bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Worlds of Sound in Louis MacNeice’s Early Radio Plays: ‘Figure in the Music’
Authors: Davison Claire
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on Louis MacNeice’s creative work at the BBC, when, from 1941, he began making vivid, often epic sound-story-and-music dramas for popular listening. Looking at his Alexander Nevsky, Christopher Columbus and The Dark Tower, it shows how he took inspiration from the epic craftsmanship of Soviet film to create vivid dramas for radio, while honing their techniques to suit the intimacy of domestic listening. Looking in detail at his subtle use of word-and-music montage to condense plot and characterisation into tapestries of overlapping and synchronised sound patterns, it underlines the aesthetic and political resonance of his engagement with radio writing.
Notes on Soundtracked Fiction: The Past as Future
Authors: St Clair Justin
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers soundtracked fiction, a multimedia form that combines printed text with recorded musical selections. Patented in 1917, Bubble Books were the first soundtracked books, children’s stories packaged with 78 rpm recordings that became a massive cultural phenomenon in the early 1920s. Readalong media soon became standard fare in youth publishing. While the decades to follow saw an occasional experiment directed at the adult market, it was the digital revolution that made soundtracked fiction far more widespread, from curated online playlists designed to accompany bestselling novels to the eReader app Booktrack, which delivers a film-style soundtrack, including music, sound effects, and ambient noise, to readers of electronic texts. As technological platforms become more sophisticated, the possibilities for soundtracking print experience will continue to expand.
William Carlos Williams
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the relationship of Williams’s early writing to Pound’s example, and to the question of poetic economy. Williams’s attention to line and stanza breaks is held to be integral both to his concept of measure and his desire to write a specifically American kind of verse. The chapter discusses the ways in which Williams addresses the things of the object-world. His poetry, like that of Oppen and Creeley, is often implicated in subjective cognitive processes that are not fully acknowledged in the poets’ critical writings.
George Oppen
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

The chapter on Oppen discusses the status of the empirical in his writing and suggest that it is in tension with his speculative explorations of perception as it is parsed in language. Oppen’s distinctive use of ellipsis and the linebreak is addressed. Montgomery argues that Oppen’s elliptical syntax removed his poetry far from the ideals of clarity, simplicity or directness that he was committed to.
Lorine Niedecker
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers Niedecker’s version of the Poundian condensare – “this condensery” – to achieve a peculiar balance between aesthetics and the local (Niedecker’s home state contained several condenseries, or factories for condensing milk). Montgomery describse how Niedecker developed a poetics informed by a simultaneous commitment to place and displacement. He focuses in particular on a cluster of poems from the early 1960s that sets up an opposition between property and poetry. Niedecker finds imaginative wealth in material impoverishment. This conditions the formal features of her writing.
Rae Armantrout
Authors: Montgomery Will
Published: May 2022

This final chapter discusses a writer who was part of the West Coast Language writing community from the 1970s, yet has always seemed at an odd distance from the poetics of that grouping. Rae Armantrout has, from her very earliest published work, consistently written in a condensed, short-line mode. The chapter discuss texts drawn from throughout her career, focusing on the ways in which equivocation is built into the writing at the most fundamental levels.
‘I Bar the Magic Lantern’: Dubliners and Pre-Filmic Cinematicity
Authors: Williams Keith
Published: May 2022

Demonstrates the importance of the magic lantern to Joyce’s ‘media-cultural imaginary’ and the cinematicity of his techniques and themes. The lantern provided a major cultural and technological context giving birth to film. Despite appearing to ‘bar’ its influence, Dubliners alludes widely to lantern motifs, genres and techniques, explaining how Joyce’s innovations appear modernistically cinematic before film developed equivalent techniques. Chapter 1 demonstrates the fundamental part lanternism played in Joyce’s ekphrastic method: in projection effects and multi-layered intrusions of images from one context into another, but also in ‘dissolving views’ transitioning in space, time and consciousness. Lanternism sheds light on Joyce’s use of ‘flashback’ form several years before film editing, because it represented ‘multi-spatiotemporality’ by superimposing or inserting images visualising thoughts or fantasies, presenting dynamic narrative transformations in photographic ‘life-model’ sets, the predecessors of film features but also a parallel influence on Joyce. The lantern also had a reputation as a ‘technology of the uncanny’, Joyce evoking its ‘phantasmagoria’ for the uncanny vision climaxing Dubliners, a verbal ‘dissolve’, in which a moving ghost world replaces mundane reality. Thus Dubliners’ cinematicity references film’s inheritance from lanternism and anticipates its narrative futures.
An Individuating Rhythm: Picturing Time in a Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man
Authors: Williams Keith
Published: May 2022

