bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power Competition and Exploitation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Dragsbaek Schmidt Johannes
Published: February 2022

Understanding the economic and political dimensions of imperialism requires a careful theoretical reading and close empirical study of the historical phases involved. This chapter critically examines the historically and contemporary implications of how Southeast Asia was incorporated into the world market. It traces how the rival colonial powers established exploitative mechanisms in order to extract surplus value from the region. US imperialism in the form of export of capital and production did not replace the European former colonial powers but became a supplement to Japanese and British economic imperialism in the region. This chapter challenges the conventional wisdom that American economic imperialism and hegemony was benign and not based on the British and Japanese use of brute force and conquest. In contrast to this view, the chapter argues that American monopoly capital expansion should be viewed by its ‘essential oneness’ between economic, political, and military-strategic objectives/tendencies.
Capitalism, Imperialism, and Crises
Authors: Moosvi Shireen
Published: February 2022

What is now called a ‘business cycle’ or a periodic revisiting of crises, each marked by sudden spurts of bankruptcies and sharp descents in market prices, has been a regular feature of the history of capitalism, even in its mercantilist and early colonial phase—its beginning marked, for example, in England, by the ‘South Sea bubble’ of 1720. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in England in the latter half of the eighteenth century, the periodic crisis became one of production, that is, of a huge apparent mismatch between excessive supply and receding demand. This chapter attempts to place the recurring economic crises that have occurred during the history of modern capitalism in the changing contexts of capital accumulation and investment, and changing forms of imperialism. It discusses the work of several economic theorists, including Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, J. A. Schumpeter, Rosa Luxemburg, V. I. Lenin, and Arghiri Emmanuel. The chapter suggests a theoretical question: Would a socialist economy, if fully industrialized, also be subject to fluctuations resembling capitalist trade cycles?
Southern Africa
Authors: Jacobs Ricado , Martin William G.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how imperialism has formed the region of Southern Africa and how the peoples of the region have over the last century constituted a major anti-imperialist force. This complex narrative traces the historical periods of imperialist rule and accumulation, from the formation of a regional mineral-labour network in the late nineteenth century to contemporary ‘neo-liberal’ forms of imperialism; the multitudinous, region-specific, forms of value extraction from natural resources, industrial enterprises, to financial and commercial flows; South Africa’s changing role as the centre of the region; transitions in northern rule and rivalry, from British to American to new intrusions from Asia; the new wave of accumulation by extraction in the region; and the failure of opposition by postcolonial states and the emergence of new movements from below (e.g., urban, land, worker).
Asymmetric Interdependence
Authors: Castro-Rea Julián
Published: February 2022

It is commonly accepted that North America is a lopsided global region, where a global hegemon imposes its will over two weaker neighbours that depend on its every whim and action. However, this vision misses the crucial contribution that Mexico and Canada have historically made, and still make, to the expansion and current prosperity of the United States. Measured in terms of territorial outreach, natural resources, specialized or manual labour, markets, defence, and so forth, the United States would not be what it is now and couldn’t thrive as an ongoing global power without the contribution of its two immediate neighbours. This chapter reviews the historical evidence and the contemporary record to demonstrate that North America is a global region where interdependence, although asymmetric, has been and still is a basic defining issue.
Colombia and OECD
Authors: Camilo Rojas Brayan , Vivares Ernesto
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how institutional imperialism technically shapes and politically frames national development in the dynamic relations between the world order and regions. The investigation focuses on the political economy of Colombia’s incorporation into the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) between 2010 and 2018. Departing from a critical global political economy (GPE) approach, the investigation critically explores the role assumed by the OECD as neutral and purely technical, analyzing the dynamics of power in the intersections of domestic-international economics. It shows how the OECD technically shapes and politically frames national development in key areas that define the international insertion of the country into the world economy, with domestic laws based on the Washington Consensus and post-Consensus. Three major conclusions are reached. The first is that international organizations can determine domestic policies of development with the aim of inserting peripheral countries within an imperialist economy so as to facilitate the transfer of value, as is shown to be the case with Colombia. The second contribution is how multilateral recommendations become central conditionalities that define the relationship between the international organization and the state but are presented as neutral and technical standards. Finally, the chapter describes how this dynamic of imperialist economic integration took form in several domestic policies in Colombia, presenting them as ‘better policies for development’.
Land Grabbing in Southeastern Europe in Historical Context
Authors: Mandaci Nazif
Published: February 2022

