bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HETEROSIS AND COMBINING AND MATERNAL ABILITIES IN MOUSE LITTER WEIGHT
Authors: NAGAI JIRO
Published: March 2010

Four inbred strains of mice (C3H/He, CBA/J, C57BL/6J and SWR/J) were mated in all possible combinations to produce inbred and F1hybrid litters contemporaneously. Each litter was divided into two groups by sex. The total weight of individuals in each group (group weight) and the number of individuals within group (group size) were recorded at birth and at 12, 25 and 45 days of age. The average weight of individuals within a group was calculated for each group. Least squares analyses of group weight, group size, and average weight were performed. The sexes differed significantly in group weight only at 25 and 45 days. The four inbred strains did not differ significantly in group weight at any age. Group weight was greater in F2hybrids than in inbreds at the four ages. Heterosis in group weight was mainly due to heterosis in average weight. Neither the general and specific combining ability effects nor the residual reciprocal effects were significant in group weight. Maternal effects on group weight differed significantly among the four strains at 12, 25 and 45 days. These differences in maternal effects were mainly due to the differences in maternal effects on group size. When group weight was adjusted for group size, a shift in ranking of strains was observed in the inbred strain and maternal effects.
EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT OF SKIM-MILK POWDER AND LEVELS OF FAT AND PROTEIN IN MILK REPLACER DIETS ON THE GROWTH OF CALVES
Authors: LISTER E. E.
Published: March 2010

High-temperature-treated skim milk (HTSM) used in milk replacers for calves resulted in no growth response to an increased protein level as compared with low temperature treatment (LTSM), where an increase in protein level from 20.7 to 25.6% of the dry matter resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in growth rate during the first 19 days on experiment. The HTSM resulted in a greater depression of gross energy intake than the LTSM when dietary fat levels were changed from high to low. Increasing the fat level from 18.0 to 20.9% of the dry matter improved calf health, and rate of gain (independently of energy intake) during early life. The intake of gross energy from high fat diets tended to be higher with the high protein level than with the low protein level. This tendency was reversed in the low fat diets. From 19 days of age to market weight (95 kg liveweight), energy intake increased with increased protein and fat in the diet. During this period, daily gain (after removing the effect of energy intake) responded only to increased protein level in the diet. However, calves fed HTSM had lower (P < 0.05) dressing percent than those fed LTSM.
SOME EFFECTS OF RUMINAL INFUSIONS OF UREA AND UREA-SUCROSE ON UTILIZATION OF OAT STRAW BY COWS
Authors: WINTER K. A. , PIGDEN W. J.
Published: March 2010

Four diets, straw, straw plus urea, straw plus urea and sucrose, and straw plus urea but with a different mineral supplement than fed with diets 1 to 3, were compared using rumen-fistulated cows. Urea or urea and sucrose were dissolved in water and administered as continuous ruminal infusions. Increases of about 29% in dry matter digestibility and 17% cellulose digestibility were obtained with urea but not with urea-sucrose. Bacterial protein in rumen fluid was increased by an average of 63% by both urea and urea-sucrose treatments. Rumen ammonia and blood urea levels were increased tenfold and threefold, respectively, by the urea infusion, but the response to urea-sucrose was only one-half as great. Sucrose appeared to be used as an energy source in preference to the straw, as indicated by the increased rate of urea utilization, but tended to depress intake and digestibility of straw as compared with urea only. Dry matter intake, nitrogen balance and total short-chain fatty acids were not significantly altered by the treatments, but all snowed response trends. Effects of dietary treatments on proportions of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen were not consistent.
ACTION OF ANTIMETHANOGENIC AGENTS ON DIURNAL PATTERNS OF FERMENTATION ACTIVITY, LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND PROTOZOA COUNT IN CATTLE
Authors: WOOD A. S. , JOHNSON E. D.
Published: March 2010

Fistulated Holstein steers were used to determine the diurnal pattern of rumen fermentation activity, soluble carbohydrate concentration, protozoa count and the concentration of long-chain fatty acids in rumen fluid when corn oil, tallow or bromochloromethane (BCM) were included in the diet. There were differences (P < 0.05) between diets in fermentation action (control + BCM > basal + tallow > control > basal + corn oil diet). The soluble carbohydrate concentration followed a similar pattern. Diet did not affect the total protozoa count, but influenced the diurnal pattern. The holotrich protozoa count was converse to that of the oligotrich group, the highest count for holotrichs coinciding with the highest concentration of soluble carbohydrates. The diurnal pattern of total unsaturated fatty acids when steers received the basal + corn oil diet was inverse to that of the basal + tallow diet. The occurrence of comparable concentrations of unsaturated fat in the rumen digesta, but at different times before and after feeding, suggests that both fats affect methane suppression by a similar mechanism but at different stages of fermentation activity. The uptake of soluble carbohydrate by holotrich protozoa appears to have a role in reducing the quantity fermented by bacteria to produce methane.
AM–PM TESTING FOR ESTIMATING LACTATION YIELDS
Authors: SCHAEFFER L. R. , RENNIE J. C.
Published: March 2010

