bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Turquoise Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution using Microwave Assisted Zinc Chloride Activated Carbon Prepared from Delonix Regia Pods
Authors: Ramesh K. , Rajappa A. , Nandhakumar V.
Published: December 2016

Adsorption interaction of Turquoise blue dye onto microwave assisted zinc chloride activated carbon from aqueous solution was investigated. Activated carbons were prepared from pods of Delonix regia. Carbon prepared was designated as MWZAC (Microwave assisted Zinc chloride Activated Carbon). The characteristics of the MWZAC were determined by BET analysis, XRD, FTIR and pHZPC. Batch mode adsorption experiments were carried out. Influence of the parameters such as Dose of the adsorbent, agitation time, initial dye concentration, pH of the solution and temperature on adsorption were studied. Kinetics of the system was studied with linearised forms of Lagergren, Ho and Webber Morris models. Equilibrium data were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Raduskevich isotherms. The order of best describing isotherms was given based on R2 value. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were determined using Vant Hoff plots. The exhausted MWZAC was regenerated by desorption processes using 0.2 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH and distilled water.
Idiosyncratic Patterns of Representational Similarity in Prefrontal Cortex Predict Attentional Performance
Authors: Lee Jeongmi , Geng Joy J.
Published: December 2016

The efficiency of finding an object in a crowded environment depends largely on the similarity of nontargets to the search target. Models of attention theorize that the similarity is determined by representations stored within an “attentional template” held in working memory. However, the degree to which the contents of the attentional template are individually unique and where those idiosyncratic representations are encoded in the brain are unknown. We investigated this problem using representational similarity analysis of human fMRI data to measure the common and idiosyncratic representations of famous face morphs during an identity categorization task; data from the categorization task were then used to predict performance on a separate identity search task. We hypothesized that the idiosyncratic categorical representations of the continuous face morphs would predict their distractability when searching for each target identity. The results identified that patterns of activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) as well as in face-selective areas in the ventral temporal cortex were highly correlated with the patterns of behavioral categorization of face morphs and search performance that were common across subjects. However, the individually unique components of the categorization behavior were reliably decoded only in right LPFC. Moreover, the neural pattern in right LPFC successfully predicted idiosyncratic variability in search performance, such that reaction times were longer when distractors had a higher probability of being categorized as the target identity. These results suggest that the prefrontal cortex encodes individually unique components of categorical representations that are also present in attentional templates for target search.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEveryone's perception of the world is uniquely shaped by personal experiences and preferences. Using functional MRI, we show that individual differences in the categorization of face morphs between two identities could be decoded from the prefrontal cortex and the ventral temporal cortex. Moreover, the individually unique representations in prefrontal cortex predicted idiosyncratic variability in attentional performance when looking for each identity in the “crowd” of another morphed face in a separate search task. Our results reveal that the representation of task-related information in prefrontal cortex is individually unique and preserved across categorization and search performance. This demonstrates the possibility of predicting individual behaviors across tasks with patterns of brain activity.
Decoding the Cortical Dynamics of Sound-Meaning Mapping
Authors: Kocagoncu Ece , Clarke Alex , Devereux Barry J. , Tyler Lorraine K.
Published: December 2016

Comprehending speech involves the rapid and optimally efficient mapping from sound to meaning. Influential cognitive models of spoken word recognition (Marslen-Wilson and Welsh, 1978) propose that the onset of a spoken word initiates a continuous process of activation of the lexical and semantic properties of the word candidates matching the speech input and competition between them, which continues until the point at which the word is differentiated from all other cohort candidates (the uniqueness point, UP). At this point, the word is recognized uniquely and only the target word's semantics are active. Although it is well established that spoken word recognition engages the superior (Rauschecker and Scott, 2009), middle, and inferior (Hickok and Poeppel, 2007) temporal cortices, little is known about the real-time brain activity that underpins the computations and representations that evolve over time during the transformation from speech to meaning. Here, we test for the first time the spatiotemporal dynamics of these processes by collecting MEG data while human participants listened to spoken words. By constructing quantitative models of competition and access to meaning in combination with spatiotemporal searchlight representational similarity analysis (Kriegeskorte et al., 2006) in source space, we were able to test where and when these models produced significant effects. We found early transient effects ∼400 ms before the UP of lexical competition in left supramarginal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and of semantic competition in MTG, left angular gyrus, and IFG. After the UP, there were no competitive effects, only target-specific semantic effects in angular gyrus and MTG.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding spoken words involves complex processes that transform the auditory input into a meaningful interpretation. This effortless transition occurs on millisecond timescales, with remarkable speed and accuracy and without any awareness of the complex computations involved. Here, we reveal the real-time neural dynamics of these processes by collecting data about listeners' brain activity as they hear spoken words. Using novel statistical models of different aspects of the recognition process, we can locate directly which parts of the brain are accessing the stored form and meaning of words and how the competition between different word candidates is resolved neurally in real time. This gives us a uniquely differentiated picture of the neural substrate for the first 500 ms of word recognition.
Adenosine Shifts Plasticity Regimes between Associative and Homeostatic by Modulating Heterosynaptic Changes
Authors: Bannon Nicholas M. , Chistiakova Marina , Chen Jen-Yung , Bazhenov Maxim , Volgushev Maxim
Published: December 2016

