bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation of the Federal State Information System for Accounting and Control of Waste Management of Hazard classes I and II
Authors: Razov Pavel Sergeevich
Published: January 2023

The need to preserve the population, the health and well-being of people, to ensure a comfortable and safe environment for life determines the importance of a scientifically based transformation of the waste management system, including waste of hazard classes I and II. In the conditions of digital transformation, the Federal State Information System for Accounting and Control of Waste Management of hazard classes I and II has become a factor in streamlining state management of waste management. The system in question was created for the purpose of information support of waste management activities. At the same time, its creation began in 2019 and included a set of legal, organizational and informational measures. The author has determined that the implementation of this system ensures the implementation at a more advanced level of some economic and legal principles of waste management, including the principle of "polluter pays", the principle of economic incentives and the principle of proximity. At the same time, taking into account the identified problems at the present stage of development, directions for improving this system are seen, including: increasing its openness to ensure the possibility of civil control over the sphere of waste management, as well as the use of up-to-date digital technologies, including smart contract technologies that provide automatic transmission of information to the system. The author's ideas can be used to improve the legal regulation of this system and subsequent scientific research.
Discussion of the Routes of the Future Trans-Siberian Railway in Russian Scientific and Technical Societies in the 1870s - early 1890s.
Authors: Shilnikova Irina
Published: January 2023

The search for the optimal route of the Trans- Siberian Railway took more than a decade in the second half of the XIX century. The discussions on this issue involved not only government officials, but also representatives of business circles, members of Russian scientific and technical societies, and broad public circles. Russian Geographical and Imperial Russian Technical Societies' activity in the 1870s - early 1890s to develop proposals on the route of the transcontinental railway, as well as on the use of waterways in the context of solving the problems of the construction of the Trans–Siberian Railway is considered in the article. The main sources were verbatim reports, reports and other materials published following the meetings of participants of these Russian scientific societies, as well as invited speakers.   Discussions about possible directions of the future Trans-Siberian Railway line, which took place in the 1870s – early 1890s, contributed to the gradual formation of the main possible options for the route of the railway, taking into account, first of all, economic interests, financial opportunities, technical difficulties and construction deadlines. Some of the proposed solutions and recommendations were taken into account during the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway in subsequent years. In addition, thanks to the participation of scientists, engineers and other specialists in these discussions, it was possible to formulate priority tasks for further topographic, geological, hydrological, climatic and other studies of the territories of Siberia and the Far East, which were planned to be carried out with the direct participation of the state, both in the context of railway construction tasks, and in general to expand knowledge about these territories.
Laws of the Physical World in Illustrations by V. Yankilevsky
Authors: Vasilyeva Viktoriya Vasilyevna
Published: January 2023

The article is devoted to illustrations by V. Yankilevsky for the popular science publication "Knowledge is Power" during its special heyday in the 1960s. The research aims to discover the conceptual and artistic specifics of these works and at the same time to fit them into the broader context of the artist's work, while solving the task of determining their place within the author's world of images. The author paid special attention to the consideration of the main topics with which V. Yankilevsky worked, and the ways of their implementation. In particular, these are such author's conceptual codes as: energy tension, the antithesis of "living-dead", images of breakthrough and infinity. This problem has not yet been covered in the scientific literature, since the focus of attention in it is mainly focused on the painting and easel graphics of the master, while V. Yankilevsky's illustrations remain a marginal phenomenon for discourse. This article will serve as a beginning to fill the gap that has formed. The main result of the conducted research is the discovery of the consonance of the images of the artist's main creative work and the commissioned illustration in the popular science publication "Knowledge is Power", which was possible thanks to the topics raised there that go beyond everyday experience and are weakly amenable to the laws of established censorship. At the same time, significant differences were found: in particular, the absence in the illustrations of the most important problem for easel painting and graphics by V. Yankilevsky of the interaction of male and female archetypes.
