bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGUASAAN BAHASA PADA ANAK MENDEKATI MASA PESAT KOSA KATA
Authors: Sutisno Andi
Published: February 2020

Pada awal perkembangannya, kemampuan berbahasa manusia tidak serta merta langsung mampu berkomunikasi secara lengkap. Dengan kata lain, ada tahapan-tahapan tertentu dalam pemerolehan bahasa. Kajian mengenai pemerolehan bahasa masuk dalam wilayah kajian psikolinguistik. Psikolinguistik merupakan studi yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa dan perolehan bahasa oleh manusia. Dalam ilmu ini pemerolehan bahasa pada anak juga dibahas dan dipelajari. Minat terhadap bahasa anak mulai timbul pada dekade pertama abad ke-20. Setiap anak memiliki cara untuk membentuk pemahaman dan menghasilkan kata-kata ketika berbicara. Pertanyaan yang muncul kemudian, apakah perolehan bahasa pada anak semata-mata merupakan hasil imitasi terhadap lingkungannya atau karena kreativitas anak yang timbul secara spontan?Perkembangan kosakata pada anak terjadi pada usia sekitar 13 bulan, pada usia tersebut anak sudah menguasai sekitar 50 buah kata, tetapi baru sekitar usia 19 bulan, anak dapat secara produktif mengeluarkan kata-kata itu. Anak usia antara 2,5 sampai 4,5 tahun merupakan masa pesat-pesatnya kosakata itu berkembang. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut saya pun tertarik untuk menghitung ujaran anak pada usia 2,2 tahun, alasannya untuk mengetahui penguasaan bahasa pada anak ketika mendekati masa pesat kosakata. Pedoman yang digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah ujaran yang dikuasai mengacu pada ukuran yang ditetapkan oleh Roger Brown (Mar’at, 60: 2009), yang dikenal dengan istilah Main Length of Utterance (MLU). MLU ini diperoleh dengan cara jumlah morfem dibagi jumlah ujaran.
KAJIAN PSIKOLOGI SIGMUND FREUD DALAM NOVEL SETETES EMBUN CINTA NIYALA KARYA HABIBURRAHMAN EL SHIRAZY
Authors: Asteka Pipik
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan tentang konflik batin tokoh utama berdasarkan aspek psikologi sastra yang terdapat dalam novel Setetes Embun Cinta Niyala karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy. Data penelitian ini dianalisis dengan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Objek penelitian ini adalah kajian psikologi sastra oleh Sigmund Freudian dengan meninjau aspek-aspek id, ego, dan superego. Subjek penelitian ini adalah novel Setetes Embun Cinta Niyala karya Habiburrahman El Shirazy. Hasil penelitian berbicara tentang aspek id, ego, dan superego tokoh utama Niyala dalam novel terjadi konflik batin. Konflik batin mereka terjadi mencerminkan kejadian yang terjadi. Dalam sosok Niyala terjadi keseimbangan antara aspek id, ego, dan superego.pada novel tersebut dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa terjadi aspek id, Niyala lebih memilih dirinya mati daripada harus memenuhi isi surat itu, namun nuraninya sebagai seorang anak yang shaleh dan berbakti membuat kacau pikirannya, aspek ego, tokoh Niyala adalah seorang anak yang berbakti dan shalehah. Ia tidak sanggup menolak permintaan dari ayahnya itu mengenai perjodohan yang dihadapkan padanya. Ia berusaha mencari jalan keluar dari permasalahan yang sedang ia alami saat ini tanpa ada yang harus ia korbankan dan aspek superego, Faiq berperan sebagai superego yang menjadi penyeimbang dan penyelesai konflik batin yang dialami Niyala dari dorongan aspek id dan ego yang mempengaruhinya.

 

Kata Kunci: id, ego, superego, tokoh utama, konflik batin.
Kajkavski svjetogled Božice Jelušić
Authors: Varjačić Marijan
Published: February 2020

U pjesništvu Božice Jelušić estetske vrijednosti neodvojive su od *ethosa; njeno pjevanje upravo je jezik ethosa. Fran Galović, Ivan Golub i Božica Jelušič pjesnički su trolist bitno određen jezikom i zavičajem. Njihovo pjesništvo, međutim, nije zavičajno samo u isključivo sadržajnom nego i u smislu temeljnog iskustva svijeta. Lirika prirode Božice Jelušić bitno je ekološka, u izvornom značenju grčke riječi *oikos = kuća/dom; čovjek je u prirodi pri sebi samom.
Ethno-religious stereotypes and their functioning in Ukrainian society
Authors: Fylypovych Liudmyla O.
Published: February 2020

Religious life in all eras is accompanied not only by real facts, but also by their subjective perception. It is fixed not so much reality as the imagination of it. Among the common beliefs, a special place belongs to stereotypes, which, on the one hand, systematize and generalize ideas about the world, helping people to adequately perceive and interpret being, and on the other - preserving these ideas, which sometimes prevents people from entering new life. History has given rise to many religious stereotypes, by virtue of which the constitution and preservation of ethnic groups, nations, religious communities, and confessions took place. However, uncontrolled domination, and especially the use of these stereotypes in the theory and practice of social and individual existence, led to complications in the functioning of ethno-religious communities, to their struggle, even destruction, resulting in the disappearance of some and other ethnicities, nations, religions. and churches. The reality of the society in which we live is on
Internal Islamic Processes in Crimean Autonomy
Authors: Bulatov Aider
Published: February 2020

