bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hottest Zone
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

The young man is barely conscious-fortunately so, for his condition is, by any standards, pitiable. Despite the cold-water-soaked towels that are laid across and around his body, he sweats profusely, and his jaundiced skin is seemingly on fire to the touch. His lethargy is punctuated by periods in which he rolls around in a state of delirium. Blood oozes from every body orifice. When he coughs, he brings up blood; when he vomits, his vomitus is heavily bloodstained. Five days ago he had been seemingly well, except for a headache and a chill. Today will be his last day in this world; he will be dead by midnight, an event that will be accompanied by much wailing by his extended family, who wait outside in the mission hospital’s little lobby. The nurses are doing their best, as is the Belgian doctor who mans this outpost in the heart of Central Africa, but they are helpless in the face of one of the world’s most efficient killers-the Ebola virus. Even if the patient were at one of the great teaching hospitals of Boston or London, however, his case would be equally hopeless. There is no known cure for Ebola fever, and how it spreads remains a mystery. Once Ebola infects you, the chances are 9 to I that you will not see out the week. Ebola is one of a group of viruses that cause infectious hemorrhagic fever, in which the body loses its ability to prevent bleeding from all of its membranes, and the patient dies a very unpleasant death.
Animal Rights and Human Wrongs
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

Although we might agree on which patients should be offered xenotransplantation first, let us consider further whether we are ready to embark on this next giant leap for mankind. The ethical appropriateness of initiating such clinical trials is intricately intertwined with many factors, not least the state of the science. Indeed, if the science is sufficiently advanced and the potential benefit to patients seems assured, then it may be unethical and irresponsible not to initiate clinical trials. In contrast, if the science is insufficiently advanced and patients are unlikely to benefit therapeutically from the procedure, then the trial is inappropriate. Let us examine the status of xenotransplantation science. Only a few organs transplanted between closely related animals-such as a monkey kidney or heart transplanted into a baboon-have functioned for more than a few months. We therefore have virtually no data on what might happen to such grafts in the long term. Unless a technique for inducing immunological tolerance can be perfected, such xenografts would require a heavy and prolonged regimen of immunosuppression. These drugs would significantly increase the risk of major, possibly fatal, infectious complications as well as increase the incidence of certain types of cancer. The early development of chronic rejection remains likely.
Protecting the Public
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P
Published: November 2023

Today, with media attention and the public eye increasingly upon the medical profession-and with the prevailing medico-legal environment-few would disagree that some form of monitoring of clinical trials of xenotransplantation will be essential. Only by a thorough review of the proposed trial, and by its careful monitoring, will we be able to ensure that a “cowboy” approach to xenotransplantation does not prevail-such as occurred after the first human heart transplant in the late 1960s. At that time, numerous inadequately prepared surgical groups rushed into this field without the necessary expertise or laboratory experience. Their results were generally poor and at times disastrous. This led to what essentially constituted a moratorium on heart transplantation for over a decade. The need for regulation is even greater with regard to xenotransplantation in view of the potential risks. This presents a scenario that is very different from most operative procedures and from the usual drug and device development, which generally present risks only to the patient.
Financial Services
Authors: Boatright John R
Published: November 2023

Financial services could scarcely be provided without raising conflicts of interest. In acting as intermediaries for people’s financial transactions and as custodians of their financial assets, financial service providers are often forced to choose among the competing interests of others-and weigh those interests against their own. Although personal interest plays some role, the conflicts of interest in financial services arise primarily from attempts to provide many different kinds of services to a number of different parties, often at the same time. Conflicts of interest are built into the structure of our financial institutions and could be avoided only with great difficulty. As one person has noted, “The biblical observation that no man can serve two masters, if strictly followed, would make many of Wall Street’s present activities impossible.”1 In addition, the inhabitants of Wall Street are motivated primarily by self-interest and can be induced to serve any master only within limits. The challenge, therefore, is not to prevent conflicts of interest in financial services but to manage them in a workable financial system.
Cyberspace, U.S.A.
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: November 2023

I write not of Thomas Jefferson’s town, where I live, nor of the American South to which I have devoted my working life. Rather, I write of a new American place, one we cannot see but whose effects we increasingly feel: “cyberspace.” That place, simultaneously metaphorical and tangible, has touched every part of the United States. Information surges along networks of copper and glass, weaving ever tighter webs across the country and the world. Those networks define a space at once empty and densely populated, desolate and hopeful. By its very nature, cyberspace is the space among other places. It touches them all but is possessed by none.
Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