Compartmentalization and persistence of dominant (regulatory) T cell clones indicates antigen skewing in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Mijnheer Gerdien , Servaas Nila Hendrika , Leong Jing Yao , Boltjes Arjan , Spierings Eric , Chen Phyllis , Lai Liyun , Petrelli Alessandra , Vastert Sebastiaan , de Boer Rob J , Albani Salvatore , Pandit Aridaman , van Wijk Femke
Published: January 2023

Autoimmune inflammation is characterized by tissue infiltration and expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Although this inflammation is often limited to specific target tissues, it remains yet to be explored whether distinct affected sites are infiltrated with the same, persistent T cell clones. Here, we performed CyTOF analysis and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to study immune cell composition and (hyper-)expansion of circulating and joint-derived Tregs and non-Tregs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We studied different joints affected at the same time, as well as over the course of relapsing-remitting disease. We found that the composition and functional characteristics of immune infiltrates are strikingly similar between joints within one patient, and observed a strong overlap between dominant T cell clones, especially Treg, of which some could also be detected in circulation and persisted over the course of relapsing-remitting disease. Moreover, these T cell clones were characterized by a high degree of sequence similarity, indicating the presence of TCR clusters responding to the same antigens. These data suggest that in localized autoimmune disease, there is autoantigen-driven expansion of both Teffector and Treg clones that are highly persistent and are (re)circulating. These dominant clones might represent interesting therapeutic targets.
CAGE19-2 Cruise Report: Hunting gas flares and launching seafloor observatory
Authors: Andreassen Karin , Patton Henry , Mattingsdal Rune , Moser Manuel , Cooke Frances A. , Jansson Per , Argentino Claudio
Published: January 2023

The cruise was part of the Centre of Excellence(SFF) Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate Climate (CAGE) at UiT – The Arctic University of Norway. It was partly supported by The Norwegian Petroleum Directory (NPD).
The cruise had the following scientific objectives:
Identification of gas seepage associated with assumed hydrocarbon reservoirs subcropping the sea floor due to erosion of overlying cap rocks.Identification of gas seepage related to leakage along faults breaching the seafloor.Acqusition of multibeam, subbottom profiler-, seismic data and samples of gas in water and sediments for cross disciplinary investigations by CAGEDeployment of seafloor observatory and oceanographic studies west of Prins Kars Forland
The cruise may be known as: CAGE19_2
Utvidet virkelighet i bøker for barn
Authors: Hoem Jon , Eide Gro
Published: January 2023

I denne artikkelen ser vi på bruk av utvidet virkelighet («Augmented Reality»/AR) i samspill med analoge bøker. Disse bøkene er produsert av barnehagelærerstudenter med målgruppe barn 2-5 år. Gjennom estetiske læringsprosesser skaper studenter og barn bøker i skjæringspunktet mellom digitale teknologier og fysiske materialer. Analyse og diskusjon tar for seg eksempler på studentenes analoge bøker der de benytter seg av AR, de skapende prosessene og studentenes erfaringer med analoge og digitale teknikker.
Den kulturelle skolesekken som dissens og kunstens betydning i lærerutdanningen
Authors: Skregelid Lisbet
Published: January 2023

Artikkelen gir et innblikk i deler av det nasjonale forskningsprosjektet pARTiciPED Empowering student teachers for cross-sectorial collaborations with The Cultural Schoolbag (TCS) in Norwegian Schools (2021-2023). Mer spesifikt vises det i artikkelen til resultater fra lærerskolestudenters deltakelse i Den kulturelle skolesekken workshopen Teiporama av den svenske kunstneren Sandra Norrbin. Forskning knyttet til Teiporama utgjør en del av en av arbeidspakken Lab for initiating dissensus and exploring the edges in between art and education ved Universitetet i Agder (UiA). Delundersøkelsens foreløpige resultater gir anledning til å diskutere betydningen av å konfrontere lærerskolestudenter med kunst og om Den kulturelle skolesekken kan representere en produktiv forstyrrelse til dominerende forståelser av hva undervisning og pedagogikk skal være, og på den måten skape et tredje rom mellom kunst og pedagogikk.
“Everything Is Gone”
Authors: Perkiss Abigail
Published: January 2023

This chapter tells the story of the individual choices that residents made in the days preceding landfall and the personal dilemmas they faced as they struggled to rebuild their lives. It recounts the story of Anthony Cavallo and his family, who spent the night at the highest point in Union Beach — their church, Faith Chapel — when Hurricane Sandy made landfall. For the Cavallos and their Bayshore neighbors, suddenly the triviality of daily life came under scrutiny. What will I eat for dinner, when everything in my fridge is rotten? How can I open this tin of tuna, if my electric can opener doesn't work? The chapter looks at those first hours and days after the storm in which Bayshore residents felt lost. There were so many decisions to make. No one could find their footing. The chapter emphasizes the role of local and national media outlets in galvanizing recovery efforts. It illuminates the ways in which Hurricane Sandy remade the role of social media in disaster preparedness and recovery, at a time when long-term power outages and cellular disruptions transformed Facebook into the most reliable mode of communication.