Supervised AM–PM milk weighings of Jersey and Holstein cattle from 1966 to 1970 were merged with information from the Canadian Record of Performance cow master file. Factors were derived for predicting daily milk yield from either the morning or evening test samples considering milking interval from PM to AM tests and month of lactation. Morning weighings were found to predict daily yield more accurately than evening weighings. Various schemes for predicting 305-day milk yield were compared. An alternating AM–PM testing scheme was shown to be the best of four schemes for predicting 305-day milk yield, and was only slightly less accurate than using actual daily milk weights.
A RAPID AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND CULTURE OF LEUKOCYTES FOR CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: LIN C. C. , NEWTON D. R. , SMINK W. K. , CHURCH R. B.
Published: March 2010

Leukocytes of cattle, sheep and swine can be quickly and easily isolated from heparinized whole blood using a 6% Ficoll–10% Hypaque gradient system. The leukocytes isolated using this method are easily cultured in a routine manner for chromosome preparation. It was found that both good quality and quantity of metaphase spreads can be consistently obtained from all the animals examined. This simple technique will facilitate cytogenetic screening programs in the bovine and swine where chromosome abnormalities seem to be associated with reproductive performance.
PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN CYCLING AND GONADOTROPHIN–PROSTAGLANDIN-TREATED HEIFERS
Authors: RAJAMAHENDRAN R. , LAGUË P. C. , BAKER R. D.
Published: March 2010

Progesterone levels were estimated by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained by venipuncture on the day of estrus and every alternate day until the onset of the next estrus in eight cycling dairy heifers. The mean level of progesterone was < 1 ng/ml during the first 2 days of the cycle, increased rapidly over the 4th–12th day period and reached a peak level value of 5.2 ± 1.1 ng/ml on day 14. Thereafter, the level declined rapidly to 2.6 ± 0.6 ng/ml on day 16 and then more gradually to 0.4 ± 0.1 ng/ml on day 21. In the second experiment, eight cycling heifers at diestrus were treated with gonadotrophin (2,000 IU PMSG or 1,000 IU PMSG + 1,000 IU HCG) followed 48 h later by 15 mg prostaglandin (PGF2α). Mid-ventral laparotomies were performed 4 days after the onset of estrus to observe ovarian activity. Progesterone levels were considerably higher in some animals and were slightly higher on the average after gonadotrophin treatments. The number of corpora lutea (CL) in these heifers ranged from 1 to 17. Progesterone levels of three heifers with 4–9 CL did not differ (P > 0.05) from those of three heifers with single CL. Two heifers each with 17 CL had peak progesterone levels of 38.4 and 27.8 ng/ml which were still high (9.6 and 26.5 ng/ml) by day 21. The remaining six heifers had low progesterone levels (< 1 ng/ml) by days 8–14, indicating premature regression of the CL. Thus, progesterone levels were not correlated with the number of CL.
FEEDING VALUE FOR FINISHING STEERS AND HOLSTEIN MALE CALVES OF WHOLE DRIED CORN AND OF WHOLE AND ROLLED HIGH MOISTURE ACID-TREATED CORN
Authors: MACLEOD G. K. , MOWAT D. N. , CURTIS R. A.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted (1) to compare the feeding value of dried shelled corn and acid-treated high moisture (HM) corn and (2) to determine the effects of rolling acid-treated HM corn for all-concentrate diets fed to finishing beef-type cattle and to growing and finishing Holstein male calves. In a 120-day finishing period, Hereford and Hereford × Charolais steers performed similarly with respect to gain, feed efficiency, carcass measurements and grade on whole dried corn and on whole and rolled acid-treated HM corn. No health problems occurred during the feeding trial in which gains averaged 1.49 kg per day. The performance of Holstein male calves fed from a starting weight of 95 kg to 385 kg also demonstrated that acid-treated HM corn was comparable in feeding value to dried shelled corn. While growth of calves on whole and rolled HM corn was similar (1.24 kg/day), four calves receiving rolled HM corn were lost from the experiment due to acute bloat, laminitis and peritonitis. One calf fed whole dried corn had peritonitis and was also removed from the experiment. Incidence of liver abscesses among cattle completing the trials was 28 and 26% for beef-type and Holstein cattle, respectively. Rumen abnormalities, i.e. clumping of papillae, ulceration of rumen epithelium and accumulation of hair, were evident in calves on all treatments. Rolling of HM corn did not improve digestibility of dry matter (P > 0.05), and percentage of whole kernels in feces of steers fed whole dried or whole HM corn was low (0.45 and 0.32%, respectively).
FEEDING VALUE OF PURPLE 606-A, C. W. RED SPRING AND WHITE 607-A WHEAT CULTIVARS COMPARED TO CORN IN BROILER RATIONS
Authors: GRÉGOIRE R. J. , BRISSON G. J. , ST-LAURENT G. J. , BELZILE R. J.
Published: March 2010

A factorial experiment (3 × 5) lasting 8 wk was conducted with Hubbard male broiler chicks to compare the nutritive value of rations containing three wheat cultivars, namely Purple 606-A, C. W. Red Spring and White 607-A, in five corn:wheat combinations in the respective proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. Although the calculated crude protein and energy content of the rations were similar, body weight and feed efficiency of chickens were markedly influenced by two of the wheat cultivars studied and by the proportions of these cultivars in the rations. Performance of birds fed the rations based on White 607-A was similar to that of birds fed corn, even when wheat constituted the sole feed grain. By contrast, birds fed the rations based on Purple 606-A and C. W. Red Spring had significantly [Formula: see text] lower body weight and feed efficiency than those fed rations containing high proportions of corn or any of the rations based on White 607-A. The concentration of lysine and methionine in the high protein wheat cultivars (Purple 606-A and C. W. Red Spring) was markedly lower than that in White 607-A. Furthermore, amino acid analyses showed a greater content of nonprotein nitrogen in Purple 606-A and C. W. Red Spring as compared to White 607-A and corn. These observations suggest that the lower performance of chicks fed the high protein wheat rations may have been related to their amino acid profile as well as the greater amount of soybean meal needed to make the rations of equal crude protein content.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TURKEY BROILER RATIONS WITH JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA) AND TURKEY BROILERS
Authors: O’NEIL J. B. , SALMON R. E.
Published: March 2010