In June 1956, Edmund Wilson, Class of 1916, returned to Princeton University to receive an honorary degree, in conjunction with the fortieth anniversary of his class’s graduation and the bicentennial of Nassau Hall. The occasion was slightly awkward. Wilson had great affection for his old college, and especially for the memory of his departed teachers Norman Kemp Smith and Christian Gauss. A few years earlier, when presiding over a set of the prestigious Princeton seminars named in Gauss’s honor-and presenting work that would eventually wind up as part of his monumental study, Patriotic Gore, edited by another Princeton graduate, Sheldon Meyer-Wilson one day took his friend Leon Edel on a private tour of his former stomping grounds, enthusiastically showing off the architectural highlights. But Wilson had never partaken of the rah-rah bonhomie for which Princeton graduates were, and are, so famous. And more than a few Princetonians regarded Wilson-the bookish, oft-married ex-radical and (thanks to Memom of Hecate County) reputed pornographer-as a disloyal odd duck.
The Raft of Odysseus
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

The Raft of Odysseus looks at the fascinating intersection of traditional myth with an enthnographically-viewed Homeric world. Carol Dougherty argues that the resourcefulness of Odysseus as an adventurer on perilous seas served as an example to Homer’s society which also had to adjust in inventive ways to turbulent conditions. The fantastic adventures of Odysseus act as a prism for the experiences of Homer’s own listeners--traders, seafarers, storytellers, soldiers--and give us a glimpse into their own world of hopes and fears, 500 years after the Iliadic events were supposed to have happened. In the course of her argument, Dougherty makes liberal use of what we know about Mycenean and archaic artifacts, comparing the realities of historical shipbuilding or weaving, for example, with the often magnificently inflated account of the epics.
Access to Health Care
Authors: Schur Claudia L , Franco sheila J
Published: November 2023

Ensuring equitable access to health care is an important public policy goal for the nation. A significant body of research and policy analysis has been focused on documenting access problems for vulnerable populations and suggesting policy options to eliminate access barriers (Aday, 1993; Aday et al., 1998). Rural populations have often been viewed as especially vulnerable with respect to access to health care because of poorly developed and fragile health infrastructures, high prevalence rates of chronic illness and disability, socioeconomic hardships, and physical barriers such as distance and availability of transportation, including a lack of public transportation (Rowland and Lyons, 1989).
Rural Managed Care
Authors: Casey Michelle M
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a brief historical perspective on managed care in rural areas and presents national data on health maintenance organizations (HMO), rural service areas, and rural enrollment in commercial HMOs. Future prospects for the growth of managed care in rural areas are discussed, including the implications of changes in the Medicare and Medicaid programs authorized by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (PL 105-33). There are many forms of managed care; however, this chapter will focus on rural enrollment in HMOs.
A Nation Of Revolutionaries
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

In March 1819, alarmed by the spread of nationalist activism among young people, the Prussian government closed Jahn’s gymnastics ground on the Hasenheide in Berlin. The following evening, about fifty youths gathered in front of Jahn’s house. Lighting two torches, they proceeded to sing Luther’s “Eine feste Burg” and then cheered Jahn three times with a Lebehoch. Jahn, it turned out, was not at home, so the group quietly withdrew. Two days later, Berlin’s police inspector filed a report on this incident with Hardenberg. Over the next month, the inspector identified and interrogated several of the participants, at least one of whom professed not to know that “political demonstrations” had been prohibited in Prussia since 1815.1
Toward a Democratic Monarchy
Authors: Levinger Matthew
Published: November 2023

With the adoption of the Karlsbad Decrees in 1819, the scope for the free expression of political ideas narrowed dramatically in Prussia and the other German states. These measures, which remained in effect until April 1848, not only established strict censorship of the popular press but also allowed for surveillance of the universities and civic life and the summary imprisonment of dissidents.
Spatial Statistics: Analysis of Field Experiments
Authors: Hoef Jay M Ver , Cressie Noel
Published: November 2023

More and more, ecologists are turning to designed field experiments. Earlier in the history of ecology, it was enough to collect field observations to generate reasonable hypotheses (McIntosh 1985). However, as these hypotheses multiplied, they needed to be rigorously tested. A glance at any current ecological journal reveals that many ecologists are designing and analyzing field and laboratory experiments to test such hypotheses.
Enough of Deliberation Politics Is about Interests and Power
Authors: Shapiro Ian
Published: November 2023

