bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relativistic equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method using open-shell reference wavefunction: Application to ionization potential
Authors: Pathak Himadri , Sasmal Sudip , Nayak Malaya K. , Vaval Nayana , Pal Sourav
Published: August 2016

The open-shell reference relativistic equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method within its four-component description is successfully implemented with the consideration of single- and double- excitation approximations using the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian. At the first attempt, the implemented method is employed to calculate ionization potential value of heavy atomic (Ag, Cs, Au, Fr, and Lr) and molecular (HgH and PbF) systems, where the effect of relativity does really matter to obtain highly accurate results. Not only the relativistic effect but also the effect of electron correlation is crucial in these heavy atomic and molecular systems. To justify the fact, we have taken two further approximations in the four-component relativistic equation-of-motion framework to quantify how the effect of electron correlation plays a role in the calculated values at different levels of theory. All these calculated results are compared with the available experimental data as well as with other theoretically calculated values to judge the extent of accuracy obtained in our calculations.
A mechanochemical study of the effects of compression on a Diels-Alder reaction
Authors: Jha Sanjiv K. , Brown Katie , Todde Guido , Subramanian Gopinath
Published: August 2016

We examine the effects of compressive external forces on the mechanisms of the parent Diels-Alder (DA) reaction between butadiene and ethylene. Reaction pathways and transition states were calculated using the nudged elastic band method within a mechanochemical framework at the CASSCF(6,6)/6-31G**, as well as the B3LYP/6-311++G** levels of theory. Our results suggest that compressive hydrostatic pressure lowers the energy barrier for the parent DA reaction while suppressing the undesirable side reaction, thereby leading to a direct increase in the yield of cyclohexene. Compressive pressure also increases the exothermicity of the parent DA reaction, which would lead to increased temperatures in a reaction vessel and thereby indirectly increase the yield of cyclohexene. Our estimates indicate that the compression used in our study corresponds to a range of 68 MPa–1410 MPa.
Global theory to understand toroidal drift waves in steep gradient
Authors: Xie Hua-sheng , Li Bo
Published: August 2016

Toroidal drift waves with unconventional mode structures and non-ground eigenstates, which differ from a typical ballooning structure mode, are found to be important recently by large scale global gyrokinetic simulations and especially become dominant at strong gradient edge plasmas [cf. H. S. Xie and Y. Xiao, Phys. Plasmas 22, 090703 (2015)]. The global stability and mode structures of drift wave in this steep edge density and temperature gradients are examined by both direct numerical solutions of a model two-dimensional eigen equation and analytical theory employing WKB-ballooning approach. Theory agrees with numerical solutions quite well. Our results indicate that (i) non-ground eigenstates and unconventional mode structures generally exist and can be roughly described by two parameters “quantum number” l and ballooning angle ϑk, (ii) local model can overestimate the growth rate largely, say, >50%, and (iii) the narrow steep equilibrium profile leads to twisting (triangle-like) radial mode structures. With velocity space integral, semi-local theory predicts that the critical jump gradient of the most unstable ion temperature gradient mode from ground state l = 0 to non-ground state l = 1 is LT−1R∼50. These features can have important consequences to turbulent transport.
Electrical tuning of mechanical characteristics in qPlus sensor: Active Q and resonance frequency control
Authors: Lee Manhee , Hwang Jong Geun , Jahng Junghoon , Kim QHwan , Noh Hanaul , An Sangmin , Jhe Wonho
Published: August 2016

We present an electrical feedback method for independent and simultaneous tuning of both the resonance frequency and the quality factor of a harmonic oscillator, the so called “qPlus” configuration of quartz tuning forks. We incorporate a feedback circuit with two electronic gain parameters into the original actuation-detection system, and systematically demonstrate the control of the original resonance frequency of 32 592 Hz from 32 572 Hz to 32 610 Hz and the original quality factor 952 from 408 up to 20 000. This tunable module can be used for enhancing and optimizing the oscillator performance in compliance with specifics of applications.
Optical properties of VO2 films at the phase transition: Influence of substrate and electronic correlations
Authors: Peterseim Tobias , Dressel Martin , Dietrich Marc , Polity Angelika
Published: August 2016

Thin films of VO2 on different substrates, Al2O3 and SiO2/Si, have been prepared and characterized from room temperature up to 360 K. From the band structure in the rutile metallic phase and in the monoclinic insulating phase, the optical properties are calculated and compared with reflection measurements performed as a function of temperatures. Various interband transitions can be assigned and compared with previous speculations. We extract the parameters of the metallic charge carriers that evolve upon crossing the insulator-to-metal phase transition and find effects by the substrate. The influence of electronic correlations becomes obvious at the phase transition.
Recurrent episodes of injury in children: an Australian cohort study
Authors: Cameron Cate M. , Spinks Anneliese B. , Osborne Jodie M. , Davey Tamzyn M. , Sipe Neil , McClure Roderick J.
Published: August 2016

Objective
The aim of the present study was to compare sociodemographic characteristics of children with single versus recurrent episodes of injury and provide contemporary evidence for Australian injury prevention policy development.

