bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hamaide or Humet
Authors: London H. Stanford , Adam-Even Paul
Published: November 2011

Well might Gailliard rate the hamaide among difficult charges, nor have later armorists done much to dissipate the fog, rather the reverse. The problem is threefold. What is the meaning of the word ? How should the charge be represented in armory? And how should the term be used in blazoning? Those are the three aspects under which the charge will be considered in this essay, looking first to medieval sources, then to the later French writers, and lastly to English heraldry.
Fieldwork on aerial discoveries in Attica and Rhodes. Part I. The Town plan of Classical Rhodes
Authors: Bradford John
Published: November 2011

This report gives a brief account of a field reconnaissance in the Levant during August and September 1955. Seven weeks were spent in ground-checking archaeological sites noticed on air photographs taken by the Royal Air Force over Greece and Rhodes during the Second World War, and later in Cyprus. Assisted by my wife, I was able in these few weeks to locate and to examine in detail a large number of archaeological features, as the consequence of having these photographs as a guide. I shall reserve for a future occasion the description of the results and discoveries from our work in Cyprus, which was based on (i) my study of some thousands of photographs which the Department of Lands and Surveys in Nicosia kindly made available, and (ii) ground-checks on foot in various parts of the island. A very helpful grant of £50 given by the Craven Committee in the University of Oxford contributed towards the cost of this short campaign in 1955. The work was in direct continuation of my field research in Mediterranean lands since 1945, with the emphasis extended for the moment to the eastern end. This was a planned sequel to discoveries which I had made years ago, and an opportunity to complete them with fieldwork on the ground had been long awaited.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Wheeler Mortimer
Published: November 2011

In opening this, my second, Anniversary Address, I will ask you to lend me your imagination: for I am in fact writing it in the capital of the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan a few days after the melodramatic removal of British control from the Arab Legion. The swarming population of Amman, tense and expectant, is dry tinder to any spark that blows, and sparks are not lacking. As I drove down the main street this morning, rifle-shots punctuated the uneasy flow of traffic, and hysteria waxed and waned with an ugly uncertainty. But, having said that, I turn to more relevant matter. I was on my way to the office of a Jordanian architect to discuss with him the preparation of a building in Jerusalem to house, for the first time, a resident British School of Archaeology. He received me with charm and coffee.
Anglo-Saxon sites in Lincolnshire: unpublished material and recent discoveries
Authors: Thompson F. H.
Published: November 2011

Finds from the interesting pagan Saxon cemetery at Ruskington, 3½ miles north of the better-known cemetery at Sleaford, have been published piecemeal and, for the sake of completeness, it seems desirable to place on record certain objects acquired recently by Grantham Museum under the terms of the will of the late Dr. J. H. Gibson of Aldershot. It appears that the latter was in the neighbourhood of Ruskington in 1917 and acquired the objects from a local farmer who had previously obtained them from the gravel-pit north of the village of Ruskington, where burials have been recorded from time to time.
The Hoard of Roman Silver from Great Horwood, Buckinghamshire
Authors: Waugh Helen
Published: November 2011

It seems worth drawing attention afresh to the small hoard of Roman silver found in 1872 between Great Horwood and Winslow, about five or six miles south-east of Buckingham. The hoard deserves to be better known than it is, and one of its most interesting components has never been illustrated; there is also another piece which is so likely to have been part of it, though now separated from the rest, that it ought at least to be recorded.
Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1969: A Summary Report
Authors: Alcock Leslie
Published: November 2011

Continued excavations at South Cadbury in July-August 1969 failed to confirm the Early Neolithic enclosed settlement hinted at in 1968, but added Late Neolithic pottery to the known cultural sequence. For the Iron Age, particular interest attaches to evidence for stake-built round houses; to a rich collection of iron and bronze arms and armour perhaps from a workshop; and to a rectangular shrine with animal sacrifices. The moment of the Roman Conquest is represented by a field oven with military bronzes. In the fifth-sixth centuries A.D. the plan of a timber hall was traced, and it was shown that timber and reused Roman masonry had played a large part in the rampart and gateway.
The Garamantes of Fezzan: Excavations on Zinchecra 1965–7
Authors: Daniels Charles
Published: November 2011

The Garamantes inhabited Fezzan, now the Saharan province of the Libyan Arab Republic, their capital, Garama, lying c. 105 miles west of Sebha in the wadi el Agial. After an unruly early history they appear to have become pacified and open to Roman influence. Before Garama was founded the tribe inhabited the promontory fortress of Zinchecra c. 2½ miles to the south-west, where excavation has revealed three main periods of occupation. The earliest consists of rock-scooped hearths, the second of rough dry-stone and frond shelters with stone-lined hearths. The third is more complex with buildings ranging from rough shelters to well-built mud-brick ‘houses’, the latest of which date to the first century B.C. and employed dressed stone in their basal courses. At the start of this period a complex of enclosure banks and walls was thrown around the base of the spur. Finally the site was abandoned to cemeteries.
Danebury, Hampshire: Second Interim Report on the Excavations 1971–5
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: November 2011

