bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-volatilisation of soil accumulated pollutants triggered by the summer monsoon in India
Authors: Lammel Gerhard , Degrendele Céline , Gunthe Sachin S. , Mu Qing , Muthalagu Akila , Audy Ondřej , Biju Chelackal V. , Kukučka Petr , Mulder Marie D. , Octaviani Mega , Příbylová Petra , Shahpoury Pourya , Stemmler Irene , Valsan Aswathy E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Persistent organic pollutants that have accumulated in soils can be re-mobilised by volatilisation in response to chemical equilibrium with the atmosphere. Clean air masses from the Indian Ocean, advected with the onset of the summer monsoon, are found to trigger net volatilisation or enhance on-going re-volatilisation of the nowadays banned chemicals hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from background soils in southern India. The air is increasingly polluted during transport by the southwesterly monsoon winds across the subcontinent. For HCH and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), air-surface exchange has declined since the ban of these substances from agriculture, but re-mobilisation of higher chlorinated PCBs may have reached a historical high, 40 years after peak emission.
Direct Lagrangian tracking simulation of droplet growth in
vertically developing cloud
Authors: Kunishima Yuichi , Onishi Ryo
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present a direct Lagrangian simulation that computes all the warm-rain processes in a vertically developing cloud, including cloud condensate nuclei (CCN) activation, condensational growth, collisional growth, and droplet gravitational settling. This simulation, which tracks the motion and growth of individual particles, is applied to a kinematic simulation of an extremely-vertically-elongated quasi-one-dimensional domain, after which the results are compared with those obtained from a spectral-bin model, which adopts the conventional Euler framework. The comparison results, which confirm good bulk statistical agreement between the Lagrangian and conventional spectral-bin simulations, also show that the Lagrangian simulation is free from the numerical diffusion found in the spectral-bin simulation. After analyzing the Lagrangian statistics of the surface raindrops that reach the ground, back-trajectory scrutiny reveals that the Lagrangian statistics of surface raindrops contains the information about the sky where the raindrops grow like the shape of snow crystals does.
Intercomparison of aerosol measurements performed with multi-wavelength Raman lidars, automatic lidars and ceilometers in the framework of INTERACT-II campaign
Authors: Madonna Fabio , Rosoldi Marco , Lolli Simone , Amato Francesco , Vande Hey Joshua , Dhillon Ranvir , Zheng Yunhui , Brettle Mike , Pappalardo Gelsomina
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Following the previous efforts of INTERACT (INTERcomparison of Aerosol and
Cloud Tracking), the INTERACT-II campaign used multi-wavelength Raman lidar
measurements to assess the performance of an automatic compact micro-pulse
lidar (MiniMPL) and two ceilometers (CL51 and CS135) in providing reliable
information about optical and geometric atmospheric aerosol properties. The
campaign took place at the CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory
(760 ma.s.l.; 40.60∘ N, 15.72∘ E) in the
framework of ACTRIS-2 (Aerosol Clouds Trace gases Research InfraStructure)
H2020 project. Co-located simultaneous measurements involving a MiniMPL, two
ceilometers and two EARLINET multi-wavelength Raman lidars were performed
from July to December 2016. The intercomparison highlighted that the MiniMPL
range-corrected signals (RCSs) show, on average, a fractional difference with
respect to those of CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO) lidars ranging
from 5 to 15 % below 2.0 km a.s.l. (above sea level), largely
due to the use of an inaccurate overlap correction, and smaller than 5 %
in the free troposphere. For the CL51, the attenuated backscatter values have
an average fractional difference with respect to CIAO
lidars < 20–30 % below 3 km and larger above. The
variability of the CL51 calibration constant is within ±46 %. For the
CS135, the performance is similar to the CL51 below 2.0 kma.s.l.,
while in the region above 3 kma.s.l. the differences are about
±40 %. The variability of the CS135 normalization constant is within
±47 %. Finally, additional tests performed during the campaign using the CHM15k
ceilometer operated at CIAO showed the clear need to investigate the CHM15k
historical dataset (2010–2016) to evaluate potential effects of ceilometer
laser fluctuations on calibration stability. The number of laser pulses shows
an average variability of 10 % with respect to the nominal power which
conforms to the ceilometer specifications. Nevertheless, laser pulses
variability follows seasonal behavior with an increase in the number of laser
pulses in summer and a decrease in winter. This contributes to explain the
dependency of the ceilometer calibration constant on the environmental
temperature hypothesized during INTERACT.
