bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering Bismuth–Tin Interface in Bimetallic Aerogel with a 3D Porous Structure for Highly Selective Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to HCOOH
Authors: Wu Zexing , Wu Hengbo , Cai Weiquan , Wen Zhenhai , Jia Baohua , Wang Lei , Jin Wei , Ma Tianyi
Published: March 2021

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) into valuable hydrocarbons is appealing in alleviating the excessive CO2 level. We present the very first utilization of metallic bismuth–tin (Bi‐Sn) aerogel for CO2RR with selective HCOOH production. A non‐precious bimetallic aerogel of Bi‐Sn is readily prepared at ambient temperature, which exhibits 3D morphology with interconnected channels, abundant interfaces and a hydrophilic surface. Superior to Bi and Sn, the Bi‐Sn aerogel exposes more active sites and it has favorable mass transfer properties, which endow it with a high FEHCOOH of 93.9 %. Moreover, the Bi‐Sn aerogel achieves a FEHCOOH of ca. 90 % that was maintained for 10 h in a flow battery. In situ ATR‐FTIR measurements confirmed that the formation of *HCOO is the rate‐determining step toward formic acid generation. DFT demonstrated the coexistence of Bi and Sn optimized the energy barrier for the production of HCOOH, thereby improving the catalytic activity.
The preparation of cotton fabric with super‐hydrophobicity and antibacterial properties by the modification of the stearic acid
Authors: Wu Yan , Wu Xinyu , Yang Feng , Gan Jian , Jia Huanliang
Published: March 2021

In this article, the superhydrophobic and antibacterial surface on the cotton fabric were fabricated with the UV curable waterborne coatings, the silver nanoparticles, and the stearic acid. The cotton fabric coated with silver stearate was obtained by immersing in a mixture of sodium hydroxide and then modified by stearic acid. Results showed that the water contact angle on the surface of the fabric was 157.6°. The micromorphology and chemical ingredients of the surface of the coating were studied by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and X photoelectric spectrometer. Results showed that the immersion resulted in a double decomposition reaction and with the modification of the stearic acid, the silver stearate was formed on the surface, which provided a rough surface required for super‐hydrophobicity. And the acid and alkali resistance test, water‐resistance test, and antibacterial activity test indicated that the coating had good acid and alkaline resistance, water‐resistance, and antibacterial properties.
Effects of the molecular structure from pitch fractions on the properties of pitch‐based electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Qi Yong , Zhang Xiaxiang , Yang Jianxiao , Shi Kui , Li Jun , Zhang Shu
Published: March 2021

Mesophase pitch was separated into different pitch fractions to investigate the effect of pitch fractions on the properties of their nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. The evolution of different pitch fractions‐derived nanofibers during stabilization and carbonization were explored, and the properties of the resultant carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as electrode materials for supercapacitor were compared. Results indicated that the hexane insoluble‐toluene soluble (HI‐TS) and toluene insoluble‐tetrahydrofuran (THF) soluble (TI‐THFS) fractions had good spinnability due to their narrow molecular weight distribution. Moreover, compared with HI‐TS and THF insoluble (THFI), TI‐THFS consisted of appropriate aromaticity and branched alkyl groups which promoted the stabilization and carbonization behaviors of its nanofibers, resulting in maintaining ideal fiber morphology of TI‐THFS‐derived nanofiber due to the mitigation of their exothermic reactions. Meanwhile, the TI‐THFS‐derived CNFs presented the highest surface area of 543 m2 g−1 and exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of 167 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte.
Characterization and functional analysis of a β‐adrenergic‐like octopamine receptor from the oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata Walker)
Authors: Guo Yan‐fang , Qiu Jia‐ren , Chen Tao , Gao San‐ji , Su‐hong Bu , Wang Ran , Wang Jin‐da
Published: March 2021

The β‐adrenergic‐like octopamine receptor (OA2B2), which binds the biogenic amine octopamine, belongs to the class of G‐protein coupled receptors and significantly regulates many physiological and behavioral processes in insects. In this study, the putative open reading frame sequence of the MsOA2B2 gene in Mythimna separata was cloned, the full‐length complementary DNA was 1191 bp and it encoded a 396‐amino acid protein (GenBank accession number MN822800). Orthologous sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree analysis, and protein sequence analysis all showed that the cloned receptor belongs to the OA2B2 protein family. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction of spatial and temporal expression analysis revealed that the MsOAB2 gene was expressed in all developmental stages of M. separata and was most abundant in egg stages and second and fourth instars compared with other developmental stages, while the expression level during the pupal stage was much lower than that at the other stages. Further analysis with sixth instar M. separata larvae showed that the MsOA2B2 gene was expressed 1.81 times higher in the head than in integument and gut tissues. Dietary ingestion of dsMsOA2B2 significantly reduced the messenger RNA level of MsOA2B2 and decreased mortality following amitraz treatment. This study provides both a pharmacological characterization and the gene expression patterns of OA2B2 in M. separata, facilitating further research for insecticides using MsOA2B2 as a target.
Virtual Microscopy as a Learning Tool in Brazilian Medical Education
Authors: Somera dos Santos Fernanda , Osako Mariana Kiomy , Perdoná Gleici da Silva Castro , Alves Márcia Gaião , Sales Katiuchia Uzzun
Published: March 2021

