bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational Learning Based on Transforming Collective Consciousness
Authors: Gustavsson Bengt , Harung Harald S.
Published: July 2002

Previous research suggests that there are a number of distinct stages of
psychological development of an individual, and that the level of
development has a direct bearing on a person′s perception of reality and
his ability to perform – professionally and socially. Since organizations
consist of people, it can be expected that there will be similar phases
of organizational development, and that this level of collective
consciousness determines the quality of life and level of performance of
an organization. Traditionally, it has been questionable whether or not
a significant individual or organizational development can be achieved
in practice. Gives evidence that it is possible to operationalize the
transformation of both individual and collective consciousness, using
appropriate mental techniques in order to satisfy the very purpose of
organizational learning: the capacity for continued growth.
BPR and the learning organization
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin J.
Published: July 2002

Examines the extent to which European BPR experience and practice are contributing towards the building of learning capability and facilitating progress towards the learning organization. Draws on the results of a European Commission‐funded programme of activities undertaken by the COBRA project team. Suggests that many applications of BPR are concerned with shorter term savings of time and cost and that little priority is being placed on enhancing the longer term learning which could be a sustainable source of competitive advantage.
Learning in understructured environments: lessons from power sector development in Asia
Authors: Kumar Rajesh
Published: July 2002

How does one learn in an understructured environment? What should one learn in such an environment? There is no obvious answer to these questions; nevertheless this is a challenge confronting business development managers in the energy sector. In recent years huge markets have opened up in much of Asia; however, the art of developing or tapping these markets is as yet not well understood. This is exemplified in the slow progress that has been made in bringing projects to a final closure. The Asian market is fundamentally an understructured environment and it is this characteristic which has slowed down the development of projects. Institutions, be they political, regulatory, or social, function ever so imperfectly. Although the countries are in the midst of developing a stable institutional framework for conducting transactions, this is a long‐term process where progress is likely to be slow and volatile. Poses a central dilemma for business development managers; How should they operate in markets where institutions are still in the process of evolution? Addresses the issue of learning in understructured environments, using the development of the power sector in Asia as the core example.
Development of high performance organizational learning units
Authors: Robinson Thomas , Clemson Barry , Keating Charles
Published: July 2002

Establishes our perspective for shared organizational learning processes, cycles, and systems. These learning phenomena are usually tacit, i.e. the organization is only dimly aware of them. These tacit phenomena drive both decision and action and, because they are tacit, they are self‐organizing and are normally not analysed. In order to develop effective learning systems, the organization must explicitly articulate and design these learning processes, cycles, and systems. The “learning unit” is introduced as the essential element where learning development must focus for improved organizational performance. Begins to develop the implications of this perspective for organization theory, organizational practice, and the art of management. Organizational learning can drive organizational transformation if these phenomena are properly planned, designed, and facilitated.
The learning organisation: results of a benchmarking study
Authors: Zairi Mohamed
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on a survey which benchmarked two large conglomerates in the area of “corporate learning”. One of the problems with the theme of the learning organisation is clear understanding of its meaning, constituent elements, the way learning gets applied, is measured and can be kept sustainable. To ensure that learning is given an all‐encompassing approach, a model proposed by Carr (1994) was adapted and used to survey Unilever plc and Allied Domecq. Consumer focus through effective branding is core to their business, which could be described as more creative than productive. In both cases, the harnessing of human potential and its development is crucial to their competitive success. The survey indicates that Unilever plc has got the edge over Allied Domecq in many areas. The paper discusses the type of learning organisation each case is and the degree of their effectiveness in each of the six areas scrutinised.
Assessing the learning organization: part 2 – exploring practical assessment approaches
Authors: Tosey Paul , Smith Peter A.C.
Published: July 2002

Asserts and explores the claim that further headway in substantive wide‐scale learning organization development is seriously jeopardised unless individual organizations objectively measure their progress. In part 1 a new evaluative standpoint grounded in “New Science” is suggested, and foundations for two non‐traditional discriminant approaches based on this standpoint are discussed. The potential to link such assessments to business performance is evaluated. In part 2, applications of these two approaches in organizational settings are reviewed.
Total learning organisation
Authors: Ho Samuel K.M.
Published: July 2002

The fundamentals of learning organisations are revisited to provide a relevant perspective for achieving world‐class performance. A new concept termed the ‘total learning organisation’ is created and developed based on the theoretical background and the author’s consultancy experience. Three important World Cup matches are used as case examples to illustrate the application of innovation through the conceptual framework of the total learning organisation. The findings are useful for firms wanting to benchmark against the experience of leading firms which have survived and grown despite the two global oil crises and the recent Asian financial turmoil.
Structuring for organizational learning
Authors: Hong Jacky
Published: July 2002

