bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergism between two amphenicol of antibiotics, florfenicol and thiamphenicol, against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wei C.‐F. , Chang S.‐K. , Shien J.‐H. , Kuo H.‐C. , Chen W.‐Y. , Chou C.‐C.
Published: February 2016

Synergistic effects between the same class of antibiotics are rarely reported. In the current study, two amphenicols, namely florfenicol and thiamphenicol, exhibited both in vitro and in vivo synergism against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from chickens, cattle and pigs. Checkerboard assays on 21 S. aureus isolates showed that in 80 per cent of methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 82 per cent of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates tested, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of florfenicol could be reduced by 75 per cent (1/4 MIC) or more (up to 1/16 MIC) when combined with 1/2 MIC of thiamphenicol to exhibit antimicrobial activity comparable to the respective drugs at original strength (1×MIC). A synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory concentration index ≤0.5 or ≥2‐log10 decrease in colony‐forming unit/ml in time‐kill study) was evident against 30 per cent of MSSA and 45 per cent of MRSA strains tested. A study in mice revealed that the florfenicol/thiamphenicol combination at reduced dosages provided sufficient protection against S. aureus challenge. The possible mechanism warrants further study but likely includes the facilitated uptake of thiamphenicol via florfenicol action, and this facilitation was not limited to amphenicol class. The present study may offer new strategy for combination therapy and provide potential alternatives for effective treatment against S. aureus infections.
Strong decays of heavy tensor mesons in QCD sum rules
Authors: Li Zhen-Yu , Wang Zhi-Gang , Yu Guo-Liang
Published: February 2016

In this paper, the tensor–vector–pseudoscalar (TVP) type of vertices are analyzed with the QCD sum rules (QCDSR) and the local-QCD sum rules (SR) in the leading-order approximation and the hadronic coupling constants [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] together with the corresponding decay widths are then calculated. The results indicate that QCDSR as well as the local-QCDSR give a consistent description. The calculated strong decay widths and decay width ratios are compared with the available experimental and other theoretical values. Finally, the total widths [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are discussed in detail. The results show that these total widths are underestimated, especially for the tensor [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] mesons where the obtained predictions are almost a factor of 2 lower than measured decay widths.
Controlled quantum secure communication protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom
Authors: Wang Lili , Ma Wenping
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we propose a new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Based on the defined local collective unitary operations, the sender’s secret messages can be transmitted directly to the receiver through encoding secret messages on the particles. Only with the help of the third side, the receiver can reconstruct the secret messages. Each single photon in two degrees of freedom can carry two bits of information, so the cost of our protocol is less than others using entangled qubits. Moreover, the security of our QSDC network protocol is discussed comprehensively. It is shown that our new CQSDC protocol cannot only defend the outsider eavesdroppers’ several sorts of attacks but also the inside attacks. Besides, our protocol is feasible since the preparation and the measurement of single photon quantum states in both the polarization and the spatial-mode degrees of freedom are available with current quantum techniques.
Effects of processing parameters on the extrusion by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion with 7A09 aluminium alloy
Authors: Li Feng , Wu Hongbin , Qin Minghan
Published: February 2016

In order to study the effects of processing parameters on the continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion (CVCDE), taking 7A09 aluminium alloy for example, the extrusion speed and forming temperature and the friction factor as key processing parameters are applied to research by finite element (FE) simulation. The research result showed that the extrusion speed had a significant influence on the maximum temperature of the billet, at the same time, both decreasing the friction factor and increasing forming temperature within a certain range were beneficial to reduce extrusion load. Both forming temperature and the extrusion speed were inversely linked to extrusion load, but the friction factor was directly proportional to extrusion load. Forming temperature had a far more important influence on extrusion load by comparison: when forming temperature increased from 380[Formula: see text] to 430[Formula: see text]C, the peak value of extrusion load decreased by 25.6% and the flow uniformity of extruded product got improved. The process window based on both the press limit and surface defects limit was established and the most reasonable forming temperature was 405[Formula: see text]C under this process condition, which provided theoretical basis for formulation process of 7A09 aluminium alloy on the CVCDE extrusion.
Quantum Capacitance of Nanoplates in Magnetic Field
Authors: Lukiyanets B. A. , Matulka D. V.
Published: February 2016

We study the quantum capacitance [Formula: see text] in the objects with completely discrete structure of electron states as a result of both dimensional quantization and applied magnetic field. The capacitance is analyzed in such objects as nanoplates of metal, semiconductor and semimetal. Factors which define the form of the dependence of [Formula: see text] on the position of the Fermi level or potential bias, and magnetic field, are analyzed.
Morphodynamics and facies architecture of streamflow-dominated, sand-rich alluvial fans, Pleistocene Upper Valdarno Basin, Italy
Authors: Ghinassi Massimiliano , Ielpi Alessandro
Published: February 2016

