bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection for yearling growth rate in Angus cattle results in bigger cows that eat more
Authors: Herd R. M. , Oddy V. H.
Published: June 2023

Context Measurement of weight provides the basis of most performance-recording schemes for beef cattle around the world. The limitation of faster growth rate as a breeding objective, without considering changes in mature-cow weight, is the expected increase in cow size and, hence, feed requirements. Aims To measure the correlated changes in feed intake and efficiency of cows, calves and the cow–calf unit following divergent selection for growth rate. Methods The cows and their calves came from three lines of Angus cattle selected for either fast weight gain to yearling age (the High-line), slow weight gain (the Low-line), or from an unselected Control-line. Efficiency was evaluated over an annual production cycle. Individual cow weights and feed intakes, and calf growth and feed intake (including milk), were recorded. Milk production, milk composition and body composition were also measured so that correlated changes in efficiency of use of energy and nitrogen could be determined. Key results The High-line cows were 18% (P < 0.05) heavier than the Low-line cows at the start and consumed 7% (P < 0.05) more feed than did the Low-line cows. Feed efficiency of the cow–calf unit was 12% higher (P < 0.05) in the High-line cows and calves than in the Low-line cows and calves. When compared on the basis of feed used relative to their weight and weight gain there was no difference (P > 0.05) between the selection lines. Divergent selection was accompanied by a change in body composition, with the High-line cows containing proportionally less protein and more fat in their bodies than did the Low-line cows. There was no evidence for change in the efficiency of feed energy use, but there was a 10% (P < 0.05) improvement in nitrogen efficiency of the cow–calf unit in the High-line compared with the Low-line. Conclusions Divergent selection for weight gain led to a correlated change in cow size and cow feed requirements. Implications This experiment supported the consensus among earlier reviews that there is little evidence that selection for growth rate or size, without moderating change in mature-cow weight, is associated with improved efficiency of feed energy use in maternal beef breeds.
Processes underpinning natural capital account compilation highlight the potential for low-input grazing to mitigate farm carbon emissions while also improving biodiversity outcomes
Authors: Lawrence Rachel , Ogilvy Sue , O’Brien Danny , Gardner Mark , McIntyre Sue
Published: June 2023

Remnant woodland areas are commonly part of livestock grazing operations in temperate Australia. These remnant areas can store substantial amounts of carbon and have important biodiversity value, but are at risk of ongoing decline due to nutrient enrichment, overgrazing, clearing of woody debris and lack of tree recruitment. The process of compiling experimental farm-scale natural capital accounts (NCA) for 11 wool-growing businesses in temperate Australia demonstrated that some wool growers may be managing these areas in ways that sustained, and at times regenerated, carbon and other natural values. When managed sensitively, these largely native areas provide forage and shelter for livestock production while carbon and associated biodiversity is also protected, and in some cases regenerated. The farm-scale NCA process highlighted that for some farm businesses net sequestration of carbon can occur at a farm-scale, substantially owing to the management approach applied to these remnant areas. The process highlighted the potential for livestock grazing approaches underpinned by the ecosystem services provided by native grasses, forbs and woodlands (i.e. low-input rather than nutrient enrichment and pasture modification) to contribute to balancing carbon emissions from other areas of more intensive management within a farm business. With the current momentum worldwide aimed at achieving net zero emissions, there is an opportunity that has not existed previously to conserve, and sometimes regenerate, these remnant woodland areas on farmland. This could contribute to reversing a crisis of biodiversity loss in this threatened ecosystem while also helping farm businesses to reduce overall carbon emissions.
Crystallization of heavy fermions via epitaxial strain in spinel LiV
2
O
4
thin film
Authors: Niemann Ulrike , Wu Yu-Mi , Oka Ryosuke , Hirai Daigorou , Wang Yi , Suyolcu Y. Eren , Kim Minu , van Aken Peter A. , Takagi Hidenori
Published: June 2023

The mixed-valent spinel LiV
2
O
4
is known as the first oxide heavy-fermion system. There is a general consensus that a subtle interplay of charge, spin, and orbital degrees of freedom of correlated electrons plays a crucial role in the enhancement of quasi-particle mass, but the specific mechanism has remained yet elusive. A charge-ordering (CO) instability of V
3+
and V
4+
ions that is geometrically frustrated by the V pyrochlore sublattice from forming a long-range CO down to
T
= 0 K has been proposed as a prime candidate for the mechanism. Here, we uncover the hidden CO instability by applying epitaxial strain on single-crystalline LiV
2
O
4
thin films. We find a crystallization of heavy fermions in a LiV
2
O
4
film on MgO, where a charge-ordered insulator comprising of a stack of V
3+
and V
4+
layers along [001], the historical Verwey-type ordering, is stabilized by the in-plane tensile and out-of-plane compressive strains from the substrate. Our discovery of the [001] Verwey-type CO, together with previous realizations of a distinct [111] CO, evidence the close proximity of the heavy-fermion state to degenerate CO states mirroring the geometrical frustration of the V pyrochlore lattice, which supports the CO instability scenario for the mechanism behind the heavy-fermion formation.
The parasite intraerythrocytic cycle and human circadian cycle are coupled during malaria infection
Authors: Motta Francis C. , McGoff Kevin , Moseley Robert C. , Cho Chun-Yi , Kelliher Christina M. , Smith Lauren M. , Ortiz Michael S. , Leman Adam R. , Campione Sophia A. , Devos Nicolas , Chaorattanakawee Suwanna , Uthaimongkol Nichaphat , Kuntawunginn Worachet , Thongpiam Chadin , Thamnurak Chatchadaporn , Arsanok Montri , Wojnarski Mariusz , Vanchayangkul Pattaraporn , Boonyalai Nonlawat , Smith Philip L. , Spring Michele D. , Jongsakul Krisada , Chuang Ilin , Harer John , Haase Steven B.
Published: June 2023

