bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lucca: Disputing Strategies
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: November 2023

this chapter will focus on narratives, which, as stressed already in the Introduction, are central to the methodology of this book. The institutional framework of Lucchese justice will, I hope, have become sufficiently dear in the previous chapter; here, we will concentrate on how the Lucchesi resolved disputes in the context of that framework. The stories of disputes have their own fascination, but they will also be assembled so as to allow further understanding of four different aspects of the disputing process: how arguments were set out; what sorts of proofs litigants thought were useful, and how they worked; how the moment of dispute fitted into longer-term patterns (in particular, the changing relationships between the parties, what social anthropologists have called the ‘extended-case method’); and how Lucchesi negotiated the actual ending of disputes in the context of the social expectations and institutional constraints described in this chapter and the previous one.
Ecclesiastical Disputing in the Tuscan Dioceses
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: November 2023

AT FIRST SIGHT, the church’s affairs were wholly different from those we have looked at hitherto. The courts of the kingdom of Italy had already almost entirely vanished at the start of our century, with only an intermittent revived presence in parts of Tuscany in the 1160s—1190s; for secular disputing, local procedures were normally the only possible recourse, and indeed, as we have seen, different cities and their rural hinterlands each took on the task of developing and formalizing such procedures in different ways. The exact opposite is, however, true of the church.
Using Written Records to Revitalize North American Languages
Authors: Nakayama Toshihide
Published: November 2023

In research on endangered languages it is relatively common to downplay the value of written records or any other second-hand attestation of the actual uses of the language as a source of information. This tendency undoubtedly has to do with the fact that the collection of primary data has been felt to be more important and urgent than devoting time to secondary records of the language when endangered language communities are going through drastic and rapid acculturation. This feeling has been strengthened by the fact that many of the previous records were of inferior quality, especially in terms of phonetic accuracy.
Linguistic Diversity in Decline: A Functional View
Authors: Miyaoka Osahito
Published: November 2023

Linguistic diversity is a theme with a long history of absorbing intellectual and academic enquiry, and interest in it has recently resurged partly through the growing realization of the value of biodiversity and partly through language endangerment as diversity becomes severely threatened. Concerning the current issue of linguistic diversity and its diminution, however, many different attitudes and views prevail—individual and collective—which largely depend upon how to see the functions of human language, besides historical and non-linguistic factors involved. The most commonly held view seems to be that a language is distinct from a culture and irrelevant to the process of thought.
Fuegian Languages
Authors: Aguilera Oscar E
Published: November 2023

country, but only six native language groups survive today: Aymara and Quechuan (mentioned in § 10.2.4), Mapuche, two Fuegian languages— Kawesqar and Yahgan—and Rapanui (or Pascuense; a Malayo-Polynesian language, cf. Ch. 14) in Easter Island. At least five other languages are known to have existed, some of them with little documentation, that is, Chango, Atacameno (below), Diaguita, Selk ‘nam, and Chono. See n. 4 for Ona, an extinct Fuegian language. The Mapuche or Mapudungu(n) (also known as Araucanian) family is the most vital group of Amerindian languages in Chile (also spoken in Argentina). While some of the languages are still not endangered (though threatened), others are considered moribund or seriously endangered.
Languages of the Southwest United States
Authors: Ichihashi-Nakayama Kumiko , Yumitani Yukihiro , Yamamoto Akira Y
Published: November 2023

Diversity is one of the main characteristics of Native American communities and their languages in the Southwest of the United States. Oftentimes linguistically closely related communities show very different sociolinguistic situations and various degrees of language shift, which result in differences in the degree of language endangerment. The Southwest culture area of North America is known as the region with the “oldest continuous record of human habitation on the continent outside of Mesoamerica “, and it is “a land of diversity, both of landscape and of ways of life upon that landscape “ (Ortiz 1979a: 1).
If-Thenism
Authors: Chihara Charles S
Published: November 2023

I have been asked, sometimes by readers of my structural account and sometimes by attendees at one of my lectures on this material, how my view differs from this or that well-known position. The two accounts that are most often mentioned in this regard are if-thenism and mathematical fictionalism. The last two chapters of this work will take up these two rival views, with the aim of producing a deeper understanding of my structural account by way of contrast and comparison.
How to ‘Read the Market’
Authors: Hohnen Pernille
Published: November 2023

In peasant markets1 commodities are seldom standardised or pre-packaged and are often subject to marked fluctuations in supply and demand. Production or overhead costs are not calculated and most traders do not keep written records after a transaction is completed. Vendors of particular commodities cluster together in one section of the market-place, rather than distribute themselves throughout it, and do not overtly compete to make a sale. Advertising, other than sales patter, is almost unknown and although many transactions are between persons previously unknown to one another, the market as a whole is structured by enduring trading partnerships, which channels credit and supplies. As prices are seldom marked on goods or on the stall, except when required by the state, bargaining is the usual means of setting prices.
New Forms of Discipline
Authors: Hohnen Pernille
Published: November 2023

