bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping environmental management system initiatives in Swedish local authorities—a national survey
Authors: Emilsson Sara , Hjelm Olof
Published: June 2004

Nearly half of all Swedish local authorities use environmental management systems (EMSs) in their environmental work. This was shown in the postal survey that is the basis for this paper. The survey was conducted in September 2000 among all 289 local authorities in Sweden, generating an 81% return rate. It was performed in order to gain an understanding of how common it is to implement EMSs in local authorities, how far in the EMS process they have come and what organizations are objects of EMS implementation. It proved to be primarily the technical organizations that have adopted this kind of work and it is most common that these kinds of organization use a third party validation. ISO 14001 is the most frequently used standard but, in general, standards are used only as guidelines when designing EMSs, which means that certification/registration is not an overall objective among Swedish local authorities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The role of stakeholders in Sydney's green games
Authors: Kearins Kate , Pavlovich Kathryn
Published: June 2004

This paper focuses on the various roles played by stakeholders in the construction of Sydney Olympics as the Green Games. It draws material from the official website of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the websites and other material made public by major stakeholders, and the considerable commentary generated by the greening efforts of the games' organizers and their many partners and critics. Sydney's ‘Green Games’ is shown to involve a wide variety of stakeholders in both its construction and deconstruction. Environmental groups both assisted in defining the agenda and, in retaining their independence, reserved the right to evaluate and publicly critique performance. It is argued that through the engagement of stakeholders, organizations can be expected to understand and elucidate the different dimensions of the environmental challenge they face—even though at times, as the Sydney ‘Green Games’ example shows, they may not fully meet these more exacting expectations, and the environmental groups themselves thus risk becoming compromised. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Regional industrial recycling network in energy supply—the case of Joensuu city, Finland
Authors: Korhonen Jouni , Niemeläinen Heikki , Pulliainen Kyösti
Published: June 2004

Industrial recycling networks offer an example of the practical application of some of the industrial ecology (IE) principles. In the industrial ecosystem and eco‐industrial park approaches the material cycles and energy cascades in a natural ecosystem serve as the metaphoric vision for a local/regional industrial system in which waste material and waste (residual) energy are utilized through cooperation between the actors in the system. In this paper, a local/regional recycling network scenario is presented with the energy supply system of the city of Joensuu in Finland. The conditions of success include the co‐production of heat and electricity (heat and power, CHP), waste energy utilization for industrial steam and renewable flow use as fuel. Some difficulties in the industrial ecosystem‐type development of the system are discussed. Methodological suggestions for industrial ecosystem and eco‐industrial park case studies are considered and the experience from this Finnish case is discussed in terms of wider application of IE in local/regional economic energy systems. For future research on the theme, it is suggested that regional industrial ecology may benefit from regional economics theory and, vice versa, regional economics theory may find a new area of application in regional industrial ecology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Stefan A. Seuring, 'Classifying corporate MEFA applications: development and empirical test of a conceptual model'. Eco‐Management and Auditing 8(1)2001, 25–35
Authors: Seuring Stefan A.
Published: June 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Eco‐Management and Auditing 8(1) 2001, 25–35.
Ruthenium Thin Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Aaltonen T. , Alén P. , Ritala M. , Leskelä M.
Published: June 2004

Thin films of metallic ruthenium were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in the temperature range 275–400 °C using bis(cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (RuCp2) and oxygen as precursors. The ruthenium films were grown on thin Al2O3 and TiO2 films on glass. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the films were polycrystalline metallic ruthenium and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that the films had excellent conformality. The impurity content of the films, as measured by time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis (TOF‐ERDA), were very low. All the films had resistivities below 20 μΩ cm.
IL‐8 induces a specific transcriptional profile in human neutrophils: synergism with LPS for IL‐1 production
Authors: Martinez Fernando O. , Sironi Marina , Vecchi Annunciata , Colotta Francesco , Mantovani Alberto , Locati Massimo
Published: June 2004

IL‐8 is an inflammatory CXC chemokine involved in neutrophil recruitment and activation in various inflammatory conditions. The transcriptional profile induced by IL‐8 in human neutrophils wasanalyzed using high‐density oligonucleotide arrays and compared with that of the prototypic phagocyte activator LPS. As expected, LPS induced a major effect on the cell transcriptome, upregulating 116 (0.93%) and downregulating 70 (0.56%) of the transcripts. IL‐8 induced a less profound modulation of the cell transcriptome, with upregulation of 30 (0.25%) and downregulation of 6 (0.04%) of the transcripts. Although the two proinflammatory mediators induced partially overlapping transcriptional profiles (50.0% of IL‐8‐responsive genes were concordantly regulated by LPS), IL‐8 also modulated a significant number of genes unresponsive to LPS, including soluble mediators, membrane receptors, signaling molecules, and regulators of transcription and translation. A set of IL‐8‐inducible genes was related to cell motility, possibly a strategy to prepare for migration into tissues. Analysis of the IL‐8‐responsive gene IL‐1β at the protein level revealed that transcript induction was not followed by protein production. Neutrophils stimulated with IL‐8, however, showed a significant increase in IL‐1β secretion after subsequent exposure to LPS. Thus, the effect of IL‐8 at the transcriptional level could provide a synergistic effect with microbial products for neutrophil activation.
Lack of dendritic cell maturation by the plant toxin ricin
Authors: Smith Daniel C. , Salio Mariolina , Lord J. Michael , Roberts Lynne M. , Cerundolo Vincenzo
Published: June 2004

