bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Feasibility of Blinding Residency Programs to USMLE Step 1 Scores During GME Application, Interview, and Match Processes
Authors: Smith Kathy W. , Amini Richard , Banerjee Madhulika , Clemens Conrad J.
Published: March 2021

Background

With the recent announcement that Step 1 score reporting will soon change to pass/fail, residency programs will need to reconsider their recruitment processes.

Objective

We (1) evaluated the feasibility of blinding residency programs to applicants' Step 1 scores and their number of attempts throughout the recruitment process; (2) described the selection process that resulted from the blinding; and (3) reviewed if a program's initial rank list, created before scores were known, would be changed before submission for the Match.

Methods

During the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 recruitment seasons, all programs at a single sponsoring institution were invited to develop selection criteria in the absence of Step 1 data, and to remain blinded to this data throughout recruitment. Participating programs were surveyed to determine factors affecting feasibility and metrics used for residency selection. Once unblinded to Step 1 scores, programs had the option to change their initial rank lists.

Results

Of 24 residency programs, 4 participated (17%) in the first year: emergency medicine, neurology, pediatrics, and psychiatry. The second year had the same participants, with the addition of family and community medicine and radiation oncology (n = 6, 25%). Each program was able to determine mission-specific qualities in the absence of Step 1 data. In both years, one program made changes to the final rank list.

Conclusions

It was feasible for programs to establish metrics for residency recruitment in the absence of Step 1 data, and most programs made no changes to final rank lists after Step 1 scores were known.
Protocol optimisation for micropropagation of Ethiopian yam
Authors: Birhan D. , Obssi D. , Mulugeta K.
Published: March 2021

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a monocotyledonous tuber forming tropical vine, which belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae, and genus Dioscorea. Yam is well known for medicinal properties, as well as nutritional values. Conventional propagation of yam is limited by low propagation rates; hence, in vitro propagation provides the best alternative to overcome such limitations. The objective of this study was to optimise a protocol for in vitro micro-propagation of Ethiopian yam (D. alata, bulcha variety). Explants were obtained from young leaves of bulcha variety, and sterilised using different concentrations of NaOCl, for different time exposures. Sodium hypochlorite (1%) at 15 minutes exposure time, showed 100% survival of explants. The combination of 0.5 BAP with 1mgl-1 NAA was the best concentration for shoot induction. For shoot multiplication, BAP at 1.5 mg l-1 gave the highest shoots per explants (7.28±0.07), with shoot length of 8.72±0.43 cm. MS medium with 2.0 mg l-1 NAA and 1.5 mg l-1 IBA gave the highest rooting percentage and root number (10.6±0.44), with a root length of 13.80±0.44. In vitro acclimatised plantlets,which were transferred to a greenhouse for hardening, had 90% survival rate on soil medium. Thus, for micropropagation of bulcha yam variety, MS + 1.5 mg l-1 and MS plus 2.0 mg l-1 NAA + 1.5 mg l-1 IBA is the best phytohormonal combination for shoot multiplication and invitro rooting, respectively.
Rethinking neutrality: a conceptual analysis
Authors: Watson Matt
Published: March 2021

This article attempts to determine whether there exists a coherent, plausible, and ultimately compelling explication of what it is to act neutrally. I argue that there is – an account I label neutrality of volition, and according to which an actor acts non-neutrally where she either acts for the purpose of differentially helping or hindering a particular party in a given contest, or acts or in the belief that there is a substantial likelihood that her action will have this effect. Along the way, I suggest that political philosophers concerned with whether justice requires that the state’s laws and policies be publicly justifiable, as well as legal commentators who note that oftentimes laws of general application have disparate impacts, would do well to cease framing their arguments in the language of neutrality. I conclude by arguing that debate over the proper interpretation of neutrality is not merely a matter of semantics. Having identified an account of neutrality that aligns with our ordinary understanding of the concept, and which is also internally consistent, we have access to a conceptual tool that we can use to make better sense of a wide array of actions in the political sphere and beyond, while also avoiding an unhelpful conflation of neutrality with distinct concepts such as fairness, public justifiability, anti-perfectionism, equal impact, and non-discrimination.
Review of Three Qualitative Studies of Family Presence During Resuscitation
Authors: Schmidt Bonnie
Published: March 2021

Despite recommendations to allow family presence during resuscitation, mixed attitudes and practices persist in clinical practice today. The findings of three recent qualitative research studies are presented in this review. These phenomenological studies explore the lived experience of family presence from different perspectives. Miller and Stiles (2009) describe the experiences of hospital nurses, Maxton (2008) focuses on parental perceptions, and Mcmahon-Parkes, Moule, Benger, and Albarran (2009) study the attitudes and beliefs of patients themselves. This article presents an analysis of these study findings and overall conclusions related to family presence during resuscitation.
Observing the Observer: Understanding Our Selves in Field Research
Authors: Manley Michelle
Published: March 2021

In Observing the Observer, Shulamit Reinharz (2011) provides students and the novice researcher with an insightful and descriptive framework in which to understand the theoretical underpinning of ethnographical studies. The author presents an outline for comprehending unidentified and identified characteristics of the researcher in the fieldwork setting, making the self an essential tool of fieldwork.
Qualitative Researchers in the Blogosphere: Using Blogs as Diaries and Data
Authors: Chenail Ronald
Published: March 2021

