bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of Lanthanum(III) Nitrate Complex Sorption on the Strongly Basic Anion Exchanger Wofatit SBW Possessing Various Degrees of Crosslinking
Authors: Hubicki Z. , Olszak M.
Published: January 2017

Rare earth elements of high purity including lanthanum play an important role in many fields of modern technology. This paper presents possibilities of the selective removal of lanthanum(III) nitrate complexes from the 90% v/v CH3OH–10% v/v 1 and 7 M HNO3 systems as well as the 90% v/v C2H5OH–10% v/v 1 and 7 M HNO3 systems by frontal analysis on the strongly basic anion exchanger Wofatit SBW crosslinked with 2–16% DVB. The weight and bed distribution coefficients as well as the number of theoretical plates were determined from the breakthrough curves.

It has been shown that the sorption of lanthanum(III) nitrate complexes in both methanol and ethanol systems increased as the degree of crosslinkage increased from 2% to 8% DVB, and then decreased with further increase in crosslinking. This can be interpreted in terms of a ‘sieve action’ arising from the partial removal of large complex ions from the anion-exchanger phase [not all the ion-exchange centres are accessible to La(NO3)3-nn species].
The Total Content Adsorption of Binary Liquid Mixtures on NaX Zeolite
Authors: Jakubov E.S. , Larionov O.G.
Published: January 2017

The total content of tetradecene-1/n-dodecane solutions adsorbed in NaX zeolite has been measured gravimetrically at 303.15, 333.15 and 363.15 K. The total content data together with the excess adsorption values have been used for the calculation of the individual (absolute) adsorption isotherms and the basic thermodynamic characteristics of the system.
The Hydrophobic Effect in the Adsorption Process of Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromides on to Activated Carbon
Authors: Wang Jinben , Lu Yao , Han Buxing , Dai Ming , Yan Haike , Thomas R.K.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the hydrophobic effect in the process of adsorption of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides from aqueous solution on to an activated carbon surface. Measurements of the adsorption isotherms of a series of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides with different hydrocarbon tail lengths at the activated carbon surface were carried out. In order to investigate the temperature dependence of the adsorption process, the determination of the adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was undertaken at different temperatures in the range 20–60°C. From the experimental results obtained, the relevant thermodynamic quantities have been calculated. The role played by the hydrophobic effect in the adsorption process of cationic surfactants on to activated carbon and the factors affecting the adsorption mechanism were discussed.
The Role of Chain Length and Structure in Surfactant Adsorption at Na-Kaolinite
Authors: Wang Jinben , Han Buxing , Dai Ming , Yan Haike , Li Zhixin , Thomas R.K.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of a series of cationic surfactants with different chain lengths and structures on a non-swelling clay surface (sodium kaolinite) has been studied by microelectrophoresis and adsorption isotherms. It was found that an increase in the number of CH2 groups in the shorter alkyl chain of the double-chain surfactant has much less effect on the adsorption behaviour than changing the length of the alkyl chain in the single-chain surfactants. It is inferred that the effective hydrophobicity of the shorter chains in these double-chain surfactants is reduced by their intramolecular association with the longer chain. A comparison of adsorption and micellization leads to an empirical, quantitative description of the effects of alkyl chain length and structure on adsorption. The adsorption mechanism of cationic surfactants on to Na-kaolinite was discussed.
What’s the story? Narration and comprehension in Swedish preschool children with language impairment
Authors: Wagner Christina Reuterskiöld , Sahlén Birgitta , Nettelbladt Ulrika
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the possibility of identifying narrative problems at an early age (5-year-old children with language impairment). Furthermore, we explored the relationship between the comprehension of a story and the ability to structure the contents of the same story in a group of preschool children with language impairment. The results showed that the participants did not exhibit age-appropriate narrative skills. We also found that good comprehension of the narrative is a prerequisite for the ability to produce a story with a content structure in a retelling task. Methodological issues are discussed and the clinical implications highlighted.
Why SMEs in emerging economies are reluctant to provide employee training: Evidence from China
Authors: Bai Yin , Yuan Jiajian , Pan Jingzhou
Published: January 2017

In this article, we investigate CEO motivations, intentions and actions in providing training to their employees in Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), exploring the gap between training intentions and actual provision. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour and using a sample of 533 SMEs, we find training intention mediates the effects of motivations on training provision; CEOs are more concerned with returns to the firm from training rather than employee benefits. In addition, external constraints negatively moderate the training intention–provision relationship in China, whereas internal constraints have been shown to be more important in other countries. Our findings suggest a number of theoretical and managerial implications.
Structural Properties of Air-Supported Structures
Authors: Ikoma Tetsuo
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the results of static loading tests simulating snow load, of wind pressure measurements and of melting snow tests, respectively, concerning full scale air-supported domes. Static loading tests are conducted for a full scale single-skin air-supported dome, whereas wind pressure measurements are performed using two kinds of model. One is the full scale dome mentioned above, the other is the wind tunnel model. Furthermore, melting snow tests are performed using another full scale double-skin dome in order to investigate how much snow can be melted artificially. Through these series of tests, structural characteristics of this kind of structure against snow load and wind load are confirmed. The results of loading tests and melting snow tests are compared with analytical results; good agreement is obtained.
Experiences with Nonlinear Analyses of Trusses under Static and Dynamic Loadings
Authors: Saran Michal , Kleiber Michal
Published: January 2017

