bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term results after posterior fossa decompression in syringomyelia with adult Chiari Type I malformation
Authors: Alfieri Alex , Pinna Giampietro
Published: September 2012

Object

There is little information about the long-term effectiveness and complications following decompressive surgery for syringomyelia related to Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I).

Methods

Examining long-term clinical and radiological follow-up, the authors studied a mixed retrospective and prospective single-institution cohort of 109 consecutive surgically treated adult patients with syringomyelia and CM-I. All patients underwent a standardized surgical protocol: decompression of the craniocervical junction, arachnoid exploration, and shrinkage of the cerebellar tonsils. Factors predicting outcome were investigated.

Results

The retrospective arm consisted of 41 cases treated between 1990 and 1994, and the prospective arm comprised 68 patients treated between 1994 and 2001. The mean overall age was 45.9 years, and 58.8% of the population was female. The median follow-up period was 12.7 years. The most frequent initial symptoms were pain and sensory and gait disturbances. There was no perioperative death or neurological deterioration. The comprehensive perioperative complication rate was approximately 11%, with 3 cases (2.7%) of CSF leakage. Regression analysis showed that the best combination of clinical and radiological outcome predictors was age and duration of symptoms. Clinical follow-up confirmed surgical result stability with clinical improvement of greater than 90% of the spinal and cranial manifestations over a long-term period. Two patients had radiological recurrences of syringomyelia without clinical signs 85 and 124 months after surgery.

Conclusions

Certain clinical predictors of poor clinical and radiological prognosis were identified—namely, age at time of surgery and symptom duration. The results of the study provide additional long-term data that support the effectiveness and safety of relieving CSF block at the craniocervical junction in CM-I–related syringomyelia.
Efficacy of Probiotics on Survival, Growth, Biochemical Changes and Energy Utilization Performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) Post-larvae
Authors: Seenivasan C. , Radhakrishan S. , Muralisankar T. , Bhavan P. S.
Published: September 2012

The efficacy of combined probiotics, Lactobacillus sporogenes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LS+SC) on survival, growth, biochemical changes and energy utilization of Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL) was examined. Each probiotic organism was individually tested at four different concentrations (1-4%) separately. The best concentration in each probiotic species was combined and tested for its suitability in aquaculture usage. The basal diet was incorporated with probiotics, LS+SC (4:4) at five different concentrations 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%.  These diets were fed to M. rosenbergii PL for a period of 90 days. After the feeding trail, 2% LS+SC incorporated diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher survival, WG, SGR, FCE and PER compared with other experimental groups than the control. Whereas, the FCR was significantly (P<0.05) lower in 2% LS+SC incorporated diet fed PL. Similarly the proximate composition of the protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid and ash content were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 2% LS+SC incorporated diet fed PL than the control. The energy utilization parameters were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 2% LS+SC incorporated diet fed PL than the control.  This study indicated that combined probiotics, LS+SC incorporated diets were beneficial for M. rosenbergii in terms of increasing growth and enhancing energy utilization performances.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.10193 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 729-740 (2012)
Arsenic Accumulation in Common Vegetables from Irrigation
Authors: Islam M. N. , Das B. K. , Huque M. E.
Published: September 2012

Arsenic-accumulation pattern in eight types of vegetables commonly found in Bangladesh were studied using successive irrigation/harvesting technique. The study also included to find the threshold amount of arsenic that leads to exceed the maximum permissible limit (MPL) in those vegetables and several water-soil-plant arsenic concentration models. Total arsenic concentrations were measured by Hydride GenerationAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy (HG-AAS) technique. Arsenic-accumulation decreased in the order: Arum > Arum leaf > Amaranth > Brinjal > Radish > Indian Spinach > Carrot > Okra. A single harvesting of 10 irrigations with water (3.0 L/irrigation) having arsenic concentrations of ?0.45 mg L-1 to 0.071 m2 area (equivalent to 1.89 kg As ha-1) exceeded the MPL in vegetables (1 mg kg-1, wet weight). The concentration of accumulated arsenic in the vegetables increased linearly with time and exponentially with successive harvesting. Regression analyses showed that arsenic concentration in vegetables was positively correlated with that of irrigation water and soil (r = 0.796 for both cases).© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.10494 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 675-688 (2012)
Biodeterioration of Thermally Treated Jack Beans (Canavalia ensiformis,L) Cotyledons
Authors: Ruth Gabriel-Ajobiewe A.
Published: September 2012

Dehulled cotyledons of Jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis, L) were thermally treated by roasting and pressure cooking, allowed to deteriorate for seven days and the microorganisms involved isolated and identified.. This was after five days of natural solid state fermentation, using the natural micro flora of the air and banana leave used in wrapping. The physiochemical compositions of the deteriorated cotyledons were monitored. There was a significant increase in the microbial count for the first three days of deterioration followed by gradual decrease. A total of eighteen bacteria were isolated however Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc lactic, Leuconostoc meseneroides, Listeria denitrificans, Listeria murrayii and Xanthomorias fragariae were dominant in all the samples. A total of eight fungal isolates were involved which were all dominant except Geniculosporium serpens found in pressure cooked ground sample. All treated samples had higher protein content than the control but the carbohydrate content was significantly low when compared with the control; however there was a significant decrease in the antinutrient content of the treated samples when compared to the control.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.8684 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 689-700 (2012)
Comparative Study of Vitamin C on Serum Lipid Profile in Healthy Male and Female Human Subjects
Authors: Gaur G. S. , Dixit A. K.
Published: September 2012

