bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEMANTIC, SYNTACTIC, AND ASSOCIATIVE CONTEXT EFFECTS IN A STEREOSCOPIC RIVALRY SITUATION
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar , Toch Hans , Svendsen Dagmund
Published: May 2008

Rommetveit, R., Toch, H. & Svendsen, D. Semantic, syntactic, and associative context effects in a stereoscopic rivalry situation. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 145–149.—Typographically similar words (e.g. ‘wine’ and ‘nine’) were presented to left and right eye, each pair in combination with three unequivocal words in such a way that the test word (‘wine’) would appear in either a meaningful phrase (‘sweet wine’), or in an anomalous phrase (‘wrinkled wine’), or in an associated‐words context (‘beer wine’). All three types of context proved effective in making the test word dominate, but anomalous phrase was inferior to the others. A set to ‘read part of a text’ appeared to facilitate the effect of phrase context.
MENTAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IN RAPID LOGICAL REASONING
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. Mental processes involved in rapid logical reasoning. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 187–205.—Approximate reaction times of adult subjects were recorded in three studies of addition and subtraction of units, and in one of transitive inference. Transformations such as from ‘V has more than H’ to ‘H has less than V’ were found to be important determinants of RT in additionlsubtraction. Under some conditions subjects preferred to combine the first two elements in a triad of operations first, under other conditions they seemed to select inversions (V + 1 & V−1) first. Symmetries (V + 1 & H +1) were apparently never preferred. All transitive tasks seemed to be converted into normal form (A>B ∓ B>CorA < B & B < C) before they were solved.
ON TRANSITIONS FROM PERCEPTUAL TO CONCEPTUAL LEARNING
Authors: Lindahl Maj‐Britt
Published: May 2008

Lindahl, M.‐B. On transitions from perceptual to conceptual learning. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 206–214.—In a classification problem subjects showed to prefer perceptually determined solutions to conceptually determined ones, although both types were objectively possible and equally rewarding. With decreasing saliency of defining attributes increasing numbers of subjects adopted conceptually determined solutions, however. The results were discussed in relation to a non‐formal information‐processing mo del and a postulated perceptual‐conceptual dimension of functioning.
EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING THE TRANSFER OFA LEARNED RESPONSE AND ACTIVITY LEVEL BY BRAIN HOMOGENATES
Authors: Lagerspetz Kirsti M. J. , Raitis Päivikki , Tirri R. , Lagerspetz K. Y. H.
Published: May 2008

Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Raitis, P., Tirri, R. & Lagerspetz, K. Y. H. Experiments concerning the transfer of a learned response and activity level by brain homogenates. Scand.J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 225–229,— The learning of a conditioned avoidance response caused an increase in the open‐field activity of male albino mice. Pseudo‐conditioning had an opposite effect. The transfer of brain homogenate from the trained animals did not facilitate the acquisition of the avoidance response by the recipient animals. Differences in the open‐field activity were not transmitted with the brain homogenates. However, the constancy of the open‐field activity scores was decreased by the homogenate injection, and also by severe electric shocks.
APPARENT SIZE AS A DETERMINER OF FIGURAL AFTER‐EFFECTS. I
Authors: Kolehmainen Kyösti
Published: May 2008

Kolehmainen, K. Apparent size as a determiner of figural after‐effects. I. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 230–236.—Apparent size as a determiner of figural after‐effects (FAE) was studied by presenting the inspection figures in drawings which appeared three‐dimensional because of gradient‐effects. Significant FAEs were found. It is argued that apparent size does not determine FAE directly but an apparent decrement in the size of the test figure is connected to an after‐effect in third‐dimension.
THE VALUE OF EXTERNAL DIRECTION AND INDIVIDUAL DISCOVERY IN LEARNING SITUATIONS: The learning of a fwen alphabet
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Werdelin, I. The value of external direction and individual discovery in learning situations. II. The learning of a foreign alphabet. Scand J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 248–251.—Three samples (A, B, C), selected at random from seven eighth grade classes and matched with respect to scholastic achievement, line of study, and sex, were taught a foreign alphabet differently. A was told the principles of the alphabet and applied it on examples; B was given most examples first, then told the principles, and given additional examples; C was given the examples only. There was a clear tendency that A learned the principles best as measured by the ability to apply them immediately but C was comparatively better on tests which measured retention and transfer.
JUDGED CONSTITUTIONALITY OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSIS DISORDER CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: Stone LeRoy A.
Published: May 2008

Stone, L. A. Judged constitutionality of functional psychosis disorder classifications. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 252–256.—Psychiatrists (N = 37) made magnitude estimations and category scale evaluations of 15 psychiatric classification stimuli with respect to their own opinions regarding biogenic predisposition associated with the stimuli. The scale from category judgments was a logarithmic transformation of the magnitude estimation scale. Judgmental variability, in subjective unit measurement, was linearly and positively related to subjective magnitude. The underlying judgmental continuum was tentatively Classified as prothetic. The results were in line with those obtained in several previous studies.
THE INFLUENCE OF AUDITORY STIMULUS INTENSITY ON APPARENT DURATION
Authors: Berglund Birgitta , Berglund Ulf , Ekman Gösta , Frankehaeuser Marianne
Published: May 2008

