bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls and technical errors in the first approach to neonates with anorectal malformations in a non-specialist context: can we do any better? A review from three Eastern African Centres
Authors: Calisti Alessandro , Abdelgalil Nugud Faisal , Belay Kibreab , Mlawa Agnes , Lelli Chiesa Pierluigi
Published: October 2021

Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, Anorectal malformations (ARM) are the most frequent cause of neonatal obstruc- tion. Referral to a Pediatric Surgeon is frequently delayed. The first treatment is often delivered at not specialist level and mismanagement may result.

Aim: To study ARM patients referred beyond neonatal period and managed at a non-specialist level.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty patients were included (M/F ratio 63/67) among 144 admitted to three Eastern African Hospitals with Pediatric Surgical facilities. Demographics, type of anomaly, delay on referral, previous man- agement, most commonly observed errors are reported.

Results: The Mean age at referral was 23 months (range five weeks – 23 years). Colostomy was the most frequent surgery (92 cases). Stomas often did not follow the recommended criteria. Ten per cent were not on the sigmoid, and 35% were not divided. "Loop" or "double-barrel" colostomies did not exclude the distal loop. Inverted (10,5%), prolapsed stomas (7,5%), short distal loop (16%) were observed. Twenty-four cases (26%) needed redo. Primary perineal exploration in eight patients resulted in incontinence.

Conclusions: Investments on training practitioners, acting at District/Rural level, and closer links with tertiary centres are recommended to avoid ARM mismanagement and delayed referral to a Specialist.

Keywords: Ano rectal malformations; neonate; low resources context.
Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the knowledge and use of the female condom among Nigerians
Authors: Dauda Shallie Philemon , Haffejee Firoza
Published: October 2021

Background: The female condom (FC) is a critical component in a comprehensive and sustainable approach to prevent HIV, other sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies.

Objectives: This review provides comprehensive information about Nigerian’s knowledge and use of FC.

Methods: We screened search output, evaluated study eligibility, and extracted data in duplicate. Data from similar studies were combined in a meta-analysis.

Results: There was a significantly (p < 0.0001) high-level of awareness amongst the respondents. However, the use of the FC was very low at 5.5% among female respondents. There was a significant (p < 0.0001) difference between FC awareness and use. The main reasons for FC use were prevention of unintended pregnancy (55%) and STIs/HIV (31%). We observed a significant difference between reasons of non-use of the FC [F (5, 13) = 5.195, P = 0.0077]. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the sources of information on FC [F (3, 8) = 32.89, P < 0.0001].

Conclusion: Despite the high levels of awareness, especially among the female respondents, the use of the FC has remained extremely low even among the young, educated undergraduate students. There is aneed for robust and consistent advocacy to make the FC available and affordable.

Keywords: Female condom; women; men; awareness; use; Nigeria.
It is not always Tuberculosis! A case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent child in Uganda
Authors: Nakatudde Irene , Kasirye Phillip , Kiguli Sarah , Musoke Philippa
Published: October 2021

Pulmonary cryptococcosis is rare in immunocompetent individuals. Limited data exist regarding its occurrence in children, especially in developing countries. This case report describes an 8-year-old HIV-negative child with pulmonary cryptococco- sis, previously diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis twice without improvement. Fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis and serum cryptococcal antigen test was positive. The child improved on am- photericin and fluconazole treatment. Despite the limited diagnostic capacity in many resource-constrained settings like Uganda, this case report highlights the need to investigate other causes of pneumonia in immunocompetent children that are not improving on conventional antimicrobial treatments.

Keywords: Pulmonary cryptococcosis; immunocompetent; children; Uganda.
Disability management in a public-private health care facility in South Africa: an organisational perspective
Authors: Govender Rubendri , Govender Pragashnie , Naidoo Deshini
Published: October 2021

Background: Job retention, long-term absenteeism and medical boarding pay-outs are significant concerns for employers with- in the public health care sector of South Africa.

Objective: To describe disability management policies, procedures and programmes of employees following impairment and disability in a public-private healthcare facility in South Africa.

Methods: An exploratory qualitative study design was used with key informants in senior management and nursing managers (n=12) selected via purposive sampling. Audio-recorded data from semi-structured interviews and a focus group were themati- cally analysed using inductive reasoning.

Results: There is poor adherence to occupational health and disability management policies and the current referral process is informal with managers using discretion to manage employees with ill health and acquired disability. The procedures prescribed in the policy and procedure on incapacity and ill-health-retirement need to be followed, and an early return to work programme within the health care facility needs to be implemented.

Conclusions: Despite South Africa having many policies on recruitment and reasonable accommodations, there is a lack of implementation of these policies. An integrated disability management policy and programme encompassing health prevention, early return to work strategies, vocational rehabilitation and the implementation of reasonable accommodation is required to ensure that employees who have acquired disabilities or ill health are successful in the workplace.

