bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulations of the bi-modal wake past three-dimensional blunt bluff bodies
Authors: Dalla Longa L. , Evstafyeva O. , Morgans A. S.
Published: March 2019

The bi-modal behaviour of the turbulent flow past three-dimensional blunt bluff bodies is simulated using wall-resolved large eddy simulations. Bi-modality (also called bi-stability) is a phenomenon that occurs in the wakes of three-dimensional bluff bodies. It manifests as a random displacement of the wake between preferred off-centre locations. Two bluff bodies are considered in this work: a conventional square-back Ahmed body representative of road cars, and a simplified lorry, which is taller than it is wide, with its aspect ratio corresponding to a 15 % European lorry scale model. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the asymmetric bi-modal switching behaviour of the wake, observed experimentally, has been captured in simulations. The resulting unsteady flow fields are then analysed, revealing instantaneous topological changes in the wake experiencing bi-modal switching. The best-resolved case, the simplified lorry geometry, is then studied in greater detail using modal decomposition to gain insights into the energy content and the dominant frequencies of the wake flow structures associated with the asymmetric states. High-frequency snapshots of the switching sequence allow us to propose that large hairpin vortices are responsible for the triggering of the switching.
Mediating Illegality: Federal, State, and Institutional Policies in the Educational Experiences of Undocumented College Students
Authors: Enriquez Laura E. , Morales Hernandez Martha , Millán Daniel , Vazquez Vera Daisy
Published: March 2019

Immigration federalism scholarship has established that state and local government policies can make federally defined immigration status more or less consequential. Drawing primarily on focus groups and interviews with 184 undocumented students attending the University of California, we suggest that institutional policies work alongside state and local efforts to mediate the consequences of illegality for undocumented students. We find that the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, state-funded financial aid policies, and university support programs all facilitate the integration of undocumented students by increasing access to higher education and enabling fuller participation. Although federal policies contribute to persistent barriers to academic engagement and professional development, we show that universities can intervene to improve educational experiences and opportunities. Ultimately, we argue that university policies are a key site for intervening in immigration policy and constructing immigrant illegality.
In vivoselection forHaemonchus contortusresistance to monepantel
Authors: Niciura S.C.M. , Cruvinel G.G. , Moraes C.V. , Chagas A.C.S. , Esteves S.N. , Benavides M.V. , Amarante A.F.T.
Published: March 2019

Gastrointestinal nematodes significantly affect the ovine industry, andHaemonchus contortusis considered the most pathogenic parasite in tropical regions. This situation is aggravated when the main strategy to control worms fails because of the genetic resistance that parasites acquire against anthelmintics. Aiming to anticipate the events involved in anthelmintic resistance, we induced monepantel resistance inH. contortusbyin vivosubdosing of sheep hosts. Four successive passages of a monepantel-susceptibleH. contortusisolate in Santa Ines or Ile de France sheep hosts resulted in three monepantel-resistant (efficacy varying from 0 to 58.5%)H. contortusisolates. Sheep hosts were treated from 0.075 mg/kg to the therapeutic dose of 2.5 mg/kg of monepantel in 19–26 rounds of selection for 112–133 weeks. Success in inducingH. contortusresistance to monepantel may have been affected by worm burden and by host–parasite interactions, including a possible effect of the breed of sheep hosts. We conclude that subdosing of sheep, although time-consuming, is an efficientin vivostrategy for the induction of monepantel resistance inH. contortus. The resistant parasites can be used in further studies to elucidate the genetic and biochemical events involved in the acquisition of anthelmintic resistance.
Study on electron emission by a spherical object: dynamics of trapped particles
Authors: Coppa G. , Mulas R.
Published: March 2019

In this paper, the dynamics of electrons emitted by a spherical object when the total charge of the system is constant is studied in detail. In particular, the condition for which the total electron charge presents damped oscillations is deduced rigorously by considering a perturbation with respect to the steady-state solution. The results obtained can be of utility in simulating the expansion of a spherical plasma by separating the ion and electron time scales.
Tongan
Authors: Garellek Marc , Tabain Marija
Published: March 2019

Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation with a grammatical overview (Taumoefolau 1998), a phonological sketch of the language (Feldman 1978), two dictionaries (Churchward 1959, Tu‘inukuafe 1992), journal and working papers on stress (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015), intonation (Kuo & Vicenik 2012), as well as the ‘definitive accent’ (discussed below) and the phonological status of identical vowel sequences (Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018). This illustration is meant to provide an overview of the phonetic structures of the language, and includes novel acoustic data on its three-way word-initial laryngeal contrasts, which are cross-linguistically rare. The recordings accompanying this illustration come from Veiongo Hehepoto, a native speaker of Tongan currently living in Melbourne, Australia. Ms. Veiongo was born in 1950 on the island of Vava‘u (northern Tonga), but grew up and was educated in the capital city Nuku‘alofa on Tongatapu (see Figure 1). She moved to Vanuatu when she was 16 years old, and when she was 21 moved to Australia where she trained as a nurse. She continues to speak Tongan every day with family members (including children, who were born in Australia) and friends.
Cannabis use disorders may protect against certain disorders of the digestive organs in people with schizophrenia but not in healthy controls
Authors: Olesen Julie Aamand , Posselt Christine Merrild , Poulsen Chalotte Heinsvig , Nordentoft Merete , Hjorthøj Carsten
Published: March 2019

Background.Previous studies have shown a potential for cannabis in disorders of the digestive organs. We aimed to investigate whether cannabis use disorders (CUD) would decrease the risk of incident disorders of the digestive organs, in people with schizophrenia and population controls.

