bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dark chocolate upregulated LDL receptor gene expression and downregulated fatty acid synthase expression
Authors: Shadwell Naomi , Hong Mee Young
Published: June 2021

Epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in antioxidants, such as dark chocolate, may delay the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD), number one cause of death in the United States. However, the mechanism is not understood well. The present study examined the effects of regular and bloomed dark chocolate on antioxidant capacity and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in Sprague Dawley rats. Regular dark chocolate group showed greater serum antioxidant capacities compared to those of control (no chocolate) and bloomed dark chocolate groups (P<0.05). Antioxidant levels of bloomed dark chocolate group were in the middle of those of control and regular dark chocolate groups. Both regular and bloomed dark chocolate groups decreased the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol compared to those of control (P<0.05). Regular dark chocolate group showed greater amount in HDL cholesterol compared to other two groups (P<0.05). Regular dark chocolate group downregulated fatty acid synthase and upregulated LDL‐receptor at transcription levels (P<0.05). Bloomed chocolate still retains some beneficial property of chocolate in lipid profiles but not in full efficacy. Dark chocolate is beneficial for improvement of the risk factors of CVD by its antioxidant activity and modulation of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism. Supported by CHNR08‐810 and SDSU NUTR 302L class.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Dehydroglyasperin C against Carbon Tetrachloride‐Induced Tissue Damage in Mice Model
Authors: Kim Jon‐Sang , Seo Ji‐Yeon , Kim Hyo‐Jung , Lim Ji‐Sun , Park Ji‐A , Nam Dae Hwan , Hong Ye‐Seul , Han Min Young , Lim Soon Sung , Park Jung Han Yoon
Published: June 2021

Our previous study showed that dehydroglyasperin C (DGC) isolated from licorice had antioxidant activity and induced phase 2 detoxifying enzymes in mouse hepatoma cells. This study was performed to investigate whether DGC enhance the expression of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes in vivo system and protect tissues from oxidative stress‐induced damage. Fifty ICR mice were divided into 5 groups, with 10 mice per group. Mice were injected with vehicle (control), carbon tetrachloride (0.6 mg/kg bw), DGC (5 mg/kg bw), or DGC plus carbon tetrachloride (at 2 different timings of DGC injection). After acclimation period of 2 weeks mice were injected with DGC at 15th day, carbon tetrachloride at 16th day and sacrifice at 17th day after beginning of the experiment. Dehydroglyasperine C induced quinone reductase activity in small intestine, large intestine and kidney in mice. Biomarkers for oxidative stress such as FRAP showed that DGC improved antioxidant potential in mice. Compared with mice injected with CCl4 alone, a group of mice simultaneously injected both DGC and CCl4 had reduced lipid droplet in liver, as assessed by histological examination. Also centrilobular liver injury induced by CCl4 injection was alleviated slightly by cotreatment with DGC. In conclusion, DGC appears to have hepatoprotective effect maybe through modulation of antioxidant enzymes such as quinone reductase.
Effects of Green Tea and EGCG on IL‐8 Inflammatory Responses in LPS and TNF‐α‐Induced, Differentiated HT‐29 Human Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Story Erica , Harris Gabriel
Published: June 2021

Colon cancer incidence has been linked to inflammation and lifestyle factors, including diet. Green tea (GT) and epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), the main flavonoid component of GT, have been reported to have anti‐inflammatory and cancer preventive effects in numerous model systems. Populations that consume GT have been found to have a reduced risk of colon cancer incidence, which is the reason for exploring the anti‐inflammatory effects of GT in this study. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of GT or EGCG on inflammation in a human colon cancer (HT‐29) cell line. Aqueous GT and EGCG extracts were prepared and matched for total phenol content by the Folin‐Ciocalteu method. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Differentiation was induced by sodium butyrate and confirmed by the alkaline phosphatase assay. Inflammation was induced in the HT‐29 cells by LPS 0127:B8 (1 ng/ml) and TNF‐α(100 pg/ml). Interleukin 8 (IL‐8) concentration was measured by ELISA. Results of the IL‐8 ELISA indicate that increasing levels of GT (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 mg/ml) and EGCG (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 mg/ml) cause a dose dependent decreases in IL‐8 concentrations after co‐treatment with LPS and TNF‐α. GT and EGCG demonstrated anti‐inflammatory effects in this cell line, suggesting potential benefits relative to human colon cancer.

This project was supported by the people of the state of North Carolina.

Grant Funding Source: North Carolina State Appropriations
Changes in small molecular weight biomarkers identified by NMR spectroscopy in response to dietary treatment with two conjugated linoleic acid isomers (c9,t11; t10,c12) in a murine collagen‐induced arthritis model
Authors: Huebner Shane , Butz Daniel E , Campbell James P , Cook Mark E , Assadi‐Porter Fariba
Published: June 2021

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to have anti‐inflammatory properties in a mouse model of collagen‐induced arthritis. After 42 days of dietary treatment, mice fed 0.5% c9,t11 or t10,c12 CLA exhibited reductions in clinical arthritic score (29% and 41% respectively) and paw swelling (36% and 73% respectively) compared to corn oil fed arthritic mice. The objective was to measure changes in metabolic responses to chronic arthritic inflammation while determining how the anti‐inflammatory properties of dietary c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA might improve or restore metabolic processes near normalcy as reporters of improved clinical signs of arthritis. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was utilized to profile changes in plasma metabolites between each treatment of arthritic and non‐arthritic mice. Total plasma amino acid levels (TAA) were significantly lower (33%, p<0.05) in arthritic corn oil fed mice compared to non‐arthritic mice in response to chronic inflammation. Although both CLA isomer treatments increased TAA in arthritic mice, only t10,c12 CLA restored TAA to normalcy of non‐arthritic mice. The improvement in plasma TAA in response to dietary treatment with c9,t11 or t10,c12 CLA reflect the intensity of each CLA isomer's anti‐inflammatory actions in clinical arthritic score and paw swelling.

