bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating factors for disaster preparedness among residents of Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Mohammad-pajooh E. , Ab. Aziz K.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The review of past researches discussed that factors such as climate change and movement toward urbanization will result in more frequent and severe disasters in the near future (Yasuhara et al., 2011). Flash flood is the most common type of disaster that residents of Kuala Lumpur (KL) come across, thus in this study, it was desired to discover the factors affecting preparedness among residents of KL as well as assessing the variation of individual preparedness among residents. With the aid of SPSS analysis, the reliability of data, correlation and regression analysis between the investigated factors and disaster preparedness were obtained. According to this research it was found that level of preparedness of residents of KL is still below average; majority of social demographic indicators such as income, education, age, and property ownership showed significant contribution to the variation of disaster preparedness among the residents. For instance men were much more prepared in comparison to women; residents with high level of income and education had also significantly higher preparedness compared to those with low level of income and education. Race was the only factor that differs from the findings of previous studies; since race does not affect the preparedness.
Monte Carlo fixed-lag smoothing in state-space models
Authors: Cuzol A. , Mémin E.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper presents an algorithm for Monte Carlo fixed-lag smoothing in state-space models defined by a diffusion process observed through noisy discrete-time measurements. Based on a particle approximation of the filtering and smoothing distributions, the method relies on a simulation technique of conditioned diffusions. The proposed sequential smoother can be applied to general nonlinear and multidimensional models, like the ones used in environmental applications. The smoothing of a turbulent flow in a high-dimensional context is given as a practical example.
On the tides and resonances of Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait
Authors: Webb D. J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The resonances of Hudson Bay, Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait are investigated using a linear shallow water numerical model. The region is of particular interest because it is the most important region of the world ocean for dissipating tidal energy. The model shows that the semi-diurnal tides of the region are dominated by four nearby overlapping resonances. It shows that these not only affect Ungava Bay, a region of extreme tidal range, but they also extend far into Foxe Basin and Hudson Bay and appear to be affected by the geometry of those regions. The results also indicate that it is the four resonances acting together which make the region such an important area for dissipating tidal energy.
Synthesis of Methyl 3-Azidothieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylates and Application of the Huisgen Reaction
Authors: Chaouni Wafaâ , Aadil Mina , Djellal Ahmed , Kirsch Gilbert
Published: May 2014

The preparation of new substituted methyl 3-azidothieno[2,3-b]pyridine carboxylates by azotization of methyl 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine and subsequent treatment with sodium azide is described. Via Huisgen’s 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between substituted alkynes and the prepared azides, methyl 1,2,3-triazolo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine carboxylates have been obtained.
Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] Cycloadditions of tert-Butyl (S)-(3-Oxopent-4- yn-2-yl)carbamate to 1-Benzylidenepyrazole-3-one-derived Azomethine Imines
Authors: Pušavec Eva , Mirnik Jona , Šenica Luka , Grošelj Uroš , Stanovnik Branko , Svete Jurij
Published: May 2014

Parallel screening of suitable reaction conditions for Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions of (1Z,4R*,5R*)-4-benzoylamino-1-benzylidene-5-phenyl-3-oxopyrazolidin-1-ium-2-ide (1a) to methyl propiolate (2) has established that this reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature in acetonitrile in the presence of CuI and Hünig’s base. The optimized reaction conditions were then applied in regio- and stereo-selective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of racemic azomethine imines 1a-e to tert-butyl (S)-(3-oxopent-4-yn-2-yl)carbamate (6) leading to mixtures of diastereomeric non-racemic chromatographically separable cycloadducts 7a-d, 7'a-d, 8e, and 8'e. The structures of the products were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
A Direct Synthesis of a Strongly Zwitterionic 6,6'-Diaminofulvalene
Authors: Schmid Dominic , Seyboldt Alexander , Kunz Doris
Published: May 2014

Upon reaction of the dipyrido-anellated guanidinium salt 1 with one equivalent of CpNa we were able to synthesize the dipyrido-anellated diaminofulvalene 4 in one step in 33% isolated yield. This shortens the initial route that applies a literature-known fulvalene synthesis via uronium salt 3 by two steps and avoids the need for a sacrificial equivalent of CpNa. Although the X-ray structure analysis reveals a shorter exocyclic double bond than observed in the diaminofulvalene V, a theoretical analysis based upon DFT calculations shows a stronger zwitterionic character for the dipyridofulvalene 4.
Orthoamide und Iminiumsalze, LXXXVII [1]. Eine neue, einfache Synthese für 1,3-Dimethylthymin / Orthoamides and Iminium Salts LXXXVII [1]. A New and Facile Synthesis of 1,3-Dimethylthymine
Authors: Kantlehner Willi , Mezger Jochen , Ivanov Ivo C.
Published: May 2014

