bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage Variation in Highway Bridge Piers for Rehabilitation with Different Reinforced Options
Authors: Gómez-Soberón Consuelo M. , Olmos-Navarrete Bertha , Jara-Díaz Manuel , Jara-Guerrero José Manuel
Published: July 2013

Bridges are considered as vital components that require a high degree of protection to guarantee their functionality, even after significant earthquakes. So, the damage evaluation of current conditions of these structures is considered a necessary tool for inspection, maintenance and rehabilitation. Seismic fragility curves of a common highway bridge structure, with simple-supported girders, for different seismic scenarios, are evaluated in this paper. The selected bridge is a RC system with rectangular piers, forming a frame substructure; the bridge piers reinforcement is designed using steel jackets. Damage fragility curves are again evaluated for the reinforced system and compared with the initial condition; for that, a non-linear analyses with Ruaumoko program are accomplished, using a Takeda constitutive model and the damage index proposed by Park et al. As an external seismic action, artificial accelerograms are obtained based on signals registered in the most hazardous earthquake zone of Mexico. The probability changes of a certain damage level are verified for the obtained results.
Re-Anchorage of a Ruptured Tendon in Bonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Beams: Model Validation
Authors: Abdelatif Amged O. , Owen John S. , Hussein Mohammed F.M.
Published: July 2013

Many post-tensioned concrete bridges have been reported to have ruptured tendons due to corrosion [1] and the assessment of their residual structural capacity has to account for the possibility of re-anchorage of failed tendons. This paper presents an experimental programme to validate a numerical model developed by the authors for the re-anchorage of a ruptured tendon in post-tensioned concrete [2]. The experimental programme considered 33 post-tensioned concrete prisms, in which the rupture of tendon was simulated by releasing the tendon at one end. The full field displacement at concrete surface after release was measured using 3D Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). A wide range of parameters: tendon diameter, duct material, grout strength, concrete strength and shear reinforcement were investigated to validate the proposed model, which is found to be suitable for use in assessing post-tensioned concrete bridges with damaged tendons.
Effect of Plate Curvature on Blast Response of Carbon/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Phadnis Vaibhav A. , Kumar Puneet , Shukla Arun , Roy Anish , Silberschmidt Vadim V.
Published: July 2013

Experimental and numerical studies wereconducted to understand the effect of plate curvature on the blast response ofcarbon/epoxy composite panels. A shock-tube system was utilized to impartcontrolled shock loading to quasi-isotropic composite panels with varying radiiof curvature. A 3D digital image correlation (DIC) technique coupled withhigh-speed photography was used to assess the out-of-plane deflection ofcomposite panels. A finite element (FE) model integrating fluid-structureinteraction to represent coupling between the air surrounding composite panels,shock wave and panels, was developed using a general-purpose FE softwareABAQUS/Explicit. The numerical results were compared to the experimental dataand showed a good correlation.
Spectral-Based Fatigue Assessment of Ball Grid Arrays under Aerospace Vibratory Environment
Authors: Fekih Lassaad Ben , Kouroussis Georges , Verlinden Olivier
Published: July 2013

Ball grid arrays (BGAs) embedded in aerospace devices should satisfy strict standards in the purpose to ensure their mechanical safety, particularly in fatigue. In fact, critical phases of BGAs service life such as launch lead to high cycle fatigue (HCF) failure due to severe random accelerations.To face this problem, designers are still using experimental qualifications based on deterministic time-domain fatigue methods. This work is motivated principally to study the applicability of the principal spectral fatigue models as cost effective alternative to assess BGA HCF. The study includes an assembly made up of a BGA chip and a support board. Finite element spectrum analysis brings out that the fatigue failure is expected to occur at different interconnect locations like for instance a critical solder joint made of a ductile tin-lead alloy. Among all the studied spectral models, it emerges that the Dirlik’s fatigue prediction is the most relevant in the typical range of the solder fatigue coefficients.
Modal Strain Energy Based Damage Detection Applied to a Full Scale Composite Helicopter Blade
Authors: dos Santos Fabio Luis Marques , Peeters Bart , van der Auweraer Herman , Sandoval Góes Luiz Carlos
Published: July 2013

The use of composites in the aircraft industry has generated a great need for structural health monitoring and damage detection systems, to allow for safer use of complex materials. Such is the case with helicopter blades - these components nowadays are mostly composed of carbon fiber or glass fiber reinforced plastics laminates, epoxy and honeycomb filled core structures. The use of composite materials on the main rotor blade also allows for more complex and efficient shapes to be designed, but at the same time, their use requires an additional effort when it comes to structural monitoring, since damage can occur and go unnoticed. This work presents experimental results for structural health monitoring method based on strain energy. The test subject is a full-scale composite helicopter main rotor blade, which is a highly flexible, slender beam that can display unusual dynamic behavior with orthotropic behavior. This damage detection method is based on the modal strain properties, and a damage detection index is used to identify and quantify damage. A test setup was built to carry out an experimental modal analysis on the main rotor blade. For that purpose, a total of 55 uniaxial accelerometers were used on the helicopter blade to measure the displacement modes of the structure. To compute the strain modes from the displacement modes, central differences approximation is used. Damage is introduced on the blade by attaching a small mass to two different locations. Experimental results show the possibility of locating damage in this case.
Rapid Assembly of Multifunctional Thin Film Sensors for Wind Turbine Blade Monitoring
Authors: Mortensen Lars P. , Ryu Dong Hyeon , Zhao Ying Jun , Loh Kenneth J.
Published: July 2013

