bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Saudi Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Al-Jabaa Aljazi H , Aldrees Abdullah M
Published: November 2013

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies and study the association of these anomalies with different types of malocclusion in a random sample of Saudi orthodontic patients.

Materials and methods

Six hundred and two randomly selected pretreatment records including orthopantomographs (OPG), and study models were evaluated. The molar relationship was determined using pretreatment study models, and OPG were examined to investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies among the sample.

Results

The most common types of the investigated anomalies were: impaction followed by hypodontia, microdontia, macrodontia, ectopic eruption and supernumerary. No statistical significant correlations were observed between sex and dental anomalies. Dental anomalies were more commonly found in class I followed by asymmetric molar relation, then class II and finally class III molar relation. No malocclusion group had a statistically significant relation with any individual dental anomaly

Conclusion

The prevalence of dental anomalies among Saudi orthodontic patients was higher than the general population.

Clinical significance

Although, orthodontic patients have been reported to have high rates of dental anomalies, orthodontists often fail to consider this. If not detected, dental anomalies can complicate dental and orthodontic treatment; therefore, their presence should be carefully investigated during orthodontic diagnosis and considered during treatment planning.

How to cite this article

Al-Jabaa AH, Aldrees AM. Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Saudi Orthodontic Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):724-730.
The Influence of Different Factors on the Oral Health Status of Smoking and Nonsmoking Adults
Authors: Tubaishat Reem Saleem , Malkawi Zain A , Albashaireh Zakereyya S
Published: November 2013

Aim

The aim of this study to determine the influence of smoking on self-reported oral health status among university students.

Materials and methods

Voluntary sample of 669 adults of 18 to 26 years old were invited to participate in the study. They were asked to read a self-designated questionnaire and a covering letter which explained the purpose of the study. The questionnaire addressed self-reported demographics, oral hygiene and smoking habits; knowledge about smoking and its effects on oral health. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test to determine statistically significant differences across the oral health status.

Results

The sample included 340 (56.7%) males and 240 (43.3%) females; 56.8% of the subjects were nonsmokers; 43.2% were current smokers, and 17.5% smoke argileh. Almost 24.7% of subjects started smoking because of emotional effects; 66.9% did not smoke because of its harm to health. The percentage of subjects with dental plaque on their teeth was 27.1%, and with calculus was 27.9%, and with stains was 26.9%. About 35.5% of the subjects brushed their teeth once daily. Statistically, significant association was proven between smoking and gender (p < 0.01); and smoking and halitosis (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Smoking is significantly related to esthetics, calculus, tooth stains, halitosis, gingival bleeding, and gender with p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.05, and p < 0.01 respectively.

How to cite this article

Tubaishat RS, Malkawi ZA, Albashaireh ZS. The Influence of Different Factors on the Oral Health Status of Smoking and Nonsmoking Adults. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):731-737.
Advancing Mandibular Swelling: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Basavaraj KF , Madihalli AU , Mujeeb Abdul , Mansuri Samir , Hussain Mohammed Abid
Published: November 2013

Asymmetrical swelling of the mandible in adolescence may pose a significant diagnostic dilemma. The differential diagnosis ranges from traumatic, infectious, and metabolic processes to benign and malignant tumors. Also may present with similar clinical and radiological features, making an accurate diagnosis quite difficult. This is an illustrative case involving a 30-year-old female who initially presented with complaint of pain and swelling in the lower left side of the face for 2 months. Multiple investigations and several biopsies were required to arrive at a diagnosis. This paper deals with a case report of a fibrosarcoma involving the mandible highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and treatment planning.

