bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase (PYCR1) acts on Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate generating L‐pipecolic acid
Authors: Struys Eduard A. , Jansen Erwin E. W. , Salomons Gajja S.
Published: January 2014

We have conducted biochemical studies with commercial available pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate (P5C) reductase (PYCR1) to investigate whether this enzyme plays a role in L‐lysine degradation. Our recent studies with antiquitin/ALDH7A1 deficient fibroblasts revealed an alternative genesis of L‐pipecolic acid, and we then hypothesized that PYCR1 was responsible for the conversion of Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate (P6C) into pipecolic acid. We here present evidence that PYCR1 is indeed able to produce L‐pipecolic acid from P6C preparations, and the observed Km for this conversion is of the same magnitude as the Km described for the conversion of P5C to L‐proline by PYCR1. Urine samples from antiquitin deficient individuals, who accumulate P6C, were also incubated with PYCR1 which resulted in a marked decrease of P6C and a huge increase of L‐pipecolic acid as measured by LC‐MS/MS, confirming that indeed PYCR1 generates L‐pipecolic acid from P6C.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CHOICE OF TEST FOR FINDING EVIDENCE OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
Authors: Donnelly Catherine , Englund Martin , Nielsen Jens Perch
Published: January 2014

We put one of the predictions of adverse-selection models to the test, using data from the Danish automobile insurance market: that there is a positive correlation between claims risk and insurance coverage. We can find a statistically significant insurance coverage--risk correlation when coverage is expressed relative to the insurance premium, but not when it is expressed in monetary terms.
Authenticity and the Limits of Philosophy
Authors: BIALYSTOK LAUREN
Published: January 2014

Almost everyone has had an intuitive experience of authenticity that seems to reveal a glimmer of one’s true identity. Yet by positing the existence of a ‘true self,’ authenticity introduces metaphysical challenges that resist systematic solutions. I argue that authenticity properly analyzed demands an essentialist structure that strains to be applied to personal identity. I then assess the three most influential types of accounts in modern philosophical discussions against this framework: Romanticism and autonomy; late existentialism; and virtue conceptions of authenticity. This analysis casts doubt on the possibility of generating a complete philosophical account of authenticity.
Spirit as field of force
Authors: Whapham Theodore James
Published: January 2014

It is a familiar refrain in various theological conversations that pneumatology has been woefully underdeveloped in Western theology since the time of Augustine. However, some theologians are working to correct this situation and to develop new ways of understanding the person of the Holy Spirit in ways which are faithful to traditional theological sources. Wolfhart Pannenberg is one such theologian. One way in which he seeks to revitalise contemporary pneumatology is by appealing to field theory as it has been developed in modern physics. Pannenberg justifies such a move by investigating the etymological and philosophical roots of both field theory and pneumatology in the Stoic understanding of the doctrine of the πνεῦμα as the field of all material existence. While the Stoic notion of field was rejected by the apologists as a way of understanding, because of its inherent materialism, this possibility has been reopened by modern physicists who have developed field theories as a way of understanding the animating and binding qualities of nature which are devoid of materialism. Pannenberg takes up this language in a distinctive way to describe the unity of the Godhead in order to avoid modalism and to undo emphasis on rationality which has been the central feature of much of modern Western pneumatology. He also draws upon field theory to understand the activity of the Spirit in creation as its animating and unitive property, while preserving the freedom and individuality of creaturely existence. The author argues that this distinctive feature of Pannenberg's use of field theory in pneumatology has laid the ground work for a renewed understanding of the role of the Spirit in creation and a new avenue of conversation between theology and the natural sciences. In particular, field theory should be seen as an important way of understanding the loving relations between persons which is grounded in a mutual self-giving which respects the individual, in contrast to those who ground love primarily in compassionate suffering.
Lex orandi, lex credendi: worship and doctrine in Revelation 4–5
Authors: King Fergus
Published: January 2014

A number of New Testament scholars, including John O'Neill and Larry Hurtado, have drawn attention to the prospects which worship texts in the writings of the New Testament offer in revealing the way in which the first Christians thought of Jesus. Whilst the impossibility of separating the Jesus of history from the Christ of faith has contributed to this development and has also been a central impulse in the so-called Third Quest, the ancient principle oflex orandi, lex credendi, coined by Prosper of Aquitaine, gives a further theological foundation for such explorations. However, its later distortion, particularly in the aftermath of the Reformation, has privileged doctrine (credendi) over experience (orandi), and diminished the reciprocity between the two demanded by the classical formulation.

Revelation 4–5 are explored as two texts which are rooted in experience, both of Christian liturgy and themerkavahtraditions which drew on the heavenly visions of prophets like Ezekiel and Isaiah. Viewed from this perspective, the visions make claims about the divinity of the Lamb and the propriety of its worship on the basis of religious experience, embodied in authoritative claims for both ‘altered states of consciousness’ and literary tropes. They give pictorial descriptions and visions which should stand as authoritative theological claims in their own right.