Focuses on Joyce’s interest in visual analysis of movement, another technological and scientific drive leading to film. Joyce’s ‘epiphany’ resembles the camera’s defamiliarising gaze. This tendency evolved through Portrait’s three versions. Its mobile, camera-eyed focalisation and ‘montage’ structure stem from speculations about picturing the ‘rhythm’ or ‘curve’ of a developing mind in his 1904 version. Portrait constituted a breakthrough into ‘stream of consciousness’ form through synergy with experimental photography: Muybridge’s ‘animal locomotion studies’ and Marey’s ‘Chronophotographie’. These captured transitory phenomena, picturing time and recomposing action as a series of moments to apprehend its reality. Muybridge’s sequences anticipate the filmstrip, eventually animating consecutive stills into a ‘fluid succession of presents’. Similarly, Marey’s overlapping shots liberated the ‘individuating rhythm’ of a moving body, as a rising and falling ‘curve’. Thus Joyce’s means of picturing the psycho-sensory movement of consciousness used such dissection and recomposition of physical motion as guiding metaphor. Portrait’s ‘mobilised virtual gaze’ and interiorised ‘rhythm’ are based on imagistic association overlapping present perceptions and memories, tracing a pattern towards Stephen’s vocational future, simultaneously the novel’s underlying topic and form and taking Joyce’s cinematicity into a new phase.
Coda: The Media-Cultural Imaginary of Finnegans Wake
Authors: Williams Keith
Published: May 2022

This challenges readings of Finnegans Wake as Joyce’s turn away from film, as medium and narrative model, since its logos-focused method seems more radiophonic than cinematic, because words, voices and languages rather than images and film techniques continuously shuffle, layer, clash and blend, like criss-crossing wireless broadcasts. Nonetheless, Finnegans Wake represents further experimental ekphrasis, because Joyce ‘retrofitted’ older technological influences while engaging with film’s successor: early television. The lantern’s dissolving views can be regarded as ‘visual palimpsests’, one picture shimmering through the outlines and interstices of another. Joyce’s verbal equivalent reached its hypostasis in Finnegans Wake’s ‘verbal dissolves’, as forms and meanings continually morph in and out of each other, like multi-layered images or filmic cross-fades and superimpositions. Joyce carries this process into the future by mixing different television broadcasts and questioning the medium’s potential power. Additionally, Stuart Gilbert’s short film treatment of ‘Anna Livia Plurabelle’ employed animation effects which shed a very suggestive light on the ‘morphing’ techniques implicit in Joyce’s method. With an imagination saturated by visual forms, Joyce remained well capable of viewing moving pictures in the projection box of his mind and translating them into his ‘moving dream panorama’.
A Theological Jurisprudence of Speculative Cinema
Authors: Peters Timothy
Published: May 2022

This book sets a new trajectory for considering the intertwined relationship between theology and law. Through close readings of a range of popular Hollywood speculative fiction films—Shyamalan’s Unbreakable, Snyder’s Man of Steel, Lucas’s and Disney’s Star Wars, Nolan’s The Dark Knight & The Dark Knight Rises, Proyas’ I, Robot, Nolfi’s The Adjustment Bureau and Jackson’s The Hobbit—Timothy Peters explores how fictional worlds, particularly those that ‘make strange’ the world of the viewer, can render visible and make explicit the otherwise opaque theologies of modern law. The book offers a key contribution to the fields of cultural legal studies, law and film and law and theology by considering speculative fiction (superheroes, science fiction, fantasy) as a way of revealing the theologies of modern law and legal theory. The overall narrative of the work marks a course from antagonism to reconciliation, from autonomy to reciprocity and from law to love. Throughout the work, the book draws on resources within the Christian theological tradition’s critical engagement with law, as a means for rethinking and reimagining our post-secular legal modernity—enabling both a deactivating and fulfilling of the law. In exploring speculative film’s estranged accounts of the mythos of modernity and modern law, it articulates an alternative theological jurisprudence based on a love that takes us beyond the law.
Prologue
Authors: Peters Timothy D.
Published: May 2022

This Prologue provides the background and context for the series of critical readings undertaken throughout the book, and the overarching argument for a theological jurisprudence of speculative cinema. The argument is situated in relation to: critical considerations of the interrelationship between law and theology and the field of political theology; the particular approach to law and film that is privileged by the work’s contribution to the field of cultural legal studies; the book’s engagement with speculative fiction, focusing on the way in which genres of estrangement enable a ‘making strange’ or seeing differently of law and legal theory. It highlights the way in which the notion of ‘making strange’ connects both to the key method deployed—‘reading jurisprudentially’—and also a theological tradition of fictional creation. An overview of the book is then provided, noting the way it engages in a critical interrogation of the filmic narratives of speculative fiction and explores not just questions of law but their interrelation with the theological-political in our post-secular times.
The Superhero ‘Made Strange’: A Christological Reading of Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight
Authors: Peters Timothy D.
Published: May 2022

