bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mixed Protein Diet at the Upper End of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Protein Increases Renal Fibrosis in the Pig Model
Authors: Aukema Harold , Jia Yong , Hwang Sun Young , House James , Ogborn Malcolm , Weiler Hope , O Karmin
Published: June 2021

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein has been set at 10‐35% of energy. The current study assessed the consequences of long‐term consumption of a mixed high protein diet at the upper end of the AMDR on the pig kidney.

Methods

Using whole protein sources, adult female pigs were given either normal (NP, 15% of energy) or high protein (HP, 35% of energy) isocaloric diets for 4 or 8 months. The protein in the NP diet was derived from animal and plant sources in a 2:1 ratio; the increased protein in the HP diet was achieved by increasing egg and dairy protein. Glomerular volume and renal fibrosis were quantified by image analysis. The renal inflammatory marker monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and the growth factor transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGFβ1) were determined by ELISA.

Results

Pigs given the HP diet at 4, but not 8 months, had lower body weights and body fat, higher renal MCP‐1 levels and a trend towards higher glomerular filtration rates. At 8 months, kidney and glomerular volume, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were significantly higher in pigs given the HP diet, while proteinuria and renal TGFβ1 expression did not differ.

Conclusion

Despite the potential benefits on body composition, long‐term intakes of protein at the upper limit of the AMDR may compromise renal health in healthy female pigs. Supported by CIHR.
Comparison of two ready‐to‐eat cereals as partial meal replacements in a 2‐week weight loss plan
Authors: Serra M , Beavers K , Moreillon J , Hudson G , Shelmadine B , Jitomir J , Curts C , Deike E , Byrd M , Culbertson J , Leeke P , Vela F , Rasmussen C , Greenwood M , Campbell J , Beiseigel J , Jonnalagadda S , Kreider R
Published: June 2021

Studies show rapid weight loss with short‐term use of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) breakfast cereals as partial meal replacements. This study was designed to compare 2 wk weight loss from partial meal replacements of Special K® Original (Kellogg Company) vs. a calorie‐matched whole grain control cereal (General Mills, Inc.). Overweight women (42±11 y; 31.7±4 kg/m2) were randomized to either Special K® (n=32) or control (n=32). All subjects were instructed to replace their usual breakfast and lunch or dinner with a 100 kcal serving of cereal, 2/3 c skim milk and fruit daily for 2 wks. Body weight, DEXA body composition, and circumference measurements were obtained at 0 and 2 weeks and were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. After 2 wks, women lost 2.9±2.6 lbs (p<0.001), with the control group losing significantly more weight than Special K® (‐3.6±2.9 lbs vs. ‐2.2±2.0; p=0.026). Women reduced waist circumference (‐0.4±1.0 in; p=0.003), with no significant difference between groups. No significant effects of time or group were observed for fat mass, % body fat or hip circumference. Results show that replacing two meals daily for 2 wks with a 100 kcal serving of either Special K® Original or a whole grain RTE cereal, served with skim milk and fruit, can help reduce body weight and waist circumference. Supported by General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition.
Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation by Glyceollins
Authors: KIM Jong‐Sang , Kim Hyo Jung , Lee In Ae , Lim Ji Sun , Seo Ji Yeon
Published: June 2021

Glyceollins (I, II and III) are metabolites of the well‐studied isoflavone dadzein, and they appear to have different bioactivity from the isoflavones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glyceollin‐enriched soybean on adipogenesis. Biosynthesis of glyceollins were induced in soybean cotyledons by inoculating with Aspergillus sojae. Cell proliferation and differentiation were determined by MTT assay and Oil Red O staining, respectively. Proliferation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocyte was promoted in a dose dependent manner by extracts of soy noninoculated‐ or inoculated with the fungus. Inoculated soybean extract inhibited differentiation of preadipocyte into adipocyte at the concentration of 500 ug/ml or higher. To confirm whether adipocyte differentiation by soy extract is due to glyceollins, the effect of purified glyceollins on lipid metabolism including the expression of PPAR‐gamma, PPAR‐alpha, and FAS has been evaluated.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in human Mono Mac‐1 cells
Authors: Poirier Samuel , Boudreau Judith , Boudreau Luc , Surette Marc E
Published: June 2021

The human monocyte‐like Mono Mac‐1 (MM‐1) cell line is a good model to study the differentiation of monocytes toward a macrophage‐like phenotype. In this study, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism in untreated and LPS‐differentiated MM‐1 cells was investigated. When MM‐1 cells were incubated with various n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA, they were efficiently elongated and desaturated through the delta‐6 and delta‐5 desaturase steps with some capacity to convert 22:4n‐6 and 22:5n‐3 to 22:5n‐6 and 22:6n‐3, respectively. The cells could also retroconvert 22:4n‐6 and 22:5n‐3 to 20:4n‐6 and 20:5 n‐3, respectively. When cells were differentiated to a macrophage phenotype, they were more enriched in 20:4n‐6 and 20:5n‐3. Additionally, differentiated cells accumulated 2‐fold more 20:4n‐6 and 6‐fold more 20:5n‐3 compared to undifferentiated cells when incubated with their 18‐carbon precursors. Similarly, retroconversion to 20:4n‐6 and 20:5n‐3 from their 22‐carbon counterparts was also more efficient in differentiated cells. Since 20:4n‐6 and 20:5n‐3 are substrates for the 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO), its expression was also investigated. 5‐LO mRNA was increased 10‐fold following differentiation as determined by qPCR, and protein content increased from undetectable levels as assessed by Western blots. Differentiated cells also acquired the capacity to synthesize leukotriene B4 following ionophore stimulation. In conclusion, PUFA metabolism of MM‐1 cells is modified following differentiation and these cells may represent a good model to investigate changes in PUFA and eicosanoid metabolism that accompany human monocyte‐macrophage differentiation. (Supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Canada Research Chairs).
Consumption of a novel flaxseed and canola oil blend favourably improves serum lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic subjects
Authors: Gillingham Leah G , Jones Peter J
Published: June 2021