1,3-Dimethylthymine can be prepared in a single-step reaction by heating a mixture of N-methylpropionamide and the Bredereck-Simchen reagent [tert-butyloxy-bis(dimethylamino) methane].
Changing conceptions of historical thinking in History education: an Australian case study
Authors: Parkes Robert J. , Donnelly Debra
Published: May 2014

Many nations have experienced conflict over the content of their History curriculum, and debates over the relative importance of skills (historical thinking) versus content (historical knowledge). Australia is no exception. This paper seeks to contribute to discussions over the importance of historical thinking in History education by exploring the changing conceptions of historical thinking in the History curricula of New South Wales (NSW) (Australia’s most populous state; which evolved from the earliest British colony; has an uninterrupted tradition of History teaching in high schools; and a rather unique post-compulsory extension course). Recently, History has become a mandatory subject in all Australian schools from the foundation year through to the last year of compulsory schooling [F-10], for the first time since the federation of the Australian states (1901), when curriculum was constitutionally determined to be a State responsibility. This paper charts the changing forms and relative importance of historical thinking as an explicit outcome of History education in NSW History curricula, from its emergence in the 1970s elective History curriculum to current explication in the NSW syllabi for the mandatory Australian 'national' Curriculum. It also explores the nature and significance of the post-compulsory 'senior' History extension course in NSW, an option for History students in the final non-compulsory year of schooling. This extension course boldly incorporates the study of historiography, requiring students to apply their meta-historical insights in an original historiographic investigation, anchoring complex historical theory in an experience of being an historian. We argue that the move to incorporate historiography into the curriculum expands the notion of what constitutes historical thinking in History education. Thus, we conclude by reflecting on what these different ways of conceptualising historical thinking mean for the social and educational function of history, and what implications they suggest for History education.Keywords: History Teaching; Historical Thinking; Australian.
Concepções em mudança do pensamento histórico no ensino da história: um estudo de caso australiano
Authors: Parkes Robert J. , Donnelly Debra
Published: May 2014

Muitos países vivenciaram conflitos em torno do conteúdo do seu currículo de história e tiveram debates sobre a importância relativa de habilidades (pensamento histórico) versus conteúdo (conhecimento histórico). A Austrália não é uma exceção. Este artigo busca contribuir para as discussões sobre a importância do pensamento histórico no ensino da História explorando as concepções em mudança de pensamento histórico nos currículos de história de New South Wales (NSW) (o mais populoso estado da Austrália, que evoluiu de uma antiga colônia britânica e tem uma ininterrupta tradição de ensino de história no ensino médio, e um curso adicional ao ensino obrigatório, que é único no país). Recentemente, a história se tornou um tema obrigatório em todas as escolas australianas, desde o primeiro fundamental até o último ano da escola obrigatória (F-10), pela primeira vez desde a federalização dos estados australianos (1901), quando se determinava constitucionalmente que o currículo era uma responsabilidade do Estado. Este artigo mapeia as formas cambiantes e a importância relativa do pensamento histórico como um resultado explícito do ensino de história nos currículos de história de NSW, desde o seu surgimento no currículo de história eletivo da década de 1970 até a explicitação nas ementas de NSW para o Currículo “nacional” obrigatório australiano. Ele também explora a natureza e o significado do curso adicional “sênior” de história posterior à escola obrigatória de NSW, uma opção para os alunos de história no ano final não obrigatório de escolarização. Este curso adicional incorpora em grande medida o estudo da historiografia, exigindo dos alunos que apliquem suas intuições meta-históricas numa investigação historiográfica original, ancorando teoria histórica complexa numa experiência de ser historiador. Defendemos que esta atitude de incorporar a historiografia no currículo expande a noção do que constitui o pensamento histórico no ensino de história. Assim, concluímos com a reflexão sobre o que esses diferentes modos de conceituar o pensamento histórico significam para a função social e educacional da história, e quais implicações eles sugerem para o ensino da história.Palavras-chave: Ensino da História; Pensamento Histórico; Austrália.
O ensino de temas controversos na escola francesa: os novos fundamentos da história escolar na França?
Authors: Falaize Benoit
Published: May 2014

Este artigo lança um olhar sobre as funções sociais da história na escola, na França, para descrever as principais finalidades da história, regularmente enunciadas desde a segunda metade do século XIX. O autor relembra a problemática do ensino das questões delicadas da história, que emerge nos debates escolares, públicos e políticos na Franca. Acompanhando nisto os debates sobre as questões de memórias, as atividades de sala de aula estão sujeitas à interrogação de uma sociedade inteiramente convidada a perscrutar o interior da escola e de seus conteúdos de ensino da história, a fim de ver nela ocultações, faltas ou amnésias nacionais. Em seguida, o autor analisa a virada memorial que data dos anos 1980 que se vê nas prescrições escolares, para falar do problema do lugar que ocupam em sala de aula os traumas da história nacional e também da maneira pela qual a história é convocada a falar sobre a vitimização, para falar sobre o horror da história, como, por exemplo, a questão do Holocausto ou da colonização e a reação dos alunos em face de tais temas delicados. De todo modo, ensinar os dramas do passado ou os assuntos controvertidos da história nacional marca uma ruptura com uma tradição escolar, mas também acadêmica francesa: enquanto a história ensinada colocava em primeiro plano os ancestrais aureolados de glória e de sentimentos nacionais ou cristãos, o retorno forçado no curso dos anos 2000 dos debates sobre a história da Franca e as implicações de memória participou da dessacralização definitiva da Nação, que saiu progressivamente de uma história imóvel, chauvinista, balizada pelas figuras heroicas cujo destino se confundia como da nação.Palavras-chave: Ensino de história; História recente da França; Holocausto; Colonização; Memórias.
O retorno do Imortal: D. Pedro I mitificado pelos militares nas representações imagéticas das Revistas O Cruzeiro e Manchete no Sesquicentenário da Independência (1972)
Authors: Ferreira Cristina , Da Silva Evander Ruthieri S.
Published: May 2014

