bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two New Cases of Rh Mosaicism
Authors: Habibi B. , Lopez M. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two patients with Rh mosaicism were studied, one of whom had a myeloproliferative syndrome. The red cell mixture was found to be composed of 30% DCe/dce and 70% dce/dce populations. The separated cell components did not differ in any other marker system and their in vivo survival as well as their glycolytic enzyme content were identical. Rh quantitative and kinetic assays did not provide any evidence for monosomy in D(‐) population. The data are discussed with reference to published cases of Rh mosaicism.

Rh mosaics have always been a source of puzzling and stimulating problems. Race and Sanger [17] found it curious that, up to 1964, all known propositi were found to live between 56° and 60 °N latitude. The purpose of this paper is to report on two new cases investigated in a lower latitude.
Some Notes on the Concept of Cross‐Reactivity1
Authors: Hirschfeld Jan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Different concepts of cross‐reactivity are discussed in terms of a new descriptive system, model or conceptual framework which accounts for certain alleged quantitative and more or less continuous phenomena such as ‘reaction strength’ and ‘range of reactivity’ in discontinuous and qualitative terms.
Anti‐IgA Antibodies in Childhood
Authors: Frommel D. , Geny Blandine , Griscelli C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In primary immunodeficiency diseases of childhood, antibodies reacting with human immunoglobulins and with bovine serum proteins were found predominantly in deficiency involving the IgA system. In generalized hypogammaglobulinaemia, no anti‐immunoglobulin activity could be detected. No clear‐cut correlation could be established between the clinical reactions to γ‐globulin injections, the appearance of anti‐IgA antibodies and previous transfusions or therapy with blood derivates.
The Faggot Method for Separating Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Kerry P. J. , Greenwood B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A faggot made of glass microhaematocrit tubes coated with Formvar is made to fit inside a plastic disposable syringe. Granulocytes and monocytes, in a leucocyte suspension placed in this syringe, stick to the faggot, and a lymphocyte suspension can subsequently be run from the nozzle of the syringe.
A Five‐Bag System for Washing Fresh and Frozen Erythrocytes and their Preservation
Authors: Gänshirt Karl Heinz , Seidl Siegfried
Published: March 2009

Abstract.A five‐bag system was developed and tested. It allows to wash red blood cells three times under sterile conditions starting from whole blood and to store them by addition of a PDG preservation solution at 4°C for 2 weeks.In vitroandin vivotests were performed. The system may be used also to wash and preserve prefrozen red blood cells.
Weak Lu9 Antigen in One Lu:‐6 Member of a Family
Authors: Dybkjaer E. , Lylloff K. , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. There is good evidence that the antigens Lu6 and Lu9 are controlled by alleles in the Lutheran complex locus, but a family is here described in which the propositus though Lu:‐6, and therefore presumably homozygous for Lu9, reacts only weakly with anti‐Lu9, while her Lu:‐6 sister reacts strongly, as expected. The observation awaits understanding.
Association between HL‐A and Red Cell Antigens. An AutoAnalyzer Study
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Ørjasæter H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera containing cytotoxic HL‐A antibodies were examined in order to detect red cell antibodies, using an AutoAnalyzer. In sera with cytotoxic anti‐HL‐A2 antibodies, we were able to demonstrate haemagglutinins that reacted mainly with red cells from HL‐A28 positive donors. In sera with cytotoxic anti‐HL‐A8 antibodies, we found antibodies that reacted with red cells from some, although not all, HL‐A8 positive donors. The haemagglutinins gave indentical and highly reproducible reaction patterns, but there were marked variations in antigenic strength.
Gm (Ray), a New Allotypic Marker on Human IgG31
Authors: Schanfield M. S. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antigenic determinant on the majority of human IgG3 is described. The new antigen is found in the sera of all Gm(g)‐positive individuals and the majority of Gm(b)‐positive individuals. Only those individuals homozygous for Gm(c5) are negative for the new antigen. Family studies verify the inheritance and indicate that the new antigen behaves as an alternate substitution to Gm(c5) in man.
A Study of the Serological Behaviour and Nature of the Anti‐B/P/Pk Activity of Salmonidae Roe Protectins
Authors: Voak D. , Todd G. M. , Pardoe G. I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Salmonidae protectins cross‐react with human red cells having B, P, P1 and Pk antigens, probably combining with an α‐galactosyl‐like determinant common to all these antigens. They have an apparent molecular weight of the order of 2 × 105 (S20w = 8 · 9), which may explain the enhanced haemagglutinating activity in albumen displacement or enzyme tests.

The saline anti‐B activity for A1B cells rapidly deteriorated in storage. Cells previously suspended with albumin were no longer agglutinated by the protectins. It was only possible to obtain serologically active partially purified protectins from Sephadex G‐200 gel filtration when normal human serum was added to the crude protectin reagent before applying to the gel. This may reflect lability of the tertiary structure of these proteins.
An Automatic Technique for Erythrocyte Antigen Dosage
Authors: Marcelli‐Barge A. , Benajam A. , Poirier J. C. , Dausset J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A description of an automatic technique for estimating the dosage of erythrocyte antigens. In the first and manual step, the antibody is absorbed by cells containing the corresponding antigen. In the second and automatic stage, the quantity of absorbed antibody is evaluated, thus enabling deduction of the amount of antigen capable of fixing the antibody in the first part of the technique. This method can be applied to the study of weak varieties of A antigen.
