bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family and Asian Students' Educational Performance
Authors: BLAIR SAMPSON LEE , QIAN ZHENCHAO
Published: March 2007

Although researchers have illustrated the fallacy of the model minority image affixed to Asian Americans (e.g., occupational attainment), few have investigated the specific variations that exist across Asian ethnic groups and how such differences may affect both personal and family outcomes. Using a sample of Asian American students from the 1992 wave of the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), the authors examine variation in educational performance among students of Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Southeast Asian, and Japanese ethnicities. Overall, they find significant differences in educational performance across these five Asian American groups. Religion, use of a non-English language at home, levels of parental education, number of siblings, family income, and the availability of educational materials in the home differentiately affected student performance. The authors' contention that grouped analyses of Asian students may provide misleading results is validated in the comparison of the resultant regression models.
Coming to Terms with Cultural Studies
Authors: Andrews David L.
Published: March 2007

This article represents an abbreviated call to intellectual specificity in response to the growing, if somewhat nebulous, presence of cultural studies within the sociology of sport. Without acknowledged boundaries, cultural studies is liable to lose its political, empirical, and theoretical impetus, resulting in a slide into the morass of intellectual incomprehensibility and disregard; discussions pertaining to boundary recognition, let alone maintenance, thus being an absolute necessity. Therefore, the author hopes to encourage the development of an approach that more closely engages the primary tenets and practices of the broader cultural studies project, while furthering the understanding of contemporary sport culture. Through recourse to Stuart Hall’s Marxism without guarantees and Lawrence Grossberg’s radical contextualism, this discussion advances an approach premised on, and seeking to both excavate and theorize, the contingent relations, structure, and effects of sport forms, an approach that could be characterized as a sport without guarantees.
Analysis of Abc-Tv Coverage of the 21St Olympiad Games, Montreal
Authors: McCollum Robert H. , McCollum David F.
Published: March 2007

Millions of dollars and thousands of hours of time were devoted to television coverage of the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal. The objective of this coverage was not the repor ting of the details of each sporting evènt. Rather, the television outlets, particularly America's ABC Network, actually devoted more time to promoting their own programming and to covering the events (restaurant tours) peripheral to the sporting activity.
Diplomats in Track Suits: the Role of Sports in the Foreign Policy of the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Strenk Andrew
Published: March 2007

In a relatively short period of time the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) has become a formidable power in international sport competition. Because East Ger many was not able to obtain diplomatic recognition by means of regular channels, it decided to make its presence known via the accomplishments of its athletes. The se quence of events which East Germany followed to acquire athletic status and subsequent diplomatic recognition are described.
Sport, Heroes and Myth
Authors: Crepeau Richard C.
Published: March 2007

A myth is a symbolic structure which expresses moral and aesthetic values; it is the realm through which ultimate reality is mediated to man. Ernst Cassirer notes that one of the central qualities of a myth is its social nature, and social myth since the Greeks has been a mixing of the mythic with scientific analysis.

Sport as a conveyor of social myth functions both as teacher and interpreter of social reality, and is often found embodied in the "Heroes of Sport." The hero will embody some attributes of the myth and will affirm the myth by illustrating its reality. The hero shows us what we ought to be, and we make him a hero because we wish to be what he is. John W. Ward, in Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age, identified the three themes of the American myth as Nature, Will and Providence. The heroes of sport often express one or more of these themes.
Employment Patterns of Female Coaches in Men's Athletics: Tokenism and Marginalization as Reflections of Occupational Sex-Segregation
Authors: Kane Mary Jo , Stangl Jane Marie
Published: March 2007

Although a number of studies have investigated the decline of female coaches in women's athletics since Title IX, few have examined the impact of this landmark legislation on females employed in men's athletics. Therefore, this paper investigated the employment patterns of female coaches in men's interscholastic sports within the historical context of Title IX. Two theoretical constructs from occupational sex- segregation literature--tokenism and marginalization--were used to address three major concerns. First, if and when women served as head coaches, would they do so in a "token" capacity? This was determined by employing Kanter's (1977) theoretical model of group composition by gender ratio (representation). Second, were women "marginalized" by being significantly more likely to coach less prestigious men's sports? Finally, would these employment patterns be influenced by Title IX? The data set consisted of a random sample of 1,062 public high schools in Ohio for three Title IX time periods. Results from Chi-square and Analysis of Variance procedures indicated that: 1) even though there was a significant increase in the overall number of female head coaches since Title IX, women continued to represent less than two percent of all head coaching positions, and thus served as a "token" influence; and 2) in two of the three Title IX time periods, women were significantly more likely to coach the less prestigious sports, and thus were marginalized within meri's interscholastic athletics. These findings are discussed in terms of how tokenism and marginalization serve as mechanisms of social/institutional control that reproduce male dominance in sport.
Sport, Political Ideology and Freedom
Authors: Hemphill Dennis Allan
Published: March 2007

