bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
577 Strawberry Runner Plant Root Pruning and Subsequent Growth and Yield in California
Authors: Larson Kirk D.
Published: February 2019

Each year, 500,000,000 bare-root plants (crowns) are used to establish strawberry plantings in California. Careful placement of plants in the planting holes is a critical determinant of plant growth and productivity, but large-rooted crowns are difficult to plant correctly. Use of uniform plant material would facilitate proper planting. I conducted a study in 1997–98 to determine the influence of three root pruning treatments on performance of `Camarosa' bare-root strawberry plants. Crowns were machine-dug from a nursery on 27 Oct. 1997. Two-hundred-forty plants were selected for uniformity of size, and root systems of all selected plants were >12.7 cm in length. Root systems of individual plants were randomly subjected to three pruning treatments: nonpruned (NP), pruned to 8.9 cm in length (P1), or pruned to 4.45 cm in length (P2). Twenty plants were randomly selected from each pruning treatment, washed, divided into excised and intact root tissues, and dried at 70 °C for 6 days. Pruning resulted in the removal of 23% and 78% of root dry mass for plants in the P1 and P2 treatments, respectively. For each treatment, the 60 remaining plants were established in raised beds at the Univ. of California South Coast R.E.C. in Irvine on 1 Nov. 1997. Experimental design was a RCB, with one 20-plant plot per treatment in each of three replicate blocks. There was no plant mortality and no difference among treatments in plant canopy diameter in March (mean diam. = 36.7 cm). Fruit yields were determined for each plot at weekly intervals from 1 Feb. to 18 Apr. 1998. There was no effect of pruning on yield or fruit size, suggesting that strawberry root systems have considerable regenerative ability.
585 Indole Acetic Acid Reduced Some Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Date Palm Seedlings
Authors: Aljuburi Hameed J.
Published: February 2019

An experiment was conducted at the United Arab Emirates Univ., in Al-Ain, to study the effect of saline water on the growth characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedings cultivar Lulu-salt alone or a combination of NaCl and indole acetic acid (IAA) or IAA alone were tested with different levels. Then the plant growth characteristics were measured. Hormone did not antagonize the salt effect on shoot length of date palm seedlings. Application of 24 mg·L–1 salt alone or in combination with hormone and 12 mg·L–1 in combination with 0.2 mg·L–1 IAA significantly increased the root: shoot ratio over the control. Irrigation date palm seedlings with saline water alone or in combination with IAA for 80 days resulted in a significant increase in dry matter (percentage) of leaves with salt symptoms, whereas the number of leaves per seedling were reduced over the control. The results also showed that the irrigation of seedlings with 0.15 mg·L–1 IAA in combination with 24 or 12 mg·L–1 salt alleviated adverse effect of salt by increasing or reducing significantly root length or leaves with salt symptoms percentage over using 24 or 12 mg·L–1 salt alone.
602 Influence of Tillage and N Source on Gas Exchange in Tomato
Authors: Whitehead Wayne F. , Singh Bharat P.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tillage method effects of N sources on gas exchange (GE) at the flowering, fruiting, and pre-senescence in tomato. Measurements of transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthesis (Pn), and internal leaf CO2 concentration (Ci) were reported. The following fall/spring tillage and fertility treatments were applied: 1) fall-fallow/spring-moldboard, 2) fall-fallow/spring-moldboard + 90 kg·ha–1 N, 3) fall-moldboard + hairy vetch/spring-chisel, 4) fall-moldboard + hairy vetch/springchisel + 90 kg·ha–1 N, 5) fall-minimum till+hairy vetch/spring-chisel, and 6) fall-minimum till + hairy vetch/spring-chisel + 90 kg·ha–1 N. During the 2nd week of Apr. 1995, `Mountain Pride' tomato was transplanted in all plots. Maximum E (11.9 mmol·m–2·s–1), gs (1465.1 mmol·m–2·s–1), and Pn (22.23 μmolCO2/m2 per s) occurred at the fruiting and highest Ci (301.2 μL·L–1) at the flowering. Throughout the growing seaon, treatments 5 and 3 affected GE rates the most, while treatments 1 and 3 at flowering affected Ci the most. Results indicate that fall moldboard or minimum-till + hairy vetch/spring chisel had greatest influence on GE of tomato.
609 Micronutrient Fertilization of Container-grown Woody Seedlings Essential Regardless of Pine Bark pH
Authors: Wright Amy N. , Niemiera Alex X. , Harris J. Roger , Wright Robert D.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of micronutrient fertilization on seedling growth in pine bark with pH ranging from 4.0 to 5.5. Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) was container-grown from seed in pine bark amended (preplant) with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg/m3 dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg/m3 sulfate-based micronutrient fertilizer (Micromax ®). Initial pine bark pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Final pH (week 10) ranged from 4.7 to 6.4. Ca and Mg supply in irrigation water was 10.2 and 4.2 mg·L–1. Seedlings were harvested 10 weeks after planting, and shoot dry weight and height were determined. Pine bark solution was extracted using the pour-through method at 3, 7, and 10 weeks after planting. Solution pH was measured, and solutions were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Shoot dry weight and height were higher in micronutrient-amended bark than in bark without added micronutrients. Lime (1.2 kg·) increased growth only in the absence of micronutrient additions. In general, adding micronutrients increased pine bark solution Ca, Mg, and micronutrient concentrations. Adding lime increased pine bark solution pH and Mg concentration and either had no effect on or decreased solution Ca and micronutrient concentrations. Regardless of pine bark pH, micronutrient additions resulted in improved growth and adding lime was not necessary.
618 Tree Form and Tree Density Affect Peach Tree Cropping and Profitability
Authors: Marini Richard P.
Published: February 2019

