bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelación matemática en la construcción conceptual de las inecuaciones al comparar magnitudes: uso de una norma medioambiental en la música
Authors:   Colegio Don Bosco. Chile, LEMUS-CORTEZ Neemias , ESCOBAR Hugo ,   Universidad de Playa Ancha. Chile
Published: January 2021

La Modelación Matemática en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje permite construir conceptos como las inecuaciones realizando comparaciones entre magnitudes. En el ciclo utilizado, se estudian tipos de argumentaciones que emergen desde la comparación y el uso del estilo de pensamiento matemático Visual-Analítico, produciéndose una unión entre las representaciones y cómo estas son interpretadas. La tarea construida fue desarrollada por estudiantes de último año de secundaria, cuyos resultados muestran cómo ellos construyen su conocimiento desde la sistematización de los conceptos.
Factors affecting ASEAN teacher competencies : study on pre-service teachers in Rajabhat University in Thailand
Authors:   King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. Thailand, THONGPHUKDEE Chayapol , RATANA-O-LARN Thanin ,   King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. Thailand
Published: January 2021

This paper is reported the synthetized researches of the factors affecting ASEAN teacher competencies for Pre-Service Teachers in Rajabhat University. Content analysis was used for synthesizing 12 researches. It was found that 5 factors affecting ASEAN teacher competencies for Pre-Service Teachers in Rajabhat University. Policy Management, Curriculum Management, Self-Efficacy, Achievement Motivation, and Attitude Formation are included. The multi – level factors model was convinced into 2 levels; 1) University Level 2) Student Level. Policy Management, Curriculum Management are realized in University level. Whereas Self-Efficacy, Achievement Motivation, and Attitude Formation are apprehended in student level. The correlation of factors affecting ASEAN teacher competencies for school interns in Rajabhat University are found that Policy Management affected directly and indirectly ASEAN teacher competencies through Curriculum Management. Self-Efficacy and Achievement Motivation affected directly and indirectly ASEAN teacher competencies through Attitude Formation.
Manejo didáctico de los docentes del nivel de preparatoria en la prevención del abuso sexual infantil: un estudio de caso en la Unidad Educativa Comunitaria Intercultural Bilingüe «San José de Chonta Punta» (Ecuador)
Authors:   Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE. Ecuador, YEPEZ Emerson , APOLO Deysi ,   Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE. Ecuador, CAIZALUISA Noemi ,   Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE. Ecuador, VILLAVICENCIO Victor ,   Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE. Ecuador
Published: January 2021

El objetivo principal de este estudio de caso fue analizar el manejo didáctico que aplican los 18 docentes del nivel de preparatoria de la Unidad Educativa rural Comunitaria Intercultural Bilingüe “San José de Chonta Punta” provincia del Napo, cantón Tena Ecuador, para prevenir el abuso sexual. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, con enfoque cuantitativo, orientado a la recolección y análisis de datos, en la cual se evaluó el conocimiento del docente acerca del tema, su manera de actuar dentro de clases y su experiencia. El estudio aporta nuevas perspectivas para los docentes sobre la prevención del abuso sexual infantil.
Teacher training about Information and Communication Technologies: a diachronic perspective
Authors:   University of Alicante. España, PONCE Ana I. , RICO Maria L. ,   University of Alicante. España, SOLA Jose M. ,   University of Alicante. España, GARCIA Marcos ,   UNED España
Published: January 2021

In this work, we define as a general objective to compare teacher training with the requirements of educational laws from a historical perspective, contextualising it from the 90s onwards in the Spanish context. We carried out a documentary analysis, around the treatment of ICT in legislation, initial and ongoing training and selective processes. The results show progressive incorporation of ICTs in all the areas, although with different rhythms.
Conductas violentas en primaria Nivel Básico, Medio Superior y Superior
Authors:   Universidad Veracruzana. Mexico, GOMEZ J.A. , RODRIGUEZ V.O. ,   Universidad Veracruzana. Mexico, RIVERA A.de J. ,   Universidad Veracruzana. Mexico, LOZANO J.C. ,   Universidad Veracruzana. Mexico, MOLINA J.E. ,   Universidad Veracruzana. Mexico, QUINTANA L. ,   Universidad Veracruzana. Mexico, MONCADA J. ,   Universidad de Costa Rica
Published: January 2021

El propósito del estudio fue determinar conductas violentas en estudiantes de educación primaria, secundaria y superior. Participaron 1726 estudiantes de instituciones educativas públicas de primaria, secundaria y universidad, quienes completaron el Cuestionario de Agresión. Se encontró que quienes reciben clases de Educación Física muestran menor agresión física (p ≤ 0.001) y estado de hostilidad (p ≤ 0.001) en comparación a quienes no recibían clases de Educación Física. Se concluye que quienes se mantienen físicamente activos presentan menos conductas violentas.
Analysis of Indian English Vowels on Formants
Authors: Kumar C Dr. Anil
Published: January 2021

