bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies to improve minority access to public mental health services in California: Description and preliminary evaluation
Authors: Snowden Lonnie , Masland Mary , Ma Yifei , Ciemens Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

The present study documented and evaluated steps taken by public mental health administrators to recruit members of underrepresented ethnic minority populations into treatment. By surveying county‐level ethnic program specialists in the decentralized California state system, the study identified strategies considered effective for reaching African American, Asian American, Latino, and Native Americans communities and overcoming barriers to treatment‐seeking. In multivariate analysis, strategies were linked to ethnic‐specific Medi‐Cal penetration rates calculated as measures of access. Results indicated that undertaking outreach activities was associated with greater access for Latinos and Native Americans. For Asian Americans, hiring bilingual or bicultural staff was associated with greater access but having a bilingual or bicultural receptionist was associated with lesser access. For all minority groups as well as for Whites, the overall supply of mental health practitioners in the county was strongly associated with greater access. The study documented real‐world efforts to improve minority access and, despite limitations imposed by its cross‐sectional design, provided preliminary evidence of effectiveness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cultural competency: From philosophy to research and practice
Authors: Sue Stanley
Published: February 2006

Cultural competency in the delivery of mental health services has gained considerable momentum. This momentum has been accompanied by questions about the meaning, usefulness, and precision of cultural competency. The author argues that cultural competency is composed of general processes (scientific mindedness, dynamic sizing, and culture‐specific skills), as well as a series of concrete and trainable strategies. The incorporation of these processes and strategies into treatment can improve treatment outcomes with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogenetic memory of developing mammalian dentition
Authors: Peterkova Renata , Lesot Hervé , Peterka Miroslav
Published: February 2006

Structures suppressed during evolution can be retraced due to atavisms and vestiges. Atavism is an exceptional emergence of an ancestral form in a living individual. In contrast, ancestral vestige regularly occurs in all members of an actual species. We surveyed data about the vestigial and atavistic teeth in mammals, updated them by recent findings in mouse and human embryos, and discussed their ontogenetic and evolutionary implications. In the mouse incisor and diastema regions, dental placodes are transiently distinct being morphologically similar to the early tooth primordia in reptiles. Two large vestigial buds emerge in front of the prospective first molar and presumably correspond to the premolars eliminated during mouse evolution. The incorporation of the posterior premolar vestige into the lower first molar illustrates the putative mechanism of evolutionary disappearance of the last premolar in the mice. In mutant mice, devious development of the ancestral tooth primordia might lead to their revivification and origin of atavistic supernumerary teeth. Similarity in the developmental schedule between three molars in mice and the respective third and fourth deciduous premolar and the first molar in humans raises a question about putative homology of these teeth. The complex patterning of the vestibular and dental epithelium in human embryos is reminiscent of the pattern of “Zahnreihen” in lower vertebrates. A hypothesis was presented about the developmental relationship between the structures at the external aspect of the dentition in mammals (oral vestibule, pre‐lacteal teeth, paramolar cusps/teeth), the tooth glands in reptiles, and the earliest teeth in lower vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sufficient conditions for λ′‐optimality in graphs with girth g
Authors: Balbuena C. , García‐Vázquez P. , Marcote X.
Published: February 2006

For a connected graph the restricted edge‐connectivity λ′(G) is defined as the minimum cardinality of an edge‐cut over all edge‐cuts S such that there are no isolated vertices in G–S. A graph G is said to
be λ′‐optimal if λ′(G) = ξ(G), where ξ(G) is the minimum edge‐degree in G defined as ξ(G) = min{d(u) + d(v) − 2:uv ∈ E(G)}, d(u) denoting the degree of a vertex u. A. Hellwig and L. Volkmann [Sufficient conditions for λ′‐optimality in graphs of diameter 2, Discrete Math 283 (2004), 113–120] gave a sufficient condition for λ′‐optimality in graphs of diameter 2. In this paper, we generalize this condition in graphs of diameter g − 1, g being the girth of the graph, and show that a graph G with diameter at most g − 2 is λ′‐optimal. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 73–86, 2006
Cycle lengths in graphs with large minimum degree
Authors: Nikiforov V. , Schelp R. H.
Published: February 2006

Our main result is the following theorem.

Let k ≥ 2 be an integer, G be a graph of sufficiently large order n, and δ(G) ≥ n/k. Then:

G contains a cycle of length t for every even integer t ∈ [4, δ(G) + 1].

If G is nonbipartite then G contains a cycle of length t for every odd integer t ∈ [2k − 1, δ(G) + 1], unless k ≥ 6 and G belongs to a known exceptional class.

© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 157–170, 2006
Decolorization of synthetic dyes by the deuteromycete Pestalotiopsis guepinii CLPS no. 786 strain
Authors: Nazareno Saparrat Mario Carlos , Hammer Elke
Published: February 2006

The ability of Pestalotiopsis guepinii CLPS no. 786 to decolorize 13 dyes of varied structure was analyzed and compared with that of the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Nine dyes representing anthrapyridone, azo, N‐heterocyclic and triphenylmethane chromophores, but none with the O‐heterocyclic group, were decolorized by P. guepinii when added to an agar medium. Studies with liquid cultures revealed that P. guepinii transformed both crystal violet and methylene blue B dyes, and adsorbed different chromophores onto its mycelium. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A simple system for biofilm potential monitoring in drinking water
Authors: Delahaye Eric , Levi Yves , Leblon Gérard , Montiel Antoine
Published: February 2006

SAGEP‐EAU DE PARIS produces drinking water for the city of Paris (France). In order to supply a high quality water, one of the main SAGEP's concerns is to monitor the Biofilm Formation Potentials of the produced drinking waters.

Biofilm incubators were installed at the outlet of three Water Treatment Plants (WTP). These incubators allowed biofilm formation and quantification in terms of Fixed Total Organic Carbon (FTOC), fixed culturable bacteria (HPC‐R2A) and fixed total bacteria.

During this study, quantitative differences appeared between the biofilms formed at the outlet of the three WTPs, leading to different classifications of the Biofilm Formation Potentials of the three produced waters, depending on the used parameter for biofilms quantification. This observation underlined the necessity of a multi‐parametric approach for the study of biofilms.

More generally, our results validated the use of these sturdy stainless steel incubators, highly adapted to industrial field conditions, for the monitoring of Biofilm Formation Potentials in drinking water networks. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unusual envelopes associated with parasporal inclusions of a mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis serovar fukuokaensis isolate
Authors: Shisa Noriko , Maeda Minoru , Ohba Michio
Published: February 2006

A mosquitocidal soil isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar fukuokaensis (H3ade) produced spherical parasporal inclusions measuring 0.6–0.7 µm in diameter. Inclusion matrix was homogeneous substance surrounded by a thick, highly electron‐dense envelope 30–50 nm in thickness. The envelopes were associated with both intracellular and extracellular inclusions. Densely woven network was the inner structure of the envelope. Often, inclusions had round‐shaped, enveloped small protrusions on the surface. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of salinity and other factors on nitrite reduction by Ochrobactrum anthropi 49187
Authors: Causey Margaret B. , Beane Kimberly N. , Wolf Joe R.
Published: February 2006

The nitrite reductase (NIR) gene was cloned from Ochrobactrum anthropi 49187 and found to contain an open reading frame of 1131 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of 376 amino acids. The O. anthropi NIR gene encodes a copper‐type dissimilatory reductase based on sequence homology with other genes. The polypeptide product is predicted to form a trimeric holoenzyme of 37 kDa subunits based on molecular weight estimates of extracts in activity gels. Expression of the enzyme is up‐regulated by nitrate, presumably through the intermediate nitrite, and its activity is influenced by inhibitors. Salinity enhances the activity of existing NIR enzyme, but appears to decrease the expression of new enzyme. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An event‐based jet‐stream climatology and typology
Authors: Koch Patrick , Wernli Heini , Davies Huw C.
Published: February 2006

A novel climatology is developed for upper‐tropospheric jet streams, which is complementary to and an alternative for the traditional depictions of the time‐mean jets. It entails identifying the occurrence of a jet event at a given location and then compiling the spatial frequency distribution of such events. The resulting climatology, derived using the ERA‐15 reanalysis data set of the ECMWF for the period 1979–1993 indicates that (1) in both hemispheres the annual cycle of jet events takes the form of comparatively smooth transition from a quasi‐annular structure in summer to a more spiral‐like structure in winter with a temporally asymmetric return to the summer pattern; (2) the hemispheres differ primarily in the amplitude of the frequencies and the longitudinal overlap of the spiral portion of the pattern.

In addition, the jet events are subdivided using a two‐class typology comprising shallow and deep jets whose vertical shear (sic. baroclinicity) are/are not confined principally to the upper troposphere. This provides a conceptually simple and dynamically meaningful classification since deep jets are more likely to spawn tropospheric‐spanning cyclones. The accompanying climatology displays important longitudinal variations and significant inter‐hemispheric differences.

A comparison is drawn between these new and conventional climatologies and typologies. Also, comments are proffered on the relationship between, on the one hand, the patterns of jet frequency including the differing distributions of the shallow and deep types and, on the other hand, the location of the time‐mean jets and the downstream storm tracks. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Ibuprofen inhibition of tendon cell migration and down‐regulation of paxillin expression
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Chung , Hsu Chih‐Chin , Chen Carl P.C. , Chen Max J.L. , Lin Miao‐Sui , Pang Jong‐Hwei S.
Published: February 2006

