bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satisfaction with Sunbelt Migration
Authors: MURPHY PETER A. , ZEHNER ROBERT B.
Published: March 2008

Migration to non‐metropolitan areas of high environmental amenity and low population is a lifestyle choice made by a small percentage of people on or about the age of retirement from the workforce Although the proportion of older people involved is low, their numbers are significant to host towns. An aspect of retirement migration which has received little attention by researchers in Australia is the extent to which such moves realise hoped for benefits for the migrants. This paper reports results of interviews undertaken in 1986 with 146 people who had migrated, on or about retirement, to the New South Wales north coast town of Port Macquarie. Several indicators of life and place satisfaction were used They all showed high absolute and relative levels of satisfaction. Although there was tittle dissatisfaction with the results of moves, search behaviour undertaken prior to moving and a number of personal characteristics of migrants, are analysed to explain some variance in satisfaction levels.
Tax Havens and Global Capitalism: Vanuatu and the Australian Connection
Authors: CONNELL JOHN , PRITCHARD BILL
Published: March 2008

The growth of tax haven activities has been a feature of recent global capitalist development, yet geographical analysis of these activities has been limited. Vanuatu has become the South Pacific's major tax haven, expanding through its ability to capture (mainly) Australian and Asian investment in the 1970s and 1980s. Tax haven activities in Vanuatu have increasingly contributed to local employment and income generation, despite the growth of competition from newer tax havens in the region. Vanuatu is not used by major Australian public companies to the extent that either Hong Kong or the Caribbean tax havens are used, and it is suggested that activities from Asia are increasingly dominating Vanuatu's finance centre. Recent Australian taxation legislation may reduce Australia's role in the Vanuatu tax haven further, although it is apparent that there are limitations to the legislation's effectiveness in stopping tax haven activities.
Global Climatic Change: the Difficulties of Assessing Impacts
Authors: HENDERSON‐SELLERS A.
Published: March 2008

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, initiated in 1988, is complete, was debated at the Second World Climate Conference in November, 1990 and was subsequentty submitted to the United Nations General Assembly. IPCC: (i) asserted the reality of humanity's disturbance of the natural climate system; (ii) demanded studies to improve our knowledge of processes vulnerable to climatic changes: and (iii) called for policy responses to mitigate and adapt to these changes. Two fundamental issues are: how will global climatic change affect natural resources and human population and how will the impetus towards policy responses, particularly greenhouse gas emission reduction treaties, affect industry, the economy and trade?

A necessary first step in the highly desirable and geographical aspiration of striving to link numerical climate modelling to the predictions of socioeconomic systems is increased awareness and improved understanding of current physical and social models. In this paper I review the status of numerical climatic modelling especially as it pertains to scenarios of the effects of human‐enhanced greenhouse warming. These projections are of futures which are themselves the result of socio‐economic predictions. Development of appropriate adaptive strategies depends crucially upon improved simulation of the continental near‐surface climate and on improved spatial resolution of climate models by at least two orders of magnitude. Such increased resolution is likely to demand a thousandfold increase in computing power. The physical results of global climatic change are likely to be less significant than the social and economic effects resulting from international agreements on emission reduction Recent shifts in international research and policy responses place today's studies of global climatic change firmly at the focus of human‐environment interactions and hence at the core of modern geography.
The Geography and Politics of Species Endangerment in Australia
Authors: KIRKPATRICK J.B.
Published: March 2008

Australia has the worst rate of recent plant and animal species extinction of any continent or country of its size, and a large number of surviving native species are also threatened with extinction Extinctions and endangerment are concentrated in those parts of the country where the transformation of native ecosystems into cultural ecosystems has been most complete. However, a considerable number of species have become extinct, or are now threatened because of the introduction of two organism. The fox has had a massive impact on the medium‐sized mammal fauna and the cinnamon fungus threatens the extinction of many of Australia's most floriferous heathland species Institutional responses to the threat of continued loss of our unusual species have been belated and unco‐ordinated, Only Victoria and Western Australia have adequate legislative provision for endangered species, and there has been some dispute on the adequacy of implementation in Victoria. A nationally funded endangered species programme was only initiated in 1988. The two million dollars per annum it distributes does not address the scale of the problem. Most non‐government conservation organizations use endangerment as an argument for preserving large natural areas, but have yet to place the prevention of extinction near the top of their agenda Nevertheless, their activity has been, and will be, vital in the maintenance of Australian biotic variety.
Late Glacial and Holocene Vegetation History at Dublin Bog North‐Central Tasmania
Authors: COLHOUN ERIC A. , GEER GUUS VAN DE , HANNAN DAVID
Published: March 2008

Percentage and influx pollen analyses of a 9.17 m core from Dublin Bog give a post last glaciation vegetation history (‐13.6 to 0 ka BP) for the upper Mersey Valley.