Keywords: Disability management; vocational assessments; return to work.
New trend of drugs abused by secondary school students in Nigeria
Authors: E Nabofa Ochuko
Published: October 2021

Background: It appears that there is a new trend in the types of drugs abused by secondary school students in Nigeria that makes it difficult to identify current drug abusers.

Objectives: This study was conducted to reveal the trends with regards to the types of drugs abused by these students in the country.

Methods: This is an online and desktop review of published articles about the types of drugs abused by secondary school students during the period that spanned from 2010–2020.

Results: In all, 17 research reports were identified as having data on the types of drugs abused by secondary students in the Nigeria. It was found that 18 different drugs were empirically identified as being abused by secondary school students in 9 different states of Nigeria. The observed trend is that alcohol, cannabis, tobacco and cigarettes are the most abused drugs, while drugs that were least abused were cocaine, caffeine, glue, heroine, energy drinks, miraa, rohypnol and tramadol.

Conclusion: It was concluded that studies of drug abuse by secondary school students in Nigeria are not yet robust enough to reveal the types of drugs that are currently being abused.

Keywords: Adolescent Health; Drug Abuse; Drug Effects; Drug Safety; Drug Utilisation.
Predictors for tuberculosis co-infection in people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Zerdali Esra , Yılmaz Nakir İnci , Sürme Serkan , Sayılı Uğurcan , Yıldırım Mustafa
Published: October 2021

Background/aim: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common chronic infectious conditions causing mortality and se- vere outcomes, particularly in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of TB among PLWHA.

Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective and single-center study of adults (≥18 years) PLWHA registered at our tertiary teaching and research hospital between 2000 and 2016.

Results: A total of 711 PLWHA were included. Of whom, 633 (89.0%) were male. Mean age was 36.53 ±11.55 years (range, 17-79). Thirty-eight (5.3%) patients were diagnosed with active TB. TB development was associated with low CD4+ lymphocyte count (p<0.001), high viral load (p=0.040) and alcohol consumption (p=0.004) but no association with age (p=0.392), gender (p=0.928) and duration since anti-retroviral therapy initiation (p=0.788) was found. Also, a receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curves of CD4+ lymphocyte count as a predictor for TB development in PLWHA was 0.717 (p<0.001).

Conclusion: There are still clinical challenges to predict TB diagnosis. However, CD4+ lymphocyte count and viral load may be considered as valuable predictors for TB development. Also, community strategies to reduce harmful effect of alco- hol use should be developed.

Keywords: Tuberculosis; HIV viral load; CD4 cell counts.
SRY and NR5A1 gene mutation in Algerian children and adolescents with DSD and testicular dysgenesis
Authors: Kherouatou-Chaoui Naouel , Chellat-Rezgoune Djalila , Larbi Rezgoune Mohamed , Mc Elreavey Ken , Souhem Touabti Laaldja , Abadi Noreddine , Satta Dalila
Published: October 2021

Background: In humans, sex determination and differentiation is genetically controlled. Disorders of sex development (DSD) result in anomalies of the development of the external and internal genitalia. Variants in transcription factors such as SRY, NR5A1 and SOX9, can cause changes in gonadal development often associated with ambiguity of the external genitalia.

Objectives: This study has been conducted to determine the frequency, types and associated genetic alterations in patients with DSD in the Algerian population.

Methods: Thirty patients were included. Based on their clinical presentation, thirteen patients presented with ambiguous external genitalia, thirteen patients presented with hypospadias and four patients presented with bilateral undescended tes- tes. Karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes using standard R-banding. DNA was isolated from blood leukocytes for PCR reaction and mutational analysis of SRY and NR5A1 was done by direct sequencing.

Results: Most patients with ambiguous genitalia had a 46,XY karyotype. One patient had a deletion of SRY, otherwise no point mutations in SRY or NR5A1 genes were identified. However, a single NR5A1 polymorphism (p.Gly146Ala) in patient with 46,XX DSD has been detected.

Conclusions: The absence of mutations in these genes suggests that there are others genes playing an important role in sex development and differentiation.

Keywords: DSD; consanguinity; karyotyping; SRY; NR5A1; sequencing.
State of pedestrian road safety in Uganda: a qualitative study of existing interventions
Authors: Osuret Jimmy , Namatovu Stellah , Biribawa Claire , Enock Balugaba Bonny , Bayiga Zziwa Esther , Muni Kennedy , Ningwa Albert , Oporia Frederick , Mutto Milton , Kyamanywa Patrick , Guwatudde David , Kobusingye Olive
Published: October 2021

Background: Pedestrians in Uganda account for 40% of road traffic fatalities and 25% of serious injuries annually. We explored the current pedestrian road traffic injury interventions in Uganda to understand why pedestrian injuries and deaths continue despite the presence of interventions.

