bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides in Glioma-Bearing Rats
Authors: Wang Chunhua , Shi Songsheng , Chen Quan , Lin Shuqian , Wang Rui , Wang Saizhen , Chen Chunmei
Published: April 2018

Malignant gliomas are the most common brain tumors with high rates of recurrence and mortality. Novel approaches are in research, and immunotherapy emerges as a promising strategy. Recently, scientific attention has been focused on Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GL-PS), one of the critical bioactive components of G lucidum, which have been recognized as a promising natural source of immunomodulatory and anticancer compounds. It remains unknown whether the GL-PS have any immunomodulatory and anticancer effects on brain glioma. This study was designed to identify and characterize the antitumor action and influence of immune system of GL-PS in glioma-bearing rats. Results showed that GL-PS increased the concentration of serum interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, and enhanced the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and T cells, promoting the functional maturation of dendritic cells, thus resulting in the inhibition of glioma growth and prolonged survival of rats. Therefore, GL-PS may be potentially useful as part of the treatment regimen to regulate host immune responses and increase the antitumor effects of immunotherapy for glioma.
A family of global convergent inexact secant methods for nonconvex constrained optimization
Authors: Wang Zhujun , Cai Li , Peng Zheng
Published: April 2018

We present a family of new inexact secant methods in association with Armijo line search technique for solving nonconvex constrained optimization. Different from the existing inexact secant methods, the algorithms proposed in this paper need not compute exact directions. By adopting the nonsmooth exact penalty function as the merit function, the global convergence of the proposed algorithms is established under some reasonable conditions. Some numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithms are both feasible and effective.
A 3D-printed passive ultrasound phase-interference compensator for reduced wave degradation in cancellous bone – an experimental study in replica models
Authors: Langton Christian M , AlQahtani Saeed M , Wille Marie-Luise
Published: April 2018

The current ‘active’ solution to overcome the impediment of ultrasound wave degradation associated with transit-time variation in complex tissue structures, such as the skull, is to vary the transmission delay of ultrasound pulses from individual transducer elements. This article considers a novel ‘passive’ solution in which constant transit time is achieved by propagating through an additional material layer positioned between the ultrasound transducer and the test sample. To test the concept, replica models based on four cancellous bone natural tissue samples and their corresponding passive ultrasound phase-interference compensator were 3D-printed. Normalised broadband ultrasound attenuation was used as a quantitative measure of wave degradation, performed in transmission mode at a frequency of 1 MHz and yielding a reduction ranging from 57% to 74% when the ultrasound phase-interference compensator was incorporated. It is suggested that the passive compensator offers a broad utility and, hence, it may be applied to any ultrasound transducer, of any complexity (single element or array), frequency and dimension.
Measurement of motor-evoked potential resting threshold and amplitude of proximal and distal arm muscles in healthy adults. A reliability study
Authors: Tedesco Triccas Lisa , Hughes Ann-Marie , Burridge Jane H , Din Amy E , Warner Martin , Brown Simon , Desikan Mahalekeshmi , Rothwell John , Verheyden Geert
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Reliability of motor-evoked potential threshold and amplitude measurement of upper limb muscles is important when detecting changes in cortical excitability. The objective of this study was to investigate intra-rater, test–retest reliability and minimal detectable change of resting motor threshold and amplitude of a proximal and distal upper limb muscles, anterior deltoid and distal extensor digitorum communis in healthy adults.

Method

To measure motor-evoked potential responses, transcranial magnetic stimulation was interfaced with electromyography and neuronavigation equipment. Two measurements were conducted on day 1 and a third measurement three days later. Reliability was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results

Twenty participants completed the study. Excellent intra-rater (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91 (extensor digitorum), 0.94 (anterior deltoid)) and good to excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.69 (anterior deltoid), 0.84 (extensor digitorum)) was found for resting motor threshold. Minimal detectable change for resting motor threshold was found at 10.95% (extensor digitorum) and 16.35% (anterior deltoid) between first and third measurements. Motor-evoked potential amplitude of extensor digitorum communis had fair to good intra-rater (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.50) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.65).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that resting motor threshold is a reliable neurophysiological measure even for proximal shoulder muscles. Future research should further explore the reliability of motor-evoked potential amplitude before integration into neurological rehabilitation.
Attacks by Anons: A Content Analysis of Aggressive Posts, Victim Responses, and Bystander Interventions on a Social Media Site
Authors: Young Rachel , Miles Stephanie , Alhabash Saleem
Published: April 2018