Human speech can convey the important data more than hundreds of signals, hence speech is considered as one of the most useful data filled signals, speech sounds have a rich and multi-layered temporal variation that convey various fruitful of information such as intention, expressions, intonation, accent, speaker identity, gender, age, style of speaking, emotions. state of health of speaker. But articulator movements depending on the organs movements such as, the movement of lips, tongue and other organs- is among the subtlest and most adept of actions performed by human beings. The major concern in language will be the identification, separation and processing of vowels and consonants of a particular language. This system we are storing different voice test samples of various speakers of different age with different conditions, from each speaker with different vowels, consonants and different combinations. From the spectrogram we are extracting the formant frequency & pitch for the different vowels and consonants using Matlab software.
Optimization of sunflower hybrids performance with the use of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the rice pads of Kalmykia
Authors:   ООО ", Saakian Alexander ,   БАЛАНС ПРОФИ"
Published: January 2021

In the issue of increasing yield of sunflower seeds, the correct selection of hybrids in relation to specific soil and climatic conditions is of great concern. Each hybrid under study has its own productivity potential determined by its genotypic features. The soil and climate conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia allow to obtain 0.98...1.71 tons of hybrid sunflower seeds per hectare in terms of residual moisture after rice (280-300mm) with the correct combination of basic agricultural techniques. It is detected that there are patters of the influence of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the growth, development and formation of sunflower seed yield are established Keywords: RICE CROP ROTATION, SUNFLOWER, MINERAL FERTILIZERS, SUM OF ACTIVE AIR TEMPERATURES, VIABILITY, CROP YIELD, OIL CONTENT
Optimalisasi Guru dalam Membuat Media Pembelajaran untuk Mestimulasi Kemampuan Kognitif Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Pahenra Pahenra
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan guru membuat media pembelajaran dalam menstimulasi kognitif anak usia dini di PAUD Monapa Kecamatan Palangga Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru yang berjumlah dua orang dan kepala sekolah. Adpaun objeknya adalah anak didik berjumlah 15 orang di kelompok A. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi yang diolah dan dianalisis melalui teknik deskriptif kualitatif. Upaya guru membuat media pembelajaran di PAUD Monapa Kecamatan Palangga Kabupaten Konawe Selatan langkah yang dilakukan dalam membuat media adalah menentukan media apa yang akan dibuat, menyediakan alat dan bahan, menyusun langkah-langkah pembuatan media dan prosedur penyampaiannya kepada anak didik. Media yang dibuat dari bahan sisa/bekas mudah didapatkan. Sementara itu, lingkungan sekolah jauh dari perkotaan sehingga guru sulit mendapatkan alat-alat yang dibutuhkan. Meskipun demikian, guru kreatif menggunakan bahan bekas atau bahan sisa untuk menciptakan media pembelajaran. Media yang dibuat guru bertujuan untuk menstimulasi kognitif anak.
Pengaruh Fungsi Kepemimpinan Kepala Kantor Cabang Pembantu dan Iklim Organisasi terhadap Profesionalitas Pegawai pada Kantor Cabang Pembantu Bank BJB Syariah
Authors: Rahmat Ilahi Handri , Pujiyati Wresni , Dekawati Ipong
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini fokus pada kajian faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi profesionalitas pegawai. Penelitian dilakukan di lima kantor cabang pembantu Bank BJB Syariah Wilayah Bogor. Didasari oleh fungsi kepemimpinan kepala kantor cabang pembantu dan iklim organisasi merupakan faktor yang diduga memiliki pengaruh terhadap profesionalitas pegawai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian mengkaji tiga variabel yaitu fungsi kepemimpinan kepala kantor cabang pembantu (X1), iklim organisasi (X2), dan profesionalitas pegawai (Y). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan metode deskriptif dan verifikatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket. Adapun responden adalah pegawai Bank BJB Syariah kantor cabang pembantu wilayah Bogor. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi. Penelitian ini menemukan jika fungsi kepemimpinan kepala kantor cabang pembantu berada pada kategori sangat baik. Iklim organisasi berada pada kategori sangat baik, dan profesionalitas pegawai kantor cabang pembantu Bank BJB Syariah wilayah Bogor berada pada kategori sangat baik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi, diperoleh hasil bahwa fungsi kepemimpinan kepala kantor cabang pembantu dan iklim organisasi baik secara parsial maupun simultan memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap profesionalitas pegawai.
Strategi Berbicara Mahasiswa Ketika Mengalami Kesulitan dalam Aktivitas Berbicara
Authors: Nasrullah Rahmat , Amin Syarif
Published: January 2021