Endogenous extracellular adenosine level fluctuates in an activity-dependent manner and with sleep–wake cycle, modulating synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity. Hebbian-type long-term plasticity introduces intrinsic positive feedback on synaptic weight changes, making them prone to runaway dynamics. We previously demonstrated that co-occurring, weight-dependent heterosynaptic plasticity can robustly prevent runaway dynamics. Here we show that at neocortical synapses in slices from rat visual cortex, adenosine modulates the weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity: blockade of adenosine A1receptors abolished weight dependence, while increased adenosine level strengthened it. Using model simulations, we found that the strength of weight dependence determines the ability of heterosynaptic plasticity to prevent runaway dynamics of synaptic weights imposed by Hebbian-type learning. Changing the weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity within an experimentally observed range gradually shifted the operating point of neurons between an unbalancing regime dominated by associative plasticity and a homeostatic regime of tightly constrained synaptic changes. Because adenosine tone is a natural correlate of activity level (activity increases adenosine tone) and brain state (elevated adenosine tone increases sleep pressure), modulation of heterosynaptic plasticity by adenosine represents an endogenous mechanism that translates changes of the brain state into a shift of the regime of synaptic plasticity and learning. We speculate that adenosine modulation may provide a mechanism for fine-tuning of plasticity and learning according to brain state and activity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAssociative learning depends on brain state and is impaired when the subject is sleepy or tired. However, the link between changes of brain state and modulation of synaptic plasticity and learning remains elusive. Here we show that adenosine regulates weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity: adenosine strengthened weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity; blockade of adenosine A1 receptors abolished it. In model neurons, such changes of the weight dependence of heterosynaptic plasticity shifted their operating point between regimes dominated by associative plasticity or by synaptic homeostasis. Because adenosine tone is a natural correlate of activity level and brain state, modulation of plasticity by adenosine represents an endogenous mechanism for translation of brain state changes into a shift of the regime of synaptic plasticity and learning.
Fluorescence‐based ATG8 sensors monitor localization and function of LC3/GABARAP proteins
Authors: Stolz Alexandra , Putyrski Mateusz , Kutle Ivana , Huber Jessica , Wang Chunxin , Major Viktória , Sidhu Sachdev S , Youle Richard J , Rogov Vladimir V , Dötsch Volker , Ernst Andreas , Dikic Ivan
Published: December 2016

Autophagy is a cellular surveillance pathway that balances metabolic and energy resources and transports specific cargos, including damaged mitochondria, other broken organelles, or pathogens for degradation to the lysosome. Central components of autophagosomal biogenesis are six members of the LC3 and GABARAP family of ubiquitin‐like proteins (mATG8s). We used phage display to isolate peptides that possess bona fide LIR (LC3‐interacting region) properties and are selective for individual mATG8 isoforms. Sensitivity of the developed sensors was optimized by multiplication, charge distribution, and fusion with a membrane recruitment (FYVE) or an oligomerization (PB1) domain. We demonstrate the use of the engineered peptides as intracellular sensors that recognize specifically GABARAP, GABL1, GABL2, and LC3C, as well as a bispecific sensor for LC3A and LC3B. By using an LC3C‐specific sensor, we were able to monitor recruitment of endogenous LC3C to Salmonella during xenophagy, as well as to mitochondria during mitophagy. The sensors are general tools to monitor the fate of mATG8s and will be valuable in decoding the biological functions of the individual LC3/GABARAPs.
MRTF potentiates TEAD‐YAP transcriptional activity causing metastasis
Authors: Kim Tackhoon , Hwang Daehee , Lee Dahye , Kim Jeong‐Hwan , Kim Seon‐Young , Lim Dae‐Sik
Published: December 2016

Yes‐associated protein (YAP) and myocardin‐related transcription factor (MRTF) play similar roles and exhibit significant crosstalk in directing transcriptional responses to chemical and physical extracellular cues. The mechanism underlying this crosstalk, however, remains unclear. Here, we show MRTF family proteins bind YAP via a conserved PPXY motif that interacts with the YAP WW domain. This interaction allows MRTF to recruit NcoA3 to the TEAD‐YAP transcriptional complex and potentiate its transcriptional activity. We show this interaction of MRTF and YAP is critical for LPA‐induced cancer cell invasion in vitro and breast cancer metastasis to the lung in vivo. We also demonstrate the significance of MRTF‐YAP binding in regulation of YAP activity upon acute actin cytoskeletal damage. Acute actin disruption induces nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling of MRTF, and this process underlies the LATS‐independent regulation of YAP activity. Our results provide clear evidence of crosstalk between MRTF and YAP independent of the LATS kinases that normally act upstream of YAP signaling. Our results also suggest a mechanism by which extracellular stimuli can coordinate physiological events downstream of YAP.
An RNA‐binding atypical tropomyosin recruits kinesin‐1 dynamically to oskar mRNPs
Authors: Gáspár Imre , Sysoev Vasiliy , Komissarov Artem , Ephrussi Anne
Published: December 2016

Localization and local translation of oskar mRNA at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte directs abdominal patterning and germline formation in the embryo. The process requires recruitment and precise regulation of motor proteins to form transport‐competent mRNPs. We show that the posterior‐targeting kinesin‐1 is loaded upon nuclear export of oskar mRNPs, prior to their dynein‐dependent transport from the nurse cells into the oocyte. We demonstrate that kinesin‐1 recruitment requires the DmTropomyosin1‐I/C isoform, an atypical RNA‐binding tropomyosin that binds directly to dimerizing oskar 3′UTRs. Finally, we show that a small but dynamically changing subset of oskar mRNPs gets loaded with inactive kinesin‐1 and that the motor is activated during mid‐oogenesis by the functionalized spliced oskar RNA localization element. This inefficient, dynamic recruitment of Khc decoupled from cargo‐dependent motor activation constitutes an optimized, coordinated mechanism of mRNP transport, by minimizing interference with other cargo‐transport processes and between the cargo‐associated dynein and kinesin‐1.
Senekos dramų herojų jausmų raiška ir poveikis žiūrovams
Authors: Dikmonienė Jovita
Published: December 2016

