping, etc.) resulting in a concomitant refusal to privilege the event as wound. Various consequences hang on this difference, but primarily it results in a very different ethico-political orientation in Deleuze's work in comparison to the tacit ethics of phronesis that can be ascribed to much of the post-Husserlian phenomenological tradition. Although this wound/scar typology may appear to be a metaphorical conceit, the motif of the wound recurs frequently and perhaps even symptomatically in many of Deleuze's texts, particularly where he is attempting to delineate some of the most important differences (transcendental, temporal, and ethical) between himself and his phenomenological predecessors.
Expanding the Small Screen: I Made News
Authors: Sydney-Smith Susan
Published: April 2008

By this scheme the great technical and practical experience of the best Television Producers like George More O'Ferrall, Royston Morley and Michael Barry can be passed on and absorbed, their creative genius imitated, digested and made to stimulate the best in others before they are lost to Television production. Leonard Brett
Sūfī tafsīr as a Mirror: al-Qushayrī the murshid in his Latācif al-ishārāt
Authors: Keeler Annabel
Published: April 2008

Paul Nwyia once described the Sūfī exegesis of the Qur'fan as ‘a play of mirrors between the inward (bātin) of the mystic and the inward (bātin) of the Scripture’. The idea of reflection evoked by Nwyia's mirror metaphor is also conveyed, though somewhat differently, in some of the Sūfīs' own definitions of the esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an, which indicate that Sūfī exegetes interpret the Qur'an according to their particular spiritual state, station or inner illumination. On this basis, one would expect to find in Sūfī interpretations of the Qur'an a diversity that mirrors the degree and variety of mystical experience of each and every commentator. However, a close study of Sūfī commentaries reveals that they reflect not only the states, stations and spiritual ranks of mystics, but also their doctrines, their approach to the spiritual path, and even their persons. It is this mirroring that will be explored here with reference to the Latāc if al-ishārāt, composed by the celebrated Ashcarī theologian and mystic Abū'l-Qāsim al-Qushayrī (d. 465/1072), an esoteric Sūfī commentary on the Qur'an that has received far less attention than it deserves.
Facala and afcala: Form and Meaning from Linguistic and Qur'anic Perspectives
Authors: Khudayr al-Salāmī M.M. Madīha
Published: April 2008

This paper studies facala and afcala, two of the most widely used verbal forms in Arabic, and surveys the observation of this phenomenon from two perspectives: form and meaning. It attempts to determine whether the verbal constructions facala and afcala can conform in meaning and take on the same sense, or if an intensification of structure is inevitably accompanied by a semantic intensification in accordance with the relationship of dependence that governs the Arabic verbal forms. To this end, this study pays specific attention to verbal structure in an attempt to discover the relationship between the root form and the fourth form from linguistic and Qur'anic points of view.
Signs of Scripture in ‘The City of Brass’
Authors: Fudge Bruce
Published: April 2008

While Qur'anic elements are a common feature of Arabic literature, these scriptural references can take various forms and perform very different functions. This paper will essay a classification of the Qur'anic elements in a tale from the Thousand and One Nights. On the face of it, ‘The City of Brass’ is very similar to the other tales in the Nights. However, the wonders of the Nights that normally entertain and beguile us are here turned to a homiletic purpose, emphasising the transience of human existence and the futility of worldly gain. The result is what one scholar called the ‘gloomiest of travelogues’. There is a range of Qur'anic references and influences in ‘The City of Brass’, but this article will focus on two elements. First, the story contains many references to the Islamic story of Solomon, but is the moralistic message of ‘The City of Brass’ consonant with the scriptural (and extra-scriptural) version? Are the scriptural allusions and motifs used in a manner consistent with their original contexts or meanings? Second, is there a deeper connection to the Qur'an, one that goes beyond the recognisable topoi and allusions? What is interesting here is that ‘The City of Brass’ uses the same vocabulary of wonder common to the Nights to follow a different moral trajectory. This trajectory, I argue, is derived in part from the Qur'an but more fundamentally from a model of narrative related to scripture and revelation.
Non-Canonical Readings of the Qur'an: Recognition and Authenticity persist? (The Himsī Reading)
Authors: Rabb Intisar A.
Published: April 2008

