bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALLEE EFFECTS: POPULATION GROWTH, CRITICAL DENSITY, AND THE CHANCE OF EXTINCTION
Authors: Dennis Brian
Published: June 2017

This paper develops mathematical models to describe the growth, critical density, and extinction probability in sparse populations experiencing Allee effects. An Allee effect (or depensation) is a situation at low population densities where the per‐individual growth rate is an increasing function of population density.

A potentially important mechanism causing Allee effects is a shortage of mating encounters in sparse populations. Stochastic models are proposed for predicting the probability of encounter or the frequency of encounter as a function of population density. A negative exponential function is derived as such an encounter function under very general biological assumptions, including random, regular, or aggregated spatial patterns. A rectangular hyperbola function, heretofore used in ecology as the functional response of predator feeding rate to prey density, arises from the negative exponential function when encounter probabilities are assumed heterogeneous among individuals. These encounter functions produce Allee effects when incorporated into population growth models as birth rates.

Three types of population models with encounter‐limited birth rates are compared: (1) deterministic differential equations, (2) stochastic discrete birth‐death processes, and (3) stochastic continuous diffusion processes. The phenomenon of a critical density, a major consequence of Allee effects, manifests itself differently in the different types of models. The critical density is a lower unstable equilibrium in the deterministic differential equation models. For the stochastic discrete birth‐death processes considered here, the critical density is an inflection point in the probability of extinction plotted as a function of initial population density. In the continuous diffusion processes, the critical density becomes a local minimum (antimode) in the stationary probability distribution for population density. For both types of stochastic models, a critical density appears as an inflection point in the probability of attaining a small population density (extinction) before attaining a large one. Multiplicative (“environmental”) stochastic noise amplifies Allee effects. Harvesting also amplifies those effects.

Though Allee effects are difficult to detect or measure in natural populations, their presence would seriously impact exploitation, management, and preservation of biological resources.
DYNAMICS OF OPTIMAL STOCKING IN PLANT/HERBIVORE SYSTEMS
Authors: Huffaker Ray G. , Wilen James E.
Published: June 2017

This paper explores stocking patterns in an optimally‐managed plant/herbivore system where periodic economic rents result from stocking animals on plant‐bearing range/pasture to gain a desired weight for eventual sale. Optimization of the present value of economic rents in a predator‐prey framework results in a two differential equation model of animals (predators) and forage (prey). The characteristics of this model are analyzed with phase diagrams under various assumptions about both biological and economic parameters. The results show when it pays to stock close to the “Golden‐Rule” forage level (where the marginal productivity of the forage stock equals the discount rate), and when the solution is economically “buffered” away from the Golden‐Rule stock.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Frauenthal James C.
Published: June 2017

CHAOS: MAKING A NEW SCIENCE, James Gleick, Viking Press, New York, 1987
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Boyce Mark S.
Published: June 2017

CHAOS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, H. Degn, A.V. Holden, L.F. Olsen, eds., N.A.T.O. Advanced Science Institutes Series, No. 138, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1987
STATEMENT OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS ON THE REAUTHORIZATION OF THE MAGNUSON FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT
Authors: Fox William W.
Published: June 2017

Editor's Note: The following statement was submitted to the 1988 U.S. Congressional hearings on the reauthorization of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson Act). The statement was written by William W. Fox, Jr., then Professor of Biology and Living Resources and Director of the Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Study of the University of Miami, and presently Assistant Administrator of Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce. The statement was cosigned by a long list of distinguished marine scientists.

While the focus of the statement is specifically on U.S. marine fisheries policy, the principles expressed are of much broader applicability, and will be of general interest to readers of this journal.
GAME MODELS FOR STRUCTURING MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Russell Clifford S.
Published: June 2017

This paper characterizes current enforcement of U.S. Environmental laws as very likely inadequate, while admitting that proof of this proposition would be extremely difficult exactly because there is so little information on what actual behavior of regulated firms and government activities is. Obvious avenues of improvement—large increases in monitoring and enforcement budgets, and credible use of draconian fines that would compensate for low probabilities of detection—are dismissed as politically infeasible.

One path to improvement is explored that involves thinking of the problem as a game between pollution source and environmental protection agency. A single‐play game with and without errors of monitoring measurement forms the benchmark for discussion of a multiple‐play game in which the source's past record of discovered violations determines its future probabilities of being monitored. In particular, failing two monitoring visits in a row subjects a source to a long period in which monitoring is frequent enough to make continuous compliance optimal. The prospect of this sentence can be made sufficiently unpleasant that sources will choose to comply after their first failed monitoring visit, even though the likelihood of the next visit remains below that required to make compliance optimal in the single‐play context. In the long run, with proper system design, the bulk of the sources will be in that situation—complying after one failed monitoring visit while subject to quite low probabilities of the next visit.