The process of registering Muslim communities of the spiritual government of Crimean Muslims in the first 15 years of independence of Ukraine was too dynamic. However, since 2005 this process has slowed noticeably. This is due to the fact that at present, a possible extreme threshold of this process has been reached. This is due to the fact that in Crimea the process of returning former religious buildings that were transferred according to the legislation of Ukraine to registered legal entities, i.e. Muslim communities. One of the reasons for the decrease in the number of registered Muslim communities is also the reduction in the number of mosques under construction in the settlements of Crimea, due to the cost of their construction.
Religious Conferences 2009
Authors: Of the Journal Editorial board
Published: February 2020

Religious Conferences 2009
Survey on Cyber Security and Defensive Measures
Authors: Kosare Hemlata. R. , Likhar Kiran V. , Manapure Pranali
Published: February 2020

The progression of advanced data is developing a regular routine making it gradually hard to oversee and structure it or even to isolate what is significant based on what is pointless. Looked with this test, new encouraging achievement advancements are being created to bring 'information examination's to the following developmental level. Man-made reasoning (AI), specifically, is required to wind up huge in numerous fields. A few types of AI empower AI like profound learning can be utilized to perform prescient scrutiny. Their possible for the defense domain is huge as AI solutions are expected to develop in serious fields such as cyber defense, decision-support systems, risk management, pattern recognition, cyber situation awareness, projection, malware detection and data relationship to name but a few. One of the potential uses of AI in digital protection might be to empower the setting up of self-designing systems. It would imply that AI agendas could recognize vulnerabilities (programming bugs) and perform reaction activities such as self-fixing. This opens better approaches to fortifying correspondences and data frameworks security by giving system strength, avoidance and insurance against digital dangers.
Wspomaganie decyzji o budowie elektrowni jądrowych metodami Electre
Authors: Michalski Marek
Published: February 2020

Podejmowanie decyzji inwestycyjnych w elektroenergetyce wymaga uwzględnienia wielu kryteriów. Z jednej strony dąży się do zminimalizowania kosztów wytwarzania energii elektrycznej wynikających z nakładów inwestycyjnych, paliwa i eksploatacji elektrowni. Z drugiej strony należy uwzględnić pełny cykl życia obiektu oraz wpływ eksploatacji na środowisko naturalne i inne efekty zewnętrzne, likwidację obiektu oraz zapewnić odpowiednią jakość i ciągłość dostaw energii elektrycznej. Kryteria te są często wzajemnie sprzeczne, co wskazuje na celowość zastosowania metod wielokryterialnych wspomagania decyzji. W artykule wykazano zasadność i przedstawiono kryteria oceny dla zastosowania metod ELECTRE przy podejmowaniu decyzji o budowie elektrowni jądrowych.
Zarządzanie sukcesją przedsiębiorstwa w związku z ryzykiem wystąpienia zdarzeń incydentalnych
Authors: Dziadkiewicz Michał , Brendzel-Skowera Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

Nasze badania skoncentrowane są wokół sukcesji przedsiębiorstwa, szczególnie w przypadku ziszczenia się ryzyka zdarzenia incydentalnego, przez które autorzy rozumieją zdarzenia losowe, uniemożliwiające pełnienie funkcji zarządczych (np. śmierć, choroba uniemożliwiająca składanie oświadczeń woli). Celem przeprowadzonych badań na grupie 180 przedsiębiorstw zarejestrowanych jako tzw. jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza w Polsce była ocena przygotowania sukcesji w przedsiębiorstwach na wypadek wystąpienia zdarzeń incydentalnych i związanych z nimi następstw prawnych i gospodarczych w prowadzonym przedsiębiorstwie, a także istniejącej luki rynkowej w sektorze usługowym obejmującej usługi ubezpieczeniowe i prawne wspomagające zarządzanie tym ryzykiem. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że małe przedsiębiorstwa, o zasięgu lokalnym i regionalnym, działające na rynku krócej niż pięć lat w największym stopniu starają się zapewnić ciągłość prowadzonej działalności na wypadek wystąpienia zdarzenia incydentalnego oraz wyrażają istotne zainteresowanie ubezpieczeniem takiego ryzyka. Proponowanym rozwiązaniem, które łagodziłoby skutki zdarzeń incydentalnych, jest instytucja pełnomocnika mortis causa, który prowadziłby działalność przedsiębiorstwa do czasu wyłonienia następcy.
Uwarunkowania kreacji turkusowych organizacji w Polsce
Authors: Borowiecki Ryszard , Olesiński Zbigniew
Published: February 2020

