bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin and distribution of bone marrow‐derived cells in the central nervous system in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Solomon Jennifer N. , Lewis Coral‐Ann B. , Ajami Bahareh , Corbel Stephane Y. , Rossi Fabio M.V. , Krieger Charles
Published: March 2006

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is associated with increased numbers of microglia within the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown whether the microgliosis results from proliferation of CNS resident microglia, or recruitment of bone marrow (BM)‐derived microglial precursors. Here we assess the distribution and number of BM‐derived cells in spinal cord using transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labeled BM cells into myelo‐ablated mice over‐expressing human mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD), a murine model of ALS. Transplantation of GFP+ BM did not affect the rate of disease progression in mSOD mice. Mean numbers of microglia and GFP+ cells in spinal cords of control mice were not significantly different from those in asymptomatic mSOD mice and showed no change with animal age. The number of GFP+ cells and microglia (F4/80+ and CD11b+ cells) within the spinal cord of mSOD mice increased compared to age‐matched controls at a time when mSOD mice exhibited disease symptoms, continuing up to disease end‐stage. Although we observed an increase in the number of GFP+ cells in spinal cords of mSOD mice with disease symptoms, mean numbers of GFP+ F4/80+ cells comprised less than 20% of all F4/80+ cells and did not increase with disease progression. Furthermore, the relative rates of proliferation in CD45+GFP‐ and CD45+GFP+ cells were comparable. Thus, we demonstrate that the microgliosis present in spinal cord tissue of mSOD mice is primarily due to an expansion of resident microglia and not to the recruitment of microglial precursors from the circulation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (CD31) recycles and induces cell growth inhibition on human tumor cell lines
Authors: Lutzky Viviana P. , Carnevale Romina P. , Alvarez Mariano J. , Maffia Paulo C. , Zittermann Sandra I. , Podhajcer Osvaldo L. , Issekutz Andrew C. , Chuluyan H. Eduardo
Published: March 2006

CD31 (PECAM‐1) is a 130‐kDa member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily expressed on endothelial cells, platelets, and most leukocytes. This report demonstrates by Western Blot and immunofluorescence that some human melanoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines express CD31 on the cell surface. The surface expression of CD31 was regulated by cell–cell contact, being higher on sparse and spontaneously detached cells. Indeed, fixing and permeabilizing tumor cells revealed a cytoplasmic pool, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Some of the plasma surface molecule is endocytosed following mAb binding. Engagement of CD31 on tumor cells via domain‐3 inhibited proliferation by inducing cell apoptosis. On the other hand, apoptosis does not increase CD31 expression. Overall, these results indicate that there is an intracellular pool of CD31 on some tumor cells, which modulates CD31 surface expression and its role in cancer cell growth and metastasis. Thus, the expression of CD31 and its role in cell survival in some tumor cells appears to differ from endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 1334–1350, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decorin regulates assembly of collagen fibrils and acquisition of biomechanical properties during tendon development
Authors: Zhang Guiyun , Ezura Yoichi , Chervoneva Inna , Robinson Paul S. , Beason David P. , Carine Ehren T. , Soslowsky Louis J. , Iozzo Renato V. , Birk David E.
Published: March 2006

Tendon function involves the development of an organized hierarchy of collagen fibrils. Small leucine‐rich proteoglycans have been implicated in the regulation of fibrillogenesis and decorin is the prototypic member of this family. Decorin‐deficient mice demonstrate altered fibril structure and mechanical function in mature skin and tail tendons. However, the developmental role(s) of decorin needs to be elucidated. To define these role(s) during tendon development, tendons (flexor digitorum longus) were analyzed ultrastructurally from postnatal day 10 to 90. Decorin‐deficient tendons developed abnormal, irregularly contoured fibrils. Finite mixture modeling estimated that the mature tendon was a three‐subpopulation mixture of fibrils with characteristic diameter ranges. During development, in each subpopulation the mean diameter was consistently larger in mutant mice. Also, diameter distributions and the percentage of fibrils in each subpopulation were altered. Biomechanical analyses demonstrated that mature decorin‐deficient tendons had significantly reduced strength and stiffness; however, there was no reduction in immature tendons. Expression of decorin and biglycan, a closely related family member, was analyzed during development. Decorin increased with development while biglycan decreased. Spatially, both had a comparable localization throughout the tendon. Biglycan expression increased substantially in decorin‐deficient tendons suggesting a potential functional compensation. The accumulation of structural defects during fibril growth, a period associated with decorin expression and low biglycan expression, may be the cause of compromised mechanical function in the absence of decorin. Our findings indicate that decorin is a key regulatory molecule and that the temporal switch from biglycan to decorin is an important event in the coordinate regulation of fibrillogenesis and tendon development. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor‐associated antigen 90K/Mac‐2‐binding protein: Possible role in colon cancer
Authors: Ulmer Tricia A. , Keeler Vicki , Loh Lambert , Chibbar Rajni , Torlakovic Emina , André Sabine , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Laferté Suzanne
Published: March 2006