Cyberbullying is an area of great anxiety related to adolescents’ use of social media. Although the affordances of social media sites often allow aggressive online content to be stored and searched, the actual content of aggressive posts has not been explored in great detail. The purpose of this content analysis was to examine discursive strategies used in aggressive posts, responses, and bystander comments on a social media site that is both popular among young adolescents and a known online site of cyberbullying behavior. A total of 993 question–answer dyads were analyzed. In this sample, aggressors are almost exclusively anonymous. Posters of aggressive content demean profile owners on the basis of social status, romantic success, emotional instability, perceived physical attractiveness, and age. Most profile owners attracted a comment from at least one supportive bystander. In general, bystander comments either attacked aggressive posters for their cruelty or their cowardice at being anonymous or supported profile owners by affirming their physical attractiveness or social competence. A power differential between aggressor and victim is a key feature that distinguishes bullying from other social conflicts among adolescents. Results show that, in the absence of physical power, online aggressors use discursive strategies to affirm their dominance over their victims. In turn, victims of online aggression, as well as supportive bystanders, use a variety of methods to attempt to resolve the power differential. Our findings have implications for development of digital citizenship and anti-cyberbullying initiatives that promote effective bystander behavior online.
Tele-yoga for Chronic Pain: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Mathersul Danielle C , Mahoney Louise A , Bayley Peter J
Published: April 2018

Pain is a pervasive, debilitating disorder that is resistant to long-term pharmacological interventions. Although psychological therapies such as cognitive behavior therapy demonstrate moderate efficacy, many individuals continue to have ongoing difficulties following treatment. There is a current trend to establish complementary and integrative health interventions for chronic pain, for which yoga has been found to have exciting potential. Nevertheless, an important consideration within the field is accessibility to adequate care. Telehealth can be used to provide real-time interactive video conferencing leading to increased access to health care for individuals located remotely or who otherwise have difficulty accessing services, perhaps through issues of mobility or proximity of adequate services. This article assesses the current status and feasibility of implementing tele-yoga for chronic pain. Methodological limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Osseous Vascularity of the Medial Elbow After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Comparison of the Docking and Modified Jobe Techniques
Authors: Camp Christopher L. , Klinger Craig E. , Lazaro Lionel E. , Villa Jordan C. , van der List Jelle P. , Altchek David W. , Lorich Dean G. , Dines Joshua S.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Although vascularity plays a critical role in healing after ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction, intraosseous blood flow to the medial epicondyle (ME) and sublime tubercle remains undefined.

Purpose:

To quantify vascular disruption caused by tunnel drilling with the modified Jobe and docking techniques for UCL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Eight matched pairs (16 specimens) of fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities were randomized to 1 of 2 study groups: docking technique or modified Jobe technique. One elbow in each pair underwent tunnel drilling by the assigned technique, while the contralateral elbow served as a control. Pregadolinium and postgadolinium magnetic resonance imaging were performed to quantify intraosseous vascularity within the ME, trochlea, and proximal ulna. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and gross dissection were performed to assess terminal vessel integrity.

Results:

Ulnar tunnel drilling had minimal impact on vascularity of the proximal ulna, with maintenance of >95% blood flow for each technique. Perfusion in the ME was reduced 14% (to 86% of baseline) for the docking technique and 60% (to 40% of baseline) for the modified Jobe technique (mean difference, 46%; P = .029). Three-dimensional CT and gross dissection revealed increased disruption of small perforating vessels of the posterior aspect of the ME for the modified Jobe technique.

Conclusion:

Although tunnel drilling in the sublime tubercle appears to have a minimal effect on intraosseous vascularity of the proximal ulna, both the docking and modified Jobe techniques reduce flow in the ME. This reduction was 4 times greater for the modified Jobe technique, and these findings have important implications for UCL reconstruction surgery.

Clinical Relevance:

As the rate of revision UCL reconstructions continues to rise, investigation into causes for failure of primary surgery is needed. One potential cause is poor tendon-to-bone healing due to inadequate vascularity. This study quantifies the amount of vascular insult that is incurred in the ME during UCL reconstruction. While vascular insult is only one of many factors that affects the surgical success rate, surgeons performing this procedure should be mindful of this potential for vascular disruption.
Modified Brave Spaces: Calling in Brave Instructors
Authors: Verduzco-Baker Lynn
Published: April 2018

In recent years, instructors teaching about controversial issues such as race and ethnicity have drawn increasingly on the ideas of “safe” and “brave” spaces to encourage and facilitate dialogue during class discussion. Unfortunately, these concepts have limits when taken out of the dialogic social justice workshop and course contexts where they were initially developed—contexts with very different power dynamics than those in conventional college classrooms. I review these differences and their limits, then propose an alternate set of strategies to better adapt the “brave space” concept to conventional, disciplinary-specific, academic courses. Specifically, I urge instructors to avoid relying on marginalized students to publicly share personal experiences of oppression, to practice “calling in” which offers a productive way to challenge problematic beliefs or statements in the classroom, and to model being “brave” in their own responses when they are “called in” themselves. These strategies aim to give instructors more confidence in their ability to handle difficult conversations, while ensuring they do not burden some students or allow others to appropriate the language of “safety” to avoid challenges.
Going for Broke: A Multiple-Case Study of Brokerage in Education
Authors: Malin Joel R. , Brown Chris , Trubceac Angela St
Published: April 2018

