bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellular N-Myristoyl Transferases Are Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication
Authors: Witwit Haydar , Betancourt Carlos Alberto , Cubitt Beatrice , Khafaji Roaa , Kowalski Heinrich , Jackson Nathaniel , Ye Chengjin , Martinez-Sobrido Luis , de la Torre Juan C.
Published: August 2024

The mammarenavirus matrix Z protein plays critical roles in virus assembly and cell egress. Meanwhile, heterotrimer complexes of a stable signal peptide (SSP) together with glycoprotein subunits GP1 and GP2, generated via co-and post-translational processing of the surface glycoprotein precursor GPC, form the spikes that decorate the virion surface and mediate virus cell entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The Z protein and the SSP undergo N-terminal myristoylation by host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMT1 and NMT2), and G2A mutations that prevent myristoylation of Z or SSP have been shown to affect the Z-mediated virus budding and GP2-mediated fusion activity that is required to complete the virus cell entry process. In the present work, we present evidence that the validated on-target specific pan-NMT inhibitor DDD85646 exerts a potent antiviral activity against the prototypic mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) that correlates with reduced Z budding activity and GP2-mediated fusion activity as well as with proteasome-mediated degradation of the Z protein. The potent anti-mammarenaviral activity of DDD85646 was also observed with the hemorrhagic-fever-causing Junin (JUNV) and Lassa (LASV) mammarenaviruses. Our results support the exploration of NMT inhibition as a broad-spectrum antiviral against human pathogenic mammarenaviruses.
Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Administered Concomitantly with a 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Adults Aged 60 Years and Older
Authors: Zhu Zhongkui , Sun Jianwen , Xie Yan , Lu Xi , Tang Wanqin , Zhao Yanwei , Shen Lu , Liu Huaxian , Yu Yang , Zhou Siliang , Huo Liqun , Jiao Peng , Jiang Xiaoli
Published: August 2024

The inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) have been administered for years and could be administered concomitantly if necessary. However, the immunogenicity and safety of the concomitant administration of these two vaccines have not been well documented, especially in the Chinese population. In this study, 480 participants aged 60 years and older were randomly assigned to the concomitant administration group (C group) or the separate administration group (S group) to receive IIV4 and PPSV23 either concomitantly or separately. Blood samples were collected before and 28 days after each vaccination. The antibodies against four influenza virus strains and twenty-three pneumococcus serotypes were tested. The results showed that the geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios (C group to S group) for the four influenza strains ranged from 0.72 to 0.95, with the lower limits of the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) ranging from 0.51 to 0.75, and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios for the 23 pneumococcal serotypes ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, with the lower limits of 95% CIs ranging from 0.67 to 0.86. All values met the predefined criteria for non-inferiority. The incidence of adverse events was 0.63% in the C group and 1.56% in the S group. No serious adverse events were observed. In conclusion, the immunogenicity of the concomitant administration of IIV4 and PPSV23 was non-inferior to that of the separate administration, and the safety profile was favorable in adults aged 60 years and older in China.
Vaccines for Respiratory Viruses—COVID and Beyond
Authors: Rajanala Kalpana , Upadhyay Arun Kumar
Published: August 2024

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic had an extensive impact on global morbidity and mortality. Several other common respiratory viruses, such as the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are endemic or epidemic agents causing acute respiratory infections that are easily transmissible and pose a significant threat to communities due to efficient person-to-person transmission. These viruses can undergo antigenic variation through genetic mutations, resulting in the emergence of novel strains or variants, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of current vaccines, and necessitating ongoing monitoring and adjustment of vaccine antigens. As the virus-specific immunity is maintained only for several weeks or months after the infection, there is an emergent need to develop effective and durable vaccines. Additionally, specific populations, such as elderly or immunocompromised individuals, may exhibit reduced immune responses to respiratory viruses, posing significant challenges to develop vaccines that elicit durable and potent immunity. We present a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and virulence of common respiratory viruses, such as RSV, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We discuss several vaccine approaches that are under development. A thorough understanding of the current strategies and the challenges encountered during the vaccine development process can lead to the advancement of effective next-generation vaccines.
Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine (IndoVac®) as a Heterologous Booster Dose against COVID-19 in Indonesian Adolescents
Authors: Fadlyana Eddy , Rusmil Kusnandi , Dwi Putra Muhammad Gilang , Fulendry Frizka Primadewi , Somantri Nitta Kurniati , Putri Alvira Dwilestarie , Sari Rini Mulia , Puspita Mita , Dewi Gianita Puspita
Published: August 2024