The objective was to analyze the lipid‐lowering potential of diets rich in a flaxseed and canola oil blend (FCO) versus canola oil (CO) compared with an average Western dietary fat profile (WD). Hyperlipidemic subjects (n=36) consumed 3 treatment diets consecutively for 28 d separated by 4 wk washouts, using a randomized crossover design. Controlled diets fed under supervision contained 35% energy (En) as fat, 70% of which was provided by FCO, CO or WD. Dietary fat profile of SFA, MUFA, PUFA omega‐6, and PUFA omega‐3 was 6, 16, 4.5, 7.5% En for FCO; 6, 22, 5, 1% En for CO; and 11.5, 16, 6, 0.5% En for WD, respectively. After 28 d, compared with WD, LDL‐cholesterol was reduced by 14% with FCO (3.07 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P<0.001) and 11% with CO (3.17 ± 0.12 mmol/L; P<0.001). Total cholesterol (TC) was reduced by 10% with FCO (5.11 ± 0.13 mmol/L, P<0.001) and 6% with CO (5.34 ± 0.14 mmol/L; P<0.001) compared with WD. Endpoint TC also differed between FCO and CO (P<0.05). FCO consumption reduced both HDL‐cholesterol by 7% (1.28 ± 0.06 mmol/L; P<0.001) and LDL:HDL ratio by 5% (2.62 ± 0.17; P<0.05) compared with WD. Triglycerides were 10% lower after FCO (1.65 ± 0.14 mmol/L; P<0.05) and 11% lower after WD (1.63 ± 0.16 mmol/L; P<0.01) than after CO (1.84 mmol/L ± 0.18). It is concluded that consumption of a FCO blend provides effective lipid‐lowering beyond that of CO in hyperlipidemic subjects. Supported by Flax and Canola Councils of Canada and ARDI.
Regular eggs and lutein‐enriched eggs increased macular pigment density without changing plasma lipids
Authors: Ata Shymaa M , Barona Jacqueline , Ratliff Joseph , Kim Jung Eun , Al‐Sarraj Taif , Leite Jose O , Volek Jeff S , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

We recruited 14 subjects (11 women and 5 men) aged 40‐70 y old to evaluate the effects of regular egg and lutein‐enriched eggs on plasma lipids and macular pigment density (MPOD). All subjects consumed the equivalent of 7 eggs/wk and they were randomly allocated to egg substitute (SUB, 0 mg cholesterol, 0 mg lutein per d), regular eggs (EGG, 213 mg cholesterol, 200 µg lutein per d) or lutein‐enriched eggs (L‐EGG, 213 mg cholesterol, 6 mg lutein per d). We measured weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, skin carotenoids, MPOD and plasma lipids both at baseline and after 6 wk. There were no changes in body weight or systolic and diastolic blood pressure for all subjects. Plasma triglycerides did not change between baseline and 6 wk. There were also no changes in total cholesterol, LDL‐C, HDL‐C or skin carotenoids between baseline and 6 wk. However, MPOD was significantly increased for both the EGG (0.27 ± 0.04 at baseline to 0.39 ± 0.09 6 wk) and the L‐EGG (0.39 ± 0.10 at baseline and 0.46 ± 0.12 at 6 wk) (P < 0.01) while no changes were seen for the egg substitute group (0.41 ± 0.09 at baseline and 0.42 ± 0.07 at week 6). These results confirm that egg is a good vehicle for dietary carotenoid absorption and that increased dietary lutein correlates with MPOD and not with skin carotenoids. The results also indicate that consuming one egg per day did not raise plasma cholesterol in this group of subjects [Supported by the American Egg Board]
Variation of dietary lysine:arginine ratio does not affect cholesterol biosynthesis in hypercholesterolemic individuals
Authors: Harding Scott V , Vega‐Lopez Sonia , Rideout Todd C , Matthan Nirupa R , Ausman Lynne M , Lichtenstein Alice H , Jones Peter J
Published: June 2021

It has been suggested that the low lysine:arginine (L:A) ratio of plant protein sources confers cardio‐protective benefits by lowering circulating cholesterol concentrations, modulating cholesterol kinetics and endothelial function via the L‐Arg‐NO pathway . However, the evidence supporting lipid modulation by altering the amino acid profile of the diet is indirect and has not been consistently demonstrated in humans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether varying the dietary L:A ratio modifies cholesterol kinetics in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Subjects (n=14) were fed a high L:A (L:A = 0.7; mostly vegetable protein‐based) or low L:A (L:A = 1.4; mostly animal protein‐based) diet for 5 weeks, in a randomized crossover design at the HNRCA at Tufts University. Blood lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and fractional cholesterol synthesis were measured at the end of each dietary phase. Cholesterol biosynthesis, as measured by deuterium incorporation, did not differ (P > 0.05) between low L:A (8.4±3.5 %/day) or high L:A (8.2±2.1 %/day) diets. No changes were observed (P > 0.05) in serum total, VLDL, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apoA1 or apoB concentrations in response to either dietary treatment. In conclusion, low L:A ratio diets do not affect cholesterol biosynthesis or lower serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Funding: NIH/HL 58008.
A high fat diet failed to enhance the progressive development of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in middle‐aged non human primates (NHPs)
Authors: Hansen Barbara C , Linden Ellen , Newcomb Jennifer D , Pellizzon Michael A , Shamekh Rania
Published: June 2021

