bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transmission by Anisotropic Media: The Jones and Mueller Calculus
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

The majority of polarizing elements used to design optical rheometers, and most sample geometries in optical rheometry, involve transmission of light through anisotropic materials. This interaction will generally induce a transformation in the polarization. Throughout this monograph, only linear transformations will be considered, and, in this case, matrix operations conveniently describe the behavior of optical elements. Two calculus procedures have been developed for this purpose for both the Jones and Stokes vectors and are described in this chapter. Using these techniques, the analysis of optical trains can proceed in a systematic, straightforward manner.
Reflection and Refraction of Light: Ellipsometry
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

Light reflected or refracted from a planar interface will be altered in its phase and amplitude. Measurement of the transfonnation of light following such an interaction can be used to characterize physical properties of the interface. If a thin film is contained at the surface between two media, for example, its refractive index and thickness can be determined. Polarimetry methods used to measure the electric vector emitted in the process of reflection or refraction are commonly referred to as ellipsometry, although, in principle, this term can be used interchangeably with polarimetry to describe any technique used to measure the polarization properties of light. In this chapter, the analysis of light interactions with planar interfaces containing any number of stratified thin films is discussed. The treatment of this topic is necessarily brief, and the monograph by Azzam and Bashara [5] is recommended for a more detailed discussion of ellipsometry.
Total Intensity Light Scattering
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

When light intercepts an obstacle it will be scattered, and measurement of the amplitude and polarization properties of the scattered light at various angles relative to the incident beam can provide important structural and dynamic information about a material. Figure describes the basic light scattering experiment. Incident light with an electric field Ei is incident on a scattering object and scatters light Es at a scattering angle 0 relative to the incident light direction. The wave vectors ki and ks define the propagation direction of the incident and scattering fields. The vector X specifies the point of measurement. The vector x’ scales with the size of the scattering object.
Selection and Alignment of Optical Components
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

The successful design of an optical experiment requires the correct choice and installation of its component parts. This chapter discusses the principles of operation, fabrication, and alignment of the most common optical elements.
Some Conceptions of Public Justification
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

It will be helpful, in order to consolidate the largely taxonomic work of the previous chapter, to consider some concrete exemplars of the concept of public justification — some conceptions of this concept. I will therefore first give some brief descriptions of the. conceptions of a number of important contemporary theorists and then, in each case, try to locate the conception in terms of the various dimensions that I have just identified. It will transpire that these dimensions are not neutral or inert from an ethico-political point of view. (See sec. 20.) We can therefore expect one of the polar types to have characteristics that differ from those of the other such type and in ways that are significant from the point of view of the project of public justification. The taxonomic work of this chapter will thus provide a basis for discovering, in Chapter 6, how these various conceptions fare with respect to the ideal of public justification.
Overarching Principles and Perspectives?
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

I claim to have established a case for the essential contestability of the concept of public justification, and so for the insolubility of the problem of public justification, and so for the failure of the liberal project of legitimation.

There is good reason to believe that there are multiple independent desiderata associated with the ideal of public justification and to believe that, in many cases, satisfaction of one, say moralistic, desideratum means, ipso facto, inadequate performance with respect to other, particularly realistic, desiderata. Such a prima facie case for the contestability thesis could be overcome were we able to discover or construct some “further overarching principle and perspective from which these[desiderata] can be put into [some] ... objective balance.”
Tlie Lively Arts and Cultural Criticism Revitalized
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

The astonishing vitality that we customarily associate with American culture during the 1920s sprang primarily from the popular arts. Theatrical productions and musical revues on Broadway, but elsewhere as well, blended the exuberant energies of new music, lyrics, comedy routines, and interpretive dance. Although such entertainments were deemed unworthy of careful assessment by serious critics at the time, a few among the newer cohort did pay attention (and generally applauded) what was happening on stage, in film, in nightclubs, and on occasion, in public spaces for celebratory or civic purposes. George Jean Nathan, Matthew Josephson, Marsden Hartley, and Gilbert Seldes come promptly to mind.
“It Was a Good Time for Magazine Writers”
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Although Seldes discovered his distinctive medium and fashioned his own stylistic voice during the years from 1923 until 1926, the next phase of his career (1927–30) would be rather different in terms of its focus, output, and above all, the clarification and ripening of his views as a cultural critic. In The 7 Lively Arts, for example, he had written, “Faced with the vast myths of the American pasts, our poets simply haven’t found the medium for projecting them.” That remark resonates with observations that Van Wyck Brooks had been making for a decade, and might well have been written by Brooks. Seven months later, however, Seldes noticed strong tendencies toward “artistic chauvinism” in Brooks, and more important still, observed that Brooks needed to resolve an ambivalence that Seldes himself had just begun to sort out.
Coming to Terms with Mass Culture
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Although this chapter treats the harvest years of Seldes’ career as a cultural critic, the decade of the 1950s, it is necessary to start by dipping back to 1932 when he wrote a semi-serious essay on what he perceived to be a double standard in diverse modes of consumerism. Why had social assumptions developed in such a way that commercial products were not evaluated for the public when they first appeared, yet plays, books, and movies were? Seldes suggested that this made no sense because “we suffer more from the misrepresentation of things we use (and the adulteration of things we eat) than we do from what we see and hear.” After speculating about the origins of the critic’s profession, and especially the ways that it had changed during the previous century, Seldes expressed the wish that artists and manufacturers might exchange places. “Then we would choose our movies and our radio programs by luck, and have a Coffee Critic and a Mattress Expert to tell us what to buy in the stores.”
“That Oldest Human Longing”: The Erotics of Talk in Their Eyes Were Watching God
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