This Chapter argues that Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight ‘makes strange’ the traditional readings of the superhero genre discussed in Chapter 1, providing a critique of their underlying visions of legality. In particular, the film encompasses a reflection on the nature of law in what Giorgio Agamben refers to as the ‘state of exception’. It works through the different visions of legality and justice presented by each of the villains—the Joker’s conservative vision of law as founded on violence; Harvey ‘Two-Face’ Dent’s taking of a procedural form of justice in the toss of the coin—before making a particular claim: that Batman is a typology of Christ. This is not in the mode of sacrifice that the traditional saviour mode of the superhero encounters but is because of a specific refusal of the heroic framework and the hero-myth. That is, Batman’s concluding actions in The Dark Knight, ‘saving’ Dent, encompass a form of atonement and a Christological foregrounding of community based on trust and forgiveness. In this way, Batman’s actions are grounded in a form of compassion that does not seek a retributive justice but enact a form of preventative violence founded in love.
‘If more people valued home above gold this world would be a merrier place’: Hospitality, Gift-exchange and the Theological Jurisprudence of J. R. R. Tolkien’s and Peter Jackson’s The Hobbit
Authors: Peters Timothy D.
Published: May 2022

Through a reading of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and Peter Jackson’s cinematic interpretation of it, this Chapter argues for a love beyond the law—a charity that challenges the aporias of modern liberal and neoliberal legality, and their foundation in a theology of will. The Chapter starts by analysing the centrality of gift and gift-exchange in both Tolkien and Jackson’s work as an alternative basis for relationality and sociality. These themes present a contrast between the theological primacy of reciprocity and gift-exchange on the one hand, and a modern emphasis on unilateral ‘free’ gift and self-interested contract on the other. Whilst Jackson’s rendering of The Hobbit engages in a stronger emphasis on contract, the films also engage in not only a critique of the desire for gold and the ambiguous foundation of the subject of property rights, but also a vision of society as founded on friendship—the stranger become friend. The chapter therefore presents a culmination of the book’s argument by elaborating the basis of a theological jurisprudence founded on trust and friendship—rejecting the autonomous self-interested legal subject for a vision of legality based on reciprocity.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Vivian P.Y.
Published: May 2022

Critical discourse on the Hong Kong left-wing cinema has emphasized the progressive filmmakers as primarily an ethical force caught in a left – right divide and an advocate of social and cultural reform through the cinematic medium. While this ethical-reformist bent of the cinematic left is central to the aesthetic vision and public image of the progressive film community, the analysis presented in this study pays attention to the institutional and corporate character of the left-wing film apparatus and their strategic self-positioning in the mainstream film industry during the 1950s and 1960s. This understanding of the left-wing’s praxis will have a bearing on production and exhibition strategies of film studios, as well as the continuation of the left-wing film network in the post-Cold War, post-Cultural Revolution era.
Remaking Cantonese film culture: Union and Sun Luen
Authors: Lee Vivian P.Y.
Published: May 2022

Ranked among the “big four” Cantonese film studios in Hong Kong during the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, the studio style of Sun Luen and Union can be defined by a creative adaptation of the aesthetic taste and preferences of the south-bound intellectuals from Mainland China. the filmmakers were guided by their vision of a healthy Cantonese film culture as an agent of more far-reaching social change, which explains their sense of urgency in using cinema as a collective wake-up call against a materialistic (capitalist) and decadent society that colonial Hong Kong presumably had become. Their work included the Third Cantonese Cinema Clean-up Movement and the founding of the South China Film Industry Workers’ Union in 1949. This chapter takes a closer look at the studios’ genre films to shed light on the left -wing’s effort to claim a space in the commercial mainstream. It is argued that alongside the more serious drama films, the lighter entertainment films also contributed to the “studio style” of the left -wing cinema.
Corporate repositioning, transnational cultural brokerage, and soft power: Sil-Metropole
Authors: Lee Vivian P.Y.
Published: May 2022

The most direct impact of the Cultural Revolution on the left-wing studios was two-fold. As the party’s liberal film policy was replaced by extremist doctrinal imperatives and direct political interference, left-wing films suffered from a dramatic decline in productivity and creative freedom, which inevitably led to setbacks in output quality and popular appeal. The dwindling prospect of left-wing films was intensified by a widespread disillusionment among studio personnel, resulting in the dispersal of stars and production talents. As studio staff were under pressure to “stay close to the latest political course,”4 a majority of the left-wing’s feature films during this period were propagandistic films that glorified class struggle, many of which had little appeal and relevance to the local audience. As Mainland China began to recover from the political turmoil in the mid-1970s, the left-wing film establishment in Hong Kong was in need of a strategic retooling or risk facing oblivion. This chapter examines the left-wing’s transition toward a more diversified cultural enterprise seeking to redefine itself in the local film industry under a new label, Sil-Metropole (Hong Kong).
Critical transitions on the non-left: Patrick Lung and Cecile Tang
Authors: Lee Vivian P.Y.
Published: May 2022