This paper involves a critical survey of the major representative views of sport highlighting in what ways freedom is defined or addressed. The first, traditional account regards sport as essentially an extension of play, while the second, contemporary account regards sport as a extension of alienated capitalist labour. Underlying these accounts of sport are distinct political ideologies that, when fully uncovered, reveal basic differences in how freedom in sport is examined and understood.
The Many Faces of Sports Labor
Authors: Wenner Lawrence A. , Lapchick Richard E.
Published: March 2007

From the Publisher—Everyone at the Center has anxiously awaited the first issue of the Journal of Sport and Social Issues with Dr. Lawrence Wenner from the Sports and Fitness Management Program at the helm. Over the past few months I have received many great reports about the "new look" Journal. An incredible amount of work went into it by our new editor and others at the University of San Francisco. Specifically I would like to thank USF's Office of PublicAffairs for all their efforts on behalf of the Journal's new design and layout. Lawrence has already done a tremendous job of promoting the Journal, starting with his network ofscholars and journalists, and working with his colleagues at the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport conference. The future of the Journal has never been brighter. Lawrence Wenner deserves all the credit for this.
An Analysis of Sportswomen On the Covers and in the Feature Articles of Women's Sports and Fitness Magazine, 1975-1989
Authors: Leath Virginia M. , Lumpkin Angela
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the treatment of athletes in Women's Sports and Fitness between 1975 and 1989. Author, article length, gender, sport, race, and sporting role were assessed for each article; the number of accompanying pictures to each article and the characteristics of those featured in the articles were also tallied. Gender, race, sport, and active or posed status of the individual appearing on the cover were coded. Whites were featured in 92% of the articles, mostly in tennis, running, track, basketball, and golf. Of the 151 covers, 98. 7% showed females with 92% whites and 8% blacks. This magazine, on its covers and in its feature articles, changed its emphasis from reporting on traditional sports and competitions to focusing on fitness activities for all women.
We Are the World, We Are the Quake: the Redefinition of Fans as Interpretive Community in Sportswriting About the 1989 Bay Area World Series and Earthquake Disaster
Authors: Wenner Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

This study provides a unique look at the confrontation of societal priorities about sport and life The study examines how the meaning of a sporting superevent changes in a community when it is confronted by a natural disaster such as a major earthquake. Press coverage of the 1989 baseball World Series played between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics is used as a case study to understand how sport is variantly placed into the context of everyday life as social conditions and interpretations of a disaster change A reader-oriented critique of press coverage focuses on the changing construction of the interpretive community ofsports fans during four phases (1) the pre-series period, (2) the pre-quake playing period, (3) the moratorium period, and the (4) the post-quake playing period. The often unrecognized struggles of the press to create interpretive communities of fans are most clearly seen in the context of this intervention of a natural disaster into the workings o f a n ongoing process of "naturalizing" sport into everyday life.
Snowboarding
Authors: Anderson Kristin L.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has identified sport as a practice that creates and legitimizes notions of male dominance. However, gender is constructed and resisted differently within various sporting activities. This article addresses the diversity of masculinities in sport through an exploration of the construction of gender in an emerging sport—snowboarding. The analysis identifies four social practices used by male snowboarders to construct their sport as a masculine practice: (a) appropriation of other cultural masculinities, (b) interaction and clothing styles, (c) violence and aggression, and (d) emphasized heterosexuality. The findings indicate that the historical context of snowboarding and the social class, race-ethnicity, and age of snowboarding participants influence the social practices used to create masculinity. Although snowboarders rely on different social practices to construct masculinity than those used in organized sports, these practices also serve to support notions of male dominance and difference from women.
The Rodeo Cowboy
Authors: Pearson Demetrius W. , Haney C. Allen
Published: March 2007