I‐Active Antigen of Human Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Gardas Andrzej , Koscielak Jerzy
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An I‐active substance was isolated from the aqueous layer obtained after extraction of human erythrocyte membranes with n‐butanol. This substance was found to be identical with the antigens with A, B, and H blood group specificity which we had isolated previously. Thus, all A, B, H and I blood group activity in aqueous extracts of erythrocyte membranes is dependent upon the same kind of antigenic material which may carry different blood group specificities. The material is sialic acid free and comprises about 90% carbohydrate.
The Alanin Aminotransferase Activity as Screening Test for Blood Donors
Authors: Nordby Grete , Foss O. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The determination of the alanin aminotransferase activity in serum is useful as part of the health control of blood donors and is a valuable supplement to the tests for hepatitis B antigen and antibody.
Instrumented PVP‐Augmented Antiglobulin Tests
Authors: Hsu Tony C. S. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Rubinstein Pablo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Washed red cells of 197 cord blood specimens were tested with rabbit anti‐human IgG under low ionic hypertonic conditions in the presence of K‐90 polyvinylpyrrolidone. The red cells of all 13 type A1 and 8 type B babies of type O mothers were agglutinated. The red cells of one type A2 baby of a type O mother were also agglutinated, but the cells of 6 other type A2 babies of type O mothers were not. None of 153 red cells of ABO compatible babies were agglutinated and, of 16 ABO incompatible babies whose mothers were not type O, the red cells of only one were agglutinated. None of these babies had either a positive manual IgG antiglobulin test or clinical evidence of active hemolytic disease. The mean hemoglobin value of antiglobulin positive babies was significantly lower than that of antiglobulin negative babies, but this was associated with type A rather than type B babies.
Recipient's Hepatitis, an Inevitable Side‐Effect of Blood Transfusion
Authors: Fiedler Harald
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The transfusion of blood with indetectable or only by electron microscope detectable amounts of HAA is presently as inevitable as the transfusion of blood containing no HAA at all, but nevertheless infective for hepatitis A or B. An unknown percentage of so‐called posttransfusion hepatitis cases is surely due to extrahaematogenic infections. In all these cases the manifestation of the disease seems to be due rather to a temporarily enhanced susceptibility of the patients than to the relatively small virus dose. The reported observations give support to the hypothesis that surgery or certain circumstances in close connection with surgery aside from the administration of blood may markedly enhance the susceptibility to hepatitis B manifestation.
Further Observations on the Ina (Indian) Antigen in Indian Populations
Authors: Badakere S. S. , Parab B. B. , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Incidence of the Ina antigen in 1749 Indians in Bombay was 2.9%, and the gene frequency of Ina was 0.0371. Classification of these subjects into various broad communities showed the incidence of In(a+) to range from 2.3 to 4.5%. Ina was equally distributed in various ABO groups and in Rho‐positive and Rho‐negative individuals. Family studies of 8 In(a+) individuals suggested that Ina is a Mendelian dominant character.
Mercaptoethanol‐Stable Antibody Test Predicting Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to ABO Incompatibility
Authors: Hasekura H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Maternal sera were titrated after 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment for anti‐A and anti‐B agglutinations by the saline and the anti‐globulin methods; the results were expressed in titration scores. Each case was graded into mercaptoethanol‐stable antibody (MESA) grade 1: A and B mothers with compatible infants; 2: mothers with unaffected incompatible infants; 3: mothers with mild hemolytic disease of the infant, and 4: mothers with severe hemolytic disease of the infant. 925 cases were submitted for the ABO incompatibility tests in 2 years; the babies' sequelae were reported in 131 ABO‐incompatible cases. If the tests were done in late pregnancy, severe cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn corresponded to mothers' antenatal antibodies in MESA grade 4, and mild cases to MESA grade 3.
Distribution of the HL‐A Antigens of the Japanese Population in Japan1
Authors: Tsuji K. , Aizawa M. , Itakura K. , Nakayama E. , Hasekura H. , Yoshida T. , Akaza T. , Orita K. , Kodama T. , Nomoto K. , Goya T. , Miyamoto H. , Ito M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The frequencies of 18 HL‐A antigens were studied among the Japanese population in Japan. The antigens HL‐A 2, 9, 10 (first series) and HL‐A 5, W10 (second series) were more common in the Japanese. HL‐A 1, 8, W14, W18 were found with frequencies of less than 0.7%. The blank of gene frequency in the second series was left as high as 0.5678, suggesting the existence of new antigens to be discovered from the Japanese population.
Dissociation of Human Albumin Dimer by Heating
Authors: Finlayson J. S. , Reamer B. L. , Young A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Exclusion chromatography was used to prepare human albumin dimer from normal serum albumin (human) which had been heated repeatedly at 56 °C and from un‐heated fraction V which had been treated with ethanol and dried at 25 °C. When these purified dimer preparations were heated in solution for 10 h at 60°C in the presence of acetyltryptophan and sodium caprylate, 20–23% of the protein was converted to monomer.
Cad Receptor in Thai Blood Donors
Authors: Sringarm S. , Chiewsilp P. , Tubrod J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The red cells of 19 of 6,373 group B samples (0.25%) and of 18 of 7,524 group O samples (0.24%) from Thai blood donors reacted strongly with Dolichos biflorus extract. Polyagglutinability of the cells of some of these Cad‐positive donors was present, and detected by means of albumin medium. The dominant inheritance of Cad antigen and its genetic independence of ABO group were confirmed. All Cad+ cells reacted strongly with anti‐Sda.
