bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivations for the Markedness Model
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a number of themes which motivate the markedness model and which are current in research areas concerned with language in use. This model is an explanation accounting for speakers’ socio-psychological motivations when they engage in CS. It incorporates themes from a variety of disciplines, from the sociology of language (the ‘allocation paradigm’) to pragmatics (implicatures and intentional meaning) to social anthropology (transactions/negotiations) to linguistic anthropology (communicative competence). A common thread in all of these approaches is that participants ‘know’ (at some level) that they enter into conversation with similar expectations, whether about unmarked code choices or about unmarked communicative intentions. In addition, all approaches (with the possible exception of the ‘allocation paradigm’) have another common motif: they emphasize the speaker as a creative actor. They also all see linguistic choices as accomplishing more than the conveying of referential meaning.
Hobbes’s Conception of the State of Nature from 1640 to 1651: Evolution and Ambiguities
Authors: Tricaud Franqois
Published: November 2023

The state of nature, seen as entailing a general state of war, is probably the most widely known of Hobbes’s concepts. And deservedly so, for not only is it the notion which is the main premiss of his whole ethical and political system, but it also became obligatory for later authors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuric-s, when writing on similar topics, to begin their accounts from their version of the state of nature. But Hobbes’s natural state is none the clearer for all that. In this paper I shall try to show the hesitations, uncertainties, and alterations it undergoes in Hobbes’s different works, especially in the three political treatises: The Elemenis of  Law (1640), De Give (1642), and Leviathan ( 165 I). That some parts of the text of De Give are no older than the 1647 edition will not be ignored.’ For the sake of brevity, chapter 14 of the first part of The Elements, chapter I of De Give, and chapter I 3 of Leviathan will occasionally be referred to as the ‘Natural State Chapters’.
F. M. Van helmont: his philosophical connections and the reception of his later cabbalistic philosophy
Authors: brown Stuart
Published: November 2023

Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont was born at Vilvoorde in Brabant in 1614. His father was the famous medic and “chemist”, Jean-Baptiste van Helmont. When the father died in 1644, Francis Mercury signed over his inheritance and spent most of the rest of his life in Holland, Germany, or England. In a number of respects he deserves his reputation as the prototypical “scholar gypsy”,1 and it is perhaps not very meaningful to raise the question of which country he really belonged to. He spent many years in Germany, spoke German fluently, and was there when he died in 1699. But the Netherlands were his base, in so far as he had one; Dutch was his native language, and more of his books were published in Amsterdam than anywhere else, except perhaps in London. In his own person he epitomized the role of the Netherlands as the crossroads of north European culture in the seventeenth century. By 1677 he was already a link between Christian cabbalists in Germany and others in England. And, partly through his own travels and partly through his being in the Netherlands, he was a mutual acquaintance of two very different philosophers who themselves never met¬ Leibniz and Locke.
Editor’s Prologue
Authors: Klagge James C
Published: November 2023

The following papers grew out of a conference on ‘Methodological Approaches to Plato and his Dialogues’ organized by the Philosophy Department of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in March 1988. The conference covered only some of the possible methodological approaches to Plato, and the following papers represent only some of the viewpoints presented on that occasion. Nevertheless, the papers included here cover a diverse set of topics, such as ancient interpretations of Plato, Plato as a literary figure, Plato’s arguments and characters, and Plato’s use of the dialogue form. Though much Platonic research has been carried out by analytic philosophers, they have been relatively unconcerned to reflect on methodological issues. This volume shows some analytic philosophers and some classicists at work on this task.
Aristotle’S Criticisms Of Plato
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

In assessing Aristotle’s criticisms of Plato’s theory of Forms, we are often asked to choose between the horns of the following dilemma: either Aristotle interprets Plato correctly, in which case the theory of Forms is incoherent; or else the theory of Forms is invulnerable to his criticisms, in which case Aristotle simply misunderstands Plato. Both horns of this dilemma are unattractive. It would be unattractive to have to conclude that Plato's theory of Forms-a central part of his philosophy and one of the great metaphysical constructs in the history of philosophy-is incoherent; and it would also be unattractive to have to conclude that Aristotle misunderstood Plato, with whom, after all, he studied for nearly twenty years.
Analysing Plato’s Arguments: Plato And Platonism
Authors: Cohen S Marc , Keyt David
Published: November 2023

Does Plato have a philosophy? If so, what is it and how does he argue for it? Simple questions. But there are well-known obstacles standing in the way of their answer. First of all, Plato writes dialogues; and it is often unclear which character, if any, in a given dialogue speaks for Plato. Secondly, when a character in a dialogue advances a thesis, it is often unclear what the thesis is. And, finally, when a thesis is backed up by an argument, crucial premisses are often missing.
Is There a Semantics for Music?
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

