bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

1. The erythrocytes of splenectomized dogs show increased resistance to the action of hypotonic salt solutions and to specific hemolytic immune serum. The degree of resistance appears to increase with the length of time that has elapsed after splenectomy.

2. This increased resistance of the erythrocytes is not due to an increased antihemolytic power of the animal's serum or to a diminished complementary value of the serum, but is a property depending upon the erythrocytes themselves.

3. Non-splenectomized animals receiving a single injection of specific hemolytic immune serum and developing a temporary anemia show likewise on recovery an increased resistance of the corpuscles without the presence of antihemolysin in demonstrable amount.

4. As anemia of varying grade is a characteristic result of splenectomy, it would appear that the increased resistance of the corpuscles is a concomitant of the regeneration of the red cells following such anemia and is thus analogous to the increased resistance of such cells not infrequently observed in various forms of experimental anemia.

5. There is no evidence to indicate that the anemia after splenectomy is due to the presence of hemolytic bodies, or that the increased resistance of the cells is due to antihemolytic bodies, accumulating in the serum as the result of the ablation of the spleen. It is evident therefore that the spleen in some way controls or regulates blood destruction (and regeneration ?), and in the hope of throwing light on the subject, an investigation of the bone marrow and lymph nodes of splenectomized dogs is now under way.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Pearce Richard M. , Austin J. H.
Published: June 2004

In a large proportion of dogs that have been splenectomized for periods of two weeks or more, one finds a great increase in the number of endothelial cells of the lymph nodes. In most splenectomized dogs that succumb to an injection of hemolytic immune serum within forty-eight hours, the sinuses of the lymph nodes contain large numbers of endothelial cells, phagocytic for red cells. This is not seen in normal dogs receiving hemolytic serum. Likewise a similar power of phagocytosis is seen frequently in the stellate cells of the capillaries of the liver. Both in the lymph nodes and the liver these cells appear to be formed in situ; we find no evidence that they have been transported to these organs.

Such findings suggest the development of a compensatory function on the part of the lymph nodes and possibly of the liver. Normally the spleen contains cells which have the power to engulf and presumably to destroy the red blood corpuscles. In certain pathological conditions this function is frequently greatly augmented and may sometimes be shared by the lymph nodes, for example, in typhoid fever, as was first clearly shown by Mallory. Our observations suggest that in the absence of the spleen, this function of forming red blood corpuscle-phagocyting cells, normally a minor activity of the lymph nodes, becomes highly developed in the latter organs, and that these cells, and the stellate cells of the liver, thus assume, in part at least, the function of destroying red blood corpuscles by phagocytosis.

In view of the somewhat limited material at our disposal, we offer this, not as definitely conclusive, but as evidence which, in connection with the work of others, is highly suggestive of the possibility of the lymph nodes assuming some of the function of the spleen.

Whether this activity of the endothelial cells of the lymph nodes and the liver has any bearing on the anemia that follows splenectomy and on the occurrence of spontaneous jaundice in the late periods after splenectomy, is not yet clear.
NITROGEN RETENTION IN THE BLOOD IN EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE NEPHRITIS OF THE CAT
Authors: Folin Otto , Karsner Howard T. , Denis W.
Published: June 2004

It will be seen that uranium nephritis, which involves both tubules and glomeruli, the former more markedly than the latter, produces a marked accumulation of nitrogen in the blood. Chromate nephritis, which involves almost exclusively the tubules, produces only moderate retention of nitrogen. Cantharidin nephritis which involves both tubules and glomeruli, the latter more severely than does uranium, produces a marked accumulation of nitrogen, beginning early and persisting for a considerable period. The experiments were controlled by testing the blood of normal cats kept under the same conditions, these animals showing only slight variations from day to day. This general statement is in accordance with the physiological classification of these nephritides except that the retention in uranium occurs at an early stage, where, according to the physiological studies of Schlayer and his associates, and of Pearce, Hill, and Eisenbrey, the vascular changes have not as yet appeared. It must be noticed that in the three types of nephritis that form the subject of this investigation, anatomical study shows the glomerulus to be distinctly involved in the two forms where accumulation of nitrogen in the blood is most marked, a condition indicating that although almost pure tubular involvement produces only moderate accumulation, the additional involvement of the glomerulus is extremely important in leading to a retention of nitrogenous waste products.

The accumulation of non-protein nitrogen in the blood and tissues is not large when compared with the total intake or elimination of nitrogen, and consequently it is practically impossible by means of ordinary nitrogen equilibrium experiments to demonstrate the fact of the retention, to say nothing of determining the degree of accumulation of waste products accompanying nephritis. That both can be demonstrated by the method employed in this research is clearly shown by the figures recorded ablove.
ABSORPTION OF ARSENIC FOLLOWING INTRA-MUSCULAR INJECTIONS OF SALVARSAN AND NEOSALVARSAN
Authors: Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

Intramuscular injection of salvarsan and neosalvarsan in rabbits always produces necrosis of the muscles. A much more intense reaction is produced by salvarsan than by neosalvarsan.

