bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Operation of a Regional Moment Tensor Analysis System in the Philippines: Contributions to the Understanding of Recent Damaging Earthquakes
Authors: Punongbayan Baby Jane T. ,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), PHIVOLCS Building, C.P. Garcia Ave, Univ. of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines, Kumagai Hiroyuki , Pulido Nelson , Bonita Jun D. , Nakano Masaru , Yamashina Tadashi , Maeda Yuta , Inoue Hiroshi , Melosantos Arnaldo A. , Figueroa Melquiades F. , Alcones Ponczh Colleen M. , Soriano Karl Vincent C. , Narag Ishmael C. , Solidum Renato U. , Jr.  ,   Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Ibaraki, Japan,   R&D Center for Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan,   Kochi Earthquake Observatory, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
Published: April 2016

A network of 10 satellite-telemetered broadband stations was established under a cooperative project between Japan and the Philippines, and a source analysis system based on waveform inversion of regional seismograms was adapted to operationalize a regional moment tensor analysis of Philippine earthquakes. This study presents the source information generated by the system for recent damaging earthquakes: theMw6.7 Negros andMw7.6 offshore Samar in 2012, and theMw7.2 in Bohol in 2013. Results show that the Negros event was generated by shallow NE–SW thrust faulting with a small strike-slip component, and that the centroid was located slightly offshore. The Samar event occurred in relation to an outer-trench thrust fault within the Philippine Sea Plate, adjacent to a part of the Philippine Trench that has relatively low seismicity. Our centroid moment tensor (CMT) solutions show that the Samar event triggered distinct clusters of outer-rise normal and thrust aftershocks, which we explain as being consistent with a Coulomb stress change in the area. Finally, we infer that the previously unidentified fault zone that generated the Bohol earthquake has a length of ∼ 100 km, is oriented ENE–WSW, transects parts of Bohol, and extends offshore towards Cebu. These examples show how recent improvements in Philippine earthquake monitoring could contribute to the characterization of earthquake sources and in the understanding of the seismotectonics of the area.
Plate Convergence and Block Motions in Mindanao Island, Philippine as Derived from Campaign GPS Observations
Authors: Ohkura Takahiro ,   Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 5280 Minami-Aso, Aso, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan, Tabei Takao , Kimata Fumiaki , Bacolcol Teresito C. , Nakamura Yasuhiko , Luis Artemio C. , Jr.  , Pelicano Alfie , Jorgio Robinson , Tabigue Milo , Abrahan Magdalino , Jorgio Eleazar , Gunawan Endra ,   Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan,   Tono Research Institute of Earthquake Science, Gifu, Japan,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Philippines,   Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan,   Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Published: April 2016

We conducted yearlyGlobal Positioning System(GPS) campaigns in the eastern part of Mindanao from March 2010 to March 2014. The obtained station velocities with respect to the Sunda plate (SU) show that WNW motions are dominant due to the convergence of the Philippine Sea plate (PHS). However, it was found that elastic deformations caused by a full coupling of the plate interface down to 80 km could explain a maximum of only 29% of the observed station velocities. In order to interpret the displacement pattern, we applied a rigid block rotation model and determined the Euler vector. As a result, we determined that Mindanao Island could be divided into at least three blocks and that the Philippine fault is one of the block boundaries. Although it was not possible to determine the coupling ratio at the Philippine trench, the dislocation pattern of the Philippine fault showed along-strike variation in Mindanao Island.
Continuous GPS Observations on Mindanao
Authors: Tobita Mikio ,   Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, 1 Kitasato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0811, Japan, Suito Hisashi , Kobayashi Tomokazu , Kawamoto Satoshi , Yamanaka Masayuki , Suzuki Akira , Enya Toshiharu , Honda Masaki , Imakiire Tetsuro , Luis Artemio , Pelicano Alfie , Bacolcol Teresito , Ohkura Takahiro ,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Philippines,   Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyoto University, Japan
Published: April 2016

We installed three continuous GPS stations on Mindanao Island to provide a basis for enhancing the monitoring of crustal movements. Because there are frequent power outages and Internet connections are slow and unstable in this region, the data acquisition had to be improved by taking necessary hardware and software measures. The cGPS observations have revealed displacements related to plate motions, creep of the Philippine Fault, and a large earthquake. Evaluation of detectability of interplate slip has indicated that our cGPS stations have enhanced the monitoring capability advance from Mw7.2 to Mw6.5 on the coast of northeastern Mindanao.
Electromagnetic Observations at Taal Volcano
Authors: Alanis Paul Karson ,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), C.P. Garcia Ave., UP Diliman, Quezon City 1100, Philippines, Sasai Yoichi , Nagao Toshiyasu ,   Earthquake Prediction Research Center (EPRC), Tokai University, Orido 3-20-1, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0902, Japan,   corresponding author
Published: April 2016