Wind is a competitive, clean, and fast-growing renewable energy industry. However, in order for wind to compete with fossil fuel-based energies, it is necessary to achieve lower cost of energy. One way is to reduce operations and maintenance costs by integrating structural health monitoring (SHM) systems with wind turbines. It has been found that the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite-based wind blades are susceptible to damage (e.g., cracks, debonding, and impact). Damage is typically invisible to the naked eye and can propagate rapidly to cause sudden failure. This work presents a new SHM approach using embedded thin film sensors for detecting damage in FRP-based wind blades. While previous studies have shown that carbon nanotube-based thin films can be incorporated with FRPs for sensing, this study further investigates their electromechanical properties. First, a unique spray fabrication approach was employed so that films can be assembled on a low cost basis and can be deposited onto any substrate or structure. Second, the electrical properties of films subjected to post-fabrication thermal annealing were compared. Finally, freestanding films were prepared and subjected to uniaxial tensile cyclic loading while their resistivity was measured simultaneously. The results showed that these films were piezoresistive.
Numerical Modeling to Aid in the Structural Health Monitoring of Wave Energy Converters
Authors: Finnegan William , Goggins Jamie
Published: July 2013

A vital aspect of ensuring the cost effectiveness of wave energy converters (WECs) is being able to monitor their performance remotely through structural health monitoring, as these devices are deployed in very harsh environments in terms of both accessibility and potential damage to the devices. The WECs are monitored through the use of measuring equipment, which is strategically placed on the device. This measured data is then compared to the output from a numerical model of the WEC under the same ocean wave conditions. Any deviations would suggest that there are problems or issues with the WEC. The development of accurate and effective numerical models is necessary to minimise the number of times the visual, or physical, inspection of a deployed WEC is required. In this paper, a numerical wave tank model is, first, validated by comparing the waves generated to those generated experimentally using the wave flume located at the National University of Ireland, Galway. This model is then extended so it is suitable for generating real ocean waves. A wave record observed at the Atlantic marine energy test site has been replicated in the model to a high level of accuracy. A rectangular floating prism is then introduced into the model in order to explore wave-structure interaction. The dynamic response of the structure is compared to a simple analytical solution and found to be in good agreement.
On the Modeling of Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Dinh Van Nguyen , Basu Biswajit
Published: July 2013

In this paper an overview about floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) including operating conditions, property and applicability of the barge, tension-leg, and spar floating platforms is described. The spar-floating offshore wind turbines (S-FOWT) have advantages in deepwater and their preliminary design, numerical modeling tools and integrated modeling are reviewed. Important conclusions about the nacelle and blade motions, tower response, effects of wind and wave loads, overall vibration and power production of the S-FOWT are summarized. Computationally-simplified models with acceptable accuracy are necessary for feasibility and pre-engineering studies of the FOWT. The design needs modeling and analysis of aero-hydro-servo dynamic coupling of the entire FOWT. This paper also familiarizes authors with FOWT and its configurations and modeling approaches.
Active Tuned Mass Damper Control of Wind Turbine Nacelle/Tower Vibrations with Damaged Foundations
Authors: Fitzgerald Breiffni , Basu Biswajit
Published: July 2013

The aim of this paper is to develop an active structural control scheme to control wind turbine nacelle/tower out-of-plane vibration. An active tuned mass damper (ATMD) is designed an placed inside the turbine nacelle. An EulerLagrangian wind turbine model based on energy formulation is developed for this purpose, which considers the structural dynamics of the system and the interaction between in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations. Also, the interaction between the blades and the tower including the ATMD is considered. The wind turbine is subjected to gravity and turbulent aerodynamic loadings. A three-dimensional (3D) model of a wind turbine foundation is designed and analysed in the finite element geotechnical code PLAXIS. The rotation of the foundation is measured and used to calculate a rotational spring constant for use in wind turbine models to describe the soil-structure interaction (SSI) between the wind turbine foundation and the underlying soil medium. Damage is induced in the soil medium by a loss in foundation stiffness. The active control scheme is shown to reduce nacelle/tower vibration when damage occurs.
Application of Piezo Sensors in EMI and Guided Wave Techniques
Authors: Malinowski Pawel , Skarbek Lukasz , Ostachowicz Wieslaw
Published: July 2013