Adaption of an array spectroradiometer for total ozone column retrieval using direct solar irradiance measurements in the UV spectral range
Authors: Zuber Ralf , Sperfeld Peter , Riechelmann Stefan , Nevas Saulius , Sildoja Meelis , Seckmeyer Gunther
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A compact array spectroradiometer that enables precise and robust
measurements of solar UV spectral direct irradiance is presented. We
show that this instrument can retrieve total ozone column (TOC)
accurately. The internal stray light, which is often the limiting
factor for measurements in the UV spectral range and increases the
uncertainty for TOC analysis, is physically reduced so that no other
stray-light reduction methods, such as mathematical corrections, are
necessary. The instrument has been extensively characterised at the
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany. During an
international total ozone measurement intercomparison at the
Izaña Atmospheric Observatory in Tenerife, the high-quality applicability of
the instrument was verified with measurements of the direct solar
irradiance and subsequent TOC evaluations based on the spectral data
measured between 12 and 30 September 2016. The results showed
deviations of the TOC of less than 1.5 % from most other
instruments in most situations and not exceeding 3 %
from established TOC measurement systems such as Dobson or Brewer.
CALIPSO IIR Version 2 Level 1b calibrated radiances: analysis and reduction of residual biases in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Garnier Anne , Trémas Thierry , Pelon Jacques , Lee Kam-Pui , Nobileau Delphine , Gross-Colzy Lydwine , Pascal Nicolas , Ferrage Pascale , Scott Noëlle A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Version 2 of the Level 1b calibrated radiances of the Imaging Infrared
Radiometer (IIR) on board the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Satellite
Observation (CALIPSO) satellite has been released recently. This new version
incorporates corrections of small but systematic seasonal calibration biases
previously revealed in Version 1 data products mostly north of
30∘ N. These biases – of different amplitudes in the three IIR
channels 8.65 µm (IIR1), 10.6 µm (IIR2), and
12.05 µm (IIR3) – were made apparent by a striping effect in
images of IIR inter-channel brightness temperature differences (BTDs) and
through seasonal warm biases of nighttime IIR brightness temperatures in the
30–60∘ N latitude range. The latter were highlighted through
observed and simulated comparisons with similar channels of the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Aqua spacecraft. To
characterize the calibration biases affecting Version 1 data, a
semi-empirical approach is developed, which is based on the in-depth analysis
of the IIR internal calibration procedure in conjunction with observations
such as statistical comparisons with similar MODIS/Aqua channels. Two types
of calibration biases are revealed: an equalization bias affecting part of
the individual IIR images and a global bias affecting the radiometric level
of each image. These biases are observed only when the temperature of the
instrument increases, and they are found to be functions of elapsed time
since night-to-day transition, regardless of the season. Correction
coefficients of Version 1 radiances could thus be defined and implemented in
the Version 2 code. As a result, the striping effect seen in Version 1 is
significantly attenuated in Version 2. Systematic discrepancies between
nighttime and daytime IIR–MODIS BTDs in the 30–60∘ N latitude
range in summer are reduced from 0.2 K in Version 1 to 0.1 K in Version 2
for IIR1–MODIS29. For IIR2–MODIS31 and IIR3–MODIS32, they are reduced from
0.4 K to close to zero, except for IIR3–MODIS32 in June, where the
night-minus-day difference is around −0.1 K.
Understanding Mn-nodule distribution and evaluation of related deep-sea mining impacts using AUV-based hydroacoustic and optical data
Authors: Peukert Anne , Schoening Timm , Alevizos Evangelos , Köser Kevin , Kwasnitschka Tom , Greinert Jens
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In this study, ship- and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)-based multibeam
data from the German ferromanganese-nodule (Mn-nodule) license area in the
Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ; eastern Pacific) are linked to ground-truth
data from optical imaging. Photographs obtained by an AUV enable
semi-quantitative assessments of nodule coverage at a spatial resolution in
the range of meters. Together with high-resolution AUV bathymetry, this
revealed a correlation of small-scale terrain variations (< 5 m
horizontally, < 1 m vertically) with nodule coverage. In the
presented data set, increased nodule coverage could be correlated with slopes
> 1.8∘ and concave terrain. On a more regional scale, factors such
as the geological setting (existence of horst and graben structures, sediment
thickness, outcropping basement) and influence of bottom currents seem to
play an essential role for the spatial variation of nodule coverage and the
related hard substrate habitat. AUV imagery was also successfully employed to map the distribution
of resettled sediment following a disturbance and sediment cloud
generation during a sampling deployment of an epibenthic
sledge. Data from before and after the “disturbance” allow
a direct assessment of the impact. Automated image processing
analyzed the nodule coverage at the seafloor, revealing nodule
blanketing by resettling of suspended sediment within 16 h after
the disturbance. The visually detectable impact was spatially
limited to a maximum of 100 m distance from the disturbance
track, downstream of the bottom water current. A correlation with
high-resolution AUV bathymetry reveals that the blanketing pattern
varies in extent by tens of meters, strictly following the
bathymetry, even in areas of only slightly undulating seafloor
(<1 m vertical change). These results highlight the importance of detailed terrain knowledge
when engaging in resource assessment studies for nodule abundance
estimates and defining mineable areas. At the same time, it shows
the importance of high-resolution mapping for detailed benthic
habitat studies that show a heterogeneity at scales of 10 to
100 m. Terrain knowledge is also needed to determine the
scale of the impact by seafloor sediment blanketing during mining
operations.