The uneven flow of information and knowledge cannot be understood without including an analysis of the power structures in the market. Especially because the formal leadership was weak, an opening had arisen for an alternative form of order, and the market was in reality being controlled by various ‘informal’ agents, mainly bands of racketeers. These partly hidden agents of power and their internal competition may be viewed as influencing the flow of knowledge and information in two ways. First, since their activities often had consequences for the development of the market, knowing about their plans, decisions, and general conduct there was important in order to predict what was going to happen and then act accordingly.
In Praise of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

On Monday, 18 August 1572, after protracted negotiations, the Protestant Henri de Navarre was married to Marguerite, youngest sister of the French King Charles IX, at Notre Dame de Paris. The city was thronged with Huguenots, all intent on enjoying the wedding festivities which would, it was hoped, usher in a new age of religious concord. However, on Friday the 22nd, Admiral Coligny, the Huguenots’ leader, was severely wounded by an arquebus shot; and on Sunday the 24th, Saint Bartholomew’s Day, the Admiral was murdered as he lay in his lodgings, and the bells rang out signalling a general massacre of the Huguenots in Paris, which was soon answered by further massacres elsewhere in France. The extent of the atrocities and the question of their premeditation or spontaneity have provided matter for continuing debate among historians; and the Saint Bartholomew has passed into the mythology of European history.
The Syntax of Event Structure*
Authors: Pustejovsky James
Published: November 2023

Recent work in linguistic theory has stressed the important role that structured lexical representations can play in natural language, for example, the emergence of argument structure as a distinct level of representation (Grimshaw, 1990; Williams, 1981) and the importance of semantic representations such as f-structure (Bresnan, 1982) and lexical conceptual structure (LCS) (Jackendoff, 1983; Rappaport & Levin, 1988). Similarly, we will explore what advantages there are in positing a separate level indicating the event structures associated with predicates and their arguments.
Tense Logic and the Logic of Earlier and Later
Authors: Prior A N
Published: November 2023

W. V. Quine once wrote a paper entitled ‘Three Grades of Modal Involvement’. Tense logic, like modal logic, is something about which some philosophers have misgivings, and like modal logic, it may be presented in a more or a less accommodating manner—it has, in Quine’s terminology, its own ‘grades of involvement’. I want to present here four such ‘grades of tense-logical involvement’, by presenting a series of calculi involving the notion of being true (or as Rescher says, ‘realized’) at an instant, making more and more controversial assumptions at each main stage.
News Stories as Narratives
Authors: Bell Allan
Published: November 2023

Journalists do not write articles. They write stories. A story has structure, direction, point, viewpoint. An article may lack these. Stories come in many kinds and are known in all cultures of the world. They include fairy tales, fables, parables, gospels, legends, epics and sagas. Stories are embedded in all sorts of language use, from face-to-face conversation to public addresses. The role of the storyteller is a significant one both in language behaviour and in society at large. Much of humanity’s most important experience has been embodied in stories.
A Model for Processing Temporal References in Chinese
Authors: Li Wenjie , Wong, Kam-Fai , Yuan Chunfa
Published: November 2023

Information Extraction (IE) is an upcoming challenging research area to cope with the increasing volume of unwieldy, distributed information resources, such as information over Among them, temporal information is important in domains where the task of extracting and tracking information over time occurs frequently, such as planning, scheduling, and question-answering. It may be as simple as an explicit or direct expression in a written language, such as ‘‘the company closed down in May, 1997’’; or it may be left implicit, to be recovered by readers from the surrounding texts. For example, one may know the fact that ‘‘the company closed down before an earth- quake’’, yet without knowing the exact time of the bankruptcy.
Medicine Victorious: North-West Europe, 1944–1945
Authors: Harrison Mark
Published: November 2023

The Normandy landings presented some formidable difficulties to the medical services of the Allied armies. The evacuation of numerous casualties from the beaches, under heavy fire, and the care of soldiers injured or wounded in airborne landings were problems that taxed the best medical planners. But medical arrangements were in the hands of men who possessed a wealth of experience and who had learnt valuable lessons from the mistakes made in earlier campaigns. The medical services were also better equipped than before, possessing a full complement of medical staff, and generous stores of medical and surgical supplies. Aware of the need to maintain a continuous flow of men and supplies between Britain and mainland Europe, the Allies threw the full weight of their industrial and technological resources behind the campaign. This meant that medical personnel were generously supplied and normally able to rely on the rapid evacuation of casualties.
Introduction
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: November 2023

