bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pseudotumor Caused by a Retained Intra-articular Bullet
Authors: Rohlfing Geoffrey , Refaat Motasem , Kollmorgen Robert
Published: March 2020

Case:

A 54-year-old man presented with systemic lead poisoning due to a gunshot wound to the hip suffered 35 years prior to presentation. He urgently underwent removal of the bullet with total hip arthroplasty and was found to have a pseudotumor. This case highlights the team-based approach to manage systemic lead poisoning caused by an intra-articular bullet.

Conclusion:

We report on the first documented case of systemic lead toxicity and a pseudotumor caused by an intra-articular bullet. An expeditious, team-based approach is necessary for appropriate treatment. Our treatment algorithm can guide future teams on the management of this reversible disorder.
Technique for Reduction and Fixation of a Hoffa Fracture with Ipsilateral Patella Dislocation from Low-Energy Trauma, a Rare Injury
Authors: Gammon Lee , Hansen Erik , Cheatham Seth
Published: March 2020

Case:

A 25-year-old man sustained a right femur Hoffa fracture with an ipsilateral patella dislocation from a twisting injury to his right knee. He underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the right femur with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction with allograft. One year postoperatively, he had returned to full activity and painless range of motion.

Conclusion:

Hoffa fracture associated with ipsilateral patella dislocation is a rare injury in young men and warrants judicious clinician awareness. The literature regarding management of this injury combination is minimal, and this report aids in awareness while providing an effective method for treatment.
Rendimento e composição química do filé de Prochilodus lineatus do rio Mogi Guaçu, Brasil
Authors: Machado M. R. F. , Foresti F.
Published: March 2020

O curimbatá constitui espécie de peixe de ampla distribuição na região Neotropical e de elevado valor econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o rendimento e a composição química do filé de machos e fêmeas em estoques migradores e residentes de Prochilodus lineatus. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, tendo como fatores quatro estoques (um residente e três migradores) e dois sexos (macho e fêmea) com trinta repetições, considerando cada peixe como unidade amostral. Cada indivíduo foi submetido à filetagem manual e determinação da composição corporal (teores de umidade, proteína bruta, lipídios, cinzas e energia). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: rendimento do peixe inteiro eviscerado (RPIE %); rendimento de filé sem osso (RFILE %) e rendimento de filé com osso (RFILEC %). Houve diferença significativa (p
Reproducción y producción de leche de vacas con distinta proporción de genes Bos Taurus
Authors: López-Ordaz R. , Vite-Cristóbal C. , García-Muñiz J. G. , Martínez-Hernández P. A.
Published: March 2020

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los factores ambientales y la proporción óptima de genes Bos taurus (BT) y su influencia en la producción de leche (PL) y el comportamiento reproductivo de bovinos cruzados ¾ Holstein (H) x ¼ Cebú (C); 3H1C, ¾ Suizo (S) x ¼ C; 3S1C, 1/2H x 1/2C; HC y 1/2S x 1/2C; SC. La información analizada se obtuvo de 276 lactancias de 69 vacas de los grupos raciales de tres hatos en Veracruz, México. Las variables estudiadas incluyeron la PL por lactancia (PTL), por vaca/día (PLD), por día de intervalo entre partos (PLIEP), al pico de lactancia (PLMax), días al pico de lactancia (TPLMax), duración de la lactancia (DL), edad al primer parto (EPP), días abiertos (DA) y el intervalo entre partos (IEP). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el grupo racial influyó únicamente (p
Utilização da farinha de algas calcáreas na alimentação animal
Authors: Melo T. V. , Moura M. A.
Published: March 2020

O cálcio é um elemento essencial, tendo função básica na formação dos ossos e dentes, e em diversos processos fisiológicos. Na alimentação animal são utilizadas diversas fontes de cálcio, dentre elas o cálcio proveniente das algas marinhas calcáreas. Sabe-se que as algas calcáreas retém elevado índice de elementos minerais do meio marinho, além de apreciável quantidade de substancias nutritivas. O Lithothamnium calcareum pertence ao grupo das algas vermelhas ou rodofíceas, da família das Coralineacea, é uma alga de aspecto calcário, pois absorve o carbonato de cálcio e magnésio.
Nutrición y parasitismo gastrointestinal en producción de rumiantes
Authors: Villalobos-Cortés J. , Martínez D. F. , Delgado J. R.
Published: March 2020

En pos de aumentar el rendimiento animal, los productores se enfrentan con dos grandes obstáculos: sanidad y nutrición. La resistencia a las drogas antihelmínticas tradicionales y el incremento en la producción orgánica de alimentos están llevando a buscar alternativas para el control de los parásitos. Los parásitos producen alteraciones que afectan desde el consumo de alimentos hasta la utilización de los nutrientes ingeridos, interfiriendo gravemente en la producción. La "inmunonutrición", se considera una medida potencial y sustentable de control antipara-sitario. La disponibilidad de proteínas, vitaminas y minerales es un importante factor para optimizar la productividad y la resistencia del hospedador a ciertas parasitosis. Los metabolitos secundarios de algunas plantas pueden tener efectos antiparasitarios para los animales que las pastorean. El objetivo del presente trabajo es, basado en revisiones de trabajos de investigaciones previas, señalar algunas de las interacciones existentes entre nutrición y parasitismo en rumiantes y mostrar cómo un manejo nutricional racional puede ser considerado un método eficiente de control antiparasitario.
Some cosmetic recipes in medical texts of Late Antiquity: Treatments for the face in the Libri medicinales of Aetius Amidenus
Authors: Calà Irene
Published: March 2020

