bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Body Position on the Anginal Threshold during Leg Exercise
Authors: Bygdeman Stellan , Wahren John
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The circulatory adaptation to leg exercise in the supine and sitting positions with stepwise increased work loads was studied in twelve patients with signs of coronary heart disease. In four patients right heart catheterization was performed. Anginal pain appeared during exercise in both body positions in all patients, but at a lower work load and lower pulmonary oxygen uptake during supine exercise. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were lower and the systolic ejection period was longer at the occurrence of angina during supine exercise. The calculated pressure‐time per minute was significantly lower during exercise in the supine position. Catheterization data suggested a greater rise in left ventricular filling pressure with supine exercise. It is concluded that the differences in work tolerance for the two positions are partly due to a lower mechanical efficiency and may partly be secondary to the augmented venous return and increased left ventricular filling pressure observed during supine exercise. The augmented filling pressure will tend both to increase heart volume—and thereby augment myocardial oxygen requirements—and to compromise coronary perfusion and thus reduce myocardial oxygen supply during supine exercise.
Measurement of and Correction for Incubation Damage in Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Ørskov H. , Seyer‐Hansen K.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The role of incubation damage in the radioimmunoassay of human plasma insulin, human plasma growth hormone and rat plasma growth hormone was studied. Damage was measured as the fraction of labelled material which migrated from the origin in wick paper chromatography of samples without antibody. The experiments demonstrated, that recovery of added hormone differed increasingly from 100% as incubation damage increased. Recoveries were found to be too high using the double antibody technique, and too low using chromatographic technique. However, satisfactory recoveries could be obtained in chromatographic assay after correction for the experimentally determined incubation damage using the general formula: % Bound=100 × (B‐KD)/(100‐KD) where B is the apparent antibody‐bound fraction, D the damage fraction, both expressed as percent of the total radioactivity. K is determined experimentally.
Human Calcitonin Radioimmunoassay in Normal and Pathological Conditions*
Authors: Heynen G. , Franchimont P.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. A radioimmunoassay for human calcitonin (CT) has been established and each of its steps has been analysed in detail. The assay is extremely sensitive allowing the detection of 10 pg/ml in serum incubated in presence of human serum proteins using a standard curve. The specificity of our system has been established on the basis of immunological and biological criteria. The method is sufficiently sensitive to allow the study of mechanisms of secretion of CT in normal man and in certain disease states. The secretion of CT is increased by induced hypercalcaemia and decreased by hypocalcaemia following EDTA. We have found elevated levels in patients with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism or pernicious anaemia and in one patient with Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome. The correlations between CT, serum calcium, phosphate, urea, magnesium, parathyroid hormone and gastrin were investigated.
Operation of the “Glucose‐Fatty Acid Cycle” during Experimental Elevations of Plasma Free Fatty Acid Levels in Man
Authors: Balasse E. O. , Neef M. A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. In order to determine whether increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels inhibit glucose utilization in man, glucose metabolism was studied in 8 normal subjects both under basal conditions and during experimental elevations of plasma FFA concentrations induced by the administration of high fat meals and heparin. A primed constant infusion of 1‐14C‐glucose was used to measure the rate of turnover, the fractional removal rate and the rate of oxidation of plasma glucose under both experimental conditions. Elevations of FFA levels (+117%) were accompanied by a 9% reduction in both the fractional removal rate of glucose and the hepatic glucose production so that glycaemia remained unchanged. The % glucose converted to CO2, and the % CO2 derived from plasma glucose decreased respectively by 13.5% and 21.7%, while unlabelled CO2 production remained unchanged. This reduction in glucose utilization occurred despite a significant rise in insulin concentration indicating that high FFA levels reduce sensitivity to insulin. The tissue implicated in the inhibitory effect of FFA on overall glucose utilization cannot be determined from these experiments but it is suggested that muscle participated in these metabolic changes. These data provide further arguments supporting the view that plasma FFA participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism in man.
Analysis of Proteinuria in Health and Disease Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate—Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Mulli J. C. , Balant L. , Giromini M. , Fabre J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Sodium dodecyl sulphate—acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐AGE) separates proteins according to their molecular weight (MW) without being influenced by their electrostatic charge. It was carried out on the urine of 17 healthy control subjects and 92 ambulatory patients with suspected or known renal impairment. The SDS‐AGE patterns were classified as physiological, low MW predominance, middle MW predominance, high MW predominance, or mixed low and high MW. Patients were separately classified as having either normal kidneys or glomerular, tubular or mixed renal lesions according to the results of clinical investigation. Comparison of both classifications revealed that SDS‐AGE allowed a correct diagnosis of the site of renal involvement in 83 per cent of cases. Predominantly low MW protein excretion correlated with tubular damage. Middle and high MW patterns correlated with glomerular disease, and a relationship between nephrotic syndrome with minimal glomerular changes and middle MW pattern was found in two cases, suggesting that SDS‐AGE could be used to evaluate the selectivity of proteinuria. However, the estimation of selectivity by SDS‐AGE should be studied in a sufficient number of cases and compared with measurements of selectivity by the protein clearance method.
Diminished Excretion of Bicarbonate from the Single Sweat Gland of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas*
Authors: Kaiser D. , Drack E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Using pH‐microelectrodes the excretion of hydrogen‐ions and bicarbonate in relation to flow rate was investigated in a single sweat gland of cystic fibrosis children.

