bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seven years of undiagnosed syphilis: a missed opportunity for mother and child
Authors: Oomeer Soonita , Alagaratnam Jasmini , Lyall Hermione , Gurtin Deniz , Goldmeier David
Published: December 2014

We report the case of congenital syphilis diagnosed in a 7-year-old child after her 32-year-old mother was investigated for neurosyphilis. Our case illustrates the importance of antenatal syphilis screening and the need for a clear referral and management pathway for women with positive serology to ensure cases such as ours do not occur in the future.
HIV knowledge, risk perception and pre-exposure prophylaxis interest among Thai university students
Authors: Khawcharoenporn Thana , Chunloy Krongtip , Apisarnthanarak Anucha
Published: December 2014

To assess HIV risk perception and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) interest among university students, an anonymous survey was conducted among students from a large public university in Thailand. There were 641 participants; 118 (18%) were categorised into moderate or high-risk group. Of these 118 participants, 111 (94%) perceived themselves as no or low risk. Despite high levels of knowledge about HIV transmission risks, rates of consistent condom use with vaginal, oral and anal sex were all low (43%, 18% and 33%, respectively). The low rates of consistent condom use were significantly associated with false perception of low HIV risk ( P < 0.05). Independent factors associated with the false perception were male gender ( P < 0.001), living with a domestic partner ( P = 0.004), being homosexual or bisexual ( P = 0.02) and being students from a non-medicine faculty ( P = 0.04). Of the 641 participants, 211 (33%) were not interested in PrEP. Consistent condom use with oral sex ( P = 0.004), consistent condom use with vaginal sex ( P = 0.04) and being heterosexual ( P = 0.02) were independently associated with no PrEP interest. Our study suggests the need for enhanced interventions to improve HIV risk perception and safe sex practices among the university students.
Hemichorea in a patient with HIV-associated central nervous system histoplasmosis
Authors: Estrada-Bellmann Ingrid , Camara-Lemarroy Carlos R , Flores-Cantu Hazael , Calderon-Hernandez Hector J , Villareal-Velazquez Hector J
Published: December 2014

Central nervous system histoplasmosis is a rare opportunistic infection with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. We describe the first case of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cerebral histoplasmosis presenting with hemichorea. The patient recovered after treatment with conventional amphotericin B and itraconazole.
Happiness and education: Troubling students for their own contentment
Authors: Gibbs Paul
Published: December 2014

Currently higher education strategies seem to concentrate on the expedient, developing skills that can secure employment in the world of work. This may have immediate advantages, but in totalising pedagogic practice, it may restrict our openness to people and to our own contentment with ourselves. Valuable as this may be as a way to satisfy politicoeconomic policy imperatives, it strays from education as an edifying process where personal development represents, through the facing up to distress and despair, an unsettling of our developing identity and a negation of our immediate desire satisfaction. Such an unsettling is not intended to give pleasure or satisfaction in the normative way in which the imperative of happiness has been used in student satisfaction surveys, nor in the wider societal context that this totalisation represents. What I propose for higher education is not a dominant priority to feed the happiness for others, but a mission to personal contentment revealed through realising student potentialities for them and so recognising their limitations, as part of seeking an attunement to contentment.
Dementia RED (Respect Empathy Dignity): Collaborating to build dementia supportive communities in North Wales – reporting on a pilot project (innovative practice)
Authors: Chalk Annabel , Page Sean
Published: December 2014

There is increasing interest in developing dementia supportive communities world wide. Dementia RED (Respect Empathy Dignity) is a unique example from North Wales which is based on the twin concepts of people living with dementia as citizens in their community and developing ‘bottom up’ rather than ‘top down’ approaches to dementia supportive communities. Most people with dementia prefer to live at home thus making community connectivity key to maintaining healthy relationships and wellbeing. For those living with dementia, the community plays a pivotal role in providing value, meaning, purpose and acceptance. Building dementia supportive communities helps to raise awareness about dementia in the community through engagement and from identifying champions in the locality to voice issues. Dementia RED is an initiative and service which helps to develop such a philosophy in creating a dementia supportive community.
A Survey of Malocclusion and the Need for Orthodontic Treatment in a Shropshire School Population
Authors: Foster T. D. , Walpole Day A. J.
Published: December 2014

Occlusal features and the need for orthodontic treatment are difficult to assess objectively. Methods of assessment which have been devised for public health purposes are different from those which are needed for clinical purposes.

A study was carried out on 1000 children, aged 11 to 12 years, to assess certain occlusal features and the need for orthodontic treatment in clinical terms, and to determine which occlusal features brought about the need for treatment. The criteria for assessment are defined.

The population was found to have a high prevalence of dental arch crowding and of Class 2 dental arch relationship. The features were each present in more than half the population. Other findings regarding occlusal features are outlined.

There was little difference between the sexes for the occlusal and aetiological features studied.

