bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monomolecular chain termination in the kinetics of dimethacrylate postpolymerization
Authors: Medvedevskikh Y. G. , Kytsya A. R. , Bazylyak L. I. , Bratus A. M. , Turovski A. A. , Zaikov G. E.
Published: December 2003

The kinetics of postpolymerization (after ultraviolet illumination was stopped) for a number of dimethacrylates that differed by nature and molecular mass was experimentally studied over a wide range of temperatures. A series of kinetic curves that differed by the starting conversion of the dark period of time was obtained for every temperature. The proposed kinetic model of the process is based on the following main principles: (1) the process at an interface on the liquid monomer–solid polymer (micrograins) boundary takes a main share of the kinetics of postpolymerization; (2) chain termination at an interface is monomolecular, is controlled by the chain propagation rate, and represents by itself the self‐burial act of active radicals in the conformation trap; and (3) monomolecular chain termination is characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristic times and that is why the function of the relaxation is described by Kohlrausch's stretched exponential law. The obtained kinetic equation was in good agreement with all of the sets of experimental data. This permitted us to estimate the rate constant of chain termination (kt) and to determine the scaling dependence of kt on the molar‐volumetric concentration of the monomer in bulk [M0]. We assumed that the stretched exponential law and scaling dependence kt from [M0] were characterized by common peculiarities, namely, a wide range of characteristic times of relaxation possessed by a property of the fractal set. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2376–2382, 2004
Biodegradation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin fibers and films
Authors: Arai Takayuki , Freddi Giuliano , Innocenti Riccardo , Tsukada Masuhiro
Published: December 2003

The in vitro biodegradation of Bombyx mori silk fibroin was studied by incubating fibers and films with proteolytic enzymes (collagenase type F, α‐chymotrypsin type I‐S, protease type XXI), for times ranging from 1 to 17 days. The changes in sample weight and degree of polymerization of silk fibers exposed to proteolytic attack were negligible. However, tensile properties were significantly affected, as shown by the drop of strength and elongation as a function of the degradation time. Upon incubation with proteolytic enzymes, silk films exhibited a noticeable decrease of sample weight and degree of polymerization, the extent of which depended on the type of enzyme, on the enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio, and on the degradation time. Protease was more aggressive than α‐chymotrypsin or collagenase. Film fragments resistant to enzymatic degradation were enriched in glycine and alanine. FT‐IR measurements showed that the degree of crystallinity of biodegraded films increased. Soluble degradation products of silk films consisted of a range of peptides widely differing in size, deriving from the amorphous sequences of the silk fibroin chains. Biodegraded fibers showed an increase of surface roughness, while films displayed surface cracks and cavities with internal voids separated by fiber‐like elements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2383–2390, 2004
Electrorheological behavior of side‐chain polysiloxane containing 3‐(4‐amidophenyl) sydnone moieties
Authors: Yan Hua , Chan Wing Lai , Szeto Yau Shan
Published: December 2003

Side‐chain polysiloxane containing 3‐(4‐amidophenyl) sydnone moieties at terminal and aliphatic spacer has been synthesized and its structure was confirmed by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. Low mass molar weight sydnone exhibited electrorheological effect, which was enhanced by electron‐donor substituted group at phenyl, but weakened by electron‐acceptor substituted group. By introducing sydnone into polysiloxane, the polymer displays the higher electrorheological effect due to the increased interaction between sydnone molecules. The oxide states of sydnone affect the electrorheological effect as well as the color of the product. Moreover, the temperature is higher than the glass transfer temperature of the polymer; the electrorheological fluids show a very large leakage current. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2523–2528, 2004
Influence of organophilic clay and preparation methods on EVA/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Tang Yong , Hu Yuan , Wang Junzhong , Zong Ruowen , Gui Zhou , Chen Zuyao , Zhuang Yonglong , Fan Weicheng
Published: December 2003

Ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/montmorillonite MMT nanocomposites have been prepared by using different methods: one is from the organophilic montmorillonite (OMT) and the other is from the pristine MMT and reactive compatibilizer hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C16). In this study, different kneaders were used (twin‐screw extruder and twin‐roll mill) to prepare nanocomposites. The nanocomposite structures are evidenced by the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and high‐resolution electronic microscope (HREM). The thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the tensile tests were carried out with a Universal testing machine DCS‐5000. It is shown that different methods and organophilic montmorillonite have influence on EVA/MMT nanocomposites.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2416–2421, 2004
Rheology of poly(propylene)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Gu Shu‐Ying , Ren Jie , Wang Qin‐Feng
Published: December 2003

