bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic activity including the thermal‐ and chilling‐light sensitivities of a temperate Japanese brown alga Sargassum macrocarpum
Authors: Terada Ryuta , Nakashima Yuto , Borlongan Iris Ann , Shimabukuro Hiromori , Kozono Jumpei , Endo Hikaru , Shimada Satoshi , Nishihara Gregory N.
Published: July 2019

The effects of irradiance, temperature, thermal‐ and chilling‐light sensitivities on the photosynthesis of a temperate alga, Sargassum macrocarpum (Fucales) were determined by a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)‐chlorophyll fluorometer and dissolved oxygen sensors. Oxygenic photosynthesis–irradiance curves at 8, 20, and 28°C revealed that the maximum net photosynthetic rates (NP
max) and saturation irradiance were highest at 28°C, and lowest at 8°C. Gross photosynthesis and dark respiration determined over a range of temperatures (8–36°C) at 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1 revealed that the maximum gross photosynthetic rate (GPmax) occurred at 27.8°C, which is consistent with the highest seawater temperature in the southern distributional limit of this species in Japan. Additionally, the maximum quantum yields of photosystem II (F
v/F
m) during the 72‐h temperature exposures were stable at 8–28°C, but suddenly dropped to zero at higher temperatures, indicative of PSII deactivation. Continuous exposure (12 h) to irradiance of 200 (low) and 1000 (high) μmol photons m−2 s−1 at 8, 20, and 28°C revealed greater declines in their effective quantum yields (Φ
PSII) under high irradiance. While Φ
PSII under low irradiance were very similar with the initial F
v/F
m under 20 and 28°C, values rapidly decreased with exposure duration at 8°C. At this temperature, F
v/F
m did not recover to initial values even after 12 h of dark acclimation. Final F
v/F
m of alga at 28°C under high irradiance treatment also did not recover, suggesting its sensitivity to photoinhibition at both low and high temperatures. These photosynthetic characteristics reflect both the adaptation of the species to the general environmental conditions, and its ability to acclimate to seasonal changes in seawater temperature within their geographical range of distribution.
Biogenesis of lysosome‐related organelles complex‐1 (BORC) regulates late endosomal/lysosomal size through PIKfyve‐dependent phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate
Authors: Yordanov Teodor E. , Hipolito Victoria E. B. , Liebscher Gudrun , Vogel Georg F. , Stasyk Taras , Herrmann Caroline , Geley Stephan , Teis David , Botelho Roberto J. , Hess Michael W. , Huber Lukas A.
Published: July 2019

Mechanisms that control lysosomal function are essential for cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes adapt in size and number to cellular needs but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. We demonstrate that the late endosomal/lysosomal multimeric BLOC‐1‐related complex (BORC) regulates the size of these organelles via PIKfyve‐dependent phosphatidylinositol‐3,5‐bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] production. Deletion of the core BORC component Diaskedin led to increased levels of PI(3,5)P2, suggesting activation of PIKfyve, and resulted in enhanced lysosomal reformation and subsequent reduction in lysosomal size. This process required AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known PIKfyve activator, and was additionally dependent on the late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, mitogen‐activated protein kinases and mechanistic target of rapamycin activator (LAMTOR/Ragulator) complex. Consistently, in response to glucose limitation, AMPK activated PIKfyve, which induced lysosomal reformation with increased baseline autophagy and was coupled to a decrease in lysosomal size. These adaptations of the late endosomal/lysosomal system reversed under glucose replete growth conditions. In summary, our results demonstrate that BORC regulates lysosomal reformation and size in response to glucose availability.
Experiences and perceptions of emergency department nurses regarding people who present with mental health issues: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Quirke Mary B. , Donohue Grainne , Prizeman Geraldine , White Patricia , McCann Edward
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesize available evidence related to the experiences and perceptions of emergency department (ED) nurses regarding people with any mental health issue who present at the ED.

Introduction:

The ED is often the first point of contact for patients with a mental health issue, due to a shortage of available mental health services. Nursing staff in the ED are involved in key clinical decision making and hands-on care for these patients, despite a lack of mental health specialist training. In order to improve patient outcomes in the ED setting, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of how ED nurses’ experiences with this population affect their clinical decision making.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that include ED nurses, with or without mental health specialist training, working in urban and rural EDs in healthcare settings worldwide. Qualitative studies that explore the experiences and perceptions of ED nurses regarding people who present with mental health issues in the ED setting will be considered. Studies published in English will be considered, with no date limitations.

