bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthosurgical management of an asymmetric case with class III malocclusion and transversal problem in the maxilla
Authors: Varela Juan Carlos Pérez , Sánchez Beatriz Iglesias
Published: May 2016

Class III malocclusions are considered to be one of the most difficult problems to treat. For us, the complex of these cases is the esthetic of the face and the smile because the treatment of the malocclusions without surgery produces a more retrusive face. We present a case report of an adult male patient with skeletal Class III malocclusion with compression in the maxilla and mandibular asymmetry, who has treated the orthosurgical approach. The result is acceptable in terms of occlusion-function, esthetic of the smile, and facial esthetics.
О расходимости рядов Фурье в пространствах $\varphi(L)$, содержащих $L$
Authors: Gabdullin Mikhail Rashidovich
Published: May 2016

Исследуется вопрос о расходимости рядов Фурье в функциональных
пространствах более широких, чем $L=L[-\pi,\pi]$, но более узких,
чем $L^p=L^p[-\pi,\pi]$ при всех $p\in(0,1).$ Доказана
неулучшаемость недавних результатов В. И. Филиппова
об обобщении на пространства $\varphi(L)$ теоремы Колмогорова
о сходимости рядов Фурье в $L^p$ при $p\in(0,1)$.
Библиография: 3 названия.
О неприводимых характерах адамаровых алгебр
Authors: Ivanov Dmitry Nikolaevich
Published: May 2016

Понятие адамарова разложения полупростой ассоциативной
конечномерной комплексной алгебры обобщает понятие классической
матрицы Адамара, которые отвечают случаю коммутативных алгебр.
Алгебры, допускающие адамаровы разложения, называются адамаровыми.
Получено соотношение для значений неприводимого характера
адамаровой алгебры на произведениях инволюций, образующих ее
ортогональный базис. Это соотношение затем применяется для
описания адамаровых разложений в одной алгебре размерности 8.
Библиография: 9 названий.
Бифуркационный анализ задачи о движении цилиндра и точечного вихря в идеальной жидкости
Authors: Borisov Alexey Vladimirovich , Ryabov Pavel Evgenevich , Sokolov Sergei Viktorovich
Published: May 2016

В работе рассматривается интегрируемая гамильтонова система,
описывающая движение в идеальной жидкости кругового цилиндра и
вихревой нити. Построены бифуркационные диаграммы и
бифуркационные комплексы в случае компактности
интегрального многообразия и различной топологии
симплектического листа. Обсуждаются типы движений,
соответствующих бифуркационным кривым, и их устойчивость.
Библиография: 15 названий.
Асимптотические решения системы магнитной гидродинамики, описывающие сглаженные разрывы
Authors: Alillueva Anna Ivanovna , Shafarevich Andrei Igorevich
Published: May 2016

Описаны асимптотические решения нелинейной системы
магнитной гидродинамики,
быстро меняющиеся вблизи движущейся поверхности. Показано,
что движение поверхности скачка определяется из задачи
со свободной границей, а старшая часть асимптотики удовлетворяет
системе уравнений на движущейся поверхности.
В "невырожденной" ситуации эта система оказывается линейной,
в то время как при дополнительном условии обращения в нуль
нормальной компоненты магнитного поля она становится нелинейной.
В этом последнем случае малое магнитное поле мгновенно возрастает
до величины порядка единицы.
Библиография: 20 названий.
Построение оптимальных идеальных пространств для конусов неотрицательных функций
Authors: Bakhtigareeva Elza Gizarovna
Published: May 2016

В данной работе мы рассматриваем задачу о построении
оптимального идеального пространства для заданного конуса.
Для достижения этой цели мы применяем
метод растягивающих операторов.
Библиография: 8 названий.
Оценка отношения двух целых функций, нули которых совпадают в круге
Authors: Geynts Valery Leonidovich , Shkalikov Andrei Andreevich
Published: May 2016

В заметке изучаются целые функции конечного порядка роста, которые на некотором луче комплексной
плоскости допускают представление $\psi(z) = 1+ O(|z|^{-\mu})$, $\mu >0$. Получен следующий результат: если нули двух функций $\psi_1$, $\psi_2$ такого класса совпадают в круге радиуса $R$ с центром в нуле,
то при любых произвольно малых $\delta\in (0,1)$, $\varepsilon >0$ в круге радиуса $R^{1-\delta}$ отношение этих функций допускает оценку $|\psi_1(z)/\psi_2(z) -1| \leqslant \varepsilon R^{-\mu(1-\delta)}$,
если $R\geqslant R_0(\varepsilon, \delta)$. Полученные результаты важны для анализа устойчивости
в задаче о восстановлении потенциала уравнения Шрeдингера на полуоси по резонансам оператора.
Библиография: 3 названия.
Gender differences regarding body image, stress and coping strategies in adolescence
Authors: Soponaru Camelia , Bojian Ancuta , Iorga Magdalena
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The purpose of the study is to identify the level of stress among adolescents regarding the body image and the strategies that they use to cope with it.