In reported research piezoelectric sensors were used for damage identicitaion purposes. Piezoelectric sensor was used for specimen excitation. Two techniques were investigated. The Electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique and guided wave based technique. The principle of EMI technique is based on measurement and analysis of impedance of piezoelectric transducers bonded on or embedded in investigated structure. It is assumed that structural change should influence the impedance characteristics of the transducers. The guided wave based technique is based on the guided elastic wave propagation phenomena. This type of waves can be used in order to obtain information about structure condition and possibly damaged areas. In reported investigation piezoelectric sensor was used to excite guided waves in chosen structural element. Dispersive nature of guided waves results in changes of velocity with the wave frequency, therefore a narrowband signal was used to minimize the dispersion phenomenon. The generated signal was amplified before applying it to the transducer in order to ensure measurable amplitude of excited guided wave. Measurement of the wave field was realized using laser scanning vibrometer that registered the velocity responses at a points belonging to a defined mesh. This non-contact tool allowed to investigate phenomena related to wave propagation. For both techniques numerical signals processing tools were developed. These numerical tools were designed to extract damage relevant features from EMI measurements and guided wave propagation measurements. The damage index (DI) was introduced on the basis of the extracted features.
Sensor Performance Assessment Based on a Physical Model and Impedance Measurements
Authors: Buethe Inka , Fritzen Claus Peter
Published: July 2013

The employment of a large number of embedded sensors in advanced monitoring systems becomes more common, enabling in-service detection, localization and assessment of defects in mechanical, civil and aerospace structures. These sensors could be optical fibre sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges or piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS). As the latter are quite popular, due to its multipurpose application as actuators and sensors and its low cost, this type will be investigated. Within this paper a possible approach of sensor performance is presented. The method uses the coupled electro-mechanical admittance to detect damage of the PWAS and its bonding layer. The help of a temperature dependent theoretical model provides for influences of changing environmental and operational conditions. The model will be compared with FEM-results, before showing the successful application on experimental results.
Numerical Studies on Wavelet-Based Crack Detection Based on Velocity Response of a Beam Subjecting to Moving Load
Authors: Zhang Wei Wei , Geng Jia , Zhao Zi Long , Wang Zhi Hua
Published: July 2013

In this paper, the possibility and validity of damage detection based on velocity response of a simply supported beam under the moving load are examined theoretically and numerically. It includes the following parts: First, the theoretic background of the beam vibration subjecting to moving load is briefly described. And then, the velocity responses of a simple supported beam are calculated by software Ansys. Using wavelet transform, the damage location can be identified successfully. At last, the effects of noise and load speed are discussed in detail. Numerical studies show the validity of the proposed method and a good noise tolerance using the velocity response.
Damage Detection in Nonlinear Structures Using Discrete-Time Volterra Series
Authors: Shiki Sidney Bruce , Lopes Vicente , da Silva Samuel
Published: July 2013

Structural damage identification is basically a nonlinear phenomenon; however, nonlinearprocedures are not used currently in practical applications due to the complexity and difficulty forimplementation of such techniques. Therefore, the development of techniques that consider the nonlinearbehavior of structures for damage detection is a research of major importance since nonlineardynamical effects can be erroneously treated as damage in the structure by classical metrics. Thispaper proposes the discrete-time Volterra series for modeling the nonlinear convolution between theinput and output signals in a benchmark nonlinear system. The prediction error of the model in anunknown structural condition is compared with the values of the reference structure in healthy conditionfor evaluating the method of damage detection. Since the Volterra series separate the responseof the system in linear and nonlinear contributions, these indexes are used to show the importanceof considering the nonlinear behavior of the structure. The paper concludes pointing out the mainadvantages and drawbacks of this damage detection methodology.
Monitoring Dynamic Structural Tests Using Image Deblurring Techniques
Authors: McCarthy David M.J. , Chandler Jim H. , Palmeri Alessandro
Published: July 2013

Photogrammetric techniques have demonstrated their suitability for monitoring static structural tests. Advantages include scalability, reduced cost, and three dimensional monitoring of very high numbers of points without direct contact with the test element. Commercial measuring instruments now exist which use this approach. Dynamic testing is becoming a convenient approach for long-term structural health monitoring. If image based methods could be applied to the dynamic case, then the above advantages could prove beneficial. Past work has been successful where the vibration has either large amplitude or low frequency, as even specialist imaging sensors are limited by an inherent compromise between image resolution and imaging frequency. Judgement in sensor selection is therefore critical. Monitoring of structures in real-time is possible only at a reduced resolution, and although imaging and computer processing hardware continuously improves, so the accuracy demands of researchers and engineers increase. A new approach to measuring vibration is introduced here, whereby a long-exposure photograph is used to capture a blurred image of the vibrating structure. The high resolution blurred image showing the whole vibration interval is measured with no need for high-speed imaging. Results are presented for a series of small-scale laboratory models, as well as a larger scale test, which demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed technique. Different image processing strategies are presented and compared, as well as the effects of exposure, aperture and sensitivity selection. Image processing time appears much faster, increasing suitability for real-time monitoring.
Experimental Study on Tool Wear when Machining Super Titanium Alloys: Ti6Al4V and Ti-555
Authors: Nouari Mohammed , Makich Hamid
Published: July 2013

