bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutral Lipid Characterization of Non‐Water‐Soluble Fractions of Carica Papaya Latex
Authors: Barouh Nathalie , Abdelkafi Slim , Fouquet Benjamin , Pina Michel , Scheirlinckx Frantz , Carrière Frédéric , Villeneuve Pierre
Published: April 2010

The non‐water‐soluble fraction of Carica papaya latex (CPL) constitutes a waste material from papain production; very little information exists regarding its chemical composition. The non‐water‐soluble fraction of CPL was fractionated by liquid chromatography into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The most abundant compounds were found to be the polar lipids, accounting for 79.2% (w/w) of the total extractible matter, while the total amount of neutral lipids was only around 20%. It was composed of free fatty acids, sterols and triterpenic alcohols, but no glycerides were detected. A high content of saturated fatty acids was measured; these saturated fatty acids were represented by very long chains with C24:0, C26:0 and C28:0 accounting for 6.3, 11.0 and 6.3%, respectively, in the total extractible matter and 7.3, 9.0 and 3.9% in the FFA fraction. The monounsaturated fatty acids were about 23–25% in both samples, with oleic acid (C18:1) being the most abundant. The polyunsaturated fatty acids that were 25.1% in the total matter and 21.6% in the FFA fraction were mainly represented by linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6). Finally, a very interesting characteristic of the FA composition of this latex concerns the presence of odd‐numbered fatty acids in significant amounts (around 22% in the total extract and 24.3% in the FFA fraction).
Effects of positive affect on risk perceptions in adolescence and young adulthood☆
Authors: Haase Claudia M. , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: April 2010

Affective influences may play a key role in adolescent risk taking, but have rarely been studied. Using an audiovisual method of affect induction, two experimental studies examined the effect of positive affect on risk perceptions in adolescence and young adulthood. Outcomes were risk perceptions regarding drinking alcohol, smoking a cigarette, riding in a car with a drunk driver, getting into a fight, and having unprotected sexual intercourse. Study 1 showed that positive affect led to lower risk perceptions than neutral affect for young adults (mean age 23). Study 2 replicated the effect for early adolescents (mean age 13), mid‐adolescents (mean age 17), and young adults (mean age 23). Moreover, Study 2 showed that the effect was most pronounced at high levels of impulsiveness. Adolescents and young adults may be more risk averse in contexts that do not give rise to emotions, but have markedly lower risk perceptions under positive affect.
Roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in leptin secretory responses of murine adipocytes to short chain fatty acids
Authors: Zaibi Mohamed S. , Stocker Claire J. , O'Dowd Jacqueline , Davies Alison , Bellahcene Mohamed , Cawthorne Michael A. , Brown Alastair J.H. , Smith David M. , Arch Jonathan R.S.
Published: April 2010

GPR41 is reportedly expressed in murine adipose tissue and mediates short chain fatty acid (SCFA)‐stimulated leptin secretion by activating Gαi. Here, we agree with a contradictory report in finding no expression of GPR41 in murine adipose tissue. Nevertheless, in the presence of adenosine deaminase to minimise Gαisignalling via the adenosine A1 receptor, SCFA stimulated leptin secretion by adipocytes from wild‐type but not GPR41 knockout mice. Expression of GPR43 was reduced in GPR41 knockout mice. Acetate but not butyrate stimulated leptin secretion in wild‐type mesenteric adipocytes, consistent with mediation of the response by GPR43 rather than GPR41. Pertussis toxin prevented stimulation of leptin secretion by propionate in epididymal adipocytes, implicating Gαisignalling mediated by GPR43 in SCFA‐stimulated leptin secretion.
The domain structure of talin: Residues 1815–1973 form a five‐helix bundle containing a cryptic vinculin‐binding site
Authors: Goult Benjamin T. , Gingras Alexandre R. , Bate Neil , Barsukov Igor L. , Critchley David R. , Roberts Gordon C.K.
Published: April 2010

MINT‐7722300, MINT‐7760951: Talin‐1 (uniprotkb:P26039) and Vinculin (uniprotkb:P12003) bind (MI:0407) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
Comparison of retropubic and transobturator tension‐free vaginal implants for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Castillo‐Pino Edgardo , Sasson Alegre , Pons José E.
Published: April 2010

Objective

To compare the perioperative complications, failure rate, operating time, and length of hospital stay associated with 2 minimally invasive suburethral slings in the management of stress urinary incontinence in women.

Methods

Women diagnosed with stress urinary incontinence were treated with tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) or transobturator tape (TOT). The participants were followed for the next 2 years, with scheduled evaluations 6 weeks, then 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery.

Results

Of the 104 participants, 55 were treated with TVT and 49 were treated with TOT. The condition was classified as “cured” in 81.8% of cases in the TVT group and 83.7% in the TOT group, and improvement occurred in 10.9% and 10.2% of cases, respectively. The mean operating time was shorter for patients treated with TOT than for those treated with TVT. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of perioperative complications (abnormal voiding dysfunction, urinary infections, and de novo overactive bladder). The temporary and permanent urinary obstruction rates in the TVT group were approximately twice those in the TOT group.