Rapid response of habitat structure and aboveground carbon storage to altered fire regimes in tropical savanna
Authors: Levick Shaun R. , Richards Anna E. , Cook Garry D. , Schatz Jon , Guderle Marcus , Williams Richard J. , Subedi Parash , Trumbore Susan E. , Andersen Alan N.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Fire regimes across the globe have been altered through changes in land-use, land management and climate conditions. Understanding how these modified fire regimes impact vegetation structure and dynamics is essential for informed biodiversity conservation and carbon management in savanna ecosystems. We used a long-term fire experiment at the Territory Wildlife Park (TWP), northern Australia, to investigate the consequences of altered fire regimes for habitat structure and aboveground carbon storage. We mapped vegetation three-dimensional (3D) structure in high spatial resolution with airborne LiDAR, across 18 replicated 1 ha plots of varying fire frequency and season treatments. We used LiDAR-derived canopy height and cover metrics to extrapolate field-based measures of woody biomass to the full extent of the experimental site (R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 7.35 t C ha−1), and analysed differences in aboveground carbon storage and 3D structure among treatments. Woody canopy cover and biomass were highest in the absence of fire (76 % and 39.8 t C ha−1) and lowest in plots burnt late in the dry season on a biennial basis (42 % and 18.2 t C ha−1). Woody canopy vertical profiles differed among all six fire treatments, with greatest divergence in height classes
Evolution of 231Pa and 230Th in overflow waters of the North Atlantic
Authors: Deng Feifei , Henderson Gideon M. , Castrillejo Maxi , Perez Fiz F.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Many paleoceanographic studies have sought to use the 231Pa / 230Th ratio as a proxy for deep ocean circulation rates in the North Atlantic. As yet, however, no study has fully assessed the concentration of, or controls on, 230Th and 231Pa in waters immediately following ventilation at the start of Atlantic meridional overturning. To that end, full water-column 231Pa and 230Th concentrations were measured along the GEOVIDE section, sampling a range of young North Atlantic deep waters. Th-230 and 231Pa concentrations in the water column are lower than those observed further south in the Atlantic, ranging between 0.004 and 0.738 dpm/1000l, and between 0.023 and 0.295 dpm/1000l, respectively. Both 230Th and 231Pa profiles generally increase with water depth from surface to deep water, followed by decrease near the seafloor, with this feature most pronounced in the Labrador Sea (LA Sea) and Irminger Sea (IR Sea). Analyzing this dataset with Extended Optimum Multi-Parameter (eOMP) Analysis and CFC-based water mass age indicates that the low values of 230Th and 231Pa in water near the seafloor of the LA Sea and IR Sea are related to the young waters present in those regions. This importance of water age is confirmed for 230Th by a strong correlation between 230Th and water mass age (though this relationship is less clear, for 231Pa and 231Pa / 230Th ratio). Scavenged 231Pa and 230Th were estimated and compared to their Potential Total concentrations in the water column. The result shows that more 230Th is scavenged (~ 80 %) relative to 231Pa (~ 40 %), consistent with the relatively higher particle-reactivity of 230Th. Enhanced scavenging for both nuclides is demonstrated near the seafloor in young overflow waters. Calculation of meridional transport of 230Th and 231Pa with this new GEOVIDE dataset enables a complete budget for 230Th and 231Pa for the North Atlantic. Results suggest that net transport southward of 230Th and 231Pa across GEOVIDE is smaller than transport further south in the Atlantic, and indicates that the flux to sediment in the North Atlantic is equivalent to 96 % of the production of 230Th, and 77 % of the production for 231Pa. This result confirms a significantly higher advective loss of 231Pa to the south relative to 230Th and supports the use of 231Pa / 230Th to assess meridional transport at a basin scale.
GRACILE: a comprehensive climatology of atmospheric gravity wave parameters based on satellite limb soundings
Authors: Ern Manfred , Trinh Quang Thai , Preusse Peter , Gille John C. , Mlynczak Martin G. , Russell III James M. , Riese Martin
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Gravity waves are one of the main drivers of atmospheric dynamics. The
spatial resolution of most global atmospheric models, however, is too coarse
to properly resolve the small scales of gravity waves, which range from tens
to a few thousand kilometers horizontally, and from below 1 km to tens of
kilometers vertically. Gravity wave source processes involve even smaller
scales. Therefore, general circulation models (GCMs) and chemistry climate
models (CCMs) usually parametrize the effect of gravity waves on the global
circulation. These parametrizations are very simplified. For this reason,
comparisons with global observations of gravity waves are needed for an
improvement of parametrizations and an alleviation of model biases. We present a gravity wave climatology based on atmospheric infrared limb
emissions observed by satellite (GRACILE). GRACILE is a global data set of
gravity wave distributions observed in the stratosphere and the mesosphere by
the infrared limb sounding satellite instruments High Resolution Dynamics
Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission
Radiometry (SABER). Typical distributions (zonal averages and global maps) of
gravity wave vertical wavelengths and along-track horizontal wavenumbers are
provided, as well as gravity wave temperature variances, potential energies
and absolute momentum fluxes. This global data set captures the typical
seasonal variations of these parameters, as well as their spatial variations.
