bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LA DOSIFICACIÓN DEL PASADO la memoria en las políticas oficiales de reparación chilenas
Authors: Arboleda-Ariza Juan Carlos , Bravo Gabriel Prosser
Published: January 2021

Resumen Debido a la violencia cometida durante la Dictadura, el Estado chileno debió generar medidas de reparación que permitieran resarcir la dignidad nacional y de las víctimas. En este contexto, se crearon dispositivos jurídico-políticos, en el marco de la Justicia Transicional, orientados a consolidar la memoria social. El objetivo del presente texto fue el de comprender cómo se construye la memoria dentro de las políticas de reparación. Se realizó un análisis del discurso de las normas que regulan la reparación en Chile, dando por resultado cuatro repertorios interpretativos: repertorio de la reparación como verdad oficial; repertorio instituciones; repertorio archivo y; repertorio conmemoración. Se concluye que estas políticas configuran la memoria de la Dictadura en Chile como una esteganografía en una serie de piezas que vienen dosificadas por las normas. En este sentido, la institucionalización del recuerdo ha definido quienes, cómo, cuándo y dónde recordar en Chile.
Boston tidal barrier, UK: adapting to climate change and delivering social outcomes
Authors: Pollard Kaye , Thompson Georgia , Robinson Adam , Bell Charlie , Gelder James , Evans Sun Yan , Pooley Maria
Published: January 2021

Climate-adaptation projects such as flood defence schemes must deliver wider societal benefits in the communities they protect to ensure long-term resilience and regeneration. This paper presents a case study of the £100 million Boston tidal barrier across the River Witham in Lincolnshire, UK, that now better protects over 13 000 homes from tidal flooding. The United Nations sustainable development goals provided a framework for monitoring and evaluating the wider benefits of the project and enabled its full societal benefits to be understood and communicated by all key project stakeholders. The primary barrier, completed in 2020, has delivered benefits against all 17 goals and is an example of how sustainability can be embedded into all aspects of a civil engineering project.
Simulating focused wave impacts on point absorber wave energy converters
Authors: Lin Zaibin , Chen Hao , Qian Ling , Ma Zhihua , Causon Derek , Mingham Clive
Published: January 2021

This study contributes to the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave–Structure Interaction blind test series 2 by numerically investigating the dynamic response of two simplified point absorber wave energy converters (WECs – a hemispherical-bottom cylinder and a cylinder with moon-pool) under the action of focused waves of varying steepness. The open source toolbox OpenFOAM along with its new overset grid functionality is applied and evaluated for the complex flow problem involving both large free surface deformations and large-amplitude motions of floating objects. The quality of the numerically generated focused wave groups is first examined and validated against the experimental data. The effects of both wave steepness and the moon-pool on the dynamic responses and mooring loads of the simplified WECs are then analysed.
Chemical clogging of synthetic filters in tailings ponds caused by ferrous iron ions
Authors: Liu Sheng , Wang Yuan , Feng Di
Published: January 2021

Chemical clogging of synthetic filters in tailings ponds is a common issue that threatens the safety of tailings ponds. The mechanism of the chemical clogging of synthetic filters in iron tailings is very complex due to the complicated working environment. In this study, a series of column tests was performed to study the chemical clogging of synthetic filters in tailings ponds caused by ferrous iron ions. The influence of the saturation state of synthetic filters during installation, the hydraulic gradient and the thickness of the tailings specimen on chemical clogging was examined. The morphology and distribution of clogging substances in a non-woven geotextile, a woven geotextile and a nylon net were observed. The mechanism of chemical clogging is discussed. It was found that oxygen was required for chemical clogging. The clogging substances were mainly distributed in the area of synthetic filters that contact air, and the remaining part of the synthetic filters had only limited chemical clogging or even no clogging. As chemical clogging developed, a layer of clogging film formed on the regions of the non-woven geotextile that came into contact with the holes of the perforated plate. The impervious films blocked the openings of the perforated plate in turn.
Fate of bentonite in slag–cement–bentonite slurry trench cut-off walls for polluted sites
Authors: Evans Jeffrey C , Larrahondo Joan M , Yeboah Nii Narh Nortey
Published: January 2021

Soil–bentonite (SB) and slag–cement–bentonite (slag-CB) slurry trench cut-off walls are widely used low-permeability subsurface barriers against groundwater or contaminants. The bentonite in SB walls is instrumental to the performance of the barrier. However, when mixed with Portland cement and slag in slag-CB walls, bentonite participates in ‘secondary’ chemical reactions throughout cement hydration. Using mineralogical methods, the goals of this paper are to examine the fate of bentonite in slag-CB mixtures and to discuss the implications of the associated chemical reactions for the slag-CB wall performance. Laboratory-prepared mixtures of dry and hydrated slag-CB were analysed using X-ray diffraction over 3 months to investigate the evolution of mixtures during curing. Results confirm that bentonite clay minerals dissolve in slag-CB slurries and that bentonite is virtually absent in the hardened slag-CB material. Furthermore, carbonation and pozzolanic chemical reactions also take place on slag-CB hydration and curing, which form secondary minerals over time. Hence, unlike SB mixtures, the bentonite in slag-CB mixtures no longer retains its original crystalline structure, as it participates chemically in hydration processes, although it becomes a precursor of pozzolanic products. Nonetheless, bentonite is instrumental to the workability and initial set of the mixture. It is concluded that the concepts of compatibility traditionally accepted for SB walls are inappropriate for slag-CB walls. Possible implications include that due to the onset of carbonation, the barrier could degrade if the contaminants are acidic; also, the formation of pozzolanic hydrates may improve the contaminant sorption properties of the barrier.
Synthesis and characterisation of waste SAC- and RHA-reinforced aluminium-based composite
Authors: Dwivedi Shashi Prakash , Saxena Ambuj , Kumaraswamy Adepu , Sahu Rohit
Published: January 2021

