bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic study of magnetar-powered hydrogen-rich supernovae
Authors: Orellana Mariana , Bersten Melina C. , Moriya Takashi J.
Published: September 2018

Context. It has been suggested that some supernovae (SNe) may be powered by a magnetar formed at the moment of the explosion. While this scenario has mostly been applied to hydrogen-free events, it may also be possible for hydrogen-rich objects.

Aims. We aim to explore the effect of including a magnetar on the light curves of supernovae with H-rich progenitors.

Methods. We have applied a version of our one-dimensional local thermodynamic equilibrium radiation hydrodynamics code that takes into account the relativistic motion of the ejecta caused by the extra energy provided by the magnetar. For a fixed red supergiant (RSG) progenitor, we have obtained a set of light curves that corresponds to different values of the magnetar initial rotation energy and the spin-down timescale. The model is applied to SN 2004em and OGLE-2014-SN-073, two peculiar Type II SNe with long-rising SN 1987A-like light curves, although with much larger luminosities.

Results. The presence of a plateau phase in either normal or superluminous supernovae is one possible outcome, even if a magnetar is continuously injecting energy into the ejecta. In other cases, the light curve shows a peak but not a plateau. Also, there are intermediate events with a first peak followed by a slow decline and a late break of the declining slope. Our models show that bright and long rising morphologies are possible even assuming RSG structures.

Conclusions. A large number of supernova discoveries per year reveal unexpected new types of explosions. According to our results, SLSNe II-P are to be expected, as well as a variety of light curve morphologies that can all be possible signs of a newly born magnetar.
Gaia DR2 proper motions of dwarf galaxies within 420 kpc
Authors: Fritz T. K. , Battaglia G. , Pawlowski M. S. , Kallivayalil N. , van der Marel R. , Sohn S. T. , Brook C. , Besla G.
Published: September 2018

A proper understanding of the Milky Way (MW) dwarf galaxies in a cosmological context requires knowledge of their 3D velocities and orbits. However, proper motion (PM) measurements have generally been of limited accuracy and are available only for more massive dwarfs. We therefore present a new study of the kinematics of the MW dwarf galaxies. We use the Gaia DR2 for those dwarfs that have been spectroscopically observed in the literature. We derive systemic PMs for 39 galaxies and galaxy candidates out to 420 kpc, and generally find good consistency for the subset with measurements available from other studies. We derive the implied Galactocentric velocities, and calculate orbits in canonical MW halo potentials of low (0.8 × 1012 M⊙) and high mass (1.6 × 1012 M⊙). Comparison of the distributions of orbital apocenters and 3D velocities to the halo virial radius and escape velocity, respectively, suggests that the satellite kinematics are best explained in the high-mass halo. Tuc III, Crater II, and additional candidates have orbital pericenters small enough to imply significant tidal influences. Relevant to the missing satellite problem, the fact that fewer galaxies are observed to be near apocenter than near pericenter implies that there must be a population of distant dwarf galaxies yet to be discovered. Of the 39 dwarfs: 12 have orbital poles that do not align with the MW plane of satellites (given reasonable assumptions about its intrinsic thickness); 10 have insufficient PM accuracy to establish whether they align; and 17 satellites align, of which 11 are co-orbiting and (somewhat surprisingly, in view of prior knowledge) 6 are counter-orbiting. Group infall might have contributed to this, but no definitive association is found for the members of the Crater-Leo group.
Production of atomic hydrogen by cosmic rays in dark clouds
Authors: Padovani Marco , Galli Daniele , Ivlev Alexei V. , Caselli Paola , Ferrara Andrea
Published: September 2018

Context.Small amounts of atomic hydrogen, detected as absorption dips in the 21 cm line spectrum, are a well-known characteristic of dark clouds. The abundance of hydrogen atoms measured in the densest regions of molecular clouds can only be explained by the dissociation of H2by cosmic rays.

Aims.We wish to assess the role of Galactic cosmic rays in the formation of atomic hydrogen, for which we use recent developments in the characterisation of the low-energy spectra of cosmic rays and advances in the modelling of their propagation in molecular clouds.

Methods.We modelled the attenuation of the interstellar cosmic rays that enter a cloud and computed the dissociation rate of molecular hydrogen that is due to collisions with cosmic-ray protons and electrons as well as fast hydrogen atoms. We compared our results with the available observations.

Results.The cosmic-ray dissociation rate is entirely determined by secondary electrons produced in primary ionisation collisions. These secondary particles constitute the only source of atomic hydrogen at column densities above ~1021cm−2. We also find that the dissociation rate decreases with column density, while the ratio between the dissociation and ionisation rates varies between about 0.6 and 0.7. From comparison with observations, we conclude that a relatively flat spectrum of interstellar cosmic-ray protons, such as suggested by the most recent Voyager 1 data, can only provide a lower bound for the observed atomic hydrogen fraction. An enhanced spectrum of low-energy protons is needed to explain most of the observations.