Demonstration of M Antigen on Human Lymphocytes by Liquid Phase Electrophoresis1
Authors: Stoltz J. F. , Streiff F. , Genetet B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. After studying the influence of an anti‐M serum on the electrophoretic mobility of lymphocytes having NN, NM and MM erythrocyte phenotypes, the authors were able to show indirectly the presence of M antigens on lymphocytes.

The results are compared to those obtained with erythrocytes having similar phenotypes.
Prevalence of Irregular Red Cell Antibodies and Their Significance in Blood Transfusion and Antenatal Care
Authors: Spielmann W. , Seidl S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The antibodies encountered in random collectives of 55,350 recipients, 16,643 pregnant women, and 1,307 mothers of babies with hemolytic disease are listed. Antibody screening was performed in all specimens using the same technique (albumin‐antiglobulin test), a limited number of selected sera was investigated also by the auto‐analyzer.

Different frequencies of the antibodies concerned were found in all groups. Anti‐Kell was detected in 10% of all antibodies found in recipients whereas the frequency was less than 0.5% among the antibodies encountered in pregnant women and mothers of babies with hemolytic disease. The relative antigenic potency of the antigens concerned was calculated by taking into account the frequencies of the antibodies and the antigen exposure probability derived from the well‐known gene frequencies. Similar to the antibody frequencies, the relative antigenic potencies differ widely from antigen to antigen in the different collectives. By the autoanalyzer technique, it was not possible to detect additional antibodies of presumptive clinical importance. On the other hand, in two exceptional cases, antibodies which caused a hemolytic transfusion reaction were only detected by survival studies.

For routine transfusion work, our results lend no support to the alleged advantage of extending antigen determination in donors and recipients.
Stability of Normal Human IgG in Saline and Glycine Solutions
Authors: Patterson Moira R. , Smith James K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human normal 15% IgG was prepared for therapeutic use in saline and in glycine solutions. The saline solution was more acceptable for both intravenous and intramuscular use. High anticomplementary activity was present in the IgG precipitate freshly prepared by ethanol fractionation, and increased by only a small factor after freeze‐drying.
Positive Direct Antiglobulin (Coombs‘) Test Caused by Cephalexin Administration in Humans
Authors: Schwarz Siegfried , Gabl Franz , Huber Heinz , Spath Peter
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Of 71 patients showing a negative direct antiglobulin (Coombs‘) test (DAT) before administration of cephalexin (CEX) three developed a positive DAT after therapy with this drug (4%). No case of immunohemolytic anemia was observed. The sera of the patients with a positive DAT reacted with cephalothin‐coated red cells producing high titers, with penicillin cells normal titers and with CEX cells low titers. Since the red cell eluates of these patients did not give significant reactions with red cells sensitized with CEX, cephalothin and penicillin, a nonimmunological mechanism for the development of the positive DAT in these patients has to be assumed.
A Further Example of the Recessive Lu(a‐b‐) Phenotype
Authors: Myhre Byron , Thompson Margaret , Anson Claire , Fishkin Ben , Carter P. Kenneth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family study is reported in which two members were of the Lu(a‐b‐) type. A recessive mode of inheritance is postulated from the failure of the phenotype to occur in other generations and from consanguinity in the propositus' parents.
A Clinical Evaluation of Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose‐Adenine Blood
Authors: Kreuger Anders , Åkerblom Olof , Högman Claes F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. (1) Blood was stored in polyvinyl‐chloride bags containing citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) with adenine in a final concentration of 0.25 mM. (2) Red cell ATP was well maintained (>70% of original) for 4 weeks in whole blood as well as in red cell concentrate (PCV 85 ± 2%). After 5 weeks the ATP level was about 70% in whole blood and about 40% in red cell concentrate. (3) Red cell 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (DPG) was about 60% of the original after 2 weeks and about 30% after 3 weeks of storage when stored both as whole blood and as red cell concentrate. (4) The red cell 24‐hour post‐transfusion viability was about 80% after 4 weeks of storage both as whole blood and as red cell concentrate. After 5 weeks of storage the 24‐hour viability was 78.7 ± 3.5% in whole blood and 76.5 ± 6.7% in red cell concentrate. (5) 820 patients received 3,238 units of CPD‐adenine blood, and 761 patients serving as controls received 2,807 units of acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD) blood. The frequency of transfusion reactions was 3.5% for patients receiving CPD‐adenine blood and 4.1% for the control group. (6) The maximum storage time was set at 5 weeks for the CPD‐adenine blood and 3 weeks for the ACD blood. The longer preservation time decreased out‐dating by at least 50%.
