bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interferon-Gamma Induces Prolyl Hydroxylase (PHD)3 Through a STAT1-Dependent Mechanism in Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Gerber Scott A. , Yatsula Bogdan , Maier Cheryl L. , Sadler Timothy J. , Whittaker Laurence W. , Pober Jordan S.
Published: July 2009

Objective—

We previously reported that interferons (IFNs) regulate transcription of HIF-1α in human endothelial cells (ECs), linking immunity and hypoxia. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) regulate expression of HIF-1α in response to hypoxia. We examined whether IFNs affect PHD expression and whether PHDs regulate the EC response to IFNs.

Methods and Results—

Human cell cultures were treated with various cytokines, and PHD expression was examined using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. IFNγ and, to a lesser extent, IFNα significantly induced PHD3, but not PHD1 or 2, mRNA, and protein expression selectively in ECs directly via a JAK/STAT1 pathway as demonstrated by pharmacological inhibition, siRNA knockdown, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Inhibition of PHD activity with dimethyloxallyl glycine or desferroxamine reduced IFNg-dependent responses in these same cells.

Conclusions—

IFNγ induces PHD3 through a JAK/STAT1-dependent mechanism in human ECs. Induction is independent of HIF-1α and may contribute to expression of IFNγ-dependent genes.
Poldip2, a Novel Regulator of Nox4 and Cytoskeletal Integrity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Lyle Alicia N. , Deshpande Nita N. , Taniyama Yoshihiro , Seidel-Rogol Bonnie , Pounkova Lily , Du Pingfeng , Papaharalambus Christopher , Lassègue Bernard , Griendling Kathy K.
Published: July 2009

Rationale:

NADPH oxidases (Noxes) regulate vascular physiology and contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular disease. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the interactions of individual Nox homologs with regulatory proteins are poorly defined.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to identify novel NADPH oxidase regulatory proteins.

Methods and Results:

Using a yeast 2-hybrid screen, we identified a novel p22phox binding partner, Poldip2, and demonstrated that it associates with p22phox, NADPH oxidase (Nox)1, and Nox4 and colocalizes with p22phox at sites of Nox4 localization. Poldip2 increases Nox4 enzymatic activity by 3-fold and positively regulates basal reactive oxygen species production in VSMCs (O
2
·−
: 86.3±15.6% increase; H
2
O
2
: 40.7±4.5% increase). Overexpression of Poldip2 activates Rho (180.2±24.8% increase), strengthens focal adhesions, and increases stress fiber formation. These phenotypic changes are blocked by dominant negative Rho. In contrast, depletion of either Poldip2 or Nox4 results in a loss of these structures, which is rescued by adding back active Rho. Cell migration, which requires dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling, is impaired by either excess (70.1±14.7% decrease) or insufficient Poldip2 (63.5±5.9% decrease).

Conclusions:

These results suggest that Poldip2 associates with p22phox to activate Nox4, leading to regulation of focal adhesion turnover and VSMC migration, thus linking reactive oxygen species production and cytoskeletal remodeling. Poldip2 may be a novel therapeutic target for vascular pathologies with a significant VSMC migratory component, such as restenosis and atherosclerosis.
Thrombin Stimulates Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation From Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells via Protease-Activated Receptor-1, RhoA, and Myocardin
Authors: Martin Kenneth , Weiss Sharon , Metharom Pat , Schmeckpeper Jeffrey , Hynes Brian , O'Sullivan John , Caplice Noel
Published: July 2009

Rationale:

Smooth muscle precursor cells have previously been reported to reside in bone marrow and in the circulation, but little is currently known regarding the proximate stimuli for smooth muscle cell differentiation of these putative progenitors.

Objective:

Because local thrombin generation occurs as an initial response to vascular injury, we hypothesized that thrombin may influence the differentiation of circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells.

Methods and Results:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured on type I collagen using a protocol optimized to stimulate smooth muscle cell outgrowth. Thrombin-stimulated upregulation of the transcription factor myocardin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and both were inhibited by hirudin or the RhoA inhibitor Y27632. After 10 days of culture, smooth muscle outgrowth colonies formed, which stained positive for α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and calponin, in addition to having a contractile response to 100 nmol/L angiotensin II. Coincubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with thrombin, 10 μmol/L protease-activated receptor-1, but not protease-activated receptor-4 activating peptide significantly increased the number of smooth muscle outgrowth colonies formed. Thrombin-induced enhancement of smooth muscle outgrowth colony formation was inhibited by hirudin, Y27632, and an antibody against protease-activated receptor-1.

Conclusions:

These data illustrate a novel thrombin-induced pathway for smooth muscle differentiation from putative smooth muscle progenitors in peripheral blood.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor APJ and Its Ligand Apelin Act Downstream of Cripto to Specify Embryonic Stem Cells Toward the Cardiac Lineage Through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase/p70S6 Kinase Signaling Pathway
Authors: D'Aniello Cristina , Lonardo Enza , Iaconis Salvatore , Guardiola Ombretta , Liguoro Anna Maria , Liguori Giovanna L. , Autiero Monica , Carmeliet Peter , Minchiotti Gabriella
Published: July 2009

Rationale:

Pluripotent stem cells represent a powerful model system to study the early steps of cardiac specification for which the molecular control is largely unknown. The EGF-CFC (epidermal growth factor-Cripto/FRL-1/Cryptic) Cripto protein is essential for cardiac myogenesis in embryonic stem cells (ESCs).

