bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dejavniki, ki opredeljujejo vedenje moških glede vključitve v presejalni program za zgodnje odkrivanje predrakavih sprememb na debelem črevesu in danki
Authors: Jašić Vesna , Ličen Sabina , Prosen Mirko
Published: December 2023

Uvod: Odzivnost moških na Svit, državni program presejanja in zgodnjega odkrivanja predrakavih sprememb in raka na debelem črevesu in danki je še vedno nižja kot  pri ženskah. Namen raziskave je bil pridobiti vpogled v osebno perspektivo moških, ki opredeljuje njihovo vedenje glede vključitve v presejalni program za zgodnje odkrivanje predrakavih sprememb na debelem črevesu in danki.Metode: Raziskava temelji na kvalitativni metodologiji. Na namenskem vzorcu devetih moških, starih med 50 in 74 let, ki so bili ciljano povabljeni v presejalni program Svit in so  imeli izkušnjo z njim, so bili izvedeni delno strukturirani intervjuji. Raziskava je potekala med majem in junijem leta 2022. Podatki so bili analizirani s tematsko analizo vsebine.Rezultati: S kvalitativno analizo podatkov smo ugotovljene kode razporedili v štiri teme, ki opredeljujejo percepcijo in vedenje moških, kar vpliva na njihov odziv na program presejanja in zgodnjega odkrivanja raka moških: (1) doživljanje zdravstvene oskrbe; (2) znanje, stališča in  prepričanja o presejalnem programu Svit; (3) doživljanje presejalnega programa Svit; (4) vpliv družbenega okolja na odzivnost na presejalni program Svit.Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da so vzroki za vključevanje v program presejanja in zgodnjega odkrivanja raka moških različni in so ključnega pomena za zgodnje odkrivanje raka in manjšo umrljivost zaradi bolezni. Ugotovitve raziskave kažejo, da imajo moški prisoten  sindrom bele halje in odpora do zdravstvenih pregledov. Pri večini so prisotni strah, neznanje in pomembnost  vzdrževanja »mačo imidža«. Nadaljnje raziskovanje bi moralo vključevati vpliv promocije načrtovanih presejalnih programov na odziv moških na presejalni program.
Effectiveness of Nano Chitosan and Nano Silica to Suppress the Growth of Fusarium oxysporum, the Cause of Twisting Disease on Shallot
Authors: Hersanti  , Febrianti Nisrina , Djaya Luciana
Published: December 2023

Penyakit moler karena cendawan Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae merupakan penyakit utama pada bawang merah. Alternatif pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan ialah penggunaan kitosan dan silika berukuran nano. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan kitosan nano dan silika nano secara tunggal maupun campurannya untuk menekan perkembangan F. oxysporum secara in vitro dan in vivo, serta menentukan konsentrasi yang efektif. Uji in vitro disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap pada medium uji ADK, sedangkan uji in vivo dilakukan pada bawang merah yang ditanam pada pot plastik yang disusun menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok.  Perlakuan yang diuji ialah kitosan nano tunggal (50, 100, dan 200 ppm), silika nano tunggal (50, 100, dan 200 ppm), campuran kitosan nano 50 ppm + silika nano 50 ppm, campuran kitosan nano 100 ppm + silika nano 100 ppm, kontrol, dan fungisida berbahan aktif mankozeb 80% dengan konsentrasi 200 ppm, masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil percobaan didapatkan bahwa dibandingkan dengan kontrol, semua perlakuan mampu menekan pertumbuhan koloni F. oxysporum dan menekan perkembangan penyakit moler pada tanaman bawang merah. Aplikasi kitosan nano tunggal konsentrasi 100 ppm, dan campuran kitosan nano 100 ppm + silika nano 100 ppm menghasilkan penghambatan koloni F. oxysporum tertinggi, yaitu sebesar 85.2% dan 81.3%, serupa dengan aplikasi fungisida mankozeb  (83.5%).  Campuran kitosan nano 100 ppm dan silika nano 100 ppm efektif menekan perkembangan penyakit moler bawang merah dengan penekanan sebesar 56.3%, setara dengan fungisida mankozeb yang penekanannya 50.5%.
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX OVER SKEW GENERALIZED POWER SERIES RINGS
Authors: Faisol Ahmad , Fitriani Fitriani
Published: December 2023

Let $R[[S,\leq,\omega]]$ be a skew generalized power series ring, with $R$ is a ring with an identity element, $(S,\leq)$ a strictly ordered monoid, and $\omega:S\rightarrow End(R)$ a monoid homomorphism. We define  the set of all matrices over $R[[S,\leq,\omega]]$, denoted by $M_{n}(R[[S,\leq,\omega]])$. With the addition and multiplication matrix operations, $M_{n}(R[[S,\leq,\omega]])$ becomes a ring. In this paper, we determine the sufficient conditions for $R$, $(S,\leq)$, and $\omega$, so the element of $M_{n}(R[[S,\leq,\omega]])$ is an idempotent matrix.
ROUGH RINGS, ROUGH SUBRINGS, AND ROUGH IDEALS
Authors: Agusfrianto Fakhry Asad , Fitriani Fitriani , Mahatma Yudi
Published: December 2023

The basic concept in algebra that is set theory can be expanded into rough sets. Basic operations on the set such as intersections, unions, differences, and complements can still apply to rough sets. In addition, one of the applications of rough sets is the use of rough matrices in decision making. Furthermore, mathematical or informatics researchers who work on rough sets connect the concept of rough sets with algebraic structures (groups, rings, and modules) so that a concept called rough algebraic structures is obtained. Since the research related to rough sets is mostly carried out at the same time, different concepts have emerged related to rough sets and rough algebraic structures. In this paper, other definitions of rough ring and rough subring will be given along with related examples and theorems. Furthermore, it will also be defined the left ideal and the right ideal of the rough ring along with examples. Finally, we will discuss the theorem regarding rough ideals.
SOME NEW REMARKS ON POWER SUMS
Authors: Casinillo Leomarich F
Published: December 2023

Power sum is one of the interesting topics in number theory where its application in other sciences is known to be wide. This paper intends to stipulate new remarks on an explicit polynomial solution to power sums. Additionally, it investigates the general solution under odd and even numbers of terms and discusses some examples.
IDEMPOTENT ELEMENTS IN MATRIX RING OF ORDER 2 OVER POLYNOMIAL RING $\mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}[x]$
Authors: Arifin Muchammad Choerul , Ernanto Iwan
Published: December 2023

