bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catecholamine Excretion in Manic-Depressive and Schizophrenic Psychosis and its Relationship to Symptomatology
Authors: Sloane R.B. , Hughes W. , Haust H.L.
Published: April 2017

In a group of depressed manic-depressive patients, urinary adrenalin, noradrenalin, creatinine and volume on admission of the patients to hospital were significantly reduced compared to the values found on their discharge. A small sample of manic-depressed manic patients showed significant elevations in the urinary output of dopamine on both admission and discharge from hospital.

A group of schizophrenic patients revealed no over-all difference between the amounts of adrenalin and noradrenalin excreted at the time of their admission to hospital when they were ‘sick’ and the values found when they were discharged as ‘recovered’. The magnitude of excretion of these two amines by this group was at both stages comparable to that of the group of manic-depressive patients on discharge. There was no correlation between catecholamine excretion and clinically rated thought disorder.

The more anxious manic patients were and the more bodily symptoms they had, the higher their excretion of noradrenalin. In depressed patients the greater the anxiety and depression, the higher was the excretion of all three catecholamines and the fewer were the bodily symptoms.
A Comparison of Two Butyrophenones with Trifluoperazine
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Hrychuk W. , Varsanyi E.I.
Published: April 2017

A small study was carried out to compare the clinical effects of the two butyrophenone compounds, triperidol and haloanisone to those of trifluoperazine, in a population of chronically hospitalized long-term schizophrenics in a closed ward setting. Twenty-seven patients were randomly assigned to one of the three compounds, and treated for a twelve-week period under double-blind conditions.

Observations with a modified PRP rating scale, based on ward nurses' monthly ratings, revealed an over-all improvement after one month of treatment, but differences between the three drugs were not apparent and the over-all decrease of this PRP morbidity score was not sustained in subsequent ratings.

Psychiatrist's ratings on the IMPS revealed several symptom-factor differences with treatment. Between-drug differences on these factors were apparent. They are discussed in terms of the possible differences in type of drug action which they may reflect.

The incidence of parkinsonistic side effects with each drug is presented. In no case did the side effects prevent continued treatment with the compound.
Conscience Operation in a Normal Population
Authors: Ramsay R.W. , Dean G. , Barrie V. , Macintosh B. , Heeren S.
Published: April 2017

This paper started with a survey of some of the theories on the etiology of psychopathy, and our purpose in this project was not to test out various hypotheses on psychopathy, but rather to look at the other side of the problem. If the psychopath has a weak or inadequate conscience, then how does conscience operate in non-psychopathic individuals?

The result showed that about 20% of the deterrent of conscience operation is reflexive, about 20% is because of identification with others, 15% due to fear of punishment, and the rest (45%) is comprised of such categories as ‘validity of achievement’, etc.

In the findings reported in this article, we have supported to some extent Diamond's claims that identification plays a large part in conscience operation, but we found that there are many other dynamically integrated factors making for the successful socialization of non-psychopathic individuals. The cost to the individual in terms of early punishment in learning to be social, and the anxiety caused by the conscience factor could not be measured by our survey, but there is evidence of moral pride in behaviour which is consistent with early training, and satisfaction in doing what is ‘right’, e.g. validity of achievement.

There is no way of knowing how a psychopathic population would have answered the questions on the survey, but from a study of the literature on psychopathy we could speculate with some assurance that the picture of the results would have been very different from those we obtained.

In conclusion we can say that, in contradiction to many criticisms of the untestability of psychoanalytic theories, hypotheses and suggestions for research can be derived from these theories and put to the empirical test to further knowledge in the area of personality dynamics. Very little empirical research has been devoted to the study of the normal, and this study has been an attempt to remedy this deficiency in a small way.
Responsibility and Addiction
Authors: Armstrong John D.
Published: April 2017

In legal practice it is assumed that the ordinary man intends the natural consequences of his acts. When this responsibility is questioned as a result of some change in mental state, a clear cut and absolute statement of presence or absence of mental capacity seems to be expected. This is not necessarily a helpful approach or consistent with clinical observations.

Where the individual is impaired due to alcohol, narcotics, barbituates and other drugs this limitation of mental capacity is rarely total. The situation is similar in states of fatigue, hunger or chronic illness, or even of emotional disturbance.

The problem of impairment, even when only partial, is that a pattern of behaviour may emerge, due to disturbances in perception, judgment, and coordination which are grossly deviant from that of the individual in a sober state and do not represent his desire or intent in that state.

The extent to which this person is addicted and the extent to which permanent brain damage exists also influence the degree of manifest disturbance when alcohol or drugs are used.