Herbaceous vegetation of Gramineae, Compositae and Chenopodiaceae developed rapidly after deglaciation and lasted until 13.2 ka BP. Around 13 ka BP Eucalyptus woodland and forest developed rapidly on the valley floor. At the same time Pomaderris apetala became an important understorey shrub/tree, and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius rainforest developed in the gullies on the upper slopes of the Mersey Valley and in the valleys to the west The major change in climate from late glacial cold (and probably drier conditions) to warm humid conditions similar to present occurred between 13.2 and 13 ka BP.

Wet sclerophyll Eucalyptus forest occupied the valley throughout the post glacial and attained its maximum development between 11.7 and 8.4 ka BP. Rainforest never occupied the valley floor extensively. Phyllocladus aspleniifolius sattained an early maximum about 13 ka BP. The peak of Pomaderris apetala and expansion of Dicksonia antarctica suggests that the climate was warmer and wetter between 10.3 and 8.4 ka BP than at other times. Nothofagus attained its maximum development between about 10.3 and 6 ka BP. Both sclerophyll and rainforest vegetation associations in the upper Mersey Valley appear to have been very stable and similar to their present floristic compositions during the Holocene.

Aborigines occupied the valley by 10 ka BP. Fire was always present in this marginal area between the wet climate of western and the dry climate of eastern Tasmania. Fire did not cause replacement of rainforest by wet sclerophyll forest on the valley floor, though it could have prevented rainforest establishment
Tropical Drift Disseminules on Southeast Australian Beaches
Authors: SMITH J.M.B.
Published: March 2008

Records are presented of tropical drift disseminules reaching Southeast Australian beaches. About 22 species are represented and seeds of at least seven may retain viabiliry. Most species are widespread plants of tropical coastal regions of the Southwest Pacific, including Queensland although one does not grow in Australia Spatial and temporal varianbns in drip disseminule assemblages are described and comparisons made with assemblages in Fiji, Queensland and elrewhere. With consideration of current and wind pattern, they suggest that most tropical drift disseminules reaching New South Wales coasts derive from islands to the north and northeast, rather than from Queensland.
Portrayal and Analysis of Thermal Climates
Authors: WACE NIGEL
Published: March 2008

Mean drybulb air temperatures from 50 sites in the SW Pucific—Australasian—Southern Ocean and Antarctic—Indian Ocean coasts, have been plotted as surfaces in diurnal x seasonal thermoisopleth diagrams. following methods developed by Carl Troll. The diagrams are compared qualitarively, and measurements taken from them, quantifying the trend of the isopleths as the thermal components of seasonality (S) and diurnality (D). Continentality is measured as the hypotenuse of a triangle whose other two sides are S and D. The relationship of S and D values to the latitudes of different sites suggests that the method of measuring isopleth trends is valid. The time/temperature data on which thermoisopleth diagrams are based are reassembled as histograms. which are stacked in register to show the degree of overlap in temperature experience between different sites.

Uses of thermoisopleth presentations of mean temperature levels include climatic classification. bioclimatology, measurement of energy demands for managing controlled environments, and the display of thermal climates to travellers. Deficiencies of these “black box” descriptive models are also discussed.
Dendrochronological Flood‐frequency Analysis: An Australian Application
Authors: MARTENS DANIEL M.
Published: March 2008

Dendrochronological studies have received little attention in Australia and it appears that the methodology is not well understood. This paper describes dendrochronological techniques available in riparian environments and applies them to a small reach of the Hawkesbury River.

Results of field investigations into the relationships between flooding and associated tree‐ring variability were used to reconstruct partial duration flood‐frequency data. The ring‐width chronologies of 39 trees were transformed into three indices that made interpretation with respect to flooding possible: (1) a width‐index: (2) an annual‐sensitivity (AS) index; and (3) a tilting vector. It was assumed that floods would either suppress growth or alter the annual distribution of new wood about the tree bole.

Width‐indicies and tilting vectors provided the most reliable flooding information. Much reduced growth rates at low elevations supported initial hypotheses and led to the establishment of a relationship between growth‐rate and frequency of inundation. The reconstructed flood‐frequency curve closely matched the historical data‐set although underestimation occured at higher levels due to limited sample size. Analyses indicate that dendrochronological investigations of exotic riparian trees provide detailed flooding information, but techniques may also be used to provide minimum dates of fluvial landforms and date recent channel changes.
Tropical mesoscale rainfall patterns: the opening of the monsoon in the Townsville area, December 1988
Authors: LYONS W.F. , BONELL M.
Published: March 2008

Rainfall during six days of monsoonal activity in the 1988/89 wet season is examined in terms of the influence of synoptic scale winds on mesoscale rainfall activity over the Townsville coastal plain (3450 km2). The resulting rainfall patterns. which were based on observations from a dense mesoscale network of 133 gauge points. are presented as isohyetal maps of twenty‐four hour totals for each day in the study period.

