bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature‐mediated changes in zooplankton body size: large scale temporal and spatial analysis
Authors: Evans Lowri E. , Hirst Andrew G. , Kratina Pavel , Beaugrand Grégory
Published: December 2019

Climate warming has been linked with changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of species and the body size structure of ecological communities. Body size is a master trait underlying a host of physiological, ecological and evolutionary processes. However, the relative importance of environmental drivers and life history strategies on community body size structure across large spatial and temporal scales is poorly understood. We used detailed data of 83 copepod species, monitored over a 57‐year period across the North Atlantic, to test how sea surface temperature, thermal and day length seasonality relate to observed latitudinal‐size clines of the zooplankton community. The genus Calanus includes dominant taxa in the North Atlantic that overwinter at ocean depth. Thus we compared the copepod community size structure with and without Calanus species, to partition the influence of this life history strategy. The mean community body size of copepods was positively associated with latitude and negatively associated with temperature, suggesting that these communities follow Bergmann's rule. Including Calanus species strengthens these relationships due to their larger than average body sizes and high seasonal abundances, indicating that the latitudinal‐size cline may be adaptive. We suggest that seasonal food availability prevents high abundance of smaller‐sized copepods at higher latitudes, and that active vertical migration of dominant pelagic species can increase their survival rate over the resource‐poor seasons. These findings improve our understanding of the impacts that climate warming has on ecological communities, with potential consequences for trophic interactions and biogeochemical processes that are well known to be size dependent.
Transplacental infection of a foal withAnaplasma phagocytophilum
Authors: Dixon C. E. , Bedenice D.
Published: December 2019

This is the first report to document transplacental transmission ofAnaplasma phagocytophillumin the horse. A 4‐year‐old late‐term pregnant mare presented for a recent onset of pyrexia due to equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA). She was hospitalised for treatment with oxytetracycline and monitoring of high‐risk foaling due to significant thrombocytopenia. Parturition occurred overnight, and the foal was PCR positive forA. phagocytophilumat birth. The foal was slow to stand and nurse, with signs of neonatal encephalopathy and anaplasmosis (thrombocytopenia). Therapy with oxytetracycline resulted in complete clinical recovery of the mare and foal within 5 days. Congenital anaplasmosis should be considered in any foal delivered to a mare suffering from EGA during late‐term pregnancy and guide appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Surgical repair of radial carpal bone fractures in two racehorses
Authors: Hui S. K. Y. , Cote N. , Cleary O. B.
Published: December 2019

A 3‐year‐old Standardbred gelding (Case 1) and a 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding (Case 2) were referred for surgical evaluation of a left radial carpal bone (RCB) fracture, sustained during training. Clinical findings at the time of initial examination included a palpable effusion within the left middle carpal joint in both horses and marked signs of pain and reduced range of motion on flexion of the affected carpus. In both horses, the RCB fracture was evident on the following radiographic views of the carpus: dorsolateral–palmaromedial oblique (30° off lateromedial) and flexed lateromedial. An additional loose wedge‐shaped osteochondral fragment at the proximal articular surface of the RCB could be seen in Case 2. Both horses underwent surgical reduction and repair of the fracture between 1 and 2 days following the initial injury, which consisted of arthroscopic removal of any intra‐articular osteochondral fragments, and arthroscopic assisted‐interfragmentary compression via a standard dorsomedial and dorsolateral approach to the antebrachiocarpal joint (ACJ) and middle carpal joints (MCJ). The two horses returned to function as racehorses, 6 months (Case 1) and 16 months (Case 2) after surgery. The RCB is a relatively uncommon site for large carpal fractures in horses. The clinical presentation and findings from this report were similar to that of third carpal bone (C3) slab fractures, confirming that surgical repair is indicated in selected cases of RCB fractures.
Single and repeated intra‐articular injections in the tarsocrural joint with allogeneic and autologous equine bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe, but did not reduce acute inflammation in an experimental interleukin‐1β model of synovitis
Authors: Colbath Aimée C. , Dow Steven W. , Hopkins Leone S. , Phillips Jennifer N. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Goodrich Laurie R.
Published: December 2019

Background

Allogeneic and autologous bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs) have been administered in equine joints for their anti‐inflammatory effects. However, allogeneic BMDMSC offer multiple clinical and practical advantages. Therefore, it is important to determine the relative effectiveness of allogeneic vs autologous BMDMSCs.

Objectives

The objective of the study was to compare the inflamed joint response to autologous vs allogeneic BMDMSCs injections, and to determine if either treatment generated an anti‐inflammatory effect.

Study design

Randomised controlled study.

Method

Bone marrow was harvested from eight horses. Autologous BMDMSCs and pooled allogeneic BMDMSCs were culture expanded, cryopreserved and thawed immediately prior to administration. Ten million autologous BMDMSCs were administered with 75 ng rIL‐1β into one tarsocrural joint and the contralateral tarsocrural joint received allogeneic BMDMSC plus 75 ng rIL‐1β. Repeat injections were performed with the same treatment administered into the same joint. Four additional horses received 75 ng rIL‐1β alone in a single tarsocrural joint. Clinical parameters (lameness, joint circumference and joint effusion) and synovial fluid parameters, including nucleated cell count (NCC), differential cell count, total protein (TP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C‐reactive protein (CRP), were measured at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 72, 168 and 336 hours post‐injection.