To understand the effect of the workpiece microstructure on the tool wear behavior, anexperimental investigation was conducted on machining two different microstructures of supertitanium alloys: Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-555. The analysis of tool-chip interface parameters such asfriction, heat flux and temperature rise and the evolution of the workpiece microstructure underdifferent cutting conditions have been discussed. As cutting speed and feed rate increase, the meancutting forces and temperature show different progressions depending on the consideredmicrostructure. Results show that wear modes for cutting tools used in machining the Ti-555 alloyshow contrast from those exhibited by tools used in machining the Ti6AI4V alloy. In fact, onlyabrasion wear was observed for cutting tools in the case of machining the near-β titanium Ti-555alloy. The last alloy is characterized by a fine-sized microstructure (order of 1 μm). For the usualTi6Al4V alloy, adhesion and diffusion modes followed by coating delamination process on the toolsubstrate have been clearly identified. Moreover, a deformed layer was observed under secondaryelectron microscope (SEM) from the sub-surface of the chip with β-grains orientation along thechip flow direction. The analysis of the microstructure confirms the intense deformation of themachined surface and shows a texture modification, without phase transformation. For the Ti-555β-alloy, β grains experiences more plastic deformation and increases the microhardness of theworkpiece inducing then an abrasion wear process for cemented carbide tools. For the Ti6Al4Vmicrostructure, the temperature rise induces a thermal softening process of the workpiece andgenerates adhesive wear modes for cutting tools. The observed worn tool surfaces confirm theeffect of the microstructure on tool wear under different cutting conditions for the two studiedtitanium alloys.
Emergent Synthesis of Bismuth Subcarbonate Nanomaterials with Various Morphologies towards Photocatalytic Activities - An Overview
Authors: Selvamani Thangavel , Asiri Abdullah M. , Al-Youbi Abdulrahman O. , Anandan Sambandam
Published: July 2013

The unique properties of bismuth subcarbonate nanomaterials provide benefits in remediation, pollution prevention, and efficient use of resources; however, the greatest contribution to green chemistry is likely to be the new manufacturing strategies available through nanoscience. Thus, the present overview mainly focuses on the synthesis of diverse bismuth subcarbonates nanostructures such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanoplates, nanosheets, hollow microspheres and microstructures resembles rose, sponge, flower and persimmon-like morphologies; and studied their photocatalytic activities to reveal the morphological features of the precursor. Moreover the wide characterizations of these materials using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques; and the probable catalytic mechanism based on their diverse architectures were discussed.
Exploring the Use of a Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Method to Investigate Nucleation
Authors: Brown Adam , Dong Hong Biao , Howes Paul , Nicklin Chris
Published: July 2013

A synchrotron X-Ray scattering method has been explored to probe the interactions at the interface between liquid Al and α-Al2O3. Melting and solidification behaviour has been observed in-situ in Al via collection and indexing of scattering generated at the solid-liquid interface.
Modification of a Hypereutectic Aluminium Silicon Alloy under the Influence of Intensive Melt Shearing
Authors: Zuo Yu Bo , Fan Zhong Yun , Zhu Q.F. , Lei L. , Cui Jian Zhong
Published: July 2013

A physical modification method with the application of intensive melt shearing during solidification was used to treat a hypereutectic aluminium silicon alloy. The effect of intensive melt shearing on the microstructure of the alloy was studied. Experimental results showed that intensive melt shearing can significantly refine the primary silicon particles, and treatment temperature plays a very important role in the refinement. The optimum condition for refining primary silicon particles of Al-20wt%Si alloy is treating at 660 °C.
Grain Refiner Development for Al Containing Mg Alloys
Authors: Bolzoni Leandro , Nowak Magdalena , Yan Feng , Hari Babu N.
Published: July 2013

We have found a chemical compound which can refine the grain structure of both commercially used Al-free and Al-containing magnesium alloys. In this work, the addition of novel grain refiner (NGR) on microstructural evolution of two magnesium alloys (AZ91D and AM50) solidified under various cooling rates is presented. A wedge-shaped copper mould was used to achieve continuous variation in cooling rate for both alloys. The influence of addition of the grain refiner for AM50 alloy is investigated for high pressure die casting (HPDC) process. A series of tensile samples were produced to inspect microstructural and mechanical properties. The observed improvement in elongation for grain refiner added samples is correlated with the grain refinement in early solidified crystals that are commonly observed in HPDC products.
Practical Considerations on the Application of Ultrasonic Treatment to Mg-Al Shape Castings
Authors: Pucina Eraldo , de Looze Geoff , Tomus Dacian , Easton Mark A. , Schiffl Andreas , St. John David H.
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates the use of ultrasonic treatment on the grain refinement of Mg-Al alloys in castings similar to commercial gravity castings. It shows that it is a very effective form of grain refinement but it is limited spatially and by the advancing solidification front if partially-solidified product is washed into the die. It was found that the best way to obtain a homogeneous fine grain size through-out the casting was to combine a grain refining addition, SiC, with ultrasonic treatment during the initial stages of solidification.
A Review of Cooling Technologies for Flat Rolled Aluminium Products
Authors: Christoforou Peter
Published: July 2013