The GRACILE data set is suitable for scientific studies, and it can serve for
comparison with other instruments (ground-based, airborne, or other satellite
instruments) and for comparison with gravity wave distributions, both
resolved and parametrized, in GCMs and CCMs. The GRACILE data set is
available as supplementary data at
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.879658.
Growth characteristics of natural and planted Dahurian larch in northeast China
Authors: Jia Bingrui , Zhou Guangsheng
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) is the dominant species in both
natural and planted forests in northeast China, which is situated in the
southernmost part of the global boreal forest biome and is undergoing
great climatically induced changes. Published studies (1965–2015) on
tree above-ground growth of Dahurian larch forests in northeast China were
collected in this study and critically reviewed, and a comprehensive growth
data set was developed from 122 sites, which are distributed between
40.85 and 53.47∘ N in latitude, between
118.20 and 133.70∘ E in longitude and between 130 and
1260 m in altitude. The data set is composed of 743 entries and includes
growth data (mean tree height, mean diameter at breast height (DBH), mean
tree volume and/or stand volume) and associated information, i.e.,
geographical location (latitude, longitude, altitude, aspect and slope),
climate (mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP)),
stand description (origin, stand age, stand density and canopy density) and
sample regime (observation year, plot area and plot number). It provides a
quantitative reference for plantation management practices and boreal
forest growth prediction under future climate change. The data set is freely
available for noncommercial scientific applications, and the DOI for the
data is https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.880984.
Gridded Satellite (GridSat) GOES and CONUS data
Authors: Knapp Kenneth R. , Wilkins Scott L.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series is operated by the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While in operation since the 1970s, the current series (GOES 8-15) has been operational since 1994. This document describes the Gridded Satellite (GridSat) data, which provides GOES data in a modern format. Four steps describe the conversion of original GOES data to GridSat data: 1) temporal resampling to produce files with evenly spaced time steps, 2) spatial remapping to produce evenly spaced gridded data (0.04° latitude), 3) calibrating the original data and storing brightness temperatures for infrared channels and reflectance for the visible channel, and 4) calculating spatial variability to provide extra information that can help identify clouds. The GridSat data are provided on two separate domains: GridSat-GOES provides hourly data for the Western Hemisphere (spanning the entire GOES domain) and GridSat-CONUS covers the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) every 15 minutes. Dataset reference: doi:10.7289/V5HM56GM
Discharge hydrograph estimation at upstream-ungauged sections by
coupling a Bayesian methodology and a 2D GPU Shallow Water
model
Authors: Ferrari Alessia , D'Oria Marco , Vacondio Renato , Dal Palù Alessandro , Mignosa Paolo , Tanda Maria Giovanna
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In this paper a novel methodology to estimate the unknown discharge hydrograph at the entrance of a river reach, where no information is available, is presented. The methodology is obtained by coupling an optimization procedure, based on the Bayesian Geostatistical Approach (BGA), with a forward self-developed 2D hydraulic model of the stream. In order to accurately describe the flow propagation in real rivers characterized by large floodable areas, the forward model solves the 2D Shallow Water Equations by means of a Finite Volume explicit shock-capturing algorithm. The forward code exploits the computational power of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) achieving ratio of physical to computational time up to 1000. With the aim of enhancing the computational efficiency of the inverse estimation, the Bayesian technique is parallelized developing a procedure based on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol which allows to take advantage of remote High Performance Computing clusters (including those available on the Cloud) equipped with GPUs. The capability of the coupled models is assessed estimating irregular and synthetic inflow hydrographs in real river reaches, taking into account also the presence of downstream corrupted observations. Finally, the capability to adopt this methodology for real cases is demonstrated by reconstructing a real flood wave in a river reach located in Northern Italy.
Season-Ahead Forecasting of Water Storage and Irrigation Requirements – An Application to the Southwest Monsoon in India
Authors: Ravindranath Arun , Devineni Naresh , Lall Upmanu , Concha Larrauri Paulina
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Water risk management is perhaps the most ubiquitous challenge a stakeholder in the water or agricultural sector faces. We present a methodological framework for forecasting water storage requirements and present an application of this methodology to risk assessment in India. The application focused on forecasting crop water stress for potatoes grown during the monsoon season in the Satara district of Maharashtra. Pre-season large-scale climate predictors used to forecast water stress were selected based on an exhaustive search method that evaluates for highest Rank Probability Skill Score and lowest Mean Squared Error in a leave-one-out cross validation mode. Adaptive forecasts were made over the years 2001 through 2013 using the identified predictors and a semi-parametric k-nearest neighbors approach. The accuracy of the adaptive forecasts (2001–2013) was judged based on directional concordance and contingency metrics such as hit/miss rate and false alarms. Based on these criteria, our forecasts were correct nine out of thirteen times, with two misses and two false alarms. The results of these drought forecasts were compared with precipitation forecasts from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). We assert that it is necessary to couple informative water stress/risk indices with an effective forecasting methodology to maximize the utility of such indices, thereby optimizing water management decisions.