The overwhelming documentation of coarse-grained alluvial fans dominated by mass flow contrasts with the scarce accounts of finer grained, traction-dominated alluvial fans. To fill this gap, we present sedimentological and architectural data from a set of sand-rich, streamflow-dominated Pleistocene fans flanking the eastern Upper Valdarno Basin, Italy. The routing of sand-rich sediment resulted from the fast, intense weathering of the feldspar-rich, carbonate-deprived sandstone bedrock underlying the fan catchments. Although capable of entraining large boulders, high water discharge sustained tractional reworking along the proximal facies belts, hindering mass flow. The medial facies belts have a channelized, braided planform and are dominated by processes hardly distinguishable from those characterizing fluvial environments. Along the distal facies belts, extensive overbank tracts are composed of terminal splays and crevasse lobes, the spatial arrangement of which controlled the evolution of through-going tributary channels connected to the axial basin drainage. This study focused on the sedimentary processes, stratal architecture and morphodynamics of the alluvial fans and considered the effect of bedrock inheritance on their development. The results underline how granulometry and mass flow dominance are not distinctive of alluvial fan sedimentation
per se
and indicate how the critical detection of piedmont, radial palaeomorphology is crucial in the identification of ancient alluvial fans.
Analysis of phosphorylation of the myosin-targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE
Authors: Sutherland Cindy , MacDonald Justin A. , Walsh Michael P.
Published: February 2016

Phosphorylation of the myosin-targeting subunit 1 of myosin light chain phosphatase (MYPT1) plays an important role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction, and several sites of phosphorylation by different protein Ser/Thr kinases have been identified. Furthermore, in some instances, phosphorylation at specific sites affects phosphorylation at neighboring sites, with functional consequences. Characterization of the complex phosphorylation of MYPT1 in tissue samples at rest and in response to contractile and relaxant stimuli is, therefore, challenging. We have exploited Phos-tag SDS-PAGE in combination with Western blotting using antibodies to MYPT1, including phosphospecific antibodies, to separate multiple phosphorylated MYPT1 species and quantify MYPT1 phosphorylation stoichiometry using purified, full-length recombinant MYPT1 phosphorylated by Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). This approach confirmed that phosphorylation of MYPT1 by ROCK occurs at Thr697 and Thr855, PKA phosphorylates these two sites and the neighboring Ser696 and Ser854, and prior phosphorylation at Thr697 and Thr855 by ROCK precludes phosphorylation at Ser696 and Ser854 by PKA. Furthermore, phosphorylation at Thr697 and Thr855 by ROCK exposes two other sites of phosphorylation by PKA. Treatment of Triton-skinned rat caudal arterial smooth muscle strips with the membrane-impermeant phosphatase inhibitor microcystin or treatment of intact tissue with the membrane-permeant phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A induced slow, sustained contractions that correlated with phosphorylation of MYPT1 at 7 to ≥10 sites. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE thus provides a suitable and convenient method for analysis of the complex, multisite MYPT1 phosphorylation events involved in the regulation of myosin light chain phosphatase activity and smooth muscle contraction.
Deletion of Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2 represses colon cancer progress by suppression of Stat3 and CD24
Authors: Yoshida Michihiro , Zhao Luqing , Grigoryan Gevorg , Shim Hyunsuk , He Peijian , Yun C. Chris
Published: February 2016

The Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) family of proteins is scaffolds that orchestrate interaction of receptors and cellular proteins. Previous studies have shown that NHERF1 functions as a tumor suppressor. The goal of this study is to determine whether the loss of NHERF2 alters colorectal cancer (CRC) progress. We found that NHERF2 expression is elevated in advanced-stage CRC. Knockdown of NHERF2 decreased cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in a mouse xenograft tumor model. In addition, deletion of NHERF2 in Apc Min/+ mice resulted in decreased tumor growth in Apc Min/+ mice and increased lifespan. Blocking NHERF2 interaction with a small peptide designed to bind the second PDZ domain of NHERF2 attenuated cancer cell proliferation. Although NHERF2 is known to facilitate the effects of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 (LPA2), transcriptome analysis of xenograft tumors revealed that NHERF2-dependent genes largely differ from LPA2-regulated genes. Activation of β-catenin and ERK1/2 was mitigated in Apc Min/+; Nherf2− /− adenomas. Moreover, Stat3 phosphorylation and CD24 expression levels were suppressed in Apc Min/+; Nherf2− /− adenomas. Consistently, NHERF2 knockdown attenuated Stat3 activation and CD24 expression in colon cancer cells. Interestingly, CD24 was important in the maintenance of Stat3 phosphorylation, whereas NHERF2-dependent increase in CD24 expression was blocked by inhibition of Stat3, suggesting that NHERF2 regulates Stat3 phosphorylation through a positive feedback mechanism between Stat3 and CD24. In summary, this study identifies NHERF2 as a novel oncogenic protein and a potential target for cancer treatment. NHERF2 potentiates the oncogenic effects in part by regulation of Stat3 and CD24.
Janus kinase inhibition prevents cancer- and myocardial infarction-mediated diaphragm muscle weakness in mice
Authors: Smith Ira J. , Roberts Brandon , Beharry Adam , Godinez Guillermo L. , Payan Donald G. , Kinsella Todd M. , Judge Andrew R. , Ferreira Leonardo F.
Published: February 2016