Sports‐related tendon injuries are commonly treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Tendon healing requires migration of tendon cells to the repair site, followed by proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix. This study was designed to determine the effect of ibuprofen on the migration of tendon cells intrinsic to rat Achilles tendon. Whether a correlation exits between this effect and the expression of paxillin, which is a positive regulator of cell spreading and migration, was also investigated. The migration of tendon cells was evaluated ex vivo by counting the number of initial outgrowths from the tendon explants and in vitro by transwell filter migration assay. The spreading of tendon cells in culture was also evaluated microscopically. The mRNA and protein expressions of paxillin were determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot analysis. Dose‐dependent ibuprofen inhibition was demonstrated on the migration of tendon cells both ex vivo, and in vitro. Similar inhibition was also observed on the spreading of tendon cells. Suppression of mRNA expression and protein level of paxillin was revealed by RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses. The expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK remained unchanged. In conclusion, ibuprofen inhibits tendon cell migration in a process that is probably mediated by the down‐regulation of paxillin. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:551–558, 2006
Effect of TGF‐β inducible early gene deficiency on flexor tendon healing
Authors: Tsubone Tetsu , Moran Steven L. , Subramaniam M. , Amadio P.C. , Spelsberg T.C. , An K.N.
Published: February 2006

The role of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) in tendon healing is still not clearly established. TGF‐β affects gene expression primarily through the activation of the Smad signaling pathway. The first step in the Smad pathway is the expression of TGF‐β inducible early gene (TIEG). Recently, a TIEG knockout mouse has been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the healing potential of flexor tendons in mice lacking the TIEG gene, and to further examine what role the TIEG pathway plays in flexor tendon repair. Twenty‐two mice, consisting of 11 normal wild‐type mice and 11 TIEG knockout mice, were euthanized at 8 to 12 weeks of age. The second through fifth FDL tendons of both hind feet were transected and repaired in zone 2. The repaired tendons were removed from the mice and placed into tissue culture. Tendons were then examined at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 after surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining for TGF‐β, collagen type I, and collagen type III were performed. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was performed to examine expression of TGF‐β1, β2, β3, and collagen type I and III. At 42 days after surgery, HE staining showed coaptation of lacerated tendon ends in both groups. Both groups showed healing of the lacerated tendon, but the chronologic expression pattern of TGF‐β was different between the knockout and normal tendons. TIEG deficient tendons had delayed expression of TGF‐β when compared with control tendons. The collagen mRNA expression pattern was similar with both groups, but the expression level was different, with TIEG knockout tendons having a lower expression of collagen type I mRNA (p < 0.001). TGF‐β is thought to play a major role in tendon healing. Healing of tendons in the TIEG knockout mouse suggests the possibility of tendon healing in the absence of the Smad pathway. The knockout mouse model described in the present study provides a novel means for further understanding of the tendon healing process through isolated deletion of specific growth factors. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:569–575, 2006
Random Computer Generation of 3D Molecular Structures: Theoretical and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Porquet Alain , Duval Jérôme F. L. , Buffle Jacques
Published: February 2006

Summary: A computer program has been developed to generate three‐dimensional molecular structures randomly from a given collection of elementary chemical functional groups: the so‐called fragment database. The gradual assembly of the various fragments present in the database is performed according to a “self‐generation algorithm” (SGA). The latter is based on the covalent binding, step by step, between the unoccupied electronic valencies associated with the fragments of the database, and those of the growing molecular structure. When the number of electronic valencies of the molecular structure is zero, the growth process for this particular molecule is completed. It is shown that SGA is able to reproduce the asymmetric mass distributions of some natural colloids, like humic substances. In this article, particular attention is given to the analysis of the relationship existing between the fragment composition of the database and that of the collection of molecules generated. Mathematical expressions are derived and discussed, to understand the relationship between the proportions of the different types of fragments and the final composition of the generated molecular ensembles. For that purpose, a “pathway” formalism is proposed to describe exhaustively the whole set of generated molecules by specifying the distribution function of all of the fragments therein integrated. A statistical analysis that satisfactorily reproduces the predictions of the pathway model is extensively discussed.

Example of a three‐dimensional structure obtained with the “self‐generation algorithm” (SGA).

image

Example of a three‐dimensional structure obtained with the “self‐generation algorithm” (SGA).
Long‐term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on health‐related quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Siderowf Andrew , Jaggi Jurg L. , Xie Sharon X. , Loveland‐Jones Catherine , Leng Lewis , Hurtig Howard , Colcher Amy , Stern Matthew , Chou Kelvin L. , Liang Grace , Maccarone Heather , Simuni Tanya , Baltuch Gordon
Published: February 2006

We evaluated the long‐term effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). STN stimulation improves motor function and decreases medication requirements in patients with advanced PD. The impact of STN stimulation on HRQL is less well established, especially beyond 1 year after surgery. We report HRQL outcomes for 18 patients with advanced PD. Patients were evaluated with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 (PDQ‐39), the Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF‐36), and the EuroQol visual analogue scale (VAS) before surgery, 6 months postoperatively, and at a long‐term follow‐up visit (mean, 35.9 months; range, 18–57 months after surgery). Preoperative scores on HRQL measures were compared to results obtained at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up evaluations. The VAS and all domains of the PDQ‐39 except for cognition, communication, and social support showed marked improvements at 6 months after surgery. At the long‐term follow‐up, there were sustained improvements in the VAS (63% improvement; P = 0.0009) and in several domains of the PDQ‐39 [mobility: 20%, P = 0.01; activities of daily living (ADL): 29%, P = 0.005; emotional well‐being: 26%, P = 0.02; stigma: 43%, P = 0.003; and bodily discomfort: 35%, P = 0.007]. At the long‐term evaluation, only the vitality domain of the SF‐36 was significantly improved from baseline (16%; P = 0.01). In this selected group of patients, many of the short‐term gains in HRQL persist beyond 18 months after STN implantation. Benefits in nonmotor aspects of HRQL such as bodily discomfort and stigma appear to be among the most durable. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
The Viséan sedimentary succession at the Gara el Itima (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) and its ammonoid faunas
Authors: Klug C. , Döring S. , Korn D. , Ebbighausen V.
Published: February 2006