These have pertinence in considering the culpability of persons accused of murder and other serious crimes, especially in attempting to determine appropriate sentence or disposal.
Some Observations on Psychopathy
Authors: Mcculloch Donald J.
Published: April 2017

There is no convincing evidence to support the view that antisocial behaviour can be accounted for by reference to concepts such as learning defect, immaturity or lack of moral fibre. The criminal displays behaviour towards authorities identical to that displayed by a patriot in an occupied country towards the enemy. This identical behaviour, it is asserted by some, shows in the one case instability, cowardice, lack of resolve and in the other case, stability, courage, resolve and strength of will. These statements reveal the attitudes and bias of the observer without illuminating the situation of the observed. It is more relevant to examine what the psychopath has learned and the conditions in which his learning took place than to pursue enquiries aimed at demonstrating a learning defect.

The human being is born without the attitudes, beliefs and sentiments towards e.g. property, sexual object etc., which are necessary for his successful incorporation into his ongoing social group. It is the intention of society's socializing agents, the family and the school, to inculcate in the developing human being these necessary attitudes, sentiments and beliefs. Psychopathic personalities are the consequence of the socializing process gone wrong. This paper describes the types of psychopath together with the learning situations which brought them about. The implications for treatment programs are examined.
A Review of Schizophrenia in Childhood
Authors: Alderton Harvey R.
Published: April 2017

Schizophrenia may be viewed as a defect in organization resulting from varying combinations of genetic, organic, intrafamilial and social influences. A number of clinical syndromes are described and their differential diagnosis considered. The clinical picture will usually change as the child grows older. Laboratory investigations including EEG. are not helpful.

At whatever age the schizophrenic child is seen, the following difficulties are most likely to be encountered:

1) Lack of firm self-identity, disturbed body image and lack of clear ego boundaries. This may be directly apparent or may be determined by the use of projective methods or drawings. These difficulties constitute the core problem and are essential to the diagnosis.

2) Dereistic feeling, thinking and behaviour.

3) The simultaneous presence of impaired and precocious psychological functioning.

4) A loss of normal interests or the appearance of unusual or regressive ones.

5) Language disturbances in content or in rhythm, intonation, pitch, stress or volume.

6) Deficient social relationships with impaired capacity to empathize and a tendency to withdrawal. Certainty about individual identity and what lies outside and inside the ego is essential for normal relationships.

Awareness of the changing clinical features of childhood schizophrenia and careful examination for basic problems in identity and distinction of internal and external reality will help in arriving at a diagnosis.
Therapeutic Considerations for Long-Term Services
Authors: Göknar M. Kemal
Published: April 2017

In this paper, work has been outlined as a tried proposal to improve therapeutic efficiency in a long-term service without increasing the number of staff or the facilities. For this purpose all the available human resources have been used, including patients, in a systematic manner. We have found that a therapeutic organization covering totality and branching out into more specified activities according to the patient's particular needs, can help greatly to improve therapeutic efficiency. (See Table III). The staff has to be taught and oriented regarding motivational understanding, by taking part in different activities and by having discussion groups to see themselves and the patients in this challenging job.
Abrupt withdrawal of Chlorpromazine and Thioridazine from Schizophrenic In-Patients
Authors: Melnyk W. T. , Worthington A. G. , Laverty S. G.
Published: April 2017

In this study forty patients were randomly assigned to either a Continuation of Thioridazine or Chlorpromazine Medication Group or to a Placebo Medication Group. Withdrawal symptoms were recorded in a large majority of the Placebo Group. Characteristically, these symptoms no longer occurred after the second week of withdrawal. Symptoms which characterized the patient's illness prior to phenothiazine treatment were observed in 50 per cent of the Placebo Group by the end of the six weeks' withdrawal period. None of the Drug Group showed relapse symptoms.
Psychothérapie Personnelle Du Résident, Dans UN Programme DE Formation Psychiatrique*
Authors: Laporte Jean
Published: April 2017

In this work the author, leaning on personal consideration and individual experience, has tried to stress the importance of the following points:

1) Every psychiatrist, considered as the healer of a human mind, the functioning of which is relatively deviated in regard to an individual and social norm, is forced to utilize psychotherapy as an essential working instrument.

2) This one in turn requires of the person using it that he be an individual harbouring a so-called normal psychic organization, since in the course of treatment he will have to establish himself as a norm of adequate functioning.

3) A personal psychotherapy of the future psychiatrist will enable him to know his weaknesses and to manage and master best his interpersonal and above all professional relations. He will thus perceive more and understand better, the reality of the mentally sick.

4) The knowledge of psychopathology should not be considered complete unless it is at the same time intellectual and affective. If the former can be acquired by study, the latter is directly related to the apprehension of one's own mode of reaction and will not be fully attained without personal psychotherapy. These observations corroborate those of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and the remarks of Karl Menninger.

