bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations of Possible Shuttle Reactions in Co-deposition Systems
Authors: Miles Melvin
Published: December 2024

Experiments in the 0.025 M PdCl2 + 0.15 M ND4Cl + 0.15 M ND4OD/D2O co-deposition system produced anomalous excess power in three out of three prior experiments in Japan. Completely new experiments have produced even larger excess power effects for this deuterated co-deposition system. The largest excess power effect in D2O produced 1.7 W or about 13 W/g of palladium (160 W/cm3). These large excess power effects were absent in extensive studies of H2O controls. Excess power was also absent in various experiments involving the co-deposition of ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), and nickel (Ni) in both H2O and D2O ammonia solutions. The statistical analysis of all 18 co-deposition experiments yields a probability of greater than 99.9989 % that the co-deposition excess power effect requires both palladium metal and D2O. Shuttle reactions have been proposed to explain the reproducible excess power effect in this ammonia co-deposition system. However, various electrochemical studies show no evidence for any shuttle reactions in this ammonia system. Nevertheless, the initial chemistry for the Pd system is complex leading to large pH changes, chlorine (Cl2) evolution, and the formation of nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) during the first few days. However, the large excess power effects are observed later in the experiments after this chemistry is completed. A better understanding of the chemistry should be helpful in the reproduction of anomalous excess power in co-deposition systems.
Statistical Analysis of Unexpected Daily Variations in an Electrochemical Transmutation Experiment
Authors: Scholkmann Felix , Mizuno Tadahiko , Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

In two electrochemical transmutation experiments, unexpected oscillations in the recorded signals with a daily period were observed for deuterium/palladium loading ratio (D/Pd), temperature (T ) and pressure (P ). The aim of the present study was to analyze the time courses of the signals of one of the experiments using an advanced signal-processing framework. The experiment was a high temperature (375 K), high pressure (750 kPa) and long-term (866 h ≈ 35 days) electrochemical transmutation exploration done in 2008. The analysis was performed by (i) selecting the intervals of the D/Pd, T and P signals where the daily oscillations occurred, (ii) filtering the signals to remove low-frequency noise, (iii) analyzing the waveforms of the daily oscillations, (iv) applying Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to decompose the signals into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), (v) performing a statistical test on the obtained IMFs in order to identify the physically most meaningful oscillation mode, (vi) performing an power spectral analysis, (vii) calculating the correlations between the signals, and (viii) determining the time-dependent phase synchronization between the signals. We found that (i) in all three signals (D/Pd, T and P ) a clear daily oscillation was present while the current density J did not show such an oscillation, (ii) the daily oscillation in T and P had similar waveforms and where anti-correlated to the oscillation in D/Pd, (iii) D/Pd and T had the highest correlation (r = 0.7693), (iv) all three signals exhibited phase synchronization over the whole signal length while the strongest phase synchronization took place between D/Pd and T . Possible origins of the daily oscillation were discussed and implications for further investigations and experiments were outlined.
Correlation Between Surface Properties and Anomalous Effects in F&P Experiments
Authors: Castagna E. , Lecci S. , Sansovini M. , Sarto F. , Violante V.
Published: December 2024

The reproducibility of anomalous excess heat production during electro-chemical deuterium permeation of Pd cathodes has been recently observed1 to be strongly correlated with the palladium surface properties (easy loading at low current, crystal grain distri- bution, crystallographic orientation, and surface morphology). The understanding of the physical mechanism that is responsible for such observed correlation is very challenging and it is complicated further by the fact that the different features are not, in principle, independent each from the other. In this work, the experimental results concerning the correlation of the excess heat production with the cathode surface properties are reviewed and some possible connections of the observed effects with the deuterium kinetics inside the palladium and the electromagnetic interactions at the metal/electrolyte interface are discussed.
Coupling between a Deuteron and a Lattice
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary I. U.
Published: December 2024

We recently put forth a new fundamental lattice Hamiltonian based on an underlying picture of electrons and deuterons as elementary Dirac particles. Within this model there appears a term in which lattice vibrations are coupled to internal nuclear transitions. This is interesting as it has the potential to provide a connection between experiment and models that describe coherent energy transfer between two-level systems and an oscillator. In this work we describe a calculation of the coupling matrix element in the case of the deuteron based on the old empirical Hamada–Johnston model for the nucleon–nucleon interaction. The triplet S and D states of the the deuteron in the rest frame couples to a singlet P state through this new interaction. The singlet P state in this calculation is a virtual state with an energy of 125 MeV, and a coupling matrix element for z-directed motion given by 2.98 × 10−3 MJ cPˆz.
Recent Advances in Deuterium Permeation Transmutation Experiments
Authors: Iwamura Y. , Itoh T. , Yamazaki N. , Yonemura H. , Fukutani K. , Sekiba D.
Published: December 2024