Antikinës tragedijos esmë yra neatsiejamai susijusi su herojø jausmais, o prasmë ir vertë – su þiûrovø ir skaitytojø emocijomis. Pasak Oksfordo universiteto profesoriaus Oliverio Taplino, „jausmai yra tragedijos ðirdis“1 . Ákvëptas Thomo Stearnso Elioto apybraiþos „Seneka Elþbietos laikø vertimuose“, profesorius knygos Graikø tragedija scenoje (Greek tragedy in action) epigrafu pasirinko citatà, kurià perfrazavo taip: „Graikø tragedijoje uþ þodþiø slypi veiksmas, uþ veiksmo – jausmas: tai, kas abstraktu ir tai, kas konkretu, yra viena, jausmas ir prasmë yra nedalûs.“2 Pasak Taplino, jei tragedija þiûrovams nesukelia tragiðkø emocijø (baimës, gailesèio), ji tampa ne tik emocine, bet kartu ir intelektualine nesëkme.Straipsnyje, remdamiesi Taplino áþvalgomis, bandysime paþvelgti á Senekos tragedijø herojø jausmus ið þiûrovø perspektyvos, dekonstruoti ir tarsi nuimti virðutiná verbaliná Senekos tragedijø sluoksná, giliau suvokti po þodþiais slypintá personaþø jausmø ir minèiø pasaulá. Straipsnio tikslas – iðtirti, kokius veikë- jø jausmus vaizduoja poetas tragedijose Medëja ir Tiestas, koks herojø jausmø tikslas ir emocinis poveikis þiûrovams. Taikysime apra- ðomàjá, analiziná, lyginamàjá, hermeneutiná tyrimo metodus.Lyginti pasirinkome Senekos tragedijas Medëjà ir Tiestà, nes jos panaðios herojø aistrø raiðka. Seneka ðiose tragedijose vaizduoja vieno jausmo apimtus herojus, þudanèius vaikus ið pykèio ir po kerðto nesigailinèius savo poelgio. Lyginsime Senekos diatribëse apraðomas pykèio aistros atsiradimo prieþastis, jos vystymàsi ir padarinius su tragedijose vaizduojama herojø pykèio aistra.
Plinijaus laiškų adresatai: charakterių įvairovė
Authors: Maciūnienė Anna
Published: December 2016

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Verortung des Dichtens in Der Erzählung Meine Sprache und ich von Ilse Aichinger
Authors: Bartkuvienė Inga
Published: December 2016

Straipsnyje analizuojamas kūrybos lokalizacijos klausimas objektu pasirinkus Ilzės Aichinger apsa­kymąMano kalba ir aš. Susitelkta ties kalbos raiš­kos ženklais autoreferentiniame Aichinger rašyme. Siekis – atskleisti, kaip tekste išsidėsto, kaip veikia ir kokias reikšmes įgauna kalba, rašantysis, rašymas, raštas. Teorines prieigas teikia Martino Heideggerio kalbos filosofija bei Jacques Derrida „gramatologija“.Straipsnio dalyje „Riba kaip kalbos sritis“ apta­riamos kalbos sklaidos kūryboje bei kūrybos kalboje aktualizacijos. Kalba Aichinger tekste steigiasi opo­zicinių savybių sava / svetima sandūroje. Analizė pa­rodo, jog šią opoziciją eliminuoja besiplečiantis kity­bės atverčių laukas. Personifikuotos kalbos „sienos kirtimas“, „apsistojimas prie jūros“ erdviškai žymi ribinę situaciją, kuri yra kalbos būties sąlyga.Dalyje „Kūryba rašte“ gvildenami veikiančių figūrų implikuojami balso ir rašto santykiai: balsas yra kalbančiojo subjekto savybė, antropomorfinį pa­vidalą apsakyme įgijusi kalba prabilti atsisako. Jos būties būdas yra spektriškas, daugialypis, raštiškas. „Sustingęs rašale“ rašantysis praranda subjektyvybę ir išlieka tik kaip signatūros statusas, o „sustingusi rašale kalba“ grąžinama į rašto „būties namus“.
PRAEITIES (RE)KONSTRAVIMAS NAUJAJAME VOKIEČIŲ ŠEIMOS ROMANE (REMIANTIS JULIJOS FRANCK ROMANU DIE MITTAGSFRAU)
Authors: Eidukevičienė Rūta
Published: December 2016

Pastaraisiais metais šeimos romano žanras Vokietijoje išgyveną savotišką renesansą. Prie šio populiarumo itin prisidėjo trečiosios pokario kartos pastangos rekonstruoti šeimos istoriją, ypač senelių kartos išgyvenimus XX a. istorinių kataklizmų metu. Remiantis Julijos Franck romanu Die Mittagsfrau, kuris 2007 m. buvo pripažintas geriausiu Vokietijos romanu, straipsnyje aptariami naujojo šeimos romano turinio ir formos bruožai (autobiografinio vaizdavimo ir fikcijos sintezė, istorinio konteksto susiaurinimas iki vienos šeimos likimo, jaunosios kartos pastangos suprasti, o kartais netgi pateisinti senelių ir tėvų veiksmus tarpukario ir karo metais, keleto pasakojimo perspektyvų derinimas ir kt.). Autorė romane bando ne tiek atkurti, kiek sukurti niekada nematytos močiutės (iš dalies ir tėvo) gyvenimo istoriją, tačiau skirtingai nei daugelis kitų vokiečių autorių ji neaprašinėja paties praeities rekonstravimo, t. y. šeimos relikvijų ar istorinių šaltinių paieškos, proceso. Pagrindinis dėmesys sutelkiamas į šeimos tarpusavio santykių bei intymių vidinių moters išgyvenimų vaizdavimą, tačiau kartu paliečiamas ir bendras XX a. politinis bei socialinis kontekstas, pvz., 3-ojo dešimt. ekonominė krizė, Berlyno bohemos gyvenimas, nacionalsocializmo iškilimas, žydų persekiojimas, pokario suirutė. Toks istorinio pobūdžio šeimos romanas atskleidžia prieštaravimus tarp individualios ir oficialiosios atminties, atliepia aktualias istorines diskusijas bei prisideda prie kultūrinės vokiečių tautos atminties formavimo.
Rugsėjo vienuoliktosios pasekmės amerikiečių literatūrai: nuo baimės ir susvetimėjimo iki susidomėjimo ir dialogo
Authors: Žindžiuvienė Ingrida
Published: December 2016