Este artigo intenciona problematizar as imagens veiculadas nas revistas O Cruzeiro e Manchete no ano do Sesquicentenário da Independência do Brasil. Neste evento comemorativo, a figura do monarca D. Pedro I, representante da “unificação do país”, fica evidenciada nos anais da história pátria, após um acordo diplomático luso-brasileiro e a chegada de parte do corpo do Imperador ao Brasil, com exceção do coração, deixado por ele em testamento à cidade do Porto. A estratégia do regime militar brasileiro em conduzir D. Pedro I à virtude por meio da reelaboração positiva de sua figura está relacionada às suas façanhas militares realizadas no comando do exército liberal em Portugal, a partir de 1828, quando luta contra o governo absolutista de seu irmão, D. Miguel. As representações imagéticas do traslado ao Brasil de seus restos mortais, em abril de 1972, no governo do General Médici, demonstram a simbologia dos elementos de memória evocados pela política do Estado autoritário, sedenta por atos comemorativos e envolta em cerimoniais de cunho espetacular. A ampla divulgação veiculada pelas revistas está vinculada a uma clara intenção dos militares em apropriar-se de atos comemorativos para mitificar a figura de D. Pedro I no panteão dos heróis nacionais, a partir da utilização de aspectos da história pátria e arsenais imagéticos carregados de significados propulsores da memória.Palavras-chave: Representações imagéticas; D. Pedro I; Memória; O Cruzeiro; Manchete.
Os debates em torno da ilegalidade do aborto: da luta pela autonomia reprodutiva feminina à esfera legal dos projetos de leis
Authors: Vieira Jrúnior Luiz Augusto Mugnai
Published: May 2014

Desde a década de 1990, o aborto inseguro é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública pelas comunidades internacionais como Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). No Brasil, a sua prática se mostra também insegura devido às condições precárias tanto por falta de capacitação de pessoas e de ambientes inadequados sem os padrões de higiene mínimos para prática. Assim, o aborto realizado de forma insegura causa sequelas à saúde e até óbitos em mulheres, danos gerados, principalmente, por sua ilegalidade imposta judicialmente. Observa-se que na discussão sobre a ilegalidade do aborto ocorre uma mobilização daqueles que lutam pela manutenção da sua criminalização e ilegalidade e outros que lutam pela sua descriminalização e legalização como grupos feministas e de mulheres e setores governamentais, nos quais muitos resultam em projetos de leis. É interessante frisar que ao logo do tempo, os projetos que tocam a temática aborto foram aumentando progressivamente; alguns deles ganharam mais destaque que outros como o presente estudo aqui os descrevem. Debates reacendidos recentemente com o projeto de lei 478/2007 - “bolsa estupro” que traz o aborto novamente em pauta. Deve-se, ainda, ressaltar que o debate sobre a prática abortiva tanto na luta pela autonomia reprodutiva feminina como na esfera legal revelam elementos importantes para se pensar as relações de gênero como: a percepção do feminino na sociedade brasileira, a disputada de poderes discursivos pelo controle do corpo feminino, o poder decisório das mulheres em abortar ou não, além da condenação moral sobre as que praticam.Palavras-chave: Ilegalidade; Aborto inseguro; Saúde reprodutiva.
Ditadura e democracia: entre memórias e história
Authors: Cardoso Luisa Rita , Neves Hudson Campos
Published: May 2014

REIS FILHO, Daniel Aarão. Ditadura e democracia no Brasil: do golpe de 1964 à Constituição de 1988. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2014.
Architectural Drawings: Sources for Urban History
Authors: Ahlgren Dorothy
Published: May 2014