Recent studies on land grabbing in Southeast Europe suggest that parts of the region are re-experiencing in the post-socialist era what happened in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries due to the decline of the Ottoman land tenure system, under identical conditions involving fundamental sociopolitical transformations and integration with global capitalism. During these historical phases, the processes of enclosure developed in varying degrees in accord with the topographical and societal conditions of the societies as well as geographical proximity to the European capitalist centres. Today, despite growing connections with the European Union, the whole region has remained on the periphery of the capitalist Western European core, which is specialized in technology and knowledge, while retaining the position as agrarian societies and neat providers of raw materials and food to industrialized Western centres. This chapter suggests that although the regime types governing those nations change throughout historical phases, primitive accumulation practices that harm the small peasantry have been sustained so far under different banners. Land grab in those countries also invokes a public passivity, which symptomizes the prevalence of a historic bloc—as coined by Gramsci—regarding the unquestionability of the liberalization on the land system and intra-EU market dynamics and consequently the current practices of enclosure that turns land into a fictive financial asset favouring beneficiaries other than the local peasantry.
Eastern Europe’s Post-Transitional Integration into Western Economic Relations through Social Labour Recognition
Authors: Rubinić Ivan , Tajnikar Maks
Published: February 2022

Hypothesizing that fostering trade facilitates synergic growth and that convergence can overwhelm initial development differences, eastern nation states abandoned their production modes to become part of the European economic area. Accordingly, this chapter furnishes an answer to the question of whether or not the transition rendered an asset or a liability, concerning newly integrated states. Consequently, the transition process is investigated as the principal engine behind the unequal labour exchange, whereas its success is weighted against the extent of cross-country differences regarding social labour recognition. The study reveals the transition countries have experienced a radical capital intensity increase and suffered from below-equilibrium prices obtained at the commodity markets. It appears that the transition countries are homogenizing and catching-up with Western countries. However, this process is far from over and is hindered by the persisting unequal relations, enabling the west to exploit international inequalities and exercise economic dominance over the east.
The Hegemony of the Global Exploitation of Humans and Nature
Authors: Brand Ulrich , Wissen Markus
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of the ‘imperial mode of living’ as a contribution to current debates on imperialism. The term points towards the norms of production, distribution, and consumption built into the political, economic, and cultural structures of everyday life for the populations of the Global North. And it works, increasingly, in the countries with ‘emerging economies’ of the Global South, as well. After an introduction of the historical situation into which the chapter intervenes with the term, the meaning of the concept and its analytical use value are outlined. The chapter concludes with a brief remark on the relationship between class (structures) and the imperial mode of living.
Making Space in Canadian Sociology
Authors: Watts Vanessa
Published: February 2022

Indigenous Peoples have been studied by governments and social scientists (largely anthropologists) for over two centuries. Indigenous Peoples in Canadian sociology have historically been imbedded into the discipline as an unsolved problem of modernity. Indigenous social lives are therefore largely constructed through markers of success and failure situated within a settler-colonial lens. Further, sociological notions of “society” and “culture” are largely defined by the interrelations between humans only, limiting considerations of other-than-human relations on societal formations and the dynamics therein. Through a discussion about epistemology, ontology, and other-than-human relations, this chapter examines the ways in which Indigenous worlds both conceive of societal formations and articulate social events.
Gender, Epistemic Violence, and Indigenous Resistance
Authors: Moodie Nikki M.
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to gendered differences in work, poverty, and violence experienced by Indigenous People and the limitations of sociology in explaining Indigenous Peoples continued dispossession and oppression. The chapter also provides an overview of the contribution of Indigenous feminisms and queer Indigenous studies to broader thinking on gender, coloniality, and First Nations sovereignty. Integral to this analysis is the colonial imposition of gender binaries and the gendered violence of settler-colonial societies, which is central to the formation of such states, their spatiotemporalities, and the ongoing oppression of Indigenous Peoples and our lifeworlds. Central to the focus of an Indigenous sociology of gender are myriad forms of resistance to epistemic violence, anchored in tradition and by normative systems, and essential for the maintenance and reinvention of Indigenous futures. This chapter provides an introduction to Indigenous scholarship on gender and sexuality, gendered structures of historic and contemporary violence toward Indigenous Peoples, and maps the resistance of gendered identities as fundamental to the resurgence of Indigenous lifeworlds.
Deep Consciousness and Reclaiming the Old Ways
Authors: Baltra-Ulloa Joselynn
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the parallels of being a Mapuche woman in Chile and being an Aboriginal woman in Australia. Aboriginal women in Australia and Mapuche women in Chile are at the bottom of the racial hierarchy, and both are most fiercely ignored and subjugated. Indigeneity in the life context of these women is a triple burden: burdened with the gender disparity as a woman, burdened with Western feminism largely devoid of an Indigenist perspective, and burdened by the legacy of colonization and its daily reenactments. Against this sociocultural, political, and economic backdrop, Mapuche and Aboriginal women rise daily, and have done so for millennia, as storytellers, healers, and activists, sharing the Dreaming and the wisdom of ancestors. They activate, educate, and lead their communities, reclaiming culture and a oneness with nature. From the periphery of the current world order, the Indigenist female Other tells very different stories about the grand challenges that humanity faces in the 21st century. What, then, can we learn from these women? What can we unlearn from these women? In this chapter, these questions are explored by sharing what these women live by: a deep consciousness that reclaiming old ways can lead a global paradigm shift.
Indigenous Societies and Disasters
Authors: Lambert Simon
Published: February 2022