Japanese quail were fed according to eight different turkey broiler feeding programs from hatching to 30 days of age. Their response in terms of final body weight, feed efficiency, performance index and the cost of feed per kilogram of gain was compared to that of turkeys fed the same diets for 84 days. Product moment correlations between body weights, feed efficiencies, performance indices and the cost of feed per kilogram of gain were 0.94, 0.91, 0.91, and 0.98, respectively; equivalent rank order correlation coefficients were 0.91, 0.88, 0.91, and 0.98, respectively. Average feed cost per bird based on the eight programs was $1.51 for turkeys and 4.43¢ for quail. Growth pattern of the quail as measured by their response to the average of the eight programs was similar to that of the turkeys. Quail would be a useful pilot animal for the testing of turkey broiler feeds.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING GLASS PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SIZES TO BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , DEWITT W. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
BIRTH AND WEANING WEIGHTS OF HEREFORDS AND CROSSES AMONG THE HEREFORD, HIGHLAND, AND ANGUS BREEDS
Authors: LAWSON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Between 1959 and 1961, Hereford sires produced 26, 15, 40, and 21 progeny out of Hereford, Highland, Highland × Hereford, or Hereford × Highland dams. The four progeny groups did not differ in birth weight. However, the heaviest at weaning of the two backcrosses were out of Hereford × Highland dams and both exceeded the first-cross Hereford × Highland. In 1962–63, Hereford and Angus sires produced 63 and 80 calves when mated to the same four groups of cows. Calves from crossbred dams did not differ from those of the Hereford in birth weight. First-cross calves out of Highland dams were smaller at birth than calves out of almost all of the other groups. Hereford-sired backcross progeny and Angus-sired three-way cross progeny out of either of the reciprocal cross (Hereford–Highland) types of female did not differ in birth weight. The first-cross Hereford × Highland calves were among the lightest at weaning. Regardless of sire breed, calves from crossbred dams were the heaviest and, among these, the Hereford × Highland dams produced the heaviest calves.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR POULTRY AND SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA DESCRIBING CANADIAN WHEATS, OATS AND BARLEYS
Authors: SIBBALD I. R. , PRICE K.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-five samples of wheat, 28 samples of oats and 40 samples of barley were assayed for metabolizable energy, dry matter, bulk weight, 1,000-kernel weight, gross energy, nitrogen, ether extract, crude fibre, soluble sugars, starch, ash, calcium, total phosphorus and phytin phosphorus. The resulting data were used to test a series of indirect assays for metabolizable energy and to develop new prediction equations based on the same and different combinations of variables. Regression equations fitted to the sample data did not perform significantly better than the prediction equations found in the literature. Over the limited range of variation represented in the samples, no linear trends were found that contradicted the parameters of the prediction equations. However, certain of the prediction equations were found to be more successful than others.
PERFORMANCE OF MYOCARDIAL AND BLOOD SERAL CHANGES IN PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING HIGH OR LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OILS
Authors: AHERNE F. X. , BOWLAND J. P. , HARDIN R. T. , CHRISTIAN R. G.
Published: March 2010

Eighty crossbred pigs (barrows and gilts), 4–5 wk old and averaging 7.9 kg were fed diets containing 15% rapeseed oil of either high (34.2%) or low (1.2%) erucic acid content, or a control diet to which no oil was added. Tissue samples were taken from the left ventricle of pigs slaughtered after 4, 16 and 23 wk on experiment, at which time they averaged 19, 87 and 130 kg liveweight. Differences in growth rate were not significant for any of the five treatments. Feed conversion efficiency was poorest (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the control diet. Significant differences between treatments were detected at one or more slaughter weights for serum cholesterol, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, protein-bound iodine and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Total backfat and area of loin were not significantly affected by either source or level of rapeseed oil. Most of the carcass measurements recorded were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by sex and slaughter weight. Histological examination of heart tissue from the left ventricle showed no significant effect of rapeseed oil on the incidence of cardiac lipidosis and myopathy.
A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR A MONITORING SYSTEM TO DETECT ESTRUS IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: MORRIS C. A. , HURNIK J. F. , KING G. J. , ROBERTSON H. A.
Published: March 2010

A closed circuit television (TV) and videorecorder were used to monitor continuously the behaviour of postpartum dairy cows. All TV monitored cows were detected in estrus by the third ovulation postpartum, giving an expected calving interval of 362 days if cows were bred at the first estrus after 60 days postpartum. By comparison, cows tied in stalls and observed by the cowmen as part of their regular duties had an expected calving interval of 379 days. The average calving interval of cows recorded in the Canadian Record of Performance was 404 days. By considering the financial savings per lactation in feed and labour, and gains in milk production, all at three levels of net returns to variable costs per lactation and four levels of milk production, the financial advantage of installing the TV monitoring system was calculated. With an annual capital and operating cost of approximately $1,900 for the equipment, annual increases in profit per cow averaged $69 with a 42-day decrease in calving interval and $34 with a 17-day decrease in calving interval. The group sizes giving a break-even point were about 28 and 56 cows, respectively. These group sizes are specific to a year-round calving programme. In contrast, where calving was ideally over a short period benefits from a shorter calving interval would be more dependent on the mean calving interval before investment was considered.
QUALITY OF PROTEIN IN MILK REPLACERS FOR YOUNG CALVES. II. EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT OF SKIM MILK POWDER AND FAT LEVELS ON CALF GROWTH, FEED INTAKE AND NITROGEN BALANCE
Authors: LISTER E. E. , EMMONS D. B.
Published: March 2010

