bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issues and Challenges in the Application of the IEUBK Model in the Health Risk Assessment of Lead: A Case Study from Blantyre Malawi
Authors: Utembe Wells , Gulumian Mary
Published: August 2021

The risk assessment of lead (Pb) requires the use of biokinetic models to translate measured concentrations of Pb in food and environmental media into blood lead (BPb). The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model in the health risk assessment of Pb among children in Blantyre. Children (152) aged 1–6 years were recruited into this cross-sectional study, and foods, house dust, playground soil, water, and venous blood (1 mL) were collected and analyzed for Pb. A seven-day food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect food consumption data. The concentrations of Pb ranged from 0.01 to 3.3 mg/kg in food, 2.3 to 265 mg/kg and 1.5 to 482 mg/kg in house dust and playground soil, respectively, as well as 2.0 µg/dL to 50.4 µg/dL and 6.8 to 39.2 µg/dL for measured and predicted BPb, respectively. Various statistical tests indicated less than satisfactory agreement between measured and predicted BPb values. Despite the lack of reliable food consumption data and other limitations, both the predicted and measured BPb values indicate that children in Blantyre are exposed to high levels of Pb, largely through food and soil as a minor source.
Association of Vaping and Respiratory Health among Youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 3
Authors: Cherian Christie , Buta Eugenia , Simon Patricia , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of electronic nicotine product (ENP) use and its respiratory manifestations in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the US. Cross-sectional evidence from 9750 adolescents in wave 3 (October 2015–October 2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) survey was used. Adjusting for demographics, lifetime number of cigarettes and cigars used, home rules about tobacco use, and tobacco used by other household members, we used logistic regression models to examine associations between ENP use and its respiratory manifestations in the past year. Among 9750 adolescents, 12% (n = 1105) used ENP in the past year. Compared to non-users, past-year ENP-users had 37% higher odds of wheezing in general (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.37, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.71, p = 0.005) and higher odds of wheezing 4–12 times or >12 times per year versus no wheezing (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.01–2.46, p = 0.05 and AOR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.04–6.41, p = 0.04, respectively). Additionally, odds of dry cough at night were 23% higher among ENP-users than among non-users (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04–1.46, p = 0.02). There was no association between past-year ENP use and exercise-induced wheezing or asthma diagnosis. Among those with asthma, there was no evidence of an association between ENP use and long-acting inhaler or quick-relief inhaler use. ENP use among adolescents is associated with increased frequency of wheezing and dry cough. Early recognition of pulmonary clinical manifestations among young ENP users should be critical considerations in regulatory and prevention efforts to protect public health, and clinical efforts to prevent progression to serious pulmonary complications.
Romanian Students’ Environment-Related Routines during COVID-19 Home Confinement: Water, Plastic, and Paper Consumption
Authors: Gherheș Vasile , Cernicova-Buca Mariana , Fărcașiu Marcela Alina , Palea Adina
Published: August 2021

The disruptive force of the COVID-19 pandemic is lessening in power and plans are being made for the postcrisis period, among which increasing the sustainability of higher education is of significant importance. The study aims at establishing students’ existing environment-related routines during their home confinement, as a basis for applying green measures to campus living once academic life is resumed with the physical presence of students. The collected data rely on self-reported information provided by 816 students from Politehnica University of Timisoara (Romania), collected via an online, anonymous survey. The novelty of the approach is that household environment-related routines are investigated during a crisis period, with the possibility to build upon the results to implement tailored measures to encourage or diminish environmentally relevant consumption by young, highly skilled individuals. The students display a moderate awareness of environmental issues and indicate consumption routines that may be steered towards an increased sustainability-conscious campus life, through the combined intervention of the university, city administration, and stakeholder involvement. The findings are used to explore the possible directions for action towards increasing or contributing to the territorial sustainability in the socio-ecological context of Timisoara, the largest university city in the western part of Romania via educational, managerial and policy interventions.
Teaching in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study on Teachers’ Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy in an Italian Sample
Authors: Cataudella Stefania , Carta Stefano Mariano , Mascia Maria Lidia , Masala Carmelo , Petretto Donatella Rita , Agus Mirian , Penna Maria Pietronilla
Published: August 2021

The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teachers, particularly on their self-esteem and self-efficacy, their difficulty in the transition to distance learning, the difficulty of students, and specially of students with learning disabilities (LDs students), as perceived by teachers. 226 teachers were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Our results showed lower self-esteem and lower self-efficacy by the teachers compared with the normative sample. Self-esteem and self-efficacy also decrease in teachers with greater service seniority at work. Teachers perceived a greater difficulty in students than in their own difficulty. The concentration of the school system’s efforts on the massive and, for long periods, exclusive organisation of distance learning risks favouring only cognitive aspects to the detriment of affective dynamics. This aspect could make teaching more complex for teachers and learning poorer for students, impoverishing the complex relational process that forms the basis of the learning process.
Unfixed Movement Route Model, Non-Overcrowding and Social Distancing Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in Sporting Facilities
Authors: Qi Bote , Tan Jingwang , Zhang Qingwen , Cao Meng , Wang Xingxiong , Zou Yu
Published: August 2021