Reduced to its basic narrative components, Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is the story of a young woman in search of an orgasm. From the moment Janie is “summoned to behold a revelation” (24) and witnesses the “panting,” “frothing,” “ecstatic,” “creaming” fulfillment of a blossoming pear tree, her quest is set; she wants, as she puts it, “tuh utilize mahself all over” (169). The novel was written in a cultural context of multiple sanctions against any representation of black female sexuality. Nonetheless, Hurston’s description of Janie’s “revelation” is one of the sexiest passages in American literature:

It was a spring afternoon in West Florida. Janie had spent most of the day under a blossoming pear tree in the back-yard ... she was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree soaking in the alto chant of the visiting bees, the gold of the sun and the panting breath of the breeze when the inaudible voice of it all came to her.
The Handicap Principle
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

The handicap principle, first proposed by Zahavi about 17 years ago, has in the past several years become widely accepted as a central unifying theory explaining many previously baffling aspects of animal signalling and communication. It is arguably the most important theoretical advance in animal behaviour in recent years. Basically, the theory states that to be effective, signals must be reliable, and to be reliable, they must be costly to the signaller. This fundamental insight is then developed to explain and illuminate much of animal and human behaviour - why the peacock’s tail is so ornate, and why antelope will spend energy stetting or leaping into the air, when they see a predator, instead of running away, but also how humans test each others’ commitment by imposing burdens during courtship. Signals are paid attention to only if the signal itself imposes a handicap on the signaller that would make cheating impossible or unprofitable, This book explores the very wide-ranging implications of the handicap principle, for predator-prey relations, sexual selection, parent-offspring relations, coalitions and alliances, and the persistence of altruism, in animals and also in human societies and intercellular signalling within multicellular organisms.
Communication Between Rivals
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

Rivals rarely attack each other without first signaling their intentions. Most of the time, they do not attack at all, and the conflict between them is resolved by an exchange of threats. These signals come in many forms: singing, aerial displays, electric pulses (in the electric eel), puffs of noxious chemicals, posturing. The song of the nightingale advertises the bird’s readiness to defend its territory and deters its rivals. Red deer walk side by side and roar. Fish swim in parallel to one another, extending their fins.
The Use Of Color For Showing Off
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

Color may camouflage an animal, in which case its benefits are obvious and need no explanation. Color may also affect heat absorption or reflection. There are cases in which coloring itself signals health, as do the red of cocks’ combs, the color of human lips, and similar structures that show off blood circulation, and the color of flamingoes and other birds that get their hue from foods rich in carotenoids. Carotenoids are active molecules and can cause damage within the body; we speculate that high levels of carotenoids in the blood at the time the bird is growing its feathers may well be a handicap that can be sustained only by a high-quality bird.
Parents And Offspring
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

A parent and a child are the simplest reproductive coalition there is. At first glance, it seems obvious that both parent and child have the same interest: the good of the child. But if that is so, why are there so many conflicts between parents and children? According to Trivers, the picture is less simple than it first appears. The child’s interest is to take care of itself, while the parent has to take care of other offspring as well. The child aims to get from its parent whatever it can get, even if the parent shortchanges and perhaps even loses its other offspring. The parent wants the child to succeed, but only if its investment in that one child does not reduce the total number of successful, reproducing offspring it can have.
Classical Form
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