How to cite this article

Basavaraj KF, Madihalli AU, Mujeeb A, Mansuri S, Hussain MA. Advancing Mandibular Swelling: A Diagnostic Dilemma. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):754-758.
Estimating the contribution of ion–ion recombination to sub-2 nm cluster concentrations from atmospheric measurements
Authors: Kontkanen J. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Nieminen T. , Manninen H. E. , Lehtipalo K. , Kerminen V.-M. , Kulmala M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The significance of ion–ion recombination for atmospheric new particle formation is not well quantified. Here we present and evaluate a method for determining the size distribution of recombination products from the size distributions of neutral and charged clusters. Our method takes into account the production of recombination products in the collisions between oppositely charged ions and the loss due to coagulation. Furthermore, unlike previous studies, we also consider the effect of condensational growth on the size distribution of recombination products. We applied our method to the data measured in Hyytiälä, Finland, to estimate the contribution of ion–ion recombination to the concentrations of atmospheric clusters in the size range of 0.9–2.1 nm. We observed that the concentration of recombination products was highest in the size classes between 1.5 and 1.9 nm. The median concentrations of recombination products were between 6 and 69 cm−3 in different size classes, which resulted in a small proportion of all neutral clusters, varying between 0.2 and 13%. When examining the whole size range between 0.9 and 2.1 nm, the median fraction of recombination products of all neutral clusters was only 1.5%. We also investigated how the results change if the effect of condensational growth is neglected. It seems that with that assumption the fragmentation of newly formed recombination products has to be taken into account, or else the concentration of recombination products is overestimated. Overall, we concluded that our method provides reasonable results, which are consistent with the earlier estimates on the contribution of recombination products to atmospheric cluster population in Hyytiälä. Still, in order to determine the size distribution of recombination products more accurately in the future, more precise measurements of the size distribution of atmospheric clusters would be needed.
High temporal frequency measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from soils
Authors: Savage K. , Phillips R. , Davidson E.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Variation in soil moisture can be very dynamic, and it is one of the dominant factors controlling the net exchange of these three greenhouse gases (GHG). Although technologies for high frequency, precise measurements of CO2 have been available for years, methods for measuring soil fluxes of CH4 and N2O at high temporal frequency have been hampered by lack of appropriate technology for in situ real-time measurements. A previously developed automated chamber system for measuring CO2 flux from soils was configured to run in-line with a new quantum cascade laser (QCLAS) instrument that measures N2O and CH4. Here we present data from a forested wetland in Maine and an agricultural field in North Dakota, which provided examples of both net uptake and production for N2O and CH4. The objective was to provide a range of conditions in which to run the new system and to compare results to a traditional manual static chamber method. The high precision and more than ten-times lower minimum detectable flux of the QCLAS system, compared to the manual system, provided confidence in measurements of small N2O uptake in the forested wetland. At the agricultural field, the greatest difference between the automated and manual sampling systems came from the effect of the relatively infrequent manual sampling of the high spatial variation, or "hot spots", in GHG fluxes. "Hot spots" greatly influenced the seasonal estimates, particularly for N2O, over one 74 day alfalfa crop cycle. The high temporal frequency of the automated system clearly characterized the transient response of all three GHG's to precipitation and demonstrated a clear diel pattern related to temperature for GHG's. A combination of high frequency automated, and spatially distributed chambers would be ideal for characterizing "hot spots" and "hot moments" of GHG fluxes.
A model of coupled oscillators applied to the aerosol–cloud–precipitation system
Authors: Feingold G. , Koren I.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We simulate the aerosol–cloud–precipitation system as a collection of cloud elements, each coupled through physically based interactions with adjacent clouds. The equations describing the individual clouds follow from the predator–prey model of Koren and Feingold (2011) with the addition of coupling terms that derive from the flow of air between the components resulting from surface divergence or convergence of flows associated with the life cycle of an individual cell. It is shown that some degree of coupling might stabilize clouds that would ordinarily become unstable. Varying the degree of coupling strength has significant influence on the system. For weak coupling, the clouds behave as independent oscillators with little influence on one another. As the local coupling strength increases, a point is reached at which the system becomes highly synchronized, similar to the Sakaguchi et al. (1987) model. Individual cloud oscillators in close proximity to one another can be both in-phase or out-of-phase depending on the choice of the time constant for the delay in communication between components. For the case considered, further increases in coupling strength result in reduced order and eventually unstable growth. Finally it is demonstrated that the set of coupled oscillators mimics qualitatively the spatial structure and synchronized behaviour of both closed and open-cellular cloud fields observed in satellite imagery, and produced by numerically intensive large eddy simulation.
Between Lament and Irony: Some Cross-references in Ovid's Heroides 6 and 12
Authors: Vaiopoulos Vaios
Published: November 2013

After a short introduction to Ovid's Heroides, this article focuses on certain cross-references between Heroides 6 and 12. These two (fictitious) letters, the first, written by Hypsipyle, the queen of Lemnos, and the second written by the Colchian princess, Medea, are addressed to the same man, Jason. Before abandoning Medea in order to marry Creusa, Jason had already abandoned Hypsipyle for Medea, or so Hypsipyle claims. This article shows the intertextual complementarity of the two letters through the presentation of an imaginary communication between the two heroines, as Medea seems to “answer” some points in Hypsipyle's epistle.
The Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics of ʔa:di in Jordanian Spoken Arabic
Authors: Kanakri Mahmoud Ali , Al-Harahsheh Ahmad Mohammad
Published: November 2013

The present paper aims at studying the discourse functions of the discourse marker “ʔa:di” in Jordanian Spoken Arabic. The data analyzed consisted of 20 video-taped dyadic conversations in Jordanian Arabic. These conversations were transliterated and then translated into English. Discourse analysis is employed as a theoretical framework for the current study. The study concludes that the adjective “ʔa:di” has many discoursal functions, its pragmatic meaning relies on the context of situation and its translatability is cultural specific.
Nitrate Content in Potatoes Cultivated in Contaminated Groundwater Areas
Authors: Gorenjak Alenka Hmelak , Urih Davorin , Langerholc Tomaz , Kristl Janja
Published: November 2013