This chapter takes a detour into the critical transition made by Patrick Lung Kong (1934–2014) and Cecile Tang Shu-shuen (b. 1941). Different in background and artistic orientation, both Lung and Tang stirred up controversies and debates over their filmic interventions into politics and society. Didactic and prescriptive at times, Lung’s films display a greater confidence in the city’s modern institutions and the liberal values they represent, which inevitably alienated him from the anti-capitalist and anti-colonial politics of the left-wing. Critical of both the Communist regime in Mainland China and the capitalist society of Hong Kong, Tang has been regarded as a pioneer in women’s cinema. Her small corpus and short-lived directorial career (see below) notwithstanding, her work exhibits an avant-garde quality in foregrounding female subjectivity and gender identity. The careers of Lung and Tang revealed the complex entanglement between film and politics, or more generally the conditions of political representation, even when law and order together with the capitalist lifestyle had remained intact under colonial rule well after the Cultural Revolution and the 1967 riots.
The Ceded Islands–Grenada
Authors: Alston David
Published: May 2022

Describes how Highland Scots responded to the opportunities created by Britain’s acquisition of the Ceded Islands in 1763 and the resulting tensions between Presbyterian Scots and French Catholic planters. Expansion of the plantations was based on the brutal treatment of enslaved Africans and growing resistance which culminated in the Fédon Revolution or Uprising of 1795.
Guyana–Voices of the Enslaved
Authors: Alston David
Published: May 2022

This is an attempt to hear the voices of the enslaved, especially in Berbice – men, women and children many held by Highland plantation owners and brutally controlled by Highland mangers and overseers. It includes an account of a planned uprising of the enslaved in Berbice in 1814, its suppression and its aftermath.
Guyana–The ‘Free Coloured’ Moment
Authors: Alston David
Published: May 2022

Examines the role of ‘free coloured’ women in Guyana, their relationships with Highland Scots, and describes the powerful force they were within the colonies until emancipation.
Afterword
Authors: Alston David
Published: May 2022

A meditation concluding in words of reconciliation from a descendant of enslaved Africans and Highland Scots – the grandmother of the Guyanese writer Jan Carew describing the ‘ghosts in our blood’.
Your General Humor Buildup: Constructing Albert Brooks
Authors: Connor J. D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter places Albert Brooks in conversation with movements both in comedy, as well as contemporary US art, especially conceptual art. Brooks constructed a New Comedy practice of unparalleled breadth that could bring together mediacritical practices directed at magazine publishing, live performance, radio, and television, that could unite the subversive educational scenarios of the Famous School and the joke-mandala with the formal subversions of the animal “film” and the pseudo blooper. It had room for questions about the propositionality of the joke alongside name-naming criticism of key players in the U.S. media ecology. Its social commentary did not lie in a haughty assumption that “real” social problems could be reduced to the discourses of their appearance. Instead, Brooks took the real problems that confronted him, medium by medium, and found ways of opening up critical habitations that might simultaneously speak to their cultural typicality—contemporary television and radio—and their historical specificity. The chapter shows that those habitations have specific occasions and conceptual consequences and that the passage between those scales is managed via a relentless reflexivity. That reflexivity has been seen as a limitation of Brooks’ TV-bit-based approach. But as the reflexive embodiment of a medium already at a fever pitch of reflection, Albert Brooks stood as a singular figure against the ground of U.S. television.
Irony Ends in Why
Authors: Britt Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an overview of Albert Brooks’ films media critique. Brooks repeatedly makes films that place him inside the media as an embedded critic who believes in and is beholden to the system that he critiques. Through comparisons to filmmakers including Todd Solondz this chapter investigates how when critiques from the inside do not succeed in changing the system, Brooks turns to forms of comedy such as irony and to anti-humor as a kind of revenge against the media industry from which he can’t extricate himself.
Easy Riders, Raging Yuppies: Lost in America and the Work of the Professional-Managerial Class
Authors: Nystrom Derek
Published: May 2022

This chapter approaches Lost in America (1985) as a comedic investigation into the contradictions of middle-class life. Starting with the film's skewering of yuppie angst and its complicated relation to the hippie counterculture that somehow gave rise to yet was also betrayed by this newly discovered sociological group, the chapter argues that Lost in America is ultimately about the difficulty of imagining professional labor that can generate value outside of the capitalist marketplace. Taking the film's recurrent allusions to Easy Rider (1969) as a form of meta-filmic commentary suggests that Lost in America serves as a meditation on Brooks’ own efforts to pursue an alternative American cinema.
Defending Purgatorio : Dante, Brooks, and Finding One’s Celestial Place
Authors: Percaccio Frank
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers a comparative analysis of Defending Your Life(1991) and Dante Alighieri’s Purgatorio, reading both texts as cultural indicators of historicized perspectives representing our potential post-existence, a vision of the afterlife revealed. Different as they appear on the surface—vernacular Italian poetry and commercial, comedic film—each narrative contextualizes a belief system suggesting a higher plane of existence in which imperfect souls must glean wisdom from a past life and ultimately learn how they have erred. In Purgatorio, the soul embraces its sins, learns from them, atones, and thus moves closer to God, his love, and ultimately, Heaven. In Defending Your Life, Albert Brooks’ soul similarly has to achieve greater understanding to comprehend earthly missteps so he can truly understand his life and the universe, use more of his brain, and ultimately move onward, just as Dante and his fellow sinners wished to do.
Albert Brooks Channeling the Feminine
Authors: Bell-Metereau Rebecca
Published: May 2022

