bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Different Approach to the History of Islam and Muslims in Europe: A North-Eastern Angle, or the Need to Reconsider the Research Field
Authors: Larsson Göran , Račius Egdūnas
Published: September 2010

While the ever more strongly felt presence of Muslims in western Europe has already stimulated numerous scholars of various social sciences to embark upon research on issues related to that presence, it is apparent that just a few studies and introductory text books have so far dealt with the evolution of Muslim communities in other parts of Europe, especially in countries of central, eastern, and northern Europe. Without appreciation of and comprehensive research into the more than six-hundred-year-long Muslim presence in the eastern Baltic rim the picture of the development of Islam and Muslim-Christian relations in Europe remains incomplete and even distorted. Therefore, this article argues for the necessity of approaching the history of Islam and Muslims in Europe from a different and ultimately more encompassing angle by including the minorities of Muslim cultural background that reside in the countries of the European part of the former Soviet Union—the Baltic states and Belarus. Besides arguing that it is necessary to reconsider and expand the research field in order to develop more profound studies of Islam and Muslims in Europe, the article also outlines suggestions as to why the Muslim history in the eastern Baltic rim has been generally excluded from the history of Islam in Europe.
Public Religion and State Transformation: Zero-Sum Game or Fruitful Partnership?
Authors: Nagel Alexander-Kenneth
Published: September 2010

Modern nation states appear to be under siege: economic transactions and environmental pressures come along in global dimensions and along with transnational mass communication and religious communities call into question the paradigm of secular nationalism. While political scientists have supplied useful heuristics to examine the transformation of modern states under these conditions, they have widely disparaged the religious factor as a premodern atavism. Scholars of religious studies, on the other hand, have celebrated the 'new' publicity of religion, but established an overtly antagonistic concept of religion and the state. In this article I try to connect the two debates by arguing that the role of public religion for state transformation can be understood in institutionalist terms of public-private partnerships rather than as a zero-sum game.
Links between the Southern Annular Mode and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Climate Model
Authors: Marini Camille , Frankignoul Claude , Mignot Juliette
Published: September 2010

The links between the atmospheric southern annular mode (SAM), the Southern Ocean, and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) at interannual to multidecadal time scales are investigated in a 500-yr control integration of the L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL CM4) climate model. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, as described by its transport through the Drake Passage, is well correlated with the SAM at the yearly time scale, reflecting that an intensification of the westerlies south of 45°S leads to its acceleration. Also in phase with a positive SAM, the global meridional overturning circulation is modified in the Southern Hemisphere, primarily reflecting a forced barotropic response. In the model, the AMOC and the SAM are linked at several time scales. An intensification of the AMOC lags a positive SAM by about 8 yr. This is due to a correlation between the SAM and the atmospheric circulation in the northern North Atlantic that reflects a symmetric ENSO influence on the two hemispheres, as well as an independent, delayed interhemispheric link driven by the SAM. Both effects lead to an intensification of the subpolar gyre and, by salinity advection, increased deep convection and a stronger AMOC. A slower oceanic link between the SAM and the AMOC is found at a multidecadal time scale. Salinity anomalies generated by the SAM enter the South Atlantic from the Drake Passage and, more importantly, the Indian Ocean; they propagate northward, eventually reaching the northern North Atlantic where, for a positive SAM, they decrease the vertical stratification and thus increase the AMOC.
A Numerical Modeling Study of the Upwelling Source Waters along the Oregon Coast during 2005
Authors: Rivas David , Samelson R. M.
Published: September 2010

Regional ocean circulation along the Oregon coast is studied numerically for forcing fields derived from year 2005 and climatological-mean conditions. The primary object is to study directly the Lagrangian pathways by which fluid arrives in the Oregon upwelling zone. Roughly half of the upwelling fluid is found to arrive in the regional domain from alongshelf source points, primarily north but also south of the Oregon upwelling zone, while the other half ultimately arrives from points offshore and west of the zone. For both the year 2005 and the climatological simulations, different regimes of dominant alongshelf source waters are found, with Cape Blanco being a dividing point for northern versus southern sources, and with the water parcels coming primarily from depths below 100 m. For the offshore sources, most upwelling fluid originates from depths between 150 and 250 m during 2005, but from within the upper 150 m for the climatological simulations. In both cases there are specific regions along the shelf of enhanced vertical motion, which appear to be associated with topographic features such as submarine banks and canyons. A perhaps surprising result is the apparently small role played by the poleward undercurrent as a direct, immediate source of upwelling fluid; on the seasonal time scale considered here, most trajectories are found to move southward over the slope and shelf, with weaker northward motion only farther offshore, in the deep interior. In 2005 the water parcels cover distances longer than in the climatology, and the meridional exchange along their paths is more vigorous. These differences are likely associated in part with the presence of mesoscale vortical structures seaward of the shelf, which are largely absent in the climatological simulation, perhaps because their formation may depend on the large-amplitude, short-time-scale wind variations and reversals that occur in the year 2005 wind field but not in the multiyear mean climatological wind field.
Assessing the Performance of an Ensemble Forecast System in Predicting the Magnitude and the Spectrum of Analysis and Forecast Uncertainties
Authors: Satterfield Elizabeth , Szunyogh Istvan
Published: September 2010