Respiratory dysfunction is prevalent in critically ill patients and can lead to adverse clinical outcomes, including respiratory failure and increased mortality. Respiratory muscles, which normally sustain respiration through inspiratory muscle contractions, become weakened during critical illness, and recent studies suggest that respiratory muscle weakness is related to systemic inflammation. Here, we investigate the pathophysiological role of the inflammatory JAK1/3 signaling pathway in diaphragm weakness in two distinct experimental models of critical illness. In the first experiment, mice received subcutaneous injections of PBS or C26 cancer cells and were fed chow formulated with or without the JAK1/3 inhibitor R548 for 26 days. Diaphragm specific force was significantly reduced in tumor-bearing mice receiving standard chow; however, treatment with the JAK1/3 inhibitor completely prevented diaphragm weakness. Diaphragm cross-sectional area was diminished by ∼25% in tumor-bearing mice but was similar to healthy mice in tumor-bearing animals treated with R548. In the second study, mice received sham surgery or coronary artery ligation, leading to myocardial infarction (MI), and were treated with R548 or vehicle 1 h postsurgery, and once daily for 3 days. Diaphragm specific force was comparable between sham surgery/vehicle, sham surgery/R548 and MI/R548 groups, but significantly decreased in the MI/vehicle group. Markers of oxidative damage and activated caspase-3, mechanisms previously identified to reduce muscle contractility, were not elevated in diaphragm extracts. These experiments implicate JAK1/3 signaling in cancer- and MI-mediated diaphragm weakness in mice, and provide a compelling case for further investigation.
Ca2+removal by the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase influences the contribution of mitochondria to activity-dependent Ca2+dynamics inAplysianeuroendocrine cells
Authors: Groten Christopher J. , Rebane Jonathan T. , Hodgson Heather M. , Chauhan Alamjeet K. , Blohm Gunnar , Magoski Neil S.
Published: February 2016

After Ca2+influx, mitochondria can sequester Ca2+and subsequently release it back into the cytosol. This form of Ca2+-induced Ca2+release (CICR) prolongs Ca2+signaling and can potentially mediate activity-dependent plasticity. As Ca2+is required for its subsequent release, Ca2+removal systems, like the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), could impact CICR. Here we examine such a role for the PMCA in the bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica. CICR is triggered in these neurons during an afterdischarge and is implicated in sustaining membrane excitability and peptide secretion. Somatic Ca2+was measured from fura-PE3-loaded cultured bag cell neurons recorded under whole cell voltage clamp. Voltage-gated Ca2+influx was elicited with a 5-Hz, 1-min train, which mimics the fast phase of the afterdischarge. PMCA inhibition with carboxyeosin or extracellular alkalization augmented the effectiveness of Ca2+influx in eliciting mitochondrial CICR. A Ca2+compartment model recapitulated these findings and indicated that disrupting PMCA-dependent Ca2+removal increases CICR by enhancing mitochondrial Ca2+loading. Indeed, carboxyeosin augmented train-evoked mitochondrial Ca2+uptake. Consistent with their role on Ca2+dynamics, cell labeling revealed that the PMCA and mitochondria overlap with Ca2+entry sites. Finally, PMCA-dependent Ca2+extrusion did not impact endoplasmic reticulum-dependent Ca2+removal or release, despite the organelle residing near Ca2+entry sites. Our results demonstrate that Ca2+removal by the PMCA influences the propensity for stimulus-evoked CICR by adjusting the amount of Ca2+available for mitochondrial Ca2+uptake. This study highlights a mechanism by which the PMCA could impact activity-dependent plasticity in the bag cell neurons.
Nicotine inhibits potassium currents inAplysiabag cell neurons
Authors: White Sean H. , Sturgeon Raymond M. , Magoski Neil S.
Published: February 2016

Acetylcholine and the archetypal cholinergic agonist, nicotine, are typically associated with the opening of ionotropic receptors. In the bag cell neurons, which govern the reproductive behavior of the marine snail, Aplysia californica, there are two cholinergic responses: a relatively large acetylcholine-induced current and a relatively small nicotine-induced current. Both currents are readily apparent at resting membrane potential and result from the opening of distinct ionotropic receptors. We now report a separate current response elicited by applying nicotine to cultured bag cell neurons under whole cell voltage-clamp. This current was ostensibly inward, best resolved at depolarized voltages, presented a noncooperative dose-response with a half-maximal concentration near 1.5 mM, and associated with a decrease in membrane conductance. The unique nicotine-evoked response was not altered by intracellular perfusion with the G protein blocker GDPβS or exposure to classical nicotinic antagonists but was occluded by replacing intracellular K+with Cs+. Consistent with an underlying mechanism of direct inhibition of one or more K+channels, nicotine was found to rapidly reduce the fast-inactivating A-type K+current as well as both components of the delayed-rectifier K+current. Finally, nicotine increased bag cell neuron excitability, which manifested as reduction in spike threshold, greater action potential height and width, and markedly more spiking to continuous depolarizing current injection. In contrast to conventional transient activation of nicotinic ionotropic receptors, block of K+channels could represent a nonstandard means for nicotine to profoundly alter the electrical properties of neurons over prolonged periods of time.
Classification of odorants across layers in locust olfactory pathway
Authors: Sanda Pavel , Kee Tiffany , Gupta Nitin , Stopfer Mark , Bazhenov Maxim
Published: February 2016