Although the central role of educational intermediaries that can connect research and practice is increasingly appreciated, our present understanding of their motivations, products, and processes is inadequate. In response, this multiple-case study asks how and why three large-scale intermediaries—Edutopia, the Marshall Memo, and Usable Knowledge—are engaging in brokerage activities, and compares the features of the knowledge they seek to share and mobilize. These entities were deliberately chosen and anticipated to reveal diversity. Multiple data sources were analyzed based primarily upon Ward’s knowledge mobilization framework. These entities contrasted widely, especially in relation to core knowledge dimensions, enabling us to identify two distinct brokerage types. To conclude, theoretical (how to conceptualize brokerage) and practical (how to foster interactive knowledge exchange) implications are presented. This study also reveals certain innovative mobilization approaches, including skillful use of social media and the production of videos depicting how and why to adopt particular strategies.
Sexual Orientation and Social Attitudes
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: April 2018

Gender, race, and class strongly predict social attitudes and are at the core of social scientific theory and empirical analysis. Sexuality (i.e., sexual orientation), however, is not as central a factor by which we conceptualize and systematize society. This study examines the impact of sexual orientation, gender, race, and education across attitudinal topics covered by the General Social Survey. Sexual orientation is an important part of people’s lives that, as I demonstrate, is a strong and exceptionally consistent predictor of social attitudes across issues regardless of whether it is measured with partnering behavior or self-identification. When sexual behavior and identity differ, however, identity is more influential. This pattern lends support to a marginalized identity explanation for why sexual minorities are consistently liberal. I conclude that future work should pay more attention to sexuality as a core factor in social scientific theory and empirical analysis.
A phase 1 study of lenalidomide and ibrutinib in combination with rituximab in relapsed and refractory CLL
Authors: Ujjani Chaitra , Wang Hongkun , Skarbnik Alan , Trivedi Neel , Ramzi Pari , Khan Nadia , Cheson Bruce D.
Published: April 2018

Key Points

R, L, and I in relapsed/ refractory CLL do not appear to be more effective than the R + L doublet or I alone. The regimen was associated with sustained grade 4 neutropenia, which prompted study withdrawal in many patients.
Desperately seeking outcomes: quantifying the effectiveness of community mental healthcare using Health of the Nation Outcome Scales
Authors: Laugharne Richard , Eaves Scott , Mascas Alin , Psatha Kiki , Dinnis Gill , Trower Jonathan , Shankar Rohit
Published: April 2018

Background

Community mental health services in the UK have struggled to measure the clinical effectiveness of their services.

Aims

To measure clinical outcomes for different diagnostic clusters.

Method

Clinicians measure the clinical status of patients by the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS), and HoNOS scores should be recorded annually after treatment. Clinical outcomes were measured by changes in HoNOS for diagnostic clusters.

Results

In two time periods (2014 and 2016), the health of patients with mild to moderate common mental disorders deteriorated after intervention. Patients with severe common mental disorders and psychoses improved in their clinical status.

Conclusions

British community mental health teams may be effective in improving the clinical status of people with severe mental illness, but may have a negative effect on people with mild to moderate illnesses. These teams need to focus on the severely mentally ill and build on this demonstrable effectiveness.

Declaration of interest

None.
Optimizing Anticancer Therapy in Metastatic Non-Castrate Prostate Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Morris Michael J. , Rumble R. Bryan , Basch Ethan , Hotte Sebastien J. , Loblaw Andrew , Rathkopf Dana , Celano Paul , Bangs Rick , Milowsky Matthew I.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

This clinical practice guideline addresses abiraterone or docetaxel with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for metastatic prostate cancer that has not been treated (or has been minimally treated) with testosterone-lowering agents.

Methods

Standard therapy for newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer has been ADT alone. Three studies have compared ADT alone with ADT and docetaxel, and two studies have compared ADT alone with ADT and abiraterone.

Results

Three prospective randomized studies (GETUG-AFU 15, STAMPEDE, and CHAARTED) examined overall survival (OS) with adding docetaxel to ADT. STAMPEDE and CHAARTED favored docetaxel (hazard ratio [HR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.93; n = 2,962 and HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.89; n = 790, respectively). GETUG-AFU 15 was negative. LATITUDE and STAMPEDE examined the impact on OS of adding abiraterone (with prednisone or prednisolone) to ADT. LATITUDE and STAMPEDE favored abiraterone (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.76; n = 1,199 and HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.76; n = 1,917, respectively).

