bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoinsertion (LAiR): rapid functional reconstitution of integral membrane proteins into lipid bilayers
Authors: Godoy-Hernandez Albert , Asseri Amer H. , Purugganan Aiden J. , Jiko Chimari , de Ram Carol , Lill Holger , Pabst Martin , Mitsuoka Kaoru , Gerle Christoph , Bald Dirk , McMillan Duncan G. G.
Published: September 2022

Functional investigation of purified integral membrane proteins (IMPs) is hampered by the need to insert these hydrophobic proteins from the detergent-solubilized state into liposomal membranes. Here we report reintegration of IMPs into a lipid environment within minutes, an order of magnitude faster than currently used standard techniques. The new approach yielded optimal results for IMPs solubilized in the detergent lauryl-maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG) and is therefore termed LMNG Auto-insertion Reintegration (LAiR). LAiR displays superior performance to standard methods in terms of protein activity, long-term stability and proton tightness of proteoliposomes. LAiR reconstituted vectorial control of membrane-bound activity by the transmembrane ion motive force, a property particularly important in mitochondrial function, which was undetectable by standard reintegration methods. LAiR also preserved fragile IMP properties that are prone to disruption upon reintegration, including long-term multi-subunit integrity, inhibitor susceptibility, and higher-order oligomeric states. LAiR proved suitable for reintegration into liposomes as well as into surface-tethered membrane bilayers, and was compatible with IMPs and lipids from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. We anticipate a broad scope for LAiR as a powerful tool in fundamental research, pharmaceutical applications, and biotechnology.
Study on bioactivity of SLMed variable gradient TC4 biomedical porous scaffolds with micro-arc oxidation treatment
Authors: Lv Yuting , Guo Jiawei , Huang Weimin , Liu Yaojie , Liu Wentao , Wei Guijiang
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to improve the bioactivity of variable gradient TC4 porous scaffolds prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) through the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique.

Design/methodology/approach

Variable gradient TC4 porous scaffolds were prepared by SLM, then treated with MAO at different oxidation voltages. The microstructure, thickness and composition of MAO coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction. The bioactivity of the MAO coatings was tested by simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion test.

Findings

SEM and EDS results show that with the increase of oxidation voltage, the content of Ca and P elements and the thickness of the MAO coatings increases. The thickness of the coating inside the scaffold is smaller than that of the outside regions. SBF immersion experiments showed that MAO-treated TC4 porous scaffolds had highest bioactivity at 440 V.

Originality/value

The variable gradient porous scaffolds were treated with MAO in the electrolyte containing Ca and P elements for the first time. The effect of oxidation voltages on the different region of porous scaffolds was studied in detail.
Feminist futures in gender-in-leadership research: self-reflexive approximations to intersectional situatedness
Authors: Rodriguez Jenny K. , Guenther Elisabeth Anna , Faiz Rafia
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This paper introduces intersectional situatedness to develop inclusive analyses of leadership. Intersectional situatedness recognises the contextual and situated nature of experiences and their interaction with socially constructed categories of difference.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on memory work by three feminist academics who situate their understandings and experiences of leadership as part of socio-historical contexts.

Findings

Understandings and experiences of leadership are multifaceted and benefit from being examined in their intersectional situatedness. This way, the simultaneity of visible and invisible disadvantage and privilege, which accumulate, shift and get reconfigured across the life course and are based on particular intersectional identity invocations, can be integrated into narratives about leadership.

Research limitations/implications

Interrogating gender-in-leadership adopting an intersectional situatedness helps to advance the field by embedding the recognition, problematisation and theorisation of situated difference as critical to understand leadership, its meaning and its practice in management and organisations.

Practical implications

In embedding intersectional situatedness in the analysis of leadership, more inclusive understandings of leadership are qualified that recognise differences positively and support changing the narratives around the meaning of “leader” and “good leadership”.

Social implications

Intersectional situatedness helps to identify tangible ways to see how inequalities impact women’s career progression to leadership and enable more nuanced conversations about privilege and disadvantage to advance feminist social justice agendas.

Originality/value

The paper reveals the narrow and restricted understandings of leadership and how this influences who is regarded as a legitimate leader. In addition, it adopts a methodology that is not commonly used in gender-in-leadership research.
Ghost production: applying the Servuction model to establish a typology and propose a research agenda for on-demand restaurant food delivery
Authors: Ashton Mark , Tuomi Aarni , Backman Peter
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The rapid growth in volume and value of on-demand restaurant food delivery, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, is causing a paradigm shift in the food service sector. However, there is a lack of hospitality management research into this emerging phenomenon. To address this gap, this paper defines and develops a novel conceptual model and typology and proposes a research agenda for ghost production in the context of food service.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses the Servuction model to explore, define and model the radical separation between food service production sites, points of sale and consumer interaction from the perspective of on-demand restaurant food delivery. A novel typology is developed and illustrated with eight industry examples from the UK and an accompanying cost benefit analysis. Future research priorities are identified.

