bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Researches Concerning Mediæval Sects
Authors: Newman Albert Henry
Published: August 2013

No writer since Dieckhoff and Herzog has contributed so much to the right understanding of Waldensian history as Wilhelm Preger, and no sounder critic has ever busied himself with the literature of mediæval sects. The writings whose titles are here given were all originally published in the papers of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and have had a somewhat limited circulation in separate brochures from the types of the Academy. The first contains the text of the now famous Rescriptum Heresiarchum Lombardie ad Pauperes de Lugduno, qui sunt in Alamania, a mediæval list of forty Waldensian communities in the diocese of Passau (about 1250), and a treatise, De Occasionibus Errorum Hereticorum, whose unknown author Preger has dubbed the “Passau Anonymous,” preceded by a somewhat comprehensive treatise on the origin, character, divisions, and relations of the Waldenses, in the light of the materials at that time accessible.
Dr. Schaff and the Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Shahan Thomas Joseph
Published: August 2013

More eloquent tongues than mine have already paid due tribute to the memory of the venerable scholar, whose great learning and manly virtues we can all unite in praising, without regard to religious or scientific differences, however profound and essential they may be. I will not dwell upon the historical training, the grasp of scientific method, and the ripe scholarship which were distinctive of Dr. Schaff, nor upon his sincere sympathy for the spiritual and religious element in the history of human thought, nor upon the uprightness of his historical conscience, and his desire to be objective and candid in the statement of views which were not his own,—these are the primary qualities which we demand of a Church historian, and especially of one who assumes the delicate and responsible office of an historian of theology. You have requested me to speak of the deceased in his relations with the Catholic Church, and I propose to confine myself to a brief enumeration of the motives why that Church respects such men as Dr. Schaff. He devoted his life in a great measure to the history, the theology, and the original texts and sources of the earliest Christian ages, those distant but all important years when the foundations of the Catholic Church were being sunk, and the great beams were being laid on which she has since arisen. He endeavored to bring back the minds of men to a consideration of those primitive days when there was but one spirit and one heart in the Christian body, when belief and discipline, religious life and organization, were substantially of the same type in all the Christian communities.
The Life and Work of S. Thomas Aquinas
Authors: O'Gorman Thomas
Published: August 2013

All general works treating of the history of the Church, of dogma, Christian literature, and especially philosophy, have much to say of S. Thomas. Of the latter class, history of philosophy, I would name as giving particular attention to-the Angelical Doctor, Ueberweg, Stöckl, Hauréau.
The Doctrine of Apostolic Succession in the Church of England
Authors: Vedder Henry C.
Published: August 2013

A definition of terms is essential at the outset of this investigation, but I am not aware of a definition of Apostolic Succession that would be accepted as authoritative by those who profess the doctrine, In this paper the term will be held to mean the doctrine that the order of bishops exists in the Church jure divino; that the first bishops were ordained by the Apostles as their successors, and that these orders have been transmitted by an unbroken succession to the present time; and furthermore, that without bishops there can be no valid orders, no valid sacraments, in short, no Church. It is not proposed in this paper to question the truth of this theory—to inquire whether there is adequate evidence in its favor either in the Scriptures of the New Testament, in the early Christian literature, or in the institutions of the Church of the first two centuries. Assuming that the doctrine rests on the sure foundations of Scripture teaching and institutional Christianity—or, at least, allowing that this may be the case—our task is to trace the effects of this doctrine upon the external history and internal life of the Church of England.
A Brief Sketch of the United Synod of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
Authors: Johnson Thomas Cary
Published: August 2013

Alexander, W. A.A Digest of the Acts and Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, from its organization to the Assembly of 1887, inclusive, with Certain Historical Notes. Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1888.
A Sale You Can Dance To: Entrainment, Flexibility, and Improvisation in the Metric Practice of the American Auctioneer
Authors: MALLEY NIKKI
Published: August 2013

Although most auctioneers do not self-identify as musicians, the practice of auctioneering in the United States reveals a sophisticated musical approach to metric improvisation based on the establishment of musical expectation and the strategic thwarting of that expectation through flexible treatment of meter. Auctioneers establish a “referential” meter wherein a consistent organization of the pulse returns repeatedly, alternating with expansions or contractions of that primary meter. Listeners are entrained to expect musical consistency, but through disruptions of familiar musical patterns, the auctioneer focuses bidder attention on the chant rather than the realities of the economic transaction in progress. Thus, meter is employed as an improvisational tool that unites the listening and bidding audience within a musical space and plays with expectations just enough to keep bidders alert and engaged.
Unheard Complexities in Lou Harrison's Main Bersama-sama and Bubaran Robert
Authors: CHACKO RACHEL
Published: August 2013