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie mechanizmów społecznych, ekonomicznych, politycznych, technologicznych, określających główne tendencje zmian struktur organizacyjnych i sposobów ich funkcjonowania. Główne pytanie badawcze dotyczy czynników mających wpływ na inicjowanie zmian wewnątrzorganizacyjnych w kierunku transformacji do struktur organizacji turkusowych. Metodą badawczą zastosowaną w artykule jest krytyczna analiza literatury, a także analiza przeprowadzonych już badań dotyczących skłonności do zmian, przejawianych przez respondentów z przedsiębiorstw województwa podkarpackiego. W efekcie przeprowadzonych rozważań autorzy przedstawiają kilka wybranych koncepcji zmian, wskazując na główne sposoby ich przejawiania się, co, ich zdaniem, wynika ze sposobów funkcjonowania gospodarki po epoce przemysłowej, w epoce dominacji usług, wzrostu roli i znaczenia informatyzacji (w tym Internet rzeczy) i procesów globalizacji. Transformacje struktur organizacyjnych w kierunku turkusowych, o mniejszym znaczeniu hierarchizacji, można zaobserwować w obrębie organizacji o różnej wielkości, choć to niewielkie organizacje i nowo powstałe są tymi, które charakteryzują się w największym stopniu mniejszą formalizacją relacji między pracownikami. Samozarządzanie może jednak, jak wskazują pozytywne wyniki badań empirycznych, zostać wprowadzone w już funkcjonujących strukturach, gdzie kierownictwo ocenia pozytywnie skłonność do szybkiego i łatwego dostosowywania się do zmiennych warunków funkcjonowania swoich organizacji.
The Relationship between Motivation Factors and Unsafe Action on Passenger Ship Crews in Tanjung Pinang
Authors: Jhonni Wahyudi  , Gerry Silaban  , Destanul Aulia
Published: February 2020

This research deals with the relationship between motivation factors and unsafe action on passenger ship crews in Tanjung Pinang. This type of research is an analytical survey using cross sectional design aimed at explaining a situation by analyzing the relationship between individual factors and work factors with unsafe action on the crew of passenger ships in Tanjung Pinang City. The study was conducted at the port of Sri Bintan Pura in Tanjung Pinang City. The population in this study is the crew of passenger ships with the position of Captain, Mualim, KKM (Head of Engine Room), and Oiler in the port of Sri Bintan Pura Tanjungpinang City with the destination of Tanjungpinang to Batam. Based on the results of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between motivation and unsafe action. In the multivariate test, it is known that motivation variable has an influence on unsafe action with p value = 0.019 and exp (B) value of 8.577, which means that the motivation variable in the low category will cause unsafe action to be high by 8.577 times compared to the high motivation category. It can be conclude that the majority of respondents classified as young, have a high level of education, a new tenure, have a high income, good knowledge of occupational health and safety, high motivation, and unsafe action. Based on the bivariate analysis obtained levels of education, years of service, knowledge, motivation, related to unsafe action.
Job Description of Family Planning Field Officers in the Decrease of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Population Control and Family Planning Department
Authors: Widia Astuti Tanjung  , Heru Santosa  , Kintoko Rochadi
Published: February 2020

Performance of Family Planning Field Officers can be seen by achieving the number of TFR, in accordance with the national target of 2.4. The total TFR of Sibolga city in 2016 was 2.6. Sibolga City is a city that consists of 4 districts and 17 villages. Sibolga City has 31 Family Planning Field Officers. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of Family Planning Field Officers to reduce the total fertility rate. This type of research is qualitative with a phenomology approach. The results shows that the performance of Family Planning Field Officers in Population Control and Family Planning Department of Sibolga City PPKB Office is still not optimal. This is marked by the performance evaluation carried out and monitored only through social media chat groups, but the implementation of direct monitoring is still not good, there are gaps in report data in the field found by the difference in the number of Family Planning participants in the field with the number of Family Planning participants in Population Control and Family Planning Department Office, delays in sending reports, the number of human resources has exceeded the provisions but the TFR target has not been achieved, PLKB skills in counseling are still lacking, Population Control and Family Planning Department work discipline is still often violating things such as being late for work and leaving the workplace without a clear reason. This study recommends that Population Control and Family Planning Department conduct routine monitoring of Population Control and Family Planning Department in the Family Planning Health Center, provide training to PLKB in terms of counseling, give rewards to the districts with the lowest TFR, conduct scheduled outreach to the community regarding family planning programs in terms of reduction TFR number.
The Effect of the Use of Respirators for Decreasing the Subjective Symptoms Disorders in the Center Nerve System in Digital Printing Printing Workers in Medan City
Authors: Tony Wibowo  , Gerry Silaban  , Taufik Ashar
Published: February 2020

Workers who are exposed to evaporated organic compound from printing in the long term will have the risk for subjective symptom of central nervous system disorder in which it is the main entrance to the body through inhalation process. Workers in the production unit will have the most dominant risk for it. The objective of the research was to analyze the influence of using respirator on subjective symptom of central nervous system disorder in worker who work at digital printing industry. The research used one group pretest-posttest design. The samples were workers, taken by using purposive sampling technique. Bivariate analysis used paired t-test at the significance level of 95% (α=0.05). The result of the research showed that p-value = 0.0001 (p<0.05) which indicated that there was significant difference in the scores of Q16 questionnaires between pre and post intervention. The result of Q16 questionnaire in Swedish version showed that 20 respondents (100%) had difficulty breathing and 20 respondents (100%) had headache at least once a week. In the post-intervention with using respirators in one month, there was no complaint anymore. Respirator is equipped with organic vapor cartridge which is able to absorb gas from contaminated air before it enters the workers’ respiratory system. Using respirator as a personal protective device influences the decrease in subjective symptom of central nervous system disorder in printing workers. Using filter, cartridge, or tube in respirator should be done accurately otherwise it will cause danger for the workers.
Determinants of access to credit by cocoa farmers in osun state, nigeria
Authors: Oke JTO , Kehinde AD , Akindele AJ
Published: February 2020