Several bacterial toxins either promote or inhibit the maturation of human monocyte‐derived DC. Since the potent plant toxin ricin exploits the same cell entry pathway used by these bacterial toxins and shares identical catalytic activity with some of them, we have studied the capacity of ricin to induce DC maturation in vitro. Here, we show that in contrast to the bacterial proteins, ricin neither induces DC maturation nor interferes with LPS‐induced DC maturation. There is no correlation between the absence of DC maturation and ricin dysfunction. Indeed, some of the ricin variants retain significant ribotoxicity and catalytic activity. We have extended these observations to ebulin‐1, suggesting that this may be a general characteristic of plant‐derived cytotoxic ribosome‐inactivating toxins. The human immune system may therefore have evolved to recognize and rapidly respond to the bacterial proteins, whilst being less responsive to the equivalent plant cytotoxins. Understanding the effect of ricin on professional APC may provide insights into the generation of an anti‐ricin vaccine and into the use of inactivated ricin A chains as delivery vectors as part of a vaccination protocol.
Disruption of the stratum corneum allows potent epicutaneous immunization with protein antigens resulting in a dominant systemic Th2 response
Authors: Strid Jessica , Hourihane Jonathan , Kimber Ian , Callard Robin , Strobel Stephan
Published: June 2004

The skin is an important immunological organ with an outer protective layer, the stratum corneum forming a barrier between the skin‐associated lymphoid tissue and the environment. We show thatgently removing the stratum corneum with adhesive tape permits potent epicutaneous immunization to protein antigens. IL‐4 secretion by T cells from draining lymph nodes and high levels of specific IgE and IgG1 with no IgG2a showed that the immune responses induced following epicutaneous antigen exposure are strongly Th2 biased. Similar responses were obtained with different antigens and mousestrains. In contrast, subcutaneous immunization with antigen delivery into the dermis was less potent and gave predominantly Th1 responses. Removal of the stratum corneum increased expression of MHC class II, CD86, CD40, CD54 and CD11c on Langerhans cells, but did not cause them to migrate. Rapid migration from epidermis to draining lymph node was obtained, however, by exposure to antigen after removal of the stratum corneum, suggesting that maturation and migration of Langerhans cells are independently regulated events. These results suggest that antigen presentation by Langerhans cells gives predominantly Th2 responses. This may provide an explanation for allergic sensitization to some antigens. It may also be a useful non‐invasive, non‐adjuvant‐dependent method of vaccination.
Significant NK cell activation associated with decreased cytolytic function in peripheral blood of HIV‐1‐infected patients
Authors: Fogli Manuela , Costa Paola , Murdaca Giuseppe , Setti Maurizio , Mingari Maria Cristina , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro , De Maria Andrea
Published: June 2004

One of the hallmarks of HIV‐1 infection is represented by the finding of massive T cell activation in peripheral blood lymphocytes of infected patients. An impairment of NK cell function during HIV‐1 infection is also detected, and is associated with decreased expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR). In this study we tried to determine whether also NK cells are affected by relevant activation and whether this could be associated with decreased NK cell function. In 18 viremic HIV‐1‐infected patients, freshly drawn purified peripheral NK cells displayed significant levels of activation with an incomplete pattern (HLA‐DR+CD69+CD25–NKp44–). Activated (HLA‐DR+CD69+) peripheral NK cells expressed an NCRdull phenotype as determined by cytofluorometric analysis in all the patients, and did not derive from a homogeneous/oligoclonal expansion in vivo as analyzed by expression of HLA‐specific inhibitory NK cell receptors. As determined by cytotoxicity assays, activated NK cells showed a decreased cytolytic function in HIV‐1‐infected patients. Thus, the decrease in NK cell function observed during HIV‐1 infection is associated not only with decreased NCR expression, but also with significant and incomplete NK cell activation in vivo. These results suggest a consistent continuous involvement of the innate immune response in the failure to control viral replication.
Electroactivity of Avidin and Streptavidin. Avidin Signals at Mercury and Carbon Electrodes Respond to Biotin Binding
Authors: Havran Ludek , Billová Sabina , Palecek Emil
Published: June 2004