Abstract. A late Viséan section of clastic and carbonatic rocks is described from the eastern part of the Anti-Atlas (Morocco). The sedimentary succession is a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic system influenced by sea-level fluctuations. The sedimentology of the section is interpreted with respect to transgressive-regressive cycles and systems tracts. Highstand sediments yielded ammonoid assemblages from six horizons; a total of 1,040 specimens separated into 20 species are described in the palaeontological section. The genus Itimaites is new, together with the 16 new species Itimaites parabolicus n. sp., Calygirtyoceras zrigatense n. sp., Sudeticeras fornicum n. sp., Sudeticeras pusillobatum n. sp., Sudeticeras occultornatum n. sp., Goniatites rodioni n. sp., Goniatites gerberi n. sp., Goniatites evelinae n. sp., Hypergoniatites fusiger n. sp., Neogoniatites worki n. sp., Dombarites bellornatus n. sp., Platygoniatites rhanemensis n. sp., Ferganoceras torridum n. sp., Prolecanites meandricus n. sp., Prolecanites mapesi n. sp., Epicanites hamianensis n. sp., and Megapronorites itimensis n. sp. Ein aus Klastika und Karbonaten aufgebautes Obervisé-Profil wird vom östlichen Bereich des Anti-Atlas (Marokko) beschrieben. Bei der Sedimentabfolge handelt es sich um ein gemischtes Ablagerungssystem aus Karbonaten und Siliziklastika, das durch Meeresspiegelschwankungen gesteuert wurde. Die Sedimentologie des Profiles wurde hinsichtlich Transgressions-Regressions Zyklen und System Trakten interpretiert. Hochstand-Sedimente lieferten Ammonoideen-Vergesellschaftungen aus sechs Horizonten; insgesamt wurden 1040 Exemplare gefunden, die 20 Arten zugeordnet wurden und im paläontologischen Teil beschrieben sind. Die Gattung Itimaites sowie die 16 Arten Itimaites parabolicus n. sp., Calygirtyoceras zrigatense n. sp., Sudeticeras fornicum n. sp., Sudeticeras pusillobatum n. sp., Sudeticeras occultornatum n. sp., Goniatites rodioni n. sp., Goniatites gerberi n. sp., Goniatites evelinae n. sp., Hypergoniatites fusiger n. sp., Neogoniatites worki n. sp., Dombarites bellornatus n. sp., Platygoniatites rhanemensis n. sp., Ferganoceras torridum n. sp., Prolecanites meandricus n. sp., Prolecanites mapesi n. sp., Epicanites hamianensis n. sp. und Megapronorites itimensis n. sp. sind neu. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600001
Middle/late Miocene hoplocetine sperm whale remains (Odontoceti: Physeteridae) of North Germany with an emended classification of the Hoplocetinae
Authors: Hampe O.
Published: February 2006

Abstract. Hoplocetus ritzi n. sp. is a new hoplocetine physeterid from the Bolboforma fragori /subfragoris Zone of the middle/late Miocene mica-clay of Groß Pampau in Schleswig-Holstein, North Germany. The Hoplocetinae are known from the early Miocene to the Pliocene. Comparative studies of cranial characters and tooth morphology allow an emended diagnosis of the Hoplocetinae Cabrera, 1926. Four genera, Diaphorocetus, Idiorophus, Scaldicetus, and Hoplocetus are included in this subfamily. The pattern of functional tooth wear deduced from the described Hoplocetus ritzi n. sp. remains is reminescent of that known from Orcinus orca. The hoplocetine physeterids possibly occupied the killer whale niche before the killer whales appeared during the middle Pliocene. Mit Hoplocetusritzi n. sp. wird ein neuer hoplocetiner Physeteride beschrieben. Der Fund stammt aus der Bolboformafragori /subfragoris Zone des mittel-/obermiozänen Glimmertons von Groß Pampau in Schleswig-Holstein, Norddeutschland. Die Hoplocetinae sind vom unteren Miozän bis ins Pliozän nachgewiesen. Anhand vergleichender Untersuchungen an wenigen Schädelmerkmalen und der Zahnmorphologie gelingt eine Neudiagnose der Hoplocetinae Cabrera, 1926 und eine vorläufige Abgrenzung zwischen den als valid angesehenen Gattungen dieser Unterfamilie, Diaphorocetus, Idiorophus, Scaldicetus und Hoplocetus. Das Abkauungsmuster der Zähne von Hoplocetusritzi n. sp. erinnert an das des heutigen Orcinusorca. Möglicherweise sind die hoplocetinen Pottwale habituell den Schwertwalen, die erdgeschichtlich erstmals im mittleren Pliozän auftreten, vergleichbar. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600002
A new trigonotarbid arachnid from the Coal Measures of Hagen-Vorhalle, Germany
Authors: Dunlop J. A. , Brauckmann C.
Published: February 2006