Berglund, B., Berglund, U., Ekman, G. & Frankenhaeuser, M. The influence of auditory stimulus intensity on apparent duration. Scand J. Psychol., 1969, 1021–26.— apparent duration of an auditory signal of 1000 C/S was measured by the method of magnitude estimation. Ten different stimulus intensities ranging from 57 to 104 dB were used in combination with three different durations: 50, 250, and 500 msec. The results showed that the apparent duration of the signal grew as a logarithmic function of stimulus intensity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis relating apparent duration to activation level as well as with results of similar experiments involving electrical and vibrotactile stimulation.
ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSES AS A FUNCTION OF QUANTIFIED THREAT
Authors: Niemelá Pirkko
Published: May 2008

Niemelá, P. Electrodermal responses as a function of quantified threat. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 19–56.—Threat was quantified by means of a 20 sec anticipation condition where the subject knew the exact time for the expected shock in advance, as well as the exact probability of receiving a shock. The probabilities used where 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00. The electrodermal responses (the amplitude of the skin resistance response, the amplitude of the skin potential response, and the number of electrodermal responses) during the anticipation period were found to vary systematically as functions of the probability of shock, and as functions of the time elapsed from the beginning of the experiment.
APPARENT SIZE AS A DETERMINER OF FIGURAL AFTER‐EFFECTS. III
Authors: Kolehmainen Kyösti
Published: May 2008

Kolehmainen, K. Apparent size as a determiner of figural after‐effects. 111. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 71–73.—Two rectangles were presented as an inspection figure in a gradient drawing, one appearing to be behind the fixation point and the other in front of it, because of the gradient effect. Test figures (circles) appeared to differ in size after inspection of this pattern. It is argued that this result supports the explanation suggested for the results of the earlier experiments in the present series (1968) that size‐changes of the test figures in this kind of situation are connected with an after‐effect in the third dimension.
QUANTITATIVE PSYCHOPHYSICAL AND ELECTRO‐PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ON SOME ODOROUS COMPOUNDS
Authors: Drake B. , Johansson B. , Sydow E. von , DöVING KJELL B.
Published: May 2008

Drake, B., Johansson, B., von Sydow, E. & Døving, K. B. Quantitative psychophysical and electrophysiological data on some odorous compounds. Scand.J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 89–96.—Magnitude estimations of odor intensity, and electrophysiological responses from frog olfactory epithelia, were obtained for dilution series of 8 odorous compounds. Comparing of data with each other and with known vapor phase concentrations showed relations between pooled psychophysical data and vapor phase concentrations, and between electrophysiological data and vapor phase concentrations, describable by power functions (exponents 0.26–0.50 and 0.18—0.39). There were also high correlations between electrophysiological data and individual as well as pooled psychophysical data. The results give an impression about the feasibility of using a biological detector in gas chromatography.
TRANSITION FROM ROD TO CONE VISION: II. Successive contrast
Authors: Stabell Bjørn , Stabell Ulf
Published: May 2008

Stabell, B. & Stabell, U. Transition from rod to cone vision. II. Successive contrast. Scad J. Psychol., 1969, 10 137–139—Transition from chromatic rod to chromatic cone activity during dark adaptation is interpreted as a kind of color mixing.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CHILDREN AND ADULTS IN A PRISONERS‘ DILEMMA GAME
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart , Bokander Incvar , Dencik Lars , Lindbom Kerstin
Published: May 2008

Sjöberg, L., Bokander, I., Dencik, L. & Lindbom, K. A comparison between children and adults in a prisoner's dilemma game. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 158–166.— A comparative study using three different stooge strategies. The game was played for a total of 67 trials. Children (4–6 years old) exhibited more cooperation than adults, and a stronger tendency to make a cooperative move after own defection, regardless of outcome. Both the frequency of cooperative moves and the state‐conditioned propensities showed some stability over time and similar intercorrelations for adults and children.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL INVARIANTS OF ACHROMATIC COLOUR VISION: I. The multidimensionality of achromatic colour experience
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

Lie. I. Psychophysical invariants of achromatic colour vision. I. The multi‐dimensionality of achromatic colour experience. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 167–175.—The literature relevant to the question of multidimensionality of achromatic colour is briefly reviewed. An experiment confirms that the achromatic scale is bidimensional, and indicates that the dimension of brightness is a direct function of the luminance of the local area inspected, while the dimension of whiteness is a direct function of luminance relations of adjacent areas in the visual field.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL INVARIANTS OF ACHROMATIC COLOUR VISION: II. Albedo/illumination substitution
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

Lie, I. Psychophysical invariants of achromatic colour vision. II. Albedo/ illumination substitution. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969,10, 176–184.—Can ‘identification of illumination’ be identified as one of the determinants of achromatic vision? Colour constancy is redefined in terms of deviation from albedo/ illumination substitution (A/I‐substitution). A series of A/I‐substitution experiments, performed under conditions assumed to provide minimal possibilities for identification of illumination, indicate that complete A/I‐substitution (zero constancy) is obtained for both brightness and whiteness, provided the test fields are equated with respect to colour temperature and perceived texture.
CHEMICAL TRANSFER OF ALTERNATION TRAINING IN THE SKINNER BOX
Authors: Fjerdincstad E. J.
Published: May 2008