However, modern New Testament scholarship, following post-Reformation patterns, attempts to explain these visions in more technical and abstract theological terms such as binitarian or trinitarian. This, it is suggested, is undesirable because of the danger of importing anachronisms, with their attendant theological bag and baggage, of making overly bold claims for our knowledge of the individuals, communities and/or circumstances which produced these texts (given both the oscillation of New Testament writers between binitarian and trinitarian tendencies, and a degree of confusion caused by the role of the Spirit in related discourse), and of shifting the locus of meaning from the texts themselves to secondary explications (a phenomenon which appears peculiarly attractive to modern scholarship).

Drawing on Wittgenstein's reflections on the study and analysis of religious experience, it is suggested that it may be wiser to leave the texts to stand in their own right, rather than to be interpreted via theological categories which may ultimately say more about the concerns of modern scholars than the producers of the texts.
Counting imaginary quadratic points via universal torsors, II
Authors: DERENTHAL ULRICH , FREI CHRISTOPHER
Published: January 2014

We prove Manin's conjecture for four singular quartic del Pezzo surfaces over imaginary quadratic number fields, using the universal torsor method.
Barriers to the adoption of ICT in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in US universities
Authors: Lin Chun-Yu , Huang Chung-Kai , Chen Chang-Hua
Published: January 2014

This study aims to investigate barriers to the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) in US universities. Although the development of ICT for teaching is growing, few published studies address ICT specifically regarding CFL teaching. Therefore, this study has reviewed the existing ICT literature's treatment of important ICT-related matters, including barrier factors, and has examined them in the context of CFL teaching. The current study features a mixed method, consisting of a survey and semi-structured interviews. Of the 47 CFL teachers who participated in the study, five volunteered for in-depth interviews. According to our findings, the most critical barriers to these CFL teachers’ adoption of ICT were insufficient support and insufficient time for developing technology-driven pedagogy and activities. These issues are reflected in CFL teachers’ unique subject expertise and workloads in existing universities’ curricula and approaches to instruction. In addition, age influences CFL teachers’ confidence in their use of ICT for the preparation of subject material and for teaching, whereas gender influences their willingness to spend time working on ICT.
Effects of different oocyte retrieval andin vitromaturation systems on bovine embryo development and quality
Authors: Bernal Sandra Milena , Heinzmann Julia , Herrmann Doris , Timmermann Bernd , Baulain Ulrich , Großfeld Rudolf , Diederich Mike , Lucas-Hahn Andrea , Niemann Heiner
Published: January 2014

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modulators have been used to avoid spontaneous oocyte maturation and concomitantly improve oocyte developmental competence. The current work evaluated the effects of the addition of cAMP modulators forskolin, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and cilostamide duringin vitromaturation on the quality and yields of blastocysts. The following experimental groups were evaluated: (i) slicing or (ii) aspiration and maturation in tissue culture medium (TCM)199 for 24 h (TCM24slicing and TCM24aspiration, respectively), (iii) aspiration and maturation in the presence of cAMP modulators for 30 h (cAMP30aspiration) andin vivo-produced blastocysts.In vitro-matured oocytes were fertilized and presumptive zygotes were culturedin vitroto assess embryo development. Cleavage, blastocyst formation, blastocyst cell number, mRNA abundance of selected genes and global methylation profiles were evaluated. Blastocyst rate/zygotes for the TCM24aspiration protocol was improved (32.2 ± 2.1%) compared with TCM24slicing and cAMP30aspiration (23.4 ± 1.2% and 23.3 ± 2.0%, respectively,P<0.05). No statistical differences were found for blastocyst cell numbers. The mRNA expression for theEGR1gene was down-regulated eight-fold in blastocysts that had been producedin vitrocompared with theirin vivocounterparts. Gene expression profiles forIGF2R,SLC2A8,COX2,DNMT3BandPCK2did not differ among experimental groups. Bovine testis satellite I andBos taurusalpha satellite methylation profiles from cAMP30aspiration protocol-derived blastocysts were similar to patterns that were observed in theirin vivoequivalents (P> 0.05), while those from the other groups were significantly elevated. It is concluded that retrieval, collection systems and addition of cAMP modulators can affect oocyte developmental competence, which is reflected not only in blastocyst rates but also in global DNA methylation and gene expression patterns.
Diagnosis According to Time of Arrival at “The Great New York State Fair”
Authors: Nacca Katherine , Scott Jay , Grant William
Published: January 2014

Objective

To study the diagnoses of patients presenting to a medical facility within a mass-gathering public event, “The Great New York State Fair” (NYSF) based on chief complaints, diagnoses, and time of arrival. The goal of the study was to assess the need for increased staffing, services, or supplies during certain times of day for an event that gathers approximately 1 million patrons over a 12-day span. Patrons occupy the grounds between the hours of 10 am and 11 pm, while workers and staff are on the grounds around the clock.

Method

Triage data gathered by trained medical students was collected from all of the patients seen during the 2009 NYSF from 12 am to 11:59 pm. Triage information was categorized based on the nature of complaint, physician impression, and time of arrival to assess for trends in the distribution of common chief complaints and diagnoses at a mass-gathering medical care facility.