The ability of an ensemble to capture the magnitude and spectrum of uncertainty in a local linear space spanned by the ensemble perturbations is assessed. Numerical experiments are carried out with a reduced resolution 2004 version of the model component of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS). The local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) data assimilation system is used to assimilate observations in three steps, gradually adding more realistic features to the observing network. In the first experiment, randomly placed, noisy, simulated vertical soundings, which provide 10% coverage of horizontal model grid points, are assimilated. Next, the impact of an inhomogeneous observing system is introduced by assimilating simulated observations in the locations of real observations of the atmosphere. Finally, observations of the real atmosphere are assimilated.

The most important findings of this study are the following: predicting the magnitude of the forecast uncertainty and the relative importance of the different patterns of uncertainty is, in general, a more difficult task than predicting the patterns of uncertainty; the ensemble, which is tuned to provide near-optimal performance at analysis time, underestimates not only the total magnitude of the uncertainty, but also the magnitude of the uncertainty that projects onto the space spanned by the ensemble perturbations; and finally, a strong predictive linear relationship is found between the local ensemble spread and the upper bound of the local forecast uncertainty.
The Fierce Urgency of Now: Barack Obama and the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Rowland Robert C.
Published: September 2010

This essay uses an analysis of the convention addresses of Barack Obama, John McCain, and Sarah Palin to explain the development of the 2008 presidential campaign. Obama’s ultimate appeal can be traced to his call for reconstituting the American Dream to take care of the entire community. It is his appeal to communitarian values in a time of growing crisis that explains the enormous movement that his campaign generated. As the economic crisis worsened in the fall, this message became still more powerful. In contrast, McCain and Palin ran a campaign based on personality, largely a depiction of McCain as a hero and of both of them as mavericks. Given their commitment to utterly traditional conservative policy prescriptions, the maverick theme ultimately declined in importance, leaving their campaign with no option except strident attack on Obama as unqualified and out of the mainstream. These attacks ultimately failed in part because of Obama’s skill at calmly explaining policy positions and also because in a time of growing crisis they lost resonance.
Talk About Talk: Calls for Conversation in the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Childers Jay P.
Published: September 2010

This article examines the numerous conversational appeals made by candidates during the 2008 presidential elections. Specifically, this essay explores the way in which Hillary Clinton, John McCain, and Barack Obama talked about the importance of democratic discussion as a central theme in their bids for the White House. Ultimately, this study argues that the conversation being appealed to was one that emphasized a friendly dialogue that could help people overcome their differences and disagreements, and then it suggests several possible reasons why politicians might believe the American people find such conversational appeals appealing.
Sexual Objectification and Substance Abuse in Young Adult Women
Authors: Carr Erika R. , Szymanski Dawn M.
Published: September 2010

Objectification Theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) provides an important perspective for understanding the experiences of women living in a culture that sexualizes and objectifies the female body. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between interpersonal sexual objectification experiences and women’s substance abuse in a sample of 289 young adult women. Findings indicate that both everyday (e.g., body evaluation) and extreme (i.e., sexual victimization) forms of sexual objectification experiences were positively correlated with alcohol, nicotine, and other drug abuse. Furthermore, the findings provide support for a theorized mediated model in which sexual objectification is linked to women’s substance abuse both directly and indirectly via self-objectification, body shame, and depression.
The distinctive lexicon and consensual conception of e-Government: an exploratory perspective
Authors: Guangwei Hu  , Wenwen Pan  , Jie Wang
Published: September 2010

Presently, the field of e-Government still lacks a coherent identity. For its future development, it would be useful to identify a distinctive lexicon and widely shared conception to help scholars understand its essence. In this study, exploratory work was conducted using a large-scale survey of e-Government articles from 1993 to 2008. A total of 752 abstracts from the world’s leading databases (i.e. Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S)) were retrieved, and 528 were analyzed using Computer-Aided Text Analysis (CATA) software. Based on the content analysis, a widely shared conception of the field held by its members was determined and a methodology to obtain a consensual definition of an academic field was designed.