According to Galen, cosmetics is a part of medicine and for this reason, his medical works deal with many cosmetic recipes. In this paper, I discuss some cosmetic recipes of Late Antiquity in the Libri medicinales of Aetius Amidenus, a doctor lived during the sixth century. I give for the first time a translation of a long passage discussing treatments for the face; I then discuss some interesting points, especially concerning ingredients and sources.
MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS LULUSAN PONDOK PESANTREN MELALUI ISLAMIC AGROPRENEUR SCHOOL UPAYA MENGURANGI PENGANGGURAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Badruzaman Dudi
Published: March 2020

Latar belakang penelitian ini difokuskan untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Lulusan Pondok Pesantren memalui Islamic Agropreneur School upaya untuk mengurangi pengangguran di Indonesia, Dalam hal ini, diberikan sebuah inovasi sistem yang berbasis pertanian dan entrepreneur yang disebut sistem pendidikan agropreneurship untuk menunjang kemampuan para santri dalam bertani dan berbisnis agar nantinya lulusan pesantren menjadi petani dan pebisnis yang modern dan handal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1). Menganalisa sistem pendidikan yang cocok bagi pesantren untuk menghasilkan lulusan yang mampu bersaing di dunia nyata. 2). Menganalisa potensi pertanian dan perikanan sebagai lahan wirausaha lulusan pesantren. 3). Menganalisa penerapan konsep Islamic Agropreneur School dalam pesantren. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Metode analisa deskriptif yaitu analisa untuk mengelola dan menafsirkan data yang diperoleh dari bahan pustaka sehingga dapat menggambarkan keadaan yang sebenarnya pada obyek yang dikaji dan Metode analisa komparatif yaitu untuk melihat perbandingan gagasan yang ditawarkan dengan beberapa teori yang relevan dengan gagasan. Penyusunan karya tulis ilmiah ini memiliki tahapan-tahapan dalam proses penulisannya yang dilakukan sebagai landasan untuk pengembangan konsep dasar dalam perumusan permasalahan yang diangka. Hasil dari penilitian tersebut adalah Entrepreneurship memiliki korelasi positif dengan kemajuan suatu negara. Semakin banyak orang yang berjiwa dan bersemangat entrepreneur, semakin besar peluang negara yang bersangkutan menjadi negara maju.
KEEFEKTIFAN ALAT PERAGA VISKOSITAS DENGAN SENSOR MINI REED SWITCH MAGNETIC BERBASIS ARDUINO UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN ANALYZEPESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Romadhon Nur , Pratiwi Umi , Al Hakim Yusro
Published: March 2020

Rendahnya kemampuan analyze peserta didik dapat dilihat dari bagaimana peserta didik dalam menganalisis permasalahan yang ada di soal. Peserta didik kesulitan dalam mencerna informasi yang ada pada soal dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menjadi permasalahan. Hal ini terjadi dikarenakan proses pembelajaran yang konvensional dan kurangnya penggunaan media dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memunjukan keefektifan alat peraga viskositas berbasis arduino dalam meningkatkan kemampuan analyze peserta didik yang ditinjau dari hasil belajar pre-test dan post-test. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian R&D (Research and Development) yang mengadopsi model kuasi eksperimen. Hasil penelitian ini sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnya yaitu terdapat pengaruh kemampuan analisis rendah dan tinggi terhadap prestasi kognitif. Prestasi kognitif diperoleh dari hasil tes kemampuan analyze. Hasil tes belajar kemampuan analyze peserta didik menunjukan peningkatan kemampuan analyze peserta didik sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan alat peraga viskositas berbasis arduino dengan nilai N-Gain 0.377 yang termasuk kedalam kategori sedang. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa alat peraga viskositas dengan sensor mini reed switch magnetic berbasis arduino valid dan efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan analyze peserta didik.
KONSEP KEPRIBADIAN GURU MENURUT ZAKIAH DARADJAT
Authors: Fitriana Susi
Published: March 2020

