bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
George Donald Alastair MacDougall 1912–2004
Authors: SCOTT M. FG.
Published: February 2012

Donald MacDougall was most concerned with economic policy. He was great public servant, his most important work being as a young man during the war, but with a great many other significant contributions during his long life. In 1948, Robert Marjolin, Secretary-General of the new Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) in Paris, invited MacDougall to be its first Economics Director. He was the most important writer and editor of the OEEC's Interim Report on the European Recovery Programme, as well as of the succeeding Second Report. MacDougall played a crucial role at the start of the OEEC's effort to free intra-European trade from the network of quantitative import restrictions that hampered it. He also recruited the first members of its Economics Directorate.
Henry Colin Gray Matthew 1941–1999
Authors: FREEDEN MICHAEL
Published: February 2012

Henry Colin Gray Matthew, historian and editor, will forever be associated with two of the most grandiose and ambitious publishing projects to be conceived and executed in the United Kingdom in the 20th century: The Gladstone Diaries and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Like all previous biographers of Gladstone, Matthew addressed the Grand Old Man's mutation from Tory to enlightened Liberal. However, he did so in a wholly original manner, by uncovering the crises and agonised introspection that not only accompanied, but preceded, the many moves in that direction, as if primordial psychological forces had gripped Gladstone from which he had to seek relief in decisive political action. The triumph of the Gladstone diaries paved the way for another opportunity bathed in even more luminous national prestige. In 1992, Matthew was asked to take on a joint project of the British Academy and OUP: a complete revision of the Dictionary of National Biography (ultimately published as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography). He brought not only a natural leadership but a fresh vision of the contents, scope, and contributors.
Edward Miller 1915–2000
Authors: HARVEY BARBARA , LINEHAN PETER
Published: February 2012

Edward Miller's deep understanding of the history of Europe, together with meticulous scholarship and an equable temperament, made him an ideal editor of wide-ranging works with many different contributors to keep on the rails. His interests as a scholar centred, however, on the social and economic history of medieval England. As discussion of these themes gathered momentum in the 1950s and 1960s, and social history acquired the quantitative dimension that economic history already possessed, they tended increasingly to receive separate treatment. Miller always regarded them as inseparable and believed that neither could be understood apart from a legal and constitutional context.
Michio Morishima 1923–2004
Authors: DESAI MEGHNAD
Published: February 2012

Michio Morishima was one of the most distinguished economic theorists of his generation. He taught in Japan at Kyoto and Osaka Universities and in the UK at the University of Essex and the London School of Economics, where he spent the last thirty-four years of his very creative life. Morishima was a Visiting Professor at the University of Essex, 1968–9 and the Keynes Visiting Professor there, 1969–70, and Professor of Economics, later the John Hicks Professor of Economics, at the LSE. He was a Senior Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, where his friend and mentor Sir John Hicks, FBA was the Drummond Professor of Political Economy. Morishima also held a visiting position at the University of Siena in Italy for nearly thirty years from 1970. He was elected Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975) and of the American Economic Association (1979).
Marjorie Ethel Reeves 1905–2003
Authors: LEWIS GILLIAN
Published: February 2012

Marjorie Reeves turned her attention to politics and to the education of the young in the 1930s. In 1938 she returned to Oxford as Tutor in History to the Society of Oxford Home Students. Reeves was one of the small band of scholars who kept alive the Oxford Faculty of Modern History during the Second World War, and at the same time she was actively involved in the transformation of the Society of Home Students, first into a permanent Private Hall of the University, and eventually into full collegiate status as St Anne's College. She made a valuable contribution to public policy-making in the post-war years (1947–65). Reeves was an early a member of the Schools' Broadcasting Council, and from 1947 to 1961 of the Central Advisory Council of the Ministry of Education. She sat on the 1961–4 Robbins Committee on Higher Education, which resulted in the establishment of the first post-war wave of new universities including York, Lancaster, Sussex, Essex, Warwick, East Anglia, and Kent. In 1965, Reeves published Eighteen Plus: Unity and Diversity in Higher Education, and in 1988 The Crisis in Higher Education: Competence, Delight and the Common Good.
Charles Martin Robertson 1911–2004
Authors: SPARKES BRIAN A.
Published: February 2012

Martin Robertson published the History of Greek Art in 1975, which has continued to hold its place in English language scholarship. It was the culmination of years of patient research that had started when he embraced the teaching of the history of the subject nearly thirty years earlier. Reviewers remarked on the way in which the book was both a personal study of Greek art and also a comprehensive treatment of the whole field. Through its measured structure and the grace and power of its style, it shows the author at the peak of his talent.
Arnold Joseph Taylor 1911–2002
Authors: SAUNDERS ANDREW
Published: February 2012

