bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A View of the Lexical–Grammatical Link in Young Latinos With Specific Language Impairment Using Language-Specific and Conceptual Measures
Authors: Méndez Lucía I. , Simon-Cereijido Gabriela
Published: May 2019

Purpose

This study investigated the nature of the association of lexical–grammatical abilities within and across languages in Latino dual language learners (DLLs) with specific language impairment (SLI) using language-specific and bilingual measures.

Method

Seventy-four Spanish/English–speaking preschoolers with SLI from preschools serving low-income households participated in the study. Participants had stronger skills in Spanish (first language [L1]) and were in the initial stages of learning English (second language [L2]). The children's lexical, semantic, and grammar abilities were assessed using normative and researcher-developed tools in English and Spanish. Hierarchical linear regressions of cross-sectional data were conducted using measures of sentence repetition tasks, language-specific vocabulary, and conceptual bilingual lexical and semantic abilities in Spanish and English.

Results

Results indicate that language-specific vocabulary abilities support the development of grammar in L1 and L2 in this population. L1 vocabulary also contributes to L2 grammar above and beyond the contribution of L2 vocabulary skills. However, the cross-linguistic association between vocabulary in L2 and grammar skills in the stronger or more proficient language (L1) is not observed. In addition, conceptual vocabulary significantly supported grammar in L2, whereas bilingual semantic skills supported L1 grammar.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal that the same language-specific vocabulary abilities drive grammar development in L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI. In the early stages of L2 acquisition, vocabulary skills in L1 also seem to contribute to grammar skills in L2 in this population. Thus, it is critical to support vocabulary development in both L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI, particularly in the beginning stages of L2 acquisition. Clinical and educational implications are discussed.
Developing a Longitudinal Scale for Language: Linking Across Developmentally Different Versions of the Same Test
Authors: Branum-Martin Lee , Rhodes Katherine T. , Sun Congying , Washington Julie A. , Webb Mi-Young
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Many language tests use different versions that are not statistically linked or do not have a developmental scaled score. The current article illustrates the problems of scores that are not linked or equated, followed by a statistical model to derive a developmental scaled score.

Method

Using an accelerated cohort design of 890 students in Grades 1–5, a confirmatory factor model was fit to 6 subtests of the Test of Language Development–Primary and Intermediate: Fourth Edition (
Hammill & Newcomer, 2008a
,
2008b
). The model allowed for linking the subtests to a general factor of language and equating their measurement characteristics across grades and cohorts of children. A sequence of models was fit to evaluate the appropriateness of the linking assumptions.

Results

The models fit well, with reasonable support for the validity of the tests to measure a general factor of language on a longitudinally consistent scale.

Conclusion

Although total and standard scores were problematic for longitudinal relations, the results of the model suggest that language grows in a relatively linear manner among these children, regardless of which set of subtests they received. Researchers and clinicians interested in longitudinal inferences are advised to design research or choose tests that can provide a developmental scaled score.
Control strategies for non‐sinusoidal multiphase PMSM drives in faulty modes under constraints on copper losses and peak phase voltage
Authors: Vu Duc Tan , Nguyen Ngac Ky , Semail Eric , dos Santos Moraes Tiago Jose
Published: May 2019

In the context of future permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) with a high number of phases (>7) in integrated drives, this study proposes several control strategies when multiphase PMSMs with non‐sinusoidal back electromotive forces (back‐EMFs) operate in healthy and open‐circuit faults. In all operation modes, the considered constraint on current is related to the maximum root mean square current allowable in one phase of the machine. The constraint on voltage limits the maximum peak value of the phase voltage determined by the DC‐bus voltage of the converter. When one or two phases are open‐circuited, to maximise torque and respect the constraints, new current references obtained by several proposed methods in rotating and natural frames are imposed to the machine. Owing to the non‐sinusoidal waveform of back‐EMFs and the considered constraints, numerical computations based on analytical formulations are required to obtain maximal torque‐speed characteristics, including the flux‐weakening operation. The usefulness of the proposed strategies is verified by numerical and experimental results.
Decentralised hierarchical coordination of electric vehicles in multi‐microgrid systems
Authors: Zou Suli , Ma Zhongjing , Yang Nan
Published: May 2019

Here, the authors study the optimal coordination of electric vehicles (EVs) in a multi‐microgrid (MMG) system with respect to a given time‐of‐use (TOU) price trajectory over a multi‐time period. The authors firstly formulate a class of EV charging/discharging coordination problems for each individual microgrid (MG) to minimise the electricity cost of this MG, while the implemented strategy may result in high variations of the total demand and even build new peaky demands. To mitigate these negative effects, the authors build an aggregate optimisation problem with quadratic cost function under certain bounds on the electricity costs of each MG. The authors further propose a decentralised method for the underlying optimisation problem and verify the convergence of the system to the optimal strategy with a logarithmic convergence rate. Furthermore, the authors consider the power exchange capacity between the MMG system and the main grid, and present a decentralised algorithm to obtain an optimal strategy that minimises the system cost under this capacity constraint. Also, the convergence, the optimality, and the convergence rate of the proposed algorithm are shown.
Fast algorithm for HEVC intra‐coding implemented by preprocessing
Authors: Mu Weijia , Liang Yu , Xu Shiwei , Zhang Wei , Liu Yanyan
Published: May 2019

