bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The upbringing of the younger generation on the principles of Christian morality in the process of spiritual revival of Ukraine
Authors: Jukovskyy V.
Published: September 2018

The international scientific-practical conference under this name took place on May 19-21, 1995 in Ostroz, Rivne oblast, on the basis of the Ostroh High College. The conference summed up the domestic and foreign experience of educating the younger generation on the basis of Christian morals, developed theoretical and practical recommendations for the establishment of Christian morals in everyday life of man. Professors Vyacheslav Briukhovetsky, Helen Barker (England), Vilen Gorsky, Victor Malakhov, Peter Yarotsky, Nikolay Kovalsky, Ihor Pasichnyk, teachers, employees of educational institutions and scientific institutions of 18 cities of Ukraine took part in the conference. The conference was attended by representatives of five Christian denominations. As a result of the work of the conference, a collection of abstracts of reports delivered therein was published.
Numerical Investigation of Film Cooling Enhancement Using an Upstream Sand-Dune-Shaped Ramp
Authors: Zhang Sheng-Chang , Zhang Jing-Zhou , Tan Xiao-Ming
Published: September 2018

Film cooling enhancement by incorporating an upstream sand-dune-shaped ramp (SDSR) to the film hole exit was numerically investigated on a flat plate under typical blowing ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. Three heights of SDSRs were designed: 0.25D, 0.5D, and 0.75D. The results indicated that the upstream SDSR effectively controlled the near-wall primary flow and subsequent mutual interaction with the coolant jet, which was the main mechanism of the film cooling enhancement. First, a pair of anti-kidney vortices was formed at the trailing ridges of the SDSR, which helped suppress the kidney vortex pair due to the interaction between the coolant jet and the primary flow. Second, a weak separation and a low pressure zone were induced behind the backside of the SDSR, which caused the coolant jet to spread around the film cooling hole and improve the lateral film coverage. With respect to the baseline cylindrical film cooling holes, the effect of the upstream SDSR was distinct under different blowing ratios. Under a low blowing ratio, the upstream SDSR shortened the streetwise film layer coverage in the vicinity of the film hole centerline but increased the span-wise film layer coverage. A relatively optimal ramp height seemed to be 0.5D. Under a high blowing ratio, both the streamwise and span-wise film layer coverages improved in comparison with the baseline case. The film cooling effectiveness improved gradually with increasing ramp height.
Air Exposure in Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) Modify Muscle Texture Properties: A Pilot Study
Authors: Barragán-Méndez Cristina , Sánchez-García Fini , Sobrino Ignacio , Mancera Juan Miguel , Ruiz-Jarabo Ignacio
Published: September 2018

Sharks are captured by tons for human consumption. Improving the quality of their meat will produce fillets that may have a higher economic value in the market, and thus be beneficial for the management of this fishery. In other animal species destined for human consumption, a negative relationship between pre-slaughtering stress and meat quality has been demonstrated. By studying the commercial small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), this work aimed at linking pre-slaughter handling of captured sharks and muscle fillets quality. An experimental group of adult and subadult living catsharks captured by hand and exposed to air (for 18 min, which is the minimum time this species is exposed to air in the fishing deck during fisheries procedures), and an undisturbed group, were evaluated. After air exposure, catsharks returned to water for recovery. Muscle lactate and water content were quantified after acute exposure (for 18 min), 5 h and 24 h. This challenge elicited stress responses in the muscle such as increased lactate levels and immediate dehydration, followed by recovery of lactate levels and overhydration. Muscle consistency, a relevant variable describing quality of seafood according to its ability to be swallowed by the consumer, paralleled muscle water content changes. The results indicated for the first time that handling alive sharks exposed to air results in muscle fillets with different texture properties. Whether these changes in muscle texture induce higher quality fillets has yet to be proven. Our recommendation is to minimize time of air exposure experienced by sharks when captured, including fast slaughtering instead of leaving them to die by asphyxia, as current on-board procedures.
Characterization of Begomoviruses Sampled during Severe Epidemics in Tomato Cultivars Carrying the Ty-1 Gene
Authors: Torre Covadonga , Donaire Livia , Gómez-Aix Cristina , Juárez Miguel , Peterschmitt Michel , Urbino Cica , Hernando Yolanda , Agüero Jesús , Aranda Miguel A.
Published: September 2018