We have been investigating low-energy nuclear transmutation reactions observed in the nano-structured Pd/CaO multilayer complex induced by deuterium permeation through it. A micro-beam Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) system, by means of a resonant nuclear reaction 1H(15N,αγ)12C, has been developed for the purpose of the 3D mapping of the hydrogen distribution in the Pd multilayer complex. Using this system, we observed hydrogen density of Pd/CaO multilayer is higher than that of normal Pd. Preliminary experimental results were obtained, which suggested that implanted W was transmuted into Os or Pt.
Compatibility of Hydrino States and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Ritchie Burke
Published: December 2024

Rathke’s assertion [New J. Phys. 7 (2005) 127] that states with binding energy and size below those of known literature values are incompatible with quantum mechanics is corrected by reviewing the analytically known Coulomb solution of the Klein–Gordon equation with binding energy of order mc2 and size of order of the Compton wavelength. This is an example of a quantum state, which is mathematically acceptable in the sense of being square integrable and having a finite binding energy but yet is rejected as unphysical due in part to the point-nucleus nature of the model. Then the Dirac equation is studied for the existence of states which are similarly mathematically acceptable but whose physical acceptability requires physical judgment. States of Landau symmetry are found which meet these criteria. The existence of states of ambiguous physical interpretation for both the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations depends on using a point-nucleus versus a finite-nucleus potential model. On using a realistic model for the charge distribution of the proton, a Klein–Gordon state is found in the binding range of 5 keV, but no state is found for the Dirac equation.
Simulation of Crater Formation on LENR Cathodes Surfaces
Authors: Ruer Jacques
Published: December 2024

Many authors reported the presence of small-size craters on the surface of cathodes after Low-energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) electrolysis experiments. It is conjectured the craters result from violent reactions, perhaps of nuclear origin. Nagel proposed a correlation between the crater diameter and the energy involved in its formation. Starting from this assumption, it can be estimated that the enthalpy released can raise the temperature of the crater content to about 2000 K. A simple model is used to calculate the crater cooling by conduction and radiation. It gives the order of magnitude of the maximum event duration in order to achieve some melting of the cathode material. The duration of the eruption is estimated from the gas pressure developed within the crater. A value of 6 ns is obtained for a 2 μm diameter, and 600 ns for a 20 μm crater. In large craters, a part of inner material can be molten. Small craters are strongly cooled by the surrounding metal and do not show signs of fusion.
LENR and Nuclear Structure Theory
Authors: Cook Norman D. , Dallacasa Valerio
Published: December 2024

The significance of LENR research for understanding nuclear structure is discussed. In stark contrast to atomic-level Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), nuclear theory has remained a collection of mutually exclusive “models” lacking a rigorous foundation. We argue that LENR indicates the way forward to a quantitative theory of nuclear structure, Quantum Nucleodynamics (QND).
Models for Phonon–nuclear Interactions and Collimated X-ray Emission in the Karabut Experiment
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , IChaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

Excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment occurs without commensurate energetic nuclear radiation, which motivated us to seek mechanisms capable of fractionating a large quantum, resulting in the lossy spin-boson model. Collimated x-ray emission in the Karabut experiment we interpreted as demonstrating the conversion of vibrational energy to nuclear excitation, as predicted from the lossy spin-boson model; this motivated us to seek physical models that could account for the effect. We found that the coupling strength associated with electron–nuclear and electron–electron coupling was too weak to fractionate keV quanta into 100 MHz vibrations, which motivated us to seek a theory in which nuclear transitions coupled directly to vibrations. These considerations led us to a lattice model with a relativistic description of compound nuclei, in which a strong phonon-nuclear interaction is present. This interaction is normally rotated out with the Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation, but in the presence of strong loss mechanisms this transformation becomes unhelpful. The model that results describes the coupling of vibrational energy to nuclear excitation, but earlier efforts to apply it to the Karabut experiment resulted in inconsistencies. This motivated us to analyze fluctuations due to electron-phonon coupling in metals, which we find here to be a weak effect for Bloch picture phonon exchange, and a somewhat stronger effect with Born–Oppenheimer phonon exchange. As no new physics were found to substantially enhance fractionation, we returned to the basic theory, and carried out a systematic analysis of the three different degrees of freedom that result from simple product approximations for the wavefunction. We find that when there are more virtual phonons than real, a significant enhancement of the coupling strength occurs, corresponding to a new anomalous regime. Conditions on the coupling matrix element and relative state occupation are derived for the anomalous regime, which favors strongly-coupled low energy transitions which constitute a large fraction of all nuclei present. The fractionation power of a sample in the anomalous regime is very much constrained, which allows us to be able to make predictions with the new model. We find that the 30.77 keV transition in 93Nb is likely to be in the anomalous regime in a Nb cathode; that the threshold fractionation energy is too low for excitation of the 30.77 keV transition; but that the threshold fractionation energy is high enough to result in the excitation of the 1565 eV transition in 201Hg, and x-ray emission in the few keV regime consistent with Karabut’s observations.
Potential Economic Impact of LENR Technology in Energy Markets
Authors: Kleehaus Alexander , Elsner Christian
Published: December 2024