Building on ideas first advanced by Arnold Schoenberg and later developed by Erwin Ratz, this book introduces a new theory of form for instrumental music in the classical style. The theory provides a broad set of principles and a comprehensive methodology for the analysis of classical form, from individual ideas, phrases, and themes to the large-scale organization of complete movements. It emphasizes the notion of formal function, that is, the specific role a given formal unit plays in the structural organization of a classical work.
Standing at the Abyss: Viruses, Spores, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Even under the most sophisticated microscope, there is very little difference in the appearance of a cell at the moment of its death and one that is perfectly healthy, just as there is little in appearance to distinguish someone who has just died from someone who just fell asleep. Within a few moments a dead cell may burst open or fragment into apoptotic bodies, but if the cell is kept at room temperature it may not manifest these hallmarks of death for several hours. So how do we know when a cell is dead? This is an important question, because the death of a living organism begins, as we have seen, with the death of a portion of its cells. If we are to understand fully the meaning of death, we need to understand what it is that is switched off inside an individual cell when it dies -what it is that returns it to chaos and to silence.
The Memoirs Of Fray Servando Teresa De Mier
Authors: Lane Helen
Published: November 2023

On December 12, 1794, Fray Servando Teresa de Mier preached a sermon in Mexico City that led to his arrest by the Inquisition. He was exiled to Spain--only to escape and spend ten years traveling throughout Europe, as none other than a French priest. So began the grand adventure of Fray Servando's life, and of this gripping memoir. Here is an invitation hard for any reader to resist: a glimpse of the European "Age of Enlightenment" through the eyes of a fugitive Mexican friar. In this memoir, one sees a portrait of manners and morals that is a far cry from the "civilized" spirit that the Empire wanted to impose on its Colonies. This book takes a look at history from an upside down perspective, asking this question: who were the real savages, the colonizers themselves, or the supposed "savages" they were struggling to convert? After ten years, Fray Servando finally returned home to an independent Mexico, where he served the new government before his death. Heretic and rebel, fugitive and visionary, character in a novel and father of his country--Fray Servando Teresa de Mier was all of these things. Translated into English for the first time, this memoir truly captures the passionate spirit of a fantastic man.
Bamboos, Bark, and Bananas The Diet of a Megaherbivore
Authors: Sukumar Raman
Published: November 2023

The feeding habits of the largest land mammals have naturally attracted a lot of attention, if only for the sheer quantity and variety of plants they consume and the impact they make on their habitats. Both in Africa and in Asia, there have been numerous studies of the foraging ecology of the elephant. Given the diversity of habitats in which elephants are found across the two continents, we can naturally expect considerable variation in the types and parts of plants they consume. Yet, we must search for commonality amid the myriad patterns of foraging behavior recorded. Can the elephant’s feeding strategies throughout its range be explained by a simple set of rules’ An animal’s feeding behavior is fundamentally explained by its anatomical and physiological adaptations, products of its evolutionary history. Among mam malian herbivores, structures of the teeth and of the gastrointestinal tract are obviously important determinants of plant types eaten. Their ability to degrade cellulose in the plant cell wall through microbial symbionts for obtaining energy is closely related to the structure of the gastrointestinal tract. Body size exerts a great influence through its physiological consequences, such as metabolic rate. The sexes may have differing nutritional requirements or may use habitats in a different manner; females and young may have greater need to avoid predators, for example. In the case of the elephant, the very large body size imposes special constraints on its feeding ecology. At a more proximal level, the food choices of a herbivore will depend on what is available.
“The Childe of Bristowe” and the Making of Middle-Class Adolescence
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The behavior of middle-class youth became a prominent theme in the literature, laws, court cases, guild regulations, and thinking of fifteenth-century English society in an obsessive way uncharacteristic of preceding centuries. Books of advice for youth aspiring to make their way up the social ladder proliferated in manuscript form and spread even more with the invention of printing. Among the dominant metaphors were the relationship of the young to the old, the apprentice to the master, the uncultivated to the cultivated. The process of forming a concept of a societal ideal of middle-class adolescent behavior was, as Norbert Elias described, one in which meaning and form were picked up and polished in speech and writing and “tossed back and forth until they became efficient instruments for expressing what people had jointly experienced and wanted to communicate about.” In this chapter I will look at this process of polishing descriptions of adolescent behavior as they were circulated between literary and legal creations, on the one hand, and the actual experience of adolescence, on the other. The game of exchange between the literary and the historical leads to a fifteenth-century construction of adolescence. Although the ideal type may be seen in a number of written examples, the portrait appears most fully in a popular poem, “The Childe of Bristowe” and in its variant, “The Merchant and His Son.” These didactic narratives are a fifteenth-century version of Horatio Alger stories, adventure tales in which an aspiring lad overcomes the obstacles set in his way to achieve good fame and fortune.
Host Retaliation
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