The tumor‐associated antigen 90K (TAA90K)/Mac‐2‐binding protein implicated in cancer progression and metastasis is modified by β1‐6 branched N‐linked oligosaccharides in colon cancer cells, glycans shown to contribute to cancer metastasis. To elucidate the role of TAA90K in colon cancer, we examined its expression and function in human colon tumors and colon carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analyses of colon tumors revealed elevated expression of TAA90K in all samples analyzed compared to normal colon. To examine the function of TAA90K in colon cancer, we carried out protein and cell binding assays using TAA90K‐His purified from HT‐29 cells colon carcinoma cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing TAA90K containing a C‐terminal poly‐histidine tag. TAA90K‐His bound to fibronectin, collagen IV, laminins‐1, ‐5, and ‐10 and galectin‐3 (Mac‐2) but poorly to collagen I and galectin‐1. As expected, binding of TAA90K to galectin‐3 was dependent on carbohydrate since it was inhibitable by lactose and asiolofetuin, and a TAA90K‐His glycoform purified from HT‐29 cells treated with the glycosylation inhibitor 1‐deoxymannojirimycin bound poorly to galectin‐3. Unlike TAA90K isolated from other cell types, TAA90K‐His isolated from colon cancer cells failed to mediate adhesion of colon cancer and normal cell lines, possibly due to cell‐type specific glycosylation of TAA90K‐His and/or its putative cellular receptor. However, at low concentrations, TAA90K‐His enhanced galectin‐3‐mediated HT‐29 cell adhesion while at high concentrations, it inhibited cell adhesion. Thus, a possible mechanism by which TAA90K may contribute to colon cancer progression is by modulating tumor cell adhesion to extracellular proteins, including galectin‐3. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 1351–1366, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular regulation of androgen action in prostate cancer
Authors: Dehm Scott M. , Tindall Donald J.
Published: March 2006

Androgens are critical regulators of prostate differentiation and function, as well as prostate cancer growth and survival. Therefore, androgen ablation is the preferred systemic treatment for disseminated prostate cancer. Androgen action is exerted in target tissues via binding the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor transcription factor. Historically, the gene expression program mediated by the AR has been poorly understood. However, recent gene expression profiling and more traditional single‐gene characterization studies have revealed many androgen‐regulated genes that are important mediators of androgen action in both normal and malignant prostate tissue. This review will focus on the androgen‐regulated gene expression program, and examine how recently identified androgen‐regulated genes are likely to contribute to the development and progression of prostate cancer. We will also summarize several recent studies that have attempted to unravel how these genes are deregulated in androgen depletion independent prostate cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 333–344, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐induced human arterial smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) proliferation
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Sheng , Wang Sheng‐Qi
Published: March 2006

In China, the ginseng root began to be used in medicine over 2000 years ago. Ginsenosides are the most important component isolated from ginseng. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the proliferation and molecular mechanism in cultured human arterial vascular smooth muscle cell (HASMC) induced by tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). It was shown that ginsenoside Rg1 significantly inhibited TNF‐α‐induced HASMC proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1, which blocked the cell cycle in the G1‐phase, induced a downregulation of cyclin D1 and an upregulation in the expression of p53, p21WAF/CIP1, and p27KIP1. MEK inhibitors PD98059, U0126, and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, but not p38‐inhibitor SB203580 or JNK‐inhibitor SP600125 significantly aggravated ginsenoside Rg1‐inhibited HASMC proliferation. Ginsenoside Rg1 markedly inactivated the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (PKB), indicating that the inhibition of ginsenoside Rg1 on HASMC proliferation was associated with ERK and PI3K/PKB pathways. The inactivation of ERK and PI3K/PKB pathways and modulation of cell‐cycle proteins by ginsenoside Rg1 may be of importance in inhibition of HASMCs proliferation. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand‐independent regulation of ErbB4 receptor phosphorylation by activated ras
Authors: Tal‐Or Pazit , Erlich Shlomit , Porat‐Shliom Natalie , Goldshmit Yona , Ben‐Baruch Gilad , Shaharabani Ezra , Kloog Yoel , Pinkas‐Kramarski Ronit
Published: March 2006