Colonization can be interpreted as a disaster with a fixed beginning but an indeterminate end, whose very purpose was to dispossess, disarm and, if necessary, destroy Indigenous Peoples. Disasters therefore continue to fall disproportionately on disempowered Indigenous communities, families, and individuals—and Indigenous vulnerability is the corollary to settler colonial, capitalist, and neoliberal resiliency. Although Indigenous Knowledges can and do contribute to better disaster risk reduction (DRR), it is not obvious that the ongoing deployment of Indigenous Knowledges will prevent or even mitigate disasters for Indigenous communities. Positioning Indigenous Peoples as inherently resilient risks reifying the status quo of vulnerability and diverts attention from a key sociological component of resilience to disasters, namely sovereignty.
European Peace Movements since 1914
Authors: Clinton Michael
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses developments in European peace advocacy and protest since 1914. During this period, two wars of unprecedented destruction and brutality, shifting political circumstances, and a dizzying pace of technological innovation influenced how Europeans thought about peace and how to transform it from a utopian vision into the status quo. The ideological orientations, forms of organization, and modes of action of the peace movements that arose in Europe over the course of the turbulent past century were as new as the circumstances that shaped them but also reflected a long tradition of ideas, approaches, and institutions pertaining to peace.
The Search for Peace in Europe
Authors: Bricker Renee A. , Proulx Michael
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the history of peace in Europe beginning with an early sixteenth-century call to religious freedom that culminated in the late nineteenth century with widespread peace movements. It investigates how traditional nation-state methods to resolve war through treaty and diplomacy conflicted with popular notions of peace, leading to protests of the marginalized in their efforts to transcend negative peace and counter militarism. Within each era, traditional centers of authority were challenged by historically ignored voices in social movements protesting for a new relationship within societal and political constituencies. This contribution highlights how peace worked at the intersections and fissures during the great upheavals of the Reformations, Age of Enlightenment, and the Age of Imperialism.
Word-meaning access
Authors: Rodd Jennifer M.
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the process by which stored knowledge about a word’s form (orthographic or phonological) maps onto stored knowledge about its meaning in adult comprehenders. This mapping is made challenging by the ambiguity that is ubiquitous in natural language: most familiar words can refer to multiple different concepts. This one-to-many mapping from form to meaning within the lexicon is a core feature of word-meaning access. Fluent, accurate word-meaning access requires that comprehenders integrate multiple cues in order to determine which of a word’s possible semantic features are relevant in the current context. Specifically, word-meaning access is guided by (i) distributional information about the a priori relative likelihoods of different word meanings and (ii) a wide range of contextual cues that indicate which meanings are most likely in the current context.
The neural basis of word production
Authors: Nozari Nazbanou
Published: February 2022

Traditionally, psycholinguistic models and models of speech motor control have approached the word production process from different angles and have remained, to a large extent, separate from one another. Ultimately, however, the process entails the entire pathway from semantic processing to articulation: producing a word from meaning requires activating a concept, retrieving the word, selecting its segments, ordering those segments into the right sequence, and finally articulating them with the correct timing. This chapter reviews the neural basis of word production from the complementary perspectives of the psycholinguistic literature and the speech motor control literature.
Learning and Using Written Word Forms
Authors: Treiman Rebecca , Kessler Brett
Published: February 2022

Over most of human history, knowing a word has involved knowing its phonological form. Nowadays, for people who are literate, knowing a word means knowing its written form as well. The goal of this chapter is to discuss how people learn and use these forms. The chapter begins by considering how writing systems represent language in a visual form. The next section of the chapter takes up the processes that are involved in skilled reading, considering how experienced readers perform the secondary linguistic task of reading as well and quickly as they do. How children learn to read and spell is also considered. The final section of the chapter discusses how the learning of orthographic representations can affect the mental lexicon.
On The Dynamics of Lexical Access In Two or More Languages
Authors: Kroll Judith F. , Bice Kinsey , Botezatu Mona Roxana , Zirnstein Megan
Published: February 2022