A New Antigen, Yka (York), and its Relationship to Csa (Cost)
Authors: Molthan Lyndall , Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The antigen Yka is detected in 92 and 98% of the American Caucasian and Negro populations, respectively. In population studies with anti‐Yka and anti‐Csa, association was demonstrated between the two antigens; however, in two of three informative families Yka and Csa segregated independently. The possibility that these antigens have a relationship with leucocyte antigens is discussed.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Heystek J. , der Zande G. M. Maier‐van , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The relatively low yield of factor II activity in prothrombin complex preparations gave rise to an investigation in which factor II was determined on the basis of its coagulation activity and on that of its antigenic properties during the routine preparation procedure of the complex. It appeared that factor II, measured as activity, suffered a greater loss than factor II, measured as antigen, during this procedure. This greater loss had to be attributed to changes in the conformation of the factor II protein molecule induced by the freezing step of the preparation method hitherto in use. Omission of this step led to a higher yield of factor II activity in the prothrombin complex preparation. Therefore, freezing and thawing during the preparation of the prothrombin complex should be avoided.
Is the Determination of AHF Activity Feasible for Individual Cryoprecipitates?
Authors: Frommel D. , de Angulo Maria Ruiz
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described in which the factor VIII (AHF) activity of 40 individual cryoprecipitates can be determined within 4 h. The reagents employed do not require plasma congenitally deficient in factor VIII. The preparation of cryoprecipitates with known biological activity should result in a more rational use of this type of factor VIII concentrate.
The Effective Oncotic Pressure of Dextran1
Authors: Mulcahy John J. , Malvin Richard L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Measurement of plasma volume before and after the acute infusion of commercial dextran revealed that all brands tested were hyperoncotic by a factor of approximately 2. By mixing 6% dextran with 0.9% saline in 1:1 proportion a 3% dextran solution was obtained which was nearly isoncotic in our dogs. The most likely explanation for the discrepancy is that the 6% solution contains a high proportion of molecules of lower molecular weight resulting in a greater oncotic pressure than predicted on the basis of the average molecular weight. In addition, this leads to a rapid loss of this solute from the blood. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of the possibility that the dextran preparation they are using is not truly isoncotic.
Australia Antigen ‘ad’ and ‘ay’ Subtypes. Purification and Partial Characterization
Authors: Bourbonnais R. , Guevin R. M. , Delvin E. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The two commonly‐found Australia antigen subtypes have been purified by simple inexpensive, reproducible, physico‐chemical methods involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, peptic digestion, calcium phosphate gel fractionation and molecular sieving on Sepharose 4B. The overall recovery of the two subtypes varied between 50 and 60% of the total antigen content of the starting serum. The purified antigens were found homogeneous by discontinuous gel electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation, and isopycnic banding ultracentrifugation. No contaminating serum proteins could be detected by immunoelectrophoresis. The two purified antigen subtypes have similar Stokes radii and buoyant densities. The sedimentation coefficients for the ‘ad’ and ‘ay’ subtypes were found to be 33.0 and 40.1 × 10−13 sec, respectively.
Biochemical, Serological and Family Studies in Individuals with Cis AB Phenotypes1
Authors: Pacuszka T. , Košcielak J. , Seyfried H. , Walewska I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Pedigree studies and serological characterization of three cis AB families are presented. Serums of these persons exhibit strongly reduced activities of A genespecified α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and only trace activities of B gene‐dependent α‐galactosyltransferase.
Studies on Anti‐Mia and the MiIII Complex
Authors: Chandanayingyong D. , Bejrachandra S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some Ms/Ms Milll red cells react weakly with rabbit anti‐N but not with human anti‐N sera. Specificities of different anti‐Mia within the Miltenberger complex have been defined by absorbtion studies with different Mi classes.
Experiments on the Preparation of Blood Components with the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor
Authors: de Wit J. J. Fr. M. , Henrichs H. J. P. , Odink J. , Prins H. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Experiments were carried out with the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor in order to study the sedimentation behaviour of blood cells from human ACD blood during centrifugation. Based on this behaviour procedures were developed for plasmapheresis and leucapheresis using the Blood Cell Processor. Accumulation of platelets was observed to occur at the plasma‐cell interface during centrifugation at 1,000 g; this led to the development of a one‐step method for the preparation of platelet concentrates.
Cross‐Reactivity of Monospecific Anti‐HL‐A Antisera1
Authors: Mittal Kamal K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 32 ‘monospecific’ anti‐HL‐A alloantisera were absorbed in separate tests with platelets from a maximum of 56 different persons and examined for residual cytotoxicity against target lymphocytes from one or two unrelated persons having the homologous (or test) antigen. Of the 799 combinations in which platelets had the test antigen, 715 (90%) were specifically inhibited; of the 720 combinations in which platelets had the cross‐reactive antigen(s) (but not the test antigen), 417 (58%) were specifically cross‐inhibited; and of the 1,839 combinations in which platelets had neither the homologous nor a discernable cross‐reactive antigen, 133 (7%) were cross‐inhibited ‘nonspecifically’. Earlier findings of cross‐reactivity were confirmed, and results suggested that HL‐A1, HL‐A10 and W30 on platelets may cross‐inhibit anti‐HL‐A2 antibodies; HL‐A7 and W21 may cross‐inhibit anti‐HL‐A5 and anti‐W5 antibodies; W16 may cross‐inhibit anti‐HL‐A5 antibodies; and W22 may cross‐inhibit anti‐HL‐A13 antibodies.