Methods: We conducted a qualitative study that involved a desk review of road safety policy, regulatory documents, and reports. We supplemented the document review with 14 key informant interviews and 4 focus group discussions with par- ticipants involved in road safety. Qualitative thematic content analysis was done using ATLAS. ti 7 software.

Results: Five thematic topics emerged. Specifically, Uganda had a Non-Motorized Transport Policy whose implementation revealed several gaps. The needs of pedestrians and contextual evidence were ignored in road systems. The key program- matic challenges in pedestrian road safety management included inadequate funding, lack of political support, and lack of stakeholder collaboration. There was no evidence of plans for monitoring and evaluation of the various pedestrian road safety interventions.

Conclusion: The research revealed low prioritization of pedestrian needs in the design, implementation, and evaluation of pedestrian road safety interventions. Addressing Uganda’s pedestrian needs requires concerted efforts to coordinate all road safety activities, political commitment, and budgetary support at all levels.

Keywords: Pedestrian; safety intervention; qualitative; Uganda.
Social support as a correlate of depression among people living with HIV and AIDS in Nigeria
Authors: Ebere Adimora Dorothy , Ngozi Ogba Francisca , Obiageli Omeje Monica , Eze Amaeze Fidelis , Mamudu Adene Friday
Published: October 2021

Background: Depression is a highly prevalent mental disorder among PLHIV, whilst social support is important in disease prevention, health promotion, therapeutic measure especially for PLHIV.

Objectives: To ascertain the different types and sources of social support and their association with depression among PLHIV in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: The study was a correlation with 2515 PLHIV in three teaching hospitals in South-Eastern Nige- ria. Data were collected between January to June, 2019 through interviews, using socio-demographic and Clinical Form and a Social Support Scale for PLHIV. SPSS-20 used for data analysis.

Results: It was shown that average scores of instrumental and emotional social supports (IESS) were satisfactory and not influenced by sex (p = 0.894; p = 0.496), education (p = 0.805; p = 0.182), marital status (p = 0.076; p = 0.446) and length of antiretroviral therapy (p = 0.510; p = 0.136). People diagnosed for less than three years had more instrumental support (p = 0.05) than those diagnosed over three years. The regression score also revealed a high predictive power of IESS on depression of PLHIV.

Conclusion: PLHIV have satisfactory social support, especially from family not residing in the same household and emo- tional social support from friends. Analyses identified knowledge gaps in the community regarding the social support re- ceived by PLHIV and their depression symptoms.

Keywords: Depression; instrumental support; emotional support; HIV; AIDS.
Pathologic changes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a review
Authors: Babazhitsu M. , Adegoke O.O. , Abayomi S.A. , Adegboro B.
Published: October 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters cells using the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which are expressed by the respiratory tract endothelium, epithelial cells of the stomach, duodenum, ileum, rectum, cholangiocytes, and hepatocytes. Pathological examinations of these organs are not feasible method of diagnosis but can explain pathological changes, pathogenesis of the disease, and the cause of death in COVID-19 cases. In this review, we performed a literature search for COVID-19-related pathological changes seen during post-mortem examinations in different organs of the body including the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart and blood. Our findings showed that SARS-CoV-2 has damaging effects on many organs, probably due to the host immune responses to the presence of the virus. It is recommended that both antiviral and immunomodulatory agents should be considered in the management of COVID-19 patients for better prognosis, and clinical outcome.

 

French title: Changements pathologiques chez les patients infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2: une revue