There has been a huge discussion about the technology of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) devices. Some of the common assumptions about this technology discuss the projected major transformation of our present society in points of infrastructure, cost of power and power storage, but a clear economic impact simulation in a business plan systematic review manner with different parameters and scenarios is still missing. The question is how will the lives of people be affected by LENR and how will power industry adapt the potential huge changes in infrastructure and cost of power. There is no doubt that access to LENR will change the lives of average citizens for that matter. The here described model is a monte-carlo simulation scenario model to find a proposed business and socio-economic value of the LENR technology as impact on current infrastructure, economy and citizens of a given country. The simulation is a good tool for pricing discussions, price modeling and predictive modeling on the technology impact. The validation of the model over common mechanisms is work-in-progress.
Nuclear Transmutation on a Thin Pd Film in a Gas-loading D/Pd System
Authors: Liu Bin , Dong Zhan M. , Liang Chang L. , Li Xing Z.
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses the deformation and elemental distribution of different palladium film surfaces after loading and unloading many times deuterium gas in the system.
Diamond-based Radiation Sensor for LENR Experiments. Part 2: Experimental Analysis of Deuterium-loaded Palladium
Authors: Lukosi Eric , Prelas Mark , Shim Joongmoo , Kasiwattanawut Haruetai , Weaver Charles , Mathai Cherian Joseph , Gangopadhyay Shubhra
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this paper is to report on the continued work on utilizing a palladium electrode on a diamond sensor in a pressurized hydrogen or deuterium environment to investigate the release of radiation during low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). In this investigation we conducted a long hydrogen exposure to see if palladium electrode delamination occurred due to chemical reactions and it was found that after seven days the electrode did not delaminate. A pressurized deuterium run was conducted immediately following the hydrogen exposure on the same sensor and some interesting count burst data was observed. Further analysis is required to determine what the observed effect could be attributed to.
Deep-Orbit-Electron Radiation Emission in Decay from 4H*# to 4He
Authors: Meulenberg A. , Sinha K. P.
Published: December 2024

The process of nuclear energy transfer to the lattice involves near-field electromagnetic coupling of energy from energetic charged nuclei to deep-Dirac level electrons. From there, the energetic electrons near-field and far-field couple energy into adjacent Pd-bound electrons causing intense local ionization, but no energetic radiation beyond the multi-keV level.
Femto-atoms and Transmutation
Authors: Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

The low-energy nuclear-reaction (LENR) fusion process for a deep-electron orbit femto-hydrogen atom, H#, with an atomic nucleus yields new isotopes and femto-atoms. The multi-body interaction, strong near-field radiation from tightly bound electrons, and low input energies, make energetic particle emission less common than for normal fusion or neutron-activation processes.
It is Not Low Energy – But it is Nuclear
Authors: Mosier-Boss Pamela A.
Published: December 2024

In this communication, CR-39 track results obtained as a result of Pd/D co-deposition are discussed and criticisms of those results are addressed. Implications of the CR-39 results with reports of transmutation are explored.
Nickel Transmutation and Excess Heat Model using Reversible Thermodynamics
Authors: Szumski Daniel S.
Published: December 2024

This research develops the Least Action Nuclear Process (LANP) model of cold fusion, by assuming that the process is thermody- namically reversible. This requires: (1) one element of new physical theory, a far-from-equilibrium black body equation having a second temperature scale and (2) a nuclear reaction selection method based on the Principle of Least Action. The model appears to predict nuclear transmutations observed in Miley’s nickel microspheres, without false positives, and provides a plausible explanation of loading and ignition processes, excess heat, no excess heat, and the absence of gamma radiation. The model shows how solar core temperatures can exist in a laboratory temperature device. This presentation is abstracted from a larger technical paper.
Application of Correlated States of Interacting Particles in Nonstationary and Periodical Modulated LENR Systems
Authors: Vysotskii Vladimir I. , Vysotskyy Mykhaylo V. , Adamenko Stanislav V.
Published: December 2024

In the report the universal mechanism of optimization of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) on the basis of coherent correlated states of interacting particles at different kinds of nonstationary periodical action to the system is considered. We have considered the peculiarities and investigated the efficiency of the creation of a correlated state under a periodic action on a harmonic oscillator. This method is shown to lead to rapid formation of a strongly correlated particle state that provides an almost complete clearing of the potential barrier even for a narrow range of oscillator frequency variations. Several successful low-energy fusion experiments based on usage of correlated states of interacting particles are discussed.
Response to Comment on the Article ‘Simulation of Crater Formation on LENR Cathodes Surfaces’
Authors: Ruer Jacques
Published: December 2024