Methods
Participants were identified from the Environments for Healthy Living: Griffith Birth Cohort Study 2006–11 (n = 2692). Demographic data were linked to the child’s hospital emergency and admissions data from birth to December 2013. Data were dichotomised in two ways: (1) injured or non-injured; and (2) single or recurrent episodes of injury. Multivariate logistic regression was used for analysis.

Results
The adjusted model identified two factors significantly associated with recurrent episodes of injury in children aged <3 years. Children born to mothers <25 years were almost fourfold more likely to have recurrent episodes of injury compared with children of mothers aged ≥35 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–9.39) and, as a child’s age at first injury increased, odds of experiencing recurrent episodes of injury decreased (aOR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.94–0.99). No differences were found in sociodemographic characteristics of children aged 3–7 years with single versus recurrent episodes of injury (P > 0.1).

Conclusion
National priorities should include targeted programs addressing the higher odds of recurrent episodes of injury experienced by children aged <3 years with younger mothers or those injured in the first 18 months of life.

What is known about the topic?
Children who experience recurrent episodes of injury are at greater risk of serious or irrecoverable harm, particularly when repeat trauma occurs in the early years of life.

What does the paper add?
The present study identifies key factors associated with recurrent episodes of injury in young Australian children. This is imperative to inform evidence-based national injury prevention policy development in line with the recent expiry of the National Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Plan: 2004–2014.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Injury prevention efforts need to target the increased injury risk experienced by families from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and, as a priority, children under 3 years of age with younger mothers and children who are injured in the first 18 months of life. These families require access to education programs, resources, equipment and support, particularly in the child’s early years. These programs could be provided as part of the routine paediatric and child health visits available to families after their child’s birth or incorporated into hospital and general practitioner injury treatment plans.
Extensive sequence divergence between the reference genomes of two elite
indica
rice varieties Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Chen Ling-Ling , Xing Feng , Kudrna David A. , Yao Wen , Copetti Dario , Mu Ting , Li Weiming , Song Jia-Ming , Xie Weibo , Lee Seunghee , Talag Jayson , Shao Lin , An Yue , Zhang Chun-Liu , Ouyang Yidan , Sun Shuai , Jiao Wen-Biao , Lv Fang , Du Bogu , Luo Meizhong , Maldonado Carlos Ernesto , Goicoechea Jose Luis , Xiong Lizhong , Wu Changyin , Xing Yongzhong , Zhou Dao-Xiu , Yu Sibin , Zhao Yu , Wang Gongwei , Yu Yeisoo , Luo Yijie , Zhou Zhi-Wei , Hurtado Beatriz Elena Padilla , Danowitz Ann , Wing Rod A. , Zhang Qifa
Published: August 2016

Significance

Indica
rice accounts for >70% of total rice production worldwide, is genetically highly diverse, and can be divided into two major varietal groups independently bred and widely cultivated in China and Southeast Asia. Here, we generated high-quality genome sequences for two elite rice varieties, Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63, representing the two groups of
indica
rice and the parents of a leading rice hybrid. Comparative analyses uncovered extensive structural differences between the two genomes and complementarity in their hybrid transcriptome. These findings have general implications for understanding intraspecific variations of organisms with complex genomes. The availability of the two genomes will serve as a foundation for future genome-based explorations in rice toward both basic and applied goals.
Tropomyosin isoforms bias actin track selection by vertebrate myosin Va
Authors: Sckolnick Maria , Krementsova Elena B. , Warshaw David M. , Trybus Kathleen M.
Published: August 2016

