bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis?
Authors: Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina , Grywalska Ewelina , Hrynkiewicz Rafał , Bębnowska Dominika , Wołącewicz Mikołaj , Majchrzak Adam , Parczewski Miłosz
Published: July 2021

Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors). However, numerous uncertainties remain, making it difficult to lower the mortality rate, especially among critically ill patients. While looking for a new means of understanding the pathomechanisms of the disease, we asked a question—is our immunity key to resolving these uncertainties? In this review, we attempt to answer this question, and summarize, interpret, and discuss the available knowledge concerning the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T-cells in COVID-19. These are considered to be the first line of defense against pathogens and, thus, we chose to emphasize their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although immunologic alterations are the subject of constant research, they are poorly understood and often underestimated. This review provides background information for the expansion of research on the novel, immunity-oriented approach to diagnostic and treatment possibilities.
Needs Assessment for the Development of an Electronic Cross-Facility Health Record (ECHR) for Pediatric Palliative Care: A Design Thinking Approach
Authors: Busse Theresa Sophie , Jux Chantal , Kernebeck Sven , Dreier Larissa Alice , Meyer Dorothee , Zenz Daniel , Zernikow Boris , Ehlers Jan Peter
Published: July 2021

Background: Pediatric palliative care (PPC) is characterized by years of multisectoral and multi-professional care. Sharing information between PPC professionals is, therefore, essential for quality care. The evidence shows that electronic cross-facility health records (ECHRs) provide useful support in this context. To our knowledge, no ECHRs have been developed through a user-centered approach for this specific setting in Germany. Methods: Guided by design thinking, first, qualitative interviews were conducted to assess the needs of PPC professionals. Second, the elicited needs were specified in focus groups (FGs). Based on the needs stated in the interviews, prototypes of the ECHR were developed and discussed in the FGs. The indicated needs were supplemented and specified in an iterative process. The prototypes were further adapted according to these results. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology was the basic model in the evaluation of needs. Results: Across seven main categories, past and current medication, emergency view, and messaging functions were identified as the participants’ desired core components of an ECHR. Utilizing design thinking facilitated the explicit articulation of user needs. Conclusions: Developing an ECHR with the content identified would allow for real-time data during emergencies, tracking what other PPC professionals have done, and making the applied treatments visible to others. This would offer a broader picture of the complex conditions common to PPC.
Parental Response to Only Children: Breaking the Stereotypes
Authors: Levy Rona L. , Murphy Tasha B. , Kamp Kendra , Langer Shelby L. , van Tilburg Miranda A. L.
Published: July 2021

While much has been written about the relationship between only child status and parents’ behavior toward children, and consequent personality and intelligence, little is known about the relationship between only child status, parental response to illness, and subsequent child illness behavior. In this study, 227 mothers of 342 children completed measures designed to assess: (a) their children’s school attendance, (b) their own psychological status, and (c) their own responses to their children’s expressions of stomach pain. Parents of only children were more likely to minimize their children’s gastrointestinal symptoms than were parents of children with at least one sibling. In addition, only children were less likely to miss school. Parental protectiveness did not differ as a function of only child status. These findings are somewhat discrepant with commonly held beliefs about parents’ patterns of responding to only children.
Effects on Recovery of Pediatric Patients Undergoing Total Intravenous Anesthesia with Propofol versus Ketofol for Short—Lasting Laparoscopic Procedures
Authors: Biliškov Ana , Ivančev Božena , Pogorelić Zenon
Published: July 2021

Background: Combining ketamine and propofol (ketofol) was suggested as a new concept for sedation and general anesthesia in pediatric populations for various conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and ketofol on recovery after laparoscopic surgery in pediatric patients. Methods: Two hundred children with median age of 5 years who underwent laparoscopic surgery were randomized into two groups. Propofol 1% was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in group I, while ketamine-propofol combination (ketofol) was used in group II. Ketamine-propofol combination (ketofol) was prepared in the same applicator for group II. Ketofol ratios of 1:4 and 1:7 were used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, respectively. A reduced McFarlan infusion dose was used in group I (1.2, 1.0, and 0.8 mL/kg/h for 15, 15, and 30 min, respectively), while a McFarlan infusion dose was used in group II (1.5, 1.3, and 1.1 mL/kg/h for 15, 15, and 30 min, respectively). Extubating time, duration of anesthesia, and length of stay in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) were recorded. Results: Extubating time was significantly lower in the ketofol group than in the propofol group (240 s vs. 530 s; p < 0.00001). Significantly shorter duration of anesthesia (47 min vs. 60 min; p < 0.00001) as well as length of stay in the PACU (35 min vs. 100 min; p < 0.00001) were recorded in ketofol compared to the propofol group. Total fentanyl (100 µg (interquartile range, IQR 80, 125) vs. 50 µg (IQR 40, 60); p < 0.00001) and propofol (260 mg (IQR 200, 350) vs. 160 mg (IQR 120, 210); p < 0.00001) consumption per body weight were significantly lower in the ketofol group. Conclusions: TIVA with ketamine-propofol combination (ketofol) using a reduced McFarlan dose regimen shortened extubating time, duration of anesthesia, as well as length of stay in the PACU in pediatric anesthesia after laparoscopic surgery.
Evaluation of the Erosive and Cariogenic Potential of Over-the-Counter Pediatric Liquid Analgesics and Antipyretics
Authors: Jung Eun-Ha , Jun Mi-Kyoung
Published: July 2021