Olfactory processing takes place across multiple layers of neurons from the transduction of odorants in the periphery, to odor quality processing, learning, and decision making in higher olfactory structures. In insects, projection neurons (PNs) in the antennal lobe send odor information to the Kenyon cells (KCs) of the mushroom bodies and lateral horn neurons (LHNs). To examine the odor information content in different structures of the insect brain, antennal lobe, mushroom bodies and lateral horn, we designed a model of the olfactory network based on electrophysiological recordings made in vivo in the locust. We found that populations of all types (PNs, LHNs, and KCs) had lower odor classification error rates than individual cells of any given type. This improvement was quantitatively different from that observed using uniform populations of identical neurons compared with spatially structured population of neurons tuned to different odor features. This result, therefore, reflects an emergent network property. Odor classification improved with increasing stimulus duration: for similar odorants, KC and LHN ensembles reached optimal discrimination within the first 300–500 ms of the odor response. Performance improvement with time was much greater for a population of cells than for individual neurons. We conclude that, for PNs, LHNs, and KCs, ensemble responses are always much more informative than single-cell responses, despite the accumulation of noise along with odor information.
Acupuncture for Pain Management in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hu Caiqiong , Zhang Haibo , Wu Wanyin , Yu Weiqing , Li Yong , Bai Jianping , Luo Baohua , Li Shuping
Published: February 2016

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for cancer‐related pain. Methods. A systematic review of literatures published from database inception to February 2015 was conducted in eight databases. RCTs involving acupuncture for treatment of cancer‐related pain were identified. Two researchers independently performed article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment of data. Results. 1,639 participants in twenty RCTs were analyzed. All selected RCTs were associated with high risk of bias. Meta‐analysis indicated that acupuncture alone did not have superior pain‐relieving effects as compared with conventional drug therapy. However, as compared with the drug therapy alone, acupuncture plus drug therapy resulted in increased pain remission rate, shorter onset time of pain relief, longer pain‐free duration, and better quality of life without serious adverse effects. However, GRADE analysis revealed that the quality of all outcomes about acupuncture plus drug therapy was very low. Conclusions. Acupuncture plus drug therapy is more effective than conventional drug therapy alone for cancer‐related pain. However, multicenter high‐quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to provide stronger evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture in cancer‐related pain due to the low data quality of the studies included in the current meta‐analysis.
Performance Trade-Offs for Wavelength Striping Optical Switching Using a Novel Star Architecture
Authors: Rodriguez-Colina Enrique , Pascoe-Chalke Michael , Lopez-Guerrero Miguel
Published: February 2016

This work describes various performance trade-offs that arise from the use of a technique for optical switching under various network topologies. Such switching operation can be summarized as follows: (a) user data are divided into fixed-length fragments, (b) each fragment is assigned to a different wavelength, and (c) all wavelengths are simultaneously switched to the egress links. This concept of dividing user data into several wavelengths to be simultaneously switched is called wavelength striping and its purpose is to reduce latency and increase throughput for short distance interconnects. We depart from previous work where a building block implementing this basic switching function has been built around semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). In this paper, we investigate diverse trade-offs that arise from the use of this switching approach in different network topologies. One of the main issues addressed in this paper is the relation between cascadability and bit error rate (BER). In this case, our results indicate that a switch fabric can cascade up to five stages without exceeding a BER of 10−9 and without incurring in power budget problems. We also show that the performance degradation, introduced by cascading SOAs, can be compensated with a star interconnect architecture that is introduced. Other issues addressed in this paper are the effect of scalability on cost and the effect of latency on TCP performance and reliability.
Porous Lactose-Modified Chitosan Scaffold for Liver Tissue Engineering: Influence of Galactose Moieties on Cell Attachment and Mechanical Stability
Authors: Wang Birong , Hu Qinggang , Wan Tao , Yang Fengxiao , Cui Le , Hu Shaobo , Gong Bo , Li Min , Zheng Qi Chang
Published: February 2016

Galactosylated chitosan (CTS) has been widely applied in liver tissue engineering as scaffold. However, the influence of degree of substitution (DS) of galactose moieties on cell attachment and mechanical stability is not clear. In this study, we synthesized the lactose-modified chitosan (Lact-CTS) with various DS of galactose moieties by Schiff base reaction and reducing action of NaBH4, characterized by FTIR. The DS of Lact-CTS-1, Lact-CTS-2, and Lact-CTS-3 was 19.66%, 48.62%, and 66.21% through the method of potentiometric titration. The cell attachment of hepatocytes on the CTS and Lact-CTS films was enhanced accompanied with the increase of galactose moieties on CTS chain because of the galactose ligand-receptor recognition; however, the mechanical stability of Lact-CTS-3 was reduced contributing to the extravagant hydrophilicity, which was proved using the sessile drop method. Then, the three-dimensional Lact-CTS scaffolds were fabricated by freezing-drying technique. The SEM images revealed the homogeneous pore bearing the favorable connectivity and the pore sizes of scaffolds with majority of 100 μm; however, the extract solution of Lact-CTS-3 scaffold significantly damaged red blood cells by hemolysis assay, indicating that exorbitant DS of Lact-CTS-3 decreased the mechanical stability and increased the toxicity. To sum up, the Lact-CTS-2 with 48.62% of galactose moieties could facilitate the cell attachment and possess great biocompatibility and mechanical stability, indicating that Lact-CTS-2 was a promising material for liver tissue engineering.
Atypical Cutaneous Manifestations in Adult Onset Still’s Disease
Authors: Nataraja Champa , Griffiths Hedley
Published: February 2016

Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD), an adult variant of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. The rarity of this disease is associated with low index of suspicion and delayed diagnosis in patients suffering from it and in the presence of atypical features the diagnosis can be further challenging. This is a case report on a 24-year-old woman, who was a diagnostic dilemma for 2 years due to the nonspecific symptoms of recurrent fever, generalized maculopapular persistent pruritic and tender rash, and polyarthralgia. She was initially diagnosed as leukocytoclastic vasculitis on a skin biopsy and was managed by a dermatologist with various medications including NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, dapsone, colchicine, cyclosporine, and high doses of oral steroids with minimal response. Subsequently, she has had multiple admissions with similar symptoms with raised inflammatory markers and negative septic workup. On one occasion, her iron study revealed hyperferritinaemia which led to the suspicion of AOSD. Once the rheumatic fever and infectious, malignant, autoimmune, and lymphoproliferative disorders were excluded, she was diagnosed as probable AOSD and managed successfully with IL-1 (interleukin-1) receptor antagonist, Anakinra, with remarkable and lasting response both clinically and biochemically.
Exact Solutions for a Generalized KdV-MKdV Equation with Variable Coefficients
Authors: Tang Bo , Wang Xuemin , Fan Yingzhe , Qu Junfeng
Published: February 2016

By using solutions of an ordinary differential equation, an auxiliary equation method is described to seek exact solutions of variable-coefficient KdV-MKdV equation. As a result, more new exact nontravelling solutions, which include soliton solutions, combined soliton solutions, triangular periodic solutions, Jacobi elliptic function solutions, and combined Jacobi elliptic function solutions, for the KdV-MKdV equation are obtained. It is shown that the considered method provides a very effective, convenient, and powerful mathematical tool for solving many other nonlinear partial differential equations with variable coefficients in mathematical physics.
Effects of Cymbidium Root Ethanol Extract on Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Kim Wan-Joong , Cha Hae-Sim , Lee Myung-Hun , Kim Sun-Young , Kim Seo Ho , Kim Tack-Joong
Published: February 2016

Cymbidium has known antibacterial and antiedema activity and has been used as an ingredient in cosmetics and fragrances. The effects of Cymbidium ethanol extract (CYM) on allergic response and the underlying mechanisms of action have not been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CYM on allergic responses. Topical application of CYM was effective against immunoglobulin E (IgE)/dinitrophenyl‐conjugated bovine serum albumin‐ (DNP‐BSA‐) induced degranulation of RBL‐2H3 cells and anaphylaxis in ICR mice. An allergic dermatitis‐like mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of CYM in vivo. Continuous application of 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) not only induced dermatitis in ICR mice but also aggravated the skin lesioning. However, the application of CYM decreased skin lesion severity, scratching behavior, and IgE levels. In addition, CYM downregulated the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐ (IL‐) 4, IL‐13, and tumor necrosis factor‐ (TNF‐) α. Studies of signal transduction pathways showed that CYM suppressed the phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), an upstream molecule. It also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, phospholipase C‐ (PLC‐) γ, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK). These results indicate that CYM may be effective in preventing and reducing allergic response and may have therapeutic potential as an antiallergic agent in disorders such as atopic dermatitis.
Relative Susceptibilities of ABO Blood Groups toPlasmodium falciparumMalaria in Ghana
Authors: Afoakwah Richmond , Aubyn Edmond , Prah James , Nwaefuna Ekene Kwabena , Boampong Johnson N.
Published: February 2016

The clinical outcome of falciparum malaria in endemic areas is influenced by erythrocyte polymorphisms including the ABO blood groups. Studies have reported association of ABO blood group to resistance, susceptibility, and severity ofP. falciparummalaria infection. Individuals with blood group “A” have been found to be highly susceptible to falciparum malaria whereas blood group “O” is said to confer protection against complicated cases. We analyzed samples from 293 young children less than six years old with malaria in the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana. It was observed that group O was present in about 16.1% of complicated cases weighed against 40.9% of uncomplicated controls. Individuals with complicated malaria were about twice likely to be of blood groups A and B compared to group O (A versus O, OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.59–2.26,P<0.0001; B versus O, OR = 1.82. 95% CI = 1.57–2.23,P<0.0001). Blood group O participants with complicated diseases had low parasitaemia compared to the other blood groups (P<0.0001). This may give blood group O individuals a survival advantage over the other groups in complicated malaria as suggested. Participants with complicated falciparum malaria were generally anaemic and younger than those with uncomplicated disease.
Cellulose Acetate 398-10 Asymmetric Membrane Capsules for Osmotically Regulated Delivery of Acyclovir
Authors: Sonkar Alka , Kumar Anil , Pathak Kamla
Published: February 2016

The study was aimed at developing cellulose acetate asymmetric membrane capsules (AMCs) of acyclovir for its controlled delivery at the absorption site. The AMCs were prepared by phase inversion technique using wet process. A 23 full factorial design assessed the effect of independent variables (level(s) of polymer, pore former, and osmogen) on the cumulative drug release from AMCs. The buoyant optimized formulation F7 (low level of cellulose acetate; high levels of both glycerol and sodium lauryl sulphate) displayed maximum drug release of 97.88±0.77% in 8 h that was independent of variation in agitational intensity and intentional defect on the cellulose acetate AMC. The in vitro data best fitted zero-order kinetics (r2=0.9898). SEM micrograph of the transverse section confirmed the asymmetric nature of the cellulose acetate capsular membrane. Statistical analysis by Design Expert software indicated no interaction between the independent variables confirming the efficiency of the design in estimating the effects of variables on drug release. The optimized formulation F7 (desirability = 0.871) displayed sustenance of drug release over the drug packed in AMC in pure state proving the superiority of osmotically active formulation. Conclusively the AMCs have potential for controlled release of acyclovir at its absorption site.
Epidemic Profile of Maternal Syphilis in China in 2013
Authors: Dou Lixia , Wang Xiaoyan , Wang Fang , Wang Qian , Qiao Yaping , Su Min , Jin Xi , Qiu Jie , Song Li , Wang Ailing
Published: February 2016