This research was supported by a Hatch grant (142‐PRJ16AU‐4).

Grant Funding Source: Hatch grant (142‐PRJ16AU‐4)
Oleic acid enhances GPR43 and AMPKα in a muscle cell transdifferentiation model
Authors: CHUNG KI YONG , JOHNSON BRADLEY J
Published: June 2021

Circulating fatty acids is an essential energy source and modulate cellular metabolism. Recent reports have identified long and short chain fatty acids act as ligands for G protein‐coupled receptor 40, 41, 43, and 120. However, the mechanism of action of receptor mediated fatty acid binding and signal pathway is not well defined. We hypothesized that a population of pre‐ and postnatal muscle cells have unique characteristics to become an adipogenic differentiation. Addition of oleic acid (C18:1) to cultured C2C12 myoblast and 10T 1/2 pluripotent cell contained lipid droplets not only in single myoblasts but in fused myotubes. Relative C/EBPβ, PPARγ and SCD mRNA levels in C2C12 incubated with oleic acid was increased (P < 0.05) compared to other fatty acids (C18:0, C18:2, and C18:3) but myogenin was repressed. Phosphorylation of AMPKα and GPR43 protein abundance were increased with C18:1 treatment in C2C12 and 10 T1/2 cells. These data indicate that C18:1 appeared to upregulate genes necessary for the adipogenic pathway in C2C12 and 10 T1/2 cells. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between activation of GPR43, potentially by fatty acids, and the phosphorylation of AMPKα.
Lipin 1 represses NFATc4 transcriptional activity in adipocytes to inhibit secretion of inflammatory factors
Authors: Harris Thurl Eugene , Kim Hyun Bae , Kumar Anil , Wang Lifu , Keller Susanna R , Finck Brian N , Lawrence John C
Published: June 2021

Lipin 1 is a bifunctional protein that directly regulates gene transcription and, as a Mg2+‐dependent phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP), is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and triacylglycerol. Herein, we describe the functional interaction between lipin 1 and the Nuclear Factor of Activated T‐cells c4 (NFATc4). Lipin 1 represses NFATc4 transcriptional activity through direct protein‐protein interaction at the promoters of NFATc4 transcriptional targets in vivo. The suppression of NFATc4 transcriptional activity is independent of lipin 1 PAP activity, but may involve recruitment of histone deacetylases to target promoters. In fat pads from mice deficient for lipin 1 (fld mice) and in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes depleted of lipin 1 there is increased expression of several NFAT target genes including TNFα, resistin, FABP4 and PPARγ. Finally, both lipin 1 protein and total PAP activity are decreased with increasing adiposity in the visceral, but not subcutaneous, fat pads of ob/ob mice. These observations place lipin 1 as a potentially important link between triacylglycerol synthesis and adipose tissue inflammation. This work was supported by NIH grants DK28312 and DK52753 (to J.C.L.), DK078187 (to B.N.F.), and a P&F grant from DK063609 (to T.E.H.).
Regulation of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase in vivo
Authors: Elkins Dawn A. , Spurlock Diane M.
Published: June 2021

In an effort to understand the in vivo coordination of proteins involved in lipolysis, a model of transient negative energy balance is critical. This experiment utilized lactating dairy cows to determine whether changes in abundance of key lipid droplet proteins and lipases are associated with altered lipolytic rates in vivo. Four adipose tissue biopsies were collected from 26 cows during positive energy balance (prior to calving and at 151–161 days of lactation) and during negative energy balance (5–9 and 21–31 days of lactation). Perilipin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), phospho‐HSL, and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) were quantified by western blotting. Weekly blood samples were collected 3 weeks prior to parturition through 21–28 days of lactation and again at 151–161 days of lactation for analyses of serum metabolites. Elevated glycerol concentration (P<0.05) confirmed increased lipolysis during early lactation. Abundance of perilipin and HSL remained constant, but phospho‐HSL increased (P<0.03) at 5–9 days in lactation, consistent with stimulation of lipolysis via protein kinase A. In contrast, ATGL decreased during early lactation (P<0.01). Based on protein abundance, these results substantiate the emerging hypothesis that ATGL functions primarily under basal conditions. Supported by USDA‐CSREES, NRI project 2009‐35206‐05222.
Transcription factor HBP1 functions as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation
Authors: Chan Chien‐Yi , Chang Feng‐Tzu , Hung Hsiao‐Chi , Huang Chun‐Yin
Published: June 2021

Adipocyte differentiation is a complex process, involving many transcription factors. The transcription factor HBP1, a cell cycle inhibitor, is highly expressed in the adipose tissue in rat, but its role in adipocyte differentiation is not clear. The objective of the current study is to determine HBP1 as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. We found that HBP1 expression was not increased until the late stage in 3T3‐L1 differentiation. HBP1 knockdown with either HBP1 siRNA or shRNA in 3T3‐L1 cells accelerated cell growth in the Mitotic Clonal Expansion (MCE) stage, but impaired adipogenesis, suggesting that increased HBP1 expression in the terminal differentiation stage is needed for full adipogenesis. We then hypothesized HBP1 as a potential PPAR£^target during the terminal differentiation stage. GW9662 (PPAR£^antagonist) inhibited HBP1 promoter activity and decreased HBP1 mRNA expression, whereas TZD (PPAR£^agonist) activated HBP1 promoter. Taken together, HBP1 seems to function as a stage‐specific regulator during adipocyte differentiation. These findings will help characterize HBP1 as a novel biomarker for adipocyte differentiation and a potential biological target in obesity intervention.