Kesulitan bercakap merupakan salah satu isu yang sering ditemukan pada kelas berbicara (Speaking) dan memiliki efek yang dapat mempengaruhi minat belajar mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi berkomunikasi mahasiswa ketika mengalami kesulitan bercakap dan faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan kesulitan tersebut. Pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif digunakan untuk memahami fenomena tersebut. Angket, dan wawancara digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan untuk mengatasi kesulitan-kesulitan seperti dalam hal kesulitan kosa kata, struktur kalimat, pengucapan dan kurangnya kepercayaan diri. Mahasiswa menggunakan beberapa strategi komunikasi dalam kegiatan berbicara. Strategi-strategi tersebut adalah penaksiran, perkiraan, alih kode, terjemahan literal, dan permohonan bantuan, dan menggunakan cara non-linguistik.
Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Pencemaran Lingkungan Melalui Pembuangan Air Limbah Domestik di Teluk Kendari
Authors: Anggriyani Rima , Lanontji Muryanto , Rusdi Nofianti , Tri Septiawani Daoed Denty
Published: January 2021

domestik tetap saja menjadi ancaman pencemaran terhadap teluk Kendari. Pembuangan air limbah domestik secara serampangan tanpa mengindahkan prosedur berdampak pada pencemaran teluk Kendari. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif serta yuridis empiris yaitu pendekatan yang berpedoman pada peraturan-peraturan, buku-buku atau literatur-literatur hukum serta bahan-bahan yang mempunyai hubungan permasalahan dan pembahasan dalam penulisan penelitian ini dan pengambilan data langsung pada obyek penelitian. Kesimpulan penelitian ini terdiri dari: a). Meskipun telah diatur melalui Peraturan Daerah Kota Kendari Nomor 3 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik, pengelolaan air limbah domestik yang dibuang ke teluk Kendari terbukti tidak optimal. Telah terjadi pada titik tertentu terbukti adanya penurunan kualitas air selain itu drainase dimana para warga menyalurkan limbah domestiknya tanpa diolah terlebih dahulu bermuara ke teluk Kendari. Hal ini tidak sejalan dengan Pasal 16 Perda Nomor 3 Tahun 2016 ayat (1) dan (2)., b) Pengawasan pengelolaan limbah domestik di teluk Kendari sangat tidak efektif. Personil yang ada pada Seksi Kebersihan Teluk dan Pesisir Dinas LH Kota Kendari jumlanya 3 (tiga) orang. Sementara aparat SatPol yang menegakkan peraturan daerah selain jumlahnya terbatas juga tidak didukung parasana kendaraan yang cukup. Terbukti ditemukan adanya kendala yang terdiri dari: 1). Minimnya jumlah personil untuk mengawasi, 2). Jumlah anggaran yang terbatas, 3).Prasarana yang sudah tidak memadai baik dari segi kondisi maupun jumlahnya.
Inventing Disaster
Authors: Kierner Cynthia A.
Published: January 2021

When hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, and other disasters strike, we count our losses, search for causes, commiserate with victims, and initiate relief efforts. Amply illustrated and expansively researched, Inventing Disaster explains the origins and development of this predictable, even ritualized, culture of calamity over three centuries, exploring its roots in the revolutions in science, information, and emotion that were part of the Age of Enlightenment in Europe and America.
Beginning with the collapse of the early seventeenth-century Jamestown colony, ending with the deadly Johnstown flood of 1889, and highlighting fires, epidemics, earthquakes, and exploding steamboats along the way, Cynthia A. Kierner tells horrific stories of culturally significant calamities and their victims and charts efforts to explain, prevent, and relieve disaster-related losses. Although how we interpret and respond to disasters has changed in some ways since the nineteenth century, Kierner demonstrates that, for better or worse, the intellectual, economic, and political environments of earlier eras forged our own twenty-first-century approach to disaster, shaping the stories we tell, the precautions we ponder, and the remedies we prescribe for disaster-ravaged communities.
The Portrait's Subject
Authors: Blackwood Sarah
Published: January 2021

Between the invention of photography in 1839 and the end of the nineteenth century, portraiture became one of the most popular and common art forms in the United States. In The Portrait's Subject, Sarah Blackwood tells a wide-ranging story about how images of human surfaces came to signal expressions of human depth during this era in paintings, photographs, and illustrations, as well as in literary and cultural representations of portrait making and viewing. Combining visual theory, literary close reading, and archival research, Blackwood examines portraiture's changing symbolic and aesthetic practices, from daguerreotype to X-ray. Portraiture, the book argues, was a provocative art form used by writers, artists, and early psychologists to imagine selfhood as hidden, deep, and in need of revelation, ideas that were then taken up by the developing discipline of psychology.
The Portrait’s Subject reveals the underappreciated connections between portraiture's representations of the material human body and developing modern ideas about the human mind. It encouraged figures like Frederick Douglass, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Eakins, Harriet Jacobs, and Henry James to reimagine how we might see inner life, offering a rich array of metaphors and aesthetic approaches that helped reconfigure the relationship between body and mind, exterior and interior. In the end, Blackwood shows how nineteenth-century psychological discourse developed as much through aesthetic fabulation as through scientific experimentation.
Limbs
Authors: Blackwood Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces a new visual genealogy of inner life as it appears in canonical late-nineteenth-century painter and portraitist Thomas Eakins’s work. It situates Eakins’s lauded portraits alongside the complex political and racialized questions about mind and body that emerged in the U.S. after the Civil War. It centers a reading of a marginal Eakins painting—Whistling for Plover—that Eakins gave as a gift to neurologist S. Weir Mitchell. This painting is a part of a web of inventive thinking about mind and body in the postbellum U.S., evincing the deep anxiety felt nationally over the bodily scars left by the Civil War’s racial violence, an anxiety that is essential to the development of the New Psychology as a discipline.
Mind/Brain
Authors: Blackwood Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores Henry James’s career-long fascination with portraiture as foundational to his fiction’s ability to imagine new forms of inner life. His portrait fiction dramatizes shifting ideas about human psychology at the turn of the century, especially as those ideas found expression in the debates surrounding materialism, physiological psychology, and the “stream” of consciousness. James’s fiction is more attuned to the body as a cognitive system than most critics acknowledge. James’s portrait fiction plays a central part in the larger reimagination of human subjectivity, psychology, and inner life taking place at the turn of the century, as the physiological psychologies of the nineteenth century gave way to a return of the metaphysical in the form of psychoanalysis.
“Acquainted by Some Signes”
Authors: Carayon Céline
Published: January 2021

