bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naturally Biased Associations Between Music and Poetry
Authors: Albertazzi Liliana , Canal Luisa , Micciolo Rocco , Ferrari Fulvio , Sitta Sebastiano , Hachen Iacopo
Published: October 2016

The study analyzes the existence of naturally biased associations in the general population between a series of musical selections and a series of quatrains. Differently from other studies in the field, the association is tested between complex stimuli involving literary texts, which increases the load of the semantic factors. The stimuli were eight quatrains taken from the same poem and eight musical clips taken from a classical musical version of the poem. The experiment was conducted in two phases. First, the participants were asked to rate 10 couples of opposite adjectives on a continuous bipolar scale when reading a quatrain or when listening to a musical clip; then they were asked to associate a given clip directly with the quatrains in decreasing order. The results showed the existence of significant associations between the semantics of the quatrains and the musical selections. They also confirmed the correspondences experienced by the composer when writing the musical version of the poem. Connotative dimensions such as rough or smooth, distressing or serene, turbid or clear, and gloomy or bright, characterizing both the semantic and the auditory stimuli, may have played a role in the associations. The results also shed light on the accomplishment of the two diverse methodologies adopted in the two different phases of the test. Finally, the role of specific musical components and their combinations is likely to have played an important role in the associations, an aspect that shall be addressed in further studies.
Comparison of 2 Different Formulations of Artificial Bone for a Hybrid Implant With a Tissue-Engineered Construct Derived From Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Study Using a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model
Authors: Shimomura Kazunori , Moriguchi Yu , Nansai Ryosuke , Fujie Hiromichi , Ando Wataru , Horibe Shuji , Hart David A. , Gobbi Alberto , Yoshikawa Hideki , Nakamura Norimasa
Published: October 2016

Background:

Previously, we developed a hybrid implant composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)–based artificial bone coupled with a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)–based scaffold-free tissue-engineered construct (TEC) and demonstrated its feasibility for osteochondral repair. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) may be a promising alternative to HA, as it is a highly biocompatible material and is resorbed more rapidly than HA in vivo.

Hypothesis:

A βTCP-based hybrid TEC implant will exhibit superior osteochondral repair when directly compared with an HA-based hybrid implant, as tested using a rabbit osteochondral defect model.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Osteochondral defects were created in the femoral groove of skeletally mature rabbits. The TEC and artificial bone, using either HA or βTCP with the same porosities and similar mechanical properties, were hybridized and then implanted in the defects. A histological evaluation and microindentation testing were performed for the assessment of repair tissue.

Results:

Osteochondral defects treated with the TEC/βTCP implants showed more rapid subchondral bone repair at 1 month, but the cartilaginous tissue deteriorated over time out to 6 months after implantation. Osteochondral defects treated with the TEC/HA implants maintained good histological quality out to 6 months after implantation and also exhibited better biomechanical properties at 6 months as compared with the TEC/βTCP implants.

Conclusion:

Contrary to our hypothesis, the TEC/HA hybrid implant facilitated better osteochondral repair than did the TEC/βTCP implant. The results of the present study suggest the importance of a stable restoration of subchondral bone for long-term effective osteochondral repair rather than rapid remodeling of subchondral bone.

Clinical Relevance:

This study contributes to the future selection of suitable materials for patients with osteochondral lesions.
Methotrexate impact on radiographic progression in biologic-treated rheumatoid arthritis under clinical remission: A case report on monozygotic Caucasian twins
Authors: Soukup Tomas , Nekvindova Jana , Dosedel Martin , Brtkova Jindra , Toms Jan , Bastecka Drahomira , Bradna Petr , Vlcek Jiri , Pavek Petr
Published: October 2016

We describe Caucasian monozygotic twin brothers with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and discuss influence of predictors to methotrexate (MTX) outcome treatment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MTX metabolic pathways were genotyped. Twins have multiple mutations: a CC mutation of SNP 1298A>C in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, CC mutations of three SNPs in the adenosine receptor gene ADORA2A (rs3761422_4217241T>C, rs2267076_4221164T>C, rs2236624_4226593T>C), and a heterozygous genotype in SNPs ATIC_rs2372536_347C>G, MTHFD1_rs2236225_1958G>A. These mutations are known to predict a worse outcome of MTX treatment. The twins had different lifestyles (alcohol drinking and smoking in Twin 1, regular coffee consumption in Twin 2), but a very similar clinical presentation of the outset of RA, radiographic scoring according to the Sharp/van der Heijde method with an almost identical antibodies presentation. The period of the patients before anti-TNFα treatment was characterized by unsuccessful per oral MTX pharmacotherapy in both cases (a low effect of MTX in Twin 1; an early discontinuation of MTX due to an adverse event in Twin 2). In both twins, the outcome of well-controlled anti-TNFα treatment (co-medication with MTX in Twin 1) for 10 years was expressed as low disease activity measured using composite index DAS28. It is interesting that Twin 2 had an unfavorable radiographic scoring after a 10-year follow-up than Twin 1 in spite of the comparable DAS28 in Twin 2 and smoking in Twin 1. In conclusion, co-medication of MTX with biologics may impact on RA radiographic progression despite predicted bad MTX outcome based on pharmacogenetic analysis.
Involuntary Outpatient Commitment and the Elusive Pursuit of Violence Prevention
Authors: Swartz Marvin S. , Bhattacharya Sayanti , Robertson Allison G. , Swanson Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC)—also referred to as ‘assisted outpatient treatment’ or ‘community treatment orders’—are civil court orders whereby persons with serious mental illness and repeated hospitalisations are ordered to adhere to community-based treatment. Increasingly, in the United States, OPC is promoted to policy makers as a means to prevent violence committed by persons with mental illness. This article reviews the background and context for promotion of OPC for violence prevention and the empirical evidence for the use of OPC for this goal.