During infections with the malaria parasites
Plasmodium vivax
, patients exhibit rhythmic fevers every 48 h. These fever cycles correspond with the time the parasites take to traverse the intraerythrocytic cycle (IEC). In other
Plasmodium
species that infect either humans or mice, the IEC is likely guided by a parasite-intrinsic clock [Rijo-Ferreira
et al.
,
Science
368
, 746–753 (2020); Smith
et al
.,
Science
368
, 754–759 (2020)], suggesting that intrinsic clock mechanisms may be a fundamental feature of malaria parasites. Moreover, because
Plasmodium
cycle times are multiples of 24 h, the IECs may be coordinated with the host circadian clock(s). Such coordination could explain the synchronization of the parasite population in the host and enable alignment of IEC and circadian cycle phases. We utilized an ex vivo culture of whole blood from patients infected with
P. vivax
to examine the dynamics of the host circadian transcriptome and the parasite IEC transcriptome. Transcriptome dynamics revealed that the phases of the host circadian cycle and the parasite IEC are correlated across multiple patients, showing that the cycles are phase coupled. In mouse model systems, host–parasite cycle coupling appears to provide a selective advantage for the parasite. Thus, understanding how host and parasite cycles are coupled in humans could enable antimalarial therapies that disrupt this coupling.
FBXO11 constitutes a major negative regulator of MHC class II through ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of CIITA
Authors: Kasuga Yusuke , Ouda Ryota , Watanabe Masashi , Sun Xin , Kimura Miki , Hatakeyama Shigetsugu , Kobayashi Koichi S.
Published: June 2023

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules play critical roles in the activation and regulation of adaptive immunity through antigen presentation to CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Strict regulation of MHC expression is critical for proper immune responses. CIITA (MHC class II transactivator), an NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing) protein, is a master regulator of MHC class II (MHC-II) gene transcription. Although it has been known that CIITA activity is regulated at the transcriptional and protein levels, the mechanism to determine CIITA protein level has not been elucidated. Here, we show that FBXO11 is a bona fide E3 ligase of CIITA and regulates CIITA protein level through ubiquitination-mediated degradation. A nonbiased proteomic approach for CIITA-binding protein identified FBXO11, a member of the Skp1–Cullin-1–F-box E3 ligase complex, as a binding partner of CIITA but not MHC class I transactivator, NLRC5. The cycloheximide chase assay showed that the half-life of CIITA is mainly regulated by FBXO11 via the ubiquitin–proteasome system. The expression of FBXO11 led to the reduced MHC-II at the promoter activity level, transcriptional level, and surface expression level through downregulation of CIITA. Moreover, human and mouse
FBXO11
–deficient cells display increased levels of MHC-II and related genes. In normal and cancer tissues,
FBXO11
expression level is negatively correlated with MHC-II. Interestingly, the expression of
FBXO11
, along with
CIITA
, is associated with prognosis of cancer patients. Therefore, FBXO11 is a critical regulator to determine the level of MHC-II, and its expression may serve as a biomarker for cancer.
Diverse communication strategies in bees as a window into adaptations to an unpredictable world
Authors: Alves Denise A. , George Ebi A. , Kaur Rajbir , Brockmann Axel , Hrncir Michael , Grüter Christoph
Published: June 2023

Communication is a fundamental feature of animal societies and helps their members to solve the challenges they encounter, from exploiting food sources to fighting enemies or finding a new home. Eusocial bees inhabit a wide range of environments and they have evolved a multitude of communication signals that help them exploit resources in their environment efficiently. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of bee communication strategies and discuss how variation in social biology, such as colony size or nesting habits, and ecological conditions are important drivers of variation in communication strategies. Anthropogenic factors, such as habitat conversion, climate change, or the use of agrochemicals, are changing the world bees inhabit, and it is becoming clear that this affects communication both directly and indirectly, for example by affecting food source availability, social interactions among nestmates, and cognitive functions. Whether and how bees adapt their foraging and communication strategies to these changes represents a new frontier in bee behavioral and conservation research.
Topological insights into the neural basis of flexible behavior
Authors: Rouse Tevin C. , Ni Amy M. , Huang Chengcheng , Cohen Marlene R.
Published: June 2023