The concept of organizational learning has taken its prominence in the past several decades as a way to achieve competitive advantage. Companies are urged to become “learning organizations” to develop their learning capability for survival and maintaining competitiveness. However, very few studies have addressed the issue of how organizational structure may contribute to organizational learning. This article attempts to bridge the gap in literatures by engaging in a theoretical debate to generate a synthesis of these two concepts.
Looking again at learning in the learning organization: a tool that can turn into a weapon!
Authors: Marsick Victoria J. , Watkins Karen E.
Published: July 2002

The authors describe learning strategies that are being used successfully to benefit both individuals and organizations. They also speak about the shadow side: a culture of fear, the negative impact of constant change, and inappropriate exploitation of employee knowledge. They elaborate on what can happen when an idea as powerful as the learning organization ends up being used for purposes that were not originally intended.
An examination on multiple celebrity endorsers in advertising
Authors: Hsu Chung‐kue , McDonald Daniella
Published: July 2002

Celebrity endorsement advertising is a prevailing advertising technique. Some marketers choose to utilize multiple celebrities to promote their products or brands. Nevertheless, it is surprising that so little research has focused on this phenomenon. This research discussed advantages and potential concerns of multi‐celebrity endorsement advertising and documented the actual use of multiple celebrity endorsers in the milk mustache campaign in the USA. We analyzed the content of the 50 milk mustache ads appearing on the http://www.whymilk.com Web site on a list of celebrity‐ or product‐related dimensions. Overall, we found that these milk mustache ads have matched their celebrities’ gender, age and type of milk attributes in appealing to their female/male, teen/adult consumers. The results support that fit between the endorsed product and various celebrities is a key factor for using multiple celebrity endorsers in advertising.
The effects of promotional activities on brand decision in the cellular telephone industry
Authors: Liu Chu‐Mei
Published: July 2002

Branding is important to manufacturers, retailers and consumers. Brands with higher brand equity have higher sales. The growth of mobile phone subscriptions is considerably faster in the Philippines. Advertising and promotion are undertaken through cooperation between the service providers and mobile phone manufacturers. The study tries to find out the effects of the different activities on consumer choice of mobile phone brands. A total of 800 respondents participated in the survey. Results of the stepwise regression analysis indicate the initial effect of advertisements of service providers is felt during the third iteration but moved during the next iteration phase. The consumers relate information about the service provider with a combination of brand concept and unit usage flexibility. The relationship of variable to choice is significant with only price upward difference with current model showing an inverse relationship and the brand concept commanding the highest positive contribution.
Understanding Customer Abilities in Product Concept Tests
Authors: Duke Charles R.
Published: July 2002

Judicious application of concept tests to specific situations
contributes not only to the success of the product but also to the
success of the product manager. Recognizing respondent limitations
helps product managers estimate risk of product failure as well as
explain failure to higher management. Respondents have limited ability
to keep track of large numbers of items. New situations make
categorization difficult. Respondents can seldom imagine or project
beyond the test into an actual buying situation. Inadequate risk
evaluation hampers decisions and ratings. Design tests falter when the
full range of critical issues is not included. Managers improve success
probabilities by using more stages in testing, simplifying requests of
respondents, and adequately framing the evaluations to be made.
Commentary: Gift Packaging in Duty‐free Markets – Environmentalism and
Brand Equity
Authors: Louchran Vicky , Kangis Peter
Published: July 2002

As the European Union issues Directives to standardize measures taken by
individual member states to reduce environmental waste in the process of
packaging, examines the marketing of branded spirits in European
duty‐free situations in order to determine whether consumers face a
conflict between purchasing on the basis of environmental issues or the
“giftability” of the product. Found that customers were more motivated by
price and brand loyalty than on packaging or green issues.
Commentary: Marketing Research Pitfalls in Product Development
Authors: Valentin Erhard K.
Published: July 2002

In the product development process, marketing research is often used
inappropriately. To be useful, marketing research must be focussed on
questions to which the answers improve decision making; and marketers
should realize that marketing research may do more harm than good when
prospective customers do not yet know what they want, which is often the
case. Furthermore, too many companies waste time and money inquiring
into customer needs and wants and product performance criteria that are
perfectly obvious.
Redefining new product development teams: learning to actualize consumer contributions
Authors: Pitta Dennis A. , Franzak Frank , Prevel Katsanis Lea
Published: July 2002