The rate of absorption of arsenic following intramuscular injections of salvarsan is very slow, while following intramuscular injections of neosalvarsan between 75 and 85 per cent of the arsenic is absorbed during the first week. The subsequent absorption is quite slow.
VARIATIONS IN A CHICKEN SARCOMA CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: Rous Peyton , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

Variations are described which have from time to time occurred in the structure and behavior of a transplantable, spindle-celled sarcoma of the fowl, a growth caused, as elsewhere shown, by a filterable agent. Of late the growth has frequently given rise to fatal hemorrhages from its substance. In some of the recent, rapidly growing tumors the cells have tended to be spherical, showing only a very tardy and imperfect differentiation to the spindle form. A giant-celled form of the growth is sometimes met with. Despite their diversity the tumors grade into one another and in the final analysis are all to be considered as spindle-celled sarcomata. Attempts to obtain an action of the etiological agent upon cells other than those it usually affects have failed, as have attempts to bring about changes in the histology of the sarcomata by attenuating the agent.

Some of the lesser morphological variations in the sarcoma are undoubtedly due to local conditions in the host, and of the more important changes some have been associated with an increase in the growth's malignancy. For others the determining conditions have yet to be discovered. On the whole the variations described are not more marked than those occasionally manifested by the transplantable mammalian tumors, and traceable to the changes in a single strain of tumor cells during their propagation in successive hosts. In mammals the ultimate reason for these changes is not known. In the case of the chicken tumor some of them are undoubtedly the expression of changes in the growth's causative agent.
THE REACTION OF THE LUNGS TO THE INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF KILLED VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI AND OF PLAIN STERILE BOUILLON
Authors: Wollstein Martha , Meltzer S. J.
Published: June 2004

The experiments show that intrabronchial insufflation of a culture of virulent pneumococcus killed by heat and still containing stainable organisms produces an inextensive, mild, patchy, superficial inflammation of the lung tissue bearing no similarity to the lesions produced by the living pneumococcus, and that insufflation of sterile bouillon causes a pronounced congestion of the lung tissue with which it comes in contact, sometimes lasting for forty-eight hours.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES UPON CANCER CELLS AND NORMAL CELLS
Authors: Lambert Robert A.
Published: June 2004

1. In primary cultures sarcoma cells exhibit a much greater activity than do normal connective tissue cells grown from the adult blood vessel; there is a shorter latent period, ameboid phenomena are more marked, and cell multiplication proceeds more rapidly.

2. In secondary cultures sarcoma cells are less active than in primary cultures; connective tissue cells, on the other hand, show a markedly accelerated growth.

3. Connective tissue cells are more easily propagated over long periods in vitro than are sarcoma cells; they multiply actively in cultures more than three months old.

4. The method of tissue cultivation is well adapted to the study of normal and pathological cell division; the nuclear changes are easily discernible in the living cell as division proceeds, and staining methods may be applied to verify observations upon the unstained structures.

5. Atypical mitoses of several kinds are found in cultures of sarcoma cells but are not seen in growths of connective tissue.

6. The time required for division in rat connective tissue cells kept at body temperature (38° C.) varies within relatively narrow limits (twenty to fifty minutes); sarcoma cells, on the contrary, exhibit marked variations and several hours may be required.

7. In studies upon living cells amitotic division has not been observed in either normal or tumor tissue. Evidences of nuclear budding, however, with the formation of cells containing several nuclei of irregular size have been noted.3 The development of a cell with two nuclei from a mononuclear cell by mitotic division of the nucleus without division of the cytoplasm has also been observed.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF SCARLET FEVER TO THE LOWER MONKEYS
Authors: Draper George , Hanford John M.
Published: June 2004

1. The reported successful transfer of scarlet fever to both higher and lower monkeys is not definitely established.

2. In the course of the experiments here reported, the infectious agent can be assumed to have been carried over to the monkeys. The failure to cause infection probably proceeds from the insusceptibility of the monkeys employed, or to the manner of introducing the agent.

3. The temperature curve and leucocyte count of monkeys are unsatisfactory criteria for the diagnosis of disease in those animals.

4. Monkeys frequently have transient blotchy, erythematous eruptions on the face and neck, and almost always a bran-like desquamation.

5. Monkeys are highly resistant to infection with microorganisms from human beings.
EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Montgomery Charles M.
Published: June 2004

It is obvious, as stated in the beginning, that these experiments have failed to reproduce a chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Acute pneumonic processes of tubercular origin are, however, not infrequent as a complicating or terminal process in pulmonary phthisis, and there have been several cases described in which individuals have died with the symptom complex of acute lobar pneumonia, in which it developed at post-mortem examination that the disease was tuberculosis. Our experiments throw some light on debated questions in connection with these acute pneumonic forms of phthisis.

In our experiments we believe that we have effectively reproduced this exudative type of tuberculosis of the lungs. This type of lesion may, in the light of our experiments, result from the sudden bronchogenic invasion of large numbers of virulent tubercle bacilli in a relatively resistant animal.

