bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desarrollo de un entorno de realidad aumentada para la enseñanza del condicionamiento operante en Psicología
Authors: Sánchez Sordo José Manuel , Teodoro-Vite Sergio
Published: September 2022

Los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje se han visto modificados en las últimas décadas con la aparición y el uso de tecnologías que permiten la adquisición y generación de conocimientos de forma interactiva, como son la realidad virtual y la realidad aumentada, que se pueden definir como el conjunto de tecnologías basadas en simulaciones gráficas dinámicas en las que el usuario se siente introducido en un ambiente artificial que percibe como real en función de la estimulación de los órganos sensoriales. Objetivo: desarrollar y utilizar un entorno de realidad aumentada para el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza de los principios básicos del condicionamiento operante de los estudiantes (hombres y mujeres) de nuevo ingreso de la licenciatura en Psicología de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, y evaluar su impacto en el aprendizaje. Método: se diseñó, programó y utilizó un entorno de realidad aumentada que simula una caja de Skinner con un autómata que emula el comportamiento animal para la enseñanza de cuatro programas de reforzamiento. Para el diseño y programación del entorno se utilizó el lenguaje C#, así como los softwares Blender, Unity y Vuforia. Resultados: se obtuvo como producto final una aplicación de realidad aumentada para dispositivos móviles con sistema operativo Android. En cuanto al impacto en los conocimientos de los estudiantes (n = 44) sobre programas de reforzamiento, se encontró, por medio de la prueba de Wilcoxon de rangos con signo, un incremento significativo (sig. 0,000) después de haber utilizado el entorno de realidad aumentada.
Antibiosis y micoparasitismo de hongos endófitos sobre el agente causal del moho gris del arándano (Botrytis cinerea)
Authors: Leon-Ttacca Betsabe , Yactayo-Yataco Richard , Astete-Farfán Almendra , Mattos-Calderón Luz , Arestegui-Cantoral Jasmín
Published: September 2022

El “moho gris” es una de las principales enfermedades del cultivo de arándano que causa pérdidas económicas, cuyo agente causal es el hongo Botrytis cinerea. La aplicación de fungicidas es una de las principales estrategias para su manejo; sin embargo, el patógeno ha desarrollado resistencia a grupos de fungicidas. En busca de una nueva alternativa de control, en la Universidad Nacional de Cañete se evaluó la actividad antagónica de 40 cepas de hongos endófitos (HE) sobre B. cinerea. Se realizaron pruebas de antibiosis con la extracción de metabolitos secundarios de las cepas de HE y micoparasitismo con el método de placa precolonizada por el patógeno, en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno y colonización del HE respectivamente. Los metabolitos obtenidos del género Aspergillus (cepa 111) inhibieron completamente el crecimiento micelial del patógeno, seguido de los géneros Nigrospora (cepa 58) y Aspergillus (cepa 117) con 89,82 % y con 63,33 % respectivamente a comparación de Cladosporium (cepa 116) que tuvo menor efecto hacia el patógeno con 3,19 % de inhibición micelial. Sin embargo, todas las cepas del género Trichoderma (1, 91, 93 y 94), Alternaria (5 y 78), Fusarium (106), Cladosporium (41) y Lasiodiplodia (49) colonizaron completamente al patógeno y fueron los micoparásitos más agresivos seguido de las cepas de Aspergillus (117 y 111) que colonizaron el 83,33 % y 63,33 % al patógeno respectivamente. Estos hongos endófitos con actividad antagónica hacia B. cinerea podrían ser utilizados como una alternativa para el control de enfermedades en el cultivo de arándano.
Evaluation of the agronomical performance of five new tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum L.) against two pest and disease control treatments in the province of Loja
Authors: Dascón Hurtado Andrea , Morales Astudillo Rafael , Pérez-Almeida Iris
Published: September 2022

Tomato is one of the most consumed vegetables, with abundant pests and diseases problems limiting its production. This research had two objectives: in the first one, the morphological characteristics of five different tomato populations, were described; in the second, the yield response of candidate-to-be varieties genotypes was evaluated when submitted to chemical or biological control of pest and diseases that commonly attack the crop. The populations showed distinctive morphological characteristics, fruit firmness, size, and shape. The experimental test results indicated significant differences among varieties and in the interaction of variety x method of control. The control variety showed the lowest yield (28,630 kg·ha-1) when compared to the candidate varieties, especially Variety 2 (66,090 kg·ha-1). Variety 2 (cherry-size-fruit) and Variety 3 (large-size-fruit) should be taken into consideration for large-scale cultivation due to their high yield. Varieties 2 and 3 reacted adequately to both kind of pesticides, with an advantage in yield under chemical control. Nonetheless, the use of chemical products was minimal (3-4 applications were enough), as compared to the high number of applications that are currently used under the traditional tomato cultivation in Ecuador.
Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in sugar beet leaves under water stress and ascorbic acid application
Authors: de Melo Gonçalves Anderson , de Melo Filho José , Fernandes de Oliveira Sousa Valéria , Iarley da Silva Toshik , Jardelino Dias Thiago , das Graças Souza Aline , Gomes de Moura Joana
Published: September 2022