Central among Lou Harrison's pioneering East-West fusions, the works for gamelan and Western instruments are frequently cited either as exemplars of the composer's Californian, postmodern musical sensibility or as noteworthy instances of cultural hybridity. Close examination of Main Bersama-sama (1978) and Bubaran Robert (1976, rev. 1981), however, shows that these pieces can and should be understood for what they tell us about Harrison's deep engagement with melody. A self-proclaimed “melode,” Harrison has mistakenly been regarded as a West Coast musical dabbler, writing tuneful pieces that lack the complexity that characterizes the work of his East Coast contemporaries. Yet analysis of the pitch structure of Main Bersama-sama and Bubaran Robert reveals intricate compositional “games” similar to the pre-compositional strategies of composers more typically associated with algorithmic compositional methods. Because these intricacies lie beneath the melodic surface of the music they have largely been unheard and unappreciated in Harrison's work. The melodic nature of these games not only challenges the widely accepted depiction of Harrison as a mere “tunesmith,” but also shows that Harrison explored the ability of melody (as opposed to large-scale tonal or harmonic schemes) to create form and serve a central generative function in his music.
Understanding ‘Source’ and ‘Purpose’ in Processes of Democratic Change: Insights from the Philippines and Thailand
Authors: Hutchcroft Paul D.
Published: August 2013

Previous decades' celebrations of the triumph of democracy were frequently based on mainstream analyses that displayed two major theoretical problems. First, conceptualisations of democracy based on ‘minimal pre-conditions’ commonly conflated the formal establishment ofdemocratic structureswith the far more complex and historically challenging creation ofsubstantive democracy. Second, a deductive and generally ahistorical model asserting fixed stages of ‘democratic transition’ diverted attention from deeper and more substantive examination ofstruggles for power among social forces within specific historical contexts. By adhering to minimalist conceptions of democracy and simplistic models of democratic change, mainstream analysts quite often chose to overlook many underlying limitations and shortcomings of the democratic structures they were so keen to celebrate. Given more recent concerns over ‘authoritarian undertow’, those with the normative goal of deepening democracy must begin by deepening scholarly conceptualisations of the complex nature of democratic change. This analysis urges attention to the ‘source’ and ‘purpose’ of democracy. What were the goals of those who established democratic structures, and to what extent did these goals correspond to the ideals of democracy? In many cases throughout the world, ‘democracy’ has been used as a convenient and very effective means for both cloaking and legitimising a broad set of political, social, and economic inequalities. The need for deeper analysis is highlighted through attention to the historical character of democratic structures in the Philippines and Thailand, with particular attention to the sources and purposes of ‘democracy’ amid on-going struggles for power among social forces. In both countries, albeit coming forth from very different historical circumstances, democratic structures have been continually undermined by those with little commitment to the democratic ideal: oligarchic dominance in the Philippines, and military/bureaucratic/monarchic dominance in Thailand. Each country possesses its own set of challenges and opportunities for genuine democratic change, as those who seek to undermine elite hegemony and promote popular accountability operate in very different socio-economic and institutional contexts. Efforts to promote substantive democracy in each setting, therefore, must begin with careful historical analysis of the particular challenges that need to be addressed.
Living with Giants: ASEAN and the Evolution of Asian Regionalism
Authors: Beeson Mark
Published: August 2013

From its inception, ASEAN has been shaped by the evolving structure of the international system and the activities of more powerful external actors. This is still the case. What is different now is that the nature of the region of which ASEAN is a part has changed in significant ways. Indeed, the entire structure of the international system has undergone a number of profoundly important changes which have forced ASEAN to adjust and recalibrate its own policies. This paper explores this adjustment process and maps the most important forces and actors that are compelling change. By placing the ASEAN experience in a comparative conceptual framework, it becomes possible to identify the key drivers of change and to speculate about their future impact on an organisation that has proved remarkably resilient thus far. The nature of contemporary regional developments and the continuing evolution of the wider international system mean that ASEAN is currently facing major new challenges and questions about its relevance in an era when other regional organisations are emerging to challenge its authority and role.
Illusion of Control
Authors: Yarritu Ion , Matute Helena , Vadillo Miguel A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The illusion of control consists of overestimating the influence that our behavior exerts over uncontrollable outcomes. Available evidence suggests that an important factor in development of this illusion is the personal involvement of participants who are trying to obtain the outcome. The dominant view assumes that this is due to social motivations and self-esteem protection. We propose that this may be due to a bias in contingency detection which occurs when the probability of the action (i.e., of the potential cause) is high. Indeed, personal involvement might have been often confounded with the probability of acting, as participants who are more involved tend to act more frequently than those for whom the outcome is irrelevant and therefore become mere observers. We tested these two variables separately. In two experiments, the outcome was always uncontrollable and we used a yoked design in which the participants of one condition were actively involved in obtaining it and the participants in the other condition observed the adventitious cause-effect pairs. The results support the latter approach: Those acting more often to obtain the outcome developed stronger illusions, and so did their yoked counterparts.
Body, heal thyself
Authors: Breithaupt Holger
Published: August 2013

Kenneth Chien, Professor of Cardiovascular Research at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden talks about regenerative medicine and using the body's own healing potential versus stem cell‐based therapies.
Our sense of self
Authors: Weigmann Katrin
Published: August 2013