Methods:

CINAHL complete, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar will be searched, along with several sources of gray literature. Retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Findings will be pooled using meta-aggregation, and a ConQual Summary of Findings will be presented.
End‐diastolic force pre‐activates cardiomyocytes and determines contractile force: role of titin and calcium
Authors: Najafi Aref , van de Locht Martijn , Schuldt Maike , Schönleitner Patrick , van Willigenburg Menne , Bollen Ilse , Goebel Max , Ottenheijm Coen A. C. , van der Velden Jolanda , Helmes Michiel , Kuster Diederik W. D.
Published: July 2019

Titin functions as a molecular spring, and cardiomyocytes are able, through splicing, to control the length of titin. We hypothesized that together with diastolic [Ca2+], titin‐based stretch pre‐activates cardiomyocytes during diastole and is a major determinant of force production in the subsequent contraction. Through this mechanism titin would play an important role in active force development and length‐dependent activation. Mutations in the splicing factor RNA binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) result in expression of large, highly compliant titin isoforms. We measured single cardiomyocyte work loops that mimic the cardiac cycle in wild‐type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) RBM20‐deficient rats. In addition, we studied the role of diastolic [Ca2+] in membrane‐permeabilized WT and HET cardiomyocytes. Intact cardiomyocytes isolated from HET left ventricles were unable to produce normal levels of work (55% of WT) at low pacing frequencies, but this difference disappeared at high pacing frequencies. Length‐dependent activation (force–sarcomere length relationship) was blunted in HET cardiomyocytes, but the force–end‐diastolic force relationship was not different between HET and WT cardiomyocytes. To delineate the effects of diastolic [Ca2+] and titin pre‐activation on force generation, measurements were performed in detergent‐permeabilized cardiomyocytes. Cardiac twitches were simulated by transiently exposing permeabilized cardiomyocytes to 2 µm Ca2+. Increasing diastolic [Ca2+] from 1 to 80 nm increased force development twofold in WT. Higher diastolic [Ca2+] was needed in HET. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that pre‐activation increases active force development. Highly compliant titin allows cells to function at higher diastolic [Ca2+].
Complicidad, responsabilidad penal de directivos empresariales y violaciones de Derechos Humanos cometidas por grupos armados ilegales: lecciones del Derecho Penal Internacional para Colombia
Authors: Cote Barco Gustavo Emilio
Published: July 2019

El presente artículo de reflexión plantea algunas consideraciones sobre la imputación de responsabilidad penal a empresarios con base en crímenes cometidos por grupos armados. A partir de allí, se pretende establecer cuándo la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, JEP, puede juzgar líderes empresariales, dado que en el Acuerdo de Paz firmado por el Gobierno colombiano y el grupo guerrillero FARC-EP se previó como criterio para definir si la JEP es competente frente a civiles, de una manera algo vaga, la “participación determinante” de estos en la perpetración de crímenes graves. Sobre la base de algunas decisiones judiciales que han sido relevantes en el derecho penal internacional, el artículo sostiene que en este tipo de casos la complicidad ofrece un marco de referencia apropiado para la atribución de responsabilidad. Además, propone diferenciar entre la contribución de la persona jurídica al grupo u organización ilegal y la contribución del empresario dentro de la persona jurídica, con el fin de separar la discusión sobre la competencia de la pregunta por el grado de responsabilidad penal individual.
Gas Turbine Condition Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission Signals
Authors: Shahkar S. , Khorasani K.
Published: July 2019

Acoustic emission (AE) signals are recognized as complementary measures for detecting incipient faults and condition monitoring in rotary machinery due to their containment of sources of potential fault energy. However, determining the potential sources of faults cannot be easily realized due to the non-stationarity of AE signals. Available techniques that are capable of evoking instantaneous characteristics of a particular AE signal cannot optimally perform in a sense that there is no guarantee that these characteristics (hereinafter referred to as the “features”) remain constant when another AE signal is obtained from the system, albeit operating under the same machine condition at a different time instant. This paper provides a theoretical framework for developing a highly reliable classification and detection methodology for gas turbine condition monitoring based on AE signals. Mathematical results obtained in this paper are evaluated and validated by using actual gas turbines that are operating in power generating plants, to demonstrate the practicality and simplicity of our methodologies. Emphasis is given to acoustic emissions of similar brand and sized gas turbine turbomachinery under different health conditions and/or aging characteristics.
Characterization of Ankle Kinematics and Constraint Following Ligament Rupture in a Cadaveric Model
Authors: Akhbari Bardiya , Dickinson Matthew H. , Louie Ednah G. , Shalhoub Sami , Maletsky Lorin P.
Published: July 2019

