bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is External Debt a Boon or a Curse? Empirical Evidence from South Asian Countries
Authors: HAMEED MUHAMMAD REEHAN , ALI MAJID , BATOOL HAFSAH
Published: December 2020

Over the years, the South Asian countries were facing the dilemma of twin’s deficits because they had failed to generate sufficient revenues to finance their budget. Consequently, they were continuously relying on both domestic and external debt to bridge these deficits which had put a severe implication on their economic growth. Their financial position continued to deteriorate and undermined all the efforts of the governments made to stimulate economic growth. The governments in these countries failed to generate enough revenues through internal sources. Therefore, the deficits were normally fiancé through external sources. The paper examined whether the external debt was a blessing or course to the economic growth of South Asian countries i.e. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. For this purpose 30 years of panel data of these countries from 1990 to 2019 had been taken. Fixed effect model and Panel Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Approach had been applied to examine the short-run and long-run association among the variables. The natural log of GDP per capita was used as a proxy for economic growth. The other variables were external debt, initial GDP, foreign direct investment, trade openness, investment, and secondary school investment rate. The outcomes of the study indicated that that external debt had a negative impact on economic growth both in the short-run and long-run. This revealed that external debt had not been utilized effectively and productively. The study suggested that effort would be made to manage the external debt and reduced the twin's deficits to minimize the harmful impact of external debt on the economy. Keywords: South Asian, External Debt, ARDL, Fixed Effect Model, Economic Growth.
Taxonomic contributions to genus Gypsophila in Turkey and a new taxon from Erzurum: G. venusta subsp. staminea
Authors: ÖZÇELİK Hasan , ÖZGÖKÇE Fevzi
Published: December 2020

Gypsophila species in Flora of Turkey had been divided into 4 groups as A, B, C and D. Annuals are in group A. The current key for identification of annuals (A Group) is not able to identify species and subspecies. Moreover, there are new species records in this group. Some Gypsophila taxa such as G. bitlisensis, G. elegans and subspecies of G. heteropoda are confused to each other. In this study, annual Gypsophila taxa and confused subspecies were revised, up to date identification keys were prepared and G. venusta Fenzl subsp. staminea Özçelik and Özgökçe is described as a new taxon from Erzurum (Turkey). The list of Turkey's Gypsophila taxa was also updated. Though the existance of G. gracilescens and G. erikii seem to be doubtfull due to the unavaliabilty of new samples from the determined localities, 63 Gypsophila species currently exist in Turkey. Some observations related to taxonomic and geographical characters of the taxa are provided.
THREE LIVES OF NIKOLAY AGAFONOV: TRANSFORMATION OF IDENTITY IN THE AGE OF WAR AND REVOLUTION
Authors:   Perm State Institute of Culture, Kazankov Alexander I. , Lejbovich Oleg L. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS
Published: December 2020

The article reconstructs N. P. Agafonov’s life story. It aims at determining the relationship between the individual and the social in a person’s biographical trajectory, analyzing ego-transformation process in a specific historical context. The research methodology involves the use of autobiographical narrative, formed in the process of investigative actions, carried out by the organs of OGPU–NKVD in 1929 and 1937. N. P. Agafonov’s fate is of special interest for historians because during a third of a century he changed his identity three times: at the beginning of the century N. P. Agafonov realized himself as a social democrat, an active participant of the revolutionary underground in St. Petersburg and Perm in 1905–1907. After its defeat, he chose a musical and dramatic career. During the Civil War, he got a haircut as a monk. In the pre-Soviet era, Agafonov behaves like a conformist, whose inner evolution is congenial to the changes taking place in the social circle of democratic youth. The turbulent nature of the events of the Civil War does not allow him to make an artistically reasonable and socially conditioned choice. During the Soviet regime he denounced the collective farm system as a hieromonk, called on parishioners to be strong in faith and expressed hope for the return of the good old times, for which he was subjected to repression by the punitive authorities.
“IT’S BETTER WHEN IT’S DONE FOR EVERYONE”: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE SOCIAL IN THE COMPREHENSION OF DEATH IN L. YA. GINSBURG’S NOTES OF THE 1920–1940s
Authors:   Kazan Federal University, Malysheva Svetlana Yu.
Published: December 2020