In Ref. [1] the kinetics of heat transfer during the heat bursts at the origin of the formation of the micro-craters on Pd cathodes during electrolysis are discussed. It is assumed that LENR is the source of energy. In Ref. [2], M. Tsirlin made several comments. The present paper answers these comments. Tsirlin thinks it is premature to accept the fact that craters result from LENR events. Other less exotic phenomena should be considered first to explain the crater formation, before nuclear reactions. Tsirlin proposes three potential heat sources: (A) Recombination (molarization) of atomic hydrogen. (B) Oxidation of the hydrogen at the cathode surface by oxygen evolved at the anode. (C) Sudden emissions of the absorbed gas. The three phenomena are examined and discussed here. – The energy balance involved during hydrogen recombination does not match the energy required to create a crater. – The oxidation process of the cathode is too slow to produce eruptions. – Craters may result from the breakout of some of the many micro-cavities filled with hydrogen at high pressure. Mechanism C might explain some features observed on Pd cathodes, such as craters gathered along surface defects. However, this mechanism alone cannot explain the presence of frozen debris. It seems that depending on the experimental setup, different types of craters may be obtained. Craters with a smooth internal wall could be developed by fast and very energetic heat bursts, while craters with a rough internal wall would be formed by the breakout of micro-cavities. More investigations are needed.
Cathode to Electrolyte Transfer of Energy Generated in the Fleischmann–Pons Experiment
Authors: Szpak Stanislaw , Gordon Frank
Published: December 2024

In our recent paper [1] we asked: why an exothermic system with the positive feedback, such as the Fleischmann–Pons experiment, does not suffer thermal run-a-way. In seeking an answer we selected two items (i) formation of hot spots and (ii) system’s response following a fast nuclear event, that seem to point to a simple model of cathode to electrolyte energy transfer.
Imaging of an Active NANOR -type LANR Component using CR-39
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R. , Verner Gayle , Tolleson Jeffrey , Wright Leslie , Goldbaum Richard , Mosier-Boss Pamela , Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

This effort examined CR-39 chips exposed to a ZrO2-PdD NANOR⃝R -type CF/LANR component exhibiting significant energy. There was a fall-off in pit count with increasing distance from the operating system. Most interestingly, the CR-39 over the device essentially imaged the active CF/LANR device at very low resolution. Large tracks were the most effective for imaging. Smaller and mid-sized tracks appear to be useful for measuring fall off of the chip irradiation as a function of distance. The conclusion is that CF/LANR is a nuclear process, and for this system at this power level, the quantitative amount is measurable in a spatial, controllable, pattern.
Femto-Helium and PdD Transmutation
Authors: Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

Extensive evidence exists for cold fusion to produce transmutation products as well as excess heat. This paper deals with the palladium–deuteride (PdD) structure that is generally modeled with a deuterium-to-helium (D + D ⇒ 4He) cold-fusion process.
Radiation Coupling: Nuclear Protons to Deep-Orbit-Electrons, then to the Lattice
Authors: Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

This paper [1] explores the properties of the tightly bound electrons predicted by the anomalous solution to the Dirac equations. Starting with the assumption that electrons can exist in these deep-Dirac levels (DDLs) with orbits in the femtometer range and ∼ 500 keV binding energies, the electromagnetic radiation fields and their coupling to both nuclear and atomic-electrons are identified. The shapes of both the nuclear potentials and the potential at the bottom of the Coulomb regime have a major role in the coupling between excited nucleons and the DDL electrons. The many orders-of-magnitude differences in frequency of the nucleons, the DDL electrons, and the atomic electrons account for the small interactions under normal circumstances. The changes in these frequencies in radioactive nuclides and for excitation of the DDL electrons account for many of the observed phenomena in cold fusion.
Pictorial Description for LENR in Linear Defects of a Lattice
Authors: Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

This note provides a pictorial description of several new concepts in low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) and thereby provides an image for both theoreticians and experimentalists to better grasp the differences with the old. Recent work on the concept of a ‘linear hydrogen molecule within a lattice defect’ is emphasized by showing how the interatomic spacing of the unusual molecule is no longer bound by the lattice spacing. A concept of the nature of the Coulomb potential for finite-sized charges at nuclear distances is pictured so that people stop clinging to the point- and separated-charge descriptions that are no longer appropriate. A known force, spin-spin coupling, may be important when dimensions approach those of the nucleus. The strong magnetic moment of the electron, indicating the importance of this effect at larger distances, is also pictured.
Hydrogen Embrittlement and Piezonuclear Reactions in Electrolysis Experiments
Authors: Carpinteri A. , Borla O. , Manuello A. , Veneziano D. , Goi A.
Published: December 2024

A great deal of evidence of anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in condensed matter has been observed using electrolysis, fracture (with solids), and cavitation (with liquids). Despite the large amount of experimental results from so-called cold nuclear fusion and Low Energy Nuclear Reaction research activities, researchers still do not understand these phenomena. On the other hand, as reported by most of the articles devoted to Cold Nuclear Fusion, one of the principal features is the appearance of micro-cracks on the electrode surfaces after the experiments. In the present paper, a mechanical explanation is proposed considering a new kind of nuclear reactions, the piezonuclear fission, which is a consequence of hydrogen embrittlement of the electrodes during electrolysis. The experimental activity was conducted using a Ni–Fe anode and a Co–Cr cathode immersed in a potassium carbonate solution. Emissions of neutrons and alpha particles were measured during the experiments and the electrode compositions were analyzed both before and after the electrolysis, revealing the effects of piezonuclear fissions occurring in the host lattices. The symmetrical fission of Ni appears to be the main and most evident feature. Such a reaction would produce two Si atoms or two Mg atoms with additional fragments as alpha particles.
Possibility of Tachyon Monopoles Detected in Photographic Emulsions
Authors: Fredericks Keith A.
Published: December 2024