The genetic and molecular causes of schizophrenia have remained elusive despite intensive research. The philosophical discipline of phenomenology might now point neuroscience in a new direction.
Pharmacogenetics in Africa, an Opportunity for Appropriate Drug Dosage Regimens: on the Road to Personalized Healthcare
Authors: Masimirembwa C , Hasler JA
Published: August 2013

The modern human appeared in Africa around 200,000 years ago with subsequent later migrations to populate Europe, Asia, and North America.1 As humans adapted to various diets, diseases, climates, and so on, inherited traits emerged that gave rise to distinct population groups with physical and physiological differences, including the response to xenobiotic challenges (Figure 1). This Perspective highlights the interpopulation differences in response to drugs focusing on Africa and implications for global pharmacometric studies.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e45; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.17; advance online publication 29 May 2013
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exploit Extracellular Matrix as Mechanotransducer
Authors: Li Bojun , Moshfegh Cameron , Lin Zhe , Albuschies Jörg , Vogel Viola
Published: August 2013

While stem cells can sense and respond to physical properties of their environment, the molecular aspects how physical information is translated into biochemical signals remain unknown. Here we show that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) harvest and assemble plasma fibronectin into their extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrils within 24 hours. hMSCs pro-actively pull on newly assembled fibronectin ECM fibrils and the fibers are more stretched on rigid than on soft fibronectin-coated polyacrylamide gels. Culturing hMSCs on single stretched fibronectin fibers upregulates hMSC osteogenesis. Osteogenesis was increased when αvβ3 integrins were blocked on relaxed fibronectin fibers and decreased when α5β1 integrins were blocked or when epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor signaling was inhibited on stretched fibronectin fibers. This suggests that hMSCs utilize their own contractile forces to translate environmental cues into differential biochemical signals by stretching fibronectin fibrils. Mechanoregulation of fibronectin fibrils may thus serve as check point to regulate hMSC osteogenesis.
Thiolactones as Functional Handles for Polymer Synthesis and Modification
Authors: Espeel Pieter , Goethals Fabienne , Du Prez Filip E.
Published: August 2013

Thiolactone chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool to prepare tailor‐made polymer architectures in a facile and elegant manner, making use of the thiol‐X approach. This contribution highlights the most important features of this approach, employed in various reactive systems, and demonstrates its remarkable versatility involving modular synthesis and modification of polymers: thiolactones can be opened by a wide variety of functional amines and the released thiol can react with a variety of thiol ‘scavengers’.
Direct synthesis of poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s from calcium carbide
Authors: Thavornsin Nopparat , Sukwattanasinitt Mongkol , Wacharasindhu Sumrit
Published: August 2013

An efficient method for the preparation of poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) from direct coupling reactions between aryl diiodides and inexpensive chemical feedstock calcium carbide is developed.
A combination of dynamic light scattering and polarized resonance Raman scattering applied in the study of Arenicola Marina extracellular hemoglobin
Authors: Jernshøj K. D. , Hassing S. , Olsen L. F.
Published: August 2013

Arenicola Marina extracellular hemoglobin (Hbl Hb) is considered to be a promising candidate as a blood substitute. To entangle some of the properties of extracellular giant hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin (Hbl Hb) of Arenicola Marina, we combined polarized resonance Raman scattering (532 nm excitation) with dynamic light scattering (DLS) (632.8 nm). An analysis of the depolarization ratio of selected a2g skeletal modes of the heme in native Hbl Hb and porcine Hb, shows that the distortion of the heme group away from its ideal fourfold symmetry is much smaller for heme groups bound in the Hbl Hb than for heme groups bound in porcine Hb. Using DLS, the average hydrodynamic diameter (⟨dh⟩) of Hbl Hb was measured at pH = 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10. At pH = 5 to 7, the Hbl Hb was found in its native form with ⟨dh⟩ equal to 24.2 nm, while at pH = 8 and 9, a dissociation process starts to take place resulting in ⟨dh⟩ = 9 nm. At pH = 10, only large aggregates of fragmented Hbl Hb with ⟨dh⟩ larger than 1000 nm was detected, however, a comparison of the DLS results with the polarized resonance Raman scattering (RRS) revealed that the coupling between the fragments did not involve direct interaction between the heme groups, but also that the local heme environment seems to be comparable in the aggregates and in the native Hbl Hb. By comparing the unpolarized RRS results obtained for erythrocytes (RBC) with those for Hbl Hb, led us to the important conclusion that Hbl Hb is much easier photolyzed than porcine RBC.
On the mechanism for the nonadiabatic reactive quenching of OH(A2Σ+) by H2(1$\Sigma _{\rm g}^+$Σg+): The role of the 22A state
Authors: Dillon Joseph , Yarkony David R.
Published: August 2013

