bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional differences in noradrenergic and nitric oxide involvement in the cutaneous vasodilator responses to local heating
Authors: Del Pozzi Andrew Thomas , Carter Stephen J , Colllins Ann B , Hodges Gary J
Published: June 2021

We investigated the roles of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and sympathetic nerves in regional cutaneous vasodilator responses to a localized heating stimulus. In a three‐part study, forearm and lower‐leg sites were instrumented with microdialysis fibers, local skin heaters, and laser‐Doppler probes. In Part 1, we tested a heat‐reheat protocol: skin sites were heated from 33 to 42 °C, cooled to 33 °C for 1 h, and reheated again to 42 °C. Baseline, initial peak, and secondary plateau vasodilator responses were compared; there were no differences (P>0.05) within (bouts of heating) or between sites (arms vs. legs). In Part 2, L‐NAME was used to inhibit NOS activity. L‐NAME treatment resulted in a reduction (P<0.05) in both the axon reflex and secondary plateau when compared to the untreated control responses in both arms and legs. In Part 3, we tested the role of sympathetic nerves in response to local heating using bretylium tosylate (BT). BT treatment resulted in a reduction (P<0.05) in both the axon reflex and secondary plateau when compared to control in both arms and legs. These data indicate that cutaneous vasodilator mechanisms are similar between arm and leg skin. Supported by Univ. of Alabama.
THE INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FOR NEW BREATH CONTROL AND REGULATION OF BREATH
Authors: Sun Xingguo
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION

Traditional breath control mechanism could not explain why we do breathe one‐by‐one while our mean PaO2, PaCO2 and [H+]a are stable and constant at rest because of we always incorrectly simplified the complex, dynamic and integrative model of central nervous system (CNS). Since APS/EB 2011 (and 2012), we introduced a new theory of respiration‐circulation integrative control and regulation. It requests for the clear understanding of CNS dynamic integrative working model.

HYPOTHESIS

Similar to the functions of audio‐speaker system, fast peripheral sensors play as microphone, long time delay central censors play as amplifier and breathing system plays as speakers, in which microphone and amplifier have different delay time.

MODEL OF CNS

lung breath generated O2, CO2 and [H+] oscillations generates the next breath via two fast sensors (carotid and aorta), which are the primary initiator for next breath, and the mean levels of blood O2, CO2 and [H+] at central medullar censors control the gain/sensitivity of breath with longer time delay in collaboration with an integrative respiratory‐circulatory center at CNS.

CONCLUSIONS

The CNS integrative center integrates signals from all fast (2–3s) peripheral chemical sensors, combine with the sensitivity/gain adjustment by 15–20s ago mean PaO2, PaCO2 and [H+]a via slow (15–20s) medulla chemical sensors, to control and generate next breath.
Restoring the trafficking of pathological mutants of the kidney anion exchanger 1
Authors: Chu Carmen Yin Shan , Cordat Emmanuelle
Published: June 2021

The kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) regulates physiological pH by facilitating Cl−/HCO3 − exchange. It is expressed as a dimer on the basolateral membrane of the α‐intercalated cells in the collecting duct, responsible for fine‐tuning of HCO3 − reabsorption. Mutations in kAE1 can lead to distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), characterized by inability to acidify urine pH < 5.5, nephrocalcinosis, hypokalemia, bicarbonaturia and eventually failure to thrive. Often, lack of Cl−/HCO3 −exchange is due to inappropriate localization of kAE1, not complete abolishment of function. We seek to rescue trafficking mutants of kAE1 using chemicals (DMSO, glycerol), 30°C, and inhibitors/potentiators of chaperones that prevent/aid mutant trafficking. The mutants studied are two recessive mutants, C479→W and G701→D; and a dominant mutant, R589→H. DMSO improved trafficking of G701D kAE1 (GD): Increase in the complex glycosylated form of GD was seen on western blot. Surface detection via immunofluorescence and flow cytometry showed a modest increase in GD at the plasma membrane (PM). A functional assay monitoring the Cl−/HCO3 −exchange in cells expressing GD showed significant increase in activity upon treatment. Our data demonstrate that some dRTA mutants can be functionally rescued at the PM, raising the hope that dRTA can be treated by correcting the molecular defects in these patients.

Alberta Innovates Health Solutions, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, CIHR, The Kidney Foundation of Canada, Women & Children's Health Research Institute
Salt‐Dependent Hypertension and Renal Injury are Associated with Increased Excretion of Angiotensinogen and Angiotensin‐ (1‐12) in Female mRen2.Lewis Rats
Authors: Chappell Mark C. , Yamaleyeva Liliya M. , Lindsey Sarah H. , Brosnihan K. Bridget
Published: June 2021