Tropomyosin (Tpm) isoforms decorate actin with distinct spatial and temporal localization patterns in cells and thus may function to sort actomyosin processes by modifying the actin track affinity for specific myosin isoforms. We examined the effect of three Tpm isoforms on the ability of myosin Va (myoVa) to engage with actin in vitro in the absence or presence of the cargo adapter melanophilin (Mlph), which links myoVa to Rab27a-melanosomes for in vivo transport. We show that both the myosin motor domain and the cargo adapter Mlph, which has an actin-binding domain that acts as a tether, are sensitive to the Tpm isoform. Actin–Tpm3.1 and actin–Tpm1.8 were equal or better tracks compared to bare actin for myoVa-HMM based on event frequency, run length, and speed. The full-length myoVa-Mlph complex showed high-frequency engagement with actin-Tpm3.1 but not with actin-Tpm1.8. Actin–Tpm4.2 excluded both myoVa-HMM and full-length myoVa-Mlph from productive interactions. Of importance, Tpm3.1 is enriched in the dendritic protrusions and cortical actin of melanocytes, where myoVa-Mlph engages in melanosome transport. These results support the hypothesis that Tpm isoforms constitute an “actin–Tpm code” that allows for spatial and temporal sorting of actomyosin function in the cell.
Payment for ecosystem services: the role of REDD + in primate conservation
Authors: Garcia-Ulloa John , Koh Lian Pin
Published: August 2016

Payments for ecosystem services have the potential to conserve primate habitat by paying landowners for the preservation or enhancement of ecosystem processes, such as carbon storage, water provision, or pollination. At present, payments to preserve the carbon stock in forests have received most attention because of their potential as a cost-effective climate change mitigation strategy. The potential of these initiatives for biodiversity conservation is also gaining recognition. In this chapter we provide an overview of payment for ecosystem services with a particular focus on Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation programmes (REDD+), the largest payment for ecosystem services initiative worldwide. The opportunities of REDD+ initiatives to boost biodiversity and primate conservation are discussed.
Essence and End in Aristotle
Authors: Rosen Jacob
Published: August 2016

This chapter attempts to clarify Aristotle’s claims that a thing’s formal cause is often one with, or the same as, its final cause. This claim has confused scholarly understanding regarding the teleology, essences, and causation in Aristotle’s thought. When Aristotle’s sameness claim is understood in a straightforward way, it is open to obvious counter-example. Furthermore, this sameness claim admits many interpretations, since there is more than one way of being a final cause and there is more than one way of being the same. Yet the sameness claim has had a great influence in the interpretation of Aristotle. Hence this chapter is motivated by the conviction that Aristotle’s concepts of formal cause and of final cause possess great and enduring philosophical interest, and that a certain kind of work will help us recover a clearer understanding of them.
Aristotle and the Cognitive Component of Emotions
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: August 2016

This chapter provides arguments regarding Aristotle’s insights into the cognitive component of emotions. More specifically, it argues that Aristotle believed that a variety of psychological states can grasp the cognitive content involved in emotions. In order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this view, the chapter presents a debate concerning whether Aristotle advocates a phantasia-based account of emotions, according to which emotions are some kind of perceptual construal or imagining, or whether he is instead best thought of as holding some kind of belief-based view. In fact, the chapter contends that both interpretations are in the wrong. Hence, the chapter advances its own view by first providing a sketch of some of the key points in the debate before reconsidering Aristotle’s view.
The Exchange Principle and the Wage-Work Bargain
Authors: Freedland Mark , Deakin Simon
Published: August 2016

This chapter evokes and examines the idea of ‘the wage-work bargain’ as a key aspect of the contract of employment and a central subject of the legal regulation of that contract. This is the counterpart of the exchange principle identified in the previous chapter. The chapter discusses whether we can identify the normative conceptions of fair exchange and of the stability of work and remuneration in the law of the contract of employment’s construction of the wage-work bargain. The implications are considered for the relationship between the three core structural principles identified in the previous chapter. It is finally considered whether ‘the contract of employment’ as constructed by common law and statute provides an adequate conceptual category for the encapsulation and regulation of the spectrum of personal work relations which ought to be regarded as within the sphere of employment.
The Contract of Employment and Collective Labour Law
Authors: Bogg Alan , Dukes Ruth
Published: August 2016

This chapter seeks to illustrate that the law of the contract of employment has been and continues to be shaped quite profoundly by collective bargaining practices and collective labour law. In doing so, it challenges directly the contrary proposition that the significance of collective bargaining to an analysis of the current law of the contract of employment lies only with the decline of the former (and consequent flowering of the latter). Reference is made at the outset to Kahn-Freund’s analysis of the law of contract of employment. Consideration is then given, in particular, to the significance of collective bargaining and collective labour law to the emergence of a standard employment relationship in the middle decades of the twentieth century, to the more recent proliferation of ‘flexible’ forms of contract, and to the repressive role of common-law doctrine in relation to individual strikers’ contracts of employment.
The Contract of Employment and Gendered Work
Authors: Fredman Sandra , Fudge Judy
Published: August 2016