It is widely accepted that there is an inextricable link between neural computations, biological mechanisms, and behavior, but it is challenging to simultaneously relate all three. Here, we show that topological data analysis (TDA) provides an important bridge between these approaches to studying how brains mediate behavior. We demonstrate that cognitive processes change the topological description of the shared activity of populations of visual neurons. These topological changes constrain and distinguish between competing mechanistic models, are connected to subjects’ performance on a visual change detection task, and, via a link with network control theory, reveal a tradeoff between improving sensitivity to subtle visual stimulus changes and increasing the chance that the subject will stray off task. These connections provide a blueprint for using TDA to uncover the biological and computational mechanisms by which cognition affects behavior in health and disease.
Heterogeneous growth of the insula shapes the human brain
Authors: Mallela Arka N. , Deng Hansen , Gholipour Ali , Warfield Simon K. , Goldschmidt Ezequiel
Published: June 2023

The human cerebrum consists of a precise and stereotyped arrangement of lobes, primary gyri, and connectivity that underlies human cognition [P. Rakic,
Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
10
, 724–735 (2009)]. The development of this arrangement is less clear. Current models explain individual primary gyrification but largely do not account for the global configuration of the cerebral lobes [T. Tallinen, J. Y. Chung, J. S. Biggins, L. Mahadevan,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
111
, 12667–12672 (2014) and D. C. Van Essen,
Nature
385
, 313–318 (1997)]. The insula, buried in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, is unique in terms of gyral anatomy and size. Here, we quantitatively show that the insula has unique morphology and location in the cerebrum and that these key differences emerge during fetal development. Finally, we identify quantitative differences in developmental migration patterns to the insula that may underlie these differences. We calculated morphologic data in the insula and other lobes in adults (N = 107) and in an in utero fetal brain atlas (N = 81 healthy fetuses). In utero, the insula grows an order of magnitude slower than the other lobes and demonstrates shallower sulci, less curvature, and less surface complexity both in adults and progressively throughout fetal development. Spherical projection analysis demonstrates that the lenticular nuclei obstruct 60 to 70% of radial pathways from the ventricular zone (VZ) to the insula, forcing a curved migration to the insula in contrast to a direct radial pathway. Using fetal diffusion tractography, we identify radial glial fascicles that originate from the VZ and curve
around
the lenticular nuclei to form the insula. These results confirm existing models of radial migration to the cortex and illustrate findings that suggest differential insular and cerebral development, laying the groundwork to understand cerebral malformations and insular function and pathologies.
Implications of a temperature-dependent heat capacity for temperature-gated ion channels
Authors: Yeh Frank , Jara-Oseguera Andrés , Aldrich Richard W.
Published: June 2023

Temperature influences dynamics and state-equilibrium distributions in all molecular processes, and only a relatively narrow range of temperatures is compatible with life—organisms must avoid temperature extremes that can cause physical damage or metabolic disruption. Animals evolved a set of sensory ion channels, many of them in the family of transient receptor potential cation channels that detect biologically relevant changes in temperature with remarkable sensitivity. Depending on the specific ion channel, heating or cooling elicits conformational changes in the channel to enable the flow of cations into sensory neurons, giving rise to electrical signaling and sensory perception. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the heightened temperature-sensitivity in these ion channels, as well as the molecular adaptations that make each channel specifically heat- or cold-activated, are largely unknown. It has been hypothesized that a heat capacity difference (ΔC
p
) between two conformational states of these biological thermosensors can drive their temperature-sensitivity, but no experimental measurements of ΔC
p
have been achieved for these channel proteins. Contrary to the general assumption that the ΔC
p
is constant, measurements from soluble proteins indicate that the ΔC
p
is likely to be a function of temperature. By investigating the theoretical consequences for a linearly temperature-dependent ΔC
p
on the open–closed equilibrium of an ion channel, we uncover a range of possible channel behaviors that are consistent with experimental measurements of channel activity and that extend beyond what had been generally assumed to be possible for a simple two-state model, challenging long-held assumptions about ion channel gating models at equilibrium.
Gene expression detection in developing mouse tissue using in situ hybridization and µCT imaging
Authors: Väänänen Vilma , Christensen Mona M. , Suhonen Heikki , Jernvall Jukka
Published: June 2023

High resolution and noninvasiveness have made soft-tissue X-ray microtomography (µCT) a widely applicable three-dimensional (3D) imaging method in studies of morphology and development. However, scarcity of molecular probes to visualize gene activity with µCT has remained a challenge. Here, we apply horseradish peroxidase–assisted reduction of silver and catalytic gold enhancement of the silver deposit to in situ hybridization in order to detect gene expression in developing tissues with µCT (here called GECT, gene expression CT). We show that GECT detects expression patterns of collagen type II alpha 1 and sonic hedgehog in developing mouse tissues comparably with an alkaline phosphatase–based detection method. After detection, expression patterns are visualized with laboratory µCT, demonstrating that GECT is compatible with varying levels of gene expression and varying sizes of expression regions. Additionally, we show that the method is compatible with prior phosphotungstic acid staining, a conventional contrast staining approach in µCT imaging of soft tissues. Overall, GECT is a method that can be integrated with existing laboratory routines to obtain spatially accurate 3D detection of gene expression.
Mid-Pleistocene links between Asian dust, Tibetan glaciers, and Pacific iron fertilization
Authors: Zan Jinbo , Maher Barbara A. , Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Fang Xiaomin , Han Wenxia , Kang Jian , Hu Zhe
Published: June 2023