As the Red Queen remarked to Alice, sometimes it is necessary to compete as strongly as possible just to remain in the same position relative to others. So it is with brood parasites and their hosts; just as rapidly as a parasite is able to exploit and deleteriously affect the reproductive potential of a host species, the host actively undertakes protective strategies that tend to avoid or at least ameliorate the parasite’s effects. The result is a coevolutionary arms race of varying degrees of intensity and speed {Dawkins & Krebs, 1979), with no endpoint or clearcut ultimate benefit resulting to either species.
Old World Cuckoos
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The typical Old World cuckoos comprise, in the classification of Sibley and Monroe (1990), a group of nearly 80 species that include 12 genera and more than 50 species that are almost exclusively brood parasites. The group has its primary area of species diversity in southeastern Asia and the East Indies (centering on Borneo), with a secondary area of high species diversity in tropical West Africa and the upper drainages of the Congo Basin (figs. 22 and 23). The family, at least as it was recognized by Sibley and Monroe, also includes an additional group comprising four genera and 25 species (malkohas, Old World ground cuckoos, and couas) that rear their own offspring. Other more traditional and more widely accepted classifications of the Cuculidae (e.g., that used by Fry, et al., 1988, and by Cramp, 1985) recognize a much larger cuculid family, comprising seven subfamilies, of which the Cuculinae represent all the brood parasites of the Old World.
Archaea as Ancestors
Authors: Howland John L
Published: November 2023

Here is a paradox: Archaea are undeniably prokaryotic, yet they exhibit many eukaryotic features concerning the manner in which they manage genetic information. Indeed, their genetic systems appear to include a rather complicated mix of prokaryotic and eukaryotic strategies for information handling. How is this situation consistent with what we know of their evolutionary history?
Introduction
Authors: Sutton R Anderson
Published: November 2023

The performing arts of South Sulawesi during the latter half of the twentieth century have struggled to adapt to enormous political, social, economic, and aesthetic changes. The challenges have been mighty, and the responses remarkably varied and not always successful. The cultural terrain I wish to explore in this book roams widely, from village ceremonies to studio-produced popular music. While I do not intend to suggest a single, grand narrative, it is clear from much I encountered there that musicians, dancers, artist-intellectuals, and audiences share a concern for “spirit” or “soul” (Mks. sumangak; Bgs. sumangék) in local performance and sense that loss of local spirit, in the face of Indonesian and foreign cultural pressures, requires vigilance. It is in this sense that I intend the title of this book, which derives from the term for an ancient local ritual ceremony, a term also adopted as the name of a recent secular dance: pakurruk sumangék (Bgs. call back the spirit). It suggests not only that local arts have the potential for power, but also that efforts are needed to maintain spirit within the arts and, in local conception, to call back what might be lost.
Be Positive:”Prince of Friends and Benefactors”
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: November 2023

Contemporaries summed up William Osier’s approach to life with such adjectives as alert, boyish, buoyant, cheerful, interested, and vivacious, to name a few. Today, we would say “upbeat.” Several of the people who knew him best, however, felt that he was to some extent a chronic depressive. One wrote, “Osler had a sad face, and I have always suspected that there was a good deal of sadness underneath this extremely jovial exterior.” Osier’s fascination with The Anatomy of Melancholy, a colorful treatise published in 1621 by Robert Burton, an English clergyman who tried to write his way out of depression, supports this suggestion.
“A New Kind of War ”
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

America’s experience in Greece has often been cited as a model by those later policymakers in Washington who regard the involvement as a “victory ” for American foreign policy. Indeed, President Johnson and others referred to Greece as the model for America’s deepening involvement in Vietnam during the mid-1960’s. Greece became the battlefield for a new kind of war--one that included the use of guerrilla warfare, propaganda, war in the shadows, terror tactics and victory based on outlasting the enemy. It was also a test before the world of America’s resolve to protect the principle of self-determination. Jones argues that American policy towards Greece was the focal point in the development of a global strategy designed to combat totalitarianism. He also argues that had the White House and others drawn the real “lessons ” from the intervention in Greece, the decisions regarding Vietnam might have been more carefully thought out.
Animal Parasitism
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Scientists estimate that up to 50% of all animal species are parasitic symbionts. Some phyla such as the Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Arthropoda contain large numbers of parasitic species. Hosts and parasites have evolved together and under natural conditions many have become mutually tolerant. Host organisms can live independently, but, in many cases, the parasite’s association with its host is obligatory (Price, 1980; Jenzen, 1988; Thompson, 1994).