The study has shown that the distribution of rainfall is related to the influence of synoptic scale wind vectors, which provide upper level steering of convective activity. In addition. the interaction between local winds and synoptic circulation is deemed important for inducing convergence and precipitation. Rainfall generated is then directed by the prevailing upper synoptic flow. Orographic effects also appear to be significant, in that rainfall distribution tends to favour slopes on the windward side of the synoptic scale winds. The rainfall patterns described are probably typical of many of those that occurred throughout the 1988/89 wet season, due to the likely persistence of these mesoscale precipitation mechanisms. Similar mechanisms are also likely to occur over the study area in other wet seasons and elsewhere in the seasonally wet and dry tropics.
The Conceptual Basis of Counterurbanisation: Critique and Development
Authors: SANT MORGAN , SIMONS PETER
Published: March 2008

The concept of counterurbanisation has evoked criticisms. Some are technical, to do with terminology and analytical design. More serious criticisms stem from disquiet with the theoretical foundations. It is this issue that the present paper aims to address. We begin by discussing some problem areas related to techniques and concepts and lead on to an argument that the weakness in counterurban research arises from its preoccupation with population trends and with patterns rather than processes. The paper conclude that alternative approaches are needed which treat counterurbanisation as an element of regional restructuring rather than as an end in itself.
Buying and Borrowing in Adelaide: Mortgage Commitments of Home Buyers, 1986
Authors: HARRIS KEVIN R.
Published: March 2008

In April 1986 housing finance allocation procedures were deregulated. The impact of this decision on levels of finance borrowed by households was assessed for 2562 buyers of houses and home units in the Adelaide Statistical Division during May and June 1986. Sales price and mortgage data suggest two tendencies influencing the relationship between price and mortgage. Firstly, low price purchasers have small deposits and borrow heavily to effect their purchase. Secondly, high price buyers, with large deposits, are nevertheless taking out large loans to finance housing. Levels of gearing show market socio‐economic bias, low cost buyers being more likely to be overcommitted.
Ideology, Environment and Legislation: South Australian Attitudes to Vegetation
Authors: STRATFORD ELAINE
Published: March 2008

The paper addresses one possible manifestation of the interface between geographical concerns and the law. A brief discussion about aspects of law, images, attitudes and ideology is presented. A broad historical survey of legislation from the South Australian Parliament pertaining to vegetation illustrates that elements of the law, statutes in this case, can be usefully applied to studying geographical problems such as environmental management. It is argued that geographers should more regularly make use of legal materials, concepts and issues in both research and teaching.
Quaternary Organic Deposit from Newton Creek Valley, Western Tasmania
Authors: COLHOUN E.A. , BENGER S.N. , FITZSIMONS S.J. , VAN DE GEER G. , HILL R.S
Published: March 2008

Pollen and macrofossils from an organic deposit probably 44 ka BP in age record subalpine heath with abundant local Athrotaxis cupressoides. This was succeeded by subalpine heath that included Casuarina, Phyllocladus and Eucalyptus. The pollen/vegetation assemblages are comparable with present subalpine vegetation located between 850–1050 m, though the site is at 550 m and potentially below the limit of temperate rainforest (620 m). It is inferred that the vegetation altered from upper to lower subalpine heath and that the climate became warmer and wetter. The mean temperature is estimated to have been at least 3.2°C to 1.7°C colder than today. The trend of vegetation and climate change compares closely with Late Glacial changes but does not compare with changes recorded from sites of Middle Last Glacial age in the West Coast Ranges. A radiocarbon date of 34 ka BP and a trend towards warming suggests that the deposit may represent the onset of an interstadial during the Early Last Glacial Stage.
Land Transport Reforms and the Economic Geography of the Northern Territory
Authors: PRITCHARD WILLIAM
Published: March 2008

Agreements at the special Premiers' Conferences in October 1990 and July 1991 removed Northern Territory Government control over the setting of heavy vehicle registration charges and arrangements for local roads funding on Aboriginal land. In relating the way in which the Northern Territory Government has traditionally administered these policy areas and reacted to the Premiers' Conference agreements, it is shown how land transport policy has been used to facilitate a preferred direction for development of the Territory's economic geography, namely, one in which costs to the private sector are subsidised and activities on privately‐owned Aboriginal land are controlled. The agreements should result in a more equitable administration of land transport pol icy in the Territory. Changes to the administration of land transport reflect a broader shift in Australian Federal relations, in which the Commonwealth has sought greater national uniformity of transport policy. This has major implications for the future economic geography of the Northern Territory.
Environmental Systems and Human Impact at Cobrico Crater, South‐western Victoria
Authors: DODSON J.R. , FRANK K. , FROMME M. , HICKSON D. , McRAE V. , MOONEY S. , SMITH J.D.
Published: March 2008

This study assesses human impact on the landscape around Cobrico, a volcanic crater lake in dairying country in south‐western Victoria. It compares the last 150 years of impact of European settlement against approximately the previous 1500 years of prehistoric occupation and land use. Focus is on vegetation dynamics, erosion, productivity changes and the fire regime. Since European settlement there has been woodland clearance and recovery, the introduction of many plant and animal species and a significant increase in the intensity in the fire regime. While many direct linkages are apparent between environmental variables some operate over significant time lags. Fire has played a major role in vegetation dynamics and has favoured open ground taxa at the expense of Eucalyptus and Melaleuca. While major fires do not always lead to erosion in the catchment it is clear that some changes in the chemistry of erosion products have resulted, with potassium and iron showing increases in the historic period.
The Cultural Politics of Resource Management: the Case of Bushfires in a Conservation Reserve
Authors: GILL NICHOLAS
Published: March 2008

