bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerospace - The Challenge Ahead - A special centennial celebration issue ofThe Aeronautical Journal- An introduction
Authors: Stollery John
Published: July 2022

AlthoughThe Aeronautical Journalgoes back a long way its main purpose is to look forward by publishing the latest research, design and development ideas for a knowledgeable and critical audience. Launched in January 1897, well before the Wright brothers’ record-making flight, theJournalhas now reached Volume 107, number 1072. In this special issue to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers’ extraordinary achievement, it was decided to ask an international group of experts to look ahead to the next 100 years (or at least as far as they thought they could see). Hence in November 2001 the then RAeS President, Professor Ian Poll, wrote to a number of eminent people in the world of aerospace, inviting them to contribute. The response was enthusiastic and the fruits of their labours are on the following pages.
Automatic Landing in BEA's Trident Operations—A Review of Effort and Achievement
Authors: Wilkinson K. G.
Published: July 2022

Just over two years ago, on the occasion of the inaugural de Havilland lecture, Richard Clarkson gave one of the finest accounts of an aviation pioneer and his work that I have ever heard. When I was asked to give this second lecture, I felt more than a little conscious of the standard set by my predecessor and by the quality of the man thee lectures commemorate.
Air Breathing Engine Testing in the Propulsion Wind Tunnel Facility of the Arnold Engineering Development Center
Authors: Hensel R. W. , Pindzola M.
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this paper is to further illustrate the utility of a wind tunnel (see refs. 1 and 2) in providing performance date on aircraft engine installations. The discussion is limited to the test work accomplished in the Propulsion, Wind Tunnel Facility (PWT) at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) at Tullahoma, Tennessee, USA
The Public Administration Aspect
Authors: Johnson D. H. N.
Published: July 2022

I think that Sir Ronald Edwards and his small team of very busy people deserve to be congratulated upon producing in a remarkably short time a Report that is well documented, well written, generally realistic in its proposals and free of prejudice on such issues as public versus private enterprise. As against this, it may be objected that the Report is inclined to accept rather too readily the orthodoxies of modern “consensus” politics and economics. By that I mean such views as that a mixed economy necessarily achieves the best of both worlds; that nationalised industries should operate as commercial undertakings; and that where nationalised industries are required for some special reason not to operate commercially, they should be compensated in the form of direct subsidy chargeable to the appropriate government department.
The Venting of Multi-Cell Structures
Authors: Flower J. W.
Published: July 2022

The modern high performance aircraft has thin wings, usually of multispar construction leading to a structure composed of a number of cells arranged chordwise rather than spanwise. The high performance gives a rate of climb that needs almost to be measured in thousands of feet per second rather than thousands of feet per minute, and hence the aircraft experiences an external pressure that is changing extremely rapidly with time.
The MRCA Project
Authors: Heath B. O.
Published: July 2022

My object first of all is to illustrate the background pressures which generate a need for an aircraft such as the Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) and the various national gyrations which have pursued it through recent years. In describing past technical activities, I necessarily deal more with the UK contribution, rather than with Messerschmitt- Bolkow and Fiat, not with any parochial intention but because time is limited and I am naturally rather more familiar with that element from BAC work covering the Anglo-French aeroplane with Dassault and the UK studies which were intermediate between co-operation with the French and with our German and Italian colleagues.
On the Tailoring Conditions in a Combustion Driven Shock Tube
Authors: Simpkins P. G.
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this note is to report some recent observations of the tailoring conditions for combustion driven shock waves and to offer explanations for two distinctly different pressure histories recorded during the combustion process.

The technique of initiating strong waves utilising combustible driver gas mixtures, such as stoichiometric hydrogen and oxygen with a helium diluent, is now well established, see Gaydon and Hurle.
Ultra-processed food consumption and dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cascaes Andreia Morales , Silva Nathalia Ribeiro Jorge da , Fernandez Matheus dos Santos , Bomfim Rafael Aiello , Vaz Juliana dos Santos
Published: July 2022

This study summarised the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and dental caries in children and adolescents through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The search of PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases using the ‘PECOS’ strategy retrieved 1462 eligible articles. Only studies with humans aged ≤ 19 years; that assessed groups of any UPF or specific UPF items; that measured dental caries as the decayed, filled and missing surfaces or teeth indexes, based on the WHO criteria; cross-sectional, case–control, cohort and all types of interventions that examined the adjusted association between UPF consumption and dental caries were included. All studies received qualitative evaluation. Meta-analysis using random-effects models combined multivariable-adjusted OR for case–control and cross-sectional studies and risk ratio (RR) for longitudinal studies of the highest v. lowest category of UPF consumption. Forty-two studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and twenty-seven in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR was 1·71 (95 % CI 1·31, 2·24), and the pooled OR was 1·55 (95 % CI 1·37, 1·75). The highest OR was found among participants who had dental caries prevalence >70 % (OR = 3·67, 95 % CI 2·16, 6·23). Better evidence quality was found among cohort studies that evaluated children <6 years old. The findings suggest that higher UPF consumption is associated with greater dental caries in children and adolescents. Public health efforts to reduce UPF consumption are needed to improve the oral health of children and adolescents.
Is dietary quality associated with depression? An analysis of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health data
Authors: Lee Megan , Bradbury Joanne , Yoxall Jacqui , Sargeant Sally
Published: July 2022