The article considers how during the 1920–1940s the problems of death, finality of human existence, immortality, postmortem ritual, guilt and repentance were thought through and developed by the outstanding Russian literary critic and thinker L. Yа. Ginzburg in the interesting and peculiar forms of ego-documents. The borderline nature of genre of her notes and autobiographical “narratives” — between ego-documents and literature — have led to a close interweaving in her reflections of personal, social and historical experience, as well as the intellectual tradition of thinking about the finitude of life and contributed to the creation of an original author’s system of ideas about death. The article shows the stages of formation of these perceptions correlated with the aspects of death actualized in this or that period of Soviet history in the 1920–1940s. From the reflection of the mid-1920s on the “lightness” and unremarkableness of death, a reverse side of the devaluation of life, Ginzburg came in the second half of the 1930s to the necessity of conceptual thinking about death, without which understanding the meaning of life was impossible. Experience of the war and blockade fills this reflection with an understanding of the nature of heroism and heroic death (as the only possible freedom in conditions of unfreedom of war), of the mechanisms of the work of grief, guilt and remorse as a tragic near-death experience in the event of loss of loved ones. The understanding of death, imbued with humanism and sociality, with a sense of experience of common human connections, has become an essential part of Ginzburg’s concept of human life in the postindividualist era.
POSSIBILITIES OF LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY IN STUDYING LOCAL MOBILITY OF STEPPE PASTORALISTS CULTURES OF THE PALEOMETAL EPOCH
Authors:   Orenburg Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the RAS, Tkachev Vitaly V.
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to testing the effectiveness of methods of cultural landscape archaeology for studying the local mobility of steppe pastoral cultures of the Paleometal Epoch (Eneolithic — Bronze Age) of Central Eurasia. In the paradigm of landscape archaeology comprehensive studies of a series of reference polygons have been recently carried out in the North-Western Caspian region, the Middle Don region, the Southern Trans-Urals, the Ural-Mugodzhary region. The research protocol included the use of GIS technologies, means of shallow-depth geophysics, geoarchaeology, archaeobotany, archaeozoology, paleoanthropology, paleosurface science, paleoclimatology, the study of isotope archives, etc. As a result, it was found that the life support system in the reconstructed economic and cultural models was based on various forms of mobile cattle breeding with seasonal rotation of pastures and water sources with a subsidiary role of hunting and gathering. In areas where copper ore sources were located, they were harmoniously combined with mining and metallurgical production due to the coincidence of seasonal economic and production cycles. This economic system allowed achieving a dynamic balance between human needs and the natural resource potential of the developed steppe and mountain-steppe geosystems, relying on their ability to regenerate without losing their ecological function. The research has shown that landscape archaeology can claim to be a methodological basis for studying local mobility of steppe pastoralists of the Paleometal Epoch. At the same time, none of its the methods, including the most effective isotope studies, can claim to be universal. Only a comprehensive application of the entire arsenal of landscape archaeology methods can lead to the reconstruction of economic and cultural models based on mobile forms of cattle breeding.
MOBILE LIFESTYLE AND SOCIETY: THE SRUBNAYA-ALAKUL PHENOMENON IN THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTHERN TRANS-URALS
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Berseneva Natalia A.
Published: December 2020

The study discusses the influence of mobile lifestyle and migrations on social groups in the Bronze Age, first of all, age and gender groups. The article considers the sites of the Srubnaya-Alakul contact zone in the Southern Trans-Urals. In total, 11 burial grounds (148 graves and 165 individuals) have been analyzed. The study has demonstrated that the formation of mixed cultural complexes definitely reflects the changes in the social sphere too. The contact area population treated the dead women more likely in the Alakul manner than in the Srubnaya rite. On the contrary, children were buried according to the Srubnaya rite, presumably with only pottery as grave goods. Males were also buried without any grave goods, except for vessels that corresponded equally to both Alakul and Srubnaya traditions. It is difficult to reconstruct the mechanism of transferring of cultural norms from archaeological source, but it seems that there were marriages between different in their origin groups of the population, and, as a result, the Alakul traditions were gradually eroded, and the new generation was brought up in the framework of the Srubnaya cultural stereotypes. Judging by the funeral data, the Alakul tradition related to the burial of women with jewelry as grave goods turned out to be the most stable rule.
TECHNOLOGICAL ALGORITHMS OF THE PASTORAL MODEL OF METAL PRODUCTION IN THE STEPPE REGIONS OF NORTH EURASIA IN THE BRONZE AGE
Authors:   Institute of Steppe, Ural Branch of the RAS, Bogdanov Sergey V.
Published: December 2020