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) is a major species that causes a tomato disease for which resistant tomato hybrids (mainly carriers of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene) are being used widely. We have characterized begomoviruses severely affecting resistant tomato crops in Southeast Spain. Circular DNA was prepared from samples by rolling circle amplification, and sequenced by massive sequencing (2015) or cloning and Sanger sequencing (2016). Thus, 23 complete sequences were determined, all belonging to the TYLCV Israel strain (TYLCV-IL). Massive sequencing also revealed the absence of other geminiviral and beta-satellite sequences. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the Spanish isolates belonged to two groups, one related to early TYLCV-IL isolates in the area (Group 1), and another (Group 2) closely related to El Jadida (Morocco) isolates, suggesting a recent introduction. The most parsimonious evolutionary scenario suggested that the TYLCV isolates of Group 2 are back recombinant isolates derived from TYLCV-IS76, a recombinant virus currently predominating in Moroccan epidemics. Thus, an infectious Group 2 clone (TYLCV-Mu15) was constructed and used in in planta competition assays against TYLCV-IS76. TYLCV-Mu15 predominated in single infections, whereas TYLCV-IS76 did so in mixed infections, providing credibility to a scenario of co-occurrence of both types of isolates.
Neuroprotective Effects of the Multitarget Agent AVCRI104P3 in Brain of Middle-Aged Mice
Authors: Relat Julia , Come Julio , Perez Belen , Camps Pelayo , Muñoz-Torrero Diego , Badia Albert , Gimenez-Llort Lydia , Clos M. Victòria
Published: September 2018

Molecular factors involved in neuroprotection are key in the design of novel multitarget drugs in aging and neurodegeneration. AVCRI104P3 is a huprine derivative that exhibits potent inhibitory effects on human AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 activities, as well as on AChE-induced and self-induced Aβ aggregation. More recently, cognitive protection and anxiolytic-like effects have also been reported in mice treated with this compound. Now, we have assessed the ability of AVCRI104P3 (0.43 mg/kg, 21 days) to modulate the levels of some proteins involved in the anti-apoptotic/apoptotic processes (pAkt1, Bcl2, pGSK3β, p25/p35), inflammation (GFAP and Iba1) and neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. The effects of AVCRI104P3 on AChE-R/AChE-S isoforms have been also determined. We have observed that chronic treatment of C57BL/6 male mice with AVCRI104P3 results in neuroprotective effects, increasing significantly the levels of pAkt1 and pGSK3β in the hippocampus and Bcl2 in both hippocampus and cortex, but slightly decreasing synaptophysin levels. Astrogliosis and neurogenic markers GFAP and DCX remained unchanged after AVCRI104P3 treatment, whereas microgliosis was found to be significantly decreased pointing out the involvement of this compound in inflammatory processes. These results suggest that the neuroprotective mechanisms that are behind the cognitive and anxiolytic effects of AVCRI104P3 could be partly related to the potentiation of some anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory proteins and support the potential of AVCRI104P3 for the treatment of brain dysfunction associated with aging and/or dementia.
Heterogeneity of γH2AX Foci Increases in Ex Vivo Biopsies Relative to In Vivo Tumors
Authors: Rassamegevanon Treewut , Löck Steffen , Baumann Michael , Krause Mechthild , Von Neubeck Cläre
Published: September 2018

The biomarker for DNA double stand breaks, gammaH2AX (γH2AX), holds a high potential as an intrinsic radiosensitivity predictor of tumors in clinical practice. Here, two published γH2AX foci datasets from in and ex vivo exposed human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hHNSCC) xenografts were statistically re-evaluated for the effect of the assay setting (in or ex vivo) on cellular geometry and the degree of heterogeneity in γH2AX foci. Significant differences between the nucleus areas of in- and ex vivo exposed samples were found. However, the number of foci increased linearly with nucleus area in irradiated samples of both settings. Moreover, irradiated tumor cells showed changes of nucleus area distributions towards larger areas compared to unexposed samples, implying cell cycle alteration after radiation exposure. The number of residual γH2AX foci showed a higher degree of intra-tumoral heterogeneity in the ex vivo exposed samples relative to the in vivo exposed samples. In the in vivo setting, the highest intra-tumoral heterogeneity was observed in initial γH2AX foci numbers (foci detected 30 min following irradiation). These results suggest that the tumor microenvironment and the culture condition considerably influence cellular adaptation and DNA damage repair.
Structural Characterization of the Lactobacillus Plantarum FlmC Protein Involved in Biofilm Formation
Authors: D’Abrosca Gianluca , Paladino Antonella , Cuoco Emilio , Marasco Rosangela , Pacifico Severina , Piccolella Simona , Vastano Valeria , Sacco Margherita , Isernia Carla , Muscariello Lidia , Malgieri Gaetano
Published: September 2018

Lactobacillus plantarum is one of the most predominant species in the human gut microbiota of healthy individuals. We have previously characterized some probiotic features of L. plantarum LM3, as the high resistance to different stress, the binding ability toward some extracellular matrix proteins and plasminogen and the immunomodulatory role of the surface expressed adhesin EnoA1. We have also identified the flmA, flmB and flmC genes, coding for putative proteins named FlmA, FlmB and FlmC, whose null mutations partially impaired biofilm development; the L. plantarum LM3–6 strain, carrying a deletion in flmC, showed a high rate of autolysis, supporting the hypothesis that FlmC might be involved in cell wall integrity. Here, we report the in-silico characterization of ΔTM-FlmC, a portion of the FlmC protein. The protein has been also expressed, purified and characterized by means of CD spectroscopy, ICP-mass and UHPLC-HRMS. The obtained experimental data validated the predicted model unveiling also the presence of a bound lipid molecule and of a Mg(II) ion. Overall, we provide strong evidences that ΔTM-FlmC belongs to the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family of domains and is involved in cell envelope biogenesis.
Independent Biaxial Scanning Light Detection and Ranging System Based on Coded Laser Pulses without Idle Listening Time
Authors: Kim Gunzung , Park Yongwan
Published: September 2018

