bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—On some new Cenomanian and Turonian Cheilostome Polyzoa
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

Diagnosis.—Asty incrusting, uniserial, with bilateral and unilateral branching; œcia dimorphic; normal œcia with short caudæ or without caudæ pyriform; termen a complete, high, narrow, oval ridge with few small spines on its circumference and, at the proximal-lateral corners of the aperture, a pair of stout spines which sometimes, if not always, bend towards one another and fuse in the middle line; apparently there are no spines around the distal end of the aperture; extra-terminal front-wall well-developed proximally, and arched; intra-terminal front-wall a wide, depressed lamina; aperture oval, sub-quadrate, somewhat constricted laterally; avicularia small, one, or a pair, placed laterally and somewhat distally with regard to each aperture, rather abruptly pointed with the distal ends curved towards the aperture they encompass; ovicells hyperstomial.
IV.—Carboniferous Fish-Remains in North Derbyshire
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

Some time ago Mr. R. Cairns, of Ashton-under-Lyne, sent me for identification a large collection of fossil fish-teeth, which he had obtained in a limestone quarry near Sparrowpit, in North Derbyshire, not far from the celebrated “ebbing and flowing well.”
I.—On the Evidence for Desert Conditions in the British Trias
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

A paper by Mr. J. Lomas on “Desert Conditions and the Origin of the British Trias” appeared last year in the Proceedings of the Livepool Geological Society, and was reprinted, with some slight abridgement, in the November and December numbers of this Magazine. Valuable and suggestive as it is, I venture to think that its author, as is not unfrequent with enthusiastic advocates, is attempting to prove too much. I have more than once expressed my belief that the pebble beds of the Bunter, perhaps also its Upper and Lower Sandstones, were deposited on a lowland by mountain-fed rivers, and think it very probable that this lowland, in consequence of its temperature rather extreme, as is the case in Turkestan and parts of Persia; the occasional wind-worn sands being due to the one cause and the angular breccias to the other. But I think the Keuper Marls, on the whole, aqueous rather than æolian in origin, and the Lower Keuper Sandstones, with the Waterstones, indicative of the gradual setting in of inland sea conditions. From time to time, before the salt lake attained its greatest dimensions, the wind might blow the lowland dust into dunes or carry it away from the shore till much of it settled down beneath the water, but I still think that a large part of the material, which now forms the red marl, was brought down as river mud to this magnified Dead Sea, by the streams which had formerly transported sand and pebbles. In regard to this, however, we cannot at present speak dogmatically. More study is needed of the constituents of the Keuper Marl, of fluviatile, lacustrine, and even marine muds, as well as of the lighter æolian deposits, before we can determine what parts wind and water have respectively taken in making this member of the Trias. Here, however, I may remark that neither Professor Watts nor Mr. Walcot Gibson was the first to observe that in the Charnwood Forest region the Keuper fills up hollows in the older rocks.
VII.—The Gavarnie Overthrust, and other Problems in Pyrenean Geology
Authors: Dixon E. E. L.
Published: May 2009

In view of the interest which charriages and extensive overthrusts of low inclination are exciting in various parts of the world, an interest which has steadily increased since Nicol first put forward his explanation of the anomalous position of the Moine gneisses, it may be worth while to place before readers of the Geological Magazine a brief account of a remarkable structure in the Pyrenees, which has been noticed by various geologists, but only recently explained, by Bresson, as another example of overthrusting, and named by him the “nappe de recouvrement de Gèdre-Gavarnie,” after two villages in the neighbourhood. I have the less hesitation in doing this because the phenomena, considering their importance and their setting amidst the magnificent scenery of the lofty central parts of the range, appear to have received less attention from English geologists than they deserve. For these reasons also, other questions in Pyrenean geology are afterwards discussed in the light of some recent observations.
III.—On a large Cirripede belonging to the genusLoricula, from the Middle Chalk (Turonian), Cuxton, near Rochester, Kent
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

More than sixty years ago Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., described and figured a unique specimen of a remarkable fossil Cirripede from the Chalk of Kent which he namedLoricula pulchella. It was obtained by Mr. N. T. Wetherell, F.G.S., of Highgate, and was subsequently acquired with that gentleman's collection by the British Museum (Natural History). Mr. Wetherell'sLoriculawas again described and figured by Charles Darwin in his “Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidæ or Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain.”
I.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Description. Body elongated, narrow, composed of a longitudinal series of eight imbricating plates, and marginal girdle (?) of spicules.
VII.—Replies to Various Criticisms
Authors: Blark J. F.
Published: May 2009

The criticisms which appeared in the January and February Numbers of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, on certain writings of mine, require some reply. It is obvious that when an author ventures in any way to question or remark upon the results of others, he must expect their opposition to his statements. I have to offer a general apology to all authors on whose writings I have ventured to make critical remarks in the “Annals of British Geology,” that I was unable to send them proofs of the articles before publication, as I hope to do in future, as long as the work is continued. In that way misunderstandings would be avoided. However, I must now proceed to business.
II.—The Sgùrr of Eigg
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

