bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Authors: Alston Philip , Simma Bruno
Published: April 2006

The first session of the new United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was held in Geneva in March 1987. The Committee was established to assist the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in fulfilling its responsibilities for monitoring states parties’ compliance with their obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Covenant is assuming increasing importance in view of the renewed emphasis by many UN member states on economic, social and cultural rights and because, with a total of 90 ratifications as of March 27, 1987, it now covers well over half of the total UN membership.
I
Authors: Lachs Manfred
Published: April 2006

To write of Philip Jessup means to survey the history of the teaching of international law in the United States throughout the last half century; to cover all important events concerning the birth of international organizations on the morrow of the Second World War; to visit the halls of the General Assembly and the Security Council; to attend meetings of the American Society of International Law and the Institute of International Law, where he so frequently took the floor to shed light on their debates; to attend sittings of the International Court of Justice in the years 1960-1969. I could hardly undertake this task; there are others much more qualified to do so. What I wish to do is to recall him as a great jurist I knew and a delightful human being; in short, a judge and a great friend whom I learned to admire.
U.S. Loyalty Program for Certain un Employees Declared Unconstitutional
Authors: Roy Mark A.
Published: April 2006

On April 8,1986, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania held, in the case of Hinton v. Devine (Civ. No. 84-1130), that Executive Order No. 10422 of January 9, 1953, as amended, under which the International Organizations Employees Loyalty Program had been instituted, was unconstitutional in that it violated the First Amendment rights of American citizens. The district court also enjoined the United States Government “from publishing, communicating, or advising any third parties, including any international organizations, as to the loyalty of William H. Hinton or any other United States citizen.”
The Nicaragua Case and the Deterioration of World Order
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: April 2006

For all their greatness, democracies historically have difficulty in perceiving and deterring totalitarian aggression. William Stevenson reminds us in A Man Called Intrepid that debate raged within the United States as to whether we should enter World War II on the side of England even after the rest of Europe had fallen to the Nazis. The American ambassador to England cautioned against such entry, arguing that England was militarily doomed. President Roosevelt, who had months earlier secretly committed U.S. intelligence assets to British support, felt that he did not have the necessary popular support to enter the war. And the British were so concerned about American indecisiveness that even after Pearl Harbor they executed a covert operation to persuade Hitler to declare war on the United States, which, of course, he did before America entered the war against Germany.
The U.S. Measures Against Argentina Resulting from the Malvinas Conflict
Authors: Acevedo Domingo E.
Published: April 2006

As a result of the conflict that broke out on April 2, 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands, the United States (and some other countries) applied a number of coercive economic measures against Argentina, which had serious political and economic effects, as well as an impact on the outcome of the conflict.
Remnants of War as a Legal Problem in the Light of the Libyan Case
Authors: Partsch Karl Josef
Published: April 2006

More than 30 years after the end of hostilities in the Second World War, 13 governments have confirmed the presence on their territories of large amounts of the material remnants of war, mostly land mines. They can be found in all the countries affected by the North African campaign of the Axis powers in 1940-1943, namely, Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia, as well as in Malta, Norway, Poland and even Australia. Armed conflicts that have taken place at a later time, for example, those in Vietnam, the Suez Canal Zone, the Sinai and other regions in the Near East, have created similar dangers, and there is no reason to believe that present and future conflicts will be any different.
Federal Statutes, Executive Orders and “Self-Executing Custom”
Authors: Kirgis Frederic L.
Published: April 2006

A hotly debated issue raised in this publication’s October 1986 Agora and, repeatedly, during the drafting of the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States (Revised) has to do with the relationship between customary international law and federal law in the United States. Most of the debate addressed whether a newly emerged custom would supersede an earlier federal statute or self-executing treaty. The reporters of the Restatement took a strong stand at first, placing custom on the same plane as federal statutes and self-executing treaties: in case of conflict, the latest in time should prevail. Criticism rolled in, and the reporters eventually retreated a bit. The final version says only that since custom and international agreements have equal authority in international law, and both are law of the United States, “arguably later customary law should be given effect as law of the United States, even in the face of an earlier law or agreement, just as a later international agreement of the United States is given effect in the face of an earlier law or agreement.”’
Statement by Expert Panel: U.S. Policy on the Settlement of Disputes in the Law of the Sea
Authors:   Panel on the Law of Ocean Uses
Published: April 2006

In 1983, President Reagan announced the policy of the United States to accept the normative provisions of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as reflecting the customary international law of the sea (in matters other than deep seabed mining).
Looking Back and Looking Ahead
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F.
Published: April 2006

The first thing to learn about any incident or accident involving airplanes is “wait.” The initial reports never have it quite right. This was true about KAL Flight 007, about Pan Am Flight 103, about the bombing of Tripoli and Bengazi, and about Iran Air Flight 655.
In re Doe
Authors: Born Gary B. , Callcott W. Hardy
Published: April 2006