An idempotent element in the algebraic structure of a ring is an element that, when multiplied by itself, yields an outcome that remains unchanged and identical to the original element. Any ring with a unity element generally has two idempotent elements, 0 and 1, these particular idempotent elements are commonly referred to as the trivial idempotent elements However, in the case of rings $\mathbb{Z}_n$ and $\mathbb{Z}_n[x]$ it is possible to have non-trivial idempotent elements. In this paper, we will investigate the idempotent elements in the polynomial ring $\mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}[x]$ with $p,q$ different primes. Furthermore, the form and characteristics of non-trivial idempotent elements in $M_2(\mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}[x])$ will be investigated. The results showed that there are 4 idempotent elements in $\mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}[x]$ and 7 idempotent elements in $M_2(\mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}[x])$.
NUTRITION OF DAIRY COWS IN SUMMER AND NITROGEN EXCRETION
Authors: RAJČEVIČ Marija , STEKAR Jasna M. A. , ŽLINDRA J. , LEVSTEK J.
Published: December 2023

Nutrition and production of 200 Friesian cows, which produced 24 kg milk a day, were monitored during five summer months. In September, the amount of total non-protein and ammonia nitrogen were determined in faeces, which were taken from ten cows' recta, and in slurry. A model of regression equations, which were introduced by Kirschgessner et al. (1993), was used to estimate daily amount of excreted nitrogen depending on few parameters. Cows excreted on average 301 g nitrogen a day depending on average consumed dry matter, depending on average consumed nitrogen 341 g, and depending on daily amount of milk 271 g. Faeces contained 34.04 ± 1.69 g total, 6.36 ± 0.76 g non-protein and 2.07 ± 0.33 g ammonia nitrogen, slurry contained 96.77 g total, 72.22 g non-protein and 57.15 g ammonia nitrogen, all per kg of dry matter. Protein surpluses in a ration reflected in more excreted nitrogen by urine while only in traces by faeces.
NUMBER AND HETEROGENEITY OF rRNA OPERONS IN RUMEN BACTERIAL MEMBERS FROM THE GENUS Prevotella
Authors: PETERKA M. , AVGUŠTIN G.
Published: December 2023

The number of rRNA operons and internal spacer region heterogeneities in members of the rumen genus Prevotella were analysed. Chromosomal DNA from 20 strains belonging to P.ruminicola, P.albensis, P.bryanti and P.brevis was isolated, digested by five restriction enzymes, and hybridized with 16S and 23S rDNA probes. The resulting hybridization patterns indicate that P. albensis strains possess 4 or 5 rRNA operons, strains belonging to P. brevis possess 4 rRNA operons and P. bryantii strains 6 or 7 rRNA operons. Strains belonging to P. ruminicola probably possess 4 rRNA operons, with one exception having 6 or 7 rRNA operons. 16S-23S spacer region was also PCR amplified. The results suggest that there are at least three size variable 16S-23S spacer regions in P. albensis and P. brevis, two in P. ruminicola, and only one spacer region in P. bryantii.
Presnova beljakovin in dejavniki, ki vplivajo nanjo
Authors: PIRMAN Tatjana , STEKAR Jasna M. A. , COMBE Etiennette
Published: December 2023

Ravnovesje med sintezo in cepitvijo beljakovin (obrat beljakovin) uravnava celotno maso beljakovin v telesu. Sinteza novo nastalih beljakovin poteka prek velikega števila zapletenih in ponavljajočih reakcij. Cepitev beljakovin je pomembna za rast in hiranje mišic. V različnih tkivih v telesu so znani trije glavni proteolitični sistemi. Večina metod za merjenje sinteze in razkroja beljakovin temelji na uporabi izotopov. Predstavljamo najpomembnejše dejavnike uravnavanja presnove beljakovin: hormone, substrat, posamezne hranilne snovi v obroku, genetski sestav in starost živali. Najvišjo stopnjo sinteze beljakovin dosegajo tkiva gastrointestinalnega trakta: tanko črevo 103,4 % dan-1 in debelo črevo 62,1 % dan-1 ter jetra 105,4 % dan-1, sledijo periferni organi in tkiva (mišice). Največja masa beljakovin je v skeletnih mišicah. Stopnja sinteze beljakovin v celem telesu mladih podgan doseže vrednosti okoli 30 % dan-1 in pada s starostjo živali.
Kemična sestava nekaterih žitnih in koruznih sort, pridelanih v Sloveniji
Authors: PIRMAN Tatjana , OREŠNIK Andrej
Published: December 2023

Weendsko analizo, vsebnost rudninskih snovi in aminokislinsko sestavo smo opravili na definiranih vzorcih žit in koruze, pridelanih v Sloveniji leta 1997. Analizirali smo pet sort pšenice: pinka, ana, marija, rezka in žitarka; dve sorti ozimnega: alpha in robur ter dve sorti jarega ječmena: rex in gotic; tri sorte ovsa: valiant, pram in leanda in pet hibridov koruze: fanion, dea, helga, alberta in lotus. Pri pšenici in ječmenu smo ugotovili majhne razlike med posameznimi sortami v kemični sestavi. Pri ovsu izstopa sorta valiant po manjši vsebnosti surovih beljakovin in surovih maščob ter večji vsebnosti surove vlaknine. Pri koruzi pa odstopa hibrid fanion po večji vsebnosti surovih beljakovin in surovih maščob. Povprečne vrednosti posameznih hranljivih snovi v žitih, pridelanih v Sloveniji, se razlikujejo od literaturnih podatkov. Največja razlika je manjša vsebnost surovih beljakovin. V vsebnosti posameznih rudninskih snovi (P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Zn in Mn) med sortami istega žita ni opaziti velikih razlik in povprečne vrednosti se dokaj dobro ujemajo z literaturnimi podatki, razen precej manjše vsebnosti natrija. Aminokislinska sestava beljakovin posameznih sort istega žita oz. koruze je podobna. V primerjavi z literaturnimi podatki smo ugotovili nekoliko večje koncentracije nekaterih esencialnih aminokislin v beljakovinah žit.
Single cell oils production and application
Authors: FIDLER Nataša , KOLETZKO Berthold , SAUERWALD Thorsten U.
Published: December 2023