For a number of years Dravsko polje plain has been subject to intensive farming. Consequently, groundwater in this area is heavily contaminated with nitrates and pesticides. The goal of the study was to determine the quality of potatoes, based on nitrate levels cultivated in an area of contaminated groundwater. We also examined the influence of sustainable agriculture on the quality of crops. Nitrate content was determined using RP/HPLC/UV chromatography. Average nitrate content in potatoes cultivated on Dravsko polje plain was 157 mg/kg (range 18-429 mg/kg), which was not significantly different from the nitrate content in potatoes cultivated outside the contaminated area (mean value 145 mg/kg; range 28-448 mg/kg). In 18% of all samples, nitrate content exceeded maximum recommended levels. In potatoes cultivated via integrated production nitrate content did not significantly differ from the one in conventionally cultivated potatoes. In contrast, organic potatoes contained lower levels of nitrates (range 14-156 mg/kg). Our results also show that individual potato varieties are characterized by different trends of nitrate accumulation. Strict adherence to sustainable agriculture is reflected in lower levels of nitrate in potatoes.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Zinc(II) Complex of Bispicen
Authors: Parajón-Costa Beatriz S. , Echeverría Gustavo A. , Piro Oscar E. , Baran Enrique J.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of a Zn(II) complex of bispicen, the tetradentate ligand N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)- ethylenediamine, of composition [Zn(bispicen)Cl(H2O)]2[ZnCl4] is reported. Its crystal and molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2=c with Z =4 molecules per unit cell. The Zn(II) cation in the [Zn(bispicen)Cl(H2O)]+ complex is in a distorted octahedral environment, coordinated to a neutral bispicen molecule acting as a tetradentate ligand through its two amine nitrogen atoms, at cis positions, and its two pyridyl N atoms, at trans positions. The six-fold coordination is completed by a chloride ion and a water molecule. The tetrahedral [ZnCl4]2- counter-ion lies on a crystallographic twofold axis. The complex was further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, and its vibrational behavior compared with that of the dihydrated tetrahydrochloride of free bispicen
Thermally Stable 3,6-Disubstituted 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Preimesser Andreas , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: November 2013

Several 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution using 3,6-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine as electrophiles. All new compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis (C,H,N). For analysis of the thermostability, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used. Especially, the symmetrically bis-3,5-diamino-1,2,4- triazolyl-substituted derivative shows a very high thermal stability up to 370 °C. Therefore its energetic properties were determined and compared with thoses of hexanitrostilbene (HNS). The crystal structures of 3,6-bishydrazino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 3,6-dichloro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 3-amino-6-(3,5- diamino-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine dihydrate have been determined by low-temperature X-ray diffraction
The Solid Solutions (Ce1-xLax)RuSn
Authors: Niehaus Oliver , Chevalier Bernard , Abdala Paula M. , Winter Florian , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: November 2013

X-Ray-pure samples of the solid solutions (Ce1-xLax)RuSn were obtained up to x=0.5. Powder diffraction data show the CeRuSn-type superstructure up to x ≈ 0:3 and the CeCoAl-type subcell for higher lanthanum contents. The structure of a single crystal with x=0.5 was refined on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: CeCoAl type, C2=m, a=1160.8(2), b=477.6(1), c=511.6(1) pm, β = 102:97(2)°, wR=0.0510, 444 F2 values, 20 variables. Magnetic investigations were performed for all samples up to a lanthanum content of x=0.4. No cooperative phenomena could be observed, and all samples show Curie-Weiss behavior above a certain temperature. The cerium valence is about 3.32(2) for all samples of the solid solution. Hence, La3+ has to replace Ce3+ as well as Ce4+ in a particular quantity. The electrical resistivity measurements confirm the suppression of the magnetic ordering and the structural transition upon replacement of cerium by lanthanum. 119Sn Mössbauer spectra of samples with x=0.2 and 0.5 are indicative of single tin sites with isomer shifts of δ =1.86(1)mm s-1 for x=0.2 and δ =1.88(1)mm s-1 for x=0.5. Both signals are subject to significant quadrupole splitting, a consequence of the low site symmetry. Results of XANES measurements are perfectly in line with the cerium valences determined by susceptibility measurements and yield a constant value of 3.16(1) for all investigated compounds
Michel Foucault, Technology, and Actor-Network Theory
Authors: Matthewman Steve ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

While Michel Foucault’s significance as a social theorist is undisputed, his importance as a technological theorist is frequently overlooked. This article considers the richness and the range of Foucault’s technological thinking by surveying his works and interviews, and by tracking his influence within Actor-Network Theory (ANT). The argument is made that we will not fully understand Foucault without understanding the central place of technology in his work, and that we will not understand ANT without understanding Foucault.
Morfogênese quaternária e intemperismo: colúvios do Planalto do Itatiaia
Authors: Modenesi May Christine , Toledo Maria Cristina Motta de
Published: November 2013