The most provocative finding about bilingualism in the last two decades is that both languages are active even when bilinguals intend to use one language alone. When bilinguals hear, read, or speak words in one language, form, or translation, relatives of those words in the other language become momentarily available. The way bilingual speakers negotiate the competition produced by cross-language interactions has profound consequences for language processing and for the cognitive and neural mechanisms that it engages. In this chapter, we review the most exciting of these new discoveries. We consider how the context of language immersion induces dynamic changes in lexical access, how the native language may change, how new learning is influenced by language experience, and how brain activity reflects these consequences. These findings expose the way that bilingualism reveals the relations between language and cognition in a manner that is impenetrable in speakers of one language alone.
Introduction
Authors: Rossol Nadine , Ziemann Benjamin
Published: February 2022

The introduction to the Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic identifies key trends in the historiography on this period of German history and suggests that rather than using ‘Weimar’ as a cipher for the current problems of parliamentary democracies in the West, historians should focus on strategies to historicise the specific predicament of the first German democracy and the expectations and experiences of its citizens at the time. The first section charts the arguments and narratives of landmark general histories of the era by West German historians that were published during the 1980s and early 1990s. The second section discusses key historiographical trends since the 1990s, when historians reformulated the notion of a ‘crisis’ of the republic and applied different approaches to the Weimar Republic that offer a more open interpretation of Weimar's society and political processes. A final brief section explains the remit, structure, and selection criteria of this handbook. Ultimately, the formation of the Nazi dictatorship in 1933 was not a predetermined, but a contingent outcome, with alternatives open right up to the last minute on 30 January 1933, yet historians need to continue to account for the developments that led to this moment.
The Ethics of Predictive Policing
Authors: Hadjimatheou Katerina , Nathan Christopher
Published: February 2022

Predictive policing using complex algorithms is on the rise. It involves the use of data-analysis tools and empirical research to formulate and validate predictions. In this chapter, the authors focus on two kinds of ethical issue this raises. The first is the way that such algorithms can absorb and then amplify existing biases and prejudices. The second is the way that predictive policing can lead to improper restrictions of liberty, overriding our norms concerning the need for individualized suspicion and respect for autonomy. Neither is a necessary consequence of predictive policing. Nonetheless, there are good reasons to institute ways to counteract these effects in a proactive way.
Automation and the Future of Work
Authors: Danaher John
Published: February 2022

Advances in automation threaten to radically alter the workplace of the future. What implications does this have for the ethics of work? For better or worse, work plays a central role in distributing goods to people in the modern world. This includes the good of income, of course, but it also includes meaning-related goods such as a sense of purpose, mastery over some skill set, social contribution, and social status. Will automation rob large numbers of people of these goods too? What can be done to compensate them for these losses? Reviewing the possibilities, this chapter ultimately argues that the best way to mitigate these losses might be to transition to a post-work society.
Mainland Southeast Asia’s Earliest Kingdoms and the Case of “Funan”
Authors: Manguin Pierre-Yves , Stark Miriam T.
Published: February 2022

Archaeological research across mainland Southeast Asia on the transition to history has fundamentally altered scholarly reconstructions of the region’s first millennium AD states. One of these, Funan, has been the subject of historical and archaeological analysis for more than a century. This chapter reviews colonial scholarship on Funan and on the Mekong Delta, and contextualizes postcolonial archaeology within a regional and temporal framework of increasing connectivities (both coastal and riverine). Archaeological research on the period from circa 500 BC to AD 500 offers new perspectives on the origins, structure, and demise of Funan as an historical polity and as one of Southeast Asia’s best documented early states. Funan as a complex polity and its new urban forms emerged before “Indianization”; the new state was neither strictly maritime-oriented nor externally created: its inhabitants also practiced deep-seated traditions that looked inland and along the Mekong and its tributaries, and the agricultural development of the delta was clearly a major (possibly short-lived) achievement.
Early States in Myanmar
Authors: Hudson Bob
Published: February 2022

Following centuries of settlement intensification in Upper Myanmar (Burma) during the Iron Age, urban centers, many enclosed by brick walls, began to appear in the early centuries of the first millennium AD. Settlement characteristics include monumental architecture, management by a power elite, water control systems, coinage, literacy, and a calendar. From around the tenth century AD a power group based at Bagan began to expand militarily and administratively until by the thirteenth century, inscriptions and religious artifacts found over much of the area encompassed by modern Myanmar show that a kingdom had incorporated the culturally related but politically independent city-states that had preceded it.
Community Engagement and Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asian Archaeology
Authors: Acabado Stephen , Lauer Adam , Martin Marlon
Published: February 2022