North American rodeo, once considered a festival pastime engaged in by nomadic ranch hands, has evolved into a contemporary sport form. Given its cultural trappings and savvy business and marketing strategies, rodeo has experienced a rise in popularity. Furthermore, with other sport forms falling into fan disfavor due to the behavior of owners, coaches, and players, rodeo appears to offer a purer, less complex, competitive environment whereby competitors pit their skills against a myriad of unknowns for a financial purse. The purpose of this study was to explore the cultural milieu of the rodeo cowboy in an attempt to thoroughly examine and ultimately answer the question, Is the American rodeo cowboy a cultural icon, athlete, or entrepreneur? Ethnographic and archival research methods were employed in the collection and corroboration of data for this study. The findings suggest that the contemporary North American rodeo cowboy is a cultural icon, athlete, and entrepreneur.
Selecting a Control Group
Authors: Conner Ross F.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the randomization process in twelve different social reform projects in the fields of health, education, and law. All of the programs used the same type of evaluation plan: a true experimental design involving randomization of clients to treat ment and control conditions. The implementation of this plan is discussed for each project. In addition, the projects are analyzed in terms of five aspects of the assignment process. The relationships between these aspects and the successful or unsuccessful implementations of the twelve evaluation designs are discussed. Finally, recommenda tions are made about issues which should be considered by program administrators and researchers before planning and implementing a true experimental evaluation.
Private Demand for Child Care
Authors: Hill C. Russell
Published: March 2007

The dramatic secular increase in the labor force participation of women with preschool children has led to arguments for some type of federally subsidized system of day care centers. In order to analyze the need for federal action several studies of the demand for different modes of childcare by households of different socioeconomic characteristics are critically reviewed here. These studies indicate that a family's income has little effect on modal choice and most working mothers choose at-home care for economically rational reasons. The economic arguments for federal intervention m the child care market are discussed and analyzed. The weight of the evidence indicates that the case for a public role in this market is weak as the private sector is now providing the child care arrangements households demand.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Program Evaluation
Authors: Thompson Mark S. , Fortess Eric E.
Published: March 2007

The growing demand for prospective evaluation enhances the popularity of cost-effective ness analysis, a technique for identifying best uses of scarce resources. Defined in diverse ways during its short history, cost-effectiveness analysis is now seen as the evaluative comparison of monetary and nonmonetary dimensions of impact. The cost-effectiveness ratio for health programs divides monetary effects by health effects. Decisions on com peting alternative programs should be resolved by regarding cost-effectiveness ratios on the differences between programs.
Involuntary Patient Flow
Authors: Cox Gary B.
Published: March 2007

A computer program was written which modeled the stages through which involuntarily admitted psychiatric patients passed following commitment. Using empirically derived base rates the program was run to determine the impact on a psychiatric ward of (a) different proportions of voluntary and involuntary admissions to the ward and (b) different rates of noncommitments resulting from the court commitment hearing, on (1) average length of stay on the ward, (2) proportion of ward bed utilization and (3) average numbers of patients on the ward in different status categories. Results show that none of these indices are substantially affected by normal variations in the input rates. The utility of computer simulation for local agency evaluation is examined. Although a small number of simulation studies will probably continue to be done at local levels by interested investigators, the major use is more likely to be at state and federal levels where resources exist to develop projects of scope and complexity appropriate to the technique, although the possibility also exists for the development of general-purpose software for the local agency level.
Japanese Model Factory Employment Of Handicaped Persons
Authors: Cho Dong W.
Published: March 2007

Employment needs of handicapped persons have increased in recent years as the handicapped population itself and public policy have begun to promote the integration of handicapped individuals into the mainstream of economic and social life. However, employment systems and policies for handicapped persons have not been responsive to the changing employment needs of handicapped persons. This article identifies the model factory system of Japan as one of the innovative approaches that deserve attention and investigates whether the approach is financially viable and economically efficient. Finally, some implications for employment systems and policies in the United States are presented.
Federal Legislation Accountability
Authors: Willette Joanne L. , Fleischman Howard L.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation system was designed which directly addresses federal legislation for accountability m vocational education programs. Even though the system was developed to evaluate vocational education demonstration projects, the conceptual approach used to design the system and the system itself can be used to assess the impact of other types of programs. The evaluation system contains six criteria. Three focus on interim evidence of project success, while the other three address final evidence of project effectiveness. This evaluation system is a model that can be used by funding agencies to document evidence of effectiveness during a program's developmental years.
A Decentralized Training Program
Authors: Smock Sue Marx , Kaplan Melissa G.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation design decisions for a large-scale child care provider training program are discussed as a function of three program characteristics: decentralization, local autonomy, and multiple delivery strategies. The fact that delivery strategies were not assigned, but evolved as a logical result of local autonomy, presented particular difficulties to evaluation. Rather than using a sampling plan, we gathered data for all training courses and trainees. While decentralized process data were gathered, only centralized outcome data were collected. Consideration of the relative merits of the approaches taken indicated that the decisions made wereappropriateforaprogram with such diverse implementation.
On Evaluating Development Assistance Projects
Authors: Weiss Carol H. , Fuller Theodore D.
Published: March 2007