Eighteenth-century Londoners loved caricatures, and the more off-colour the better. In 1760, however, one appeared that might seem to have tipped the scales of decency. The Happy Deliverance(Fig. 1.1) has its innocent enough features: on the centre right we see a crowd of patriotic, hat-waving, working-class Britons shouting ‘huzza’ and ‘Happy Deliverance’, the latter phrase long associated with both England’s Protestant triumphs over Catholic cabals and the successful birth of babies.
Dynamic De finite Descriptions, Implicit Arguments, and Familiarity
Authors: Meulen Alice G B ter
Published: November 2023

Asserted, presupposed, implicit, and inferred existential noun-phrases differ importantly in dynamic binding potential. Implicit existential arguments of predicates cannot constitute antecedents for pronouns, yet they bind the presuppositions of de finite descriptions in subsequent sentences and support inferred existentially quantified statements. A proper semantics must allow for free variables and an inference rule of existential generalization, a standard deductive rule in predicate logic. Lambda DRT principally separates the composition of a lambda-term for VPs from the declaration of its reference markers for NPs, projected from nuclear argument structure to constitute accessible antecedents.
Grammatical topics
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we delve into a selection of grammatical topics in East and Southeast Asian languages. At the noun phrase level, we take up the subject of classifler constructions. Then, in the realm of verbal syntax, we look first at the prevalence of aspect marking in languages of the region, then at the pervasive phenomenon of serial verb constructions. At the level of the sentence we will see that for many East and Southeast Asian languages the traditional notion of grammatical subject has to be augmented with a notion of topic. Finally we look at sentence-final particles, whose use is such an important part of communicative competence in most languages of the region.
Epistemology Futures
Authors: Hetherington Stephen
Published: November 2023

How might epistemology build upon its past and present, so_ as to be better in the future? Epistemology Futures _ takes bold steps towards answering that question. What _ methods will best serve epistemology? Which phenomena and _ concepts deserve more attention from it? Are there _ approaches and assumptions that have impeded its progress _ until now? This volume contains provocative essays by _ prominent epistemologists, presenting many new ideas for _ possible improvements in how to do epistemology. Doubt is _ cast upon the powers of conceptual analysis and of _ epistemological intuition. Surprising aspects of knowledge_ are noticed. What is it? What is it not? Scepticism's limits are traced. What threatens us as potential knowers? What _ does not? The nature and special significance of inquiry, of normative virtues, of understanding, and of disagreement are elucidated, all with an eye on sharpening epistemology's _ future focus. There is definite insight and potential _ foresight. How might real epistemological progress occur in the future? Epistemology Futures offers some intriguing clues.
Inner Spaces and Outer Spaces: the New Epistemology*
Authors: Churchland Paul M
Published: November 2023

A novel idea is sometimes best introduced by analogy, or contrast, with ideas already familiar. Let us begin, then, with the Kantian portrait of our epistemological situation, and more specifically, with his characterization of the two faculties of empirical intuition and rational judgment. Most famously, Kant argued that both of these faculties constitute a human-specific canvas on which the activities of human cognition are doomed to be painted. Space and time were claimed to be the ‘pure forms’ of all sensory intuition-the abstract background forms, that is, of all possible human sensory representations. And the organized family of the various ‘pure concepts of the understanding’ were claimed to provide the inevitable framework of expression for any of the judgments that we humans ever make about the empirical world.
Introduction
Authors: Woolgar C M , Serjeantson D , Waldron T
Published: November 2023

Food and diet are rightly popular areas of research, central to understanding daily life in the Middle Ages. In the past twenty years their study has changed a great deal and a multi-disciplinary approach has become essential to encompass the historical, archaeological, and scientific record. During this time, historians have opened up sources in new ways; zooarchaeologists and archaeobotanists have processed and assimilated archaeological material from a wide range of sites; and scientific techniques, applied to the medieval period, have begun to allow an assessment of the cumulative impact of diet on the human skeleton. Nonetheless, the wide variety of information about diet and nutrition has rarely been drawn together. Even for a single country this project is a daunting task, yet it is one that is crucial to establishing how much more is now known about changes in patterns of eating, the general levels of nutrition and the consequences for health and life expectancy. This is the first ambition of this volume. At the same time, the interchange between the methodological approaches of historians and archaeologists has produced important developments and is equally central to this book. Looking at both strands together, we can reassess the state of our knowledge of this complex subject and see where deficiencies lie in our approaches, planning research accordingly.
The Consumption of Field Crops in Late Medieval England
Authors: Stone D J
Published: November 2023