Virtual microscopy (VM) is a widely used teaching method in Medical Education in many developed countries. In Brazil, however, this is not the case for most medical schools, considering Brazilian social inequality and uneven access to technology. Recently, the Covid‐19 pandemic has also challenged Universities to seek and make a transition toward more effective methods of full‐time online education. Thus, the main goal of this work was to verify student's perception and academic performance, assessed upon VM implementation in a Brazilian Medical School. Ribeirao Preto Medical School students answered a 26‐question survey with regards to optical microscopy (OM) and VM. Academic performance was compared between participants that were (year of 2019) or were not (year of 2015) exposed to VM. Taken the results together, subjective impressions such as handling, suitability, learning effectiveness, and pleasure using the tools, have shown a higher score for virtual microscopy (median = 29), when compared to optical microscopy (median = 24) with a P‐value < 0.001 by Wilcoxon rank test, upon measurement using an ordinal scale. Regarding academic performance, no statistically significant differences were found between groups (P‐value = 0.38, Cohen's d = 0.19). Therefore, VM proved to be adequate to the Brazilian medical education in light of Brazilian social contexts and Covid‐19 pandemic.
Optimal control of aero‐engine systems based on a switched LPV model
Authors: Wang Rui , Liu Cheng , Shi Yan
Published: March 2021

In this paper, an optimal control problem for aero‐engines based on a switched linear parameter varying (LPV) model is solved. Firstly, according to the change of external flight conditions, a switched LPV model with different altitudes and Mach numbers is established for aero‐engines. Then, since the optimal control of the parameter‐dependent switched system cannot be dealt with by traditional methods, we thus propose an optimal control method for the switched LPV system, which includes solving the optimal continuous inputs and the optimal switching instants. Finally, simulations and a hardware in‐the‐loop test of an aero‐engine control system are presented to verify the effectiveness and superiority for the proposed optimal control method.
Co‐production of microbial lipids with valuable chemicals
Authors: Chen Lin , Qian Xiujuan , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhou Xinhai , Zhou Jie , Dong Weiliang , Xin Fengxue , Zhang Wenming , Jiang Min , Ochsenreither Katrin
Published: March 2021

Microbial lipids are promising substitutes for petroleum and plant oil. However, the industrialization of microbial lipids is still limited and cannot compete with petrochemical petroleum due to its high production cost. Microorganisms capable of accumulating lipids and additional valuable chemicals are attractive for improving the economics of the microbial lipid production process. Compared with the increase in production of complex metabolic engineering to improve the overall economy, the multi‐chemical co‐production system is more advantageous in balancing the metabolic flux and optimal cell physiological recovery. In this review, various chemicals co‐produced with microbial lipids are classified according to their cell location. Efficient strategies, including the fermentation process and genetic engineering for regulating and enhancing such co‐production systems, are comprehensively discussed. The prospective and challenges during the scale‐up of lipids and valuable chemicals co‐production process are also highlighted. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Teeth reveal juvenile diet, health and neurotoxicant exposure retrospectively: What biological rhythms and chemical records tell us
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Cook Luisa , Dirks Wendy , Green Daniel R. , Austin Christine
Published: March 2021

Integrated developmental and elemental information in teeth provide a unique framework for documenting breastfeeding histories, physiological disruptions, and neurotoxicant exposure in humans and our primate relatives, including ancient hominins. Here we detail our method for detecting the consumption of mothers’ milk and exploring health history through the use of laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) mapping of sectioned nonhuman primate teeth. Calcium‐normalized barium and lead concentrations in tooth enamel and dentine may reflect milk and formula consumption with minimal modification during subsequent tooth mineralization, particularly in dentine. However, skeletal resorption during severe illness, and bioavailable metals in nonmilk foods, can complicate interpretations of nursing behavior. We show that explorations of the patterning of multiple elements may aid in the distinction of these important etiologies. Targeted studies of skeletal chemistry, gastrointestinal maturation, and the dietary bioavailability of metals are needed to optimize these unique records of human health and behavior.
Immunostimulatory Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Celosia cristata Flowers
Authors: Park Jin‐Su , Han Jun‐Hyuk , Jung Lee Sue , Shin Kwang‐Soon , Kim Yon‐Suk , Kang Ju‐Hui , Lee Se‐Bin , Kang Tae‐Bong , Lee Kwang‐Ho
Published: March 2021

Macrophages play a major role in innate immune responses by producing a variety of immune mediators and cytokines. The stimulation of macrophages by natural products may lead to an enhanced innate immune system. This study evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of a polysaccharide‐rich crude fraction of Celosia cristata L. flowers (CCP) on murine macrophages. CCP treatment induced the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2, and cytokines by macrophages. Mechanistically, the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, NF‐κB and toll‐like receptor 4 were found to be associated with the stimulatory functions of CCP. CCP was found to be primarily composed of galacturonic acid and glucose in addition to small amounts of arabinose and galactose. This study demonstrated that CCP may enhance the innate immune responses and potentially improve the immune functions in the body.
Outcome of PCI with Xience versus other commonly used modern drug eluting stents: A SCAAR report
Authors: Grimfjärd Per , Bergman Elin , Buccheri Sergio , Erlinge David , Lagerqvist Bo , Svennblad Bodil , Völz Sebastian , Angerås Oskar , James Stefan
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To analyze the clinical outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using the Xience drug eluting stent (DES) versus other modern DES.