Material and methods:  Two hundred and eighty-two adolescents in 10th and 11th grade completed three questionnaires: the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI) and the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BES).

Results: In the order of results, factors generating stress in adolescents are: money pressure (M = 5.80 ±2.70), uncertain future (M = 3.02 ±1.00), school/leisure conflicts (M = 2.77 ±0.96), school performance (M = 2.60 ±0.74), assuming adult responsibilities (M = 2.53 ±1.23), school attendance (M = 2.52 ±0.96), romantic relationships (M = 2.51 ±1.04), home life (M = 2.31 ±0.74), interactions with teachers (M = 2.22 ±0.80) and peer pressure (M = 2.15 ±0.83). Girls are more stressed by home life, peer pressure, an uncertain future, money pressure and adult responsibilities, while boys obtained higher values in the variable stress generated by school attendance. The most frequently used coping mechanism is positive rational acceptance (M = 2.52 ±0.64).

Conclusions: The level of stress among adolescents correlates with the level of satisfaction regarding the body image.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and their effect on birth weight
Authors: Karaahmet Elif , Gungor Ayse Nur Cakir , Topaloglu Naci , Sahin Basak , Kivrak Yuksel
Published: May 2016

Introduction:  The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and their effects on obstetric outcomes.

Material and methods:  All participating pregnant women, in their first visit to our obstetric department, completed an anxiety questionnaire and were evaluated in person by a psychiatrist to determine the presence of psychiatric disorders.

Results: Of 182 patients, 79 (43.4%) were diagnosed with an axis 1 disorder according to the parameters of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Of those diagnosed, there was a significant correlation between low income and high anxiety questionnaire scores. Low incomes (p = 0.014) and unplanned pregnancies (p = 0.001) were more prevalent among those with an SCID-1 anxiety diagnosis than among those in the control group. Finally, on average, patients diagnosed with depression delivered babies with significantly lower birth weights than babies born to patients in the control group.

Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders are relatively common in pregnant women and might interfere with pregnancy outcomes. Further studies should investigate whether treating depression in pregnant women improves obstetric outcomes. Decreasing the number of unplanned pregnancies by raising awareness about effective birth control methods and choosing appropriate contraceptive methods could lower the prevalence of anxiety in pregnant women.
Mitochondrial control region diversity in Polish sheep breeds
Authors: Koseniuk Anna , Słota Ewa
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the genetic variability of the Polish sheep breeds Świniarka, Wrzosówka, Pomorska, and Wielkopolska based on mitochondrial control region polymorphism. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and information about the genetic origin of the breeds were also obtained. The genetic variability of the breeds studied has been assessed based on the number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, the average number of nucleotide differences, the number of mutations, and phylogenetically informative sites. Sequence divergence between identified haplogroup A (HA) and haplogroup B (HB) was also calculated. Moreover, a neighbour-joining (NJ) haplotype tree was constructed based on Kimura's two-parameter genetic distance calculation. Finally, the history of the population was investigated by mismatch distribution and Fu's F statistics. The 559 bp long mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR) sequences of 143 sheep were analysed. The 65 haplotypes were defined by 45 parsimony informative sites. Among the four Polish breeds, Wrzosówka had the highest while Świniarka the lowest values of haplotype (Hd) and sequence diversity (π) (Hd =  0.9735 and π =  0.0040 for Wrzosówka; Hd =  0.8975 and π =  0.0030 for Świniarka). Five haplotypes were shared between breeds, whereas the remaining 60 were unique. The NJ phylogenetic tree has revealed that 61 haplotypes of all analysed breeds clustered into clade B while the remaining 4 haplotypes representing all but the Świniarka breed pooled together with clade A. None of the other reported mitochondrial haplogroups were identified. The haplotypes representing HB formed a star-like network with the single central haplotype, which in association with extensive haplotype sharing reveals a weak structure of Polish breeds and the existence of gene flow between the breeds studied.
Impact of major volcanic eruptions on stratospheric water vapour
Authors: Löffler Michael , Brinkop Sabine , Jöckel Patrick
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions can have a significant impact on the Earth's weather and climate system. Besides the subsequent tropospheric changes, the stratosphere is also influenced by large eruptions. Here changes in stratospheric water vapour after the two major volcanic eruptions of El Chichón in Mexico in 1982 and Mount Pinatubo on the Philippines in 1991 are investigated with chemistry–climate model simulations. This study is based on two simulations with specified dynamics of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Hamburg – Modular Earth Submodel System (ECHAM/MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model, performed within the Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) project, of which only one includes the long-wave volcanic forcing through prescribed aerosol optical properties. The results show a significant increase in stratospheric water vapour induced by the eruptions, resulting from increased heating rates and the subsequent changes in stratospheric and tropopause temperatures in the tropics. The tropical vertical advection and the South Asian summer monsoon are identified as sources for the additional water vapour in the stratosphere. Additionally, volcanic influences on tropospheric water vapour and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are evident, if the long-wave forcing is strong enough. Our results are corroborated by additional sensitivity simulations of the Mount Pinatubo period with reduced nudging and reduced volcanic aerosol extinction.
OCRA radiometric cloud fractions for GOME-2 on MetOp-A/B
Authors: Lutz Ronny , Loyola Diego , Gimeno García Sebastián , Romahn Fabian
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper describes an approach for cloud parameter retrieval (radiometric cloud-fraction estimation) using the polarization measurements of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) onboard the MetOp-A/B satellites. The core component of the Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm (OCRA) is the calculation of monthly cloud-free reflectances for a global grid (resolution of 0.2° in longitude and 0.2° in latitude) to derive radiometric cloud fractions. These cloud fractions will serve as a priori information for the retrieval of cloud-top height (CTH), cloud-top pressure (CTP), cloud-top albedo (CTA) and cloud optical thickness (COT) with the Retrieval Of Cloud Information using Neural Networks (ROCINN) algorithm. This approach is already being implemented operationally for the GOME/ERS-2 and SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT sensors and here we present version 3.0 of the OCRA algorithm applied to the GOME-2 sensors. Based on more than five years of GOME-2A data (April 2008 to June 2013), reflectances are calculated for  ≈  35 000 orbits. For each measurement a degradation correction as well as a viewing-angle-dependent and latitude-dependent correction is applied. In addition, an empirical correction scheme is introduced in order to remove the effect of oceanic sun glint. A comparison of the GOME-2A/B OCRA cloud fractions with colocated AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) geometrical cloud fractions shows a general good agreement with a mean difference of −0.15 ± 0.20. From an operational point of view, an advantage of the OCRA algorithm is its very fast computational time and its straightforward transferability to similar sensors like OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) on Sentinel 5 Precursor, as well as Sentinel 4 and Sentinel 5. In conclusion, it is shown that a robust, accurate and fast radiometric cloud-fraction estimation for GOME-2 can be achieved with OCRA using polarization measurement devices (PMDs).
Microbial co-occurrence patterns in deep Precambrian bedrock fracture fluids
Authors: Purkamo Lotta , Bomberg Malin , Kietäväinen Riikka , Salavirta Heikki , Nyyssönen Mari , Nuppunen-Puputti Maija , Ahonen Lasse , Kukkonen Ilmo , Itävaara Merja
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The bacterial and archaeal community composition and the possible carbon assimilation processes and energy sources of microbial communities in oligotrophic, deep, crystalline bedrock fractures is yet to be resolved. In this study, intrinsic microbial communities from groundwater of six fracture zones from 180 to 2300 m depths in Outokumpu bedrock were characterized using high-throughput amplicon sequencing and metagenomic prediction. Comamonadaceae-, Anaerobrancaceae- and Pseudomonadaceae-related operational taxonomic units (OTUs) form the core community in deep crystalline bedrock fractures in Outokumpu. Archaeal communities were mainly composed of Methanobacteriaceae-affiliating OTUs. The predicted bacterial metagenomes showed that pathways involved in fatty acid and amino sugar metabolism were common. In addition, relative abundance of genes coding the enzymes of autotrophic carbon fixation pathways in predicted metagenomes was low. This indicates that heterotrophic carbon assimilation is more important for microbial communities of the fracture zones. Network analysis based on co-occurrence of OTUs revealed possible “keystone” genera of the microbial communities belonging to Burkholderiales and Clostridiales. Bacterial communities in fractures resemble those found in oligotrophic, hydrogen-enriched environments. Serpentinization reactions of ophiolitic rocks in Outokumpu assemblage may provide a source of energy and organic carbon compounds for the microbial communities in the fractures. Sulfate reducers and methanogens form a minority of the total microbial communities, but OTUs forming these minor groups are similar to those found in other deep Precambrian terrestrial bedrock environments.
Robotic observations of high wintertime carbon export in California coastal waters
Authors: Bishop James K. B. , Fong Michael B. , Wood Todd J.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Biologically mediated particulate organic and inorganic carbon (POC and PIC) export from surface waters is the principal determinant of the vertical oceanic distribution of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon and thus sets the conditions for air–sea exchange of CO2; exported organic matter also provides the energy fueling communities in the mesopelagic zone. However, observations are temporally and spatially sparse. Here we report the first hourly-resolved optically quantified POC and PIC sedimentation rate time series from an autonomous Lagrangian Carbon Flux Explorer (CFE), which monitored particle flux using an imaging optical sedimentation recorder (OSR) at depths below 140 m in the Santa Cruz Basin, CA, in May 2012, and in January and March 2013. Highest POC vertical flux ( ∼  100–240 mmol C m−2 d−1) occurred in January, when most settling material was millimeter- to centimeter-sized aggregates but when surface biomass was low; fluxes were  ∼  18 and  ∼  6 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively, in March and May, under high surface biomass conditions. An unexpected discovery was that January 2013 fluxes measured by CFE were 20 times higher than that measured by simultaneously deployed surface-tethered OSR; multiple lines of evidence indicate strong undersampling of aggregates larger than 1 mm in the latter case. Furthermore, the January 2013 CFE fluxes were about 10 times higher than observed during multiyear sediment trap observations in the nearby Santa Barbara and San Pedro basins. The strength of carbon export in biologically dynamic California coastal waters is likely underestimated by at least a factor of 3 and at times by a factor of 20.
Tree-grass phenology information improves light use efficiency modelling of gross primary productivity for an Australian tropical savanna
Authors: Moore Caitlin E. , Beringer Jason , Evans Bradley , Hutley Lindsay B. , Tapper Nigel J.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The coexistence of trees and grasses in savanna ecosystems results in marked phenological dynamics that vary spatially and temporally with climate. Australian savannas comprise a complex variety of life forms and phenologies, from evergreen trees to annual/perennial grasses, producing a boom-bust seasonal pattern of productivity that follows the wet-dry seasonal rainfall cycle. As the climate changes into the 21st Century, modification to rainfall and temperature regimes in savannas is highly likely. There is a need to link phenology cycles of different species with productivity to understand how the tree-grass relationship may shift in response to climate change. This study investigated the relationship between productivity and phenology for trees and grasses in an Australian tropical savanna. Productivity, estimated from overstory (tree) and understory (grass) eddy covariance flux tower estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), was compared against two years of repeat time-lapse digital photography (phenocams). We explored the phenology-productivity relationship at the ecosystem scale using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices and flux tower GPP. These data were obtained from the Howard Springs OzFlux/Fluxnet site (AU-How) in northern Australia. Two greenness indices were calculated from the phenocam images; the green chromatic coordinate (GCC) and excess green index (ExG). These indices captured the temporal dynamics of the understory (grass) and overstory (trees) phenology, and were mostly well correlated with tower GPP for understory (r2 = 0.65 to 0.72) and overstory (r2 = 0.09 to 0.23). The MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) correlated well with GPP at the ecosystem scale (r2 = 0.70). Lastly, we used GCC and EVI to parameterise a light use efficiency (LUE) model and found it to improve the estimates of GPP for the overstory, understory and ecosystem. We conclude that phenology is an important parameter to consider in estimating GPP from LUE models in savannas and that phenocams can provide important insights into the phenological variability of trees and grasses.
PhytoSFDM version 1.0.0: Phytoplankton Size and Functional Diversity Model
Authors: Acevedo-Trejos Esteban , Brandt Gunnar , Smith S. Lan , Merico Agostino
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Biodiversity is one of the key mechanisms that facilitate the adaptive response of planktonic communities to a fluctuating environment. How to allow for such a flexible response in marine ecosystem models is, however, not entirely clear. One particular way is to resolve the natural complexity of phytoplankton communities by explicitly incorporating a large number of species or plankton functional types. Alternatively, models of aggregate community properties focus on macroecological quantities such as total biomass, mean trait, and trait variance (or functional trait diversity), thus reducing the observed natural complexity to a few mathematical expressions. We developed the modelling tool PhytoSFDM, which can resolve species discretely and can capture aggregate community properties. The tool also provides a set of methods for treating diversity under realistic oceanographic settings. This model is coded in Python and is distributed as an open-source software. PhytoSFDM is implemented in a 0D physical scheme and can be applied to any location of the world oceans. We show that aggregate-community models reduce computational complexity while preserving relevant macroecological features of phytoplankton communities. Compared to species-explicit models, aggregate models are more manageable in terms of number of equations and have faster computational times. Further developments of this tool should address the caveats associated with the assumptions of aggregate community models and on implementations into spatially resolved physical settings (1D and 3D). With PhytoSFDM we embrace the idea of promoting open source software and encourage scientists to build on this modelling tool to further improve our understanding of the role that biodiversity plays in shaping marine ecosystems.
Is groundwater sufficient to support sustainable irrigation agriculture in a reclaimed wetland region?
Authors: Pang Zhonghe , Lv Lianghua , Li Jie , Yuan Lijuan , Kong Yanlong , Luo Lu , Huang Tianming
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Water resources management is the key to sustainable agriculture and wetlands ecosystems. Understanding whether agriculture with groundwater-dominated irrigation is sustainable is sometimes difficult due to complex hydrological conditions, e.g. in the case of a wetland region. To investigate this issue we have chosen a wetland and rice paddy fields co-existing area with a groundwater-dominated irrigation scheme in the Sanjiang Plain, NE China, which has been reclaimed from lake-swamp type of natural wetlands since the 1950s. Using a multi-tracer approach involving water chemistry and isotopes (2H, 18O, 3H, 13C, 14C), integrated with data on groundwater regime, we demonstrate that it is possible to delineate the mechanism of hydraulic interactions between groundwater and river, ponds and rice paddy fields in the wetlands terrain. Regional variations in hydrogeology have been found to be the main factors controlling groundwater recharge and regime. Groundwater in the confined Quaternary aquifer with ages over 50 years and evidenced by depleted heavy isotopes is recharged by lateral flow from nearby mountains. The groundwater is in general not affected by surface activities, however, its yield is limited. Groundwater alone is not sufficient to support sustainable irrigation agriculture. On the contrary, the unconfined Quaternary aquifer is recharged by rainfall or riverbank infiltration, especially at localities near the rivers. It is more likely for the groundwater to be affected by agricultural activities, though its yield is rather abundant. This paper also indicates that utilization and planning of water resources for reclaimed agriculture can be improved through hydrological studies using environmental tracers.
Spatially Distributed Characterization of Soil Dynamics Using Travel-Time Distributions
Authors: Heße Falk , Zink Matthias , Kumar Rohini , Samaniego Luis , Attinger Sabine
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Travel-time distributions are a comprehensive tool for the characterization of hydrological system dynamics. Unlike streamflow hydrographs, they describe the movement and storage of water inside and through the hydrological system. Until recently, studies using such travel-time distributions have generally either been applied to simple (artificial toy) models or to real-world catchments using available time series, e.g. stable isotopes. Whereas the former are limited in their realism, the latter are limited in their use of available data sets. In our study, we employ a middle ground by using the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM) and apply it to a catchment in Central Germany. Being able to draw on multiple large data sets for calibration and verification, we generate a large array of spatially distributed states and fluxes. These hydrological outputs are then used to compute the travel-time distributions for every grid cell in the modeling domain. A statistical analysis shows the general soundness of the upscaling scheme employed in mHM and reveal precipitation, saturated soil moisture and potential evapotranspiration as important predictors for explaining the spatial heterogeneity of mean travel times. In addition, we demonstrate and discuss the high information content of mean travel times for characterization of internal hydrological processes.
MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25° global gridded precipitation (1979–2015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data
Authors: Beck Hylke E. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Levizzani Vincenzo , Schellekens Jaap , Miralles Diego G. , Martens Brecht , de Roo Ad
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Current global precipitation (P) datasets do not take full advantage of the complementary nature of satellite and reanalysis data. Here, we present Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP), a global P dataset for the period 1979–2015 with a 3-hourly temporal and 0.25° spatial resolution, specifically designed for hydrological modeling. The design philosophy of MSWEP was to optimally merge the highest quality P data sources available as a function of time scale and location. The long-term mean of MSWEP was based on the CHPclim dataset but replaced with more accurate regional datasets where available. A correction for gauge under-catch and orographic effects was introduced by inferring catchment-average P from streamflow (Q) observations at 13,762 stations across the globe. The temporal variability of MSWEP was determined by weighted averaging of P anomalies from seven datasets; two based solely on interpolation of gauge observations (CPC Unified and GPCC), three on satellite remote sensing (CMORPH, GSMaP-MVK, and TMPA 3B42RT), and two on atmospheric model reanalysis (ERA-Interim and JRA-55). For each grid cell, the weight assigned to the gauge-based estimates was calculated from the gauge network density, while the weights assigned to the satellite- and reanalysis-based estimates were calculated from their comparative performance at the surrounding gauges. The quality of MSWEP was compared against four state-of-the-art gauge-adjusted P datasets (WFDEI-CRU, GPCP-1DD, TMPA 3B42, and CPC Unified) using independent P data from 125 FLUXNET tower stations around the globe. MSWEP obtained the highest daily correlation coefficient (R) among the five P datasets for 60.0 % of the stations and a median R of 0.67 versus 0.44–0.59 for the other datasets. We further evaluated the performance of MSWEP using hydrological modeling for 9011 catchments (< 50,000 km2) across the globe. Specifically, we calibrated the simple conceptual hydrological model HBV against daily Q observations with P from each of the different datasets. For the 1058 sparsely-gauged catchments, representative of 83.9 % of the global land surface (excluding Antarctica), MSWEP obtained a median calibration NSE of 0.52 versus 0.29–0.39 for the other P datasets. MSWEP is available via http://www.gloh2o.org.
Roadway backfill method to prevent geo-hazards induced by room and pillar mining: a case study in Changxing coal mine, China
Authors: Zhang Jixiong , Li Meng , Zhou Nan , Gao Rui
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Coal mines in the western areas of China experience low mining rates and induce many geo-hazards when using the room and pillar mining method. In this research, we proposed a roadway backfill method during longwall mining to target these problems. We tested the mechanical properties of the backfill materials to determine a reasonable ratio of backfill materials for the driving roadway during longwall mining. We also introduced the roadway layout and the backfill mining technique required for this method. Based on the effects of the abutment stress from a single roadway driving task, we designed the distance between roadways and a driving and filling sequence for multiple-roadway driving. By doing so, we found the movement characteristics of the strata with quadratic stabilisation for backfill mining during roadway driving. Based on this research, the driving and filling sequence of the 3101 working face in Changxing coal mine was optimised to avoid the superimposed influence of mining-induced stress. According to the analysis of the surface monitoring data, the accumulated maximum subsidence is 15 mm and the maximum horizontal deformation is 0.8 mm/m, which indicated that the ground basically had no obvious deformation after the implementation of the roadway backfill method at 3101 working face.
Acoustic and optical methods to infer water transparency at the Time Series Station Spiekeroog, Wadden Sea (southern North Sea)
Authors: Schulz Anne-Christin , Badewien Thomas H. , Garaba Shungudzemwoyo P. , Zielinski Oliver
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Water transparency is a key indicator of optical water quality that is driven by suspended particulate and dissolved material. In this study we carried out an intercomparison of observations related to water transparency, determine correlations among the measured parameters and demonstrate the utility of both acoustic and optical tools in monitoring water transparency. The data set used here is from the operational Time Series Station Spiekeroog located at a tidal inlet of the Wadden Sea. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler was used to obtain acoustic measurements in the water column. Optical observations were determined using a set of three radiometers above water to collect radiometric quantities and a turbidity sensor within the water column. Bio-fouling was identified as a source of anomaly in turbidity measurements. We observed significant correlations between in-situ optically measured turbidity and derived turbidity from above water color sensing and acoustic backscattering strength. These findings underline that both optical and acoustic measurements can be reasonable proxies of water transparency with the potential to mitigate gaps and increase data quality in long-time observation of marine environments.
The implications of initial model drift for decadal climate predictability using EC-Earth
Authors: Sterl Andreas
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The large heat capacity of the ocean as compared to the atmosphere provides a memory in the climate system that might have the potential for skilful climate predictions a few years ahead. However, experiments so far have only found limited predictability after accounting for the deterministic forcing signal provided by increased greenhouse gas concentrations. One of the problems is the drift that occurs when the model moves away from the initial conditions towards its own climate. This drift is often larger than the decadal signal to be predicted. In this paper we describe the drift occurring in the North Atlantic Ocean in the EC-Earth climate model and relate it to the lack of decadal predictability in that region. While this drift may be resolution dependent and disappear in higher resolution models, we identify a second reason for the low predictability. A subsurface heat content anomaly can only influence de atmosphere if (deep) convection couples it to the surface, but the occurrence of deep convection events is random and probably mainly determined by unpredictable atmospheric noise.
Extraordinary runoff from the Greenland ice sheet in 2012 amplified by hypsometry and depleted firn retention
Authors: Mikkelsen Andreas Bech , Hubbard Alun , MacFerrin Mike , Box Jason Eric , Doyle Sam H. , Fitzpatrick Andrew , Hasholt Bent , Bailey Hannah L. , Lindbäck Katrin , Pettersson Rickard
Published: May 2016