Compared to previous video compression standards H.264/AVC, high‐efficiency video coding (HEVC) introduces a recursive quad‐tree structure in intra‐coding and adds intra‐mode from 9 to 35 to achieve higher coding efficiency. The update significantly improves the performance of intra‐coding. However, it greatly increases the amount of computation, and this will increase the need for the fast algorithm and hardware design that can satisfy the real‐time encoding of HEVC encoder. In this study, the authors propose a fast intra‐coding algorithm based on analysis of original pixel gradient texture. The algorithm consists of two steps, fast coding unit size decision and reduction of candidate modes. The experimental results show that compared with the HM16.7 encoder, the optimisation algorithm can obtain 50.7% time reduction on average with 1.32% Bjontegaard distortion (BD)‐rate increase and 0.07 dB BD‐peak‐signal‐to‐noise ratio loss. Meanwhile, this study designs a pre‐processing hardware structure based on original pixels. With TSMC 90 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, the proposed structure can achieve 625 MHz working frequency at the cost of 2094 gates, which can fulfil the throughput requirement of 8K × 4K@46 fps real‐time encoding.
Region‐division‐based joint sparse representation classification for hyperspectral images
Authors: Yan Jingwen , Chen Hongda , Zhai Yikui , Liu Yinan , Liu Lei
Published: May 2019

In this article, a region‐division‐based joint sparse representation classification (RDJSRC) method is proposed to solve the heterogeneous region problem in the joint sparse representation classification (JSRC) method used in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. The RDJSRC method incorporates regional information, obtained by the hidden Markov random field (HMRF), into the JSRC to reduce the interference of heterogeneous pixels in the neighbourhood of the test pixel and finally improve the classification performance. The framework of this method is as follows. The first several principal components (PCs) are initially selected to be the new HSI by transforming the original HSI with the PC analysis algorithm. Then, the regional information containing the spatial structure of the HSI is obtained by applying the HMRF algorithm to the first PC. Through incorporating this regional information into the JSRC procedure, the initial label of the test pixel can be jointly determined by the new HSI pixels within the homogeneity in the search window. Ultimately, the final label of the test pixel is determined by a voting strategy based on multiple classification results. Compared with several classification methods, experimental results, indicate that this method achieves improvement from 2 to 3% in HSI classification.
Low loss and high fabrication tolerant phase shifters using signal interference technique
Authors: Kanti Mandal Mrinal , Kumar Singh Abinash , Niranjan Bankar Abhijit
Published: May 2019

This article presents a new design of differential phase shifters based on signal interference technique. Two transmission line sections joined at their both ends is used as the phase shifting unit. Properties of the phase shifters are solely determined by the lengths and characteristic impedances of connecting transmission line sections. A lossless transmission line model is used to obtain design equations and design graphs for the phase shifters. It is observed that a fixed reference line can provide 0° to 90° differential phase shifts. While a varying reference line provides 0° to 360° differential phase shifts. Six differential phase shifters are fabricated to check the theoretical predictions at 5 GHz. All of them provide excellent phase and insertion loss performances. The main advantages are simple design technique and low insertion loss. Since no coupled‐line or open‐stub is used, the structure can accept higher fabrication tolerances compared to other popular methods.
Stabilised blind interference suppression of constant modulus‐based adaptive array over Rayleigh fading channels by initial antenna selection
Authors: Maruta Kazuki , Ahn Chang‐Jun
Published: May 2019

This article proposes an initial antenna selection for constant modulus‐based blind interference suppression algorithms to stabilise their prominent interference suppression performance. Constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is a well‐known blind adaptive array scheme, but it cannot suppress the interference when signal‐to‐interference power ratio (SIR) is <0 dB. It faces strong limits on their applicable region over Rayleigh fading channels where instantaneous channel gain fluctuates over 10 dB range. Even if the expected desired signal strength is larger than interference, CMA may still miscapture the interference and incorrectly suppress the desired signal. The authors’ proposal is simplified approach to select the antenna element whose reception power is maximal. Certain antenna element can be expected to capture the desired signal precisely under the condition where SIR is statistically positive, so that the CMA processor can utilise it as an initial input. This condition will be ensured by increasing antenna element number, supported by the trends that base station antenna elements are going massive. Computer simulations verifies improved interference suppression performance provided by the proposed scheme. This article also verified applicability for multi‐modulus algorithm to accommodate M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) use.
Flux control modulation for the dual active bridge DC/DC converter
Authors: Fritz Niklas , Rashed Mohamed , Bozhko Serhiy , Cuomo Fabrizio , Wheeler Pat
Published: May 2019

This paper introduces a modulation technique for the single‐phase dual active bridge (DAB) in which the switching frequency and transformer flux linkage are modulated to achieve improved power transfer characteristics and reduced converter losses. By analysing the DAB, it is noticed that in the traditional single phase shift (SPS) modulation, the transformer flux linkage decreases with increasing power. The proposed flux control modulation (FCM) counteracts this decrease and aims to keep the transformer utilisation constant on the whole load range by a reduction in switching frequency. This has two effects: first, the reduced frequency substantially lowers switching losses and second, the power transfer characteristic of the DAB is linearised, facilitating the control of this converter. The new modulation technique is validated by simulation.
Approach for fabricating JLT using chemically deposited cadmium sulphide and titanium dioxide
Authors: Patil Ganesh C. , Kristaparapu Vijayasri , Ingle Suyog T. , Majumder Sutripto , Sankapal Babasaheb R.
Published: May 2019