Results

No difference was detected between autologous and allogeneic treatment groups with respect to subjective lameness, joint effusion, joint circumference, NCC, TP, differential cell count, CRP or PGE2. Neither autologous nor allogeneic treatments resulted in an improvement in clinical or cytological parameters over that elicited by rIL‐1β alone.

Main limitations

A single dose of rIL‐1β was evaluated and resulted in a severe synovitis which may have been too severe to observe a BMDMSC‐mediated effect.

Conclusions

This study revealed that allogeneic and autologous BMDMSCs resulted in an equivalent clinical and cytological response. Allogeneic and autologous BMDMSCs were equally ineffective in reducing the inflammatory response from acute rIL‐1β‐induced joint inflammation in horses.
Tackling alcoholism and domestic violence in fisheries—A new opportunity to improve well‐being for the most vulnerable people in global fisheries
Authors: Coulthard Sarah , White Carole , Paranamana Nasheera , Sandaruwan K. P. G. L. , Manimohan R. , Maya R.
Published: December 2019

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) principle of “leaving no one behind” focuses global attention on the poorest and most vulnerable people. As different sectors grapple to engage meaningfully with this principle, we posit that greater consideration of social problems in fishing‐dependent communities, such as alcoholism and domestic violence, presents an opportunity for fishery governors to contribute to the SDGs mandate. We further argue that governing marine resources in ignorance of these problems can risk harming some of the most vulnerable people in fisheries. Using subjective well‐being data from women living in two small‐scale fishing communities in India and Sri Lanka, we demonstrate the prevalence and impact of alcoholism and domestic violence in fishing households. We further highlight how policies which restrict access to marine resources can undermine important coping strategies, in particular, the ability of women to act as independent income earners, exacerbating harm to already vulnerable women. A scoping review of the literature reveals that alcoholism and domestic violence are reported in certain fisheries around the world, and we theorize how this may relate to the nature of fishing life and growing stresses regarding the future of fishing. Tackling the burdens of alcoholism and domestic violence in fisheries, where it is an issue, is an opportunity to improve well‐being for men, women and their families. The paper concludes with tangible actions which marine resource governors could adopt to contribute to the “leave no one behind” ethos.
Purinergic signalling selectively modulates maintenance but not repair neurogenesis in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium
Authors: Demirler Mehmet Can , Sakizli Uğurcan , Bali Burak , Kocagöz Yiğit , Eski Sema Elif , Ergönen Arda , Alkiraz Aysu Sevval , Bayramli Xalid , Hassenklöver Thomas , Manzini Ivan , Fuss Stefan H.
Published: December 2019

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the vertebrate olfactory epithelium (OE) undergo continuous turnover but also regenerate efficiently when the OE is acutely damaged by traumatic injury. Two distinct pools of neuronal stem/progenitor cells, the globose (GBCs), and horizontal basal cells (HBCs) have been shown to selectively contribute to intrinsic OSN turnover and damage‐induced OE regeneration, respectively. For both types of progenitors, their rate of cell divisions and OSN production must match the actual loss of cells to maintain or to re‐establish sensory function. However, signals that communicate between neurons or glia cells of the OE and resident neurogenic progenitors remain largely elusive. Here, we investigate the effect of purinergic signaling on cell proliferation and OSN neurogenesis in the zebrafish OE. Purine stimulation elicits transient Ca2+ signals in OSNs and distinct non‐neuronal cell populations, which are located exclusively in the basal OE and stain positive for the neuronal stem cell marker Sox2. The more apical population of Sox2‐positive cells comprises evenly distributed glia‐like sustentacular cells (SCs) and spatially restricted GBC‐like cells, whereas the more basal population expresses the HBC markers keratin 5 and tumor protein 63 and lines the entire sensory OE. Importantly, exogenous purine stimulation promotes P2 receptor‐dependent mitotic activity and OSN generation from sites where GBCs are located but not from HBCs. We hypothesize that purine compounds released from dying OSNs modulate GBC progenitor cell cycling in a dose‐dependent manner that is proportional to the number of dying OSNs and, thereby, ensures a constant pool of sensory neurons over time.
Comparison of the Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 for screening depression in older adults
Authors: Zhang Hong , Wang Shumei , Wang Lijie , Yi Xiangren , Jia Xiaoxian , Jia Cunxian
Published: December 2019

Aim

To examine the reliability and validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 (GDS‐15) and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) for evaluating depression in older adults.

Methods

A total of 1546 participants aged ≥60 years were investigated face‐to‐face with the PHQ‐9 and GDS‐15 anonymously. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's α, and structural equation modeling was used to study the construct validity of the scale. Logistic regression was used to discusses the impact of demographic characteristics on the scale.