The large mononuclear cells so frequently encountered in the exudate seem to be brought there chiefly from outside.1 As Orth found when studying human material, it is difficult here also, to exclude the possibility that similar cells may result from the desquamation of alveolar epithelium.

The tubercle bacillus alone, without the aid of secondary infection, is competent to produce a type of lesion which leads to necrosis of the bronchi, and by discharge of the necrotic material to cavity formation. As judged by our experiments the bronchi are less resistant to involvement in the necrosis than are the blood vessels or pleural surfaces.

The fact that by the method of bronchial insufflation of Lamar and Meltzer a characteristic tuberculous pneumonia may be produced makes it probable that the lobar pneumonias generally are of bronchogenic origin.
THE ACTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS ON BLOOD
Authors: Butterfield E. E. , Peabody F. W.
Published: June 2004

The reduction of the oxygen capacity which occurs after incubating pneumococcus cultures with washed rabbit corpuscles is due to the formation of methemoglobin (or some derivative of hemoglobin with identical optical constants for three regions in the spectrum). The substance which induces the change is also present in the sterile filtrate of autolyzed cultures. By analogy we feel justified in concluding that the mechanism of the reduction of the oxygen capacity in human lobar pneumonia is at least in part of the same nature. To determine the frequency and intensity of the phenomenon in lobar pneumonia, and thereby to establish its clinical significance, is the next step and a problem upon which we are now engaged.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION TO THE CIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEY PRODUCED BY EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE TOXIC NEPHROPATHY
Authors: Ghoreyeb Albert A.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits may have spontaneous nephropathy and show no casts or albumen in the urine.

2. If we leave out of consideration rabbits 17, 18, 19, and 20, which were perfused with Adler's solution, and rabbits 8, 9, 17, 18, and 28, which were injected subcutaneously with potassium chromate, rabbits 49 and 73 show that spontaneous nephropathy offers some impediment to the perfusing serum.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS
Authors: Kline B. S. , Winternitz M. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits recovering from one attack of experimental pneumonia possess an active immunity. Such animals may subsequently withstand repeated increasing doses of pneumococci intratracheally.

2. Death may supervene after any one of subsequent injections, but it seems to depend partly upon the chronic changes in the cardiorespiratory apparatus. It may at least be said that it is usually unassociated with a septicemia which is an invariable accompaniment of fatal primary lobar pneumonia.

3. The serum from animals actively immunized by the repeated intratracheal inoculations with pneumococci may be used successfully to confer a passive immunity against the homologous organism.
A STUDY OF THE ADDITION OF CHOLESTERIN TO THE ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF TISSUES USED FOR ANTIGENS IN THE WASSERMANN REACTION
Authors: Walker I. C. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. The addition of cholesterin to an alcoholic extract of heart or fetal liver increases the antigenic value of the extracts in the Wassermann reaction.

2. The optimum amount of cholesterin to be added to heart extract or fetal liver extract was found to be 0.4 per cent.

3. Cholesterin-heart extracts are superior to cholesterin-liver extracts and to alcoholic extracts of syphilitic livers, as well as to ether extracts of dried hearts.

4. Cholesterin-heart extracts prepared from different human hearts are practically equal in anticomplementary and antigenic value. Similar extracts prepared from guinea pig hearts have the same antigenic value as those prepared from human hearts. Both the human heart and the guinea pig heart extracts are superior to beef heart extract when the same amount of cholesterin is added to each of the extracts.

5. In testing blood serum for diagnostic purposes, it is not safe to use more than one fourth of the anticomplementary dose of the 0.4 per cent. cholesterin heart extract. In the work here presented, this consisted of a 1 in 10 emulsion.

6. In testing cerebrospinal fluids, 1 in 10 emulsions give slightly better reactions with smaller quantities of the fluid than do 1 in 6 emulsions.

7. Because of the simple preparation, the superior antigenic property, and the constant antigen value of cholesterin-heart extracts prepared from human hearts, we agree with McIntosh and Fildes that this form of extract fulfills the requirements of a standard antigen.
MALARIAL PIGMENT (HEMATIN) AS AN ACTIVE FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE BLOOD PICTURE OF MALARIA
Authors: Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

1. Intravenous injections of alkaline hematin in the rabbit produce an anemia the severity of which is proportional to the amount of hematin injected and the susceptibility of the animal.

2. Hemoglobinemia is an occasional consequence of hematin poisoning.

3. The leucocytes in hematin intoxication are usually increased in number and are always characterized by a high percentage of large mononuclear cells and by pigmented phagocytes.

4. The platelets are markedly reduced by alkaline hematin and ultimately a prolongation of the coagulation time of the blood and of the bleeding time results.

