bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marathon dam: a collaboration between American and Greek engineers
Authors: Mavrogonatou Georgia , Chatzis Konstantinos
Published: March 2013

The Marathon dam was built by American contractor Ulen & Company from 1926–1929 to provide water for Athens. The water was delivered to the Galatsi water treatment plant through the 13·4 km long Boyati tunnel and was an important milestone in the technological advancement of modern Greece. This gravity dam is 54 m tall and 285 m long and impounds a reservoir with a capacity of 41 000 000 m3, and was one of the largest construction projects in Europe at the time. Designed and built by a firm based in New York, the Marathon dam was by no means a purely American product: Greek engineers played key roles in all aspects of its planning, design and construction. The history of the Marathon dam thus illustrates that large engineering projects in countries deemed to be located on the edge of the developed world are seldom mono-faceted processes comprising an active ‘transmitter’ and a passive ‘receptor’. The authors conclude that new insights and substantial reappraisals of engineering projects can emerge if historians of technology consider them as examples of active cooperation between technologically more advanced and less developed nations, rather than assuming they consist only of one-directional technological transfer.
Anticorrosive interfacial coatings for metallic substrates
Authors: Rahimi Shahab K. , Potrekar Ravindra , Dutta Naba K. , Choudhury Namita R.
Published: March 2013

The present state-of-the-art in anticorrosive coatings technology is a multistep process where multilayered hybrid coatings are applied on metallic substrates with each layer having certain functionality and properties. These layers are mainly an interfacial layer, such as inorganic phosphate coatings and/or sol-gel hybrid coatings, which are accompanied by a paint/polymer topcoat. While the main characteristic of the polymer topcoat is a “barrier” role to prevent the diffusion of corrosive species to the metal surface, the primer or the first layer in contact with metal surface is of significant importance due to its role in “active” corrosion prevention capability and promotion of strong adhesion between the substrate surface and subsequent layers. In this article, recent developments in processing and functional properties of zinc-phosphate sacrificial primers and sol-gel-based hybrid coatings will be overviewed. Finally, some of the innovative advancements in this area developed by this research group and others will also be discussed.
Influence of road reclamation techniques on forest ecosystem recovery
Authors: Lloyd Rebecca A , Lohse Kathleen A , Ferré TPA
Published: March 2013

Road reclamation has emerged as an integral part of ecological restoration strategies, particularly on public lands. However, there are no consistent techniques for how road reclamation should be implemented to restore ecosystem structure and function. Resource managers are hindered by critical research gaps regarding the linkages between, as well as the effects of different restoration actions on, above‐ and belowground ecological and hydrological properties. In the western US, we examined how two road reclamation methods (recontouring and abandonment) affect ecosystem properties relative to “never‐roaded” areas. Recontoured and abandoned sites displayed similar aboveground properties but exhibited notable differences in below‐ground properties, including soil hydraulic conductivity, organic matter, total carbon, and total nitrogen, among others. Our findings suggest that recontouring can dramatically accelerate recovery of above‐ and belowground properties so they resemble never‐roaded reference conditions. In contrast, abandoning roads generates above‐ and belowground properties that follow a different path to recovery.
THE END OF THE ROAD TO SERFDOM?
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: March 2013

This a review article of Martin Loughlin, Foundations of Public Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). The promise of the book is that the retrieval of public law understood as a prudential discourse of public right will show us how liberal democratic societies have learned to negotiate between the horns of the fundamental dilemma Loughlin supposes we face. This is the dilemma articulated by Rousseau: on the one hand, a society has to take deliberate steps to produce through law free citizens in order to ensure that it is one in which freedom endures, while, on the other hand, such steps create the danger of ‘bureaucratic oppression’ of the sort that produces a society composed of chiefs and slaves. However, at the end of the book, Loughlin suggests that the dilemma has been resolved and that we are in danger of finding ourselves living, or perhaps even are already living, in the society of chiefs and slaves. And if the idea of public right is retrieved only to show that it is either moribund or dead, we have reached the end of what FA Hayek called in 1944 ‘the road to serfdom.’ I argue that Loughlin comes to this surprising conclusion because of a fundamental flaw in his argument about the rule of law, in which he both reduces the rule of law to an instrument of power and suggests that it has to fail on its own terms.
The Science-Politics of Climate Change in China: Development, Equity, and Responsibility
Authors: Wübbeke Jost
Published: March 2013

China has argued that developed countries should take the lead in international climate change mitigation, while developing countries should be allowed to realize their economic development and implement voluntary measures. This position may seem purely political. However, this article shows that Chinese science also contributes to constructing the perspectives of development, equity, and responsibility. Chinese climate models, emission graphs, and graphs of future emissions are presented to show that these scientific inscriptions contain and coproduce these values in conjunction with political inscriptions. The findings demonstrate that scientific inscriptions are essential to stabilize the Chinese climate network, and that political practice cannot separate scientific facts from political contestation over climate and development.
The Dorello canal: historical development, controversies in microsurgical anatomy, and clinical implications
Authors: Kshettry Varun R. , Lee Joung H. , Ammirati Mario
Published: March 2013