The results of five seasons of excavation (1971–5) are summarized. A continuous strip 30–40 m. wide extending across the centre of the fort from one side to the other was completely excavated revealing pits, gullies, circular stake-built houses, rectangular buildings, and 2-, 4-, and 6-post structures, belonging to the period from the sixth to the end of the second century B.C. The types of structures are discussed. A sequence of development, based largely upon the stratification preserved behind the ramparts, is presented: in the sixth–fifth century the hill was occupied by small four-post ‘granaries’ possibly enclosed by a palisade. The first hill-fort rampart was built in the fifth century protecting houses, an area of storage pits, and a zone of 4-and 6-post buildings laid out in rows along streets. The rampart was heightened in the third century, after which pits continued to be dug and rows of circular houses were built. About 100 B.C. rectangular buildings, possibly of a religious nature, were erected, after which the site was virtually abandoned. Social and economic matters are considered. The excavation will continue.
Excavations at Carthage 1977–8. Fourth Interim Report
Authors: Hurst Henry
Published: November 2011

The present report covers the fourth and fifth seasons of excavation on the Ilôt de l'Amirauté at Carthage. Evidence from a borehole suggests that the pre-fourth-century B.C. sand previously taken for ‘natural’ may be a 5-m. thick fill above a level containing pottery. The later Punic sequence seems to indicate that the island and circular harbour were not made until the construction of the stone shipsheds in the late third or early second century B.C. The earth and timber ramps of these shipsheds were discovered with barnacles and probable ships’ nails lying on their surface. Much new evidence for the superstructure of the shipsheds was also found and an attempt has been made to reconstruct their appearance. Evidence for the Roman monumental rebuilding of the island in c. A.D. 200 has also been increased to the point where reconstructions can be attempted, and a large body of new information has been obtained for the structural sequence on the island from c. A.D. 200 to 700. Uncertainties remain over the interpretation of its function throughout the Roman period, although the rebuilding c. A.D. 200 might be associated with the creation of the African corn-fleet, the Classis Commodiana, in A.D. 186; and the site was possibly known as forum Karthag(inis) in the late fourth century and ‘the maritime agora’ in the time of Justinian.

Apart from further small-scale work, the present excavations are concluded; some further study of the early environmental sequence in the harbour area will be carried out in the next two years. A fifth and final interim report is planned to cover the excavations since 1976 at the north side of the Circular Harbour.
The Wooden Church of St. Andrew at Greensted, Essex
Authors: Christie Håkon , Olsen Olaf , Taylor H. M.
Published: November 2011

The surviving wooden fabric of the nave at Greensted has no direct analogues in standing buildings either in England or on the Continent; but excavations have shown evidence for the former existence in both places of buildings with walls of upright logs, some set on sills and some fixed directly in the ground without any sill. Excavation at Greensted in 1960 indicated that the original chancel (and therefore probably also the nave) was of the earth-fast type, for which analogues have been found by excavation in Scandinavia.
Niello: an Historical and Technical Survey
Authors: Niece Susan La
Published: November 2011

Niello is a black material composed of one or more metal sulphides. It contrasts particularly effectively with the metal when inlaid or fused into a recessed design in gold or silver, but is also found on bronze and brass. X-ray diffraction analysis of niello from 180 objects spanning the period between the first century A.D. and the present, from Europe and the Middle and Far East, has established that, as a general rule, Roman niello is composed of the sulphide of one metal only, either silver or copper and, furthermore, the niello is usually made of the same metal as that of the object into which it was inlaid. Sulphides made with silver and copper together were introduced at the end of the fifth century, though silver sulphides were still being made, particularly in the areas dominated by Rome. The manufacture of niello of more than one metal represents a technological advance as, unlike the single sulphides, they can be fused into an engraved design without damaging the metalwork. Lead was added to the ingredients as early as the eleventh century A.D. in eastern Europe. This composition will flow well when melted and therefore can be used to fill more complex designs. Leaded niello superseded the other types almost completely and is still made today. Gold silver sulphide, a hitherto unrecognized type of niello, was found on a number of gold items of various dates.
Bridge House, 64 George Row, Bermondsey, S.E.
Authors: O'Neil B. H. St. J.
Published: November 2011

This is a brick house, or rather a pair of houses, built in or about 1706, as is shown by the date on the hood of the eastern door. Damage due to enemy action was made good in 1943 by means of temporary repairs in accordance with the Ministry of Works scheme for bomb-damaged historic buildings. After the end of the war consideration was given to permanent repairs. Since, however, the immediate locality is now entirely given over to industrial activity, it did not seem to the owners to be practicable, or at least advantageous, to repair the building for use as a house, and no other use could be found for it. Its condition began to cause alarm to those working near at hand and demolition had of necessity to be agreed to. Since, however, the plan of the building is a very peculiar one, the Ministry of Works made a special survey with the kind permission of the owners. This is here published with the other illustrations by permission of the Minister of Works and of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office.
Three Surrey Hillforts: Excavations at Anstiebury, Holmbury, and Hascombe, 1972–1977
Authors: Thompson F. H.
Published: November 2011