It is hard to avoid platitudes when describing the place of grain in medieval diet, for in both absolute and relative terms it towered over any other foodstuff. This may not have been the case in every part of medieval Britain, as Gerald of Wales informs us in his Description of Wales of c.1200, but for the vast majority of people in England grain provided the bulk of their calorific intake. It has been estimated that at the start of the fourteenth century grain accounted for up to 80 per cent of a harvest worker’s calories and 78 per cent of a soldier’s; even among the lay nobility of medieval England, grain provided 65–70 per cent of their energy intake. Medieval people consumed grain in three main ways: as bread, as ale, and— among the poorer sections of society—in pottage, a thick soup. On balance, bread was the most important—the monks of Westminster Abbey, for instance, gained 35–46 per cent of their calories in this way at the turn of the sixteenth century—but, for many, ale was not far behind. The basic allowance for these monks was a gallon per monk per day, and great households consumed ale in vast quantities: Henry de Lacy bought an average of 85 gallons of ale a day for his household in 1299, while at Framlingham Castle 78 gallons were consumed per day in 1385–6. A sharper picture of consumption per person emerges from the allowances of food and drink given to lay folk who retired to monastic houses. At Selby Abbey in 1272, for example, Adam of Fleyburghr and his wife Emma received two white loaves, one brown loaf, and two gallons of ale every day.
Pig Husbandry and Pork Consumption in Medieval England
Authors: Albarella U
Published: November 2023

The tradition of keeping a family pig in a sty at the back of the house— widespread in the last century—is of long standing. It was the product of changes in agriculture and land management through the last millennium, which caused a series of transformations in the manner of keeping swine in Britain. Several different forms of husbandry were practised over the centuries, but pigs always played an important role in economy and society, and, with their meat and lard, provided key components in medieval and modern diets. Although they were useful for the production of manure and had unselective eating habits that assisted in cleaning backyards and town streets, pigs were almost exclusively reared for their meat. Unlike cattle and sheep, pigs do not provide important sec- ondary products, such as wool or traction. Pig milk was used in Hittite rituals, but such exploitation is unknown in historic Europe. Their inability to provide as wide a range of products as other domesticates is compensated for by their productivity as a source of food, in terms of energy intake. This productivity is partly a consequence of the fecundity of the species. Even when no selection of breeds had occurred, nine to twelve piglets—and sometimes more—could be produced every year.
Birds: Food and a Mark of Status
Authors: Serjeantson D
Published: November 2023

In England, the eating of chickens and geese began only during the Roman period. With few exceptions, the practice of eating wild birds is found for the first time in the early Middle Ages. Thereafter, every section of society ate domestic fowls (chickens) and geese, but eating other birds was restricted by custom, by decree, and by expense, and was a mark of an individual’s standing. The consumption of birds was also linked to religious observance: the meat of birds was permitted where that of four-footed animals was forbidden. The bones are a better source for the range of species eaten than the historical record, not least because the names given to birds have been surprisingly fluid over the past millennium. Some medieval designations were used for more than one species or for groups of birds, and some correlations are uncertain (Table 9.1). Archaeological remains provide evidence for the relative numbers of the different species which were eaten. They cannot indicate where poultry and gamebirds were procured—this is an area in which written evidence can be especially informative—but they can suggest how they were raised. It is clear from the very many illustrations in which kings and noblemen are seen carrying a hawk that the possession of a bird for use in falconry was an important sign of status, and archaeological evidence has made an important contribution to understanding the origin and development of medieval falconry.
The Impact of the Normans on Hunting Practices in England
Authors: Sykes N J
Published: November 2023

Hunting might seem an obvious way of obtaining food, but in practice augmenting diet in this way was not necessarily straightforward. This chapter examines the archaeological evidence for consumption of foodstuffs that came from this source, relating it to hunting practices and instructional texts of the later Middle Ages. Chapter 12 considers the historical evidence for the management of hunting preserves and their contribution to diet, particularly in the period from 1250 onwards, which allows us to examine some of the dynamics of supply and demand. Together the chapters provide an overview of the role that hunting wild mammals played in food supply. Of all the changes attributed to the Norman Conquest, those associated with hunting are probably the best known, with few school-books neglecting to mention the Normans’ love of the chase. After 1066 the Norman kings applied forest law to vast areas of land, most famously creating the New Forest. Under forest law, rights to take animals were restricted and unlicensed use of forest resources was punishable by imprisonment or maiming. The conquered popu- lation appears to have viewed forest law with contempt; indeed, the authors of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle devoted approximately one third of William the Conqueror’s obituary to complaining about it.
Procuring, Preparing, and Serving Venison in Late Medieval England
Authors: Birrell J
Published: November 2023