Recent bushfire events have seen a rise in conflict over bushfire management in south Australia. A case study from Kangaroo Island illustrates the conflict between the rural community and the National Parks and Wildlife Service. The debate is ostensibly concerned with the effectiveness of bushfire management strategies employed in reserves. Inquiry reveals, however, that the conflict is underlain by cultural and social tensions. These issues concern the protagonists' relationship with the Kangaroo Island landscape and recent land management changes. The autonomy and role of the rural community in the landscape has been challenged by these globalising trends in land management. Through the bushfire issue the community is seeking to reassert its position on Kangaroo Island as creator and steward of the landscape.
The Oral Tradition, Environmental Change and River Basin Management: Case Studies from Queensland and Victoria
Authors: FINLAYSON B.L. , BRIZGA S.O.
Published: March 2008

River basin management activities are often carried out in the context of real or perceived environmental change. Views of environmental change provided by the oral tradition are compared with histories of change reconstructed from the historical documentary record for the Nogoa River, Queensland, and the Avon River, Victoria. Quite different perspectives on the nature and causes of river channel change are provided by the two types of sources. River basin managers appear to have generally adopted the views provided by the more easily accessible oral tradition, leading to management strategies that are not necessarily justifiable in the light of the documentary history.
Random Time Sampling
Authors: DONATH S. , IRONMONGER D.S. , AITKEN C.K.
Published: March 2008

Random Time Sampling is an innovative data collection method which has potential for adaptation and use by geographers. Individual pocket‐sized programmable beepers were used in a pilot study of the uses of time by older households and older people's attitudes to different activities. Random beeps were used to prompt individuals living in eleven Melbourne suburbs to record time use data in diaries over a period of a week. The method proved extremely effective and reliable, and many participants reporting that they enjoyed the exercise.
The Significance of Coastal Processes for Management of the River Murray Estuary
Authors: HARVEY NICK
Published: March 2008

The tidal prism in the River Murray estuary has been reduced by over 85 percent since completion of the barrages in 1940 and regulation has diminished the rate and size of river flows through the estuary. Reduced fluvial flushing has emphasised the dominance of coastal processes at the river mouth. These are expressed in the accretion and stabilisation of a flood‐tidal delta, the migration of the mouth, the erosion of Sir Richard Peninsula and the accumulation of new flood‐tidal deltaic deposits. Inconclusive studies relating river flow to mouth migration indicate the importance of coastal processes such as littoral drift, tidal flux and sea state, particularly at times of low river flow, in explaining the position and morphology of the mouth. Previous management strategies have failed to consider coastal processes adequately.
Trans‐Pacific Wood Chip Exports: the Rise of Chile
Authors: CLARO EDMUNDO , WILSON GEOFF A.
Published: March 2008

This study analyses the background to the rise of Chile as a major wood chip exporter, and assesses the environmental impact and relative economic importance of the Chilean wood chip industry. Chile is acting as a ‘surrogate’ for lost Australian hardwood chip exports to Japan. Compared to other countries, the wood chip industry in Chile has had a disproportionate impact on its remnant native forests and is essentially predicated on unsustainable forest management practices. Despite this, the relative economic importance of Chile's export wood chip industry is low when compared to value‐added forest product export industries such as chemical pulp.
CONFLICT AND SOCIAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF AN ISRAELI VILLAGE1
Authors: DESHEN SHLOMO A.
Published: March 2008

Conflict and Social Change: The Case of an Israeli Village

Some aspects of a village of immigrants from the island of Djerba (Tunisia) in Israel are described. The village is of the moshav type where Israeli authorities endeavour to transform immigrant groups into cooperative farming communities, a situation of directed change. The particular village under discussion poses a sociological question: although efforts to introduce agriculture have largely failed, the villagers have congregated into a tightly‐knit community reminiscent of the ideal moshav. Such a combination is not usual on the Israeli immigrant moshav scene.

The empirical findings are discussed in terms of conflict between the agents of change and their objects, the villagers. The analysis points out that such conflict is latent in a situation of directed change because of the basic duality of agents and objects of change, which implies efforts of the former to change accepted custom of the latter. The eruption of actual conflict as well as its precise nature depends on the particular case. The paper demonstrates the relevance of an analys of the relations between agents and objects of change, to a fuller understanding of the effects of projects of directed change upon a community. It is suggested that these relations have ramified effects; their study is proposed as a fruitful approach in research on directed change.
OUTDOOR RECREATION IN SWEDEN
Authors: NORRBOM CLAES‐ERIC
Published: March 2008

Outdoor Recreation in Sweden

The author presents a report on outdoor recreation in Sweden. There is a demand for more and better outdoor recreation facilities within day‐use range of the urban population, and the demand is growing so rapidly that the final pattern cannot be discerned as yet.