Faktor terpenting seorang guru adalah kepribadiannya, kepribadian guru pengaruh langsung terhadap kebiasaan proses belajar. Dewasa ini, banyak guru yang tidak peduli terhadap kepribadian siswa. Penulis memilih pemikiran dari Zakiah Daradjat, karena Zakiah menampilkan konsep belajar dengan memandang siswa dari segi mental, fisik, kejiwaan, danmotivasi.Berdasarkan proses pengumpulan data dan analisis data hasil penelitian ini, di antaranya: Pertama, fungsi kepribadian guru menurut Zakiah Daradjatya itu untuk mengetahui keseimbangan dan keserasian mengenai kepribadian guru termasuk dalam proses belajar.Kedua, konsep kepribadian guru dalam proses belajar menurut Zakiah Daradjat mencakup enam unsur di antaranya: kegairahan dan kesediaan untuk belajar, membangkitkan minat peserta didik, menumbuhkan bakat, sikap dan nilai, mengatur proses belajar mengajar, situasi belajar mengajar secara manusiawi, dan mentransfer pengaruh belajar di dalam sekolah kepada penerapannya di dalam kehidupan di luar sekolah. Ketiga, pengembangan terhadap konsep kepribadian guru dalam proses belajar menurut Zakiah Daradjat, dalam hal ini menggunakan teori Abraham Maslow.
Well Diagnostics Led to Preventing Well Workover Using Fully Controllable Electrical-Line Powered Shifting Intervention Tool: A Case Study
Authors: Milkovisch Mark , Olivio Amanda , Christa Brandon , Mauchien Thomas , West Jesse , Burger Ronnie , Laplane Clement , Durand Ben
Published: March 2020

Through the utilization of the feedback from an electric-line shifting tool, the operator was able to design an intervention to restore hydraulic control of a failed surface-controlled adjustable sliding sleeve without pulling the entire completion.

The smart well completions designed by the operator incorporated adjustable sliding sleeves activated hydraulically from the surface to provide downhole choking capability. In this case study, the adjustable sliding sleeves had failed closed and its position could not be determined. The sliding sleeves appeared to fail hydraulically as the well could not be brought onto production after the running of the initial completion. The fully instrumented slim electrical-line shifting tool was deployed to diagnose the condition of the adjustable sliding sleeves, in-situ, before committing to a major workover intervention to pull and replace the completion.

With the slim electrical-line shifting tool, the operator was able to successfully latch into the shifting profile and perform a series of shifting operations capturing the real-time data from the shifting tool and the production platform hydraulics and well sensors. This enabled analyzing, diagnosing, and making an informed decision on the best options on how to intervene without the time and cost intensive operation of pulling the completion.

This case study demonstrated the value of a fully controllable instrumented electrical-line powered shifting tool for the purposes of troubleshooting and diagnosing of completion problems. Its ability to adjust force and displacement with on-board sensors provided feedback for effectively troubleshooting and diagnosing the condition of well components downhole in real time. Ultimately, the deployment of the instrumented slim shifting tool mitigated a full workover and saved the operator USD 60 million.
Meticulous Planning, Design, and Execution of Thru-Tubing Fishing Campaign in Corrosive HP/HT Wells for NOC in the Middle East Recovers more than 68,000-ft of Coiled Tubing
Authors: Lawal Ademola , Saleh Khaled , Al-khudari Abdulaziz , Vidal Joan Josep , MacKenzie Roy , Perozo Cesar
Published: March 2020

An operator in the Middle East had several corrosive high-pressure wells which were shut in due to stuck coiled tubing. The well design and status eliminated options for conventional work-overs, so the fish had to be recovered to surface utilizing a Hydraulic Workover Unit and specialist Thru-Tubing fishing equipment. This required highly experienced fishing & milling personnel who could ensure the correct equipment was used for each run-in hole, thereby enabling a safe and efficient operation.

Successful execution was based on detailed up-front planning and application of thru-tubing well intervention services for high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) conditions. The ideal operation would include selection of the right personnel, technology and bottom-hole assembly (BHA) configuration that would offer:

Built-in contingencies for pressure control. Meet the material selection guidelines for operations in the corrosive environment. Allow for adequate consideration for all possible contingencies that may arise during the operation.

Following this careful up-front planning, more than 1,082 runs were carried out in 15 wells. More than 68,000-ft of coiled tubing, with sizes ranging from 1.250in. -1.750in, was recovered to surface. In total, more than 42,664 man-hours were completed with Zero LTIs and Zero NPT.

This paper serves to highlight the value that competent up-front planning, equipment selection and choice of personnel adds to an extremely high profile and complex fishing campaign. This allowed complex fish to be recovered, restoring production without the need for a costly work-over operation and ultimately saved the operator from major expense.
Successful Application of Powerwave Stimulation Technology In a Dumpflood Injector In Sandstone Reservoir In North Kuwait
Authors: Sajer Abdulaziz , Alsabee Ali , Eldaoushy Ahmad , Attia Adel , Al-Sardi Manayer , Al-Abdulmuhsen Shouq
Published: March 2020

Maximizing oil recovery is a very challenging assignment to oilfield operators worldwide. This requires additional and continuous adoption of new technologies and best practices. Water flooding is one of the most reliable recovery technique and been used for many years around the world to pressure support to the reservoir and minimize the bypassed oil in depleted reservoirs with no aquifer support.