Interest in studying the anatomy of the abducent nerve arose from early clinical experience with abducent palsy seen in middle ear infection. Primo Dorello, an Italian anatomist working in Rome in the early 1900s, studied the anatomy of the petroclival region to formulate his own explanation of this pathological entity. His work led to his being credited with the discovery of the canal that bears his name, although this structure had been described 50 years previously by Wenzel Leopold Gruber. Renewed interest in the anatomy of this region arose due to advances in surgical approaches to tumors of the petroclival region and the need to explain the abducent palsies seen in trauma, intracranial hypotension, and aneurysms. The advent of the surgical microscope has allowed more detailed anatomical studies, and numerous articles have been published in the last 2 decades. The current article highlights the historical development of the study of the Dorello canal. A review of the anatomical studies of this structure is provided, followed by a brief overview of clinical considerations.
Current neurosurgical management of glossopharyngeal neuralgia and technical nuances for microvascular decompression surgery
Authors: Rey-Dios Roberto , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A.
Published: March 2013

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is an uncommon facial pain syndrome often misdiagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia. The rarity of this condition and its overlap with other cranial nerve hyperactivity syndromes often leads to a significant delay in diagnosis. The surgical procedures with the highest rates of pain relief for GPN are rhizotomy and microvascular decompression (MVD) of cranial nerves IX and X. Neurovascular conflict at the level of the root exit zone of these cranial nerves is believed to be the cause of this pain syndrome in most cases. Vagus nerve rhizotomy is usually reserved for cases in which vascular conflict is not evident. A review of the literature reveals that although the addition of cranial nerve X rhizotomy may improve the chances of long-term pain control, this maneuver also increases the risk of permanent dysphagia and vocal cord paralysis. The risks of this procedure have to be carefully weighed against its benefits. Based on the authors' experience, careful patient selection with a thorough exploratory operation most often leads to identification of the site of vascular conflict, obviating the need for cranial nerve X rhizotomy.
Pediatric bypasses for aneurysms and skull base tumors: short- and long-term outcomes
Authors: Kim Louis J. , Tariq Farzana , Sekhar Laligam N.
Published: March 2013

Object

Cerebral bypass is a useful microsurgical technique for the treatment of unclippable aneurysms and invasive skull base tumors. The authors present the largest reported series of cerebrovascular bypasses in the pediatric population. They describe the short- and long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of extracranial-intracranial and local bypasses performed for complex cerebral aneurysms and recurrent, invasive, and malignant skull base tumors in pediatric patients.

Methods

A consecutive series of 17 pediatric patients who underwent revascularization were analyzed retrospectively for indications, graft patency, and neurological outcomes.

Results

The mean age was 12 years (median 11 years, range 4–17 years), and there were 7 boys (41%) and 10 girls (59%). A total of 18 bypasses were performed in 17 patients and included 10 aneurysm cases (55.5%) and 8 tumor cases (45%). Of these 18 bypasses, there were 11 (61.1%) extracranial-intracranial bypasses (10 saphenous vein grafts [90%] and 1 radial artery graft [10%]), 1 side-to-side anastomosis (5.5%), 2 intracranial reimplants (11.1%), and 4 interposition bypass grafts (22.2%; 2 radial artery grafts, 1 saphenous vein graft, and 1 lingual artery graft). The mean clinical follow-up was 40.5 months (median 24 months, range 3–197 months). The mean radiographic follow-up was 40 months (median 15 months, range 9–197 months). Eighty-two percent of patients (14 of 17) achieved a modified Rankin Scale score between 0 and 2; however, 2 patients died of disease progression during long-term follow-up. The short-term (0- to 3-month) graft patency rate was 100%. Two patients had graft stenosis (11.7%) and underwent graft revisions. Two patients (11.1%) with giant middle cerebral artery aneurysms (> 25 mm) had strokes postoperatively but recovered without a persistent neurological deficit. One patient observed for 197 months showed a stable dysplastic change at the end of the graft. The long-term graft patency was 100% with a mean follow-up of 40 months. There were 2 deaths in the cohort during follow-up; both patients died of malignant tumors (osteogenic sarcoma and chondrosarcoma).

Conclusions

The authors conclude that in properly selected cases, bypasses can be safely performed in patients with aneurysms and skull base tumors. The bypasses remained patent over long periods of time despite the growth of the patients.
New findings on the pollination biology ofMauritia flexuosa(Arecaceae) in Roraima, Brazil: Linking dioecy, wind, and habitat
Authors: Khorsand Rosa Roxaneh , Koptur Suzanne
Published: March 2013

•Premise of the study:Despite the ecological, economic, and cultural importance of the palmMauritia flexuosain Amazonia, knowledge of its reproductive biology is scarce. Previous observations of this species suggested beetles as the probable pollinator, but experimental work to confirm this hypothesis was lacking.

•Methods:We investigated the floral biology and pollination ofM. flexuosain undisturbed forest, undisturbed savanna/forest ecotone, and fragmented savanna within plantations of the exotic tree,Acacia mangium, in northern Brazilian Amazonia. In each habitat, we examined floral biology, combined floral visitor observations with laboratory analyses, and performed anemophily and exclusion experiments.