A scheme for reactive electronic quenching of OH(A2Σ+) through collisions with H2 is proposed, supported by electronic structure data obtained from multireference configuration interaction wave functions. The scheme represents an insertion pathway that leads from the initial 32A state in the reactant channel, into a valence region, where a nonadiabatic transition to the 22A state, enabled by a 22A–32A conical intersection seam occurs. Once on the 22A state, insertion of HO into H2 provides access to a linking region and, after surmounting a small barrier, to a region where the low-lying electronic states are Rydberg in character, corresponding to the 3s, 3px, 3py, and 3pz states of OH3+. In the Rydberg region, a deep well on the 22A potential energy surface exists. Direct passage from the 22A state to ground state products, H2O(X1A1) + H, is precluded by an energy barrier so that an intermediate complex can be formed on the 22A potential energy surface. As the insertion is facilitated by rehybridization of the oxygen orbitals from sp to sp3 in the linking region, nonplanar approach of HO to H2 is favored. The precipitous change in electronic structure from valence to Rydberg character renders the linking region inaccessible on the 32A potential energy surface. From the 22A state in the Rydberg region, access to the H2O + H product channel is enabled by repeated passage through a region of appreciable 12A–22A derivative coupling or by radiative decay. This scheme supplements other pathways in which nonadiabatic transitions from the 22A state to the 12A state in the valence region enable both planar and nonplanar insertion and abstraction paths leading directly to H2O products.
Atomic resolution structure–property relation in highly anisotropic granular FePt-C films with near-Stoner-Wohlfarth behaviour
Authors: Wicht S. , Neu V. , Schultz L. , Weller D. , Mosendz O. , Parker G. , Pisana S. , Rellinghaus B.
Published: August 2013

Chemically ordered and highly textured L10 FePt-C granular films are potential media for future heat-assisted magnetic recording. Vibrating sample magnetometry of such films in fields up to 14 T reveals a perpendicular coercivity of up to μ0HC=4.92 T and an anisotropy field of μ0HA=9.2 T, which translates to a (uni-axial) anisotropy constant as high as KU=5.3 MJ/m3. An analysis of the remanent magnetization and demagnetization curves shows that the spatially separated FePt nanoparticles act as a Stoner-Wohlfarth ensemble of uni-axial nanomagnets with negligible dipolar inter-particle coupling. The magnetic texture spread of 23° as determined from an analysis of the hard axis magnetization curve is found to be clearly larger than the structural texture width of roughly 3°. Aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the latter is due to the remaining roughness of the seed layer that causes the particle growth to nucleate at step edges of this layer.
Two-dimensional thermal convection in porous enclosure subjected to the horizontal seepage and gravity modulation
Authors: Maryshev Boris , Lyubimova Tatyana , Lyubimov Dmitriy
Published: August 2013

Coupled effect of horizontal seepage and gravity modulation on the onset and nonlinear regimes of two-dimensional thermal buoyancy convection in horizontal fluid-saturated porous cylinder of rectangular cross section with perfectly conductive boundaries is studied. It is shown that gravity modulation makes destabilizing effect. Null-dimensional dynamical system describing supercritical convective regimes is derived. Conditions for existence of stable periodical regimes are defined. It is found that system demonstrates dynamics on a torus which can be either resonant or non-resonant depending on the parameters. Synchronization domains which correspond to the resonant torus existence in the parameter space are determined by the rotation number technique. It is found that at certain values of the ratio of the cross section height to width, degeneracy takes place. In this case different stable periodical regimes forming one-parametric family coexist. Linear stability and nonlinear dynamics of the system at finite values of the parameters are studied numerically by finite difference method.
Measurement of back-bombardment temperature rise in microwave thermionic electron guns
Authors: Kowalczyk Jeremy M. D. , Hadmack Michael R. , Madey John M. J.
Published: August 2013

We describe a simple method to measure the back-bombardment heating temperature rise as a function of time in pulsed microwave thermionic guns using a fast rise-time InGaAs detector and optical pyrometer. Gaining knowledge of the nature of that temperature rise and the corresponding current out of the gun are the first steps in devising a scheme to counteract the back-bombardment heating which lengthens the micropulses, limits the macropulse length, and increases the energy spread of the emitted electron beam. We measured a temperature rise of 59 K in our LaB6 cathode which delivered a peak of 600 mA over a 5 μs RF pulse in our 0.33 MV/cm peak field, 2.856 GHz thermionic electron gun.
Dynamics of a Janus drop in an external flow
Authors: Shklyaev S. , Ivantsov A. O. , Díaz-Maldonado M. , Córdova-Figueroa U. M.
Published: August 2013

The steady motion of a Janus drop under a uniform external flow is considered. First, we analyze the equilibrium shape of a Janus-like drop in a motionless ambient fluid, i.e., the special case of a nearly spherical compound drop with a nearly flat internal interface. This configuration is realizable when the liquids comprising the drop have close interfacial tensions with the ambient fluid, but a small interfacial tension between each other. Then, we consider the flow past a perfect Janus drop composed of two hemispherical domains each occupied by a different fluid. For the sake of simplicity, all the interfaces are assumed nondeformable. The problem is solved both analytically, by means of the Lamb expansion, and numerically. The relation between the flow velocity and the force imposed on the drop, which is a generalization of the classical Hadamard–Rybczynski formula, is found. A torque is also imposed on the drop in the general case. The stable regime of motion of a torque-free drop is found to be axisymmetric, with the less viscous fluid at the upstream face. For this particular configuration, the deformation of the internal interface is also found employing a perturbation technique, whereas the distortion of the drop surface can be safely neglected.
Dynamics and fracture of ligaments from a droplet on a vibrating surface
Authors: Deepu P. , Basu Saptarshi , Kumar Ranganathan
Published: August 2013

