bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of HIV Transmission and the HPTN 052 Study
Authors: Cohen Myron S. , Gamble Theresa , McCauley Marybeth
Published: October 2019

The HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 study (HPTN 052) was a clinical trial designed to determine whether early treatment for HIV infection prevented transmission of the virus in couples where one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not, referred to as HIV serodiscordant or serodifferent couples. The study enrolled 1,763 couples at 13 sites in 9 countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. HPTN 052 demonstrated a minimum of 96% reduction of HIV in heterosexual couples ascribed to antiretroviral treatment; early treatment of HIV significantly reduced other infections in the HIV-infected subjects. This study, in conjunction with similar research, led to significant changes in international HIV treatment guidelines and the concept of treatment as prevention (TasP). This article provides the scientific background and history of how HPTN 052 came into being, the challenges it faced, and the ultimate impact it had on the fields of HIV treatment and prevention.
New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis
Authors: Moxon Christopher A. , Gibbins Matthew P. , McGuinness Dagmara , Milner Danny A. , Marti Matthias
Published: October 2019

Malaria remains a major public health threat in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. Even though less than 1% of malaria infections are fatal, this leads to about 430,000 deaths per year, predominantly in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is imperative to understand why a subset of infected individuals develop severe syndromes and some of them die and what differentiates these cases from the majority that recovers. Here, we discuss progress made during the past decade in our understanding of malaria pathogenesis, focusing on the major human parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Evaluation of the Predictive Role of Tumor Immune Infiltrate in Patients with HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Anti-HER2 Therapy without Chemotherapy
Authors: De Angelis Carmine , Nagi Chandandeep , Hoyt Cliff C. , Liu Linying , Roman Kristin , Wang Chichung , Zheng Yi , Veeraraghavan Jamunarani , Sethunath Vidyalakshmi , Nuciforo Paolo , Wang Tao , Tsimelzon Anna , Mao Sufeng , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Trivedi Meghana V. , Cataldo Maria Letizia , Pavlick Anne , Wolff Antonio C. , Weigelt Britta , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , Prat Aleix , Gutierrez Carolina , Osborne Charles Kent , Rimawi Mothaffar F. , Schiff Rachel
Published: October 2019

Purpose:

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are associated with benefit to trastuzumab and chemotherapy in patients with early-stage HER2+ breast cancer. The predictive value of TILs, TIL subsets, and other immune cells in patients receiving chemotherapy-sparing lapatinib plus trastuzumab treatment is unclear.

Experimental Design: Hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides (n = 59) were used to score stromal (s-)TILs from pretreatment biopsies of patients enrolled in the neoadjuvant TBCRC006 trial of 12-week lapatinib plus trastuzumab therapy (plus endocrine therapy for ER+ tumors). A 60% threshold was used to define lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer (LPBC). Multiplexed immunofluorescence (m-IF) staining (CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, and FoxP3) and multispectral imaging were performed to characterize immune infiltrates in single formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slides (n = 33).

Results:

The pathologic complete response (pCR) rate was numerically higher in patients with LPBC compared with patients with non-LPBC (50% vs. 19%, P = 0.057). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the five immune markers identified two patient clusters with different responses to lapatinib plus trastuzumab treatment (pCR = 7% vs. 50%, for cluster 1 vs. 2 respectively; P = 0.01). In multivariable analysis, cluster 2, characterized by high CD4+, CD8+, CD20+ s-TILs, and high CD20+ intratumoral TILs, was independently associated with a higher pCR rate (P = 0.03). Analysis of single immune subpopulations revealed a significant association of pCR with higher baseline infiltration by s-CD4, intratumoral (i-) CD4, and i-CD20+ TILs.

Conclusions:

LPBC was marginally associated with higher pCR rate than non-LPBC in patients with lapatinib plus trastuzumab treated HER2+ breast cancer. Quantitative assessment of the immune infiltrate by m-IF is feasible and may help correlate individual immune cell subpopulations and immune cell profiles with treatment response.
National Breast Screening Programs across Europe
Authors: Peintinger Florentia
Published: October 2019

Background: Mammography screening programs in Europe revealed a 25–30% breast cancer mortality reduction in women between 50 and 74 years. Early cancer detection and less radical treatment in dedicated multidisciplinary breast centers have improved breast cancer care. Breast population-based screening (persons are individually identified and personally invited to attend screening) is intended to detect breast cancer at an early stage to enable lower mortality rates. Methods: The status of implementation of cancer screening programs among European countries, quality parameters and possible differences will be reviewed. Results: Implementation of the recommended maximum age range was adopted in most programs. Almost all the European countries established digital mammography as the method of screening instead of screen-film mammography. Inequalities in implementation of cancer screening in the European Union have been observed. Conclusion: Improvement of data quality and mortality registries linked to the screening programs are needed.
Isolation of Cardiomyocytes Undergoing Mitosis With Complete Cytokinesis
Authors: Milliron Hsiao-yun Y. , Weiland Matthew J. , Kort Eric J. , Jovinge Stefan
Published: October 2019

Rationale:

Adult human cardiomyocytes do not complete cytokinesis despite passing through the S-phase of the cell cycle. As a result, polyploidization and multinucleation occur. To get a deeper understanding of the mechanisms surrounding division of cardiomyocytes, there is a crucial need for a technique to isolate cardiomyocytes that complete cell division/cytokinesis.