Method:

Relevant publications were identified for review in PubMed, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, personal communications, and relevant Internet searches of advocacy and policy-related publications.

Results:

Most research on OPC has focussed on outcomes such as community functioning and hospital recidivism and not on interpersonal violence. As a result, research on violence towards others has been limited but suggests that low-level acts of interpersonal violence such as minor, noninjurious altercations without weapon use and arrests can be reduced by OPC, but there is no evidence that OPC can reduce major acts of violence resulting in injury or weapon use. The impact of OPC on major violence, including mass shootings, is difficult to assess because of their low base rates.

Conclusions:

Effective implementation of OPC, when combined with intensive community services and applied for an adequate duration to take effect, can improve treatment adherence and related outcomes, but its promise as an effective means to reduce serious acts of violence is unknown.
Inside Out
Authors: Arguel Amaël , Lockyer Lori , Lipp Ottmar V. , Lodge Jason M. , Kennedy Gregor
Published: October 2016

Confusion is an emotion that is likely to occur while learning complex information. This emotion can be beneficial to learners in that it can foster engagement, leading to deeper understanding. However, if learners fail to resolve confusion, its effect can be detrimental to learning. Such detrimental learning experiences are particularly concerning within digital learning environments (DLEs), where a teacher is not physically present to monitor learner engagement and adapt the learning experience accordingly. However, with better information about a learner’s emotion and behavior, it is possible to improve the design of interactive DLEs (IDLEs) not only in promoting productive confusion but also in preventing overwhelming confusion. This article reviews different methodological approaches for detecting confusion, such as self-report and behavioral and physiological measures, and discusses their implications within the theoretical framework of a zone of optimal confusion. The specificities of several methodologies and their potential application in IDLEs are discussed.
Burden and Outcome of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Anwar Enas , Hamdy Gehan , Taher Eman , Fawzy Esmat , Abdulattif Sherif , Attia Mohamed H.
Published: October 2016

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent condition among critically ill patients. Information about the relationship between vitamin D levels and outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU) is sparse. Purpose: To evaluate vitamin D status among critically ill patients and its relevance to severity of illness, ICU stay period, and mortality. Methods: This prospective multicenter study was conducted in the ICUs of Fayoum, Cairo, Alazhar, and Ain Shams university hospitals. All patients were subjected to interview questionnaire, laboratory investigation, vitamin D level assessment, and severity of illness evaluation using the Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. Results: In total, 250 patients were included in the study. The median age was 62 (40–73) years, and most patients were male (52%). The median serum level of vitamin D was 19 (7–40.6). Vitamin D was deficient in 197 patients (78.8%) on admission. While we grouped the ICU patients as vitamin D deficient, insufficient, and sufficient, vitamin D–deficient patients had more severe diseases (mean APACHE II score, 44 ± 15; P = .014). Prolonged ICU stay was observed among the deficient group but with no significant association. The overall mortality rate was 6.8%; of these, 70.5% were vitamin D–deficient patients. However, logistic regression analysis demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency was not an independent risk factor for mortality. Conclusion: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in critically ill patients (69%); it is associated with more severity of illness, but it is not an independent risk factor for longer ICU stay or mortality.
Vitamin A Supplementation for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: An Update
Authors: Schwartz Emily , Zelig Rena , Parker Anna , Johnson Stephani
Published: October 2016