Two types of industrial wastes – namely, spent alumina catalyst (SAC) and rice husk ash (RHA) – were used to develop an aluminium (Al)-based metal matrix composite. The matrix material was derived from car scrap aluminium alloy wheels (SAAWs). SAC is expected to enhance the mechanical properties, and RHA proves to be very useful in increasing the strength and hardness of aluminium. Alumina particles were taken as a reference to compare waste materials as reinforcements. Microstructural studies revealed that all the reinforcement particles were bonded well with the matrix material. The mechanical properties of the matrix material improved very well when 10% alumina reinforcement particles were mixed with the SAAW matrix. However, when 3.75% SAC and 3.75% RHA were added to SAAW after ball-milling, the strength and hardness of the matrix material increased almost to that of alumina. The average particle size effect of ball-milled SAC and RHA powder was also observed to identify its effect on the mechanical properties of the developed composite.
Quantifying Duration of Proteinuria Remission and Association with Clinical Outcome in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Canney Mark , Barbour Sean J. , Zheng Yuyan , Coppo Rosanna , Zhang Hong , Liu Zhi-Hong , Matsuzaki Keiichi , Suzuki Yusuke , Katafuchi Ritsuko , Reich Heather N. , Cattran Daniel ,   for the International IgA Nephropathy Network
Published: January 2021

Background

On the basis of findings of observational studies and a meta-analysis, proteinuria reduction has been proposed as a surrogate outcome in IgA nephropathy. How long a reduction in proteinuria needs to be maintained to mitigate the long-term risk of disease progression is unknown.

Methods

In this retrospective multiethnic cohort of adult patients with IgA nephropathy, we defined proteinuria remission as a ≥25% reduction in proteinuria from the peak value after biopsy, and an absolute reduction in proteinuria to <1 g/d. The exposure of interest was the total duration of first remission, treated as a time-varying covariate using longitudinal proteinuria measurements. We used time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression models to quantify the association between the duration of remission and the primary outcome (ESKD or a 50% reduction in eGFR).

Results

During a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 274 of 1864 patients (14.7%) experienced the primary outcome. The relationship between duration of proteinuria remission and outcome was nonlinear. Each 3 months in sustained remission up to approximately 4 years was associated with an additional 9% reduction in the risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.89 to 0.93). Thereafter, each additional 3 months in remission was associated with a smaller, nonsignificant risk reduction (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.03). These findings were robust to multivariable adjustment and consistent across clinical and histologic subgroups.

Conclusions

Our findings support the use of proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in IgA nephropathy, but additionally demonstrate the value of quantifying the duration of proteinuria remission when estimating the risk of hard clinical endpoints.
Öğrencilerin Konuşmalarında Karşılaşılan Söyleyiş ve Boğumlama Yanlışlarının Belirlenmesi
Authors: TEKŞAN Keziban , KARACA Ayşe
Published: January 2021

Araştırmanın amacı 6. sınıf öğrencilerinin konuşmalarında karşılaşılan söyleyiş ve boğumlama yanlışlarını tespit etmek ve elde edilen verilerden hareketle eğitim öğretim alanında yapılan çalışmalara katkı sağlamaktır. Seslerin dinleyiciler tarafından sağlıklı olarak duyulmasında önemli bir yere sahip olan boğumlama, konuşmanın en önemli unsurudur ve konuşmanın anlamlı olabilmesi boğumlamaya bağlıdır. Bu bağlamda öğrencilerin; konuşmalarında yaptıkları söyleyiş ve boğumlama yanlışlarının tespiti önem arz etmektedir. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modelinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılı birinci döneminde Ordu ili Çaybaşı ilçesine bağlı bir devlet ortaokulunda öğrenim görmekte olan 6. sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Öğrenci ve velilere araştırma hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve gönüllü olarak araştırmaya katılmaları istenmiştir. Çalışma grubunda 8 kız, 11 erkek olmak üzere toplam 19 öğrenci yer almıştır. Çalışma grubunun belirlenmesinde olasılıklı olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden uygun örnekleme yöntemine başvurulmuştur. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre altıncı sınıf öğrencileri konuşmalarında sırasıyla ses düşürme, ses değiştirme ve ses ekleme söyleyiş ve boğumlama yanlışı yapmakta ve “r, s, z” seslerini doğru çıkaramamaktadır. Bu hataların Türkçenin kurallarını iyi bilmemekten, dikkatsizliğinden ve yerel ağız özelliklerinden kaynaklandığı düşünülebilir.
Incidence of supratrochlear foramen of humerus
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Porompat, Imphal, Manipur, India., Thounaojam Kalpana , Karam Renuca ,   Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Porompat, Imphal, Manipur, India., Sharma Gurumayum Tarunkumar ,   Demonstrator, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Porompat, Imphal, Manipur, India.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The supratrochlear foramen of humerus is a small hole located above the trochlea of humerus. The supratrochlear foramen was first described by Meckel in 1825. The knowledge of the presence of supratrochlear foramen in the humerus is important for preoperative planning and management of supracondylar fractures and the interpretation of the abnormalities in the radiographs. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. 60 dry humerus were studied. The parameters of the humerus. Supratrochlear foramen were measured with digital vernier caliper The supratrochlear foramen observed were photographed. Result and conclusion: The supratrochlear foramen was observed in 5 humerus. The supratrochlear foramen so observed were all on the left side. The incidence of supratrochlear foramen according to our present study is 8.33%. Two of the supratrochlear foramen observed were circular in shape . Another two were oval in shape .The fifth one was a slit. The present study may help the researchers in comparing the incidences of supratrochlear foramen of humerus. KEY WORDS: Humerus, Supratrochlear foramen of humerus.
PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF THE SKILLS OF READING PUPILS OF TEENAGERS
Authors:   Osh State University, Aydarova Zhypargul
Published: January 2021