At present there are about 300,000 summer homes in Sweden, and according to forecasts this number will double in the next five years. They have multiplied in the metropolitan regions and along the coastline to such an extent that the supply of land for the purposes of nature conservation and recreation areas is seriously threatened.

The report stresses the responsibilities of national and local government in making opportunities for outdoor recreation available to more and more people. A primary task will be to delimit the areas of land and water that will be needed in the long run.
THE INTERACTION OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING1
Authors: PRILLEVITZ F. C.
Published: March 2008

The Interaction of Social Change and Physical Planning

In the introduction some remarks are made concerning the necessity of physical planning. Various definitions of physical planning are discussed leading to the conclusion that the execution of a policy invariably means a synthesis of physical elements, social aims and economic forces.

Following the introduction a paragraph is devoted to the social changes which affect the physical lay‐out of our countries. Demographic, economic and social changes are reviewed. It is concluded that far‐reaching urbanization will be the result of these changes. This urbanization, in juxtaposition to all the changes already taking place, will lead to the fact that agriculture will be pressed even harder and be confronted with the necessity to adapt. It is noted that demands are made upon rural areas from the urban regions. The countryside will be, next to an area of agrarian production, a recreation area and spatially an open area. This necessitates a change of policy with regard to agriculture and rural areas. The various ways in which this can be done are demonstrated by the Dutch situation. The country is divided into primarily agriculture areas, agricultural‐recreational areas, agricultural areas in the urban sphere, and buffer zones. Special attention is paid to the legislation on physical planning in general and on rural reconstruction in particular.

The paper ends with the confirmation that there is a definite interaction between physical planning and social change. Finally, it is emphasized that co‐ordination of the various policies carried out by ministries, provinces and municipalities is an absolute necessity for really satisfactory physical planning.
NEEDED RESEARCH ON ADOPTION MODELS1
Authors: BOHLEN JOE M.
Published: March 2008

Needed Research on Adoption Models

This paper outlines the development and present conventional form of the models of adoption. The five stage model of awareness, information, evaluation, trial and adoption, has been logically derived from assumptions about the process by which the human personality develops and how man responds to stimuli received: man is a telic being, an acting being and an organising being. The consequent operational model of adoption is also, for heuristic purposes, presented in five stages although it should not be concluded that the actual processes duplicate this. After dealing with characteristics of practices which affect their adoption, the paper concludes by considering the limitations of the model, and consequently suggesting required research. In particular, the model is too general for universal application, while its emphasis on a process leading to adoption has obscured the significance of optimum adoption and the factors related thereto. More research is also required concerning the detailed nature of each stage.
INDUSTRIALIZATION WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT: A COMMENT ON AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Furnari Mena
Published: March 2008

INDUSTRIALIZATION WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT: A COMMENT ON AN ITALIAN CASE STUDY

The changes in economic and social structure of Southern Italy have determined a situation very different from the image made famous by the studies carried out in the fifties. A problem that deserves attention is the lag between economic growth and social development. This issue has been faced in a research publication by Hytten and Marchioni through an intensive study of an Italian town invested by a process of industrialization. The authors discard the socio‐cultural interpretation of underdevelopment and attribute it to the colonialist attitude that has characterized industrial intervention in Southern Italy.

This character of industrialization has implied a class alliance between the advanced industrial capitalist forces and the local reactionary bourgeoisie, whose patterns, particularly patronage have been exploited by the industry settled in the town. A contradiction, particularly in the conclusions, is that the authors propose reformist solutions which do not question the logic of the system, though they have found the causes of underdevelopment in the class structure of the system.

INDUSTRIALISATION SANS DEVELOPPEMENT: A PROPOS DE L'ETUDE d'un CAS ITALIEN

Les changements de la structure économique et sociale de l'Italie du Sud ont déterminé une situation très diverse de l'image rendue fameuse par les études des années y o. Un problème qui devrait attirer l'attention est la disparité entre la croissance économique et le développement social. Ce thème a été affronté dans la recherche récente de Hytten et Marchioni, à travers l'étude intensive d'une petite ville investie d'industrialisation. Les auteurs écartent l'interprétation socioculturelle du sous‐développement et attribuent l'absence de développement social à l'attitude colonialiste qui a caractérisé l'industrialisation du midi italien.

Ce caractère de l'industrialisation a impliqué une alliance de classe entre les forces capitalistes industrielles avancées et la bourgeoisie réactionnaire locale dont les modèles, surtout le clientélisme, ont été exploités par la grande industrie insérté dans la ville. Une contradiction surtout dans les conclusions est que les auteurs, ayant individualisés les causes du sous‐développement dans la structure de dasse du système, proposent des solutions réformistes qui ne contestent pas la logique du système.
THE EXTENSION OFFICER IN PERSONAL DISCUSSION1
Authors: Pieper A. Houttuyn
Published: March 2008

THE EXTENSION OFFICER IN PERSONAL DISCUSSION

The paper contains an exploratory effort to analy the factors which determine the effectiveness of personal discussion as an extension method. The basic data for the paper consist of an inquiry among a small number of farmers and extension workers, ad hoc observations during a workshop on methods of personal discussion at Wageningen, and experience. The point of departure for an analysis of the extension agent's behaviour in personal discussion is the client's expectations regarding his behaviour. A number of such expectations among Dutch farmers are presented.