This chapter emphasizes the extent to which the legal separation of unpaid domestic labour performed in the household from paid employment has shaped women’s paid work. It traces the legacy of this separation by considering the entitlement of paid domestic workers employed in private households to the statutory minimum wage. The legal treatment of paid care work in the recipient’s home is used to illustrate how atypical employment arrangements such as ‘zero-hours’ (casual) contracts have excluded women workers from a range of employment-related protections and benefits associated with the standard employment relationship. The chapter stresses the need to move beyond the contract of employment in order to cultivate gender equality in the labour market and to protect all workers against foreseeable work-related risks.
Developments in Contract of Employment Jurisprudence in Other Common-Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Riley Joellen
Published: August 2016

This chapter explores and amplifies the themes of this work by some comparative reflections from Australia, a common-law jurisdiction with roots in English law, but an idiosyncratic history of collective labour market regulation. Australian courts have developed the common law of the employment contract, in response to doctrinal developments in English law and under similar socio-economic conditions, but also within the peculiar context of Australia’s own political and industrial history. In Australia, a well-developed legislatively mandated system of industrial conciliation and arbitration (including unfair dismissal arbitration) administered by industrial tribunals exercising administrative but not judicial power, has given rise to a disjunction between statutory workplace law and the common law of the contract of employment. The common-law courts’ concern to maintain coherence between these separate forms of regulation has led to the maintenance of a strongly traditional form of employment contract law, largely indistinguishable from general commercial contract law.
Remedies for Breach and for Wrongful Dismissal
Authors: Barmes Lizzie
Published: August 2016

This chapter explores the detail of the remedial rules of the law of the contract of employment. It explains the limited potential for debt actions, how law and contracting practice interact to ensure that damages for dismissal breaches of contract are often very limited, additional restrictions on liability and remedies because of the Johnson line of authority and, finally, the difficulty for employees of securing injunctive relief. Remaining scope is, however, demonstrated for employment contract breach to attract either substantial compensation or effective specific enforcement, sometimes even in respect of dismissal. The divergent operation of employment contract law on remedies is shown to have produced doctrinal error, incoherence, and inequity, while possibilities are outlined for judges appropriately to reconstruct the law from within. The conclusion is drawn, nonetheless, that Parliamentary intervention would be necessary to render the law in this area more just and coherent.
The Contract of Employment in its International and European Law Setting
Authors: Merrett Louise
Published: August 2016

This chapter considers how the law concerning the contract of employment at work has met the challenges posed by transnational employment situations. In particular, when should English employment rights be available to workers whose employment is connected in some way with another country? These rights can be statutory or derived from the contract of employment itself. The complex relationship between the contract of employment and the legislative regulation of employment relations raises complex issues in the private international law context. The crucial touchstone currently applied in the context of jurisiction, choice of law and territorial scope is whether the employee is working in the UK. However, recent cases have raised the possibility of a more sophisticated notion of territoriality which takes into account wider factors relevant to the employment relationship. The appropriateness of this approach may well depend on the nature of the employment right concerned.
Introduction: Darwinian ecology
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza
Published: August 2016

Darwin’s mechanistic explanation for the emergence and maintenance of biological diversity provides the conceptual basis for a self-consistent theory of ecology that relies on a coherent system of seven Darwinian principles. A universal population dynamic concept of fitness connects the principles through robust mathematical relations, enabling the formal treatment of alleles (selfish genes) and the individuals of clones or sexual species within the same logic. The central thesis of the theory is that the inevitable checks on the inherent capacity of life for exponential growth lead either to regulated, robust coexistence or to competitive exclusion among different variants. As fitness is constrained by inescapable trade-offs between its components, the ultimate competitive victory of a perfect organism (‘Darwinian demon’) is impossible and coexistence may follow. Besides basic concepts like dynamical system, state description, fitness, regulation, impact, and sensitivity, the crucial method of timescale separation is also explained and illustrated.
Population structure and exponential growth
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza
Published: August 2016

Populations may be structured by various individual states like age, developmental stage, or conditions of location. The life histories of individuals can be described as series of stochastic transitions between these states using Markov chains in certain cases. The long-term growth rate of state-structured populations can be determined using the universal methodology of life-cycle graphs and the corresponding matrix population models. The dynamical theory of structured populations offers standard procedures for the prediction (sensitivity and elasticity analyses) or the retrospective explanation (life-table response experiment) of environmental effects on population dynamics and structure. An important theoretical message is that populations of arbitrarily complicated structure maintain asymptotic exponential growth in the absence of regulation. The abstract concepts of the theory—like dominant eigenvector, ergodicity, or reproductive value—are explained and illustrated both graphically and through numerical simulations, and their empirical or practical relevance shown through several examples.
Robust coexistence and population regulation
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza
Published: August 2016