The linear and nonlinear shear rheological behaviors of poly(propylene) (PP)/clay (organophilic‐montmorillonite) nanocomposites (PP/org‐MMT) were investigated by an ARES rheometer. The materials were prepared by melt intercalation with maleic anhydride functionalized PP as a compatibilizer. The storage moduli (G′), loss moduli (G″), and dynamic viscosities of polymer/clay nanocomposites (PPCNs) increase monotonically with org‐MMT content. The presence of org‐MMT leads to pseudo‐solid‐like behaviors and slower relaxation behaviors of PPCN melts. For all samples, the dependence of G′ and G″ on ω shows nonterminal behaviors. At lower frequency, the steady shear viscosities of PPCNs increase with org‐MMT content. However, the PPCN melts show a greater shear thinning tendency than pure PP melt because of the preferential orientation of the MMT layers. Therefore, PPCNs have higher moduli but better processibility compared with pure PP.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2427–2434,2004
Crystallization and melting behavior of nano‐CaCO3/polypropylene composites modified by acrylic acid
Authors: Lin Zhidan , Huang Zhenzhen , Zhang Yu , Mai Kancheng , Zeng Hanmin
Published: December 2003

Nano‐CaCO3/polypropylene (PP) composites modified with polypropylene grafted with acrylic acid (PP‐g‐AA) or acrylic acid with and without dicumyl peroxide (DCP) were prepared by a twin‐screw extruder. The crystallization and melting behavior of PP in the composites were investigated by DSC. The experimental results showed that the crystallization temperature of PP in the composites increased with increasing nano‐CaCO3 content. Addition of PP‐g‐AA further increased the crystallization temperatures of PP in the composites. It is suggested that PP‐g‐AA could improve the nucleation effect of nano‐CaCO3. However, the improvement in the nucleation effect of nano‐CaCO3 would be saturated when the PP‐g‐AA content of 5 phf (parts per hundred based on weight of filler) was used. The increase in the crystallization temperature of PP was observed by adding AA into the composites and the crystallization temperature of the composites increased with increasing AA content. It is suggested that the AA reacted with nano‐CaCO3 and the formation of Ca(AA)2 promoted the nucleation of PP. In the presence of DCP, the increment of the AA content had no significant influence on the crystallization temperature of PP in the composites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2443–2453, 2004
Conversion of polyester into heat‐resistant polyamide by reacting with aromatic diamine compound
Authors: Kim Yangsoo , Roh Hang‐Duk , Lee Hyung‐Chan
Published: December 2003

The ester–amide exchange reaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and p‐phenylenediamine in n‐dodecylbenzene as a solvent in the absence of catalyst was carried out to obtain heat‐resistant polyamide. The observation of the amide group generated in the reaction product was made by FTIR analysis and the relative extent of reaction was estimated by the amidation ratio from FTIR and the nitrogen content determined from elemental analysis. The effect of chemical structure in the homologous series of aliphatic and aromatic diamines on the reactivity of ester–amide exchange reaction was studied. How reaction variables such as time, temperature, and the amount of diamine used affected the extent of reaction and the heat‐resistant property of polyamide obtained was thoroughly studied. Finally, a search for an efficient catalyst among metal acetates was attempted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2502–2512, 2004
Durable and regenerable antimicrobial textiles: Improving efficacy and durability of biocidal functions
Authors: Qian Lei , Sun Gang
Published: December 2003

2,2,5,5‐Tetramethylimidazolidinone (TMIO)‐modified cotton‐containing fabrics could provide excellent durable antimicrobial properties, but the biocidal speeds were low because of its amine halamine structures. To prepare biocidal fabrics that can inactivate microorganisms rapidly and survive repeated laundering and long duration of storage, 3‐methylol‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethylimidazolidinone and dimethylol‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin were combined in different ratios in chemical modifications of cellulose fabrics. The mixtures of TMIO and hydantoin rings on the grafted cellulose provided a hybrid of imide, amide, and amine halamine structures in different ratios after chlorination, and led to varied efficacy and durability of biocidal properties on the finished fabrics. The effect of the combined halamine structures on biocidal efficacy and durability of the fabrics were discussed in this article. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2588‐2593, 2004
Fundamental foaming mechanisms governing the volume expansion of extruded polypropylene foams
Authors: Naguib Hani E. , Park Chul B. , Reichelt N.
Published: December 2003

This article describes the fundamental foaming mechanisms that governed the volume expansion behavior of extruded polypropylene (PP) foams. A careful analysis of extended experimental results indicated that the final volume expansion ratio of the extruded PP foams blown with butane was governed by either the loss of the blowing agent or the crystallization of the polymer matrix. A charge coupling device (CCD) camera was installed at the die exit to carefully monitor the shape of the extruded PP foams. The CCD images were analyzed to illustrate both mechanisms, gas loss and crystallization, during foaming at various temperatures, and the maximum expansion ratio was achieved when the governing mechanism was changed from one to the other. In general, the gas loss mode was dominant at high temperatures and the crystallization mode was dominant at low temperatures. When the gas loss mode was dominant, the volume expansion ratio increased with decreasing temperature because of the reduced amount of gas lost. By contrast, when the crystallization mode was dominant, the expansion ratio increased with increasing temperature because of the delayed solidification of the polymer. The processing window variation with the butane concentration, the change in the temperature ranges for the two governing modes, and the sensitivity of melt temperature variations to the volume expansion ratio are discussed in detail on the basis of the obtained experimental results for both branched and linear PP materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2661–2668, 2004
Colloidal aggregation of MUF polycondensation resins: Formulation influence and storage stability
Authors: Zanetti M. , Pizzi A.
Published: December 2003

