bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Need for ‘Patent Search’ Modernisation and Potential for its Acceleration Leveraging AI/ML Models
Authors: Manish R. Potdar  , Dr. B. J. Mohite
Published: October 2022

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) have played a crucial role in promoting innovations across the globe and of late the industry has seen a steep rise in innovation activity. There is an unprecedented urgency to help global IP offices in shortening the processing time, managing bureaucratic delays, and improving operational transparency.
Patents are one of the most critical IP types among the 6 types where there is significant traction over the last couple of years. From ideation to the grant of the patent and its commercial use, the past patent data is required to be searched for and referred to for; 1] patentability assessment, 2] invalidity assessment, etc. Therefore, ‘Search’ becomes the most critical process across the patent lifecycle.
Literature study indicates that issues involved in patent search (when traditional search techniques are employed) usually are around 1] data processing errors, 2] errors due to language pitfalls, 3] errors due to faulty syntax, and 4] classification errors. These erroneous searches result in a large number of false positives and false negatives.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are leading the wave of technology development
- both from a research and development perspective as well as their commercial use. Adopting these next-generation technologies presents great potential to help address the growing challenges in the patent search process.
AI/ML based models are suitable predominantly for multi-lingual search, handling diverse data formats, image comparisons, and keyword matching. As IP databases across countries still lack standardization, advanced technologies such as generative AI are best suited to help accelerate the patent search process.
Feasibility assessment of leveraging various AI/ML models to address efficiency and effectiveness issues of patent search can be performed through a 3-part framework (3i) focussing on various dimensions such as Integrate, Infer, and Intelligence.
AI/ML model applicability can be assessed against specific objectives of each part viz.
1. Integrate – integration with various patent databases,
2. Infer – data extraction and transformation into a standardized data set suitable for comparative analysis and
3. Intelligence – comparison, matching, and decision-making for search objectives.
At a global scale, further deliberations and studies on this subject are of immense value in the areas of knowledge and policy-making thereby benefiting practitioners, the academic fraternity, and society
Ovid’s Metamorphoses Are Read Everywhere!?
Authors: Kipf Stefan
Published: October 2022

Ovid’s Metamorphoses are not only part of world literature, but have also been
the subject of long and intensive pedagogical efforts in European schools. To
this day, this text is an indispensable part of teaching Latin in Germany. It is
a canonical text, a true school classic. Surprisingly, we are poorly informed
about how Metamorphoses were able to achieve this position. The aim of this
study is to provide a historical overview of the conditions under which this
Latin text was able to become canonical from the eighteenth century onwards
and to lose this position briefly in the first half of the twentieth century.
‘Too Much Workload in Technical Schools!’
Authors: Pireddu Silvia
Published: October 2022

This chapter illustrates the work of Luigi Pavia by examining the pamphlet
Le Lingue straniere negli istituti tecnici e l’eccessivo lavoro scolastico, published
in two editions: 1888 and 1906. Pavia discussed the role and mission
of the state school teacher, and, in particular, the difficult task of matching
the official requirements of the curricula and everyday classroom practice.
Excessive hours spent at school and the eclecticism of the curriculum did
not allow for in-depth learning, but could only provide a general, broad
understanding of the mechanisms of English grammar. Pavia had a holistic
view of education and testified to the difficulties encountered by a teacher
facing teenagers at the beginning of the new century.
Clinical applications and optimization of patient-derived organoids in intestinal diseases
Authors: Kim Tae Il
Published: October 2022

Since the first successful establishment of organoids from adult intestinal stem cells, organoid technology has rapidly developed. With advances in normal organoid technology, intestinal disorders, such as colorectal tumors and inflammatory bowel disease, have been major target diseases for patient-derived organoid (PDO) development. PDO biobanking for colorectal cancer has subsequently been developed, and some reports have shown the possibility of using PDO models to predict anticancer drug responses. However, to apply these models to real-world practice, we need more long-term clinical follow-up data from further large-scale PDO biobanks, as well as advanced technology for more rapid and efficient PDO establishment. In addition, in the field of regenerative medicine, the implantation of healthy intestinal PDOs to refractory tissue defects could be a new treatment strategy to accelerate the healing and repair of mucosal defects. This PDO technology could also be applied to inflammatory bowel diseases and serve as a very useful model for drug development via high-throughput screening of useful candidate drugs.
“With human happiness…” PB Discussion Club
Authors: Lidin Konstantin , Grigoryeva Elena , Antipin Konstantin , Kazakova Valentina , Malinovich Roman , Malko Anastasia , Rusanov Mark , Surikova Evgeniya , Kholyavko Anastasia , Zhukovsky Nikolai , Annenkova Tatyana , Tkacheva Marina
Published: October 2022