A propensity index for surface runoff on a karst plateau
Authors: Reszler Christian , Komma Jürgen , Stadler Hermann , Strobl Elmar , Blöschl Günter
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Karst aquifers are an important water resource, but are particularly vulnerable to pollution due to the typically short residence times. As the rainwater runs off on the surface it may collect contamination from faeces and other sources, before infiltrating. It is therefore important to understand the frequency of surface runoff in Karst areas. This paper proposes a new field mapping method for the ability of the landscape to produce and convey surface runoff. The mapping method is based on (i) local data collection in the field (e.g. soil moisture, grain size distribution), (ii) a visual assessment from a distance at the landscape scale (e.g. traces of surface runoff) and (iii) prior spatial information (e.g. geological map, terrain model). The focus on variables that can be assessed from a distance in the landscape makes the method suitable for mapping larger areas than traditional field mapping. The mapping method is developed and tested for the 60 km2 Hochschwab area in Austria. The field mapping is used to specify a surface runoff propensity index which is tested against the spatial distribution of observed sink holes in the area. The mapping indicates that, in the study region, runoff occurs much more frequently in the poorly karstified dolomitic areas than in the limestone areas that are highly karstified. On dolomites, low permeable soils or debris prevail, often resulting in a permanent surface drainage network. On karstified limestone, sometimes overlaid by debris, surface runoff only occurs through infiltration excess at high rainfall intensities. Overall the analyses suggest that the mapping method is suitable for efficiently and reliably identifying spatial patterns of the ability of the landscape to produce and convey surface runoff in karst areas.
The role of minimum supply and social vulnerability assessment for governing critical infrastructure failure: current gaps and future agenda
Authors: Garschagen Matthias , Sandholz Simone
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Increased attention has lately been given to the resilience of critical infrastructure in the context of natural hazards
and disasters. The major focus therein is on the sensitivity of critical infrastructure technologies and their management
contingencies. However, strikingly little attention has been given to assessing and mitigating social vulnerabilities
towards the failure of critical infrastructure and to the development, design and implementation of minimum supply
standards in situations of major infrastructure failure. Addressing this gap and contributing to a more integrative
perspective on critical infrastructure resilience is the objective of this paper. It asks which role social vulnerability
assessments and minimum supply considerations can, should and do – or do not – play for the management and governance of
critical infrastructure failure. In its first part, the paper provides a structured review on achievements and remaining
gaps in the management of critical infrastructure and the understanding of social vulnerabilities towards disaster-related
infrastructure failures. Special attention is given to the current state of minimum supply concepts with a regional focus
on policies in Germany and the EU. In its second part, the paper then responds to the identified gaps by developing
a heuristic model on the linkages of critical infrastructure management, social vulnerability and minimum supply. This
framework helps to inform a vision of a future research agenda, which is presented in the paper's third part. Overall, the
analysis suggests that the assessment of socially differentiated vulnerabilities towards critical infrastructure failure
needs to be undertaken more stringently to inform the scientifically and politically difficult debate about minimum supply
standards and the shared responsibilities for securing them.
The role of the reef–dune system in coastal protection in Puerto Morelos (Mexico)
Authors: Franklin Gemma L. , Torres-Freyermuth Alec , Medellin Gabriela , Allende-Arandia María Eugenia , Appendini Christian M.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Reefs and sand dunes are critical morphological features providing
natural coastal protection. Reefs dissipate around 90 % of
the incident wave energy through wave breaking, whereas sand dunes
provide the final natural barrier against coastal flooding. The storm
impact on coastal areas with these features depends on the relative
elevation of the extreme water levels with respect to the sand dune
morphology. However, despite the importance of barrier reefs and dunes
in coastal protection, poor management practices have degraded these
ecosystems, increasing their vulnerability to coastal flooding. The
present study aims to theoretically investigate the role of the
reef–dune system in coastal protection under current climatic
conditions at Puerto Morelos, located in the Mexican Caribbean Sea,
using a widely validated nonlinear non-hydrostatic numerical model
(SWASH). Wave hindcast information, tidal level, and a measured beach
profile of the reef–dune system in Puerto Morelos are employed to
estimate extreme runup and the storm impact scale for current and
theoretical scenarios. The numerical results show the importance of
including the storm surge when predicting extreme water levels and
also show that ecosystem degradation has important implications for
coastal protection against storms with return periods of less than
10 years. The latter highlights the importance of conservation of the
system as a mitigation measure to decrease coastal vulnerability and
infrastructure losses in coastal areas in the short to medium
term. Furthermore, the results are used to evaluate the applicability
of runup parameterisations for beaches to reef environments. Numerical
analysis of runup dynamics suggests that runup parameterisations for
reef environments can be improved by including the fore reef
slope. Therefore, future research to develop runup parameterisations
incorporating reef geometry features (e.g. reef crest elevation, reef
lagoon width, fore reef slope) is warranted.