No orthodontic treatment was found to be necessary in 40·1 per cent of the population. Treatment by planned extraction of teeth only was necessary in 22·0 per cent, and active tooth movement with appliances, either with or without extraction of teeth, in 37·9 per cent.

Crowding of the dentition and Class 2 dental arch relationship were found to be the main cause of the need for orthodontic treatment. In this population, more than 50 per cent of the necessary appliance treatment would be involved in treating Class 2 Division 1 occlusion.

There were no significant differences between the sexes in the need for orthodontic treatment.
Elastics—Their Properties and Clinical Applications in Orthodontic Fixed Appliance Therapy
Authors: Barrie W. J. McK. , Spence J. A.
Published: December 2014

A variety of orthodontic elastics were investigated: firstly to determine any change in length and consequent loss of force of selected orthodontic elastics when subjected to intra and intermaxillary forces under a simulated intra-oral environment (creep test); and secondly, to produce and interpret average stiffness graphs for each type of elastic tested.

Some types of elastic showed a considerable amount of creep and the force produced would fall off even after 1 hour of use, especially when they were employed for intermaxillary traction.

An Instron testing machine was used to produce stiffness graphs. The thinner elastics gave lower stiffness figures but the forces these elastics produced in the mouth were more predictable.
Xeroradiography for Lateral Skull Radiographs
Authors: Tipnis A. K.
Published: December 2014

A method of recording lateral skull views on a xerogram instead of an x-ray film is described. It involves the use of the Rank Xerox System 125. Advantages of this technique are better definition of the soft tissues and bone labial to the upper incisors, and the fact that it is a non-silver process.
The Removable Lingual Arch and its Relationship to the Universal Appliances
Authors: Yudelson Robert
Published: December 2014

The primary purpose of this article is to outline the functions that the removable lingual arch occupies within the framework of the Universal Appliance. As it has uses for those who utilize techniques other than the Universal Technique, a step-by-step construction method is offered. Arising from the latter, is an explanation as to the uses and construction of the split-lingual mechanism, an expansion device.

A brief description of the history of the lingual sheath, its placement, sizes and styles are also discussed.

All of the above is accompanied by the use of photographs to enhance the understanding of this presentation.
Proximal Caries Increment in Connection with Orthodontic Treatment with Removable Appliances
Authors: Bjerklin Krister , Gärskog Birgitta , Rönnerman Assar
Published: December 2014

The progression of proximal caries on canines, premolars and molars has been studied among 129 children treated with removable orthodontic appliances. The registration of carious lesions was performed on posterior bitewing radiographs taken before and after the orthodontic treatment. The children in this investigation showed a higher proximal caries progression than children treated with fixed orthodontic appliances where bands had been used. However, in comparison with caries data from epidemiological investigations in children of similar ages from the same area no difference was noted.
A Method of Pre-surgical Oral Orthopaedics
Authors: DiBlase D. D. , Hunter S. B.
Published: December 2014

A preliminary report of a technique of pre-surgical treatment in cleft lip and palate patients is outlined utilizing an adjustable intra-oral appliance with extra-oral strapping. The appliance is constructed with an adjustable spring for expansion and two shelves overlapping in the midline to allow palatal continuity during treatment. Frequently, only one appliance for each patient is required. The techniques of appliance construction, pre-surgical management and surgical repair of the lip are outlined.
The Pendulum Swings—Or Haven't I Been Here Once Before
Authors: Broadway R. T.
Published: December 2014

Presidential address to the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics, November 9th 1981. A review of the changes in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment in the United Kingdom over the last 35 years.
Retraction of Canines Using Bonded Tube-brackets
Authors: Davis H. D.
Published: December 2014

Investigations using a Force Analyser were carried out to test the characteristics of retractor springs fitted to a removable appliance and designed for insertion into a tube-bracket, bonded to the buccal surface of a canine. The retractors were shown to produce a counter—rotation couple when activated on the typodont. This type of canine retraction was then used clinically, and was found to produce less distal tilting than is noted with the single-point contact of a cantilever spring. Some spontaneous reduction in overjet was found to occur in each case of a small series. Possible mechanisms to account for this effect are discussed.
A Variation in Removable Appliance Design for Distal Movement or Anchorage Reinforcement
Authors: Barnett D. P.
Published: December 2014

A modification to appliance design is described to allow total distal movement of the upper arch and a case report presented to illustrate its use.
An Investigation of Treatment Provided in the General Dental Service for Patients with Class II Division 1 Malocclusions
Authors: Elderton R. J. , Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

The study models of a sample of 51 cases with Class II division 1 malocclusions treated in the General Dental Service in Scotland, were investigated and analysed with respect to the changes which had taken place in the overjet, overbite and incisor alignment. Residual spacing in the arches was also measured. Occlusal Index scores were calculated at the start and finish of treatment.

