bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le modèle sotériologique et l’histoire de la doctrine valentinienne. Une évaluation critique de la thèse d’Einar Thomassen
Authors: Sabau Gelu
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This article is a critical evaluation of Einar Thomassen’s thesis, according to which the Valentinian doctrine evolves from the Eastern to the Western school. E. Thomassen starts his classfication from the classical separation of Valentinism in two schools – Eastern and Western – and he traces the evolution of the Valentinian doctrine, relying on the extant historical testimonies and also, on the inner logic of the Christological doctrine’s evolution from one spiritual nature of the Saviour to his double nature (spiritual and psychical). In this article I tried to question E. Thomassen’s thesis of the two christological and soteriological models, through a comparative analysis of direct and indirect sources. I tried to show that such a perspective over the Valentinian doctrine’s evolution is difficult to maintain if we are to abandon the heresiologists’ assumptions (specially those of Irenaeus of Lyon) on Valentinism.
Pentecostal History, Imagination, and Listening between the Lines
Authors: Hudson Andrew Sinclair
Published: April 2014

As Pentecostals have historically lived, ministered, and led from the margins, their histories often challenge the historian. Reading the religious and social histories contemporaneous to the beginnings of many pentecostal churches and movements is often not enough to discover the complex tapestry of pentecostal voices. Not only oral but also, and particularly, aural historical elements play a key role in the recovery of the “unheard” protagonists in pentecostal histories. The example of Richard Green Spurling and the Church of God (Cleveland, TN) provides an opportunity to imaginatively reconstruct the influences of African Americans on a white Appalachian Baptist-turned-pentecostal preacher. Investigating sung moments of African American prisoners working on a local railroad could shape the religious pedigree of this classical North American pentecostal denomination. This article will explore pentecostal historiography by investigating Spurling and the sung music of African American prisoners as a case study of imaginatively rereading pentecostal histories.
New Heavens and New Earth
Authors: Lamp Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2014

The article examines references in several early pentecostal periodicals concerning the soteriological destiny of the other-than-human created order to demonstrate that the current focus among many current pentecostal advocates of creation care is a valid expression of pentecostal spirituality in continuity with the soteriological emphases of early pioneers in the movement. After examining impediments to creation care that relate primarily to a missional focus on evangelism in light of popular dispensational understandings of eschatology, I survey the occurrence of the phrase new earth in early pentecostal periodical literature to show that many writers held views of eschatology and soteriology that held out hope for the redemption of all creation. Current pentecostal thought on creation care that challenges the noted impediments against this focus is not acquiescence to secular faddism, but is consonant with strands of thought early in the movement.
Migration as a Theologizing Experience
Authors: Corrie John
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The suggestion by Hanciles that migration is a “theologizing experience” is the starting point for exploring the way in which mission in a western context, in partnership with non-western migrants, can be a mutually transforming experience. Hanciles suggests that non-western migrant people bring a new paradigm of mission which is radically different from the way Western mission has been done in the past because it offers itself in weakness, risk, diversity, and dependency. However, theologically and experientially, migration brings with it many ambiguities and creative tensions, which means that Hanciles’ analysis may need to be more nuanced. In particular the notion that migrants are involved in a “reverse mission” to the West “from below” which characterizes the new paradigm has a number of problems in reality. This is explored particularly in a British context, in which we find that the contribution of migrants to mission, though sometimes encouraging, is varied, and that issues which have mired western mission in the past are re-appearing “in reverse”. It is therefore suggested that a mutual inter culturality between migrants and indigenous Western churches from the very beginning of the encounter may provide the promise of a more transformative mission experience. They have more in common than they realize: the irony is that the western church finds itself also in a situation of “exile”, though in a very different sense. Marginalized, alien to the secular culture, in decline, with their religious identity no longer “at home”, the Western Christian experience of exile resonates with the migrant experience of exile, which is ground for a genuine partnership in mission. It is concluded that mission as a theologizing experience can work for transformative mission where there is genuine interculturality, and that this could mitigate the problems of thinking of migrant mission purely in terms of “reverse mission”.
Being Church in the Midst of Pagodas
Authors: Moe David Thang
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The Protestant Christian existence in Myanmar can be characterized by three significant phases: the first phase led by foreign missionaries; the second led by foreign missionary-trained local pastors; and the current third phase in which the local Christian churches need to be theologically and missiologically rooted. Despite its two hundred years of existence in the nation (since Adoniram Judson’s mission in 1813), Christianity remains alienated in society, primarily because of Christians’ exclusion from the national religion, Buddhism. Taking the third phase as a major concern for a theology of mission in the twenty-first century in Myanmar’s pluralistic context, where the churches exist in the midst of the Buddhist pagodas, I will propose a theology ofembraceas a missiological response to the problem ofexclusion.
Religion and Development
Authors: Skjortnes Marianne
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Christian churches across the world have long engaged in humanitarian assistance and diaconal work. Diaconal action, understood as integral to the church’s mission in today’s world, is conditioned and challenged by concrete contexts. In order to be relevant,diakoniarequires a careful reading of the contexts. This article presents life histories of three individuals who live in Madagascar. The stories relate how living in a world of poverty and need, humiliation and lack of safety provides many challenges relating to the fulfillment of needs and creating decent living conditions. The stories also tell of lives where many have met Christian individuals and institutions that give priority to the task of upholding human dignity. My aim has been to shed light on the meaning of diaconal work has for these young people and how new opportunities and challenges are creating new life stories and changes in their experience of human dignity. The objective has also been to describe the added value that religion and Christian organizations provide to the secular development project.
Engaging Norwegian Youth in Mission
Authors: Austnaberg Hans
Published: April 2014