The aristocracy of medieval England liked to have venison on their tables, especially at celebratory meals and when entertaining guests. The venison could be enjoyed for its own sake and it also added to the variety of meats presented. But just as important was the special status that venison derived from the fact that, as we have seen in Chapter 11, it was not accessible to everybody. It was neither bought nor sold in the normal way; it had to be hunted, and over much of the country it could only be hunted in one of the many long- or newly established game preserves. Venison might be eaten only on occasion and in smaller quantities than other meats, but this is no measure of its true importance. It was highly prized, and the desire to serve it had many consequences. This chapter examines some of these. Chapter 11 considered the introduction of new rituals of hunting to England and here, too, the processes by which this precious meat was procured and served at aristocratic tables are discussed, with particular reference to the historical evidence. It therefore concentrates on the century and a half beginning in the mid-thirteenth century.
Monastic Pittances in the Middle Ages
Authors: Harvey B F
Published: November 2023

St Benedict of Nursia (c.480–c.550), whose Rule enshrined the principles of monastic observance accepted in the Western Church throughout the Middle Ages, was at once precise and a little ambiguous in his treatment of food and drink. At dinner, the daily meal taken at a time varying with the liturgical season, there were to be two cooked dishes, described as pulmentaria, and a third consisting of fresh fruit or vegetables when in season. This, St Benedict believed, would be a sufficient provision, although he did not explicitly exclude a third such dish. We should envisage the pulmentum from which the cooked dishes derived their name as pottage, consisting mainly of cereals and vegetables but flavoured or diversified from time to time with small quantities of eggs, cheese, and other foods, including fish. It was perhaps to obtain one or more of these other foods, which may have been brought separately to the table, that a monk might find it necessary to use ‘an audible sign’, as permitted in the Rule and there distinguished from speech. The two dishes of pulmentum were, it appears, to be treated as alternatives, two being provided so that a monk unable to eat the one might make his meal out of the other; and the fresh fruit and vegetables were also to be alternative dishes. In addition, each monk was to have a loaf of bread weighing a ‘full pound’, and a measure of wine which, however, it would be meritorious to forgo.
The Leakeys‘ Other World
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

On 25 July 1634, the English gentleman Sir William Brereton boarded ship at Waterford in Ireland, and, after ‘a quick, pleasant, and dainty passage ‘, reached his

destination of Minehead in Somerset a mere twenty-six hours later. Unlike the voyage itself, the landing proved bothersome. The passengers had to be put ashore a mile from the port in the ship ‘s long-boat, ‘wherein we were more tossed, and in more apparent danger than in all the passage, the waves swelling and being mighty high and great ‘. Brereton was returning home to Cheshire after an extended tour of the Low Countries and Ireland, and he did not dawdle in Minehead.
Agents of Moscow
Authors: Mevius Martin
Published: November 2023

After 1945, state patriotism of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe was characterized by the widespread use of national symbols. In communist Hungary the party (MKP) widely celebrated national holidays, national heroes, erected national statues, and employed national street names. This 'socialist patriotism' had its origin in the 'national line' of the Comintern, established on Soviet instructions following the German invasion of the Soviet Union. At that time Stalin called the parties of the Comintern to oppose the Germans by issuing the call for national liberation. This policy continued after 1945 when, as an aid in the struggle for power, the MKP presented itself as both the 'heir to the traditions of the nations' and the 'only true representative of the interest of the Hungarian people'. Paradoxically however, the Soviet origins of the national line were also one of the main obstacles to its success as the MKP could not put forward national demands if these conflicted with Soviet interests. Martin Mevius' pioneering study reveals that what had started as a tactical measure in 1941 had become the self-image of party and state in 1953 and that the ultimate loyalty to the Soviet Union worked to the detriment of the national party - the MKP never rid itself of the label 'agents of Moscow'.
The Home Office Again
Authors: Lester Anthony
Published: November 2023

My friendship with Roy Jenkins began in 1963,a few months after Hugh Gaitskell’s tragically early death. We met through my friendship with Gaitskell’s elder daughter, Julia. I was 27 and Roy was 43 years old. We were drawn together by our connections with the United States. Roy had visited the States a few months earlier and had spent a month in Washington writing for an Observer series, meeting President Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and their advisers. I had recently returned from two years of graduate study at Harvard Law School, which led to my becoming involved with civil rights and the struggle for racial equality. Roy was impressed by the style and substance of the Kennedy administration.
Books
Authors: Clark James G
Published: November 2023

The nature of monastic life and learning at late medieval St Albans is reflected clearly in the remains of its book collection. The monks of Walsingham ‘s generation inherited one of the most important—if not, in fact, the largest— libraries within the Benedictine congregation, a matter which Abbot Wheat ‘lhampstead immortalized in verse with characteristic immodesty.¹ It was a library largely of Anglo-Norman origins: there were few if any of the pre-Conquest manuscripts still to be found in the fourteenth century at Christ Church, Canterbury, Durham, and Glastonbury. The principal manuscripts had been produced in a phase of intense (and, for the most part, in-house) book production in the mid-twelfth century, an experience which seems to have established in the convent a tradition of self-sufficiency in books.²
Looking at Shield Devices: Tragedy and Vase Painting
Authors: Lissarrague Fran¸cois
Published: November 2023