Recommendations

ADT plus docetaxel or abiraterone in newly diagnosed metastatic non-castrate prostate cancer offers a survival benefit as compared with ADT alone. The strongest evidence of benefit with docetaxel is in men with de novo high-volume (CHAARTED criteria) metastatic disease. Similar survival benefits are seen using abiraterone acetate in high-risk patients (LATITUDE criteria) and in the metastatic population in STAMPEDE. ADT plus abiraterone and ADT plus docetaxel have not been compared, and it is not known if some men benefit more from one regimen as opposed to the other. Fitness for chemotherapy, patient comorbidities, toxicity profiles, quality of life, drug availability, and cost should be considered in this decision. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/genitourinary-cancer-guidelines .
Années 68 postcoloniales ?
Authors: Blum Françoise
Published: April 2018

Précis

Cet article met en évidence les liens entre le Mai français et les mouvements politiques et sociaux intervenus en Guinée, au Congo, au Sénégal ou à Madagascar. Il s'intéresse à la nature commune de ces différents mouvements : rôle de la jeunesse, alliance des étudiants avec les ouvriers et le « petit peuple », en interrogeant une même situation postcoloniale. Il s'attache à décrire les connexions ainsi que les communautés d'habitus entre des mondes, africain et européen, en devenir : échanges de pratiques et savoirs en matière de contestation et de répression, échanges universitaires, culture et lectures communes, et ainsi de suite. Il s'agit ici de penser les circulations des « années 68 » non seulement du Nord vers le Sud mais aussi du Sud vers le Nord, et d'intégrer Mai dans une configuration plus générale : celle des espoirs suscités et/ou déçus par la fin d'un empire.

This article focuses on connections between France's May ’68 and political and social movements in Francophone Africa: Guinea, the Congo, Senegal, and Madagascar. As participants challenged their common postcolonial situation, these movements converged around the importance of youth and alliances between students, workers, and “the masses.” The article describes the emergence of French and African activist communities defined by a common habitus constituted by shared techniques of protest and responses to repression, academic exchanges, common interests, and reading. The purpose of the article is to examine the circulation of ideas and people through the “long 1968”—from South to North and vice versa—and to situate May ’68 within the broad range of expectations that the end of empire both raised and often disappointed.
Bringing Vietnam Home
Authors: Mohandesi Salar
Published: April 2018

The Vietnam War made May ’68 possible. The war prompted young radicals to experiment with new forms of struggle, reinvent radical internationalism, and ultimately embrace revolution. Transnational exchanges and a changing political conjuncture pushed some radicals to argue that the best way to aid their Vietnamese comrades abroad was to bring the war home to France. Their efforts to translate the exemplary struggles in Vietnam into a domestic idiom helped trigger the events of May ’68. Seen in this transnational context, May ’68 was one front among many in a broader, worldwide anti-imperialist struggle, led primarily by the Vietnamese. In France, Vietnam became a universal symbol of revolt, supercharging other struggles, while radicals elsewhere were inspired to translate the French May into their own national contexts. This article shows just how profoundly Vietnam shaped the radical imaginary of the “68 years.”

La guerre du Vietnam a rendu Mai 68 possible. La guerre a permis à de jeunes radicaux d'expérimenter de nouvelles formes de lutte, de reconstruire un internationalisme fort et de se lancer dans la révolution. Les échanges transnationaux ainsi qu'une nouvelle conjoncture politique entraînèrent certains radicaux à affirmer que la meilleure façon d'aider leurs camarades vietnamiens était d'importer la guerre en métropole. Leurs efforts pour traduire les luttes exemplaires des Vietnamiens dans le contexte français participèrent au déclenchement des événements de Mai 68. Pris dans une perspective transnationale, Mai 68 était un front parmi d'autres dans une lutte anti-impérialiste globale, conduite principalement par les Vietnamiens. En France, le Vietnam devint un symbole universel de révolte, s'articulant avec d'autres luttes, tandis que les événements poussèrent les radicaux d'autres pays à traduire le Mai français dans leurs propres contextes nationaux. Cet article montre que le Vietnam a façonné profondément l'imaginaire radical des « années 68 ».
“The US Embassy Has Been Particularly Sensitive about This”
Authors: Keenan Bethany S.
Published: April 2018

This article examines changes in how the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs handled anti–Vietnam War protests in the period immediately following the May–June 1968 uprisings. Through a study of the Quai d'Orsay Asie-Océanie archives along with American Embassy and CIA documents, the article adds to research on French domestic protest activity and expands understanding of the philo-American shift in French foreign policy following May. In its emphasis on how foreign policy affected domestic experience, the article argues for the importance of situating May globally to evaluate its full impact.