Findings

In the hospitality literature, little attention has been paid to changes on-demand restaurant food delivery brings to production and business models of food service organisations, resulting in significant gaps between food service practice and theory. The knock-on effects to stakeholders include increased convenience for customers, uncertain employment status of riders and, for restaurants, striking a balance between capturing new markets and losing control of the customer. Additionally, for aggregators, there is a lack of profitability in existing models, despite holding the balance of power (and data).

Originality/value

The concept of “ghost production” and its associated typology is novel and offers a contribution to hospitality management literature by defining the term, scope and scale of this new phenomenon. Practical implications are proposed.
Online firestorms: an act of civic engagement or a narcissistic boost? The role of brand misconduct appraisals
Authors: Delgado-Ballester Elena , López-López Inés , Bernal Alicia
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This study aims to examine personal factors that drive the initiation of an online firestorm, an online collaborative attack against a brand that usually occurs when a brand fails or engages in misconduct.

Design/methodology/approach

A structured questionnaire is used for data collection. Via an online panel, 303 questionnaires are completed. Hypotheses are tested using structural equation modelling.

Findings

Civic engagement and, to a lesser extent, narcissism explain intentions to initiate online firestorms. Individuals’ inherent concern for others and for ethical issues prompts them to punish a brand publicly, with the expectation that other individuals will follow and that the brand will feel compelled to react. Misconduct-related appraisal factors, such as severity, proximity, moral inequity and outrage, can amplify the effect of civic engagement.

Research limitations/implications

Future research should investigate whether the findings hold for different types of misconduct, cultures and other forms of narcissism.

Practical implications

By providing managers with a better understanding of the motivations for launching an attack, this study offers guidance on managing a brand when an online firestorm occurs.

Originality/value

Whereas previous research has focused on external drivers of online firestorms, this study builds on the prosocial behaviour literature to analyse the individual characteristics prompting the initiation of an online firestorm.
Extended belief rule-based method for the assessment of matching between rescue tasks and volunteers
Authors: Chen Li , Chen Sheng-Qun , Yang Long-Hao
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to solve the major assessment problem in matching the satisfaction of psychological gratification and mission accomplishment pertaining to volunteers with the disaster rescue and recovery tasks.

Design/methodology/approach

An extended belief rule-based (EBRB) method is applied with the method's input and output parameters classified based on expert knowledge and data from literature. These parameters include volunteer self-satisfaction, experience, peer-recognition, and cooperation. First, the model parameters are set; then, the parameters are optimized through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and differential evolution (DE) algorithm. Finally, a numerical mountain rescue example and comparative analysis between with-DEA and without-DEA are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed model is suitable for a two-way matching evaluation between rescue tasks and volunteers.

Findings

Disasters are unexpected events in which emergency rescue is crucial to human survival. When a disaster occurs, volunteers provide crucial assistance to official rescue teams. This paper finds that decision-makers have a better understanding of two-sided match objects through bilateral feedback over time. With the changing of the matching preference information between rescue tasks and volunteers, the satisfaction of volunteer's psychological gratification and mission accomplishment are also constantly changing. Therefore, considering matching preference information and satisfaction at two-sided match objects simultaneously is necessary to get reasonable target values of matching results for rescue tasks and volunteers.

Originality/value

Based on the authors' novel EBRB method, a matching assessment model is constructed, with two-sided matching of volunteers to rescue tasks. This method will provide matching suggestions in the field of emergency dispatch and contribute to the assessment of emergency plans around the world.
Women social entrepreneurs in a Muslim society: how to manage patriarchy and spouses
Authors: Ummiroh Isnaini Ruhul , Schwab Andreas , Dhewanto Wawan
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate how women social entrepreneurs in Indonesia use various behaviors to address challenges to their leadership authority created by socioreligious patriarchal norms in this Muslim society.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory study of six Muslim women social entrepreneurs was conducted using multiround, semistructured interviews in a contrast sample of three women who work with their husbands and three women who work without their husband’s involvement.

Findings

The study identifies a variety of leadership behaviors that women entrepreneurs use to mitigate the constraining impact of strong patriarchal religious gender norms. Observations revealed surprisingly effective micro adjustments often based on relationship-specific private negotiations between the entrepreneurs and their husbands.

Research limitations/implications

Future research focused on the husbands’ perspectives and behaviors, as well as extensions to other patriarchal religions and societies, are encouraged.

Practical implications

Recognition of the crucial role of spousal relationships suggests the need for more holistic approaches to support women social entrepreneurship, e.g. by integrating husbands into related outreach programs.