Localized outbreaks of COVID-19 have been reported in sporting facilities. This study used the Agent-based Modeling (ABM) method to analyze the transmission rate of COVID-19 in different sporting models, sporting spaces per capita, and situations of gathering, which contributes to understanding how COVID-19 transmits in sports facilities. The simulation results show that the transmission rate of COVID-19 was higher under the Fixed Movement Route (FMR) than under the Unfixed Movement Route (UMR) in 10 different sporting spaces per capita (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m2) (p = 0.000). For both FMR and UMR, the larger the sporting space per capita, the lower the virus transmission rate. Additionally, when the sporting space per capita increases from 4 m2 to 5 m2, the virus transmission rate decreases most significantly (p = 0.000). In the FMR model with a per capita sporting space of 5 m2, minimizing gathering (no more than three people) could significantly slow down the transmission rate of the COVID-19 virus (p < 0.05). This study concluded that: (1) The UMR model is suggested in training facilities or playing grounds; (2) The sporting space should be non-overcrowding, and it is recommended that the sporting space per capita in the sporting grounds should not be less than 5 m2; (3) It is important to maintain safe social distancing and minimize gathering (no more than three people) when exercising.
Adolescent-Reported Latino Fathers’ Food Parenting Practices and Family Meal Frequency Are Associated with Better Adolescent Dietary Intake
Authors: Baltaci Aysegul , Alvarez de Davila Silvia , Reyes Peralta Alejandro Omar , Laska Melissa N. , Larson Nicole , Hurtado Ghaffar Ali , Reicks Marla
Published: August 2021

Most studies of food-related parenting practices, parental meal involvement, and adolescent dietary intake have focused on maternal influences; studies of paternal influences, particularly among marginalized groups, are lacking. This study examined lower-income, Latino fathers’ food parenting practices and involvement in planning meals, buying/preparing foods, and family meal frequency, separately and in combination, to identify relationships with adolescent food intake. Baseline data were used from Latino adolescents (10–14 years, n = 191, 49% boys) participating with their fathers in a community-based overweight/obesity prevention intervention. Fathers reported sociodemographic characteristics. Adolescents reported frequency of fathers’ food parenting practices, fathers’ food/meal involvement, and family meals and participated in 24 h dietary recalls. The analysis included regression models using GLM (generalized linear mixed model) and PLM (post GLM processing) procedures. Most fathers were married, employed full-time, and had annual incomes below USD 50,000. Favorable fathers’ food parenting practices were associated with adolescent intake of more fruit and vegetables and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets/salty snacks, and less fast food (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). No independent effects of family meal frequency or fathers’ food/meal involvement were observed on adolescent dietary outcomes. Additional analyses showed favorable food parenting practices in combination with frequent family meals were associated with adolescents having a higher intake of fruit (p = 0.011). Latino fathers can have an important positive influence on adolescent dietary intake.
The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Won Sung-Min , Park Eunju , Jeong Jin-Ju , Ganesan Raja , Gupta Haripriya , Gebru Yoseph , Sharma SatyaPriya , Kim Dong-Joon , Suk Ki-Tae
Published: August 2021

In chronic liver disease, the causative factor is important; however, recently, the intestinal microbiome has been associated with the progression of chronic liver disease and the occurrence of side effects. The immune system is affected by the metabolites of the microbiome, and diet is the primary regulator of the microbiota composition and function in the gut–liver axis. These metabolites can be used as therapeutic material, and postbiotics, in the future, can increase or decrease human immunity by modulating inflammation and immune reactions. Therefore, the excessive intake of nutrients and the lack of nutrition have important effects on immunity and inflammation. Evidence has been published indicating that microbiome-induced chronic inflammation and the consequent immune dysregulation affect the development of chronic liver disease. In this research paper, we discuss the overall trend of microbiome-derived substances related to immunity and the future research directions.
Signaling Pathways Regulated by UBR Box-Containing E3 Ligases
Authors: Kim Jung Gi , Shin Ho-Chul , Seo Taewook , Nawale Laxman , Han Goeun , Kim Bo Yeon , Kim Seung Jun , Cha-Molstad Hyunjoo
Published: August 2021