Methods

This retrospective study based on the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR) analyzed the outcome of PCI using Xience versus other commonly used modern DES, 2007 to 2017. The primary outcome measure was a combination of all‐cause death, myocardial infarction (MI) and revascularisation with PCI. Angiographical outcome measures were in‐stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis (ST).

Results

Rates of the primary outcome measure for Xience and other DES were 31.9% and 28.2% respectively, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.99 (95% CI 0.95–1.03). Crude rates of ISR were 2.9% versus 2.1% over 4.3 and 2.9 years respectively, adjusted HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.81–1.06). Crude rates of ST were 0.9% versus 0.7%, adjusted HR 1.07 (95% CI 0.82–1.39). Results were consistent in all sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

This nationally complete, real‐world study confirms that Xience is a safe and effective DES with low‐event rates of ISR and ST. Compared with a control group containing a large proportion of thinner strut stents and absorbable polymers, Xience exhibits similar results in all important clinical endpoints.
Efficient and Spatially Controlled Functionalization of SBA‐15 and Initial Results in Asymmetric Rh‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Additions under Confinement
Authors: Beurer Ann‐Katrin , Kirchhof Manuel , Bruckner Johanna R. , Frey Wolfgang , Baro Angelika , Dyballa Michael , Giesselmann Frank , Laschat Sabine , Traa Yvonne
Published: March 2021

Selectively functionalized mesoporous silica may considerably advance heterogeneous catalysis through the controlled immobilization of highly selective complex catalysts inside the mesopores. However, spatially controlled functionalization and the precise analytical verification are still a challenge. In this publication, we report a method, which ensures a selective functionalization of the mesopore surface with a clickable linker and thus makes it possible to study confinement effects during catalyzed reactions. First, we passivate the silanol groups on the particle surface and in the pore entrances of the mesoporous silica material SBA‐15 with 1,1,1‐trimethyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)silanamine. Then we remove the template by solvent extraction and functionalize the pore walls with 3‐azidopropyltriethoxysilane before we click the catalyst. In initial experiments of asymmetric Rh‐catalyzed 1,2‐addition, we investigate the performance of a catalyst clicked selectively in the mesopores and compare it to the dissolved catalyst as well as to the catalyst immobilized exclusively on the external surface of SBA‐15.
Hierarchical CuCo2S4 Nanoflake Arrays Grown on Carbon Cloth: A Remarkable Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Ren Can , Chen Yajie , Du Lizhi , Wang Qi , Li Longge , Tian Guohui
Published: March 2021

Fabricating self‐supporting electrocatalysts with double functions for overall water splitting is a promising strategy for clean energy generation. Herein, spinel‐based CuCo2S4 nanoflakes were grown vertically on carbon cloth (CC) substrate to obtain hierarchical self‐supporting CuCo2S4/CC electrocatalysts through a hydrothermal process. The influence of hydrothermal time on the surface morphology and electrocatalytic properties of the CuCo2S4/CC was investigated. The rational synthetic approach can significantly reduce the diffusion path and promote the transfer of charge. As a result, the optimized CuCo2S4/CC exhibits a significantly higher electrocatalytic activity than the control single metal sulfide catalysts (CoS1.097/CC and CuS/CC) in 1.0 M KOH solution, and relatively overpotentials of 204 and 280 mV are demanded to generate a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. The significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity benefits from the synergetic effect of the fast charge transport and abundant catalytic active sites. Moreover, in an overall water splitting system, a two‐electrode setup constructed using CuCo2S4/CC as both cathode and anode shows a low voltage of 1.58 V at 10 mA cm−2 and high durability. This study provides a rational strategy for improving the overall water splitting performance by constructing self‐supporting spinel‐based catalysts.
Evaluation of the summer slump application of saflufenacil on nondormant conventional alfalfa
Authors: Devkota Pratap , Bachie Oli G.
Published: March 2021

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important crop for the low desert region of southwestern United States. A field study was conducted to evaluate tolerance of established nondormant conventional alfalfa to saflufenacil applied during the summer slump. Treatments consisted of saflufenacil applied alone at 0.7 or 1.4 oz ac−1, or saflufenacil at 0.7 oz ac−1 tank‐mixed with imazamox, bromoxynil, or metribuzin at 0.8, 6.0, or 16.0 oz ac−1, respectively. Methylated seed oil (as surfactant) and ammonium sulfate (as adjuvant) were tank‐mixed at 1 and 2.5% (v/v), respectively, to each herbicide treatment. At 2 d after treatment, alfalfa injury from saflufenacil at the lower rate was lowest (21%); whereas the injury was highest (48%) from saflufenacil plus bromoxynil treatment. The alfalfa injury progressed for 2 wk after treatment (WAT) and was >36% for all treatments except for saflufenacil at the lower rate. Crop recovery was observed about 2 WAT and minimal injury (<3%) occurred at 4 WAT. Alfalfa height was similar across herbicide treatments and the weed‐free (non‐treated) control. At 4 WAT, average alfalfa height for all treatments was 11 inches or greater. The alfalfa injury observed during the initial weeks did not translate into biomass yield reduction. Accordingly, there was no significant difference in alfalfa biomass yield among the treatments. Overall, alfalfa biomass yield was 0.57 and 0.47 ton ac−1 or greater at 4 WAT (1st cutting) and 8 WAT (2nd cutting), respectively, after herbicide application. Our results illustrate that saflufenacil and its tank‐mix with imazamox, bromoxynil, or metribuzin caused injury to nondormant conventional alfalfa during early weeks, but alfalfa recovered by 2 wk after herbicide application without height and biomass yield reduction.
Prostate cancer and the social construct of race
Authors: Brawley Otis W.
Published: March 2021