The female mRen2.Lewis (mRen2) congenic strain exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to salt in regards to blood pressure, oxidative stress, and renal injury. However, the expression of renin within the kidney is suppressed in the mRen2 which likely reflects the intact response to the higher blood pressure. The present study examined the renal response to a high sodium (HS, 4% Na) diet in female mRen2 (15 wks of age) regarding the urinary components of the renal RAS. In comparison to normal salt (0.5% Na, NS), the HS diet markedly increased systolic blood pressure [224 ± 8 vs. 149 ± 5 mmHg, P<0.01] and proteinuria [98 ± 9 vs. 7 ± 1 mg/kg/day, P<0.01]. Urinary excretion of angiotensinogen (Aogen) increased almost 200‐fold in the HS mRen2 [1.8 ± 0.2 vs. 0.01 ± 0.001 μg/kg/day, P<0.01]. Urinary levels of Ang II and Ang‐(1‐7) increased 1.4‐fold and 3.6‐fold, respectively in the HS mRen2. In contrast, excretion of the novel peptide Ang‐(1‐12) increased over 40‐fold in the HS rats and more closely reflects the increase in the Aogen precursor. Extended HPLC separation revealed a single immunoreactive peak of Ang‐(1‐12) in pooled urine extracts from NS and HS mRen2 that eluted at a position distinct from Ang‐(1‐7), Ang II or Ang I. We conclude that active processing of Aogen to Ang‐(1‐12) may contribute to the salt‐sensitive phenotype of the female mRen2 and may reflect a renin‐independent pathway within the kidney. Funding: HL‐56973, HL‐51952.
Characterization of retinoic acid components during intestinal regeneration of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima
Authors: Loperena Roxana , Garcia-Arraras Jose Enrique
Published: June 2021

Holothurians possess the striking ability to regenerate most of their internal organs following evisceration. After a wound‐healing process, a new digestive system forms in about a month. Many proteins and enzymes are essential for this process but, much is still unknown. Our focus is to study the organogenesis and neurogenesis during the regenerating stages of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A metabolite important for mediating growth and development in chordates. RA has been shown to play a role during the early stages of tail and spinal cord regeneration from newts. Endogenous RA synthesis includes the action of alcohol and retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs). We hypothesized that during the early stages of the sea cucumber's visceral regeneration greater gene expression of RA proteins would be detected. We used bioinformatics to identify mRNAs for these proteins in our organism's cDNA library and found contigs homologous to RALDH1. The holothurian sequence was 72% identical and 87% similar to the sea urchin S. purpuratus. We prepared primers and performed PCRs using cDNA of H. glaberrima normal and regenerated intestines. RALDH1 mRNA expression was detected in normal and day 3, 5, and 7 post‐evisceration suggesting possible presence of the enzyme in the tissue. Therefore, RA signaling might be playing an important role during intestinal regeneration of the sea cucumber.
NEURONAL NETWORKS ON THE NANO ALUMINA TEMPLATES
Authors: Islam Asiful
Published: June 2021

The hippocampus neuron cells were cultured on the nano‐alumina substrates. Several adhesion protein molecules e.g. Poly D Lysine (PDL), collagen (ECL) and leminin were applied as an interface in between the Al2O3 nano‐templates and the neuronal network before culturing the cells on top of them. The neuronal tissues were mechanically dissociated and cultured on the alumina nano template surfaces and incubated in an incubator. The cells grew on the top of the templates for 24 days. The well‐defined neuronal networks observed on the surface of the Al2O3‐nano templates. For control study, we also cultured neurons on the glass‐slip surfaces. This study revealed that the neurons can grow on any nano‐scale surfaces as well as on the standard cover slip if the proper growing environment will be provided.
Expression and purification of a MORN fusion protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Anderson Caity Cory , MacDonald Logan C , Nice Justin B. , Berger Bryan W. , Streu Craig N
Published: June 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram‐negative bacteria and opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with diseases such as corneal keratitis. While antibiotics can be effective at treating primary infections, secondary, host‐induced effects from chronic infection can still lead to major permanent scarring and possibly even blindness. Host‐induced tissue damage is a major complication associated with chronic P. aeruginosa infections, and paradoxically can in some instances enhance the severity of infection and bacterial persistence. This damage has been shown to be a result of the over‐activation of the host's proteases, including cathepsins and MMPs. Genomic screening of P. aeruginosa identified a putative bacterial protease, which may be involved in activating host immune proteases. This protease contains N‐terminal domains of substantial homology to membrane occupancy and recognition nexus (MORN), for which little structural information exists. We have demonstrated in transfected cells that the N‐terminus is required for optimal catalytic activity, which may suggest a role in host‐induced tissue damage. Herein we outline the successful bacterial expression and purification of this MORN domain using an MBP‐T7 fusion vector as well as outline an experimental approach for defining the role of this domain in activity of the putative protease and host induced tissue damage.
Inhibition of ERK5 protects pulmonary fibrosis via downregulation of TGF‐b1‐Smad signaling
Authors: Kim Suji , Park Suhyun , Lim Jae‐Hyang , Woo Chang‐Hoon
Published: June 2021

TGF‐b1‐Smad signaling plays an important role in pulmonary fibrosis. TGF‐b1‐mediated MAPK family activation affects Smad signaling. ERK5 are also involved in promoting hypertrophic remodeling which lead to fibrotic and ECM gene expression in cardiomyocytes. However, the role of ERK5 in pulmonary fibrosis remains not known. Herein, we identified whether ERK5 regulates TGF‐b1‐induced fibrogenic gene expression in both in vitro and in vivo system. Pharmacological inhibitor of MEK5/ERK5, BIX02189 and depletion of ERK5 with siRNA inhibited TGF‐b1‐induced ECM molecules in lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Inhibition of ERK5 also blocked TGF‐b1 signal to smad3 transcriptional activity and PAI‐1 promoter activity. TGF‐b1‐induced Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation was not regulated by ERK5 signaling. Notably, ERK5 is involved in Smad2 phosphorylation at linker region and Smad3 acetylation. In bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis, we found that BIX02189 treatment improved survival rate and inhibited lung fibrosis of mice after bleomycin. Our results demonstrate ERK5 plays a major role in TGF‐b1‐induced Smad3 acetylation, PAI‐1 transcription, and ECM molecules.
Endothelial cell‐specific STIM1 deletion prevents lung vascular leak
Authors: DebRoy Auditi , Vogel Stephen M , Sundivakkam Premanand C , Zhao You‐Yang , Malik Asrar B , Tiruppathi Chinnaswamy
Published: June 2021

Background

The calcium‐sensor protein, Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1), is critical for activation of store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE) through Orai1 and TRPC channels in endothelial cells (ECs). We showed that activation of ECs by thrombin caused increased cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) via SOCE, but STIM1's role in mediating thrombin‐induced Ca2+ entry and its effect on endothelial permeability is unknown. In this study, we compare lung edemagenesis in normal and endothelial cell‐specific STIM1 knockout (STIM1EC−/−) mice.

