bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra-High-G Ballistic Impact into Water Targets
Authors: Wilson Natasha , White Caleb , Chen Alex , Curtis Shane , Lifke Don
Published: February 2024

Creation of a Sandia internally developed, shock-hardened Recoverable Data Recorder (RDR) necessitated experimentation by ballistically-firing the device into water targets at velocities up to 5,000 ft/s. The resultant mechanical environments were very severe—routinely achieving peak accelerations in excess of 200 kG and changes in pseudo-velocity greater than 38,000 inch/s. High-quality projectile deceleration datasets were obtained though high-speed imaging during the impact events. The datasets were then used to calibrate and validate computational models in both CTH and EPIC. Hydrodynamic stability in these environments was confirmed to differ from aerodynamic stability; projectile stability is maintained through a phenomenon known as “tail-slapping” or impingement of the rear of the projectile on the cavitation vapor-water interface which envelopes the projectile. As the projectile slows the predominate forces undergo a transition which is outside the codes’ capabilities to calculate accurately, however, CTH and EPIC both predict the projectile trajectory well in the initial hypervelocity regime. Stable projectile designs and the achievable acceleration space are explored through a large parameter sweep of CTH simulations. Front face chamfer angle has the largest influence on stability with low angles being more stable.
Study of wave motion on the emergence of veering, locking, and coupling in periodic composite panels
Authors: Singh S. K. , Varma R. K. , Banerjee A. , Rathore K. K.
Published: February 2024

This research proposes the effect of micropolar-Cosserat (MC) parameters (length-scale parameters and Cosserat shear modulus) on the dispersion characteristics of propagating wave modes in periodic composite panels (PCPs). These inbuilt parameters are due to the assumption of the length-scale boundary conditions that allow for capturing the micro-rotational (MR) wave mode along with the flexural ones. A significant contribution of this study is the transformation of the two-dimensional (2-D) periodic composite problem into a series of one-dimensional (1-D) ones using the MC continuum theory. The analysis employs the transfer matrix method in the framework of the state-space approach to investigate periodic systems in the eigenvalue domain. Additionally, Bloch–Floquet's periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are applied to the unit cell to ensure the periodicity of the system. The main innovation lies in observing veering, locking, and coupling phenomena, which occur due to alterations in lamina orientation and MC parameters. Moreover, the presence of inbuilt parameters renders the dispersion characteristics highly sensitive to even minor coefficient variations, with a mere 1% change significantly impacting eigenmode fluctuations. The sudden bandgap (BG) disappearing nature could be used to identify the accurate value of the coefficient for designing and analyzing PCPs.
Monitoring Readiness to Train and Perform in Female Football: Current Evidence and Recommendations for Practitioners
Authors: Beato Marco , Madsen Esben Elholm , Clubb Jo , Emmonds Stacey , Krustrup Peter
Published: February 2024

Purpose: Monitoring player readiness to train and perform is an important practical concept in football. Despite an abundance of research in this area in the male game, to date, research is limited in female football. The aims of this study were, first, to summarize the current literature on the monitoring of readiness in female football; second, to summarize the current evidence regarding the monitoring of the menstrual cycle and its potential impact on physical preparation and performance in female footballers; and third, to offer practical recommendations based on the current evidence for practitioners working with female football players. Conclusions: Practitioners should include both objective (eg, heart rate and countermovement jump) and subjective measures (eg, athlete-reported outcome measures) in their monitoring practices. This would allow them to have a better picture of female players’ readiness. Practitioners should assess the reliability of their monitoring (objective and subjective) tools before adopting them with their players. The use of athlete-reported outcome measures could play a key role in contexts where technology is not available (eg, in semiprofessional and amateur clubs); however, practitioners need to be aware that many single-item athlete-reported outcome measures instruments have not been properly validated. Finally, tracking the menstrual cycle can identify menstrual dysfunction (eg, infrequent or irregular menstruation) that can indicate a state of low energy availability or an underlying gynecological issue, both of which warrant further investigation by medical practitioners.
Reference Values in the 6-Minute Walk Test in Chilean Children Aged 3–10 Years and Relationship With Cardiometabolic Risk
Authors: Latorre Román Pedro A. , Salazar Cristian Martínez , Montilla Juan A. Párraga , Cabrera-Linares José Carlos , Andrade-Lara Karina E. , Fuentes Alejandro Robles , Silva José Miguel Espinoza
Published: February 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of healthy Chilean children aged 3–10 years in the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and cardiometabolic risk variables and to determine sex- and age-specific reference values. Methods: This study involved 1165 healthy children (age = 6.36 [1.70] y old). The 6MWT was used to evaluate exercise performance. Furthermore, anthropometric measures were collected, like weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, and skin folds. Resting heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were also evaluated. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35.0% and 25.4% in preschoolers and 29.0% and 36.2% in school-age children, respectively, showing significant differences (P < .05) between age groups. The distance walked (6-min walk distance) increased significantly year on year at ages from 3 to 10 years. According to the regression analysis, 6MWT performance was positively related to age, systolic BP, and height, whereas it was negatively related to ∑4 skinfold fat, resting heart rate, diastolic BP, and waist circumference. Conclusions: This study provides a reference equation and an age- and sex-adjusted percentile curve to assess the predicted 6MWT performance in a cohort of prepubertal Chilean children. The 6-minute walk distance depends mainly on age; however, other variables, such as resting heart rate, BP, skinfold fat, and waist circumference, add significant information and should be taken into account.
Sustainability limits needed for CO
2
removal
Authors: Deprez Alexandra , Leadley Paul , Dooley Kate , Williamson Phil , Cramer Wolfgang , Gattuso Jean-Pierre , Rankovic Aleksandar , Carlson Eliot L. , Creutzig Felix
Published: February 2024