To evaluate the cariogenic and erosive potentials of over-the-counter pediatric oral liquid antipyretics and analgesics, we tested nine over-the-counter pediatric oral liquid medications classified as antipyretic or analgesic medicines available in Korea. For each substance, we measured the pH with a pH meter and the sugar content with a sugar content meter. We determined the titratable acidity (TA) levels based on the volumes of NaOH solution that had to be added to reach a pH of 7.0. We also evaluated the dental erosion potentials with an International Organization for Standardization method based on observing changes in the pH of a CaPO4 solution upon introducing a small volume of the solution to be tested. The oral liquid medications had pH values of 3.40–5.68. In the TA assessments, several oral liquid medications required greater volumes of NaOH solution to reach a pH of 7.0. The dental erosion potentials varied but correlated strongly with the NaOH volumes needed to reach a neutral pH (r = 0.84; p < 0.0001). Many oral liquid antipyretics and analgesics have features that can promote dental erosion. A correct understanding of pediatric antipyretics and analgesics is required in dentistry for children’s oral health.
Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Germination of Hordéum Vulgáre Barley Seeds
Authors: Siddiqui Shahida Anusha , Blinov Andrey Vladimirovich , Serov Alexander Vladimirovich , Gvozdenko Alexey Alekseevich , Kravtsov Alexander Aleksandrovich , Nagdalian Andrey Ashotovich , Raffa Vladislav Viktorovich , Maglakelidze David Guramievich , Blinova Anastasiya Alexandrovna , Kobina Anna Vitalievna , Golik Alexey Borisovich , Ibrahim Salam A.
Published: July 2021

Within the framework of this study, the effect of nanoparticles of the essential trace element selenium stabilized by Polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) C15 (8 ± 2 kDa) and ascorbic acid on the germination of barley seeds has been studied. Selenium nanoparticles stabilized by PVP C15 (8 ± 2 kDa) and ascorbic acid, characterized by a spherical shape, monodisperse size distribution, and a diameter of about 70 ± 5 nm, were obtained by the chemical reduction method. The experiment compared the effect of selenium nanoparticles and selenous acid on seed germination. The positive effect of preparation of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by PVP C15 (8 ± 2 kDa) and ascorbic acid on the length of roots and shoots, the number of roots, and the percentage of seed germination has been revealed. It was determined that the highest percentage of Hordeum vulgare L. culture seed germination was achieved using a preparation of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by PVP C15 (8 ± 2 kDa) and ascorbic acid at a concentration of of 4.65 µg/mL. Analysis of the results showed that selenium in the form of nanoparticles has an order of magnitude that is less toxic than in the form of selenous acid. The study of morphological and functional parameters during the germination of Hordeum vulgare L. seeds allowed us to conclude that selenium nanoparticles can be successfully used in agronomy and agriculture to provide plants with the essential microelement selenium, which is necessary for the normal growth and development of crops.
Optimization of the Active Layer P3HT:PCBM for Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Shaban Mohamed , Benghanem Mohamed , Almohammedi Abdullah , Rabia Mohamed
Published: July 2021

ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC60BM/Mg-Al organic solar cells (OSCs) were fabricated depending on optimization of Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-Butyric-Acid-Methyl Ester (PC60BM). The optimization of the active layer, P3HT:PC60BM, was carried out under different spin frequencies coating from 900 to 3000 rpm. The post-production annealing temperature of all prepared OSC was studied from 130 to 190 °C. The holes transport layer, poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), was prepared under constant conditions of 3000 rpm for 35 s, and annealing temperature 178 °C for 15 min. From our study, the optimum conditions for P3HT:PC60BM were spin coating of 3000 rpm, and annealing temperature of 160 °C for 5 min. The optimum J-V parameters values for the prepared OSC were JSC = 12.01 mA/cm2, VOC = 660 mV, FF = 59%, PCE = 4.65%, and EQE = 61%. A complete OSC with acceptable efficiency was designed using simple and low-cost techniques that may be utilized in the industry. Furthermore, the cost of the synthesized solar cell is projected to be around 1 $/cm2, with the goal of lowering the cost and increasing efficiency in the future by incorporating more commercial nanostructured electron/hole transport components.
Factors Influencing Marginal Bone Loss around Dental Implants: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kowalski Jakub , Lapinska Barbara , Nissan Joseph , Lukomska-Szymanska Monika
Published: July 2021