It is shown that this multiple‐play game approach can yield a significant savings in meeting a goal defined as limiting the extent of violation to a particular frequency in the population of polluters. Questions for further research are identified.
GROWTH WITH EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES AND A MATERIALS ‐ BALANCE PRODUCTION FUNCTION
Authors: Gross L.S. , Veendorp E.C.H.
Published: June 2017

The materials‐balance production function proposed in this paper is a modified Cobb‐Douglas‐type function which is as neoclassical in nature as materials‐balance considerations would seem to permit. Incorporation of such a production function in a neoclassical growth model severely limits the growth potential of an economy with exhaustible resources.
NEGOTIATING OVER EXTERNALITIES
Authors: Howe Eric C. , Forbes Kevin F.
Published: June 2017

We present a simple model in which two perfectly informed, risk neutral agents will not negotiate an efficient agreement to lessen the effects of an externality and for which the outcome of negotiation depends on the legal assignment of property rights. The model permits agents to pre‐commit themselves to refuse to negotiate particular agenda issues. The result is obtained because we prove that one player is always made strictly worse off from the addition of side‐payments to a bargaining game. Along the way, we devise a supporting hyperplane for the n‐person Nash bargaining game solution. We also display a simple game which establishes that our main result holds true—for at least some games—for an array of alternative bargaining game solutions such as that of Raiffa, Kalai, and Smorodinski.
THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY FISHERIES: GAME THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Munro Gordon R.
Published: June 2017

One of the most ubiquitous of the fishery management problems to have arisen as a result of E.F.J. is that of managing transboundary resources. Economic analysis of this problem rests upon models blending the standard dynamic economic analysis of fisheries with game theory. The analysis reveals that noncooperation is likely to have severe economic consequences and that cooperative arrangements must deal with possible conflicting goals of management, as well as the division of economic returns from the fishery. While the existing economic analysis of transboundary fishery management is far from complete, it can be shown that the analysis is capable of providing important insights into existing real world cases of transboundary resource management.
MANAGEMENT OF A RENEWABLE RESOURCE WITH A FINITE DEMAND ELASTICITY
Authors: Clarke Harry R.
Published: June 2017

Optimal management policies are derived for a renewable resource when the demand for output has finite elasticity. The analysis modifies traditional views of this problem by allowing for the possibility that static optimizing policies, which maximize myopic net revenues, may be superior to “Golden Rule” policies which account for longer‐run stock effects.
CHAOS IN AN INDIVIDUAL‐LEVEL PREDATOR‐PREY MODEL
Authors: Stone Nicholas D.
Published: June 2017

A deterministic predator‐prey model describing populations as collections of autonomous individuals was used to investigate population dynamics as an emergent property of individual behaviors and actions in a simulated environment. The model's behavior was clearly chaotic for both the two species interaction and for the prey population alone. Furthermore, estimated parameters from a simple difference equation model fitted to the single‐species simulation were nowhere near the chaotic region for the equation. Findings indicate that chaos may very well be characteristic of biological populations despite the findings of several empirical studies in the past, and that chaotic models can be constructed from direct observation of, and experimentation with, biological populations by focusing on individuals and their behaviors, rather than on population parameters.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Shukla J.B.
Published: June 2017

FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGICAL MODELING, S.E. Jorgensen, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1988
AN ENCOMPASSING APPROACH TO MODELING FISHERY DYNAMICS: MODELING DYNAMIC NONLINEAR SYSTEMS
Authors: Criddle Keith R. , Havenner Arthur M.
Published: June 2017

Uncertainty about the nature and significance of nonlinearities and the manner in which dynamics affect future realizations makes model specification the most difficult aspect of modeling dynamic systems. By interpreting several popular fishery models as subcases of a nesting dynamic Taylor series approximation, we isolate the specification differences between these models in a way that accounts for commonalities. On the argument that the differences due to alternative nonlinear forms are likely to be small compared to more mundane considerations such as delay difference and general dynamic lag specification, we propose an alternative model that uses the terms from the first order approximation common to all models combined with a data‐based determination of the appropriate lags using the methods of state space time series analysis. Finally, the success of the alternative models is judged in an application to Pacific halibut data.
POPULATION AND HARVESTING THEORY FOR NONLINEAR SEX AND AGE‐STRUCTURED RESOURCES
Authors: Bergh M.O.
Published: June 2017

