bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extremely low malaria prevalence in a wetland specialist passerine
Authors: Szöllősi Eszter , Tóth Zsófia , Mahr Katharina , Hoi Herbert , Lendvai Ádám Z.
Published: August 2019

Avian malaria (caused byPlasmodiumspp.) and avian malaria-like infections (caused byHaemoproteusspp.) are widespread and can seriously affect the health of their bird hosts, especially of immunologically naïve individuals. Therefore, these parasites have long been in the focus of bird-parasite studies. However, the species richness and diversity of these protozoan species have only been revealed since the use of molecular techniques. Diversity and prevalence of these parasites among different bird species and even between populations of a species show a large variation. Here, we investigated prevalence of avian malaria and avian malaria-like parasites in two distant populations of a non-migratory wetland specialist passerine, the bearded reedling (Panurus biarmicus). While previous studies have shown that reed-dwelling bird species often carry various blood parasite lineages and the presence of the vectors transmittingPlasmodiumandHaemoproteusspecies has been confirmed from our study sites, prevalence of these parasites was extremely low in our populations. This may either suggest that bearded reedlings may avoid or quickly clear these infections, or these parasites cause high mortality in this species. The remarkably low prevalence of infection in this species is consistent with earlier studies and makes bearded reedlings a possible model organism for investigating the genetic or behavioural adaptations of parasite resistance.
Obstetric complications and intelligence in patients on the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum and healthy participants
Authors: Wortinger Laura Anne , Engen Kristine , Barth Claudia , Lonning Vera , Jørgensen Kjetil Nordbø , Andreassen Ole A. , Haukvik Unn Kristin , Vaskinn Anja , Ueland Torill , Agartz Ingrid
Published: August 2019

Background

Whether severe obstetric complications (OCs), which harm neural function in offspring, contribute to impaired cognition found in psychiatric disorders is currently unknown. Here, we sought to evaluate how a history of severe OCs is associated with cognitive functioning, indicated by Intelligence Quotient (IQ).

Methods

We evaluated the associations of a history of OCs and IQ in 622 healthy controls (HC) and 870 patients on the schizophrenia (SCZ) – bipolar disorder (BIP) spectrum from the ongoing Thematically Organized Psychosis study cohort, Oslo, Norway. Participants underwent assessments using the NART (premorbid IQ) and the WASI (current IQ). Information about OCs was obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Multiple linear regression models were used for analysis.

Results

Severe OCs were equally common across groups. SCZ patients with OCs had lower performances on both premorbid and current IQ measures, compared to those without OCs. However, having experienced more than one co-occurring severe OC was associated with lower current IQ in all groups.

Conclusions

Severe OCs were associated with lower IQ in the SCZ group and in the BIP and HC groups, but only if they had experienced more than one severe OC. Low IQ might be a neurodevelopmental marker for SCZ; wherein, severe OCs influence cognitive abilities and increase the risk of developing SCZ. Considering OCs as a variable of neurodevelopmental risk for severe mental illness may promote the development of neuroprotective interventions, improve outcome in vulnerable newborns and advance our ability to make clinical prognoses.
Laws in Conflict: Legacies of War, Gender, and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya
Authors: Lazarev Egor
Published: August 2019

How do legacies of conflict affect choices between state and nonstate legal institutions? This article studies this question in Chechnya, where state law coexists with Sharia and customary law. The author focuses on the effect of conflict-induced disruption of gender hierarchies because the dominant interpretations of religious and customary norms are discriminatory against women. The author finds that women in Chechnya are more likely than men to rely on state law and that this gender gap in legal preferences and behavior is especially large in more-victimized communities. The author infers from this finding that the conflict created the conditions for women in Chechnya to pursue their interests through state law—albeit not without resistance. Women’s legal mobilization has generated a backlash from the Chechen government, which has attempted to reinstate a patriarchal order. The author concludes that conflict may induce legal mobilization among the weak and that gender may become a central cleavage during state-building processes in postconflict environments.
Investigations on electronic structure of YMnO3 by electron energy loss spectra and first-principle calculations
Authors: Wang S. , Cai J. , Xu H. D. , Tao H. L. , Cui Y. , Zhang Z. H. , Song B. , Liu S. M. , He M.
Published: August 2019

Crystal structure and electronic structure of YMnO3 were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy related techniques. According to the density of states (DOS), the individual interband transitions to energy loss peaks in the low energy loss spectrum were assigned. The hybridization of O 2p with Mn 3d and Y 4d analyzed by the partial DOS was critical to the ferroelectric nature of YMnO3. From the simulation of the energy loss near-edge structure, the fine structure of O K-edge was in good agreement with the experimental spectrum. The valence state of Mn (+3) in YMnO3 was determined by a comparison between experiment and calculations.
Examining criterion-oriented validity of the Repetitive Behavior Scales for Early Childhood (RBS-EC) and the Video-Referenced Rating of Reciprocal Social Behavior (vrRSB)
Authors: Lasch Carolyn , Wolff Jason J. , Elison Jed T.
Published: August 2019