Avidin and streptavidin were studied by phase‐sensitive AC and cyclic voltammetry as well as by constant current chronopotentiometry at mercury (in alkaline media) and carbon electrodes (in acid medium). In contrast to the generally accepted belief that these proteins are electroinactive, we observed various electrochemical responses at these electrodes. Both proteins produced peaks due to oxidation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues at carbon electrodes and a catalytic peak H at a hanging mercury drop electrode. At the latter electrode avidin produced phase‐in AC voltammetric and cyclic voltammetric peaks close to −0.6 V (peak S) which were assigned to Hg‐S interactions, involving cystine/cysteine residues. In cobalt containing solution avidin produced a characteristic catalytic double wave requiring presence of cystine/cysteine residues in the protein molecule. Streptavidin, which does not contain these residues, yielded neither the catalytic double wave nor peak S. All the above avidin signals responded to biotin binding; peak S increased (up to 4 biotin molecules bound) while other avidin signals decreased as a result of biotin binding. A tentative scheme of interfacial behavior of avidin and avidin‐biotin complex, depending on the electrode charge, was suggested.
Direct Peroxidase Bioelectrocatalysis on a Variety of Electrode Materials
Authors: Ferapontova Elena E.
Published: June 2004

The role of the electrode material in the efficiency of direct (non‐mediated) bioelectrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is studied and discussed. The variations in direct peroxidase bioelectrocatalysis when coming from carbon/graphite to metal electrodes and oxides, as well as modified electrodes, are analyzed regarding the variations in adsorption/orientation of peroxidase at the electrodes, interfacial electron transfer rates and mechanism of catalysis.
Direct Electron Transfer Between Ligninolytic Redox Enzymes and Electrodes
Authors: Christenson Andreas , Dimcheva Nina , Ferapontova Elena E. , Gorton Lo , Ruzgas Tautgirdas , Stoica Leonard , Shleev Sergey , Yaropolov Alexander I. , Haltrich Dietmar , Thorneley Roger N. F. , Aust Steven D.
Published: June 2004

The electrochemistry of the ligninolytic redox enzymes, which include lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase and possibly also cellobiose dehydrogenase, is reviewed and discussed in conjunction with their basic biochemical characteristics. It is shown that long‐range electron transfer between these enzymes and electrodes can be established and their ability to degrade lignin through a direct electron transfer mechanism is discussed.
Early Polarographic Studies on Proteins
Authors: Heyrovsky Michael
Published: June 2004

The first effects of proteins observed with the dropping mercury electrode were catalytic, due to evolution of hydrogen in weakly alkaline solutions. Catalytic lowering of hydrogen overvoltage in presence of cobalt ions, the so‐called Brdicka reaction, became the main means for polarographic study of proteins. Apart from that, polarography has been used for following proteins in their adsorption on the electrode surface, in their anodic reaction with mercury at positive potentials, in reduction of the disulfidic bonds of their components, in their complexation with metallic ions in the solution, in electrode reactions of their prosthetic groups and in antigen‐antibody interactions. Our review is limited to applications of the dropping mercury electrode.
A polyamine coating for enhanced capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry of proteins and peptides
Authors: Ullsten Sara , Zuberovic Aida , Wetterhall Magnus , Hardenborg Emilia , Markides Karin E. , Bergquist Jonas
Published: June 2004

A procedure for enhanced capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) of proteins is presented. The use of a newly presented capillary coating, PolyE‐323, provided fast separations of typically a few minutes with high efficiency, good deactivation, and no bleeding into the mass spectrometer. Capillaries coated with PolyE‐323 showed high stability over a range of pH 2–10, and tolerance towards methanol and acetonitrile, two modifiers commonly used in CE‐ESI‐MS. Due to the speed and simplicity of the coating procedure, the polymeric surface could, if necessary, easily be regenerated. This capability is especially valuable when working with samples of complex matrix, where a capillary surface cleaning step might be desired in order to eliminate possible memory effects. The potential of PolyE‐323‐coated capillaries in bioanalysis using CE‐ESI‐MS was demonstrated by analyzing peptides and proteins up to 66 kDa using time of flight (TOF)‐MS. Due to the stable, anodal electroosmotic flow generated by the coating, the use of a sheathless ESI interface was enabled, demonstrated in peptide analysis with attomole sensitivity. The fast on‐line CE‐ESI‐TOF system using PolyE‐323‐coated capillaries provided efficient separation and detection of a large number of peaks in a short time, exemplified by the analysis of a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The capability of the developed capillary surface coating was demonstrated by the separation of human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Development of capillary zone electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry for the determination of lamotrigine in human plasma
Authors: Zheng Jack , Jann Michael W. , Hon Yuen Yi , Shamsi Shahab A.
Published: June 2004

A method of coupling capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) detection has been developed for monitoring an antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine (LTG) in human plasma. The CZE‐MS was developed in three stages: (i) CZE separation and ESI‐MS detection of LTG and tyramine (TRM, internal standard) were simultaneously optimized by studying the influence of CZE background electrolyte (BGE) pH, BGE ionic strength, and nebulizer pressure of the MS sprayer; (ii) sheath liquid parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, organic modifier content, and flow rate of the sheath liquid, were systematically varied under optimum CZE‐MS conditions developed in the first stage; (iii) MS sprayer chamber parameters (drying gas temperature and drying gas flow rate) were varied for the best MS detection of LTG. The developed assay was finally applied for the determination of LTG in plasma samples. The linear range of LTG in plasma sample assay was between 0.1–5.0 μg/mL with a limit of detection as low as 0.05 μg/mL and run time less than 6 min. Finally, the concentration‐time profile of LTG in human plasma sample was found to correlate well when CZE‐ESI‐MS was compared to a more established method of high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Application of capillary electrophoresis‐ electrospray‐mass spectrometry to the separation and characterization of isomeric lipopolysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Li Jianjun , Cox Andrew D. , Hood Derek , Moxon E. Richard , Richards James C.
Published: June 2004

A capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐mass spectrometry technique for the characterization of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) was developed, permitting the separation of trace‐level O‐deacylated LPS isoforms for subsequent structural characterization using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The separation buffer and electrospray interface were optimized first using O‐deacylated LPS samples from large‐scale preparations. It was found that with microelectrospray or sheath‐solution interface, we could separate LPS in anionic forms and detect them using either negative or positive ion mode MS. For negative ion detection mode MS, 30 mM morpholine with addition of 5% v/v methanol was employed as separation buffer. When positive ion detection mode MS was required, 10 mM ammonium acetate with addition of 5% methanol was used as separation buffer. The structural assignments obtained from MS/MS and capillary zone electrophoresis‐electrospray‐MS (CZE‐ESMS) analyses enabled the identification of isomeric glycoforms. Application of this technique to the analysis of LPS from the galE mutants of Neisseria meningitidis strain BZ157 B5+ revealed the presence of isomeric glycoforms, in which the location of a functional group phosphoethanolamine was found to be in either inner core or lipid A‐OH regions. The described technique was also applied to the analysis of LPS samples from the galE mutant of N. meningitidis strains F1576 A4+ and A4−. The occurrence of isomeric LPS glycoforms differing by the location or presence of neutral sugar residues, such as hexoses, can also be characterized using MS/MS.
A beveled tip sheath liquid interface for capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Tseng Mei‐Chun , Chen Yet‐Ran , Her Guor‐Rong
Published: June 2004

A simple and durable sheath liquid interface for capillary zone electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (CZE‐ESI‐MS) has been developed. This interface utilized a beveled tip emitter and was found to be more sensitive than the conventional sheath liquid interface. The use of a beveled tip reduces the optimal flow rate and therefore decreases sample dilution. The interface utilized a 380 μm inner diameter and 400 μm outer diameter beveled tapered tip. Because of the large inner diameter and outer diameter of the tip, the interface is robust and can be easily implemented. The performance of this interface for CZE‐ESI‐MS and micelle electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐mass spectrometry, as demonstrated by the analysis of synthetic drugs and triazine mixtures, was significantly better than results obtained using a conventional sheath liquid interface.
Capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry for glycoscreening in biomedical research
Authors: Zamfir Alina , Peter‐Katalinić Jasna
Published: June 2004

Application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS to glycoscreening in biomedical projects is highlighted. In the first part recent CE‐MS experiments by sheath liquid CE and multiple stage MS are reported. Neutral and negatively charged N‐glycan mixtures from ribonuclease B and fetuin, high‐mannose type N‐glycoforms, oligosaccharides from lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Haemophilus influenzae, polysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed. A particular emphasis is devoted to the applicability of novel off‐ and on‐line CE‐MS and tandem MS methods for screening of proteoglycan‐derived oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as hyaluronates from Streptococcus agalactiae, chondroitin/dermatan sulfates (CS/DS) from bovine aorta and human skin fibroblast decorin, and heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) from porcine and bovine mucosa. The performance of CE‐MS/MS for identification of glycoforms in glycopeptides and glycoproteins is illustrated by experiments performed on complex mixtures from urine of patients suffering from a hereditary N‐acetylhexosaminidase deficiency (Schindler's disease) and urine of patients suffering from cancer cachexia. For determination of glycosylation patterns in glycoproteins like enzymes and antibodies by CE/MS, both CE‐matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and CE‐electrospray ionization (ESI)‐MS were functional. Finally, the potential of CE‐ESI‐MS strategy in glycolipid analysis is demonstrated for gangliosides from bovine brain for which particular CE buffer conditions are required.
On‐line sheathless capillary electrophoresis/nanoelectrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides
Authors: Zamfir Alina , Seidler Daniela G. , Schönherr Elke , Kresse Hans , Peter‐Katalinic´ Jasna
Published: June 2004