Abstract. It has been argued that the infiltration and retention of meltwater within firn across the percolation zone of the Greenland ice sheet has the potential to buffer up to  ∼  3.6 mm of global sea-level rise (Harper et al., 2012). Despite evidence confirming active refreezing processes above the equilibrium line, their impact on runoff and proglacial discharge has yet to be assessed. Here, we compare meteorological, melt, firn stratigraphy and discharge data from the extreme 2010 and 2012 summers to determine the relationship between atmospheric forcing and melt runoff at the land-terminating Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland ice sheet, which drains into the Watson River. The 6.8 km3 bulk discharge in 2012 exceeded that in 2010 by 28 %, despite only a 3 % difference in net incoming melt energy between the two years. This large disparity can be explained by a 10 % contribution of runoff originating from above the long-term equilibrium line in 2012 caused by diminished firn retention. The amplified 2012 response was compounded by catchment hypsometry; the disproportionate increase in area contributing to runoff as the melt-level rose high into the accumulation area.Satellite imagery and aerial photographs reveal an extensive supraglacial network extending 140 km from the ice margin that confirms active meltwater runoff originating well above the equilibrium line. This runoff culminated in three days with record discharge of 3100 m3 s−1 (0.27 Gt d−1) that peaked on 11 July and washed out the Watson River Bridge. Our findings corroborate melt infiltration processes in the percolation zone, though the resulting patterns of refreezing are complex and can lead to spatially extensive, perched superimposed ice layers within the firn. In 2012, such layers extended to an elevation of at least 1840 m and provided a semi-impermeable barrier to further meltwater storage, thereby promoting widespread runoff from the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet that contributed directly to proglacial discharge and global sea-level rise.
FREUD: O ALÉM DO HOMEM E O PATRIARCA DA HORDA PRIMEVA
Authors: Ribeiro da Fonseca Eduardo
Published: May 2016