Straipsnyje apžvelgiama tragiško įvykio JAV istorijoje (2001 m. rugsėjo vienuoliktosios) įtaka amerikiečių literatūrai. Ši tragedija šalyje sukėlė ilgalaikį potrauminį efektą, paskatinusį amerikiečių rašytojus rinktis terorizmo apraiškų temas. Vienas jų, John Updike (g. 1932), priskiriamas prie amerikiečių rašytojų, analizuojančių individo būklę, moralinių vertybių paieškas. Savo romanuose John Updike aprašo šiuolaikinio gyvenimo ypatumus, psichologines traumas, žmonijos žiaurumą, brutalumą ir nesuvokiamą blogį. 2006 m. parašytame romane Terrorist („Teroristas“) rašytojas pateikia šiuolaikinės amerikiečių visuomenės, kurioje vyrauja baimė ir įtampa, analizę. Aprašydamas jauno teroristo gyvenimą, rašytojas pabrėžia amerikietiškos visuomenės ydas ir analizuoja šalies politinę situaciją.
Russian paradigm in Virginia Woolf’s (non)fiction: reading Dostoevsky
Authors: Bartkuvienė Linara
Published: December 2016

Šiame pranešime nagrinėjama Dostojevskio kūrybos įtaka V. Woolf kūrybai. Nors Woolf atsargiai vertino Dostojevskio pasirinktą metodą – anot rašytojos, chaotišką, sunkiai valdomą –  dostojevskiškasis polifoniškumas, vis dėlto, įvairiomis formomis įsitvirtino Woolf romanuose, pirmiausia suponuodamas naują personažo kūrimo formą, naują požiūrį į veikėją. Dostojevskio ir Woolf meninių pasaulių dialoge tampa akivaizdu, kad nei Dostojevskio, nei Woolf veikėjas nedomina kaip socialinis ar psichofiziologinis tipas ir individualus charakteris, susidedantis iš įvairių bruožų, leidžiančių skaitytojui atsakyti į klausimą, kas ir koks yra veikėjas, kokia jo socialinė padėtis, ir t. t. Woolf veikėjas domina kaip požiūris, t. y. kaip požiūris į pasaulį ir į save. Toks požiūris į veikėją reikalauja ypatingų vaizdavimo metodų. Kaip Dostojevskiui, taip ir Woolf svarbiau paties veikėjo refleksijos, „savimonės funkcija“. Abu rašytojai kiekvieną veikėjo bruožą įveda į jo paties – t. y. veikėjo – akiratį, „sumeta į jo savimonės tiglį“. Be to, tiek Woolf, tiek ir Dostojevskio skaitytojas mato ne pačią veikėjo tikrovę, bet kaip jis tą tikrovę suvokia. Woolf romanuose, kaip ir Dostojevskio kūryboje, veikėjo paveikslas nėra įprastinis „objektinio veikėjo paveikslas“. Dostojevskio ir Woolf veikėjai yra neįprastai savarankiški romano struktūroje, jų balsai „skamba tartum šalia autoriaus žodžio ir savitai santykiauja su juo bei su tokiais pat pilnakraujais kitų veikėjų balsais“. Tačiau būtų neteisinga sakyti, kad Woolf tiesiogiai perėmė Dostojevskio polifoniškumo principą. Woolf buvo kūrėja, estetė; ji jokiais būdais nebuvo imitatorė. Ji buvo inovatorė. Kita vertus, būtų ne visiškai teisinga sakyti ir tai, kad Dostojevskio polifoniškumas nebuvo viena ar kita forma asimiliuotas Woolf meniniame pasaulyje. Manytume, kad Dostojevskis, kuriuo buvo žavimasi ne tik Rusijoje, bet ir Vakarų Europoje bei Amerikoje buvo stiprus užnugaris Woolf literatūriniams eksperimentams.
Chick lit as the new woman’s fiction: inscriptions in Marian Keyes’s novel Watermelon
Authors: Ragaišienė Irena
Published: December 2016

Straipsnyje aptariama nauja tendencija moterų literatūroje. Ši tendencija apibūdinama kaip komerciniu požiūriu sėkmingų romanų protrūkis. Šiuo romanus vienijanti tema – jaunų moterų pastangos suderinti sėkmingą karjerą ir emancipuotos moters asmeninius poreikius. Kritinėje šios literatūros recepcijoje vyrauja dvi nuomonės. Vieni kritikai naująjį žanrą tapatina su meilės romanu, skirtu vartojiškumo dvasios apimtai skaitytojų auditorijai, kiti teigia, kad šis žanras įkūnija realistinio romano sugrįžimą ir nurodo akivaizdžias sąsajas su jo žanrinėmis variacijomis. Šiuo požiūriu ši literatūra atspindi svarbiausius laikmečio faktorius, lemiančius tapatybės raidą. Marian Keyes romane Arbūzas pastebimi charakteringiausi aptariamojo naujojo literatūros žanro bruožai, straipsnyje analizuojami pasitelkiant šio žanro tyrinėtojų vertinimus.
Playing Musical Instruments during Elementary School Age and Selection of Secondary School and Profession / Sviranje glazbenih instrumenata u osnovnoškolskoj dobi i odabirsrednje škole tezanimanja
Authors: Atanasov Piljek Diana , Jurkić Sviben Tamara
Published: December 2016