Cet article examine les évolutions dans la gestion des manifestations contre la guerre du Vietnam par le ministère des Affaires étrangères dans les mois suivant les événements de mai–juin 1968. Fondé sur une étude des archives Asie-Océanie du Quai d'Orsay, aussi bien que sur des documents de l'ambassade américaine et du CIA, cet article éclaircit le mouvement anti-guerre en France, tout en contribuant à la compréhension du basculement philo-américain de la politique étrangère française après Mai. Soulignant les effets de la politique étrangère sur l'expérience domestique, l'article avance l'importance de situer Mai au niveau mondial afin de mieux évaluer son impact.
Being in Parentheses
Authors: Sanos Sandrine
Published: April 2018

Diane Kurys is known in French cinema for her popular, seemingly apolitical and “sentimental” films. Kurys's early films, however, chart a mode of historical consciousness, memory, and temporality that alerts us to both the origins and afterlives of May ’68. In the widely celebrated 1977 Diabolo menthe, set in 1963 just after the end of the Franco-Algerian War, and the 1980 commercial and critical flop Cocktail Molotov, which took May ’68 as its subject, Kurys fictionalizes a meditation on the ways gender, sex, and Jewishness have been at the heart of these events' politics for her. Through the figure of the jeune fille at the heart of her films, Kurys traces an ambivalent memory linking the specters of the Franco-Algerian war to those of World War II to map an ambivalent and gendered post-Holocaust French Jewish identity. For Kurys, finding meaning in May ’68 means revealing how only sex constitutes a politics that can rearrange the ordering of bodies in a community.

Si les films de Diane Kurys sont connus du grand public, son cinéma est généralement absent du champ des représentations et des mémoires de Mai 68. Pourtant, ses premiers films sont l'occasion pour elle d'imaginer un rapport au passé mettant en lumière les origines et héritages de « l'événement Mai 68 ». Avec Diabolo Menthe (1977) qui met en scène la vie de l'adolescente Anne en 1963 et Cocktail Molotov (1980) où la même Anne connaît l'émancipation à l'orée de Mai 68, Kurys fait émerger une vision de l'histoire en marge : dans ces marges et ces débordements se mêlent les après‐coups de la guerre d'Algérie, les échos d'un monde inquiet et d'une identité juive après la Shoah. L'imaginaire de Kurys ne propose cependant aucune radicalité politique. Trouver du sens à Mai 68 pour Kurys, c'est d'abord se préoccuper de la manière dont la sexualité est la seule politique qui puisse réagencer l'ordre des corps dans la communauté.
A prática do aleitamento materno e os fatores que levam ao desmame precoce: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Lima Ariana Passos Cavalcante , Nascimento Davi da Silva , Martins Maísa Mônica Flores
Published: April 2018

Introdução: o aleitamento materno exclusivo é a melhor fonte de alimentação e proteção do bebê até o sexto de mês de vida, não necessitando de nenhum outro tipo de alimento ou líquido. Objetivo: identificar os fatores que interferem na prática do aleitamento materno e analisar os motivos que levam ao desmane precoce. Método: trata-se de um artigo de revisão integrativa da literatura mediante os descritores: aleitamento materno, lactente e desmame precoce, com um recorte temporal de 2012 a 2016. Resultados: entre os fatores que dificultam a prática do aleitamento materno destacam-se: leite fraco/insuficiente, pouco incentivo dos profissionais de saúde para a prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo, falta de conhecimento da mãe sobre a importância do aleitamento materno. Já entre os fatores causadores do desmame precoce, destacam-se: uso de chupeta, volta ao trabalho ou ao estudo, trauma mamilar e dor, baixo nível de escolaridade da genitora, e o aumento da idade da criança. Considerações finais: faz-se necessário o fomento da prática do aleitamento materno, a fim de promover resultados que possam contribuir para a prevenção de agravos e a promoção de saúde do binômio mãe e filho.
Intensity of emission lines of the quiescent solar corona: comparison between calculated and observed values
Authors: Криссинель Борис , Krissinel Boris
Published: April 2018

The paper reports the results of calculations of the center-to-limb intensity of optically thin line emission in EUV and FUV wavelength ranges. The calculations employ a multicomponent model for the quiescent solar corona. The model includes a collection of loops of various sizes, spicules, and free (inter-loop) matter. Theoretical intensity values are found from probabilities of encountering parts of loops in the line of sight with respect to the probability of absence of other coronal components. The model uses 12 loops with sizes from 3200 to 210000 km with different values of rarefaction index and pressure at the loop base and apex. The temperature at loop apices is 1 400 000 K. The calculations utilize the CHIANTI database. The comparison between theoretical and observed emission intensity values for coronal and transition region lines obtained by the SUMER, CDS, and EIS telescopes shows quite satisfactory agreement between them, particularly for the solar disk center. For the data acquired above the limb, the enhanced discrepancies after the analysis refer to errors in EIS measurements.
Actual problems of tax law
Authors: Васянина Елена , Vasyanina Elena , Запольский Сергей , Zapol'skiy Sergey
Published: April 2018