Points for practitioners

By determining and presenting a widely shared conception of e-Government, this study aims to provide scholars, particularly the young, with a deeper understanding of the scope and meaning of the field. This consensual conception may serve either as a screen or as a magnet for future practitioners and academics. The methodology may be applied to several academic fields, including administration science, library science, management science, computer science, and others.
In what we trust? A multi-level study into trust in parliament as an evaluation of state characteristics
Authors: van der Meer Tom
Published: September 2010

A basic level of trust in the political system is considered to be the cornerstone of modern-day democracy. Consequently, scholars and politicians have been concerned with low or declining levels of trust in political institutions. This article focuses on trust in parliament. Many theories have been offered to explain cross-national differences or longitudinal changes in trust, but they have not been subject to systematic empirical tests. This article aims to fill that theoretical and empirical gap. I conceptualize trust in parliament as citizens’ rather rational evaluations of the state—citizen relationship along four dimensions: competence, intrinsic care, accountability, and reliability. Next, I relate state characteristics to each of these four aspects, and hypothesize how they might affect political trust. These hypotheses are tested simultaneously by multi-level analysis on stapled data from the European Social Survey 2002—06. The tests show that three factors explain very well the cross-national differences in trust: corruption, the electoral system, and former regime type. Somewhat surprisingly, economic performance is not related to trust in parliament. Although the analyses do not explain changes in trust across time very well, they at least dismiss some of the existing explanations.

Points for practitioners

This article describes to what extent levels of trust in parliament differ across countries and change across time, and tests several explanations for comparatively low or longitudinally declining levels of trust. It offers practitioners a theoretical approach to make sense of trust issues by distinguishing four trust aspects. Moreover, it shows that objective state characteristics are crucial in explaining cross-national differences. Widespread perceptions of corruption are most harmful to trust in parliament, while democratic rule and a proportional electoral system are beneficial. Equally important, actual economic performance is unrelated to trust. Institutional designs that emphasize care and integrity appear to be more beneficial than ones that emphasize competence and performance.
Has the Whitehall Model survived?
Authors: Page Edward
Published: September 2010

The expression ‘Whitehall Model’ has a certain heuristic value for describing four key features of the British civil service, namely political neutrality, generalism, life-long career paths and a strong policy advisory role. This model has been challenged by politicization, changes in career management and recruitment as well as increasing competition from other sources of policy advice. The UK civil service’s role in relation to ministers seems to have become increasingly defined in managerial terms and decreasingly as policy advisers, not least because a range of other individuals and bodies (advisers, consultants, think tanks, party research departments) now share this role. While it appears to be enjoying a diminishing policy role, the senior civil service has not, at least so far, managed to occupy the high ground in its managerial role. The biggest change in the model is a collapse of confidence in the civil service, not only among citizens, but also among politicians and civil servants themselves.

Points for practitioners

In many of its features, the Whitehall Model, describing the UK civil service and its political role, has been remarkably resilient in the face of major changes to the UK politico-administrative system. Top civil servants have traditionally avoided becoming involved in managing the detailed development of policy. With the decline in the political power of the civil service as the most noticeable of the changes in the Whitehall Model, greater attention to this policy development role might help improve the quality of decision-making.
Managing emergent and complex change: the case of Dutch agencification
Authors: Kickert Walter J.M.
Published: September 2010

An analysis is made of agencification reform in the Netherlands from the viewpoint of the management of the complex change process. We will present a processual analysis of the complex change process of agencification reform by means of organization science insights on ‘emergent change’ and administrative science insights on ‘complex networks’. The analysis of the process of change events shows that it is not an example of centrally planned and controlled change. The reform is rather an example of ‘emergent and complex change’. The reform is a complex system of different intertwined change processes with many different decentralized actors, which is ‘managed’ by different central ‘change agents’. The ‘change managers’ themselves form a complex system as well.

Points for practitioners

One of the important reform trends in Dutch central administration is the ‘agencification’ of executive government organizations, that is, the increase of managerial autonomy of executive parts of ministerial departments. In this article we analyse how this two-decades-long reform process was ‘managed’ by various central actors like Parliament, the National Audit Office, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Home Affairs, various internal and external advisory committees and supervisory committees. It turned out that the reform can hardly be described as a centrally planned and controlled process. Initiatives for reform, in fact, popped up locally within the various ministries and agencies. The reform process was more a continuous accumulation of local initiatives for agencification. The various central actors tried to exercise some coordinating or supervisory influence, but that was rather indirect, reactive and limited.
Parent’s Conception and Experience of Calling in Child Rearing
Authors: Coulson Justin , Oades Lindsay , Stoyles Gerard
Published: September 2010