Adolescents are vulnerable to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections; thus, their antibodies should be maintained above the protective value. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and safety to the SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit recombinant vaccine (IndoVac®) as a heterologous booster dose against COVID-19 in Indonesian adolescents. This open-label prospective intervention study enrolled 150 clinically healthy adolescents aged 12–17 years who had received complete primary doses of the CoronaVac® vaccine from Garuda Primary Care Centres in Bandung City. The result of immunogenicity was presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and analyzed with t-tests from 14 days and 3, 6, and 12 months. The neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) (IU/mL) at baseline and 14 days after booster dose were 303.26 and 2661.2, respectively. The geometric mean fold rises (GMFR) at 3, 6, and 12 months after booster dose were 6.67 (5.217–8.536), 3.87 (3.068–4.886), and 2.87 (2.232–3.685), respectively. Both the neutralizing antibody and IgG antibody were markedly higher in the adolescents than in the adults at every timepoint. The incidence rate of adverse effects (AEs) until 28 days after booster dose was 82.7%, with a higher number of local events reported. Most reported solicited AEs were local pain followed by myalgia with mild intensity. Unsolicited AEs varied with each of the incidence rates < 10%, mostly with mild intensity. Adverse events of special interest (AESI) were not observed. At the 12-month follow-up after the booster dose, four serious adverse events (SAEs) not related to investigational products and research procedures were noted. This study showed that IndoVac® has a favorable immunogenicity and safety profile as a booster in adolescents and that the antibody titer decreases over time.
Using Regular High-Quality Serosurveys to Identify and Close National Immunity Gaps—Measles and Rubella Elimination in Japan
Authors: Sunagawa Tomimasa , Kobayashi Yusuke , Takashima Yoshihiro , Kamiya Hajime , Shimada Tomoe , Nakashima Kazutoshi , Arai Satoru , Taniguchi Kiyosu , Tanaka-Taya Keiko , Okabe Nobuhiko
Published: August 2024

In Japan, periodic measles outbreaks occurred mainly among young children under the routine immunization program with one dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV). A second dose of MCV was introduced in 2006. During a nationwide measles resurgence in 2007–2008, the most affected age group was teenagers. The national serological surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases made it clear that there was a measles immunity gap among teenagers who had not received a second dose of MCV. To fill this immunity gap, nationwide non-selective supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) were carried out as a five-year program from April 2008 to March 2013 by providing an opportunity to be vaccinated with the measles and rubella vaccine during the first year of junior high school (12–13 years old) and the last year of high school (17–18 years old). The SIA was conducted with the strong involvement of local governments in charge of vaccination delivery and collaboration between the health and education sectors. Japan was verified as achieving measles elimination in 2015 and this has been sustained to date. The challenge of rubella elimination following a similar strategy of a serological diagnosis of an immunity gap and targeted vaccination is also discussed.
Effect of Childhood Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination on Invasive Disease Serotypes in Serbia
Authors: Opavski Nataša , Jovićević Miloš , Kabić Jovana , Kekić Dušan , Gajić Ina ,   Study Group for Laboratory Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases
Published: August 2024

In Serbia, PCV10 was introduced into the routine immunization for children under 2 in 2018 and replaced by PCV13 in 2022. We evaluated their impact on the distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotypes across all age groups. Overall, 756 isolates were obtained from patients with IPD between 2010 and 2023 through laboratory surveillance. In the post-vaccination period, serotypes 14, 19F, 23F, and 6A significantly declined, while 3 and 19A considerably increased. This was especially evident in the ≤2 years group, making these serotypes the most prevalent among them. Serotype 3 dominated, representing 19.1% of all invasive isolates prior to 2018 and 33.1% thereafter. While serotype coverage of PCV10 has significantly decreased in the ≤2 years group (from 74.2% before 2018 to 29.5% after 2018), PCV13 coverage was 63.9% after 2018. In the post-PCV period, non-PCV13 serotypes, such as 9N, 10A, 15A, 15B, 15C, 22F, 6C, 6D, and 7C, increased across all isolates. Antibiotic non-susceptibility considerably decreased after 2018. MLST analysis showed shifts in sequence type prevalence, with pre-PCV lineages replaced and ongoing serotype 3 persistence, alongside potential capsule-switching events. These findings emphasize a noticeable shift in the distribution of serotypes and adaptability of pneumococcal populations, highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance and the requirement for the urgent introduction of higher valent vaccines into the National Immunization Program.
Strengthening of Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD) Surveillance to Enhance National Health Capacity and Security: Perspective from India
Authors: Kumar Arun , Murugan Ratnesh , Donkatti Satishchandra , Sharma Deepa , Kaundal Nirmal , Avagyan Tigran , Kumar Pawan , Bahl Sunil , Khanal Sudhir , Bura Vinod
Published: August 2024