A Model of Disaster Preparedness
Authors: Perkiss Abigail
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the challenges of accommodation in disaster preparedness, and the particular challenges that post-storm flood-insurance regulations posed for those who simply could not walk up extra stairs to their front door. The chapter glances at the post-Sandy recovery that became a rabbit hole of insurance wrangling, FEMA claims, and grant applications. It emphasizes that disaster response in the aftermath of Sandy suffered from a federal emergency-management system that privileged homeland security over natural hazards. Those living along the Bayshore experienced the effects of those priorities firsthand. The chapter recounts how the months and years after Sandy were occupied by a never-ending cycle of unanswered phone calls, piles of paperwork, and paralysis. The chapter explains emergency management in the United States. It also elaborates on the first comprehensive Disaster Relief Act that creates a permanent fund of federal resources to aid in disaster recovery.
Negotiations
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights John Jay's reward of freedom to Benoit, a slave of 15 years of age from Martinico, through an asymmetrical process of negotiation that lay at the core of every relationship between enslaver and enslaved. However, before John Jay would put nature's law into effect, he intended to hold Benoit in slavery long enough so that his service equaled his purchase price. The chapter explores John Jay's decision to grant Benoit his liberty, which comported with his already stated desire to see slavery set on a course toward abolition. The chapter details how John Jay encountered the paradoxes of human bondage in uncomfortably direct ways in Europe, where he ironically sought to secure the nation's liberty. John Jay's negotiation of the terms of his country's freedom produced treaty arrangements that defended rather than dismantled the rights of slave owners.
Nation-Building
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter mentions British abolitionist Granville Sharp, who expressed dismay that the new US Constitution offered nothing better than postponement until 1808 of even the possibility of a slave trade ban. John Jay responded to Sharp stating that slavery survived declarations on the subject of human rights because passions took precedence over reason. The chapter describes New York as John Jay's encouraging example because its state legislature had liberalized private manumission laws, which caused white New Yorkers to no longer legally import or export slaves from the state. The chapter talks about how John Jay and his colleagues hoped that the courts would soon operate on the assumption that all men of whatever colour were free unless presented with countervailing evidence. John Jay publicly embraced vital antislavery principles in regional and international spaces while giving himself significant leeway in his conduct as a slaveholder and an apologist for the proslavery Constitution.
Mastering Paradox
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the renewal of the New York Manumission Society's commitment to advocating for a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery while, in cooperation with New York City's African American population. It discusses how John Jay challenged the interests of slaveholders as his moral critique of slavery translated into action. John Jay, as a governor, presided over a state that was shifting from a regime of permanent inheritable slavery to one of gradual but inexorable emancipation. The chapter recounts John Jay's governorship and subsequent retirement from public office, wherein he preferred not to take his antislavery cues from African Americans. During the last decade of the eighteenth century and the first decade of the nineteenth century, other members of the Jay family absorbed and even acted on ideas about freedom.
Joining Forces
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter cites the Boston-based radical abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which announced on June 29, 1833, that the son of John Jay avowed himself a decided abolitionist. The Liberator engaged in more than a bit of hyperbolic artifice in its introduction to a letter William Jay had originally written to another antislavery newspaper. It tells how the The Liberator placed “John Jay” and “abolitionist” in all capital letters, tendentiously drafting the deceased founding father and gradualist into the movement for the immediate abolition of slavery. The chapter describes events and relationships that would impel William Jay over the next two years to join forces with the so-called fanatics. The stately home of John Jay, where two formerly enslaved women still lived and worked, became an improbable but undeniable redoubt of radical abolitionism.
The Condition of Free People of Color
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter narrates the incident of a dead Black baby delivered to William Jay as a crude racist prank, which made clear that most white citizens viewed the spreading of abolitionist ideas as a dangerous transgression. It discusses the anonymous pamphlet authored by William Jay titled On the Condition of the Free People of Color in the United States, which articulated his starkest critique of racism in 1839. William Jay's analysis made clear that laws and customs of racial degradation practiced in northern states were as indefensible as national proslavery policies. The chapter highlights William Jay's growing sense of obligation to combat racism that vitally informed his attitudes and fueled his abolitionism for the next two decades. William Jay's movement toward a more actively egalitarian stance on race, among other things, was propelled by his own developing assessment of American society and the needs of the abolition movement.