The true climate mitigation challenge is revealed by considering sustainability impacts
Whole-brain spatial organization of hippocampal single-neuron projectomes
Authors: Qiu Shou , Hu Yachuang , Huang Yiming , Gao Taosha , Wang Xiaofei , Wang Danying , Ren Biyu , Shi Xiaoxue , Chen Yu , Wang Xinran , Wang Dan , Han Luyao , Liang Yikai , Liu Dechen , Liu Qingxu , Deng Li , Chen Zhaoqin , Zhan Lijie , Chen Tianzhi , Huang Yuzhe , Wu Qingge , Xie Taorong , Qian Liuqin , Jin Chenxi , Huang Jiawen , Deng Wei , Jiang Tao , Li Xiangning , Jia Xueyan , Yuan Jing , Li Anan , Yan Jun , Xu Ninglong , Xu Lin , Luo Qingming , Poo Mu-Ming , Sun Yidi , Li Chengyu T. , Yao Haishan , Gong Hui , Sun Yan-Gang , Xu Chun
Published: February 2024

Mapping single-neuron projections is essential for understanding brain-wide connectivity and diverse functions of the hippocampus (HIP). Here, we reconstructed 10,100 single-neuron projectomes of mouse HIP and classified 43 projectome subtypes with distinct projection patterns. The number of projection targets and axon-tip distribution depended on the soma location along HIP longitudinal and transverse axes. Many projectome subtypes were enriched in specific HIP subdomains defined by spatial transcriptomic profiles. Furthermore, we delineated comprehensive wiring diagrams for HIP neurons projecting exclusively within the HIP formation (HPF) and for those projecting to both intra- and extra-HPF targets. Bihemispheric projecting neurons generally projected to one pair of homologous targets with ipsilateral preference. These organization principles of single-neuron projectomes provide a structural basis for understanding the function of HIP neurons.
Envisioning a radical future
Imagination: A Manifesto
Ruha Benjamin
Norton, 2024. 192 pp.
Authors: Ray Victor
Published: February 2024

A more inclusive society begins with imagining audacious alternatives to today’s systems, argues a sociologist
In Science Journals
Authors: Uzogara Ekeoma , Yeston Jake S. , Szuromi Phil , Stern Peter , Wong Wei , Jiang Di , Berry Brandon J. , Kelly Priscilla N. , Maroso Mattia , Lopez Bianca , Lavine Marc S. , Scanlon Seth Thomas
Published: February 2024

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
First step taken toward artificial plant genome
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: February 2024

Scientists make partially synthetic version of moss chromosome, aiming to harness plant for industry
Widespread dissolved inorganic carbon-modifying toolkits in genomes of autotrophic
Bacteria
and
Archaea
and how they are likely to bridge supply from the environment to demand by autotrophic pathways
Authors: Scott Kathleen M. , Payne Ren R. , Gahramanova Arin
Published: February 2024

Using dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as a major carbon source, as autotrophs do, is complicated by the bedeviling nature of this substance. Autotrophs using the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBB) are known to make use of a toolkit comprised of DIC transporters and carbonic anhydrase enzymes (CA) to facilitate DIC fixation. This minireview provides a brief overview of the current understanding of how toolkit function facilitates DIC fixation in
Cyanobacteria
and some
Proteobacteria
using the CBB and continues with a survey of the DIC toolkit gene presence in organisms using different versions of the CBB and other autotrophic pathways (reductive citric acid cycle, Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, hydroxypropionate bicycle, hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutyrate cycle, and dicarboxylate-hydroxybutyrate cycle). The potential function of toolkit gene products in these organisms is discussed in terms of CO
2
and HCO
3
−
supply from the environment and demand by the autotrophic pathway. The presence of DIC toolkit genes in autotrophic organisms beyond those using the CBB suggests the relevance of DIC metabolism to these organisms and provides a basis for better engineering of these organisms for industrial and agricultural purposes.
Mast cell-derived IL-10 protects intestinal barrier integrity during malaria in mice and regulates parasite transmission to
Anopheles stephensi
with a female-biased immune response
Authors: Céspedes Nora , Donnelly Erinn L. , Hansten Gretchen , Fellows Abigail M. , Dobson Megan , Kaylor Hannah L. , Coles Taylor A. , Schauer Joseph , Van de Water Judy , Luckhart Shirley
Published: February 2024