Increasing Asian dust fluxes, associated with late Cenozoic cooling and intensified glaciations, are conventionally thought to drive iron fertilization of phytoplankton productivity in the North Pacific, contributing to ocean carbon storage and drawdown of atmospheric CO
2
. During the early Pleistocene glaciations, however, productivity remained low despite higher Asian dust fluxes, only displaying glacial stage increases after the mid-Pleistocene climate transition (~800 ka B.P.). We solve this paradox by analyzing an Asian dust sequence, spanning the last 3.6 My, from the Tarim Basin, identifying a major switch in the iron composition of the dust at ~800 ka, associated with expansion of Tibetan glaciers and enhanced production of freshly ground rock minerals. This compositional shift in the Asian dust was recorded synchronously in the downwind, deep sea sediments of the central North Pacific. The switch from desert dust, containing stable, highly oxidized iron, to glacial dust, richer in reactive reduced iron, coincided with increased populations of silica-producing phytoplankton in the equatorial North Pacific and increased primary productivity in more northerly locations, such as the South China Sea. We calculate that potentially bioavailable Fe
2+
flux to the North Pacific was more than doubled after the switch to glacially- sourced dust. These findings indicate a positive feedback between Tibetan glaciations, glaciogenic production of dust with enhanced iron bioavailability, and changes in North Pacific iron fertilization. Notably, this strengthened link between climate and eolian dust coincided with the mid-Pleistocene transition to increased storage of C in the glacial North Pacific and more intense northern hemisphere glaciations.
Text-production tasks at the keyboard
Authors: Puerini Sara
Published: June 2023

One of the main process features under study in Cognitive Translation & Interpreting Studies (CTIS) is the chronological unfolding of writing tasks. This exploratory, pilot study combines pause- and text-analysis to seek tendencies and contrasts in informants’ mental processes when performing different writing tasks, analyzing their behaviors, as keylogged. The study tasks were retyping, monolingual writing, translation, revision and a multimodal task—monolingual text production based on an infographic leaflet. Task logs were chunked with the Task Segment Framework (Muñoz & Apfelthaler 2022).

Several previous results were confirmed, and some others were surprising. Time spans in free writing were longer between paragraphs and sentences and, in translation, much more frequent between and within words, suggesting cognitive activities at these levels. The infographic was expected to facilitate the writing process, but most time spans were longer than in both free writing and translation. These results suggest venues for further research.
Mechanical and microstructure behaviour of WSC/SiC/Al composites synthesized with and without ultrasonic treatment
Authors: Pragathi P. , Elansezhian R. , Sundaram P. , Subramania A. , Prabakaran R. , Kim Sung Chul
Published: June 2023

In this research, aluminium composites were fabricated using two alternative casting methods namely, traditional stir casting and ultrasonic-aided stir casting technique. The aluminium composites were manufactured by reinforcing them with three different concentrations of waste spent catalyst and silicon carbide (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt-%), respectively. The microstructural and mechanical behaviour of aluminium composites synthesised using both methods were studied and compared. The microstructure of the aluminium composite obtained by the stir casting technique with ultrasonic treatment resulted in a homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement particles and grain size refinement. Moreover, the overall test results showed that the ultrasonic-aided stir-casting technique improves the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the composites when compared to the traditional stir-casting approach.
Ultrafast single-molecule imaging reveals focal adhesion nano-architecture and molecular dynamics
Authors: Fujiwara Takahiro K. , Tsunoyama Taka A. , Takeuchi Shinji , Kalay Ziya , Nagai Yosuke , Kalkbrenner Thomas , Nemoto Yuri L. , Chen Limin H. , Shibata Akihiro C.E. , Iwasawa Kokoro , Ritchie Ken P. , Suzuki Kenichi G.N. , Kusumi Akihiro
Published: June 2023

Using our newly developed ultrafast camera described in the companion paper, we reduced the data acquisition periods required for photoactivation/photoconversion localization microscopy (PALM, using mEos3.2) and direct stochastic reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM, using HMSiR) by a factor of ≈30 compared with standard methods, for much greater view-fields, with localization precisions of 29 and 19 nm, respectively, thus opening up previously inaccessible spatiotemporal scales to cell biology research. Simultaneous two-color PALM-dSTORM and PALM-ultrafast (10 kHz) single fluorescent-molecule imaging-tracking has been realized. They revealed the dynamic nanoorganization of the focal adhesion (FA), leading to the compartmentalized archipelago FA model, consisting of FA-protein islands with broad diversities in size (13–100 nm; mean island diameter ≈30 nm), protein copy numbers, compositions, and stoichiometries, which dot the partitioned fluid membrane (74-nm compartments in the FA vs. 109-nm compartments outside the FA). Integrins are recruited to these islands by hop diffusion. The FA-protein islands form loose ≈320 nm clusters and function as units for recruiting FA proteins.
Clipping losses from a piecewise coated mirror
Authors: Kontos Antonios , Loglia Balthazar
Published: June 2023