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of premature birth and is associated with significant morbidity. Vitamin A supplementation has been suggested as a potential preventative measure against BPD due to its role in lung maturation and because preterm infants are particularly predisposed to vitamin A deficiency. The aim of this review was to determine whether vitamin A supplementation reduces BPD risk among preterm infants. PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched with the keywords “bronchopulmonary dysplasia,” “vitamin A,” and “preterm infants” and with the time frame of 2006–2016, and 4 studies were selected for review per the inclusion criteria. Only 1 study found a significant reduction in BPD risk associated with vitamin A supplementation; however, 2 studies indicated a nonsignificant benefit and may have been underpowered to show statistical significance. One study revealed an increased risk of sepsis associated with vitamin A supplementation (for infants weighing >1000 g at birth), but no risk was seen with vitamin A supplementation in the other studies. Because intramuscular vitamin A has shown benefit with minimal risk, continued supplementation for preterm infants is warranted. Future studies aimed at assessing infant groups that are most likely to benefit from supplementation (based on birth weight or other conditions), as well as determining the optimal dosing while minimizing injections, would be beneficial.
Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Limketkai Berkeley N. , Mullin Gerard E. , Limsui David , Parian Alyssa M.
Published: October 2016

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that possesses immunomodulatory properties and has been demonstrated to potentially influence inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and activity. Epidemiologic data have associated vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of IBD, hospitalizations, surgery, and loss of response to biologic therapy. Conversely, IBD itself can lead to vitamin D deficiency. This bidirectional relationship between vitamin D and IBD suggests the need for monitoring and repletion of vitamin D, as needed, in the IBD patient. This review discusses the role of vitamin D in IBD and provides practical guidance on vitamin D repletion.
Not Managing Expectations: A Grounded Theory of Intimate Partner Violence From the Perspective of Pakistani People
Authors: Ali Parveen Azam , O’Cathain Alicia , Croot Elizabeth
Published: October 2016

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major social and public health problem affecting people from different cultures and societies. Much research has been undertaken to understand the phenomenon, its determinants, and its consequences in numerous countries. However, there is a paucity of research on IPV in many areas of the world including Pakistan. The present study aimed to develop a theory of the meaning and process of IPV from the perspective of Pakistani men and women living in and outside Pakistan.
Psychological Distress and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: The Role of Maternal Satisfaction, Parenting Stress, and Social Support Among Mothers and Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Pinto Ricardo J. , Correia-Santos Patrícia , Levendosky Alytia , Jongenelen Inês
Published: October 2016

Studies of the effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on parenting have usually not examined the role of the maternal perceptions, either its stress or maternal satisfaction, on the mothers’ and children’s mental health functioning. The present study aimed to assess whether maternal satisfaction, parenting stress, and social support are significantly associated with women’s psychological functioning. The study also assessed whether maternal perceptions of the role of parenting were significantly associated with children’s emotional well-being and social behavior. The sample included 160 mothers, 79 (49.4%) who were living with the aggressors and 81 (50.6%) in shelters, and their children ( n = 61). The findings suggested that high levels of maternal satisfaction and perception of social support were significantly negatively associated with women’s posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and psychological distress, whereas parenting stress was significantly positively associated with these outcomes. Maternal satisfaction was the only parenting variable that predicted both maternal mental health and children’s emotional and behavioral problems, suggesting that it is a protective factor for both mothers and children. This study suggests that increasing maternal satisfaction with parenting and reducing parenting stress might promote better adjustment for both women and children victims of IPV.
Male Partners’ Investment and Alternatives as Correlates of Women’s Coerced First Sexual Intercourse in Chinese Dating Relationships: A Social Exchange Perspective
Authors: He Shanshan , Tsang Sandra
Published: October 2016

Social exchange theory has great potential to help our understanding of dating partners’ sexual interaction. Yet, to our knowledge, there is still no empirical study applying this theory to explain sexual coercion in the context of intimate relationships. This study examined the relationship between male partners’ social exchange variables (investment and alternatives) and women’s coerced first sexual intercourse in dating relationships, within both gender samples (not dyadic data). A total of 927 valid questionnaires were collected by purposive snowball sampling in five main cities in China of college students who were currently in a romantic relationship. Results showed that in the male sample, male partners’ investment significantly and positively correlated with emotional manipulation coercive tactics, and their alternatives significantly and positively predicted defection threats as coercive tactics. In the female sample, there were no such observations. The research hypotheses of this study have been partially supported, and its implications and limitations are discussed.
How Do Contextual Factors Influence Implementation and Receipt of Positive Youth Development Programs Addressing Substance Use and Violence? A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Process Evaluations
Authors: Dickson Kelly , Melendez-Torres G. J. , Fletcher Adam , Hinds Kate , Thomas James , Stansfield Claire , Murphy Simon , Campbell Rona , Bonell Chris
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Positive youth development (PYD) often aims to prevent tobacco, alcohol, and drugs use and violence. We systematically reviewed PYD interventions, synthesizing process, and outcomes evidence. Synthesis of outcomes, published elsewhere, found no overall evidence of reducing substance use or violence but notable variability of fidelity. Our synthesis of process evaluations examined how implementation varied and was influenced by context.

Data Source:

Process evaluations of PYD aiming to reduce substance use and violence.