The Government of India, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), established the National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP) in 1997 and initiated acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance to achieve the goal of polio eradication. The WHO South-East Asia Region, comprising of 11 countries, including India, was certified as polio-free in March 2014. India was also validated to have eliminated maternal and neonatal tetanus in May 2015. Over the years, the surveillance of other vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) was integrated with AFP surveillance in the country. Outbreak-based measles–rubella (MR) surveillance was initiated in 2005 using AFP surveillance as a platform, case-based fever–rash (FR) surveillance started in 2021 as one of the strategies to achieve measles and rubella elimination in the country. The surveillance of diphtheria, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus was integrated with AFP surveillance in a phased manner during 2015–2022. The surveillance system for VPDs in India, supported by a laboratory network of 10 polio laboratories, 28 measles–rubella laboratories, and 20 diphtheria–pertussis laboratories, has enhanced the national health capacity and security. The setting up and expansion of the surveillance system in the country involved the important component of capacity building of personnel on various components of surveillance, including case identification, case investigation, sample collection and shipment, data analysis and public health response. These capacities have been used effectively during other emergencies, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, as well as during outbreaks of other diseases and natural calamities.
A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity
Authors: Fiers Jorian , Cay Ann Brigitte , Maes Dominiek , Tignon Marylène
Published: August 2024

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in infected piglets and fattening pigs, resulting in growth retardation and increased mortality. Importantly, PRRSV infection interferes with immunity in the respiratory tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite the availability of commercial PRRSV vaccines for more than three decades, control of the disease remains a frustrating and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PRRSV, covering its history, economic and scientific importance, and description of the viral structure and genetic diversity. It explores the virus’s pathogenesis, including cell tropism, viral entry, replication, stages of infection and epidemiology. It reviews the porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to comprehend the modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS for immune evasion.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Dose-Sparing Epigraph Vaccine against H3 Swine Influenza A Virus
Authors: Petro-Turnquist Erika , Madapong Adthakorn , Steffen David , Weaver Eric A.
Published: August 2024

Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) is a highly prevalent and transmissible pathogen infecting worldwide swine populations. Our previous work has shown that the computationally derived vaccine platform, Epigraph, can induce broadly cross-reactive and durable immunity against H3 IAV-S in mice and swine. Therefore, in this study, we assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the Epigraph vaccine at increasingly lower doses to determine the minimum dose required to maintain protective immunity against three genetically divergent H3 IAV-S. We assessed both antibody and T cell responses and then challenged with three H3N2 IAV-S derived from either Cluster IV(A), Cluster I, or the 2010.1 “human-like” cluster and assessed protection through reduced pathology, reduced viral load in the lungs, and reduced viral shedding from nasal swabs. Overall, we observed a dose-dependent effect where the highest dose of Epigraph protected against all three challenges, the middle dose of Epigraph protected against more genetically similar IAV-S, and the lowest dose of Epigraph only protected against genetically similar IAV-S. The results of these studies can be used to continue developing a broadly protective and low-dose vaccine against H3 IAV-S.
Viral Vector-Based Chlamydia trachomatis Vaccines Encoding CTH522 Induce Distinct Immune Responses in C57BL/6J and HLA Transgenic Mice
Authors: Andreacchio Giuseppe , Longo Ylenia , Moreno Mascaraque Sara Moreno , Anandasothy Kartikan , Tofan Sarah , Özün Esma , Wilschrey Lena , Ptok Johannes , Huynh Dung T. , Luirink Joen , Drexler Ingo
Published: August 2024

Chlamydia trachomatis remains a major global health problem with increasing infection rates, requiring innovative vaccine solutions. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a well-established, safe and highly immunogenic vaccine vector, making it a promising candidate for C. trachomatis vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated two novel MVA-based recombinant vaccines expressing spCTH522 and CTH522:B7 antigens. Our results show that while both vaccines induced CD4+ T-cell responses in C57BL/6J mice, they failed to generate antigen-specific systemic CD8+ T cells. Only the membrane-anchored CTH522 elicited strong IgG2b and IgG2c antibody responses. In an HLA transgenic mouse model, both recombinant MVAs induced Th1-directed CD4+ T cell and multifunctional CD8+ T cells, while only the CTH522:B7 vaccine generated antibody responses, underscoring the importance of antigen localization. Collectively, our data indicate that distinct antigen formulations can induce different immune responses depending on the mouse strain used. This research contributes to the development of effective vaccines by highlighting the importance of careful antigen design and the selection of appropriate animal models to study specific vaccine-induced immune responses. Future studies should investigate whether these immune responses provide protection in humans and should explore different routes of immunization, including mucosal and systemic immunization.
Hesitancy toward Childhood and Influenza Vaccines: Experiences from Highly Educated Jordanian Parents
Authors: Al-Iede Montaha , Aljahalin Mohammad , Fashho Eva , Sweis Sami , Mesmeh Rahaf , Hamad Loai Bani , Abuzaid Leen , Sa’ed Jana Al , Elbetar Yasmeen , Alabdali Aya Yaseen Mahmood , Al-Nawaiseh Shahed , Al-Ani Abdallah
Published: August 2024