The article offers an analysis of pedagogical conditions that contribute to the formation of reading skills of adolescent students. Pedagogical conditions consider goals, objectives, content, methods and types of organization of the process of training and education. Therefore, the concept of “pedagogical condition” can be understood as the choice of content, methods and techniques of teaching, their planning and implementation. The article reveals the content of the proposed three pedagogical conditions: 1) Accounting for different types of perception of student information in the learning process. 2) The use of different forms of reading. 3) Implementation of the methodological concept “Before reading - while reading - after reading”.
COMMUNICATIVE CULTURE IS AN IMPORTANT AREA OF TEACHER TRAINING
Authors:   Kyrgyz State Technical University named after I. Razzakov, Ashyrbekova Almira
Published: January 2021

In the modern globalizing world, the communicative culture of the teacher’s personality is becoming increasingly important, since communication is the main means of pedagogical activity. Without studying the essence and significance of the development of the communicative culture of teachers, the development of education is impossible. Responsible for the spiritual and of course the intellectual development of the young generation are pedagogical staff, i.e. at all levels of the country's vocational education system, the professional teaching staff of the education system should train high-class professionals of their generation. The communicative culture of the teacher includes the possession of communicative skills and communication skills that need to be formed in students - future teachers, using active and interactive teaching methods.
Intermittent water supply: a South African perspective
Authors: Carlo Loubser  , Bubala Mwiinga Chimbanga  , Heinz Jacobs
Published: January 2021

The prevalence of intermittent water supply in South Africa was investigated in this research study. Data on intermittent water supply in South Africa was collated by considering the following four sources: a targeted water services provider survey; published databases and related reports; open-access publications, such as online media articles; and field visits by the project team to selected areas. The data were spatially and temporally analysed to determine the prevalence of intermittent water supply. The population affected by intermittent water supply increased by ~26% between 2008 and 2017, which exceeds the population increase of ~12% over the same period. Moreover, 22 million people in South Africa were affected by intermittent water supply in 2017. Results from this study confirm an increased prevalence of intermittent water supply over time and show that 65 of the 231 municipalities in South Africa supplied water intermittently, 32 had continuous water supply and 134 had no data. Fundamentally, the outcomes highlight the widespread occurrence of intermittent water supply in South Africa, which is in line with the poor state of water services delivery in South Africa, as portrayed in the 2018 National Water and Sanitation Master Plan by the national Department of Water and Sanitation.
Spatial and temporal analysis of the mid-summer dry spells for the summer rainfall region of South Africa
Authors: MG Mengistu  , C Olivier  , JO Botai  , AM Adeola  , S Daniel
Published: January 2021

South Africa is frequently subjected to severe droughts and dry spells during the rainy season. As such, rainfall is one of the most significant factors limiting dryland crop production in South Africa. The mid-summer period is particularly important for agriculture since a lack of rain during this period negatively affects crop yields. Dry spell frequency analyses are used to investigate the impacts of sub-seasonal rainfall variability on crop yield, since seasonal rainfall totals alone do not explain the relationship between rainfall and crop yields. This study investigated the spatial and temporal occurrences of the mid-summer dry spells based on magnitude, length and time of occurrence in the major maize growing areas of the summer rainfall region of South Africa. Three thresholds of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm total rainfall for a pentad were used for the analysis of dry spells.  Dry spell analysis showed that dry pentads occur during mid-summer with differing intensity, duration and frequency across the summer rainfall region. Annual frequency of dry pentads for the mid-summer period ranged between 0 and 4 pentads for the 5 mm threshold and 1 to 7 for the 10 mm and 15 mm thresholds.  The non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend analysis of the dry pentads indicates that there is no significant trend in the frequency of dry spells at a 95% confidence level. The initial and conditional probabilities of getting a dry spell using the Markov chain model also showed that there is a 32% to 80% probability that a single pentad will be dry using the 15 mm threshold. There is a 5% to 48% probability of experiencing two consecutive dry pentads and 1% to 29% probability of getting three consecutive dry pentads. The duration and intensity of dry spells, as well as the Markov chain probabilities, showed a decrease in dry spells from west to east of the maize-growing areas of the summer rainfall region of South Africa.
Field calibration of DFM capacitance probes for continuous soil moisture monitoring
Authors: L Myeni  , ME Moeletsi  , AD Clulow
Published: January 2021