Fjerdingstad, E. J. Chemical transfer of alternation training in the Skinner box. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969,10, 220–224.—In six individual experiments one group of recipient mice was injected with brain extract from rat donors trained to alternate between bars in a Skinner box; another group was injected with extract from donors reinforced for pressing either bar irrespective of choice. During testing the recipients of ‘alternation extract’ showed a significantly higher tendency to alternate.
HEART RATE RESPONSES DURING ANTICIPATION OF AN ELECTRIC SHOCK OF VARIABLE PROBABILITY
Authors: Niemelá Pirkko
Published: May 2008

Niemelá, P. Heart rate responses during anticipation of an electric shock of variable probability. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 232‐242.—Lacey's model associating heart rate deceleration with attention and acceleration with mental activity was tested. Subject concentrated on a figure indicating probability of receiving an electric shock after 20 seconds. Deceleration was predicted when shock positively would or would not come. Acceleration followed by deceleration was predicted for subjects anticipating 0.50 probability of shock since the beginning of anticipation would demand assessment of the situation. The hypotheses were supported by the data excluding the last trials. Electrodermal reactivity was linearly related to shock probability.
DIFFERENCES IN VERBALLY EXPRESSED COGNITION FOLLOWING LEFT AND RIGHT VENTROLATERAL THALAMOTOMY
Authors: Almgren Per‐Erik , Anderson Alf L. , Kullberg Gunvor
Published: May 2008

Almgren, P.‐E., Andersson, A. L. & Kullberg, G. Differences in verbally expressed cognition following left and right ventrolateral thalamotomy. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 243–249.—Patients with Parkinson's disease, subjected to ventrolateral thalamotomy, 44 on the left side and 23 on the right, were tested pre‐ and postoperatively with the Color‐Word Test (CWT), a memory test of word pairs (WPT), and Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (PMT). As to performance change from pre‐ to postoperative testing, there were significant differences between the two groups of operatees on the CWT (p =0.000001, at best) and the WPT(p = 0.01), implying a less effective postoperative performance in the group with left‐sided thalamic lesion. Such a lesion seems to impair the continuous suppression of previously relevant information in connection with selection of the appropriate verbal response.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL INVARIANTS OF ACHROMATIC COLOUR VISION: III. Colour constancy and its relation to identification of illumination
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

Lie, I. Psychophysical invariants of achromatic colour vision. III. Colour constancy and its relation to identification of illumination. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 7.69–281.—Identification of illumination as a separate determinant of the dimensions of achromatic colour was investigated with classical methods for manipulating shifts in perceived level of illumination, while controlling the changes in colour contrast brought about by these methods. With the spot‐shadow method, constancy effects may be explained by laws of colour contrast, but not by perceived shifts in illumination, whereas neither explanation holds with the cast‐shadow method. Results with a method of conceiled cast‐shadow may be consistent with both interpretations.
THE DEPENDENCE OF VIBROTACTILE THRESHOLD AND MAGNITUDE FUNCTIONS ON STIMULATION FREQUENCY AND SIGNAL LEVEL: A perceptual and neural comparison
Authors: Franzén Ove
Published: May 2008

Franzén, O. The dependence of vibrotactile threshold and magnitude functions on stimulation frequency and signal level. A perceptual and neural comparison. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 289–298.—Apparent intensity of vibrotactile signals was examined as a function of stimulation frequency and displacement. Two sorts of power transformations were observed. (1) The exponent decreased as frequency was increased. (2) At low signal levels perceived intensity was linearly related to the physical input. At a certain point on the intensity continuum an abrupt shift to a power function with a slope of 0.58 occurred. The successive change of the exponent of the magnitude functions is tentatively interpreted as a kind of successively increasing demultiplication in the rate of firing frequency in the sensory pathway. A dual mechanism of mechanoreception is discussed.
A STUDY OF MOTION PREFERENCES
Authors: Mashhour M.
Published: May 2008

Mashhour, M. A study of motion preferences. Scand. J. Psychol., 1969, 10, 299–105. — Human motion preferences as a function of velocity were investigated by the method of paired comparisons under 3 conditions of motion track length. It was found that, (a) for all the conditions and irrespective of sex, preference was a unimodal asymmetric function of velocity, the modal value being about 50–80 min of arc/sec, (b) motion track length affected the proportions of preferential judgments without affecting the asymmetry and unimodality features of the functions, (c) preferences were independent of velocity ratios. The relationship between preference and attention are discussed.
EARLY EXPERIENCE AND EXPLORATIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Nielsen Thomas C.
Published: May 2008

Eleven rats were reared in a cage with moving figures. Eleven litter mates were reared in a similar cage but without figures. The rats from the more complex environment showed less locomotor activity in a checkerboard maze and, in a two‐lever test box, higher preference for the lever which produced complex visual stimuli. It is proposed that rearing in stimulus poverty increases locomotor activity and reduces curiosity.
A HULLIAN CONSTANT AS AN INDEX OF INTELLIGENCE: TWO EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Eckman Guy , Rice Mary , Smith Kendon
Published: May 2008