Abstract

A reform of Christian education began in Norway in 2004 covering all those baptised in the Church of Norway from birth to 18. Mission is a significant dimension in the Plan for Christian Education but, despite the many projects initiated by congregations, relatively few deal with mission. The empirical material underpinning this article is a close study of four congregations’ projects on mission and youth aged from 14 to 18. Projects with good experience in this respect were selected and the main focus was on identifying factors which accounted for the success of projects designed to engage Norwegian youth in mission. Following a brief presentation of the Norwegian background regarding Christian education and an introduction to the empirical material the main part of the article discusses factors which were crucial to the projects’ success.
Contested Spaces and Contested Meanings in the Acts of Thomas
Authors: Gruen William “Chip”
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The agonistic character of the Apocryphal Acts literature has been well documented. The vast majority of these traditions revolve around the apostolic figure battling both demonic and human adversaries. The Acts of Thomas is no exception, showing the protagonist as Christian hero par-excellence, navigating both cosmological and theological adversaries, always emerging triumphant. Beyond the narration of these competitions themselves, however, the reader also witnesses Thomas navigating different places and spaces in his journeys. The dichotomies of deserted/inhabited, public/private, sacred/profane, domestic/communal are all encountered and their meanings adjudicated through the apostolic competitions. This paper will use spatiality theory to interrogate the use of these narrative topoi. In so doing, the role of space will not only be explored in these imagined places of the Acts of Thomas, but implications for the lived experience of the community will be investigated.
Paul and the “Tradition” of the Founder-Figures: A Response to James C. Hanges, Paul, Founder of Churches, 2011
Authors: Touna Vaia
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The article is a review/response to James C. Hanges’s bookPaul, Founder of Churches. It presses further Hanges’s main thesis and challenges well-established traditions in the approach both to ancient Greece as well as Early Christianity.
“Severing the Joints and the Marrow”: The Double-Edged Sword of Comparison
Authors: Hanges James Constantine
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Edwin Hatch argued for the comparability of early Christian and Greco-Roman institutional forms. But his critics dismissed Hatch’scomparandafor being insufficiently precise, and thus no threat to the uniqueness of Christian forms. This paper explores comparison, the complexities of claiming comparability in specific cases, arguing that the process of identifyingcomparandais political and strategic, used both as a tool and a weapon, and too often in the study of religion – as in the case of Hatch’s critics – comparison is wielded in the service of incomparability, a strategic move that can be calledcomparatio iniquitatis causa(comparison for the sake of difference).
Amish in the 21st Century
Authors: Holmes David , Block Walter E.
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The Amish community is a boon to social science analysis. They are so similar in many ways to the outside world; they live as part of it. And yet they are also quite different. These similarities and especially differences provide a contrast that can be studied. The present paper looks at this religious group of people through the eyeglasses of history, law, philosophy, culture and economics.
Spatialising Practices: Theory, Text, Practice Towards a Redescriptive Companion to Graeco-Roman Antiquity – A Response
Authors: van den Heever Gerhard
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This paper is a response to the Spatialising Practices panel that was organised under the auspices of the Greco-Roman Religions Section of the Society of Biblical Literature, November 2012. In the paper I respond to three foci represented in the presentations, namely spatiality theory, narrative space, and spatial practices. Overall the argument is made that conceptions of space arose already earlier in the 20th century with the rise of phenomenology, but that spatiality theories proper were epiphenomena of the emergence of cultural studies since the middle of the 20th century. It is argued that space is not so much an object of study and description but rather that space is a tool of analysis. Moreover, the essentially activist and political character of spatiality theory should continue to infuse studies of religion and space.
Inspiration and Discernment in Pentecostal Aesthetics
Authors: Felix-Jager Steven
Published: April 2014