The results show decreased excretion of hydrogen‐ions and an increased excretion of bicarbonate. Evidence is presented that due to reduced secretion of hydrogen‐ions in the duct both the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium may be impaired.

The possibility is discussed that reduced flux of hydrogen‐ions may similarly be responsible for the excretory defect in the duct system of the pancreas.

Reduced flux of protons across the luminal membrane of epithelial cells is proposed as a general feature of exocrine gland defects. It is then possible to describe both the cationic transport defect of the sweat gland duct and the anionic bicarbonate‐secretory defect in one term.
Rate of Synthesis of Albumin in Relation to Serum Levels of Essential Amino Acids in Patients with Bacterial Overgrowth in the Small Bowel
Authors: Yap S. H. , Hafkenscheid J. C. M. , van Tongeren J. H. M. , Trijbels J. M. F.
Published: March 2011

Summary. Bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel has been recognised in 11 patients with the aid of the breath‐test with [glyco‐1‐14C] cholic acid and by the determination of the amount of bacteria in the jejunal juice. In all but one patient hypoalbuminaemia, from 21.9 to 42.9 g/1, was observed. This low level of serum albumin can be due to an excessive intestinal protein‐loss or to a decreased rate of synthesis of albumin as the result of an insufficient delivery of amino acids to the liver. In 11 patients with bacterial overgrowth the rate of synthesis of albumin has been determined by the 14C‐carbonate method. Compared to a control group the rate of albumin synthesis and the serum level of valine, leucine, lysine and tryptophan were significantly decreased in the patients with bacterial overgrowth. A positive correlation was found between the rate of albumin synthesis and the serum levels of valine, isoleucine, leucine and tryptophan. When the serum levels of these 4 essential amino acids were low, the rate of albumin synthesis was depressed.
Increased Excretion of a Glucose‐Containing Tetrasaccharide in the Urine of a Patient with Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe's Disease)
Authors: Hallgren P. , Hansson G. , Henriksson K. G. , Häger A. , Lundblad A. , Svensson S.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. A glucose‐containing tetrasaccharide (13 mg/24 h) was isolated from the urine of a ten year old boy with the “childhood form” of glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe's disease). The structure, established by sugar analysis, methylation analysis, optical rotation and enzymatic degradation was found to be α‐D‐Glc p (lr̊6)‐α‐D‐Glc p (l r̊ 4).α‐D‐Glc p (1r̊4)‐D‐Glc. The same compound was also isolated in small amounts (1 mg/24 h) from normal urine. Larger glucose‐containing oligosaccharides, not detected in normal urine were also present in the urine of the Pompe case.
Albumin Catabolism Measurement by a Double Tracer Technique in Uraemic Patients During a Single Dialytic Treatment*
Authors: Mariani G. , Bianchi R. , Pilo A. , Palla R. , Toni M. G. , Fusani L.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. In order to explain the pathogenesis of protein depletion in chronic uraemia, 13 measurements of albumin catabolism were performed in uraemic patients undergoing haemo‐or peritoneal dialysis treatment, during either the early phase or steady uraemic state.