•Key results:Fruit set was significantly greater in the visitor exclusion treatment than in the wind + visitor exclusion treatment and significantly lower in the wind + visitor exclusion treatment than the open control, but there was no difference in fruit set between the visitor exclusion treatment and the control. We found no significant difference in pollen dispersal among the three habitats. The presence ofA. mangiumappears to have no immediate effect on pollination ofM. flexuosa, although it may indirectly affect other aspects of this native's reproductive ecology.

•Conclusions:Floral visitors ofM. flexuosaare not pollinators. This dioecious palm depends on wind as its primary pollen vector. Wind pollination is not necessarily most effective in open habitats. These findings are important because they re‐evaluate traditional assumptions of wind pollination and can improve management strategies of this natural resource in the Amazon.
Insulin Resistance as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients on peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Li Yun , Zhang Lihua , Gu Yong , Hao Chuanming , Zhu Tongying
Published: March 2013

Background

Insulin resistance is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) disease in the general population. Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are more likely to develop insulin resistance. However, no evaluation of the impact of insulin resistance on CV disease morbidity or mortality in patients on PD has been performed.

Methods

Our prospective cohort study included all non-diabetic patients on PD at our center ( n = 66). Insulin resistance was evaluated at baseline by the homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR) using fasting glucose and insulin levels. The cohort was followed for up to 58 months (median: 41.3 months; interquartile range: 34.3 months). A multivariate Cox model was used to analyze the impact of insulin resistance on CV disease mortality.

Results

Fourteen CV events occurred in the higher HOMA-IR group [IR-H (HOMA-IR values in the range 2.85 – 19.5), n = 33], but only one event occurred in the lower HOMA-IR group (IR-L (HOMA-IR values in the range 0.83 – 2.71), n = 33) during the follow-up period. Level of HOMA-IR was a significant predictor of CV events [risk ratio: 17.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.10 to 149.5; p = 0.008]. In the IR-H group, 10 patients died (8 CV events), but in the IR-L group, only 4 patients died (1 CV event). Patients in the IR-H group experienced significantly higher CV mortality (hazard ratio: 9.02; 95% CI: 1.13 to 72.2; p = 0.04). Even after adjustments for age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, resistin, and leptin, HOMA-IR remained an independent predictor of CV mortality (hazard ratio: 14.8; 95% CI: 1.22 to 179.1; p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Insulin resistance assessed using HOMA-IR was an independent predictor of CV morbidity and mortality in a cohort of nondiabetic patients on PD. Insulin resistance is a modifiable risk factor; the reduction of insulin resistance may reduce CV risk and improve survival in this group of patients.
Mycophenolate Mofetil Improves Lung Function in Connective Tissue Disease-associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Fischer Aryeh , Brown Kevin K. , Du Bois Roland M. , Frankel Stephen K. , Cosgrove Gregory P. , Fernandez-Perez Evans R. , Huie Tristan J. , Krishnamoorthy Mahalakshmi , Meehan Richard T. , Olson Amy L. , Solomon Joshua J. , Swigris Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2013

Objective.

Small series suggest mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is well tolerated and may be an effective therapy for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). We examined the tolerability and longitudinal changes in pulmonary physiology in a large and diverse cohort of patients with CTD-ILD treated with MMF.

Methods.

We identified consecutive patients evaluated at our center between January 2008 and January 2011 and prescribed MMF for CTD-ILD. We assessed safety and tolerability of MMF and used longitudinal data analyses to examine changes in pulmonary physiology over time, before and after initiation of MMF.

Results.

We identified 125 subjects treated with MMF for a median 897 days. MMF was discontinued in 13 subjects. MMF was associated with significant improvements in estimated percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%) from MMF initiation to 52, 104, and 156 weeks (4.9% ± 1.9%, p = 0.01; 6.1% ± 1.8%, p = 0.0008; and 7.3% ± 2.6%, p = 0.004, respectively); and in estimated percentage predicted diffusing capacity (DLCO%) from MMF initiation to 52 and 104 weeks (6.3% ± 2.8%, p = 0.02; 7.1% ± 2.8%, p = 0.01). In the subgroup without usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)-pattern injury, MMF significantly improved FVC% and DLCO%, and in the subgroup with UIP-pattern injury, MMF was associated with stability in FVC% and DLCO%.

Conclusion.

In a large diverse cohort of CTD-ILD, MMF was well tolerated and had a low rate of discontinuation. Treatment with MMF was associated with either stable or improved pulmonary physiology over a median 2.5 years of followup. MMF appears to be a promising therapy for the spectrum of CTD-ILD.
Longterm Outcomes and Damage Accrual in Patients with Childhood Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Psychosis and Severe Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Lim Lily Siok Hoon , Lefebvre Arlette , Benseler Susanne , Silverman Earl D.
Published: March 2013

Objective.

(1) To describe the clinical course and response to treatment; and (2) to evaluate and compare damage accrual of distinct phenotypic subgroups of patients with clinically important psychiatric illness of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE).