Malaria is strongly predisposed to bacteremia, which is associated with increased gastrointestinal permeability and a poor clinical prognosis. We previously identified mast cells (MCs) as mediators of intestinal permeability in malaria and described multiple cytokines that rise with parasitemia, including interleukin (IL)-10, which could protect the host from an inflammatory response and alter parasite transmission to
Anopheles
mosquitoes. Here, we used the Cre-loxP system and non-lethal
Plasmodium yoelii yoelii
17XNL to study the roles of MC-derived IL-10 in malaria immunity and transmission. Our data suggest a sex-biased and local inflammatory response mediated by MC-derived IL-10, supported by early increased number and activation of MCs in females relative to males. Increased parasitemia in female MC IL-10 (−) mice was associated with increased ileal levels of chemokines and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO). We also observed increased intestinal permeability in female and male MC IL-10 (−) mice relative to MC IL-10 (+) mice but no differences in blood bacterial 16S DNA levels. Transmission success of
P. yoelii
to
A. stephensi
was higher in female relative to male mice and from female and male MC IL-10 (−) mice relative to MC IL-10 (+) mice. These patterns were associated with increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in female MC IL-10 (−) mice and increased plasma levels of chemokines and markers of neutrophil activation in male MC IL-10 (−) mice. Overall, these data suggest that MC-derived IL-10 protects intestinal barrier integrity, regulates parasite transmission, and controls local and systemic host immune responses during malaria, with a female bias.
SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters
Authors: Hsieh Ming-Shu , Hsu Chia-Wei , Liao Hung-Chun , Lin Chang-Ling , Chiang Chen-Yi , Chen Mei-Yu , Liu Shih-Jen , Liao Ching-Len , Chen Hsin-Wei
Published: February 2024

Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity and broad protective capacity against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remain inadequate. Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr), produced by
Staphylococcus aureus
, can bind to various Fcγ receptor subclasses. Recombinant lipidated FLIPr (rLF) was previously found to be an effective adjuvant. In this study, we developed a vaccine candidate, the recombinant Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike (rDS)-FLIPr fusion protein (rDS-F), which employs the property of FLIPr binding to various Fcγ receptors. Our study shows that rDS-F plus rLF promotes rDS capture by dendritic cells. Intranasal vaccination of mice with rDS-F plus rLF increases persistent systemic and mucosal antibody responses and CD4/CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, antibodies induced by rDS-F plus rLF vaccination neutralize Delta, Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron strains. Additionally, rDS-F plus rLF provides protective effects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by reducing inflammation and viral loads in the lung. Therefore, rDS-F plus rLF is a potential vaccine candidate to induce broad protective responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.

IMPORTANCE

Mucosal immunity is vital for combating pathogens, especially in the context of respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Despite this, most approved vaccines are administered via injection, providing systemic but limited mucosal protection. Developing vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity to address future coronavirus mutations is a growing trend. However, eliciting strong mucosal immune responses without adjuvants remains a challenge. In our study, we have demonstrated that using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr) fusion protein as an antigen, in combination with recombinant lipidated FLIPr as an effective adjuvant, induced simultaneous systemic and mucosal immune responses through intranasal immunization in mice and hamster models. This approach offered protection against various SARS-CoV-2 strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for broad protection. This finding is pivotal for future broad-spectrum vaccine development.
SHIV-C109p5 NHP induces rapid disease progression in elderly macaques with extensive GI viral replication
Authors: Bose Deepanwita , Deb Adhikary Nihar , Xiao Peng , Rogers Kenneth A. , Ferrell Douglas E. , Cheng-Mayer Cecilia , Chang Theresa L. , Villinger Francois
Published: February 2024

CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) with clade C transmitted/founder envelopes represent a critical tool for the investigation of HIV experimental vaccines and microbicides in nonhuman primates, although many such isolates lead to spontaneous viral control post infection. Here, we generated a high-titer stock of pathogenic SHIV-C109p5 by serial passage in two rhesus macaques (RM) and tested its virulence in aged monkeys. The co-receptor usage was confirmed before infecting five geriatric rhesus macaques (four female and one male). Plasma viral loads were monitored by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), cytokines by multiplex analysis, and biomarkers of gastrointestinal damage by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses were also measured. Viral dissemination into tissues was determined by RNAscope. Intravenous SHIV-C109p5 infection of aged RMs leads to high plasma viremia and rapid disease progression; rapid decrease in CD4
+
T cells, CD4
+
CD8
+
T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells; and wasting necessitating euthanasia between 3 and 12 weeks post infection. Virus-specific cellular immune responses were detected only in the two monkeys that survived 4 weeks post infection. These were Gag-specific TNFα+CD8+, MIP1β+CD4+, Env-specific IFN-γ+CD4+, and CD107a+ T cell responses. Four out of five monkeys had elevated intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels at the viral peak, while regenerating islet-derived protein 3α showed marked increases at later time points in the three animals surviving the longest, suggesting gut antimicrobial peptide production in response to microbial translocation post infection. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-15, and interleukin-12/23 were also elevated. Viral replication in gut and secondary lymphoid tissues was extensive.