Catabolism was determined during a single haemo‐or peritoneal dialysis by a double tracer technique (Human Serum Albumin and sodium iodide labelled with two different isotopes of iodine). The output from both albumin and iodine systems was measured in the dialysis solution flowing out from the peritoneum or artificial kidney. The radioactive iodide arising in dialysate from albumin breakdown was concentrated by the use of an anion exchange resin.

Catabolic rate was three times the normal in 3 patients showing clinical features of hypercatabolism (true rapid loss of body weight) in the early phase of uraemia, or during relapse of it; albumin turnover rate returned to normal in 2 of these patients, when measured during clinical steady state conditions. This behaviour suggests highly increased catabolism, not counterbalanced by a correspondingly increased synthesis, as the cause of albumin depletion in chronic uraemia.
Excretion of Trypsin‐Like Activity, Electrolytes and Protein in Mixed and Parotid Saliva of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas†
Authors: Schöni M. , Kaiser D. , Drack E. , Axmacher U.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The esterolytic activity of mixed and parotid saliva in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and normal subjects was determined using BAEE (α‐Benzoyl‐1‐arginine‐ethylester) as the substrate. Using soybeantrypsin‐inhibitor the trypsin‐like activity (TLA) was measured and plotted as a function of parotid flow rate. In addition calcium, protein and pH were determined. Trypsin‐like activity in mixed and parotid saliva showed large individual variations in CF and normal children. In parotid saliva we could not find any significant difference, whereas a reduction of TLA in mixed saliva of CF patients was observed. The fact that our normal values fell within the range of heterozygotes reported by Rao et al. (19), makes their hypothesis of a close relationship between reduced TLA and the genetic defect very doubtful. Protein, calcium and pH increased with augmented salivation and no difference between CF patients and normal age matched children could be found except for the pH at a flow rate above 0.75 ml/min per m2 body surface where significantly lower pH values resulted. The relevance of reduced TLA to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis is discussed.
Lack of Effect of Cholestyramine on the Pharmacokinetics of Clofibrate in Man
Authors: Sedaghat A. , Ahrens E.H.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. This study was undertaken to determine whether cholestyramine (16 g daily) interfered with clofibrate absorption when the two drugs were given together. Fifteen patients taking 1 g of clofibrate twice daily (for 2 to 416 weeks) participated in the study. Clofibrate (as the acid, p‐chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, CPIB) was quantified by thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatography. In patients taking clofibrate only, mean plasma CPIB concentration before the morning dose of clofibrate was 123 μg/ml. Peak levels were reached 3.5 hours after drug intake, the mean peak plasma CPIB concentration being 193 μg/ml. Absorption of CPIB exceeded 99 %. Ninety‐eight percent of the daily CPIB‐intake was excreted in the urine, 61 % being conjugated. In vivo degradation of CPIB did not occur. Free and conjugated CPIB was present in bile (mean fasting level being 55 μg/ml). The decay of radioactive CPIB in plasma was not log‐linear: the mean t 1/2 of the first exponential was 0.45 hours, and of the second 15.1 hours. The pool size in 3 patients 3 hours after the morning dose of clofibrate was 1054 mg. CPIB was not detectable in adipose tissue, and kinetic data gave no hint of drug accumulation in patients on long‐term therapy. In 6 patients given cholestyramine together with clofibrate, there was no significant alteration in fasting plasma CPIB levels, 24‐hour urinary and faecal excretion of CPIB or in the half‐life and pool size of the drug. A short delay in reaching peak plasma CPIB levels was the only consistent finding.
Turnover of a Prostaglandin Precursor, Arachidonic Acid, in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hagenfeldt Lars , Wennmalm Åke
Published: March 2011