In prostate cancer, as in most diseases, race correlates with health outcomes. The influence of race is primarily through socioeconomic influences rather than inherent biological influences. There may be some inherent biological risk of disease associated with area of geographic origin, but that is distinct from race.
Oncologic outcomes among Black and White men with grade group 4 or 5 (Gleason score 8‐10) prostate cancer treated primarily by radical prostatectomy
Authors: Wilkins Lamont J. , Tosoian Jeffrey J. , Reichard Chad A. , Sundi Debasish , Ranasinghe Weranja , Alam Ridwan , Schwen Zeyad , Reddy Chandana , Allaf Mohammed , Davis John W. , Chapin Brian F. , Ross Ashley E. , Klein Eric A. , Nyame Yaw A.
Published: March 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to describe pathologic and short‐term oncologic outcomes among Black and White men with grade group 4 or 5 prostate cancer managed primarily by radical prostatectomy.

Methods

This was a multi‐institutional, observational study (2005‐2015) evaluating radical prostatectomy outcomes by self‐identified race. Descriptive analysis was performed via nonparametric statistical testing to compare baseline clinicopathologic data. Univariable and multivariable time‐to‐event analyses were performed to assess biochemical recurrence (BCR), metastasis, cancer‐specific mortality (CSM), and overall survival between Black and White men.

Results

In total, 1662 men were identified with grade group 4 or 5 prostate cancer initially managed by radical prostatectomy. Black men represented 11.3% of the cohort (n = 188). Black men were younger, demonstrated a longer time from diagnosis to surgery, and were at a lower clinical stage (all P < .05). Black men had lower rates of pT3/4 disease (49.5% vs 63.5%; P < .05) but higher rates of positive surgical margins (31.6% vs 26.5%; P = .14) on pathologic evaluation. There was no difference in BCR, CSM, or overall survival over a median follow‐up of 40.7 months. Black men had a lower 5‐year cumulative incidence of metastasis‐free survival (93.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.5%‐97.0%) in comparison with White men (85.8%; 95% CI, 83.1%‐88.0%), which did not persist in an age‐adjusted analysis.

Conclusions

Black and White men with high‐grade prostate cancer at diagnosis demonstrated similar oncologic outcomes when they were managed by primary radical prostatectomy. Our findings suggest that racial disparities in prostate cancer mortality are not related to differences in the efficacy of extirpative therapy.
Colour associations and consumer product‐colour purchase decisions
Authors: Yu Luwen , Westland Stephen , Chen Yun , Li Zhenhong
Published: March 2021

This article describes a conceptual framework for understanding consumer product‐colour purchase decisions. Building on previous work, a new primary factor, colour association, is introduced. The purpose of this study is to test whether consumers' colour‐associations connect with their product‐colour association, and whether colour‐association affects consumers' intended product‐colour purchase decisions. The study used two research activities (a laboratory experiment and an interview) and two research methods (multiple choice for 6‐alternative‐forced‐choice and multiple choice for rank‐order) to investigate which colour a participant would choose if asked to select a product to purchase when there is a range of colours available. Participants were also asked to provide a reason for their decisions. The study finds that the stronger a participant's preference for a colour, the more likely they are to purchase a product in that colour. The data from interviews suggests that, for some of the products tested, participants are highly influenced by the colour association that they would purchase a product‐colour on their one of the colour association than other colours. The updated conceptual framework suggests that the colour association factor could be one of the product‐colour decision primary factors that influence consumer product‐purchase intentions in the absence of consumer personal colour preferences.
Crystallographic and Theoretical Evidences of Anion⋅⋅⋅Anion Interaction
Authors: Wysokiński Rafał , Zierkiewicz Wiktor , Michalczyk Mariusz , Scheiner Steve
Published: March 2021

Planar (HgCl3)− anions are stacked fairly closely together in a slipped parallel arrangement within several crystal structures. Quantum chemical analysis shows evidence of strong noncovalent spodium bonds between the Hg π‐hole of one unit and the Cl atom of an adjacent unit. Anion⋅⋅⋅anion spodium bonds work in tandem with crystal packing forces.
Quantitative Assessment of Labeling Probes for Super‐Resolution Microscopy Using Designer DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Ganji Mahipal , Schlichthaerle Thomas , Eklund Alexandra S. , Strauss Sebastian , Jungmann Ralf
Published: March 2021