The goal of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems is to achieve high-resolution three-dimensional distance images with high refresh rates and long distances. In scanning LIDAR systems, an idle listening time between pulse transmission and reception is a significant obstacle to accomplishing this goal. We apply intensity-modulated direct detection (IM/DD) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) using nonreturn-to-zero on-off keying to eliminate the idle listening time in scanning LIDAR systems. The transmitter records time information while emitting a coded laser pulse in the measurement angle derived from the pixel information as the measurement direction. The receiver extracts and decodes the reflected laser pulses and estimates the distance to the target using time-of-flight until the pulse is received after being transmitted. Also, we rely on a series of pulses and eliminate alien pulses via several detection decision steps to enhance the robustness of the decision result. We built a prototype system and evaluated its performance by measuring black matte and white paper walls and assessing object detection by measuring a watering can in front of the black matte paper wall. This LIDAR system eliminated both shot and background noises in the reception process and measured greater distances with improvements in accuracy and precision.
Dynamic Toolface Estimation for Rotary Steerable Drilling System
Authors: Wang Weiliang , Geng Yanfeng , Wang Kai , Si Jieru , Fiaux Joice
Published: September 2018

In drilling engineering, Toolface is an angle used to describe bit direction. It is a challenging task to accurately estimate Toolface while drilling because of the downhole harsh conditions, but it is a primary step for the dynamic point-the-bit rotary steerable system (DPRSS). A new dynamic Toolface estimator is present, which fuses measurements from two accelerometers and one gyro. A dual-accelerometer Toolface measuring method is designed to compensate the circumferential acceleration of DPRSS. A nonlinear Complementary Filter (CF) is used to suppress the effect of vibration and axial acceleration. The frequency-domain characteristics of nonlinear CF are analyzed and its natural frequency is determined adaptively based on real time drilling conditions. This new estimator is validated on a DPRSS prototype under typical drilling modes; it is demonstrated with high robustness and follows the references satisfactorily.
Hydrological Performance and Runoff Water Quality of Experimental Green Roofs
Authors: Pęczkowski Grzegorz , Kowalczyk Tomasz , Szawernoga Katarzyna , Orzepowski Wojciech , Żmuda Romuald , Pokładek Ryszard
Published: September 2018

Within the scope of the conducted experiment the authors analysed the efficiency of runoff reduction by the system of extensive type green roofs. The observations were based on storm events in the area of Lower Silesia at the Agro and Hydrometeorology Station Wrocław-Swojec. The authors analysed the thickness of plant substrate, and also estimated the quality of runoff waters under the conditions of periodic atmospheric deposition. Also considered were such indicators as electrolytic conductivity, N, NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, P, PO43−. The experiment included roof substrates designed in two variants, with known hydraulic and physical properties of the soil material. The analysis was performed for models with vegetation layer based on pumice and zelolite, covered with five plant species from the sedum family. The modelling of the hydraulic properties was conducted with variably saturated medium, using the Hydrus 1D software. The performance of systems with primary layer thickness of 11 cm and 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5 cm was estimated. The designed models reduced the average peak flows to 89%, and in addition they caused a delay in the initiation of the runoff which was dependent on the intensity and distribution of rainfalls in time, and on the initial moisture of the profiles. Simulations, performed for variable substrate thickness, permit the conclusion that in the case of thin-layer profiles (5 cm), the relative retention index was decidedly lower and amounted to 35.9% for the substrate with zeolite (originally 60.6%) and 41% for the substrate with pumice (originally 65.7%). In the case of total nitrogen and phosphates, statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in relation to specific concentrations in the rainwater and in the control surface. The total nitrogen in the runoff from the green roof was nearly twice as high as that in the rainwater and amounted to, on average, 8.3 mg L−1.
Case Study: Applying Rapid Flow Cytometry Analysis to CAPD Effluent
Authors: Mulroney Kieran T. , Hall Jarrad M. , McGuire Amanda L. , Inglis Tim J.J. , Chakera Aron
Published: September 2018

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) peritonitis cases require rapid clinical interventions to ensure the best possible patient outcomes. Culture-dependent microbiology tools are slow and cannot provide clinicians with evidence to guide antimicrobial prescription practices in an appropriate time frame. Genotypic methods have met with limited success for analyzing continuous ambulatory PD effluent, with most centers still relying on culture-dependent microbiology. We present a case study in which we apply flow cytometry techniques to antibiotic-compromised effluent. We demonstrate, with supporting evidence, direct enumeration of bacterial and human immune cells, with results reported within 2 hours of receiving the clinical specimen.
Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells
Authors: Ruttert Mirco , Holtstiege Florian , Hüsker Jessica , Börner Markus , Winter Martin , Placke Tobias
Published: September 2018