No setor inferior das vertentes do planalto do ltatiaia (2.300 -2.500m) ocorrem duas gerações de colúvios que testemunham fases de intensificação das ações erosivas nas vertentes. Estudo mineralógico e micromorfológico permitiu reconhecer tendência geral laterítica nos materiais de alteração in situ e colúvios. A análise micromorfológica dos colúvios evidencia mistura de materiais com diferentes graus de alteração, mais especialmente em CII, caracterizado por contrastes maiores que o comum num mesmo nível de perfis de alteração. Intensamente argilificados mas pouco pedogeneizados, ricos em fragmentos das rochas subjacentes e com menores contrastes de alteração, os colúvios CI poderiam ter sido originados por movimentos de massa que atingiram o regolito em maior profundidade. Em CII, altero e litorrelíquias bem menos comuns e grãos de esqueleto sempre menores indicariam materiais de origem inicialmente mais evoluídos; mistura de graus extremos de alteração sugere retrabalhamento por processos superficiais de coluviação, com inclusão de fragmentos de rocha menos alterada durante o transporte vertente abaixo. A atuação de diferentes processos nas vertentes permite inferir variações nas condições ambientais do planalto. De climas úmidos mais estáveis, e talvez mais quentes, favoráveis à alteração do regolito, ter-se-ia passado a uma fase de intensificação ou concentração das chuvas, capaz de explicar o desencadeamento das corridas de lama que depositaram CI. Nos últimos 8.000 anos, condições úmidas mas com maiores oscilações da temperatura, incluindo fases de maior intensidade dos processos de gelifração, teriam sido responsáveis pela deposição dos materiais, ora finos ora cascalhentos, das seqüências CII. Estas variações não foram entretanto suficientes para mudar a tendência laterítica da alteração, que teria persistido após o último máximo glacial.
Probabilidade de ocorrência de totais pluviais máximos horários, em Campinas - São Paulo
Authors: Mello Maria Helena de Almeida , Arruda Hennano Vaz , Ortolani Altino Aldo
Published: November 2013

Neste trabalho será discutida e avaliada a adequação das distribuições gama, de Erlang, lognormal e de valores extremos, às amostras de totais pluviais máximos horários, dos meses de verão, incluindo-se à normal para urna amostra anual Ainda, como resultante dessa análise, será apresentada urna caracterização do comportamento anual e dos meses de verão, em Campinas, SP, com relação a esse tipo de evento climático.
Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Preschool Children Using Multiple Methods
Authors: Kaufman-Shriqui Vered , Entin-Kreizman Anna , Fraser Drora , Novack Yelena , Bilenko Natalya , Vardi Hillel , Elhadad Naama , Shahar Danit R.
Published: November 2013

Background: The ability to determine the relationship between diet and health outcomes in children requires reproducible and validated long-term dietary assessment tools such as food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).
Objective: To test the reproducibility and relative validity of a FFQ for young children using 24-hour food recalls (24HRs), anthropometric measurements, and a comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire (CFPQ).
Methods: Children (aged 5-6) and their mothers were recruited during one school-year (2008) from preschools. Children's anthropometric measurements were obtained. Mothers provided during a personal interview on three occasions a 110-item semiquantitative FFQ, 24HRs and CFPQ. Pearson-correlation coefficients were calculated between the results of the FFQ and 3*24HR. Validity coefficients between the FFQ and the different measurements were calculated. Scores of the 12 factors of the CFPQ were calculated and related to dietary intake.
Results: Sixty-six healthy children (47% boys) were recruited. Pearson's correlations between the average of the FFQs and 3*24HRs ranged from 0.3-0.6 (P<0.05). The highest correlation coefficients were 0.59 for total fat intake and 0.56 for energy. Dietary intake of energy and carbohydrates differed significantly (P=0.05, 0.001 respectively) across the three BMI z-score levels (normal-weight, overweight, obese) and the three waist circumference tertiles (0.019, 0.006 respectively). Obesogenic factors from the CFPQ correlated with consumption of empty calories like sweets, snacks, junk foods and sweet drinks.
Conclusions: The modified FFQ is a relatively valid instrument to estimate mean energy intake in preschool children. The questionnaire performs reasonably well to rank children with respect to macronutrients intake as well as obesogenic food groups.
Considering Seasonal Variations in Food Availability and Caring Capacity when Planning Complementary Feeding Interventions in Developing Countries
Authors: Wijesinha-Bettoni Ramani , Kennedy Gina , Dirorimwe Charity , Muehlhoff Ellen
Published: November 2013