The SgÙrr of Eigg first attained to geological prominence in 1865, when Sir Archibald Geikie in his delightful account of the Scenery of Scotland offered a novel and altogether captivating theory to account for its origin [1]. According to Geikie, as all well know, the precipitous ridge of pitchstone, which culminates at its eastern extremity in the SgÙrr, is the inverse of an ancient valley sunk by a winding river in the basaltic plateau of the west. Before the development of this river channel, so the theory runs, the sources which had supplied the basalt lava of the plateau had already become extinct; but volcanic activity was not yet entirely banished from the region, and presently a great outpouring of acid lava, entering the valley, flowed for miles along its course, gradually choking it, perhaps even to the brim. The resulting pitchstone has stood the test of time much more securely than the neighbouring basalts, for while these latter have wasted to a level in general lower than that of the old valley floor, the pitchstone itself still remains in large measure unaffected, and thus furnishes a somewhat battered cast of the erstwhile hollow.
IV.—A Mineralogical Classification of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

During the past two years the teaching collection of rocks in the Geological Department of the Imperial College has been underre-arrangement, and in the course of the work the writer has had occasion to consider very carefully the principles on which igneous rocks should be classified. He is aware that in the present state of our knowledge any such classification must be tentative and experimental, and should be judged according to its general convenience, both for teaching purposes and for understanding the various problems that arise from petrological studies. The following article summarizes the conclusions arrived at, and while the writer must be held entirely responsible for all expression of opinion, he wishes to acknowledge his gratitude and indebtedness to Professor Watts and Dr. Evans, both of whom, in numerous discussions, have freely offered suggestions and criticism which have proved to be of the greatest value.
II.—On the Identity of Ellipsolites Compressus, J. Sowerby, with Ammonites Henslowi, J. Sowerby
Authors: Foord Arthur H. , Crick G.C.
Published: May 2009

Ellipsolites Compressus, J. Sowerby (Min. Con. vol. i. p. 84, pi. xxxviii. 1813), has been hitherto usually regarded as a Nautiloid,1 and referred either to Nautilus or to-Discites.

During an examination of the collection of Mr. Joseph Wright, of Belfast, by one of the present writers, a fossil from the same horizon, and almost the same locality as the type-specimens of Ellipsolites compressus of J. Sowerby, was observed, so much resembling Sowerby's species (but exhibiting also the character of the suture-line) that a comparison with, and a re-examination of, Sowerby's types was suggested.
VI.—Note on the Composition of Clays, Slates, etc., and on Some points in their Contact-Metamorphism
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard.
Published: May 2009

MR. Teall,inhis very interesting and suggestive address to the Geological Section of the British Association at Nottingham, alluded to the composition of sediments (clays, etc.) as compared with that of older sedimentary rocks, and specially to the amount of alkali contained in them.

At the time he made his remarks I was engaged on some analyses of clays, with a view to gaining information on this particular point,inconnection with studies of clays and slates which I have been carrying on for some years, and on which I have published papers in this MAGAZINE on former occasions. The results of these analyses, and some considerations arising out of them, I propose to give as the first item of these present “notes.”
I.—Coral in the “Dolomites” of South Tyrol
Authors: Ogilvie Maria M.
Published: May 2009

The Raibl period was the natural sequel of the variable and unequal movements which prevailed over Alpine areasinPermian and pre-Raibl Triassic time. Many basins formerly open were then enclosed; rauchwackes and beds of dolomite and gypsum were interbedded with fossiliferous deposits. Whereas,insome places, the dolomitic nature of the deposit is confined to special horizons, in the South Tyrol “Dolomites” it may almost be said to reign throughout. This makes it all but impossible to say when Schlern dolomite ends and Raibl beds begin. in the present incomplete state of our knowledge with regard to the heteropism of the Raibl series throughout the whole Alps, I have judged it best to begin the Raibl horizon at any particular place with the first appearance of a distinctly Raibl fauna, even although that fauna may not have been proved to correspond to the acknowledged lowest fauna of Raibl age in distant parts of the Alps.

To return for a moment to the succession of Schlern dolomite upon the Cassian beds of Enneberg, I found that, where Schlern dolomite rests on Cipit limestones, it has at its base a conglomeratic appearance, as if Cipit blocks had been imbedded in a beautifully fine white or reddish dolomitic mud, instead of the dingy brown and black tufaceous sediments. This is the case in several places, e.g. upon Pordoi and Sella Jochs, where there is no evidence of unconformity. Again, where the dolomite succeeds the thin-bedded marls and limestones of Cassian age, it does so conformably; but one and the same bed is at some parts calcareous and fossiliferous, at other parts dolomitic and unfossiliferous. Seeing that this holds good at various horizons in Lower as well as Middle Trias over the whole area of South Tyrol, we need f in d nothing remarkable in it from the point of view of the stratigraphical succession. Indeed, I have only mentioned these observations as an indication of the particular mode of transition from conditions of deposition favourable for the Cassian fauna to those in which the Raibl fauna was enabled to make an occasional appearance in the South Tyrol dolomites. At a very little distance above the base of Schlern dolomite all signs of Coral life disappear, and the deposit looks a homogeneous rock, although always retaining local variation in the degree of its dolomitism. At this stage the rock often shows typical Oolite structure. As regards the presence or want of stratification, it has as little to do with the question of the Coral Keef origin of the dolomite as the amount of magnesic salts in the rock—stratification is present and absent in one and the same “Keef.”
VI.—Post-Glacial Man in Britain
Authors: Shone William
Published: May 2009