Looks at recent product development literature which cites the improving but troubling success rates of newly introduced products and recommends integrating customer input as early as possible. Notes that, while companies have adopted cross‐functional product development teams, integrating customer input is uncommon. Suggests that, to increase product success consumers and other external information sources should be part of idea generation and should provide input throughout the rest of the product development process. Highlights several problems that exist which interfere with achieving that integration: many firms are not structured to gather, disseminate and exploit consumer preference data or their surrogates; and it is difficult to identify consumers who could provide ongoing interactive input. Reviews the relevant learning organization literature and relates it to the new product development process. Explores the successful lead user technique used in industrial marketing, describes its important components, and proposes a potentially useful extension ‐ boundary‐spanning product development teams. Describes boundary‐spanning product development teams which are composed of internal cross‐functional members and external members selected from suppliers, retailers and consumers.
Consumption values, sponsorship awareness, brand and product use
Authors: Pope Nigel
Published: July 2002

Despite suggestions that sponsorship awareness impacts on brand attitudes and purchase intention, the evidence is principally anecdotal or confined to particular instances in particular product categories. This paper presents the findings of an examination of sponsorship awareness in the context of consumption values, and relates those findings to brand attitudes and product use. Results suggest that while sponsorship awareness can affect consumption values, the aspects of those values which are affected will not necessarily be the same as those which impact on product use or brand attitudes. It is suggested that sponsors need to carefully examine what aspects of particular values they wish to affect, prior to embarking on sponsorship programmes.
Evaluating multidimensional prices
Authors: Herrmann Andreas , Wricke Martin
Published: July 2002

The price at which a product is offered often does not consist of a single item of information, for example VW Golf, price; DM25,476. Instead, a multidimensional pricing system is used, e.g. the price comprises a down payment, monthly installments and a repayment period in months. Despite the considerable significance of offers of this type for marketing policy, no information is presently available to describe how a consumer integrates the individual price dimensions (e.g. down payment, monthly installments and number of repayment periods) to form a global judgment. This article derives hypotheses to explain the formation of a price judgment about multidimensional prices. Then, an empirical study designed to verify the formulated hypotheses is described. Finally, this article discusses the implications of the results of the study.
Market research companies and new product development tools
Authors: Nijssen Edwin J. , Frambach Ruud T.
Published: July 2002

This research investigates (1) the share of new product development (NPD) research services in market research (MR) companies’ turnover, (2) MR companies’ awareness and use of NPD tools and the modifications made to these NPD tools, and (3) MR company managers’ perceptions of the influence of client use of commissioned NPD research on client NPD performance. The results from a sample of 35 Dutch and Belgium MR companies show that NPD research is a major growth area. MR companies mainly use qualitative research and focus on marketing‐mix and product optimization services. A moderate awareness and use of NPD tools exists, although major differences between tools exist. In over 75 percent of all cases MR companies have adjusted the NPD tools they use. Especially customization and standardization of the tools have taken place. Analyzing the relationship between the level of use of commissioned NPD research and client NPD performance, no significant main effect is found. However, a positive effect exists between the use of MR companies’ services and NPD performance for firms that specifically aim to solve NPD problems and/or increase their NPD success.
The importance of brand‐specific associations in brand extension: further empirical results
Authors: Glynn Mark S. , Brodie Roderick J.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports a replication of Broniarczyk and Alba’s study of the influence of brand‐specific associations on brand extensions. The results broadly support the original study showing brand‐specific associations ( i.e. attributes which differentiate a brand from the competition)can dominate the effects of the parent brand to the point where they reverse extension evaluations. Thus the study provides further evidence to challenge the commonly held assumption that the effect associated with the original brand name and product category is automatically transferred to the brand extension.
An international study of unisex and “same‐name” fragrance brands
Authors: Markham Scott , Cangelosi Joe
Published: July 2002

Examines the perceptions and preferences of fragrances by females. The sample was taken from nine cities across three continents. Of the two major fragrance concepts examined, unisex fragrances have been introduced, with only about half the respondents in the nine cities (six countries) surveyed in this study being familiar with the concept. Respondents assessed the effects of ten factors on the fragrance decisions. The joint effects of ten surveyed factors show major differences between samples as stratified by area, with some consistency among the top factors, as supported by ANOVA and MANOVA analysis. Chi‐Square analysis of unisex and “same‐name” fragrances indicated significant differences in four of six variables. The ten surveyed factors were “scent, European fragrance, price, brand (purchased for self), brand (purchased as gift), mood, season, free items with purchase, container, and color.” “Scent, price, brand and mood” were the dominant variables. Significant differences existed between the respondents in the three major geographic areas, USA, Europe and Asia for seven of the ten factors, i.e. European fragrance, price, brand purchased as a gift, mood, season, container, and color.
From users to customers?
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