The properties of optical coatings play an important role in precision experiments. Gravitational-wave detectors not only require the highest quality coatings but also ones with relatively large diameters. Coatings made with amorphous material can be scaled up easily but for now exhibit relatively high thermal noise characteristics. Crystalline coatings show great promise in terms of their thermal noise properties but cannot easily scale up to the needed sizes. In this paper we explore the possibility of a piecewise coating that includes both amorphous and crystalline material. Specifically, we estimate the scattering losses of such a piecewise coating as a function of the mismatch in the interface between the two coatings. The calculation should be taken as a lower limit to the total losses, as other surface imperfections will play an important role in the final result, but are not considered here. Finally, we present a measurement of the scattering losses from a piecewise coating, to showcase the challenges of realizing such a design.
An innovative gas inlet design in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition chamber for high-quality, high-speed, and high-efficiency diamond growth
Authors: Zhao Weikang , Teng Yan , Tang Kun , Zhu Shunming , Liu Dongyang , Yang Kai , Duan Jingjing , Huang Yingmeng , Chen Ziang , Ye Jiandong , Gu Shulin
Published: June 2023

A novel design of the gas inlet system in a diamond microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition growth chamber has been reported in this paper. The design is targeting for high-quality, high-speed, and high-efficiency diamond material fabrication. By introducing a gas inlet hole into the susceptor, we expand the ways of gas introduction for diamond growth. After extensive numerical and experimental investigation, we have found that the introduction of methane and doping gas inlet from the hole of below while the hydrogen from the top is feasible for realizing the target. The growth and doping species could be confined around the substrate, making efficient usage of the precursors. The plasma state change caused by the difference of the gas inlet modes has been ascribed to the resulted gas distribution in the chamber. The measured growth rate has been increased to 32 μm h−1, which is 16 times higher than traditional gas inlet configuration. Meanwhile, a large improvement of the nitrogen doping concentration has been achieved. Besides, with the increase of growth rate and nitrogen incorporation efficiency, the crystal quality and surface morphology keep in an acceptable degree. In this mode, the dual gas flow system can perfectly solve the contradiction among the crystal quality, growth rate, and doping efficiency, commonly existing during the material fabrication process, the chamber contamination could be significantly suppressed due to the constrained distribution of methyl and doping species, making the fabrication cost much lower. The results of repetitive experiments indicate that other residual impurities present in the chamber of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition could likely regulate the threshold concentration of nitrogen required for accelerating the growth rate during the nitrogen doped diamond growth, which have a significant effect on the diamond growth.
Detailed band alignment of high-B-composition BGaN with GaN and AlN
Authors: AlQatari F , Liao C-H , Aguileta-Vazquez R R , Tang X , Lopatin S , Li X
Published: June 2023

The electronic structure of B0.097Ga0.903N was determined by examining its bandgap and valence band offset (VBO) in detail. The BGaN sample was grown using a horizontal reactor metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. For bandgap determination, three different techniques were utilized yielding similar results, which are: UV–Vis spectroscopy, Schottky photodiodes, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The bandgap was determined to be ∼3.55 eV. For measuring the VBO, the valence edges and the core levels of Al 2s and Ga 2p were measured using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The valence edges were then fitted and processed along with the core levels using the standard Kraut method for VBO determination with AlN. The BGaN/AlN alignment was found to be −1.1 ± 0.1 eV. Due to core level interference between GaN and BGaN, the Kraut method fails to provide precise VBO for this heterojunction. Therefore, a different technique is devised to analyze the measured XPS data which utilizes the alignment of the Fermi levels of the BGaN and GaN layers when in contact. Statistical analysis was used to determine the BGaN/GaN alignment with decent precision. The value was found to be −0.3 ± 0.1 eV.
Spin-liquid state with precursor ferromagnetic clusters interacting antiferromagnetically in frustrated glassy tetragonal spinel Zn0.8Cu0.2FeMnO4
Authors: Jena S K , Seehra M S , Sarkar T , Reehuis M , Hoser A , Weise B , Thota S
Published: June 2023

Spinels (AB
2O4) with magnetic ions occupying only the octahedral B sites have inherent magnetic frustration which inhibits magnetic long-range order (LRO) but may lead to exotic states. Here we report on the magnetic properties of the tetragonal spinel Zn0.8Cu0.2FeMnO4, the tetragonality resulting from the Jahn–Teller active Mn3+ ions. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the sample yielded the composition (

Zn

0.8

2
+

Cu

0.2

2
+

)
A
[

Fe

0.4

2
+

Fe

0.6

3
+

M

n

3
+

]
B
O4‒δ
. Analysis of the temperature dependence of magnetization (M), ac magnetic susceptibilities (χ′ and χ′′), dc susceptibility (χ), heat capacity Cp
, and neutron diffraction (ND) measurements show complex temperature-dependent short-range order (SRO) but without LRO. The data of χ vs. T fits the Curie–Weiss law: χ = C/(T ‒ θ) from T = 250 K to 400 K with θ ≃ 185 K signifying dominant ferromagnetic (FM) coupling with the FM exchange constant J/k
B = 17 K, and C = 3.29 emu K mol‒1 Oe‒1 yielding an effective magnetic moment µ
eff = 5.13 µ
B resulting from the high-spin states of Cu2+ (A site) and Fe2+ (B site), while the B site trivalent ions Mn3+ and Fe3+ are in their low-spin states. The extrapolated saturation magnetization obtained from the M vs. H data at T = 2 K is explained using the spin arrangement (Cu2+↓)
A
[Fe2+↑, Fe3+↓, Mn3+↑]
B
leading to FM clusters interact antiferromagnetically at low temperatures. Temperature dependence of d(χT)/dT shows the onset of ferrimagnetism below ∼100 K and peaks near 47 K and 24 K. The relaxation time τ obtained from temperature and frequency dependence of χ″ when fit to the power law and Vogel–Fulcher laws confirm the cluster spin-glass (SG) state. The magnetic field dependence of the SG temperature