5) Finally, it seems that a better understanding of mental sickness, besides allowing more efficacious help of the patient, is a precious token in view of an authentic psychiatric science.
Symposium: Conditioning Therapy Operant Conditioning and Some Aspects of the Psychotherapeutic Process
Authors: Sigal J.J.
Published: April 2017

Operant conditioning studies demonstrate that an experimenter can alter the content of verbal communication and other forms of behaviour by the use of minimal cues. Most important is that this can take place without the conscious awareness on the part of the subject. Parallels between studies of operant conditioning and of psychotherapy suggest that operant conditioning may be one of the mechanisms mediating change during psychotherapy without either therapist or patient knowing that this is so. Application of this postulate to the psychotherapeutic process integrates some clinical and experimental findings and should prove a useful addition to the psychotherapist's understanding of factors operative in the psychotherapeutic process.
Rna and Memory: A Re-Evaluation of Present Data
Authors: Enesco Hildegard E.
Published: April 2017

Studies on the beneficial effects of yeast RNA treatment on learning and memory in senile patients and in animal experimentation are reviewed in this paper. Experimental evidence is cited showing that yeast RNA is not incorporated into brain tissue and does not increase brain synthetic activity. Thus the therapeutic effects of RNA treatment cannot be explained in direct relation to the hypothesis that RNA within the brain encodes memory information. Evidence for stimulant action of RNA, mediated by uric acid, its primary metabolite, is presented as the basis for an alternative theory which would explain RNA action in pharmacological terms.
Psychiatric Implications of Religious Conversion
Authors: Allison Gerda E.
Published: April 2017

Some of the literature concerning religious phenomena and conversion experience is reviewed.

Three cases have been described in which there are several common factors leading to religious conversion — a specific unconscious conflict, a conscious conflict with which the individual is actively struggling, adolescence, and a fundamentalist religious belief.

The cases presented are examples of each of three possible solutions to the patient's conflictual dilemma.

A central feature of the psychodynamics in these cases is the resolution of an Œdipal conflict through delayed identification with the parent of the opposite sex.
The Concept — ‘Paranoid’
Authors: Sisler George C.
Published: April 2017

L'article passe en revue certains aspects de l'emploi passé et actuel du terme “paranoide” et examine brièvement les concepts d'étiologie. On constate une variation des critères qui mènent au diagnostic de personnalité paranoïde, d'état paranoïde, de schizophrénie paranoïde et de paranoïa. Ce s'ont là des exemples particuliers des difficultés que présente l'identification des troubles de la personnalité et la différenciation entre la santé et la maladie ainsi qu'entre les psychoses et autres troubles.
Intensive Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia: An Initial Interview
Authors: Hoedemaker Edward D.
Published: April 2017

A brief initial interview with a regressed paranoid schizophrenic woman has been reported. Its contents have been examined with emphasis upon some of the ways in which the patient communicated. Attention has been directed to the demands made upon the therapist-interviewer by the patient's total behaviour. These in the main have been demands for a rigid objectivity and the making of necessary and continuing self-examinations by the interviewer. The self-examinations led to successful empathic contact which has been detailed and explained, as has some of the psychopathology uncovered in the interchanges.
Family Interaction in Schizophrenia
Authors: Coates Donald B. , Mallinson Thomas J.
Published: April 2017

Despite considerable agreement amongst psychiatrists that family relations play a critical role in the post-hospital adjustment of the mentally ill, there is disagreement as to how this operates. Combining clinical and social study methods, a study of this interaction was conducted following the method of Freeman-Simmons in Boston and Brown et al in London. One hundred and twenty-two mental hospital patients, male and female schizophrenics, discharged to families, were followed from the time of leaving hospital for one year. All patients were interviewed in the hospital. Patients were seen with their relatives at home shortly after, and direct ratings of the interaction then made. Subsequently, relatives were re-interviewed, in almost all cases, at the end of the follow-up year. The interaction data consists of: 1) direct observations; 2) attitude of the key relatives regarding their expectations for the patient; 3) systematic description of self and other collected for both the patients and the relatives; and 4) the interviewer's descriptions of the home context, including other family members. Predictive factors of one-year community tenure (expressed emotion of the relative, previous disability, clinical state at discharge) do not hold up for a Canadian population of mixed sex. The over-all rate of hospital return was low for this group, and as many from high risk subgroups returned as from more favoured groups. Particularly difficult to interpret is the finding that patients return to treatment at a constant rate each month. Re-hospitalization follows an acute flare-up, and is a rapid process when once suggested.