A novel approach in glycosaminoglycomics, based on sheathless on‐line capillary electrophoresis/nanoelectrospray ionization‐quadrupole time of flight‐mass spectrometry (CE/nanoESI‐QTOF‐MS) and tandem MS of extended chondroitin sulfate/dermatan (CS/DS) oligosaccharide chains is described. The methodology required the construction of a new sheathless CE/nanoESI‐QTOF‐MS configuration, its implementation and optimization for the high sensitivity analysis of CS/DS oligosaccharide mixtures from conditioned culture medium of decorin transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Under newly established sheathless on‐line CE/(‐)nanoESI conditions for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) ionization and MS detection, single CS/DS oligosaccharide components of extended chain length and increased sulfation degree were identified. Molecular ions corresponding to species carrying 5 and 6 negative charges could be generated for large GAG oligosaccharide species in the negative ion nanoESI‐MS. The optimized on‐line conditions enabled the detection of molecular ions assigned to oversulfated tetradeca‐, octadeca‐, and eicosasaccharide CS/DS molecules, which represent the category of largest sulfated GAG‐derived oligosaccharides evidenced by CE/ESI‐MS. By on‐line CE/ESI tandem MS in data‐dependent acquisition mode the oversulfated eicosasaccharide species could be sequenced and the localization of the additional sulfate group along the chain could be determined.
Editorial: Electrophoresis 13/2004
Authors: Peter‐Katalinić Jasna
Published: June 2004

No abstracts.
The realized volatility of FTSE‐100 futures prices
Authors: Areal Nelson M. P. C. , Taylor Stephen J.
Published: June 2004

Five‐minute returns from FTSE‐100 index futures contracts are used to obtain accurate estimates
of daily index volatility from January 1986 to December 1998. These realized volatility measures are used to
obtain inferences about the distributional and autocorrelation properties of FTSE‐100 volatility. The
distribution of volatility measured daily is similar to lognormal while the volatility time series has
persistent positive autocorrelation that displays long‐memory effects. The distribution of daily returns
standardized using the measures of realized volatility is shown to be close to normal, unlike the unconditional
distribution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:627–648, 2002
Index futures leadership, basis behavior, and trader selectivity
Authors: Chatrath Arjun , Christie‐David Rohan , Dhanda Kanwalroop K. , Koch Timothy W.
Published: June 2004

Employing intraday data for futures and cash values for the S&P 500 over the 1993–1996 period, we
attempt to characterize the lead–lag relationship between these two markets and their basis behavior. Our
findings show evidence of pronounced futures leadership when markets are rising, with no feedback from the cash
market. However, when markets are falling, futures leadership is less evident and significant feedback from the
cash market is noted. We also provide evidence of a positive relationship between the basis and return volatility.
We offer an explanation, based on trader selectivity, for the leadership‐asymmetry and the
basis–volatility relationship. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:649–677, 2002
Challenges Facing Shared Governance Within the College
Authors: Morphew Christopher C.
Published: June 2004

The model of shared governance between faculty and administrators plays a vital role in our conception of the collegiate ideal. How will technological and environmental changes affect this model and consequently our notion of college?
The Collegiate Ideal and the Tools of External Relations: The Uses of High‐Profile Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Toma J. Douglas
Published: June 2004

High‐profile athletic programs contribute to the collegiate ideal and are used by many institutions to provide connections to their internal and external constituents.
Redefining Campus: Urban Universities and the Idea of Place
Authors: Horvat Erin McNamara , Shaw Kathleen M.
Published: June 2004

By developing community‐university relationships, the urban university expands and improves upon the idea of 'place' as conceived of in the collegiate ideal.
Starting and Sustaining a Consortium
Authors: Baus Frederick , Ramsbottom Claire A.
Published: June 2004

Ensuring the survival and effectiveness of an academic consortium is a complex endeavor, but institutions are more likely to reap the benefits of collaboration if they follow certain steps.
The Role of the Consortium Director
Authors: Horgan Thomas R.
Published: June 2004

What a consortium director needs to do to succeed and the director's primary focus are explored—from clearly communicating a consortium's mission to securing resources.
Collaborative Admissions and Recruitment Practices
Authors: Stonewater Barbara Bradley
Published: June 2004

Collaborative admissions and recruitment practices in colleges and universities are possible, even among institutions that compete for students.
Cooperating Internationally
Authors: Anderson Wayne
Published: June 2004

Multi‐institutional cooperation is now taking place on an international scale; suggestions for successful ventures are offered as are warnings about the pitfalls that undermine such initiatives.
What Small Colleges Can Do Together
Authors: Larrance Anneke J.
Published: June 2004

Small colleges in consortium are an important method of extending resources, although such beneficial arrangements are easily overlooked.
How to Develop an Effective Budget Process
Authors: Chabotar Kent John
Published: June 2004

Different processes suit different institutions.
The Thankless Task of Cost Containment
Authors: Reed William S.
Published: June 2004

Temporary solutions have a role in cost control, but ultimately it may require structural change.
Financial Planning for Information Technology: Conventional Approaches Need Not Apply
Authors: Falduto Ellen F.
Published: June 2004

The accelerating progress of technology means that conventional financing approaches may not apply.
Using the Budget as an Effective Management Tool
Authors: Salluzzo Ronald E.
Published: June 2004

The budget communicates direction to the entire academic community.
Campus Master Planning and Capital Budgeting
Authors: Caruthers J. Kent , Layzell Daniel T.
Published: June 2004

The capital budget is essentially a financial translation of the master plan.
The Chief Financial Officer and Government Relations
Authors: Lasher William F. , Grigsby Gwen , Sullivan Charlotte
Published: June 2004