Grant Funding Source: CMU95‐206
Obesity Induces Tissue‐Specific Changes in Lipid Peroxidation Defense Enzymes
Authors: Picklo Matthew J. , Idso Joseph
Published: June 2021

Lipid peroxidation is thought to be a component of obesity‐induced pathology. However, the tissue‐dependent changes in lipid peroxidation (LOOH) and LOOH defense mechanisms in response to obesity are unclear. In this work, we utilized 14‐week old male, obese Zucker rats and their control, lean littermates and measured levels of LOOH and LOOH defense enzymes in liver, visceral (peri‐renal) fat and sub‐cutaneous fat. Hepatic 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) protein adducts (a measure of LOOH) were elevated (12%) in the obese rats versus controls; whereas obesity significantly decreased HNE protein adducts (54%) in visceral fat. There was no effect of obesity upon the activities of the LOOH defense enzymes glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, and mitochondrial class 2 and 5 aldehyde dehydrogenases in these tissues. On the other hand, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was significant decreased (23%) in liver and adipose depots (>80%) in the obese rats. Specific activities of all LOOH defense enzymes were higher in liver than in adipose tissues in lean and obese animals. These data demonstrate that obesity has tissue‐dependent effects upon lipid peroxidation and LOOH inhibitory enzymes.

Supported by USDA/ARS
Family dysfunction and obesity in children aged 6 to 9 years old in Guadalajara, Mexico
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Sandoval‐Montes Imelda , Vásquez‐Garibay Edgar , González‐Rico José Luis , Martínez‐Ramírez Héctor , Sánchez‐Talamantes Eva , Troyo‐Sanromán Rogelio
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify the association between family dysfunction and obesity in children 6 to 9 years old.

Methods

Case‐control study that included children with obesity (cases, n = 64) with body mass index (BMI)> 95th percentile and triceps skinfold (TSF)> 90th percentile; and a control group (n = 120) with BMI less than the 85th percentile and TSF <90th percentile. Anthropometric measurements were made and a questionnaire assessing 8 areas of family dynamics was applied. We compared the frequency of family dysfunction among cases and controls with the x2 test and its association with obesity through the odds ratio.

Results

The categories “probably dysfunctional” and “dysfunctional” were more common in children with obesity, but the differences were not significant. The score of the areas “Dynamics of parents as a couple” (p = 0.053) and “Structure of authority in the family” (p = 0.061) were higher in the control (non‐obese) group.

Conclusions

Although no association was found between family dysfunction and obesity, we found a tendency to obesity in dysfunctional families. It is necessary to clarify whether these alterations can lead to an obesigenic environment. With support from the University of Guadalajara.
Identification of a potential role of K9‐biotinylated histone H3 in honeybee (Apis mellifera) development
Authors: Melendez Rocio Rodriguez , Bui Duc‐Cuong , Ellis Marion D , Johnson Reed M , Zempleni Janos
Published: June 2021

Diet plays a unique role in the development of honeybees. Larvae fed honey develop into worker bees, and larvae fed royal jelly develop into queens. We hypothesized that the binding of biotin to histones is an important epigenetic mechanism contributing towards bee development. First, we demonstrated that the biotin content in royal jelly (45 ± 9.3 nM) is significantly greater than in honey (1.7 ± 0.6 nM). Second we screened various tissues from bees with site‐specific antibodies to various histone biotinylation marks. Lysine‐9 methylated histone H3 (H3K9bio) was easily detectable; highest concentrations were observed in bee brain. The abundance of H3K9bio was about three times greater in brain from queens compared with workers. Currently, we are conducting biotin intervention studies to determine whether dietary biotin can cause shifts in the bee populations that develop into queens and larvae, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify genomic loci where H3K9bio is enriched in bee brains. Collectively, this study is consistent with the hypothesis that biotinylation of histones occurs in bees; that H3K9bio is the predominant biotinylation mark in bees; and that biotin plays a role in bee development. (Supported by UNL ARD Hatch Act funds, NIH DK063945, DK077816, DK082476 and ES015206, USDA CSREES 2006‐35200‐17138, and NSF EPSCoR EPS‐0701892.)
Using fitness devices and GPS (global positioning systems) technology in measuring energy expenditure and distance walked over flat and incline surfaces
Authors: Reed Rebecca G. , Mosqueda Martha I. , Going Scott B. , Orr Barron J. , Hongu Nobuko
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of five fitness devices (one GPS watch, two types of pedometers, and two types of accelerometers) in estimating distance and energy expenditure (EE), as compared to criterion values, while traversing two different surfaces: flat and inclined. All five devices are worn by each participant for each trial. For the flat surface, participants walked at two different speeds (5 km/hr, 3 km/hr) on a 400‐m outdoor track. For each speed, participants completed three 6‐minute trials. For the incline surface, participants climbed stadium stairs at 5 km/hr for approximately one minute and at 3 km/hr for approximately two minutes. To determine how much each device varies from the criterions (measuring tape for distance and RT3 accelerometer for EE) the difference between the participants’ mean scores and the criterion was calculated. Seven females and seven males (mean ± SD; age 22.1 ± 2.1 yr, mass 71.40 ± 15.91 kg, height 171.27 ± 12.47 cm, BMI 23.57 ± 2.84) participated in the study. All devices underestimated EE below the RT3 estimate (14.6 kcal to 49.4 kcal). There was more variability estimating distance, with a range of overestimating by 44.1‐m and underestimating by 6.7‐m. Both pedometers generated similar findings for EE and distance. To help people lose or maintain weight, it is important to consider when fitness devices over‐ or under‐estimate EE and/or distance.