Colloidal particle formation followed by their clustering has been shown to be the normal way of ageing of aminoplastic resins, in particular melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resins. Ageing (or further advancement of the resin by other means such as longer condensation times) causes whitening of the resin. This is a macroscopic indication both of the formation of colloidal particles and of their clustering. Some clustering appears rather early in this process, even when the great majority of the resin does visually appear to be in colloidal state, being transparent. However, it eventually progresses to resins which are mostly in colloidal, clustered state, followed much later by a supercluster formation starting to involve the whole resin. There appears to be clear correspondence between molecular mass increases as obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), low‐angle laser light scattering (LALLS) analysis, and observation by polarizing optical microscopy. LALLS, however, appears to indicate the dimensions of the colloidal particles themselves when the level of colloidal aggregation is rather low, but it indicates the dimensions of the clusters once these are mostly aggregated. The smaller visible colloidal particles, already aggregates, were found by polarizing optical microscopy to be of a mostly elongated, rodlike shape, the length of which was shown to grow much further than their width with resin advancement and ageing. As their dimensions indicate, these are already clusters; this implies that the mainly linear increase of the polycondensate chains influences also the simpler colloidal clusters' growth direction, possibly explaining the resins' lack of tridimensional hardening while still in storage. It also explains why molecules such as free urea and acetals, by disrupting these colloidal aggregation mechanisms, allow both a much longer shelf life of the resin and its better performance in hardening. These findings explained the considerable difference in the behavior and performance of different MUF resin formulations. The ageing of the MUF resins of different preparation procedures appeared then to proceed from (1) clear resin (molecular colloidal aggregation) to (2) superclusters of a whitened, heavily thixotropic resin, which is the beginning of physical gelation to (3) liquid/cluster separation, which is the terminal stage of physical gelation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2690–2699, 2004
UV spectrophotometric method for polyphenolic tannin analysis
Authors: Antoine M.‐L. , Simon C. , Pizzi A.
Published: December 2003

A UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of the total phenolic content of both polyflavonoid and hydrolyzable tannins was presented. The method was compared with the standard method used today for the determination of tanning material in tanning extracts for leather manufacture. In narrow concentration ranges correlation between optical density and phenolic concentration was linear. In wider concentration ranges exponential correlations satisfactorily fitted the experimental data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2729–2732, 2004
Synthesis of dendronized poly(methacrylates) and their diblock copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Cheng C. X. , Tang R. P. , Zhao Y. L. , Xi F.
Published: December 2003

Two kinds of dendronized polymers [poly((4‐3,4,5)‐12G1‐CH2MA) and poly(G2‐CH2MA)] were synthesized successfully by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The polymerization carried out with CuBr/N,N,N′,N′,N′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as catalyst/ligand system led to the polymers with narrow polydispersity (1.14 < Mw/Mn < 1.35). The dendronized polymers obtained with retained reactivity at chain end were further utilized as macroinitiators to the chain extensive reaction of a second monomer (St) by ATRP, which resulted in the formation of a new type of linear–dendritic diblock copolymers. In addition, the polymers and their diblock copolymers were characterized by GPC and DSC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2733–2737, 2004
Large‐scale expansion of cytomegalovirus‐specific cytotoxic T cells in suspension culture
Authors: Foster Aaron E. , Forrester Kurt , Gottlieb David J. , Barton Geoffrey W. , Romagnoli Jose A. , Bradstock Kenneth F.
Published: December 2003

Clinical trials in recent years involving the adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have shown promise in restoring immunity against viral infection and reducing tumor burden in patients with solid and hematological malignancies. However, the large cell number required to achieve efficacy, 109 to 1011, makes routine application of adoptive immunotherapy impractical. Investigation into new methods of CTL expansion may be useful in addressing this problem. Use of stirred suspension bioreactors are one such method that may allow large‐scale T‐cell expansion. Suspension cultures offer advantages over conventional static culture methods, including providing a homogeneous culture environment, and the potential for optimization and control of culture conditions. We generated cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific CTL and investigated the potential of stirred bioreactor systems for expansion of large cell numbers. We found that CTL can be readily expanded ( > 200‐fold) from cryopreserved stocks by nonspecific stimulation in the presence of allogeneic feeder cells and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). Activated CTL inoculated into either suspension or static cultures could be subsequently expanded tenfold, and showed similar growth kinetics and metabolism independent of the culture vessel used. Furthermore, CTL remained specific for CMVpp65 peptide through the expansion phases, as demonstrated by pp65–tetramer staining ( > 95% tetramer+) and cytotoxicity assays. This study indicates that suspension reactor systems may be useful in large‐scale expansion of antigen‐specific CTL lines or clones, and may facilitate the advancement of routine adoptive immunotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of fermentation broth and biosurfactants on mass transfer during liquid–liquid extraction
Authors: Pursell Mark R. , Mendes‐Tatsis M. Alcina , Stuckey David C.
Published: December 2003