This article uses the language of marketing to provide a framework for thinking about users as customers. First we explore the nature of customers, and in particular identify the various stakeholder groups in a public sector context. Next we look at ways of segmenting customers into groups and targeting services to meet the needs of those groups. We explore the concept of relationship marketing and the associated ideas of loyalty, and reflect on aspects of customer relationship management. Finally, customer compatibility management offers a new perspective on the role of customers in contributing to the experience of other customers.
On the quality and usefulness of the specification in determining a customer’s requirements: a survey of UK library system suppliers
Authors: Fisher Shelagh
Published: July 2002

An effective library management system is essential to the operation of services but the procurement of a system is an infrequent activity with little opportunity for librarians to build on or consolidate their experience. The common activity of specifying the operational requirements of a system can consequently be problematic. The procurement process is also difficult for potential system suppliers who must respond to specifications (or RfPs) which are very variable in terms of content, format and quality. A survey of UK library system suppliers was undertaken in January 2000 as part of the UK LIC‐funded HARMONISE Project to determine their views on the quality and usefulness of the specification in the procurement process. The suppliers indicated a number of problems inherent in specifications produced by libraries, such as a lack of clarity, poor structure, variable in technical understanding and with too great a focus on basic functionality which has been tried and tested. A model specification of system requirements for libraries is recommended.
Tracking the use of e‐journals: a technique collaboratively developed by the Cataloging Department and the Office of Libraries Technology at the University of Louisville
Authors: Liu Weiling , Cox Fannie M.
Published: July 2002

Tracking electronic journals to collect usage statistics is not an easy task. E‐journal publishers and aggregators are using various standards to create e‐journal usage reports. This situation has created many problems for libraries that use those reports. For e‐journal collection development, it is essential for libraries to know exactly who is using their e‐journals, how often their e‐journals are being used, and how their e‐journals are being accessed. Although several methods have been used in the library community, this article focuses on a method cooperatively developed by the cataloging department and the office of libraries technology at the University of Louisville to take control of collecting and generating e‐journal usage statistics. This method involves the use of a CGI script, AXS shareware. The success of this method in fact is built on cooperative efforts between the two departments.
Managing the special collections department in the digital world: a case study of cooperation and innovation
Authors: Phillips Faye
Published: July 2002

Thousands of special collections departments and libraries throughout the world are currently involved in digital library projects that focus on their holdings. The purposes of these projects are varied: some are to provide broader access to the unique materials within the special collections; others showcase the outstanding images and rare treasures held by libraries; while many provide only intriguing highlights; and a number of digital library projects are extensive enough to include all these purposes. Special collections digital projects can be stand‐alone or cooperative. Such ventures provide case studies in innovation and examples of how others can create digital projects. At the LSU libraries’ special collections department, cooperation and innovation in all digital library projects are emphasized even though the work concentrates on reformatting unique and rare materials. This article is a case study of the special collections department’s work in the digital realm at the LSU Libraries since 1990.
Reap what you sow: harvesting the deep Web
Authors: Medeiros Norm
Published: July 2002

This article examines the growth of the invisible Web, and efforts underway to make its contents more accessible. Dynamic Web publishing is described. The Open Archives Metadata Harvesting Protocol is reviewed, as are projects related to OCLC’s implementation of the Open Archives Initiative. Recent Dublin Core activities are reported.
The nature of archives and manuscripts
Authors: Jimerson Randall C.
Published: July 2002

Archives and manuscripts require special techniques based on their distinctive nature as the byproducts of transactions rather than the result of deliveration or creative endeavors. They are natural, organic, impartial, authentic and unique materials that acquire significance from the context of their creation rather than from their subject matter. Archival principles of provenance, original order and collective description ensure the preservation of these important qualities. Understanding the nature of archives and manuscripts forms the basis for the archival theory and practices that anyone responsible for such collections should know.
Observations from a Nantucket sleigh ride
Authors: Medeiros Norm
Published: July 2002

This article reviews presentations given at the 2001 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications. It discusses the recent RDF/XML expressions proposed by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. The article concludes by reviewing sessions that took place at the 2002 ALA Midwinter meetings.
Taking trouble:
Authors: Morrison Allen , Beck John
Published: July 2002