The relative position of post-Glacial Man to post-Glacial geology has been a rather neglected field of research. This borderland between the domains of the Archæologist and the Geologist appears to have been treated as neutral ground, yet entombedinit are the relics of Neolithic Man and the first evidences of the dawn of civilization. It may be alleged that the splendid results of cave exploration have given us a better idea of man's evolution from a savage to a civilized existence than could have been obtained from any other source. Whilst this must be admitted, cave research can furnish very little evidence of the great physical changes which went on outside such abodes. If for instance man can he proved to have been an inhabitant of Western Europe during the Glacial epoch, the gradual change of the climate from frigid to temperate may have had a powerful influence in modifying his habits and thereby assisting his development from the state of a rude savage to that of a civilized man. Deposits in caverns aid very little in this work. They are for the most part choked-up subterranean watercourses, and it follows that any deposits found therein may have been subjected to much disturbance. The most slender evidence derived from cave deposits is even by such distinguished geologists as Prof. Hughes and Prof. Boyd-Dawkins thought quite sufficient to determine the momentous question whether Palaeolithic Man was Glacial or post-Glacial. Prof. Boyd-Dawkins decides the matter in his “Early Man in Britain,” p. 192, in the following very summary manner:—
III.—On the Results of Unsymmetrical Cooling and Redistribution of Temperature in a Shrinking Globe as Applied to the Origin of Mountain Ranges.
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Having been honoured by an invitation to state to your Society the physical principles upon which my Theory of the Origin of Mountain Ranges is founded, I do so with the greater pleasure knowing that it will receive a searching criticism at your hands, from which I hope to derive considerable benefit. My audience hitherto having been mostly geological, the physical principles involved have been to some extent subordinated to geological conditions.
IV.—On a New Species of Diplacantbus, with Remarks on the Acanthodian Shoulder-Girdle
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Many years ago, and before I entered on my duties in the Edinburgh Museum, the late Mr. C. W. Peach pointed out to me a specimen in the Hugh Miller Collection, which he was inclined to consider as new. It was a Cromarty nodule with dislocated remains, including a dorsal and a pectoral spine, of what was apparently a Diplacanthns of unusual size.
III.—Note on the Life-Zones of the Carboniferous Deposits of Europe
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

It has long been a matter of reproach to British geologists that, with such a grand sequence of Carboniferous rocks as occursinGreat Britain and Ireland, many of which are highly fossiliferous, all attempts to establish life-zones in them have hitherto been unsuccessful. As a subcommittee, appointed by the British Association, has been put into existence to endeavour to zone the Carboniferous rocks, it seems to me that a preliminary comparison with each other of the life-zones already establishedinEussia and Belgium, and as far as is possible to contrast the distribution of the zonal fossils with that which obtainsinGreat Britain, may to some extent clear the ground, and establish some important palaeontological facts as a basis for future work.
IV.—The Contact-Rocks of the Great Whin Sill
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

In what follows, it is proposed to give a general description of the effects of contact-metamorphism, observed in the rocks altered by the intrusion of the Great Whin Sill in Durham and Northumberland.
IV.—Narrative of a Geological Journey through Russia
Authors: Harris Geo. F.
Published: May 2009

Proceeding in a westerly direction from Tammerfors, we stopped near the station of Siuro to examine some railway cuttings where good sections of gneissose rock and mica-schist, both of Pre-Bothnian age, occur. Macroscopically, the gneissose rock is distinctly and regularly foliated, having small, lenticular, streaks of quartz abundantly disseminated. Locally, however, the section in the field exhibits much contortion; and thin, irregular, veins of quartz, manifestly of secondary origin, are not uncommon.
IV.—Prof. Hull's “Submerged Platform of Western Europe”
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Jukes-Browne's contribution to this subject, in the September number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, brought out a clear reply from Professor Hull in the next issue. Here the argument practically ceased, for in his letter in November Mr. Jukes-Browne turned his correspondence into an academic disputation of the meaning of the word ‘escarpment,’ for which other expressions could have been used, and the flat denial of the evidence submitted by Professor Hull.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Selwyn Alfred Richard Cecil , H. W.
Published: May 2009