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with syphilis infection in China.Methods. Data were from China’s Information System of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Syphilis Management. Women who were registered in the system and delivered in 2013 were included in the analysis.Results. A total of 15884 pregnant women with syphilis infection delivered in China in 2013. 79.1% of infected women attended antenatal care at or before 37 gestational weeks; however, 55.4% received no treatment or initiated the treatment after 37 gestational weeks. 14.0% of women suffered serious adverse pregnancy outcomes including stillbirth/neonatal death, preterm delivery/low birth weight, or congenital syphilis in newborns. High maternal titer (≥1 : 64) and late treatment (>37 gestational weeks)/nontreatment were significantly associated with increased risk of congenital syphilis and the adjusted ORs were 1.88 (95% CI 1.27 to 2.80) and 3.70 (95% CI 2.36 to 5.80), respectively.Conclusion. Syphilis affects a great number of pregnant women in China. Large proportions of women are not detected and treated at an early pregnancy stage. Burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes is high among infected women. Comprehensive interventions still need to be strengthened to improve uptake of screening and treatment for maternal syphilis.
Peripheral Developing Odontoma or Peripheral Ameloblastic Fibroodontoma: A Rare Challenging Case
Authors: Atarbashi Moghadam Saede , Mokhtari Sepideh
Published: February 2016

Peripheral odontogenic lesions are considered to be rare within the classification of odontogenic tumors. They share the same microscopic characteristics of their central counterparts. Here, we report an ulcerated mass of the maxillary gingiva that on histopathological examination was diagnosed as peripheral developing odontoma or peripheral ameloblastic fibroodontoma. The diagnosis of this tumor is challenging and may lead to unnecessary treatment.
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Treated with a Targeted CT-Guided Epidural Blood Patch
Authors: Correia Inês , Marques Inês Brás , Ferreira Rogério , Cordeiro Miguel , Sousa Lívia
Published: February 2016

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an important cause of new daily persistent headache. It is thought to be due to spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, which probably have a multifactorial etiology. The classic manifestation of SIH is an orthostatic headache, but other neurological symptoms may be present. An epidural blood patch is thought to be the most effective treatment, but a blind infusion may be ineffective. We describe the case of a young man who developed an acute severe headache, with pain worsening when assuming an upright posture and relief gained with recumbency. No history of previous headache, recent cranial or cervical trauma, or invasive procedures was reported. Magnetic resonance imaging showed pachymeningeal enhancement and other features consistent with SIH and pointed towards a cervical CSF leak site. After failure of conservative treatment, a targeted computer tomography-guided EBP was performed, with complete recovery.
Caffeine Prevents Hyperoxia-Induced Functional and Structural Lung Damage in Preterm Rabbits
Authors: Nagatomo Taro , Jiménez Julio , Richter Jute , De Baere Siegrid , Vanoirbeek Jeroen , Naulaers Gunnar , Allegaert Karel , Croubels Siska , Deprest Jan A. , Toelen Jaan
Published: February 2016

Background: Caffeine is a commonly used drug for apnea of prematurity. It may, however, also have a beneficial effect on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is the most common complication of extreme preterm birth. Objectives: To study the inflammatory, structural and functional effects of caffeine in an animal model of BPD. Methods: Preterm New Zealand-Dendermonde rabbits (gestational day 28; term 31) were randomized to three groups: normoxia-placebo (N-P), hyperoxia-placebo (H-P) and hyperoxia-caffeine (H-C). Lung function was assessed on postnatal day 5, along with airway morphometry, vascular morphometry and a score observing airway inflammation. Results: Caffeine improved lung function by increasing lung volume [mean displaced volume N-P: 40.1 ± 6 ml/kg, H-P: 27.8 ± 8 ml/kg and H-C: 34.4 ± 7 ml/kg (p < 0.05); total lung capacity: N-P: 1.17 ± 0.1 ml, H-P: 0.67 ± 0.1 ml and H-C: 1.1 ± 0.1 ml (p < 0.05)], decreasing tissue damping [N-P: 2.7 ± 0.3 cm H2O/ml, H-P: 4.6 ± 0.6 cm H2O/ml and H-C: 3.2 ± 0.4 cm H2O/ml (p < 0.05)], elastance [N-P: 9.3 ± 2.4 cm H2O/ml, H-P: 19.2 ± 7.4 cm H2O/ml and H-C: 10.7 ± 2 cm H2O/ml (p < 0.05)] and compliance [N-P: 0.06 ± 0.01 cm H2O/ml, H-P: 0.054 ± 0.01 cm H2O/ml and H-C: 0.07 ± 0.013 cm H2O/ml (p < 0.05)]. Caffeine also improved histology by decreasing alveolar size [linear intercepts; N-P: 83.6 ± 1.7, H-P: 82.9 ± 1.6 and H-C: 67.3 ± 1.4 (p < 0.05)], increasing radial alveolar count (N-P: 6.6 ± 0.5, H-P: 5.7 ± 0.6 and H-C: 7.05 ± 0.5) and decreasing the acute inflammation score [N-P: 0.3 ± 0.1, H-P: 0.5 ± 0.1 and H-C: 0.4 ± 0.1 (p < 0.05)]. Conclusion: In preterm rabbits, caffeine reduces the functional, architectural and inflammatory pulmonary changes induced by hyperoxia in the lung.
Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Improves the Predictive Power of GRACE Risk Score for Long-Term Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Zhou Dong , Fan Yan , Wan Zhaofei , Wen Wen , Wang Xinhong , Zhou Juan , Chen Tao , Yuan Zuyi
Published: February 2016