Excavation of the three Surrey hillforts of Anstiebury, Holmbury, and Hascombe between 1972 and 1977 showed a general similarity of design and function but some variation in detail. Ranging in area from 6 to 10 acres (2·3–4 ha.), they were all related to the use of the sling; two were multivallate but Hascombe was univallate. Occupation was seemingly slight and Anstiebury was possibly uncompleted. The contribution of scientific method to problems of prospecting and dating is discussed. This and the pottery evidence indicate construction within the period 200–50 B.C., most probably 100–50 B.C., and the three sites may have been abandoned simultaneously. At Hascombe a pit- or hearth-filling produced Class I potin coins and the hypothesis is advanced that the hillforts were dismantled as a result of Caesar's landings of 55 and 54 B.C. but it is emphasized that decisive proof is lacking.
Excavations at Hembury (Devon), 1980–83: A Summary Report
Authors: Todd Malcolm
Published: November 2011

Excavations at Hembury (Devon) in 1980–83 have revealed a new Neolithic earthwork to the north of the causewayed enclosure excavated by Miss D. M. Liddell in 1930–35. The eastern defences of the Iron Age hillfort have been examined for the first time and a sequence of box rampart followed by dump rampart demonstrated. The latter phase of construction is datable to the second or first century b.c. On the Roman conquest of the region the northern end of the hillfort was occupied by Roman troops who constructed a series of regular planned timber buildings, including a structure identified as a fabrica. This occupation probably ended in the 60s a.d. and thereafter the hillfort remained in disuse.
The Excavation of Tregulland Burrow, Treneglos Parish, Cornwall
Authors: Ashbee Paul
Published: November 2011

The ruined and gutted barrow called Tregulland Burrow, when totally excavated, proved to have had a complex structure. Stake holes denoting withdrawn stakes, an infilled ‘ritual’ pit, a satellite grave containing a cremation and arrowheads, and most probably the central grave pit, were the features of the first phase of its construction. A cairn-ring, with a buttressing bank, the soil for which was dug from an encircling ditch, and its turf covering, comprised the second. A great slab bearing cup-marks and an ‘eyebrow’ motif, also other lesser cup-marked and ornamented slabs, were incorporated in cairn-ring and bank. Cup-marked stones recovered from the disturbed central area suggested the one-time existence of a stone-built grave incorporating such elements. After this second phase the barrow centre was open and arena-like, and a food vessel and a cremation were put in close by the cairn-ring. All was finally enveloped by material from the depths of the ditch. Poorly built walling or turves retained the final mound.
The Camp du Charlat, Corrèze
Authors: Brogan Olwen , Frere Sheppard , Cotton M. Aylwin
Published: November 2011

Charlat is a small oppidum in Corrèze about 2 km. south of Ussel (route N. 682) but within the commune of that name. By the kind permission of the owner Monsieur Ralite and the good offices of MM. Pierre Fournier and Marius Vazeilles, a very short trial excavation was carried out here during five days in September 1957. Its purpose was to investigate the possibilities for a somewhat larger definitive excavation, permission for which is to be sought for 1959.
Note on an early Anglo-Saxon square-headed brooch from Canterbury
Authors: Chadwick Sonia
Published: November 2011

In 1942 the generosity of the Trustees of Henry Christy enabled the Department of British and Medieval Antiquities at the British Museum to acquire an Anglo-Saxon square-headed brooch of considerable interest (pl. VII a and fig. 1), said to come from the Martyrs' Field, Canterbury. It is of silver-gilt and 8–5 cm. long, with decoration first cast and then touched up by the chisel.
The excavation of an enclosed hut-group at Cae'r-mynydd in Caernarvonshire
Authors: Griffiths W. E.
Published: November 2011

The ‘enclosed hut-groups’, or native homesteads consisting of round or rectangular buildings within an enclosure, of N.W. Wales are well known and have been discussed by Ralegh Radford as well as by Hemp and myself. Caernarvonshire contains many examples of these farmsteads, but few have been excavated and the problems of their origin, date, and development are still numerous and perplexing. Howel Williams excavated two sites of this type near Rhostryfan in 1921–2, and these yielded Romano-British pottery and other objects datable to the second to fourth centuries A.D. Two hut-groups at Caerau, near Pant-glas, excavated by O'Neil in 1933–4, proved to have been occupied during the second and third centuries. This dating is in accord with what is known of similar sites in Anglesey, the best known of these being at Din Lligwy. On the other hand, a more recently excavated homestead in the island, at Pant-y-saer, has produced evidence of occupation during the earlier part of the dark ages.
Excavations of Ermine Street in Lincolnshire
Authors: Green Charles , Rahtz P. A.
Published: November 2011