Results

The consistency rate between the GDS‐15 and PHQ‐9 was 96.10%. The Cronbach's α and split‐half reliability in the scales were >0.7. The model fit indices χ2/df., comparative fit index and root mean square error of approximation in the GDS‐15 were 2.769, 0.815 and 0.077, respectively. The minimum fit function χ2 in the PHQ‐9 model was 93.742, with 27 df., the comparative fit index was acceptably low (comparative fit index 0.837) and the root mean square error of approximation was acceptably high (root mean square error of approximation 0.118). Item standardized path regression coefficients of the GDS‐15 model varied between 0.07 and 0.76, among which the coefficients of item 2 and item 9 were 0.12 and 0.07, respectively. Whereas in the PHQ‐9, the item standardized path regression coefficients were high (r > 0.45), except for item 3 (r = 0.34). The GDS‐15 was affected by urban–rural distribution (OR = 2.104, P = 0.027), whereas the PHQ‐9 was affected by sex (OR = 4.266, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

The similar psychometric performance of the PHQ‐9, along with its ease of use and relative brevity, makes it attractive compared with the longer GDS‐15 for use in Chinese older adults, whereas the influence of sex distribution on the PHQ‐9 should be paid attention to. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 138–143.
HIV self‐testing intervention experiences and kit usability: results from a qualitative study among men who have sex with men in the SELPHI (Self‐Testing Public Health Intervention) randomized controlled trial in England and Wales
Authors: Witzel TC , Bourne A , Burns FM , Rodger AJ , McCabe L , Gabriel MM , Gafos M , Ward D , Collaco‐Moraes Y , Dunn DT , Speakman A , Bonell C , Pebody R , Lampe FC , Harbottle J , Phillips AN , McCormack S , Weatherburn P
Published: December 2019

Objectives

SELPHI (HIV Self‐Testing Public Health Intervention) is the largest randomized controlled trial (RCT) of HIV self‐testing (HIVST) in a high‐income setting to date, and has recruited 10 000 men who have sex with men (cis‐ and transgender) and transgender women who have sex with men. This qualitative substudy aimed to explore how those utilizing self‐tests experience HIVST and the implications for further intervention development and scale‐up. This is the first qualitative study in Europe investigating experiences of HIVST among intervention users, and the first globally examining the experience of using blood‐based HIVST.

Methods

Thirty‐seven cisgender MSM SELPHI participants from across England and Wales were purposively recruited to the substudy, in which semi‐structured interviews were used to explore testing history, HIVST experiences and intervention preferences. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed through a framework analysis.

Results

Men accessed the intervention because HIVST reduced barriers related to convenience, stigma and privacy concerns. Emotional responses had direct links to acceptability. Supportive intervention components increased engagement with testing and addressed supportive concerns. HIVST facilitated more frequent testing, with the potential to reduce sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening frequency. Substudy participants with an HIV‐positive result (n = 2) linked to care promptly and reported very high acceptability. Minor adverse outcomes (n = 2; relationship discord and fainting) did not reduce acceptability. Ease of use difficulties were with the lancet and the test processing stage.

Conclusions

Intervention components shaped acceptability, particularly in relation to overcoming a perceived lack of support. The intervention was broadly acceptable and usable; participants expressed an unexpected degree of enthusiasm for HIVST, including those with HIV‐positive results and individuals with minor adverse outcomes.
Human matriptase/ST 14 proteolytically cleaves H7N9 hemagglutinin and facilitates the activation of influenza A/Shanghai/2/2013 virus in cell culture
Authors: Whittaker Gary R. , Straus Marco R.
Published: December 2019

Background

Influenza is a zoonotic disease that infects millions of people each year resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and in turn devastating pandemics. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV). There are many subtypes of IAV but only a few seem to be able to adapt to humans and to cause disease. In 2013, an H7N9 IAV subtype emerged in China that does not cause clinical symptoms in its chicken host but leads to severe infections when transmitted into humans. Since 2013, there have been six epidemic waves of H7N9 with 1567 laboratory‐confirmed human infections and 615 deaths. Pathogenicity of IAV is complex, but a crucial feature contributing to virulence is the activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) fusion protein by host proteases that triggers membrane fusion and leads to subsequent virus propagation.

Methods

293T, VERO, and MDCK cells were used to conduct Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assays, and pseudoparticle and live virus infections, and to evaluate H7N9 HA cleavage‐activation.