IMPORTANCE

Simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) are important reagents to study prevention of virus acquisition in nonhuman primate models of HIV infection, especially those representing transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. However, many R5-tropic SHIV have limited fitness
in vivo
leading to many monkeys spontaneously controlling the virus post acute infection. Here, we report the generation of a pathogenic SHIV clade C T/F stock by
in vivo
passage leading to sustained viral load set points, a necessity to study pathogenicity. Unexpectedly, administration of this SHIV to elderly rhesus macaques led to extensive viral replication and fast disease progression, despite maintenance of a strict R5 tropism. Such age-dependent rapid disease progression had previously been reported for simian immunodeficiency virus but not for R5-tropic SHIV infections.
Respiratory virus coinfections during the COVID-19 pandemic: epidemiologic analysis and clinical outcomes from the Phase 2/3 molnupiravir trial (MOVe-OUT)
Authors: Johnson Matthew G. , Strizki Julie M. , Jensen Erin , Cohen Jonathan , Katlama Christine , Fishchuk Roman , Ponce-de-León Alfredo , Fourie Nyda , Cheng Chien-Yu , McCoy Dorothy , Vesnesky Mary , Norice Carmelle T. , Zhang Ying , Williams-Diaz Angela , Brown Michelle L. , Carmelitano Patricia , Grobler Jay A. , Paschke Amanda , De Anda Carisa
Published: February 2024

This exploratory
post hoc
analysis assessed the incidence of respiratory viral coinfections and their impact on clinical outcomes in non-hospitalized adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) treated with molnupiravir versus placebo for 5 days in the Phase 2/3 MOVe-OUT trial (NCT04575597), which took place in October 2020 to January 2021 (Phase 2,
n
= 302) and May 2021 to October 2021 (Phase 3,
n
= 1,433). Among 1,735 total randomized participants, 1,674 had a baseline respiratory pathogen panel (NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel for the Luminex MAGPIX instrument) performed and 69 (4.1%) were coinfected with at least one additional respiratory viral pathogen. Human rhinovirus/enterovirus (39/69, 56.5%) was the most common coinfection detected at baseline. In the modified intention-to-treat population, two participants with coinfecting respiratory RNA viruses were hospitalized and received respiratory interventions through Day 29, and none died; one participant in the molnupiravir group was coinfected with human rhinovirus/enterovirus, and one participant in the placebo group was coinfected with human metapneumovirus. Hospitalization or death occurred in 6.2% and 9.0% of non-coinfected participants in the molnupiravir versus placebo group, respectively, and over 90% did not require respiratory interventions. Most coinfecting respiratory RNA viruses detected at baseline were not detected at the end of therapy in both the molnupiravir and placebo groups. In summary, participants coinfected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and another respiratory RNA virus were not more likely to be hospitalized or die, or require respiratory interventions, compared to participants who were not coinfected with another respiratory RNA virus at baseline in both groups.

IMPORTANCE

Respiratory viral coinfections are known to occur with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In a cohort of non-hospitalized adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 treated with molnupiravir versus placebo in the MOVe-OUT trial during October 2020 to October 2021, 4.1% of participants had a documented viral coinfection; human rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most common pathogen detected with the NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel assay. Participants who had a coinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and another respiratory RNA virus were not more likely to have worse clinical outcomes compared to those participants without a viral coinfection, and many coinfecting respiratory RNA viruses were no longer detected at the end of the 5-day treatment period in both groups.
Identification of environmental Actinobacteria in buildings by means of chemotaxonomy, 16S rRNA sequencing, and MALDI-TOF MS
Authors: Chudzik Anna , Jalkanen Kaisa , Täubel Martin , Szponar Bogumiła , Paściak Mariola
Published: February 2024

Actinobacteria are abundant in soil and other environmental ecosystems and are also an important part of the human microbiota. Hence, they can also be detected in indoor environments and on building materials, where actinobacterial proliferation on damp materials can indicate moisture damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification of 28 environmental strains of Actinobacteria isolated from building materials and indoor and outdoor air samples, mainly collected in the context of moisture damage investigations in buildings in Finland. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and chemotaxonomic analyses were performed, and results were compared with the MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper identification. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, all isolates were identified on the species or genus level and were representatives of
Streptomyces, Nocardia,
and
Pseudonocardia
genera. Based on MALDI-TOF MS analysis, initially, 11 isolates were identified as
Streptomyces
spp. and 1 as
Nocardia carnea
with a high identification score. After an upgrade in the MALDI-TOF MS
in-house
database and re-evaluation of mass spectra, 13 additional isolates were identified as
Nocardia
,
Pseudonocardia,
and
Streptomyces
. MALDI-TOF MS has the potential in environmental strain identification; however, the standard database needs to be considerably enriched by environmental Actinobacteria representatives.