AbstractNumerous scientific researchers have been pointing to the connection between certain music activities and development of the non-musical competencies. Learning to play a musical instrument contributes to the development of the multiple intelligences elements. The aim of this work is to determine whether there is a connection between the learning process and the activity of playing a musical instrument in elementary school and the selection of secondary school type and occupation. In this research the following questions were considered: whether playing a musical instrument during elementary school age is connected with the process of choosing secondary school and occupation, with the overall success of the respondents in elementary and secondary school, success in Mathematics, the level of future education and knowledge of foreign languages. A total of 283 respondents of various age groups participated in this research, and they were divided into two categories: respondents who were playing a musical instrument during elementary school age and the respondents who were not.Key words: level of education; non-musical competencies; personal interests; playing. --- SažetakBrojna znanstvena istraživanja ukazuju na povezanost određenih glazbenih aktivnosti s razvojem neglazbenih kompetencija. Učenje sviranja glazbenog instrumenta doprinosi razvoju elemenata višestrukih inteligencija. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati postoji li vezaizmeđu učenja i aktivnosti sviranja nekog glazbenog instrumenta u osnovnoj školi sa odabirom srednje škole i zanimanja.Za potrebe istraživanju razmatrana su pitanja: postoji li veza između sviranjaglazbenog instrumenta u osnovnoškolskoj dobi i odabira srednje škole i zanimanja,uspjeha iz matematike, razine budućeg obrazovanja te poznavanja stranih jezika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 283 ispitanika različitih dobnih skupina podijeljenih u dvije kategorije: ispitanici koji su svirali glazbeni instrument u osnovnoškolskoj dobi i oni koji nisu. Ispitivanje je provedeno provjerenim anketnim upitnikom. Rezultati su analizirani neparametrijskim metodama obrade podataka te upućuju na potrebu sviranja glazbenog instrumenta u osnovnoškolskoj dobi i višestruku korist samog sviranja u razvoju neglazbenih kompetencija mlade osobe.Ključne riječi: neglazbene kompetencije; osobni interesi; razina obrazovanja; sviranje.
Multilingualism of Croatian Elementary School Children on Facebook / Višejezičnost hrvatskih osnovnoškolaca na Facebooku
Authors: Filipan-Žignić Blaženka , Kitner Edita , Sobo Katica
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Internet, as the largest worldwide network of interconnected computers, assumes multilingualism and thus deserves to be the focus of the latest research on communication. On the one hand, multilingualism can be interpreted as the use of multiple languages or varieties in a particular situation. Therefore, the authors here speak of multilingualism among Croatian elementary school children on the Internet, especially on Facebook. The first step was to conduct research on multilingualism (including both vertical and horizontal multilingualism) of seventh graders in three counties in the northern and north-western regions of Croatia. The next step was to examine whether elementary school children express their multilingualism (both horizontal and vertical) on Facebook as well. The authors wanted to explore whether code-switching and code-mixing occurred in their communication on Facebook, and if they did, to what extent and for what reasons. The conclusion was that Croatian elementary school students are highly multilingual both with respect to vertical and horizontal multilingualism, which is expressed in their communication on Facebook as well, where they frequently use code-switching and code-mixing. Key words: code-mixing; code-switching; Facebook; horizontal multilingualism; seventh graders; vertical multilingualism.---Sažetak Internet kao najveća svjetska mreža međusobno povezanih računala podrazumijeva višejezičnost pa ona u najnovijim istraživanjima komunikacije na internetu zaslužuje biti u fokusu tih istraživanja. Višejezičnost se, naime, u određenom smislu može tumačiti kao uporabu više jezika ili varijeteta u nekoj situaciji. Autorice stoga u ovome radu progovaraju o višejezičnosti hrvatskih osnovnoškolaca na internetu, i to poglavito na Facebooku. One isprva provode istraživanje o višejezičnosti učenika 7. razreda u trima hrvatskim županijama sjeverne i sjeverozapadne Hrvatske s obzirom na vertikalnu i horizontalnu višejezičnost. Sljedeći je cilj bio proučiti izražavaju li osnovnoškolci svoju višejezičnost (i to kako horizontalnu, tako i vertikalnu) i na Facebooku. Željelo se istražiti dolazi li u njihovoj komunikaciji na Facebooku do prebacivanja i miješanja kodova, u kojoj su mjeri prebacivanje i miješanje kodova zastupljeni te koji su razlozi prebacivanja i miješanja kodova. Zaključak je da su hrvatski osnovnoškolci u visokom postotku višejezični, i to kako s obzirom na vertikalnu tako i s obzirom na horizontalnu višejezičnost, te da je ona izražena i u njihovoj komunikaciji na Facebooku, pri čemu oni u svojoj komunikaciji učestalo rabe prebacivanje i miješanje kodova.  Ključne riječi: Facebook; horizontalna višejezičnost; miješanje kodova; prebacivanje kodova; učenici 7. razreda; vertikalna višejezičnost.
Extracurricular Music Activities in Elementary Schools of the City of Split / Izvannastavne glazbene aktivnosti u osnovnim školama grada Splita
Authors: Krnić Marijo , Grgat Martina
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn the 20th century, extracurricular activities in elementary school become a part of structured school work within which educational activity of the school expands, with the goal of an individual student's development. This paper describes various forms of extracurricular music activities of children in elementary schools and their role in the overall development of a child. Empirical research on extracurricular music activities was carried out in elementary schools of the City of Split. Research conducted in the academic year 2013/14 shows that students were offered a total of twelve different extracurricular music activities in all city schools, and that the most frequently chosen ones are choir and folk ensemble. Likewise, we found that 11.8% of all students in elementary schools of Split attend extracurricular music activities, and that the greatest number of students is involved in choir and folk ensemble. We have found that students in the higher grades of elementary school attend extracurricular music activities to a greater extent than students in lower grades. It is necessary to make additional effort and invest additional resources in schools of the City of Split so that all students would have equal access to high-quality extracurricular music activities, and also to make those activities more available in students’ free time, with the aim of overall development of children.Key words: children's choir; folk ensemble; integral development of students.---SažetakIzvannastavne aktivnosti u osnovnoj školi u 20. stoljeću postaju strukturiran dio školskog rada u okviru kojeg se nastavlja odgojno-obrazovno djelovanje škole s ciljem individualnog učeničkog razvoja. U radu su opisani različiti oblici izvannastavnih glazbenih aktivnosti djece u osnovnim školama kao i njihova uloga u cjelovitom razvoju djeteta. Provedeno je i empirijsko istraživanje o izvannastavnim glazbenim aktivnostima koje se ostvaruju u osnovnim školama grada Splita. Istraživanjem provedenim u školskoj godini 2013./14. utvrđeno je da je učenicima ponuđeno ukupno dvanaest različitih izvannastavnih glazbenih aktivnosti na razini svih gradskih škola, a da su najzastupljenije pjevački zbor i folklorna skupina. Jednako tako utvrđeno je da 11,8 % učenika s područja grada Splita pohađa izvannastavne glazbene aktivnosti te da je najveći broj učenika uključen u zbor i folklornu skupinu. Ustanovili smo i da učenici viših razreda u većoj mjeri sudjeluju u izvannastavnim glazbenim aktivnostima od učenika nižih razreda. U školama grada Splita potrebno je uložiti dodatne napore i sredstava da bi svi učenici imali pravo na jednak pristup kvalitetnim izvannastavnim glazbenim aktivnostima i da bi one bile zastupljenije u slobodnom vremenu učenika, a s ciljem njihova sveobuhvatnog razvoja. Ključne riječi:cjeloviti razvoj učenika; dječji zbor; folklorna skupina.
Monitoring the level of art appreciation of fourth-grade primary school students / Promatranje razine uvažavanja umjetnosti učenika četvrtih razreda osnovne škole
Authors: Duh Matjaž , Herzog Jerneja
Published: December 2016