As relações de Freud com a noção de além-do-homem evidenciam um duplo movimento, caso consideremos a satisfação direta dos Triebe em contraste com a possibilidade do refinamento dos alvos pulsionais. Por um lado, o psicanalista aceita a ideia de Nietzsche de que a sublimação é justamente o meio pelo qual se dá esse refinamento transformador dos alvos dos impulsos, mas reafirma simultaneamente a ideia schopenhaueriana de que o sofrimento é o fundo de toda a vida, já que a tensão constante do impulso é justamente o fenômeno que nos tensiona e nos impele adiante: É da diferença entre o prazer efetivo obtido pela satisfação em relação ao prazer esperado que surge o fator que impele (treibende). Este não permite que o organismo estacione em nenhuma das formas de satisfação anteriormente estabelecidas, mas, ao contrário, fará com que esse organismo, em seu contexto psíquico, reivindique um estado de satisfação profunda, que é, no entanto, impedida tanto pela força das resistências que o processo de recalcamento ainda mantém ativas, quanto pelas dificuldades inerentes ao convívio humano e ao conflito entre desejos e capacidades.
RELIGIÃO: PARA ALÉM DA ACESSIBILIDADE DE UMA EXPERIÊNCIA ARCAICA
Authors: Luchi José Pedro
Published: May 2016