This chapter identifies the importance of collaborators to an auteur, arging that Albert Brooks’ genius as an auteurist figure lies in his ability to internalize and value female perspectives. Historical analysis of his major films suggests that Monica Johnson, his co-author on many works, along with other powerful women like Meryl Streep, profoundly influenced his depiction of gender and life in general.
Finding Brooks: Animating the Baby Boomer Generation in Finding Nemo
Authors: Meinel Dietmar
Published: May 2022

This chapter reads Albert Brooks through the lens of star studies with particular interest in his embodiment of the baby boomer generation to understand a shift in his persona from meta-comedy to sincerity. Voicing the animated clownfish Marlin, Brooks addresses the parents and grandparents, particularly the baby boomer generation, in Finding Nemo’s (2003) audience. In doing so, the chapter argues, Brooks-as-Marlin challenges the predominant cultural climate in post-9/11 America.
Television Torture, Made in the USA
Authors: Jung Berenike
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins by outlining the characteristics of contemporary serial television, such as its ‘rhetoric of discussion’, and its sophisticated narratives, and how these qualities allow for wider audiences and an emotional involvement through which the political can be worked into a public space.
Through focusing on the title sequence as “narrative image” (Kramer 2009), the TV show 24 (Fox, 2001–10) and its influence on the public imagination of torture, is compared to Homeland (Showtime, 2011 – 2020). 24’s impact influence on the public imagination of torture is discussed as well as how Homeland renegotiated this legacy both politically and aesthetically.
The Politics of Realism in Chilean Cinema
Authors: Jung Berenike
Published: May 2022

To explore the conditions that generate some of the striking aesthetic choices in contemporary Chilean cinema and their possible meanings, this chapter situates these films in the context of “World Cinema” discourses on cinematic realism. The transnational connections of the films’ realist aesthetics, and the historical predecessor of neorealism are put into dialogue with locally specific meanings and supplementary associations as well as specific alienations in contemporary neoliberal Chilean society.
Chilean films Post Mortem (Pablo Larraín, 2010), Tony Manero (Pablo Larraín, 2008) and La Danza de la Realidad (Alejandro Jodorowsky, 2013) explore the means and capacity of the cinematic medium in the making and telling of historical events.
Pack Mentality
Authors: Mann Craig Ian
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 covers American werewolf films from the 1950s to 1980 and explores a period in which the monster was used to tackle domestic social issues. It begins with the moral panic surrounding ‘juvenile delinquency’ in the 1950s and its influence on I Was a Teenage Werewolf (1957), the first ‘teen wolf’ movie. It then moves on to align the werewolf films of the 1970s to perhaps the most studied movement in the history of horror: 'New Horror'. It does so by revealing the countercultural themes of Werewolves on Wheels (1971), The Boy Who Cried Werewolf (1973) and The Werewolf of Washington (1973), films that use werewolfism as a metaphor through which to address an ideological crisis in America resulting from the erosion of the nuclear family, the Vietnam War, the struggle for Civil Rights and the Watergate scandal.
Old Dogs and New Tricks
Authors: Mann Craig Ian
Published: May 2022

Chapter 7 covers the werewolf film's development through the 1990s to the early twenty-first century. It begins with an analysis of Wolf (1994), a 'horror blockbuster' that casts an aging man as a werewolf in order to explore changing conceptions of masculinity in the post-Reagan era. It then moves on to explore a distinct cycle: the 'pack' film, in which organised groups of vicious young werewolves work together to hunt and feed in narratives that play on a 1990s moral panic surrounding gang violence. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of Ginger Snaps (2000) and its sequel Ginger Snaps 2: Unleashed (2004), arguing that they express a fear of youth culture amidst several high-profile instances of high school violence in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Sydney Schiff and Marcel Proust: Table-talk, Tribute, Translation
Authors: Eells Emily
Published: May 2022