The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases regulates cell growth, differentiation and survival. Activation of the receptors is induced by specific growth factors in an autocrine, paracrine or juxtacrine manner. The activated ErbB receptors turn on a large variety of signaling cascades, including the prominent Ras‐dependent signaling pathways. The activated Ras can induce secretion of growth factors such as EGF and neuregulin, which activate their respective receptors. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that activated Ras can activate ErbB4 receptor in a ligand‐independent manner. Expression of constitutively active H‐Ras(12V), K‐Ras(12V) or N‐Ras(13V) in PC12‐ErbB4 cells induced ErbB4‐receptor phosphorylation, indicating that each of the most abundant Ras isoforms can induce receptor activation. NRG‐induced phosphorylation of ErbB4 receptor was blocked by the soluble ErbB4 receptor, which had no effect on the Ras‐induced receptor phosphorylation. Moreover, conditioned medium from H‐Ras(12V)‐transfected PC12‐ErbB4 cells had no effect on receptor phosphorylation. It thus indicates that Ras induces ErbB4 phosphorylation in a ligand‐independent manner. Each of the Ras effector domain mutants, H‐Ras(12V)S35, H‐Ras(12V)C40, and H‐Ras(12V)G37, which respectively activate Raf1, PI3K, and RalGEF, induced a small but significant receptor phosphorylation. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the MEK inhibitor PD98059 caused a partial inhibition of the Ras‐induced ErbB4 receptor phosphorylation. Using a mutant ErbB4 receptor, which lacks kinase activity, we demonstrated that the Ras‐mediated ErbB4 phosphorylation depends on the kinase activity of the receptor and facilitates ligand‐independent neurite outgrowth in PC12‐ErbB4 cells. These experiments demonstrate a novel mechanism controlling ErbB receptor activation. Ras induces ErbB4 receptor phosphorylation in a non‐autocrine manner and this activation depends on multiple Ras effector pathways and on ErbB4 kinase activity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering from a hierarchical substrate of micro/nanostructured silver
Authors: Song Wei , Li Wei , Cheng Yuchuan , Jia Huiying , Zhao Guorui , Zhou Yinhua , Yang Bai , Xu Weiqing , Tian Wenjing , Zhao Bing
Published: March 2006

We prepared ordered, two‐dimensional arrays of patterns with silver nanoparticles immobilized on patterned self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold, which were used as substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Using contact‐mode atomic force microscopy, we have characterized the formation and structure of such silver pattern assemblies on a microcontact‐printed SAM patterned surface. SERS spectra and surface enhanced Raman mapping (SERM) of 4‐pyridinethiol SAMs on this novel SERS‐active substrate were also investigated. Different SERS activities were observed on the surface of the hierarchical micro/nanostructure. The enhancement factor was studied in detail and the electromagnetic enhancement mechanism was used to explain the SERS effect. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue performance of an injection‐molded short E‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6,6. I. Effects of orientation, holes, and weld line
Authors: Zhou Yuanxin , Mallick P. K.
Published: March 2006

This article presents the experimental results of stress‐controlled fatigue tests of an injection‐molded 33 wt% short E‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6,6. The effects of specimen orientation with respect to the flow direction, hole stress concentration, and weld line on the fatigue life have been considered. In addition, the effect of cyclic frequency has been examined. In addition to the modulus and tensile strength, the fatigue strength of the material was significantly higher in the flow direction than normal to the flow direction, indicating inherent anisotropy of the material caused by flow‐induced orientation of fibers. The presence of weld line reduced the modulus, tensile strength, failure strain, and fatigue strength. The fatigue strength of specimens with a hole was lower than that of un‐notched specimens, but was insensitive to the hole diameter. At cyclic frequencies ≤ 2 Hz, failure was due to fatigue, and fatigue life increased with frequency. However, at cyclic frequencies > 2 Hz, the failure mode was a mixture of fatigue and thermal failures, and fatigue life decreased with increasing frequency. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:230–237, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Stiffness and strength of flax fiber/polymer matrix composites
Authors: Andersons J. , Spārniņš E. , Joffe R.
Published: March 2006

Flax fiber composites with thermoset and thermoplastic polymer matrices have been manufactured and tested for stiffness and strength under uniaxial tension. Flax/polypropylene and flax/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene composites are produced from compound obtained by coextrusion of granulated polypropylene and flax fibers, while flax fiber mat/vinylester and modified acrylic resin composites are manufactured by resin transfer molding. The applicability of rule‐of‐mixtures and orientational averaging based models, developed for short fiber composites, to flax reinforced polymers is considered. POLYM. COMPOS. 27:221–229, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Minimally adhesive polymer surfaces prepared from star oligosiloxanes and star oligofluorosiloxanes
Authors: Grunlan Melissa A. , Lee Nam S. , Mansfeld Florian , Kus Esra , Finlay John A. , Callow James A. , Callow Maureen E. , Weber William P.
Published: March 2006

The effects of the surface energy, storage modulus (G′), and glass‐transition temperature (Tg) on the biofouling behavior of siloxane and fluorosiloxane polymer surfaces (films) were studied. Irregular SiH‐terminated tetrabranched star oligosiloxanes and star oligofluorosiloxanes were prepared by the acid‐catalyzed equilibration of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane or 1,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,3,5‐tris(3′,3′,3′‐trifluoropropyl)cyclotrisiloxane with tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)silane, respectively. Terminal epoxy groups were introduced via Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation with allyl glycidyl ether to yield compounds that were subsequently crosslinked with α,ω‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)poly(dimethylsiloxane). The resulting films were characterized by goniometry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The foul‐release behavior was studied by the measurement of how strongly sporelings (young plants) of the green seaweed Ulva adhered. The corrosion protection of aluminum was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Fluorosiloxane films displayed higher G′ and Tg values, decreased contact angles (with water), and more effectively released Ulva sporelings in comparison with siloxane films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2551–2566, 2006
Processing‐induced properties in glassy polymers: Application of structural relaxation to yield stress development
Authors: Engels Tom A. P. , Govaert Leon E. , Peters Gerrit W. M. , Meijer Han E. H.
Published: March 2006