Wave propagation in the Lorenz-96 model
Authors: van Kekem Dirk L. , Sterk Alef E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In this paper we study the spatiotemporal properties of waves in the Lorenz-96 model and their dependence on the dimension parameter n and the forcing parameter F. For F > 0 the first bifurcation is either a supercritical Hopf or a double-Hopf bifurcation and the periodic attractor born at these bifurcations represents a traveling wave. Its spatial wave number increases linearly with n, but its period tends to a finite limit as n → ∞. For F < 0 and odd n, the first bifurcation is again a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, but in this case the period of the traveling wave also grows linearly with n. For F < 0 and even n, however, a Hopf bifurcation is preceded by either one or two pitchfork bifurcations, where the number of the latter bifurcations depends on whether n has remainder 2 or 0 upon division by 4. This bifurcation sequence leads to stationary waves and their spatiotemporal properties also depend on the remainder after dividing n by 4. Finally, we explain how the double-Hopf bifurcation can generate two or more stable waves with different spatiotemporal properties that coexist for the same parameter values n and F.
Quasi-static ensemble variational data assimilation: a theoretical and numerical study with the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother
Authors: Fillion Anthony , Bocquet Marc , Gratton Serge
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The analysis in nonlinear variational data assimilation is the solution of a non-quadratic minimization. Thus, the analysis efficiency relies on its ability to locate a global minimum of the cost function. If this minimization uses a Gauss–Newton (GN) method, it is critical for the starting point to be in the attraction basin of a global minimum. Otherwise the method may converge to a local extremum, which degrades the analysis. With chaotic models, the number of local extrema often increases with the temporal extent of the data assimilation window, making the former condition harder to satisfy. This is unfortunate because the assimilation performance also increases with this temporal extent. However, a quasi-static (QS) minimization may overcome these local extrema. It accomplishes this by gradually injecting the observations in the cost function. This method was introduced by Pires et al. (1996) in a 4D-Var context. We generalize this approach to four-dimensional strong-constraint nonlinear ensemble variational (EnVar) methods, which are based on both a nonlinear variational analysis and the propagation of dynamical error statistics via an ensemble. This forces one to consider the cost function minimizations in the broader context of cycled data assimilation algorithms. We adapt this QS approach to the iterative ensemble Kalman smoother (IEnKS), an exemplar of nonlinear deterministic four-dimensional EnVar methods. Using low-order models, we quantify the positive impact of the QS approach on the IEnKS, especially for long data assimilation windows. We also examine the computational cost of QS implementations and suggest cheaper algorithms.
Ground thermal and geomechanical conditions in a permafrost-affected high-latitude rock avalanche site (Polvartinden, northern Norway)
Authors: Frauenfelder Regula , Isaksen Ketil , Lato Matthew J. , Noetzli Jeannette
Published: April 2018

Abstract. On 26 June 2008, a rock avalanche detached in the northeast facing slope of Polvartinden, a high-alpine mountain in Signaldalen, northern Norway. Here, we report on the observed and modelled past and present near-surface temperature regime close to the failure zone, as well as on a subsequent simulation of the subsurface temperature regime, and on initial geomechanical mapping based on laser scanning. The volume of the rock avalanche was estimated to be approximately 500 000 m3. The depth to the actual failure surface was found to range from 40 m at the back of the failure zone to 0 m at its toe. Visible in situ ice was observed in the failure zone just after the rock avalanche. Between September 2009 and August 2013, ground surface temperatures were measured with miniature temperature data loggers at 14 different localities, close to the original failure zone along the northern ridge of Polvartinden and on the valley floor. The results from these measurements and from a basic three-dimensional heat conduction model suggest that the lower altitudinal limit of permafrost at present is at 600–650 m a.s.l., which corresponds to the upper limit of the failure zone. A coupling of our in situ data with regional climate data since 1958 suggests a general gradual warming and that the period with highest mean near surface temperatures on record ended four months before the Signaldalen rock avalanche detached. A comparison with a transient permafrost model run at 10 m depth, representative for areas where snow accumulates, strengthen these findings, which are also in congruence with measurements in nearby permafrost boreholes. It is likely that permafrost in and near the failure zone is presently subject to degradation. This degradation, in combination with the extreme warm year antecedent to the rock failure, is seen to have played an important role in the detaching of the Signaldalen rock avalanche.
Nouns are both mass and count: Evidence from unclassified nouns in adult and child Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Lin Jing , Schaeffer Jeannette
Published: April 2018

This paper examines the interpretation of unclassified nouns in Mandarin Chinese from the perspective of three theoretical approaches to the mass-count distinction in Mandarin: a lexico-syntactic approach (Doetjes 1997; Cheng & Sybesma 1998), a syntax-driven approach (Borer 2005), and a hybrid approach (Pelletier 2012). Employing a Quantity Judgment Task (Barner & Snedeker 2005), we examined the interpretation of unclassified nouns of different ontological types (count, mass, flexible, object-mass) in both adult and child Mandarin. In order to explain possible interpretational preferences, we also analysed the distributions of the tested nouns in the Chinese Internet Corpus (Sharoff 2006). The results of 27 adults and 55 children (2;11–5;09), together with the corpus data provide strong support for Pelletier. We therefore conclude that Mandarin nouns are semantically both count and mass, and receive a number-based or a volume-based interpretation according to the type of classifier they appear with. However, we argue for one exception in this respect: following Bale & Barner (2009) we assume that nouns of the object-mass type (e.g., furniture) are marked for individualization in the lexicon. Finally, the emergence of adultlike preferences for number-based or volume-based interpretations in child Mandarin is argued to be linked to the acquisition of the classifier system.