The course of the Roman road from London to York, today known as Ermine Street, is well attested. Much of it underlies our comparable modern trunk road, the Great North Road (A1), but there are many deviations. To review the East Midland sector, the modern road covers approximately the Roman road from Huntingdon to the south-east gate of the walled town DVROBRIVAE at Water Newton. Here the modern road bears more to the west and leaves the Roman line. This passes through the ancient town as its main street, crosses the river Nene and continues in the same line until, at a point some three miles south-east of Stamford, it bears more westerly, running west-north-west through Burghley Park. It crosses the Great North Road on the western boundary of the park, where it was exposed in 1732 and seen by Stukeley (1883, ii, 269). From this point its course alters to north-west and, after crossing the river Welland, it underlies a suburban road in the western part of Stamford and crosses the Empingham (Oakham) road (A606). North of this it is seen as a boldly-upraised ridge crossing several fields diagonally until, some three-quarters of a mile south-east of Great Casterton, it joins once again the line of the Great North Road and runs parallel to and immediately adjoining the south side of the modern roadway.
An Anglo-Saxon Openwork Mount from Whitby Abbey
Authors: Haseloff Günther
Published: November 2011

In a previous volume of this journal a piece of ornamental openwork in lead from excavations at Whitby Abbey was published as a medieval ventilator-screen of the type described by the Rev. Christopher Woodforde. These are likewise of lead and of obvious Gothic shape. The Whitby piece was accordingly dated to the late thirteenth century. A more detailed examination shows, however, that the Whitby openwork is neither Gothic in shape nor a ventilator-screen (pl. xixa).
Excavations at Atchana-Alalakh, 1946
Authors: Woolley Leonard
Published: November 2011

Whereas it seemed advisable for many reasons to resume the work at Atchana as soon as possible after the interval due to the war, uncertainty regarding the conditions under which the work would be carried on impelled one to plan for a short season with a strictly limited objective. That there should have been a rise in costs was inevitable; but only on our arrival did we learn that wages had increased ninefold and that the living-index had gone up by 1,000 per cent. In such circumstances the utmost economy had to be observed; 150 men were employed, but only six weeks’ actual digging could be done. In that very short time we did in fact fulfil our programme, but results would have been much better in proportion had we been able to continue the excavations for another three weeks.
Is Economic Reform Dead in Latin America? Rhetoric and Reality since 2000
Authors: STALLINGS BARBARA , PERES WILSON
Published: November 2011

Literature published a decade ago reflected a pessimistic view of the market-oriented reforms that Latin America carried out in the 1980s and 1990s, and many politicians have attacked these reforms openly. Indeed, the atmosphere is so negative that it would be reasonable to assume that many of the reforms have been reversed. This paper will take a new look at the situation ten years later. Our argument is that the reforms have generally not been reversed. The reversal that has occurred has been with respect to privatisation in a few countries; negative public opinion is also concentrated on privatisation; and the reforms helped to enable Latin America to take advantage of favourable conditions leading to high growth in the 2004–8 boom period and a relatively strong performance during the 2008–9 crisis. While much remains to be done to raise growth and improve distribution, objective information about the reforms is needed when policies for the future are made.
Detecting changes in the state of reindeer pastures in northernmost Finland, 1995–2005.
Authors: Colpaert Alfred , Kumpula Jouko
Published: November 2011

The state of pastures in the Finnish reindeer management area has been monitored since 1995 using remote sensing and field inventory. The first inventory was made in 1995–1996, updated in the beginning of 2000s and repeated in 2005–2008. By comparing results from 1995–1996 and 2005–2008 we can observe clear changes in forest cover, structure and ground lichen abundance. To evaluate pasture/vegetation changes on the basis of separate classifications we have used a grid approach. By implementing a 500 by 500 m grid network and summarizing pasture classes for every grid cell we can visualize and quantify intensity of change. By comparing 1995–1996 and 2005–2008 we can see a clear decrease in the number of cells classified old growth dominated forest, and also an increase of fragmentation can be detected. With a 7.5 ha threshold the amount of old growth forest was reduced by 5%, for 20 ha the decrease was 21%. This indicates a significant change in forest landscape structure, fragmentation and reduction of reindeer winter pasture value in large areas. Pixel wise comparison showed no substantial changes in pasture areas. There is a degree of uncertainty in change detection; changes in remote sensing instrument, changes in processing software and methodology, changes in field methods and ancillary data, and obviously also bias introduced by differences between analysts. When comparing reindeer lichen biomass between 1995–1996 and 2005–2008 on the basis of field site data, the measured lichen biomass has declined in 19 out of the 20 reindeer management districts. Only one district showed slight improvement, in three districts there was a notable drop in lichen biomass, from over 1500 kg/ha to about 500 kg/ha. Also amount of arboreal lichens declined due to felling of old growth forest, confirming the findings on the grid cell level. Consequently grass, shrub and sapling stands increased as felled areas start to grow graminoids and herbs.
Vegetation mapping of Svalbard utilising Landsat TM/ETM+ data
Authors: Johansen Bernt E. , Karlsen Stein Rune , Tømmervik Hans
Published: November 2011