Removal of Leucocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions By Filtration Through Cotton Wool
Authors: Engelfriet C. P. , Diepenhorst P. , Giessen Marijke V. D. , von Riesz Elly
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hetero‐immunization experiments in rabbits were performed to evaluate the quantity of leucocyte antigens present in red cell suspensions prepared by the filtration method of Diepenhorst et al., in which no intact leucocytes could be detected. It was found that the quantity of leucocyte antigens is smallest in blood filtered immediately after taking. More leucocyte‐antigenic material seems to be present in blood that is filtered after storage and in frozen‐thawed red cell suspensions. Evidence was obtained that granulocyte‐specific antigens are more strongly immunogenic in the rabbit than lymphocyte‐specific antigens or antigens common to both cells.
Serological classification of Anti‐I Sera
Authors: Dzierźkowa‐Borodej Wanda , Seyfried Halina , Lisowska Elwira
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Twelve anti‐I sera were examined by means of broad panel of cells: OI, BI, OhI, Oicord, Oiadult, BIF. Titration, fixation‐elution, and haemagglutination‐inhibition tests, and comparison of agglutination of untreated and neuraminidase‐treated erythrocytes allowed to establish the specificity of the sera. For some sera the serological heterogeneity was revealed, which consisted in the following combinations of two or more kinds of specificity: anti‐ID + anti‐IF, anti‐ID + anti‐i, anti‐ID + anti‐IS, anti‐ID + anti‐IF + anti‐IS. Methodical problems of classification of anti‐I sera are discussed.
Further Characterization of some Heterophile Agglutinins Reacting with Alkali‐Labile Carbohydrate Chains of Human Erythrocyte Glycoproteins
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Bird G. W. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The nature of the receptor sites for several agglutinins is characterized by hemagglutination inhibition assays. The inhibitory activity of human erythrocyte glycoproteins, from which sialic acid, sialic acid and galactose or alkali‐labile oligosaccharides have been removed, is compared to the inhibitory effect of compounds with known structure. It is shown that the lectin from Arachis hypogea and anti‐T bind to alkali‐labile galactosyl‐residues. Agglutinins from Bauhinia purpurea and variegata (non‐ or N‐specific), Maclura aurantiaca, Iberis amara, sempervirens, umbellata hybrida and umbellata nana (M‐ or nonspecific), Moluccella laevis (A‐ plus N‐specific), Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa, Helix lucorum and Caucasotachea atrolabiata interact with alkali‐labile N‐acetylgalactosamine. The results obtained with the anti‐A agglutinins from various snails suggest that human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain, besides the alkali‐labile tetrasaccharide, a peptide‐linked sialyl‐N‐acetyl‐galactosaminyl‐residue. The investigations do not allow a precise definition of the receptor sites for the lectins having M‐ or N‐specificity.
An Inhibitor to Erythrocyte Agglutination in Bovine Albumin Preparations
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Phillips P. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three out of 28 commercial preparations of bovine serum albumin have been encountered which have an inhibitory effect on the assay of anti‐Rho(D) using the Technicon AutoAnalyser. The inhibitory property, which can also be demonstrated by standard manual serological techniques, appears to be directed towards the second stage of the agglutination reaction. An automated screening procedure for bovine serum albumin preparations and some properties of the inhibitor are described.
Plasmapheresis: the in vitro Distribution of Heparin in Plasma and Red Cell Fractions following Centrifugation
Authors: Mishler John Milton
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modified activated partial thromboplastin time (activated PTT) technique was employed in determining heparin concentration in plasma following centrifugation of whole blood. In reference to previous studies reporting heparin to be found essentially in the plasma, it was shown in the present study that following centrifugation of each bag of whole blood in a double‐pheresis procedure, the approximate heparin distribution was 39.9 and 45.7% recovery in plasma for bags 1 and 2, respectively. It is suggested that heparin binding to cellular components may account for the low recovery in plasma. Activated PTTs conducted following reinfusion of red cell concentrates into donors were within normal values, and were consistent with the suggestion that heparin is bound to cellular components in vivo. The safety of the weekly injection of approximately 3,120 USP units of heparin into donors on a long‐term basis is considered in the light of extensive data avilable from widespread systemic use.
Anti‐Kell (K1) in Ascitic Fluid
Authors: Longster G. H. , Major K. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of anti‐Kell (K1) in the ascitic fluid of a patient with adenocarcinoma is described. The antibody has persisted for over 3 years. The anti‐K1 together with the anti‐A and anti‐B also present in the fluid, is compared with antibodies present in the patient's serum.
Quantitative Rh Typing of rGrG with Observations on the Nature of G (Rh12) and Anti‐G
Authors: Rosenfield Richard E. , Levine Philip , Heller Charlene
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Quantitative blood typing data on Mr. R. B. (rGrG), his wife (R1r), a daughter (R1rG), and a niece (rGr) strongly suggest that these Rh phenotypes are directly indicative of actual Rh genotypes. If so, the antigenic products of rG are weak Rh2 (rh' or C), normal Rh5 (hr or e), an expression of Rh12 (rhG) equal to that produced by R‐1,2,‐3 (r' or dCe) and half of what is produced by R1 (R or D) genes in either homozygous or heterozygous expression, very weak expression of Rh19 (hrS), absence of Rh31 (hrB), and slightly weakened expression of Rh17 (Hro or ‘not D’). The LW status of rGrG cells was equivalent to that of other Rh:‐1 erythrocytes. Thus rG resembles mutant r' in which only Rh5 is expressed normally. The weak Rh2 produced by rG reacted much better with one Rh2 antiserum than with another. Rh21 (CG) had been used to denote such additional reactivity, but one reagent that acted as anti‐Rh2 in manual tests behaved like anti‐Rh21 in instrumented tests. Therefore, anti‐Rh21 may only indicate a more efficiently agglutinating anti‐Rh2. Mr. R. B. showed no evidence of congenital stomatocytic hemolytic anemia characteristic of Rhnull or Rhmod. Finally, anti‐Rh12 eluates, recovered either sequentially from r'r followed by R2r or singly from rGrG, agglutinated chimpanzee red cells more efficiently than did either anti‐Rh1 (D) or anti‐Rh4 (c), a result consistent with expectation for serological crossreactivity between Rh1 and Rh21.