In this work, silicon/carbon composites are synthesized by forming an amorphous carbon matrix around silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) in a hydrothermal process. The intention of this material design is to combine the beneficial properties of carbon and Si, i.e., an improved specific/volumetric capacity and capacity retention compared to the single materials when applied as a negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This work focuses on the influence of the Si content (up to 20 wt %) on the electrochemical performance, on the morphology and structure of the composite materials, as well as the resilience of the hydrothermal carbon against the volumetric changes of Si, in order to examine the opportunities and limitations of the applied matrix approach. Compared to a physical mixture of Si-NPs and the pure carbon matrix, the synthesized composites show a strong improvement in long-term cycling performance (capacity retention after 103 cycles: ≈55% (20 wt % Si composite) and ≈75% (10 wt % Si composite)), indicating that a homogeneous embedding of Si into the amorphous carbon matrix has a highly beneficial effect. The most promising Si/C composite is also studied in a LIB full cell vs a NMC-111 cathode; such a configuration is very seldom reported in the literature. More specifically, the influence of electrochemical prelithiation on the cycling performance in this full cell set-up is studied and compared to non-prelithiated full cells. While prelithiation is able to remarkably enhance the initial capacity of the full cell by ≈18 mAh g−1, this effect diminishes with continued cycling and only a slightly enhanced capacity of ≈5 mAh g−1 is maintained after 150 cycles.
A Comparison of Alpha Particle and Proton Beam Differential Flows in Collisionally Young Solar Wind
Authors: Alterman B. L. , Kasper Justin C. , Stevens Michael L. , Koval Andriy
Published: September 2018

In fast wind or when the local Coulomb collision frequency is low, observations show that solar wind minor ions and ion subpopulations flow with different bulk velocities. Measurements indicate that the drift speed of both alpha particles and proton beams with respect to the bulk or core protons rarely exceeds the local Alfvén speed, suggesting that a magnetic instability or other wave–particle processes limits their maximum drift. We compare simultaneous alpha particle, proton beam, and proton core observations from instruments on the Wind spacecraft spanning over 20 years. In nearly collisionless solar wind, we find that the normalized alpha particle drift speed is slower than the normalized proton beam speed, no correlation between fluctuations in both species’ drifts about their means, and a strong anti-correlation between collisional age and alpha–proton differential flow, but no such correlation with proton beam–core differential flow. Controlling for the collisional dependence, both species’ normalized drifts exhibit similar statistical distributions. In the asymptotic, zero Coulomb collision limit, the youngest measured differential flows most strongly correlate with an approximation of the Alfvén speed that includes proton pressure anisotropy. In this limit and with this most precise representation, alpha particles drift at 67% and proton beam drift is approximately 105% of the local Alfvén speed. We posit that one of two physical explanations is possible. Either (1) an Alfvénic process preferentially accelerates or sustains proton beams and not alphas or (2) alpha particles are more susceptible to either an instability or Coulomb drag than proton beams.
Langmuir Solitons in Solar Type III Radio Bursts: STEREO Observations
Authors: Thejappa G. , MacDowall R. J.
Published: September 2018

The source regions of solar type III radio bursts are regions of very intense Langmuir wave packets excited by the bump-on-tail distributions of energetic electrons accelerated during solar flares. We report the high time resolution observations of some of these wave packets, which provide unambiguous evidence for Langmuir solitons formed as a result of oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI), since (1) they occur as intense localized one-dimensional magnetic field aligned wave packets, (2) their measured half-widths and peak amplitudes are inversely correlated with each other, so that the narrower the wave packet is, the greater its amplitude; this inverse correlation is the characteristic feature of Langmuir solitons formed as a result of balance between the nonlinearity related self-compression and dispersion related broadening of the wave packets, (3) their FFT spectra contain peaks corresponding to sidebands and low frequency enhancements in addition to pump Langmuir waves, whose frequencies and wave numbers satisfy the resonance conditions of the four-wave interaction known as the OTSI, and (4) they are accompanied by their ponderomotive force induced density cavities. The implication of these observations for theories of solar radio bursts is discussed.
Stable Equatorial Ice Belts at High Obliquity in a Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model
Authors: Kilic Cevahir , Lunkeit Frank , Raible Christoph C. , Stocker Thomas F.
Published: September 2018

Various climate states at high obliquity are realized for a range of stellar irradiance using a dynamical atmosphere–ocean–sea ice climate model in an Aquaplanet configuration. Three stable climate states are obtained that differ in the extent of the sea ice cover. For low values of irradiance the model simulates a Cryoplanet that has a perennial global sea ice cover. By increasing stellar irradiance, transitions occur to an Uncapped Cryoplanet with a perennial equatorial sea ice belt, and eventually to an Aquaplanet with no ice. Using an emulator model we find that the Uncapped Cryoplanet is a robust stable state for a range of irradiance and high obliquities and contrast earlier results that high-obliquity climate states with an equatorial ice belt may be unsustainable or unachievable. When the meridional ocean heat flux is strengthened, the parameter range permitting a stable Uncapped Cryoplanet decreases due to melting of equatorial sea ice. Beyond a critical threshold of meridional ocean heat flux, the perennial equatorial ice belt disappears. Therefore, a vigorous ocean circulation may render it unstable. Our results suggest that perennial equatorial ice cover is a viable climate state of a high-obliquity exoplanet. However, due to multiple equilibria, this state is only reached from more glaciated conditions, and not from less glaciated conditions.
Proton Acceleration in Weak Quasi-parallel Intracluster Shocks: Injection and Early Acceleration
Authors: Ha Ji-Hoon , Ryu Dongsu , Kang Hyesung , Marle Allard Jan van
Published: September 2018