Mass transfer rates in liquid–liquid extraction processes can be seriously affected by the presence of surface‐active contaminants. This is especially true of applications of a biotechnological origin, where the microorganism used in the process may produce the surface‐active contaminants. An investigation into the effects of soluble and insoluble fermentation broth components on mass transfer using chloramphenicol extraction into octanol as the model system was conducted. Soluble components produced during fermentation were found to adsorb to the interface, where they reduced the overall mass transfer coefficient by up to 70%. After fractionation it was found that components in the weight range from 10–30 kDa had the greatest effect on mass transfer. Protein and phospholipid compounds of similar size were found to reduce the overall mass transfer coefficient to a similar extent to the broth components at concentrations around 0.001mg/l. The biomass produced during the fermentation also reduced mass transfer substantially, and it is likely that this was due to physical blockage of the interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of apparent substrate selectivity of proteinase K encapsulated in liposomes through a cholate‐induced alteration of the bilayer permeability
Authors: Yoshimoto Makoto , Wang Shaoqing , Fukunaga Kimitoshi , Treyer Mike , Walde Peter , Kuboi Ryoichi , Nakao Katsumi
Published: December 2003

Proteinase K‐containing liposomes with highly selective membrane permeability properties were prepared. The selectivity obtained was with respect to the two substrate molecules added to the external aqueous phase of the liposomes: acetyl‐L‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐p‐nitroanilide (Ac‐AAA‐pNA) and succinyl‐L‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐p‐nitroanilide (Suc‐AAA‐pNA). The liposome‐forming lipid used was POPC (1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) and modulation of the membrane permeability was achieved using the detergent cholate. Proteinase K‐containing mixed liposomes (PKCL) were prepared by adding cholate to preformed proteinase K‐containing POPC liposomes (PKL) at a defined effective cholate/POPC molar ratio in the liposomal bilayer membrane Re. Proteinase K was kept inside PKCL with a negligible amount of leakage into the bulk aqueous phase at Re ≤ 0.30. At higher Re, leakage of proteinase K was pronounced, even under conditions where POPC/cholate mixed liposomes seemed to be still intact (0.30 < Re ≤ 0.39). At Re ≤ 0.30, the reactivity of proteinase K in the PKCL measured with the externally added substrate Ac‐AAA‐pNA increased with increasing Re, while the reactivity measured with Suc‐AAA‐pNA remained low, regardless of the Re value. This showed that externally added Ac‐AAA‐pNA molecules permeated the liposomal membrane more easily than Suc‐AAA‐pNA by modulating the membrane with cholate. Consequently, Ac‐AAA‐pNA was hydrolyzed in PKCL with considerably higher apparent substrate selectivity in comparison with the cases of proteinase K in PKL and free proteinase K (without liposomal encapsulation). The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the prepared PKCL can be utilized as a kind of nano‐scaled bioreactor system which can take up a particular target substrate with high apparent substrate selectively from the external phase of the liposomes. Inside the liposomes, the target substrate is then converted into the corresponding products. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular definition of predictive indicators of stable protein expression in recombinant NS0 myeloma cells
Authors: Barnes Louise M. , Bentley Catherine M. , Dickson Alan J.
Published: December 2003

We have generated a molecular description of the loci at which stability/instability of expression of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (anti‐CD38) occurs within the GS‐NS0 expression system. Critically, these data show that, in the absence of changes to copy number for the recombinant gene sequences, all cell lines examined exhibit a progressive loss (instability) in expression of mRNA during prolonged culture. However, not all cell lines express instability at the level of MAb protein production. The molecular distinction between stable and unstable production at the protein level is a reflection of the cellular amount of recombinant mRNA encoding MAb. Our data indicate a threshold level, a putative saturation point for utilisation of mRNA in translational/secretory events, that defines stability or instability of protein production. Above this level of recombinant mRNA expression, cell lines are stable, whereas below this level cell lines will show instability of protein production. Our studies indicate that absolute levels of expression of recombinant mRNA encoding for MAb in the GS‐NS0 expression system offer a potential predictive indicator for the selection of stable cell lines for scale‐up. These studies identify molecular facets of host cell biology of generic interest for gene regulation and expression and define techniques and approaches for enhancement of recombinant protein expression and process development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formalization of the MESF unit of fluorescence intensity
Authors: Schwartz Abe , Gaigalas Adolfas K. , Wang Lili , Marti Gerald E. , Vogt Robert F. , Fernandez‐Repollet E.
Published: December 2003

This report summarizes the work performed during the past two years at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the refinement and formal definition of the MESF unit of fluorescence intensity. In addition to the theory underlying the MESF unit, considerations of error analysis are also presented. The details of this work may be found in the three publications of the NIST Journal of Research (www.nist.gov) listed as the references 2–4. The use of the fluorescence intensity unit provides a tool to compare quantitative fluorescence intensity measurements over time and across platforms. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The recognition of emotion in the faces and voice of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kucharska‐Pietura Katarzyna , Nikolaou Vasilis , Masiak Marek , Treasure Janet
Published: December 2003

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine emotional recognition (prosodic and visual) in anorexia nervosa.