The number of eminent living geologists surviving since the days of De la Beohe and Ramsay and the beginnings of the Geological Survey must indeed be very few, but in Dr. A. R. C. Selvvyn, the subject of this brief notice, we have a living illustration of one of those active and energetic early workers whose labours have extended from Britain to Australia and Canada, and who, after half a century of active service in the field, is now enjoying his well-merited repose in British Columbia, “the land of the far West.”
I.—Notes on Elephas (Stegodon) ganesa, Falc. & Caut., from the Pliocene Deposits of the Sewalik Hills, India
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

India, the present home of one of the two types of existing elephants (Elephas Indicus), has also yielded abundant evidence of numerous extinct forms of this animal; two species of Dinotherium, eight species of Mastodon, and seven species of extinct elephants being recorded from the Miocene and Pliocene formations of that great continent.
I.—Fossil Mammalia from Egypt
Authors: Andrews Chas. W.
Published: May 2009

A considerable collection of mammalian bones obtained by the officers of the Egyptian Geological Survey, and sent to England by Captain H. Lyons for determination, proves to contain a number of specimens of great interest. The remains unfortunately are, for the most part, very fragmentary and in many cases quite indeterminable, but they are still sufficient to indicate the existence in Northern Egypt of several distinct mammalian faunas, the oldest being of Lower Miocene age, the most recent probably late Pleistocene and including species now living in the Nile Valley.
II.—Notes on some Hardanger Lakes
Authors: Monckton Horace. W.
Published: May 2009

In many places in Western Norway we find a lake separated from a fjord by a mile or so of sand and gravel. Looking from the fjord, we see in such a case a series of step terraces, with possibly a high mound at the back, forming a dam at the end of the lake.
VI.—Mr. Hudleston “On the Eastern Margin of the North Atlantic Basin.”
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

The delay of several months, in replying to Mr. Hudleston's communication relative to the above-named subject, has been due to absence in the field in a distant region, where I was not in touch with the current literature.
I.—On the Eastern Margin of the North Atlantic Basin
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Quiting the more northern parts of the great Atlantic depression, we have next to consider an extensive water-space of a much shallower character. Here the volcanic masses of Iceland and the Fseroes with their submarine attachments have produced a marked effect on the depths of the ocean. The Norwegian Atlantic connects with the main Atlantic by three straits, whose central channels present the following depths at their shallowest:—
II.—On Archanodon Jukesi (Forbes MS.), Baily, sp., from the Old Red Sandstone of Monmouthshire
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Though the kind intervention of Professor H. G. Seeley, F.R.S., some few years since, Mr. Percy Hawkins was induced to present to the Geological Department of the British Museum a slab of Old Red Sandstone from Llanvaches, nearly midway between Caerleon and Chepstow, Monmouthshire, containing some excellent impressions of Archanodon Jukesi.
I.—On Some Fossil Phyllopoda
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

These notes on fossil Phyllopods refer to some interesting specimens, mostly of Palæozoic age, which have come to hand since the publication of Part II. of our “Monograph of the British Palæozoic Phyllopoda” (Palæontographical Society), 1892.

Figs. 1 and 2 represent Estheriœ from the upper part of the great Karoo Formation of South Africa. Figs. 3 and 4 are exposed on a piece of Moffat shale from Dumfries-shire; and, Fig. 3
VI.—Notes on Russian Geology
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper on the Loess of S. Kussia, I endeavoured to discuss its character and origin, and to compare the facts observed with the results obtained by many students of the latest phases of our earth's history.inso doing I overlooked two articles on this subject, which appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for 1882, and embodied the views held by Baron von Eichthofen and Sir H. Howorth respectively.
V.—The Aptychus
Authors: Schwar Ernest H. L.
Published: May 2009

The discovery of an Ammonite (Oppelia subradiata, Sow., from Dundry, now in the British Museum) with the Aptychus in situ closing the orifice, would seem sufficient to set all doubts at rest as to the true nature of that body, viz. that of an operculum. Many of the writers on the continent, however, have not seen that specimen, which unfortunately is unique, and are inclined to attribute to the Aptychus other offices, because:—
IV.—Chloritic Mahl and Warminster Greensand
Authors: Meyer C. J. A. , Browne Jukes A. J.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1878 there was a short controversy between us respecting these beds in the pages of this Magazine. Since that date we have both enlarged our knowledge of the beds at the junction of Chalk and Greensand, and recently we have had an opportunity of meeting at Seaton in Devon, and of examining the Whitecliff and Beer Head sections together. The result of this and of friendly discussion is that we have both modified our views and have come to an agreement on the most important points about which we differedin1878. Under these circumstances we think it will save trouble and facilitate future enquiry if we jointly express our present views on the subject so far as we are in agreement.