Methods.We combined nationwide Danish registers to identify 21 066 cases with schizophrenia and 176 935 sex-and-age-matched controls. Two models were analyzed for the associations between CUD and digestive disorders in time-varying Cox regressions: one adjusted for sex, year of birth, and calendar year; and one further adjusted for alcohol and other substance use disorders and parental education.

Results.CUD was associated with a decreased risk of developing disorders of gut–brain interaction (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, etc.) among cases with schizophrenia (HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.74–0.94,p= 0.003). CUD was associated with decreased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.49–0.99,p= 0.045) in the basically adjusted model, dropping just below statistical significance in the fully adjusted model (HR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.48–1.03,p= 0.07). CUD displayed a tendency toward a decreased risk of serious disorders of the digestive organs among cases with schizophrenia (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.77–1.02,p= 0.09) in the fully adjusted model. No associations were observed among controls.

Conclusions.In people with schizophrenia, but not in controls, CUD is associated with decreased risk of disorders of gut–brain interaction and inflammatory bowel disease, and possibly other serious disorders of the digestive organs. Our findings could lead to new targets for treatment and prevention of disorders of the digestive organs.
THE BLINDFOLD AND THE GLASS CEILING
Authors: Moore Kate
Published: March 2019

This article is based on keynote presentations that the author gave in December 2015 at the New Emergences conference at Splendor, Amsterdam, and in June 2018 at the Gender and Diversity in Music-Making conference at Monash University, Australia.
György Kurtág, Samuel Beckett: Fin de partie – scènes et monologues, opéra en un acte.
Authors: Willson Rachel Beckles
Published: March 2019

Beckett's 1976 poem ‘Roundelay’ is sung as a Prologue to Kurtág's opera, Samuel Beckett: Fin de partie – scènes et monologues, opéra en un acte, which was premiered at La Scala, Milan, on 15 November 2018. As an opening gesture it recalls Duke Bluebeard's Castle, in which a spoken Prologue enigmatically conjures a world of fairy-tale that simultaneously reveals a psycho-drama (where is the stage? outside or inside?). ‘Roundelay’ is yet more enigmatic but similarly prescient: we are entering a time-space in which the sound of words is as important as their meaning, and where lonely characters attempt to cope with their sense of imminent end, mysteriously near and yet also bafflingly unreachable. The voice itself is also prophetic, sung as it is by the opera's only female character, Nell, who in Pierre Audi's production is only partly visible, illuminated as if a ghost in a spot of light amid the darkness, hovering well above the stage. There is a normatively bleak perspective on gender at play throughout: Nell's other-worldliness and incongruous melodiousness here anticipate her barely acknowledged death and the consequent obliteration of love.
Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Programmes on the Job Quality of Welfare Recipients in Germany
Authors: DENGLER KATHARINA
Published: March 2019

Using rich administrative data on unemployed welfare recipients in Germany and propensity score matching, the author analyses the effects of participating in four major active labour market programmes (ALMPs) on various dimensions of job quality. In Germany, welfare recipients may suffer from poor job quality because they are forced to accept any reasonable job offer. However, few studies consider the effects of participation in ALMPs on job quality. The results imply that participation in a programme not only increases the probability of taking jobs but also increases the probability of holding a high-quality job for some dimension of job quality. In particular, further vocational training is very effective in terms of job quality for West German women. Thus, job centres should focus on the activation of unemployed welfare recipients.
Varieties of Employment Subsidy Design: Theory and Evidence from Across Europe
Authors: CRONERT AXEL
Published: March 2019

Employment subsidy programs have experienced considerable expansion across Europe in recent decades. To date, most studies analyzing this policy shift have assumed that these programs are largely equivalent in terms of their designs, effects, and explanations. In contrast, this article argues that employment subsidies are best understood as versatile multi-purpose tools that can be used as means to rather different distributional ends. Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis to explore novel data from hundreds of employment subsidy programs across Europe, this article develops a new typology based on two overarching trade-offs. The typology highlights that employment subsidies may be designed tocounteractas well as tosustaininsider/outsider divides in the labor market, and that they may be designed to tackle eitherstructuralorcyclicallabor market problems. In a first empirical evaluation of the typology, programs with different designs are found to vary systematically in terms of distributional outcomes and starting conditions.
Recurrence ofClostridium difficileinfection in the Western Australian population
Authors: Alfayyadh M. , Collins D. A. , Tempone S. , McCann R. , Armstrong P. K. , Riley T. V. , Cook A.
Published: March 2019

Clostridium difficile, the most common cause of hospital-associated diarrhoea in developed countries, presents major public health challenges. The high clinical and economic burden fromC. difficileinfection (CDI) relates to the high frequency of recurrent infections caused by either the same or different strains ofC. difficile. An interval of 8 weeks after index infection is commonly used to classify recurrent CDI episodes. We assessed strains ofC. difficilein a sample of patients with recurrent CDI in Western Australia from October 2011 to July 2017. The performance of different intervals between initial and subsequent episodes of CDI was investigated. Of 4612 patients with CDI, 1471 (32%) were identified with recurrence. PCR ribotyping data were available for initial and recurrent episodes for 551 patients. Relapse (recurrence with same ribotype (RT) as index episode) was found in 350 (64%) patients and reinfection (recurrence with new RT) in 201 (36%) patients. Our analysis indicates that 8- and 20-week intervals failed to adequately distinguish reinfection from relapse. In addition, living in a non-metropolitan area modified the effect of age on the risk of relapse. Where molecular epidemiological data are not available, we suggest that applying an 8-week interval to define recurrent CDI requires more consideration.
Isolation, characterization and optimization of EPSs produced by a cold-adaptedMarinobacterisolate from Antarctic seawater
Authors: Caruso Consolazione , Rizzo Carmen , Mangano Santina , Poli Annarita , Di Donato Paola , Nicolaus Barbara , Finore Ilaria , Di Marco Gaetano , Michaud Luigi , Lo Giudice Angelina
Published: March 2019