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetables in Brazil, where water limitation is the main cause of yield loss. This limitation can be attenuated with the application of organic solutes, such as ascorbic acid (AA). The objective was to evaluate the response of sugar beet plants under the application of AA via irrigation water as a strategy to attenuate water deficit. The experiment was carried out at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil, using a randomized complete block design with nine combinations of irrigation depths based on five evapotranspiration percentages (40.0, 51.6, 80.0, 108.4 and 120 % ET) and five doses of AA (0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71 and 2.0 mM), with three replications, generated from a central composite matrix. Water use efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll fluorescence index were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, to a regression analysis. Irrigation depths influenced chlorophyll a, b and total, maximum fluorescence, instantaneous WUE and intrinsic WUE, but no effect was observed for AA. The beet cultivar Maravilha Top Tall Early Wonder exhibits certain physiological mechanisms of tolerance to water stress. The ascorbic acid, in the concentrations and application method used in the study, had no effect on the beet plant response.
Effect of processing methods on the content of phenolic compounds in Vicia faba L. tissues grown in field and greenhouse
Authors: Fuentes-Herrera Paula , Delgado-Alvarado Adriana , Herrera-Cabrera Braulio , Tornero-Campante Mario , Arévalo-Galarza M. de Lourdes , Martínez-Ayala Alma , Barrera-Rodríguez Ariadna
Published: September 2022

Environmental conditions during the growth of Vicia faba plants and post-harvest processing methods influence its contents of secondary metabolites. In this study, total phenolic compounds (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) were quantified in broad bean plants at 10, 15 and 20 days after emergence (DAE), in floral buds and open flowers developed in the field or in a greenhouse with soil (GH-S) or tezontle (GH-T) as substrate. The effects of post-harvest processing, namely oven-drying and freeze-drying, were also evaluated. The analysis of variance showed, in all growth conditions, that the content of TP and TF varied significantly (P≤0.05 or P≤0.01) according to the age of the plant or the flowering stage, the processing methods and the interaction between those factors. Field-grown plants at 10, 15 and 20 DAE exhibited a higher mean value of TP (113.55 mg·g·-1 of gallic acid equivalent) and TF (126.60 mg·g·-1 of quercetin equivalent) with oven-dried samples, compared with those plants harvested in GH-S and GH-T conditions. Drying in the oven was most efficient in conserving phenolic compounds in field plants while freeze-drying preserved the levels of metabolites in greenhouse plants more effectively. In order to obtain the maximum content of phenolic compounds in minimal time, it is suggested to grow broad beans in the field, harvest plants at 10 DAE, and process them by oven-drying.
Effects of priming on germination and biochemical attributes of three maize lines under saline condition
Authors: Umar Olayinka Bolaji , Abdulkareem Khadijah , Abdulbaki Abdulbaki , Alsamadany Hameed , Alzahrani Yahya , Isiaka Kareem , Ayinla Abdulaziz , Kolawole Opeyemi , Idowu Adam , Odudu Francis , Ibuowo Muritala , Mustapha Oba , Sulyman Abdulwahhab
Published: September 2022

It has been shown that the adverse effects of salinity can vary between different varieties of the same plant species. This study was conducted to determine the tolerability of three newly released lines of maize to saline conditions when primed with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salicylic acid (SA) each at 1.0 M concentration; seeds primed with distilled water were used as control. Concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 300 mM NaCl were tested. The experiment followed a 3x3x5 factorial arrangement of treatments with three replications. The results revealed significant interaction between maize lines and salinity where the germination percentage of line SWAN-LSR-Y was much more affected than the other lines at the salinity level of 50 mM, and its speed of germination was more affected than the others when passing from 150 to 300 mM NaCl. The seedling lengths (radicle and plumule) and seed vigor index were influenced by significant interaction between the primer and salinity, where EDTA enhanced better seedling growth than the other primers when the salinity did not exceed 150 mM. OMR-LSR-SY maize line did not show tolerability at this concentration. Similarly, EDTA and SA treated maize lines showed lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as well as a decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, most importantly in SWAN-LSR-Y and BR9928-OMR-SR-Y maize lines. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were enhanced in SWAN-LSR- Y and BR9928-OMR-SR-Y upon application of EDTA.
Multiplicación masiva de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares aislados de suelos cultivados con cacao
Authors: Vallejos-Torres Geomar , Tenorio-Cercado Miguel , Gaona-Jimenez Nery , Corazon-Guivin Mike , Ormeño-Luna Javier , Paredes Christopher , Saavedra Jorge , Tuesta Juan , Tuesta Oscar , Alguacil M. , Becerra Alejandra , Marín César
Published: September 2022