Conclusions.Our findings show that a careful description of molecular hydrogen dissociation by cosmic rays can explain the abundance of atomic hydrogen in dark clouds. An accurate characterisation of this process at high densities is crucial for understanding the chemical evolution of star-forming regions.
Unidentified γ-ray emission towards the SNR Kes 41 revisited
Authors: Supan L. , Castelletti G. , Supanitsky A. D. , Burton M. G.
Published: September 2018

Kes 41 is one of the Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) that are proposed to be physically linked to γ-ray emission at GeV energies. The nature of the γ-ray photons has been explained, but inconclusively, as hadronic collisions of particles accelerated at the SNR blast wave with target protons in an adjacent molecular clump. We performed an analysis of Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) data of about nine years to assess the origin of the γ-ray emission. To investigate this matter, we also used spectral modelling constraints from the physical properties of the interstellar medium towards the γ-ray emitting region along with a revised radio continuum spectrum of Kes 41 (α = −0.54 ± 0.10, S ∝ να). We demonstrate that the γ-ray fluxes in the GeV range can be explained through bremsstrahlung emission from electrons interacting with the surrounding medium. We also considered a model in which the emission is produced by pion decay after hadronic collisions, and confirm that this mechanism cannot be excluded.
Intensification of a flat solar collector efficiency
Authors: Ferahta Fatima-Zohra , Abid Cherifa
Published: September 2018

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the intensification of the efficiency of a flat solar collector. To achieve this aim, we investigated the effect of the thickness of the air gap between the glazing cover and the plate absorber and the effect of presence of transparent partitions in the air gap. Indeed, when the thickness of the air gap is increased, the natural convection is intensified, which induces high thermal losses on the front part of the collector. The result of this study highlights that thicknesses larger than the reference one, given by the manufacturer, decrease the efficiency, while thicknesses smaller than the reference one increase the efficiency. The presence of transparent partitions in the air gap leads to the weakening of the natural convection and thus to the enhancement of the solar collector efficiency. Two situations were studied. In the first one, only transverse partitions were placed in the air gap; in the second one, longitudinal partitions were added to the transverse ones to form a crossed structure of partitions. The obtained results showed that in both situations the enhancement of the efficiency is significant and that the crossed structure induces the better efficiency.
Mechanical analysis of sealing performance for compression packer rubber tube
Authors: Zhang Fuying , Jiang Xiangmin , Wang Honghao , Song Nana , Chen Jianlei , Duan Jingying
Published: September 2018

The compression packer rubber is one of the core components of the packer. According to the sealing mechanism of the compression packers rubber, the deformation of rubber between the central tube and casing tube is analyzed in the initial and working stages. The compression rubber is also strained radially against the support ring by means of a controlled tubular expansion process. In this paper, the theoretical model for the deformation analysis is established by the structure and working characteristics of rubber tube. In addition, the nonlinear relationship between the material, geometry and stress in the constrained and stable deformation stages is analyzed by application of pressure methods. The analytical results show the contact pressure and shear stress distribution on the sealing surface of the rubber and the effect of rubber geometry and its material properties on sealing performance in terms of maximum sealing pressure. Then, the criterion of sealing performance evaluation of the rubber is established by the numerical results. This analytical model will provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the structural design of the compression packer rubber and it will be of great significance to improve the sealing performance and reliability of packer rubber.
Ultrasound in the Re-Staging of Cervical Metastases after Chemoradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Künzel Julian , Strieth Sebastian , Wirth Gesine , Bozzato Alessandro
Published: September 2018

High-resolution ultrasonography, including color duplex modes, is a well-established and proven imaging method that is used in addition to computed tomography for re-staging after primary nonsurgical therapy for head and neck cancer in many European countries. No evidence-based international re-staging guidelines are available. Decisions as to whether to carry out neck dissection after primary radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy are often made in the relevant tumor boards and are therefore subject to variance. High-resolution ultrasonography clearly detects morphological changes such as intranodal necrotic areas and alterations in the hilar vascularization pattern. Another important aspect of ultrasonography is that it allows accurate check-ups on dynamic changes during the follow-up period. This article reviews the role of ultrasonography in the follow-up and re-staging of patients with neck disease after primary chemoradiotherapy.
Sexuelle Phantasien statt echter Bindung?
Authors: Link Tobias
Published: September 2018

Im achten Teil unserer Serie geht es um einen Patienten, der sich minderwertig und ausgeschlossen fühlt. Die Versuche, Bindung herzustellen, indem er über seine
Suizidideen und sexuellen Phantasien spricht, misslingen und vergrößern die Entfernung zum Team. Lesen Sie, wie das Pflegeteam es schafft, mithilfe der
systemischen Fallbesprechung neue Perspektiven zu entwickeln, um dem Patienten zu helfen. Auch hier möchten wir Sie wieder einladen, sich selbst in die
verschiedenen Rollen hineinzuversetzen. Fallen Ihnen weitere Lösungswege ein? Dann schreiben Sie uns an psych.pflegeheute@thieme.de.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Four Different Ventral Surgical Procedures on the Canine Fourth-Fifth Cervical Vertebral Motion Unit
Authors: Voumard Benjamin , Waschk Maja , Hettlich Bianca , Forterre Franck , Hermann Andreas
Published: September 2018

Introduction Biomechanical properties of four different ventral surgical procedures at the canine fourth-fifth cervical (C4–C5) vertebral motion unit (VMU) were assessed and compared with the intact C4–C5 VMU.