In general, the results support the Freeman-Simmons interpretation that post-hospital social performance is closely related to the relatives' expectancy, but that symptomatic course and re-hospitalization are relatively independent of either the relatives' expectancy or the emotional climate in the family.
Rating of Affect in a Family Dialogue
Authors: Berman Graham
Published: April 2017

Experiments were made to determine the amount of agreement between observers who were asked to differentiate and quantify affect in the speakers in a tape-recorded dialogue. It was shown that there is a significant tendency to agreement in these areas in untrained observers, and that the agreement increases slowly with training. Some implications of this work are discussed.
La Famille — Essai D'Interpretation
Authors: Garigue Philippe
Published: April 2017

Although every period in history has been witness to a state of crisis in the family, none has ever known its complete disintegration. Each period of crisis seems to have been followed by a phase of formation of a new family behaviour.

Until now scientific analysis has not succeeded in formulating the causes producing this equilibrium and the alternating disintegration and reintegration of the modes of family behaviour. Our main proposition is that any hypothesis in family behaviour must be able to analyze both the existence of integrated family groups and the phases of disintegration of family behaviour.

The concept of family that we wish to introduce is that of an interrelational system, whose basic elements are the conjugal, parental and sibling relationships. The modes of familial behaviour appear, are transformed and disappear but the family as an interrelational system remains.

The concept of levels of analysis, which follows logically, becomes that of the determinants of familial behaviour, psychosomatic, social and cultural. If each one of the levels of analysis is linked to one of the determinants, and by this fact has a certain autonomous existence, none alone could lead to a generalization nor even a global hypothesis on family behaviour. Moreover, it would be an illusion to present these levels as ‘complementary’ because on the contrary, their very connection shows how much their existence is ‘conflictual’, in the individual as well as in scientific theory. In the present state of research on the family it is impossible to elaborate a general theory by the simple juxta-position of conclusions and findings contributed by different specialists.

The will or the capacity of the individual to maintain a certain family behaviour cannot be restricted to the subjective maturity of his individual conscience. The family situation of each person remains part of a wider interrelational system; the individual act exists in social and cultural conditions of the whole family.

If it is possible analytically to separate the determinants influencing family behaviour into psychosomatic, social, cultural, and the integrative quality of the personality of each member, institutional action on the family is also another determinant, but representing very different possibilities from those usually included in the concept of determinant. This is because institutional action is global, conscious and active.

We are not questioning the validity of scientific research when we emphasize how institutional action, based on this research, is at present in a very ambiguous situation. Firstly, because our scientific knowledge of the family is incomplete. Secondly, because we have not yet developed wide enough general hypotheses to serve as a basis for institutional action of a scientific nature. It is fitting then to emphasize that an institutional action which seeks to be an extension of scientific knowledge, even though it is desirable, is always of a very delicate nature because of the very limitations of scientific investigations.
The Discharged Chronic Patient's Utilization of Health Resources: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Cassell Wilfred A. , Grunberg Frederik , Fraser Howard N.
Published: April 2017

The results of this preliminary study suggest that chronic psychiatric patients upon returning to the community do not pose a burden to physicians. This would appear to apply for at least a two-year period. In the present sample of 211 patients those relatively few exceptions tended to be individuals who developed illnesses requiring either surgical intervention or hospitalization for a major medical condition. One question that arises from the low utilization observed in the present study involves the adequacy of follow-up medical care received by these patients. This area poses problems for future investigation involving clinical work in the field.
Buber behind Bars
Authors: Barker E. T. , Mason M. H.
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the structure and conceptual foundations of an intensive treatment program operated at the Ontario Hospital, Penetanguishene, a 304-bed maximum security institution which receives patients from the courts, reform institutions, and other mental hospitals.

The philosophy of treatment includes the following assumptions:

1) Mental illness is fundamentally a breakdown in the communication between persons.

2) For a sick person, the most helpful experiences are acts of genuine communication — direct encounters — as defined by Martin Buber, in which each turns to the other in his present and particular being, and addresses him without pretence.

3) The patient is the principal agent of therapy. He is equipped to help his peers better in some ways than the professional whose role is seen as an administratively supportive one creating the space in which direct encounter can occur.

4) Every event in a total institution should enhance the treatment goals.

5) The use of force is legitimate in treating patients for illnesses which they do not recognize, in settings where they will be incarcerated until they change.

An outline of the eighty-hour per week compulsory program describes the variety of group interactions, planned and sustained by patient committees with minimal staff supervision. The establishment of fixed pairings for an hour a day, seven days a week indefinitely as a device of confrontation; the use of video tape equipment as a device of observation; the intensive use of hyoscine hydrobromide, methamphetamine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amobarbital sodium, lysergic acid diethylamide as ‘demystifiers’ are sketched. Experiences in the simultaneous treatment of schizophrenic and psychopathic personality types are examined, and the need for the objective evaluation of results is affirmed.

The value of this program is felt to be primarily for those settings where patients are held for long periods of time.
Twenty-Five and Thirty-Five Year Follow up of First Admissions to Mental Hospital
Authors: Beck M. N.
Published: April 2017

This has been a report of a study designed to assess the feasibility of long-term follow-up studies on Prince Edward Island.