Abstract. A new trigonotarbid (Arachnida: Trigonotarbida: Trigonotarbidae) is described as Archaeomartus roessleri n. sp. from the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian; Namurian B, higher Marsdenian) of Hagen-Vorhalle, Germany. Originally assigned to Trigonotarbus johnsoni Pocock, 1911, our new fossil has a distinctly lobed carapace and thus resembles more closely the Early Devonian species Archaeomartus levis Størmer, 1970. In carapace morphology Archaeomartus approaches the condition seen in the larger and more heavily-armoured taxa Eophrynidae, Kreischeriidae and Aphantomartidae. Thus we provisionally resolve Archaeomartus as sister-group to this probably monophyletic trio of families and discuss the possibility that Trigonotarbidae may be paraphyletic. Ein neuer Trigonotarbiden-Fund (Arachnida: Trigonotarbida: Trigonotarbidae) aus dem Ober-Karbon (Pennsylvanium; Namurium B, höheres Marsdenium) von Hagen-Vorhalle, Deutschland, wird als Archaeomartus roessleri n. sp. beschrieben. Bei der Erst-Dokumentation wurde er noch zu Trigonotarbus johnsoni Pocock, 1911 gestellt; er unterscheidet sich hiervon aber durch die deutlichen Loben auf dem Carapax und ähnelt damit eher dem unterdevonischen Archaeomartus levis Størmer, 1970. In der Carapax-Morphologie nähert sich Archaeomartus mehr den größeren und kräftiger skulptierten Eophrynidae, Kreischeriidae und Aphantomartidae. Daher fassen wir Archaeomartus zumindest vorläufig als Schwestergruppe dieser wahrscheinlich monophyletischen Familien-Dreiergruppe auf; die Trigonotarbidae könnten somit paraphyletisch sein. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600004
Fast Low‐Angle Dual Spin‐Echo (FLADE): A new robust pulse sequence for structural imaging of trabecular bone
Authors: Magland J. , Vasilic B. , Wehrli F. W.
Published: February 2006

Mechanical strength and fracture resistance of trabecular bone (TB) are largely determined by the structural arrangement of individual trabeculae. Fast 3D spin‐echo approaches are preferable to gradient echoes in that they are less sensitive to local induced gradients at the bone/marrow interface caused by magnetic susceptibility difference between the two tissues. FLASE is a 3D pulse sequence that serves this purpose. Here, we present a new pulse sequence dubbed FLADE (fast low‐angle dual spin‐echo) that overcomes some of the limitations inherent to FLASE, such as sensitivity to artifactual stimulated echoes. The double‐echo sequence features a flip angle <90 degrees allowing for TR ≪ T1. The second phase‐reversal pulse has the dual function of creating a second echo and restoring inverted longitudinal magnetization. The prolonged TR, made possible by sampling only half of kz‐space, is used to collect navigator echoes in adjacent slabs for sensing subpixel translational displacements. FLADE is shown to provide SNR comparable to FLASE while having narrower point‐spread function and being more robust to imperfections in the nonselective 180 degree pulses. Structural parameters derived from the in vivo images with the two pulse sequences are highly correlated, therefore suggesting that clinical data obtained with either pulse sequence can be merged. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR spectroscopic evidence for thalamic and hippocampal, but not cortical, damage in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Geurts Jeroen J. G. , Reuling Ilona E. W. , Vrenken Hugo , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Polman Chris H. , Castelijns Jonas A. , Barkhof Frederik , Pouwels Petra J. W.
Published: February 2006

Gray matter (GM) damage is an important pathophysiological feature in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and may be related to clinical, including cognitive, deficits. Quantitative single‐voxel 1H‐Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (TR/TE 6000/20 ms) was performed in 33 MS patients (11 per disease subtype; mean age 48 years, 16 females) and 10 healthy controls (mean age 43 years, 7 females). No overall spectroscopic changes were found in MS cortex. In MS thalamus, a 9% decrease of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA; P = 0.005) and a 31% increase of myo‐inositol (Ins; P = 0.002) were found. A 21% Ins increase was observed (P = 0.02) in MS hippocampus. Reduced NAA and increased Ins concentrations are thought to reflect neuro‐axonal damage or loss and gliosis, respectively. Significant correlations between Ins concentrations and total‐brain T2 lesion load were found for MS thalamus (r = 0.65, P < 0.001) and hippocampus (r = 0.57, P = 0.001). MS thalamic and hippocampal Ins concentrations also correlated with each other (r = 0.68; P < 0.001). Cortical Gln correlated with thalamic NAA (r = −0.38; P = 0.03) in MS. Thalamic and hippocampal Ins increases were most prominent in secondary‐progressive (SP) patients (37% and 34%, respectively), whereas the largest thalamic NAA decrease (14%) was found in primary‐progressive (PP) patients. In conclusion, thalamic and hippocampal GM pathology are important features of (progressive) MS. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oscillating steady states
Authors: Scheffler Klaus , Maderwald Stefan , Ladd Mark E. , Bieri Oliver
Published: February 2006