This study aims to assess the comparative effects of vitamin C supplementation on lipid profiles in male and female human subjects. A total of 60 healthy individuals (male and female) were selected randomly, instructed and given the understanding of the purpose of study. The test group comprising  30 individuals  were given 500mg vitamin C tablets one daily for 30 days and control group of 30 individuals were given placebo capsules(glucose 500mg)  one daily for 30 days. Fasting blood samples were collected in the morning for estimation of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C on first day of the commencement of the study and second blood samples were taken after thirty days of supplementation and same estimations were carried out. Vitamin C caused reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol significantly but it did not have any statistically significant effect on HDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides. As far as gender is concerned the effect of vitamin C on lipid profile in males was not significantly different from those in females.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.8894 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 775-781 (2012)
Structural Evaluation and Antibacterial Sensitivity of Iron (III) Complexes of 4-n-hexyloxybenzoylhydrazine with Some Aliphatic and Aromatic
Authors: Islam M. Al-Amin-Al-Azadul , Mumit M. A. , Pal T. K. , Alam M. A.
Published: September 2012

The condensation reaction of N-alkylidene or N-arylidene-(4-n-hexyloxy)benzoylhydrazone [L] (1-7) where, R= formaldehyde (1), acetaldehyde (2), butyraldehyde (3), cinnamaldehyde (4), 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (5), 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (7) with Fe(III) chloride hexahydrate afforded octahedral (8-9) [Fe(L3).nH2O] and square-pyramidal (10-14) [Fe(L2)Cl.nH2O] complexes. The complexes (8-10) were obtained in presence of pyridine and the complexes (11-14) were obtained by the direct reaction of the Schiffs bases with Fe3+ ion. The complexes were characterized by magnetic moment measurement, UV-visible, infrared, 1H-NMR and TGA (Thermo gravimetric analysis)  studies. The Schiffs bases containing small alkyl group at the hydrazine moiety formed octahedral complexes, while the bulky/aryl/substituted aryl moiety, yielded five coordinated square-pyramidal complexes. The complexes were found to be quite stable and decomposition of the complexes ended with ferric oxide as final product. Complexes (10) and (13) showed no activity against all the bacteria. Complexes (8), (9) and (12) showed resistance while the complex (14) manifested intermediate antibacterial activity.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.9807 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 635-64 (2012)
Preparation, Characterization and Theoretical Study of a New Chromate Ionic liquid: Triphenylphosphonium Tetrafluorochromate
Authors: Ghammamy S. , Mehrani K. , Giemechi G. , Sedaghat S.
Published: September 2012

The synthesis of triphenylphosphonium tetrafluorochromate (III) liquid (IL) is reported here. The product was characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods such as, FT-IR, cyclic voltammetry, CHN, TGA and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Thermal decomposition of this compound showed multistage processes and also results show that this IL has excellent thermal stability below 100°C. In this paper, the optimized geometries and frequencies of the stationary point and the minimum-energy paths were calculated by using the DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-311G* basis sets. From these calculations, optimized geometries, molecular parameters, and vibrational spectra of IL have been calculated. In addition, calculated frequencies were compared with the experimental frequencies after correction by the appropriate scaling factor. This comparison showed that our theoretical data are in good agreement with the experimental results.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i3.9915 J. Sci. Res. 4 (3), 649-656 (2012)
Functional Conducting Polymers via Thiol-ene Chemistry
Authors: Feldman Kathleen E. , Martin David C.
Published: September 2012

We demonstrate here that thiol-ene chemistry can be used to provide side-chain functionalized monomers based on 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) containing ionic, neutral, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic side chains. All reactions gave high yields and purification could generally be accomplished through precipitation. These monomers were polymerized either chemically or electro-chemically to give soluble materials or conductive films, respectively. This strategy provides for facile tuning of the solubility, film surface chemistry, and film morphology of this class of conducting polymers.
NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) P187S Polymorphism and Prostate Cancer Risk in Caucasians
Authors: Stoehr Christine G. , Nolte Elke , Wach Sven , Wieland Wolf F. , Hofstaedter Ferdinand , Hartmann Arndt , Stoehr Robert
Published: September 2012

