bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Development, Land Use, and Spatial Planning for Settlements: Lessons Learned from Yogyakarta City, Indonesia
Authors: Rachmawati Rini
Published: June 2021

A discussion on urban development cannot be separated from a discussion of land and the environment. Property development must be carried out with a variety of socioeconomic and environmental considerations to prevent the paradoxical coincidence that Henry George observed between “progress and poverty.” The purpose of this article is to discuss urban development issues related to land use and the spatial planning of settlements by considering the case of dense settlements on the Code riverbank in the city center of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. By drawing on the work of Anne Haila, a leading land economist who visited the settlements on the Code riverbank, my aim is to determine how changing urban land tenure can transform an area facing the threat of flooding and evictions. Haila’s interviews with people who live in local apartments show that a change of orientation from commodifying urban land to viewing urban land as a commons helps to improve the social conditions of the urban poor, build urban community, and enhance wider urban ecological sustainability.
Polish adolescents’ right to confidential primary health care is not respected despite high public acceptance
Authors: Henzler Michał , Trzos Katarzyna , Głuchowska Julia , Pietruszkiewicz Maksym , Nitsch‐Osuch Aneta , Bogdan Magdalena
Published: June 2021

Aim

The right of underaged patients to confidential health care should be considered an inalienable human right. Access to such care is also advisable according to contemporary medical knowledge. The aim of this study was to verify the extent this right is exercised in Poland and to examine social attitudes towards this issue.

Methods

A sample of Polish school‐age pupils and parents (n = 800) was surveyed using an online questionnaire.

Results

Only 4.2% of the surveyed adolescents were offered private time with a doctor during their last preventive visit (well‐child visit), and this was more frequent for girls. At the same time, a very high level of acceptance for private time with a doctor was observed among Polish adolescents (90.8%) and their parents (84.3%).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest serious deficiencies in the protection of adolescent patients confidentiality. It is necessary to change medical practice and adapt legal regulations to the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Residual disease is a strong prognostic marker in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with chemotherapy‐refractory or relapsed disease prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Nakamura Momoko , Arai Yasuyuki , Hirabayashi Shigeki , Kondo Tadakazu , Doki Noriko , Uchida Naoyuki , Fukuda Takahiro , Ozawa Yukiyasu , Tanaka Masatsugu , Sawa Masashi , Katayama Yuta , Kanda Yoshinobu , Shiratori Souichi , Nakamae Hirohisa , Yoshioka Satoshi , Onizuka Makoto , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Atsuta Yoshiko , Kako Shinichi
Published: June 2021

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is one of the curative treatment options for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). However, the outcomes in patients transplanted without complete remission (non‐CR) have not yet been fully reported, and detailed analyses are required to identify subgroups in which optimal prognosis is expected and to optimize pre‐transplant therapeutic strategies. Hence, we performed a multicentred retrospective cohort study including a total of 663 adult ALL patients transplanted at non‐CR status; the median bone marrow (BM) blast counts at HSCT was 13·2%, and 203 patients (30·6%) were treated at primary induction failure status. The overall survival (OS) was 31·1% at two years, and the multivariate analyses identified five prognostic risk factors, including older age (≥50 years), increased BM blasts (≥10%), poor performance status, high haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)‐comorbidity index, and relapsed disease status, among which BM blast was the most significantly related. A predictive scoring system composed of these risk factors clearly stratified OS (15·6–59·5% at two years). In conclusion, this is the first large‐scale study to analyze the correlation of patient characteristics with post‐transplant prognosis in ALL transplanted at non‐CR status. The importance of blast control before HSCT should be focused on for better patient prognosis.
Building Interpersonal Bonds and Networks at Work: Recreational Spaces and Class and Gender Membership
Authors: Mora Claudia , Sanchez Benjamin
Published: June 2021

In this article we argue that social networks produced in recreational spaces in the workplace are key to workers' employment trajectories. Drawing from a Chilean case study, we argue that employer‐organised workplace entertainment activities, which we call formal events, provide a unique opportunity for workers to establish bonds and contacts that challenge tendencies towards homophily (social similarity) in ways that are particularly helpful to groups marginalised by gender and social class. We also show how employee‐organised events, on the contrary, which we call informal events, solidify homophily, shoring up pre‐existing group solidarities and privileges, negatively affecting conditions of employment and the upward mobility of workers with limited existing social capital and networks.
Origin and evolution of fungus farming in wood‐boringColeoptera – a palaeontological perspective
Authors: Peris David , Delclòs Xavier , Jordal Bjarte
Published: June 2021