The connection between the work of the architect and the citizens’ happiness was discussed at a round table in the editorial office of the Project Baikal journal. Does the professional ethics of an architect and an urbanist include concern for the “amount of happiness” of the inhabitants of the city? What approaches and methods are used by architects to increase this amount? How can we be sure that we do not increase the amount of happiness of some groups of the population, while infringing on the “right to happiness” of other groups? Both young architects and experienced masters have expressed their opinion.
Summer "Zimnik 2022"
Authors: Alexsandrov Sergey , Ovdenko Elena , Borovikova Natalia , Ivanov Egor , Ogienko Evgeny , Rusanovsky Vladimir , Shchetkina Vasilina , Shulga Ulyana , Belomestnykh Sergey , Kostrova Nadezhda , Mareeva Anna , Novechenko Darya , Sorokina Ekaterina , Quy Dong Hoang , Nikiforova Yulia , Barnakova Oksana , Pavlova Olga , Sokibekov Maksad , Tetyushkin Denis , Eldesoky Mahmoud , Rodikova Yulia , Adekova Elena , Vargas Rafael , Subbotina Olga , Novikova Alina , Ivanova Natalia , Borshchevsky Arkady , Osama Marwa , Salikhzyanova Regina , Sorokin Ivan , Bondarik Alina , Medina Leydy , Omelchenko Veronica , Petrova Arina , Starkova Anna
Published: October 2022

The article is devoted to the 23rd experimental design session of the International Baikal Winter University of Urban Planning Design. The teams presented the projects on connectivity of natural, recreational and public spaces in the cities on Baikal. The main experiment of the session is to increase the feasibility of the teams’ project solutions and ideas while maintaining the best traditions of the Winter University methodology by introducing a step-by-step approach to the session, as well as involving the expert team into the process. The session participants worked with four planning elements inside Baikalsk and with the settlement of Solzan. The general development concept for the urban settlement was prepared by the expert team. All teams took into account the provisions of the Baikalsk Master Plan, rethought them, supplemented them and proposed new ones.
Happy in the place?
Authors: Salmin Leonid
Published: October 2022

According to the humanitarian urbanistics, one of the most important indicators of the quality of life in a modern city is the level of happiness of its population. The article seeks to clarify the meaning of the relationship of the city and urban culture with the concept of happiness, with historical changes in the happiness images and their place in the contemporary practices of urban life. An attempt is made to analyze the mythopoetic discourse of happiness in the context of the city.
style of life and dwelling
Authors: Grigoryeva Elena , Lidin Konstantin
Published: October 2022

The 14th Dalai Lama Lhamo Dondrub said that one can achieve happiness in two ways. The first way is external. By acquiring a better dwelling, better clothes, nicer friends, we can achieve happiness and satisfaction to a greater or lesser extent. The second way is the way of spiritual development...

But for the architect, spiritual development is inextricably linked to the dwelling, its arrangement and appearance. Probably, only the place where one is happy can be called home. At home even the walls help, my home is my fortress, there is no place like home... The dwelling that a person calls home reflects and preserves his or her image and style of life.

Interior painting is an ancient and everlasting way to make a dwelling cosier, friendlier and closer, that is to make it a home. Especially in the case of mass housing, when the houses are initially standard and impersonal. Builders can provide people with square meters of housing, but the houses are often seriously transformed by landlords after their occupancy. How should we deal with these processes? Alejandro Aravena’s projects welcome the self-activity of tenants. Are the standard designs which are now replicated in mass construction ready for this?Our view on a happy house is supplemented by comparing standard housing with unique projects of talented architects (the article about the manor designed by Totan Kuzembaev). Comparing traditions and customs of different and distant cultures helps to see the complex nature of a happy house. It includes not only walls and furniture but also methods of protection against climate extremes, the music playing in the house and the role that the ancient element of fire plays in the house.Not humant hills that oppress the individual, but Houses – stable, worthy of a long life span of generations, and renewable. Like in our favourite books by the Strugatsky brothers, where the most diverse people, regardless of age, education or worldview, find their own, intimate thoughts, we want everyone in our cities to find a place to live and fulfil themselves, a place to be happy.
Mass architecture and limitations
Authors: Vassiliev Nikolai
Published: October 2022

Mass housing architecture requires special consideration. Both in the historical perspective and in the present, the designer needs to be aware of the factors affecting the design process implicitly, beyond the will of the client and the design brief. These factors lend themselves to systematization, and the main of them are considered in a historical perspective as essential to the formation and existence of the basic types of mass housing.
Russian military engineers of Port Arthur
Authors: Ivanova Alina
Published: October 2022

The article gives an overview of the sources, a description of the locations and a brief historical outline. The author considers an attempt to build a Russian colonial style and briefly analyses the projects of military engineers Gilsher, Dubitsky and Veselago. The final part is dedicated to the festive environmental design of Port Arthur.
Consular complexes on the territory of Manchuria
Authors: Smolianinova Tatiana
Published: October 2022