The basic principles of the cold and foil aluminium rolling technology used in most rolling plants today have been around for many years with the major flatness control developments taking place 30 years ago. A crucial component of this technology is the coolant and lubricant fluid used for this process. In cold and foil rolling, kerosene is used as a coolant for the work rolls and as a lubricant for the rolling process, with the aid of specific additives. A lot of alternatives have been tested in the past but the kerosene medium has remained as the industry standard. An overview of the alternative technologies is discussed.
Tension-Tension Fatigue Behaviour of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminium Composites
Authors: Liao Jin Zhi , Tan Ming Jen , Bayraktar Emin
Published: July 2013

Fatigue characterization is an important concern for structural materials. The fatigue behaviour of aluminium (Al) composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT) is of interest besides its improved strength. In this study, tension-tension fatigue tests were conducted on monolithic Al and Al reinforced with 0.5, 1 and 2 weight percentages of CNT. Experimental results showed that the addition of CNTs significantly increased the number of load cycles to failure for each loading case. CNTs could slow fatigue crack propagation by crack-bridging and CNT frictional pull-out mechanisms. Cyclic softening was observed for both monolithic Al and Al-0.5CNT fatigued at an intermediate-high maximum stress of 120 MPa. TEM studies showed that the cyclic softening was attributed to the rearrangement of dislocations into lower potential energy configurations, i.e. parallel arrays and twin boundary dislocations.
Compressive Creep Behaviour of Extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr (wt.%) Alloy
Authors: Wang Huan , Wang Qu Dong , Ye Bing , Yin Dong Di , Yuan Jie
Published: July 2013

The compressive creep behaviour of extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr (wt.%, GW103) alloy was investigated at temperatures from 200 °C to 300 °C and under stresses from 50 MPa to 120 MPa. The peak-aged alloy exhibited minimum creep rates ranging from 1.90×10-9 s-1 to 6.14×10-6 s-1 and the aging treatment exerted a positive effect on its creep performance. The measured stress exponent of the peak-aged extruded alloy varied from 2.0 to 3.4, while the activation energy was 83.4 kJ/mol and 184.3 kJ/mol at low temperature and high temperature regime, respectively. This suggested grain boundary sliding was the primary creep mechanism at low temperature but dislocation-controlled creep dominated at high temperature. XRD patterns and SEM micrographs indicated precipitates increased with creep time, and further dynamic recrystallization occurred. Precipitate free zones (PFZs) were clearly observed near the grain boundaries parallel to the loading direction.
Comparison of Corrosion Resistance of High Pressure Die-Cast and Semi-Solid Cast AZ91, AM60, Alloys and Respective Anodic Oxides
Authors: Genoni Carmine , da Forno Anna , Bestetti Massimiliano
Published: July 2013

A comparison of corrosion resistance of die-cast and semi-solid cast AZ91and AM60 magnesium alloys was performed in corrosive medium by measurement of the open circuit potential and potentiodynamic scans. Before testing, a heat treatment was carried out on the semi-solid cast alloys. Moreover, electrochemical measurements were performed on the four different substrates anodized in the micro-arc regime in an environment friendly alkaline aqueous solution. The results could be correlated to the different microstructures of the samples produced by the different processes and to the different compactness/porosity of the oxides.
Automotive Structures: Design for Disassembly and the Role of Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Hutchinson Allan , Winfield Patricia H. , Morrey Denise
Published: July 2013

A controllable adhesive disbonding mechanism can be achieved by activating functional additives located within the matrix of an adhesively bonded joint. This action facilitates the disassembly and material recovery from structurally bonded assemblies. The engineering capabilities of bonded joints containing a range of physical foaming agents were investigated. The effect of the physical foaming agents on joint disassembly was mostly attributable to the volumetric expansion efficiency of the additive whilst constrained within an adhesive matrix.
High Strain Rate Test of a Steel Plate under Blast Loading from High Explosive
Authors: Saburi Tei , Kubota Shiro , Wada Yuji , Kumaki Tatsuya , Yoshida Masatake
Published: July 2013

In this study, a high strain rate test method of a steel plate under blast loading from high explosive was designed and was conducted by a combined experimental/numerical approach to facilitate the estimation process for the dynamic stress-strain curve under practical strain rate conditions. The steel plate was subjected to a blast load, which was generated by Composition C4 explosive and the dynamic deformation of the plate was observed with a high-speed video camera. Time-deformation relations were acquired by image analysis. A numerical simulation for the dynamic behaviors of the plate identical to the experimental condition was conducted using a coupling analysis of finite element method (FEM) and discrete particle method (DPM). Explosives were modeled by discrete particles and the steel plate and other materials were modeled by finite element. The blast load on the plate was described fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between DPM and FEM. As inverse analysis scheme to estimate dynamic stress-strain curve, an evaluation using a quasistatic data was conducted. In addition, two types of approximations for stress-strain curve were assumed and optimized by least square method. One is a 2-piece approximation, and was optimized by least squares method using a yield stress and a tangent modulus as parameters. The other is a continuous piecewise linear approximation, in which a stress-strain curve was divided into some segments based on experimental time-deformation relation, and was sequentially optimized using youngs modulus or yield stress as parameter. The results showed that the piecewise approximation can gives reasonably agreement with SS curve obtained from the experiment.
Numerical Analysis on the Damage of the Explosion Pit at Kumamoto University
Authors: Nishi Masatoshi , Katayama Masahide , Hokamoto Kazuyuki
Published: July 2013