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyses the reduction of quinoid compounds to hydroquinones, preventing the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen. A “C” to “T” transversion at position 609 of NQO1, leading to a nonsynonymous amino acid change (Pro187Ser, P187S), results in an altered enzyme activity. No NQO1 protein activity was detected in NQO1 609TT genotype, and low to intermediate activity was detected in NQO1 609CT genotype compared with 609CC genotype. Thus, this polymorphism may result in altered cancer predisposition. For prostate cancer, only sparse data are available. We therefore analyzed the distribution of the NQO1 P187S SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) in prostate cancer patients and a healthy control group. Allelic variants were determined using RFLP analysis. Overall, 232 patients without any malignancy and 119 consecutive prostate cancer patients were investigated. The genotype distribution in our cohorts followed the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in cases and controls. The distribution of the NQO1 codon 187 SNP did not differ significantly between prostate cancer patients and the control group (p = 0.242). There was also no association between the allelic variants and stage or Gleason score of the tumors. The NQO1 P187S SNP was not significantly associated with an increased prostate cancer risk in our cohorts. The SNP has also no influence on histopathological characteristics of the tumors. A combined analysis of all available data from published European studies also showed no significant differences in the genotype distribution between controls and prostate cancer patients. Our data suggest a minor role of the NQO1 nucleotide 609 polymorphism in prostate carcinogenesis.
The Myositis Activities Profile — Initial Validation for Assessment of Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis in the USA
Authors: ALEXANDERSON HELENE , REED ANN M. , YTTERBERG STEVEN R.
Published: September 2012

Objective.

To evaluate some measurement properties of the Myositis Activities Profile (MAP) in adult patients with polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) in the United States.

Methods.

To assess content validity, patients with PM/DM rated difficulty and importance of items of the MAP using a visual analog scale (VAS), range 0–10. For construct validity, consecutive patients with PM/DM performed the 6-item core set for disease activity including the manual muscle test (MMT) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), the Functional Index-2 (FI-2; muscle endurance), and the MAP plus disease effect on well-being on a VAS. Item fit within subscales was analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha. Patients with stable disease activity filled out the MAP again 1 week later.

Results.

The median combined difficulty and importance, 0–10, of the 31 items was 5.00 (range 2.10–5.95). One item was added, giving a 32-item MAP. Correlations between the median of subscales/single items of the MAP and the HAQ and disease effect on well-being were rs = 0.69 and rs = 0.68, respectively, with lower correlations to the MMT (rs = −0.35), and the FI-2 (rs = −0.29 to −0.47) and disease activity measures (rs = 0.36–0.41). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the 4 subscales varied between 0.85 and 0.95. Weighted kappa coefficients (Kw) ranged between 0.77 and 0.93 for the 4 subscales and between 0.74 and 0.83 for the 4 single items without systematic variations (p > 0.05).

Conclusion.

This initial validation of the MAP indicates promising measurement properties for assessing limitations in activities of daily living and participation in patients with PM/DM in the United States.
Freud Versus Jung: Analysis Versus Synthesis
Authors: Kaluaratchige Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

Cet article traite de la cause majeure de la discorde entre Freud, le théoricien de l’analyse des activités psychiques dans ses diverses composantes, qui développe sa théorie de la loi paternelle de la pensée-parole, et Jung, qui développe la notion de totalité psychique associée au maternel inspiré des religions asiatiques.
Medical Imaging and Modern Art: Encounters over a Virtual Body
Authors: Potier Rémy
Published: September 2012

L’art contemporain offre un regard singulier et révélateur concernant le corps, tel qu’il est aujourd’hui vécu. À partir de cet intérêt porté au corps, la question de la virtualisation de celui-ci est également devenue source d’inspiration. Des artistes se saisissent ainsi d’images véhiculées par la médecine à travers l’imagerie pour mettre en scène ce corps virtuel. C’est cette actualisation du corps virtuel qui interpelle les artistes. Ils intègrent ces images du corps issues de la médecine dans leur dispositif artistique. Cette rencontre entre art et médecine à l’heure des appareillages technique engage la question de la place acquise par ces images dans notre culture, et la façon dont celles-ci illustrent ce que devient notre rapport à l’altérité puis à la mort. L’une des illustrations du corps, aujourd’hui, dans sa visibilité la plus intime, est portée par l’imagerie médicale. Cette technique est le média incontournable par lequel nous nous représentons notre corps de chair, sujet à la maladie et voué à la mort. Il convient de se laisser saisir par l’art contemporain à partir de ce qu’il donne à penser de la rencontre du sujet avec l’imagerie médicale. Le malaise dans la culture, est aujourd’hui étroitement lié à ces immersions dans l’image (virtuelle) dont l’accès et les pratiques sont de plus en plus répandues, au-delà même du domaine de la santé. C’est ainsi que l’art depuis le XXe siècle montre du corps ce que les techniques de visualisation ont permis de voir les unes après les autres, s’insinuant dans la culture, au point de modifier le rapport au corps et à ses images. Les rayons X, les photographies en gros plan, la macrophotographie vont être enrôlés au service de l’art. Ce détour par l’art est très instructif, il permet de montrer combien le regard porté sur l’image médicale déroute et met à l’épreuve l’idée même de représentation.
Sur la résistance chez Freud et Foucault
Authors: Canavêz Fernanda , Miranda Heraldo
Published: August 2012