The concept of “calling” has evolved from a religiously oriented description of occupation to an integrated, broad, and multidimensional construct that is associated with optimal vocational outcomes, personal fulfillment and meaning, and contribution to the “greater good.” This article investigates the relevance of calling in the parental domain and explores the experience of calling in child rearing. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, 11 qualitative, semistructured interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers. Different parents were interviewed at three distinct developmental time points in their child(ren)’s lives: while their child was an infant (<2 years), while their children were of primary school age (aged 4-12), and when their children were in their late teens or early 20s and were more or less independent (>17 years). Parents of both genders and across the range of ages showed strong similarity in their definitions and experiences of calling-oriented child rearing. Parents’ definitions and experiences were also consistent with the conception and experience of calling in previous research. Cultural concerns related to free will and religion are discussed. This research demonstrates that the concept of calling is relevant in child rearing and that the sense of calling may also be associated with optimal outcomes in this domain. Recommendations for future research include the need to develop a measure of calling in child rearing and the usefulness of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing the sense of calling in parents.
Simplified and expanded input in a focused stimulation program for a child with expressive language delay (ELD)
Authors: Wolfe Donna L. , Heilmann John
Published: September 2010

There is considerable debate regarding the simplification of adults’ language when talking to young children with expressive language delays (ELD). While simplified input, also called telegraphic speech, is used by many parents and clinicians working with young children, its use has been discouraged in much of the clinical literature. In addition to the grammatical complexity of the input, the vocabulary presented to children with ELD must be carefully considered. A growing literature has documented the power of focused stimulation, where children hear a limited number of target words presented repeatedly. After a critical review of the language input and focused stimulation literatures, the performance of a child with ELD who completed two types of focused stimulation was reported; the child completed focused stimulation in a simplified condition where the clinician produced target words in 1—2-word phrases and in an expanded condition where the clinician produced target words in naturalistic speech.While the child mastered new vocabulary in both conditions, he acquired slightly more words in the simplified input condition. The child produced more total expressive language in the expanded input condition, revealing that modifications to examiner input also impacted the child’s pragmatic language use. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
The Attachment, Internalization, and Time-Dependent, Intracellular Distribution of Clostridium difficile Toxin A in Porcine Intestinal Explants
Authors: Keel M. K. , Songer J. G.
Published: September 2010

Toxin A (TcdA), secreted by toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile, produces lesions typical of C. difficile–associated disease (CDAD) in susceptible mammal species. Porcine colon explants maintained for 2 hours with TcdA developed severe lesions characterized by cell swelling, swelling of mitochondria and other organelles, distension of cytoplasmic vesicles, expansion of paracellular spaces, apoptosis, and necrosis. Severity of lesions was proportional to the dosage of toxin. No lesions were present in uninoculated control tissues after 2 hours. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the keystone event in the pathogenesis of the toxin, and susceptibility of a given species is thought to depend on the presence of receptors in intestinal epithelial cells. The fate of TcdA applied to viable colon explants was determined by transmission electron microscopy in an anti-toxin-labeled gold assay. At 5 minutes postinoculation, the presence of TcdA was indicated at the membrane of microvilli or in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. TcdA was also indirectly observed within endosomes or attached at their margin. A 30-minute inoculation period was associated with many more gold particles labeling structures inside the cell, although some were still attached to microvilli. Within the cell, most TcdA was associated with mitochondria of epithelial cells, but some gold particles decorated the nuclei. Endothelial cells of the lamina propria had evidence of TcdA at both their lumenal and basal aspects, as well as in the cytoplasm and, occasionally, nuclei. Gold particles also labeled the lumen of such vessels as well as leucocytes in blood vessels and the lamina propria.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of 13 Canine Renal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Gil da Costa R. M. , Oliveira J. P. , Saraiva A. L. , Seixas F. , Faria F. , Gärtner F. , Pires M. A. , Lopes C.
Published: September 2010

Canine renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are uncommon aggressive tumors that occur mainly in middle-aged male dogs. Their histologic classification bears no relationship with prognosis, and little information is available concerning their immunohistochemical properties. In this retrospective study, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 13 canine RCCs were retrieved from the archives, classified histologically, and evaluated immunohistochemically. The dogs were 7 males and 6 females (1 spayed) of 10 different breeds, averaging 8 years in age. The tumors were classified as papillary, tubulopapillary, papillary–cystic, solid, or sarcomatoid. All 13 tumors were immunohistochemically positive for uromodulin, 12 for c-KIT, 11 for vimentin, 9 for wide-spectrum-screening cytokeratins, 7 for cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and carcinoembryonic antigen, 4 for cytokeratins CAM 5.2, and 3 for CD10. All 3 solid RCCs expressed vimentin, c-KIT, and carcinoembryonic antigen and were negative for cytokeratins. All 7 papillary and tubulopapillary tumors expressed vimentin; 6 (86%), cytokeratins; and 6 (86%), c-KIT. Both papillary–cystic RCCs were positive for cytokeratins and c-KIT and negative for vimentin. These results indicate that the different histologic types of RCC have characteristic immunohistochemical profiles and that c-KIT may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine RCC.
Cartilaginous Metaplasia in the Sclera of Suffolk Sheep
Authors: Smith J. D. , Hamir A. N. , Greenlee J. J.
Published: September 2010