Microorganisms have been receiving increased attention as sources of novel lipids. Those that accumulate more than 20-25 % of their biomass as oil may be termed oleaginous and their oils single cell oils (SCOs), unicellular oils or microbial oils. For the lipid accumulation in yeasts, moulds and eukaryotic algae, but not in bacteria, the presence of enzyme ATP-cytrate lyase is of vital importance. This enzyme serves to produce acetyl-CoA, which is the substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis. Nitrogen limitation is the most frequently used condition to favour lipid accumulation. Oleaginous organisms differ from nonoleaginous ones in being able to convert carbon from the growth medium into the intracellular lipid, after the nitrogen has been depleted from the medium, provided that the supply of carbon stays plentiful. Biosynthetic pathways of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from the saturated and monounsaturated precursors with the chain elongations and desaturations are presented. The suitability of an microalgal triglyceride-SCO highly enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHASCOŇ) as a source for nutritional supplementation for formula milk is compared to fish oil. Some safety evaluation studies of SCOs are presented. For the safe use of SCOs in infant formulas even further safety studies should be performed. By growing microalgal strains in a medium containing D-[1-13C]glucose, SCOs enriched with the stable isotope 13C can be produced. Some examples of recent research and diagnostic applications of 13C-labelled SCOs to study fatty acid metabolism are outlined. In conclusion, SCOs in combination with stable isotopes have become indispensable to study metabolic pathways.
Študij vpliva povečane koncentracije beljakovin sinI in sinR na raven biosinteze bacitracina pri bakteriji Bacillus licheniformis
Authors: DULAR Tina
Published: December 2023

Bakterije rodu Bacillus so po Gramu pozitivni sporulirajoči bacili. Zelo dobro se prilagajajo različnim spremembam v okolju: pomanjkanju hranil, spremembam temperature in vrednosti pH. Pri bakteriji Bacillus licheniformis se proizvodnja peptidnega antibiotika bacitracina začne v pozni logaritemski fazi rasti in se konča med stacionarno fazo. Njegova biosinteza se ujema s proizvodnjo alkalne proteinaze. Da bi določili možne dejavnike s pozitivnim delovanjem glede na biosintezo bacitracina v bakteriji B. licheniformis, smo izvedli poskus z izražanjem genov, ki sodelujejo v procesih sporulacije in kompetence v B. subtilis. B. licheniformis smo transformirali s plazmidi pIS74 (sinIR) in pIS119 (sinR). Oba plazmida v bakterijah B. subtilis in B. licheniformis povzročata fenotip Spo-, zato se je pri rekombiniranih sevih B. licheniformis znižala aktivnost alkalne proteinaze in vsebnost bacitracina.
Študij vpliva beljakovine DegU bakterije Bacillus subtilis na biosintezo bacitracina pri bakteriji Bacillus licheniformis
Authors: GROŠEL Alenka
Published: December 2023

Peptidni antibiotiki, ki jih sintetizirajo mnogi mikroorganizmi, so strukturno izredno raznoliki. Med njimi je tudi bacitracin, proizvod bakterije Bacillus licheniformis. Teh peptidov ne kodirajo geni; njihova biosinteza poteka s pomočjo peptidnih sintetaz. Raven biosinteze bacitracina pozitivno korelira z ravnjo sinteze alkalne proteinaze. Naš namen je bil dvigniti raven sinteze poznih encimov in posledično s tem tudi raven biosinteze bacitracina. Celice bakterije B. licheniformis BA1 smo transformirali z genom degU bakterije B. subtilis, za katerega smo menili, da je globalni pozitivni regulator v procesih kompetence in sporulacije. Pričakovali smo, da bo povišana koncentracija beljakovine DegU zvišala raven biosinteze bacitracina. Klone rekombiniranih sevov smo analizirali in jim določili proteolizno aktivnost. Pri dveh klonih produkcijskega seva bakterije B. licheniformis BA1 smo ugotovili višjo raven proizvodnje peptidnega antibiotika bacitracina.
In memoriam MAURICE ARNAL
Authors: STEKAR Jasna M.A.
Published: December 2023

/
Molecular cloning of the rRNA genes of Prevotella bryantii B14
Authors: PETERKA Matjaž , AVGUŠTIN Gorazd
Published: December 2023

Parts of the rRNA operons of anaerobic rumen bacteria Prevotella bryantii B14 were cloned. 350 colonies carrying pBluescriptII with HindIII DNA fragments were screened with 16S rDNA specific probe and six positive clones were obtained. Inserts with 16S rRNA genes were identified by hybridisation with digoxigenin labelled Prevotella-Bacteroides 16S rRNA specific probe. All six inserts were approximately 2 kb long and contained large parts of the 16S rRNA gene, 16S-23S rRNA internal spacer region and approximately 100 bp of 23S rRNA gene. The origin of 16S rRNA genes were confirmed by PCR with P. bryantii 16S rRNA specific primer.
Pomen proračunskih podpor za prirejo mleka v Sloveniji
Authors: KAVČIČ Stane , KUHAR Aleš , ERJAVEC Emil
Published: December 2023