The results suggest that only a limited measure of success was achieved; they indicate a need to improve orthodontic treatment standards.
Localisation of Misplaced Maxillary Canines: Orthopantomograph and P.A. Skull Views Compared
Authors: Coupland M. A.
Published: December 2014

A comparison of the radiographs of 59 subjects who had misplaced maxillary canines has been undertaken. The purpose of this study was to see if the position of the canine as seen on a P.A. skull radiograph is comparable with the position of the canine on an orthopantomogram.

The results of the study show that there are similarities in the position of the canines as seen on the two radiographs. Where there is a variation between the two films, there is a tendency for the canine angulation to be increased on the orthopantomogram. The misplaced canine also appears further away from the midline on the orthopantomogram.
A Case Report of Bilateral Double Teeth
Authors: Moore K. H.
Published: December 2014

A 17-year-old male presented with bilateral double teeth in the 2/2 region and upper arch crowding. These were surgically sectioned and orthodontic treatment carried out to align 321/123. The sectioned teeth remained vital.
Reproducibility of an Index for Recording the Alignment of Individual Teeth
Authors: Lau D. , Griffiths G. , Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

In order that relationships between dental irregularities and the caries and periodontal status of individual teeth can be examined, the STRAIT index (standardized technique for recording the alignment of individual teeth) was developed. Tooth position scores representing vertical relationship, rotation, mesio-distal inclination, displacement and radial relationship are recorded using three- or five-category scales. Contact point scores representing bucco-lingual and mesio-distal relationships are measured directly. These characteristics are recorded for each tooth in the dentition, together with overjet and overbite measures for maxillary incisors and canines. Repeat measurement of 50 sets of models was undertaken by two examiners in order to assess intra-and interreproducibility of the index. A formula for adjusted agreement was employed for analysis of the categorized variables, and reproducibility was typically 80 per cent or better. Analysis of the reproducibility of the continuous variables was based on calculation of root mean square values of the difference between data sets and t-tests. In the main, intra-and interreproducibility was within 0·5 mm. These levels of accuracy meet the requirements of the index and it has since been used in an investigation of 1000 subjects.
Orthodontic Treatment in Ehlers—Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

The literature is briefly reviewed and the presentation and orthodontic treatment of a patient with Ehlers—Danlos syndrome is described. Surprisingly, in view of the nature of this collagen disorder, tooth movement appeared to progress normally; there was, however, a problem of mucosal ulceration which was alleviated through regular use of chlorhexidine mouthwash.
Orthodontic Treatment with Lingually Bonded Brackets
Authors: Sandham J. A.
Published: December 2014

The direct bonding of orthodontic brackets to enamel has greatly improved the aesthetics of fixed appliance orthodontics. A recent development has been the lingual placement of the attachments Which has resulted in none of the mechanics being visible on the anterior teeth. This article describes treatment with this technique and illustrates a treated case.
Further Observations on Lower Third Molar Tilt
Authors: Tait R. V.
Published: December 2014

The angulation of lower third molars on opposite sides of the jaw was compared on 50 orthopantographic radiographs of children who had mesial migration of lower first permanent molars on one side only following unilateral extraction of lower second deciduous molars. On 36 films the lower third molar was less tilted on the extraction side. Applying a paired t-test this difference is significant ( p<0·001). The distance of mesial migration was estimated, and the findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that early mesial migration of posterior teeth reduces the tilt of lower third molars.
An Assessment of Computer-assisted learning in Orthodontics
Authors: Luffingham J. K.
Published: December 2014

Programs developed in BASIC for the Apple II permit the presentation of orthodontic case histories in an interactive way. Clinical observation and decisions may be monitored by multiple choice questions and marked to provide a final score. In comparisons between a CAL program and traditional tutorial teaching, 60 dental undergraduates obtained higher average scores after CAL. It is concluded that the CAL presentation of orthodontics clinical data is an effective and popular addition to traditional teaching.
The Removable Quadhelix Appliance
Authors: Asher Catherine
Published: December 2014

The introduction of a preformed removable quadhelix appliance with curved rotation sheaths for insertion and removal has overcome many of the clinical problems associated with the fixed quadhelix appliance.