Insect–fungus mutualism is one of the better‐studied symbiotic interactions in nature. Ambrosia fungi are an ecological assemblage of unrelated fungi that are cultivated by ambrosia beetles in their galleries as obligate food for larvae. Despite recently increased research interest, it remains unclear which ecological factors facilitated the origin of fungus farming, and how it transformed into a symbiotic relationship with obligate dependency. It is clear from phylogenetic analyses that this symbiosis evolved independently many times in several beetle and fungus lineages. However, there is a mismatch between palaeontological and phylogenetic data. Herein we review, for the first time, the ambrosia system from a palaeontological perspective. Although largely ignored, families such as Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae should be included in the list of ambrosia beetles because some of their species cultivate ambrosia fungi. The estimated origin for some groups of ambrosia fungi during the Cretaceous concurs with a known high diversity of Lymexylidae and Bostrichidae at that time. Although potentially older, the greatest radiation of various ambrosia beetle lineages occurred in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae during the Eocene. In this review we explore the evolutionary relationship between ambrosia beetles, fungi and their host trees, which is likely to have persisted for longer than previously supposed.
Children with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: Not tall and marfanoid, but short with normal body proportions
Authors: van den Broek Medard F. M. , van Santen Hanneke M. , Valk Gerlof D. , Verrijn Stuart Annemarie A.
Published: June 2021

Objective

Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN2B) is characterised by early‐onset medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma and several nonendocrine manifestations. Unfortunately, MEN2B is often diagnosed late, after the development of clinically significant MTC. Marfanoid habitus is considered an important related feature, which may lead to the assumption that patients with MEN2B have tall stature. Here, we describe the longitudinal growth and body proportions of eight MEN2B patients during childhood.

Design

It is a retrospective case series.

Methods

Patients were under the care of a Dutch MEN expertise centre. Growth patterns were assessed and interpreted in relation to body mass index (BMI), age at diagnosis and at thyroidectomy, extensiveness of disease manifestations and parental height.

Results

Seven patients were short during childhood, of whom four showed growth below target height range (THR) and three at the lowest margin of THR. Only one patient grew well within THR. All patients who attained final height (n = 4) ended within THR, despite short stature during childhood. Arm span/height ratio was not increased and upper segment/lower segment ratio was not reduced in any patient. Short stature in childhood in this study did not seem to be associated with age at diagnosis, age at thyroidectomy, extensiveness of MTC, endocrine deficiencies or BMI.

Conclusions

This study shows that children with MEN2B may well present with short rather than tall stature. Thereafter, final height within THR was attained in those who already reached adulthood, but none had tall stature. Finally, body proportions were normal in all children and adults in this case series, not underlining a ‘marfanoid’ body habitus.
Predictors of prolonged hypotension requiring vasopressor support after resection of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Authors: Shu Qian , Lan Ling , Zhang Yuelun , Yu Chunhua , Huang Yuguang
Published: June 2021

Objective

Prolonged hypotension is a common complication after resection of pheochromocytoma (PCC) or paraganglioma (PGL). The objective of our study was to identify preoperative or intraoperative clinical factors that can predict prolonged hypotension after PCC/PGL resection.

Patients and Methods

A total of 414 patients who underwent resection of PCC or PGL at our institution between January 2013 and January 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not vasopressor support was required postoperatively. Associations between preoperative and intraoperative variables and prolonged hypotension were evaluated.

Results

Two hundred and one (48.6%) patients had postoperative hypotension that required vasopressor support with a median duration of 20 h. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that increased 24‐h urinary norepinephrine (NE) levels (odds ratio [OR] = 1.091, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.052–1.132, p < .001), longer operative time (OR = 1.008, CI: 1.004–1.011, p < .001) and lower preoperative phenoxybenzamine dose (OR = 0.336, CI: 0.150–0.753, p = .008) were predictors of prolonged hypotension. Moreover, operative time, body mass index, 24‐h urinary level of NE and preoperative phenoxybenzamine dose were significantly correlated with the duration of postoperative vasopressor support.

Conclusions

Increased urine NE level, longer operative time and lower preoperative phenoxybenzamine dose were predictors of prolonged hypotension requiring vasopressor support. Clinicians can identify these factors to manage their patients better and prevent severe complications.
Genotypic and phenotypic analysis in 51 Chinese patients with primary distal renal tubular acidosis
Authors: Guo Wencong , Song Qijing , Zhang Ruixiao , Xin Qing , Liu Zhiying , Lang Yanhua , Zhao Xiangzhong , Shao Leping
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variants of 51 Chinese patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) and explore the correlation between their genotype and phenotype. Eight variants of SLC4A1, 19 variants of ATP6V0A4, and 16 variants of ATP6V1B1 have been identified, and of which 14 were novel ones. Eleven patients with autosomal dominant dRTA, and four patients with autosomal recessive dRTA were caused by genetic defects in SLC4A1; 18 and nine patients with recessive dRTA were resulted by defects in ATP6V0A4 and ATP6V1B1 respectively; no causal gene was identified in seven patients. Mutation frequency of SLC4A1 in Chinese populations was more common than Europeans. The incidence of deafness in ATP6V0A4 and ATP6V1B1 groups was 16.7% and 54.5%, respectively. The frequency of CKD in adults, children and infants was 100%, 51%, and 3%, separately. Our study will further expand the mutation spectrum of primary dRTA and provide valuable references to genetic counseling of Chinese populations.
Large‐sample‐size assessment of socioeconomic predictors of community‐level resource management occurrence
Authors: Brewer Tom David , Andrew Neil , Gruber Bernd , Kool Johnathan
Published: June 2021