Ankle sprains are a common injury that may need reconstruction and extensive physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to provide a description of the biomechanics of the ankle joint complex (AJC) after anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligament rupture to better understand severe ankle injuries. The envelope of motion of ten cadaveric ankles was examined by manual manipulations that served as training data for a radial basis function used to interpolate ankle mobility at flexion angles under load and torque combinations. Moreover, ankle kinematics were examined, while tendons were loaded to identify how their performance is altered by ligament rupture. The increased force required to plantarflex the ankle following ligament rupture was measured by calculating the load through the Achilles. Following ATFL injury, the largest changes were internal rotation (5 deg) in deep plantarflexion and anterior translation (1.5 mm) in early plantarflexion. The combined ATFL and CFL rupture changed the internal/external rotation (3 deg), anterior/posterior translation (1 mm), and inversion (5 deg) throughout flexion relative to the isolated ATFL rupture. Moreover, the Achilles' load increased by 24% after the rupture of ligaments indicating a reduction in its efficiency. This study suggests that if patients demonstrate primarily an increased laxity in internal rotation, the damage has solely occurred to the ATFL; however, if the constraint is reduced across multiple motions, there is likely damage to both ligaments. Higher loads in the Achilles suggest that it is overloaded after the injury; hence, targeting the calf muscles in rehabilitation exercises may reduce patients' pain.
Time-Volume Estimation of Velocity Fields From Nonsynchronous Planar Measurements Using Linear Stochastic Estimation
Authors: Butcher Daniel , Spencer Adrian
Published: July 2019

The work presented in this paper combines multiple nonsynchronous planar measurements to reconstruct an estimate of a synchronous, instantaneous flow field of the whole measurement set. Temporal information is retained through the linear stochastic estimation (LSE) technique. The technique is described, applied, and validated with a simplified combustor and fuel swirl nozzles (FSN) geometry flow for which three-component, three-dimensional (3C3D) flow information is available. Using the 3C3D dataset, multiple virtual “planes” may be extracted to emulate single planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and produce the correlations required for LSE. In this example, multiple parallel planes are synchronized with a single perpendicular plane that intersects each of them. As the underlying dataset is known, it therefore can be directly compared to the estimated velocity field for validation purposes. The work shows that when the input time-resolved planar velocity measurements are first proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) filtered, high correlation between the estimations and the validation velocity volumes are possible. This results in estimated full volume velocity distributions, which are available at the same time instance as the input field—i.e., a time-resolved velocity estimation at the frequency of the single input plane. While 3C3D information is used in the presented work, this is necessary only for validation; in true application, planar technique would be used. The study concludes that provided the number of sensors used for input LSE exceeds the number of POD modes used for prefiltering, it is possible to achieve correlation greater than 99%.
Efficient Possibilistic Uncertainty Analysis of a Car Crash Scenario Using a Multifidelity Approach
Authors: Mäck Markus , Hanss Michael
Published: July 2019

The early design stage of mechanical structures is often characterized by unknown or only partially known boundary conditions and environmental influences. Particularly, in the case of safety-relevant components, such as the crumple zone structure of a car, those uncertainties must be appropriately quantified and accounted for in the design process. For this purpose, possibility theory provides a suitable tool for the modeling of incomplete information and uncertainty propagation. However, the numerical propagation of uncertainty described by possibility theory is accompanied by high computational costs. The necessarily repeated model evaluations render the uncertainty analysis challenging to be realized if a model is complex and of large scale. Oftentimes, simplified and idealized models are used for the uncertainty analysis to speed up the simulation while accepting a loss of accuracy. The proposed multifidelity scheme for possibilistic uncertainty analysis, instead, takes advantage of the low costs of an inaccurate low-fidelity model and the accuracy of an expensive high-fidelity model. For this purpose, the functional dependency between the high- and low-fidelity model is exploited and captured in a possibilistic way. This results in a significant speedup for the uncertainty analysis while ensuring accuracy by using only a low number of expensive high-fidelity model evaluations. The proposed approach is applied to an automotive car crash scenario in order to emphasize its versatility and applicability.
Thermally Assisted Self-Piercing Riveting of AA6061-T6 to Ultrahigh Strength Steel
Authors: Deng Lin , Lou Ming , Li Yongbing , Carlson Blair E.
Published: July 2019

Self-piercing riveting has been widely used in vehicle body manufacturing to join aluminum alloys or aluminum to steel. However, it is difficult to rivet ultrahigh strength steel (UHSS) because of its resistance to piercing of the rivet. In this paper, a thermally assisted self-piercing riveting (TA-SPR) process was proposed to improve riveting of the UHSS, through locally preheating the UHSS sheet using an induction coil prior to the traditional self-piercing riveting (SPR) process. An experimental system consisting of inductive heating apparatus, conventional self-piercing riveting equipment, and coupon transfer mechanism was established and the steps, e.g., preheating, coupons transfer, and riveting, were automatically conducted at preset schedules. Based on experiments with this system, the effects of heating current, heating time, and coil heating distance on riveting of AA6061-T6 and DP980 were examined systematically by metallurgical analyses and mechanical tests. It was found that an appropriate combination of heating current and heating time, e.g., 0.5 s at 600 A, could produce crack-free joints having 77.8% higher undercut and 24% higher lap-shear strength, compared with results obtained using a conventional SPR process.
Learning to Design From Humans: Imitating Human Designers Through Deep Learning
Authors: Raina Ayush , McComb Christopher , Cagan Jonathan
Published: July 2019