IMPORTANCE

The manuscript addresses the challenges in identifying environmental bacteria using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Biotyper-based protein profiling. The matter of the studies—actinobacterial strains—has been isolated mostly from building materials that originated from a confirmed moisture-damaged situation. Polyphasic taxonomy, 16S RNA gene sequencing, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry were applied for identification purposes. In this experimental paper, a few important facts are highlighted. First, Actinobacteria are abundant in the natural as well as built environment, and their identification on the species and genus levels is difficult and time-consuming. Second, MALDI-TOF MS is an effective tool for identifying bacterial environmental strains, and in parallel, continuous enrichment of the proteomics mass spectral databases is necessary for proper identification. Third, the chemical approach aids in the taxonomical inquiry of Actinobacteria environmental strains.
Sulfur isotopes of lamprophyres and implications for the control of metasomatized lithospheric mantle on the giant Jiaodong gold deposits, eastern China
Authors: Wang Xiang , Wang Zaicong , Zhang Wen , Ma Liang , Chen Weijun , Cai Ya-Chun , Foley Stephen , Wang Christina Yan , Li Jianwei , Deng Jun , Feng Yantong , Zong Keqing , Hu Zhaochu , Liu Yongsheng
Published: February 2024

The giant Jiaodong gold deposits represent one of the largest gold provinces (>5000 tons of Au) in the North China Craton of eastern China. They formed ~1.7 b.y. after high-grade metamorphism of the crust. The metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) has been increasingly proposed as the main source of such gold mineralization, but the direct geochemical links remain scarce. Here, we present a comprehensive δ34S dataset of sulfides from fresh lamprophyres (130–121 Ma) that formed from the metasomatized SCLM that is spatially and temporally associated with the Jiaodong gold deposits (ca. 120 Ma). Due to the negligible effects of crustal contamination and magmatic degassing, the consistently high δ34S (4‰–6‰, n = 73) of lamprophyres from variable localities reveals δ34S-enriched mantle sources relative to the asthenospheric mantle (−1.3‰ ± 0.3‰). Combined with the radiogenic Sr-Nd-Pb isotope signatures of these lamprophyres, we determined that such high δ34S signatures could have resulted from a period of mantle metasomatism related to subducted continental materials. The lamprophyres share δ34S (4.4‰ ± 0.8‰) and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes with coeval gold-mineralized diorites (ca. 120 Ma) beneath the ore field (δ34S: 5.4‰ ± 2.5‰), which were interpreted to have sampled the magma chamber underlying the auriferous fluid systems. The lamprophyres and diorites consistently indicate the key control of metasomatized SCLM, although these mantle-derived magmas followed different pathways from source to crust. These relatively primitive and evolved magmas all show S and Pb isotopes similar to ore-related sulfides from the Jiaodong gold deposits, particularly those formed in the deep parts and at the early stage of the Jiaodong auriferous fluid system (δ34S: 5‰–7‰). Such results suggest that the primary auriferous fluids are genetically linked to the magmas derived from the metasomatized SCLM. Combined with radiogenic isotopes, our study on the sulfur isotopes of mantle-derived magmas identifies the metasomatized mantle source of the gold and provides new evidence for establishing a geochemical link between metasomatized SCLM, derivative magmas, and the giant gold deposits, supporting the model that subduction-related metasomatism plays a key role in the enrichment of volatiles and gold in the SCLM for large-scale gold mineralization.
Associations of the ‘weekend warrior’ physical activity pattern with all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: the Mexico City Prospective Study
Authors: O'Donovan Gary , Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Ferrari Gerson , Lee I-Min , Hamer Mark , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Sarmiento Olga L , Ibáñez Agustín , Lopez-Jaramillo Patricio
Published: February 2024

Objectives

The objective was to investigate the benefits of the ‘weekend warrior’ physical activity pattern in Latin America, where many people take part in high levels of non-exercise physical activity.

Methods

Participants in the Mexico City Prospective Study were surveyed from 1998 to 2004 and resurveyed from 2015 to 2019. Those who exercised up to once or twice per week were termed weekend warriors. Those who exercised more often were termed regularly active. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

The main analysis included 26 006 deaths in 154 882 adults (67% female) aged 52±13 years followed for 18±4 years (mean±SD). Compared with those who reported no exercise, the HR (95% CI) was 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) in the weekend warriors and 0.88 (0.84 to 0.91) in the regularly active. Similar results were observed for cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality, but associations were weaker. Stratified analyses showed that substantial reductions in all-cause mortality risk only occurred when the duration of exercise sessions was at least 30–60 min. The repeated-measures analysis included 843 deaths in 10 023 adults followed for 20±2 years. Compared with being inactive or becoming inactive, the HR was 0.86 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.12) when being a weekend warrior or becoming a weekend warrior and 0.85 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.03) when being regularly active or becoming regularly active.

Conclusions

This is the first prospective study to investigate the benefits of the weekend warrior physical activity pattern in Latin America. The results suggest that even busy adults could benefit from taking part in one or two sessions of exercise per week.
Social-ecological perspective on the suicidal behaviour factors of early adolescents in China: a network analysis
Authors: Li Yuan , Li Peiying , Yuan Mengyuan , Li Yonghan , Zhang Xueying , Chen Juan , Wang Gengfu , Su Puyu
Published: February 2024

Background

In early adolescence, youth are highly prone to suicidal behaviours. Identifying modifiable risk factors during this critical phase is a priority to inform effective suicide prevention strategies.