We aimed to examine vaccine hesitancy and knowledge towards influenza vaccines among Jordanian parents. Data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed between October 2023 and March 2024. They included sections on demographics, parental attitudes towards childhood vaccines (PACVs), and knowledge and practices towards influenza vaccines. Associations were examined using the chi-squared test. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to determine predictors of vaccine usage. A total of 3208 participants were included, of which 9.3% were vaccine hesitant per the PACV categorization. Fathers were more likely to be vaccine hesitant (OR: 1.40; 95CI: 1.07–1.85). Similarly, divorced parents (OR: 1.80; 95CI: 1.05–3.12) were significantly more vaccine hesitant compared to their married counterparts. Conversely, higher monthly income (OR: 0.66; 95CI: 0.48–0.92), working in healthcare settings (OR: 0.71; 95CI: 0.51–0.98), and adherence to national vaccination policies (OR: 0.07; 95CI: 0.04–0.13) were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of vaccine hesitancy. Multivariate analysis shows that a healthcare-related occupation (OR: 0.62; 95CI: 0.44–0.87), semi-compliance (OR: 0.37; 95CI: 0.22–0.64), full compliance (OR: 0.08; 95CI: 0.05–0.13) with national vaccine guidelines, and knowledge scores of influenza and vaccines (OR: 0.79; 95CI: 0.75–0.84) were the only independent factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Finally, non-hesitant participants were significantly more likely to give the influenza vaccine to their children at the present or future time (OR: 2.07; 95CI: 1.53–2.80). Our findings highlight the complexity of vaccine hesitancy and underscore the importance of tailored interventions. Cultural, socioeconomic, and individual factors play significant roles in shaping attitudes toward vaccination. An understanding of the aforementioned among Jordanian parents provides insights for public health initiatives. Compliance with national vaccination guidelines and addressing concerns about vaccine safety are essential for improving childhood vaccination rates in Jordan.
Advancements and Challenges in Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccination: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Liu Dequan , Liu Lei , Li Xinghan , Wang Shijin , Wu Guangzhen , Che Xiangyu
Published: August 2024

With the continuous advancements in tumor immunotherapy, researchers are actively exploring new treatment methods. Peptide therapeutic cancer vaccines have garnered significant attention for their potential in improving patient outcomes. Despite its potential, only a single peptide-based cancer vaccine has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and current development status is crucial for advancing these vaccines. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the production principles and therapeutic mechanisms of peptide-based cancer vaccines, highlights the commonly used peptide-based cancer vaccines, and examines the synergistic effects of combining these vaccines with immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. While some studies have yielded suboptimal results, the potential of combination therapies remains substantial. Additionally, we addressed the management and adverse events associated with peptide-based cancer vaccines, noting their relatively higher safety profile compared to traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lastly, we also discussed the roles of adjuvants and targeted delivery systems in enhancing vaccine efficacy. In conclusion, this review comprehensively outlines the current landscape of peptide-based cancer vaccination and underscores its potential as a pivotal immunotherapy approach.
An Unconventional Case Study of Neoadjuvant Oncolytic Virotherapy for Recurrent Breast Cancer
Authors: Forčić Dubravko , Mršić Karmen , Perić-Balja Melita , Kurtović Tihana , Ramić Snježana , Silovski Tajana , Pedišić Ivo , Milas Ivan , Halassy Beata
Published: August 2024

Intratumoural oncolytic virotherapy may have promise as a means to debulk and downstage inoperable tumours in preparation for successful surgery. Here, we describe the unique case of a 50-year-old self-experimenting female virologist with locally recurrent muscle-invasive breast cancer who was able to proceed to simple, non-invasive tumour resection after receiving multiple intratumoural injections of research-grade virus preparations, which first included an Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine strain (MeV) and then a vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana strain (VSV), both prepared in her own laboratory. The intratumoural virus therapy was well tolerated. Frequent imaging studies and regular clinical observations documenting size, consistency and mobility of the injected tumour demonstrate that both the MeV- and VSV-containing parts of the protocol contributed to the overall favourable response. Two months after the start of the virus injections, the shrunken tumour was no longer invading the skin or underlying muscle and was surgically excised. The excised tumour showed strong lymphocytic infiltration, with an increase in CD20-positive B cells, CD8-positive T cells and macrophages. PD-L1 expression was detected in contrast to the baseline PD-L1-negative phenotype. The patient completed one-year trastuzumab adjuvant therapy and remains well and recurrence-free 45 months post-surgery. Although an isolated case, it encourages consideration of oncolytic virotherapy as a neoadjuvant treatment modality.
Characterization of the Monkeypox Virus [MPX]-Specific Immune Response in MPX-Cured Individuals Using Whole Blood to Monitor Memory Response
Authors: Petruccioli Elisa , Sbarra Settimia , Vita Serena , Salmi Andrea , Cuzzi Gilda , De Marco Patrizia , Matusali Giulia , Navarra Assunta , Pierelli Luca , Grifoni Alba , Sette Alessandro , Maggi Fabrizio , Nicastri Emanuele , Goletti Delia
Published: August 2024

