bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arithmetic and goodness
Authors: STURCH RICHARD
Published: July 2002

The idea of a sum (or even average) of pleasure or value occurs in a
number of philosophical discussions, But it has been challenged, and it seems to
lead to paradoxical conclusions. Rashdall defended it by citing cases where it clearly
applied; but it turns out hard to assign quantities to values without being arbitrary.
It is argued here that we can only ‘do sums’ where like is being compared with like.
In other cases, we begin by judging which of two possible states of affairs would be
the better, and only then are in a position to speak (if we choose) of sums of
goodness. The implications of this for certain forms of utilitarianism and theodicy
are briefly considered.
PLASTICITY AND PERFECTION: MAIMONIDES AND ARISTOTLE ON CHARACTER
Authors: JACOBS JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

There are some quite striking similarities between the moral psychology

Maimonides presents in ‘Eight Chapters’ and Aristotle's

moral psychology.

They both deny that individuals have the virtues and vices by nature; they

put a great deal of weight on habituation as a formative factor with respect

to character; and they both characterize virtues in terms of lying in a
mean

between excess and defect. These are fundamentals of moral psychology that

they share. But there are some very significant differences as well, and
these

are brought out quite clearly by a consideration of Maimonides' ‘Laws
of

Repentance’. It is worth looking at these differences not just for
the sake of

seeing how some Aristotelian claims are modified by the Jewish tradition,

but also in order to see how moral psychology and the interpretation of
the

scope of human volition are altered by certain types of theistic commitments.
The Needed and the Needy: The Policy Legacies of Benefits for Disabled War Veterans in Israel
Authors: GAL JOHN , BAR MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

In contrast to most other welfare states, the development of the Israeli
welfare state has occurred in the shadow of an ongoing military conflict.
This study examines one of the consequences of this development by
focusing on the impact of benefits for disabled war veterans upon the
country's social security system. Not only are the benefits for Israeli
disabled veterans more generous and expensive than those in other
welfare states but they have also had a significant impact upon the
nature of other social security programmes. In particular, we identify the
differential impact of the policy legacies of this programme on benefits
and services for other ‘deserving’ groups in Israeli society and on programmes
for those disabled from natural causes.
Estimating the Cost of Contact for Non-resident Parents: A Budget Standards Approach
Authors: HENMAN PAUL , MITCHELL KYLE
Published: July 2002

Most Western countries have, for some time, provided income support
and/or taxation relief to parents with children in their care. The significant
amount of research into the costs of children to couple and sole parent
households has been important in assessing and developing family support
policies. Changing societal expectations about the level of involvement of
fathers in child rearing activities has highlighted the need to understand
the costs facing usually male non-resident parents in having contact with
their children. The budget standards methodology is used in this paper to
estimate the costs for non-resident parents exercising regular contact with
their children. Costs of contact are found to be high. For contact with one
child for 20 per cent of the year, costs of contact represent about 40 per cent
of the costs of that same child in an intact couple household with a medium
income and more than half of the costs of that child in a household with
low income. Household infrastructure and transportation is the reason for
high costs. One implication of this finding is that the total cost of children
substantially increases when parents separate. The article discusses some
policy implications of these findings. This research is of relevance to social
security, taxation, family law and child support policies and administration.
A Research Evaluation of British Programmes for
Violent Men
Authors: DOBASH RUSSELL P. , EMERSON DOBASH R. , CAVANAGH KATE , LEWIS RUTH
Published: July 2002

In the last two decades there have been a number of social, medical and legal
initiatives in the UK and elsewhere to provide assistance to women who
suffer violence from their partner. The most recent innovations focus on
responding to the men who perpetrate this violence. In this article we
present the initial results of the first British study of programmes for
violent men. The three-year study used a longitudinal method to compare
the effects of two court mandated programmes with other, more orthodox,
forms of criminal justice intervention (fines, admonishment, traditional probation,
prison). Here we describe the men's programmes, locate the current
study in the context of existing evaluations of similar programmes operating
in North America, outline the methods employed, present the results of the
post-hoc matching used to assess the probable effects of selection bias and
using subsequent prosecutions and the accounts of women, compare the
impact of different criminal justice interventions. The results indicate that
twelve months after the criminal justice intervention a significant proportion
of the Programme men had not subsequently been violent to their partner.
This was in contrast to men sanctioned in other ways (the Other CJ
group) who were much less likely to have changed their violent behaviour.
Citizenship and Same Sex Relationships
Authors: DONOVAN CATHERINE , HEAPHY BRIAN , WEEKS JEFFREY
Published: July 2002