A number of nonlinear truss analyses are presented involving both large displacements and inelastic effects. The cases considered involve two- and three-dimensional trusses under static and dynamic loadings.
A Study of the Influence of Initial Shape Imperfections on the Stability of Lattice Shells by Direct and Shell Analogy Methods
Authors: Sumec Jozef , Zingali Antonino E.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the influence of initial shape imperfections of lattice shells on their general stability. An adequate mathematical model for the analysis of the shell instability by using a direct method (FEM) and a shell analogy method is presented. The reduction coefficient k for calculation of the critical load is derived. An illustrative example is used for comparison of the results calculated by the two numerical methods.
An Analysis Technique for Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges
Authors: Madi Usama Rustom
Published: January 2017

Long-span cable-stayed bridges have been growing in importance in the last few decades. The behaviour of this bridge type under vertical load is studied, and a structural model for its analysis is presented. The model accounts for the nonlinearity of the cables and is shown to represent the actual behaviour of the bridge deck with sufficient accuracy. It detects the loss of stability of the girders under high axial loads and overcomes it. Some numerical results are also presented.
Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis in the Vicinity of Critical Points by the Generalized Inverse
Authors: Hangai Yasuhiko , Lin Xiao-Guang
Published: January 2017

In the geometrically nonlinear analysis for equilibrium paths, the determinant of the tangent stiffness matrix at the critical point becomes zero so that a numerically unstable situation appears in the vicinity of critical points. To avoid such a situation, many numerical methods including the arc-length method and the perturbation method have been developed.

In this paper, an analytical method to pursue the geometrically nonlinear equilibrium paths in the vicinity of critical points such as limit point and bifurcation point is presented by using the generalized inverse. In the first part, the perturbation equations for the incremental equilibrium equations are derived. Then, critical points on the equilibrium path are classified into limit point and bifurcation point by using the existence condition of solution. In the second part, an analytical method for post-critical paths beyond critical points is presented by means of the generalized inverse. In the final part, the application of the present method to the post-buckling analysis of a shallow arch and cable domes subjected to the symmetrical loads is shown.
Structure, Form and Meaning in Microgravity — The Integral Space Habitation
Authors: Meurant Robert C.
Published: January 2017

There will likely be an intensive colonization movement into Space within the foreseeable future. Presupposing eventual adaptation to the microgravitational environment, the structural, habitable, and meaningful environment of Space Architecture will be fundamentally redefined. The primary shift in spatial conception will be from a two-dimensional decentralized horizontal schema with singular up-down vertical axis, to a three-dimensional centralized polyaxial schema with in-out the primary existential axis.

Mega-structures are proposed, which provide ample habitable space in Space. Their structure is provided by means of centralized tensile lattices stressed by pneumatic enclosures. These are envisaged to be large-scale, of about 13 kilometers in diameter each, with Primary Tensile Lattice ties of 1 km length. The geometry of the tensile lattice is given by the author's centralized polyaxial zonahedral expansions. Secondary tensile assemblages are then stressed by means of the primary tensile lattice, with tertiary and subordinate assemblages as desired. This permits a “soft” non-rigid architecture to be developed.

Principles of Traditional Architecture are relevant to Space Habitation studies, and indicate Space Habitation theory should seek to integrate metaphysical, psychic, and physical human needs appropriate to dwelling in microgravity. Ideally the Space Habitation should integrate structure, form and meaning.

This paper encapsulates ideas presented in the author's book, The Integral Space Habitation — Towards an Architecture of Space.
The Use of Membrane Structures in Space
Authors: Szyszkowski W. , Glockner P.G.
Published: January 2017

Due to their special characteristics, inflatables and membrane structures are ideally suited for space applications. They are lightweight and consequently easily placed into earth orbit, are flexible with resulting ease in erection and dismantling and use the material's strength to its maximum in a natural way. The shape of enclosures formed by pneumatic structures will depend primarily on the service function of the structure and the economics of the material and its transportation into outer space. Although some terrestrial response characteristics of these structures will be useful in their design for space applications, new studies, both analytical and experiemental, will likely be required.