Improving labeling probes for state‐of‐the‐art super‐resolution microscopy is becoming of major importance. However, there is currently a lack of tools to quantitatively evaluate probe performance regarding efficiency, precision, and achievable resolution in an unbiased yet modular fashion. Herein, we introduce designer DNA origami structures combined with DNA‐PAINT to overcome this issue and evaluate labeling efficiency, precision, and quantification using antibodies and nanobodies as exemplary labeling probes. Whereas current assessment of binders is mostly qualitative, e. g. based on an expected staining pattern, we herein present a quantitative analysis platform of the antigen labeling efficiency and achievable resolution, allowing researchers to choose the best performing binder. The platform can furthermore be readily adapted for discovery and precise quantification of a large variety of additional labeling probes.
Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of EAB‐Type Zeolite under Static Synthesis Conditions
Authors: Hagio Takeshi , Park Jae‐Hyeok , Lin Yan , Tian Yanqin , Hu Yun Hang , Li Xinling , Kamimoto Yuki , Ichino Ryoichi
Published: March 2021

Conventionally, EAB‐type zeolites are crystallized by hydrothermal synthesis for many days under agitational synthesis conditions such as rotation or stirring. In the present study, EAB‐type zeolite is obtained by hydrothermal synthesis within 12 h under static synthesis conditions for the first time. The effects of crystallization temperature, aging of the precursor sol, and addition of seed crystals are investigated. The results reveal that EAB‐type zeolite can be obtained when using a precursor sol with short aging time followed by hydrothermal synthesis in a very narrow temperature range 110 °C−120 °C under static synthesis condition. Addition of seed crystals is found to suppress the formation of SOD‐type zeolite, the primary phase at high hydrothermal synthesis temperatures, while it does not increase the crystallization rate of EAB‐type zeolite. Furthermore, the crystallization behavior at 120 °C is examined by varying the synthesis time. EAB‐type zeolite with invariably twinned plate‐like morphology starts to crystallize between synthesis time of 3 to 6 h at 120 °C under the static synthesis condition.
Formation and Phase Selection of CaCO3 in the Intervention of Lignin Monomer Model Compounds
Authors: Hu Huifeng , Liang Fugen , Zhu Haidong , Zhang Xiumei , Cui Kecong , Deb Hridam , Zhang Yong
Published: March 2021

The single crystal form and uncontrollable topography of CaCO3 in nature severely restrict its product grade and application. Meanwhile, lignin is still not utilized efficiently. In order to improve this, three types of lignin monomer model compounds as p‐coumaric acid (PCA), ferulic acid (FA), and sinapic acid (SA) are employed to induce the growth of CaCO3 to investigate the relationship between lignin structure and CaCO3 crystallization. The synthesized PCA and CaCO3 composite crystals (PC‐ACCs), FA and CaCO3 composite crystals (F‐ACCs), and SA and CaCO3 composite crystals (S‐ACCs) are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to ascertain their molecular structures and crystal information. The growth rule of the acid and CaCO3 composite crystals (ACCs) induced by the three units is also explored. The results show that the vaterite and calcite of ACCs can be formed selectively. In the presence of PCA, FA, and SA, pH is the key factor on the phase selection of ACCs. The temperature and organic acid type also play important roles on the formation of CaCO3. The ACCs present distinguishing surface topographies at different temperatures. The number of methoxyl in the PCA, FA, and SA decides the phase ratio of vaterite and calcite in the ACCs.
Threshold‐type memristor‐based memory circuit
Authors: Li Qingjian , Liang Yan , Lu Zhenzhou , Wang Guangyi
Published: March 2021

Memory is of central importance to the research of high‐level cognitive behaviors of humans, where the plastic synapse contributes to the memory formation. Due to the controllable conductance and high‐density integration, the memristor acts as a promising candidate of artificial synapse. In terms of memory retention time, memory contains short‐term memory (STM) and long‐term memory (LTM). Additionally, the STM can be changed to the LTM via repeated learning, and this process is called memory consolidation. A threshold‐type memristor combined with basic operational circuits is used to design a memory circuit that can emulate various memory hierarchy levels containing the STM, the LTM, and the STM‐to‐LTM transition. Threshold firing behavior can also be emulated because of the threshold characteristic of the memristor. Furthermore, a floating emulator circuit that consists of several off‐the‐shelf devices is developed to mimic the electrical behaviors of the threshold‐type memristor, and its hardware circuit implementation is presented. Finally, both simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed memory circuit.
Prophylactic antigen‐specific T‐cells targeting seven viral and fungal pathogens after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Gottlieb David Jonathan , Clancy Leighton Edward , Withers Barbara , McGuire Helen Marie , Luciani Fabio , Singh Mandeep , Hughes Brendan , Gloss Brian , Kliman David , Ma Chun Kei Kris , Panicker Shyam , Bishop David , Dubosq Ming‐Celine , Li Ziduo , Avdic Selmir , Micklethwaite Kenneth , Blyth Emily
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Adoptive immunotherapy using donor‐derived antigen‐specific T‐cells can prevent and treat infection after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).