This study investigates effects of impact action and its damage to structures. Here, we utilized as our object of study the explosion pit located at the Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center of Kumamoto University. We conducted numerical analysis on damage to the explosion pit to elucidate how small cracks on the surface of reinforced concrete of the pit arose. Herein, ANSYS AUTODYN refers to the numerical analysis software utilized.
An Investigation on Deburring Technology Using Concentrated Underwater Shock Wave
Authors: Shiramoto Kazumasa , Kobayashi Akiyoshi , Takamiya Kazuto , Fujita Masahiro
Published: July 2013

When a few branched holes are made in order to cross a main hole at right angle, burrs are produced on the sidewall of the main hole at end of each branched hole. The principle of the process is as follows. After the specimen of which all holes are closed by using sealing tape is submerged, explosive set at the position a little apart from the entrance of the main hole is detonated. As soon as the generated underwater shock wave is arrived at the entrance of the main hole, the sealing tape is broken and the water stream with very high velocity flows into the main hole. The deburring is performed by the action of the water stream with very high velocity. The deburring is sufficiently succeeded in most case.
When the main hole is closed, however, the deburring could not be succeeded at the branched hole very near closed position. In order to improve the insufficiency of the process, we designed new equipment in order that underwater shock wave may be concentrated at the entrance of main hole and the water stream with very high velocity, which is caused by the shock wave, may flow along sidewall on which burr is generated. In the present report, we propose the new method and give full account of the experimental results for deburring obtained by using the equipment.
Development of Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Code for Explosion Problem
Authors: Saburi Tei , Kubota Shiro , Wada Yuji , Yoshida Masatake
Published: July 2013

A multidimensional analysis code for reactive shocks (MARS), which is developed to solve various problems in the physical hazard analysis of high energetic materials, has been applied to such complex problems as multi-material problem and sympathetic problem because it can employ various types of equations of state and a materials database. However, it was difficult to meet a growing demand for large-scale analysis and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis. To address these issues, this study reports a parallelization of the code and an implementation of the functional capability of FSI analysis, and performance results for sample problems were also shown.
The rhetorical purpose of Israel's notion of the 'whole body' as the ideal body in the psalms: A comparative study of selected psalms from four different genres
Authors: Wessels Cornelius J.J. , Coetzee Johan H.
Published: July 2013

The authors of the psalms implemented body rhetoric, especially the notion of the �whole body� as the ideal body, in the various genres of psalms, with specific purposes in mind. The whole body as ideal body served as a defining paradigm within the ancient Israelite culture. In this article, the relationship between the embodied God-concept, the ideal societal body and the individual body is investigated in order to determine the purpose of the implementation of this ideology of whole-bodiedness in selected psalm genres. In Psalm 2, the political body as cultural construct plays a prominent role in directing the individual to think of the body in a specific manner. In Psalm 6, the �broken body� drives the lamentation of the psalmist towards recovery. Psalm 29 reflects the poet�s ability to sketch, in hymnic-embodied language, God�s relationship with his creation and his people and the poet�s worship for God�s fullness of existence and activity. Psalm 32, as a psalm of thanksgiving, pictures God as the whole body in terms of the saviour, protector and healer of the broken (sinful) body.
EFFICIENT 3D DOCUMENTATION OF NEPTUNE FOUNTAIN IN THE PARK OF SCHÖNBRUNN PALACE AT MILLIMETER SCALE
Authors: Dorninger P. , Nothegger C. , Rasztovits S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. 3D documentation of cultural heritage is commonly based on image sensors or laser scanning. Respective sensors and software tools have been improved significantly in recent years concerning both automation and accuracy. Considering the documentation of huge objects with high richness in detail requires a huge effort. Close-range scanners offer the highest accuracy, however, their restricted field-of-view and their limited maximum measurement distance make numerous scanning positions necessary, thus significantly increasing the effort for data acquisition and processing. This is similar if image processing is used for aiming at mm-accuracy. For this, several hundred images are typically necessary for modelling sculptures properly. Consequently, both methods are not applicable for huge objects with an extension of several tens of meters and with a highly structured surface. Within this contribution, we describe a workflow for data acquisition and processing of the Neptune Fountain in the park area of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Schloß Schönbrunn in Vienna, Austria. Some 5 billion points were acquired from 230 scanning positions within four days using a phase-shift laser scanner. Highly automated processing of this data resulted in a triangulation model with an absolute accuracy of less than 5 mm for non-translucent materials. Problems at the translucent marble structures are analysed and a textured 3D model of a portion of the object for the application on mobile devices is presented.
RANGE AND PANORAMIC IMAGE FUSION INTO A TEXTURED RANGE IMAGE FOR CULTURE HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Bila Z. , Reznicek J. , Pavelka K.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper deals with a fusion of range and panoramic images, where the range image is acquired by a 3D laser scanner and the panoramic image is acquired with a digital still camera mounted on a panoramic head and tripod. The fused resulting dataset, called "textured range image", provides more reliable information about the investigated object for conservators and historians, than using both datasets separately. A simple example of fusion of a range and panoramic images, both obtained in St. Francis Xavier Church in town Opařany, is given here. Firstly, we describe the process of data acquisition, then the processing of both datasets into a proper format for following fusion and the process of fusion. The process of fusion can be divided into a two main parts: transformation and remapping. In the first, transformation, part, both images are related by matching similar features detected on both images with a proper detector, which results in transformation matrix enabling transformation of the range image onto a panoramic image. Then, the range data are remapped from the range image space into a panoramic image space and stored as an additional "range" channel. The process of image fusion is validated by comparing similar features extracted on both datasets.
ENHANCING THE REUSE OF DIGITAL RESOURCES FOR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS TO REPRESENT, UNDERSTAND AND DYNAMIZE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS IN ARCHITECTURAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Delgado F. J. , Martinez R. , Finat J. , Martinez J. , Puche J. C. , Finat F. J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this work we develop a multiply interconnected system which involves objects, agents and interactions between them from the use of ICT applied to open repositories, users communities and web services. Our approach is applied to Architectural Cultural Heritage Environments (ACHE). It includes components relative to digital accessibility (to augmented ACHE repositories), contents management (ontologies for the semantic web), semiautomatic recognition (to ease the reuse of materials) and serious videogames (for interaction in urban environments). Their combination provides a support for local real/remote virtual tourism (including some tools for low-level RT display of rendering in portable devices), mobile-based smart interactions (with a special regard to monitored environments) and CH related games (as extended web services). Main contributions to AR models on usual GIS applied to architectural environments, concern to an interactive support performed directly on digital files which allows to access to CH contents which are referred to GIS of urban districts (involving facades, historical or preindustrial buildings) and/or CH repositories in a ludic and transversal way to acquire cognitive, medial and social abilities in collaborative environments.
Effect of dietary protein level on retention of nutrients, growth performance, litter composition and NH3 emission using a multi-phase feeding programme in broilers
Authors: Hernandez F. , Megias M. D. , Orengo J. , Martinez S. , Lopez M. J. , Madrid J.
Published: July 2013