Improved characterization of quantitative traits and dimensionally distributed complex behaviors during toddlerhood may improve early identification of autism spectrum disorder and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Parents of 205 community-ascertained toddlers (age: mean = 20.2, SD = 2.6 months) completed the Repetitive Behavior Scales for Early Childhood (RBS-EC) and the Video-Referenced Rating of Reciprocal Social Behavior (vrRSB), with longitudinal follow-up of behavioral assessments and/or another round of parent-report questionnaires. Criterion validity was examined both concurrently and longitudinally using the Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) as a criterion anchor. Reciprocal social behavior as measured by the vrRSB was significantly associated with social competence as measured by the ITSEA, longitudinally and concurrently. Reciprocal social behavior was not associated with the externalizing subscale on the ITSEA, providing evidence of discriminant validity. Higher-order repetitive behaviors (restricted interests; rituals and routines) as measured by RBS-EC subscales were associated with the dysregulation and internalizing subscales of the ITSEA, longitudinally and concurrently. All RBS-EC subscales (excepting repetitive motor) were associated concurrently and longitudinally with the dysregulation subscale of the ITSEA. We report evidence of criterion-oriented and discriminant validity for the constructs/domains captured by the RBS-EC and vrRSB. These instruments may be particularly useful in characterizing dimensional variability across the typical-to-atypical continuum.
Affiliation with depressive peer groups and social and school adjustment in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Chen Lingjun , Chen Xinyin
Published: August 2019

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of depressive peer group context in individual social and school adjustment in a sample of 1,430 Chinese adolescents (672 boys,meanage = 15.43 years) from middle (n= 430) and high (n= 1000) schools. Peer groups were identified using the Social Cognitive Map technique. One-year longitudinal data on depression and social and school adjustment were obtained from self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, and school records. Multilevel analyses showed that group-level depression positively predicted later individual depression. Moreover, group-level depression negatively predicted later social competence, peer preference, school competence, and academic achievement, and it positively predicted later peer victimization and learning problems. The results suggest that affiliation with more depressive peer groups contributes to more psychological, social, and school adjustment problems in a cascading manner among Chinese adolescents.
Existence, uniqueness and stability of transition fronts of non-local equations in time heterogeneous bistable media
Authors: SHEN WENXIAN , SHEN ZHONGWEI
Published: August 2019

The present paper is devoted to the study of the existence, the uniqueness and the stability of transition fronts of non-local dispersal equations in time heterogeneous media of bistable type under the unbalanced condition. We first study space non-increasing transition fronts and prove various important qualitative properties, including uniform steepness, stability, uniform stability and exponential decaying estimates. Then, we show that any transition front, after certain space shift, coincides with a space non-increasing transition front (if it exists), which implies the uniqueness, up-to-space shifts and monotonicity of transition fronts provided that a space non-increasing transition front exists. Moreover, we show that a transition front must be a periodic travelling front in periodic media and asymptotic speeds of transition fronts exist in uniquely ergodic media. Finally, we prove the existence of space non-increasing transition fronts, whose proof does not need the unbalanced condition.
Assessment of cardiac function and electrocardiographic findings in patients with Wilson’s disease
Authors: Karhan Asuman N. , Aykan Hayrettin H. , Gümüş Ersin , Dönmez Yasemin , Alehan Dursun , Özkutlu Süheyla , Demir Hülya , Saltık Temizel İnci N. , Özen Hasan , Yüce Aysel
Published: August 2019

Background:

This study evaluated cardiac function using tissue Doppler echocardiography and assessed electrocardiographic findings in children diagnosed with Wilson’s disease.

Method:

Asymptomatic patients with a diagnosis of Wilson’s disease (n = 43) were compared to healthy controls (n = 37) that were age and gender matched.

Results:

The standard electrocardiographic and conventional echocardiographic examinations were similar in both groups. The left ventricular ejection fraction, shortening fraction, and diastolic function were not significantly different between the two groups. The Tei index for mitral lateral, mitral septal, tricuspid lateral, tricuspid septal, and inter-ventricular septum on tissue Doppler echocardiography was higher in the patient group, yet it did not reach statistical significance. Mitral lateral and septal systolic annular velocity values were significantly lower in the patient group when compared to the control group (p = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Also, mitral lateral and septal isovolumetric contraction time values were higher in the patient group (p = 0.04). Although the left ventricular values were not significantly different, relative left ventricular wall thickness was higher in the patient group when compared to the control group, and concentric remodelling in the left ventricle was found in 7 (16%) of 42 patients. QT interval (p = 0.02) and P-wave dispersion values (p = 0.04) were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group, and these tend to predict arrhythmias.

Conclusion:

Our study based on the tissue Doppler echocardiography assessment indicated a subclinical systolic, rather than diastolic, dysfunction in the myocardium with increased QT interval and P-wave dispersion, despite the young age of the patients and short disease duration.
Local traditional foods contribute to diversity and species richness of rural women’s diet in Ecuador
Authors: Penafiel Dolores , Cevallos-Valdiviezo Holger , Espinel Ramón , Van Damme Patrick
Published: August 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the dietary diversity and the nutrient contribution of traditional foods (locally cultivated and wild) by conducting a food intake study in rural Ecuador.

Design:

Repeated 24 h recalls over a 14 d interval and frequency of consumption served to simulate the usual diet by the Multiple Source Method. Data on missing visits (n11) were imputed using multivariate imputation by chained equations. The intakes of three macro- and six micronutrients were reported. Nutrient Adequacy Ratios, Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), Dietary Species Richness (DSR) and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women were used as measures of dietary quality. A linear quantile mixed model was used to investigate the association between DSR, local species, MAR, age, education and occupation.