Many of the substantive arguments in Democracy and Disagreement resonate favorably with me, but it should be said that this is not a particularly demanding test. To know how effective Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson’s deliberative model would be, either at reducing moral disagreement or at promoting accommodation of irresolvable differences in American politics, one would have to see it in action in debates among pro-lifers and prochoicers, parties to the Mozert v. Hawkim litigation, or protagonists in debates over redistricting, affirmative action, welfare reform, child support, and the other contentious issues that Gutmann and Thompson describe. Their claim is that if the various protagonists “seek fair terms of cooperation for their own sake,” committing themselves to appeal, in their arguments, “to reasons that are recognizably moral in form and mutually acceptable in content,” then disagreements will be minimized and accommodation will be promoted.
Agreement without Theory
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

My principal goal in this essay is to extend a particular insight in Democracy and Disagreement and to suggest that on multimember bodies, especially courts, it is possible to achieve agreements on particular judgments without achieving agreement on the theoretical commitments that underlie those judgments. My discussion of the uses of incompletely theorized agreements, as a central part of a well-functioning deliberative democracy, is very much in the spirit of the Gutmann Thompson approach. I conclude, however, with two questions or reservations about that approach. First, I suggest that sometimes it is legitimate for participants in politics to raise the political or moral stakes and to make claims that are gratuitous, in the sense that they are not indispensable to resolution of the dispute at hand. Second, I suggest that deliberative democracy comes with its own distinctive and internal constitutional preconditions; Gutmann and Thompson build into that ideal certain constitution-like principles that seem to me external to, and independent of, deliberative democracy itself.
Survival Estimation in Noncancer Patients with Advanced Disease
Authors: Schonwetter Ronald S , Jani Chirac R
Published: November 2023

The distribution of the population has shifted in both the number and proportion of older persons. This proportion will continue to grow at a more rapid rate well into the next century, and a larger number of patients will have chronic illnesses. The leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are responsible for 32.1%, 23.4%, 6.7%, and 4.5% of all (2,278,994) deaths, respectively.1 Many individuals with heart disease die suddenly rather than living with the manifestations of their disease for an extended period of time. As our population ages, however, increasing numbers of patients with advanced illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, and dementias will require high-quality care for prolonged periods of time.
Palliative Care Audit: Tools, Objectives, and Models for Training in Assessment, Monitoring, and Review
Authors: Higginson Irene J , Hearn Julie
Published: November 2023

Palliative care arose out of a desire to improve the quality of care for patients with advancing disease and their families. As a new specialty, and in the face of skepticism or reluctance to support this form of care, evaluations were carried out early in the history of modem palliative care provision to compare hospice services to home and hospital care. Hence, palliative care specialists have often led the way in developing methods to examine the quality of care of patients with cancer, and have sought to influence those working in oncology and other professions.
The Managem,ent of Bleeding in Advanced Cancer Patients
Authors: Pereira Jose , Mancini Isabelle , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Bleeding is a common presenting problem at the time of the original diagnosis of several different types of cancers. Ninety percent of patients with endometrial cancer report vaginal bleeding at the time of their diagnosis, 10-20% of patients with colorectal cancer report rectal bleeding, and 25-50% of patients with lung cancer describe hemoptysis at the time of the initial diagnosis. Just over one-half of patients with a renal malignancy first present with hematuria. However, hemorrhaging in the palliative care setting occurs less frequently and has been estimated to affect approximately 6-10% of patients.
The Role of Oxygen in Cancer-Related Dyspnea
Authors: Watanabe Sharon
Published: November 2023

Dyspnea is a prevalent and often distressing symptom in cancer patients. The role of oxygen in alleviating this symptom is controversial. Most studies examining the symptomatic benefit of oxygen have been conducted in the context of nonmalignant disease, with conflicting results. The mechanisms by which oxygen may improve dyspnea are also uncertain. This chapter will review the evidence in favor of a therapeutic effect from oxygen, explore possible mechanisms, and suggest clinical guideliness for use.
Shrubs
Authors: Krebs Charles J , Dale Mark R T , Nams Vilis O , Sinclair A R E , O’Donoghue Mark
Published: November 2023

Shrubs are an important component of the vegetation of the boreal forest because they provide complex structure where trees are absent or added dimensions in the forest be­ tween the herb layer and the tree layer. Shrubs are the winter food of the key species of herbivores in the boreal zone. Snowshoe hares and moose rely on browse from shrubs to get them through the winter period. One of the objectives of the Kluane Project was to obtain a good description of the changes in biomass and utilization of shrubs during the hare cycle, and in this chapter we present a summary of what we discovered. We include here the woody component of the plant community that grows between about 10 cm and 3-4 min height in the Kluane boreal forest. We exclude from this discussion small trees (discussed in chapter 7) and the dwarf woody plants such as Arc­ tostaphylos uva-ursi, which can be a dominant form of ground cover. In this section, we describe first the species that occur at Kluane and their relative abundances, the successional sequence in the shrub community, and the chemical defenses shrubs use against herbivores.
Voles and Mice
Authors: Boonstra Rudy , Krebs Charles J , Gilbert Scott , Schweiger Sabine
Published: November 2023