Throughout the colonial period, the remarkable linguistic diversity of Indigenous America puzzled, amazed, and frustrated European colonists. But pre-Columbian Indigenous peoples across the continent were already experts at communicating with foreigners through alternate means, including whistle speech, smoke signals, and gestures. In this chapter, complex Indigenous nonverbal traditions of communication are situated within the rich linguistic landscape that existed in America prior to the colonial encounter. Native expressiveness, the author argues, must be understood through its multimedia combination of visual, verbal, material, and nonverbal dimensions. The chapter also offers an overview of the regions and cultures where early French colonists were most likely to encounter fully conventional forms of Indigenous sign language and other nonverbal practices, which profoundly shaped the form and outcome of early colonial interactions. The French often drew simplistic conclusions about the varying degrees of “civilization” or “barbarism” of the groups they met based on their communicational successes and failures with these groups. The chapter argues that their writings obscure (but can also reveal) the true diversity and richness of Indigenous communication in Northeastern North America, South America, and the Circum-Caribbean region.
“The Greatest Speech-Makers on Earth”
Authors: Carayon Céline
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers some of the ways in which nonverbal repertoires that had been painstakingly created over two centuries of interaction were creatively mobilized by Indigenous and French individuals in the long seventeenth century to produce culturally-hybrid performances. Opening with the Great Peace of Montreal (1701), the chapter describes the epistemological differences that caused misunderstandings even as Jesuit missionaries and Indian orators skilfully blended visual and verbal metaphors and registers to reach their audiences during religious and diplomatic exchanges. The highly adaptable and multimedia nature of Indigenous verbal art is compared with the efforts of the Jesuits to insert select Indigenous gestures within their orations. Ambivalent feelings towards the unauthentic nature of theatrical performances and competition with Indian jongleurs (shamans) limited the missionaries’ ability to harvest the power of Indian oratory. As the French expanded westward and down the Mississippi valley in the second half of the century, they were forced to confront the limits of some of their nonverbal strategies, as demonstrated through the case-study of the calumet. After two centuries of embodied communication, it had become harder to tell “French” apart from “Native” nonverbal devices.
Pueblo Contestations of Power in the Mexican Period
Authors: Crandall Maurice
Published: January 2021

During the brief period of Mexican independence in New Mexico (1821–1846), Pueblo Indians participated in electoral politics in unprecedented ways. In the waning days of the Spanish empire, and then the Mexican era, colonial directives sought to bring Indians into the body politic as citizens. This meant Pueblo villages were to become part of larger municipalities with elected councils, or constitutional ayuntamientos, that included both Indians and Nuevo Mexicanos. This chapter shows that Pueblo participation on these mixed council was almost negligible. Instead, Pueblo Indians took the lead in the Río Arriba Rebellion of 1837. In this rebellion, which killed and deposed the Mexican governor of New Mexico, Albino Pérez, Pueblo Indians, Genízaros, and their allies established their own short-lived state, known as the Cantón, with an Indian, José González, as governor.
The Civil War the World Made
Authors: Downs Gregory P.
Published: January 2021

How did world events help create the Civil War? This chapter examines the impact of global revolutionary movements in shaping U.S. politics in the 1840s and 1850s crisis. Particularly it follows crises in Cuba and Spain over the survival of slavery and the resilience of imperial rule and follows Cuban exiles into U.S. politics to show their role in helping turn U.S. political debate toward expansion.
A Procession of Spectres
Authors: Huffard R. Scott
Published: January 2021