Background: Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), an Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). Since we are observing the first MPXV outbreak outside the African continent, the general population probably does not have a pre-existing memory response for MPXV but may have immunity against the previous smallpox vaccine based on a live replicating Vaccinia strain (VACV). Using a whole blood platform, we aim to study the MPXV- T-cell-specific response in Mpox-cured subjects. Methods: We enrolled 16 subjects diagnosed with Mpox in the previous 3–7 months and 15 healthy donors (HD) with no recent vaccination history. Whole blood was stimulated overnight with MPXV and VACV peptides to elicit CD4 and CD8 T-cell-specific responses, which were evaluated by ELISA and multiplex assay. Results: Mpox-cured subjects showed a significant IFN-γ T-cell response to MPXV and VACV. Besides IFN-γ, IL-6, IP-10, IL-8, IL-2, G-CSF, MCP-1, MIP1-α, MIP-1β, IL-1Rα, and IL-5 were significantly induced after specific stimulation compared to the unstimulated control. The specific response was mainly induced by the CD4 peptides MPX-CD4-E and VACV-CD4. Conclusions: We showed that MPXV-specific responses have a mixed Th1- and Th2-response in a whole blood platform assay, which may be useful for monitoring the specific immunity induced by vaccination or infection.
Computed Tomographic Hepatic Volumetry in Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: Kurihara Hitomi , Moore George , Murakami Masahiro
Published: August 2024

CTHV is a non-invasive and accurate method for assessing liver volume in dogs. CTHV has not been studied in each type of extrahepatic PSS in dogs. This study aimed to use CTHV to compare liver volumes in dogs with different types of PSSs that had been confirmed by computed tomography angiography. Dogs with PSSs were retrospectively included and categorized into IH, EHPC, EHPA, or EHPP shunt groups. Manual CTHV was performed, and the normalized liver volume (nLV) and the difference in nLV from the estimated liver volume calculated based on body weight (LV%diff) was calculated. The study included 57 dogs: 20 IH, 21 EHPC, 9 EHPA, and 7 EHPP. The median nLV (cm3/kg) and LV%diff (%) for each group were as follows: IH 17.3 (−40.4%); EHPC 16.9 (−60.3%); EHPA 15.1 (−56.7%); and EHPP 17.2 (−59.2%), respectively. There were no significant differences in nLV among the PSS types. However, LV%diff was significantly more pronounced in the EHPC and EHPA groups compared with the IH group. Additionally, smaller dogs exhibited more severe microhepatia, with a significant positive correlation between LV%diff and body weight (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that microhepatia severity varies by shunt type and is more severe in smaller dogs, highlighting the need for further research to understand the underlying mechanisms.
Characteristics of Transient Flow in Rapidly Filled Closed Pipeline
Authors: Wang Kan , Fu You , Jiang Jin
Published: August 2024

In this study, a one-dimensional mathematical model based on rigid theory is developed to evaluate the maximum water filling flow rate and filling time of closed pipeline water supply systems during rapid-filling processes. Polynomial fitting is utilized for prediction, and numerical simulation results are analyzed to understand the variations in maximum water filling flow rate, filling time, and pressure with respect to opening valve time, air valve area, filling head, and segmented filling pipe length. The findings highlight the significant impact of the filling head on the maximum water filling flow rate, while the filling time is predominantly influenced by the gas discharge coefficient. Rapid changes occur only at the initial stage of rapid filling, reaching the maximum value with a very high acceleration (around t = 4 s). It is observed that pressure fluctuations in the gas–liquid two-phase flow inside the pipeline lead to velocity differences and periodic changes in gas pressure opposite to the filling head. When the gas discharge coefficient reaches approximately 0.3, pressure variation within the water supply system diminishes, and the time and flow rate required for pipeline filling become independent of the discharge coefficient. This study suggests the use of a segmented filling approach to ensure the effectiveness and stability of pipeline filling.
Modern Treatment Using Powdered Chlorella vulgaris for Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Freshwater
Authors: Sočo Eleonora , Papciak Dorota , Domoń Andżelika , Pająk Dariusz
Published: August 2024

In the face of current challenges related to climate change, maintaining the appropriate quality of freshwater becomes crucial. This study examined the effectiveness of removing heavy metals (Cu(II) and Co(II)) using Chlorella vulgaris biosorbents (dietary supplements in the form of powder). This study determined the parameters of the biosorbent (point of zero charge (PZC) analysis using scanning electron microscopy with back-scattered electron (SEM-BSE) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis). Batch tests were also performed to determine the kinetic constants and adsorption equilibrium of Cu(II) and Co(II) ions. Based on the conducted research, it was found that a pseudo-second-order equation describes the kinetics of the biosorption process. Among the studied adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir and Freundlich models fit best. The results indicate that single-layer adsorption took place and Chlorella vulgaris is a microporous adsorbent. The maximum sorption capacity in the single-component system for Cu(II) and Co(II) was 30.3 mg·g−1 and 9.0 mg·g−1, respectively. In contrast, in the binary system, it was 20.8 mg·g−1 and 19.6 mg·g−1 (extended Langmuir model) and 23.5 mg·g−1 and 19.6 mg·g−1 (Jain-Snoeyinka model). Chlorella vulgaris is an effective biosorbent for removing heavy metals from freshwater. This technology offers an ecological and economical solution for improving water quality, making it a promising alternative to traditional purification methods.
Assessment of Human Errors in the Operation of the Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Żywiec Jakub , Tchórzewska-Cieślak Barbara , Sokolan Kateryna
Published: August 2024