This study investigated the determinants of access to credit among cocoa farmers in Osun state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of cocoa farmers in the study area, examined the factors affecting access to credit by cocoa farmers in the study area; and identified the constraints faced by cocoa farmers in credit acquisition. The study was conducted in Osun state, south-western Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used for selecting respondents for this study. A total number of 180 farmers were selected for the study. Data were analyzed using Descriptive statistics and logit Regression. The results for the entire respondents showed average values of 46 years for age, 25 years for year of experience, 8 persons for household size, and about 88% of the respondents have formal education. Farm size (p<0.05), income (p<0.05) and years of schooling (p<0.05) show significant and positive effects on access to credit. On the other hand, gender (p<0.05), distance to credit source (p<0.1) and interest rate (p<0.01) are significant but have negative effects on access to credit by cocoa farmers in the study area. Majority (85.6%) of the cocoa farmers acknowledged lack of collateral security as a constraint in credit acquisition, while about 71.1 % acknowledged that high interest rate was a factor hindering credit acquisition. Other factors are acknowledged in the following order: Bureaucratic procedures 60.6%, lack of information about available credit sources 45%, mode of repayment 40%, no credit association 31.1% and non- membership of farmers’-based organization had 23.3%. Following the findings of the study, government, non-governmental agencies and financial institutions should provide cocoa farmers with adequate access to credit facilities and soft loans with low interest and without collateral security. In addition, cocoa farmers should be educated on the acquisition of credit.

Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 9(2): 57-61, December 2019
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON EMPLOYING SELF-DIRECTED FEEDBACK IN WRITING
Authors: Amelia Rizky
Published: February 2020

The gaps in feedback implementation bring this study to unravel students’ perception on employing self-directed feedback in writing. As the results of the previous studies on this concern are non-comparable, this study aims is to unravel students’ perception on employing self-directed feedback in writing. Employing a descriptive qualitative design, this study involved 23 English Department students of FKIP Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. The results show that students perceive self-directed feedback positively. It is seen from the correction that they make after the implementation of the self-directed feedback. However, students’ reflection on the use of self-directed feedback shows various perceptions. Therefore, teacher can wisely design which feedback given to whom. The students who are able to provide self-directed feedback can achieve maximum result of learning, and teacher can focus to assist the other students who need teacher feedback during the writing process. It is suggested to further researchers to investigate students’ emotional responses during the feedback in writing process or to investigate other factors that influence feedback.
PENGARUH SISTEM INFORMASI MANAJEMEN DAN CUSTOMER VALUE TERHADAP REPUTASI UNIVERSITAS SWASTA DI KOTA BATAM
Authors: Husda Nur Elfi
Published: February 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Sistem InformasiManajemen dan customer value terhadap reputasi Universitas swasta di KotaBatam. Populasi penelitian adalah mahasiswa Universitas swasta pada programstudi Manajemen yang mempunyai akreditasi B di kota Batam. Teknik analisadata yang digunakan dalam menjelaskan fenomena dalam penelitian ini adalahStructural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwasemakin baik Sistem Informasi Manajemen akan semakin meningkatkan penilaianmahasiswa terhadap Universitas, demikian juga penilaian mahasiswa terhadapreputasi universitas, namun baik atau buruknya Sistem Informasi Manajementidak memengaruhi tinggi rendahnya reputasi universitas. Semakin baik SistemInformasi Manajemen, akan semakin meningkatkan reputasi universitas jikapenilaian mahasiswa terhadap universitas juga baik.Kata Kunci: Sistem Informasi Manajemen, customer value, reputasi perguruantinggi swasta
Pengaruh Penerapan E-filling Dan Pemahaman Perpajakan Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Batam Selatan
Authors: Siregar Yentina
Published: February 2020

The implementation of e-filling is a step that the DGT expects to be able to improve individual taxpayer compliance. Many factors that can affect taxpayers are still not compliant in paying or reporting annual tax returns, which is perhaps one of them is understanding taxation. This research is quantitative with the sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The criteria set for taking samples in this study are individual taxpayers who have used e-filling and registered with the South Batam KPP and collected data using questionnaires distributed online and directly to respondents the number of questionnaires distributed was 110 respondents and those who returned and can be processed as many as 105 respondents. The results obtained from this study are (1) the application of e-filling has a significant effect on individual taxpayer compliance with a sig value of 0.038 (2) understanding of taxation has a significant effect on individual taxpayer compliance with a sig value of 0.002 (3) simultaneously the application of e-filling and understanding of taxation have a significant effect on individual taxpayer compliance with a value of sig 0,000. Keywords: Compliance of Individual Taxpayers, Implementation of E-filling, Understanding of Taxation.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PEER GROUP DENGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR PADA MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS RIAU KEPULAUAN BATAM
Authors: Marpaung Junierissa
Published: February 2020