A sex‐age‐structured population model with density dependence in the conversion of reproductive potentials into zygotes and in first year survivorship is described. The model has two equilibria; the smallest is mathematically unstable, and the origin and the larger equilibrium are locally stable. The population can thus go extinct for certain initial states, or if the two equilibria coincide. The ratio between the two equilibria can be regarded as a measure of the risk of extinction, since it is related to the chance that detrimental environmental conditions will cause the population to enter the region of attraction of the origin. In simple monoecious models, recovery to former levels is only possible provided that the population is not driven to extinction before harvesting effort is reduced. Ratios between the two unexploited equilibria, and between the stable unexploited equilibrium and the recruitment level at which the two equilibria coincide are given solely in terms of the degree of density dependence in the model. I show that the harvesting strategy which maximizes the equilibrium yield has a four age form, involving harvesting of at most two male and two female age classes. Out of ten commercial Pacific groundfish species, knife‐edge selectivity sustainable yields of eight are at least 90% of ultimate sustainable yield (USY). With no effort restrictions, the range of lengths at first capture which achieve more than 60% of USY is narrow. When one of the sexes is not harvested, sustainable yield is between 20% and 80% of USY, but lowest when females are not harvested.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Hilborn Ray
Published: June 2017

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF FISH STOCK DYNAMICS, American Fisheries Society Symposium No. 6, Elizabeth F. Edwards and Bernard A Megrey, Editors, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, 1989
OPTIMAL CONTROL THEORY APPLIED TO JOINT PRODUCTION OF TIMBER AND FORAGE
Authors: Steinkamp Eric A. , Betters David R.
Published: June 2017

Renewable natural resource systems often represent examples of joint production. Optimal control theory is employed using the linear variational method to derive the general solution to the timber‐forage joint production problem, with the objective of maximizing present value of revenue. The results indicate that optimal control theory can successfully solve such problems. The functional forms of the solution provide insight into how changes in parameters will influence the optimal joint production system.
IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL FISHING ON THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ATLANTIC MACKEREL
Authors: Rosenman Robert
Published: June 2017

There are often tensions between recreational and commercial uses of marine fisheries. The Atlantic mackerel along the coast of the United States and Canada is one such fishery. Although recreational catch is only a small percent of total catch, it has been suggested that recreational use be incorporated into a broad management scheme for the fishery. This paper measures the costs domestic commercial fishermen incur from the recreational harvest of Atlantic mackerel. The results indicate that the domestic commercial fishery, which takes only a small portion of total commercial catch, would see no significant gain from limiting recreational fishing.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the AERE Workshop on Sport and Commercial Fisheries. Participants at that conference, anonymous referees, and Peter Berck offered valuable suggestions which improved this paper. Any errors are my own.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Mangel Marc
Published: June 2017

FRUIT FLIES, THEIR BIOLOGY, NATURAL ENEMIES AND CONTROL, A.S. Robinson and G. Hooper, Elsevier, 1989
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Francis Robert C.
Published: June 2017

LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: PATTERNS, PROCESSES AND YIELDS, K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander, and B.D. Gold, AAAS, 1991, 247 pp., soft cover, ISBN 0‐87168‐348‐9, $34.95, $27.95 members
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Starfield Anthony M.
Published: June 2017

KNOWLEDGE‐BASED SYSTEMS IN AGRICULTURE, Richard E. Plant and Nicholas D. Stone, McGraw‐Hill, New York, 1991, 366 pp.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Dorfman Jeffrey H.
Published: June 2017

THE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND DRAINAGE IN AGRICULTURE, Ariel Dinar and David Zilberman, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1991, 946 pp., ISBN0‐923‐9191‐3
MODELING REGENERATION AND PEST CONTROL ALTERNATIVES FOR A FOREST SYSTEM IN THE PRESENCE OF FIRE RISK
Authors: Moll Richard H.H. , Chinneck John W.
Published: June 2017

This paper addresses a fire and pest protection forest management modeling problem by developing a flexible model which integrates the concepts of: 1) species diversity 2) infestation of susceptible species; 3) natural regeneration and planting; 4) conversion of susceptible to non‐susceptible species by planting; 5) pest protection by spraying; 6) age‐specific harvesting; 7) intertemporal harvest flow policies; and 8) catastrophic loss due to fire. A linear programming (LP) model economically evaluates alternative regimes for protection spraying of susceptible forest species against insect infestations and alternative harvesting strategies which include conversion of susceptible species to non‐susceptible, by planting. These strategies are evaluated subject to catastrophic loss due to fire. An iterative simulation‐LP approach tests how well the deterministic model holds in a simulated stochastic environment. This validation procedure involves solving the optimization problem deterministically using average values for the fire and infestation proportions and also at each time period updating the system state by simulating the state transition for the next time period using randomly generated updates and re‐solving using the updated state as the new initial condition. An optimal wood supply trajectory in a simulated stochastic environment is therefore constructed. The results from the iterative stochastic solution provide a confidence measure for the deterministic solution.
OPTIMAL TRAPPING STRATEGIES FOR DIFFUSING NUISANCE‐BEAVER POPULATIONS
Authors: Huffaker R.G. , Bhat M.G. , Lenhart S.M.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines dynamically optimal trapping strategies for a resident beaver population causing damage to privately‐held timber land. An extreme elimination strategy does not account for the dispersive behavior of neighboring beaver populations in filling the resulting environmental vacuum. This negative externality is accounted for by embedding an ecological model of small‐mammal dispersive dynamics into an optimization framework minimizing the sum of discounted timber damage and trapping costs. The optimal balance that timber producers must strike between the benefits of leaving sufficient resident numbers to deter foreign invasions and the costs of timber damage caused by these “protectors” is characterized.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Quinn Terrance J.
Published: June 2017

Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics & Uncertainty, Ray Hilborn And Carl J. Walters, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1992, 570 pp.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Tuljapurkar Shripad
Published: June 2017

Population Dynamics and the Tribolium Model: Genetics and Demography, R.F. Constantino and R.A. Desharnais, Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics 13, Springer‐Verlag, New York, 1991, ISBN 0‐387‐975‐81‐0, List Price $89
INCENTIVE COMPATIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
Authors: Ellis Gregory M.
Published: June 2017

This paper addresses the problem of designing environmental regulations when firms possess better information about the cost of pollution abatement than regulators. In the regulatory equilibrium derived in the paper, firms are induced to reveal the information they have concerning abatement costs through the judicious use of abatement standard‐subsidy combinations. Offering firms a menu of regulatory contracts, each one specifying a required level of pollution abatement as well as a lump sum subsidy to be paid by the regulatory agency to the firm, is shown to be superior to optimal uniform standard‐subsidy schemes. By appealing to the revelation principle and employing a second policy instrument (subsidies), albeit a costly one, in conjunction with an abatement standard, the incentive compatible approach to environmental regulation presented in the paper minimizes the economic inefficiency customarily attributable to a lack of initial information regarding pollution abatement costs.
A RAPID APPROXIMATION FOR PREDICTING THE HYDROCARBON DISCOVERY RATE: PART 1. ASSESSING THE ACCURACY
Authors: Ninpong R. , Power M. , Fuller J.D.
Published: June 2017

The hydrocarbon discovery prediction problem is important to firms having to make decisions about the deployment of scarce exploration resources. Traditional methods for estimating the discovery rate rely on the completion of time consuming simulation experiments. A rapid approximation that does not require the completion of simulation exists and has been shown to have some promise as a prediction tool. This paper investigates the accuracy of the approximation method under a wide variety of distributional and drilling efficiency assumptions. The results indicate that the approximation produces predictions close to those of simulation under most of the tested conditions. This suggests that resource exploration firms could conveniently use the method for a wide variety of planning purposes without incurring the same costs in time and personnel required for simulation.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A.
Published: June 2017

Conflicts and Cooperation in Managing Environmental Resources, R. Pethig (Ed.), Springer‐Verlag, New York, 1992, 338 pp.
DYNAMIC SUPPLY FROM COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCE: WATER DIVERSIONS FROM THE GREAT LAKES
Authors: Becker Nir , Easter K. William
Published: June 2017

For many purposes, the five Great Lakes can be classified as an open access resource since there is no well‐defined system of property rights governing these water uses in the lakes. Yet the Great Lakes Charter and the Water Resources Act of 1966 establish regulations concerning the diversion of water out of the basin. Thus, for interbasin water diversions the Great Lakes is more like a common property resource with rules governing such transfers. Moreover, water diversion decisions are interconnected since withdrawing water from one point may affect water levels in the entire lake system. This, in turn, can adversely affect hydropower production and commercial navigation. Contributing to the complexity of the problem are the eight U.S. states, two Canadian provinces and two federal governments which are involved in Great Lakes management. Game theory is used to describe this situation. Several games are constructed to describe different market structures. Of particular interest is the number of players who participate in the game, as well as the expectations they hold. Open‐loop (where players commit themselves to future actions) and closed‐loop (where players do not commit themselves to future actions) are compared for the ten players game (eight states and two provinces), two players game (U.S. and Canada) and one player game (a social planner's solution). The open‐loop game is shown to ignore part of the externalities involved, and thus can underestimate the social loss caused by diversions from the lakes.
INTEGRATING BUDWORM AND TIMBER MANAGEMENT: COMPARING PREVENTIVE VERSUS REMEDIAL STRATEGIES
Authors: Williams Jeremy S. , Nautiyal J.C.
Published: June 2017

The general reluctance of forest pest managers to make greater use of pest management models is partially attributable to a lack of confidence in them. Yet, simple models should be capable of providing reliable guidance to managers concerning broad treatment strategies. Data describing jack pine budworm and the damage it can cause were incorporated into a pair of single‐hectare economic optimization models. Over a spectrum of conditions, remedial treatment gave better results than preemptive strategies. However, when the optimal single‐hectare prescriptions were applied forest‐wide, the pre‐emptive strategy was shown to be preferable in some circumstances. This inconsistency was explained and conclusions drawn about the use of models.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: June 2017