The chief financial officer needs the knowledge and skills called for by the state's legislative process.
Using Peer Institutions in Financial and Budgetary Analyses
Authors: Anderes Thomas
Published: June 2004

An institution can select other benchmark institutions—some that are like it now and others that are like what it wants to become.
Demographic Factors Affecting Higher Education in the United States in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Murdock Steve H. , Hoque Md. Nazrul
Published: June 2004

A demographic sea change will thrust the thorny issues of recruitment, remediation, and retention to the forefront of the nation's higher education agenda in the new millennium.
Strategic Moves for Retention Success
Authors: Levitz Randi S. , Noel Lee , Richter Beth J.
Published: June 2004

Three enrollment management experts share highlights from two decades of successful efforts that they found to work with all institutions.
Student Retention and Progression: A Special Challenge for Private Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Nettles Michael T. , Wagener Ursula , Millett Catherine M. , Killenbeck Ann M.
Published: June 2004

Ten historically black colleges and universities share their campuswide comprehensive and collaborative efforts for promoting academic achievement.
Recruitment, Remediation, and Retention: Suggestions for Further Reading and Research
Authors: Adam Anthony J.
Published: June 2004

This extensive practitioner bibliography of published, unpublished, and Web site materials provides a collection of useful sources.
Why Involve Commuter Students in Learning?
Authors: Jacoby Barbara
Published: June 2004

Data show that students reap considerable benefits from efforts to increase their involvement in learning, and these benefits are ones that commuter students richly deserve.
Using Information Technology to Create Communities of Learners
Authors: Kruger Kevin
Published: June 2004

Information technology provides numerous ways to involve commuter students in communities of learners.
Welcoming Commuter Students into Living‐Learning Programs
Authors: Stevens Richard A.
Published: June 2004

With thought and care, commuter students can be included in living‐learning communities.
Understanding the Research‐to‐Practice Gap: A National Study of Researchers' and Practitioners' Perspectives
Authors: Kezar Adrianna
Published: June 2004

A study examining the perspectives of practitioners and researchers on higher education literature and research reveals noticeably different viewpoints as well as some significant areas of agreement.
Reshaping the Forces that Perpetuate the Research‐Practice Gap: Focus on New Faculty
Authors: Colbeck Carol L.
Published: June 2004

If the research‐practice gap is to be bridged, the forces that shape faculty, such as socialization, tenure, and promotion, as well as the relationship between scholars and practitioners must be altered.
The Educational Role of Researchers
Authors: Cross K. Patricia
Published: June 2004

A new and critical role for the researcher is that of teacher, requiring the researcher to make findings relevant, useful, and understandable to practitioners.
Toward Better‐Informed Decisions: Reading Groups as a Campus Tool
Authors: Eckel Peter , Kezar Adrianna , Lieberman Devorah
Published: June 2004

Campus reading groups represent a useful strategy for practitioners to digest an overwhelming amount of information in a time‐effective way.
Practitioners as Researchers: Bridging Theory and Practice
Authors: Hirsch Deborah
Published: June 2004

Think tanks provide a venue for practitioners to reflect on their practice and conduct action research, which ultimately generates new and testable knowledge.
Enrollment Management
Authors: Huddleston Thomas
Published: June 2004

The enrollment manager's efforts are intended to shape and influence particular units that have significant impact on a students' decision to enroll, persist, and graduate.
Student Life and Development
Authors: Javinar Jan Minoru
Published: June 2004

The profession of student affairs assumes primary responsibility for the personal and interpersonal development of students.
Academic Business Affairs
Authors: Dooley Larry M.
Published: June 2004

Effective business operations in a university provide the means of ensuring order and economy in educational activities.
Commentary
Authors: Johnsrud Linda K.
Published: June 2004

It is outside of the institution, among their professional colleagues, that midlevel administrators find opportunities for professional recognition, training and skill development, and networking.
The Institute of Government at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Authors: Smith Michael R.
Published: June 2004

Since the 1930s, the institute has been a leader in educating and training elected and appointed officials.
Linking Research and Policy Concerns: Northwestern University's Institute for Policy Research
Authors: Cook Fay Lomax , Chambers Audrey
Published: June 2004

The institute has been a leader in focusing on those at the margins of society and in producing interdisciplinary policy research.
The McCormack Institute
Authors: Woodbury Robert L.
Published: June 2004

The McCormack has been a leader in independent and objective assessment of highly charged local issues.
The Humphrey Institute: Designing Institutions of Governance
Authors: Brandl John E. , Schuh G. Edward
Published: June 2004

The Humphrey Institute focuses on redesigning institutions as a way of resolving public policy issues.
Regional differences in cerebral blood flow and cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Ahl Björn , Weissenborn Karin , van den Hoff Jörg , Fischer-Wasels Daniela , Köstler Herbert , Hecker Hartmut , Burchert Wolfgang
Published: June 2004