The design, fitting and activation of the appliance are described. Various applications and modifications are discussed.
Temporary Mental Paraesthesia: An Unusual Complication of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

Two case reports of temporary mental paraesthesia that developed during orthodontic treatment.
Clinical Orthodontic Experience of Liverpool Undergraduates
Authors: Pender N. , Lovius B. B. J.
Published: December 2014

A longitudinal study has been carried out over a 3-year period to monitor the effects of a change in emphasis in the clinical orthodontic training of undergraduate students. The change allowed them to treat more patients over a longer period of time with a greater variety and complexity of appliance, and to observe these patients into retention.
A Preliminary Craniofacial Profile Evaluation of Normo-, Micro- and Macro-Cephalies
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B.
Published: December 2014

In order to investigate the metrical definitions of the craniofacial skeleton, lateral cephalographs were defined by 120, 351 or 14,535 linear dimensions. When these dimensions were combined together by multivariate statistical techniques, the degree of discrimination between normo-, micro- and macro-cephalics was found to vary, depending upon the actual metric craniofacial definition included in the analyses. This study therefore indicated the need for further research before definitive comparisons of lateral cephalographs can be formalized.
The Value of Height Records in Orthodontics—a Case Report
Authors: Hathorn I. S.
Published: December 2014

A presentation to highlight the value of height records in orthodontic clinical practice.
Overjet and Overbite Distribution and Correlation: A Comparative Epidemiological English-Iraqi Study
Authors: Kinaan Basheer K.
Published: December 2014

There have been no widely used criteria and methods of measurement for evaluating the incisor relationship in terms of overjet and overbite and, therefore, no widely accepted definition of their normal values. A simple, efficient, metric overbite and overjet gauge has been developed and used on 236 English and 250 Iraqi samples. The normal range of overjet and overbite is considered as 2–4 mm. The English variation tends towards increased overjet and overbite, while the Iraqi variation tends towards lower values for both parameters. Significant correlation is seen between overjet and overbite at 1 per cent level in both samples.
An Investigation into some of the Factors Influencing the Desire for Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Gosney Mary B. E.
Published: December 2014

A sample of 207 patients and their respective parents were surveyed to assess the influence various occlusal anomalies and other factors had had in stimulating a desire for orthodontic treatment. From the results obtained it is thought that more attention should be given to the particular occlusal and aesthetic deviations which are causing concern to the patient: assumptions based purely upon the presenting occlusal condition should be avoided.

It was shown that for the majority of patients the provision of orthodontic care was dictated largely by aesthetics but that the general dental practitioner exerted an appreciable influence on patient acceptance of treatment.
Aspects of Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Pender N.
Published: December 2014

A longitudinal and transverse study has been carried out on 22 orthodontic patients during their first year of treatment to assess levels of plaque control and gingival inflammation. The scores were of full data and the patients randomly arranged on a split mouth cross-over design to study the effects of patient oral care and selective tooth cleaning on levels of oral health. The results are analysed in respect of upper fixed, lower fixed and upper removable appliances, comparing and contrasting quadrants that have been treated differently. Plaque levels appear constant, whereas levels of gingival inflammation are consistently worse during treatment but only in certain areas of the mouth. Levels of plaque and gingivitis are well controlled. There appears to be no hygiene disadvantage to an upper removable appliance when compared with an upper fixed appliance though the effect differs in relation to the tooth aspect considered. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Orthodontics in the General Dental Services (A Review of its Aims, Methods and Achievements)
Authors: Parker Charles D.
Published: December 2014

My presidential address is an opportunity to chronicle the endeavours of the dental profession. The advent of the National Health Service and the impact of socialized dentistry is recorded in terms of the aims, methods and achievements of the General Dental Service. Particular reference is made to the past 25 years along with a capsulation of some of my hopes for the future. Let us remember that our hopes are the seed corn of future deeds.
Roentgen Stereometry in the Study of Craniofacial Anomalies—the State of the Art in Sweden
Authors: Rune B. , Sarnäs K-V. , Selvik G. , Jacobsson S.
Published: December 2014

The paper is a review of ten years' experience with the method for Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis (RSA) which was presented by Selvik in 1974. The RSA was developed for the study of bone displacement in three dimensions and intended for clinical use. The accuracy of the recordings is about 0·1° for rotations about and 0·05 mm for translations along any one of the three cardinal axes of the head. The method, based on the use of metallic implants, is essentially individual. Some results from our stereometric studies of patients with cleft lip and palate, hemifacial microsomia, craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon syndrome) and dysgnathia are presented. The recordings concern the direction, the rate, and the amount of articular growth in the craniofacial sutures and the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). The information obtained is thus highly relevant to treatment planning and follow-up in craniofacial anomalies.
Occlusal Changes from Primary to Permanent Dentitions
Authors: Foster T. D. , Grundy M. C.
Published: December 2014

A longitudinal study was undertaken to assess the persistance of occlusal features of the primary dentition at five years into the permanent dentition at 12 years. It was found that although there was a broad measure of predictability there was variation in detail which made forecasting unreliable in the individual patient. Generally speaking, incisal overjet and overbite changed very little between the two dentitions, but those changes which occurred were in both directions, and the direction of change could not be predicted. The sagittal relationships of the dental arch were also relatively stable, but where change occurred it tended to be in a Class II direction, with the mandibular arch becoming more retroposed in relation to the maxillary arch. The prediction of crowding of the permanent dentition from a simple count of spaces in the primary dentition, while generally reliable, was not accurate in every individual patient.
Tooth Resorption Associated with the Eruption of Maxillary Canines
Authors: Knight Helen
Published: December 2014