This paper briefly summarizes some available results concerning the response of membrane/inflatable structures to various loading conditions, suggests methods of transferring terrestrial experience with these structures to space applications and discusses general design concepts/problems likely to be encountered in possible applications of pneumatic and membrane structures in outer space.
Development and Testing of a Universal Space Frame Connector
Authors: Lee S.L. , See T. , Swaddiwudhipong S. , Koh C.G.
Published: January 2017

The development of a universal space frame connector is discussed in this paper. The role of the connector in facilitating the construction, assembly and member replacement or repair of space structures is described. The strength and failure behaviour of three sizes of the connector system are assessed through experimental studies. The prinipal effect of axial tension and compression and the secondary effect of bending action are investigated. Dimensions and sizes of both connectors and members are adjusted such that various modes of failure of components occur around the same level of loading. Examples of application are also briefly illustrated.
A hypothesis: self-propulsion in a wheelchair early after stroke might not be harmful
Authors: Pomeroy V M , Mickelborough J , Hill E , Rodgers P , Giakas G
Published: January 2017

Background: There is often strong clinical resistance to patients self-propelling a wheelchair post stroke as this is believed to produce immediate increases in abnormal posture and movement. Research to support this viewpoint is limited.

Objective: To begin investigation of the immediate effects of self-propulsion on symmetrical sitting.

Design: Replicated single-case studies ABABA. Setting: Movement analysis laboratory.

Subjects: Four patients, a maximum of eight weeks post stroke and six age-matched healthy volunteers.

Interventions: Subjects sat in the wheelchair during the A phases and self-propelled forwards during the B phases. The Manchester Active Position Seat (consists of 68 force transducers which transmit data at 10 Hz) measured the magnitude of peak force and the position of peak force on both sides of the seat. The mean symmetry index and standard deviation for each study phase were calculated and graphed for each subject. Interpretation was by visual inspection.

Results: Only one stroke patient and one volunteer increased asymmetry of magnitude of peak force following the two periods of self-propulsion. Only one of the stroke patients increased asymmetry of position of peak force following self-propulsion compared with three of the healthy volunteers.

Conclusions: These results raise the hypothesis that self-propulsion early post stroke might not produce immediate detrimental effects on seated symmetry.
Acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 (SAQOL-39) across languages: a systematic review
Authors: Ahmadi Akram , Tohidast Seyed Abolfazl , Mansuri Banafshe , Kamali Mohammad , Krishnan Gopee
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

This systematic review aimed to explore the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life-39 (SAQOL-39) scale across languages.

Data sources:

We employed a systematic search of the online databases including MEDLINE (Pubmed), Science direct, Web of science, Psychinfo, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library published between 2003 and 2016.

Review methods:

We used PRISMA guidelines for conducting and reporting this review. Subsequently, screening of the titles and abstracts, extraction of data as well as the appraisal of the quality of relevant studies were carried out.

Results:

The initial search returned 8185 studies. Subsequent screening and study selection processes narrowed them to 20, needing detailed review. Forward-backward translation scheme was the preferred method for translation of the SAQOL-39 from English to other languages. Mainly, the socio-cultural and linguistic adaptations were performed in the translated versions. Most versions of the SAQOL-39 showed high test-retest reliability and internal consistency. However, several psychometric properties including the validity and responsiveness were seldom reported in these versions.

Conclusion:

The SAQOL-39 scale showed high acceptability, and reliability across the languages reviewed in this study. Future translations may additionally focus on reporting the validity and responsiveness of the instrument.
Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2 genotype affects the response to a carbon dioxide panic challenge
Authors: Leibold Nicole K , van den Hove Daniel LA , Viechtbauer Wolfgang , Kenis Gunter , Goossens Liesbet , Lange Iris , Knuts Inge , Smeets Hubert J , Myin-Germeys Inez , Steinbusch Harry WM , Schruers Koen RJ
Published: January 2017

Until recently, genetic research into panic disorder (PD) has had only limited success. Inspired by rodent research, demonstrating that the acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is critically involved in the behavioral fear response to carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure, variants in the human homologue gene amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2 (ACCN2) were shown to be associated with PD. However, the relationship between changes in brain pH and ACCN2, as done in rodents by CO2 exposure, has not been investigated yet in humans. Here, we examined this link between the ACCN2 gene and the response to CO2 exposure in two studies: in healthy volunteers as well as PD patients and using both behavioral and physiological outcome measures. More specifically, 107 healthy volunteers and 183 PD patients underwent a 35% CO2 inhalation. Negative affect was assessed using visual analogue scales and the panic symptom list (PSL), and, in healthy volunteers, cardiovascular measurements. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10875995 was significantly associated with a higher emotional response in PD patients and with an increase in systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure in healthy subjects. In all measurements, subjects homozygous for the T-allele showed a heightened reactivity to CO2. Furthermore, a trend towards an rs685012 genotype effect on the emotional response was found in PD patients. We provide the first evidence that genetic variants in the ACCN2 are associated with differential sensitivity to CO2 in PD patients as well as healthy volunteers, further supporting ACCN2 as a promising candidate for future research to improve current treatment options.
Positron emission tomography of cerebral angiogenesis and TSPO expression in a mouse model of chronic hypoxia
Authors: Kanno Iwao , Seki Chie , Takuwa Hiroyuki , Jin Zhao-Hui , Boturyn Didier , Dumy Pascal , Furukawa Takako , Saga Tsuneo , Ito Hiroshi , Masamoto Kazuto
Published: January 2017