La multiplicación de esporas de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) es una limitante para las aplicaciones agrícolas como biofertilizantes. En el presente estudio se realizó la multiplicación masiva de HMA procedentes de fincas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la región de San Martín, Perú, para optimizar su manejo y producción de esporas en condiciones ambientales controladas. Se diseñó un experimento en condiciones de invernadero, con un diseño completamente al azar, considerando tres fuentes de inoculo de HMA obtenidas en las provincias de Mariscal Cáceres, Lamas y Rioja, en dos periodos de tiempo (110 y 220 días) y dos cultivos hospedantes (maíz y arroz). Este material fue mezclado con un volumen de arena y tres de tierra agrícola, que fueron colocadas en cajones; transcurrido el periodo de tiempo se evaluó la población de esporas, colonización micorrícica, altura de la planta hospedante y peso seco de la parte aérea y de la raíz. La multiplicación de HMA a los 220 días, procedente de Mariscal Cáceres usando arroz como planta hospedante, demostró ser la más adecuada para la multiplicación de los HMA. El arroz actuó como un huésped adecuado y pudo multiplicar un mayor número de esporas. Se concluye que esta combinación puede ser utilizada como una metodología de propagación masiva de HMA debido a su gran capacidad para reproducirse.
Interacción de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio sobre características del suelo, crecimiento y calidad de brotes y frutos de cacao en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana
Authors: Herrera Rebeca , Vásquez Santiago , Granja Fernando , Molina-Müller Marlene , Capa-Morocho Mirian , Guamán Alex
Published: September 2022

El cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es uno de los cultivos más importantes de Ecuador; sin embargo, su producción está limitada, entre otros factores, por la nutrición. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la fertilización combinada de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio sobre características del suelo, rasgos de crecimiento y calidad de brotes y frutos en cacao. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial, con tres factores, N, P y K, y dos niveles por factor (con fertilización y sin fertilización), más un testigo absoluto sin fertilización. Se evaluaron las características químicas del suelo incluyendo el pH, y el contenido de N, P, K, Ca y Mg. También se evaluaron los brotes nuevos midiendo su número, longitud, área foliar y tasa de crecimiento. En los frutos, se determinó el peso, el largo y la tasa de crecimiento. En brotes y frutos, se evaluaron rasgos de calidad incluyendo materia seca, fibra, cenizas, grasas y proteínas. Se encontraron interacciones significativas entre los nutrientes aplicados, los cuales, incrementaron el contenido de P y K, y disminución del Ca y Mg del suelo. La fertilización con sólo N no afectó el crecimiento de los brotes y el área foliar. Las interacciones de los elementos primarios incrementaron significativamente la materia seca y fibra de los brotes, mientras que, el crecimiento y calidad de los frutos no se modificaron.
Bebida andina instantánea a base de granos andinos tostados: diseño y optimización
Authors: Rubio-Nuñez Segundo , Solano-Gaviño Juan , Velásquez-Barreto Frank
Published: September 2022

Los granos en zonas altoandinas poseen diversos compuestos nutricionales; no obstante, debido a sus cualidades sensoriales, sólo son consumidos en fresco o deshidratados. Una alternativa de procesamiento es el tostado de los granos para la obtención de bebidas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el tiempo y temperatura de tostado sobre la solubilidad y el diferencial de color (ΔE) de los granos de arveja, cebada y haba, a fin de determinar los parámetros óptimos de tostado, así como, diseñar una mezcla óptima de granos para la obtención de una bebida instantánea. En una primera etapa se utilizó un diseño central compuesto rotacional para la optimización del proceso de tostado a partir de la solubilidad y el ΔE. En una segunda etapa, se aplicó un diseño simplex-centroide para determinar la mezcla óptima de harina tostada para la bebida instantánea. Los granos de cebada tostada presentaron la mayor solubilidad, mientras que el ΔE más alto se obtuvo de los granos de arveja tostada. La temperatura de tostado presentó un efecto significativo (P≤0,05) sobre la solubilidad de la cebada y arveja, mientras que el tiempo y la temperatura exhibieron un efecto significativo sobre el ΔE de los tres tipos de grano. Los parámetros óptimos de tostado fueron distintos para cada grano. Las bebidas con altos porcentajes de harina de haba y cebada, y bajos porcentajes de harina de arveja tuvieron la mayor aceptabilidad. Se concluye que a partir de granos cultivados en zonas andinas se pueden obtener bebidas instantáneas con alta aceptabilidad.
Adaptability of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA for mancozeb sensitivity under temperature stress
Authors: de Oliveira Samanta , Silva Tatiane , Campos V. Samara , Moraes Ferraudo Guilherme , Intra Moreira Silvino , Castro Ríos Katherin , Ceresini Paulo
Published: September 2022

The genetic architecture of quantitative characters in plants can be influenced by stress due to environmental changes, in combination with the decrease in the organism’s average performance, resulting in genetic and environmental variances. The main objective of this study was to determine how the high-temperature stress affects the sensitivity of three populations of the soybean foliar blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA from Mato Grosso, Maranhão, and Tocantins to a broad-spectrum fungicide. The specific objective was to determine the effect of environmental stress on evolvability components (i.e., the selection response measures such as genotypic, environmental, and phenotypic variances) associated with sensitivity to the broad spectrum dithiocarbamate fungicide mancozeb. The fungal isolates from the three pathogen populations were grown under two temperatures (25 °C and 33.5 ºC, optimum and stress, respectively) and three fungicide concentrations (0.0, 0.32, and 0.64 g·L-1 of active ingredient). The mycelial growth was measured, and evolvability components, such as the genotypic variance coefficient (IG), the environmental variance (IE), and the broad-sense heritability (h2), were determined. The results showed that high-temperature stress decreased (≈ 0.1 units, in a scale from 0 to 1.0) the genotypic variance and the heritability for mancozeb sensitivity in three populations of the soybean foliar blight pathogen R. solani AG-1 IA.
Reflections on Rural Household Water Insecurity: Evidence from Goboti and Khubvi in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Provinces, South Africa
Authors: Mpongwana Zibongiwe , Shumba Kemist , Bracking Sarah
Published: September 2022