NHPs, with a lifetime on a "healthy" low fat diet, nevertheless, frequently develop obesity, MS and T2DM, fully like those in humans. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a high fat/high cholesterol diet (HFHC) vs the standard low fat/low cholesterol diet (LFLC)) would enhance the development of MS in middle‐aged NHPs. The diets were: HFHC 35% kcal CHO, 45% fat, and 20% protein, 0.25% cholesterol by wt (Research Diets, Inc. RD #D07110401); and LFLC: 68%, 13%, 18%, 0.008% ; respectively (LabDiet 5038). 28 NHPs, 50% male, were fed ad libitum either HFHC or LFLC. 7 of the 14 NHP tolerated the HFHC diet for a minimum of 3 months, and showed no changes in total calorie intake, body weight, triglyceride or HDL cholesterol levels, but had significantly increased total and LDL cholesterol compared to baseline (TC: 357 ± 39 vs 166 ± 8.4 mg/dl; p<0.001) and to the LFLC diet (163.7 ± 9.9 mg/dl; p<0.001). However, 7 monkeys fed the HFHC developed intolerance to the diet 2 to 10 days after its initiation. Early lipid changes in the diet intolerant were not different from those of the HFHC tolerant monkeys, and there were no changes in serum chemistry values.

Conclusion

The high fat/high cholesterol diet had no effect to increase calorie intake or to produce weight gain, and altered none of the features of MS, but significantly increased total plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in NHPs.

Supported by NIA HHSN2532008002C and RD, Inc.
Carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome parameters in Emirati subjects: Comparisons with the American Dietetic Association (ADA) Diet
Authors: Al‐Sarraj Taif , Saadi Hussein , Calle Mariana C , Volek Jeff S , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased dramatically in the United Arab Emirates. We examined the effects of a carbohydrate restricted diet (CRD) in 39 overweight/obese Emirati subjects (15 male/ 24 female) 18 to 50 y classified with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). All subjects were prescribed a CRD for 6 wk (energy distribution: 23% CHO: 24% protein: 52% fat). During this period all subjects experienced significant decreases in weight (P< 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.0001), waist circumference (WC) (P < 0.0001), plasma triglycerides (TG) (P< 0.0001), glucose (P < 0.0001) and blood pressure (P < 0.001). However, there were no changes in HDL or LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C). In addition, all subjects had increases in adiponectin (P < 0.01) and decreases in insulin (P < 0.01). Following the initial 6 wk, 20 subjects were randomly assigned to continue with the CRD and 19 were switched to the ADA diet (30%fat: 55%CHO 15% protein) for additional 6 wk. Comparisons between groups indicated that subjects consuming the CRD had lower TG (P < 0.01), lower BMI (P < 0.01), lower WC and plasma insulin (P < 0.01) at wk 12 compared to those in the ADA group. All subjects had a decrease in LDL‐C at wk 12 and no changes in HDL‐C. These results confirm the unique benefits of a CRD on markers of MetS in Emirati subjects. The improvement in MetS parameters was greater in subjects who continued a CRD compared to those who switched to a conventional diet emphasizing fat restriction.
Ready‐to‐eat Oat Cereal, as Part of a Reduced Energy Diet, Reduces Low‐density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Adults
Authors: Maki Kevin C. , Beiseigel Jeannemarie M. , Jonnalagadda Satya S. , Reeves Matthew S. , Farmer Mildred V.
Published: June 2021

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of consuming a whole‐grain ready‐to‐eat (RTE) oat cereal (containing 3 g/d of oat beta‐glucan), compared with low‐fiber control foods, during a 12‐week weight loss program. Recommendations included a low‐fat, portion controlled diet (~500 kcal/d deficit) and encouragement to increase physical activity in 144 free‐living, overweight and obese adults (body mass index 25.0‐45.0 kg/m2) with elevated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C, mean baseline value was 155 mg/dL). During treatment, LDL‐C was reduced significantly more in the RTE oat cereal group vs. controls (‐8.7 vs. ‐4.3%, p=0.005). Total‐C (‐5.4 vs. ‐2.9%, p=0.04) and non‐HDL‐C (‐6.3 vs. ‐3.3%, p=0.05) were also lowered more with RTE oat cereal, while HDL‐C and triglyceride responses did not differ between groups. Weight loss was not different (‐2.2 vs. ‐1.7 kg, p=0.32), but waist circumference decreased more (‐3.3 vs. ‐1.9 cm, p=0.01) with RTE oat cereal than in the control condition. Significantly larger responses for waist, LDL‐C, total‐C and non‐HDL‐C were evident as early as week 4. These results indicate that consumption of a whole‐grain RTE oat cereal has favorable effects on plasma lipids and waist circumference when consumed as part of a weight loss program by overweight and obese men and women. Funded by General Mills Bell Institute of Health & Nutrition (Minneapolis, MN).
Development of Natural Products for Lowering Blood Lipids
Authors: Wang Yanwen , Jia Xiaoming , Ghanam Khadija
Published: June 2021