Le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pénètre dans les cellules à l'aide de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine 2 (ACE2), qui est exprimée par l'endothélium des voies respiratoires, les cellules épithéliales de l'estomac, du duodénum, de l'iléon, du rectum, des cholangiocytes, et les hépatocytes. Les examens pathologiques de ces organes ne sont pas une méthode de diagnostic réalisable, mais peuvent expliquer les changements pathologiques, la pathogenèse de la maladie et la cause du décès dans les cas de COVID-19. Dans cette revue, nous avons effectué une recherche bibliographique sur les changements pathologiques liés au COVID-19 observés lors d'examens post-mortem dans différents organes du corps, notamment les poumons, le tractus gastro-intestinal, le foie, les reins, la peau, le coeur et le sang. Nos résultats ont montré que le SRAS-CoV-2 a des effets néfastes sur de nombreux organes, probablement en raison des réponses immunitaires de l'hôte à la présence du virus. Il est recommandé que les agents antiviraux et immunomodulateurs soient pris en compte dans la prise en charge des patients COVID-19 pour un meilleur pronostic et des résultats cliniques.
Profitability analysis of small-scale fishing along Coastal Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ashley-Dejo S.S. , Adelaja O.A.B.
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the profitability analysis of small-scale fishing along coastal areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 small-scale fishermen which were selected via multi-stage sampling procedure. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and profitability indicators. Results revealed that mean age of respondents was 39 years, among the fixed assets for fishing, outboard engine has the largest percentage cost (88.32%) while among variable assets, fuel has the largest percentage cost (67.16%). Profitability indicators such as Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.29, Gross margin ₦1,261,476.60k/fisherman/year, Return on Investment (ROI) 0.29, Net Profit Margin (NPM) 0.23 and Gross Revenue Ratio (GRR) 0.77 were used to estimate the profitability of small-scale fishing. The findings further revealed that fishing boat (1.284), outboard engine (0.352), fishing nets (1.342) and fuel (0.193) were positively and statistically significant at p<0.05 level with fish output level while accessories (floats, sinks and hooks) (0.142) was positively and statistically significant at p<0.1 with fish output level. The R2 value was 72.1% showing that the independent variable was well explained by the exogenous variables. Problems encountered by small-scale fishermen include inadequate infrastructural facilities, poor road networking system and inadequate credit facilities. Based on the findings, it was recommended that small-scale fishermen should organize themselves into cooperatives in order to increase their credit accessibility. Likewise, government should embark on construction of good road network in order to ease transportation of fish harvested to the neighboring towns.
Combating marine invasive alien species effectively in Australia
Authors: Ng Kenny
Published: October 2021

Marine invasive alien species are sea-based organisms that are non-native to a marine ecosystem, and which can or have spread to a degree that has an adverse impact on biodiversity and human livelihoods. In a globalized and inter-connected world, the threats posed by marine invasive alien species are here to stay. Accordingly, it often has been lamented that the threats from marine alien species are too difficult to combat effectively. In Australia, these threats are exacerbated by the country's unique characteristics such as its sheer size, as well as its geographical and historical isolation from the rest of the world. More importantly for the purposes of this article, Australia's unique constitutional framework that entrenches its national system of federalism has led to complex power-sharing arrangements between the Commonwealth, and the State and Territory governments in the management of invasive alien species, which are arguably inadequate to combat marine invasive alien species effectively. In Australia, laws have been made to manage only one vector of marine invasive species, ballast water from vessels, but not for other vectors. This article analyses how marine invasive alien species are currently managed within the Australian legal framework, and discusses what can be done to improve the status quo in order effectively to control the spread of such foreign organisms. It argues with optimism that marine invasive alien species can be effectively managed under a strong legal framework that seeks to prevent their occurrence and minimize the negative impacts of their occurrence. Such a legal framework consists of sound domestic laws and institutions, the effects of which can be enhanced by greater international cooperation.
A continuing mandamus to enforce rights to adequate housing in the era of super typhoons
Authors: Valdez Amiel Ian
Published: October 2021

The era of super typhoons is here and is predicted to linger due to anthropogenic climate change. Disasters triggered by these typhoons have caused not only loss of lives, but also displacements of people who are left without houses, properties and livelihoods. Using the Philippine experience, this article examines the legal standard of right to adequate housing under the international human rights law and international climate change law, and the Philippines' commitments to these regimes. It argues that the Philippine government's post-typhoon responses are fragmented, reactive, and ephemeral, and that there are gaps in the current housing laws. It is then argued that these issues are incongruent with the minimum standards of adequate housing. To ensure that the housing rights of climate displaced persons are protected, the role of domestic courts in enforcing the government's adaptation commitments under the Paris Agreement using the writ of continuing mandamus is considered.
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND GENDER APPROACH
Authors: Irene Zubkova
Published: October 2021

Over the past 30 years, psychological theory and practice abroad has undergone the most severe criticism and reappraisal than ever before. As an academic discipline, psychology contained distorted facts and pseudoscientific theories about women, supported stereotypical ideas about the abilities and psychological characteristics of women and men. Under the powerful influence of the female movement, feminism, independent areas were identified, which included the psychology of women and men (psychology of women, women's study, men's study, gender studies, feminist psychology) in different volumes and contents.
Efficient land use based on remote sensing data
Authors:   S.Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Kenzhegaliyev Y. M. ,   010011 Zhenis Ave., 62, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan,   e-mail: yelaman30@gmail.com
Published: October 2021