In the UK in recent years, a dramatic growth in media concern with same
sex relationships has led to the suggestion that the resulting visibility is
indicative of the extent to which the intimate lives of non-heterosexuals
are becoming more acceptable. In this article we question this using data
drawn from the Families of Choice Project, a qualitative research project
based on interviews with over a hundred non-heterosexual women and
men, which highlight the ways in which they are prevented from participating
as full citizens in civic, political, economic, and legal society. Using
Plummer's (1995) notion of intimate citizenship, we discuss first how
respondents talk about the ways in which their intimate relationships are
not recognised or validated legally, economically, politically or socially.
We then analyse the respondents, ideas about what policy options could
be considered to include their ‘families of choice’. Finally, we argue that
the family model on which most legislation and policy is based is too
narrow, exclusive and inflexible to include families of choice.
Impedance pneumography: Noise as signal in impedance cardiography
Authors: Ernst John M. , Litvack Daniel A. , Lozano David L. , Cacioppo John T. , Berntson Gary G.
Published: July 2002

Thoracic impedance is modulated by events within the respiratory cycle, which represents a source of “noise” in impedance cardiography. Respiration itself, however, is a physiological rhythm of interest to psychophysiologists. We report here methods and validation for deriving impedance pneumographic measures of respiration from impedance cardiography signals, based on standard tetrapolar band electrodes. We recorded the change in impedance (ΔZ), the first derivative of the change in impedance (dZ/dt), output from a strain‐gauge respirometer, and criterion spirometry from eight healthy adults during rest, paced breathing, abdominal breathing, thoracic breathing, and a mental arithmetic task. Transfer function analyses revealed that a ΔZd signal (derived by integration of the dZ/dt signal) provided the best estimate of the criterion spirometric measure for all parameters (coherence, phase, and gain), accounting for almost 90% of the variance in respiratory waveform morphology. The results document the potential utility of impedance pneumography, as derived from standard impedance cardiography signals.
KWAME NKRUMAH AND THE CHIEFS: THE FATE OF ‘NATURAL RULERS’ UNDER NATIONALIST GOVERNMENTS
Authors: Rathbone Richard
Published: July 2002

THERE is a popular and reasonably accurate view of pre-colonial government in Africa which believes that Africans were governed by rulers who are usually referred to as chiefs. While there were some societies in Africa where authority was exercised in a less obviously hierarchical fashion, most African polities were dominated by individual rulers whose legitimacy depended, as in so many other parts of the world, upon descent and by their near monopoly of material or spiritual means of coercion. Historians of Africa have obviously been interested in the fate of these institutions over time and have broadly concluded that by the twentieth century these monarchies were dying institutions. There are several studies of very varied cases which range from the virtual extinction of chieftaincy at the hands of colonial powers to others in which colonialism deprived traditional rulers of absolute sovereignty and did so by shielding them from the simultaneous corrosion and vitalisation of modernisation. Like most generalisations, this is caricature. But it is fair to say that modern historiography has regarded chiefs and chieftaincy as the peripheral tags of a pre-modern order; where chieftaincy survived into the second half of the twentieth century, it was because of the un-natural, instrumental preservation of these archaic forms of government and value allocation, by colonialism.
The interpretation of physiology
Authors: Jones Barbara E.
Published: July 2002

Not at all self-evident, the so-called isomorphisms between the phenomenology and physiology of dreams have been interpreted by Hobson et al. in an arbitrary manner to state that dreams are stimulated by chaotic brainstem stimulation (an assumption also adopted by Vertes & Eastman). I argue that this stimulation is not chaotic at all; nor does it occur in the absence of control from the cerebral cortex, which contributes complexity to brainstem activity as well as meaningful information worth consolidating in the brain during sleep.

[Hobson et al.; Vertes & Eastman]
Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology
Authors: LaBerge Stephen
Published: July 2002

Lucid dreaming provides a test case for theories of dreaming. For example, whether or not “loss of self-reflective awareness” is characteristic of dreaming, it is not necessary to dreaming. The fact that lucid dreamers can remember to perform predetermined actions and signal to the laboratory allows them to mark the exact time of particular dream events, allowing experiments to establish precise correlations between physiology and subjective reports, and enabling the methodical testing of hypotheses.

[Hobson et al.; Solms]
Meshing Glenberg with Piaget, Gibson, and the ecological self
Authors: Carlson Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Glenberg's rethinking of memory theory seems limited
in its ability to handle abstract symbolic thought, the selective
character of cognition, and the self. Glenberg's framework can
be elaborated by linking it with theoretical efforts concerned with
cognitive development (Piaget) and ecological perception (Gibson).
These elaborations point to the role of memory in specifying the self
as an active agent.
More interactions on the interactive brain
Authors: Farah Martha J.
Published: July 2002

The central claim of my original target article was a
modest one (that modularity does not always hold) but it was
misinterpreted as a much stronger one (that modularity never
holds). Further confusions arose from multiple valid usages of
the term “modularity” and the similarity of the terms
“locality” and “localization.” Despite the
limited nature of the claim, I maintain that it poses a stubborn
problem for neuropsychology, not to be dispelled by new empirical
methods or a priori reasoning.
Embodied representations are part of a grouping of representations
Authors: Habel Christopher , Kaup Barbara , Kelter Stephanie
Published: July 2002