The electromagnetic (EM) method first applied to monitor the activity of the Taal Volcano from 2005 consists of repeatedly surveying total magnetic intensity (TMF) and continuously measuring EM fields. The EM observation system was greatly improved through the SATREPS project summarized in this paper. The resistivity structure is investigated in the project using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The MT method revealed a large hydrothermal reservoir just beneath the center of Volcano Island. The existence of this reservoir explains several things – the special features of the devastating 1911 eruption, i.e., that it was magmatic-hydrothermal, together with the geochemical characteristics of Main Crater Lake, especially the absence of SO2gas. The reservoir’s formation process provides useful suggestions for understanding the volcano’s past eruption cycle.
Development of Practical Tools for Vulnerability and Safety Evaluation of Houses in the Philippines
Authors: Imai Hiroshi ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, Nishimura Akitoshi , Lanuza Angelito G. , Penarubia Henremagne C. , Ison Ronald S. , Tamayo Miriam L. , Narag Ishmael C. , Soridum Renato U. , Jr.  , Inoue Hiroshi , Sakuma Junzo , Okazaki Kenji ,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVLOCS), Philippines,   Association of Structural Engineering, Philippines,   Seismic Research Office, Japan,   Sakuma Architectural Studio, Japan,   Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
Published: April 2016

The safety of non-engineered construction is an urgent concern, because it is a primary cause of human casualties. The first step in disaster risk reduction is to understand the risk. For earthquake disaster risk reduction, it is critical that the stakeholders, such as government officers, masons, contractors, community leaders, and residents/house owners, understand the earthquake risk, or damage estimate for their houses. To reduce earthquake disaster risks, residents and house ownersmust understand these risks and take responsibility for necessary actions with technical advice from professionals. Therefore, simple seismic evaluation methods were developed as awareness tools for non-engineered houses in the Philippines.
Strategy for Dissemination of Practical Tools for Evaluation of Vulnerability and Safety of Houses in the Philippines
Authors: Cruz-Salcedo Joan L. ,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), PHIVOLCS Bldg., C. P. Garcia Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, Martinez-Villegas Ma. Mylene L. , Garrido Ester B. , Lanuza Angelito G. , Imai Hiroshi , Penarubia Henremagne C. , Inoue Hiroshi , Solidum Renato U. , Jr.  ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Published: April 2016

The end goal of the projects under the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology – Japan International Cooperation Agency – Japan Science and Technology Agency – Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (PHIVOLCS-JICA-JST-SATREPS) Program on Enhancement of Earthquake and Volcano Monitoring and Effective Utilization of Disaster Mitigation Information in the Philippines is to provide rapid, reliable and usable information on earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes to the public. Component 4 of this program involves the provision of disaster mitigation information and promotion of utilization. Practical tools for the evaluation of vulnerability and safety of houses in the Philippines were developed in this component. Two tools were developed during the project; a 12-point questionnaire for self-check for earthquake safety of concrete hollow block houses in the Philippines (Tool 1) and a software program to evaluate the safety and earthquake vulnerability of houses (Tool 2). These tools aim to raise the awareness of stakeholders such as house owners, local engineers, building officials, and local government units, as well as function as an educational tool for the quick and simple evaluation of the vulnerability and safety of houses. The tools were disseminated to the specific users for enabling the effective utilization of disaster mitigation information. Various strategies were implemented for disseminating these tools: a launch activity was conducted during PHIVOLCS InfoSentro, an activity implemented by PHIVOLCS to update the public on its recent programs, projects, and activities; a copy of Tool 1 was uploaded on the PHIVOLCS website; training modules were developed; and training programs and workshops were conducted for users.
Filipinos in Japan: Narratives of Experience from the March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Martinez-Villegas Ma. Mylene ,   Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology – Department of Science and Technology (PHIVOLCS–DOST), PHIVOLCS Bldg., C.P. Garcia Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, Solidum Renato U. , Jr.  , Inoue Hiroshi , Imai Hiroshi , Lanuza Angelito G. , Penarubia Henremagne C. , Pagtalunan Melcario , Melosantos Ma. Lynn P. , Cruz-Salcedo Joan L. , Narag Ishmael C. , Lasala Melchor , Bornas Ma. Antonia V. , Reyes Perla J. Delos , Bautista Bartolome ,   National Research Institute of Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Published: April 2016