Depression is a chronic and complex condition experienced by over 300 million people worldwide. While research on the impact of nutrition on chronic physical illness is well documented, there is growing interest in the role of dietary patterns for those experiencing symptoms of depression. This study aims to examine the association of diet quality (Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies version 2) and depressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiological Studies for Depression short form) of young Australian women over 6 years at two time points, 2003 (n 9081, Mean age = 27·6) and 2009 (n 8199, Mean age = 33·7) using secondary data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. A linear mixed-effects model found a small and significant inverse association of diet quality on depressive symptoms (β = −0·03, 95 % CI (−0·04, −0·02)) after adjusting for covarying factors such as BMI, social functioning, alcohol and smoking status. These findings suggest that the continuation of a healthy dietary pattern may be protective of depressive symptoms. Caution should be applied in interpreting these findings due to the small effect sizes. More longitudinal studies are needed to assess temporal relationships between dietary quality and depression.
Nationalism, Membership and the Politics of Minority Claims-Making
Authors: Banting Keith , Harell Allison , Kymlicka Will
Published: July 2022

Previous research has shown that the public tends to see some groups as less deserving of social rights. Our focus in this article is whether they are also seen as less entitled to engage in political claims-making. Recent theorists of inclusive nationalism argue that whether minorities are seen as having the right to codetermine the future may depend on whether the majority believes minorities are morally committed to the nation. Drawing on a unique survey experiment, we test this intuition by analyzing how majority perceptions of a minority's commitment to the larger society influence support for claims-making by immigrants and national minorities. We show that immigrants, French-speaking Quebeckers, and Indigenous peoples are judged more harshly about their right to make claims and that this is in part explained by the majority's views that these groups are not, in fact, committed members of the larger political community.
What continued after the mass extinction: insights from carbonate microfacies and biological evolution around the Permian–Triassic boundary in the middle Upper Yangtze Platform, SW China
Authors: Gong Lei , Gao Xianzhi , Stow Dorrik , Qu Futao , Zhang Guangya , Liu Puyu
Published: July 2022

At the end of the Palaeozoic Era, most species on Earth disappeared completely and the global sedimentary environment and biology changed dramatically. The Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) was studied in three sections of the middle Upper Yangtze Platform, SW China: Xingwen well and Zhijin and Shangsi sections. These sections are characterized by carbonate-platform, toe-of-slope and basin facies, respectively. Detailed analysis of 100 closely spaced thin-sections revealed a total of 24 microfacies and 11 microfacies associations based on the dominant carbonate grain size and the skeletal material (type and proportion). Six bioassemblages are documented for the first time, spanning c. 1 Ma across the boundary succession, including normal, resurrected and miniaturized Permian biota, and cyanobacteria-dominated, survival post-crisis and neonatal Triassic biota. The Xingwen well indicated sedimentary evolution from a rimmed carbonate platform to a homoclinal carbonate ramp, as well as a sharp fall in sea level just prior to the PTB in the study area. The Zhijin section revealed a slope setting, in which toe-of-slope and middle-ramp microfacies are identified. The Shangsi section showed a complete evolution of basin and outer-ramp microfacies and bioassemblages. Fossil evidence showed that the Permian biota (trilobites, gastropods and phylloid algae) occurred in the uppermost Changhsingian stage and was overlain by biomicrites with miniaturized ostracods (< 0.2 mm in size). This indicated that the major extinction horizon is located up to 14 cm below the PTB, which lies in the middle–lower segments of the miniaturized ostracod layer.
Tree height effects on vascular anatomy of upper-canopy twigs across a wide range of tropical rainforest species
Authors: Jamaluddinsyah Jamaluddinsyah , Kotowska Martyna M. , Sulistijorini Sulistijorini , Waite Pierre-André , Brambach Fabian , Schuldt Bernhard , Triadiati Triadiati
Published: July 2022

Vessel diameter variation along the hydraulic pathway determines how much water can be moved against the force of gravity from roots to leaves. While it is well-documented that tree size scales with vessel diameter variation at the stem base due to the effect of basipetal vessel widening, much less is known whether this likewise applies to terminal sun-exposed twigs. To analyze the effect of tree height on twig xylem anatomy, we compiled data for 279 tropical rainforest tree species belonging to 56 families in the lowlands of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Terminal upper-canopy twigs of fully grown individuals were collected and used for wood anatomical analysis.

We show that hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh) and potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) of upper canopy twigs increase with tree height across species although the relationship was weak. When averaged across given tree height classes irrespectively of species identity, however, a strong dependency of tree height on Dh and Kp was observed, but not on the lumen-to-sapwood area ratio (Al:Ax) or vessel density (VD).