1. Chloritic Marl.—As far as we can ascertain, this name was first applied to certain beds at the junction of the Chalk and Greensand in the Isle of Wight It was subsequently adopted by Prof. E. Forbes, for a bed which occupied a similar position in Dorset, and has since been used for any bed lying at the base of the Chalk Marl and containing fossils and green grains.
I.—A Collection of Egyptian Fossil Madreporaria
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The collection of fossils belonging to the Geological Survey of Egypt which has been sent to England for description by Capt. H. G. Lyons, E.E., contains a series of forty specimens of corals, including representatives of nine genera and eleven species.
V.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In rearranging the Carboniferous fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, I met with a specimen labelled Aihyris, n.sp., which reminded me of the form described by De Koninck as Terebratula serpentina. On careful examination I am convinced that it belongs to this species, and the following is a description of our specimen:— Shell subovate, terebratuliform, widest at about one-third its length from its anterior edge. Valves moderately convex, slightly flattened anteriorly, and devoid of sinus and fold; margin entire and regular. Ventral valve a little less deep than dorsal valve, and furnished with a slightly recurved beak truncated by a large circular foramen, bordered in front by a pair of deltidial plates. Surface of both valves ornamented with straight, radiating, very faint ribs, 60 to 70 in number, arranged in a regular close series separated by weak narrow furrows. Some of the ribs bifurcate at about half their length, and those near the hinge-line curve gently backwards. Shell substance finely punctate. Concentric strife of growth are distinct on both valves. Length, 25 mm.; breadth, 22 mm.; dorsiventral diameter, 12 mm.
IV.—On a New Species of Brachyurous Crustacean from the Chert Beds (Upper Greensand), Baycliffe, near Maiden Bradley, Wilts
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Having, in March last, received from Mr. Jukes-Browne, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey, a small carapace of a crab obtained by Mr. J. Scanes, of The School House, Maiden Bradley, from a quarry in the Chert Beds of Baycliffe, near Maiden Bradley, Wilts, I endeavoured to identify it with some species of Cretaceous Necrocarcinus already described, but without success. I am therefore reluctantly compelled to refer it to a new species. The specimen is rather imperfect, which renders the task of determining its characters the more unsatisfactory.
VI.—An Inquiry into the Rate of Erosion of the Sea-Coasts of England and Wales, and the Influence of the Artificial Abstraction of Shingle or other Material in that Action
Authors: De Rance C. E. , Topley W.
Published: May 2009

The Committee has during the past year received several Returns relating to the south and east coasts of England. Most of those relating to the coast south of the Thames are printed.
I.—On Some Fossil Ostbacoda from Colorado
Authors: Jones T. Kupert
Published: May 2009

In December last Dr. C. A. White, Palæontologist to the U.S. Geological Survey, sent me a small packet of siliceous Ostracoda, obtained by dissolving in dilute acid some pieces of an impure limestone from the Jurassic “Atlantosaurus Beds” near Cañon City, Colorado. These strata are of freshwater origin; and, besides the wonderful Dinosaurian and Mammalian fauna, which Prof. O. C. Marsh has published, they contain, Dr. White informs me, Unio, Limnæa, Planorbis, and Valvata, all of modern types. In the impure limestone with Ostracods, and in associated layers, these Gasteropods are found also in a silicified state, and the Dinosaurian fossils occur both above and below them.
V.—Inquiry Concerning the Distribution of Teredo-Bored Wood in the Eocene
Authors: Gardner J. Staekie
Published: May 2009

The habits and distribution of this marine molluscan pest chiefly concern the engineer and ship-builder at the present day, but in the past their presence is a considerable guide to the geologist as to the conditions under which many of the Eocene beds were deposited. It does not seem to have existed in the Gault sea, for though the driftwood of this period is riddled by some of its destructive ancestors, such as Teredina, Lamarck, and perhaps Xylophaga, it is far less completely destroyed than when the true ship-worm has been at work. Something very like it is present in the Chalk; but when we come to the Eocenes, there is no longer any possibility of doubt as to the animal which has made its home in the drifting logs, for they are riddled in the way peculiar to the true ship-worm, and its shell is frequently left in the bore-holes
VI.—On the Microzoa Found in Some Jurassic Rocks of England
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Shebborn C. D.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, Dec. II. Vol. II. 1875, p. 308, is a list of some English Jurassic Foraminifera, a large number of species being there noted as occurring in these rocks. We have lately received, by the friendly courtesy of the Rev. H. H. Winwood, F.G.S., and Horace B. Woodward, Esq., F.G.S., thirteen specimens of the Jurassic rocks from the south-west of England. One of these has yielded a most important series of Ostracoda. Whilst preparing a special monograph, we hasten to offer some preliminary notes on these interesting Jurassic Microzoa, at present merely noting the genera, in descending order of strata, and deferring the specific nomenclature for a subsequent opportunity.
I.—Contributions to our knowledge of the Genus Cyclus, from the Carboniferous Formation of various British Localities
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The curious little shield-like Crustaceans, known under the generic name of Cyclus, were first noticed by de Koninckin1841, and have been subsequently figured and described by various authors, but their exact systematic position lias never been clearly understood owing to the absence of appendages or other indications by which their affinities might be satisfactorily ascertained.

In 1868 I gave a description, with figures, of two species:' one of which, the Cyclus radialis, had been previously noticed by de Koninck and Phillips; the other, C. Bankini, was then first made known.