The textbook considers the most urgent problems of the Russian tax legislation application, prospects of its development, as well as the author's positions on the resolution of problems in the sphere of realization of separate tax law institutions.
All the institutions of tax law in the textbook are grouped into large sections, which allows the author to more widely and comprehensively cover the essence of tax and legal regulation. At the end of the textbook contains a list of recommended literature, as well as tasks and assignments, including tests, recommended for students who have a basic legal education, and do not have one
Copycats vs. Original Mobile Apps: A Machine Learning Copycat-Detection Method and Empirical Analysis
Authors: Wang Quan , Li Beibei , Singh Param Vir
Published: April 2018

While the growth of the mobile apps market has created significant market opportunities and economic incentives for mobile app developers to innovate, it has also inevitably invited other developers to create rip-offs. Practitioners and developers of original apps claim that copycats steal the original app’s idea and potential demand, and have called for app platforms to take action against such copycats. Surprisingly, however, there has been little rigorous research analyzing whether and how copycats affect an original app’s demand. The primary deterrent to such research is the lack of an objective way to identify whether an app is a copycat or an original. Using a combination of machine learning techniques such as natural language processing, latent semantic analysis, network-based clustering, and image analysis, we propose a method to identify apps as original or copycat and detect two types of copycats: deceptive and nondeceptive. Based on the detection results, we conduct an econometric analysis to determine the impact of copycat apps on the demand for the original apps on a sample of 10,100 action game apps by 5,141 developers that were released in the iOS App Store over five years. Our results indicate that the effect of a specific copycat on an original app’s demand is determined by the quality and level of deceptiveness of the copycat. High-quality nondeceptive copycats negatively affect demand for the originals. By contrast, low-quality, deceptive copycats positively affect demand for the originals. Results indicate that in aggregate the impact of copycats on the demand of original mobile apps is statistically insignificant. Our study contributes to the growing literature on mobile app consumption by presenting a method to identify copycats and providing evidence of the impact of copycats on an original app’s demand.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0735 .
Noise as Signal in Learning from Rare Events
Authors: Maslach David , Branzei Oana , Rerup Claus , Zbaracki Mark J.
Published: April 2018

Firms increasingly have access to information about the failure events of other firms through public repositories. We study one such repository that accumulates reports of adverse events in the medical device industry. We provide qualitative evidence that shows how firms select a sample of adverse events and then engage in inferential learning. We show that firms use the reports of others to extract new valid knowledge from the adverse events in other firms. We use quantitative evidence to explore how a public repository can be used to provide more direct evidence of vicarious learning. Our findings challenge some standard assumptions about vicarious learning. First, we show that the learning in a repository does not come from referent others. Instead, it emerges directly from failure events that might ordinarily be dismissed as noise. Second, we show that the learning does not come from copying others. Instead, it is constructed by firm members as they assemble individual failure events to identify possibilities they had not considered. Third, in contrast to vicarious learning, where the referent others and rare events provide the context, repository-based learning requires that actors impose their own context as part of the learning process. Our qualitative and quantitative evidence serve explanatory purposes by showing how firms use a repository of failure events to identify moments of valid learning, and they serve exploratory purposes by investigating how we can demonstrate reliable learning from a repository of failure events.

The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1179 .
What Do They Know? The Antecedents of Information Accuracy Differentials in Interorganizational Networks
Authors: Knoben Joris , Oerlemans Leon A. G. , Krijkamp Annefleur R. , Provan Keith G.
Published: April 2018

A growing body of network studies argues that firms purposefully act based on the network structure and their relative position in it. In this paper, we assess the validity of one of the core assumptions underpinning these arguments: that managers have accurate information about the structure of the network in which their organizations are embedded. We extend theory on interorganizational networks by developing novel hypotheses regarding the antecedents of differences in this network information accuracy between organizations. We test these hypotheses by drawing on a unique data set of two whole networks in the healthcare industry in the Netherlands in which both the “objective” network structure and the organizational perceptions of that structure are assessed. The empirical analyses revealed considerable differences among organizations in terms of the accuracy of their network information, especially with regard to accuracy about different parts of the network. A key finding is that the network position of the focal and the assessed organizations is essential for explaining information accuracy differentials. From these findings, we discuss which network strategies are viable strategic options for which organizations and derive implications for future network theory and research.