The plasma concentration and the turnover of free arachidonic and oleic acids were determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in control subjects. The plasma level of free arachidonic acid, but not of oleic acid, was significantly decreased in male rheumatoid patients. Female patients did not differ from healthy subjects in this respect. Following treatment with indomethacin, a significant increase in the plasma concentration of free arachidonic acid was observed in rheumatoid patients of both sexes. It is suggested that the findings in the rheumatoid patients reflect a partial exhaustion of the Pool of arachidonic acid serving as precursor in the synthesis of prostaglandin.
Differences among Hyperlipoproteinaemic Subjects in the Response of Lipoprotein Lipids to Resin Therapy
Authors: Miller N.E. , Nestel P.J.
Published: March 2011

It has been reported that cholesterol turnover is raised when hypercholesterolaemia occurs in association with elevated levels of very low density lipoprotein, but normal when hypercholesterolaemia reflects an increase in the concentration of low density lipoprotein alone. The relationship of plasma lipoprotein levels to cholesterol metabolism has been further investigated in the present experiments, in which the acute effects on lipoprotein lipids of stimulating cholesterol turnover with a bile acid‐sequestering resin, colestipol, have been compared in normal subjects and in patients with four types of hyperlipoproteinaemia.

Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipids increased in every subject. The increase was greatest in patients with type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinaemia, least in normal subjects and in those with type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia, and intermediate in patients with type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia. The induced increments in VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride mass were accordingly positively correlated with the pre‐treatment concentrations. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) lipids decreased during resin therapy in all subjects, except those with type IV or type V hyperlipoproteinaemia in whom there was a transient rise. The reductions in LDL cholesterol were significantly greater in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinaemia than in the normal volunteers, and in both groups of subjects were proportionately greater than those in LDL triglyceride.

These findings demonstrate clear differences among the hyperlipoproteinaemias in the response of lipoprotein lipids to resin therapy, and provide further evidence for the heterogeneity of cholesterol metabolism in these conditions. The colestipol‐induced changes in type IV and type V patients could be partially reproduced in normal subjects during the consumption of high carbohydrate diets, which might expected to increase VLDL synthesis. It is suggested, therefore, that the synthesis of VLDL cholesterol may be enhanced in such patients, and that any rise in LDL cholesterol observed during resin therapy reflected subsequent metabolism of VLDL to LDL rather than diminished LDL cholesterol clearance.
Isogeneic or Allogeneic Transplantation of Duct‐Ligated Pancreas in Streptozotocin Diabetic Mice1)
Authors: Kramp R.C. , Congdon C.C. , Smith L.H.
Published: March 2011

Recovery from hyperglycaemia was observed in three different mouse hybrids that were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and then transplanted with pancreas from isogeneic donors whose pancreatic ducts were ligated over 8 weeks earlier. Recovery did not occur in recipients of allografts indicating that islets in ligated pancreas cannot be successfully transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier. However, in lethally irradiated mice injected with allogeneic bone marrow (allogeneic radiation chimeras), subsequent transplantation of ligated pancreas from either isogeneic donors or allogeneic donors of the same strain as the bone marrow donor decreased blood glucose of diabetic recipients. Thus, irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow therapy allow subsequent allogeneic transplantation of functional islet tissue in diabetic mice. Observations on diabetic mice transplanted isogeneically with ligated pancreas suggest that recovery from hyperglycaemia was more consistent when grafts were placed subcutaneously rather than intraperitoneally and when hosts received ligated pancreas from three donors rather than one. Thus, the site and amount of tissue transplanted are important considerations in the transplantation of ligated pancreas. Persistence of endocrine β‐cells in ligated pancreas was required for recovery in grafted mice since diabetic hosts failed to recover when grafted with ligated pancreas obtained from alloxan or streptozotocin‐treated, diabetic donors.
III. Physiological Implications of the Bile Salt‐Stimulated Lipase
Authors: Hernell O.
Published: March 2011