Susceptibility of eucalyptus species and hybrids to the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in northern Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Eskiviski Edgar R. , Schapovaloff Maria E. , Dummel Delia M. , Fernandez Margarita M. , Aguirre Fernando L.
Published: April 2018

Aim of study: To analyze the susceptibility of Eucalyptus and hybrids species to Leptocybe invasa through field assays.Area of study: The north of the Argentine province of Misiones (Colonia Delicia). Material and methods: A total of 11 Eucalyptus species and 2 hybrids were surveyed for damage and severity of L. invasa infestation. Six evaluations were made during an annual period.Main results: The susceptibility ranking to L. invasa from highest to lowest was E. tereticornis > E. propinqua > E. dunni > E. camaldulensis > E. grandis > E. major > E. longistrata >E. grandis × E. camaldulensis. However, E. moluccana, E. urophylla × E. grandis and E. urophylla were tolerant to L. invasa.Research highlights: This study suggests that in Misiones, E. tereticornis is the most sensible eucalyptus species to gall wasp attack, whereas other species and hybrids presented low damage levels or tolerance to L. invasa region.
The use of polyethylene glycol to reduce the anti-nutritional effects of tannins in Cistus ladanifer L.
Authors: Dentinho Maria Teresa P. , Moreira Olga C. , Bessa Rui J. B.
Published: April 2018

Aim of study: To evaluate the impact of Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose) tannins on ruminal degradability and fermentation characteristics and the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG), as feed additive, to mitigate the anti-nutritional effects of rockrose tannins.Material and methods: Aerial parts of rockrose plants were harvested in March, freeze dried and divided in 4 subsamples which were treated with 0, 25, 50 and 75 g of PEG/kg of dry matter (DM). The mixtures were analysed for chemical composition including total phenolics, total tannins and condensed tannins. In situ rumen organic matter (OM) and N rumen degradability was evaluated using three rumen-cannulated rams and ruminal fermentation pattern (volatile fatty acids (VFA), gas production) was evaluated in vitro using a Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC) apparatus.Main results: In situ experiment indicated that the effective degradability of the OM and N increased linearly (p<0.05) with PEG inclusion due to an increase of the degradation rate (p<0.05). RUSITEC data indicated that substrate disappearance and gas and VFA production increased linearly (p<0.05) with PEG inclusion. Research highlights: Inclusion of PEG to C. ladanifer feed was effective to prevent the anti-nutritive effects of tannins. Thus, the use of PEG as feed additive can promote a better utilization of this shrub by ruminants.
Influence of Learning Model Using Laboratory and Numeric Ability to Student Learning Result on Thermochemical Material
Authors: Sugiharti Gulmah , Habeahan Bastian Jose Wandry
Published: April 2018

This study aims to determine the influence of learning models and numerical ability of students’ chemistry learning outcomes on Thermochemical materials, as well as the interaction between learning models through the use of laboratory and numerical ability. The study was conducted on the students of grade XI IPA SMA N 1 Stabat consisting of 9 classes and 2 classes as samples taken by purposive sampling. Experimental research with factorial 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA design. Learning result data obtained from result of thermochemical learning result and student numerical ability data obtained through numerical ability test which have all been validated. The data analysis technique used two way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result of the research shows that the influence of the learning model using the laboratory on the students’ learning outcomes on thermochemical materials with Fcount> Ftable is 4.015> 3.99, there is the effect of high numerical ability and low numerical ability to the chemistry learning result on thermochemical material with Fcount> Ftable value is 23.717 > 3.99 and there is interaction between learning model using laboratory with numerical ability to result of thermochemical learning with value Fcount>Ftable that is 11.142>3.99.
From Mythological Ages to Anthropocene: Nature and Human Relationship
Authors: Yakar Halide Gamze Ince
Published: April 2018

Ecological problems are some of the most important items on the agenda of humanity in the 21st century. Adding spiritual depth, ethical point of view and basic human traditions to the contribution that human beings provide to ecological problems through intellect will provide realistic and lasting results. In the Palaeolithic Age, where man is under the domination of nature, he owes gratitude to the divine power of nature and worships its elements. With the beginning of industrialization, myths were only old-time stories for humanity. Due to the holism rule of ecology the salvation of nature may be possible by all the living things in the ecosystem behaving in the same way and with the same interaction. Today, there is a need for nature education in which we can teach all mankind that protecting a tree is no different from protecting a forest. Myths in the world we live today remind us of the spiritual, inner richness that nature provides to man; is an effective educational material in the sense that their ancestors can repeat their life integrated with nature. Mythology should be included in nature education. For a qualified nature education, we need the magical atmosphere that mythological stories will create. In addition to this, Duha Kocaoglu Deli Dumrul Epic will examine the historical ecological perspective of the Turkish community and the messages they give to solve their present ecological problems.