Objective:

Markers of cell cycle progression based on DNA content cannot distinguish between mitotic cardiomyocytes that fail to complete cytokinesis from those cells that undergo true cell division. With the use of molecular beacons (MBs) targeting specific mRNAs, we aimed to identify truly proliferative cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Methods and Results:

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting combined with MBs was performed to sort cardiomyocyte populations enriched for mitotic cells. Expressions of cell cycle specific genes were confirmed by means of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with gene signatures of cell cycle progression. We characterized the sorted groups by proliferation assays and time-lapse microscopy which confirmed the proliferative advantage of MB-positive cell populations relative to MB-negative and G2/M populations. Gene expression analysis revealed that the MB-positive cardiomyocyte subpopulation exhibited patterns consistent with the processes of nuclear division, chromosome segregation, and transition from M to G1 phase. The use of dual-MBs targeting
CDC20
and
SPG20
mRNAs enabled the enrichment of cytokinetic events (
CDC20
high
SPG20
high
). Interestingly, cells that did not complete cytokinesis and remained binucleated were found to be
CDC20
low
SPG20
high
while polyploid cardiomyocytes that replicated DNA but failed to complete karyokinesis were found to be
CDC20
low
SPG20
low
.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates a novel alternative to existing DNA content-based approaches for sorting cardiomyocytes with true mitotic potential that can be used to study the unique dynamics of cardiomyocyte nuclei during mitosis. Our technique for sorting live cardiomyocytes undergoing cytokinesis would provide a basis for future studies to uncover mechanisms underlying the development and regeneration of heart tissue.
Intensive Statin Therapy Compromises the Adiponectin-AdipoR Pathway in the Human Monocyte-Macrophage Lineage
Authors: Gasbarrino Karina , Hafiane Anouar , Zheng Huaien , Daskalopoulou Stella S.
Published: October 2019

Background and Purpose—

Statins are widely used for cardiovascular disease prevention through cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects. Adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, acts via two receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, to exert atheroprotective effects on the vasculature. We investigated whether statins can modulate the adiponectin-AdipoR pathway in the human monocyte-macrophage lineage.

Methods—

Monocytes were isolated from the whole blood of patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis (cross-sectional study) or from patients with cardiovascular risk factors (longitudinal study) and assessed for AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 gene expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vitro, THP-1 (Tamm-Horsfall protein 1) macrophages were treated with increasing atorvastatin or rosuvastatin doses for 24- or 72-hours to determine the effect of statins on AdipoR expression and activity. Macrophage cytokine secretion (IL [interleukin]-1β, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF [tumor necrosis factor]-α) was assessed by electrochemiluminescence.

Results—

AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNA expression on circulating monocytes from patients with carotid atherosclerosis, was significantly lower by 1.36- and 1.17-fold, respectively, in statin users versus statin-naïve patients. Specifically, patients on high doses of atorvastatin (40–80 mg) or rosuvastatin (20–40 mg) had significantly lower AdipoR gene expression versus statin-naïve patients. Similarly, in the longitudinal in vivo study, longer atorvastatin/rosuvastatin treatment (≥5 months) in patients with cardiovascular risk factors resulted in lower AdipoR gene expression on circulating monocytes versus prestatin levels. In vitro, higher statin doses and longer exposure resulted in a greater decrease in AdipoR mRNA expression and greater macrophage secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. High statin doses also reduced adiponectin’s capacity to suppress intracellular cholesteryl ester levels in oxLDL (oxidized LDL)-loaded macrophages, with rosuvastatin exhibiting higher potency than atorvastatin.