Humans as designers have quite versatile problem-solving strategies. Computer agents on the other hand can access large-scale computational resources to solve certain design problems. Hence, if agents can learn from human behavior, a synergetic human-agent problem-solving team can be created. This paper presents an approach to extract human design strategies and implicit rules, purely from historical human data, and use that for design generation. A two-step framework that learns to imitate human design strategies from observation is proposed and implemented. This framework makes use of deep learning constructs to learn to generate designs without any explicit information about objective and performance metrics. The framework is designed to interact with the problem through a visual interface as humans did when solving the problem. It is trained to imitate a set of human designers by observing their design state sequences without inducing problem-specific modeling bias or extra information about the problem. Furthermore, an end-to-end agent is developed that uses this deep learning framework as its core in conjunction with image processing to map pixel-to-design moves as a mechanism to generate designs. Finally, the designs generated by a computational team of these agents are then compared with actual human data for teams solving a truss design problem. Results demonstrate that these agents are able to create feasible and efficient truss designs without guidance, showing that this methodology allows agents to learn effective design strategies.
Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of a SA580 Gr. 3 Reactor Pressure Vessel Using a Bimodal Master Curve Approach
Authors: Kim Jong-Min , Hong Seok-Min , Kim Min-Chul , Lee Bong-Sang
Published: July 2019

The standard master curve (MC) approach has a major limitation in that it is only applicable to homogeneous datasets. In nature, steels are macroscopically inhomogeneous. Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel has different fracture toughness with varying distance from the inner surface of the wall due to the higher cooling rate at the surface (deterministic material inhomogeneity). On the other hand, the T0 value itself behaves like a random parameter when the datasets have large scatter because the datasets are for several different materials (random inhomogeneity). In this paper, four regions, the surface, 1/8 T, 1/4 T, and 1/2 T, were considered for fracture toughness specimens of Korean Standard Nuclear Plant (KSNP) SA508 Gr. 3 steel to provide information on deterministic material inhomogeneity and random inhomogeneity effects. Fracture toughness tests were carried out for the four regions at three test temperatures in the transition region and the microstructure of each region was analyzed. The amount of upper bainite increased toward the center, which has a lower cooling rate; therefore, the center has lower fracture toughness than the surface so reference temperature (T0) is higher. The fracture toughness was evaluated using the bimodal master curve (BMC) approach. The results of the BMC analyses were compared with those obtained via a conventional master curve analyses. The results indicate that the bimodal master approach considering inhomogeneous materials provides a better description of scatter in the fracture toughness data than a conventional master curve analysis does.
The Fabrication and Characterization of Spark Plasma Sintered Nickel Based Binary Alloy at Different Heating Rate
Authors: Babalola B. J. , Shongwe M. B. , Rominiyi A. L. , Lepele P. L. , Popoola A. P. I.
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the effect of heating rate was investigated on the densification and mechanical properties of Ni–19at %Cr binary alloy developed by spark plasma sintering technique. The sintered binary alloy at different heating rate was prepared metallurgically for microstructural analysis, nanoindentation, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Nanoindentation technique at room temperature was utilized in investigating the elastic modulus, and hardness of the alloys. However, nanoindentation tests showed that the maximum indentation hardness was obtained by the alloy sintered at heating rate of 100 °C/min, the hardness value and density were observed to decreases as the heating rate increases beyond 100 °C/min. Similar trend was observed for the relative density of the alloys, with the relative density decreasing as heating rate increases beyond 100 °C/min. The fractography analysis of the sintered alloy at different heating rate was characterized by ductile deformation mode.
Deep-learning source localization using multi-frequency magnitude-only data
Authors: Niu Haiqiang , Gong Zaixiao , Ozanich Emma , Gerstoft Peter , Wang Haibin , Li Zhenglin
Published: July 2019

A deep learning approach based on big data is proposed to locate broadband acoustic sources using a single hydrophone in ocean waveguides with uncertain bottom parameters. Several 50-layer residual neural networks, trained on a huge number of sound field replicas generated by an acoustic propagation model, are used to handle the bottom uncertainty in source localization. A two-step training strategy is presented to improve the training of the deep models. First, the range is discretized in a coarse (5 km) grid. Subsequently, the source range within the selected interval and source depth are discretized on a finer (0.1 km and 2 m) grid. The deep learning methods were demonstrated for simulated magnitude-only multi-frequency data in uncertain environments. Experimental data from the China Yellow Sea also validated the approach.
Fc receptor–like 1 intrinsically recruits c-Abl to enhance B cell activation and function
Authors: Zhao Xingwang , Xie Hengyi , Zhao Meng , Ahsan Asma , Li Xinxin , Wang Fei , Yi Junyang , Yang Zhiyong , Wu Chuan , Raman Indu , Li Quan-Zhen , Kim Tae Jin , Liu Wanli
Published: July 2019