Grant Funding Source: APS David S. Bruce Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Research
Chokeberry extract consumption inhibits weight gain by modulating adipogenesis, insulin signaling, and inflammatory related gene expression in adipose tissue in rats fed a fructose rich diet
Authors: Qin Bolin , Anderson Richard A
Published: June 2021

Chokeberries are a rich source of anthocyanins which may contribute to the prevention of weight gain and obesity. The aim of present study was to determine if an extract from chokeberries inhibits weight gain in rats fed a fructose‐rich diet (FRD, 60%) and explore the potential molecular mechanisms related to adipogenesis, insulin signaling, and inflammatory related pathways in epididymal adipose tissue (EAT). Chokeberry extract (CB, CellBerry®, 200 mg/kg daily) was added to the drinking water for 6 wks in rats made insulin resistant by feeding a FRD. Chronic CB intake lowered body weight gain, epididymal fat accumulation, blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL‐C in the FRD‐induced insulin resistant rats and improved glucose intolerance and elevated plasma adiponectin levels. Gene expression of adiponectin, PPARg, IRS1, IRS2, PI3K, and glycogen synthesis 1 were all improved by the CB supplement. The levels of adipocyte gene expression of inflammatory genes such as IL‐1b, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were lowered by CB. In summary, these results suggest that the chokeberry extract (CellBerry®) inhibited weight gain in FRD‐induced insulin resistant animals, and decreased risk factors related to insulin resistance by modulating multiple genes associated with adipogenesis, insulin signaling, and inflammation. (Funded by USDA/ARS CRADA No.58‐3K95‐7‐1184 with Integrity Nutraceuticals International).
Development of an instrument to measure manager attitudes toward workplace breastfeeding support
Authors: Chow Tan , Fulmer Ingrid , Olson Beth
Published: June 2021

Manager attitudes play a pivotal role in female employees' perceptions of breastfeeding support in the workplace. However, no instrument exists to assess manager attitudes toward supporting women wishing to combine breastfeeding with work. The objective of this study was to develop and pilot an instrument that measured manager attitudes toward workplace breastfeeding support. A modified version of an instrument development process was followed. Five focus groups were conducted to assess attitudes of managers on workplace breastfeeding and results were used to create subscales and items within each subscale. Survey design and item development was done iteratively. Experts' input was used to evaluate the instrument through content (n=20) and item fit (n=17). Individual cognitive interviews (n=8) were conducted with managers to ensure the appropriateness of the wording of each item. The resulting survey consisted of 4 subscales with 60 items measured in either dichotomous agree/disagree or four‐point Likert rating scale. The instrument development processes demonstrated that the subscales and items sufficiently reflect manager attitudes toward supporting breastfeeding in the workplace. Therefore, this instrument is suitable for piloting with a sample of managers to assess its validity as a measure of manager attitudes toward workplace breastfeeding support. Funded by: National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, grant number 2006‐35215‐16703
Some but not all breast‐fed infants benefit from iron supplementation
Authors: Friel James Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Full‐term healthy breast‐fed infants in Newfoundland Canada have previously been shown to benefit from iron supplements early in infancy by increasing developmental motor scores (Friel et al., J. Pediatrics, 2003). To test this hypothesis in another Canadian province, 82 infants in Manitoba were randomized to receive 7.5 mg of supplemental iron as ferrous sulphate (I) or placebo (P) once a day from 1 to 6 months of age. All infants were breast‐fed at one month of age and were encouraged to continue exclusive breast‐feeding to 6 months before introducing solid foods. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture at 4 and 12 months of age. Anthropometric and demographic data was collected at 1, 4, 6 and 12 months of age when a Bayley Developmental assessment was conducted. Although P infants weighed more at birth (P: 3.63 ± 0.4 vs. I: 3.42 ± 0.5 kg P<0.05) this difference did not persist after one month of age. At 4 months ferritin (I: 110 ± 91 vs. P: 75 ± 48) was higher and transferrin receptors (I: 20 ± 4.4 vs. P: 22 ± 6) were lower in the iron‐supplemented group. At 4 months GPx was higher (I: 10.7 ± 3 vs. P: 9.3 ± 2) which did not persist to 12 months. Bayley MDI (P: 99 ± 9 vs. I: 97 ± 10) and PDI (P: 91 ± 14 vs. I: 92 ± 14) did not differ. These results suggest that full‐term healthy breast fed infants from an advantaged population will increase iron stores when given iron supplements with no adverse effects on growth but gain no advantage for developmental outcome at one year. Supported by CIHR and MICH.
Compliance of energy and protein intake correlates with changes in renal functions of patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Chen Mei‐En , Hwang Shang‐Jyh , Chen Hung‐Chun , Huang Meng‐Chuan
Published: June 2021