Animal parasites affect the health of humans and domesticated animals throughout the world. In most warm climates parasitic infections from flukes, nematodes, and arthropods greatly diminish the quality of life. Scientists estimate that three out of four people in the world are infected with parasites, and many people carry multiple infections. The prevalence of parasitic diseases is extremely high among people who are poor and illiterate (Evans and Jamison, 1994). Because of public health concerns, the science of parasitology continues to attract public support to study host-parasite relationships and to develop effective strategies to control and cure parasitic infections. In this chapter, we examine symbioses that involve flukes, tapeworms, nematodes, and arthropods. We describe the morphological adaptations of parasites, how the host defends itself against parasitic invasion, how parasites evade a host’s defenses, and coevolution of parasites and hosts.
Flowering Plant Symbioses
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Angilosperms, or flowering plants, make up more than 80% of all living plants. Although their origin remains shrouded in what Darwin called the “abominable mystery,” the explosive diversity of flowering plants during the past 110 million years is an evolutionary success story. The fossil record confirms that many flowering plant families existed 100 million years ago. Flowering plants have shown great flexibility in the morphology of their roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.. As a defense against herbivorous animals, 111.any plant species have evolved prickles and spines, hairy leaves, and a wide range of secondary metabolites (Jones and Firn, 1991). The growth-differentiation balance (GDB) hypothesis deals with plant resource allocation patterns. Primary metabolism supports the growth of new tissues, while secondary metabolism supports the production of specialized tissues, organs, and chemical compounds. According to the GDB hypothesis, growth and differentiation require energy that comes from photosynthesis (Herms and Mattson, 1992; Lerdau et al., 1994). Thus, in a coevolutionary arms race, a cost-benefit equation is central to the allocation of a host’s limited energy resources. One reason for the success of flowering plants may be their ability to form mutualistic symbioses, such as those with bacteria that fix nitrogen, fungi (mycorrhizae), and insects, birds, and mammals, which pollinate plants and disperse seeds.
The Cosmic Origins of Information
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

The information in the biological world is deployed in organizations of matter that span twelve orders of magnitude on a length scale, from 1o-8 to 104 cm (Fig. 2.1). These biological organizations constitute several hierarchies: the building units of the molecules, the biomolecules themselves, their aggregates (supramolecular structures), the cells, the cell associations (tissues), and the organisms. The rest of the organizations in the universe span 39 orders of magnitude. These form hierarchies stretching from the elementary particles (l0-13cm) to the groupings of stars (1026cm): quarks combine to form the protons and neutrons; protons and neutrons associate to form the nuclei; nuclei and electrons form atoms; atoms assemble to molecules; molecules form supramolecular structures; and so, continuing upward in scale, we get to the organizations of moons, planets, and stars (105-1011cm), to the star galaxies, the clusters of galaxies, and, finally, to the clusters of galaxy clusters (1026cm).
The Growth of the Cosmic Inheritance on Earth
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

At this juncture we take up again our chronicle of the first organizations of energy and matter in the cosmos. We had left the account at a stage when our solar system emerged out of the remnants of a star explosion which happened some 5 billion years ago in the Milky Way, a supernova whose heavier atoms were hurled out into space and eventually condensed to form the planets. From this point on we taper our view to planet Earth. There, the workshop of organizations idled for a while, until things cooled down. Most everything on Earth then was prefabricated, so to speak. What elements there were, came from somewhere else; the carbon and oxygen nuclei came from the ancestral supernova, and the hydrogen and helium were leftovers of the syntheses during the first three minutes of the universe. There would be little chance for further development until the temperature dropped to a degree where atoms could interact electrostatically and stick together to form molecules. A pair of hydrogen atoms, for example, will interact at a short distance: the electron of one atom is attracted by the nucleus of the other, and vice versa; at a distance of0.74 angstroms, there is an energy trough where the two atoms can build a stable organization in which their electrons are shared. Such covalent bonding requires no energy outside that contributed by the two atoms themselves.
Rules of the Intercellular Communication Game
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

We pause here a moment in our information tracking, for a perspective of time. Let us take our bearings and place the main events in the biological information flow encountered so far on our cosmic chart (Fig. 3.3). The flow started about 4 billion years ago. It began with a trickle, as the first self-reproducing molecular systems emerged out of the chemistry of the cooling Earth, and grew gradually to the stream found in all cells today.
lntercellular Communication Cheek-By-Jowl
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

We now shift our line of inquiry from hormones to the other two forms of intercellular communication. Willy nilly, we make a fresh start here because the membrane G-system is not bound up with these forms. The cells here take advantage of the cheek-by-jowl situations prevailing in tissues and make their Circus connections right at the points of contact. There, certain proteins in the apposing membranes come within reach of one another and interact directly across the intercellular gap. These interactions-they all are of the short-range electromagnetic sort-tend to hold the membranes tightly together. The membranes, thus, form a sandwich; and these sandwiches, tiny (and far between) as they are, are Lucullan feasts of information. In fact, so much information is concentrated at these contact spots that entire organs and tissues are under their sway.
Syndromes Affecting Bone: Chondrodysplasias and Chondrodystrophies
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