T

SG

H

follows the equation:

T

SG

H

=

T

SG

0

1
−
A

H

2

/

ϕ

with T
SG (0) = 46.6 K, A = 8.6 × 10‒3 Oe‒0.593 and

ϕ

= 3.37. The temperature dependence of hysteresis loops yields coercivity HC
∼ 3.8 kOe at 2 K without exchange-bias, but HC
decreases with increase in T becoming zero above 24 K, the T
SG(H) for H = 800 Oe. Variations of Cp vs. T from 2 K to 200 K in H
= 0 and H
= 90 kOe do not show any peak characteristic of LRO. However, after correcting for the lattice contribution, a broad weak peak typically of SRO becomes evident centered around 40 K. For T < 9 K, Cp
varies as T2
; a typical signature of spin-liquids (SLs). Comparison of the ND measurements at 1.7 K and 79.4 K shows absence of LRO. Time dependence of thermo-remanent magnetization M
TRM(t) studies below 9 K reveal weakening of the inter-cluster interaction with increase in temperature. A summary of these results is that in Zn0.8Cu0.2FeMnO4, ferromagnetic clusters interact antiferromagnetically without LRO but producing a cluster SG state at T
SG(0) = 46.6 K, followed by SL behavior below 9 K.
Controllable resistive switching behaviors in heteroepitaxial LaNiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 Schottky junctions through oxygen vacancies engineering
Authors: Zhang Yong , Gao Shunhua , Cao Guiming , Ma Chunrui , Nan Hu , Liu Ming
Published: June 2023

Perovskite oxide-based memristors have been extensively investigated for the application of non-volatile memories, and the oxygen vacancies associated with Schottky barrier changing are considered as the origin of the memristive behaviors. However, due to the difference of device fabrication progress, various resistive switching (RS) behaviors have been observed even in one device, deteriorating the stability and reproducibility of devices. Precisely controlling the oxygen vacancies distribution and shedding light on the behind physic mechanism of these RS behaviors, are highly desired to help improve the performance and stability of such Schottky junction-based memristors. In this work, the epitaxial LaNiO3 (LNO)/Nb:SrTiO3 (NSTO) is adopted to explore the influence of oxygen vacancy profiles on these abundant RS phenomena. It demonstrates that the migration of oxygen vacancy in LNO films plays a key role in memristive behaviors. When the effect of oxygen vacancies at the LNO/NSTO interface is negligible, improving the oxygen vacancies concentration in LNO film could facilitate resistance on/off ratio of HRS and LRS, and the corresponding conducting mechanisms attributes to the thermionic emission and tunneling-assisted thermionic emission, respectively. Moreover, it is found that reasonably increasing the oxygen vacancies at LNO/NSTO interface makes trap-assisted tunneling possible, also providing an effective way to improve the performance of the device. The results in this work have clearly elucidated the relationship between oxygen vacancy profile and RS behaviors, and give physical insights into the strategies for improving the device performance of Schottky junction-based memristors.
Positive solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation for energy critical and supercritical nonlinearities
Authors: Pelinovsky Dmitry E , Wei Juncheng , Wu Yuanze
Published: June 2023

We consider positive and spatially decaying solutions to the following Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a harmonic potential:

−
Δ
u
+

|

x

|

2

u
=
ω
u
+

|

u

|

p
−
2

u

in 

R

d

,

where

d
⩾
3

, p > 2 and ω > 0. For

p
=

2
d

d
−
2

(energy-critical case) there exists a ground state u

ω
if and only if

ω
∈
(

ω
∗

,
d
)

, where

ω
∗

=
1

for d = 3 and

ω
∗

=
0

for

d
⩾
4

. We give a precise description on asymptotic behaviours of u

ω
as

ω
→

ω
∗

up to the leading order term for different values of

d
⩾
3

. When

p
>

2
d

d
−
2

(energy-supercritical case) there exists a singular solution

u
∞

for some

ω
∈
(
0
,
d
)

. We compute the Morse index of

u
∞

in the class of radial functions and show that the Morse index of

u
∞

is infinite in the oscillatory case, is equal to 1 or 2 in the monotone case for p not large enough and is equal to 1 in the monotone case for p sufficiently large.
Experimental and numerical investigation of surface streamers in a nanosecond pulsed packed bed reactor
Authors: Li Mengbo , Chen She , Zhu Yifei , Li Yunjie , Wang Feng , Cui Yingzhe , Zhuang Chijie
Published: June 2023