A method is presented to predict the yield stress distribution throughout an injection‐molded product of an amorphous polymer as it results from processing conditions. The method employs the concept of structural relaxation combined with a fictive temperature, following the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan formalism. The thermal history, as it is experienced by the material during processing, is obtained by means of numerical simulation of the injection molding process. The resulting predictions of yield stress distributions are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental findings, both for different mold temperatures and for different part thicknesses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1212–1225, 2006
Managing chemical reactivity—Minimum best practice
Authors: Fauske Hans K.
Published: March 2006

A minimum best practice (MBP) is proposed to provide enough information to process, store, and transport chemicals safely. The primary objective of the MBP is to reduce the frequency and consequences of runaway reaction‐generated accidents, particularly those occurring within companies with limited technical and financial resources. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Dielectric constant tensor of piezoelectric gadolinium calcium oxoborate crystal, GdCa4O(BO3)3, estimated from the electric impedance spectrum
Authors: Pawlaczyk C. , Markiewicz E. , Kłos A. , Pajączkowska A.
Published: March 2006

A method for obtaining the dielectric coefficients of a piezoelectric crystal from impedance spectrum measurements was proposed. The dielectric coefficients of gadolinium calcium oxoborate, GdCa4O(BO3)3, were evaluated and compared with the literature data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of La doping on the properties of molybdenum perovskite Sr1–xLaxMoO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2)
Authors: Zhang S. B. , Sun Y. P. , Zhao B. C. , Zhu X. B. , Song W. H.
Published: March 2006

The effects of La‐doping on the structural, magnetic, electrical transport and specific‐heat properties in 4d perovskites Sr1–x Lax MoO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) have been investigated. The substitution of Sr ions by La ions does not change the space group of the samples, but increases the lattice parameter a (Å). The resistivity ρ and magnetic susceptibility χ decrease monotonously with the increase of x , while the electronic specific heat coefficient γ e increases. The resistivity of all samples shows a T 2 dependence in the low‐temperature region of 2 K < T < 125 K and a T dependence in the high‐temperature range of 130 K < T < 350 K, related to the electron–electron (e–e) and electron–phonon (e–ph) scattering, respectively. The specific‐heat data agrees with the classical Dulong–Petit phonon specific heat, C cl = 3k BrN A = 124.7 J/mol K at high temperatures and C p(T )/T = γ e + β pT 2 at low temperatures. These behaviors can be explained according to the decrease of the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi energy level (E F), N (E F). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles study of carrier‐mediated ferromagnetism in ZnTe‐based thin film
Authors: Zhou X. H. , Chen X. S. , Huang Y. , Duan H. , Lu W.
Published: March 2006

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of ZnTe thin film doped with 3d transition metals (TM = Cr and Mn) have been studied by ab initio calculations. Calculations with full geometry optimization for (Zn,TM)Te supercell are carried out by varying the sites TM atoms occupy. We show that the ferromagnetic (FM) phase of (Zn,Cr)Te thin film is energetically preferable state irrespective of the site occupation of the Cr atom, whereas the situation is reversed for the case of (Zn,Mn)Te. We also demonstrate the ground state of (Zn,Mn)Te film changes from antiferromagnetic (AFM) to FM when codoped with N. A careful analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the hybridization between Cr 3d (Mn 3d) and Te 5p (N 2p) states in (Zn,Cr)Te [(Zn,Mn)Te codoped with N] thin film is found to be responsible for the FM coupling. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of the micromagnetic structure of a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3film
Authors: Ziese M.
Published: March 2006

The micromagnetic structure of a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3film was studied using magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic simulations. For a 150 nm thick epitaxial, strain relaxed film grown on SrTiO3evidence is presented from experiment and simulation that magnetic domains have a typical size of 1 µm at room temperature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the proof by reductio ad absurdum of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem for ensembles of fractionally occupied states of Coulomb systems
Authors: Kryachko Eugene S.
Published: March 2006

It is demonstrated that the original reductio ad absurdum proof of the generalization of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem for ensembles of fractionally occupied states for isolated many‐electron Coulomb systems with Coulomb‐type external potentials by Gross and colleagues is self‐contradictory, since the to‐be‐refuted assumption (negation) regarding the ensemble one‐electron densities and the assumption regarding the external potentials are logically incompatible to each other due to the Kato electron‐nuclear cusp theorem. It is proved, however, that the Kato theorem itself provides a satisfactory proof of this theorem. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Small island states and territories: sustainable development issues and strategies – challenges for changing islands in a changing world
Authors: Douglas Calbert H.
Published: March 2006