Marinobactersp. W1-16 from Antarctic surface seawater was analysed for the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). Enhancement of the EPS biosynthesis was carried out by evaluating the influences of the carbon source (type and concentration), temperature, pH and salinity. EPS yields varied strongly depending on sugar substrate and temperature, while pH and salinity did not strongly affect levels of EPS production.Marinobactersp. W1-16 produced the highest quantity of EPSs when growing at 15°C and pH 8, in the presence of 2% glucose and 3% NaCl. The EPS chemical characterization revealed a molecular weight of about 260 kDa. Colorimetric assays determined a higher quantity of carbohydrate than of proteins and uronic acids, as well as the presence of sulphate, in the extracted EPSs. The monosaccharidic composition resulted in Glc:Man:Gal:GalN:GalA:GlcA in relative molar proportions of 1:0.9:0.2:0.1:0.1:0.01. Some biotechnological potentialities (i.e. emulsifying and cryoprotective actions, and heavy metal binding properties) of the EPSs were proved, suggesting possible industrial and bioremediation applications.
Breastfeeding continuation at 6 weeks postpartum remediates the negative effects of prenatal intimate partner violence on infant temperament
Authors: Miller-Graff Laura , Scheid Caroline R.
Published: March 2019

Very little work has examined potential moderating effects in the link between prenatal intimate partner violence (IPV) and infant adjustment, especially in the first critical weeks following delivery. The current study evaluated the protective role of breastfeeding in the relationship between prenatal IPV and infant temperament at 4 months. Pregnant women (n= 82) were interviewed during pregnancy and at 6 weeks and 4 months postpartum. It was hypothesized that (a) prenatal IPV would predict infant temperament outcomes at the 4-month postpartum visit, and (b) breastfeeding continuation at 6 weeks acts as a protective factor such that breastfed infants will be less affected by the risk posed by prenatal IPV. Results indicated direct and negative effects of prenatal IPV on positive affectivity/surgency and orienting/regulatory capacity at 4 months. A significant moderating effect of breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum was identified. Mothers who were not breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum demonstrated the expected negative relationship between prenatal IPV exposure and infant adjustment, but if mothers were breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum, the relationship between IPV exposure and infant positive affectivity/surgency and orienting/regulatory capacity was not significantly different from zero. Results indicate a significant protective effect of breastfeeding in the intergenerational transmission of risk for infants born to mothers exposed to IPV.
Student-Run Exit Polls 101
Authors: Croco Sarah E. , Suhay Elizabeth , Blum Rachel , Mason Lilliana , Noel Hans , Ladd Jonathan , Bailey Michael A.
Published: March 2019

As professors, we seek not only to impart knowledge about issues and concepts in American politics but also to engage and inspire students to become more knowledgeable and more active in politics. This article explains how a student-run exit poll conducted on Election Day 2016 accomplished both goals. Seven faculty members from four universities pooled our students and carried out an exit poll in the District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio. By the time the polls closed, our students had spoken to more than 2,300 respondents, providing a memorable experience and creating a shared dataset that served as the centerpiece for many final class projects. Through this project, students gained hands-on experience in survey design, sampling, research ethics, polling, and data analysis.
Quality of life improves after palliative placement of percutaneous tunneled drainage catheter for refractory ascites in prospective study of patients with end-stage cancer
Authors: Robson Piera Cote , Gonen Mithat , Ni Ai , Brody Lynn , Brown Karen T. , Getrajdman George , Thom Bridgette , Kline Nancy , Covey Anne
Published: March 2019

Objective

Percutaneous tunneled drainage catheter (PTDC) placement is a palliative alternative to serial paracenteses in patients with end-stage cancer and refractory ascites. The impact of PTDC on quality of life (QoL) and long-term outcomes has not been prospectively described. The objective was to evaluate changes in QoL after PTDC.

Method

Eligible adult patients with end-stage cancer undergoing PTDC placement for refractory ascites completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire and McGill Quality of Life instruments before PTDC placement and at 2 to 7 days and 2 to 4 weeks after PTDC. Catheter function, complications, and laboratory values were assessed. Analysis of QoL data was evaluated with a stratified Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Result

Fifty patients enrolled. Survey completion ranged from 65% to 100% (median 88%) across timepoints. All patients had a Tenckhoff catheter, with 98% technical success. Median survival after PTDC was 38 days (95% confidence interval = 32, 57 days). European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer scores showed improvement in global QoL (p = 0.03) at 1 week postprocedure (PP). Significant symptom improvement was reported for fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, and appetite at 1 week PP and was sustained at 3 weeks PP for dyspnea (p < 0.01), insomnia (p < 0.01), and appetite loss (p = 0.03). McGill Quality of Life demonstrated overall QoL improvement at 1 (p = 0.03) and 3 weeks (p = 0.04) PP. Decline in sodium and albumin values pre- and post-PTDC slowed significantly (albumin slope –0.43 to –0.26, p = 0.055; sodium slope –2.50 to 1.31, p = 0.04). Creatinine values increased at an accelerated pace post-PTDC (0.040 to 0.21, p < 0.01). Thirty-eight catheter-related complications occurred in 24 of 45 patients (53%).