Methods.

A single-center cohort study of patients with pSLE followed at a pediatric lupus clinic from 1985 to July 2009. Clinical course and response to treatment were studied. Remission was defined by absence of psychiatric/cognitive symptoms while receiving minimal doses of prednisone. Disease activity and damage were measured using SLE Disease Activity Index and SLE Damage Index.

Results.

Fifty-three children were included: 40 with psychosis and cognitive dysfunction (PSYC group) and 13 with isolated cognitive dysfunction (COG group). All received immunosuppressive treatment. Eighteen of 32 treated with azathioprine required a change to cyclophosphamide for poor response but none on cyclophosphamide required a change. The median times to remission were 72 weeks (PSYC) and 70 weeks (COG). Eight patients (7 PSYC, 1 COG) experienced flare following response/remission. New damage was noted in 50% of children at a median of 11 months: 57% of PSYC group, 31% of COG group. Persistent cognitive dysfunction was seen in 16% of PSYC patients and 15% of COG patients.

Conclusion.

Most patients responded to immunosuppressive treatment, although median time to remission was > 1 year. Roughly half the patients acquired a new damage item, most of which did not interfere with functional abilities. Fewer than 20% of patients developed neuropsychiatric damage. Both phenotypes of psychiatric pSLE responded equally well to current treatment.
Adherence Challenges and Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Morton N. Kirk , Zubek Donna
Published: March 2013

Medication nonadherence has been associated with persistence of psychotic symptoms, relapse, and hospitalization in patients with schizophrenia. Patients with untreated psychosis are significantly less likely to achieve remission, whereas antipsychotic drug adherence has been associated with recovery. As such, adherence to antipsychotic drug treatment is a key issue for nurses and treatment team members caring for patients who typically are on a chronic, progressive disease course. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic drugs, developed to improve adherence and provide an alternative antipsychotic drug treatment for schizophrenia, have been associated with improved treatment outcomes including reduction of relapse rates by approximately 30% and reduction in hospitalizations. However, LAI antipsychotic drugs remain underutilized in the United States despite a growing body of literature supporting positive outcomes of LAI versus oral antipsychotic drugs. Mental health nurses are in a key position to support improved adherence in patients with schizophrenia through use of practical educational strategies that help patients, family members, and health care providers better understand and manage treatment.
An Overview of theDSM-5: Changes, Controversy, and Implications for Psychiatric Nursing
Authors: Halter Margaret Jordan , Rolin-Kenny Donna , Dzurec Laura Cox
Published: March 2013

Scheduled for publication in May 2013, theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition(DSM-5), will guide clinical diagnoses, treatment plans, medication choices and protocols, insurance reimbursements, and research agendas throughout the United States. It will also serve as a reference manual for clinicians around the world. This primary diagnostic source used by psychiatric and mental health providers is undergoing significant change in organization and content relative to the previous edition. This article provides a general overview of what to expect in theDSM-5, highlighting major aspects of the revision. Included is a list of the proposed diagnostic categories and an overview of some of the debate and discussion accompanying the changes. Implications for psychiatric nurses and psychiatric nursing are presented.
How Culture Is Assessed in the
DSM-5
Authors: Warren Barbara Jones
Published: March 2013

Reports regarding the proposed changes in the fifth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(
DSM-5
) indicate there will be expanded and more clearly defined mental health assessment information regarding culture and diversity. This change is in response to the concerns of educators, practitioners, and researchers regarding how culture was prioritized, defined, and assessed within the fourth edition, text revision (
DSM-IV-TR
) of the manual. The purposes of this article are to discuss (a) how culture was assessed in the
DSM-IV-TR
; (b) what new assessment cultural factors are proposed for inclusion in the
DSM-5
; and (c) implications for psychiatric-mental health nursing education, practice, and research based on the inclusion of the proposed cultural assessment changes.
II Reunión General del Grupo Latinoamericano de Instituciones del Cemento y del Concreto
Authors: Calleja J.
Published: March 2013

Not available
Influencia de la temperatura del clínker sobre su molturabilidad
Authors: Pospisil Z.
Published: March 2013

Not avaible
Ensayos acelerados de resistencia del hormigón
Authors: Krishna Iyer R. , Sukesan Nair N.
Published: March 2013

Not avaible
Interpretación y medición comparada de líneas granulométricas continuas
Authors: Grinszpan Pedro Enrique
Published: March 2013

Not avaible
Resistencia química del hormigón. III.-Acción del agua de mar. Influencia de la adición de escoria al cemento portland (2.a parte)
Authors: Gaspar-Tébar Demetrio , Sagrera-Moreno José Luis
Published: March 2013

Not avaible
Teaching ESP: A task-based framework for French graduate courses
Authors: Whyte Shona
Published: March 2013