Filipinos who have settled in Japan as residents were interviewed between June to August 2011. The purpose of these interviews was to gather first-hand accounts of survivors about the March 11, 2011, magnitude 9 earthquake that triggered one of the worst tsunami events in Japan’s history. It is important to document what survivors have learned from these events. Considering how infrequently tsunami events occur in the Philippines, lessons from these descriptive narratives could become a valuable information resource for the Philippines population that might experience tsunami-generating earthquakes in the future, especially because first-hand accounts by Filipinos living abroad would be easy for those living in the Philippines to relate to. This documentation has focused on how Filipinos in Japan were affected, what actions they took during the event, their prior knowledge of earthquake and tsunami preparedness, and how they survived and recovered. Important actions highlighting what to do include the following five: (i) attending and taking part in community awareness activities, (ii) preparing emergency bags holding useful items such as flashlights, food and water, and protection against the cold, (iii) using mobile phones, (iv) paying attention to warnings, and (v) relying on multiple information sources such as television, radio, community sirens or public address systems, and local fire units. Although simple, these actions could save lives in critical times. The lessons they teach show what to do and what NOT to do during earthquakes and tsunami warnings. What NOT to do includes the following:

(1) Do NOT panic.

(2) Do NOT return home to pick anyone or anything up, especially if you live near the coast.

(3) Do NOT drive or use a car when evacuating.
Development of Web-Based Tabletop Emergency Earthquake Exercise System
Authors: Zhou Bojia ,   National Earthquake Response Support Service No.1 Yuquan West Street, Shijingshan District, Beijing City, China, Sun Gang , Zhang Xiaoyong , Xu Jianhua , Lai Junyan , Du Xiaoxia , Hosokawa Masafumi , Hayashi Haruo , Kimura Reo , Sakurada Yukihisa ,   Earthquake and Natural Disaster Laboratory, National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Tokyo, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,   School of Human Science and Environment, Hyogo University, Hyogo, Japan
Published: April 2016

Emergency management personnel must handle many jobs in response to a large earthquake -- and this means they must be trained properly. Training is done many ways. In undergoing training, emergency management personnel build their abilities in making appropriate decisions. Traditional emergency management exercises had participants analyze and discuss their duties based more on the printed word than on computer use. Such exercises cannot provide more true disaster background information. These exercises process cannot be recorded in computer database for later review. One strategy for enhancing the immersive exercise experience is using virtual reality simulation technology to build Web-based exercises in emergency earthquake management. In this paper, we present an empirical study on how emergency earthquake exercises are used to design and conduct emergency exercises in JICA-designed emergency earthquake and rescue exchanges between China and Japan. We detail how exercises were designed and done, highlighting immersive aspects. All exercises involved the analysis of computer recordings of each exercise, statements from participants and observations by teachers during exercises. Results indicate that participants can immerse themselves in computer-centered exercises and imagine what it is like to actually be handling that emergency. We found these exercises to be effective in developing participants’ abilities to operate in disaster management and suitable for application to emergency earthquake response exercises on all levels of government in China.
Manage Everything or Anything? Possible Ways Towards Generic Emergency Management Capabilities
Authors: Borell Jonas ,   Department of Design Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 26, Lund, Sweden
Published: April 2016

This paper explores two approaches to information processing and learning in societal safety efforts: (1) stressing specifics and (2) aiming at generalities. It discusses how the two approaches are related to each other and to high-level efforts to achieve societal safety. As background, this paper briefly explores the concept of generic capability – what is it? How is it to be understood? How can it be developed? – and relates it to the interplay between specifics and generalities. The paper gives examples of the factors that may contribute to generic capabilities represented in literature related to safety and emergency management. Examples from continuity management, resilience engineering and high reliability organizations are given and discussed concerning their focus on specifics and/or generalities. The paper also discusses scenario-based learning and the perspective of semantic hierarchies, which explains how a move to more abstract concepts, encompassing the main meaning of more concrete instances, may support the development of generic capability. It ends with a summary and suggestions for practice and the need for further research.
Blackout 2014 Exercise – Prague, the Capital of the Czech Republic
Authors: Hudecek Tomas ,   Mayor, City of Prague Na Kopecku 1284/2, Praha 180 00, Czech Republic, Juránek Josef , Pejcoch Jaroslav ,   Faculty of Science, Charles University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,   Department of Security and Crisis Management, Prague, Czech Republic,   T-SOFT a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
Published: April 2016