How do we succeed in making anything of a musical experience? I shall not tackle the question of how one picks out an auditory experience as music. Assuming that I am within the fuzzy boundary that demarcates music from all other auditory experiences, can any sense be made of the idea that the experience is in some way significant? Or points beyond itself? These questions can be animated by considering specific references such as the bird song in Beethoven’s ‘Pastoral’ Symphony; but they might be animated by something more general such as the theme of death in the second movement of Mahler’s Fourth. According to Mahler himself that theme is made manifest through the tuning of the solo violin. Who can doubt the cosmic significance of Bruckner’s Eighth Symphony? But what of these ‘significances’ and ‘references’? Couldn’t Mahler’s Fourth be a celebration of the Viennese tramcar network? (It is not hard to hear it that way once the idea has struck one!) And why should not Bruckner’s Eighth be heard to display the essence of the mass production of steel? What about all those marching feet in Shostakovich’s Seventh? Clearly there is something to be investigated here. I shall examine three attempts to characterize what it might be.
Theoretically Informed Listening
Authors: Debellis Mark
Published: November 2023

It is the difference between Mrs Munt and Tibby that interests me, and with which this chapter will be concerned. Why should we, finding ourselves in the position of Mrs Munt, aspire to that of Tibby? What are the benefits to a listener of having a technical knowledge of music? It is of course a basic premiss of the programme of aesthetic education behind music appreciation classes that this sort of progress is worthwhile, but how and why is it so? This chapter will be concerned in particular with the cast on these issues rendered by recent discussions of the explanatory status of music theory. In recent years there has been revived debate over the nature of theory, its claim to being a scientific enterprise, and its role in shaping musical activity and experience. In my view these discussions have tended to polarize the functions of theory as explanatory on the one hand and as contributing to the listening experience on the other, and laid insufficient stress on the way those functions interact. I shall argue here that the value of hearing music in theoretical terms sometimes derives from their explanatory potential, and shall describe one way in which this can occur.
The Literary Form of the Sophist
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: November 2023

If one considers the literary form of the Sophist, one is primarily interested in what is characteristic of, or distinctive about, the literary form of this particular dialogue, as opposed to other Platonic dialogues. But this should not make us overlook the fact that the Sophist, first of all, is a dialogue, and that, in the case of the Sophist, there is something particularly puzzling about this. So I will first consider the question why Plato wrote the Sophist as a dialogue, and then turn to two other literary features of the text.
Space, Time, Shape, and Direction: Creative Discourse in the Timaeus
Authors: Osborne Catherine
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I explore the parallel between the shape of Timaeus’ discourse in Plato’s dialogue and the shape of the world that he describes. There is, plainly, an analogy between Timaeus’ act of describing a world in words and the demiurge’s task of making a world of matter. This analogy implies a parallel between language as a system of reproducing ideas in words, and the world, which reproduces reality in particular things. It becomes clear that authority lies not in the retelling of a truth already told, nor in the description of a world already made, but in the creation of a likeness in words of the eternal Forms. The Forms serve as paradigms both for the physical world created by the demiurge, and for the world in discourse created by Timaeus: his discourse gains its validity not from faithfulness to the way things appear, or the way particular things ‘actually happened’, but in virtue of its attempt to express in words a likeness of the perfect and eternal reality.
Phonological Change
Authors: Posner Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Classical historical linguistics started from the assumption that linguistic change originates first and foremost in speech-acts, and most often in unperceived phonetic distortion, which may eventually have cumulative effects. Recognition of regularity in sound change, only dimly perceived before the late eighteenth century, provided the boost for the take-off of the discipline. The regularity had not been obvious to observers while the word, and its meaning, remained for them the paramount linguistic unit: perceiving a patterned relationship between the more abstract and meaningless sound units within the word allowed the breakthrough toward a principled approach to language change. These sound-units (roughly equivalent to phonemes) were identified with the segments represented as letters in alphabetic transcription. It is possible that the discussion in early modern Europe about spelling reform (cf. 1.15), and the attempts to match graphy with pronunciation, made thinkers more conscious of the comparative autonomy of the phonological system from the lexico-semantic system of the language. Linguistics, as we now know it. was launched by the new interest in the perplexing interplay between sound and meaning, just as the study of history got its impetus largely from the new-found perception that institutions, like language, change over time.
The Communication of Divine Revelation
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian
Published: November 2023