A federal grand jury investigating possible criminal violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (18 U.S.C. §§ 1961 — 1968 (1982)) (RICO) by former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos and his wife issued subpoenas requiring the Márcoses to provide handwriting and voice exemplars and fingerprints, and to sign forms authorizing the release of confidential banking records. The Márcoses refused to comply with the subpoenas and were held in civil contempt. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (per Cardamone, J.) affirmed the contempt order and held that (1) the current Government of the Philippines had effectively waived whatever head-of-state immunity the Márcoses might have otherwise enjoyed; (2) United States law governed the Márcoses’ privilege against self-incrimination, rather than the arguably broader provisions of Philippine law; and (3) the trial court had the authority to enforce the grand jury’s order requiring the Márcoses to waive foreign financial secrecy laws.
Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967
Authors: Roberts Adam
Published: April 2006

To what extent are international legal rules formally applicable, and practically relevant, to a prolonged military occupation? The question has assumed prominence because of the exceptional duration of the occupation by Israel of various territories that came under its control in the war of June 5–10, 1967. The situation there has had two classic features of a military occupation: first, a formal system of external control by a force whose presence is not sanctioned by international agreement; and second, a conflict of nationality and interest between the inhabitants, on the one hand, and those exercising power over them, on the other. In highlighting these features, the Palestinian uprising, or intifada, which began in Gaza and the West Bank in December 1987, has added urgency to the question of the law applicable to prolonged occupations.
The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance
Authors: Franck Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

Legitimacy in 1991 flows not from the barrel of a gun but from the will of the people.

U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker III

I know what real democracy is, what democracy is worth.

A thirty-seven-year-old Soviet lieutenant colonel who early on sided with anticoup forces

More than two centuries have elapsed since the signatories of the U.S. Declara^ tion of Independence sought to manifest two radical propositions. The first is that governments, instituted to secure the “unalienable rights” of their citizens, derive “their just powers from the consent of the governed.” We may call this the “democratic entitlement.” The second proposition, perhaps less noted by commentators, is that a nation earns “separate and equal station” in the community of states by demonstrating “a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.” The authors of the Declaration apparently believed that the legitimacy of the new Confederation of American States was not made evident solely by the transfer of power from Britain but also needed to be acknowledged by “mankind.” This we may perceive as a prescient glimpse of the legitimating power of the community of nations.
The Good Friday Accords: Legislative Veto by Another Name?
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: April 2006

On March 24, 1989—Good Friday—President Bush and congressional leaders signed a landmark agreement committing them to support nonlethal aid for the Nicaraguan contras, together with Central American peace efforts. Under this “gentleman’s agreement,” aid would continue through February 1990. But in November 1989, the President must get letters from each of four congressional committees approving the continuation of aid after that month. If a majority of the membership of any one of those committees declines to authorize the letter, the President agreed, he will terminate the aid.
United Nations Seminar on Indigenous Peoples and States
Authors: Barsh Russel Lawrence
Published: April 2006

A recent meeting of governmental and indigenous nongovernmental experts in Geneva paved the way for more direct indigenous participation in United Nations decision making, and challenged the international community to harness multilateral development assistance for the promotion of indigenous peoples’ rights.
President, Prime Minister or Constitutional Monarch?
Authors: Rostow Eugene V.
Published: April 2006

In the making and conduct of foreign policy, Congress and the President have been rivalrous partners for 200 years. It is not hyperbole to call the current round of that relationship a crisis—the most serious constitutional crisis since President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to pack the Supreme Court in 1937. Roosevelt’s court-packing initiative was highly visible and the reaction to it was violent and widespread. It came to an abrupt and dramatic end, some said as the result of divine intervention, when Senator Joseph T. Robinson, the Senate Majority Leader, dropped dead on the floor of the Senate while defending the President’s bill. Everyone knew that Robinson hated the proposal, and was speaking for it only as a matter of political duty. The bill was discreetly buried shortly thereafter, the Court having meanwhile adjusted some of its doctrine to the prevailing winds. One Justice resigned.
In Re Letter of Request from Crown Prosecution Service of United Kingdom
Authors: Smith Bradford L.
Published: April 2006

Appellant, Thomas J. Ward, appealed a district court decision appointing commissioners to obtain evidence sought by the Crown Prosecution Service of the United Kingdom (Crown Service). The district court had appointed the commissioners pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1782 (1982), to depose in the United States certain third-party witnesses with knowledge relevant to a criminal investigation in the United Kingdom. On review, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (per Ginsburg, J.) affirmed the district court’s decision and held: that 28 U.S.C. §1782 authorized the appointment of the commissioners, even though there was no pending criminal proceeding in the United Kingdom when the depositions were requested and the procedure for the depositions might vary from that normally applicable in the United States. The court remanded the case, however, for a further determination to ensure that the depositions would comply with procedural rules applicable in the United Kingdom.
Ad Hoc Chambers of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Schwebel Stephen M.
Published: April 2006