UBR box E3 ligases, also called N-recognins, are integral components of the N-degron pathway. Representative N-recognins include UBR1, UBR2, UBR4, and UBR5, and they bind destabilizing N-terminal residues, termed N-degrons. Understanding the molecular bases of their substrate recognition and the biological impact of the clearance of their substrates on cellular signaling pathways can provide valuable insights into the regulation of these pathways. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the binding mechanism of UBR box N-recognin/N-degron interactions and their roles in signaling pathways linked to G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control, inflammation, and DNA damage. The targeting of these UBR box N-recognins can provide potential therapies to treat diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
The Impact of Epigenetic Modifications on Adaptive Resistance Evolution in Glioblastoma
Authors: Wu Qiong , Berglund Anders E. , Etame Arnold B.
Published: August 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly lethal cancer that is universally refractory to the standard multimodal therapies of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy treatment. Temozolomide (TMZ) is currently the best chemotherapy agent for GBM, but the durability of response is epigenetically dependent and often short-lived secondary to tumor resistance. Therapies that can provide synergy to chemoradiation are desperately needed in GBM. There is accumulating evidence that adaptive resistance evolution in GBM is facilitated through treatment-induced epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic alterations of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling have all been implicated as mechanisms that enhance accessibility for transcriptional activation of genes that play critical roles in GBM resistance and lethality. Hence, understanding and targeting epigenetic modifications associated with GBM resistance is of utmost priority. In this review, we summarize the latest updates on the impact of epigenetic modifications on adaptive resistance evolution in GBM to therapy.
Renal and Red Marrow Dosimetry in Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy: 20 Years of History and Ahead
Authors: Walrand Stephan , Jamar François
Published: August 2021

The development of dosimetry and studies in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) over the past two decades are reviewed. Differences in kidney and bone marrow toxicity reported between 90Y, 177Lu and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) are discussed with regard to the physical properties of these beta emitter radionuclides. The impact of these properties on the response to small and large tumors is also considered. Capacities of the imaging modalities to assess the dosimetry to target tissues are evaluated. Studies published in the past two years that confirm a red marrow uptake in 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy, as already observed 20 years ago in 86Y-DOTATOC PET studies, are analyzed in light of the recent developments in the transferrin transport mechanism. The review enlightens the importance (i) of using state-of-the-art imaging modalities, (ii) of individualizing the activity to be injected with regard to the huge tissue uptake variability observed between patients, (iii) of challenging the currently used but inappropriate blood-based red marrow dosimetry and (iv) of considering individual tandem therapy. Last, a smart individually optimized tandem therapy taking benefit of the bi-orthogonal toxicity-response pattern of 177Lu-DOTATATE and of 90Y-DOTATOC is proposed.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Biodegradable Injectable Thermosensitive Smart Hydrogels for 5-Fluorouracil Delivery
Authors: Kasiński Adam , Zielińska-Pisklak Monika , Kowalczyk Sebastian , Plichta Andrzej , Zgadzaj Anna , Oledzka Ewa , Sobczak Marcin
Published: August 2021

In this paper, injectable, thermosensitive smart hydrogel local drug delivery systems (LDDSs) releasing the model antitumour drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were developed. The systems were based on biodegradable triblock copolymers synthesized via ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL) in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate (Zr(acac)4), as co-initiator and catalyst, respectively. The structure, molecular weight (Mn) and molecular weight distribution (Đ) of the synthesized materials was studied in detail using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques; the optimal synthesis conditions were determined. The structure corresponded well to the theoretical assumptions. The produced hydrogels demonstrated a sharp sol–gel transition at temperature close to physiological value, forming a stable gel with good mechanical properties at 37 °C. The kinetics and mechanism of in vitro 5-FU release were characterized by zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas mathematical models. The obtained results indicate good release control; the kinetics were generally defined as first order according to the predominant diffusion mechanism; and the total drug release time was approximately 12 h. The copolymers were considered to be biodegradable and non-toxic; the resulting hydrogels appear to be promising as short-term LDDSs, potentially useful in antitumor therapy.
Toxicity, Sublethal and Low Dose Effects of Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin on the Aphidophagous Predator Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Skouras Panagiotis J. , Darras Anastasios I. , Mprokaki Marina , Demopoulos Vasilios , Margaritopoulos John T. , Delis Costas , Stathas George J.
Published: August 2021

Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a common aphidophagous coccinellid predator used in biological control against aphid pests. Knowing toxicity, lethal, and sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies is essential in order to incorporate them into Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin were evaluated on the fourth instar larvae of C. undecimnotata and subsequently on the full life cycle. Our results strongly suggest that sublethal and low doses of imidacloprid and deltamethrin at LD10 and LD30 affected fourth instar larvae duration time, adult preoviposition period, total preoviposition period, and fecundity. Moreover, the intrinsic (r) and finite (λ) rate of increase and the net reproduction rate (R0) significantly decreased in populations treated with imidacloprid compared to the control population. The data clearly suggest that imidacloprid and deltamethrin have a negative influence on population growth parameters of C. undecimnotata at sublethal and low doses and, therefore, these insecticides should be used with caution within the context of IPM.
SARS-CoV-2 and the Brain: What Do We Know about the Causality of ‘Cognitive COVID?
Authors: Ali Awan Hashir , Najmuddin Diwan Mufaddal , Aamir Alifiya , Ali Muneeza , Di Giannantonio Massimo , Ullah Irfan , Shoib Sheikh , De Berardis Domenico
Published: August 2021