Fc receptor–like 1 and c-Abl module boosts B cell activation and function.
One-Pot Biosynthesis of
l
-Aspartate from Maleate via an Engineered Strain Containing a Dual-Enzyme System
Authors: Liu Zhongmei , Yu Long , Zhou Li , Zhou Zhemin
Published: July 2019

l
-Aspartate is currently produced from fumarate by biological methods, and fumarate is synthesized from maleate by chemical methods in industry. We established a biosynthesis method to produce
l
-aspartate from maleate that is environmentally responsible, convenient, and efficient. Compared to conventional
l
-aspartate production, no separation and purification of intermediate products is required, which could greatly improve production efficiency and reduce costs. As environmental issues are attracting increasing attention, conventional chemical methods gradually will be replaced by biological methods. Our results lay an important foundation for the industrialization of
l
-aspartate biosynthesis from maleate.
Recombinant Hepatitis E Viruses Harboring Tags in the ORF1 Protein
Authors: Szkolnicka Dagmara , Pollán Angela , Da Silva Nathalie , Oechslin Noémie , Gouttenoire Jérôme , Moradpour Darius
Published: July 2019

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important cause of acute hepatitis and may lead to chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. Knowledge of the viral life cycle is incomplete due to the limited availability of functional tools. In particular, low levels of expression of the ORF1 protein or limited sensitivity of currently available antibodies or both limit our understanding of the viral replicase. Here, we report the successful establishment of subgenomic HEV replicons and full-length genomes harboring an epitope tag or a functional reporter in the ORF1 protein. These novel tools should allow further characterization of the HEV replication complex and to improve our understanding of the viral life cycle.
Complete Genome Sequences of Measles Virus Genotype D8 Isolates from South Korea in 2016
Authors: Kim You-Jin , Kang Hae Ji , Kim Su-Jin , Lee Hye Min , Kim Sung Soon
Published: July 2019

The complete genome sequences of three wild-type measles viruses (genotype D8) isolated from patients in South Korea were determined. These are the first reported complete genome sequences of measles viruses obtained from South Korea, and the availability of these sequences will improve our understanding of measles virus transmission and genetic diversity.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Maize Mosaic Nucleorhabdovirus
Authors: Martin Kathleen M. , Whitfield Anna E.
Published: July 2019

The complete genome sequence of maize mosaic virus (MMV) was obtained using next-generation sequencing from infected
Peregrinus maidis
and rapid amplification of cDNA ends from infected
Zea mays
. The genome of MMV is 12,170 bases, and this project completed the 5′ and 3′ ends and amended the polymerase sequence.
Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella bongori N19-781, a Clinical Strain from a Patient with Diarrhea
Authors: Stevens Marc J. A. , Cernela Nicole , Müller Andrea , Stephan Roger , Bloemberg Guido
Published: July 2019

The genome of
Salmonella bongori
N19-781, a strain isolated from a patient with diarrhea, was sequenced. It consists of a 4.5-Mbp chromosome.
Genome Sequences of Green- and Brown-Colored Strains of Chlorobium phaeovibrioides with Gas Vesicles
Authors: Grouzdev Denis S. , Lunina Olga N. , Gaisin Vasil A. , Krutkina Maria S. , Baslerov Roman V. , Savvichev Alexander S. , Gorlenko Vladimir M.
Published: July 2019

The draft genomes of green-colored
Chlorobium phaeovibrioides
Gr
Khr17 and brown-colored
Chlorobium phaeovibrioides
Br
Khr17, green sulfur bacteria with gas vesicles isolated from Lake Bolshye Khruslomeny, are presented. These sequences contribute to genomic analyses of the
Chlorobiaceae
family that are part of ongoing research seeking to better understand their ecosystem-specific adaptations.
Orbital abscess as a complication of Pott’s puffy tumour in an adolescent male
Authors: Linton Stefan , Pearman Alexander , Joganathan Varajini , Karagama Yakubu
Published: July 2019

Pott’s puffy tumour (PPT) is a known complication of frontal sinusitis. It is defined as subperiosteal abscess formation due to osteomyelitis of the frontal bone presenting as a forehead swelling. It is a life-threatening condition that can lead to intracranial and intraorbital complications. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI and contrast CT scan are the best modalities to localise and define the collection, in addition to confirming disease extension. Once confirmed by imaging and depending on disease extension, management of PPT requires a multidisciplinary team approach and depends on the local provision of surgical care. Following surgical drainage of the abscess cavity, a prolonged course of antibiotics is required postoperatively to treat the underlying osteomyelitis.
Understanding biosimilars and its regulatory aspects across the globe: an ophthalmology perspective
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Kumar Nilesh , Kuppermann Baruch D , Bandello Francesco , Loewenstein Anat
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This article aims to analyse the key regulatory guidelines across the globe concerning biosimilars.