Setting:

Guasaganda, Cotopaxi (Ecuador).

Participants:

Rural, indigenous adult women, non-pregnant and not breast-feeding.

Results:

The studied diet had MAR of 0·78. Consumption of traditional foods contributed 38·6 % of total energy intake. Daily requirements for protein, carbohydrates, Fe and vitamin C were reached. An extra level of consumption of local species was associated with an increase in median MAR for macronutrients of 0·033 (P< 0·001). On the other hand, an extra level of consumption of local species was associated with an increase in median MAR for micronutrients of 0·052 (P< 0·001).

Conclusions:

We found statistical evidence that traditional foods contribute to adequate intakes of macro- and micronutrients and dietary diversification in the studied population. Future public health interventions should promote the cultivation and consumption of traditional foods to increase the quality of the local diet.
SCHOOLS, READING AND POETRY IN THE EARLY GREEK WORLD
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: August 2019

This essay explores the practices through which a thin stratum of society acquired deep experience with written literature in the early Greek world. Combining a pessimistic view about the popularity of schools with an optimistic view about the stability of institutional patterns, I argue that from an early date elite ideology valorised education through the intensive study of certain written texts. Schools thus worked to institutionalise an enduring and important connection between economic capital and cultural capital acquired through reading and performing poetry. It was in the Classical period, if not before, that the interconnected practices of literate education and literary reading acquired their distinctive social character. Fully understanding the complex interface between orality and literacy in the early Greek world entails understanding some highly literate subcultures on their own terms.
Jewish Refugee Children in the Netherlands during World War II: Migration, Settlement, and Survival
Authors: Keesing Miriam , Tammes Peter , Simpkin Andrew J.
Published: August 2019

This study focuses on Jewish refugee children who fled the Third Reich after the Kristallnacht in November 1938 either using the so-called Kindertransport (Children’s Transport) or by crossing the border illegally. Many parents, desperate after the Kristallnacht, sent their children abroad alone. About 1,800 arrived in the Netherlands. While for some the Netherlands was an intermediate stop, many stayed. We use a mixed-method approach with the aim of providing a better understanding of the survival rates of refugee children using information from several sources. The qualitative research provides illustrative individual experiences of child refugees and facilitates the formulation of hypotheses of settlement trajectories on risks of deportation and being killed, which are then tested using a quantitative approach. Gathering information into a database allows us to estimate the risk associated the living situation and place in the Netherlands. Among 863 Kindertransport children staying in the Netherlands in July 1942, 74 percent were deported and of those deported 81 percent were killed. Differences in settlement trajectories resulted in different risks of deportation and death. Children living with family or relatives had a higher risk of being deported than those living with foster parents or in institutions. Children living with foster parents had a similar risk of deportation to those living in institutions. Changing household type did not alter risk of deportation, while moving places increased this risk. Children deported from foster parents’ households had an increased risk of death after deportation compared to those deported from institutions, indicating an enduring effect of household type.
Non–2,4-D–resistant cotton response to glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline tank contamination
Authors: Manuchehri Misha R. , Dotray Peter A. , Keeling J. Wayne , Morgan Gaylon D. , Byrd Seth A.
Published: August 2019

Field trials were conducted near Lubbock, TX, in 2013, 2014, and 2015 to evaluate non–2,4-D–resistant cotton response to low rates of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline. Cotton was treated with five rates of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline (0.0183, 0.183, 1.83, 18.3, and 183 g ae ha−1) at two application timings (nine leaf and first bloom). These rates correspond to contamination rates of 0.0008%, 0.008%, 0.08%, 0.8%, and 8%, respectively. Visual cotton injury, boll retention, lint yield, and fiber properties were recorded. When averaged over contamination rates, visual injury after applications made to nine-leaf cotton was greater than for first-bloom cotton in three of 3 yr and yield loss was greater when applications were made to nine-leaf cotton when compared with first-bloom cotton in two of 3 yr. Averaged over application timing, lint yield in 2013, 2014, and 2015 after glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline contamination rates of 0.0008% and 0.008% were not different than that of the nontreated control, whereas contamination rates of 0.08%, 0.8%, and 8% decreased yield by 3% to 20%, 45% to 58%, and 80% to 96%, respectively. Contamination rates of 0.0008%, 0.008%, 0.08%, and 0.8% rarely affected fiber quality; however, a contamination rate of 8% frequently decreased micronaire, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, and fiber strength. This decrease in fiber quality also resulted in a reduction in cotton loan value and potential financial return. Although decreases in fiber quality parameters were not observed with the 0.8% contamination rate, significant reductions in financial return occurred due to yield loss caused by injury from glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline.
Methamphetaminkonsum in Deutschland: Verbreitung und Problemlage
Authors: Pfeiffer-Gerschel Tim , Schneider Franziska , Dammer Esther , Braun Barbara , Kraus Ludwig
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Um ein möglichst umfassendes und differenziertes Bild der Verbreitung von Methamphetamin (MA) in Deutschland zu zeichnen, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag mittels verschiedener Datenquellen ein überblick zur Verbreitung des Konsums von MA sowie einschlägiger Straftaten in Deutschland und Europa gegeben. Ergänzend werden Angaben zur Beratungs-/Behandlungsnachfrage in Deutschland gemacht. Methodik: Es werden verfügbare aktuelle Daten zur Konsumverbreitung, Beschlagnahmungen und Straftaten sowie von repräsentativen nationalen und regionalen Bevölkerungsstudien, Abwasseranalysen, Strafverfolgung sowie Suchtberatung und -behandlung berichtet. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt zeigt sich mit Prävalenzraten von 0,6 % (Lebenszeit) und 0,2 % (letzte 12 Monate), dass der Konsum von MA in der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung eine eher untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Es finden sich in mehreren Datenquellen regionale Unterschiede, die darauf schließen lassen, dass die Verbreitung von MA in Sachsen, Thüringen und Bayern deutlich höher ist als in anderen Regionen Deutschlands. Schlussfolgerungen: Konsum und Problemlage von MA weisen regionale Schwerpunkte insbesondere in den Grenzregionen zur Tschechischen Republik auf. Aufgrund der hohen Belastung in den betroffenen Regionen wurden in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Interventionen initiiert, die von spezifischen Programmen zur Frühintervention bis zu strukturierten Behandlungsprogrammen reichen. Die Verbesserung der Situation in betroffenen Regionen bedarf weiterer aktiver Unterstützung durch politische und soziale Maßnahmen.
Sensitivity of Atmospheric Rivers to Damping of Midlatitude Subseasonal Variability
Authors: Swenson Erik T. , Stan Cristiana
Published: August 2019