The second year of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic has seen the need to identify and assess the long-term consequences of a SARS-CoV-2 infection on an individual’s overall wellbeing, including adequate cognitive functioning. ‘Cognitive COVID’ is an informal term coined to interchangeably refer to acute changes in cognition during COVID-19 and/or cognitive sequelae with various deficits following the infection. These may manifest as altered levels of consciousness, encephalopathy-like symptoms, delirium, and loss of various memory domains. Dysexecutive syndrome is a peculiar manifestation of ‘Cognitive COVID’ as well. In the previous major outbreaks of viruses like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Influenza. There have been attempts to understand the underlying mechanisms describing the causality of similar symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review, therefore, is attempting to highlight the current understanding of the various direct and indirect mechanisms, focusing on the role of neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, the general pro-inflammatory state, and the pandemic-associated psychosocial stressors in the causality of ‘Cognitive COVID.’ Neurotropism is associated with various mechanisms including retrograde neuronal transmission via olfactory pathway, a general hematogenous spread, and the virus using immune cells as vectors. The high amounts of inflammation caused by COVID-19, compounded with potential intubation, are associated with a deleterious effect on the cognition as well. Finally, the pandemic’s unique psychosocial impact has raised alarm due to its possible effect on cognition. Furthermore, with surfacing reports of post-COVID-vaccination cognitive impairments after vaccines containing mRNA encoding for spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, we hypothesize their causality and ways to mitigate the risk. The potential impact on the quality of life of an individual and the fact that even a minor proportion of COVID-19 cases developing cognitive impairment could be a significant burden on already overwhelmed healthcare systems across the world make it vital to gather further evidence regarding the prevalence, presentation, correlations, and causality of these events and reevaluate our approach to accommodate early identification, management, and rehabilitation of patients exhibiting cognitive symptoms.
Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis Incidence in Korean Adolescents before and after COVID-19
Authors: Choi Hyo Geun , Kong Il Gyu
Published: August 2021

With changes in personal habits (masks and handwashing) during the COVID-19 outbreak, the study analyzed the reporting of physician-diagnosed cases (incidence) of allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis) using the data for years 2019 and 2020 from the Korean adolescent risk behavior web-based survey (KYRBWS-15 and 16). Altogether, 92,659 adolescents (48,443 in 2019 and 44,216 in 2020) were enrolled. The crude and adjusted odd ratios (ORs) were calculated for each disease in 2020 compared to that in 2019 using multiple logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were performed according to sex and economic status. The incidence of asthma decreased from 1.5% in 2019 to 1.0% 2020 (p < 0.001). The incidence of allergic rhinitis in 2019 and 2020 was 19.5% and 16.3%, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared with 2019, the adjusted OR (aOR) in 2020 was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.66–0.77, p value < 0.001) for asthma and 0.82 (95% CI = 0.78–0.85, p < 0.001) for allergic rhinitis. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of atopic dermatitis in 2019 and that in 2020 (6.4%, vs. 6.4%, p > 0.05, respectively). Subgroup analyses results were consistent. In conclusion, there was decrease in the incidence of asthma and allergic rhinitis but not in that of atopic dermatitis from 2019 to 2020.
Accuracy of Patient-Specific Drilling Guides in Acetabular Fracture Surgery: A Human Cadaver Study
Authors: Meesters Anne M. L. , Assink Nick , ten Duis Kaj , Fennema Eelco M. , Kraeima Joep , Witjes Max J. H. , de Vries Jean-Paul P. M. , Stirler Vincent M. A. , IJpma Frank F. A.
Published: August 2021

Due to the complex anatomical shape of the pelvis, screw placement can be challenging in acetabular fracture surgery. This study aims to assess the accuracy of screw placement using patient-specific surgical drilling guides applied to pre-contoured conventional implants in acetabular fracture surgery. CT scans were made of four human cadavers to create 3D models of each (unfractured) pelvis. Implants were pre-contoured on 3D printed pelvic models and optically scanned. Following virtual preoperative planning, surgical drilling guides were designed to fit on top of the implant and were 3D printed. The differences between the pre-planned and actual screw directions (degrees) and screw entry points (mm) were assessed from the pre- and postoperative CT-scans. The median difference between the planned and actual screw direction was 5.9° (IQR: 4–8°) for the in-plate screws and 7.6° (IQR: 6–10°) for the infra-acetabular and column screws. The median entry point differences were 3.6 (IQR: 2–5) mm for the in-plate screws and 2.6 (IQR: 2–3) mm for the infra-acetabular and column screws. No screws penetrated into the hip joint or caused soft tissue injuries. Three-dimensional preoperative planning in combination with surgical guides that envelope pre-contoured conventional implants result in accurate screw placement during acetabular fracture surgery.
Non-Covalent BTK Inhibitors—The New BTKids on the Block for B-Cell Malignancies
Authors: Lewis Katharine L , Cheah Chan Y
Published: August 2021