Methods

We treated 11 patients with a prophylactic infusion of 2 × 107 cells per square metre donor‐derived T‐cells targeting seven infections (six viral and one fungal) following HSCT. Targeted pathogens were cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), adenovirus, varicella zoster virus, influenza, BK virus (BKV) and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Results

T‐cell products were successfully generated in all patients with 10 products responsive to 6 or 7 infections. T‐cell infusions were associated with increases in antigen‐experienced activated CD8+ T‐cells by day 30. CMV, EBV and BKV reactivation occurred in the majority of patients and was well controlled except where glucocorticoids were administered soon after T‐cell infusion. Three patients in that circumstance developed CMV tissue infection. No patient required treatment for invasive fungal infection. The most common CMV and EBV TCR clonotypes in the infusion product became the most common clonotypes seen at day 30 post‐T‐cell infusion. Donors and their recipients were recruited to the study prior to transplant. Grade III/IV graft‐versus‐host disease developed in four patients. At a median follow‐up of 390 days post‐transplant, six patients had died, 5 of relapse, and 1 of multi‐organ failure. Infection did not contribute to death in any patient.

Conclusion

Rapid reconstitution of immunity to a broad range of viral and fungal infections can be achieved using a multi‐pathogen‐specific T‐cell product. The development of GVHD after T‐cell infusion suggests that infection‐specific T‐cell therapy after allogeneic stem cell transplant should be combined with other strategies to reduce graft‐versus‐host disease.
Quantifying colocalization: The case for discarding the Manders overlap coefficient
Authors: Adler Jeremy , Parmryd Ingela
Published: March 2021

Colocalization measurements aim to characterize the relative distribution of two molecules within a biologically relevant area. It is efficient to measure two distinct features, co‐occurrence, the extent to which the molecules appear together, and correlation, how well variations in concentration of the two molecules match. The Manders overlap coefficient (MOC) appears in most colocalization software but the literature contains three interpretations of its measurements: (a) co‐occurrence, (b) correlation, or (c) a combination of both. This is surprising given the simplicity of the underlying equation. Testing shows that the MOC responds both to changes in co‐occurrence and to changes in correlation. Further testing reveals that different distributions of intensity (Gaussian, gamma, uniform, exponential) dramatically alter the balance between the contribution from co‐occurrence and correlation. It follows that the MOC's ability to differentiate between different patterns of colocalization is very limited, since any value is compatible with widely differing combinations of co‐occurrence, correlation, and intensity distribution. To characterize colocalization, we recommend reporting both co‐occurrence and correlation, using coefficients specific for each attribute. Since the MOC has no clear role in the measurement of colocalization and causes considerable confusion, we conclude that it should be discarded.
Parental genetic contributions to neonatal temperament in a nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) model
Authors: Wood Elizabeth K. , Hunter Jacob N. , Olsen Joseph A. , Almasy Laura , Lindell Stephen G. , Goldman David , Barr Christina S. , Suomi Stephen J. , Kay Daniel B. , Higley J. Dee
Published: March 2021

Temperament is an individual's nature and is widely believed to have a heritable foundation. Few studies, however, have evaluated paternal and maternal contributions to the triadic dimensions of temperament. Rhesus monkeys are widely utilized to model genetic contributions to human development due to their close genetic‐relatedness and common temperament structure, providing a powerful translational model for investigating paternal and maternal genetic influences on temperament. The temperament of rhesus monkey infants born to 19 different sires and 50 different dams was assessed during the first month of life by comparing the temperament of paternal or maternal half‐siblings reared with their mothers in species‐normative conditions or reared in a neonatal nursery. Factor scores from three dimensions of temperament were obtained (Orienting/Regulation, Negative Affectivity, and Surgency/Extraversion) and ANOVAs were used to assess genetic effects. For paternal half‐siblings, results showed a statistically significant paternal contribution to Orienting/Regulation, Negative Affectivity, and Surgency/Extraversion factor scores. For maternal half‐siblings, results showed a statistically significant contribution to Orienting/Regulation factor scores. When parsed by early rearing condition, results showed a paternal contribution Orienting/Regulation, Negative Affectivity, and Surgency/Extraversion scores for paternal half‐siblings reared in the neonatal nursery, while there was only a paternal contribution to Surgency/Extraversion for paternal half‐siblings reared by their mothers. There was only a maternal contribution to Orienting/Regulation for maternal half‐siblings reared by their mothers. These results show that paternal and maternal contributions to temperament vary by environmental context, and that mothers may environmentally buffer their infants from paternal contributions to their temperament.
Implementing evidence‐based individual psychotherapies for adults with eating disorders in a real world clinical setting
Authors: Mountford Victoria A. , Allen Karina L. , Tchanturia Kate , Eilender Cara , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of evidenced‐based psychological treatments (specifically, Cognitive‐Behaviour Therapy for Eating Disorders [CBT‐ED] and Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults [MANTRA]) for a transdiagnostic eating disorder population in a routine clinical setting. In particular, it aimed to determine the extent to which treatment was provided in line with current clinical guidelines (NICE, 2017) and how effective treatment was in improving eating disorder and general psychopathology.

Method

Three hundred and seventy‐nine participants meeting criteria for DSM‐5 anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge‐eating disorder or other specified feeding or eating disorder completed pre‐ and posttreatment measures of eating disorder pathology and general distress. Clinicians recorded weight and episodes of bingeing and purging.