Three spray-dried powders were prepared after heating skim milk for 30 min at 60 C (LT), 73.9 C (MT) or 85 C (HT). Each was reconstituted to two concentrations of dietary fat and fed to five or six calves for 26 days after purchase at approximately 1 wk of age. Calves receiving the HT skim milk had significantly (P < 0.05) higher incidence of diarrhea and slower rate of gain over 19 days on test as compared with those fed the MT and LT skim milks. Subsequently growth rate was unaffected by the skim milk source and there were interactions of fat level with skim milk source. The high fat level (22.2% of dietary dry matter) resulted in a higher incidence of alopecia than in calves receiving the low fat level (16.2% of dietary dry matter). Nutrient digestibilities and nitrogen balance, measured from day 20 to day 26, were unaffected by skim milk treatments or fat concentrations. This experiment indicated that young calves, less than 3 wk of age, require a diet based on skim milk that has not been severely heat-treated and the curd formation is a suitable index of quality for such milk replacer diets. Where control diets for milk-replacer studies are designated "all milk protein," it is important for correct interpretation to define their curd-forming characteristics. For older calves, coagulation appears not to be a requirement.
QUALITY OF PROTEIN IN MILK REPLACERS FOR YOUNG CALVES. IV. RENNET (CHYMOSIN, RENNIN) COAGULATION OF RECONSTITUTED SKIM MILK POWDER CONTAINING ADDED PROTEINS, FAT, CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE AND CITRATE
Authors: EMMONS D. B. , JONES J. D. , LISTER E. E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of added nutrient sources on curd firmness of reconstituted skim milk powder (10% total solids) were studied. Defatted rapeseed flour (4%) had little effect whereas whey powder (4%) and fish protein concentrate (2%) decreased gel strength of the reconstituted skim milk by approximately 30%. Soybean meal (4%) and soy protein isolate (2%) markedly reduced curd firmness; addition of CaCl2 restored coagulability and curd firmness. However, addition of CaCl2 did not restore gel firmness in reconstituted, severely heated skim milk powder to that of a low-temperature product. Addition of 0.1% CaCl2 slightly increased firmness of reconstituted low- and high-heat powder at pH 6.1; further addition to 0.4% CaCl2 decreased firmness slightly. It appears that when there is sufficient available Ca, further additions have no effect on curd firmness. The results indicate that milk replacers which coagulate with rennet (containing chymosin or rennin as active principle) can probably be produced even when some of the skim milk protein is replaced by other less expensive proteins. Addition of citrate (14 mM), followed by adjustment of the pH, prevented coagulation at pH 6.1 and markedly reduced firmness at pH 5.6 and 5.2. Addition of citrate at 5.7 mM did not prevent coagulation at those pH values. Addition of phosphate had little effect on curd firmness at these pH values. Addition of fat to skim milk containing 15 or 20% total solids, followed by homogenization, had little effect on curd firmness at pH 6.1. Fat additions, however, decreased curd firmness of skim milk containing 10% total solids and nearly prevented coagulation in skim milk containing 5% total solids.
EFFETS DES METHODES DE RATIONNEMENT SUR LES PERFORMANCES ET LA QUALITE DES CARCASSES DES PORCS DE MARCHE
Authors: FLIPOT PAUL , ROY G. L.
Published: March 2010

Growth, feed efficiency, and carcass data were obtained on ninety-four (94) crossbred pigs, to study the effect of types of feed restriction. The feeding treatments used in this experiment were as follows: (1) ad libitum; (2) 30–45 min per meal twice a day; (3) restricted to 85% of treatment 1, but with a 15% increase in protein, vitamin, and mineral supplementation; the pigs were started on this treatment at 27 kg of body weight; (4) same as treatment 3, but starting at 57 kg of body weight; (5) fasting once a week, starting at 27 kg of body weight; (6) same as treatment 5, but starting at 57 kg of body weight. During the rest of the week, pigs on treatments 5 and 6 were fed as on treatment 2. The pigs fed ad libitum were superior (P = 0.05) in growth rate and feed efficiency to those on a restricted diet. Those which fasted once a week starting at a body weight of 27 kg were significantly inferior (P = 0.05) to those on the other treatments. Backfat thickness and loin length were increased (P = 0.05) by the ad libitum feeding treatment, whereas carcass length and weight, ham weight, and rib eye area were not significantly affected (P = 0.05) by the feeding systems. Castrated males were superior (P = 0.05) to females in growth and inferior (P = 0.05) in carcass quality. The females had longer carcasses, leaner hams, and larger rib eye areas (P = 0.05) than the males. Crossbred Poland China × Yorkshire–Lacombe (P × Y–Lc) had heavier and fatter carcasses (P = 0.05) than crossbred Poland China × Yorkshire–Landrace (P × Y–Ld). However, rib eye area and dressing percentage were superior (P = 0.05) for the P × Y–Lc cross.
COW CULLING ON FIRST CALF WEANING WEIGHT IN RECORD OF PERFORMANCE TESTED HERDS
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , HENDERSON C. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
RESIDUES IN MILK AND ORGANS IN A DAIRY HERD FOLLOWING ACUTE ENDOSULFAN INTOXICATION
Authors: BRAUN H. E. , LOBB B. T.
Published: March 2010