Ecological Economics: The Science and Management and Sustainability, Robert Costanza, Editor, Columbia University Press, New York, 1991.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Mesterson‐Gibbons Michael
Published: June 2017

Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, Bryan F.J. Manly, Chapman and Hall, London and New York, xiii + 281 pp.
WELFARE MEASUREMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES IN THE RAMSEY GROWTH MODEL
Authors: Aronsson Thomas , Löfgren Karl‐Gustaf
Published: June 2017

This paper deals with the measurement of economic welfare within the framework of the Ramsey growth model, when there are anticipated technological and/or environmental changes. It is shown that, under such circumstances, the Hamiltonian along an optimal trajectory underestimates the maximum sustainable utility, meaning that the welfare measure suggested in several recent studies would be incorrect in this case. We also derive the appropriate welfare measure in the presence of technological and environmental changes. The second part of the study concerns the welfare implications of unanticipated technological change.
EFFECT OF FISH MOVEMENT AND FLEET SPATIAL BEHAVIOR ON MANAGEMENT OF FISH SUBSTOCKS
Authors: Fahrig Lenore
Published: June 2017

I investigated the questions (i) how much movement of fish between areas within a stock is required before the areas can be managed jointly instead of separately and (ii) how is the trade‐off between separate and joint management affected by the spatial behavior of the fishing fleet? I addressed these questions using a simulation model of a fishery on a stock that is divided into two areas (substocks) between which fish can move. Under joint management, fleet spatial behavior is characterized by its “switching level,” or the biomass level in the currently fished area at or below which the fleet will switch to the other area. Catch levels were calculated under both separate and joint management for a range of movement rates and switching levels. I also studied the effect of differences in natural mortality rates between the two areas. When the natural mortality rates were the same for the two areas, (i) separate management resulted in higher catch than joint management, (ii) joint management only approached the catch of separate management when movement rate of fish between the two areas was very high, (iii) the difference between separate and joint management was greatest when (a) the switching level of the joint fleet was low (i.e., inertia was high) and (b) the joint fleet had a preference for one area. When natural mortality rate was different in the two areas, and (i) the joint fleet did not prefer one area, (a) separate management produced higher catches at low fish movement rates while joint management produced higher catches at high movement rates and (b) switching level had no effect on catch, and (ii) when the fleet had a preference for the area with the higher natural mortality rate, separate management resulted in higher catches than joint management, and the difference increased with increasing fish movement rate. These simulations suggest that the relative merits of separate and joint management of two areas depends on the assumptions one makes about the spatial behavior of the fishing fleet. This behavior is as important as movement of fish between the areas, which is normally assumed to be the overriding determinant of the relative merits of separate and joint management.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Mesterton‐Gibbons Michael
Published: June 2017

Game Equilibrium Models I‐IV, Reinhard Selten, Editor, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1991.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OPTIMAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
Authors: Englin Jeffrey , Callaway John M.
Published: June 2017

A policy question of current interest is how to cope with climate change. One suggestion is to use forests to offset carbon emissions, and therefore, reduce the threat of global warming. This study develops a rigorous model of the relationship between optimal forest harvesting regimes and carbon sequestration. The theoretical analysis integrates the carbon sequestration life cycle into the Faustmann framework and develops optimal cutting rules when carbon sequestration benefits are considered. The carbon life cycle includes both the sequestration of carbon and its ultimate re‐release into the atmosphere. A case study of Douglas fir applies the theoretical framework.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Smith Paul E.
Published: June 2017

Life Cycles: Reflections of an Evolutionary Biologist, John Tyler Bonner, Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, 1993, 209 pp., or UK: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex, ISBN 0‐691‐03319‐6
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND OPTIMAL OIL AND GAS EXPLOITATION
Authors: Jin Di , Grigalunas Thomas A.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the impacts of environmental regulations on firms in the oil and gas industry. A model is developed using optimal control theory, which extends the existing models by incorporating the environmental compliance costs into the exploration and production stages. An approach for measuring the cumulative impacts of these regulations on the firm's exploration and production is presented. The results indicate that rising environmental compliance costs lead to reductions in investment and production, and the alteration of investment and production profiles. This implies that less resources will be developed and associated economic benefit will decline. Therefore, it is vital for policy makers to consider carefully whether the perceived environmental benefits derived from these regulations justify associated compliance costs.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: St. Mary Colette M.
Published: June 2017

The Evolution of Life Histories: Theory and Analysis, Derek A. Roff, Chapman and Hall, pp. 535, ISBN (cloth/paper): 0‐412‐02381‐4/0‐412‐02391‐1
RANDOM ENTRY FORESTRY: TIMBER MANAGEMENT IN A TIME OF SPECIES CONSERVATION
Authors: McKelvey Kevin , Lamberson Roland H.
Published: June 2017