From these expectations, a number of variables (15) are developed which describe the conditions under which personal discussion occurs. These conditions allow the formulation of a number of sub‐roles ‐ appropriate for the conditions ‐ which the extension worker can enact in personal discussion. The sub‐roles presented are:

1. one who asks for information;

2. one supplying information;

3. one supplying cut and dried advice;

4. one who sustains the client's confidence in what he intended doing anyway;

5. one who helps the client to think rationally;

6. one who helps the client to overcome his emotions. Awareness of such sub‐roles will allow the extension worker to play the appropriate one for the conditions which are present and to choose deliberately among the alternatives available.

The paper ends with some practical suggestions on how best to conduct a personal dipssion.

LE CONSEILLER AGRICOLE ET L'ENTRETIEN DE CONSEIL

Cet article constitue une première analyse des facteurs conditionnant l'eficacité de l'entretien en tant que méthode de vulgarisation. Les données de base ont été fournies par une enquête réalisée sur un petit nombre d'agriculteurs et de conseillers, par des observations faites dans un groupe de travail à Wageningen sur les méthodes de contact et d'entretiens, par l'expérience. Cette analyse du comportement du conseiller au cours des entretiens a pour base l'ensemble des attentes des clients dont certaines sont évoquées dans cet article.

L'analyse de ces attentes a mis en évidence un certain nombre de variables (15), caractéristiques des conditions dans lesquelles l'entretien intervient. La détermination de ces situations permet la formulation de rôles composants appropriés, que le conseiller peut mettre en jeu au cours de l'entretien. Les rôles composants présentés sont:

1) celui qui demande de l'information,

2) celui qui fournit de l'information,

3) celui qui fournit la solution détaillée,

4) celui qui aide le client à prendre confiance en lui‐même et à réaliser ce que ce dernier avait l'intention de faire,

5) celui qui aide le client à penser rationnellement,

6) celui qui aide le client à surmonter ses émotions.

La prise de conscience de ces rôles composants permettra au conseiller de jouer celui qui convient à chaque situation et de choisir délibéré‐ment parmi les alternatives disponibles.

L'artide se termine par quelques suggestions pratiques concernant la conduite de tels entretiens.
ON THE CAUSES OF IRISH EMIGRATION
Authors: Bovenkerk Frank
Published: March 2008

“The famine started the exodus more than a century ago. Is the racial (sic) memory of it still continuing it? Has it set up some unfathomed psychosis deep down in the Celtic psyche which fills the heart of the Gael with an insatiable restlessness, a cosmic wanderlust, a sort of demi‐urge that goads him to the waiting ship and far‐distant shore?”

ON THE CAUSES OF IRISH EMIGRATION

In this paper several generally accepted reasons for Irish emigration (population density, poor marriage prospects for females and internal family pressures) will be rejected. Today's emigration has its own structure and its own contemporary causes. It is argued that emigrating is not any longer final in character, but can better be described as migrant labour. On the basis of a statistical analysis and the results of sociological fieldwork in a rural trade centre in S. W. Ireland it is shown that economic factors and the standard motive of adventure are most important in explaining why the Irish emigrate nowadays. The relation between these two types of factors is one between necessary and sufficient conditions.

Cet article réfute plusieurs des causes généralement acceptées de l'émigration irlandaise (densité démographique, espérance de mariage faible pour les jeunes filles et pressions familiales). L'émigration actuelle a ses propres structures et ses causes spkcifiques. L'auteur dtmontre que l'émigration ne présente plus un caractère définitif mais constitue une migration temporaire de travail. Des analyses statistiques et une recherche sociologique menée dam une ville située dans une zone rurale du sud‐ouest de l'Irlande, ont montré que les facteurs économiques et l'aspiration classique è l'aventure constituent des facteurs trés importants des migrations irlandaises actuelles. La relation entre ces deux types de motivations est une entre conditions ntcessaires et suffisantes de la migration.

LES CAUSES DE l'EMIGRATION IRLANDAISE
EXPLORATIONS INTO THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN EUROPE1
Authors: Jansen Anton J.
Published: March 2008

EXPLORATIONS INTO THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN EUROPE

This article presents the general outline of a cross‐national research project into the future of agriculture in Western Europe. In the first phase of this project, research has been mainly entrusted to workshops which contributed to the elaboration of four alternative ways of viewing the priorities for the future development of agriculture.

EXPLORATIONS DU FUTUR DU l'AGRICULTURE EN EUROPE OCCIDENTALE

Cet article présente les grandes lignes d'un projet de recherche international portant sur l'avenir de l'agriculture en Europe Occidentale. La première phase de ce travail a été principalement constituée par la réalisation d'ateliers de créativité qui ont permis l'élaboration de quatre images alternatives du developpement de l'agriculture.