The original model of metal production was realized in the steppe of North Eurasia since 4th to 2nd millenium BC. It was characterized by unique features of the natural-climatic, territorial, economic-cultural (cattle-breeding) production system. Also, it was notable for specifics of ore preparation for melting using the pyrotechnic method (beneficiating and fining fire under temperatures to 1 000°C), and the chemical approach (oxidation by potash), recovery of cooper in reverberatory furnaces with segregation of smelted metals on the pyroxene or olivine slag box above and the whole pancake-shaped ingot of blister recovered cooper (93–98 % Cu; 0,5–2 % Fe; 0,5–1,5 % S and others) on the bottom of an iron mold. Various stages of the mining and smelting industry had a seasonal character and correlated with cattle-breeding cycles. In the steppe of North Eurasia, different variants of the pasturable model had existed for several millennia, combining the two largest metal-production systems of the Old World — Circum-Pontic Metallurgical Country (CPMC) and Eurasian Metallurgical Country (EAMP). The final stages of the metal tools production industry connected with molding and forging processing of items varied substantially in different cultures. Still, basic technological algorithms of cooper production had slightly evolved during the Early Metal epoch. In the steppe of North Eurasia, the metallurgical boom exhausted accessible deposits of resources traditional for 4th–2nd millenium BC, for example, sulfide ore (chalcocite and other minerals) in cooper slates and silica-carbonate metal (chrysocolla and others) in copper sandstones of the Late Permian deposits as well as secondary sulfides of “chalcocite horizons” in zones of secondary concentration of principal deposits. It led to the development of Chalcopyrite raw material of copper-pyrite deposits. The boom was connected with the activity of the Srubnaya and Alakulskaya culture’s miners in the Late Bronze Age. Chalcopyrites processing was based on technological algorithms of the pastoral mining model and metallurgical production had been formed before, in the second half of the 2nd millenium BC. Besides the involvement of practically inexhaustible resources of cooper stuff into the metallurgical division, it led to receiving a byproduct — iron and refinery slag. Theoretical points stated in the paper have been verified by archaeological materials, data of scientific analysis and a series of successful archaeological-metallurgical experiments in 2018–2020.
THE SETTLEMENT OF KONOPLYANKA 2 IN THE SOUTHERN TRANS-URALS: NEW ASPECTS OF RESEARCH
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Koryakova Ludmila N. , Krause Rüdiger ,   Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Panteleeva Sofya E. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Stolarczyk Eliza ,   Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Bulakova Ekaterina A. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Soldatkin Nikolai V. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Rassadnikov Alexei Yu. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Molchanova Vlada V. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Ankushev Maksim N. ,   South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Molchanov Ivan V. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS, Yakimov Artem S. ,   Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the RAS, Fedorova Natalia V. ,   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the RAS; Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the RAS, Noskevich Vladislav V. ,   Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the RAS
Published: December 2020

The article presents preliminary results of the study of the Bronze Age settlement Konoplyanka 2 in the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat River (Kartaly district of the Chelyabinsk region). The materials demonstrate the manifestations of mobility that occurred in different chronological periods of the Late Bronze Age. Topical problems such as the existence of open villages in the South Trans-Urals in Sintashta time and the features of post-Sintashta age settlements are also investigated. The settlement consists of clusters formed by close or adjacent buildings with a linear planning principle. Line 1 consists of the rectangular structures of the Srubnaya (first phase) and Cherkaskul (second phase) cultures. Four wells located along the central axis were discovered in the excavated building. Line 2, with no external features, was discovered by geophysical studies. The building under study contained the Abashevo type ceramics and traces of metallurgy typical for the Sintashta and Abashevo cultures. Radiocarbon dates span an almost continuous interval from the 20th to the 16th century BC, in which the Abashevo claster occupies the earliest position, being partially synchronous with the earlier investigated fortified settlement of Konoplyanka, but not culturally related. The cluster of the Srubnaya-Cherkaskul houses is the latest. The article discusses the diachronic settling and issue of the eastwards spread of the Abashevo population, and the assimilation of the Trans-Urals by Srubnaya cultural complex population.
SIGN OF THE WAY IN THE SYMBOLISM OF THE FEDOROVO CULTURE
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Korochkova Olga N. , Usmanova Emma R. ,   Е. А. Buketov Karaganda University
Published: December 2020

The authors offer an interpretation of one of the exclusive attributes of the Fedorovo culture such as clay containers known as dishes. Artifacts from two burial sites are considered as the main source: Urefty I (forest-steppe Trans-Urals, Chelyabinsk region) and Lisakovsky I (Northern Kazakhstan, Kostanay region). The analysis of contexts and analogies in the Bronze Age cultures of Central Europe makes it possible to regard clay dishes as wagon models. This symbolism corresponds to the dynamics of the Fedorovo culture, the bearers of which had a pronounced motivation to move. The Fedorovo culture has a widespread distribution of its sites within the Andronovo community. The main features of this culture are the complexity of the funeral rite, a significant influence on aboriginal cultures during the colonization of the lands to the North and East of the original migration territory. All of the above indicates the formation of an autonomous group in the hierarchy of local society, which had a high degree of mobility. The original core of the Fedorovo culture was formed in the steppe Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan in the status of the subculture of one of the local community elites, which was represented by sites of the Alakul culture. It was here that the original “chariot complex” had been formed, which reflected innovations in the field of transport and speed, representing an expressive form of ritual practice. The development of the “mobility sign” in the funeral rite from the chariot (the Sintashta culture) to its imitation (the Petrovka culture), and then to a more capacious expression in the form of a wagon model (the Fedorovo culture) corresponds to the symbol’s universal trajectory.
Interreligious Dialogue in Context
Authors: Lehmann Karsten
Published: December 2020