Results

To determine the in vivo functional role of STIM1 in ECs, we generated STIM1EC−/− mice by crossing STIM1fl/fl mice with Tie2 promoter‐driven‐Cre transgenic mice. STIM1EC−/− mice developed normally. In lung tissue, mRNA and protein expression of STIM1 was drastically reduced in STIM1EC−/− mice compared to STIM1fl/fl (wild type [WT]) mice. Interestingly, protein expression of Orai1 and TRPC4 was also reduced in lungs of STIM1EC−/− mice. Next, we measured PAR‐1 agonist peptide (TFLLRNPNDK‐NH2) effects on lung microvessel filtration coefficient (Kf,c), a measure of vascular permeability, in isolated lung preparations. In WT mice, PAR‐1 agonist peptide produced a 3‐ to 4‐fold increase in Kf,c over basal in 15 min. PAR‐1 effects were completely blocked in STIM1EC−/− mice.

Conclusion

Results suggest that STIM1 signaling in ECs regulates lung vascular leak.
A Web‐based Food Value Analysis Application to Compare Foods at Different Levels of Processing
Authors: Muth Mary K , Karns Shawn , Coglaiti Michaela , Zmuda Michal , Koyanagi Mark , Duffey Kiyah , Dunn Carolyn , Jensen Helen , Gregory Christian
Published: June 2021

Numerous factors influence consumer food purchasing decisions including cost, convenience, taste, nutrition, shelf‐life, and food safety risk. We developed a web‐based application for use by nutrition educators to assist consumers in comparing attributes of foods prepared from home recipes to processed forms (e.g., frozen, canned, dry mix). Multiple databases were used to create the attributes of interest: the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) and National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) for selecting foods; FNDDS, SR, and Gladson Nutrition Database for nutrient values using equivalent serving sizes across food forms; USDA MyPyramid Equivalents Database for food groups; Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Food Prices Database and Nielsen Homescan data for prices per serving; popular cookbooks for preparation and cooking time; and extension publications and package use‐by dates for shelf‐life and food safety concerns. Based on their preferences, consumers can compare foods at different levels of processing and choose those that can help meet dietary guidelines given constraints they may have on their budgets, time, and food preparation skills. Funding provided by ILSI North America.
iCook: Lessons Learned about Recruiting Youth and Their Primary Adult Food Preparers for a 4‐H Cooking Intervention
Authors: Olfert Melissa D. , Smith Erin , Flanagan Sue , Colby Sarah E. , Shanklin Kelsey , White Adrienne A. , Mathews Douglas , Yerxa Kathryn , Franzen‐Castle Lisa , Krehbiel Michelle , Kattelmann Kendra K. , Koens Alyssa
Published: June 2021

Family dyads (n=61) of youth (9–10 years old) and their primary adult food preparers were recruited in 5 states to participate in a 12‐week pilot test of culinary training, family meal involvement, and physical activity. Participants completed an online recruitment process survey reporting they heard about the research study from 4‐H Program/Cooperative Extension leaders (41%), friend or family member (25%), school mailings (20%), researcher (5%), fliers (2%) or through other avenues (7%). Many youth (41%) had previously participated in 4‐H youth programs. When adults were asked what made them want to participate, they reported desire to spend time with their children (82%), cook with their children (79%), learn how to have better meals (58%), learn how to be more active with their children (38%), learn how to grocery shop (23%), and other reasons (12%). Opportunity to develop family relationships and word‐of‐mouth recruitment appear to be effective strategies to pursue in future recruitment efforts for the intervention study. Researchers and Extension leaders formed partnerships for effective recruitment efforts.
Physician attitudes towards individuals who are overweight
Authors: Garner Shay , Gonzales Dana , Crook Tina , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

Studies suggest that many physicians believe they lack knowledge of and training in treatment of obesity. The objective of this study was to assess resident physicians’ attitudes toward overweight and obese patients. A total of 38 medical residents completed a survey of attitudes toward obese subjects. A one‐way ANOVA was performed to determine if there was a relationship between nutrition education in medical school and physician attitudes and also to determine if there was a relationship between physician residency year and physician attitudes towards obesity. There was a significant effect of physician residency year on their attitudes at the p<0.05 level for the three conditions [F (0.062, 31.3) =0.021, p=−0.022]. An independent t‐test was performed to determine if there was a relationship between physician gender and physician attitudes towards obesity. Male resident physicians reported that they would spend more time working on weight management issues if their time was reimbursed properly (M=3.92, SD= 1.038) than females (M=3.68, SD=0.945), t(38)=0.905, p=0.014. Male resident physicians reported that it is more acceptable to use “scare tactics” to obtain compliance of the obese patient (M=3.08, SD=1.038) than female resident physicians (M=2.76, SD=0.879), t(38)=0.942, p=0.005. Further studies are needed with a larger study sample and to examine a possible change in attitude over time.
Comparison of main contributors to dietary fiber and whole grain in Americans’ Diet: NHANES 2003–2010
Authors: Kranz Sibylle , Dodd Kevin W. , Juan WenYen , Johnson LuAnn K.
Published: June 2021