Cohorts of patients first admitted to the Island's only mental hospital during the early nineteen-thirties and early nineteen-forties were followed in retrospect in order to determine, a) the course and outcome of the major disorders over periods ranging up to thirty-five years and, b) the long-term effects of these disorders upon the families of the patients.

Needed information was gathered through a review of hospital records, a search for death records and community interviews.

The results of the study suggest that lifetime prognosis in the absence of modern treatment methods may be even worse than believed by most professionals working in the field. As might be expected the outlook was found to be particularly grave for schizophrenia.

Success in following up a very high proportion of the cases over several decades supports the belief that Prince Edward Island offers unusual opportunities for studies of this kind.
Training in Formal Psychotherapy in the Psychiatric Residency Program
Authors: Adamson John D. , Prosen Harry , Bebchuk William
Published: April 2017

This report has been prepared by the Nucleus Committee of the Section on Psychotherapy of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. It is based on a questionnaire study of training in formal psychotherapy in psychiatric residency programs. We received replies from ten of the twelve university centres in Canada which currently have such programs, and from some selected centres in the United States and Great Britain. Our findings support the contention that psychoanalytically-based training in psychotherapy is a generally accepted mandatory feature of residency programs in Canada. This training is carried out in a similar way in both the United States and Canada.

Our study indicated that there is a tendency in Canada for this training not to be as organized as it should be and we recommend that steps be taken to improve this situation. Particular concerns were lack of knowledge of the numbers of patients treated in psychotherapy by a resident during the residency program and the number treated for more than a year.

Stemming from the further discussions of the Nucleus Committee, recognizing the facts that there are a number of different valid theoretical orientations to psychotherapy and that there are differences among centres which lead to different teaching techniques, we also recommended:

a) That the resident be exposed to different theoretical approaches, but in such a way as to avoid excessively confusing him.

b) As one method of achieving objective (a), that a resident receive supervision from at least two different teachers during his residency.

c) That, providing other aspects of the program are adequate, didactic seminars need not total more than forty.

d) Because interviewing skills and psychodynamic understanding are essential skills of the psychiatrist, that whatever the particular orientation and methods pertaining to training in psychotherapy in a teaching setting, the psychotherapeutic approach should pervade the resident's total learning experience.

e) That formal training in psychotherapy should begin in the first residency year, with the practical experience optimally being individualized according to the resident's level of development of psychotherapeutic skills.

f) That the resident should have experience in treating patients in formal psychotherapy for more than a year.

g) Where the resident's experience of psychotherapy deviates significantly from what he can expect when he is fully qualified, that the nature and implications of these deviations be clarified with him by the supervisor (s); these deviations include failure to obtain objective (f), and limitations on psychotherapy that are a direct result of factors that are unique to the training situation.

We also commented on other features of the supervisory role, including responsibilities to patients.
Informal Use of the ‘Interpersonal Perception Method' in Marital Therapy
Authors: Kotkas L. J.
Published: April 2017

A method of exploring interpersonal perceptions in relationships between dyads is described. It is an informal adaptation of a paper and pencil psychological test developed by Laing, Phillipson and Lee. For the theory of relationships as a spiral of perceptions of experienced behaviour, interested persons are referred to the recent book which presents both the theory and the test developed from it. Some general examples are given of the setting and usefulness of this item of technique.
Operant Behaviour Modification Techniques Applied to a Ward of Severely Regressed and Aggressive Patients
Authors: Steffy Richard A. , Hart Joan , Craw Margaret , Torney Douglas , Marlett Nancy
Published: April 2017

Behaviour modification techniques featuring token-economy procedures were used successfully to treat a ward of severely regressed and aggressive female psychotic patients. In case history fashion, this paper has reported on the character of the population treated, the nature of the procedures employed, and a set of outcome measures. The outcome measures reported fall into three classes: 1) target behaviours associated with meal- and bed-time, 2) standardized measures of adjustment and, 3) success rater after a two-year follow up. In the light of the original level of pathology and difficulty in management of these patients and the shortage of personnel to care for them, it has been concluded that these behaviour modification procedures are a most promising therapeutic agent.
Essai Clinique Avec Le Tps-23 Dans Des Cas De Psychose Infantile Et Juvenile*
Authors: Negrete J. C. , Destrooper J. , Leblanc L.
Published: April 2017