The International Court of Justice formed its first Chamber for dealing with
a particular case in 1982; its second, in 1985; and, in 1987, its third and fourth
ad hoc Chambers. This article examines what appears
to be an accelerating trend toward recourse to ad hoc
Chambers in the light of the provisions of the Statute and Rules of the Court and
of its pertinent practice to date. The discussion seeks to elucidate four
principal questions:

•

What is the
subject matter that such a Chamber may properly dispose
of?

•

Must
such a Chamber be representative of the main forms of civilization and of
the principal legal systems of the
world?

•

How
many judges shall constitute an ad hoc
Chamber?

•

Shall
the parties to the case have a voice in determining the composition of
the Chamber as well as in the number of judges constituting
it?

Finally, this article appraises the record and potential of recourse to
Chambers for dealing with a particular case.
Desir v. Ilchert
Authors: Burke Susan
Published: April 2006

Plaintiff, a Haitian seeking asylum in the United States, filed a petition for habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, to overturn a denial of asylum by both an immigration judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). The plaintiff sought asylum under section 101(a)(42)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(42)(A) (1982)) (INA) on the basis of “persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” The district court upheld the BIA decision, which allowed deportation of the plaintiff because the incidents of persecution in Haiti were economically rather than politically motivated. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (per Tang, J.) reversed, holding that the plaintiff had demonstrated persecution based on political opinion by showing a pattern of extortion by government officials, and remanded for a determination of whether the plaintiff would be persecuted upon his return to Haiti.
A Special Session of the UN General Assembly Rethinks the Economic Rights and Duties of States
Authors: Barsh Russel Lawrence
Published: April 2006

A recently concluded special session of the General Assembly adopted, for the first time by consensus, a blueprint for the coordination of national and international economic policies. Carefully worded without any reference to the “New International Economic Order,” the session’s declaration nonetheless echoed the NIEO and its principal instrument, the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, which provided: “States should co-operate in facilitating more rational and equitable international economic relations and in encouraging structural changes in the context of a balanced world economy in harmony with the needs and interests of all countries, especially developing countries, and should take appropriate measures to this end.”
The Forty-Seventh Session Of The International Law Commission
Authors: Rosenstock Robert
Published: April 2006

The International Law Commission of the United Nations held its forty-seventh session from May 2 to July 20, 1995, under the chairmanship of Pemmaraju S. Rao of India. The Commission continued its work on existing topics and considered aspects of the Draft Code of Crimes against die Peace and Security of Mankind, state responsibility, and liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law. The Commission began work on the two new topics of “state succession and its impact on the nationality of natural and legal persons” (“nationality“) and “the law and practice relating to reservations to treaties” (“reservations“) and made a recommendation as to two additional topics for its future agenda.
Changing The Charter: The United Nations Prepares For The Twenty-First Century
Authors: Willson Carolyn L.
Published: April 2006

The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization, established in 1974, had never proposed an amendment to the UN Charter before its decision on March 10, 1995, to recommend deletion of the “enemy states” clauses. This action came, not coincidentally, during a year when the United Nations celebrated its fiftieth anniversary—a time for retrospective and prospective assessment. Amid the hoopla of the anniversary festivities, UN members engaged in serious reflection on ways and means of enhancing the effectiveness of the Organization as it confronts the challenges of a changing world.
Rules of Origin and the Uruguay Round’s Effectiveness in Harmonizing and Regulating Them
Authors: LaNasa Joseph A.
Published: April 2006

Rules of origin are the criteria used to determine the nationality of a product. They are essential to implementing discriminatory trade policies, compiling economic statistics on trade flows, and marking a product with its country of origin. Rules of origin were easy-to-apply, uncontroversial tools of international trade as long as the parts of a product were manufactured and assembled primarily in one country and other effective protectionist mechanisms could be used.
Treaties—Warsaw Convention—international air transportation—recovery of damages—loss of society—death in air crash—Death on the High Seas Act—maritime and admiralty law: Zicherman v. Korean Air Lines. 116 S.Ct. 629
Authors: Wilhelm Daniel F.
Published: April 2006