This paper is presenting a case of well that was drilled and completed as a dumpflood well to provide pressure support to an oil-bearing zone that contributes most of the field's production. Dumping rates have showed poor performance due to near wellbore damage since completion. Many conventional stimulation trials were carried out with no sustained success. The well was selected for an advanced acid stimulation technique to improve the dumping rate by using the concept of Oscillating Fluid Injection. This process achieves deeper treatment penetration and more uniform fluid distribution. Root cause analysis, core analysis and well history have been used to optimize the job procedures and acid recipe to remove the suspected damage. The above-mentioned process treated the target zone with the same acid recipe that has been used in the previous conventional acid stimulation job.

The results of this advanced process showed a significant improvement in well injectivity compared with previous acid stimulation techniques. The post treatment evaluation showed an increased dumping rate by two times. The increased flowing bottomhole pressures observed in the surrounding producing wells confirm the direct benefit of the improved injectivity and consequent pressure support. These promising indications have opened new production optimization opportunities in the nearby wells to add significant oil gain.

This paper presents an unconventional method of acid stimulation technology in the improvement of injectivity in surface injection and dumpflood injectors compared with conventional techniques. This technology has opened new opportunities for improving the injectivity of the dumpflood wells, and go for full field implementation to maximize the oil recovery from depleted reservoir.
Real-Time Hybrid Coiled Tubing Technology: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities in Field Operations
Authors: Vera Vanessa , Torres Carlos , Higuera Josue
Published: March 2020

Well intervention challenges present opportunities to develop new technologies that increase operation efficiency and effectiveness. A revolutionary real-time hybrid coiled tubing (CT) service marks a new era of informed interventions. This paper highlights the results from 3 years of field operations using this real-time hybrid CT technology to improve well interventions economically, logistically, operationally, and technically by performing analysis and making decisions in real time.

Previous techniques used wireline units to perform real-time operations, which often required production shut-in and multiple runs to avoid operational issues (i.e., tool lifting in wells with high production rates). CT electric line units mitigate the shut-in requirement, but reduce the pipe pulling capabilities and limit the fluids and rates to be pumped through the pipe. CT with fiber-optics technology helps eliminate the shut-in requirement and the fluids and rates restrictions, without affecting the CT pulling capabilities. However, operating time is limited because of the power source life.

During the 3-year period, more than 1 million running feet of CT well interventions were performed in the eastern foothills of Colombia, where challenging conditions, such as high gas production rate, high tortuosity, and dogleg severity, were overcome using the real-time hybrid CT service.

The real-time hybrid CT service includes an open architecture system that provides the capability to pump any fluid type at different rates through the CT and hybrid downhole tool. Additionally, the system is compatible with all electric and mechanical tools using a plug-and-play adapter to attach tools in a single rig up, which helps eliminate additional rig up and rig down of units to perform other types of well interventions. A continuous power supply allows operations to be performed without time or power constraints.

This paper reviews previous case histories in which multiple interventions were successfully performed in a single run using real-time hybrid CT technology, including zonal isolation, well surveillance, access recovery, stimulations, production logging, injection logging, completion visualization, and perforating under extreme underbalanced conditions with extremely long bottomhole assemblies (BHAs).

The flexibility of the real-time hybrid CT technology provides multiple opportunities to address new challenges in the oil industry without limits.
Extended Reach Analysis of Coiled Tubing Assisted Radial Jet Drilling
Authors: Qin Xing , Mao Jun , Liu Jiapeng , Zhao Yan-long , Long Wu
Published: March 2020

Radial jet drilling technology is an economic and efficient method to enhance oil and gas recovery by drilling several lateral micro-holes from a vertical main borehole. The micro-holes drilled by high-pressure hydraulic energy can improve the contact area between wellbore and reservoir. The maximum extended reach of lateral micro-hole is a key parameter to evaluate the effect of radial jet drilling as the production increases with the length of lateral holes. However, the maximum extended reach of radial jet drilling reported has not been studied adequately. In this paper, we have established a new model which combines hydraulic friction and mechanical friction to analyze the extended reach of radial jet drilling. The results show that the flow rate is a main influence factor affecting the flexible hose extended reach which increases with the growth of flow rate. The outlet angle of deflector has a great effect on the extended reach especially at high flow rate, while the turning angle has little effect on extended reach. This work provides a systematic method including hydraulic and deflector optimization for the design of radial jet drilling to help develop the adjacent satellite oil & gas reservoirs.
Overcoming the Operational Challenges of +13,000-ft Well Laterals With 2.375-in Coiled Tubing
Authors: Galvan Irma Irais , Mallanao Genesis , McClelland Garry , Perez Jessica , Skufca Jason , Suarez Mary
Published: March 2020

The latest growth of North American unconventional shale plays is supported by the shift towards improved well designs: extended well laterals, high-intensity proppant loadings, and adoption of slick water fluids for fracturing. To optimize well productivity and economics, producers continue to push the well lateral boundaries from 10,000-ft to over 15,000-ft, creating super lateral wells, which pose significant challenges and pushed the boundaries of extended reach Coiled Tubing (CT) operations. This document outlines field operational details, string design and downhole tool considerations that had a major effect on the success of extended reach CT interventions in super laterals with 2.375-in CT diameters.