Este artigo reconstrói a hipótese de Habermas de que, no complexo sacral, o rito precede o mito e isso explicaria a permanência da religião como fonte arcaica de solidariedade mesmo no contexto do mundo secular. As narrativas míticas, no confronto com a ciência, vão perdendo a capacidade de explicar o mundo, enquanto os rituais religiosos continuam aptos a produzir integração social e a colaborar para a construção de identidades, ao menos para as pessoas que manifestam tal sensibilidade. É estabelecido um confronto com as posições de Charles Taylor, não diretamente sobre a hipótese acima mencionada, mas sobre os pressupostos que a inspiram. Taylor vê a experiência religiosa como gerada no presente, uma abertura à transcendência do interno da moderna ordem imanente, capaz de oferecer terapia às patologias de uma modernidade que, embora tendo realizado grandes avanços, corre o risco de autoencapsulamento.
A FUNÇÃO LÓGICA DESEMPENHADA PELAS FOTOGRAFIAS NOS PENSAMENTOS ACERCA DOS OBJETOS FOTOGRAFADOS
Authors: Ghisoni da Silva Guilherme
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender a função lógica desempenhada pelas fotografias nos pensamentos acerca de entidades conhecidas exclusivamente através de fotografias. Buscarei contrastar duas linhas interpretativas gerais: a fotografia como conhecimento por familiaridade e como conhecimento por descrição. A análise dessas linhas interpretativas levará em consideração o paralelo com as discussões sobre memórias episódicas e metafísica do tempo. Ao longo do artigo, buscarei criticar o tratamento da fotografia como familiaridade, tendo como base as ideias de John Zeimbekis. No tratamento como familiaridade, a fotografia teria uma função lógica semelhante a um demonstrativo, que apontaria para entidades particulares no passado, através da rota causal que une a fotografia ao referente. A crítica de Zeimbekis tem como ponto de partida a distinção entre o referente causal da fotografia e o seu conteúdo representacional (as propriedades visuais nela exemplificadas). A tese a ser sustentada é que o conteúdo da fotografia não seria suficiente para a determinação da identidade numérica do referente. Com isso, propõe-se o deslocamento da função lógica da fotografia da função referencial para a predicativa. A fotografia exemplificaria propriedades fenomenais atribuídas a uma entidade conhecida apenas por descrição através da fotografia.
Forord
Authors: Gran Jan Tore
Published: May 2016