Abstract Modern visual arts education enables student’s permanent creative expression, while art appreciation plays an equally important role. This article presents the results of a study that monitored the level of art appreciation abilities of 10-year-old primary school students from north-eastern Slovenia utilizing a sample of 1,429 students (n = 1,429). The study explored whether there are differences with regard to gender and stratum. Results indicate that the level of appreciation abilities is rather average. No statistically significant differences were noted as regards stratum (urban, suburban), there were however gender-related differences as girls displayed a higher level of appreciation abilities. The results allow us to conclude that our visual arts education arena pays insufficient attention to the development of art appreciation. Key words: perception and reception of artworks; primary school pupils; visual art appreciation; visual arts education.SažetakSažetakModerna likovna umjetnost omogućuje stalno kreativno izražavanje učenika, a aprecijacija umjetnosti ima jednako važnu ulogu. Taj članak prikazuje rezultate istraživanja koji prati razinu sposobnosti aprecijacije umjetnosti 10-godišnjih učenika osnovnih škola iz sjeveroistočne Slovenije, na uzorku od 1.429 studenata (n = 1.429). Studija je istražila postoje li razlike s obzirom na spol i mjesto življenja.Rezultati upućuju na to da je razina aprecijacijskih sposobnosti prilično prosječna. Nisu uočene statistički značajne razlike koje se tiču mjesta življenja (grad, predgrađe). Međutim, bilo je razlike među spolovima, jer su djevojčice pokazale višu razinu sposobnosti aprecijacije. Rezultati nam omogućuju da zaključimo kako naš prostor likovne edukacije daje nedovoljnu pozornost razvoju aprecijacije umjetnosti. Ključne riječi: percepcija i recepcija djela; učenici osnovnih škola; aprecijacija likovne umjetnosti; likovna edukacija.
Presence of contemporary arts theory and practical work in fine arts curriculums in grammar schools / Zastupljenost suvremene umjetničke teorije i prakse u gimnazijskim kurikulumima Likovne kulture
Authors: Jockov Maja
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper discusses the modernization of the school subject Fine/Visual Arts and the affirmation of visual arts within the educational system of grammar schools. It is extremely important that contemporary artistic theories and practices of Fine/Visual Arts be present in grammar school curricula, particularly in school curricula in general, social and natural science studies, as well as in philology grammar schools in order to form a different perception of visual information of the modern day technologies. The context of development, expansion, and transposition of theory and practice of contemporary creative work reflects the necessity to change the formal name of the school subject Fine Arts to Visual Arts. Nowadays, it is necessary to harmonize the teaching units within the global syllabi in order to preserve and nurture the traditional artistic values and to accept the new tendencies in contemporary visual language. The key to the effective teaching and instruction lies in carefully designed operational plans, which is the responsibility of Fine/Visual Arts teachers. Operational plans need to show clearly the relation between art theory, history of art, contemporary art theory and practice in order to provide students with a clear insight into areas of Fine/Visual Arts, especially in the context of the century we live in. Key words: classroom practice; Fine Arts methodology (teaching methods); education; operational plans; students. ---SažetakU radu se razmatra osuvremenjivanje predmeta Likovna/Vizualna kultura i afirmiranje vizualnih umjetnosti u obrazovanju i odgoju u gimnazijama. Iznimno je važno da suvremene umjetničke teorije i prakse predmeta Likovne/Vizualne kulture budu zastupljene u gimnazijskim kurikulima, točnije u nastavnim planovima i programima općeg, društvenog i prirodnog smjera, kao i u gimnazijama filološke orijentacije kako bi se oblikovala drugačija percepcija vizualnih informacija suvremenih tehnologija. U kontekstu razvijanja, širenja i transponiranja teorije i prakse suvremenog stvaralaštva reflektira se i neophodnost formalne promjene naziva predmeta Likovna u Vizualnu kulturu. Danas je potrebno usklađivanje nastavnih cjelina u okviru globalnih planova i programa u cilju očuvanja i njegovanja tradicionalnih umjetničkih vrijednosti i prihvaćanja novih tendencija suvremenog vizualnog jezika. Ključ je učinkovitosti izvođenja nastave i obrade nastavnih cjelina i nastavnih jedinica u brižljivom koncipiranju operativnih planova za što je odgovoran profesor Likovne/Vizualne kulture. Od operativnih planova traži se jasan prikaz odnosa teorije umjetnosti, povijesti umjetnosti, suvremene umjetničke teorije i prakse kako bi se kod učenika oblikovao jasan uvid u područja Likovne/Vizualne kulture, a posebno u kontekstu stoljeća u kojem živimo.Ključne riječi: metodika likovne kulture; obrazovanje; operativni planovi; studenti; školska praksa.
Contribution to Teaching Strategies of Primary School Teachers in Encouraging Artistic and Creative Skills as Impetus for the Development of Wisdom / Prilozi za strategije učitelja i nastavnika u osnovnoj školi u razvoju likovno-kreativnih sposobnosti kao
Authors: Rupčić Stjepko
Published: December 2016