The conclusion opens with a vignette about the death of Southern Railway president Samuel Spencer in a train wreck and it looks at how this moment revealed how transformative the previous decades had been in southern railroading. Spencer’s death also was a moment for critics to share a counter narrative of the New South success story, as Tom Watson argued that “a procession of spectres” haunted Spencer’s wealth. The chapter then recaps the main arguments of the book, and uses the “procession of spectres” as a metaphor to describe the anxieties that railroads and capitalism unleashed in the region. In the end, New South boosters and white elites used racial division, Jim Crow segregation, and white supremacy to distract from and overcome the monsters of the railroad. Capitalism and white supremacy advanced in tandem through the New South. The conclusion then discusses how storytelling and narrative continue to be essential to the success of capitalism. The chapter closes with a discussion of a Johnny Cash documentary that focuses on train songs and notes how the South’s railroads have now mostly moved into the realm of nostalgia.
Cuba Can Be Proud of Her Sons
Authors: Lambe Ariel Mae
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 returns to Cuban volunteers in Spain to explore the function and significance of their transnational identities and experiences. Due to colonialism, neocolonialism, and migration, Cubans were transnational—shaped by movement, connection, and exchange across borders and oceans. In particular, Cuba had ties with Spain and the United States, which gave Cuban volunteers special roles as translators and network builders and made them especially valuable to Spaniards and English-speaking volunteers. Another fundamental characteristic of volunteers was political and ideological diversity, which also characterized antifascism on the island. Chapter 5 studies two domestic groups whose commitment to the Spanish Republic did not rest primarily on leftist ideology but rather on other types of transnational identifications tied to domestic concerns: Cubans of African descent and Freemasons. Examining these two groups along with the Cuban volunteers, chapter 5 explores the connections between transnationalism and continuity from Cuba’s struggle to Spain’s.
Postscript
Authors: Lambe Ariel Mae
Published: January 2021

Taking a longer-term view, the postscript examines the legacy of antifascism and the Spanish Civil War in Cuban politics and historical memory during the early years of the Cuban Revolution that triumphed in 1959. The postscript returns to Teté Casuso during the struggle of the 1950s, when she helped Fidel Castro, and afterward, when she broke with the Revolution and left once again for exile in the United States. It addresses selective memory and forgetting of Cuban antifascists such as Casuso in revolutionary Cuba’s official accounts of antifascism and the Generation of the Thirties. Also, it connects Cuban antifascism to the present by discussing the Antifa movement across time and space.
Potent Flows
Authors: Seggerman Alex Dika
Published: January 2021

In chapter 5, Seggerman charts the image of the Egyptian peasant woman and water jug from eighteenth-century travel literature through Orientalist painting, ultimately culminating in the work of two female artists of the Nasser era—Gazbia Sirry (b. 1925) and Inji Efflatoun (1924–89). In isolating this one image, Seggerman explains how through the porous boundaries of Egyptian visual culture, potent images gained meaning through their movement through time, space, and medium. Through a feminist lens, the chapter reevaluates this pair’s ubiquity in colonial and national visual culture, arguing that the image embodies the sublime power of the Nile valley and the desire to control that dangerous resource. By the 1950s, Efflatoun and Sirry retooled depictions of the working female body to argue for active membership in society for Egyptian women. The fellaha and her jug represent how a single image moved through constellational modernism.
Brigham Young and the Railroad Connection
Authors: Walker David
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers Brigham Young’s effort to aid and expedite the incorporation of railroads within Mormonism. A background of the Mormon land system, origins and precedents introduces the Plat of Zion devised by Joseph Smith as a model for future Mormon settlement, the elaboration of the priesthood system, and theodemocracy. Following Smith’s plan for a utopic plat, Young reshaped the modes and morphologies of Mormonism with his decision to expand the Plat of Zion to the Great Basin. Three factors increased Mormon interests in the Great Basin: established networks of exchange in the form of missions to area indigenous groups; the single-commodity extractive and manufacturing communities; and the permanent settlements designed for predominantly Mormon residence but diverse economic activity.
Patrons and the Plays of Mormon Culture
Authors: Walker David
Published: January 2021

This chapter delves into John Codman’s writings about his travel throughout Utah in 1873. Codman’s focus includes the Union Pacific, through which John W. Young managed Corrine’s bathing and boating trade and incorporated the growing network of Mormon leisure industries. Many of John W Young’s projects led Codman to explore the Tabernacle, which informed him about Mormon religious practices and marital systems, and investigate dramatic plays in the Salt Lake Theatre. Codman finishes his assessment on Corinne with a northern tour where he recognizes unity among Corinnethians due to the Indian scare and the anti-Indian program. Overall, Codman’s book, The Mormon Country, publicized Mormonism and played a role as a guided cultural mediator moderating between pro- and anti-Mormon claims, and promised that Utah would remain a special a site of rich cultural encounters, both on and off the railroad tracks.
Camp Slaves on the Battlefield
Authors: Levin Kevin M.
Published: January 2021