Cet article nous décrit la question de la résistance chez Freud et Foucault. Les auteurs parient sur la fertilité de la différence, afin d’entreprendre une analyse du concept de résistance qui échappe aux impératifs de la conciliation précipitée et à ceux des non-ressemblances stériles. Ainsi, on est tenté de penser que la relation entre les deux auteurs est d’un rapprochement non-conciliatoire, car il n’est pas possible de supposer une approche absolue, malgré des éléments en commun, ni un éloignement radical. Du point de vue des éléments communs, nous avons le caractère multiple de la résistance chez les deux auteurs et la capacité continue de résister. Chez Freud, il est possible de reconnaître une dimension au-delà de la résistance de l’adversaire élément de traitement – en particulier à partir du second dualisme pulsionnel. La résistance, en conséquence, échapperait à toute tentative de soumission dans le cadre de l’expérience psychanalytique. Par contre, en ce qui concerne les éléments de l’éloignement, nous savons que la discussion du pouvoir est extrêmement coûteuse à la pensée foucaldienne, alors que chez Freud elle n’est pas thématisée comme telle.
Writing the Subject's Knot
Authors: Prieto Graciela
Published: September 2012

L’abord de la Jouissance dans les années 70 produit un remaniement fondamental dans l’élaboration de Lacan. La structure de la jouissance n’admettant pas les principes de non-contradiction et de tiers exclu, implique une logique ternaire. Cette nécessité logique conduit Lacan à penser la structure selon une topologie borroméenne et à repenser la psychanalyse en fonction de l’écriture, des traces qu’un sujet écrit à partir de son savoir-y-faire-avec le Sinthome. Il s’agira dans cet article de montrer les ressorts de cette nécessité logique et les formes d’écriture qui en résultent.
The Insult in Psychosis
Authors: Guyonnet Damien
Published: September 2012

Les effets de l’injure sont connus : elle bouscule voire choque le destinataire, le blesse le plus souvent. Pour le dire simplement, elle ne laisse jamais indifférent. Ainsi a-t-elle pour but de viser un point sensible chez un sujet, voire de toucher chez lui quelque chose d’intime. C’est sur ce point que l’abord de l’injure, dans la perspective psychanalytique, présente tout son intérêt. Aussi, après avoir proposé une présentation générale du signifiant injurieux, et souligné la fonction de ravalement qu’il opère, nous nous intéresserons à sa logique dans la psychose, et plus spécifiquement au sein de l’injure hallucinée. La question du rejet, du signifiant dans le réel et de la jouissance sera alors abordée.
The Nursing Professional Development Series: Addressing the Learning Needs of Nurse Educators
Authors: Woolforde Launette , Lopez-Zang Diana , Lumley Lisa
Published: September 2012

This column discusses an education series specifically designed to advance the practice of those in nursing professional development.
An Evidence-Based Review of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibition in Pediatric Retinal Diseases: Part 2. Coats’ Disease, Best Disease, and Uveitis With Childhood Neovascularization
Authors: Chaudhary Khurram M. , Mititelu Mihai , Lieberman Ronni M.
Published: September 2012

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of multiple retinal neovascular disorders. This report focuses on the quality and depth of new evidence for the use of VEGF inhibitors in selected pediatric ocular diseases, including Coats’ disease, Best disease, and childhood uveitis. Because much of the literature comprises case reports and retrospective case series, the level of evidence supporting its use as a primary treatment option, or even as adjuvant therapy, is low. The standard of care is treatment of the underlying disorder to prevent neovascularization (retinal or subretinal), vitreous hemorrhage, or subsequent retinal detachment. However, these complications may not present until late in the disease course. It may then be useful to treat with these agents. Prospective studies are warranted to further elucidate the role of anti-VEGF therapy in these diseases.
A Comparison of Different Autorefractors With Retinoscopy in Children
Authors: Oral Yesim , Gunaydin Nesrin , Ozgur Ozlen , Arsan Aysu Karatay , Oskan Sibel
Published: September 2012

Purpose:

To compare the results of different refractive error measurement devices including table-mounted and hand-held autorefractors and videoretinoscopy with cycloplegic retinoscopy (CR) in children to evaluate the usability and reliability of these devices in measuring refractive errors.

Methods:

Two hundred eyes of 100 children underwent autorefraction using table-mounted autorefractor with and without cycloplegia and videoretinoscopy after cycloplegia. All results were compared statistically.

Results:

The mean spheric values (SV) and spherical equivalent values (SEV) of the non-cycloplegic table-mounted autorefractor were found to be significantly lower and those of the cycloplegic table-mounted autorefractor were found to be significantly higher than CR results. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of mean SV and SEV between the hand-held autorefractor and CR. Although the mean SV using videoretinoscopy were 0.15 diopters lower than CR, this difference was not significant. Comparing CR with the other refraction methods, all devices correlated with each other. Sensitivity in diagnosing myopia was low for all methods but sensitivity in diagnosing hyperopia and astigmatism was high for table-mounted and hand-held autorefractors. The other reliability parameters were found to be similar for all devices.