Human milk contains a bile salt‐stimulated lipase in amounts that, at pH 6.5 and in the presence of bile salts, might account for a total hydrolysis of the milk triacylglycerols in less than 30 min. In the absence of bile salts the enzyme has no activity against milk fat or against emulsified trioleylglycerol. The primary bile salts sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate and their taurine and glycine conjugates, but not the secondary bile salt sodium deoxycholate or its taurine and glycine conjugates, caused a pronounced activation of the enzyme against emulsified trioleylglycerol. The lipase was stable at pH 3.5 and 37°C for ***1 hour. It was inactivated when incubated with trypsin or chymotrypsin at pH 6.5 but these inactivations were almost abolished in the presence of bile salts. High concentrations of pepsin slowly inactivated the enzyme at pH 4.0. The bile, salt‐stimulated lipase in human milk is thus stable enough to be active in the intestine, and it is present in high enough activity to contribute significantly to the hydrolysis of the milk triaclyglycerols in the intestine.
The Growth Hormone Response to Insulin Induced Hypoglycaemia in Anorexia Nervosa and Control Underweight or Normal Subjects
Authors: Brauman H. , Gregoire F.
Published: March 2011

Summary. Hypoglycaemic stimulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion has been measured in 12 anorexia nervosa patients, 11 adolescents approximately matched for weight and age, 14 underweight adults with no history of anorexia nervosa and 27 normal patients. The results showed a high proportion of blunted growth hormone responses among the anorexia nervosa patients as compared to normal subjects, underweight adolescents or adults. In the group of underweight adults, diminished growth hormone responses were most frequently seen in patients with depressive illness. The complex pathogenesis of the diminished growth hormone response in anorexia nervosa involves many factors; undernutrition itself, possible hypothalamic insufficiency related to the psychopathological background and other endocrine abnormalities like hypogonadism, relative hypercorticism and hypothyroidism. The interference of the nutritional, psychological and endocrine factors could not be dissociated in our investigation or from the review of the literature on this subject. It is suggested that hypothalamic insufficiency plays a prominent role in the growth hormone hyporesponsiveness in anorexia nervosa. Although diminished, the stimulated growth hormone response remains higher in anorexia nervosa than in true hypopituitarism. This phenomenon coupled to a preserved or even increased suprarenal function enables one to differentiate cachexia resulting from anorexia nervosa and hypopituitarism leading eventually to cachexia.
(Pro‐)Insulin Biosynthesis and Release of Newly Synthesized (Pro‐)Insulin from Isolated Islets of Rat Pancreas in the Presence of Amino Acids and Sulphonylureas+,++
Authors: Schatz H. , Nierle C. , Pfeiffer E.F.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The influence of arginine, lysine, tolbutamide and glibenclamide on (pro‐)insulin biosynthesis and release of newly synthesized (pro‐)insulin was studied in isolated islets of rat pancreas. Islets were incubated with 3H‐leucine and glucose in the presence and absence of the test agents. Proinsulin and insulin of islets and incubation media were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 50. Estimations were carried out for radioactivity and immunoreactivity for insulin. All four test substances were able to enhance insulin release whereas no stimulation of leucine incorporation into (pro‐)insulin was found. Arginine and tolbutamide even markedly reduced (pro‐)insulin synthesis. Conversion of proinsulin to insulin was not affected by any of the test agents. For studying the influence of the 4 substances on secretion of newly synthesized (pro‐)insulin two experimental models were used: 1) Labelling of the islets in the presence of the test agents, followed by uniform stimulation with glucose alone in the presence or absence of Ca++. 2) Addition of the 4 test substances after uniform prelabelling of the islets. 1) Presence of arginine and sulfonylureas during labelling resulted in a significantly enhanced relative fractional release of newly synthesized (pro‐)insulin, although the bulk of secreted hormone appeared to stem from the storage pool also under these conditions. The enhanced fractional release was persistent also during the postlabelling period when the islets had been labelled in the presence of arginine or glibenclamide. On the other hand, a decreased release of newly synthesized (pro‐)insulin was observed during the postlabelling period in islets labelled in the presence of tolbutamide. Lysine was without significant effects in both periods. Omission of calcium ions during the postlabelling period inhibited the release of both immunoreactive and radioactive hormone. 2) When amino acids or sulphonylureas were added after prelabelling no signifcant changes were found in the specific radioactivity of released (pro‐)insulin or in the fractional release of newly synthesized hormone. Enhanced release of fresh granules from the beta cell might explain the increased fractional release of newly synthesized (pro‐) insulin when labelling is carried out in the presence of arginine and sulphonylureas, especially glibenclamide.