Results/Conclusions

We show that human matriptase/ST 14 is able to cleave H7N9 HA. Cleavage of H7N9 HA expressed in cell culture results in fusogenic HA and syncytia formation. In infection studies with viral pseudoparticles carrying matriptase/ST 14‐activated H7N9 HA, we observed a high infectivity of cells. Finally, human matriptase/ST 14 also activated H7N9 live virus which resulted in high infectivity. Our data demonstrate that human matriptase/ST 14 is a likely candidate protease to promote H7N9 infections in humans.
Building an Identity
Authors: Bjerregaard Mikael Manøe
Published: December 2019

In the 16thcentury, establishing and maintaining one’s status and position in society was an important social factor and motivator. This article examines to what extent such efforts can be deduced from archaeological material. The subject is the 16th-century bishop’s palace in Odense, Denmark. This case study has been encouraged by the unprecedented large-scale archaeological excavations that have taken place in the Odense city centre in recent years. The new archaeological data allows for a contextual analysis in which the finds and structures are considered as evidence for negotiated identity expressed through materiality. The main conclusion is that a unique socioeconomic identity is expressed in the building structure, while evidence from the portable objects is more ambiguous.
Structural empowerment is a strong predictor of organizational commitment in nurses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fragkos Konstantinos C. , Makrykosta Pinelopi , Frangos Christos C.
Published: December 2019

Aims

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to explore the relationship between structural empowerment and organizational commitment and to examine a theoretical model under which empowerment could potentially affect organizational performance.

Design

PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses were used and quality assessment of articles was performed.

Data sources

Electronic database searches were conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and EMBASE from January 1950–1 January 2019, which resulted in 204 retrieved studies, published between 1994–2018.

Review Methods

A random effects model was used to produce a pooled estimate of effect sizes (correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha), with analysis of heterogeneity and publication bias. A meta‐analytic structural equation model of the constructs analysed was also performed.

Results

The final review included 22 studies. The meta‐analytic means of structural empowerment, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and psychological empowerment alpha reliabilities were 0.87, 0.84, 0.85, and 0.87, respectively. Heterogeneity but no publication bias was present in these outcomes. Structural empowerment was strongly correlated with organizational commitment (r = 0.43). The meta‐analytic correlation coefficients of organizational commitment with psychological empowerment and job satisfaction were 0.53 and 0.47, respectively. Structural empowerment was correlated with job satisfaction and psychological empowerment with correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.44, respectively. Finally, job satisfaction was correlated with psychological empowerment with a correlation coefficient of 0.53. A meta‐analytic structural equation model was tested with good fit which predicted performance (commitment and job satisfaction) from empowerment (structural and psychological).

Conclusion

Structural empowerment is strongly correlated to organizational commitment and with psychological empowerment, they increase organizational performance. Organizations should attempt to make structural empowerment as widespread as possible to create an effective workplace culture.

Impact

Structural empowerment in nurses is important to help deliver an effective workplace culture where nurses can be committed and have reduced intention‐to‐leave. Structural empowerment was strongly correlated with organizational commitment. Organizational commitment was significantly correlated with psychological empowerment and job satisfaction. Structural empowerment was correlated with job satisfaction and psychological empowerment as well. A meta‐analytic structural equation model with good fit predicted performance. These results will affect nursing researchers and practitioners. Results indicate a need for organizational restructuring that promotes empowerment and formation of theoretical models that connect empowerment to performance.
Dual TBK1/IKKɛ inhibitor amlexanox attenuates the severity of hepatotoxin‐induced liver fibrosis and biliary fibrosis in mice
Authors: Zhou Zixiong , Qi Jing , Zhao Jing , Lim Chae Woong , Kim Jong‐Won , Kim Bumseok
Published: December 2019

Although numerous studies have suggested that canonical IκB kinases (IKK) play a key role in the progression of liver fibrosis, the role of non‐canonical IKKε and TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1) on the development and progression of liver fibrosis remains unclear. To demonstrate such issue, repeated injection of CCl4 was used to induce hepatotoxin‐mediated chronic liver injury and biliary fibrosis was induced by 0.1% diethoxycarbonyl‐1, 4‐dihydrocollidine diet feeding for 4 weeks. Mice were orally administered with amlexanox (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) during experimental period. Significantly increased levels of TBK1 and IKKε were observed in fibrotic livers or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from fibrotic livers. Interestingly, amlexanox treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IKKε accompanied by reduced liver injury as confirmed by histopathologic analysis, decreased serum biochemical levels and fibro‐inflammatory responses. Additionally, treatment of amlexanox promoted the fibrosis resolution. In accordance with these findings, amlexanox treatment suppressed HSC activation and its related fibrogenic responses by partially inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Furthermore, amlexanox decreased the activation and inflammatory responses in Kupffer cells. Collectively, we found that inhibition of the TBK1 and IKKε by amlexanox is a promising therapeutic strategy to cure liver fibrosis.
Testing sensory drive speciation in cichlid fish: Linking light conditions to opsin expression, opsin genotype and female mate preference
Authors: Wright Daniel Shane , van Eijk Roel , Schuart Lisa , Seehausen Ole , Groothuis Ton G. G. , Maan Martine E.
Published: December 2019