Confederates often wrote of loyal, hardworking, and brave slaves in their diaries and journals. The loyal slave narrative became a central part of the Lost Cause narrative. There are reports of camp slaves entering battle alongside their enslavers; however, having Black men on the battlefield challenged southern ideas of white masculinity and honor. Camp slaves were present on battlefields to transport the wounded and guard supplies, not to fight. Frederick Douglass stated that the south was enlisting Black men to pressure the Lincoln administration to recruit black men. His claims could have been rooted in his use of battlefield reports of armed black Confederates for propaganda purposes. Some free Black communities offered their services to stay in the good graces of whites but were not accepted into the Confederate army. Black people in New Orleans formed the Native Guard in an attempt to protect their property and social rank by demonstrating their loyalty to the Confederacy. Although the story of the Native Guard is often cited as evidence of loyal black soldiers, the unit was never considered a part of the Confederate army. As the war continued and the army became more desperate, serious consideration was given toward recruiting Black men.
Camp Slaves and the Lost Cause
Authors: Levin Kevin M.
Published: January 2021

In the post war years and into the early 20th century, former camp slaves began attending veteran reunions. For example, Steve Perry was a former camp slave who regularly spoke at United Confederate Veterans reunions. Former camp slaves often told embellished or fictional tales of their time during the war and perpetuated the loyal slave narrative. The loyal slave narrative accompanied the shift in the messaging of Lost Cause adherents from claiming slavery was beneficial for the Black race to the war was about states’ rights instead of slavery. Paintings, popular prints, and stories of camp slaves found in magazines, published reminiscences of former Confederate soldiers, promoted the narrative that Black and white southerners were united in their fight against the Union. Sometime former slaves played characters that reinforced the idea that Black people were contentedly deferential to whites. Overall, the genial reception of camp slaves at Confederate veteran reunions was not indicative of actual race relations in the post-war south.
Camp Slaves and Pensions
Authors: Levin Kevin M.
Published: January 2021

Around 2,800 former camp slaves received pensions from former Confederate states. Although the total number was relatively small, these men remained a potent symbol within the Lost Cause narrative, shaping Southern memories of the war well into the twentieth century. The push to pension former camp slaves was mostly sustained by Confederate veterans and enslavers who had interacted extensively with camp slaves. These veterans often argued for pensions for loyal slaves who were now impoverished, illustrating that financial assistance relied on Black people complying with their position at the bottom of the racial hierarchy. Sumner Archibald Cunningham, who oversaw the publication of Confederate Veteran magazine from 1893 until his death in 1913, was perhaps the most important voice in the argument for camp slave pensions. People often point to the existence of pensions for the formerly enslaved as evidence of Black Confederate soldiers, however, no documentation regarding pensions acknowledges Black men as soldiers.
We Are Not Slaves
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

In the early twentieth century, the brutality of southern prisons became a national scandal. Prisoners toiled in grueling, violent conditions while housed in crude dormitories on what were effectively slave plantations. This system persisted until the 1940s when, led by Texas, southern states adopted northern prison design reforms. Texas presented the reforms to the public as modern, efficient, and disciplined. Inside prisons, however, the transition to penitentiary cells only made the endemic violence more secretive, intensifying the labor division that privileged some prisoners with the power to accelerate state-orchestrated brutality and the internal sex trade. Reformers' efforts had only made things worse--now it was up to the prisoners to fight for change. Drawing from three decades of legal documents compiled by prisoners, Robert T. Chase narrates the struggle to change prison from within. Prisoners forged an alliance with the NAACP to contest the constitutionality of Texas prisons. Behind bars, a prisoner coalition of Chicano Movement and Black Power organizations publicized their deplorable conditions as “slaves of the state” and initiated a prison-made civil rights revolution and labor protest movement. These insurgents won epochal legal victories that declared conditions in many southern prisons to be cruel and unusual--but their movement was overwhelmed by the increasing militarization of the prison system and empowerment of white supremacist gangs that, together, declared war on prison organizers. Told from the vantage point of the prisoners themselves, this book weaves together untold but devastatingly important truths from the histories of labor, civil rights, and politics in the United States as it narrates the transition from prison plantations of the past to the mass incarceration of today.
Enslaving Prison Bodies
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 moves from the field to the prison building to reveal how hierarchical prisoner labor arrangements structured an internal prison economy that bought and sold prisoner bodies and services as cell slavery. By narrating southern prisons’ shift from dormitories to cells, this chapter will show how the power and control of prisoner trustees was strengthened by the changes. Within the southern convict guard framework, prison rape is analyzed as a state-orchestrated design rather than as an individual act pf prisoner pathology. Through an analysis of sexual violence in male prisons as a social construct of the southern trustee system, this chapter joins in a historical turn toward placing sexual violence at the very center of racial oppression. Seeking to take prison rape seriously as evidence of evolving state control and orchestration, the chapter pushes against the criminological view that has cast prison rape as a timeless function of the prisoners’ own pathology. The chapter also considers how women prisoners experienced the southern trusty system and the state’s attempt to isolate and target women that the prison classified as the “aggressive female homosexual.”
Testimonios of Resistance
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 8 analyzes how legal testimonies and documentation became “testimonios of resistance” that crafted an effective narrative that southern prisons and prison labor constituted slavery. The chapter begins with the story of David Ruíz and follows with several other Chicano testimonios. By telling Ruiz’s story, this chapter considers the terror of racial violence, the necessity of self-defense, and the agony of self-mutilation. The chapter then broadens the movement to include the Black Panther Jonathan Eduardo Swift and a cadre of political organizers who spread the word of prisoner empowerment. Once the testimonies had developed into a mass movement, the prisoners planned the first ever system-wide prison labor strike just as the Ruiz case was going to trial. As black and Chicano radical organizers, they waged a public campaign to make the conditions of the southern prison plantation visible by insisting that the Texas control penology and agribusiness model was built on a lie—that incarceration amounted to twentieth-century slavery.
Freedom Roots
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