The overall objective of this paper is to present and discuss the most recently developed vegetation map for Svalbard, Arctic Norway. The map is based on satellite images in which several Landsat TM/ETM+ images were processed through six operational stages involving: (1) automatic image classification, (2) spectral similarity analysis, (3) generation of classified image mosaics, (4) ancillary data analysis, (5) contextual correction, and (6) standardisation of the final map products. The developed map is differentiated into 18 map units interpreted from 37 spectral classes. Among the 18 units separated, six of the units comprise rivers, lakes and inland waters, glaciers, as well as non- to sparsely vegetated areas. The map unit 7 is a result of shadow effects and different types of distortions in the satellite image. The vegetation of the remaining eleven units varies from dense marshes and moss tundra communities to sparsely vegetated polar deserts and moist gravel snowbeds. The accuracy of the map is evaluated in areas were access to traditional maps have been available. The vegetation density and fertility is reflected in computed NDVI values. The map product is in digital format, which gives the opportunity to produce maps in different scales. A map sheet portraying the entire archipelago is one of the main products from this study, produced at a scale of 1:500,000.
Cuba económica en tiempos de las independencias Americanas. La hacienda y la consolidación de los vales reales en comparación con el caso de México
Authors: Cienfuegos Sigfrido Vázquez , García Antonio Santamaría
Published: November 2011

The historiography emphasizes the importance of the fiscal policy and regional differences as causes of Hispano-American independences. The Consolidación de los Vales Reales (1804-1809), an endorsement of the debt contracted to its colonies by Spain in order to finance its constant wars, caused the collapse of the Mexican Treasury and was a key factor in its independence. This article demonstrates that in Cuba, the Consolidation had a different effect. Thanks to its different institutionalization and fiscal praxis, it was used to alleviate the deficit of situados, with which the Mexican Treasury financed the Cuban, and it may help to understand the reasons for non-independence. However, to prove this requires reconstructing the accounts of the Cuban Consolidation, which also demonstrates that the data used up until now were erroneous.
RNA–protein binding interface in the telomerase ribonucleoprotein
Authors: Bley Christopher J. , Qi Xiaodong , Rand Dustin P. , Borges Chad R. , Nelson Randall W. , Chen Julian J.-L.
Published: November 2011

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase containing an intrinsic telomerase RNA (TR) which provides the template for telomeric DNA synthesis. Distinct from conventional reverse transcriptases, telomerase has evolved a unique TR-binding domain (TRBD) in the catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein, integral for ribonucleoprotein assembly. Two structural elements in the vertebrate TR, the pseudoknot and CR4/5, bind TERT independently and are essential for telomerase enzymatic activity. However, the details of the TR–TERT interaction have remained elusive. In this study, we employed a photoaffinity cross-linking approach to map the CR4/5-TRBD RNA–protein binding interface by identifying RNA and protein residues in close proximity. Photoreactive 5-iodouridines were incorporated into the medaka CR4/5 RNA fragment and UV cross-linked to the medaka TRBD protein fragment. The cross-linking RNA residues were identified by alkaline partial hydrolysis and cross-linked protein residues were identified by mass spectrometry. Three CR4/5 RNA residues (U182, U187, and U205) were found cross-linking to TRBD amino acids Tyr503, Phe355, and Trp477, respectively. This CR4/5 binding pocket is distinct and separate from the previously proposed T pocket in the
Tetrahymena
TRBD. Based on homologous structural models, our cross-linking data position the essential loop L6.1 adjacent to the TERT C-terminal extension domain. We thus propose that stem-loop 6.1 facilitates proper TERT folding by interacting with both TRBD and C-terminal extension. Revealing the telomerase CR4/5-TRBD binding interface with single-residue resolution provides important insights into telomerase ribonucleoprotein architecture and the function of the essential CR4/5 domain.
Evolution ofCryptocephalusleaf beetles related toC. sericeus(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the role of hybridization in generating species mtDNA paraphyly
Authors: Gómez‐Zurita Jesús , Sassi Davide , Cardoso Anabela , Balke Michael
Published: November 2011

Gómez‐Zurita, J., Sassi, D., Cardoso, A. & Balke, M. (2011). Evolution ofCryptocephalusleaf beetles related toC. sericeus(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the role of hybridization in generating species mtDNA paraphyly. —Zoologica Scripta,41, 47–67.

Autochthonous European insect diversity is the result of the very complex geological, geographic and climatic history of the Mediterranean area. The leaf beetle genusCryptocephalushas over 250 species in this area. Among them stands out a group nearly endemic from this region consisting of conspicuous metallic green or blue beetles which can be found visiting yellow Asteraceae flowers in most mid‐ to high‐altitude European grasslands: the Linnaean speciesC. hypochaeridis,C. sericeus, and all their relatives. In all, these are 32 species forming several taxonomically complex groups across Europe. We sampled all morphological diversity in this lineage and characterized it for two mitochondrial DNA genes. The mtDNA phylogeny of this assemblage was inferred, as well as the timing of its diversification using standard mtDNA substitution rates and a hypothetical Messinian vicariant split. The origin of the group can be traced back to western continental Eurasia in the Lower Miocene. Its subsequent taxonomic splits can be linked to specific periods in the formation of Europe, with a marked trend to east–west phylogenetic divides throughout time and space, and a nearly constant rate of diversification. Only during the Pleistocene, a significant increase in diversification rate can be associated with species formation in theC. hypochaeridisandC. sericeusspecies complexes. Within these latter groups, most taxa show some degree of mtDNA paraphyly as a result of their recent separation and remarkably by episodes of gene flow in areas of secondary contact among recently diverged species, possibly driven by climatic change.
Nocturnal Hemodialysis: Analysis Following the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial
Authors: Stokes John B.
Published: November 2011