The goal -is to explore ways of using Earth remote sensing data for efficient land use. Methods - detailed information on current location of certain types of agricultural crops in the study areas has been summarized, which opens up opportunities for the effective use of cultivated areas. It was revealed that the basis of the principle of the method under consideration is the relationship between the state and structure of vegetation types with its reflective ability. It has been determined that information on the spectral reflective property of the vegetation cover in the future can help replace more laborious methods of laboratory analysis. For classification of farmland, satellite images of medium spatial resolution with a combination of channels in natural colors were selected. Results - a method for identifying agricultural plants by classification according to the maximum likelihood algorithm was considered. The commonly used complexes of geoinformation software products with modules for special image processing allow displaying indicators in the form of raster images. It is shown that the use of Earth remote sensing data is the most relevant solution in the field of crop recognition and makes it possible to simplify the implementation of such types of work as the analysis of the intensity of land use, the assessment of the degree of pollution with weeds and determination of crop productivity. Conclusions - the research results given in the article indicate that timely information on the current location of certain types of agricultural crops in the studied territories significantly simplifies the implementation of the tasks and increases the resource potential of agricultural lands. In turn, the timing of the survey and the state of environment affect the spectral reflectivity of vegetation.
Assessment of the infrastructure resource of transport component of the AIC of Kazakhstan: criteria and indicators
Authors:   Turan University, Polukhina E. A. ,   050000 Satpayev str.,16a, Almaty, Kazakhstan,   e-mail: polukhina_elena@mail.ru
Published: October 2021

The goal is to determine the possibilities for development of transport component of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - monitoring of indicators for assessing the infrastructure potential of the transport network of the agrarian sector of the republic, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, computational and constructive, allowing to assess the state and dynamics of its infrastructure. Results - the criteria for expanding the scale of transport and logistics system of the agro-industrial complex were considered. The geographical position of the Republic of Kazakhstan allows it to become a transport hub in trade between the States of Europe and Asia, including in terms of the movement of agricultural products, while the determining factor is the development of a modern base for increasing traffic volumes. The role of this component for agroindustrial production, an important sphere of the country's economy, which occupies a special place in a single economic mechanism, significantly influencing the efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural sectors, has been determined. Conclusions - in geographic conditions of Kazakhstan: a large territory, location in the center of Eurasia, the presence of various connections between economic regions, allowing a balanced distribution of agricultural products within the republic and exporting it, development of transport communications, namely roads and various types of structures that contribute to the effective movement of food goods. Thus, it is possible to outline a number of indicators for assessing the development potential of transport infrastructure of the AIC, among which the most important are the creation of a road network and provision of facilities necessary for the full functioning of the country's transport logistics. For this, it is advisable to increase the number of labor and material- technical resources aimed at creating economic transport entities.
Применение психокоррекционных программ повышения профессиональной пригодности персонала исправительных учреждений
Authors: Минина Ирина , Грибанова Диана
Published: October 2021

Введение: в статье рассматриваются результаты применения краткосрочной программы психологической коррекции, включающей профилактику конфликтов и выработку навыков адаптивного поведения в трудных ситуациях общения. Цель: на основе результатов исследования выявить условия эффективности применения психологических программ для преодоления стресса среди сотрудников пенитенциарных учреждений. Методы: решение поставленных в работе задач осуществлялось с применением общенаучных методов исследования в рамках сравнительного, статистического и логического анализа, а также посредством эмпирических методов описания и интерпретации информации. В исследовании приняли участие 80 сотрудников отдела безопасности исправительных учреждений Псковской области, разделенных на экспериментальную и контрольную группы. Тренинги проводились штатными психологами подразделений. Для оценки эффективности использовались методики «Шкала самооценки силы воли» Н. Н. Обозова, определения уровня нервно-психической устойчивости «Прогноз» и опросник межличностных отношений в адаптации В. Щутца. Результаты: анализ данных с использованием методов математической статистики показал, что применение подобных программ целесообразно среди сотрудников, включенных в группу повышенного внимания. Это могут быть лица, условно рекомендованные к данному виду деятельности, а также подвергшиеся деформирующим влияниям неблагоприятной профессиональной среды. Статистически значимым результатом по экспериментальной группе испытуемых стало изменение показателей по шкале искренности, что может означать повышение самооценки, доверия психологу и желания честно отвечать на поставленные вопросы. Наибольшая эффективность тренинга наблюдалась при реализации автором апробированной программы, что объясняется повышенной мотивацией и ответственностью за ее результаты. Среди персонала, изначально имеющего показатели, не требующие коррекции, практического эффекта от участия в тренинге не выявлено. Выводы: для повышения результативности тренингов необходима личная осознанная мотивация специалистов-психологов при разработке уникальных программ, учитывающих реальные потребности персонала обслуживаемых подразделений.
Legislative Regulation of the Activities of Intelligence-Gathering Units of the Penal System in Ensuring the Execution of Punishment
Authors: Ivankov Igor A.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the article analyzes legislative norms regulating the activities of operational units of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Aim: by analyzing the norms of the current intelligence-gathering, penal enforcement and criminal-procedural legislation, to put forward proposals for introducing amendments to certain norms so as to improve the effectiveness of legal regulation of the activities of operational units of the penal system. Methods: comparative legal method, empirical methods of description and interpretation, theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Private scientific methods: legal-dogmatic method and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: having analyzed certain norms of the current intelligence-gathering, penal enforcement and criminal-procedural legislation, we see that the norms under consideration are in a certain contradiction, and there are also gaps in the legislative regulation of the activities of operational units of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Conclusions: we argue that structural operational units of the territorial and central management bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia can conduct intelligence-gathering activities outside the territory of correctional institutions, including cases when such activities are conducted according to regulations set out as the tasks of intelligence-gathering activities in institutions executing sentences in the form of imprisonment. We also argue that operational units of the territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia can conduct intelligence-gathering activities aimed at establishing the location of convicts, those who have escaped from correctional institutions, their detention and delivery to the investigator (inquirer) for conducting investigative actions. We note legal gaps in the legislative regulation of these measures and propose amendments to legislative acts aimed at improving the effectiveness of law enforcement practice.
FSA Consumer segmentation
Authors: King Lucy
Published: October 2021