In this paper we propose a timber management scheme which mimics the patchy stand structure of a fire climax forest and has the desirable characteristic of retaining stands of trees of very old ages. We go on to do a preliminary economic analysis and determine that if management is taking place under the restriction that a certain fraction of the forest must be of at least some given age then this approach may be far superior to standard single age rotation schemes.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Rodriguez Jon Paul
Published: June 2017

Risk Assessment in Conservation Biology, M.A. Burgman, S. Ferson, H.R. Akçakaya, Chapman & Hall, 1993
DEPLETION COST EFFECTS, USER COSTS AND INTERTEMPORAL SUPPLIES OF A NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE
Authors: Rowse John
Published: June 2017

Most resource economists would likely agree that the price‐cost circumstances of a nonrenewable resource are critical for determining efficient allocations and that constrained resource availability is largely a convenient artifice. In this paper a resource‐unconstrained optimizing model exhibiting rising marginal costs is formulated and solved to elucidate concepts of allocational efficiency. User costs are highlighted, and the results employed to probe several interpretations of user cost by the National Energy Board of Canada. One of these, long employed in the cost‐benefit analysis of many billions of dollars of prospective gas exports, is shown to be conceptually flawed.
COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS APPLIED TO WILDERNESS PRESERVATION—OPTION VALUE UNCERTAINTY AND DITONICITY
Authors: Reed William J. , Ye Jane J.
Published: June 2017

It has been recognized for some time that when cost‐benefit analysis is applied to irreversible environmental decisions, such as that of developing or preserving wilderness land, there can be an option value associated with the preservation decision, which arises when there is future uncertainty with respect to the benefits of development or preservation. In this paper the provenance of option value is examined and it is shown that an important cause is a special kind of uncertainty, viz. the possibility of reversals in direction of the relative valuations of wilderness land and developed land, a property we refer to as ditonicity. It is shown that the more ditonic the relative valuation process the greater the deviance between the certainty‐equivalence development policy and the stochastically optimal one, and thus by implication the greater the option value. In the two cases with zero ditonicity, when relative wilderness valuations always increase or always decrease (even though in a stochastic fashion), there is zero option value. The model used assumes that service flows from wilderness and developed land are size‐dependent, with future relative values known only in terms of a stochastic process, which can take jumps up or down of the same proportional size, at random times. Development can be partial or total and can occur in impulses at any time over an infinite time horizon.
THE EFFECT OF DECREASING SYSTEM SIZE ON BIRTH AND DEATH MODELS OF OPEN‐ACCESS FISHERIES AND PREDATOR‐PREY ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: McGarvey Richard
Published: June 2017

Birth and death simulation, developed by Pielou, is a form of Markov stochastic process for describing the time evolution of populations. Applied to modelling the human element of a fishery, it expresses two features of fishing effort dynamics absent in systems of differential equations: (1) discreteness of events, such as a fishing trip or entry of a vessel into the fleet, and (2) demography stochasticity, expressed as randomness in the time occurrence of successive events. Birth and death simulation is based on randomly selecting the waiting time between events from a negative exponential distribution, derived under the assumption of Markov. Histograms from commercial landings data of waiting times between events of boats returning to port in a Nova Scotia fishery yielded good agreement with the predicted negative exponential. Algorithms are presented for stochastically modelling two processes: (1) catch and (2) the open‐access hypothesis for changes in fleet size in response to changing levels of profit. The solutions qualitatively diverge from that predicted by differential equations: As the numbers of vessels and fish schools decline (i.e., as the system size scale shrinks), a birth and death formulation predicts increasing instability of the predator‐prey cycle solution about the deterministically stable open‐access equilibrium. Open‐access models are a form of predator‐prey model. In choosing the minimum wilderness preserve area needed to sustain a population of top predators, numbered in the low hundreds, a predator‐prey model formulated with differential equations could underestimate instability and thus the risk of extinction, when the discreteness and randomness of predator‐prey birth, death, and capture events is significant.
FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGY AND THE COST OF IMPROVING GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Authors: Sunding David , Zilberman David , Rausser Gordon , Marco Alan
Published: June 2017

Contamination of groundwater by agricultural and industrial chemicals is a significant public health problem in the United States and other nations. In recent years, regulations regarding acceptable groundwater quality, particularly for drinking water, have proliferated in response to heightened public awareness of health risks. To minimize the burden on the economy of providing high‐quality water, it is necessary to be creative with regard to cleanup strategies. Making treatment technology flexible can reduce the cost of improving groundwater quality by avoiding unnecessary duplication of fixed costs. We consider two types of flexibility. The first is mobility of treatment technology among locations within a single water delivery system. We calculate the costs of compliance with drinking water quality regulations when treatment technologies are fixed and when they are mobile between locations, and show that mobility has significant economic advantages. The second type of flexibility is mobility among water delivery systems, which we capture through a regional rental market for treatment devices. We show that, under certain conditions, rental markets for treatment technology can lower the costs of improving water quality.
REGULATORY CONTROLS AND MARKET POWER EXERTION: A STUDY OF THE PACIFIC HALIBUT INDUSTRY
Authors: Love H. Alan , Burton Diana M. , Sylvia Gilbert , Lei Shangli
Published: June 2017