Glenberg argues for embodied representations relevant to
action. In contrast, we propose a grouping of representations, not
necessarily all being directly embodied. Without assuming the
existence of representations that are not directly embodied, one
cannot account for the use of knowledge abstracted from direct
experience.
Direct, fully intentional self-deception is also real
Authors: Perring Christian
Published: July 2002

An important way to become self-deceived, omitted by Mele, is
by intentionally ignoring and avoiding the contemplation of evidence
one has for an upsetting conclusion, knowing full well that one is
giving priority to one's present peace of mind over the search
for truth. Such intentional self-deception may be especially hard to
observe scientifically.
What memory is for: Creating meaning in the service of action
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M.
Published: July 2002

I address the commentators' calls for clarification
of theoretical terms, discussion of similarities to other
proposals, and extension of the ideas. In doing so, I keep
the focus on the purpose of memory: enabling the organism
to make sense of its environment so that it can take action
appropriate to constraints resulting from the physical,
personal, social, and cultural situations.
Folk metaphysics and the anthropology of science
Authors: Ghiselin Michael T.
Published: July 2002

Atran's treatment of classification suggests a need to
recognize the difference between ontological categories and less
metaphysically fundamental distinctions. The shift that scientists
have made from classes to individuals may not be as pervasive as
he proposes, and the same may be said for the abandonment of
essences. It is also possible that the sort of causality that is of
concern to scientists plays a role in folk classification.
Seductive allure of dichotomies
Authors: Christensen Scott E. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: July 2002

The basal and reciprocal models of the relationship
between androgen secretion and dominance are not mutually
exclusive. Individuals may differ in basal levels of androgen
secretion, reactivity to experiences, and androgen sensitivity.
Early experiences might affect any of these parameters.
Creativity and practice
Authors: Weisberg Robert W.
Published: July 2002

The target article examines the role of practice in the
development of excellence in several domains that vary in the
degree of innovation involved. The authors do not differentiate
domains, but they discuss the development of specifically creative
skills only in passing. This commentary presents evidence that
practice plays a role in the development of musical composition,
through an examination of the careers of Mozart and the
Beatles.
Unwanted reflex-like saccades in visual extinction patients
Authors: Fanini Alessandra , Marzi Carlo Alberto
Published: July 2002

We studied patients with left visual extinction following right hemisphere damage in a simple manual reaction time task using brief visual stimuli. With unilateral lateralized stimuli the patients showed a high proportion of unwanted, reflex-like saccades to either side of stimulation. In contrast, with bilateral stimuli there was an overall decrease in the proportion of unwanted saccades, and the vast majority of them were directed toward the ipsilesional side. The implications of these results for the Findlay & Walker model are discussed.
Biological determinism versus the concept of a person
Authors: Miller Robert
Published: July 2002

Rose presents an important critique of the determinism and
reductionism of modern biology. However, such trends are probably
temporary aberrations in the development of science. Another form
of determinism which has deeper roots is emerging from modern studies
of brain dynamics. To reconcile this evidence with the concept of
a “person” will require more radical rethinking of our
received notion of natural law.
Close interactions between “When” and “Where” in saccade target selection: Multiple saliency and distractor effects
Authors: Olivers Christian , Heinke Dietmar , Humphreys Glyn , Müller Hermann
Published: July 2002

A model of when and where saccades are made necessarily incorporates a model of the “When” and “Where” of target selection. We suggest that the framework proposed by Findlay & Walker does not specify sufficiently how (and by what means) selection processes contribute to the spatial and temporal determinants of saccade generation. Examples from across-trial priming in visual search and from the inhibition of temporally segmented distractors show linkage between the processes involved in computing when and where selection operates, so that there is cooperation rather than competition between so-called Where and When pathways. Aspects of spatial selection may also determine the remote distractor effect on saccades. The detailed relations between the processes involved in selection and saccade generation may be best understood in relation to detailed computational accounts of the processes.
The relevance of oral language skills to early literacy:
A multivariate analysis
Authors: SPEECE DEBORAH L. , ROTH FROMA P. , COOPER DAVID H. , DE LA PAZ SUSAN
Published: July 2002

This study examined relationships between oral language and literacy in a two-year,
multivariate design. Through empirical cluster analysis of a sample of 88 kindergarten children,
four oral language subtypes were identified based on measures of semantics, syntax,
metalinguistics, and oral narration. Validation efforts included (a) concurrent and predictive
analyses of subtype differences on reading, spelling, and listening comprehension measures
based on a priori hypotheses and (b) a comparison of the teacher classification of the children
with the empirical classification. The subtypes represented high average, low average, high
narrative, and low overall patterns of oral language skill. The high average subtype received the
most consistent evidence for validation. The pattern of validation results indicates that the
relationship between oral language and literacy is not uniform and suggests a modification of the
assumption that oral language skills have a direct role in reading acquisition.
The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Vol. 5. Expanding the
contexts. D. I. Slobin. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. 339.
Authors: Goldfield Beverly A.
Published: July 2002