Conclusion

Comparable complications and outcomes were observed with TVT and TOT. Tension‐free vaginal implants are effective for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.
Composition and correlation of volcanic ash beds of Silurian age from the eastern Baltic
Authors: KIIPLI TARMO , KALLASTE TOIVO , NESTOR VIIU
Published: April 2010

Sanidine composition and bulk geochemistry of volcanic ash beds from the East Baltic indicate the subalkaline nature of the volcanism near the margins of the Baltica plate during the Silurian. Several bentonites in the Wenlock include a previously unknown sanidine with 48 to 58 mol % of the Na+Ca component. In contrast to the earlier Telychian volcanism, sodium-rich sanidine occurs in ash beds which originate from relatively moderately evolved dacitic magma. The studied material from two drill cores integrated with previous research enables production of a more complete list of 49 volcanic eruption layers for the lower to middle Wenlock in the East Baltic. This updated list of bentonites characterized by their sanidine compositions forms a good basis for future integrated bio- and chemostratigraphic correlations in northern Europe.
Optimization of pulsed jets in crossflow
Authors: SAU RAJES , MAHESH KRISHNAN
Published: April 2010

We use direct numerical simulation to study the mixing behaviour of pulsed jets in crossflow. The pulse is a square wave and the simulations consider several jet velocity ratios and pulse conditions. Our objective is to study the effects of pulsing and to explain the wide range of optimal pulsing conditions found in experimental studies of the problem. The central theme is that pulsing generates vortex rings; the effect of pulsing on transverse jets can therefore be explained by the behaviour of vortex rings in crossflow. Sau & Mahesh (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 604, 2008, pp. 389–409) show that vortex rings in crossflow exhibit three distinct flow regimes depending on stroke and ring velocity ratios. The simulations of pulsed transverse jets in this paper show that at high velocity ratios, optimal pulse conditions correspond to the transition of the vortex rings produced by pulsing between the different regimes. At low velocity ratios, optimal pulsing conditions are related to the natural time scale on which hairpin vortices form. An optimal curve in the space of stroke and velocity ratios is presented. Data from various experiments are interpreted in terms of the properties of the equivalent vortex rings and shown to collapse on the optimal curve. The proposed regime map allows the effects of experimental parameters such as pulse frequency, duty cycle, modulation and pulse energy all to be predicted by determining their effect on the equivalent stroke and velocity ratios.
Buddhist ‘nuns’ (mae chi) and the teaching of Pali in contemporary Thailand
Authors: COLLINS STEVEN , MCDANIEL JUSTIN
Published: April 2010

This paper presents an ethnographic account of Buddhist ‘nuns’ involved in the teaching of Pali language andAbhidhammain contemporary Thailand. It also reflects on both the emic-Buddhist (Pali and modern vernacular) and etic-interpretative (English-language) vocabularies which have been used to describe these women and their social role(s) and status(es). The aims of the paper are to go beyond the Weberian vocabulary usually used to describe what we will call ‘professionally celibate Buddhist women’, to escape from the ubiquitous emphasis on the issue of re-establising the Nuns’ Order (bhikkhunī-s) in the modern world in scholarship dealing with such women, and to encourage further ethnography and further civilizational interpretation of gender and asceticism.
Religious change, social conflict and legal competition: the emergence of Christian personal law in colonial India
Authors: CHATTERJEE NANDINI
Published: April 2010

One of the most contentious political issues in postcolonial India is the unfulfilled project of a ‘uniform civil code’ which would override the existing ‘personal laws’ or religion-based laws of domestic relations, inheritance and religious institutions. If the personal laws are admitted to be preserved (if somewhat distorted) remnants of ‘religious laws’, then the legitimacy of state intervention is called into question, especially since the Indian state claims to be secular. This paper, by discussing the history of the lesser-known Christian personal law, demonstrates that this conundrum is of considerable heritage. From the earliest days of British imperial rule in India, the quest to establish a universal body of law conflicted with other legal principles which upheld difference: that of religion, as well as race. It was the historical role of Indian Christians to occasion legal dilemmas regarding the jurisdictions of British and ‘native’ law, and concurrently about the identity of people subject to those different laws. In trying to discover who the Indian Christians were, and what laws ought to apply to them, British judges had perforce to reflect on who the ‘British’ were, whilst also dealing with conflicting collective claims made by Hindus, Muslims, Parsis, and Christians themselves about their own identity and religious rights. The Indian Christian personal law was an unintended by-product of this process, a finding which throws light both on the dynamics of colonial legislation, and on the essentially modern nature of Indian personal laws.
A population-based twin study of the genetic and environmental relationship of major depression, regular tobacco use and nicotine dependence
Authors: Edwards A. C. , Maes H. H. , Pedersen N. L. , Kendler K. S.
Published: April 2010

Background

Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular tobacco use (RU) or nicotine dependence (ND). However, few have used a genetically informative design to assess whether these traits share a common genetic and/or environmental liability.