Following Clark Hull, it is widely considered that the asymptote of the learning curve represents motivational factors, but that rate of approach to asymptote (‘i’) represents associational factors. The suggestion that i may be a measure of intelligence was tested empirically in two studies. An initial exploratory study yielded a positive correlation between i and IQ. A more rigorous replication did not. The results are discussed briefly.
FACTOR ANALYSES OF AN INVENTORY OF BEHAVIOR IN SOCIAL SITUATION
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Two samples of 178 boys and 238 girls answered a questionnaire dealing with nervous behavior in social situations. Factor analyses gave five factors in the study of boys and four in the study of girls. Rotation to a common structure showed at most four common congruent factors, which are interpreted and discussed.
A COGNITIVE THEORY OF PSYCHOPHYSICS. II
Authors: Baird John C.
Published: May 2008

The fundamental premise of this paper is that subjects code information in such a way that a variety of psychophysical functions can be obtained with the same stimulus attributes. Four terms must be defined in order to understand psychophysical equations. These terms are: (1) The subject's perceptual channel capacity, (2) the subject's cognitive channel capacity, (3) the experimenter's measure of stimulus information, and (4) the context variables associated with the psychophysical procedure.
TRACKING PERFORMANCE UNDER THREAT‐INDUCED STRESS
Authors: Bergström Bengt
Published: May 2008

Operator tracking performance in 3 simulated guided missile systems was studied under short‐term psychological stress induced by threatening with and also delivering unpleasant electric shocks. The initial part of the stress period was characterized by a moderate decrement of performance and a heightened arousal level, which is regarded as a partial confirmation of the activation theory. The results may also be interpreted in terms of a simple stress‐over‐time model, based on a hypothetical interaction between arousal and habituation.
SCALING VELOCITY AND SPACE FROM TIME ESTIMATES
Authors: Svenson Ola
Published: May 2008

A model described by the relation, relative estimated time = (subjective space)/(subjective velocity), is applied on time estimates collected in three experiments with moving spots indicating the time intervals which were estimated. The model is found to account satisfactorily for the data, thus permitting derivations of subjective scales of velocity and space.
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON PERCEIVED DURATION
Authors: Brehmer Berndt
Published: May 2008

Ten subjects made magnitude productions of duration in two velocity conditions when going by car. Productions for the higher of the two velocities were found to be reliably longer than those for the lower due to a negative relation between velocity and the slope of the R‐S function relating perceived to physical duration. It was suggested that the effect of velocity on the slope of the R‐S function might account for the discrepant results from previous studies investigating the effects of velocity on perceived duration.
APPARENT WEIGHT DIFFERENCES AS A SOURCE OF AFTER‐EFFECTS
Authors: Kolehmainen K. , Mikkonen V.
Published: May 2008

Two experiments are reported. In the first, the influence of stimulus size on apparent weight, i.e., the size‐weight illusion, was scaled. The relationship between heaviness and size could be described by a simple power function. In the second experiment it was demonstrated that the illusory weight differences give rise to aftereffects. The size of the after‐effect increased monotonically with the amount of apparent weight difference.
THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL ON THE DETECTION OF LIGHT SIGNALS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE VISUAL FIELD
Authors: Wright J. M. von , Mikkonen Valde
Published: May 2008

6 subjects performed 12 times each a signal detection task lasting 40 minutes in parallel with a simple tracking task. They reported every 2nd second whether or not a signal was given in any one of 10 widely spaced locations. 0.5 or 1.0 ml alcohol/kg body weight (or no alcohol) was given 35–25 minutes prior to the task. Hit rate (HR) covaried with tracking efficiency; FAR was uniformly low. Variation in signal probability had no effect. Alcohol had a strong and uniform effect on 3 “experienced” subjects, reducing HR for all signals and producing a funneling effect, but had little effect on the performance of 3 “inexperienced” subjects. Motivational variables which may account for the individual differences are discussed.
ON THE SIGN OF SLOPE IN THE LEARNING OF LINEAR FUNCTIONS
Authors: Eisler Hannes , Spolander Krister
Published: May 2008

Three groups of subjects were presented with pairs of values (E and S) of three different linear functions E = a+bS. In a test phase they had to indicate the E‐values that corresponded to the S‐values. The values were represented as distances marked on straight lines. Two groups, one a control group, had a positive slope, the third group a negative. The squared sum of the S‐E differences was kept constant. All groups had roughly the same performance as measured by the squared sum of deviations from empirical and correct E‐values. The learning curves indicated, however, that some learning had taken place in the group with the negative slope. It was concluded that a principle rather than a function was learned.
HUMOR AND INCLINATION TO LAUGH: EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO STIMULI OF DIFFERENT DIVERGENCE FROM A RANGE OF EXPECTANCY
Authors: Nerhardt Göran
Published: May 2008

An experiment was conducted to test the general hypothesis, derived from the incongruity theory of humor, that the experience of humor or of the inclination to laugh is a function of the divergence of a perceived state of affairs from the expected state. The hypothesis was tested with weights as stimuli in two designs. In the first the range of expectancy was defined in terms of the proportion of “heavy” ratings in the subject group at various initial weights. In the second the range of expectancy among subjects was assumed to move with experience with various ranges of weights. The results of both designs supported the hypothesis.
TEACHING CONSERVATION OF WEIGHT BY MEANS OF VERBAL INSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart , Höijer Birgitta , Olsson Ingegerd
Published: May 2008