Weblogs or blogs can provide qualitative researchers with a medium for expressing their thoughts and opinions on qualitative research methods and products as well as serving as the source of data for qualitative studies. Present examples serve as exemplary guides to the potential value of this virtual communication application.
Exploring Authentic Leadership through Leadership Journey of Gandhi
Authors: Nair Beena Prakash , T Prasad , Nair Shreekumar
Published: March 2021

Leadership research will benefit from bringing in the subjective realities of becoming a leader by considering the leadership journey. Generating an understanding of how leaders turn episodes in time into meaningful subjective narratives helps shed light on the meaning-making process. We seek in this inquiry to understand self-awareness with a narrative meaning-making process. In this study, we adopt a narrative research approach for analyzing the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, who is widely acknowledged as an authentic leader. The study explores individual experiences of becoming a leader and factors leading to the manifestation of authentic leadership behaviour as well as followers’ outcomes. The study will also contribute towards the understanding of triggering events experienced by the leader at different points in life which have led to self-awareness.
Qualitative Research and Arts-Based Research: From Experiments to Empowerment
Authors: Cousik Rama
Published: March 2021

This is a review of the book, Empowering Students as Self-Directed Learners of Qualitative Research Methods, edited by Janet C. Richards and Wolff-Michael Roth (2019). Authors of the book include university faculty members and their students who share how they teach and learn to conduct qualitative research. Inclusion of international authors who describe how they use a variety of Arts Based Research methods and specific examples of steps in conducting and reporting qualitative research are some of the strengths of this book. In this review, I will focus on chapters that highlight the strengths of the book and its usefulness to the field of qualitative research.
The Effectiveness of Goksuradi Guggulu and Varunadi Kwath with Goksuradi Guggulu in the Management of Mutrasmari w.s.r. to Urolithiasis
Authors: Sabbu Thasineku  , Binod Kumar Singh  , D.L.Bharkher  , Sirjana Shrestha  , Raj Kishor Shah  , Shankar Gautam
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Mutrasmari is considered as Astamahagada in Ayurveda in which there is formation of stone in the Mutravaha srota. It is an ancient disease with global distribution. The symptoms of Mutrasmari are excruciating pain in urethra, ureter, urinary bladder and over umbilical region, haematuria etc and later that may lead to emergence by the obstruction in urination. Hence on the basis of pathology and its clinical presentation the disease is correlated with Renal calculus or Urolithiasis in modern Urology.

Methodology: 38 patients diagnosed as Mutrasmari were randomly divided in two groups as per the lottery system of randomization. The patients of Group A were given 1000mg Goksuradi guggulu twice a day for 45 days. The patients of Group B were given 1000 mg of Gokshuradi guggulu along with 45 ml of Varunadi kwatha twice a day for 45 days. The patients of both the groups were advised to follow the dietary regimen and lifestyle modification. The effect of the intervention was assessed before and after treatment.

Result: The treatment outcomes were statically analyzed and found that both treatment groups were significant in relieving the symptoms like abdominal pain, burning micturition, dysuria and expulsion of renal culculi. 100% relief  noted on Surudhir mutrata (Hematuria) where only single patient complaint had been registered as Hematuria in Group B. In case of Mutradaha (Burning micturation) there was mild improvement in group A and moderate improvement in group B. Similarly there was complete remission in Mahati vedana (Dysuria and Pain in abdomen) case in both Group A and Group B after the treatment. Conclusion: Gokshuradi guggulu along with Varunadi Kwatha shows more significant result than Gokshuradi guggulu.
Maternal depression and its correlates – a longitudinal study
Authors: Nabia Tariq  , Humera Naeem  , Ayesha Tariq  , Sajida Naseem
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective: To estimate the burden of Antenatal Depression (AND) and Postpartum Depression (PPD) and explore possible predictors of Perinatal Depression (PND).
Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology in Shifa International hospital and its community health care center in Islamabad, Pakistan from October 2018 to May 2019 after taking Ethical approval of institutional review board and ethical committee. It included 200 women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Women not consenting, chronic or critically ill, having psychological disorders, medical co morbid or on medications were excluded. Socioeconomic and obstetrical history was recorded on a separate Performa and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used for screening of depression in these women. SPSS was used for data analysis. Linear regression analysis was done to see the association between antenatal and postpartum depression scores.
Results: Women in postnatal period had higher Depression scores than women in antenatal period. 12.5% women had AND whereas 36.5% had PPD. Results also suggest that AND increases the risk of PPD. The results also imply that PPD scores are higher in women having unplanned pregnancies and multigravida. Moreover, women belonging to middle and lower class were more prone to PND.
Conclusion: It was concluded that AND was strongly associated with PPD indicating AND to be a significant predictor of PPD. Social class and parity are directly linked with prevalence of PND.
Continuous...
Analisis Logika, Riset, Kebenaran Dalam Pendidikan di Indonesia
Authors: Uswatiyah Wiwi , Aminah Siti , Sauri Sofyan , Fatkhulah Faiz Karim
Published: March 2021