South Africa continues to grapple with water insecurity, especially regarding access to rural household water. Access to water in rural areas is communal, yet its distribution remains uneven. A mixed-methods approach was used to elicit data for this study. Quantitative data were collected from 211 households using the survey method where a questionnaire was administered. Qualitative data were collected using key-informant interviews with 20 participants. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS software. Qualitative data were analysed using the thematic content analysis technique. The findings indicate that water resource management is intertwined with water allocation. Evidence from Goboti and Khubvi reflect structural inequities and the lack of equalisation of opportunities, especially considering the absence of socially inclusive policy interventions, including the Water Services Act (No. 108 of 1997), which has arguably failed to address the challenges impeding rural household water provision. Further, findings unveiled the fallacy that rural households have a greater acceptance of communal water. This study reflects on how the mandate for transformation has been ignored, prompting the need to understand the implications of lack of water in resource-constrained rural settings. Thus, it is imperative to focus on representation and inclusion within rural communities. More importantly, a commensurable allotment of water resources in South Africa’s post-apartheid extractive political economy and political power of water management remains necessary if water access must be attained.
Dynamics greenhouse gases in the soil ecological station on RGAU-MTAU named after Timiryazev
Authors:   RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Spuny Marina , Tikhonova Mariya , Iliushkova Elena , Buzylev Aleksey , Zhigaleva Yaroslava
Published: September 2022

In recent years, the main problem of greening urban areas is the development of large areas, which creates an increased load on the soil and leads to a change in the water regime of the territories, thereby potentially increasing the dynamics of greenhouse gases from the soil. To regulate this process, it is necessary to conduct environmental monitoring of greenhouse gas from soils in order to analyze the patterns of their dynamics in urban areas where waterlogging of the soil is often observed. In addition, it is necessary to plant species in such areas that can withstand prolonged moisture without losing their decorative appearance and ecological functions. For scientific research experiments, it is important to create ecological station that will allow testing for environmental research. The materials of the conducted studies can be used to refine the estimates of soil greenhouse gas in conditions characteristic of urban areas with changes in the hydrological regime of the soil. Keywords: GREENHOUSE GAS FLOWS, EMISSION, CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDE, SOIL MOISTURE, CLIMATE CHANGE
Yaşlı Yetişkinlerin COVID-19 Sürecindeki Yaşantıları: Nitel Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: KAPIKIRAN Şahin , SUSAR KIRMIZI Fatma , IŞITAN Arzum
Published: September 2022