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Epidemiologiske forhold ved ankyloserende spondylitt
Authors: Bakland Gunnstein
Published: May 2016

Ankyloserende spondylitt er en inflammatorisk revmatisk sykdom som hovedsakelig affiserer ileosakralledd og kolumna, og den er assosiert til perifere artritter, inflammatorisk tarmsykdom, psoriasis og Reiters syndrom. Forekomsten er korrelert til utbredelsen av HLA B27, og viser derved en viss geografisk variasjon. I europeiske studier finner man en generell prevalens av AS på 0,15-0,5%, men dette kan være høyere i enkelte subpopulasjoner med 1,8% rapportert i en norsk samisk populasjon. En norsk studie har indikert en insidens på ca. 1 per 10.000 personår i voksen befolkning, mens data fra Finland og USA viser noe lavere anslag. Det foreligger data som indikerer en økning av mortalitet på 50%, mens man i andre populasjoner ikke har funnet noen mortalitetsøkning. Nye og effektive behandlingsmuligheter stiller høye krav til tidlig diagnostikk, og utvikling samt validering av nye diagnostiske kriterier er en viktig utfordring.Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting the sacroiliac joints and spine. The prevalence of AS is correlated to that of HLA B27, which demonstrate a geographical gradient with higher occurrence in the northern circumpolar areas. European populations studies indicate a prevalence of0.15-0.5%, although it could be as high as 1.8% in some subpopulations. There are few studies concerning the incidence rate of AS, but a Norwegian study indicates an annual incidence of 1 per 10.000 in the adult population. There are contradicting studies regarding mortality. Some indicate that it may be increased by50%, whereas others show no increased mortality
Septisk artritt
Authors: Johnsen Villy
Published: May 2016

The incidence of septic arthritis in industrialized countries is 1.4-7 per 100000 of the population per year. The incidence is higher in children, in old people, in immunocompromized patients and patients treated with intrarticular injections and joint surgery. The incidence seems to be increasing due to intraarticular procedures. Infections with staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci dominates in adults, Hemophilus influenzae and streptococci in children
Arteritis temporalis
Authors: Palm Øyvind
Published: May 2016