The diverse archaeology and colonial history of Southeast Asia have influenced ideas of cultural heritage. From policy to general perception to academic discourse, discussions of cultural heritage are as diverse as the population of Southeast Asia. Archaeology, however, is in the best position to contribute to these discussions, as the discipline is primarily concerned with tangible heritage, and archaeologists frequently work with descendant communities. This aspect of archaeology, commonly referred to as public or community archaeology, is a significant shift in the practice of the discipline. With the active involvement of stakeholders in our work, communities are able to relate the long forgotten past to their cultural identities, empower them to own their past, and provide a better appreciation of the work of archaeologists. This chapter calls for an engaged Southeast Asian archaeology to develop a more nuanced discussion on cultural heritage. It focuses on work with the Ifugao (Philippines) as a case study to highlight the importance of community involvement.
Coastal Settlement in Thailand
Authors: Higham Charles F. W.
Published: February 2022

During the last Ice Age, the sea level was over 100 meters lower than at present, and a vast low-lying continent, known as Sundaland, stretched from the Gulf of Siam to northern Borneo and eastern Java. This allowed transit to Australia, and presumably settlement, by the Anatomically Modern Humans who expanded out of Africa at least 60,000 years ago. With global warming, the sea rose higher than its present level, and by 5,000 years ago, it was forming raised beaches. Being a particularly rich environment, these attracted settlement. Excavations of two sites, Nong Nor and Khok Phanom Di, have illuminated hunter-gatherer adaptations to a marine environment that contrasts radically with that of the small groups of foragers identified in inland rock shelters. The hunter gatherers of Khok Phanom Di, however, were overtaken when Neolithic rice farmers occupied the site.
Cereals of Southeast Asia
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q. , Castillo Cristina
Published: February 2022

Rice is the most important cereal in Southeast Asia today. Archaeobotanical evidence in mainland Southeast Asia suggests that this has been the case over the past three and a half millennia. Archaeologists have tended to emphasize the central role of rice in the origins and dispersal of agriculture, as well as how irrigated rice formed the foundation of states throughout mainland Southeast Asia. However, there are many other cereals that are traditionally cultivated in Southeast Asia or adjacent parts of China and India. This chapter provides an overview of the early history and past distribution of cereals of Southeastern Asia, highlighting how little is known about many of them, and a summary of the current evidence for origins and spread of rice and foxtail millet, the best known cereals from archaeobotanical evidence in Southeast Asia.
The Neolithic of Mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Higham Charles F. W.
Published: February 2022

The transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture took place over millennia in northern China, where millet was the mainstay, and the Yangtze River Valley, where rice dominated. Plant and animal domestication, known as the Neolithic Revolution, stimulated population growth and the expansion into territories occupied still by hunter-gatherers. By 2000 BC, early Neolithic groups were reaching Southeast Asia, and their settlements contrast sharply with those of their hunter-gatherer contemporaries. In some sites, there is growing evidence for integration between the two populations, while plant cultivation and the raising of domestic pigs, dogs, and cattle were combined with fishing, collecting, and hunting. The Neolithic was a seminal period in Southeast Asia, laying the foundations for profound social changes made possible through the wealth generated by agricultural surpluses.
Social Change with the Initial Bronze Age
Authors: Higham Charles F. W.
Published: February 2022

The history of inquiry into the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia began with the discovery of copper-base tools and ornaments at Samrong Sen in Cambodia during the 1860s. After a series of analytical papers were published, the subject became dormant until in 1964, burials with a few bronzes were excavated at Non Nok Tha in northeast Thailand. Initial results of radiocarbon dating suggested a remarkable early adoption of metallurgy, reinforced by equally early contexts in the fourth millennium BC claimed at the nearby site of Ban Chiang. This situation provided a conundrum: whereas elsewhere in the Old World copper-base technology stimulated rapid social change, in Southeast Asia there was none. New dating initiatives, linked with the excavation of the Thai site of Ban Non Wat have provided evidence for a transition into the Bronze Age in the eleventh century BC and a rapid rise of wealthy, social elites.
Prehistoric Copper Production and Exchange in Southeast Asia
Authors: Pigott Vincent C. , Pryce Thomas Oliver
Published: February 2022