For our audiences, it is important to find out how their attitudes and behaviours relating to food safety differ, in order to understand who is more likely to take food safety risks and in what context. This is essential for effective communications and helps us to shape food safety policy. The audiences in these documents have been created using attitudinal and behavioural segmentation that categorises people based on their attitudes to food and their reported hygiene and food safety behaviours.
A Corpora-Based Analysis of Rely on and Depend on
Authors: Kang Namkil
Published: October 2021

The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of rely on and depend on in the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus. The COCA clearly shows that the expression rely on government is the most preferred by Americans, followed by rely on people, and rely on data. The COCA further indicates that the expression depend on slate is the most preferred by Americans, followed by depend on government, and depend on people. The BNC shows, on the other hand, that the expression rely on others is the most preferred by the British, followed by rely on people, and rely on friends. The BNC further indicates that depend on factors and depend on others are the most preferred by the British, followed by depend on age, and depend on food. Finally, in the COCA, the nouns government, luck, welfare, people, information, state, fossil, water, family, oil, food, and things are linked to both rely on and depend on, but many nouns are not still linked to both of them. On the other hand, in the BNC, only the nouns state, chance, government, and others are linked to both rely on and depend on, but many nouns are not still linked to both rely on and depend on. It can thus be inferred from this that rely on is slightly different from depend on in its use.
Страдање српских архијереја у Првом светском рату
Authors: Парезановић Милован
Published: October 2021

Апстракт: У току Првог светског рата са простора Србије и Црне Горе, уз стотине хиљада припадника српског народа и неколико стотина свештеника и свештеномонаха, страдали су и архијереји и то на различите начине: убијени, интернирани и протерани у избеглиштво. У раду се прегледно приказује страдање архијереја од аустроугарског и бугарског окупатора.
Архијереји чије је страдање описано су: Митрополит Србије Димитрије (Павловић) (1905–1920), Митрополит скопски Викентије (Крџић) (1905–1915), Митрополит пећки Гаврило (Дожић) (1913–1920), Епископ нишки Доситеј (Васић) (1913–1933), Епископ шабачки Сергије (Георгијевић) (1905–1919), Епископ велешко-дебарски Варнава (Росић) (1913–1920) и умировљени Митрополит рашко-призренски Нићифор (Перић) (1901–1911).
Structural transformation of the economy: practical aspects
Authors: Abdikarimova A. T. , Aimagambetova G. B.
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the article is to consider the practical aspects of the structural transformation of economy. Over the past few decades, absolutely all national economies have undergone structural changes, regardless of their size, economic system and all other political or economic differences. The transformation of structures was associated with many factors, including institutional changes, technological changes, the widespread introduction of the results of scientific and technological progress, globalization and integration processes. At the same time, it should be noted that not all structural changes had a positive effect for all countries, even though the changes had almost the same trend of growth in the share of the service sector, a decrease in the share of agriculture and manufacturing. This article is an attempt to systematize the main trends and consequences of structural transformations in the world. The authors put forward the hypothesis that the world economy tends to “servicization” and deindustrialization, which has dialectical significance for the world economy. To assess the structural changes, we analyzed the data of the World Bank to study the dynamics of changes in the sectoral structure of the countries of the world in the period from 1990 to 2019. A very great influence on these processes was exerted by globalization, which through its mechanisms made possible a rapid change in industry proportions not only in the developed world, but also in developing countries, while forming a global trend of “servicization” of the economy. The authors tried to conduct a comparative analysis of the impact of each economic sector on GDP using a regression model based on panel data from more than 180 countries of the world presented by the World Bank.
Instruments of state stimulation of investments in the conditions of Industry 4.0 development
Authors: Sartbayev M. M.
Published: October 2021