Arnold Taylor, or Joe as he was known to some, was a medieval scholar, archaeologist, and architectural historian, who spent his working career in the public service within the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate. An international expert on castles and, in particular, the authority on the North Wales castles of Edward I, he was not restricted in his interests in medieval buildings as a whole. Nor did Taylor study castles solely as monuments to medieval military architecture. He was fascinated by their construction, who designed and built them, where the materials and craftsmen came from, and how this side of the work was organised. As such, Taylor combined study of the standing remains with intensive documentary research. There were two other main strands to his professional life: his wider career in the Ancient Monuments Inspectorate, first in the Office of Works and ultimately in the Department of the Environment; and his service to the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Kathleen Mary Tillotson 1906–2001
Authors: SLATER MICHAEL
Published: February 2012

Kathleen Tillotson served as a member of the Council of the British Academy from 1968 to 1971, and as Vice-President from 1968 to 1969. Her work with John Butt on the Clarendon Dickens proceeded steadily from the late 1950s onwards. Their grand project was to establish a critical text of each novel, ‘free from the numerous corruptions that disfigure modern reprints’, and with an apparatus of variants that should record Dickens' progressive revision of the text, ‘accompanied by all such assistance as Dickens himself supplied in the shape of prefaces, descriptive headlines, illustrations and cover designs from the wrappers of the monthly part-issues, which often foreshadow the drift of the novel as Dickens originally conceived it’. The first volume in the series, Oliver Twist, appeared in late 1965. The other great scholarly enterprise with which Tillotson's name will be forever associated is the Pilgrim Edition (from Volume 8, called The British Academy Pilgrim Edition) of Dickens' letters.
Useful Knowledge
Authors: STRATHERN MARILYN
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses useful knowledge, yet it also acknowledges the fact that there may be something gained from uselessness. Three kinds of uselessness are encountered during this chapter: extraneous detail, irrelevant parallels, and modelling for its own sake. The chapter covers topics such as plagiarism and making knowledge relevant to one's life. One conclusion drawn from this chapter is that knowledge has to be more than information in order for it to be accumulated or managed.
Dante’s Epistle to Cangrande and its Two Authors
Authors: GINZBURG CARLO
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses a new interpretation of an epistle to Cangrande della Scala, a lord of Verona. For over a century, the question of whether Dante wrote the epistle or not has been the object of a passionate scholarly debate. The new interpretation of the epistle presented in the chapter focuses on the role played by Giovanni Boccaccio in promoting the literary cult of Dante.
Everyman in Motion: From Bosch to Bruegel
Authors: LEO KOERNER JOSEPH
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the rise of a painting in everyday life in Northern Europe. It focuses on the representations of ‘everyman’ in the art of the early pioneers of genre painting: Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Hieronymus Bosch. It considers the figure of ‘trapping’ in these artists, as a model both of everyman's relation to the world and of the picture's relation to the viewer.
Introduction
Authors: Deyermond Alan
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about twentieth-century British scholarship on the European Middle Ages. This book covers English and European history, scholarship in particular geographical or cultural areas that is neither mainly historical nor exclusively literary, and other disciplines of crucial importance to medieval studies including archaeology, numismatics and science. The specific topics examined include British research and publications on ecclesiastical history, Slavonic studies and Celtic studies.
European History
Authors: Nelson Janet L.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines British works on the study of medieval European history. It explores the evolution of the field of historical scholarship in Great Britain during the twentieth century and investigates the reasons and consequences for changes that can be situated in a wider context. It discusses medieval European history in Britain before and after World War 2 and stresses the need to get British work on medieval Europe into perspective, given that continental history is always a minority subject within medieval history.
Old Norse-Icelandic Studies
Authors: O’Donoghue Heather
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the works of British Old Norse-Icelandic scholars. It explains that from the start, British interest in Old Norse studies was closely bound up with contemporary Old Norse-Icelandic scholarship in Scandinavia and that the British connection was only established after James Johnstone's translation of extracts from the thirteenth-century historical compilation Heimskringla. This chapter also discusses the trend in Old Norse-Icelandic studies in Britain which involved the recognition of sagas as being informative not in their details of event and character, but in their portrayal of society and culture.
Numismatics
Authors: Grierson Philip
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the history and developments in the study of medieval numismatics in Great Britain during the twentieth century. It explains that during the first three decades of the century there was not much progress in numismatics because the funding of the British Academy was too small for it to undertake major publishing projects. After 1930, the Academy continued to provide assistance to numismatists and it helped numismatics come into the twenty-first century by promoting the use of new technology.
History of Science and Medicine
Authors: North J. D.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the progress of British study on the history of medieval science and medicine during the twentieth century. It explains that the history of science has been moderately well represented within the universities of the western world for rather more than a century, and has enjoyed a secure place in British universities for about half of that time. It describes major British publications on these subjects and discusses international precedents, the role of the University College London and the historical instruments and alchemy.
William Morris and the Aesthetics of Manly Labour
Authors: Livesey Ruth
Published: February 2012