Demonstration of the Rhesus Haplotype CdE (ry) in the Genotype of 48 Subjects from 8 Families
Authors: Lanset Suzanne , Rousseau P.‐Y. , Ropartz C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Forty‐eight individuals heterozygous for CdE (ry) haplotype were identified in the pedigrees of 8 kindreds containing 128 members. Two homozygotes CdE/CdE (ryry) were found in a large inbred kindred. Our study among French blood donors of the Seine‐Maritime region demonstrated that about one of two individuals possessing the Rhesus phenotype CcdEe (rh'rh“) carried the CdE (ry) haplotype.
A New Case of Recombination Within the HL‐A System
Authors: Berg Konrad , Schwarzfischer Friedrich , Wischerath Hans
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report another case of recombination within the HL‐A system between the first and second segregant series of antigens. The recombination frequency is 0.8%.
Assay of α‐N‐Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in Human Sera: Further Evidence for Several Types of Am Individuals
Authors: Cartron J. P. , Gerbal A. , Badet J. , Ropars C. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The study of the α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in the sera of 19 individuals belonging to the rare Am blood group makes it possible to confirm the heterogeneity of this phenotype established on genetical and immunological criteria. Two groups of subjects, Am and Ay, can be distinguished.

For the individuals of the first group, named Am, 15 samples (7 families) have been studied, the phenotype is inherited as an allele at the ABO locus. 14 of these subjects, have an α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase whose kinetic properties were similar to those of A1 subjects. In one family, however, the A transferase detected is of the A2 type. On a quantitative level, the enzyme activities of these sera only reached 30–50% of the average value observed for A1 or A2 subjects, respectively.

These facts suggest the existence of a genetic inhibitor, possibly linked to the ABO locus, preventing either an A1 or A2 gene from acting at the level of some cellular lines and leading therefore to the recognition of phenotypes named AA1m and AA2m

On the contrary, under the experimental conditions used, no α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity was detected among the four individuals of the second group, named Ay by Weiner et al. [37], and whose appeareance in siblings results from the action of a recessive modifying yA gene.
A Cold Auto‐Agglutinin of Anti‐B Specificity in an A1B Patient
Authors: Lopez M. , Banopoulos H. , Liberge G. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A high titre cold auto‐agglutinin with anti‐B activity was found in the serum of an A1B group individual. The B/anti‐B reaction was thermodynamically investigated and quantitative analysis of the patient's B antigen revealed no abnormality.
A Correction to the Autoanalyzer Data for Quantitative Agglutination Measurements
Authors: Doinel C. , Ropars C. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The AutoAnalyzer was used for quantitative measurements of antibody agglutinating activity by a Polybrene agglutination technique. Since the continuous flow system introduces an experimental error to the determination of true agglutination percentage, it is necessary to apply a correction factor. The experimental method of correction is described.
Bisalbuminaemia Birmingham — A New Variant in an Indian Family: Characterisation and Comparative Studies with Albumin Kashmir
Authors: Bradwell A. , Deverill I. , Jefferis R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Bisalbuminaemia has rarely been reported in races of the Indian subcontinent. The variant described in a native of the Punjab is shown to have a similar electrophoretic mobility to albumin Kashmir but different dye binding properties. The dye binding properties are also different from other albumin variants where such studies have been reported.
Influence of Free Amino and Carboxyl Groups on the Specificity of Plant Anti‐N
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Bird G. W. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It is shown that M‐active glycoproteins react de novo with anti‐N lectins from Vicia graminea and Bauhinia purpurea after blocking of free amino and carboxyl groups. The significance of this phenomenon is briefly discussed.
Immunological Aspects of the Acquired B Antigen
Authors: Gerbal A. , Maslet C. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nine cases of acquired B antigen were studied. By quantitative methods the variation of the A reactivity and of the number of A sites was found to be inversely related to the variation of the B reactivity. By agglutination kinetics using an immune anti‐B, the acquired B reactive structure was found to differ from that of a normal B. Agglutination variation, with pH, points out to the part played by one electrically charged chemical group. No transferase galactosyl activity was found in the serum, and no B substance in the plasma.

According to these results the B reactive structure must have been formed at the expense of the A reactive structure. This ‘acquired B’ type may have arisen as a result of the action of a bacterial deacetylase, transforming the A reactive N‐acetyl galactosamine into galactosamine.
Undegraded Human Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use
Authors: Stephan W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A report is presented on the development and the properties of a nondegraded human immunoglobulin preparation suitable for intravenous administration. Intravenous tolerance is achieved by elimination of anticomplementary activity through modification with β‐propiolactone. The natural antibody characteristics, such as antibody activity, molecular weight, and half‐life, are retained. The findings presented open up new perspectives for an extension of the range of indications for intravenous immunoglobulin.