Recently, Yasin Dutton published ‘Some Notes on the British Library's “Oldest Qur'an Manuscript” (Or. 2165)’, in which he concludes that this 1st/7th century Qur'anic manuscript aligns with the Damascene reading of Ibn Āmir. Dealing with the same manuscript, this paper first qualifies that conclusion and attempts to shed more light (and raise further questions) on the location and number of the manuscript copyists or editors by examining variants in orthography, verse-divisions, the style of the text, and symbols within the manuscript, with attention to both the canonical and non-canonical variants. When viewed alongside studies of Qur'anic history rooted in traditional Hadīth, some observations emerge that have to do with the two overwhelming, and somewhat paradoxical features of the manuscript: its striking uniformity and the discrepancies within it. The second section of this paper thus seeks to evaluate this manuscript against works on the qirācāt tradition and its systemetisers, in order to seek out clues for a clearer view of the pre-canonical landscape of readings, and indeed of the nature of the canon itself. It notes the apparent fluidity of Qur'anic manuscript production and readings transmission, identifies concerns that may have driven tradition-minded scholars to settle the text, and explores the criteria they developed for assessing recognition and authenticity in the formation of the canon.
The Skeptic and The Madman: The Proto‐Pragmatism of Thomas Reid
Authors: Lundestad Erik
Published: April 2008

Even though the philosophy of common sense is not justifi able as such, the assump- tion upon which it rests, namely that there are things which we are not in position to doubt is correct. The reason why Thomas Reid was unable to bring this assumption out in a justifi able manner is that his views, both on knowledge and nature, are to be considered dogmatic. American pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey on the other hand, may be seen as offering us a ‘critical’ and post-Darwinian philosophy of common sense.
Hume and The Self: A Critical Response
Authors: Schwerin Alan
Published: April 2008

In the discussion of personal identity, from his Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume reaches a famous, if notorious conclusion: there is no self. We are “nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions” (T 252). My argument is that Hume's thesis on the self rests on a questionable rejection of a rival view that appears to commit the fallacy of equivocation. Along the way I identify a few possible problems with Hume's overall analysis of the self. My argument is that these diffi culties center around the conceptual apparatus Hume relies on to explain and analyze consciousness.
Invisible Hand Arguments: Milton Friedman and Adam Smith
Authors: Macleod Alistair M.
Published: April 2008

The version of the invisible hand argument in Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments differs in important respects from the version in The Wealth of Nations. Both are different, in turn, from the version invoked by Milton Friedman in Free to Choose. However, all three have a common structure. Attention to this structure can help sharpen our sense of their essential thrust by highlighting the questions (about the nature of economic motivation, the structure of markets, and conceptions of the public interest) to which answers of certain kinds would have to be available for any of the versions to succeed.
Hume's and Smith's Partial Sympathies and Impartial Stances
Authors: Rick Jon
Published: April 2008

The moral psychology of sympathy is the linchpin of the sentimentalist moral theories of both David Hume and Adam Smith. In this paper, I attempt to diagnose the critical differences between Hume's and Smith's respective accounts of sympathy in order to argue that Smithian sympathy is more properly suited to serve as a basis for impartial moral evaluations and judgments than is Humean sympathy. By way of arguing this claim, I take up the problem of overcoming sympathetic partiality in the construction of a moral point of view, acknowledged by both writers, as my primary platform. My contention is that Humean sympathy is too mechanistic to actually deliver an impartial adjudicatory perspective, and that Smithian sympathy, with its evaluative, imaginative components, succeeds where Hume's account falls short. The paper is comprised of six sections: (i) introductory remarks, (ii) a discussion of Humean sympathy, (iii) a discussion of Smithian sympathy and its distinctness, (iv) a critical analysis of Hume's attempt to correct for sympathetic partiality in the construction of the judicial spectator's general point of view, (v) a critical discussion of sympathetic partiality in Smithian sympathy & (vi) a critical analysis of Smith's construction of the impartial spectator perspective as a moral point of view.
Explaining our Choices: Reid on Motives, Character and Effort
Authors: Kroeker Esther
Published: April 2008