Although many natural products are available for lowering blood lipids, their efficacies are relatively low. Developing new products or improving the efficacy of current products is in demand. Recently, a great interest has arisen in the lipid‐lowering effect of plant alkaloid, berberine (BBR). Plant stanols (PS) are another class of natural compounds that are widely used to lower blood cholesterol. Because PS and BBR reduce cholesterol through distinct mechanisms, it is interesting to know how BBR and PS affect blood cholesterol when provided in combination. We have conducted several studies in hamsters and rats to determine the effect of BBR and PS alone and in combination on plasma cholesterol levels. The results demonstrated that the combination of BBR and PS substantially improved the cholesterol‐lowering efficacy through a synergistic inhibition on intestinal cholesterol absorption. Gene expression of intestinal ABCG5 and ABCG8 were also synergistically lowed by the combination of BBR and PS, indicating that the inhibition of cholesterol absorption by BBR and PS was independent from sterol transporters, ABCG5 and ABCG8. In addition, BBR and PS synergistically reduced plasma triacylglycerides. These findings suggest that the combination of BBR and plant stanols is a promising approach to the development of new natural product that can efficaciously lower both cholesterol and triacylglycerides.
Short‐term effects of caloric beverages and drinking water on macronutrient metabolism
Authors: Stookey Jodi D , Klein Alexis
Published: June 2021

Drinking water instead of caloric beverages may promote weight loss by lowering total energy intake, and possibly also altering metabolism. We reviewed data from randomized, controlled crossover studies of various carbohydrate‐electrolyte solutions and water to summarize what is known about short‐term effects of drinking water and caloric beverages on macronutrient metabolism. Available studies primarily involve healthy, young, normal‐weight, athletes, and address questions related to exercise performance. Despite differences in experimental conditions between studies (i.e. differences in type, volume and timing of test beverages, exposure to heat stress, dehydration, exercise, and food), across studies, drinking water consistently results in lower blood glucose, insulin, and respiratory quotient, and higher free fatty acid levels and fat oxidation, compared to caloric beverages. Studies are needed to confirm whether similar effects hold true for other population groups and study conditions, particularly for sedentary, overweight individuals wanting to burn fat and lose weight. It remains to be determined if drinking water instead of caloric beverages decreases the glycemic response to a meal and increases postprandial fat oxidation in overweight individuals at rest.

Research support: Unrestricted grant from Danone
Effects of capsaicin on the lipid metabolism and gene regulation in differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Lee Mak‐Soon , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim Yangha
Published: June 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of capsaicin on the lipid metabolism and gene expression in differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Capsaicin did not show any effect on the 3T3‐L1 cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Intracellular lipid accumulation was significantly decreased by the addition of capsaicin. Glycerol and free fatty acids release into the medium significantly increased by the addition of capsaicin. The expression of PPAR‐γ, CEBP‐α and aP2 genes, which are involved in adipogenesis, was significantly down‐regulated by capsaicin treatment. However, mRNA levels of HSL, CPTI‐α and UCP2 genes involved in lipid oxidation, were significantly increased by capsaicin treatment. These results suggested that capsaicin may enhance lipolytic activity through modulation of gene expression involved in lipolysis and thermogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cells. "This work supported by the Food Nanotechnology Development Project (2007) and KOSEF (No. M10510130005‐08N1013‐00510)."
Alpha linolenic acid increases cholesterol efflux via regulation of stearoyl CoA desaturase in foam cells
Authors: Zhang Jun , Vanden Heuvel John , Kris‐Etherton Penny
Published: June 2021

Epidemiologic studies indicate that higher alpha linolenic acid (ALA) intake is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Stearoly CoA desaturase (SCD) is a rate‐limiting enzyme in lipogenesis by converting saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids. Increased SCD activity is related with obesity, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. There is some evidence that SCD1 also is involved in the cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, important mediators of the atherogenic plaque. The current study was conducted to investigate the regulation of SCD1 by ALA and its contribution to cholesterol efflux. To induce foam cell formation, RAW 264.7 macrpohages were treated with oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL). ALA treatment significantly decreased SCD1 mRNA expression by 88% in foam cells. ALA protein also was reduced by ALA treatment tested by western blot. In addition, ALA treatment induced a small yet significant increase of cholesterol efflux in foam cells. An increased cholesterol efflux also was observed in SCD1 knock down macrophage stable cell line. In overexpression SCD1 macrophage stable cell line, the cholesterol efflux was significantly decreased. We conclude that ALA increases cholesterol efflux via inhibition of SCD1 and would be beneficial to atherosclerosis regression via increasing efflux from lipid ladened foam cell.
Association of folate status and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C→T polymorphism with global DNA methylation in US women
Authors: Quinlivan Eoin P. , Zhu Jianghui , Maneval David , Kauwell Gail , Bailey Lynn B.
Published: June 2021

Background

In Italian subjects, leukocyte DNA methylation is ~60% lower in those with the MTHFR 677 TT genotype who are folate deficient (plasma folate <12 nmol/L) compared to folate replete or deficient CC subjects, or to replete TT subjects (PNAS, 2002; 99: 5606‐11).

Aim

To examine global methylation status by folate status and MTHFR 677 C→T genotype in the US.

Methods

Plasma folate and MTHFR 677C→T genotype were determined in US women (n=405; age=36.1±9.2 y). To account for the higher plasma folate concentrations in the US, TT subjects were grouped by plasma folate concentration into quintiles. CC subjects, pair‐matched by plasma folate concentration, were used as controls. Leukocyte DNA from the two lowest (Q1: <11.5 nmol/L; Q2: 11.7‐15.3 nmol/L) and the highest (Q5: >28.4 nmol/L) plasma folate quintiles were analyzed for global DNA methylation by LC‐MS/MS using [U‐15N]‐internal standards.