Quantitative Isolation and Purification of Blood Group‐Active Glycosphingolipids from Human B Erythrocytes
Authors: Hanfland Peter , Egli Hans
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 11.4 mg of a ceramide hexahexoside (B‐I) and 16.4 mg of a ceramide octa‐hexoside (B‐II) as blood group B‐active glycosphingolipids composed of glucose, galactose, N‐acetylglucosamine and fucose (molar ratios 1:3:1:1 and 1:4:2:1 respectively) have been isolated from 6,400 ml of packed human B erythrocytes. This yield is greater by more than the 13‐fold amount of B‐I glycosphingolipid and the 20‐fold amount of B‐II glycosphingolipid which has hitherto been isolated from human erythrocytes. The B‐active glycosphingolipids isolated represent about 0.04% of the erythrocyte membrane and in consequence must be regarded as the main representants of B properties of the erythrocytes as far as they have been investigated up to this time. This high yield was achieved by a simple and conservative erythrocyte membrane preparation without loss of serological activity and by the improvement of some chromatographical methods which permitted a high purification without the acetylation‐deacetylation procedure. Purity was checked by gas‐liquid chromatographical analysis of the sugars as their alditol acetates and by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. 1.7 × 10‐8 g of each of these glycosphingolipids completely inhibit the agglutination of human B erythrocytes by 4 hemagglutination units of normal human anti‐B sera. A ceramide tetrahexoside and a glycolipid fraction with a high H activity could also be isolated which possibly are blood group‐intermediate substances. Lewis blood group‐active glycosphingolipids characterized by the hemagglutination inhibition test and by passive hemagglutination are trace constituents of other glycosphingolipid fractions.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn due to Anti‐N
Authors: TelischiDirector M. , Behzad Oscar , Issitt Peter D. , Pavone Beverly G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A Negro woman of phenotype M+, N‐, S‐, s‐, U+, who produced anti‐N, is described. The antibody in her serum caused hemolytic disease of the newborn in her M+, N+ infant.
Gas Chromatographic Trace Analysis of β‐Propiolactone in Sterilized Serum Proteins
Authors: Pruggmayer D. , Stephan W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for detecting traces of β‐propiolactone, which was previously described by Schmitz‐Masse, has been modified and adapted to the analysis of protein solutions. Using this method, the rate of hydrolysis of β‐propiolactone (β‐P1) was examined and β‐P1 sterilized commercial products were analyzed for possible residual nonhydrolyzed β‐P1.
Hepatitis B Antibody Detection in Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Artaz C. , Voyat O. , Rosso‐Chioso M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple radioimmunologic procedure for the detection of anti‐hepatitis B antibody using the 125I Ausria kit (Abbott) is described. The rapidity, sensitivity and high specificity of this method are underlined.
Increased Whole Blood Viscosity on Cooling in a Patient with Cold Hemoagglutinin Disease
Authors: Girolami A. , Cella G. , Patrassi G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The whole blood and plasma viscosities have been evaluated in a patient with cold hemoagglutinin disease at different temperatures and at different shear rates. At 37 and 42 °C, whole blood viscosity values, regardless of the shear rate applied, resulted to be correspondent to the hematocrit value (31%). The values observed were similar to those noted in a patient with chronic bleeding anemia and an approximately equivalent hematocrit (33%). The same was true for plasma viscosity. At 32 °C, whole blood viscosity, regardless of the shear rate, resulted to be higher than expected. The values observed were similar to those noted in a normal subject with a clearly higher hematocrit value (44%) and definitely higher than those noted in the chronic anemia patient. On the contrary, plasma viscosity remained unchanged. These studies indicate that in cold hemoagglutinin disease, red cell aggregation and piling are capable of increasing blood viscosity.
In vivo and in vitro Activation of T‐Antigen Receptors on Leukocytes and Platelets1
Authors: Hysell Judith K. , Hysell John W. , Nichols Margaret E. , Leonardi R. G. , Marsh W. Laurence
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serological studies on a patient whose red cells are polyagglutinable due to T activation have demonstrated concomitant T activity of the separated leukocytes and platelets. Normal leukocytes and platelets are not T active, but activation can be induced in vitro by treatment with neuraminidase or with Pneumo‐coccus type III filtrate. Such T‐active cells absorb anti‐T from Arachis hypogea lectin. Tests on different types of separated leukocytes show that both neutrophils and lymphocytes have latent T antigen receptors. Neuraminidase treatment of platelets does not change their ability to promote clot retraction, to aggregate with ADP, or to take up serotonin.
Observations on the Antiglobulin Tests
Authors: Stratton Fred , Rawlinson Violet I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper describes anti‐C4b(ii) antisera which agglutinate cells from cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, cold‐acquired haemolytic anaemia, and certain test cells, using the antiglobulin test. It is suggested that these particular antisera possess activity against C4d absorbed on to erythrocytes. Methods of preparing test cells coated with C3d and C4d are given, together with methods for producing antisera in rabbits active against these components. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Efficacy of Vaccinial Immune Globulin
Authors: Feery B. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This survey reports on the use of vaccinial immune globulin in Australia over the last 15 years. Evidence is produced that vaccinial immune globulin has proven efficacious in the prophylaxis and therapy of complications following smallpox vaccination. An indication of the type and frequency of complications following vaccination is provided.