The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1180 .
Commentary—Cultivating T-Shaped Professionals in the Era of Digital Transformation
Authors: Demirkan Haluk , Spohrer James C.
Published: April 2018

As a result of the rapid growth of urban populations and use of smartphones, the new millennium has ushered in an age of unprecedented levels of collaborative and competitive local and global relations, constantly reshaped by advances in science, public policy, technology platforms, and open practices. The dynamic nature of these open innovation-oriented relationships is not sufficiently incorporated into and addressed by conventional education systems. Today’s digital talents are still primarily siloed in functions and disciplines that were designed to meet the needs of an earlier era. Current rewards and incentives are also focused along these lines. Consequently, traditional academics are encouraged to delve deeper within their areas of specialization rather than reach out to colleagues in other disciplines to develop transdisciplinary research agendas. Across all sectors, the new digital millennium requires new types of professionals and work practices as well as new types of citizens and social practices. To help people be successful in this dynamic environment of rapidly changing smart service systems, should the education systems of the future encourage hyperspecialization, hyperflexibility, or something else? In this commentary, we make the case for an education system that encourages the development of T-shaped digital professionals and citizens—future-ready innovators who uniquely combine specialization (critical thinking and problem-solving depth) and flexibility (empathy, breadth of knowledge, skills, experience, and complex communication abilities) and who also use smart machines as assistants. This combination of personal capabilities allows for rapid formation of high-performance teams working in open innovation environments to build smarter service systems.
Electronic recording of vital signs for mental health inpatients
Authors: Gale-Grant Oliver , Quist Haddy
Published: April 2018

The use of electronic monitoring of vital signs is becoming increasingly widespread in general hospital settings in the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom, and numerous advantages when compared to using paper charts have been shown. However, electronic systems are not yet widely used within mental health inpatient care. We present a pilot implementation of a novel system of electronic vital signs monitoring introduced in two adult mental health inpatient wards, designed to assess feasibility and acceptability to staff and patients. Development and implementation of the new system, adapted from a system designed for use in acute medical nursing, has presented challenges. However, over the course of the 10-month period presented here, nursing compliance, measured by percentage of observations recorded on time, improved by 72.7%. Service users and clinical staff both reported positively to the new system. Efforts to improve monitoring psychiatirc inpatients’ physical health are of increasing importance. Implementing electronic recording of observations is practical, affordable and feasible within the mental health inpatient setting, and offers many potential advantages over the use of paper charts.
Team psychological formulations in assertive outreach teams: Evaluating staff experiences
Authors: Harrison Gail , Sellers Emma , Blakeman Melanie
Published: April 2018

Team psychological formulation meetings aim to provide a space for team members to reflect on the development and maintenance of service users' difficulties, including the potential impact of team members own interpersonal responses. The aim of this service evaluation was to explore assertive outreach team members' views and experiences of team psychological formulation and review meetings. Twenty-five assertive outreach team staff members who had experience attending formulation meetings were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. The interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. Themes identified were: ‘Valuing the meetings’ and ‘Barriers to the meetings’, along with sub-themes of ‘increased knowledge and understanding’, ‘empathy’, ‘structure’, and ‘input’. Four barriers as sub-themes were identified: lack of knowledge about the service user, staff thinking their opinion will not matter, attendance and time constraints. Staff members found formulation meetings useful and valued the process. Recommendations include team members taking on the preparation for the meetings, prioritisation of the meetings, and developing a Care Programme Approach-linked process for sharing and developing the formulation with service users.
Postpartum haemorrhage: Aetiology and intervention
Authors: Moncrieff Gill
Published: April 2018

Postpartum haemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. A common aetiology is uterine atony, which can often be related to the intrapartum management of labour; but an increasingly common cause is abnormally adherent placentation, which is occurring more often due to rising caesarean rates. While intervention can increase the risk of postpartum haemorrhage, it also has its place in its prevention. Hopefully, a balance can be found to improve outcomes both in the short- and long-term.
Educating student midwives about compassion: A critical reflection
Authors: Pearson Maria
Published: April 2018

This article provides a critical reflection upon the author's experiences regarding the development of the ‘Compassionate and Professional Midwife’ module within the undergraduate curriculum at Nottingham University. Traditional definitions of compassion that describe alleviation of suffering do not fully resonate with the philosophy of midwifery, which is to support women through a normal physiological life experience. While the Francis report and the Department of Health and Social Care have stated that healthcare must be compassionate, there is little literature to support how this should be taught in midwifery education.
Patient-centred goal setting in a hospice: a comparative case study of how health practitioners understand and use goal setting in practice
Authors: Boa Sally , Duncan Edward , Haraldsdottir Erna , Wyke Sally
Published: April 2018

Background:

Goal setting is recognised as an important way of supporting people to live as actively as possible until death. However, there is little agreement about how goal setting should be handled or delivered by health professionals in everyday practice.