Aims

To explore the risk and protective factors of suicidal behaviours (ie, suicidal ideation, plans and attempts) in early adolescence in China using a social-ecological perspective.

Methods

Using data from the cross-sectional project ‘Healthy and Risky Behaviours Among Middle School Students in Anhui Province, China’, stratified random cluster sampling was used to select 5724 middle school students who had completed self-report questionnaires in November 2020. Network analysis was employed to examine the correlates of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts at four levels, namely individual (sex, academic performance, serious physical illness/disability, history of self-harm, depression, impulsivity, sleep problems, resilience), family (family economic status, relationship with mother, relationship with father, family violence, childhood abuse, parental mental illness), school (relationship with teachers, relationship with classmates, school-bullying victimisation and perpetration) and social (social support, satisfaction with society).

Results

In total, 37.9%, 19.0% and 5.5% of the students reported suicidal ideation, plans and attempts in the past 6 months, respectively. The estimated network revealed that suicidal ideation, plans and attempts were collectively associated with a history of self-harm, sleep problems, childhood abuse, school bullying and victimisation. Centrality analysis indicated that the most influential nodes in the network were history of self-harm and childhood abuse. Notably, the network also showed unique correlates of suicidal ideation (sex, weight=0.60; impulsivity, weight=0.24; family violence, weight=0.17; relationship with teachers, weight=−0.03; school-bullying perpetration, weight=0.22), suicidal plans (social support, weight=−0.15) and suicidal attempts (relationship with mother, weight=−0.10; parental mental illness, weight=0.61).

Conclusions

This study identified the correlates of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts, and provided practical implications for suicide prevention for young adolescents in China. Firstly, this study highlighted the importance of joint interventions across multiple departments. Secondly, the common risk factors of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts were elucidated. Thirdly, this study proposed target interventions to address the unique influencing factors of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts.
Surveillance methods and interventions implemented in American Indian and Alaska Native communities to increase child restraint device and seat belt use in motor vehicles: a systematic review
Authors: Virtue Cierra , Goffe Chelsea , Shiang Evelyn , McKenzie Zoann , Shields Wendy
Published: February 2024

Background

American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) children are disproportionately affected by injuries and deaths related to motor vehicle crashes. We aimed to synthesise published evidence on surveillance methods and interventions implemented in AI/AN communities and analyse characteristics that make them successful in increasing child restraint devices and seat belt use.

Methods

Studies were collected from the PubMed, Scopus, and TRID databases and the CDC Tribal Road Safety website, Community Guide, and Indian Health Service registers. Included studies collected primary data on AI/AN children (0–17) and reported morbidity/mortality outcomes related to child restraint devices or seat belt use. Studies with poor methodological quality, published before 2002, whose data were collected outside of the USA, or were non-English, were excluded. Checklists from the Joanna Briggs Institute were used to assess the risk of bias. In the synthesis of results, studies were grouped by whether a surveillance method or intervention was employed.

Results

The final review included 9 studies covering 72 381 participants. Studies conducted surveillance methods, interventions involving law enforcement only and multipronged interventions. Multipronged approaches were most effective by using the distribution of child restraint devices combined with at least some of the following components: educational programmes, media campaigns, enactment/enforcement of child passenger restraint laws, incentive programmes and surveillance.

Discussion

Although this review was limited by the number and quality of included studies, available resources suggest that we need multipronged, culturally tailored and sustainable interventions fostered by mutually beneficial and trusting partnerships. Continued investment in AI/AN road safety initiatives is necessary.
Assessment of census-tract level socioeconomic position as a modifier of the relationship between short-term PM2.5exposure and cardiovascular emergency department visits in Missouri
Authors: McCann Zachary H , Chang Howard H , D'Souza Rohan , Scovronick Noah , Ebelt Stefanie
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Ambient particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) exposure elevates the risk for cardiovascular disease morbidity (CVDM). The aim of this study is to characterise which area-level measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) modify the relationship between PM2.5exposure and CVDM in Missouri at the census-tract (CT) level.

Methods

We use individual level Missouri emergency department (ED) admissions data (n=3 284 956), modelled PM2.5data, and yearly CT data from 2012 to 2016 to conduct a two-stage analysis. Stage one uses a case-crossover approach with conditional logistic regression to establish the baseline risk of ED visits associated with IQR changes in PM2.5. In the second stage, we use multivariate metaregression to examine how CT-level SEP modifies the relationship between ambient PM2.5exposure and CVDM.

Results

We find that overall, ambient PM2.5exposure is associated with increased risk for CVDM. We test effect modification in statewide and urban CTs, and in the warm season only. Effect modification results suggest that among SEP measures, poverty is most consistently associated with increased risk for CVDM. For example, across Missouri, the highest poverty CTs are at an elevated risk for CVDM (OR=1.010 (95% CI 1.007 to 1.014)) compared with the lowest poverty CTs (OR=1.004 (95% CI 1.000 to 1.008)). Other SEP modifiers generally display an inconsistent or null effect.