5. The anemia, the hemoglobinemia, the high percentage of large mononuclear leucocytes, the destruction of platelets, and the tendency to hemorrhage in malaria are all influenced by the malarial pigment, hematin.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE LATE GLOMERULAR LESIONS CAUSED BY CROTALUS VENOM
Authors: Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

The acute exudative glomerular lesion of the rabbit's kidney caused by crotalus venom does not lead to a subacute or chronic glomerulonephritis. The hemorrhagic lesion of the glomerular tuft may show a process of repair characterized by the ingrowth, into the hemorrhagic masses, of endothelial cells from the uninjured part of the tuft. This process is, however, more analogous to the organization of a red thrombus than it is to any form of glomerular lesion known in man, and can hardly serve as an experimental demonstration of the mode of development of a subacute or chronic glomerular nephritis.

On the other hand, crotalus venom causes a persistent albuminuria and extensive tubular degeneration and cast formation, with death, preceded by great emaciation, after five to six weeks.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE RELATION BETWEEN PROTEID CLEAVAGE PRODUCTS AND ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Auer John , Van Slyke Donald D.
Published: June 2004

Examination of the anaphylactic lung by means of Van Slyke's amino nitrogen method gave no evidence of an increased amount of proteid cleavage products of any kind in this organ. This investigation gives no support to the hypothesis that the true anaphylactic lung of the guinea pig is caused by proteid split products.
A NOTE ON THE FATE OF TARTRATES IN THE BODY
Authors: Underhill Frank P. , Wells H. Gideon , Goldschmidt Samuel
Published: June 2004

Under the experimental conditions outlined, sodium tartrate subcutaneously introduced into rabbits fails to reappear in the urine. It is concluded that the disintegrative influence of the salt upon the convoluted tubules is sufficient to account for the failure of the salt to be eliminated.

No evidence of a vicarious function on the part of the glomerulus was observed.
A STUDY OF RENAL SECRETION DURING TARTRATE NEPHRITIS
Authors: Underhill Frank P. , Wells H. Gideon , Goldschmidt Samuel
Published: June 2004

After the intravenous introduction of a solution containing sodium chloride and urea into the rabbit during pronounced tartrate nephritis, all the chloride reappears in the urine within forty-eight hours. On the other hand, the nitrogen of the urine remains far below that usually eliminated by the normal animal under the experimental conditions; in other words, little or none of the urea injected is excreted by the kidney.

In the light of the histological findings these results are interpreted to mean that under normal conditions chlorides and water are passed through the glomerular mechanism, whereas urea becomes a urinary constituent by way of the convoluted tubules. These results constitute a direct confirmation of the older observations of others concerning the elimination by the kidney of the substances under discussion.

No evidence was obtained that the glomerulus may take over the function of the tubular epithelium.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FLUID MEDIUM ON THE SURVIVAL OF EMBRYONIC TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Lambert Robert A.
Published: June 2004

1. Embryonic chick and rat tissues preserved at temperatures ranging from –7° to +20° C. live longest at about +6° C. The duration of life under the most favorable conditions is less than twenty days.

2. The kind of isotonic medium used,—plasma serum, Ringer solution, or normal salt solution,—does not appreciably influence the period of survival. The quantity of medium in proportion to tissue is similarly without marked effect.
REGENERATION OF AXIS CYLINDERS IN VITRO
Authors: Ingebrigtsen Ragnvald
Published: June 2004

It has been shown for the first time that nerve fibers grow out from pieces of cerebellum of young cats and guinea pigs, when cultivated in coagulated plasma.

The same phenomenon has been observed in cultures of spinal ganglia.

The nerve fibers do not anastomose and they extend into the plasma unaccompanied by structures of any kind.
RESISTANCE TO A TUMOR-PRODUCING AGENT AS DISTINCT FROM RESISTANCE TO THE IMPLANTED TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Ultraviolet light rapidly kills the cells of a transplantable sarcoma of the fowl without notably injuring the etiological agent associated therewith. The Roentgen ray has little effect on either cells or agent.

Fowls manifest two sorts of resistance to the avian tumor, one directed against the implanted tumor cells as such, the other against the action of the etiological agent to cause a neoplastic change. In the individual fowl the two resistances appear to be independent of one another, though they may exist together or may both be absent. A recognition of them will perhaps explain some features in the biology of other tumors.
AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ANAPHYLACTIC RABBIT
Authors: Auer John , Robinson G. Canby
Published: June 2004

Electrocardiographic examination of rabbits during the anaphylactic reaction revealed marked and various changes of the heart's activity in twenty-two out of twenty-four animals. Changes occurred in fatal as well as in non-fatal cases, after the vagi were cut as well as when they were intact. Cardiac disturbances are thus a practically constant result of serum anaphylaxis in the rabbit. It therefore is possible that anaphylaxis plays a role in the causation of certain cardiac derangements in man.
THE COMPARATIVE VIABILITY OF PNEUMOCOCCI ON SOLID AND ON FLUID CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Gillespie L. J.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci, when freshly isolated from the body, are able to live and multiply when a small number of them are inoculated into a small amount of broth. If, however, the inoculations are made in large amounts of broth, many more bacteria must be inoculated in order that they may grow.

2. It requires much smaller numbers of pneumococci to start a growth on agar than are required to start a growth in broth.