The article describes the methods of state stimulation of investments in the development of R&D and innovation. Based on the research of experts from the Big Four and reports of international organizations, an overview of current trends in the application of methods and measures of state support for investment in R & D and innovation in various countries, including those with a similar economic structure to Kazakhstan, is made. At the heart of modern innovative trends, the development of elements of Industry 4.0 and the digital transformation of industrial enterprises are of great importance for economic growth. In the context of a pandemic, there are crisis changes in the economy, in the behavior of business entities and people’s consciousness, which provide for a proactive role of the state in ensuring stability and forming a sustainable development trend in the post-pandemic period. Crises, as a rule, in addition to destructive consequences, create the need and opportunities for the introduction of innovations and the transition to a qualitatively new technological level of development. One of the main factors of successful investment decisions of enterprises at the present stage is the speed of application of new digital technologies, which are more effective in comparison with investments in the creation of new production capacities. In the conditions of uncertainty of return on investment, the author suggests using the fiscal measures adopted in international practice to stimulate investment in R & D, including for the development of Industry 4.0 in the basic industries of Kazakhstan. The considered structure of investment incentives can be used to increase the scale of investments by large private and national corporations in the MMC and NGS sector, which positively affects the financial flows of enterprises and state budget revenues in the medium term. The author’s conclusions may be of interest to state authorized bodies and company managers when financing digitalization projects of industrial enterprises.
LA COMPLEJA RELACIÓN ENTRE EL SOFTWARE Y LA FISCALIDAD: TRES ASPECTOS A CONSIDERAR
Authors: BELDA REIG IGNASI
Published: October 2021

El paradigma tributario actual no está pensado ni diseñado para la economía del conocimiento. Es por eso por lo que, a menudo las leyes fiscales deben retorcerse para dar respuesta a nuevos retos tributarios derivados de las evoluciones tecnológicas. El caso concreto del software, es decir, la programación estructurada de computadores, no es diferente del resto de nuevas tecnologías -robótica, criptotecnologías, Internet of Things, Big Data, servicios digitales, etc.-. Sin embargo, de todas estas tecnologías, el software es la que tiene más historia desde que Charles Babbage y Ada Lovelace programaron las primeras computadoras en la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Es por esta razón que aún sorprende a los especialistas el mal encaje que tiene el software en las leyes fiscales nacionales e internacionales. Este artículo analiza la situación expuesta y propone medidas para regularizarla.
Integrated Use of Co-Compost with Lignite Fly Ash on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Certain Crops
Authors:   Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, A Angayarkanni,
Published: October 2021

A field experiment was conducted to know the response of crops to combined application of co compost and lignite fly ash. Field experiments were conducted in experimental farm (rice and maize) and farmers holding (groundnut and brinjal) to study the response of certain crops to the application of co composts and lignite fly ash grown in clay loam and sandy clay loam soil, respectively. The treatment consisted of Dairy Farm Waste + Crop Residues, Pressmud+ Crop Residues, Dairy Farm Waste + Crop Residues + LFA @5 t ha-1, Dairy Farm Waste + Crop Residues + LFA @10 t ha-1, Dairy Farm Waste + Crop Residues + LFA @15 t ha-1, Pressmud + crop residues + LFA @5 t ha-1, Pressmud + crop residues + LFA @10 t ha-1and Pressmud + crop residues + LFA @15 t ha-1 .The grain and straw yield in rice and maize, pod and haulm yield in groundnut and fruit yield of brinjal were recorded during harvest. Differences in yield of crops between the treatments indicate significantly different effects on soil fertility and crop yield after long-term fertilization. The uptake of nutrients increased linearly with levels of LFA tried and it was higher when it was applied with co compost of pressmud and crop residue. The addition of co composts alone or with graded dose of lignite fly ash significantly improved the physical properties of the soil.
Challenges and Opportunities of Building Resilient MSMEs in Zambia
Authors:   ZCAS Professional studies, Kaombe Billy
Published: October 2021

This research paper addresses the challenges and opportunities in building resilient Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Zambia. The paper also examines the different forms of resilience and there implications on organisational resilience. The findings indicates that challenges encountered by MSMEs in building resilient business organisations can be addressed in different ways including through the development and implementation of monitoring and response capabilities, learning abilities and anticipation. The research study relied on secondary data sources and was able to conclude that building resilient MSMEs was vital for the survival of these business organisations.
1.2 Cm Lung Nodule Developed into Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma in Two Years in Patient Low Socioeconomic Status
Authors:   Griffin Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center, UnitedÂ States, Kumar Mukesh , Sonia Fnu ,   Griffin Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center, UnitedÂ States
Published: October 2021