During early childhood, adequate nutrition is critical for preventing and reducing chronic undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Seasonal food availability, access to diverse food and maternal workload are among the known constraints to successful infant and young child feeding practices. In rural areas in developing countries, many populations experience seasonal food shortages, which often coincide with an increase in food prices and a peak period for agricultural labour. Seasonal pressure on women’s time can negatively impact cooking and caring practices and intra-family food distribution. These factors combine to affect the nutritional status of especially children and women. This paper shows how seasonal food availability data are collected and utilized in designing complementary feeding interventions. Examples are drawn from FAO food and nutrition security projects in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Laos and Zambia which began with formative research using Trials of Improved Practices. Methods include use of seasonal food availability calendars and development of season-specific dishes and recipes. How seasonal variations in food availability and caring capacity feature in the educational materials developed by these projects is also reported. Finally, we provide practical ideas for incorporating coping strategies for dealing with seasonal effects when planning such interventions.
Ab Initio and Density Functional Predictions of Solvation Free Energies of Cyclic Polyethers (CH2CH2O)n (n=2,6) in Aqueous and Tetrachloromethane Solutions
Authors: Ariche B. , Rahmouni A. , Brahim H. , Guendouzi A. , Alali K.
Published: November 2013

Solvation free energies ΔGsoltot of cyclic polyethers (CH2CH2O)n (n=2,6) in aqueous and tetrachloromethane solutions have been calculated at HF, MP2 and B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) levels of theory using CPCM, IEFPCM and SMD implicit solvation models. It has been found that ΔGsoltot are negative for both solvents, they increase linearly with system sizes and they are more important in water solution. The electrostatic contributions to the solvation free energies ΔGsolele are also more important in water because of their polar nature. In water, CPCM and IEFPCM models give a close values, which are slightly different from SMD values. In tetrachloromethane solvent CPCM model seems overestimate ΔGsolele. For both solvents the non-electrostatic contributions to the solvation free energies ΔGsoln-ele provided by SMD are remarkably different to those given by CPCM and IEFPCM models.
Valid Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation: Its True Physical-Chemical Meaning
Authors: Starikov E.B.
Published: November 2013

The notion of entropy-enthalpy compensation (EEC) is well known and hotly debated up to now. Nevertheless, any valid EEC phenomenon ought to have in sooth a definite physical-chemical sense. The roots of the latter are discussed here in detail
UV-vis Investigation of β-Carotene in Presence of AOT/n-Heptane, Cyclohexane, Tetrahydrofuran/Water System
Authors: Bhattarai Ajaya , Wilczura-Wachnik Hanna
Published: November 2013

The precise measurements of β-carotene absorbance in presence of AOT/solvent/water systems at 25oC by UV-vis technique are reported. The solvents selected were: n-heptane, cyclohexane, and tetrahydrofuran. The concentrations of AOT [Aerosol-OT (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate)] were varied from 0.01 to 0.2mol/kg.β-carotene concentration in quvette during UV-vis spectrum registration was not the same in each solvents because of different absorption intensity depending on the solvent. Water concentration in the studied systems was defined by R parameter according to relation: R=[H2O]/[AOT] and was equal 0; 5; 10 both in n-heptane and cyclohexane, and 0; 10 and 20 in tetrahydrofuran.
Obtained results showed a noticeable decreasing of β-carotene absorbance as a function of AOT concentration. There is evidenced red shift of β-carotene absorbance depending on the solvent in the following order: tetrahydrofuran >cyclohexane>n-heptane. Presented results show that β-carotene absorbance decreased with water concentration in the system. It had been happened because the water molecules located in the core of micelles make its curvature bigger and the hydrocarbon chains forming palisade layer in AOT reversed micelles get more space. As a consequence β-carotene molecules penetrated this layer dipper comparing to systems without water.
Évaluation de la qualite microbienne des eaux de la nappe phréatique de Martil au Maroc
Authors: Benajiba Mohamed Hassen , Saoud Younes , Lamribah Abdelilah , Ahrikat Mustapha , Amajoud Nadia , Ouled-Zian Ouissal
Published: November 2013

Au Maroc, la pénurie des ressources en eau est aggravée par la détérioration de leur qualité sous l’effet des rejets polluants liquides et solides. La commune urbaine de Martil, comme exemple (nord du Maroc) a connu un développement urbain très important durant la dernière décennie 2003/2012, et de nombreux grands chantiers d’infrastructure sont en cours de réalisation.

À défaut d’être traitées, les eaux usées de la ville sont collectées partiellement et déversées dans la nature sans aucun traitement. La rivière de l’oued Martil avoisinant la ville est utilisée comme réceptacle des eaux usées et industrielles de la ville de Tétouan. Il aggrave la problématique de la pollution des eaux souterraines de la région.