Dans cet article, l’auteur étudie l’enseignement de l’anglais de spécialité (ASP) dans des cours de niveau master et doctorat dans les domaines de la gestion, de l’enseignement de la physique-chimie, et de la recherche en sciences sociales. Elle part de l’hypothèse de « domaines de discours » (Selinker & Douglas 1985 ; Whyte 1995) selon laquelle les connaissances spécifiques des apprenants ainsi que leur engagement dans la discipline influent sur l’utilisation et l’évolution de la langue seconde. Elle adopte une approche d’apprentissage par tâches (Long 1989 ; Ellis 2003 ; Guichon & Nicolaev 2011) en appliquant les principes méthodologiques proposés par Doughty et Long (2003) pour l’enseignement des langues avec les technologies à la conception et à la mise en œuvre de trois types d’enseignement d’ASP. L’article démontre l’intérêt des principes d’apprentissage par tâches pour la construction de curricula et pour la mise en place d’activités d’apprentissage, puis tire des conclusions sur les retombées pratiques aussi bien que théoriques.
CLIL in higher education: the (perfect?) crossroads of ESP and didactic reflection
Authors: Taillefer Gail
Published: March 2013

Avec l’internationalisation croissante de l’enseignement supérieur, l’Enseignement d’une matière intégré à une langue étrangère (EMILE) est devenu un objet à la fois d’enseignement et de recherche. Différents contextes internationaux fournissent des exemples de pratiques efficaces et des modèles théoriques qui incorporent des critères de qualité complexes et pertinents, tels qu’une politique linguistique institutionnelle ou nationale, une pédagogie et une didactique de l’EMILE et des rôles spécifiques des différents acteurs (institutions, enseignants disciplinaires et de langue, étudiants). La France s’intéresse à l’EMILE depuis relativement peu de temps et elle n’est pas très sensibilisée à ces questions clés liées à la qualité. Les travaux de recherche indiquent qu’une mise en œuvre défaillante de l’EMILE peut découler de la marginalisation des spécialistes de langue de l’enseignement supérieur. Le secteur ASP/Lansad se trouve au carrefour de l’EMILE entre les disciplines et les langues ; il joue un rôle naturel de médiateur transdisciplinaire axé sur le lien entre théorie et pratique efficace. L’objectif de la présente réflexion est de partager avec la communauté ASP des travaux internationaux récents sur l’EMILE et de suggérer à travers une analyse SWOT une manière d’intégrer une réflexion et une pratique pertinentes à cette forme de pédagogie.
Variation lexicologique dans les traductions de l’expression cloud computing dans le journal Le Monde : vers une recherche de transparence
Authors: Lacaze Grégoire
Published: March 2013

L’expression cloud computing, apparue à la fin des années 1990 aux États-Unis dans le domaine spécialisé de l’informatique, est de plus en plus fréquemment utilisée dans la presse francophone. La nécessité de proposer des équivalences de cette expression en français, notamment par le biais de la traduction, s’est imposée. Cette étude se propose d’analyser la grande variabilité observée dans les traductions en français de cette expression. Deux axes majeurs sont évoqués : d’une part, la traduction officielle, normative édictée par la France et adoptée par les multinationales dans leur communication institutionnelle et, d’autre part, les nombreuses équivalences proposées dans la presse écrite, notamment dans le quotidien Le Monde. Les efforts de traduction mis en œuvre par les journalistes dans un souci d’adaptation au français sont mis en évidence. Enfin, l’auteur étudie dans quelle mesure ce qui s’apparente à une recherche de transparence vis-à-vis du grand public conduit à un glissement de l’emploi d’une expression du spécialisé vers la langue générale par un effet de plasticité.
La recherche en anglais scientifique et la revue ASp : retour sur vingt ans de publications (1993-2012)
Authors: Laffont Hélène , Trouillon Jean-Louis
Published: March 2013

L’étude a pour objet de montrer comment les travaux menés par les chercheurs qui s’intéressent à l’anglais scientifique et qui ont publié leurs articles dans la revue ASp depuis 1993 reflètent l’influence du contexte de production. Par contexte de production, il faut entendre la politique universitaire des établissements d’enseignement supérieur, la place des chercheurs au sein de ces institutions ainsi que l’évolution de la recherche en anglais de spécialité au cours des vingt dernières années. Ces éléments peuvent expliquer les changements intervenus dans le choix des approches et des sujets retenus par les chercheurs. L’analyse de ces approches repose sur les axes historiques du GERAS qui sont la linguistique, la didactique, la culture et la technologie. Par les projections qu’elle permet d’envisager, cette étude rétrospective vise à éclairer la réflexion sur les évolutions futures de la recherche en anglais de spécialité, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l’anglais scientifique.
MicroRNA-375 Regulation of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin by Diesel Exhaust Particles and Ambient Particulate Matter in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bleck Bertram , Grunig Gabriele , Chiu Amanda , Liu Mengling , Gordon Terry , Kazeros Angeliki , Reibman Joan
Published: March 2013