The present study aimed to examine whether positron emission tomography (PET) could evaluate cerebral angiogenesis. Mice were housed in a hypoxic chamber with 8–9% oxygen for 4, 7, and 14 days, and the angiogenic responses were evaluated with a radiotracer, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4, which targeted αVβ3 integrin and was imaged with PET. The PET imaging results showed little uptake during all of the hypoxic periods. Immunofluorescence staining of the β3 integrin, CD61, revealed weak expression, while the microvessel density assessed by CD31 staining increased with the hypoxic duration. These observations suggest that the increased vascular density originated from other types of vascular remodeling, unlike angiogenic sprouting. We then searched for any signs of vascular remodeling that could be detected using PET. PET imaging of 11C-PK11195, a marker of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), revealed a transient increase at day 4 of hypoxia. Because the immunofluorescence of glial markers showed unchanged staining over the early phase of hypoxia, the observed upregulation of TSPO expression probably originated from non-glial cells (e.g. vascular cells). In conclusion, a transient increase in TSPO probe uptake was detected with PET at only the early phase of hypoxia, which indicates an early sign of vascular remodeling induced by hypoxia.
Different types of white matter hyperintensities in CADASIL: Insights from 7-Tesla MRI
Authors: De Guio François , Vignaud Alexandre , Chabriat Hugues , Jouvent Eric
Published: January 2017

In Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), by contrast to sporadic cerebral small vessel disease related to age and hypertension, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are frequently observed in the white matter of anterior temporal poles, external capsules, and superior frontal regions. Whether these WMH (specific WMH) differ from those observed in other white matter areas (nonspecific WMH) remains unknown. Twenty patients were scanned to compare specific and nonspecific WMH using high-resolution images and analyses of relaxation times (T1R: longitudinal relaxation time and T2*R: effective transversal relaxation time). Specific WMH were characterized by significantly longer T1R and T2*R (T1R: 2309 ± 120 ms versus 2145 ± 138 ms; T2*R: 40 ± 5 ms versus 35 ± 5 ms, p < 0.001). These results were not explained by the presence of dilated perivascular spaces found in the close vicinity of specific WMH. They were not either explained by the normal regional variability of T1R and T2*R in the white matter nor by systematic imaging artifacts as shown by the study of 17 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Our results suggest large differences in water content between specific and nonspecific WMH in CADASIL, supporting that mechanisms underlying WMH may differ according to their location.
Characterization of Anti-Dal Alloantibodies Following Sensitization of Two Dal-Negative Dogs
Authors: Goulet S. , Blais M. C.
Published: January 2017

Since its discovery, the immunogenicity of the Dal blood type has not been further investigated. The aim of this study was to better characterize anti- Dal alloantibodies produced following sensitization of Dal-negative dogs, notably their rate of appearance, the agglutination titer over time, and their immunoglobulin class. A secondary objective was to obtain polyclonal anti- Dal alloantibodies to increase the availability of Dal blood typing. Of 100 healthy laboratory Beagles tested, 2 Dal-negative dogs were identified as recipients. Ten healthy Dal-positive dogs were investigated as potential blood donors. All dogs were extensively blood typed for DEA 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7, as well as for Dal. Then, the recipients were transfused uneventfully with 10 ml/kg of Dal-positive but otherwise compatible packed red blood cells. Posttransfusion blood samples were collected routinely over a minimum of 1 year. Using a gel column technology, anti- Dal alloantibodies were detected as early as 4 days posttransfusion and remained detectable 2 years posttransfusion, with maximum agglutination titers reached at 1 and 2 months posttransfusion. The immunoglobulin class was IgG. The immunogenicity and clinical significance of the Dal blood type were confirmed. The results support the recommendations that previously transfused dogs be crossmatched starting 4 days posttransfusion and for the animal’s lifetime. The polyclonal anti- Dal antibodies produced will allow blood typing of a significant number of dogs, especially transfused dogs facing blood incompatibilities and canine blood donors.
Immune-Mediated Muscle Diseases of the Horse
Authors: Durward-Akhurst S. A. , Valberg S. J.
Published: January 2017