Objective:

Here, we study the role of apelin and its G protein-coupled receptor, APJ, as downstream targets of Cripto both in vivo and in ESC differentiation.

Methods and Results:

Gain-of-function experiments show that APJ suppresses neuronal differentiation and restores the cardiac program in Cripto
−/−
ESCs. Loss-of-function experiments point for a central role for APJ/apelin in the gene regulatory cascade promoting cardiac specification and differentiation in ESCs. Remarkably, we show for the first time that apelin promotes mammalian cardiomyogenesis via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/p70S6 through coupling to a Go/Gi protein.

Conclusions:

Together our data provide evidence for a previously unrecognized function of APJ/apelin in the Cripto signaling pathway governing mesoderm patterning and cardiac specification in mammals.
Cardiomyocyte-Specific Loss of Neurofibromin Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction
Authors: Xu Junwang , Ismat Fraz A. , Wang Tao , Lu Min Min , Antonucci Nicole , Epstein Jonathan A.
Published: July 2009

Rationale:

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant disorder with a broad array of clinical manifestations, including benign and malignant tumors, and characteristic cutaneous findings. NF1 patients also have an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including obstructive vascular disorders and hypertension. The disease gene,
NF1
, encodes neurofibromin, a ubiquitously expressed protein that acts, in part, as a Ras-GAP (GTP-ase activating protein), downregulating the activity of activated Ras protooncogenes. In animal models, endothelial and smooth muscle expression of the disease gene is critical for normal heart development and the prevention of vascular disease, respectively.

Objective:

To determine the role of
NF1
in the postnatal and adult heart.

Methods and Results:

We generated mice with homozygous loss of the murine homolog
Nf1
in myocardium (
Nf1
mKO) and evaluated their hearts for biochemical, structural, and functional changes.
Nf1
mKO mice have normal embryonic cardiovascular development but have marked cardiac hypertrophy, progressive cardiomyopathy, and fibrosis in the adult. Hyperactivation of Ras and downstream pathways are seen in the heart with the loss of
Nf1
, along with activation of a fetal gene program.

Conclusions:

This report describes a critical role of
Nf1
in the regulation of cardiac growth and function. Activation of pathways known to be involved in cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction are seen with the loss of myocardial neurofibromin.
Long-Term Outcome After Suboccipital Decompressive Craniectomy for Malignant Cerebellar Infarction
Authors: Pfefferkorn Thomas , Eppinger Ursula , Linn Jennifer , Birnbaum Tobias , Herzog Jürgen , Straube Andreas , Dichgans Martin , Grau Stefan
Published: July 2009

Background and Purpose—

Suboccipital decompressive craniectomy (SDC) is a life-saving intervention for patients with malignant cerebellar infarction. However, long-term outcome has not been systematically analyzed.

Methods—

In this monocentric retrospective study we analyzed mortality, long-term functional outcome, and quality of life of all consecutive patients that were treated by SDC for malignant cerebellar infarction in our institution between 1995 and 2006.

Results—

A total of 57 patients were identified. All of them were treated by bilateral SDC. An external ventricular drainage was inserted in 82%, necrotic tissue was evacuated in 56% of patients. There were no fatal procedural complications. Five patients were lost for follow-up. In the remaining 52 patients, the mean follow-up interval was 4.7 years (1 to 11 years). Within the first 6 months after surgery 16 of 57 patients (28%) had died. At follow-up, 21 of 52 patients (40%) had died and 4 patients (8%) lived with major disability (mRS 4 or 5). Twenty-one patients (40%) lived functionally independent (mRS 0 to 2). The presence of additional brain stem infarction was associated with poor outcome (mRS ≥4; hazard ratio: 9.1;
P
=0.001). Quality of life in survivors was moderately lower than in healthy controls.

Conclusions—

SDC is a safe procedure in patients with malignant cerebellar infarction. Infarct- but not procedure-related early mortality is substantial. Long-term outcome in survivors is acceptable, particularly in the absence of brain stem infarction.
Long-Term Outcome After Surgical Treatment for Space-Occupying Cerebellar Infarction
Authors: Jüttler Eric , Schweickert Sonja , Ringleb Peter A. , Huttner Hagen B. , Köhrmann Martin , Aschoff Alfred
Published: July 2009

Background and Purpose—

Surgical management of space-occupying cerebellar infarction is still controversial. Data on long-term outcome are lacking. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate outcome after at least 3 years poststroke in patients with space-occupying cerebellar infarction treated by ventriculostomy/extraventricular drainage (EVD) or suboccipital decompressive craniectomy (SDC), or both, and (2) to determine predicting factors for outcome.