Significance of results

QoL and symptoms improved after PTDC placement for refractory ascites in patients with end-stage malignancy. Decline in sodium and albumin values slowed postplacement. This study supports the use of a PTDC for palliation of refractory ascites in cancer patients.
A wideband, single layer reflectarray antenna with cross loop and square ring slot loaded patch elements
Authors: Veluchamy Lingasamy , Mohammed Gulam Nabi Alsath , Krishnasamy T. Selvan , Jyoti Rajeev
Published: March 2019

This paper presents the design and analysis of a wideband X/Ku and Ku band reflectarray antenna. The proposed unit cell of the reflectarray antenna comprises a patch loaded with two distinct slots, viz. a square ring and a cross loop, printed on a low loss substrate, which is backed by a foam-loaded ground plane. The unit cell element offers a linear and large dynamic reflection phase range, which is achieved by optimizing the shape, location, and geometrical parameters of the two slots loaded on the patch. A 324 element microstrip reflectarray antenna of size 200 × 200 mm2 is constructed and analyzed for its radiation characteristics by simulation and measurement. The reflectarray offers a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 50.75% with the operating frequency range of 10–16.8 GHz. It offers a peak gain and aperture efficiency of 25.4 dB and 40% at 12.6 GHz, respectively. The cross-polarization level is below −40 dB over the entire operating frequency range.
A low-noise and flexible FPGA-based binary signal measurement generator
Authors: Notzon Gordon , Storch Robert , Musch Thomas , Vogt Michael
Published: March 2019

In the area of electromagnetic metrology, binary coded excitation signals become more and more important and various binary coded sequences are available. The measurement approach is to assess the impulse response function of a device under test by correlating the response signal with the excitation signal. In order to achieve a high measurement reproducibility as well as a high dynamic range, the generated binary coded signals have to provide low-noise. In this contribution, a low-noise signal generator realized with a field programmable gate array is presented. The performance investigation of different kinds of binary coded excitation signals and different correlation concepts have been practically investigated. With a chip rate of 5 Gchip/s, the generator can be utilized for ultra-wideband applications. In order to allow for a low-noise and long-term stable signal generation, a new clock generator concept is presented and results of phase noise measurements are shown. Furthermore, an algorithm to fast and precisely shifting the time lag between two binary coded signals for correlating excitation and response signals with a hardware correlator is presented. Finally, the realized demonstrator system is tested using two commonly used types of binary coded sequences.
Target site–based penoxsulam resistance in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) from China
Authors: Fang Jiapeng , Liu Tingting , Zhang Yuhua , Li Jun , Dong Liyao
Published: March 2019

Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] is acknowledged to be the most troublesome weed in rice fields in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China. It cannot be effectively controlled using certain acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, including penoxsulam. Echinochloa crus-galli samples with suspected resistance to penoxsulam were collected to identify the target site–based mechanism underlying this resistance. Populations AXXZ-2 and JNRG-2 showed 33- and 7.3-fold resistance to penoxsulam, respectively, compared with the susceptible JLGY-3 population. Cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors was reported in AXXZ-2 but not in JNRG-2, and occasionally showed higher sensitivity than JLGY-3. In vitro ALS activity assays revealed that penoxsulam concentrations required to inhibit 50% of ALS activity were 11 and 5.2 times greater in AXXZ-2 and JNRG-2, respectively, than in JLGY-3. DNA and predicted amino acid sequence analyses of ALS revealed Ala-205-Val and Ala-122-Gly substitutions in AXXZ-2 and JNRG-2, respectively. Our results indicate that these substitutions in ALS are at least partially responsible for resistance to penoxsulam.
Nephrologische Diagnostik mit der Toolbox des Hausarztes
Authors: Seeger Harald , Kistler Andreas D.
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Nierenerkrankungen sind oft asymptomatisch oder präsentieren sich unspezifisch und werden häufig als Zufallsbefund im Rahmen einer Laborkontrolle diagnostiziert. Bei neu diagnostizierter Niereninsuffizienz sollte der Arzt anhand Anamnese und spezifischer Untersuchungen die Dynamik (akut versus chronisch) feststellen und die Ursache der Nierenfunktionsstörung identifizieren. Dies ist entscheidend, um behandelbare Nierenerkrankungen zu erkennen und den Patienten der richtigen Therapie zuzuführen. Die Identifikation der Ursache und die Feststellung des Schweregrades sind zudem erforderlich um die renale und kardiovaskuläre Prognose abzuschätzen. Nicht zuletzt ist der Grad der Niereninsuffizienz für die Dosisanpassung renal eliminierter Medikamente und Abschätzung möglicher Komplikationen der Niereninsuffizienz wichtig. Die notwendigen diagnostischen Mittel, um diese Einschätzungen vorzunehmen und zu entscheiden, wann ein Patient einer fachärztlichen nephrologischen Abklärung zugeführt werden muss, stehen den meisten Hausärzten zur Verfügung. Zur Diagnose und Stadieneinteilung der Niereninsuffizienz sind die Bestimmung des Kreatinins und darauf basierend die Abschätzung der glomerulären Filtrationsrate (GFR) notwendig. Als zweite Säule ist die Untersuchung des Urins (Proteinurie, Albuminurie, Urinsediment) richtungsweisend. Je nach Befund können weitere Laborabklärungen sinnvoll sein. Die Sonographie ist die primäre bildgebende Methode um eine Niereninsuffizienz näher einzuordnen. In diesem Artikel werden die oben genannten Methoden näher beschrieben und deren potentielle Fallstricke thematisiert.
Hämodialyse und Peritonealdialyse: Was Nicht-Nephrologen wissen sollten
Authors: Fischer Andreas
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hämodialyse und Peritonealdialyse stehen zur Lebensverlängerung von zunehmend älteren und polymorbiden Patienten mit chronischer Niereninsuffizienz zur Verfügung. Bei qualifizierten Patienten dient die Dialyse als Überbrückung bis zur Nierentransplantation. Hämodialyse und Peritonealdialyse sind aufwändige und belastende Therapien. Sie ersetzen die Nierenfunktion suboptimal und schränken die Lebensqualität ein. Die Wahl der Nierenersatztherapie soll patientenzentriert, nach ausführlicher Information in einem multidisziplinären Team und gemeinsam erfolgen. Bei der Wahl der Dialysemethode spielt der Wunsch des Patienten die zentrale Rolle. Medizinische Kriterien können die Wahl beschränken. Die Hämodialyse ist eine sehr effiziente, intermittierend durchgeführte Nierenersatztherapie und findet in der Regel an einem Dialysezentrum statt. Die Peritonealdialyse ist eine sanftere Therapie und wird vom Patienten zu Hause selbstständig oder mit Unterstützung durchgeführt. Peritonealdialyse und Hämodialyse sind bezüglich Patientenüberleben vergleichbar. Im Langzeitverlauf wird häufiger von einer Peritonealdialyse auf Hämodialyse gewechselt als umgekehrt. Die Lebensqualität wird in der Regel an der Peritonealdialyse als höher eingeschätzt als bei der Hämodialyse. Eine Dialysetherapie soll nicht zu früh gestartet werden. Ausser bei sehr stark eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion (GFR < 6 ml / Min. / 1.73 m2) kann mit dem Dialysebeginn zugewartet werden, solange der Patient keine urämischen Symptome entwickelt, die Neigung zur Hypervolämie kontrollierbar ist und keine gefährdenden Laborwerte vorliegen. Dialysepatienten sind chronisch krank, oft hochgradig polymorbid und psychosozial belastet. Nur ein multidisziplinäres Betreuungsteam kann den Bedürfnissen dieser Patienten gerecht werden. Der Grundversorger spielt auch bei der Betreuung von Dialysepatienten eine wichtige Rolle. Besonders relevant sind die frühzeitige Identifikation von Patienten mit Risikofaktoren für oder in frühem Stadium einer Nephropathie und die rechtzeitige Zuweisung bei Auftreten von sekundären Komplikationen und im Hinblick auf die Vorbereitung der Nierenersatztherapie.
Die Rolle der morphologischen Bewusstheit bei Lese- und Rechtschreibleistungen
Authors: Volkmer Susanne , Schulte-Körne Gerd , Galuschka Katharina
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Obwohl die morphologische Bewusstheit (MB) eine wichtige Rolle beim Schriftspracherwerb spielt, ist sie im deutschsprachigen Raum wenig untersucht und es gibt keine publizierten Testverfahren dafür. Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang der MB mit verschiedenen Maßen der Lesefähigkeit, mit der Rechtschreibfähigkeit und der phonologischen Bewusstheit (PB) bei deutschsprachigen Kindern. Methodik: Um die MB zu erheben, wurde ein MB-Screening entwickelt. 172 Zweitklässler wurden hinsichtlich Lesegeschwindigkeit, Leseflüssigkeit, lautierendem Lesen von Pseudowörtern und Rechtschreibleistungen sowie ihrer MB und PB getestet. Ergebnisse: Die MB korrelierte auch im Deutschen mit den erhobenen Maßen der Lesefähigkeit sowie mit der Rechtschreibfähigkeit und der PB. Die MB konnte sowohl zusätzlich zur PB als auch alleine einen signifikanten Beitrag an Varianz der Lesegeschwindigkeit, Leseflüssigkeit und Rechtschreibleistung aufklären. Beim lautierenden Lesen von Pseudowörtern war die zusätzliche Varianzaufklärung durch die MB hingegen nicht signifikant. Außerdem war die Varianzaufklärung sowohl einer Lesestörung als auch einer Rechtschreibstörung durch die MB alleine signifikant. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die wichtige Rolle der MB im Schriftspracherwerb auch im Deutschen. Besonders für die Förderung nicht nur der Rechtschreibung, sondern bspw. auch der schwer zu fördernden Lesegeschwindigkeit, ist die MB ein vielversprechender Ansatz.
Oxygen Generation by Carbon Dioxide Glow Discharge and Separation by Permeation Through Ultrathin Silver Membranes
Authors: Premathilake Dilshan , Outlaw Ronald A. , Quinlan Ronald A. , Byvik Charles E.
Published: March 2019