Currently, several U.S. operators have succeeded with 7,500-ft to 10,000-ft range laterals using CT in post-fracture plug mill-out and clean-out operations. These well designs and successive service operations require larger CT diameters and higher pumping pressures to effectively complete job objectives. Generally, 2.375-in CT diameters of over +23,000-ft in length, that feature a robust wall design and materials are being used to withstand the combined pressure loadings and access target depths, –while minimizing bend cycle fatigue accumulation and deformation during operations. Operational plans comparing CT forces, lock-up behavior and hydraulics analysis, along with friction matching of post-job data evaluations, were used to compare the CT performance in the newest well lateral records. Other operational factors, such as equipment availability, logistical issues, and field deployment, are also considered in the analysis of using CT in these complex wells.

Field results demonstrated that CT well interventions in over 14,500-ft laterals are feasible by using highly engineered 2.375-in CT, friction reduction tools accompanied by fluids chemical additives, and tailored operating techniques that improve efficiencies. The application of high strength quench and tempered material with specific wall configurations that feature the use of the thickest gauge used in a working CT string, and the newest taper technology that transitions through four nominal wall thicknesses within couple hundred feet, –have been found to maximize lateral reach capabilities and service life in extended reach operations. The inclusion of the latest technologies on extended reach tools and fluid additives is a must to maximize friction reduction and wellbore cleaning at rates of over 4 BPM and working pressures of over 7,000 psi.

These industry records demonstrate that the potential for longer laterals is far from being exhausted. Technological innovations on surface equipment, downhole tools, CT materials and highly engineered strings configurations, along with refined operational practices and logistics, are required to perform safe extended lateral completions on a larger scale.
Best Practices on Live Well Coiled Tubing Interventions in High Temperature Geothermal Field
Authors: Singh Ishaan , Wijoseno Danny Aryo , Wolf Kellen , Sorman Ignatius , Dutta Shaktim
Published: March 2020

This paper shares the best practices for performing coiled tubing (CT) operations in high-temperature geothermal wells with major challenges such as live well challenges, scaling of pumping fluid, high surface temperatures causing damage to wellhead stack, and CT tag issues. Some geothermal wells have very high bottomhole temperature (BHT) of 550 to 600 °F and surface temperature of 350 to 400 °F, which possess many service quality and health, safety, and the environment risks.

With limited CT geothermal interventions as compared to conventional operations, performing live well CT interventions can be highly risky. Because commonly available pressure control equipment (PCE) seal material is rated to 250°F, the biggest risk is damage to the surface CT equipment, which may result in a well control situation. Generally, the lead time is high, and it is expensive to use temperature seal material rated more than 250°F. A generalized design methodology was developed to check the CT job feasibility in a high-temperature geothermal well. To gain further understanding on the same, three cooling loop designs are compared in this study. Then, the best solution was simulated, implemented, and verified on some wells of "X" field. This design proved to be effective operationally and has reduced the risks for steam inflow into the PCE.

For the case of scaling caused by pumping fluids at high temperatures, this was identified while performing CT operations in geothermal wells of X field. The scale deposited on the CT along with pumping fluid was sent for laboratory hardness and solubility analysis. The results were compared, and lessons learnt to prevent any scaling are discussed. Most of the geothermal wells are completed with a large-diameter completion (7-in., 9.625-in., and higher), which has a bigger flow area to accommodate high steam inflow. Using even a 2.875-in. CT in these wells presents issues of CT tagging at the completion-liner interface, lower annular velocities, and lifting capacity, among others. The best practices were developed on the job to identify the most efficient bottomhole assembly (BHA) design, reducing the probability of CT getting tagged at these depths.
Evolution and Improvement of Coiled Tubing Interventions Across an Unconventional Project in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Danish Syed Muhammad , Ambrosi Giuseppe , Vega Roberto
Published: March 2020

The procedural development implemented across an unconventional project in Middle East is explored, delving deeper into coiled-tubing (CT) design, from metallurgical properties and string specification to bottomhole assembly (BHA) and fluid selection, tailored to plug-and-perf operations involving the use of a specialized frac plug. Further discussed is the "learning curve" generated, highlighting improvements achieved across the "iron triangle" of operating time, cost, and quality, referring to case studies of interventions conducted across multiple horizontal wells.

Unconventional CT interventions have always been challenged by an operator's quest to drill the longest possible lateral to maximize per-well estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) by maximizing the number of fractured clusters/stages. CT job designs across these projects usually rely on running the biggest outer diameter (OD) CT with the largest hydraulic downhole motors available to enable the deepest reach, highest weight on bit (WOB), torque, and circulation rate. However, this conservative approach causes operations to be overdesigned, ultimately resulting in excessive operational cost and nonproductive time. As observed from this experience, an engineered process enables an operator to select the correct resources to meet the operational objectives.