AbstractHow do we teach students to recognize their own value in creating benefits for the common good, not only for individual interests, and how do we enable them to perceive common and individual goals being the same? The divergence of goals can cause dispersion of attention and fruitless wandering, but it may also enable personal growth through intrinsic incentives. The paper shows how teaching practices enable the development of capabilities for the autonomous development of children of primary school age and how art and creative workshop practices enable and encourage the emergence of capabilities for more self-understanding and development of empathy for the needs of others. The paper discusses the meaning of a role model as a preferred matrix and the responsibilities of teachers as role models in the process of creation and learning how to recognize exit strategies and solutions. The paper indicates that school cannot teach wisdom, but that students can be prepared for wisdom.Key words: balance; creativity; empathy; teacher; wisdom.---SažetakKako odgojiti učenike da svoju vrijednost prepoznaju u stvaranju koristi za opće dobro, a ne samo za osobne interese te kako omogućiti prepoznavanje zajedničkog i pojedinačnog cilja kao jedinstvenog? Divergentnost ciljeva može biti uzrok raspršivanja pažnje i besplodnog lutanja, no može omogućiti osobni razvoj putem intrinzičnih poticaja. U radu se govori o tome koje nastavne prakse omogućuju razvoj sposobnosti autonomnog razvoja djece osnovnoškolske dobi te kako likovno-kreativne i radioničke prakse omogućuju i potiču pojavu sposobnosti za veće samorazumijevanje i razvoj empatije za potrebe drugih. Govori se o smislu uzora kao poželjne matrice i odgovornosti učitelja kao nosilaca tog atributa pri stvaranju i učenju prepoznavanja strategija izlaza i rješenja. Rad ukazuje na to da se u školi ne može učiti mudrost, ali da se za mudrost može pripremati.Ključne riječi: empatija; kreativnost; mudrost; ravnoteža; učitelj.
Moderate hypothermia attenuates α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in human varicose spermatic vein: The role of nitric oxide(Short communication)
Authors: Nurullahoglu-Atalik KE , Cenker A
Published: December 2016

The effects of moderate hypothermia (28 °C) on the response of human varicose spermatic vein to α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine and the role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) in these effects were studied. Concentration–response curves for phenylephrine (10−9 to 3 × 10−4 M) were recorded in rings with and without endothelium at 37 and 28 °C. To further analyze the role of NO, in the response to phenylephrine during hypothermia, the effects of this agonist in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10−4 M) were also determined. Under every condition tested, phenylephrine produced a marked, concentration-dependent contraction. Sensitivity of intact veins to the agonist was consistently lower at 28 °C than at 37 °C. There was no significant difference in phenylephrine response at 28 and 37 °C in vessels without endothelium but at 28 °C veins without endothelium showed a higher sensitivity than intact veins to phenylephrine. The sensitivity of veins with and without endothelium to nitroprusside (10−9 to 3 × 10−3 M) was significantly decreased during hypothermia, and endothelium removal did not affect the relaxation to this nitrovasodilator. These results suggest that moderate hypothermia decreases the sensitivity of human varicose spermatic vein to phenylephrine probably by increasing the availability of endothelial NO.
Impaired glucose tolerance after streptozotocin microinjection into the mediodorsal prefrontal cortex of the rat
Authors: Nagy B , Szabó I , Takács G , Csetényi B , Hormay E , Karádi Z
Published: December 2016