Materials and Methods The third-sixth cervical vertebral column from 24 skeletally mature Beagle cadavers were randomly allocated to four groups (standard ventral slot, slanted slot, inverted cone slot and intervertebral disc fenestration). Standardized tests were performed for each specimen in flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. The specimens were tested intact and after completion of one of the three slots techniques or fenestration. Pre-testing, cadaver specimens were confirmed to be free of disease by computed tomography (CT) examination. Post-testing, dimensions of slots and fenestration were determined based on a second CT examination.

Results All ventral surgical procedures increased range of motion (ROM) at the C4–C5 VMU compared with intact specimens. The only significant difference in the increase in ROM was observed between slanted slot and fenestration in flexion/extension. The standard ventral slot had a significant higher increase in ROM in extension compared with the other three techniques. The slanted slot had a significant lower increase in ROM in flexion.

Discussion/Conclusion The described ventral slot techniques have similar biomechanical effects on the canine cervical vertebral column. In contrast to the findings of a previous study, the slanted slot and inverted cone slot do not appear to provide a biomechanical benefit compared with standard ventral slot.
Relapse Rate in Survivors of Acute Autoimmune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treated with or without Rituximab
Authors: Falter Tanja , Herold Stephanie , Weyer-Elberich Veronika , Scheiner Carina , Schmitt Veronique , von Auer Charis , Messmer Xavier , Wild Philipp , Lackner Karl , Lämmle Bernhard , Scharrer Inge
Published: September 2018

Background Autoimmune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is caused by autoantibody-mediated severe a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13 (ADAMTS13) deficiency leading to micro-angiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA) and thrombocytopenia with organ damage. Patients survive with plasma exchange (PEX), fresh frozen plasma replacement and corticosteroid treatment. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab is increasingly used in patients resistant to conventional PEX or relapsing after an acute bout.

Objective This retrospective observational study focused on the relapse rate and possible influencing factors including treatment with rituximab first introduced in 2003.

Patients and Methods Seventy patients treated between January 2003 and November 2014 were evaluated. Number, duration, clinical manifestations, laboratory data and treatment of acute episodes were documented. Diagnostic criteria of acute iTTP were thrombocytopenia, MAHA, increased lactate dehydrogenase and severe ADAMTS13 deficiency.

Results Fifty-four female and 16 male patients had a total of 224 acute episodes over a median observation period of 8.3 years. The relapse rate was 2.6% per month, for women 2.4% and for men 3.5% per month. Since 2003, 17 patients with a first iTTP episode were treated with rituximab, whereas 28 were not. There was a trend towards lower relapse rates after rituximab treatment over the ensuing years. However, this was statistically not significant.

Conclusion This analysis does not show a significant reduction of acute iTTP relapses by rituximab given during an acute bout. Initial episodes are characterized by more severe clinical signs compared with the less severe relapses. Furthermore, men suffer significantly more frequent and considerably more serious acute relapses.
Early Retinal Findings Following Cooling in Neonatal Encephalopathy
Authors: Sahin Ozlem , Cansever Murat , Sirakaya Ender , Robertson Nicola , Akin Mustafa Ali
Published: September 2018

Background and Aim Perinatal HI (hypoxia–ischemia)-related visual defects including blindness are known to be associated with ischemic lesions in intracerebral visual pathways and ischemic retinal damage (IRD). Intraocular hemorrhages (IOH) such as retinal hemorrhage (RH), which may result from perinatal HI, can cause IRD by various mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the early retinal findings in neonates with moderate-to-severe neonatal encephalopathy (NE) who underwent TH and its relationship between coagulation status, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) patterns, and magnetic resonance imaging–magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRI–MRS) findings.

Method and Patients A total of 31 newborn infants who underwent moderate-to-severe NE and TH included in the study. Coagulation parameters were taken immediately before starting TH, and daily during TH period. aEEG records were obtained during TH and rewarming period.

Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopic examination (BIOE) and MRI–MRS scanning were performed when TH protocol completed.

Results Total 13 (41.9%) patients had abnormal BIOE findings. Ten of them were (77%) IOH, other findings are as follows: RH (n = 7), optic disc hemorrhage (n = 2), and vitreous hemorrhage (n = 1). Initial coagulation status was not related to IOH. Worsened aEEG and MRI–MRS results were not related to BIOE findings.