The scarcity of development funds, combined with the magnitude of development needs, makes diffusion of innovations a crucial process for less developed countries. We reviewed the diffusion of innovation literature in an attempt to identify a general strategy for identifying diffusion that occurs after the introduction of an innovation. The existing literature provides little guidance for the central problem of where to look for diffusion; this article suggests possible solutions. Prior research has relied heavily on a single data-collection strategy: sample surveys. The article reviews advantages and disadvantages of alternative data-collection strategies.
Bureaucratic Needs and Evaluation Research
Authors: Peck Dennis L. , Rubin Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

Participant observation supplemented by case study material on the activities of a federal research and program evaluation office are described. The focus is how organizational imperatives and government rules for research dominate in-house evaluations of government sponsored programs. The authors suggest that organizational imperatives give rise to a research orientation that promotes the use of inappropriate research methodologies, collection of inadequate data sets, and expedient program evaluations. The authors conclude that creation of research reports based on the gathering of data may be overshadowed by an inappropriate characterization of some government sponsored social service programs. Suggestions for amelioration of such problems, as these relate to the organizational position of the evaluation research office, are provided.
A Review of Studies of the Effectiveness of Programs To Improve Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Shadish William R. , Reis Janet
Published: March 2007

This article presents a critical review of the available evidence on the effectiveness of programs to improve pregnancy outcome in changing rates of infant mortality. A total of 27 secondary reviews and original evaluation articles were assessed for quality of evidence on program outcomes. Although infant mortality rates are clearly dropping, initial review of the studies showed that history, differential selection, and experimental mortality were powerful alternative hypotheses to the conclusion that any particular program can claim to have caused the drop. Thus, our knowledge of exactly which programs are effective, and which are not, is compromised.
Improving Established Statewide Programs
Authors: Bickman Leonard
Published: March 2007

This article describes an approach to evaluation that grew out of the need to develop a system that would first describe and then assess statewide services delivered to preschool children. Based on evaluability assessment, the component theory conceptualizes the unit of analysis for evaluation as the component and not the entire program. It is argued that this approach increases the generalizability and utilization of evaluations as well as enhancing the ability to evaluate many existing programs at the state level. An application of the approach to evaluating preschool intervention programs is discussed.
Performance Evaluation for Systems of Assigned Service Providers
Authors: Houlden Pauline , Balkin Steven
Published: March 2007

We present a design for evaluating tiered systems of service providers in which assigned service providers are compared with each other through comparison against a benchmark of privately purchased providers. It tests the utility of this approach to data collec tion and analysis by evaluating the quality of two systems for providing representation to indigent defendants: a part-time public defender versus ad hoc appointment of the private bar. In addition, this article recognizes the need to consider the costs associated with provisions of services. It is unique in estimating costs for specific types of cases (felonies and misdemeanors) rather than aggregating across case types. Finally, the arti cle is the first to present a method for estimating cost per case among case types for a system where only a lump sum payment is made.
An Evaluation of an Organization Development Approach To Reducing School Disorder
Authors: Gottfredson Denise C.
Published: March 2007

An organizational development method was used in a three-year effort to reduce disorder in a troubled Baltimore City school. Using the method, researchers and school staff collaborated to design, implement, and refine interventions aimed at increasing the predictability of responses to students' disciplinary infractions, increasing rewards for appropriate behavior, and increasing prosocial peer and teacher support. The evaluation suggests that the program improved the organizational health of the school, increased students'sense of belonging and their reports of rewards in school, and reduced disorder. This report describes the organizational development method and interventions and summarizes implementation and outcome data.
Statewide Strategic Forest Resource Planning Programs
Authors: Gray Gerald J. , Ellefson Paul V.
Published: March 2007

Strategcc planning of forest resources is an increasingly common government activity in the United States. Lacking clearly defined products of planning programs and experiencing limited conceptual foundations for analysis, attempts to evaluate the costs and benefits of strategic planning becomes a very difficult exercise. Statewide forest resource planning programs imple mented by state governments were evaluated in 1986. Chent-based perspectives were sought with regard to the context within which planning was undertaken, the nature of planning process used, the outputs/benefits of planning, and the overall performance of planning programs.
Collaborative Relationships in Dental Materials Research
Authors: Garrison Howard H. , Herman Samuel S. , Lipton James A.
Published: March 2007