In May 1922, Sydney and Violet Schiff hosted a dinner party at the Majestic Hotel in Paris, to celebrate the premiere of Stravinsky’s Le Renard performed by Diaghilev’s Ballets russes. In addition to those two Russian artists in the vanguard of Parisian modernism, the guests included Picasso, Proust and Joyce. Richard Davenport-Hines called that historic evening “the great modernist dinner party of 1922” in his presentation of A Night at the Majestic, published in 2006.
This chapter studies Schiff’s role as a cultural intermediary, which extended beyond social networking in artistic circles, to acting as go-between on the Anglo-French literary scene. The focus is on the strategies Schiff deployed to circulate Proust’s work in the English-speaking world, most noticeably as the translator of the final volume of Remembrance of Things Past. He also promoted Proust’s work at the time of the author’s death, through laudatory contributions to collected volumes paying tribute to it. Under his pen-name Stephen Hudson, Schiff published a novel entitled Richard Kurt whose eponymous male character reappears in his short story Céleste as an easily recognizable fictionalized portrait of Proust. Proust’s correspondence with Schiff provides further evidence of the Englishman’s pivotal function as Proust's cross-Channel literary agent.
Biography of an Outsider 1
Authors: Bacon Henry , Laine Kimmo , Seppälä Jaakko , Bacon Henry , Laine Kimmo , Seppälä Jaakko
Published: May 2022

This chapter gives an overview of Tulio’s life and career For an independent director-producer on the outskirts of film business, life and work were inseparable. Born in Latvia to a Turkish-Polish family as Theodor Tugai but raised and educated in Finland, Tulio was accustomed to a multilingual and multicultural environment. This background affected in many ways both his career choices and his position as a professional filmmaker.
Black Country Dialect Literature and What It Can Tell Us about Black Country Dialect
Authors: Asprey Esther
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines Black Country dialect literature. It looks at the small amount of dialect poetry published in the 19th century, most of which appeared in local newspapers, and compares it with earlier protest songs from the 18th century, most of which were collected and written down in the 1960s by the folksingers Michael and Jon Raven. It looks also at dialect songs circulated in broadsheet form at the annual wakes in the Black Country, some of which were written especially for the event, to examine what we can say about grammatical and phonological change both across time in the Black Country and within the Black Country itself. The chapter cautions against inferring too much from historical data which can only tell us that variants were known, rather than being evidence of their use in the speech community.
Nottingham: City of Literature - Dialect Literature and Literary Dialect
Authors: Braber Natalie
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines how the language varieties used in Nottingham have been represented in dialect literature and literary dialect. These are varieties which for many years have been neglected within linguistic research. The chapter focuses on whether the dialect used by authors in fictional work is similar to the non-standard features described in dialect literature. Overall, findings show that there are clear correspondences between these two usages but that many traditional words and spellings are being lost over time. Despite this, local non-standard features remain an important way to symbolise local identity in literature. By comparing language in dialect literature and literary dialect we can chart the progress of enregisterment of certain linguistic features and how they are seen as being an integral part of such varieties and help authors place their characters as ‘local’.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Mary
Published: May 2022

What is a ‘modern reader’? How can historians reliably constitute him or her, or even begin to think about ‘modern readers’ collectively? The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms designates ‘early modern’ as ‘a period of European history broadly equivalent to that of the 16th and 17th centuries’,...
Reading and Classical Music in Mid-Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Rubin Joan Shelley
Published: May 2022

This chapter maps the universe of print surrounding the popularization of classical music in the mid-twentieth century. It shows how technological innovations such as the phonograph, the long-playing record, the radio, and high fidelity created new opportunities for mediators to reach readers anxious to augment their musical knowledge through the printed word. Examples include the work of Frances Elliott Clark, head of the Education Department for the Victrola company in the 1910s and 1920s; the record distribution campaign of the Washington Star newspaper in 1939; and key Saturday Review columns. The chapter argues that the desire to acquire the attributes of the cultured person coexisted with a large element of fear about the classical genre, and that reading relieved the sense of personal inadequacy that accompanied concert going or radio listening. In the process, it shows how the idea of a unitary middlebrow culture is less useful than a concept of multiple middlebrow forms.
Remaking the World Through Reading: Books, Readers and the Global Project of Modernity, 1945–70
Authors: Laugesen Amanda
Published: May 2022

After World War II, a variety of new forces including the Cold War, decolonization, globalization, and economic development shaped the world. Books and reading were imagined to have a special place in this post-war period – shaping the modern society and the modern citizen, and through these, a modern world. This chapter will examine the various ways in which books and reading were imagined and promoted as working at a global level, especially in the promotion of modernization ideology in developing countries. Such work was effected by organisations such as UNESCO, which campaigned for literacy, fundamental education programmes, and the building of libraries. Government programmes such as the British Council, the United States Information Agency, and Soviet propaganda programmes, bound up with foreign policy concerns, aimed to use reading to shape populations around the globe. The chapter examines the specific ideologies of reading that were developed in the post-war period, and considers how these intersected with global issues such as intellectual freedom, human rights, nation building, and modernization.
The Other Digital Divide: Gendering Science Fiction Fan Reading in Print and Online, 1930 to the Present
Authors: Coker Cait
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines Anglo-American science fiction fandom, providing a historical overview of changing print and digital practices from 1930 to the present. This analysis demonstrates that while several disparate fields of study have accounted for various parts of this phenomenon of readerly interaction, none has yet joined the dots to explore how groups of readers have emerged and coalesced over time and space, able to share long-standing affinities even as technologies change.
Introduction: Presidential legacy in the era of Obama and Trump
Authors: Harrington Clodagh , Waddan Alex
Published: May 2022