“To tell the history of the Caribbean is to tell the history of the world," write Laurent Dubois and Richard Lee Turits. In this powerful and expansive story of the vast archipelago, Dubois and Turits chronicle how the Caribbean has been at the heart of modern contests between slavery and freedom, racism and equality, and empire and independence. From the emergence of racial slavery and European colonialism in the early sixteenth century to U.S. annexations and military occupations in the twentieth, systems of exploitation and imperial control have haunted the region. Yet the Caribbean is also where empires have been overthrown, slavery was first defeated, and the most dramatic revolutions triumphed. Caribbean peoples have never stopped imagining and pursuing new forms of liberty. Dubois and Turits reveal how the region’s most vital transformations have been ignited in the conflicts over competing visions of land. While the powerful sought a Caribbean awash in plantations for the benefit of the few, countless others anchored their quest for freedom in small-farming and counter-plantation economies, at times succeeding against all odds. Caribbean realities to this day are rooted in this long and illuminating history of struggle.
The Worlds of the Plantation
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

By first retracing the long history of slavery in Europe, this chapter explores the rise of plantation slavery in the Caribbean as a key moment in global history. It shows how economic, cultural, and social forces converged in the creation of this new order based on racial slavery. It also emphasizes the complex contradictions of plantation society, notably through an exploration of the plantation gardens and provision grounds that enslaved people cultivated and sought to turn to their own ends, and which lay the foundation for agricultural autonomy in the post-emancipation period.
Transformation in Jamaica, Grenada, and Haiti
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the Caribbean saw multiple and dramatic political efforts to transform state and society. New governments sought to embrace popular classes as equal members of society as almost never before and to create unprecedented forms of equality, both economically and culturally. This chapter explores three such attempts at transformation: Jamaica under Michael Manley, Maurice Bishop and the Grenada Revolution, and Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s first government in Haiti. Unlike the Cuban Revolution, these leaders excited expectations for change within still mostly capitalist economies. Manley and Aristide led democratic governments, while Grenada sustained one-party rule. The outcomes of reform efforts in these three nations varied from enduring progress to poignant tragedy. The chapter explores the powerful challenges these new Caribbean governments faced, domestic and foreign, economic and political. It shows how after the English-speaking Caribbean gained independence in the 1960s and 1970s, their trajectories began to overlap with that of the older independent Caribbean, as national sovereignty made them suddenly more vulnerable to the region’s predominant twentieth-century empire, the United States.
Race for Profit
Authors: Taylor Keeanga-Yamahtta
Published: January 2021

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, reeling from a wave of urban uprisings, politicians finally worked to end the practice of redlining. Reasoning that the turbulence could be calmed by turning Black city-dwellers into homeowners, they passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and set about establishing policies to induce mortgage lenders and the real estate industry to treat Black homebuyers equally. The disaster that ensued revealed that racist exclusion had not been eradicated, but rather transmuted into a new phenomenon of predatory inclusion.
Race for Profit uncovers how exploitative real estate practices continued well after housing discrimination was banned. The same racist structures and individuals remained intact after redlining’s end, and close relationships between regulators and the industry created incentives to ignore improprieties. Meanwhile, new policies meant to encourage low-income homeownership created new methods to exploit Black homeowners. The federal government guaranteed urban mortgages in an attempt to overcome resistance to lending to Black buyers – as if unprofitability, rather than racism, was the cause of housing segregation. Bankers, investors, and real estate agents took advantage of the perverse incentives, targeting the Black women most likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure, multiplying their profits. As a result, by the end of the 1970s, the nation’s first programs to encourage Black homeownership ended with tens of thousands of foreclosures in Black communities across the country. The push to uplift Black homeownership had descended into a goldmine for realtors and mortgage lenders, and a ready-made cudgel for the champions of deregulation to wield against government intervention of any kind.
Narrating the story of a sea-change in housing policy and its dire impact on African Americans, Race for Profit reveals how the urban core was transformed into a new frontier of cynical extraction.
Forced Integration
Authors: Taylor Keeanga-Yamahtta
Published: January 2021