Study Inclusion Criteria:

Overall review published since 1985; written in English; focused on youth aged 11 to 18 years; focused on interventions addressing multiple positive assets; reported on theory, process, or outcomes; and concerned with reducing substance use or violence. Synthesis of process evaluations examined how implementation varies with or is influenced by context.

Data Extraction:

Two reviewers in parallel.

Data Synthesis:

Thematic synthesis.

Results:

We identified 12 reports. Community engagement enhanced program appeal. Collaboration with other agencies could broaden the activities offered. Calm but authoritative staff increased acceptability. Staff continuity underpinned diverse activities and durable relationships. Empowering participants were sometimes in tension with requiring them to engage in diverse activities.

Conclusion:

Our systematic review identified factors that might help improve the fidelity and acceptability of PYD interventions. Addressing these might enable PYD to fulfill its potential as a means of promoting health.
Youth Access to School Salad Bars in the United States—2011 to 2014
Authors: VanFrank Brenna K. , Onufrak Stephen , Harris Diane M.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To examine differences in students’ access to school salad bars across sociodemographic groups and changes in availability over time.

Design:

Nonexperimental.

Setting:

Nationally representative 2011 and 2014 YouthStyles surveys.

Participants:

A total of 833 (2011) and 994 (2014) US youth aged 12 to 17 years.

Measures:

Youth-reported availability of school salad bars.

Analysis:

Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess differences in school salad bar availability by sociodemographics and changes in availability from 2011 to 2014.

Results:

Youth-reported salad bar availability differed by age in 2011 and race/ethnicity in 2014, but not by sex, income, metropolitan residence, or region in either year. Salad bars were reported by 62% of youth in 2011 and 67% in 2014; the increase was not statistically significant ( P = .07). Significant increases from 2011 to 2014 were noted among youth aged 12 to 14 years (56%-69%; P < .01), youth of non-Hispanic other races (60%-85%; P < .01), and youth in the Midwest (58%-72%; P = .01).

Conclusion:

These results suggest that youth-reported access to school salad bars does not differ significantly across most sociodemographic groups. Although overall salad bar availability did not increase significantly from 2011 to 2014, some increases were observed among subgroups. Continued efforts to promote school salad bars through initiatives such as Let’s Move Salad Bars to Schools could help increase access for the nearly one-third of US youth reporting no access.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Opt-In Versus Opt-Out Enrollment Into a Diabetes Behavioral Intervention
Authors: Aysola Jaya , Tahirovic Emin , Troxel Andrea B. , Asch David A. , Gangemi Kelsey , Hodlofski Amanda T. , Zhu Jingsan , Volpp Kevin
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To examine the effect of an opt-out default recruitment strategy compared to a conventional opt-in strategy on enrollment and adherence to a behavioral intervention for poorly controlled diabetic patients.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

University of Pennsylvania primary care practices.

Participants:

Participants of this trial included those with (1) age 18 to 80 years; (2) diabetes diagnosis; and (3) a measured hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) greater than 8% in the past 12 months.

Intervention:

We randomized eligible patients into opt-in and opt-out arms prior to enrollment. Those in the opt-out arm received a letter stating that they were enrolled into a diabetes research study with the option to opt out, and those in the opt-in arm received a standard recruitment letter.

Measures:

Main end points include enrollment rate, defined as the proportion of participants who attended the baseline visit, and adherence to daily glycemic monitoring.

Analysis:

We powered our study to detect a 20% difference in adherence to device usage between arms and account for a 10% attrition rate.

Results:

Of the 569 eligible participants who received a recruitment letter, 496 were randomized to the opt-in arm and 73 to the opt-out arm. Enrollment rates were 38% in the opt-out arm and 13% in the opt-in arm ( P < .001).

Conclusions:

Opt-out defaults, where clinically appropriate, could be a useful approach for increasing the generalizability of low-risk trials testing behavioral interventions in clinical settings.
The Image of God and Moral Action: Challenging the Practicality of the Imago Dei
Authors: Petrusek Matthew R.
Published: October 2016

This article poses a challenge to the assumption that all conceptions of the imago Dei are practical, meaning that they can coherently provide a guide for human action. The article identifies three criteria for practicality and applies them to two accounts of the imago, one in the thought of the twentieth-century theologian Helmut Thielicke, the other in the Roman Catholic tradition. It argues that Thielicke’s account of the imago, which forms the basis for what he calls ‘alien dignity’, fails to meet the criteria of practicality, and thus cannot serve as an adequate guide for action. In contrast, the account of the imago and human dignity in the Roman Catholic tradition does meet the criteria. This comparison, the article concludes, ultimately helps provide a means of assessing diverse theological interpretations of the imago and their value for supporting a morally useful conception of human worth.
Organic–inorganic hybrid proton-conducting electrolyte membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) and SiO2–SO3H network for fuel cells
Authors: Liu Yang , Huo Pengfei , Ren Jiannan , Wang Guibin
Published: October 2016