A droplet residing on a vibrating surface and in the pressure antinode of an asymmetric standing wave can spread radially outward and atomize. In this work, proper orthogonal decomposition through high speed imaging is shown to predict the likelihood of atomization for various viscous fluids based on prior information in the droplet spreading phase. Capillary instabilities are seen to affect ligament rupture. Viscous dissipation plays an important role in determining the wavelength of the most unstable mode during the inception phase of the ligaments. However, the highest ligament capillary number achieved was less than 1, and the influence of viscosity in the ligament growth and breakup phases is quite minimal. It is inferred from the data that the growth of a typical ligament is governed by a balance between the inertial force obtained from the inception phase and capillary forces. By including the effect of acoustic pressure field around the droplet, the dynamics of the ligament growth phase is revealed and the ligament growth profiles for different fluids are shown to collapse on a straight line using a new characteristic time scale.
Exotic states of bouncing and walking droplets
Authors: Wind-Willassen Øistein , Moláček Jan , Harris Daniel M. , Bush John W. M.
Published: August 2013

We present the results of an integrated experimental and theoretical investigation of droplets bouncing on a vibrating fluid bath. A comprehensive series of experiments provides the most detailed characterisation to date of the system's dependence on fluid properties, droplet size, and vibrational forcing. A number of new bouncing and walking states are reported, including complex periodic and aperiodic motions. Particular attention is given to the first characterisation of the different gaits arising within the walking regime. In addition to complex periodic walkers and limping droplets, we highlight a previously unreported mixed state, in which the droplet switches periodically between two distinct walking modes. Our experiments are complemented by a theoretical study based on our previous developments [J. Molacek and J. W. M. Bush, J. Fluid Mech. 727, 582–611 (2013);10.1017/jfm.2013.279 J. Molacek and J. W. M. Bush, J. Fluid Mech. 727, 612–647 (2013)]10.1017/jfm.2013.280, which provide a basis for rationalising all observed bouncing and walking states.
A modified calibration method for complex permittivity measurement
Authors: Chao Hsein-Win , Chang Tsun-Hsu
Published: August 2013

This work proposes a calibration method to determine the complex permittivity of materials based on the cavity-perturbation method. The method can characterize a sample with relative large in volume or high in dielectric constant, which significantly broadens the scope of the conventional perturbation method. The theory is validated with a full wave solver and an experiment was conducted. A sample of silicon carbide was heated using high-power microwave and characterized with low-power signal, all operating in the same cavity but staggered in time sequence. The complex permittivity of the silicon carbide varying with temperature was measured and discussed. The proposed approach heats and measures the sample strictly by microwave techniques, which fosters the study of microwave/material interaction.
Voltage-induced strain control of the magnetic anisotropy in a Ni thin film on flexible substrate
Authors: Zighem F. , Faurie D. , Mercone S. , Belmeguenai M. , Haddadi H.
Published: August 2013

Voltage-induced magnetic anisotropy has been quantitatively studied in polycrystalline Ni thin film deposited on flexible substrate using microstrip ferromagnetic resonance. This anisotropy is induced by a piezoelectric actuator on which the film/substrate system was glued. In our work, the control of the anisotropy through the applied elastic strains is facilitated by the compliant elastic behavior of the substrate. The in-plane strains in the film induced by the piezoelectric actuation have been measured by the digital image correlation technique. Non-linear variation of the resonance field as function of the applied voltage is found and well reproduced by taking into account the non linear and hysteretic variations of the induced in-plane strains as function of the applied voltage. Moreover, we show that initial uniaxial anisotropy attributed to compliant substrate curvature is fully compensated by the voltage induced anisotropy.
Studies of beam injection with a compensated bump and uncompensated bump in a synchrotron
Authors: Akbar Fakhri Ali , Prajapati S. K. , Ghodke A. D. , Singh Gurnam
Published: August 2013

Synchrotron radiation sources Indus-1 and Indus-2 have a synchrotron as the common injector. A three kicker compensated bump injection scheme was employed for beam injection into this synchrotron. The stored beam current in the synchrotron is higher, when all the three kickers are operated at the same current than when kickers are operated at currents required to generate compensated bump. Beam dynamics studies have been done to understand why this happens. Theoretical studies indicate that higher stored current in the later case is attributed to smaller residual oscillations of injected beam. These studies also reveal that if the angle of the injected beam during beam injection is kept varying, the performance could be further improved. This is experimentally confirmed by injecting the beam on rising part of the injection septum magnet current pulse.
Excess volume and heat of mixing in Cu-Ti liquid mixture
Authors: Amore S. , Delsante S. , Kobatake H. , Brillo J.
Published: August 2013