This article attempts to define what an artist’s ‘interior promptings’ or inspirations are and to understand the role of the Holy Spirit in artistic inspiration and discernment. In so doing, divine inspiration is defined broadly so as to make room for artistic inspiration. This article also considers how the Holy Spirit influences human imaginations through experience and how inspirations are derived from these experiences. Different ways to understand religious and cultural worldviews are also examined. The concept of ‘seeing’ is considered to understand the Pentecostal agenda as attempting to cause a transformative paradigm shift in a person’s worldview. Finally, this article engages in dialogue with Pentecostal theologian Amos Yong in order to look at spiritual discernment and answer the question, ‘Does the Holy Spirit inspire art in other religious or secular traditions?’
De-constructing and Re-constructing the Institutional Church
Authors: Johnson Bob L.
Published: April 2014

Faced with declining memberships and demands for relevance, many leaders have focused on the inertia of the institutional forms, features, and processes of the Church. While such foci are justified, much of the zeal that animates change reflects an inadequate grasp of the Church’s institutional character. Building on nuances of this character, a set of concepts, contours, and caveats are offered to inform a theology of change for the Church, one that is sensitive to the Spirit. Pentecostal theology provides a compelling context for this endeavor. It is argued that this theology must be sensitive to the authoritative role of Spirit-Word, the de- and re-constructive work of the Spirit, and the dynamics of social context.
‘Free’ Enrichment and the Nature of Pragmatic Constraints
Authors: Hall Alison
Published: April 2014

The contextualist approach to utterance interpretation posits processes of “free” pragmatic enrichment that supply unarticulated constituents of the explicit content of utterances. While this proposal is faithful to our intuitions about the truth conditions of utterances, and accommodates the optionality of these pragmatic effects, there remains a doubt about whether contextualism can account in any principled way for what pragmatically derived material enters into explicit content, and what does not. This gap in the theory leads to objections that the putative process of pragmatic enrichment would massively overgenerate interpretations of utterances, having no way to exclude from explicit content elements of meaning that are truth-conditionally irrelevant. Here I discuss how a derivational account can sort explicit content from implicatures, where the former is a result of “developing” the linguistically-encoded form, while implicatures are entirely inferred, from fully propositional premises. Using the idea that enrichment is constrained to the minimum necessary to inferentially warrant the implications of the utterance, I show how the derivational account can address existing examples of alleged overgeneration, and that these rest on a failure to properly appreciate that the occurrence of such “free” pragmatic processes depends on the details of the particular context in which the utterance was tokened. I conclude with a discussion of what kind of systematicity should be expected from an account of processes whose outcome is inevitably context-specific.
Word-Formation and Contextualism
Authors: Meibauer Jörg
Published: April 2014

While there is, under the heading of “morphopragmatics”, some research on the relation of pragmatics and word-formation, especially with a focus on diminutives, the major theoretical models of word-formation do not account for the word-formation/pragmatics interface in any systematic fashion. Moreover, in recent contextualist approaches to the semantics/pragmatics interface, the typical grammatical unit referred to is the sentence (including words that constitute a sentence), but not word structure or the morpheme. Drawing on morphological data from German, I will show the influence of pragmatic processes and principles on word-formation, arguing that word structures are also units that may be semantically underdetermined and thus are in need of pragmatic enrichment. Hence morphological theories have to account for pragmatic effects, and contextualist approaches have to account for other entities beyond the ones lying on the “what is said”-“what is implicated” spectrum.
Selaginella wangpeishanii (Selaginellaceae), a new lycophyte from a limestone cave in Guizhou, China
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , Sun Qing-Wen , He Hai
Published: April 2014

Selaginella wangpeishanii, a new species of the lycophyte genus Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) from a limestone cave in southern Guizhou, China is described and illustrated. The new species is different from any species in the genus known so far in China by having some ultimate branches bearing microphylls in ascending order of trophophylls, sporophylls or sporophyll-like microphylls, and trophophylls (TST arrangement of microphylls). Morphologically, S. wangpeishanii is most similar to S. gebaueriana, but is distinct by smaller plants and serrulate margins of lateral trophophylls. Selaginella wangpeishanii is currently known only from a single population and is considered to be Critically Endangered (CR), based on IUCN Red List criteria.
Neotypification of Brachyscome assamica C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae)
Authors: Barbhuiya Hussain Ahmed
Published: April 2014

Brachyscome assamica C.B. Clarke (1876: 40) is a small shrubby herb, restricted to Assam State of northeast India and it is the only known species of the genus Brachyscome Cassini (1816: 199) occurring in India. It can be readily recognized by its 1–2-seriate elliptic involucral bracts with scarious margins, longer, whitish, violet-tinged ligules, beaked achenes, and the absence of a pappus. Clarke (1876) described the species based on material seen at the Calcutta Herbarium (CAL) collected from Dihing River Rocks, Namsang, in Upper Assam, India. Hooker (1881: 249) mentioned that he knew “nothing of this plant, which exists only in the Calcutta Herbarium, where Clarke described it”. Hajra (1995: 102), in revision of the family Asteraceae in “Flora of India”, indicated that no relevant material could be found at the CAL.
New species of the deep-sea munnopsid genus Tytthocope (Crustacea, Isopoda, Asellota) from the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean
Authors: MALYUTINA MARINA V. , BRANDT ANGELIKA
Published: April 2014