Milk and organs were monitored for endosulfan residues in a dairy herd which had been acutely intoxicated by accidental exposure to endosulfan insecticide. Total endosulfan residue levels in postmortem samples from a carcass were 1,270 ppm in the rumen content and 4.2, 1.1, and 0.6 ppm in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue, respectively. Analysis of milk from cows which survived the poisoning revealed a level of greater than 1 ppm endosulfan immediately following the intoxication. This level decreased to 1 ppb at the end of 35 days and a half-life of approximately 3.9 days was calculated for endosulfan in milk.
MATURATION IN VITRO OF RABBIT FOLLICULAR OOCYTES
Authors: SHEA B. F. , BAKER R. D. , LATOUR J. P. A.
Published: March 2010

Follicular oocytes resume meiosis (mature) shortly before ovulation and undergo those changes essential for fertilization. By culturing oocytes in vitro many of these changes can be duplicated. Rabbit oocytes matured in vitro more consistently in a medium containing 10% rabbit serum (82%) than when 0.3% bovine serum albumin was substituted for serum (54%). The time necessary to recover the oocytes from the donors was important. When the oocytes were in culture within 30 min of death of the donor, 67% reached second metaphase; when the time from death to oocyte recovery from the follicle was extended to 2 h, none reached metaphase. The maturation division occurred within 10 h both in vivo after stimulation by HCG and in vitro. Of 27 oocytes incubated in vitro, transferred to mated receipients, and recovered 1 days later, 59% displayed evidence of fertilization. Development was observed to the blastocyst stage, but no live young were obtained.
NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY LAMBS FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING SOLVENT-EXTRACTED OR FULL-FAT PRODUCTS FROM DIFFERENT RAPESEED CULTIVARS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , SEOANE J. R. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , JONES J. D.
Published: March 2010

Bronowski, Oro and Tower rapeseed were dehulled, heated, and water- and solvent-extracted to produce a protein concentrate (RPC) or only dehulled, heated and water-extracted to produce a full-fat rapeseed material (FFRS). These materials were added to lamb milk replacers to provide up to 50% of the dietary protein. RPC materials from the three cultivars were highly digestible (89% or more of dry matter) and produced similar values for nitrogen retention (60% of intake) by lambs. The FFRS materials were poorly digested (79% of dry matter or less) and generally decreased lamb performance. When the FFRS was passed through a colloid mill, digestibility values and retention of nitrogen increased to values equivalent to those obtained with RPC. Homogenization of the colloid-milled FFRS did not further improve its nutritive value for preruminant lambs. Thus, low-glucosinolate, low-erucic acid rapeseed which has been dehulled, heated, water-extracted and colloid-milled is a good source of protein and energy for lamb milk replacers.
LOW- AND HIGH-GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED FLOURS AND RAPESEED OIL IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES: THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , JONES J. D.
Published: March 2010

Calf milk replacers were formulated to contain up to 50% of the total nitrogen from dehulled rapeseed meal (RF), or up to 60% from dehulled, heated, water- and solvent-extracted Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC). Apparent digestion coefficients of RF were less than for RPC or all-milk protein diets. Nitrogen digestibilities of the diets were 86, 80, 78 and 72%, respectively, when high-glucosinolate RF supplied 0, 12.5, 25 or 50% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01). When low-glucosinolate RF supplied 50% of the nitrogen, the calves digested 79% of the total diet nitrogen compared with 73.8% when high-glucosinolate RF was used. The inclusion of 5 or 10% low-erucic acid rapeseed oil to replace an equivalent weight of tallow in the high-glucosinolate RF diet increased the digestion coefficients to values nearly equal to those for the same level of nitrogen from low-glucosinolate RF. Milk replacer containing 60% of the protein from RPC reduced (P < 0.05) apparent nitrogen digestion and retention by bull calves and growth of heifer calves to weaning compared with an all-milk protein milk replacer. However, growth of heifer calves to 15 or 26 wk of age was equal for both milk replacers. The use of RPC to supply 30% of the protein in the milk replacer had no significant effects on calf performance before or after weaning.
PRE- AND POST WEANING GROWTH OF CATTALO, HEREFORD, AND 1/4 BRAHMAN–3/4 HEREFORD CALVES
Authors: LAWSON J. E. , KELLER D. G.
Published: March 2010