Community‐level resource management efforts are cornerstones in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. Yet, understanding how community characteristics influence management practices remains contested. With a sample size of ≥725 communities, we assessed the effects of key community (i.e., socioeconomic) characteristics (human population size and density, market integration, and modernization) on the probability of occurrence of fisheries management practices, including gear, species, and spatial restrictions. The study was based in Solomon Islands, a Pacific Island country with a population that is highly dependent on coastal fisheries. People primarily dwell in small communities adjacent to the coastline dispersed across 6 island provinces and numerous smaller islands. We used nationally collected data in binomial logistic regression models to examine the likelihood of management occurrence, given socioeconomic context of communities. In contrast to prevailing views, we identified a positive and statistically significant association between both human population size and market integration and all 3 management practices. Human population density, however, had a statistically significant negative association and modernization a varied and limited association with occurrence of all management practices. Our method offers a way to remotely predict the occurrence of resource management practices based on key socioeconomic characteristics. It could be used to improve understanding of why some communities conduct natural resource management activities when statistical patterns suggest they are not likely to and thus improve understanding of how some communities of people beat the odds despite limited market access and high population density.
Emergency resection or diverting stoma followed by elective resection in patients with colonic obstruction due to locally advanced cancer: a national cohort study
Authors: Rosander Emma , Holm Torbjörn , Sjövall Annika , Hjern Fredrik , Weibull Caroline E. , Nordenvall Caroline
Published: June 2021

Aim

The aim was to assess long‐term prognosis after emergency resection versus primary diverting stoma followed by elective tumour resection.

Method

A national‐register‐based cohort study with retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. All Swedish patients with non‐metastatic obstructive locally advanced colon cancer treated with emergency resection or diverting stoma, followed by an elective resection, between 2007 and 2017 were included. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used to compare all‐cause mortality between patients with emergency resection and elective right‐ and left‐sided resection. The multivariable model was adjusted for year of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, tumour location and pN stage.

Results

In all, 751 patients with a tumour in the right colon and 700 patients with a tumour in the left colon were included. Emergency resection was more common in patients with right‐sided colon tumours (681/751) than in patients with left‐sided colon tumours (483/700). The 5‐year overall survival in patients with right‐sided tumours was 25% after emergency resection and 46% after diverting stoma followed by elective resection (log‐rank test P = 0.001). The corresponding numbers for patients with left‐sided colon tumours were 40% and 64% (P < 0.001). Emergency resection was independently associated with increased all‐cause mortality in patients with left‐sided tumour (hazard ratio 1.63, 95% CI 1.21–2.19) but not in patients with right‐sided tumour (hazard ratio 1.21, 95% CI 0.80–1.81).

Conclusion

Diverting stoma followed by elective resection is associated with improved survival compared with emergency resection in patients with left‐sided colonic obstruction due to locally advanced tumours.
Effectiveness of interventions to shift drivers of roving banditry and reduce illegal fishing by Vietnamese blue boats
Authors: Wilcox Chris , Bergseth Brock J
Published: June 2021

Illegal fishing via roving banditry, or fishing illegally in other countries’ territorial waters, continues to threaten the security, sustainability, and biodiversity of global marine resources. Yet, little is known about the behavioral drivers of banditry, and whether interventions can shift these. We address this critical knowledge gap by quantitatively surveying 82 fishers in two known port havens (Da Nang and Sa Ky, central Vietnam) for roving banditry by Vietnamese “blue boats,” before and after interventions aimed at reducing illegal fishing. We present three key findings: (1) displacement from the South China Sea and degraded local resources were primary behavioral drivers, (2) interventions increased perceptions of risk and shame if apprehended, and (3) the source of bail money (i.e., family vs. business) was highly predictive of whether fishers saw punishment as an adequate deterrent to illegal fishing. Lastly, we discuss the implications of these findings for regional policy and management strategies.
COVID‐19 in heart transplant recipients during February–August 2020: A systematic review
Authors: Diaz‐Arocutipa Carlos , Carvallo‐Castañeda Darla , Luis‐Ybañez Odalis , Pariona Marcos , Rivas‐Lasarte Mercedes , Álvarez‐García Jesús
Published: June 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic represents a major concern in immunosuppressed patients such as heart transplant recipients. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to summarize the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of heart transplant recipients with COVID‐19. We searched electronic databases from inception to January 11, 2021. Thirty‐nine articles (22 case reports and 17 cohorts) involving 415 patients were included. The mean age was 59.9 ± 15.7 years and 77% of patients were men. In cohort studies including outpatients and inpatients, the hospitalization rate was 77%. The most common symptoms were fever (70%) and cough (67%). Inflammatory biomarkers (C‐reactive protein and procalcitonin) were above the normal range. Forty‐eight percent of patients presented with severe or critical COVID‐19. Hydroxychloroquine (54%), azithromycin (14%), and lopinavir/ritonavir (14%) were the most commonly used drugs. Forty‐nine percent of patients discontinued the baseline regimen of antimetabolites. In contrast, 59% and 73% continued the same regimen of calcineurin inhibitors and corticosteroids, respectively. Short‐term mortality among cohorts limited to inpatients was 25%. Our review suggests that heart transplant recipients with COVID‐19 exhibited similar demographic and clinical features to the general population. However, the prognosis was poor in these patients.
Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg in patients aged younger than 65 and 65 years or older: Post hoc analysis of the AWARD‐11 trial
Authors: Frias Juan P. , Bonora Enzo , Nevárez Ruiz Luis , Hsia Stanley H. , Jung Heike , Raha Sohini , Cox David A. , Bethel M. Angelyn , Konig Manige
Published: June 2021