Lung cancer is number one cause of cancer mortality in United States both in men and women. Lung cancer is uncommon in patients younger than 35 years with no smoking and family history. Malignancy from lung nodule depends on size, growth rate, borders, calcification and location. Appropriate follow up for lung nodules in older patient with risk factors has been well described in literature based on various researches. However there is very limited data regarding follow up and management of lung nodule in younger patient with risk factors. We describe a patient who was 30 year old when he presented with acute appendicitis and incidentally found to have lung nodule of 1.2 cm. It was decided that patient should follow up as an outpatient for lung nodule. As patient was uninsured with poor socioeconomic he never followed up as outpatient. After 2 years patient was diagnosed with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma and died shortly after. Guidelines should be used in the proper clinical context as a tool to help with patient management, though exceptions always exist. Some expert believe lung nodule between 8-30 mm in patient with poor follow-up due to socioeconomic status, psychological issues, or young age should get complete resection of nodule.
Cancer Prevention Through Improvements on Lifestyle and Metabolism Using GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 342)
Authors:   eclaireMD Foundation, USA, Hsu Gerald C.
Published: October 2021

This paper describes the author’s investigation into the prevention from having various cancers and his risk probability based on improvements on lifestyle and metabolism. His risk probabilities percentage of having cancer over the past 11 years with lower risk percentages (<50%) from 2014 - 2020 and higher risk percentages (>50%) from 2010 - 2013. It should be noted that the higher prediction accuracy occurred during 2015-2020 due to his collection of more completed data. (1) Year of 2010: 88% (2) Year of 2011: 74% (3) Year of 2012: 58% (4) Year of 2013: 55% (5) Year of 2014: 50% (6) Year of 2015: 48% (7) Year of 2016: 46% (8) Year of 2017: 45% (9) Year of 2018: 45% (10)Year of 2019: 45% (11)Year of 2020: 43% It seems that 50% is a reasonable “cut-off ” line between higher risk versus lower risk. The trend of the past 11 years risk probability percentages of having cancer from the viewpoint of cancer prevention is being reduced year after year, which is an encouraging fact. The calculated cancer prevention and risk probability results via lifestyle and metabolism have been validated by his many health examination reports from the past 20 years. This big data based on a dynamic simulation model and data mining using GH-Method: math-physical medicine approach can provide an early warning to which factors or areas to monitor in order to continuously improve his health conditions. The author wrote this article to share with other people, who may have similar interest in reducing their risk probability of getting cancer. As stated previously, he is not an expert on oncology but a research scientist in both lifestyle and metabolism. Metabolism and cancer have a strong relationship with one another; therefore, hopefully, his research method and preliminary findings would have some merit to help others to prevent them from getting cancer.
A Case of Late Delayed Metastasis of Malignant Melanoma After 27 Years After First Excision
Authors:   San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy, Bravin Claudio , Braga Carlo ,   San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy, Rizzi Gaetana ,   Bio Basic Europe Srl, Milan, Italy
Published: October 2021

We report a case of an ultra-late delayed metastasis of malignant melanoma 27 years after the excision of the first tumor. The patient is a 67 years old Italian woman. She underwent a primary excision of a skin lesion of 1cm in diameter on the lower third of the left leg in 1984 when she was 39. According to the histological examination the lesion was a lentigo malign melanoma with an epithelial histological pattern with intra- and subepidermal diffusion. The lesion was 2.2 mm in thickness (Breslow) and was a Clark level IV melanoma; mitotic rate was 6 mitosis/mm2. No melanocytic lesions were found on excision edges and no lymph nodes were removed and examined. In March 2011, when the woman was 67 years old, an inguinal lymph node and an intraabdominal lesion were considered suspect for neoplastic process during a clinical exam of the GP. A histological examination and an eco-imaging procedure described the lesions as metastasis of malignant melanoma probably related to the first skin tumor. Within a few days she was treated with the excision of the abdominal lesion, the total greater omentectomy and the lymphadenectomy of the left inguinal region. Histological examination confirmed the suspect of metastasis of the first melanoma with a predominant epithelioid growing pattern. This case underlines the need of a long-term follow-up period for patients with melanoma.
Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Insulinomas: A Series of 15 Years
Authors:   Department of Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Portugal, dos Santos Vanessa Rebelo , Ramos Carlota ,   Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Portugal
Published: October 2021

Insulinomas, although rare, are the most common pancreatic functioning neuroendocrine tumors. The diagnostic workup is commonly made late in time and surgical treatment is the only curative method. Our aim was to analyze the surgical approach to pancreatic insulinomas, through a 15-year series of patients who underwent surgery for this matter. From January 2006 to December 2020, we performed a retrospective review of the medical records of all the patients who underwent surgical treatment for insulinoma. Fourteen patients with insulinoma performed surgical intervention, 78,6% were of the female gender and the mean age was 48 years (19-86 years). Four (28,6%) of the tumors were located in the head of the pancreas, 5 (35,7%) in the body and 5 (35,7%) in the tail. Complications occurred in 4 patients (28,6%) following surgery. On follow-up, there was one (7,1%) case of local recurrence, thus necessitating a new surgical intervention [1-8].