Methods—

In this retrospective single-center study 56 consecutive patients with acute space-occupying cerebellar infarction treated surgically between 1996 and 2005 were included. Baseline data included clinical findings, Glasgow Coma Scale on admission and before surgery, NIHSS on admission, mass effects on neuroimaging, and surgical treatment strategies. Modified Rankin Scale, NIHSS, and Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia were used to assess outcome.

Results—

39.3% of patients had died, 51.8% had a mRS ≤3, 35.7% had a mRS ≤2, 28.6% had a mRS ≤1. There were no significant differences in survival between treatment groups. In multivariate analysis age and mRS score at discharge were the most evident independent predictors for outcome.

Conclusions—

So far this is the largest study on long-term outcome after space-occupying cerebellar infarction. The value of different treatment strategies and prognostic factors for patient selection remain unclear and should be evaluated in larger prospective case-series or registries. To investigate the issue of preventive SDC randomized trials are needed.
Systematic Characterization of the Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Identifies Patients at Highest Risk for Hematoma Expansion
Authors: Delgado Almandoz Josser E. , Yoo Albert J. , Stone Michael J. , Schaefer Pamela W. , Goldstein Joshua N. , Rosand Jonathan , Oleinik Alexandra , Lev Michael H. , Gonzalez R. Gilberto , Romero Javier M.
Published: July 2009

Background and Purpose—

The presence of active contrast extravasation (the spot sign) on computed tomography (CT) angiography has been recognized as a predictor of hematoma expansion in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. We aim to systematically characterize the spot sign to identify features that are most predictive of hematoma expansion and construct a spot sign scoring system.

Methods—

We retrospectively reviewed CT angiograms performed in all patients who presented to our emergency department over a 9-year period with primary intracerebral hemorrhage and had a follow-up noncontrast head CT within 48 hours of the baseline CT angiogram. Three neuroradiologists reviewed the CT angiograms and determined the presence and characteristics of spot signs according to strict radiological criteria. Baseline and follow-up intracerebral hemorrhage volumes were determined by computer-assisted volumetric analysis.

Results—

We identified spot signs in 71 of 367 CT angiograms (19%), 6 of which were delayed spot signs (8%). The presence of any spot sign increased the risk of significant hematoma expansion (69%, OR=92,
P
<0.0001). Among the spot sign characteristics examined, the presence of ≥3 spot signs, a maximum axial dimension ≥5 mm, and maximum attenuation ≥180 Hounsfield units were independent predictors of significant hematoma expansion, and these were subsequently used to construct the spot sign score. In multivariate analysis, the spot sign score was the strongest predictor of significant hematoma expansion, independent of time from ictus to CT angiogram evaluation.

Conclusion—

The spot sign score predicts significant hematoma expansion in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. If validated in other data sets, it could be used to select patients for early hemostatic therapy.
A Diagnostic Study of the Intensity of Three Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region. Part I: A Synopsis of Observed Features of Tropical Cyclone Kathy (1984)
Authors: Lajoie France , Walsh Kevin
Published: July 2009

Objective streamline analyses and digitized high-resolution IR satellite cloud data have been used to examine in detail the changes in the environmental circulation and in the cloud structure that took place in and around Tropical Cyclone Kathy (1984) when it started to intensify, and during its intensification and dissipation stages. The change of low-level circulation around Tropical Cyclone Kathy was measured by the change in the angle of inflow (α4) at a radius of 4° latitude from the cyclone center. When Kathy started to intensify, α4 increased suddenly from 20° to 42.5° in the northerly airstream to the north and northeast of the depression, and decreased to 0° to the south of the depression. At that stage the low-level circulation around the depression appeared as a giant swirl that started some 600 km to the north and northeast of the depression and spiraled inward toward its center, while trade air, which is usually cool, dry, and stable, did not enter the cyclonic circulation. The angle α4 remained the same during intensification. During the dissipation stage, α4 returned to 20° and trade air started to participate in the cyclonic circulation.

Satellite cloud data were used to determine the origin, evolution, and importance of the feeder bands in the intensification of the cyclone, to follow the moist near-equatorial air that flowed through them and to estimate the maximum height of cumulonimbi that developed in them, to observe the changes in the convective activity in the central dense overcast (CDO) area, as well as in the area around the CDO. Most of the observed changes in Kathy have also been observed in other tropical cyclones during intensification and dissipation.

Using the sequence of observed changes of the circulation and of convective activity in and around the CDO of Kathy, a mathematical model has been developed to forecast the intensity of a tropical cyclone. The model and its application to three tropical cyclones in the Australian region are described in Part II of this paper.
Target Concessions in the Shadow of Intervention
Authors: Yuen Amy
Published: July 2009

Why do targets sometimes make concessions when third parties offer assistance? Both the extended deterrence and alliance literatures point to unreliable third parties to explain deterrence failure and target acquiescence. On the other hand, the alliance literature also suggests that third parties present a moral-hazard situation in which targets will behave less prudently when they have outside support. Without dismissing the importance of these dynamics, I demonstrate that targets will still make concessions when intervention is certain, and that interveners do not always embolden targets in crisis situations. Counterintuitively, interveners alter the bargaining situation, shifting the bargaining space so that conceding is more attractive than war for the target state. Instead of emboldening targets, third parties deter larger demands and produce settlement outcomes that reduce the burden on the target.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of the Lumbar Spine in Elite Horseback Riders
Authors: Kraft Clayton N. , Pennekamp Peter H. , Becker Ute , Young Mei , Diedrich Oliver , Lüring Christian , von Falkenhausen Makus
Published: July 2009

Background

Most orthopaedic problems experienced by competitive horseback riders are related to pain in the lower back, hip joint, and hamstring muscles. Riders—especially, show jumpers—are frequently hampered in their performance because of lumbar pain. To date, there has been no research into lumbar disk degeneration in elite competitive riders.