Low-energy nuclear reaction experiments using photographic emulsions, including those by Urutskoev, et.al, Ivoilov, and others have shown unique particle tracks. Analysis of a sample population of these types of tracks suggests detection of magnetically charged particles with faster-than-light velocities. Particle kinetic energy was estimated from energy deposition and momentum was estimated from track curvature in magnetic fields. Measured values were plotted on a kinetic energy versus momentum graph and were found to fall in the v > c region. Track curvature was found to be parabolic, which is a signature for monopoles. Using the classical theory of tachyons, the plane of parabolic curvature suggests electrically charged tachyons detected as slower-than-light monopoles. Preliminary lower limits for particle mass are found. Further study is suggested to broaden this search.
The Case for Deuteron Stripping with Metal Nuclei as the Source of the Fleischmann–Pons Excess Heat Effect
Authors: Passell Tom O.
Published: December 2024

Evidence is cited from the research literature on metals containing absorbed deuterium supporting the hypothesis that the excess heat episodes observed over the past 25 years are the result of exothermic deuteron stripping reactions with atomic nuclei of the absorbing metal. The deuteron stripping reaction is one in which the neutron half of the mass 2 deuteron is captured by an atomic nucleus while the proton half of the deuteron is ejected, repelled by the coulomb field of the positively charged metal nucleus. This hypothesis provides a plausible explanation why so little external radiation accompanies the episodes of excess heat first observed by Fleischmann and Pons [1]. The reaction products from stable isotopes of the host metal are a proton with energies up to 9.2 MeV energy and a recoiling nucleus with energies of ∼100–to 600 keV. These two reaction products are retained near their birthplace because their range in solids is less than ∼100 μm. The emitted proton is energetic enough to produce by (p,n), (p,α), (p,T), and (p,X-ray), reactions with host metal nuclei and their light-element impurities, the small number of neutrons, alpha particles, tritium atoms (T), and X-rays, occasionally observed associated with deuterated Ti and Pd. The PIXE process (proton induced X-ray emission) is expected in which numerous K, L, and M X-rays of the absorbing metal are produced. For metals with thicknesses of >1 mm the vast majority of such X-rays do not escape the metal. In experiments with foils of the host metal sufficiently thin, low levels of charged particles (mostly protons) have been observed. Some of the observed protons were at energies larger than 3.0 MeV, the largest possible energy of protons from the fusion of two deuterons. Widely observed He4 and tritium are known products of the deuteron stripping reaction with Li6, which is a major constituent of electrolytes and a minor impurity in most metals. In any case, researchers have observed small but definite indicators of nuclear reactions other than d+d fusion in deuterated metals at temperatures not significantly above ambient.
Personal Recollections of John O’Mara Bockris
Authors: McKubre Michael C.H.
Published: December 2024

Nobody contributed more to the development of physical electrochemistry than John Bockris. He did this directly through his thinking, research and teaching, and indirectly through his numerous publications and by taking responsibility for the training of thenextgenerationsofelectrochemistsinEurope,NorthAmerica(twice)andAustralia/NewZealand. Mycareermighthavebeen impossible, and would certainly have been greatly different, were it not for the direct and indirect contributions that John Bockris madetomylifeandlearning. ForthisIameternallygrateful. Somedetailsaredescribed.
Nuclear Exothermic Reactions in Lattices: A Theoretical Study of D–D Reaction
Authors: Frisone Fulvio
Published: December 2024

In this work we try to explain the deuteron–deuteron reactions within palladium lattice by means of the coherence theory of nuclear and condensed matter. The coherence model of condensed matter affirms that within a deuteron-loaded palladium lattice there are three different plasmas: electrons, ions and deuterons plasma. Then, according to the loading percentage x = D/Pd, the ions deuterium can take place on the octahedrical sites or in the tetrahedral in the (1,0,0)-plane. In the coherence theory it is called β- plasma the deuterons plasma in the octahedral site and γ-plasma which in tetrahedral. We propose a general model of effective local time-dependent deuteron–deuteron potential, that takes into account the electrons and ions plasma oscillations. The main features of this potential are extracted by means of many-body theory considering the interaction deuteron–phonon–deuteron. In fact the phonon exchange produces a attractive component between two deuteron within the D2 molecular. This attractive force is able to reduce the inter-nuclear distance from about 0.7 to 0.16 Å. It means that the lattice strongly modifies the nuclear environment with respect to free space. In this way according to deuterons energy, loading percentage and plasma frequency we are able to predict high o low tunneling probability.
On the Path Leading To The Fleischmann–Pons Effect
Authors: Szpak Stanislaw
Published: December 2024