Cadmium sulphide and titanium dioxide‐based junctionless transistor (JLT) has been demonstrated by using simple and low‐cost chemical bath deposition method. The morphological and structural study has been performed to speculate the crystallinity and the topography of individual layers of the proposed device. The optimised sputtering conditions lead to the formation of source and drain electrical contacts of the device. The fabricated device successfully functionalised as a p‐channel JLT. At the source‐to‐drain voltage of −50 V, the ON‐state drive current and OFF‐state leakage current of the fabricated JLT are found to be −6 µA and 1.3 nA, respectively.
The EBLM project
Authors: Gill S. , Maxted P. F. L. , Evans J. A. , Evans D. F. , Southworth J. , Smalley B. , Gary B. L. , Anderson D. R. , Bouchy F. , Cameron A. C. , Dominik M. , Faedi F. , Gillon M. , Gomez Maqueo Chew Y. , Hebb L. , Hellier C. , Jørgensen U. G. , Longa-Peña P. , Martin D. V. , McCormac J. , Pepe F. V. , Pollaco D. , Queloz D. , Ségransan D. , Snodgrass C. , Turner O. D. , Triaud A. H. M. , Udry S. , West R. G.
Published: May 2019

Some M-dwarfs around F-/G-type stars have been measured to be hotter and larger than predicted by stellar evolution models. Inconsistencies between observations and models need to be addressed with more mass, radius, and luminosity measurements of low-mass stars to test and refine evolutionary models. Our aim is to measure the masses, radii and ages of the stars in five low-mass eclipsing binary systems discovered by the WASP survey. We used WASP photometry to establish eclipse-time ephemerides and to obtain initial estimates for the transit depth and width. Radial velocity measurements were simultaneously fitted with follow-up photometry to find the best-fitting orbital solution. This solution was combined with measurements of atmospheric parameters to interpolate evolutionary models and estimate the mass of the primary star, and the mass and radius of the M-dwarf companion. We assess how the best fitting orbital solution changes if an alternative limb-darkening law is used and quantify the systematic effects of unresolved companions. We also gauge how the best-fitting evolutionary model changes if different values are used for the mixing length parameter and helium enhancement. We report the mass and radius of five M-dwarfs and find little evidence of inflation with respect to evolutionary models. The primary stars in two systems are near the “blue hook” stage of their post sequence evolution, resulting in two possible solutions for mass and age. We find that choices in helium enhancement and mixing-length parameter can introduce an additional 3−5% uncertainty in measured M-dwarf mass. Unresolved companions can introduce an additional 3−8% uncertainty in the radius of an M-dwarf, while the choice of limb-darkening law can introduce up to an additional 2% uncertainty. The choices in orbital fitting and evolutionary models can introduce significant uncertainties in measurements of physical properties of such systems.
Stabilization of the non-homogeneous Navier–Stokes equations in a 2d channel
Authors: Mitra Sourav
Published: May 2019

In this article, we study the local boundary stabilization of the non-homogeneous Navier–Stokes equations in a 2d channel around Poiseuille flow which is a stationary solution for the system under consideration. The feedback control operator we construct has finite dimensional range. The homogeneous Navier–Stokes equations are of parabolic nature and the stabilization result for such system is well studied in the literature. In the present article we prove a stabilization result for non-homogeneous Navier–Stokes equations which involves coupled parabolic and hyperbolic dynamics by using only one boundary control for the parabolic part.
Plasticity in life history traits of a cyprinid fish in an intermittent river
Authors: Glarou Maria , Vourka Aikaterini , Vardakas Leonidas , Andriopoulou Argyro , Skoulikidis Nikolaos , Kalogianni Eleni
Published: May 2019

The extreme seasonal environmental variation of intermittent rivers has a profound effect on freshwater fish communities. Yet, few studies have examined the consequences of the seasonal cycles of flooding and drying to fish condition and reproduction in these ecosystems. In this study, we compared the body condition, reproduction and diet of two chub populations from two adjacent sites (a perennial and an intermittent site) on the main stem of a Mediterranean river (Evrotas River, S. Greece). The study was conducted in spring 2017, three months after flow resumption and before the onset of chub reproductive period. Condition (net weight adjusted for length) of fish did not differ significantly between the two sites, despite lower aquatic macroinvertebrate availability at the intermittent site. Fish at the intermittent site compensated for the lower aquatic prey availability by increasing their feeding intensity and by shifting to higher terrestrial prey consumption. In addition, chub liver weight (adjusted for length) and gonadal weight (adjusted for length) were significantly higher at the intermittent site, indicating higher somatic and reproductive investment. These results highlight the resilience of fish populations inhabiting streams with extreme variation in flow, due to natural and/or anthropogenic drought.
Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on water quality in aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged plants: a mesocosm study
Authors: Qiu Xiaochang , Mei Xueying , Razlutskij Vladimir , Rudstam Lars G. , Liu Zhengwen , Tong Chunfu , Zhang Xiufeng
Published: May 2019

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been introduced into aquatic systems across the world, where their benthivorous feeding behavior has resulted in serious water quality problems. A 12-week mesocosm experiment was set up to test the hypotheses that common carp increase water column nutrient levels and decrease water clarity in aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged plants. Further, we tested whether the effect of common carp on macrophytes depended on the species of plants. Relative to the controls, the presence of carp decreased water clarity by increasing total suspended solids (TSS) and light attenuation. However, levels of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the water column were reduced. No significant change in phytoplankton biomass (measured as chlorophylla) and the biomass ofHydrilla verticillatawas observed between common carp treatment mesocosms and controls, but the common carp did reduce the biomass of the submerged macrophyteVallisneria denseserrulata. We conclude that removal of common carp is likely to improve water clarity in aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged plants primarily by decreasing TSS and that the effect of common carp on macrophytes is stronger for the meadow formingVallisneriathan for the canopy formingHydrilla.
A robust 3D finite element model for concrete columns confined by FRCM system
Authors: Kadhim Majid M.A. , Altaee Mohammed J , Adheem Ali Hadi , Jawdhari Akram R.
Published: May 2019