Visoka tržno-cenovna zaščita prireje mleka je dejstvo evropske kmetijske politike, vendar pa ob postopnem zniževanju zaščite kmetijstva pridobivajo na pomenu različne oblike proračunskih podpor, ki nadomeščajo zmanjšanje dohodka. Zaenkrat še ni jasno določeno, ali bodo teh ukrepov v celoti deležne tudi bodoče članice Evropske unije (EU). V prispevku so ocenjeni učinki različnih ravni neposrednih plačil in strukturnih podpor na slovenski trg z mlekom. Analizirali smo dohodkovni položaj prireje ter blaginjo pridelovalcev, porabnikov in davkoplačevalcev. Z metodo PAM (“Policy Analysis Matrix”) v kombinaciji z modelom APAS (“Agricultural Policy Analysis Simulator”) smo ocenili omenjene ekonomske parametre in upoštevali različne politične scenarije. Za obdobje po pristopu smo analizirali učinke različnih scenarijev prevzema ukrepov Skupne kmetijske politike (SKP). Rezultati kažejo, da ima obseg prevzema proračunskih podpor izrazit vpliv na obravnavane ekonomske parametre, zato kaže pri pogajanjih o pristopu Slovenije k EU vztrajati pri popolnem prevzemu ukrepov SKP. Če Slovenija pristopi pred naslednjo reformo tržnega reda za mleko, bodo imele sprva večji pomen strukturne podpore, po letu 2005/06 pa bo večji učinek neposrednih plačil. Pristop Slovenije brez neposrednih plačil in strukturnih podpor lahko povzroči nazadovanje prireje mleka v Sloveniji, ki tudi ob najugodnejšem scenariju zaradi nizke konkurenčnosti nima obetavne razvojne perspektive. Ob ustrezni strategiji oblikovanja kmetijske politike v predpristopnem obdobju je zadovoljiv izid pristopnih pogajanj verjetnejši.
Izolacija tioesteraznega gena (btsT) Bacillus Licheniformis in priprava vektorja za njegovo insercijsko mutagenezo
Authors: SLADIČ Gordan
Published: December 2023

V bližini skoraj vseh prokariontskih operonov, ki kodirajo peptidne sintetaze, so geni, katerih zaporedje je zelo podobno tioesterazam. Mehanizem delovanja in funkcija tioesteraz v sintezi peptidnih antibiotikov še nista znani. Bakterija Bacillus licheniformis sintetizira antibiotik bacitracin na multiencimskih kompleksih, ki so sestavljeni iz treh peptidnih sintetaz (BA1, BA2, BA3). Geni, ki kodirajo peptidne sintetaze, so združeni v operonu bac, pred katerim je gen btsT, ki kodira tioesterazo. Da bi lahko proučevali vpliv tioesteraze na biosintezo bacitracina, smo z verižno reakcijo s polimerazo DNK iz kromosomske DNK B. licheniformis izolirali odsek v velikosti 1,2 kb. Ta odsek je vključeval skoraj celoten gen btsT in promotorsko regijo operona bac. Odsek 1,2 kb smo hibridizirali s kromosomsko DNK bakterije B. licheniformis BA1. V gen btsT na odseku 1,2 kb smo vstavili tudi gen za odpornost proti tetraciklinu (tetM) in tako sestavili vektor za insercijsko mutagenezo gena btsT.
Osamitev in opis vampnih spirohet
Authors: TRKOV Marija , ACCETTO Tomaž , AVGUŠTIN Gorazd
Published: December 2023

Iz vzorca vampne vsebine smo osamili tri seve vampnih spirohet. Morfologijo osamljenih sevov smo opazovali s fazno kontrastno in epifluorescentno mikroskopijo ter jih opisali s hitrimi biokemijskimi preskusi (API 50CH) in molekulsko biološkimi preiskavami. Rezultati preiskav so pokazali, da sta si seva SM1 in SM3 zelo podobna in značilno različna od seva SM2. Vsi osamljeni sevi so bili Gram negativni. Celice sevov SM1 in SM3 so bile manjše od celic seva SM2, pri sevih SM1 in SM3 je bila krajša tudi amplituda in valovna dolžina posameznega zavoja. Od 49 ogljikovih hidratov so vsi osamljeni sevi razkrajali sedem ogljikovih hidratov, sev SM2 pa je razkrajal še dodatnih 14. Primerjava literaturnih podatkov razkroja ogljikovih hidratov tipskih sevov T. bryantii in T. saccharophilum je pokazala, da se seva spirohet SM1 in SM3 razlikujeta od opisanih vrst, sev SM2 pa je podoben tipskemu sevu T. saccharophilum. Veliko raznolikost med preiskovanimi sevi pa smo ugotovili s teoretično in eksperimentalno preiskavo RFLP, pri čemer smo gen za 16S rRNK sevov T. bryantii, T. saccharophilum, SM1, SM3 in SM2 razrezali z različnimi restrikcijskimi encimi.
Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages of rumen bacterium Prevotella bryantii TC1-1
Authors: FERME Darja , AMBROŽIČ Jerneja , GRABNAR Miklavž , RAVNIKAR Maja , AVGUŠTIN Gorazd
Published: December 2023

Sampling, inoculation and extraction procedures were elaborated for the isolation of bacteriophages from cattle rumen fluid. Several strains from four different species of rumen bacterial genus Prevotella were used as indicator organisms as well as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica strains. Only one strain, i.e. P.bryantii TC1-1 was successfully infected with filter sterilised rumen fluid inoculum containing rumen bacteriophages. Two plaque morphotypes were observed, both being turbid and rather small but clearly different in size. The preliminary transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that all observed bacteriophages have presumably icosahedral symmetry. The infection trials of other Prevotella strains with isolated bacteriophages from the strain TC1-1 were successful only with type strains of species P.bryanti and P.brevis respectively. Bacteriophage purification and long term storage procedures were elaborated.
Uvajamo “Pisma”
Authors: STEKAR Jasna M.A.
Published: December 2023

/
Ob koncu urednikovanja
Authors: STEKAR Jasna M.A.
Published: December 2023

/
Animal science, production and protection: bibliometric evaluation of bibliographic data in documents published in Slovenia between 1994–2000
Authors: BARTOL Tomaž
Published: December 2023