Many corporations fail to find the Holy Grail of globalization because they have not paid “enough” ongoing attention to the process. Without greater attentional effectiveness in their efforts to globalize, firms waste precious executive resources or decide to standardize their operations to limit the complexity of their international strategies. Neither of these reactions is desirable. While companies can deploy a range of helpful tools in increasing overall levels of global attention, these tools are costly and not every company is in a position to achieve and sustain high levels of global attention effectively. In this article, the authors discuss three dimensions of management attention: aversion/attraction, captive/voluntary, and front‐of‐mind/back‐of‐mind. Each of these dimensions provides an array of tools to focus management attention. By maximizing each of these dimensions, attention effectiveness is increased. In an international business world with abundant information, managers need to focus on their most scarce resource – management attention.
The new rules:
Authors: Wilson Ian
Published: July 2002

The author outlines a “new rules” agenda for business that is being driven by changing market forces and growing public expectations. The new rules address seven primary issues: corporate legitimacy and stakeholder relations, corporate governance, increased equity and diversity, environmental preservation, the new “employment contract,” redefined public‐private sector relations, and improved ethical performance. The new rules are evolving not only from the demands of public interest groups; they also represent arenas of action already being taken by leading corporations. Thus, social responsibility has moved far beyond peripheral “do‐goodism” and entered the central sphere of corporate strategy.
The conscience of an organization:
Authors: Rasberry Robert W.
Published: July 2002

Today’s businesses consist of diverse employees, many of whom are in a state of cognitive moral confusion. Some have trouble distinguishing right from wrong. Others question whether such standards even exist. Many businesses need a constant presence that reminds everyone to do the right thing. The name of that ethical conscience is the “ethics office.” Some companies have moved beyond compliance to an integrity‐based approach to ethics management, building a culture that embraces core values and an uncompromising implementation of legal and ethical principles. These guiding principles are embodied in the strategic planning process and evidenced in the daily decision making and actions of the firm. In integrity‐based companies, the ethics office truly serves as the organizational conscience, gently reminding management and employees alike to remember their ethical compass.
Value nets: reinventing the rusty supply chain for competitive advantage
Authors: Bovet David , Martha Joseph
Published: July 2002

The traditional supply chain starts with components, which are assembled and pushed through distribution channels in the hope that someone will buy them. A value net, by contrast, starts with customer priorities and aligns the company operations and supplier relationships to satisfy real customer demand. Value flows to the customer, who receives a faster, more reliable, convenient, and tailored offering. Value flows to the suppliers, who have a more accurate reading of real demand, and value flows to the company managing the network, in the form of a differentiated competitive position, which generates greater profits and market capitalization.
Rip the band‐aid off quickly
Authors: Pace Stan
Published: July 2002

Suggests that in transforming their companies CEOs and management teams often do not act extensively enough to reposition their businesses. States that companies should be prepared to implement programs that are fast, focused and simultaneous in order to create a better and long‐lasting shareholder value. Concludes that successful turnarounds require management to act rapidly, comprehensively and dramatically, which in turn will achieve speedier rewards.
How top management steers fast cycle teams to success
Authors: Narayanan V.K. , Douglas Frank L. , Guernsey Brock , Charnes John
Published: July 2002

Every merger and acquisition deal presents a different goal and a different mix of critical issues to manage. Making, consummating, and integrating a deal puts pressure on chief executives to play multiple leadership roles and switch quickly from one role to another throughout the merger process. The roles employed vary dramatically with the type of deal and how ambitious the strategy. As the rationales for transactions have changed, new challenges have evolved, especially for those leading the deals: leaders must establish and communicate the strategic vision for the merger ‐‐ they need to explain the top four or five sources of value in the deal and what the core values and culture of the new organization should be; leaders must cheer on the stakeholders to generate enthusiasm for the merger or acquisition, and to confront fear and uncertainty in its various forms; leaders must close the deal; leaders captain change by managing the integration of the two entities; and leaders crusade for the new entity. These five roles are essential to all transactions, but leaders need to employ each at different times. The strategic rationale behind the deal, and the inherent risks and opportunities that it presents, determines which roles a leader needs to play and when.
Marketing practices of African and Caribbean small businesses in London, UK
Authors: Blankson Charles , Omar Ogenyi E.
Published: July 2002

Presents an assessment of the marketing practices among African and Caribbean small businesses in London. Findings reveal the patchy application of an adapted market orientation framework; also indicates “informal” marketing deliberations taking place and is consistent with Stokes and Blackburn’s assertion that marketing in the small business sector seems to be an informal and unplanned activity that relies on the intuition and energy of the owner‐manager. The study was undertaken in response to calls for marketing‐related research in this sector and the results provide valuable insights into the UK’s intercultural dynamics. The study reveals considerable degree of evenness between the ease or difficulty of securing bank loans. The paper concludes by drawing attention to managerial implications and future research directions.
Academics, practitioners and qualitative market research
Authors: Catterall Miriam
Published: July 2002