Aralık 2019'da tespit edilen ve ilk olarak Çin'in Wuhan eyaletinde ortaya çıkan yeni koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgını özellikle 65 yaş üstü bireyleri etkiledi. Salgından korunma tedbirleri kapsamında bir çok ülke, yaşlı yetişkinlerin başkalarıyla temaslarını kesmek için sokağa çıkma yasakları uyguladı. Türkiye de bu ülkelerden biridir. Bu süreçte insanlar pek çok zorlukla karşılaştılar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 sürecinde 65 yaş üstü bireylere yönelik sokağa çıkma yasaklarından dolayı yaşanan sorunları tespit etmek ve çözüm üretmektir. Katılımcıların konuya ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek için nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerini elde etmek için araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların belirlenmesinde ana kriter 65 yaş üstü bireylerdir. Katılımcılar ölçüt örnekleme yöntemine uygun bir şekilde belirlenmiştir. Nitel verilere içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma Denizli'de 13 katılımcının (5 = kadın; 8 = erkek) görüşleri ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya göre 65 yaşın üzerindeki kişiler, kendilerinin ve çocuklarının COVID-19 ile enfekte olacağından endişe duymuşlardır. Dışarıda vakit geçirmeyi ve birine sarılmayı özlemişlerdir. Sağlık ve temizlik ile ilgili tedbirler alma konusunda hassasiyet göstermişlerdir. Yan yana olmadan aileleriyle iletişim halinde olmaya özen göstermişlerdir. Sosyal güvencesi olmayanlar bu süreçte kendilerine maaş ödenmesi gerektiğini düşüncesi içerisindedir. COVID-19 salgını devam ettiği sürece yaşlı yetişkinlerin gereksinimlerinin önemsenmesi onların ekonomik ve psikolojik açıdan önemlidir.
PENERAPAN HOTS DAN METODE EKSPERIMEN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA DI KELAS V
Authors: LASUT CHRISTIAN WAHYU
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to describe the experimental method with used bottle media to improve higher order thinking skills (HOTS) of fifth grade students of SD Inpres Suwaan. To improve higher order thinking skills (HOTS) through the use of experimental methods with used bottle media to improve higher order thinking skills (HOTS) of fifth grade students of SD Inpres Suwaan. So far, most elementary school teachers tend to measure their low-order thinking skills (Lots/Lower Order Thinking Skills) and the questions are not contextualized. The questions compiled by the teacher generally measure recall skills. The application of Hots can have an impact on improving student learning outcomes in science learning. The research method used in this study is Classroom Action Research (CAR) which refers to Kemmis and Mc Taggart (in Heris Hendriana & M. Afrilianto, 2017), carried out through 2 cycles and in each cycle consisting of 4 stages, namely: Planning, Implementation , Observation, and Reflection. The results of student achievement through observational data in the learning process to the high-level thinking test questions level C4 to C6 have increased and are complete. The initial data was 59%, the first cycle was 63%, the second cycle was 73%. The application of Hots and experimental methods can improve science learning outcomes in class V at SD Inpres Suwaan.
ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian  ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan metode eksperimen dengan media botol bekas untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) siswa kelas V SD Inpres Suwaan. Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) melalui penggunaan metode eksperimen dengan media botol bekas untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) siswa kelas V SD Inpres Suwaan. Selama ini sebagian besar guru sekolah dasar cenderung  masih mengukur kemampuan berpikir tingkat rendah (Lots/Lower Order Thinking Skills) dan soal-soal yang dibuat tidak kontekstual. Soal-soal yang disusun oleh guru umumnya mengukur keterampilan mengingat (recall). Penerapan Hots dapat memberikan dampak terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa pada pembelajaran IPA. Metode  penelitian  yang digunakan   dalam  penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan  Kelas  (PTK) yang  mengacu  pada  Kemmis  dan  Mc  Taggart  (dalam Heris Hendriana & M. Afrilianto, 2017), dilaksanakan  melalui  2 siklus  dan  dalam  setiap  siklus  terdiri  dari  4  tahap  yaitu: Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan, Pengamatan, dan Refleksi. Hasil capaian siswa melalui data observasi pada proses pembelajaran sampai pada tes soal berpikir tingkat tinggi level C4 sampai C6  mengalami peningkatan dan ketuntasan.  Data awal 59%, siklus I  63%, siklus II 73%. Penerapan Hots dan metode eksperimen dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA di kelas V di SD Inpres Suwaan.
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE DENGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PICTURE AND PICTURE
Authors: LINDA CUT , NASIR MOHD
Published: September 2022