The B-cell receptor signalling pathway plays a critical role in development of B-cell malignancies, and the central role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) activation in this pathway provides compelling rationale for BTK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for these conditions. Covalent BTK inhibitors (BTKi) have transformed the treatment landscape of B-cell malignancies, but adverse events and treatment resistance have emerged as therapeutic challenges, with the majority of patients eventually discontinuing treatment due to toxicity or disease progression. Non-covalent BTKi have alternative mechanisms of binding to BTK than covalent BTKi, and therefore offer a therapeutic alternative for patients with B-cell malignancies, including those who have been intolerant to, or experienced disease progression during treatment with a covalent BTKi. Here, we summarise the clinical data, adverse events and mechanisms of resistance observed with covalent BTKi and describe the emerging data for non-covalent BTKi as a novel treatment for B-cell malignancies.
Resistance to Neuromuscular Blockade by Rocuronium in Surgical Patients with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Lee Stephanie , Robinson Karyn , Lodge Madison , Theroux Mary , Miller Freeman , Akins Robert
Published: August 2021

Individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) often exhibit altered sensitivities to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) used for surgical intubation. We assessed usage of the NMBA rocuronium in patients with spastic CP and evaluated potential modifiers of dosing including gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level, birthweight, gestational age, and the use of anticonvulsant therapy. In a case-control study, surgical patients with spastic CP (n = 64) or with idiopathic or non-neuromuscular conditions (n = 73) were enrolled after informed consent/assent. Patient data, GMFCS level, anticonvulsant use, and rocuronium dosing for intubation and post-intubation neuromuscular blockade were obtained from medical records. Findings reveal participants with CP required more rocuronium per body weight for intubation than controls (1.00 ± 0.08 versus 0.64 ± 0.03 mg/kg; p < 0.0001). Dosing increased with GMFCS level (Spearman’s rho = 0.323; p = 0.005), and participants with moderate to severe disability (GMFCS III-V) had elevated rocuronium with (1.21 ± 0.13 mg/kg) or without (0.86 ± 0.09 mg/kg) concurrent anticonvulsant therapy. Children born full-term or with birthweight >2.5 kg in the CP cohort required more rocuronium than preterm and low birthweight counterparts. Individuals with CP exhibited highly varied and significant resistance to neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium that was related to GMFCS and gestational age and weight at birth.
Physical Activity and Bone Vascularization: A Way to Explore in Bone Repair Context?
Authors: Wazzani Rkia , Pallu Stéphane , Bourzac Céline , Ahmaïdi Saïd , Portier Hugues , Jaffré Christelle
Published: August 2021

Physical activity is widely recognized as a biotherapy by WHO in the fight and prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. It reduces the risk of disabling fractures associated with many comorbidities, and whose repair is a major public health and economic issue. Bone tissue is a dynamic supportive tissue that reshapes itself according to the mechanical stresses to which it is exposed. Physical exercise is recognized as a key factor for bone health. However, the effects of exercise on bone quality depend on exercise protocols, duration, intensity, and frequency. Today, the effects of different exercise modalities on capillary bone vascularization, bone blood flow, and bone angiogenesis remain poorly understood and unclear. As vascularization is an integral part of bone repair process, the analysis of the preventive and/or curative effects of physical exercise is currently very undeveloped. Angiogenesis–osteogenesis coupling may constitute a new way for understanding the role of physical activity, especially in fracturing or in the integration of bone biomaterials. Thus, this review aimed to clarify the link between physical activities, vascularization, and bone repair.
Consequences and Remedies of Indigenous Language Loss in Canada
Authors: Khawaja Masud
Published: August 2021

Many Indigenous languages in Canada are facing the threat of extinction. While some languages remain in good health, others have already been lost completely. Immediate action must be taken to prevent further language loss. Throughout Canada’s unacceptable history of expunging First Nations’ ways of life, systemic methods such as residential schools attempted to eradicate Indigenous cultures and languages. These efforts were not entirely successful but Indigenous language and culture suffered greatly. For Indigenous communities, language loss impaired intergenerational knowledge transfer and compromised their personal identity. Additionally, the cumulative effects of assimilation have contributed to poor mental and physical health outcomes amongst Indigenous people. However, language reclamation has been found to improve well-being and sense of community. To this objective, this paper explores the historical context of this dilemma, the lasting effects of assimilation, and how this damage can be remediated. Additionally, we examine existing Indigenous language programs in Canada and the barriers that inhibit the programs’ widespread success. Through careful analysis, such barriers may be overcome to improve the efficacy of the programs. Institutions must quickly implement positive changes to preserve Indigenous languages as fluent populations are rapidly disappearing.
Exploring the Diverse Family Structures in South Korea: Experiences and Perspectives of Nonmartial Cohabitants
Authors: Byoun Soo-Jung , Choi Shinwoo , Kim Hye-Young
Published: August 2021

Historically, South Korean society has been deeply influenced by Confucianism, which has an emphasis on the traditional family structure. If a given family does not belong in the “traditional” norm, which is composed of husband, wife, and children, they are often discriminated against and ostracized. Despite the increasing number of nonmarital cohabiters in South Korea, research is still insufficient to understand the phenomenon. This study explores the prevalence of nonmarital cohabitation in South Korea, which is still met with discrimination. Online surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted with cohabiters to gain an understanding of the phenomenon and to explore their marriage and family values. The findings of this study indicate that cohabiters who chose cohabitation as an alternative to marriage had more progressive values. Findings from the study provide implications for practice and policy.
Antibacterial therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding
Authors: Zamalutdinova A.G. , Kulagina L.Yu. , Nigmedzyanova \A.Z. , Kanner E.V. , Maksimov M.L.
Published: August 2021