Conclusion Frequency of IOH is high in newborns with NE who underwent TH being independent from severity of MRS–MRI findings, aEEG pattern, and disturbed coagulation status.
Macrophagic Stabilin-1 Restored Disruption of Vascular Integrity Caused by Sepsis
Authors: Lee Wonhwa , Park Seung-Yoon , Yoo Youngbum , Kim Soon-Young , Kim Jung-Eun , Kim Shin-Woo , Seo Young-Kyo , Park Eui , Kim In-San , Bae Jong-Sup
Published: September 2018

Sepsis develops because of overwhelming inflammatory responses to bacterial infection, and disrupts vascular integrity. Stabilin-1 (STAB-1) is a phagocytic receptor, which mediates efferocytosis in a phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent manner. STAB-1 is expected to play important roles in efferocytosis during sepsis. Here, we determined the role of STAB-1 in maintaining and restoring vascular integrity. Macrophages and vascular endothelial cells were used to assess the effect of STAB-1 on survival rate, phagocytic activity, vascular permeability and transendothelial migration (TEM). Additionally, we investigated whether the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-receptor for advanced glycated end products complex interfered with the binding of Stab1 to PS. Mortality rate was higher in the Stab1-knockout mice than in the wild-type mice, and STAB-1 deficiency was related to reduced macrophage-mediated efferocytosis and the disruption of vascular integrity, which increased vascular permeability, and enhanced TEM. STAB-1 deficiency promoted lung injury, and elevated the expression of sepsis markers. The exogenous application of the anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody improved efferocytosis, vascular integrity and survival rate in sepsis. Collectively, our findings indicated that STAB-1 regulated and maintained vascular integrity through the clearance of infected apoptotic endothelial cells. Moreover, our results suggested that interventions targeting vascular integrity by STAB-1 signalling are promising therapeutic approaches to sepsis.
Platelet Reactivity and Early Outcomes after Transfemoral Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Gross Lisa , Jochheim David , Nitschke Tobias , Baquet Moritz , Orban Martin , Holdt Lesca , Zadrozny Magda , Hagl Christian , Teupser Daniel , Bauer Axel , Massberg Steffen , Mehilli Julinda , Sibbing Dirk
Published: September 2018

Beyond thromboembolic events, peri-procedural bleeding remains one of the most frequent complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The majority of TAVI patients receive a dual anti-platelet treatment (DAPT) regimen. This analysis from the EVERY-TAVI register database aimed to analyse whether the level of on-treatment adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet reactivity predicts early outcomes at 30 days after TAVI. A total of 146 consecutive TAVI patients on DAPT who underwent platelet function testing with the Multiplate analyser were included here. Definition of bleeding events was done according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) classification. In our cohort, a status of low platelet reactivity (LPR, ≤ 18 units) was observed in 79 patients (54%), while high platelet reactivity (HPR, ≥ 46 units) was present in 18 patients (12%). At 30-day follow-up, the incidence of VARC-2 bleeds was 45.6% (n = 36) in LPR patients and 23.9% (n = 16) in patients without LPR (hazard ratio [HR] 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–3.79; p = 0.01). In age-adjusted multivariate analysis, a status of LPR was independently associated with VARC-2 bleeding events (HRadj, 2.06, 95% CI, 1.14–3.71; p = 0.02). HPR was not associated with the 30-day risk of death, stroke, or myocardial infarction (p ≥ 0.43). In summary, presence of LPR was associated with bleeding events in patients undergoing TAVI while presence of HPR was not associated with ischaemic outcomes at 30 days. The value of platelet function testing for bleeding risk prediction and for a possible guidance of anti-thrombotic treatment in the elderly TAVI population warrants further investigation.
The Russian Orthodox Church, the Kremlin, and religious (il)liberalism in Russia
Authors: Lamoreaux Jeremy W. , Flake Lincoln
Published: September 2018

The apparent 'symphonia' of church-state cooperation in Russia is a matter of debate and concern in the West. By some accounts the war in Ukraine kicked that collusion into another gear entirely, with the Russian Orthodox Church now a fully assimilated part of the Kremlin’s domestic and foreign policy machine. We argue that, though such claims may prove hyperbolic, the rise in political authoritarianism in Russia and its neighbourhood is being matched by significant restrictions in Russia’s religious playfield, and that both the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church benefit from the policies and practices of the other. Consequently, now is not a good time to be a member of a non-traditional church or of a so-called foreign sect in Russia. More disconcerting, a continuation of these trends may portend further crackdowns not just on religious freedoms, but across the spectrum of civil liberties in Russia.
Three charges on a plane in a magnetic field: Special trajectories
Authors: Escobar-Ruiz M. A. , Escobar C. A.
Published: September 2018