The larger the difference between competing varieties in their method of growth regulation the more robust their coexistence. Stable coexistence assumes frequency-dependent fitness with the advantage of the rare variant, which is empirically demonstrated for alleles, clones, and species. This principle is demonstrated in the implicit Lotka–Volterra model and in the explicit resource competition model of Tilman, and is generalized for arbitrary density-dependence. The generalized competitive exclusion principle states that a necessary condition for stable coexistence is that there be at least as many regulating factors as variants. Asymmetric competition for space through colonization-competition trade-offs, and for light via the trade-off between the vertical growth of trees and the reproductive potential also provides opportunities for coexistence. Trophic interactions may lead to complex population dynamics, as demonstrated by chemostat examples and the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model. Discussion of the conditions for coexistence in the food web context closes the chapter.
Latin as a source for the Romance languages
Authors: Clackson James
Published: August 2016

This chapter investigates to what extent phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features considered to be typical of Romance are anticipated in the Latin of different periods and registers (written, spoken, prestige/formal, low/colloquial, etc.). To this end, the chapter critically reviews documented diachronic, diatopic and social variation (both ‘from above’ and ‘from below’) in Latin phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, and orthography to identify and evaluate those authentic aspects of variation and change which are relevant for our understanding of Romance developments. Specific topics dealt with include: the chronological and spatial scope of Latin; the definition of, and relationship between, Classical and vulgar Latin; changes in the vowel system from Latin to Romance; the development of the future tense; a number of case studies in the lexicon.
Latin and Romance in the medieval period
Authors: Wright Roger
Published: August 2016

This chapter deals with the relationship between written and spoken language in the medieval period and how and when Latin became Romance. It illustrates how, from the late imperial period to the Middle Ages, a sociophilological approach can illuminate both (late/medieval) Latin and (early) Romance in the Medieval period and the processes (e.g., the Carolingian reforms) by which the vernaculars came to be perceived as distinct from Latin. It focuses on how texts were intended to be read; the reasons for writing some texts in a new way, including the emergence of standardized local orthographic traditions under the pressures for convergence and divergence. Specific topics dealt with include: Latin and Romance in the Middle Ages and writing Romance before written Romance was invented; ‘Vulgar’ Latin; reading aloud; written and spoken grammar; words; the Carolingian Reforms; glossaries and glosses; sociophilology and politics.
Friulian
Authors: Benincà Paola , Vanelli Laura
Published: August 2016

After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of central-eastern, northern, and western Friulian dialects. Topics dealt with include: stressed and unstressed vowels; consonant system; inflectional morphology of nominal categories; personal pronouns; inflectional morphology of the verb: tense and mood; endings; word-formation processes: derivation and composition; syntax of main clauses and interrogative clauses; enclisis of subject clitics; Auxiliaries and past participle agreement.
The dialects of central Italy
Authors: Loporcaro Michele , Paciaroni Tania
Published: August 2016

After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of the dialects of central Italy. Topics dealt with include: area mediana stricto sensu and the area perimediana; tonic and unstressed vowel systems; consonants; morphology of nominal group (articles, demonstratives, possessives, number, gender) and verbal groups (inflectional classes, number and person marking, tense, aspect, mood); syntax of nominal group (determiners, adjectives, possessives) and of verbal group (tense, aspect and mood usage; auxiliary selection and past participle agreement).
Galician and Portuguese
Authors: Dubert Francisco , Galves Charlotte
Published: August 2016

After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Galician and Portuguese (including Brazilian Portuguese). Stressed and unstressed oral vowels; Stressed and unstressed oral falling diphthongs; Stressed and unstressed nasal vowels; Nasal falling diphthongs; Sandhi; Consonants; Fricatives, stops, and affricates; Liquids; Nasals; Syllable and phonotactics; Stress; Verb stress; Nouns and adjectives; Personal pronouns; Determiners; Articles; Possessives; Indefinites; Demonstratives; Relatives, interrogatives, and exclamatives; Verbs; Conjugations; Roots; Thematic vowel; Tense, aspect, mood; Number and person; Compound forms and periphrases; Adverbs; Prepositions; Agreement; Null arguments; Expression of nominal internal arguments; Dative marking on direct objects; Double object constructions; Fronting; strategies and structure of the left periphery; SE constructions; Pronominal syntax; Clitic-placement; Clitic climbing; Interpolation; Clitic doubling; Sentential negation; Finite and non-finite complementation; Comparatives; Interrogatives; Relatives; Cleft sentences; Tough sentences; Definite determiners and bare nouns.
Compounding
Authors: Forza Francesca , Scalise Sergio
Published: August 2016

