3D Cadastre as a Tool for Regulating Property Relations and a Spatial Information Base for Multipurpose Cadastral System
Authors: Datsenko Liudmyla , Titova Svitlana , Dubnytska Marharyta 
Published: January 2025

Aim of the study

The purpose of the study is to prove the importance and necessity for the transformation of the national cadastral system of Ukraine and the introduction of 3D cadastre technology for measuring real estate objects in real time. Previous studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of 3D modeling of real estate objects were analyzed, leading 3D modeling systems of real estate objects were compared, legal rights of the parties in creating and maintaining a 3D cadastre of real estate objects were determined, and recommendations were developed on the need for their use in Ukraine. An analysis of existing standards and approaches to the methods and construction of three-dimensional models of real estate objects was carried out, as well as an analysis of the possibilities of introducing three-dimensional objects into a multi-purpose cadastral system, based on international standards within the regulatory and legal system of Ukraine. Using the example of a specific plot of land, the effectiveness of operating with different property interests in relation to it in 3D space, rather than on a 2D plane, is demonstrated.

Material and methods

<br>The theoretical basis consists of the scientific works by domestic and foreign scientists in the field of 3D modeling of real estate objects, methodological and instructional materials for the implementation of 3D cadastre technology, which will make it possible to introduce the measurement of real estate objects in real time, as well as to register ownership rights to real estate objects located above and below the surface of the earth. In selecting the references for this study, a systematic approach was used to ensure the relevance and credibility of the sources. First, we conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports published in the last 20 years, focusing on topics directly related to 3D cadastral systems, real estate object modeling, and relevant legal frameworks. The primary databases used included Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, ensuring a wide scope of global research coverage. Studies were selected based on their contribution to the theoretical, methodological, and practical advancements in the field, with an emphasis on recent developments in 3D cadastre technology. Additionally, priority was given to works with high citation rates and publications by leading experts in the field. The final selection of references reflects both foundational theories and cutting-edge innovations, which support the study’s objectives and pertinent discussion.
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Taking into account the peculiarities and realities of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, we conducted an analysis of best practices (in terms of research), focusing on those whose practical achievements can become the basis for new domestic research on the territory of our state, taking into account the existing regulatory and legislative framework. From this point of view, foreign experience is interesting, confirming the effectiveness of such a system in the complex management of resources at the level of municipalities; increasing the investment attractiveness of territories due to the fact that owners are guaranteed the realization of all rights to any three-dimensional real estate object; as well as reducing the number of property disputes, since the height coordinate is a control and 98% protects the cadastral system from overlays and false registration of object boundaries.
<br>Monographic analysis was used for the study and generalization of existing scientific approaches to the problem of 3D modeling of real estate objects, the possibilities of introducing three-dimensional objects into the multi-purpose cadastre system, taking into account the realities of today in Ukraine with the prospect of the possibility of a more rapid development of a socially oriented market economy after the war.
<br>The synthesis method is manifested due to the comprehensive deepening of the theoretical, methodological and methodical foundations of the national cadastral system and its transformation. The cadastre is always connected with the land, which is the spatial basis of human life. However, cadastral information is not only the basis for the rational use and protection of land, but also the basis for accounting for real estate objects and other land improvements. It is with the use of the synthesis method that the role of the multipurpose 3D cadastre has been proven as an effective tool for accounting for land plots, immovable property, as well as rights to them and their encumbrances.
<br>Systematic approach implies that 3D cadastre databases can be used by those involved in land development processes, including surveyors, architects, developers, designers, real estate agents, local government structures and corporate owners. The 3D cadastre system can provide important information for various aspects of land and property management.
<br>The research methodology is based on the main principles: general dialectical principle of general connection and interaction; the principle of causality, which is connected with the principles of general communication and development; principles of systematicity in cognition.

Results and conclusions

The intensive development of cities in Ukraine, combined with complex cases of spatial demarcation, from the point of view of property rights, requires a new approach to land management, which would make it possible to register real estate objects and rights to them in 3D format – keeping cadastral records with a three-dimensional presentation of information. Therefore, creation of a 3D cadastre system, which will be able to solve the problems of ambiguity present in the maintenance of 2D cadastre, is essential. To create a 3D cadastre in Ukraine, it is necessary to improve the national cadastral system, in particular to fill it with information about buildings and structures, as well as to combine registers that contain information about land plots and real estate objects located on them with information about property rights.