Six cases of root resorption of lateral incisors, associated with buccally displaced maxillary canines are presented. In each case, the clinical appearance is described followed by a discussion drawing attention to the possible common features and the importance of a detailed radiographic investigation.
The Surgical and Orthodontic Management of Unerupted Teeth in Cleidocranial Dysostosis
Authors: Davies T. M. , Lewis D. H. , Gillbe G. V.
Published: December 2014

A common feature of patients with cleidocranial dysostosis is delayed shedding of deciduous teeth and failure of eruption of the permanent dentition. This article describes a method whereby orthodontic forces may be applied to these unerupted permanent teeth to move them into a satisfactory functional and aesthetic position with good periodontal support whilst maintaining their vitality. This method of treatment avoids the need for overdentures or other prosthetic aids which have often been used in the past.
Growth Study Including Stereophotogrammetry of a Pair of Monozygotic Twins, One Having a Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Burke P. , Hughes C.
Published: December 2014

This report is a serial growth study of a pair of monozygotic twin boys, one of whom suffered from a bilateral cleft of the lip and a unilateral cleft of the palate. Annual records for height and weight were registered from seven years eight months to 18 years 0 months. Soft tissue facial growth was also measured annually using short base stereophotogrammetry (Burke, 1967). Growth and development of the dentition was recorded as orthodontic study models at less frequent intervals. Measurements derived from the facial maps allowed not only measurement of soft tissue growth changes in the face, but also of surgical change to both lips related to an Abbe flap procedure carried out for the cleft twin. All changes are compared with those occurring in his monozygotic twin.
Evaluation of the Bergen Cephalometric Norms: A Radiological and Statistical Appraisal
Authors: Järvinen Seppo
Published: December 2014

The normal values of the angular radiographic cephalometric measurements in the Bergen analysis, the so called orthognathic combinations, were compared with the associations between these measurements obtained from two population samples. The original sample of the study consisted of 55 untreated orthodontic patients aged 7–14 years and with Angle's Class I malocclusion. Additional data were obtained from Solow's study on young male adults. The comparison indicated differences between the Bergen acceptable combinations and the population estimates. The Bergen norms seemed to be constructed partly on the basis of solely topographical correlations. Therefore, it can he claimed that Bergen cephalometric norms are more artificial than biological, because of which the clinical use of the Bergen analysis requires special caution.
A High Pull Torquing Auxiliary for use with the Begg Appliance
Authors: Hale L. R. O.
Published: December 2014

Treatment of the severe Class II division 2 malocclusion is difficult whatever appliance system is used.

A small auxiliary, for use with the Begg appliance, is described. This enables torque and intrusive forces to be delivered to the upper central incisors, using High Pull Headgear.

A case treated using this device is shown, and the changes brought about are demonstrated.
The Screening and Categorization of Patients: A Case for Natural Selection?
Authors: Robertson N. R. E. , Jones M. L. , Richmond S. , May E.
Published: December 2014

A preliminary study was performed on the feasibility and validity of objective categorization of patients into basic ‘treatment types’. The Reflex Metrograph was used for a three-dimensional cast analysis, and an H.P. 9874 A digitizer was used for a two-dimensional radiograph analysis. In both measurement techniques the method error was found to be acceptable.

Using the Ricketts 10 Factor Analysis, it was found that by means of ‘Clinical deviators’ radiographs could be used to distinguish orthognathic cases from the other treatment groups. The three-dimensional study cast analysis showed promise, distinguishing a number of statistically significant factors within the lower arch and between simple and fixed appliance cases.

A number of variables which might have been expected to be significant were confounded by their range of values within the groups.

Further investigation is required with an improved technique of initial categorization of patients, perhaps by means of a panel of clinicians, and more sophisticated statistical techniques.
The Development of Dental Education in the United Kingdom with Special Reference to Orthodontics
Authors: Tulley W. J.
Published: December 2014

The history of the developments in Dental Education in the British Isles is discussed starting in the middle of the eighteenth century with the work by John Hunter, and many to the present day. Stress is laid in the preservation of these improvements in both undergraduate and postgraduate education and the needs for close contact with bodies outside of orthodontics.
An Interactive Computer Program for Recording and Analysing Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Material
Authors: Bhatia S. N.
Published: December 2014

An interactive suite of chained programs is described for recording, measuring, and analysing a large number of longitudinal cephalometric records. The programs are arranged in a logical sequence, and integrated with the hardware, to ensure a smooth and automatic running of the system from data collection to data analysis. The results of the analysis can be presented in suitable numerical and/or graphical forms to show individual as well as mean growth profiles.
Repeatability of Head Posture Recordings from Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs
Authors: Sandham Andrew
Published: December 2014