Soul and Nation
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the turbulence of the 1840s that prompted William Jay to peer ever more deeply into the character of the national experiment. The annexation of Texas and war with Mexico called into question the entire national project to which the Jay name and identity were tied. The chapter discusses how William Jay openly considered disunion, as events forced him to engage with ideas associated with the Garrisonian wing of the movement from which he had separated. Renouncing religious affiliation and calling for the dissolution of the United States were considered similar gestures of moral purification and high principle. The chapter looks at how national instability induced William Jay and his New York attorney son John Jay II to venture more deeply into both church politics and political abolitionism.
Uncompromised
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter mentions William Jay's $50 check that he sent his son, John Jay II, for the aid of eight African Americans from Virginia who had just obtained their freedom, suggesting that John continued to draw strength from his father's approval, even as he forged his own abolitionist name. The chapter highlights the frontline role John Jay II played in battles that were provoked by fugitive slaves. John Jay II's pro bono courtroom appearances, along with his pugnacious personal style, established his distinct activist identity, for which he earned praise from some and the disgust of others. The chapter focuses on John Jay II and William Jay's pursuit of complementary approaches to the fundamental question of the rights of enslaved people who found themselves in the ostensibly free state of New York. The Jays' alliance with free African Americans and fugitives complicated their status within New York's white social elite while promoting rapprochement with abolitionist rivals.
Parting Shots
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter details how John Jay II cultivated a connection with Charles Sumner, cajoling the senator to air his antislavery views from the Senate floor. It talks about slavery's anarchic violence that literally rained brutally down on Senator Sumner's head as Carolina congressman Preston Brooks struck Sumner repeatedly with a cane while he sat defenseless at his desk on the Senate floor. John Jay II, along with many other participants in northern antislavery politics, saw the assault as a potential tipping point in the struggle against the Slave Power. The chapter explores how John Jay II and William Jay used the 1850s to make the Jay name both a monument to and a force for unwavering opposition to the interests of slaveholders. In their last years together, William Jay served the abolitionist cause as a social critic and John as an institution builder.
Standing on Holy Ground in the Middle Ages
Authors: Donkin Lucy
Published: January 2023

This book illuminates how the floor surface shaped the ways in which people in medieval western Europe and beyond experienced sacred spaces. The ground beneath our feet plays a crucial, yet often overlooked, role in our relationship with the environments we inhabit and the spaces with which we interact. By focusing on this surface as a point of encounter, the book positions it within a series of vertically stacked layers—the earth itself, permanent and temporary floor coverings, and the bodies of the living above ground and the dead beneath—providing new perspectives on how sacred space was defined and decorated, including the veneration of holy footprints, consecration ceremonies, and the demarcation of certain places for particular activities. The book also details ways in which interaction with this surface shaped people's identities, whether as individuals, office holders, or members of religious communities. Gestures such as trampling and prostration, the repeated employment of specific locations, and burial beneath particular people or actions used the surface to express likeness and difference. From pilgrimage sites in the Holy Land to cathedrals, abbeys, and local parish churches across the Latin West, the book frames the ground as a shared surface, both a feature of diverse, distant places and subject to a variety of uses over time—while also offering a model for understanding spatial relationships in other periods, regions, and contexts.
Standing on Ceremony
Authors: Donkin Lucy
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the use of elements in church pavements as liturgical markers, demonstrating the impact of repeated use of particular places. After surveying the better-known evidence for geometric markers, the chapter makes the case that images could act in a similar manner as that which could mark the place of participants and officiants in various rites. It also discusses how images had particular potential to engender different responses, encompassing positive and negative interpretations of standing on something within a single work. The chapter examines the employment of liturgical markers relating to the holy ground trodden by Christ and the saints. While each can be located on a spectrum of engagement with the ground, in which singular use reflected an exceptional identity and repeated use a shared one, one visionary experience of the church interior featuring holy individuals combined elements from both contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of environmental ethics and Buddhism. It explains how Buddhism could provide moral ecological guidance similar to Chinese Buddhist master Zhuhong's animal release rituals or fangsheng. There is a lack of literature on Buddhism and environmentalism due to limited shared presumptions and conclusions regarding the Buddhist worlds. Moreover, Buddhist compassion focuses almost solely on humans and animals, which results in a limited biocentric approach to the natural world. Thus, a comparative and synthetic approach allows a measure of appreciation for why Buddhist material realities do not always live up to the religion's reputation for engendering a sustainable environment. The chapter also elaborates on the concept of Buddhist relational animism.