`Norman' peach trees were trained to the central-leader or open-vase form and were planted at high (740 trees/ha) or low (370 trees/ha) density. A third density treatment was a high/low density, where alternate trees in high-density plots were removed after 6 years to produce a low-density treatment. Annual yield per hectare was ≈15% to 40% greater for high-density treatments than for low-density treatments, but tree form had little influence on yield. Fruit size tended to be greater for low-density than for high-density treatments, but cumulative marketable yield was greatest for high-density and lowest for high/low density treatments. After 9 years, cumulative crop value was higher for open-vase than central-leader treatments (P = 0.12), but tree density had less of an effect on crop value (P = 0.21). Cumulative costs were highest for high-density treatments, but were not influenced by tree form. Income minus costs was nearly $4500/ha higher for open-vase than for central-leader trees and net present value was more than $2000/ha higher for high-density than low-density trees (P = 0.20). Open-vase trees were more profitable than central leader trees and should be planted at densities of about 700 trees/ha in the mid-Atlantic region.
627 Using a Toxic Bait and a Trap Crop for the Control of Striped and Spotted Cucumber Beetles and Bacterial Wilt of Cucumbers
Authors: Meyer Karen M. , Davis Greg L. , Steadman James R.
Published: February 2019

The toxic bait, Adios, was tested with the use of a trap crop in a field experiment at the Univ. of Nebraska during Summer 1998. The insecticide contains the secondary plant metabolites known as cucurbitacins that are highly attractive to the striped and spotted cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum and Diabrotica undecimuncata howardi, respectively. These beetles serve as the vector of the bacterial pathogen, Erwinia tracheiphila, which causes severe wilting and eventual death of susceptible cucurbits. The objective of the study was to determine whether treatments of Adios, when applied to a flowering trap crop of resistant squash plants, would lure the cucumber beetles away from the susceptible cucumber plants and reduce bacterial wilt. The study compared the effectiveness of a sprayed trap crop, the direct application of Adios to the cucumber plants and no treatment in a randomized complete-block design. A greater number of beetles were attracted to the sprayed and untreated cucumbers compared to the cucumbers surrounded by the treated trap plants. However, significant numbers of dead beetles were found near the sprayed cucumber plants. Untreated plants showed more feeding damage, diminished fruit quality, and an earlier observation date of wilt symptoms as compared to the other treatments. The treated trap plants and the direct application of Adios were effective in delaying infection in cucumbers compared to the untreated plants in the experimental plots. This treatment may be useful to home gardeners.
679 Intelligent Media: Use of Buffered Phosphate for Production of Ornamentals in Soilless Media
Authors: Lynch Jonathan , Brown Kathleen
Published: February 2019

We have developed solid-phase P buffers capable of maintaining P concentrations in soiless media much lower than conventional fertilizers, in the range of available P levels found in natural soil. In addition to substantially reducing PGH reaching into the environment, these buffers can have a number of useful effects on crop growth. Using various floriculture and ornamental species, plants grown in media buffered at low P levels have stimulated root branching and growth, increased drought resistance, better transplant establishment, better shoot form, better vegetative growth, increased flowering, and continued development of buds in the postharvest environment. Phosphorus availability regulates many aspects of root architecture including adventitious rooting, lateral branch density, root gravitropism, and root hair formation. It appears that many of the effects of P on root growth may be mediated by ethylene. We hypothesize that the high P concentrations used in many horticultural systems are detrimental to optimal plant growth, and that buffered media represent an opportunity to improve production systems while also reducing environmental pollution from nutrient effluents.
Additional Evaluations of Cucumis melo L. Germplasm for Resistance to Downy Mildew
Authors: Thomas C.E.
Published: February 2019

Field evaluations for resistance against downy mildew, incited by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rostovzev were conducted on 1076 U.S. Plant Introductions (PI) of Cucumis melo L. (melon). A disease index (DI) was calculated for each entry that had one or more resistant plants. Based on DI, PIs 271329 and 401644 were the most resistant overall (DI = 2.6 and 2.8, respectively). However, resistant plants exhibiting reaction type (RT) 3 were identified in 68 accessions, and 110 accessions had moderately resistant (RT 2) plants.
Impact of a High Phosphorus Fertilizer and Timing of Termination of Fertilization on Flowering of a Hybrid Moth Orchid
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung
Published: February 2019