Implant supported dental prostheses are increasingly used in dental practice. The aim of this narrative review is to present the influence of transmucosal surface of prosthetic abutment and implant on peri-implant tissue. The article describes causes of bone loss around the dental implant. Moreover, properties of different materials are compared and discussed. The advantages, disadvantages, and biomechanical concept of different implant-abutment connections are presented. The location of connections in relation to the bone level and the influence of microgap between the abutment and implant are described. Additionally, the implant abutments for cemented and screwed prosthetic restorations are compared. The influence of implant and abutment surface at the transmucosal level on peri-implant soft tissue is discussed. Finally, the biological aspect of abutment-implant connection is analyzed.
Optimal Selection of Conductors in Three-Phase Distribution Networks Using a Discrete Version of the Vortex Search Algorithm
Authors: Martínez-Gil John Fernando , Moyano-García Nicolas Alejandro , Montoya Oscar Danilo , Alarcon-Villamil Jorge Alexander
Published: July 2021

In this study, a new methodology is proposed to perform optimal selection of conductors in three-phase distribution networks through a discrete version of the metaheuristic method of vortex search. To represent the problem, a single-objective mathematical model with a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) structure is used. As an objective function, minimization of the investment costs in conductors together with the technical losses of the network for a study period of one year is considered. Additionally, the model will be implemented in balanced and unbalanced test systems and with variations in the connection of their loads, i.e., Δ- and Y-connections. To evaluate the costs of the energy losses, a classical backward/forward three-phase power-flow method is implemented. Two test systems used in the specialized literature were employed, which comprise 8 and 27 nodes with radial structures in medium voltage levels. All computational implementations were developed in the MATLAB programming environment, and all results were evaluated in DigSILENT software to verify the effectiveness and the proposed three-phase unbalanced power-flow method. Comparative analyses with classical and Chu & Beasley genetic algorithms, tabu search algorithm, and exact MINLP approaches demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization approach regarding the final value of the objective function.
Are COVID-19 Data Reliable? A Quantitative Analysis of Pandemic Data from 182 Countries
Authors: Farhadi Noah , Lahooti Hooshang
Published: July 2021

When it comes to COVID-19, access to reliable data is vital. It is crucial for the scientific community to use data reported by independent territories worldwide. This study evaluates the reliability of the pandemic data disclosed by 182 countries worldwide. We collected and assessed conformity of COVID-19 daily infections, deaths, tests, and vaccinations with Benford’s law since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. It is commonly accepted that the frequency of leading digits of the pandemic data shall conform to Benford’s law. Our analysis of Benfordness elicits that most countries partially distributed reliable data over the past eighteen months. Notably, the UK, Australia, Spain, Israel, and Germany, followed by 22 different nations, provided the most reliable COVID-19 data within the same period. In contrast, twenty-six nations, including Tajikistan, Belarus, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, published less reliable data on the coronavirus spread. In this context, over 31% of countries worldwide seem to have improved reliability. Our measurement of Benfordness moderately correlates with Johns Hopkin’s Global Health Security Index, suggesting that the quality of data may depend on national healthcare policies and systems. We conclude that economically or politically distressed societies have declined in conformity to the law over time. Our results are particularly relevant for policymakers worldwide.
Describing Sources of Uncertainty in Cancer Drug Formulary Priority Setting across Canada
Authors: Jenei Kristina , Peacock Stuart , Burgess Michael , Mitton Craig
Published: July 2021

Over the years, there have been significant advances in oncology. However, the rate that therapeutics come to market has increased, while the strength of evidence has decreased. Currently, there is limited understanding about how these uncertainties are managed in provincial funding decisions for cancer therapeutics. We conducted qualitative interviews with six senior officials from four different Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec, and Ontario) and a document review of the uncertainties found in submissions to the pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review (pCODR). Participants reported considerable uncertainty related to a lack of solid clinical evidence (early-phase clinical trials: generalizability, immature data, and the use of unvalidated surrogate outcomes). Proposed strategies to deal with the uncertainty included risk-sharing agreements, collection of real-world evidence (RWE), and ongoing collaboration between federal groups and provinces. The document review added to the reported uncertainties by classifying them into five main categories: trial validity, population, comparators, outcomes, and intervention. This study highlights how decision makers must deal with significant amounts of uncertainty in funding decisions for cancer drugs, most of which stems from methodological limitations in clinical trials. There is a critical need for transparent priority-setting processes and mechanisms to reevaluate drugs to ensure benefit given the high level of uncertainty of novel therapeutics.
Reflecting on Palliative Care Integration in Canada: A Qualitative Report
Authors: Qureshi Maryam , Robinson Maggie C. , Sinnarajah Aynharan , Chary Srini , de Groot Janet M. , Feldstain Andrea
Published: July 2021