The article sketches the overall layout of the thematic issue of the ‘Journal of Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Societies (JRAT)’ on Interreligious Dialogue (IRD) in context. It argues that an analysis of Interreligious Dialogue-activities in their socio-cultural contexts helps to counterbalance the long-standing individualistic bias of IRD-research. First, it presents a systematic description of the present state of the art that distinguishes two strands of IRD-research. Second, it argues for a European comparison, based upon the most recent findings from the ‘SMRE – Swiss Metadatabase of Religious Affiliation in Europe’. The article closes with references to the structure of the present volume of JRaT to facilitate such a comparison.
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS IN 3D SIMULATORS BASED ON FUNCTIONAL AND LOGICAL MODELS
Authors: Kopeliovich Dmitriy , Safonov Aleksandr , Kondratenko Roman
Published: December 2020

The article presents an approach to the use of artificial intelligence methods in the development of imitation professional simulators. The analysis of the use of artificial intelligence tools for the development of 3D applications is carried out, typical components and their functions are considered, the drawbacks that limit the use of these methods in professional simulators are revealed. The proposed approach is based on adapting these standard tools and supplementing them with functional-logical models that perform control functions. As an example, the implementation of the approach in the Unity cross-platform development environment is proposed. The results of the work have been tested in the development of simulators in the field of labor protection.
LENS CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF LIGHT SPOT USING A NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Budak Vladimir , Ilyina Ekaterina
Published: December 2020

The article proposes the classification of lenses with different symmetrical beam angles and offers a scale as a spot-light’s palette. A collection of spotlight’s images was created and classified according to the proposed scale. The analysis of 788 pcs of existing lenses and reflectors with different LEDs and COBs carried out, and the dependence of the axial light intensity from beam angle was obtained. A transfer training of new deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the pre-trained GoogleNet was performed using this collection. GradCAM analysis showed that the trained network correctly identifies the features of objects. This work allows us to classify arbitrary spotlights with an accuracy of about 80 %. Thus, light designer can determine the class of spotlight and corresponding type of lens with its technical parameters using this new model based on CCN.
COMPUTER MODELING OF THE STRUCTURE OF FOREST DRYING CHAMBERS, REDUCING HEAT LOSS
Authors: Pruss Boris , Romanov Viktor , Prozorov Yaroslav , Pleskacheva Olga
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the theory of calculating heat loss through the fences of timber drying chambers. The software for computer modeling of the process of transferring heat energy through the fences of the drying chamber, consisting of various heat-insulating materials, for calculating heat losses during drying of sawn timber is described. The efficiency of the use of modern heat-insulating materials to reduce heat losses during drying of sawn timber has been experimentally confirmed.
Kâr Amaçsız Örgütlerin Web Sayfalarının Müşteri Odaklılık Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ECE Mustafa , TİLTAY Muhammet Ali
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren kâr amaçsız örgütlerin web sayfaları bağlamında hangi ölçüde müşteri odaklı bir bakış açısına sahip olduklarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Amaç doğrultusunda Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı tarafından vergi muafiyeti alan kâr amaçsız örgütlere ek olarak Türkçe yazında konu alınan kâr amaçsız örgütlere çalışmada yer verilmiştir. Bu bağlamda incelenen 291 örgütten çevrimiçi bağış yapabilme imkânı sunan 60 örgütün web sayfaları ilgili yazından hareketle belirlenen ölçütler çerçevesinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Araştırma neticesinde web sayfalarının genel olarak logo, iletişim bilgisi, soket düzeyi güvenlik protokolü (SSL) bulundurma ve sosyal medya bağlantılarına yer verme gibi ölçütleri sağladığı, ancak web sayfasında yanıp sönen alan bulundurma, çevrimiçi üyelik-tartışma alanı-anket gibi unsurları bulundurma ve katalog-broşür gibi alanları içerme gibi ölçütlerde eksik kaldıkları görülmüştür. Belirlenen ölçütler çerçevesinde kâr amaçsız örgütlerin web sayfalarının yeterince müşteri odaklı bir biçimde tasarlanmadıkları saptanmıştır.
The Accuracy and Shortcomings of Google Translate Translating English Sentences to Indonesian
Authors:   Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, Sutrisno Adi
Published: December 2020

Google Translate is a free and practical online translation service that allows millions of people around the globe to translate words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs into an intended target language. However, in 2015, some Google Translate users in Indonesia, filed complaints, asserting that the machine was often inaccurate, speculating that it could only translate languages at the micro-level of words and phrases, rather than complete sentences or paragraphs. This research works to examine the accuracy as well as the shortcomings of Google Translate, in the context of English to Indonesian translations, in order to critically engage the complaints made by Google users. For the purpose of this study, 80 English sentences were translated using Google Translate and assessed for accuracy using a table adapted from Memsource criteria. Both the original sentences and their translated versions were analyzed using a sentence pair matrix to determine the machine’s failings and areas for improvement. The results challenged those initial speculations which suggested Google Translate is only effective with words and phrases. On the contrary, Memsource proved to be a useful tool in demonstrating a reasonable level of accuracy, accurately translating 60.37% of Indonesian-English sentences and vice versa.
A Qualitative Study of Patients’ Perceptions of Dental Care in Primary Health Care
Authors:   Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, Sanchez Heriberto F. , Vargas Andrea Maria D. , Werneck Marcos Azeredo F. , Ferreira Efigênia F.
Published: December 2020