An experiment was initiated to determine the effect of a low N, high P and K fertilizer applied during the flowering season on a hybrid moth orchid (Phalaenopsis TAM Butterfly Blume.). On 1 Sept., plants of flowering size receiving N, P, and K at 100, 44, and 83 mg·L–1, respectively, from a 20N–8.8P–16.6K soluble fertilizer were given N, P, and K, at 30, 398, and 506 mg·L–1 (high P), respectively, at each or every fourth irrigation. Control plants continued to receive the 20N–8.8P–16.6K fertilizer. The high P treatments, regardless of the frequency of application, had no effect on the date of emergence of the flowering stem (spiking), anthesis, or flower size. All plants treated with the high P fertilizer had fewer flowers (15 to 19) than the controls (24 flowers). Continuous application of adequate N appears to be more important than low N and increased P for optimal flowering. In a separate experiment using the same hybrid orchid, terminating fertilization completely on 1 Sept., 29 Sept., or 27 Oct. or when the flowering stems were emerging (1 Oct.) reduced flower count (≤19 vs. 24). Flower longevity was reduced by 12 d when fertilization was terminated on 1 Sept. Flower size was unaffected by any treatment in either experiment. Discontinuing fertilization prior to late November reduced flower count. Withholding fertilization for extended periods resulted in red leaves, loss of the lower leaves, and limited production of new leaves.
Response of Lettuce to Water and Nitrogen on Sand and the Potential for Leaching of Nitrate-N
Authors: Sanchez Charles A.
Published: February 2019

The low desert region of Arizona is the major area of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in the United States during the winter. Lettuce is commonly grown on the loam, clay loam, and clay soils of the alluvial river valleys. There is some interest in moving a portion of the vegetable production onto the sandy soils of the terraces (mesa) above the alluvial river valley to partially relieve the intensive production pressure being placed on lands in the valley. Of major concern in these sandy soils is water and N management. Studies were conducted during two seasons to evaluate the response of crisphead lettuce to sprinkler irrigation and N fertilizer and to evaluate the potential for leaching of nitrate-N on a coarse-textured soil. Lettuce yields increased in response to water and N, and were maximized by 55 cm of water and 271 kg·ha–1 N in 1991–92 and 76 cm water and 270 kg·ha–1 N in 1992–93. These water and N rates exceeded those typically required on finer-textured alluvial valley soils. At N and water rates required for maximum yields, 88% and 77% of the applied N was not recovered in the aboveground portions of the plant during the 1991–92 and 1992–93 seasons, respectively. Overall, data for the amount of N fertilizer not recovered, estimates of nitrate-N leaching determined during one growing season, and analysis of soil samples collected after harvest indicate the potential for large N leaching losses on this coarse-textured soil. Alternative production methods that enhance water and N use efficiencies, such as drip irrigation and/or the use of controlled-release fertilizers, should be considered on this sandy soil.
004 Thrips (Hercinothrips femoralis) and Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) Resistance of Anthurium Cultivars under Interior Conditions
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Henny Richard. J. , Osborne Lance. S. , Caldwell Russell D. , Robinson Cynthia A.
Published: February 2019

Potted anthurium is becoming an important indoor flowering foliage plant because of its unique attractive appearance and continuous growth and flowering under interior conditions. However, an interior environment, with controlled optimal temperatures and relative humidity and living plants, is an ideal niche for pest development. Pests such as thrips and two-spotted spider mite on Anthurium have been great challenges to the interiorscape industry because many pesticides have been rigorously restricted for interior use. Thus, exploiting the genetic potential of cultivar resistance may be the best approach for the control of these pests. In this study, eight of the most popular Anthurium cultivars were evaluated for their resistance to a natural infestation of thrips (Hercinothrips femoralis) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) under three light levels: 4, 8, and 16 μmol·m-2·s-1, temperatures of 23.8 to 26.7 °C and a relative humidity of 60%. Results indicated that significant resistant differences exist among cultivars. The cultivars most resistant to thrips were not the most resistant to mite and vice versa. Cultivars that exhibited moderate resistance to thrips were also moderately resistant to mite. Low light intensity appeared to be a factor influencing thrips infestation since control plants that grew under a light intensity of 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 had no observed thrips damage. On the other hand, two-spotted spider mite infestation was not influenced by light intensity.
025 Pea Leafminer, a New Pest of Leafy Vegetables in Ontario, Canada
Authors: McDonald M.R. , Sears M.K. , Clarke T. , Chaput J. , Marshall S.A.
Published: February 2019

A new pest of leafy vegetables was responsible for considerable reductions in marketable yield of several late-season crops in the Holland/Bradford Marsh area (44°5'N, 79°35'W) of Ontario in 1999. The pea leafminer, Lyriomyza huidobrensis, was present in high populations (25/sweep) in fields of celery, Asian crucifer crops, and spinach during the months of August and September. The high populations were associated with extensive leaf mining of celery, root parsley, and edible dandelion. On other crops, including spinach and flat-flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinenesis group var. utilis) damage consisted of stippling of the leaves, as a result of feeding and possibly oviposition, but no leaf mining. The stippling was extensive and rendered these crops unmarketable. An other Asian crucifer, Chinese broccoli (Brassica alboglabra) exhibited high numbers of stipples on the leaves, but very low numbers of mines. The leaves of red beets exhibited a low incidence of mines, not enough to affect yield. This is the first report of the pea leafminer affecting field vegetables in this area and causing crop losses. Pictures of the pest and symptoms of damage to the crops will be presented.
026 The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Fusarium Stem Rot in Greenhouse Peppers in South Florida
Authors: Lamb E.M. , Sonoda R.M , Oxman E.F. , Rosskopf E.N.
Published: February 2019