As our world becomes increasingly complex over time, we are using increasingly sophisticated tools to be fed and entertained. This increasing complexity has both advantages and disadvantages. Our dependence on electric power is almost absolute and a long-term blackout could become potentially fatal to any region or country hit by it. It has been a rule of life that the intensive preparation to some crisis begins not sooner than after it strikes and causes a big damage. Prague city management did not want to wait to find out, however, and organized an exercise to understand just what such a situation might look like and just how well prepared the capital of the Czech Republic was to manage it. The exercise was designed, run and documented by up-to-date information technology, enabling further study and analysis of results to improve the city’s resilience and to prepare adequate means for mitigating potential damage.
Local People’s Responses to Flood Disasters in Flood Prone Areas of Northeast Bangladesh
Authors: Yamashita Naoki ,   Water Resources & Energy Department, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., 5-4 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8539, Japan, Ohmoto Terunori ,   Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
Published: April 2016

In the flood prone areas of Bangladesh, local people have adapted to flooding. Essentially, properties are protected against flooding by constructing villages in the highlands on natural levees, while using lowlands as agricultural fields during the dry season. It remains to spread flood inundation condition and exempts the necessity of strengthening measures against flooding. This study aims to clarify the status of self, community, and public assistance for flood disasters in flood prone areas of Northeast Bangladesh based on a questionnaire survey. We extracted similarities and differences between local people’s flood responses by comparing our findings to those of a similar study on a 2006 flood in the Sendai River Basin, Japan. The effects of preventive flood mitigation measures such as selection of house location are quantitatively confirmed. Maximum inundation depth and duration for houses is approximately 10% less than that for agricultural fields. The study reveals that both areas have evacuation activities, although factors motivating evacuation differ.
Current Relocation Practices Targeting Disaster Prone Communities in Developing Countries: Case Study San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua
Authors: Cuadra Judith ,   Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2250, USA, Dilling Janet , Brower Ralph , Samples Malaika ,   Homeland Security and Emergency Management Program, Florida State University, Florida, USA,   Askew School of Public Administration, Florida State University, Florida, USA,   College of Education, Florida State University, Florida, USA
Published: April 2016

Multiple studies suggest that disaster risk in developing countries is exacerbated by a combination of conditions such as a lack of affordable housing, hazardous location, human vulnerability, government mismanagement and unfavorable political agendas (Quarantelli, 2003; Jha et al., 2010, Viratkapan & Perera, 2006; Horwood & Phillips, 2007; Davidson et al., 2007; Cronin & Gunthrie, 2011; Satterthwaite, 2011). Although this is not a new issue, governments and urban planners continue to struggle to find solutions for safe, adequate and affordable housing for the urban poor. Urban projects and legislation often unintentionally aggravate the situation in these communities (Sanderson, 2000). The pressure to solve the “low-income settler problem” becomes even more poignant in the face of disasters and other occurrences resulting in multiple fatalities. A well-known approach to low-income communities in high-risk areas is to relocate them either before or after a disaster event. According to Jha et al. (2010) relocation remains one of the most common project endeavors in post-disaster recovery. In San Francisco Libre, a community near Lake Managua in Nicaragua, for example, the local government has undertaken a massive relocation project since 2011 floods that left several coastal families homeless. In this study, we describe the current conditions and challenges for relocated families and discuss efforts by local government officials to provide much needed services on reduced budgets. This research benefits from field observations and interviews with government officials and families from affected communities. Horwood and Phillips (2007) observed that in developing countries such as Nicaragua, relocation projects fail due to the rigid inadequate design of relocation housing and a lack appropriate land and services. Knowledge on relocation practices and outcomes could better inform current practices and improve project development to where it actually provides for low-income families in developing countries.
Understanding Flood Risks for Better Planning and Resilience: Novel Stochastic Models and Methods for South-East Asia
Authors: Oliver Julien ,   DHI Water & Environment, Singapore, 1 Cleantech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Larsen Ole , Rasmussen Mads , Lanuza Erickson , Chakravarthy Avinash ,   DHI Water & Environment, Denmark,   DHI-GRAS, Denmark
Published: April 2016