Fibre reinforced cementitious matric (FRCM) is a recent application of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement, developed to overcome several limitations associated with the use of organic adhesive [e.g. epoxies] in FRPs. It consists of two dimensional FRP mesh saturated with a cement mortar, which is inorganic in nature and compatible with concrete and masonry substrates. In this study, a robust three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model has been developed to study the behaviour of slender reinforced concrete columns confined by FRCM jackets, and loaded concentrically and eccentrically. The model accounts for material nonlinearities in column core and cement mortar, composite failure of FRP mesh, and global buckling. The model response was validated against several laboratory tests from literature, comparing the ultimate load, load-lateral deflection and failure mode. Maximum divergence between numerical and experimental results was 12%. Following the validation, the model will be used later in a comprehensive parametric analysis to gain a profound knowledge of the strengthening system, and examine the effects of several factors expected to influence the behaviour of confined member.
Autonomous vehicles implementation in Lebanon: Opportunities, challenges, and ethical decisions
Authors: Otayek Elie , Wehbe Rania , Massaad Zaher
Published: May 2019

The Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technology allows people to travel without intervening. The quick progress in this technology and the efforts of manufacturers companies to reach fully Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) using artificial intelligent, forecast a bright future. Researches have estimated that on average, one passenger in a vehicle traveling one kilometer in Lebanon costs about $ 48, including externality components of crashes, travel time, congestion and pollution. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to highlight the opportunities of implementing AVs in Lebanon, such as reduction in traffic accidents and congestion, improvement of accessibility, human health, economic and social life. Moreover, this paper highlight the barriers standing in front of implementing this technology, like the missing of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and the funds needed for its execution, and gives some policy recommendations. Finally, the authors present their statistics conducted in Lebanon about ethical decisions that AVs should take particularly in case of a crash in different scenarios through the participants’ responses.
Structuration of natural muds in a rheological point of view.
Authors: Serhal S. , Mélinge Y. , Rangeard D. , Hage Chehade F.
Published: May 2019

This paper discusses the filling of estuary problem which can be defined as the accumulation of fine materials that causes the invasion of muds all over the estuary and that has a direct effect on the fauna and flora in the river, fishing, swimming and the beauty of the landscapes. All this consequences have social, environmental and economic impact. In the context of the study of this phenomena, analysis of the structuration mechanisms of sedimentary materials in estuaries is carried out in order to better understand the fillings estuarine areas and specially to consider sustainable solutions of “cleansing” of these areas. The Rance estuary is particularly targeted by the study. The aim is to provide answers on the rheological behavior of natural vessels by distinguishing the most significant scales to detect structural factors influencing the rheological parameters.
Environmental evaluation of geopolymer bricks
Authors: Youssef Nicolas , Rabenantoandro Andry Zaid , Dakhli Zakaria , Hage Chehade Fadi , Lafhaj Zoubeir
Published: May 2019

This article presents the environmental assessment of geopolymer bricks produced from clay and waste bricks. The life cycle approach is the method used in this research to qualify, identify and compare the environmental impacts of geopolymer bricks and fired bricks. The results reveal that the manufacturing process of geopolymer bricks implies for the same compressive strength of fired bricks, a reduction of CO2 emissions by up to 55% for clay-based geopolymer bricks. This research checks the environmental interests of the application of geopolymerization technology in the production of bricks.
Risks assessment of urban participatory governance implementation
Authors: Abuhasirah Mohammad , Shahrour Isam
Published: May 2019

Participatory governance designates a set of regulations and processes that reinforces the participation of citizens and civil society in public process. It has an obvious role in the reinforcement of social capital, capacity building and social capital. It constitutes also a major pillar of the Smart City. Today, the implementation of the participatory governance becomes a “must”: the absence of this governance presents high social and economic risks. On the other side, the implementation of this governance is complex and involves social and economic risks. This paper discusses these risks in order to help citizens and authorities to include risk assessment in the implementation of the participatory governance to reduce risks related to its implementation.
Phytoremediation of Lebanese polluted waters: a review of current initiatives
Authors: Ghanem Hassana , Chalak Lamis , Baydoun Safaa
Published: May 2019

Water pollution is presently considered as a serious apprehension in Lebanon. Heavy contamination load of nutrients, heavy metals and organic pollutants can be highly harmful for human health and detrimental to aquatic life and ecosystems. Phytoremediation in natural and constructed wetlands using aquatic macrophytes present a sustainable plant-based technology recognized as a very efficient option in water treatment. The employment of species such as Phragmites, Sparganium, Lemna sp and other aquatic macrophytes not only helps in pollution cleanup but also conserves aquatic communities. To date, two pilot constructed wetlands, Litani River and Bcharreh have been established in Lebanon. These promising initiatives have been, however, accompanied with very limited research studies to examine the role of utilized plants and their efficiency in the remediation process. This paper presents an overview of the status of these initiatives and phytoremediation potential in Lebanon.
Monitoring of reinforced concrete short ties with the acoustic emission technique
Authors: Mezhoud Djillali , Saliba Jacqueline
Published: May 2019