Data from a survey of dental materials researchers were used to assess collaborative relation ships involving researchers and resources from government, industry, and academia. The examination of research project organization yielded a higher estimate of collaboration (and industry collaboration in particular) than data on the most common research outcome, publi cations. The vast majority of the research outcomes reported by the survey respondents were publications. Only a small number of patents, products or processes were noted; however, these commercially oriented outcomes were far more likely than the publications to have involved collaborative research relationships with industry.
Studying Variation in Program Success
Authors: Seltzer Michael H.
Published: March 2007

Multilevel modeling techniques, although used extensively in numerous areas of social science research including demography, studies of school organization, and research on cognitive development, have been used surprisingly infrequently in multisite evaluation studies. The goal of this article is to illustrate several ways in which multilevel modeling techniques can help to broaden the kinds of questions that we are able to address in multisite evaluations. In particular, it is shown how these techniques provide a means of moving beyond estimating overall, average program effects to investigations of how differences in various aspects of implementation across sites relate to differences in program success.
Improving the Success Rate in Follow-Up Studies with Former Offenders
Authors: Leibrich Julie
Published: March 2007

Studies of former offenders are few and far between. This is mainly because such research is plagued with the practical problems of finding people, approaching them, and making the interview setting safe for them. This article describes how a success rate of 78% was achieved in a study of desistance from crime in which a sample of 50 people last sentenced to supervision and conviction free for 3 years were interviewed
A Pilot Study To Estimate the Cost of a Telephone Survey of Rare Populations
Authors: Bertram Dennis A.
Published: March 2007

Existing studies do not explain important differences in the utilization of health care services between African Americans and Whites with coronary heart disease. Further advancement in understanding access to care differences may be obtained from a community survey. Such a survey can be expensive because of the relative rarity of the populations of interest. This pilot study provided estimates useful for calculating the level of effort required to conduct a telephone survey on access to care for persons with angina, an important presenting symptomfor coronary heart disease.
Mathematics Programs as a Means To Improve Job Qualifications for Women
Authors: Harskamp E. , Suhre C.
Published: March 2007

Pass rates in courses for vocational (re)schooling of adults are generally low. Lack of mathematical skills is one of the factors that can be responsible. To enhance pass rates, most courses supply additional mathematics schooling. The present study investigated whether the effectiveness of additional mathematics schooling can be improved by new materialsfor the students and interactive teaching. Subjects involved in this study were female students following a business administration course. The results support the expectation that proper use of the newly developed materials help to improve the application of mathematics knowledge in job-related situations.
Minimum Detectable Effects
Authors: Bloom Howard S.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a simple way to assess the statistical power of experimental designs. The approach presented is based on the concept of a minimum detectable effect, which, intuitively, is the smallest true impact that an experiment has a good chance of detecting. The article illustrates how to compute minimum detectable effects and how to apply this concept to the assessment of alternative experimental designs. Applications to impact estimators for both continuous and binary outcome measures are considered
Monitoring Youth Behavior in Response To Structural Changes
Authors: Grube Joel W.
Published: March 2007

Random digit dial (RDD) telephone and self-administered school-based surveys of drinking and drinking and driving were compared foradolescents from two Northern California communities. The RDD and school-based surveys resulted in very different samples. The telephone sample contained a greater proportion of European Americans and a smaller proportion of Asian Americans and "other" ethnicities. Respondents to the telephone sample also tended to be older and of higher socioeconomic status (SES). The telephone survey captured very few school dropouts Moreover, it resulted in lower self-reports of drinking and drinking and driving. Survey mode appeared to influence respondents equally, regardless of their gender, age, ethnicity, or SES.
Assessing Quality in Mental Health Care
Authors: Shaw Ian
Published: March 2007

Quality assessment in mental health services is undergoing change in the United Kingdom following the introduction of market reforms. Traditionally, service quality was monitored by professional practitioners with reference to user satisfaction. This became formalized, and the two main forms of quality assurance currently used are outlined. However, the government is concerned that this may be inadequate for the monitoring of quality standards, specified in contracts between service purchasers and providers, and that existing systems provide an insufficient indication of service outcome. As a consequence, the government financed the development of a new set of health outcome scales. The importance of these scales are discussed.
Exploring the Link Between Service Quality and Outcomes
Authors: Herman Sandra E.
Published: March 2007