According to the comparison between actual tree height and the maximum tree height reported for a given species in the stand, we show that the vascular xylem anatomy of their terminal twigs reflects their canopy position and thus ecological niche (understory versus overstory) at maturity. We conclude that the capacity to move large quantities of water during the diurnal peak in evaporative demand is a prerequisite for growing tall in a humid tropical environment.
Identification of cells deficient in signaling-induced alternative
splicing by use of somatic cell genetics
Authors: SHEIVES PAUL , LYNCH KRISTEN W.
Published: July 2022

In recent years, a growing number of mammalian genes have been shown to
undergo alternative splicing in response to extracellular stimuli. However,
the factors and pathways involved in such signal-induced alternative
splicing are almost entirely unknown. Here we describe a novel method for
identifying candidate trans-acting factors that
are involved in regulating mammalian alternative splicing, using the
activation-induced alternative splicing of the human
CD45 gene in T cells as a model system. We
generated a cell line that stably expresses a
CD45 minigene-based GFP reporter construct,
such that the levels of green-fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in the
cell reflect the splicing state of the endogenous
CD45 gene. Following mutagenesis of this cell
line, and multiple rounds of selection for cells that displayed aberrant
levels of GFP expression, we isolated several cell lines that are at least
partially defective in their ability to support regulated alternative
splicing of endogenous CD45 pre-mRNA in response
to cell stimulation. Thus we have successfully isolated mutants in a
mammalian alternative splicing pathway through use of a somatic cell-based
genetic screen. This study clearly demonstrates the feasibility of using
genetic screens to further our understanding of the regulation of mammalian
splicing, particularly as it occurs in response to environmental
cues.
UM 9(5)h and UM 9(5)p, human and porcine noncoding transcripts with
preferential expression in the cerebellum
Authors: MICHEL UWE , KALLMANN BORIS , RIECKMANN PETER , ISBRANDT DIRK
Published: July 2022

We compared the gene expression patterns of fetal and adult porcine
brains and identified a sequence tag that was more abundant in adult than in
fetal brain. The RNA corresponding to the sequence tag has the highest
expression level in adult cerebellum. Lower expression levels of the
transcript were found in adult cerebrum, pituitary, and uterus, as well as
in fetal brain, heart, intestine, kidney, and liver. The sequence tag was
used to screen a cDNA library from adult porcine brain. Two independent
clones of 2,273 nt and 1,701 nt were isolated. The shorter cDNA is a
5′-truncated form of the longer clone, and both clones have almost identical
sequences with multiple start and stop codons in all three reading frames.
Screening of two different human brain cDNA libraries with porcine cDNA
probes resulted in four overlapping cDNA fragments, which were assembled to
one contig of 2,336 nt in length. Like noncoding RNAs, the porcine and human
sequences have no common conserved open reading frame and share stretches of
high homology interrupted by stretches with almost no homology. The human
and porcine RNAs were named UM 9(5)h and UM 9(5)p, respectively. They are
part of larger transcripts, which are transcribed from single-copy genes,
they have very similar tissue distributions, and their sequences are
colinear with the respective genomic fragment.
Selection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against glutathione
S-transferase Mu
Authors: 'T HOEN PETER A.C. , OUT RUUD , COMMANDEUR JAN N.M. , VERMEULEN NICO P.E. , VAN BATENBURG F.H.D. (EKE) , MANOHARAN MUTHIAH , VAN BERKEL THEO J.C. , BIESSEN ERIK A.L. , BIJSTERBOSCH MARTIN K.
Published: July 2022

The aim of the present study was to identify functional antisense
oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) against the rat glutathione
S-transferase Mu (GSTM) isoforms, GSTM1 and
GSTM2. These antisense ODNs would enable the study of the physiological
consequences of GSTM deficiency. Because it has been suggested that the
effectiveness of antisense ODNs is dependent on the secondary mRNA
structures of their target sites, we made mRNA secondary structure
predictions with two software packages, Mfold and STAR. The two programs
produced only marginally similar structures, which can probably be
attributed to differences in the algorithms used. The effectiveness of a set
of 18 antisense ODNs was evaluated with a cell-free
transcription/translation assay, and their activity was correlated with the
predicted secondary RNA structures. Four phosphodiester ODNs specific for
GSTM1, two ODNs specific for GSTM2, and four ODNs targeted at both GSTM
isoforms were found to be potent, sequence-specific, and RNase H-dependent
inhibitors of protein expression. The IC50 value of the
most potent ODN was approximately 100 nM. Antisense ODNs targeted against
regions that were predicted by STAR to be predominantly single stranded were
more potent than antisense ODNs against double-stranded regions. Such a
correlation was not found for the Mfold prediction. Our data suggest that
simulation of the local folding of RNA facilitates the discovery of potent
antisense sequences. In conclusion, we selected several promising antisense
sequences, which, when synthesized as biologically stable oligonucleotides,
can be applied for study of the physiological impact of reduced GSTM
expression.
Factors related to positive attitudes toward palliative care: Direct and indirect effects of self-care self-efficacy, knowledge, and beliefs
Authors: Ramos-Vera Cristian , Krikorian Alicia , Vallejos Saldarriaga Jose
Published: July 2022

Context

Knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward palliative care (PC) constitute barriers to its access. Few studies have focused on the intrinsic relationship between these variables, and none has examined the relationship between them and self-care self-efficacy.