To say that a theology is perspectival is to acknowledge that it necessarily embodies a particular cultural approach to the world. To say that something has been ‘revealed’ does not imply that it escapes this necessity. Many believers assume that it does and some contemporary philosophers of religion support that assumption. But it is simply false to say, in the words of one such philosopher of religion, that ‘there are things that can be known to be “true without qualification” on the authority of a prophet who can be known to speak with the authority of God’, or, in the words of another, that ‘once one believes God has really revealed something, one is bound to believe it on simple authority’. Any revelation, real or otherwise, finds its expression in the context and the thought forms of some specific and contingent cultural tradition. All theology is in that sense perspectival. No manner of divine authorization can override that feature of the human situation.
Not by Confusion of Substance, but by Unity of Person
Authors: Inwagen Peter Van
Published: November 2023

In an earlier essay, I showed how a part of the doctrine of the Trinity (that part that raises problems about counting, identity, and predication) could be given a statement in terms of ‘relative identity’.1 I did not contend that my statement of the doctrine was orthodox, although my tentative opinion, then and now, is that it is. I did not claim in any sense to have penetrated the mystery of the Trinity-to have proposed a non-mysterious formulation of the doctrine-but only to have formulated the doctrine in such a way that no contradiction could be formally derived from it. Here I propose to see whether the same methods can be applied to the mystery of the Incarnation: more exactly, to the doctrine of the hypostatic union of two natures-divine and human-in the person of Jesus Christ. I shall offer a formulation of a part of that doctrine in terms of relative identity. It is my hope that this formulation will be orthodox-that is, consistent with historical orthodoxy. I say ‘part of’ because I believe that there is no clearly demarcated set of propositions that can be called ‘the doctrine of the Incarnation’, or even ‘the doctrine of the hypostatic union’.
Swinburne on Guilt, Atonement, and Christian Redemption
Authors: Quinn Philip l.
Published: November 2023

Richard Swinburne’s work in philosophy of religion has already made important contributions to natural theology. His earlier trio of volumes, consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason, is concerned mainly with issues common to the theistic religions. In these books Swinburne defends the coherence of theism, argues that theism is more probable than not, and makes a case for the rationality of living by theistic belief. He is currently engaged in elaborating ii specifically Christian philosophical theology. His recent books, Responsibility and Atonement and Revelation, are the first two of a planned quartet of volumes about distinctively Christian doctrines. Other volumes in the quartet will deal with the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation and with providence and the problem of evil. Responsibility and Atonement is devoted to the topic of moral relations between God and human creatures.
The Problem of Evil: A Deontological Perspective
Authors: Mcnaughton David
Published: November 2023

How is it that an omnipotent, omniscient, and wholly good God has created a world in which there is anything bad or evil? In particular, what could justify his allowing his creatures to suffer? For it seems that a morally good being would eliminate evil as far as he could, and an omnipotent being could eliminate all evil. Faced with this difficulty, theists have produced a number of responses. Varied though they may be in content, they nearly all share a common argumentative structure. While agreeing that God would eliminate all pointless or unnecessary evils, they claim that the evils in this world are neither pointless nor unnecessary-these evils are the price we pay for the existence of certain goods whose value is at least sufficient to outweigh the evils needed to produce them.
What Kind of Cause is Aristotle‘s Final Cause?
Authors: Furley David
Published: November 2023

Anaxagoras says it is because Man has hands that he is the most intelligent of the animals. But the right account is that he got hands because he is the most intelligent. For hands are a tool; and nature, just like an intelligent man, allots each tool to one who can make use of it. (Aristotle, de Partibus Animalium 4. ro. 687a6-II)This fault we urgently desire you to avoid, this error to shun with fearful care. Do not take the bright shining eyes to have been created in order that we may be able to see. Do not believe that the tops of calves and thighs supported on feet are able to be bent in order that we can advance our eager steps. Do not accept, again, that arms are fitted to strong shoulders, and hands provided as servants on either side, in order that we can make what will be of use for life. All such theories are back to front, the product of misdirected thinking. There was no seeing before the lights of the eyes were born, no mouthing of words before the tongue was made. Rather, the origin of the tongue long preceded speech; ears were made far earlier than sound was heard; there were in fact, as I hold, all the members, before there was their use.
Locke on the Freedom of the Will
Authors: Chappell Vere
Published: November 2023

Locke was a libertarian: he believed in human freedom. To be sure, his conception of freedom was different from that of many philosophers who call themselves libertarians. Some such philosophers maintain that an agent is free only if her action is uncaused; whereas Locke thought that all actions have causes, including the free ones. Some libertarians hold that no action is free unless it proceeds from a volition that is itself free; whereas Locke argued that free volition, as opposed to free action, is an impossibility. On the other hand, Locke agrees with the typical professed libertarian that free actions depend on volitions--or, as he often puts it, that an agent is free only with respect to the actions she wills, to those that are voluntary. And he also refuses to make voluntariness sufficient for freedom, whereby a free action is merely one that is willed. The free agent, Locke insists, must also be able or have been able to do something other than she does or did. Thus both Locke and the libertarian professor require indifference as well as spontaneity for freedom. But Locke’s freedom is not contra-causal; and he denies that it extends to volition.
Rediscovering America: The Two Treatises and Aboriginal Rights
Authors: Tully James
Published: November 2023