Throughout history, human beings have been attracted to waterfront living. Today, most residents live in cities, most of which, in turn, are built on flood plains and in coastal areas – areas often threatened by floods. Physical changes to the environment have changed the response of catchments and rivers to heavy rainfall. Despite attempts to control the size of floods, economic growth – especially as experienced in Asia – has led to an explosion in exposure to floods. The most integrated, cost-effective method for disaster reduction and prevention requires that risk be assessed purposefully and adequately. Disaster risk is captured in two major components: occurrence probability and event intensity and reach, and its consequences. Understanding the risks associated with floods in Asia has been hindered by the complexity of flood dynamics in large river basins and in existing or unreliable datasets. With calculation power increasingly available, the development of flexible modeling systems and the appearance of new datasets, so-called probabilistic flood models can now be developed for large areas to quantify risks. A flexible modeling framework has been developed at DHI to better characterize flood plains and complex hydraulic systems in datapoor and highly exposed areas in Asia. The model relies on automated processes merging freely available datasets such as HydroSHEDS, WorldPop, crowd-sourced data available in OpenStreet Map and Landsat 7 and 8 satellite imagery. The combination of spatial data sources provides opportunities to optimize the hydrodynamic model domain and to improve the lowresolution digital elevation model. Such methods enhance flood hazard information conventionally derived from deterministic models by taking a full probabilistic approach considering source loading conditions, e.g., weather events and sea level rise, and the performance of existing and planned mitigation measures and failures of control structures such as dykes. With risks better quantified, new opportunities arise for cost-effective mitigation and resilience measures and for the development of novel risk transfer schemes through the use of insurance and capital markets.
The Resilient Smart City (An Proposal)
Authors: Fujinawa Yukio ,   Mieruka Bosai Co. Ltd.  4-5-14 Sanporo 34, Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 10-0072, Japan, Kouda Ryoichi , Noda Yoichi ,   National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan,   Terra-Technica Inc., Tokyo, Japan
Published: April 2016

The so-called “smart” community try to maintain a balance between supply and demand for economic energy consumption in the future world of increased urbanization and CO2 emissions. In recent, frequent occurrences of disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and typhoons possibly induced by global warming, we should build smart communities resilient against natural and man-made risks. The resilient smart community requires two types of solutions –soft and hard. We propose here a scheme of smart city withstanding natural hazards taking into account disaster information focusing on earthquake disaster information.
Meteorological Characteristics of Local Heavy Rainfall in the Fukuoka Plain
Authors: Hisada Yukiko ,   Department of Earth System Science and Technology, Kyushu University 6-1 Kasuga koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan, Sugihara Yuji , Matsunaga Nobuhiro
Published: April 2016

Heavy local rainfall has been increasingly observed in urban Fukuoka on fine summer afternoons in recent years. Such rainfall tends to occur suddenly on calm afternoons and is considered to be caused by local wind conditions influenced by local topography rather than by weather fronts or typhoons. This local rainfall is considered to be caused by a mechanism different from similar rainfalls occurring on fine Kanto plain afternoons. We set up 14 rain gauges in urban Fukuoka in this study to clarify and confirm actual local rainfall conditions there. Maximum local rain is about 64 km2lasting 10 to 30 minutes. The maximum 10-minute rainfall was 13.8 mm. The average surface air temperature on days with local rainfall differs 2°–3°C from that on fine days. Upper atmosphere humidity distribution differs greatly between fine days and those with heavy local rain. Accordingly, heavy local rain is more likely to occur if surface air temperature and humidity in upper atmosphere rise above a certain level. Some difference is seen between days of heavy local rainfall and fine day in terms of the K index (KI), a measure of atmospheric stability. We confirmed that the atmospheric state becomes more unstable on days with heavy local rainfall than on fine days. Heavy local rainfall often begins in either the eastern or western inland Fukuoka plain and moves toward the coast. That is, based on numerical simulation using the meteorological mesoscale weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, wind blowing opposite to the sea wind blows in the upper atmosphere, moving cumulonimbus clouds causing heavy local rainfall toward the coast. We also confirmed that heavy local rainfall tends to occur in eastern inland areas with wind from the west, but tends to occur in western areas with wind from the east. We therefore assumed that heavy local rainfall in urban Fukuoka was triggered by updrafts generated when wind struck the inland Fukuoka plain mountain system.
An Experimental Study on Flood Control Capability of Dry Dams Constructed in a Series
Authors: Oshikawa Hideo ,   Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan, Mito Yuka , Komatsu Toshimitsu ,   Kyushu Office, Waterworks Structure Division, CTI Engineering Co., Ltd. CTI Fukuoka Building, 2-4-12 Daimyo, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0041, Japan,   Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Published: April 2016