A ten-week therapeutic trial with T.P.S.-23 (mesoridazine) was carried out on twelve cases of chronic childhood psychosis. Results showed an improvement in behaviour; the target symptoms most responsible for the differences in scores were anxiety, tension, emotional withdrawal and blunted affect. The clinical picture clearly deteriorated during the two-week period on placebo. There were no major untoward effects other than a case of acute hypotension in one patient, who had to be withdrawn from the trial (an 18-year old boy receiving the fixed maximum dose: 400 mg./day) and a case of preclinical, cellular type liver toxicity, whose origin cannot with certitude be attributed to mesoridazine.
Community Psychiatry — Another Bandwagon?*
Authors: Burrows W. G.
Published: April 2017

The author, from a background of Canadian, British and European psychiatry, reviews the development of community psychiatry in the evolution of psychiatry in the United States. The essential premises of the sub-discipline are examined, with special emphasis upon the concept that mental illness is preventable. Specific aspects of the characteristics of community psychiatry are examined from a critical point of view. Given the need for social change and the improvement of the lot of mankind, the author questions whether the psychiatrist, by reason of his special training, is necessarily the most competent person to plan and institute this social change; suggesting that in certain areas the efforts of the psychiatrist may even obstruct change. When viewed in the total context of psychiatric history community psychiatry, the author suggests, may be yet another retrograde step in psychiatry's peculiar cyclical course. Finally, the author makes a plea for evaluative research to accompany, if not precede, the development of community psychiatry; and, on the basis of the more efficient use of manpower, to explore the possibility of training a new professional to do the greater part of the work currently being delegated to the community psychiatrist.
Psychiatric Study of the Chronic Drunkenness Offender
Authors: Tyndel Milo
Published: April 2017

Pychiatric investigations in a series of 237 chrónic drunkenness offenders (persons who have had repeated convictions for drunkenness in a public place) revealed psychopathology and psychiatric and social disorders in virtually all of the subjects. Half of the subjects were diagnosed as passive aggressive personalities, schizoid personalities or presenting schizophrenic reactions, having in common a high degree of emotional vulnerability, dependence, inability to give rather than take, inability to assume responsibilities society imposes on the adult and a tendency to withdraw under increased stress. Similar features are present, underlying or associated with depression, in those diagnostic categories in which the depressive element plays a significant part—depressive reactions, manic-depressive reactions, cyclothymic personalities and emotionally unstable personalities.

Based on Freud's ideas on civilization and its discontent, the chronic Skid Row alcoholic (who is liable to become a chronic drunkenness offender) is regarded as an individual whose passivity interferes to the highest degree with an adequate response to the frustrating experiences caused by the restrictions on the sex drive and the expression of aggression imposed by civilization. He is using two devices, intoxication and isolation, in his attempts to deal with his emotional and social predicament. These processes are facilitated by the conditions of his social level which makes these modes of adaptation more accessible than others.

The nature of the ‘offence' and problems concerning prognosis and management are discussed.
Characteristics of University Students with Emotional Problems
Authors: Boyce R. M. , Thurlow H. J.
Published: April 2017

In an attempt to further clarify back-ground characteristics associated with emotional problems among university students, forty-nine social and medical variables were selected for study and applied in questionnaire form to three groups of University of Western Ontario students:

1) seventy-three students consulting psychiatric services;

2) one hundred and fifty-three students consulting the Counsellor of the Student Health Service on the campus;

3) a control group of 243 students drawn from the Student Directory, not in 1) or 2) above, representing 243 of 250 questionnaires sent out.

On comparing the three groups, each with the other two, (and repeated for males, females and both sexes combined) 25 of the 49 variables demonstrated significant (p<0.05) differences. The counselled and psychiatric groups (as compared with controls) demonstrated trends toward ‘single' marital status, the arts courses, lower grades, less time studying, more frequent course changes, less extracurricular participation, being in a course not fulfilling father's expectations, fewer ‘definite' religious affiliations, more frequent medical consultations and previous help for emotional problems and several somatic symptoms. Some of these significant relationships were contributed largely by either the males or the females in the samples, i.e. there is a differentiation of some of the findings by sex. On 10 of the 25 variables showing significant differences between groups, the response distribution for the counselled group was intermediate between that for the control and psychiatric groups. The findings were in agreement with previous investigations for most of the variables, and in disagreement for a few. There is evidence to suggest that groups of variables may cluster into syndrome-like patterns.
Verbal Behaviour Changes with Depression Treatment
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Deza P. C. , Silzer J. C. K.
Published: April 2017

Imipramine, amitriptyline and their two desmethylated analogues were compared to a placebo and to each other in terms of serial changes in molecular structure over a four-week treatment period in a double-blind design. Twelve acutely depressed patients were randomly assigned to each drug and to the placebo group. Clinical psychiatric ratings and a measure of verbal responsiveness to selective reinforcement in interviews both showed the active drugs to produce greater change than the placebo. Suggestive differences between the drugs favoured the imipramine-desmethylimipramine series over the amitriptyline-nortriptyline, while desmethylation also appeared to favour the change with treatment towards increased interpersonal responsiveness.
Clinical Experience with Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Straker M.
Published: April 2017

Lithium carbonate is described in this paper as a mood normalizing drug, and recent literature is reviewed and summarized.