Hydroponic greenhouse production of sweet peppers is a well-established and growing industry in South Florida. Plants are in the greenhouse from about October until June, and the long season makes disease problems particularly costly to producers. A stem rot caused by Fusarium solani (anamorph of Nectria haematococca) and previously unreported in South Florida was found on greenhouse peppers in March 1999. Black lesions occurred at nodes where the plant was pruned or fruit was harvested. Tissues above the lesion appeared normal until the lesion girdled the stem, at which point the tissues above the lesion wilted and died. Greenhouse surveys over a 4-month period suggested that environmental factors played a role in number of infected plants and lesion size. A controlled environment chamber test was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature and cultivar on disease development and severity. Three greenhouse pepper cultivars; Cubico, Triple 4, and Kelvin, were stem inoculated with F. solani at the 3- to 4-week stage. Noninoculated plants were included as a control. Fifteen plants of each cultivar plus control plants were incubated at ≈35, 32, and 29 °C for 2 weeks. The test was run twice. All inoculated plants developed lesions while no control plants developed disease symptoms. Lesion length and diameter were measured for all plants and wilting associated with disease development was noted. Temperature had a significant effect on disease severity with larger lesions and more frequent wilting occurring at higher temperatures. Cultivar did not affect the development of the disease.
031 Effects on the Supercooling Capacity of Capsicum annum L. by Epiphytic Bacteria Population
Authors: Rascon-Chu A. , Gardea A.A. , Guerrero-P V. , Martinez-T J. , Rivera C. , Garcia R.
Published: February 2019

The effect of epiphytic bacteria population with different ice nucleation activity (INA) on the extent of supercooling of in vitro and leaf tissue disks of greenhouse-grown Capsicum annuum L. plants was determined. Bacterial strains were isolated on PDA and King's B medium from foliar samples of weeds from commercial apple orchards in Cuauhtemoc, Chihuahua, Mexico. Bacteria were screened by colony morphology, fluorescence under UV light, while growin on King's B medium plates and screened for ice-nucleating capability at -5 °C in suspensions of 108 cfu/mL. Ice nucleating (Ice+) and non-ice-nucleating (Ice-) active strains with fluorescent capacity were isolated from symptomless leaf samples. Four bacterial strains were used with different ina as epiphytic population models. Two Pseudomonas syringae strains, Pss29A and PD, from Oregon State Univ., with high Ice+ capability; P. fluorescens A-506, in its Blight Ban™ commercial lyophilized presentation; and UC001, a native fluorescent strain from CIAD-Cuauhtemoc; both Ice-strains. Freezing tests were carried out under controlled conditions. The high Ice+ strains Pss29A and PD increased the temperature of supercooling 2 and 1 °C compared to control samples. The non-inoculated tissue showed damage over 50% at -3 °C and below. Inoculated tissue with Ice+ strains (P. syringae 29A and PD), showed damage superior to 50% at -1 and -2 °C, respectively. Conversely, at none of the temperatures assayed, Ice-strains surpassed 50% damage. These results are of interest for further development of passive strategies towards minimizing damage due to low-temperature exposure of tropical vegetable crops.
036 Antioxidant Capacity and Anthocyanin and Phenolic Content of Highbush Blueberries of Different Maturities
Authors: Kalt W. , Lawand C. , Forney C.F.
Published: February 2019

Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruit of the cultivars `Bergitta', `Bluegold', and `Nelson' were harvested at six stages of maturity and evaluated for their antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin and phenolic content. Fruit of the four earliest maturities were also stored at 20 °C for up to 8 days. At the time of harvest, fruit of different maturities had substantial differences in their anthocyanin content, and less marked differences in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Substantial anthocyanin synthesis occurred in under-ripe fruit during 20 °C storage, and varied depending on fruit maturity at harvest. Total phenolic content changed very little during storage, and there was no change in fruit antioxidant capacity. The results suggest that anthocyanin phenolics are formed on or off the plant, primarily from other pre-existing phenolic components. Whether phenolics are present as anthocyanins or other colorless forms, has relatively little impact on antioxidant capacity.
041 Dehydrins as Drought-stress Mechanisms in Leaves of Red Maple and Seaside Alder
Authors: Foster Carol M. , Graves William R.
Published: February 2019

Desiccation damage in ornamental plant species is of particular concern to the nursery and landscape industry. Species in two genera, Acer and Alnus, display fundamental differences in how drought affects leaves. The same soil moisture content that causes foliar desiccation and abscission in Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Nutt. (seaside alder) causes neither response in Acer rubrum L. (red maple). Understanding molecular mechanisms associated with plant response to drought stress can be an im portant factor in developing strategies for improved sustainability in urban landscapes. Our objective was to characterize expression of drought-induced dehydrin genes in leaves of `Red Sunset' red maple (desiccation-resistant) and seaside alder (desiccation-sensitive) in response to dehydration and rehydration. Potted cuttings grown in a glasshouse were subjected to four cycles of drought and rehydration. Stomatal conductance and volumetric moisture content of rooting medium were used to determine when drought cycles ended. During the second and fourth cycles, leaves were sampled for RNA and protein extraction. Dehydrin probes were generated from genomic DNA of both species by using PCR with primers designed from conserved regions in dehydrin genes. Southern blot analyses revealed the presence of dehydrin genes in seaside alder and red maple genomes. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was used to isolate desiccation-induced dehydrin cDNAs from total RNA extracted from drought-stressed leaves. The cDNA clones show 61% to 66% identity at the nucleic acid level with dehydrin genes of soybean, sunflower, radish, and potato. Accumulation of dehydrin transcripts and proteins in leaves in response to dehydration and rehydration are being studied through northern and western blot analyses, respectively. Our results may lead to a rapid screening technique for seedlings with improved mechanisms of drought resistance.
049 Thickness and Weight of Watermelon Seed Produced from a Cross Between Tetraploid and Diploid Plants
Authors: Loehrlein Marietta , Ray Dennis T.
Published: February 2019