Libertarians, like Thomas Reid, hold that motives do not causally necessitate our choices. The problem that arises is to explain how the agent decides to act according to one motive and not the other. In light of some objections brought up by Leibniz and Edwards but also by contemporary compatibilists such as Haji and Goetz, I examine Thomas Reid's possible answer to this problem. I argue that to explain our choices Reid would appeal not only to motives and character traits but also to the amount of effort needed to choose what is best. I also address Reid's criticism of the implicit presupposition of the Principle of Suffi cient Reason. My aim is therefore to explore, clarify and defend Reid's account of agency in choicemaking.
Controversies in Freud Translation
Authors: Solms Mark
Published: April 2008

The author considers some standard examples cited in support of the claim that ‘Strachey falsely scientized Freud’. In the light of his own attempts to translate Freud's neuroscientific writings, he concludes that the criticism of Strachey is less justified than at first it appears to be.
Freud, Biography, his Autobiography and his Biographers'
Authors: Mijolla Alain de
Published: April 2008

Freud has a dual attitude to the biographical genre. When he places himself in the position of psychoanalyst/biographer of others, he enthusiastically speaks of lands to be conquered for psychoanalysis. His works, as well as his correspondence, show that he continued to devote himself to investigations which resulted in interpretations of a number of personalities, the most detailed of which regarded Leonardo da Vinci, Goethe, Dostoyevsky, President Wilson and Moses.

On the other hand, even though during the first years of the discovery of psychoanalysis he allowed himself, in a more or less veiled manner, confidences of an autobiographical nature, Freud remained very secretive about himself. He limited himself to making public only the routine information found on his university curriculum vitae or the details of his life directly related to the discovery and development of psychoanalysis. Hidden behind die Sache, the Cause, the man always vigorously defended himself against those who, braving the repeated destruction to which he subjected his archives, claimed to apply to him this ‘investigative drive’ the heuristic richness of which he otherwise celebrated.

It is by means of fantasies of identification to the work, which are present in every biographical effort, that we here attempt to address the contradictions of this dual attitude.

Freud, la biographie, son autobiographie et ses biographes Dans son rapport au genre biographique, l'attitude de Freud est double. Lorsqu'il se place en position de psychanalyste-biographe des autres, it se montre volontiers enthousiaste, pane de terrain a conquerir pour la psychanalyse et ses oeuvres comme sa correspondance montrent qu'il n' a jamais cesse de se livrer a des enquetes assorties d'interpretations sur un certain nombre de personnalites dont les plus approfondies ont concerne Leonard de Vinci, Goethe, Dostoievski, le President Wilson et Moise.

En revanche, meme si, durant les premieres annees de la decouverte psychanalytique it s'est adonne de farcon plus ou moins voilee a des confidences de type autobiographique, Freud est demeure tres secret sur lui-meme, se bornant a livrer au public les renseignements d'un banal curriculum vitae a usage universitaire ou les circonstances de son existence directement lilies A la decouverte puis is l'extension de la psychanalyse. Efface derriere die Sache, la Cause, l'homme s'est toujours defendu avec vigueur contre ceux qui, bravant la destruction periodique qu'il faisait de ses archives, pretendaient appliquer k sa personne cette ‘pulsion d'investigation’ dont it celebrait par ailleurs la richesse heuristique.