Some Methods in Buddhist Environmental Ethics
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the concept of Buddhist environmental ethics. It delineates the method of relational animism wherein natural beings may participate in karmic processes as interconnected entities. Moreover, the inclusion of the god realms provides Buddhism with a special character that diverges from other forms of religion teaching that humans are qualitatively the best of all creations. The chapter also elaborates on Buddhist concepts of human and nonhuman environments while referencing The Story of Tongdaeng, which highlighted how cultures crucially influenced perception and understanding. The chapter looks into the struggles of Buddhism scholars due to the artificial separation between Buddhism and nature religion created by Edward Tylor, James George Frazer, and Melford Spiro.
Conclusion
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter explains the complexity of Buddhist vegetarianism. It tackles the multivalent Buddhist interactions with the nonhuman natural world influencing Buddhist relationships with natural beings, environmental limitations in the climate change era, dietary propensities, spiritual experiences, and speculations about the possible religious talents of nonhuman beings. Moreover, the world of Buddhism and nonhuman nature reveals that personhood elements within the Buddha's biography later helped incite personhood nature religious impulses in the tradition as a whole. The chapter also covers Buddhist compassion, which addresses the difficulties around compassionate nonharm and ecosystems with constant predation. Moreover, Western Buddhism allowed further understanding of the correlation between nature mysticism, nature, and Buddhism.
The Economic Fortunes of Small Industrial Cities and Towns
Authors: Mallach Alan
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers how many smaller, geographically isolated cities are increasingly dependent on public spending. Using several small Midwestern cities as examples, it illustrates the extent of the urban transfer payment economy in those cities that rely heavily on money derived from federal programs. It also mentions eds and meds that count on universities and hospitals as anchor institutions, which in turn rely on transfer payments via Pell Grants and federally guaranteed student loans for higher education and Medicare and Medicaid payments for health care. The chapter cites refugee attraction, human capital development, and quality of life improvements that attract educated residents. It highlights the structural weaknesses that impede small city revival in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how sexual encounters shaped the Vietnam War by absorbing international attention and defining military and diplomatic relations. Indeed, both consensual and nonconsensual relations, on and behind the front lines, created considerable obstacles for military operations and political strategy. Ultimately, the impact of service member–civilian relationships can be seen by looking at three main areas: power relations between the United States and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), South Vietnamese society, and US military policies. The South Vietnamese bans on prostitution and resistance to interracial marriage created a new set of challenges for policy makers and their judgment in writing and enforcing social regulations. By ignoring or undermining RVN social policies, the United States contributed to the overall weakening of the relationship between the two nations and in many ways dictated the behind-the-lines conduct of service members abroad. The chapter then considers how Vietnamese women are represented and perceived in popular culture and memory.
Vietnam in the American Mind from the Colonial Era through the 1950s
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines life in Vietnam before American military escalation in 1965. Framed within the context of South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem's social reforms, the chapter begins by establishing how colonial representations of Vietnamese women and sexuality became ingrained into the expectations of American soldiers decades later. Diem's partnership with Michigan State University's Vietnam Advisory Group and his instituting of morality laws marked a direct response to French colonial rule. Enforcing morality ranked high among Diem's priorities. With additional pressure from his sister-in-law Madame Nhu, the implementation of family and morality laws in South Vietnam prohibited most forms of public social interactions, from dancing to prostitution. Although the laws were slowly dissolved or ignored over time, they shaped social relations in the early years of American intervention in Vietnam and framed the dialog surrounding sexual encounters throughout the war.
Introduction
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the suffering people had to endure during the drawn-out times of upheaval such as the sovereign debt crisis or the refugee crisis in Greece. It starts with letters of resilience that portrayed little ordinary violence, injuries, and losses between victims of austerity. Notions of individuation driven and compounded by heightened competition and diminishing austerity-driven feelings are well-documented aspects of neoliberal subjectivation across Athens. The chapter discusses the schematic of coming to resilience that entailed a nonlinear movement through steps such as chaos and ruination, and aggregations and sedimentations. It explores the transformative intensities people experienced as they attempt to return to society.
Everyday, Illegible
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter follows the narrative of anarchist organizer Niko, who struggled to reconcile the notions of resistance and activism correlating to the politics in Athens between 2008 and 2015. It notes how centralization is the master political strategy of every Greek government since the junta. Poorly functioning large centers of administration created the illusion of power by forcing citizens to strategize whenever they want something done, which often involved connections and bribes instead of their rights. The chapter recognizes the aftermath of self-isolation following events of anarchy since radical actions did not appear to be fundamental any longer after the political terrain shifted. It explains how political memory and political events influenced other aspects of life as Athenians were interpellated into crisis normality as economized and racialized subjects of competitive economic struggle.