The new Cascade concept of flood control is demonstrated in laboratory experiments in which upstream dams in a series of dams constructed along a river overflow from emergency spillways while the final downstream dam is required only to use its normal spillway and never do its emergency spillway. Multiple small dry dams lacking a slide gate in a normal spillway should be constructed in a series rather than as a single large dam to prevent flood disasters and to preserve the natural environment. Dry dams for flood control have recently been reviewed, planned, and built at sites in Japan. In this paper, we compare the Cascade method to conventional flood control in laboratory experiments conducted based on the condition that dams all have the same reservoir capacity. Results have shown that the Cascade method using multiple dry dams was considerably more effective than conventional flood control. Furthermore, the additional flood control effect of a dry dam equipped with closable and openable gate in its regular spillway was experimentally confirmed although there is no such kind of the gate on an ordinary dry dam. This new dry dam should be constructed in the river’s upper reaches away from the existing downstream storage dam needing still more its capacity for water utilization, thus ensuring the amount of water available by closing the regular spillway after the dry dam is filled to capacity. The flood control capacity of dams including the new dry dam is stronger than that of an ordinary storage dam thanks to the dry dam’s storage function.
Compound Strategy Forward to Compound Disaster Mitigation: Lessons from Hsiaolin Village, Typhoon Morakot 2009
Authors: Lai Wen-Chi ,   Disaster Prevention Research Center, National Cheng Kung  University   No.1, University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan, Tsai Yuan-Jung , Shieh Chjeng-Lun ,   Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University   No.1, University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
Published: April 2016

In 2009, the heavy rainfall induced by Typhoon Morakot hit Hsiaolin Village that caused catastrophic flooding, landslides, landslide dam breakages and debris flows. Such a called “compound disaster” is defined as a disaster in which extensive floods or sediment transports occur simultaneously or consecutively at the catchment area during an event. It challenges current warnings, forecasting and responses to sediment disasters. New concepts and procedure thus are needed to cope with such “compound disasters.” Rainfall hydrographs show downpours of long duration, high intensity, high accumulation and large extent. To better delineate these disasters and provide possible coping strategies, we rebuild the temporal order and spatial distribution of the disaster processes involved. The study suggest correlating individual disaster types with rainfall through simulation. This could clarify the causality between what happened in Hsiaolin Village and related disasters. Our results will strengthen disaster prevention in debris flows and shallow landslides using strateghies that could then be applied to warning systems for deep-seated landslide and landslide dams. The derivative issues and the approach to compound disaster prevention are suggested for future tasks.
Development of Firefighting Equipment for Efficient Firefighting Strategy (Development of New Nozzle)
Authors: Sasaki Takumi ,   Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu  1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan, Miyazato Yoshiaki , Inamoto Junji , Yamamoto Takahiro , Nakamura Atsushi ,   Morita Technos Corporation, Hyogo, Japan,   Yone Corporation, Kyoto, Japan,   Kitakyushu Fire Department, Kitakyushu, Japan
Published: April 2016

We have developed a new type of hose nozzle, which uses either water or compressed air foam (CAF), as a more efficient fire-fighting strategy. In this paper, a description of the measured spray range and foam expansion of both the prototype nozzle and conventional nozzles is given. The results show that the spray range of the prototype nozzle is equal or superior to that of conventional nozzles. The foam expansion capability of the prototype nozzle is far superior to that of existing nozzles. From these results, it was confirmed that the new type of hose nozzle suggested in this paper will be an effective addition to existing firefighting equipment, resulting in a more efficient firefighting strategy.
Investigating the Gap Between Actual and Perceived Distance from a Nuclear Power Plant: A Case Study in Japan
Authors: Kato Takaaki ,   Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan, Takahara Shogo , Homma Toshimitsu ,   Nuclear Safety Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirakata, Tokaimura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
Published: April 2016

This study investigates factors in gaps between perceived and actual straight-line distance to Japan’s Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant (KKNPP). The distance to areas in the official accident response plan is defined using straight lines from the NPP, making it important to determine whether area residents understand these distances correctly. Adults living in the two municipalities cohosting the NPP were surveyed randomly in 2005, 2010 and 2011. In this study, we consider three groups of factors — geographical features, personal attributes, and experience in events highlighting nuclear safety. The Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake hit the NPP between the first and second of these three surveys, and the Tohoku earthquake and the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident occurred between the second and the third surveys. Before the Fukushima accident, overestimations of straight-line distance were common among respondents, and geographical features such as lack of NPP visibility aggravated bias between actual and perceived distance. After the Fukushima accident, underestimation of the distance became common and personal attributes became more influential as the factor of the perceived-actual distance gap.
The Rise and Fall of the Kobe Economy from the 1995 Earthquake
Authors: Okuyama Yasuhide ,   Graduate School of Social System Studies, The University of Kitakyushu Kitagata, Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyushu 802-8577, Japan
Published: April 2016