In ore-rich Mainland Southeast Asia, the advent of copper-base metallurgy was a transitional moment in later Holocene prehistory. Its significance lay not in substantive societal change, but in the role its production and consumption behaviors played in reaffirming social networks critical to regional technology transfer. This chapter summarizes archaeological and analytical evidence for chaînes opératoires from prehistoric metalworking sites in northern and central Thailand and central Laos. In northeast Thailand, first millennium BC Phu Lon yielded evidence of mining and ore processing. In central Thailand, the Khao Wong Prachan Valley (KWPV) and the neighboring Khao Sai On mineral district were focal points of massive copper production beginning in the late second millennium BC. In central Laos, Sepon’s massive copper mines, ranging in date from circa 1000 BC well into the Historic Period, are yielding significant evidence, including for smelting. The discussion concludes by addressing the question “Where did the copper go and how and by whom was it used?” For example, the major lead isotope provenancing program suggests that KWPV copper was moving northeast to consumer sites like Ban Non Wat and the Vilabouly Complex copper was moving south to Ban Chiang.
Champa
Authors: Southworth William A.
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the current state of archaeological research on the Champa culture of central Vietnam. Although recognized since the late nineteenth century, Champa is still far better known for its architecture and sculpture than for its archaeology in a broader sense. Excavations at Tra Kieu and Go Cam have revealed the importance of Han China to the emerging polities of central Vietnam, such as Linyi, during the first half of the first millennium AD. Sanskrit and Cham-language inscriptions can also be used to link the historical and archaeological heritage, revealing a localized development of Hindu-Buddhist temple architecture and the design of defensive enclosures or citadel sites. Our understanding of the ceramic sequence after the fourth century AD however remains very limited, restricting the dating and identification of domestic sites, but there is great potential for ethno-archaeology.
Community and Kinship during the Transition to Agriculture in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Huffer Damien , Bentley R. Alexander , Oxenham Marc F.
Published: February 2022

This study investigates how social organization and mobility changed during the Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT) in northern Vietnam. Dental nonmetric traits were assessed for pre-Neolithic Con Co Ngua (early seventh millennium BP; n = 38) and Neolithic Man Bac (c. 3800–3600 BP; n = 65), along with cranial nonmetric data for the same Man Bac individuals. It identifies five putative kin lineages for Con Co Ngua and six for Man Bac, with little evidence for spatial organization by lineage in either cemetery. The mean 87Sr/86Sr for Con Co Ngua was 0.70947 ± 0.00017 (n = 40), and for Man Bac 0.70927 ± 0.00055 (n = 27). Man Bac had more variance in overall 87Sr/86Sr, but Man Bac females showed lower variance and a different mean than males within three of the putative lineages identified. While this may signal the presence of uxorilocal postmarital residence at Man Bac, overall, we find no evidence for a marked change in social organization.
The Expansion of Farmers into Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Bellwood Peter
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the spread by migration of Neolithic farmers from southern China and Taiwan into and through the islands of Southeast Asia between 4000 and 3000 years ago. Data are drawn from archaeology, genetics, and the comparative study of the Austronesian languages. Also discussed are counterarguments that favor indigenous development of Island Southeast Asian agriculture and Neolithic material culture. This chapter supports the concept of Neolithic migration involving Austronesian language speakers, but points out that indigenous genetic descent from pre-Neolithic Holocene populations is strongly present in Wallacea, and also that both food production and maritime resource exploitation fueled the population expansion. Island Southeast Asia served as a springboard for further expansions into coastal regions of Mainland Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands beyond New Guinea and the Solomons.
Before the Convention: The Spanish Civil War and Challenges for Research on Refugee History
Authors: Rodrigo Javier , Alegre Lorenz David
Published: February 2022

This article uses the tools of comparative history to address an important aspect of the Spanish Civil War: the fact that it generated waves of both internally displaced persons and cross-border refugees. Situating the conflict within the context of inter-war Europe, and particularly historical processes of deportation, forced migration, and exile, it analyses the challenges that the crisis of the war and subsequent post-war period in Spain introduced in the realm of humanitarian protection for displaced populations, and how existing international policies largely failed to protect those displaced by the conflict. Drawing on the Spanish Civil War example, the article shows how this kind of engagement with the history of refugees can produce insights that are useful for the broader body of scholarship on refugees, even for scholars who are not historians.
Unrecognized introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the US state of Georgia shaped the early epidemic
Authors: Babiker Ahmed , Martin Michael A , Marvil Charles , Bellman Stephanie , Petit III Robert A , Bradley Heath L , Stittleburg Victoria D , Ingersoll Jessica , Kraft Colleen S , Li Yan , Zhang Jing , Paden Clinton R , Read Timothy D , Waggoner Jesse J , Koelle Katia , Piantadosi Anne
Published: February 2022