In 1870, under the title of “Contributions to British Fossil Crustacea,” I redescribed the above-named species, and added Cyclus bilobatns, C. torosus, C. Jonesianus, C. Wriyhtii, C. Harknetsi, C. (Halicyne) laxus, C. (Halicyne) agnotus.

The next record of the genus is to be found in the fifth part of my Monograph of British Fossil Crustacea of the order Merostomata, which records and figures the then known seven British species of Cyclus, but adds no new forms.

In 1883 Mr. B. N. Peach, F.K.S., L. and E., F.G.S., published an account of Cyclus testudo, from the Carboniferous series of Langholm, to which reference will again be made later on.

In 1893 I noticed a new British species of Cyclus, discovered by Mr. George Scott in the "Gannister seam" of the Lower Coal-measures, Old Clough Colliery, Bacup, Lancashire, which I named Cyclus Scotti.

In the same year Mr. F. E. Cowper Eeed, B.A., F.G.S., of Trinity College, Cambridge, gave a description of what he deemed to be probably a new species of Cyclus, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Settle, Yorkshire, near to, but not identical with, C. Harhiessi, which he named V. Woodwardi.
IV.—On some Variolitic Rocks on Carrock Fell
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The district of Carrock Fell,inCumberland, is one richinvarieties of intrusive igneous rocks. Those on Carrock Fell itself, while probably belonging to one period of igneous activity, fall under three or four heads, which can be arrangedinchronological sequence, as follows:—

(i.) a large intrusion of gabbro generally laccolitio in character.

(ii.) a granophyre, also forming laccolitic bodies, but with associated dykes and veins which traverse the gabbro.

(iii.) a diabase or gabbro, not essentially different from the first intrusion, but injected later and under somewhat changed conditions.

(iv.) a large number of dykes and veins of intermediate to basic composition.

These last are found traversing all the other rocks, and therefore, if we are justifiedingrouping them all together, they represent the latest intrusions in the neighbourhood. They vary from straight dykes two or three feet wide to narrow and rather tortuous veins not more than an inch in width.

I have recently presented to the Geological Society an account of the larger intrusive masses of Carrock Fell,1 and I originally intended to include also the minor dykes and veins alluded to. This purpose I abandoned in view of the multiplicity and variety of rocks which they include, but some of the specimens examined seem worthy of a brief notice.
V.—On the Application of the Sand-Blast for the Development of Trilobites
Authors: Bernard H. M.
Published: May 2009

My endeavours to establish a genetic relationship between the Annelida and the Phyllopod Crustacean Apus led me, very naturally, to the study of the Trilobites. Specimens were kindly lent me by Dr. Woodward, F.R.S., Prof. Judd, F.R.S., and by Prof. G. B. Howes, it being my privilege at the time to be working in the Huxley Research Laboratory, which is under his direction.

Picking at the fossil with a steel point taught me, what every worker soon finds out for himself, that the limbs which, under such a dorsal shield, would probably have been thin-walled structures, could not be differentiated from the matrix by any such method. Was there, then, no mechanical method of revealing the undersurface? At first I thought, among other things, of a stream of water, mixed with emery powder, forced through a rose; this idea led, very naturally, to the sand-blast. a visit to the London Sandblast “Works” (58A, Gray's Inn Road) gave some promise. The proprietor was kind enough to express interest in the idea, and showed me blocks of granite which had been treated with the sand-blast, and in which the harder elements stood outingood relief. a very short application of one of the sand-blasts belonging to the Works to the under-surface of a Trilobite from the soft Wenloek cleared away a large portion of the matrix, and revealed a small area of the under-surface of the carapace completely cleaned.inthis specimen there was no trace of any under membrane having been cut through, and the carapace was probably the last remnant of a cast skin.
On a Neuropterous Insect from the Lower Lias, Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

So much attention has been bestowed of late years on fossil organic remains from rocks of all ages, that it must appear surprising to find so little notice has been directed to the Insectremains from the British Secondary rocks.

It is now nearly fifty years since that veteran geologist, the Rev. P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S., published his modest little 8vo. volume entitled “A History of the Fossil Insects in the Secondary Rocks of England” which is still the only separate work of the kind extant. Numerous Insect-remains have, it is true, been described by Prof. J. O. Westwood, Mr. H. E. Strickland, Prof. J. F. Blake, Mr. A. G. Butler, and Mr. S. H. Scudder, from English rocks of Secondary age; and Mr. Herbert Goss has given an excellent summary of our knowledge of the Mesozoic Insects in the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (1879).
III.—An Improved Method of taking Impressions of Fossils, Etc
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