Collisionless shocks with low sonic Mach numbers,

, are expected to accelerate cosmic ray (CR) protons via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in the intracluster medium (ICM). However, observational evidence for CR protons in the ICM has yet to be established. Performing particle-in-cell simulations, we study the injection of protons into DSA and the early development of a nonthermal particle population in weak shocks in high-β (≈100) plasmas. Reflection of incident protons, self-excitation of plasma waves via CR-driven instabilities, and multiple cycles of shock drift acceleration are essential to the early acceleration of CR protons in supercritical quasi-parallel shocks. We find that only in ICM shocks with

, a sufficient fraction of incoming protons is reflected by the overshoot in the shock electric potential and magnetic mirror at locally perpendicular magnetic fields, leading to efficient excitation of magnetic waves via CR streaming instabilities and the injection into the DSA process. Since a significant fraction of ICM shocks have

, CR proton acceleration in the ICM might be less efficient than previously expected. This may explain why the diffuse gamma-ray emission from galaxy clusters due to proton–proton collisions has not been detected so far.
High-resolution Spectroscopy of the Relatively Hydrogen-poor Metal-rich Giants in the Globular Cluster ω Centauri
Authors: Hema B. P. , Pandey Gajendra , Srianand R.
Published: September 2018

High-resolution optical spectra are analyzed for two of the four metal-rich, mildly hydrogen-poor or helium-enhanced giants discovered by Hema & Pandey, along with their comparison normal (hydrogen-rich) giants. The strengths of the MgH bands in the spectra of the program stars are analyzed for their derived stellar parameters. The observed spectra of the sample (hydrogen-poor) stars (LEID 39048 and LEID 34225) show weaker MgH bands, unlike in the spectra of the normal comparison giants (LEID 61067 and LEID 32169). The magnesium abundance derived from MgH bands is less by 0.3 dex or more for LEID 39048 and LEID 34225 than that derived from Mg i lines. This difference cannot be reconciled by making the changes to the stellar parameters within the uncertainties. This difference in the magnesium abundances derived from Mg i lines and from the MgH band is unacceptable. This difference is attributed to the hydrogen deficiency or helium enhancement in their atmospheres. These metal-rich, hydrogen-poor or helium-rich giants provide an important link to the evolution of the metal-rich subpopulation of ω Cen. These stars provide the first direct spectroscopic evidence for the presence of the He enhancement in the metal-rich giants of ω Cen.
Characteristics and Performance of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) Calorimeter for Gamma-Ray Observations
Authors: Cannady N. , Asaoka Y. , Satoh F. , Tanaka M. , Torii S. , Cherry M. L. , Mori M. , Adriani O. , Akaike Y. , Asano K. , Bagliesi M. G. , Berti E. , Bigongiari G. , Binns W. R. , Bonechi S. , Bongi M. , Brogi P. , Buckley J. H. , Castellini G. , Checchia C. , Collazuol G. , Di Felice V. , Ebisawa K. , Fuke H. , Guzik T. G. , Hams T. , Hareyama M. , Hasebe N. , Hibino K. , Ichimura M. , Ioka K. , Ishizaki W. , Israel M. H. , Kasahara K. , Kataoka J. , Kataoka R. , Katayose Y. , Kato C. , Kawanaka N. , Kawakubo Y. , Kohri K. , Krawczynski H. S. , Krizmanic J. F. , Lomtadze T. , Maestro P. , Marrocchesi P. S. , Messineo A. M. , Mitchell J. W. , Miyake S. , Moiseev A. A. , Mori K. , Mori N. , Motz H. M. , Munakata K. , Murakami H. , Nakahira S. , Nishimura J. , Nolfo G. A. de , Okuno S. , Ormes J. F. , Ozawa S. , Pacini L. , Palma F. , Papini P. , Penacchioni A. V. , Rauch B. F. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sakai K. , Sakamoto T. , Sasaki M. , Shimizu Y. , Shiomi A. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stolzi F. , Suh J. E. , Sulaj A. , Takahashi I. , Takayanagi M. , Takita M. , Tamura T. , Tateyama N. , Terasawa T. , Tomida H. , Tsunesada Y. , Uchihori Y. , Ueno S. , Vannuccini E. , Wefel J. P. , Yamaoka K. , Yanagita S. , Yoshida A. , Yoshida K. ,   (CALET Collaboration)
Published: September 2018