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and GRACE risk score and to examine whether PLR on admission can improve the predictive value of GRACE risk score for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: PLR was calculated from the platelet and lymphocyte counts from the complete blood count of 2,230 ACS patients upon admission. The GRACE risk score was also calculated. Results: Spearman's rank correlation demonstrated that GRACE risk score was positively correlated with PLR (r = 0.190, p < 0.001). After a median follow-up period of 58 months, multivariate Cox analysis showed that both GRACE risk score [hazard ratio (HR) 1.092, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.067-1.117, p < 0.001] and PLR (HR 1.100, 95% CI 1.088-1.112, p < 0.001) could independently predict CVD events. Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis proved that using PLR together with GRACE risk score improved the score from 0.70 (95% CI 0.67-0.73, p < 0.001) when used alone to 0.81 (95% CI 0.79-0.83, p < 0.001) for CVD events and from 0.73 (95% CI 0.70-0.77, p < 0.001) when used alone to 0.80 (95% CI 0.77-0.83, p < 0.001) for all-cause mortality. Conclusions: This study proves, for the first time, a positive association between GRACE risk score and PLR, and that a combination of PLR and GRACE risk score is more effective in predicting CVD events in ACS patients.
Facial Scars following Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Role of Adnexal Involvement?
Authors: Habre Maya , Ortonne Nicolas , Colin Audrey , Meningaud Jean-Paul , Chosidow Olivier , Wolkenstein Pierre , Valeyrie-Allanore Laurence
Published: February 2016

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction leading to extensive sloughing of the skin. Late cutaneous complications such as pigmentation disorders are frequently reported. In this report, we present particular facial cutaneous sequelae with histological analysis after TEN. Two young patients who had survived TEN presented permanent multiple hypopigmented papules on the face affecting their quality of life. Histological analysis revealed areas of scarring, dystrophic microcalcifications and sebaceous hyperplasia. Late cutaneous sequelae are well documented; however, the physiopathological mechanisms leading to different clinical presentations remain unknown. We suggest that the destruction of the hair follicle by necrolysis leads to secondary dermal microcalcifications, scarring and sebaceous hyperplasia. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of these findings.
Continuous End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring during Resuscitation of Asphyxiated Term Lambs
Authors: Chandrasekharan Praveen Kumar , Rawat Munmun , Nair Jayasree , Gugino Sylvia F. , Koenigsknecht Carmon , Swartz Daniel D. , Vali Payam , Mathew Bobby , Lakshminrusimha Satyan
Published: February 2016

Background: The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) recommends close monitoring of oxygenation during the resuscitation of newborns using a pulse oximeter. However, there are no guidelines for monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) to assess ventilation. Considering that cerebral blood flow (CBF) correlates directly with PaCO2, continuous capnography monitoring of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) may limit fluctuations in PaCO2 and, therefore, CBF during resuscitation of asphyxiated infants. Objective: To evaluate whether continuous monitoring of ETCO2 with capnography during resuscitation of asphyxiated term lambs with meconium aspiration will prevent fluctuations in PaCO2 and carotid arterial blood flow (CABF). Methods: Fifty-four asphyxiated term lambs with meconium aspiration syndrome were mechanically ventilated from birth to 60 min of age. Ventilatory parameters were adjusted based on clinical observation (chest excursion) and frequent arterial blood gas analysis in 24 lambs (control group) and 30 lambs (capnography group) received additional continuous ETCO2 monitoring. Left CABF was monitored. We aimed to maintain PaCO2 between 35 and 50 mm Hg and ETCO2 between 30 and 45 mm Hg. Results: There was a significant correlation between ETCO2 and PaCO2 (R = 0.7, p < 0.001), between PaCO2 and carotid flow (R = 0.52, p < 0.001) and between ETCO2 and carotid flow (R = 0.5, p < 0.001). PaCO2 and CABF during the first 60 min of age showed significantly higher fluctuation in the control group compared to the capnography group. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring of ETCO2 using capnography with mechanical ventilation during and after resuscitation in asphyxiated term lambs with meconium aspiration limits fluctuations in PaCO2 and CABF and may potentially limit brain injury.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Extrahepatic Metastasis in Relation to Tumor Size and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels
Authors: Carr Brian I. , Guerra Vito
Published: February 2016