The digital era provides its own meaning and consequences for the morale of the leadership group. This study aims to analyze the morals of Islamic leadership groups in the digital era based on a review of philosophy, psychology and sociology. A leader in the digital era is required to be compatible with the demands and needs of the times. Philosophically, the morale of the leadership group provides reinforcement in decision making or policy formulation. Psychologically, group morals give its own color to aspects of personality. Leaders must be able to influence their members so that they can jointly run the organization. Sociologically, the moral of the leadership group has similarities with the religious foundation. Everyone is required to be able to have and practice good group morals in various conditions. This kind of leadership is expected by many people. The challenge of social education leaders today is very hard to be able to provide awareness to students and educationists to be able to socialize and get used to completely online work.
La fascinación del deporte: Cuerpo, práctica, juego y espectáculo, Francisco V. Galán, (coord.)
Authors: Constante Alberto
Published: March 2021

Los autores de este libro: Francisco Galán Vélez, Hanz Ulrich Gumbrecht, Javier Martínez Villarroya, Gibrán Larrauri Olguín, Adrián Gómez Farías, Oscar Mendiola Cruz, Fernando López, Genevieve Galán, Diana Plaza, Daniela Pérez Michel, María Covadonga Soto, Fernando Auciello, Francisco Castro, Paula Arizmendi, Priscila Requiao, André Mendes, Mar- celo Moraes, Luis Guerrero, Dante Ariel Aragón, Eduardo de la Paz Castañeda, Mauricio Nakash y José Luis Barrios, escribieron sin reparos. Es un libro sorprendente, de grandes trazos e infinitas miras; nos habla del cuerpo, de la práctica, del juego y del espectá- culo, sobre todo, para tratar el tema del deporte.
Contextos per a l’aprenentatge inicial de la lectura i l’escriptura
Authors: Fons Esteve Montserrat , Turró Amorós Míriam
Published: March 2021

L’article parteix de la hipòtesi que ensenyar a llegir i a escriure és complex perquè hi intervenen diversos factors, cada un amb els seus marcs teòrics de referència i tots ells interrelacionats: factors lingüístics, evolutius, cognitius, socioculturals i emocionals.Al llarg dels últims quaranta anys i, un cop superada la discussió entre els mètodes sintètics i globals, la didàctica dels inicis de la lectura i de l’escriptura s’ha enfocat, en consonància amb les noves aportacions de la lingüística i de la psicologia, des de diferents perspectives. Se’n destaquen tres: la didàctica centrada en el text, la didàctica centrada en l’infant, i la didàctica centrada en el context. Actualment, la convivència d’aquestes tres perspectives a l’escola fa que molt sovint una s’imposi sobre les altres i que oblidem de com és de complex ensenyar a llegir i a escriure. Ara bé, de la reflexió sobre cada un d’aquests enfocaments, se’n deriven uns criteris generals que, tot i plantejar tensions, ens permeten abordar el treball de la llengua escrita, de manera que, quan els infants acabin el Cicle Inicial de Primària, ja tinguin adquirides les competències necessàries per a tenir certa autonomia i gaudir de la lectura i de l’escriptura.
Aprendizaje entre iguales y desarrollo profesional de los estudiantes en prácticas del Grado de Educación Primaria a través de los foros online
Authors: Martínez Izaguirre Miryam , Barrenetxea Minguez Lucía , Diaz Iso Ariane
Published: March 2021

Este trabajo presenta el impacto del empleo de los foros online sobre la mejora de los aprendizajes en las prácticas profesionales de los futuros docentes de Educación Primaria. Para ello, se analiza el uso de este recurso por parte de los estudiantes y su percepción sobre la utilidad e idoneidad de esta herramienta para lograr el máximo aprovechamiento de la experiencia de prácticas.Los resultados derivados del análisis cuantitativo de las interacciones registradas en los foros, así como del análisis cualitativo sobre las respuestas otorgadas a un cuestionario de carácter abierto orientado a recoger la valoración del uso del foro como herramienta de aprendizaje en el Practicum, revelan un elevado nivel de satisfacción con las posibilidades que este recurso ofrece. Entre las más destacables se sitúan: las oportunidades para la interacción y el aprendizaje entre iguales en un contexto de aprendizaje que por la distancia física limita procesos colaborativos; la calidad del apoyo y orientación recibidos en momentos de práctica que requiere una respuesta inmediata; las posibilidades para mejorar la regulación emocional ante situaciones de aprendizaje en entornos reales, así como profundizar en la reflexión sobre la práctica y las competencias docentes implementadas, indispensable para el desarrollo profesional.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Authors: David-west K. B.
Published: March 2021

...
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SAVANNAS IN THE 'MIDDLE BELT' OF NIGERIA
Authors: De Leeuw P. N.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
Balami Sheep: Performance in North-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Buvanendran V. , Adu I. F
Published: March 2021