Becoming Lost
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the influence of economic pressure on young Romani boys spending their time with anarchist squats. It mentions the sense of camaraderie with balamé or also known as the non-Romani youth. People tend to correlate squats with the local drug trade and assumed the associated Romani boys were becoming agents of social decay. The chapter looks into how Roma were working to create employment opportunities, while balamé depleted their savings by living off family support and waiting for the economy to improve. Thus, market reforms and a contracting economy faded the established borders in labor activities. The chapter also explores the story of George, who struggled with self-identity and broader transformations in the ethics and politics of his community inclusion, especially with the threat of displacement of hunger hanging over his head.
Performing Trauma and Lament
Authors: Saltzman-Li Katherine
Published: January 2023

This chapter compares the ways in which male and female samurai characters express and perform their reactions and resolve in the face of dire situations. It particularly looks at two of the performance sections, monogatari and kudoki, as they were adapted for kabuki. The monogatari draws on memory to pull past, present, and future together, placing characters in a pan-temporal anguish, while kudoki more clearly situates the character in a misery that is focused fully in the present. As found in puppet-derived jidaimono (period plays) of the mid-eighteenth century, monogatari and kudoki dramatize the extreme consequences of samurai action and duty resulting from the unbending codes that characterize the conditions for kabuki samurai-class heroes. The chapter analyses the role of memory in these important eighteenth-century scenes and the gendered reactions to terrible choices and circumstances arising from past events, and addresses further developments in the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a background on a case study that reviews evidence of political and social trends at the state and national level. It talks about the long advocacy of Black parents to improve their children's educational opportunities, most often through desegregation. It also argues that the effects of intentional segregation can be addressed only through intentional desegregation and any such appeal immediately must reckon with the fact that many Black community leaders in Rochester and elsewhere are opposed to such a strategy. The chapter covers the persistence of white opposition to racial integration throughout the history of education in Rochester. This opposition has been based largely on several enduring fears, such as the fear of violence.
The African School
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the earliest local educational opportunities for Black children and the first long fight to desegregate the public school system in Rochester. In the nineteenth century and the centuries that followed, segregation in Rochester schools took a number of different forms, such as Black children having no access to public schools or explicit segregation being written into local law. The chapter recounts that the story of Black education in Rochester begins with Austin Steward, the city's first prominent Black resident. It highlights Steward's arrival in the city, which in turn illustrates the circumstances of Black life in Rochester in the early nineteenth century. The establishment and initial development of schools for Black children in Rochester coincided with two other important trends: the first was the growth of Rochester both commercially and as a hotbed of evangelism, and second was the advent in the United States of common schools.
Nowhere Else to Go
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains the Great Migration in Rochester and subsequent patterns of housing discrimination, providing an understanding of the action of the Civil Rights era. Some of the most flagrant housing policies in the early to middle twentieth century included massive federal subsidies for which Black families were ineligible. The chapter talks about how Black families were targeted for disinvestment by banks and real estate agent, and for exclusionary restrictive covenants upheld by neighborhood associations and individual white homeowners. It looks at policies that inevitably led to racially segregated schools at a time when most children in the United States attended school within walking distance of home. The chapter mentions Jessie James's and her path to New York, which reflected a momentous cultural and demographic shift and far-reaching impact on the arrangement of work, housing, and educational opportunities in the area.
Forged in the Shadow of Mars
Authors: Sposato Peter W.
Published: January 2023

This book traces chivalry's powerful influence on the mentalitè and behavior of a sizeable segment of the elite in late medieval Florence. The book finds that the strenuous knights and men-at-arms of the Florentine chivalric elite—a cultural community comprised of men from both traditional and newly emerged elite lineages—embraced a chivalric ideology that was fundamentally martial and violent. Chivalry helped to shape a common identity among these men based on the profession of arms and the ready use of violence against both their peers and those they perceived to be their social inferiors. This violence, often transgressive in nature, was not only crucial to asserting and defending personal, familial, and corporate honor, but was also inherently praiseworthy. In this way, the book highlights the sharp differences between chivalry and the more familiar civic ideology of the popolo grasso, the Florentine mercantile and banking elite who came to dominate Florence politically and economically during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As a result, the book challenges the traditional scholarly view of chivalry as foreign to the social and cultural landscape of Florence and contests its reputation as a civilizing force. By re-examining the connection between chivalric literature and actual practice and identity formation among historical knights and men-at-arms, the book likewise provides an important corrective to assumptions about the nature of elite violence and identity in medieval Italian cities.