Scleral cartilaginous metaplasia was detected by routine histologic examination of globes from 5 Suffolk sheep from a scrapie pathogenesis study. The extent of the metaplasia varied among the sheep but was always posterior to the tapetal fundus. The matrix surrounding chondrocytes stained intensely with alcian blue and was immunopositive for type II collagen. Retrospective evaluation of additional eyes from Suffolk and Cheviot sheep used in various scrapie pathogenesis studies at the authors' facility revealed similar histologic changes in 40% and 12.7% of eyes examined, respectively. The clinical significance of this previously unreported finding is unknown.
Identity, Culture, Land, and Language: Stories of Insurgent Planning in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia
Authors: Sweet Elizabeth L. , Chakars Melissa
Published: September 2010

Indigenous peoples have been struggling to maintain or regain rights to land, identity, and culture in the face of colonialism. In Russia, government policies have pushed European Russian/Soviet nationalism in an attempt to diminish or erase non-European identity. But there has been insurgency. We present the case of Buryat historical and contemporary insurgent planning. We contextualize indigenous insurgent planning using colonialism and identity as backdrops. Drawing on sixteen months of ethnographic study and review of historical sources, we tell the stories of how many Buryats use dynamic indigenous identities combined with appropriated Russian nomenclature to resist and negotiate postmodern imperialism.
Reframing the Concept of Reflection: Consciousness, Experiential Learning, and Reflective Learning Practices
Authors: Jordi Richard
Published: September 2010

The concept of reflection is common to a range of learning theories and therefore carries various meanings and differing significance. Within theories of adult education, reflection is predominantly conceptualized as the rational analytical process through which human beings extract knowledge from their experience. This article critiques this cognitive bias. However, the author argues that a perspective of embodied experiential learning should not give preference to the body over the mind as a source of knowledge. Nor should researchers reject reflection as an exclusively cognitive process. Reflective practices can facilitate a learning dialogue between our implicit embodied experience and conceptual aspects of our consciousness. The author illustrates this with the example of the theory and practice of Gendlin’s Focusing. In conclusion, the author proposes a set of elements, characteristic of individual and collective human experiential learning, that can provide a framework for a more expansive and integrative conceptualization of reflection.
“I Feel as if I Am the One Who Is Disabled”
Authors: Scott Ellen K.
Published: September 2010

Despite the 1970s middle-class feminist dream that women could have it all—families characterized by equitable distributions of household labor and interesting careers—the decades since have told a different story. In the U.S. context of a neoliberal labor market and privatized systems of family care, mothers still struggle to negotiate the conflicting demands of family and employment, particularly when caring for children with disabilities. Though an extensive literature examines labor market participation for mothers of children with disabilities, few scholars have examined the emotional impact of their altered career plans. Drawing from a sample of 40 single- and two-parent families, the author examines mothers’ accounts of care for children with disabilities, focusing on their emotional experiences of their changed employment trajectories.
“I Feel Like It’s a Heavier Burden. . .”
Authors: Weigt Jill
Published: September 2010

One of the explicit goals of the 1996 welfare reform in the United States was to create conditions that would encourage marriage as a means of reducing poverty and welfare “dependency.” With the exception of a few notable studies that examine reliance on abusive partners and former partners, relatively little scholarly attention has been given to the contours of partnering after welfare reform. Using a feminist lens on data from two qualitative studies, the author examines the partnership experiences of a sample of mostly white women three to four years after they had left welfare. An exploration of women’s views of their transitions into and their experiences with partnering reveals that women (re)align with a logic of heterosexual partnering that holds the potential to complicate their lives. The analysis sounds a precautionary note and provides empirical evidence that partnering in the context of the reduced options of welfare reform can diminish women’s long-term stability and that encouraging partnering is, ultimately, an unsustainable policy direction for the support of lone mothers.
Differences in Self-Reported Oral Health Among Community-Dwelling Black, Hispanic, and White Elders
Authors: Wu Bei , Plassman Brenda L. , Liang Jersey , Remle R. Corey , Bai Lina , Crout Richard J.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To compare differences in self-rated oral health among community-dwelling Black, Hispanic, and White adults aged 60 and older. Method: A total of 4,859 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004) provided self-report information on oral health. Results: Blacks and Hispanics reported poorer self-rated oral health than Whites. In separate dentate and edentulous groups, socioeconomic status, social support, physical health, clinical oral health outcomes, and dental checkups accounted for much of the difference in self-rated oral health in Blacks, but significant differences remained for Hispanics. Discussion: The study findings may have important implications for health policy and program development. Programs and services designed for minority populations should target treatments for dental diseases and include components that take into account subjective evaluations of oral health conditions and perceived dental needs of the individuals.
Drug interactions in metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Tyler Timothy
Published: September 2010