The recently concluded Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trials have demonstrated some striking and unexpected results. Both the daily arm and the nocturnal arm of the trial clearly demonstrated that frequent (daily or nightly) dialysis reduced blood pressure, reduced the number of antihypertensive medications, and reduced serum phosphorous concentration. One of the major questions addressed by these studies was the extent to which left ventricular mass was reduced by frequent dialysis. While the daily FHN trial showed a clear effect of frequent dialysis to reduce left ventricular mass, the nocturnal FHN trial produced inconclusive results. These apparently contradictory results are probably influenced by inadequate power and the somewhat skewed patient selection in the nocturnal arm. Patients in the nocturnal FHN trial had a shorter time on dialysis prior to enrollment, and greater residual renal function than did patients in the daily FHN trial. From a general perspective, it appears that there is minimal difference in the effect on left ventricular mass between frequent daily dialysis and nocturnal dialysis. The FHN trial was not designed to determine the effects of frequent dialysis on mortality. The analyses of this question using retrospective data strongly suggest that frequent dialysis prolongs life. The nephrology community now has the task to develop new ways to deliver improved therapy to patients on dialysis. This task will be challenging as resources for health care are constrained. New approaches to the care of such patients will be needed to realize the important conceptual advances embedded in the results of the FHN trials.
Primary cutaneous mantle cell lymphoma with blastic features: report of a rare case with special reference to staging and effectiveness of chemotherapy
Authors: Lynch Douglas W. , Verma Rashmi , Larson Eric , Geis Michael C. , Jassim Ali D.
Published: November 2011

We describe a case of blastic primary cutaneous mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in an 83‐year‐old male with a complex medical history. The patient presented to his primary care physician with a nodular erythematous skin eruption on his thighs. Histopathologic examination showed a diffuse lymphoid infiltrate of intermediate to large cells that involved the dermis and subcutis but spared the epidermis. Immunohistochemical staining showed expression of CD20, CD5 and cyclin‐D1. The lymphoma cells were negative for CD10 and CD23. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed a characteristic translocation [t(11;14)(q13;q32)], which is diagnostic of MCL. Cutaneous involvement by MCL is typically secondary because of widespread disease, and primary cutaneous MCL can only be diagnosed in the absence of extracutaneous involvement. Primary cutaneous MCL is extremely rare and requires proper clinical staging. In this case, clinical staging revealed no evidence of bone marrow or peripheral blood involvement, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan revealed weak, abnormal uptake only in a few cervical lymph nodes. Because of the lack of disseminated involvement, we favor the lesion to be a primary cutaneous MCL.

Lynch DW, Verma R, Larson E, Geis MC, Jassim AD. Primary cutaneous mantle cell lymphoma with blastic features: report of a rare case with special reference to staging and effectiveness of chemotherapy.
A rare case of Lennert’s type peripheral T‐cell lymphoma with t(14;19)(q11.2;q13.3)
Authors: SHIN S. Y. , JANG S. , PARK C.‐J. , CHI H.‐S. , LEE K. H. , HUH J. , SEO E.‐J.
Published: November 2011

Although most patients with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) show clonal rearrangement of T‐cell receptor genes, few PTCLs show recurrent chromosomal abnormalities. We describe here a rare chromosomal rearrangement, t(14;19)(q11.2;q13.3), in a Lennert’s lymphoma, a variant of PTCL, not otherwise specified. Sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization assays showed that the breakpoint in 19q13.3 was located distal to the BCL3 and PVRL2 genes, both of which may be candidate proto‐oncogenes. These findings suggest that another gene is involved in the pathogenic characteristics observed in this patient with Lennert’s lymphoma.
Missiology and the IRM over a Century
Authors: Skreslet Stanley H.
Published: November 2011

Since its founding a century ago, the IRM has sought to advance learning about mission strategy, methods of evangelization and mission theology. How the journal has affected the development of the field of missiology is the particular focus here, through a survey of exceptional articles. Three phases are identified: a first period when the journal closely reflected the outlook of the World Missionary Conference (Edinburgh 1910), but also began to innovate; a middle period of transitions; and the more recent period when issues of interfaith dialogue, religious pluralism, contextualization, and ecumenical relations have been prominent in the journal.
Mission's Changing Landscape: Global Flows and Christian Movements
Authors: Kim Kirsteen
Published: November 2011

Since Christianity is a world religion, changes in worldwide Christianity both reflect and affect global affairs and transnational issues. From its inception the IRM has demonstrated this in its holistic approach and global scope. In its pages are developments in the global landscape over the last one hundred years, although with significant shifts in the contributors. These developments include the breakdown of imperial Christendom and the rise of the present world order, how the people of the world are described and relate to one another, and the configuration of religions. Three trends in world Christianity impinge on contemporary mission: the rise of independent Christian movements and the migration of Christians result in an ever‐increasing plurality of Christian expression. In view of this, this article argues that mission should be contextual, mission theology expressed in pneumatological terms, and the church understood as a dynamic movement.
Missions or Mission? The IRM after 75 Years
Authors: Walls Andrew F.
Published: November 2011