Thirty-one patients were treated with lithium in doses of 600–1200 mg daily in order to attain a serum concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 meq./litre.

This drug quickly arrested ongoing manic attacks in eleven patients and, when used prophylactically, has averted expected manic attacks in all 19 cases.

Lithium, used in this way, also averted expected depressive reactions in eleven patients and modified such attacks in the remaining eight patients. Where it did not prevent illness it appeared to facilitate the action of added antidepressive drugs, while not being a potent antidepressive drug when used alone.

Lithium also showed promising results in the treatment of six patients with recurrent depressions and for five patients diagnosed as having schizoaffective reactions.

Careful studies are required to establish whether toxic effects on various organs will emerge after long usage, but lithium carbonate must be regarded as a remarkable addition to the existing list of psychiatric drugs. A full exploration of its clinical application is warranted.
Is there an Ultraconscious beyond the Unconscious?
Authors: Dean Stanley R.
Published: April 2017

The Ultraconscious (nirvana, satori, samedhi, ‘cosmic consciousness’, unto mystica, etc.) is a supra-sensory, supra-rational level of expanded consciousness which has been known since antiquity, yet has received little attention from modern psychiatry. Dr. Richard Bucke in his book Cosmic Consciousness listed the following phenomena at the ultimate peak of ultraconsciousness, regardless of the procedure by which it is achieved:

1) Awareness of intense light.

2) Emotions of supreme rapture and transcendental love.

3) Intellectual illumination and uncovering of latent genius.

4) Identification with creativity, infinity and immortality.

5) Absence of all physical and mental suffering.

6) De-emphasis of material wealth.

7) Enhancement of physical vigour and activity.

8) A sense of mission.

9) A charismatic change in personality.

Freud, through his concepts of free association and the unconscious, dared to challenge the supremacy of pure reason and helped to free psychiatry from the grip of an ‘exact science’, thereby paving the way to greater rapprochement between Eastern and Western thought.

Kelman believes that ultraconsciousness (kairos) can be recognized by the knowledgeable psychiatrist, can be encouraged in the patient and can be an important aid to psychotherapy, for kairos is probably latent in all of us.
Mammy Water: Folk Beliefs and Psychotic Elaborations in Liberia
Authors: Wintrob Ronald M.
Published: April 2017

Beliefs in a spirit called ‘Mammy Water’ are widely shared by the population of the West African Republic of Liberia. Mammy Water is usually described as a beautiful, light-skinned female (spirit), who is particularly vain about her long, flowing hair and her golden comb. It is believed that Mammy Water is attracted by certain men to whom she often appears in the context of dreams, promising to make these individuals rich and famous if they agree to observe complete sexual abstinence with all other women, as well as fulfill other demands she may make of them, such as the offering of sacrifices and the avoidance of alcohol. But while it is believed that contact with Mammy Water can indeed engender material success, failure to comply with her demands can result in financial ruin and serious physical and mental illness.

Research conducted during the author's two years as Director of Liberia's only psychiatric facility, the Catherine Mills Rehabilitation Center, confirmed that some ten per cent of male patients requiring in-patient treatment for psychotic disorders, revealed a system of delusions relating to possession by Mammy Water. In this paper folk beliefs concerning Mammy Water provide the background for a presentation of two cases histories of possession states characterized by psychotic elaborations of Mammy Water beliefs. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the origin, status symbolism, and psychodynamic significance of Mammy Water beliefs for the normal Liberian, as well as for the patient population under study.
The Present Status of Lithium Therapy in Manic Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Roxburgh Peter A.
Published: April 2017

The significant literature on the use of lithium in manic depressive psychosis is reviewed. Lithium is highly effective in a proportion of attacks of mania. Its place in the depressive phase and in prophylaxis is uncertain. Comments are made on its use in these three areas in the light of its established toxicity.
Mourning Processes in Children of Varying Ages
Authors: Mcconville B.J. , Boag L.C. , Purohit A.P.
Published: April 2017

This study appears to support the idea that the patterns of children's mourning are determined by age and developmental stage. Although the criterion group is an unusual one, it is interesting that the number of previous placements did not significantly alter the mourning response. This impression is in part supported by the similarity between the responses of these children to death as compared with those of a group of ‘normal’ children to the death of a school teacher (5). In addition the age differences in notions about death are similar to those found by other investigators (4, 6). Finally, one is impressed by the plasticity of children, as evidenced by the rapid (eight weeks) adaptation to a very striking and threatening event.