Les plans d'architectes figurent parmi les documents qui n'ont pas encore été exploités à fond par les spécialistes de l'histoire urbaine. Outre déposséder des propriétés esthétiques, les documents graphiques d'ordre architectural constituent une précieuse source d'informations. Ils fournissent des informations se rapportant directement à la structure, notamment l'emplacement, les dimensions, le propriétaire et l'architecte. Ces dessins transmettent plus subtilement d'autres renseignements, par exemple des notions sur l'échelle et le style des structures ainsi que sur les théories de l'architecte concerné. Le présent article, à l'aide d'exemples tirés de collections des Archives publiques du Canada, explique de quelle façon les plans d'architectes pourraient servir à l'histoire urbaine.
Winnipeg: The Northern Anchor of the Wholesale Trade
Authors: Eaton Leonard K.
Published: May 2014

Après 1882, Winnipeg réussit à s'assurer un rôle prépondérant dans le commerce de gros de l'Ouest canadien. Dans leur progression vers une position dominante sur le vaste territoire qui s1 étend des Grands Lacs aux montagnes Rocheuses, les grossistes de la ville créent un quartier d'entrepôts remarquable du point de vue architectural. George D. Wood, C.H. Whitlaet J.H. Ashdown jouent à cet égard un rôle important avec le concours du dessinateur en chef, J.H. Cadham. Le présent article tente de situer dans son contexte cette étape importante de l'histoire de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme.
Bibliography: Recent Publications Relating to Canada's Urban Past
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: May 2014

This bibliography appears annually in each October issue of the Urban History Review. It is organized to follow the categories and format of A.F.J. Artibise and G.A. Stelter, Canada's Urban Past: A Bibliography to 1980 and Guide to Canadian Urban Studies (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981).
The Genesis of Public Health Reform in Toronto, 1869-1890
Authors: MacDougall Heather A.
Published: May 2014

Les services d'hygiène publique de Toronto, qui avaient un caractère sporadique avant la Confédération, devinrent déplus en plus structurés de 1869 à 1890. Cependant, les transformations provoquèrent constamment des conflits entre les partisans de la libre entreprise et de l'expansion économique et ceux de l'intervention publique et de l'amélioration des services. Le Dr William Canniff, premier médecin des services d'hygiène publique de Toronto rémunéré et occupé à plein temps, fut l'un des protagonistes du débat. Les tentatives qu'il fit pour enrayer les maladies et améliorer la qualité de la vie urbaine étaient battues en brèche par des conseillers municipaux partisans de l'expansion économique et par les électeurs de ceux-ci, mais soutenues par les réformistes — médecins et autres — de la classe moyenne, ainsi que par les gouvernements fédéral et provincial. Le jeu des forces en présence reproduisait l'expérience déjà vécue par les partisans passionnés de l'hygiène publique en Grande-Bretagne et aux États- Unis, et laissait présager l'évolution des autres villes canadiennes. Mais Canniff et ses partisans se révélèrent incapables de concilier bien public et intérêt de l'entreprise privée, léguant cette tâche à leurs successeurs du XX siècle.
The Development of Canada's Five Leading National Ports
Authors: Forward Charles N.
Published: May 2014

Montréal, Québec, Saint-Jean et Halifax, sur la côte orientale, ainsi que Vancouver sur la cote occidentale, ont été les ports de marchandises diverses les plus importants du Canada pendant la plus grande partie de l'histoire du pays. A différentes époques, il y a eu entre eux des relations aussi bien de complémentarité que de concurrence et l'importance relative de chaque port a varié selon les changements de la technologie du transport et les modifications des courants commerciaux. Avant la Confédération, le port de Québec occupait la première place, mais il la céda rapidement à Montréal quand le vapeur supplanta le bateau à voile et que la voie navigable du Saint-Laurent fut élargie et approfondie. Montréal a dominé le commerce maritime au Canada pendant plusieurs dizaines d'années, jusqu'à ce que l'essor récent de Vancouver finisse par mettre fin à cette prépondérance. Pendant leur longue histoire, les cinq ports ont réussi à survivre à des périodes d'adversité et à garder leur importance et leurs rôles respectifs dans le commerce maritime national, malgré l'apparition de nombreux nouveaux concurrents.
Sliders and Backsliders: Toronto's Sunday Tobogganing Controversy of 1912
Authors: Homel Gene Howard
Published: May 2014

En 1912, les milieux politiques de Toronto furent divisés par un conflit sur la question de savoir si l'administration municipale devrait permettre l'utilisation de ses glissoires à traîneaux dans les parcs le dimanche. Un mouvement sabbataire influent et bien organisé força la résolution de la question, et alors que les dirigeants syndicaux et les chefs defile du monde des affaires avaient fait campagne pour faire respecter le droit aux loisirs du dimanche, les sabbat aires convainquirent le Conseil municipal de fermer les glissoires le jour du Seigneur. L'article examine la persistance des convictions sabbataires et la popularité croissante des attitudes favorables à la sécularisation des loisirs dominicaux.
Provincial Land Use Planning Initiatives in the Town of Kapuskasing
Authors: Saarinen O. W.
Published: May 2014