This study was undertaken to derive textural and lumped site-specific calibration equations for Dirk Friedhelm Mercker (DFM) capacitance probes and evaluate the accuracy levels of the developed calibration equations for continuous soil moisture monitoring in three selected soil types. At each site, 9 probes (3 per plot) were installed in 2 m2 plots, for continuous soil moisture measurements at 5 different depths (viz. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 cm) under dry, moist and wet field conditions. Textural site-specific calibration equations were derived by grouping the same soil textural classes of each site regardless of soil depth, while lumped site-specific calibration equations were derived by grouping all datasets from each site, regardless of soil depth and textural classes. Sensor readings were plotted against gravimetrically measured volumetric soil moisture (θv) for different textural classes as a reference. The coefficient of determination (r2) was used to select the best fit of the regression function. The developed calibration equations were evaluated using an independent dataset. The results indicated that all developed textural and lumped site-specific calibration equations were linear functions, withr2 values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. Relationships between the measured and estimated θv from calibration equations were reasonable at all sites, with r2 values greater than 0.91 and root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.010 to 0.020 m3∙m-3. The results also indicated that textural site-specific calibration equations (RMSE < 0.018 m3∙m-3) should be given preference over lumped site-specific calibrations (RMSE < 0.020 m3∙m-3) to attain more accurate θv measurements. The findings of this study suggest that once DFM capacitance probes are calibrated per site, they can be reliably used for accurate in-situ soil moisture measurements. The developed calibration equations can be applied with caution in other sites with similar soil types to attained reliable in-situ soil moisture measurements.
Effect of reactor characteristics on the seasonal effectiveness of solar disinfection: a factorial study
Authors: Ekene Jude Nwankwo  , Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba
Published: January 2021

Solar disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water stored in transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers to the sun for about 6 h of strong sunlight, after which the water is rendered safe for consumption. This study investigated the seasonal effect of reactor characteristics on the inactivation kinetics/constant of faecal coliforms by conducting a 23 factorial experiment, involving two levels of PET bottle size, PET bottle thickness, and PET bottle rear surface, uniquely combined to form 8 SODIS reactors/experimental units. The faecal coliform population of hourly samples taken from the 8 SODIS reactors showed that the inactivation kinetics/constant depends on the irradiation energy and maximum water temperature as dictated by the reactor characteristics. The average rate constant of the reflective reactors (1.37 ± 0.43 h-1) was significantly better (p < 0.001) than the absorptive reactors (1.17 ± 0.59 h-1) between June and October. The average rate constant of the small PET bottles (1.73 ± 0.65 h-1) is significantly higher (p < 0.002) than the large PET bottles (1.46 ± 0.51 h-1) from December to May; while the average rate constant of the light PET bottles (1.58 ± 0.64 h-1) is significantly better (p < 0.001) than the thick PET bottles (1.41 ± 0.52 h-1) year-round. Analyses of results confirmed a two-way interaction effect between PET bottle size and PET bottle thickness and between PET bottle rear surface and PET bottle thickness for periods with average radiation intensity of  450–500 W∙m−2. Although container size and thickness were the most significant factors, combining light PET bottles with absorptive rear-surface could extend the applicability of SODIS to regions that fall short of the recommended radiation intensity threshold of 500 W∙m−2 for 5 h.
La chimiométrie appliquée à la spectroscopie
Authors: ANDRE Sylvère , DUPONCHEL Ludovic , LALLEMAND Jordane , ROUSSEL Sylvie
Published: January 2021

La chimiométrie, ou l'analyse de données multivariées, est la science qui applique des méthodes mathématiques et statistiques optimales pour traiter des données issues de mesures au sens large. La chimiométrie comprend la conception d'expériences en amont et l'analyse des données afin d'obtenir des informations pertinentes à partir des mesures effectuées. Le besoin d'outils chimiométriques puissants provient principalement du développement de l'instrumentation qui offre de grandes quantités de données de plus en plus complexes et non spécifiques. Le domaine scientifique de la chimiométrie se compose d'une grande variété de méthodes mathématiques, visant à atteindre divers objectifs.
The Residents of Bolgarsky Village in Kazakhstan (Revisited)
Authors:   Pro-Moldova Association of Historians and Political Scientists, Grek I.F.
Published: January 2021

The article dwells on the discussion around the self-designation of the residents of Bolgarsky village, founded in 1909–1910 in Aktobe District, Turgai Province, Russia. The author analyses the works by M. Stanchev and Y. Ganeva, who rely on the ethnonym Bulgarians, used as a self-name by the residents of the village, classify them as ethnic Bulgarians. It is proved that the village was founded by Turkic-speaking Orthodox migrants from Bugeac, known as Gagauz and now part of Gagauzia Autonomy. During migration, they identified themselves as Bulgarians and called ethnic Bulgarians toucans. It is argued that the village residents retained the Turkic language, which they call Bulgarian, and continue to identify themselves as Bulgarians, but admit that their language is similar to the languages of the Turkic peoples of the near abroad. The author substantiates the reason for the failed transition to the ethnonym Gagauz.
Cenopopulation structure of the key species in Siberian Pine mountain-taiga forests of the East Sayan mountains
Authors:   Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation), Konovalova Mariya E. , Sobachkin Denis S. ,   Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation)
Published: January 2021