Because race and poverty often overlapped in the United States, discussions about housing policies often became discussions about race and class. In an effort to maintain a White, middle class base, Richard Nixon often attempted to make the urban housing issue a problem of class and not race which subverted the racial integration agenda of the George Romney-led HUD. The implementation of color-blind discourse prevented the creation of policies that addressed the racial component of the urban housing crisis. As Romney pushed for integration in the suburbs, White suburbans and conservatives in government (most importantly Richard Nixon) decried what they considered to be forced integration.
Models of Leadership
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter situates monuments to Union and Confederate leaders within longstanding traditions in art history. Early tributes to Civil War commanders extended antebellum efforts to develop democratic variations on the equestrian statue, a form associated with imperial sovereigns. Monuments to orators illustrated the fading of the lyceum oratory that had shaped public culture during the Civil War era and the increasing emphasis on military commanders as exemplars of leadership. The equestrian statues that proliferated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century offered allegories of public authority, gradually shifting from popular election of leaders to rank-and-file submission to review by captains of industry. Some monuments explored the possibilities of charismatic democratic leadership, but the prevailing models illustrated the growing influence of professionalization in art as well as in government. The US Army was an important site of professionalization, and the equestrian statue most informed by current military thinking celebrated the establishment of the army general staff as a landmark in American bureaucracy.
Visions of Victory
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter situates northern and southern monuments to Civil War victory within longstanding traditions in art history. The triumphal arch came to the United States after the war. Proposals for arches framed debates about the future of antebellum landscapes like town commons and parade grounds, and arches also figured prominently in the shaping of public parks, largely a key feature of post-war urban planning. Increasingly sexualized statues of Nike, or Winged Victory, imagined Union triumph as a more comprehensive consummation than the most renowned successes of antiquity. Early attempts to represent peace incorporated a foundation in social or political change, but peace gradually converged with martial victory. The shift in Union memorials from regeneration to self-congratulation paralleled the rise of Confederate victory memorials. These works partly celebrated the overthrow of Reconstruction and consolidation of white supremacism but also illustrated a deepening national reluctance to engage in critical introspection.
Epilogue
Authors: Kutzler Evan A.
Published: January 2021

This final section explores the prospects and limitations of sensory history as a method for assessing the past. The importance of the senses to individual prisoners did not end in 1865 and memoirs were an important continuation of prison experience. That individual sensory experiences change over time reflects the process of historical memory—a continual construction and reconstruction of the past. The centrality of context to perception makes sensory history an exceptional way to historicize experience; however, this also limits the reconstruction of past sensory experiences. MacKinlay Kantor's novel about a Civil War prison written in the 1950s, for example, says more about the sensory worlds of the twentieth century than the nineteenth century. The importance of sensory history as a methodology is that the senses are subjective and radically contingent on time and place.
The State the State Produced
Authors: Felber Garrett
Published: January 2021

In most histories of Black Power, as the Black Nationalist, anticolonial, and anticarceral frameworks developed by the Nation of Islam throughout the civil rights period shifted from margin to center, the Nation of Islam itself inexplicably recedes from view. This chapter highlights the continuity between these ideas, formations, and strategies and the period in which they flourished and spread belies state narratives of nihilism, rupture, and disorder, which served to justify further carceral buildup. From the creation of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, to Watts, to the mysteries surrounding the assassination of Malcolm X, the chapter looks to the longer history of activism and anti-carceral thought launched by the Nation of Islam during the 1960s and afterward.
The Challenges of Antirape Activism in the 1970s
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the conflicts and constraints posed by varying antirape discourses and approaches to antirape activism in the 1970s. At this time, activists in the women’s liberation and black freedom movements confronted one another’s politics on rape, sometimes unable to find common ground. The competing beliefs and approaches that activists brought to their antirape work heightened the potential for discord between movements. This was particularly exacerbated by the increasing role of the state in antirape work. By the mid-1970s, state actors and agencies played a dominating role in antirape work, leaving many feminists deeply concerned about the direction of the movement. State co-optation of key feminist interventions, such as rape crisis centers, resulted in a movement that was largely reformist. Feminists saw their once radical vision of social revolution overshadowed by increasing state efforts for reform-based solutions to the problem of sexual violence.
Introduction
Authors: Polgar Paul J.
Published: January 2021

What this book terms first movement abolitionism was composed of an ideological and strategic coalition of black and white activists with three shared ideals for abolishing slavery: a commitment to enforcing Northern emancipation statutes and enlarging the elemental rights of people of color through pragmatic, on the ground activism; the belief that free blacks were entitled to the rights of American citizenship and could become virtuous members of the body politic; and the expectation that through black uplift and incorporation, and a campaign of public persuasion, white prejudice could be defeated and the arguments of slavery’s defenders about the incapacity of people of African descent for freedom proved wrong. This book is the first to fully recover America’s first abolition movement as a movement in its own right—tracing its origins, restoring the full breadth of its program and agenda, and accounting for its eventual fall and relative historical marginalization.