The article discusses the features of the formation of consular institutions on the basis of the principles laid down in the design of consular facilities in the UK and their succession by other countries. The study made it possible to identify the compositional and planning features of the sections of consular offices, which preferably adhered to a certain scheme in the planning structure that has developed in the countries of the representatives. When designing, preference was given to a complex of consular buildings located mainly in a dedicated fenced area with various functional content. The results obtained are the basis for further research on the architecture of consular offices in the cities of Manchuria located in the zone of influence of the railway during the period under review.
Management Of Community Learning Activity Centers In Fostering Independence Of Learning Citizens Package C Through Lifeskill Education
Authors: Roro Vemmi Kesumadewi Raden , Wasliman Iim , Suhendraya Muchtar Hendi , Koswara Nandang
Published: October 2022

PKBM is currently being developed by various parties, both by the community, social and religious institutions (organizations), or formed by the government, especially the District/City Education Office, District through Community Education Inspectors, even at the Village/Kelurahan level. However, the problems that surround it continue to occur, this is due to the large number of PKBMs that are not established on the basis of the community's need, but are built on the basis of the interest of absorbing government programs only. In addition, PKBM has not really played a role as a facilitator who empowers the community. In fact, there are still many PKBMs that were engineered to encourage people to establish PKBM. The research approach used is qualitative. The data collection method used is the case study method. Data collection techniques used are observation techniques (observations), interview techniques, documentation studies, bibliographic studies (library studies) and participation. Based on the results of research findings, interpretations and discussions, it is concluded that PKBM Management in Fostering Independence of Learning Citizens Package C through Lifeskill Education through the stages of planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating, is not optimal because there are still weaknesses in Sempurna PKBM and Al Hikmah PKBM. Meanwhile, the results of the study indicate that PKBM Management has not been developed fundamentally either based on curriculum theory, national system qualification rules and lifelong learning achievements as the basis for implementing PKBM management which is the basic orientation of implementing life skills education in PKBM. Activities carried out in planning begin with the teacher analyzing KI/KD, syllabus, teacher books and student books. The organization of learning materials is made in balance between the competence of attitudes, knowledge and skills, so that students can master the material theoretically, have an honest attitude, have character, taqwa, be creative and be devoted to both parents. Implementation of the learning process with the steps of learning activities according to the syllabus, teacher's book and lesson plans, including very good qualifications. The problem faced is the availability of PKWU learning time allocation which is only two hours of lessons in one week and the lack of synchrony between education at home and in PKBM. The solution in overcoming these problems is that PKBM makes every effort to fortify students and all elements in PKBM with noble character and positive character of independence through well-programmed habituation and exemplary activities and PKBM strives to continue to develop an independent curriculum based on independence skills, noble character, skilled and have a good future.
A rapidly growing intraparenchymal schwannoma in a geriatric patient: a case report and literature review
Authors: Ryu Myung-Han , Lee Jeong-Ho , Lee Min-Seok , Suh Sang-Jun , Lee Yoon-Soo , Cho Soo-Ho
Published: October 2022

Intraparenchymal schwannomas are extremely rare intracranial tumors. Although their occurrence has been reported in various age groups, they are most frequently seen in individuals under 30 years of age. A 65-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department with impaired consciousness due to spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the right basal ganglia (BG). Approximately 3 months later, the patient was taken to another hospital due to decreased consciousness, and a subsequent brain computed tomography scan showed a mass-like lesion in the right BG. The tumor was removed, and the biopsy result revealed an intraparenchymal schwannoma with no involvement of the ventricular ependymal lining. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed a high Ki-67 labeling index, indicating rapid growth without malignancy.
Pregled in analiza aktualnih konceptov socialnega dela z ljudmi z demenco
Authors: Mali Jana
Published: October 2022

Overview and analysis of current concepts in social work with people with dementia

The article presents the research project "Long-term care of people with dementia in social work theory and practice", the first Slovene national study in the field of research on the social dimensions of dementia. The first part presents the conceptual background of social work, which is the link between social work with people with dementia and the paradigmatic changes in long-term care. The second part presents the importance of the development of long-term care for people with dementia, the third part presents the purpose and objectives of the research project, and the fourth part elaborates the conceptual background, which is the basic guiding principle of the research in the project. Particular emphasis is placed on the methodological selection of current foreign scientific articles dealing with the topic presented, which have been published in the last twenty years in English. The results of the analysis show that three conceptual orientations prevail in the field of social work with people with dementia: (1) exploration of needs, (2) destigmatisation and anti-discrimination of people with dementia, and (3) participation of people with dementia in processes of help and support. In the concluding part, the author relates the findings of the analysis to the contemporary starting points of social work with people with dementia in Slovenia.
Demenca - razlog za dezinstitucionalizacijo
Authors: Flaker Vito
Published: October 2022