Twenty years ago, a catastrophic earthquake hit the second largest economy in Japan, causing damages to a considerable number of houses, buildings, lifelines, and infrastructure. The total damage was estimated to be around 2% of the Japanese GDP at that time. Reconstruction plans were set and had progressed since then. The progress of recovery and reconstruction has been studied from various angles. With regard to economic recovery, a series of studies pointed out that after a short period of reconstruction-boom, the Hyogo Prefecture and the City of Kobe have been showing a declining trend. Under the 10-year reconstruction plans, the damaged region went through a recovery and rebuilding process; nevertheless, these plans could not bring back the damaged economy to the pre-event growth trend. The reconstruction plans were intended not to restore the pre-event conditions but to maintain the long-range development plans initiated before the event. Further, this decision might have contributed to the downturns in economic recovery in the middle-run; however, it is expected that it would lead the economy toward sustained growth in the long-run.
Compared Modeling Study of Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking at Dissimilar Weld of Alloy 182 of Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor According to Hydrogen Concentration
Authors: Aly Omar F. ,   IPEN-Energy and Nuclear Research Institute  2242 Av. Lineu Prestes, S ao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil, Neto Miguel M. , Schvartzman Mônica M. A. M. , Lima Luciana I. L. ,   CDTN-Nuclear Technology Development Center, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,   Vallourec Research and Development-Corrosion, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Published: April 2016

One of the main failure mechanisms of pressurized water reactors (PWR) is primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC), which occurs in alloy 600 (75Ni-15Cr-9Fe) and weld metals such as alloy 182 (70Ni-14Cr-9Fe), and alloy 82 (73Ni-19Cr-2Fe). Corrosion cracking is due, for example, in reactor nozzles welded dissimilarly with alloys 182/82 between ASTM A-508 G3 steel and AISI316L stainless steel. Corrosion cracks can cause problems reducing nuclear installations safety and reliability. Hydrogen dissolved into primary water to prevent radiolysis, also may enhance PWSCC growth. This article begins from a study by Lima et al. (2011) based on experimental data from the CDTN-Brazilian Nuclear Technology Development Center, and related to a slow strain rate test (SSRT). This was prepared and used for testing welds in the laboratory, similar to the dissimilar weld in pressurizer relief nozzles operating at the Brazilian Angra Unit 1 nuclear power plant. It was simulated for tests, primary water at 325°C and 12.5 MPa containing four levels of dissolved hydrogen. Our objective in this article is to clarify, and discuss adequate modeling based on the SSRT experimental results, and to compare them with those from another database and modeling, of the PWSCC growth rate based on levels of dissolved hydrogen.
Performance Evaluation of Base-Isolated Structures
Authors: Chimamphant Sarun ,   Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan, Kasai Kazuhiko ,   Structural Engineering Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
Published: April 2016

Seismic isolation systems have been recognized for their effectiveness in protecting building and their contents. Despite costly technology, seismic isolation has been used in several countries, including Japan. Base-isolated building response could be substantially reduced, which is very favorable compared to conventional fixed-base buildings. Several studies have focused on base-isolated building response and the effects of isolation properties, for example, but none has talked about performance in ways that nonengineers such as building owners could understand. The slight damage from an earthquake may protect a building’s structural integrity, but it may also damage nonstructural components and disrupt ongoing building functionalityCF. The PEER methodology framework used to considerCFdamage to nonstructural components uses a nonstructural component fragility curve, taking into account building location, and produces results in the form of a return period, in years, indicating how long the building may be expected to exceed that specified damage state. Several building structures are investigated and discussed.
Hazard Perception and Anchoring: A Comparison of the Three Models Explaining the Anchoring Effect
Authors: Nagaya Kazuhisa ,   Doshisha University 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan, Nakayachi Kazuya
Published: April 2016

When individuals estimate something numerically, their estimation tends to be close to a value perceived beforehand, called an anchor. This tendency is called “the anchoring effect.” We introduce three hypotheses – the numeric priming hypothesis, the semantic priming hypothesis, and the magnitude priming hypothesis – that explain the anchoring effect. We apply them to participants’ estimation of the number of sufferers in order to examine which model explains the anchoring effect best. Experimental results support the numeric priming hypothesis, indicating that the anchoring effect occurs even when no semantic relatedness exists between the number presented as the prime and the successive numerical estimation. Implications for disaster risk communication are discussed based on the results we obtained.
Public Health Concerns on Radiation Exposure After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Kanda Reiko ,   National Institute of Radiological Sciences 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan, Tsuji Satsuki , Yonehara Hidenori , Torikoshi Masami ,   The Secretariat of Nuclear Regulation Authority 1-9-9 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8450, Japan,   Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
Published: April 2016