The use of drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding remains one of the least studied, but important issues in pharmacology today. When choosing medicinal products during pregnancy, one of the crucial principles is to ensure the safety of the embryo and fetus. Among the generally accepted rules aimed at eliminating fetal risk, a decrease in the dosage of the drug to the lower limit of the therapeutic range is usually named. However, one should take into account the changes that occur in the body of a pregnant woman: the body weight and the volume of circulating blood rise, the excretion of drugs is accelerated (the clearance increases), which, on the contrary, requires an increase in the dosages of individual drugs to maintain therapeutic efficacy. Antibacterial drugs (ABD) are the most difficult group of drugs to use, since they require taking into account not only the mechanism of action of drugs, but also the basics of clinical microbiology. ABD occupy a special place in clinical practice, as they are one of the most frequently prescribed classes of drugs.
Recombinant cytokines in the practice of the therapist
Authors: Antonenko Margarita Valentinovna
Published: August 2021

The article contains information presented in the open press based on the results of studies of the clinical efficacy of recombinant interleukin 2. Roncoleukin provides immune protection against tumor cells, pathogens of viral, bacterial and fungal nature, activates the processes of tissue repair and regeneration, promotes adequate interaction of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems. Interleukin-2 is an activation, proliferation and differentiation factor for T- and B-lymphocytes, T-regulatory cells, natural killer cells, monocytes / macrophages, dendritic and oligodendroglial cells; protects activated T cells from premature death (apoptosis) and cancels immunological tolerance.
Clinical and radiological picture of vertebrogenic lumbosacral dorsopathy in manual laborers
Authors: Gallyamova S. A. , Shaykhlislamova E. R. , Gareeva L. F. , Volgareva A. D. , Valeeva E. T.
Published: August 2021

In the clinic of occupational diseases, the issues of objective and early diagnosis of disorders of the body’s functions associated with long-term industrial activity of workers whose work is associated with functional loads that contribute to the formation of pathology of the lumbosacral spine are very relevant. In the present study, in 60 male employees of heavy physical labor caused by static and / or dynamic load on the lumbosacral spine, changes in electroneuromyographic and radiological parameters were evaluated, which reflected the clinical dynamics of the development of peripheral and musculoskeletal system disorders and were more often observed in trained employees compared to persons who were not subjected to chronic physical overload.
Conventional and molecular identification of Brucella isolates from livestock in Turkey
Authors: ERDENLİG GÜRBİLEK Sevil , BAKLAN Emin Ayhan , SAĞLAM Gülnur , KARAGÜL Mustafa Sencer , SAYTEKİN Ahmet Murat
Published: August 2021

The main object of the study is to demonstrate that Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR, which is capable of identify all Brucella species including vaccinal strains, is a safe and practical method that is alternative to bacteriological culture methods. Brucellosis is a zoonosis of great socio-economic importance which is endemic in Turkey. In three-year period from 2009 to 2011, a total of 281 Brucella spp. isolates from cattle, sheep and goats were identified and characterized by both conventional biotyping procedures and the PCR based method called Bruce-ladder. Species identification from both phenotypic testing and Bruce-ladder was concordant for all isolates tested. The results showed preferred host pattern in B.abortus isolates. In terms of species identity, it was found that 94% of the isolations derived from cattle were B.abortus and were exclusively biotype 3. B.melitensis biotype 3 and biotype 1 were the prevelant biotypes in sheep and goats. Two isolates from sheep were identified as B.melitensis Rev.1 vaccine strain. Surprisingly, one of the goat isolates was identified as B.abortus S19 vaccine strain. Other interesting observations were the isolation of penicilin-sensitive non vaccine strains of B.abortus and B.melitensis as well as an isolation of an atypical B.abortus biotype 3 strain on the basis of growth inhibition in the presence of basic fuchsin dye. At the end of this study, it was concluded that monitoring Brucella isolates and identify them are indispensable epidemiological tool for brucellosis control
Effect of Dietary Phosphorus on Growth and Its Excretion in Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon
Authors: AMBASANKAR K. , ALI S. AHAMAD , DAYAL J. SYAMA
Published: August 2021