Molar excess volume of Cu-Ti liquid mixture has been investigated to elucidate how the excess volume in binary alloys is related to mixing enthalpy and microscopic interactions. Cu-Ti is used as a key example for systems showing positive excess volume and negative mixing enthalpy. For this purpose, the density of several Cu-Ti binary mixtures has been measured over the whole composition range by the containerless technique of electromagnetic levitation as a function of temperature. A linear temperature dependence of the density has been found for all investigated alloys. In addition, the density decreases with increasing Ti content in the alloys, showing a negative deviation from the ideal solution model. As mentioned, a positive excess volume was found whereas the enthalpy of mixing is negative. This behavior has been discussed in relation with chemical ordering and the role played by attractive and repulsive interactions in the system, according to previous results obtained by means of molecular dynamics simulation on binary dense fluids.
Preparation and reaction dynamics on biodiesel made from Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil and methanol
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Xuanjun , Huang Zhiyong , Han Qilong , Li Shuyan , Liu Hui
Published: August 2013

Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO) was the by-product of the zanthoxylum industry, and was a kind of cheap and abundant source in China; it can be of great potential to use as a feedstock for biodiesel production in terms of reducing the producing cost. Biodiesel preparation of ZSO methyl ester by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkaline catalyst was studied in this paper. First, the single-factor experiment was practiced, the influence on conversion rate of different factor was studied, such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, content of catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time, etc. Second, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for ZSO biodiesel production using KOH as a catalyst. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for biodiesel conversion by multiple regression analysis and verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The optimum combination for transesterification was methanol-to-oil molar ratio 8.5:1, catalyst amount 1.0%, reaction temperature 56 °C, and reaction time 67 min. At this optimum condition, the conversion to biodiesel reached above 98.4%. The relevant error was less than 5% between measurement value of the conversion to biodiesel and expected value. Finally, the reaction kinetics of transesterification was studied. The “Iodine Clock Reaction” principle was used for establishing dynamic model, and corresponding kinetic equation was established. The results showed that the progression of transesterification was grade 1.5, the reaction activation energy was 20.0434 kJ·mol−1, and the pre-exponential factor was 7.8963 dm3/(mol min).
Quasi-periodic solutions for the quasi-periodically forced cubic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation on $\mathbb {T}^{d}$Td
Authors: Cheng Hongyu , Si Jianguo
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we discuss the existence of time quasi-periodic solutions for quasi-periodically forced cubic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation of higher spatial dimension with basic frequency vector ω = (ω1, ω2, …, ωm). By constructing a KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) theorem for a dissipative system which depends on time in a quasi-periodic way, we obtain a Cantorian branch of m + 2-dimensional invariant tori for the equation.
Structural cluster analysis of chemical reactions in solution
Authors: Gallet Grégoire A. , Pietrucci Fabio
Published: August 2013

We introduce a simple and general approach to the problem of clustering structures from atomic trajectories of chemical reactions in solution. By considering distance metrics which are invariant under permutation of identical atoms or molecules, we demonstrate that it is possible to automatically resolve as distinct structural clusters the configurations corresponding to reactants, products, and transition states, even in presence of atom-exchanges and of hundreds of solvent molecules. Our approach strongly simplifies the analysis of large trajectories and it opens the way to the construction of kinetic network models of activated processes in solution employing the available efficient schemes developed for proteins conformational ensembles.
Ti-catalyzed HfSiO4 formation in HfTiO4 films on SiO2 studied by Z-contrast scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Hoppe Elizabeth Ellen , Cisneros-Morales Massiel Cristina , Aita Carolyn Rubin
Published: August 2013

Hafnon (HfSiO4) as it is initially formed in a partially demixed film of hafnium titanate (HfTiO4) on fused SiO2 is studied by atomic number (Z) contrast high resolution scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy and microscopy. The results show exsoluted Ti is the catalyst for hafnon formation by a two-step reaction. Ti first reacts with SiO2 to produce a glassy Ti-silicate. Ti is then replaced by Hf in the silicate to produce HfSiO4. The results suggest this behavior is prototypical of other Ti-bearing ternary or higher order oxide films on SiO2 when film thermal instability involves Ti exsolution.
Can carbon nanotube fibers achieve the ultimate conductivity?—Coupled-mode analysis for electron transport through the carbon nanotube contact
Authors: Xu Fangbo , Sadrzadeh Arta , Xu Zhiping , Yakobson Boris I.
Published: August 2013