3. This predilection for solid medium disappears when the bacteria are grown for some time outside the body.

4. This phenomenon is not dependent on differences in chemical composition between the two media employed or on the presence of more available oxygen in one case than in the other.

5. It is probably dependent entirely on physical differences in the two kinds of media, and bears some relation to the differences in possibilities for diffusion in the two media.
INTRAPERITONEAL LYSIS OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Manwaring Wilfred H. , Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: June 2004

1. Tubercle bacilli injected into the peritoneal cavities of tuberculous guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys, rapidly disappear from the peritoneal fluids, while persisting in the peritoneal fluids of normal control animals.

2. This disappearance is in part due to an adhesion of the injected bacilli to the peritoneal leucocytes and a fixation of the leucocytes on the omentum.

3. The injected tubercle bacilli can be recovered quantitatively from the peritoneal cavities of normal guinea pigs from one and one half to two hours after the injection, while from tuberculous guinea pigs only 65 per cent. of the bacilli can be recovered at this time.

4. Isolated peritoneal tissues from tuberculous guinea pigs have the power of destroying tubercle bacilli in vitro.

5. A second factor reducing the number of tubercle bacilli free in the peritoneal fluid is therefore an actual lysis of the bacilli.

6. The intraperitoneal lysis is not due solely to substances present in the circulating fluids, since the phenomenon cannot be produced by these fluids in vitro, and since a lytic power cannot be passively conferred even by a direct transfusion of blood from tuberculous to normal animals.

7. The intraperitoneal lysis is apparently due to specific changes in the fixed peritoneal cells of the tuberculous animals.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Krumbhaar Edward B. , Musser John H. , Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

In the splenectornized dog the anemia caused by hemolytic poisons (hemolytic immune serum and sodium oleate) and by bleeding is of a severer grade, runs a longer course, and is accompanied by a less rapid regeneration of the blood than is the case in the normal dog. Also in the splenectomized dog, especially after the use of hemolytic serum, the leucocytosis is greater than in the normal animal.

The splenectomized dog almost uniformly exhibits an increased resistance of the red cells to hypotonic salt solution, but after the administration of hemolytic poisons, and especially hemolytic serum, this increased resistance disappears and a decreased resistance persists for long periods of time. The same change occurs in the normal dog, but in the latter the return to the previous degree of resistance is more rapid than in the splenectomized animal.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON GOITRE (SO CALLED THYROID CARCINOMA) IN BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS)
Authors: Marine David
Published: June 2004

1. Goitre in fish is a non-infectious, non-contagious, symptomatic manifestation of a fault of nutrition, the exact biochemical nature of which has not been determined.

2. Feeding the highly artificial and incomplete diet of liver is the major etiological factor in bringing about this fault of nutrition which is at once corrected by feeding whole sea fish.

3. Water plays no essential part in the etiology, transmission, or distribution of the disease in the fish of this hatchery.
OBSERVATIONS ON TETANY IN DOGS
Authors: Marine David
Published: June 2004

Accessory parathyroid tissue unassociated with the thyroid lobes is present in 5 to 6 per cent. of dogs. For the determination of the presence of accessory parathyroid tissue there are two tests: (1) the anatomical, often entailing serial sections of the neck and upper thoracic structures, and (2) the biological, consisting of the daily use of some calcium salt for two to three weeks. The latter is more easily carried out and more accurate. In the absence of all parathyroid tissue calcium salts will not save the animal's life, while in the presence of active parathyroid tissue calcium will save it. Many factors other than the amount of parathyroid tissue removed influence the onset of tetany, among which are age, pregnancy, lactation, rachitis, the administration of sulphur, and diet.

Pregnancy and lactation tetany in dogs resembles in all essentials parathyroid tetany. Our observations are in harmony with those who hold that the thyroid and parathyroid are independent structures as regards their anatomy, physiology, and pathology. The removal of the parathyroids immediately lowers alimentary sugar tolerance, but rarely to the degree of constant glycosuria.

In sharp contrast with thyroid substance in myxedema, the feeding of parathyroid substance fresh or dried by mouth is of no value in the parathyroid tetanies of dogs.

Calcium salts have a striking palliative effect on parathyroid tetany and preventative action in tiding over otherwise fatal cases, but are in no sense curative. The mode of action is unknown. There is some evidence that calcium salts directly influence the parathyroid gland.
THE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IN THE EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF ALBINO MICE WITH BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Margot Arthur Georges
Published: June 2004

Infection of rats and mice with Bacillus tuberculosis (bovine type) develops a splenic tumor as a typical lesion.

Removal of the spleen from mice (albino) greatly increases their resistance to the infection. This increased resistance cannot be explained at present. The infection in the splenectomized mice tends to remain localized as contrasted with an almost septicemic type of disease which is usual in the normal animal. The animals of each group that live more than thirty days are apt to present typical exudative lesions. The removal of the spleen does not therefore grossly change what may be called the capacity of the body for exudation.
FERMENT-INHIBITING SUBSTANCES IN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William
Published: June 2004

1. Tubercle bacilli contain unsaturated fatty acids which, when saponified, have the property of inhibiting the action of trypsin and leucoprotease.