Conclusions:

Both videoretinoscopy and hand-held autorefractor can be used in both screening and examination for children as an alternative to CR and table-mounted autorefractor.
A New Scoring System For Evaluation of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Premature Infants
Authors: Çetinkaya Merih , Köksal Nilgün , Özkan Hilal
Published: September 2012

Background

The Neonatal Multiple Organ Dysfunction (NEO-MOD) scoring system is used to predict mortality in infants with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The NEOMOD scoring system was extended to include involvement of the microvascular system. This modified scoring system was developed to enable more accurate and earlier diagnosis of MODS in premature infants.

Objective

To evaluate the modified NEOMOD scoring system in preterm infants with MODS and compare its effectiveness with the NEOMOD scoring system.

Methods

This prospective study was performed in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. A total of 198 premature infants were enrolled. Infants were evaluated for development of MODS by using the modified NEOMOD scoring system until discharge or death according to clinical and laboratory findings. Infants who had organ dysfunction in 2 or more organ systems had MODS diagnosed.

Results

In the 160 infants (80.8%) with MODS, the gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, and hematologic system were involved most often. The gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, and acid-base metabolism were involved initially in 99.4%, 86.3%, and 26.3% of infants, respectively. The mean modified NEOMOD score for the infants who died in the first 28 days after birth was significantly higher than the mean score for infants who survived. The number of systems involved was also higher in infants who died.

Conclusions

The modified NEOMOD scoring system is a safe and accurate tool for determining both mortality rate and dysfunction of multiple organ systems affecting mortality in pre-term infants.
Central Venous Catheter Placement: Where Is the Tip?
Authors: Ibrahim George M.
Published: September 2012

The insertion of central venous catheters is a common bedside procedure performed in intensive care units. Here, we present a case of an 82-year-old man who underwent insertion of a central venous catheter in the internal jugular vein without perceived complications. Postprocedural radiographs showed rostral migration of the catheter, and computed tomography performed coincidentally showed cannulation of the jugular bulb at the level of the jugular foramen. To our knowledge, this is the first report to document migration of a central venous catheter from the internal jugular vein into the dural sinuses, as confirmed by computed tomography. The case highlights the importance of acquiring postprocedural radiographs for all insertions of central venous catheters to confirm catheter placement.
Bone Marrow Dendritic Cell-Mediated Regulation of TLR and B Cell Receptor Signaling in B Cells
Authors: Sindhava Vishal J. , Tuna Halide , Gachuki Beth W. , DiLillo David J. , Avdiushko Margarita G. , Onami Thandi M. , Tedder Thomas F. , Cohen Donald A. , Bondada Subbarao
Published: September 2012

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in regulation of immune responses. In the periphery, Ag presentation by DCs is critical for adaptive responses; for this reason, DCs are often targets of adjuvants that enhance vaccine responses. Activated mature DCs enhance B cell activation and differentiation by providing cytokines like BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand. However, the role of immature DCs in B cell tolerance is not well studied. Recently, mouse immature bone marrow-derived DCs (iBMDCs) have been shown to suppress anti-IgM–induced B cell activation. In this study, we tested the ability of mouse DCs to modulate B cell functions during TLR activation. We found that iBMDCs potently suppressed proliferation and differentiation of various B cell subsets on TLR stimulation. However, iBMDCs did not affect CD40-mediated B cell activation. Optimal suppression of B cell activation by iBMDCs required cell contact via the CD22 receptor on B cells. The B cell suppression was a property of iBMDCs or DCs resident in the bone marrow (BM), but not mature BM-derived DCs or DCs resident in the spleen. Presence of iBMDCs also enhanced the Ag-induced apoptotic response of BM B cells, suggesting that the suppressive effects of iBMDCs may have a role in B cell tolerance.
Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV Suppresses IL-2 Production and Regulatory T Cell Activity in Lupus
Authors: Koga Tomohiro , Ichinose Kunihiro , Mizui Masayuki , Crispín José C. , Tsokos George C.
Published: September 2012

The activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMK4) is increased in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has been shown to reduce IL-2 production by promoting the effect of the transcriptional repressor cAMP responsive element modulator-α on the IL2 promoter. In this article, we demonstrate that T cells from MRL/lpr mice display increased levels of CaMK4 in the nucleus, and that genetic deletion of Camk4 results in improved survival. We demonstrate that absence of CaMK4 restores IL-2 production, curbs increased T cell activation, and augments the number and activity of regulatory T cells. Analogously, silencing of CaMK4 in T cells from patients with SLE increases the expression of FoxP3 on stimulation in the presence of TGF-β. Our results demonstrate the importance of the serine/threonine kinase CaMK4 in the generation and function of regulatory T cells in patients with SLE and lupus-prone mice, and its potential to serve as a therapeutic target.
Drought preparedness, impact and response: A case of the Eastern Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa
Authors: Ngaka Makala J.
Published: September 2012