Materials and methods

Review of the current literature.

Results

Biosimilars are well regulated with the majority of regulators having enforced the guidelines for the development and approval, and new biosimilar drugs are appearing on the horizon to provide a therapeutic option to a wider population base because of its cost-effectiveness and proven safety. Due to their extensive analytical data, clinical data and pharmacovigilance studies, their development should not be considered similar to generic drugs.

Conclusion

This review discusses the biosimilars, their regulation globally and their difference from generics from ophthalmic perspective.
Current challenges in population health intervention research
Authors: Cambon Linda , Alla François
Published: July 2019

Population health interventions (PHIs) are generally complex; their results depend on their interaction with the context of their implementation. Moreover, the distinction between intervention and context is arbitrary: we need rather to consider an ‘interventional system’, including both interventional and contextual components. Evaluation must go beyond effectiveness and must include two key research questions: a viability analysis, to verify that the intervention can be routinised in a real-life context; and a theory-based evaluation, to analyse mechanisms and to understand what produces effects among components and their interactions with each other and with the context. PHI research is a question not only of the object but also of perspectives. This means doing research differently, making use of interdisciplinarity and involving stakeholders. Such an approach may contribute to the development, transfer, implementation and scaling-up of innovative interventions.
Cardiorespiratory burden of brass neck coils placed on Kayan Karen long-neck women of Thailand
Authors: Lapo Pattawan , Inmutto Nakarin , Tanaka Hirofumi , Suksom Daroonwan
Published: July 2019

There is only scarce information regarding the physiological and health impact of lifelong wearing of the neck brass coils in Karen Kayan women. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of wearing brass neck coils on cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular functions in long-neck Karen women. A total of 28 Karen women (aged 23–66 years) were studied. Fourteen Karen women who had been wearing neck brass coils were compared with 14 Karen women with no neck coils. We also studied 14 age-matched city-living controls. Radiographic examination of 2 older Karen women wearing neck coils showed low levels of the clavicles. There were no group differences in resting heart rate and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was greater and functional capacity was lower in both Karen women than city-living controls (all p < 0.05). Karen women wearing neck coils demonstrated lower flow-mediated dilation, lung functions, including forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume during the first second, and cerebral blood flow velocity than Karen women without neck coils (all p < 0.05). Karen women wearing neck coils demonstrate reduced endothelial and pulmonary functions as well as cerebral perfusion compared with age-matched Karen women without neck coils living in the same villages. Brass neck coils worn by Karen women may elevate risks of developing cardiopulmonary and cerebrovascular diseases.

Novelty Cerebral blood flow velocity and macrovascular and microvascular functions were lower in Karen wearing neck coils. There appears to be substantial burden of brass neck coils exerted on physiological systems in Karen women.
Geochemistry and mineralogy of Quaternary sediments in the northern Bohai Bay Basin, North China: implications for provenance and climate change
Authors: Wang Shengdong , Deng Xiaohong , Dai Peng , Wu Junjie , Zhang Jie , Zhang Quan , Wang Zhong
Published: July 2019

The Bohai Bay Basin, located in the eastern North China Block, is an important sedimentary basin for studying the Quaternary climate and environment of northern China. Although sporo-pollen analyses have been used to study the paleoclimate, quantitative research via geochemistry had not been conducted. The sedimentary sequence, geochemistry, and mineralogy of Quaternary sediments from core GJ01 in the Yongding River fluvial plain, northern Bohai Bay Basin, were studied to determine their provenance and investigate climate change during the Quaternary. The stratigraphic sequence of the Quaternary was mainly formed by fluviation by a meandering river, showing a typical dual structure. The sediments have relatively high SiO2 and CaO concentrations, and low Al2O3, Na2O, and Fe2O3T concentrations. In terms of trace elements, most large ion lithophile elements are slightly enriched, and Rb and K concentrations are close to those of post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS); most high field strength elements are slightly to moderately depleted. Rare earth elements (REEs) vary significantly, with light rare earth elements (LREEs) obviously enriched relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). A slightly negative Eu anomaly is present, with nearly no Ce anomaly. Mineralogical analysis shows that the main minerals in the fine-grained sediments are quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar. The geochemistry and mineralogy of the sediments indicate that the main provenances were recycled sedimentary rocks and felsic igneous rocks. The sediments have low chemical index of alteration (CIA) values, demonstrating that the source rocks underwent slight weathering. The mean annual precipitation and temperature of the studied area during the Quaternary varied from 531 to 875 mm and from 4.1 to 11.8 °C, respectively.
Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) biomass production on a former coal mine site: positive effects of coppicing on rapid recovery of growth and yield
Authors: Mosseler A. , Major J.E. , McPhee D.
Published: July 2019