This study analyzes data from telephone consultations made with a research institution during approximately one year following the March 11, 2011, Fukushima, Japan, Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Data was correlated with newspaper and online media coverage. During the analysis, many calls for consultation concerned aspects of daily life such as food, clothing, and housing and to radiation exposure during the accident. As the year of study went on, the proportion of consultation on daily life changed to more technical topics, such as dose measurement, scientific knowledge, natural radiation, and Russia’s Chernobyl accident. The topic of “children” raised the greatest number of consultations over the entire period; 20–40% of callers inquiring about soil, dose measurement and internal exposure asked also about children. Media reports on the topics consulted on were few except for those on dose measurement. The proportion of consultations on children and dose measurement may have been raised due to media reports circulating at about the same time. We concluded that it is important in postaccident risk communication that information related to daily living – especially protective measures that could be taken – and to effects on children be provided efficiently and at an appropriate timing.
Reconstruction of Coastal Villages Swept Away by Tsunami by 3D Digital Model
Authors: Murakami Akinobu ,   Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba  1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan, Kumakura Eiko , Ishikawa Mikiko ,   Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University  1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan,   Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University  1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
Published: April 2016

The significance of “community” has been evaluated especially following Japan’s 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. To revitalize local Tohoku areas in both creating a resilient city and achieving a sustainable society, community development must center on considering future plans. Feelings of connectedness to a community are fostered by having common values and common experiences acquired and remembered associated with places or landscapes. For people experiencing the Tohoku disaster, however, such places and landscapes will have been totally lost due to the tsunami. We assumed that this loss caused many difficulties in reestablishing a revitalized town, so we started a project in 2013 rebuilding parts destroyed or otherwise changed by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami to offset the loss of landscape where the community sense had been fostered for local people. The sections that follow discuss the 3D reconstruction of six villages using CityEngine, which handles large amounts of data through procedural modeling. Based on interviews with local people, pretsunami aerial photographs, and field surveys of surviving villages, we developed typologies of environmental factor of villages, e.g., typical houses or coastal forest. At workshops using 3D models, residents remembered details and participated actively in the reconstruction project. One resident started a virtual guided tour of the village and spoke of the location of symbolic trees, vending machines, watchtowers, and so on. Through the study it was revealed that once we created this digital archive, it should prove useful in preserving the memories of residents and, thereby, in further regional planning based on community sense.
Computer-Assisted Databasing of Disaster Management Information Through Natural Language Processing
Authors: Inui Kentaro ,   Graduate School of Information Science, Tohoku University  Aoba, Sendai, Japan, Watanabe Yotaro , Yamaguchi Kenshi , Suzuki Shingo , Koumoto Hiroko , Kosaka Naoko , Koyama Akira , Kokogawa Tomohiro , Maeda Yuji ,   Knowledge Discovery Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan,   Graduate School of Environment and Disaster Research, Tokoha University, Japan,   Secure Platform Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Japan
Published: April 2016

During times of disaster, local government departments and divisions need to communicate a broad range of information for disaster management to share the understating of the changing situation. This paper addresses the issues of how to effectively use a computer database system to communicate disaster management information and how to apply natural language processing technology to reduce the human labor for databasing a vast amount of information. The database schema was designed based on analyzing a collection of real-life disaster management information and the specifications of existing standardized systems. Our data analysis reveals that our database schema sufficiently covers the information exchanged in a local government during the Great East Earthquake. Our prototype system is designed so as to allow local governments to introduce it at a low cost: (i) the system’s user interface facilitates the operations for databasing given information, (ii) the system can be easily customized to each local municipality by simply replacing the dictionary and the sample data for training the system, and (iii) the system can be automatically adapted to each local municipality or each disaster incident through its capability of automatic learning from the user’s corrections to the system’s language processing outputs.
A Proposal of Multi-Scale Urban Disaster Mitigation Planning that Takes Regional Issues into Consideration
Authors: Hiroi U ,   Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Nagoya University Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Murayama Akito , Chiba Yoshihiro , Komatsu Hisashi , Mori Masafumi , Yamada Keiichi , Yamazaki Masato , Fukuwa Nobuo ,   Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan,   Nagoya Urban Development Public Corporation 1-1-1 Kanayama-cho, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-0023, Japan
Published: April 2016

This case study proposes a new approach to community-based disaster mitigation in which regional issues are resolved and the features of local areas are concurrently addressed. This paper proposes a method of multi-scale community-based disaster-mitigation planning based on the results of workshops on regional community-based disaster mitigation conducted by the authors and targeted at city planning professionals, and describes the results obtained from a case study targeting the greater Nagoya region. Several issues were indicated, including the absence of institutional mechanisms to support the relocation of residential functions and the need for such mechanisms to support the adoption of active disaster-mitigation measures, density reduction, and withdrawal of industry from high-risk areas.