Pour évaluer l’état de la contamination microbienne de la nappe phréatique de la commune, une étude a été menée durant une année (2010/2011). Un total de 15 puits a été retenu pour des analyses bimestrielles des coliformes totaux (CT), coliformes fécaux (CF) et streptocoques fécaux (SF), par la méthode de la membrane filtrante. Les résultats ont révélé une contamination importante de la nappe phréatique par les dits agents microbiens. Sur les 270 analyses de CT, CF et SF (90 analyses pour chaque groupes de bactéries), 100%, 96,67% et 92,23% respectivement des résultats se sont révélés positifs, c'est-à-dire ayant plus d’une unité formant colonie (UFC)•100 mL‑1 d’eau. Toutefois, les concentrations des indicateurs microbiens suivies diffèrent selon l’emplacement des puits par rapport aux différentes sources de contamination. Les fluctuations des concentrations microbiennes ont été probablement influencées par la saison d’échantillonnage. 52,27 %, 72,22 % et 91,66 % des échantillons analysés pour les CF, CT et SF respectivement ont été plus concentrés en période sèche qu’en période pluviale.

L’étude a mis en lumière, par une autre enquête, l’impact de la pollution microbienne des puits sur la santé humaine et animale dans la zone.
Usurpation et coup d’État dans l’empire romain : nouvelles approches
Authors: Amon Hermann
Published: November 2013

Après sa victoire à Actium, Octave devint le seul maître de Rome. Il lui incombait donc de réaliser les réformes nécessaires pour mettre fin au long cycle de guerres civiles qui avaient agité la République. La réorganisation de l’État romain par Octave conduit à la naissance d’une nouvelle structure politique : le Principat. Pendant de nombreuses décennies, le concept d’usurpation fut préféré à celui de coup d’État pour qualifier la contestation de la « légitimité » d’un empereur régnant par un autre prétendant dans cette structure politique. Les historiens de l’Antiquité considéraient le concept de coup d’État trop contemporain et, par conséquent, anachronique. Toutefois, ces dernières années, on assiste à une importante évolution conceptuelle et sémantique sur ce sujet. Les spécialistes s’intéressant à l’histoire politique de l’Empire romain n’hésitant plus à parler de coup d’État pour décrire la réalité historique de la contestation de la légitimité d’un empereur régnant. L’objectif général de cet article est d’expliquer les avantages de cette transition.
Le relief de Carthage, un remploi iconographique partiellement modifié
Authors: Ansel Christelle
Published: November 2013

Le relief de Carthage1 fait partie, avec celui d’Alger, d’un monument de Carthage (Colonia Julia Karthago antique) réalisé durant l’époque augustéenne, entre 13 av. J.-C. et 14 apr. J.-C. L’iconographie représentée laisse penser que nous avons affaire à une réplique du relief de Florence2 issu de l’Ara Pacis Augusta. La ressemblance entre les deux panneaux est frappante et leur interprétation iconographique est encore sujette à discussion. Néanmoins, une particularité du panneau de Carthage pourrait permettre d’élucider une partie du problème. Certains éléments pourraient indiquer qu’il ait pu faire partie d’une réutilisation un peu plus d’un siècle après sa création, afin, peut-être, de décorer un autre monument après avoir subi une retouche.
Effect of Inpatient Electroencephalography on Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Harmon Laura A. , Craddock Megan , Jones Elisabeth , Spellman Craig W. , Loveman Donald M.
Published: November 2013

Context: Routine inpatient electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used as a diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making tool in the care of patients with a wide spectrum of conditions. Previous investigations on EEG use have focused on current guidelines or specific clinical presentations.

Objective: To assess the effect of EEGs on clinical diagnosis and management of disease in adult inpatients in a community hospital.

Methods: Medical records of adult patients who underwent EEG between October 2008 and June 2009 in a single general community hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected for comorbidities, diagnoses, and management. Findings from EEGs were classified as normal, abnormal, or uninterpretable and according to whether they resulted in a change in diagnosis or management, supported clinical decision making and resulted in no change in diagnosis or management, or did not contribute to diagnosis or management.

Results: A total of 200 medical records were reviewed; 110 (55%) were for male patients and 90 (45%) were for female patients, with a mean (range) age of 60 (18-96) years. The most common pre-EEG diagnoses were altered mental status (52 [26%]) and seizure (48 [24%]). Of all EEGs, 115 (57.5%) had findings that were normal, 83 (41.5%) had findings that were abnormal, and 2 (1%) had findings that were uninterpretable. No EEGs had findings that resulted in a change in diagnosis or management, 8 EEGs (4%) had findings that supported clinical decision making and resulted in no change in diagnosis or management, and 192 EEGs (96%) had findings that did not contribute to diagnosis or management.