Results

The early hours of the NYSF were occupied mostly with treatment of minor first aid complaints, while later hours were occupied more commonly by orthopedic complaints. Insect stings were the most frequent complaint throughout the day.

Conclusion

Daytime and evening hours at the fair have a significant number of orthopedic diagnoses and may benefit from specific staff and equipment sufficient to handle these complaints. Stings and minor first aid injuries are also significant and may benefit from adequate stocking of the infirmary for such events. Major medical complaints, including cardiac and neurological complaints, did occur but were a minor part of the total patient population.

NaccaK, ScottJ, GrantW. Diagnosis according to time of arrival at “The Great New York State Fair.”Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-3.
Genetic and Environmental Etiologies of Adolescent Dysfunctional Attitudes: A Twin Study
Authors: Chen Jie , Li Xinying
Published: January 2014

Despite the importance of dysfunctional attitudes in the development and maintenance of depression, little is known about the etiological origin of dysfunctional attitudes. The Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale for Children was administered to 674 adolescent twins derived from the Beijing Twin Study (BeTwiSt). Four hundred and thirty-nine monozygotic and 235 same-gender dizygotic twin pairs were included. Approximately 54% were females. The age range of the twins was 11–17 years. Model-fitting analyses were conducted. Biometric genetic model-fitting estimates indicated that additive genetic factors accounted for 31% (95% CI: 11%, 45%) of variance in adolescent dysfunctional attitude. The influence of shared environmental factors was small and negligible (9% [95% CI: 0%, 27%]). Non-shared environmental factors explained 60% (95% CI: 55%, 66%) of variance. Equating the estimate parameters across gender or age groups resulted in a non-significant difference of model fit, but there were trends suggesting higher heritability in females and older adolescents. Our results provide evidence for moderate heritability of dysfunctional attitudes in adolescents. Dysfunctional attitudes can be used as an endophenotype to identify risk genes for depression.
Gestational Weight Gain and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Term Twin Pregnancies in Obese Women
Authors: Gavard Jeffrey A. , Artal Raul
Published: January 2014

Limited data is available that estimates the effect of gestational weight gain on maternal and neonatal outcomes in term twin pregnancies in obese women. A historical cohort study of 831 obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2) women in Missouri delivering 1,662 liveborn, term (≥37 weeks gestation) twin infants in 1998–2005 was conducted. Three gestational weight gain categories were examined: <25 pounds, 25–42 pounds, and >42 pounds. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated with multiple logistic regression, using the 2009 Institute of Medicine provisional guideline of 25–42 pounds as the reference group. Significant increasing trends with gestational weight gain were found for preeclampsia (p < .05), larger twin birth weight (p < .01), smaller twin birth weight (p < .001), and infants weighing >2,500 grams (p < .001). Significant increasing trends for preeclampsia and for cesarean delivery were found in concordant twin pairs (smaller twin >80% of birth weight of larger twin). Women who gained >42 pounds had a borderline significantly higher odds of preeclampsia than women who gained 25–42 pounds (adjusted OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.00–2.99, p = .052). No significant differences were found for 1-min Apgar score <4, 5-min Apgar score <7, or infant mortality ≤1 year. Our study suggests that increasing gestational weight gain is associated with larger infants but increased risk of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery in term twin pregnancies in obese women. Limiting gestational weight gain could reduce the risk of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery. Prospective studies of other study populations and maternal/infant outcomes are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the Institute of Medicine guideline.
Clot Injection Technique Affects Thrombolytic Efficacy in a Rat Embolic Stroke Model: Implications for Translaboratory Collaborations
Authors: Marinescu Marilena , Bouley James , Chueh Juyu , Fisher Marc , Henninger Nils
Published: January 2014

Current recommendations encourage the use of embolic stroke (ES) models and replication of results across laboratories in preclinical research. Since such endeavors employ different surgeons, we sought to ascertain the impact of injection technique on outcome and response to thrombolysis in an ES model. Embolic stroke was induced in Male Wistar Kyoto rats ( n=166) by a fast or a slow clot injection (CI) technique. Saline or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was given at 1 hour after stroke. Flow rate curves were assessed in 24 animals. Cerebral perfusion was assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry. Edema corrected infarct volume, hemispheric swelling, hemorrhagic transformation, and neurologic outcome were assessed at 24 hours after stroke. Clot burden was estimated in a subset of animals ( n=40). Slow CI resulted in significantly smaller infarct volumes ( P=0.024) and better neurologic outcomes ( P=0.01) compared with fast CI at 24 hours. Unexpectedly, rtPA treatment attenuated infarct size in fast ( P<0.001) but not in slow CI experiments ( P=0.382), possibly related to reperfusion injury as indicated by greater hemorrhagic transformation ( P<0.001) and hemispheric swelling ( P<0.05). Outcome and response to thrombolysis after ES are operator dependent, which needs to be considered when comparing results obtained from different laboratories.
A General Network Pharmacodynamic Model–Based Design Pipeline for Customized Cancer Therapy Applied to the VEGFR Pathway
Authors: Zhang X‐Y , Birtwistle MR , Gallo JM
Published: January 2014