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg versus 1.5 mg when used as an add‐on to metformin in subgroups defined by age (<65 and ≥65 years).

Materials and Methods

Of 1842 patients included in this post hoc analysis, 438 were aged 65 years or older and 1404 were younger than 65 years. The intent‐to‐treat (ITT) population, while on treatment without rescue medication, was used for all efficacy analyses; the ITT population without rescue medication was used for hypoglycaemia analyses; all other safety analyses used the ITT population.

Results

Patients aged 65 years or older and those younger than 65 years had a mean age of 69.5 and 53.2 years, respectively. In each age subgroup, the reduction from baseline in HbA1c and body weight (BW), and the proportion of patients achieving a composite endpoint of HbA1c of less than 7% (<53 mmol/mol) with no weight gain and no documented symptomatic or severe hypoglycaemia, were larger for dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg compared with dulaglutide 1.5 mg, but the treatment‐by‐age interactions were not significant. The safety profile for the additional dulaglutide doses was consistent with that of dulaglutide 1.5 mg and was similar between the age subgroups.

Conclusion

Dulaglutide doses of 3.0 or 4.5 mg provided clinically relevant, dose‐related improvements in HbA1c and BW with no significant treatment‐by‐age interactions, and with a similar safety profile across age subgroups.
Fiscal space and the procyclicality of fiscal policy: The case for making hay while the sun shines
Authors: Ahmad Asif , McManus Richard , Ozkan F. Gulcin
Published: June 2021

Utilizing data from 133 countries over the period 1950–2014, we identify fiscal space as a key factor underlying the cyclicality of fiscal policies. We find that less fiscal space induces greater fiscal procyclicality and show that this relationship is nonlinear; countries in the bottom tail of the fiscal space distribution need to make significant improvements before they can perform countercyclical policy. Given the increasingly dominant role of fiscal action in downturns, as is highlighted during the Covid‐19 crisis, these findings clearly indicate the importance of building fiscal space in good times to provide capacity for countercyclical policy in bad times.
Factor product utilization and health outcomes in patients with haemophilia A and B on extended half‐life concentrates: A Canadian observational study of real‐world outcomes
Authors: Sun Haowei (Linda) , Yang Ming , Poon Man‐Chiu , Lee Adrienne , Robinson K. Sue , Sholzberg Michelle , Wu John , Iorio Alfonso , Blanchette Victor , Carcao Manuel , Klaassen Robert J. , Jackson Shannon
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Recombinant factors VIII and IX Fc (rFVIIIFc/rFIXFc) became available in Canada in 2016 and were the only extended half‐life (EHL) factor concentrates available in Canada until 2018.

Objectives

We aim to describe the change in product utilization in Canadians who switched to rFVIIIFc/rFIXFc.

Methods

This prospective and retrospective cohort study enrolled males aged ≥6 years with moderate or severe haemophilia who switched to rFVIIIFc/rFIXFc and those who remained on standard half‐life (SHL) between 2016 and 2018. Factor utilization and annualized bleeding rates (ABR) were collected at baseline, 1‐year and 2‐years. Due to low prospective enrolment (n = 25 switchers), prospective and retrospective data were pooled.

Results

125 switchers (93 rFVIIIFc, 32 rFIXFc) and 33 non‐switchers were included. The median age was 17 (rFVIIIFc) and 38 years (rFIXFc). Prior to switch, over 80% were on prophylaxis. There was a statistically significant reduction in the prescribed weekly prophylactic dose after the switch to rFVIIIFc/rFIXFc for all age groups, with a corresponding reduction (15‐16%) in actual annualized FIX utilization in switchers (combined adults and children) to rFIXFc, and a smaller non‐significant reduction in actual annualized FVIIII utilization (7%) in children who switched to rFVIIIFc. A significant reduction in the median ABR was only observed in children who switched to rFVIIIFc, but not in adults who switched to rFVIIIFc or rFIXFc.