Conclusions—

Our in vivo and in vitro studies identified a novel pleiotropic property of statins in modulating the adiponectin-AdipoR pathway in the human monocyte-macrophage lineage, where intensive statin therapy compromised the expression and function of adiponectin and its receptors.
Deep-water lithodids of the genus Paralomis White, 1856 (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) off western Mexico
Authors: Hendrickx Michel E.
Published: October 2019

Three species of the deep-water genus Paralomis White, 1856, are reported from western Mexico, two of these for the first time: Paralomis aspera Faxon, 1893, previously known from Panama to Peru, and P. otsuae Wilson, 1990, previously known only from Chile. The third species, P. multispina (Benedict, 1895), has numerous records in the eastern Pacific, particularly off California. Information related to the habitat of each species is provided.
Metánoia (Repentance)
Authors: Lee ChoongJae
Published: October 2019

μετάνοια (repentance) is a major theme in Matthew, manifested in Jesus’s first words in Matthew 4:17, which also summarize Jesus’s teaching and ministry. The essence of μετάνοια is a change of one’s mind (or will, or heart) and conduct, and thus a turn of one’s whole life to Jesus the Son of God and the kingdom of heaven. While μετάνοια is directly mentioned elsewhere in the Gospels, the μετάνοια theme is constantly taught and illustrated in various ways in Matthew.
Schoolyard Soldiers: The Art of Adapting the Art of War
Authors: van Els Paul , Witkam Frank
Published: October 2019

The Art of War (or Sun Tzu) abounds with practical strategic and tactical advice which, while intended for use in warfare, can be applied to almost any professional or personal crisis or conflict. In recent decades this ancient Chinese military classic has been adapted for a variety of non-military purposes in fields as diverse as trade, law, sports, and love. Intrigued by the text’s seemingly limitless applicability, this article analyzes when, where, why, and how present-day adapters applied the ancient military text to modern non-military issues. The article also reflects on the value of Art of War adaptations, especially vis-à-vis translations, as it highlights the diverse ways in which an age-old Chinese text is made relevant to modern readers worldwide.
Radiative Effect of Clouds at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, as Inferred from Ground-Based Remote Sensing Observations
Authors: Ebell Kerstin , Nomokonova Tatiana , Maturilli Marion , Ritter Christoph
Published: October 2019

For the first time, the cloud radiative effect (CRE) has been characterized for the Arctic site Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway, including more than 2 years of data (June 2016–September 2018). The cloud radiative effect, that is, the difference between the all-sky and equivalent clear-sky net radiative fluxes, has been derived based on a combination of ground-based remote sensing observations of cloud properties and the application of broadband radiative transfer simulations. The simulated fluxes have been evaluated in terms of a radiative closure study. Good agreement with observed surface net shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) fluxes has been found, with small biases for clear-sky (SW: 3.8 W m−2; LW: −4.9 W m−2) and all-sky (SW: −5.4 W m−2; LW: −0.2 W m−2) situations. For monthly averages, uncertainties in the CRE are estimated to be small (~2 W m−2). At Ny-Ålesund, the monthly net surface CRE is positive from September to April/May and negative in summer. The annual surface warming effect by clouds is 11.1 W m−2. The longwave surface CRE of liquid-containing cloud is mainly driven by liquid water path (LWP) with an asymptote value of 75 W m−2 for large LWP values. The shortwave surface CRE can largely be explained by LWP, solar zenith angle, and surface albedo. Liquid-containing clouds (LWP > 5 g m−2) clearly contribute most to the shortwave surface CRE (70%–98%) and, from late spring to autumn, also to the longwave surface CRE (up to 95%). Only in winter are ice clouds (IWP > 0 g m−2; LWP < 5 g m−2) equally important or even dominating the signal in the longwave surface CRE.
Ensemble-Based Variational Method for Nonlinear Inversion of Surface Gravity Waves
Authors: Fujimoto Wataru , Waseda Takuji
Published: October 2019

Freak/rogue waves are considered to be the causes of marine accidents and their generation mechanism is closely related to the formation of wave groups. However, observations that capture the spatiotemporal evolution of coherent wave groups in directional windsea are rather limited. The paper presents a new technique known as the surface wave reconstruction by ensemble adjoint-free data assimilation (SWEAD) method that enables reconstruction of a spatiotemporal wave field covering a large area from wave records limited in observational density and spatial extent. We reconstructed spatiotemporal profiles of nonlinear surface gravity waves from virtual observational data using the adjoint-free four-dimensional variational data assimilation (a4DVar) scheme. The higher-order spectral method (HOSM) is used as a forward deep-water nonlinear wave model in a realistic sea state. The a4DVar scheme uses perturbed ensemble simulations to calculate the cost function gradient and Hessian; thus, construction of an adjoint model is not needed. A few extensions of the a4DVar scheme are proposed in this study. For efficient wave reconstruction, perturbed ensemble simulation results are reused by increasing the searching direction dimension at each iteration while assuring conformity to the perturbed model’s linearity. For regularization, Fourier coefficient magnitudes are constrained by a known power spectrum from the phase-averaged wave model. Twin experiments were conducted for a unidirectional wave with virtual wave gauge data and a multidirectional wave with virtual stereo camera imaging data. For both unidirectional and multidirectional cases, nonlinear freak wave–related wave groups were well reproduced, which is impossible using a linear model.
Electrical, optical and mechanical properties of chitosan biocomposites
Authors: Mergen Ömer Bahadır , Arda Ertan , Evingür Gülşen Akın
Published: October 2019