As a generalization and extension of Escobar-Ruiz and Turbiner [J. Math. Phys. 54, 022901 (2013)], the classical dynamics of three non-relativistic Coulomb charges (e1, m1), (e2, m2), and (e3, m3) on the plane placed in a perpendicular constant magnetic field is considered. Special trajectories for which the distances between the charges remain unchanged are presented and their corresponding constants of motion are indicated. For these special trajectories, the number of constants of motion is larger than the dimension of the configuration space and hence they can be called particularly superintegrable. Three physically relevant cases are analyzed in detail, namely, that of three electrons, a neutral system, and a helium-like system. The n-body case is discussed as well.
A review of the theoretical modeling of walking droplets: Toward a generalized pilot-wave framework
Authors: Turton S. E. , Couchman M. M. P. , Bush J. W. M.
Published: September 2018

The walking droplet system has extended the range of classical systems to include several features previously thought to be exclusive to quantum systems. We review the hierarchy of analytic models that have been developed, on the basis of various simplifying assumptions, to describe droplets walking on a vibrating fluid bath. Particular attention is given to detailing their successes and failures in various settings. Finally, we present a theoretical model that may be adopted to explore a more generalized pilot-wave framework capable of further extending the phenomenological range of classical pilot-wave systems beyond that achievable in the laboratory.
D-carbon: Ab initio study of a novel carbon allotrope
Authors: Fan Dong , Lu Shaohua , Golov Andrey A. , Kabanov Artem A. , Hu Xiaojun
Published: September 2018

By means of ab initio computations and the global minimum structure search method, we have investigated structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of D-carbon, a crystalline orthorhombic sp3 carbon allotrope (space group Pmma [D2h5] with 6 atoms per cell). Total-energy calculations demonstrate that D-carbon is energetically more favorable than the previously proposed T6 structure (with 6 atoms per cell) as well as many others. This novel phase is dynamically, mechanically, and thermally stable at zero pressure and more stable than graphite beyond 63.7 GPa. D-carbon is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 4.33 eV, less than diamond’s gap (5.47 eV). The simulated X-ray diffraction pattern is in satisfactory agreement with previous experimental data in chimney or detonation soot, suggesting its possible presence in the specimen.
Cystamine-configured lead halide based 2D hybrid molecular crystals: Synthesis and photoluminescence systematics
Authors: Krishnamurthy Shrreya , Kour Prachi , Katre Ankita , Gosavi Suresh , Chakraborty Sudip , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: September 2018

We have synthesized and studied a specific family of disulfide bridge based 2D organic inorganic hybrid perovskites using the cation, cystamine [2,2′-dithiobis(ethylammonium), abbreviated as SS] in the three lead halide (X = I, Br, and Cl) based systems, and explored their unique photo-physical properties. Green, blue, and white emissions are noted in I, Br, and Cl based systems, respectively. The experimental observations are compared with the results of first principles DFT calculations. The role of the halide ion (X) in the [Pb-X4] cages on the luminescence of the disulfide bridge based hybrid system is elucidated, and the corresponding systematics are analyzed.
Bismuth defects create the largest magnetoresistance seen in an I-Mn-V semiconductor
Authors: Wolverton Mark
Published: September 2018

The only I-Mn-V semiconductor material to display such extreme magnetoresistance, NaMnBi may be suitable for practical room-temperature spintronics microelectronics.
Digestion and nitrogen excretion by Holstein–Friesian cows in late lactation offered ryegrass-based pasture supplemented with fodder beet
Authors: Waghorn G. C. , Law N. , Bryant M. , Pacheco D. , Dalley D.
Published: September 2018

Recent changes in New Zealand dairying have included incorporation of fodder beet (FB) into rations. The present trial explored the impact of substituting different proportions of ryegrass-based pasture with FB for cows fed ad libitum in late lactation. The objective was to measure effects of FB on intake, digestion and urinary nitrogen (N) excretion using 16 Holstein–Friesian cows with a permanent rumen fistula. Before the 9-day indoor measurement period, cows were adapted to feeding 0%, 20%, 40% or 60% FB (bulbs and tops) with medium quality ryegrass-based pasture (191 g CP and 517 g neutral detergent fibre (aNDF)/kg DM; DM digestibility 0.634) over 2 weeks. However, it became apparent that a diet of 60% FB was detrimental to cow health, with two cows developing acidosis. The allocation of FB was reduced and the actual intakes were 23% and 45% of DM intake during the trial. Feeding FB substantially reduced N intake and urinary N excretion. The lower level (23%) of FB resulted in greater DM digestibility, albeit with a small reduction in N and aNDF digestibility. However, the higher level (45%) of FB reduced N and aNDF digestibility by 7.1 and 12.1 percentage units respectively, relative to pasture. Daily creatinine excretion was lower than published measurements from cattle fed dry diets, and circadian variation in urinary N:creatinine ratios suggests a need for caution when attempting to predict daily urinary N excretion from spot samples.
Responses of the Russian wheat aphid (
Authors: Kirkland Lisa S. , Pirtle Elia I. , Umina Paul A.
Published: September 2018