This research is a classroom action research conducted in SMK Negeri 1 Langsa. In this research the researcher take class X Administration of Office (AP)1 as a sampel. This research was conducted in 2 cycles and for each cycle are planning, action , observation and reflection. There are 30 students was taken as research object.The students must reach the score 70, minimal completeness criteria (KKM) . Before research no one of students could achieve KKM. The result of research that show an improvement in students, progress in every cycles, it showed in cycle I only 2 students or (6,67%) passed KKM and 28 students or (93,33%) did not pass KKM.In cycle 2 there were 26 students or 86,67% passed KKM , and 4 students or 33,3% did not pass KKM, the other side the using of picture and picture could influnce in students progres. The progress indicator was if percentage of students which score of learning progress could achieve up 80% so that the research could be said succesfull.
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas yang dilaksanakan di SMK Negeri 1 Langsa. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti mengambil sampel di kelas X Administrasi Perkantoran 1(AP)1. Penelitian ini dilaksasanakan dalam 2 siklus dan tiap-tiap siklus terdiri dari rencana, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Ada 30 siswa yang diambil sebagai objek penelitian. Siswa-siswa harus mencapai nilai 70, kriteria ketuntasan minimal (KKM).Sebelum penelitian, tidak ada siswa yang mencapai KKM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa tiap siklus, hal ini dapat di lihat pada siklus I diperoleh 2 siswa atau 6,67% tuntas, dan masih 28 siswa atau 93,33% tidak tuntas. Pada siklus II diperoleh banyaknya siswa yang tuntas adalah 26 siswa atau 86,67% tuntas, selebihnya 4 siswa atau 33,3% masih belum tuntas, engan kata lain penggunaan picture and picture sangat berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Indikator keberhasilan penelitian ini adalah jika presentase siswa yang nilai hasil belajarnya tuntas mencapai 80% keatas maka penelitian sudah bisa dikatakan berhasil.
Different aerosol effects on the daytime and nocturnal cloud-to-ground lightning in the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Wang Haichao , Tan Yongbo , Shi Zheng , Yang Ning , Zheng Tianxue
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The effect of aerosols on lightning has been involved in many studies, but its mechanisms are complex and far from understood. The relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and aerosols on an hourly time scale in the Sichuan Basin during 2010–2018 was investigated. The effects of aerosols, dynamics-thermodynamics factors (convective available potential energy: CAPE and vertical wind shear: SHEAR) and cloud-related factors (total column cloud liquid water: TCLW and total column cloud ice water: TCIW) on the CG lightning flashes on day and night were analysed. The diurnal variation of CG lightning flashes has two peaks under clean conditions, while only one peak was found in the diurnal variation of ground flash under polluted conditions. In the early morning and night, more CG lightning flashes were found under polluted conditions, but in other periods, the difference in the CG lightning flashes between polluted and clean conditions is insignificant. Similar results were also found in the percentage of positive CG lightning flashes. At night, aerosols are positively correlated with the CG lightning flashes, and the response of CG lightning flashes to CAPE, SHEAR and TCLW is more evident under high aerosol loading. In the afternoon, aerosols have no significant effects on CG lightning and its response to dynamics-thermodynamics and cloud-related factors. This difference seems to be caused by the different impacts of aerosol radiative and microphysical effects in these two periods. In the afternoon, aerosols may directly (indirectly) reduce the solar radiation reaching the ground and suppress convection through aerosol radiative effects (aerosol microphysical effects). Aerosols may also stimulate convection through microphysical effects. In this period, the two opposite effects of aerosols on convection offset each other. At night, without solar radiation, the aerosol microphysical effects may play a dominant role in the entire AOD range to promote convection.
Effects of pH and light exposure on the survival of bacteria and their ability to biodegrade organic compounds in clouds: Implications for microbial activity in acidic cloud water
Authors: Liu Yushuo , Lim Chee Kent , Shen Zhiyong , Lee Patrick K. H. , Nah Theodora
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Recent studies have reported that interactions between live bacteria and organic matter can potentially affect the carbon budget in clouds, which has important atmospheric and climate implications. However, bacteria in clouds are subject to a variety of atmospheric stressors, which can adversely affect their survival and energetic metabolism, and consequently their ability to biodegrade organic compounds. At present, the effects of cloud water pH and solar radiation on bacteria are not well understood. In this study, we investigated how cloud water pH (pH 3 to 6) and exposure to solar radiation impact the survival and energetic metabolism of two Enterobacter bacterial strains that were isolated from an aerosol sample collected in Hong Kong and their ability to biodegrade carboxylic acids. Experiments were conducted using simulated sunlight (wavelength 320 to 700 nm) and microcosms comprised of artificial cloud water that mimicked the pH and chemical composition of cloud water in Hong Kong, South China. Our results showed that the energetic metabolism and survival of both strains depended on the pH. Low survival rates were observed for both strains at pH < 4 regardless whether the strains were exposed to simulated sunlight. At pH 4 to 5, the energetic metabolism and survival of both strains were negatively impacted only when they were exposed to simulated sunlight. Organic compounds such as lipids and peptides were detected during exposure to simulated sunlight at pH 4 to 5. In contrast, there were minimal effects on the energetic metabolism and survival of both strains when they were exposed to simulated sunlight at pH > 5. The biodegradation of carboxylic acids was found to depend on the presence (or absence) of simulated sunlight and the pH of the artificial cloud water medium. Comparisons of the measured biodegradation rates to chemical reaction rates indicated that the concentrations of radical oxidants will also play important roles in dictating whether biodegradation processes can serve as a competitive sink for carboxylic acids in cloud water. Overall, this study provides new insights into how two common atmospheric stressors, cloud water pH and exposure to solar radiation, can influence the survival and energetic metabolism of bacteria, and consequently the roles that they play in cloud processes.
The positive effect of formaldehyde on the photocatalytic renoxification of nitrate on TiO2 particles
Authors: Liu Yuhan , Wang Xuejiao , Shang Jing , Xu Weiwei , Sheng Mengshuang , Ye Chunxiang
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Renoxification is the process of recycling NO3- / HNO3 into
NOx under illumination and is mostly ascribed to the photolysis of
nitrate. TiO2, a typical mineral dust component, is able to play a
photocatalytic role in the renoxification process due to the formation of NO3 radicals; we define this process as “photocatalytic renoxification”.
Formaldehyde (HCHO), the most abundant carbonyl compound in the atmosphere,
may participate in the renoxification of nitrate-doped TiO2 particles.
In this study, we established a 400 L environmental chamber reaction system
capable of controlling 0.8 %–70 % relative humidity at 293 K with the
presence of 1 or 9 ppm HCHO and 4 wt % nitrate-doped TiO2. The
direct photolyses of both nitrate and NO3 radicals were excluded by
adjusting the illumination wavelength so as to explore the effect of HCHO
on the “photocatalytic renoxification”. It was found that NOx
concentrations can reach up to more than 100 ppb for nitrate-doped TiO2
particles, while almost no NOx was generated in the absence of HCHO.
Nitrate type, relative humidity and HCHO concentration were found to
influence NOx release. It was suggested that substantial amounts of
NOx were produced via the NO3-–NO3⚫–HNO3–NOx pathway, where TiO2 worked for converting
“NO3-” to “NO3⚫ ”, that HCHO participated in the
transformation of “NO3⚫ ” to “HNO3” through hydrogen
abstraction, and that “HNO3” photolysis answered for mass NOx release. So,
HCHO played a significant role in this “photocatalytic renoxification”
process. These results were found based on simplified mimics for atmospheric