Cracking in Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures may impact their durability and their structural integrity. Cracking is mainly influenced by stress distribution along the interface between steel and concrete. Thus, quantitative evaluation of steel-concrete bond, which is responsible of transferring load from steel bar to the surrounding matrix, and its effect on fracture properties is of major important. An experimental investigation on RC ties is reported in this paper. Tensile tests have been conducted on cubic specimens with different high adhesion reinforcement diameters. Those tests have been monitored continuously using the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique for a better evaluation of the damage process. The results show a good correlation between the load and the AE activity. AE signals with different characteristics have been observed during the different fracture stages. Parameters such as duration and energy increased with the loading level and can be used as indicators to detect the macrocracking of concrete. A parametric analysis is performed between average frequency and RA value. Ib-value of AE hits has been also investigated and decreases to 0.12 prior to the first macro crack.
Reliability analysis of non-destructive testing models within a probabilistic approach
Authors: Abdallah Wafaa , Saliba Jacqueline , Sbartaï Ziubir-Mehdi , Sadek Marwan , Chehade Fadi Hage , ElAchachi S.Mohammed
Published: May 2019

The diagnosis of reinforced concrete is essential to detect the degradation and thus maintain the structural performance of civil engineering structures. This paper aims to establish a mathematical relationship between the ultrasonic pulse velocity UPV (considered as an observable variable) and two concrete properties indicators (compressive strength fc and water content W) within a probabilistic framework. Synthetic simulations are proposed to derive a conversion model between the statistical properties of the output and the input parameters for a reinforced concrete structure by taking into account spatial variability of concrete.
Influence de la substitution d’argile par des déchets sédimentaires dans des briques en terre crue comprimée (BTCC) sur la résistance à l’abrasion
Authors: Guéret Samuel , Diélie Gwenaël , Bastin Frédérique , Segato Tiriana , Verbanck Michel , D’Ans Pierre
Published: May 2019

Grands émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre à la production, les matériaux de construction issus des filières thermiques peuvent être, dans certains cas, substitués par des « éco-matériaux ». L’économie circulaire pousse de plus en plus à intégrer des déchets dans les chaînes de production. Ce travail analyse la possibilité d’intégration de déchets urbains tel que des résidus fins de boues sédimentaires de dragage (BSD) pour partiellement remplacer la terre crue dans la production de briques en terre crue comprimée (BTCC). Les BSD ont été caractérisées par diffraction des rayons X, fluorescence X et analyse thermique. La présence de métaux lourds et composés organiques polluants a été quantifiée. Des pastilles de différentes teneurs en eau et compositions (mixte BSD et terres crues) ont été réalisées. Leur tenue à l’abrasion a été étudiée sur l’essai standardisé du pion-disque. Les pastilles contenant de la BSD dont les organiques ont été éliminés thermiquement, ont une faible tenue à l’abrasion. Cette performance est améliorée par l’ajout de 5 % de ciment, qui permet d’augmenter la cohésion du matériau.
Eau, déchets, biodiversité : faire évoluer et dialoguer nos métiers
Authors:   Comité de pilotage des Automnales 2018 de l’Association scientifique et technique pour l’eau et l’environnement (Astee)
Published: May 2019

Les 16 et 17 octobre 2018 se tenaient à Orléans les Automnales de l’Astee sur le thème « Eau déchets, biodiversité ». Alors que la biodiversité s’invite régulièrement dans les projets menés par les acteurs de l’eau et des déchets, ces deux journées visaient à faire progresser les métiers appelés à intégrer la dimension biodiversité. À partir d’un large panorama de retours d’expérience mettant en lumière l’intérêt de placer la biodiversité au coeur des projets, les interventions ont tenté d’analyser comment peut s’opérer une prise en compte optimale de la biodiversité : impacts sur les organisations, méthodologie à mettre en oeuvre, compétences, outils requis… La richesse des échanges a permis de prendre conscience que la préservation de la biodiversité demande des réponses organisationnelles adossées à la mobilisation d’outils d’aide à la décision, de suivi des actions engagées et de mesure.
Le traitement automatisé des données d’autosurveillance des systèmes d’assainissement
Authors: Mosio D. , Betrancourt C. , Lefebvre F. , Boquet D. , Pronier P. , Verhaeghe H.
Published: May 2019

L’autosurveillance des systèmes d’assainissement est déployée sur le bassin Artois-Picardie, pour les stations de traitement des eaux usées et pour les réseaux d’assainissement. Les maîtres d’ouvrage et/ou leurs exploitants produisent des données de surveillance et les transmettent à l’agence via un site FTP. Des tests d’intégration des données ont été développés pour interdire l’intégration des fichiers de données incorrects ou incomplets et en informent le maître d’ouvrage par un message électronique. L’arrêté du 21 juillet 2015 précise le rôle exact des agences de l’eau dans les deux domaines de la qualification et de l’expertise de ces données. Pour faire face à ses obligations, l’agence de l’eau a développé une gamme d’applications informatiques qui automatisent en grande partie le traitement des données. L’analyse et l’expertise des données permettent de mettre rapidement en évidence les points forts et les points faibles du système global d’assainissement. Fiables, reproductibles, annuelles ou pluriannuelles et évolutives, les expertises produites permettent à l’agence d’orienter la discussion avec les maîtres d’ouvrage, et de planifier ses interventions en les priorisant dans son 11e programme. En présentant les résultats de ses expertises aux maîtres d’ouvrage, l’agence contribue à leur faire s’approprier les méthodes et pratiques qui concourent au traitement de leurs données.
Osrai’Flow, un nouveau dispositif de mesure des débits pour collecteurs d’assainissement de faible diamètre : de la théorie à l’expérimentation en laboratoire et sur site réel
Authors: Zug M. , Vazquez J. , Le Gac A. , Baret O. , Chataignon M.
Published: May 2019