A six Torr CO2 glow discharge in combination with a heated W mesh‐reinforced ultrathin Ag membrane is used to generate molecular oxygen. The Ag membrane is a commercially available 25‐μm‐thick Ag foil backed by a 25‐μm‐thick W electroformed mesh. The permeation flux is inversely dependent on the membrane thickness and exponentially dependent on the membrane temperature. Calculations show that a pressure differential of 1 atmosphere can be supported by the W mesh/Ag foil membrane at temperatures up to 350 °C. In this work, a glow discharge for pressures between 2 and 15 Torr CO2 and temperatures up to 500 °C were reported. The DC glow discharge was produced initially with a solid Ag rod cathode, 2 mm in diameter, and then with a 7‐mm‐diameter Ag rod machined into a hollow cathode, located 5 mm from, and normal to, the Ag membrane anode. The voltage was varied from 440 to 620 VDC with currents up to 41 mA. A stable flux of 1.61 × 1015 O2 molecules·cm−2·s−1 is observed for a membrane temperature of 450 °C and a CO2 pressure of 6 Torr. With ~4‐m2 surface area, this approach is competitive with the present mission qualified Mars Oxygen In‐Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) system planned by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the 2020 Mars rover mission which generates ≈12 g/hr O2. The proof of concept technique presented herein can be substantially improved by further reduction of the membrane thickness, refinement of the cathode, and glow discharge plasma.
Interior Pathways of Labrador Sea Water in the North Atlantic From the Argo Perspective
Authors: Biló T. C. , Johns W. E.
Published: March 2019

The pathways and transports of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) within the southward‐flowing lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are studied using 12 years of Argo profiles and subsurface Argo drift data. Consistent with previous studies, the results show clear evidence for interior pathways of LSW that separate from the western boundary near the Grand Banks and flow eastward and then southward around a large‐scale deep anticyclonic gyre in the northern subtropical Atlantic. Most of the LSW exported into the interior recirculates in the Newfoundland Basin (9.3 ± 3.5 Sv). However, approximately 3.2 ± 0.4 Sv cross the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge and flow southward east of the Azores. This branch feeds a westward quasi‐zonal pathway that recrosses the Ridge and returns to the western boundary around 30°N.
How Well Does an FV3‐Based Model Predict Precipitation at a Convection‐Allowing Resolution? Results From CAPS Forecasts for the 2018 NOAA Hazardous Weather Test Bed With Different Physics Combinations
Authors: Zhang Chunxi , Xue Ming , Supinie Timothy A. , Kong Fanyou , Snook Nathan , Thomas Kevin W. , Brewster Keith , Jung Youngsun , Harris Lucas M. , Lin Shian‐Jiann
Published: March 2019

The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Finite‐Volume Cubed‐Sphere (FV3) numerical forecast model was chosen in late 2016 by the National Weather Service (NWS) to serve as the dynamic core of the Next‐Generation Global Prediction System (NGGPS). The operational Global Forecasting System (GFS) physics suite implemented in FV3, however, was not necessarily suitable for convective‐scale prediction. We implemented several advanced physics schemes from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model within FV3 and ran 10 forecasts with combinations of five planetary boundary layer and two microphysics (MP) schemes, with an ~3.5‐km convection‐allowing grid two‐way nested within am ~13‐km grid spacing global grid during the 2018 Spring Forecasting Experiment at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Hazardous Weather Testbed. Objective verification results show that the Thompson MP scheme slightly outperforms the National Severe Storms Laboratory MP scheme in precipitation forecast skill, while no planetary boundary layer scheme clearly stands out. The skill of FV3 is similar to that of the more‐established WRF at a similar resolution. These results establish the viability of the FV3 dynamic core for convective‐scale forecasting as part of the single‐core unification of the NWS modeling suite.
Jensen‐Shannon Complexity and Permutation Entropy Analysis of Geomagnetic Auroral Currents
Authors: Osmane Adnane , Dimmock Andrew P. , Pulkkinen Tuija I.
Published: March 2019

In this study we determine whether auroral westward currents can be characterized by low‐dimensional chaotic attractors through the use of the complexity‐entropy methodology developed by Rosso et al. (2007, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.154102) and based on the permutation entropy developed by Bandt and Pompe (2002, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.174102). Our results indicate that geomagnetic auroral indices are indistinguishable from stochastic processes from time scales ranging from a few minutes to 10 hr and for embedded dimensions d < 8. Our results are inconsistent with earlier studies of Baker et al. (1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i001p00041), Pavlos et al. (1992), D. Roberts et al. (1991, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL00021), D. A. Roberts (1991, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA01088), and Vassiliadis et al. (1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01841, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL01378) indicating that auroral geomagnetic indices could be reduced to low‐dimensional systems with chaotic dynamics.
Ground‐Based Observations of VLF Waves as a Proxy for Satellite Observations: Development of Models Including the Influence of Solar Illumination and Geomagnetic Disturbance Levels
Authors: Simms Laura E. , Engebretson Mark J. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J.
Published: March 2019

Ground observations of VLF (very low frequency) waves have often been used to infer VLF activity in the magnetosphere; however, they are not an unbiased measure of activity at satellite altitudes due to transionospheric absorption and subionospheric attenuation. We propose several empirical models that control for these effects. VLF power spectral density (PSD) from the VLF/ELF Logger Experiment (VELOX, L=4.6, Halley, Antarctica) is used to predict DEMETER low Earth orbit VLF PSD. Validation correlations of these models are as high as 0.764; thus, ground VLF receivers spaced around the Earth could provide coverage of outer radiation belt lower band chorus over the latitudinal limits of this model (±45–75°). Correlations of four frequency bands (centered at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.25 kHz) are compared. The simple linear correlation between ground and satellite VLF PSD in the 1.0‐kHz channel was 0.606 (at dawn). A cubic model resulted in higher correlation (0.638). VLF penetration to the ground is reduced by ionospheric absorption during solar illumination and by disruption of ducting field lines during disturbed conditions. Subionospheric attenuation also reduces VLF observations from distant field lines. Addition of these covariates improved predictions. Both solar illumination and disturbed conditions reduced ground observation of VLF PSD, with higher power waves penetrating to the ground proportionately less than lower power waves. The effect of illumination in reducing wave penetration was more pronounced at higher frequency (4.25 kHz), with the effect at a midrange frequency (2.0 kHz) falling between these two extremes.
Validation of Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) With Long‐Term GOES MAGED Measurements of keV Electron Fluxes at Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Ganushkina N. Yu , Sillanpää I. , Welling D. , Haiducek J. , Liemohn M. , Dubyagin S. , Rodriguez J. V.
Published: March 2019