Method

We assessed MD, RU and ND in same-sex twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. In males, we examined both cigarette use and snus (smokeless tobacco) use. We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between MD, RU, and ND given RU.

Results

The results suggest modest correlations between MD and RU, and between MD and ND. In males, the liability shared between MD and RU is solely genetic for both cigarettes and snus, while MD and ND share both genetic and unique environmental influences. The continuation to ND given RU differed considerably between cigarette and snus users. In females, both MD–RU and MD–ND relationships are partially attributable to genetic and unique environmental correlations.

Conclusions

The relationship among MD, RU and ND is at least partially attributable to shared genetic and environmental risk factors. The genetic and environmental correlations between traits are modest. The nature of the shared liability differs by sex, and in males, by the type of tobacco product used. Differences between previous reports and results presented in the current study are suggestive of population differences in how MD and tobacco use inter-relate.
A randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for bulimia nervosa or related disorders in a student population
Authors: Sánchez-Ortiz V. C. , Munro C. , Stahl D. , House J. , Startup H. , Treasure J. , Williams C. , Schmidt U.
Published: April 2010

Background

Bulimic eating disorders are common among female students, yet the majority do not access effective treatment. Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (iCBT) may be able to bridge this gap.

Method

Seventy-six students with bulimia nervosa (BN) or eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) were randomly assigned to immediate iCBT with e-mail support over 3 months or to a 3-month waiting list followed by iCBT [waiting list/delayed treatment control (WL/DTC)]. ED outcomes were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Other outcomes included depression, anxiety and quality of life.

Results

Students who had immediate iCBT showed significantly greater improvements at 3 and 6 months than those receiving WL/DTC in ED and other symptoms.

Conclusions

iCBT with e-mail support is efficacious in students with bulimic disorders and has lasting effects.
Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS). Outcomes of non-attenders to a service for people at high risk of psychosis: the case for a more assertive approach to assessment
Authors: Green C. E. L. , McGuire P. K. , Ashworth M. , Valmaggia L. R.
Published: April 2010

Background

International agreement dictates that clients must be help-seeking before any assessment or intervention can be implemented by an ‘at-risk service’. Little is known about individuals who decline input. This study aimed to define the size of the unengaged population of an ‘at-risk service’, to compare this group to those who did engage in terms of sociodemographic and clinical features and to assess the clinical outcomes of those who did not engage with the service.

Method

Groups were compared using data collected routinely as part of the service's clinical protocol. Data on service use and psychopathology since referral to Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS) were collected indirectly from clients' general practitioners (GPs) and by screening electronic patient notes held by the local Mental Health Trust.

Results

Over one-fifth (n=91, 21.2%) of those referred did not attend or engage with the service. Approximately half of this group subsequently received a diagnosis of mental illness. A diagnosis of psychosis was given to 22.6%. Nearly 70% presented to other mental health services. There were no demographic differences, except that those who engaged with the service were more likely to be employed.

Conclusions

Over one-fifth of those referred to services for people at high risk of psychosis do not attend or engage. However, many of this group require mental health care, and a substantial proportion has, or will later develop, psychosis. A more assertive approach to assessing individuals who are at high risk of psychosis but fail to engage may be indicated.
Impulsivity and neural correlates of response inhibition in schizophrenia
Authors: Kaladjian A. , Jeanningros R. , Azorin J.-M. , Anton J.-L. , Mazzola-Pomietto P.
Published: April 2010

Background

The clinical picture of schizophrenia is frequently worsened by manifestations of impulsivity. However, the neural correlates of impulsivity in this disorder are poorly known. Although impulsivity has been related to disturbances of the neural processes underlying response inhibition, no studies have yet examined the relationship between these processes and psychometric measures of impulsivity in schizophrenia. This was the aim of the current investigation.

Method

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with a Go/NoGo task was employed to probe the neural activity associated with response inhibition in 26 patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy comparison subjects. All participants also completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale – version 11 (BIS-11). Voxel-wise regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between the BIS-11 score and brain activation during response inhibition in each group.

Results

Patients with schizophrenia were more impulsive than healthy subjects, as indicated by higher BIS-11 scores. Patients, but not healthy subjects, were found to display a positive correlation between these scores and cerebral activation associated with response inhibition. This correlation involves a unique cluster localized within the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), a key node of the brain network subserving response inhibition.