During the 1980s, market research practitioners and academic marketing researchers witnessed a growing interest in qualitative research. A review of the practitioner and academic literature on qualitative market(ing) research reveals the commonalities and the differences in the ways each group represents, thinks about and practices qualitative research. Areas where both groups might benefit from sharing ideas and information and from closer links generally are discussed.
Concept testing an unfamiliar fish
Authors: Leek Sheena , Maddock Sarah , Foxall Gordon
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the problems of launching new products onto the market, particularly healthy foods and fish products. Research was undertaken to investigate whether consumers would be prepared to purchase a new concept, i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) fed fish, premium price PUFA fish and different species of PUFA fish, specifically salmon, eel and sturgeon. The factors influencing the respondents’ decisions were investigated. The methodology utilised a questionnaire containing both qualitative and quantitative questions and several group discussions. It was found that the majority of the sample found the concept of PUFA fish acceptable and plausible and were prepared to pay a premium price, but the number of people prepared to purchase specific PUFA species was lower. Although health was given as a main reason for purchase other factors such as image, physical appearance of the whole animal, sensory properties, the type of product and the price also had to be satisfied for a clear purchase intention to be indicated.
“Saying is one thing; doing is another”: the role of observation in marketing research
Authors: Boote Jonathan , Mathews Ann
Published: July 2002

In comparison to other techniques of data collection, observation rarely appears as a research methodology in the marketing literature: this may be because the technique is regarded as time‐consuming or as delivering data which lack the depth and qualitative richness of other research methodologies. In this article, the authors attempt to demonstrate that this is not the case. Far from providing superficial, “thin” information, the case forming the basis of this study demonstrates that observation delivers data which cannot be obtained using any other method. Considers the use of observation as an exploratory, qualitative, research technique and discusses when its use is appropriate. The main focus of the paper is a study carried out for Whitbread plc to highlight micro issues for consideration in the siting of different restaurant concepts.
The development and application of a qualitative approach to researching the marketing networks of small firm entrepreneurs
Authors: Hill Jimmy , McGowan Pauric , Drummond Paula
Published: July 2002

Outlines a qualitative methodology for researching in entrepreneurial small firms and through an application of this methodology to a group of five entrepreneurs, illustrates its appropriateness in explaining how such firms manage and develop their personal contact networks over the life cycle of an enterprise. Draws on the relevant literature to provide a contextual setting for the research. The research approach adopted is largely inductive and it resulted in the emergence of a theoretical model of network evolution for owner‐managed entrepreneurial small firms.
Building the top team
Authors: Waine Peter
Published: July 2002

Explores the potential role of non‐executive as against executive
members of a team. States the requirements of a non‐executive director
and advantages. Concludes that a simple way of making a team work better
is to regard its non‐executive members as crucial.
Avoidance as an active mode of conflict resolution
Authors: Richardson Julia
Published: July 2002

Examines the “art” of conflict resolution in terms of
its implications for team building and group dynamics. Discusses team
building in terms of consolidating and creating group solidarity. Argues
that avoidance is, in some instances, an active form of conflict
resolution. States that teams can make an organization more effective
but they can also be dysfunctional toward organizational wellbeing.
Teams, teamwork and the independent consultant
Authors: Russam Charles M.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the increase in flexible employment with particular reference to independent management consultants. Suggests that such consultants miss out on the sense of belonging generated by teams and teamworking in the corporate situation. Details two cases where associations of independent consultants have managed to create a sense of belonging and teamwork: the Richmond Group, which is a leading formalized network of independent management consultants which is structured and has well‐designed internal rules; and the Dunstable Management Group, which is a free and voluntary association of like‐minded professionals operating on a single level of authority. Concludes that the principles of teamwork can be translated from the corporate sector into the independent consultancy.
Sustaining self‐managed teams: a process approach to team wellness
Authors: Polley Douglas , Ribbens Barbara
Published: July 2002

The concept of self‐managed work teams is identified as a historically grounded story of success originating in perspectives on Socio‐Technical systems and the Quality of Work Life. Expansion based on early success has focused on structural problems associated with the establishment of teams and on solving acute problems that may arise. This paper suggests that future success and research on teams must confront an increasingly complicated set of team applications and needs to shift to a process orientation. The process issues related to long term team operation are more appropriate to a chronic problem/wellness model that is proposed by the authors.
Quality management principles as top team performance practices ISO 9000 criteria re‐interpreted
Authors: Ludwig‐Becker Marsha
Published: July 2002