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope primary detector (CALET-CAL) is a 30 radiation-length-deep hybrid calorimeter designed for the accurate measurement of high-energy cosmic rays. It is capable of triggering on and giving near complete containment of electromagnetic showers from primary electrons and gamma rays from 1 GeV to over 10 TeV. The first 24 months of on-orbit scientific data (2015 November 01–2017 October 31) provide valuable characterization of the performance of the calorimeter based on analyses of the gamma-ray data set in general and bright point sources in particular. We describe the gamma-ray analysis, the expected performance of the calorimeter based on Monte Carlo simulations, the agreement of the flight data with the simulated results, and the outlook for long-term gamma-ray observations with the CAL.
Back kinematics at take-off in elite showjumping horses over an upright and parallel-spread fence forming part of a three-fence combination
Authors: Walker V.A. , Tranquille C.A. , Harris P. , Roberts C. , McEwen J. , Murray R.C.
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate head, neck and back kinematics during take-off in elite level horses jumping, and to compare these over an upright and parallel spread fence. Ten mixed-breed elite-level showjumping horses were opportunistically evaluated jumping the same 15-fence course (1.35 m) during a British Equestrian Federation World Class Performance three-day training session. Two fences were evaluated using high-speed motion-capture (250 Hz). Head, neck and back kinematics of the horse were determined at take-off, at vertical orientation of leading and trailing third metacarpus/tarsus and as the trailing hindlimb left the floor. Very consistent patterns between all horses over both upright and spread fences were observed in neck-trunk (NT) angle, lumbosacral (LS) angle, the angle of the thoracolumbar (TL) to horizontal and of LS to horizontal. Head-neck (HN), TL angle and distance to fence showed moderate variation between horses. There were no significant differences between fence-type in HN, NT, TL, LS angle or distance to the fence, but TL to the horizontal angle was greater over the spread for all stride phases. LS to the horizontal angle was greater over the upright when the leading forelimb was vertical at take-off and when the trailing hindlimb was vertical at take-off. These findings suggest that elite horses may use some similar strategies to achieve a successful jump. Further understanding regions which are most influenced by velocity, rider, and horse stability could enable us to modify jumping patterns for the performance and welfare of jumping horses.
Education, Community, and Social Engagement
Authors: Jenkins Toby S.
Published: September 2018

In many higher education and student affairs graduate programs the responsibility for providing field-based learning often falls on the graduate assistantship. Programs often situate theoretical learning inside the classroom and practical engagement at the assistantship site. The growing urgency for educators to create transformative learning experiences and to integrate deep interactions with issues of social justice into the classroom challenges graduate faculty to re-evaluate their approach to teaching and learning. In this chapter, the author makes the case for adopting a creative, community-based, and culturally engaging approach to teaching in graduate education programs.
Cybercrime as a Threat to Zimbabwe's Peace and Security
Authors: Kurebwa Jeffrey , Tanhara Jacqueline Rumbidzai
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of cybercrime to Zimbabwe's peace and security. In the 21st century, cybercrime has become an international threat. This has necessitated many states to enact legislation and other measures to curb cybercrime. Primary data was gathered through key informant interviews, while documentary search was used to review scholarly literature on the subject. Key informants for the study were drawn from institutions that deal in combating cybercrime. Zimbabwe does not have adequate and effective legislative instruments to combat cybercrime. Cybercrime is a threat to peace and security as it can be used to bring down critical infrastructure and disrupt communication networks of the country. Some of the measures identified to curbing cybercrime include prevention and awareness, training and development, development of new technology and introduction of new laws, and updating of current and introduction of new legislations.
Pesticide Contaminated Drinking Water and Health Effects on Pregnant Women and Children
Authors: Ramakrishnan Sanjeevi , Jayaraman Anuradha
Published: September 2018

In the recent years, pesticide research and regulatory efforts have focused on the prevention of acute health effects from pesticide poisonings and pesticide residues on foods, but more attention is being given to the deleterious chronic health effects. Children and pregnant women's exposure to contaminated water in particular are at high risk for subsequent adverse health outcomes. The chapter summaries the health effects of water contamination.
Impact of Pesticides on Aquatic Life
Authors: Nabi Zahid , Youssouf Mudasir , Manzoor Javid
Published: September 2018