This chapter traces this complex history of aestheticism, socialist aesthetics, and early modernism through a study of the development of William Morris's works in the later nineteenth century. Placing Morris's aesthetic development in the context of the writings of John Ruskin and Walter Pater, the discussion explore Morris's resistance to an emerging aesthetic that emphasized individual taste and consumption, rather than communal production. In his socialist essays, Signs of Change (1888) Morris developed an aesthetic continuum that enabled him to collapse the distinction between art and bodily labour and imagine a future of communal artistic production after the revolution. Both the radical nature of Morris's aesthetic and its preoccupation with productive masculinity are emphasized by contrasting his work to Wilde's essay ‘The Soul of Man under Socialism’ (1891).
Cases and Judicial Decisions Concerning Marriage
Authors: Liang Linxia
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses some aspects of the codified rules that govern marriage. The discussion turns to the decisions of the magistrate's court to see how these rules were applied. The chapter also discusses three types of case in detail: divorce, a widow's remarriage, and breaking the marriage contract.
A Temperamental Ménage à Trois: Mead, Bateson, and Fortune and the Trafficking Between Social and Analytical Relations in Ethnography
Authors: Crook Tony
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory Bateson. It also looks as much to the anthropologists as to their ethnographies to suggest that a view of one is available in the view of the other. The chapter furthermore presents an interest in how Stocking makes economy of exposition – just ‘one sentence’ – speak so much, and in what he does not need to say; whereas saying it any other way involves a long story to make the same point. Additionally, it intends to use the events instead to look at the commentary and contemporary practices in order to explore continuities in anthropological quasi-scientism sensitivities concerning the proximity between social relations, analytical relations, and ethnography. Mead's art is one of extraordinary clarity, giving hard edges to what it depicts. When the three anthropologists met up in Kankanamun, they did so acting with a number of others in mind. Blackberry Winter recalls as ‘compass points’.
Dam Epilogue: The Textual Person
Authors: Crook Tony
Published: February 2012

Angkaiyakmin notions of a person's efficacy circulating beyond themselves and combining with others is used in this chapter as a vantage point on anthropological interpretative artefacts, and the section argues that these contemporary aesthetics of anthropological knowledge-making produce interpretative forms after a particular understanding of subjectivity and personhood. The chapter specifically compares the capacities of Bolivip and anthropological knowledge-practices, and considers how each form of knowledge adheres to a powerful aesthetic that is taken for granted by the respective practitioners. Recognition and currency for artefacts – the capacity to animate analytic and social relations in others – is governed by exhibiting this demanding aesthetic form. The chapter then addresses the insights from Bolivip knowledge-practices to anthropological knowledge-practices: by adopting the vantage point of ‘the textual person’, the aesthetic principles through which anthropological knowledge is given form are outlined, and the means by which anthropologists circulate parts of themselves to others – their efficacy and ‘relations’ – are examined. The ‘textual person’ figure makes explicit the form of subjective relationality that informs anthropological interpretation.
Setting the Scene: a Response to John Rogerson
Authors: WHITELAM KEITH W.
Published: February 2012

John Rogerson's review of works on the history of ancient Israel from Humphrey Prideaux to Martin Noth is a fine illustration of Ecclesiastes' observation (1.9): ‘What has been is what will be, and what has been done is what will be done; and there is nothing new under the sun’. The current debates on the history of Israel are often presented as part of some paradigm shift or, at the very least, a new and savage phase in the study of Israelite history. The publication of recent works such as A Biblical History of Israel by Provan et al. and Kenneth Kitchen's On the Reliability of the Old Testament take us back to the starting point of Rogerson's paper and the work of Prideaux before the development of biblical studies as a critical discipline in the nineteenth century. Norman Cantor's observations on the invention of the Middle Ages by twentieth-century scholarship are just as applicable to biblical scholarship and its pursuit of ancient Israel.
The History of Ancient Israel: What Directions Should we Take?
Authors: BARSTAD HANS M.
Published: February 2012

There can be little doubt about the enormous importance of the work of Fernand Braudel and the French Annales tradition for the academic study of history. Together with its many ramifications, the Annales ‘school’ constitutes what is known today as the (French) ‘New History’. In France, the scientific nature of history was never really doubted. History formed (as it does today) a part of the social sciences. For this reason, Braudel stressed the necessity of using empirical data, often quantifiable, to be able to identify the structures underlying social and cultural phenomena. Later, this was referred to as histoire sérielle. The reason why Annales should be considered in some detail in the present context is that some biblical researchers have claimed that the Braudel heritage may be useful for the study of the history of ancient Israel. Knowledge of climate, biology, geography, population movements, and economic trends in Palestine during the Iron Age is relevant to the student of the history of ancient Israel.
Biblical Israel in the Ninth Century?
Authors: DAVIES PHILIP R.
Published: February 2012