It is estimated that almost one-third of adverse reactions to pharmaceutical agents result from drug interactions. The potential for drug interactions in oncology complicates the pharmacist’s role of finding a balance between efficacy and acceptable toxicity for all agents involved (anticancer agents, supportive therapies, and concomitant medications). In the realm of metastatic breast cancer, the heavily pretreated nature of many patients and the narrow therapeutic window associated with most therapies puts all patients at risk for drug interactions. In practice, co-administration of a pharmacological agent with the potential to alter the clinical profile of the patient’s anticancer regimen may be unavoidable. Herein are discussed underlying molecular mechanisms that are usually responsible for drug interactions in the realm of breast oncology. Since more and more oral anticancer agents are emerging onto the market or are in late clinical development, special consideration is given to identification and management of potential interactions associated with oral anticancer therapeutics. In addition, recommendations are provided for dose reduction strategies, effective monitoring, management of drug interactions, and communication strategies with patients and other members of the clinical team.
Fighting for Masculinity: Male Domestic Workers, Gender, and Migration in Italy from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present
Authors: Sarti Raffaella
Published: September 2010

This article, after providing readers with a short review of studies on male domestic workers, focuses on male domestics in the twentieth- and twenty-first-century Italy via both a qualitative and quantitative approach. It shows, among other things, that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, male domestic workers underwent a symbolic castration in that they were prevented from growing moustaches which at the time were a sign of virility. Significantly, this prohibition provoked several protests. The article, therefore, investigates the historical background of servant de-virilization. It shows furthermore how domestic service became an almost exclusively female job and was culturally constructed as such. Broadly speaking, this happened in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. In Italy, however, between the 1950s and the 1980s, domestic service experienced a slight re-masculinization which became more noticeable in the following years, when there was a kind of ‘‘revival’’ of recourse to domestic workers made possible by the arrival of large migration flows. While investigating how domestics perceive/perceived themselves and which strategies they pursue/ pursued to protect their male identity both a century ago and today, the article analyzes how working in a feminized sector may affect masculinity.
Masculinities and the International Division of Care: Migrant Male Domestic Workers in Italy and France
Authors: Scrinzi Francesca
Published: September 2010

Drawing on ethnographic data concerning migrant male domestic workers, this article examines the gendered dimensions of the process of racialization in Italy and France. First, it shows that specific racialized constructions of masculinity are mobilized by the employers as well as by training and recruitment agencies. These constructions of masculinity are related to different forms of organization of the sector in each country and to different ideologies about the integration of migrants. Second, the data presented reveal the strategies used by migrant male domestic workers to reaffirm their masculinity in a traditionally feminized sector. In doing so, this article intends to explore the connections between international migration and the gendering of occupations, with regard to the construction and management of masculinities in domestic service. Finally, by examining men’s experiences, this article aims to contribute to a more complex definition of the international division of care work.
Child nutrition policies and recommendations
Authors: Juby Cindy , Meyer Erika Elizabeth
Published: September 2010

• Summary: Child malnutrition often invokes images of children with thin extremities and pot bellies. Rarely, do we relate malnutrition to obesity; however, in the United States, poor children are especially vulnerable to obesity related malnutrition. Policies that increase the cost of nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables make it more difficult for poor families to purchase nutritious foods, thereby, increasing their risk of malnutrition. At the same time, cheaper foods tend to be more calorie-dense and to provide fewer nutrients.

• Findings: This article discusses current policies that contribute to malnutrition and obesity in children from poor families and examines current changes within the political system regarding this topic.

• Applications: Recommendations are provided for social workers whose clientele include children and families in poverty.
Moderators and mediators in social work research: Toward a more ecologically valid evidence base for practice
Authors: Magill Molly
Published: September 2010

• Summary: Evidence-based practice involves the consistent and critical consumption of the social work research literature. As methodologies advance, primers to guide such efforts are often needed. In the present work, common statistical methods for testing moderation and mediation are identified, summarized, and corresponding examples, drawn from the substance abuse, domestic violence, and mental health literature, are provided.