Hypothesis

Competitive horseback riding accelerates lumbar disk degeneration.

Study Design

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Fifty-eight elite riders (18 men, 40 women; mean age, 32.4 years) and a control group of 30 nonriding volunteers (17 men, 13 women; mean age, 28.7 years) were evaluated for lumbar disk degeneration, cross-sectional area of paraspinal muscles, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The prevalence of disk degeneration between the 2 groups was compared, and the relationship was investigated between low back pain (LBP), riding discipline, body mass index (BMI), trunk/leg-length coefficient, and MRI results.

Results

Eighty-eight percent of elite riders (n = 51) had a history of LBP, versus 33% of the controls ( P < .05). There was no statistical difference for the prevalence of LBP among the different riding disciplines. However, there was a high rate of pathologic T2 signal intensity of the lumbar intervertebral disk among riders—specifically, dressage riders—yet no significant increase when compared with controls. History of LBP symptoms, riding discipline, BMI, and trunk/leg-length ratio had no significant effect on the development of lumbar disk degeneration. Occult fractures of the pars interarticularis and manifest spondylolysis were not seen for any rider. Two controls had spondylolisthesis Meyerding grade 1 not associated with back pain.

Conclusion

Although riders have a high prevalence of LBP, there is no conclusive MRI evidence to suggest that the cause lies in undue disk degeneration, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, or pathologic changes of the paraspinal muscles of the lumbar spine.
Bending Curvature of Particulate Composites Undergoing Uniform Linear Heat Flow
Authors: Upadhyay P.C. , Feng C. , Wayne W. Scott , Lyons D.W.
Published: July 2009

For particulate composites undergoing linear heat flow, a general expression for the relative curvature in the inclusions, relative to the radius of curvature in the matrix alone in the absence of inclusions, has been developed in terms of the ratios between the values of thermal and elastic constants of the matrix and the dispersed phase material (i.e., inclusion). Cases where the property ratios may have some specific values or extreme values, giving some particular results, have been identified and discussed. Results presented with the help of plots covering a wide range of ratios of the constituents’ properties are expected to be helpful in assessing the behavior of particulate composites under steady-state heat flow condition.
Effect of Fiber Orientation on Compressive Behavior of CFRP-confined Concrete Columns
Authors: Sadeghian Pedram , Rahai Ali R. , Ehsani Mohammad R.
Published: July 2009

This article presents the results of experimental studies on concrete cylinders confined with CFRP composites. Thirty small-scale specimens (150 × 300 mm2) were subjected to uniaxial compression up to failure and their stress—strain behaviors were studied. Various parameters such as wrap thickness and fiber orientation were considered. Different wrap thicknesses (1, 2, 3, and 4 layers), fiber orientation of 0°, 90°, ±45°, and their combinations were investigated. The results demonstrated significant enhancement in the compressive strength, stiffness, and ductility of the CFRP-confined concrete cylinders as compared to plain cases. An analytical model for ultimate stress and strain of confined concrete has been proposed.
Mechanical and Electrical Conductivity Study on Epoxy/Graphite Composites
Authors: Kaushik Anupama , Singh Paramjit , Jyoti
Published: July 2009

In this study, the various epoxy/graphite particulate composites were prepared with different particulate fractions and were characterized for their mechanical, electrical, and morphological properties. The epoxy resin (araldite (GY-257)) and hardener (HY-951) was used to prepare composite sheets by compression molding techniques. The graphite filler content was varied from 5 to 25 wt% of the total matrix. These composites were then characterized for electrical properties and mechanical properties, i.e., tensile and flexural. There was a good adhesion between the filler and the matrix. The epoxy/graphite composite showed improved tensile modulus and Young’s modulus in bending properties with increasing filler content. The electrical conductivity at different frequencies increased with increase in the filler content.
Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Physicomechanical Properties of Surface-treated Mica-reinforced High-density Polyethylene
Authors: Madani M. , El-Bayoumi A.S.
Published: July 2009