2. In proportion to their iodin value these soaps are more active as inhibiting agents than the soaps prepared from linseed, olive, and cod-liver oils.

3. The activity of the soaps is dependent on the presence of unsaturated carbon bonds.

4. Saturation of the soaps with iodin destroys their inhibiting action.

5. Soaps probably play an important part in the production of the condition known as caseation in tuberculosis.
THE INDOPHENOLOXYDASE CONTENT OF TISSUES FROM RABBITS INFECTED WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Medigreceanu Florentin
Published: June 2004

1. The action of indophenoloxydase is generally diminished in the tissues (liver, renal cortex, heart muscle) of rabbits that die of pneumococcus septicemia. The diminution is more frequent and marked in the liver and kidney than in the heart muscle.

2. The diminished activity of indophenoloxydase becomes more evident when the tissues undergo autolysis. At 37° C. this ferment is much more easily destroyed in the tissues of the infected animals than in those from normal control animals (tables I, II, III, and IV). Exceptions are rare and they occur chiefly with the heart muscle.

3. Normal rabbit tissues, inoculated in vitro with pneumococcus culture, do not lose their indophenoloxydase much more quickly than do the normal controls, when they are kept either at room temperature or at 37° C. (tables IV, V, VI, and VII).

4. It is therefore probable that the diminished activity of the indophenoloxydase of tissues from rabbits with pneumococcus septicemia is not due to the presence of the pneumococcus in these tissues, but that it is associated with a pathological change in the animal cell during life.
OBSERVATIONS ON A STRAIN OF SPIROCHÆTA PALLIDA ISOLATED FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Nichols Henry J.
Published: June 2004

A strain of Spirochœta pallida isolated from the nervous system has shown the following constant characters: (1) thick form; (2) the production of hard, well demarcated lesions with necrotic centers; (3) a characteristic location of the lesion; (4) a short incubation period; (5) a tendency to generalize with lesions of the skin and eye, following local inoculation of the testicle and scrotum.

It is suggested that these characters constitute a definite strain of highly invasive power and that a classification of members of the pallida group may be made in accordance with this power.
A NOTE ON NITROUS OXIDE AS AN ANESTHETIC IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
Authors: Dolley David H.
Published: June 2004

Nitrous oxide, administered by means of the Gatch apparatus, as a preliminary anesthetic to ether has been found to be superior for the dog in rapidity of action, in promotion of ease of handling, and in absence of disorder; the anesthesia may be maintained solely by nitrous oxide in combination with oxygen; it is economical; and its use is instructive to students from closer imitation of current surgical methods.
A STUDY OF THE FERMENTS AND FERMENT-INHIBITING SUBSTANCES IN TUBERCULOUS CASEOUS MATERIAL
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William
Published: June 2004

1. Caseous matter obtained from lymph glands which have not become secondarily infected contains substances which inhibit enzyme activity. These substances consist chiefly of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids.

2. The inhibiting substances are present in relatively smaller amounts when the caseous matter has become secondarily infected. This is probably due to the dilution and washing out of the soaps.

3. Ferments are either entirely absent or present in very small amounts, unless the caseous matter has become secondarily infected.

4. Caseous material from the lungs contains smaller amounts of the inhibiting substances. This may be due to the acuteness of the process, which does not permit an accumulation of the soaps, or to the binding of the soaps with the ferments.

5. Ferments are present in caseous pneumonia. In the whole emulsion the ferments are less active in an alkaline than in an acid reaction; but removal of the soaps shows that those active in an alkaline reaction are also present in considerable amounts.

6. The previous treatment with iodin of caseous matter from both lymph glands and lungs increases the action of the trypsin.
PENETRATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

The virus of poliomyelitis introduced into the blood may pass indirectly by way of the cerebrospinal fluid to the interstices of the central nervous organs.

To reach the cerebrospinal fluid the virus must first penetrate the barrier of the choroid plexus, which operation requires time. By the inoculation test, no virus was detected in the fluid at the expiration of 48 hours, only small amounts at the expiration of 72 hours, while at the expiration of 96 hours the virus had passed more freely. The virus was still detectable in the fluid at the onset of paralysis 19 days after the intravenous injection.

Pathological conditions of the leptomeninges and the cerebrospinal fluid play an important part in the pathogenesis of epidemic poliomyelitis.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA ON MEDIA CONTAINING VARIOUS ANILIN DYES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AN ENRICHMENT METHOD FOR TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID BACILLI
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Pratt Josephine S.
Published: June 2004

Several green dyes show a marked selective action for members of the typhoid-paratyphoid-colon group. This can be used for the enrichment of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli present in feces. Forty dyes were tested with thirty strains covering all types of pathogenic bacteria. In general the dyes restrained the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria but had no effect on the growth of the Gram-negative group.
OVARIAN INFECTION IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL AND DIRECT TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE TO THE OFFSPRING
Authors: Rettger Leo F.
Published: June 2004

Ovarian infection and germinal transmission of disease have been conclusively demonstrated in our investigations of bacillary white diarrhea in the common domestic fowl. The disease, which has caused so much loss to the poultry industry in recent years, primarily affects young chicks that are but a few weeks old.