A successful multiwell campaign of prefrac-drift, wellbore fluid displacement, cement sheath cleanout, followed by tubing-conveyed perforation (TCP) and post-frac 32–44 plug millout was performed across high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT), sour, unconventional wells in Middle East. After respective CT interventions, the wells were successfully fractured and flowed back. Based on lessons learned and various corrective action items implemented, service efficiency (single run) and job time (+50% reduction) were substantially improved. This enhancement was mainly attributed to the revised surface piping and instrumentation (P&I) rigup, CT material and dimension selection, BHA components, including custom-built mill/motor and extended-reach vibrating tool, gel and friction reducer fluid placement, reduced wiper trip frequency, etc.

These optimized CT interventions created a more balanced approach to unconventional operations, wherein bigger is not always better. The CT procedure evolved, initially referencing best practices from analogue unconventional plays, while slowly progressing into a tailored fit-for-purpose operation. This approach enabled the operator to achieve operational objectives more efficiently.
Deploying Coiled Tubing Using the Low Head Method of Well Control
Authors: Talbot Ben
Published: March 2020

The Nelson N-20 production restoration project was created to restore >1,500bopd after the well was shut in in May 2018 due to excessive sand production from a failed open hole standalone sand screen completion. The aim was to perforate ~490ft of the horizontal reservoir section and install a 1900ft screen assembly inside the completion. To deploy the guns and screens a live well deployment system was considered however ruled out due to the high project costs. As the well is sub-hydrostatic, the low head method of well control was utilized, managing a column of fluid subsurface, rather than at surface. This enabled the guns and screens to be deployed safely and cost effectively. As this was the first time Shell UK would carry out this operation without a functioning drilling package, a sharp focus was put on the planning stage to ensure success. Technical assurance on the well control aspects of the operation from across the wider Shell company and across the industry gave the team confidence to proceed. The operation was executed in June 2019, unfortunately encountering a liner damage in the reservoir section during the well clean up stage and resultantly were only able to perforate 138ft and deploy a 1,571ft screen assembly. However, the operation was completed safely, with technical success and proves that the low head method can be used for intervention activities of this sort and can simplify and take cost out of complex operations.
Optimized Milling and Intervention Operations in Low Pressure Wells by Combining Real-Time Downhole Telemetry and Diverting Agents
Authors: Watson Brad , Layton Ben , Matiasz Kevin
Published: March 2020

During an underbalanced milling campaign in an area of the Montney formation in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) in 2017 to early 2018, a well servicing company experienced a series of three coiled tubing complete immobilization incidents. An initiative was created between the well servicing company and the well operator to address the growing challenges associated with underbalanced milling.

The approach was a yearlong process of introducing real time downhole telemetry and fluid loss agents to milling operations. Downhole telemetry was utilized to better understand motor performance, decrease motor damage and identify the key factors in lost circulation events. Far field diverting agents were then pumped through the cleanout or milling bottomhole assembly (BHA) to optimize fluid returns and reduce the required nitrogen volumes.

After tracking results, best practices were put in place to ensure a repeatable operation. Not only were immobilization events eliminated, but achievable depth, well complexity and operational efficiencies were all pushed further than predicted. By utilizing data from the downhole telemetry tools, fluid inflow in specific zones was identified as the reason for lost circulation. Best practices were then put in place to identify and rectify fluid inflow in less time than previous practices. Overall time savings were realized by the operator along with repeatable results that reduced financial risk.

This paper outlines the technical details that contributed to a new and unique approach to underbalanced coiled tubing interventions that has exceeded the limits previously considered possible in challenging well conditions.
Diagnose and Remediate Leak on Constrained Operating Conditions Brings Back to Production Important Gas Well in Egypt Delta Region
Authors: Vazquez Maria Leticia , Marie Mostafa , Salama Ehab , AbdelRahman Ahmed , Vago Bronislav , Ziada Khaled , Sharab Mahmoud , Sabanegh Nader , Ikhsanov Meirbek
Published: March 2020

Suez Oil Company in Egypt encountered well integrity issues due to a suspected leak in a 3 ½-in completion, in a gas well in Desouq, Nile Delta Region. This led to well closure and consequent loss of production. (figure 1) The memory multi-finger caliper was showing pitting but was not conclusive on identifying the leak point. Suez Oil Company required a rig-less solution to diagnose and pinpoint the leak and repair the well, so production could resume. (figure 2) However, conducting well intervention techniques on conventional slickline could not provide precise depth placement, much less real-time control and monitoring capabilities to confirm operations. Production logging services were deployed on E-line to detect the leak point in the tubing in real time by the variation of the quartz gauge's pressure and temperature measurements and spinner rotation associated with the flow. Once the Leak point was properly identified, Straddle system was deployed to remediate the leak, utilizing digital slickline, and the well was placed back into production.
Testing Electromagnetic Multi-Pipe Thickness Tools in Azimuthally Constrained Defects for Deepwater Applications
Authors: Pettitt-Schieber Lucy , Graham Tom
Published: March 2020

Tubular corrosion in high water-cut wells has long been an industry concern, typically accounted for during the initial completion design phase. Direct evaluation of metal loss in production tubing is an established practice, with a range of tools on the market to deliver accurate azimuthal measurements. Some of these same techniques can be employed to evaluate casing through tubing but have reduced resolution and are currently omnidirectional in their measurement. A yard test was performed with several electromagnetic wireline tools to understand the lower detection limits of the tools and their overall accuracy when logged through tubulars containing multiple azimuthally constrained engineered defects.