Social implications

Religious gender stereotypes such as the stronger altruistic orientation of women can help counteract, to a degree, Muslim patriarchal norms when women lead social enterprises. Leadership of social enterprises by women promises to promote more gender equality over time, even if associated private and relationship-specific accommodations are not intended to challenge religious gender norms.

Originality/value

This study contributes to emerging research on the crucial role of spousal relationships for women’s entrepreneurship and the impact of private micro arrangements between spouses to mitigate the constraining impact of Muslim gender norms. Muslim women entrepreneurs approved of the religious gender norms that constrained them, in contrast to the more “feminist” perspectives common in women entrepreneurs in more secular and Christianity-dominated western societies.
Market‐wide shocks and the predictive power for the real economy in the Korean stock market
Authors: Kim Jinyong , Kim Yongsik
Published: September 2022

We examine the predictive power of the stock market return for real economic growth corresponding to market‐wide shocks in Korea. The periods of large market‐wide shocks, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, are characterized by the stock return synchronicity and volatility that can measure price informativeness. We find that the predictive power of the stock market return disappears when stock returns show high synchronicity and volatility, and the deteriorated predictive power is associated with an increase in individual investors' net buying shares. Our finding suggests that, even if the stock market shows outstanding performance following market‐wide shocks, this signal should be interpreted with caution because the stock market return may become less informative about fundamentals and lose the predictive power for the real economy.
Collaborating toward equity in Pennsylvania: The Age‐Friendly Care, PA project
Authors: Berish Diane , Husser Erica , Knecht‐Fredo Jenny , Sabol Jacqueline , Garrow George , Hupcey Judith , Fick Donna
Published: September 2022

Objective

To collaboratively implement the age‐friendly health systems framework, known as the 4Ms: What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility, at The Primary Health Network (PHN), a federally qualified health center.

Data Sources

Data were collected from PHN electronic medical records (EMRs) for individuals over age 65 from December 30, 2019 to December 24, 2021 and from Project ECHO© attendance and evaluation surveys.

Study Design

The telementoring educational program, Project ECHO©, was used to engage PHN health care professionals working in rural areas of Pennsylvania to incorporate the 4Ms into their practice starting with the annual wellness visit (AWV). Project ECHO© was launched at three primary care sites. After 18 months, it was then disseminated to an additional 18 sites creating pilot and comparison groups. Outcomes included codesigned patient process metrics using EMR data and project ECHO© participant data.

Data Collection Methods

EMR data were generated by system reports created by PHN's quality assurance program manager. Project ECHO© data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools. Outcomes were aggregated, analyzed for trends over time, and compared between groups.

Principal Findings

All nine process outcomes increased from baseline to follow‐up at the three initial sites, ranging from 4% to 43% g. At year two, the three initial sites had higher rates on AWVs (pilot 24%, comparison 12%; p < 0.0001), Advance Care Planning (New on file, pilot 8%, comparison 2%; Discussed with patient, pilot 18%, comparison 13%; Patient declined, pilot 0%, comparison 0%; p = 0.0001), Dementia Screening (pilot 24%, comparison 12%; p < 0.0001), Fall Risk Management (pilot 43%, comparison 10%; p < 0.0001), and Mobility Goal (pilot 19%, comparison 9%; p < 0.0001); and lower rates on High‐Risk Medication Elimination (pilot 54%, comparison, 63%, p < 0.02).

Conclusions

Access to high‐quality geriatric care for rural older adults can be improved by increasing health care professionals' knowledge of the 4Ms, beginning with its incorporation into the AWV.
The effect of calcium phosphate ion clusters in enhancing enamel conditions versus Duraphat and Icon
Authors: Jiang Wen , Wang Gang , Wu Wenzhi , Shao Changyu , Pan Haihua , Chen Zhi , Tang Ruikang , Chen Zhuo , Xie Zhijian
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the remineralisation, mechanical, anti‐aging, acid resistance and antibacterial properties of calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs) materials with those of Duraphat and Icon. The remineralisation and mechanical properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nanoindentation. CPICs induced epitaxial crystal growth on the enamel surface, where the regrown enamel‐like apatite layers had a similar hardness and elastic modulus to natural enamel (p > 0.05). Acid resistance and anti‐aging properties were tested based on ion dissolution and surface roughness. CPICs exhibited similar calcium and phosphate ion dissolution to the control (p > 0.05), and its roughness decreased after thermocycling (p < 0.05), thereby decreasing the risk of enamel surface demineralisation. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.1 mg/ml, and the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 mg/ml. Overall, this biomimetic CPICs is a promising alternative to dental demineralisation.
Systemic risk, relative subsidy rates, and area yield insurance choice
Authors: Gong Xuche , Hennessy David A. , Feng Hongli
Published: September 2022