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of dietary protein level on the retention of nutrients, growth performance, litter composition and NH3 emission in broiler chickens kept under laboratory conditions (housed in cages, Exp.1) or in commercial conditions (in pens, Exp.2; or whole houses of a farm, Exp.3). All the trials were performed according to a factorial experimental design, involving a 4-stage feeding programme and two levels of dietary crude protein (CP) for each period: control vs. low crude protein (CP reduced by 1.5%). In Exp.1, the coefficients of total tract apparent retention of dry matter and CP were higher in the birds fed the low CP diet (p<0.05). On average, reducing the CP of the diet led to a 4.8% reduction in the nitrogen excreted per CP intake. In Exp.2, the feed conversion ratio was higher in birds fed the low CP diet from 22 to 35d (p<0.05), from 35 to 42d (p<0.01), and over the whole experimental period (p<0.01). In Exp.3, low CP diets decreased the nitrogen content of the litter in the finisher period (p<0.05). The average NH3 concentration and emission from 33 to 42d were lower in the low CP house (p<0.01), with a 16% decrease in the cumulative NH3 emission. Therefore, the reduction in dietary CP content by 1.5% reduced the potential environmental impact, although it had a negative effect on the feed efficiency of broilers.
Minimal Access Spine Surgery (MASS) for Decompression and Stabilization Performed as an Out-Patient Procedure for Metastatic Spinal Tumours Followed by Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT): First Report of Technique and Preliminary Outcomes
Authors: Massicotte Eric , Foote Matthew , Reddy Rajesh , Sahgal Arjun
Published: July 2013

We report a novel approach in the treatment of spinal metastases with epidural disease and mechanical instability using a combined minimal access spine surgery (MASS) technique followed by spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). This study was performed as a retrospective review of the first ten consecutive patients treated with this combined approach. The MASS technique was based on a tubular retraction system to gain access for decompression and mechanical stabilization achieved using methyl-methacrylate (MMA) applied under direct visualization. SBRT consisted of one to five image-guided high dose per fraction treatments. Eight patients were symptomatic at baseline. Pain, disability, and quality of life (QOL) were prospectively determined using the visual analogue score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Short-Form-36 version 2, respectively. The median follow-up was 13 months (range, 3–18). MASS successfully decompressed each patient. The median blood loss was 335 ml. Following MASS, the median time to SBRT treatment planning was 6.5 days and subsequent median time to treatment was 7 days. Local control was observed in 7 of the 10 patients. Improvements in VAS, ODI and QOL were observed post-SBRT. We report preliminary efficacy for our MASS-SBRT combined approach for patients with spinal metastases, mechanical pain and epidural disease.
Volumetric Response Evaluation after Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy in Patients with Supratentorial Gliomas
Authors: Cho K. H. , Choi J. H. , Kim J. Y. , Lee S. H. , Yoo H. , Shin K. H. , Kim T. H. , Moon S. H. , Lee S. H. , Park H. C.
Published: July 2013