Dementia – a reason for deinstitutionalisation

Dementia is often the ultimate argument for the need of institutions. However, dementia is not a "disease" that would need an institutional care, and institutions are not an environment of decisive advantage, and the placement in an institution is not the result of a "deterioration" of the state – it is a consequence of the discontinuity of the system, the lack of intensive services in the community, the "drama of institutionalisation" accompanied by reification of human beings and encouraged by the quest for profit. Quite the contrary, institutions can be described as a "machine of oblivion", a foundation of alienation, passivation and intensification of the very difficulties that are usually attributed to the disease process. On the basis of this critique, the author sketches specific elements of deinstitutionalisation in the case of dementia and proposes a heuristic theorem for the research and action in this field. The transition to the community means transforming the modelling of dementia, providing a safe space, adequate intensity of support, a conjunction of informal care and professional interventions, enabling alternative subjectivity and new solidarity. Research and action in the field of dementia should stem from the life-world of so labelled people, and transversely address the variety of plateaus of action. It should focus on the equally transversal phenomena of supplanting the loss of subjectivity and territorial insertion, while also addressing the more fundamental issues of the bifurcation of contemplative and action identity.
Pregled ugotovitev zaključnih del študentk in študentov Fakultete za socialno delo o socialnem delu z ljudmi z demenco
Authors: Rihter Liljana
Published: October 2022

An overview of the results of the final theses of students of the Faculty of Social Work on social work with people with dementia
A meta-analysis of students' theses from the past five years (2016–2020) on the topic of social work with people with dementia is presented. Among the themes explored, work in institutions as well as work in the family setting of people with dementia predominate; community work topics emerge to a lesser extent. Thus, the role of social work and the use of social work methods are researched somewhat more in institutions, but again, only in individual institutions. However, this topic does not appear in research on people with dementia in the home setting. Most research is qualitative and based on non-random convenience samples using interviews as the method of data collection. Often, students explore the challenges and needs of those involved in caring for people with dementia, but with less emphasis on numbers. In the future, the focus will need to be on research on community and on (social) work with people with dementia in their home environments, and the use of social work methods and other forms of work with people with dementia need to be explored in more depth.
Identiteta ljudi z demenco: Priložnost za krepitev moči
Authors: Penič Benjamin , Munđar Sintija
Published: October 2022

Identity of people with dementia: Opportunity for empowerment
Human identity is dynamic, fleeting, and changeable and is formed in social contexts. People with dementia are considered a vulnerable group with a less stable identity due to the nature of the disease, often causing their individuality to be disregarded. Systematic review of the literature shows that the living and social environments play an important role in the consolidation, maintenance, and reconstruction of the identity of people with dementia. Interactions of people with dementia with their living and social environments enable them to learn new strategies for expressing their identity, while social capital remains a valuable source of power in the process of identity expression, consolidation, or reconstruction. The narratives of people with dementia contribute to the preservation of their personal identity and enable reviving memories. The opportunity to share experiences and participate in social interactions serves as recognition of their uniqueness and provides them a sense of worth and value. People with dementia want to participate and engage in activities, as many are an essential building block of their identity. Successful completion of activities also helps maintain a positive self-image and experience their own worth.
Vpliv epidemije covida-19 na življenje stanovalcev domov za stare
Authors: Štrancar Anže
Published: October 2022

Impact of Covid-19 epidemic on the lives of residents of homes for old people
The year 2020 was marked by the Covid-19 epidemic, which had the greatest impact on socially vulnerable groups, especially old people. Based on qualitative research, the article explains the impact of measures to curb the Covid-19 epidemic on the lives of old people in the Ajdovščina Home for the Old People. During this period, social work found itself in a difficult situation and was forced to respond. In institutions for old people, it found itself in an unenviable position, as it had to adapt very quickly to new challenges - to maintain contact in a time that severely limited physical contact, and to enable communication between residents and their loved ones. The article connects homes for old people with the concept of a total institution and shows how social work in the home for old people coped with challenges during the Covid-19 epidemic. The impact of epidemiological measures and social isolation on people's mental health and everyday life is shown. The fundamental tasks of social workers in crisis situations are listed.
Uporaba stimulativnih aktivnosti v socialnem delu z ljudmi z demenco
Authors: Kejžar Anamarija
Published: October 2022

Use of stimulating activities in social work with people with dementia
With growing number of cases of dementia, social work with people with dementia faces new challenges in maintaining dignity in the lives of people with dementia and their families. The article discusses the importance of continuous implementation of various stimulating activities for people with dementia in homes for older people (which are also suitable for implementation in home environment), and their well-being, maintenance of self-worth and self-esteem. Stimulating activities are non-pharmacological forms of care and include various areas: daily tasks (in household and garden), physical exercise, cognitive exercises, as well as complementary activities such as: music and visual arts activities, playing with babies, incorporating modern information technologies, aromatherapy. Stimulating activities can be provided by social workers, occupational therapists and other professionals. Their goal is to maintain cognitive abilities, slow the progression of dementia, and promote well-being of people with dementia. In stimulating activities, the person with dementia, together with a professional, discovers activities that they can manage and enjoy. This leads to reduction in the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Assessment of the error budget for stratospheric ozone profiles retrieved from OMPS limb scatter measurements
Authors: Arosio Carlo , Rozanov Alexei , Gorshelev Victor , Laeng Alexandra , Burrows John P.
Published: October 2022