Small mammals are a ubiquitous, but less obvious, component of the herbivore com­ munity in the boreal forest. Small mammals are defined as those <100 g and generally represent <4% of the herbivore biomass in the Kluane Lake ecosystem. Across the boreal forest of North America, there are three main genera of cricetids. There are two species of the genus Clethrionomys, with the northern red-backed vole (C. rutilus) occupying the forests approximately north of 60° latitude (Martell and Fuller 1979, West 1982, Gilbert and Krebs 1991) and the southern red-backed vole (C. gapperi), occupying the rest (Grant 1976, Fuller 1985, Vickery et al. 1989). The deer mouse, Peromyscus mani­ culatus, is present throughout most of the boreal forest region (though in the Kluane area it is nearing the northern limit of its range). The Microtus voles (in order of decreasing abundance: the meadow vole, M. pennsylvanicus; the root vole, M. oeconomus; the singing vole, M. miurus; and the long-tailed vole, M. longicaudus) all occupy primarily grassy regions within the forest (meadows, marshes, and forest openings). In addition, the Kluane area has a rich diversity of rarer species (Krebs and Wingate 1976, 1985).
Raptors and Scavengers
Authors: Doyle Frank I , Smith James N M
Published: November 2023

The principal study to date of the responses of raptorial birds to the snowshoe hare cycle was conducted by Lloyd Keith and colleagues in a mixed farmland/ aspen parkland landscape at Rochester, Alberta. They found that great homed owls (Bubo virginianus) showed strong reproductive and numerical responses to hare abundance (Mclnvaille and Keith 1974, Adamcik et al. 1978). In contrast, red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) numbers at Rochester remained stable, even though their reproductive success declined as hares disappeared from the prey base (Adamcik et al. 1979). In Alaska, numbers and breeding success of northern goshawks responded positively to increasing hare abundance (McGowan 1975). Also in Alaska, golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) reproduced more successfully during a period of high hare and ptarmigan abundance (McIntyre and Adams 1999). The community and population level responses of other raptors to vole cycles have been studied intensively in Europe (e.g., Korpimaki and Norrdahl 1991) and less intensively in temperate North America (e.g., Phelan and Robertson 1978).
Conclusions and Future Directions
Authors: Krebs Charles J , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Sinclair A R E
Published: November 2023

The Kluane Region of the boreal forest has been particularly well studied during this 10-year project, and we were fortunate to begin our project with a strong background of ecological research that had been carried out since the 1950s at the Arctic Institute of North America Kluane Research Station. The boreal forest is a large and diverse ecozone, and our studies have been done on one special part of it. This caution must form the back­ ground of all our conclusions. As scientists we will generalize to the boreal forests of North America, and we hope that our results will be found to apply in general to this ecozone from Alaska to Newfoundland. But, of course, we do not know if this is correct until further work has been done in many locations to look for generalities and for differences. Ecological research is both blessed and cursed by this dilemma of applicability as it sits midway between the elegant generality of physics and the complex special cases of sociology. We generalize our results as hypotheses for future evaluation.
Crossroads of Freedom
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day in American history, and the turning point of the whole Civil War. At the point where Confederate troops invaded Maryland, poised to take Washington, the morale of the Union was at an all time low. It had suffered a series of defeats, it seemed that foreign governments were on the verge of recognizing the Confederacy and legitimizing its cause, and the Emancipation Proclamation had been shelved indefinitely. McPherson argues that the Union victory at Antietam sharply reversed all this, and gave the Union a new raison d'être in the form of Emancipation. McPherson combines a compelling narrative of the battle itself with a clear analysis of the political situation surrounding it. The final chapters discuss the aftermath of the battle, and its reputation as a pivotal moment in American history.
Indoor Air
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

Young children in developed countries spend over 90% of their time in homes, day-care centers, schools, motor vehicles, and other indoor environments. The EPA’s Science Advisory Board over the past several years has consistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five risks to public health in the United States. Sources of indoor air contaminants include occupant behaviors (especially smoking), water, building materials, consumer products, pets, insects, fungi, inadequately ventilated cooking and heating devices, and influx of outdoor air pollutants. Children inhale relatively high amounts of air per unit body weight per day and play at floor level, where concentrations of airborne contaminants may be relatively high. Airborne contaminants can disrupt lung growth and function during early childhood, causing persistent functional deficits and respiratory diseases.
Water
Authors: Wigle Donald T
Published: November 2023