We examine how atmospheric rivers (ARs) over the North Pacific basin respond to relaxation in midlatitudes in sets of reforecasts made with the Community Atmosphere Model using superparameterized convection. The study focuses on January–March 2015 with weekly staggered initial conditions and sea surface temperature prescribed. In one set of reforecasts, zonal and meridional winds, temperature, and specific humidity are relaxed within the midlatitude band 40–70°N and compared with a control set of reforecasts made without relaxation. Meteorological parameters are relaxed to the smooth seasonal evolution of the control simulations (the seasonal mean, trend, and parabolic fit), about which subseasonal deviations are damped. Relaxation has a systematic impact on the Pacific circulation and on different AR types. Damping subseasonal variability acts to anchor the West Pacific trough and deepen height anomalies at 40°N, as well as modify the total number and duration of AR events. Although largely offset by changes in the number of events, individual AR events with moisture originating from midlatitudes tend to have shorter lifetimes, while AR events with moisture from the tropics tend to last longer.
Toward Calibrated Language for Effectively Communicating the Results of Extreme Event Attribution Studies
Authors: Lewis Sophie C. , King Andrew D. , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Wehner Michael F.
Published: August 2019

Extreme event attribution studies attempt to quantify the role of human influences in observed weather and climate extremes. These studies are of broad scientific and public interest, although quantitative results (e.g., that a specific event was made a specific number of times more likely because of anthropogenic forcings) can be difficult to communicate accurately to a variety of audiences and difficult for audiences to interpret. Here, we focus on how results of these studies can be effectively communicated using standardized language and propose, for the first time, a set of calibrated terms to describe event attribution results. Using these terms and an accompanying visual guide, results are presented in terms of likelihood of event changes and the associated uncertainties. This standardized language will allow clearer communication and interpretation of probabilities by the public and stakeholders.
The Kuroshio Current: Artery of Life
Authors: Nagai Takeyoshi
Published: August 2019

The waters of the Kuroshio Current in the northwestern Pacific Ocean transport heat, salt, and organic and inorganic matter from south to north, shaping the ocean ecosystem.
Global Warming Is Conquering the Vikings
Authors: Joel Lucas
Published: August 2019

Ancient Arctic artifacts are disappearing as warming unfurls.
Reaction Between Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalt and Lower Oceanic Crust: An Experimental Study
Authors: Yang Alexandra Yang , Wang Chunguang , Liang Yan , Lissenberg C. Johan
Published: August 2019

Reaction between mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and crystal mush in the lower oceanic crust has been invoked to explain chemical variations of both MORB and minerals in the lower oceanic crust. Nonetheless, such reactions have been little studied experimentally. We conducted experiments to investigate the mechanisms and chemical consequences of melt‐mush interaction by reacting molten MORB with troctolite at 0.5 GPa. Isothermal experiments demonstrate that melt infiltrates into troctolite with dissolution of plagioclase and olivine. The reacted melts have higher MgO and Al2O3 and lower TiO2 and Na2O contents and crystallize more primitive olivine and plagioclase compared to those crystallized from the unreacted melts, suggesting melt‐mush reaction could result in the formation of high‐Al basalt. The melt compositional variations induced by reaction also significantly affect the calculated pressures for MORB fractionation, indicating that major element‐based barometers for MORB fractionation can only be used reliably if reaction can be ruled out. After reaction, the troctolite contains olivine with plagioclase inclusions and poikilitic clinopyroxene with partially resorbed olivine and plagioclase chadacrysts, indicating that melt‐mush interaction occurs through dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanisms. Clinopyroxene has high Mg# (>83) and elevated Na2O and TiO2 contents, and olivine has different Fo versus Ni correlations from fractional crystallization models, which provide testable parameters for the effect of melt‐mush reaction in the rock record. By comparison with samples from lower oceanic crust and layered intrusions, we propose that melt‐mush reaction plays an important role during magma transport in the crystal mush in both oceanic and continental magma systems.
A Multivariate Approach for Mapping Lithospheric Domain Boundaries in East Antarctica
Authors: Stål Tobias , Reading Anya M. , Halpin Jacqueline A. , Whittaker Joanne M.
Published: August 2019