Ten-year-old bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) saplings established on the exposed, infertile, treeless barrens of a former coal mine site in New Brunswick, Canada, were harvested to assess the effects of subsequent coppicing on regrowth parameters and biomass production. Two years after harvesting, coppice height growth exceeded that of the original 10-year-old saplings by 20%. Mean stem numbers were 1.2 and 6.7 for 10-year-old and coppiced trees, respectively. Mean dry mass recovered after 2 years with 214, 112, and 207 g for 10-year-old saplings and the 1- and 2-year-old coppices, respectively. Site quality of the broken shale rock overburden was similar across four of the five sites, with the exception that one site had twice the soil nitrogen (N) at 0.123% than the other four site types, which had an average of 0.064% N. This high N site had 2.3-fold the productivity of the mean for the other four sites. Mean coppice stem height showed the strongest predictive relationship to total coppice dry mass when compared with the greatest stem height, greatest or mean stem basal diameter, or coppice stem number. The most dramatic result of this bur oak coppicing experiment was the rapid recovery of height growth, biomass production, and observable stem quality within coppices over the 2-year period following harvesting of the original, 10-year-old saplings.
Network generation and evolution based on spatial and opinion dynamics components
Authors: Martins André C. R.
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a model for a spatial network evolution based on a Metropolis simulation using an energy function that depends both on the distance between the nodes and the stated preferences is studied. The agents influence their network neighbors using the CODA model, where each agent has a preference between two options based on its probabilistic assessment of which option is the best one. The algorithm generates realistic networks for opinion problems as well as temporal dynamics for those networks. The transition of a random state to an ordered situation, as temperature decreases, leads to different outcomes depending on the relative strength of the spatial and opinion components of the energy.
Baicalein Cardioprotection via Oxidant Scavenging and Akt-Nitric Oxide Signaling: Identification of Early Reperfusion Phase as the Critical Therapeutic Window
Authors: Chang Wei-Tien , Li Chang-Qing , Hsu Chin-Wan , Lee Chunpei , Huang Hsien-Hao , Yuan Chun-Su , Chen Wen-Jone , Vanden Hoek Terry L. , Shao Zuo-Hui , Li Jing
Published: July 2019

Baicalein is a natural flavonoid with anti-oxidant activities protecting against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Previous studies suggest that oxidative burst early after reperfusion accelerates cell death. We therefore investigated the critical therapeutic window of baicalein by examining the timing of baicalein treatment in relation to its oxidant modulating and cytoprotective effects. Using an established chick cardiomyocyte model of I/R, we administered baicalein at various time points after reperfusion and assessed cell viability and the profiles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and Akt phosphorylation. Baicalein administered at the onset of reperfusion resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of cell death (25 [Formula: see text]M [Formula: see text]%, 50[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M [Formula: see text]%, 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M [Formula: see text]%, vs. I/R control [Formula: see text]%, all [Formula: see text]). Baicalein (100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) timely and effectively scavenged ROS burst and enhanced NO production in the early reperfusion phase. Cotreatment with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME (200[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) partially abrogated the cytoprotective effect. Baicalein (100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) given after reperfusion lost protective effect in a time-dependent manner with cytoprotection completely lost if [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]min. Even with only 15-min delay after reperfusion, the ROS scavenging effect was abolished and the NO enhancing effect markedly reduced. The phosphorylation of Akt, an upstream regulator of eNOS, also diminished as the delay lengthened. In conclusion, baicalein treatment after reperfusion confers cardioprotection in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The critical therapeutic window lies in the early reperfusion phase, during which ROS scavenging and Akt-eNOS mediated NO signaling are most effective.
Bearing Operating State Evaluation Based on Improved HMM
Authors: Sun Qunli , Zhou Ying , Li Mudan
Published: July 2019

With the development of industry, the fault diagnosis requirements for rolling bearings are getting higher and higher. This paper aims to develop low-complexity solutions for bearing fault diagnosis. In this paper, we use wavelet decomposition to obtain gesture Monitoring Index Vector (MIVs), after this, an improved Hidden Markov Model (HMM) algorithm was proposed for bearing fault diagnosis, in which we apply the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to avoid the convergence to local optimum, thus improving the recognition performance. The experimental results on 11 groups of test datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm (GAHMM) can achieve a higher average recognition rate of 93%, 87%, 87%, 93%, 93%, 97%, 100%, 97%, 97%, 100%, 97%.
Study on the Concrete in Chloride Environment Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang Fengjiao , Gong Jinxin , Zhu Jichao , Wang Huan
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the effect of water-cement ratio and chloride ions on the concrete meso-structure was studied. Three kinds of concrete cubes with different water-cement ratios were immersed in fresh water and salt water, respectively. Then, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of various test cubes were carried out by using electrochemical workstation. The results show that the salt water can improve electric double layer capacitance in the test cubes with the same water-cement ratio, but it can reduce some other parameters such as resistance of pore solution, resistance to transfer the hydrated electron, coefficient of diffusion impedance of concreter, which shows that the chloride ions diffused into the concrete in salt water and increase the ionic concentration in pore solution and C-S-H gel. However, the phase angle index is constant whether in fresh water or salt water, which shows chloride ions cannot affect the concrete meso-structure even though they can improve the ion concentration of pore structure. For the concrete test cubes which has different water-cement ratio in salt water, with the reduction of water-cement ratio, the electric double-layer capacitance of concrete remains unchanged, which indicates when the water-cement ratio becomes smaller, the porosity becomes lower, and the internal structure of concrete becomes denser.
HEDGE-FUND MANAGEMENT WITH LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINT
Authors: RAMIREZ HUGO E. , DUCK PETER , JOHNSON PAUL V. , HOWELL SYDNEY
Published: July 2019