Triploid watermelon seed are produced by crosses between tetraploid female and diploid male plants. When open-pollinated, the resultant seed can be either tetraploid due to self-pollination or triploid from pollination by a diploid. This work was done to test if triploid and tetraploid seed can be separated on the basis of seed thickness and weight. Open-pollinated seed from a 4n × 2n cross were separated by either thickness (grouped into 0.1-mm increments) or weight (5-mg increments). Seed were germinated in a greenhouse and transplanted into the field. Plants were scored as either triploid or tetraploid by use of a genetic marker system. When separated by either thickness or weight, triploid and tetraploid seed were found in essentially each size category. There were no significant differences between populations for thickness, and the mean weights were essentially equal between triploid and tetraploid seed.
065 Genetic Stability of Potato Leafroll Virus Coat Protein Gene in Transgenic Potatoes
Authors: Seo Hyo-Won , Yi Jung-Yoon , Hahm Young-Il , Cho Hyun-Mook , Park Kuen Woo
Published: February 2019

Three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars `Superior', `Irish Cobbler', and `Jopung' were transformed by co-cultivation with tuber discs and disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying modified vector pBI121, that contained PLRV coat protein (CP) gene and controlled by CaMV35S promoter. Putative transformants were selected and their genomic DNA and RNA transcripts were analyzed for the confirmation of genetic stability by RT-PCR, PCR, southern, and northern blot. The growth characteristics and viral resistance of progenies of transgenic potato plants were investigated. Twelve lines among the different seven-times manipulated transgenic lines were grown in greenhouse and isolates trial field. PLRV coat protein gene was stably inherited in `Superior', but not in `Jopung'. `Jopung' was less stable than `Irish Cobbler' and `Superior' at genetic stability of PLRV CP gene. And some of these transgenic lines were highly resisted in PLRV multiplication. The yield of transformants was reduced in `Irish Cobbler' but not in `Superior'. Possible explanations for these types of resistance are gene silencing and positional effects of transformed PLRV CP genes and that had cultivar specificity. We consider the appearance of escaped transformants in `Jopung' for emergence of chimeric explants from early selection stage.
066 Determination of Genetic Diversity of Potato Varieties by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis
Authors: Seo Hyo-Won , Yi Jung-Yoon , Kim Eung-Soo , Cho Hyun-Mook , Park Young-Eun , Park Kuen-Woo
Published: February 2019

This study was carried out to prove the new variety's originality by using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis and to develope the specific markers for distinction new variety from others to database for improving the efficiency of germplasm conservation. The RAPD procedure was used to determine genetic diversity of 13 potato varieties including seven recommended varieties of Korea and six genotypes. Genomic DNAs from the 13 genotypes were amplified using PCR and URP 2F, 4R and 8R primers. URP primers which were 20-mers were received from NIAST (National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, Korea) and they were shown very high reproducibility because of the high annealing temperature above 55 °C. So, they were known to be very desirable primers to examine the specificity between inter and intra species in various spectra. These 13 lines have many resemblances in plant characteristics each other because `Jopung', '92N09-6', `Daekwan 68', and `Daekwan 70' were originated from `Superior', `Atlantic', `Namsuh', and `Irish Cobbler' respectively. So, there are many difficulties to distinct new variety by the naked eye. The results of this study show that 2 sets of URP primers are very useful to distinct new variety and mutants from others.
085 Development of a Cleaved Amplified pPolymorphic Sequence (CAP) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Linked to the Mi Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, race 1) Resistance Gene in Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]
Authors: Gillen Anne M. , Bliss Fredrick A.
Published: February 2019