Conclusion

Overall, we find some evidence that area-level SEP modifies the relationship between ambient PM2.5exposure and CVDM, and suggest that the relationship between air-pollution, area-level SEP and CVDM may be sensitive to spatial scale.
Outbreak of lead poisoning from a civilian indoor firing range in the UK
Authors: Warsi Aamna , Pucci Mark Richard , Bradberry Sally Marie , Khan Aleha , Elamin Muhammad Elamin Muhammad Osman
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Lead exposure from discharged lead dust is a recognised risk at firing ranges. We report a lead poisoning outbreak among staff and their close contacts at a UK civilian indoor 24 m firing range.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of data collected on all patients at risk of lead poisoning identified either by direct referral to the Clinical Toxicology clinicians at the West Midlands Poisons Unit, or via the Trace Elements Supra-Regional Assay Service Laboratory at Sandwell hospital.

Results

Eighty-seven patients were identified as having possible lead exposure, either at the firing range or via close contacts. Of these, 63 patients aged between 6 months and 78 years attended for blood lead concentration (BLC) testing. The highest BLC at presentation was 11.7 µmol/L (242 µg/dL). Only nine patients reported any symptoms at presentation. Fifteen patients received lead chelation therapy with oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (or succimer) 30 mg/kg/day or intravenous sodium calcium edetate (EDTA) 75 mg/kg/day, dependent on stock availability.

Discussion

This report highlights the need for vigilance of lead poisoning as an occupational hazard in the UK, including at recreational facilities such as indoor firing ranges. It emphasises the importance of regulation of lead exposure in the workplace, particularly given the vague symptoms of lead poisoning, and proposes re-appraisal of UK legislation. This report also highlights potential issues surrounding stock availability of rarely used antidotes for uncommon presentations in the event of an outbreak of poisoning.
Naphthenic acid fraction compounds, produced by the extraction of bitumen from oil sands, alter survival and behaviour of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Authors: Reynolds Jessie S. , Elvidge Chris K. , Vander Meulen Ian J. , Hasler Caleb T. , Frank Richard A. , Headley John V. , Hewitt L. Mark , Orihel Diane M.
Published: February 2024

We evaluated whether naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) extracted from oil sand tailings adversely affect fish survival and behaviour. Following a before–after-control-impact design, we housed wild-caught juvenile yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) in outdoor mesocosms to assess survival and behaviour under baseline conditions, then exposed fish to one of three treatments: negative control, 2 mg/L NAFC, or 15 mg/L NAFC. We performed behavioural assays (no-stimulus activity, food stimulus, and predator stimulus using a model bird) and assessed a comprehensive suite of endpoints (equilibrium losses, activity, shoaling, burst swimming, freezing, and space use). We found that exposure to 15 mg/L NAFCs substantially reduced fish survival and impaired fish equilibrium in all three behavioural tests. Furthermore, exposure to NAFCs impaired anti-predator behaviour: while the activity of control fish increased by two-fold in response to a predator stimulus, fish exposed to 2 or 15 mg/L NAFC did not change their activity levels after stimulation. No significant changes were observed in other behavioural endpoints. Overall, our findings suggest that a week-long exposure to NAFCs at concentrations commonly found in tailings ponds, constructed wetlands, and other mining-impacted waters may affect multiple facets of fish behaviour that could ultimately lead to reduced fitness in fish populations.
Does Dressing Choice Affect Infection Rate in Percutaneous K-Wiring of the Hand and Wrist? – A Systematic Review
Authors: CLUTTON Juliet Margaret , KINGHORN Alison Frances , TRICKETT Ryan William
Published: February 2024

Background: Percutaneous Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation of hand and wrist fractures is a common trauma procedure, yet there remains little consensus on the best management of wires postoperatively. If wire’s ends are left external to the skin, it remains unknown which dressing regimen best reduces infection risk. We felt that a systematic review was required to assess the current consensus on this question within the published literature.

Methods: An electronic search was carried out across multiple databases. Abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers against inclusion criteria and, where necessary, full texts were reviewed. Nine eligible papers were identified, and data regarding type of procedure, dressing choice and infection rate was extracted.

Results: The included studies were widely heterogenous, and the standard of the evidence was, in general, poor. In most, dressing choice and infection incidence were not the primary intervention/outcome under study.

Conclusions: Based on the available literature, insufficient evidence exists to establish one dressing choice as having a lower infection rate. This highlights the need for further high-quality evidence in this area.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic)
Arthroscopy-Assisted Surgery for Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis
Authors: FUJIMURA Shigekazu , OMOKAWA Shohei , HASEGAWA Hideo , KAWAMURA Kenji , NAKANISHI Yasuaki , TANAKA Yasuhito
Published: February 2024

Background: Functional outcomes of patients who underwent arthroscopy-assisted surgery for trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis were reported.

Methods: We included 24 consecutive patients (6 males and 18 females) who underwent surgery and postoperative hand therapy at our hospital between April 2012 and March 2018. For functional evaluation, we used the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), grip and pinch strength, range of motion of the thumb, visual analogue scale (VAS) for thumb pain, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) and Japanese version of the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE-J) preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively.