ERKUNDUNGEN DER ZUKUNFT DER L ANDWIRTSCHAFT IN WESTEUROPA

Der Artikel stellt die allgemeinen Umrisse eines übernationalen Forschungsprojekts über die Zukunft der Landwirtschaft in West‐europa dar. In der ersten Phase dieses Projektes war die Forschung vor allern in die Hände von Arbeitsgruppen gelegt, die zur Ausarbeitung von vier alternativen Wegen für die Prioritäten der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft beigetragen haben.
CAPITALIST FARMERS IN THE BRITISH CLASS STRUCTURE1
Authors: Bell Colin , Newby Howard
Published: March 2008

CAPITALIST FARMERS IN THE BRITISH CLASS STRUCTURE

This paper presents, in a modified Weberian framework, an approach to the study of capitalist farmers in the British class structure. Their market situation is principally analysed in terms of the outcome of pressure group activity vis‐a‐vis the state. A typology is derived for their work situation based upon the degree of market‐orientation and the degree of direct involvement in husbandry. This typology can be related to the legitimating strategies which farmers choose to operate over their employees. The analysis of their status situation emphasises the declining coherence of the evaluating criteria on which status is based and illustrates the limitations of existing occupational prestige studies with regard to farmers.

AGRICULTEURS CAPITALISTES ET CLASSES SOCIALES EN GRANDE‐BRBTAGNE

Utilisant come cadre de travail la théorie wébérienne quelque peu modifiée, les auteurs présentent une étude préliminaire des agriculteurs capitalistes en Grande‐Bretagne. Leur situation par rapport au marché est analysée en terme de résultat de l'activité d'un groupe de pression vis‐à‐vis de l'Etat. A partir de cela, les auteurs établissent une typologie de la situation des agriculteurs vis‐à‐vis de leur travail, fondée à la fois sur leur niveau de participation directe à la conduite de leur exploitation, et l'orientation plus ou moins marquée de cette dernière vers l'économie de marché. Cette typologie peut être mise en relation avec les stratégies que développent les agriculteurs vis‐à‐vis de leurs ouvriers. L'analyse de leur status social met l'accent sur la cohérence, sans cesse décroissante, des critères d'évaluation du status et illustre les limites des études actuelles sur la place d'agriculteurs dans la société en fonction de la relation prestige social ‐ profession.

KAPITALISTISCHE FARMER IN DER ERITISCHEN KLASSENSTRUKTUR

Der Artikel präsentiert in einem modifizierten Weberschen Rahmen den Zugang zu einer Studie der kapitalistischen Farmer in der britischen Klassenstruktur. Ihre Marktsituation wird zuerst nach dem Ergebnis der Aktivität als Druckgruppe gegenüber dem Staat analysiert. Eine Typologie wird aus ihrer Arbeitssituation abgeleitet, die sich auf den Grad der Marktorientierung und der direkten Beschäftigung mit der Agrarproduktion gründet. Diese Typologie kann zu den legitimierenden Strategien in Beziehung gesetzt werden, die die Farmer gegenüber ihren Arbeitern und Angestellten wählen. Die Analyse ihrer Statussituation unterstreicht die sich abschwächende Kohärenz der Bewertungsmerkmale, auf denen der Status basiert, und illustriert die Begrenzungen der bisherigen Studien über Berufs‐prestige von Farmern.
DIE ERWERBSTÄTIGKEIT VON EHEMÄNNERN UND EHEFRAUEN IN STADT UND LAND
Authors: KRUELL MARIANNE
Published: March 2008

An empirical research study of urban and rural families showed ‐ contrary to the hypothesis ‐ that urban married women are not in all aspects more “professionally emancipated” than their rural peers. In the town the difference between married men and women is in fact larger than in the village regarding the general employment ratio, income and parttime employment. Educational differences between the groups are similar for town and countryside; the general educational level being substantially lower in the villages. The hypothesis was confirmed only regarding economic activity outside the home and the “occupational prestige”, measured by occupational position. In town, the difference between married men and women in employment away from the home is smaller than in the village. A larger percentage of married women in town than of men are in white‐collar jobs, while this difference is smaller in the countryside. These results do not, however, lead to the conclusion, that urban married women are qualitatively or quantitatively more occupationally minded than rural wives.

Anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung in Stadt‐ und Landfamilien der BRD 1970 wurde ermittelt, daß ‐ im Gegensatz zu einer hypothetischen Erwartung ‐ Ehefrauen in der Stadt nicht in allen Aspekten stärker “beruflich emanzipiert” sind als auf dem Land. In der Stadt ist der Unterschied zwischen verheirateten Männern und Frauen hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Beteiligung am Erwerbsleben, des Einkommens und der Teilzeitbeschäftigung sogar größer als auf dem Land. Die Bildungsunterschiede zwischen den Vergleichsgruppen sind etwa gleich groß in Stadt und Land, wobei allerdings das Bildungsniveau auf dem Land sehr viel niedriger ist. Die Hypothese wurde lediglich bestätigt bezüglich der außerhäuslichen Tätigkeit und des “Berufsprestiges”, gemessen an der Stellung im Beruf. In der Stadt ist der Unterschied zwischen Ehemännern und ‐frauen hinsichtlich außerhäuslicher Tätigkeit nicht so groß wie auf dem Land. Von den Ehefrauen sind in der Stadt erheblich mehr als Angestellte tätig als von den Ehemännern, während dieser Unterschied auf dem Land geringer ist. Diese Ergebnisse lassen jedoch nicht den Schluß zu, daß, im Gegensatz zum Land, in der Stadt eine qualitativ und quantitativ stärkere Berufsbezogenheit der Ehefrauen anzutreffen sei.
CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE MINORITY VILLAGES IN ISRAEL‐OUTLINES AND REASONS
Authors: BAR‐GAL Y.
Published: March 2008