Objective

To examine the direct and indirect effects of self-care self-efficacy, knowledge, and beliefs on attitudes toward PC.

Methods

A cross-sectional predictive study was conducted. Self-care self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about PC were analyzed using information from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, cycle 2, 2018). Data from 1,162 participants were considered. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to represent the statistical mediation model with latent and observable variables.

Results

The structural model presents positive coefficients indicating that self-care self-efficacy significantly predicts knowledge (β = 0.127, p < 0.001) and beliefs (β = 0.078, p = 0.023). Similarly, knowledge is associated with attitudes (β = 0.179, p < 0.001) and beliefs (β = 0.213, p < 0.001). The beliefs measure is also significantly related to attitudes (β = 0.474, p < 0.001). In addition, this structural multiple mediation model shows optimal goodness-of-fit indices: χ2/df = 3.49, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.976, RMSEA = 0.046 [90% CI: 0.037–0.056], SRMR = 0.038.

Conclusion

Self-care self-efficacy is significantly associated with knowledge and beliefs about PC, which in turn are related to each other. Altogether, these variables predict positive attitudes toward PC. Understanding the relationship between these variables is relevant for targeting-specific populations and designing timely strategies to improve access to PC.
Die spezifische Behandlung von substanzbedingten Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im besonderen Setting
Authors: Moser Florian Peter
Published: July 2022

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Die Mindestmerkmale der Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit substanzbezogenen Störungen sind im Zusatzkode 9-694 des Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssels (OPS) abgebildet. Der OPS fungiert als Instrument des pauschalierenden Entgeltsystems Psychiatrie und Psychosomatik (PEPP) und auch zur externen Qualitätssicherung. In der vorgestellten Untersuchung werden die Einschätzungen von praktisch Tätigen bzgl. Praxisnähe und Umsetzbarkeit des OPS-Kodes sowie mögliches Weiterentwicklungspotenzial dargestellt. Methodik: In Anwendung eines qualitativen Forschungsdesigns wurden Aktualität und praktische Umsetzbarkeit geltender Mindestmerkmale evaluiert. Ein vom Autor erstellter Entwurf eines Behandlungskonzeptes nach den Mindestmerkmalen des OPS-Kodes 9-694 diente als Ausgangsmaterial der Untersuchung. Die Ergebnisse der Experteninterviews wurden verschriftlicht und anhand qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Mindestmerkmale werden als praxisnah bewertet, wobei Mehraufwand bei gleichbleibenden Ressourcen als Belastung erlebt wird. Es zeigt sich ein Anpassungs- und Definitionsbedarf bei störungs- und altersspezifischen Besonderheiten sowie in der Ausgestaltung des Behandlungssettings und therapeutischer Vorgehensweisen. Klares Setting, Transparenz und die Möglichkeit individuellen Vorgehens ermöglichen eine praxisnahe Umsetzung. Schlussfolgerung: Die Notwendigkeit spezialisierter Behandlungskonzepte, die Bedarfe und Vorgaben gleichermaßen abbilden, wird deutlich. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung stellen dementsprechend eine wichtige Bezugsgröße für zukünftige Konzepte dar. Die Umsetzung von Weiterentwicklungspotenzialen sowie professioneller Theorie-Praxis-Transfers verlangen weitere Evaluation unter Einbeziehung aller am Behandlungsprozess Beteiligten.
Methane Emission From Global Lakes: New Spatiotemporal Data and Observation‐Driven Modeling of Methane Dynamics Indicates Lower Emissions
Authors: Johnson Matthew S. , Matthews Elaine , Du Jinyang , Genovese Vanessa , Bastviken David
Published: July 2022

Lakes have been highlighted as one of the largest natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, global estimates of lake CH4 fluxes over the last 20 years exhibit widely different results ranging from 6 to 185 Tg CH4 yr−1, which is to a large extent driven by differences in lake areas and thaw season lengths used. This has generated uncertainty regarding both lake fluxes and the global CH4 budget. This study constrains global lake water CH4 emissions by using new information on lake area and distribution and CH4 fluxes distinguished by major emission pathways; ecoclimatic lake type; satellite‐derived ice‐free emission period length; and diel‐ and temperature‐related seasonal flux corrections. We produced gridded data sets at 0.25° latitude × 0.25° longitude spatial resolution, representing daily emission estimates over a full annual climatological cycle, appropriate for use in global CH4 budget estimates, climate and Earth System Models, bottom‐up biogeochemical models, and top‐down inverse model simulations. Global lake CH4 fluxes are 41.6 ± 18.3 Tg CH4 yr−1 with approximately 50% of the flux contributed by tropical/subtropical lakes. Strong temperature‐dependent flux seasonality and satellite‐derived freeze/thaw dynamics limit emissions at high latitudes. The primary emission pathway for global annual lake fluxes is ebullition (23.4 Tg) followed by diffusion (14.1 Tg), ice‐out and spring water‐column turnover (3.1 Tg), and fall water‐column turnover (1.0 Tg). These results represent a major contribution to reconciling differences between bottom‐up and top‐town estimates of inland aquatic system emissions in the global CH4 budget.
Lymph node homeostasis and adaptation to immune challenge resolved by fibroblast network mechanics
Authors: Horsnell Harry L. , Tetley Robert J. , De Belly Henry , Makris Spyridon , Millward Lindsey J. , Benjamin Agnesska C. , Heeringa Lucas A. , de Winde Charlotte M. , Paluch Ewa K. , Mao Yanlan , Acton Sophie E.
Published: July 2022