We investigate the nature of crop yield systemic risk and its implications for farmers' area yield insurance choices. A theory‐grounded, normalized measure of systemic risk, R2, is developed and made amenable to empirical analysis through the logit link. The measure is estimated on a large‐scale, unit‐level corn yield dataset. We find that systemic risk explains less than half of total unit yield variability on average, suggesting that the risk management effectiveness of area yield insurance is low. By relating natural resource endowments with systemic risk, we find that more excessive heat and drought events lead to larger while more excessive precipitation events lead to smaller systemic risk. We then study whether current area yield insurance subsidy rates provide farmers with sufficient subsidy transfers to compensate for the uncovered risk exposure associated with area yield insurance. A new concept, the threshold relative area subsidy rate (TRASR), quantifies a lower bound on the ratio of area yield insurance subsidy rate over individual yield insurance subsidy rate below which risk‐averse farmers should always prefer individual yield insurance to area yield insurance. The calibrated TRASR values indicate that current area yield insurance subsidy rates discourage farmers from choosing area yield insurance over individual yield insurance, especially at low area yield insurance coverage levels. We also find that TRASR is positively correlated with systemic risk at the unit‐level of analysis, suggesting that farmers who like area yield insurance's risk management features will dislike its transfer implications and vice versa.
Protein and carbohydrate content of infant formula purchased in the United States
Authors: Strzalkowski Alexander J. , Järvinen Kirsi M. , Schmidt Brianne , Young Bridget E.
Published: September 2022

Background

The protein and carbohydrate composition of formula fed infants' diets in the United States (US) has not been described. The aims of this study were to characterize these dietary exposures in infant formula purchased in the US and to estimate the proportion of formula purchased which is hypoallergenic or lactose‐reduced formula.

Methods

Powdered infant formula purchase data from all major physical stores in the US prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic, between 2017 and 2019, were obtained from Information Resources, Inc. Protein and carbohydrate composition and scoop sizes for each formula were obtained from manufacturers. Ready to feed liquid products, products for premature infants and products for over 1 year old were not included.

Results

Total volumes of term formula purchased were 216 million kg of formula powder (equivalent to 1.65 billion litres) over 3 years. Intact protein formula was 67.9% of formula purchased, 26.6% was partially hydrolysed and 5.5% was hypoallergenic (5.2% extensively hydrolysed protein; 0.3% amino acid based). Soy protein formula represented 5.1% of formula purchased. Carbohydrate content overall was 52.7% lactose, 42.3% glucose polymers and 5.0% sucrose. 23.7% of formula purchased included sucrose as a carbohydrate. Of all formula purchased, 59.0% was lactose reduced, containing a non‐lactose carbohydrate. Of ‘standard’ formula, defined as intact protein, non‐thickened, cow's milk formula, 32.3% was lactose reduced. The proportion of hypoallergenic formula purchased significantly exceeded the prevalence of cow's milk protein allergy and increased over the 3‐year study period from 4.9% to 7.6% of all formula sold.

Conclusions

US infants are exposed to unnecessarily high levels of non‐lactose carbohydrates and hypoallergenic formula, and this may represent a significant nutritional health risk.
Differences between the GluD1 and GluD2 receptors revealed by GluD1 X‐ray crystallography, binding studies and molecular dynamics
Authors: Masternak Magdalena , Koch Angela , Laulumaa Saara , Tapken Daniel , Hollmann Michael , Jørgensen Flemming Steen , Kastrup Jette Sandholm
Published: September 2022

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand‐gated ion channels essential for fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. In contrast to most other members of the iGluR family, the subfamily of delta receptors, GluD1 and GluD2, does not bind glutamate but glycine/D‐serine. GluD1 is widely expressed in the brain and the inner ear, where it is required for high‐frequency hearing. Furthermore, it has been associated with schizophrenia, autism and depression. X‐ray structures of the ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of GluD2 have been published; however, no high‐resolution structure is available for the ligand‐binding domain of GluD1 (GluD1‐LBD). Here, we report the X‐ray crystal structure of the GluD1‐LBD in its apo form at 2.57 Å resolution. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we show that D‐serine binds to the GluD1‐LBD in an exothermic manner with a Kd of 160 μm, which is approximately five‐fold greater than at GluD2. Furthermore, we identify Glu822 as a critical determinant of receptor activation in GluD1 A654T. In contrast to studies on the GluD2 lurcher mutant A654T, we did not observe any effect of 1 mm D‐serine on the spontaneous currents at mouse GluD1 A654T by electrophysiological recordings of Xenopus laevis oocytes as previously also reported by others. These results point towards differences in the structure and dynamics between GluD1 and GluD2. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to address this observation, suggesting that the apo structure of GluD1 is less flexible than the apo structure of GluD2 and that Pro725 in GluD1 may affect the interlobe closure of the ligand‐binding domain of GluD1.
Stakeholder identified research priorities for early intervention in psychosis
Authors: Renwick Laoise , McWilliams Caitlin , Schaff Olivia , Russell Laura , Ramsdale Susan , Morris Rebecca Lauren
Published: September 2022

Background

Public resources to answer pertinent research questions about the impact of illness and treatment on people with mental health problems are limited. To target funds effectively and efficiently and maximize the health benefits to populations, prioritizing research areas is needed. Research agendas are generally driven by researcher and funder priorities, however, there is growing recognition of the need to include user‐defined research priorities to make research more relevant, needs‐based and efficient.