A unified approach to optimize multidrug chemotherapy using a pharmacokinetic (PK)/enhanced pharmacodynamic model was developed using the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling system. The base VEGFR network model, characterized by ligand–receptor interactions, enzyme recruitment (Grb2‐Sos, phospholipase C γ (PLCγ), and phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)), and downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase and Akt cascade activation, was linked to a sunitinib (VEGFR inhibitor) PK model and underwent Sobol sensitivity analysis that revealed potential sunitinib‐enhancing mechanisms. Drugs targeting these mechanisms (a VEGF inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a PLCγ inhibitor, and a mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor) and sunitinib were input to optimization‐based control analyses to design multidrug regimens that maintained 80% pERK and pAkt inhibition for 28 days while minimizing drug dose. The resultant combination regimens contained both continuous and discontinuous schedules, mostly at low doses, and were altered by oncogenic mutations. This pipeline of computational analyses demonstrates how model‐based methods can capture the complexities of drug action, tailor cancer chemotherapy, and empower personalized medicine.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e92; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.65; published online 15 January 2014
Hard X-ray-induced optical luminescence via biomolecule-directed metal clusters
Authors: Osakada Yasuko , Pratx Guillem , Sun Conroy , Sakamoto Masanori , Ahmad Moiz , Volotskova Olga , Ong Qunxiang , Teranishi Toshiharu , Harada Yoshie , Xing Lei , Cui Bianxiao
Published: January 2014

Biomolecule-directed metal clusters are applicable in the study of hard X-ray excited optical luminescence, promising a new direction in X-ray-imaging.
Iridium-catalyzed selective α-methylation of ketones with methanol
Authors: Ogawa Shinji , Obora Yasushi
Published: January 2014

Iridium-catalyzed selective α-dimethylation and α-methylation of ketones or phenylacetonitriles, using methanol as the methylating agent, were achieved.
Propargylic cation-induced intermolecular electrophilic addition–semipinacol rearrangement
Authors: Shao Hui , Zhang Xiao-Ming , Wang Shao-Hua , Zhang Fu-Min , Tu Yong-Qiang , Yang Chao
Published: January 2014

A novel propargylic electrophile-induced tandem intermolecular addition–semipinacol rearrangement was developed for the synthesis of a series of synthetically useful β-propargyl spirocyclic ketones. Its synthetic application was demonstrated by efficient construction of the key tricyclic moiety of daphlongamine E.
An increased ratio of serum miR-21 to miR-181a levels is associated with the early pathogenic process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in asymptomatic heavy smokers
Authors: Xie Lihua , Wu Minghua , Lin Hua , Liu Chun , Yang Honghui , Zhan Juan , Sun Shenghua
Published: January 2014

We establish dynamic miRNA expression profiling of COPD animal models and new discoveries of some differentially expressed miRNAs in COPD patients.
A red light-controlled synthetic gene expression switch for plant systems
Authors: Müller Konrad , Siegel David , Rodriguez Jahnke Fernando , Gerrer Katrin , Wend Sabrina , Decker Eva L. , Reski Ralf , Weber Wilfried , Zurbriggen Matias D.
Published: January 2014

The gene switch can be induced to high expression levels in red light and is inactive in far-red-supplemented white light.
Effects of hydrogen and water on the activity and selectivity of acetic acid hydrogenation on ruthenium
Authors: Olcay Hakan , Xu Ye , Huber George W.
Published: January 2014

Kinetic flow reactor experiments and DFT-based microkinetic analysis show that hydrogen pressure plays a dominant role in ethanol selectivity in acetic acid hydrogenation on a Ru/C catalyst.
Kernel sparse tracking with compressive sensing
Authors: Yan Qingsen , Li Linsheng
Published: January 2014

Online tracking is a challenging task to develop effective and efficient models to account for appearance change. However, most tracking algorithms only consider the holistic or local information and do not make full use of the appearance information. In this study, a novel tracking algorithm with sparse representation is proposed and the online classifier is learned to discriminate the target from the background. To reduce visual drift problem which is encountered in object tracking, a two‐stage sparse representation method is proposed. The holistic information is used to estimate the initial tracking position, and the local information is used to determine the final tracking position. To improve the performance of the classifier and robustness of the algorithm, the kernel function is applied on the sparse representation. Moreover, the dimension of the target is reduced via compressive sensing. Besides, a simple and effective method for dictionary update is proposed. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations on challenging image sequences demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs favourably against several state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.
Locally adaptive combining colour and depth for human body contour tracking using level set method
Authors: Xu Yuhua , Ye Mao , Tian Zunhua , Zhang Xiaohu
Published: January 2014