Three groups of preschool children were given verbal instructions as to the invariance of weight in spite of transformations of shape. Instructions were phrased according to the principles of reversibility, decentering, and addition‐subtraction, respectively. A fourth group received no verbal information but only external reinforcement. Verbally instructed groups were superior to control and nonverbal groups on a posttest. On transfer and counter‐suggestion items the addition‐subtraction group had a tendency towards superior performance.
Projected afterimages after manipulation of cognitive schemes in children.
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Sjöholm Lena
Published: May 2008

Telling one group of subjects that afterimages are a physical reality largely independent of the observer and another group that afterimages are projected by the subject himself, it was predicted that the afterimages in these groups would differ. In all 10 pairs of nine‐year‐old children, matched with respect to cognitive maturity, the subject getting the former instruction reported more size‐constant and/or positive afterimages than the subject getting the latter instruction.
STRATEGY MODIFICATION IN CONCEPT LEARNING AS A FUNCTION OF INTRADIMENSIONAL VARIABILITY
Authors: Lindahl Maj‐Britt
Published: May 2008

LINDAHL, M.‐B. Strategy modification in concept learning as a function of intradimensional variability. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 90–98.–60 subjects took part in a concept‐learning‐like task, where the independent variable was the intradimensional variability of the instances and the dependent variable was the type of strategy adopted by the subjects. Two main types of strategy were used by the subjects: one based on subtle cues and in principle requiring only one instance to lead to solution (conceptual‐deductive strategy) and one based on salient cues and requiring a number of instances for solution (perceptual‐inductive strategy). Adoptions of a conceptual‐deductive type of strategy were shown to be significantly more frequent, when the variability was large than when it was small. It was concluded that the intradimensional variability of the instances influenced the subjects' choice of strategy in a seemingly rational way. This type of strategy modification was considered to be in line with theories describing concept learning as a sequence of, in principle, rational decisions.
DURATION OF SCOTOPIC CONTRAST HUES
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjøn
Published: May 2008

STABELL, U. & STABELL, B. Duration of scotopic contrast hues. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 106–112.–It is generally accepted that following intense and prolonged bleaching, regeneration of cone pigments in man takes a few minutes to reach completion. The results show that the scotopic hue may remain visible for more than one hour. Hence, it is suggested that light signals and not bleaching signals produce the scotopic contrast hues.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REALITY OF LINGUISTIC SEGMENTS RECONSIDERED
Authors: Larsen Steen F.
Published: May 2008

LARSEN, S. F. The psychological reality of linguistic segments reconsidered. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 113–118.–Experiments using the so‐called click‐technique (Fodor & Bever, 1965) and testing the hypothesis that linguistic constituents are the units of speech perception are shown to rest on logically inadequate analysis of the data. Therefore the hypothesis was submitted to another test in the present experiment, and it was not substantiated. At the same time a predictiondirectly testing the basic postulate of the click‐technique, viz., that auditory perceptual units resist interruptions by clicks, was clearly disconfirmed. However, due to insufficient precision of the postulate, results obtained by this technique seems uninterpretable at present.
CHANGING THE STRUCTURE OF INTUITIVE ESTIMATES OF TIME‐SAVINGS
Authors: Svenson Ola
Published: May 2008

SVENSON, O. Changing the structure of intuitive estimates of time‐savings. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 131–134.–Estimates of time saved when increasing an original assumed mean speed to a higher one were collected for different distances and combinations of velocities. Following each answer in five learning phases one group of subjects was given information about the correct time‐gain. A control group taking part only in the ten test phases of the experiment gave estimates systematically differing from real time‐gains following a previously suggested relation. The estimates given by the experimental group were improved to the same degree as the control group's estimates were gradually better approximated by the previously found relation.
THREE MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTIVE RATIOS
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

SJÖBERG, L. Three models for the analysis of subjective ratios. Scand. J. Psychol., 12, 217–240.–Circular area and heaviness were judged under four response modes: free ratio, per cent, similarity, and multiple estimation. Three log linear models were suggested for these data, each new model bringing in more free parameters to be fitted and assuming less strict types of invariance of subjective values. The most demanding, and traditional, model frequently had to be rejected. This “inconsistency” could be attributed both to the factor of relative size of the two stimuli in a comparative judgment and to the fixed vs. free factor. As a byproduct it was found that the Eisler‐Ekman “similarity equation” was not supported by these data.
CHROMATIC ROD VISION
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjørn
Published: May 2008

STABELL, U. & STABELL, B. Chromatic rod vision. II. Wavelength of pre‐stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 282–288.–As compared with the additive opponent hues the scotopic contrast hues were found to be displaced toward shorter wavelengths in the 700–573 nm region, while they were displaced toward longer wavelengths in the 573–572 nm and 478–440 nm regions. The scotopic contrast hue matched the additive opponent hue at 573 nm and 440 nm. It is concluded that pre‐stimulation may create a disposition for a hue which matches a mixture between the additive opponent hue of pre‐stimulation and a hue of about 463 nm.
EVIDENCE FOR THE RELATIONSHIP OF DEPTH ADJACENCY TO CONTRAST
Authors: Mershon Donald H.
Published: May 2008