Regulatory controls designed to manage Pacific halibut fisheries are shown to have altered firms' competitive behavior. Managing catch through open access derbies allowed processors to exert monopsony market power at the vessel level during short seasons. As a result, a significant portion of regulatory rents associated with reduced seasons were captured by processors. Results also indicate that processors have not exerted significant market power at the wholesale level.
CAPACITY AND PRICE OF NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE DEPOSITS
Authors: Williams Nancy A. , Dale Larry L.
Published: June 2017

This paper develops a model to determine the planned rate of production from a nonrenewable resource deposit and applies the model to the U.S. copper industry to estimate changes in aggregate planned copper production as a function of copper price expectations. Standard investment theory is applied in the model to examine the choice of the planned rate of extraction from limited volume resource deposits. A setting is analyzed in which the total production volume from any site is fixed by the size of the resource deposit at that site. Within this setting, the planned rate of resource extraction is a fully endogenous solution of the model.

Properties of the model are investigated to determine changes in the planned rate of production caused by variation in operating cost, investment cost and output price parameters. The planned rate of production from any deposit is found to increase at a decreasing rate, given incremental increases in the output price, ceteris paribus. The finding is illustrated with data describing mined and yet‐to‐be mined copper deposits in the United States. A close match is observed between the calculated production rate for mined copper deposits and the mine capacity (rate of production) chosen by the owners of those deposits, given plausible assumptions about mine owner price expectations. The planned rate of production is aggregated across all deposits and plotted as a function of output price. An aggregate medium run copper supply curve is obtained, indicating the elasticity of planned production to changes in the expected long run output price of copper. This empirical example suggests that doubling the output price from $1 to $2 per pound copper, would triple aggregate planned copper production in the United States.
MULTIPLE USE VALUES AND OPTIMAL STEADY STATE AGE DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Heaps Terry
Published: June 2017

Forest management today, generally, focuses not only on wood values but also on the many other amenities and services provided by growing forests. The significance of these multiple use values was recognized by Hartman [1976] who derived a formula for the optimal rotation for a single stand when the services provided by the stand throughout its life are considered in addition to the value of the final harvest. Some more recent work has focused on the case of multiple stands where the amenity values at a point in time depend on the age distribution of the stands at that time. One approach to harvesting multiple stands for wood values alone is the forestry maximum principle developed by Heaps [1984] and Wan [1985]. It will be shown here how the forestry maximum principle can be modified to incorporate the amenity services provided by the growing forest. The optimal steady state age distributions for the multiple stand forest can then be identified and described with the help of Hartman's rotation formula.
NONMARKET RESOURCE VALUATION: A BILEVEL OPTIMIZATION APPROACH
Authors: Önal Hayri , Muralidaran Vijay
Published: June 2017

The social value of a common property/open access resource is in general different from the value attributed by individual users. Therefore, public intervention in the form of prices, quotas and marketable licenses has often been necessary to prevent overexploitation of such resources. This paper addresses the pricing issue. The existing mathematical programming studies in the resource economics literature suggest using the shadow price information obtained from an aggregate model where the sum of net returns to individual users and the management authority is maximized. When the policy maker's objective takes a different form, however, the shadow price strategy may result in a socially suboptimum or infeasible resource utilization. A bilevel optimization approach is proposed in this paper where the price of the resource is introduced as a policy variable and the optimizing behavior of individual users is considered as an explicit constraint in a global optimization problem. An empirical application of the proposed approach to the steady state management of a large scale irrigation system is presented.
THE APPLICATION OF OPTIMAL CONTROL METHODOLOGY TO A WELL‐STIRRED BIOREACTOR
Authors: Heinricher A. , Lenhart S. , Solomon A.
Published: June 2017

We examine a model for a well‐stirred bioreactor with dynamics governed by two ordinary differential equations. The equations model bacteria and contaminant growth and decay. We solve two optimal control problems, taking the input nutrient as the control.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Ludwig Donald
Published: June 2017

A Concrete Approach to Mathematical Modelling, Michael Mesterton‐Gibbons, Wiley, New York, 597+xx pp.
AN ALTERNATIVE SPECIFICATION FOR MODELING GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS
Authors: Kim C.S. , Sandretto C. , Fleming R.A. , Adams R.A.
Published: June 2017