Drought is a major disaster in South Africa in terms of total economic loss and number of people affected. This study investigated and analysed the preparedness, impact of and response by the farming community to the 2007/2008 drought using the Eastern Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa as case studies. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in this study. Primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews with sampled recipients of the 2007/2008 drought relief scheme. These were analysed using MedCalc® software and various statistical tests and correlations were performed to test for statistical differences on key variables. Major findings of this study included inadequacy of the extension support service, particularly as a vehicle for disseminating early-warning information. The most significant impact was livestock losses, and t-test results supported the hypothesis that there was a significant difference in terms of drought impact for the three categories of farmers (i.e. small, medium and large scale), particularly with regard to the proportion of livestock lost. A Logit analysis showed that the decision to reduce livestock during drought was influenced by access to land and race. The main constraint to the drought relief scheme, as perceived by the respondents, was the turnaround time − they felt that the relief was provided long after the disaster had occurred.
Impacts of linseed meal and estradiol-17β on cellularity, angiogenic and vasoactive factor mRNA expression, and vascularity of the uterus in ovariectomized ewes
Authors: Ilse B. R. , O'Neil M. R. , Lardy G. P. , Reynolds L. P. , Vonnahme K. A.
Published: September 2012

Ilse, B. R., O'Neil, M. R., Lardy, G. P., Reynolds, L. P. and Vonnahme, K. A. 2012. Impacts of linseed meal and estradiol-17β on cellularity, angiogenic and vasoactive factor mRNA expression, and vascularity of the uterus in ovariectomized ewes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 297–306. The objective of the current study was to determine the estrogenic potential of the phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) found in linseed meal (LSM) on uterine cell proliferation, vascularity, and angiogenic factor mRNA expression. Ovariectomized ewes (n=48) were fed a diet containing 12.5% LSM for 0, 1, 7, or 14 d and implanted with estradiol-17β (E2) for 0, 6, or 24 h before tissue collection. There was an interaction of LSM×E2 on uterine mass (grams; P=0.03; percentage change; P<0.003). Uterine mass increased (P≤0.02) after 24 h of E2 exposure on days 1, 7, and 14 of LSM feeding, with the greatest mass occurring in ewes exposed to E2 for 24 h and 1 d LSM feeding. Regardless of days fed LSM, after 24 h of E2 exposure uterine mass was greatest. The greatest percentage increase in uterine mass occurred in ewes exposed to E2 for 24 h and fed 1 d of LSM. Cell proliferation within the uterine luminal epithelium was greatest (P<0.01) with 24 h of E2 exposure compared with 0 h and 6 h. When expressed as the percentage change in uterine cell proliferation, feeding LSM for 14 d negated these effects. Only length of E2 exposure impacted vascularity with capillary number density at 6 h of E2 exposure being greater (P=0.02) than at 24 h. While mRNA expression of several angiogenic factors was influenced by E2, there was a LSM×E2 interaction (P≤0.03) only on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2C. It appears that growth and angiogenesis of E2 sensitive tissues may be influenced by the duration of LSM feeding.
Review: Prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry
Authors: Yegani M. , Korver D. R.
Published: September 2012

Yegani, M. and Korver, D. R. 2012. Review: Prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 261–273. Variations in physical and chemical characteristics of wheat can significantly influence the energy availability of this feed ingredient for poultry. These variations can result in inefficiencies in the form of over- or under-formulation of the diets at commercial feed mills or on poultry farms. Therefore, having a clear understanding of the variations is of paramount importance in the formulation of poultry diets as they can have negative consequences for production performance of birds. There are a large number of factors that can contribute to variations in energy availability of wheat for poultry. This review is intended to briefly discuss these factors and also practical approaches that can be used to predict these variations. These approaches include measuring physico-chemical characteristics, in vivo digestibility trials, in vitro digestibility techniques, and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). There are limitations associated with physico-chemical and in vivo measurements. However, in vitro digestibility techniques are simple and fast and can provide data for database development and ongoing calibrations of NIRS systems. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has enormous potential to predict variations in wheat apparent metabolizable energy, leading to more accurate diet formulation.
Effect of nutritional regimen including limit feeding and breed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in beef cattle
Authors: McGregor E. M. , Campbell C. P. , Miller S. P. , Purslow P. P. , Mandell I. B.
Published: September 2012

McGregor, E M., Campbell, C. P., Miller, S. P., Purslow, P. P. and Mandell, I. B. 2012. Effect of nutritional regimen including limit feeding and breed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 327–341. The effects of nutritional management regimen and breed on growth performance, carcass attributes, and meat quality were evaluated in 68 British (BRIT) and Continental (CONT) crossbred steers, managed on one of three nutritional regimens: (1) ad libitum access to a 77% corn diet (ALGRAIN), (2) limit feeding initially of the 77% corn diet, followed by ad libitum access to the 77% corn diet (LFGRAIN), and (3) limit feeding initially of a 90% haylage diet, followed by ad libitum access to the 77% corn diet (LFHAYL). Nutritional regimen by breed interactions (P<0.02) were present for average daily gain, dry matter intake (DMI), gain to feed, and shear force. LFHAYL regimen decreased gains to a greater extent for BRIT steers than CONT steers managed on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN. Feed intakes were similar across nutritional regimens for CONT steers, while DMI was depressed in BRIT on LFHAYL as compared with steers started on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN. Gain to feed was greater in BRIT cattle on LFGRAIN vs. ALGRAIN, while gain to feed was similar in CONT started on grain (ALGRAIN, LFGRAIN). Shear force was lower for beef from LFHAYL BRIT vs. beef from BRIT on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN, while the converse was true for CONT. Limit feeding of a high-energy diet may be appropriate for cattle of British background to reduce feed input costs, while ensuring tenderness.
Effects of dietary dried fermented ginger on growth performance, carcass quality, and intestinal histology of heat-stressed broilers
Authors: Khonyoung Duddoa , Yamauchi Koh-en , Buwjoom Tonglian , Maneewan Buaream , Thongwittaya Narin
Published: September 2012