Results

Ninety seven percent of participants received treatment in line with evidence‐based psychotherapies. Treatment was completed by 59.9% of the whole sample. Using stringent criteria and ITT analysis 21.4% met criteria for remission at end of treatment. In the underweight sample, there was a significant increase in BMI, averaging 1.38 kg/m2 over treatment, with similar outcomes for MANTRA and CBT‐ED.

Discussion

These findings, in a large transdiagnostic population, add to emerging literature on the translation of evidence‐based psychotherapies to real‐world clinical settings. Our results converge well with prior similar studies. Findings highlight the need for routine data collection in services and for the ongoing improvement of treatments for the eating disorders.
Disordered eating in a population‐based sample of young adults during the COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Simone Melissa , Emery Rebecca L. , Hazzard Vivienne M. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Larson Nicole , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne
Published: March 2021

Objective

The present study aimed to describe the experience of, and factors associated with, disordered eating in a population‐based sample of emerging adults during the COVID‐19 outbreak.

Method

Participants in the EAT 2010–2018 (Eating and Activity over Time) study were invited to complete the C‐EAT (COVID‐19 EAT) survey in April–May 2020. There were 720 respondents to the survey (age: 24.7 ± 2.0 years). Psychological distress, stress, stress management, financial difficulties, and food insecurity during the COVID‐19 pandemic were examined as cross‐sectional correlates of disordered eating in 2020. Open‐ended questions assessed the perceived impact of the pandemic on eating behaviors.

Results

Low stress management was significantly associated with a higher count of extreme unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCBs). Food insecurity, higher depressive symptoms, and financial difficulties were significantly associated with a higher count of less extreme UWCBs. Higher stress and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with greater odds of binge eating. Six themes pertaining to disordered eating during the pandemic emerged: (a) mindless eating and snacking; (b) increased food consumption; (c) generalized decrease in appetite or dietary intake; (d) eating to cope; (e) pandemic‐related reductions in dietary intake; and (f) re‐emergence or marked increase in eating disorder symptoms.

Discussion

Psychological distress, stress management, financial difficulties, and abrupt schedule changes may have contributed to disordered eating during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Interventions that target stress management, depressive symptoms, and financial strain and provide tools to develop a routine may be particularly effective for emerging adults at risk of developing disordered eating during public health crises.
Sn Alloy and Graphite Addition to Enhance Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Cycling Stability of SiO Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Du Xingyang , Zhang Hanying , Lan Xuexia , Yuan Bin , Hu Renzong
Published: March 2021

Silicon monoxide (SiO) has aroused increased attention as one of the most promising anodes for high‐energy density Li‐ion batteries. To enhance the initial Coulombic efficiencies (ICE) and cycle stability of SiO‐based anodes, a new facile composition and electrode design strategy have been adapted to fabricate a SiO–Sn–Co/graphite (G) anode. It achieves a unique structure where tiny milled SiO–Sn–Co particles are dispersed among two graphite layers. In this hybrid electrode, Sn–Co alloys promoted Li+ extraction kinetics, and the holistic reversibility of SiO and graphite enhanced the electrical conductivity. The SiO–Sn–Co/G electrode delivered an average ICE of 77.6% and a reversible capacity of 640 mAh g−1 at 800 mA g−1, and the capacity retention was above 98% after 100 cycles, which was much higher than that of the SiO with an ICE of 55.3% and a capacity retention of 50%. These results indicated that this was reliable method to improve the reversibility and cycle ability of the SiO anode. Furthermore, based on its easy and feasible fabrication process, it may provide a suitable choice to combine other alloy anodes with the graphite anode.
Multidimensional Hybrid Architecture Encapsulating Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles into Carbon Nanotube Branched Nitrogen‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Networks for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yeon Jeong Seok , Ko Young Hun , Park Tae Ho , Park Hyunyoung , Kim Jongsoon , Park Ho Seok
Published: March 2021

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as promising candidates for the next‐generation energy storage devices owing to their high‐theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g−1) and affordable cost. However, several limitations of LSBs such as the lithium polysulfide shuttle, large volume expansion, and low electrical conductivity of sulfur need to be resolved for practical applications. To address these limitations, herein, a multidimensional architectured hybrid (Co@CNT/nG), where Co3O4 nanoparticles are encapsulated into three‐dimensional (3D) porous N‐doped reduced graphene oxide interconnected with carbon nanotube (CNT) branches, is synthesized through a simple pyrolysis method. The synergistic effect achieved through the homogeneously distributed and encapsulated Co3O4 nanoparticles, the interconnected CNT branches, and the 3D hierarchical porous structure and N‐doping of Co@CNT/nG significantly suppresses the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides and enhances the conversion redox kinetics for the improved sulfur utilization. We validate this effect through various measurements including symmetric cells, Li2S nucleation, shuttle currents, Tafel slopes, diffusion coefficients, and post‐mortem analyses. Importantly, Co@CNT/nG‐70S‐based LSB cells achieve a high‐specific capacity of 1193.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and a low capacity decay rate of 0.030% per cycle for 700 cycles at 5 C, delivering a high areal capacity of 5.62 mAh cm−2 even with a loading of 6.5 mg cm−2.
On the Effect of Flash Calcination Method on the Characteristics of Cobalt Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Process
Authors: Patkowski Wojciech , Kowalik Paweł , Antoniak‐Jurak Katarzyna , Zybert Magdalena , Ronduda Hubert , Mierzwa Bogusław , Próchniak Wiesław , Raróg‐Pilecka Wioletta
Published: March 2021