Three hundred years after its publication Locke’s Two Treatises of Government continues to present one of the major political philosophies of the modern world. By this I mean it provides a set of concepts we standardly use to represent and reflect on contemporary politics. This arrangement of concepts is not the only form of reflection on modern politics, not our ‘horizon’ so to speak, but it is a familiar and customary one.
Introduction
Authors: Burton-Roberts Noel , Carr Philip , Docherty Gerard
Published: November 2023

This volume concerns the nature, status, and acquisition of phonological knowledge and, relatedly, the conceptual and empirical foundations of phonology, its place in and/or relation to the theory of language and of cognition. Phonological enquiry is generally thought to be empirical in nature. But all enquiry depends for its empiricality on conceptual assumptions—about the nature of the data, the framework needed for their description and explanation, what counts as explanation within the domain, the scope of the enquiry, and the criteria by which its empirical success should be judged. These underlying assumptions are seldom examined explicitly. Where there is general agreement on such conceptual matters, it may not be necessary to examine them; it may even be felt to be beside the point.
A New Teaching
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline De
Published: November 2023

To appreciate what the Sophists’ teaching represented, it is important to understand its great novelty. There was nothing that even remotely resembled what we call further education in Athens; there was, indeed, very little intellectual teaching of any kind. For the moulding of the young, an aristocratic society depends, first and foremost, on heredity, with the aid of the models that are provided by ancestors, family, and tradition. In such a society, courage and various physical attributes tend to be valued above all else, and so it was with Athens. It had been warfare that, in the first instance, set a high value on these attributes; later; they gradually came to be associated with sport and athleticism. The youth of Athens continued to be brought up in this spirit, even after the establishment of democracy. Literary sources tell us of the various teachers to whom a child would be entrusted. The nature of their specialization is extremely revealing.
Recovering the Virtues
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline De
Published: November 2023

WHEREVER the blast of the Sophists’ destructive analysis struck, there is also evidence of an effort of reconstruction. Except in the field of ontology, which does not impinge greatly upon peoples’ lives, their analyses produced positive factors to compensate for the negative side of every theme tackled. Protagoras had sapped the foundations of truth by declaring man to be the measure of all things and by rejecting all but subjective appearances, each of which was as valid as any other. As we have already noted, however, there were limits to that relativism of his, for it was subject to qualifications. In the Theaetetus, they are expressed by Socrates at the point where he presents his defence of Protagoras.
Weak Materialism1
Authors: Nathan N M L
Published: November 2023

It is often said that although some mental properties are irreducibly non-material, not open to any behavioural or functionalist analysis, still every mental property is or even has to be owned by a material substance, by a brain or body. And from this the conclusion is drawn that a certain vestigial materialism can be preserved, property irreducibility notwithstanding. If a material (or mental) substance is just a particular which instantiates a material (or mental) property, then the thesis that every mental property is or must be owned by a material substance can be joined without inconsistency to the parallel thesis that every material property is or must be owned by a mental substance.
Introduction
Authors: Lennon Kathleen , Charles David
Published: November 2023

For many years there was a widespread belief amongst philosophers in a variety of different areas that the projects of making certain phenomena intelligible or of vindicating the legitimacy of certain modes of explanation required their reduction to phenomena whose intelligibility was considered less problematic or to explanations whose value was assured. Reduction was regarded as the only alternative to accepting as dualists the existence of mysterious entities or kinds, or else to rejecting the reality of these problematic phenomena. In recent years, however, there has been an attempt to articulate a position which does not fit either of these two alternatives. In a number of areas explicitly anti-reductionist views have been proposed, which are both realist and non-dualist, laying claim, for instance, to a respectable materialism. Biologists working in evolutionary theory argue that there is no precise physical property or relation correlated with the evolutionary property of ‘fitness’.
The First Person: The Reductionist View of the Self
Authors: Campbell John
Published: November 2023