In the benthic samples collected during the deep-sea expeditions ANDEEP from the Weddell Sea and DIVA from the Argentine Basin the isopod family Munnopsidae was the most specious and numerous. Among the collected munnopsids three new species of Tytthocope Wilson & Hessler, 1981 have been discovered. Tytthocope is one of six genera of the subfamily Eurycopinae. It differs from other genera of the Eurycopinae by having a strongly reduced pereonite 7 and inflated pleotelson. Until now the genus consisted of five described species: four of them are known from the northern Atlantic and only one species, T. sulcifrons (Barnard, 1920) was described from the southern Atlantic off the South Africa coast. The five known species of Tytthocope have been recorded from depths less than 1461 m. Descriptions of three new species of Tytthocope collected in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean at depths between 1530–4608 m, T. divae sp. nov., T. fahrbachi sp. nov. and T. longitelson sp. nov. are presented in the paper. T. sulcifrons is redescribed herein based on the type material.
Revision of the Oriental leafhopper genus Destinoides Cai & He (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Ledrinae), with a new synonym and two new combinations
Authors: Sun Jing , WEBB Michael D. , Zhang Yalin
Published: April 2014

The leafhopper genus Destinoides Cai & He is revised to include two species D. latifrons (Walker 1851, Ledra) n. comb. and D. conspicuus (Distant 1907, Petalocephala) n. comb. Destinoides fasciata Cai & He, 2000 is placed as a junior synonym of D. latifrons, syn. nov. These two species are redescribed and illustrated in detail and a key is given based on the males.
Relative Humidity in the Troposphere with AIRS
Authors: Ruzmaikin Alexander , Aumann Hartmut H. , Manning Evan M.
Published: April 2014

New global satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are applied to study the tropospheric relative humidity (RH) distribution and its influence on outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for January and July in 2003, 2007, and 2011. RH has the largest maxima over 90% in the equatorial tropopause layer in January. Maxima in July do not arise above 60%. Seasonal variations of about 20% in zonally averaged RH are observed in the equatorial region of the low troposphere, in the equatorial tropopause layer, and in the polar regions. The seasonal variability in the recent decade has increased by about 5% relative to that in 1973–88, indicating a positive trend. The observed RH profiles indicate a moist bias in the tropical and subtropical regions typically produced by the general circulation models. The new data and method of evaluating the statistical significance of bimodality confirm bimodal probability distributions of RH at large tropospheric scales, notably in the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation. Bimodality is also seen at 500–300 hPa in mid- and high latitudes. Since the drying time of the air is short compared with the mixing time of moist and dry air, the bimodality reflects the large-scale distribution of sources of moisture and the atmospheric circulation. Analysis of OLR dependence on surface temperature shows a 0.2 W m−2 K−1 difference in sensitivities between clear-sky and all-sky OLR, indicating a positive longwave cloud radiative forcing. Diagrams of the clear-sky OLR as functions of percentiles of surface temperature and relative humidity in the tropics are designed to provide a new measure of the supergreenhouse effect.
Predictability of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Intraseasonal Variability Hindcast Experiment (ISVHE)*
Authors: Neena J. M. , Lee June Yi , Waliser Duane , Wang Bin , Jiang Xianan
Published: April 2014

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) represents a primary source of predictability on the intraseasonal time scales and its influence extends from seasonal variations to weather and extreme events. While the last decade has witnessed marked improvement in dynamical MJO prediction, an updated estimate of MJO predictability from a contemporary suite of dynamic models, in conjunction with an estimate of their corresponding prediction skill, is crucial for guiding future research and development priorities. In this study, the predictability of the boreal winter MJO is revisited based on the Intraseasonal Variability Hindcast Experiment (ISVHE), a set of dedicated extended-range hindcasts from eight different coupled models. Two estimates of MJO predictability are made, based on single-member and ensemble-mean hindcasts, giving values of 20–30 days and 35–45 days, respectively. Exploring the dependence of predictability on the phase of MJO during hindcast initiation reveals a slightly higher predictability for hindcasts initiated from MJO phases 2, 3, 6, or 7 in three of the models with higher prediction skill. The estimated predictability of MJO initiated in phases 2 and 3 (i.e., convection in Indian Ocean with subsequent propagation across Maritime Continent) being equal to or higher than other MJO phases implies that the so-called Maritime Continent prediction barrier may not actually be an intrinsic predictability limitation. For most of the models, the skill for single-member (ensemble mean) hindcasts is less than the estimated predictability limit by about 5–10 days (15–25 days), implying that significantly more skillful MJO forecasts can be afforded through further improvements of dynamical models and ensemble prediction systems (EPS).
Wind-Driven Seasonal Cycle of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Zhao Jian , Johns William
Published: April 2014