The great shield scene in Aeschylus ‘ Seven against Thebes constitutes an extraordinary interpretative system, between riddle and oracle, whose rich complexity and semantic depth have been shown by Froma Zeitlin in her seminal book on the subject.
A New Pair of Pairs: Tragic Witnesses in Western Greek Vase Painting?
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

The most strikingly ‘theatrical ‘ of Greek mythological vase paintings are those from the high period of red-Wgure painting in the Greek West (or Magna Graecia), known as ‘ornate Apulian ‘. We would be lost in this territory, had not the thousands of very varied pieces been sorted out and listed with amazing expertise by A. D. Trendall in his monumental Red-Figured Vases of Apulia. In addition to those in the big initial collection of 1982, there were literally hundreds of additions in the Supplements published in 1983 and 1991,1 most of them vases which had come on the antiquities market without any recorded provenance in the 1970s and 1980s. To locate them in place, these ‘ornate ‘ vases were mostly painted in or around the cultured and prosperous city of Taras, although they have been found in settlements throughout that part of Italy. Set in time, this phase of ostentatious ceramics lasted between about 350 and 310 bce. The most striking and unusual of all, many of them very large and highly crowded with Wgures, are those collected in Trendall ‘s chapter 18; and dominating this chapter is the master hand of the Darius Painter.
Medea in Eleusis, in Princeton
Authors: Eleusis Medea in , Princeton in
Published: November 2023

A large Apulian volute crater of the late fourth century in the Art Museum of Princeton University (Fig. 9.1)1 has on its obverse an elaborate scene with many figures but very little visible action; on the reverse of the vase is a Dionysiac scene. The setting of the obverse is a sanctuary, and most of the twelve figures are engaged in dialogues with one another. In the middle of the scene there is a small Ionic temple decorated with a festoon from which small tablets are hanging. Inside the building a lady is explaining something to an elderly servant who is listening attentively: he looks like a messenger or a paidagogos.
Nikê ‘s Cosmetics: Dramatic Victory, the End of Comedy, and Beyond1
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

Greek Victory—Nikê—is a young woman from a very rough back- ground. But she is extremely beautiful. A child of the old regime, daughter of Styx and the Titan Pallas, at first glance she gives the appearance of being the odd one out among her siblings, those ‘glori- ous children, ‘ as the authoritative Hesiodic Theogony puts it.2 An only daughter, she has three brothers: Kratos —supremacy over others; Bia—violence; and Zêlos—a term whose meaning is difficult to capture but which describes the complex feelings evoked in onlookers by witnessing the success of others, and which they feel they merit them- selves—perhaps ‘competitive ambition ‘ or ‘spur to emulation.
Envisioning the Tragic Chorus on the Modern Stage
Authors: Foley Helene P
Published: November 2023

Many contemporary performances of Greek tragedy include a chorus of one to three actors that neither sings nor dances and, for an audience accustomed to realistic theatre, often appears to impede the action and awkwardly clutter the set. For example, in a 1998 Broadway production of Sophocles ‘ Electra starring Zoe Wanamaker and directed by David Leveaux that stressed psychological realism, a maternal chorus of three had little to do but prosaically underline the heroine ‘s heavily Freudian neuroses. By contrast, Sophocles ‘ chorus originally created an initially resistant but ultimately dynamic and politically engaged community of fellow lamenters and avengers. The style, movement, and language of larger tragic choruses can also appear painfully artificial and unfamiliar. Productions in contem- porary Greece typically include large, well-rehearsed choruses that both sing and dance choral odes and often take advantage of familiar native music and dance traditions; but outside Greece twentieth- and twenty-first-century directors rarely present tragedies in which the chorus comes close to competing with or even upstaging the actors dramatically.
Rencontre asvec Froma
Authors: Vernant y Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2023

J ‘aurais aime´ apporter à ce volume, comme contribution personnelle, un article original digne de Wgurer dans l ‘ouvrage et de te´moigner valablement par sa qualite´ de mon admiration pour l ‘œuvre et la personne de Froma Zeitlin. Je ne suis malheureusement plusen e´tat de le faire. Me fallait-il dans ces conditions renoncer à être pre´sent dans l ‘hommage collectif qui lui est rendu? L ‘ide´e m ‘en est apparu insupportable. J ‘ai donc choisi, au dernier moment, faute de pouvoir inventer et e´crire du neuf, de puiser dans ma me´moire et de raconter, tels que me les pre´sentent aujourd ‘hui mes souvenirs, les circon- stances de ma premiére rencontre avec Froma, les hasards qui ont en quelque sorte agence´ cette re´union, et la fac¸on dont cet e´ve´nement fortuit a inaugure´ l ‘entrecroisement ulte´rieur de nos vies et de nos cheminements intellectuels.
Relatively Unrestricted Quantification
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2023