mineral dust under specific experimental conditions, which might deviate
from the real situation but illustrated the potential of HCHO to
influence nitrate renoxification in the atmosphere. Our proposed reaction
mechanism by which HCHO promotes photocatalytic renoxification is helpful
for deeply understanding atmospheric photochemical processes and
nitrogen cycling and could be considered for better fitting atmospheric
model simulations with field observations in some specific scenarios.
Temporal and altitudinal variability of the spread F observed by the VHF radar over Christmas Island
Authors: de La Cruz Cueva Ricardo Yvan , Rodrigues de Paula Eurico , Cunha Neto Acácio
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The goal of this work is to study the time and altitude
echo characteristics under different solar and seasonality conditions using the VHF radar range–time–intensity (RTI) images. The occurrence of equatorial spread F depends on the existence of conditions that can seed the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and these conditions can change with solar flux, seasonality,
longitude distributions, and day-to-day variability. So, the equatorial
spread F is observed as its time and altitude occurrence. The VHF radar of
Christmas Island (2.0∘ N, 157.4∘ W, 2.9∘ N dip
latitude) has been operational in the equatorial region for some time,
allowing long-term observations. The occurrence of echoes during solar
minimum conditions is observed throughout the night since the post-reversal westward electric field is weaker than the solar maximum and the
possibilities of the vertical plasma drift becoming positive are larger. On the other hand, echoes during solar maximum will be controlled by dynamics near the time of the pre-reversal peak (PRE). Our results indicate that the
peak time occurrence of echoes along this period shows a well-defined
pattern, with echoes distributed as closer to local sunset during solar
maximum and around/closer to midnight during solar minimum conditions; meanwhile, the peak altitude occurrence of echoes shows a slightly regular
pattern with higher-altitude occurrences during solar maxima and lower altitudes during solar minimum conditions.
Quantifying land carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions
Authors: Chimuka V. Rachel , Nzotungicimpaye Claude-Michel , Zickfeld Kirsten
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Land and ocean carbon sinks play a major role in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. However, their future efficiency depends on feedbacks in response to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate, namely the concentration-carbon and climate-carbon feedbacks. Since carbon dioxide removal is a key mitigation measure in emission scenarios consistent with global temperature goals in the Paris agreement, understanding carbon cycle feedbacks under negative CO2 emissions is essential. This study investigates land carbon cycle feedbacks under positive and negative CO2 emissions using an Earth system model driven with idealized scenarios of atmospheric CO2 increase and decrease, run in three modes. Our results show that the magnitude of carbon cycle feedbacks differs between the atmospheric CO2 ramp-up (positive emissions) and ramp-down (negative emissions) phases. These differences are likely largely due to climate system inertia: the response in the ramp-down phase represents the response to both the prior positive emissions and negative emissions. To isolate carbon cycle feedbacks under negative emissions and quantify these feedbacks more accurately, we propose a novel approach that uses zero emissions simulations to reduce this inertia. We find that the magnitudes of the concentration-carbon and climate-carbon feedbacks under negative emissions are larger in our novel approach than in the standard approach. This has two implications: using feedback parameters from the standard approach will (1) underestimate carbon release under negative emissions due to the concentration-carbon feedback, and (2) underestimate carbon gain due to the climate-carbon feedback. Given that the concentration-carbon feedback is the dominant feedback, quantifying carbon cycle feedbacks with the standard approach will result in the underestimation of carbon loss under negative emissions, thereby overestimating the effectiveness of negative emissions in drawing down CO2.
Global agricultural ammonia emissions simulated with the ORCHIDEE land surface model
Authors: Beaudor Maureen , Vuichard Nicolas , Lathière Juliette , Evangeliou Nikolaos , Van Damme Martin , Clarisse Lieven , Hauglustaine Didier
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is an important atmospheric constituent. It plays a role in air quality and climate through the formation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles. It has also an impact on ecosystems through deposition processes. About 85 % of NH3 global anthropogenic emissions are related to food and feed production and, in particular, to the use of mineral fertilizers and manure management. Most global chemistry transport models rely on bottom-up emission inventories subject to significant uncertainties. In this study, we estimate emissions from livestock by developing a new module to calculate ammonia emissions coming from the whole agricultural sector (from housing and storage to grazing and fertilizer applications) within the global land surface model ORCHIDEE. We detail the approach used for quantifying livestock feeding management, manure applications, and indoor and soil emissions and evaluate the model performance. Our results reflect China, India, Africa, Latin America, the USA, and Europe as the main contributors to the global NH3 emissions accounting for 80 % of the total budget. The global calculated emissions reach 44 Tg/yr over the 2005–2015 period, which is within the range estimated by previous work. Key parameters (pH of the manure, timing of the N application, atmospheric NH3 surface concentration, etc...) which drive the soil emissions have also been tested in order to assess the sensibility of our model. Manure pH is the parameter to which modeled emissions are the most sensitive with a 10 % change in emissions per % change in pH. Even though we found an under-estimation in our emissions over Europe (−26 %) and an over-estimation in the USA (+56 %) compared to previous work, other hot-spot regions are consistent. The calculated emissions seasonality is in very good agreement with satellite-based emissions. These encouraging results prove the potential of coupling ORCHIDEE land-based emissions to CTMs, which are currently forced by bottom-up anthropogenic-centered inventories such as CEDS.
Solar wind magnetic holes can cross the bow shock and enter the magnetosheath
Authors: Karlsson Tomas , Trollvik Henriette , Raptis Savvas , Nilsson Hans , Madanian Hadi
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Solar wind magnetic holes are localized depressions of the magnetic field strength, on time scales of seconds to minutes. We use Cluster multipoint measurements to identify 26 magnetic holes which are observed just upstream of the bow shock and, a short time later, downstream in the magnetosheath, thus showing that they can penetrate the bow shock and enter the magnetosheath. For two magnetic holes we show that the relation between upstream and downstream properties of the magnetic holes are well described by the MHD Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions. We also present a small statistical investigation of the correlation between upstream and downstream observations of some properties of the magnetic holes. The temporal scale size, and magnetic field rotation across the magnetic holes are very similar for the upstream and downstream observations, while the depth of the magnetic holes varies more. The results are consistent with the interpretation that magnetic holes in Earth's and Mercury's magnetosheath are of solar wind origin, as has previously been suggested. Since the solar wind magnetic holes can enter the magnetosheath, they may also interact with the magnetopause, representing a new type of localised solar wind-magnetosphere interaction.
IT-SNOW: a snow reanalysis for Italy blending modeling, in-situ data, and satellite observations (2010–2021)
Authors: Avanzi Francesco , Gabellani Simone , Delogu Fabio , Silvestro Francesco , Pignone Flavio , Bruno Giulia , Pulvirenti Luca , Squicciarino Giuseppe , Fiori Elisabetta , Rossi Lauro , Puca Silvia , Toniazzo Alexander , Giordano Pietro , Falzacappa Marco , Ratto Sara , Stevenin Hervè , Cardillo Antonio , Fioletti Matteo , Cazzuli Orietta , Cremonese Edoardo , Morra di Cella Umberto , Ferraris Luca
Published: September 2022