Petitioners Marjorie Zicherman and Muriel Mahalek sought damages from respondent Korean Air Lines (KAL) under the Warsaw Convention governing international air transport, for loss of society of a family member killed aboard a commercial airliner downed by a Soviet warplane. In a cross-petition, KAL requested a determination that the Death on the High Seas Act (DOHSA) prescribed damages recoverable under the Convention and did not allow damages to be recovered for loss of society. The Supreme Court (per Scalia, J.) affirmed in part and remanded in part and held unanimously that the Convention did not permit family members to recover loss-of-society damages because (1) Article 17 of the Convention provides for carrier liability in passenger deaths or injuries but leaves the crucial definition of legally cognizable harm to be determined by domestic courts; (2) in the United States, DOHSA prescribes the substantive law covering air crashes on the high seas; and (3) DOHSA permits only pecuniary damages.
European Union—accession of the Community to the European Convention on Human Rights— competence of the Community under Article 235 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community—need to amend the Treaty
Authors: Bello Judith Hippler , Kokott Juliane , Hoffmeister Frank
Published: April 2006

Opinion 2/94, Accession of the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. 17 Hum. Rts. L.J. 51 (1996).

European Court of Justice, March 28, 1996.

On April 26, 1995, die Council of the European Union requested an opinion on whether accession of the European Community to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was compatible with the Treaty Establishing the European Community (Treaty). In its request, the Council of the European Union stated that no decision on opening negotiations could be taken before the Court pronounced on die compatibility of accession with the Treaty. The Council argued that, even though a text of the envisaged agreement did not yet exist, the legal issues regarding accession were sufficientiy clear for the Court to provide an advisory opinion. The Council made clear that accession should not have any effect on the reservations entered by member states, which would “continue to apply in the areas falling within national jurisdiction.” It also explained that the “Community would agree to submit to the machinery for individual petitions and inter-State applications; actions between the Community and its Member States would, however, have to be excluded in recognition of the monopoly conferred in such matters by Art. 219 of the EC Treaty on the Court of Justice.”
WTO Dispute Settlement Body—Article XX environmental exceptions to GATT—national treatment—consistency urith GATT of U.S. rules regarding imports of reformulated gasoline
Authors: Bello Judith Hippler , Shenk Maury D.
Published: April 2006

United States—Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline. 35ILM 603 (1996).

World Trade Organization Appellate Body, April 29, 1996.

In United States—Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (Gasoline), the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body in its first decision addressed one of the most difficult contemporary issues in international trade— the tension between the growth of international trade and the protection of the global environment. The Appellate Body decided that rules regarding standards for cleanliness of gasoline (Gasoline Rule) adopted under the Clean Air Act by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which required importers of gasoline to meet different standards from those required of domestic refiners, were not justifiable restrictions on trade under the environmental exceptions of Article XX of GATT 1994 (GATT).
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Authors: Nash Marian
Published: April 2006

On June 29, 1993, President William J. Clinton transmitted to the Senate, for advice and consent to ratification, the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, with Technical Annex, done at Montreal on March 1, 1991. The Convention is aimed at precluding the recurrence of incidents such as the terrorist bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in December 1988, and UTA (Union de Transports Aériens) Flight 172 over Niger in September 1989, as well as other incidents in which plastic explosives were utilized. To this end, it requires states producing such explosives to mark them at the time of manufacture with a substance enhancing their detectability by commercially available mechanical or canine detectors. The Convention also requires states to ensure the implementation of controls over the sale, use, and disposition of marked and unmarked plastic explosives.
Clan and Superclan: Loyalty, Identity and Community in Law and Practice
Authors: Franck Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

There are many countries in our blood, aren’t there, but only one person. Would the world be in the mess it is if we were loyal to love and not to countries?

—Graham Greene, Our Man in Havana

In Bosnia, the vaunted ideal—a multivariegated state of Muslims, Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats living in a tolerant civil society—has virtually been extinguished by a torrent of blood and tears. In Belgium, itself a less than two-hundred-year-old product of Catholic rebellion against Orange-Protestant Holland, the Flemish Catholics of Flanders have all but parted ways with the French Catholics of Walloonia, leaving an ethnically stressed Brussels paradoxically ensconced as capital of a “United Europe.” What is going on here, or in Somalia, Slovakia, Quebec and Kazakhstan?
Title III of the Helms-Burton Act Is Consistent with International Law
Authors: Clagett Brice M.
Published: April 2006

The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, otherwise known as the Helms-Burton Act, became law on March 12, 1996. Title III of the legislation creates a federal cause of action, on behalf of U.S. citizens whose property was confiscated without compensation by Cuba, against those who “traffic” in that property. Several governments—notably Canada, Mexico and those of the European Union, whose corporate citizens are the principal “traffickers”—have denounced the legislation as an exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction that violates customary international law. These governments apparently see nothing wrong with permitting—even encouraging—their nationals to use and profit from property that rightfully belongs to others. The United States not only commands the moral high ground on this issue; it also has the better of the legal argument.
What Constitutes A Compensable Taking of Property? The Decisions of the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
Authors: Aldrich George H.
Published: April 2006