Emergent physical properties of tissues are not readily understood by reductionist studies of their constituent cells. Here, we show molecular signals controlling cellular, physical, and structural properties and collectively determine tissue mechanics of lymph nodes, an immunologically relevant adult tissue. Lymph nodes paradoxically maintain robust tissue architecture in homeostasis yet are continually poised for extensive expansion upon immune challenge. We find that in murine models of immune challenge, cytoskeletal mechanics of a cellular meshwork of fibroblasts determine tissue tension independently of extracellular matrix scaffolds. We determine that C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2)–podoplanin signaling regulates the cell surface mechanics of fibroblasts, providing a mechanically sensitive pathway to regulate lymph node remodeling. Perturbation of fibroblast mechanics through genetic deletion of podoplanin attenuates T cell activation. We find that increased tissue tension through the fibroblastic stromal meshwork is required to trigger the initiation of fibroblast proliferation and restore homeostatic cellular ratios and tissue structure through lymph node expansion.
Fast and ultrafast thermal contrast amplification of gold nanoparticle-based immunoassays
Authors: Liu Yilin , Zhan Li , Kangas Joseph , Wang Yiru , Bischof John
Published: July 2022

For highly sensitive point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, we explored the limit of thermal contrast amplification (TCA) reading of gold nanoparticles (GNPs/mm2) at test regions in immunoassays. More specifically, we built and compared fast (minute scale) and ultrafast (seconds scale) TCA setups using continuous-wave (CW) and ms pulsed lasers, respectively. TCA improved the limit of detection (LoD) for silica-core gold nanoshells (GNSs) preloaded in nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as model lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) by 10- to 20-fold over visual reading. While the ultrafast TCA led to higher thermal signals, this came with a twofold loss in LoD vs. fast TCA primarily due to noise within the infrared sensor and a necessity to limit power to avoid burning. To allow higher laser power, and therefore amplification fold, we also explored transparent glass coverslip substrate as a model microfluidic immunoassay (MIA). We found the ultrafast TCA reading of GNS-coated coverslips achieved a maximal signal amplification (57-fold) over visual reading of model LFAs. Therefore, ultrafast TCA-MIA is promising for ultrasensitive and ultrafast diagnostics. Further advantages of using TCA in MIA vs. LFA could include lower sample volume, multiplexed tests, higher throughput, and fast reading. In summary, TCA technology is able to enhance the sensitivity and speed of reading GNPs (GNPs/mm2) within both LFAs and MIAs.
Immunogenicity evaluation after BNT162b2 booster vaccination in healthcare workers
Authors: Zurac Sabina , Vladan Cristian , Dinca Octavian , Constantin Carolina , Neagu Monica
Published: July 2022

Waning of the immune response upon vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 infection is an important subject of evaluation in this pandemic, mostly in healthcare workers (HCW) that are constantly in contact with infected samples and patients. Therefore, our study aimed to establish the specific humoral response of specific IgG and IgA antibodies upon vaccination, during the second year of pandemic and evaluating the booster shot with the same vaccine type. A group of 103 HCW with documented exposure to the virus were monitored for specific IgG and IgA levels prior to vaccination, after the first vaccination round, during the following 8 months and after the booster shot with the same vaccine type. After 8 months post-vaccination the humoral response in both IgG and IgA decreased, 2.4 times for IgG, and 2.7 times for IgA. Although the antibodies levels significantly decreased, no documented infection was registered in the group. After the booster shot, the entire group, displayed IgG increased levels, immediately after booster followed by the increase in specific IgA. IgG levels post-second round of vaccination are statistically higher compared to the first round, while IgA is restored at the same levels. Within the vaccination or booster routine for a multiple waves’ pandemic that is generating new virus variants, populational immunity remains an important issue for future implementation of prevention/control measures.
Metabolomics analysis of milk thistle lipids to identify drought-tolerant genes
Authors: Ghanbari Moheb Seraj Rahele , Tohidfar Masoud , Azimzadeh Irani Maryam , Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani Keyvan , Moradian Toktam , Ahmadikhah Asadollah , Behnamian Mahdi
Published: July 2022