Mahasiswa dituntut untuk dapat aktif dan kreatif belajar di kampus. Tak jarang mahasiswa mendapatkan kesulitan dan permasalahan dalam menjalani proses belajar mengajar di kampus yang menyebabkan mahasiswa kurang memiliki prestasi yang dimiliki optimal maka diperlukan motivasi belajar. Pengaruh teman sebaya (peer group) diperlukan untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar mahasiswa. Pengambilan data dilakukan di Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa di Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Program Studi Bimbingan Konseling Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam sebanyak 37 orang mahasiswa. Teknik yang digunakan adalah cluster sampling dan menggunakan angket peer group dan motivasi belajar yang menggunakan model skala Likert. Hasil pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana menunjukkan hasil rxy =  0,556 dan p = 0,000 (p<0,05). Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang antara peer group dengan motivasi belajar mahasiswa Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam. Artinya semakin tinggi peer group maka semakin tinggi motivasi belajar mahasiswa Bimbingan Konseling Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam, dan sebaliknya semakin rendah peer group maka semakin rendah motivasi belajar mahasiswa Bimbingan Konseling Universitas Riau Kepulauan Batam. Efektivitas regresi dalam penelitian ini sebesar 0,354, artinya motivasi belajar mahasiswa Unrika sebesar 35,4% ditentukan oleh faktor peer group, sedangkan 64,6% dijelaskan oleh faktor lain yang tidak diungkap dalam penelitian ini.
KONSEP DIRI ANAK YANG TINGGAL DI PANTI ASUHAN MUHAJIRIN PADANG
Authors: Usman Citra Imelda
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya anak panti asuhan yang memiliki konsep diri yang negatif, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana konsep diri anak yang tinggal di panti asAbstuhan Muhajirin Padang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kauntitatif, dengan populasi dan sampel  penelitian yang berjumlah 40 orang anak panti asuhan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Instrument dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalahangket, dan diolah dengan menggunakan teknik persentase. Hasil penelitian dan analisis data yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil bahwa konsep diri anak yang tinggal di panti asuhan dilihat dari aspek Self appraisal – viewing self as an object (kesan seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri) berada pada kategori baik, Reaction and response of other (konsep diri dipengaruhi oleh reaksi serta respon orang lain terhadap diri sendiri) berada pada kategori cukup baik, dan Roles You Play-Role Talking (adanya aspek peran yang dimainkan akan mempengaruhi konsep diri seseorang) berada pada kategori baik
Population estimate and rate of increase of southern right whales Eubalaena australis in southeastern Australia
Authors: Stamation K , Watson M , Moloney P , Charlton C , Bannister J
Published: February 2020

In Australian waters, southern right whalesEubalaena australisform 2 genetically distinct populations that have shown contrasting patterns of recovery since whaling ceased: a western population in South Australia and Western Australia and an eastern population in southeastern Australia (Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales). Here, we provide an abundance estimate derived from a breeding female superpopulation mark-recapture model for the southeastern southern right whale population. The population comprises 268 individuals (68 breeding females) and has increased at a rate of 4.7% per annum between 1996 and 2017. There has been no significant change in the annual abundance of mother-calf pairs sighted at the only calving ground (Logans Beach in Victoria) over the last 3 decades. The total number of southern right whales (i.e. all adults and calves) using the southeastern Australian coastline has increased by 7% since 1985. Unlike the population estimate (which was restricted to breeding females sighted prior to the post-breeding southward migration), this estimate is likely to include transiting whales from the southwestern population. The theoretical population model predicts 19 breeding females at Logans Beach in 2018 and 28 in 2028; the actual number of breeding females, as of 2018, is 14. This study provides the first complete estimate of population size and rate of increase of southern right whales along the southeastern Australian coastline. This knowledge is critical for assessing population status and recovery of southern right whales in Australia. It provides a basis for monitoring persistence and responses of the population to environmental stressors.
Planktonic primary production in the western Dutch Wadden Sea
Authors: Jacobs P , Kromkamp JC , van Leeuwen SM , Philippart CJM
Published: February 2020