The 2010 DGA include a key recommendation to consume at least 50% of grains as whole grains (WG). Dietary fiber (DF) is not included in the food‐based DGA recommendations, but DF consumption is linked to lower obesity risk. WG foods can be high in DF and consumers might consider that WG containing foods are synonymous with high DF foods. We conducted consumption‐weighted analysis of the foods reported (n=7,420) to examine the top 90% contributors of WG and DF foods in the aged 2+ Americans’ diet and expressed the intakes of foods in tertiles of WG (ounce equivalents, ozeq) or DF contributors (grams, g) per 100g and per 100kcal of food. Of foods included in Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS), 20% contain neither WG or DF. Of the foods contributing to DF intake (g/100g), 90% contain no WG (ozeq/100g); of the foods in the highest tertile of DF content (g/100g), 78% have no WG. Not surprisingly, only 9% of foods highest in DF are also highest in WG. Weighted by reported consumption, the major food contributors to DF and WG intakes vary when expressed per 100kcal or per 100g. Thus, these data show that Americans’ dietary sources of DF and WG were largely independent and dietary guidance of reducing the risk of obesity might consider including specific recommendations for DF intake. Funding by the Kellogg Citizenship Fund.
Food insecurity and its association with risky behaviors among Tanzanian adolescents
Authors: Klingensmith Jamie , Cordeiro Lorraine S
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity has been associated with poor health and nutritional outcomes. The association between food insecurity and behaviors that may place individuals at risk for these health outcomes has received limited attention in the literature. This study examines the association between household food security status and risk behavior in a sample of adolescents (n=670) in rural Tanzania. Analysis of secondary data was conducted to test the strength of these associations. We found that food insecurity was significantly associated with some risky behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors. Our findings have implications for nutrition interventions among adolescents. Certain risky behaviors may occur more frequently in the presence of food insecurity, so targeting the factors that determine this relationship may be a more effective way to implement food policies in order to improve health. Better targeting of food security interventions to those who are most at risk may help to decrease negative health outcomes and address other public health issues on a larger scale than previously achieved.
Antioxidant properties and their bioaccessibility of Blessed Thistle under different processed treatments
Authors: Sahan Yasemin , Dulger Dilek
Published: June 2021

Blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus L.) is a wild plant, native to the Mediterranean region of Europe, and has been naturalized throughout the United States and Europe. Leaves, stems and flowers of blessed thistle has been used as a “bitter” tonic to stimulate appetite, enhance bile secretion, strengthen the liver, diminish jaundice, decrease flatulence, aid digestion. This plant is also used as a flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages. In addition the roots of blessed thistle are eaten cooked in Turkey. Most research has focused only on the antioxidant properties of different alternative wild plants. However, it is necessary to know the bioaccessibility of antioxidative compounds to evaluate their biological activity in body. Bioaccessibility studies are affected several factors, especially food processing related factors. In this study, extractable and hydrolysable extract of blessed thistle was used to investigate the effect of processed treatment (frozen and boiled) on its antioxidant properties and their bioaccessibility. Antioxidant capacity was assessed by CUPRAC, ABTS, and DPPH methods. Antioxidant capacities of fresh samples were found high level in all tested methods. Although the total phenolic accessibility is too high level, the antioxidant bioaccessibility of samples were low level.

This Project was supported by Uludag University Scientific Research Committee (Project No: 2011/26).
Evidence of revising calcium Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Korean elderly
Authors: Choi Young‐Sun , Joung Hyojee , Kim Jihye
Published: June 2021

Recently bone health is an important issue in public health aspect and calcium is the most critical nutrient to influence bone mass and bone mineral density, and consequently bone fracture. Calcium DRIs of Korea are much lower than those of US/Canada which have been revised recently. Since the requirement of calcium in Asians may be different from Caucasian, it would be desirable for Korean DRIs for calcium to be established by Korean data; however, little data of high quality exist. Based on 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, most women aged 65 and more have bone health problems such as osteoporosis and osteopenia. In women and men aged 65 and more, higher calcium intake was significantly associated with higher bone mineral density as well as lower incidence of osteoporosis. Means of the highest quartile calcium intake, which are 750 mg for women and 930mg for men, are much higher than the present Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) of elderly women and men, which are 570 mg and 560 mg, respectively. Therefore, it seems valid to increase calcium EAR for Korean elderly. (This research was supported by a fund(2012‐E35004–00) by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Fatty liver accompanies an increase of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the hind gut of C57/BL mice fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Zeng Huawei , Liu Jun , Jackson Matthew , Yan Lin , Combs Gerald
Published: June 2021

High‐fat diets induce changes in the gut microbiome and induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This study tested the hypothesis that high‐fat feeding increases certain predominant hind gut bacteria in a C57BL/6 mouse model of obesity. We found that a high‐fat diet produced significant increases in both body weight and body fat percentage in C57BL/6 mice compared with a control group fed a low‐fat diet. With an immunohistochemical approach, we found that these changes were associated with increases in lipid droplets, inflammatory cell infiltration and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level in the livers of mice fed the high‐fat diet. In addition, plasma leptin and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) levels were elevated in mice fed the high‐fat diet, indicative of chronic inflammation. Eight out of twelve bacterial species that typically predominate hind gut microbial ecology were detected in fecal samples by DNA analysis. The DNA amount of one of these species, Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus, was 6900‐fold greater in high‐fat fed mice compared to controls. L. acidophilus can promote inflammatory production of cytokines such as TNFα, which was also elevated in high‐fat fed mice. These results suggest that changes in the hindgut microbiome which accompany high fat feeding may contribute to the development of steatohepatitis in obese mice.
Sedentary behavior and mortality in older women
Authors: Seguin Rebecca , Buchner David , Liu Jingmin , Allison Matthew , Manini Todd , Manson JoAnn , Messina Catherine , Patel Mahesh , Moreland Larry , LaCroix Andrea
Published: June 2021

CONTEXT

Sedentary behavior has been associated with poor health outcomes. Additional research with older women and ethnically diverse populations is needed.