Packed bed reactor (PBR) is the commonly used configuration in plasma catalysis, and its plasma characteristics have been extensively investigated. The filled catalysts in PBR make it challenging to carry out in-situ measurements of electric fields, and limited experimental data have been obtained. We investigated the surface streamer propagation and electric field distribution in a simplified PBR through simulations and experiments. The simplified PBR in the experiments is comprised of a blade-plate electrode structure filled with an Al2O3 column (ϵr
= 9) in the discharge gap. An ICCD camera and an electric field diagnosis method called EFISH (electric field induced second harmonic generation) were employed, and a two-dimensional fluid model was established for the simulation. Four discharge types in the PBR were identified based on ICCD images and simulation results, including polar discharge at the contact areas, surface streamer along the dielectric column, expansion of surface discharge along the dielectric column, and surface ionization waves along the dielectric plate. Surface streamers with opposite propagation directions were found in the model, namely the forward streamer during the pulse rising time and the reverse streamer during the pulse falling time. Notably, the reverse streamer exhibits a significantly lower velocity compared to the forward streamer. Both experimental measurements and simulation were conducted to investigate the spatiotemporal electric field near the surface of the packing material. The results of both E
exp and E
sim showed peaks with opposite polarities, and exhibited similar trends. In the simulation, the forward streamer head showed a higher electric field compared to the reverse streamer head. Moreover, during the rest pulse time, the surface electric field was more intense at the contact areas than in other regions. The findings of this work provide valuable insights into the discharge mechanism and electric field on the catalytic material surface within the PBR.
A comparison of template vs. direct model fitting for redshift-space distortions in BOSS
Authors: Maus Mark , Chen Shi-Fan , White Martin
Published: June 2023

The growth of large-scale structure, as revealed in the anisotropic of clustering of
galaxies in the low redshift Universe at z < 2, provides a stringent test of our
cosmological model. The strongest current constraints come from the BOSS and eBOSS surveys, with
uncertainties on σ
8, the amplitude of clustering on an 8 h
-1Mpc scale, of
less than 10 per cent. A number of different approaches have been taken to fitting this signal,
leading to discrepancies of up to 1σ in the measurements of the amplitude of
fluctuations at late times. We compare in some detail two of the leading approaches, one based on
fitting a template cosmology whose amplitude and length scales are allowed to float with one based
on varying the underlying parameters of a cosmological model directly, when fitting to
the BOSS DR12 data. Holding the input data, scale cuts, window functions and modeling framework
fixed we are able to isolate the cause of the differences and discuss the implications for future
surveys.
Pinning down the primordial black hole formation mechanism with gamma-rays and gravitational waves
Authors: Xie Ke-Pan
Published: June 2023

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are predicted in many models via different formation mechanisms. Identifying the origin of PBHs is of the same importance as probing their existence. We propose to probe the asteroid-mass PBHs [𝒪(1017)  g ≲ M ≲ 𝒪 (1022) g] with gamma-rays from Hawking radiation and the stochastic gravitational waves (GWs) from the early Universe. We consider four concrete formation mechanisms, including collapse from primordial curvature perturbations, first-order phase transitions, or cosmic strings, and derive the extended PBH mass functions of each mechanism for phenomenological study. The results demonstrate that by combining gamma-rays and GW signals we can probe PBHs up to 𝒪(1019) g and identify their physical origins.
The Design, Verification, and Performance of the James Webb Space Telescope
Authors: Menzel M. , Davis M. , Parrish K. , Lawrence J. , Stewart A. , Cooper J. , Irish S. , Mosier G. , Levine M. , Pitman J. , Walsh G. , Maghami P. , Thomson S. , Wooldridge E. , Boucarut R. , Feinberg L. , Turner G. , Kalia P. , Bowers C.
Published: June 2023

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is NASA’s flagship mission successor to the highly successful Hubble Space Telescope. It is an infrared observatory featuring a cryogenic 6.6 m aperture, deployable Optical Telescope Element (OTE) with a payload of four science instruments (SIs) assembled into an Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) that provide imagery and spectroscopy in the near-infrared band between 0.6 and 5 μm and in the mid-infrared band between 5 and 28.1 μm. JWST was successfully launched on 2021 December 25 aboard an Ariane 5 launch vehicle. All 50 major deployments were successfully completed on 2022 January 8. The observatory performed all midcourse correction maneuvers and achieved its operational mission orbit around the Sun–Earth second Lagrange point (L2). All commissioning and calibration activities have been completed, and JWST has begun its science mission. This paper will provide a description of the driving requirements and their technical challenges, the engineering processes involved in the design formulation, the resulting observatory design, the verification programs that proved it to be flightworthy, and the measured on-orbit performance of the observatory. Since companion papers will describe the details of the OTE and SIs, this paper will concentrate on describing the key features of the observatory architecture that accommodates these elements, particularly those features and capabilities associated with accommodating the radiometric and image-quality performance.
Intelligent Medical Knowledge Robot Based on Knowledge Graph
Authors: Li Jingyu , Han Mingxu , Dong Guangyu , Wei Huimei , Li Yao
Published: June 2023

Artificial intelligence has been gradually integrated into life, and knowledge graph is also particularly important, and its application is gradually maturing. In recent years researchers have used the rich entity and relationship information in the knowledge graph to overcome many difficulties. Through the fusion, reasoning, and deep learning of large-scale knowledge graphs, knowledge graphs link and apply these memories to generate wisdom. It can be said that knowledge graph has become the infrastructure of the era of artificial intelligence. The article combines Neo4j with ECharts visualization to develop a visual question answering robot in the medical field. This uses a more scientific method to understand and present data, provides a humanized visual question answering robot. And finally shows the effect of visual knowledge graph as well as assists users in the analysis of specific diseases.
Remote Laboratory Experiments: Fan Map Generation and Airfoil Flow Characterization
Authors: Eleftheriou K , Efstathiadis T , Kalfas A I
Published: June 2023