In this work, chitosan/graphene nanoplatelets (CS/GNP) and chitosan/multi-walled carbon nanotube (CS/MWCNT) biocomposite films were prepared using a simple, eco-friendly and low-cost method. The electrical, optical and mechanical properties of these composite films were investigated. The optical, mechanical and electrical properties of the biocomposites were significantly improved, which make them promising materials for food packaging, ultraviolet protection and biomedical applications. With the increase of carbon filler content (GNP or MWCNT) in CS biocomposites, the surface conductivity ( σ), the scattered light intensity ( I sc) and the tensile modulus ( E) increased significantly. This behaviour in the electrical, optical and mechanical properties of the CS/carbon filler biocomposites was explained by percolation theory. The electrical percolation thresholds were determined as R σ = 25.0 wt.% for CS/GNP and R σ = 10.0 wt.% for CS/MWCNT biocomposites, while the optical percolation thresholds were found as R op =12.0 wt.% for CS/GNP and R op = 2.0 wt.% for CS/MWCNT biocomposites. Conversely, the mechanical percolation thresholds for both CS/GNP and CS/MWCNT biocomposites were found to be negligibly small ( R m = 0.0 wt.%). The electrical ( β σ), optical ( β op) and mechanical ( β m) critical exponents were calculated for both CS/carbon filler biocomposites and found compatible with the applied percolation theory.
Technical and environmental characterization of Colombian beef cattle-fattening farms, with a focus on farm size and ways of improving production
Authors: González-Quintero Ricardo , Sánchez-Pinzón María Solange , Bolívar-Vergara Diana María , Chirinda Ngonidzashe , Arango Jacobo , Pantévez Heiber Alexander , Correa-Londoño Guillermo , Barahona-Rosales Rolando
Published: October 2019

In Colombia, cattle-fattening farms account for 20.7% of the Colombian cattle herd and play an important role in terms of economic and social benefits for rural communities. However, few characterization studies have been conducted on these production systems, which limit our understanding of their production dynamics and environmental impacts. This study aimed to characterize very small, small, medium, and large cattle-fattening farms from technical and environmental perspectives. The data analyzed were obtained from the Ganadería Colombiana Sostenible and the LivestockPlus projects, which gathered information from a total of 2618 farms, classified according to their cattle production orientation. From those, 275 cattle-fattening farms were classified as being either very small (1–30 bovines), small (31–50 bovines), medium (51–250 bovines), or large farms (more than 251 bovines). Numerical and categorical variables were distributed into five components: (1) general farm information, (2) composition and management of the herd, (3) pasture management, (4) production information, and (5) environmental information. Each component was analyzed using the factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) method. According to FAMD, for the components general farm information, herd composition and management, pasture management, and production information, distribution of variables led to a spatial separation of the centroid from each category of producers. For the component environmental information, there was no separation of the centroid. Better infrastructure, machinery and equipment, better pasture management, and better productive parameters and practices were observed in larger farms. This suggests that those public policies aimed at improving productive and environmental performance of the livestock sector should give priority to small- and medium-sized livestock producers considering their farm characteristics.
A Revised Short Form of the Extended Class Play Among Italian Early Adolescents
Authors: Musso Pasquale , Lo Cricchio Maria Grazia , Lo Coco Alida , Tani Franca , Ingoglia Sonia , Rubin Kenneth H.
Published: October 2019

Among the measures assessing peer reputation, the Extended Class Play (ECP) is now used extensively in North American settings. Little information is available in other cultural contexts. Furthermore, practical considerations suggest developing a shorter form of the ECP to be used in socio-educational environments. This study examined the ECP dimensions of peer assessment in Italy as well as developed a shorter form of the measure. We revised the ECP using factor analyses according to an explorative-confirmatory approach. The original 37-item ECP was shortened to a 22-item version and, subsequently, the properties of the revised measure were evaluated. We performed two studies comprising, respectively, 643 (55% male; 97% Italian; Mage = 12.20, SD = 0.60) and 652 (58% male; 94% Italian; Mage = 12.26, SD = 0.66) seventh-grade young adolescents living in southern and central Italy. Results revealed a clear and consistent seven-factor structure and acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Factors included constructs such as Shyness-Withdrawal, Prosociality-Leadership, Aggression, Popularity-Sociability, Victimization, Rejection-Exclusion, and Boastfulness. Correlations between the dimensions of the 22-item ECP and teacher ratings of young adolescents’ behaviors further confirmed the validity of the solution. Findings suggest the importance of culturally revised measures of social reputation and indicate that the short form of the ECP has considerable promise to be considered a valuable measure to assess the multidimensional aspects of peer relationships.
Gender novelty and personalized news coverage in Australia and Canada
Authors: Trimble Linda , Curtin Jennifer , Wagner Angelia , Auer Meagan , Woodman V K G , Owens Bethan
Published: October 2019