Peach rootstock breeding may be accelerated by utilization of molecular markers linked to the root-knot nematode resistance locus (Mi) to screen segregating populations. A genetic linkage map was constructed using RFLP markers in an F2 population (PMP2) that is segregating for this locus. PMP2 is derived from a controlled cross of the relatively diverse peach rootstocks Harrow Blood (susceptible) and Okinawa (homozygous resistant). Bulked Segregant Analysis was applied using RAPD markers. A single small (227 base pairs) RAPD marker was found to be linked to the dominant resistant allele of Mi at a distance of 10 cM. This new marker joined the Mi locus to the RFLP linkage map and showed that two dominant RFLP markers are located between the RAPD marker and Mi. RFLPS are expensive, time-consuming and RAPD markers are unreliable, and therefore both are unsuitable for screening breeding populations. We attempted to convert the RAPD marker to a more breeder-friendly CAPS marker. The converted CAP marker was dominant. Attempts to convert the CAP marker to a co-dominant marker were not successful. The utility of the CAP marker was tested in an open pollinated F2 population derived from the F1 parent of PMP2 and in several rootstocks. The genetic linkage map was compared to other Prunus maps. The PMP2 linkage group containing the Mi locus can be related to the peach × almond linkage group which contains the phosphoglucomutase Pgm-1 locus.
117 Ethanol Production and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Indicate Freezing and Heat Stress in Apple Fruit During Storage
Authors: Song Jun , Fan Lihua , Forney Charles F. , Jordan Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Ethanol production and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured as signals of freezing and heat stress in apple fruit. `Cortland' and `Jonagold' apples were held at –8.5 °C for 0, 6, 12 or 24 h (freezing treatments), or at 46 °C for 0, 4, 8 or 12 h (heat treatments). Following treatments, fruit were stored at 0 °C and evaluated after 0, 1, 2, or 3 months. Following storage, fruit samples were kept for 12 h at 20 °C and then analyzed for ethanol production, chlorophyll fluorescence, and visible injury. Severity of flesh browning increased with increasing treatment time for both freezing and heat treatments. Freezing for 24 h and heating for 12 h caused severe flesh browning in both cultivars. Severity of heat-induced browning increased during storage. Increases in ethanol production were apparent 12 h following treatments and reflected the degree of stress-induced fruit injury. After 2 months of storage, ethanol concentrations peaked and were as much as 400-fold greater than that of controls. These stress treatments also reduced ethylene production and chlorophyll fluorescence. The degree of increase in stress-induced ethanol production and decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence correlated with stress-induced injury and could be used to predict the severity of injury that develops during storage. Other volatile production and their relationship to fruit stress will also be discussed.
118 1-MCP Controls Superficial Scald and Delays Softening in `Cortland' Apples
Authors: DeEll Jennifer R. , Rupasinghe H.P. Vasantha , Murr Dennis P.
Published: February 2019

`Cortland' is an apple cultivar with inherent poor storeability because of excessive vulnerability to the development of superficial scald in long-term storage. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the potential of the potent ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; EthylBloc®) to counteract this constraint and to develop some basic procedures for its exposure. Eight hours after harvest, fruit were exposed to 1.0 mL·L–1 1-MCP for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, or 48 h at 3, 13, or 23 °C. Following exposure, fruit were placed at 0 to 1 °C in air for 120 days, after which time they were removed to 20 °C and held 7 days for post-storage assessment of ripening and to allow development of physiological disorders. In general, and within our experimental limits, the higher the temperature of 1-MCP exposure the shorter the required exposure time to obtain similar effects. The desired effectiveness of 1-MCP could be achieved by exposing fruit for at least 3 h at 23 °C, for 6 h at 13 °C, or for 9 h at 3 °C. 1-MCP-treated apples were consistently 2 kg firmer than untreated apples. Scald incidence in untreated fruit after 120 days at 0 to 1 °C and 7 days at 20 °C was 100%, whereas 1-MCP reduced scald by 95% in treatments of long enough duration at any particular temperature.
126 Antioxidant Responses in Detached Leaves of Two Cultivars of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Differing in Their Senescence Rates
Authors: Hodges D. Mark , Wismer Wendy V. , Forney Charles F.
Published: February 2019

The responses of certain antioxidants in detached leaves of two cultivars of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) differing in their senescence rates were assessed during storage in order to explore the significance of these antioxidants in senescence regulation and dynamics. To identify spinach cultivars differing in their senescence rates, 10 cultivars were grown in field plots, harvested at maturity, and their leaves detached and stored at 10 °C in the dark. At the point of harvest (d 0) and on d 5, 8, 12, and 15, samples were analyzed for lipid peroxidation (MDA), chlorophyll loss, and electrolyte leakage. The cultivars were also grown in laboratory growth chambers to corroborate field results. Two cultivars that were consistently identified as having relatively high (Spokane F1) and low (BJ 412 Sponsor) senescence rates were grown in growth chambers for 45 d, harvested at maturity, and their leaves detached and stored as above. At the point of harvest (d 0) and on d 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20, samples were analyzed for (i) activities of ascorbate peroxidase (ASPX; EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), and (ii) concentrations of MDA, total ascorbate, reduced ascorbate (AsA), oxidized ascorbate (DAsA), total glutathione, reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Although MDA accumulated in leaves of both cultivars concomitant with time after detachment, levels became significantly higher in Spokane. Activities of ASPX declined in Spokane leaves following detachment but activities of SOD and levels of glutathione increased in this cultivar. GSH/GSSG increased in `Sponsor', but dramatically more so in `Spokane'. Ascorbate concentrations did not diminish in leaves of `Spokane' to the degree that they did in `Sponsor' tissue. DAsA/AsA values did not decrease in `Spokane' leaves following detachment, though they did in those of `Sponsor'. It is argued that declining activities of ASPX and levels of ascorbate and increasing activities of SOD manifested in accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in Spokane, leading to a greater potential for lipid peroxidation in this variety than for Sponsor. SOD activities and glutathione levels may have increased as a result of elevated oxidative stress in Spokane. Increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation in `Spokane' relative to `Sponsor' may have contributed to an increased rate of senescence in the leaves of this cultivar.
143 Gas Exchange, Water Relations, and Growth of Seaside Alder Exposed to Drought and Flooding
Authors: Graves William R. , Gardner Sarah J.
Published: February 2019

Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (seaside alder) is a rare species that occurs naturally only on soils that are frequently or constantly saturated with fresh water. The objective of our first experiment was to determine effects of drought and flooding treatments of differing severity on foliar gas exchange, water relations, and development of plants grown in containers in a greenhouse. In a second experiment we examined how the rate of water loss from soil during drought episodes affected the gas exchange and survival of leaves. In the first experiment, changes in soil moisture content, which ranged from saturation to 10% or less by volume across treatments, were associated with altered stem water potential and net photosynthesis. Analysis of the osmolarity of liquid extracted from leaves indicated that osmotic adjustment did not occur in response to drought. Shoot dry weight per plant ranged from over 7 g (only the lower portion of the soil profile kept saturated) to less than 3 g (entire soil profile constantly saturated). Episodes of drought of different severity led to plants with shoots that weighed between these two extremes, and exposure to soils with 10% water or less by volume did not elicit leaf desiccation or abscission. Results of the second experiment suggest that leaf desiccation can result from exposing plants to 10% water or less by volume if the drought develops rapidly in a small volume of soil. We conclude that, despite the niche it occupies in nature, seaside alder may have the potential to be used in managed landscapes with soils that vary in moisture content.
146 Cold Hardiness Evaluation of Deer-resistant Thuja plicata for Northern Latitudes
Authors: Shirazi A.M. , Boland T.M. , Bachtell K.R
Published: February 2019

The expansion of urban communities to rural areas is leading to an increase of the problem of deer damage. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) damage to landscape plants in commercial nurseries, residential and public areas is very widespread. Thuja occidentalis (Arborvitae) is one of the most common landscape plants. It is widely produced by nurseries and used by homeowners in the landscape. However, it is also highly favored by deer for browsing. Thuja plicata (Arborvitae) the Western Cedars is a highly deer-resistant arborvitae. One of the principal limiting factors for new arborvitae for its success in nursery productionand its use in the landscape is cold hardiness (in northern climates). However, the cold hardiness of different Thuja plicata is not known. Deer-resistant Thuja plicata cultivars: `Atroviren', `Cancan', `Elegantissima', `Excelsa', `Gelderland', `George Washington', `Hilleri', `Sunshine', and `Virescens' planted in Sprintg 1998 at The Morton Arboretum research plot in Lisle, Ill. Branch cold hardiness was tested by artificial freezing in Jan. 1999 and 2000. Ice-nucleated samples were placed in an ultra-low temperature and kept at 2 °C overnight, and the temperature then lowered at 5 °C/h to –40 °C, at which time samples were taken out at each test temperature (at 4 °C intervals). After the freezing test, the samples were thawed at 4 °C for 24 h, then planted in a peat and perlite media and kept at 100% humidity in a greenhouse. Samples were evaluated after 2 weeks for visual browning and lowest survival temperature. There were significant differences in coldhardiness between the nine cultivars tested in Jan. 1999. `Elegantissima', `Excelsa'. and `Cancan' were the most hardy (–34 to 40 °C), followed by `Virescens', `Sunshine', and `Gelderland' (–27 to 32 °C), `Hilleri' and `Atrovirens' (–24 to 25 °C). `George Washington' ` was the least hardy (–20 °C) cultivar.
147 A 27-kDa Rhododendron Deacclimation Protein is Related to ABA Stress Ripening/Water Deficit Stress Inducible Family of Proteins
Authors: Arora Rajeev , Lim Chon-Chong
Published: February 2019

Many reports have shown the accumulation of specific proteins associated with cold acclimation in plants. However, there is a scarcity of data on the physiological and/or biochemical changes associated with deacclimation process. This study was initiated to determine protein changes specifically associated with deacclimation in Rhododendron. Current-year leaves were collected from three Rhododendron cultivars (`Chionoides', `Grumpy Yellow', and `Vulcanís Flame'; ≈4-year-old rooted cuttings) during natural non-acclimated (June), cold-acclimated (January), and deacclimated (May) state. Leaf freezing tolerance was evaluated using controlled freezing protocol (Lim et al. 1998, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123:246–252). Seasonal SDS-PAGE profiles exhibited a distinct accumulation of 27 kDa protein in deacclimated and nonacclimated tissues, but this protein was essentially undetectable in cold acclimated tissues of all three cultivars. Further characterization of this polypeptide, labeled as RhDAP27 (for rhododendron deacclimation protein), revealed that it has an iso-electric point of 6.5, has a compositional bias for Glu/Gln (13.9%), His (11.4%), Gly (11%), Ala (10%), Lys (8.3%), and Asp/Asn (8.1%)—hydrophilic amino acids constitutedabout 54% of the total amino acids while 40% were nonpolar, aliphatic amino acids (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro) and only 6% were aromatic amino acids (Phe and Tyr). Micro-sequencing of the four peptides produced by partial cleavage of RhDAP27 revealed a striking homology of RhDAP27 with two proteins (from Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and Pinus taeda) that belong to the family of ABA stress ripening/water deficit stress inducible proteins.
157 Susceptibility of Poinsettia Cultivars to Whiteflies
Authors: Rice Robert P. , Crane Michael
Published: February 2019