Treated mica, micro-particles, were used as model fillers to study the effect of filler loading on physicomechanical properties of polymer composites. The mica particles were surface treated by silane coupling agents. The effect of gamma rays, in air up to 50 kGy, on the physicomechanical properties of such composites was also investigated. The modulus and tensile strength of filled composites increased while the strain at break decreased with increasing filler— matrix interactions. Physical crosslinking due to a network of filler particles with polymer layer supplemented radiation crosslinking of the polymer matrix. As a result, the overall crosslink density was effectively enhanced. The strength of the networks, and hence the stiffness of the composites, increased with increasing particle—matrix interactions. However, strong matrix—filler interaction caused a loss of polymer flexibility at the particle—matrix interface, resulting in a gradual decreased elongation at break of the particle-filled composites. The thermogravimetric analysis of the composites showed that the presence of treated mica in the composites reduced the rate of decomposition. The activation energy of decomposition of the composites increased with increasing filler loading. The activation energy of decomposition was also affected by the irradiation dose.
Large Deflections of a Non-linear Cantilever Functionally Graded Beam
Authors: Kang Ying-An , Li Xian-Fang
Published: July 2009

The analysis of the large deformation of a non-linear cantilever functionally graded material (FGM) beam is made. When subjected to an end moment, explicit expressions for deflection and rotation are derived for a functionally graded beam with work hardening of power law. The effects of the gradient distribution of Young’s modulus and the material non-linearity parameter on the deflections of the FGM beam are analyzed. Our results show that depth-dependent Young’s modulus and material non-linearity have a significant influence on the deflections of the beam, and a FGM beam can bear larger applied load than a homogeneous beam. Moreover, to determine an optimal gradient distribution, an optimum design of a beam of a lighter weight and larger stiffness is given. The influence of the geometric non-linearity of the beam is also studied. Large and small deformation theories predict nearly the same deflections with 5% error when rotation is less than 45°, and the predictions based on the small deformation theory are overestimated to exceed 10% when rotation is greater than 60°.
Influence of Fiber Volume Fraction and Fiber Type on Mechanical Properties of FRLACC
Authors: Lee H.K. , Song S.Y.
Published: July 2009

This article presents results of an experimental study conducted to investigate the influence of fiber volume fraction, fiber type, and presence of fly ash on mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced, lightweight aggregate, cellular concrete (FRLACC). Steel fibers are added at Vf of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, and 25% of cement weight is replaced with fly ash in the control and FRLACC specimens that had shown the highest compressive strength in our preceding work. With the addition of 0.5% Vf of fibers, the increase in compressive strength of the polypropylene FRLACC specimens is slightly higher than that of the steel FRLACC specimens, whereas decreases in their peak load and modulus of rupture over those of control specimens are observed. The findings of the experimental study also show that the utilization of 25% fly ash is more efficient in improving the mechanical properties of the steel FRLACC specimens than those of the polypropylene FRLACC specimens.
Characterization of Biomaterials based on Microfibrillated Cellulose with Different Modifications
Authors: Rampinelli Gabriele , Di Landro Luca , Fujii Toru
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop a new kind of high strength, low thermal expansion material employing microfibrillated cellulose obtained from bamboo fibers. A possible application for such material is, for example, as a viable alternative to ceramics for probe cards industrially employed in wafer chip testing. High strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and low moisture absorption are among the different requirements for this application. The effect of processing conditions over mechanical properties of the obtained biocomposite was investigated; different levels of fiber homogenization were analyzed and morphology changes were monitored by optical and scanning electron microscopy examinations. Different technologies and treatments were employed to get adequate characteristics. In order to control thermal expansion or mechanical properties, nanoparticles of amorphous silica or bacterial cellulose were added to the material. The remarkable water absorption of cellulosic fibers can have undesirable effects on the mechanical properties and the dimensional stability of the material. The effect of acetylation treatment to reduce water uptake was thus investigated.
Sisal Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites: Effect of MAPP on the Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Nayak Sanjay K. , Mohanty Smita
Published: July 2009

Hybrid composites of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with short sisal and glass fibers were prepared using twin-screw extruder, followed by injection molding in the presence and absence of maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) as a coupling agent. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength increased by an optimum value at 15% sisal and 15% glass fiber loading in the presence of 2% MAPP. The rate of water absorption in the composites decreased due to the presence of glass fiber and coupling agent. The storage modulus of sisal/glass reinforced PP hybrid composites (SGRP) showed maximum improvement after treatment with MAPP. The fiber matrix morphology of the interface region in the composites was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The differential scanning calorimetry thermogram confirms higher thermal stability in the case of hybrid composites.
The Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber/LDPE Composites by Fiber Surface Treatment
Authors: Sever Kutlay
Published: July 2009

In this study, the effect of oligomeric siloxane on the mechanical properties of jute fabric-reinforced low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites is examined. After alkali treatment of jute fabric, oligomeric siloxane treatment is conducted to promote adhesion between jute fiber and polyethylene matrix. Mechanical properties of fabricated composites such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) were evaluated. The tensile strength is observed to increase from 17.5 MPa for untreated jute fabric/LDPE composite to 27.7 MPa for oligomeric siloxane-treated alkalized jute fabric/LDPE composite. Provided that jute fabric is treated with alkali and oligomeric siloxane, a 39% increase is observed in the flexural strength. It is interesting to note that the effect of siloxane treatment after alkalization procedure of jute fabric on ILSS of jute/LDPE composite is due to the fact that 98% improvement is obtained. It can be observed that the adhesion between jute fiber and LDPE also improves to a great extent through both alkali and oligomeric siloxane treatment, respectively. These results are also confirmed by the SEM observations of fracture surfaces of jute/LDPE composites.
How Do Charge Nurses View Their Roles in Long-Term Care?
Authors: McGilton Katherine S. , Bowers Barbara , McKenzie-Green Barbara , Boscart Veronique , Brown Maryanne
Published: July 2009