• Findings: Analyses of these third variable effects can provide an optimal fit for the complexity involved in the provision of evidence-based social work services. While a moderator may identify the trait or state requirement for a causal relationship to occur, a mediator is concerned with the transmission of that relationship. In social work practice, these are questions of ‘under what conditions and for whom?’ and of the ‘how?’ of behavior change.

• Implications: Implications include a need for greater attention to these methods among practitioners and evaluation researchers. With knowledge gained through the present review, social workers can benefit from a more ecologically valid evidence base for practice.
A Third Kind of Feminist Reading: Toward a Feminist Sociology of Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: Scholz Susanne
Published: September 2010

This article proposes that the next step in feminist biblical studies requires, even demands, the development of sociologically framed paradigms. It illustrates this proposal for such a third kind of reading with an examination of the interpretation history of Genesis 2-3 during the past forty years. Five hermeneutical stages emerge. They move from a first stage on feminist interpretations, to a second stage on deconstructive responses, to a third stage of interpretations that reassert androcentric meaning, to a fourth stage on the Christian Right’s insistence on patriarchal gender roles, and finally to a fifth stage on commercialized biblical meanings in the Western media. This analysis shows that a feminist sociology of biblical hermeneutics explains, even to beginning students, the connections between biblical hermeneutics and society, because it conceptualizes biblical texts and interpretation histories as hermeneutically dynamic, politically and religiously charged conversations concerning socio-political practices.
The corps of overseers of the equestrian trade market of Constantinople, tenth–twelfth centuries
Authors: Maniatis George C.
Published: September 2010

The organization, functions and governing rules of the singular guild of overseers (bothroi) of the capital’s equestrian trade market are examined. The overseers’ task was to detect and point out animal defects to prospective buyers, serve as appraisers and brokers on request, recover stolen animals, and dispose of unsold animals. The head of the bothroi arbitrated financial disputes and was responsible for the maintenance of the marketplace. Trading in one location had discernible advantages: it forestalled animal diversion and stealthy transactions, provided on-site assistance to traders, prevented market fragmentation, and fostered aggressive bargaining and competitive pricing behaviour.
An overview of Byzantine Period settlements around Comana Pontica in north-central Turkey
Authors: Erciyas Burcu , Sökmen Emine
Published: September 2010

The sanctuary of Comana Pontica in north-central Anatolia, dedicated to a local Anatolian deity, Ma, was a significant part of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Mithradatids which continued to be of some importance under the Roman emperors. During the Byzantine period, as a result of the introduction of, and adaptation to, Christianity in the region, significant changes in settlement pattern/organization at and in the vicinity of Comana took place. This article illustrates these changes through the architectural and archaeological material discovered during surveys and offers a preliminary interpretation of the settlement patterns around Comana in the Byzantine period.
Greek foreign policy and the Middle East: from possibility to fulfilment?
Authors: Athanassopoulou Ekavi
Published: September 2010

The topic of this article is the historical evolution of Greek foreign policy in the Middle East over the past thirty-five years. It essentially seeks to explain the broad framework of conditions and objectives within which Greek foreign policy has been made towards the Arab Middle East and Israel. It argues that the amount of involvement of Greek foreign policy in the area was relatively little. Though much has changed in Greece’s approach towards the Middle East since the 1990s, there is also a significant continuity of attitude, in the sense that serious attention has not been paid to this part of the world.
The Ethnonyms ≠Aunin, Topnaars, and !Naranin
Authors: Raper Peter E
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe ≠Aunin, also called Topnaars and !Naranin, are an exceptional people, currently regarded as Nama (Khoikhoi) but thought to be originally San (Bushmen). They inhabit the Walvis Bay area and Kuiseb Valley in Namibia, and live primarily from fishing, and from harvesting the seeds of !nara (Acanthosicyos horrida) plants. Various explanations of the names ≠Aunin and Topnaars have been encountered, the most popular linking the former to the Khoikhoi (Nama) word ≠aub “peak, top, point, pinnacle,” etc., and the latter to the English, Dutch, and Afrikaans word top and the Dutch and Afrikaans substantive ending -naar. The present paper postulates on linguistic and anthropological grounds that the name ≠Aunin reflects the unique means of livelihood of these people by fishing.
Racial and Gender Differences in Diversity of First Names
Authors: Barry III Herbert , Harper Aylene S
Published: September 2010

AbstractFirst names and the number of individuals given each name were recorded on three populations, born in Pennsylvania in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Four categories of people were “black” females, “white” females, “black” males, and “white” males. Diversity of the name choices was measured by the 50 percent rank frequency, which divides the population equally between the individuals with more frequent and less frequent names. Diversity was highest for “black” females and lowest for “white” males. For all four categories of people, diversity increased progressively from 1990 to 1995 and from 1995 to 2000. Feminine phonetic attributes also were most frequent for “black” females and least frequent for “white” males. Racial divergence in choices of names was indicated by a smaller number of names in 2000 than in 1990 that were among the fifty most frequent for both “blacks” and “whites.”
Ligation of complement receptor 1 increases erythrocyte membrane deformability
Authors: Glodek Aleksandra M. , Mirchev Rossen , Golan David E. , Khoory Joseph A. , Burns Jennie M. , Shevkoplyas Sergey S. , Nicholson-Weller Anne , Ghiran Ionita C.
Published: September 2010