Chicks which survive frequently become permanent bacillus carriers, the ovary being the important seat of infection. The eggs from such carriers often harbor the organism of the disease in the yolk. Chicks that develop in infected eggs become in turn infected, and have the disease at the time of hatching. The disease is transmitted to normal chicks through the infected droppings; thus an epidemic is produced, and the cycle of infection is completed.

There is no evidence to indicate that germinal transmission through the male takes place. In view of the frequent negative results bearing on this question it seems probable that it does not.
THE RECOGNITION OF THE CHOLERA VIBRIO
Authors: Craster C. V.
Published: June 2004

Cholera-like non-agglutinating vibrios are invariably found in the intestinal contents of healthy persons, and frequently in the water of wells and rivers, during epidemics of cholera. Although many of these saprophytic vibrios are indistinguishable in morphology and cultural properties from the cholera vibrio, the negative reaction with an anticholera serum has readily differentiated them from the Asiatic vibrio. The biological polymorphism of the cholera vibrio has been suggested by the development of agglutination, by special methods of culture, in cholera-like vibrios. Confirmatory Pfeiffer reactions have not been obtained, as a rule, in these instances, probably because of the low virulence of the vibrio culture, although positive bacteriolysis in vitro (Bordet's test) was observed in some, and in others positive complement fixation and cross agglutination indicated the cholera nature of the vibrios in question.

Although it cannot as yet be definitely proven, we are justified in suspecting that cholera-like vibrios which eventually develop agglutination properties are of a true cholera nature. It is probable that the production of agglutination antibodies in the serum brings about the development by the bacterial cell of defensive anti-agglutinins, resulting in the disappearance of agglutinating power. In the case of the water vibrios, changed physical conditions could bring about a similar alteration in biological properties.

It may be said that the absence of agglutination in a vibrio isolated from a suspected source does not define conclusively its noncholera nature. In all probability among a number of cholera-like vibrios isolated from suspected sources a certain percentage will eventually be found to develop agglutination either during laboratory cultivation or by means of animal passage, and until subjected to a procedure that will induce the return of agglutination no vibrio can be regarded with assurance as of a truly saprophytic variety.
A RESEARCH UPON ANÆSTHESIA
Authors: Wood H. C. , Carter Wm. S.
Published: June 2004

The conclusions which have been reached by the series of experiments recorded in the present memoir are:

First. Lowered arterial pressure has a comparatively feeble effect upon the respiration, but when the pressure falls sufficiently, respiratory depression does occur.

Second. Even excessive lowering of blood pressure primarily stimulates the vaso-motor centre, the sensibility of the centre being evidently necessary to the automatic regulation of the circulation.

Third. The circulation recovers itself more slowly after profound etherization than after a like chloroform narcosis.

Fourth. It is possible for ether as well as chloroform to produce death some hours after the cessation of its administration, at a time when the cerebrum has long freed itself from distinct evidences of the narcotic, so that consciousness and intellectual action have been restored.

In applying these conclusions to the subject of practical anæsthesia it is evident that the depression of the circulation produced by chloroform has effect upon the respiratory centres only when the pressure has fallen very low, and whilst it may be a factor in the production of respiratory failure during chloroformization, the failure must be chiefly due to the direct influence exercised by the drug upon the respiratory centres.

Clinical experience shows that nausea and general depression are more pronounced after the use of ether than after the use of chloroform, a difference which is strongly insisted upon by the advocates of chloroform as an important agent in favor of that anæsthetic. Our research confirms clinical observation, and experimentally shows that the depression of the circulation produced by ether is more permanent than that caused by chloroform; the reason probably being the large amount of ether which is necessary to produce profound narcosis, with lowering of the arterial pressure; an amount so large that it can neither be burned up in the system nor yet eliminated in the time which would be necessary for the much smaller amount of chloroform to be gotten rid of after chloroformization.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE RELATION OF THE INHIBITORY TO THE ACCELERATOR NERVES OF THE HEART
Authors: Hunt Reid
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in Part IV of this paper show that in whatever manner the problem of the relation of the vagus to the accelerators is approached, whether the accelerators are stimulated during a stimulation of the vagus, or the vagus during a stimulation of the accelerators, or both are stimulated simultaneously, either for a short or for a longer period, the result is the same, viz., the effect upon the rate of the heart is determined entirely by the relative strength of the stimuli applied to the two nerves. If the stimuli are of approximately the same strength, as judged by the effect of stimulating the nerves separately, the rate of the heart is but slightly affected; if the stimulus applied to the vagus is the stronger, the heart is slowed; if it is weaker, the heart is accelerated. In all cases the result of stimulating the two nerves simultaneously is approximately the algebraic sum of the results of stimulating them separately; sometimes the inhibitory effect slightly predominates, but not more frequently than does the accelerator effect. Moreover, the two nerves may be stimulated simultaneously for a considerable period of time without either completely overcoming the effect of the other.