Most archaeologists of ancient Israel still operate with a pro-biblical ideology, while the role that archaeology has played in Zionist nation building is extensively documented. Terms such as ‘ninth century’ and ‘Iron Age’ represent an improvement on ‘United Monarchy’ and ‘Divided Monarchy’, but these latter terms remain implanted mentally as part of a larger portrait that may be called ‘biblical Israel’. This chapter argues that the question of ‘biblical Israel’ must be regarded as distinct from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah as a major historical problem rather than a given datum. ‘Biblical Israel’ can never be the subject of a modern critical history, but is rather a crucial part of that history, a ‘memory’, no doubt historically conditioned, that became crucial in creating Judaism. This realization will enable us not only to write a decent critical history of Iron Age central Palestine but also to bring that history and the biblical narrative into the kind of critical engagement that will lead to a better understanding of the Bible itself.
Early Islamic History: Parallels and Problems
Authors: ROBINSON CHASE F.
Published: February 2012

In early 2004, a book called ‘Crossroads to Islam’ was written by Yehuda Nevo, an amateur archaeologist, and J. Koren, his research assistant. Early Islamic history shares not only some geography with ancient Israel but also a comparable historical and historiographical trajectory, and at least some of Nevo's (and others') views seem to have been informed by the study of ancient Israel itself. In his book, Nevo reaches four principal conclusions: that the Arabs took over the eastern provinces of the Byzantine empire without a struggle; that the Arabs were pagan at the time of the takeover; that Muhammad is not a historical figure, and enters the official religion only c. 71/690; and that the Qur'an is a late compilation. These radical views subvert the narrative of Islamic origins that prevails not only amongst most Muslims, but also amongst most scholars.
Ancient Near Eastern History: the Case of Cyrus the Great of Persia
Authors: KUHRT AMÉLIE
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines how an historian of the ancient Near East sets about reconstructing a picture of the past using material of great diversity in terms of type and historical value. It demonstrates this approach by considering the figure of the Achaemenid king, Cyrus II ‘the Great’ of Persia. The discussion begins by creating a conventional image of the king and consolidating it. It then analyses the evidence that has been used to strengthen the picture and presents some historical realities. The basis for the standard picture of Cyrus the Great is provided by material in classical writers and the Old Testament. Cyrus introduced a new policy of religious toleration together with active support for local cults, exemplified by the permission he granted to the Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple, with generous funding from central government. The chapter also considers the date for Cyrus' defeat of the Median king Astyages (550), as well as his conquest of Babylon itself.
Archaeology of the Biblical Period: On Some Questions of Methodology and Chronology of the Iron Age
Authors: USSISHKIN DAVID
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the role of archaeology in the study of the biblical period and biblical history, with special reference to the ninth century – that is, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, in the land of Israel. This discipline is known as biblical archaeology. When biblical archaeological research began more than 150 years ago, it was dependent on the Bible and biblical research. The dependence of archaeology on the biblical text is symbolized by the phrase ‘bible and spade’. The chapter argues that the disciplines of archaeology on the one hand and history and biblical studies on the other are based on different methods and different ways of thinking, and also claims that the archaeologist should refrain from analysing the Bible and history. Furthermore, it contends that the proper methodology should involve some cooperation between archaeologists, biblical scholars, and historians. The chapter also takes a look at the archaeological framework of the Iron Age, which is made of stratigraphy and chronology.
Akkadian Sources of the Ninth Century
Authors: GELLER M. J.
Published: February 2012

Scholars interested in the history of Israel often select for study relevant passages from Akkadian historical inscriptions, annals, and chronicles referring to biblical events. This process has become more sophisticated of late, particularly with the Texte aus der Umwelt der Alten Testaments series and COS, in which much more of Akkadian and even Sumerian literature is taken into account as directly or indirectly relevant to the Bible. However, the ‘scriptures in context’ approach often pays less attention to the nitty-gritty side of Assyriology, namely, the everyday contracts, administrative documents, lists, letters, receipts, and economic texts. There is a lot to learn from such material, which comprises the bulk of the thousands of Mesopotamian tablets. Biblical scholars tend to concentrate on those sections of the Kurkh and Black Obelisk inscriptions that mention Ahab and Jehu and the regional struggles against Assyria. The questions raised are valid, namely, how solid or fragile was the coalition of states fighting against the Assyrians, and at what point did the coalition break down?
West Semitic Inscriptions and Ninth-Century bce Ancient Israel
Authors: LEMAIRE ANDRÉ
Published: February 2012