For many years, research and theory on language acquisition have been sustained by data on
English language learners, with an occasional crosslinguistic contribution. With more than 5,000
languages currently spoken in the world, we are not even close to a systematic sampling of
languages and language learners. However, current crosslinguistic inquiry motivates much of the
most interesting work in theoretical linguistics, neurolinguistics, and, thanks in large part to Dan
Slobin's multivolume series, language acquisition. Volumes 1, 3, and 4 of The
Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition summarize critical features and the overall
course of development for 25 languages. The chapters in Volume 2 consider theoretical issues
raised by the crosslinguistic evidence. Volume 5 is the most recent publication, and, like Volume
2, its chapters provide a broader perspective on the data. The five chapters of the current volume
attempt to enlarge the all-too-often narrow portrayal of the individual language learner grappling
with the intractable problems of syntax and morphology. The authors review relevant data from
previous volumes and consider how prosody, semantics, and pragmatics can disambiguate syntax
and morphology and how a framework of systematic typological variation is crucial to
understanding just how this might be accomplished.
Partially hyperbolic and transitive dynamics generated by heteroclinic cycles
Authors: DÍAZ LORENZO J. , ROCHA JORGE
Published: July 2002

We study \mathcal{C}^k-diffeomorphisms, k\ge 1, f: M\to M, exhibiting heterodimensional cycles (i.e. cycles containing periodic points of different stable indices). We prove that if f can not be \mathcal{C}^k-approximated by diffeomorphisms with homoclinic tangencies, then f is in the closure of an open set \mathcal{U}\subset \operatorname{Diff}^k(M) consisting of diffeomorphisms g with a non-hyperbolic transitive set \Lambda_g which is locally maximal and strongly partially hyperbolic (the partially hyperbolic splitting at \Lambda_g has three non-trivial directions). As a consequence, in the case of 3-manifolds, we give new examples of open sets of \mathcal{C}^1-diffeomorphisms for which residually infinitely many sinks or sources coexist (\mathcal{C}^1-Newhouse's phenomenon). We also prove that the occurrence of non-hyperbolic dynamics has persistent character in the unfolding of heterodimensional cycles.
Topological conjugacy of circle diffeomorphisms
Authors: HU JUN , SULLIVAN DENNIS P.
Published: July 2002

The classical criterion for a circle diffeomorphism to be topologically
conjugate to an irrational rigid rotation was given by Denjoy [1].
In [5] one of us gave a new criterion. There is an
example satisfying Denjoy's bounded variation condition rather than
the Zygmund condition of [5], and vice versa. This paper will give
the third criterion which is implied by either of the above criteria.
Oscillation in ergodic theory
Authors: JONES ROGER L. , KAUFMAN ROBERT , ROSENBLATT JOSEPH M. , WIERDL MÁTÉ
Published: July 2002

In this paper we establish a variety of square function inequalities and study other operators which measure the oscillation of a sequence of ergodic averages. These results imply the pointwise ergodic theorem and give additional information such as control of the number of upcrossings of the ergodic averages. Related results for differentiation and for the connection between differentiation operators and the dyadic martingale are also established.
A probabilistic approach to intermittency
Authors: LIVERANI CARLANGELO , SAUSSOL BENOÎT , VAIENTI SANDRO
Published: July 2002

We present an original approach which allows us to investigate the statistical properties of a non-uniformly hyperbolic map on the interval. Based on a stochastic approximation of the deterministic map, this method essentially gives the optimal polynomial bound for the decay of correlations, the degree depending on the order of the tangency at the neutral fixed point.
The Selection of Policy Instruments: a Network-based Perspective
Authors: Bressers Hans Th. A. , Jr Laurence J. O'Toole,
Published: July 2002

The concepts of policy instruments and policy networks have played important roles in recent theoretical development on public policy, as research in several nations attests. These notions, however, have largely been considered in isolation from each other. Here a simple typology of policy networks is used to help explain the selection of different kinds of instruments by governments. Several instrument characteristics are considered for the expected impact of network features on instrument selection, and a set of propositions is developed that matches degrees of network interconnectedness and cohesion with the choice of different kinds of instruments – such as regulations, subsidies, and covenants. Examples from different national and policy-sectoral contexts are used to indicate the plausibility of the argument. The article suggests that considering network attributes can be useful in understanding governments' choice of instruments and can strengthen extant discussions largely focused on such variables as learning and policy style.
Myths and realities of ageing in rural Britain
Authors: WENGER G. CLARE
Published: July 2002

Ageing in rural areas has received less attention in the literature than the
proportions of older people living in rural areas might suggest. This paper
looks at rural ageing in the United Kingdom based on the existing literature
and on research in country areas in which the author has been involved. It
examines some of the common myths about ageing in rural communities and
explores these in terms of their accuracy when compared with the reality of the
situation of older people in these areas. The realities of rural lifestyles, family
and community networks, life satisfaction, health and access to services are
briefly discussed. It is concluded that ageing in rural Britain has advantages
and disadvantages but that it is conclusively neither better nor worse than
ageing in urban areas. However, it is suggested that rural service provision
demands a different approach from that which is appropriate in urban areas.
Social support of older people in
Australia and Japan
Authors: KENDIG HAL , KOYANO WATARU , ASAKAWA TATSUTO , ANDO TAKATOSHI
Published: July 2002