Conclusions

We evidenced in patients with schizophrenia that greater BIS-11 scores are associated with greater activation within the right VLPFC during response inhibition. This finding suggests that the efficiency of this brain region to process inhibitory control is reduced in the more impulsive patients.
MESSIAEN – A SUGGESTED PLACING (1955)
Authors: Drew David
Published: April 2010

It has often been said that David Drew first made his critical reputation with a series of three articles on the music of Olivier Messiaen – essentially, the first informed criticism of the French composer that had appeared in English – published in The Score and I. M. A. magazine in 1955. David's friendship with William Glock, who owned and edited The Score, was long-lasting: from this time, when he was essentially Glock's assistant in its editing and production, to after Glock's death in 2000, when he acted as co-executor of his Will. ‘A Suggested Placing’ is the concluding portion of the final Messiaen article, published in The Score Number 14, the issue of December 1955. The invocations of Charles Ives – at that period hardly known to his own countrymen in the USA, let alone outside it – seem particularly prescient, and should remind us that David had already published a knowledgeable survey of ‘American Chamber Music’(in Chamber Music, ed. Alec Robinson, Pelican Books, 1955).
CHRISTOPHER SHAW (1963)
Authors: Drew David
Published: April 2010

This article appeared in the July 1963 issue of Musical Times, whose regular choral music supplement of that month was Christopher Shaw's anthem for chorus and organ A Lesson from Ecclesiastes. It was the first writing of substance to appear about this composer, and very nearly the last to date.
SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES IN HORATIU RADULESCU'S SECOND PIANO SONATA
Authors: Gilmore Bob
Published: April 2010

This article offers an analysis of the Second Piano Sonata ‘being and non-being create each other’, op. 82 (1990–91) by Horatiu Radulescu (1942–2008), the first work in which Radulescu applied the spectral techniques he had developed in his music since the late 1960s to that most apparently unpromising of instrumental media for this type of approach: the solo, equal-tempered piano. And it has a quite specific aim: to analyse Radulescu's sonata in a descriptive language as close as possible to that used by the composer himself.
Introduction
Authors: Louthan Howard
Published: April 2010

For most scholars, the religious landscape of late medieval Central Europe is familiar terrain. Its geography was most famously mapped in the early twentieth century by the Dutch scholar Johan Huizinga. Casting this period as one of decay and decline, Huizinga shaped the historiography of the late Middle Ages for succeeding generations. The church's moral and institutional failings called forth the reforming efforts of first Jan Hus in Bohemia and then a century later Martin Luther in Germany. But as John Van Engen has recently reminded us, “any historical period called ‘late’ is headed for interpretive trouble.” During the past decade in particular, a number of scholars have reexamined this period and region with fresh eyes.
Emperor Charles IV (1346–1378) as the Architect of Local Religion in Prague
Authors: Mengel David C.
Published: April 2010

The idea of reform still supplies the guiding principle for most accounts of late medieval religion in Bohemia. Like a brightly colored thread, reform marks a trail leading forward from Jan Hus (d. 1415) to the leaders of the sixteenth-century Reformation, as well as backward to a series of precursors in the fourteenth century. This essay takes a different path through the religious culture of fourteenth-century Bohemia and of Prague, in particular. Rather than following the traditional historiography in identifying a handful of fourteenth-century Prague preachers as revolutionary forerunners of Jan Hus, this essay situates these and other figures within a more complicated and multivalent local religious culture, a culture that was carefully molded by Central Europe's most powerful authority. No one shaped Prague's local religion more dramatically than the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV (r. 1346–1378), as three examples offered here will illustrate. Like an architect, Charles IV designed much of Prague's vibrant local religion. Nevertheless, neither he nor anyone else completely controlled it.
Contesting Authority and Community: Models and Practices of Monastic Reform in Late Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Mixson James D.
Published: April 2010

In the middle of the fifteenth century, the Benedictine monks of Melk in Austria copied Hugh of Fouilloy'sOn the Wheel of True Religion, a moral treatise that contrasted well-disciplined and dissolute religious life. Two large images accompany the text. Atop an image depicting a dissolute cloister (Figure 1), an abbot reigns in pride and “curiosity.” He wears a red habit, a red tunic adorned with buttons at the wrists, a red beret, and red boots with golden spurs. A luxuriously adorned dagger hangs on a golden belt. The abbot also holds a falcon in his left hand, and nearby are a backgammon board and a lyre. To the left, a prior aspires to the abbot's glory. He wears fashionable long-toed boots and a red tunic adorned with buttons. He also clutches a blue bag, presumably filled with the cash that is said to fund his ascent “through simony.” To the right of the image, a deposed abbot, pulled down by a demon who clutches his habit, laments his fall from grace “through negligence.” A cloistered monk sleeps below with a pair of dice nearby. Atop the contrasting image of disciplined monks (Figure 2), a humbly clothed and properly tonsured abbot holds his office “in dignity, but humbly and with charity.” The abbot's successor, the prior, ascends reluctantly. His predecessor resigns his office out of true humility. A cloistered monk sits quietly below, reading diligently and embracing willingly his life of poverty and obedience.
The Birth of an Empire of Two Churches: Church Property, Theologians, and the League of Schmalkalden
Authors: Ocker Christopher
Published: April 2010