We evaluated bibliographic elements in 790 documents related to animal science, production and protection from among 2844 documents (D) published in Slovenia between 1994–2000 and indexed by the Slovenian Agris Centre for inclusion in Agris database. Yearly output differed due to intensive production of proceedings papers in certain years. About 69% of D were published in Slovenian language and 27% in English. Among 675 authors, 371 authors published only one D, and 7 published 20 or more D. More than 50 D were written by 5 to 10 co-authors, and 313 D by only one author. Slovenians accounted for the majority of authors, as expected. Croatia, Hungary and Germany accounted for the majority of foreign D. Among university-affiliated contributors, there was slight advantage of the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Ljubljana over the Biotechnical Faculty and its Zootechnical Department. Most D (735) were journal articles, 181 proceedings papers, and 126 were articles in journal supplements. The final selection of 790 records was strongly impacted by the existing Agris classification scheme. We included most D pertaining to various aspects of animal production, physiology, and health. We had to exclude food and feed-related D, however, because these categories do not differentiate between plant/crop-related and animal-related topics. The existing schemes, nevertheless, use the same criteria for different (sub)disciplines, e.g. animal and plant/ crop science, forestry, wood technology, food/ feed science, so they present a possibility for comparison of (sub)disciplines.
fatty acid composition of broilers from free range rearing
Authors: POLAK Tomaž , HOLCMAN Antonija , STIBILJ Vekoslava , ŽLENDER Božidar
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to investigate the effect of rearing method on the fatty acid composition of broiler meat. The subjects were chickens of two genotypes (Ross 208 and Prelux-bro). Experiment went on for 56 days, chickens were kept in a standard deep litter house and fed the same diet. After 28 days chickens were divided into two groups of 50 birds, the first grup had a 12-hours daily access to a grassy surface (free range), the second remaining indoors. At the end of experiment, 8 broilers per group (total of 32) were randomly chosen for fatty acid composition analysis. After slaughter, breasts and legs with skin were excised, homogenised and freeze-stored. Analyses of fatty acid composition was preformed by gas-liquid chromatography (in situ transesterification). The results were processed with statistical computer program SAS. From the perspective of human nutrition, free range broilers gave meat with better fatty acid composition (increased content of w-3 and w-6 fatty acids) compared to indoor raised chickens. Fatty acid composition was more favourable for breast then leg, and for Prelux-bro than Ross 208 genotype.
Editorial
Authors: DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

/
Možnosti za usklajevanje razvoja kmetijstva z drugimi družbenimi interesi na slovenskem podeželju, primer občine Komenda
Authors: GOLOBIČ Mojca , MARUŠIČ Ivan , KOVAČIČ Matija
Published: December 2023

Gospodarski pomen kmetijstva se zlasti v podeželskih območjih v bližini večjih mest zmanjšuje. Hkrati pa interesi kmetijstva do rabe zemljišč zadevajo ob druge gospodarske in negospodarske, predvsem varstvene interese, ki postajajo s pomestnjenjem življenja na podeželju vse bolj izraziti in pestri. Predstavljen je postopek, ki omogoča usklajevanje med različnimi interesi, ter opisan njegov potek in rezultati ob pripravi prostorskega plana občine Komenda. Z javnomnenjsko anketo so bile v občini Komenda prepoznane tri interesne skupine. Metoda spoznavnih zemljevidov, uporabljena v anketi, je omogočila tudi prostorsko predstavitev identificiranih interesov za  varstvo okolja in narave. Posebna anketa je bila izvedena tudi med kmeti v občini Komenda. Odgovori na vprašanja, ki so zadevala prihodnost kmetij, so razkrili, da obstaja zelo poudarjen interes za večanje kmetij. Odgovori na anketo so bili skupaj s  prostorskimi zahtevami za posamezni tip pridelave osnova za izdelavo modelov ustreznosti prostora za kmetijske dejavnosti. Ti modeli so se izkazali za učinkovito orodje pri postopkih usklajevanja, ki vodijo k najboljšemu možnemu kompromisu med interesi.
Prof. dr. dr. Franc Ločniškar – 80 letnik
Authors: DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

/
Produkcija butirata pri anaerobni vampni bakteriji Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans Mz5T
Authors: ZOREC Maša , NEKREP Franc Viktor , MARINŠEK-LOGAR Romana
Published: December 2023

Butirat je pomemben probiotski dejavnik, ki ugodno vpliva na delovanje in preživetje kolonocitov ter v debelem črevesu deluje tudi antikancerogeno. Pred kratkim je bila na osnovi 17 sevov, izoliranih iz vampa, opisana nova vrsta P. xylanivorans s tipskim sevom Mz5T. Sev Mz5T je na ksilanu ovsenih plev produciral butirat in laktat kot glavna produkta fermentacije in pri tem porabljal acetat. Produkcija butirata je močno narasla med logaritemsko fazo in se je še v pozni stacionarni fazi počasi povečevala. Na drugih ogljikovih hidratih (na brezovem in bukovem ksilanu, ksilozi, arabinozi in glukozi) je bila kinetika tvorbe butirata podobna. Največ butirata glede na laktat je nastajalo med zgodnjo logaritemsko fazo neodvisno od substrata. P. xylanivorans Mz5T bi torej lahko uporabili kot probiotik v prehrani živali tako za izboljšanje razgradnje ksilana kot tudi za povečano produkcijo butirata v debelem črevesu. Najbolje bi bilo uporabiti kulturo v zgodnji logaritemski fazi rasti, ki bi jo lahko namnožili na cenenem ogljikohidratnem viru.
Effect of vitamin-mineral premix on some relationships between serum parameters in breeding horses
Authors: HAREADY Mansur S.
Published: December 2023

Eight Arabian stallions were selected from clinically normal horses. After 10 day adaptation period the animals were divided into two equal groups: control and experimental. All horses were housed individually and allowed to walk on sandy paddock twice a day between meals. Both groups were fed the same diet which was composed of 6 kg hay and 4 kg barley. However, the experimental group was supplemented with 150 g of micronutrient premix. Premix was composed of 180 g of oats husk meal, 260 g dicalcium phosphate as carrier, 25 g lignosulphate, 20 g methionine, 20 g lysine, 200 g calcium, 40 g salt (NaCl), 30 g soy oil, 100 g yeast, 50 g mixture of vitamins, 75 g mixture of minerals and antioxidants per kg. The experiment was divided into adaptation and experimental period that lasted 10 and 30 days, respectively. The blood was drawn at the beginning of experimental period and thereafter in 10 days intervals. Serum samples were analysed for total serum protein, serum urea, serum lipids, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT). The results showed highly significant differences between both groups in serum protein, serum lipids, serum GOT and GPT. Significant difference has been found between both groups in serum urea (P < 0.1). These changes in serum parameters between groups could be due to the additive micronutrient premix fed to the experimental groups. The correlations between parameters: protein and urea was significant negative, between lipids and GOT highly significant negative, and between lipids and GPT non-significant.
Urine cortisol in pigs of different MH-genotypes
Authors: SIARD Nataša , KOVAČ Milena , LADEWIG Jan , ŠTUHEC Ivan
Published: December 2023