It has been thirty years since the publication of Professor G. C. Christie’s well-known analysis of the state of international law on this question and ten years since the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal began to render awards on whether takings had occurred that required compensation under international law. Nearly fifty awards have included decisions on such claims, a number that constitutes a massive addition to the decisions of international tribunals on this subject. Only a few of the claims based upon alleged takings of property remain to be heard. In these circumstances, it seems appropriate to review the relevant decisions for the purpose of identifying the factors cited by the Tribunal in support of its findings that an alleged taking had or had not occurred.
The International Court of Justice after Fifty Years
Authors: Jennings Robert Y.
Published: April 2006

The International Court of Justice was brought into being by the Charter of the United Nations (Articles 7(1), 36(3), and 92-96), and by the Statute of the Court which was made an integral part of the Charter; both of which instruments were signed at San Francisco on June 26, 1945. The most important difference between the Statute of the new Court and that of its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice, on which the new Statute was based, was that the new Court was to be one of the “principal organs” of the United Nations. The Charter and the new Statute entered into force on October 24, 1945. After the election of the Court’s first members the new Court met for the first time in the Peace Palace at The Hague on April 1, 1946, under the presidency of Judge Guerrero, with Judge Basdevant as Vice-President.
Adaptive walks through fitness landscapes for early vascular land plants
Authors: Niklas Karl J.
Published: April 2006

Hypothetical adaptive walks (i. e., morphological transformation series gaining increasing relative fitness) were simulated through a computer‐generated domain for early vascular land plant morphologies to examine the relationship between the dynamics of adaptive walks and the topologies of fitness landscapes. A total of 15 hypothetical adaptive walks were simulated, assuming that relative fitness was based on performing one or more of four biological tasks: maximizing light interception, mechanical stability, and reproductive success, and minimizing total surface area. Morphologies occupying fitness peaks typically were similar to some early vascular land plant remains. The most stringent task (the minimization of total surface area) resulted in a few, comparatively small Y‐shaped morphologies. Based on the 15 walks, the number of fitness peaks increased and their heights decreased as the number of tasks simultaneously performed increased. These results (which are consistent with prior computer‐simulated walks treating light interception, mechanical stability, and reproductive success) suggest that the biological requirement to conserve water reduced the number of phenotypic options available to the earliest land plants, and that, once this adaptive hurtle was overcome, the simultaneous performance of two or more tasks, increased the number of phenotypic options with equivalent relative fitnesses that could be rapidly reached due to the comparatively small fitness differential between derived and ancestral morphologies.
The effects of water‐level fluctuations on weekly tree growth in a southeastern usa swamp
Authors: Keeland Bobby D. , Sharitz Rebecca R.
Published: April 2006

Annual growth of wetland trees has been shown to be related to variations in hydrologic regimes, however the relationship between water level fluctuations and tree growth throughout the growing season has not been documented. In a study of weekly growth patterns of three wetland tree species in a southeastern forested wetland, transfer function modeling was used to examine relationships between tree growth and the weekly changes in water levels and weekly changes in the atmospheric water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration). An autoregressive‐moving average model was fit to each time series of water‐level changes (input series), and the selected model was then used to filter the tree‐growth (output) time series. Cross‐correlations between each input and output time series were examined and significant relationships between weekly changes in water levels and tree diameter were found for Nyssa sylvatica and Taxodium distichum trees growing at sites with periodic shallow flooding. There were no significant relationships between changing water levels and tree growth in areas with permanent flooding or soil saturation. Further, changes in growth of N. sylvatica, N. aquatica, and T. distichum were significantly cross‐correlated with weekly changes in the atmospheric water balance at sites with either periodic or permanent flooding.
SEM studies on vessels in ferns. 2. Pteridium
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin , Schneider Edward L.
Published: April 2006

Xylem from roots and rhizomes of two infraspecific taxa of Pteridium aquilinum was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All tracheary elements proved to be vessels. End wall perforation plates were all scalariform, lacked pit membrane remnants in at least the central part of the perforation plate, and varied with respect to width of bars, from wide to tenuous, and with respect to presence of pit membrane remnants. In addition, porose pit membranes on walls that are likely all lateral vessel‐to‐vessel walls must be considered to be perforations also, although different from those on end walls. Lateral wall perforation plates, hypothesized by one worker on the basis of tylosis presence but denied by another on the basis of light microscopy, were confirmed by demonstration of pores with SEM. In addition, lateral walls of Pteridium vessels bear some grooves interconnecting pit apertures; this feature is newly figured by SEM for ferns. Lateral wall pitting that is not porose may either have striate thickenings of the primary wall or be smooth. Vessel presence and degree of specialization in Pteridium vessels may bear a relationship to the wide ecological tolerances of the genus.
Cell division patterns in the apices of subterranean axis and aerial shoot of Psilotum nudum (Psilotaceae): morphological and phylogenetic implications for the subterranean axis
Authors: Takiguchi Yukiko , Imaichi Ryoko , Kato Masahiro
Published: April 2006