In horses, immune-mediated muscle disorders can arise from an overzealous immune response to concurrent infections or potentially from an inherent immune response to host muscle antigens. Streptococcus equi ss. equi infection or vaccination can result in infarctive purpura hemorrhagica (IPH) in which vascular deposition of IgA-streptococcal M protein complexes produces ischemia and complete focal infarction of skeletal muscle and internal organs. In Quarter Horse–related breeds with immune-mediated myositis, an apparent abnormal immune response to muscle antigens results in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) I and II on muscle cell membranes, lymphocytic infiltration of lumbar and gluteal myofibers, and subsequent gross muscle atrophy. Rarely, an inflammatory event results in myositis with subsequent systemic calcinosis characterized by a pathognomonic hyperphosphatemia and high fatality rate. This review presents an overview of these immune-mediated myopathies and highlights clinical and pathological features as well as the suspected pathophysiology.
Risk Factors Associated With Near-Lethal Suicide Attempts During Incarceration Among Men in the Spanish Prison System
Authors: Sánchez Francisco Caravaca , Fearn Noelle , Vaughn Michael G.
Published: January 2017

Studies conducted worldwide indicate that near-lethal suicide attempts are common among incarcerated populations. However, little research attention has been focused on the Spanish prison population. To address this gap in the literature, data were drawn from a sample of men ( N = 2,270) incarcerated in seven prisons in Spain. We compared sociodemographic, criminal/offense, health and mental health, and life events in prison variables between inmates who reported making near-lethal suicide attempts ( n = 616) and those who did not ( n = 1,654) during their current incarceration term. A series of binary and multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that a variety of variables were associated ( p values < .001) with near-lethal suicide attempts, including prior-to-prison employment status, family members in prison, recidivist in prison, childhood trauma, work status in prison, and disciplinary infractions. Our study findings are discussed in light of developing more effective strategies and prevention interventions to reduce attempted suicide in the Spanish Prison System.
Circulating financial innovation: new knowledge and securitization in Europe
Authors: Wainwright Thomas
Published: January 2017

Research in economic geography has provided a critical examination of securitization's role in the recent global financial crisis. Building on earlier studies which interrogated the development of US securitization, contemporary research has explored how securitization has been adopted in different political economies. Although these novel studies have begun to highlight the geographies of securitization, our knowledge of the historical spread of securitization remains underdeveloped. This paper seeks to address this issue by exploring how securitization emerged within different European financial spaces. In doing so, the paper examines the cases of France, Spain and Italy to identify how securitization circulated through space and across communities of practice, facilitating the co-creation of new knowledge. The paper provides deeper insight into how securitization became established within European financial centres throughout the 1990s, shaping contemporary financial networks and the spread of the credit crunch.
Analysis of the power law exponent applied to Lake Erie wind shear
Authors: Corrigan Daniel , Matthiesen David H
Published: January 2017

An investigation of power law exponents (wind shear coefficients) was conducted using LiDAR data collected offshore in Lake Erie. The purpose was to investigate discrepancies found by previous studies between calculated power law exponents from measurements and recommended values from international standards. In this study, power law exponents were evaluated using the LiDAR measurements at heights of 80–200 m. The average power law exponent during the study period was found to be 0.09, which was lower than the 0.14 standard assumed by international standards. A detailed investigation of the distribution of power law exponents revealed a bi-modal distribution comprising the two most frequent exponent ranges between 0.01–0.02 and 0.19–0.20. The gap between these peaks was found to be dependent on the atmospheric stability of the boundary layer. Average power law exponents of 0.02 and 0.14 were found for atmospheric conditions indicating unstable regimes and neutral/stable regimes, respectively. Regime stability also showed directional dependence where winds from the 180° ± 45° directions were prevailing during neutral/stable conditions and winds from the 326° ± 67° directions were prevailing during unstable conditions.
Centuries of Childhood/Centuries of Parenting: Philippe Ariès and the Modernization of Privileged Infancy
Authors: Johansson S. Ryan
Published: January 2017

In Centuries of Childhood Philippe Ariès studied the evolution of parental investment among the materially and socially privileged families of France from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. His general hypothesis, interpreted in the vocabulary of modern research, was that both the financial and emotional costs of elite childrearing were rising during this period Once greater emotional involvement led to high investments in infant survival, infant mortality declined survivorship rose, and privileged families were forced to adopt fertility control in order to avoid the production of too many very costly children. In this article Aries' verbal “model” is tested using quantitative data from both French and other European elite groups.
Death, Friendship, and Female Identity During New England's Second Great Awakening
Authors: Brown Irene Quenzler
Published: January 2017