The mechanisms that control facial growth are still not known. One method for studying these mechanisms is the careful analysis of subjects with normal and aberrant growth patterns using standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs. It has been shown in normal subjects that head posture is related to facial development and that changes in head posture are influenced by changes in nasal respiratory resistance (NRR). In the determination of these associations it is therefore important to assemble cephalometric data from lateral skull radiographs that have been standardized for position as well as for natural head posture. The study demonstrates that a reproducible head posture position exists that can be recorded with a method error of only a few degrees.
Incidence of Lower Second Permanent Molar Impaction
Authors: Evans Ruth
Published: December 2014

The incidence of lower second molar impaction was investigated, comparing the records of two samples of 200 orthodontic patients referred consecutively, in 1976 and 1986. A further study compared 50 cases showing both bilateral and unilateral impactions, with a non-impacted control group. This allowed possible causes of the impactions to be examined, particularly concerning the effect of premature loss of deciduous teeth on the distribution of crowding.
Scanning Electron Microscope Appearance of the Enamel/Composite/Bracket Areas Using Different Methods of Surface Enamel Treatment, Composite Mix and Bracket Loading
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Howe G. S.
Published: December 2014

Minimal plaque retention on and around orthodontic brackets is of paramount importance if iatrogenic tooth damage is to be avoided. This study made use of the scanning electron microscope to examine how variations in composite mix and finishing affected the smoothness and adaptation at the bracket, composite, and enamel interfaces. The study indicated that the optimum choice for good composite/enamel adaptation with a smooth composite surface and good composite/bracket adaptation involves the use of an intermediate unfilled resin layer, a paste/liquid mix of composite placed on a bracket which is optimally loaded, and no excess composite removed with an instrument.
Morphology of the Maxillary Lateral Incisor in Cases of Unilateral Impaction of the Maxillary Canine
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Mannion J. E. , Robinson J. M.
Published: December 2014

Two groups of subjects who demonstrated unilateral maxillary canine impaction were examined, a Caucasian group and an Oriental group. It was found that there are significant differences between the groups for sex of patients seeking treatment, site of impaction (buccal/palatal), and arch form. The Oriental group was significantly more crowded in the canine area than the Caucasian group. In almost all cases the dimensions of the lateral incisor on the side of impaction were smaller than the non-impacted side, although five subjects from the Caucasian female sub-group did not conform to this pattern, and for the Oriental male sub-group the mesiodistal crown width was larger on the impacted side.
Regional Variation in the Provision and Cost of General Dental Service Orthodontic Treatment in England and Wales
Authors: O'Brien K. D. , Shaw W. C. , Roberts C. T. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

The regional distribution of orthodontic treatment provision through the General Dental Service was examined, with reference to, per capita spending, cost per case and treatment rate; a marked regional variation in these variables was detected. The regional distributions of the specialist orthodontic practitioner and the General Dental Practitioner were calculated; and also exhibited a marked regional variation. The relationships between the regional distributions of manpower, treatment rate, and spending on orthodontic treatment were calculated. It was found that there were significant relationships between the regional distribution of manpower and treatment rate and per capita spending, but not cost per case. Possible explanations are discussed.
A Fluoride-containing Composite Resin—An In Vitro Study of a New Material for Orthodontic Bonding
Authors: Cook P. A. , Youngson C. C.
Published: December 2014

The shear/peel bond strength of a new material, a ‘hybrid’ of a composite resin and a glass ionomer cement, was compared in vitro with the bond strengths of a composite resin and of a glass ionomer cement. The new material had a significantly greater bond strength than the other materials tested and its properties were very similar to the composite resin. Unlike the glass ionomer cement, etching of the enamel before applying the adhesive is required. The clinical indications for using this new cement are discussed.
An Initial Assessment of the Effect on Orthodontic Pliers of Various Sterilization/Disinfection Regimes
Authors: Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

Duplicates of six commonly used orthodontic instruments were allocated to four groups. One of the groups of instruments was stored as a control. The three other groups were exposed to different regimes of sterilization or cold disinfection over an extended period. Twenty characteristics of function, corrosion, and appearance were then judged by four observers twice using a visual analogue scale of 100 units. No statistical evidence was found of routine autoclaving causing more damage to pliers than cold disinfection; in fact, the data suggested the contrary. Chrome plated pliers appeared more resistant to damage and maintained their appearance better than stainless steel pliers.
Case Report—A Posterior Open Bite
Authors: Nashed R. R. , Holmes Ann
Published: December 2014

A case of bilateral posterior open bite, treated using the ‘straight wire’ appliance, is reported. The diagnostic problems, associated with this type of malocclusion, are discussed.
Pathologically Induced Molar Extrusion—A Report of an Unexpected Odontogenic Keratocyst
Authors: Banks P. A.
Published: December 2014