Palæontologists and others concerned with fossils often X have need of some method of taking impressions of fossils, which shall at the same time be simple and efficacious, and shall also be of such a nature as not to cause injury of any kind to the original. Many different processes have been tried, with varied success. The following method has stood the test of application to a wide range of subjects, and has answered its purpose well in the hands of a considerable number of workers:—
I.—The Skull of the Gigantic Ceratopsidæ
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The huge horned Dinosaurs, from the Cretaceous, recently described by the writer, have now been investigated with some care, and much additional light has been thrown upon their structure and affinities. A large amount of new material has been secured, including several skulls, nearly complete, as well as various portions of the skeleton.
I.—Recent Progress in Palæontology
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Since its foundation as a Science, at the beginning of this century, by the illustrious Cuvier, Palæontology has progressed with an astonishing rapidity; and though theoretically belonging to the twin sciences of Zoology and Botany, its domain is now so vast, and the number of facts which it has accumulated is so great, that it has every claim to rank as a distinct department of knowledge, which cannot be fully mastered except by those who make it the subject of special study. That the number of these is daily increasing is shown conclusively by the increased number of systematic works on Palæontology which have appeared of late years, and not less by the character of these. Two of these treatises, both as yet but partially published, may be singled out for mention in this connexion—namely, the “Handbuch der Palæontologie” by Professors Zittel and Schimper, and the new “Lethæa Geognostica” by an association of German palæontologists. The former of these, if carried out with the fulness and accuracy which distinguish its first portion, will be one of the most valuable and important treatises on systematic palæontology which we possess in any language, and will be a fitting companion to the classical treatises of Pictet and D'Orbigny, though it will not supersede either of these honoured works. Of the second of these only the first part, embracing the Atlas of Plates of Palæozoic fossils, has as yet been issued; but if the text be equal to the plates, and if the various sections of the work are undertaken by men as eminent as Ferdinand Roemer, the new “Lethæa Geognostica” will undoubtedly form an indispensable item in the library of every working palæontologist.
III.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

After much slipping and sliding—for the small stream of water which flows down the pass had often glazed it from side to side—we reached the village of Yamborshan, just outside the Kalgan walls. Here I was well received by the Russian Postmaster, M. Shismaroff. This village, like Kalgan itself, is romantically situated in a defile, which is bounded by mountainous cliffs of a volcanic rock, called by Pumpelly a porphyritic trachyte. Before entering Kalgan, you pass underneath a gateway in the famous Great Wall of China. Right and left from this point, it rapidly ascends to the summit of the cliffs, which bound the defile, and its towers are seen standing on pinnacles of rocks, and looking over precipices from positions which seem inaccessible.
III.—What must be Explained before the Preservation of Deposits under Till is Explained
Authors: Young John
Published: May 2009

As I am one of those who find difficulty in understanding the preservation of stratified deposits beneath the Till, I would like to point out to Mr. J. Geikie that he has not correctly stated the difficulty in his paper (Geol. Mag. Feb. 1878) on “The Preservation of Deposits under Till or Boulder-clay.” The difficulty really lies in the explanation of how the Till itself was deposited: were that clear, the preservation of beds beneath it might be at once intelligible. Admitting the passage of an ice-sheet across the country, admitting further that the Till is the moraine profonde of such an ice-sheet, the accumulation of 100 feet of Till beneath the ice-sheet is a phenomenon which has not been explained, and cannot be passed over as unimportant. A moving mass of ice, 2000 feet thick, seems a formidable agent of erosion; yet where I now write nearly 100 feet of Till intervene between the surface and the Carboniferous rocks, which, where exposed, shows striations having the usual compass bearing for this neighbourhood. The greater portion of the Till hereabouts is derived from the Carboniferous rocks of the district, but numerous boulders of granite, felstone, schist, and of Old Red Sandstone sedimentary and volcanic rocks, show that the ice had brought materials from a wider area. The limits of the Carboniferous series are about twelve miles to the west and northwest of Glasgow, that being the direction whence the ice came. As the ice of a modern glacier pushes the results of erosion before it, we may conclude that the old ice-sheet with a pressure of about 1000 lbs. to the square inch did the same; indeed, Mr. Geikie has already accepted this “idea as to how an ice-sheet would behave,” but without explaining how the alternate exposure and concealment was effected in the presence of very thick Till. It may be said that the ice pushed its moraine profimde before it, but then Hugh Miller's “pavements” have always been referred to as proofs that the ice overrode not displaced the Till already accumulated.
I.—Notes on the Devonians and Old Red Sandstone of North and South Devon
Authors: Champernowne A.
Published: May 2009

It may seem to many geologists, accustomed to speak of the “simple order of North Devon,” a somewhat unusual process to fall back on the more troubled districts of the southern division of the County for evidence upon which to take one's stand in interpreting the grand facts of succession within the original “Devonian” area, Devonshire. That is, however, the plan of campaign which I shall adopt; but instead of publishing the paper I read last year before the British Association, in Section C, at Plymouth (which will appear in abstract in the Annual volume of Reports), I will only recapitulate the facts I then brought forward, relating to the southern limestones of Torbay.
V.—Denudation—Rain and River
Authors: Forbes Henry O.
Published: May 2009