The cell division pattern in the apical meristem of Psilotum nudum was examined using epi‐illumination microscopy and a paraffin method. In the subterranean axis, about half of the derivative cells of the apical cell produce tetrahedral daughter apical cells by the first three or more oblique divisions. Roughly half of these apical cells give rise to the apical meristems of axes, whereas the other half do not. Various relative activities of the mother and daughter apical cells give rise to disordered branching patterns. In the ill‐organized apical meristem as well as the leafless and capless structure, the Psilotum subterranean axis differs from the basic organs of vascular plants such as stem and root and seems to be an independent organ. The cell division pattern characteristic of the subterranean axis persists in the young unbranched aerial shoots, although fewer daughter apical cells are produced. Dichotomous branching of the aerial shoots, as in a variety of organs of pteridophytes, involves loss of the mother apical cell followed by appearance of two daughter apical cells.
Reproductive and vegetative morphology of Polyptera (Juglandaceae) from the Paleocene of Wyoming and Montana
Authors: Manchester Steven R. , Dilcher David L.
Published: April 2006

The morphology, systematics, and ecology of the extinct juglandaceous genus Polyptera are interpreted on the basis of infructescences, fruits, staminate catkins, pollen, and compound leaves from the Paleocene of Wyoming and Montana. The elongate infructescences of Polyptera manningii bear numerous helically arranged sessile fruits. The fruit is a pyramidal nut with a vascularized husk and a multilobed disk‐like wing adaptive for wind dispersal. Associated staminate catkins bear numerous helically arranged florets, each with six or more stamens. Pollen from the anthers is triporate and isopolar, with ultrastructure diagnostic of Juglandaceae, but with a pattern of exinous thinning characteristic of the extinct dispersed pollen type Maceopolipollenites anellus (Nichols et Ott) comb. nov. The correlated leaves, Juglandiphyllites glabra (Brown ex Watt) comb. nov., are deciduous, pinnately compound, and have five to seven petiolulate finely serrate leaflets. Systematically, Polyptera shows relationships both with the Hicorieae and the Juglandeae. Occurrences in the Torrejonian and Tiffanian stages of the Paleocene place Polyptera as the oldest unequivocal record of Juglandaceae. Polyptera manningii typically occurs in low‐diversity assemblages of 8–15 species, and usually is a dominant or subdominant constituent of floodplain assemblages. It may have been an early‐successional colonizer.
Fossil ectomycorrhizae from the Middle Eocene
Authors: Lepage Ben A. , Currah Randolph S. , Stockey Ruth A. , Rothwell Gar W.
Published: April 2006

Fossil ectomycorrhizae were found recently among permineralized plant remains in the middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia. The ectomycorrhizae are associated with roots of Pinus and have a Hartig net that extends to the endodermis, a pseudoparenchymatous mantle, and contiguous extramatrical hyphae that are simple‐septate. The mycorrhizal rootlets lack root hairs and dichotomize repeatedly to form large, coralloid clusters. Reproductive structures are absent. Based on the morphological characteristics, and the identity of the host, the closely related basidiomycete genera Rhizopogon and Suillus are suggested as comparable extant mycorrhizal fungi. These exquisitely preserved specimens represent the first unequivocal occurrence of fossil ectomycorrhizae and demonstrate that such associations were well‐established at least 50 million years ago.
Phylogenetic relationships of Lecythidaceae: a cladistic analysis using rbcL sequence and morphological data
Authors: Morton Cynthia M. , Mori Scott A. , Prance Ghillean T. , Karol Ken G. , Chase Mark W.
Published: April 2006

This study examined in detail the rbcL sequence and morphological support for subfamilial relationships and monophyly of Lecythidaceae. Initially we needed to establish relationships of Lecythidaceae among other dicot families. To complete this we examined 47 rbcL sequences of 25 families along with molecular observations from several large analyses of rbcL data. All analyses strongly support the monophyly of the asterid III grouping. This analysis revealed Lecythidaceae to be paraphyletic and indicated potential outgroup relationships with Sapotaceae. Once relationships had been evaluated using molecular data we then concentrated on analyzing separate and combined morphological and molecular databases. The topology of the morphological data set was similar to the rbcL sequence and combined data sets except for the positioning of Napoleonaeoideae, Grias, Gustavia, and Oubanguia. According to the combined results, Planchonioideae, Lecythidoideae, and Foetidioideae are monophyletic, whereas the subfamily Napoleonaeoideae are paraphyletic. Nested within Napoleonaeoideae, we found Asteranthos forms a strongly supported clade with Oubanguia (Scytopetalaceae). Foetidia, the only genus of Foetidioideae, is sister to Planchonioideae, and this clade is sister to Lecythidoideae. The [(Planchonioideae, Foetidioideae) Lecythidoideae] are sister to Asteranthos/Oubanguia. Napoleonaeoideae are sister to the rest of Lecythidaceae.
Leaf anatomy and subgeneric affiliations of C3 and C4 species of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America
Authors: Fisher Deborah D. , Schenk H. Jochen , Thorsch Jennifer A. , Ferren Wayne R.
Published: April 2006