Thus as far as their effect upon the rate of the ventricular beat is concerned, the vagus and accelerator nerves seem to be purely antagonistic; the statement that a minimal stimulation of the one can completely overcome a maximal stimulation of the other is undoubtedly incorrect, and the hypotheses as to the mode of action of these nerves upon the heart, based upon this statement, lose their chief support.
A GRAPHIC STUDY OF TREMOR
Authors: Eshner Augustus A.
Published: June 2004

From our observations I think the following propositions are justified:

(1) All muscular movements are made up of a series of elementarycontractions and relaxations in alternation, which may be appreciable as tremor in conditions of both health and disease.

(2) The differences between different tremors are of degree rather than of kind, i. e. no one form of tremor is distinctive of any one disease or group of diseases.

(3) No definite relation exists between one form of tremor and any other.

(4) The frequency of movement is in inverse ratio to the amplitnde and vice versâ.

(5) Habitual movements are performed with greater freedom from tremor than unusual movements.

(6) There is no material difference between the movements of the two sides of the body, except as related to Proposition (5).
ON A METHOD OF ISOLATING AND IDENTIFYING BACILLUS TYPHOSUS, BASED ON A STUDY OF BACILLUS TYPHOSUS AND MEMBERS OF THE COLON GROUP IN SEMI-SOLID CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Hiss Philip Hanson
Published: June 2004

Semi-solid culture media, and more especially media rendered semi-solid by temperatures of from 30° to 40° C., seem to have an important bearing in the differentiation of bacterial species, particularly those presenting various degrees of motility.

In such media not only the effect of differences in consistence on the motility of an organism may be noted, but the effect produced by various chemicals and nutrient ingredients on the growth and motility may be readily observed.

By systematically varying the constituents of such media it has been possible to produce a medium in which the behavior of Bacillus typhosus differentiates it from the various members of the colon group; and also to produce a medium in which the colonies of Bacillus typhosus assume a form which distinguishes them from the colonies of the colon bacilli in plate cultures.

Bacillus typhosus alone of all the organisms investigated during these experiments has displayed both the power of giving rise to thread-forming colonies in the plating medium and that of the uniform clouding of the tube medium, hence these two characters may prove to be of great value in the identification of this organism.

The practical application of the use of these media has led to the ready detection of Bacillus typhosus and its isolation from the stools of patients suffering from typhoid fever.

No suspected water has been subjected to test, but from the investigation of artificially infected tap-water the media here described may be assumed to have an application in the detection of Bacillus typhosus in such waters.
PATCHING AND SECTION OF THE PULMONARY ORIFICE OF THE HEART
Authors: Tuffier Theodore , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

These experiments show that it is possible to perform an operation, the object of which is to increase the circumference of the pulmonary orifice without involving much danger to the life of the animal. It is probable that operations of this type may come to be employed in the treatment of stenosis of the pulmonary artery in man.
THE MECHANISM OF ANAPHYLATOXIN FORMATION
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William
Published: June 2004

1. The unsaturated lipoids (serum antitrypsin) can be adsorbed from guinea pig serum, rabbit serum, and horse serum by kaolin, starch, agar, and bacteria.

2. Diphtheria toxin and cobra venom also reduce the serum antitrypsin, possibly because of their affinity for lipoids.

3. Anaphylatoxins represent sera rendered toxic by partial removal of serum antitrypsin.

4. The matrix of the protein split products lies in the serum proteins so exposed.

5. The amount of removal of serum antitrypsin depends on definite quantitative relations; very large amounts and very small amounts of adsorbing substances are least effective (kaolin, starch, and bacteria).

6. Bacteria previously treated with serum or with oils do not adsorb serum antitrypsin.

7. Bacteria treated with serum become more resistant to the action of trypsin.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS IN CHRONIC INFECTIVE DEFORMING ARTHRITIS AND ARTHRITIS DEFORMANS
Authors: Hastings T. W.
Published: June 2004

1. From a comparison of the results with arthritis deformans recorded in tables III, IV, and VI, and with the control cases recorded in table VII, one is justified in concluding that Streptococcus viridans is an infectious agent and excites the production of a complement-fixing substance (fixateur) in the organism in cases of arthritis deformans, and, therefore, Streptococcus viridans is the probable causative agent of the disease in many cases of arthritis deformans. Probably 40 per cent. and more of cases of arthritis deformans should be considered as chronic infective deforming arthritis.

2. Rarely the clinical manifestations of arthritis deformans may be due to gonococcus infection.

3. The serum from one case may react positively to two different organisms, most frequently to Streptococcus viridans and to gonococcus, when the reaction to the former should be considered the indicator of the causative agent, since with the latter infection is often latent in the genito-urinary tract. Incidence of gonococcus infection is high and the clinical manifestations of arthritis deformans are rarely produced by gonococcus infection.