In 1987, the 75th anniversary issue of IRM reviewed a large number of articles that had been published in the journal over the years. The overall development was a shift from “missions,” as the work of missionaries from the West to the rest of the world, to a focus on “mission,” as that to which all Christians throughout the world are called. The author here raises up emphases from other articles that also could have been included in the 1987 review, because of their implications for future developments. He also points to important trends that have become far more evident since then, such as the growth of churches in the global South and diaspora Christians from these countries who now reside in the North. These may frame the ecumenical challenge for this century.
A Personal Tribute to the International Review of Mission
Authors: Langerak Ana
Published: November 2011

On the basis of my own familiarity with the IRM as one of its former editors, I celebrate the journal's importance to me personally and to mission studies in the ecumenical family by selecting a few significant contributions for comment: “The Kingdom of God as Strategy for Mission” by Raymond Fung; “The Liturgy after the Liturgy,” by Professor Ion Bria; “Gospel, Cultures and Filipina Migrant Workers,” by Jane Corpuz‐Brock; “Section III: The Earth is the Lord's”, from San Antonio; and “Towards a New Christian Sexual Ethics in the Light of HIV/AIDS”, by Armin Zimmermann.
Not without Women: Mission in the Third Millennium
Authors: Longkumer Atola
Published: November 2011

This article pleads for greater attention to the fuller and more equal inclusion of women in the mission of the church and cites examples of where the IRM has helped and where it has fallen short in meeting this challenge. Bold statements of Mercy Amba Oduyoye and Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza serve as a preface to this article:

Several women‐in‐mission are confronted with structures ecclesial and societal that scream for transformation if not outright demolition.

Christian identity that is shaped by the Bible must in ever new readings be deconstructed and reconstructed in terms of a global praxis for the liberation of all wo/men.
Evolution of IncA/C
bla
CMY-2
-Carrying Plasmids by Acquisition of the
bla
NDM-1
Carbapenemase Gene
Authors: Carattoli Alessandra , Villa Laura , Poirel Laurent , Bonnin Rémy A. , Nordmann Patrice
Published: November 2011

The
bla
NDM-1
gene has been reported to be often located on broad-host-range plasmids of the IncA/C type in clinical but also environmental bacteria recovered from the New Delhi, India, area. IncA/C-type plasmids are the main vehicles for the spread of the cephalosporinase gene
bla
CMY-2
, frequently identified in the United States, Canada, and Europe. In this study, we completed the sequence of IncA/C plasmid pNDM-KN carrying the
bla
NDM-1
gene, recovered from a
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolate from Kenya. This sequence was compared with those of three IncA/C-type reference plasmids from
Escherichia coli
,
Yersinia ruckeri
, and
Photobacterium damselae
. Comparative analysis showed that the
bla
NDM-1
gene was located on a widely diffused plasmid scaffold known to be responsible for the spread of
bla
CMY-2
-like genes and consequently for resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Considering that IncA/C plasmids possess a broad host range, this scaffold might support a large-scale diffusion of the
bla
NDM-1
gene among Gram-negative rods.
Simultaneous Delivery of Tenofovir and Acyclovir via an Intravaginal Ring
Authors: Moss John A. , Malone Amanda M. , Smith Thomas J. , Kennedy Sean , Kopin Etana , Nguyen Cali , Gilman Josh , Butkyavichene Irina , Vincent Kathleen L. , Motamedi Massoud , Friend David R. , Clark Meredith R. , Baum Marc M.
Published: November 2011

Vaginal microbicides may play an important role in protecting women from HIV infection. A strong synergy between HSV and HIV has been observed, and epidemiological studies demonstrate that HSV infection increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Incorporation of the antiretroviral tenofovir (TFV) along with the antiherpetic acyclovir (ACV) into combination intravaginal rings (IVRs) for sustained mucosal delivery of both compounds could lead to increased microbicide product adherence and efficacy compared with conventional vaginal formulations. A novel, dual-protection “pod IVR” platform developed in-house and delivering ACV and TFV was evaluated in rabbit and sheep models. The devices were safe and exhibited sustained release of both drugs independently and at controlled rates over the 28-day studies. Daily release rates were estimated based on residual drug content of the used devices: rabbits, 343 ± 335 μg day
−1
(ACV) and 321 ± 207 μg day
−1
(TFV); sheep, 174 ± 14 μg day
−1
(ACV) and 185 ± 34 μg day
−1
(TFV). Mean drug levels in sheep vaginal samples were as follows: secretions, 5.25 ± 7.31 μg ml
−1
(ACV) and 20.6 ± 16.2 μg ml
−1
(TFV); cervicovaginal lavage fluid, 118 ± 113 ng ml
−1
(ACV) and 191 ± 125 ng ml
−1
(TFV); tissue, 173 ng g
−1
(ACV) and 93 ng g
−1
(TFV). An
in vitro-in vivo
correlation was established for both drugs and will allow the development of future formulations delivering target levels for prophylaxis and therapy. These data suggest that the IVR based on the pod design has potential in the prevention of transmission of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens.
DEGENERACY IN FUZZY LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: SIGARPICH LEILA ALIZADEH , ALLAHVIRANLOO TOFIGH , LOTFI FARHAD HOSSEINZADEH , KIANI NARSIS AFTAB
Published: November 2011