A series of novel organic–inorganic hybrid proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were prepared from the sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) with 4-amino phenyl pendant groups (Am-SPAES), (3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane (ICPTES), and 3-(trihydroxysilyl) propane-1-sulfonic acid with covalent bonds to form network using a sol-gel method. The obtained cross-linked hybrid membranes (Am-SPAES/I-SiO2-S) displayed excellent solvent resistance and thermal and mechanical stability. The Am-SPAES/I-SiO2-S membranes with cross-linking network exhibited a higher proton conductivity (0.043 S cm−1 at 20°C) than PEMs without covalent bonds (Am-SPAES/SiO2-S) and the swelling ratio maintained below 17.00% even at 100°C. Most importantly, all of the obtained membranes showed considerably lower methanol permeability than that of Nafion 117. In addition, the chemical structures and morphologies of the hybrid membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively.
Curing behaviors of cyanate ester/epoxy copolymers and their dielectric properties
Authors: Lei Yangxue , Xu Mingzhen , Jiang Mingli , Huang Yumin , Liu Xiaobo
Published: October 2016

The curing behavior and dielectric properties of cyanate ester/epoxy (EP) with a latent initiator imidazole was investigated as a function of blend composition. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the dynamic cure behavior of the blends. Multiheating rate DSC, peak fitting, and iso-conversion method were applied to analyze the curing kinetic parameters. Two distinct peaks were fitted from the dynamic DSC curve and the activation energies of each reaction varied with the increase of curing degrees. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that several reactions coexisted during the curing processes of cyanate and EP, resulting in the coexistence of the polymers and copolymers in the final composites. The dielectric properties of the composites were studied and the phenomenon that the dielectric constants for all of the composites are independent of frequency was observed. The thermal decomposition characteristics of the blends were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. By increasing the content of EP, the thermal properties of the cured blends were improved to a small extent, while the char yield markedly decreased.
Synthesis and characterization of conductive polyaniline nanocomposite containing fluorene
Authors: Song Hui , Zhang Chengxiang , Li Tingxi , He Xiaolong , Han Yongqin , Wang Yanmin , Wang Qing
Published: October 2016

Fluorene, an excellent electroluminescent material, has been used as a core to synthesize a core–shell fluorene/polyaniline (fluorene/PANI) composite using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. The influence of the fluorene–aniline molar ratio and the oxidant–aniline molar ratio on the resistance of the composite was investigated, and the crystallinity, structure, and morphology of the fluorene/PANI composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the fluorene/PANI composite has a core–shell structure and exhibits good conductivity. A more planar conformation of PANI could be formed because of strong π–π interactions between the fluorene core and the PANI shell.
Vinyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile improves the toughness, processing window, and thermal stability of bismaleimide resin
Authors: Wang Dezhi , Wang Xin , Liu Lizhu , Qu Chunyan , Liu Changwei , Yang Haidong
Published: October 2016

Structural materials with excellent toughness, a wide processing window, outstanding mechanical performance, and high thermal stability are highly desired in engineering. This work reports a novel bismaleimide (BMI) resin system fabricated using bis[4-(4-maleimidephen-oxy)phenyl)]propane (BMPP), 1-(2-methyl-5-(2,5-dioxo-2H-pyrrol-1(5 H)-yl) phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (BTM), and diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA) by a melt method. The behaviors of the BTM/BMPP/DABPA resin were modified by adding vinyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (VTBN) in various amounts. The cured BTM/BMPP/DABPA/VTBN resin system exhibited all of the abovementioned desirable properties. Excellent performance was achieved by the post-cured BMI resin containing 6 phr of VTBN (VTBN-6). The glass transition temperature ( Tg) and the 5% weight loss temperature of VTBN-6 were 278°C and 408°C, respectively. Relative to VTBN-0 (BMI resin without VTBN), the impact strength of cured VTBN-6 (12.32 KJ/m2) improved by 45.6%, and the fracture toughness values, KIC and GIC, increased by 48.7% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, the prepolymer of VTBN-6 exhibited low viscosity over a wide temperature range (70–200°C) under dynamic conditions and for an extended time (70 min; 75% improvement over VTBN-0) in an isothermal test. These results confirm the wide processing window of VTBN-6. The high toughness of the VTBN-containing BMI resin was compatible with other excellent performances of the modified resin.
Synthesis, freestanding membrane formation, and properties of novel sulfonated hyperbranched polyimides
Authors: Ying Libin , Guo Xiaoxia , Fang Jianhua
Published: October 2016