PURPOSE

To determine the relationship between sedentary time and mortality in a prospective cohort of ethnically diverse women.

METHODS

92,234 women aged 50–79 years at baseline who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were the subjects for this study. Self‐reported daily sedentary behavior was assessed by questionnaire and examined by time quartiles in hours: Q1<6; Q2=6–8; Q3>;8–11; Q4>;11. Mortality risk was examined using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for potential confounders. Models were stratified by age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, physical activity, and physical function to examine possible effect modification.

RESULTS

The follow‐up period was 12 years. In multivariate analysis, greater sedentary time (Q1 versus Q4) was associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.05– 1.19), and a linear trend for mortality due to cancer, CHD, and CVD (all p<0.05). Black women in Q4 had a 41% increased death risk compared to women in Q1 (HR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.16–1.71).

CONCLUSION

There was a modest dose‐response relationship between greater sedentary time and mortality risk after controlling for multiple confounders.

Research support: T32AG027677; K01HL108807
The effect of short‐term frozen storage of human milk on the validity of Vitamin A assays using the iCHECKTM rapid analyzer
Authors: Whang Christine , Bermudez Odilia , Chomat Anne Marie , Solomons Noel W
Published: June 2021

Background

Breast milk retinol concentration is an indicator of both infant nutrient intake and population vitamin A status. Milk is easily and non‐invasively collected and rapid field methods for vitamin A analysis now exist.

Objective

To confirm or refute the assertion of restricting fluorescent assaying of milk vitamin A to “unfrozen” samples (Schweigert et al, Sight & Life Magazine 2011 (2) 18–22).

Methods

Full‐breast expression milk samples were collected in 21 women from Mam‐Mayan rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. A milk‐fat packing volume (creamatocrit), expressed in volume percent (vol%), was measured on a hematocrit microcentrifuge. Retinol concentration was assayed, both fresh and after 20–26 d at −20°C, on an iCHECKTM rapid field analyzer (Bioanalyt, Telbow, Germany).

Results

Respective retinol concentrations were 539±221 μg/L (fresh) and 528±205 μg/L (post‐freezing) (p=0.45), with a Pearson correlation coefficient (P) and Spearman coefficient (S) both of r=0.959 (p=0.001). The corresponding values for creamatocrit were 8.1±3.1 vol% vs 9.0±4.0 vol% (p=0.17), with r=0.774 (p=0.001)(P) and r=0.844 (p=0.001)(S).

Conclusions

Milk samples can be stored for at least 3 wks without affecting the validity of iCHECKTMassays. Funded by Sight & Life of Basel and Tufts University School of Medicine
Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Intake Patterns in Obese Southern Women
Authors: Heidal Kimberly , Goad Terah , Cox Julie , Hickner Robert C. , Cortright Ronald N.
Published: June 2021

Dietary patterns in the South continue to be high in dietary fats due to consumption of traditional Southern foods and cooking methods. Women were recruited from a Coastal Southern Community to participate in a survey to assess dietary intake. Exclusion criteria included women with diabetes, post menopause, and men. Additional inclusion criteria included African American women and Caucasian women while other ethnicities were not considered for this study. The purpose of this study was to identify current dietary sources of fatty acids in Southern women. The consumption of total omega‐3 fatty acids was slightly above the recommended daily amount (obese 1.46±1.02, lean 1.24±0.89) for both groups of women. The main contributors for cholesterol and saturated fats were shrimp, chicken, beef, turkey, eggs, cheese and 2% milk. This study did not take into consideration women that were first generation Southern versus second or third generation Southern. It is appropriate to conclude that there would most likely be a difference between these classifications of Southern women based on local cooking techniques. Specific cooking techniques used in Southern communities contribute to the total fatty acid content of their diet. Future studies should address cooking techniques to account for added dietary fatty acids to meal composition, depending on the region of the country and local cultures.
Targeted disruption of the nucleosomal binding protein HMGN5 results in altered glutathione metabolism and mild hepatic dysfunction
Authors: Ciappio Eric D , Rochman Mark , Horsch Marion , Beckers Johannes , Krausz Kristopher W , Bonzo Jessica A , Gonzalez Frank J , Bustin Michael
Published: June 2021