Pelagic primary production measurements provide fundamental information about the trophic status of a marine ecosystem. Measured carbon fixation rates generally have a limited temporal and spatial resolution, but can be combined with Earth Observation data to extrapolate the measurements. Here,P-Ecurves were fitted for 3 yr of14C incubation data from the western Wadden Sea, using 4 different models; 2 with and 2 without photo-inhibition. The curve-fit model by Jassby & Platt (1976) best fit the data. Applying this model showed that the photosynthetic parameters, normalised for chlorophyllaconcentration, of maximum production (PBmax) and initial slope of theP-Ecurve (αB) were correlated. Seasonality in photosynthetic parameters of this model and the relationship with environmental variables were explored, with a focus on variables that can be inferred from satellite algorithms. There were no significant correlations between αBand any of the environmental variables measured. WhilePBmaxcorrelated with sea surface temperature (SST), the vertical light attenuation coefficient, silicate and nitrate + nitrite concentration, the multivariate model that best explained the variation in estimates ofPBmaxwas a model that included SST and year. In the period from 2012-2014, daily and annual production ranged between 3.4 and 3800 mg C d-1and between 131 and 239 g C m-2yr-1, respectively. Comparison of these results with historical data (1990-2003) indicates that the decline in planktonic primary production that has been happening since the 1990s has halted. Although not tested, we believe that our approach is generally applicable to coastal waters.
Proteomics Analysis of Colostrum Samples from Sows Housed under Different Conditions
Authors: Yin Guoan , Wang Lei , Zhao Xiaoyu , Yu Langchao , Huang Dapeng
Published: February 2020

This study investigated the proteomic characteristics of colostrum for sows housed under different conditions. Among 12 gilts, four were housed in a gestation-crate and farrowing-crate combined housing system (CC) as controls, four were housed in a gestation-pen and farrowing-pen combined housing system (PP), and four were housed in a gestation-pen and farrowing-crate combined housing system (PC). Differentially expressed proteins in the colostrum (PP versus CC, and PC versus CC) were screened by proteomics technology, and bioinformatics analysis was then performed. Results showed that 93 proteins were differentially expressed in PP versus CC, and that 126 proteins were differentially expressed in PC versus CC. The differentially expressed proteins in the PP versus CC comparison were mainly enriched in interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor-β, and nuclear factor-κ B signaling pathways, and in metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism, peroxisome, and carbon metabolism. In contrast, differentially expressed proteins in the PC versus CC comparison were enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway. In conclusion, the housing environment appeared to affect the colostrum composition of sows by acting on their immune system and metabolic processes, particularly fat metabolism.
Rumen-Protected Glucose Stimulates the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System and mTOR/AKT Pathway in the Endometrium of Early Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Wang Yan , Han Xuefeng , Tan Zhiliang , Kang Jinhe , Wang Zheng
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of a dietary rumen-protected glucose (RPG) addition on uterine involution through the analysis of an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and associated pathways in the post-natal endometrium. Twelve Holstein cows were assigned equally to two groups: a control group (CT) and an RPG group (200 g of RPG per cow per day). The plasma content of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was determined by using the ELISA method. Expressions of IGF members, the matrix metalloproteinase, protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex1 (mTOR) signaling pathway, and cell proliferation factors (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67) were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence, respectively. The results showed that the positive cells of PCNA and Ki67 were increased in the endometrium of RPG versus CT cows. The RPG addition significantly increased the plasma IGF1 level 14 d after delivery. The mRNA expressions of the IGF family members (IGF1, IGF2, type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP4 and IGFBP5)) were upregulated, and mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase MMP3 and MMP9 were downregulated in cows from the RPG group compared with the CT group. Meanwhile, the protein expressions of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IGFBP1 and IGFBP4 were upregulated in cows from the RPG group compared with the CT group. Immunohistochemical analysis identified a positive response for IGF1R and IGF2R in the endometrium of RPG versus CT cows. Furthermore, the RPG supplementation increased the protein expressions of phosphorylated (p)-AKT to total AKT and p-mTOR to total mTOR ratio in the endometrium. The current results indicated that the RPG supplementation promoted the proliferation of endometrial cells by stimulating the IGFs and mTOR/AKT pathway in the early post-natal endometrium of dairy cows.
Running Head: Heat Affects Cholesterol and Bile Acid Alterations in Cholesterol and Bile Acids Metabolism in Large White Pigs during Short-Term Heat Exposure
Authors: Fang Wei , Wen Xiaobin , Meng Qingshi , Liu Lei , Xie Jingjing , Zhang Hongfu , Everaert Nadia
Published: February 2020

Heat stress influences lipid metabolism independently of nutrient intake. It is not well understood how cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism are affected by heat stress. To investigate the alterations of cholesterol and bile acids when pigs are exposed to short term heat stress, 24 Large White pigs (63.2 ± 9.5 kg body weight, BW) were distributed into one of three environmental treatments: control conditions (CON, 23 °C with ad libitum intake; n = 8), heat stress conditions (HS, 33 °C with ad libitum intake; n = 8), or pair-fed conditions (PF, 23 °C with the same amount to the feed consumed by the HS; n = 8) for three days. Compared with CON pigs, HS pigs reduced the average daily feed intake and average daily gain by 55% and 124%, respectively, and significantly increased rectal temperatures by 0.9 °C and respiration rates more than three-fold. The serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) increased (p < 0.05), while hepatic TC, TG, and mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase were reduced on day 3. Furthermore, liver taurine-conjugated BAs (TCBAs), including taurolithocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid were elevated in HS pigs compared to CON and PF pigs (p < 0.05), and the level of chenodeoxycholic acid was more significant in the PF group than in the CON and HS groups. The concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid in the serum was higher in HS pigs than CON and PF pigs (p < 0.05), and TCDCA was increased in HS pigs compared with PF pigs (p < 0.05). Altogether, short-term HS reduced hepatic cholesterol levels by decreasing cholesterol synthesis, promoting cholesterol to TCBAs conversion, and cholesterol release to serum in growing pigs. This independently reduced feed intake might serve as a mechanism to protect cells from damage during the early period.
Response to Wolf et al.: Furthering Debate over the Suitability of Trap-Neuter-Return for Stray Cat Management
Authors: Calver Michael C. , Crawford Heather M. , Fleming Patricia A.
Published: February 2020