The water supply system (WSS) is an anthropotechnical system whose reliability depends on proper human activity. Research indicates that 75% of WSS failures are due to human errors. The water treatment plant (WTP) is a key element of the WSS. The water treatment process requires human control as the operator. His task is to maintain an appropriate level of reliability and safety for the system by controlling the technological objects. The aim of the work was to assess the reliability of the WTP operator. The paper presents a Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) of the operator of the WTP using the Fuzzy-Bayes CREAM method. The values of the Human Error Probability (HEP) for operators were determined, which are key to carrying out further analyses of the human impact on the reliability and operational safety of anthropotechnical critical infrastructure systems. The HEP value of the water treatment plant operator varies in the range of 0.0005–0.0746 (depending on the technological process). Identification of new threats related to the impact of the human factor on the WSS’s functioning and taking them into account in reliability calculations will allow for a better representation of actual operating conditions.
Aircraft Electrification: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Thematic and Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Bridgelall Raj
Published: August 2024

Electrifying aircraft, a crucial advancement in the aviation industry, aims to cut pollutive emissions and boost energy efficiency. Traditional aircraft depend on fossil fuels, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. Despite progress in electric propulsion and energy storage technologies, challenges such as low energy density and integration issues persist. This paper provides a comprehensive thematic and bibliometric analysis to map the research landscape in aircraft electrification, identifying key research themes, influential contributors, and emerging trends. This study applies natural language processing to unstructured bibliographic data and cross-sectional statistical methods to analyze publications, citations, and keyword distributions across various categories related to aircraft electrification. The findings reveal significant growth in research output, particularly in energy management and multidisciplinary design analysis. Collaborative networks highlight key international partnerships, with the United States and China being key research hubs, while citation metrics highlight the impact of leading researchers and institutions in these countries. This study provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, guiding future research directions and collaborations.
State of Health Prediction in Electric Vehicle Batteries Using a Deep Learning Model
Authors: Alhazmi Raid Mohsen
Published: August 2024

Accurately estimating the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries plays a significant role in the safe operation of electric vehicles. Deep learning (DL)-based approaches for estimating state of health (SOH) have consistently been the focus of study in recent years. In the current era of electric mobility, the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has evolved into a necessity for energy storage. Ensuring the safe operation of EVs requires a precise assessment of the state-of-health (SOH) of LIBs. To estimate battery SOH accurately, this paper employs a deep learning (DL) algorithm to enhance the estimation accuracy of SOH to obtain accurate SOH measurements. This research introduces the Diffusion Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (DCRNN) with a Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm (DCRNN + SVM-RFE) for enhancing classification and feature selection performance. The data gathered from the dataset were pre-processed using the min–max normalization method. The Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) dataset from the University of Maryland was employed to train and evaluate the model. The SVM-RFE algorithm was used for feature selection of pre-processed data. DCRNN algorithm was used for the classification process to enhance prediction precision. The DCRNN + SVM-RFE model’s performance was calculated using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Squared Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root MSE (RMSE) metric values. The proposed model generates accurate results for SOH prediction; all RMSEs are within 0.02%, MAEs are within 0.015%, MSEs were within 0.032%, and MAPEs are within 0.41%. The mean values of RMSE, MSE, MAE, and MAPE were 0.014, 0.026, 0.011, and 0.32, respectively. Experiments confirmed that the DCRNN + SVM-RFE model has the highest accuracy among those that predict SOH.
The Decision-Making Processes for Consumer Electric Vehicle Adoption Based on a Goal-Directed Behavior Model
Authors: He Xiuhong , Hu Yingying
Published: August 2024

Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as a viable strategy for mitigating energy consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the transportation sector. In order to facilitate the advancement of EVs, this study expands upon the model of goal-directed behavior by integrating the novel concept of perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) to examine the decision-making process of consumers regarding EV adoption. The model was empirically tested using data gathered from 398 participants in China. The results indicate that factors such as attitude, subjective norm, anticipated positive and negative emotions, and PCE significantly enhance consumers’ desire to adopt EVs, which subsequently affects their behavioral intentions. Notably, the relationship between desire and behavioral intention is moderated by PCE. The insights derived from this study enhance the understanding of EV adoption behaviors and offer strategic recommendations for promoting electric vehicles.
Zareh Yaldızcıyan’ın Şiirlerinde Mekân Kullanımı
Authors: Altun Sezin Seda
Published: August 2024