Comparable networks surveys identified the informal relationships which
provide social support to older people in urban Japan, provincial Japan, and
urban Australia. Spouses, daughters, and sons were major providers of
expressive support in all areas. Older Australians had more expressive support
from friends while older Japanese had more instrumental support from
daughters-in-law. The gender of the older people and their close ties were
highly significant in all areas. The many similarities in the social support
patterns contrast sharply with East and West differences in cultural prescripts
and living arrangements. In these two advanced countries with long life
expectancies and high living standards, older people's interpersonal relationships
may be converging on the basis of selective affection and choice, rather
than obligation, with individuals in and beyond the household and family.
Acting up: role ambiguity and the legal recognition of carers
Authors: GILLIES BRENDA
Published: July 2002

The contribution made by informal carers to the provision of care in the
community in the UK is formally acknowledged in the 1995 Carers
(Recognition and Services) Act. This legislation has focused attention, once
again, on the relationship between formal services and those providing
informal care. The Act has re-created a lack of clarity about the position carers
hold in the carer dyad. Findings are presented here from an exploratory study
about the experience of dementia. This seeks to examine the realities of caring
for a relative with dementia in the context of three particular aspects of the
caring activities which relate to role ambiguity: the needs of carers, their
relationship with formal services and their position as being experienced and
skilled in the care of their relatives.
Ninety-Second Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians
Authors: Iacovetta Franca
Published: July 2002

From April 22–25, 1999, the Organization of American Historians
held its ninety-second annual meeting in Toronto, Canada. The theme was
“State and Society in North America: Processes of Social Power and Social
Change.” More than seven hundred scholars were on the program, an
impressive showing; and for Canadian historians, whose community is
comparatively small, a source of envy. The participants were, of course,
overwhelmingly American and US specialists, but many Canadian colleagues
presented papers or attended, as did other international scholars, including
Americanists based overseas. While most sessions were held at a downtown hotel,
organizers made use of local cultural venues and historic sites. They scheduled
a session on the Underground Railroad, for instance, at St. Lawrence Hall, site
of the first meeting of the Colored Free Men in Canada and an antislavery
lecture by Frederick Douglas.
Robert H. Zieger, ed.,Southern Labor in Transition, 1940-1995. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. x + 346 pp. $42.00 cloth.
Authors: Letwin Daniel
Published: July 2002

Beginning with the surge of interest in slavery a generation ago, the
South has steadily emerged as an integral part of America's labor past.
From the mid-1970s into the early 1990s, attention flowed chiefly to the period
from Reconstruction through World War One. And pathbreaking studies continue to
appear on the women and men, white and black, who worked the farms, homes,
docks, mines, forests, craft-shops, railroads, factories, and service trades of
the New South. Lately, though, the frontier of research has shifted to the eras
of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), World War Two, the early Cold
War, and the civil rights movement—a chapter of Southern labor history
once left to journalists, activists, and social scientists. Southern Labor
in Transition, 1940–1995, edited by Robert H. Zieger, offers a
valuable road map of current scholarship.
Britain's paradox: cooperation or punishment prior to World War I
Authors: LOBELL STEVEN E.
Published: July 2002

In the three decades prior to World War I, Britain's paradox was whether to cooperate with or punish an emerging Germany, Japan, France, Russia, and the United States. Based on the need for economy, successive Chancellors of the Exchequer pressed for cooperating with the contenders. Members of the services and Conservatives pushed to punish these contenders, countering that Britain could afford the rising naval expenditure needed to implement such a programme. The existing literature emphasizes the role of geopolitics, domestic constraints, and individual idiosyncrasies to explain Britain's foreign policy adjustment. I argue that the nature of the foreign commercial policy of the contenders guided Britain's response. Due to the special affinity among commercially liberal states, Britain cooperated with America and Japan, ceding regional governance to both aspiring regional hegemons. Britain did, however, punish non-liberal France, Germany, and Russia by implementing new naval construction programmes and concentrating freed-up military resources until these countries capitulated in their naval challenge.
‘Living in the Past’?: value discourses in progressive rock fanzines
Authors: ATTON CHRIS
Published: July 2002