C'est par le biais des fantasmes d'identification A l'oeuvre dans toute tentative du genre biographique que nous tentons d' aborder ici les contradictions de cette double attitude.
We (Not So) Happy Few: Symbolic Loss and Mourning in Freud's Psychoanalytic Movement and the History of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Homans Peter
Published: April 2008

This paper addresses today's many criticisms of psychoanalysis by exploring their origins in its history. It proposes deepening and broadening our understanding of that history by examining the phenomenon of symbolic loss and mourning as it occurred, not only in Freud' s personal life, but especially in his leadership of the psychoanalytic movement, and in his struggle to recognize and to come to terms with his cultural heritage. It is claimed that these issues persist, in varying degrees and in different forms, in the institutes of today. They do so chiefly in the inability to mourn, first, the loss of Freud as an exemplar of introspective courage and, second, the loss of the symbolic dimensions of Freud's creative oeuvre.
Louise Andreas-Salome: At the High Noon of Culture, in the Shadows of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Winship Gary
Published: April 2008

Although Louise Andreas-Salomd has been the focus of biographical interest the essence of her theoretical ideas is mostly overlooked. Indeed, only a smattering of her total body of writing has been translated into English and in her native German her works are rarely available. This essay examines LAS's figurative role in the Freud/ Jung split, hypothesizing that it was she whom Jung referred to as the anti-oedipal ‘sterile mother goose with a sagging belly and varicose veins’; the mother whom the son (Jung) could never love. The way in which Lou's relationship with Freud was sealed in their mutual analysis of ‘daughter Anna’, and the development of her crucial relationship with Freud are examined. Finally, Lou's own maturing critique of Freud is discussed in the context of her ideas about dual-orientated narcissism and the centrality of the infant's pre-oedipal relationship with mother. Lou's ideas - which ran ahead of Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Helene Deutsch and Karen Homey - are considered in terms of the first wave of psychoanalytic feminism.
A World Of Yesterday
Authors: Gaddini Renata
Published: April 2008

This paper is a straightforward account of the historic figures whom the author met in the post-war psychoanalytic scene in Europe and in the United States of America. The author's views on these figures are presented, and on the events which occurred in those years. They now represent for her ‘A World of Yesterday’, in which she gradually came to assume her role as psychoanalyst. Her reflections show a lifelong concern with defending human rights in the early stages of life, as in her first organization of a Mental Health Unit within the pediatric department of her university (Rome) when she returned from the USA in 1950. They also reflect her more recent role as a psychoanalyst on the National Committee of Bioethics and her clinical and theoretical work concerned with the early development of mental life, growth, child abuse, pre-object relatedness and regression.
Freud, Luria and the Clinical Method
Authors: Solms Mark
Published: April 2008

This paper begins with a review of the scientific and technical problems that led Freud to abandon neuroscience and to establish the new discipline of psychoanalysis. That review is followed by a consideration of some developments that took place in the neurosciences after Freud's death, due to the efforts of the Soviet neurologist, A.R. Luria. These developments seem to reverse the historical justification for an ongoing separation between psychoanalysis and neuroscience. Luria's early involvement with psychoanalysis is then described in detail, and its possible influence on his neuropsychological work is considered. The paper ends with the suggestion that a reintegration of psychoanalysis with the neurosciences is now possible, due to the fact that Luria has addressed all the major neuroscientific problems that Freud identified as the stumbling blocks to a viable neurological understanding of mental functioning. A methodological proposal for future neuro-psychoanalytical interdisciplinary research is advanced on the basis of these historical considerations. In this paper I want to show how knowledge of the history (and prehistory) of our discipline can sometimes contribute to the solution of contemporary scientific problems of practical importance.
The Correspondence of Edward Glover and Lawrence S. Kubie
Authors: Roazen Paul
Published: April 2008