Zareh Yaldızcıyan (Zahrad)’ın şiirlerinde, mekân ve kaynağını mekândan alan duygulanımlar/çağrışımlar imgelerle örülü şiirsel yapıyı zenginleştirmektedir. Mekâna ilişkin göstergeleri dikkate alarak yapılacak bir okuma ise şairin kurduğu poetik evreni doğru bir biçimde yorumlamayı sağlayacaktır. Mekânların şiirlerde duygu dünyasının inşasında, bireyin var edilmesinde ve konumlandırılmasında belirleyici olduğu görülmektedir. Şairin doğup büyüdüğü, kendisini bulduğu, hayata veda ettiği ve hakkında yazmaktan bıkmadığı şehir İstanbul ile yazlarını geçirdiği, denizine girip havasını teneffüs ettiği Kınalıada şiirlerde somut ana mekânlar olarak yer almaktadır. Yalnızca İstanbul ve Kınalıada değil, aynı zamanda kavramsal olarak doğa, büyükşehir ve şehri oluşturan sokaklar, istasyonlar, mezarlıklar ve evler gibi birimler de Zahrad’ın şiir dünyasında benlik, kendilik, kimlik ve benzeri kavramların tartışılmasına imkan vermektedir. Bu tartışma Gaston Bachelard’ın Mekânın Poetikası başlıklı eserinde kurduğu kavramsal çerçeve göz önüne alındığında zenginleşmektedir. Bachelard’ın terminolojisiyle ‘nesnelerin evi olan dolaplar ve sandıklar’ ile ‘omurgasız hayvanların evi olan kabuk’ gibi mahfazalar da şiirlerde poetik duyarlığa katkı verecek şekilde kullanıldığından çalışma kapsamında ele alınmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada Zahrad’ın Bambaşka Bir Bahar adıyla bir araya getirilen ve Ohannes Şaşkal tarafından Türkçeye tercüme edilen toplu şiirlerinde mezkûr mekânların poetik alana olan katkısı ile insana ait duygulanımların mekân üzerinden ne şekilde dile getirildiği, benlik kurgusunun mekâna bağlı olarak kuruluşu irdelenecektir.
Health Co-Benefits of Environmental Changes in the Context of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in China
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Yang Chao , Wang Fulin , Li Pengfei , Zhang Luxia
Published: August 2024

Importance: Climate change mitigation policies aimed at limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would bring substantial health co-benefits by directly alleviating climate change or indirectly reducing air pollution. As one of the largest developing countries and GHG emitter globally, China’s carbon-peaking and carbon neutrality goals would lead to substantial co-benefits on global environment and therefore on human health. This review summarized the key findings and gaps in studies on the impact of China’s carbon mitigation strategies on human health. Highlights: There is a wide consensus that limiting the temperature rise well below 2 °C would markedly reduce the climate-related health impacts compared with high emission scenario, although heat-related mortalities, labor productivity reduction rates, and infectious disease morbidities would continue increasing over time as temperature rises. Further, hundreds of thousands of air pollutant-related mortalities (mainly due to PM
2.5
and O
3
) could be avoided per year compared with the reference scenario without climate policy. Carbon reduction policies can also alleviate morbidities due to acute exposure to PM
2.5
. Further research with respect to morbidities attributed to nonoptimal temperature and air pollution, and health impacts attributed to precipitation and extreme weather events under current carbon policy in China or its equivalent in other developing countries is needed to improve our understanding of the disease burden in the coming decades. Conclusions: This review provides up-to-date evidence of potential health co-benefits under Chinese carbon policies and highlights the importance of considering these co-benefits into future climate policy development in both China and other nations endeavoring carbon reductions.
Pengaruh Rasio Profitabilitas terhadap Financial Distress pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Transportasi
Authors: Aini Syaripah Qurrota
Published: August 2024

This study aims to explain the effect of Profitability Ratios on Financial Distress in Transportation Sub-Sector Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2019- 2021 period. The population used in this study is 35 transportation sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling in which the sample is taken based on certain criteria, so that only 105 companies are sampled from the 2019-2021 period. Hypothesis testing uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that partially return on assets has a significant effect on financial distress, while partially return on sales and gross profit margin has no significant effect on financial distress in transportation sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. The results of the coefficient of determination show that return on assets, return on sales, and gross profit margin affect firm value by 22%, while 78% can be explained by other variables not used in this study.
ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RUSSIA – CURRENT THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES TO OVERCOME THEM SUCCESSFULLY
Authors: Шлычков В.В. , Зарезнов Д.А. , Квасников В.А.
Published: August 2024

Экономическая безопасность выступает одним из важнейших элементов национальной безопасности. В данной работе при помощи абстрактно-логического и статистико-экономических методов и ситуационного анализа дана оценка ключевых показателей экономической безопасности России, определено её текущее состояние, сформирован перечень наиболее значимых вызовов и угроз, вызванных мировыми геополитическими изменениями и трансформационными процессами глобального рынка. Авторами выявлены следующие вызовы и угрозы экономической безопасности РФ: острый дефицит квалифицированных кадров в промышленном секторе, достаточно высокая степень износа основных фондов (машин и оборудования), сложность обеспечения технологического суверенитета экономики в условиях санкционной войны и отставания в уровне технологического развития, несбалансированность государственного бюджета России. Основываясь на результатах факторного анализа, авторы доказывают необходимость комплексного решения задач по обеспечению экономической безопасности национальной экономики в сочетании с урегулированием существующих системных проблем, препятствующих дальнейшему экономическому росту. Опираясь на доказательный подход и экспертные оценки, в статье обосновывается ключевая роль государства в процессах деиндустриализации, импортозамещения и структурной перестройки экономической системы, результативность которых корреляционно влияет на уровень экономической безопасности.