Urine cortisol concentration was evaluated in German Landrace barrows of two MH-genotypes (NN, Nn) housed in metabolic cages. Furthermore, cortisol in urine was evaluated as a substitute measure of plasma cortisol values in pigs. Three replicates were done, each including 4 animals. Altogether there were 12 animals included in the experiment. The effect of MH-genotype on urine cortisol concentration was evaluated and correlations between urine and plasma cortisol were calculated. Higher urine cortisol values in NN- in comparison to Nn-pigs indicated stronger response to stressors by stress resistant NN-genotype. The correlation between urine (12-hr urine values) and plasma (the average of 12 collections per day, taken between 8.00 a.m. and 11.00 a.m.) cortisol values was practically negligible in samples taken on the same day (r = 0.07, P = 0.71). In time-lag samples (urine taken the day after blood collection) correlation was increased (r = 0.22), but still not significant (P = 0.22). A connection between plasma and urine cortisol values was indicated, but it should be better understood before urine cortisol is used as a substitute of plasma cortisol measuring in pigs.
Primerjava dveh metod za določanje vsebnosti vlaknine v voluminozni krmi
Authors: LAVRENČIČ Andrej , OREŠNIK Andrej , BRANK Andreja
Published: December 2023

V 76 vzorcih mnogocvetne ljuljke, trpežne ljuljke, mačjega repa in črne detelje, košenih v različnih fazah morfološkega razvoja, smo določili vsebnost surove vlaknine (SV) po metodi Naumann in Bassler (1976) ter vsebnosti v nevtralnem detergentu netopne vlaknine (NDV), v kislem detergentu netopne vlaknine (KDV) in v kislem detergentu netopnega lignina (KDL) po metodi Goering in Van Soest (1970). Vsebnosti SV, NDV, KDV in KDL v teh vzorcih smo določili tudi s pomočjo filtrskih vrečk in jih označili kot SVFV, NDVFV, KDVFV in KDLFV. Za razliko od trav, kjer so bile razlike med vsebnostmi NDV in NDVFV, KDV in KDVFV ter KDL in KDLFV majhne (v povprečju največ 20 g kg–1 SS med vsebnostma KDV in KDVFV pri trpežni ljuljki), smo pri črni detelji ugotovili velike razlike med vsebnostmi NDV in NDVFV (v povprečju 46 g kg–1 SS), KDV in KDVFV (v povprečju 66 g kg–1 SS) ter KDL in KDLFV (v povprečju 35 g kg–1 SS). Med vsebnostmi SV in SVFV tako pri travah kot pri detelji tako velikih razlik ni bilo (v povprečju je bila največja razlika 17 g kg–1 SS pri črni detelji). Če smo vzorce črne detelje pred določanjem vsebnosti NDVFV, KDVFV in KDLFV sprali z acetonom (acNDVFV, acKDVFV in acKDLFV), smo ugotovili, da se razlike v vsebnosti med njimi in vsebnostmi NDV, KDV in KDL močno zmanjšajo (v povprečju na 15, 17 oz. 5 g kg–1 SS). Stopnjo povezanosti med vsebnostmi SV, NDV, KDV in KDL ter vsebnostmi vlaknine v vzorcih, ki smo jih določili s pomočjo filtrskih vrečk, smo ugotavljali s koeficientom determinacije (R2) in standardno napako ocene (SEE). Najboljše ocene vsebnosti SV (R2 = 0,89, SEE = 1,73), NDV (R2 = 0,98, SEE = 1,73), KDV (R2 = 0,90, SEE = 1,73) in KDL (R2 = 0,69, SEE = 1,73) smo dosegli, ko smo v enačbe kot posamezne odvisne spremenljivke vključili SVFV, NDVFV, KDVFV in KDLFV trav ter SVFV, acNDVFV, acKDVFV in acKDLFV detelj. Rezultati so pokazali, da je metoda s filtrskimi vrečkami je primerna za določanje vsebnosti SV, NDV in KDV, ne pa tudi za določanje vsebnosti KDL.
Occurrence of the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte) in Slovenia
Authors: UREK Gregor , MODIC Špela
Published: December 2023

Offical monitoring of the spreading of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Slovenia has been organized since 1997. Every year it was carried out by the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia together with Phythosanitary Inspection. To determine the WCR population Hungarian pheromone traps (Csalomon) and yellow sticky traps were placed out in pairs on 58 localities at the end of June 2003. Four additional pheromone traps were placed out at the end of July (Pomurje - 2) and at the beginning of August (Northern Primorska – 2) when the first beetles of WCR were detected. The traps were monitored from July 7th  to the end of August every 7 – 10 days. While pheromone traps were changed at intervals of 30 days, the yellow sticky traps were changed more frequently. In 2003 the occurrence of Western Corn Rootworm (WCR) was registered for the first time in the eastern part of Slovenia (Pomurje, Podravje) and its western part (Norther Primorska) too. From the total number of 62 inspected localities in the territory of Slovenia the pest was registered in 14 of them (22.6 %). Fifteen specimens altogether were caught in the eastern part of Slovenia (Gibina, Benica, Mostje, Jastrebci, Pince, Domanjševci, Loperšice, Motvarjevci, Grabe, Žitkovci, Gaberje) and four specimens in its western part (Vogrsko, Ajševica, Bukovica). We caught 19 specimens altogether. The monitoring was financed by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food.
Vpliv starosti semena in načinov shranjevanja na kalivost semena konoplje (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa)
Authors: KOCJAN AČKO Darja , BARIČEVIČ Dea
Published: December 2023