MERSHON, D. H. Evidence for the relationship of depth adjacency to contrast. A response to Lie. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 295–302.–Some recent studies indicated that separation of test and induction objects from each other in stereoscopic depth will produce a decrease in simultaneous whiteness contrast. Lie has suggested, however, that this change was merely the result of experimental artifacts such as accommodative blurring, double images, and the presence of the small lateral displacements used to produce the stereopsis. Each of these possible artifacts has been considered, and the original experiments (as well as those of Lie) have been reexamined, in light of these considerations. This reexamination supports the original conclusion that whiteness contrast and separation in stereoscopic depth are related directly and not through the presence of any uncontrolled artifacts.
INTERMITTENT REGRESSIONS IN A SERIAL AFTERIMAGE EXPERIMENT AS SIGNS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Ruuth Egil , Franzén Göran , Sjöholm Lena
Published: May 2008

Smith G. J. W., Ruuth E., Franzén G. & Sjöholm L. Intermittent regressions in a serial afterimage experiment as signs of schizophrenia. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 27 33.—A group of 35 young patients suspected of schizophrenia were tested in a serial afterimage (AI) experiment and were also rated on the Rockland‐Pollin scale. Subjects with high psychotic scores showed one or more regressions to immature (size‐constant, positive, physiognomic) images in their Al serials, images typical of children who cannot clearly distinguish their Ails as subjective phenomena distinct from the outside world. The Al test thus indicates schizophrenics to be characterized by intermittent withdrawal into a world of experiencing the self and non‐self as not clearly distinguished. Regressions were rare in two control groups.
INFORMATION TRANSMISSION, PARTITIONING AND WEBER'S LAW
Authors: MacRae A. W.
Published: May 2008

MacRae A. W. Information transmission, partitioning and Weber's law:. Some comments on Baird's cognitive theory of psychophysics. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 73–80.—Baird's derivation of Weber's Law from information measures has three principal defects: (a) he miscalculates the transmission achieved by successive partitioning judgments, (b) in his theoretical arguments he fails to distinguish between empirical fact and his own definitions or postulates, (c) he misinterprets the experimental evidence chosen to illustrate his conclusions.
ACQUISITION AND FORGETTING IN FREE‐RECALL LEARNING
Authors: Mikkonen Valde
Published: May 2008

Mikkonen V. Acquisition and forgetting in free‐recall learning. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 109–120.—Formulae are defined for absolute and proportional acquisition and forgetting in the course of free recall experiments, and also for total net gain and gains per trial. By applying these formulae to a set of experimental results, scores are generated which demonstrate: (1) that the diminishing gains of the typical learning curve are mainly governed by variation in forgetting, and (2) that inter‐subject and inter‐item differences in recall are caused jointly by acquisition and forgetting. Subjects who learn well forget little and vice versa. Similarly, items most likely to be acquired are best retained, and vice versa. As no single score can describe all the phenomena of a typical experiment, the use of several scores in combination is indicated.
SELECTIVE ATTENTION IN VISUAL PERCEPTION AND SHORT‐TERM MEMORY; ‘STIMULUS’ SET VERSUS ‘RESPONSE’ SET
Authors: Schioldborg Per
Published: May 2008

Schioldborg P. Selective attention in visual perception and short‐term memory; ‘stimulus’ set versus ‘response’ set. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 172–177.—The identification time of letters or digits, as selected from a mixed array of both, was longer when selection was based on the class concept Letter or Digit (‘response’ set) than when based on the color or position of the items (‘stimulus’ set). The difference is assumed to reflect variations in the momentary attention level of the selected items, thereby affecting the amount of information processed per unit time. Retrieval of information from short‐term memory appeared to be independent of type of selection, suggesting that information processing in STM includes conceptual analysis.
RELATIONS BETWEEN PREDICTION‐ AND ESTIMATION‐RESPONSES IN CUE‐PROBABILITY LEARNING AND TRANSFER
Authors: Bauer Marianne
Published: May 2008

Bauer Marianne Relations between prediction‐ and estimation‐responses in cue‐probability learning and transfer. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 198–207. —Comparisons were made between prediction‐ and estimation‐responses, preceded by training with different types of responding and when task probabilities were shifted. The main results were: (a) differential effects of procedure of learning and shift in task structure on predictions and estimates support the hypothesis of two different processes, (b) estimates as indicators of probability learning reflect traits assumed to characterize the perception process, viz. sensitivity to shifts in probabilities, and robustness against influence from procedure of learning, and (c) prediction‐responses were affected in the direction of more extreme responses by simultaneous estimation, which result strengthens the supposition that probability estimates are insufficient as indicators of the complete perception process in a prediction task.
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL STUDY OF PERCEPTUAL‐EMOTIONAL QUALITIES IN MUSIC
Authors: Wedin Lage
Published: May 2008