To continue dialogue over proposed Australian trials of Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR), we applied a framework requiring identification of areas of agreement, areas of disagreement, and identification of empirical data collection required to resolve disagreements. There is agreement that Australia has a problem with stray cats, causing problems of impacts on wildlife, nuisance, disease transmission (including public health issues and exchange of diseases between stray cat and pet cat populations), poor welfare outcomes for stray cats, and an emotional burden on staff euthanising healthy stray cats. There is disagreement on whether (i) current measures are failing, leading to unacceptably high euthanasia levels, (ii) some contributors to the debate misunderstand TNR, (iii) TNR trials will reduce urban cat populations and associated problems, (iv) TNR is an ethical solution to cat overpopulation, and (v) some contributors to the debate promulgated misinformation. Although not everyone agrees that TNR trials should proceed, as a hypothetical exploration, we propose an experimental approach explicitly comparing TNR to alternatives. Trials could only be considered if other detailed and well-funded attempts at stray cat control focusing across an entire Local Government Area (LGA) prove ineffective.
Distinct Effects of Stereotactically Injected Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Containing Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies into the Hippocampus of Rats on the Development of Spontaneous Epileptic Activity
Authors: Frerker Bernd , Rohde Marco , Müller Steffen , Bien Christian G. , Köhling Rüdiger , Kirschstein Timo
Published: February 2020

Background: The conversion of glutamic acid into γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Antibodies against this enzyme have been described in neurological disorders, but the pathophysiological role of these antibodies is still poorly understood. We hypothesized that anti-GAD autoantibodies could diminish the GABA content in the slice and facilitate epileptic activity. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from two patients containing anti-GAD (A and B) were injected into the rat hippocampus in vivo. Hippocampal slices were prepared for electrophysiological field potential recordings in order to record recurrent epileptic discharges (REDs) in the CA1 region induced by the removal of Mg2+ and/or by adding gabazine. As control groups, we injected an anti-GAD-negative human CSF or saline solution, and we used non-operated naive animals. Results: RED frequencies were significantly higher in the Mg2+-free solution than in the gabazine-containing solution. The average frequency of REDs in the last 10 min and the average duration of REDs in the last 5 min did not show significant differences between the anti-GAD-B-treated and the control slices, but in the Mg2+-free solution, anti-GAD-A had significantly higher epileptic activity than anti-GAD-B. Conclusions: These results indicate that anti-GAD has distinct effects on the development of spontaneous epileptic activity.
Could Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Join the Therapeutic Armamentarium in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Authors: Chalah Moussa A. , Ayache Samar S.
Published: February 2020

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder that can affect around 1–3% of individuals [...]
Streptococcus thermophilus ST285 Alters Pro-Inflammatory to Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion against Multiple Sclerosis Peptide in Mice
Authors: Dargahi Narges , Matsoukas John , Apostolopoulos Vasso
Published: February 2020

Probiotic bacteria have beneficial effects to the development and maintenance of a healthy microflora that subsequently has health benefits to humans. Some of the health benefits attributed to probiotics have been noted to be via their immune modulatory properties suppressing inflammatory conditions. Hence, probiotics have become prominent in recent years of investigation with regard to their health benefits. As such, in the current study, we determined the effects of Streptococcus thermophilus to agonist MBP83–99 peptide immunized mouse spleen cells. It was noted that Streptococcus thermophilus induced a significant increase in the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 cytokines, and decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IFN-γ. Regular consumption of Streptococcus thermophilus may therefore be beneficial in the management and treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Does the TT Variant of the rs966423 Polymorphism in DIRC3 Affect the Stage and Clinical Course of Papillary Thyroid Cancer?
Authors: Hińcza Kinga , Kowalik Artur , Pałyga Iwona , Walczyk Agnieszka , Gąsior-Perczak Danuta , Mikina Estera , Trybek Tomasz , Szymonek Monika , Gadawska-Juszczyk Klaudia , Zajkowska Klaudia , Suligowska Agnieszka , Kuchareczko Artur , Krawczyk Karol , Kopczyński Janusz , Chrapek Magdalena , Góźdź Stanisław , Kowalska Aldona
Published: February 2020