Objective

To gain consensus on top priorities for research into early intervention in psychosis through a robust, democratic process for prioritization enlisting the views of key stakeholders including users, carers and healthcare professionals. We also sought to determine which user‐prioritized questions were supported by scientific evidence.

Design and Methods

We used a modified nominal group technique to gain consensus on unanswered questions that were obtained by survey and ranked at successive stages by a steering group comprising users, carer representatives and clinicians from relevant disciplines and stakeholder bodies. We checked each question posed in the survey was unanswered in research by reviewing evidence in five databases (Medline, Cinahl, PsychInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Database).

Results

Two hundred and eighty‐three questions were submitted by 207 people. After checking for relevance, reframing and examining for duplicates, 258 questions remained. We gained consensus on 10 priority questions; these largely represented themes around access and engagement, information needs before and after treatment acceptance, and the influence of service‐user (SU) priorities and beliefs on treatment choices and effectiveness. A recovery SUtheme identified specific self‐management questions and more globally, a need to fully identify factors that impact recovery.

Discussion and Conclusions

Published research findings indicated that the priorities of service users, carers and healthcare professionals were aligned with researchers' and funders' priorities in some areas and misaligned in others providing vital opportunities to develop research agendas that more closely reflect users' needs.

Patient and Public Contribution

Initial results were presented at stakeholder workshops which included service‐users, carers, health professionals and researchers during a consensus workshop to prioritize research questions and allow the opportunity for feedback. Patient and public representatives formed part of the steering group and were consulted regularly during the research process.
Estimating SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in educational settings: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Manica Mattia , Poletti Piero , Deandrea Silvia , Mosconi Giansanto , Ancarani Cinzia , Lodola Silvia , Guzzetta Giorgio , d'Andrea Valeria , Marziano Valentina , Zardini Agnese , Trentini Filippo , Odone Anna , Tirani Marcello , Ajelli Marco , Merler Stefano
Published: September 2022

Background

School closures and distance learning have been extensively adopted to counter the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the contribution of school transmission to the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 remains poorly quantified.

Methods

We analyzed transmission patterns associated with 976 SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure events, involving 460 positive individuals, as identified in early 2021 through routine surveillance and an extensive screening conducted on students, school personnel, and their household members in a small Italian municipality. In addition to population screenings and contact‐tracing operations, reactive closures of class and schools were implemented.

Results

From the analysis of 152 clear infection episodes and 584 exposure events identified by epidemiological investigations, we estimated that approximately 50%, 21%, and 29% of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission was associated with household, school, and community contacts, respectively. We found substantial transmission heterogeneities, with 20% positive individuals causing 75% to 80% of ascertained infection episodes. A higher proportion of infected individuals causing onward transmission was found among students (46.2% vs. 25%, on average), who also caused a markedly higher number of secondary cases (mean: 1.03 vs. 0.35). By reconstructing likely transmission chains from the entire set of exposures identified during contact‐tracing operations, we found that clusters originated from students or school personnel were associated with a larger average cluster size (3.32 vs. 1.15) and a larger average number of generations in the transmission chain (1.56 vs. 1.17).

Conclusions

Uncontrolled SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission at school could disrupt the regular conduct of teaching activities, likely seeding the transmission into other settings, and increasing the burden on contact‐tracing operations.
Prenatal exposure to a natural disaster and early development of psychiatric disorders during the preschool years: stress in pregnancy study
Authors: Nomura Yoko , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Ginalis Christine , Heitz Catherine , Zaki Jeenia , Khan Farzana , Nasrin Mardia , Sie Kathryn , DeIngeniis Donato , Hurd Yasmin L.
Published: September 2022

Background

Growing evidence shows an association between in utero exposure to natural disasters and child behavioral problems, but we still know little about the development of specific psychopathology in preschool‐aged children.

Methods

Preschool children (n = 163, mean age = 3.19, 85.5% racial and ethnic minorities) and their parents (n = 151) were evaluated annually at ages 2–5 to assess the emergence of psychopathology using the Preschool Age Psychopathological Assessment (PAPA), a parent‐report structured diagnostic interview developed for preschool‐age children. Sixty‐six (40.5%) children were exposed to Sandy Storm (SS) in utero and 97 (59.5%) were not. Survival analysis evaluated patterns of onset and estimated cumulative risks of psychopathology among exposed and unexposed children, in total and by sex. Analyses were controlled for the severity of objective and subjective SS‐related stress, concurrent family stress, and demographic and psychosocial confounders, such as maternal age, race, SES, maternal substance use, and normative prenatal stress.