Microbes as well as immune complexes and other continuously generated inflammatory particles are efficiently removed from the human circulation by red blood cells (RBCs) through a process called immune-adherence clearance. During this process, RBCs use complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35) to bind circulating complement-opsonized particles and transfer them to resident macrophages in the liver and spleen for removal. We here show that ligation of RBC CR1 by antibody and complement-opsonized particles induces a transient Ca++ influx that is proportional to the RBC CR1 levels and is inhibited by T1E3 pAb, a specific inhibitor of TRPC1 channels. The CR1-elicited RBC Ca++ influx is accompanied by an increase in RBC membrane deformability that positively correlates with the number of preexisting CR1 molecules on RBC membranes. Biochemically, ligation of RBC CR1 causes a significant increase in phosphorylation levels of β-spectrin that is inhibited by preincubation of RBCs with DMAT, a specific casein kinase II inhibitor. We hypothesize that the CR1-dependent increase in membrane deformability could be relevant for facilitating the transfer of CR1-bound particles from the RBCs to the hepatic and splenic phagocytes.
Transfer of influenza vaccine–primed costimulated autologous T cells after stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma leads to reconstitution of influenza immunity: results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Stadtmauer Edward A. , Vogl Dan T. , Luning Prak Eline , Boyer Jean , Aqui Nicole A. , Rapoport Aaron P. , McDonald Kenyetta R. , Hou Xiaoling , Murphy Heather , Bhagat Rita , Mangan Patricia A. , Chew Anne , Veloso Elizabeth A. , Levine Bruce L. , Vonderheide Robert H. , Jawad Abbas F. , June Carl H. , Sullivan Kathleen E.
Published: September 2010

Severe immune deficiency follows autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma and is associated with significant infectious morbidity. This study was designed to evaluate the utility of a pretransplantation vaccine and infusion of a primed autologous T-cell product in stimulating specific immunity to influenza. Twenty-one patients with multiple myeloma were enrolled from 2007 to 2009. Patients were randomly assigned to receive an influenza-primed autologous T-cell product or a nonspecifically primed autologous T-cell product. The study endpoint was the development of hemagglutination inhibition titers to the strain-specific serotypes in the influenza vaccine. Enzyme-linked immunospot assays were performed to confirm the development of influenza-specific B-cell and T-cell immunity. Patients who received the influenza-primed autologous T-cell product were significantly more likely to seroconvert in response to the influenza vaccine (P = .001). Seroconversion was accompanied by a significant B-cell response. No differences were observed in the global quantitative recovery of T-cell and B-cell subsets or in global T-cell and B-cell function. The provision of a primed autologous T-cell product significantly improved subsequent influenza vaccine responses. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00499577.
Phosphorylation of threonine 154 in p40phox is an important physiological signal for activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase
Authors: Chessa Tamara A. M. , Anderson Karen E. , Hu Yanhua , Xu Qingbo , Rausch Oliver , Stephens Len R. , Hawkins Phillip T.
Published: September 2010

The neutrophil nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase is a multisubunit enzyme (comprising gp91phox, p22phox, p67phox, p40phox, p47phox, and Rac) that plays a vital role in microbial killing. The recent discovery of a chronic granulomatous disease patient who expresses a mutant p40phox subunit, together with the development of mouse models of p40phox function, indicate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding to the PX domain of p40phox is an important signal for oxidase activation. However, the presence of other conserved residues and domains in p40phox suggest further regulatory roles for this protein. To test this, we introduced wild-type and mutated versions of p40phox into fully differentiated mouse neutrophils by retroviral transduction of p40phox−/− bone marrow progenitors and repopulation of the bone marrow compartment in radiation chimaeras. Phosphorylation of p40phox on threonine 154, but not serine 315, was required for full oxidase activation in response to formylated bacterial peptide fMLP, serum-opsonized S aureus, and immunoglobulin-opsonized sheep red blood cells. A functional SH3 domain was not required for oxidase activation, and deletion of the entire domain resulted in enhanced oxidase responses. Phosphorylation of threonine 154 in response to S aureus was mediated by protein kinase Cδ and was required for full translocation of p47phox to phagosomes. These results define an important new element in the physiological activation of the oxidase.