Twenty-four poinsettia cultivars (Euphorbia pulcherrima) were exposed to a population of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) for 6 weeks. Evaluation was based on the number of immature whitefly present on each of the marked leaves. The poinsettias that produce white bracts were more heavily infested with immature stages of whitefly than those cultivars that produce red bracts, while those that produce pink bracts were intermediate. There was a wide range in degree of whitefly infestation among poinsettia cultivars. Leaf trichome density also explained a portion of the variance in whitefly oviposition rates among several of the cultivars. Cultivars with high trichome densities sustained less whitefly oviposition than did cultivars with low trichome densities. Certain cultivars tested showed an appreciable natural resistance to whitefly (`Freedom Red', `Freedom Bright Red', `Red Velvet', `Cranberry Punch', `Pepride').
158 Dormancy of Ornithogalum Evaluated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Roh M.S. , Line M. , Joung Y.H. , Brannigan P.
Published: February 2019

Ornithogalum hybrid bulbs (selection 327-2) were stored dry at 10, 16, 22, 28, and 35 °C for 6 weeks upon harvest. After storage, bulbs were subjected to a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to obtain the longitudinal spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) profile across the cross section of intact bulbs and to a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe an inflorescence development. Bulbs were forced in a greenhouse maintained at 21/19 °C. When bulbs were stored at 10, T1 was shorter through the cross section of bulbs and the shoot apex was under a vegetative stage. This suggests that dormancy was not broken during the storage, leaf emergence was delayed, and plants failed to flower. Bulbs stored at 22 and 28 °C formed the primary scape and inflorescence with several florets. At the base of the primary scape of bulbs stored at 22 °C, a vegetative apex was observed by both MR imaging (MRI) and SEM. In the center of bulbs where leaves and floral organs were present, T1 was longer as compared to the scales. This suggests that dormancy in the scales was broken and the leaves and scape were ready to emerge. Leaf emergence and flowering was the fastest when bulbs were stored at 22 °C and at 16 or 22 °C, respectively. Due to its nondestructive nature, MRI can be used to study the state of bulb dormancy and also the progress of inflorescence development during bulb storage prior to planting.
165 Ethephon, Foliar Nutrient, and Gibberellin Sprays on Subsequent Season(s) Return Bloom and Fruit Set
Authors: Byers R.E. , Carbaugh D.H. , Combs L.D.
Published: February 2019

Heavily cropping `York'/M.27 trees sprayed with seven multiple low doses of ethephon (135 mg/L each) did not cause greater return bloom in 1999 unless foliar fertilizers (either 18–18–18 or Ca N03) were added to the ethephon sprays. Foliar fertilizer sprays alone did not promote return bloom. `York'/M.7 trees selected for very little bloom in 1997 (“off year” of the biennial bearing cycle) and sprayed with 160 mg/L GA3 or 320 mg/L GA3 had significantly less return bloom in the 1998 (“on year”) (61% and 46% spurs flowering, respectively, compared to control trees that had 99% of spurs flowering). Trees sprayed in 1997 (“off year”) with GA3 return bloom and cropped in 1999; but trees in the “off year” in 1997 that were not sprayed with GA3, did not crop in 1999. Sprays of GA3 provided some control of alternate bearing of `York'/M.7 trees when applied in the “off year” of the biennial bearing cycle. Leaves taken from `Braeburn'/M.27 trees in 70 °F rooms evolved ethylene through out the 12 days of the test. A moderate ethylene peak occurred on about days 5 and 6. Leaves from trees in the 40 °F room did not evolve detectable ethylene levels until trees were put in another 70 °F room on day 6. Ethylene levels were about the same from day 6 through day 12 for all treated trees at 70 °F. Nontreated control trees in rooms at 40 or 70 °F did not produce detectable ethylene levels during the experiment (except for a very small amount detected only on day 2 from leaves seal for 24 h at 70 °F.
177 Changes of Fruit Structure and Sugar Contents during the Fruit Development Processes in `Yumyeong' Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]
Authors: Cho Myong-Dong , Park Hee-Seung , Kim Yong-Koo
Published: February 2019

`Yumyeong' is one of the most popular peach varieties in Korea. This study was conducted to monitor the developments of cells and tissues, and the changes in sugar contents during the whole fruit growth stages. At bloom, there were two rows of vascular tissues, and the number and the position of internal vascular bundles were consistent during the fruit growth; however, the number of vascular tissues increased and the distribution was irregular in the flesh tissues. The tissues between the inner integument and the internal vascular bundles showed different development characteristics from other parenchyma cells, which consisted of small and dense cells containing tannins. Therefore, it was found that the nucleus of peach consisted of inner epidermis and cells in the internal vascular tissues. The outer epidermis consisted of single layer cells at bloom and was changed into one to two layers by horizontal cell division 14 days after full bloom. At 30 days after full bloom, the epidermis consisted of five to six layers by vertical cell division. The cell layers of the outer epidermis gradually decreased to one to two layers at maturity. The observations on the changes in the epidermis confirmed that some of the cells of the hypodermis of peach fruit originated from the cells of outer epidermis. Tylosis was observed from 35 days after full bloom, and the size and number of tylosis increased until full fruit maturity. The sucrose content sharply increased from 50 days to 120 days after full bloom, then decreased slightly. After stone hardening ended, other solids showed a gradual decrease from 80 days after full bloom.