Global shifts and the international contexts of change occur at a range of intensities across local, regional and global spatial scales and levels of impacts. They affect small islands physically, environmentally, economically and socio‐culturally, and in their internal and external roles and responsibilities. This special issue explores the sustainable development issues and concerns that small islands face in a changing world, and the nature of their strategy responses. The coverage for the issue includes papers drawn from sustainability discourses related to practices, problems and solutions in areas of island living and operations. This includes indicators, social development, tourism, fisheries, energy and waste management, each of which links to sustainable development conceptualizations and environmental performance in resource usage and management in small islands. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustaining social development in a small island developing state? The case of Seychelles
Authors: Campling Liam , Rosalie Michel
Published: March 2006

Since the 1970s there has been a significant interest in small island developing states (SIDS). Since the 1990s the vast majority of this focus has been on economic and environmental ‘vulnerabilities’. This paper reaffirms the importance of ‘the social’ when analysing the ‘vulnerabilities’ of SIDS through a country case study of Seychelles in the context of its SIDS status. It outlines Seychelles' demographic processes and macroeconomic volatilities and discusses its post‐independence social development achievements. This paper provides critical analysis of how these achievements have been attained and considers the extent to which the present levels are sustainable. It argues that significant social gains are under threat from a range of domestic and international forces, potentially destabilizing the main pillar of the economy, tourism. The paper concludes that while the economic and environmental vulnerabilities of SIDS are of conceptual importance, reaffirming the centrality of the social is vital to understanding the potential causes and consequences of these vulnerabilities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Solid waste as an indicator of sustainable development in Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Authors: Georges Noni M.
Published: March 2006

Many Caribbean islands are neglecting the role of waste in monitoring and assessing progress towards sustainability. Arguing that the material basis of the economic process dictates that solid waste should be among the priority indicators for small island developing states and territories, the paper explores the utility of waste as an indicator in Tortola in the British Virgin Islands. Substantial growth in waste quantities is challenging the island's capacity to process and assimilate wastes. Analysis of available data provided evidence of increasing consumption by residents and tourists, and increasing material intensity per unit economic output – unsustainable trends, which, if unaddressed, would result in Tortola moving away from sustainability. It is concluded that Tortola is in a good position to implement the use of waste as an indicator within its policy framework and could develop an understanding of the material dimension of its economic process, thereby providing an example for other Caribbean islands in assessing progress towards sustainability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Establishing sustainability indicators as an evolving process: experience from the island of Guernsey
Authors: McAlpine Patrick , Birnie Andrew
Published: March 2006

This paper uses the case of developing sustainability indicators on the Island of Guernsey over the last four years to show that Agenda 21's call to activate grass roots action is being realized, but in ways that are neither top down and modernist in approach, nor bottom up and post‐modern as Agenda 21 advocates. Whilst best practice literature often suggests that community involvement must be engaged prior to designing sustainability indicators, this paper explores the reasons why this is not always possible. Guernsey's case is used to show how it only became possible to generate interest in the indicator process once the indicators were actually operational. It also shows that once interest was secured by a few relevant stakeholders it became possible to further evolve the indicators in a process that has slowly been attracting more and more of the island's community. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Islands in Europe: development of an island tourism multi‐dimensional model (ITMDM)
Authors: Chen Rachel J. C.
Published: March 2006

This paper introduces an island tourism multi‐dimensional model. Its aim is to develop an approach for integrating quantitative models and qualitative techniques into a coherent and useful methodology. The island tourism multi‐dimensional model is divided into several modules as presented in the paper. They include geographic information system applications, economic impact assessment, forecasting modeling, accessibility modeling, seasonality modeling and alternative modeling. Forecasting models, economic impact assessments and geographic information systems can be used to project forecasts and demonstrate sustainable and economic development issues. The paper demonstrates that the outcomes of the accessibility and seasonality modules can be used to generate strategic plans of marketing segments, service engagement and community involvement. It suggests that by using alternative modeling the output of quantitative analyses and the input of private, voluntary and public sectors at community, business and governmental levels can be integrated with each other. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Clergy views on evolution, creationism, science, and religion
Authors: Colburn Alan , Henriques Laura
Published: March 2006

Spurred by students who felt conflicted accepting evolution and the tenets of their faiths, yet knowing their faiths supported science and evolution, we began a study to determine the views clergy espouse on issues related to evolution, creationism, science, and religion. The resulting study included structured interviews with eight clergy and a religion professor, and a survey and questionnaire sent to each member of an organization made up of clergy. The data revealed a group who believed evolution and their religion to be compatible, that scripture was not meant to be understood literally, and who felt strongly that creationism did not belong in public school classrooms. The science education community may find in clergy an articulate ally in helping citizens to understand the contentious issues surrounding evolution and creationism. We share the insights that respondents provided on these issues and compared their views to those of teachers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 419–442, 2006
Dissociation between gene and protein expression of metabolic enzymes in a rodent model of heart failure
Authors: Morgan Eric E. , Chandler Margaret P. , Young Martin E. , McElfresh Tracy A. , Kung Theodore A. , Rennison Julie H. , Tserng Kou‐Yi , Hoit Brian D. , Stanley William C.
Published: March 2006