The objective of this article is to describe the type of changes taking place in the structure of the minority villages in Israel7 and the reasons for these changes. The villages are tuning from traditional villages with the structure of a closed core, into an open settlements where the built‐up area is continuously growing creating new residential areas. The structural changes are followed by technological changes within the village. Infrastructure systems are being built ‐ water, electricity, roads, telephone, sewerage, etc. and the standard of the public services is rising. Because of the changes ‐ in the employment division, the involvement with the Jewish population, the rise in the standard of living, the new expectations of the population, and primarily the rapid increase, but still remaining within the framework of the village ‐ it is possible to change the function of the village from a traditional agricultural village into an urban settlement which provides services on a high standard, and, to a certain extent, independent of the cities nearly. The progress made is a result of the struggle between these encouraging development and those who delay it. It is assumed that as time passes, the barriers will be lowered and will not prevent the needed development, and additional villages will become settlements bearing a special urban character.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Veränderungen in der Struktur der von Minderheiten bewohnten Dörfer in Israel und deren Gründe zu kategorisieren. Die Dörfer wandeln sich von traditionellen Dörfern mit der Struktur eines geschlossenen Kerns in offenere Siedlungen bei denen die Neubaugebiete ständig wachsen und neue Wohngebiete entstehen. Den Strukturveränderungen folgen technologische Veränderungen innerhalb der Dörfer. Es werden Infrastruktunysteme erstellt, ‐ z. B. Wasser, Elektrizität, Strassen, Telephon, Kanalisation ‐ und das Niveau der öffentlichen Dienstleistungen steigt. Aufgrund dieser Veränderungen ‐ in der Beschäftigung, dem Kontakt mit der jüdischen Bevolkerung, der Steigerung des Lebensstandards, der neuen Erwartungshaltung der Bevölkerung und in erster Linie des schnellen Wachstums innerhalb des Dorfes ‐ ist es möglich, die Funktion des Dorfes von einem traditonellen, von der Landwirtschaft bestimmten Dorf in eine städtische Siedlung mit einem hohen Dienstleistungsstandard und einer gewissen Unabhängigkeit von den nahen Städten zu verändern. Das Ausmass des Fortschritts, der gemacht wird, ist das Ergebnis des Konflikts zwischen denen, die die Entwicklungen fördern und denen, die sie hemmen. Es wird angenommen, dass im Verlaufe der Zeit die Hindernisse abgebaut werden und sie nicht länger die benötigte Entwicklung aufhalten so dass immer mehr Dörfer zu Siedlungen mit einem spezifisch urbanen Charakter werden.
FORMAL EDUCATION IN A TRIBAL SOCIETY, IRAN
Authors: Shafii Forough , Mohseni Manouchehr , Motabar Mansour
Published: March 2008

The social environment seems to have a cumulative effect on the educational achievement of the young. This study examined the degree of literacy and the educational attainment of the tribal population, and measured its relationship to family income.

The findings reveal that formal schooling has not been fully accepted by the nomad population. The income of the family has a positive correlation with the aspiration of parents for their daughters' education. However, regardless of the househol?s income, parents express a desire for their sons' education.

Réumé

L'environnement social semble avoir un effet cumulatif sur le succés scolaire de la jeunesse. Cette étude examine le degré?aptitude à lire et àécrire et le niveau scolaire atteint par la population tribale et les met en corrélation avec le revenu familial.

Les résultats montrent que ľéducation formelle en écoles n'a pas été complètement acceptée par la population nomade. Le revenu familial a une corrélation positive avec les aspirations des parents concernant ľéducation de leurs filles. Cependant, les parents sont déireux de voir leurs fils recevoir une éducation formelle inddpéndament du revenu du ménage.

Die soziale Umgebung scheint einen verstärkenden Effekt auf die Erziehungsergebnisse junger Menschen zu haben. Die Untersuchung prüft den Alphabetisierungsgrad und die Erziehungsleistung einer Stammesbevölkerung und misst ihre Beziehungen zum Familieneinkommen. Die Resultate zeigen, daß formale Schulbildung nicht ganz von der nomadischen Bevölkerung akzeptiert worden ist. Das Einkommen der Familie ist positiv korreliert mit den Aspirationen der Eltern für die Erziehung ihrer Tochter. Der Wunsch nach Erziehung der Sönne ist jedoch unabhangig vom Haushaltseinkommen der Eltern.