Conclusion

Switching from SHL to EHL products led to a small reduction in factor utilization, while preserving a low ABR in children and adults with haemophilia. Further patient‐reported outcomes data will further elucidate the role of EHL in the haemophilia landscape.
The effect of celebrity endorsement on omission neglect at different levels of skepticism
Authors: Lopes Evandro Luiz , Goulart‐da‐Silva Jussara
Published: June 2021

The main objective of this study was to identify the effect of omission neglect concerning advertisements endorsed by celebrities given different levels of skepticism of the evaluators. Through three experiments (n = 512 university students and use of Analysis of Variance [ANOVA]), in which we manipulated the volume of information on different products and services, we identified that the endorsement of celebrities (Study 1) congruent with the endorsed product (Study 2) makes it difficult to recognize the omission of information by making individuals with high cognitive contextual knowledge (experts) neglect the omission of information. Through moderation analysis, we identified that high skepticism regarding advertisements cancels the effect of the endorsement (Study 3), causing experts to recognize the existence of absent data and, thus, make less positive evaluations of the advertisements analyzed. At the end of the study, we indicate management recommendations to potentiate the effect of advertisements endorsed by celebrities.
Survival migrants’ intention to stay: The case of Venezuelans in Colombia
Authors: Wentzel Arnold , Herrera Medina Nelson Eduardo , Vásquez Rodríguez Karol Marcela , Pretorius Marinda
Published: June 2021

This paper investigates the factors that determine survival migrants’ intention to stay in their host country, using a survey of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and analysed by means of a binary regression model. A theoretical framework that explains the intention to stay was derived from the theory of return migration and confirmed the importance of both meso‐level and macro‐level factors in migrants’ intention to stay. A macroeconomic comparison confirmed that macro‐level factors played a role in the decision to migrate and stay. With respect to meso‐level factors, we found that survival migrants’ intentions deviate from those of voluntary migrants since ties to their home country were not significant influences on their intention to stay. In contrast, factors that strengthen or weaken structural integration and ties to the host country were often highly significant, as were factors that influenced survival migrants’ knowledge of the host country.
A set partitioning based goal programming model for the team formation problem
Authors: Daş Gülesin Sena , Altınkaynak Büşra , Göçken Tolunay , Türker Ahmet Kürşad
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we offer a multi‐objective set‐partitioning formulation for team formation problems using goal programming. Instead of selecting team members to teams, we select suitable teams from a set of teams. This set is generated using a heuristic algorithm that uses the social network of potential team members. We then utilize the proposed multi‐objective formulation to select the desired number of teams from this set that meets the skill requirements. Therefore, we ensure that selected teams include individuals with the required skills and effective communication with each other. Two real datasets are used to test the model. The results obtained with the proposed solution are compared with two well‐known approaches: weighted and lexicographic goal programming. Results reveal that weighted and lexicographic goal programming approaches generate almost identical solutions for the datasets tested. Our approach, on the other hand, mostly picks teams with lower communication costs. Even in some cases, better solutions are obtained with the proposed approach. Findings show that the developed solution approach is a promising approach to handle team formation problems.
Phase, domain, and microstructures in Sr2+ substituted low‐temperature sintering PZT‐based relaxor ferroelectrics
Authors: Chen Hao , Xing Jie , Xi Jingwen , Pu Tao , Liu Hong , Zhu Jianguo
Published: June 2021

The Ag‐Pd internal electrode of multilayer piezoelectric ceramics needs to be sintered below 1000°C, and lead wires and components need to be welded with lead‐free solder at 260°C. PNN–PMW–PZT–xSr piezoelectric ceramics with high Curie temperature (Tc > 260°C) were synthesized at a low sintering temperature (960°C) to meet the requirements of multilayer piezoelectric devices. The relationship between structures (phase, domain, and microstructures) and electrical properties (piezo/ferroelectric properties, and dielectric relaxation) in the Sr2+ substituted ceramics was investigated. Rietveld refinement and Raman spectra show that Sr2+ substitution can cause the phase change and increase the force constant of [BO6] octahedron. The piezoelectric response increases with increasing the content of the tetragonal phase (CTP) in the rhombohedral‐tetragonal (R‐T) coexisted ceramics. The ceramics with 0.6 mol% Sr2+ substitution have minimum activation energy for domain wall movement (Ea) of 0.0362 eV which favors the formation of nanometer‐sized domains, and possess excellent electrical properties (d33 = 623 pC/N, d33* =783 pm/V, Tc =295°C). The higher the CTP, the lower the Ea. The lower Ea favors the rotation of polarization direction and extension, and is beneficial to the generation of the nanometer‐size domains, resulting in high piezoelectric properties.
A Puzzle about Disability and Old Age
Authors: Lippert‐Rasmussen Kasper
Published: June 2021