Together with material archaeology and the literary tradition of the Hebrew Bible, epigraphy is one of the main sources for the history of ancient Israel in the ninth century BCE. Although limited in number, West Semitic inscriptions throw some light on the history of this period. This chapter examines ninth-century West Semitic inscriptions and the historical information they contain regarding the history of ninth-century Israel. It starts with the Hebrew inscriptions, followed by inscriptions in the neighbouring southern Levant countries as well as Aramaic inscriptions from Upper Mesopotamia. The chapter deals first with inscriptions in ‘Canaanite’ dialects before analysing inscriptions written in Aramaic dialects. The Mesha and Tel Dan steles are the main West Semitic inscriptions that help us understand the history of Israel and Judah during the ninth century BCE.
Law in the Ninth Century: Jehoshaphat’s ‘Judicial Reform’
Authors: JACKSON BERNARD S.
Published: February 2012

The Chronicler attributes to Jehoshaphat of Judah (874–850 BCE) the appointment of royal judges in all the fortified cities of his kingdom, and the establishment of a central court in Jerusalem (2 Chron. 19.5–11). This chapter examines the issue of anachronism from the standpoint of the history of biblical law, and asks whether the Chronicler paints a picture coherent with law as it is likely to have functioned in the ninth century. The problem, however, does not commence in the ninth century. Almost universally, 2 Chron. 19.4–11 is taken to be a ‘judicial reform’, which assumes the existence of a preceding judicial system. Unlike some parts of the ancient Near East, ancient Israel was weakly institutionalized. Regular law courts and applying written rules (and thus assuming the presence of literate personnel) backed by state enforcement was a matter for the future.
The Environmental Archaeology Research Programme at Nicopolis: Methodology and Results
Authors: BEECH M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the methodology and results of the environmental archaeology research programme at Nicopolis ad Istrum in the Balkans. The aims of the research programme were: to determine the use of the major domestic animal and plant species and to explore what husbandry practices may have been employed; to examine the changing role of domestic versus wild resources; to reconstruct the likely natural environment close to Nicopolis, using the presence of particular species and their known habitats. This chapter presents examinations of epigraphic and documentary evidence found at the site, including coins and animal footprints. A large quantity of bio-archaeological data was collected, including bone fragments of mammals, birds, and fish; moderate quantities of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine mollusca; and large quantities of cereals, pulses, edible fruits, and nuts, as well as wild plants.
A Short Report on the Preliminary Results from the Study of the Mammal and Bird Bone Assemblages from Dichin
Authors: JOHNSTONE C.
Published: February 2012

This chapter summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the mammal and bird bone assemblages from Dichin, Bulgaria. It briefly describes the species identified and offers some tentative conclusions as to their significance for reconstructing local environmental conditions. It pays particular attention to the domestic mammals and the preliminary results of analyses looking at the differing economic roles of cattle, sheep and pigs in the late Roman to early Byzantine periods. A total of 9,136 mammal and 573 bird bones were recorded from deposits at Dichin, all of which were identified at least to family level and mostly to species. Species of birds that were identified based on the bones are pelicans, cormorants, owls and corvids.
Caričin Grad and the Changes in the Nature of Urbanism in the Central Balkans in the Sixth Century
Authors: BAVANT B.
Published: February 2012

Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima) is an ideal site for studying urbanism in the early Byzantine period. Amongst the numerous early Byzantine sites in the central Balkans, Caričin Grad is one of the very few that was a city and was founded in the sixth century. Its fortifications include three separate walled areas (the Acropolis, the Upper City, and the Lower City). Contrary to the traditional view, this chapter argues that the walls of the Acropolis were not part of the original plan and that the Upper and Lower Cities were established at the same time. The Church and the army occupied more than two-thirds of the Upper City and the Lower Town contained mainly public buildings. The only known intramural residential area lies in the south-west corner of the Lower City. Houses here were built of stone bonded with clay at ground-floor level, and the upper floor was constructed with a timber frame and cob walls and had tile roofs. It is also very likely that there was an extramural population, protected by a ditch and palisades.
From the Danube to the Po: the Defence of Pannonia and Italy in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries ad
Authors: CHRISTIE NEIL
Published: February 2012