This article explores how registered nurses (RNs) in long-term care (LTC) understand their role as charge nurses. Data are derived from 16 charge nurses employed in 8 facilities in Ontario, Canada. Qualitative methods are used to analyze audiotapings of interviews. The findings reveal a range of dimensions and subdimensions. Charge nurses experience their work as highly complex and unpredictable. Themes that captured the following dimensions of the supervisor role in LTC include (a) against all odds, getting through the day; (b) stepping in work; and (c) leading and supporting unregulated care workers. In addition, analysis within each category reveals a complex intersection between the nurses’ perceptions of the context and their consequent work strategies. The emerging demands placed on supervisors due to the growing complexity of residents, increasing government regulations, and staffing shortages have caused the role of the charge nurse to evolve with little reflection on its impact.
Comparison of Anxiolytic Effects of Acute Exercise in Older Versus Younger Adults
Authors: Youngstedt Shawn D.
Published: July 2009

Although the anxiolytic effect of acute exercise is well established, there is little understanding regarding whether this effect differs across age. The purpose of this investigation was to compare anxiolytic effects of acute exercise in older versus younger volunteers. Older ( n = 32, aged 59-75 years) and younger ( n = 45, aged 18-30 years), aerobically fit volunteers were assessed. On 3 consecutive days, participants ran/walked for 60 min at 65% to 75% of heart-rate reserve. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y1) was administered 5 min before and 20 min after each exercise bout. Mean state anxiety before and after exercise was analyzed by repeated measures age-by-gender-by-time ANOVA. A significantly greater anxiolytic effect of exercise in the older versus younger participants was found for the mean data ( p < .001), as well as each of the 3 individual days. The results suggest greater anxiolytic effects of vigorous acute exercise in older compared to younger adults.
Neurologic Outcome in Neonatal Temporal Lobe Hemorrhagic Venous Infarcts
Authors: Slaughter Laurel , Egelhoff John , Balmakund Tonya
Published: July 2009

Consequences of neonatal cerebral venous infarct can be severe. However, we have identified a series of neonates with unilateral temporal lobe infarcts, suspected to be secondary to superficial cortical venous thrombosis, who have had relatively normal outcomes. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. History, relevant studies, and outcomes for 7 patients are described. Most patients presented with neonatal seizures. Neuroimaging showed unilateral temporal lobe hemorrhage and surrounding ischemic change, which was initially attributed to thrombosis of the vein of Labbe; however, magnetic resonance venogram findings suggest that thrombosis of other superficial temporal lobe veins may also be involved. Seizure control was achieved in all cases. Development and neurologic examination at follow-up were usually normal. We conclude that neonatal temporal lobe hemorrhagic infarct secondary to suspected superficial temporal venous thrombosis appears to have a good clinical outcome. This is surprising, given the dramatic imaging and clinical presentations.
An Unusual Homozygous Arylsulfatase: A Pseudodeficiency in a Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Tunisian Patient
Authors: Tinsa Faten , Caillaud Catherine , Vanier Marie Thérèse , Bousnina Dorra , Boussetta Khadija , Bousnina Souad
Published: July 2009

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative lysosomal disease characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A and the subsequent accumulation of sulfatide in neuronal and visceral tissues. Clinical diagnosis is usually confirmed by in vitro analysis of arylsulfatase A activity but may be complicated in cases of arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency and sphingolipid activators protein deficiency. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy who presented a severe form of late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy. This patient was found to be homozygous for the arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency. This condition is rare and can lead to a severe disease. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in this family, and the fetus was healthy.
Apoptotic Mechanisms in the Immature Brain: Involvement of Mitochondria
Authors: Hagberg Henrik , Mallard Carina , Rousset Catherine I. , Xiaoyang Wang
Published: July 2009

Brain injury after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy often develops with delayed appearance, opening a therapeutic window. Clinical studies in newborns show that post-hypoxic-ischemic hypothermia improves outcome. This has generated renewed interest in the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this brief review, we propose that mitochondrial permeabilization is crucial for injury to advance beyond the point of no return. We suggest that excitatory amino acids, nitric oxide, inflammation, trophic factor withdrawal, and an increased pro- versus antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein ratio will trigger Bax-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, in turn, elicits mitochondrial release of cytochrome C, apoptosis-inducing factor, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/Diablo, and HtrA2/Omi. Cytochrome C efflux activates caspase-9/-3, leading to DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis-inducing factor interacts with cyclophilin A and induces chromatinolysis. Blockage of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization holds promise as a strategy for perinatal brain protection.
Klebsiella pneumoniae Brain Abscess in Neonates: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Sundaram Venkataseshan , Agrawal Sunil , Chacham Swathi , Mukhopadhyay Kanya , Dutta Sourabh , Kumar Praveen
Published: July 2009