Hereford calves exceeded cattalo calves (averaging 1/7 bison–6/7 domestic and the product of matings of cattalo bulls of 1/14–3/16 bison to cattalo cows of 1/4–1/2 bison) by 3.8% in birth weight, based on data taken on 654 calves between 1958 and 1964. Hereford (72) and cattalo (164) calves born in 1961–1963 did not differ in average daily gain to weaning or in weaning weight, but Hereford calves exceeded cattalo calves by 15.5 and 4.7% in average daily gain in the feedlot and weight at the end of the 168-day feedlot test. In a comparison of calves born in 1962 and 1963, 32 1/4 Brahman–3/4 Hereford (1/4 Brahman calves were the result of backcrossing Hereford bulls to first-cross Brahman × Hereford cows), 110 cattalo, and 38 Hereford calves did not differ in birth weight; however, 1/4 Brahman calves showed evidence of the superior mothering ability of their dams by surpassing the cattalo by 19.2% and the Herefords by 24.3% in average daily gain to weaning, and excelling them by 17.9 and 14.0% in weaning weight. Hereford calves had 14.1 and 15.9% larger average daily gains in the feedlot and required only 86.6 and 73.2% as much digestible energy (Meal) per kilogram of gain as the cattalo and 1/4 Brahman calves. At the end of the 168-day feedlot test, 1/4 Brahman calves were 7.9% heavier than the cattalo but the 1/4 Brahman and Hereford calves did not differ statistically.
THE PROFILE OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE SECRETION IN THE RAM
Authors: SANFORD L. M. , HOWLAND B. E. , FAIMAN C. , PALMER W. M.
Published: March 2010

Blood serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were observed in rams at various times throughout the year, during a period of intense mating and following treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn–RH). The level of FSH in peripheral blood of two mature rams sampled at 20-min intervals for 24 h in August and January was relatively stable compared to the level of luteinizing hormone (LH). The small elevations in FSH (usually < 50% of baseline values) which were noted did not coincide with or closely follow LH releases. FSH levels were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in both animals in January than in August. These two rams were allowed to mate estrual ewes for a 24-h period in January during which time blood samples were collected as in the non-mating period. Mating activity during the first 12 h was associated with larger elevations and a significantly (P < 0.01) higher mean level of FSH in both animals, in contrast to the comparable non-mating period. Six ram lambs sampled at 2- to 3-wk intervals from May through December exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher FSH levels in July and August compared to the other months. No appreciable change in FSH was noted in two additional mature rams when treated with synthetic Gn–RH (10 μg given i.v.) six times over a 9-h period, although marked increases in LH and testosterone occurred.
A DAIRY RECORDS STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING LEVELS ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION
Authors: TONG A. K. W. , KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

A total of 139,720 Holstein and 17,259 Ayrshire 305-day lactation records from the Dairy Herd Analysis Service were studied to estimate linear and quadratic effects of net energy intakes from silage, hay, pasture and meal and effects of silage:hay ratio, roughage:meal ratio and energy concentration on milk yield and composition. Effects of correcting for feeding levels on estimates of herd and cow variance components were studied also. Linear effects of increased net energy intakes from silage, hay, pasture and meal on milk, fat and protein yields were positive (P <.01) for both breeds. For Holsteins, all quadratic effects on milk yield were also positive (P <.01). Quadratic effects of each roughage source on fat and protein yield were negative, but meal had a positive quadratic effect (P <.01). Quadratic effects were inconsistent for the Ayrshires. Both linear and quadratic effects of feeding levels on fat and protein percent were inconsistent for the two breeds. For both breeds, greater silage:hay ratios and energy concentrations increased yields, and greater roughage:meal ratios decreased yields and fat percent (P <.01). Correcting records for net energy intake reduced estimates of herd, cow and error variance components. Repeatability estimates of yield traits were also reduced, but percentage trait repeatabilities were not altered.
EFFECTS OF CORRECTING FOR FEEDING LEVELS ON ESTIMATES OF GENETIC PARAMETERS OF MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION
Authors: TONG A. K. W. , KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

A total of 13,561 Holstein 305-day lactation records were studied to examine the effects of correcting records for linear and quadratic effects of 305-day net energy intake from silage, hay, pasture and meal feeding on estimates of genetic parameters of milk, fat and protein yield and fat and protein percent. Correcting records for net energy intake reduced variances of yield traits, but had little effect on composition trait variances. When expressed as a percentage of the total variance, the relative importance of sire and sire–herd components were unchanged using corrected records, and heritabilities, except for that of protein yield, were unaltered. Cow components of yield traits were reduced relative to other components after records were corrected for feeding levels. Consequently, repeatabilities were reduced as well, suggesting that a large portion of the permanent environmental effects on yield traits may be of nutritional origin. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between yield traits were also reduced appreciably after records were corrected for feed intake. Genetic relationships between milk, fat and protein yield may not be as great as commonly believed.
REPEATABILITIES OF STEROID LEVELS IN URINE SAMPLES OF LAMBS COLLECTED UNDER TWO SETS OF CONDITIONS
Authors: GALLAGHER J. R. , VESELY J. A. , SLEN S. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
CONTROLLED FARROWING PROGRAM USING A PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUE, AY24,655
Authors: DOWNEY B. R. , CONLON P. D. , BAKER R. D. , IRVINE D. S.
Published: March 2010