Abstract. This study presents an error budget assessment for the ozone profiles retrieved at the University of Bremen through limb observations of the Ozone Mapper and Profiler Suite – Limb Profiler Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (OMPS-LP SNPP) satellite instrument. The error characteristics are presented in a form that aims at being compliant with the recommendations and the standardizing effort of the Towards Unified Error Reporting (TUNER) project.
Besides the retrieval noise, contributions from retrieval parameters are extensively discussed and quantified by using synthetic retrievals performed with the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model. For this investigation, a representative set of OMPS-LP measurements is selected to provide a reliable estimation of the uncertainties as a function of latitude and season. Errors originating from model approximations and spectroscopic data are also taken into account and found to be non-negligible. The choice of the ozone cross section is found to be relevant, as expected. Overall, we classify the estimated errors as random or systematic and investigate correlations between errors from different sources.
After summing up the relevant error components, we present an estimate of the total random uncertainty on the retrieved ozone profiles, which is found to be in the 5 %–30 % range in the lower stratosphere, 3 %–5 % in the middle stratosphere, and 5 %–7 % at upper altitudes. The systematic uncertainty is mainly due to cloud contamination and model errors in the lower stratosphere and due to the retrieval bias at higher altitudes. The corresponding total bias exceeds 5 % only above 50 km and below 20 km.
After computing the estimate of the overall random and systematic error components, we also provide an ex-post assessment of the uncertainties using self-collocated OMPS-LP observations and collocated Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data in a χ2 fashion.
Uncertainty-bounded estimates of ash cloud properties using the ORAC algorithm: application to the 2019 Raikoke eruption
Authors: Prata Andrew T. , Grainger Roy G. , Taylor Isabelle A. , Povey Adam C. , Proud Simon R. , Poulsen Caroline A.
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Uncertainty-bounded satellite retrievals of volcanic ash cloud properties such as ash cloud-top height, effective radius, optical depth and mass loading are needed for the robust quantitative assessment required to warn aviation of potential hazards. Moreover, there is an imperative to improve quantitative ash cloud estimation due to the planned move towards quantitative ash concentration forecasts by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers. Here we apply the Optimal Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) algorithm to Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) measurements of the ash clouds produced by the June 2019 Raikoke (Russia) eruption. The ORAC algorithm uses an optimal estimation technique to consolidate a priori information, satellite measurements and associated uncertainties into uncertainty-bounded estimates of the desired state variables. Using ORAC, we demonstrate several improvements in thermal infrared volcanic ash retrievals applied to broadband imagers. These include an improved treatment of measurement noise, accounting for multi-layer cloud scenarios, distinguishing between heights in the troposphere and stratosphere, and the retrieval of a wider range of effective radii sizes than existing techniques by exploiting information from the 10.4 µm channel. Our results indicate that 0.73 ± 0.40 Tg of very fine ash (radius ≤ 15 µm) was injected into the atmosphere during the main eruptive period from 21 June 18:00 UTC to 22 June 10:00 UTC. The total mass of very fine ash decreased from 0.73 to 0.10 Tg over ∼ 48 h, with an e-folding time of 20 h. We estimate a distal fine ash mass fraction of 0.73 % ± 0.62 % based on the total mass of very fine ash retrieved and the ORAC-derived height–time series. Several distinct ash layers were revealed by the ORAC height retrievals. Generally, ash in the troposphere was composed of larger particles than ash present in the stratosphere. We also find that median ash cloud concentrations fall below peak ash concentration safety limits (< 4 mg m−3) 11–16 h after the eruption begins, if typical ash cloud geometric thicknesses are assumed. The ORAC height retrievals for the near-source plume showed good agreement with GOES-17 side-view height data (R=0.84; bias = −0.75 km); however, a larger negative bias was found when comparing ORAC height retrievals for distal ash clouds against Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP) measurements (R=0.67; bias = −2.67 km). The dataset generated here provides uncertainties at the pixel level for all retrieved variables and could potentially be used for dispersion model validation or be implemented in data assimilation schemes. Future work should focus on improving ash detection, improving height estimation in the stratosphere and exploring the added benefit of visible channels for retrieving effective radius and optical depth in opaque regions of nascent ash plumes.
Impacts and uncertainties of climate-induced changes in watershed inputs on estuarine hypoxia
Authors: Hinson Kyle E. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Najjar Raymond G. , Herrmann Maria , Bian Zihao , Bhatt Gopal , St-Laurent Pierre , Tian Hanqin , Shenk Gary
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Multiple climate-driven stressors, including warming and increased nutrient delivery, are exacerbating hypoxia in coastal marine environments. Within coastal watersheds, environmental managers are particularly interested in climate impacts on terrestrial processes, which may undermine the efficacy of management actions designed to reduce eutrophication and consequent low-oxygen conditions in receiving coastal waters. However, substantial uncertainty accompanies the application of Earth System Model (ESM) projections to a regional modeling framework when quantifying future changes to estuarine hypoxia due to climate change. In this study, two downscaling methods are applied to multiple ESMs and used to force two independent watershed models for Chesapeake Bay, a large coastal-plain estuary of the eastern United States. The projected watershed changes are then used to force a coupled 3-D hydrodynamic-biogeochemical estuarine model to project climate impacts on hypoxia, with particular emphasis on projection uncertainties. Results indicate that all three factors (ESM, downscaling method, and watershed model) are found to contribute significantly to the uncertainty associated with future hypoxia, with the choice of ESM being the largest contributor. Overall, in the absence of management actions, there is a high likelihood that climate change impacts on the watershed will expand low-oxygen conditions by 2050, relative to a 1990s baseline period; however, the projected increase in hypoxia is quite small (4 %) because only climate-induced changes in watershed inputs are considered and not those on the estuary itself. Results also demonstrate that the attainment of established nutrient reduction targets will reduce annual hypoxia by about 50 % compared to the 1990s. Given these estimates, it is virtually certain that fully implemented management actions reducing excess nutrient loadings will outweigh hypoxia increases driven by climate-induced changes in terrestrial runoff.
Temporal and spatial evolution of bottom-water hypoxia in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Jutras Mathilde , Mucci Alfonso , Chaillou Gwenaëlle , Nesbitt William A. , Wallace Douglas W. R.
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Persistent hypoxic bottom waters have developed in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (LSLE) and have impacted fish and benthic species distributions. Minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased from ~125 µmol L-1 (38 % saturation) in the 1930s to ~ 65 µmol L-1 (21 % saturation) in 1984. Dissolved oxygen concentrations remained at hypoxic levels (< 62.5 μM = 2 mg l-1 or 20 % saturation) between 1984 and 2019 but, in 2020, they suddenly decreased to ~35 μmol L-1. Concurrently, bottom-water temperatures in the LSLE have increased progressively from ~3 °C in the 1930’s to nearly 7 °C in 2021. The main driver of deoxygenation and warming in the bottom waters of Gulf and St. Lawrence Estuary is a change in the circulation pattern in the western North Atlantic, more specifically a decrease in the relative contribution of younger, well-oxygenated and cold Labrador Current Waters to the waters of the Laurentian Channel, a deep valley that extends from the continental shelf edge, through Cabot Strait, the Gulf and to the head of the LSLE. Hence, the warmer, oxygen-depleted North Atlantic Central Waters carried by the Gulf Stream now make up nearly 100 % of the waters entering the Laurentian Channel. The areal extent of the hypoxic zone in the LSLE has varied since 1993 when it was first estimated at 1300 km2. In 2021, it reached 9700 km2, extending well into the western Gulf of St. Lawrence. Severely hypoxic waters are now also found at the end of the two deep channels that branch out from the Laurentian Channel, namely the Esquiman and Anticosti Channels.
Accelerating models for multiphase chemical kinetics through machine learning with polynomial chaos expansion and neural networks
Authors: Berkemeier Thomas , Krüger Matteo , Feinberg Aryeh , Müller Marcel , Pöschl Ulrich , Krieger Ulrich K.
Published: October 2022