Aphids are economically important pests of cereal crops globally. They feed on the sap of plants, which can directly reduce yield and grain quality. Many species are also proficient at transmitting important plant viruses. Two of the world’s most damaging cereal aphids are the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and bird cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi). These species are present in all major grain-growing regions worldwide, with D. noxia recently invading Australia. In many countries, including Australia, chemicals are an important control option. Insecticide seed-dressings, in particular, are widely used to combat early-season infestations of aphids in establishing cereal crops. In this study we examined the length of protection provided by several insecticide seed-dressings against D. noxia in wheat, and compared this with R. padi. All seed-dressings examined were efficacious for up to 5 weeks after wheat emergence; however, notable differences were evident between aphid species. In most instances, R. padi was able to persist and reproduce on wheat at an earlier growth stage than D. noxia. These findings suggest that R. padi is more tolerant to certain insecticides and may therefore re-infest insecticide-treated wheat fields earlier than D. noxia.
Evolution of placentotrophy: using viviparous sharks as a model to understand vertebrate placental evolution
Authors: Buddle Alice L. , Van Dyke James U. , Thompson Michael B. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Whittington Camilla M.
Published: September 2018

Reproducing sharks must provide their offspring with an adequate supply of nutrients to complete embryonic development. In oviparous (egg-laying) sharks, offspring develop outside the mother, and all the nutrients required for embryonic growth are contained in the egg yolk. Conversely, in viviparous (live-bearing) sharks, embryonic development is completed inside the mother, providing offspring with the opportunity to receive supplementary embryonic nourishment, known as matrotrophy. Viviparous sharks exhibit nearly all forms of matrotrophy known in vertebrates, including a yolk-sac placenta, which involves several significant ontogenetic modifications to fetal and maternal tissues. The selective pressures that have driven the evolution of complex placentas in some shark species, but not in others, are unresolved. Herein we review the mechanisms of reproductive allocation and placental diversity in sharks, and consider the application of both adaptive and conflict hypotheses for the evolution of placental nutrient provisioning. Both have likely played roles in placental evolution in sharks, perhaps at different times in evolutionary history. Finally, we recommend sharks as an outstanding model system to investigate the evolution of placentas and mechanisms for fetal nutrition during pregnancy in vertebrates.
Let-7i
inhibition enhances progesterone-induced functional recovery in a mouse model of ischemia
Authors: Nguyen Trinh , Su Chang , Singh Meharvan
Published: September 2018

Significance

Pgrmc1 plays an important role in mediating progesterone’s protective effects in that it is a critical mediator of progesterone-induced BDNF release. Here, we identified the microRNA
let-7i
, which increased in stroke, as a negative regulator of Pgrmc1 and BDNF expression. Conversely, inhibition of
let-7i
enhanced progesterone’s protective effects against stroke. In addition to enhancing progesterone’s neuroprotective effects, the fact that
let-7i
also diminishes the expression of BDNF suggests that inhibition of
let-7i
may also be useful to any intervention that targets the enhancement of BDNF signaling and, as such, may be relevant to the treatment of a variety of brain disorders where BDNF is diminished, to include depression, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease.
The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names
Authors: Everett-Heath John
Published: September 2018

Over 11,000 entries

This dictionary explores the history, meanings, and origin of place names around the world. It covers continents, countries, regions, islands, bays, capes, cities, towns, deserts, lakes, mountains, and rivers, giving the name in the local language as well as key historical facts associated with many place names. The fourth edition includes updates to French regions and to Ukrainian place names.

In addition to the entries themselves, the dictionary includes a glossary of foreign word elements which appear in place names and their meaning, as well as a list of personalities and leaders who have influenced the naming of places around the world.
Out of the Shadows: An Appreciation of Sir Elihu Lauterpacht’s Contribution to the Doctrine of International Law
Authors: Scobbie Iain
Published: September 2018

Sir Elihu Lauterpacht’s contribution to the doctrine of international law was wide—ranging and incisive, but has been overshadowed by his achievements as a consummate practitioner. This essay attempts to redress the balance by focusing on two areas of his published work—the law of international organisations, and international arbitral and judicial proceedings—which contain ideas and analytical approaches worthy of (re)consideration. These two themes are closely inter–linked in his work through a focus on the significance of the international judicial process in the development of the law of international organisations, and by the recognition that international tribunals are themselves international organisations.
4. Rules of attribution—corporate acts and liabilities
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at an issue linked to the concept of the company as a separate legal entity, that is, how to identify which acts of the human agents involved in the separate legal entity are the acts of the company for the purposes of determining the rights and liabilities of the company. There are several distinct sets of rules which may assist in this context. The chapter focuses on the rules of attribution which determine whose acts are the acts of the company for which the company should be liable. It discusses corporate acts and liabilities, corporate liability in contract, corporate liability in tort, and criminal liability of the company.
5. Property disputes of unmarried cohabitants on relationship breakdown
Authors: Gilmore Stephen , Glennon Lisa
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how the family finances are dealt with following the breakup between cohabitants in non-formal relationships. In particular, it considers property law disputes between cohabitants on relationship breakdown and the application of the law of trusts to determine the resolution of such disputes. As these are principles of general application which have not been designed specifically to deal with the financial consequences of relationship breakdown between cohabitants, the chapter highlights how they are generally regarded as inadequate to resolve family property disputes, producing unfair outcomes in certain situations.
Parent Training for Disruptive Behavior
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