To eliminate weekend farrowing, sows or gilts reaching days 111, 112 or 113 of gestation by Thursday were given an intramuscular injection of AY24,655, a prostaglandin analogue. Fifty-four of the 58 treated animals began farrowing in 27.2 ± 0.59 h (mean ± SE) and 83% of these did so within the working day on Friday. Gestation length was 112.5 ± 0.09 days for treated animals compared to 114.7 ± 0.20 days for controls (P < 0.01). Forty-five untreated animals farrowing earlier in the week were used as controls. Piglets from sows injected on day 111 of gestation were smaller (P < 0.01) than either those from sows injected on day 112 or from control sows. Survival from birth to weaning and pigs weaned per litter for the treated vs. control litters were 82 vs. 89% (P < 0.05) and 8.4 ± 0.35 vs. 9.7 ± 0.28 (P < 0.01), respectively. Skin flushing and behavioral changes such as chewing and rooting were transient post-injection effects which occurred with varying degrees of severity in a number of animals.
EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α ON THE ESTROUS CYCLE AND HORMONE LEVELS IN THE GILT
Authors: CONNOR L. , PHILLIPS G. D. , PALMER W. M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted using cycling crossbred gilts 7–9 mo of age. Blood samples were taken daily at 1000 h from day 0 (first day of estrus) to the day of PGF2α injection; at 1 h and 2 h post treatment, and subsequently every 6 h for 96 h; then daily until the next estrus. In experiment I, 20 mg PGF2α was injected intramuscularly (i.m.) to three gilts on day 9 (t1) and to three gilts on day 9 and again on day 10 (t2). In experiment II, three gilts were injected i.m. with 20 mg PGF2α on day 12. In both experiments, control blood samples were collected from three of the gilts for one estrous cycle prior to the treatment cycle. Serum progesterone (P) dropped significantly (P <.01) in t1 from a pre-injection mean (±SE) of 8.9 ± 0.7 ng/ml to 4.8 ± 0.8 ng/ml 8 h after injection. In t2, P decreased significantly (P <.05) on day 9 from a mean prior to injection of 11.2 ± 2.3 ng/ml to 7.5 ± 1.8 ng/ml by 8 h post injection. Similarly, following PGF2α on day 10, P levels dropped sharply (P <.05) from a mean of 8.3 ± 0.8 ng/ml prior to injection to 3.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml 8 h later. These decreases were not seen in controls. In all cases, except one, P recovered to normal levels by 96 h and followed a pattern similar to the controls. In experiment II, serum P declined (P <.05) from a pre-injection mean of 12.8 ± 0.9 ng/ml to 7.9 ± 0.7 ng/ml by 2 h after treatment and continued to fall. In contrast, P concentrations on day 12 of the control cycle remained relatively constant. Mean estrogen (E) levels increased slightly within the first hour post injection in both experiments, but were significantly elevated (P <.01) above the pre-injection mean only in t2 gilts on day 9. Subsequently, E patterns were similar to those of the control cycles. No consistent changes were observed in mean LH concentrations following treatment. Cycle length was unaffected by PGF2α treatment on day 9, or on days 9 and 10. When PGF2α was injected on day 12, estrus occurred an average of 1.7 days earlier than in the control cycle (P <.05). Side effects noted within 5–10 mins after injection in both experiments included increased respiratory rate, defecation, shivering and general signs of discomfort.
GROWTH AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF PIGS FED DIETS THAT CONTAINED RAPESEED OIL, SOYBEAN OIL OR TALLOW DURING THE GROWING PERIOD
Authors: McDONALD B. E. , HAMILTON R. M. G.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen barrows and 16 gilts in experiment 1 were fed diets that contained 10% by weight cornstarch, tallow, soybean oil (SBO) or rapeseed oil (RSO) and 20% protein (N × 6.25) from 8 to 23 kg and 18% protein from 23 to 45 kg liveweight. In experiment 2, 32 barrows received the same diets except that the SBO treatment was replaced by 10% cornstarch diets containing 19% protein from 8 to 23 kg and 16% protein from 23 to 45 kg. All pigs were fed a commercial diet that contained 15% protein from 45 to 90 kg liveweight. Source or substitution of fat for cornstarch had no significant effect on weight gain during the growing (8–45 kg) or subsequent finishing (45–90 kg) periods, on the carcass measurements obtained after slaughter at 90 kg liveweight, on average daily feed intake, efficiency of feed utilization or of energy utilization; however, the number of degrees of freedom (df = 7) were small for the latter three parameters. Level and source of dietary fat did affect the fatty acid composition, as determined by gas–liquid chromatography, of the backfat at 45 and 90 kg. The ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids were significantly higher at 45 kg in the fat from pigs fed the tallow or RSO diets than those fed the cornstarch diets. A similar trend remained at 90 kg. The backfat of pigs fed the RSO diet contained 7.6 and 7.8% of erucic and eicosenoic acids, respectively, at 45 kg and still 2.3 to 3.7% of the total at 90 kg, even though the diet fed between 45 and 90 kg liveweight did not contain these fatty acids.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ONSET OF PUBERTY, POST-WEANING ESTRUS AND BLOOD HORMONE LEVELS OF LACOMBE GILTS
Authors: AHERNE F. X. , CHRISTOPHERSON R. J. , THOMPSON J. R. , HARDIN R. T.
Published: March 2010

Lacombe gilts which were exposed to a boar at 55 kg liveweight reached puberty at an average age of 145 days (range 102–200 days) and an average weight of 78.9 kg (range 55–118 kg). Restricting energy intake to 85% of free-choice intake from 45 to 90 kg increased the age at 90 kg by approximately 7 days but decreased the age at puberty by 9 days. Level of energy intake before service had no significant effect on the number of pigs born or weaned per litter. The overall average number of pigs born alive was 9.5, with 7.8 weaned per litter. Ninety-three percent of the gilts were rebred and the average time taken to post-weaning estrus was 8 days. Depriving the gilts of feed and water on the day of weaning did not significantly affect the time taken to return to estrus or influence the levels of any of the blood hormones measured. In sows that came into heat within 10 days of weaning, peak plasma concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) occurred on the day of weaning or the 1st day after weaning, and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol were low at weaning but reached peak concentrations on the day of estrus or the day prior to estrus. Patterns of plasma FSH, LH and estradiol were different in sows that failed to show an early post-weaning estrus.
EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION ON EGGS, EMBRYOS AND CHICKENS
Authors: DAVIDSON J. A. , KONDRA P. A. , HAMID M. A. K.
Published: March 2010