La mesure du débit est un élément essentiel du dispositif métrologique au service des arrêtés du 21 juillet 2015, mais reste une opération encore relativement complexe pour les « petits » collecteurs présentant souvent des problématiques d’encrassement, avec des faibles hauteurs d’eau. C’est dans cet esprit que le dispositif « Osrai’Flow » (une des innovations du projet Osrai – Outils de surveillance des réseaux d’assainissement intelligents) a été développé. Cet article présente deux grandes parties : les résultats obtenus par la modélisation 3D et un pilote de laboratoire taille 1/1, le retour sur expérience d’un site équipé et sa comparaison avec un système en place. Les travaux de modélisation 3D ont permis de démontrer que le système Osrai’Flow, à base d’une contraction innovante d’un seul côté de l’écoulement, rentre dans la catégorie des venturis à col court Khafagi et permet donc une mesure de débit à partir de mesures de hauteurs d’eau et de lois hydrauliques bijectives. Le démonstrateur de terrain réalisé sur la commune de Blain (44130) avec un suivi de 7 mois a confirmé les résultats de la partie modélisation, mais a surtout montré une absence de bouchage ou de sédimentation au niveau du dispositif. L’installation simple du dispositif à base de matériaux courants en fait également un système à coût réduit. Ainsi, le dispositif Osrai’Flow est fiable avec des précisions de débit de l’ordre de 5% et robuste, puisque sans encrassement. Il est utilisable sur les collecteurs de DN de 200 à 300 mm et la contraction peut être choisie pour garantir des mesures fiables jusqu’à une pente de 4%. Une extension du dispositif pour des collecteurs plus imposants est déjà à l’étude.
Peut-on estimer les flux polluants rejetés par un déversoir à partir des flux polluants mesurés en entrée de station d’épuration?
Authors: Bertrand-Krajewski J.-L. , Maruejouls T.
Published: May 2019

La fiche 4 « Autosurveillance du système de collecte » de la Partie 2 du Commentaire technique de l’arrêté du 21 juillet 2015 indique en page 16 : « Pour des raisons de coûts et du fait du caractère aléatoire des mesures en réseau par temps de pluie, la charge polluante déversée au milieu récepteur peut être estimée à partir de la concentration des eaux usées brutes mesurée en entrée de station […] ». Les exemples présentés dans cet article montrent que la corrélation entre les deux types d’information est insuffisante. Par conséquent, estimer les concentrations et flux polluants déversés aux déversoirs d’orage amont (points de type A1) à partir des concentrations moyennes journalières (et a fortiori hebdomadaires, mensuelles ou annuelles) mesurées à la station de traitement des eaux usées en aval (point de type A3) ne doit être fait qu’avec une justification au cas par cas établissant une corrélation significative sur un nombre représentatif de déversements, car elle est susceptible de fournir des estimations pouvant être très largement erronées dans le cas contraire.
Heimhämodialyse
Authors: Schmitt Roland
Published: May 2019

Historisch war die Heimhämodialyse (HHD) zunächst ein aus der Not geborenes Verfahren, da es bis 1969 in Deutschland keine chronisch-ambulante Nierenersatztherapie für eine adäquate Versorgung gab. Die Heimhämodialyse wurde mit der Gründung des „Kuratorium für Heimdialyse“ (KfH) 1969 der Grundstein der chronischen ambulanten Nierenersatztherapie in Deutschland. Mit der Etablierung einer flächendeckenden Zentrumsversorgung ist die HHD in Deutschland zunehmend ins Abseits gerückt. Heutzutage werden bundesweit nur noch 0,8 % der chronischen Dialysepatienten mit HHD versorgt. Im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern ist das ein verschwindend geringer Anteil. Dieser Beitrag soll anhand unterschiedlicher Faktoren analysieren, welche potenziellen Vorteile die HHD für unsere Patienten bringen kann und dadurch aufzeigen, dass es sich lohnt, in die Zukunft des Verfahrens zu investieren.
Höhere Detektionsraten biologisch aggressiver Mammakarzinome im Mammografie-Screening als im 2-jährigen Intervall
Authors: Prange Anna , Bokhof Beate , Polzer Philipp , Tio Joke , Radke Isabel , Heidinger Oliver , Heindel Walter , Weigel Stefanie
Published: May 2019

Zielsetzung Ermittlung der altersgruppenabhängigen Detektionsraten invasiver Mammakarzinome im Mammografie-Screening einschließlich des Intervalls, differenziert nach immunhistochemischer Subtypisierung als Parameter der intrinsischen Tumoraggressivität.

Material und Methode Die Zielgruppe sind 50 – 69-jährige Frauen. Alle in einer Screening-Einheit während der Implementierungsphase 1/2006 – 12/2010 in Screening (Sc)-Untersuchungen und im folgenden 2-jährigen Intervall (Iv) diagnostizierten invasiven Mammakarzinome wurden anhand des Hormonrezeptorstatus (HR) und der Her2-Expression (Her2) folgenden Subtypengruppen zugeordnet: a) HR+ Her2–, b) HR+ Her2 +, c) HR– Her2 + oder d) HR– Her2– (triple-negativ); Her2 + und triple-negativ wurden als aggressiv definiert. Die ermittelten Detektionsraten (DR, ‰) basierten auf 53 375 Sc-Untersuchungen und für das Intervall auf 52 887 Sc-negativen Untersuchungen.