We propose a model for a manager of a hedge fund with a liquidity constraint, where he is seeking to optimize his utility of wealth, with one and multiple period horizons. By using stochastic control techniques, we state the corresponding multi-dimensional Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman partial differential equation and we use a robust numerical approximation to obtain its unique viscosity solution. We examine the effects of the liquidity constraint on managerial trading decisions and optimal allocation, finding that the manager behaves in a less risky manner. We also calculate the cost of being at sub-optimal positions as the difference in the certainty equivalent payoff for the manager. Moreover, we compare the values of a benchmark hedge fund with another one having a risky asset with a higher rate of return but less liquidity, finding that higher rate of return with a liquidity constraint does not always lead to greater return.
HEART SOUND MODEL BASED ON CASCADED AND LOSSLESS ACOUSTIC TUBES
Authors: WANG KAI , CHENG XIEFENG , CHEN YAMIN , SHE CHENJUN , SUN KEXUE , ZHAO PENGJUN
Published: July 2019

In order to further understand the generation mechanism of Heart Sound, we introduce a new method for simulating Heart Sound by using cascaded and lossless acoustic tubes. Based on the theory of acoustics, we abstract the ventricles and arteries inside of the heart as multistage tubes with equal length and different radii. By controlling the radii of tubes, we simulate the process of relaxation and constriction of the ventricles and arteries. Then, we calculate the transfer function of the tubes based on the theory of reflective transmission line. To gain the tubes’ radii, we use formant frequency as the model target parameters and put forward an approximation method. Finally, the experimental results show that compared with traditional model, the model based on cascaded and lossless acoustic tubes could better reflect the state of the ventricles and arteries. Meanwhile, by comparing the model tube radius of normal Heart Sound and pathological Heart Sound, we can give a better explanation to the cause of pathological Heart Sound.
Multi-sensor multi-objective optimization deployment on complex terrain based on Pareto optimal theory
Authors: Xu Gongguo , Duan Xiusheng , Shan Ganlin
Published: July 2019

Multiple optimization objectives are often taken into account during the process of sensor deployment. Aiming at the problem of multi-sensor deployment in complex environment, a novel multi-sensor deployment method based on the multi-objective intelligent search algorithm is proposed. First, the complex terrain is modeled by the multi-attribute grid technology to reduce the computational complexity, and a truncation probability sensing model is presented. Two strategies, the local mutation operation and parameter adaptive operation, are introduced to improve the optimization ability of quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm, and then an improved multi-objective intelligent search algorithm based on QPSO is put forward to get the Pareto optimal front. Then, considering the multi-objective deployment requirements, a novel multi-sensor deployment method based on the multi-objective optimization theory is built. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively deal with the problem of multi-sensor deployment and provide more deployment schemes at once. Compared with the traditional algorithms, the Pareto optimal fronts achieved by the improved multi-objective search algorithm perform better on both convergence time and solution diversity aspects.
Geoscience and decarbonization: current status and future directions
Authors: Stephenson Michael H. , Ringrose Philip , Geiger Sebastian , Bridden Michael , Schofield David
Published: July 2019

At the 2015 United Nations International Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21), 197 national parties committed to limit global warming to well below 2°C. But current plans and pace of progress are still far from sufficient to achieve this objective. Here we review the role that geoscience and the subsurface could play in decarbonizing electricity production, industry, transport and heating to meet UK and international climate change targets, based on contributions to the 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting held at the Geological Society of London. Technologies discussed at the meeting involved decarbonization of electricity production via renewable sources of power generation, substitution of domestic heating using geothermal energy, use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), and more ambitious technologies such as bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) that target negative emissions. It was noted also that growth in renewable energy supply will lead to increased demand for geological materials to sustain the electrification of the vehicle fleet and other low-carbon technologies. The overall conclusion reached at the 2019 Bryan Lovell meeting was that geoscience is critical to decarbonization, but that the geoscience community must influence decision-makers so that the value of the subsurface to decarbonization is understood.