The signal formation and properties of steady‐state free precession (SSFP) in combination with alternating RF pulse phases or alternating spin precession is analyzed. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the amplitudes of SSFP echo paths are significantly influenced by application of alternating phases either via the exciting RF pulse or via some external mechanism producing alternating spin precession. The influence of alternating phases on echo amplitudes is different for different echo paths. The primary SSFP echo paths F0− and F0+ exhibit a signal reduction whereas higher‐order echoes F−1− and F1+ show a signal increase upon application of oscillating phases. This behavior can be described using a simple perturbation theory applied to the frequency response profile of balanced SSFP combined with a final signal integration over one balanced SSFP band. The high sensitivity of SSFP echo amplitudes to alternating RF pulse phases or precession is exemplarily used to detect and visualize propagating transverse acoustic shear waves. Detection of flow or alternating currents are further possibilities to apply this unique feature of SSFP. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic algorithm for correcting motion artifacts in time‐resolved two‐dimensional magnetic resoance angiography using convex projections
Authors: Raj Ashish , Zhang Honglei , Prince Martin R. , Wang Yi , Zabih Ramin
Published: February 2006

Time‐resolved contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) may suffer from involuntary patient motion. It is noted that while MR signal change associated with motion is large in magnitude and has smooth phase variation in k‐phase, signal change associated with vascular enhancement is small in magnitude and has rapid phase variation in k‐space. Based upon this observation, a novel projection onto convex sets (POCS) algorithm is developed as an automatic iterative method to remove motion artifacts. The presented POCS algorithm consists of high‐pass phase filtering and convex projections in both k‐space and image space. Without input of detailed motion knowledge, motion effects are filtered out, while vasculature information is preserved. The proposed method can be effective for a large class of nonrigid motions, including through‐plane motion. The algorithm is stable and converges quickly, usually within five iterations. A double‐blind evaluation on a set of clinical MRA cases shows that a completely unsupervised version of the algorithm produces significantly better rank scores (P = 0.038) when compared to angiograms produced manually by an experienced radiologist. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural topology optimization of vibrating structures with specified eigenfrequencies and eigenmode shapes
Authors: Maeda Y. , Nishiwaki S. , Izui K. , Yoshimura M. , Matsui K. , Terada K.
Published: February 2006

In vibration optimization problems, eigenfrequencies are usually maximized in the optimization since resonance phenomena in a mechanical structure must be avoided, and maximizing eigenfrequencies can provide a high probability of dynamic stability. However, vibrating mechanical structures can provide additional useful dynamic functions or performance if desired eigenfrequencies and eigenmode shapes in the structures can be implemented. In this research, we propose a new topology optimization method for designing vibrating structures that targets desired eigenfrequencies and eigenmode shapes. Several numerical examples are presented to confirm that the method presented here can provide optimized vibrating structures applicable to the design of mechanical resonators and actuators. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow feature aligned grid adaptation
Authors: Qin Ning , Liu Xueqiang
Published: February 2006

A flow feature aligned grid adaptation method is proposed for the solution of Euler and Navier–Stokes equations for compressible flows, motivated by the desire for an efficient grid system for an accurate and robust solution method to best resolve flow features of interest. The method includes extraction of the flow features; generation of the embedded flow feature aligned structured blocks combined with unstructured grid generation for the rest of the flowfield; and adaptation of the hybrid grid for high flow feature resolution. The feature alignment makes it possible to maintain the high resolution property for both shock waves and shear layers of the approximate Riemann solvers and the higher order reconstruction schemes based on one‐dimensional derivation and dimensional splitting. High grid efficiency is obtained with highly anisotropic directional grid corresponding to the feature directions. The computational procedure is described in details in the paper and its application to flow solutions involving shock waves, boundary layers, wakes and shock boundary layer interaction are demonstrated. Its accuracy, efficiency and robustness are discussed in comparison with an anisotropic unstructured grid adaptations for the shock boundary layer interaction case. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for dynamic crack and shear band propagation with phantom nodes
Authors: Song Jeong‐Hoon , Areias Pedro M. A. , Belytschko Ted
Published: February 2006

A new method for modelling of arbitrary dynamic crack and shear band propagation is presented. We show that by a rearrangement of the extended finite element basis and the nodal degrees of freedom, the discontinuity can be described by superposed elements and phantom nodes. Cracks are treated by adding phantom nodes and superposing elements on the original mesh. Shear bands are treated by adding phantom degrees of freedom. The proposed method simplifies the treatment of element‐by‐element crack and shear band propagation in explicit methods. A quadrature method for 4‐node quadrilaterals is proposed based on a single quadrature point and hourglass control. The proposed method provides consistent history variables because it does not use a subdomain integration scheme for the discontinuous integrand. Numerical examples for dynamic crack and shear band propagation are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technology: materials, devices and display technologies
Authors: Geffroy Bernard , le Roy Philippe , Prat Christophe
Published: February 2006