Results

DNA methylation was similar among plasma folate quintiles and by CC and TT genotype, e.g., Q1/TT‐genotype (4.54±0.32%) vs Q5/CC‐genotype (4.59±0.40%).

Conclusion

Within the constraints of the assay (intra‐assay %CV <2.5%) there appears to be no appreciable effect of folate status or MTHFR 677C→T genotype on global DNA methylation ‐ the variability between groups was less than the inter‐subject variability within groups.
Glutathione S‐transferase gene polymorphisms and vitamin C
Authors: Cahill Leah , Fontaine‐Bisson Bénédicte , El‐Sohemy Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) have been shown to affect fasting serum ascorbic acid (vitamin C) concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine whether three common polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes modify the serum ascorbic acid response to dietary vitamin C. Non‐smoking men and women (n= 1016) aged 20‐29 completed a 196‐item food frequency questionnaire that was used to estimate vitamin C intake, and provided a fasting blood sample for genotyping and determining serum ascorbic acid concentrations by HPLC. A significant diet‐gene interaction was observed for the GSTT1 polymorphism (p = 0.04). After adjusting for caloric intake, sex, ethnicity, season, c‐reactive protein and BMI, the Spearman correlation between dietary vitamin C and serum ascorbic acid was 0.36 (p<0.0001) for the GSTT1*0/*0 genotype and 0.14 (p=0.01) for the GSTT1*1/*1 + *1/*0 genotypes). Average serum ascorbic acid concentrations (mean ± SE) were higher among individuals with the GSTT1*1/*1 + *1/*0 than those with the GSTT1*0/*0 genotype (28.8 ± 1.1 versus 25.4 ± 1.5μmol/L) (p= 0.04, adjusted for caloric intake, sex, race, season, c‐reactive protein and BMI). No significant diet‐gene interactions were observed for GSTM1 (p=0.59) or GSTP1 (p=0.72). Our findings suggest that GSTT1 genotypes modify the serum ascorbic acid response to vitamin C intake.

Grant Funding Source

Advanced Foods & Materials Network
Forms of copper secreted by human mammary epithelial cells in response to lactational hormones
Authors: Rivera Maricruz , Kim Stephen , Le Van Sara , Beck Albert , Rojas Ben , Michalczyk Agnes , Ackland Leigh , Mason Andrew Z. , Linder Maria C.
Published: June 2021

Mammalian milk contains ceruloplasmin, but little is known about additional forms in which copper is provided the infant by this fluid. A human mammary epithelial cell line (PMC42) with the characteristics and hormone responsiveness of normal mammary cells (Michalczyk et al, J Histochem Cytochem 56: 389, 2008) was employed to begin to address this issue. Polarized PMC42 cell monolayers with tight junctions, grown in bicameral chambers with and without lactational hormones, were supplied with 64Cu‐labeled Cu attached to purified plasma proteins (albumin and alpha‐2‐macroglobulin) on the basal side. Apical secretions were collected at various times thereafter. Ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of the secretions indicated that 10‐30% of the 64Cu was attached to 3 components in the range of 1‐2 kDa. The rest was with major and minor components of ~160 and 800 kDa, respectively. The 800 and 1‐2 kDa components increased with hormone treatment. Stable Cu components of similar sizes were detected via SEC/HPLC directly coupled to ICP‐MS, but with domination of the low molecular weight forms. Ceruloplasmin was detected in the secretions by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The results suggest that in addition to ceruloplasmin, several other forms of copper are secreted by mammary epithelial cells into the milk. Supported by PHS Grant No. RO1 HD 46949.
Plasma selenium levels in gastroenterological surgical patients of Buenos Aires
Authors: Zago Liliana , González Infantino Carlos , Danguise Eduardo , Callegari Mariana , Piñeiro Adriana , Río María Esther
Published: June 2021

Selenium, an essential micronutrient involved in the antioxidant defense, has a relevant importance in the surgical patient because its situation of high oxidative stress. Information of nutritional status in Argentina is very scarce, particulary in surgical patients. In this study selenium measurements were performed in plasma samples from 42 adult patients before programmed gastroenterological surgeries by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean±SD of the whole group was 49.7±18.8, with a range between 16.3 and 107.6 μg/L. According with the reference range of 89‐114 μg/L, only 1 patient had an acceptable value and 21 patients (50%) had values below 55 μg/L, related to a higher rate of mortality by other authors. Levels were affected by inflammation: 57.6±19.5 in patients with PCR <0.5 mg/dl (n=20), 46±15.9 when PCR 0.5‐1.0 (n=12) and 38.5±14.7 μg/L when PCR >1.0 mg/dl (n=10) (P=0.0197, ANOVA test). Complications appeared in 17 patients; no association between plasma levels and complications was founded (50.6±16.1 vs 49.2±20.8 μg/L in complicated and uncomplicated patients, respectively) .Plasma concentrations of selenium have been considered the most sensitive index of short‐term changes in selenium status. The low values founded in this study alert about possible consequences of deficiency, but since half of the group had inflammation, a long‐term selenium status marker, as erythrocyte selenium, would be of value to define the real magnitude of deficiency. Supported by UBACyT B090.
The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the improvement of skin status in young adults
Authors: Lee Bog‐Hieu , Kim Mi‐Young , Cho Kyung‐Dong , Baek Ok‐Hee , Jeon Eu Sun , Kim Eun Jin
Published: June 2021