Milk thistle is an oil and medicinal crop known as an alternative oil crop with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids, which makes it a favorable edible oil for use in food production. To evaluate the importance of Milk thistle lipids in drought tolerance, an experiment was performed in field conditions under three different water deficit levels (Field capacity (FC), 70% FC and 40% FC). After harvesting seeds of the plant, their oily and methanolic extracts were isolated, and subsequently, types and amounts of lipids were measured using GC–MS. Genes and enzymes engaged in biosynthesizing of these lipids were identified and their expression in Arabidopsis was investigated under similar conditions. The results showed that content of almost all measured lipids of milk thistle decreased under severe drought stress, but genes (belonged to Arabidopsis), which were involved in their biosynthetic pathway showed different expression patterns. Genes biosynthesizing lipids, which had significant amounts were selected and their gene and metabolic network were established. Two networks were correlated, and for each pathway, their lipids and respective biosynthesizing genes were grouped together. Four up-regulated genes including PXG3, LOX2, CYP710A1, PAL and 4 down-regulated genes including FATA2, CYP86A1, LACS3, PLA2-ALPHA were selected. The expression of these eight genes in milk thistle was similar to Arabidopsis under drought stress. Thus, PXG3, PAL, LOX2 and CYP86A1 genes that increased expression were selected for protein analysis. Due to the lack of protein structure of these genes in the milk thistle, modeling homology was performed for them. The results of molecular docking showed that the four proteins CYP86A1, LOX2, PAL and PXG3 bind to ligands HEM, 11O, ACT and LIG, respectively. HEM ligand was involved in production of secondary metabolites and dehydration tolerance, and HEM binding site remained conserved in various plants. CA ligands were involved in synthesis of cuticles and waxes. Overall, this study confirmed the importance of lipids in drought stress tolerance in milk thistle.
Host neuronal PRSS3 interacts with enterovirus A71 3A protein and its role in viral replication
Authors: Rattanakomol Patthaya , Srimanote Potjanee , Tongtawe Pongsri , Khantisitthiporn Onruedee , Supasorn Oratai , Thanongsaksrikul Jeeraphong
Published: July 2022

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with neurological complications in young children. Currently, there is no specific treatment for EV-A71 infection due to the inadequate information on viral biology and neuropathogenesis. Among enteroviruses, nonstructural 3A protein mediates the formation of replication organelles which plays a major role in viral RNA synthesis and assembly. Although enteroviral 3A proteins have been intensively studied, the data on EV-A71 3A, especially in neuronal cells, are still limited. In this study, PRSS3 (mesotrypsinogen, also known as brain trypsinogen) was identified as EV-A71 3A-interacting counterpart from the transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by pull-down assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. It was confirmed that PRSS3 variant 3 derived from human SH-SY5Y cells had the physical interaction with EV-A71 3A. Importantly, the role of PRSS3 in EV-A71 replication was verified by overexpression and siRNA-mediated gene silencing approaches. The detailed mechanism of the PRSS3 involved in EV-A71 replication and neuropathogenesis warrants further experimental elucidation. In conclusion, this study has discovered a novel EV-A71 3A interacting protein that offers the opportunity to study the neuropathogenesis of the infection which paves the way for developing a specific and effective treatment for the disease.
A computing-in-memory macro based on three-dimensional resistive random-access memory
Authors: Huo Qiang , Yang Yiming , Wang Yiming , Lei Dengyun , Fu Xiangqu , Ren Qirui , Xu Xiaoxin , Luo Qing , Xing Guozhong , Chen Chengying , Si Xin , Wu Hao , Yuan Yiyang , Li Qiang , Li Xiaoran , Wang Xinghua , Chang Meng-Fan , Zhang Feng , Liu Ming
Published: July 2022

Non-volatile computing-in-memory macros that are based on two-dimensional arrays of memristors are of use in the development of artificial intelligence edge devices. Scaling such systems to three-dimensional arrays could provide higher parallelism, capacity and density for the necessary vector–matrix multiplication operations. However, scaling to three dimensions is challenging due to manufacturing and device variability issues. Here we report a two-kilobit non-volatile computing-in-memory macro that is based on a three-dimensional vertical resistive random-access memory fabricated using a 55 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process. Our macro can perform 3D vector–matrix multiplication operations with an energy efficiency of 8.32 tera-operations per second per watt when the input, weight and output data are 8, 9 and 22 bits, respectively, and the bit density is 58.2 bit µm–2. We show that the macro offers more accurate brain MRI edge detection and improved inference accuracy on the CIFAR-10 dataset than conventional methods.
Copper oxide nanoparticles alleviate cadmium toxicity in cereal crops
Authors: Fu Liangbo , Su Tingting , Wei Dongming , Wu Dezhi , Zhang Guoping , Shen Qiufang
Published: July 2022

Pre-treatment with low concentration of CuO NPs alleviated Cd toxicity in rice and barley, attributing to inhibition of Cd uptake and enhancement of antioxidative capacity, which might be an alternative approach for crops to fight against Cd pollution.
Emergent pseudocapacitive behavior of single-walled carbon nanotube hybrids: a materials perspective
Authors: Tiwari Pranjala , Janas Dawid
Published: July 2022

Supercapacitor technology encompasses a wide field of research that has already marked its foot in commercialization, just after some initial years of concept development.
Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric [1,3]-rearrangement reactions
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Chen Yushuang
Published: July 2022

This review covering the recent advances of asymmetric 1,3-rearrangement reactions is divided into four different fields, including transition metal catalysis, nucleophilic catalysis, Brønsted acid catalysis and Lewis acid catalysis.
Mechanism insight into the oxygen reduction reaction on dual FeN2 embedded graphene for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Qi Wenjie , Zhang Xianming , Niu Juntian , Zhang Zhigang , Huang Jiale , Ge Shuaishuai , Zhang Yi
Published: July 2022

The relationship of OH* adsorption energy, d-band center, the highest potential and Mulliken charge for these active sites.
The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE
Authors: Beuther H. , Wyrowski F. , Menten K. M. , Winters J. M. , Suri S. , Kim W.-J. , Bouscasse L. , Gieser C. , Sawczuck M. , Christensen I. B. , Skretas I. M.
Published: July 2022

Context. While star formation on large molecular cloud scales and on small core and disk scales has been investigated intensely over the past decades, the connection of the large-scale interstellar material with the densest small-scale cores has been a largely neglected field.