The introduction of chlorinated drinking water during the early twentieth century virtually eliminated cholera, typhoid fever, and other waterborne infectious diseases in the regions served. Chlorine, a potent oxidizing agent, not only kills microbial agents but also reacts with natural organic material in raw water to produce hundreds of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). These DBPs include trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halophenols, halogenated furanones, and other halogenated hydrocarbons. There is limited epidemiologic evidence of associations between DBPs and adverse reproductive outcomes and certain cancers. Drinking water is also subject to contamination by natural sources (e.g., nitrate from agricultural operations), waste disposal (including leachates from hazardous waste disposal sites), and leakage from solvent storage containers. Trichloroethylene, for instance, is the most frequently reported organic contaminant in groundwater in the United States and is a probable human carcinogen; it has been used extensively as a degreaser in metal and automotive industries since the 1920s and was widely used in dry cleaning for several decades.
Schumann
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

Robert Schumann, one of the most beloved composers of the Romantic movement, embodied the passion and imaginative spirit of his age. Known for his musical and literary genius and his legendary romance with his wife Clara, Schumann was also plagued with debilitative bouts of depression that led him to live his last days in a German mental asylum. This important new biography recreates the dynamics of this man and his music with unprecedented range, offering new insight into his final years and his lasting musical achievements. Based on Schumann’s recently published journals, letters, and new research, author Eric Jensen renders a balanced portrait of the composer with both scholarly authority and engaging clarity. Biographical chapters alternate with commentary on Schumann’s piano, choral, symphonic, and operatic works, demonstrating how the circumstances of his life helped shape the music he wrote at various periods. Chronicling the forbidden romance of Robert and Clara, Jensen offers a nuanced look at the evolution of their relationship. He also follows Schuman’s creative musical criticism, which championed the burgeoning careers of Chopin, Liszt, and Brahms and challenged the musical tastes of nineteenth-century Europe. Most importantly, he presents new evidence that Schumann—locked away in the asylum at Endenich—had returned sufficiently to health to justify his removal from confinement a year before his death. Like the innovations of his final compositions from 1845-1854, his sanity was overlooked and misunderstood by his contemporaries. Jensen corrects the historical record, illuminating the tragedy of Schumann’s final days and refuting the common dismissal of his final works as the result of an unstable mind. A significant addition to music literature, Schumann is the first authoritative biography of the composer written for general readers as well as music students and historians.
Childhood and Youth
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

School He Was An Average Student,” Recalled Emil Flechsig, a close friend of Schumann during his youth, “rather dreamy and inattentive. But what soon struck me about him was the absolute certainty in his own mind that one day he would become famous. In what he would be famous-that had yet to be determined-but famous whatever the circumstances.” The “dreamy and inattentive” side of Schumann’s personality-Schumann, the romantic and impractical visionary-has been broadly affirmed by his biographers. His ambition has been all but forgotten. Zwickau, the small and tranquil town in Saxony where Schumann spent his childhood and youth, was an unlikely location for one bent on achieving fame in the world. Although he was only twelve years old when he first met Flechsig, by that age Schumann realized that his pursuit of fame would best be accomplished in the arts. Flechsig’s query-”in what Schumann would be famous”-remained unanswered for some time. But in Schumann’s mind there were only two possibilities: music or literature. Musical life in Leipzig was unusually rich. The venerable Gewandhaus concerts, created in 1781, were among the earliest and most eminent in Europe. At the time of Schumann’s residence in Leipzig, the series comprised twenty concerts per season. Other concert series included the Euterpe (orchestral concerts founded in 1824), as well as a chamber music series featuring the Matthai Quartet.
The Compositions, 1840-44
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

We all strive after a wider field, and rush thither like the stream which at length loses itself in the ocean. The soul struggles for activity, and comprehends its individuality.
The Oresteia
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Burian Peter
Published: November 2023