Rousseau said: ‘He who pretends to look on death without fear lies. All men are afraid of dying, this is the great law of sentient beings, without which the entire human species would soon be destroyed., But we are accustomed to oscillate on the topic of our own death. On the one hand, looked at from our immersion in our ordinary activities, death is something terrifying, something it is hard to think about with clarity. The problem is not the expectation of the pain and suffering that may be associated with death; it seems to be even more fundamental than that. Death is the end of everything, and that is what is terrifying. On the other hand, looking at the matter objectively, it is hard to see what is so very bad about it. One’s plans and projects may be pursued by others, in so far as they are worth pursuing. Life for most people will go on just as before, and we are certainly considering a very small disturbance in the cosmos.
The Pilot-field
Authors: Krips Henry
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we described the core features of the theoretical role which the state-vector has in QT (sections 4 and 5), and said what a state-vector is (sections 1-3). Moreover we located the property of having a state-vector as a real property of an individual system at a time (section 6). And we went some of the way to interpreting the state-vector by locating it within a suite of metaphysical models in terms of which explanations are couched (section 5). In particular we suggested that f(S,t) describes a categorical basis for the propensities displayed by the P(Q, qi, S, t). In this chapter I shall complete the task of interpreting the state-vector. In particular I shall argue that f(S, t) should be taken as a field-function, describing a probability field which is associated with S at t.
A Philosopher Looks at Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Redhead Michael
Published: November 2023

At the PSA Conference at Philadelphia in 1982 I gave a paper entitled ‘Quantum Field Theory for Philosophers’. As a motto for the paper I took a quotation from Howard Stein: ‘The quantum theory offields is the contemporary locus of metaphysical research.’’
Parsing the Amplitudes
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

There are a number of reasons why a family of theories of such depth and sophistication as quantum field theory should be of interest to philosophers. In this chapter I want to bring out those points of interest that are of more general moment than the technical puzzles open only to those with, so to say, a professional grasp of the intimate details of this theory family.
Gauge Theory and the Geometrization of Fundamental Physics
Authors: Cao Tian-Yu
Published: November 2023

Within the twentieth century, two research programmes have sought to describe Nature’s fundamental interactions: the geometrical programme initiated by Einstein’s general relativity, and the quantum field programme. According to the geometrical programme, interactions are realized through continuous classical fields which are inseparably correlated to geometrical structures of space-time, such as the metric, affine connection, and curvature. This concept of geometrizing interactions has led to a deep understanding of gravitation, but has had no success elsewhere in physics. Indeed, theories of electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear interactions took a totally different direction, in the late 1920s, with the advent of quantum electrodynamics which initiated the quantum field pro gramme for fundamental interactions. According to this programme, interactions are realized through quantum fields which underlie the local coupling and the propagation of field quanta, but have nothing to do with the geometry of space-time.
The Logic of Leviathan
Authors: Gauthier David P
Published: November 2023

The Logic of Leviathan The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes
The Good, the Right, and the Common Point of View
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

We can now return to a more detailed discussion of sentiments that actually motivate us, without being distracted by the threat of egoism, or the misuses of rational actor theory. In particular, we can further delimit the nature of genuinely moral sentiments. We have already said that guilt and shame coordinate our own attitudes to ourselves with the possible anger or disdain of others. The classical moral philosopher who best emphasizes this is Adam Smith. Smith talks of the voice of conscience as the voice of ‘the man within the breast’. His theory is that this voice is not a strange extra, having a divine, unnatural, and inexplicable authority over us.
A Restrictive versus a Non-Restrictive Approach
Authors: Ravin Yael
Published: November 2023

Various theories and proposals concerning thematic roles and their place in linguistic theory are being formed and revised currently, making it difficult to select the ones to address in a book such as this. Four theories were chosen here. Two of them posit thematic roles as the primitive basis for the generation of syntactic structures: Fillmore’s Case Theory, dating back to the late 1960s, provides historical perspective on this approach; while Chomsky’s Government and Binding Theory is the current origin for the newly revived interest in thematic roles.
An Analysis of some Event Concepts (I)
Authors: Ravin Yael
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 and 7 concentrated mainly on the principles and mechanisms of the Decompositional Theory. In the next two chapters, we look more closely at the semantic content expressed by some of the semantic markers we have been using and compare it with the semantic content said to be captured by thematic roles in the various Restrictive theories. First, we discuss the Decompositional concepts of causation, action, autonomy, and animacy, which we stipulate instead of thematic Agency. We show that there is some overlap but no straightforward mapping between our Decompositional concepts and the thematic role of Agent as it is proposed by the Restrictive theories.
Natural Law and Moral Realism: The Scottish Synthesis
Authors: Haakonssen Knud
Published: November 2023