The RUBI Autism Network has developed and tested a structured parent training manual for children with autism spectrum disorder and disruptive behaviors. The manual is based on principles of applied behavior analysis and is designed for therapists to use with parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring challenging behaviors, such as tantrums, noncompliance, difficulties with transitions, and aggression. A trained therapist utilizes the manual to guide the parent in applying techniques and tools to help manage the child’s challenging behaviors. The treatment includes 11 Core sessions, 7 Supplemental sessions, a home visit, and follow-up telephone booster sessions. Each of the sessions contains a therapist script, activity sheets, a parent handout, and treatment fidelity checklists. Additionally, accompanying each core session are video vignettes that the therapist uses to demonstrate concepts taught in the session. The videos include 30- to 60-second vignettes demonstrating common parenting mistakes as well as implementation (to varying degrees of success) of the strategies being taught. The treatment manual is designed to be delivered individually to parents in weekly outpatient visits. Parents are given homework assignments between sessions that focus on applying techniques to specific behaviors.
Reinforcement 1
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Reinforcement 1 Session. This session has parents focus on the child’s appropriate behaviors, rather than behaviors they want to decrease or eliminate. Emphasis should be placed on daily living skills that are within the child’s capabilities but are not consistently performed independently. Parents will identify reinforcers for their child and learn to use them to increase target behaviors.
Planned Ignoring
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Planned Ignoring Session. This module is about a particular type of consequence—planned ignoring—and includes the proper use of planned ignoring, possible challenges to its use, and the development of a planned ignoring program at home.
Generalization and Maintenance
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Generalization and Maintenance Session. This session reviews the concepts of generalization and maintenance. These strategies promote continuation of behavioral changes and the extension of learned behaviors from one context to another.
Introduction
Authors: Rebeggiani Stefano
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces readers to this book’s methodology and its position within scholarly debates on the Thebaid. It surveys forms of political allusion in the Thebaid and their relationship with the poem’s “tragic” texture. It discusses the relationship between ideology and literature by analyzing the mechanisms of political communication in imperial Rome and by highlighting the mutual interchange between poetry and political discourse. A survey of the scholarly debate on the politics of Statius’ Thebaid is offered, along with a discussion of politically loaded appropriations of Theban myth in Roman culture prior to Statius. Finally, this chapter discusses the Thebaid’s political outlook in connection with Statius’ pessimistic view of history and human nature.
Hercules in the Thebaid
Authors: Rebeggiani Stefano
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers Statius’ use of Hercules and Herculean imagery in the Thebaid, and shows that Statius’ handling of Hercules reflects an attempt at constructing a new model of heroism in the political arena. It begins by showing that the myth of Hercules had unfavorable associations under Domitian because of Nero’s extensive appropriation of this mythical figure. Statius’ investigation of the Hercules paradigm in the Thebaid contributes to showing that, although Domitian recovered the Hercules comparison abandoned by his father Vespasian and exploited by Nero, he was no Nero. In the process, Statius redefines Herculean heroism in light of stoic theories of passions, relying on Seneca’s De Clementia and on a subtle reading of Seneca’s Hercules Furens. In particular, the chapter focuses on a series of passages featuring Tydeus, Polynices, Capaneus and Menoeceus. It also provides a reading of the ekphrasis of Hercules’ crater in book 6.
Thebes and Rome
Authors: Rebeggiani Stefano
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the political and ideological implications of Statius’ reception of Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile. The author shows that the Thebaid draws on Lucan’s seemingly inconsistent view of imperial power in the Bellum Ciuile. The Thebaid builds on Lucan’s initial presentation of imperial power as the only force able to protect and grant stability to a world always on the verge of returning to chaos. At the same time, Statius adopts a reading of Lucan whereby criticism of imperial power in the Bellum Ciuile is interpreted as denigration of Nero in particular and not of imperial power in general. Thus, Statius can represent Domitian as the illuminated sovereign who fulfills the promises encoded in Lucan’s praise of Nero. Statius also uses allusions to Lucan to connect his mythical narrative with Roman historical experiences of civil war.
Introduction
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