The study investigated the effect of coenzyme Q10(CQ10) supplementation on the skin status of young women for 6 weeks. Subjects were divided into four groups of 8 each: placebo control, low CQ10(LCQ, 30 mg/d), medium CQ10(MCQ,60 mg/d), high CQ10(HCQ, 120 mg/d). The study included survey questionnaires, skin status, and blood chemical analyses. The subjects had bad dietary habits like irregular meal eating, skipping meal, snacking and alcohol drinking often. The subjects responded most important ingredient for good skin was vitamins and lipid. After the CQ10 supplementation, overall skin status of the groups given CQ10 showed the tendency to improve in moisture, elasticity, evenness, wrinkles, sebum, spot, and pore size compared to the placebo control, although the statistical significance had shown only in elasticity. In terms of the level of CQ supplementation per se, MCQ and HCQ seemed to be better in effectiveness of skin improvement, but MCQ appeared to be better and consistent effects on most of the variables of the skin status rather than that of HCQ. In blood chemicals, MDA level of CQ groups tended to be lower than that of placebo. From the findings, the supplementation of CQ10 might be effective in improving skin status and possibly lower MDA levels of blood.
Nature's packaging and organization of carotenoids in watermelon and cantaloupe chromoplasts
Authors: Fish Wayne W.
Published: June 2021

As a means to better understand factors influencing the bioavailability of carotenoids from natural sources, the properties of plant‐derived precipitates of watermelon lycopene and cantaloupe β‐carotene were examined in an aqueous environment. Electron microscopy and chemical analyses revealed that carotenoids from both plant sources were packaged inside membranes to form chromoplasts. Watermelon chromoplasts ranged in apparent diameter from 0.1 to 6 μm while cantaloupe chromoplasts ranged in apparent diameter between 0.1 to about 1 μm. The chromoplasts could be made more water soluble by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); only SDS in its monomeric state appeared to bind to the membrane to effect solubilization. Binding measurements indicated that about 120 molecules of SDS were bound to the watermelon chromoplast membrane per molecule of lycopene inside the chromoplast. Around 90% of the chromoplast‐SDS complexes from both sources were retained on a 0.45 μm membrane filter. Carotenoid‐containing melon chromoplasts that were dispersed in aqueous SDS obeyed Beer's law indicating that this system can be used for quantification of lycopene in watermelon or β‐carotene in cantaloupe. Chromoplasts in SDS exhibited pronounced circular dichroic activity at visible wavelengths; this is consistent with the carotenoid monomers being assembled into a chiral aggregate inside the membrane.
The vitamin D transport protein Dab2 is expressed in prostate and colon epithelial cells and modulated by all‐trans‐retinoic acid.
Authors: Ternes Shantel B , Rowling Matthew J
Published: June 2021

Disabled‐2 (Dab2) is an adapter protein, that along with the membrane receptors megalin and cubilin, is essential for uptake of protein‐complexed 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25D3) in the kidney. Previously, we showed that mammary epithelial cells (T‐47D) also express Dab2, megalin, and cubilin and internalize vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP) by receptor‐mediated endocytosis. Moreover, induction of Dab2 and megalin (protein and mRNA) by the differentiating agent all‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA) correlated with increased DBP uptake in mammary cells. A number of other absorptive epithelial tissues also express Dab2, which suggests that these tissues are capable of internalizing the 25D3‐DBP complex. In the present study, we examined the expression of Dab2, megalin, and cubilin in prostate epithelial (PC‐3 and LNCaP) and colon epithelial (Caco‐2) cancer cells and their ability to internalize DBP. Our preliminary results indicate that PC‐3 and Caco‐2 cells express Dab2 (mRNA and protein) and this expression was markedly enhanced when cells were treated with 10 μM RA. Taken together, these are the first studies to our knowledge that have characterized a potential role for Dab2, megalin, and cubilin in the uptake of vitamin D in prostate and colon cells. Supported by NIH 5R03CA128091‐03 and Iowa State University Experiment station to MJR.
A post‐weaning Western‐style diet exacerbates early programming of cardiovascular disease in low birth weight Yucatan miniature pigs
Authors: Myrie Semone B , McKnight Leslie L , van Vliet Bruce N , Cheema Sukhinder K , Bertolo Robert F
Published: June 2021

We developed a Yucatan miniature pig model to study whether low birth weight increased the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Runt piglets (<800g) (n=6) were paired with the largest same sex littermate (>1100g) (n=6) and fed milk replacer to 31 d‐old and then fed standard chow ad lib. At 9 mo, pigs were fitted with catheters for oral fat tolerance test, and blood pressure (BP) telemeter for continuous BP measurement. At necropsy, kidneys were removed and glomeruli counted. The results indicated early programming of CVD in the runts via nephrogenesis and altered lipid metabolism; runts had 43% less nephrons, higher BP, higher fasting plasma and 2.5x higher hepatic triglycerides (TG), and 25% slower postprandial TG clearance (P<0.05). We then sought to determine the impact of a chronic postnatal Western‐style diet on early programming of CVD. Another 6 pairs of runts and large siblings were weaned from milk replacer on to a diet that was high in fat, sugar, and salt. CVD markers were exacerbated by the Western‐style diet; diastolic BP (108 vs 96, P<0.05), and fasting TG were increased (~70%) by diet and remained higher in runts vs large (P<0.05). In summary, small birth weight leads to the development of risk factors for CVD, which is further exacerbated by a Western‐style diet. Thus, nutrition strategies throughout life are important for prevention and management of chronic diseases. (Support: CIHR, ILSI)

Grant Funding Source

CIHR, ILSI
Sweetened beverage restriction in schools is associated with adequacy of facilities and personnel resources
Authors: Jones Sonya J , Chu Yong , Frongillo Edward A
Published: June 2021