Introduction
Authors: Sposato Peter W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter sheds light on the central role played by chivalric ideology in strongly encouraging and valorizing violence among a sizable segment of the Florentine elite, and its connection to the violence that loomed so large in that culture. It highlights that chivalry, an ideology infused with violence, was the dominant ethos of the lay elite in late medieval Europe. The chapter also elaborates on chivalric ideology as it manifested in Florence during this period as well as the concept of ideology. The chapter then shifts to explain the two central arguments in the book: that chivalry exercised a powerful influence on a sizable segment of the Florentine elite during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and that chivalric ideology shaped the identities these men claimed and the ideas, values, and beliefs that informed their worldview or mentalitè. By examining Florentine elite culture through a chivalric lens, the chapter helps us to make better sense of the penchant for violence, brash lawlessness, and deeply entrenched resistance to the growing public authority of the communal government demonstrated by many individuals and lineages.
Brunetto Latini’s Il Tesoretto
Authors: Sposato Peter W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses Brunetto Latini's Tesoretto (Little Treasure), which contains powerful reform messages aimed directly at the Florentine chivalric elite. Latini was a prominent figure in Florence who wrote a number of treatises about politics, ethics, and civic life. The chapter details that Latini's goal in this treatise was to “reform” the knights and men-at-arms of the Florentine chivalric elite in order to make them less destructive and more productive members of society. It emphasizes that this did not entail eliminating the core elements of chivalric identity as part of a larger “civilizing process,” but rather seizing upon the tension inherent within chivalric ideology itself, especially between the valorization and promotion of violence and calls for moderation of that violence. The chapter investigates how these tensions allowed room for the development of internal discussions about chivalric behavior and the promotion of chivalric reform virtues that would have been more palatable to members of the cultural community.
Propaganda by the Deed and Anarchist Communism
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter delves into the misadventures of Errico Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero, Sergei Kravchinskii, and their comrades after they concocted a simple plan to catalyze revolution through guerrilla warfare. The chapter examines how the politics behind their attempted insurrection emerged at the intersection of two important developments: the economic philosophy of anarchist communism and the strategy of propaganda by the deed. Both emerged in the wake of the 1876 death of the Russian ex-aristocrat Mikhail Bakunin, the most influential figure in the development of anarchism. The chapter then jumps to discuss how Bakunin infused Marx's critique of capitalism with Proudhon's anti-statism to develop an anarchism that was anti-hierarchical, decentralized, completely opposed to private property and market-based exchange, and focused on fomenting a popular class war that would abolish capital and the state. To distinguish his ideas from Marx's “authoritarianism,” Bakunin called his economic theory “collectivism.” The chapter discusses how the term “anarchist communism” was formally adopted in 1880, marking the point when this new doctrine had surpassed collectivism throughout most of Europe, except in Spain, where it would not win out until the turn of the century. The chapter concludes by considering the growing distance between anarchism and labor and the ability of unionism to bring the revolution.
Introducing the “Lottery of Death”
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter reveals the sequence of events that led up to anarchist Santiago Salvador's bloody atentado—his introduction to the tumultuous underworld of Catalan anarchism in the years after the Bourbon Restoration. It recounts how Catholic upbringing and anarchism appealed greatly to the young servant and how he met “one of the best orators” of the anarchist movement, Paulino Pallás, the eventual bomber of the Gran Vía. Salvador closely followed the final days of his compañero Paulino Pallás. The chapter also examines the aftermath of the Gran Vía bombing, and how the Liceo bombing prompted political clashes over the limits of free speech and political association in Spain. In that vein, the conservative La Dinastía blamed the development of the anarchist threat on “utopian democratic principles.” The chapter assesses the conservative solution to this dangerous excess of liberties: to enact powerful anti-anarchist legislation or, if that failed, to organize any form of social defense that would treat the anarchists like the inhuman monsters they were thought to be.