Khonyoung, D., Yamauchi, K., Buwjoom, T., Maneewan, B. and Thongwittaya, N. 2012. Effects of dietary dried fermented ginger on growth performance, carcass quality, and intestinal histology of heat- stressed broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 307–317. To investigate the effects of a dried fermented ginger product (DFG) on growth performance, carcass quality, and intestinal histology of heat-stressed broiler, at 7 d of age, 200 male broilers were divided into 0% (control), 0.25% (0.25 S+F), 0.5% (0.5 S+F) and 1% (1 S+F) dietary DFG groups fed from 7 to 49 d of age (starter+finisher groups, S+F). Another group of chicks was fed the basal diet until 21 d of age. At 22 d of age, 150 birds from this group showing almost similar body weight were divided into 0.25% (0.25 F), 0.5% (0.5 F) and 1% (1 F) dietary DFG groups fed from 22 to 49 d of age (finisher groups, F); the control group was common for the S+F and F groups. The average temperature was around 31°C (23.2–38.6°C) throughout the trial. Compared with the control, the experimental DFG groups were not different in feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass quality. However, abdominal fat of the 1 S+F, 0.5 F, and 1 F groups decreased (P<0.05). Cell mitosis numbers in the duodenum tended to increase in the 1 S+F group (P<0.1). Epithelial cells on the jejunal villus apical surface of the control were mainly flat, and desquamations were observed. Desquamation was reduced with increasing DFG, and in the 1% DFG groups, many protuberant cells and cell clusters were present. The present results suggest that under high ambient temperature 1% dietary DFG from 7 to 49 d of age can decrease abdominal fat, and that jejunal villus apex was desquamated with heat stress, but desquamations were reduced with increasing DFG, and disappeared in 1% DFG groups.
The effect of brown midrib corn silage and dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk production, nitrogen utilization and microbial community structure in dairy cows
Authors: Ramirez H. A. Ramirez , Nestor K. , Tedeschi L. O. , Callaway T. R. , Dowd S. E. , Fernando S. C. , Kononoff P. J.
Published: September 2012

Ramirez, H. A. R., Nestor, K., Tedeschi, L. O., Callaway, T. R., Dowd, S. E., Fernando, S. C. and Kononoff, P. J. 2012. The effect of brown midrib corn silage and dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk production, nitrogen utilization and microbial community structure in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 365–380. Thirty-six Holstein cows (24 multiparous and 12 primiparous), four multiparous were ruminally cannulated, (mean±SD, 111±35 days in milk; 664±76.5 kg body weight) were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to investigate the effects of brown midrib (bm3) and conventional (DP) corn silages, and the inclusion of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) on milk production and N utilization. Experimental periods were 28 d in length. Treatments were DP corn silage and 0% DDGS; bm3 corn silage and 0% DDGS; DP corn silage and 30% DDGS; and bm3 corn silage and 30% DDGS. Compared with DP hybrid, total tract fiber digestibility was greater for cows consuming bm3 (32.5 vs. 38.1±1.79%) and DDGS (40.0 vs. 35.2±1.76%). Milk yield was not affected by treatment, and averaged 30.5±1.09 kg d−1. Milk protein yield was positively affected by bm3 corn silage and the inclusion of DDGS. An interaction between hybrid and DDGS on milk fat was also observed. The nature of the interaction was such that milk fat was only affected when DDGS were included in the diet and the lowest milk fat was observed when bm3 corn silage was fed (3.46, 3.59, 2.84 and 2.51±0.10% DP 0% DDGS, bm3 0% DDGS, DP 30% DDGS and bm3 30% DDGS, respectively). As a proportion of the total N consumed, manure N was significantly reduced by the inclusion of bm3 corn silage and DDGS (64.1, 57.1, 52.0, 51.2% for DP 0% DDGS, bm3 0% DDGS, DP 30% DDGS and bm3 30% DDGS, respectively). The Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio in the rumen decreased when cattle consumed DDGS. When cows were fed bm3 corn silage, the population of Fibrobacter sp. tended to represent a larger proportion of the total bacterial population (1.8 vs. 2.3±0.28% for DP and bm3, respectively) and this shift may have been driven by the fact that bm3 corn silage has less lignin, therefore the cellulose digesting bacteria may have more access to the cellulose.
Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation
Authors: Tekippe J. A. , Hristov A. N. , Heyler K. S. , Zheljazkov V. D. , Ferreira J. F. S. , Cantrell C. L. , Varga G. A.
Published: September 2012