A novel six-membered ring hyperbranched polyimide (HBPI) has been synthesized by condensation polymerization of a difunctional monomer, 9,9-fluorenylidenebis(4,1-phenylene)bis(oxy)-4,4′-bis(1,8-naphthalic anhydride) (FBPNA), and a trifunctional monomer, tris(4-aminophenyl)amine (TAPA), at the molar ratio of FBPNA/TAPA = 1:1 in m-cresol at 180°C for 20 h. The resultant HBPI is further modified via end-capping reaction with 4-phenoxy-1,8-anhydride naphthalene (PNA). Post-sulfonation is performed in concentrated sulfuric acid at different temperatures (50, 60, and 70°C) for the pristine HBPI and 50°C for the PNA-modified polyimides to give various sulfonated HBPIs. Freestanding and tough membranes have been successfully fabricated by casting the polymer solutions containing a cross-linker, bisphenol A epoxy resin, at 80°C. The ion exchange capacities of the resultant membranes are in the range of 1.35–2.21 meq g−1 depending on the degree of chemical modification and the sulfonation conditions. Membrane properties such as water uptake, swelling ratio, proton conductivity, and radical oxidative stability are investigated.
Bayesian Models of Individual Differences
Authors: Powell Georgie , Meredith Zoe , McMillin Rebecca , Freeman Tom C. A.
Published: October 2016

According to Bayesian models, perception and cognition depend on the optimal combination of noisy incoming evidence with prior knowledge of the world. Individual differences in perception should therefore be jointly determined by a person’s sensitivity to incoming evidence and his or her prior expectations. It has been proposed that individuals with autism have flatter prior distributions than do nonautistic individuals, which suggests that prior variance is linked to the degree of autistic traits in the general population. We tested this idea by studying how perceived speed changes during pursuit eye movement and at low contrast. We found that individual differences in these two motion phenomena were predicted by differences in thresholds and autistic traits when combined in a quantitative Bayesian model. Our findings therefore support the flatter-prior hypothesis and suggest that individual differences in prior expectations are more systematic than previously thought. In order to be revealed, however, individual differences in sensitivity must also be taken into account.
From Power to Inaction
Authors: Durso Geoffrey R. O. , Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E.
Published: October 2016

Research has shown that people who feel powerful are more likely to act than those who feel powerless, whereas people who feel ambivalent are less likely to act than those whose reactions are univalent (entirely positive or entirely negative). But what happens when powerful people also are ambivalent? On the basis of the self-validation theory of judgment, we hypothesized that power and ambivalence would interact to predict individuals’ action. Because power can validate individuals’ reactions, we reasoned that feeling powerful strengthens whatever reactions people have during a decision. It can strengthen univalent reactions and increase action orientation, as shown in past research. Among people who hold an ambivalent judgment, however, those who feel powerful would be less action oriented than those who feel powerless. Two experiments provide evidence for this hypothesized interactive effect of power and ambivalence on individuals’ action tendencies during both positive decisions (promoting an employee; Experiment 1) and negative decisions (firing an employee; Experiment 2). In summary, when individuals’ reactions are ambivalent, power increases the likelihood of inaction.
An oilfield in Libya: A new model to enhance waste water disposal
Authors: Danilovic Dusan S , Maricic Vesna D Karovic , Elhaddad Nori EA , Lekovic Branko A
Published: October 2016

The water produced at the Amal oil field in Libya is directly stored for evaporation in in-ground-pits. As there are a large number of oil production wells, there is a risk of environmental pollution because of the waste water’s eventual penetration into subsoil and surface waterways. From a technical point of view, the existing system of reservoir water disposal into storage pits will not be adequate to meet the increasing water production. Besides, the discharge of produced water without previous treatment is ecologically unacceptable. In this paper, a modern concept of produced water preparation is proposed, and the method of its disposal defined, applying an integrated approach to solving this problem, including technological, economic and environmental aspects. Produced water preparation in an oil field in Libya was chosen for the proposed implementation of an option with the lowest operating costs (storage tanks and liquid hydrophobic filter tank).
Role of atmospheric carbon dioxide in climate change
Authors: Hertzberg Martin , Schreuder Hans
Published: October 2016

The authors evaluate the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consensus that the increase of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere is of anthropogenic origin and is causing dangerous global warming, climate change and climate disruption. The totality of the data available on which that theory is based is evaluated. The data include: (a) Vostok ice-core measurements; (b) accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere; (c) studies of temperature changes that precede CO2 changes; (d) global temperature trends; (e) current ratio of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere; (f) satellite data for the geographic distribution of atmospheric CO2; (g) effect of solar activity on cosmic rays and cloud cover. Nothing in the data supports the supposition that atmospheric CO2 is a driver of weather or climate, or that human emissions control atmospheric CO2.
Optimal threshold estimator of a prognostic marker by maximizing a time-dependent expected utility function for a patient-centered stratified medicine
Authors: Dantan Etienne , Foucher Yohann , Lorent Marine , Giral Magali , Tessier Philippe
Published: October 2016