Clinical and histopathological findings hint at regional differences in the brain’s sensitivity to metabolic changes in cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to examine regional differences in cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis and grade 0-to-I hepatic encephalopathy (HE). 13N-ammonia, 15O-water positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. Quantitative values of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the initial cerebral ammonia uptake rate (K1) were derived for several regions of interest from images of the desired parameters after interactive coregistration with the patients’ MRI-studies. CBF (mL/mL/min), K1 (mL/mL/min), and the ammonia extraction fraction (K1/CBF) showed marked regional variance with the highest levels in the thalamus, the lenticular nucleus, and the cerebellum. In conclusion, the regional differences in cerebral ammonia uptake correspond to the distribution of histopathological changes in the brain of patients with cirrhosis as well as clinical features of HE, characterized by signs of basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction with corresponding signs of functional impairment, especially of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus. (Hepatology 2004;40:73-79.)
Characterizing the spatial variability of groundwater quality using the entropy theory: I. Synthetic data
Authors: Mogheir Y. , de Lima J. L. M. P. , Singh V. P.
Published: June 2004

This paper, the first in a series of two, applies the entropy (or information) theory to describe the spatial variability of synthetic data that can represent spatially correlated groundwater quality data. The application involves calculating information measures such as transinformation, the information transfer index and the correlation coefficient. These measures are calculated using discrete and analytical approaches. The discrete approach uses the contingency table and the analytical approach uses the normal probability density function. The discrete and analytical approaches are found to be in reasonable agreement. The analysis shows that transinformation is useful and comparable with correlation to characterize the spatial variability of the synthetic data set, which is correlated with distance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological sensitivity of a large Himalayan basin to climate change
Authors: Singh Pratap , Bengtsson Lars
Published: June 2004

The present study sets out to investigate the sensitivity of water availability to climate change for a large western Himalayan river (the Satluj River basin with an area of 22 275 km2 and elevation range of 500 to 7000 m), which receives contributions from rain, snow and glacier melt runoff. About 65% of the basin area is covered with snow during winter, which reduces to about 11% after the ablation period. After having calibrated a conceptual hydrological model to provide accurate simulations of observed stream flow, the hydrological response of the basin was simulated using different climatic scenarios over a period of 9 years. Adopted plausible climate scenarios included three temperature scenarios (T + 1, T + 2, T + 3 °C) and four rainfall scenarios (P − 10, P − 5, P + 5 and P + 10%). The effect of climate change was studied on snowmelt and rainfall contribution runoff, and total stream flow. Under warmer climate, a typical feature of the study basin was found to be reduction in melt from the lower part of the basin owing to a reduction in snow covered area and shortening of the summer melting season, and, in contrast, an increase in the melt from the glacierized part owing to larger melt and an extended ablation period. Thus, on the basin scale, reduction in melt from the lower part was counteracted by the increase from melt from upper part of the basin, resulting in a decrease in the magnitude of change in annual melt runoff. The impact of climate change was found to be more prominent on seasonal rather than annual water availability. Reduction of water availability during the summer period, which contributes about 60% to the annual flow, may have severe implications on the water resources of the region, because demand of water for irrigation, hydropower and other usage is at its peak at this time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting catchment flow in a semi‐arid region via an artificial neural network technique
Authors: Riad S. , Mania J. , Bouchaou L. , Najjar Y.
Published: June 2004

A model of rainfall–runoff relationships is an essential tool in the process of evaluation of water resources projects. In this paper, we applied an artificial neural network (ANN) based model for flow prediction using the data for a catchment in a semi‐arid region in Morocco. Use of this method for non‐linear modelling has been demonstrated in several scientific fields such as biology, geology, chemistry and physics.

The performance of the developed neural network‐based model was compared against multiple linear regression‐based model using the same observed data. It was found that the neural network model consistently gives superior predictions. Based on the results of this study, artificial neural network modelling appears to be a promising technique for the prediction of flow for catchments in semi‐arid regions. Accordingly, the neural network method can be applied to various hydrological systems where other models may be inappropriate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrochemical variations during flood pulses in the south‐west China peak cluster karst: impacts of CaCO3–H2O–CO2interactions
Authors: Liu Zaihua , Groves Chris , Yuan Daoxian , Meiman Joe , Jiang Guanghui , He Shiyi , Li Qiang
Published: June 2004