Humans made use of pesticides to kill pests infesting crops. This was done to increase agricultural yields and improve public health. Pesticides however turn out to be damaging for the environment, causing many harmful impacts. Certain pesticides after being applied to the environment show long-term residual effects while others show acute fatal effects particularly to aquatic life. For example, organochlorine pesticides are persistent in the environment; as a result of this, these pesticides find their way to contaminate ground water, surface water, food products, air, soil, and may also affect human beings through direct contact. Pesticide exposure to humans has been found to be an important cause of some diseases such as cancer, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, endocrine disruption, and reproduction disorders. It is this aspect of pesticides in the environment that has raised concern among environmental scientists to study their behavior in the environment and then come out with a sound alternative so as to rescue the human population from their adverse effects. Fifty years (half a century) after Rachel Carson's warning to the world about the devastating effect pesticides have on birds and beneficial insects, pesticides continue to be in use. Continued usage of pesticides can be described as a massive chemical assault on our environment which threatens the survival of many birds, fish, insects, and small aquatic organisms that form the basis of the food web. More generally, pesticides reduce species diversity in the animal kingdom and contribute to population decline in animals and plants by destroying habitats, reducing food supplies, and impairing reproduction. Organisms in ecosystems exist in complex interdependent associations such that losses of one keystone species as a result of pesticides (or other causes) can have far reaching and unpredictable effects. A keystone species is a species that is disproportionately connected to more species in the food-web. The many connections that a keystone species holds mean that it maintains the organization and structure of entire communities. The loss of a keystone species results in a range of dramatic effects that alters trophic structure, other food-web connections, and can cause the extinction of other species in the community. A pesticide may eliminate a species essential to the functioning of the entire community, or it may promote the dominance of undesired species or it may simply decrease the number and variety of species present in the community. This may disrupt the dynamics of the food webs in the community by breaking the existing dietary linkages between species.
Promotion of Heritage Tourism Through Branding and Graphic Communication
Authors: Piscitelli Manuela
Published: September 2018

The chapter, starting from the analysis of the characteristics of heritage tourism, in particular in Italy, and the expectations of cultural consumers, focuses on the importance of a visual identity for the cultural heritage. For an effective integration of tourism and culture, a careful planning is required in the promotion of cultural assets, activities, and traditions. The role of communication should be to propose a new interpretation and representation of the territory, having as a main theme the role of culture. In this sense, it may be useful to identify a location through a brand, which materializes the characteristics of a system of culture and values of the territory, selecting structural elements that allow its identification and synthesizing them in a single name or symbol. Finally, some experiences of visual communication for cultural heritage realized in the academic field are presented here.
An Intelligent Traffic Engineering Method Over Software Defined Networks for Video Surveillance Systems Based on Artificial Bee Colony
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Javidan Reza
Published: September 2018

In applications such as video surveillance systems, cameras transmit video data streams through network in which quality of received video should be assured. Traditional IP based networks cannot guarantee the required Quality of Service (QoS) for such applications. Nowadays, Software Defined Network (SDN) is a popular technology, which assists network management using computer programs. In this paper, a new SDN-based video surveillance system infrastructure is proposed to apply desire traffic engineering for practical video surveillance applications. To keep the quality of received videos adaptively, usually Constraint Shortest Path (CSP) problem is used which is a NP-complete problem. Hence, heuristic algorithms are suitable candidate for solving such problem. This paper models streaming video data on a surveillance system as a CSP problem, and proposes an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to find optimal solution to manage the network adaptively and guarantee the required QoS. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of QoS metrics.
Blasphemy and Outrage in a Secular State
Authors: Garrido Néstor Luis
Published: September 2018

In a religious context, blasphemy is defined as a derogatory expression against God or other sacred objects or concepts and is a sin that is defined and punished in theocracies or religious normative frameworks. In secular democracies, some countries, especially those parliamentary kingdoms in Europe, have kept some restrictions to the blasphemous expression in their legal system, but sanctions are never as harsh as in Muslim countries such as Pakistan, where people face death penalty if a judge finds eviction for the crime. In secular regimes, blasphemy is no longer considered a crime or this concept is fading as a punishable fault, but in some countries where a sort of “civil religion” is promoted by the State, outrage—speaking or manifesting contrary, hideous, or disdainful opinion against national symbols or heroes—works as a functional substitute of blasphemy. In this chapter, the authors study the case of Venezuela that could be considered emblematic of a secularist use of religiously inspired notions applied to national symbols in order to justify censorship and control free speech to promote a “forced national consensus.” They discuss the historical roots of these illegitimate restrictions to freedom of speech. The authors also analyze the attempts to use the figure of the deceased president Hugo Chávez to deepen the configuration of a “patriotic religion” in order to curve political dissent and increase social control.
Analytical Study on Privacy Attack Models in Privacy Preserving Data Publishing
Authors: Sowmyarani C. N.  , Dayananda P.
Published: September 2018

Privacy attack on individual records has great concern in privacy preserving data publishing. When an intruder who is interested to know the private information of particular person of his interest, will acquire background knowledge about the person. This background knowledge may be gained though publicly available information such as Voter's id or through social networks. Combining this background information with published data; intruder may get the private information causing a privacy attack of that person. There are many privacy attack models. Most popular attack models are discussed in this chapter. The study of these attack models plays a significant role towards the invention of robust Privacy preserving models.
Architecture of Combined E-Learning Environment and Investigation of Secure Access and Privacy Protection
Authors: Romansky Radi Petrov , Noninska Irina Stancheva
Published: September 2018