The halophytic genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) includes species with the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways. North American species of this genus were investigated to determine whether C3 and C4 leaf anatomy are consistent within the two sections of Suaeda, Chenopodina and Limbogermen, present on this continent. All species from section Chenopodina were found to possess C3 anatomy, whereas all species from section Limbogermen were found to be C4 species. Characteristics of leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure are similar to those reported from C3 and C4 species, respectively, from the Eastern Hemisphere. All species from section Limbogermen have the suaedoid type of leaf anatomy, characterized by differentiation of the mesophyll into palisade parenchyma and a chlorenchymatous sheath surrounding central water‐storage tissue, as well as leaf carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of above –20. All species from section Chenopodina have austrobassioid leaf anatomy without a chlorenchymatous sheath and δ13C values of below –20. According to our literature review, the photosynthetic pathway has now been reported for about half (44) of the Suaeda species worldwide. The C3 and C4 photosynthetic syndromes are with few exceptions distributed along sectional or subsectional lines. These findings throw new light on the infrageneric taxonomy of this genus.
Effects of fire on sandhill herbs: nutrients, mycorrhizae, and biomass allocation
Authors: Anderson Roger C. , Menges Eric S.
Published: April 2006

Differences in growth responses, tissue and soil inorganic nutrients, and mycorrhizal relationships of four herbaceous species were studied on burned and unburned sandhill sites in south‐central Florida, USA. Three species, (Aristida stricta, Liatris tenuifolia var. laevigata, and Pityopsis graminifolia) responded positively to conditions following the burn by increased vegetative growth and flowering. The fourth species, Balduina angustifolia, is a fire‐sensitive biennial and its firstyear rosettes were, with an occasional exception, unable to survive or resprout following fire. Availability of all soil inorganic nutrients examined (Ca, K, Mg, and P) was low, as were total nitrogen, soil organic matter, and pH. There was a slight nutrient pulse of phosphorus into the soil following burning. For two species (Aristida and Liatris), shoot tissue concentrations of several inorganic nutrients (especially N and P) were higher on the burned site than the unburned site following burning. These differences generally dissipated over time since burning. The high concentration of tissue nutrients postburn followed by a decline on the burned site may result from rapid nutrient uptake after fire and dilution of this concentration following restoration of plant mass. Despite low levels of soil inorganic nutrients, including phosphorus, mycotrophy was absent or weakly developed among the herbaceous species examined, except for the tap‐rooted Balduina angustifolia. Colonization of host plants by vesicular mycorrhizal fungi was unaffected by burning. Mycorrhizal inoculum potentials of sandhill soil were extremely low, varying seasonally from (mean ± 1 SE) 0.3 ± 0.2 to 3.8 ± 0.7%.
Genome size and numerical polymorphism for the B chromosome in races of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Poaceae)
Authors: Rosato Marcela , Chiavarino Amilcar M. , Naranjo Carlos A. , Hernandez Julian Camara , Poggio Lidia
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐one native populations (1120 individuals) of maize from Northern Argentina were studied. These populations, which belong to 13 native races, were cultivated at different altitudes (80–3620 m). Nineteen of the populations analyzed showed B chromosome (Bs) numerical polymorphism. The frequency of individuals with Bs varied from 0 to 94%. The number of Bs per plant varied from 0 to 8 Bs, with the predominant doses being 0, 1, 2, and 3. Those populations with varying number of Bs showed a positive and statistically significant correlation of mean number of Bs with altitude. The DNA content, in plants without Bs (A‐DNA)(2n = 20), of 17 populations of the 21 studied was determined. A 36% variation (5.0–6.8 pg) in A‐DNA content was found. A significant negative correlation between A‐DNA content and altitude of cultivation and between A‐DNA content and mean number of Bs was found. This indicates that there is a close interrelationship between the DNA content of A chromosomes and doses of Bs. These results suggest that there is a maximum limit to the mass of nuclear DNA so that Bs are tolerated as long as this maximum limit is not exceeded.
The Okra leaf shape mutation in cotton is active in all cell layers of the leaf
Authors: Dolan Liam , Poethig R. Scott
Published: April 2006