This chapter surveys some of the most important issues in Romance compounding. It covers distinctions between compound types; relationship between compounding, juxtaposition, reduplication, and univerbation and issues of transparency and opacity; patterns of productivity; phonetic and phonological effects of compounding. Specific topics dealt with include: heads; Latin and Romance compounds; overview of compounding in Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Sardinian; reduplication; morphological processes of iteration.
Diglossia
Authors: Kabatek Johannes
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this chapter is to survey some of the principal issues relevant to diglossic language situations in Romance, providing a critical review of some of the principal diglossic situations found in the many bi- and multilingual parts of the Romània; the relevance and application to the Romance situation of distinctions such as diglossia with bilingualism, diglossia without bilingualism, and bilingualism without diglossia; the vitality, position, and status of Romance dialects; the distinction between diglossia and dilalia; language contact, code-switching and the rise of interlects; the effects of, and reaction to, standardization. Specific topics dealt within include: the history of Romance languages and varieties in Europe; the history of Romance languages and varieties beyond Europe; current dynamics in Romance variation and diglossia; the impact of globalization: Universalism and particularism; levelling; the revival of languages; creating bilingualism; hybrids and their function; the future of research on diglossia in Romance.
Standardization
Authors: Pountain Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

This chapter surveys some of the principal issues involved in the processes of standardization which have affected Romance. It covers the emergence of standardized local orthographic traditions; the effects of standardization on phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical variation among different sections of the speech community; the role of academies; competing national and regional standards; dialect mixing; normative forces, and reactions to, standardization; written versus spoken language. Specific topics dealt with include: choice of a basis for the standard; identification with a geographical variant; literary standards; eclectic standards; polynomic standards; language names; the nature of codification; elaboration; support; acceptance; the challenge of change and diaspora.
Functional categories
Authors: Ledgeway Adam
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this chapter is critically to address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues in the syntax of Romance functional categories, including the emergence of articles, pronominal clitics, auxiliaries, and complementizers; recurrent grammaticalization pathways; the interaction of inflection and periphrasis (including typological distinctions between syntheticity and analyticity, configurationality and non-configurationality, dependent-marking and head-marking); parallels and differences in the range of functional categories available to the nominal (DP), sentential (IP), and clausal (CP) domains; positions and co-occurrence possibilities. Specific topics dealt with include: rise of analyticity; rise of configurationality; Romance functional categories; nominal group (articles; other determiners); verbal group (Romance auxiliaries; Romance synthetic future(-in-the-past); clitic pronouns); the sentence; grammaticalized word orders.
Object clitics
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this chapter is to critically address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues regarding the syntax of Romance objects clitics. The chapter covers such areas as distribution, licensing, and co-occurrence of different classes of object clitic; distribution of proclisis, enclisis, and mesoclisis; clitic climbing; object doubling and compatibility with different classes of object; interpolation structures. Specific topics dealt with include: licensing object-clitic positions; person-case constraints; distribution of object clitics in non-finite clauses; infinitives; past participles; gerunds; proclisis, enclisis, and mesoclisis; European Portuguese and Galician; enclisis patterns in old Romance: The Tobler-Mussafia Law; mesoclisis in old Romance; clitic climbing; clitic climbing and restructuring; clitic climbing in causatives; clitic-climbing and auxiliaries; clitic doubling.
Split intransitivity
Authors: Bentley Delia
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this chapter is critically to address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues in split intransitivity within the Romance context, covering such areas as conservation and loss of classical and late Latin patterns of split intransitivity; the effects and reflexes of Romance split intransitivity in relation to sentential word order, inde-cliticization, absolute participle constructions, finite verb agreement, distribution of bare plural nominals, relative pronoun alternations, resultatives, adjectival adverb agreement, impersonal passive; syntactic, semantic, and lexical mismatches; gradience; stability and areal tendencies in the expansion/shrinking of overt reflexes of split intransitivity. Specific topics dealt with include: the advancement of active/inactive alignment; split intransitivity and the north-south divide; further split intransitivity diagnostics in Romance.
Copular and existential constructions
Authors: Bentley Delia , Ciconte Francesco Maria
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this chapter is critically to address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues in Romance copular and existential constructions, covering such areas as the range of Romance copulas and their semantico-syntactic distribution; canonical vs inverse copular sentences; relationship between locative and existential copular predications; variation in existential copulas and their constraints on the nature of the pivot; subject markedness; sources, nature, and distribution of locative adverbials; definiteness effects; variation in verb agreement with locative or pivot. Specific topics dealt with include: copular constructions (attributive, locative, and possessive), inverse copular constructions, and existential constructions.
Illocutionary force
Authors: Giurgea Ion , Remberger Eva-Maria
Published: August 2016