In this paper, by a definite linear function for ranking symmetric triangular fuzzy numbers, in a Fuzzy Linear Programming problem (FLP) model, we introduced a Fuzzy Degenerate Solution (FDS). In the physical meaning, occurrence of degeneracy in a Fuzzy Minimal Cost Flow Network is investigated. To prevent of falling into Cycling phenomenon in optimization process, we defined two new techniques of Cycling prevention proper to fuzzy environment.
Efficient Spilling Reduction for Software Pipelined Loops in Presence of Multiple Register Types in Embedded VLIW Processors
Authors: Touati Sid-Ahmed-Ali , Brault Frederic , Deschinkel Karine , Dupont de Dinechin Benoît
Published: November 2011

Integrating register allocation and software pipelining of loops is an active research area. We focus on techniques that precondition the dependence graph before software pipelining in order to ensure that no register spill instructions are inserted by the register allocator in the software pipelined loop. If spilling is not necessary for the input code, preconditioning techniques insert dependence arcs so that the maximum register pressure MAXLIVE achieved by any loop schedule is below the number of available registers, without hurting the initiation interval if possible. When a solution exists, a spill-free software pipeline is guaranteed to exist.

Existing preconditioning techniques consider one register type (register class) at a time [Deschinkel and Touati 2008]. In this article, we extend preconditioning techniques so that multiple register types are considered simultaneously. First, we generalize the existing theory of register pressure minimization for cyclic scheduling. Second, we implement our method inside the production compiler of the ST2xx VLIW family, and we demonstrate its efficiency on industry benchmarks (FFMPEG, MEDIABENCH, SPEC2000, SPEC2006). We demonstrate a high spill reduction rate without a significant initiation interval loss.
An efficient alias-free shadow algorithm for opaque and transparent objects using per-triangle shadow volumes
Authors: Sintorn Erik , Olsson Ola , Assarsson Ulf
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a novel method for generating pixel-accurate shadows from point light-sources in real-time. The new method is able to quickly cull pixels that are not in shadow and to trivially accept large chunks of pixels thanks mainly to using the whole triangle shadow volume as a primitive, instead of rendering the shadow quads independently as in the classic Shadow-Volume algorithm. Our CUDA implementation outperforms z-fail consistently and surpasses z-pass at high resolutions, although these latter two are hardware accelerated, while inheriting none of the robustness issues associated with these methods. Another, perhaps even more important property of our algorithm, is that it requires no pre-processing or identification of silhouette edges and so robustly and efficiently handles arbitrary triangle soups. In terms of view sample test and set operations performed, we show that our algorithm can be an order of magnitude more efficient than z-pass when rendering a game-scene at multi-sampled HD resolutions. We go on to show that the algorithm can be trivially modified to support textured, semitransparent and colored semi-transparent shadow-casters and that it can be combined with either depth-peeling or stochastic transparency to also support transparent shadow receivers. Compared to recent alias-free shadow-map algorithms, our method has a very small memory footprint, does not suffer from load-balancing issues, and handles omni-directional lights without modification. It is easily incorporated into any deferred rendering pipeline and combines many of the strengths of shadow maps and shadow volumes.
Convolution pyramids
Authors: Farbman Zeev , Fattal Raanan , Lischinski Dani
Published: November 2011

We present a novel approach for rapid numerical approximation of convolutions with filters of large support. Our approach consists of a multiscale scheme, fashioned after the wavelet transform, which computes the approximation in linear time. Given a specific large target filter to approximate, we first use numerical optimization to design a set of small kernels, which are then used to perform the analysis and synthesis steps of our multiscale transform. Once the optimization has been done, the resulting transform can be applied to any signal in linear time. We demonstrate that our method is well suited for tasks such as gradient field integration, seamless image cloning, and scattered data interpolation, outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods.
Toll-Like Receptors Signaling Contributes to Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection
Authors: Kondo Yasuteru , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: November 2011

Innate and adaptive immune systems have important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). These immune responses are mediated through complex interactions between the innate immune response and adaptive immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune-recognition receptors that recognize the molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens. So far, TLR1 to 13 were found in human or mice and investigated to detect the target molecules and the downstream mechanisms of these unique systems. Stimulation by their ligands initiates the activation of complex networks of intracellular signaling transduction and innate and adaptive immune-related cells (NK, NK-T, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and Tregs, etc.). However, reports on such relationships between HBV and TLRs have been relatively rare in comparison to those on HCV and TLRs, but have recently been increasing. Thus, a review of TLRs involved in the pathogenesis of HBV infection may be needed toward better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HBV infection.