The dynamical processes governing the seasonal cycle of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are studied using a variety of models, ranging from a simple forced Rossby wave model to an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model. The AMOC variability is decomposed into Ekman and geostrophic transport components, which reveal that the seasonality of the AMOC is determined by both components in the extratropics and dominated by the Ekman transport in the tropics. The physics governing the seasonal fluctuations of the AMOC are explored in detail at three latitudes (26.5°N, 6°N, and 34.5°S). While the Ekman transport is directly related to zonal wind stress seasonality, the comparison between different numerical models shows that the geostrophic transport involves a complex oceanic adjustment to the wind forcing. The oceanic adjustment is further evaluated by separating the zonally integrated geostrophic transport into eastern and western boundary currents and interior flows. The results indicate that the seasonal AMOC cycle in the extratropics is controlled mainly by local boundary effects, where either the western or eastern boundary can be dominant at different latitudes, while in the northern tropics it is the interior flow and its lagged compensation by the western boundary current that determine the seasonal AMOC variability.
Melting of Ice and Sea Ice into Seawater and Frazil Ice Formation
Authors: McDougall Trevor J. , Barker Paul M. , Feistel Rainer , Galton-Fenzi Ben K.
Published: April 2014

The thermodynamic consequences of the melting of ice and sea ice into seawater are considered. The International Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater—2010 (TEOS-10) is used to derive the changes in the Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity of seawater that occurs as a consequence of the melting of ice and sea ice into seawater. Also, a study of the thermodynamic relationships involved in the formation of frazil ice enables the calculation of the magnitudes of the Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity changes with pressure when frazil ice is present in a seawater parcel, assuming that the frazil ice crystals are sufficiently small that their relative vertical velocity can be ignored. The main results of this paper are the equations that describe the changes to these quantities when ice and seawater interact, and these equations can be evaluated using computer software that the authors have developed and is publicly available in the Gibbs SeaWater (GSW) Oceanographic Toolbox of TEOS-10.
An Idealized Model of Weddell Gyre Export Variability
Authors: Su Zhan , Stewart Andrew L. , Thompson Andrew F.
Published: April 2014

Recent observations suggest that the export of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) from the Weddell Sea has a seasonal cycle in its temperature and salinity that is correlated with annual wind stress variations. This variability has been attributed to annual vertical excursions of the isopycnals in the Weddell Gyre, modifying the water properties at the depth of the Orkney Passage. Recent studies attribute these variations to locally wind-driven barotropic dynamics in the northern Weddell Sea boundary current. This paper explores an alternative mechanism in which the isopycnals respond directly to surface Ekman pumping, which is coupled to rapidly responding mesoscale eddy buoyancy fluxes near the gyre boundary. A conceptual model of the interface that separates Weddell Sea Deep Water from Circumpolar Deep Water is described in which the bounding isopycnal responds to a seasonal oscillation in the surface wind stress. Different parameterizations of the mesoscale eddy diffusivity are tested. The model accurately predicts the observed phases of the temperature and salinity variability in relationship to the surface wind stress. The model, despite its heavy idealization, also accounts for more than 50% of the observed oscillation amplitude, which depends on the strength of the seasonal wind variability and the parameterized eddy diffusivity. These results highlight the importance of mesoscale eddies in modulating the export of AABW in narrow boundary layers around the Antarctic margins.
Uncertainties of the Ocean Heat Content Estimation Induced by Insufficient Vertical Resolution of Historical Ocean Subsurface Observations
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Zhu Jiang
Published: April 2014

Assessment of the upper-ocean (0–700 m) heat content (OHC) is a key task for monitoring climate change. However, irregular spatial and temporal distribution of historical subsurface observations has induced uncertainties in OHC estimation. In this study, a new source of uncertainties in calculating OHC due to the insufficiency of vertical resolution in historical ocean subsurface temperature profile observations was diagnosed. This error was examined by sampling a high-vertical-resolution climatological ocean according to the depth intervals of in situ subsurface observations, and then the error was defined as the difference between the OHC calculated by subsampled profiles and the OHC of the climatological ocean. The obtained resolution-induced error appeared to be cold in the upper 100 m (with a peak of approximately −0.1°C), warm within 100–700 m (with a peak of ~0.1°C near 180 m), and warm when averaged over 0–700-m depths (with a global average of ~0.01°–0.025°C, ~1–2.5 × 1022 J). Geographically, it showed a warm bias within 30°S–30°N and a cold bias at higher latitudes in both hemispheres, the sign of which depended on the concave or convex shape of the vertical temperature profiles. Finally, the authors recommend maintaining an unbiased observation system in the future: a minimal vertical depth bin of 5% of the depth was needed to reduce the vertical-resolution-induced bias to less than 0.005°C on global average (equal to Argo accuracy).
An Observational and Modeling Study of the Processes Leading to Deep, Moist Convection in Complex Terrain
Authors: Weckwerth Tammy M. , Bennett Lindsay J. , Jay Miller L. , Van Baelen Joël , Di Girolamo Paolo , Blyth Alan M. , Hertneky Tracy J.
Published: April 2014