We cannot emphasize strongly enough the need for radiographic examination of lethal bone dysplasias. The minimum number of radiographic views that should be taken include anterior–posterior (AP) and lateral views of the whole body (babygram), lateral skull, and hand and foot views. At autopsy, views of the trachea, vertebrae, costochondral junction, and the head of the humerus and femur should be obtained (3,9). Chromosomes may be cultured from human cartilage within seven days following death (7).
Proportionate Short Stature Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Credit is usually given to Aarskog (1) for describing the disorder in 1970. However, earlier reports had been made (4,28,57). The condition is characterized by unusual facies, short stature, abnormalities of hands and feet, and genital anomalies. In most families, inheritance is compatible with an X-linked recessive pattern, female heterozygotes frequently exhibiting minor stigmata (43). Bawle et al (9) and Tyrkus et al (52) reported women with full expression of the syndrome, each of whom had an affected son. Porteous et al (43) localized the gene to Xp11.21, which was later confirmed (46) and called FGD1 (44). Pasteris et al (40), using positional cloning methods, identified a mutation in a gene that showed strong homology to RAS-like RHO/RAC guanine nucleotide exchange factors. The Rho family plays important roles in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and cell growth. Mutations probably result in a disturbance of signal transduction and, hence, developmental growth anomalies (58). A mouse model has become available (41).
Overgrowth Syndromes and Postnatal Onset Obesity Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

In 1963, Beckwith (2) reported three cases of a newly recognized syndrome consisting of macroglossia, omphalocele, cytomegaly of adrenal cortex, hyperplasia of gonadal interstitial cells, renal medullary dysplasia, and hyperplastic visceromegaly (Figs. 11–1 to 11–5). Subsequently, Beckwith (3) enlarged his series of patients, noting postnatal somatic gigantism, mild microcephaly, and severe hypoglycemia. In 1964, Wiedemann (107) independently reported the syndrome in three sibs and observed a further component—a dome-shaped defect of the diaphragm. Other important contributions have been made by many investigators (5,6,8,9,13,18,30,35,38–48,54,55,66–70,73,76,81,88,90,101,108–110,113,115). Over 500 cases have been reported. The frequency has been estimated at 1 per 12,000 births (31,112). Exhaustive reviews have been published (14,15,28,29,31,33,44,73,79). The most recent update is that of Cohen (17). Early diagnosis of this striking condition alerts the clinician to the dual threat of hypoglycemia and possible neoplasia. Clinical and laboratory findings are listed in Table 11–1.
Syndromes with Craniosynostosis: Miscellaneous Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Wells et al (277), in 1990, described a male infant with craniosynostosis, acrobrachycephaly, syndactyly of all extremities, midface hypoplasia, parrot-beak nose, exophthalmos, hypertelorism, exotropia, huge pinnae, and short upper lip. The hands and feet resembled those of Apert syndrome. In addition, there were block thoracic vertebrae with progressive loss of intervertebral discs and platyspondyly. The thin posterior ribs had a fan-like configuration.

Acrocraniofacial dysostosis
Syndromes with Contractures
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Fetal akinesia deformation sequence (Pena-Shokeir I syndrome, FADS) Pena and Shokeir (29) and Punnett et al (32), in 1974, described children with intrauterine growth retardation, multiple congenital joint contractures, facial abnormalities, short gut, and pulmonary hypoplasia (Fig. 18–1). About 80 cases have subsequently been reported. The frequency has been estimated at 1/10,000 births. Shokeir (36) proposed that the syndrome be referred to as Pena-Shokeir syndrome, type I and that the cerebro-oculo-facial syndrome (COFS) be called Pena-Shokeir syndrome, type II. Moessinger (26) and Toriello et al (37) proposed abandonment of the term and replacement with fetal akinesia sequence. The disorder has been classified as a form of arthrogryposis. It is heterogeneous, the phenotype reflecting decreased fetal movement from many different causes (10,20,37): neurogenic atrophy (4,25), congenital myopathy (23), maternal myasthenia gravis (3,16,34), fetal edema (11), and oligohydramnios. The most critical survey is that of Hall (12). Porter (31) published a comprehensive review of the lethal arthrogryposes.
Orofacial Clefting Syndromes: Associations
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Aicardi syndrome consists of seizures, callosal agenesis, severe mental retardation, delayed development, and ocular abnormalities (chorioretinal lacunae, microphthalmia) occurring in retarded females. It is believed to be caused by an X-linked dominant gene that is lethal in the hemizygous male. The gene maps to Xp22.3 (1). Death usually occurs during the first decade of life. The syndrome has been reported in association with porencephaly, corticoheterotopias, Arnold-Chiari malformation, papilloma of the choroid plexus, lissencephaly, ventricular cyst, polygyria, microgyria, arhinencephaly, and Dandy–Walker malformation. It has been estimated that cleft lip-palate (1–6) is found in about 3% of the cases. Holoprosencephaly (5) has also been described
Other Miscellaneous Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Halal et al (3) reported two French-Canadian female sibs whose parents were consanguineous. Both exhibited severe split hand and foot malformations, renal (polycystic kidneys, renal agenesis, and absent ureters) and genital (septate uterus, unicornuate uterus, and single tube) abnormalities, and very severe micrognathia (Fig. 29–1). Although split hand and foot occurs in the classic acro-renal syndrome, no patient has had micrognathia as severe as that observed in Halal’s patients. Moreover, all known instances of acro-renal syndrome have been isolated males with no history of parental consanguinity. They have had unilateral renal agenesis, crossed renal ectopy, hypospadias, and/or cryptorchidism. The female reported by Fitch and Lachance (2) did not have micrognathia. The three sibs described by Evans et al (1) were more severely affected. Hennekam et al (4) also noted sibs with a similar phenotype.
Directional Solidification of Eutectic Ceramics
Authors: Sayir Ali
Published: November 2023