Ergebnisse Die DR aller Subtypengruppen waren im Screening höher als im Intervall: (a) 4,95 ‰ (n = 264) vs. 1,00 ‰ (n = 53); b) 0,92 ‰ (n = 49) vs. 0,25 ‰ (n = 13); c) 0,36 ‰ (n = 19) vs. 0,06 ‰ (n = 3); d) 0,39‰ (n = 21) vs. 0,19‰ (n = 10). 77,4 ‰ (89/115) aller aggressiven Mammakarzinome einschließlich des folgenden 2-Jahresintervalls wurden im Screening diagnostiziert. Die Summe der DR aggressiver Karzinome betrug im Screening 1,67‰ und im Intervall 0,49 ‰; dabei lagen die DR bei den 60 – 69-Jährigen [Sc: 2,24 ‰ (51/22 814), Iv: 0,58‰ (13/22 536)] höher als bei den 50 – 59-Jährigen [Sc: 1,24‰ (38/30 561), Iv: 0,43‰ (13/30 351)].

Schlussfolgerung Screening hat das Potenzial einer Diagnosevorverlagerung aggressiver Tumorsubtypen bei einer etwa 3-fach höheren Detektionsrate als im Intervall. In der Zielgruppe bilden 60 – 69-Jährige bezüglich der absoluten Diagnosehäufigkeit eine Risikogruppe mit einer nahezu doppelten Detektionsrate Her2-positiver oder triple-negativer Tumoren im Vergleich zu 50 – 59-Jährigen.
Kinderrechte im Gesundheitswesen – die Sicht der Kinder- und Jugendanwaltschaften und der Patientenanwaltschaften in Österreich
Authors: Damm Lilly , Riedl Stefan , Hutter Hans-Peter , Kundi Michael , Sax Helmut , Weitensfelder Lisbeth
Published: May 2019

Ziel dieser Umfrage war es, eine grobe Einschätzung von Zahl und Art von gemeldeten Verletzungen von Kinderrechten innerhalb der Gesundheitsversorgung sowie eine Einschätzung der Problematik durch die zuständigen Einrichtungen zu erhalten.

Methodik Schriftliche Umfrage bei den Kinder- und Jugendanwaltschaften (KIJAs) und Patientenanwaltschaften (PAs) aller 9 Bundesländer Österreichs mit der Fragestellung nach Zahl und Art von möglichen Kinderrechtsverletzungen und ihrer Bedeutung.

Ergebnisse Beide Anwaltschaften werden nur selten mit den erfragten Belangen konfrontiert. KIJAs haben ein deutlich höheres Problembewusstsein in Bezug auf Kinderrechte, obgleich Gesundheitsagenden gesetzlich bei der PA verankert sind. Diese berichten jedoch seltener von einlangenden Beschwerden in Hinblick auf mögliche Kinderrechtsverletzungen. Eine systematische Zusammenarbeit dieser beiden Einrichtungen scheint nicht vorzuliegen. Kinderrechtlich problematische Bereiche werden insbesondere bezüglich Teilhaberechten und medizinischen Versorgungsdefiziten berichtet.

Schlussfolgerung Ausgehend von den geringen Beschwerdezahlen und der vorliegenden Literatur scheint es ein unzureichendes Bewusstsein über bestehende Unterstützungs- und Beschwerdeangebote bei Kinderrechtsverletzungen in der Bevölkerung zu geben. Verbesserungspotenzial gibt es in der intensiveren Zusammenarbeit der zuständigen Einrichtungen, der Behebung von Versorgungsmängeln, in der Verbesserung der Kommunikation sowie in Bezug auf Aus- und Fortbildung von Gesundheits-Personal.
Update Breast Cancer 2019 Part 3 – Current Developments in Early Breast Cancer: Review and Critical Assessment by an International Expert Panel
Authors: Kolberg Hans-Christian , Schneeweiss Andreas , Fehm Tanja N. , Wöckel Achim , Huober Jens , Pontones Constanza , Titzmann Adriana , Belleville Erik , Lux Michael P. , Janni Wolfgang , Hartkopf Andreas D. , Taran Florin-Andrei , Wallwiener Markus , Overkamp Friedrich , Tesch Hans , Ettl Johannes , Lüftner Diana , Müller Volkmar , Schütz Florian , Fasching Peter A. , Brucker Sara Y.
Published: May 2019

The treatment of breast cancer patients in a curative situation is special in many ways. The local therapy with surgery and radiation therapy is a central aspect of the treatment. The complete elimination of tumour cells at the site of the primary disease must be ensured while simultaneously striving to keep the long-term effects as minor as possible. There is still focus on the continued reduction of the invasiveness of local therapy. With regard to systemic therapy, chemotherapies with taxanes, anthracyclines and, in some cases, platinum-based chemotherapies have become established in the past couple of decades. The context for use is being continually further defined. Likewise, there are questions in the case of antihormonal therapy which also still need to be further defined following the introduction of aromatase inhibitors, such as the length of therapy or ovarian suppression in premenopausal patients. Finally, personalisation of the treatment of early breast cancer patients is also being increasingly used. Prognostic tests could potentially support therapeutic decisions. It must also be considered how the possible use of new therapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors and CDK4/6 inhibitors could look in practice once study results in this regard are available. This overview addresses the backgrounds on the current votes taken by the international St. Gallen panel of experts in Vienna in 2019 for current questions in the treatment of breast cancer patients in a curative situation.
Interventionelle Therapie von Becken/Bein-pAVK
Authors: Blessing Erwin
Published: May 2019