There are four broad grounds upon which the intelligibility of quantification over absolutely everything has been questioned’ one based upon the existence of semantic indeterminacy, another on the relativity of ontology to a conceptual scheme, a third upon the necessity of sortal restriction, and the last upon the possibility of indefinite extendibility. The argument from semantic indeterminacy derives from general philosophical considerations concerning our understanding of language.
Hitler and the Nazi state: leadership, hierarchy, and power
Authors: Noakes Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The most important feature of the Nazi state was the exceptional status of Adolf Hitler and the power which flowed from it. Hitler had already acquired absolute authority within the Nazi Party (NSDAP) during the 1920s as its Fu¨hrer (Leader). It was an authority based on his charisma — the conviction shared by both him and his followers of his mission to save Germany by overthrowing the existing political order, uniting its people in a ‘national community’, and then restoring it to greatness.
Religion and the churches
Authors: Steigmann-Gall Richard
Published: November 2023

The contemporary age, contrary to what modernization theorists predicted some thirty years ago, is one of religious revival. The relevance of religion not just for the private lives of individuals, but for the social and political world-views of those individuals — and indeed whole societies — is no longer a matter of dispute among scholars.
Artaud’s Writing Bodies
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

Antonin Artaud (1896-1948), perhaps best known as a dramatic theorist, is an important but extremely difficult writer. This book studies the development of his thinking, from the early texts of the 1920s through to the acclaimed but lesser known 1940s writings, on such issues as the body, theology, language, identity and the search for an elusive and unsayable self-presence, and then uses this as a framework in which to read his late texts. New attention is paid to the processes by which his texts generate meanings, the logics that hold these meanings together, and the internal contradictions of the late poetry. This allows a new picture to emerge that accounts for the coherent if unequal development of his ideas as well as the drive towards systematisation to be found in even his most opaque writings. By returning to the texts and focusing on the specific terms of Artaud's writing, as well as their gleeful resourcefulness and ludicity, it is argued that Artaud needs to be considered not as a contestatory psychotic but as a writer of the first magnitude. Accessible to both scholar and newcomer, this illuminating and original study will refocus critical thought on both the development of Artaud's thinking and the significance of his oft-neglected later work.
The translation stage
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

‘Transfer’ is the term we use to describe the second stage of the three-stage lexicographic process. It consists of adding translations to the monolingual, target-language-neutral database described in Chapters 8 and 9. The transfer procedure described here is simply a more formalized version of the process that all bilingual dictionary editors go through at some point. First, in the analysis stage, they sketch out in as much detail as possible the full potential of the headword, distinguishing its various LUs and setting down the important facts about each, together with examples (this equates to stage 1, creating the database).
Agency and Causation
Authors: Ahmed Arif
Published: November 2023

Can causation be explained intenns of human agency? The view that it can I call the ‘agency theory’. The most common objection to it is that it is circular. To be an agent means to bring something about. ‘Bringing about’ is a causal notion. So we need to understand ‘cause’ before we understand ‘agency’: the correct exp1anation must go the other way. Agency is to be explained as a kind of causation (e.g. Hausmann 1997, p. 17). I shall call this the ‘circularity objection’.
Causation in Context
Authors: Menzies Peter
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell (1913) argued that the concept of cause should be extruded from the philosophical vocabulary because it is inextricably bound up with misleading connotations.
The Physical Foundations of Causation
Authors: Kutach Douglas
Published: November 2023

The prominence of causation in twentieth-century metaphysics is curious considering it partly stems from a classical theory of interaction by mechanical contact that has long been superceded by more sophisticated physics. Specifically, the idea that a central organizing principle of nature is a causal relation between events is not motivated by a serious examination of fundamental physics. What we do find in our best fundamental theories are equations expressing relationships between physical quantities at different times and places, equations that have no obvious connection with the concept of causation.
The Philosopher ‘s History and the History of Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

It is important to distinguish the history of philosophy (what philosophers have done) from the historiography of philosophy (what historians of philosophy do). In this paper I will try to use ‘historiography’, not ‘history’, when that is what I mean. I won’t, however, use the ugly word ‘historiographer’, since there is little danger of thinking that a historian of philosophy is somebody who makes history rather than someone who writes history. Our main concern here is the historiography of philosophy; but I must spend some time in discussing the history, since the nature of the historiography depends on the nature of the history. In its turn, the nature of the history of philosophy depends on the nature of philosophy.
How to Write Like a Magus
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Hood ‘s book attacking Forman was published on 22 November 1591. The following evening as the sun was setting Forman read Hermes Trismegistus ‘ Poimandres, an account of the creation of the world much like Genesis. Hermes, in a sleep-like state, has a series of delightful and frightening visions, through which Poimandres, ‘mind of sovereignty ‘, reveals the wisdom of creation. The next morning Forman had the following dream: I sawe appearing in the clouds of heaven a man ro tyms bigger and greter then any other man, with a marvailouse great face and his herd was not very longe but of a chestnut colloure, and a very high forhed.
The Talking Ape
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