Studies have identified integrated interdisciplinary care as a hallmark of effective palliative care. Although models attempt to show how integration may function, there is little literature available that practically explores how integration is fostered and maintained. In this study we asked palliative care clinicians across Canada to comment on how services are integrated across the healthcare system. This is an analysis of qualitative data from a larger study, wherein clinicians provided written responses regarding their experiences. Content analysis was used to identify response categories. Clinicians (n = 14) included physicians, a nurse and a social worker from six provinces. They identified the benefits of formalized relationships and collaboration pathways with other services to streamline referral and consultation. Clinicians perceived a need for better training of residents and primary care physicians in the community and more acceptance, shared understanding, and referrals. Clinicians also described integrating well with oncology departments. Lastly, clinicians considered integration a complex process with departmental, provincial, and national involvement. The needs and strengths identified by the clinicians mirror the qualities of successfully integrated palliative care programs globally and highlight specific areas in policy, education, practice, and research that could benefit those in Canada.
Ethnolichenology—The Use of Lichens in the Himalayas and Southwestern Parts of China
Authors: Yang Mei-Xia , Devkota Shiva , Wang Li-Song , Scheidegger Christoph
Published: July 2021

Lichens are used in traditional medicine, food and various other ethnic uses by cultures across the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China. Evidence-based knowledge from historical and modern literatures and investigation of ethnic uses from 1990 proved that lichen species used as medicine in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China totaled to 142 species; furthermore, 42 species were utilized as food. Moreover, some lichens are popularly used for lichen produce in ethnic and modern life. An understanding and clarification of the use of lichens in the Himalayas and southeastern parts of China can therefore be important for understanding uses of lichens elsewhere and a reference for additional research of lichen uses in the future.
The Influence of Pre-Procedural Imaging and Cystic Duct Cholangiography on Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Sato Junya , Nakahara Kazunari , Michikawa Yosuke , Morita Ryo , Suetani Keigo , Sekine Akihiro , Igarashi Yosuke , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Otsubo Takehito , Itoh Fumio
Published: July 2021

Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) for acute cholecystitis is challenging. We evaluated the influence of pre-procedural imaging and cystic duct cholangiography on ETGBD. Patients who underwent ETGBD for acute cholecystitis were retrospectively examined. The rate of gallbladder contrast on cholangiography, the accuracy of cystic duct direction and location by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and the relationship between pre-procedural imaging and the technical success of ETGBD were investigated. A total of 145 patients were enrolled in this study. Gallbladder contrast on cholangiography was observed in 29 patients. The accuracy of cystic duct direction and location (proximal or distal, right or left, and cranial or caudal) by CT were, respectively, 79%, 60%, and 58% by CT and 68%, 55%, and 58% by MRCP. Patients showing gallbladder contrast on cholangiography underwent ETGBD with a significantly shorter procedure time and a lower rate of cystic duct injury. No other factors affecting procedure time, technical success, and cystic duct injury were identified. Pre-procedural evaluation of cystic duct direction and location by CT or MRCP was difficult in patients with acute cholecystitis. Patients who showed gallbladder contrast on cholangiography showed a shorter procedure time and a lower rate of cystic duct injury.
Current Insights into Oral Cancer Diagnostics
Authors: Su Yee-Fun , Chen Yi-Ju , Tsai Fa-Tzu , Li Wan-Chun , Hsu Ming-Lun , Wang Ding-Han , Yang Cheng-Chieh
Published: July 2021

Oral cancer is one of the most common head and neck malignancies and has an overall 5-year survival rate that remains below 50%. Oral cancer is generally preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) but determining the risk of OPMD progressing to cancer remains a difficult task. Several diagnostic technologies have been developed to facilitate the detection of OPMD and oral cancer, and some of these have been translated into regulatory-approved in vitro diagnostic systems or medical devices. Furthermore, the rapid development of novel biomarkers, electronic systems, and artificial intelligence may help to develop a new era where OPMD and oral cancer are detected at an early stage. To date, a visual oral examination remains the routine first-line method of identifying oral lesions; however, this method has certain limitations and as a result, patients are either diagnosed when their cancer reaches a severe stage or a high-risk patient with OPMD is misdiagnosed and left untreated. The purpose of this article is to review the currently available diagnostic methods for oral cancer as well as possible future applications of novel promising technologies to oral cancer diagnosis. This will potentially increase diagnostic options and improve our ability to effectively diagnose and treat oral cancerous-related lesions.
Monitoring Onion Crop “Cipolla Rossa di Tropea Calabria IGP” Growth and Yield Response to Varying Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates Using UAV Imagery
Authors: Messina Gaetano , Praticò Salvatore , Badagliacca Giuseppe , Di Fazio Salvatore , Monti Michele , Modica Giuseppe
Published: July 2021