A series of four experiments were conducted to assess the immediate and long-term effects of a single high-wattage input of microwave energy on the day-old chick. The minimal lethal dose of microwave energy input for a day-old chick was established at approximately 88.6 watts/sec over a 9-sec interval or a total of 800 watt-sec (joules). Sublethal radiation at 596 watt-sec (6 sec exposure) caused unconsciousness for up to 5 min and 42% mortality. Survivors showed some cutaneous burns associated with reduced early growth, but from 3 to 40 wk of age there were no effects on growth, mortality or reproduction. Radiation at 392 watt-sec (4 sec exposure) had no immediate or long-term effect on the birds. A safe maximum exposure dose for the day-old chick, of 1 mw/cm2 over 9 sec, is proposed.
CHANGES IN CARCASS PROPORTIONS AND FAT DEPOSITION IN CONTROL AND HORMONE-TREATED HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN STEERS
Authors: FORREST R. J.
Published: March 2010

In a study of 72 Holstein-Friesian steers, one-half of which had been treated with hormones (200 mg of progesterone plus 20 mg of estradiol-17β-benzoate), variation in carcass weight was poorly correlated with lean meat deposition in various sections of the carcass, even though fat deposition during the growth period from 340 to 703 kg live weight significantly altered carcass proportions. Increasing carcass size from 172 to 393 kg did not significantly change the proportion of chuck but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the tail, rump, tip, round, butt and shanks and increased the short loin, rib, brisket and flank. These changes can be attributed to different rates of fattening in various sections of the carcass while lean disposition is relatively constant. Hormone treatment improved carcass lean yield by depressing fat deposition.
SUMMER WATER CONSUMPTION, BODY TEMPERATURE AND RESPIRATION RATE IN LAMBS
Authors: HOHENBOKEN WILLIAM , KISTNER THEODORE P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of time on feed and of ambient temperature on water intake, and the effects of preconditioning and shearing treatments and of ambient temperature on body temperature and respiration rate of feedlot lambs were examined. Daily ambient temperature maximum, minimum and range averaged 27.5, 10.8 and 16.7 C, respectively, for 56 days between July and September. For the first 24 days that the lambs were on feed, water intake was not affected by ambient temperature. Intake did increase linearly with day (b = 160 ml), concurrently with increasing feed intake. During the remaining 32 days, water intake per lamb increased 139 ml per 1 C rise in average daily ambient temperature. Afternoon body temperature, morning to afternoon body temperature change, and respiration rate all increased with increasing ambient temperature. Preconditioning 1 wk before weaning (pneumonia, ovine ecthyma and enterotoxemia vaccinations and drenching for tapeworms, intestinal roundworms and coccidia) vs. conditioning the lambs with the same treatments at the time of weaning and shipment did not affect body temperature or respiration rate. Lambs sheared with a clipper attachment which left a 1-cm fleece stubble averaged 0.3 C lower in afternoon body temperature than either close-shorn or unshorn lambs.
RELATION OF WATER TURNOVER TO FORMATION OF SILICEOUS CALCULI IN CALVES GIVEN HIGH-SALT SUPPLEMENTS ON RANGE
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

In the spring of 1973 and 1974, two groups of 10 calves with their dams were allotted to adjacent 32-ha fields of native range in southern Alberta. A barley-based supplement containing 20% sodium chloride (salt) was offered the calves in one of the groups in 1973 and supplement containing 12% salt was offered the calves in one of the groups in 1974. The control calves received no supplement, but block salt was available. The experiment terminated at weaning in 1973 and 90 days after weaning in 1974. Supplement intake before weaning provided a total of 2.3 kg of salt/head in 1973 and 3.6 kg of salt/head in 1974, most of which was consumed during the last 30 days. After weaning in 1974, supplement intake provided a total of 22.9 kg of salt/head or an average of 254 g/day. In both years, mean water turnover of all calves in both groups increased from 5 kg/day at 35 days of age to 16 kg/day at 150 days of age. It remained at this level in supplemented calves and, in 1974, rose again after weaning to 29 kg/day. In control calves, it declined to 12 kg/day at 225 days of age and remained at that level. Water turnover per unit body weight raised to the 0.82 power (BW0.82) increased in all calves from 200 g/day at 35 days of age to 300 g/day at 90 days of age and then declined to 200 g/day at 180 days of age. In control calves, it continued to fall until it reached a steady 150 g/day. In supplemented calves, it did not fall below 200 g/day and, in 1974, rose again after weaning to give values of 300 g/day. In both years, control calves had a greater mean weight of calculi than supplemented calves. The difference was greater in 1974 because salt intake was greater before weaning than in 1973. While calculus formation was invariably low in calves with high water turnovers, it was not always high in calves with low water turnovers. This indicates that low water intake, leading to a high concentration of silicic acid in urine, is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for calculus formation. It is concluded that provision of high-salt supplements can be used as a means of eliminating the formation of siliceous calculi in range calves.