The contemporary digital world based on network communications, globalization and information sharing outlines new important targets in the area of privacy and personal data protection which reflect to applied principles of secure access to proposed information structures. In this reason the aim of secure access to all resources of an e-learning environment is very important and adequate technological and organizational measures for authentication, authorization and protection of personal data must be applied. Strong security procedures should be proposed to protect user's profiles, designed after successful registration and all personal information collected by educational processes. The goal of this article is to present an idea to combine traditional e-learning technologies with new opportunities that give mobile applications, cloud services and social computing. These technologies can endanger data security since they make possible remote access to resources, sharing information between participants by network communications. In order to avoid data vulnerabilities users must be identified and authenticated before, i.e. to be allowed to access information resources otherwise integrity and confidentiality of e-learning system could be destroyed. In order to propose solution basic principles of information security and privacy protection in e-learning processes are discussed in this article. As a result, an organizational scheme of a system for information security and privacy is proposed. Based on these principles a graph formalization of access to the system resources is made and architecture for combined (heterogenic) e-learning architecture with secure access to the resources is designed. Analytical investigation based on designed Markov chain has been carried out and several statistical assessments delivered by Develve software are discussed.
Opposing Viewpoints on Youth Social Media Banning in the U.S. for the Combatance of Extremist Recruiting
Authors: West Lindsay A. , Martin Richard V. , Perkins Courtney , Quatel Jennifer M. , Macgregor-Skinner Gavin
Published: September 2018

Today, terrorist groups are recruiting, inspiring, and guiding global strategies not just by Internet operations, but through an organized, steady infusion of propaganda videos and call-to-action messages. Most worrisome: increasing evidence that the youth population represents a particularly susceptible cohort, being drawn into the ranks of terrorist organizations operating worldwide. In response, this article will address the pros and cons of social media banning, its effects on constitutional rights, and its effectiveness towards decreasing radicalization and recruitment. The research presented here aims to further the field of Homeland Security and to encourage debates on how to decrease terrorism and youth recruitment and whether banning social media would assist the Department of Homeland Security's mission. In conclusion, this article explores both sides of the spectrum while offering insight for scholars, organizations, and practitioners regarding the attainability of social media banning in the United States.
Building Brands in Emerging Economies
Authors: Nunez Sandra , Castaño Raquel
Published: September 2018

One of the most important goals of brand managers is to build strong, long-lasting brands. The meaning consumers give to brands comes from a dynamic process of interpretation formed in terms of the context in which they are used, the socio-psychological nature of their consumers, and the cultures to which these costumers belong. By acknowledging the importance of understanding how brands can be built in emerging economies, this paper analyzes the case of three brands in three different emerging economies. We highlight how successful firms develop their marketing strategies based on their understanding of the local consumer market they are serving. Ultimately, this paper is intended to provide managerial guidance on the basis of the analysis of brands and consumers in emerging economies.
Brand Pathologies
Authors: Buchanan-Oliver Margo , Schau Hope Jensen
Published: September 2018

The Twilight media brand is a global consumption phenomenon which speaks to female consumers who enter into fantastic and corporeal relationships with its market manifestations (books, films, merchandising, and consumption communities). Twilight's brand narrative reifies the psychological power and socio-cultural allure of the ‘monstrous' vampire myth, and enables a spectrum of relational exposure from ‘Twi-hard' (devoted Twilight fan) fandom to addictive and obsessive, compulsive, and transgressive behaviors. The consumer's relational exposure to this brand is the subject of this study. The authors discuss the tensions and paradoxes which underpin female consumption of this powerful brand. They also demonstrate disturbing dimensions to the construction of consumer-brand relationships (Fournier, 1998) which impact on not only the imaginative life but the physical lives of the Twilight fans. In so doing they extend current thinking on the spectrum of fan behaviors, and comment on ideological dimensions to the construction of fan-brand relationship.
The Impact of Social Media Branding on Developing Brand Advocates for Start-Ups
Authors: Awad Tamer Abbas , Abdel Fatah Shereen Mohamed
Published: September 2018

Organizations are realizing the importance of social media and social networking sites as a communication channel for their brands. Startups, which are new small ventures, face many challenges to prosper in today's fast-paced economy. This research focuses on the challenge of building brand advocacy against the start-ups' low brand awareness and limited financing capabilities. Brand advocacy is defined as the extent to which consumers recommend the brand to their community. It is mainly characterized by high brand loyalty and strong positive electronic word of mouth. This research aims to explore the drivers of brand advocacy on social media in case of startups. The results of the will serve as the input for the second phase which follows a quantitative approach in which a survey will be undertaken to determine first, the relationship between the variables validated in the first phase and brand advocacy mediated by brand loyalty and electronic word of mouth, and second, test for demographics differences in this relationship.
Brand Trust in Offline and Online Environments
Authors: Bowen Gordon , Bowen Richard
Published: September 2018

Social media operates in the online environment, and the challenge is to enhance the end-user experience. The chapter asserts that the consumer experience and behaviour in the online (e.g. e-commerce) and offline environments have some commonality with social media. Building a successful brand online is a prerequisite for success, but fundamental to trusting brand beliefs is the ability to create trust and by extension commitment. The trust-commitment relationship is fundamental to brand building and to influence end-user intentional behaviour. This relationship is enhanced by physical means (website design [aesthetics], website functionality [privacy and security]); although these are important factors alone, they do not guarantee a pleasant online experience. Online firms like social media need to create social interaction on the website to communicate affective involvement. Online effectiveness leads to positive behavioural intention and continual repeat usage via attitudinal formation.