Results: The mean PPT rating improved from 12.3 to 13.3, the VAS score from 51 to 16, the QuickDASH score from 48 to 30 and the PRWE-J score from 55 to 29. All the improvements were statistically significant. There was a moderate positive correlation between the magnitude of improvement in PPT and QuickDASH scores.

Conclusions: Arthroscopic intervention and associated hand therapy were effective in achieving early postoperative relief of thumb pain and in improving hand dexterity and activities of daily living.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Electrodiagnostic Severity is Not Associated with PROMIS Upper Extremity, PROMIS Pain Interference and PROMIS Pain Intensity
Authors: ZHANG Dafang , EARP Brandon E. , BLAZAR Philip
Published: February 2024

Background: The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between preoperative electrodiagnostic study (EDS) parameters and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) instruments in patients with EDS-confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Methods: A retrospective study of 45 patients with EDS-confirmed CTS was conducted. Patients completed the PROMIS Upper Extremity, PROMIS Pain Interference and PROMIS Pain Intensity. Explanatory variables included EDS disease severity (mild, moderate and severe), sensory peak latency, sensory amplitude, motor latency, motor amplitude, the presence of nonrecordable sensory latency and the presence of nonrecordable sensory amplitude. Explanatory variables also included patient-related factors, such as age, sex and diabetes mellitus. Associations between variables were assessed using simple linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t-test.

Results: In our cohort, the EDS severity was mild in 38%, moderate in 42% and severe in 20% of patients. The mean PROMIS Upper Extremity score was 44.4, the mean PROMIS Pain Interference score was 53.5 and the mean PROMIS Pain Intensity score was 49.9. Bivariate analysis demonstrated no association between EDS severity overall or any EDS parameter individually and PROMIS Upper Extremity, PROMIS Pain Interference and PROMIS Pain Intensity. Diabetes mellitus was associated with poorer PROMIS Upper Extremity scores.

Conclusions: EDS severity is not associated with PROMIS Upper Extremity, PROMIS Pain Interference and PROMIS Pain Intensity. Carpal tunnel release is commonly indicated for pain and dysfunction, but validated measures of pain and dysfunction do not correlate with EDS severity.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Diagnostic)
Extra-Articular Base Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx in Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: DAGI Alexander F. , HONG Daniel Y. , STRAUCH Robert J.
Published: February 2024

Background: Extra-articular proximal phalanx base fractures are common in adults and can lead to permanent finger stiffness and joint contractures. The purpose of this review is to summarise the evidence for operative and non-operative management of this fracture type.

Methods: The MedLine, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the following key terms: ‘proximal phalanx’, ‘base’, ‘fracture’, ‘repair’ and ‘fixation’. A total of 2,889 unique records were extracted. All studies with primary data on the management of extra-articular proximal phalangeal base fractures in adults were included for initial review.

Results: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria with a total of 441 extra-articular proximal phalanx base fractures. Outcomes were determined by final total active range of motion. 182 extra-articular proximal phalangeal base fractures were treated non-operatively, with excellent or good outcomes attained in 80% of cases. Another 259 extra-articular proximal phalangeal base fractures were treated operatively, including 236 with Kirschner wires (K-wires), 18 with plates, and five with intramedullary screws. Case-level data were available in 186 fractures managed by K-wire fixation, with excellent or good outcomes achieved in 79% of cases. Excellent or good outcomes were achieved in 35% of cases treated by plates, and 80% of five cases treated by intramedullary screw fixation. Three (1.6%) patients managed conservatively required surgery after reduction loss. No patients managed with K-wires required re-operation for reduction loss; tenolysis/capsulotomy was required in 11 (4.5%) cases for stiffness, and pin site infections occurred in eight (3.5%) cases. Complex regional pain syndrome occurred in five cases (28%) of plate fixation.

Conclusions: In summary, excellent or good results may be achieved by K-wire pinning or conservative management. Current evidence is limited for plate or intramedullary screw fixation. Prospective trials and outcomes standardisation are needed to improve the evidence base.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic)
Options for Restoring Finger Extension in Mangled Forearm Injuries
Authors: BHARDWAJ Praveen , VARADHARAJAN Vigneswaran , VENKATRAMANI Hari , SABAPATHY S. Raja
Published: February 2024

Restoration of finger extension in mutilating hand injuries is crucial for restoring prehension and independent use of the hand. Patients often express desire to restore finger extension once finger flexion is achieved. However, the extensive forearm injury precludes use of any of conventional donors like the wrist or finger flexors for transfer to restore finger extension. Two patients with sequelae of mangled forearm injuries, underwent biceps and long head of triceps transfer to the finger extensors to improve opening up of the fingers. We discuss the treatment considerations while planning these transfers and provide the technical details, rehabilitation and outcome of these patients. Both the patients expressed dramatic improvement of their hand function and were satisfied with the outcome. Biceps and long head of triceps could serve as an effective second-line donor for restoration of finger extension when the conventional donors are not available.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)