High mobility group nucleosome‐binding protein 5 (HMGN5) is a chromatin architectural protein that regulates gene expression by decompacting higher‐order chromatin structure; however, the physiological role of this protein is unknown. To examine the function of HMGN5 in vivo, we generated mice lacking the chromatin binding domain of the protein. Compared to wild type littermates, male Hmgn5−/Y mice had elevated serum albumin (p=0.03), fasting non‐HDL cholesterol (p=0.03), fasting triglycierides (p=0.05), and alanine transaminase (p=0.08), suggesting a mild hepatic dysfunction. An UPLC‐QTOF‐MS‐based metabolomic study in Hmgn5−/Y mice identified a 41% increase in hepatic glutathione (p=0.02) and significantly (p<0.05) decreased urinary concentrations of compounds related to the glutathione precursor glycine, such as betaine (−62%), phenylacetylglycine (−50%), and creatine (−42%). Microarray analysis and validation by real‐time PCR revealed that the expression of two genes affecting glutathione function, Gpx6 and Hk1, was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in Hmgn5−/Y mouse liver tissue. In sum, these data suggest that functional loss of the chromatin remodeling protein HMGN5 leads to transcriptional changes that alter glutathione metabolism resulting in mild hepatic dysfunction.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/NCI/CCR Intramural Program
Dairy snack reduces glycaemia in normal weight children
Authors: Gheller Brandon , McCormick Molly , Li Athena , Anini Younes , Bellissimo Nick , Hamilton Jill , Anderson G. Harvey , Luhovyy Bohdan L
Published: June 2021

Increased snacking in children is associated with higher energy and sugar intake, known risk factors for obesity and diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dairy and non‐dairy snacks on glycaemia in children.

Methods

In a repeatedmeasures crossover design, normal weight (5th–85th BMI percentile) children (n =11, 5 boys and 6 girls; age: 9–14 y), were randomly assigned to consume one of two treatments: Greek yogurt (171 kcal) and mini sandwich type cookies (175 kcal). Both treatments contained 25 g of available carbohydrates. After an overnight fast, children consumed a standardized breakfast in the morning, two hours before arriving at the lab. Venous blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin at 0 min (immediately before the treatment), and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min.

Results

There was an effect of treatment, time and a time by treatment interaction (P<0.0001) on blood glucose and insulin over 120 min. The yogurt treatment resulted in lower glycaemic and higher insulin responses compared to the cookies treatment (P<0.0001). This effect can be explained by the higher content of protein in the yogurt treatment (17 g) compared to the cookies treatment (1.3 g).

Conclusion

Macronutrient composition of a snack predetermines its glycaemic response and can affect postprandial hyperglycaemia in children.

Grant Funding Source: Dairy Farmers of Canada
B‐vitamins influence arsenic metabolism in Mexico
Authors: Mendez Michelle A , Vavolizza Rick , Gonzalez‐Horta María C. , Saunders Jesse , Gutiérrez‐Torres Daniela , Ballinas Casarrubias María de L. , Sánchez‐Ramírez Blanca E. , Ishida María C. , Del Razo Luz M. , García‐Vargas Gonzalo , Drobná Zuzana , Buse John , Loomis Dana , Styblo Miroslav
Published: June 2021

Little is known about dietary modifiers of health risks from environmental contaminants. Inorganic arsenic (iAs), known to increase risk of several chronic diseases, is metabolized via pathways involving methylation to monomethylarsenic (MAs) and dimethylarsenic (DMAs) prior to excretion. Higher proportions of urinary arsenic as iAs or MAs are thought to increase health risks. Studies in Bangladesh suggesting dietary methyl donors may reduce iAs toxicity by enhancing metabolism have yet to be confirmed in other settings. We explored associations between B‐vitamin intakes and urinary As species in 560 adults in Chihuahua, Mexico exposed to iAs in drinking water. In multivariate models, higher dietary folate was associated with a lower proportion of urinary iAs and a higher ratio of MAs to iAs (P<0.05), but not with a higher proportion of DMAs. Folate was more strongly associated with lower iAs when vitamin B12 intakes were higher. Findings support that B vitamins influence iAs metabolism, possibly by modulating methyl group availability. Support: NIEHS 5R01 ES015326‐02
Effects of low‐fat dairy intake on blood pressure and endothelial function in subjects with pre‐hypertension or stage I hypertension
Authors: Maki Kevin , Rains Tia , Schild Arianne , Dicklin Mary , Lawless Andrea , Kelley Kathleen , Park Keigan
Published: June 2021

This randomized crossover trial assessed the effects of 5 wk of consuming low‐fat dairy (1 serving/d each of 1% fluid milk, low‐fat cheese and low‐fat yogurt) vs. non‐dairy products (1 serving/d each of apple juice, pretzels and cereal bar) on vascular function (EndoPAT), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, and plasma lipids. Subjects were 62 men and women (mean age 54.5 yr, body mass index 29.2 kg/m2) with pre‐hypertension or stage I hypertension (mean resting SBP/DBP 129.8/80.8 mm Hg) while not receiving antihypertensive medications. A standard breakfast meal challenge including 2 servings of study products was administered at the end of each treatment period. Dairy and non‐dairy treatments did not produce significantly different mean SBP or DBP from pre‐meal to 3.5‐hr post‐meal (SBP, 126.3 vs. 124.9; DBP, 76.5 vs.75.7 mm Hg), pre‐meal (2.35 vs. 2.20) or 2‐hr post‐meal (2.33 vs. 2.30) EndoPAT reactive hyperemia index, and pre‐meal (22.5 vs. 23.8) or 2‐hr post‐meal (12.4 vs. 13.2) augmentation index. Fasting lipoprotein lipid (total, LDL, HDL and non‐HDL cholesterol and triglyceride) values also did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, no significant effects of consuming low‐fat dairy products, compared with low‐fat non‐dairy products, were observed for blood pressure, measures of vascular function or lipid variables.