Knowledge of patients' views can contribute to the strengthening of health services. The aim of this study is to describe the patients' perception of a public oral health service, contributing to evaluations in health services. This is a qualitative study in which a focus group was conducted, with the participation of six patients of the oral health system in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, all with a minimum experience of three years of using the service. A theoretical model with dimensions aimed at assessing integrality and primary care services was used. In conducting the research, a semi-structured script was used. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The most representative categories for evaluating oral health actions in primary care are the health unit; the welcoming and its relation with the creation of the bond; service with a strong emphasis on the humanized relationship between professional and patient and on teamwork and; as a highlight, citizen participation, based on the recognition of a “system” that prevents the proper functioning of services and that must be fought with citizenship. Patients’ perceptions can be used to assess oral health in primary care from the perspective of those who actually use health services, seeking ultimately to constantly improve them. Knowledge of patients' perceptions may enable organizations to know their performance, through assessment methodologies based on the established perceptions.
Makineler Film Yapmayı Düşler mi?: Jan Bot Örneği
Authors: ANADOLU Batu
Published: December 2020

“Yeni Medya Sanatı” olarak adlandırılan üretim pratiği; bilgisayar kullanıcılarının ve programlarının sanatsal içerikleri sanal ortamda yaratmalarını sağlayan bir yapı oluşturmaktadır. “Yeni Medya Sanatı”nın hesaplanabilir ve algoritmalara dayalı yapısı nedeniyle, yapay zeka çalışmaları kültürel alana daha fazla nüfuz etmektedir. Yapay zeka uygulamaları, sinema endüstrisinde özellikle film yapım, dağıtım ve gösterim alanlarında etkisini hissettirmektedir. Görsel-işitsel anlatılar üretme aşaması içerisinde, sanat felsefesi bağlamında sanat-zanaat ve sanatçı-sanat eseri ilişkileri yeniden tartışmaya açılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; EYE Film Müzesi arşivindeki görüntülerden kısa filmler üreten Jan Bot isimli yapay zeka uygulamasının çalışmaları incelenecektir. Çalışmanın amacı, Jan Bot'un bir sanatçı olarak biçemsel tercihlerini hermenötik bir yaklaşımla anlamlandırmak ve sanat epistemolojisi ışığında sanatçının kimliğini sorgulamaktır. Jan Bot’un Instagram uygulamasında en çok görüntülenen on filmi, biçem analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Biçem analizi; bir filmi anlatı yapısının yanı sıra ortalama çekim süresi, sinematografik özellikleri, mizanseni, kurgusu ve sesi ile bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Analiz sonucunda; Jan Bot tarafından üretilen filmlerin biçimsel açıdan şablon özellikler taşıdığı ve popüler etiketleri kullanarak alternatif bir anaakım film perspektifi yarattığı tespit edilmiştir. Anlatı açısından ise bu filmlerin, avangart sinemayı hatırlatacak şekilde sanatçı odaklı olduğu ve gerçekliğin bir prizmadan kırılarak yansıyan bir yorumunu sunduğu söylenebilir.
The last Russian hunters on Spitsbergen in 1851—1852: the tragedy of the crew of the ship “Grigorij Bogoslov”
Authors: Davydov Ruslan
Published: December 2020

This publication is dedicated to the tragedy of the crew of the ship “Grigorij Bogoslov” during a Pomor hunting expedition to Spitsbergen in 1851. It is prepared mainly on the basis of documents from the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region and the Russian State Historical Archive, most of which publish for the first time.
Memes on the Evolution of Derivative Architecture Design
Authors: Martosenjoyo Triyatni
Published: December 2020

Through genetic tracing, the origins of a person and who their ancestors are can be traced scientifically even though over time their genes have evolved following ecological changes. Likewise, a person's ideas can be traced where the origin comes from through memetic tracing. This article discusses case studies in several works which are assumed to be works of design product plagiarism at one of the famous universities in Indonesia. The plagiarism process is investigated through tracking changes in their memes. The research method was carried out by investigation. Data collection and analysis through field studies and in-depth interviews with participants who are actors and users of plagiarism products. The research was conducted in 2017. The results showed that plagiarism resulted in degradation of physical and visual qualities, visual disguises for the purpose of copycat self-actualization, and a sense of innocence from them.
Pentingnya Materi Lingkungan Terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah
Authors: Lestari Ayu Puji
Published: December 2020

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa materi lingkungan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di sekolah memang sangat penting. Hal ini terlihat dari jawaban responden yang menyatakan positif tentang pentingnya materi lingkungan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dengan dengan adanya materi lingkungan akan membantu dalam proses pembelajaran. Selain itu, peserta didik akan semakin menjaga dan melestarikan lingkungannya, menumbuhkan sikap peka terhadap situasi dan kondisi lingkungan sekitar dan membangun karakter yang jujur, disiplin, empati, dan optimis serta religius. Tulisan ini bertujuan agar masyarakat dan peserta didik dapat menjaga kelestarian lingkungan.
Pháp luật về môi giới bất động sản ở Việt Nam
Authors: AISDL
Published: December 2020