Balami sheep is the largest indiginous breeds of sheep in Nigeria with a mature ewe weight of 43kg. The performance of this breed was studied using 454 lambing records of 142 ewes during a 6-year period. Lambing occurred throughout the year with a peak during the wet  season. First lambing was at 18 months of age and subsequent  lambing occurred at approximately 9 months intervals. Mean litter size increased from 1.02 at first lambing to 1.6 at 54 months years of age. Lambing interval was shorter by 50 days for lambing in the wet than in the dry season. Lamb mortality to 10 weeks of age was about 43%. Lambs born during the wet season those from primiparous ewes and twins had low survival rates. Mean birth weight was 3.3kg and weights at 4 and 10 weeks of age were 7.4 and 12.1kg respectively. Type of birth, age of dam and sex had significant effects on weights at all ages. Productivity of ewes estimated as weight of weaned lamb per kg metabolic weight per annum increased with the age of the ewe to about 55 months of age. Repeatability of litter size, lambing interval, birth and 10 weeks were 0.087, 0.091, 0.052 and 0.273 respectively.
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS FOR BODY WEIGHTS IN YANKASA SHEEP
Authors: HASSAN W. A. , DIM N. I. , OSINOWO O. A. , ABUBAKAR B. Y.
Published: March 2021

Using paternal half-sib (PHS) analysis, coefficients of genetic and phenotypic correlations be- tween body weights of Yankasa lambs at birth, weaning (three months), six months, nine months and one year of age were estimate. The highest genetic correlation coefficient of 0.33 was obtained between birth and yearling weight. Six- month weight had very low and negative genetic correlation with yearling weight (-0.04). Phenotypic correlation coefficients for the various body weights pairs were positive and mostly of medium magnitude (0.12 -0.47).
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN THE GREY BREASTED GUINEA FOWL (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas)
Authors: ONYEYILI P. A. , EGWU G. O. , JIBIKE G. I. , PEPPLE D. L. , OHAEGBULAM J. O.
Published: March 2021

The influence of seasons on the haematological indices were studied in the grey breasted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata pallas) in the arid zone of Borno State. Blood samples for haematological analysis were collected from the wing vein of the birds. The RBC counts and PCV values were significantly (P<0.05) increased during the hot weather period compared to the values obtained in the cold period. This increase may be due to decreased plasma volume resulting from increase in body water loss at high ambient temperatures
Application Of A Real-time Linear Array Ultrasound System To The Evaluation Of Live Cattle
Authors: Sonaya E. B. , Stouffer J. R. , Cross H. R.
Published: March 2021

A real time linear array ultrasound machine was assessed for bias accuracy and precision. A total of 51 heifers, and steers were scanned for fat thickness over the longissimus muscle, the shoulder and rump; for M. longissimus area between the 12th and 13th ribs; and marbling was subjectively evaluated from M. longissimus scans. Ultrasound data were compared with a live judging committee estimates and with carcass values obtained during USDA grading. Data adjusted for live weight were analysed by correlation and regression techniques. Ultrasound estimates of fat thickness were lower (P<.01) than carcass measurements. Shoulder fat thickness estimation was the lowest in precision and accuracy. The residual standard deviations of ultrasound estimates of fat thickness were not (P>.05) influenced by fat thickness and sex. Ultrasound estimates of M. longissimus area were not different (P>.05) from carcass values and were high in precision (RSD: 2.6 to 6.5cm2). The precision and accuracy of data collected by real time linear array ultrasound system indicate a potential for the application of the ultrasound technique to grading of livestock and carcasses.
Preliminary Toxicological Studies On 0, 0-diethyl, 0(2-isopropyl -6. Methyl - 4, Pyrimidinyl) Phosphorothioate (Diazinon) In Balami Sheep.
Authors: Onyeyili P. A. , Ameh F. A. , Paul B. S.
Published: March 2021

Toxicity studies of 0,0-diethyl-0-(2- isoprophyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate (DiazinonR) was carried out in the Balami breed of sheep. The agent was administered orally daily for one week at the rate of 20, 25 and 30mg/kg body weight to groups of sheep. The 30mg/kg dose produced transient clinical signs in the sheep. Diazinon inhibited plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase activity. The intensity of the inhibition was more with 30mg/kg dose and occurred as from day 3 and lasted till the end of the investigation 7 days post treatment. Leucocytosis was also observed with the 30mg/kg dose. There was no observable effect of the chemical on the RBC, Hb, and PCV values in sheep at the dosages used.
The Effect of Drought in the North Eastern State
Authors: Khalil I. M.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
The Effect of Drought on the National Meat Supply
Authors: Kano S. H.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
The Feeding Value of Five Different Hays As Fed to Sheep
Authors: Brinckman W. L.
Published: March 2021

In a feeding trial, five different roughages were compared viz: Chloris gayana, Andropogon gayanus, Stylosanthes guyanensis, S. humilis and Arachis hypogaea. The sheep were supplemented with half a kg of a high-energy and high-protein concentrate daily. Gains were rather poor, especially on the grass hays. Intake and gain on A. hypogaea were highest. The prices of the concentrates were too high for economical fattening. Local sheep compared well with crossbreds under these conditions
NITRATE AND NITRITE IN RUMINANTS' BROWSE LEAVES
Authors: Onwuka C. F. I.
Published: March 2021