The development of a pathological process may occasionally produce unexpected tooth movements, resulting in undesirable effects upon the occlusion. A 14-year-old Caucasian male patient is reported where a mandibular second permanent molar was extruded and tilted by a rapidly developing odontogenic keratocyst, which became evident 1 year after commencing orthodontic fixed appliance therapy. The rapidity of onset, the mode of presentation, and the effects upon the occlusion are discussed.
Regional Variation in the Provision of Orthodontic Treatment by the Hospital Services in England and Wales
Authors: O'Brien Kevin , Corkill Cynthia
Published: December 2014

The regional variation in hospital orthodontic manpower, referral rate, and hospital treatment rate for the 5–15-year-old population was calculated, a marked regional variation was evident. In addition, relevant data from the Consultant Orthodontist Survey of 1985 was also analysed on a regional basis, in order to evaluate any interactions between the above variables and the type of treatment provided, the proportion of referred patients accepted, and treatment priority of patients referred.

It was found that the hospital treatment rate was related to the referral rate, no other relevant significant correlations between the variables were detected. Possible explanations are discussed.
Occlusal Indices Revisited
Authors: Turner Sarah A.M.
Published: December 2014

With the increased interest in measuring the need for orthodontic treatment and the quality of the outcome of orthodontic care, the difficulties in using Grainger's Treatment Priority Index (TPI) to screen children in their tenth year is considered. The first part of the study investigated the level of validity of the TPI using 137 study models and three orthodontists. In the light of the results obtained, the TPI was modified. The clinical judgement of a further two orthodontists was compared with the scores obtained from the modified TPI, using another 121 study models. Three Community Dental Officers were employed initially to assess the training needs for personnel who were not trained in orthodontics. A further five Community Dental Officers were involved in the final training programmes. It was concluded that it will be very difficult to produce an index which considers all aspects of malocclusion and which can be used consistently by personnel untrained in orthodontics.
Residual Lower First Premolar Extraction Space
Authors: Richardson Margaret E.
Published: December 2014

Residual lower first premolar extraction space was examined in 43 subjects, 16 male and 27 female, 5 years after extraction; 16 subjects were treated mechanically, 27 had no active treatment.

Forty per cent of extraction sites had residual spaces averaging 0·62 mm left and 0·71 mm right. Various parameters were measured to try to establish reasons for non-closure of spaces. These included buccal space condition and incisal space condition measured on the pre-extraction models, and alveolar atrophy assessed on final models. The angulation of second premolars and canine to the maxillary plane and molar space were measured on 60° cephalograms. Changes in these three parameters were measured after superimposing a tracing of the pre-extraction film on the final film. Angulation of lower incisors to the maxillary plane was measured on pre-extraction 90° cephalograms, and change in lower incisor angulation and position measured after superimposing a tracing on the final 90° film.
A Study of Need and Demand for Orthodontic Treatment in Two Contrasting National Health Service Regions
Authors: Gravely John F.
Published: December 2014

A study has been made of attitudes towards the need for orthodontic treatment and its acceptability to fifth year high school pupils in two regional health authorities in England, selected because of differences in the number of orthodontists practising in the regions and in the amount of General Dental Service orthodontics undertaken in each. The respondents in hath regions showed similar levels of awareness to the need for treatment, but treatment was found to be less acceptable to those in the region where less orthodontic appliance therapy was being undertaken. The differences between regions were greater in girls than boys, In both regions, girls were more aware of malocclusions than boys and were more prepared to accept treatment.
Underwater Orthodontics
Authors: Jones Colwyn M. , Graham John
Published: December 2014

A report is presented of a scuba diver who was unable to dive using a normal commercial mouthpiece due to wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance. The situation was resolved with the provision of a customized mouthpiece of simple design and manufacture.
An Evaluation of Zirconium Oxide Brackets: A Preliminary Laboratory and Clinical Report
Authors: Springate S. D. , Winchester L. J.
Published: December 2014

A pre-production sample of zirconium oxide (ceramic) brackets was examined in this study. A laboratory investigation of the tensile/peel bond strength of the brackets was carried out using two light-cured adhesives (Prismafil and Heliosit) and one chemically-cured adhesive (Delphic). The mode of failure was also investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The bond strengths achieved with Prismafil were statistically significantly (P < 0·05) lower than Heliosit and Delphic between which no significant differences were found. All samples failed at the bracket—adhesive interface. A clinical test demonstrated the extreme ease of sliding along stainless steel and nickel-titanium archwires. and revealed a low plaque adhesion. The principal disadvantage of these brackets appears to be their off-white highly opaque appearance which in addition to giving poor aesthetics may adversely affect bond strength with light-cured adhesives.
Forces Produced by Auxiliary Torquing Springs in the Begg Technique
Authors: Hammond M. , Rock W. P.
Published: December 2014