Surface charging by keV (kiloelectron Volt) electrons can pose a serious risk for satellites. There is a need for physical models with the correct and validated dynamical behavior. The 18.5‐month (2013–2015) output from the continuous operation online in real time as a nowcast of the Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration Model (IMPTAM) is compared to the GOES 13 MAGnetospheric Electron Detector (MAGED) data for 40, 75, and 150 keV energies. The observed and modeled electron fluxes were organized by Magnetic Local Time (MLT) and IMPTAM driving parameters; the observed Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) BZ, BY, and |B|; the solar wind speed VSW; the dynamic pressure PSW; and Kp and SYM‐H indices. The peaks for modeled fluxes are shifted toward midnight, but the ratio between the observed and modeled fluxes at around 06 MLT is close to 1. All the statistical patterns exhibit very similar features with the largest differences of about 1 order of magnitude at 18–24 MLT. Based on binary event analysis, 20–78% of threshold crossings are reproduced, but Heidke skill scores are low. The modeled fluxes are off by a factor of 2 in terms of the median symmetric accuracy. The direction of the error varies with energy: overprediction by 50% for 40 keV, overprediction by 2 for 75 keV, and underprediction by 18% for 150 keV. The revealed discrepancies are due to the boundary conditions developed for ions but used for electrons, absence of substorm effects, representations of electric and magnetic fields which can result in not enough adiabatic acceleration, and simple models for electron lifetimes.
First-principles studies of a two-dimensional electron gas at the interface of polar/polar LaAlO3/KNbO3 superlattices
Authors: Fang Le , Chen Chen , Yang Yali , Wu Yabei , Hu Tao , Zhao Guodong , Zhu Qiang , Ren Wei
Published: March 2019

We explored the possibility of producing a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in polar/polar (LaAlO3)m/(KNbO3)n perovskite superlattices that have N type and P type interfaces using the first-principles electronic structure calculations.
Ligand binding effects on the activation of the EGFR extracellular domain
Authors: Shao Qiang , Zhu Weiliang
Published: March 2019

Enhanced sampling MD simulations were run to understand the ligand binding effects on the activation mechanism of EGFR-ECD and accordingly provide valuable information for drug discovery targeting the EGFR.
Orientational distribution of DPH in lipid membranes: a comparison of molecular dynamics calculations and experimental time-resolved anisotropy experiments
Authors: Paloncýová Markéta , Ameloot Marcel , Knippenberg Stefan
Published: March 2019

The behavior of the fluorescent probe diphenylhexatriene (DPH) in different lipid phases is investigated. The rotational autocorrelation functions are calculated in order to model the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay. The role of the order parameters is discussed.
Oxalate-enhanced solubility of lead (Pb) in the presence of phosphate: pH control on mineral precipitation
Authors: McBride Murray B. , Kelch Sabrina E. , Schmidt Michael P. , Sherpa Sonam , Martinez Carmen Enid , Aristilde Ludmilla
Published: March 2019

Here we study the precipitation of lead (Pb)-phosphate minerals over the pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 with and without oxalate, a ubiquitous and abundant low-molecular-weight organic acid derived from plants and microorganisms.
The formation mechanism of chloropicrin from methylamine during chlorination: a DFT study
Authors: Han Chunxiu , Zhao Huiyuan , Dong Meng , Liu Yong Dong , Zhong Rugang
Published: March 2019

The chloropicrin (TCNM) formation mechanism from methylamine (MA) during chlorination has been investigated by using the DFT method.
Parental exposure to TiO2NPs promotes the multigenerational reproductive toxicity of Cd inCaenorhabditis elegans viabioaccumulation of Cd in germ cells
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Nie Yaguang , Dai Hui , Wang Mudi , Cheng Lei , Yang Zhen , Chen Shaopeng , Zhao Guoping , Wu Lijun , Guang Shouhong , Xu An
Published: March 2019

This study provided new evidence for how nanoparticles affect multigenerational transfer and toxicity of cadmium.
Spinach consumption ameliorates the gut microbiota and dislipaemia in rats with diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Authors: Elvira-Torales L. I. , Periago M. J. , González-Barrio R. , Hidalgo N. , Navarro-González I. , Gómez-Gallego C. , Masuero D. , Soini E. , Vrhovsek U. , García-Alonso F. J.
Published: March 2019

In rats with hepatic steatosis, spinach intake increased gut Lactobacillus and lowered cholesterol and glucose.
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of the active constituents in Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of pulmonary diseases
Authors: Tao Zhu , Jin Wenwen , Ao Mingzhang , Zhai Shengbing , Xu Hang , Yu Longjiang
Published: March 2019

Biflavones from G. biloba inhibit leukocyte activity and influence mucus hypersecretion as well as the secretion of IL-8.
Selective modulation of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor as an emerging platform for the treatment of neuropathic pain
Authors: Banister Samuel D. , Krishna Kumar Kaavya , Kumar Vineet , Kobilka Brian K. , Malhotra Sanjay V.
Published: March 2019