Processes leading to the excess enthalpy production, the Fleischmann–Pons effect, are identified. The thermodynamic treatment [1] is extended to include self-organization. Discussion is limited to cells employing cathodes prepared by the co-deposition process.
O-site and T-site Occupation of α-phase PdHx and PdDx
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

An important study of the solubility of hydrogen in α-phase PdHx and deuterium in α-phase PdDx over a wide temperature range was published by Clewley et al. (J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1: Phy. Chem. Condensed Phases 69 (1973) 449–458). An analysis of the data based on an empirical solubility model based on O-site occupation allows for an understanding of the data at low temperature, but probably is not a good starting place for understanding the solubility at high temperature. We have applied a recently developed empirical model for both O-site and T-site occupation to this data set, and find good agreement between data and a basic version of the model which assumes that the O-site and T-site partition functions are taken to be harmonic oscillator partition functions. Even better agreement is obtained when a more realistic O-site partition function is used. A range of optimum models with different assumptions about the T-site partition function is considered, and it is found to be possible to select one that matches the T-site occupation at zero loading inferred from neutron diffraction measurements of Pitt and Gray (Europhys. Let. 64 (2003) 344). The O-site to T-site excitation energy is assumed independent of temperature in these models, and we obtain specific model values of 105.3 meV for α-phase PdDx and 106.5 meV for α-phase PdHx.
Cold Nuclear Fusion in Metal Environment
Authors: Tsyganov E.N. , Bavizhev M.D. , Buryakov M.G. , Golovatyuk V.M. , Lobastov S.P. , Dabagov S.B.
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses the mechanism of cold fusion with deuterium and other elements implanted in the potential sites of conductive crystals. Cold fusion in metals becomes possible due to the fact that the implantation of atoms in a crystal guides them to their p excitation levels, which are determined primarily by the positioning of free conduction electrons in a zone of potential sites. The excitation energy of the p-states is about 10–14 eV. The excited atoms’ orientation in the crystal is not random but dictated by the crystal lattice’s electrostatic potentials. Calculations show that the transparency of the Coulomb potential barrier, for example, in the case of DD-fusion, increases by about 60 orders of magnitude if two deuterium atoms meet each other in the minima of the conductor’s potentials in the crisscross orientation. Most of the papers are devoted to the process of DD-fusion in the electrolytic saturation by deuterium in crystals, a process that is extensively studied in these experiments. This paper also briefly comments on other experimental results related to cold fusion.
Study on the Phenomenon Reported “Neutron Generation at Room Temperature in a Cylinder Packed with Titanium Shavings and Pressurized Deuterium Gas”
Authors: Asami Takayoshi , Giorgi Giacomo , Yamashita Koichi , Belanzoni Paola
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the authors have intended to ascertain the driving force for an adsorbed deuterium atom or a deuteron to collide in titanium crystal. Recent simulation analysis results, related to the predicted cluster or cell models of deuterium atoms adsorbed in titanium crystal, together with the related calculations by Coulomb formula and Yukawa formula were investigated. Coulomb force working between deuteron–deuteron (d–d) particles is compared with the nuclear force working between them. The change of the force to each of them is evaluated in accordance with the distance between them, near the surface of the atomic nucleus. Taking into account the results of previous studies, it seems that nuclear fusion will occur occasionally without adding any specified energy. We think that there is a possibility of a collision of free deuterons through the medium of a negative charge in a deuterium atom in ligancy 2. On the other hand, we think that if a suitable amount of energy, which is far smaller than that of high temperature nuclear fusion, such as the irradiation of the alternative electromagnetic wave, for example, is supplied to adsorbed deuterium atoms and desorbed deuterons in the titanium (Ti) shavings packed in the experimental cylinder under a pressurized or evacuation condition with a suitable temperature rise, then there also will be a higher probability of nuclear fusion being achieved.
Thermal Analysis of Explosions in an Open Palladium/Deuterium Electrolytic System
Authors: Zhang Wu-Shou , Zhang Xin-Wei , Wang Da-Lun , Qin Jian-Guo , Fu Yi-Bei
Published: December 2024

An explosion occurred in an open Pd/D electrolytic system at a low current density of 62 mA cm−2. The average power was greater than 6.7 W (65 W cm−3 Pd or 430% of input power), and the incubation time was less than half an hour before the explosion. Thermal analysis indicates that the power of the explosion was 5.1–5.5 kW (or 50–53 kW cm−3 Pd), and the event developed in 2–17 s. It is concluded that this explosion was most probably caused by low energy nuclear reactions taking place in the Pd tube cathode rather than by chemical reactions.
Calorimetric and Radiation Diagnostics of Water Solutions Under Intense Light Irradiation
Authors: Bazhutov Yu.N. , Gerasimova A.I. , Evmenenko V.V. , Koretskiy V.P. , Parkhomov A.G. , Sapozhnikov Yu.A.
Published: December 2024