Brain abscesses are uncommon in neonates. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a very uncommon microbial agent to cause brain abscess. We report 2 infants with Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis who developed brain abscesses. One infant was a premature neonate who required mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome and subsequently developed nosocomial sepsis and brain abscess without evidence of preceding meningitis. Another infant was a full-term neonate without risk factors for sepsis who developed seizures on the sixth postnatal day and was found to have meningitis and brain abscess. Both infants had Klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia with multiple relatively large brain abscesses that responded poorly to antimicrobial agents. These infants were managed with transfontanel drainage and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents. Key message of this report is that Klebsiella pneumoniae brain abscess may occur in the absence of meningitis and even in the absence of any identifiable risk factors.
Agenesis of the Corrugator Supercilii: A Benign Condition
Authors: Alfonso Israel , Miranda Luis Felipe , Reeves-Garcia Jessica , Checa Rosario Mateos , Guevara Carlos
Published: July 2009

We report 2 neonates with frontonasal masses. The frontonasal masses were only present while the neonates were crying. The rest of the general examination and the neurological examination of the neonates were normal. The first patient had an extensive neuroimaging evaluation that included skull radiograph, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, and ultrasound of the frontonasal mass. The second patient was evaluated with ultrasound of the frontonasal mass. The mother of the second patient had no frontonasal creases and was unable to frown. In both patients, the ultrasonographic studies revealed nonspecific soft tissue thickening in the region of the glabella only while crying. The ultrasonographic findings and the similarity between the mother’s findings and those of adult patients receiving botulinum toxin injection to the corrugator supercilii muscle point to the absence of this muscle as the cause of the frontonasal mass in these patients.
Social and Communicative Interventions and Transition Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities
Authors: Alwell Morgen , Cobb Brian
Published: July 2009

The relationship between social and communicative interventions and transition-related outcomes for secondary-aged youth with disabilities is explored in this systematic review. In all, 30 studies intervening with 316 youth with a broad range of disability labels (both high- and low-incidence disabilities) were reviewed. Subgroup analyses were conducted on original research in these areas: augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), conversation skills, decreasing aberrant behavior, and social skills training (SST). Little support was found for AAC and modest support for interventions designed to increase conversation skill acquisition and for SST, and the research in decreasing aberrant behavior was unable to be synthesized because of effect size calculation formula problems. Results are discussed in terms of alignment with extant literature reviews, methodological issues in meta-analysis, recommendations for further research, and practical implications.
Enhancing Work—Family Balance Research in Family Businesses
Authors: Stafford Kathryn , Tews Michael J.
Published: July 2009

Rothausen thoroughly reviews the literature on work—family balance in traditional workplaces and provides a useful framework for determining a healthy balance between work and family in a family business context. This article addresses Rothausen’s contributions to enhancing work—family research in family businesses, and it specifies areas for further research using a fit model. Work family scholars have the potential to integrate research in economics, sociology, and psychology and so help form interdisciplinary teams to conduct research on family businesses.
Third cranial nerve palsy or pseudo 3rd nerve palsy of myasthenia gravis? A challenging diagnosis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Appenzeller S , Veilleux M , Clarke A
Published: July 2009

Diplopia is frequently encountered in neurological practice and may occur as part of the clinical spectrum of 3rd cranial nerve palsy. Correct localization of the underlying problem is the first step in making an accurate diagnosis. Pathologies affecting the supranuclear structures, cranial nerves and nuclei, extraocular muscles and the neuromuscular junction may cause or simulate 3rd nerve palsy. We report a case of a patient with longstanding quiescent SLE who presented with sudden onset of diplopia and discuss possible aetiologies including ischemia, demyelination, neuromuscular conditions and medication-induced.
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a very unusual association
Authors: Carvalho JF , Freitas CAEW , Lima IVS , Leite CC , Lage LV
Published: July 2009

This report considers the rare situation in which primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) is linked with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). It describes the case of a young lady with PAPS, characterized by recurring cerebro-vascular abnormalities and marked livedo reticularis, combined with circulating anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant antibodies. On follow-up, while on oral anticoagulation, she developed severe thrombocytopenia associated with hematuria, microangiophatic anaemia and neurological manifestations consistent with a diagnosis of TTP. The patient was treated with pulses of methylprednisolone and plasmapheresis with plasma exchange. The result was a favourable outcome. To our knowledge, this is the seventh report on this rare association in the English-language literature of this field.
Glomerular expression of toll-like receptor-9 in lupus nephritis but not in normal kidneys: implications for the amplification of the inflammatory response
Authors: Papadimitraki ED , Tzardi M , Bertsias G , Sotsiou E , Boumpas DT
Published: July 2009