Relationships among consumer-generated quality factors, satisfaction, and outcome measures were examined for family support services provided by Michigan's public mental health system. Parents focused on structural and procedural aspects of program accessibility and attended less to program administration issues. Parents who gave the services the highest quality ratings also were the most satisfied with services, saw the services as more effective, had fewer family problems, and rated their time and child-related resources as more adequate. Implications for evaluation practice are discussed.
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Trust Inventory
Authors: Nyhan Ronald C. , Marlowe Herbert A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the development of a 12-item scale to measure an individual's level of trust in his or her supervisor and in his or her work organization as a whole. The scale was tested in seven different organizations, with a total sample size of 779 individuals. Reliability, validity, and factor analytic data are presented to demonstrate that the instrument is psychometrically adequate and stable. The scale is usable in both academic research and applied settings.
The United States Women's Health Research Agenda Analysis and Critique
Authors: Woods Nancy Fugate
Published: March 2007

This article describes the process used to develop a United States women's health research agenda and the published critiques of that agenda. Consideration of methods to develop knowledge about women 's health from a feminist standpoint raises questions about the process and products of research that can have emancipatory ends for women.
Rogers's Pattern Manifestations and Health in Adolescents
Authors: Yarcheski Adela , Mahon Noreen E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine four manifestations of human-environmentalfield patterning-human field motion, humanfield rhythms, creativity, and sentience-in relation to perceived health status in 106 early, 111 middle, and 113 late adolescents. Participants responded to the Perceived Field Motion Instrument (a measure of human field motion), the Human Field Rhythms Scale, the Creativity Scale, the Sentience Scale, the General Health Rating Index (a measure of perceived health status), and a brief demographic data sheet in classroom settings. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between perceivedfield motion and perceived health status in early, middle, and late adolescents, between human field rhythms and perceived health status in late adolescents only, and between creativity and perceived health status in late adolescents only. The inverse relationship found between sentience and perceived health status in early, middle, and late adolescents was not statistically significant. The findings are interpreted within a Rogerian framework.
Neuroendocrine and Immunological Responses of Women to Stress
Authors: Caudell Kathryn Ann , Gallucci Betty Bierut
Published: March 2007

Natural killer (NK) cell activity, cortisol and catecholamine levels, and physiological reactivity were examined in 15 healthy women who volunteered to take a cognitive stress test (the Stroop test). Relationships were explored among the physiological and selected psychosocial variables. Urine and blood samples were taken to examine catecholamine and cortisol concentrations and NK cell activity immediately before, immediately after, and hourly for 6 hours after the Stroop test. During the Stroop test, heart rate, skin conductance, peripheralskin temperature, and blood pressure were measured. Although skin conductance, heart rate, and blood pressure increased in response to the Stroop test, neuroendocrine values did not. Cortisol secretion decreased after the Stroop test and appeared tofollow the normal circadian rhythm. NK cell activity was variable among individual participants but tended to increase over time.
Uncovering the Cultural Context for Quality of Family Caregiving for Elders
Authors: Cromwell Sandra L. , Russell Cynthia K. , Lim Young Mi , Luna Isela , de Ardon Esperanza Torres , Phillips Linda R.
Published: March 2007

This article is part of a symposium exploring issues in developing cross-culturally equivalent conceptualizations and measures for a study of elder family caregiving. This article describes the development of an instrument to measure quality of elder family caregiving among Anglo and Mexican American caregivers. Following a review of typical approaches for evaluating quality of caregiving, a cross-cultural standard for excellence in elder caregiving is described. An instrument consistent with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the QUALCARE Scale, is identified as an appropriate cross-cultural instrument for assessing the quality of elderfamily caregiving. Refinement of the QUALCARE Scale using Berry's modelfor cross-cultural research, which necessitated identification of appropriate cross-cultural indicators of quality, is described. Examples of this process of indicator clarification are given for several basic human rights, based on the cross-cultural research team members' experiences with Anglo and Mexican American caregivers.
The Meanings of Home in the Stories of Older Women
Authors: Moloney Margaret F.
Published: March 2007