The Nitrate (N03) and Nitrite (NO2) concentrations were determined in some 37 browse leaves usually fed to ruminants. Concentrations of nitrates obtained ranged from 0.00 to 2790 mg, 2050 mg and 1540 mg per 100 g DM respectively in the leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs/grass while those of nitrite were also from 0.00 to 840, 80 and 441 mg respectively. per 100 g DM of leaves. NO2concetration was generally lower than N03 in most of the leaves analysed. Feeding trials with goats indicated average NO2 intake of 5.25 to 415.75 mg/d/wkg0.734 while the respective DM intake values were between 22.34±5.01 and 85.36±3.78 g/d/Wkg0.734. Mortalities were not recorded ail through the experimental period.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALLHOLDER SHEEP AND GOAT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA: OBSERVATIONS FROM ANAMBRA STATE
Authors: Gefu J. O. , Alawa C. B. I. , Adu I. F. , Magaji S. O.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the results of a survey of sheep and goat producers in Anambra State, (present day Enugu and Anambra State), Nigeria. The sampled areas represent the agroclimatic and administrative zones of the oid Anambra State. A total sample size of 310 spread over 5 LGAS and 25 village areas was drawn. Only households which kept sheep and/or goats at the time of the study were sampled. Data generated included demographic characteristics of small stock owners, sheep and goat distribution by household, management practices and problems associated with current management systems, sources of feed by season and livestock disease profile. Results of analyses showed that ownership distribution of animals was skewed in favour of goats. The mean flock size per household was 2.4 and 6.2 sheep and goats respectively. About 22% of the households interviewed kept sheep alone, another 62% kept goats alone. Over 85% of respondents acquired their foundation stock from the open market, while others came from neighbours flocks. Most respondents expressed the desire to increase their holdings with more wishing to expand their goat herd size than sheep. However, feeding was most frequently mentioned as a limiting factor in increasing sheep or goat herd size. Household wastes and cut forages were the major sources of animal feed. There was a very low awareness level of agroforestry practices, Only 5.2% and 2.3% of the respondents had any knowledge of Intensive Feed Gardening (IFG) and Alley farming (AF) respectively. Reported Smallholder Sheep and Goats Management mortality was low less than 3.5% in all herds studied). Implications for improved small ruminant production in Nigeria's humid zone are drawn.
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS FED PERIWINKLE FLESH AND PALM KERNEL CAKE
Authors: OKON B. I. , OGUNMODEDE B. K.
Published: March 2021

Feeding 180 hyperco broiler chicks varying levels of palm kernel cake (PKC), fishmeal and periwinkle flesh, showed that 25% PKC fed along with either 2% fishmeal or 6% periwinkle flesh significantly (P<0.05) improved carcass traits while the experimental feeds had no significant effect on the abdominal fat pad level, but the birds had smaller heads and intestines.
THE PREVALENCE OF TRYPANOSOME INFECTIONS AMONG TRADE CATTLE IN SUBHUMID AND HUMID ZONES OF NIGERIA
Authors: Kalu A. U. , Uduebho M.
Published: March 2021

The prevalence of trypanosome infections among trade cattle in the sub-humid and humid zones of Nigeria was investigated during a twelve-month period. The infections were prevalent throughout the year and a mean infection rate 11.04% was recorded in both zones, among 1,775 selected cattle. In the more northern area of sub-humid zone (Kaduna), mean prevalence was 12.16% in 989 cattle and monthly figures ranged from 2.10% to 19.62%. Trypanosome vivax and 7 congolense contributed almost equally to the infections being responsible for 36.6% and 35%, respectively of all positive cases. The importance of T. vivax, however, increase in Gboko (in the humid zone) where it was responsible for 50% of the parasitaemia encountered. Monthly prevalence in Gboko averaged 9.46% and ranged between 4.17% and 16.88%. Peak infections were common at the beginning of the dry season. The difference in PCV between infected and non-infected cattle was significant (P<0.05) only in Kaduna where higher prevalence was also associated with increase differences in mean monthly PCV. T. brucei subspecies isolated from Gboko did not exhibit potentials for human infectivity: there were all T. brucei brucei, an animal pathogen.
EVALUATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN FOR FATTENING YANKASA RAMS
Authors: Yakuba I. M. , Umunna N. N. , Njoku P. C.
Published: March 2021

A 61-day experiment was conducted to assess the effect of feeding Palm Kernal Meal (PKM) as a substitute for maize and cottonseed cake (CSC) in the concentrate for fattening Yankasa rams. PKM replaced CSC wholly and maize at 0.33, 66 and 100% levels to give treatment 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively in a completely randomized design. The concentrates contained 0, 51, 52, 73, 26 and 95.25% PKM respectively.  Average daily gains (119-136g/d), dry matter intake (855-897g/day), feed efficiency (6.59-7.19) dry matter digestibility (70.56-77.23%) were not significantly affected by the treatments. However, crude protein digestibility (69.39-76.32%) was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by the treatment, with treatment 4 giving the highest value and treatment 1 the lowest. It was also observed that feed cost per gain (#30.59-#72.91/kg) declined significantly (P < 0.01) with increase in the levels of PKM. Based on the performance of the animals, it can be concluded that PKM can be used as both protein and energy sources for fattening Yankasa rams.
Caprine Pneumonia III. Biochemical Characterization and Serological types of pasteurellae
Authors: Ojo M. O.
Published: March 2021

TWO hundred isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and 8 isolates of P. multocida were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Among P. haemolytica strains, 6 different serotypes were found while 25 isolates were untypable. The 8 isolates of P. multocida belonged to the same serotype.
Mineral Composition of Serum from and Dermatophilus Infected Zebu Cattle Under Grazing Conditions in Nigeria
Authors: Kapu M. M
Published: March 2021