Remote sensing (RS) platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent an essential source of information in precision agriculture (PA) as they are able to provide images on a daily basis and at a very high resolution. In this framework, this study aims to identify the optimal level of nitrogen (N)-based nutrients for improved productivity in an onion field of “Cipolla Rossa di Tropea” (Tropea red onion). Following an experiment that involved the arrangement of nine plots in the onion field in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications, three different levels of N fertilization were compared: N150 (150 kg N ha−1), N180 (180 kg N ha−1), and e N210 (210 kg N ha−1). The crop cycle was monitored using multispectral (MS) UAV imagery, producing vigor maps and taking into account the yield of data. The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was used to monitor the vigor of the crop. In addition, the coverage’s class onion was spatially identified using geographical object-based image classification (GEOBIA), observing differences in SAVI values obtained in plots subjected to differentiated N fertilizer treatment. The information retrieved from the analysis of soil properties (electrical conductivity, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen), yield performance and mean SAVI index data from each field plot showed significant relationships between the different indicators investigated. A higher onion yield was evident in plot N180, in which SAVI values were higher based on the production data.
On the Aerodynamic Analysis and Conceptual Design of Bioinspired Multi-Flapping-Wing Drones
Authors: Billingsley Ethan , Ghommem Mehdi , Vasconcellos Rui , Abdelkefi Abdessattar
Published: July 2021

Many research studies have investigated the characteristics of bird flights as a source of bioinspiration for the design of flapping-wing micro air vehicles. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no drone design targeted the exploitation of the aerodynamic benefits associated with avian group formation flight. Therefore, in this work, a conceptual design of a novel multi-flapping-wing drone that incorporates multiple pairs of wings arranged in a V-shape is proposed in order to simultaneously increase the propulsive efficiency and achieve superior performance. First, a mission plan is established, and a weight estimation is conducted for both 3-member and 5-member configurations of the proposed air vehicle. Several wing shapes and airfoils are considered, and aerodynamic simulations are conducted, to determine the optimal planform, airfoil, formation angle, and angle of attack. The simulation results reveal that the proposed bioinspired design can achieve a propulsive efficiency of 73.8%. A stability analysis and tail sizing procedure are performed for both 3-member and 5-member configurations. In addition, multiple flapping mechanisms are inspected for implementation in the proposed designs. Finally, the completed prototypes’ models of the proposed multi-flapping-wing air vehicles are presented, and their features are discussed. The aim of this research is to provide a framework for the conceptual design of bioinspired multi-flapping-wing drones and to demonstrate the sizing, weight estimation, and design procedures for this new type of air vehicles. This work establishes the first multi-flapping-wing drone design which exploits the aerodynamic features of the V-formation flight observed in birds to achieve superior performance in terms of payload and endurance.
Robust Vehicle Speed Measurement Based on Feature Information Fusion for Vehicle Multi-Characteristic Detection
Authors: Yang Lei , Luo Jianchen , Song Xiaowei , Li Menglong , Wen Pengwei , Xiong Zixiang
Published: July 2021

A robust vehicle speed measurement system based on feature information fusion for vehicle multi-characteristic detection is proposed in this paper. A vehicle multi-characteristic dataset is constructed. With this dataset, seven CNN-based modern object detection algorithms are trained for vehicle multi-characteristic detection. The FPN-based YOLOv4 is selected as the best vehicle multi-characteristic detection algorithm, which applies feature information fusion of different scales with both rich high-level semantic information and detailed low-level location information. The YOLOv4 algorithm is improved by combing with the attention mechanism, in which the residual module in YOLOv4 is replaced by the ECA channel attention module with cross channel interaction. An improved ECA-YOLOv4 object detection algorithm based on both feature information fusion and cross channel interaction is proposed, which improves the performance of YOLOv4 for vehicle multi-characteristic detection and reduces the model parameter size and FLOPs as well. A multi-characteristic fused speed measurement system based on license plate, logo, and light is designed accordingly. The system performance is verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the speed measurement error rate of the proposed system meets the requirement of the China national standard GB/T 21555-2007 in which the speed measurement error rate should be less than 6%. The proposed system can efficiently enhance the vehicle speed measurement accuracy and effectively improve the vehicle speed measurement robustness.
ϕ-Informational Measures: Some Results and Interrelations
Authors: Zozor Steeve , Bercher Jean-François
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we focus on extended informational measures based on a convex function ϕ: entropies, extended Fisher information, and generalized moments. Both the generalization of the Fisher information and the moments rely on the definition of an escort distribution linked to the (entropic) functional ϕ. We revisit the usual maximum entropy principle—more precisely its inverse problem, starting from the distribution and constraints, which leads to the introduction of state-dependent ϕ-entropies. Then, we examine interrelations between the extended informational measures and generalize relationships such the Cramér–Rao inequality and the de Bruijn identity in this broader context. In this particular framework, the maximum entropy distributions play a central role. Of course, all the results derived in the paper include the usual ones as special cases.
Assessment of the Financial Autonomy of Rural Municipalities
Authors: Miceikienė Astrida , Skauronė Laima , Krikštolaitis Ričardas
Published: July 2021