A case study of orographic convection initiation (CI) that occurred along the eastern slopes of the Vosges Mountains in France on 6 August 2007 during the Convective and Orographically-Induced Precipitation Study (COPS) is presented. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers and two Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radars sampled the preconvective and storm environments and were respectively used to retrieve three-dimensional tomographic water vapor and wind fields. These retrieved data were supplemented with temperature, moisture, and winds from radiosondes from a site in the eastern Rhine Valley. High-resolution numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were used to further investigate the physical processes leading to convective precipitation.

This unique, time-varying combination of derived water vapor and winds from observations illustrated an increase in low-level moisture and convergence between upslope easterlies and downslope westerlies along the eastern slope of the Vosges Mountains. Uplift associated with these shallow, colliding boundary layer flows eventually led to the initiation of moist convection. WRF reproduced many features of the observed complicated flow, such as cyclonic (anticyclonic) flow around the southern (northern) end of the Vosges Mountains and the east-side convergent flow below the ridgeline. The WRF simulations also illustrated spatial and temporal variability in buoyancy and the removal of the lids prior to convective development. The timing and location of CI from the WRF simulations was surprisingly close to that observed.
Damage Survey, Radar, and Environment Analyses on the First-Ever Documented Tornado in Beijing during the Heavy Rainfall Event of 21 July 2012
Authors: Meng Zhiyong , Yao Dan
Published: April 2014

On 21 July 2012, severe wind damage occurred in Beijing, China, during a heavy rainfall event. Through a damage survey that had the most detailed information in all of the published tornado damage surveys so far in China, this work showed significant evidence that the wind damage was caused by a mesocyclonic tornado rated as a category 3 storm on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF3) that was observed by people but of which not a single picture was taken. This was the first tornado ever reported or documented in Beijing. The most influential evidence indicating a tornado included a narrow damage swath 30–400 m wide and ~10 km long and convergent surface winds at multiple places along the swath. The radar analyses examined here show that the tornado was embedded in a strong mesocyclone. The initial linear and later sinusoidal tornado track was likely due to the intensification and expansion of the mesocyclone. The location, timing, and intensity variation of the wind damage were precisely collocated with those of a tornadic vortex signature. Descending reflectivity cores as well as their associated jetlets and counterrotating vortices were detected both before tornadogenesis and prior to the reintensification of the tornado damage. A tornadic debris signature was also detected in the later stages of the tornado. Compared to the U.S. climatology of forecast parameters for different storm categories, this storm developed in an environment that was favorable for the formation of supercells or weakly tornadic supercells rather than significantly tornadic supercells.
Nowcasting with the AROME Model: First Results from the High-Resolution AROME Airport
Authors: Hagelin Susanna , Auger Ludovic , Brovelli Pascal , Dupont Olivier
Published: April 2014

Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) Airport is the high-resolution version of the French operational numerical weather prediction model AROME. The purpose of AROME Airport is to provide rapidly updated forecasts with a 500-m resolution for nowcasting over an airport and to help with the prediction of wake vortices in order to increase the efficiency of the airport. Here, the model is evaluated for the area around Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), France. AROME Airport and other configurations of the AROME model are compared to observations during two 4-week periods, when additional observations are available for the area around CDG (May–June 2011 and September–October 2012). The root-mean-square error and the bias are calculated for the 2-m temperature, 10-m wind speed, and the vertical distribution of the wind speed using the available measurements. The performance of AROME Airport is compared to the operational configuration of the AROME model both for synoptic hours and in a more realistic setting using the forecasts from AROME Airport starting every hour. It is shown that the forecasts from AROME Airport are an improvement with respect to the operational when comparing runs from all forecast hours, particularly for the wind speed, but when comparing the synoptic hours, the results are less clear. The sensitivity of AROME Airport to its data assimilation and initial and lateral boundary conditions is also discussed.
Connecting Theory to Social Technology Platforms
Authors: Goggins Sean , Petakovic Eva
Published: April 2014