Abstract. The heterogeneous chemistry of atmospheric aerosols involves multiphase chemical kinetics that can be described by kinetic multi-layer models (KM) explicitly resolving mass transport and chemical reaction. However, KM are computationally too expensive to be used as sub-modules in large-scale atmospheric models, and the computational costs also limit their utility in inverse modelling approaches commonly used to infer aerosol kinetic parameters from laboratory studies. In this study, we show how machine learning methods can generate inexpensive surrogate models based on the kinetic multi-layer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB). We apply and compare two common and openly available methods for the generation of surrogate models, polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) with UQLab and neural networks (NN) through the Python package Keras. We show that the PCE method is well-suited to determine global sensitivity indices of the KM and demonstrate how inverse modelling applications can be enabled or accelerated with NN-suggested sampling. These qualities make them suitable supporting tools for laboratory work in the interpretation of data and design of future experiments. Overall, the KM surrogate models investigated in this study are fast, accurate, and robust, which suggests their applicability as sub-modules in large-scale atmospheric models.
SDUST2021GRA: global marine gravity anomaly model recovered from Ka-band and Ku-band satellite altimeter data
Authors: Zhu Chengcheng , Guo Jinyun , Yuan Jiajia , Li Zhen , Liu Xin , Gao Jinyao
Published: October 2022