In this study, the authors present a novel human body contour tracking method which adaptively combines colour and depth cues of RGB‐D images in level set framework. The authors model the body object by active contour. When the body object is far away from the background objects, it is relatively easy to separate the object from the background using the depth cue. In this case, the depth cue should dominate the evolution of the active contour. When some part of the body is very close to the background objects, the discriminability of the depth decreases rapidly. In this local region the colour cue should dominate the evolution, whereas the depth cue should still play an important role in other regions. To achieve these objectives, the authors propose to use a superpixel‐based locally adaptive weight map to determine the importance of the depth cue. Moreover, to obtain more accurate contours and to avoid error drifting, based on the two novel properties of the human body surface in the depth images, the authors propose two simple but effective algorithms to refine the tracking results of the level set method. The promising results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
New adaptive digital relaying scheme to tackle recloser–fuse miscoordination during distributed generation interconnections
Authors: Shah Pragnesh H. , Bhalja Bhavesh R.
Published: January 2014

Nuisance fuse blowing because of miscoordination between fuse and recloser in power distribution network is very critical issue particularly when distributed generations (DGs) are incorporated. This study presents a new adaptive digital relaying scheme for power distribution network containing DG, which circumvents miscoordination between recloser and fuse. It is based on calculation of the ratio of feeder current and recloser current. With the help of this philosophy, the proposed scheme automatically modifies the time dial setting of the relay and hence enhances margin between fuse and recloser in order to avoid miscoordination between fuse and recloser. The proposed scheme has been extensively tested for various types of faults in radial distribution network containing DG. Fault data are generated by modelling an existing part of 11 kV Indian power distribution network using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. Furthermore, the impact of different DG capacities on the margin (coordination) between fuse and recloser are also analysed. It has been observed that the proposed scheme maintains proper coordination between fuse and recloser for all types of fault. Moreover, it also provides satisfactory operation during high resistance single line‐to‐ground faults.
Global sensitivity analysis techniques to simplify the calibration of traffic simulation models. Methodology and application to the IDM car‐following model
Authors: Ciuffo Biagio , Punzo Vincenzo , Montanino Marcello
Published: January 2014

As models are simplifications of reality, the management of the uncertainty arising along the whole modelling process is a crucial and delicate operation, which primarily affects the credibility of model results. In the field of traffic simulation to tackle this issue, it is common practice to include the model uncertainty alongside the uncertainty in the parametric inputs. However, reducing the uncertainty in the modelling process through the indirect estimation of the model parameters is far from being simple. In this picture, a key role can be played by model sensitivity analysis. In the present work, in particular, the role of sensitivity analysis in the management of modelling uncertainties is firstly illustrated. Then, one of the most advanced techniques to perform sensitivity analysis is explained and applied to identify, in the specific context of application, which of the input factors of two car‐following models can be fixed without appreciably affecting a specific output of interest. Results confirmed the relevance of sensitivity analysis in driving analysts’ activities for models’ comprehension, calibration and validation, namely, for their appropriate use.
Multiple species beam production on laser ion source for electron beam ion source in Brookhaven National Laboratory
Authors: Sekine M. , Ikeda S. , Hayashizaki N. , Kanesue T. , Okamura M.
Published: January 2014

Extracted ion beams from the test laser ion source (LIS) were transported through a test beam transport line which is almost identical to the actual primary beam transport in the current electron beam ion source apparatus. The tested species were C, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ag, Ta, and Au. The all measured beam currents fulfilled the requirements. However, in the case of light mass ions, the recorded emittance shapes have larger aberrations and the RMS values are higher than 0.06 π mm mrad, which is the design goal. Since we have margin to enhance the beam current, if we then allow some beam losses at the injection point, the number of the single charged ions within the acceptance can be supplied. For heaver ions like Ag, Ta, and Au, the LIS showed very good performance.
Quantum driven dissipative parametric oscillator in a blackbody radiation field
Authors: Pachón Leonardo A. , Brumer Paul
Published: January 2014

We consider the general open system problem of a charged quantum oscillator confined in a harmonic trap, whose frequency can be arbitrarily modulated in time, that interacts with both an incoherent quantized (blackbody) radiation field and with an arbitrary coherent laser field. We assume that the oscillator is initially in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, a non-factorized initial density matrix of the system and the environment, and that at t = 0 the modulation of the frequency, the coupling to the incoherent and the coherent radiation are switched on. The subsequent dynamics, induced by the presence of the blackbody radiation, the laser field, and the frequency modulation, is studied in the framework of the influence functional approach. This approach allows incorporating, in analytic closed formulae, the non-Markovian character of the oscillator-environment interaction at any temperature as well the non-Markovian character of the blackbody radiation and its zero-point fluctuations. Expressions for the time evolution of the covariance matrix elements of the quantum fluctuations and the reduced density-operator are obtained.
Influence of the defects on magnetic properties of glass-coated microwires
Authors: Zhukov A. , Shuvaeva E. , Kaloshkin S. , Churyukanova M. , Kostitcyna E. , Sudarchikova V. , Talaat A. , Ipatov M. , Zhukova V.
Published: January 2014