Economic security is one of the most important elements of national security. In this paper, using abstract-logical and statistical-economic methods and situational analysis, the key indicators of Russia's economic security are assessed, its current state is determined, and a list of the most significant challenges and threats caused by global geopolitical changes and the global market transformation processes is formed. The authors identified the following challenges and threats to the Russian economic security: an acute shortage of qualified employees in the industrial sector, a fairly high machinery and equipment depreciation degree, the difficulty of ensuring the technological economic sovereignty in the context of a sanctions war and a lag in the technological development level, unsatisfactory the Russian state budget balance. Based on the factor analysis results, the authors prove the need for a comprehensive solution to the problems of ensuring the economic security in combination with the resolution of existing systemic problems that impede further economic growth. Based on an evidence-based approach and expert assessments, the paper substantiates the key role of the state in the deindustrialization processes, import substitution and structural restructuring of the economic system, which effectiveness has a correlational effect on the economic security level.
Diagnostic Capabilities of Transthoracic Echocardiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Preoperative Planning of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Correction
Authors: Khasanova K. A. , Abramyan M. A. , Bedin A. V. , Miroshnichenko V. P.
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a congenital heart defect in which there is no direct connection between pulmonary veins and the left atrium. Hospital mortality in patients with TAPVR, depending on the anatomical type of the defect, ranges from 14% to 35%. Without surgical correction, children with obstructive TAPVR die in the neonatal period. The mortality rate of children with nonobstructive TAPVR reaches 80% by the first year of life.

Objective: To evaluate the capabilities of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac computed tomography (CT) in TAPVR diagnosis and surgical planning of its correction.

Materials and methods: The study included 17 children with an initial diagnosis of TAPVR. The age of the patients was 28.5 (11; 91) days. All the infants underwent TTE; 15 patients underwent cardiac CT, and 4 patients, cardiac catheterization with conventional angiography. We evaluated and compared the capabilities of these methods in the diagnosis and determination of the TAPVR type and concomitant anomalies. All data were compared with conventional angiography findings and intraoperative data. The interval between TTE, cardiac CT, and angiography or open surgery was less than 5 days.

Results: The accuracy of TTE in diagnosing TAPVR was not significantly inferior to that of cardiac CT (88% vs 100%); erroneous results of TTE were found in 2 patients with heterotaxy syndrome (right isomerism). Both methods showed 100% diagnostic efficiency in determining the TAPVR type. The accuracy of TTE in diagnosing obstructive TAPVR was 81.2%, whereas that of cardiac CT, 94%. There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic efficiency between CT and TTE in the diagnosis of TAPVR and its obstructive forms.

Discussion: Our findings demonstrate the high efficiency of TTE in diagnosing TAPVR, determining its anatomical type, and identifying obstructive forms. This method has limited diagnostic capabilities in determining TAPVR in patients with heterotaxy syndrome and other congenital anomalies of the atria. Cardiac CT has proven to be a highly accurate tool in diagnosing TAPVR and determining obstructive forms and associated heart anomalies.

Conclusions: In children with isolated TAPVR and normal arrangement of the organs (situs solitus) with good acoustic window, TTE is the initial and final tool for surgical planning of TAPVR correction. In children with TAPVR and concomitant heart defects, heterotaxy syndrome and other atrial anomalies, TTE should be supplemented by cardiac CT. Cardiac CT in children with TAPVR is an alternative to invasive cardiac catheterization with conventional angiography and should be a preferred diagnostic tool. Conventional angiography should be used in children with TAPVR for assessment of functional, not anatomical characteristics of the defect.
Cor Triatriatum Dexter. Role of Echocardiography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Its Diagnosis
Authors: Soroka N. V. , Abramyan V. V. , Stavenchuk T. V. , Shelestova I. A. , Zyablova E. I. , Khakhalina O. O. , Terentev N. G.
Published: August 2024

Cor triatriatum dexter is a rare congenital heart anomaly in which the right atrium is divided into 2 chambers by a membrane. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the degree of the right atrium separation and the presence of concomitant anomalies. We report a case of asymptomatic cor triatriatum dexter diagnosed during transthoracic echocardiography. The diagnosis was confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Transthoracic echocardiography is a sensitive primary diagnostic tool for such congenital heart disease as cor triatriatum dexter.