Lawrence S. Kubie, one of psychoanalysis's distinguished thinkers, had gone from America to be analyzed in London by Edward Glover in 1928-1930. Glover, in spite of all his achievements as a thinker and publicist, has had a bad press ever since he resigned from the British Psycho-Analytical Society in 1944. These letters illustrate not just the successful personal relationship between Kubie and Glover, and how both of them were interested in research, but some of their respective struggles within the psychoanalytic movement. Kubie, who was for a time President of the New York Psychoanalytic Society, was able to help Glover remain within the International Psychoanalytic Association by securing for Glover honorary membership in the American Psychoanalytic Association. Glover, who for years had been Ernest Jones's second-in-command, encountered some of the resentment at Jones's autocratic manner of running the British Society. But Glover had taken a key role, allied with Anna Freud, in dissecting Melanie Klein's theories during the World War II Controversial Discussions. (Klein's daughter Melitta Schmideberg, an analysand and supporter of Glover's, was also in touch with Kubie.) After Glover withdrew, and before he successfully became a member of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society, Kubie secured an offer for Glover to become Clinical Director of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. Although Glover decided to stay in London, he remained an outsider; Glover suffered not just from the circumstances of the clash occasioned by the arrival of analysts loyal to Anna Freud and her father's judgment about Klein's ‘deviation’, but his own ideological intolerances ensured his isolation. He was, however, an administrative success at the ISTD, the Portman Clinic, as well as the British Journal of Criminology, and as a teacher of someone like Kubie, who in his own way also became a maverick within American psychoanalysis.
Tansley's Psychoanalytic Network: An episode out of the Early History of Psychoanalysis in England
Authors: Cameron Laura , Forrester John
Published: April 2008

The paper traces the psychoanalytic networks of the English botanist, A.G. Tansley, a patient of Freud's (1922-1924), whose detour from ecology to psychoanalysis staked out a path which became emblematic for his generation. Tansley acted as the hinge between two networks of men dedicated to the study of psychoanalysis: a Cambridge psychoanalytic discussion group consisting of Tansley, John Rickman, Lionel Penrose, Frank Ramsey, Harold Jeffreys and James Strachey; and a network of field scientists which included Harry Godwin, E. Pickworth Farrow and C.C. Fagg. Drawing on unpublished letters written by Freud and on unpublished manuscripts, the authors detail the varied life paths of these psychoanalytic allies, focusing primarily on the 1920s when psychoanalysis in England was open to committed scientific enthusiasts, before the development of training requirements narrowed down what counted as a psychoanalytic community.
From ‘Tact’ in Ferenczi to ‘Resonance’ in Nicolas Abraham
Authors: Nachin Claude
Published: April 2008

The history of clinical psychoanalytical work is still an underground history insofar as the majority of analysts are eminently discreet about their actual work practices. Ferenczi was the pioneer in this field. The problem of ‘tact’ in analysis first appeared in a paper published in 1927. Ferenczi speaks of psychological tact, defined as the faculty of ‘empathy’. However, he clarifies that it is not just a case of emphasizing the subjective factor, but of simultaneously stressing the ‘conscious assessment of the dynamic situation’. His pupil Balint took up the question of tact. Later, Nicolas Abraham suggested a psychoanalytical idea of the symbol, the meaning of which can only be separated by creating a ‘resonance’ between the imagoical structure of the analyst and that of the analysand. This is produced when the conscious contents received through hearing induce in us, through their particularity, a movement complementary to our unconscious which is taken up at the preconscious and conscious levels, insofar as it is the analyst who has acquired and can best preserve contact with the ‘child within’.

L'histoire du travail psychanalytique clinique est encore une histoire souterraine dans la mesure où la plupart des analystes sont éminemment discrets sur leur manière effective de travailler. Ferenczi a été le pionnier dans ce domaine. Le problème du tact en analyse apparaît dans son oeuvre en 1927. Il parle de tact psychologique défini comme la faculté de ‘sentir avec’ mais il précise qu'il ne s'agit pas de mettre l'accent uniquement sur le facteur subjectif, mais simultanément sur ‘l'appréciation consciente de la situation dynamique’. Son élève Balint a repris la question du tact. Plus tard, Nicolas Abraham a proposé une conception psychanalytique du symbole dont la signification ne peut se dégager que par la mise en résonance de la structure imagoïque de l'analyste avec celle de l'analysé. Celle-ci se réalise quand les contenus conscients reçus à l'écoute induisent en nous de par leur particularité un mouvement complémentaire de notre inconscient, repris au niveau préconscient et conscient dans la mesure où l'analyste est celui qui a acquis et conserve le meilleur contact possible avec l'Enfant en lui.
Psychoanalysis and Psychosis: Players and History in the United States
Authors: Silver Ann-Louise S.
Published: April 2008