Wedin L. A multidimensional study of perceptual‐emotional qualities in music. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 241–257.—Forty musical excerpts were judged in terms of emotionally coloured adjectives using a check‐list procedure and different types of sorting procedures. Similarities were estimated by rank correlation or simple confusion indices and nonmetric multidimensional scaling was applied. Three dimensions were txtracted and labelled Intensity‐Softness, Pleasantness‐Unpleasantness and Solemnity‐Triviality. These qualities were then related to the stimulus qualities judged in more “technical” terms like tempo, pitch, modality etc.
CHANGES IN TEST CHARACTERISTICS AS A FUNCTION OF LEARNING OF THE OBJECT‐TASK
Authors: Mikkonen Valde
Published: May 2008

Mikkonen V. Changes in test characteristics as a function of learning of the object‐task. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 306–313.—Two verbal learning experiments, one consisting of six free recall trials, the other of six recognitions, are analysed as performance tests in order to follow the changes in test characteristics with increasing mean performance. In general, the items in the tasks form more consistent tests with greater degree of learning; coefficient alpha as a measure of reliability improves from the level of 0.02–0.50 to that of 0.70–0.85. Internal consistency can further be increased by item selection especially at low levels of performance. Practical implications of the results are discussed and a few recommendations presented.
CHROMATIC ROD VISION
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjørn
Published: May 2008

Stabell U. & Stabell B. Chromatic rod vision. V. Location of stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol., 1972, 13, 327–331.—AS location of stimulation changed toward twelve degrees temporally, the scotopic contrast hue was found to change toward a violet hue of about 460 nm in the orange and green‐yellow region of pre‐stimulation (700–560 nm), while it, in the green‐blue and violet region (484–440 nm), appeared to change toward an orange hue of about 595 nm. Pre‐stimulation with pure yellow or blue produced scotopic hues which remained invariant of eccentricity. The results are explained on the basis of an opponent color theory.
Chromatic rod vision VIII. Simultaneous contrast
Authors: STABELL ULF , STABELL BJØRN
Published: May 2008

Stabell, U. & Stabell, B. Chromatic rod vision. VIII. Simultaneous contrast. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 1619.‐Compared with the curve of additive opponent hue, the curve of scotopic hue of simultaneous contrast was found to be displaced toward blue in the orange and green‐yellow regions of inducing field. The results are explained on the assumptions that (a) change of disposition for scotopic hue reflects variation in ratio of primary hue‐related processes of inducing field, and (b) the chromatic‐related opponent processes, in a dark‐adapted and chromatically neutral eye, are of equal magnitude within the photochromatic interval.
Individual functions of subjective time distance and emotional reaction
Authors: LUNDBERG ULF , EKMAN GÖSTA
Published: May 2008

Lundberg, U. & Ekman, G. Individual functions of subjective time distance and emotional reaction. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 29–33.‐Data from a previous study ere analysed on an individual level. It was found that a simple power function could describe the relation between subjective and objective time, while an exponential function fitted the data for the relation between emotional reaction and subjective time distance. The same simple alternative functions also described the group data in the previous study.
Effects of extraneous stimulation on visual afterimage serials produced by young schizophrenics
Authors: SMITH GUDMUND J. W. , RUUTH EGIL
Published: May 2008

Smith, G. J. W. & Ruuth, E. Effects of extraneous stimulation on visual afterimage serials produced by young schizophrenics. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 34–38.‐ Two groups of young schizophrenics, 20 in each, produced afterimages (Als) of a schematic face in 20 consecutive trials. In one group an acoustic signal was administered at the 8th, 12th and 16th trials. The signal effect in a previous experiment implied that the ongoing adaptive trend was disrupted by a return to the trend characterizing the before‐signal portion of the sequence. This result was cross‐validated, with particular emphasis put on the regressive characteristics shown by schizophrenics. However, the present schizophrenic subjects seemed to be more resistant to the contraction and eventual mechanization of their adaptive processes being the usual consequence of iteration.
An aggression machine I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence
Authors: PITKÄNEN LEA
Published: May 2008

PitkÄnen, L. An aggression machine. I. The intensity of aggressive defence aroused by aggressive offence. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 56–64.‐Sixty 9‐year‐old boys were tested with an aggression machine (PAM) designed by the writer. PAM allows the variation of both S (light) and R (pressing a button) intensities. The stimuli and responses were given the designations of offensive and defensive aggression, respectively. The following main hypotheses were supported: (1) The intensity of impulsive aggressive defence to an aggressive offence was adapted to the intensity of attack. (2) The intensity of aggressive defence was determined by the authority of the attacker, the defence being strongest when the attacker was a person of the same age and status, and least vigorous when the attacker was a figure of authority or a weaker person. (3) The correlations of the intensity of aggressive defence against different attackers depended on the similarity of their social position; the correlations were higher the closer the position.
Self‐reported arousal during sleep deprivation and its relation to performance and physiological variables
Authors: BOHLIN GUNILLA , KJELLBERG ANDERS
Published: May 2008