A series of experiments with light irradiation of saltwater solutions and alkalis in special vessels was performed. The sources of irradiation were: a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, a matrix of LEDs, and a laser. All of them were in the red wavelength. Possible calorimetric diagnostics and nuclear radiation (gamma rays, X-rays, and neutrons) were monitored. Liquid scintillation diagnostics of tritium were used. Gamma-ray radiation detection with an NaI scintillation detector, and X-ray radiation detection with Geiger counters was performed. No such radiation was observed. Excess heat was not detected in any experiment. Neutrons were measured with help of 3He counters placed in a paraffin barrel. Small neutron emissions (up to 100 neutrons) was observed in the form of a series of short bursts (lasting a few milliseconds) during some minutes at the background level. The generation of tritium after LED lamp and matrix of LEDs irradiation of water solutions LiOH and Na2CO3has been demonstrated in some experiments.
Current Status of the Theory and Modeling Effort based on Fractionation
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

The theoretical problems associated with excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment were once viewed as insurmountable; nevertheless, some progress has been made in the past quarter century. Conceptually the problem can be split into one area involving new physics which is needed to address the microscopic physics of the reaction process; and a second area involving known physics which allows one to connect with the different practical issues involved in the experiments and observations. We review the ideas and progress first in the area of new physical mechanisms, in which models that describe the down-conversion of the large nuclear quantum allowing for coherent energy exchange of the nuclear energy into vibrational energy. These ideas provide a connection between excess heat experiments with Pd and Ni, with D or a mixture of H and D; experiments where tritium or low-level nuclear emission is seen, and other experiments with collimated X-ray emission. In the area of conventional physics mechanisms, we are interested in the basic physics of PdH and PdD; modeling cathode loading and understanding why some cathodes loaded very poorly in the early days; understanding active sites which we attribute to monovacancies in PdD and NiH; figuring out how active sites are created; triggering excess heat; and removing the helium made in the new reactions.
Cold Fusion – CMNS – LENR; Past, Present and Projected Future Status
Authors: McKubre Michael C.H.
Published: December 2024

A brief overview of the SRI effort over 26 years is provided as a precursor to suggestions on how we might best proceed to validate the vision of Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, and proceed towards its logical conclusion.
LENR Anomalies in Pd–H2 Systems Submitted to Laser Stimulation
Authors: Mastromatteo Ubaldo
Published: December 2024

In a continuation of the research started in the late 1990s at the University of Lecce, and then repeated in 2004, recently in the second half of 2014 in the A.R.G.A.L. lab., it was decided to thoroughly investigate the LENR anomalies of Pd–H2 system (in gaseous environment), having as reference the preparation techniques and surface analysis used in the microelectronics industry, to demonstrate convincingly that material contamination was not affecting the transmutation findings. As previously, the activation of the anomalies occurred during irradiation by low power lasers (633 nm, 1 mW, or 403 nm, 3 mW) on 250 nm thick palladium layers deposited by high vacuum e-beam evaporation on silicon oxide substrates, and with 30 nm of Cr as adhesion layer. In summary we did the following: in a stainless steel chamber filled with hydrogen, through a glass viewport, the sample surface was irradiated for two weeks and then accurately inspected in a SEM equipped with an EDX microprobe. A reference sample was also accurately analyzed before irradiation.
The Center to Study Anomalous Heat Effects [AHE] at Texas Tech University
Authors: Scarborough Tara A. , Duncan Robert , McKubre Michael C.H. , Violante Vittorio
Published: December 2024

The Center for Emerging Energy Sciences at Texas Tech University (CEES) has been established to explore critical parameters in the observation of the anomalous heat effects (AHE). A large number of experiments report the production of heat from metal samples loaded with hydrogen or deuterium in amounts that are often thousands of times greater than the enthalpies of possible chemical reactions. The effect is anomalous because there is no agreed-to mechanism, and particle radiation rates are not reported at levels that are consistent with any known nuclear process.
Fundamental of Rate Theory for CMNS
Authors: Takahashi Akito
Published: December 2024

The condensed matter nuclear reactions (CMNR) are thought to happen for trapped H(D) particles within some chemical (electro- magnetic) potential well with finite lifetime. As the lifetime is much longer than the collision time of two-body interaction of free particles, the CMNR reaction rates are significantly (of the order of 19–20 in magnitude) enhanced if we compare with estimated reactions rates by the two-body collision formula. The basis of CMNR rate theory is reviewed in this paper by extracting essence of the TSC theory tools developed until now. Derivation of Fermi’s golden rule with nuclear optical potential, rate formulas by Born–Oppenheimer wave function separation, estimation of bracket integral of inter-nuclear strong interaction rate, estimation of time dependent barrier penetration probability by the HMEQPET method for dynamic D(H)-cluster condensation/collapse process, and DD fusion power levels as functions of inter-nuclear d–d distance and effective existing (life) time are given. A DD fusion power level of 10 kW/mol-dd-pairs is possible for a 1 pm inter-nuclear d–d distance with 10 ato-seconds lifetime. The level of 2.8 nano-mol 4D/TSC formations/s may release 10 kW neutron-free heat-power with 4He ash.
Quantum Composites: A Review, and New Results for Models for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