Methods

Thirty people with anorexia nervosa and a comparison group of 30 healthy women were tested with facial and vocal stimuli that expressed specific emotions and they were given a neutral task.

Results

The group of women with anorexia nervosa was poor at emotional recognition. This was most marked for negative emotions in faces and for both positive and negative emotions in voices. This decreased ability to recognize negative affect in faces remained even after adjustment for confounding variables such as age, education, and depression.

Discussion

People with anorexia nervosa have difficulty recognizing emotions from facial expression and vocal tone. This may contribute to poor interpersonal communication and a lack of empathy, both of which are associated with anorexia nervosa patients. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 42–47, 2004.
Body checking and its avoidance in eating disorders
Authors: Shafran Roz , Fairburn Christopher G. , Robinson Paul , Lask Bryan
Published: December 2003

Objective

One expression of the core psychopathology of eating disorders is the repeated checking and avoidance of shape or weight. Two studies are reported. The primary purpose of the first was to describe the phenomenology of such body checking and avoidance. The aim of the second was to compare body checking and avoidance in women with and without a clinical eating disorder.

Method

In Study 1, 64 female patients with clinical eating disorders participated in a semistructured interview assessing the features of body checking and avoidance. In the second study, a self‐report questionnaire was used to compare body checking and avoidance in women with and without a clinical eating disorder (n = 110).

Results

The majority (92%) of the patients in Study 1 checked their bodies to assess their shape or weight and this was associated significantly with eating disorder symptoms. In Study 2, the clinical group had significantly more body checking and avoidance than the comparison group, and there was a strong association between eating disorder psychopathology and body checking and avoidance.

Conclusions

These findings support the view that body checking and avoidance are direct expressions of the overevaluation of shape and weight. Further work is needed to determine whether these expressions contribute to the maintenance of eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 93–101, 2004.
Participant recruitment for an anorexia nervosa treatment study
Authors: McDermott Christa , Agras W. Stewart , Crow Scott J. , Halmi Katherine , Mitchell James E. , Bryson Susan
Published: December 2003

Objective

To investigate the nature of differing recruitment rates for clinical treatment trials for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Methods

Recruitment rates from a study recruiting women partially recovered from anorexia nervosa were compared with the rates from two studies conducted at the same sites recruiting women with bulimia nervosa.

Results

At all sites in the anorexia study, the total number of contacts per month rose steadily over the first 2 years of the recruitment phase then decreased to near zero with the number of participants randomized to the study practically evaporating. In contrast, the bulimia studies screened a larger group of contacts and met monthly randomization goals in the time allotted for recruitment. Participants eligible for a study but with a barrier to participation occurred at a much higher rate in the anorexia study than in the bulimia studies.

Discussion

These results reveal a difficulty in planning recruitment from a small population such as partially recovered anorexics. A small population's total pool size diminishes faster than it is replenished, suggesting that future studies of anorexia nervosa may recruit more successfully from many sites in a short period rather than at a few sites over a long period. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 33–41, 2004.
Reliability of the Eating Disorder Examination in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Grilo Carlos M. , Masheb Robin M. , Lozano‐Blanco Christine , Barry Declan T.
Published: December 2003

Objective

This study examined the interrater and test‐retest reliabilities of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Interrater reliability and short‐term (6–14 days) test‐retest reliability of the EDE were examined in two study groups of 18 patients with BED.

Results

Interrater reliability was excellent for objective bulimic episodes and days (correlations above .98) and very good for the EDE scales, albeit somewhat variable (correlations range from .65 to .96). Test‐retest reliabilities were very good for objective bulimic episodes (.70) and days (.71) and were good (significant) for the EDE scales, albeit somewhat variable (correlations range from .50 to .88). Interrater reliability was excellent for subjective bulimic episodes and days but test‐retest reliabilities were unacceptable.