Aim:

To investigate health-care practitioners' understanding and practice of patient-centred goal setting in a hospice.

Methods:

A comparative case study of 10 healthcare practitioners in one hospice. Non-participant observations (n=28), semi-structured interviews (n=10) and case-note analysis (n=67) were undertaken. Data were analysed using framework analysis.

Results:

Participants viewed goal setting as part of routine practice. However, goal setting focused around what was seen as important from the health practitioner's perspective, rather than being patient-centred. Participants' goal-setting practice was implicit and opportunities to support patients to pursue goals were missed. Participants emphasised problem solving and alleviating symptoms rather than focusing on patient priorities and establishing patient-centred goals.

Conclusion:

While goal setting is valued, it is practiced in an implicit, practitioner-centred and inconsistent manner. A more explicit, person-centred goal setting process may support practitioners more consistently in helping patients to identify their priorities and enhance their quality of life.
The efficacy of complementary therapy for patients receiving palliative cancer care
Authors: Cedar SH , White Melanie , Atwal Anita
Published: April 2018

Involving patients in their own care is associated with improved health outcomes. Complementary therapies are popular among patients and enable them to receive the palliative care they want and need. However, the range of complementary therapy services available to patients need to be evaluated for efficacy. This study evaluated the complementary therapy services offered at one cancer outpatient clinic in the UK, with the aim of evaluating the effect of complementary therapies on patient wellbeing and to systematise concerns and categories of wellbeing in order to improve service provision. A sample of 60 patients rated their feelings of wellbeing on a Likert scale before and after a series of six complementary therapies. They were also asked which concerns they had and, after treatment, were asked about factors that may influence their wellbeing. The data were analysed quantitatively by t-test and Wilcoxon signed ranks and the results show a statistically significant improvement in wellbeing. The concerns were assigned into super categories to aid service provision and the other factors that influence general wellbeing were assessed to categorise areas of patient needs that may be addressed in patient care. These results highlight important areas for investigation, which have implications for service provision in palliative cancer care.
Immunohistochemical Expression of FXR1 in Canine Normal Tissues and Melanomas
Authors: Nordio Laura , Marques Andreia T. , Lecchi Cristina , Luciano Alberto M. , Stefanello Damiano , Giudice Chiara
Published: April 2018

Fragile X mental retardation-related protein 1 (FXR1) is a cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein highly conserved among vertebrates. It has been studied for its role in muscle development, inflammation, and tumorigenesis, being related, for example, to metastasizing behavior in human and canine uveal melanoma. Anti-FXR1 antibodies have never been validated in the canine species. To investigate FXR1 expression in canine melanocytic tumors, the present study tested two commercially available polyclonal anti-human FXR1 antibodies, raised in goat and rabbit, respectively. The cross-reactivity of the anti-FXR1 antibodies was assessed by Western blot analysis, and the protein was localized by IHC in a set of normal canine tissues and in canine melanocytic tumors (10 uveal and 10 oral). Western blot results demonstrated that the antibody raised in rabbit specifically recognized the canine FXR1, while the antibody raised in goat did not cross-react with this canine protein. FXR1 protein was immunodetected using rabbit anti-FXR1 antibody, in canine normal tissues with different levels of intensity and distribution. It was also detected in 10/10 uveal and 9/10 oral melanocytic tumors. The present study validated for the first time the use of anti-FXR1 antibody in dogs and highlighted different FXR1 protein expression in canine melanocytic tumors, the significance of which is undergoing further investigations.
Making/drawing with words: Form as text, text as form (un-writing and re-writing form)
Authors: Ionascu Adriana
Published: April 2018

Digital making in ceramics can be approximated to a form of drawing.This project considered the possibility of forming clay using the Rhino programme as a drawing tool by way of adopting drawing into a craft-based process. This paper reflects on the nature of digital drawing as a word-led rather than bodily-led process in generating three-dimensional form – a method of hand-making or hand-writing in ceramic craft. It therefore explores form-finding by means of a drawing process of composing and crafting with words. The article examines the physicality and meaning of words derived from actions related to hand-making and the sensorial nature of a written, embodied language. It considers the translation of three-dimensional form from performative word-acts of hand-making (rolling, folding, bending, twisting, splitting, wrapping, binding, joining, bonding, stretching, etc.) into a digital vocabulary of drawing commands (rotate, curve, arrange, expand, cut, multiply, etc.). The exercise signals the difference between sensorial renderings and digital readings in craft and drawing practice, contemplating the role of the language in-between. In doing so, it questions the significance of digital drawing in the context of ceramic craft as an approach to generating three-dimensional physical form.