Abstract. With the launch of altimetry satellites with different
observation frequencies and different survey missions, it is necessary to
integrate multi-satellites altimeter data to establish a new global marine
gravity anomaly model. Based on Ka-band sea surface heights (SSHs) from SARAL/AltiKA and Ku-band
SSHs from other satellites (including HY-2A) in geodetic missions and exact
repeat missions, the global marine gravity anomaly model of SDUST2021GRA on
a 1′ × 1′ grid is derived. Gridded deflections of
vertical (DOV) are determined from along-track geoid gradients by the
least squares collocation method, in which the noise variances of
along-track geoid gradients are obtained by the iteration method for Ka-band
geodetic mission and by the SSH crossover discrepancies for other altimetry
missions. SDUST2021GRA is recovered from the gridded DOVs by the inverse
Vening Meinesz formula, and analyzed by comparing with the recognized marine
gravity anomaly models of DTU17 and SIO V30.1. Finally, the accuracy of
SDUST2021GRA, DTU17, and SIO V30.1 is assessed by preprocessed shipborne
gravity anomalies. In conclusion, the differences between SDUST2021GRA and
recognized models are small, indicating the reliability of SDUST2021GRA. The
differences are mainly concentrated between −5 and 5 mGal, which
accounts for more than 95 % of the total number. Assessed by shipborne
gravity, the accuracy of SDUST2021GRA is 2.37 mGal globally, which is
higher than that of DTU17 (2.74 mGal) and SIO V30.1 (2.69 mGal). The
precision advantage of SDUST2021GRA is mainly concentrated in offshore
areas. HY-2A-measured altimeter data have an important role on gravity
anomaly recovery in areas with complex coastlines and many islands.
SDUST2021GRA is concluded to reach an international advanced level for the
altimeter-derived marine gravity model, especially in the offshore area. The
SDUST2021GRA model data are freely available at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6668159 (Zhu et al., 2022).
A fast, single-iteration ensemble Kalman smoother for sequential data assimilation
Authors: Grudzien Colin , Bocquet Marc
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Ensemble variational methods form the basis of the state of the art for nonlinear, scalable data assimilation, yet current designs may not be cost-effective for real-time, short-range forecast systems. We propose a novel estimator in this formalism that is designed for applications in which forecast error dynamics is weakly nonlinear, such as synoptic-scale meteorology. Our method combines the 3D sequential filter analysis and retrospective reanalysis of the classic ensemble Kalman smoother with an iterative ensemble simulation of 4D smoothers. To rigorously derive and contextualize our method, we review related ensemble smoothers in a Bayesian maximum a posteriori narrative. We then develop and intercompare these schemes in the open-source Julia package DataAssimilationBenchmarks.jl, with pseudo-code provided for their implementations. This numerical framework, supporting our mathematical results, produces extensive benchmarks demonstrating the significant performance advantages of our proposed technique. Particularly, our single-iteration ensemble Kalman smoother (SIEnKS) is shown to improve prediction/analysis accuracy and to simultaneously reduce the leading-order computational cost of iterative smoothing in a variety of test cases relevant for short-range forecasting. This long work presents our novel SIEnKS and provides a theoretical and computational framework for the further development of ensemble variational Kalman filters and smoothers.
A time-varying distributed unit hydrograph method considering soil moisture
Authors: Yi Bin , Chen Lu , Zhang Hansong , Singh Vijay P. , Jiang Ping , Liu Yizhuo , Guo Hexiang , Qiu Hongya
Published: October 2022

Abstract. The distributed unit hydrograph (DUH) method has been widely used
for flow routing in a watershed because it adequately characterizes the
underlying surface characteristics and varying rainfall intensity.
Fundamental to the calculation of DUH is flow velocity. However, the
currently used velocity formula assumes a global equilibrium of the
watershed and ignores the impact of time-varying soil moisture content on
flow velocity, which thus leads to a larger flow velocity. The objective of
this study was to identify a soil moisture content factor, which, based on
the tension water storage capacity curve, was derived to investigate the
response of DUH to soil moisture content in unsaturated areas. Thus, an
improved distributed unit hydrograph, based on time-varying soil moisture
content, was obtained. The proposed DUH considered the impact of both
time-varying rainfall intensity and soil moisture content on flow velocity,
assuming the watershed to be not in equilibrium but varying with soil
moisture. The Qin River basin and Longhu River basin were selected as two
case studies, and the synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH), the time-varying
distributed unit hydrograph (TDUH) and the current DUH methods were
compared with the proposed method. Then, the influence of time-varying soil
moisture content on flow velocity and flow routing was evaluated, and results
showed that the proposed method performed the best among the four methods.
The shape and duration of the unit hydrograph (UH) were mainly related to
the soil moisture content at the initial stage of a rainstorm, and when the
watershed was approximately saturated, the grid flow velocity was mainly
dominated by excess rainfall. The proposed method can be used for the
watersheds with sparse gauging stations and limited observed rainfall and
runoff data.
Detecting the most effective cleanup locations using network theory to reduce marine plastic debris: a case study in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
Authors: Ypma Stefanie L. , Bohte Quinten , Forryan Alexander , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Donnelly Andy , van Sebille Erik
Published: October 2022