Theo quy định của Luật đất đai và Luật nhà ở, công dân có quyền sử dụng đối với đất đai, quyền sở hữu đối với nhà ở và tài sản khác gắn liền với đất. Đồng thời, chủ sử dụng, chủ sở hữu có quyền thực hiện các loại hình giao dịch có liên quan như mua bán, tặng cho, cho thuê, thừa kế, thế chấp… đối với quyền sử dụng đất và nhà ở. Đây chính là cơ sở, tiền đề cho việc hình thành và phát triển thị trường bất động sản ở Việt Nam nói chung và hoạt động môi giới bất động sản nói riêng.
Evaluation of School Health Status, Explanatory Study
Authors: Busharads Mohamed Osman Elamin
Published: December 2020

Background: Schools are one of the best settings-based approach to promote health. Schools remain for many years been recognized as an important settings for health promotion for the community. The study provides description of schools health status in the city, concerning the activities and services components of school health and the deficiencies, accordingly the requested procedures and processes to improve that health situation, assuming that improvement of schools health status will lead the improvement of health status of the overall community. Objectives: The study aims to assess schools health status in Makkah city. Introduction: The study conducted to evaluate schools health status and services provided in Makkah city, 20 schools selected randomly for this purpose.Methodology: Descriptive study had been implemented, simple random sampling used, (20) schools selected for the evaluation of the six components of school health services and activities, data collected through checklist and interviews. Results: The study clarified that most schools in Makkah have a health supervisor, health supervision plan and a committee, but only 32% of schools have healthy foods provided. Conclusion: The study concluded that, health supervision was active, but there were weaknesses in the food services, unhealthy foods and drinks were available in schools. Recommendations: The study recommends for motivating schools health supervisors for the extra efforts they are providing beside their teaching responsibilities, in addition to that, periodic health education sessions for students is requested to raise their awareness on different health risks especially in school environment.
An investigation into teacher awareness of, and attitudes towards, English as a Lingua Franca within Business English instruction in the UK
Authors: Williams Gemma Louise
Published: December 2020

Masters in English Language Teaching Dissertation, from University of Sussex, 2016. This dissertation documents the research into Business English (BE) teacher awareness of, and attitudes towards, English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). Given that English has become the international language of global business and trade, used widely to communicate across linguistic and cultural borders, the argument is made that ELF is the most relevant paradigm for BE instruction, in contrast to the still currently dominant English as a Foreign Language (EFL) paradigm that has housed most English Language Teaching (ELT). A further argument is made that a number of what the author refers to as core ‘ELF competences’, primarily Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC), accommodation strategies and aspects of the phonological Lingua Franca Core (LFC), are the most relevant and teachable aspects of ‘ELF-talk’ to BE learners.The research took the form of a small Mixed Methods Research (MMR) case-study of a group of BE teachers based in the South of England, UK. Twelve participants completed questionnaires, modelled loosely on that used in Dewey’s 2012 research into teacher awareness of ELF and ELT teacher training. A further two participants were selected for follow-up classroom observations and interviews.A review of the literature indicates that teachers often possess limited awareness of the constructs of ELF or ICC and when there is awareness, demonstrate a conflict between their beliefs surrounding the relevance of these constructs to their teaching and their willingness or ability to apply those beliefs in practice. The findings from this research, however, do not support those claims and instead indicate relatively high levels of applied ELF awareness in practice. Due to the small-scale nature of this investigation it is impossible to infer that this difference in results emanates from the fact that the subjects in this research were BE as opposed to General English teachers, as has been the case in previous research, therefore implications for further research indicated by this study include a more widespread investigation into BE teacher awareness and attitudes towards ELF.
The Monetary Crisis and Foundation for Reserve Bank of India (1890-1935)
Authors: Balaji M.
Published: December 2020

The monetary policy of British India was highly controversial during the interwar period as it aimed to protect the budgetary obligations and private commerce. The currency stabilization policy was seen as a tool to protect the British economic interest while they ruled India. The currency came under serious pressure during the World War I and Great depression, the facets of Indian currency’s dependence was exposed through the modified council bill system and Gold exchange standard. The much-needed currency reforms and banking system were conceded by the colonial administration after much wrangling for half a century.
The Relationship between Innovation Capabilities and Efficiency of Foreign Invested Enterprises in Vietnam
Authors: AISDL
Published: December 2020