Aeschylus’ famed plays Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides comprise the Oresteia, which uses the dark and convoluted story of a family curse, and a long history of murder and revenge, to raise haunting questions about the nature and the price of justice. In Agamemnon , the Argive king reaches home following his victory in the Trojan War, only to meet his death at the hand of his wife, Clytemnestra. Horrible as this deed is shown to be, we also come to understand in the course of the play how justice has been satisfied by Agamemnon’s murder. The second play in the trilogy, The Libation Bearers (Choephoroe), portrays the vengeance of Agamemnon’s son Orestes, who returns from exile to exact the price of his father’s murder. With the aid of his sister Electra, Orestes kills Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. By spilling his mother’s blood, however, he invites the wrath of the ancient Erinyes, or Furies, and they begin to pursue him. The Eumenides shows the Furies’ pursuit of Orestes, who is protected by the younger god Apollo. Orestes is ultimately tried for his crime in Athens, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, casts the deciding vote on his behalf, and releases him from the ancient familial blood-guilt. Athena persuades the Furies to accept the new legal justice and a new role in the polis, as Kindly Ones, who will bless the city of Athens and its land. In this exciting new translation, at once faithful to the original and as fully alive as a poem in English, Alan Shapiro and Peter Burian showcase the complexity and intricate imagery of this great work of Athenian tragic poetry.
Psychiatric Disorders: Anxiety, Panic, Depression, and Somatization
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

A major question in the area of interoceptive processes is, Under what conditions do they appear to function improperly? Changes associated with medical or psychosomatic disorders-cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders-have already been discussed in Chapters 8 and 9. In this chapter, changes associated with psychiatric disorders will be addressed.
DDT and Its Analogues: New Insights into Their Endocrine-Disrupting Effects on Wildlife
Authors: Guillette Louis J , Kools Stefan A E , Gunderson Mark P , Bermudez Dieldrich S
Published: November 2023

From the 1940s to the beginning of the 1960s, pesticide use was seen as a major weapon against agricultural and public health pests with relatively few important detrimental consequences. However, with the publication of Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson in 1962, the public and scientific communities began to look at pesticide use differently. Pesticides did have beneficial effects, but there was a cost, and in many cases, the cost was unknown. These compounds were poi sons, and DDT and related compounds were persistent pollutants capable of bio accumulation and bio magnification within food chains.
“These Fragments We Have Shored against Our Ruin”
Authors: Parsons Peter
Published: November 2023

In September 1819, the poet Wordsworth fell to comparing the autumn birdsong with his own now elderly Muse. His thoughts turned to the fresh inspiration of the Greek poets; most of their work was lost, but perhaps scholarship might recover more: O ye who patiently explore The wreck of Herculanean lore, What rapture, could ye seize Some Theban fragment, or unroll One precious tender-hearted scroll Of pure Simonides.1 He was of course to be disappointed. The buried library of Herculaneum has not been good to Greek poets-at least, not so far. Egypt did better, at least for Pindar, once systematic digging for papyri began in the late nineteenth century; but even there Simonides, a poet whom longevity and productivity had made a classic in his lifetime and a legend thereafter, remained unrepresented until quite recently. Until 1959, indeed, all that survived was a scatter of quotations to contrast with the solid reputation. The miserable remains were last comprehensively collected and commented by Schneidewin in 1835.2 After that, much scholarship accrued but no more evidence. What Diehl could offer in his Anthologia Lyrica of 1925 was the same;3 but at least it offered all, indeed more than all, of what could reasonably be attributed to this poet. It was, in this respect, a backward step that the Oxford editions, which did now have new material to add, separated the lyric Simonides in Page from the elegiac Simonides in West, and both from the epigrams.which had by then been judged to be pseudepigraphic.4 It is a great merit of the Loeb by David Campbell5 that itreunites the scattered limbs; and we must hope that the commentary in preparation by O. Poltera will do the same.6 This is not just a matter of tidiness. In Simonides, we have a supreme example of the jobbing poet who is also a celebrity: a wider range of genres and correspondingly of styles and perhaps correspondingly of occasions than any Greek poet we know—and it is the juxtaposition of his fragments that highlights his activity.
Testing “Clinical” Risk Factors
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Appelbaum Eric Silver Paul S , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven
Published: November 2023

As mentioned earlier, advice to clinicians on how to assess violence risk has usually consisted of emphasizing a set of “key” risk factors that clinicians are admonished to take into account when making predictive judgments. The MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study provided an opportunity to test the relationships between a large number of these proffered risk factors and subsequent violence. The previous chapter considered risk factors taken from the “criminological” tradition-gender, prior violence and criminality, child hood experiences, and neighborhood.
Policy Frameworks, Research, and K-12 Schooling
Authors: Hope Samuel
Published: November 2023