Kapuskasing (Ontario) occupe une place particulière dans l'histoire de la planification de l'utilisation des terrains au Canada. C'est peu après la Première Guerre mondiale que la ville fit parler d'elle pour la première fois, lorsqu'on y établit la première communauté de développement planifiée par un gouvernement provincial au Canada. Le plan initial trahissait à la fois l'influence de l'esthétique de l'école de Chicago et du mouvement des «villes-jardins.» Après 1958, la communauté devint le théâtre d'une expérience importante de réamnénagement des banlieues qui se déroula à Brunetville, à l'est du secteur planifié de Kapuskasing. L'auteur est d'avis que l'on a sous-estimé l'importance de l'expérience de Brunetville dans l'orientation du renouvellement urbain vers le réaménagement plutôt que vers le développement.
Public Health, Yellow Fever, and the Making of Modern Tampico
Authors: Kuecker Glen David
Published: May 2014

This essay uses the Mexican port city of Tampico as a case study of the relationship between nation-state formation, urban transformation, and public health policy during the late nineteenth century. It examines a virulent yellow fever epidemic in 1898 to illustrate how Tampico's urban transformation generated conditions for the epidemic, and how public health officials addressed the challenge of combating the epidemic. Special emphasis is placed on how officials used quarantines in a failed attempt to contain the problem. As a result of its limitations, national authorities came to perceive quarantines as antithetical to the project of the modern nation-state, leading them to adopt urban sanitation projects as substitute. Local and state authorities, however, retained their faith in the quarantine, often out of a desperate need to protect their populations and commerce. The battle against yellow fever constituted part of an important shift in public health authority from the control of local officials to national authorities, which further consolidated the power of the nation-state. The essay concludes with consideration of the implications of Tampico's 1898 epidemic for a history of circum-Caribbean port cities.
A Janus-Like Asylum: The City and the Institutional Confinement of the Mentally Ill in Victorian Ontario
Authors: Wright David , Day Shawn , Smith Jessica , Flis Nathan
Published: May 2014

This paper examines several aspects of the complex relationship between the city and the Victorian lunatic asylum. The first part of the paper demonstrates that the urban-ness of the public mental hospital has been a point of some degree of ambiguity. Mental hospitals were Janus-like—looking forward to the emerging urban world and yet, at the same time, looking back to a romanticized, rustic past. The second part of the paper adopts a quantitative approach and reveals that, far from the receptacle of strictly urban dwellers, the mental hospitals received a remarkable number of mentally ill from rural regions of the province. This finding, derived from one of the largest database studies of mental hospital patients ever undertaken, revises an important and longstanding argument in the historiography of the North American mental hospital.
Housing in the Northwest Territories: the Post-War Vision
Authors: Robson Robert
Published: May 2014

The delivery of housing programs in the Northwest Territories in the post—World War II era was part and parcel of government's newly defined northern mandate. Often described as the "northern vision", the northern mandate was a wide ranging initiative that provided for government-orchestrated, northern expansion. Precipitated by both the federal and the territorial governments, the housing programs as delivered under the auspices of the northern vision, more readily provided for the expansionary needs of government than for the shelter needs of the northern residents.
Private Landlords and Redevelopment: "The Ward" in Toronto, 1890-1920
Authors: Dennis Richard
Published: May 2014

Drawing on contemporary accounts of inner-city slums and on an analysis of assessment roll data, this paper examines patterns of speculation, property exchange, improvement and redevelopment in "The Ward" in Toronto, contrasting the depression of the 1890s with the return of boom conditions prior to World War I. It is argued that contemporary critiques of speculative landlords hoarding land and neglecting the maintenance and improvement of existing buildings while they waited for land values to increase, were an oversimplification of a much more complex reality. During the property boom of the early 1900s most sites changed hands at least once, partly reflecting the desire of recent immigrants to obtain property. There were also differences in the attractiveness of the land, and hence the rate of increase in its value, and the pressure for redevelopment of different parts of "The Ward". There were also differences over time, not only between the 1890s depression and the 1900s boom, but also between the 1900s and the mid-1910s, when the Bureau of Municipal Research reported on the area Nor was it likely, given the continuing demand for accommodation among a rapidly increasing population, that landlords were, as they claimed, failing to make profits from renting out poor-quality dwellings and stores. In this respect, the experience of tum-of-the-century Toronto contrasted with the "rent gap" hypothesis used by urban geographers to account for the redevelopment of neglected inner-city neighbourhoods during more recent property booms.
Entrepreneurship and the Family Compact: York-Toronto, 1822-55
Authors: Baskerville Peter A.
Published: May 2014

Résume: Examinant les domaines des banques et des chemins de fer, l'auteur retrace l'évolution de l'esprit d'entreprise à York-Toronto entre 1822 et 18 55. Selon lui, c'est une perspective socio-culturelle, plutôt que simplement économique, qui explique le mieux le comportement des membres du Compact à cet égard. Il y a lieu de considérer la notion d'esprit d'entreprise comme liée aux notions de temps et de culture. On peut ainsi nuancer le lieu commun selon lequel les membres du Family Compact ont manqué d'esprit d'entreprise. Leur perception du succès différait de celle de leurs successeurs et, dans certains cas, de celle de leurs contemporains des autres villes, mais cette élite a été tout aussi active dans les secteurs critiques du développement industriel et commercial. L'activité des chefs de file du Compact et leurs perceptions du développement ont conditionné l'évolution de la ville de Toronto durant ces années.
Municipal Bonusing of Industry: The Legislative Framework in Ontorio to 1830
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: May 2014