Defining thresholds of prognostic markers is essential for stratified medicine. Such thresholds are mostly estimated from purely statistical measures regardless of patient preferences potentially leading to unacceptable medical decisions. Quality-Adjusted Life-Years are a widely used preferences-based measure of health outcomes. We develop a time-dependent Quality-Adjusted Life-Years-based expected utility function for censored data that should be maximized to estimate an optimal threshold. We performed a simulation study to compare estimated thresholds when using the proposed expected utility approach and purely statistical estimators. Two applications illustrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology which was implemented in the R package ROCt ( www.divat.fr ). First, by reanalysing data of a randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of prednisone vs. placebo in patients with chronic liver cirrhosis, we demonstrate the utility of treating patients with a prothrombin level higher than 89%. Second, we reanalyze the data of an observational cohort of kidney transplant recipients: we conclude to the uselessness of the Kidney Transplant Failure Score to adapt the frequency of clinical visits. Applying such a patient-centered methodology may improve future transfer of novel prognostic scoring systems or markers in clinical practice.
Non-parametric estimation of transition probabilities in non-Markov multi-state models: The landmark Aalen–Johansen estimator
Authors: Putter Hein , Spitoni Cristian
Published: October 2016

The topic non-parametric estimation of transition probabilities in non-Markov multi-state models has seen a remarkable surge of activity recently. Two recent papers have used the idea of subsampling in this context. The first paper, by de Uña Álvarez and Meira-Machado, uses a procedure based on (differences between) Kaplan–Meier estimators derived from a subset of the data consisting of all subjects observed to be in the given state at the given time. The second, by Titman, derived estimators of transition probabilities that are consistent in general non-Markov multi-state models. Here, we show that the same idea of subsampling, used in both these papers, combined with the Aalen–Johansen estimate of the state occupation probabilities derived from that subset, can also be used to obtain a relatively simple and intuitive procedure which we term landmark Aalen–Johansen. We show that the landmark Aalen–Johansen estimator yields a consistent estimator of the transition probabilities in general non-Markov multi-state models under the same conditions as needed for consistency of the Aalen–Johansen estimator of the state occupation probabilities. Simulation studies show that the landmark Aalen–Johansen estimator has good small sample properties and is slightly more efficient than the other estimators.
Measuring maternal serum screening markers for Down’s syndrome in plasma collected for cell-free DNA testing
Authors: Lambert-Messerlian Geralyn M , Eklund Elizabeth E , Neveux Louis M , Palomaki Glenn E
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To determine whether maternal plasma collected in cell-free DNA stabilizing tubes is suitable for measuring prenatal screening ‘serum’ markers.

Methods

Matched plasma and serum samples were collected from 41 second trimester and 42 first trimester non-Down’s syndrome pregnancies. Second trimester samples were tested for alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, human chorionic gonadotropin, and inhibin-A (Beckman Coulter DxI immunoassay). First trimester samples were tested for human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Method comparisons performed for each marker compared plasma and serum results. Down’s syndrome likelihood ratios in serum and plasma were compared.

Results

Plasma and serum results for all markers were highly correlated ( r > 0.983) but for all, plasma results differed, usually by proportional amounts. After conversion to multiples of the median using sample type-specific medians, the logarithmic standard deviations in serum and plasma did not differ (all p > 0.37). Likelihood ratios for the first and second trimester marker combinations were highly correlated and closely agreed (log likelihood ratios range 1.005 to 1.032; 1.000 indicates complete agreement).

Conclusions

These results using specialized plasma collection tubes are similar to those of our earlier study showing that plasma collected in EDTA tubes is suitable for ‘serum’ Down’s syndrome screening. Laboratories must account for proportional changes by computing new plasma medians or modifying existing serum medians. Using a portion of the plasma from cell-free DNA collection tubes for ‘serum screening’ may have an advantage in programmes that are reflexively testing cell-free DNA, as only one sample type need be collected.
The Factors Affecting Basic Research Performance Funded by Government: ‘Creative Research Program’ Case in South Korea
Authors: Ryu Youngsoo , Hwang Kwangseon , Choi Sang Ok
Published: October 2016

This study examines factors affecting the performance of basic research in South Korea. Creative Research Program (CRP), which is one of the major basic research programmes, is a study target. The survey of N = 120 researchers from universities and research institutes was conducted in 2010. Basic research performance which is the dependent variable was measured by subjective survey questions. The data were analysed using factor analysis and multiple regression. The result shows that leadership is the most important factor affecting the basic research performance based on the regression coefficient (β). Knowledge sharing, autonomy, collaboration and creativity in sequence were also statistically valuable factors that impact on the performance of basic research in South Korea.
A Comparative Study of Gujarat and Kerala Developmental Experiences
Authors: Parwez Sazzad
Published: October 2016