Aims. We wish to understand how the gas is fed from clouds down to cores. This covers dynamical accretion flows as well as the physical and chemical gas properties over a broad range of spatial scales.

Methods. Using the IRAM facilities NOEMA and the IRAM 30 m telescope, we mapped large areas (640 arcmin2) of the archetypical star formation complex Cygnus X at 3.6 mm wavelengths in line and continuum emission. The data were combined and imaged together to cover all accessible spatial scales.

Results. The scope and outline of The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments (CASCADE) as part of the Max Planck IRAM Observatory Program (MIOP) is presented. We then focus on the first observed subregion in Cygnus X, namely the DR20 star formation site, which comprises sources in a range of evolutionary stages from cold pristine gas clumps to more evolved ultracompact Hii regions. The data covering cloud to cores scales at a linear spatial resolution of <5000 au reveal several kinematic cloud components that may be part of several large-scale flows around the central cores. The temperature structure of the region is investigated by means of the HCN/HNC intensity ratio and compared to dust-derived temperatures. We find that the deuterated DCO+ emission is almost exclusively located toward regions at low temperatures below 20 K. Investigating the slopes of spatial power spectra of dense gas tracer intensity distributions (HCO+, H13CO+, and N2H+), we find comparatively flat slopes between −2.9 and −2.6, consistent with high Mach numbers and/or active star formation in DR20.

Conclusions. This MIOP large program on star formation in Cygnus X provides unique new data connecting cloud with core scales. The analysis of the DR20 data presented here highlights the potential of this program to investigate in detail the different physical and chemical aspects and their interrelations from the scale of the natal molecular cloud down to the scale of accretion onto the individual protostellar cores.
Acoustic skin effect with non-reciprocal Willis materials
Authors: Cheng Wen , Hu Gengkai
Published: July 2022

The Willis material model, coupling kinetic energy with a potential one, is shown to equip an extraordinary capacity in characterizing complex acoustic and elastic wave phenomena of metamaterials. This model has been further extended to active systems via breaking the symmetry between two coupling coefficients, leading to odd or non-reciprocal Willis material models [Quan et al., Nat. Commun. 12(1), 2615 (2021)]. In this work, through a 2D homogenous non-reciprocal acoustic Willis material (NRAWM), we demonstrate that the bulk local mode, referred to as skin effect in non-Hermitian systems, can survive on boundary of NRAWMs under proper conditions. The direction of the localization is closely related to the intrinsic direction embedded in the NRAWMs, and the localization is robust and topologically protected. To validate the prediction, a 2D discrete lattice made of non-local active acoustic scatterers is proposed and then homogenized as a NRAWM based on the retrieval method. The far-field radiation patterns of the local modes for both the 2D discrete lattice and the homogenized 2D NRAWM are evaluated, and they are in good agreement with each other. This work paves the way to design and explore the rich wave phenomena in non-Hermitian acoustic systems.
Transition due to isolated roughness in a swept wing boundary layer
Authors: Zoppini Giulia , Ragni Daniele , Kotsonis Marios
Published: July 2022

The present work is dedicated to the investigation of the effect of an isolated roughness element on a swept wing boundary layer. In particular, the flow modifications incurred by a single cylindrical element applied on a swept wing model are measured, toward describing the nature of the perturbations introduced in the flow field, their development in the near and far wake region, as well as their eventual breakdown. The measurements are performed using infrared thermography, to achieve a general overview of the element wake origin and spatial spreading. Local quantitative characterization of the stationary and unsteady disturbances evolving in the flow is instead acquired through hot wire anemometry. When present in an undisturbed laminar boundary layer, isolated roughness elements are found to introduce flow disturbances, which lead to the formation of a turbulent wedge. As it develops downstream, the wedge undergoes rapid spanwise expansion, affecting the adjacent laminar flow regions. The wedge origin and development is mostly associated with the instabilities introduced by the shedding process initiated in the roughness element wake, comparably to the dominant flow features characterizing the transition of two-dimensional boundary layers conditioned by an isolated roughness element. Nonetheless, the presence of the crossflow velocity component in the boundary layer baseflow notably affects the overall flow development, introducing an asymmetric evolution of the main flow features.
Transcription factor EB coordinates environmental cues to regulate T regulatory cells’ mitochondrial fitness and function
Authors: Xia Minghui , Zhang Cai , Chen Yufei , Zhao Xiujuan , Zhang Si , Liu Yang , Cai You , Wei Zhengping , Du Qiuyang , Yu Wenting , Zhou Chun , Xiao Hongjun , Wang Guihua , Cheng Xiang , Mei Heng , Laurence Arian , Wang Jing , Hu Yu , Li Huabin , Yang Xiang-Ping
Published: July 2022