Two major problems associated with structural ceramics are lack of damage tolerance and insufficient strength and creep resistance at the very high temperatures of interest for aerospace application. Driven by the need to produce high strength/high temperature structural ceramics, nanometer scale mixing of powders is currently being used. When the scale of chemical homogeneity is at the atomic level (i.e., monophasic precursors), new reaction paths to process high strength monolithic ceramics become possible.’ High strength monolithic ceramics can be produced cost effectively but the very small grain size limits high temperature creep resistance. Problems associated with monolithic polycrystalline ceramics, i.e., lack of toughness and insufficient creep resistance, can be overcome through development of man-made composites.
The Counselee in a Social Context
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

Family issues are inherent in genetic counseling. Even with a single counselee, the process of eliciting and evaluating the pedigree brings family is sues into the session, as do considerations of why the individual is attending genetic counseling alone. When multiple family members are present, family issues and dynamics are, to greater or lesser extent, expressed and enacted in the session. Beyond the counseling session, families play a crucial role in counselees’ responses to genetic counseling, their approach to and degree of success in coping with the genetic counseling situation, and the process and out come of decision making.

Several concepts are basic to understanding the family. The family is a social system in which the individual’s behaviors and emotions influence and are influenced by other family members in a reciprocal, ongoing manner. These interactions are guided by a set of transactional rules that are largely unconscious and thus “invisible” to the family members. The rules include those governing power relations within the family, expectations of support and nurturance, and deeply embedded expectations and prohibitions concerning communication patterns and expression of emotions. These rules are in part socially determined and in part the outcome of the family’s individual history and evolution. The family is also influenced by outside individuals, institutions, and events.
William Ellery Channing, “Likeness to God” (1828)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING (1780-1842) was the most famous Unitarian preacher of the day, and one of the major spokespersons for denominational matters and public polity. In 1819, his sermon “Unitarian Christianity” helped name the movement. His Seif-Culture (1838) was one of the documents used by the Transcendentalists in the formation of their concept of self realization, and Slavery (1835) was one of the earliest attacks on that institution by the church establishment. “Likeness to God” distinguished between the Deist and Calvinist Gods that were so remote from humankind, and the potential for godliness that existed for the new generation. In a sense, the Transcendentalists were merely extending Channing’s ideas when they called for human perfectibility; and the backlash from their seniors was all the more puzzling for that reason.
Sampson Reed: “Genius” (1821)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

The world was always busy; the human heart has always had love of some kind; there has always been fire on the earth. There is something in the inmost principles of an individual, when he begins to exist, which argues him onward; there is something in the centre of the character of a nation, to which the people aspire; there is something which gives activity to the mind in all ages, countries, and worlds. This principle of activity is love: it may be the love of good or of evil; it may manifest itself in saving life or in killing; but it is love.
Ralph Waldo Emerson: Sermon CLXII [“The Lord’s Supper”) (9 September 1832)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