English-language scholarship has recently made a number of salutary efforts to draw connecting lines between Scottish moral thought in the eighteenth century and the history of European natural law theory. The latter is, however, a less than uniform tradition. Even Protestant natural law theory in the century after Hugo Grotius was sufficiently multifarious, that any attempt to use it without differentiation as a key, let alone the key, to the moral thought of the Scoctish Enlightenment must lead to ungainly trimming.’ Furthermore, it is only when we attend to the differences and the fundamental debates within modern natural jurisprudence that we shall be able to appreciate how different kinds of natural law could be combined with ideas apparently foreign to the jurisprudential tradition, such as the notions of virtue, character, or quality of personality, which were central to the humanism of neo republicanism and the evolving culture of politeness.
How did Morality Get a Bad Name?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

‘I’m not making any moral judgements, of course’ (sniff). How often have we not heard ordinary middle-class, moderately enlightened but not terribly sophisticated people say this sort of thing? I have read in the newspapers and elsewhere much to the same effect. This attitude to morality became popular a long time ago; even in I 97 I it was not at all unexpected to see Paul Ferris, in the Observer Review ( 18 July), in a very good article called ‘Teenage Sex: The New Dilemma’, slipping into this way of speaking. He was discussing the problems of doctors at contraceptive clinics, and others who have to advise teenage girls about contraception and thus about sex generally: whether it is best to give them all the pills they ask for to prevent unwanted pregnancies, or to encourage them to keep off the pill and off extra-marital sex in view of the dangers of venereal disease and the general undesirability of such behaviour.
Autonomy as an Educational Ideal
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

It must have occurred to many people to ask what the connection is between the psychological state, state of mind, state of character, or whatever, which is called ‘autonomy’, and what others call ‘the logical autonomy of moral discourse’. We are accustomed in philosophy to slip back and forth between logical and psychological ways of speaking; but all the same the transitions need to be explained. I am going to try to do this, and shall maintain in the course of my explanation that at least one of the issues about autonomy is an issue in philosophical logic.
Formalism
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

‘Formalism’ is an ill-chosen word to describe the account of absolute music that I am about to give. It is, indeed, an ill-chosen word to describe many other versions of musical formalism that resemble mine in general outline but differ from it in major or minor aspects. It is ill-chosen, I think, for two reasons. To begin with, it suggests that the only aspect of music relevant to its appreciation is its form; and this may be true of the views of Kant, Hanslick, and Gurney, which represent its first flowering. But it is certainly not true of my formalism that musical form is the only artistically relevant aspect, and it is certainly not true of other versions of formalism currently in the marketplace.
The Emotions in you
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

Recall that from the onset of the modern discussion of music and the emotions there were two issues at stake: the expressiveness of music, and its power to move us emotionally. The issue of expres siveness is the issue of what it is in virtue of which we describe music in terms of the garden-variety emotions: happy, melancholy, angry, and the like. The issue of music’s emotive power over us, its power to move us emotionally, is the issue, of course, of how, why, we are so moved. The simple arousal theory of musical expressiveness had, as we have seen, the same answer to both questions. Music, according to that theory, is described as ‘melancholy,’ ‘cheerful,’ and so forth, because it makes normal listeners, under normal conditions, melancholy and cheerful: it is melancholy and cheerful in the dispositional sense: it has the disposition to make listeners melancholy or cheerful or whatever.
The Work
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

Like many philosophical problems, the problem of the musical work—what kind of a ‘thing’ it is—can initially be raised, very simply, by looking at how we ordinarily speak. Suppose you picked up your morning paper and saw the headline: ‘Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa stolen. Culprits sought by police.’ You would, no doubt, be shocked by the audacity of such an act. But you would not have difficulty imagining what had taken place. Thieves somehow got into the Louvre, evaded the guards, lifted the canvas off the wall, and spirited it away to their hideout.
James and Bergson: The Neglected Alternative
Authors: Sacks Mark
Published: November 2023

I Turn now to consider the Jamesian model of the mind. Interestingly, and at some cost, as the present reflections should bring out, James is not normally included in the story of modern epistemology that takes in Decartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant. This omission is all the more surprising given that James himself saw his work on the mind as a response to that story, taking up a position that rejected a common presupposition of both the empiricists and Kantians. That he clearly saw his philosophical psychology in this orientation is not to say that he saw clearly the significance it had for that orientation, as we will see. Again, I shall begin with an outline of James’s conception of the mind, and the ways in which it differs from other views, in particular Hume’s and Kant’s; I shall then consider the wider philosophical ramifications of this view of the mind, and along with that the cost of standardly neglecting to consider the Jamesian response to Kant.
Prichard on Duty and Lgnorance Of Fact
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2023