The influence of precursor calcination method on the properties of the cerium and barium promoted cobalt catalysts for ammonia synthesis was investigated. Three methods of cobalt‐cerium hydroxycarbonates mixture heat treatment were studied – flash, static and semi‐static calcination processes, differing in duration as well as heat and mass transfer conditions. Their effect on catalyst structural parameters, morphology, crystal structure and activity was determined. It was proven that compared to other heat treatment methods flash calcination of CoCe hydroxycarbonate precursor resulted with a catalyst of superior structural parameters and the highest activity in ammonia synthesis. However, the incomplete precursor transformation and insufficient active and promoter phases crystallization during this process were indicated. In order to improve surface activity and optimise properties of the catalyst it was stated that modification of flash calcination conditions is required.
A Cancer Stem Cell Potent Copper(II) Complex with a S, N, S‐Schiff base Ligand and Bathophenanthroline
Authors: Northcote‐Smith Joshua , Kaur Pooja , Suntharalingam Kogularamanan
Published: March 2021

We investigate the anti‐cancer stem cell (CSC) properties of two copper(II) complexes containing 4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline and a S, N, X‐Schiff base ligand, where X=O (1) or S (2). Complex 1 was previously reported by us, and is the first metal complex to induce cytotoxic and immunogenic cell death of breast CSCs. Complex 2 is a structural analogue of 1, where the phenolate moiety (within the Schiff base ligand) is replaced by a thiophenolate group. Complex 2 kills bulk breast cancer cells and breast CSCs in the sub‐micromolar range, with reduced toxicity towards non‐cancerous epithelial breast cells. Remarkably, 2 is over 10‐fold more potent towards breast CSC spheroids than salinomycin (an established anti‐breast CSC agent) and cisplatin (a clinically approved anticancer drug). Complex 2 readily enters breast CSCs, accumulates in the cytosol, and increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels upon short exposure (1 h). The latter is likely to be the mechanism by which 2 induces breast CSC death.
Impact of fall armyworm invasion on household income and food security in Zimbabwe
Authors: Tambo Justice A. , Kansiime Monica K. , Rwomushana Ivan , Mugambi Idah , Nunda Winnie , Mloza Banda Catherine , Nyamutukwa Shingirayi , Makale Fernadis , Day Roger
Published: March 2021

Since 2016, the invasive fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has been one of the most rapidly spreading and highly devastating maize pests across Africa and Asia. Although several studies have estimated the effect of FAW on maize yield, little is known about its impact on broader welfare outcomes. Using data from smallholder maize‐growing households in Zimbabwe, this article aimed to measure the impact of FAW on household income and food security, as well as the extent to which the adoption of a control strategy can help mitigate the negative welfare impacts due to FAW invasion. Regression results showed that households affected by FAW were 12% more likely to experience hunger, as measured by the household hunger scale. A disaggregated analysis indicated that minor FAW infestation did not exert significant impacts on incomes and food security, but severe level of infestation reduced per capita household income by 44% and increased a household's likelihood of experiencing hunger by 17%. We also found that compared to unaffected households, the FAW‐affected households who failed to implement a control strategy had a 50% lower per capita household income, while their counterparts that implemented a control strategy did not suffer a significant income loss. These findings point to the need to promote strategies to prevent high infestation levels of FAW so as to mitigate its detrimental welfare effects.
Investigation of yield, phytochemical composition, and photosynthetic pigments in different mint ecotypes under salinity stress
Authors: Hosseini Seyyed Jaber , Tahmasebi‐Sarvestani Zeinolabedin , Pirdashti Hemmatollah , Modarres‐Sanavy Seyed Ali Mohammad , Mokhtassi‐Bidgoli Ali , Hazrati Saeid , Nicola Silvana
Published: March 2021

Salinity stress is one of the main limiting factors of medicinal plant growth and may affect their characteristics and chemical composition. In order to evaluate the response of different species of Iranian mint to salinity stress, an experiment was designed in greenhouse conditions. In this experiment, six Iranian mint species were cultivated in pots under different salinity stress including 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 dS/m. The chlorophyll indices (a, b, total, and a/b ratio), carotenoids, total anthocyanin, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, dry matter yield, and essential oil content were measured in two different harvest stages. Salinity stress affected various measured traits. The results showed that despite the negative effect of salinity stress on photosynthetic pigments, in some ecotypes and species, photosynthetic pigments were not affected by salinity stress. The amount of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total anthocyanin increased in response to salinity stress. The dry matter decreased under salinity stress, but the content of essential oil increased as a result of salinity stress increment. The results of PCA biplot showed that the E16 and E18 ecotypes were separated by a large distance. Among the various ecotypes, E18 had the most desirable traits which can be recognized as a salt‐tolerant ecotype. Also, piperita species was the best among the species in all salinity stress levels.