Pannonia and Noricum were crucial for the protection of Italy and defensive bonds are identifiable as early as the 160s AD. The fourth- and fifth-century reconfiguration of settlement patterns and politico-military organization across the northern provinces of the Roman Empire meant that defence and military response were not limited to the frontiers but extended deep into the interior. For the middle Danube sector, defence in reality was drawn from across the river, far south across the Alps, and as far as the river Po. Thus, a series of ‘inner fortresses’ exists in Pannonia such as Ságvár and Fenékpuszta. By the same date, a defensive emphasis emerges for both urban and rural sites. For Italy, the fourth-century installation of the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum denotes a significant militarization of space, which is accelerated behind the Alps in the fifth century. This chapter describes key aspects of late Roman defensive responses in northern Italy and Pannonia and examines the policy and strategy being played out in these.
Marxism and Historiography: Perspectives on Roman History
Authors: Giardina Andrea
Published: February 2012

Marxism has slowly declined in recent literature on the economic and social history of the ancient world. If one happens to run into the name of Marx or the term Marxism, it is generally within the context of polemical remark. In spite of recurrent attempts to resuscitate it as an ideal foil for anti-Communist polemic, Marxism made its final exit from the field of ancient historical studies in the 1960s, when new Marxist and Marxist-inspired historiography came to the fore. This chapter discusses the changing role of Marxism in Italian history-writing. It focuses on the historians who claim themselves as Marxists, and those who employ Marxist categories and draw on Marxist theory yet refuse to be defined as Marxists. The chapter examines the debates of the different groups on the historiographic phase marked by the circulation of Marxist concepts, analytical tools, and models outside the strictly Marxist milieu. One of the most striking aspects of this phase is the existence of a trend for the formation of research groups that shared not only an affinity or ideological adherence to Marxism, but also an interest in historical theory and a similar orientation in cultural politics. These interdisciplinary approaches stimulated the confluence of individual competences in group projects aimed at singling out new topics and developing investigational strategies. This historiographic phase also reflected a sense of community, a refusal of traditional academic hierarchies, a wish to keep individualism in check, and the rejection of erudite isolation. In Italy, these forms of association served as a means for ethical and political self-representation of cultural hegemony.
Property and Progress: Where Adam Smith Went Wrong
Authors: Brenner Robert
Published: February 2012

During the first half of the twentieth century there was widespread agreement as to whether the way to understand the historical emergence of economic development in the West was through the theoretical lens provided by Adam Smith. This chapter critiques Smith's view of the transition through which the pre-capitalist social property relations were transformed into capitalist property relations – a transition that is believed to have been mistakenly attributed by Smith to the expansion of trade. It is argued instead that the rise of capitalist social property relations in England, which led to economic development, was instead catalyzed by the growth of specialization, investment, and the rising labour productivity in agriculture. In addition, it is argued that industrial and economic development were caused by the separation of the manufacturing from the peasantry.
Marxism and Its Others
Authors: Hall Catherine
Published: February 2012

This chapter is written from the perspective of a historian trying to comprehend the complexities of the nineteenth-century societies and to use those conceptual theories that would define the many layers of the social, cultural, and political world. In the absence of Marxism, there has been a tendency to lose interest in the large-scale changes and to resort to micro-histories. A return to Marx is therefore needed to understand how change occurs in the relation between key categories of difference. And while Marx may not have full answers to the questions on the logic of capital and class antagonisms, he nevertheless initiated questions on agency and change. The focus of the chapter is on the United Kingdom and its empire from 1828 to 1833. This was a period when political citizenship and forms of rule at home and across the empire were reassessed; when the forms of conservative aristocratic rule in Britain and the colonies were ruptured; and when the new vision of the nation and the empire was introduced. In all of the places ruled by the UK, emphasis is placed on Ireland, Britain, Jamaica, and India, including Westminster, which is the seat of the British government. Each of the cases is dealt with extensively, with stress on ethnicity, class, race, and gender. All of these cases are examined within the framework of Marxism, wherein the salience of the theory is measured on its capacity to address issues of differences.
Introduction
Authors: BRAUND DAVID
Published: February 2012