Seme za setev mora imeti čim večjo sposobnost kalitve. V laboratorijskem poskusu z navadno konopljo (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) je bila po metodiki ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) preučena hitrost kalitve t. i. energija kalivosti in kalivost eno, dve in tri leta starega semena konoplje shranjenega pri sobni temperaturi  (20 do 25 ºC) in v hladilniku (4 do 7 ºC). Ugotovljene so bile razlike v energiji kalivosti in v končni kalivosti med sortami: 'Novosadska konoplja', 'Unico-B', 'Juso-11', 'Bialobrzeskie' in 'Beniko' ter načinoma shranjevanja semena. V primerjavi s 96,1-odstotno kalivostjo deklariranega semena petih sort konoplje je bila po treh letih povprečna kalivost semena shranjenega v hladilniku 65,0 %, kalivost semena shranjenega pri sobni temperaturi pa 46,4 %. Da se v razmerah težje dosegljivosti deklariranega semena konoplje ohrani kalivost daljši čas, morajo pridelovalci shraniti seme za setev v hladilniku. Sočasno so rezultati raziskave pokazali, da sta za ugotovitev hitrosti kalivosti in za končno kalivost semena konoplje ustreznejša šesti in dvanajsti dan testa kalivosti namesto uradno predpisanega tretjega in sedmega dne, ko hitrost kalivosti in kalivost še ni bilo možno ugotoviti. Pred postopkom za spremembo uradne metodike je treba preveriti kalivost z uporabo svežega semena teh in drugih sort konoplje v akreditiranem semenskem laboratoriju.
Enterococci in cheese – phenotypization and antibiotic resistance
Authors: BULAJIĆ Snežana , MIJAČEVIĆ Zora
Published: December 2023

The material of investigation was consisted of samples of fresh and ripened cheeses made from raw and cooked milk subjected to rennet or acid coagulation. The primary isolation of enterococci was carried out on kanamycin-aesculine-azide agar at 37 °C and 42 °C during 24 hours. It was isolated totally 42 strains of enterococci. The examination of antibiotic resistance/sensitivity profiles was performed by applying disk-diffusion procedure on Muller-Hinton agar. The number of enterococci determined in cheese samples depended on applied technological process. In the samples of fresh, by rennet coagulated cheese made from raw and cooked milk the number of enterococci was ranged from 8.0×104 to 9.0×106 cfu g–1, and from 4.0×107 to 4.4×107 cfu g–1, respectively. In the case of ripened cheeses made from raw and cooked milk subjected to acid coagulation the number of enterococci was ranged from <102 to 5.0×104 cfu g–1 and from 2.5×104 to 1.5×105 cfu g–1, respectively. In the samples of fresh cheeses made from raw and cooked milk subjected to acid coagulation the number of enterococci was ranged from 2.4×105 to 2.12×107 cfu-g, and from 5×104 to 6×104 cfu g–1, respectively. The phenotypic identification of isolated enterococcal strains was performed according to the following biochemical-physiological characteristics: microscopic examination (cell morphology), catalase activity, growth in MRS broth at 10 °C and 45 °C, growth at pH 9.6, growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl, growth in 0.1% methylen blue milk, resistance at 60 °C/15 and 30 minute, Voges/Proskauer reaction, fermentation of ribose. The isolated strains of enterococci were resistant to following antibiotics: penicillin (65.82%), tetracycline (62.02%), lincomycin (68.35%), gentamycin (27.84%), neomycin (31.64%), erythromycin (31.64%) and chloramphenicol (65.82%).
Transkripcijsko uravnavanje adipogeneze in vloga koaktivatorja PGC-1a
Authors: MILOŠEVIČ BERLIČ Tamara , DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

Adipogeneza je kompleksen proces, na katerega vpliva veliko število genetskih in okoljskih faktorjev. Ker je posledica prekomernega nalaganja maščob debelost, pogosto pa tudi pojav diabetesa tipa 2, postaja proučevanje molekulskih osnov adipogeneze vse bolj pomembno tudi z vidika zdravja človeka. V živalski proizvodnji proces tvorbe maščobnega tkiva pomembno vpliva na kakovost prirasta, preko porabe krme pa na ekonomičnost proizvodnje. Poleg leptina in leptinskega receptorja, ki odločilno uravnavata nalaganje maščob, je bil v zadnjem času odkrit tudi mehanizem uravnavanja tvorbe maščobnega tkiva, ki vključuje adaptivno termogenezo in biosintezo mitohondrijev. Pomembna regulatorja teh procesov sta PPARg in njegov koaktivator PGC-1a. V pričujočem prispevku opisujemo mehanizem uravnavanja adipogeneze in vlogo PPARg in PGC-1a v njem. Prikazana je tudi medvrstna primerjava aminokislinskih zaporedij PGC-1a in možnosti za razvoj farmacevtskih učinkovin, ki bi vplivale na izražanje PGC-1a.
Vpeljava in ovrednotenje metode določevanja mineralnega dušika v tleh
Authors: KMECL Veronika , ZUPANČIČ-KRALJ Lucija
Published: December 2023

Ugotavljanje vsebnosti anorganskega oz. mineralnega dušika (Nmin), ki ga ekstrahiramo iz zemlje z 0,01 M razt. CaCl2, omogoča izboljšanje napovedovanja gnojenja z dušikom. V ta namen smo razvili analitske metode določevanja amonijevih, nitratnih in nitritnih ionov v zemlji. Metode smo verificirali; določili smo točnost, natančnost, mejo zaznavnosti (LOD) in mejo kvantitativne določitve (LOQ). Točnost meritev smo dokazali z uspešnim sodelovanjem laboratorija v mednarodni medlaboratorijski primerjalni shemi WEPAL (Wageningen Evaluating Programme for Analytical Laboratories, Nizozemska). Natančnost meritev (ponovljivost in obnovljivost) smo izrazili z relativnim standardnim odmikom (RSD), ki je bil v vseh primerih pod 2%. Vrednosti LOD in LOQ za nitratni dušik sta bili 0,05 mg/kg oz. 0,18 mg/kg in za amonijski dušik 0,09 mg/kg oz. 0,31 mg/kg.
Petinpetdeset let fenoloških opazovanj v Sloveniji, 1951-2005
Authors: ČREPINŠEK Zalika , ZRNEC Ciril
Published: December 2023

Sistematična fitofenološka opazovanja potekajo v Sloveniji od leta 1951 v okviru Agencije republike Slovenije za okolje, oziroma nekdanjega Hidrometeorološkega zavoda Slovenije. Trenutna fenološka mreža obsega 61 postaj, ki so razporejene po različnih slovenskih regijah in nadmorskih višinah, spremlja pa se 36 fenoloških faz za 64 različnih rastlin (41 negojenih in 23 gojenih rastlin, ki vključujejo tudi podatek o sortah). Podan je pregled posameznih področij, za katere je pomembna uporaba fenologije, kot so kmetijstvo in gozdarstvo, medicinska meteorologija, biotska raznovrstnost, turizem, proučevanje podnebnih sprememb in modeliranje razvoja rastlin. Fenološki podatki so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih služili kot podatkovna baza za številne raziskave.
Comparison of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars and the effect of covering beds
Authors: JAKŠE Marijana , KACJAN MARŠIĆ Nina
Published: December 2023