In effect it seems most likely that mourning and depressive processes in children — as with aggressive and other affectual processes — are ultimately determined by a complex interplay of cognitive, interactional and intrapsychic factors, varying not only with maturation but also with previous life experiences. While such a formulation is disturbing in its complexity it also indicates further need for interdisciplinary research.
Cognitive Structure and Achievement in the Young Child
Authors: Lester Eva P. , Muir R. , Dudek Stephanie Z.
Published: April 2017

Recent findings from a longitudinal study or early school learning indicate that the Piaget measures of cognitive functioning at the Kindergarten level are reliable predictors of achievement in Grades I and II. Their predictive value remains statistically significant even after the I.Q. effect is ‘partialled’ out. A combined ‘test’ including the best Piaget subtest (Seriation and Time) with the Picture Arrangement from the WISC and the total score from the Lincoln Osseretsky (Motor Development test), when administered at Kindergarten, gives a surprisingly high prediction for achievement at Grades I and II.

The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the Piaget tests at this level tap an important dimension of development, possibly that related to individuation and Ego autonomy.
Enforced Outpatient Treatment of Advantaged Pseudosociopathic Neurotically Disturbed Young Women
Authors: Reckless John B.
Published: April 2017

This paper reviews the psychotherapeutic treatment of twenty-five young women who presented with problems of disturbed and antisocial behaviour including promiscuity, failing in school, alcohol and drug abuse and general social ineptitude. A combination of individual and group psychotherapy was used following an initial period of hospitalization. The principal features of the method were the use of money as a reward for remaining in psychotherapy and reporting regularly for work, together with partial or complete separation of the patient from her parents during psychotherapy. Psychotherapy was used in an active form between the therapist and the patient, and the therapeutic model containing elements of support, insight and direct advice interwoven in a flexible fashion and superimposed on the basis of a warm, real and positive relationship. An enforced program of work or job training was a requirement of continuing the psychotherapeutic relationship with the therapist. The treatment program made it possible to differentiate sociopathic from pseudosociopathic patients, and the results of treatment in the latter group were good. The outcome of therapy in the sociopathic patients was poor. The methods described are offered as a possible model which could be used in private psychiatric practice for patients who have both biological and socioeconomic advantage.
Measuring Interviewing Skill: The Queen's University Interviewer Rating Scale (QUIRS)
Authors: Jarrett F.J. , Waldron J.J. , Burra P. , Handforth J.R.
Published: April 2017

A scale of measuring interviewing skill is described. The process of development of the scale, including the establishment of inter-rater reliability, is briefly sketched.

Application of the scale to medical student performance in interviews revealed that capacity to diagnose and plan management has virtually no relationship to ability to carry out a ‘good’ interview.
Evaluating the Paraprofessional
Authors: Turnbull James M. , Sorenson Edward A. , Hoffman Stephen F.
Published: April 2017

This paper describes a study undertaken to determine the relationship of interviewing skills to age, educational level and intelligence in a class of paraprofessional mental health technicians. These technicians were trained at the U.S. Army Medical Field Service School at Fort Sam Houston, Texas in the fiscal year 1968.

The study indicates that skill in interviewing, as determined by scores obtained on an interview rating guide, are not significantly related to age, educational level or intelligence in the group investigated.
A Five-Year Outcome of Discharged Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Fakhruddin A.K.M. , Manjooran Antony , Nair N.P.V. , Neufeldt Alfred
Published: April 2017

A five-year follow-up study was done on five hundred and eight chronic psychiatric patients, discharged from Saskatchewan Hospital, Weyburn in 1963, 1964 and 1965. One hundred and twenty-seven patients died during this period — 105 were over 65 years of age, with a mean age of 78 years, two patients had accidental deaths, and the rest died of normal causes. No patient committed suicide.

Fifty-five per cent of the patients continually remained in the community during the five years. Forty-five per cent had one or more admissions and of these 74 per cent spent twelve months or less in the hospital. Fifty-four per cent were readmitted within twelve months after discharge.

Twenty per cent of the patients under 65 years of age were employed full-time for forty-eight months or more.

Two patients affected the social life of their family and one affected the health of the family.

Continuity of care was provided to 80 per cent of the patients by the community mental health clinic.

Chronic psychiatric patients can thus be kept in the community, causing minimum liability to the family and the community if continuity of care close to their residences is provided for them.
Senile Dementia and Normal Aging
Authors: Kral V. A.
Published: April 2017

Recent clinical anatomical and experimental studies seem to indicate that senile dementia is not the final outcome of normal cerebral aging but seems to be a disease process which is different from normal aging, although structural changes such as those found in the brains of senile dementia patients may also be found in the brains of normal old people but to a much lesser degree. Physiological cerebral aging may be one factor but apparently not the decisive one in the etiology of senile dementia. A genetic disposition, as well as stress endured in the remote or recent past, may be of greater etiological importance.