Beneath the ice of East Antarctica lies a continent that is likely to be as geologically complex as its neighbors in Gondwana. An improved model of the heterogeneous lithosphere is required to progress research on Antarctica's tectonic evolution and support interdisciplinary studies of cryosphere and solid Earth interaction. We make use of multiple data sets, which were updated following the field campaigns and compilations of the International Polar Year of 2007/2008. Seismic tomography results, gravity anomalies, and surface elevation are used in a novel method, which combines spatial multivariate data to map possible boundaries as projected likelihood functions. Six multivariate combinations are tested and compared with sparse geological observations in East Antarctica. The resulting lithospheric domain boundaries contribute to our understanding of the deep continental structure. New boundaries are suggested in the interior, and models agree with likely surface expressions of crustal tectonic boundaries exposed along the coast.
On the Sources of the Ionospheric Variability in the South American Magnetic Anomaly During Solar Minimum
Authors: Moro J. , Xu J. , Denardini C. M. , Resende L. C. A. , Silva R. P. , Liu Z. , Li H. , Yan C. , Wang C. , Schuch N. J.
Published: August 2019

We investigate for the first time the variability of the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2), its peak height (hmF2), the thickness parameter B0, and the E region critical frequency (foE) over Santa Maria (29.7° S, 53.7° W, dip angle = −37°), a station located in the central region of the South American Magnetic Anomaly. The selected ionospheric parameters were obtained from ionograms recorded by a recent Digisonde Portable Sounder 4‐D. The time period covers 309 days from 1 September 2017 to 30 August 2018. The diurnal analyses revealed a large day‐to‐day ionospheric variability, with some peculiarities as a strong semiannual pattern superimposed to expected ionospheric behavior. Furthermore, the results show significant differences between the averaged foF2 in December and June solstices, revealing a possible presence of the annual asymmetry. The coefficient of variation (CV) is used as a quantitative description of the variability of each parameter versus time and season. Considering low solar flux and geomagnetically quiet days only, we note that CV is smaller during the daytime and larger during nighttime for all parameters. The least variable ionospheric parameter in our study is foE, while the most variable one is B0. Regarding the F2 layer parameters, we observe that foF2 is much more variable than hmF2. We attribute the observed CV to the neutral atmosphere source over Santa Maria. The ionospheric variability is in general enhanced during geomagnetically disturbed periods. The estimated CV is higher over Santa Maria than Wuhan, China (30.5° N, 114.4° E, dip angle = 46°), a station with no influence of the South American Magnetic Anomaly.
The GFDL Global Ocean and Sea Ice Model OM4.0: Model Description and Simulation Features
Authors: Adcroft Alistair , Anderson Whit , Balaji V. , Blanton Chris , Bushuk Mitchell , Dufour Carolina O. , Dunne John P. , Griffies Stephen M. , Hallberg Robert , Harrison Matthew J. , Held Isaac M. , Jansen Malte F. , John Jasmin G. , Krasting John P. , Langenhorst Amy R. , Legg Sonya , Liang Zhi , McHugh Colleen , Radhakrishnan Aparna , Reichl Brandon G. , Rosati Tony , Samuels Bonita L. , Shao Andrew , Stouffer Ronald , Winton Michael , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Xiang Baoqiang , Zadeh Niki , Zhang Rong
Published: August 2019

We document the configuration and emergent simulation features from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) OM4.0 ocean/sea ice model. OM4 serves as the ocean/sea ice component for the GFDL climate and Earth system models. It is also used for climate science research and is contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. The ocean component of OM4 uses version 6 of the Modular Ocean Model and the sea ice component uses version 2 of the Sea Ice Simulator, which have identical horizontal grid layouts (Arakawa C‐grid). We follow the Coordinated Ocean‐sea ice Reference Experiments protocol to assess simulation quality across a broad suite of climate‐relevant features. We present results from two versions differing by horizontal grid spacing and physical parameterizations: OM4p5 has nominal 0.5° spacing and includes mesoscale eddy parameterizations and OM4p25 has nominal 0.25° spacing with no mesoscale eddy parameterization. Modular Ocean Model version 6 makes use of a vertical Lagrangian‐remap algorithm that enables general vertical coordinates. We show that use of a hybrid depth‐isopycnal coordinate reduces the middepth ocean warming drift commonly found in pure z* vertical coordinate ocean models. To test the need for the mesoscale eddy parameterization used in OM4p5, we examine the results from a simulation that removes the eddy parameterization. The water mass structure and model drift are physically degraded relative to OM4p5, thus supporting the key role for a mesoscale closure at this resolution.
A Global High‐Resolution Data Set of Soil Hydraulic and Thermal Properties for Land Surface Modeling
Authors: Dai Yongjiu , Xin Qinchuan , Wei Nan , Zhang Yonggen , Shangguan Wei , Yuan Hua , Zhang Shupeng , Liu Shaofeng , Lu Xingjie
Published: August 2019