Studies in advanced heart failure show down‐regulation of fatty acid oxidation genes, possibly due to decreased expression of the nuclear transcription factors peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). We assessed mRNA and protein expression of PPARα and RXRα, and for several PPAR/RXR regulated metabolic proteins at 8 and 20 weeks following myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation. Infarction resulted in heart failure, as indicated by reduced LV fractional shortening and increased end diastolic area compared to sham. There was a progressive increase in LV end systolic area, myocardial ceramide content and atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA, and a deterioration in LV fractional area of shortening from 8 to 20 weeks. Protein and mRNA expression of PPARα and RXRα were not different among groups. The mRNA for PPAR/RXR regulated genes (e.g. medium chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)) was down‐regulated at 8 and 20 weeks post‐infarction; however, neither the protein expression nor activity of MCAD was reduced compared to sham. In conclusion, reduced mRNA expression of PPAR/RXR regulated genes is not dependent on reduced PPAR/RXR protein expression.
Endocannabinoid system in Xenopus laevis development: CB1 receptor dynamics
Authors: Beatrice Migliarini , Gabriella Marucci , Francesca Ghelfi , Oliana Carnevali
Published: March 2006

This study investigates for the first time the dynamics of endocannabinoid system appearance during low vertebrate Xenopus laevis development. We observed that the CB1 gene started to be expressed during the organogenesis period (±1 dpf, st. 28) and expression persisted throughout the three further stages analyzed. Attention was focused on the localization of the CB1 messenger that was found both at the central level (in romboencephalon and in olfactory placods) and at the peripheral level (in the gastrointestinal tract) at ±3 dpf (st. 41), ±4 dpf (st. 46) and ±12 dpf (st. 49). We also considered the synthesis of CB1 protein that occurred from st. 41 onwards and, from this stage, we tested the receptor functionality in response to anandamide using cytosensor microphysiometry. CB1 functionality increased with development at both central and peripheral level. These data provide sufficient evidence to encourage further analysis on endocannabinoid physiological roles during embryonic and larval X. laevis growth.
East and West: Travel and communication under alternate regimes; a research note
Authors: Groth Alexander J.
Published: March 2006

Using information supplied to international agencies, communication and transportation patterns of Communist and Post-Communist European states are compared with those of non-communist Europe. East European states under Communist rule tended to emphasize public—more easily “scripted,” observed and controlled media and conveyances—over private ones. This emphasis was substantially grounded in obsessive political security concerns among communist regimes. The performance of Post-Communist states indicates a significant shift toward the patterns of non-communist Western Europe and coincides with political regime changes moving East Europe closer to the pluralist West. Diffusion of cars, telephones, railroad traffic, radio, television, newspapers and cinema are analyzed.
Effect of nutrient application on growth rate and competitive ability of three foliose lichen species
Authors: WELCH A. R. , GILLMAN M. P. , JOHN E. A.
Published: March 2006

A field experiment was established to examine the effect of nutrient addition on the growth and competitive abilities of Parmelia caperata, P. saxatilis and Xanthoria parietina. Thallus fragments were attached to roofing slates in a split-plot experimental design in monospecific and multispecific mixtures and sprayed with nutrient solution at application frequencies representing a range of nutrient enrichments. Growth rates were measured as change in thallus diameter and the strength of competition determined by counting the number of thallus overlaps. Nutrient application significantly affected thallus growth with medium application rates promoting more thallus growth than controls (distilled water) or higher application rates in all three species. Nutrient addition at medium applications significantly increased the number of thallus overlaps made by all three species compared with controls, suggesting that competition became more intense. Although symmetrical competition was observed between all three species it was noted that growth and competition of thalli in two-species mixtures could not be used to predict the result in three-species mixtures. These results suggest that elevated nutrient levels can affect lichen growth rates and competition between thalli, leading to alterations in lichen community structure.
Polysporina frigida sp. nov. from Antarctica
Authors: KANTVILAS G. , SEPPELT R. D.
Published: March 2006

The new species, Polysporina frigida Kantvilas & Seppelt is described and illustrated. It is the first record of this genus from the Antarctic continent.
Misunderstanding the status of Ciferri & Tomaselli's generic names necessitates Peterjamesia gen. nov. for Sclerophyton circumscriptum and an additional species
Authors: Hawksworth David L.
Published: March 2006