We observed different kind of defects, such as gas bubbles, glass coating thickness inhomogeneities, indications of the chemical interaction between the glass shell and the metallic nucleus. We showed that the existence of such bubbles might be the origin of the spontaneous fluctuations of the local nucleation field.
Sample distribution in peak mode isotachophoresis
Authors: Rubin Shimon , Schwartz Ortal , Bercovici Moran
Published: January 2014

We present an analytical study of peak mode isotachophoresis (ITP), and provide closed form solutions for sample distribution and electric field, as well as for leading-, trailing-, and counter-ion concentration profiles. Importantly, the solution we present is valid not only for the case of fully ionized species, but also for systems of weak electrolytes which better represent real buffer systems and for multivalent analytes such as proteins and DNA. The model reveals two major scales which govern the electric field and buffer distributions, and an additional length scale governing analyte distribution. Using well-controlled experiments, and numerical simulations, we verify and validate the model and highlight its key merits as well as its limitations. We demonstrate the use of the model for determining the peak concentration of focused sample based on known buffer and analyte properties, and show it differs significantly from commonly used approximations based on the interface width alone. We further apply our model for studying reactions between multiple species having different effective mobilities yet co-focused at a single ITP interface. We find a closed form expression for an effective-on rate which depends on reactants distributions, and derive the conditions for optimizing such reactions. Interestingly, the model reveals that maximum reaction rate is not necessarily obtained when the concentration profiles of the reacting species perfectly overlap. In addition to the exact solutions, we derive throughout several closed form engineering approximations which are based on elementary functions and are simple to implement, yet maintain the interplay between the important scales. Both the exact and approximate solutions provide insight into sample focusing and can be used to design and optimize ITP-based assays.
Magnetic properties of isotropic and anisotropic SmCo5/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets with a layered structure simulated by micromagnetic theory
Authors: Horikawa R. , Fukunaga H. , Nakano M. , Yanai T.
Published: January 2014

Magnetic properties of anisotropic and isotropic SmCo5/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets with a layered structure were computer-simulated with varying the stacking period, the α-Fe fraction, and temperature. The (BH)max values of approximately 800 and 700 kJ/m3 were achieved for anisotropic magnets at 300 and 473 K, respectively. These values roughly agree with results for SmCo5/α-Fe with a core-shell structure, and the value at 473 K is much higher than that of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe with a layered structure. For isotropic magnets, the largest Hc values were obtained for the stacking periods of approximately 20 and 25 nm at 300 and 473 K, respectively. The achieved (BH)max values were approximately 300 and 250 kJ/m3 at 300 and 473 K, respectively. The behavior of Hc was discussed in terms of the ratio of exchange energy to magnetic anisotropy one.
Evolution of magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect in TmNi1−xCuxAl (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1) compounds
Authors: Mo Zhao-Jun , Shen Jun , Chen Gui-Feng , Yan Li-Qin , Zheng Xinqi , Wu Jian-Feng , Tang Cheng-Chun , sun Ji-Rong , Shen Bao-Gen
Published: January 2014

The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of TmNi1-xCuxAl (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1) compounds have been investigated. With the substitution of Ni by Cu, the Tm-magnetic moment rotates its direction from basal plane to the c-axis and finally becomes canted antiferromagnetism structure with larger projected moments along the c-axis near Tord. Furthermore, large reversible magnetocaloric effects have been observed in TmNi1-xCuxAl compounds around Tord, with no thermal hysteresis and magnetic hysteresis loss. The values of −ΔSMmax and refrigerant capacity are greatly improved when the part of Ni was superseded by Cu. In particular, under the magnetic field change of 2 T, a large −ΔSMmax of TmNi0.7Cu0.3Al (10.7 J/kg K) is almost twice that of TmNiAl (5.5 J/kg K) and 17.2 J/kg K for TmCuAl around 4 K. The present results indicate that TmNi1-xCuxAl (x ≥ 0.3) compounds could be considered as good candidate materials for low-temperature and low-field magnetic refrigerant.
Peace journalism
Authors: Ibrahim Faridah , Mustaffa Normah , Ahmad Fauziah , Peng Kee Chang , Wan Mahmud Wan Amizah
Published: January 2014

The dilemma between war and peace has often created continuous debates among many people even though their countries are not involved in the act of war. What they see on television or read on the Internet and in the newspapers are enough to incite emotions and feelings. Some took to the streets and joined street demonstrators who demonstrate against the act of aggression and war in certain countries. While others, would be glued to the television or the Internet, following minute details on the act of war and silently condemning the perpetrators of war. There are also groups of individuals who are indifferent to what is happening around them. In other words, people react to war news in many ways. Moreover with the potential of the mass media to provide neutral and objective reporting of war and peace, one may ask, how do the media perform in times of conflicts and war. Based on a survey of the Malaysian audience, this paper tries to dwell into how the people of a non-warring country like Malaysia, perceives the act of war. To what extent do they see the role of the media in propagating peace and how do they conceptualise the notion of Peace Journalism.
The synchronic and diachronic status of English light verbs
Authors: Elenbaas Marion
Published: January 2014