Results

Exposure to SS in utero was associated with a substantial increase in depressive disorders (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 16.9, p = .030), anxiety disorders (HR = 5.1, p < .0001), and attention‐deficit/disruptive behavioral disorders (HR = 3.4, p = .02). Diagnostic rates were elevated for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; HR = 8.5, p = .004), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; HR = 5.5, p = .01), oppositional‐defiant disorder (ODD; HR = 3.8, p = .05), and separation‐anxiety disorder (SAD; HR = 3.5, p = .001). Males had distinctively elevated risks for attention‐deficit/disruptive behavioral disorders (HR = 7.8, p = .02), including ADHD, CD, and ODD, whereas females had elevated risks for anxiety disorders (HR = 10.0, p < .0001), phobia (HR = 2.8, p = .02) and depressive disorders (HR = 30.0, p = .03), including SAD, GAD, and dysthymia.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate that in utero exposure to a major weather‐related disaster (SS) was associated with increased risk for psychopathology in children and provided evidence of distinct psychopathological outcomes as a function of sex. More attention is needed to understand specific parent, child, and environmental factors which account for this increased risk, and to develop mitigation strategies.
Commentary: Global perspectives on resilience and callous‐unemotional traits – a reflection on Obando et al. (2022)
Authors: Hawes David J.
Published: September 2022

Obando, Wright and Hill's (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2022) study of young children exposed to community violence in Colombia is a most welcome addition to the literature on risk and protective pathways related to callous and unemotional (CU) traits. The key contributions of this study can be viewed in light of calls for a new wave of global research into resilience in children and youth. These contributions also highlight the need for further research into CU traits in diverse sociocultural contexts, and in particular, research addressing questions concerning (a) multiple pathways to CU traits; (b) community violence and other forms of adversity; and (c) the developmental timing of adversity.
The evolution of conspicuousness in frogs: When to signal toxicity?
Authors: Roberts Sophie May , Stuart‐Fox Devi , Medina Iliana
Published: September 2022

Many organisms use conspicuous colour patterns to advertise their toxicity or unpalatability, a strategy known as aposematism. Despite the recognized benefits of this anti‐predator tactic, not all chemically defended species exhibit warning coloration. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate which factors predict the evolution of conspicuousness in frogs, a group in which conspicuous coloration and toxicity have evolved multiple times. We extracted colour information from dorsal and ventral photos of 594 frog species for which chemical defence information was available. Our results show that chemically defended and diurnal species have higher internal chromatic contrast, both ventrally and dorsally, than chemically undefended and/or nocturnal species. Among species that are chemically defended, conspicuous coloration is more likely to occur if species are diurnal. Our results also suggest that the evolution of conspicuous colour is more likely to occur in chemically defended prey with smaller body size. We discuss potential explanations for this association and suggest that prey profitability (related to body size) could be an important force driving the macroevolution of warning signals.
The eggshell‐matrix protein gene OC‐17 is functionally lost in the viviparous Chinese crocodile lizard
Authors: Xie Hong‐Xin , Liang Xi‐Xi , Li Wei‐Ming , Chen Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Xi‐Feng , Ding Zi‐Han , Zhou Xu‐Ming , Du Wei‐Guo
Published: September 2022

Thickness reduction or loss of the calcareous eggshell is one of major phenotypic changes in the transition from oviparity to viviparity. Whether the reduction of eggshells in viviparous squamates is associated with specific gene losses is unknown. Taking advantage of a newly generated high‐quality genome of the viviparous Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus), we found that ovocleidin‐17 gene (OC‐17), which encodes an eggshell matrix protein that is essential for calcium deposition in eggshells, is not intact in the crocodile lizard genome. Only OC‐17 transcript fragments were found in the oviduct transcriptome, and no OC‐17 peptides were identified in the eggshell proteome of crocodile lizards. In contrast, OC‐17 was present in the eggshells of the oviparous Mongolia racerunner (Eremias argus). Although the loss of OC‐17 is not common in viviparous species, viviparous squamates show fewer intact eggshell‐specific proteins than oviparous squamates. Our study implies that functional loss of eggshell‐matrix protein genes may be involved in the reduction of eggshells during the transition from oviparity to viviparity in the crocodile lizard.
Associations of sleep timing and time in bed with dementia and cognitive decline among Chinese older adults: A cohort study
Authors: Liu Rui , Ren Yifei , Hou Tingting , Liang Xiaoyan , Dong Yi , Wang Yongxiang , Cong Lin , Wang Xiang , Qin Yu , Ren Juan , Sindi Shireen , Tang Shi , Du Yifeng , Qiu Chengxuan
Published: September 2022

Background

The longitudinal associations of sleep timing and time in bed (TIB) with dementia and cognitive decline in older adults are unclear.