It is often claimed that (i) disability is bad for disabled people only when they live in an ableist social environment. However, few believe that (ii) having the physical and mental capacities that typify old age is worse than having the capacities of, say, a typical 30‐year‐old only because we live in an ageist social environment. This is a problem because it is plausible that (iii) claim (i) is correct if, and only if, claim (ii) is. The three claims form a trilemma. At least one must be rejected, however attractive each may seem. I submit, first, that how we think about disability‐related disadvantage constrains the way we should think of old‐age‐related disadvantages, and vice versa. Second, this constraint forces most of us to revise the way in which we think about either the disadvantages of disability, or old age, or both. Third, ultimately, it is more fruitful to discuss whether the disadvantages specifically connected with disability, or old age, or both, are bad in themselves rather than discussing whether the broad and quite varied set of disadvantages involved in disability and old age, respectively, are bad independently of the nature of the relevant social environment in which they exist.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomal miR‐206 promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in osteoarthritis by reducing Elf3
Authors: Huang Yijiang , Zhang Xiumeng , Zhan Jingdi , Yan Zijiang , Chen Daosen , Xue Xinghe , Pan Xiaoyun
Published: June 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as gene silencers involved in essential cell functions. The role of miR‐206 and E74‐like factor 3 (Elf3) has been identified in osteoarthritis (OA), while the effect of exosomal miR‐206 from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in OA remains largely unknown. Thus, we aim to explore the role of exosomal miR‐206 from BMSCs in OA with the involvement of Elf3. BMSCs and BMSC‐derived exosomes (BMSC‐exos) were obtained and identified. OA mouse models were constructed by anterior cruciate ligament transection and then treated with BMSC‐exos or BMSC‐exos containing miR‐206 mimic/inhibitor. The expression of miR‐206, Elf3, inflammatory factors, osteocalcin (OCN) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in mouse femoral tissues was assessed. The pathological changes in mouse femur tissues were observed. The mouse osteoblasts were identified and treated with untransfected or transfected BMSC‐exos, and then, the expression of miR‐206, Elf3, OCN and BMP2 was determined. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition level, OCN secretion, proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in osteoblasts were measured. MiR‐206 was down‐regulated while Elf3 was up‐regulated in OA animal and cellular models. Exosomal miR‐206 ameliorated inflammation and increased expression of OCN and BMP2 in mouse femoral tissues. Moreover, exosomal miR‐206 promoted ALP activity, calcium deposition level, OCN secretion and proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in OA osteoblasts. Overexpressed Elf3 reversed miR‐206 up‐regulation‐induced effects on OA osteoblasts. BMSC‐derived exosomal miR‐206 promotes proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in OA by reducing Elf3. Our research may provide novel targets for OA treatment.
Contesting Brexit Masculinities: Pro‐European Activists and Feminist EU Citizenship*
Authors: Galpin Charlotte
Published: June 2021

Although Brexit campaigns mobilized discourses of hegemonic masculinity that marginalize women, women seemed to be at the forefront of pro‐EU campaigns post‐referendum. I explore to what extent pro‐EU activists make claims to EU citizenship that contest the masculinities of Brexit. Combining Isin's approach to citizenship as ‘performed subject positions’ with intersectional feminist theory, I argue that masculinity became a site of EU citizenship contestation, which nevertheless reproduced racialized and class‐based exclusions. Drawing on interviews with grassroots pro‐EU activists, I argue that activists reject militaristic discourses of British identity by asserting multiple embodied identities, demand rights relating to the intimate sphere, and participate in informal, local and non‐hierarchical ways. Yet, they reveal a white cultural European identity, a European exceptionalism in demands for rights, and a failure to break with the whiteness of traditional social movements. These findings demonstrate the need for feminist and intersectional analysis within EU public opinion research.
Cryptic species and grey zone speciation of the Barbodes binotatus complex (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in Sundaland
Authors: Ng Casey Keat‐Chuan , Tan Ji
Published: June 2021

Morphology‐based taxonomy of freshwater fish is effective when there are representative specimens covering large regions. However, in Sundaland, where the presence of cryptic species is high, the technique has its limitations. This is compounded by uncritical descriptions of holotypes in old literature. We demonstrate the problem using Barbodes binotatus first described from an ink drawing. Several species in the Barbodes genus of Sundaland exhibit morphological similarity to B. binotatus. We applied new DNA sequences of 16S, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (Cytb) and recombination‐activating gene 1 (RAG1), and pigmentation markers to clarify species complex boundaries in the Malay Peninsula, namely B. aff. binotatus “Malay Peninsula”, Barbodes cf. banksi and Barbodes rhombeus. Results suggest B. binotatus‐like specimens in the Malay Peninsula are B. rhombeus based on a threshold of 3% COI genetic divergence. B. aff. binotatus recorded in Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines are likely valid but undescribed species. However, if the 2% COI threshold is applied, some populations in the northern Malay Peninsula would qualify as new and undescribed species. The implications of the 2% threshold and the likelihood of “grey zone” incipient populations are discussed. We further found a rapid visual method, not reported previously, to delineate B. aff. binotatus and B. cf. banksi, but it requires further validation. Additionally, we offer fresh perspectives by discussing the roles of biological species concept, morphological species concept, genetic species concept and mate recognition concept in the B. binotatus complex. Our findings reinforce the standpoint that species delineation is not entirely a binary process, but there is a spectrum to consider, especially in biogeography intersection regions.
The skin of adult rainbow trout is not a significant site of ammonia clearance from the blood
Authors: Marina Giacomin , Glover Chris N. , Goss Greg G. , Zimmer Alex M.
Published: June 2021