This book was conceived when the British Academy supported a conference in November 2001 in collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of the Ukraine. However, the chapters presented in this book were conceived long before the meeting. In particular, whereas the meeting covered various topics, this book is solely concerned with the interactions of the city of Olbia with its immediate environs. Although the theme and geographical scope have been delimited, the chronological framework of the book remains expansive. It discusses the emergence of the city of Olbia up to its local situation under the early Roman empire. Although the relationship of Olbia with neighbouring communities was marked by controversies and issues, the book makes no attempt to expunge the differences in the interpretations, either between the chapters within the book or between these chapters and other accounts. In contrast, the more controversial matters are flagged within the book and are brought out more explicitly. Discussed in this text are: the progress of archaeology in Olbia, the Greek and non-Greek interactions of the lower Bug, the interpretation of Herodotus's account of Olbia and its environs, the religious dimension of contacts between Greeks and non-Greeks, the settlement of Trakhtemirov, the trade and exchanges between Olbia and its environs, and the struggles of Olbia for its existence amid intrusion of the Roman empire.
Religious Interactions between Olbia and Scythia
Authors: RUSYAYEVA A. S.
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims not to provide a complete reconstruction of the religious interactions between the Greeks of Olbia and the people of Scythia, its aim rather is to provide an overview of the key aspects of the religious interactions between Olbia and Scythia as embodied in the interpretations of the different sources from the late archaic period and classical periods. It discusses the close contacts of the Greeks and the nomads of Scythia and their influences upon the religious beliefs of one another. The Greeks imposed great influences upon the religious beliefs of the non-Greeks. The notable of which is the solar associations of Apollo and his role as an archer which gained approval and acceptance to the outlooks of the Scythians who could identify with him deities of their own. Although they adapted some of the concepts of the Greek religious beliefs, Scythians remained true to their own traditions and beliefs. The Olbia populace on the other hand, did not accept any of the religious practices and beliefs of the nomadic Scythians except for the burials of women who had been brought from the north.
Roman Military Units in Olbia
Authors: ZUBAR V. M.
Published: February 2012

Around the middle of the first century, Olbia was under siege from the Getae. It was either destroyed or abandoned shortly before its destruction. It was only inhabited at the turn of the first century AD. It is assumed that Roman interest over Olbia only started after the middle of the first century. This chapter discusses the existence of Roman military units in Olbia during the years AD 106–111. These military units were believed to be present in Olbia to protect the city from barbarian intrusion. This assumption is established by the existence of inscribed grave-monuments and epitaphs belonging to Athenocles, and the Bosporans: indications of the attempts of the Rome to maintain its political strength and to defend the city from barbarians. Accordingly, after the collapse of the Olbian-Samartian alliance, the Roman Empire provided occasional military aid to Olbian during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian. Other evidences that provide proof of the dependence of Olbia to the military aid given by the Roman military units are the presence of a Roman legionary garrison in Olbia including Thracian dedicatory reliefs.
Chinese Television Coverage and Chinese Perceptions of Sino-EU Relations
Authors: XIAOPING LI
Published: February 2012

This chapter employs a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Chinese television coverage of China–Europe relations to examine many of the outstanding issues of the moment. It notes that reports and comment on Europe and European relations occupy around 10 per cent of coverage on the main news programmes and that most views of Europe are positive, and this in turn may have some kind of impact on the policymaking process in China, though more research needs to be conducted. Overall, however, the chapter concludes that the Chinese understanding of Europe is quite limited, partial, and narrow. Their attention to Europe is confined to international affairs, economic achievements, and natural landscapes. They still consider Europe a remote landmass, with little relevance to their daily lives and personal interests apart from the impacts of Sino–European economic and trade relations.
Intergovernmentalism and China–EU Relations
Authors: FEI LIU
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the ongoing tensions between intergovernmentalism and communitarization in European policy-making, especially its external relations. It finds that there is an important third dimension to China–Europe relations — the role of civil society, business, and scholarship — but China predominantly finds itself having to negotiate in the uncertain waters that exist between the EU institutions and the national interests of member states. This is all the more the case because not all powers contribute equally to Europe's relations with China. The ‘Big Three’ — France, the United Kingdom (UK) and Germany — in particular view external relations in the context of their international roles, including in relation to the USA. As a result, though movement towards a communitarized China policy will continue, China would do well to pay most attention to the continued centrality of intergovernmentalism.
The Impact of European and Chinese Soft Power on Regional and Global Governance
Authors: BERSICK SEBASTIAN
Published: February 2012