The challenges for good practice in police-facilitated restorative justice for female offenders
Authors: Larsson Birgit , Schofield Gillian , Biggart Laura
Published: April 2018

The challenges for good practice in police-facilitated restorative justice for female offenders

This article reports on the uses of police-led restorative justice (RJ) for female offenders by one constabulary in England from 2007 to 2012. The study consisted of (1) quantitative analysis of administrative police data on 17,486 participants, including 2,586 female offenders, and (2) qualitative analysis of twelve narrative interviews with female offenders sampled from the database. Quantitative data demonstrated that the majority of female offenders committed low-level offences and that the majority of participants experienced street RJ. Female offenders reported mixed experiences with RJ in qualitative interviews. On the whole, women did not understand what RJ was, leading to complications as many felt their victims were mutually culpable. Some felt that the police forced them to apologise and treated them like criminals while others felt the police gave them a second chance. The study raises questions about what the police can bring to RJ in relation to vulnerable women.
Adult reparation panels and offender-centric meso-communities: an answer to the conundrum
Authors: McStravick Darren J.
Published: April 2018

Adult reparation panels and offender-centric meso-communities: an answer to the conundrum

The community paradigm is continually cited as an important influence within restorative practices. However, this influence has not been sufficiently clarified. This article seeks to answer this conundrum by identifying a novel meso-community of care, concern and accountability that has been emerging as part of adult reparation panel procedures. This offender-centric community consists of traditionally secondary justice stakeholders led by criminal justice representative professionals including police officers and probation officials. It also includes lay volunteers and reparation programme officials dependent on state funding and cooperation. Professionalised panellists have led the development of surrogate familial bonds with offenders through the incorporation of a welfare ethos as part of case discourses. This care and concern approach has increased opportunities within case agreements for successful reintegration and rehabilitation. However, this article also acknowledges some concerns within panel processes in that, by attempting to increase accountability for harms caused, there is a danger that panellists are blurring the restorative lines between rehabilitation and genuine restoration and reparation.
EUROPE AN UNION FUNDS AS THE SOURCE OF REGIONAL CONVERGENCE
OF AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Authors: Adamowicz Mieczysław
Published: April 2018

The aim of the article is a evaluation of productivity labor in rural sectors (agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing) and
comparative this with the use of European funds in Polish regions at the years 2003-2013. Possibility of the convergence
sigma and beta related with the amount of funds used from the European Union budget was assumed. Research confirmed
results phenomena of convergence in the first years of the analysis (2003-2008) as well as phenomenon of stratification
and stabilization in selected group of regions. These suggets that the club convergence may be observed.
PROFITABILITY OF EDIBLE POTATO PRODUCTION – ANALYSIS ON THE PLANTATION LEVEL
Authors: Baranowska Alicja
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the paper was to identify the economic efficiency of edible potato cultivation on the basis of the Gross Margin. Data concerning cultivation of the Owacja cultivar of potato came from a farm located in the Biała Podlaska Commune in the Lubelskie Voivodship. Potatoes were grown in 2015-2016 on a production plantation with the surface area of 1.6 ha, on a good rye complex soil. The evaluation of economic potato production included direct costs, value of harvested crop and gross margin. It was observed that potato production in 2015-2016 was profitable. The value of production of the Owacja cultivar of edible potato amounted to PLN 16,370.00/ha on average, while the value of gross margin PLN 5,851.50/ha. The greatest share in the structure of incurred costs was held by specific costs (42.02%), seed-potatoes (34.46%), natural fertilization (manure) (11.88%), followed by costs of plant pesticides (6.09%), as well as mineral fertilizers (5.55%).
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE AGRI-FOOD SECTOR – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Kosior Katarzyna
Published: April 2018

The aim of the paper is to discuss the major opportunities and challenges that emerge in the agri-food sector as a result of digitization processes. Digital technologies with Big Data and the Internet of Things are widely considered promising new tools for both increasing productivity and competitiveness in the agri-food sector and ensuring a more sustainable use of resources. Knowledge and insights derived from ever-increasing volumes and a variety of digital data may help to optimize farm production processes, improve risk management, predict market trends and enhance strategic decision-making capabilities. Yet, advanced data analytics has also the disruptive power to reshape the whole string of markets within the agriculture value chain. Digitization may fundamentally change the relations between technology and input suppliers, farms, traders, processing units, retailers and consumers. The first evidence shows that farm data markets suffer from specific drawbacks and limitations which may constrain the transformative potential of Big Data in the food and agriculture sector. The major concerns raised relate to farm data ownership and privacy issues, market power of major agriculture technology providers and uneven distribution of benefits accruing from digitization.