The memoirs of pious Christians, frequently edited by family members or intimate friends and carefully based on their extant papers, proliferated in the first half of the nineteenth century. These lives document the legacy of the Didactic Enlightenment of the previous century in their preoccupation with death and inclusive friendship, their refusal to draw sharp boundaries between the public and the private, the spiritual and the temporal and in their appreciation for the rational capacity of women. This study focuses on the life of Mary Hawes Van Lennep (1821–1844), missionary wife to Turkey, as traced by her mother, wife of the prominent Hartford, Connecticut preacher, Rev. Joel Hawes. It argues that friendship, as a moral and spiritual culture of bonding and separation, disciplined parents, children and friends alike and has particular significance for female identity formation. It also concludes that these evangelical memoirs are an important source for understanding a particular historical effort to live by a difficult form of affectivity that linked individuals to family and the wider community in a time when historical forces tended to promote the opposite.
The Postwar Rise and Decline of American Fertility: The Pace of Transition to Motherhood Among 1950–1969 Marital Cohorts of White Women
Authors: Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: January 2017

This study supports the theoretical argument that historical experiences of the marital cohorts, and the changes in the social and demographic composition of the cohorts, determine the pace of childbearing among white American women married during 1950–1969. During the period 1965–1969 environmental factors supported a delay in the birth of the first child among working women. This may be the result of socioenvironmental responses to the threshold proportion of working women in the 1965–1969 cohort In the past, compositional changes, such as an increase in the proportion of working women, have resulted from structural changes absorbing women into the labor market. These trends might have brought about attitudinal and environmental changes during these years enabling many women to become more work committed Thus, both structural and environmental changes now support delayed childbearing.
Defining État in Eighteenth-Century France: The Lamothe Family of Bordeaux
Authors: Adams Christine
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: In ancien rŕgime France, one's legal, social, personal, and professional situtation constituted one's état, or one's condition in life. The letters of the Lamothe family of eighteenth-century Bordeaux, a “bourgeois” family in the liberal professions, indicate the ways in which one provincial family defined and maintained its état in life, internal and external, personal and professional, public and private. For the Lamothe family, moderation and balance in life-style and conservation of resources, status, and family were primary goals, rather than risky and psychologically threatening efforts towards social mobility. The solidarity of the Lamothe family and the strength of its values meant that its état was conserved in spite of the challenges it faced.
The Demography of Minority Aging Populations
Authors: Angel Jacqueline Lowe , Hogan Dennis P.
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: Studies of aging and the life course have often documented great diversity in family structure and living arrangements among the elderly. This article examines historical and demographic trends in the ethnic and racial composition of older cohorts in the United States and their impact on family structure; identifies the demographic causes of these changes and projects future trends in the relative size and proportion of different racial and ethnic populations; and discusses the important policy implications of such compositional shifts for social policy and for the welfare of the minority elderly in the next century.
The Historical Demography of a Proper Hungarian Village: Átány in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Andorka Rudolf
Published: January 2017

Átány is the first village in the Great Plain region in Hungary to be analyzed by means family reconstitution. Therefore it might be considered a “typical” Hungarian village inhabited by “proper peasants” (Fél and Hofer 1969). Mortality did not improve until the end of the nineteenth century. The age at first marriage for women was slightly above twenty years, and very few women remained single until the end of their reproductive ages. Fertility remained high until the end of the nineteenth century. The development of fertility was very different from the southern Transdanubian villages characterized by early birth control. Nearly half the households had complicated structure, falling between the middle European, Mediterranean, and Eastern household types. These characteristics might be explained by the relative abundance of land in the Great Plain region.
Sociological and Historical Aspects of Entry into Marriage
Authors: Tóth Olga , Róbert Péter
Published: January 2017

This study analyses the timing of first entry into marriage of Hungarian men and women born between 1916 and 1967. Marriages take place at a considerably earlier age than the West European average, and at the same time show significant differences between cohorts. In the course of the analysis we consider the social and economic circumstances which affect the timing of entry into marriage, and we connect the variables of men and women's educational attainment with their age at marriage. In each cohort we examine the sociological characteristics of those who marry significantly earlier or later than the average for their generation, i.e. than the “normal” age.
Villein Households of the Palóc Population, 1836–1843
Authors: Dányi Dezsö
Published: January 2017

The structure of villein households and families of thirteen villages is analyzed with the help of relatively reliable data, which contain information for the period 1836–1843. The Palóc population forms a distinct ethno-cultural group, located approximately 50–120 kilometers northeast of Budapest in a separate region. In creating a typology of villein households, we took into consideration the real household structure. The Laslett categories were not used. In the thirteen villages, the proportion of nuclear families was very low (22 percent) until the mid-nineteenth century and joint families, involving direct and collateral relatives, were extremely important. The proportion of strangers, servants and unrelated individuals living in the family was insignificant. The size and structure of households and families was significantly determined by the age of household or family head. These structures were supposedly the result of the indivisibility of villein land, as well as other traditional factors.
Disintegration of the Market-Town Social Block of Szekszárd at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Tóth Zoltán
Published: January 2017