Looking back over the last 100 years, one sees a clear overall advance for music in the schools. The expertise and dedication of professional music teachers have produced regular expansions of substance and scope. Policies supporting school music programs that demand the work of such professionals have been a resounding success for education, the art of music, and culture more generally. However, many other forces are at work developing ideas and values in society as a whole. All these forces are constituted and reconstituted into policy frameworks that wield powerful influences on decision making. Aspirations, content, expert and lay personnel, organizational structures, funding patterns, and many other elements combine and recombine over time. A policy framework is a constellation of such forces and resources moving together or in parallel to fulfill a common purpose. The influences of various policy frameworks are as complex as life itself, and as difficult to understand. It is easy to be blinded by simplicity, to get lost in complexity, and to be so involved in one policy framework that the others are obscure, unreal, or beyond reasonable engagement. All these positions are dangerous. Each can thwart or stop a progressing cause. Indeed, some forces and frameworks have hurt or destroyed specific music education programs, thus slowing, but not stopping, the aggregate development of the field.
Theory, Research, and the Improvement of Music Education
Authors: Westbury Ian
Published: November 2023

Like their colleagues in the other fields of educational theory and research, most researchers and theorists in music education assume that as the knowledge and insights that they provide the field become incorporated as best practices in schools, the improvement or at least the enhancement of music education will result. They believe that their work offers, to use the term from the epigraph from Levine’s (1986) essay, a privileged foundation for better curricula and ways of teaching.1 This chapter will seek to problematize that assumption. I will take as my starting point and as my given that neither the basic or applied research of education nor the theory building of the field has had or is having any discernible systemic effects on music teaching in either schools or studios. And how theory and research might have such an impact remains, as Olson and Bruner (1998) remind us, “almost as mysterious as when such efforts first began.” I will be arguing here that this situation is inevitable because the vision of a foundational theory and research that lead to a better practice within schooling is in principle unrealizable. My argument is grounded in the praxial movement within educational theory, which has been well outlined for music educators by, for example, McCarthy (1999). However, I will not be seeking here to extend or develop the base for the praxial perspective insofar as it bears on music education. Instead I will direct the perspective toward both the metatheory of educational theory and research and the school, the institution that hosts much of the work of music education. I will be arguing, with Elliott (1994), that without a clear understanding of the school and schooling and its context, the seeming implications for practice of any “old” or “new” philosophy of music education, body of findings from empirical research, ambitious curriculum projects, or national curricula will run headlong into the brick wall of the institution.2 I will be arguing that it is only as we have an appropriate understanding of the school and its people, the enveloping context of any program, that we will be in a position to engage in realistic improvement and reform in music education, science education, or whatever-and that that improving work will not be theoretical or research-based in any traditional way.
Self-Regulation of Musical Learning A Social Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Mcpherson Gary E , Zimmerman Barry J
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, researchers have taken various approaches to studying how musicians acquire and refine their skills as performers. Some of the most important research has been undertaken by music psychologists who have studied the quantity and quality of experts’ practice (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Sloboda, Davidson, Howe, & Moore, 1996). Evidence across other pursuits such as poetry, painting, mathematics, chess, and sport (Bloom, 1985; Chase & Simon, 1973; Ericsson, 1996; Hayes, 1989; see further Lehmann & Davidson, this volume) confirm findings in music (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Sloboda, Davidson, Howe, & Moore, 1996) that experts undertake vast amounts of practice over a period of more than 10 years to perfect their skills to mastery level (Hayes, 1989; Weisberg, 1999). In music, international level violinists invest more than 10,500 hours of “deliberate practice” on their instrument by the age of 20 (an average of almost 2 hours per day across a 15-year period), in contrast to around 8,000 hours for professional players and 4,000 hours for music teachers (Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993). One could assume from these findings that practice does indeed make perfect.
The Neurobiology of Music Cognition and Learning
Authors: Gruhn Wilfried , Rauscher Frances
Published: November 2023

The last century has provided a wealth of important data about cognition and learning. However, with the cognitive revolution in developmental psychology and the rise of Piaget’s theory within developmental psychology, the emphasis shifted from learning to thinking. Consequently, we now know quite a bit about children’s thinking at different ages, but we know little about how they learn. The movement away from studying children’s learning reflected more than a shift in interest; it also reflected an assumption that development and learning are fundamentally different processes. However, learning and cognition are two sides of the same coin. What one knows is largely based upon what one has learned, and learning, of course, generates knowledge. Therefore, any theory of development that has little to say about how children learn is a seriously limited theory of development. Over the past decade, the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of cognitive neuroscience has led to the realization that the neural basis of cognition and learning can be empirically studied. Such investigations commonly lead to fresh insights and theories about a variety of developmental processes. This chapter reviews current research on the neural basis of music learning and cognition with the view that neuroscientific research is as relevant to musical processes as knowledge and concepts gained from the study of, for example, perception, emotion, and motor function. Where possible, we refer the reader to relevant chapters elsewhere in this Handbook for a greater degree of technical detail.
A Comparative Review of Human Ability Theory Context, Structure, and Development
Authors: Torff Bruce
Published: November 2023