Funded by Dairy Research Institute
Analysis of Coenzyme Q10 in Marine Oil Supplements
Authors: Scholl Chris , Dever Joseph , Barnes David
Published: June 2021

CoQ10 supplementation has been promoted to prevent and/or reduce symptoms of several degenerative diseases including arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Natural sources of CoQ10 include certain vegetable oils, meats, nuts, and fish. Marine oils derived from cod liver, tuna and calamari were investigated as unique natural sources of CoQ10; however, analysis was problematic due to the complex sample matrix. After unsuccessful attempts measuring CoQ10 using a method designed for vegetable oils, a HPLC‐UV method was developed to determine CoQ10 in marine oils. Sample preparation included saponification followed by solvent extraction. Of the seven commercially available marine oil supplements measured calamari oil had the highest levels of CoQ10 (>;200 mg/kg).These results were confirmed using a separately developed quantitative LC‐MS (Q‐TOF) method which utilized isotopically labeled CoQ10 as an internal standard. Our results demonstrate that a 5mL serving of calamari oil provides approximately 20% of the average daily intake of CoQ10.
The Dipeptide H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH Shows Agonistic Activity to PPAR‐α, Reducing Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Lipid‐loaded H4IIE Cells
Authors: Jia Yaoyao , Lee Sung‐Joon
Published: June 2021

A group of dipeptides containing tryptophan (Trp) can be directly absorbed by intestine and would show significant metabolic effects. We investigated whether Trp‐containing dipeptides could reduce hepatic lipid accumulation by activating peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPAR)‐α, a key transcription factor in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. We investigate the effect of H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPAR‐α by surface plasmon resonance experiments, and showed that H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH bind with PPAR‐α‐LBD directly with dissociation constants of 120 μM. Binding of H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH activated PPAR‐α with half‐maximal effective concentrations of 83 μM measured by time‐resolved fluorescence energy transfer analyses. PPAR‐α is a regulator in hepatic lipid metabolism, so we investigated the effect of H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH in lipid‐loaded H4IIE cells. H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH stimulation reduced cellular cholesterol and triglyceride accumulation significantly in lipid‐loaded hepatocytes. In conclusion, H‐Trp‐Glu‐OH reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in lipid‐loaded hepatocytes via activate PPAR‐α.
Baicalein inhibits lipid accumulation through regulation of MCE and cell cycle during 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation.
Authors: Seo Min‐Jung , Choi Hyeon‐Son , Lee Ok‐Hwan , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: June 2021

Baicalein is a type of flavonoid originated from Scutellaria baicalensis. It has been reported to have inhibitory effects in inflammation, proliferation and adipogenesis. In this study, we examined how baicalein inhibits lipid accumulation in adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 cell. Our data showed that baicalein inhibits lipid accumulation in adipogenesis in a dose dependent manner. The inhibition of baicalein was limited to early adipogenic stage (day0–2). Trypan blue assay showed that baicalein inhibits adipocyte proliferation during day0–2, when mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) process occurs. Baicalein‐induced inhibition on MCE was shown to be derived through cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase of 3T3‐L1. In addition, baicalein suppressed mRNA expressions of CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein‐β (C/EBPβ), CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein‐δ (C/EBPδ), early growth response 2 (Egr2 or Krox20), Krueppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) and Krueppel‐like factor 5 (KLF5). This result resulted in the downregulation of late adipogenic factors such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein‐α (C/EBPα) and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Our data suggest that bacalein inhibit lipid accumulation by regulating MCE through cell cycle arrest as well as early adipogenic genes.

Grant Funding Source: Korea and National Research Foundation of Korea
Antidiabetic effects and antioxidant capacity of polyphenolenhanced Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce
Authors: Cheng Diana Meimei , Pogrebnyak Natasha , Poulev Alexander , Kuhn Peter , Krueger Christian G. , Waterman Carrie , Raskin Ilya
Published: June 2021

Many health‐promoting properties of botanicals are associated with their high polyphenol content and their strong antioxidant activity. To produce a polyphenol‐enhanced botanical, anthocyanin‐rich leaves were selected by tissue culture to develop Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce (RSL). RSL contained greater levels of polyphenolic compounds (~94 mg/g dry weight of leaves), including anthocyanins and flavonols, compared to their parental varieties. RSL also showed greater antioxidant capacity compared to parental varieties as well as commercial lettuce and blueberries. Three major phytochemicals associated with antidiabetic and/or antiinflammatory activities accumulated in RSL: chlorogenic acid (~26 mg/g), cyanidin‐malonyl‐glucoside (~19 mg/g), and quercetin‐malonyl‐glucoside (~34 mg/g). RSL also demonstrated anti‐diabetic effects in vivo and in vitro. In high fat diet‐induced obese mice, daily oral administration of lyophilized RSL leaves (300 mg/kg) for 6–8 days significantly lowered fasting blood glucose levels compared to vehicle (water) and improved insulin mediated glucose metabolism. Aqueous extracts of RSL and purified chlorogenic acid showed dose‐dependent inhibition of glucose production in H4IIE rat hepatomas. These results suggest daily consumption of polyphenol‐rich RSL may provide beneficial health effects and have the potential to ameliorate diabetic conditions.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/NCCAM/ODS P50AT002776–01. NIH training grant T32: 5T32AT004094–04
Protective effects of Ellagic acid on ethanol‐induced toxicity in hepatic HepG2 cells
Authors: Kim Ye‐Jin , Kim Taeseong , Namkoog Seung , Sohn Eun‐Hwa
Published: June 2021