Conclusions

These findings support the reliability of the EDE for patients with BED. The EDE has utility for assessing the number of large binge episodes (objective bulimic episodes), as well as the number of days during which large binge episodes occurred. The EDE also demonstrates very good interrater and test‐retest reliabilities for assessing the associated features of eating disorders in patients with BED. The results for subjective bulimic episodes are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that these eating behaviors may not be reliable indicators of eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 80–85, 2004.
Reference curve estimation via alternating sliced inverse regression
Authors: Gannoun Ali , Guinot Christiane , Saracco Jérôme
Published: December 2003

In order to obtain reference curves for data sets when the variable of interest and the covariate are multidimensional, we propose a new methodology in this article based on a dimension‐reduction approach and non‐parametric estimation of conditional quantiles. This approach is semiparametric and combines Alternating Sliced Inverse Regression and a kernel estimation of conditional quantiles. The usefulness of this estimation procedure is illustrated with a real data set collected for the purpose of establishing reference curves for the biophysical properties of the skin of healthy French women. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variety and complexity of chromosome 17 translocations in neuroblastoma
Authors: Schleiermacher Gudrun , Raynal Virginie , Janoueix‐Lerosey Isabelle , Combaret Valérie , Aurias Alain , Delattre Olivier
Published: December 2003

In neuroblastoma, the most frequent genetic alteration is gain of chromosome arm 17q, which arises from unbalanced translocations. To document these genetic events more precisely, we performed an extensive study of chromosome 17 breakpoints in 27 neuroblastoma cell lines by using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping with BAC/PAC clones and allele analysis with polymorphic markers. All cases exhibited one or more unbalanced chromosome 17 translocations, and 15 distinct breakpoint regions could be mapped. This high variability indicates that gene fusion or disruption events are extremely unlikely to account for the underlying oncogenic role of these translocations. However, breakpoints were not randomly distributed, most of them mapping to the proximal part of 17q. As a result of translocations, all cell lines but one exhibited gain of the 53.5 Mb→qter fragment, bordered proximally by the clone CTC‐462L7. The most telomeric breakpoint, flanked by the clone RP11‐443M10, defined the 70.9 Mb→qter fragment as a region of additional gain. In addition to chromosome gains, loss of heterozygosity for the short arm of chromosome 17 was observed in close to half the cases. It was either related to a chromosome 17 monosomy or to a uniparental isodisomy. Finally, in cases with a single normal chromosome 17, we show that the parental origin of the translocated chromosome 17 can be either distinct or identical to that of the normal chromosome. Similarly, multiple translocations within the same cell line can either involve the same or different chromosome 17 homologues, indicating the likely absence of parental origin bias in the generation of these alterations. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of reproductive risk factors for CIS lesions and invasive breast cancer
Authors: Wohlfahrt Jan , Rank Fritz , Kroman Niels , Melbye Mads
Published: December 2003

A differential effect of reproductive factors on the incidence of carcinoma in situ of the breast (CIS) and invasive cancer may indicate that hormonal factors related to reproductive history not only influence the initial steps towards breast cancer but also preinvasive malignant lesions. A comparison of reproductive factors was performed using a population‐based cohort of 1.5 million Danish women born between 1935 and 1978. Between 1983 and 1998, 15,590 cases of invasive breast cancer and 871 cases of CIS were identified using a database with extensive clinical information. Number of births and age at first birth were similarly associated with the risk of being diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) compared to invasive breast cancer [RR(DCIS)per birth/RR(invasive)per birth = 1.03(0.93–1.14), RR(DCIS)per 5yr /RR(invasive)per 5yr = 1.06(0.96–1.17)]. Also, the short‐term risk the first 10 years after birth was similar for DCIS and invasive cancer [RR(DCIS) /RR(invasive) = 0.90 (0.74–1.09)]. Additional analyses were performed according to characteristics of the DCIS lesion (size, malignancy grade, noncomedo or comedo type). In conclusion, our observations do not support the theory that reproductive history is associated with progression from noninvasive to invasive breast cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age, sexual behavior and human papillomavirus infection in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers
Authors: Smith Elaine M. , Ritchie Justine M. , Summersgill Kurt F. , Klussmann Jens P. , Lee John H. , Wang Donghong , Haugen Thomas H. , Turek Lubomir P.
Published: December 2003

There are few well‐established patient risk factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were significant different risk factors and tumor characteristics between HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative cancer cases. HPV was evaluated in cancer tissue and exfoliated oral cells of 193 oral cavity/oropharynx cancer patients using PCR and direct DNA sequencing. A patient questionnaire collected information about risk factors, sexual practices and medical history. The prevalence of HPV high‐risk (HR) types was 20% in cancer cases. Three types were identified: HPV‐16 (87%), HPV‐18 (3%) and HPV‐33 (11%). Risk factors for HPV‐HR included younger age (≤ 55 years vs. > 55 years; adjusted OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.6–7.3) and younger‐age cases who had more lifetime sex partners (adjusted OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.4–10.1), practiced oral‐genital sex (adjusted OR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.8–10.4) or oral‐anal sex (adjusted OR = 19.5; 95% CI = 3.4–113). Compared to HPV‐negative cancers, HPV‐HR cancers were more likely to have a positive HPV‐HR exfoliated oral cytology test (adjusted OR = 7.8; 95% CI = 3.4–18.4), later stage (adjusted OR = 3.0), nodal involvement (adjusted OR = 4.1) and advanced grade (adjusted OR = 3.0). This study shows new evidence that the prevalence of oncogenic mucosal HPV is higher in younger‐age oral cavity/oropharynx cancer cases whose sexual practices are typically associated with sexual transmission of the virus. HPV detection also appears to be an indicator of advanced disease characteristics that may require different clinical treatment for this subset of patients. An exfoliated oral cytology test for HPV was a significant predictor of HR types in the cancers, suggesting that an oral rinse may provide an early biomarker of infected tumors. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein‐losing hypertrophic gastropathy: Another cause of gastric wall thickening in children
Authors: Pineda Víctor , Enriquez Goya , Castelló Francisco , Aso Celestino
Published: December 2003