Abstract. The Galapagos Marine Reserve was established in 1986 to ensure protection of the islands' unique biodiversity. Unfortunately, the islands are polluted by marine plastic debris and the island authorities face the challenge to effectively remove plastic from its shorelines owing to limited resources. To optimize efforts, we have developed a methodology to identify the most effective cleanup locations on the Galapagos Islands using network theory. A network is constructed from a Lagrangian simulation describing the flow of macroplastic between the various islands within the Galapagos Marine Reserve, where the nodes represent locations along the coastline and the edges the likelihood of plastic leaving one location and beaching at another. We have found four network centralities that provide the best coastline ranking to optimize the cleanup effort based on various impact metrics. Locations with a high retention rate are particularly favorable for cleanup. The results indicate that using the most effective centrality for finding cleanup locations is a good strategy for heavily polluted regions if the distribution of marine plastic debris on the coastlines is unknown and limited cleanup resources are available.
Exploring the capabilities of electrical resistivity tomography to study subsea permafrost
Authors: Arboleda-Zapata Mauricio , Angelopoulos Michael , Overduin Pier Paul , Grosse Guido , Jones Benjamin M. , Tronicke Jens
Published: October 2022

Abstract. Sea level rise and coastal erosion have inundated large areas of Arctic permafrost. Submergence by warm and saline waters increases the rate of inundated permafrost thaw compared to sub-aerial thawing on land. Studying the contact between the unfrozen and frozen sediments below the seabed, also known as the ice-bearing permafrost table (IBPT), provides valuable information to understand the evolution of sub-aquatic permafrost, which is key to improving and understanding coastal erosion prediction models and potential greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we use data from 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) collected in the nearshore coastal zone of two Arctic regions that differ in their environmental conditions (e.g., seawater depth and resistivity) to image and study the subsea permafrost. The inversion of 2D ERT data sets is commonly performed using deterministic approaches that favor smoothed solutions, which are typically interpreted using a user-specified resistivity threshold to identify the IBPT position. In contrast, to target the IBPT position directly during inversion, we use a layer-based model parameterization and a global optimization approach to invert our ERT data. This approach results in ensembles of layered 2D model solutions, which we use to identify the IBPT and estimate the resistivity of the unfrozen and frozen sediments, including estimates of uncertainties. Additionally, we globally invert 1D synthetic resistivity data and perform sensitivity analyses to study, in a simpler way, the correlations and influences of our model parameters. The set of methods provided in this study may help to further exploit ERT data collected in such permafrost environments as well as for the design of future field experiments.
‘Noughtes’ and ‘noughtinges’ in the Short Text of Julian of Norwich: A Literary Analysis
Authors: Zaccara Angela
Published: October 2022

Which is the structure of Julian of Norwich’s short text? This issue has hardly ever been explored. Notwithstanding, it is important to the understanding of the work’s meaning. My essay is a literary analysis aimed at showing that Julian turned her revelations into a spiritual programme divided, according to tradition, into steps. Its reference points are the “thre noughtes” that Julian mentions in her first vision, as there is evidence that they are the focus of a prologue, they mark the stages of an ascent to God, they are at the heart of a tripartite conclusion. This structure reflects the three wounds (of contrition, compassion, longing for God) that Julian had desired to receive from God when she was young and offers a reading of the short text independently of the long text. My analysis tries to answer another rarely explored question: what are exactly the “thre nougthes” to which Julian refers in her first vision? My identification is based on a strictly linguistic issue, which has never been taken into account: the morphological and semantic difference between ‘nought’ (noun) and ‘noughten’ / ‘noughtinge’ (verb and gerund respectively).
Posttraumatic growth among childhood cancer survivors and their caregivers: associations with rumination and beliefs challenge
Authors: Peloso Franciele Cristiane , Gonçalves Tonantzin , Armiliato Maria Júlia , Gregianin Lauro , Ramos Catarina , De Castro Elisa Kern
Published: October 2022

The main purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between PTG, challenge to core beliefs, intrusive and deliberate rumination in a sample of 43 dyads of childhood cancer survivors and their caregivers. Methods: Survivors (mean age = 17.04; SD=3.67) and caregivers (mean age = 46.84; SD = 8.32) completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) and the Event-related Rumination Inventory (ERRI). Results: Results showed a positive and high correlation among PTG, CBI, and ERRI in both groups, separately. CBI was the main predictor of PTG both among survivors (β=0.826; t=9.393; R²=0.683; p≤0.001) and caregivers (β=0.552; t=4.235; R²=0.304; p≤0.001). Caregivers reported higher scores than survivors in PTG (t=-2.999 p≤0.01) and its dimensions Relationship with others (t=2.498; p≤0.05), Spiritual change (t=-15.823; p≤0.001), Life appreciation (t=-3.129; <p≤0.01), as well as the means for intrusive (t=-3.862; p≤0.001) and deliberate rumination (t=-3.113; p≤0.01). Discussion: Caregivers are more involved in cognitive processes and reported higher PTG than survivors. This can be probably related to the concomitance between the period of disease and the cognitive development process of the survivors.