Air pollution contributes to acute exacerbations of asthma and the development of asthma in children and adults. Airway epithelial cells interface innate and adaptive immune responses, and have been proposed to regulate much of the response to pollutants. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pivotal cytokine linking innate and Th2 adaptive immune disorders, and is upregulated by environmental pollutants, including ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP). We show that DEP and ambient fine PM upregulate TSLP mRNA and human microRNA (hsa-miR)-375 in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBEC). Moreover, transfection of pHBEC with anti–hsa-miR-375 reduced TSLP mRNA in DEP but not TNF-α–treated cells. In silico pathway evaluation suggested the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as one possible target of miR-375. DEP and ambient fine PM (3 μg/cm2) downregulated AhR mRNA. Transfection of mimic-hsa-miR-375 resulted in a small downregulation of AhR mRNA compared with resting AhR mRNA. AhR mRNA was increased in pHBEC treated with DEP after transfection with anti–hsa-miR-375. Our data show that two pollutants, DEP and ambient PM, upregulate TSLP in human bronchial epithelial cells by a mechanism that includes hsa-miR-375 with complex regulatory effects on AhR mRNA. The absence of this pathway in TNF-α–treated cells suggests multiple regulatory pathways for TSLP expression in these cells.
Differential Localization of T-bet and Eomes in CD8 T Cell Memory Populations
Authors: McLane Laura M. , Banerjee Pinaki P. , Cosma Gabriela L. , Makedonas George , Wherry E. John , Orange Jordan S. , Betts Michael R.
Published: March 2013

In mice, two T-box transcription factors, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) and eomesodermin (Eomes), drive the differentiation of CD8 T cell lineages; however, little is known regarding their role in human CD8 T cell differentiation. In this study, we characterized T-bet and Eomes expression and localization within human CD8 memory T cell populations. We find that T-bet and Eomes are broadly expressed in human memory CD8 T cells, with increasing levels of T-bet and Eomes strongly correlating with differentiation from central memory to effector memory and effector subpopulations. In resting T cells, T-bet levels directly correlate to subcellular localization, with a higher propensity for nuclear expression of T-bet within T-bethi cells and predominantly cytoplasmic expression in T-betlo cells. In addition, Eomes is also localized to either the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Upon TCR stimulation, the percentage of T cells that express T-bet dramatically increases, whereas the percentage of cells expressing Eomes remains largely unchanged across all memory populations. Of interest, T-bet, but not Eomes, relocalizes to the nucleus in the majority of cells across all populations within 24 h post stimulation. These data indicate that T-bet and Eomes are likely regulated at the level of subcellular localization, potentially via different mechanisms. Together, these findings suggest a novel model for CD8 T cell differentiation in humans that is based on the localization of T-bet and Eomes.
Orai1 Function Is Essential for T Cell Homing to Lymph Nodes
Authors: Greenberg Milton L. , Yu Ying , Leverrier Sabrina , Zhang Shenyuan L. , Parker Ian , Cahalan Michael D.
Published: March 2013

In T lymphocytes, Ca2+ release–activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels composed of Orai1 subunits trigger Ag-induced gene expression and cell proliferation through the NFAT pathway. We evaluated the requirement of CRAC channel function for lymphocyte homing using expression of a dominant-negative Orai1-E106A mutant to suppress Ca2+ signaling. To investigate homing and motility of human lymphocytes in immunocompromised mouse hosts, we transferred human lymphocytes either acutely or after stable engraftment after a second transfer from the same blood donor. Human and mouse lymphocyte homing was assessed, and cells were tracked within lymph nodes (LNs) by two-photon microscopy. Our results demonstrate that human T and B lymphocytes home into and migrate within the LNs of immunocompromised NOD.SCID mice similar to murine lymphocytes. Human T and B cells colocalized in atrophied or reconstituted mouse LNs, where T cells migrated in a random walk at velocities of 9–13 μm/min and B cells at 6 μm/min. Expression of Orai1-E106A inhibited CRAC channel function in human and mouse T cells, and prevented homing from high endothelial venules into murine LNs. Ca2+ signals induced by CCL21 were also inhibited in T cells expressing Orai1-E106A. With CRAC channels inhibited, the high-affinity form of LFA-1 failed to become active, and T cells failed to migrate across endothelial cells in a transwell model. These results establish a requirement for CRAC channel–mediated Ca2+ influx for T cell homing to LNs mediated by high-affinity integrin activation and chemokine-induced transendothelial migration.
Primate B-1 Cells Generate Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses to T Cell–Independent Type 2 Antigens
Authors: Yammani Rama D. , Haas Karen M.
Published: March 2013