Did the creation of Protestant churches in Germany during Luther's generation follow someone's intentions? Heiko Oberman, appealing to a medieval Luther, portrays the reformer as herald of a dawning apocalypse, a monk at war with the devil, who expected God to judge the world and rescue Christians with no help from human institutions, abilities, and processes. This Luther could not have intended the creation of a new church. Dorothea Wendebourg and Hans-Jürgen Goertz stress the diversity of early evangelical movements. Goertz argues that anticlericalism helped the early Reformation's gamut of spiritual, political, economic, and social trends to coalesce into moderate and radical groups, whereas Wendebourg suggests that the movements were only united in the judgment of the Counter Reformation.
Competent to Rule?: Galeazzo Gualdo Priorato and a Secular View of Politics in Habsburg Dynastic History
Authors: Golubeva Maria
Published: April 2010

This article deals with an early modern court historian's judgments concerning the political competence and incompetence of his contemporaries. Although the phrase “political competence” may seem anachronistic when referring to the second half of the seventeenth century, hardly any historian today would deny that, at least since the late medieval period, European intellectuals belonging to political elites had developed their own understanding of what constitutes effective statesmanship. That understanding was not always normative, or based on exempla of the classical past—it could be practical and expressed through evaluations of current events. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the future Habsburg court historian Galeazzo Gualdo Priorato wrote about Oliver Cromwell: “And let it be noted from his extraordinary example, that not the nobility of birth, nor riches . . . qualify one for high office, as it usually solely happens, but that it is the opportunity that . . . wakes up the spirits, and sharpens the minds.” This article will deal with Priorato's judgments of political competence (and incompetence) in the works that he wrote while in the service of the Austrian Habsburgs.
Bullfights in Budapest: City Marketing, Moral Panics, and Nationalism in Turn-of-the-Century Hungary
Authors: Vari Alexander
Published: April 2010

At the beginning of June 1904, the Hungarian capital was in a state of frenzy. The bullfights, starring Poulyfils—a toreador from Nîmes, France—as the matador, and scheduled to take place in a recently built 15,000-seat bullring in the Budapest City Park, attracted everyone's attention. Reporting a wave of “Spanish fever” spreading among inhabitants of the city, the newspapers highlighted the fact that a large percentage of the population was talking about “toreadors, picadors, matadors, and bulls.” The toreadors dressed in their “exotic costumes” caused a stir everywhere they went (Figure 1). As the toreadors visited Budapest's tourist attractions many female passersby noticed their “suntanned faces and muscular bodies.” The matador's collar ornament, consisting of two studs representing two “miniature diamond bulls,” was a subject of conversation on everyone's lips. Local tailors proposed “Spanish collars” replicating those worn by Pouly as thene plus ultraof fashion to their customers. Furniture makers and carpenters witnessed their sales of Spanish dressing-screens skyrocket. Surfing the wave of public interest, the Uránia, a local association for the popularization of science, scheduled slide shows about Spain. The Budapest Orpheum hiredTortajada, a well known Spanish female dancer, for several appearances on its stage. Parodic plays, mimicking a bullfight, were staged throughout June both on the site of Ős Budavára (Ancient Buda Castle), a historical theme park that opened in the City Park in 1896, and on an improvised outdoor stage on the Margaret Island. Theaters also claimed their share by scheduling operas such asCarmen, theMarriage of Figaro, and theBarber of Seville. Restaurants offered a new cocktail drink called “Krampumpouly.” Journalists turned into impromtu poets and wrote poems dedicated to the bulls. Even politicians joined in the popular enthusiasm for the bullfights, declaring in the Budapest parliament, as a journalist sarcastically remarked, that for the local political body from that moment on: “Vox popouly” is “vox dei.”
Welfare and Eugenics: Julius Tandler'sRassenhygienischeVision for Interwar Vienna
Authors: McEwen Britta I.
Published: April 2010

Each version of the European welfare state developed out of particular historical contexts. The modern Austrian welfare state was developed in “Red Vienna” as a response to the perceived dysgenic emergency of World War I and strong doubts about theLebensfähigkeit(viability, “ability for life”) of the young nation itself. Eugenic thought was central to the Vienna Welfare Ministry's mission, activity, and appeal to both a local and international audience. The welfare system implemented in Vienna in the interwar years worked to sustain and amplify the city's viability by creating hygienic conditions that Dr. Julius Tandler, its founder, believed would positively alter the very constitutions of its citizens and make possible a “coming generation” of healthy children.
“Prisoners of the Postwar”: Expellees, Displaced Persons, and Jews in Austria after World War II
Authors: Zahra Tara
Published: April 2010

In the aftermath of World War II, Austria once again achieved notoriety as a “prison of peoples.” In 1951, theOst-West Kurier, a newspaper in Essen, decried the degrading mistreatment of Austria's so-called “prisoners of the postwar.” Men, women, and children were wasting away in former concentration camps and were denied citizenship rights, the right to work or to travel freely, and basic social protections, the newspaper reported. These “prisoners” were not, however, former Jewish concentration camp inmates, prisoners of war (POWs), or displaced persons (DPs). They were German expellees from Eastern Europe—the very Germans on whose behalf the Nazi war for Lebensraum had allegedly been fought. “In the entire Western world, there is today no group of human beings who has been sentenced to live with so few rights as the so-called Volksdeutsche in Austria,” the newspaper's editors proclaimed:

300,000 people, whose homes and property have been torn from them through the expulsions, all too often by their closest neighbors, endured a hard journey to Austria, where they believed upon arrival that it could be something like a greater Heimat for them. Because only three decades ago, they too were Austrians.
Austrian Neutrality: The Early Years, 1955–1958
Authors: Harrod Andrew E.
Published: April 2010

Austria's status of neutrality contended with crises almost immediately after its founding along with the 1955 State Treaty. First, during the Soviet invasion of Hungary in October 1956, Austrian neutrality faced the threat of conflict when Soviet-Hungarian clashes spilled over into Austria. Then, in July 1958, Austrian neutrality contended with more benign, but nonetheless disturbing, provocations from the Cold War's Western superpower, the United States. As U.S. military planes transited Austria in broad daylight on their way to Lebanon, the cozy, covert Austro-American relationship became all too overt. Although many Austrians believed neutrality would end foreign (particularly Soviet) domination and would ensure an ultimate withdrawal from global upheavals, these events showed that neutrality by itself could not remove the strategic implications inherent in Austria's position in Cold War Central Europe. Indeed, partisan strategic calculations in both East and West had played a significant role in creating Austrian neutrality. As a result, preserving both Austria's neutrality and its links to the West required delicate maneuvering by a small, poorly defended country amid Cold War crosscurrents of Eastern threats and Western sympathies. Already in its early years, Austrian neutrality proved to be less of the holiday from history that many Austrians expected during the festive mood of May 1955.
Built Heritage Conservation and the Voluntary Sector: The Case of the Tung Wah Coffin Home in Hong Kong
Authors: Ma Shu-Yun
Published: April 2010

Built heritage conservation is not easily achievable through the market, as it involves use of urban space and thus opportunity cost. The problem is more serious if there is no government support. This is the case in Hong Kong, where both the market and the state are not favorable to built heritage conservation. However, in 2005, through a local voluntary organization, a built heritage of Hong Kong—the Tung Wah Coffin Home—was conserved, and the project won one local and one regional conservation award. While conservation of built heritage by the voluntary sector has been common among developed countries, it is new in Hong Kong. This article first situates the issue in a general political-economy perspective and then analyzes the case of the Tung Wah Coffin Home, in particular, in the context of Hong Kong. The purpose is to examine what this case tells us about the role of the voluntary sector and its relationship with the government in providing built heritage conservation.
New Developments in the Restitution of Cultural Property: Alternative Means of Dispute Resolution
Authors: Cornu Marie , Renold Marc-André
Published: April 2010

Alternative methods of dispute resolution are an important resource in matters of cultural heritage in addressing the return, restitution, and repatriation of cultural property. The purpose of this article is to analyze the situations in which such methods might be preferred to the classical judicial means and to examine the problems that might arise.

The article is in two parts. The first part describes the actors as well as the current methods used for the restitution and return of cultural property. The second part explores the types of property that lend themselves to alternative dispute resolution techniques and lists the—often original—substantive solutions that have been used in practice.

Alternative methods of dispute resolution enable consideration of nonlegal factors, which might be emotional considerations or a sense of “moral obligation,” and this can help the parties find a path to consensus.
Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena:California's Temporary Suspension of the Statute of Limitations in Holocaust Art Cases Violates the Foreign Affairs Doctrine
Authors: Adler Andrew
Published: April 2010

In 2002, the California state legislature enacted a law temporarily suspending the statute of limitations in certain Holocaust art cases. In doing so, it removed a major procedural obstacle facing plaintiffs and effectively revived claims once considered time-barred. Seven years later, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held invon Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadenathat this California law was unconstitutional under the foreign affairs doctrine, because it impermissibly intruded on the federal government's exclusive power to make and resolve war. In so holding, the Ninth Circuit became the first court in the United States to restrict the authority of the states to inject themselves into the realm of Holocaust art litigation.
Fighting cheaters: How and how much to invest
Authors: NUÑO JUAN CARLOS , HERRERO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , PRIMICERIO MARIO
Published: April 2010

Human societies are formed by different socio-economical classes which are characterized by their contribution to, and their share of, the common wealth available. Cheaters, defined as those individuals that do not contribute to the common wealth but benefit from it, have always existed, and are likely to be present in all societies in the foreseeable future. Their existence brings about serious problems since they act as sinks for the community wealth and deplete resources which are always limited and often scarce.