This article examines the experiences of economic growth and social development with reference to comparative analysis of Gujarat and Kerala. Different aspects of economic growth and social indicators have been observed. Theoretical and empirical evidences suggest that there is a positive relationship between economic growth and social development. However, the economic development has not been necessarily accompanied adequately by social development, especially in case of Gujarat. It is reinforced by the Human Development Index (HDI) position of Gujarat. Kerala has performed positively in terms of social indicators but economy has been in disarray, as it is ranked among bottom half of the country. This study is based on secondary data gathered from several government and international organizations. The article concludes by arguing that the governments should be equally concerned about both social development and economic development.
Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracy and Political Continuity in Contemporary Pakistan
Authors: Mukherjee Kunal
Published: October 2016

The paper looks at the concept of political ‘hybridity’ within the broader framework of Pakistan’s domestic politics. Whilst analysing Pakistan’s domestic politics, most analysts tend to view the country’s political system as authoritarian and label it as a military dictatorship. Whilst this has been true for most of Pakistan’s history since it came into existence in 1947, it is also equally important to look at the role played by the more democratic elements of Pakistani society in politics, and the interactions that have taken place between the more democratic forces on the one hand, and the more authoritarian elements on the other. This paper moves away from traditional ways of viewing Pakistan’s domestic politics and focuses more on the grey areas, instead of viewing the country in black or white terms. In doing so, the paper has a strong focus on Ayub Khan’s concept of Basic Democracy.
Football clubs and philanthropy: An empirical analysis of volunteering, match quality, and donations
Authors: Behrens Christoph , Meyer Tim , Pierdzioch Christian , Emrich Eike
Published: October 2016

Using data collected by means of an online questionnaire of German football-club volunteers, we studied whether match quality helps to predict philanthropy as measured in terms of donations. Match quality is defined as the congruence of a volunteer’s motives for volunteering with his or her utility experiences and can thus be expected to foster the production of volunteer satisfaction and eventually social capital. Social capital has a bonding and a bridging component. The former should predict donations to a volunteer’s own football club, while the latter should predict donations to other charitable and non-profit organizations. Our empirical results lend some support to the hypothesis that a high match quality makes it more likely for a volunteer to donate to his or her own football club. The propensity of donations to other organizations decreases when match quality increases. We use social identity theory and the economics of identity to sketch elements of a theory that links match quality, social identity, social capital, and donations.
At the Grave We Make Our Song: A Palliative Care Study in Rural Guatemala
Authors: Traister Erin , Larson Kim L. , Hagwood Dell
Published: October 2016

Purpose: We sought to understand decision making, family involvement, and cultural factors that influence palliative care for Guatemalans. Design: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in Guatemala to explore palliative care experiences among seven participants. Findings: The overarching theme was Relief from Suffering, reinforced by three support systems: the family, community rezadora, and priest. The family made decisions and provided physical care. The rezadora sang prayers and prepared the home altar. The priest provided traditional sacraments. Discussion: The role of the rezadora should be considered in providing palliative care to Guatemalans. Some Guatemalans are unfamiliar with or have difficulty understanding the role of the nurse in palliative and end-of-life care. Implications: We suggest training opportunities using international resources to enhance the role for Guatemalan nurses in end-of-life care. Palliative care nurses in the United States may benefit from incorporating the rezadora into strategies that extend these services to Guatemalans.
Exoneree Engagement in Policy Reform Work
Authors: Konvisser Zieva Dauber , Werry Ashley
Published: October 2016

Through a lens of resilience and growth alongside continuing distress, this exploratory research study examines a convenience sample of exonerees and innocence movement personnel who are engaged in the policy reform process to understand how exoneree involvement may change exonerees themselves, the innocence movement, and possibly the criminal justice system. Data were collected through pre-questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, supplemented with archival material, and analyzed using a narrative approach. Findings emphasize both the personal and broader societal value of exoneree engagement in educating, generating awareness, and advocating about wrongful conviction and the power of having the human voice and face in front of legislators, the public, and the media—vividly portraying that “if they can do it to me, they can do it to anybody.” Findings also caution to be sensitive to where individuals may be in their lives and to honor their choices to engage or not.
Framing DNA
Authors: Norris Robert J.
Published: October 2016

The “innocence movement” has often been mentioned, but rarely explored in depth. In particular, scholars have yet to study the beginning of the movement thoroughly. This article explores the early history of the innocence movement, referred to as the “foundations” of the movement, suggesting that the common focus solely on DNA as the source of the movement is an overly narrow historical focus. Based on archival research and interviews with key movement participants, this article draws on social movement theory to better understand the roots of the innocence movement, including its organizational foundation, early leadership, and the identification of the “problem” of wrongful conviction as a cause worthy of collective action. These three developments re-framed DNA as a tool to seek justice through post-conviction exonerations, thus creating the foundation on which the innocence movement was built.