The mediodorsal prefrontal cortex (mdPFC) is a key structure of the central glucose-monitoring (GM) neural network. Previous studies indicate that intracerebral streptozotocin (STZ) microinjection-induced destruction of local chemosensory neurons results in feeding and metabolic alterations. The present experiments aimed to examine whether STZ microinjection into the mdPFC causes metabolic deficits. To do so, glucose tolerance test (GTT) and measurements of plasma metabolites were performed in STZ-treated or control rats. Intraperitoneal D-glucose load was delivered 20 min or 4 weeks following the intracerebral microinjection of STZ or saline (acute or subacute GTT, respectively). The STZ-treated rats displayed acute glucose intolerance: at the 120th min of the test, blood glucose level of these rats was significantly higher than that of the ones in the control group. When determining the plasma level of various metabolites, 30 min following the intracerebral STZ or saline microinjection, the triglyceride concentration of the STZ-treated rats was found to be reduced compared with that of the control rats. The GM neurons of the mdPFC are suggested to be involved in the organization of complex metabolic processes by which these chemosensory cells contribute to adaptive control mechanisms of the maintenance of homeostasis.
Protective effect of crocin and voluntary exercise against oxidative stress in the heart of high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Ghorbanzadeh V , Mohammadi M , Mohaddes G , Dariushnejad H , Chodari L , Mohammadi S
Published: December 2016

Background

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 diabetes and diabetic-associated cardiovascular complications. This study investigated the impact of crocin combined with voluntary exercise on heart oxidative stress indicator in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic rats.

Materials and methods

Rats were divided into four groups: diabetes, diabetic-crocin, diabetic-voluntary exercise, diabetic-crocin-voluntary exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet (4 weeks) and injection of streptozotocin (intraperitoneally, 35 mg/kg). Animals received crocin orally (50 mg/kg); voluntary exercise was performed alone or combined with crocin treatment for 8 weeks. Finally, malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were measured spectrophotometrically.

Results

Treatment of diabetic rats with crocin and exercise significantly decreased the levels of MDA (p < 0.001) and increased the activity of SOD, GPx, and CAT compared with the untreated diabetic group. In addition, combination of exercise and crocin amplified their effect on antioxidant levels in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

Conclusion

We suggest that a combination of crocin with voluntary exercise treatment may cause more beneficial effects in antioxidant defense system of heart tissues than the use of crocin or voluntary exercise alone.
A review on thermochemical treatment of biomass: Pyrolysis of olive mill wastes in comparison with other types of biomass
Authors: Guida M. Y. , Hannioui A.
Published: December 2016

Each year, a great quantity of olive oil is produced by the unit mill of trituration. This activity generates two by-products named olive mill wastewater and olive mill solid waste representing major potential waste and environmental problem. However, there is growing interest in pyrolysis as a technology to treat wastes to produce valuable oil, char and gas products. The major important aim of waste pyrolysis is to produce liquid fuel or bio-oil, which is easy to store, transport and can be an alternative to energy source. The key influence on the product yield is the type of biomass feedstock and operating parameters (especially temperature and heating rate). It is important to investigate the effect of variables on response yield and impulse about their optimization. This study reviews operating variable from existing literature on olive mill wastes (OMSW and OMWW) in comparison with various types of biomass. The major operating variables include type of feedstock, final temperature of pyrolysis, heating rate and particle size. The scale of this paper is to analyse the influence of operating parameters on production of pyrolysis bio-oil, char and gaseous products.
Comparison of sound velocity estimation and classification methods for ultrasonic testing of cheese
Authors: Kertész I. , Felföldi J.
Published: December 2016

Testing of two methods novel to ultrasonic measurements was carried out on cheese samples to estimate the Time-of-Flight (TOF) parameter. The Short Time Average/Long Time Average (STA/LTA) method and the Autoregressive Akaike Information Criterion Picker (AR-AIC picker) method are used mainly in seismology for earthquake event detection. The STA/LTA method proved to be ineffective with such noise level that is present during ultrasonic measurements, but the AIC picker algorithm yielded reliable results. A new approach for classification was tested on two types of samples, those were matching in composition, but different in treatment and texture. The method used is based on the results of wavelet decomposition, and after retrieving sufficient spectral data, a linear discriminant analysis (DA) resulted in 100% correct classification, which was compared to the DA classification results based on other methods.
Comparison of different methods for microencapsulation of probiotics
Authors: Breitenbach Jutta , Beermann Christopher , Esper Günter J.
Published: December 2016

At the Department of Food Technology at Fulda University of Applied Sciences different methods for microencapsulation of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 were investigated. The aim of these studies was to develop a process to stabilize the probiotic bacteria for storage and to prevent them from the gastric conditions, to ensure that a satisfactory amount of the probiotics could reach their target location, the human intestine. Drying processes like spray drying and freeze drying were tested as well as fluidized bed granulation with optional Wurster coating using different auxiliary materials. As encapsulation material maltodextrine, sweet whey powder or gummi arabicum were used. The coating experiments were performed with an aqueous shellac solution.

In the performed studies the fluidized bed bottom spray granulation with an additional Wurster coating turned out to be an encouraging procedure to keep the probiotics in a stable form resistant against gastric conditions. The survival rate in the simulated gastro-intestinal passage could be increased up to the sevenfold amount of the untreated bacteria.
Mammalia, Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae, Monodelphis kunsi Pine, 1975: distribution extension and first record for eastern Amazonia
Authors: Gettinger Donald , Modesto Thiago Carvalho , Bergallo Helena De Godoy , Martins-Hatano Fernanda
Published: December 2016

We review the distributional records of Monodelphis kunsi, which occurs from eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina into central Brazil. We report specimens of M. kunsi collected in the Carajás National Forest in eastern Pará, Brazil (06°03’00” S, 50°15’00” W), extending the known species range 430 km northward, into the eastern edge of Amazonia. This is the first record for the state of Pará, and the first certain record for the Amazon Region. Two adult males and one subadult female were deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.