Okra (L2O) is a semidominant mutation of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) that alters leaf shape by increasing the length of lobes and decreasing lamina expansion. Chimeras containing L2O and wild‐type tissue were generated using Semigamy (Se), a mutation that blocks syngamy during fertilization and produces haploid maternal/paternal chimeral progeny at low frequency. In sectorial chimeras, changes in leaf morphology coincide with the boundary between mutant and wild‐type tissues, suggesting that L2O does not regulate a laterally diffusible factor within the leaf. However, in mericlinal or periclinal chimeras, the presence of L2O in tissue derived from any of the three histogenic layers (L1, L2, or L3) of the shoot apical meristem produced leaves with a partial mutant phenotype. The presence of L2O in the epidermis (an L1 derivative), or in the subepidermal mesophyll of the leaf (L2 derivatives) reduced the growth of the lamina and thus increased the depth of leaf lobes. The presence of L2O in the middle mesophyll of the lamina and the vasculature of major lateral veins (L3 derivatives) had no local effect on the expansion of the lamina, but significantly increased lobe length. These results demonstrate that L2O is active in every tissue layer of the leaf.
Evidence for the hybrid origin of Nuphar × rubrodisca (Nymphaeaceae)
Authors: Padgett Donald J. , Les Donald H. , Crow Garrett E.
Published: April 2006

Plants intermediate in appearance between Nuphar microphylla and N. variegata (Nymphaeaceae) have long been assumed to be the result of hybridization. The evidence for this is based primarily on field observations of morphology, poor fruit production, close geographical proximity of presumed parent species, and limited pollen sterility data. Fertile populations of the same plants have also been documented. We employed multivariate analyses of morphology, pollen fertility studies, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to test the hypothesis that Nuphar × rubrodisca represents a natural interspecific hybrid between N. microphylla and N. variegata. Examination of 15 morphological characters demonstrated the intermediacy of N. × rubrodisca between N. microphylla and N. variegata, and the pollen data revealed a markedly lower mean pollen viability in N. × rubrodisca (23%) compared to the other two species (91 and 86%, respectively). Eight 10‐mer primers produced 13 species‐specific RAPD markers for N. microphylla and nine for N. variegata, with all 22 markers present in N. × rubrodisca. The data from RAPDs are concordant with morphology in implicating N. microphylla and N. variegata as parents of N. × rubrodisca.
Pollination biology in hybridizing Baptisia (Fabaceae) populations
Authors: Leebens‐Mack Jim , Milligan Brook G.
Published: April 2006

In their classic study, Alston and Turner (American Journal of Botany, vol. 50, 159–173, 1963) documented extensive hybridization among four morphologically distinct Baptisia species native to East Texas. While Alston and Turner found putative F1 hybrids in great numbers, they found no evidence of backcrossing. In this study prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers between two of these species, B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa, were investigated and found to be quite weak. Flowering times overlap and bumble bees were observed visiting both species and intermediate hybrids. While pollinator constancy in flights between B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa was moderately strong, significant levels of constancy were not observed in flights involving hybrids and either parental species. Thus, backcrossing was not impeded by pollinator behavior. Further, hybrid pollen was highly stainable (93.5%) and able to effectively set seed in crossing experiments with both parental species. Pollinator behavior was compared in experimental populations with and without hybrid ramets and found to differ between these two treatments. Hybrids were found to facilitate pollinator movement between species. In total, these results suggest that reproductive isolation is not responsible for the rarity of backcrossing in naturally hybridizing B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa populations.
Analysis of amino acids in nectar from pitchers of sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae)
Authors: Dress William J. , Newell Sandra J. , Nastase Anthony J. , Ford John C.
Published: April 2006

Sarracenia purpurea L. (northern pitcher plant) is an insectivorous plant with extrafloral nectar that attracts insects to a water‐filled pitfall trap. We identified and quantified the amino acids in extrafloral nectar produced by pitchers of S. purpurea. Nectar samples were collected from 32 pitchers using a wick‐sampling technique. Samples were analyzed for amino acids with reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with phenylisothiocyanate derivatization. Detectable amounts of amino acids were found in each of the 32 nectar samples tested. Mean number of amino acids in a nectar sample was 9 (SD = 2.2). No amino acid was detected in all 32 samples. Mean amount of amino acids in a nectar sample (i.e., amount per wick) was 351.4 ng (SD = 113.2). Nine amino acids occurred in ≥ 20 of the 32 samples (aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, methionine, serine, valine) averaging 263.4 ng (SD = 94.9), and accounting for ~75% of the total amino acid content. Nectar production may constitute a significant cost of carnivory since the nectar contains amino acids. However, some insects prefer nectar with amino acids and presence of amino acids may increase visitation and capture of insect prey.