This article elucidates the synchronic and diachronic status of English light verbs. In doing so, it contributes to the debate on the status of light verbs cross-linguistically. Synchronically, light verbs appear to straddle the boundary between lexical and functional categories. This has led to the view that light verbs are a diachronic stage on a grammaticalisation cline from full verb to auxiliary. Another view holds that light verbs are historically a dead-end. In this article I will present synchronic and diachronic data that show that the history of English light verbs does not display signs of grammaticalisation. I will argue that English light verbs are synchronic variants of full verbs.
Checkpoint kinase 1 negatively regulates somatic hypermutation
Authors: Frankenberger Samantha , Davari Kathrin , Fischer-Burkart Sabine , Böttcher Katrin , Tomi Nils-Sebastian , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , Jungnickel Berit
Published: January 2014

Immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification by somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells is instrumental for maturation of the humoral immune response, but also bears the risk of excessive or aberrant genetic changes. Thus, introduction of DNA damage by activation-induced cytidine deaminase as well as DNA repair by multiple pathways need to be tightly regulated during the germinal center response to prevent lymphomagenesis. In the present study, we show that DNA damage checkpoint signaling via checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) negatively regulates somatic hypermutation. Chk1 inhibition in human B cell lymphoma lines as well as inactivation of Chk1 alleles by gene targeting in DT40 B cells leads to increased somatic hypermutation. This is apparently due to changes in DNA repair pathways regulated by Chk1, such as a decreased homologous recombination efficiency that also leads to decreased Ig gene conversion in DT40. Our data show that Chk1 signaling plays a crucial role in regulation of Ig diversification and sheds unexpected light on potential origins of aberrant somatic hypermutation in B cell lymphomagenesis.
Mental Health as Moral Virtue
Authors: Irwin Terence H.
Published: January 2014

Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics identify mental health with moral virtue. Are they right? We might be inclined to disagree with him if we believe that mental health is good for the agent, whereas virtues of character are good for other people. These philosophers answer that the mental features of the virtues of character are also features of a person's good. Still, their demands for psychic unity and cohesion might appear to exaggerate reasonable conditions on mental health. In the view of these philosophers, our conception of mental health should make us aware of the aspects of agency that we value. We do not refer to different characteristics when we think of mental health and when we think of moral virtue. The main question is not about whether we choose to confine the expression "mental health" to the minimal condition, but about what makes the minimal condition valuable. It turns out to be difficult to explain why the minimal condition is valuable without also endorsing the moral virtues.
The Philosophical Roots of Karl Jaspers’
Authors: Mundt Christoph
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides an overview of the philosophers who influenced Jaspers when he tackled the conception of General Psychopathology. The introductory remark informs about how the systematic screening of Jaspers' philosophical quotes were gained and evaluated. The first section then deals with the methodological split between the humanities and natural sciences when approaching psychiatric patients. The influence of Dilthey, Weber and other philosophers on Jaspers' emerging position is laid out. The argument of his position that the methodological split is intrinsic to the nature of man is pointed out. The second passage describes Jaspers' polemic critique of Freud and his contrasting high appreciation of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard as those philosophers who were genuine in uncovering unconscious feelings and motives. Furthermore this chapter contains some statements of Jaspers against the establishment of psychoanalysis at Universities. Furthermore his contention is mentioned that the psychotherapeutic relationship is asymmetric and not resting with a hermeneutic process between patient and psychiatrist. The following section mentions Jaspers' critical stance towards and relationship with Heidegger. His judgement on Heidegger's existential philosophy as a closed therefore sterile system is pointed out. The political aspect of their relationship is briefly touched upon. The section on phenomenology reports on Jaspers' critique of Husserl's epoché. Instead of Husserl Hegel and his dialectics gain appreciation in Jaspers' discourse on phenomenology. Jaspers' critical view on the writings of some of the most prominent psychiatrist phenomenologists is discussed. In particular the metaphorical character of phenomenologists' writings is reported with examples. The section on Greek philosophers is briefly mentioned here. They were quoted by Jaspers in a non-systematic use according to reasons of utility. The concluding part deals with Jaspers thoughts about transcendence, i. e. thinking about the "encompassing" beyond existence of the individual person. This part is conceived by Jaspers as out of reach for scientific endeavors.
The Epistemological Value of Depression Memoirs
Authors: Radden Jennifer , Varga Somogy
Published: January 2014

This chapter argues that despite the recent, welcome interest in autobiographical writing about depression, its use for research purposes presents an epistemological challenge because the extent to which these descriptions illuminate the true nature of depressive experiencecannot be discerned. Contextualized within the genre of autobiography as well as the subgenre of illness memoir (or "autopathography"), the depression memoir exhibits ambiguities, it is shown, imposed by the constraints of its genre, and by the nature of autobiographical memory. Sources of ambiguity distinctive to depression memoirs are next introduced, some tied to cultural meanings, others to the status of depressive states as constituted by moods. Finally, some empirical corroboration for these claims is cited, in findings indicating that depression affects autobiographical memory and writing style. The indeterminacy identified here is not a reason to dismiss depression memoirs, it is concluded, so much as to employ caution in drawing inferences from them.
Challenges to the Modernist Identity of Psychiatry
Authors: Bracken Pat , Thomas Philip
Published: January 2014