Since the breakthrough by Kodak in 1987, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been seen as one of the most promising technologies for future displays. A number of materials have been developed and improved in order to fulfil the requirements of this application. The materials differ from one another by their structure but also by the mechanism involved in the electroluminescence produced (fluorescence versus phosphorescence). When properly stacked, these materials result in a device that can achieve the required high efficiency and long lifetime. Such red, green and blue devices can then be combined in matrices to become the core of a display. Building up these structures onto a display backplane is one of the challenges facing the industry. The circuitry for driving the pixels can be adapted to the OLED, sometimes at the expense of the simplicity of the display, but bearing in mind that the fabrication process must remain industrially viable. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization: 2D NMR investigations
Authors: Brar A. S. , Puneeta
Published: February 2006

Copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using methyl 2‐bromopropionate as initiator and CuBr/N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst. Molecular weight distributions were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The composition of the copolymer was determined by 1H NMR. The comonomer reactivity ratios, determined by both Kelen–Tudos and nonlinear error‐in‐variables methods, were rS = 0.64 ± 0.08, rM = 0.63 ± 0.08 and rS = 0.66, rM = 0.65, respectively. The α‐methyl and carbonyl carbon resonances were found to be compositionally and configurationally sensitive. Complete spectral assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the copolymers were done by distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer and two‐dimensional NMR techniques such as heteronuclear single quantum coherence and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2076–2085, 2006
Chemical preparation and characterization of new biodegradable aliphatic polyesters end‐capped with diverse steroidal moieties
Authors: Yang Jing , Li Qiaobo , Li Yang , Jia Lin , Fang Qiang , Cao Amin
Published: February 2006

Novel metal complexes with a single catalytic site and less transesterification seem to provide alternative efficient synthetic approaches to preparing new biodegradable and biologically responsive materials with well‐defined structures. In this study, we rationally designed a new category of aluminum metal complexes bearing a bulky Salen ligand and diverse steroidal alkoxy moieties to synthesize novel biodegradable aliphatic polyesters end‐capped with steroidal building blocks. At first, three new aluminum metal complexes (9–11) were synthesized with good yields of 80–90%, bearing cholesterol and diosgenin derivatives as functional alkoxy moieties. By means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI–FTMS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, the molecular structures of 9–11 were characterized. Furthermore, new biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(δ‐valerolactone) end‐capped with diverse steroidal moieties, were synthesized through the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and δ‐valerolactone catalyzed by these new metal complexes under 100 °C in toluene, and they were also characterized by gel permeation chromatography, NMR, MALDI–FTMS, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Very narrow molecular weight distributions were revealed for these new polymer products, and their thermal crystallization and stability strongly depended on the degree of polymerization of the polyester building blocks and the distinct steroidal moieties. Because of the nature of the steroidal moieties, these biodegradable polymers may pave a path to new possibilities as potential biomaterials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2045–2058, 2006
Aromatic oxadiazole‐based conjugated polymers with excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer: Their synthesis and sensing ability for explosive nitroaromatic compounds
Authors: Kim Tae Hoon , Kim Hyung Jun , Kwak Chan Gyu , Park Won Ho , Lee Taek Seung
Published: February 2006

Aromatic polyoxadiazole derivatives containing 9,9′‐dioctylfluorene were successfully synthesized via the Suzuki coupling reaction. The oxadiazole moiety in the polymer backbone was linked with the bis(hydroxyphenyl) group in its 2‐position to exhibit a large Stokes shift in the emission spectrum due to the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer. To prepare the polymer via the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction, the hydroxyl group in the monomer was protected with the t‐butoxycarbonyl group before polymerization and removed after polymerization to a desirable extent. The polymer with the free hydroxyl group showed a considerable sensitivity for nitroaromatic compounds, exhibiting fluorescence quenching in a chloroform solution. The interaction between the electron‐donating OH group and electron‐deficient nitroaromatic compounds seemed to play a decisive role in fluorescence quenching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2059–2068, 2006
Magneto‐Galvanic Effect in a Hollow Cathode Lamp: New Experimental Investigation
Authors: Slavov Dimitar , Petrov Lyubomir , Arsov Vladimir , Polischuk Vladimir , Mihailov Naiden , Todorov Georgi
Published: February 2006

Summary: We report new experimental evidence of a magneto‐galvanic (MG) effect in commercial hollow cathode lamps (HCL). The goal of our investigation is to clarify the role of the neon 2p53s configuration in the formation of the MG signals. Our results eloquently relate the origin of the MG signal in the HCL discharge with the self‐alignment of the 1s5 metastable state. The observed destruction of the narrow resonance could be explained analogously to the optical depletion (“pumping‐off”) of the 1s5 metastable state.

Comparison of the MG signals from the NeCu (triangles) and the NeCd (circles) lamps investigated here.