Nombreuses furent les municipalités qui, en Ontario, ont tenté, entre les années 1870 et les années 1920, d'influer sur la vitesse et la forme de la croissance urbaine en offrant des stimulants aux fabricants. La présente étude résume la législation ontarienne régissant ce type de stimulants. Elle définit les diverses formes d'aide que pouvaient fournir les conseils municipaux aux entreprises industrielles et les contraintes limitant les pouvoirs modifiés de temps à autre des municipalités. Le cadre législatif du système de primes sur lequel porte l'étude est divisé en quatre périodes: 1867-1892; 1892-1900; 1900-1924; après 1924; des extraits des lois sont présentés en annexe. L'auteur évoque certaines incidences du système de primes dont doit tenir compte l'étude de l'histoire urbaine.
Creation of an Early Victorian Suburb in Montreal
Authors: Hanna David B.
Published: May 2014

A Montréal, le paysage urbain composé de maisons en bande (la "terrace"), surgi pendant les années 1850 et 1860, a maintenant disparu. Il incarnait la rencontre de forces que, seul parmi les grandes villes de l'Amérique du Nord britannique, Montréal renfermait. La "terrace", qui rassemblait derrière une même façade monumentale un groupe homogène de maisons en bande, se confinait à un plateau situé entre la vieille ville au sud et les prestigieuses maisons étagées sur la pente au nord. Ce type d'habitation s'est répandu en quelque sorte grâce aux opérations spéculatives de riches propriétaires fonciers, encouragées par le développement de la ville et le fort accroissement simultané du nombre des logements entre 1850 et 1869, ainsi que le désir, de la part des classes supérieures, de quitter les vieux quartiers repoussants, dangereux et exigus. Des améliorations de l'infrastructure urbaine et en particulier la construction d'installations hydrauliques ont rendu possible le lotissement des terres élevées. La formule ou la mode de la construction en bandes représentait en outre une forme acceptable d'un point de vue architectural et social, et qui trouvait ses racines dans des exemples britanniques, spécialement ceux de Londres la prestigieuse. Il s'agissait finalement d'une formule ou d'une mode, "incontestablement liée à une haute bourgeoisie puissante" qui ne se trouve que dans les grandes villes administratives et commerciales et qui, en Amérique du Nord britannique, ne s'est fortement manifestée qu'à Montréal.
Retrospective Orientations in Metropolitan Toronto and their Implications for Preservation and Presentation of the Historical Environment
Authors: Konrad Victor A. , Taylor S. Martin
Published: May 2014

La tendance des Torontois à la retrospection se manifeste par l'intérêt général qu'ils portent au passé, les contacts directs qu'ils se ménagent avec les vestiges, leur appréciation du patrimoine et la préservation des ruines historiques. Ces dispositions dénotent de leur part une attirance puissante et constructive pour le passé, qui s'exprime par un engagement important envers l'environnement historique et un attrait généralisé à son égard. Par conséquent, la gestion des ressources historiques devrait donner aux Torontois davantage de possibilités de prendre part à des activités reliées au passé, possibilités qui devraient tenir compte de l'importante assise sociale de l'intérêt manifesté par la population pour ces activités.
The Changing Functions of Villages and Hamlets in Wellington County, 1881-1971
Authors: Dahms F. A.
Published: May 2014

Despite centralization of population and economic activity during the last hundred years, villages and hamlets in the Guelph area have not "died." New functions have replaced many that disappeared, while the increasing use of the car has led to a proliferation of service stations, and to more economic diversity in the largest places. Commuters have increased the populations of many small settlements with good access to employment in cities. If gasoline prices continue to rise, many small places may again experience slower growth and relative economic stagnation.
Urban History in Canada: A Conversation with Alan F. J. Artibise
Authors: Stave Bruce M.
Published: May 2014

When the editors of the Journal of Urban History began planning for publication during the early part of the 1970s> there was a desire to offer to our readers features that were not the ordinary fare for academic periodicals. One of these, a series of conversations with leading urbanists3 continues.
New Settlements Policy in British Columbia
Authors: Bradbury J. H.
Published: May 2014