Different designs of Begg torquing auxiliary have been tested to measure the forces produced at the apex of a tooth. Forces at the tooth surface ranged from 0·4 to 3·3 N, equivalent to 0·1–0·9 N at the root apex.
An Investigation into the Relationship between Human Beings and Norfolk Terriers
Authors: Statham Jacqueline M.
Published: December 2014

Two Norfolk Terriers were used as experimental subjects to investigate the means by which human beings relate to Norfolk Terriers in maintaining their Overall dental health. The study was divided into two parts: the Hard Cheese Study (HCS) and the Oral Hygiene Study) (OHS). The difficulties in conducting experiments on this breed are highlighted and an evaluation of random error in measurements is undertaken using an Index termed Jaw Occlusions in a Kennel Environment (JOKE).
The Effect of Adhesive Type and Thickness on Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Mackay Frances
Published: December 2014

Fine-mesh hased brackets were handed to plastic cylinders using four different adhesives. Adhesive thickness was controlled using a bonding jig. The bond was then tested to failure using a shear force. Each adhesive had its own minimum thickness, probably related to its viscosity. Increasing the thickness of the adhesives to 0·26 mm, using a stainless steel spacer had minimal effect on their mean shear bond strength.
A Comparison between the Old Transcend and the New Transcend Series 2000 Bracket
Authors: Winchester L. J.
Published: December 2014

The shear/peel and tensile/peel bond strengths of the original Transcend and the new Transcend series 2000 bracket were determined using two different light-cured composites, Prismafil (high filler) and Heliosit (low filler). Predominant sites of failure were recorded for each bracket with each cement in each mode of testing.

Transcend series 2000 produced higher bond strengths than Transcend in shear/peel, but were significantly weaker in tensile/peel testing. Heliosit generally produced higher bond strengths than Prismafil.

Enamel fractures were observed with Transcend in both modes of testing when bonded with Heliosit, but not with Transcend series 2000 when bonded with Heliosit.

The new Transcend series 2000 brackets should only be removed in tensile/peel mode as suggested by the manufacturers, due to their very high bond strengths in shear.
The Performance of First Molar Orthodontic Bands Cemented with Glass Ionomer Cement—A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Millett D. T. , Gordon P. H.
Published: December 2014

Various factors influencing the survival time of orthodontic bands cemented to first permanent molars with glass ionomer cement (KETAC-CEM, Espe) have been investigated. Data on 513 patients with 1424 first molar bands who completed orthodontic treatment between 1985 and 1989 inclusive were analysed. Performance of bands cemented to first permanent molars varied according to the operator, age of the patient and treatment mechanics, but not according to the sex of the patient or quadrant in which the band was fitted.
Bioprogressive Brackets and Pentamorphic Arches
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Jones M. L. , Robertson N. R. E. , Nicolson P. T.
Published: December 2014

The problems associated with finishing cases treated with Bioprogressive incisor brackets when using the rectangular pentamorphic arch forms are illustrated and discussed, and possible solutions proposed.
A Radiographic Study of Facial Asymmetry
Authors: Hewitt A. B.
Published: December 2014

Sixty-three cephalometric posterior-anterior radiographs were traced and seven bilateral and four single landmarks delineated. The reference points were joined to form triangles representing the component areas of the face. The areas of the triangles were compared with the equivalents on the contra-lateral side. The findings suggest an overall asymmetry with the larger side being the left. The cranial base and maxillary regions tended to be larger on the left, the mandibular and the dento-alveolar regions exhibiting a greater degree of symmetry.
The Reproducibility of Electromyographic Data
Authors: Simpson Mary McF. , Richardson Andrew
Published: December 2014

Electromyographic results may be influenced by electrical interference or artefacts. This investigation shows that when discrepancies occurred between readings made by different operators they were of low magnitude and rarely reached the level of statistical significance. Assuming that recordings are made under ideal conditions, the data may be accepted as a true and reproducible measure of muscle activity.
Interchange of Brackets in the Treatment of Root Transposition
Authors: Parkhouse R. C.
Published: December 2014

An indication for simultaneous use of different brackets in the same arch is illustrated by the treatment of an upper canine showing features of transposition.
Orthodontics and Prosthodontics—A Common Basis for Diagnosis, Treatment Planning and Research
Authors: L'Estrange P. R.
Published: December 2014

With a dentate patient parameters are clearly defined. In the absence of pre-extraction data the prosthetic restoration of an edentulous patient can present considerable difficulty. Failure on the part of the individual to adapt to prosthetic treatment may in many instances be attributable to errors in diagnosis and treatment planning.

An appreciation of the range of variation of hard and soft-tissue morphology in the population is a necessary Pre-requisite to successful long-term treatment. An attempt is made in this paper to show the common basis which exists between orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry in aspects of diagnosis. The application of concepts Well established in orthodontics to prosthetic treatment is discussed in addition to possible avenues of joint research between the two specialities of dentistry.