Abstract. We present IT-SNOW, a serially complete and multi-year snow reanalysis for Italy (300k+ km2) covering a transitional continental-to-Mediterranean region where snow plays an important, but still poorly constrained societal and ecological role. IT-SNOW provides ∼500-m, daily maps of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), snow depth, bulk-snow density, and liquid water content for the period 01/09/2010–31/08/2021, with future updates envisaged on a regular basis. As the output of an operational chain employed in real-world civil-protection applications (S3M Italy), IT-SNOW ingests input data from thousands of automatic weather stations, snow-covered-area maps from Sentinel 2, MODIS, and H-SAF products, and maps of snow depth from the spazialization of 350+ on-the-ground snow-depth sensors. Validation using Sentinel-1-based maps of snow depth and a variety of independent, in-situ snow data from three focus regions (Aosta Valley, Lombardia, and Molise) shows little to none mean bias compared to the former, and Root Mean Square Errors on the order of 30 to 60 cm and 90 to 300 mm for in-situ, measured snow depth and Snow Water Equivalent, respectively. Estimates of peak SWE by IT-SNOW are also well correlated with annual streamflow at the closure section of 102 basins across Italy (0.87), with ratios between peak SWE and annual streamflow that are in line with expectations for this mixed rain-snow region (22 % on average). Examples of use allowed us to estimate 13.70 ± 4.9 Gm3 of SWE across the Italian landscape at peak accumulation, which on average occurs on the 4th of March. Nearly 52 % of mean seasonal SWE is accumulated across the Po river basin, followed by the Adige river (23 %), and central Apennines (5 %). IT-SNOW is freely available with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7034956 (Avanzi et al., 2022b) and can contribute to better constraining the role of snow for seasonal to annual water resources – a crucial endevor in a warming and drier climate.
Characterizing uncertainties of Earth system modeling with heterogeneous many-core architecture computing
Authors: Yu Yangyang , Zhang Shaoqing , Fu Haohuan , Wu Lixin , Chen Dexun , Gao Yang , Wei Zhiqiang , Jia Dongning , Lin Xiaopei
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The physical and heat limits of semiconductor technology
require the adaptation of heterogeneous architectures in supercomputers,
such as graphics processing units (GPUs) with many-core accelerators and
many-core processors with management and computing cores, to maintain a
continuous increase in computing performance. The transition from
homogeneous multi-core architectures to heterogeneous many-core
architectures can produce non-bit-for-bit reproducibility that leads to
numerical perturbations and uncertainties in simulation results, which could
blend with errors due to coding bugs. The development of a methodology to
identify computational perturbations and secure model correctness is
a critically important step in model development on computer systems with
new architectures. Thus, we have developed a methodology to characterize the
uncertainties in the heterogeneous many-core computing environment. This methodology
contains a simple multi-column atmospheric model consisting of typical
discontinuous physical parameterizations defined by the selection
programming structure, an efficient ensemble-based test approach, and an
application to the GPU-based high-performance computing (HPC) and Sunway
systems. Statistical distributions from ensembles of the heterogeneous
systems show quantitative analyses of computational perturbations and
acceptable error tolerances. The methodology aims to enable one to fully
distinguish between perturbations caused by platforms and discrepancies
caused by software bugs, and it provides encouraging references for verifying
the reliability of supercomputing platforms and discussing the sensibility
of Earth system modeling to the adaptation of new heterogeneous many-core
architectures.