In the history of the Church no subject has been more fruitful of controversy than the Lord’s Supper. There never has been any unanimity in the understanding of its nature nor any uniformity in the mode of celebrating it. Without considering the frivolous questions which have been hotly debated as to the posture in which men should partake or whether mixed or unmixed wine should be served, whether leavened or unleavened bread should be broken, the questions have been settled differently in every church, who should be admitted to partake, and how often it should be prepared. In the Catholic Church once infants were permitted and then forbidden to partake. Since the ninth Century, bread only is given to the laity and the cup is reserved to the priesthood. So as to the time. In the fourth Lateran Council it was decreed that every believer should communicate once in a year at Easter.
Frederic Henry Hedge: “Coleridge’s Literary Character” (March 1833)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

There is no writer of our times whose literary rank appears so ill defined as that of Mr. Coleridge. Perhaps there is no one whose true standing in the literary world it is so difficult to determine. For ourselves we know not a more doubtful problem in criticism than this author and his works present. If it were lawful to judge men by what they are, rather than by what they have done, by the evidence they give of what they might accomplish, rather than by the value of that which they have accomplished, few would stand higher than Mr. Coleridge. His talents and acquirements, the original powers, and the exceeding rich cultivation of his mind, place him among the foremost of this generation. But this method of estimating a man’s merit will hardly be thought righteous judgment in an age which is peculiarly prone to try every man by his works. Tried by his works, Mr. Coleridge, we fear, must ultimately fall, not only below the rank which nature and education had fitted him to maintain, but even below that which he now actually holds in the estimation of literary men.
Andrews Norton, “Letter to the Editor” (5 November 1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

ANDREWS NORTON (1786-1853), professor at the Harvard Divinity School, was so influential that he was often called the “Unitarian Pope.” He devoted his life to a Lockean examination of biblical texts, attempting to prove the truthfulness of the Bible through historical research, retiring from teaching in 1830 to apply himself to completing a three-volume study of Evidences of the Genuineness of the Gospels (1837–1844). The Higher Criticism of Germany was anathema to him because it demoted the Bible from divine text to mere literature.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The American Scholar” (1837)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON’S SEVENTY-FIVE-MINUTE address was called by Oliver Wendell Holmes America’s “intellectual Declaration of Independence.” Under the guise of delivering a traditional commencement address, Emerson enters what was to many the finest university in the land, in the greatest city in the land, and says to the best members of the graduating class that they should have spent their time more wisely. He warns about such dangers as industrialization (the “iron lids” covering the eyes of “the sluggard intellect”), “our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands,” and the misuse of books (“Books are for the scholar’s idle times”). To combat these, he proposes the “AMERICAN SCHOLAR,” or “Man Thinking,” who will not be encumbered by what has gone before, who will be guided by “self-trust,” and who will rely upon Nature as an influence. Rather than complimenting Harvard for educating these young men, Emerson looks elsewhere for “signs of the coming days”: the rise of British Romanticism, as seen in the new interest in “the near, the low, the common”; Emanuel Swedenborg’s philosophy; and “the new importance given to the single person.” To Emerson, “We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Letter to Martin Van Buren” (14 May 1838)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON DISLIKED PUBLIC confrontations, but the government’s removal of the Cherokee Indians from their lands in Georgia to Mississippi lit a spark in him. He appeared at a public meeting in Concord, though his wife noted that he “very unwillingly takes part in public movements like that of yesterday preferring individual action.” Emerson himself described such scenes as being “like dead cats around one’s neck,” calling the letter “hated of me.” Yet in a letter to a friend, he explained his reasons for involving himself in public affairs that were uncongenial to him: “I hate myself when I go out of my sphere, but a man must have bowels sometimes & there was a moment when to my ignorance of what was doing, our people seemed dead asleepupon this black proceeding.” Emerson’s Transcendentalism did indeed have a political, as well as an individualistic, side.
Andrews Norton, “The New School in Literature and Religion” (27 August 1838)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

There is a strange state of things existing about us in the literary and religious world, of which none of our larger periodicals has yet taken notice. It is the result of this restless craving for notoriety and excitement, which, in one way or another, is keeping our community in a perpetual stir. It has shown itself, we think, particularly since that foolish woman, Miss Martineau, was among us, and stimulated the vanity of her flatterers by loading them in return with the copper coin of her praise, which they easily believed was as good as gold. She was accustomed to talk about her mission, as if she were a special dispensation of Providence, and they too thought that they must all have their missions, and began to “vaticinate,” as one of their number has expressed it.
[George Ripley?] Prospectus for The Dial: A Magazine for Literature, Philosophy, and Religion (July 1840)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

THE DIAL was a quarterly journal published in Boston from July 1840 through April 1844; was edited by Emerson, Fuller, and—for one issue— Henry David Thoreau; and was published by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody for one year. George Ripley served for a while as business manager. With a far shorter life than most of the major periodicals of its day—such as the Christian Examiner and North American ReviewI—it has come down to the present as far more influential because of the authors and articles published in it.