This chapter argues that the modernist agenda, currently dominant in mainstream psychiatry, serves as a disempowering force for service users. By structuring the world of mental health according to a technological logic, this agenda is usually seen as promoting a liberation from "myths" about mental illness that led to stigma and oppression in the past. However, it is argued that this approach systematically separates mental distress from background contextual issues and sidelines non-technological aspects of mental health such as relationships, values, and meanings. This move privileges the gaze of the expert doctor who is trained to understand distress in terms of psychopathology. But, as this move empowers the doctor, it disempowers the service user. In part this is because the priorities of modernist psychiatry are generally at odds with the interests and concerns of services users, particularly those who see themselves as survivors of the mental health system. The chapter examines the implications of this for the psychiatrist's role in working with survivors towards recovery.
Naturalist Accounts of Mental Disorder
Authors: Kingma Elselijn
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines naturalistic accounts of mental disorder: accounts that define disorder as biological dysfunction. There are three such accounts: an eliminativist account (Szasz); a forward-looking or goal-contribution account (Boorse) and a backward-looking or evolutionary account (Wakefield). I argue first, and contra Szasz, that biological functions can be attributed at a mental level. But our mental architecture might simultaneously support many different ways of attributing function claims, which might undermine a strong naturalism about mental disorder. Second, I argue that Boorse's forward-looking account of disorder as dysfunction is not value-free. Third, I argue that Wakefield's backward-looking account does not accurately map onto our disorder judgments or medical purposes. I conclude that whilst Boorse's forward-looking account of disorder as dysfunction tracks medical usage better than Wakefield's evolutionary account, a truly value-free account of mental disorder cannot be sustained
Boundary Problems
Authors: Church Jennifer
Published: January 2014

Many psychiatric disorders involve problems with the recognition and preservation of personal boundaries. Philosophy can help to clarify what is at stake, both socially and phenomenologically, in drawing such boundaries. In particular, assignments of responsibility and determinations of loss are deeply implicated in the determination of personal boundaries. Understanding these implications can help make sense of the volatile emotions of borderline personality disorder, for example, and it can clarify what is missing from DSM descriptions more generally.
Mental Disorder
Authors: Matthews Eric
Published: January 2014

The aim of this chapter is to argue against the idea that there needs to be a polar opposition between "biological" and "humanistic" psychiatry. The basis for this idea lies in the philosophical tradition-the view that "mind" and "brain" must be conceived either as two separate "substances" or as one and the same. It is argued that this ontological conception of the problem should be replaced with a phenomenological description of what is actually meant by talk of human mental life. In particular, Merleau-Ponty's account of human beings as "body-subjects" enables us to explain some aspects of some mental disorders as manifestations of neurological dysfunction, others as human responses to traumatic situations, and others as both.
Introduction
Authors: Fulford K.W.M. , Davies Martin , Gipps Richard G.T. , Graham George , Sadler John Z. , Stanghellini Giovanni , Thornton Tim
Published: January 2014

Following on from Section IV on summoning concepts, this section of theHandbookpresents theoretically informed descriptions of psychopathologies. The topics of the chapters range from anxiety, depression, and body image disorders, through emotion and affective disorders, to delusion, thought insertion, and the fragmentation of consciousness. These phenomena call, not only for assessment and diagnosis (see Section VI), but also for understanding on the part of both the engaged clinician and the philosophical commentator. They also provide case studies for general philosophical questions about different levels of description and conceptualisation and the relationships between them, and about the contributions to psychological understanding that are made by phenomenology, clinical expert knowledge, and the sciences of the mind.
Anxiety and Phobias
Authors: Glas Gerrit
Published: January 2014

Philosophical issues with respect to anxiety and its pathological variants arise at the border between everyday and clinical understanding of anxiety, between clinical and scientific approaches and between scientific concepts and the philosophical frameworks they refer to. These four ways of understanding can be seen as epistemic levels that point at different aspects and qualities of anxiety. After a brief historical introduction the three interfaces will be discussed. Philosophical questions at the interface between the first two levels (everyday understanding and clinical knowledge) relate to the issue of where to draw the boundary between normal and pathological manifestations of anxiety and of how to balance the medical view with everyday understandings of anxiety. At the interface between clinical and scientific approaches, the question arises whether scientific theories and models are adequate, more particularly, which aspects of the clinical picture can be explained by scientific theories and concepts. The third interface, between scientific concepts and the philosophical frameworks they presuppose, is the origin of debates about what belongs to science and what should be regarded as meta-theoretical or paradigmatic. To what extent does a particular scientific concept stand on its own and to what extent does it borrow from pre-theoretical and/or philosophical views?