Schools sell sweetened beverages to children in the face of mounting evidence that sweetened beverages are harmful to child health. Recent recommendations suggest that schools only offer healthy alternatives to sweetened beverages for sale in schools. Schools' ability and motivation to adopt these recommendations are tempered by the need to generate revenue through beverage fundraising efforts. In this study, we examine the relationships among schools' federal funding, personnel, and facilities resources and school administrators' reports of the availability of sweetened beverages and healthy alternative beverages in the school environment using data from 1,327 schools in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten Cohort 5th grade panel. Overall, we found that schools with greater resources are more likely to report that sweetened beverages and healthy alternatives are offered for sale outside of the meals programs. These findings suggest that beverage sales in schools are a result of not only the need for fundraising, but also the capacity to organize and plan beverage fundraising, the discretionary income of students, and other factors associated with greater resources in the school. To restrict beverage sales in schools, multifaceted policy interventions that address funding needs and fundraising practices will be needed.
Validation of a Stereo Vision Body Imaging System for Assessment of Obesity
Authors: Pepper Reese , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne , Xu Bugao , Yu Wurong
Published: June 2021

Current methods to determine body fat are limited by expense and bulkiness of the devices. The purpose of this research was to validate a recently developed, portable stereo vision imager for evaluation of body fat. Measurement by this 8‐camera stereo vision system was compared to hydrodensitometry and air‐displacement plethysmography in 77 Caucasians and Hispanics (33.51±1.11 yr). Participants fasted for 4 hours before undergoing measurement of body volume. The mean Body Mass Index of the subjects was 27.60±0.60, ranging from 18.6 to 39.8 kg/m2. Body volume measurement corrected for thoracic gas volume after stereo vision or air‐displacement plethysmography and residual volume with hydrodensitometry were applied to the Siri equation to determine percent body fat. Estimates of body volume were closely related between stereo vision, air‐displacement plethysmography, and hydrodensitometry (means 76.42±2.05, 77.95±2.09, and 77.33±2.08, respectively, r>0.997, p<0.01). Furthermore, percent body fat results had a strong relationship between methods (r>.756, p<0.01). These results suggest that this stereo vision imager is a valid measure of body volume and percent fat. Supported by NIH 1 R21 DK081206‐01.

Grant Funding Source

NIH NIDDK
Increasing exposure to nutrition and physical activity in African American (AA) preschool children utilizing Head Start programs in Detroit: Baseline descriptors from the Healthy Kids, Healthy Lives project
Authors: Brogan Kathryn , Yeh Yulyu , Akil Nesrine , Khosla Pramod , Danford Cindy , Jen K‐L Catherine
Published: June 2021

Shaping the food and exercise environment during early childhood is a critical need. The Healthy Kids Healthy Lives (HKHL) project was developed to instill principles of healthier preferences and behaviors for young children. HKHL provides daily 30‐minute exercise or nutrition classes for six Detroit Head Start preschools. Preliminary data included BMI, lipid profile, frequency of food intake, food preference assessment using a nutrition picture game, and perceptions of healthfulness of pairs of foods. A convenience sample of 123 preschool children (57% male, 99% AA), revealed 8% underweight, 60% normal weight, 13% overweight and 19% obese. Prevalence of both overweight and obesity was higher than the national average; 17% had a borderline/high total cholesterol (TC), 29% did not meet HDL recommendations, 6% had triglyceride levels above 150 mg/dl and 16% had a borderline/high LDL. BMI was positively correlated with TC (r = 0.20, p<0.05), LDL ( r = 0.24, p<0.05) and non‐HDL (r=0.24 p<0.01). A trend (p=0.1) toward higher scores in reported frequency of healthier food consumption was found in the under and normal weight children compared to the overweight and obese children. No difference was found in food preference or perceptions of healthfulness based on weight. The goal of the HKHL program is to impact these high‐risk preschool children through daily exposure to healthy lifestyle practices.
Assessment of health status among members of two African Americans churches from eastern North Carolina
Authors: Pawlak Roman , Colby Sarah
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess blood lipids profile, blood pressure (BP) and weight status of African Americans participating in a faith‐based nutrition intervention program.

Study Design

Blood lipid profile (total [TC], LDL [LDL] and HDL cholesterol [HDL]), BP, BMI, and % of body fat assessment was conducted at two church locations.

Sample

Participants (n = 62) had the mean (SD) age = 55.86 (9.4). Fifty‐two were females and most (75%) had at least some college education.

Principal Findings

About 18% of participants had TC 200‐239mg/dl and about 12% had TC > 240mg/dl. Approximately 63% had LDL > 100mg/dl and about 76% had HDL < 60mg/dl. More than half (50.1%) had a systolic BP = 140 and almost 57% had diastolic BP = 80. More than 90% were either overweight or obese (BMI = 25) with almost 71% being obese (BMI = 30). Mean (SD) BMI was 39.78 (6.99). Statistically significant differences in the mean score of diastolic BP (F(df = 1) = 14.04; p < 0.000) and HDL (F(df = 1) = 4.75; p < 0.037) were found. Females had higher mean diastolic BP (85.6 vs. 74.4) and lower HDL values (37.6 vs. 48.8). No statistically significant difference in the rate of BMI = 25between males and females was found (Chi‐square (df = 1) = 0.737; p < 0.617).