This paper documents the informed interest in psychoanalysis in the United States preceding the 1909 Clark Lectures. It traces the evolution of analytically-oriented treatment of psychosis, work which rarely used classical analytic techniques. Currently such work, while diminished, is supported by the International Society for the Psychological treatments of the Schizophrenias and other psychoses (ISPS).
The Vienna Psychoanalytic Polyclinic (‘Ambulatorium’): Wilhelm Reich and the Technical Seminar
Authors: Diercks Christine
Published: April 2008

The beginnings of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Outpatient Clinic were paralleled by a revival of the psychoanalytical movement and the institutionalization of psychoanalysis, that had been interrupted by World War I. In this period of renovation, the institution founded in 1922 was – as a social experiment of the psychoanalysts of the ‘Red Vienna’ – the first clinic that made psychotherapeutic help accessible to a wider population. At the same time it contributed to establishing psychoanalysis as a method of treatment.

Within the psychoanalytical society, the Clinic acted as a forum for training and clinical discussion. The concepts of transference and resistance had been discovered and theoretically substantiated. But the technical application still caused considerable problems. In this situation Wilhelm Reich initiated a technical seminar within the Clinic, from which a whole generation of analysts benefited greatly as regards the understanding of psychoanalytical processes and the analysis of transference. From a starting point of focusing on the unconscious meaning of neurotic symptoms, the organization of the entire personality with its complex defence dynamics in character-neuroses and the awareness of the negative transference, in particular, gradually became the centre of attention.

After World War II a long time passed until the Clinic was reopened in 1999. Although conditions had, of course, changed, the motives were still similar: the necessity to create a clinical institution that represents psychoanalysis in the public in a competent way, the need for an adequate institutional framework to meet the challenges of the analyses of borderline cases and, last but not least, the need to deepen our knowledge and experience.
How Freud Wrote and Revised his Interpretation of Dreams: Conflicts around the Subjective Origins of the Book of the Century
Authors: Grubrich-Simitis Ilse
Published: April 2008

Freud, in der Tradition des Positivismus erzogen, hatte gegenüber seiner Traumdeutung wegen der selbstanalytischen, der subjektiven Herkunft vieler ihrer Einsichten zeitlebens eine konflikthafte Einstellung. Einerseits wußte er, daß zur Erforschung des Unbewußten unabdingbar die Selbsterfahrung und vor allem das Ertragenkönnen von Dunkelheit, Ungewißheit und Mehrdeutigkeit gehören, ungeachtet aller Diszipliniertheit unseres Denkens und aller Genauigkeit unserer Beobachtung. Andererseits fürchtete er, dieser epistemologische Sonderstatus der Psychoanalyse könne ihre Zukunft als Wissenschaft gefährden. Es wird gezeigt, wie Freuds Konflikt schon das Niederschreiben des Opus magnum hemmte. Vor allem aber hat das Schwanken zwischen dem Bekenntnis zu den selbstanalytischen Quellen des Buchs und dem Bemühen um weitere Objektivierung den Revisionsprozeß geprägt, dem der Autor in der Aufeinanderfolge von acht Auflagen seine Traumdeutung unterworfen hat. Angesichts des heute erneut hochaktuellen Vorwurfs, die Psychoanalyse sei ‘unwissenschaftlich’, wird für eine grundlegend neue erkenntnistheoretische Debatte über die Möglichkeiten einer ‘Objektivierung von Subjektivität’ plädiert.