Modeling land surface processes requires complete and reliable soil property information to understand soil hydraulic and heat dynamics and related processes, but currently, there is no data set of soil hydraulic and thermal parameters that can meet this demand for global use. In this study, we propose a fitting approach to obtain the optimal soil water retention parameters from ensemble pedotransfer functions (PTFs), which are evaluated using the global coverage National Cooperative Soil Survey Characterization Database and show better performance for global applications than our original ensemble estimations (median values of PTFs) as done in Dai et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM‐D‐12‐0149.1). Soil hydraulic conductivities are still estimated as the median values of multiple PTFs, and the results are shown to perform comparably to the estimates from the existing precision‐advanced models. Soil thermal properties are estimated following the schemes identified by Dai et al. (2019a, http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04579), which evaluated several highly recommended schemes based on their land modeling applications. Using these approaches, we develop two global high‐resolution data sets of soil hydraulic and thermal parameters based on Global Soil Dataset for Earth System Models (GSDE) and SoilGrids soil composition databases. The delivered variables include six basic soil properties, four soil hydraulic parameters in the Campbell (1974, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694‐197406000‐00001) model, five soil hydraulic parameters in the van Genuchten (1980, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x) model, and four soil thermal properties. The delivered data sets are available at a 30″ × 30″ geographical spatial resolution and provide four sets of vertical profiles following the resolutions of SoilGrids, Noah‐Land Surface Models (LSM), Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), and Common Land Model/Community Land Model (CoLM/CLM). The data sets can be used in both regional and global applications.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer in non-enucleated goldfish oocytes: understanding DNA fate during oocyte activation and first cellular division
Authors: Rouillon Charlène , Depincé Alexandra , Chênais Nathalie , Le Bail Pierre-Yves , Labbé Catherine
Published: August 2019

Nuclear transfer consists in injecting a somatic nucleus carrying valuable genetic information into a recipient oocyte to sire a diploid offspring which bears the genome of interest. It requires that the oocyte (maternal) DNA is removed. In fish, because enucleation is difficult to achieve, non-enucleated oocytes are often used and disappearance of the maternal DNA was reported in some clones. The present work explores which cellular events explain spontaneous erasure of maternal DNA, as mastering this phenomenon would circumvent the painstaking procedure of fish oocyte enucleation. The fate of the somatic and maternal DNA during oocyte activation and first cell cycle was studied using DNA labeling and immunofluorescence in goldfish clones. Maternal DNA was always found as an intact metaphase within the oocyte, and polar body extrusion was minimally affected after oocyte activation. During the first cell cycle, only 40% of the clones displayed symmetric cleavage, and these symmetric clones contributed to 80% of those surviving at hatching. Maternal DNA was often fragmented and located under the cleavage furrow. The somatic DNA was organized either into a normal mitotic spindle or abnormal multinuclear spindle. Scenarios matching the DNA behavior and the embryo fate are proposed.
Key Roles of Cavity Portals in Host–Guest Binding Interactions by Cucurbituril Hosts
Authors: Kaifer Angel E.
Published: August 2019

This chapter summarizes research work showing that electrostatic interactions may have considerable effects on the stability of complexes formed by the cucurbit[n]uril hosts. Focusing primarily on work carried out by the author's research group with the cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) molecular receptor, this review highlights the role played by electrostatic interactions involving the host cavity portals, in which considerable negative charge density accumulates due to the carbonyl oxygens lacing the portal rims. Electrostatics are responsible for diminished binding affinities between CB[7] and a number of anionic guests containing one or more carboxylate groups. These electrostatic interactions can be used effectively to control the average location of CB[7] along axle-type guests having terminal –COOH groups as a function of their state of protonation, leading to switchable pseudorotaxane systems. They can also be utilized to advantage to develop favorable lateral interactions between CB[7] and other molecular receptors, which results in systems showing cooperative self-assembly.
Cucurbit[8]uril-based 2D and 3D Regular Porous Frameworks
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Dan-Wei , Zhao Xin , Li Zhan-Ting
Published: August 2019

For many years, studies on the generation of periodic or regular porosity and their properties and functions have been limited to insoluble solid-state materials. Self-assembly provides a straightforward strategy for the construction of water-soluble porous supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) from rationally designed rigid multitopic molecular components and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). The process is driven hydrophobically by CB[8]-encapsulation-enhanced dimerization of the aromatic (CEBA) units that are appended to the multitopic molecules. By using this strategy, a variety of two-dimensional honeycomb-shaped, square, and rhombic SOFs have been constructed, some of which exhibit interesting absorption and sensing functions. From tetraphenylmethane- and [Ru(bipy)3]2+-derived precursors, three-dimensional diamondoid and cubic SOFs can also be generated. The diamondoid frameworks have been revealed to be open carriers for in situ loading and delivery of antitumor drugs, whereas [Ru(bipy)3]2+-cored frameworks are good porous photosensitizing materials for the enrichment of anionic polyoxometalate catalysts for new visible light–initiated reduction of proton to hydrogen gas. The progress well demonstrates the CB[8]-based CEBA strategy in constructing advanced water-soluble functional porous materials from symmetric preorganized aromatic precursors.
Ring-opening formal hetero-[5+2] cycloaddition of 1-tosyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrroles with terminal alkynes: entry to 1-tosyl-2,3-dihydro 2,3-dihydro-1H-azepines
Authors: Zhou Ming-Bo , Pi Rui , Teng Fan , Li Yang , Li Jin-Heng
Published: August 2019