Methods

This population‐based cohort study used data from 1982 participants who were aged ≥60 years, free of dementia, and living in rural communities in western Shandong, China. At the baseline (2014) and follow‐up (2018) examinations, sleep parameters were assessed using standard questionnaires. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Dementia was diagnosed following the DSM‐IV criteria, and the NIA‐AA criteria for Alzheimer disease (AD). Data were analyzed using restricted cubic splines, Cox proportional‐hazards models, and general linear models.

Results

During the mean follow‐up of 3.7 years, dementia was diagnosed in 97 participants (68 with AD). Restricted cubic spline curves showed J‐shaped associations of sleep duration, TIB, and rise time with dementia risk, and a reverse J‐shaped association with mid‐sleep time. When sleep parameters were categorized into tertiles, the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident dementia was 1.69 (95%CI 1.01–2.83) for baseline sleep duration >8 hours (vs. 7–8 h), 2.17 (1.22–3.87) for bedtime before 9 p.m. (vs. 10 p.m. or later), and 2.00 (1.23–3.24) for mid‐sleep time before 1 a.m. (vs. 1–1.5 a.m.). Early bedtime and mid‐sleep time were significantly associated with incident AD (HR range: 2.25–2.51; p < 0.05). Among individuals who were free of dementia at follow‐up, baseline long TIB, early bedtime and mid‐sleep time, early and late rise time, and prolonged TIB and advanced bedtime and mid‐sleep time from baseline to follow‐up were associated with a greater decline in MMSE score (p < 0.05). These associations with cognitive decline were statistically evident mainly among men or participants who were aged 60–74 years.

Conclusions

Long TIB and early sleep timing are associated with an increased risk of dementia, and the associations with greater cognitive decline are evident only among older people aged 60–74 years and men.
A systematic review examining the impact of blended diets on the gastrointestinal symptoms of people who are enterally fed
Authors: Peers Esme , Boocock Ruth C. , Burn Naomi
Published: September 2022

Background

Adults and children who are enterally tube‐fed can experience adverse gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS). Observational data suggests that blended diets (BD) could mitigate such symptoms, with potential to improve quality of life and clinical outcomes. We present a novel systematic review examining the impact of BD, compared to commercial feeds, on GIS of adults and children who are tube‐fed.

Methods

The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021261147). Four electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2021. Search terms included ‘tube‐fed’, ‘blended diet’ and ‘formula’. Inclusion criteria were intervention studies comparing blended and commercial feeds using quantitative measures of GIS. Heterogeneity of outcome measures precluded meta‐analysis; therefore, a narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results

Six papers (n = 219), including two randomised control trials (RCT) and four single arm pre–post studies, were identified. Equal numbers studied in‐ and out‐patients, adults and children. Risk of bias was notable for all studies. Equivocal and insufficient evidence prevented consensus on outcomes of vomiting, gagging, oral intake, bloating and constipation. However, one RCT and two single arm pre–post studies suggest that diarrhoea symptoms may be improved on BD.

Conclusions

Diarrhoea is prevalent in tube‐fed populations and associated with adverse outcomes. Improvements in diarrhoea symptoms attributed to BD may be clinically important. Our findings are congruous with the wider observational evidence base, and support recommendations of the British Dietetic Association. BD may pose a viable alternative to commercial formula, and may mitigate symptoms of diarrhoea for adults and children who are tube‐fed.
Automated real‐time EEG sleep spindle detection for brain‐state‐dependent brain stimulation
Authors: Hassan Umair , Feld Gordon B. , Bergmann Til Ole
Published: September 2022

Sleep spindles are a hallmark electroencephalographic feature of non‐rapid eye movement sleep, and are believed to be instrumental for sleep‐dependent memory reactivation and consolidation. However, direct proof of their causal relevance is hard to obtain, and our understanding of their immediate neurophysiological consequences is limited. To investigate their causal role, spindles need to be targeted in real‐time with sensory or non‐invasive brain‐stimulation techniques. While fully automated offline detection algorithms are well established, spindle detection in real‐time is highly challenging due to their spontaneous and transient nature. Here, we present the real‐time spindle detector, a robust multi‐channel electroencephalographic signal‐processing algorithm that enables the automated triggering of stimulation during sleep spindles in a phase‐specific manner. We validated the real‐time spindle detection method by streaming pre‐recorded sleep electroencephalographic datasets to a real‐time computer system running a Simulink® Real‐Time™ implementation of the algorithm. Sleep spindles were detected with high levels of Sensitivity (~83%), Precision (~78%) and a convincing F1‐Score (~81%) in reference to state‐of‐the‐art offline algorithms (which reached similar or lower levels when compared with each other), for both naps and full nights, and largely independent of sleep scoring information. Detected spindles were comparable in frequency, duration, amplitude and symmetry, and showed the typical time–frequency characteristics as well as a centroparietal topography. Spindles were detected close to their centre and reliably at the predefined target phase. The real‐time spindle detection algorithm therefore empowers researchers to target spindles during human sleep, and apply the stimulation method and experimental paradigm of their choice.
Aspartic acid enantiomer quantification using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy combined with deuterium‐chloride hydrolysis to improve age estimation in Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis
Authors: Yasunaga Genta , Inoue Satoko , Bando Takeharu , Hakamada Takashi , Fujise Yoshihiro
Published: September 2022