At the turn of the twentieth century, the society of Szekszárd was divided into two broad socio-economic groups with identities distinguished by occupation. A “market-town block” was composed of small producers whose existence was based on physical labor: farmers, artisans, and the lowest ranks of the tradesmen, as well as the poor peasantry, day-laborers taking a part in small production, and the small-town workers. The other grouping consisted of people working in state and private administrative jobs, as well as of intellectuals, who began to appear in this community from the eighteenth century onward. Starting in the final decades of the nineteenth century, disintegrative processes—including social mobility and migration—can be detected quite clearly in the market-town block, and these are investigated with the aid of sources from the Orphans' Ward. The models of mobility in the traditional market-town structure emerge clearly from these data.
Acceptability and Efficacy of Locally Produced Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food Nutreal in the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Comparison With Defined Food
Authors: Thapa Babu Ram , Goyal Pooja , Menon Jagadeesh , Sharma Ajay
Published: January 2017

Background:

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a salient health problem in India. Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) Research and Analysis Centre, New Delhi, prepared nutreal equivalent to ready-to-use therapeutic food by World Health Organization (WHO) for the management of SAM and defined food like homemade diet.

Objective:

To compare acceptability and efficacy of nutreal over defined food for the management of SAM.

Methods:

One hundred twelve children aged less than 5 years with SAM were enrolled as per the standard of WHO. Children were randomized into 2 groups to receive nutreal (n = 56) and defined food (n = 56) in unlimited amounts for 42 consecutive days and extended by 2 weeks as per demand. Calorie and protein intake, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were recorded daily.

Results:

Age range was 8 to 45 months. Ninety-three percent of children eagerly accepted nutreal but 7% does not. Whereas in the defined food group, 68% accepted eagerly, 30% did not accept eagerly, and 1.8% accepted poorly ( P = .004). At enrollment, mean weight in the nutreal group was 6.44 ± 1.60 kg and in the defined food group was 8.69 ± 1.76 kg, with MUAC in the nutreal group being 11.12 ± 0.47 cm and in the defined food group being 11.54 ± 0.34 cm. Mean weight in the nutreal and defined food groups at eighth week of intervention was 7.97 ± 1.8 kg and 9.71 ± 1.8 kg ( P < .001), respectively. Mid-upper arm circumference at eighth week was 12.10 ± 0.29 cm in the nutreal group and 12.49 ± 0.50 cm in the defined group ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Acceptability, mean weight gain, and MUAC in the nutreal group are greater than the defined food.
Curcumin regulates insulin pathways and glucose metabolism in the brains of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice
Authors: Wang Pengwen , Su Caixin , Feng Huili , Chen Xiaopei , Dong Yunfang , Rao Yingxue , Ren Ying , Yang Jinduo , Shi Jing , Tian Jinzhou , Jiang Shucui
Published: January 2017

Recent studies have shown the therapeutic potential of curcumin in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In 2014, our lab found that curcumin reduced Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ-derived diffusible ligands in the mouse hippocampus, and improved learning and memory. However, the mechanisms underlying this biological effect are only partially known. There is considerable evidence in brain metabolism studies indicating that AD might be a brain-specific type of diabetes with progressive impairment of glucose utilisation and insulin signalling. We hypothesised that curcumin might target both the glucose metabolism and insulin signalling pathways. In this study, we monitored brain glucose metabolism in living APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice using a micro-positron emission tomography (PET) technique. The study showed an improvement in cerebral glucose uptake in AD mice. For a more in-depth study, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and western blot techniques to examine key factors in both glucose metabolism and brain insulin signalling pathways. The results showed that curcumin ameliorated the defective insulin signalling pathway by upregulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1R, IRS-2, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt and p-Akt protein expression while downregulating IR and IRS-1. Our study found that curcumin improved spatial learning and memory, at least in part, by increasing glucose metabolism and ameliorating the impaired insulin signalling pathways in the brain.
Optimal Pricing for Voicemail Services
Authors: Spiegel Uriel , Tavor Tchai
Published: January 2017

The uniqueness of phone calls and some other network instruments is precisely that communicating is achieved by the two parties only if the actual connection occurs. The sender pays an appropriate price for the call only if the communication is actually established. The voicemail service in the last decades increases the degree of communication efficiency, by increasing the percentage of successful contacts, by leaving recorded messages without further communication or by encouraging the receiver to call back the original sender. This service should be charged by telecommunication companies. The question is who should pay and how much.
Uncertainty and the Policy Analyst
Authors: Cate Thomas
Published: January 2017

The paper reviews JNK's examination of the scope and method of political economy, suggests that Friedman's re-examination of JNK's pronouncements on methodology resulted in two problems (a) the over emphasis of positive science at the expense of the art of political economy (hereafter applied economics), and (b) the coupling of the positive science of political economy to laissez faire in the face of JNK's warning, argues that JMK used applied economic models based on the needs of the British economy in his books as the basis for his pragmatic public policy proposals, and concludes that, beginning with the Principles courses the profession must do a better job of (1) explaining the differences among positive science, normative science, and applied economics. (2) recruiting more students into economics in general and into applied economics in particular. (3) shifting resources away from positive science to applied economics, and (4) explaining ourselves to the general voter.
Monopsony and Salary Suppression: The Case of Major League Soccer in the United States
Authors: Twomey John , Monks James
Published: January 2017