The present study demonstrates the possibilities for assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities using the TOPSIS method. The study aimed to design and empirically verify the model for assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities. As a result of the empirical study, an integrated system for assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities was designed. The applicability of the TOPSIS method is demonstrated by the assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities performed for two regions of Lithuania in the period 2009–2019. The empirical study showed that medium-low level of financial autonomy was characteristic of all the rural municipalities in the selected regions. On one hand, the findings suggested the presence of “convenient dependence” of the rural municipalities on the centralised allocation. On the other hand, they signalled the lack of the incentives for the rural municipalities to make use of the capacities and create sustainable, stable economic and social prospects.
A Real-Time Detection Algorithm for Kiwifruit Defects Based on YOLOv5
Authors: Yao Jia , Qi Jiaming , Zhang Jie , Shao Hongmin , Yang Jia , Li Xin
Published: July 2021

Defect detection is the most important step in the postpartum reprocessing of kiwifruit. However, there are some small defects difficult to detect. The accuracy and speed of existing detection algorithms are difficult to meet the requirements of real-time detection. For solving these problems, we developed a defect detection model based on YOLOv5, which is able to detect defects accurately and at a fast speed. The main contributions of this research are as follows: (1) a small object detection layer is added to improve the model’s ability to detect small defects; (2) we pay attention to the importance of different channels by embedding SELayer; (3) the loss function CIoU is introduced to make the regression more accurate; (4) under the prerequisite of no increase in training cost, we train our model based on transfer learning and use the CosineAnnealing algorithm to improve the effect. The results of the experiment show that the overall performance of the improved network YOLOv5-Ours is better than the original and mainstream detection algorithms. The mAP@0.5 of YOLOv5-Ours has reached 94.7%, which was an improvement of nearly 9%, compared to the original algorithm. Our model only takes 0.1 s to detect a single image, which proves the effectiveness of the model. Therefore, YOLOv5-Ours can well meet the requirements of real-time detection and provides a robust strategy for the kiwi flaw detection system.
Valveless Piezoelectric Pump with Reverse Diversion Channel
Authors: Yao Yongming , Zhou Zhicong , Liu Huiying , Li Tianyu , Gao Xiaobin
Published: July 2021

In order to reduce backflow and improve output performance, a valveless piezoelectric pump with a reverse diversion channel was produced. The channel was designed based on the structure of the Tesla valve, which has no moving parts and can produce a high-pressure drop during reverse flow. Therefore, this special flowing channel can reduce the backflow of a valveless piezoelectric pump, which has the characteristic of one-way conduction. This work first revealed the relationship between the main structural parameters of the Tesla valve and the kinetic energy difference of liquid. Then, by using simulation software, the structure was verified to have the characteristics of effective suppression of the backflow of valveless piezoelectric pumps. Through setting multiple simulations, some important parameters that include the optimal height between the straight channels (H), the optimal angle (α) between the straight channel and the inclined channel, as well as the optimal radius (R) of the channel were confirmed. Finally, a series of prototypes were fabricated to test the output performance of this valveless piezoelectric pump. Comparing the experimental results, the optimal parameters of the Tesla valve were determined. The results suggest that when the parameters of the Tesla valve were H = 8 mm, α = 30°, and R = 3.4 mm, the output performance of this piezoelectric pump became best, which had a maximum flow rate of 79.26 mL/min with a piezoelectric actuator diameter of 35 mm, an applied voltage of 350 Vp-p, and a frequency of 28 Hz. The effect of this structure in reducing the return flow can be applied to fields such as agricultural irrigation.
5G for Construction: Use Cases and Solutions
Authors: Mendoza Jessica , de-la-Bandera Isabel , Álvarez-Merino Carlos Simón , Khatib Emil Jatib , Alonso Jesús , Casalderrey-Díaz Sebastián , Barco Raquel
Published: July 2021

The world is currently undergoing a new industrial revolution characterized by the digitization and automation of industry through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The construction sector is one of the largest sectors of the industry. Most of the tasks associated with this sector are carried out at worksites that are defined by their dynamism, decentralization, temporality, and the intervention of a large number of workers, subcontractors, machinery, equipment, and materials. These characteristics make this sector a great challenge for the implementation of ICTs. In this paper, the benefits of the use of the Fifth-Generation (5G) of mobile networks in the construction industry are presented. To that end, first, the digitization and automation needs of the sector are jointly analyzed, establishing different use cases and identifying the requirements of each one. Second, the main characteristics of 5G that address these use cases are identified. Third, a global framework for the application of 5G technology to the construction industry is proposed. Finally, an overview of some directions for future work are provided.
A New Converter for Non-Isolated PV Systems
Authors: Wang Huaibao , Lu Zhigang
Published: July 2021