Dietary energy and protein play important roles in progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) This study investigated association between compliance of energy and protein intake and changes of renal functions in CKD. Adult patients (n=377) diagnosed with CKD 3–5 stages were recruited and continuously received nutrition education by registered dietitians during a mean of 1.5 years. Dietary energy and protein intake were characterized based on a ratio (IR) of actual vs.recommended intake by registered dietitians X100%. Fair dietary compliance was defined as energy IR% ≥90% and protein IR < 110% and poor compliance as energy IR% < 90% and protein IR ≥110%. Distribution of patients with fair dietary compliance increased from 41.7% at baseline to 58.3% after a mean of 1.5 year follow‐up (p<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, increases in every 100 kcal energy intake per day was positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (beta=0.465, SE=0.161, p=0.004) and negatively associated with creatinine (beta=−0.083, SE=0.032, p=0.011) after 1.5 year follow‐up. In contrast, increases in every 7 grams of dietary protein marginally correlated with decreases in GFR at increment of 0.431 ml/min/1.73m2 (SE=0.24, p=0.073) and increases in creatinine at 0.088 mg/dl (SE=0.048, p=0.069). Nutrition counseling and compliance of energy and protein intake appear to be beneficial in CKD progression.
Overweight and obesity in “Oportunidades” program beneficiary women
Authors: Morales‐Ruán Ma. del Carmen , Cuevas‐Nasu Lucia , Shamah‐Levy Teresa , Méndez Ignacio
Published: June 2021

Oportunidades is a human‐development oriented program focused on population that lives in extreme poverty. It provides support on education, health and income. The objective of the present study is evaluate the association between Overweight and Obesity (OW+OB) and the condition of being Oportunidades beneficiary. Demographic, socioeconomic and incorporation in social programs data was gathered, as well as weight and height measures in order to calculate BMI for 6.666 women from 20 to 60 years old. The information came from a probabilistic sample of the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006). A logistic regression model was adjusted in order to estimate the association between the OW+OB and Oportunidades program affiliation, education level, age, urban or rural dwelling, marital status and parity.

OW+OB prevalence in women was 66.3% and 71.9% for those women who were and were not beneficiaries respectively. No effect was found between the Oportunidades affiliation and OW+OB prevalence (O.R. = 0.8, p >0.05), however age (OR=1.4, p<0.05) and a lower education level (Elementary OR= 1.45 p< 0.05; Junior high school OR=1.48, p>0.05) associations were found.

OW+OB in adult women is not related with the fact of be beneficiary of the Oportunidades social program. Nevertheless OW+OB is too high in this group, due to this, work in prevention measures in the whole population is highly recommended.
Assessment of dietary intake in an Inuvialuit population undergoing a rapid nutrition transition
Authors: Cao Xia , Erber Eva , DeRoose Elsie , Beck Lindsay , Gittelsohn Joel , Sharma Sangita
Published: June 2021

Inuvialuit in Arctic Canada are undergoing a rapid nutrition transition and have increased burden of diet‐related chronic disease. However, little is known about the resulting dietary inadequacies. Up to three 24‐hour dietary recalls were collected among adult Inuvialuit in a remote community in the Northwest Territories. Recall data was analyzed for energy and nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, most commonly reported foods, and top food contributors to energy and selected nutrients. Respondents were 14 men and 49 women (mean age 47 and 44 years, respectively, response rate 79%). Mean daily intake of energy was 2,777 kcal for men and 2,457 kcal for women. Levels of dietary fiber and vitamin E were lower than the recommendation in >90% of men and women. Vitamin A intake was below the recommended levels for 79% of men and 82% of women, while 79% of men and 69% of women did not meet the recommendation for folate. Majority of men (79%) and women (92%) did not meet the recommendation for calcium. Traditional foods contributed substantially to protein and iron intake. Sweetened juices/drinks were the main contributors to energy, carbohydrate and sugar intake. This study highlighted the need for a nutritional and lifestyle intervention program such as Healthy Foods North to improve dietary adequacy and reduce risk of chronic disease.

Supported by ADA, Government of NWT DHSS, Public Health Agency of Canada, CPHA, and Health Canada.
Inadequate diets in an Arctic population undergoing a drastic environmental change
Authors: Sharma Sangita , Hopping Beth N , Mead Erin , Erber Eva , Buchan Annie , Roache Cindy
Published: June 2021

Acculturation is currently affecting food and nutrient intake of Inuit in Arctic Canada, increasing risk of chronic diseases. There is a lack of current data on dietary adequacy among Inuit in Nunavut. To inform and evaluate a nutritional and lifestyle intervention program, Healthy Foods North, up to three 24‐hour dietary recalls were collected from each participant in one remote community in Nunavut. These data were analyzed to estimate energy and nutrient intake and to determine dietary adequacy, most commonly reported foods, and the top food contributors to energy and selected nutrients. Participants included 76 men and women (mean age 44 years, response rate 68%). Mean daily energy intake was 1,971 kcals for women and 2,215 kcals for men. Intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, and vitamins A, D, and E were below the Dietary Reference Intakes for men and women. The most frequently consumed foods were non‐nutrient dense store‐bought foods, including sugar and sweetened juices/drinks. Traditional foods contributed substantially to protein and iron intake, while store‐bought foods were the primary contributors to total fat, carbohydrate, and sugar. Inadequate intake of many nutrients in this Inuit population indicates an immediate need for a nutritional intervention to improve dietary adequacy and reduce risk factors of chronic disease. Supported by ADA, Government of Nunavut DHSS, and Health Canada.
Dietary total antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in U.S. adults
Authors: Yang Meng , Chung Sang‐Jin , Chung Chin Eun , Song Won O. , Chun Ock K.
Published: June 2021

Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum concentrations of homocystein (Hcy) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) have been addressed related to CVD; however, no documents reported the relationship between dietary TAC levels and these serum biomarkers in a large scale, free living population. The study aimed to investigate the association between the dietary TAC level and serum Hcy and CRP concentrations of US adults. The USDA flavonoid and proanthocyanidin databases, dietary supplement data and food consumption data of 4,391 U.S. adults aged ≥ 19 yrs in NHANES 2001–2002 were utilized. Previously measured vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity of 43 nutrients was applied. Serum CRP concentrations were higher in women, blacks, smokers, those with higher BMI, higher total cholesterol to HDL ratio, lower exercise levels and taking NASID and the subjects who had inflammatory chronic diseases (p<0.05). Higher daily dietary TAC level was inversely associated with odds ratio for Hcy ≥ 13 μmol/L (p<0.001) and odds ratio for CRP ≥ 3 mg/L (p<0.1) after adjusting for relevant covariates. Our present study demonstrated that total TAC from diet and dietary supplements was inversely associated with the risk of CVD in U.S. adults. The potential benefit of dietary TAC as a biomarker of dietary antioxidant intake status and CVD risk needs further research.

Grant Funding Source: American Heart Association
Usual folic acid intake and folate status in US women aged 12–49 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2001–2006
Authors: Cogswell Mary , Pfeiffer Christine , Tinker Sarah , Berry Robert J
Published: June 2021

We examined the association of usual folic acid intake with red blood cell folate concentrations (RBC folates) among 6,205 US women aged 12–49 years participating in NHANES 2001–2006. We estimated total usual folic acid intake (best linear unbiased predictors) from foods and supplements accounting for within individual variation in intake using PC SIDE. We used linear regression to estimate geometric mean RBC folates and logistic regression to estimate the percent with low RBC folates (< 150 ng/ml) accounting for the sampling design and adjusting for age, race‐ethnicity, smoking, body mass index, and usual natural food folate intake. Among women with usual folic acid intake (μg/d) of <100, 100–199, 200–299, 300–399, and ≥400; 3%, 4%, 18%, 62%, and 84%, respectively, consumed a supplement with folic acid. Among these intake groups the mean RBC folates (ng/ml) were 220, 230, 247, 275, and 294, respectively. In addition, the percent of women with low RBC folates decreased with higher folic acid intake, but this decrease varied: among non‐Hispanic white women 13.8%, 6.2%, 4.0%, 1.2%, and 0.9%, respectively, had low RBC folates; among Mexican‐American women 7.0%, 6.3%, 6.9%, 2.5%, and 0.2%, respectively; and among non‐Hispanic black women 34.0%, 23.4,% 19.7%, 11.5%, and 8.2%, respectively. Usual folic acid intake is positively associated with RBC folate, but associations with low RBC folate vary by race‐ethnicity.
Cultural Adaptations in the Collection and Entry of Dietary Intake Data: Field Experiences with Latino Women
Authors: Pinto Elsa , Rojas Patria , De La Rosa Mario , Rahill Guitele
Published: June 2021

Purpose

We report on methods used to enhance data integrity in a study of Latina dietary patterns. Assessing dietary intake of minorities is complicated by limitations of available instruments and by potential sources of measurement error.

Methods

Guided by the USDA 24 hour recall 5‐step multiple pass method, two independent persons coded the dietary data of 316 US and foreign born Latina residents of Miami, Florida. Inter‐coder reliability indicated good agreement.

Results

Reported food intake revealed that although foods were reported with synonymous names, cooking method, quantity and quality of ingredients and seasonings varied with nativity. Certain fruits, i.e., “bomba” (papaya in some Latino countries) were not in popular nutrient databases and proved problematic. Cultural variations in reports of food consumption, i.e., names, combination platters and descriptions of quantities require skilled and informed interviewers, and specific strategies to assure the quality of the data. Cultural adaptations required more than having bilingual capabilities. Teasing out cultural differences in food nomenclature and preparation through this specific coding process helped to mitigate erroneous dietary findings.

Implications

Findings are important contributions to enhancing culturally congruent protocols in studies involving adult Latinas and similar populations.
Promoting healthier vending machines on a college campus
Authors: Lapp Julia L. , Ressler William , Frith Amy
Published: June 2021

Vending machine foods are typically high in sugar, sodium, calories and unhealthy fats. Healthier food options must be preferred by consumers and profitable to vendors to be offered. This study of vending machine use on a college campus explores the effects of changing food options to promote healthier foods through point of purchase marketing. The study includes attitudinal data related to changes in vending machine foods to improve nutritional quality, effects of a marketing campaign, and sales data. Preliminary results indicate that students do perceive the choices to be significantly healthier, without compromising the perceived value, tastiness satiety, or convenience offered by available choices.
Effects of peanut and peanut butter consumption on waist circumference and body weight in adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Reinsma Kathryn , Heim Lauren , Wien Michelle , Oda Keiji , Sabaté Joan
Published: June 2021

Background

Whole foods that contain fiber and high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (peanuts and peanut butter) may have benefits for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by reducing cardiovascular risk factors.

Study Objective

To assess the effect of a peanut and peanut butter‐enriched American Diabetes Association (ADA) meal plan in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on changes in body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC).

Methods

We performed a parallel randomized controlled 12 week dietary intervention trial in free‐living adults. Twenty‐nine subjects followed ADA meal plans [moderate fat (35% en), Control; and, moderate fat (35% en) inclusive of 32 g peanuts or 2 Tbsp. peanut butter daily, Intervention]. BW and WC measurements were obtained at baseline and 12 weeks.