Understanding of the key species coenopopulations structure of late-successional forest communities serve as a model of the forest ecosystems state and stability in the organization of sustainable forest management and conservation of biological diversity. The ontogenetic and age structures of cenopopulations of the key species, Pinus sibirica DuTour and Abies sibirica Ledeb., were studied in a climax S Siberian pine forest with Vaccinium myrtillus L. and green hypnum mosses (the most common forest type among taiga forests of the East Sayan mountains). The permanent sample plot (50×50 m) was located in the northeastern part of the Idarskoe Belogorye ridge of the East Sayan in the middle part of a westerly slope with a steepness of 2 degrees, at an elevation of 1000 m a.s.l. (54°44'N, 96°07'E). The forest stand had low productivity (quality class V), high closeness of crowns (about 1.0) and mixed composition with predominance of P. sibirica, which are characteristic of the mountain-taiga cedar forests of the Eastern Sayan (See Table.). We performed general geobotanical description, measurement of size and age, assessment of ontogenetic and sanitary states of each tree, as well as assessment of reforestation on the sample plot. P. sibirica coenopopopulation had a wide age amplitude (from 1 to 200 years) and absolutely uneven-aged structure, mass reforestation (more than 3000 ind./ha), large sizes of mature individuals (maximum diameter - 58 cm, height - 21.3 m), predominance of the number (70% of the total density of the forest stand) and timber stock (95%). The ontogenetic structure of P. sibirica cenopopulation was characterized by a normal state (See Fig. 1 and 2) with a sharp peak of the distribution and distinct left-handed skewness (coefficient of asymmetry - 2.0; kurtosis - 4.1). This corresponds with the concept of consistent self-reproduction and stability of forest ecosystems. A. sibirica was inferior in terms of the reforestation number (1575 ind./ha), life expectancy (up to 110 years) and the size of mature trees (maximum diameter - 22.7 cm, height - 16 m). The ontogenetic structure of A. sibirica cenopopulation (See Fig. 1 and 3) is characterized by a complete spectrum and more distinct left-handed skewness. Thus, P. sibirica had a clearly expressed competitive population strategy. A. sibirica showed indications of phytocenotic tolerance. It is obvious that sustainable forest ecosystems in the absence of anthropogenic pressure in the mountain-taiga forest belt conditions is formed in the process of continuous change of P. sibirica age generations.
The Far Side of the Moon (Rusina, Yu.A. (2019) Samizdat v SSSR: Teksty i Sud’by [Samizdat in the USSR: Texts and Lives]. St. Petersburg: Aleteyya; Yekaterinburg: Ural State University. 204 P.)
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation), Sozina Elena K.
Published: January 2021

The review is written on a 2019 book Samizdat in the USSR: Texts and Lives by Yu.A. Rusina. The author of the book discusses a relevant problem of the recent history of the country and analyses the phenomenon of samizdat (self-publishing) in the second part of the 20th c. Three main definitions in the conception of samizdat are given: samizdat as (1) a cultural phenomenon of “another”, “different” culture which supplements official culture; (2) a phenomenon of self-organization of society in the cultural sphere, self-reflection of society and its informational activity; (3) a historical source, which is very important for studying dissent and the dissident movement in the Soviet Union. Rusina is investigating the second and third definitions of samizdat. She consistently analyses samizdat: open letters and appeals, document digests, periodicals, court proceedings. The analysis shows figures and fates of people disagreeable with the regime, for instance, A. Ginzburg, Yu. Daniel, A. Sinyavsky, the disgraced General P.G. Grigorenko, V. Bukovsky, V. Rutminsky, and others. A separate section of the book is devoted to periodicals, journals which were particularly important for the development of opposition movements, dissemination of opinions and information, and for legal and humanitarian education. Rusina thoroughly examines Chronicle of Current Events, sociopolitical, national, and religious journals Political Diary, Obshchestvennye Problemy [Social Issues], Veche, Vestnik Spaseniya [Messenger of Salvation], Exodus, Herald of Exodus, The White Book of Exodus, and others. She analyses not only metropolitan manifestations of dissent but also samizdat in province: student literary and artistic-journalistic periodicals that published works of students of the Ural State University. The book is interesting and significant by itself and also as a source for the following historical and philological studies of the opposition movement in the USSR.
Dialectological Materials in the Archive of Alexander Grigoriev, the Founder of the Tomsk Dialectological School
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Tubalova Inna V.
Published: January 2021