This chapter will explore the theme of legacy and will also discuss how rollback can occur. It is important to have a firm grasp on these concepts, while acknowledging that they are intellectually imprecise. We intend to embed these themes through the book, and consider them in the context of presidential leadership as well as issues legacy. The content will focus on the different institutional context that a) enables a president to establish a legacy and b) empowers new presidents to undo the legacy of their predecessor. It will reflect on the distinction between legacy that has resulted from congressional action and that reliant upon direct application of executive authority. With regard to foreign policy the chapter will discuss whether the US is in a position to act unilaterally to undo a previous decision or commitment, or whether it is it bound by international partners. To provide context for this discussion, the chapter will draw on relevant literatures about presidential power and policy dismantling. The chapter will also define what is meant by ‘leadership legacy’ and how this can be maintained or rebuked in the move from one president to the next.
Public communication and vision
Authors: Harrington Clodagh , Waddan Alex
Published: May 2022

Here, attention will turn to the communication style and strategies of an administration, with a focus on tone and tenor. Public opinion, use of social media, relations with the press and scandal management will be considered. The notable differences in presidential communication style between Obama and Trump will be analysed, taking into account the impact of technological evolution during their respective administrations.
Conclusion: From “Renegade” to “Mogul”
Authors: Harrington Clodagh , Waddan Alex
Published: May 2022

This concluding chapter will reiterate the main findings of the book, reflecting on the capacity of a president to embed a legacy that will endure beyond their time in office, taking into consideration a successor rhetorically committed, at least, to undo what has come before.
Scotland and its National Church in 1688
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

This chapter summarises the trajectory of the national church under in the reigns of Charles II and James VII showing how Charles dislodged Presbyterian ministers on his restoration and the way the episcopally-governed church functioned in the ensuing three decades through the continuing medium of presbyteries and synods. More specifically it looks at how the national picture was reflected locally. Local involvement in Covenanting is seen through the published diaries of Erskine of Carnock and Ure of Shirgarton. The proclamation of Toleration in1687 led to tolerated Presbyterian meeting-houses in Kippen, Logie and St, Ninians which formed the nucleus of the (new) Presbyteries of Stirling and Dunblane. The response to William’s accession was mixed but there was a considerable recruitment of local people to William’s cause. There was no immediate rabbling of the episcopal clergy but many were deposed via the Privy Council and there were later instances of rabbling in two parishes, Stirling and Logie. Financial records are used to show how congregational giving reflected attitudes to episcopal and presbyterian incumbents in Tulliallan and Alva.
Ministering in the Presbyteries: Exiles and Antediluvians
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

In the ten years after 1690, Presbyterian ministers gradually took over in every parish bar one in the Presbytery of Stirling (11 parishes representing 12 charges) and nine of the twelve in Dunblane. Three in Dunblane and one in Stirling were held in episcopal hands until 1709 or later. This chapter looks at this first generation of ministers, concentrating on the ‘antediluvians’ (ministers who had been deposed in the reign of Charles II), returning exiles and ministers of meeting houses. It shows how the antediluvians although returning by entitlement to their old parishes rarely remained there for long before moving on. Of the three pre-Revolution meeting house ministers two also moved on, one because he was not acceptable to the local heritors. Other than Alexander Douglas in Logie. the influence of this group was therefore limited but two ministers who had served meeting-houses elsewhere prior to 1690 did stay and proved influential, locally if not nationally, Michael Potter in Dunblane and George Turnbull in Alloa. The published diary of the latter is also major source of information.
Ensuring the Continuity of Ministry
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

For those ministers who were to be newly ordained, the road to ordination and a charge was not necessarily easy. Although there was a huge number of pulpits to fill, there seems to have been a ready supply of candidates, although a distinct lack of Gaelic-speaking ones. Care was taken in their education but also in confirming their orthodoxy in every presbytery that they were to preach in, through the mechanism of ‘trials for licence’ By examining the subsequent careers of the 80 or so probationers who preached in the two presbyteries it can be seen that some took a very long time to find a charge and some disappeared without trace. An examination of congregational accounts also suggests that collections were highest in a vacancy for the preachers who subsequently called to that charge. Some parishes, however, wanted experienced ministers ‘transported’ from other charges. Consideration of some of the many cases where disputed calls were adjudicated upon by presbyteries or referred to the General Assembly shows that cases could robustly fought with presbyteries and their representatives being assaulted or threatened with violence.
The Eldership and the Heritors
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins by comparing the social make-up of kirk sessions before and after the re-establishment of Presbyterianism. It finds that only a few kirk sessions retained some of the previous eldership. This led to a lack of experience among the new eldership. A particularly inappropriate choice of elder is highlighted. The role of elder within the kirk session is discussed and found not to be very different from that under the previous regime. Poor relief was a major responsibility of the session and the differing responses to the ill-years of the 1690s described. A possible conflict is shown where elders who were tradesmen were frequently in receipt of session funds for undertaking repairs. The heritors had lost the right of patronage in 1690 but were still influential, indeed crucial and were almost without exception consulted in vacancies. As many locally had episcopalian sympathies, their responsibilities for the upkeep of church and manse and for the payment of the stipend to the minister meant that their goodwill could not necessarily be depended upon. Sometimes lack of upkeep on the manse was used as a weapon to persuade ministers to depart.
Preaching the Word, Week by Week
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