Are female government leaders more likely than their male counterparts to see their gendered identities and personal lives profiled in news coverage of their ascents? Are non-novel women leaders—those who are the second in their jurisdiction to achieve the top political job—less likely to experience media personalization than did the women who preceded them in office? By analyzing newspaper coverage of 20 Australian and Canadian premiers, ten women and their immediate male predecessors, our study establishes that female premiers were more extensively personalized in news coverage than were male premiers, particularly in the Australian context. However, gender novelty and other factors proved significant. The proposition that an increased presence of women in leadership roles diminishes the salience of private lives and personal characteristics is supported by our study, suggesting that gender stereotyping of female political leaders will decrease over time as more women exercise political power.
Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider*: The Toxicologic Pathologist’s Role in the 3Rs
Authors: Hukkanen Renee R. , Dybdal Noel , Tripathi Niraj , Turner Patricia V. , Troth Sean P.
Published: October 2019

Pathologists are trained medical professionals with special expertise in diagnostics, research, and pathophysiology. In these roles, pathologists are well qualified and positioned to engage in conversations about animal use replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs), thereby championing the guiding principles of the 3Rs. In particular, toxicology or nonclinical safety assessment is an important area where the discipline of toxicologic pathology can have a critical role in adopting 3Rs principles. As such, a working group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee was formed to investigate and summarize some of the areas where veterinary pathologists working in the field of toxicology can increase involvement and impact on 3Rs. This “Points to Consider” publication provides an overview of areas within toxicology where the veterinary pathologist’s perspective may maximize animal value, including refinement of study design, optimizing sample collection, the development of 3Rs focused regulatory policy, and humane end point determination.[Box: see text]
Strangers and States: Situating Accentism in a World of Nations
Authors: Hegarty Peter
Published: October 2019

This afterword to the Special Issue “Sounding Strange(r): Origins, Consequences, and Boundary Conditions of Sociophonetic Discrimination.” engages the editors’ enthusiasm to consider how to scale things up from smaller experimental studies of accentism to larger social dynamics. In so doing, I highlight some different epistemologies that might engage when conversations are studied for instances of accentism, and nation formation creates the conditions for accentism. I suggest that more explicit attention to contexts in which some ways of speaking are made normative and others are marked will facilitate this development. Some of the historical impact of nation formation on accentism are evident in the results and the methods of the social psychological research included in the Special Issue. Nation formation creates different norms for language use in similar ways. Situating accentism research this way allows us to reconsider the question raised by several of the authors that accentism may be a more profound form of social bias than racism.
Aesthetic-based competences lead to a sustainable learning practice
Authors: Helth Poula
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The purpose of the article is to explore how aesthetic-based competences are developed in and through leaders’ organisational practice and how these competences may lead to a sustainable learning practice in everyday life in organisations. Design/methodology/approach: The article focuses on how aesthetic-based experiments can change leaders’ organisational practice, when instrumental rationality is transformed into aesthetic rationality. This happens when leaders learn to move the everyday drama, the so-called social drama, into an aesthetic drama in order to transform organisational habits and devastating paradigms. Findings: The study of how leaders learn to transform their practice, based on a study at Copenhagen Business School in the period 2014–2017, documents that leaders can learn aesthetic performance that transforms their organisational practice when the learning processes are integrated into everyday life. Originality/value: The combination of aesthetic performance and learning processes has potential for a lasting and sustainable transformation, when the learning concept is rooted in leaders’ organisational practice as a bodily embedded aesthetic rationality.
Role of Early Referral and Surgical Intervention in Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy: Awareness Among Obstetricians and Pediatricians in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Nayak A. , D’Souza A. , Bhat Anil K. , Rao Arati , Acharya Ashwath M.
Published: October 2019

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated and standardized questionnaire answered by willing pediatricians and obstetricians at our university teaching hospitals. Nearly two thirds of the pediatricians (62.8%) and three fourths of the obstetricians (73.6%) continued to accept the terminology of obstetric brachial plexus birth palsy which is a misnomer; 32.6% of pediatricians felt that they were unaware of the current trends in its management. Parental reluctance (23.5%) and inadequate knowledge in current approaches among surgeons and pediatricians (41.2%) were suggested as chief causes for the delay in their adequate referral and management using surgical exploration, nerve grafting, and nerve transfer. The delayed presentations of birth brachial plexus injuries with missed opportunity for optimum treatment can be partly attributed to inadequate information available on definitive guidelines in its management among the stakeholders including parents, primary care physicians, and surgeons.
Women in radiology: why is the pipeline still leaking and how can we plug it?
Authors: Weigel Katharina S , Kubik-Huch Rahel A , Gebhard Catherine
Published: October 2019