The new quality is defined by the customer, and must be part of a company’s culture. It must start with the chief executive officer (CEO) and be part of a top management team’s performance practices. This paper states the quality management system, defined in ISO 9000, in the operational style of executive management. It presents a management system for ensuring quality products and services. This paper outlines eight principles, which embody the spirit of ISO 9000 in operational terms for CEOs and their staff.
An ARTMAP neural network‐based machine condition monitoring system
Authors: Knapp Gerald M. , Javadpour Roya , Wang Hsu‐Pin (Ben)
Published: July 2002

Presents a real‐time neural network‐based condition monitoring system for rotating mechanical equipment. At its core is an ARTMAP neural network, which continually monitors machine vibration data, as it becomes available, in an effort to pinpoint new information about the machine condition. As new faults are encountered, the network weights can be automatically and incrementally adapted to incorporate information necessary to identify the fault in the future. Describes the design, operation, and performance of the diagnostic system. The system was able to identify the presence of fault conditions with 100 percent accuracy on both lab and industrial data after minimal training; the accuracy of the fault classification (when trained to recognize multiple faults) was greater than 90 percent.
Optimum replacement intervals with random time horizon
Authors: Young Yun Won , Hyeon Choi Chung
Published: July 2002

An optimization problem to obtain the optimal replacement interval is studied. The system is minimally repaired at failure and is replaced by a new one at age T. The model assumes that the time horizon associated with the number of replacements is random. The total expected cost is calculated, and the optimal replacement interval minimizing the cost is found. A numerical example is used to compare the costs associated with an infinite time line and a random time line, which this model used.
Japanese manufacturing strategy and the role of total productive
maintenance
Authors: Yamashina Hajime
Published: July 2002

Discusses the strategies used by Japan in the past to become a
leading economic power. Examines the problems of the 1990s including the
impact of the appreciation of the Yen, cost structures and offshore
production. Presents strategies currently being implemented by Japanese
manufacturing firms and the role of total productive maintenance (TPM)
to help maintain and strengthen Japan’s competitive edge. The strategies
include just‐in‐time product development and cost reduction with the
help of TPM.
Improving maintenance quality using SPC tools
Authors: Duffuaa Salih O. , Ben‐Daya Mohamed
Published: July 2002

Examines the application and use of statistical process control
(SPC) tools to improve the quality of maintenance work. Identifies areas
in maintenance where SPC tools can be used. Gives an example that
demonstrates the use of these tools in an integrated fashion and
outlines the data needed to utilize these tools effectively. Finally,
the need for an integration of the maintenance information system (MIS)
and the quality information system (QIS) is highlighted.
Optimal preventive replacement, lot sizing and inspection policy
for a deteriorating production system
Authors: Makis Viliam , Fung James
Published: July 2002

Considers an economic manufacturing quantity (EMQ) model with an
unreliable production facility and a production process subject to
random deterioration. Notes that the shift of the process to the
“out‐of‐control” state, which may result in producing
defective items, is recognized only through inspections; and that the
production unit can be replaced preventively or overhauled after
finishing a certain number of production runs. Proposes that the
objective is to determine the lot size, inspection interval and a
preventive replacement time minimizing the expected average cost per
unit of time. Obtains the formula for the expected average cost for a
generally distributed time to failure. Presents computational results
and studies the joint effect of process deterioration and machine
breakdowns on the optimal policy.
Optimal ordering policies with time‐dependent delay structure
Authors: Dohi Tadashi , Kaio Naoto , Osaki Shunji
Published: July 2002

Develops a generalized ordering policy for one‐unit systems in which a lead time depends on the failure time. When an ordered spare is delivered after the lead time it is put into the inventory if an original unit is still operating, and the original one is replaced/ exchanged by the stocked spare when the original one fails/passes a prespecified time, whichever occurs first. Applying the expected cost per unit time in the steady state as a criterion of optimality, the optimal ordering policy which minimizes it is obtained. Numerical examples show the dependence of the optimal ordering policies on the lead time change.
A decision optimization model for condition‐based maintenance
Authors: Jardine A.K.S. , Makis V. , Banjevic D. , Braticevic D. , Ennis M.
Published: July 2002

Notes earlier work which commented on the formation of a research group to develop condition‐based maintenance (CBM) decision models and associated software. This paper provides an update on the research direction that has been taken since 1995. In particular, the structure of software for CBM decision making is highlighted, along with possible future research directions.
Development of a predictive maintenance system for a centrifugal pump
Authors: Parrondo Jorge L. , Velarde Sandra , Santolaria Carlos
Published: July 2002