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common cancer of the endocrine system. Most new diagnoses are of low-grade papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), suggesting that PTC may be over-diagnosed. However, the incidence of advanced-stage PTC has increased in recent years. It is therefore very important to identify prognostic factors for advanced PTC. Somatic mutation of the BRAF gene at V600E, or the coexistence of the BRAF V600E mutation and mutations in the TERT promoter are associated with more aggressive disease. It would also be valuable to identify genetic risk factors affecting PTC prognosis. We therefore evaluated the impact of the rs966423 polymorphism in the DIRC3 gene, including its relationship with unfavorable histopathological and clinical features and mortality, in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The study included 1466 patients diagnosed with DTC from one center. There was no significant association between the DIRC3 genotype at rs966423 (CC, CT, or TT) and any histopathological or clinic factor examined, including initial response to therapy, response at follow-up, or overall mortality, in DTC patients.
Donor Heme Oxygenase-1 Promoter Gene Polymorphism Predicts Survival after Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation for High-Risk Patients
Authors: Horio Tomohiro , Morishita Eriko , Mizuno Shohei , Uchino Kaori , Hanamura Ichiro , Espinoza J. Luis , Morishima Yasuo , Kodera Yoshihisa , Onizuka Makoto , Kashiwase Koichi , Fukuda Takahiro , Doki Noriko , Miyamura Koichi , Mori Takehiko , Nakao Shinji , Takami Akiyoshi
Published: February 2020

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide, exerts anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects against endothelial cell injury. The HO-1 promoter gene has one important single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2071746 (-413A>T) that is functional, and the A allele has been reported to be associated with higher HO-1 expression levels than the T allele. We investigated the influence of the HO-1 rs2071746 SNP on the transplant outcomes in 593 patients with hematological malignancies undergoing unrelated, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched, T-cell-replete bone marrow transplantation (BMT) through the Japan Donor Marrow Program. In patients with high-risk diseases, the donor A/A or A/T genotype was associated with better 5 year overall survival (35% vs. 25%; p = 0.03) and 5 year disease-free survival (35% vs. 22%; p = 0.0072), compared to the donor T/T genotype. These effects were not observed in patients with low-risk diseases. The current findings therefore indicate that HO-1 rs2071746 genotyping could be useful for selecting donors and tailoring transplant strategies for patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies.
Calcium Delivery by Electroporation Induces In Vitro Cell Death through Mitochondrial Dysfunction without DNA Damages
Authors: Gibot Laure , Montigny Audrey , Baaziz Houda , Fourquaux Isabelle , Audebert Marc , Rols Marie-Pierre
Published: February 2020

Adolescent cancer survivors present increased risks of developing secondary malignancies due to cancer therapy. Electrochemotherapy is a promising anti-cancer approach that potentiates the cytotoxic effect of drugs by application of external electric field pulses. Clinicians proposed to associate electroporation and calcium. The current study aims to unravel the toxic mechanisms of calcium electroporation, in particular if calcium presents a genotoxic profile and if its cytotoxicity comes from the ion itself or from osmotic stress. Human dermal fibroblasts and colorectal HCT-116 cell line were treated by electrochemotherapy using bleomycin, cisplatin, calcium, or magnesium. Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and caspases activities were assessed in cells grown on monolayers and tumor growth was assayed in tumor spheroids. Results in monolayers show that unlike cisplatin and bleomycin, calcium electroporation induces cell death without genotoxicity induction. Its cytotoxicity correlates with a dramatic fall in mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion. Opposite of magnesium, over seven days of calcium electroporation led to spheroid tumor growth regression. As non-genotoxic, calcium has a better safety profile than conventional anticancer drugs. Calcium is already authorized by different health authorities worldwide. Therefore, calcium electroporation should be a cancer treatment of choice due to the reduced potential of secondary malignancies.
Emerging Roles of ALK in Immunity and Insights for Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Lan , Lui Vivian Wai Yan
Published: February 2020

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is mostly known for its oncogenic role in several human cancers. Recent evidences clearly indicate new roles of ALK and its genetic aberrations (e.g. gene rearrangements and mutations) in immune evasion, innate and cell-mediated immunity. New ALK-related immunotherapy approaches are demonstrating both preclinical and clinical promises. Here, we provide a timely review on the most updated laboratory and patient-related findings on ALK and immunity, which would grant us important insights for the development of novel ALK immunotherapies for ALK-altered cancers.
Bench to Bedside: Animal Models of Radiation Induced Musculoskeletal Toxicity
Authors: Farris Michael K. , Helis Corbin A. , Hughes Ryan T. , LeCompte Michael C. , Borg Alexander M. , Nieto Karina , Munley Michael T. , Willey Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2020

Ionizing radiation is a critical aspect of current cancer therapy. While classically mature bone was thought to be relatively radio-resistant, more recent data have shown this to not be the case. Radiation therapy (RT)-induced bone loss leading to fracture is a source of substantial morbidity. The mechanisms of RT likely involve multiple pathways, including changes in angiogenesis and bone vasculature, osteoblast damage/suppression, and increased osteoclast activity. The majority of bone loss appears to occur rapidly after exposure to ionizing RT, with significant changes in cortical thickness being detectable on computed tomography (CT) within three to four months. Additionally, there is a dose–response relationship. Cortical thinning is especially notable in areas of bone that receive >40 gray (Gy). Methods to mitigate toxicity due to RT-induced bone loss is an area of active investigation. There is an accruing clinical trial investigating the use of risderonate, a bisphosphonate, to prevent rib bone loss in patients undergoing lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Additionally, several other promising therapeutic/preventative approaches are being explored in preclinical studies, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), amifostine, and mechanical loading of irradiated bones.