Bohlin, G. & Kjellberg, A. Self‐reported arousal during sleep deprivation and its relation to performance and physiological variables. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 78–86.‐Thayer's (1967) self‐report inventory was translated and subjected to factor analysis. A four factor solution, slightly deviant from Thayer's, was adopted. The factors were labelled Sleep‐Wakefulness, Stress, Euphoria, and Energy. Twenty Ss took part in a sleep deprivation (SD) experiment, which included physiological (EEG, skin conductance, body temperature), and reaction time (RT) recordings. All four factors showed decreasing trends over the night of SD, and with the exception of the Stres Factor, they were correlated with body temperature variations. The ratings in Sleep‐Wakefulness and Energy were significantly lowered as a result of SD. The effect of SD upon these factors was also correlated with the effect upon the RT task and the physiological variables. From these results a model for phenomenological arousal was proposed and discussed.
Achievement motivation and perception of the body boundary
Authors: VOLLMER FRED
Published: May 2008

Vollmer, F. Achievement motivation and perception of the body boundary. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 91–95.‐In a group of 37 female students, a measure of the perceived body boundary (the Barrier Index) was related to three indices of achievement motivation: Hope of Success (HS), Fear of Failure (FF), and Net Hope (NH=HS minus FF). The Barrier Index correlated negatively with FF and positively with NH, but was unrelated to HS. Analysis of the NH variable showed that the correlation between NH and the Barrier Index could be ascribed alone to the strong negative relationship between FF and the Barrier Index, and that subjects with NH scores around zero, due both to high HS and high FF, scored notably low on the Barrier Index.
Similarity ratings and dimension analyses of auditory rhythm patterns. II
Authors: GABRIELSSON ALF
Published: May 2008

Gabrielsson, A. Similarity ratings and dimension analyses of auditory rhythm patterns. II. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 161–176.MdashSix experiments on experience of polyphonic rhythm patterns and of rhythm in music are described. The polyphonic rhythm stimuli were generated by an electronic device. The stimuli were presented in pairs for similarity ratings and verbal descriptions. The similarity ratings were analyzed by a model for individual differences in multidimensional scaling (INDSCAL). The dimensions were interpreted as “meter”, “rapidity”, “tempo”, “uniformity‐variation” or “simplicity‐complexity”, “basic pattern”, “movement character” and dimensions related to the spectrum, amplitude and decay characteristics of the stimuli. There were great inter‐individual differences in the subjects' weights for the different dimensions.
The rate of internal speech in paced rehearsal
Authors: HOLLNAGEL ERIK
Published: May 2008

Hollnagel, E. The rate of internal speech in paced rehearsal. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 241–243.‐The purpose of the experiment was to measure the rate of internal speech in rehearsal. The method used was paced rehearsal, i. e. the subjects should synchronize their internal speech with an external signal. The known rate of the external signal, the pace rate, was used as an ndication of the rate of internal speech. For each subject the maximum pace rate was found, and the corresponding maximum rate of internal speech was calculated. The mean of the maximum rates of internal speech for 17 subjects was 126 ms/syllable. This is considerably faster than the results obtained from experimental studies up to now.
Anchor effects in category judgment of weight
Authors: VUORINEN RISTO
Published: May 2008

Vuorinen, R. Anchor effects in category judgment of weight. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 261–272.‐3 models of psychophysical judgment are tested in 4 experiments. The anchor effects obtained in these experiments deviate from their usually observed contrast properties violating both the “adaptation‐level” (AL) model and the “similarity classification” model. Results on comparative judgment disprove the assumed constancy of the parameters of the AL‐model. A comparison with the “response frequency equalization” model discloses that the AL‐model confounds genuine perceptual aspects of judgment with response determined factors (response bias) involved in category judgment. The present results are related to a critical evaluation of the general AL‐theory presented elsewhere (Vuorinen, 1973).
A semiotic theory of imagery processes with experiments on an Indo‐European and a Ural‐Altaic language: Do speakers of different languages experience different cognitive worlds?
Authors: STRØMNES FRODE J.
Published: May 2008

StrØmnes, F. J. A semiotic theory of imagery processes with experiments on an Indo‐European and a Ural‐Altaic language: Do speakers of different languages experience different cognitive worlds?Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 291–304.‐A theory of information transmission by symbol systems is presented. The theory is related to results on imagery and verbal behaviour found in the literature, and a new experiment is briefly reported. It is argued that information transmission can exclusively take place by the transmission of geometric isomorphs. Some of the conditions which must be fulfilled by a sign system which can transmit geometric isomorphs are pointed out. A supporting experiment, which purports to show that the underlying geometric systems of Ural‐Altaic (represented by Finnish) and Indo‐European (represented by Swedish) are strikingly different, is reported.
On the facial expressions of abnormal individuals Ratings with photoportraits
Authors: BORG JAAKKO
Published: May 2008

Borg, J. On the facial expressions of abnormal individuals. Ratings with photoportraits. Scand. J. Psychol., 1973, 14, 310–315.‐Photoportraits of abnormal individuals belonging to 8 diagnostic groups (the same 8 as in the Szondi test), together with portraits of “ordinary” people were presented to 25 female Ss who assessed the portraits on verbally descriptive scales. Factor analysis was carried out in two forms: (1) with the scales as variables and (2) with the same matrix transposed so that the stimuli were the variables. Three dimensions, resembling those obtained by Osgood: Pleasantness, Activation and Control were identifiable in either manner of analysis; their proportional role in explaining total variance was 87% in the former, 83.8% in the latter. As far as the groups showed typical basic expressions of the traits, these would seem to be complex rather than simple. An attempt was made to refer the differences in results of some expression studies to their different approaches.