SERUM zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in Zebu cattle with dermatophilosis and in normal cattle under grazing conditions during the rainy season in Northern Nigeria. The mean serum Zn, Ca, Mg and K levels in cattle with dermatophilosis were found to be significantly lower than in normal cattle. The serum Zn, Ca and Mg values in Nigerian Zebu cattle during the rainy season appear to be lower than values found by most other workers for cattle found elsewhere. The converse is true for Cu and K. The differences in serum mineral values between Nigerian Zebu cattle and cattle in other countries may be due, among other reasons, to differences in the nutrient quality of the natural forages upon which grazing cattle subsist.
Comparative Physical Characteristics in the Indigenous Nigerian and Imported European Pigs
Authors: Fetuga B. I. , Babatunde G. M. , Oyenuga V. A.
Published: March 2021

THE Physical carcass characteristics of 100 indigenous Nigerian pigs (IND.) (50 gilts and 50 barrows), and 100 Large White x Landrace pigs with a similar sex ratio were compared. These were slaughtered at either one of five weights, 22.7, 34.0, 45.5, 56.8 or 68 kg live weight, in such a way that 10 gilts and 10 barrows of each breed were slaughtered at each of the predetermined slaughter weights. For the purpose of comparing sexual influences on physical carcass traits in the indigenous pigs carcass data were obtained on an additional group of 50 indigenous boars during the same period as the above it similar Slaughter weights involving similar numbers per slaughter weight. In a third experiment carcass data were collected on 40 pure Large White pigs (LW) (20 gilts and 20 barroWs) and 40 indigenous x Large White pigs (IND.XLW) also made up of 20 gilts and 20 barrows. A comparison was made between these and the data on a similar number of indigenous barrows and gilts. The results indicated highly significantly different (P <0.01). Proportions of lean and fat and significantly (P <0.05) different proportions of bone and skin in the carcasses of IND and LWXLD pig. The LWXLD pigs had more lean, and bone, less fat and skin, than the indigenous pigs. Carcass conformation was also clearly different in both breeds. The indigenous pigs had lower proportion of lean cuts and greater proportion of the fat cuts than the LWXLD pigs at all Slaughter weights. From 22.7 to 68 kg slaughter weights, the IND pigs were shorter, had thicker backfat, higher dressing percentage and smaller loin eye muscle area compared to the LWXLD pigs. Percentages lean, bone skin, ham, loin, shoulder and sum of four lean cuts decreased while percentages fat, fat cuts, trimmed fat and backfat thickness increased with increasing slaughter weights for both breeds. A comparison of carcass traits in the indigenous boars, barrows and gilts showed that the boars were leaner and had superior carcass conformation to the gilts which in turn were leaner than barrows. Crosses between the indigenous pigs and pure large White pigs were superior to the pure indigenous pigs in terms of carcass length, greater proportion of lean to fat and thinner backfat measurements, while they were inferior to the Pure Large White pigs in terms of these measurements.
NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY PREGNANT YANKASA SHEEP
Authors: Adu I. F. , Lakpini C. A. M.
Published: March 2021

Series of Nitrogen – balance trials were conducted during the last 6 weeks of gestation using nine adult Yankasa ewes aged about 242 years. The animals were fed a basal Digitaria smutsii hay diet supplemented with compounded concentrate ration ted at three levels of crude protein, viz 8.4, 15.6 and 19.1%. The estimated metabolizable energy concentration in the rations averaged 3.2 MJ/kg DM. Mean daily liveweight gains during the last third of pregnancy which were 125.7, 165.7 and 214.3g for the three treatment groups respectively were significantly (P< 0.05) affected by the level of crude protein fed. Nitrogen retention increased with dietary crude protein levels. There was a curvilinear relationship between N-intake and N-balance per unit of metabolic weight. The results showed that Yankasa ewes required 1.5g DCP/day/W0.75kg for maintenance and 7.48g DCP/day/Wkg0.75 for pregnancy.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF FRIESIAN CATTLE
Authors: Ologun A. G. , Umo I.
Published: March 2021

FIVE-year fertility records of imported Friesian cattle were analysed. The mean monthly distribution of live and still-born calves as well as calf birth weights showed no significant variations. While the overall mean age at first calving was 28.15 ± 4.57 months, the mean age at first calving of heifers born in February — April, May - July, August – October and November – January were 26.09 ± 3.27, 23.91 ± 1.31, 31.71 ± 4.21 and 28.04 ±3.67 months respectively. Some of these observed variations differed significantly (P < 0.01).
PERBANDINGAN METODE STANDAR NASIONAL INDONESIA DAN NON STANDAR NASIONAL INDONESIA DALAM PENENTUAN KADAR KARBOHIDRAT TOTAL
Authors: Nurfadilah Nurfadilah , Yuntarso Anton , Herawati Dheasy
Published: March 2021