Recent measurements of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers electrical conductivity still show the values lower than that of individual CNTs, by about one magnitude order. The imperfections of manufacturing process and constituent components are described as culprits. What if every segment is made perfect? In this work, we study the quantum conductance through the parallel junction of flawless armchair CNTs using tight-binding method in conjunction with non-equilibrium Green's function approach. Short-range oscillations within the long-range oscillations as well as decaying envelopes are all observed in the computed Fermi-level (low bias) conductance as a function of contact length, L. The propagation of CNTs' Bloch waves is cast in the coupled-mode formalism and helps to reveal the quantum interference nature of various behaviors of conductance. Our analysis shows that the Bloch waves at the Fermi-level propagate through a parallel junction without reflection only at an optimal value of contact length. For quite a long junction, however, the conductance at the Fermi level diminishes due to the perturbation of periodic potential field of close-packed CNTs. Thus, a macroscopic fiber, containing an infinite number of junctions, forms a filter that permits passage of electrons with specific wave vectors, and these wave vectors are determined by the collection of all the junction lengths. We also argue that the energy gap introduced by long junctions can be overcome by small voltage (∼0.04 V) across the whole fiber. Overall, developing long individual all-armchair metallic CNTs serves as a promising way to the manufacture of high-conductivity fibers.
Electro-optical characteristics of two domain normally black-electrically controlled birefringence mode
Authors: Kook Son Phil , Hun Yu Seung , Yi Jonghoon , Seog Gwag Jin
Published: August 2013

A normally black ECB mode with two domains is presented to improve the low contrast ratio of the conventional, normally white, electrically controlled birefringence [ECB] and gray inversion of twist nematic [TN] modes. This system requires a λ/2 plate to compensate for optical phase retardation at the liquid crystal layer, and a good dark state is then obtained under no-field, indicating a high contrast ratio. The two domain structure to improve the gray inversion was obtained using the ion beam alignment technique. The simulated and measured results showed that the proposed mode can improve the gray inversion and contrast ratio considerably, compared to the TN mode and normally white ECB mode.
Behavior of temperature-dependent photoresponse in unintentional p-type BaIn2Se4 layers through photocurrent spectroscopy
Authors: Hong K. J. , Jeong T. S. , Youn C. J.
Published: August 2013

Temperature-dependent photocurrent (PC) behavior of unintentional p-type BaIn2Se4 layers grown through the hot wall epitaxy method has been investigated. From the PC measurement, three peaks A, B, and C corresponded with the intrinsic transitions from the valence band states of Γ3(A), Γ4(B), and Γ5(C) to the conduction band state of Γ1, respectively. The interval on the valence band splitting of the crystal field and the spin orbit splitting was observed to be 0.0903 and 0.1507 eV, respectively. The temperature dependence of the optical bandgap energy could be well expressed by using Varshni's formula: Eg(T) = Eg(0) − αT2/(β + T), where α and β are taken to be 4.96 × 10−3 eV/K and 554 K, respectively. Also, the Eg(0) was estimated to be 2.6262, 2.7165, and 2.8672 eV at the valence band states of Γ3(A), Γ4(B), and Γ5(C), respectively. However, the PC intensities decreased with lowering temperature. In the log Jph vs 1/T plot, the dominant level at the high-temperature region was observed and its value was 29.1 meV. This level corresponds to the activation energy for the electronic transition from the edge of the valence band to the shallow acceptor levels caused by these native defects. Consequently, we suggest that the trapping centers due to native defects in BaIn2Se4 layers are responsible for this PC-intensity decrease with decreasing temperature.
Microstructure effects on shock response of Cu nanofoams
Authors: Zhao F. P. , Wu H. A. , Luo S. N.
Published: August 2013

Microstructure effects on shock response of Cu nanofoams are investigated with molecular dynamics simulations, including elastic-plastic deformation, Hugoniot states, void collapse, nanojetting, and vaporization. The microstructure features examined include pore shape, arrangement and size, as well as grain boundaries. The elastic-plastic transition, void collapse, and jetting including vaporization, are dependent on the microstructure, although to different extents. The void arrangement and aspect ratio play an important role. The effects of grain boundaries and void size are less pronounced. Considering the measurement scatter inherent for porous materials, the high pressure Hugoniot states are not sensitive to microstructure. Jetting during void collapse is due to tensorial velocity gradients (direction and amplitude), and a combined result of forward, divergent, and convergent flows with varying contributions; this mechanism and related processes are common for different microstructures. Free surface jetting involves necking and cavitation. Elliptical voids with large aspect ratios, and with their centers aligned linearly with the shock direction, are particularly efficient in inducing high speed jetting and vaporization.
Evidence for enhanced ferromagnetism in an iron-based nanoglass
Authors: Witte R. , Feng T. , Fang J. X. , Fischer A. , Ghafari M. , Kruk R. , Brand R. A. , Wang D. , Hahn H. , Gleiter H.
Published: August 2013

The possibility to synthesize bulk amorphous materials with an internal nanostructure—nanoglasses—leads to yet another class of materials potentially with modified properties. Here, evidence is presented that the nanoglass model system Fe90Sc10 exhibits enhanced magnetic properties: it is shown that this nanoglass (prepared by cold compaction of glassy nanospheres) is a ferromagnet at ambient temperature although the isolated nanospheres are paramagnetic. Structural studies reveal that it consists of glassy nanospheres connected by regions with reduced atomic density. The ferromagnetism is explained by the presence of such regions of low atomic density.
Direct measurement of neutral gas heating in a radio-frequency electrothermal plasma micro-thruster
Authors: Greig A. , Charles C. , Hawkins R. , Boswell R.
Published: August 2013