Ecological speciation is facilitated when divergent adaptation has direct effects on selective mating. Divergent sensory adaptation could generate such direct effects, by mediating both ecological performance and mate selection. In aquatic environments, light attenuation creates distinct photic environments, generating divergent selection on visual systems. Consequently, divergent sensory drive has been implicated in the diversification of several fish species. Here, we experimentally test whether divergent visual adaptation explains the divergence of mate preferences in Haplochromine cichlids. Blue and red Pundamilia co‐occur across south‐eastern Lake Victoria. They inhabit different photic conditions and have distinct visual system properties. Previously, we documented that rearing fish under different light conditions influences female preference for blue versus red males. Here, we examine to what extent variation in female mate preference can be explained by variation in visual system properties, testing the causal link between visual perception and preference. We find that our experimental light manipulations influence opsin expression, suggesting a potential role for phenotypic plasticity in optimizing visual performance. However, variation in opsin expression does not explain species differences in female preference. Instead, female preference covaries with allelic variation in the long‐wavelength‐sensitive opsin gene (LWS), when assessed under broad‐spectrum light. Taken together, our study presents evidence for environmental plasticity in opsin expression and confirms the important role of colour perception in shaping female mate preferences in Pundamilia. However, it does not constitute unequivocal evidence for the direct effects of visual adaptation on assortative mating.
Isolation, identification and character analysis of Streptococcus dysgalactiae from Megalobrama terminalis
Authors: Zhao Fei , He Shan , Tan Ai‐ping , Guo Xue‐zhong , Jiang Lan , Liu‐Fu Cui , Deng Yu‐ting , Zhang Rui‐quan
Published: December 2019

Pure bacterial cultures were isolated from different tissues of moribund Megalobrama terminalis from a high mortality event that occurred at a farm in Foshan, China. Two isolates (F2 and F3) were identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae based on morphological and biochemical detection as well as molecular analysis. In brain heart infusion broth, the best growth conditions of isolate F3 were 35ºC, salinity 5‰ and pH 7. Furthermore, infection with isolate F3 (1.2 × 106 CFU/fish) led to the death of M. terminalis and zebrafish (Danio rerio). However, isolate F3 had no obvious pathogenicity to tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). When the water temperature was 29ºC, the corresponding mortality rates for zebrafish infected by isolate F3 were higher than those at 23ºC. Culture for 24 and 72 hr with isolate F3 resulted in the same mortality rates for zebrafish. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed that isolate F3 was susceptible to ampicillin, florfenicol and several other antibiotics but resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, neomycin and amikacin. To our knowledge, this is the first report that S. dysgalactiae infected the subtropical freshwater fish M. terminalis, which indicates that this bacterium is a potential threat to subtropical freshwater fish.
Monetary Equilibrium and the Cost of Banking Activity
Authors: BOEL PAOLA , CAMERA GABRIELE
Published: December 2019

We investigate the effects of banks' operating costs on allocations and welfare in a low interest rate environment. We introduce an explicit production function for banks in a microfounded model where banks employ labor resources, hired on a competitive market, to run their operations. In equilibrium, this generates a spread between interest rates on loans and deposits, which reflects the underlying monetary policy and the efficiency of financial intermediation. In a deflation or low‐inflation environment, equilibrium deposits yield zero returns. Hence, banks soak up labor resources to offer deposits that do not outperform idle balances, thus reducing aggregate efficiency.
Clinical outcomes and technical tips for eyebrow restoration using single‐follicular‐unit hair transplantation: A case series review
Authors: Jiang Wenjie , Wang Meng , Wang Bo
Published: December 2019

Background

Clinical outcomes of eyebrow restoration with single‐follicular‐unit hair transplantation largely depend on the surgeon's anatomic knowledge, experience, and technical skills.

Aims

To evaluate the effect of the reconstruction with single follicular unit transplantation on eyebrow loss and provide technical tips.

Patients and Methods

A total of 352 patients with eyebrow loss were recruited. A template of the restoration region was modeled or specifically designed. The scalp strips from the back occipital or retro‐auricular regions were harvested for single follicular unit hair. The follicles were transplanted by punching recipient area with 21‐G syringe needle. Patients were followed up every 2 months for 4 years after surgery.

Results

Out of 352, 320 (91%) patients had their transplanted hair grow well with satisfactory direction and appearance. Seventeen patients (5%) experienced encryption transplantation of a sparse hair for the first 6 months but felt satisfied afterward. Twelve (3%) patients did a simple make‐up on the transplanted hair because there was an obvious difference between the transplanted hair and the natural one. Three (1%) patients with burned injury suffered of mild folliculitis and cured by 75% alcohol inunction. All patients had no obvious scar at the donor sites.

Conclusion

Single follicular transplantation for eyebrow loss resulted in natural restorations with excellent satisfaction. The technique is simple, safe, and effective. The usage of syringe needle, microscope slide forceps, and a magnifier could implant the hair in a right angle, desired direction and depth, and increase the survival rate.
Patch test in Chinese in Shanghai with cosmetic allergy to cosmetic series and products
Authors: Qin Ou , Cheng Ying , Hu Weiyi , Zhou Hong , Tan Yimei , Guo Shuting , Jin Xin , Tao Lin , Du Lei , Wang Jieheng , Wang Xuemin , Zou Ying , Maibach Howard
Published: December 2019

Background

There are increasing cosmetic adverse reactions in China, mostly cosmetic contact dermatitis, with the development of its cosmetics industry.

Aims

To identify the allergens and cosmetics products responsible for cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD) in Shanghai.