Similar to the previous researches, this study confirms the positive relationship between innovation capabilities and efficiency of a company by measuring and evaluating the experimental data from 52 foreign invested enterprises inVietnam (FIEs). The study provides insight into different aspects related innovation of FIEs such as: types of innovation, frequency of innovation implementation, methods of innovation investment. Results of the analysis of primary data by the linear regression method show the relatively small differences in the impacts of 7 groups of capabilities on efficiency of the company, even though the development capabilities still have made greatest influence with the coefficient of 0.453. The findings of this research once again stress that innovation and innovation capabilities of the company is the decisive element of primary efficiency.
Bevacizumab treatment of patients with breast cancer is associated with differential expression and up-regulation of TIPARP.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Bevacizumab (Avastin) is an approved treatment option by the European Medicines Agency (1) for more than a quarter billion women in the European Union, and despite having its indication withdrawn by the Food and Drug Administration in 2011 is still utilized in clinical trials in the United States (2, 3). We mined published microarray data (4) from the PROMIX trial to understand in an unbiased fashion genes most transcriptionally perturbed by bevacizumab administration and how this interacted with a standard anthracycline and taxane chemotherapeutic regimen, epirubicin and docetaxel. We integrated these findings with analysis of a separate microarray dataset studying transcriptional changes globally in the tumors of patients with bladder cancer following treatment with a regimen including bevacizumab (5). We report here the differential and increased expression of the TCDD inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, TIPARP, in the primary tumors of women treated with bevacizumab for breast cancer.
Rural Electrification and Its Impact on Households’ Welfare
Authors: Haidari Ajmal
Published: December 2020

Electricity is the key input for urban and rural development which directly effects households’ welfare in micro-level. Least developed countries policy focus on electrifying rural area through off-grid electricity because of high cost in connecting remote areas to national grid. This research estimates the welfare effects of Shorabak small hydropower in Fayzabad city of Badakhshan province, considering the wellbeing of residences in Taliqan city of Takhar provice that obtained from imported electricity from Tajikistan. The dependent variables of education, saving, health, employment, information and environment used as determinant of welfare in linear regression models. Residences of Fayzabad and Taliqan cities constituted the target population, who interviewed through 400 questionnaire using purposive samplings. For the purpose of analysis, regression models run in SPSS version 25. It was found that full access to electricity in Taliqan city positively changed study hours, saving via cheap per kW fee, decreased illness caused by utilizing wood, fuel for cooking and heating purposes. Furthermore, the level of information increased because of access to media particularly TV. A positive notion seen in keeping environment green by removing wood in households as result of using electricity instead. Generally the findings show, by Shorabak hydropower plant inauguration which is 90% completed the same welfare increase will be felt in Fayzabad city as well.
A Qualitative Study of Patients’ Perceptions of Dental Care in Primary Health Care
Authors: Sanchez Heriberto F. , Vargas Andrea Maria D. , Werneck Marcos Azeredo F. , Ferreira Efigênia F.
Published: December 2020

Knowledge of patients' views can contribute to the strengthening of health services. The aim of this study is to describe the patients' perception of a public oral health service, contributing to evaluations in health services. This is a qualitative study in which a focus group was conducted, with the participation of six patients of the oral health system in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, all with a minimum experience of three years of using the service. A theoretical model with dimensions aimed at assessing integrality and primary care services was used. In conducting the research, a semi-structured script was used. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The most representative categories for evaluating oral health actions in primary care are the health unit; the welcoming and its relation with the creation of the bond; service with a strong emphasis on the humanized relationship between professional and patient and on teamwork and; as a highlight, citizen participation, based on the recognition of a “system” that prevents the proper functioning of services and that must be fought with citizenship. Patients’ perceptions can be used to assess oral health in primary care from the perspective of those who actually use health services, seeking ultimately to constantly improve them. Knowledge of patients' perceptions may enable organizations to know their performance, through assessment methodologies based on the established perceptions.
Exorcising the “Ghosts” from the Government Payroll in Developing Countries in the Wake of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Ghana’s Empirical Example
Authors: Quarm Richmond Sam , Sam-Quarm Rosemond , Sam-Quarm Richmond
Published: December 2020

The salary payment of government workers constitute a significant percentage of total government expenditure in developing economies, simply because the government remains the largest or biggest employer. The Government Payroll system, therefore, requires a robust control mechanism to detect and prevent the occurrence of “payroll fraud”, as the irregularity denies the state of huge sums of monies going down the drain and into private pockets, and which could have otherwise been channelled into some critical sectors of the economy; and to minimise the excessive borrowing by government to fill the gap. The several efforts and reforms by the Controller and Accountant-General’s Department (CAGD) and the Ghana Audit Service (GAS) in particular; and the Ministry of Finance (MoF) in general, to clean the Government Payroll of these “payroll frauds” consistently over the years have not yielded the desired results. The various studies conducted on “payroll fraud” in Ghana did not address themselves to the introduction of the “Electronic-Salary Payment Voucher (E-SPV) system since 2014, which was hailed by many as the final panacea to the “annual ritual of ghost workers on the government payroll”. To fill the gap, we conducted this empirical cross-sectional research on “payroll fraud” based on the “fraud triangle theory” and the “graft estimation model”. We employed non probability purposive, but convenient, sampling methodology by means of structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews to arrive at our conclusion. Our major finding was that “payroll fraud” can never be eliminated (but only minimised), and must therefore be treated and necessarily managed to the barest minimum (between 1% and 5%), just as normal “bad debts” in Financial Statements. Policy makers will have to revisit the issues about “Ghost Workers”, in the midst of the novel and dreaded, and disastrous Convid-19 pandemic.
Differences in carbon isotope discrimination between angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants, and their geological significance
Authors: Hare Vincent , Lavergne Aliénor
Published: December 2020