This chapter returns to issues raised by other authors in this section: the contrast between European, Chinese, and US perceptions of hard and soft power in the contexts of regional and global governance. Taking the ASEM process as a case, it shows how Europeans and Asians have approached the interaction from different institutional perspectives. Despite this, it sees ASEM as a process that reflects, and promotes, the advance of regional institutionalism in East Asia, adding an important dimension to the Europe–China relationship. This is then contrasted with the US strategy of dual divergence: a divergent internal strategy that rejects institutionalism for managing regional security; and an external divergent strategy that rejects the building of shared and reciprocal institutions between the USA and Asia. The chapter concludes that Europe's ‘balancing by convergence’ strategy has advantages over the USA's ‘balancing by divergence’ strategy.
Extending Deponency: Implications for Morphological Mismatches*
Authors: Spencer Andrew
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses a number of types of mismatch that do not fit neatly into more traditional schemas. Most of these are considered mismatches that occur when a word of one morpholexical category inflects, as if it were a member of a different morpholexical category. It provides a rough preliminary typology of mismatches that is based on four properties and mentions a few instances of within-class mismatches. The chapter also looks at complications in the Hindu verb system and how morphological mismatches might be reflected in syntactic behaviour.
Deponency in the Diachrony of Greek*
Authors: Lavidas Nikolaos , Papangeli Dimitra
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses an investigation of deponent verbs that bear the middle/passive morphology of the Greek language and take an object in the accusative case. It attempts to determine whether there exist any systematic factors from the areas of syntax and semantics that influence the presence of deponent verbs throughout the history of the Greek language. It is concluded that deponent verbs require an independent theoretical explanation, which is drawn from the properties of morphology.
Declarative Deponency: A Network Morphology Account of Morphological Mismatches
Authors: Hippisley Andrew
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses an account of Latin deponent verbs in Network Morphology, which is a declarative framework for writing default inheritance-based theories of the lexicon. The Network Morphology framework is introduced, followed by a detailed Network Morphology treatment of Latin deponent and semi-deponent verbs. These are recasted as a formal system of defaults, and override the properties of deponency drawn together by Baerman.
Rulers, Warriors, Traders, Clerics
Authors: Haour Anne
Published: February 2012

What do we learn if we look in parallel at the past of two distinct parts of the world? This book weighs this question by considering both the central Sahel of West Africa and the European countries around the North Sea, for the period 800–1500. This is a time for which historical records are scarce, and to which archaeology is making ever-increasing contributions. It is also, and foremost, a time when the central Sahel and northern Europe alike were undergoing far-reaching changes that were to define key aspects of their identity today. New monotheistic religions were replacing the animist faiths, states and empires were becoming consolidated, new trading networks were being set up, new towns were emerging, and fortifications were being erected as symbols and in defence against raiders and invaders. Do these elements of convergence mean that we can unpick much wider themes of similarity between northern Europe and Sahelian West Africa? This volume's central argument is that we can understand one area better by seeking inspiration from another.
Sahelian frameworks
Authors: Haour Anne
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides an overview of the current state of archaeological research in the central Sahel. Archaeological research on the central Sahel is still in its infancy while historical research is a little better advanced, focusing on the local dynastic lists and on their critique. Most of the published archaeological work about Sahel is still descriptive in nature rather than synthetic, highlighting the need for further research. This chapter describes some key areas in central Sahel based on available data including Darfur, Kanem-Borno, and southern Niger.
The Twelve Tribes of Atrax: a Lexical Study
Authors: Darmezin Laurence , Tziafalias Athanasios
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines an unpublished inscription which reveals the names of the twelve tribes of Atrax and a number of other civic subdivisions. The findings indicate that while most of the tribal names can be related to known anthroponyms, there are some rarities, and some interesting links to the early settlement of the region. For example, the tribe Thamiesis relates to Thamiai, the region where the Thessaloi originated.
Thracian Personal Names and Military Settlements in Hellenistic Bithynia1
Authors: Corsten Thomas
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines Thracian personal names in military settlements in the Hellenistic region of Bithynia. It analyses the distribution of Thracian names on monuments and inscriptions in the vicinity of Nikaia, Prusa, Kios, and Nikomedeia. The findings suggest that, as a kingdom, Bithynia was dominated by an elite of Thracian descent and that these families lived on estates in the countryside. As a result there is no evidence for these families from Bithynian cities.
Iranian Names and the Presence of Persians in the Religious Sanctuaries of Asia Minor
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines Iranian names and Persian influence on the religious sanctuaries in Asia Minor. It explains that religious cults with Persian associations were extraordinarily tenacious and long-lasting across the entire land mass of Asia Minor, but that Persian influence on religious activity in Asia Minor was not uniform in nature. The chapter suggests that many of the cults in Asia Minor were undoubtedly of a hybrid nature and contained Greek or native Anatolian as well as Iranian features.
Introduction
Authors: McLaughlin Martin
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about British academics and critics' reflections on Italian poet Petrarch and his legacy in British culture. This book explores Petrarch's humanism and examines the ways Petrarch interacted with some of his major sources in both key Latin works and in the vernacular poetry. It discusses Petrarch's poetic legacy in the Renaissance in Italy and Great Britain and investigates how Petrarch's legacy was taken up in Britain, from the time of the first Petrarchists to the early seventeenth century after the Union of the Crowns.
Petrarch and the ‘barbari Britanni’
Authors: Boitani Piero
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines Petrarch's thoughts on the people he called ‘barbari Britanni’. It charts the humanist's changing view of those whom he initially termed ‘timidissimi barbarorum’ and whom he criticised since Britain was the home of Aristotelian logic and highlights his admiration for his bookish English contemporary and correspondent Richard de Bury. It also discusses Petrarch's admiration for English military superiority over the French.