Five hybrid cultivars ('Boonlim', 'Cipres', 'Dariana', 'Franklim' in 'Steline') of white asparagus were tested on 4 locations in Slovenia (Celje, Logarovci, Nova Gorica and Novo mesto). The plantations were 7 years old when some of the raised beds were covered with black PE mulch and the yield was compared to the yield of uncovered beds. The planting space was 2.2 m between rows and 0.33 m between crowns in the row. Each cultivar had 2 covered and 2 uncovered repetitions with 15 plants (11 m2). The yield and number of spears were measured. For 6 days, white spears were divided into 4 groups based on their thickness (4-8 mm; 8-12 mm; 12-16 mm; over 16 mm), counted and weighed in order to determine the proportion and quality of marketable yield. 'Steline' (3.44 t/ha) had the lowest average yield and 'Boonlim' (6.78 t/ha), which was the best performing cultivar in Logarovci and Nova Gorica, the best. In Novo mesto there were no significant differences among cultivars and in Celje, earlier cultivars 'Franklim', 'Cipres' and 'Dariana' performed better. 'Franklim' had more spears on average but  the weight of the spears was best with 'Boonlim' (46.24 g) and worst with 'Steline' (32.03 g). The mulch influenced the yield, which was 5.27 t/ha on uncovered beds and 6.25 t/ha on covered ones. It also influenced the average weight of spears, which increased from 38.15 g to 40.88 g. The mulch did not increase either the number of spears or their thickness.
propagation of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) nodal explants
Authors: OSTERC Gregor , ZAVRL FRAS Marjeta , VODENIK Tomaž , LUTHAR Zlata
Published: December 2023

Chestnut is a woody species, which is difficult to propagate either generatively by seed or vegetatively by grafting or cuttings. The experiment of vegetative propagation included in vitro propagated shoots of the chestnut clone ‘Sobota’ from the northeast area of Slovenia. Propagation MS-½NO3 medium contained basic (macro- and microelements) MS medium with a half concentration of two nitrates (KNO3 and NH4NO3) and 100 mg/l inositol, 1 mg/l thiamine, 30 g/l sucrose, and 8 g/l agar. The propagation BW medium consisted of half strength broad leaved tree BT medium and half strength woody plant WP medium. Both propagation media contained 1 mg/l BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) or 1 mg/l zeatin. The in vitro shoots developed much better when propagated on medium containing BAP. With BAP irrespective of the medium, clusters developed significantly more shoots (average 2.1 per cluster) and showed a trend of more vigorous growth with the inclusion of BAP. Shoots grown on BW medium were of poorer quality, with high browning or necrosis and extremely highly intensive hyperhydration ratios.
Income situation of agricultural households in Slovenia after EU accession: impacts of different direct payments policy options
Authors: KOŽAR Maja , KAVČIČ Stane , ERJAVEC Emil
Published: December 2023

Paper investigates income effects of different direct payments policy options after the accession of Slovenia to the EU by application of a static deterministic total income model for rural households in Slovenia (TIM). Model is based on actual income data of 120 agricultural households in Slovenia. With respect to the baseline situation before the accession and accession agreement, income situation of analyzed households is likely to improve under all analyzed policy scenarios. The estimated benefits are highest in case of the standard direct payments scheme, followed by basic flat-rate area payment option (entirely decoupled). Model results reveal also that 2003 policy reform will have redistributive impacts in favour of agricultural households engaged in extensive agricultural production.
Varovanje kranjske čebele – ohraniti pasmo ali raso medonosne čebele?
Authors: BOŽIČ Janko
Published: December 2023

V Sloveniji na podlagi zakona o živinoreji in podzakonskih predpisov varujemo avtohtono pasmo kranjske čebele. V svetu večinoma uporabljajo izraz rasa in ne pasma pri opisovanju različkov medonosne čebele. Temelj takega poimenovanja je v načinu nastanka čebeljih ras z naravno selekcijo brez večjega vpliva človeka. Dojemanje kranjske čebele kot rase narekuje predvsem naravovarstven pristop pri varovanju avtohtone populacije čebel. Slovenija je tipična lokaliteta rase Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann 1879, poleg tega pa ima tudi naravne možnosti za ohranjanje diverzitete kranjske čebele. Osnovne zakonitosti dedovanja in naravnega parjenja čebeljih matic narekujejo vzpostavitev varovanja kranjske čebele na celotne ozemlju Slovenije z možnostjo posebnih strogo varovanih območij v alpskih dolinah in delno sproščenim prometom s kranjsko čebelo na pasiščih namenjeno prevozniškem čebelarjenju. V teh okvirih je potrebno tudi iskati možnosti vzreje komercialnih linij matic namenjenim predvsem trgom izven Slovenije.
Bio-economical model application in cattle breeding
Authors: PÄRNA Elli , KIIMAN Heli , VIINALASS Haldja , VALLAS Mirjam
Published: December 2023

Dairy production systems are complex and cannot be described by a single profit function. In a bio-economical model, relevant biological and economical aspects of the production system are described as a system of equations. These models describe the life cycle of a dairy cow, including inputs and outputs, as a function of biological traits and economic parameters. For the derivation of the economic values of Estonian Holstein dairy breed, a bio-economical model of a closed herd, which included the whole integrated production system was used. The total discounted profit for the herd was calculated as the difference between all revenues and costs that occurred during the whole life of animals born in the herd within one year and which were discounted to the birth year of these animals. Core elements of the program are modules describing the age distribution of the herd based on different possible fate of cows, the production level in each lactation and cost rations on a daily basis. Change of profit has been considered as a function of genetic change, not other changes of phenotype. Economic parameters reflect the marketing and management system in which genetic improvement will be expressed. Economic values for use in selection indexes were derived for milk-, fat- and protein production, length of productive life, calving interval and age at first breeding. Analysis of dairy production system with bio-economical model enables the breeders to find out revenues, costs and different parameters for dairy production system, and also to estimate milk production profit.