A new converter for the non-isolated PV (photovoltaic) system is presented in this paper. It has the advantage that the input terminal of the proposed converter is connected to the output negative terminal. In this way, the parasitic capacitance is bypassed to eliminate the undesirable leakage current. The proposed converter can achieve the step-up voltage with four switches only. Aside from that, the carried-based modulation is used, and the control structure is simple. The article analyzes the working modes and control strategy of the proposed converter. In addition, a comparative analysis is provided. The feasibility of the proposed converter under different working modes is verified by simulation. Finally, the digital control prototype with DSP plus FPGA is established and the experimental tests are carried out. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
An Isolated Power Factor Corrected Cuk Converter with Integrated Magnetics for Brushless DC Ceiling Fan Applications
Authors: Khan Hashim Raza , Kazmi Majida , Ashraf Haris Bin , Hashir Bin Khalid Muhammad , Hasan Abul , Qazi Saad Ahmed
Published: July 2021

The usage of BLDC motors in the low-power range is increasing rapidly in home appliances such as ceiling fans. This has necessitated the development of reliable, compact and efficient AC-DC power supplies for motor drive circuitry. This paper presents a power supply design consisting of an AC-DC isolated PFC Cuk converter with integrated magnetics that supplies a single-shunt voltage source inverter for the sensorless drive of the BLDC fan motor. The proposed power supply design is comprised of an integrated magnetics structure in which the two inductors and the transformer windings share the same core. The zero input and output ripple current conditions have been derived from the reluctance model of the magnetic assembly. Smooth operation of the motor by minimizing the motor torque ripples is evident from the results. The Cuk converter operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM), employing the current multiplier method. The CCM-based current multiplier control loop ensures a near-unity power factor as well as low total harmonic distortion in the supply current. The current loop also provides over-current protection, enhancing reliability of the system. Moreover, the speed of the BLDC motor is controlled by the field oriented control (FOC) algorithm, which enables direct operation with alternate energy sources such as batteries and solar photovoltaic panels. The performance of the proposed supply is validated: motor torque ripple is reduced to only 2.14% while maintaining 0.999 power factor and only 4.72% THD at full load. Failure modes analysis has also been performed through software simulations, using the PLECS simulation environment. Due to the reliable power supply design with low ripples, it is well suited for low-power BLDC motors in home appliances and small power tools, in addition to ceiling fans.
Token-Based Authentication Framework for 5G MEC Mobile Networks
Authors: Niewolski Wojciech , Nowak Tomasz W. , Sepczuk Mariusz , Kotulski Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

MEC technology provides a distributed computing environment in 5G mobile networks for application and service hosting. It allows customers with different requirements and professional competencies to use the services offered by external suppliers. We consider a service access control framework on 5G MEC networks that is efficient, flexible, and user-friendly. Its central element is the MEC Enabler, which handles AAA requests for stakeholders accessing services hosted on the edge servers. The JSON Web Token (JWT) open standard is a suitable tool for the MEC Enabler to manage access control credentials and transfer them securely between parties. In this paper, in the context of access control, we propose the token reference pattern called JSON MEC Access Token (JMAT) and analyze the effectiveness of its available protection methods in compliance with the standard requirements of MEC-hosted services in 5G networks.
Office Room Channel Modeling and Object Attenuation at Sub-THz Frequencies
Authors: De Beelde Brecht , Tanghe Emmeric , Desset Claude , Bourdoux André , Plets David , Joseph Wout
Published: July 2021

Large bandwidths are needed to meet the high-throughput requirements of future wireless communication systems. These larger bandwidths are available at mmWave and sub-THz frequencies, such as the V-band ranging from 50 to 75 GHz and the D-band ranging from 110 to 170 GHz. In this paper, we present channel measurements in an office environment, covering the full D-band. Line-of-Sight (LOS) path loss (PL) is modeled as a function of frequency and distance. Both a single-frequency floating-intercept and multi-frequency alpha-beta-gamma model provide a good fit to the measured LOS PL data. Attenuation due to blockage of the LOS path by various desk objects, such as computer peripherals and cables, is determined, as well as attenuation due to plant obstructions. Attenuation due to an obstructed LOS path ranges from 3 dB for a single universal serial bus (USB) cable, and up to 25 dB for a laptop power supply, computer mouse, computer monitor, or plant. Because of a higher diffraction angle, the measured attenuation is higher when the distance between the antennas decreases. We measure diffraction around a computer monitor for dual polarization and verify whether communication via the reflected non Line-of-Sight path makes high-throughput wireless communication possible when the LOS path is blocked.
The Impact of COVID-19 in Collaborative Programming. Understanding the Needs of Undergraduate Computer Science Students
Authors: Lacave Carmen , Molina Ana Isabel
Published: July 2021