In this article, the authors synthesize 3 years of social technologies research, including studies of Facebook, Twitter, and GitHub, to present a theory driven framework to guide future social scientific research using “Big Data.” They connect levels of analysis derived from empirical study of influence to the electronic trace data generated by social technologies. Specifically, the authors outline a relationship between social media technology platforms, individual goals for participation, and emergent small groups to inform future research on influence in social technologies. They incorporate theory from small group literature, communities and networks of practice, and media theory to explicate a contextual framework for measuring influence. In their discussion, the authors build on the contrast between influence indicators in Facebook, Twitter, and GitHub to argue for a greater focus on the influence abstractions of articulation and affiliation.
17-Hydroxyprogesterone in children, adolescents and adults
Authors: Honour John W
Published: April 2014

17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is an intermediate steroid in the adrenal biosynthetic pathway from cholesterol to cortisol and is the substrate for steroid 21-hydroxylase. An inherited deficiency of 21-hydroxylase leads to greatly increased serum concentrations of 17-OHP, while the absence of cortisol synthesis causes an increase in adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) presents usually with virilisation of a girl at birth. Affected boys and girls can have renal salt loss within a few days if aldosterone production is also compromised. Diagnosis can be delayed in boys. A non-classical form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC-CAH) presents later in life usually with androgen excess. Moderately raised or normal 17-OHP concentrations can be seen basally but, if normal and clinical suspicion is high, an ACTH stimulation test will show 17-OHP concentrations (typically >30 nmol/L) above the normal response. NC-CAH is more likely to be detected clinically in females and may be asymptomatic particularly in males until families are investigated. The prevalence of NC-CAH in women with androgen excess can be up to 9% according to ethnic background and genotype. Mutations in the 21-hydroxylase genes in NC-CAH can be found that have less deleterious effects on enzyme activity. Other less-common defects in enzymes of cortisol synthesis can be associated with moderately elevated 17-OHP. Precocious puberty, acne, hirsutism and subfertility are the commonest features of hyperandrogenism. 17-OHP is a diagnostic marker for CAH but opinions differ on the role of 17OHP or androstenedione in monitoring treatment with renin in the salt losing form. This review considers the utility of 17-OHP measurements in children, adolescents and adults.
Seeing Perfectly Fitting Factor Models That Are Causally Misspecified
Authors: Hayduk Leslie
Published: April 2014

Researchers using factor analysis tend to dismiss the significant ill fit of factor models by presuming that if their factor model is close-to-fitting, it is probably close to being properly causally specified. Close fit may indeed result from a model being close to properly causally specified, but close-fitting factor models can also be seriously causally misspecified. This article illustrates a variety of nonfactor causal worlds that are perfectly, but inappropriately, fit by factor models. Seeing nonfactor worlds that are perfectly yet erroneously fit via factor models should help researchers understand that close-to-fitting factor models may seriously misrepresent the world’s causal structure. Statistical cautions regarding the factor model’s proclivity to fit when it ought not to fit have been insufficiently publicized and are rarely heeded. A research commitment to understanding the world’s causal structure, combined with clear examples of factor mismodeling should spur diagnostic assessment of significant factor model failures—including reassessment of published failing factor models.
Multiple legitimacy narratives and planned organizational change
Authors: Landau Dana , Drori Israel , Terjesen Siri
Published: April 2014

This article explores the cultural narratives through which members of organizations define legitimacy during prolonged periods of change. We view legitimacy work as a cultural practice and interpretive process that takes the form of organizational narratives. We show how the shifting configurations of internal power relations shape both the choice and the meaning attached to the varied legitimacy narratives. We investigate the construction of legitimacy through a longitudinal case study based on participant observation of Gamma, a government Research and Development (R&D) organization, during a process of intense change. We provide theoretical insights into the construction and deconstruction of the legitimacy by analyzing the narratives in play during a process of planned change. We claim that legitimation narratives not only evolve in accordance with functional need or, in a sense, that older narratives give room to newer, more updated or relevant narratives, but also that multiple narratives are used by different organization actors alternately and interchangeably as part of internal contestation over legitimation of change.
Bio-hybrid foams by silsesquioxanes cross-linked thermoplastic zein films
Authors: Verdolotti Letizia , Oliviero Maria , Lavorgna Marino , Iozzino Valentina , Larobina Domenico , Iannace Salvatore
Published: April 2014

Hybrid materials, a new class of materials obtained by sol-gel approach and based on the nanoscale interaction between inorganic and organic phases, have recently gained large scientific and industrial attention. In this work, the material designing of zein hybrid materials with tailored properties is addressed to the production of zein hybrid foams by both gas foaming and supercritical carbon dioxide, CO2 drying. Hybrid materials have been produced from thermoplastic zein and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane by a two-step procedure including reactive melt mixing and a simultaneous sol-gel approach. Protein structural changes have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy and correlated with thermomechanical properties. The hybrid foams have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy in order to evaluate the effect of silsesquioxanes domains on the porous structure. Hybrid microcellular foams with homogeneous cellular structures have been obtained by both foaming approaches. A bimodal structure with bubbles characterized by micrometric and nanometric sizes was obtained in hybrid foams obtained with CO2 drying.
A head within a head sign: a manifestation of healing nutritional rickets
Authors: Agarwal Anil , Agarwal Rachna
Published: April 2014