This article provides an overview of the chemotypes that have been investigated or under investigation for the development of novel neuropathic pain treatments targeting the CB1receptor.
Syntheses, structures and magnetic properties of cyano-bridged one-dimensional Ln3+–Fe3+ (Ln = La, Dy, Ho and Yb) coordination polymers
Authors: Pal Souvik , Dey Kartick , Benmansour Samia , Gómez-García Carlos J. , Nayek Hari Pada
Published: March 2019

Four new heterometallic one-dimensional coordination polymers with formulae trans-[La(o-phen)3(H2O)(μ-CN)2Fe(CN)4]·7H2O (1) and trans-[Ln(H2O)2(phen)2(μ-CN)2Fe(CN)4]·nH2O [Ln/n = Dy/8 (2), Ho/7 (3) and Yb/7 (4), (o-phen = 1,10-phenanthroline)] have been synthesized.
One-shot access to isoquinolone and (hetero)izidinone architectures using cyclic α-chloro eneformamides and cyclic anhydrides
Authors: Beng Timothy K. , Langevin Spencer , Farah Abdikani Omar , Goodsell Joshua , Wyatt Katie
Published: March 2019

A site-selective annulation reaction between cyclic α-chloro eneformamides and cyclic anhydrides which provides direct and modular access to pharmaceutically pertinent izidinones and isoquinolones, is presented.
The atomic origin of nickel-doping-induced catalytic enhancement in MoS2 for electrochemical hydrogen production
Authors: Luo Ruichun , Luo Min , Wang Ziqian , Liu Pan , Song Shuangxi , Wang Xiaodong , Chen Mingwei
Published: March 2019

The HER performance of MoS2 is enhanced dramatically by doping single Ni atoms into Mo sites.
Microphase separation of a quadruple hydrogen bonding supramolecular polymer: effect of the steric hindrance of the ureido-pyrimidone on their viscoelasticity
Authors: Kan Lei , Zhang Peng , Jiang Hongkun , Zhang Shuai , Liu Zhengdao , Zhang Xinyue , Ma Ning , Qiu Dengli , Wei Hao
Published: March 2019

The supramolecular polymers based on 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidone (UPy) with different structure were prepared and the effects of microtopography on the viscoelasticity were investigated.
In situformation of vanadium nitride quantum dots on N-doped carbon hollow spheres for superior lithium and sodium storage
Authors: Yuan Jun , Hu Xiang , Chen Junxiang , Liu Yangjie , Huang Taizhong , Wen Zhenhai
Published: March 2019

Vanadium nitride quantum dots within N-doped carbon hollow spheres exhibit excellent storage performance.
The unexpected photomechanical effect in glassy “T-type” azopolyimides
Authors: Kozanecka-Szmigiel Anna , Schab-Balcerzak Ewa , Szmigiel Dariusz , Konieczkowska Jolanta
Published: March 2019

We demonstrate an intriguing photomechanical response of a series of glassy azobenzene polyimides containing the chromophores covalently attached to the polymer backbone – “T-type” polymers.
Highly sensitive enzyme-free amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide in real samples based on Co3O4nanocolumn structures
Authors: Kannan Palanisamy , Maiyalagan Thandavarayan , Pandikumar Alagarsamy , Guo Longhua , Veerakumar Pitchaimani , Rameshkumar Perumal
Published: March 2019

Highly sensitive enzyme-free amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide in real samples is demonstrated using Co3O4nanocolumn structures.
Host defense peptide mimicking poly-β-peptides with fast, potent and broad spectrum antibacterial activities
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Ma Pengcheng , Xie Jiayang , Zhang Si , Xiao Ximian , Qiao Zhongqian , Shao Ning , Zhou Min , Zhang Wenjing , Dai Chengzhi , Qian Yuxin , Qi Fan , Liu Runhui
Published: March 2019

Poly-β-peptide 20 : 80 Bu : DM displays broad spectrum antibacterial activities, rapid bacterial killing and no susceptibility to antimicrobial resistance.
A palladium-catalyzed regiocontrollable hydroarylation reaction of allenamides with B2pin2/H2O
Authors: Cui Jie , Meng Long , Chi Xiaochen , Liu Qing , Zhao Pingping , Zhang Dao-peng , Chen Lei , Li Xinjin , Dong Yunhui , Liu Hui
Published: March 2019

A novel palladium-catalyzed regiocontrollable hydroarylation reaction of allenamides with B2pin2/H2O has been disclosed.
Insights into the CO2 deoxygenation to CO over oxygen vacancies of CeO2
Authors: Ju Tz-Jie , Wang Chi-Han , Lin Shawn D.
Published: March 2019

The reversibly regenerated oxygen vacancies of CeO2 can catalyze CO2 deoxygenation and the reaction is initially surface reaction limited.
The contribution of chemical vapor generation coupled with atomic or mass spectrometry to the comprehension of the chemistry of aqueous boranes
Authors: D'Ulivo Alessandro
Published: March 2019

Mechanisms of hydride generation by aqueous boranes have been updated in the light of recent atomic and mass spectrometric evidence.
Air/water interfacial growth of Pt nanothorns anchored in situ on macroscopic freestanding CNT thin film for efficient methanol oxidation
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Lei , Zhang Gui , Xiao Peng , Huang Youju , Qiang Min , Chen Tao
Published: March 2019

One-dimensional Pt nanothorns are synthesized via a unique air/water interfacial process and anchored in situ densely on the surface of the supported CNTs film, which show efficient electrocatalytic ability for methanol oxidation.