Carbohydrates are a source of energy needed by the body because carbohydrates are an important food component. According to SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia), carbohydrate content in food must not be less than 60%. In this study, researchers wanted to compare the method of determining carbohydrate content according to SNI and according to AOAC (Non-SNI), both methods used Luff Schoorl, in the SNI method there was an addition of CH3COOH, whereas the Non-SNI method did not add CH3COOH. In this study a sample of a mixture of glucose, sucrose and NaCl was used. From the research results obtained indicate that there is a difference between the SNI method and Non-SNI method, where the Non-SNI method is better used at a 10% sample concentration with 250X dilution and 20% sample concentration at 500x dilution, whereas on the SNI method is better used at 30% sample concentration with 500X dilution, and the accuracy value obtained is 94.14% to 97.23%.
FORMULASI GEL EKSTRAK BATANG PEPAYA SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Putri Amalia Eka , Handayani Kristina
Published: March 2021

Infectious disease is an important disease in Indonesia. Infectious diseases can be caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Infectious diseases can be treated with antibiotics, but antibiotics now resistance.Therefore, other alternatives such as are needed papaya stem which can be used as an antibacterial against S.aureus ATCC 25923. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of papaya stem extract gel against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Papaya stem sample extracted using a method soxhletation with 96% ethanol. The extract was made into a gel dosage with a concentration of 5%. The positive control used is clindamycin and the negative control is gel without extract. The results of the papaya stem gel antibacterial activity test showed that the papaya stem gel had antibacterial activity against S.aureus ATCC 25923. The papaya stem extract gel preparation with a concentration of 5% had an average inhibition zone diameter of 18,56±0,51mm. The antibacterial activity is thought to come from the flavonoids, tannins, and saponins contained in the papaya stem fraction.
From Field to Phone: A Karst Camp Chronicle
Authors: Bosch Rachel
Published: March 2021

Abstract. During the summer of 2020, many geology field camps were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Karst Geomorphology field course I was scheduled to co-teach through Western Kentucky University. When the National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT) in collaboration with the International Association for Geoscience Diversity (IAGD) began the project of supporting working groups to create online field experience teaching material, I saw an opportunity. From my field camp syllabus, I created two activities that are now freely available as peer-reviewed Exemplary Teaching Activities on the Science Education Resource Center (SERC) Online Field Experiences repository: Karst Hydrogeology: A virtual field introduction using © Google Earth and GIS and Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology: A virtual field experience using © Google Earth, GIS, and TAK [Topographic Analysis Kit]. Each product includes a student handout, an instructor workflow reference, a grading, and NAGT-established learning objectives. The introductory activity is the more basic of the two, is expected to take about one 8-hour day to teach, and walks students through all the steps, as well as providing global examples of karst landscapes to virtually explore. The other activity, Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology, assumes student familiarity with © Google Earth, GIS, and karst drainage systems, and is expected to take about twice as long as the introductory activity to teach. To make these learning opportunities financially accessible, all software required for the activities is open-source and alternative workflows for the introductory module are provided so that the entire exercise can be completed using a smartphone. In addition to providing online capstone activities in the time of a pandemic, these activities provide alternative learning experiences to traditional field camps that are inclusive for all geoscience students. In my home department of the University of Cincinnati, I had been contacted by students needing to find capstone experiences when their field camps were cancelled. Responding to this need and providing a virtual alternative for years to come, I reviewed all SERC activities that had been generated during the NAGT/IAGD joint effort. I selected a subset of those to assemble into three learning tracks, each one providing learning hours equivalent to a traditional field camp, that have been added to the course offerings at the University of Cincinnati Department of Geology.
Behind the scenes of streamflow model performance
Authors: Bouaziz Laurène J. E. , Fenicia Fabrizio , Thirel Guillaume , de Boer-Euser Tanja , Buitink Joost , Brauer Claudia C. , De Niel Jan , Dewals Benjamin J. , Drogue Gilles , Grelier Benjamin , Melsen Lieke A. , Moustakas Sotirios , Nossent Jiri , Pereira Fernando , Sprokkereef Eric , Stam Jasper , Weerts Albrecht H. , Willems Patrick , Savenije Hubert H. G. , Hrachowitz Markus
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Streamflow is often the only variable used to evaluate hydrological models. In a previous international comparison study, eight research groups followed an identical protocol to calibrate 12 hydrological models using observed streamflow of catchments within the Meuse basin. In the current study, we quantify the differences in five states and fluxes of these 12 process-based models with similar streamflow performance, in a systematic and comprehensive way. Next, we assess model behavior plausibility by ranking the models for a set of criteria using streamflow and remote-sensing data of evaporation, snow cover, soil moisture and total storage anomalies. We found substantial dissimilarities between models for annual interception and seasonal evaporation rates, the annual number of days with water stored as snow, the mean annual maximum snow storage and the size of the root-zone storage capacity. These differences in internal process representation imply that these models cannot all simultaneously be close to reality. Modeled annual evaporation rates are consistent with Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) estimates. However, there is a large uncertainty in modeled and remote-sensing annual interception. Substantial differences are also found between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and modeled number of days with snow storage. Models with relatively small root-zone storage capacities and without root water uptake reduction under dry conditions tend to have an empty root-zone storage for several days each summer, while this is not suggested by remote-sensing data of evaporation, soil moisture and vegetation indices. On the other hand, models with relatively large root-zone storage capacities tend to overestimate very dry total storage anomalies of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). None of the models is systematically consistent with the information available from all different (remote-sensing) data sources. Yet we did not reject models given the uncertainties in these data sources and their changing relevance for the system under investigation.
HESS Opinions: Unsaturated infiltration – the need for a reconsideration of historical misconceptions
Authors: Germann Peter F.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Briggs (1897) deduced capillary flow from deviation of the
equilibrium between capillarity and gravity. Richards (1931) raised
capillary flow to an unproven soil hydrological dogma. Attempts to correct
the dogma led to concepts of non-equilibrium flow, macropore flow, and
preferential flow during infiltration. Viscous film flow is proposed as an
alternative approach to capillarity-driven flow during unsaturated
infiltration.
Oceanic response to the consecutive Hurricanes Dorian and Humberto (2019) in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Avila-Alonso Dailé , Baetens Jan M. , Cardenas Rolando , De Baets Bernard
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Understanding the oceanic response to tropical cyclones (TCs) is of importance for studies on climate change. Although the oceanic effects induced by individual TCs have been extensively investigated, studies on the oceanic response to the passage of consecutive TCs are rare. In this work, we assess the upper-oceanic response to the passage of Hurricanes Dorian and Humberto over the western Sargasso Sea in 2019 using satellite remote sensing and modelled data. We found that the combined effects of these slow-moving TCs led to an increased oceanic response during the third and fourth post-storm weeks of Dorian (accounting for both Dorian and Humberto effects) because of the induced mixing and upwelling at this time. Overall, anomalies of sea surface temperature, ocean heat content, and mean temperature from the sea surface to a depth of 100 m were 50 %, 63 %, and 57 % smaller (more negative) in the third–fourth post-storm weeks than in the first–second post-storm weeks of Dorian (accounting only for Dorian effects), respectively. For the biological response, we found that surface chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration anomalies, the mean chl a concentration in the euphotic zone, and the chl a concentration in the deep chlorophyll maximum were 16 %, 4 %, and 16 % higher in the third–fourth post-storm weeks than in the first–second post-storm weeks, respectively. The sea surface cooling and increased biological response induced by these TCs were significantly higher (Mann–Whitney test, p<0.05) compared to climatological records. Our climatological analysis reveals that the strongest TC-induced oceanographic variability in the western Sargasso Sea can be associated with the occurrence of consecutive TCs and long-lasting TC forcing.
The distribution and evolution of supraglacial lakes on the 79° N
Glacier (northeast Greenland) and interannual climatic controls
Authors: Turton Jenny V. , Hochreuther Philipp , Reimann Nathalie , Blau Manuel T.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Together with two neighbouring glaciers, the Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier (also known as 79 North Glacier) drains approximately 12–16 % of the Greenland ice sheet. Supraglacial lakes (SGLs), or surface melt ponds, are a persistent summertime feature, and are thought to drain rapidly to the base of the glacier and influence seasonal ice velocity. However, seasonal development and spatial distribution of SGLs in the northeast of Greenland is poorly understood, leaving a substantial error on the estimate of melt water and its impacts on ice velocity. Using results from an automated detection of melt ponds, atmospheric and surface mass balance modelling and reanalysis products, we investigate the role of specific climatic conditions on melt onset, extent and duration from 2014 to 2019. The summers of 2016 and 2019 were characterised by above average air temperatures, particularly in June, as well as a number of rainfall events, which led to extensive melt ponds to elevations over 1400 m. Conversely, 2018 was particularly cold, with a large, accumulated snowpack, which limited the development of lakes to altitudes less than 800 m. There is evidence of inland expansion and increases in the total area of lakes compared to the early 2000s, as projected by future global warming scenarios.
Mansplaining as Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Dular Nicole
Published: March 2021