Ab responses to T cell–independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags, such as bacterial capsular polysaccharides, are critical for host defense. In mice, B-1b cells expressing a CD11b+FSChiCD21lo/−CD19hi phenotype play a key role in producing Abs against TI-2 Ags. In primates, a distinct IgM+CD27+ “memory” B cell population is thought to generate TI-2 Ab responses, and evidence for a B-1b–like cell population participating in these responses is lacking. In this article, we demonstrate that nonhuman primates (NHPs; African green monkeys and cynomolgus macaques) harbor serosal B cells expressing a CD11b+FSChiCD21lo/−CD80+/−CD19hi phenotype, constitutively active Stat3, and increased reactivity with phosphorylcholine, similar to murine peritoneal B-1a and B-1b cell populations. Like what is observed for murine B-1b cells, NHP CD11b+FSChiCD21lo/−CD19hi B cells dominate the Ag-specific B cell response and Ab production against the TI-2 Ag trinitrophenyl-Ficoll. Although Ag-specific IgM+ B cells expressing CD27 were not detected prior to immunization, Ag-specific CD11b+CD19hi B cells expressed and maintained an IgM+IgDloCD27+CD80+ phenotype following immunization. Thus, the murine and NHP B cell populations responding to trinitrophenyl-Ficoll are highly similar, with the main exception being that Ag-specific NHP B-1–like cells express CD27 following TI-2 Ag encounter. Therefore, murine B-1b and primate IgM+CD27+ “memory” B cell subsets proposed to produce TI-2 Ab responses may be highly related, if not identical. Overall, these data not only support that B-1–like cells are present in NHPs but also provide evidence that these cells perform the same functions attributed to murine B-1b cells.
NKG2D Blockade Inhibits Poly(I:C)-Triggered Fetal Loss in Wild Type but Not in IL-10−/− Mice
Authors: Thaxton Jessica E. , Nevers Tania , Lippe Eliana O. , Blois Sandra M. , Saito Shigeru , Sharma Surendra
Published: March 2013