This research extends previous work with dynamic models to manage groundwater quality by using the consumptive nitrate use rate instead of the nitrate application rate. The analysis indicates that misspecification results in overestimation of economic benefits, and supra‐optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rates and groundwater nitrate stocks at a steady state.
ESTIMATION OF SALMON ESCAPEMENT: MODELS WITH ENTRY, MORTALITY AND STOCHASTICITY
Authors: Quinn Terrance J. , Gates Richard
Published: June 2017

Understanding the dynamics of Prince William Sound pink salmon requires knowledge of the size of the spawning population in a stream over time. Periodic aerial surveys provide observations on the number of spawners, but the lack of daily observations requires a model to fill in the gaps. We develop a differential equation framework to represent the dynamics of escapement during the season. An exponential population growth model with a time‐varying rate of growth is used for the number of spawners. The rate of growth consists of two primary components: the entry of salmon to the stream (escapement) and the mortality of spawners in the stream. The models for entry and mortality are also functions of time. The stochastic element of the model is based on a nonhomogeneous birth‐and‐death process which leads to a least squares estimation approach with either additive measurement or process errors. We illustrate the approach for a stream in Prince William Sound by fitting various models to observed spawner abundance, mortality counts from ground surveys and weir counts of the entry to the stream. We believe this approach could improve salmon escapement estimation, because the processes governing entry and mortality are explicitly considered.
COMPUTING THE EQUILIBRIA OF DYNAMIC COMMON PROPERTY GAMES
Authors: Ligon Ethan , Narain Urvashi
Published: June 2017

In this paper we discuss techniques for rapidly computing the equilibria of a class of dynamic linear‐quadratic games involving the extraction of a common property resource. Though this class of games has been much studied, the search for equilibria of these games has only been attempted in special cases, and analysis of the game has tended to focus on its steady‐state properties.

We construct a pseudo‐planning problem, the optimal of which correspond to the Markov perfect equilibria of the class of games we explore. We show how the optima (equilibria) of this pseudo‐planning problem (game) can be rapidly computed via a Riccati‐like equation. Finally, we illustrate the use of these techniques with several examples involving the extraction of a common property resource.
EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF EXPECTED RETURNS FROM RESEARCH ON STOCK STRUCTURE FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALLOWABLE CATCH
Authors: McDonald A. David , Smith Anthony D.M. , Punt Andre E. , Tuck Geoffrey N. , Davidson Adam J.
Published: June 2017

An approach to incorporating new information using Bayes' theorem is applied to obtain estimates of expected returns from research on stock structure for determination of total allowable catch (TAC). Expected returns are measured relative to quantitative performance criteria that are inferred from fishery management objectives. Principles of the approach are outlined and a detailed case study of Tasmanian orange roughy is reported.
CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN UTILIZING A COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCE
Authors: Becker Nir , Easter K. William
Published: June 2017

Noncooperative games are used to demonstrate that, while free riding is always an option, the “tragedy of the commons” is not inevitable. When the decision to cooperate or free ride is considered in a dynamic setting, there is no intermediate case where some cooperate and others free ride. The game is only stabilized in either full cooperation or full defection. The important factor in obtaining a cooperative outcome is the critical number of players that decide to cooperate. The concept of commitment is used to demonstrate the necessary and sufficient conditions for full cooperation. Although the analysis is based on a shared water resource, it can be extended to other natural resources with common costs and private benefits, especially in the cases where there are no international authorities or treaties that internalize the externalities involved in privatizing the resource.
SHARING THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATION IN HIGH SEAS FISHERIES: A CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION GAME APPROACH
Authors: Kaitala Veijo , Lindroos Marko
Published: June 2017

In the current paper we examine a game‐theoretic setting in which three countries have established a regional organization for the conservation and management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. A characteristic function game approach is applied to describe the sharing of the surplus benefits from cooperation. We demonstrate that the nucleolus and the Shapley value give more of the benefits to the coalition with substantial bargaining power than does the Nash bargaining scheme. We also compare the results that are obtained by using the nucleolus and the Shapley value as solution concepts. The outcomes from these solution concepts depend on the relative efficiency of the most efficient coalition. Furthermore, the question of fair sharing of the benefits is considered in the context of straddling stocks.
A STEADY‐STATE SATISFACTORY SOLUTION TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL GAME WITH PIECE‐WISE DEFINED PAYOFFS
Authors: Krawczyk Jacek B. , Pourtallier Odile , Tidball Mabel
Published: June 2017

We model a pollution accumulation process through a nonlinear, nondifferentiable state equation and also as dependent on an environmental levy. Then the payoff function to an economic agent is defined piece‐wise. However, for a simple demand and cost structure, the combined payoff function of all agents is diagonally strictly concave. This implies that a steady‐state Nash equilibrium is unique and can be controlled by the levy. We analytically compute a steady‐state Nash equilibrium solution for the agents, and use a Decision Support Tool to determine a satisfactory solution for the interactions between the agents and a legislator responsible for the levy.