“Mansplaining” is by now part of the common cultural vernacular. Yet, academic analyses of it—specifically, philosophical ones—are missing. This paper sets out to address just that problem. Analyzed through a lens of epistemic injustice, the focus of the analysis concerns both what it is, and what its harms are. I argue it is a form of epistemic injustice distinct from testimonial injustice wherein there is a dysfunctional subversion of the epistemic roles of hearer and speaker in a testimonial exchange. As these are roles of power and are crucial to our existence and functioning within epistemic communities, the wrong and harms suffered from this injustice are serious and, I argue, distinct from other types already discussed in the literature. I close by considering an alternative model of mansplaining as a form of silencing, as well as briefly diagnosing its general underlying cause and possible solutions.
Comparative Analysis of the Stability of Money Demand between Côte d’Ivoire And Ghana: An Application of ARDL Model
Authors: Ange-Patrick Yao Kouadio , Guy Hervé Drama Bédi
Published: March 2021

This paper empirically examined the broad money demand function and its stability in two West African countries namely Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana covering the period of 1980 to 2015 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing procedure. The empirical results confirm the stability of the money demand function and support the choice of M2 as a viable instrument for policy implementation in both countries cited above. The study also demonstrates that a long-run relationship exists between money aggregate (M2) and its determinants during the study period. In fact, the real income tends to be the most significant factor explaining the demand for broad money in both countries. In addition, the overall short run estimation of our model is statistically significant for Cote d’Ivoire and insignificant for Ghana at the conventional level. This means that money demand is stable for Cote d’Ivoire in short run and unstable for Ghana in the same period. It is recommended that monetary policy authorities should continue to implement policies that will reinforce macroeconomic stability and facilitate economic growth.