For the purposes of testing, it was supposed that spatial corrosion in tubulars can occur either homogenously or localized. Detecting pitting through pipe has historically been more difficult due to tool resolution. A tubular could theoretically contain severe localized corrosion, but the electromagnetic tools could measure little to no corrosion since bulk metal volume loss is low. Defects were machined into several joints of casing; some in the form of general defects (pipe OD reduction) and others in the form of localized defects (drilled features on pipe OD). Chrome tubing (25%) was inserted into the machined string of casing, with control (non-defect) casing on either end. Four logging tools were selected to participate in the test.

All four tools identified all machined defects in the casing. Generally, the quantitative analysis of the metal loss was conservative – the measured wall thickness was less than the actual machined defect wall thickness. Metal loss measurements were generally more accurate in measuring the general defects metal loss than the localized defects. Defects with less metal loss were generally better resolved than those with larger metal losses. The test ultimately illustrated that azimuthally constrained defects (not 360-deg circumferential defects) can still be identified with all four tools, even with only 5% bulk metal loss (over a 5-foot interval), but the tools were not always accurate in their measurements of absolute metal loss.

Overall, this controlled test reaffirmed that electromagnetic measurements are more appropriate for use as metal loss identification tools than wall thickness measurements to be relied upon quantitatively when dealing with real world scenarios. The size and shape of the potential corrosion or pipe defect was shown to be significant; different defect types can lead to the same interpreted wall loss.
Methodology for Breaking Up Nanoparticle-Stabilized Oil/Water Emulsion
Authors: Nunez Cristian , Dabirian Ramin , Gavrielatos Ilias , Mohan Ram , Shoham Ovadia
Published: March 2020

A state-of-the-art portable dispersion characterization rig (P-DCR) is applied to study emulsions with Exxsol™ mineral oil (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Texas, USA), commercial distilled water, and hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (NPs) as emulsifiers. The emulsion is prepared in the P-DCR batch-separator vessel, whereby the separation kinetics are observed and recorded. In this study, emulsion breakup by the integration of oil extraction/water addition and a stirring process is investigated, which is formed with 25% water cut (WC) and 0.01% w/w hydrophobic NPs (dispersed in the oil phase). The experimental data are divided into three data sets: oil extraction only, oil-extraction/pure-water addition, and oil-extraction/water with hydrophilic NP addition.

For oil extraction only (Data Set 1), the WC of the fluid mixture increases, and for a sufficient volume extraction, phase inversion occurs that results in a complete separation of the oil and water. The minimum final required NP concentration for a fast separation, defined as the minimum concentration of NP required to begin the phase separation of the emulsion, is approximately 0.0045%.

The acquired data for oil-extraction/pure-water-addition (Data Set 2) result in a faster breakup of the emulsion, as compared with oil extraction only. The oil-extraction/pure-water-addition process increases the system WC faster, reaching the phase-inversion point sooner. For the oil-extraction/pure-water-addition, the final lowest WC and NP concentrations are approximately 37% and 0.006% w/w, respectively, for fast separation. Thus, it can be concluded that the NP concentration and the WC are related. Repetitive oil-extraction/pure-water-addition cycles enable determination of the combined effects of the WC and NP on the separation process. A relatively stable emulsion is reached after approximately 2 minutes from the beginning of each cycle, which enables determining whether a quick separation occurs at the current cycle.

Data Set 3 (oil-extraction/water with hydrophilic NP addition) results reveal that dispersing hydrophilic NPs in water does not promote emulsion breakup. On the contrary, the NPs produce a slightly more stable emulsion. The separation process, however, does not differ significantly even for high hydrophilic NP concentrations, emphasizing the dominant role of the hydrophobic particles (dispersed in the base-case emulsion).
Phytoremediation effect of Medicago sativa colonized by Piriformospora indica in the phenanthrene and cadmium co-contaminated soil
Authors: Li Liang , Zhu Pengyue , Wang Xiaoyang , Zhang Zhenhua
Published: March 2020

Background: Coexistence of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals deleteriously threatens the quality of environmental health . Few reports uncover the mechanism of inoculation plants with Piriformospora indica for remediating PAH- m etal co-contaminated soil by analyzing the chemical speciations of contaminants . This study investigated the influence of inoculation Medicago sativa with P. indica to remediate phenanthrene (kind of PAHs ) , and cadmium (one of heavy metals ) co-contaminated soil by analyzing the plant growth, physiological parameters and chemical speciation in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere . Results: T he presence of P. indica significantly increased plants tolerance, Chlorophyll a , Chlorophyll b , maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry and electron transport rate values in phenanthrene an d /or cadmium contaminated soil. P. indica inoculation in M edicago sativa root increased f luorescein diacetate activities in phenanthrene, cadmium and both of that co-contaminated soil, especially in non-rhizosphere . The presence of phenanthrene hindered the inoculated plant from accumulating cadmium to some extent ; Whereas the presence of cadmium did not hinder the degradation of phenanthrene in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere after P. indica colonization. Although the poor bioavailability of cadmium in rhizosphere restricted the transportation into stem, P. indica colonization in plant efficiently increased cadmium accumulation in root in cadmium and phenanthrene co-contaminated soil. Conclusions: In conclusion, t he work provides the theoretical basis that Piriformospora indica combined with Medicago sativa contributed to the remediation of PAH-Metal co-contaminated soil.
Neurofeedback for tinnitus: Study protocol for a single-blind randomized controlled trial assessing the specificity of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol in alleviating both the sound perception and the psychological distress, in a cohort of chronic tinnitus sufferers
Authors: Jensen Martin , Hüttenrauch Eva , Schmidt Jennifer , Andersson Gerhard , Chavanon Mira-Lynn , Weise Cornelia
Published: March 2020