Protein‐losing hypertrophic gastropathy (PLHG) is an uncommon, self‐limited disease in young children that can produce generalized edema, hypoproteinemia, and nonspecific prodromic symptoms. Recently, Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus infections have been reported to be associated with this condition. We present the case of an 18‐month‐old boy with PLHG and positive detection of H. pylori on fecal culture. Abdominal sonography demonstrated gastric wall thickening with preservation of the mucosal layers. Sonographic findings are useful for suggesting a diagnosis of PLHG and is also an effective, noninvasive technique for follow‐up of children with this condition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:47–49, 2004
Role of sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of adrenal masses in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Kocijančič Ksenija , Kocijančič Igor , Guna Franc
Published: December 2003

Purpose

The aims of this retrospective study were to determine the accuracy and safety of sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in evaluating enlarged adrenal glands in patients with lung cancer and to correlate the metastatic involvement of the adrenal glands with the surgical stage of the primary lung tumor.

Methods

During an 11‐year period, 64 patients with cytologically proven lung cancer had undergone sonographically guided FNABs of an adrenal mass. The accuracy of this method was assessed on the basis of cytologic findings and the safety, on the number of complications reported after FNAB. The location of the adrenal metastasis relative to the primary tumor (ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral) was correlated with the surgical stage of the disease.

Results

FNAB results were accurate in 58 of the 64 cases (91%), and the procedure was associated with no serious complications. In 6 (9%) of the 64 patients, the FNAB specimen had been inadequate. Cytologic analysis of the aspirates revealed malignancy in 52 (90%) of the 58 patients in whom the FNAB specimen had been adequate for an accurate diagnosis. The adrenal metastases were ipsilateral in 21 patients, contralateral in 15, and bilateral in 16, for an ipsilateral‐to‐contralateral ratio of 1.4:1. Among patients with operable disease, an ipsilateral pattern of metastasis was present in 65%, whereas among those with inoperable disease, the ipsilateral pattern was present in only 31%. The difference between these 2 groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Sonographically guided FNAB is accurate and safe for evaluating enlarged adrenal glands in patients with lung cancer. Our results also suggest that a solitary ipsilateral adrenal metastasis in a patient with resectable primary lung cancer may represent a regional extension of the disease rather than systemic spread. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:12–16, 2004
Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric studies of proanthocyanidins in foods
Authors: Gu Liwei , Kelm Mark A. , Hammerstone John F. , Zhang Ze , Beecher Gary , Holden Joanne , Haytowitz David , Prior Ronald L.
Published: December 2003

The proanthocyanidins in three foods (pinto beans, plums and cinnamon) were studied with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) in the negative mode following separation by normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The MS/MS analysis demonstrated that the major ions derived from heterocyclic ring fission and retro‐Diels–Alder reaction of flavan‐3‐ol provided information about the hydroxylation pattern and type of interflavan bond. The connection sequence of the oligomers was identified through diagnostic ions derived from quinone methide (QM) cleavage of the interflavan bond. Novel heterogeneous B‐type proanthocyanidins containing (epi)afzelechin as subunits were identified in pinto beans. Proanthocyanidins with interestingly different A‐type linkages were identified in plums and cinnamon. In efforts aimed at extending the identification capacity of ESI‐MS to polymers, we found that the polymeric procyanidins fragmented readily instead of forming multiply charged ions in the negative ESI mode. Fragmentation patterns were proposed based on our data obtained by ESI‐MS/MS and ESI time‐of‐flight MS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional microfabricated sources for nanoelectrospray
Authors: Le Gac Séverine , Arscott Steve , Cren‐Olivé Cécile , Rolando Christian
Published: December 2003