In the mid-1950s, two distinguished Italian researchers, the mycologist Raffaele Ciferri (1895–1965) and the phytosociologist Ruggero Tomaselli (1920–1982), decided that a separate system of naming lichen mycobionts independent of the intact thalli was necessary. In this they were stimulated by the pioneering studies of Thomas (1939) in particular, which showed how different cultured isolated mycobionts appeared from whole lichen thalli. Thomas had already introduced separate names, ending in the suffix “-myces”, and they determined to introduce a comprehensive suite of generic names for lichen mycobionts in a series of papers (Tomaselli & Ciferri 1952; Ciferri & Tomaselli 1953, 1954, 1957). The numbers of generic names coined and validly published with Latin diagnoses were substantial: 15 in 1952, 203 in 1953, and a further nine in 1954. They made proposals to change the provisions of the Code, which then already ruled that names given to lichens were to be regarded as applying to their fungal components, but these were defeated and never adopted; this rule remains in the Code in Art. 13.1 (Greuter et al. 2000).
Impact constraints on the age and origin of the lowlands of Mars
Authors: Frey H. V.
Published: March 2006

Visible and buried impact basins, seen as “Quasi‐Circular Depressions” (QCDs) in MOLA data, provide important new constraints on the age of the Martian lowlands. The buried lowlands are no younger than Early Noachian, at least as old as the oldest exposed (visible) surface units in the highlands. A model absolute age for these buried lowlands is 4.04–4.11 GY (or earlier) but similar model ages for the largest lowland basins are older yet, 4.08–4.18 GY. The lowland crust both formed and became low no later than 500 million years after Mars formed, and likely even earlier. This constrains models for the origin of the fundamental crustal topographic dichotomy on Mars. Mechanisms which operated both early and quickly during the earliest history of Mars (e.g., large impacts) may be more likely than those requiring extended periods of time (i.e., endogenic models).
Tower mast of precipitation over the central Tibetan Plateau summer
Authors: Fu Yunfei , Liu Guosheng , Wu Guoxiong , Yu Rucong , Xu Youping , Wang Yu , Li Rui , Liu Qi
Published: March 2006

Over the Tibetan Plateau, solar heating often produces strong convective instability in the atmosphere. Using 3 years (1998–2000) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar data, our investigations revealed a tower mast shape of precipitation over the Plateau in both height‐longitude and height‐latitude cross‐sections. High rain rate center over the Plateau is located above 6km as a tower penetrating into the mid‐troposphere against the nearby background, implying a unique latent heating source injecting directly to the middle atmosphere. Results indicate that there are more isolated rain cells over the Plateau than its nearby regions, and the strongest diurnal cycle of rainfall existing over the Plateau with a peak around 1600 and a valley around 0500 local time, indicating the dominance of convective clouds caused by solar heating. It is also found that the TRMM algorithm might have misclassified weak convections as stratiform rains.
Shear‐wave splitting observations at the regions of northern Baja California and southern Basin and Range in Mexico
Authors: Obrebski Mathias , Castro Raul R. , Valenzuela Raul W. , van Benthem Steven , Rebollar Cecilio J.
Published: March 2006

Recent installation of 3‐component broadband digital stations around the Gulf of California allowed us to make shear wave splitting observation from records of 73 SKS and SKKS phases from 30 events recorded at 12 stations since January of 2001. Stations in the southern Basin and Range province yield upper mantle fast shear wave direction from NE‐SW to E‐W, consistent with both local direction of Miocene extension and North American absolute plate motion. The shear at the Pacific‐North American plate limit seems to control tightly the anisotropy pattern of the closest station NE70. The anisotropic pattern along the Peninsular Range, east of the former trench between the North American plate and the now subducted Farallon plate, is almost uniform and is interpreted as asthenospheric flow induced by the sinking fragment of the Farallon plate although frozen anisotropy associated with in situ captured fragment of this plate cannot be ruled out.
Model investigation of the Slope Water, north of the Gulf Stream
Authors: Dupont Frédéric , Hannah Charles G. , Wright Daniel G.
Published: March 2006

Four years of output from a high resolution (1/10°) simulation of the North Atlantic is used to investigate the maintenance of the Slope Water properties in the region between the Gulf Stream and the continental shelf. The simulation maintains a distinct slope water region that is cooler and fresher than the Gulf Stream in spite of the active eddy field and lateral mixing. A temperature budget shows that the Labrador Current and the local surface fluxes are equally important in maintaining the water mass. Two consequences of the analysis are that accurate simulation of the amount of Labrador Current water getting around the Tail of the Grand Bank is crucial to maintaining a viable slope water mass, and a systematic reduction in surface cooling due to global warming has the potential to reduce the formation of Slope Water and increase the influence of the Gulf Stream along the shelf.
A description and analysis of mesoscale variability in the Färoe‐Shetland Channel
Authors: Sherwin Toby J. , Williams Martin O. , Turrell William R. , Hughes Sarah L. , Miller Peter I.
Published: March 2006