Methods

Five hundred and sixty patients, including 342 suspected CACD patients from dermatological clinic and 218 cosmetics consumers with an allergic history, were patch tested with a cosmetic series (C‐1000 series). And 154 patients patched with possible culprit cosmetics.

Results

Two hundred and forty‐six subjects showed positive reaction to C‐1000 series. Clinic patients had much higher positive rate than that of cosmetics consumers. Leading allergens were methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylisothiazolinone + methylchloro‐isothiazolinone (MCI/MI), thimerosal, and the positive rates were significantly higher in patients than in cosmetic consumers (P < .001 for all). MCI/MI elicited positive patch test reactions in 73.5% of MI‐positive patients. Of those patched with cosmetic products, 19 patients had 31 positive reactions, including 22 skin care products and 5 color decorating.

Conclusions

Preservatives, especially MI, MCI/MI, and thimerosal, were the most common cosmetic allergens, and skin care products occupied the most allergic reaction of CACD. Patch testing is highly recommended for suspected CACD patients. Future comparative investigation with large sample size should benefit cosmetovigilance surveillance.
Wound care practices across two acute care settings: A comparative study
Authors: Gillespie Brigid M. , Walker Rachel , Lin Frances , Roberts Shelley , Eskes Anne , Perry Jodie , Birgan Sean , Nieuwenhoven Paul , Garrahy Elizabeth , Probert Rosalind , Chaboyer Wendy
Published: December 2019

Aims and objectives

Describe and compare current surgical wound care practices across two hospitals in two health services districts, Australia.

Background

Surgical site infections (SSI) are a complication of surgery and occur in up to 9.5% of surgical procedures, yet they are preventable. Despite the existence of clinical guidelines for SSI prevention, there remains high variation in wound care practice.

Design

Prospective comparative design using structured observations and chart audit.

Methods

A specifically developed audit tool was used to collect data on observed wound care practices, documentation of wound assessment and practice, and patients’ clinical characteristics from patients’ electronic medical records. Structured observations of a consecutive sample of surgical patients receiving wound care with a convenience sample of nurses were undertaken. The manuscript adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement.

Results

In total, 154 nurses undertaking acute wound care and 257 surgical patients who received wound care were observed. Across hospitals, hand hygiene adherence after dressing change was lowest (Hospital A: 8/113, 7%; Hospital B: 16/144, 11%; χ2: 8.93, p = .347). Most wound dressing practices were similar across sites, except hand hygiene prior to dressing change (Hospital A: 107/113, 95%; Hospital B: 131/144, 91%; (χ2: 7.736, p = .021) and use of clean gloves using nontouch technique (Hospital A: 88/113, 78%; Hospital B: 90/144, 63%; χ2: 8.313, p = .016). The most commonly documented wound characteristic was wound type (Hospital A: 43/113, 38%; Hospital B: 70/144, 49%). What nurses documented differed significantly across sites (p < .05).

Conclusions

Clinical variations in wound care practice are likely influenced by clinical context.

Relevance to clinical practice

Using an evidence‐based approach to surgical wound management will help reduce patients’ risk of wound‐related complications.
Cause‐specific neonatal morbidity and mortality in the Solomon Islands: An assessment of data from four hospitals over a three‐year period
Authors: Tosif Shidan , Jatobatu Annie , Maepioh Anita , Subhi Rami , Francis Kate L , Duke Trevor
Published: December 2019

Aim

Data on stillbirths and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low‐middle income Pacific Island Nations such as Solomon Islands is limited, partly due to weak health information systems. We describe the perinatal mortality and clinical factors associated with poor newborn outcomes at four hospitals in Solomon Islands.

Methods

This was a registry based retrospective cohort study at three provincial hospitals and the National Referral Hospital (NRH) from 2014–2016 inclusive.

Results

23 966 labour ward births and 3148 special care nursery (SCN) admissions were reviewed. Overall still birth rate was 29.2/1000 births and the perinatal mortality rate was 35.9/1000 births. PNMR were higher in provincial hospitals (46.2, 44.0 and 34.3/1000) than at NRH (33.3/1000). The commonest reasons for admission to SCN across the hospitals were sepsis, complications of prematurity and birth asphyxia. SCN mortality rates were higher in the 3 provincial hospitals than at NRH (15.9% (95/598) vs. 7.9% (202/2550), P value <0.01). At NRH, the conditions with the highest case fatality rates were birth asphyxia (21.3%), congenital abnormalities (17.7%), and prematurity (15.1%). Up to 11% of neonates did not have a diagnosis recorded.

Conclusions

The perinatal mortality rates are high and intrapartum complications, prematurity and sepsis are the main causes of morbidity and mortality for neonates at hospitals in Solomon Islands. Stillbirths account for 81% of perinatal deaths. These results are useful for planning for quality improvement at provincial level. Improved vital registration systems are required to better capture stillbirths and neonatal outcomes.
Paediatric abusive head trauma in the emergency department: A multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Babl Franz E , Pfeiffer Helena , Kelly Patrick , Dalziel Stuart R , Oakley Ed , Borland Meredith L , Kochar Amit , Dalton Sarah , Cheek John A , Gilhotra Yuri , Furyk Jeremy , Lyttle Mark D , Bressan Silvia , Donath Susan , Hearps Stephen J C , Smith Anne , Crowe Louise ,   the Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT)
Published: December 2019

Aim

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to describe characteristics of cases where clinicians suspected AHT and confirmed AHT cases and describe how they differed.