At the height of its success in the first half of the 1970s, progressive rock was perhaps a surprisingly popular genre;
surprising since its exponents strove to fuse classical models of composition and arrangement with electric instruments
and extend the form of rock music from the single song to the symphonic poem, even the multimovement suite. Album
and concert sales were extremely high; even albums that were greeted with less than critical approval (itself a rare
occurrence) such as Jethro Tull's A Passion Play and Yes's Tales from Topographic Oceans (both 1973) sold well
(the latter reached number one in the UK Top 10 album charts upon its release). Today, the dominant critical characterisation of progressive rock is of overblown, pretentious musicians in ridiculous garb surrounded by banks of keyboards playing bombastic, overlong compositions in time signatures that you couldn't dance to: a music as far removed
from ‘real’ rock ‘n’ roll as could be imagined; a music that failed both as rock music but also as classical music. (All
these negative characteristics are to be found, for instance, in David Thomas's (1998) coverage of Yes's latest UK
tour.) This characterisation is only partly unfair. It arose in the wake of punk, which sought to sweep away what its
proponents saw as the empty virtuosity of rock dinosaurs. Punk sought to reclaim rock music for `ordinary' people to
be played in intimate venues - not stadia - by people who didn't need to be conservatoire trained.
Experimental investigation of dd reaction in range
of ultralow energies using Z-pinch
Authors: BYSTRITSKY V.M. , GREBENYUK V.M. , PARZHITSKI S.S. , PEN'KOV F.M. , SIDOROV V.T. , STOLUPIN V.A. , BULGAKOV T.L. , MESYATS G.A. , SINEBRYUKHOV A.A. , SINEBRYUKHOV V.A. , CHAIKOVSKY S.A. , LUCHINSKY A.V. , MAKHRIN V.I. , RATAKHIN N.A. , SOROKIN S.A. , BYSTRITSKII VIT.M. , FILIPOWICZ M. , WOŹNIAK J. , GUŁA E.
Published: July 2002

Experimental results on measurement of dd-reaction
cross sections in the energy range of 0.1–1.5 keV
using the Z-pinch technique are presented. The
experiment was fulfilled at the high current generator
of the High-Current Electronics Institute, city of Tomsk,
Russia. The dd-fusion neutrons were registered by
time-of-flight scintillator detectors and BF3
detectors of thermal neutrons. The estimates were obtained at 90%
of the confidence level for the upper limits of the neutron-producing
dd-reaction cross sections for average deuteron collision
energies of 0.11, 0.34, 0.37, and 1.46 keV. These results substantiate
feasibility to get a cross section magnitude for dd-reaction
in the range of the collision energy of 0.8–3 keV using similar
technology at the pulse current level of 2–3 MA.
Calibration of geometric and non-geometric errors of an industrial robot
Authors: Jang Joon Hyun , Kim Soo Hyun , Kwak Yoon Keun
Published: July 2002

Inaccurate positioning of the robot end effector causes joint

deformation as well as geometric errors when an industrial robot

has a payload at its end effector. We propose a

new approach of calibration which deals with joint angle dependent

errors to compensate for these phenomena. To implement this method,

we divided the robot workspace into several local regions, and

built a calibration equation by generating the constraint conditions of

the end effector's motion in each local region using a

three-dimensional position measurement system. The parameter errors obtained this way

were interpolated using the Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) so

as to estimate calibration errors in the regions that we

did not measure. We used this technique to improve the

performance of a six DOF industrial robot used for arc

welding.
Velocity, acceleration and deceleration bounds for a time-optimal planner of
a wheeled mobile robot
Authors: Prado Maria , Simón Antonio , Ezquerro Francisco
Published: July 2002

Three single-valued upper boundary functions for velocity, acceleration and deceleration of a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) are defined as closed mathematical forms over its entire spatial path. The limits deal with mechanical, kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the robot and with task and operating matters. These boundary functions can be computed making use of any robot model, as complex as is needed, since it works offline.

All studies are particularised for the robot RAM. A kinematic and a complete dynamic model of this WMR is built, with special attention on the study of wheel-ground contact
efforts. For this purpose an empirical-analytical model of rubber wheel rolling is developed.
Stable pinching by a pair of robot fingers with soft tips under the effect of gravity
Authors: Arimoto Suguru , Doulgeri Zoe , Nguyen Pham Thuc Anh , Fasoulas John
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses lumped-parameter dynamics of a pair of robot fingers with soft and deformable tips pinching a rigid object under the
effect of a gravity force. The dynamics of the system in which area contacts between the finger-tips and the surfaces of the object arise are compared with those of a pair of rigid robot fingers with rigid contacts with an object, with or without effect of the gravity. It is then shown that there exists a sensory feedback from measurement of finger joint angles and the rotational angle of the object to command inputs to joint actuators, and this feedback connection from sensing to action realizes secure grasping of the object in a dynamic sense and regulation of the object posture. It is further shown that there are various types of other feedback connections from sensing to action, which can be used in combination of feedback signals for stable grasping and posture control of the object for realizing sophisticated object manipulation.
Symposium on Amartya Sen's philosophy: 2 Unstrapping the straitjacket of ‘preference’: a comment on Amartya Sen's contributions to philosophy and economics
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

The concept of preference dominates economic theory today. It performs a triple duty for economists, grounding their theories of individual behavior, welfare, and rationality. Microeconomic theory assumes that individuals act so as to maximize their utility – that is, to maximize the degree to which their preferences are satisfied. Welfare economics defines individual welfare in terms of preference satisfaction or utility, and social welfare as a function of individual preferences. Finally, economists assume that the rational act is the act that maximally satisfies an individual's preferences. The habit of framing problems in terms of the concept of preference is now so entrenched that economists rarely entertain alternatives.
A NOTE ON THE CONVERGENCE OF NONPARAMETRIC DEA ESTIMATORS
FOR PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY SCORES
Authors: Kneip Alois , Park Byeong U. , Simar Léopold
Published: July 2002