The idea of a novel two‐dimensional (2D) nanoelectrospray ionization emitter tip with the shape of a nib is explored here. This novel planar design is studied as an alternative to the needle‐like standard emitter tips that suffer from a lack of reproducibility and robustness and from an inherent incompatibility with high‐throughput analysis. The composition of the micro‐nib sources is analogous to the working of a simple fountain pen, with a liquid reservoir linked to a micro‐nib tip from which the sample is electrosprayed via a capillary slot. The micro‐nib prototypes described here were fabricated using microtechnology techniques and using the epoxy‐based negative photoresist SU‐8. The resulting free‐standing micro‐nib structure was supported by a silicon wafer. We present here two series of such micro‐nib sources, the latter series exhibiting improved characteristics such as a 8 µm source width of the nib tip. They were tested in mass spectrometry experiments on an ion trap mass spectrometer (LCQ Deca XP+, Thermo Finnigan) using standard peptide samples having concentrations down to 1 µM and with a high voltage (HV) supply around 1 kV for the second series of micro‐nib sources. In addition to the stability of the spray, the obtained mass spectra showed the reliability of these sources for peptide analysis; the signal of the spectra was as intense and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) as high as that obtained with the use of standard emitter tips. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oncolytic viral therapy for breast cancer with herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant HF 10
Authors: Teshigahara Osamu , Goshima Fumi , Takao Kazumasa , Kohno Shin‐ichi , Kimata Hideto , Nakao Akimasa , Nishiyama Yukihiro
Published: December 2003

Background and Objectives

Many genetically engineered viruses have been evaluated for their potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of malignant tumors. We applied a spontaneously generated, highly attenuated herpes simplex virus (HSV) type‐1 clone, HF10, to the treatment of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the ability of HF10 to infect and lyse human and murine breast cancer cells in vitro and tested its efficacy in an immuno‐competent animal model of breast cancer.

Methods

To assess the therapeutic efficacy of HF10 against subcutaneous tumors in vivo, mouse breast cancer cells were injected into the backs of mice, which were then treated with HF10. Tumor volume and survival rate were used as measures of the antitumor effect in the in vivo experiments. In vitro viral cytotoxity assays and replication assays were also performed in human breast cancer cell lines.

Results

In the in vivo study, tumor growth was suppressed and long‐term survival rates were prolonged. HF10 was effective in producing cytolytic effects in vitro at various multiplicities of infection (MOI) in all cell lines tested.

Conclusions

HF10 demonstrated antitumor effects in our animal model. The viral growth and oncolytic effect of HF10 in the human breast cancer cell line suggest that HF10 is potentially effective in the clinical treatment of human cancer. These results indicate that replication‐competent HSV‐1 mutants hold significant promise as cancer therapeutic agents. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:42–47. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of combination study of apoptotic factors and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in estimating the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Osada Shinji , Saji Shigetoyo , Kuno Toshiya
Published: December 2003

Background and Objectives

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common recurrence diseases, which affects the patient's prognosis. The aim of this report is to evaluate recurrence risk after primary treatment by the combination study with the clinical features and immunohistological findings.

Methods

153 removable HCCs were examined by immunohistochemical study of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53, or Bax. The relationships of these factors with histological grades, the presence of intra‐hepatic metastasis (IM), tumor size, value of serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), and prognosis were studied. PCNA labeling index (LI) was calculated to count positive nuclei in 1,000 cells.

Results

PCNALI was significantly higher in cancer and correlated with tumor size. PCNALI and the tumor diameter in themselves could be a good predictor for patient prognosis and the combination study of them was an even stronger indicator. The value of AFP was significantly higher in positive p53 cases. The incidence of p53 was associated with histological types. The presence of IM was found in negative Bax cases of main tumors. The appearance of Bax was not correlated with histological types. The incidence of p53 or Bax was indicated to distinguish the patient prognosis of the lower grade histological cases, in which differences could not be found by the routine histological study.

Conclusions

The combination study of the immunohistochemical findings and the clinical features could be one of the most important aids in interpreting the status of HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:48–54. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complementary and alternative medicine: Consumers in search of wellness or an expression of need by the sick?
Authors: Spence Martine , Ribeaux Peter
Published: December 2003

The provision of health care in Western societies is examined in relation to the arrival of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a serious provider in the latter half of the 20th century. This article examines the underlying components of the increasing uptake of CAM and attempts to cluster health‐care consumers according to their attitudes and motivation toward the use of health‐care products and services. The analysis does not support the idea of a widespread uptake of CAM practitioner treatments on the part of the general public except for particular segments of that public, including the seriously ill. There is also little evidence of exclusive use of CAM for personal health care. On the other hand, there is significant evidence for an uptake of non‐practitioner‐based CAM by wider segments of the population. The findings raise issues regarding the evidence for the efficacy of CAM and the methodology for testing it. These are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in consumer attributions of blame between men and women: The role of perceived vulnerability and empathic concern
Authors: Laufer Daniel , Gillespie Kate
Published: December 2003

This article explores differences in blame attributions between men and women in a consumer context. The first experiment finds that women blame a company more than men for a product harm crisis. A second experiment replicates these results in a different product harm crisis and suggests the process underlying these differences. The results of tests of mediation suggest that women blame a company more than men for a product harm crisis because they feel more personally vulnerable to a similar crisis occurring to them. The tests of mediation also show that empathic concern is not the reason driving the differences between men and women in consumer attributions of blame despite observed differences on this personality trait. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.