Today, >50% of medical students are women. This proportion, however, dramatically decreases throughout the higher levels of academia, a phenomenon described as the “leaky pipeline.” This gender disparity is particularly pronounced in academic radiology, mirrored by a significant lack of women in editorial board positions, key authorship positions, and conference keynote lectures. The scientific invisibility is not only a key hurdle facing women in radiology, the lack of female role models and mentors in this context might also negatively affect career choices of young female radiologists thereby further widen the existing gender gap. In this article, the origins of the “leaky pipeline,” the reasons for women’s choice or rejection of careers in academic medicine, as well as solutions as to how the continued loss of a large part of the talent pool can be prevented, are discussed. Active monitoring and intervention are needed to identify problems, plan targeted actions, and evaluate their efficacy. Among those are measures that address a lack of support in the workplace, specific mentoring needs of women, ﬂexible working hours and opportunities to align work and family, ﬁnancial constraints, and support for returners after career breaks. Cooperative steps of politics and universities need to be taken that ensure a sustainable way forward to enable many talented women in radiology to achieve their full potential.
A multidisciplinary engineering capstone design course: A case study for design-based approach
Authors: Qattawi Ala , Alafaghani Ala'aldin , Ablat Muhammad Ali , Jaman Md Shah
Published: October 2019

The presented work describes the development of an engineering capstone course with multidisciplinary design projects and students’ teams. The course is offered for senior-level engineering students of four majors: those are bio-, environmental, materials, and mechanical engineering. In addition, engineering students can have minors in computer science. Most of the offered projects are sponsored by industrial partners and all are mentored by clients’ representatives and faculty members. The presented paper discusses the implementation of design-based learning approach to integrate the technical engineering design knowledge and the learning skills of interpersonal nature, such as communication skills, adaptability, teamwork, etc. In addition to the discussion of the design-based learning frame application, the paper deliberates over the importance of aligning the learning outcomes and the grading policy with the engineering design phases in engineering capstone design courses. The research objective of this study was to answer the following question: is there a difference in the peer evaluation of capstone design teams between multidisciplinary and single-disciplinary teams in terms of (1) contribution and skills and 2) team satisfaction. The presented work offers preliminary results of team’s satisfaction and performance based on the multi- and single-disciplinary teams. Preliminary findings for those two specific aspects indicate no significant differences in the overall design teams’ satisfaction. However, in terms of the team’s contribution and skills, the multidisciplinary teams scored higher mean values than the single-disciplinary teams.
The Impact of Performing Medical/Nursing Tasks at Home Among Caregivers of Individuals With Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Lee Mijung , Ryoo Ji Hoon , Campbell Cathy , Hollen Patricia J. , Williams Ishan C.
Published: October 2019

Caregiving for older adults with cognitive impairment can be more difficult as caregivers are required to perform medical/nursing tasks at home. Little is known about medical/nursing tasks and their relationship to caregivers’ characteristics and their effects on caregiver burden. Secondary data analyses were conducted with 423 caregivers of individuals with cognitive impairment from the 2015 National Alliance for Caregiving (NAC) and American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) data. In terms of the caregiving context, caregivers who performed medical/nursing tasks lived with the care recipients and provided longer hours of care than caregivers who did not perform medical/nursing tasks. When caregivers delivered medical/nursing tasks, they were 2 times more likely to experience higher levels of caregiver burden. Medical/nursing tasks can exacerbate caregiver burden. Health care providers’ explanations of the needs and the benefits of performing medical/nursing tasks, as well as education and training for the tasks, are needed to reduce caregiver burden.
I Ought to Put Down That Phone but I Phub Nevertheless: Examining the Predictors of Phubbing Behavior
Authors: Schneider Frank M. , Hitzfeld Selina
Published: October 2019

Smartphones are ubiquitous and frequently used in copresent interactions. This behavior is often seen as inappropriate and thus has been termed phubbing, compromising the words “phone” and “snubbing.” Although being a worldwide phenomenon, little is known about what predicts phubbing behavior in the first place. Drawing on injunctive norms (i.e., what ought to be done), the study’s aim was to shed light on the relationship between mobile phone norms (MPN) and phubbing behavior. Furthermore, the role of being permanently online and permanently connected (POPC) and fear of missing out (FOMO), reflecting approach and avoidance orientations, respectively, as additional predictors and moderators was investigated. As expected, the findings of an online survey ( N = 278) supported the assumption that MPN were negatively related to phubbing behavior. Moreover, results showed that both FOMO and POPC were significantly positively connected to phubbing behavior but did not play significant moderating roles concerning the norm–phubbing relationship.
A numerical and experimental investigation on quasi-static punch shear test behavior of aramid/epoxy composites
Authors: Ayten Ali İmran , Ekici Bülent , Taşdelen Mehmet Atilla
Published: October 2019