We hypothesized that the skin acts as an extrabranchial route for ammonia excretion in adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following high environmental ammonia (HEA) exposure. Trunks of control or HEA‐exposed trout were perfused with saline containing 0 or 1 mmol l−1 NH4+. Cutaneous ammonia excretion rates increased 2.5‐fold following HEA exposure, however there was no difference in rates between trunks perfused with 0 or 1 mmol l−1 NH4+. The skin is therefore capable of excreting its own ammonia load, but it does not clear circulating ammonia from the plasma.
Extracting barberry juice: Mathematical models describing loading stage, stress‐relaxation behavior, and momentary juice mass
Authors: Mirzabe Amir Hossein , Hajiahmad Ali , Asadollahzadeh Amir Hossein
Published: June 2021

In the present study, barberries were poured into a topless cylinder with a diameter of 55 mm and were subjected to axial compression force up to 440 kg (4,314.926 N). Effects of duration of water exposure, loading rate, and number of layers were investigated on momentary juice mass, Stress–strain behavior, and stress‐relaxation behavior. Considering momentary porosity, the momentary juice mass, stress–strain, and stress‐relaxation behaviors of the berries were modeled by inverse tangent function, exponential function, and One‐term Maxwell model, respectively. The extraction yield of juice (EYJ), specific absorbed energy by berries (SAEB), and efficiency index of energy (EIE) were calculated, and their analysis of variance and optimization were performed. The results showed that the R2 of the exponential model for the Stress–Strain diagram, Maxwell model for relaxation behavior, and inverse tangent model for momentary juice mass variation were more than 0.975, 0.985, and 0.995, respectively. The effects of the three operating parameters on the stiffness factor of springs and damping factor of dashpot were significant at 5%. Furthermore, the effects of the three input variables on the juice point force, juice point energy, EYJ, SAEB, and EIE were significant at 1%.

Practical Applications

The first step in producing barberry products in accordance with international food standards is barberry juice extraction. In the current study, the axial pressure method, one of the conventional barberry juicing methods, was investigated. This method has more ability to control the quality of juice than other methods. Traditionally, fruits are soaked in water for several hours before barberry juicing. Also, in the loading stage, rigid plates are placed between the fruit layers. Duration of water exposure, loading rate, and the number of layers are the three major influential factors in the juicing process. The information obtained from this article can help optimize the barberry juicing process using existing axial pressure devices. Besides, the results can be used in the optimal design of the barberry‐juicing device.
Solubility and effective diffusion coefficient of CO2 in fresh cheese (type Minas Frescal)
Authors: Cabral Gabriel J. , Teleken Jhony T. , Carciofi Bruno A. M. , Monteiro Alcilene R.
Published: June 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important gas used in modified atmosphere packaging of nonrespiring foods. In this technique, the gas solubilizes into the aqueous and lipid phases of food and exerts an antimicrobial effect. In the present study, the solubility and effective diffusion coefficient of CO2 in fresh cheese (type Minas Frescal) were determined at 4, 7, and 10°C by a manometric method. The value was obtained using the mathematical modeling (transient mass transfer and Fick's law) and a numerical procedure (exhaustive search method) to minimize the error between experimental and predicted values. The highest solubility value was obtained at 4°C, resulting from combined effects of temperature and complex phase transitions in fat content, shown by differential scanning calorimetry curves. Higher values corresponded to lower . Solubility and effective diffusion coefficient are important parameters for designing and developing new food products and food processes.

Practical Applications

This study presented a procedure to quantify the mass transfer of CO2 gas in fresh cheese. The knowledge of the CO2 transfer properties in food can help the industry concerning about the choice of the amount and composition of the gas used in modified atmosphere packaging. In which, a gaseous mixture (CO2/N2) is introduced into packaging resulting in the extension of the cheese shelf life. Additionally, the procedure used in cheese can be easily extended to estimate the transfer properties of CO2 in other nonrespiring food.
Patients' experiences of well‐being when being cared for in the intensive care unit—An integrative review
Authors: Halvorsen Kristin , Jensen Janet F. , Collet Marie O. , Olausson Sepideh , Lindahl Berit , Sætre Hansen Britt , Lind Ranveig , Eriksson Thomas
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of this integrative review was to identify facilitators and barriers to patients’ well‐being when being cared for in an ICU setting, from the perspective of the patients.