Tekippe, J. A., Hristov, A. N., Heyler, K. S., Zheljazkov, V. D., Ferreira, J. F. S., Cantrell, C. L. and Varga, G. A. 2012. Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 395–408. In this study, plants (14) and essential oils (EO; 88) from plants that are naturalized to, or can be successfully grown in North America were evaluated in a batch culture in vitro screening experiments with ruminal fluid as potential anti-methanogenic additives for ruminant diets. Essential oils were tested at four inclusion levels: 0 (blank), 10, 50, and 100 mg L−1and plants were tested at 313, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg L−1final incubation medium concentration. Compared with the blank, two of the EO increased acetate concentration (8 to 10%), 11 EO increased propionate concentration (9 to 23%), 10 EO increased butyrate concentration (24 to 29%), and three EO reduced methane production [20 to 30%; Anethum graveolens (dill weed oil), Lavandula latifolia, and Ocimum basilicum #7 accession]. Four EO decreased and one increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. Three plants increased acetate concentration (8 to 12%), two increased propionate concentration (16%), and one (Origanum vulgare) decreased methane production (31%). Eight of the plants increased NDF degradability at various inclusion levels. Overall, these results indicate that some EO, or EO-producing plants could have a potential anti-methanogenic effect. Further research is needed to verify these results in vivo in long-term experiments.
Sound Propagation Properties of the Discrete-Velocity Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Viggen Erlend Magnus
Published: August 2012

As the numerical resolution is increased and the discretisation error decreases, the lattice Boltzmann method tends towards the discrete-velocity Boltzmann equation (DVBE). An expression for the propagation properties of plane sound waves is found for this equation. This expression is compared to similar ones from the Navier-Stokes and Burnett models, and is found to be closest to the latter. The anisotropy of sound propagation with the DVBE is examined using a two-dimensional velocity set. It is found that both the anisotropy and the deviation between the models is negligible if the Knudsen number is less than 1 by at least an order of magnitude.
On Triangular Lattice Boltzmann Schemes for Scalar Problems
Authors: Dubois François , Lallemand Pierre
Published: August 2012

We propose to extend the d’Humieres version of the lattice Boltzmann scheme to triangular meshes. We use Bravais lattices or more general lattices with the property that the degree of each internal vertex is supposed to be constant. On such meshes, it is possible to define the lattice Boltzmann scheme as a discrete particle method, without need of finite volume formulation or Delaunay-Voronoi hypothesis for the lattice. We test this idea for the heat equation and perform an asymptotic analysis with the Taylor expansion method for two schemes named D2T4 and D2T7. The results show a convergence up to second order accuracy and set new questions concerning a possible super-convergence.
Salvage Neck Dissection after Chemoradiation in Head and Neck Cancer: Practice and Pitfalls
Authors: Murthy Vedang , Kundu Sayan , Budrukkar Ashwini , Gupta Tejpal , Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Krishnatry Rahul , Agarwal Jaiprakash
Published: August 2012

Locally advanced head and neck cancers are usually treated with concurrent chemoradiation. The residual nodes after chemoradiation in such patients are a common scenario, but the further investigation and treatment options in form of neck dissection are still not very clear. This review focuses on the current state of available evidence in literature for management of such patients and directs for the future development to fill the lacunae.

How to cite this article

Agarwal J, Kundu S, Krishnatry R Gupta T, Murthy V, Budrukkar A, Laskar SG. Salvage Neck Dissection after Chemoradiation in Head and Neck Cancer: Practice and Pitfalls. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(1): 15-21.
A Rare Anatomical Relationship of Spinal Accessory Nerve to Internal Jugular Vein
Authors: Duggal Prahlad , Dhawan Amit , Sandhu Sumeet
Published: August 2012

A patient with squamous cell carcinoma of right retromolar area of the mandible and undergoing a staging neck dissection was noted to have a unique relationship of the internal jugular vein and spinal accessory nerve. At the upper end of the dissection (level II, Memorial Sloan-Kettering classification), the spinal accessory nerve was observed to pass directly through the internal jugular vein. Although previously described only once in the literature, this finding may be encountered by other surgeons who operate in this area and it is important that these anatomical variations are borne in mind to prevent inadvertent injury. To our knowledge, this must be the first case reported from India.

How to cite this article

Dhawan A, Duggal P, Sandhu S. A Rare Anatomical Relationship of Spinal Accessory Nerve to Internal Jugular Vein. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(1): 40-41.
Ameloblastoma of the Mandible: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Anjum Rubeena , Lone Parveen
Published: August 2012

The ameloblastoma, particularly the mixed cystic/solid type, is the most clinically significant odontogenic tumor. The tumor is often locally aggressive and has a significant impact and may have a patient's morbidity and mortality. In this report, we present a case of a large ameloblastoma that presented with the typical radiographic features of variably sized radiolucent loculations. Microscopically, the tumor showed a pattern of acanthomatous variant predominating. The tumor was treated with a partial resection of the mandible.

How to cite this article

Gupta N, Anjum R, Gupta S, Lone P. Ameloblastoma of the Mandible: A Case Report with Review of Literature. Int J Head and Neck Surg 2012;3(1):56-58.