The concept of home emerged as a theme in the stories of inner strength told by older women. In this study, 12 women over the age of 65 (7European American and SAfrican American) were asked to tell a personal story that exemplified the meaning of being strong. The concept of home, which was an aspect of finding strength, comprised powerful stories about making a home, leaving home, losing one's home, staying home, and coming home. In this article, the meanings of home are presented in detail, as they emerged in this research. Conclusions concern the universal human need for creating a home and implications for nurses.
Weight-Related Distress in the Early Months After Childbirth
Authors: Walker Lorraine O.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of weight-related distress reported by new mothers and to explore associations of anthropometric and psychosocial variables withfeelings about weight. New mothers' (N = 227) written descriptions offeelings about their weight were categorized using content analysis. More than 40% were somewhat satisfied with their weight, another 40% were mildly dissatisfied, and 8% experienced weight-related distress. Higher prepregnancy body mass index, larger gestational weight gain, higher current postpartum body mass index, less healthy lifestyle, and greater body image dissatisfaction were associated significantly with more dissatisfied/distressed feelings about weight. Results support the need for greater attention to the psychosocial significance of weight after childbirth.
Ritual Transformation through Michael Jackson's Music Video
Authors: Lynch Christopher
Published: March 2007

Michael Jackson's video, Dangerous, moves viewers beyond space and time to a liminal reality that invites the audience to identify with the music, lyrics, images, and persona of Jackson. This offers to ritually transform viewers from interpersonal and societal tensions of the 1990s to a utopian ideology that unites all peoples. Rhetorical analysis is used to uncover themes and patterns that suggest this latent ideology and create a ritual of transformation. This study uncovers the rhetorical movement of the ritual process within the video text. Jackson himself is the liminal bridge offering to move fans from victim to deity status. Ultimately, this ideology transforms Jackson as his persona is constructed, but it fails as it offers temporary solutions to tensions that reflect the status quo.
Voices between the Tracks: Disk Jockeys, Radio, and Popular Music, 1955-60
Authors: Killmeier Matthew A.
Published: March 2007

While much historiography on U.S. radio and popular music of the postwar period portrays disk jockeys as having a large degree of freedom, this article challenges this rendition and argues that their autonomy was constrained by a number of institutional and industry pressures. Based on discourses in industry and lay publications, the author argues that disk jockeys were pressured by recording industry largess and station management, which constrained their autonomy and public representations and contradicted the democratic ideology articulated by the U.S. broadcasting industry. Rather than neutral arbiters of public tastes, disk jockeys were complicit in a concerted effort to endow undifferentiated commodities with symbolic capital.
Incomplete Determinism: A Discourse Analysis of Cybernetic Futurology in Early Cyberculture
Authors: Hamilton Sheryl N.
Published: March 2007

Using Foucauldian discourse analysis, this paper examines five temporal regularities produced in emergent cyberculture discourse in the immediate post-WWII period in the United States. The construction of entropy as social; the understanding of systemic change in evolutionary terms; the embrace of the present as a revolutionary historical discontinuity; the adoption of a machine standard of condensed time; and the shaping of memory as a notion of performative efficiency, work to shape a particular vision of time and the future. The cybernetic futurology which emerges has continued power/knowledge effects within the discursive formation of cyberculture. Time is fast, chaotic, and unpredictable; history is no longer relevant for understanding the present or future; information technology forms an ubiquitous terrain upon which teleological cybernetic futurologies unfold; and the future becomes, not about its prediction, but about the control and management of the risks of the present.
Regendering the Nation: Women and the Nationalist Discourse in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Shujen
Published: March 2007

Drawing on recent theories of nation and feminism, the author explores the relations between nationalist movements and women's politics in Taiwan. A critical analysis of Taiwan's recent political/nationalist movement and television political advertising campaigns was undertaken. The advertisements are analyzed with an aim to examine how the questions of women are used by the contending political parties in their construction and articulation of national identity. At issue is the ongoing reformulation of national identity as Taiwan deals with (1) increased forces of globalization, (2) a deepening crisis of the self vis-à-vis the Chinese Mainland, and (3) the multiple and conflicted voices in the process of naming and defining the nation.
Community Action Programmes in the Early Eighties - What Future?
Authors: Mayo Marg
Published: March 2007

The last ten years has seen a major shift in the kinds of demands made by tenants and action groups and other labour movement organisations. Many of the demands of campaigns in the early 1970s were directed at stopping state financed projects such as motorways and the clearance of older housing areas. In contrast current campaign demands are still defensive, but of a different kind because they are not trying to change or stop state spending but are aimed against the cuts and arguing for more spending. (Community Action No.50 Sept/Oct 1980)
The politics of disability
Authors: Oliver Mike
Published: March 2007