Six semi-purified diets were formulated with supplemented phosphorus levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% at a fixed calcium level of 1.25% and the effect of dietary phosphorus on growth, FCR, body phosphorus and its excretion in shrimp Penaeus monodon was studied. The results of a 45 day feeding trial, in triplicate, on the juveniles of P. monodon (initial average live –weight 2.54 ±0.28g) had shown that phosphorus is indispensable in the diet and the best performance (147.3 and 154.5% increase in live-weight and 1.44 and 1.57 FCR) was recorded by the diet supplemented with 1.0 and 1.5% phosphorus which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the performance of the other diets tested. Higher phosphorus supplementation suppressed growth and increased FCR. The shrimp maintained body phosphorus and calcium levels in a ratio of 1:3 irrespective of dietary levels of phosphorus. There was no significant change in the proximate composition of post feeding trial shrimp. Phosphorus excretion in faeces of P. monodon increased proportionately with dietary phosphorus while the excretion level far exceeded the body phosphorus level in the shrimp fed with diets having supplemented phosphorus level above 1.5%. Even the shrimp fed with 0% phosphorus diet had 0.10% phosphorus in their faeces. The phosphorus levels in shrimp feeds vis-a-vis its excretion into aquaculture environment have been discussed.
A Preliminary Study on the Maturation and Reproduction of Spinibarbus denticulatus (Oshima, 1926), an Indigenous Species of Northern Vietnam
Authors: TRUNG D.V. , BART AMRIT
Published: August 2021

These preliminary studies were conducted to understand some of the basic reproduction parameters of the indigenous carp, Spinibarbus denticulatus (Oshima 1926) as a prelude to more specific research studies, and the subsequent development of hatchery technology. Gonad and oocyte development was assessed over a 12 month period. Observation of the annuli rings of the fish scale was found to be a reliable means of measuring fish age. Mature males were smaller and matured earlier (4 years) than females (5 years). The gonadosomic index revealed two peaks (April and October). Oocytes, developing at various stages were examined from January to March. In January the oocytes sizes were uniformly small. Two distinct oocyte-size groups were observed in the February sampling and three size groups were observed in March. The proportion of large-size oocytes (55%) was higher compared to mid-size (26%) and small-size (19%) oocytes during the near peak spawning months. The average number of oocytes in the ovaries in a female was 31,041. The mean sperm concentration was 8.42±0.36 million cells per ml with only a small amount (3.3±0.2 ml) of total expressible milt per male. However, when induced with LHRHa the milt production increased to 6.2±0.5 ml without an increase in the total number of sperm cells. The species shows potential for mass production; however, low fecundity and late puberty could present obstacles to artificial seed production.
Ichthyotoxicity and Rotenone Stability of Derris trifoliata (Leguminosae) Acetone Formulations
Authors: SUMERA F.C. , CONATO M.T.
Published: August 2021

The stability of the acetone extract of Derris trifoliata (as a more accessible piscicide for fishpond management) was compared with those of Derris elliptica (Leguminosae) for a duration of seven months with respect to toxicity and rotenone content to Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae). Extract formulation of D. elliptica was found to retain its fish toxicity throughout the duration of the experiment without exposure to sunlight while that of D. trifoliata was found to decrease after only about a month. The toxicity of D. trifoliata and D. elliptica formulations were maintained longer, when their extracts were refrigerated at around 9 – 10o C. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC) revealed that although fish toxicity is maintained, rotenone concentration continued to decrease in D. elliptica extracts much faster at conditions where the extracts were exposed to sunlight than if kept in a refrigerator or simply kept inside a room at ambient conditions. However, for the D. trifoliata extract, not much difference was found if it was kept exposed or not to sunlight, as the rotenone concentration in both conditions continued to drop. Placing the extract at 9 – 10o C in a refrigerator prevented this rapid degradation of rotenone. A better way of preventing the toxicity to decrease and the rotenone to degrade was by partitioning the acetone extract between chloroform and water, taking the chloroform extract, evaporating, collecting and reformulating it when needed. This new formulation showed better rotenone stability and consistent toxicity throughout the seven months of experimental observation.
Growth Response and Feed Utilization in the Cichlid, Tilapia zilli Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) Detergent
Authors: ARIMORO F.O. , AGBON A.O.
Published: August 2021

Fingerlings of the cichlid Tilapia zilli, were exposed to various sublethal concentrations of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) detergent, a toxicant, and the effects on growth response indices and feed utilization were recorded using biostatic assays. Water quality was also monitored. The fish were exposed in aerated tanks for 12 weeks, at concentrations of 1.56, 0.39, 0.196, 0.098 and 0.00 (control) mgL-1. No mortality occurred in the exposed fish or in the control group. The toxicant led to significant depression in weight gain in direct proportion to concentrations of the toxicant. Feed utilization was significantly reduced. The environmental impacts on fish of detergents in an ecosystem are discussed.
Artificial Induction of Ovulation in Pondraised Mahseer, Tor khudree Using Carp Pituitary and Ovaprim
Authors: KESHAVANATH P. , GANGADHARA B. , BASAVARAJA N. , NANDEESHA M.C.
Published: August 2021