Background

To become critically ill and hospitalised in an ICU is a stressful, chaotic event due to the life‐threatening condition itself, as well as therapeutic treatments and the environment. A growing body of evidence has revealed that patients often suffer from physical, psychological and cognitive problems after an ICU stay. Several strategies, such as sedation and pain management, are used to reduce stress and increase well‐being during ICU hospitalisation, but the ICU experience nevertheless affects the body and mind.

Design; Methods

Since research exploring patients’ sense of well‐being in an ICU setting is limited, an integrative review approach was selected. Searches were performed in CINAHL, Medline, Psych Info, Eric and EMBASE. After reviewing 66 studies, 12 studies were included in the integrative review. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the studies. The PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews was used.

Results

The results are presented under one main theme, ‘Well‐being as a multidimensional experience—interwoven in barriers and facilitators’ and six sub‐themes representing barriers to and facilitators of well‐being in an ICU. Barriers identified were physical stressors, emotional stressors, environmental disturbances and insecurity relating to time and space. Facilitators were meeting physical needs and activities that included dimensions of a caring and relational environment.

Conclusion

Our main findings were that experiences of well‐being were multidimensional and included physical, emotional, relational and environmental aspects, and they were more often described through barriers than facilitators of well‐being.

Relevance for clinical practice

This integrative review has shown that it is necessary to adopt an individual focus on patient well‐being in an ICU setting since physical, emotional, relational and environmental stressors might impact each patient differently.
Permanent neurological deficit caused by misdiagnosis of a giant intrapelvic sciatic schwannoma: A case report
Authors: Yi Sijie , Jin Xia , Xiong Yuanhuan , Fu Bing
Published: June 2021

Sciatic schwannomas (SSs) are extremely rare, and most are benign. Herein, we report a case of giant SSs in a woman who presented with abdominal pain. Because of the pain pattern and auxiliary examination findings, the patient was initially diagnosed with an ovarian cystadenoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intrapelvic tumor. Histopathological examination confirmed that the mass was a benign intrapelvic schwannoma. Two days after complete tumor resection, the patients experience impaired mobility of the right lower limb. The tumor was 7 × 5.5 × 5 cm3 in size and in contact with the sacrum. The patient was followed up for up to 2 years. No evidence of recurrence was observed in the MRI scan. Severe damages to the sciatic nerve during surgery resulted in permanent neurological deficits. Hence, we also discuss the diagnostic tools and treatments for intrapelvic SSs, as well as the importance of careful radiological examination and multidisciplinary collaboration.
Long‐term stability of soil bacterial and fungal community structures revealed in their abundant and rare fractions
Authors: Gschwend Florian , Hartmann Martin , Hug Anna‐Sofia , Enkerli Jürg , Gubler Andreas , Frey Beat , Meuli Reto G. , Widmer Franco
Published: June 2021

Despite the importance of soil microorganisms for ecosystem services, long‐term surveys of their communities are largely missing. Using metabarcoding, we assessed temporal dynamics of soil bacterial and fungal communities in three land‐use types, i.e., arable land, permanent grassland, and forest, over five years. Soil microbial communities remained relatively stable and differences over time were smaller than those among sites. Temporal variability was highest in arable soils. Indications for consistent shifts in community structure over five years were only detected at one site for bacteria and at two sites for fungi, which provided further support for long‐term stability of soil microbial communities. A sliding window analysis was applied to assess the effect of OTU abundance on community structures. Partial communities with decreasing OTU abundances revealed a gradually decreasing structural similarity with entire communities. This contrasted with the steep decline of OTU abundances, as subsets of rare OTUs (<0.01%) revealed correlations of up to 0.97 and 0.81 with the entire bacterial and fungal communities. Finally, 23.4% of bacterial and 19.8% of fungal OTUs were identified as scarce, i.e., neither belonging to site‐cores nor correlating to environmental factors, while 67.3% of bacterial and 64.9% of fungal OTUs were identified as rare but not scarce. Our results demonstrate high stability of soil microbial communities in their abundant and rare fractions over five years. This provides a step towards defining site‐specific normal operating ranges of soil microbial communities, which is a prerequisite for detecting community shifts that may occur due to changing environmental conditions or anthropogenic activities.
Ontological disagreements, reliability, and standoffs: The pluralist option
Authors: Belleri Delia
Published: June 2021

The reliability challenge to ontology can be summarized as the complaint that no satisfying explanation is available of how one can have true ontological beliefs, given that the relevant belief‐forming methods arenoncausal(for example, not perception based or memory based). This paper first presents a version of the reliability challenge against realist approaches to ontology, put forward by Jared Warren. It then explores a response to the challenge on behalf of the realist that appeals to the use of abduction. This response does not satisfactorily deal with the reliability challenge, though, and even leads to a further epistemic impasse. At this point, a version of ontological pluralism is presented, according to which all the competing theories in a certain ontological dispute can be true—in a sense of “true” to be articulated. The final step shows how this version of pluralism deals with the reliability challenge, especially with the complaint that we lack an explanation for our true ontological beliefs.