Results

From baseline to week 12, a larger reduction in mean BW was found in the Intervention group (−0.82 ±0.70 kg) as compared to the Control group (−0.35 ± 1.47 kg) (p=0.44). A greater reduction in mean WC was observed in the Control group (−0.81 ± 2.21 cm) as compared to the Intervention group (−0.21 ± 1.93 cm) (p=0.45). No difference in WC or BW change between the groups was observed when the data was controlled for gender.

Conclusion

Studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further detect differences in anthropometric measurements among persons with T2DM following an ADA diet enriched with peanuts and peanut butter.
Reductions in 24‐Hour Glucose (G), Blood Pressure (BP) and Body Weight (BW) in Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study Assessing the Impact of a Novel, Simplified Approach to Diet Guidance
Authors: Maki Kevin C , Rubin Kristin Herron , Matusheski Nathan V , Rubin Martyn R , Reeves Matthew S , Kaden Valerie N , Black Richard M
Published: June 2021

This 10‐week pilot study assessed the impacts of a novel intervention for simplified diet guidance on changes in dietary intake and clinical measures in subjects with type 2 diabetes. During a 2‐week baseline period, subjects wore continuous glucose monitors for 10 days while following their normal diets. Subjects were then randomized to 8 weeks of either: 1) simplified diet guidance with energy maintenance (EM, n = 26); or 2) simplified diet guidance with a 500 kcal/d target for energy restriction (ER, n = 25), for which 45 to 60 minutes of diet guidance was provided, with 15–30 minute refreshers at days 23 and 51. Menus and food lists allowed subjects to follow example menus or create self‐developed plans. During weeks 4 and 8, subjects wore the CGM for 5‐day periods. Both groups experienced significant BW loss (ER, −1.9 ± 0.4 kg, P<0.0001; EM −1.1 ± 0.4 kg, P<0.001). Mean 24‐hour G was significantly reduced (−11.4 ± 2.8 mg/dL, P<0.0001) in the ER group, while no change was observed in the EM group (−0.3 ± 1.9 mg/dL, P=0.78). Systolic and diastolic BP were significantly reduced in both ER (−15.3 ± 8.5 mm Hg, P=0.001; −12.5 ± 9.5 mm Hg, P=0.018 respectively) and EM (−4.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg, P=0.006; −2.3 ± 1.0 mm Hg, P=0.043 respectively) groups. These results suggest that simplified diet guidance can favorably impact G, BW and BP over the short term. Funded by Kraft Foods, Inc. (Glenview, IL).
The effect of adding monounsaturated fat to a dietary portfolio of cholesterol‐lowering foods in hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Kendall Cyril WC , Chiavaroli Laura , Wong Julia MW , Esfahani Amin , Jenkins David JA
Published: June 2021

Background

Diets high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may raise HDL‐C without raising LDL‐C. We have therefore tested whether increasing the MUFA content of an effective LDL‐C lowering diet (dietary portfolio) increases HDL‐C and further reduces the total:HDL‐C ratio, two key risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Methods

24 hyperlipidemic subjects took a very low‐saturated‐fat therapeutic diet for one month and then were randomized to a low‐ or high‐MUFA dietary portfolio for a further month.

Results

Following the very low‐saturated‐fat therapeutic control diet, HDL‐C rose 13.1±3.6% (P=0.004) with the high‐MUFA dietary portfolio versus 2.7±3.6% (P=0.466) with the low‐MUFA dietary portfolio (treatment difference, P=.004). The respective figures for the total:HDL‐C ratio were 24.5±2.1% (P<0.001) and 17.6±3.0% (P<0.001); treatment difference (P=0.006). These treatment differences were associated with significantly higher ApoA1 concentrations on high‐MUFA dietary portfolio. CRP was also significantly reduced on the high‐MUFA dietary portfolio.

Conclusions

Monounsaturated fat increased the effectiveness of a cholesterol‐lowering dietary portfolio and may reduce cardiovascular risk through reducing CRP, raising HDL‐C and further lowering the ratio of total:HDL‐C.

(Funded by CIHR; Canada Research Chair endowment; Loblaw Company)
Dietary Changes in Men and Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study Assessing the Impact of a Novel, Simplified Approach to Diet Guidance
Authors: Rubin Kristin Herron , Matusheski Nathan V , Maki Kevin C , Rubin Martyn R , Reeves Matthew S , Kaden Valerie N , Black Richard M
Published: June 2021

This 10‐week pilot study assessed the impacts of a novel intervention for simplified diet guidance on changes in dietary intake and clinical measures in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Subjects (n=51) followed their normal diets for 14 days, with a 5‐day record starting day −5. Subjects were then randomized to either: 1) simplified diet guidance with energy maintenance (EM, n = 26); or 2) simplified diet guidance with a 500 kcal/d target for energy restriction (ER, n = 25). Subjects received 45 to 60 minutes of instruction, and were provided with example menus and food lists, allowing creation of self‐developed meal plans. Five‐day food records were started at 23 days, and again at 51 days, following 15–30 minute refresher sessions. The efficacy‐evaluable population included 48 subjects. Compared to baseline, mean energy intake was decreased only in the ER group (−357.0 ± 99.5 kcal/d, P=0.002). Decreases in total fat (−18.2 ±5.7 g/day, P=0.004), saturated fat (−6.8 ± 2.2 g/day, P=0.004), carbohydrate (−40.7 ± 15.7 g/day, P=0.016), and a trend toward a decrease in sodium intake (−354.5 ± 180.4 mg/day, P=0.061) were also observed. In the EM group, increased intakes of total dietary fiber (2.1 ± 1.0 g/day, P=0.027) and calcium (140.2 ± 46.4 mg/day, P=0.006) were observed. These results suggest that simplified diet guidance can improve the dietary profile in people with type 2 diabetes. Funded by Kraft Foods, Inc. (Glenview, IL).
Apoptosis in β‐catenin knockout mice occurs through the Fas pathway
Authors: Nejak‐Bowen Kari Nichole , Tan Xinping , Dai Chunsun , Monga Satdarshan
Published: June 2021