To fight cheaters, a society can invest additional resources to pursue one or several aims. For instance, an improvement in social solidarity (e.g. by fostering education) may be sought. Alternatively, deterrence (e.g. by increasing police budget) may be enhanced. Then the following questions naturally arise: (i) how much to spend and (ii) how to allocate the expenditure between both strategies above. This paper addresses this general issue in a simplified setting, which however we believe of some interest. More precisely, we consider a society constituted by two productive classes and an unproductive one, the cheaters, and proposes a dynamical system that describes their evolution in time. We find it convenient to formulate our model as a three-dimensional ordinary differential equation (ODE) system whose variables are the cheater population, the total wealth and one of the productive social classes. The stationary values of the cheater population and the total wealth are studied in terms of the two parameters: φ (how much to invest) ands(how to distribute such expenditure). We show that it is not possible to simultaneously minimize the cheater population and maximize the total wealth with respect to φ ands. We then discuss the possibility of defining a compromise function to find suitable values of φ andsthat optimize the response to cheating. In our opinion, this qualitative approach may be of some help to plan and implement social strategies against cheating.
Towards a typed Geometry of Interaction
Authors: HAGHVERDI ESFANDIAR , SCOTT PHILIP
Published: April 2010

Girard's Geometry of Interaction (GoI) develops a mathematical framework for modelling the dynamics of cut elimination. We introduce a typed version of GoI, called Multiobject GoI for both multiplicative linear logic (MLL) and multiplicative exponential linear logic (MELL) with units. We present a categorical setting that includes our previous (untyped) GoI models, as well as more general models based on monoidal *-categories. Our development of multiobject GoI depends on a new theory of partial traces and trace classes, which we believe is of independent interest, as well as an abstract notion of orthogonality (which is related to work of Hyland and Schalk). We develop Girard's original theory of types, data and algorithms in our setting, and show his execution formula to be an invariant of cut elimination (under some restrictions). We prove soundness theorems for the MGoI interpretation (for Multiplicative and Multiplicative Exponential Linear Logic) in partially traced *-categories with an orthogonality. Finally, we briefly discuss the relationship between our GoI interpretation and other categorical interpretations of GoI.
Reversals of Sudden Gains Made During Cognitive Therapy with Depressed Adults: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Manning Paul , Hardy Gillian , Kellett Stephen
Published: April 2010

Background: This study investigated sudden reversals during cognitive therapy (CT), through the comparison of “in-session” activity and “out-of-session” life events. Method: The sample comprised 20 clients who experienced sudden gains during CT for depression: 10 who subsequently suffered a reversal of this gain and 10 matched clients who maintained progress. Measures of client resistance and therapist responses were scored by judges from session transcripts and clients completed measures of life events and depression at each session. This enabled the Reversal and Non-Reversal groups to be compared during pre-sudden gain, pre-reversal or matched sessions. Results: No differences were apparent between the Reversal and Non-reversal groups or between the pre-gain and pre-reversal sessions in terms of client or therapist “in-session” activities. In the Reversals group, 6 out of 10 clients recovered their level of symptom improvement, following the reversal. Therapists showed higher levels of reflection and self-disclosure with clients who did not recover their symptom gain following the Reversal than with clients who did recover their symptom gain following the Reversal. Conclusions: The study is discussed in terms of the manner by which reversals can be more effectively measured and researched.
Anorexia, bulimia, and obesity: Shared decision making deficits on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)
Authors: BROGAN AMY , HEVEY DAVID , PIGNATTI RICCARDO
Published: April 2010

The pathological eating behaviors in Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), and obesity are characterized by a preference for high immediate reward, despite higher future losses in terms of both physical and psychological outcomes. The present study compared the decision making profile of females with a diagnosis of AN (n = 22), BN (n = 17), obesity (n = 18), and a healthy weight comparison group (n = 20) using a standardized neuropsychological test, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The three clinical groups (AN, BN, obesity) were significantly impaired on the IGT compared with the comparison group on both overall task performance and task learning; however, the three clinical groups were not significantly different from each other. Sixty-one percent to 77% of the clinical groups reached the threshold for impairment on the IGT, compared with 15% of the comparison group. The potential basis for this shared decision making profile is discussed. (JINS, 2010, 16, 711–715.)
Identifying the energy gap in the German population using results from representative national health surveys (1985–2002)
Authors: Stroebele Nanette , Hill James O , Willich Stefan N
Published: April 2010

Objective

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in most countries, including Germany. The idea of estimating the population-wide energy gap that is likely responsible for the epidemic has recently been introduced and discussed.

Design

Using published estimates of body weight from population-based data of national health surveys (1985–2002), the energy gap was calculated by estimating the distribution of the rate of weight gain within the German population (25–69 years of age) and the amount of excess energy storage that is responsible for this population-wide pattern of weight gain.

Setting

Germany.

Subjects

A representative sample of 26 614 participants (12 984 men, 13 630 women).

Results

The average annual weight gain was 0·22 kg for men and 0·32 kg for women over the 17-year period. An estimated 90 % of the population gained < 0·54 kg/year. Assuming that each kilogram of weight gained represents 32238 kJ (7700 kcal), the estimated energy accumulation was 19 kJ (4·64 kcal)/d in men and 28 kJ (6·75 kcal)/d in women aged 25–69 years. The distribution of estimated energy accumulation for 90 % of the German population was < 50 kJ (12 kcal)/d.