Radiotherapy is frequently indicated to treat cerebral gliomas. Accurate response evaluation after radiotherapy is essential to determine the efficacy of treatment. We retrospectively analyzed the volumetric tumor response after simultaneous integrated boost-intensity modulated radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) in patients with gliomas. Thirty-five patients (Grade II, 7 patients; Grade III, 12; and Grade IV, 16) were treated with SIB-IMRT with a median total dose of 55.9 Gy/26 fractions for Grade II and 60 Gy/25 fractions for Grade III-IV tumors. Tumor responses were evaluated for enhancing volume on post-gadolinium T1-weighted images (Vgd) and hyper-intensity volume on T2-weighted FLAIR images (Vfl) on serial MRIs. With the median follow-up of 24.0 months, overall response rates (RRs) were 57% for Vgd and 51% for Vfl. Tumor grade was predictive of response favoring the lower grade in Vfl with RRs of 86% for Grade II, 75% for Grade III, and 19% for Grade IV tumors (p = 0.004). Time to 50% or greater volume reduction (T50) in Vgd was 8 months for grade III. The T50 in Vfl was approximately 24 months both for Grade II and III tumors. Majority of Grade IV tumors continued to progress and never reached the T50 in Vgd or Vfl. Responders survived longer than non-responders for Vgd and Vfl. Volume response after radiotherapy was dependent upon tumor grade and time. LGGs are very responsive to radiotherapy with the RRs of 86% in Vfl. The response of Vfl is more protracted compared to Vgd. Further investigation is needed to determine the clinical significance of volumetric response evaluation.
Male Guardians of Women’s Virtue
Authors: Stuart Mari Jyväsjärvi
Published: July 2013

In studies on pre-modern South Asian religions, the Brāhmaṇical tradition is often singled out as being particularly restrictive of women’s independent agency, as evidenced in epic and dharmaśāstric passages prescribing men’s guardianship over women. Buddhism and Jainism are assumed to have offered women a greater degree of independence since they allowed women the option of pursuing monastic life. However, this article demonstrates that Jain texts, at least, share the ethos and sometimes even the language of the Brāhmaṇical guarding verses. Examining discussions of male guardianship of women in post-canonical Śvetāmbara Jain monastic commentaries in light of dharmaśāstric treatments of the same theme demonstrates that Jain authors were no less concerned with guarding and protecting women in their communities. In the context of monastic life, monks must fulfill the role of the male guardian and overseer for the female members of their order, even though the resulting close involvement with the nuns presents problems for a community of professedly celibate men. The concern with community honor, and the conviction that women’s (sexual) honor is intimately interlinked with it, overrides all other concerns even for Jain monastic communities.
Readings of the Platform Sūtra. Edited by Morten Schlütter and Stephen F. Teiser; and The Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch: The Text of the Tun-Huang Manuscript. Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky with a new foreword by Morten Schlütter
Authors: Heller Natash
Published: July 2013

Readings of the Platform Sūtra. Edited by Morten Schlütter and Stephen F. Teiser. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Pp. ix + 220. $27 (paper).

The Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch: The Text of the Tun-Huang Manuscript. Translated by Philip B. Yampolsky with a new foreword by Morten Schlütter. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Pp. xvi + 220 + 30 (paginated in Chinese). $32 (paper).
Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. By Lisa N. Owen
Authors: Cort John E.
Published: July 2013

Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. By Lisa N. Owen. Brill’s Indological Library, vol. 41. Leiden: Brill, 2012. Pp. xiv + 224, 119 figures. $153.
Eléments de théologie thébaine: Les chapitres supplémentaires du Livre des Morts. By Annik Wüthrich
Authors: Kockelmann Holger
Published: July 2013

Eléments de théologie thébaine: Les chapitres supplémentaires du Livre des Morts. By Annik Wüthrich. Studien zum altägyptischen Totenbuch, vol. 16. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. Pp. xv + 272, illus. €64 (paper).
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: July 2013

Back matter
4‐Hydroxyphenylpyruvatdioxygenase‐Inhibitoren plus Safener: Lösungen für eine moderne und nachhaltige Landwirtschaft
Authors: Ahrens Hartmut , Lange Gudrun , Müller Thomas , Rosinger Chris , Willms Lothar , van Almsick Andreas
Published: July 2013

HPPD‐Inhibitoren verhindern die Bildung der pflanzlichen Carotinoidpigmente, was wiederum zum Chlorophyllabbau führt. Dieser “Bleaching”‐Wirkmechanismus kommt bei Produkten zur Kontrolle von Schadpflanzen in unterschiedlichen Kulturen wie Reis, Mais und Getreide zum Einsatz. In Kombination mit einem geeigneten Safener lässt sich das Potential dieser Verbindungsklasse bei der selektiven Bekämpfung der wichtigsten Schadpflanzen, einschließlich der rasch zunehmenden Fälle von Resistenzen gegen andere wichtige Herbizidklassen, voll ausschöpfen.