This paper briefly considers the influence of the economy on the material circumstances of disabled people and some of the reasons why a politics of disability has now become possible. It goes on to consider the role of dis ability organisations in relation to the state and in the articulation of the political demands of disabled people. Finally some ways forward in the construction of a truly socialist policy relevant to mecting the needs of dis abled people is considered.
Social policy in the USSR and the nature of Soviet society*
Authors: Manning Nick
Published: March 2007

empirical guide to the pattern of consumption, and as a theoretical guide impirical guide to the pattern of consumotion, and as a theoretical guide to the relations of production and reproduction now developing. Several different models of the Soviet mode of production are examined against the development of social policy, in an attempt in throw some light ar current disugreements about he current situation the USSR
It's our problem too ! Challenging the exclusion of poor people from poverty discourse
Authors: Beresford Peter , Croft Suzy
Published: March 2007

Poverty discourse is characterised by the exclusion of people with experience of poverty. This has shaped the nature of both debate and policy responses. This discussion looks at the reasons for this ex clusion, the effects it has had and makes the case for an inclusive poverty discourse as the basis for the reconceptualisation of poverty and the development of more effective strategies to deal with it.
The social construction of gendered equal opportunities in UK universities: a case study of women technicians
Authors: Goode Jackie , Bagilhole Barbara
Published: March 2007

This article reports on research into the organizational culture of a UK university, and examines the ways in which the use of equal oppor tunities (EO) concepts and the construction of women's identities are both shifting and contradictory. A case study of women technical staff and their male managers reveals how such ambiguities act as control devices to keep women in their (subordinate) place, while preserving an image of good EO practice. The authors do not share a view of EO poli cies as having failed as a transformational strategy, but call rather for those interested in pro-equity change to be highly-tuned to the shifting ground on which the social construction of EO takes place, as different groups struggle for power. Women themselves might be well advised to direct the communicative and collaborative skills they are seen here to use to support each other in subordinate and isolated positions, towards collective action designed to make their own definitions of their situ ations prevail.
Components of the Evaluation of Integrity Violations in Argumentative Discussions
Authors: Christmann Ursula , Mischo Christoph , Groeben Norbert
Published: March 2007

The effects of six components relevant in the evaluation of integrity violations were tested within a completely crossed six-factor design. The following components were included in the analysis: severity of an argumentative rule violation (high vs. low), degree of subjective awareness in committing a rule violation (intentional, by negligence, unknowingly), presence versus absence of excuses and corrections, frequent versus infrequent rule violations, far-reaching positive versus far-reaching negative intentions, and high versus low subject matter and argumentative competence of the speaker. The data were analyzed by using a logistic regression approach and by the configuration-frequency analysis. All hypotheses were largely confirmed (N = 317): Severe rule violations, negative far-reaching intentions of the speaker, high argumentative competence and subject matter knowledge of the speaker, no corrections and excuses by the speaker, and frequent rule violations lead with significant frequency to an unfairness verdict. Among all variables included in the analysis, severity of a rule violation proved to be the most powerful. In addition, specific predictor combinations, which lead to an unfairness verdict or a neutral evaluation with significant frequency, were identified.
The New Religious Grant-Maintained Schools
Authors: Walford Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

The 1993 Education Act makes faith-based GM schools a possibility. Existing faith-based private schools may apply to be re established as grant maintained. The relevant clauses in the Act were strongly influenced by the Christian Schools Campaign. In this paper, Geoffrey Walford, Senior Lecturer in Sociology and Educational Policy at Aston University, reports upon a survey he undertook of the schools represented by the CSS.
Schools and Marketization
Authors: Foskett Nicholas H.
Published: March 2007

The development of a social market in education in England and Wales since 1988 has required schools to develop strategies to competition for pupils. They have done so within a context in which such concepts as `the market' and `marketing' have been alien. This paper develops an analytical methodology based on Cowell's interpretation within service organizations, through the examination of four key cultural and managerial developments the range of understanding of markets and marketing held within the school; their organizational responses to the market; their use of market analytical tools; and their development of appropriate marketing strategies. By applying this methodology to a sample of schools, the paper shows the variation in the development of a market culture between them, and derives an Index for Marketing Cultural Development. From this, a simple typology of cultural responses to marketization is derived.
Teachers' Professional Orientation and their Involvement in School Policy Making
Authors: Jongmans Kees , Biemans Harm , Beijaard Douwe
Published: March 2007

The policy of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is to increase school autonomy. To be able to deal with such autonomy, schools must have a policy-making capacity. The level of teacher involvement appears to be an important indicator of the extent of this capacity. This paper is based on a study of the views of 1079 teachers from 98 schools for secondary agricultural education. Two main types of teachers were discovered: those with a more and those with a less extended professional orientation. While the former were more likely than the latter to be involved in policy making, neither was heavily engaged. The report concludes with a plea for a more participatory model of policy making in schools.