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a common systemic vasculitis in elderly Norwegian patients. Scandinavian studies confirm that GCA usually starts rather acute and is diagnosed within less than two months in most cases. Temporal headache, tenderness and reduced pulsation of the temporal artery combined with significantly elevated ESR are typical features of the disease. A declining incidence from North to South across Europe has been found. The estimated annual incidence in Norway is 20.6-29.1 per 100.000 persons aged 50 years or more, which is among the highest worldwide. The high incidence in the Northern countries and the still incomplete understood ethiopathogenesis should encourage Scandinavian research on GCA.
Epidemiologi ved systemisk sklerose (sklerodermi)
Authors: Gran Jan Tore , Midtvedt Øyvind
Published: May 2016

TSystemic sclerosis is an inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting small arteries, microvessels and connective tissue. Pathological findings include fibrosis, vasculopathy and production of autoantibodies. Clinically, two distinct subgroups can be identified. Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis is associated with anticentromere antibodies and the skin lesion never extends proximally to the elbows and knees. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis exhibits production of anti topoisomerase I antibodies (anti Scl 70)and skin lesion affects also proximal parts of the body. The annual incidence is estimated to 0.2-1.9 per 100 000 inhabitants. The prevalence is approximately 7-15 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Mortality is significantly increased, mainly due to pulmonal arterial hypertension and interstitial lung disease. A possible increased risk of contracting lung cancer is still debated
Epidemiologi ved blandet bindevevsykdom, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) hos barn
Authors: Vinje Odd , Flatø Berit
Published: May 2016

There are three different classification criteria for this disease, all from 1987: The Alarcon-Segovia, Sharp and Kasukawa criteria. There is still no international concensus as to which of them should be used. This makes comparison between different reports using different classification criteria difficult. Mixed connective tissue disease seems next to systemic sclerosis to be the most infrequent systemic connective tissue disease in children. The incidence is reported to amount to 0.1-0.3/100,000/year. Female/male ratio is reported to be 2-3/1, median age for disease debut about 11 years, range 4-16 years. The most frequent cause of death is probably pulmonary hypertension, but death because of sepsis, hearth failure, renal failure, CNS disease and gastrointestinal bleeding is also reported. Mortality rate is probably lower in mixed connective tissue disease with debut in childhood than in adult life.
Epidemiologien ved juvenil idiopatisk artritt og andre artritter i barnealderen
Authors: Flatø Berit , Vinje Odd
Published: May 2016

Seventeen to 20 percent of children with recent onset arthritis have juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The annual incidence of JIA in Norway ranges from 14-23/100000 children according to population based prospective studies. In other Scandinavian countries an incidence of 11 to 19/100000 has been found in epidemiological studies. A point prevalence of JIA of 86-148/100000 has been found. The varying results may have been influenced by differences in the classification or exclusion criteria used, varying referral bias and limited population samples studied. They may also represent time trends or geographic variations. Female gender, knee or small joint involvement, a positive antinuclear antibody, high platelet counts and genetic factors have been associated with the development of JIA in children with undifferentiated earlyarthritis. Further studies of large populations over time are necessary to reveal true geographic variations in the frequency of JIA, based on genetic or environmental factors.
Artrose i Norge
Authors: Slatkowsky-Christensen Barbara , Grotle Margreth
Published: May 2016

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex process affecting many different joint areas in the body. The joints most commonly affected are the knees, hips, and hands. From a patho-physiological point of view, some features are crucial for the diagnosis, such as cartilage fibrillation and thinning, subchondral sclerosis and the presence of osteophytes. The currently most widely used definitions of OA include pathogenetic features (mechanical and biological events), morphologic features (changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone) as well as clinical features (joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, limitation of movement, crepitus and occasionally inflammation/effusion).The features that until now have been used for diagnosis and classification are based on radiographic and/or clinical descriptions. From a clinical perspective, OA is the most prevalent rheumatic joint disorder, causing pain and stiffness of the joints and for the individual impaired function and health status. For epidemiological descriptions of prevalence and incidence of OA, radiographic criteria are the most reliable and commonly used. Definitions of radiographic OA include descriptions of cartilage thinning (such as joint space narrowing), subchondral bone involvement (sclerosis) and/or the presence and grading of osteophytes. Although there are geographical variations in the occurrence of OA of different joint areas, OA is seen in all populations studied. The prevalence and incidence estimates show a vide variation, however. Still the epidemiological studies of OA are hampered by a number of factors including different definitions of the disorder, different subsets of disease, and low degree of correlation between different definitions (radiographic vs clinical). Several highly suggested risk factors have been identified for knee OA. Several of these may be important targets for intervention or prevention, such as physical activity, body mass index, nutritional constituents and quadriceps strength. There is a need for prospective studies evaluating risk factors in hip and hand OA. Although there are problems in studying OA epidemiologically, the available data have shown that OA is an extremely common and disabling disorder. Through a further development of both epidemiological and other methods of OA research, this area can continue to be exciting and rapidly developing.