Based very largely on the published diary of George Turnbull, minister of Alloa, this chapter examines worship, preaching and lecturing in the 1690s. An analysis of the texts used shows large gaps in the scripture actually used, especially in the area of the gospels and the history books of the Old Testament. A group of 12 surviving sermons and 6 lectures from 1691 is identified and briefly analysed, being shown to conform to the pattern recommended by James Wodrow. Turnbull’s main source were the psalms and the epistles and comparison is made with two other contemporaries in East Lothian whose header texts are listed. It is suggested that although the episcopal regime banned the ‘lecture’ prior to 1690, the episcopal minister of Tranent gave sermons in very similar form to the lecture at his afternoon diets of worship.
Dunblane’s Highland Parishes
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

Five of Dunblane’s `twelve parishes were ‘highland’ and Gaelic-speaking. Three remained episcopal until at least 1709, but two became Presbyterian in the 1690s. Attempts nationally to put Presbyterian preaching into northern parishes led to several local ministers from the Presbyteries of Stirling and Dunblane being sent for extended periods to northern parishes. Probationers too were targeted especially if Gaelic-speaking when they were not allowed to take southern charges. This process hindered settlement of Presbyterians in Balquhidder particularly where attempts to find a Gaelic speaking minister fill many pages of the records. Although the chief heritor was nominally Presbyterian, he was content to retain the episcopal minister because the people could understand him. It is clear that in the two presbyterian Gaelic parishes, an Anglophone minister did not effectively communicate with his congregation. Attempts to plant libraries in highland parishes are also described.
The Church and the Union of Parliaments
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

This chapter takes as its starting point the sermon preached to Parliament in 1706 and described in unflattering terms by Defoe as being preached by a country Parson against the Union. The preacher is here identified as minister of Alloa who was actually supporting his chief heritor, the Earl of Mar in promoting the Union within his own Presbytery. The chapter looks generally at church attitudes to the union and considers the petitions sent to the Scottish Parliament by presbyteries, parishes and other groups. It particularly examines the Dunblane Presbytery petition and the issues which it throws up regarding elders’ signatures, suggesting that in the case of both Presbyteries, elders were excluded from the discussions. The question of whether parish petitions were instigated by church or community is considered with it being established that Clackmannan and Logie petitions were church led; Tulliallan’s was community-led but supported by the church, while elders signed Stirling Burgh’s only as individuals. Only Clackmannan can be shown to have paid for the petition from church funds. The percentages of the population signing in the area is shown to be the highest anywhere in Scotland.
The New Ecclesiastical Regime
Authors: Muirhead Andrew T.N.
Published: May 2022

This final chapter summarises the main findings from each chapter, showing the extent to which the new regime changed the ecclesiastical landscape but also society in the area. In some respects it shows the change to be less than expected, but the idea of Presbyterianism had a hold on the imagination of the people even where actual change was limited. The biggest change was in the relationship between congregation and minister, especially in the process of calling where the new regime made a huge difference locally. The process of rooting Presbyterianism back in the area took almost the whole timespan of this work.
Hierarchy’s Apologists, Part Two: Natural Inequality in Contemporary Political Philosophy and Social Science
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter shows that the belief in natural inequality survives in many guises in contemporary social science and political philosophy—most especially in social contract theory and in “freedom-based” arguments for unequal private property rights in natural resources and the things people make out of them. The parallels between contemporary and historical justifications for inequality are striking. They all use the belief that inequality is natural and inevitable to justify coercive rules to maintain inequality, but they all present conflicting explanations why inequality is inevitable. This observation itself raises doubt about this claim and provides reason for empirical historical analysis of whether the natural inequality hypothesis is true.
How Small-Scale Societies Maintain Political, Social, and Economic Equality
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter uses anthropological and historical evidence to debunk what the authors call the natural inequality hypothesis—i.e. the belief that inequality is natural and inevitable and/or that inequality is the inevitable result of respecting negative freedom. It examines land-tenure and property systems in a wide-variety of societies known to history and anthropology. It shows that many societies maintained very high levels of social, political, and economic equality for extremely long periods of time while protecting negative freedom at least as well, if not better than, contemporary property rights-based societies.