Conclusion: In this study, inpatient EEGs rarely contributed to clinical decision making and in no case resulted in a change in diagnosis or management. These findings warrant future research on the effectiveness of inpatient EEGs for a wide breadth of clinical inpatient diagnoses.
High‐Resolution Median Nerve Sonographic Measurements
Authors: Marciniak Christina , Caldera Franklin , Welty Leah , Lai Jean , Lento Paul , Feldman Eric , Sered Heather , Sayeed Yusef , Plastaras Christopher
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To study relationships between median wrist and forearm sonographic measurements and median nerve conduction studies.

Methods

The study population consisted of a prospective convenience sample of healthy adults. Interventions included high‐resolution median nerve sonography and median motor and sensory nerve conduction studies. Main outcome measures included median motor nerve compound muscle action potential amplitude, distal latency, and conduction velocity; sensory nerve action potential amplitude and distal latency; and sonographic median nerve cross‐sectional area. Median motor nerve and sensory nerve conduction studies of the index finger were performed using standard published techniques. A second examiner blinded to nerve conduction study results used a high‐frequency linear array transducer to measure the cross‐sectional area of the median nerve at the distal volar wrist crease (carpal tunnel inlet) and forearm (4 cm proximally), measured in the transverse plane on static sonograms. The outer margin of the median nerve was traced at the junction of the hypoechoic fascicles and adjacent outer connective tissue layer.

Results

Fifty median nerves were evaluated in 25 participants. The compound muscle action potential amplitude with wrist stimulation was positively related to the cross‐sectional area, with the area increasing by 0.195 mm2 for every millivolt increase in amplitude in the dominant hand (95% confidence interval, 0.020, 0.370 mm2; P < .05) and 0.247 mm2 in the nondominant hand (95% confidence interval, 0.035, 0.459 mm2; P < .05). There was no significant linear association between the wrist median cross‐sectional area and median motor and sensory distal latencies. Conduction velocity through the forearm was not significantly linearly associated with the forearm area or forearm‐to‐wrist area ratio (tapering ratio). The wrist area was inversely related to the sensory nerve action potential amplitude.

Conclusions

Although associations were found between median nerve conduction study amplitudes and sonographic nerve measurements, they were not found for other parameters. Studying these relationships may increase our understanding of when to best use these procedures.
Inhibition of cholinergic muscarinic signaling by ethanol: Potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity and biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline supplementation
Authors: Costa Lucio G. , Giordano Gennaro , Guizzetti Marina
Published: November 2013

Costa, L., Giordano, G., & Guizzetti, M. (2013). Inhibition of cholinergic muscarinic signaling by ethanol: Potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity and biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline supplementation. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2(3), 17-25. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.72 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.72)Central nervous system dysfunctions are among the most significant effects of in utero exposure to ethanol. Ethanol has been shown to affect neurons and glial cells, causing cell loss and impaired cell migration and maturation. Multiple mechanisms have been suggested to underlie the effects of ethanol, including interference with growth factors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules and neurotransmitters. Here, we propose that a relevant mechanism of ethanol’s developmental neurotoxicity may be its ability to inhibit the actions of acetylcholine in the developing nervous system mediated by activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine has been shown to induce proliferation of astrocytes, to protect neurons against apoptotic cell death, and to foster astrocyte-neuronal interactions, thereby increasing neuritogenesis. By interfering with muscarinic receptor signal transduction pathways (mostly at the level of phospholipase D), ethanol inhibits all these effects of acetylcholine in the developing brain. Such action of ethanol may be responsible, at least in part, for some manifestations of developmental neurotoxicity, such as microencephaly, neuronal cell death and impaired neuronal differentiation. Among potential therapeutic interventions for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, choline supplementation appears to be one of the most promising. The cholinergic hypothesis of ethanol’s developmental neurotoxicity provides biological plausibility for the beneficial effects of choline. Indeed, by “potentiating” the cholinergic system during development (through increased synthesis of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, and increased phospholipase D activity), choline would antagonize at least some of the deleterious effects of ethanol.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder service delivery: Exploring current systems of care from the caregivers’ perspective
Authors: Walls Lori Jane , Pei Jacqueline
Published: November 2013

Walls, L., & Pei, J. (2013). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder service delivery: Exploring current systems of care from the caregivers’ perspective. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2(3), 87-92. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.75 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.75)Aims: The goals of this study were to: (1) gain improved understanding of the needs of caregivers caring for individuals with FASD; (2) gain improved understanding of the experiences of these caregivers as they attempt to access and implement supports in daily functioning; and (3) gain improved understanding of caregivers’ perceptions of strengths and challenges in systems of care for individuals with FASD.Design: Information for this study was gathered using a phenomenological in-depth interviewing method, allowing the researchers to explore existing services, policies, and local knowledge from the perspective of the caregivers who were accessing services. Participants: A total of eight participants (N = 8) met the criteria for participation.  Six of the participants in the study were adoptive parents and two were foster parents.  Of the eight participants, seven were female and one was male.  Three of the study participants resided in rural locations and five in urban centers. Findings: Results indicated that caregivers pass through four stages of caregiving, with each stage having a distinct primary need and requiring supports and services that best address that need.  Three additional themes related to service delivery also emerged: caregiver considerations, program factors, and building on strengths. Conclusions: Study results emphasize the need for further research exploring the concept that caregivers experience specific caregiving stages, and that programming factors should align with caregivers’ needs in each of these stages.  Participants’ narratives also suggest that the results of this study may be relevant beyond its regional specificity and limited sample size, and may in fact reflect the experiences of caregivers across jurisdictions.
Estimation of alcohol content of wine, beer and spirits to evaluate exposure risk in pregnancy: Pilot study using a questionnaire and pouring task in England
Authors: Mukherjee Raja , Wray Elizabeth , Curfs Leopold , Hollins Sheila
Published: November 2013