Top tier professional soccer in the United States is operated by Major League Soccer (MLS). The MLS was established and operates under a single entity structure, such that all players negotiate and sign contracts with the league rather than with individual teams. This monopsonistic structure was designed to eliminate competition for players across teams within the league and thus allow the league to suppress player salaries. This paper investigates how effective the MLS has been in achieving this goal and finds that the MLS devotes only about 25 percent of its revenues to player salaries, compared to 50 to 60 percent in most other U.S. professional sports and professional soccer leagues abroad.
The Changing Nature of Corporate Distributions and Its Implications for Investors
Authors: Yu Susana
Published: January 2017

Because cash dividends no longer appear to be a complete measure of corporate distributions, tests of dividend irrelevance based on cash dividends may not be well specified. We compare the performance of long/short investment strategies based on portfolios of high, low-, and zero-payout firms and on each of three measures of corporate distributions. The strategy with the highest risk-adjusted returns is long in high-payout/short in low-payout stocks formed on the basis of the most comprehensive measure of payout, including dividend yield, and net share repurchases. We show that corporate profitability and investment opportunities are significantly associated with firms' payout policies, and this helps explain the relatively strong performance of the zero-payout stocks.
Characteristics of Exemplary Programs in Preparing Graduate Assistants to Teach Economics
Authors: Milkman Martin , McCoy James
Published: January 2017

Recent research by Walstad and Becker (2010) and McCoy and Milkman (2010) indicate that the vast majority of economics graduate programs perform an inadequate job of training their Ph.D. students to teach. In this paper we report survey data from nine schools often identified as having exemplary programs in preparing graduate students to teach economics. The first part of the survey asked general questions concerning the forms of teacher training and preparation for doctoral economics students; specifically, what are they doing and how are they doing it? The second set of the questions asked whether or not certain topics are addressed during the training, whether there is direct supervision and/or evaluation of doctoral student teaching, and if there is an evaluation of the effectiveness of their teacher training programs. After summarizing the responses to the queries, we note that while successful programs do not adhere to a standard instructional format there is widespread agreement about the content the programs should provide.
Power Laws and Regional Convergence
Authors: Blackwell Calvin , Hefner Frank , Lindberg Emily
Published: January 2017

Classical economic growth theory suggests that regions will converge. Using data from 198 countries, we test the convergence hypothesis by investigating whether GDP, per capita GDP, and population follow a power law distribution. We are unable to reject the hypothesis that these variables follow a power law distribution. Our research supports the hypothesis of random growth, which is consistent with both log normal and power law distributions.
Sell in May and Go Away Revisited
Authors: Kochman Ladd , Badarinathi Ravij , Bray David
Published: January 2017

Market returns were collected for the eight-year period November 2004 through October 2012 and divided into six-month periods November through April and May through October. Annualized returns for the two sets of eight six-month holding periods differed sharply from one another as well as from the combined mark of 4.46 percent. An annualized return of 10.08 percent for the November-April period reversed the 1.18-percent loss from the May-October span and provided more evidence that investors would be wise to Sell in May and go away.
Beyond Culture as Group Traits
Authors: Artiles Alfredo J. , Thorius Kathleen King , Bal Aydin , Neal Rebecca , Waitoller Federico , Hernandez-Saca David
Published: January 2017

The construct of culture has been largely invisible in the research and long-standing debates in the learning disabilities (LD) field, such as those pertaining to the definition of LD and how research knowledge is used in local settings. When used, the idea of culture tends to be defined as unrelated to LD and studied as restricted to individual/group traits. We challenge the culture–LD dichotomy and the limited conception of culture used in this knowledge base. For this purpose, we make the case for a cultural model of learning that can inform scholarship about the nature of LD, and we propose a culture-based model for the study of research knowledge use in professional practices. Moreover, we offer a third perspective on culture to study the strategies that the LD research community might be using to demarcate and maintain a cultureless paradigm of LD. Our discussion offers potentially rich opportunities for a culturally minded and reflexive stance in the LD field that is urgently needed in our increasingly diverse society.
Down the Rabbit Hole
Authors: Valle Jan W.
Published: January 2017

This article examines what we know about the experience of parents in the special education system—in particular, parents of children with learning disabilities since the passage of PL-94-142. Toward this end, I offer a review of special education literature about parent and professional collaboration, a rationale for relying upon a plurality of methodological frameworks in conducting research with parents of children with LD, and a challenge to the profession to raise and respond to ethical questions about our naturalized practices in alliance with parents.