In this fascinating, smind-opening book, Robbins Burling presents the most convincing account of the origins of language ever published. He sheds new light on how language affects the way we think, behave, and relate to each other; and he gives us a deeper understanding of the nature of language itself. The author traces language back to its earliest origins among our distant ape-like forbears several million years ago and charts its growth to the time of our recent human ancestors. He offers a new account of the route by which we acquired our defining characteristic and explores the nature of language as it developed throughout the course of our evolution. He explains what the earliest forms of communication are likely to have been, how they worked, and why they were deployed. He examines the qualities of mind and brain needed to support the operations of language and the selective advantages they offered those able to use them. Robbins Burling investigates the first links between signs, sounds, and meanings and explores the beginnings and prehistories of vocabulary and grammar. He connects work in fields extending from linguistics, sign languages, and psychology to human paleontology, evolutionary biology, and archeology. And he does all this in a crystal-clear style, constantly enlivened by flashes of wit and humor.
In the beginning
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

Few topics about which scholars have puzzled can be quite so intriguing and so tantalizing, but at the same time so frustrating, as the evolution of the human capacity for language. Nothing so decisively sets us apart from our primate cousins as our constant chatter. It is no exaggeration to credit language for the very humanity that distinguishes us from the beasts from which we sprang. If we are even a tiny bit curious about our own origins, we have to be curious about the origins of language.
Truths and lies
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

We can view the path along which the capacity for language evolved from either of two directions, forward from a starting point somewhat like that of the living primates, or backward from the form of our own languages. The primates that we know, especially the chimpanzees and bonobos, give us a plausible model for the anatomy and behavior of our earliest hominin ancestors, and we can ask how such a species would have had to change in order to gain linguistic competence. Understandably, this is the perspective from which primatologists have generally looked at human evolution.
Signs and symbols
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

At least since the time of Ferdinand de Saussure, early in the twentieth century, linguists have insisted that the relationship between the form and the meaning of linguistic signs is entirely arbitrary. Whether we call the place we live a house, maison, or casa matters not at all as long as everyone in the speech community agrees on some consistent convention. To be sure, a few onomatopoetic words, like whoosh and whippoorwill, echo the sound of wind or the twittering of birds, but these have generally been looked on as minor exceptions to the more usual arbitrary coupling of meaning with sound.
What has language done to us?
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

Through most of this book I have offered some facts, some arguments, and a good deal of speculation about the path by which language might have emerged in the human species. Now, at the end, I want to raise a somewhat different question: What has language done to us? How has it changed our lives? For, whatever the selective pressures were that encouraged the emergence of language, and whatever the stages through which evolving language passed, we can have no doubt at all that language must be given a good deal of the credit (or is it blame?) for turning us into a most peculiar animal. Nothing is more important than language in the behavioral revolution that has made us so different from even our closest anthropoid kin. Above the level of basic physiology, we do precious little that is not, in some way, affected by language.
Introduction
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

When I was asked to give a special options seminar at Oxford University in the spring of 2004 on my research on bilingualism, I used the opportunity to approach Oxford University Press with the idea of writing a book based on my lectures.
The Bilingual’s Language Modes∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Bilinguals who have reflected on their bilingualism will often report that they change their way of speaking when they are with monolinguals and when they are with bilinguals. Whereas they avoid using their other language with the former, they may call on it for a word or a sentence with the latter or even change over to it completely. In addition, bilinguals will also report that, as listeners, they are sometimes taken by surprise when they are spoken to in a language that they did not expect. Although these reports are quite anecdotal, they do point to an important phenomenon, language mode, which researchers have been alluding to over the years. For example, Weinreich (1966) writes that, when speaking to a monolingual, the bilingual is subject to interlocutory constraint which requires that he or she limit interferences (Weinreich uses this as a cover term for any element of the other language), but when speaking to another bilingual there is hardly any limit to interferences; forms can be transferred freely from one language to the other and often used in an unadapted way. A few years later, Hasselmo (1970) refers to three sets of “norms” or “modes of speaking” among Swedish-English bilinguals in the United States: English only for contact with English monolinguals, American Swedish with some bilinguals (the main language used is Swedish), and Swedish American with other bilinguals (here the main language is English). In the latter two cases, code-switching can take place in the other language. The author also notes that there exist two extremes in the behavior of certain bilinguals, one extreme involves minimal and the other maximal code-switching.