Suppression of β‐catenin signaling in developing and regenerating hepatocytes causes a basal increase in apoptosis through unknown mechanisms. Also, HGF is known to induce apoptosis through Met‐Fas dissociation. Here, we demonstrate that loss of β‐catenin also exacerbates Fas‐mediated apoptosis. Analysis of mRNA expression levels in wild‐type (WT) and β‐catenin knockout (KO) mice reveals a 9‐fold increase in HGF expression in KO, as determined by gene array; while, baseline levels of Met protein are decreased in KO compared to WT. Expression of Fas protein is unchanged between WT and KO under unstimulated conditions. Mice injected with Jo‐2 antibody (an agonist of the Fas pathway) were monitored for morbidity and examined morphologically and histologically upon sacrifice. KO mice show a dramatic increase in liver injury and a decreased survival upon Jo‐2 administration as compared to their WT counterparts, with extensive loss of architecture and hepatocyte apoptosis, as confirmed by TUNEL staining. Active caspase‐3 is also increased in KO compared to WT after Jo‐2 administration. Thus we have identified increased susceptibility of β‐catenin KO mice to Fas‐mediated cell death, which appears to be due to increased HGF, which might impact Met‐Fas stability and contribute to apoptosis.
Tobacco smoke induced lung lesions persist post exposure in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Wilson Dennis W. , TeeSy Christel , Witschi Hans‐Peter , Pinkerton Kent
Published: June 2021

To access tobacco smoke (TS) effects on lung cancer, reversibility of airway and parenchymal lesions, and cardiac disease, we performed a lifetime study of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Male SH rats were exposed to filtered air or TS (average of 60 mg/m3) for 6 hr./day, 3 days/week for 39 weeks after which all animals were allowed to live out their lifespan. We developed survival curves, quantitated airway mucous substance, estimated cell division rates (BrdU) and subjectively evaluated lung lesions. Rats previously exposed to TS had a four‐fold increase in airway mucous substances, modest but not significant increases in BrdU incorporation, and persistent mucous and squamous metaplasia in large airways. TS exposed rats had accumulations of large pigmented alveolar macrophages, some of which progressed to fibrosing granulomas. Lung lesions consistent with congestive heart failure developed with equal incidence in both control and TS exposed rats. While we found no evidence of dysplasia or neoplasia, we conclude that both metaplastic airway lesions and alveolar inflammation elicited by TS persist long after cessation of exposure. Supported by Philip Morris and NIEHS ES011634.
The Effects of irridation on glioblastoma cell lines: a potential tool to study the mechanism of tumor resistance
Authors: Sze Chun‐i , Hsieh Chia‐li , Tsai Rodger , Sze James , Huang Yu‐fen , Ho Sheng‐yow
Published: June 2021

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the most devastating brain cancers. Here, we sequentially irradiated rat and human GBM cell lines to examine cell injury and cell death in pre‐ and post‐irradiated cells. We have used TUNEL, flow cytometry, western blotting and immunocytochemistry methods to study the effects of radiation on cell death and cell cycle and to exam various proteins expression in post‐irradiated radio‐resistant cells. The results showed that radiation induces apoptotic cell death, and the mortality rate on post‐irradiated GBM cells and their vimentin expression have a negative correlation. Interestingly, vimentin not only expressed in the cytoplasm(s) of post‐irradiated cells but also formed aggregates on the nuclei. Post‐irradiated cells also formed three‐dimensional cell clusters and expressed desmin and myogenin. The radiation affected the expression of p53, Cdk‐2, and Cdk‐4. Correlation analysis of p53 and Cdk‐2 proteins expression on day 3 after 4 Gy radiation suggested that their expression may regulate through p21 in the cell cycle. Control cells and post‐irradiated cells do not express E‐cadherin but have different protein expression patterns for fibronectin and vimentin. This indicates that EMT may occur in these post‐irradiated cell lines. This may indicate that EMT occurs in this post‐irradiated cell lines.
Pro‐apoptotic effects of retinoic acid on activated canine neutrophils
Authors: Channabasappa Shankaramurthy , Stewart Sarah , Caldwell Sarah , Carr Anthony , Singh Baljit
Published: June 2021

Neutrophils are the key cellular component of innate immune system. Accumulation of activated neutrophils that live longer cause considerable tissue injury, which is central to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions. Retinoids are a class of lipophilic compounds that include natural vitamin A and its synthetic derivatives which have anti‐inflammatory effects. We examined the effect of retinoic acid on apoptosis in normal and activated neutrophils using light microscopy, electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, and Annexin V staining. Our results indicated that treatment with 1 μg/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 hours delayed the spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis as compared to untreated cells. But treatment of cells with both LPS (1 μg/ml) and retinoic acid (1 and 5 μM) abolished inhibitory effects of LPS on neutrophil apoptosis in a concentration‐ dependant manner. These results provide new insights on the effects of retinoic acid on neutrophil apoptosis and this effect could enhance the resolution of inflammation.

Grant Funding Source: Research supported by WCVM Vitamin Class Action Settlement Fund