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to metastasize. However, there are few reports on patients with metastasis at the time of HCC diagnosis. Aims: To evaluate the incidence and characteristics of extrahepatic metastasis patients presenting at baseline with noncurable, advanced HCC. Results: The total HCC cohort was initially dichotomized into 2 subcohorts, with (n = 214) and without (n = 719) extrahepatic metastasis (‘metastasis'), and patient baseline characteristics were compared. The main findings for patients with metastasis (22.9% of total cohort) compared with other, nonmetastatic patients were: more advanced tumors, as judged by larger tumor diameters, more tumor multifocality and percent with portal vein thrombosis, higher blood α-fetoprotein and des γ-carboxy prothrombin levels and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), but not bilirubin levels, and a lower incidence of cirrhosis. There was a strong correlation between increases in tumor size and percent of patients with metastasis. A subset of patients with larger tumors was identified with low blood ALKP levels and better survival. Survival in the total metastasis cohort was lower than in the non-metastasis cohort, as expected, but only in patients with smaller tumors. In patients with larger tumors, survival with or without metastasis was similar and poor. Conclusions: There was a lower incidence of cirrhosis in HCC patients with metastasis, and they had larger and more aggressive primary tumors. Patients with smaller, but not larger, tumors and metastasis had worse prognosis than patients without metastasis. A distinct subset of metastatic patients was identified that had better prognosis and low ALKP levels.
Organ-Preserving Surgical Treatment of a Horseshoe Kidney Occupied by a Large Renal Cell Carcinoma with Extensive Venous Invasion: A Case Report
Authors: Linxweiler Johannes , Shayesteh-Kheslat Roushanak , Fries Peter , Schneider Günther , Janssen Martin , Ohlmann Carsten H. , Stöckle Michael , Siemer Stefan , Saar Matthias
Published: February 2016

The horseshoe kidney is one of the most common congenital disorders affecting the urogenital system. Following a fusion of the lower kidney poles, which in turn lead to the formation of an isthmus, this anatomical variation is accompanied by other characteristic properties like an incomplete ascension, ventral rotation of the pelvices as well as atypical vascular supply. Even though renal carcinoids and Wilms tumors are more common in horseshoe kidneys, the incidence of renal cell carcinomas seems to be unaffected. Here we report the case of a locally advanced renal cell carcinoma with extensive venous invasion occurring in a horseshoe kidney and its complex surgical management. The whole primary tumor as well as a majority of venous tumor thrombi could be removed by a combination of 2/3 nephrectomy and cavotomy with thrombectomy. During 1 year of follow-up, the patient neither suffered from a tumor relapse, nor did he require renal replacement therapy. Thus, we conclude that even in cases of RCC where advanced disease is associated with complex anatomical situations, organ-preserving surgical treatment should be pursued to achieve excellent functional and oncological results.
The Organization of Repetitive DNA in the Genomes of Amazonian Lizard Species in the Family Teiidae
Authors: Carvalho Natalia D.M. , Pinheiro Vanessa S.S. , Carmo Edson J. , Goll Leonardo G. , Schneider Carlos H. , Gross Maria C.
Published: February 2016

Repetitive DNA is the largest fraction of the eukaryote genome and comprises tandem and dispersed sequences. It presents variations in relation to its composition, number of copies, distribution, dynamics, and genome organization, and participates in the evolutionary diversification of different vertebrate species. Repetitive sequences are usually located in the heterochromatin of centromeric and telomeric regions of chromosomes, contributing to chromosomal structures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to physically map repetitive DNA sequences (5S rDNA, telomeric sequences, tropomyosin gene 1, and retroelements Rex1 and SINE) of mitotic chromosomes of Amazonian species of teiids (Ameiva ameiva, Cnemidophorus sp. 1, Kentropyx calcarata, Kentropyx pelviceps, and Tupinambis teguixin) to understand their genome organization and karyotype evolution. The mapping of repetitive sequences revealed a distinct pattern in Cnemidophorus sp. 1, whereas the other species showed all sequences interspersed in the heterochromatic region. Physical mapping of the tropomyosin 1 gene was performed for the first time in lizards and showed that in addition to being functional, this gene has a structural function similar to the mapped repetitive elements as it is located preferentially in centromeric regions and termini of chromosomes.
Effect of Angiotensin-(1-7) on Aortic Response, TNF-α, IL-1β and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproduct in Rat's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Açikalin Öznur , Bölükbaşi Hatip Funda F. , Tan Ruyal F. , Hatip-al-Khatib Izzettin
Published: February 2016

Altered vascular reactivity due to endothelial dysfunction, consequent to vascular damage, is observed in rheumatoid arthritis. We investigated the effect of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) on vasculature changes in arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in male Wistar rats. Arthritis decreased soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) whereas elevated aortic RAGE expression, increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), systolic blood pressure and the contractility induced by phenylephrine and KCl. Moreover, arthritis decreased the relaxing effect of acetylcholine. Neither arthritis nor Ang-(1-7) altered sodium nitroprusside relaxation. Ang-(1-7) reversed the effect of arthritis on TNF-α, sRAGE and RAGE expression without any effect on the IL-1β. Ang-(1-7) decreased phenylephrine and KCl contractility, especially in the endothelial-denuded aorta, whereas increased acetylcholine relaxation in the endothelial-intact aorta. Ang-(1-7) could find its place in the treatment protocol of arthritis and vascular diseases.