I am contributing this paper to a volume intended to re-evaluate ethical intuitionism for two reasons, one historical and the other not. The historical reason is that Prichard’s paper ‘Duty and Ignorance of Fact’ caused a complete volte-face in Ross. Ross’s first book, The Right and the Good, expounded the view that Prichard’s paper was intended to undermine, and Ross was so completely persuaded by Prichard that he included in The Foundations of Ethics a ten-page summary of Prichard’s argument, often word for word. (Nonetheless, he managed, as I will suggest below, to make a couple of significant errors.) This interesting example of the influence that Prichard had over Ross is worth re-examination. I suggest that Prichard’s arguments were not really as powerful as Ross supposed.
Ethical Lntuitionism and Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Sturgeon Nicholas L
Published: November 2023

It is common for philosophers discussing ethical issues to appeal to what they freely call intuitions-their own and, they hope, their audience’sabout real or imagined cases. Only rarely do they treat such intuitions as indefeasible: typically, they are prepared to play off intuitions against one another, revising or abandoning some for the sake of a more coherent theoretical picture, deferring also to the perceived plausibility of various general principles, themselves treated as defeasible and approximate. Is this procedure ever a way of actually justifying a moral belief, or of coming to know something? In my view the answer is yes, on both counts.
On the Modal Auxiliaries of Volition in Classical Chinese
Authors: Peyraube Alain
Published: November 2023

The history of the modal auxiliaries, aptly called wish verbs in Mandarin Chinese (nengyuan dongci fl llni/Jil!]), is extremely complex, and any brief discussion of the subject, as given in several books on Chinese historical syntax (Ohta 1958; Shi Cunzhi 1986; Sun Xbcin 1992) inevitably involves gross oversimplification. It is all the more difficult to determine the main lines of their evolution since the use of the modal auxiliaries of Standard Classical Chinese (Late Archaic Chinese of the pre-Qin period, fifth to third centuries BCE) is itself far from clear.
Experimental Study of Heavy-Gas Dispersion on Sloping Surf aces
Authors: Müller J , Fanneløp T K
Published: November 2023

The motion of a dense-gas cloud is known to be strongly influenced by slopes. Various theoretical models have been proposed but the scarcity of experimental data makes their validation difficult. An extensive experimental study of heavy-gas clouds suddenly released on uniform sloping surfaces was therefore undertaken. Both, cylindrical releases on an unobstructed surface and 2-d releases in a channel were investigated. The parameters varied include the gas density, the release volume and aspect ratio, and the slope. A new model combining the slumping motion of the cloud, calculated using a modified box-model, with the slope-dependent motion of its center of gravity, is proposed herein. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained in general as well as in the limit of zero slope and in the early spreading phase.
Confined and Unbounded Mixing in Stratified Flows
Authors: Redondo J M , Sanchez M A , Cantalapiedra I R
Published: November 2023

Several laboratory experiments have been used to study the vertical structure and the mixing efficiency across sharp and linear density interfaces. The two laboratory experiments described here exhibit no mean velocity shear; in the first one the turbulence is generated by a horizontally oscillating grid or rod system, in the other experiment a line of air bubbles injected in the base of a stratified tank produces localized mixing. We will consider here mixing in zero mean flows with a constant input of external kinetic energy, as well as the decay of the turbulence.
Breaking Progressive Internal Gravity Waves: Two-Dimensional and PreliminaryThree-Dimensional Numerical Experiments
Authors: Koudella C , Staquet C
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of progressive internal gravity waves of small amplitude are studied by means of two-dimensional (5122) and preliminary threedimensional (643) direct numerical simulations of the Boussinesq equations. Our results show that an internal wave always breaks (for a viscosity low enough), this event being initiated by resonant interactions. A turbulent regime sets in after breaking. This regime is characterized by kinetic and potential energy spectra that behave as aN2k-3, thelevel a for potential energy being identical as that found in the oceanic thermocline (for example Gregg, 1987). The overall dynamics are analogous to that found for a two-dimensional standing internal gravity wave by Bouruet-Aubertot et al. (1995, 1996). This suggests that small scale geophysical flows, which mainly involve progressive internal waves, may be studied by laboratory experiments, where standing waves are mainly encountered.
The Development of Layers in a Stratified Fluid
Authors: Goudsmit G -H , Wüest A
Published: November 2023

The character of perturbations in a stratified fluid varies with the flow stability, as indicated by a Richardson number Ri. At low Ri, turbulent motions lead to diffusion-like mixing, whereas at high Ri, a combination of horizontal, vortical motions and internal waves lead to intermittent mixing dominated by wave-breaking events. Data from some laboratory experiments show that at high Ri, the mixing efficiency decreases with increasing Ri, allowing the possibility that small perturbations away from a smooth density profile may be enhanced to give interfaces. This implies that strongly stratified fluids have a naturally layered character, and may explain the prevalence of fine structure observed in density profiles of the oceans.
The Erosion of a Salinity Step by a Localized Heat Source
Authors: Leppinen D M , Dalziel S B
Published: November 2023