The main goal of this chapter is critically to address from a comparative perspective some of the most important issues related to clause typing and the encoding of illocutionary force in Romance, covering such areas as the principal phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical correlates of declarative force, interrogative force, exclamative force, imperatival force, and optative/concessive force. Specific topics dealt with include: sentence typing and illocutionary force; declarative sentential force; declarative particles: Gascon; marked declarative particles; interrogative sentential force; polar interrogatives; intonation; inversion; from inversion to interrogative inflection or interrogative particle; marked VS orders; special inversion patterns; indirect polar interrogatives; partial interrogatives; new syntax of wh-interrogatives in null-subject languages; new syntax of wh-interrogatives in non-null-subject languages; multiple wh-questions; indirect wh-interrogatives; echo questions; question particles; imperative sentential force; affirmative imperatives; negative Imperatives; jussive/hortative subjunctive; exclamative sentential force; total exclamatives; partial exclamatives; wh-exclamatives; exclamative focus fronting; optative sentential force.
Address systems
Authors: Ashdowne Richard
Published: August 2016

This chapter surveys some of the most important issues in Romance address systems. It covers the principal pronominal and verbal systems of address across Romance; sources of innovative Romance pronouns and form of address; encoding of number, gender, reciprocal/non-reciprocal intimacy, politeness, deference, and distance; sociolinguistic variables conditioning distribution of forms of address; grammatical mismatches between person, number, and gender; variation in matching verb forms; intralingual variation; phonological), morphological; syntactic, and lexical strategies for marking the vocative; inverse address. Specific topics dealt with include: alternations among bound forms of address; social distribution; choice of form; choice of system; terminology; typology; formal and functional clash; free forms of address; syntax and pragmatics; morphological marking; morphophonological patterns; inverse address.
Gender
Authors: Michele Loporcaro
Published: August 2016

This chapter surveys some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to gender in Romance. It covers restructuring of Latin nominal declensions in Romance; relation between gender and inflectional class, and between target and controller genders; residual and systemic survival of Latin neuter in bipartite and tripartite gender systems, respectively; interrelation between gender and number (count vs mass distinctions; ambigenerics); emergence of four-way gender systems correlation between natural and grammatical gender; semantic import of grammatical gender. Specific topics dealt with include: gender assignment; semantic rules; formal rules; two-gender systems; Romanian and other three-gender systems; four-gender systems; mass/countness and gender; some exceptional cases.
Rock-Paper-Scissors Everywhere
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry
Published: August 2016

This chapter documents general RPS interactions in mating systems for isopods, damselflies, fish, and birds. It applies Hadamard products to show how mate preferences can change one RPS game into another. Regular RPS cycles in one sex favor invasion of a rule of thumb in the other sex in which common mating types are avoided and rare types are preferred. From such interactions, the one-population true RPS game is converted into an apostatic RPS game. The RPS can also be broken if mates evolve preference for self-mating types, with implications for cooperation and speciation. A new co-evolutionary model describes predator/prey interactions with learning. The model is referred to as ABC-NR after the conspicuous and toxic aposematic model, harmless Batesian mimics, and cryptic types in prey, while predators are either naÏve or responsive to aposematic signals. Fisher’s conjecture of an advantage from prey clustering is required for an interior ESS.
Contingent Life-Cycle Strategies
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry , Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry
Published: August 2016

Chapter 9 considers “plastic” strategies that respond to contingencies, as well as life-cycle strategies. Various usages of the term plasticity are classified and equilibrium analyses are developed. Role contingent plasticity is exemplified by Maynard Smith’s well-known bourgeois strategy in Hawk-Dove interactions. State-contingent plasticity depends on external environmental cues, exemplified by tadpoles that transform between omnivorous and carnivorous types depending on the availability of shrimp. Frequency-contingent plasticity uses local cues on strategy distribution to transform own strategy, exemplified by sneaker males that transform to territorial types when territorial types are rare. Payoff-contingent plasticity responds to cues on relative payoffs; examples include context-dependent mate choice for subordinate or dominant males depending on son payoffs in the next generation. This chapter also develops a life-cycle framework and applies it to data collected on elephant seal mating behavior and life history at Año Nuevo beaches from 1970 to 2012.
The Blessing and the Curse of the Multiplicative Updates
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry
Published: August 2016