Conclusion

The results indicate that this population could benefit from a comprehensive lifestyle intervention with special focus on weight loss.
Food Insecurity is Associated with Monthly Income in Botswana, Africa
Authors: Campa Adriana , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Tsalaile Lesedi , Dusara Priti , Bussmann Hermann , Masouei Hoda , Raesi Mpho , Makhema Joe , Burns Patricia J , Li Yinghui , Sales Sabrina , Marlink Richard , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

Botswana reports one of the highest rates (24.1%) of HIV‐infection in the general population in the world. Since HIV‐infection is associated with nutritional abnormalities, we determined the levels of income that place patients at the highest risk for food insecurity and poor nutritional intake, in order to assist in identifying those at the highest need for food assistance programs.

Methods

After consenting, 751 HIV infected asymptomatic patients were included in the analysis. Clinical, demographic and food security questionnaires were administered. Two 24‐hour recalls were averaged for each participant. Levels of income were ranked.

Results

The average monthly income range was significantly lower for women (300 to 600 pulas, p<0.0001) than men (600 to 1,000 pulas). Those with monthly income <300 pulas had significantly less access to food (p=0.0195), used more non‐governmental food assistance (p=0.0481), and had lower caloric intake (1514.2±713 vs. 1702.7±689 kcal, p=0.009) than those with incomes > 1000 pulas.

Conclusion

There was a significant association and higher risk for food insecurity, lack of food availability, utilization of non‐governmental food aid and inadequate nutrition in those with monthly income of <300 pulas (~$35.79 USD). Food assistance programs need to be targeted to HIV patients at these low income levels.

Supported by NIDA
Comparison of body composition and nutrient intake of low‐income Hispanic/Latina women receiving foods from a food pantry versus receiving food from a food pantry and other food programs
Authors: Burns‐Whitmore Bonny , Ramirez Basthy , Kessler Lisa , Lewis Douglas
Published: June 2021

Studies indicate that low‐income women may be at risk for nutritional inadequacies, and it is feasible that multiple food sources may be associated with obesity and over‐consumption of nutrients. Low‐income female subjects were recruited from a food pantry located in a low‐income area in Pomona, CA. Twenty‐five low‐income Hispanic/Latina women were measured for height and weight, and body composition was measured with a body impedance analyzer (Tanita 310‐GS). The Latina women also filled out a validated food frequency questionnaire (Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire) in either English or Spanish (n=13). Latinas obtaining food from one source (a local food pantry) were compared with Latinas obtaining food from the food pantry as well as receiving food from government or private sources. Results indicate that there are no statistical differences in age, BMI, body composition; number of people in household, number of children in household, and percent DRI of energy nutrients, vitamins and minerals in both Latina groups. Further analyses revealed that there are no statistical differences in age, BMI, body composition; the number of people in household, number of children in household, and percent DRI of energy nutrients, vitamins and minerals in all races of low‐income females (n= 50) obtaining food from the food pantry as well as receiving food from government or private sources. Our findings suggest that multiple food sources do not necessarily contribute to body composition or BMI differences in low‐income women.
Maternal perceptions of infant size and appetite and restrictive feeding style associated with rapid weight gain and overweight by 12 months
Authors: Black Maureen M , Hurley Kristen M
Published: June 2021

Background

Infant weight gain may be influenced by maternal perceptions of infant size and appetite and maternal feeding styles, in addition to actual infant size.

Objective

To examine how maternal perceptions of infant size and appetite are related to maternal feeding styles and to infant weight gain.

Methods

Infant weight measured at birth and 12 mos. in a statewide sample of 522 WIC infants. Rapid weight gain (RWG) = > 1 sd change in wt‐age, overweight (OWT) = wt/len > 85th percentile. Feeding styles and maternal perception of infant size and appetite assessed by telephone survey between 1‐12 mos (mean = 7 mos). Logistic regression models used to predict RWT and OWT.

Results

At 12 mos., 38% experienced RWG and 33% were OWT. Regardless of infant age, maternal perceptions of a heavy, hungry baby and a restrictive feeding style were related and significantly predicted both RWT and OWT at 12 mos. Birth weight was negatively associated with RWT and positively associated with OWT.

Conclusion

Maternal perception of infant size and appetite are related to feeding style and together, they predict weight gain at 12 mos, regardless of birth weight. Interventions to promote healthy weight gain during infancy should include considerations of maternal perceptions and feeding styles.
Smaller children of 2 years from food insecure households have more prevalence of anemia and stunting in rural Mexico
Authors: Garcia‐Feregrino Raquel , Mejia‐Rodriguez Fabiola , Neufeld Lynnette , Domínguez‐Islas Clara
Published: June 2021

Objective

to evaluate the relationship between household food security (FS) and the prevalence of anemia and stunting in poor children from rural Mexico.

Methods

Data were collected as part of a large survey conducted in small rural communities in 9 states in Mexico. A 14 item FS questionnaire was applied to 5,662 to mother of smaller children of 2 year for whom height and weight measurements were available. For the present analysis households were classified as food secure or food insecure and the relationship with anemia and stunting examined using logistic regression after adjustment for age.

Results

A total of 1,241 households (21.9%) were classified as food secure and 4,421 (78.1%) as food insecure. Prevalence of stunting and anemia were significantly different (p<0.001) in unadjusted analysis between children from food secure (stunting: 16.2%, anemia: 28.9%) and food insecure (stunting: 21.9%, anemia: 34.0%) households .After adjustment for age, children from insecure households were more likely be stunted (OR 1.43, 95%CI 1.21‐1.69, p<0.001) and anemic (OR 1.28, 95%CI 1.11‐1.47, p<0.001) than those from food secure household.

Conclusions

We found an association between household food insecurity and prevalence of stunting and anemia. In further analysis is necessary to explore other aspects of well‐being, health and education to the nutrition taken by Oportunidades program.