The article presents an analytical description of the Siberian dialectological materials of the founder of the Tomsk Dialectological School Alexander Dmitrievich Grigoriev, a Russian ethnographer, historian, dialectologist, folklorist, and public figure. Grigoriev’s dialectological materials are records of the Russian Siberian dialect speech of the first third of the 20th century. They have practically not been described in the domestic studies and have not been introduced into the research discourse. Grigoriev’s research and teaching activities at Tomsk University are Siberian dialectological studies. He investigates the Russian dialects of Siberia, organizes expeditions and actively participates in them. The materials collected during these expeditions were the basis for further research of the Russian dialects of Siberia, which Grigoriev continued in Czechoslovakia. His personal handwritten and typewritten archival fund is stored in Prague. Part of Grigoriev’s Prague archive is housed in the Slavonic Library, a division of the National Library of the Czech Republic (Clementinum, Prague). It is here that the Siberian dialectological materials this article describes are located. The archive under study includes (1) several copies of the publication Program for Collecting Information Necessary for Compiling a Dialectological Map of the Russian Language in Siberia: North Great Russian and Middle Great Russian Dialects by A.D. Grigoriev, and (2) handwritten records of the speech of Siberians made during dialectological expeditions. The Program was analyzed for its content and the nature of handwritten notes, including researchers’ and respondents ones. The expedition materials were analyzed for the information they contain and for the organization of their recording. As a result, it has been revealed that Grigoriev’s dialectological materials consistently reflect the specifics of the research paradigm linguistics used at the origins of dialectological studies. The notes that are significant for the study can also be used for solving modern dialectological problems. The materials of the studied archive correspond to the initial stage of the formation of methods of field linguistics.
Framework of machine criticality assessment with criteria interactions
Authors: Jasiulewicz–Kaczmarek Małgorzata , Antosz Katarzyna , Żywica Patryk , Mazurkiewicz Dariusz , Sun Bo , Ren Yi
Published: January 2021

Criticality is considered as a fundamental category of production planning, maintenance process planning and management. The criticality assessment of machines and devices can be a structured set of activities allowing to identify failures which have the greatest potential impact on the company’s business goals. It can be also used to define maintenance strategies, investment strategies and development plans, assisting the company in prioritizing their allocations of financial resources to those machines and devices that are critical in accordance with the predefined business criteria. In a criticality assessment process many different and interacting criteria have to be taken into consideration, despite the fact that there is a high level of uncertainty related to various parameters. In addition, not all assessment criteria are equally important. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the weight of each criterion taking into account different requirements of machine criticality process stakeholders. That is why a novel model of a machine criticality assessment is proposed in this paper. The model extends the existing methods of assessing machines criticality, taking into account not only the importance of machine criticality assessment criteria, but also possible interactions between them
Reflexión epistemológica para la investigación de los procesos de determinación social de la salud
Authors: Ruiz Taborda Juan Paulo , Higuita Gutierrez Luis Felipe , Cardona Arias Jaiberth Antonio
Published: January 2021

Un debate central en la salud pública contemporánea gira en torno de los determinantes sociales de la salud, en las posturas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de la medicina social latinoamericana. Dado que, en la literatura sanitaria, se presentan múltiples críticas al modelo de dicha organización, así como a su énfasis positivista, a su reduccionismo de la ontología de lo social y a la linealidad de sus métodos, al tiempo que existen pocos textos en salud sobre el “realismo crítico” como fundamento epistemológico de la corriente latinoamericana, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir algunos hitos históricos de la determinación social de la salud y las características del realismo crítico como principal postura epistemológica para esta corriente. Desde esta postura se evidencia una suerte de “ingenuidad” epistemológica en el modelo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud; también demuestra que la diferencia de ambos enfoques no es reductible a una semántica o estilo de abordaje de lo social en salud, y pone de manifiesto retos operativos para la corriente latinoamericana.
NOIK POR NDEN. Dos visitas de ayuda a los afectados por el sismo del 7 de septiembre de 2017 en San Mateo del Mar (Oaxaca, México)
Authors: FILGUEIRAS NODAR José María
Published: January 2021

Este texto narra las impresiones de dos visitas a la comunidad de San Mateo del Mar (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México), con el fin de proporcionar ayuda después del sismo de magnitud 8.2 del día 7 de septiembre de 2017. La primera visita se realizó el día 12 de septiembre, y la segunda el día 30 del mismo mes; entre ambas, se produjo otro destructivo terremoto en el centro del país. El texto cierra con unas reflexiones finales, centradas fundamentalmente en discutir el papel jugado por el gobierno ante estos desastres.
The Impact of Breast Density on Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: MOHD NORSUDDIN NORHASHIMAH , IDRIS NURFADHILAH
Published: January 2021