A total of 102 induced breeding trials were carried out at Harangi, Karnataka between 1993 and 1997, with a view to standardize hatchery technology for pond-raised mahseer, Tor khudree. The initial seeds for raising the broodstock were brought from Lonavla, Maharashtra in 1990 and reared in mud-bottomed masonry ponds. Male and female brood fish were maintained separately and fed on improved diets. Female brood were injected with HCG at 5 mg•kg-1 once a month from December till the onset of monsoon in June, to improve fecundity. In all the trials, observations on water temperature, response of females to inducing agent, weight of females that responded, fecundity, time required for ovulation and fertilization rate were recorded. The following are the findings from the series of breeding trials conducted with different objectives. Between the two inducing agents evaluated, Ovaprim performed better in terms of response of female (40%), than pituitary extract (29.63%). Feeding broodstock with a diet having 24.5% crude protein resulted in higher ovulation response, shorter time for ovulation and higher fertilization rate of eggs, compared to 31.5% crude protein diet. Plankton weight recorded in ponds fed on low protein was less than in ponds receiving high protein diet, indicating better utilization of natural food in the former. Cryopreserved spermatozoa performed comparably (P>0.05) with that of normal spermatozoa in terms of fertilization rate and quality of hatchlings. The duration of egg hatching and yolk absorption were found to be temperature dependent. Fertilized eggs incubated in Mangalore at 27-28o C took 60 hours for hatching and 95 hours for yolk sac absorption, compared to 120 hours taken for hatching and 238 hours for yolk absorption by those maintained at 20-24o C in Harangi.
Hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an dan Hubungannya dengan Nilai Akademis Siswa
Authors: Sholeha Amalia , Rabbanie Muhammad Dahlan
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah hubungan yang signifikan antara hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an dengan nilai akademis siswa kelas tahfidz di MAN 1 Bogor. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus, teknik pengumpulan data melalui penyebaran angket kepada 59 siswa kelas tahfidz sebagai sampel objek penelitian Populasi penelitian sebanyak 70 siswa. Teknik yang digunakan oleh peneliti yaitu random sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel hafalan Al Qurâ€™an dan variabel nilai akademis dihitung dengan Pearson Correlation, nilai koefisien korelasi yang diperoleh antara variabel tersebut sebesar 0,531. Nilai koefisien determinasi dalam analisis ini diperoleh nilai 0,282 yang berarti 28,2% variabel nilai akademis siswa bisa dijelaskan dari variabel hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dikatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang cukup antara variabel hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an dan variabel nilai akademis siswa kelas tahfidz. Artinya semakin baik dalam hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an maka akan membuat nilai akademis siswa semakin baik.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah hubungan yang signifikanantara hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an dengan nilai akademis siswa kelas tahfidz di MAN1 Bogor. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif denganmenggunakan metode studi kasus, teknik pengumpulan data melaluipenyebaran angket kepada 59 siswa kelas tahfidz sebagai sampel objekpenelitian Populasi penelitian sebanyak 70 siswa. Teknik yang digunakanoleh peneliti yaitu random sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkanbahwa ada hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel hafalan Al Qurâ€™andan variabel nilai akademis dihitung dengan Pearson Correlation,nilai koefisien korelasi yang diperoleh antara variabel tersebut sebesar0,531. Nilai koefisien determinasi dalam analisis ini diperoleh nilai 0,282yang berarti 28,2% variabel nilai akademis siswa bisa dijelaskan darivariabel hafalan Al-Qurâ€™an. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dikatakanbahwa terdapat hubungan yang cukup antara variabel hafalan Al-Qurâ€™andan variabel nilai akademis siswa kelas tahfidz. Artinya semakin baik dalamhafalan Al-Qurâ€™an maka akan membuat nilai akademis siswa semakin baik.
EXPLORING TIRUMULAR'S LOVE OF THE BODY IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: M Padma Priya
Published: August 2021

The principles of the Siddharthas are instructive of the ideas of instability. In particular, it is advisable to go beyond the stages of yak (physical) instability, youth instability, and wealth instability and ignore worldly attachments as everything is unstable. Furthermore, it is possible that the songs sound like a body that depicts the body as an erotic state and regrets the depravity of the body. However, some Siddhas refer to the body as the state of the Lord. Notable among them is Tirumular. He loves the body as Shiva. His songs transform the ordinary human body into a body of devotion. Kayasitthi's lifestyle is revealed in the package "Udale Sivam". When songs about Tirumular's health are studied with psychological factors, the intuitional stimuli of his life experience resonate in the songs.
NEW RULES AND THOLKAAPPIYA RULES IN NANNUL GRAMMAR
Authors: Devi Manonmani
Published: August 2021

Next to the canonical Tholkaappiyam, the book entitled 'Nannool' stands out as the one that closely follows the Tamil grammatical tradition. This book can be considered as a sequel to the 'Tholkaappiyam' with respect to the rudimentary Tamil grammar rules used, though some of which have been omitted over the years, with some improvisations added. 'Nannool' has fine-tuned some aspects which Tholkaappiyam had eleborated in detail to an easier & simplified version of understanding and at the same time consolidated the grammar knowledge within it.  The 'word punarchi' rules found in 'Nannool' along with the new added-on 'word punarchi' rules not mentioned in Tholkaappiyam are looked at closely and reviewed in detail in this study. This is the primary aim of this study.