An approach is presented for the development of a predictive maintenance system for rotor‐dynamic pumps, which focuses on the diagnosis of abnormal events related to fluid‐dynamic operating conditions. This methodology is based on an experimental characterization of the dynamic response of the pump under different loads and operation anomalies. The procedure has been put into practice on a medium‐sized centrifugal pump. The results obtained show that a simple spectral analysis of the pressure signals captured at either the inlet or the outlet of the pump can provide sufficient decision criteria to constitute the basis for a diagnostic system. This was not true however when analyzing signals of acceleration at the pump casing.
A new modified discrete preventive maintenance policy and its application to hard disk management
Authors: Sandoh Hiroaki , Hirakoshi Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Toshio
Published: July 2002

This study proposes a new modified discrete preventive maintenance policy where failures of a system can be detected only by inspections and be fixed by minimal repairs. The maximum number of minimal repairs allowed to the system is, however, a prespecified integer, N. Under the proposed policy, inspections are conducted at times T, 2T, ...(T>0) to detect and fix failures by minimal repairs, and the whole system is preventively replaced by a new one when the cumulative number of failures detected becomes equal to an integer, k or more. The expected cost per unit time is formulated under the proposed maintenance policy. The existence of an optimal integer k=k* which minimizes the expected cost is then shown. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the theoretical underpinnings of the proposed formulation.
Lillian Gilbreth and the mental revolution at Macy’s, 1925‐1928
Authors: Graham Laurel
Published: July 2002

As a pioneer of both scientific management and industrial psychology, Lillian Gilbreth was ideally equipped to extend scientific management into the service sector in the 1920s. When her husband and partner Frank Gilbreth died in 1924 and she encountered sex discrimination among industrialists and engineers, she volunteered her consulting services at Macy’s department store, a work site rife with gender‐based conflict, coordination problems and inefficiency. This paper describes her work with Eugenia Lies, Macy’s director of planning, to revamp both the motions and psychological atmosphere of occupations within the store between 1925 and 1928. By uniting an industrial relations approach with personnel management techniques, Gilbreth and Lies made the Gilbreth brand of scientific management useful for the field of retail management.
Policy analysis in historical perspective
Authors: Sharkansky Ira
Published: July 2002

Policy analysis derives from a long tradition of assessing the
activities of government. The most sophisticated analyses are
distinguished by their concern to identify linkages between variables
that represent causes and effects of social conditions, or the impacts
to be expected from policy details. Inherent in their sophistication are
methodological choices which invite dispute. Because of the
controversies they generate, such analyses may contribute more to the
knowledge about policy making than to the support of policy options.
Fayol: from experience to theory
Authors: Reid Donald
Published: July 2002

Draws extensively on the unpublished papers of Henri Fayol to show
how his experiences as an engineer, director and CEO for Commentry
Fourchambault provided the basis for the ideas presented in his classic
Administration Industrielle et Générale (1916).
Emphasizes Fayol′s experiences managing coal miners; his direction of a
firm facing crisis owing to depletion of its primary assets (coal and
ore deposits); and his struggle to assert the primacy of the CEO in
dealings with the company board of directors.
Weber’s political ethics and the problem of dirty hands
Authors: Sabia Daniel R.
Published: July 2002

Discussions of political ethics, and of the problem of dirty hands, often cite Max Weber’s comments on these subjects, especially as presented in “Politics as a vocation”. Offers an interpretation of Weber’s views by explaining why he focused on the political leader as the proper subject of political morality, why he deemed certain personal qualities essential to responsible leadership, how he conceived the relationship between ethics and politics, and why he believed the problem of dirty hands to be both inescapable and unresolvable. Advances the central claims that Weber conceived political ethics as the attempt to reconcile ethical with political duties, and dirty hands as the inevitable accompaniment of political action because of its unavoidable association with violence and the partiality of its ends.
Library of Congress archives: additional information about W. Edwards Deming (1900‐1993) now available
Authors: Petersen Peter B.
Published: July 2002

W. Edwards Deming is famous for his work in Japan and his attempts to transform Western management. A recently established collection in the Library of Congress contains his personal and professional papers. These files help clarify Deming’s profound views. Well organized and properly maintained, this collection is titled The W. Edwards Deming Papers. Those who are searching for an understanding of Deming’s experience and views will find a treasure trove of information and ideas. Obviously, this collection will not answer all of the questions about his philosophy, but it will help significantly. After a short description of his experience this article provides an overview of the collection and then focuses on five examples of potential research that will be aided by The W. Edwards Deming Papers. These examples are not presented as completed research, but rather as research opportunities intended to whet the research appetite of the reader.