Die pAVK stellt eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen vor allem in westlichen Industrienationen dar. In den letzten Jahren hat sich der Trend von der offenen chirurgischen zur endovaskulären Revaskularisation weiter fortgesetzt. Aufgrund der hohen Erfolgs- und geringen Komplikationsrate stellen Interventionen in den überwiegenden Fällen die Methode der Wahl dar. Eine Hauptlimitation ist das Auftreten von Restenosen nach Interventionen. Ein deutlicher Fortschritt konnte hierbei durch den Einsatz medikamentenbeschichteter Ballons und Stents erzielt werden. Dadurch konnte vor allem im Bereich der Oberschenkelgefäße die Notwendigkeit für erneute Eingriffe deutlich reduziert werden. Eine aktuelle Metaanalyse ergab allerdings Hinweise auf eine etwaige erhöhte Mortalität nach Verwendung dieser Paclitaxel-beschichteten Ballons und Stents, sodass es die weitere Entwicklung abzuwarten gilt. Zahlreiche neue Verfahren fokussieren sich aktuell auf eine sogenannte Läsionspräparation. Hierbei wird das verengte Gefäß entweder mittels spezieller Ballons behandelt bzw. die Plaque entfernt. Ob sich dadurch tatsächlich eine höhere Offenheitsraten erzielen lässt, muss allerdings noch durch entsprechende Studien bestätigt werden.
Update Nierenarterienstenose (NAST)
Authors: Zeller Thomas , Noory Elias
Published: May 2019

Die arteriosklerotische Nierenarterienstenose, die häufigste Form der Nierenarterienstenose (NAST), kann eine präexistente arterielle Hypertonie bis hin zu rezidivierenden Lungenödemen überwiegend bei globaler Ischämie verschlechtern, ist jedoch im Gegensatz zur fibromuskulären Dysplasie (FMD) des jüngeren Patienten seltener Ursache einer reinen sekundären Hypertonieform. Sie ist eine zur Progression neigende Erkrankung, charakteristisch für den renovaskulären Hochdruck sind erhöhte diastolische Werte und eine Neigung zur Hypokaliämie. Die arterielle Hypertonie, aber auch die Aktivierung des Renin-Angiotension-Aldosteron-Systems kann zu Endorganschäden wie linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie mit konsekutiver diastolischer und systolischer Herzinsuffizienz führen. Die farbkodierte Duplexsonografie ist die diagnostische Methode der Wahl, sie ermöglicht keine exakte Stenosegraduierung, aber eine Differenzierung zwischen hämodynamisch relevanten und nicht relevanten Stenosen. Die Magnetresonanzangiografie und Computertomografie-Angiografie in Dünnschichttechnik erlauben eine gute Darstellung der Morphologie, während die selektive arterielle Angiografie unverändert als diagnostischer Goldstandard gilt. Bei arteriosklerotischen NAST ist eine konsequente medikamentöse Sekundärprophylaxe mit Senkung des LDL-Spiegels, Nikotinkarenz und HbA1c-Einstellung im Zielbereich notwendig. Die neuesten Europäischen Leitlinien empfehlen eine Revaskularisation der arteriosklerotischen NAST nur bei kompliziertem Verlauf, während die Indikation zur Revaskularisation bei FMD liberaler gesehen wird. Revaskularisiernde Therapie der Wahl arteriosklerotischer NAST ist die perkutane transluminale renale Angioplastie mit Einsetzen eines Stents.
Lebende Tote
Authors: Hardinghaus Christian
Published: May 2019

Lebendig begraben zu werden, gehört seit jeher zu den schrecklichsten menschlichen Alpträumen. Hunderte Schriftsteller und Filmschaffende haben sich daran abgearbeitet und diese Horrorvisionen in fiktive Erzählungen übertragen. Möglicherweise entstand auch der Aberglaube an Vampire, der ab Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts entstand und uns weitere hunderte spannende Bücher und Filme bescherte, durch das Auferstehen von für tot erklärten Menschen. Den meisten ist nicht bewusst, dass dies tatsächlich passieren kann, auch heute noch. Natürlich nicht so spektakulär wie in der Belletristik, doch nach schwer nachweisbaren Schätzungen des Rechtsmediziners Wolfgang Huckenbeck sollen in Deutschland pro Jahr rund 10 Lebende für tot gehalten werden, würden aber erst im Kühlhaus der Leichenhalle tatsächlich versterben. Dies sind Patienten, deren Puls etwa durch Unterkühlungen oder Medikamentenmissbrauch so schwach ist, dass es zu menschlichen oder technischen Messfehlern komme.
Micelle-Mediated Chemistry in Water for the Synthesis of Drug Candidates
Authors: Steven Alan
Published: May 2019

Micellar reaction conditions, in a predominantly aqueous medium, have been developed for transformations commonly used by synthetic chemists working in the pharmaceutical industry to discover and develop drug candidates. The reactions covered in this review are the Suzuki–Miyaura, Miyaura borylation, Sonogashira coupling, transition-metal-catalysed CAr–N coupling, SNAr, amidation, and nitro reduction. Pharmaceutically relevant examples of these applications will be used to show how micellar conditions can offer advantages in yield, operational ease, amount of waste generated, transition-metal catalyst loading, and safety over the use of organic solvents, irrespective of the setting in which they are used.

1 Introduction

2 Micelles as Solubilising Agents

3 Micelles as Nanoreactors

4 Designer Surfactants

5 A Critical Evaluation of the Case for Chemistry in Micelles

6 Scope of Review

7 Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling

8 Miyaura Borylation

9 Sonogashira Coupling

10 Transition-Metal-Catalysed CAr–N Couplings

11 SNAr

12 Amidation

13 Nitro Reduction

14 Micellar Sequences

15 Summary and Outlook