A quick look around the world yields abundant examples of impressive human accomplishments. People are able to set new records in athletics, publish groundbreaking scientific works, and produce beautiful and challenging new music and art. Examples such as these raise old and vexing questions about the human abilities involved in complex performances like those in athletics, science, music, and art. To what extent do complex performances require abilities unique to particular domains and disciplines (e.g., language, mathematics)? To what extent are complex performances dependent upon general abilities that cut across domains and disciplines? How and why did abilities take this form, over the aeons? How do abilities change with age and experience? How can they be fostered? These questions have been tackled over the centuries by a diverse group of psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, educators, and others focused on cognition, learning, development, and education. Historically, complex performances have posed a daunting challenge for these researchers. Accordingly, psychological work in the last century has made more headway with simpler performances that are easily measured, especially ones in laboratory settings that allow researchers to control the context in which tasks and instruments are implemented. Complex performances are far harder to study, and the psychological literature reflects this fact. As a result, practitioners and educators in many disciplines find the psychological literature too remote to be of much value (Egan, 1992).
Making Music and Making Sense Through Music Expressive Performance and Communication
Authors: Kopiez Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Music and Meaning Music itself seems to be an ideal medium to communicate meaning, perhaps much more effective than language. This may apply even if the meaning is not directly related to the musical structure itself but rather to associations evoked from listening to it. As Cook (1998, p. 3f.) demonstrates in his functional analysis of television commercials, “advertisers use music to communicate meanings that would take too long to put into words, or that would carry no conviction in them ... Rock stands for youth, freedom, being true to yourself “Seen from this point of view, we participate daily in a continual experiment in which meaning is attributed to music by watching commercials. This is true regardless of the situation in which we encounter music. Generalizing more broadly: whatever stimuli human beings encounter or whichever activities they take part in, there is a constant wish to seek meaning. Already by 1894 Bolton and Meumann had published two remarkable studies. Meumann’s review investigated the impressions formed by 17 subjects upon listening to an isochronous sequence of clicks, that is, a series of events with equal temporal distance. Similarly, the 28 subjects in Bolton’s study listened to isochronous clicks and were then “invited to say anything that suggested itself to them, whatever the character” (p. 184). When asked to count the clicks, the subjects-even those with no musical appreciation at all-used counting systems that grouped the clicks into units of 2 or 4. Both authors termed the effect tic-toe effect, which has today become known as subjective rhythmization.
The Social Construction of Music Teacher Identity in Undergraduate Music Education Majors
Authors: Woodford Paul G
Published: November 2023

Sociology is the systematic study of society and its institutions and the ways individuals and groups interact. Sociologists examine the nature and structure of, and relations among, various groups with a view to obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of social life (Wallace & Wolf, 1999, p. 3). Of particular interest to many sociologists is how individuals and groups evolve in their thinking and social practices over time yet manage to develop and sustain a sense of personal and collective identity (Green, 1999, p. 160). Social constructivists go even further, asserting that our perceptions and understandings of the world and everyday reality are socially mediated and constructed, meaning that they are built up through social experience and interaction (Green, 1997, p. 192). As Small (1998) explains, What each of us holds to be reality is not objective or absolute but is, to use the sociologists’ term, socially constructed. It is composed of learned sets of assumptions about the relationships of the world, and it is those, overlapping and varying, that constitute the pattern of meanings that holds together groups of human beings, whether large or small, from empires and nations to associations, clubs, families, and bonded pairs. How we acquire that sense of what is reality is a dialectical process between, on the one hand, the experience and the inborn temperament of each individual and, on the other, the perceptions of the various social groups to which he or she belongs. (p. 131)
Introduction: Fuzzy Teacher Education
Authors: Raths James
Published: November 2023

This part of the Handbook includes some of the finest essays I have ever read in one collection dealing with research on teacher education. The chapters here are concerned with the major issues of the day, from teacher education curriculum, student teaching, teacher research, to professional development. The authors are primarily music educators and their interests are essentially focused on teacher education in the field of music. However, almost every chapter author agreed to address the assigned topics by reviewing the research in music teacher education more broadly conceived and then interpolating the meaning of that research for music teacher education. As a whole, they have performed their tasks admirably.