Methods

This was a planned secondary analysis of a prospective multicentre cohort study of head injured children aged <18 years across five centres in Australia and New Zealand. We identified cases of suspected AHT when emergency department clinicians raised suspicion on a clinical report form or based on research assistant‐assigned epidemiology codes. Cases were categorised as AHT positive, negative and indeterminate after multidisciplinary review. Suspected and confirmed AHT and non‐AHT cases were compared using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

AHT was suspected in 70 of 13 371 (0.5%) head‐injured children. Of these, 23 (32.9%) were categorised AHT positive, 18 (25.7%) AHT indeterminate and 29 (27.1%) AHT negative. Median age was 0.8 years in suspected, 1.4 years in confirmed AHT and 4.1 years in non‐AHT cases. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for presenting features and outcomes in confirmed AHT versus non‐AHT were: loss of consciousness 2.8 (1.2–6.9), scalp haematoma 3.9 (1.7–9.0), seizures 12.0 (4.0–35.5), Glasgow coma scale ≤12 30.3 (11.8–78.0), abnormal neuroimaging 38.3 (16.8–87.5), intensive care admission 53.4 (21.6–132.5) and mortality 105.5 (22.2–500.4).

Conclusions

Emergency department presentations of children with suspected and confirmed AHT had higher rates of loss of consciousness, scalp haematomas, seizures and low Glasgow coma scale. These cases were at increased risk of abnormal computed tomography scans, need for intensive care and death.
Development of the Japanese Version of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS‐J)
Authors: Majima Yoshimasa , Nakamura Hiroko
Published: December 2019

Generic conspiracist belief refers to the general tendency toward conspiracist ideation independent of specific event‐based conspiracy theories. The present research aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS‐J). In two studies, we examined the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the GCBS‐J. In Study 1 (N = 600), exploratory factor analysis with a split‐half subsample proposed a two‐factor solution dissociating extraterrestrial conspiracy from other conspiracist ideations. Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis with the other split‐half subsample confirmed the two‐factor structure. Study 1 also established convergent validity by indicating strong positive correlations with other measures of conspiracist belief. Study 2 (N = 178) added further evidence to indicate a positive correlation with related psychological constructs, such as paranormal beliefs. Study 2 also confirmed temporal test–retest reliability and the discriminant validity of the GCBS‐J by indicating no association with an unrelated construct, namely Big‐Five personality traits. These findings suggest that the GCBS‐J is a useful tool for assessing generic conspiracist beliefs within Japanese samples.
Delirium post‐cardiac surgery: Incidence and associated factors
Authors: Habeeb‐Allah Abla , Alshraideh Jafar Alasad
Published: December 2019

Background

Post‐operative delirium among cardiac surgery patients is a prevalent complication that associated with multiple negative outcomes.

Aim

This study aimed to assess delirium incidence, associated factors, and outcomes for adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery.

Design

An exploratory prospective cohort design was used for this study.

Methods

Delirium was diagnosed by the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Incidence, preoperative, intraoperative, and post‐operative variables for 245 patients during 3‐month period were collected and analysed.

Results

Delirium developed in 9% (n = 22) of the sample. Patients with delirium were significantly older (mean age = 65.7, SD = 8.1), t (243) = −3.66, P < .05); had longer surgery time (mean time = 286.3, SD = 82.2), t (243) = −2.25, P < .05); received more blood post‐surgery (t (243) = −3.86, P < .05); spent more time on mechanical ventilation (t [21.6] = −2.2, P < .05); had longer critical care unit stay (t [21.7] = −4.0, P < 0.05); and had longer hospitalization than patients without delirium.

Conclusions

The risk factors associated with development of delirium were advanced age and increased duration of surgery. Negative outcomes associated with delirium were increased duration of mechanical ventilation, increased volume of post‐operative infused colloids and blood/products, increased critical care unit stay, and increased hospitalization. A multifactorial model for delirium risk factors should be considered to detect and work on potentially preventable delirium factors.

Relevance to clinical practice

Post‐cardiac surgery delirium leads to longer mechanical ventilation time, increased ICU stay, and prolonged hospitalization. Delirium post‐cardiac surgery is potentially preventable with appropriate identification of risk factors by nurses.
What factors predict the confidence of palliative care delivery in long‐term care staff? A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Frey Rosemary , Balmer Deborah , Robinson Jackie , Boyd Michal , Gott Merryn
Published: December 2019

Background

Research has indicated that clinical staff in long‐term care often lack self‐confidence in palliative care delivery, particularly at the end of life.