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Comparison of the MG signals from the NeCu (triangles) and the NeCd (circles) lamps investigated here.
Deposition of CeO2 Films on Si(100) Substrates by Electron Beam Evaporation
Authors: Djanovski Georgi , Beshkova Milena , Velinova Sonia , Mollov Dimitar , Vlaev Petko , Kovacheva Daniela , Vutova Katia , Mladenov Georgi
Published: February 2006

Summary: Thin films of cerium dioxide were deposited on silicon (100) substrates using e‐beam evaporation. The influence of different technological parameters, such as the substrate temperature, the oxygen pressure and the beam power on the crystallographic orientation of the films was explored. By optimizing these parameters, CeO2 thin films with a strongly preferred (200) orientation could be deposited on Si(100) substrates.

XRD patterns of the CeO2 thin films deposited at various temperatures.

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XRD patterns of the CeO2 thin films deposited at various temperatures.
MNDO parameterized hybrid SLG/SCF method as used for molecular modeling of Zn(II) complexes
Authors: Darkhovskii M. B. , Tokmachev A. M. , Tchougréeff A. L.
Published: February 2006

The McWeeny's group functions technique is a natural way to introduce local description into quantum chemistry. It can also serve as a basis for constructing numerically effective computational schemes with almost linear scaling of computational costs with the size of a system. In this study, we apply it to the coordination compounds of Zn(II)‐containing ligands with nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms. In these compounds, the electron group corresponding to the metal vacant 4s‐ and 4p‐atomic orbitals (AOs) of the Zn2+ ion and its closest coordination sphere formed by the lone pairs (LP) located on the donor atoms naturally separates. This group, designated metal and lone pairs (MLP), is described by the SCF wave function within the hybrid scheme of strictly local geminals/self‐consistent field (SLG/SCF). The SLC/SCF scheme is based on the group function approach combining different descriptions for different electron groups: two‐electron two‐center bonds are described by geminals (SLG groups), while all the remaining electron groups are described by Slater determinants in the one‐electron (SCF) approximation (SCF groups). The original MNDO Hamiltonian parameterization for the Zn atom is adjusted for correct description of geometry of the complexes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Conditions for accurate description of the electron density of atoms and molecules
Authors: Liu Shubin
Published: February 2006

Based on the Kato's cusp condition of the electron density and our recent relations for local strongly decaying properties in an electronic system, necessary conditions for trial electron densities of atomic and molecular systems are derived. These conditions take the form of integral‐differential equations, and their validity is verified numerically. The relevance of these conditions to the Thomas–Fermi problem in the orbital‐less density functional approach is discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Accurate mass filtering of ion chromatograms for metabolite identification using a unit mass resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system
Authors: Gu Ming , Wang Yongdong , Zhao Xian‐guo , Gu Zhe‐ming
Published: February 2006

Acceleration of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) analysis for metabolite identification critically relies on effective data processing since the rate of data acquisition is much faster than the rate of data mining. The rapid and accurate identification of metabolite peaks from complex LC/MS data is a key component to speeding up the process. Current approaches routinely use selected ion chromatograms that can suffer severely from matrix effects. This paper describes a new method to automatically extract and filter metabolite‐related information from LC/MS data obtained at unit mass resolution in the presence of complex biological matrices. This approach is illustrated by LC/MS analysis of the metabolites of verapamil from a rat microsome incubation spiked with biological matrix (bile). MS data were acquired in profile mode on a unit mass resolution triple‐quadrupole instrument, externally calibrated using a unique procedure that corrects for both mass axis and mass spectral peak shape to facilitate metabolite identification with high mass accuracy. Through the double‐filtering effects of accurate mass and isotope profile, conventional extracted ion chromatograms corresponding to the parent drug (verapamil at m/z 455), demethylated verapamil (m/z 441), and dealkylated verapamil (m/z 291), that contained substantial false‐positive peaks, were simplified into chromatograms that are substantially free from matrix interferences. These filtered chromatograms approach what would have been obtained by using a radioactivity detector to detect radio‐labeled metabolites of interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference for case–control studies when exposure status is both informatively missing and misclassified
Authors: Lyles Robert H. , Allen Andrew S. , Dana Flanders W. , Kupper Lawrence L. , Christensen Deborah L.
Published: February 2006

In case–control studies, it is common for a categorical exposure variable to be misclassified. It is also common for exposure status to be informatively missing for some individuals, in that the probability of missingness may be related to exposure. Procedures for addressing the bias due to misclassification via validation data have been extensively studied, and related methods have been proposed for dealing with informative missingness based on supplemental sampling of some of those with missing data. In this paper, we introduce study designs and analytic procedures for dealing with both problems simultaneously in a 2×2 analysis. Results based on convergence in probability illustrate that the combined effects of missingness and misclassification, even when the latter is non‐differential, can lead to naïve exposure odds ratio estimates that are inflated or on the wrong side of the null. The motivating example comes from a case–control study of the association between low birth weight and the diagnosis of breast cancer later in life, where self‐reported birth weight for some women is supplemented by accurate information from birth certificates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.