“There Are No Innocent Bourgeois”
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the coordinated campaign of hundreds of searches for explosive materials or writings “establishing affiliation to a criminal (anarchist) association.” The chapter uncovers how it led to more than two hundred arrests over two months in the most intense wave of state repression the country had witnessed since the fall of the Paris Commune more than twenty years earlier. Certainly, some socialist politicians spoke out against the mass arrests, and the Parisian intelligentsia organized a strongly worded petition, but little resistance developed. This chapter then focuses on Émile Henry, who started to flesh out a plan of attack in conversations with his anarchist comrade Louis Matha, who had spent time with him in exile in London. Henry decided to target a space of bourgeois leisure like the opera or an upscale restaurant. The chapter examines how Henry's attentat compounded the panic and alarm that had developed over the previous years. Given the regularity of anarchist bombings, conservatives started to fear that men like Henry were indicative of a new generation of rebellion produced by France's modern secular educational system.
The Return of Torquemada
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter reveals how the term “Black Legend” emerged out of an era of increasingly globalized media that fostered the development of an international consciousness of what were perceived as national and “civilizational” hierarchies. It argues that Spanish elites learned about the international ramifications of unbridled repression the hard way: by having scrappy, incipient activist networks splash accounts of Spanish torture, mass arrests, and executions across the press of Europe and the Americas. The chapter also unveils how activists could strategically leverage the historical image of “inquisitorial Spain”—the “land of Torquemada”—to paint the Spanish state as particularly insidious. It then looks at the rhetorical power of lambasting Spain's “inquisitorial” nature, noting that it is rested on the prevalence of the ethics of modernity moving into the twentieth century. These movements against the atrocities of the Spanish government (at home and abroad) and subsequent campaigns during the first decade of the twentieth century set the immediate historical context for the infamous term “Black Legend.” The chapter highlights that the foundational role of a universal notion of the “rights of humanity” in the Montjuich campaign's argument against torture and executions makes it one of the most significant international human rights campaigns of the turn of the twentieth century.
Germinal
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter chronicles the multinational crowd of supporters who gathered in London's Trafalgar Square to attend a protest against the Spanish monarchy's “outrages on humanity and civilisation” and to demand respect for “the rights of humanity,” weeks after the execution of the Montjuich prisoners. It introduces Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo, and follows how he shifted from his early republicanism to anarchism in 1894. The chapter narrates how Angiolillo joined the workshop of the anarchist sociological journal La Ciencia Social, where he worked alongside Tomás Ascheri and fellow Montjuich prisoner Cayetano Oller. It also looks at Angiolillo's alleged plan of attack against Kaiser Wilhelm II and Italian king Umberto I on Wilhelm's visit to Italy. The chapter then reviews the deep effect the international campaign against the “revival of the Inquisition” had made on Spanish elites. It investigates how the opposition to the deportation of anarchists to Africa forced Spanish authorities to creatively rethink their options.
“All of Spain Is Montjuich”
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the military defeat and forfeiture of the last vestiges of the once “glorious” Spanish Empire in the Americas. The chapter examines how it heightened the urgency of remedying the political and social ills responsible for Spain's plummeting position in the global order. This widespread yearning for societal rebirth would produce the literary “Generation of '98” over the coming years, and it found an ideal outlet in the renewed agitation for the revision of el proceso de Montjuich that blossomed anew moving into the spring of 1899. The chapter recalls the allegations of torture in Barcelona, which vividly demonstrated the rotten core of the “degenerated” Spanish monarchy to many sectors of society. It also emphasizes how the Montjuich campaign developed into a powerful cross-class force that united lower-class outrage at abuses with more elite insecurity about the diminutive stature of Spain among the concert of powers. The chapter concludes by analyzing how the Dreyfus affair beaconed from across the Pyrenees as a model of dissident unity in the face of a retrograde injustice.
The Iron Pineapple
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the bomb that exploded near the car carrying King Alfonso XIII and French president Émile Loubet. It argues that the bomb that exploded beside the royal carriage was but the latest salvo in a nearly decade-long symbiotic cycle of campaigns of indignation and retaliatory atentados targeting the Spanish government. While the specter of dynamite heightened the urgency of acceding to the demands of campaigners, the chapter stresses how the seething context of popular indignation at the “revival of the Inquisition” in Spain lent an air of approval to well-targeted attacks on the “inquisitors” themselves. By delving into the shadowy world of turn-of-the-century Parisian revolutionism, and the transnational networks that overlapped in its cafés, bars, and union halls, the chapter probes how some of the main organizers against Spanish atrocities seemed to have considered propaganda by the deed to be an additional way to pursue the campaign. Amid the exuberant international context of the ongoing Russian Revolution of 1905, a regicidal plot was hatched that allegedly involved British, Cuban, French, Spanish, Argentine, and Italian anarchists and revolutionary republicans.