Collaborative learning activities have become a common practice in current university studies due to the implantation of the EHEA. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a radical and abrupt change in the teaching–learning model used in most universities, and in the way students’ group work is carried out. Given this new situation, our interest is focused on discovering how computer science students have approached group programming tasks. For this purpose, we have designed a cross-sectional pilot study to explore, from both social and technological points of view, how students carried out their group programming activities during the shutdown of universities, how they are doing them now, when social distance must be maintained, and what they have missed in both situations. The results of the study indicate that during the imposed confinement, the students adopted a programming model based on work division or distributed peer programming, and very few made use of synchronous distributed collaboration tools. After the lockdown, the students mostly opted for a model based on collaborative programming and there was an increased use of synchronous distributed collaboration tools. The specific communication, synchronization, and coordination functionalities they considered most useful or necessary were also analyzed. Among the desirable features included in a software for synchronous distributed programming, the students considered that having an audio-channel can be very useful and, possibly, the most agile method to communicate. The video signal is not considered as very necessary, being in many cases rather a source of distraction, while textual communication through a chat, to which they are very accustomed, is also well valued. In addition, version control and the possibility of recovering previous states of the practical projects were highly appreciated by the students, and they considered it necessary to record the individual contributions of each member of the team to the result.
Monitoring the Health and Residence Conditions of Elderly People, Using LoRa and the Things Network
Authors: Lousado José Paulo , Pires Ivan Miguel , Zdravevski Eftim , Antunes Sandra
Published: July 2021

The rapid development and widespread use of information and telecommunication technologies do not mitigate, in many situations, information exclusion, nor the physical isolation of people—mainly that of the elderly living in remote locations, whose mobile network coverage is deficient or non-existent, preventing them from accessing health care, be it routine follow-up procedures or emergencies. Addressing this, we raise the question that guides our study: how can we monitor the elderly’s residence and health conditions, detect falls, and track their movement in the vicinity of their homes in a non-intrusive manner? To answer this question, we present a system prototype that uses affordable, low-cost, and low-energy equipment with media and data processing, supported by LoRa (Long Range) and ESP32 microcontrollers, coupling several sensors. As a result, it is possible to monitor sensors that predict and detect falls or other risk events for the user, e.g., fire, with authorized persons and entities, family members, civil protection, and security forces accessing the gathered data, assuring their security. We conclude that the system could decisively improve people’s quality of life, particularly those of the elderly who live in remote places with greater vulnerability.
Adaptive Data Length Method for GPS Signal Acquisition in Weak to Strong Fading Conditions
Authors: Hussain Arif , Ahmed Arslan , Magsi Hina , Soomro Jahangeer Badar , Bukhari Syed Sabir Hussain , Ro Jong-Suk
Published: July 2021

Satellite-based navigation is an essential part of all the technology-dependent applications, such as road transport, cell phones, the medical field, aviation or the shipping industry, etc. The performance of the navigation systems depends upon how quickly they can acquire and process the received signals for positioning solutions. However, in dense urban or indoor environments, signal acquisition can be a challenging task due to fading as a result of multipath and/or interference. This paper presents post-processing acquisition results on Global Positioning System (GPS) signals to study the relationship between data lengths used for signal acquisition and the achieved signal power using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based circular correlation method. Based on this study, the detection performance of the FFT-based method has also been analyzed by intentionally degrading the signal power levels. A new Adaptive Data length (ADL) method for acquisition has been proposed in this paper, which can be used for speeding up the acquisition process and uses adaptive data lengths rather than fixed data lengths. The ADL method works by estimating the threshold level based on the noise present in the signal and then comparing it with the signal power levels. Less difference between the threshold level and signal power level means less data length will be used while more difference means that more data length will be used for acquisition. The proposed algorithm can be used in commercially available receivers for adopting to an adaptive acquisition process for increased efficiency.
High Power Density, High-Voltage Parallel Resonant Converter Using Parasitic Capacitance on the Secondary Side of a Transformer
Authors: Kwon Jaean , Kim Rae-Young
Published: July 2021

High-voltage DC power supplies are used in several applications, including X-ray, plasma, electrostatic precipitator, and capacitor charging. However, such a high-voltage power supply has problems, such as a decrease in reliability, owing to an increase in output ripple voltage, and a decrease in power density, owing to an increase in volume. Therefore, this study proposes a method for improving the power density of a parallel resonant converter using the parasitic capacitor of the secondary side of the transformer. Due to the fact that high-voltage power supplies have many turns on the secondary side, a significant number of parasitic capacitors are generated. In addition, in the case of a parallel resonant converter, because the transformer and the primary resonant capacitor are connected in parallel, the parasitic capacitor component generated on the secondary side of the transformer can be equalized and used. A parallel cap-less resonant converter structure developed using the parasitic components of such transformers is proposed. Primary side and secondary side equivalent model analyses are conducted in order to derive new equations and gain waveforms. Finally, the validity of the proposed structure is verified experimentally.