This chapter shows how replicator dynamics (in a setting with no frequency dependence) correspond to multiplicative updates studied by computer scientists in the context of online learning. The updates learn very quickly (a “blessing”) but they also wipe out potentially valuable variety that may be important when the environment changes (the “curse”). The chapter presents several different techniques developed in machine learning to lift the curse, and also different techniques seen in Nature. The chapter asks what machine learning can learn from Nature and vice versa when the recent past may be a treacherous guide to future events, as exemplified in the disk spin-down problem. Highlights include a demonstration of logical connections between Bayesian updating and replicator dynamics, and a discussion of how in-vitro selection techniques relate to computer algorithms that preserve diversity.
Using Community Feedback to Improve Community Interventions
Authors: Wynn Theresa A. , Wyatt Sharon B. , Hardy Claudia M. , Walker Shundra S. , Thomas Tammi Floyd , Williams Angela G. , Partridge Edward E.
Published: August 2016

The Deep South Network for Cancer Control (DSNCC), initiated in 2000, is a dual-state, community-based participatory research infrastructure composed of academic and community partners committed to reducing cancer disparities among underserved African Americans in 12 designated counties of the Alabama Black Belt and the Mississippi Delta, 2 historically underserved areas of the country. Local residents trained as Community Health Advisors as Research Partners implemented a 3-tier community action plan (CAP) focused on promoting cancer screening, physical activity, and nutrition. Breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening, healthy eating habits, and physical activity levels increased among many, but not all, African American women in the 12-county DSNCC coverage area. Seeking to improve our reach to include participants who reported they had never heard of the DSNCC or participated in the CAP, we conducted in-depth conversations with community residents about reasons for selective nonparticipation and ways to improve participation in the DSNCC community health interventions. Three patterns and their associated themes described ways to improve the penetration of CAP strategies and tailor them to effectively reach underserved African Americans in the intervention counties. We conclude with lessons learned for future interventions.
Factors Influencing Mexican Women's Decisions to Vaccinate Daughters Against HPV in the United States and Mexico
Authors: Wentzell Emily , Flores Yvonne N. , Salmerón Jorge , Bastani Roshan
Published: August 2016

Mexican and Mexican-American women bear high cervical cancer burdens, yet relationships between mothers' experiences of vaccinating daughters against cervical cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV) on both sides of the border are unknown. We surveyed 400 Mexican-born women in Oxnard, California, United States and Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, about their beliefs and practices regarding daughters' HPV vaccination, conducting in-depth interviews with 35 participants. Contextualizing interview findings in survey data, we identify key factors influencing mothers' experiences regarding daughters' HPV vaccination in both countries. Although US acculturation influenced some participants' concerns, US and Mexico participants overwhelmingly desired eventual vaccination; structural rather than cultural barriers limited vaccine uptake.
Structural basis for copper/silver binding by theSynechocystismetallochaperone CopM
Authors: Zhao Shun , Wang Xiao , Niu Guoqi , Dong Wei , Wang Jia , Fang Ying , Lin Yajing , Liu Lin
Published: August 2016

Copper homeostasis integrates multiple processes from sensing to storage and efflux out of the cell. CopM is a cyanobacterial metallochaperone, the gene for which is located upstream of a two-component system for copper resistance, but the molecular basis for copper recognition by this four-helical bundle protein is unknown. Here, crystal structures of CopM in apo, copper-bound and silver-bound forms are reported. Monovalent copper/silver ions are buried within the bundle core; divalent copper ions are found on the surface of the bundle. The monovalent copper/silver-binding site is constituted by two consecutive histidines and is conserved in a previously functionally unknown protein family. The structural analyses show two conformational states and suggest that flexibility in the first α-helix is related to the metallochaperone function. These results also reveal functional diversity from a protein family with a simple four-helical fold.
Social Trust and Bank Loan Financing: Evidence from China
Authors: Chen Deqiu , Liu Xuejiao , Wang Cong
Published: August 2016

Using a sample of non‐state‐owned enterprises (NSOEs) in China, we investigate the impact of social trust on firms' access to bank loan financing. We find that privately controlled firms in trust‐intensive regions are more likely to obtain loans from banks than those in regions with a lower level of social trust. The positive effect of trust on access to bank loans is more pronounced for firms that have no political connections, firms that are located in regions with poor legal environments, and firms that hire less reputable auditors. We also examine the channels through which social trust promotes bank finance. The results show that firms in trust‐intensive regions have a lower likelihood of default and higher financial reporting quality. Finally, we find that loans to NSOEs in trust‐intensive regions are associated with fewer collateral requirements, longer maturity, and lower interest rate spread. Overall, these findings suggest that social trust alleviates lenders' concerns regarding moral hazard and plays an important role when NSOEs raise capital from the bank loan market.