T regulatory (Treg) cells are essential for self-tolerance whereas they are detrimental for dampening the host anti-tumor immunity. How Treg cells adapt to environmental signals to orchestrate their homeostasis and functions remains poorly understood. Here, we identified that transcription factor EB (TFEB) is induced by host nutrition deprivation or interleukin (IL)-2 in CD4+T cells. The loss of TFEB in Treg cells leads to reduced Treg accumulation and impaired Treg function in mouse models of cancer and autoimmune disease. TFEB intrinsically regulates genes involved in Treg cell differentiation and mitochondria function while it suppresses expression of proinflammatory cytokines independently of its established roles in autophagy. This coordinated action is required for mitochondria integrity and appropriate lipid metabolism in Treg cells. These findings identify TFEB as a critical regulator for orchestrating Treg generation and function, which may contribute to the adaptive responses of T cells to local environmental cues.
Feature dependency and the poverty of the stimulus in the
acquisition of L2 German plural allomorphy
Authors: Archibald John
Published: July 2022

In this study, I investigated the acquisition of L2 German
plural allomorphy via a written production task of classroom
learners in North America. Trommer (2015) has argued that the mutual exclusivity of
marking plural by either an [n] suffix or an umlauted (i.e.
[CORONAL]) stem vowel derives from a universal property of
phonological representations. The crossing of association lines,
which would result from doubly linking the [CORONAL] feature (which
marks the plural), is banned. The data show that the learners made
many errors, but that the number of forms which suggested a
violation of this universal property were statistically
insignificant. I argue that these data are consistent with models
showing that interlanguage phonologies are governed by universal
phonological principles.
A different type of RC attachment resolution
Authors: Sokolova Marina , Slabakova Roumyana
Published: July 2022

This study investigates attachment resolution of
ambiguous relative clauses (RC) by second (L2) and third (L3)
language speakers of English and Russian. Participants’ sensitivity
to the language of testing, social conventions, and a linguistic
effect of the matrix verb (perception, non-perception) is
investigated. Monolingual controls confirm the established
cross-linguistic variation: high attachment in Russian and low
attachment in English. Non-native speakers demonstrate a tendency to
perform in the target-like manner in their non-native languages.
Both native and non-native speakers favor high attachment after a
perception matrix verb. Neither monolinguals nor L2/L3 learners rely
on social conventions to interpret ambiguous RCs. In other words,
non-native sentence comprehension appears to be sensitive to
syntactic cues prompted by a perception verb in RC resolution.
Do intensifiers lose their expressive force over time?
Authors: Schmidt Jessica
Published: July 2022

This article presents a corpus study of German intensifiers, which was conducted with the goal to test the
hypothesis of Biedermann (1969) that intensifiers lose their expressivity over
time. Following the author, frequently used intensifiers wear out, which results in a loss of expressivity. The goal of the
study is to carry out evaluations in the form of synchronic and diachronic frequency distributions. The results show that the
use of intensifiers has increased. According to the data, most of them are in an ascending phase and thus, yield no support
for the hypothesized loss of expressivity. Further investigations are necessary to validate the above-mentioned hypothesis.
Nevertheless, this study provides the first empirical evidence of an increasing use of German intensifiers.
The interpretation of the German additive particle auch (‘too, also’) in quantificational contexts
Authors: Butschety Madeleine
Published: July 2022

This article discusses an unexpected interpretation that arises for the German additive particle
auch (‘too, also’) in quantificational contexts. It will be proposed that what auch
conveys in such contexts is a superset-to-subset relation between two of its arguments. This rather unusual meaning and its
alternation with the classical additive meaning will be argued to be tied to specific syntactic constructions in which the
particle occurs. The main purpose of this article is to present novel data and make a tentative suggestion on how the
correspondence between syntactic structure and semantic interpretation could be explained.
The German modal particle ja and selected English lexical correlates in the Europarl corpus
Authors: Gast Volker
Published: July 2022

This study deals with lexical correlates of the German modal particle ja in English, using
data from the Europarl corpus for illustration. The central question addressed is whether, or to what extent, English has
expressions that are functionally equivalent to ja. A graph-based model for the analysis and comparison of
linguistic expressions used for discourse management is proposed, and five typical lexical correlates of ja
found in English speeches are analysed in terms of this model: as you know, after all, of course, in fact and
indeed. The question of equivalence with ja is addressed in each case and a number of
descriptive generalizations are made concerning the conditions under which these expressions are found in English translations
of German sentences with ja. It is argued that there is a categorical difference in the use conditions of
ja and the English expressions under study: While ja is never used to (newly) establish
a speaker’s commitment to the truth of a proposition, or any type of consensus, as it requires propositions to be ratified or
uncontroversial at the time an utterance is made, all of the English expressions under study can be used in sentences
establishing some type of epistemic commitment or consensus. At a general level, the conclusion is that none of the English
expressions in question is functionally equivalent to ja, even though – under specific circumstances – they
may have similar communicative effects.