In early 2020, as diagnostic and surveillance responses for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ramped up, attention focused primarily on returning international travelers. Here, we build on existing studies characterizing early patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread within the USA by analyzing detailed clinical, molecular, and viral genomic data from the state of Georgia through March 2020. We find evidence for multiple early introductions into Georgia, despite relatively sparse sampling. Most sampled sequences likely stemmed from a single or small number of introductions from Asia three weeks prior to the state’s first detected infection. Our analysis of sequences from domestic travelers demonstrates widespread circulation of closely related viruses in multiple US states by the end of March 2020. Our findings indicate that the exclusive focus on identifying SARS-CoV-2 in returning international travelers early in the pandemic may have led to a failure to recognize locally circulating infections for several weeks and point toward a critical need for implementing rapid, broadly targeted surveillance efforts for future pandemics.
Examining intersectionality in anesthesiology training, academics, and practice
Authors: Gouger Daniel H. , Sankaran Raval Marie , Hussain Rashid S. , Bastien Alexandra
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review

Intersectionality, or the overlapping nature of social categorizations, such as race, class, and gender, creates interdependent systems of discrimination, disadvantage, and health disparities. The present review examines common shortcomings to diversity management, and proposes targeted improvement frameworks for anesthesiology departments that would offer competitive advantage in training, hiring, and retention, and improved care delivery aimed toward reducing health disparities.

Recent findings

Studies highlight that physicians equipped to care for diverse populations enhance patient–doctor interactions and reduce health disparities. Moreover, untrained providers and staff who engage in disrespectful behaviors like microaggressions can lead to staff turnover and millions of dollars in lost revenue. Underrepresented minorities continue to have lower faculty academic rank in anesthesiology, fewer partnership opportunities in private practice, and disparate research funding. Diversity-based education and training often overlooks intersectionality and reductively illustrates diverse groups as internally homogenous. Even these developing diversity efforts have become politicized and are perceived as uninteresting, irrelevant to medical practice, or unable to create organizational change.

The synergy of intersectionality mounts considerable challenges that impact patients, colleagues, and communities of practice. Examining intersectionality in education and workplace policy affords tremendous opportunity for improving quality of care for marginalized populations, reducing healthcare costs, and normalizing culture that is inclusive, equitable, and empowering.
A Retrospective Study of Acute Postoperative Pain After Cesarean Delivery in Patients With Opioid Use Disorder Treated With Opioid Agonist Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Cobb Johanna , Craig Wendy , Richard Janelle , Snow Elizabeth , Turcotte Heather , Warters Robert , Quaye Aurora
Published: February 2022

Objective

We aimed to quantify the effect of opioid agonist pharmacotherapy on pain management after cesarean delivery, compared with patients not on these medications.

Methods

Patients undergoing cesarean delivery at our institution between January 2016 and December 2018 were stratified by peripartum use of opioid agonist pharmacotherapy versus no agonist therapy. We compared 24-hour postoperative opioid consumption not including buprenorphine and methadone, in milligram morphine equivalents (MME) (primary outcome), highest pain score on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale in the first 24 postoperative hours, and postoperative length of stay in hours (secondary outcomes) between groups. These outcomes were also compared after covariate adjustment using logistic regression.

Results

We identified 123 patients on opioid agonist pharmacotherapy – in the form of buprenorphine or methadone and 2856 patients not on these medications. The groups differed in demographic characteristics, including age, smoking, and marital status. Opioid consumption during the first 24 postoperative hours (median [interquartile range]) was 99 [75,120] MME for patients on agonist therapy and 30 [0, 64] MME among parturients not taking these medications (P < 0.001). Highest pain scores during this time were also higher for patients on opioid agonist pharmacotherapy (mean [standard deviation]: 8.2 [1.6] vs 5.5 [2.2], P < 0.001 for the no agonist group). Postoperative length of stay was 73 [68, 77] hours for patients on agonist pharmacotherapy, and 71 [62, 76] hours for parturients taking no agonist (P < 0.001). All differences remained significant after covariate adjustment.

Conclusions

Parturients on opioid agonist pharmacotherapy have markedly increased opioid utilization and pain severity after cesarean delivery.
A Case of Potential Pharmacokinetic Kratom-drug Interactions Resulting in Toxicity and Subsequent Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder With Buprenorphine/Naloxone
Authors: Brogdon Hazel D. , McPhee Mackenzie M. , Paine Mary F. , Cox Emily J. , Burns Amy G.
Published: February 2022