During a recent residence in Portugal I paid a visit in Feb. 1877, to Coimbra, and while standing on the tower of the University, whence a magnificent view of the surrounding country can be obtained, I was much struck by the immense accumulation of sand deposited over a wide area on both banks of the river Mondego, by whose margin the city stands. A considerable, though, comparatively speaking, a small quantity was of recent date, and was evidently brought down by the heavy rains in the months of November and December of the previous year, which had produced destructive floods throughout the country, and had here greatly threatened the low-lying parts of the town. I was informed that every year a large quantity of new sand is spread out over the valley; but the shortness of my stay here precluded any attempt to estimate the yearly additions to the fluviatile stratum.
VII.—On the Occurrence of a Freshwater Sponge in the Purbeck Limestone
Authors: Young John T.
Published: May 2009

In the course of a re-investigation into the vexed question of the origin and nature of Chalk flints, the very natural suggestion occurred to me that the remains of a fresh water sponge might probably be found in the “flints” of the Purbeck limestones, and a recent visit to Lulworth afforded the opportunity of verifying the conjecture. Patches of spicules with valves of Cypris, etc., etc., occur in most of the specimens then obtained.
III.—On the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of West and Central Ross-shire
Authors: Hicks Henry , Davies T.
Published: May 2009

A Portion of the district referred to in this paper was described by me in a communication to the Geological Society, on May 22nd, 1878, and this was afterwards published in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiv. In that paper, however, many of the facts which had led me to the conclusions stated therein had to be omitted, and the important evidence derived from the microscopical examination of the rocks was hardly touched upon. It was then intended that this evidence should be given in an appendix to the paper, but, unfortunately, circumstances at the time prevented it.
III.—Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

For the purposes of a memoir, about to be published by H.M. Geological Survey of England, on the Geology of parts of Norfolk, I have been for some time past engaged in a critical examination and revision of such lists of the so-called “Pre-Glacial Forest Bed” Vertebrata, as have appeared from time to time in various publications. And it is intended to publish the results of this work in detail, when figures of the more important specimens will be given, together with particulars of the reasons for the alterations and additions which it is deemed necessary to make. It seemed desirable, however, as some time must elapse before the entire work can be accomplished, to publish, as occasion serves, short notes of some of the changes about to be made; and it is hoped that these notes will not be without interest to the readers of this Magazine.
V.—Note on the Geographical Distribution of Volcanos
Authors: Milne J.
Published: May 2009

From what we know about the cooling of the earth and its geological structure, it would seem very probable that the principal features which we now see upon the surface of our planet, as, for instance, the continents and ocean-beds, received their forms in very early times, being, in fact, more or less a primary result of contraction. Since the formation of these impressions, contractions have continued to take place, and secondary results have come about, the character of which would appear in a great measure to be dependent upon the primary results by which they were preceded. Amongst the secondary results I would point to the position occupied by many volcanos.
IV.—A Contribution to the Study of the British Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

Observations on Spirorbis.—In the foregoing history I have endeavoured to give a brief and clear outline of the views held by those who have made it the subject of their investigations since the time of W. Martin.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Whatever may be the precise biological value of this genus or subgenus as distinct from Purpura, it forms a remarkable group, limited, according to our present knowledge, both in time and space. Of the conditions favourable to its development we only obtain glimpses here and there. In the Coral Rag of Yorkshire one would say that the genus displays a remarkable tendency to variability within certain limits, so much so that almost every specimen found in anything like a decent state of preservation differs in some point of ornament: hence the extreme difficulty of specific arrangement. One might almost suppose that, like the Ammonite, the genus having worked out the limits of possible change, flourished within a short period only, and speedily became extinct.
VI.—On the Distribution and Identification of the Palæozoic Rocks of the Northern Punjab
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: May 2009

Speculation having been rather freely applied to the identification of these rocks, I beg to offer a few notes upon the subject, the facts regarding which I have described in a paper already published.
I.—Oceans and Continents
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In opposition to the views enunciated by Lyell and the older geologists, and until now generally accepted by those who have made physical geology a study, an opinion is gaining ground that “generally speaking the great continents and great ocean basins have occupied their present positions through all geological time;” that they are, though subject to oscillations of level, permanent depressions and elevations produced by the gradual diminution of the earth's diameter through loss of heat and consequent sinking in of the rigid crust.
VI.—Notes on the Well lately sunk at Wokingham, Berks
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Having been favoured by Mr. T. M. Quill, who has of late successfully completed an artesian well at Wokingham, with opportunities of examining the specimens brought up from the well, and with his own notes on the progress and results of the boring, I have drawn up a tabular statement of the strata pierced on that occasion. The well was begun in May, 1879, in the London Clay, on the low ground at the foot of the hill of Bagshot Sand on which Wokingham stands, near the junction of the S.W. and S.E. Eailways. A 6-foot shaft was sunk for 264 feet, penetrating the London Clay; a 24-inch pipe, through 6½ feet of sand and clay of the “Basement Bed,” then reached a water-bearing sand of the same series; and a pipe (16-inch) and bore-hole were continued for 138 feet, down to 408 feet, at a level of 64 feet in the Chalk, where an abundant supply of water was obtained.