A large part of the surface inflow to the Nordic Seas coalesces into a narrow slope current in the Färoe‐Shetland Channel, and flows along the Shetland shelf edge with mean speeds of order 0.4 m/s. Observations reveal that the flow is unstable and forms large mesoscale meanders with current speeds of up to 0.9 m/s in a front between two water masses that lies along the channel. The meanders tend to form at two specific locations. Long‐term analyses of drifter and altimeter archive data show hot spots in eddy kinetic energy that are greater than 300 cm2/s, and in surface elevation variance that are nearly 40 cm2. A baroclinic instability analysis suggests that the growth time of the meanders should be a few days, with a separation distance of order 65 km, and that their group velocity could be very close to zero depending on the strength of the southward outflow below 500 m. Thus, unlike their counterparts in the Norwegian Coastal Current, for example, the instabilities do not propagate. Decay of the anticyclonic meanders probably leads to the formation of cyclonic eddies that mix North Atlantic Water and Modified North Atlantic Water (MNAW) and create the more homogeneous forms of Atlantic water that are observed as the water moves northward through the channel and into the Norwegian Sea. Mesoscale driven entrainment may help to draw MNAW into the Färoe‐Shetland Channel from around Färoe.
Circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean from altimetry and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment geoid
Authors: Jayne Steven R.
Published: March 2006

We discuss the ocean circulation derived from the temporally averaged sea surface height, which is referenced to the recently released geoid from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission (GRACE Gravity Model 02 (GGM02)). The creation of a precise, independent geoid allows for the calculation of the reference gravitational potential undulation surface, which is associated with the resting ocean surface height. This reference height is then removed from the temporally averaged sea surface height, leaving the dynamic ocean topography. At its most basic level the dynamic ocean topography can be related to the ocean's surface circulation through geostrophy. This has previously been impracticable because of large uncertainties in previous estimates of the Earth's geoid. Prior geoids included the temporally averaged sea surface from altimeters as a proxy for the geoid and therefore were unsuitable for calculations of the ocean's circulation. Geoid undulations are calculated from the GRACE geoid and compared to those from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and National Imagery and Mapping Agency Joint Earth Geopotential Model (EGM96) geoid. Error estimates are made to assess the accuracy of the new geoid. The deep ocean pressure field is also estimated by combining the calculated dynamic ocean topography with hydrography. Finally, the derived circulation is compared to independent observations of the circulation from sea surface drifters and subsurface floats. It is shown that the GGM02 geoid is significantly more accurate for use in estimating the ocean's circulation.
Synthetic turbulence inflow conditions for large-eddy simulation
Authors: di Mare L. , Klein M. , Jones W. P. , Janicka J.
Published: March 2006

Direct numerical or large-eddy simulations of the majority of spatially inhomogeneous turbulent flows require turbulent inflow boundary conditions. A potential implication is that any results computed may be strongly influenced by the prescribed instantaneous inlet velocity profiles. Such profiles are practically never available, and a usual practice is to generate synthetic inflow data satisfying certain statistical properties, which may, for example, be known from experimental data or empirical correlations. The present paper describes a new method for generating turbulent inflow data based on digital filters that is capable of reproducing specified statistical data. Two variants of the approach are presented: a simple method in which the Reynolds stresses and a single length scale are prescribed, and a more detailed approach that is able to reproduce the complete Reynolds-stress tensor as well as any given, locally defined, spatial and temporal correlation functions. The application of the methods to a plane jet flow and to a developing wall boundary layer serve to demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
Shear-driven and pressure-driven flow of a nematic liquid crystal in a slowly varying channel
Authors: Quintans Carou J. , Duffy B. R. , Mottram N. J. , Wilson S. K.
Published: March 2006

Motivated by the industrially important processes of blade coating and cavity filling of liquid crystalline materials, we consider steady, two-dimensional shear-driven (Couette) and pressure-driven (plane Poiseuille) flow of a thin film of a nematic liquid crystal in the slowly varying channel formed between a fixed blade of prescribed shape and a planar substrate. Specifically, blade coating motivates the study of shear-driven flow due to the motion of the substrate parallel to itself with constant velocity, while cavity filling motivates the study of pressure-driven flow due to an imposed pressure drop. We use a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to analyze the Ericksen-Leslie equations governing the fluid velocity and pressure and the director orientation in cases when both the aspect ratio of the channel and the distortion of the director field are small. We demonstrate a variety of flow and director-orientation patterns occurring in different parameter regimes. In the limit of weak flow effects, flow alignment does not occur and the appropriate solution of the governing equations is found explicitly. In the limit of strong flow effects flow alignment occurs and orientational boundary layers exist near the substrate and near the blade, and, in addition, an orientational internal layer may also exist within which the director orientation changes from +θ0 to −θ0, where θ0 is the flow-alignment angle.
Sulfur incorporation into copper indium diselenide single crystals through annealing in hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Titus Jochen , Birkmire Robert W. , Hack Christina , Müller Georg , McKeown Patrick
Published: March 2006

CuInSe 2 crystals were sulfurized in a H2S–Ar gas mixture at 575 °C. The focus was on the resulting mass transport, in particular, on the interdiffusion of Se and S. Experiments were done for various sulfurization times, and the resulting S distribution was measured by Auger electron spectroscopy sputter depth profiling and analyzed with the Boltzmann-Matano method. A one-dimensional diffusion process had shaped the S distribution in these crystals. The respective diffusion coefficient was on the order of 10−16cm2∕s, and it varied only slightly with the S content in CuIn(Se,S)2.