In this study, quasi-static punch shear behavior of aramid epoxy composites was investigated both numerically and experimentally. Firstly, material model parameters used in numerical simulations were obtained by various mechanical tests such as tensile, compression, and in-plane shear tests. Different damage mechanisms that were observed during each test were the focus of interest. Then quasi-static punch shear test was performed and verified with numerical simulations. After the verification of material model, punch tests, which have different boundary conditions, were run numerically, and the effect of thickness and span-to-punch ratio (SPR) were determined for aramid/epoxy composites. It is concluded that failure mechanisms of composite samples were related to SPR. When SPR increases, the failure mode was shifted from shear-dominated failure to bending-dominated failure behavior. Additionally, punch shear strength value at minimum SPR (1.1) was eight times bigger than the value at maximum one (8).
Mogamulizumab: An Anti-CC Chemokine Receptor 4 Antibody for T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Moore Donald C. , Elmes Joseph B. , Shibu Priscila A. , Larck Chris , Park Steven I.
Published: October 2019

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosing, and administration of mogamulizumab for the treatment of T-cell lymphomas. Data Sources: A literature search of PubMed (1966 to September 2019) was conducted using the keywords mogamulizumab, KW-0761, and lymphoma. Data were also obtained from package inserts and meeting abstracts. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant published articles, package inserts, and unpublished meeting abstracts on mogamulizumab for the treatment of T-cell lymphomas were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Mogamulizumab is an anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) monoclonal antibody that has demonstrated activity in various T-cell lymphomas. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS) who have been treated with at least 1 prior line of therapy. Mogamulizumab demonstrated significant improvement in progression-free survival compared with vorinostat in patients with relapsed or refractory MF or SS. Serious adverse events associated with mogamulizumab include infusion-related reactions, cutaneous drug eruption, and autoimmune complications. Mogamulizumab administration in the preallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant setting can increase the risk for severe posttransplant graft-versus-host disease. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Mogamulizumab is a first-in-class CCR4 inhibitor, providing a new option in the treatment of relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Although not currently FDA approved for this indication, mogamulizumab may have some utility for the treatment of relapsed adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Conclusion: The recent approval of mogamulizumab represents an important addition to the armamentarium of pharmacotherapies for T-cell lymphomas.
Game theory–based multi-task scheduling in cloud manufacturing using an extended biogeography-based optimization algorithm
Authors: Xiao Jiuhong , Zhang Wenyu , Zhang Shuai , Zhuang Xiaoyu
Published: October 2019

Cloud manufacturing is an emerging paradigm of global manufacturing networks. Through centralized management and operation of distributed manufacturing services, it can deal with different requirement tasks submitted by multiple customers in parallel. Therefore, the cloud manufacturing multi-task scheduling problem has attracted increasing attention from researchers. This article proposes a new cloud manufacturing multi-task scheduling model based on game theory from the customer perspective. The optimal result for a cloud manufacturing platform is derived from the Nash equilibrium point in the game. As the cloud manufacturing multi-task scheduling problem is known as an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, an extended biogeography-based optimization algorithm that embeds three improvements is presented to solve the corresponding model. Compared with the basic biogeography-based optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization, the experimental simulation results demonstrate that the extended biogeography-based optimization algorithm finds a better schedule for the proposed model. Its benefit is to provide each customer with reliable services that fulfill the demanded manufacturing tasks at reasonable cost and time.
Prednisone and Its Active Metabolite Prednisolone Attenuate Lipid Accumulation in Macrophages
Authors: Jeries Helana , Volkova Nina , Grajeda-Iglesias Claudia , Najjar Mahmoud , Rosenblat Mira , Aviram Michael , Hayek Tony
Published: October 2019

Background:

Synthetic forms of glucocorticoids (GCs; eg, prednisone, prednisolone) are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used in clinical practice. The role of GCs in cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, is highly controversial, and their impact on macrophage foam cell formation is still unknown. We investigated the effects of prednisone and prednisolone on macrophage oxidative stress and lipid metabolism.

Methods and Results:

C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with prednisone or prednisolone (5 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, followed by lipid metabolism analyses in the aorta and peritoneal macrophages. We also analyzed the effect of serum samples obtained from 9 healthy human volunteers before and after oral administration of prednisone (20 mg for 5 days) on J774A.1 macrophage atherogenicity. Finally, J774A.1 macrophages, human monocyte-derived macrophages, and fibroblasts were incubated with increasing concentrations (0-200 ng/mL) of prednisone or prednisolone, followed by determination of cellular oxidative status, and triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Prednisone and prednisolone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation in macrophages, as observed in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. These effects were associated with GCs’ inhibitory effect on triglyceride- and cholesterol-biosynthesis rates, through downregulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and HMG-CoA reductase expression. Glucocorticoid-induced reduction of cellular lipid accumulation was mediated by the GC receptors on the macrophages, because the GC-receptor antagonist (RU486) abolished these effects. In fibroblasts, unlike macrophages, GCs showed no effects.