Purification of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Using Polyethylene Glycol, Pepsin and Tween 801
Authors: Nath Nrapendra , Mazzur Scorn , Ledman Robert , Fang Chyang T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple, inexpensive procedure for the isolation and purification of HBsAg from plasma is described. The technique included precipitation of HBsAg with PEG and elimination of normal plasma proteins by digestion with pepsin. Tween 80 was used to remove contaminating lipoprotein(s). This technique resulted in about a 200‐fold gain in the specific activity of HBsAg and yielded about 20–40% recovery. Rabbits immunized with the purified antigen produced type‐specific antibodies to HBsAg without detectable reactivity to normal human plasma antigens.
Anti‐Pr3: Serological and Immunochemical Identification of a New Anti‐Pr Subspecificity
Authors: Roelcke D. , Ebert W. , Geisen H. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A monoclonal IgM (x) anti‐Pr cold agglutinin occurring after a rubella infection is shown to have the ‘new’ anti‐Pr subspecificity anti‐Pr3. Pr3 determinants are found on cat and sheep erythrocytes which lack Pr1 and Pr2 determinants. By carbodiimide treatment of human erythrocyte glycoproteins, which causes intramolecular coupling of N‐acetylneuraminic acid carboxyl groups and nucleophilic centers of the glycoprotein backbone, Pr3 antigen activity is strongly increased, while Pr1 and Pr2 determinants are inactivated.
Quantitative Immunological Study of Pregnancy‐Associated α2‐Globulin Antigen
Authors: Than G. N. , Csaba I. F. , Szabó D. G. , Karg N. J. , Novák P. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Pregnancy‐associated α2‐globulin antigen, a protein which is practically absent from the serum of nonpregnant individuals or could be found in the quantity of only a few milligram percent, gradually accumulates during pregnancy. A peak value of 86 ± 44 mg% is reached by the 31st week of gestation. In the last 2 months of pregnancy a decrease was observed to 65 ± 30 mg% before delivery. Significantly lower levels of this protein could be found in prolonged pregnancy and in cases of abortions associated with placental destruction. Elevated amounts of this characteristical pregnancy protein could be found in 63% of 100 tumor patients.
Capillary Tube Testing and Enhancement with 30% Albumin
Authors: Crawford Mary N. , Gottman Faith E. , Rogers Lana C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Capillary tube methods are reviewed and modifications with albumin are described with emphasis on detection of antigens in the major red cell systems and in HL‐A and related systems using red cell suspensions.
A New Antibody Specificity, Anti‐Rga, Reacting with a Red Cell and Serum Antigen
Authors: Longster G. , Giles C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody specificity, anti‐Rga, which detects an inherited antigen on red cells and in serum, reacts with 97% of individuals in the British population.
The Titre of IgG Anti‐A/B in the Serum of Group O Mothers of Incompatible Infants with Early Neonatal Jaundice
Authors: Luca E. Carapella‐de , Pacioni C. , Tonelli C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The titre of IgG anti‐A/B was determined by means of a 2‐mercaptoethanol test in the serum of 80 blood group O mothers, who gave birth at term to A/B incompatible infants, who developed early neonatal jaundice with a serum bilirubin level of over 10 mg/100 ml. The titres were compared with the results of the direct antiglobulin test performed on the red cells from the cord blood and the necessity for exchange transfusion. Only in mothers of group A infants, a significant correlation was found between the titre of IgG anti‐A and the occurrence of a positive antiglobulin test. In no case the need for an exchange transfusion was correlated with the IgG anti‐A/B titre.
A Study of Red Cell H‐Content in Ugandan Africans and Europeans of Group O
Authors: Ssebabi E.C.T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The H‐content of the red cells of 52 Ugandan Africans and 53 Europeans, all of group O, was measured using agglutination with an extract of Ulex europaeus. There was no appreciable difference between the scores in the two populations.
The HL‐A Type of Rg(a–) Individuals
Authors: James J. , Stiles P. , Boyce F. , Wright J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The investigation of two examples of anti‐Rga led to the observation that the phenotype HL‐A 1,8 occurs very frequently among Rg(a–) individuals.
Some Serological Specificities of Blood Group H‐Like Substance Present in the Higher Fungus, Collybia velutipes
Authors: Yamamoto Shigeru
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood group H‐like activity was found in Collybia velutipes. The H‐like substance extracted from fruit‐bodies of this species was markedly specific for eel anti‐H reagent.
Incidence of Lymphocytotoxic Antibody in Maternal Serum at Delivery, in Cord Serum and Placental Fluid
Authors: Murray Sheilagh , Dewar P. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of cytotoxic antibody at delivery in 91 immunised Rh(D)‐negative patients was significantly greater than in 348 non‐immunised Rh(D)‐negative patients. The incidence among 489 Rh(D)‐positive patients was the same as the overall incidence among the Rh(D)‐negative patients.

Cytotoxic antibody was found in 23% of cord sera and in 71% of placental fluids from 44 women known to have cytotoxic antibody. Fluid containing either anti‐Rh(D) or anti‐HL‐A extracted from the placenta can be a useful laboratory reagent.
The First Example of the Rh Antigen Ew in Western Europe
Authors: Henke J. , Kasulke D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A fifth white family — the first in Western Europe — carrying Ew is reported, the antigen being traced through three generations.