In this paper we compare the erosion of a salinity step by a localized heat source with the erosion of the same salinity step by a distributed heat source. Upper and lower bounds are obtained for the time required for the merger of the two layers and it is shown that a localized heat source is more efficient at eroding a salinity step than a distributed heat source providing the same total heat input. The underlying physical mechanisms controlling the erosion of a salinity step by a localized heat source are identified through the use of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations and these mechanisms are compared with those involved in the erosion of a salinity step by a distributed heat source.
Three-Dimensional Plume of the Rhône River
Authors: Durand Nathalie , Arnoux-Chiavassa Sandrine , Ouillon Sylvain , Rey Vincent , Fraunié Philippe
Published: November 2023

This paper relates to the three-dimensional study of the Rhone river plume hydrodynamics. This work is both experimental and numerical: during a field campaign in the delta area experimental data have been collected and three-dimensional numerical simulations of the dynamical fields and transport of suspended matter have been carried out.
Vertical Dispersion of Passive Scalars Within and Across Stably Stratified Inversion Layers
Authors: Schilling V , Etling D
Published: November 2023

Transport of substances into and across inversion layers has been simulated numerically by means of a two-dimensional finite difference model. Two simulation experiments have been selected in order to demonstrate dispersion of passive scalars caused by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and breaking gravity waves, respectively.
Beamsteering Analysis of Internal Gravity Waves in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Denholm-Price J C W , Rees J M , Anderson** P S , King** J C
Published: November 2023

In this paper we present some preliminary findings from the preparation of a gravity wave climatology at Halley IV station, Antarctica, using data gathered during the second phase of the British Antarctic Survey’s Stable Antarctic Boundary Layer Experiment in 1991 (STABLE II). The method of “beamsteering” is used to evaluate wave parameters from data gathered using an array of six microbarographs. Results are presented from artificial data designed to test the beamsteering code and also to compare it with the “correlation” method used in a previous study. Two case studies which illustrate the kind of wave events observed during the STABLE II programme are described.
Separated Flow Around Bluff Obstacles at Low Froude Number; Vortex Shedding and Estimates of Drag
Authors: Hunt* J C R , Fernando** H J .S
Published: November 2023

For stably stratified flows around bluff obstacles we review different concepts for how sloping vortices are shed from the obstacle surfaces and develop in the regions of separated flow. Approximate analyses are developed for the vortices and the disturbances to the density field that they generate. New experiments were undertaken to study how these shed vortices oscillate, distort and break up; results are broadly consistent with the analysis. Thence a tentative synthesis is proposed for the separated wake structure downstream of bluff obstacles and of mountains in stable flows. This explains the observations that the separated regions have a minimum thickness at one particular Froude number which, it is suggested, also implies a minimum in the drag.
Nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur ylides: an overview
Authors: Clark J Stephen
Published: November 2023

Over the past three decades, there has been a rapid increase in the use of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur ylides in organic synthesis. This is due in large part to the discovery of mild, efficient and general methods for the generation of these unstable and highly reactive intermediates. Much of the impetus for the exploitation of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur ylides in organic synthesis has resulted from the discovery that these intermediates have a rich chemistry that can be used for the rapid preparation of highly functionalized compounds from relatively simple components. The development of mild catalytic methods for the preparation of a wide range of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur ylides has generated further interest in these intermediates.
Reactions of hydroxyl groups
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

In the majority of sugars, all carbons are functional. When a particular function is to be modified using traditional organic chemistry methods, the other functions need to be ‘protected’. This means they are first transformed into derivatives that are inert under the desired reaction conditions, then reconverted into the starting function during a subsequent step. This last phase is called the ‘deprotection’ step. It is often useful to protect diverse functions of the same molecule by derivatizations of a different nature in order to effect selective deprotections. We have already encountered the most general type of protection of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group, that is the glycosidation reaction (see Chapter 3). In this chapter we will not talk only about protection reactions. Certain functional derivatives play an analytical role and it is quite useful to know how to synthesize phosphates and sulfates, widely distributed natural products. The sulfonates will be treated in Section 6.1 as an introduction to reactions with inversion of configuration.
Changes of configuration; unsaturated and branched-chain sugars
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

The most frequently used displacement method of a hydroxyl group begins with its conversion to sulfonate. Sulfonates of the secondary hydroxyl groups of sugars are not very reactive with respect to external nucleophiles. This is no doubt a result of the high functionalization of the molecule which combines steric hindrance with an unfavourable inductive effect. Substitution, practically impossible with former techniques, only became a current operation following two innovations. The first was the introduction of polar aprotic solvents; the favourite solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide since this is the easiest to eliminate at the end of the reaction, by extracting it with water from an ether solution.