The epiphyseal perichondrium is calcified during the rachitic healing process and visible radiologically as ‘a head within a head’ around the proximal femoral epiphysis in young children. Seen in isolation, these radiographs can pose diagnostic dilemmas.
Catalytic performances of copper and lead (2-guanidino-benzimidazoliume) complexes in polybutadiene (PB) and hydroxyl-terminated PB epoxidation
Authors: Nikje Mir Mohammad Alavi , Soleimani Majid , Aliakbari Sadegh , Hajifathali Hasan
Published: April 2014

Polybutadiene (PB) and hydroxyl-terminated PB were epoxidized using in situ-generated dimethyl dioxirane as an oxidant in the attendance of different concentrations of copper and lead (2-guanidinobenzimidazoliume) (GBH) complexes as the catalyst at 25°C. The potential of cis, trans, and vinyl double bonds toward epoxidation was considered in detail at various reaction times. The products were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques and data revealed that the formation of desired products were obtained without any side reaction. The results indicated the performance of calculated 0.252 mmol of GBH complexes in obtaining maximum epoxidation yield as well as selectivity in the epoxidation of cis double bonds in comparison with trans and vinyl ones.
Rapid and Sustained Long‐Term Decrease of Fecal Short‐Chain Fatty Acids in Critically Ill Patients With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Yamada Tomoki , Shimizu Kentaro , Ogura Hiroshi , Asahara Takashi , Nomoto Koji , Yamakawa Kazuma , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Nakahori Yasutaka , Ohnishi Mitsuo , Kuwagata Yasuyuki , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: April 2014

Background: The gut is an important target organ for injury after severe insult. Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are end‐products of fermentation of dietary fibers by anaerobic microbiota. They are related to intestinal energy, motility, and transport and to protective effects against infection and inflammation. However, there are few clinical data on SCFAs in critically ill patients. We evaluated serial change in fecal SCFAs in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients and Methods: This study included 140 intensive care unit (ICU) patients who fulfilled the criteria of SIRS and had a serum C‐reactive protein level of >10 mg/dL. A fecal sample was used for quantitative measurement of fecal SCFA (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) concentrations by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Fecal SCFAs were evaluated weekly for 6 weeks after admission. Data obtained from patients were compared with corresponding data from healthy volunteers. Results: SIRS resulted from infection in 78 patients, trauma in 30, burns in 12, and other causes in 20. Fecal concentrations of butyrate, propionate, and acetate in these patients decreased significantly compared with those in healthy volunteers and remained low throughout the 6 weeks of the patients' ICU stay. Fecal concentrations of SCFAs in the patients with gastrointestinal complications, including enteritis and dysmotility, were lower than those in the patients without gastrointestinal complications. Conclusions: Concentrations of fecal SCFAs in patients with severe SIRS were significantly lower than those in healthy volunteers over a 6‐week period. Maintenance of SCFAs may have therapeutic potential to prevent gastrointestinal complications in critically ill patients.
Worry in Children
Authors: Carr Imogen , Szabó Marianna
Published: April 2014

Worry in adults has been conceptualized as a thinking process involving problem-solving attempts about anticipated negative outcomes. This process is related to, though distinct from, fear. Previous research suggested that compared to adults, children’s experience of worry is less strongly associated with thinking and more closely related to fear. The present study further explored children’s worrying. Ninety-three 7- to 12-year-olds rated how much they worry, fear and think about the same list of negative outcomes, and reported on their positive beliefs about worrying. Children associated worrying more strongly with fear than with thinking. However, this relationship was moderated by age. Older children reported that worry was more closely related to thinking and less closely related to fear. Furthermore, children who reported more thinking, rather than fear, about negative outcomes were also more likely to report that worrying had beneficial effects. Results suggest important changes in the nature of worrying during late childhood.
Performing Desistance
Authors: Davey Linda , Day Andrew , Balfour Michael
Published: April 2014

Despite the ubiquity of theatre projects in prisons there has been little (published) discussion of the application of theatre to the theories of criminology or rehabilitation of offenders, and scant examination of the potential for criminological theories to inform theatre practice in criminal justice settings. This article seeks to address this deficit and argues that positioning prison theatre within the discipline of positive criminology, specifically contemporary theories of desistance from crime, provides a theoretical framework for understanding the contribution that prison theatre might be making in the correctional setting. Through a review of related literature, the article explores how prison theatre may be motivating offenders toward the construction of a more adaptive narrative identity and toward the acquisition of capabilities that might usefully assist them in the process of desisting from crime.