Toll-like receptors recognising self-derived nucleic acids may participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Following the description of an enhanced population of toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) expressing auto-antibody producing B lymphocytes in active lupus, we explored the expression of TLR-9 in the renal tissue of patients with lupus. TLR-9 expression was studied in the kidneys of 12 lupus and 10 control samples from macroscopically unaffected areas of patients with renal adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. A semiquantitative score was assigned separately for tubular, interstitial and glomerular expression. TLR-9 was expressed in the renal tubules and interstitial tissue in both patients with lupus and controls. Six of 12 patients with lupus with proliferative or membranous nephritis – as compared to none of the controls – exhibited both tubulointerstitial and glomerular TLR-9 expression. Biopsies with glomerular TLR-9 expression had a higher activity index (mean ± SD, 6.3 ± 3.5 in the presence of TLR-9 glomerular expression as compared to 1.3 ± 1.8 in its absence, P = 0.015, t-test). This study documents for the first time the up-regulation of TLR-9 within the glomerulus of patients with lupus nephritis. Activation of TLR-9 expressing glomerular cells by endogenous nucleic acids (nucleosomes) may amplify the inflammatory response.
Childhood stroke in a child with familial Mediterranean fever carrying several prothrombotic risk factors
Authors: Aoun EG , Musallam KM , Uthman I , Beydoun A , El-Hajj T , Taher AT
Published: July 2009

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) was recently associated with a hypercoagulable state. However, clinically overt thrombosis remains a rare event limited to patients with other predisposing factors. We herein present a child with FMF who experienced a stroke. An extensive thrombophilia work-up revealed multiple inherited and acquired risk factors. In areas with high prevalence of prothrombotic mutations and in children who are products of consanguineous marriages, early screening for concurrent thrombotic risk factors is warranted; as this may help design an optimal management plan and prevent unfavourable outcomes.
Increased T-lymphocyte apoptosis in lupus correlates with disease activity and may be responsible for reduced T-cell frequency: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: Dhir V , Singh AP , Aggarwal A , Naik S , Misra R
Published: July 2009

Apoptosis of lymphocytes is increased in patients with lupus. This may be pathogenic leading to increased load of autoantigens or may be a bystander effect of immune activation. A major unresolved issue is whether apoptosis is related to disease activity. Also its association with lymphocyte frequencies, anti-nucleosomal antibodies and serum IL 10 levels needs to be explored further. The aims of this study are to measure T- and B-lymphocyte apoptosis in patients with lupus and look at the effect of disease activity in a cross-sectional and longitudinal design and to determine frequency of T and B cells, level of anti-nucleosomal antibodies and serum IL 10 and assess their relationship with apoptosis. This study included 41 patients with SLE and 20 controls. A cutoff value of 4 in systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) was used to separate active from inactive SLE. The frequency and degree of apoptosis of T and B lymphocyte were enumerated by flow cytometry using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stained with CD3/CD19 and annexin V/PI. The data for T/B cell frequency are represented as % of these cells in the PBMC population, whereas percentage of apoptotic cells is out of total T or B cells. Serum anti-nucleosomal antibodies and IL 10 were assayed using ELISA. A repeat assessment of these parameters was carried out in 11 active patients when they became inactive. We found higher T-lymphocyte apoptosis in patients with SLE versus controls (14.8 ± 9.2, 7.2 ± 3.0; P < 0.05) and a lower frequency of T cells (72.7 ± 12.6, 79.9 ± 5.8; P < 0.05). T-lymphocyte apoptosis was higher in patients with active disease compared with inactive (18.5 ± 11.3, 11.6 ± 5.4; P = 0.05). Further, T-lymphocyte apoptosis directly correlated with SLEDAI ( r = 0.37, P < 0.05) and inversely with T-cell frequency ( r = −0.29, P < 0.05). Anti-nucleosomal antibodies correlated with SLEDAI but not apoptosis. On longitudinal follow-up, a decline in T-cell apoptosis was seen in patients with SLE, however this was not statistically significant. We confirmed a higher degree of apoptosis in T-lymphocytes in patients with SLE and found a direct correlation of T-cell apoptosis with disease activity. Patients had reduced T-cell frequency, which inversely correlated with T-cell apoptosis and may suggest a cause-effect relationship.
Serologic follow-up of children born to mothers with Ro/SSA autoantibodies
Authors: Klauninger R , Skog A , Horvath L , Winqvist O , Edner A , Bremme K , Sonesson SE , Wahren-Herlenius M
Published: July 2009

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) develops in foetuses of mothers with Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies and may include foetal atrioventricular block and dermatologic manifestations. In this study, we investigated postnatal Ro and La IgG, IgA and IgM antibody levels up to 1 year of age in 32 children born to Ro/SSA positive mothers. Antibody levels were correlated with NLE manifestations, and the role of breast feeding in transfer of autoantibodies from mother to child was evaluated. Ro52, Ro60 and La IgG antibodies all transferred from the mothers to their foetus in utero and were present in the infant at birth as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant antigens and a synthetic peptide. A significant decrease in Ro52, Ro60 and La IgG autoantibody levels of the infants was observed from birth to 4–5 weeks of age ( P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Ro- and La-specific IgA and IgM antibodies were detected in the serum from a subset of mothers. However, Ro- and La-specific IgA and IgM antibody levels were low or non-detectable in children raised both with and without breastfeeding. Furthermore, NLE skin lesions developed independently of breastfeeding. Our findings support a role for placental materno-foetal transfer of IgG autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of NLE and indicate that refraining from breastfeeding does not protect from NLE skin involvement.