Conclusion:

Prednisone and prednisolone exhibit antiatherogenic activity by protecting macrophages from lipid accumulation and foam cell formation.
Building Public Schools in the City: The Role of Neighborhood Context on Voter Support for School Bonds
Authors: Moskowitz Rachel L.
Published: October 2019

This article explores individuals’ vote choice on a public good, namely, public school bonds. I argue that during a period of significant citywide demographic change the ethnic or racial context of voters’ neighborhoods affects their perception of community and, therefore, school programs. This will then shape their inferences about who are the beneficiaries. I test both racial threat and social contact theories to understand the varying impacts of neighborhood diversity on willingness to support this public good. Using a unique 1996 dataset from Houston Independent School District (HISD), I find that neighborhood context impacts vote choice and argue that this is due to perceptions about the beneficiaries of public schools. Evidence indicates that fears and insecurities in a neighborhood about the rise in a minority group at the city level can directly undermine support for the provision of public goods.
Winds of Change: A Neo-Design Approach to the Regeneration of Regions
Authors: Garud Raghu , Gehman Joel , Karnøe Peter
Published: October 2019

Among scholars, policy makers, and practitioners, there is considerable interest in the dynamics associated with regions, including their emergence, decline, and regeneration. Such interest is well justified given the role that regions play in contributing to social well-being at a variety of scales—from individuals to communities and even nation-states. In this article, we examine the processes that unfolded during the regeneration of a region in Denmark that was known for its competence in manufacturing equipment and is now known as a world leader in wind turbines. We highlight three mechanisms that led to the regeneration of this region: repurposing, experimentation, and collective learning. Based on these findings, we propose a neo-design approach to the regeneration of regions.
Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What’s normal? What’s abnormal? The normal gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Griffin Sally
Published: October 2019

Practical relevance:

Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. B-mode ultrasonography is likely the most widely used modality for imaging the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in cats, providing information on intestinal wall thickness and the presence or absence of intestinal dilation and peristalsis, among other factors.

Clinical challenges:

Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variations and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced.

Aim:

This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination and appearance of the normal GI tract; the diseased GI tract is addressed in an accompanying article in this issue of JFMS. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review describes where findings contrast with those typically seen in dogs. It is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material.

Equipment:

Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience.

Evidence base:

Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author’s own clinical experience.
Developing critical organizational history: Context, practice and implications
Authors: Durepos Gabrielle , Shaffner Ellen C. , Taylor Scott
Published: October 2019

Historical research now has a relatively high profile in organization studies, and organization theories are better represented in business history, thanks to increased interdisciplinary dialogue over the last decade. It might therefore be that the ‘historic turn’ has materialized in organization studies, and that business history has become significantly more conceptual in nature. We argue, however, that in terms of the original definition of the historic turn, as a rejection of scientism, acceptance of more heterogeneous forms of history, and reflexive accounts of the social construction of historicized narratives, there has been little progress. We revisit the idea of the turn in depth here, to examine the ways of doing history that might encourage a more substantial turn towards theory and towards history as a means of developing it. In particular, we suggest that an approach we term ‘critical organizational history’ remains underdeveloped, as a theoretically informed historicized approach to understanding how and why we come to be where we are in contemporary organized societies. Our aim is to take stock of the historic turn’s progress, reminding critically oriented organizational scholars and practitioners of organizational history of the importance of completing the turn with the underlying purpose of critique. To do this, we surface seven aspects of practice and three implications of them that demonstrate the underside of theorizing historically that we suggest are central to critical analysis. Understood and practised collectively, these could provoke considerable more critical organizational history to the benefit of all.
How do Syrian refugee children in Turkey perceive relational factors in the context of their mental health?
Authors: Eruyar Seyda , Maltby John , Vostanis Panos
Published: October 2019

Although there has been increasing attention on the impact of risk and resilience factors on refugee children’s mental health, there has been limited evidence on the role of parental factors to inform interventions, and this predominantly relies on adult reports. The aim was to investigate the relationship between perceived parenting styles and attachment relationships and child mental health, as reported by 322 Syrian refugee minors aged between 8 and 17 years in Turkey. Child-rated scales included the Children Revised Impact of Event Scale–8 (CRIES-8), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Security Scale and Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran for Children (EMBU-C), and were used as measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general mental health problems, attachment relationships and perceived parenting styles, respectively. Children with secure maternal and paternal attachment perceived their parents as less rejecting, while children with secure paternal attachment also reported their parents as emotionally warmer. Attachment relationships significantly contributed in predicting PTSD after controlling for age and gender, while conduct problems were predicted by lack of emotional warmth, rejection and over-protection by both parents, in addition to insecure attachment relationships. Refugee children’s views are essential in establishing their needs and planning interventions. These should address both the impact of trauma and current family relationships.