Lewis acid-catalyzed formal hetero-[5+2] cycloaddition of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrroles with alkynes through C(sp2)–N bond cleavage toward 2,3-dihydro-1H-azepines is described.
Construction of a short metallofullerene-peapod with a spin probe
Authors: Zhao Chong , Meng Haibing , Nie Mingzhe , Huang Qiang , Du Pingwu , Wang Chunru , Wang Taishan
Published: August 2019

A short metallofullerene-peapod of Y2@C79N⊂[4]CHBC was constructed with a distinct structure and typical spin character.
The influence of oxygen vacancy on the electronic and optical properties of ABO3−δ (A = La, Sr, B = Fe, Co) perovskites
Authors: Jia Ting , Zeng Zhi , Zhang Xiaoli , Ohodnicki Paul , Chorpening Benjamin , Hackett Gregory , Lekse Jonathan , Duan Yuhua
Published: August 2019

ABO3−δ (A = La, Sr, B = Fe, Co) perovskites are useful in a wide range of applications, including their recent exploration for application in high-temperature optical oxygen sensing for energy conversion devices such as solid oxide fuel cells.
Electric-field-tunable molecular adsorption on germanane
Authors: Ye J. P. , Liu G. , Han Y. , Luo W. W. , Sun B. Z. , Lei X. L. , Xu B. , Ouyang C. Y. , Zhang H. L.
Published: August 2019

The p-type doping induced by TCNB molecular adsorption on germanane can be flexibly tuned under an electric field.
Rechargeable Mg batteries based on a Ag2S conversion cathode with fast solid-state Mg2+ diffusion kinetics
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Li Xue , Shen Jingwei , Chen Zhongxue , Cao Shun-an , Li Ting , Xu Fei
Published: August 2019

Ag2S is used as a conversion-type cathode for rechargeable Mg battery with fast solid-state Mg2+ diffusion kinetics.
Syntheses of three new isostructural lanthanide coordination polymers with tunable emission colours through bimetallic doping, and their luminescence sensing properties
Authors: Liu Ge , Lu Yu-Ke , Ma Yao-Yu , Wang Xiao-Qing , Hou Lei , Wang Yao-Yu
Published: August 2019

Three synthesized Ln-CPs show tunable emission colors through bimetallic doping and sensing for MnO4−, CrO42− and Cr2O72− ions in water.
Bimetallic and trimetallic zinc amino-bis(phenolate) complexes for ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide
Authors: Liu Yi , Dawe Louise N. , Kozak Christopher M.
Published: August 2019

Di- and trinuclear zinc complexes of an amino-bis(phenolate) ligand show good lactide polymerization activity in both solution and melt.
Palladium-mediated intramolecular dearomatization of ligated dialkylterphenyl phosphines
Authors: Rama Raquel J. , Maya Celia , Nicasio M. Carmen
Published: August 2019

Thermal dearomative rearrangement of coordinated dialkylterphenyl phosphines mediated by Pd(II).
In situ product recovery of bio-based ethyl esters via hybrid extraction-distillation
Authors: Saboe Patrick O. , Monroe Hanna R. , Michener William E. , Manker Lorenz P. , Haugen Stefan J. , Beckham Gregg T. , Karp Eric M.
Published: August 2019

In situ product recovery (ISPR) of bio-based chemicals from microbial cultivation is a means to improve titer, rate, and yield because it alleviates end product inhibition.
Ru@UiO-66(Ce) catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenation of primary amines to nitriles: the roles of Lewis acid–base pairs in the reaction
Authors: Lu Guo-Ping , Li Xinxin , Zhong Lixiang , Li Shuzhou , Chen Fei
Published: August 2019

UiO-66(Ce)-encapsulated ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru@UiO-66(Ce)) was designed and used for dehydrogenation of primary amines to nitriles in water without any hydrogen acceptors and additives.
Methanesulfonic acid: a sustainable acidic solvent for recovering metals from the jarosite residue of the zinc industry
Authors: Palden Thupten , Onghena Bieke , Regadío Mercedes , Binnemans Koen
Published: August 2019

Leaching the industrial jarosite residue with pure methanesulfonic acid resulted in a solid–liquid separation of iron from dissolved lead and zinc by precipitation.
Ligand's electronegativity controls the sense of enantioselectivity in BIFOP-X palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylations
Authors: Brüllingen Eric , Neudörfl Jörg-Martin , Goldfuss Bernd
Published: August 2019

Palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylations of Na(CH(CO2Me)2 with 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate, employing BIFOP-X (X = H, D, Cl, CN, N3) ligands, yield the C–C coupling product (up to 91% yield, 70% ee). A NBO effect reveals a change of stereochemistry.
Novel Co-doped Fe3O4/Bi2WO6 core–shell magnetic photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic degradation of contaminants
Authors: Luo Haidong , Zhao Binxia , Zhang Mengran , Liu Yuling , Han Ruixuan , Liu Linxue
Published: August 2019