OBJEKTIF: Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti kategori densiti payudara yang mempunyai kebarangkalian tinggi untuk menyebabkan kanser payudara tidak dikesan atau disalah diagnosis. METODOLOGI: Kelulusan etika menjalankan penyelidikan telah diperolehi daripada Jawatankuasa Etika Penyelidikan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Sebanyak 495 kes mamografi telah dipilih dari Jabatan Radiologi, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Semua kes mamografi telah diasingkan kepada 4 kumpulan diagnosis iaitu negative benar, positif benar, positif palsu dan negatif palsu. Kemudian, setiap kes mamografi dibahagikan mengikut empat kategori densiti payudara BI-RADS (I, II, III, IV). Analisis kebarangkalian risiko (odd ratio) setiap kategori densiti payudara dengan keputusan positif palsu dan negatif palsu dilakukan dengan menggunakan ujian regresi logistik. HASIL KAJIAN: Kebarangkalian imej mamografi dalam kategori densiti BI-RAD IV didiagnosis sebagai positif palsu adalah emapt kali ganda berbanding imej mamografi dalam kategori densiti BI-RAD I (odd ratio [OR], 4.27; 95% CI,0.88- 20.67). Manakala, imej mamografi yang mempunyai densiti BI-RAD II dan BI-RAD III mempunyai hampir dua kali ganda kemungkinan didiagnosis sebagai negatif palsu berbanding wanita berdensiti BI-RAD I (odd ratio [OR], 1.59, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.29-8.77, 0.25-7.01). KESIMPULAN: Densiti payudara dalam mamografi mempengaruhi keputusan diagnosis pakar radiologi dalam pengesanan kanser payudara. Kes mamografi yang mempunyai densiti BI-RAD IV lebih cenderung disalah diagnosis. Manakala pengesanan kanser dalam payudara berdensiti BI-RAD II dan BI-RAD III lebih berisiko untuk tidak dikesan. Penelitian yang lebih perlu diberikan dalam mentafsir imej mamografi berdensiti BI-RAD II, III dan IV bagi mengelakkan kanser disalah diagnosis atau tidak dikesan di peringkat awal. Pengesanan awal kanser payudara dapat meningkatkan kemandirian pesakit kanser.
Length-Weight Relationship, Condition Factor, and Age Estimation of Commercially Important Trawl Species from Mersing Coastal Waters, Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Das Simon Kumar , Tou Wee Xiang , Md Noor Noorashikin , De Moumita , Samat Abdullah
Published: January 2021

Trawl fishing contributes to majority of the total fishes’ landings, supporting the choice of using age, growth determination, and condition factors (K) as part of the monitoring method for the fishes in Malaysia waters. This research specifically examines the use of age, length-weight relationship (LWR), and K to monitor the status of the commercially important fishes in Malaysia waters. LWR, K, and age of 10 commercially important trawl species (Gerres erythrourus, Drepane punctata, Otolithes ruber, Anodontostoma chacunda, Drepane longimana, Dendrophysa russelii, Sillago parvisquamis, Cynoglossus bilineatus, Sardinella brachysoma,and Alepes kleinii) from Mersing coastal waters, Johor, Malaysia, were studied. LWR (W=aLb) indicated positive allometric growth (b > 3) for G. erythrourus and D. punctata but negative allometric growth (b < 3) for the other species. Results indicated that the species collected were in good conditions (average K, Kn > 1) in Mersing coastal waters, Johor, Malaysia. The daily growth rings of scale counts confirmed that the ages of the 10 species were typically less than 1 year (age range: 50-170 days; mean age: 95 days). The data obtained from this study will be useful for understanding the population growth pattern, age, and well-being of commercially important trawl species, which will facilitate better management techniques of these important fishery resources.
Involvement of Phenolic Compounds and Their Composition in the Defense Response of Fusarium oxysporum infected Berangan Banana Plants
Authors: Fung Shi Ming , Razali Zuliana , Somasundram Chandran
Published: January 2021

Fusarium wilt is one of the most common destructive banana diseases which causes great losses to the global banana production. Berangan banana, known to be very susceptible towards this disease is greatly affected. Upon infection, oxidative burst involving rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species is one of the first responses of a plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress. Secondary metabolites play an essential role in scavenging these toxic reactive radicals. In this study, a number of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were identified and the changes were documented. Compounds such as quinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeoyl glucose, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, aconitic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ascorbic acid, kaempferol-rhamnose-hexose, quercetin, catechin, rutin, and isorhamnetin 3-O rutinoside increased after fungal infection. Concomitantly, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, total antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content and total polyphenol content also increased. Polyphenols, flavonoid content and antioxidant activities increased significantly on day 1 and continued to increase until day 6 before gradually declining. The phenolic and flavonoid profiles were analysed using liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy (LCMS). The antioxidant properties were found to be closely related to plant defense system.
Pengesanan dan Pencirian Leptospira spp. pada Haiwan Liar dan Persekitaran di Pusat Pemuliharaan ex situ
Authors: Shamsusah Nadia Aqilla , Md Zain Badrul Munir , Dharmalingam Sabapathy , Amran Fairuz , Agustar Hani-Kartini
Published: January 2021