Between 1965 and 1972 the provincial government of British Columbia introduced a new resource towns policy aimed at changing the relationship between corporations, the provincial government, and resource based settlements. The Instant Towns Act, together with the creation of new municipalities, represented a new level of government involvement and intervention in resource towns. The policy served to pass townsite costs from the companies to the workforce and to rationalise the further involvement of the state in resource extraction activities. The provincial government and the companies argued that a new settlements policy was necessary to replace the older model of company towns in order to attract a new and more stable labour force. At the same time as this policy was being shaped, the government was also engaged in developing industrial infrastructure to facilitate the expansion and the changing needs of capital. The Instant Towns Act of 1965 was part of the legislation for the expansion of large firms in the resource extraction sector. This form of infrastructure planning, to coincide with the changing structure of capital, reflects a level of state intervention in the economy of British Columbia, in other Canadian provinces, and indeed in most other western capitalist societies in recent years.
The Boosters in Boosterism: Some Calgary Examples
Authors: Foran Max
Published: May 2014

Through an examination of four Calgary boosters in the pre-1914 period, this article argues that boosterism in the prairie west was largely institutional. The rhetoric of progress was proclaimed loudest in publications produced by business organizations and political bodies. The expansionary policies of prairie cities were pursued by large railway companies or by city councils that were hardly dominated by single individuals. The ethic rather than the individual was dominant and in this respect the latter operated most effectively through representative institutions.
Fire, Disease and Water in Ottawa
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

By the end of the nineteenth century control of fire and disease had become a scientific and technical reality that opened the way to a social transformation in the city. To effect such control, however, imposed a series of demands on urban politicians, among them one for an adequate supply of pure water. In Ottawa, the response to the new and necessarily collective imperatives was pinched, niggardly and slow. Much of the explanation—as the three papers that follow suggest—lay in politics, especially in its socio-economic base and ideological attitudes.
Separation of Residence from Workplace: A Kingston Example
Authors: Tunbridge John E.
Published: May 2014

The separation of residence from workplace is a well-documented effect of industrialisation and associated changes upon urban structure. It is known that the typical pre-industrial city was, and is, characterised by composite structures used flexibly for both dwelling and working, a feature attributed to small scale and high friction of distance in an unmechanised society. It is also known from everyday experience that the contemporary North American city is characterised by near-complete separation of home and work, the troublesome phenomenon of the journey-to-work being the direct result. Less is known, however, about the detailed patterns and processes involved in the transition from one state to the other. To what extent was it influenced by city size? In which activities did the separation first occur? How was the transition structured in both time and space, and what were its socio-economic ramifications? Much remains unresolved on questions such as these. An important related issue is the transition of elite groups from originally central to increasingly peripheral locations, and all that this means for the balance of economic and political power within the city.2
Metropolis and Region: The Interplay between City and Region in Canadian History before 1914
Authors: Careless J. M. S.
Published: May 2014

From the sixteenth to the early twentieth century, from the opening of the Newfoundland fishery to the settlement of the western plains and Pacific slopes, Canada took shape primarily through the spreading of frontiers across the continent. Frontier areas, the forward zones of an expansive, acquisitive society, offered new supplies of natural resources to be put to commercial production. Generally, and increasingly, these raw areas of resource supply developed into populous, well structured regions with collective identities of their own. Yet the whole development of freshly opened frontier into firmly rooted region was linked throughout with the growth of the city, and especially with that of the largest, most powerful kind of city, the metropolis. In effect, frontiers themselves were the furthest hinterlands of cities, the trading territories dominated by urban centres. They were far-spread supply fields for urban places, emerging investment, market and service outlets; and, above all, enlarging spheres of influence for those most dominant urban places, the metropolitan cities. Behind the rise of frontier, hinterland or region in Canada lay the power of the metropolis, which ultimately disposed of their resource harvest, strongly fostered their expansion, and widely controlled their very existence.
Boarding and Belonging
Authors: Harney Robert F.
Published: May 2014

The gap between the subject matter of migration studies and that of North American urban and ethnic history has narrowed in recent years. Historians of migration now study in detail the precise local causes of the movement from old world locations and the pattern of the consequent diaspora. At the same time, those who study major American cities and small industrial towns have begun to show some appreciation of the relationship between migration causes and settlement. In most studies, however, there remains a lacuna between accounts and explanations of the crossing and the history of ethnic institutional and neighbourhood life on the North American side. Although we have moved from Oscar Handlinfs compelling, if often incorrect, metaphors of "uprootedness" and "in fellow-felling" to explain the processes of migrating, ghettoizing, and acculturating, we continue to depend too much on mono-causal agents of settlement such as family chain migration or the padrone system. Using these ideas to carry them over the rough spots in narration, historians lose sight of the important mental transition from sojourner to settler among newcomers, and of the formative period in ethnic settlement when male sojourners predominated. Even if it is a proper reflection of the sojourner's ambivalence as a man neither in his home place nor reconciled to his new place, this lack of study destroys our chance to discover the stages of cultural and institutional transition from migration to sojourning and settlement.
A Case Study of a South Italian Family in Toronto, 1935-60
Authors: Sturino Franc
Published: May 2014