The botanical product kratom produces opioid-like effects at high doses and is sometimes used for opioid replacement by individuals with opioid use disorder. Mitragynine, a major alkaloid contained in kratom leaves, has been shown to inhibit multiple cytochromes P450 (CYPs) in vitro, including CYP2D6 and CYP3A. As such, kratom may precipitate pharmacokinetic drug interactions when co-consumed with certain medications. We present a case of a patient taking 150 mg venlafaxine (CYP2D6/3A substrate), 300 mg quetiapine (CYP3A substrate), and a high amount of kratom (~90 g) daily. The patient presented to the emergency department with serotonin syndrome and corrected electrocardiogram abnormalities that may have been secondary to supratherapeutic exposure to venlafaxine and/or quetiapine. The patient’s symptoms resolved after discontinuation of venlafaxine and quetiapine. He was amenable to medication therapy for kratom discontinuation and successfully completed an at-home induction with buprenorphine/naloxone. This case report adds to the literature about potential pharmacokinetic kratom-drug interactions and suggests that buprenorphine/naloxone can facilitate recovery from kratom use disorder.
Logistical Facilitators and Barriers to PrEP Implementation in Methadone Clinic Settings: Provider and Staff Perspectives
Authors: Jaiswal Jessica , Griffin Marybec , Hascher Kevin , Cox Amanda B. , Dunlap Kandyce , Walters Suzan , LoSchiavo Caleb , Burton Wanda M. , Mumba Mercy
Published: February 2022

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a daily oral medication for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, in methadone clinics.

Methods

Medical and nonmedical staff (n = 30) at 2 methadone clinics in Northern New Jersey were qualitatively interviewed about various aspects of substance use treatment, clinical operations, and HIV risk and prevention among their patient populations. Audio-recorded interviews were professionally transcribed, then coded and analyzed by the research team.

Results

Themes surrounding the viability of PrEP implementation emerged for both logistical facilitators and barriers. Facilitators included availability of prescribing clinicians, ability to conduct lab testing on-site, and availability of existing hepatitis C programs as a blueprint for PrEP management. Barriers included increased provider burden, financial concerns, and perceptions that PrEP provision is outside the clinic’s treatment scope.

Conclusions

Although staff expressed willingness and potential ability to provide PrEP, they identified barriers regarding insurance reimbursement, limited funding, and concerns that PrEP would extend the clinic’s treatment scope. However, given the enabling factors such as availability of providers and existing clinical infrastructure, providing PrEP could increase clinic revenue through insurance reimbursement and federal funding for PrEP-related services. Clinic-level education is needed for clinical and nonclinical staff to better understand the logistics of implementing PrEP, particularly regarding prescribing practices, billing and insurance concerns, and the essential nature of HIV prevention as a critical component of substance use treatment.
Grief at the Heart of the Opioid Overdose Crisis: Past Lessons and Present Implications
Authors: Morford Kenneth L. , Batchelor Hannah M. , Tetrault Jeanette M.
Published: February 2022

Among the many people experiencing grief in response to opioid overdose deaths, individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) bear one of the largest emotional burdens. Grief and loss of social support networks have the potential to destabilize OUD and result in overdose, suicide, and other harmful consequences. However, few clinicians discuss how overdose losses impact their patients with OUD, let alone consider the role of grief in treatment outcomes. Lessons from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic and crack cocaine crisis can inform our understanding of grief in the context of stigma and societal injustices. In this commentary, we describe how these historical lessons can be adapted to the opioid overdose crisis to improve the care of people with OUD.
Shifting Medication Treatment Practices in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Statewide Survey of Pennsylvania Opioid Treatment Programs
Authors: Krawczyk Noa , Maniates Hannah , Hulsey Eric , Smith Jennifer S. , DiDomenico Ellen , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Saloner Brendan , Bandara Sachini
Published: February 2022

Objectives

We sought to understand how opioid treatment programs (OTPs) adapted OTP operations to the COVID-19 pandemic and new federal regulations around methadone and buprenorphine.

Methods

In fall 2020, we conducted an online survey of all 103 OTPs licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, including clinical directors. Survey domains included changes to methadone take-home and telehealth practices; overdose and diversion prevention tactics; perceptions regarding how such changes influence patient well-being; and financial/operational concerns related to the new policies and practices. We calculated descriptive statistics and conducted Chi-square test to test for differences between not-for-profit versus for-profit and large versus small OTPs.

Results

Forty-seven percent (46%) OTPs responded to the survey. 10% and 25%, respectively, endorsed offering telephone and video-based telemedicine buprenorphine induction. Sixty-six percent endorsed extending take-home supplies of methadone, but most indicated that these extensions applied to a minority of their patients. Most respondents agreed that provision of buprenorphine via telehealth and extended take-home methadone reduced patient burden in accessing medications and prevented exposure to COVID-19, while not significantly increasing risk of overdose. We did not find major differences in COVID-19 practice modifications by nonprofit status or size of OTP.

Conclusions

In Pennsylvania, the COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid changes in provision of opioid treatment services. Findings on relatively low uptake of longer methadone take-home regimens and virtual buprenorphine initiation despite general support for these practices imply a need to further develop guidelines for best clinical practices and understand/address barriers to their implementation.