This paper presents the procedure followed to conduct two various experiments as part of the ‘Mechanical Laboratory’ course of the Mechanical Engineering department, at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, during the Covid-19 period. Adapting to the personal contact restrictions imposed by the health issue outbreak, a remote experimental method is proposed. In the first experiment, the students had to generate the operational map of a cooling computer fan while on the second one the characteristic parameters of a symmetric airfoil needed to be measured. Multifunctional control panel interfaces were introduced to the students. Through these applications, the student had the opportunity to run the experiments, assess the raw data, monitor all the necessary flow parameters and acquire the important variables. The students had to post-process the results and submit two reports, one for each experiment. This teaching method provided the students with the experience of real research project and guided them to use modern tools to enhance the quality of their future work. This publication focuses on the address of the challenges, arose during the automation of the experiments. The remote experimental sessions indicated some advantages in learning procedure which was also reflected on the assignment grades. The development of the procedure has been successfully implemented and tested over a couple of years while the quarantine measure have been in place. Furthermore, the experience gained will be used to implement modern communication protocols in the experimental set-ups.
Laser triangulation measurement of blade oscillation in a transonic compressor cascade
Authors: Šidlof Petr , Šidlof Pavel , Štěpán Martin , Šimurda David , Lepicovsky Jan
Published: June 2023

The paper describes a method for optical measurement of oscillation of blades in a linear cascade designed for flutter research. The method uses laser triangulation, which measures the distance between the sensor and the oscillation object. The distance can be recalculated to angular displacement of the blade. However, the relation is nonlinear due to the curvature of the blade. The nonlinear dependence between the distance and angular displacement is derived and quantified analytically. The paper further analyzes the influence of light refraction in the optical window, surface quality and sensor inclination. A procedure for the nonlinear calibration is proposed and used during wind tunnel measurements in a blade cascade with forced oscillation of the middle blade.
A flow field around a cylindrical probe in proximity to stator blades and its effect on the measurements
Authors: Sedunin V A , Xu L , Kalinin I A , Marchenko I G , Komarov O V
Published: June 2023

In multistage axial compressors of gas turbine engines, there is a need for a detailed understanding of the flow field in between the blade rows, which could be obtained by spanwise traversing. This requires a pneumatic probe to be immersed into the flow path between the blade rows, where the space is limited. Therefore, the probe will affect the flow field around it and in the blade channel, and the probe readings will be affected by that flow field. As a result, these probe readings cannot be translated to flow parameters based on just the freestream calibration characteristics, obtained in the idealized wind tunnel. In our paper, we provide a computational analysis of the flow field around the cylindrical probe in a constrained inter-blade-row environment at different circumferential locations and flow conditions both upstream and downstream of the stator blade row. It is shown that the flow angle measurement error can reach up to five degrees in the mid-pitch locations compared to undistorted flow, and dynamic head measurements can be up to 30% away from the actual mean values of the flow. These deviations are shown to be caused by flow field interaction inside the blade channel and, as a result, measured values, obtained during industrial compressor testing, could be corrected accordingly. The universal correction procedure is proposed for further use in the industry
Inverse design of optical mode converters by topology optimization: tutorial
Authors: Christiansen Rasmus E
Published: June 2023

This tutorial details the use of topology optimization (TopOpt) for the inverse design of electromagnetic mode-converters. First, the design problem under consideration is stated. Second, suitable models for the geometry and physics are formulated and third the TopOpt method is outlined. Then follows three increasingly advanced design examples. In the first, the mode converter is allowed to consist of a non-physically-realizable material distribution, leading to a design exhibiting near perfect conversion from the input mode i to the output mode o in terms of power conversion

, providing a performance benchmark. Then follows two examples demonstrating the imposition of relevant restrictions on the design, first ensuring a physically realizable device blueprint, and second introducing feature-size control and ensuring device connectivity. These examples demonstrate how TopOpt can be used to design device blueprints that only require a minimum of post-processing prior to fabrication, which only incur a minor reduction of performance compared to the initial unconstrained design. A software tool is provided for reproducing the first design example. This tool may be extended to implement the other design examples in the paper, to explore other device configurations or, given sufficient computational resources, to design 3D devices.
Highly doped graphene on ion-exchanged glass
Authors: Graham Christina , Marchena Miriam , Paulillo Bruno , Bhattacharyya Indrani , Mazumder Prantik , Pruneri Valerio
Published: June 2023

Engineering the doping level in graphene is essential to realizing functional electronic and optoelectronic devices. While achieving strong p-doping is relatively straightforward, electrostatic or chemical approaches to negatively dope graphene have yielded electron densities (ns
) of −9.5 × 1012 cm−2 or below. In this work, we demonstrate very high ns
(−1013 to −1014 cm−2) in graphene, on an ion-exchanged glass substrate, which is widely used in touch screen displays (e.g. smart phones). Moreover, the proposed method, which is easy to implement and scalable, leads to relatively stable graphene doping, with about a 40% increase in sheet resistance over 5 months at ambient conditions.