Background Tinnitus is a very common condition, which for some can have debilitating psychological consequences. Although some interventions are helpful in learning how to cope better with the tinnitus, at present there is no cure. Neurofeedback is an emerging treatment modality in tinnitus. Previous studies, utilizing an alpha/delta training protocol have shown promise. However, they were characterized by small sample sizes and lack of neurofeedback control conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate, if an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol, compared to beta/theta neurofeedback or a diary control group, is effective in reducing, not only the tinnitus sound perception, but also the psychological symptoms associated with the condition. Methods The study is designed as a three-armed, single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Participants are randomly assigned to either an established neurofeedback protocol for tinnitus (alpha/delta training), another neurofeedback protocol as active comparator (beta/theta training) or diary control group. In the four-week intervention period, participants in both neurofeedback groups undergo ten sessions, whereas participants in the diary control group complete a diary bi-weekly. The primary outcomes are between group differences in tinnitus sound percept change, as measured with the Tinnitus Magnitude Index (TMI) and changes in tinnitus distress, measured with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), four weeks post baseline. Secondary outcome measures include changes in tinnitus distress, sleep quality, depressive symptoms and whether neurofeedback leads to specific power changes in the trained frequency bands. Discussion This is the first double-blind, randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol in reducing the tinnitus sound percept and the distress associated with the condition. Compared to former studies, the present study is designed to assess both the specificity of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol by including an active comparator, beta/theta neurofeedback training, and in addition to control for placebo effects by inclusion of a diary control group. We hope this study contributes not only to our understanding of the neurological underpinnings of tinnitus, but also to the potentiality of neurofeedback as a therapeutic agent.
CRISPR-cas system in the acquisition of virulence genes in dental-root canal and hospital-acquired isolates of Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Gholizadeh Pourya , Aghazadeh Mohammad , Ghotaslou Reza , Rezaee Mohammad Ahangarzadeh , Pirzadeh Tahereh , Lanotte Philippe , Ganbarov Khudaverdi , Yousefi Mehdi , Kafil Hossein Samadi
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Enterococcus faecalis is one of the important causative agents of nosocomial and life-threatening infections in human. Several studies have demonstrated that the presence of CRISPR- cas is associated with antibiotic susceptibility and lack of virulence traits. In this study, we aimed to assess the phenotypic and genotypic virulence determinants in relation to CRISPR elements from the dental-root canals and hospital-acquired isolates of E. faecalis .

Methods and materials

Eighty-eight hospital-acquired and 73 dental-root canal isolates of E. faecalis were assessed in this study. Phenotypic screening of the isolates included biofilm formation, and gelatinase and hemolysis activities. Genotypical screening using PCR was further used to evaluate the presence of CRISPR elements and different virulence-associated genes such as efaA , esp , cylA , hyl , gelE , ace , ebpR , and asa1 .

Results

Biofilm formation, and gelatinase and hemolysis activity were detected in 93.8%, 29.2% and 19.2% of the isolates, respectively. The most prevalent virulence-associated gene was ace , which was followed by efaA , whereas cylA was the least identified. The presence of CRISPR1- cas , orphan CRISPR2 and CRISPR3- cas was determined in 13%, 55.3% and 17.4% of the isolates, respectively. CRISPR elements were significantly more prevalent in the dental-root canals isolates. An inverse significant correlation was found between CRISPR- cas loci, esp and gelE , while direct correlations were observed in the case of cylA , hyl , gelE (among CRISPR-loci 1 and 3), asa1 , ace , biofilm formation, and hemolysis activity.

Conclusion

Findings, therefore, indicate that CRISPR- cas might prevent the acquisition of some respective pathogenicity factors in some isolates, though not all; so selective forces could not influence pathogenic traits.
Outcomes evaluation after application of multidisciplinary protocol of shared hospital care in patients aged 65 years and older and operated for hip fracture
Authors: Marín Jorge Salvador , Martínez Francisco Javier Ferrández , Ripoll José Miguel Seguí , Rico José Antonio Quesada , Beltrán Domingo Orozco , Carratala-Munuera Concepcion , López José Fernando Martínez , Campos Juan Carlos Marzo
Published: March 2020

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