Efficiency scores of production units are measured
by their distance to an estimated production frontier.
Nonparametric data envelopment analysis estimators are
based on a finite sample of observed production units,
and radial distances are considered. We investigate the
consistency and the speed of convergence of these estimated
efficiency scores (or of the radial distances) in the very
general setup of a multi-output and multi-input case. It
is shown that the speed of convergence relies on the smoothness
of the unknown frontier and on the number of inputs and
outputs. Furthermore, one has to distinguish between the
output- and the input-oriented cases.
Species composition and species–area relationships in vegetation isolates on the summit of a sandstone mountain in southern Venezuela
Authors: Michelangeli Fabian A.
Published: July 2002

Tepuis are uplifted mountains surrounded by forest or savannas in the Guayana Shield in northern South America. Large areas of the summits of these mountains are characterized by bare rock with vegetation isolates (‘islands’) that vary in size from less than 1 m2 to over 100 m2. The species composition, species–area relationships and the factors involved in the formation of these vegetation islands were quantified on Roraima Tepui, Canaima National Park, Venezuela. A total of 40 species were present on the islands, 35 of which were angiosperms. Orchidaceae was the family with the highest diversity, but Bonnetiaceae, Poaceae and Rapateaceae achieved higher coverage. A positive correlation between island size and species richness was found. This relationship was not linear and the best fit model between island size and richness was exponential. Of the environmental variables studied, the highest correlation was found between the log of soil volume and species richness. Soil nutrient availability, and not water, might be the limiting factor determining the species composition and diversity of these communities.
Diversity and abundance of understorey plants on active and abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) in a Costa Rican rain forest
Authors: GARRETTSON MARIANA , STETZEL J. F. , HALPERN BEN S. , HEARN DAVID J. , LUCEY BRENDAN T. , McKONE MARK J.
Published: July 2002

Nests of leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) are abundant disturbances in Neotropical rain forests, and could affect the plant community both while the nests are active and after they are abandoned. We measured the diversity and abundance of understorey plants (>1 m in height) in the area around active and abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Sampel quadrats on active nests had reduced diversity (number of morphospecies) and abundance of both small (height >10 cm) and large (10 cm–1 m) understorey plants, when compared to the nearby forest floor (3 and 13 m from the nest edge). Abandoned nests had greater diversity and marginally greater abundance of small understorey plants relative to nearby forest; there was no difference in diversity or abundance of large understorey plants. Leaf-cutting ant nests create gaps in the plant understorey when active, but serve as centres of recruitment for small plants after they are abandoned. Thus, like canopy gaps, ant nests could play an important role in recruitment of new individuals and maintenance of plant species diversity in tropical forests.
Clothing and social inequality in early
modern Europe: introductory remarks
Authors: BELFANTI CARLO MARCO , GIUSBERTI FABIO
Published: July 2002

In the European society of the Ancien Régime lifestyle was an effective
pointer to the social class to which a family and its members belonged.
Social hierarchies were reflected in patterns of consumption: the upper
classes had a definite need for ostentation, since lavish spending made
their position at the top of the social scale manifest. Clothing had a
decisive function in this connection: clothes were undoubtedly the most
visible marks of high living, embodying a whole series of status
signals – the quality of the cloth, the richness of the accessories, the
colours – clearly identifying the social rank of the wearer. Yet a number
of recent studies on pre-industrial consumerism have shown that in
England – chiefly, but not alone among European societies – a taste and
feeling for consumer goods caught on among other social classes besides
the upper. It follows that the correspondence between clothing – or more
broadly, a consumer pattern – on the one hand, and rank, on the other,
is not something one can apply mechanically. The web of connections
between dress and social hierarchy in early modern Europe was highly
complex and varied, as the ensuing remarks briefly suggest.
Marriage strategies in Catalonia from
the seventeenth to the nineteenth
century: a case study
Authors: TORRENTS ÀNGELS
Published: July 2002

‘The most important principle of all our inheritance and
family law is the
preservation of the patrimony.’

—Josep Faus i Condomines, 1907

Marriage strategies leading to the biological and social reproduction
of
the family were the main goal of stem family households in Catalonia.
This goal was closely linked to the maintenance or increase of the family
inheritance, mostly in terms of arable land. The ‘house’, which
in
Catalonia connotes the family household, lay at the centre of this system.
The aim of this article is to analyse some Catalan marriage strategies,
together with inheritance and social customs. This will be carried out
through an analysis of the matrimonial behaviour of a stem family living
in the village of Sant Pere de Riudebitlles over 300 years, from the
seventeenth to the nineteenth century. We will show how this family
achieved its main biological and social reproduction goals. Our inquiries
use the techniques of L. Ferrer-Alòs and A. Fauve-Chamoux. As D.
S.
Reher has remarked, ‘The only way to flesh this out adequately is
to look
at the system from inside out, in terms of the way individual families
sorted out their destinies within the context they had inherited…it
would
also be most interesting to be able to observe succession strategies of
families according to their concrete demographic constraints such as
number, age, and gender distribution of their offspring surviving past
early childhood.’