Mukherjee, R., Wray, E., Curfs, L., & Hollins, S. (2013). Estimation of alcohol content of wine, beer and spirits to evaluate exposure risk in pregnancy: Pilot study using a questionnaire and pouring task in England. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 2(3), 71-78. doi:10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.78 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i3.78)Aims:  Research has shown varying results regarding safe consumption levels of alcohol during pregnancy.  We argued in 2005 that an individual’s inability to accurately predict her alcohol consumption may be one factor influencing risk.  In order to re-evaluate within the England, this study sought to assess the current knowledge of the public and of healthcare practitioners.Design:  Both alcohol-knowledge questionnaires and pouring tasks were conducted using standardised ethical-committee-approved methods.Settings:  Different sites across England, including Surrey, London, Oxford and Wigan, where FASD support groups are based.Participants:  Health professionals and the general public, self-selecting in response to advertisement.Measurements:  Frequency data and categorical data was collected and analysed using SPSS version 18.Findings:  In total, 1,265 questionnaires were completed (688 public and 577 professionals).  One hundred-forty people completed the pouring task.  People’s ability to calculate accurately from strength and volume was within 20% of the accurate figure for units, although with a wide range.Conclusions:  These findings support the hypothesis that when pouring their own drinks, individuals are poor at estimating each drink’s alcohol content.  This has implications for public health strategies.  Glass size and the level of alcohol concentration have different implications in different countries.  For those drinking during pregnancy, however, the message that “no exposure is no risk” remains true.
Sepsis Alert Systems, Mortality, and Adherence in Emergency Departments
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jun , Ko Ryoung-Eun , Lim Sung Yoon , Park Sunghoon , Suh Gee Young , Lee Yeon Joo
Published: July 2024

Importance

Early detection and management of sepsis are crucial for patient survival. Emergency departments (EDs) play a key role in sepsis management but face challenges in timely response due to high patient volumes. Sepsis alert systems are proposed to expedite diagnosis and treatment initiation per the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines.

Objective

To review and analyze the association of sepsis alert systems in EDs with patient outcomes.

Data Sources

A thorough search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 2004, to November 19, 2023.

Study Selection

Studies that evaluated sepsis alert systems specifically designed for adult ED patients were evaluated. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed, full-text articles in English that reported on mortality, ICU admissions, hospital stay duration, and sepsis management adherence. Exclusion criteria included studies that lacked a control group or quantitative reports.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Two independent reviewers conducted the data extraction using a standardized form. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion. The data were synthesized using a random-effects model due to the expected heterogeneity among the included studies.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Key outcomes included mortality, intensive care unit admissions, hospital stay duration, and adherence to the sepsis bundle.

Results

Of 3281 initially identified studies, 22 (0.67%) met inclusion criteria, encompassing 19 580 patients. Sepsis alert systems were associated with reduced mortality risk (risk ratio [RR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.91) and length of hospital stay (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.15; 95% CI, −0.20 to −0.11). These systems were also associated with better adherence to sepsis bundle elements, notably in terms of shorter time to fluid administration (SMD, −0.42; 95% CI, −0.52 to −0.32), blood culture (SMD, −0.31; 95% CI, −0.40 to −0.21), antibiotic administration (SMD, −0.34; 95% CI, −0.39 to −0.29), and lactate measurement (SMD, −0.15; 95% CI, −0.22 to −0.08). Electronic alerts were particularly associated with reduced mortality (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.92) and adherence with blood culture guidelines (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.27).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that sepsis alert systems in EDs were associated with better patient outcomes along with better adherence to sepsis management protocols. These systems hold promise for enhancing ED responses to sepsis, potentially leading to better patient outcomes.
Change in Trust in US Government Health Agencies for Cancer Information in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Chido-Amajuoyi Onyema G. , Talluri Rajesh , Onyeaka Henry K. , Sokale Itunu , Dosunmu Gideon T. , LoConte Noelle , Shete Sanjay
Published: July 2024

This cross-sectional study assesses changes in levels of public trust in US government health agencies providing cancer information.