Goals

(a) To examine the contribution of age, palliative care education, palliative care work‐related experience and psychological empowerment to palliative care delivery confidence and (b) to explore the social reality shaping those factors for long‐term care staff.

Design

Explanatory sequential design.

Setting

Twenty long‐term care facilities in two district health boards in New Zealand.

Participants

Phase 1:139 clinical staff. Phase 2:46 clinical staff who provided care in the last month of a residents' life.

Methods

Phase 1: Cross‐sectional survey. Phase 2: Individual semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Phase 1: Previous experience (β = .319) and psychological empowerment (β = .311) contribute most to predicting an increase in palliative care delivery confidence. Phase 2: Four factors underlay palliative care delivery confidence, (a) mentorship by hospice nurses or colleagues (b) contextual factors (organisational culture, resources and experience), (c) maturity and (d) formal education.

Conclusion

Organisational leadership should use multiple strategies (e.g. power‐sharing, increased opportunities for mentorship) to improve staff palliative care delivery confidence.

Implications for Practice

This study adds to the literature in understanding the predictors of palliative care delivery confidence specific to long‐term care staff. The results indicate that educational interventions must be contextually appropriate to achieve sustainable improvements in palliative care confidence and ultimately in resident care at the end of life.
A hidden champion? The European Court of Justice as an agenda‐setter in the case of posted workers
Authors: Lubow Alexis , Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: December 2019

Since the comparative turn in European integration research, analyses of the legislative process of the EU have taken inspiration from research on national political systems. While the consequences of the formal monopoly of initiative of the Commission are much analysed, it is only recently that the role of the Court in EU legislation has been further appreciated. In the literature, it is disputed how far case law constrains the EU legislator. The analysis of the 2016 proposal for a revision of the 1996 Posted Workers Directive allows us to uncover the mechanisms by which the European judiciary shapes and constrains agenda‐setting based on the constitutionalization of EU law. In this highly political case, being hailed as a major breakthrough, we ask whether political majorities or case law constraints had the upper hand.
Case Report: Treatment of Refractory Post‐Surgical Neuralgia With Erector Spinae Plane Block
Authors: Benkli Barlas , Ansoanuur George , Hernandez Nadia
Published: December 2019

Background

Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are used for a wide spectrum of headache and facial pain disorders. The objective of this case report is to highlight the erector spinae plane (ESP) block, which has recently been reported to successfully treat headache.

Case Presentation

A 70‐year‐old man with a history of mild to moderate headaches, previously ruptured aneurysm, and right pterional craniotomy and clipping of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm presented with exacerbation of chronic post‐surgical scalp pain and severe headache with nausea. Results of the physical examination were not consistent with cellulitis of the scalp, complete blood count and chemistry panel results were unremarkable, and imaging revealed an intact aneurysm clip. Given the severe unilateral throbbing pain with associated nausea, he was treated with a variety of migraine abortives and other pain medications without significant relief. ESP block was performed. He tolerated the procedure well without complications. His pain decreased to 2/10 from a baseline of 9 to 10/10 30 minutes after the procedure, and he was pain free the next day. Follow‐up revealed a return of his pain 1 to 2 weeks after the procedure, which prompted follow‐up with an outpatient pain management specialist.

Conclusion

PNBs, ESP block in our case, can be a useful modality in managing chronic neuralgiform pain for treatment‐refractory patients. It can provide improvement in quality of life and spare the patient from medication side effects. In an inpatient setting, it can decrease length of stay that would otherwise be extended due to a trial of multiple medications until the pain was controlled. PNBs are used for a wide spectrum of headache and facial pain disorders. This case report highlights successful management of chronic neuralgiform pain with the ESP block, which has recently been reported to successfully treat headache. ESP block provided relief to the patient's neuralgiform pain that was refractory to multiple medications, resulting in decreased length of stay, fewer medication side effects, and improved quality of life. It also provided a window for initiation of long‐term pain medications.
Having an Inner Life
Authors: Springsted Eric O.
Published: December 2019

We readily recognize the concept of an inner life as a moral category. We struggle to say what an inner life is, though. This essay examines and rejects naturalistic attempts to either dismiss the idea of an inner life or make it a matter of brain states, a sort of efficient causality to behaviour. Relying on Simone Weil's distinction between “the language of the market place and the language of the nuptial chamber,” it distinguishes, as she did, between levels of value. The inner life is a life of dealing with values that demand some kind of personal and intimate response.
Elastic Worker: Time‐Sense, Energy and the Paradox of Resilience
Authors: Rozelle‐Stone A. Rebecca
Published: December 2019

This essay considers Simone Weil's experiences in factories and her social–political reflections on work, time and energy, in conjunction with arguments from theorists Melissa Gregg, Theodor Adorno and Sara Ahmed, to raise questions about supposedly humane interventions, including the cultivation of resilience, in the contemporary workplace. The transition from time‐sense in factory work at the turn of the century is examined, along with the growth of corporate time management ideologies and practices in the mid–late 20th century, and finally, the associated forms of disciplining resilience/elasticity in the worker that bring together certain notions of time, space and psychological investments.