Direct measurements and modelling of neutral gas heating in a radio-frequency (13.56 MHz) electrothermal collisional plasma micro-thruster have been performed using rovibrational band matching of the second positive system of molecular nitrogen (N2) for operating pressures of 4.5 Torr down to 0.5 Torr. The temperature measured with decreasing pressure for 10 W power input ranged from 395 K to 530 K in pure N2 and from 834 K to 1090 K in argon with 1% N2. A simple analytical model was developed which describes the difference in temperatures between the argon and nitrogen discharges.
Extremely confined terahertz surface plasmon-polaritons in graphene-metal structures
Authors: Gu Xuefeng , Lin I-Tan , Liu Jia-Ming
Published: August 2013

A deep subwavelength terahertz plasmonic waveguide based on graphene-metal hybrid structure is proposed. A broadband mode confinement down to 1/100 of the free-space wavelength λ0 with a loss of 0.6 dB/λ0 can be achieved when the intra-band electron relaxation time is 100 ps. We show that very narrow slits with an appropriate periodicity created in the metal layer can serve as a grating to efficiently excite the surface plasmon-polariton mode with a normally incident terahertz beam, which can be further exploited for investigation of both interesting physics and innovative applications.
Anelastic relaxor behavior of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3
Authors: Uršič Hana , Damjanovic Dragan
Published: August 2013

Elastic storage modulus and loss of relaxor lead magnesium niobate ceramics, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, have been measured with dynamic mechanical analyzer in single cantilever mode in the temperature range from 170 K to 320 K and at frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 50 Hz. The dependence of the elastic susceptibility (inverse modulus) on temperature and frequency of the driving force has characteristics of typical relaxor behavior that can be well described with the Vogel-Fulcher law. The parameters of the Vogel-Fulcher relation exhibit similar values for the dielectric and anelastic relaxations. Similarities and differences between anelastic and dielectric relaxor behaviors are identified.
All-solid-state electric-double-layer transistor based on oxide ion migration in Gd-doped CeO2 on SrTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Tsuchiya Takashi , Terabe Kazuya , Aono Masakazu
Published: August 2013

An all-solid-state electric-double-layer transistor (EDLT) with a Gd-doped CeO2 (GDC) oxide ion conductor/SrTiO3 (STO) insulator structure has been developed. At 473 K, the drain current of the EDLT was well controlled, from less than nA order to μA order, by electrostatic carrier doping at the GDC/STO interface due to oxide ion (O2−) migration in the GDC, in contrast to an inactiveness at room temperature. The EDL capacitance at the interface, measured with an ac impedance spectroscopy, was 14 μF cm−2, higher than that reported for a microporous-SiO2 EDLT and comparable to that of an ionic-liquid-gated EDLT.
Broadband excitation and collection in fiber-optic nonlinear endomicroscopy
Authors: Prakash Ghimire Navin , Bao Hongchun , Gu Min
Published: August 2013

Broadband excitation and collection in a fiber-optic nonlinear endomicroscope are realized by using a single hollow-core double-clad photonic crystal fiber and a gradient index lens. Femtosecond pulses with central wavelengths in the range of 750–850 nm can be directly delivered through the core of the fiber for nonlinear excitation without pre-chirping. A gradient index lens with numerical aperture 0.8 designed to operate over the near-infrared wavelength range is used for focusing the laser beam from the fiber for nonlinear excitation and for collecting the fluorescent signal from the sample. This compact system is suitable to perform nonlinear imaging of multiple fluorophors in the wavelength range of 750–850 nm.
Polarization effects due to thickness fluctuations in nonpolar InGaN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: Marquardt Oliver , Hickel Tilmann , Neugebauer Jörg , Van de Walle Chris G.
Published: August 2013

We have employed continuum elasticity theory and an eight band k·p model to study the influence of thickness fluctuations in In0.2Ga0.8N quantum wells grown along the [112¯0] direction in GaN. Such fluctuations are the origin of polarization potentials that may spatially separate electrons and holes in the vicinity of a thickness fluctuation and therefore reduce the efficiency of light emitters. Our calculations reveal that even shallow fluctuations of one or two monolayers can induce a significant spatial separation of electrons and holes, in particular, if the lateral extent of such a fluctuation is large.
Role of multiple shots of femtosecond laser pulses in periodic surface nanoablation
Authors: Miyaji Godai , Miyazaki Kenzo
Published: August 2013

Using a pump and probe technique, we observed time-dependent change in reflectivity of crystalline silicon surface to study the dynamic process of periodic surface nanostructure formation in femtosecond (fs) laser ablation. The results have shown that multiple shots of low-fluence fs laser pulses play the crucial role in the non-thermal process for nanostructuring through the increasing bonding structure change to amorphous silicon and resulting decrease in the ablation threshold.