P. Laslett – first in 1972 and later in 1983 – coined a
typology for the
analysis of the household. He defined a household as a domestic
coresident group, wherein people with or without family ties live together,
sharing the main meals. The Laslett household classification scheme has
been widely used by researchers. However, Laslett's scheme has had
some
critics, who object to its static approach to family and household
analysis. Our view is that domestic coresident group analysis should be
dynamic; that is to say, we should study the household by observing its
different stages, and considering the social, economic and historical
framework of its geographical area. This framework helps us to determine
the logic of family behaviour and the various strategies which a family
might pursue in order to achieve a particular goal. We believe that these
aims do not stand in contradiction to the Laslett typology.
Case reusing systems — survey, framework and guidelines
Authors: VOSS ANGI
Published: July 2002

The discipline of case-based reasoning develops techniques to retrieve and reuse old solutions for new problems. To reuse solutions, several case adaptation systems have been built and many are under development. They deal with different tasks in different domains, but a methodology is still lacking. From an analysis of up-to-date case adaptation systems, this article moves towards a methodology by providing a common framework and some guidelines. As key issues case adaptation techniques, global strategies, and the tailoring of cases are discussed.
A NOTE ON COMPARISONS OF k-OUT-OF-n SYSTEMS
WITH RESPECT TO THE HAZARD AND REVERSED HAZARD RATE ORDERS
Authors: Hu Taizhong , He Fangyi
Published: July 2002

Let τk|n denote the
lifetime of a k-out-of-n system constructed
by using n components with independent (not necessarily
identically distributed) lifetimes. It is shown that
τk|n is smaller than
τk−1|n−1
in the hazard rate order for any k and that τk|n−1 is
smaller than τk|n
in the reversed hazard rate order for any k.
We thus strengthen and complement some results in Boland
et al. [2] and Block et al. [1].
THE TIMING OF SELF-REPAIRS IN SECOND LANGUAGE SPEECH
PRODUCTION
Authors: Kormos Judit
Published: July 2002

The study explores the psycholinguistic processes underlying L2 self-repair behavior by
means of analyzing the timing of various types of self-corrections found in the speech of 30
Hungarian speakers of English at three levels of proficiency (pre-intermediate,
upper-intermediate, and advanced). The paper discusses the relevance of timing data for the
existing models of speech monitoring and examines how the level of proficiency of L2 learners
affects the speed of error detection and the execution of correction. The results obtained indicate
that the perceptual loop theory and the activation spreading theory of monitoring both rightly
assume that monitoring involves the same mechanisms as speech comprehension. The analysis of
the timing data reveals that corrections of pragmatically inappropriate lexical choice have
detection times very similar to those of lexical errors. This may be regarded as indirect evidence
for the claim that lexical entries in the mental lexicon also contain specifications concerning their
pragmatic value. The results show that the level of proficiency of the participants affects the time
necessary for the lexical, grammatical, and phonological encoding of the repair, which is caused
by the difference in the degree of automaticity of these mechanisms at various stages of L2
development.
THE INTERACTION OF INSTRUCTION AND LEARNER-INTERNAL FACTORS IN
THE ACQUISITION OF L2 MORPHOSYNTAX
Authors: Toth Paul D.
Published: July 2002

This study considers the role of instruction, second language (L2) input, first language (L1)
transfer, and Universal Grammar (UG) in the development of L2 morphosyntactic knowledge.
Specifically, it investigates the acquisition of the Spanish morpheme se by
English-speaking adult learners. Participants included 91 university students and 30 Spanish
native-speaker controls. Learners received form-focused, communicative instruction on
se for one week and were tested before, immediately following, and 24 days after the
treatment period. Assessment consisted of a grammaticality judgment task and two production
tasks using se in a variety of verb classes. The results showed that se had
been added to many learners' grammars, but also that L1-derived forms and
overgeneralization errors had not been completely preempted. These findings are taken as
evidence that the development of L2 grammars is affected by a number of independent, yet
cooperating, knowledge sources, which thus supports a modular account of L2 acquisition.
SLA AND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY
Authors: Crookes Graham
Published: July 2002

The connection between SLA research and second and foreign language (S/FL) teaching
is discussed in this paper, from the viewpoint that such a relationship is desirable and that it is
advantageous to see it as one mediated by a variety of factors. At the same time, it is asserted that
the relationship is presently often weaker than it should be. The conditions under which
S/FL language teaching take place are identified as strongly contributing to this state of
affairs, though other aspects of SLA research that might have limited its relevance to teaching are
also considered. A call is made for empirical studies into the use by teachers of research.