High‐resolution measurements of rainfall, water level, pH, conductivity, temperature and carbonate chemistry parameters of groundwater at two adjacent locations within the peak cluster karst of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site in Guangxi Province, China, were made with different types of multiparameter sonde. The data were stored using data loggers recording with 2 min or 15 min resolution. Waters from a large, perennial spring represent the exit for the aquifer's conduit flow, and a nearby well measures water in the conduit‐adjacent, fractured media. During flood pulses, the pH of the conduit flow water rises as the conductivity falls. In contrast, and at the same time, the pH of groundwater in the fractures drops, as conductivity rises. As Ca2+and HCO3−were the dominant (>90%) ions, we developed linear relationships (bothr2> 0·91) between conductivity and those ions, respectively, and in turn calculated variations in the calcite saturation index (SIC) and CO2partial pressure (P) of water during flood pulses. Results indicate that thePof fracture water during flood periods is higher than that at lower flows, and itsSICis lower. Simultaneously,Pof conduit water during the flood period is lower than that at lower flows, and itsSICalso is lower. From these results we conclude that at least two key processes are controlling hydrochemical variations during flood periods: (i) dilution by precipitation and (ii) water–rock–gas interactions. To explain hydrochemical variations in the fracture water, the water–rock–gas interactions may be more important. For example, during flood periods, soil gas with high CO2concentrations dissolves in water and enters the fracture system, the water, which in turn has become more highly undersaturated, dissolves more limestone, and the conductivity increases. Dilution of rainfall is more important in controlling hydrochemical variations of conduit water, because rainfall with higher pH (in this area apparently owing to interaction with limestone dust in the lower atmosphere) and low conductivity travels through the conduit system rapidly. These results illustrate that to understand the hydrochemical variations in karst systems, considering only water–rock interactions is not sufficient, and the variable effects of CO2on the system should be evaluated. Consideration of water–rock–gas interactions is thus a must in understanding variations in karst hydrochemistry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic based control of spillway gates of dams
Authors: Bagis Aytekin , Karaboga Dervis
Published: June 2004

In this paper a new and efficient control method based on fuzzy logic is proposed for real‐time operation of spillway gates of a reservoir during any flood of any magnitude up to the probable maximum flood. Artificial neural networks are used to model the non‐linear relationship among the main variables of the reservoir under consideration. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, we simulate the control system using different probable overflow hydrographs. The results of the proposed control method are compared with the results of the conventional control methods. The results obtained from the simulations indicate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance over the conventional reservoir flood operation, with much more flexible results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling
Authors: Kinner David A. , Stallard Robert F.
Published: June 2004

The hydrological model TOPMODEL is used to assess the water balance and describe flow paths for the 9·73 ha Lutz Creek Catchment in Central Panama. Monte Carlo results are evaluated based on their fit to the observed hydrograph, catchment‐averaged soil moisture and stream chemistry. TOPMODEL, with a direct‐flow mechanism that is intended to route water through rapid shallow‐soil flow, matched observed chemistry and discharge better than the basic version of TOPMODEL and provided a reasonable fit to observed soil moisture and wet‐season discharge at both 15‐min and daily time‐steps. The improvement of simulations with the implementation of a direct‐flow component indicates that a storm flow path not represented in the original version of TOPMODEL plays a primary role in the response of Lutz Creek Catchment. This flow path may be consistent with the active and abundant pipeflow that is observed or delayed saturation overland flow. The ‘best‐accepted’ simulations from 1991 to 1997 indicate that around 41% of precipitation becomes direct flow and around 10% is saturation overland flow. Other field observations are needed to constrain evaporative and groundwater losses in the model and to characterize chemical end‐members posited in this paper. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of growth of H‐69 small cell lung carcinoma by antagonists of growth hormone releasing hormone and bombesin is associated with an inhibition of protein kinase C signaling
Authors: Kanashiro Celia A. , Schally Andrew V. , Zarandi Marta , Hammann Brian D. , Varga Jozsef L.
Published: June 2004

We investigated the effects of antagonists of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) alone and in combination with bombesin/gastrin‐releasing peptide (BN/GRP) antagonist RC‐3940‐II on the growth of H‐69 human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) xenografted into nude mice. Since the activation of the signaling pathways involving protein kinase C (PKC) and the subsequent steps involving mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c‐fos and c‐jun oncogenes are known to be important mechanisms implicated in cellular growth, we investigated how the blockade of tumoral GHRH receptor splice variants and BN/GRP receptors by these antagonists could interfere with these intracellular signaling pathways. Treatment with GHRH antagonists JV‐1‐65 or MZ‐J‐7‐110 for 4 weeks significantly (p<0.05) decreased the tumor volume by 22.7±3.0% and 36.7 ± 3.6%, respectively, as compared to controls. A larger decrease in tumor volume of 73.0 ± 9.5% (p<0.01) was produced by BN/GRP antagonist RC‐3940‐II and its combination with JV‐I‐65 caused the greatest tumor reduction of 91.0 ± 9.8% (p<0.01) vs. controls. H‐69 SCLC tumors expressed α‐, βII‐, δ‐ and η‐PKC isoforms. Antagonists of GHRH and BN/GRP decreased significantly (p<0.05) the expression of βII‐ and δ‐, but not of α‐ and η‐PKC isoforms. They also inhibited MAPK levels, the effects being significant (p<0.05) in the groups that received BN/GRP antagonist. In addition, expression of c‐fos and c‐jun mRNA was reduced after combined treatment with JV‐1‐65 and RC‐3940‐II. The proliferation of H‐69 SCLC cells “in vitro” was also significantly inhibited after incubation of cells with GHRH antagonist, PKC inhibitors or MAPK inhibitor. These findings suggest that the anti‐proliferative effects of antagonists of GHRH and BN/GRP on H69‐SCLC involve an inhibition of the signaling pathways of specific PKC isoforms, MAPK and c‐fos and c‐jun oncogenes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.