Leptospirosis ialah penyakit berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh bakteria Leptospira yang boleh menjangkiti manusia dan haiwan. Kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti jangkitan leptospirosis yang berkitar antara orang utan, roden dan persekitaran di Pulau Orang Utan Bukit Merah (BMOUI) dan Zoo Taiping, Perak. Sampel haiwan serta persekitaran yang diperoleh dari kedua-dua kawasan kajian diinokulasi dalam media Ellinghausen-Mccullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) untuk pengkulturan Leptospira. Pengesanan dan pencirian mudah spesies Leptospira melalui PCR dilakukan ke atas kultur serta sampel haiwan yang positif. Pencirian spesies yang lebih mendalam sehingga peringkat serovar menggunakan penjenisan jujukan multi-lokus (MLST) hanya dilakukan ke atas kultur patogenik sahaja. Sebanyak 8/14 kultur daripada sampel persekitaran BMOUI merupakan spesies saprofitik (L. yanagawae, L. meyeri dan L. idonii), 4/14 adalah spesies perantaraan (L. wolffii) dan 2/14 (dilabel sebagai ‘Soil2’ dan ‘BJ3 soil’) adalah spesies patogenik. Hasil MLST menunjukkan kultur ‘Soil2’ telah dikenal pasti sebagai L. interrogans serovar Lai Langkawi dengan nilai penjenisan jujukan, ST: 236. ‘BJ3 soil’ pula telah diberikan profil alel baharu yang menjana nilai ST baharu iaitu 262 di bawah spesies L. kmetyi. Kesemua 15/15 kultur daripada sampel persekitaran Zoo Taiping merupakan spesies saprofit (L. yanagawae dan L. meyeri). Leptospira yang dikesan secara langsung dalam sampel orang utan dan tikus dari BMOUI berkait rapat dengan spesies L. wolffii. Sampel orang utan dari Zoo Taiping pula berkait rapat dengan spesies L. kmetyi dan L. wolffii. Kajian ini berjaya membuktikan bahawa berlakunya transmisi leptospirosis di BMOUI dan Zoo Taiping yang sememangnya amat penting dalam menambahbaik strategi pencegahan penyakit ini sekaligus membantu dalam usaha pemuliharaan orang utan.
Genetic Variance and Correlation of Forage Yield and Quality Traits in Tropically Adapted Maize
Authors: Naharudin Nazatul Shima , Abu Sin Maizura , Saleh Ghizan
Published: January 2021

Two F2 populations segregating for biomass yield and forage quality traits were developed from two separate crosses of tropically adapted maize inbred lines. The parental, F1 and F2 generations of both crosses were evaluated to estimate broad sense heritability, genetic advance and correlations for these traits to suggest the best traits as selection criteria towards breeding forage maize with high yield and quality.In Cross 1, biomass yield trait with the highest broad-sense heritability was plant height (70.03%), whereas forage quality trait with the highest heritability estimate was crude protein content (66.60%). Heritability estimates in Cross 2 were high for all biomass yield traits and forage quality traits (>50% for all traits). Indigestible cell wall component represented by acid detergent lignin content was found to be highly heritable in both populations. High genetic advance as percent of mean were found for fresh and dry plant yield as well as for lignin content in both populations. Correlation analysis on all traits showed that all biomass yield components were significantly correlated. All traits related to cell wall content were positively correlated and acid detergent lignin was positively correlated with dry plant yield. Traits with high to moderate heritability and high predicted genetic advance, namely plant height, fresh plant yield and protein content can be used as selection criteria to improve maize biomass yield and nutritive quality for forage utilization. Selecting for higher biomass yield would also result in selecting individuals with higher lignin content as shown by the correlation analysis.
Optimization of Effervescent Tablet-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Central Composite Design for Preconcentration of Stimulant Drug
Authors: Tazulazhar Nurliyana , Loh Saw Hong , Mohd Ariffin Marinah , Wan Mohd Khalik Wan Mohd Afiq
Published: January 2021

The extraction efficiency of stimulant drug, namely caffeine, was investigated using a 23 central composite design. The values of optimum extraction condition were set at 468 μL of 1-dodecanol, 1 piece of effervescent tablet, and 22 °C of extraction temperature. An enrichment factor was calculated as 72 for 80 mL water sample. The run time was conducted in less than 6 min using a non-polar C18 column and an isocratic mobile phase (methanol: water of 40:60 (v/v)) at a controlled flow rate of 1 mL min-1. A good linear response was achieved in the range of 0.01-0.50 μg mL-1 (R2> 0.998). Detection and quantification limits were calculated at 0.009 and 0.015 μg mL-1, respectively. The average recoveries at two spiking concentration levels were within the range of 75-105% with RSD < 2% (n = 3). Real samples namely beverages which contained caffeine and river water were tested using the proposed method, and the results ranged 0.021-0.56 μg mL-1. The eco-scale score and green analytical procedure index confirmed the greenness profile of the proposed method through a calculated score of 88 and has 6 green criteria, respectively.
Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water using either C18 or Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Membranes: Analytical Merits and Limitations
Authors: Mohd Sabari Siti Nurul Umira , Loh Saw Hong , Kamaruzaman Sazlinda , Yahaya Noorfatimah , Wan Mohd Khalik Wan Mohd Afiq
Published: January 2021

Sample pre-treatment is often the bottleneck in an analytical process. Due to the drawbacks of conventional sample pre-treatment methods, microextraction utilizing lower amounts of adsorbents and organic solvents are therefore favoured. A micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) technique coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was successfully developed for the analysis of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PA Hs), namely phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, in environmental water. In this study, μ-SPE techniques using C18 and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes were optimized, validated, and applied to the analysis of selected PA Hs in environmental water samples. The analytical merits were compared, and the two methods were evaluated in terms of linearity, repeatability, and relative recovery. Under the optimal extraction conditions, both μ-SPE techniques using either C18 or MIP membranes as the adsorbents offered comparable ultratrace analysis of the selected PA Hs in the range of 0.003 to 0.01 μg L–1. The extraction strength of C18 membranes was superior to that of MIP membranes for the extraction of low molecular weights PA Hs from water in the presence of humic acid as a matrix factor. The C18membranes overcome the non-covalence interaction between PA Hs and humic acid and thus achieve better recovery.