For most of the Phanerozoic Eon, Earth’s woody vegetation has been dominated by C3 plants – predominantly gymnosperms - with angiosperms only emerging as the dominant plant group as CO2 declined during the Cenozoic (66 Ma onward). At present, differences in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) between angiosperm and gymnosperm plants are relatively small (2–3 ‰), but an increasing body of evidence points to larger differences across geological times (up to 6–7 ‰), potentially associated with varying environmental conditions and atmospheres (i.e. concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, [CO2], and oxygen, [O2] could have ranged from ~ 180 to 1100 ppm, and ~ 15 to 25 %, respectively, across the past 250 Ma). Yet, differences in Δ13C between the two plant groups, and their potential link to climatic and environmental changes, have not yet been fully explored and understood. Here, we combine a comprehensive ab initio model of discrimination, with a recent model of plant eco-physiology based on least-cost optimality theory, to show how differences in Δ13C between angiosperms and gymnosperms arise. We train the comprehensive model using a very large (n > 7000) database of leaf and tree ring data spanning the past 110 years. We find that averaged differences in Δ13C between angiosperm and gymnosperms decrease modestly with atmospheric [O2]:[CO2] ratios, and increase strongly with vapor pressure deficit (D). These relationships can be explained by three key physiological differences: (1) the ratio of cost factors for transpiration to carboxylation (higher in angiosperms); (2) the ratio of mesophyll to stomatal conductances of CO2 (lower in gymnosperms); and (3) differences in photorespiration. In particular, the amount of CO2 released from photorespiration per oxygenation reaction, λ, is generally lower in gymnosperms than in angiosperms. As a result of these factors, Δ13C is more sensitive to [CO2] in angiosperms, and to D in gymnosperms. We propose a simplified empirical model to account for this behaviour, and test it against isotopic data from leaves, tree rings and previously-published plant chamber experiments, along with geological data from the Cenozoic. Overall, these data agree with our model over range of [O2]:[CO2] ratios from 100 to 650 mol mol-1 (equivalent to a CO2 range around 323 - 2100 ppm at 21% O2), and D levels between 0.45 and 1.1 kPa (R2 = 0.51, RMSE = 0.538‰). Our simplified empirical model offers a new explanation for secular trends in the geological record, and suggests a way forward to improve paleo-[CO2] proxies based on terrestrial discrimination models by incorporating the effects of [O2], phylogeny, and photorespiration. Lastly, the framework predicts that the average difference in Δ13C between woody C3 plant groups will increase in the future if both [CO2] and global D continue to rise as suggested by projections.
Anatomy of Strike Slip Fault Tsunami-genesis
Authors: Elbanna Ahmed , Abdelmeguid Mohamed , Ma Xiao , Amlani Faisal , Bhat Harsha , Synolakis Costas , Rosakis Ares
Published: December 2020

Tsunami generation from earthquake induced seafloor deformations has long been recognized as a major hazard to coastal areas. Strike-slip faulting has generally been believed as insufficient for triggering large tsunamis, except through the generation of submarine landslides. Herein, we demonstrate that ground motions due to strike-slip earthquakes can contribute to the emergence of large tsunamis (>1m) under rather generic conditions. To this end, we have developed a computational framework that integrates models for earthquake rupture dynamics with models of tsunami generation and propagation. The three-dimensional time-dependent vertical and horizontal ground motions from spontaneous dynamic rupture models are used to drive boundary motions in the tsunami model. Our results suggest that supershear ruptures propagating along strike-slip faults, traversing narrow and shallow bays are prime candidates for tsunami generation. We show that dynamic focusing and the large horizontal displacements, characteristic of strike-slip earthquakes on long faults, are critical drivers for the tsunami hazard. These findings point to intrinsic mechanisms for sizeable tsunami generation by strike-slip faulting, which do not require complex seismic sources, landslides, or complicated bathymetry. Furthermore, our model identifies three distinct phases in the tsunamic motion; an instantaneous dynamic phase, a lagging coseismic and a classical postseismic phase, each of which may affect coastal areas differently. We conclude that near-source tsunami hazards and risk from strike-slip faulting need to be re-evaluated.
Infants actively seek and transmit knowledge via communication
Authors: Bazhydai Marina , Harris Paul L.
Published: December 2020

Abstract Supporting the central claim that knowledge representation is more basic than belief representation, we focus on the emerging evidence for pre-verbal infants’ active and selective communication based on their representation of both knowledge and ignorance. We highlight infants’ ontogenetically early deliberate information-seeking and information transmission in the context of active social learning, arguing that these capacities are unique to humans.