A composite is made up of constituent particles; the center of mass dynamics is that of a single particle, and the composite can have many internal states and degrees of freedom. The notion of a quantum composite is foundational to atomic, molecular, nuclear and particle physics; in our view it is also foundational to condensed matter nuclear science. It comes as a surprise that there do not appear to be review papers that discuss quantum composites. Here we first consider elementary particles models, which are used to model composites; the most widely used example is that of the Dirac phenomenology for protons and neutrons. Quantum composite models can be developed from many-particle models, in some cases simply by rewriting in terms of center of mass and relative operators, and in other cases through a reduction or transformation. We have proposed models for anomalies in condensed matter nuclear science which rely heavily on the notion of a relativistic quantum composite. In the nonrelativistic case there is a clean separation of center of mass and internal degrees of freedom, so that any coupling between them must occur through external field interactions. The relativistic composite has a sizeable coupling between the center of mass motion and internal degrees of freedom, which we have proposed is responsible for the anomalies in condensed matter nuclear science. We have developed a new model in which the center of mass dynamics is modeled as nonrelativistic, but the internal structure is kept relativistic; this kind of model is much better adapted to problems in condensed matter nuclear science. Our approach has been strongly criticized, since in a Poincaré invariant theory the center of mass motion separates from the internal degrees of freedom in free space. We are able to rotate out the strongest part of this coupling in free space, consistent with Poincaré invariance. However, in the lattice the problem is in general much more complicated, and more powerful tools are required to diagonalize this relativistic coupling. The spin-boson type of models that we have considered previously for this are the simplest idealized models that can be diagonalized; they describe rich dynamics not present in the free-space version of the problem.
Proton Conductors: Nanometric Cavities, H2 Precipitates under Pressure, and Rydberg Matter Formation
Authors: de Guerville François
Published: December 2024

Proton conductors (PC) are metal oxides often used as solid electrolyte with hydrogen above 400 K, in which anomalous presence increase of several chemical elements and excess heat would have been obtained from near-surface locations. Near the surface of other metal oxides, closely spaced hydrogen at a distance of only 2 pm at least during a fraction of the time has been detected, and has been proposed to be in the form of hypothetical ultradense Rydberg matter H(0). How can H(0) form in PC near the cathode interface? Nanometric cavities (NC) were observed in the PC near their cathode interfaces. These NC would contain H2 precipitates with impurities, under a pressure of the order of 0.1 GPa. Since PC are crossed by a large flux of protons, a simple mechanism is proposed to increase the H2 pressure in these NC rapidly and temporarily well above the PC tensile strength. A second mechanism is then described to turn this H2 into a metallic-molecular state, form a Rydberg matter H(1) and then H(0) with a pressure decrease. In NC, the presence of impurities and the entry of the hydrogen atoms in the form of Rydberg atoms are proposed to decrease the pressure required to form metallic-molecular hydrogen. Finally, different experiments are proposed to test this research approach, particularly by transmission electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy.
CR-39 Detector Track Characterization in Experiments with Pd/D Co-deposition
Authors: SavrasovViktor Andriy , Prokopenko Viktor , Andreev Eugene
Published: December 2024

Four experiments replicating the GALILEO Project were performed. In two of them, excess ↵-particle track density was observed in the CR-39 detectors in comparison with background CR-39 detectors.
Development of a Cold Fusion Science and Engineering Course
Authors: Verner Gayle M. , Swartz Mitchell R. , Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

For three consecutive years, an introductory non-credit short course was taught on the science and engineering of cold fusion (CF). It reviewed its origin, extent, basis and substantial experimental proof of the observed excess energy (XSE) from active cold fusion (lattice assisted nuclear reactions) systems. The range of CF technologies spanned from early aqueous CF/LANR systems to recent day nanomaterials. While academic officials are slow to recognize cold fusion and its viability, the fact is that the subject and its science have entered the academic domain, and students can learn that the phenomenon is real and reproducible.
A Study on the Possibility of Initiating Tungsten Alpha Decay Using Electric Explosio
Authors: Urutskoev L. I. , Filioppov D. V. , Birykov A. O. , Astapenko G. I. , Voitenko D. A. , Markoliya A. A. , Alabin K. A.
Published: December 2024

Experiments with electric explosion of tungsten wires are described. These are intended to check the results of G.L. Wendt and C.E. Irion’s experiments published in 1922. The historical and theoretical background of this study are described in detail. The gas phase formed in the chamber after the electric explosion was carefully studied in the experiments. The results of the study do not contradict with the results of the Wendt and Irion experiments.