It is the purpose of this study to illustrate how city directories may be used to trace an immigrant family through time in an effort to plot its occupational and residential history within the context of the Canadian urban environment. The account presented was researched as part of a wider study on the social history of South Italian immigration to Canada in the twentieth century. In this endeavour, a case study approach is being used with the focus on Toronto immigrants from a number of specific villages and extended families from the region of Calabria. Along with utilizing standard historical sources in this study, recorded oral interviews are employed as a source of primary information.
Macedonians in Toronto: From Encampment to Settlement
Authors: Petroff Lillian
Published: May 2014

In a postscript to his short study, Cities and Immigrants, David Ward observes, "the behavioral motivations of immigrants constitute an important but neglected aspect both of the cityward movement and of residential choice during the nineteenth century." Ward continues by arguing that similarities in antecedent behaviour from immigrant group to immigrant group did not result in identical residential patterns. This was true of Toronto's immigrant communities in the early twentieth century, and the pattern of Toronto urban settlement which shaped the genesis of Toronto's Macedonian community is an interesting case in point.
The Greek Communal School and Cultural Survival in Pre-War Toronto
Authors: Polyzoi Eleoussa
Published: May 2014

Upon immigration an individual brings with him a host of old world values, attitudes, and behaviours to the New World which are very much a part of him and cannot be readily cast off. Yet confronted with a new and often strange environment, he quickly feels the pressure to assimilate. He learns that to survive he must somehow adjust to the mores and ways of the receiving society. Often balancing off these pressures of assimilation generated by the receiving country is the concomitant desire by an immigrant group to maintain its cultural heritage; that is, to see its ethnic roots survive through succeeding generations. One manifestation of this sentiment was the establishment and growth of communal language schools.
Regina and Saskatoon as Retirement Centres
Authors: Forward Charles N.
Published: May 2014

Among major Canadian cities few exhibit more basic similarities of situation, size, function and historical development than Regina and Saskatoon. Both are essentially service centres for extensive agricultural hinterlands in the heart of the Canadian Prairies. For a wide range of higher order services the province effectively is split into two tributary areas focused on Regina and Saskatoon. Rivals of long standing, they have jealously guarded their territories throughout the years and have paralleled each other in urban growth.
Resource Towns as New Towns
Authors: Pressman Norman E. P.
Published: May 2014

Within the general context of formulating a national new communities policy, resource towns have been identified as having a special relevance for Canada. In the past, a major part of the Canadian new town experience has been the development of resource communities. And while existing resource sites are sufficient to accommodate a significant portion of the estimated increase in Canadian natural resource production through to the year 2000, the opening up of new resource sites will require the establishment of 2 new resource towns. It is crucial, then, that planners understand both the historical development and the special problems of resource communities since only with this background can planning take place in a comprehensive and progressive fashion.
Municipal Compensation Cases: Toronto in the 1860's
Authors: Jarvis Eric
Published: May 2014

In the latter half of the nineteenth century the concept of compensation was not widely recognized in theory and rarely seen in practice. It was an era of increasingly unrestrained industrialization and capitalistic development, of free enterprise rhetoric and of agressive profit making. In the burgeoning factories of North America there was little or no serious concern for worker or citizen protection and in Canada it was not until the end of the century that initiatives were taken by governments to change this condition and to introduce a modicum of responsibility to industrial society.
Mass Transit and the Failure of Private Ownership: The Case of Toronto in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Doucet Michael J.
Published: May 2014

During the last half of the nineteenth century several developments in the field of urban mass transit helped to greatly alter the spatial structure and the way of life in cities in Europe and North America. The most important of these innovations was probably the electric streetcar which evolved during the 1880s. More efficient and cheaper to operate than its predecessors - omnibuses and horsecars - the electric streetcar meant lower fares and a greatly expanded ridership. Moreover, the greater speed of the trolley increased the opportunities both for suburban residential development and for leisurely holiday and Sunday trips to outlying recreational facilities. Yet, if these advantages of electric traction were virtually universal, attitudes towards the operation and control of this important utility were quite different throughout the western world. As John McKay has recently noted, in France and Germany such utilities were in private hands but were regulated by strict governmental controls relating to levels of service, fare structure, and the expansion of facilities. Moreover, in most instances in these two countries, the ownership of the facility reverted to the municipality upon the expiration of the franchise. In Great Britain, on the other hand, municipal ownership was the norm from a very early stage. Finally, in the United States street railways were operated by private entrepreneurs under essentially laissez faire conditions. This lack of regulation often proved to be vexatious upon the expiration of franchises since it was seldom clear how the city should gain control and how much compensation the priyate entrepreneur should receive.
Urban Development and The Streetcar: The Case of Winnipeg, 1881-1914
Authors: Selwood H. John
Published: May 2014

The importance of streetcar systems in shaping cities has been widely accepted. Receiving far less attention have been the factors shaping streetcar networks. Too frequently, this has led to misleading or incorrect conclusions about the true nature of urban development processes occurring during the streetcar era. Examination of extensions to Winnipeg's streetcar network indicates that they reinforced rather than initiated the patterns of growth.