Infection and inflammation can disturb immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the underlying mechanisms for detrimental immune responses remain ill defined. In this study, we provide evidence for immune programming of fetal loss in response to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), a viral mimic and an inducer of inflammatory milieu. IL-10 and uterine NK (uNK) cells expressing the activating receptor NKG2D play a critical role in poly(I:C)-induced fetal demise. In wild type (WT) mice, poly(I:C) treatment induced expansion of NKG2D+ uNK cells and expression of Rae-1 (an NKG2D ligand) on uterine macrophages and led to fetal resorption. In IL-10−/− mice, NKG2D− T cells instead became the source of fetal resorption during the same gestation period. Interestingly, both uterine NK and T cells produced TNF-α as the key cytotoxic factor contributing to fetal loss. Treatment of WT mice with poly(I:C) resulted in excessive trophoblast migration into the decidua and increased TUNEL-positive signal. IL-10−/− mice supplemented with recombinant IL-10 induced fetal loss through NKG2D+ uNK cells, similar to the response in WT mice. Blockade of NKG2D in poly(I:C)-treated WT mice led to normal pregnancy outcome. Thus, we demonstrate that pregnancy-disrupting inflammatory events mimicked by poly(I:C) are regulated by IL-10 and depend on the effector function of uterine NKG2D+ NK cells in WT mice and NKG2D− T cells in IL-10 null mice.
The Mediterranean summertime ozone maximum: global emission sensitivities and radiative impacts
Authors: Richards N. A. D. , Arnold S. R. , Chipperfield M. P. , Miles G. , Rap A. , Siddans R. , Monks S. A. , Hollaway M. J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The Mediterranean troposphere exhibits a marked and localised summertime ozone maximum, which has the potential to strongly impact regional air quality and radiative forcing. The Mediterranean region can be perturbed by long-range pollution import from Northern Europe, North America and Asia, in addition to local emissions, which may all contribute to regional ozone enhancements. We exploit ozone profile observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) satellite instruments, and an offline 3-D global chemical transport model (TOMCAT) to investigate the geographical and vertical structure of the summertime tropospheric ozone maximum over the Mediterranean region. We show that both TES and GOME-2 are able to detect enhanced levels of ozone in the lower troposphere over the region during the summer. These observations, together with surface measurements, are used to evaluate the TOMCAT model's ability to capture the observed ozone enhancement. The model is used to quantify sensitivities of the ozone maximum to anthropogenic and natural volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, anthropogenic NOx emissions, wildfire emissions and long-range import of ozone and precursors. Our results show a dominant sensitivity to natural VOC emissions in the Mediterranean basin over anthropogenic VOC emissions. However, local anthropogenic NOx emissions are result in the overall largest sensitivity in near-surface ozone. We also show that in the lower troposphere, global VOC emissions account for 40% of the ozone sensitivity to VOC emissions in the region, whereas, for NOx the ozone sensitivity to local sources is 9 times greater than that for global emissions at these altitudes. However, in the mid and upper troposphere ozone is most sensitive to non-local emission sources. In terms of radiative effects on regional climate, ozone contributions from non-local emission sources are more important, as these have a larger impact on ozone in the upper troposphere where its radiative effects are larger, with Asian monsoon outflow having the greatest impact. Our results allow improved understanding of the large-scale processes controlling air quality and climate in the region of the Mediterranean basin.
Thermodynamic phase retrieval of convective clouds: impact of sensor viewing geometry and vertical distribution of cloud properties
Authors: Jäkel E. , Walter J. , Wendisch M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The sensitivity of passive remote sensing measurements to retrieve microphysical parameters of convective clouds, in particular their thermodynamic phase, is investigated by three-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer simulations. The effects of different viewing geometries and vertical distributions of the cloud microphysical properties are investigated. Measurement examples of spectral solar radiance reflected by cloud sides (passive) in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range are performed together with collocated lidar observations (active). The retrieval method to distinguish the cloud thermodynamic phase (liquid water or ice) exploits different slopes of cloud side reflectivity spectra of water and ice clouds in the NIR. The concurrent depolarization backscattering lidar provides geometry information about the cloud distance and height as well as the depolarization.
Improved cloud mask algorithm for FY-3A/VIRR data over the northwest region of China
Authors: Wang X. , Li W. , Zhu Y. , Zhao B.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The existence of various land surfaces always leads to more difficulties in cloud detection based on satellite observations, especially over bright surfaces such as snow and deserts. To improve the cloud mask result over complex terrain, an unbiased, daytime cloud detection algorithm for the Visible and InfRared Radiometer (VIRR) on board the Chinese FengYun-3A polar-orbiting meteorological satellite is applied over the northwest region of China. The algorithm refers to the concept of the clear confidence level from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the unbiased structure of the CLoud and Aerosol Unbiased Decision Intellectual Algorithm (CLAUDIA). Six main channels of VIRR centered at the wavelengths of 0.455, 0.63, 0.865, 1.595, 1.36, and 10.8 μm are designed to estimate the degree of a pixel's cloud contamination judged by the clear confidence level. Based on the statistical data set during four months (January, April, July, and October) in 2010, seasonal thresholds are applied to improve the accuracy of the cloud detection results. Flags depicting snow and water are also generated by the specific threshold tests for special surfaces. As shown in image inspections, the cloud detection results over snow and deserts, adopting the proposed scheme, exhibit better correlations with true-color images than the VIRR official cloud mask results do. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated in detail for four seasons in 2011, using cloud mask products from MODIS and the ground-based observations. The evaluation is based on, overall, 47 scenes collocated with MODIS and 96 individual matchups between VIRR and the ground-based observations from two weather stations located in the research region. The quantitative validations suggest that the estimations of clear-sky regions have been greatly improved by the proposed algorithm, while a poor identification of the cirrus clouds occurs over deserts.
Bulk partitioning the growing season net ecosystem exchange of CO2 in Siberian tundra reveals the seasonality of its carbon sequestration strength
Authors: Runkle B. R. K. , Sachs T. , Wille C. , Pfeiffer E.-M. , Kutzbach L.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. This paper evaluates the relative contribution of light and temperature on net ecosystem CO2 uptake during the 2006 growing season in a polygonal tundra ecosystem in the Lena River Delta in Northern Siberia (72°22´ N, 126°30´ E). The occurrence and frequency of warm periods may be an important determinant of the magnitude of the ecosystem's carbon sink function, as they drive temperature-induced changes in respiration. Hot spells during the early portion of the growing season, when the photosynthetic apparatus of vascular plants is not fully developed, are shown to be more influential in creating positive mid-day surface-to-atmosphere net ecosystem CO2 exchange fluxes than those occurring later in the season. In this work we also develop and present a multi-step bulk flux partition model to better account for tundra plant physiology and the specific light conditions of the arctic region. These conditions preclude the successful use of traditional partition methods that derive a respiration–temperature relationship from all nighttime data or from other bulk approaches that are insensitive to temperature or light stress. Nighttime growing season measurements are rare during the arctic summer, however, so the new method allows for temporal variation in the parameters describing both ecosystem respiration and gross uptake by fitting both processes at the same time. Much of the apparent temperature sensitivity of respiration seen in the traditional partition method is revealed in the new method to reflect seasonal changes in basal respiration rates. Understanding and quantifying the flux partition is an essential precursor to describing links between assimilation and respiration at different timescales, as it allows a more confident evaluation of measured net exchange over a broader range of environmental conditions. The growing season CO2 sink estimated by this study is similar to those reported previously for this site, and is substantial enough to withstand the long, low-level respiratory CO2 release during the rest of the year to maintain the site's CO2 sink function on an annual basis.
Overlooked runaway feedback in the marine nitrogen cycle: the vicious cycle
Authors: Landolfi A. , Dietze H. , Koeve W. , Oschlies A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The marine nitrogen (N) inventory is thought to be stabilized by negative feedback mechanisms that reduce N inventory excursions relative to the more slowly overturning phosphorus inventory. Using a global biogeochemical ocean circulation model we show that negative feedbacks stabilizing the N inventory cannot persist if a close spatial association of N2 fixation and denitrification occurs. In our idealized model experiments, nitrogen deficient waters, generated by denitrification, stimulate local N2 fixation activity. But, because of stoichiometric constraints, the denitrification of newly fixed nitrogen leads to a net loss of N. This can enhance the N deficit, thereby triggering additional fixation in a vicious cycle, ultimately leading to a runaway N loss. To break this vicious cycle, and allow for stabilizing negative feedbacks to occur, inputs of new N need to be spatially decoupled from denitrification. Our idealized model experiments suggest that factors such as iron limitation or dissolved organic matter cycling can promote such decoupling and allow for negative feedbacks that stabilize the N inventory. Conversely, close spatial co-location of N2 fixation and denitrification could lead to net N loss.