Pictures wielded considerable power in nineteenth-century society, shaping the way that Americans portrayed and related to one another, and presented themselves. This is not only a history through pictures, but a history of pictures: it departs from most historians’ approaches to images as self-explanatory illustrations, and instead examines those images as largely overlooked primary source evidence. Consuming Identities charts the growth of a commodified image industry in one of the most diverse and dynamic cities in the United States, from the gold rush to the turn of the twentieth century. The following chapters focus on the circulation of human representations throughout the city of San Francisco and around the world, as well as the cultural dimensions of the relationship between people, portraits, and the marketplace. In so doing, this work traces a critical moment in the shaping of individual modern identities.
“These Lofty Aspirants of Fame”: The Making of the Gold Rush Legend
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

San Francisco constituted the epicenter of the vibrant image production and printing industry that produced visualizations of the gold rush experience for miners and their far-flung audiences around the world. This chapter examines the artist-rendered representations of the gold rush, especially in the form of illustrated letter sheets—the precursors to the modern postcard. Letter sheets, and the notes that miners scrawled on them to the folks at home, stressed the irreplaceability of direct experience through the popular metaphor of “seeing the elephant.” Gold rush illustrations crafted an archetypal (white, male) miner identity and juxtaposed it with depictions of nonwhite groups like the Chinese and California Indians, who were cast as visual exotics.
“Ten Times Better Than a Letter”: Gold Rush Photography
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

Argonauts posed for gold rush portraits in so-called costumes that evoked the archetypal miner—a category that Anglo Americans understood as implicitly white and male, although they appropriated what they considered to be Mexican forms of dress to craft this image. The miner persona conferred the notoriety and immortality of fame, while threatening to envelop the subject’s name and personal identity into the anonymous fold of the archetype. The gold rush constituted one of the first major events to employ the photograph as an instrument of widely disseminated historical documentation, and the results were as captivating to the public for the accuracy of their detail as for the nature of their subject matter.
Visual Desire: Love, Lust, and Virtual Reality
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

In nineteenth-century urban America, visual culture intertwined with and amplified a thriving sex industry. Long before the escapades of Civil War soldiers, the “wide-open” climate of gold rush California was prompting lawmakers to debate the merits of measures to suppress obscene pictures and texts. Forty years before the widespread application of the passport system, the first photographic archive of prospective immigrants was composed of Chinese women in the West. Before Anthony Comstock became a household name, San Francisco’s Custom House, police, and courts were struggling to suppress and prosecute a flood of “indecent materials” pouring through the port town from far-flung points like China, Japan, and France. Although San Francisco’s female population steadily increased from the late 1850s onward, commodified images and spectacles catering to male consumers’ lust—and female consumers’ curiosity, if not also lust—only became more popular and numerous in its urban culture.
Apostles of Certainty
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

Apostles of Certainty: Data Journalism and the Politics of Doubt traces the way American journalists have made use of quantitative information in their news reporting from the early twentieth century to the present day. In so doing, it examines changing notions of journalistic objectivity and truth telling, particularly as these have evolved alongside social science disciplines such as political science and sociology. Apostles of Certainty uses methodological techniques pioneered in science and technology studies to link the study of newsroom ontologies and epistemologies to a broader analysis of how public knowledge is produced and distributed in the digital age. Though largely historical, the book also sheds light on politics and media in the twenty-first century, with findings that speak to current public conversations around so-called post-truth and the spread of fake news. The book concludes that, viewed over the long term, journalistic reporting in the United States has improved in its accuracy, subtlety, and professional self-certainty, but we have not witnessed a simultaneous improvement in the conduct of US political discourse. In part this is because political journalism only influences politics to a limited degree. To the degree it does have an impact on the political process, the book argues that data-oriented journalism plays a largely tribal and aesthetic role and divides Americans into empirical “tribes” based in part on the perceived elitism of data-based reporting.
The Idea of Data, Documents, and Evidence in Early-Twentieth-Century Journalism
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter chronicles the manner by which data and documents were incorporated into journalism in the early twentieth century, examining the intersection between social movements, progressive politics, public relations, and journalism. It analyzes the MRFM, a religious movement that used the accumulation of empirical data about urban conditions as both a mobilizing and public relations tool in order to advance social causes.
Databases, Stories, Databases
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a history and overview of what is called “structured” journalism, journalism that grapples with a different conception of journalistic facts and the means by which these facts can be strung together to create news stories. Instead of using databases and social science methods to craft narratives, so-called computational or structured journalism turns narratives into databases; it creates structured data out of unstructured events and uses that structure to inform journalistic work and produce new news products. The chapter describes the findings of a field research project that looked at the computational journalism project Structured Stories, a structured journalism experiment in New York City, and then compares that experiment with similar projects at the BBC and to fact-checking organizations in the United States.
Three Overview Cases
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter compares the work of the MRFM, the Detroit Riots reporting of Phil Meyer the journalism of structured stories. This brief overview chapter, comparing three journalistic ways understanding the city, helps to summarize the developments chronicled in the previous pages and points toward this book’s conclusion.