Aspartic acid racemization is a useful tool for estimating age in marine mammals; however, acid hydrolysis during sample preparation may increase the D‐ to L‐enantiomer ratio. To improve age estimation in Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), we optimized the quantification of aspartic acid enantiomers in ocular lens by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with sample preparation by hydrolysis with deuterium chloride. Using this approach, we determined D/L in fetal and adult whale lens, examined the degree of racemization induced by acid hydrolysis, and constructed equations for age estimation. In the fetal lens, D/L obtained after hydrolysis with HCl or DCl were positively correlated with gestation age. Estimates of D/L at birth using a DCl‐hydrolysis model were much lower than those obtained using a HCl‐hydrolysis model, indicating that racemization during hydrolysis with HCl reduces the precision of subsequently derived age estimates. Furthermore, the D/L0 unaffected by Asp‐D generated during hydrolysis was estimated. The loge[(1 + D/L)/(1 − D/L)] value was exponentially increased with increasing earplug‐derived age, and the standard error of the age estimates after hydrolysis with DCl was lower than that after HCl. We conclude that our method can provide precise age estimates without methodological bias.
The IbPYL8–IbbHLH66–IbbHLH118 complex mediates the abscisic acid‐dependent drought response in sweet potato
Authors: Xue Luyao , Wei Zihao , Zhai Hong , Xing Shihan , Wang Yuxin , He Shaozhen , Gao Shaopei , Zhao Ning , Zhang Huan , Liu Qingchang
Published: September 2022

Drought limits crop development and yields. bHLH (basic helix–loop–helix) transcription factors play critical roles in regulating the drought response in many plants, but their roles in this process in sweet potato are unknown.

Here, we report that two bHLH proteins, IbbHLH118 and IbbHLH66, play opposite roles in the ABA‐mediated drought response in sweet potato. ABA treatment repressed IbbHLH118 expression but induced IbbHLH66 expression in the drought‐tolerant sweet potato line Xushu55‐2. Overexpressing IbbHLH118 reduced drought tolerance, whereas overexpressing IbbHLH66 enhanced drought tolerance, in sweet potato.

IbbHLH118 directly binds to the E‐boxes in the promoters of ABA‐insensitive 5 (IbABI5), ABA‐responsive element binding factor 2 (IbABF2) and tonoplast intrinsic protein 1 (IbTIP1) to suppress their transcription. IbbHLH118 forms homodimers with itself or heterodimers with IbbHLH66. Both of the IbbHLHs interact with the ABA receptor IbPYL8. ABA accumulates under drought stress, promoting the formation of the IbPYL8–IbbHLH66–IbbHLH118 complex. This complex interferes with IbbHLH118's repression of ABA‐responsive genes, thereby activating ABA responses and enhancing drought tolerance.

These findings shed light on the role of the IbPYL8–IbbHLH66–IbbHLH118 complex in the ABA‐dependent drought response of sweet potato and identify candidate genes for developing elite crop varieties with enhanced drought tolerance.
The role of volunteer experience on performance on online volunteering platforms
Authors: Urrea Gloria , Yoo Eunae
Published: September 2022

Online volunteering platforms allow humanitarian organizations (HOs) to recruit volunteers to work remotely on projects of varying urgency. While removing time and space constraints enables HOs to scale up their volunteer force, HOs must manage greater heterogeneity in volunteers' experience. We investigate empirically how volunteers' experience impacts two performance metrics on online volunteering platforms: project completion rate and volunteer retention. In addition, we examine the conditions under which experience becomes more relevant to project completion rate and retention. We collected a novel panel data set from the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team Tasking Manager. Our data set includes 5,162 online volunteering projects with 2,169,683 contributions by 96,450 volunteers. Results from a panel regression model show that a project's completion rate improves in diminishing increments with the experience of the contributing volunteers. We further find that the effect of experience on project completion rate is contingent on the urgency of the project. Regarding retention, results from a parametric hazard model indicate that volunteers are incentivized to return to an online volunteering platform more quickly when they are closer to attaining a new experience‐based rank. However, we find that this effect weakens as volunteers gain experience. Overall, our study sheds light on volunteer management in an online context and offers operational insights on the recruitment and allocation of volunteers for HOs as well as online volunteering platforms.