Ellagic acid (EA) is a phenolic compound in fruits and nuts including raspberries, strawberries, grapes and walnuts. In the present study, we have examined the hepatoprotective effects of EA against to alcohol‐induced toxicity vitro. With response to ethanol‐challenge, increased amount of NO release, TGF‐β1 expression and SR‐B1 expression were observed, whereas EA pretreatment significantly inhibited the increase of NO release and TGF‐β1 expression without affecting levels of SR‐B1. We also showed that EA alone treatment increased SR‐B1 expression, which means that EA has additional anti‐atherosclerotic effect in liver. These findings suggest that EA may be a potential candidate for attenuated of ethanol‐induced liver damage. This work was supported by research fund from Korea Sanhak Foundation 2012.
The Effects of Silk Fibroin on Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Shin Sun Hee , Yoon JiYoung , Chon Jeong‐Woo , Lee Kwang‐Gill , Kweon HaeYong , Jo Yoo‐Yong , Lee Heui‐Sam , Park Yoo‐Kyoung
Published: June 2021

The study aimed to investigate the effects of silk fibroin on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. A total of thirty Sprague‐ Dawley rats were randomized into sham‐operated (SHAM), OVX control (OVX), Alendronate (OVX+ALEN, 10mg/kg bw/day), low silk fibroin (OVX+LSF, 100mg/kg bw/day) and high silk fibroin (OVX+HSF, 300mg/kg bw/day). All the rats were fed by gavage for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, blood and urine were collected for bone turnover marker and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by micro‐computed tomography. As a result the means of body weight gain were the highest in the OVX group (p< 0.05). Serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urine levels of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were the highest in the OVX group among the five groups (p< 0.05). Bone ALP of ALEN group was significantly lower than silk treated groups, on the other hand, DPD was not significantly different among ALEN and silk treated groups (p< 0.05). BMD of trabecular bone was significantly increased in the ALEN and silk treated groups compared with OVX group (p< 0.05). Therefore, silk fibroin has similar effects as alendronate which is used for osteoporosis medication and might be new candidate for the osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
New susceptibility locus for obesity and dyslipidaemia on chromosome 3q22.3
Authors: Dzimiri Nduna , Al‐Najai Mohammed , Muiya Paul , Andres Editha , Mazher Nejat , Alshahid Maie , Meyer Brian F
Published: June 2021

The MRAS gene resides on chromosome 3q22.3 and encodes a member of the membrane‐associated Ras small GTPase proteins, which function as signal transducers in multiple processes including cell growth and differentiation. Its role in cardiovascular disease is not fully understood yet. In a preliminary linkage study in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, we identified a locus on chr 3q, which was linked with early onset of coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, we investigated 7 SNPs in this region for their role as cardiovascular disease risk in 4650 Saudi individuals (2429 CAD vs 2221 angiographed controls). The rs6782181 G [1.09(1.00–1.20); p=0.048] was associated with obesity (1764 cases vs 2586 controls). The rs166195 (CT+TT)[1.14(1.00–1.29); p=0.047] was associated with low high density lipoprotein levels (1935 vs 2401). On the other hand, the rs6782181G [0.88(0.77–0.99); p=0.038] and rs253662 T [0.82(0.69–0.96); p=0.013) were protective against acquiring high low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels (634 vs 3696), while rs253662 TT [0.73(0.54–0.99); p=0.041) was protective against hypercholesterolaemia (1686 vs 2744). Interestingly, none of the variants showed any delineable relationship with CAD, or any of its other risk traits. These results suggest that the genomic locus for the MRAS gene confers risk for obesity and dyslipidaemia. However, since the SNPs are either intronic or reside in its 3'UTR, our findings point to the involvement of other genes or factors, rather than changes in the MRAS protein function in these events.
The HNF1a is a susceptibility gene for myocardial infarction and dyslipidaemia
Authors: Muiya Paul , Al‐Najai Mohammed , Mazher Nejat , Andres Editha , Alshahid Maie , Meyer Brian F , Dzimiri Nduna
Published: June 2021

The hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α) gene regulates tissue specific expression of several genes involved in metabolic pathways, predominantly in the liver and pancreatic islet cells. While HNF1A has been associated with elevated susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD), its role in the onset and development of this disorder is yet to be clearly defined. In the present study, we examined the role of seven HNF1α SNPs on CAD disease traits in 4650 angiographed Saudi individuals. The rs2259816T [1.13(1.04–1.24); p=0.007], rs2259820 T [1.12(1.02–1.22); p=0.015] and rs2259820 TT [1.19(1.04–1.37); p=0.11] conferred risk for myocardial infarction (MI; 3044 cases vs 1580 controls), while rs1169310 G [1.10(1.00–1.22); p=0.045] and rs1169313 (CT+TT) [1.16(1.01–1.34); p=0.038] were associated hypertriglyceridaemia(2393 vs1160). On the other hand, the rs2393791 T [0.89(0.82–0.97); p=0.011], rs7310409 A [0.91(0.84–1.00); p=0.041], rs2464196 C [0.91(0.83–0.99); p=0.024] rs2464196 (TC+CC)[0.85(0.74–0.97); p=0.016], rs1169310 G [0.90(0.82–0.98); p=0.016] and rs1169313 A [0.90(0.83–0.99); p=0.021] were protective against acquiring MI. The rs2393791CT+TT [0.88(90.77–0.99); p=0.041] and rs7310409 (AG+GG) [0.87(0.76–0.98); p=0.023] were also protective against hypercholesterolaemia (1679 vs 2733). Our results suggest that the HNF1a is a susceptibility gene for MI and dyslipidaemia.