Novel Co-doped Bi2WO6 nanosheets on the surfaces of an Fe3O4 hybrid material were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method.
Triflic acid-mediated synthesis of thioglycosides
Authors: Escopy Samira , Singh Yashapal , Demchenko Alexei V.
Published: August 2019

Examples include all common hexoses, aminosugars, sialic acids, and disaccharides.
The effect of Fe/Co ratio on the structure and oxygen permeability of Ca-containing composite membranes
Authors: Wang Shu , Shi Lei , Boubeche Mebrouka , Wang Haoqi , Xie Zhiang , Tan Wen , He Yuan , Yan Dong , Luo Huixia
Published: August 2019

60 wt%Ce0.9Pr0.1O2−δ–40 wt%Pr0.6Ca0.4Fe1−xCoxO3−δ composite were synthesized and found that the reduction of Fe/Co ratio improved the oxygen permeability (Jo2) for x ≤ 0.6, while the reduction ratio had an adverse impact on the Jo2 for x ≥ 0.8.
Tuning the morphological and electronic structure of amorphous nickel-based electrocatalysts by anion regulation for water oxidation in neutral media
Authors: Yuan Gang , Hu Yujie , Wang Qiwei , Wang Zihan , Wang Li , Zhang Xiangwen , Wang Qingfa
Published: August 2019

Self-supported water oxidation catalysts with high activity under neutral conditions were fabricated with tunable morphology and electronic structure by anion regulation.
Polymer dynamics under confinement
Authors: Richter Dieter , Kruteva Margarita
Published: August 2019

Recent neutron scattering and related results from simulation and other techniques on the microscopic dynamics of polymers under confinement are presented. Coexistence of dynamical phases in the confined polymer determines the macroscopic properties.
Extracellular matrix and morphogenesis in cnidarians: a tightly knit relationship
Authors: Bergheim Bruno Gideon , Özbek Suat
Published: August 2019

Cnidarians, members of an early-branching metazoan phylum, possess an extracellular matrix (ECM) between their two epithelial cell layers, called the mesoglea. The cnidarian ECM, which is best studied in Hydra, contains matrix components reflective of both interstitial matrix and basement membrane. The identification of core matrisome components in cnidarian genomes has led to the notion that the basic composition of vertebrate ECM is of highly conserved nature and can be traced back to pre-bilaterians. While in vertebrate classes ECM factors have often diverged and acquired specialized functions in the context of organ development, cnidarians with their simple body plan retained direct links between ECM and morphogenesis. Recent advances in genetic manipulation techniques have provided tools for systematically studying cnidarian ECM function in body axis patterning and regeneration.
Consumer Opinion of Personal Sound Amplification Products: A Preliminary Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Lakshmi Magudilu Srishyla Kumar , Rout Ayasakanta , Morris Ariana , Smaldino Joseph
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to preliminarily investigate the sentiments associated with consumer opinions of personal sound amplification products (PSAPs).

Method

Online reviews of 21 popular PSAPs were collected from the
Amazon.com
website. The reviews for each product were exported to compile individual product-specific text files. A sentiment mining analysis was completed to aggregate the number of positive and negative comments for each product. In addition, the effect of value for money, available features, perceived benefit, and overall perception of PSAPs was evaluated. A correlational analysis was completed to examine the relationship between different PSAP features and the number of positive and negative comments.

Results

Mixed-model analysis of variance showed a significantly higher number of positive comments for high- and mid-cost products in terms of overall perception and perceived benefit compared to low-cost products. For feature attribute, high-cost products had significantly higher positive comments compared to mid- and low-cost products. There was a strong correlation between price and positive comments and a moderate correlation between price and negative comments. Also, there was a significant moderate correlation between presence of compression and feedback suppression PSAP features and positive comments.

Conclusions

Positive sentiments expressed toward PSAPs were found to favor high- and mid-level products. However, there was a considerably high number of negative sentiments reported across all the PSAPs investigated. The noticeable thing is that the negative comments do not change significantly across price ranges. However, the positive comments significantly increase with an increase in product price range. This indicates a possible increase in benefit with high-cost products. However, this claim requires further empirical evidence through controlled studies.
Modelling cascading failure of a CPS for topological resilience enhancement
Authors: Yang Zejun , Chen Ying , Marti Jose
Published: August 2019

This study focuses on the cyber‐physical system (CPS) consisting of interdependent electrical distribution and communication networks, where the two networks are mutually dependent. A small disturbance in either of them can trigger a cascade of faults within the entire network. To investigate the failure mechanism, first, two features that affect topological resilience (TR) are defined in this study: adaptation and recovery abilities. Second, the authors model the process of cascading failures that occur in this coupled system by introducing and developing the infrastructure interdependencies simulator. The process of cascading failures is based on percolation theory, and they present a detailed analysis of cascading failure in a standard IEEE 33‐bus system coupled with the 33‐node communication system. This study proves that the adaptation ability of a coupled system is even lower than a single system. This is due to the interdependencies between systems, and the study of the failure mechanisms helps planers to make a better decision in the recovery process. Finally, the modified shortest path search is used to optimise the repair sequence. Their numerical results validate that the recovery ability of the coupled system is increased through the optimisation, which contributes to the TR enhancement.