Conclusions

With an assumed energy efficiency of 50 %, the findings suggest that weight gain could be prevented in 90 % of the German population with < 100 kJ (24 kcal) reduction in energy intake or increase in energy expenditure per day. Theoretically, further weight gain might be prevented using a small-changes approach that emphasizes the importance of making small changes in physical activity and food intake.
Engagement with dietary fibre and receptiveness to resistant starch in Australia
Authors: Mohr Philip , Quinn Sinéad , Morell Matthew , Topping David
Published: April 2010

Objective

To investigate community engagement with the health benefits of dietary fibre (DF) and its potential as a framework for the promotion of increased consumption of resistant starch (RS).

Setting

A nationwide postal Food and Health Survey conducted in Australia by CSIRO Human Nutrition.

Subjects

Adults aged 18 years and above, selected at random from the Australian Electoral Roll (n 849).

Design

A cross-sectional design was employed to analyse ratings of (i) the importance of various RS health and functional claims and (ii) receptiveness to different foods as RS delivery vehicles, according to the respondents’ level of fibre engagement as classified under the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) of Health Behaviour.

Results

There was a high level of recognition (89·5 %) of DF as being important for health. Significant gender differences were found for ratings of RS attributes and RS delivery options. Women were both more fibre-engaged than men and more receptive than men to RS and its potential benefits. Ratings of the acceptability of several foods as means of delivering RS revealed a general preference for healthy staples over indulgences, with the margin between acceptability of staples and indulgences increasing markedly with increased fibre engagement.

Conclusions

Application of the PAPM to awareness of DF reveals a ready-made target group for health messages about RS and pockets of differential potential receptiveness. The findings support the promotion of RS as providing health benefits of DF with the added reduction of risk of serious disease, its delivery through healthy staples and the targeting of messages at both fibre-engaged individuals and women in general.
Solar cycle variation of ion densities measured by SROSS C2 and FORMOSAT‐1 over Indian low and equatorial latitudes
Authors: Borgohain A. , Bhuyan P. K.
Published: April 2010

In situ measurements carried out by the SROSS C2 satellite during the ascending half of solar cycle 23 from 1995 to 2000 are used to study the effect of changes in solar activity on diurnal, seasonal, and latitudinal variations of O+, H+, He+, and O2+ ions at an average altitude of ∼500 km over the Indian latitude and longitude sector. FORMOSAT‐1 measurements at 600 km over Indian low and equatorial latitudes are also analyzed for diurnal and seasonal variations in O+, H+, and He+ concentrations from 1999 to 2003. O+ dominates these altitudes and exhibits the expected diurnal variations of minimum before local sunrise and maximum in noontime or afternoon hours. The magnitude and time of diurnal maximum vary with season and solar activity as well as latitude. H+ density, which is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of O+ during the daytime in years of low solar activity, is further reduced with respect to O+ density as solar activity increases. The concentration of He+ is less than that of H+ during the solar minimum. However, during periods of moderate to high solar activity, the He+ concentration equals or is higher than that of H+. Day and nighttime O+ bear a good positive correlation with F10.7 cm solar flux, while H+ declines with increases in solar flux. O2+ is a minor constituent at the altitude of ∼500 km irrespective of solar activity and season of observation. It is observed that the O2+ concentration increases approximately twofold from solar minimum to solar maximum. Daytime He+ does not vary with solar flux, while the nighttime concentration of He+ increases marginally with increases in solar flux.
Magnetic field oscillations near the planetary period in Saturn's equatorial magnetosphere: Variation of amplitude and phase with radial distance and local time
Authors: Andrews D. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Dougherty M. K. , Provan G.
Published: April 2010

We present an analysis of the ∼11 h oscillations in Saturn's near‐equatorial magnetic field, using Cassini data acquired during 2004–2007. We assume the oscillation period is given by the magnetic phase model derived by Provan et al. (2009) over the same interval, and use this to combine the data to determine the variation of the oscillation amplitude and phase of all three spherical polar field components with radial distance (∼3–30 RS) and local time (RS is Saturn's radius, 60,268 km). The oscillatory field behavior can be divided into two regions at a radial distance of ∼15 RS. In the inner region the radial and azimuthal components form a rotating field that to a first approximation is quasi‐uniform, but shows major suppression and deflection effects around the near‐planet region. Associated rotating field‐aligned currents in the Enceladus torus are estimated to carry ∼±1 MA. In the outer region these field components form a rotating partial twin‐vortex centered in the nightside, with associated North–South directed currents carrying ∼±6 MA. Individual current regions of a given sign emerge first at dusk, propagate via midnight, and dissipate near dawn, avoiding the dayside sector of weaker more uniform oscillatory fields. Oscillations in the colatitudinal field are also present throughout, that are generally in phase with the radial component. The oscillation phases of all components are found to increase with radial distance at all local times, indicating outward radial propagation with phase speeds of ∼200 km s−1 on the nightside and ∼500 km s−1 on the dayside.