Colchicine Administration to Mice: A Metabolic and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Singh A. , Marchand Y. Le , Orci L. , Jeanrenaud B.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. A single injection of colchicine has been administered to normal albino mice, and the metabolic effects as well as the hepatic ultrastructural changes resulting from this treatment have been studied at various time intervals. A marked decrease in circulating triglyceride levels was evident 4 hours after colchicine injection and was maximum after 11 hours. It coincided with a marked increase in hepatic triglyceride content. Twenty hours after colchicine administration, plasma triglyceride levels and hepatic triglyceride content had returned to normal values. Similar changes in the levels of circulating proteins were observed although their magnitude was less than that observed for triglycerides. Ultrastructurally, colchicine treatment resulted in the virtual disappearance of the microtubules from the hepatocytes, and in the appearance of many clusters of vesicles containing very low density lipoprotein‐like particles which eventually transformed into lipid droplets. These ultra‐structural alterations were also completely reversible, the reversibility coinciding with the morphological reappearance of microtubules. Finally, colchicine treatment resulted in marked metabolic changes that are interpreted as representing an attempt, by the organism, to keep adequate energy sources during the period of lack of circulating triglycerides.
The Role of Calcium in Insulin Action
Authors: Clarke P.V. , Kissebah A.H. , Hope‐Gill H. , Vydelingum N. , Tulloch B. , Fraser T.R.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The in‐vitro antilipolytic response to insulin and procaine hydrochloride by adipose tissue from young rats (150–180g) and lean mice has been compared with that from aged Wistar rats (600g) and obese (ob/ob) hyperglycaemic mice. 1. The adipose tissue from the obese mice showed diminished responsiveness to insulin and to procaine hydrochloride. Response to these agents, however, was restored by prewashing the tissue, suggesting that the apparent resistance in this tissue reflected saturation of the insulin receptors to endogenous insulin. 2. In adipose tissue of old Wistar rats the antilipolytic effect of insulin was also impaired, but this was not restored after extensive washing. Unlike adipose tissue ghosts prepared from young rats, insulin did not decrease the binding of calcium to ghost membrane preparations from old rats. Neither did insulin inhibit the adrenaline stimulated 45calcium efflux from perifused isolated fat cells prepared from old rats. These results suggest that the insulin response of fat cells from old rats is impaired because of a defect either in their insulin receptors or in their post‐receptor responses. 3. Procaine‐hydrochloride, however, when added to the medium perifusing fat cells of these old rats inhibited the adrenaline stimulated lipolysis, reduced the Ca efflux and decreased the binding of Ca to fat cell ghosts; as it did with similar preparations of young rats. Thus the cells from old rats still show full post‐receptor responsiveness to an insulin‐like stimulus, provided the stimulus for such a response is given at a point beyond the insulin receptor itself. The results suggest that the insulin resistance observed in old rat fat cells may be related to some by deficiency in the insulin receptors, possibly due to their lower replacement with age.
Conversion of Type III Hyperlipoproteinaemia to Type IV Hyperlipoproteinemia by a Fat‐Free, Carbohydrate Rich Diet
Authors: Vessby B. , Carlson L. A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Hyperlipoproteinaemia type III has been considered a clear cut clinical entity characterized by the presence of cholesterol rich “floating” beta very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) after ultracentrifugation. Carbohydrate inducibility is pronounced in type III. This study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of a high carbohydrate diet in type III as an effort to clarify a suggested association between type III and IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. On an isocaloric fat free carbohydrate rich diet the lipoprotein pattern changed as the VLDL triglycerides increased 31 per cent on average and LDL and HDL cholesterol decreased by 40 and 22 per cent. The high ratio cholesterol/triglycerides in VLDL was normalized. The lipoprotein levels in serum after carbohydrate induction showed all characteristics of a type IV with high VLDL triglycerides, normal cholesterol/triglyceride ratio in VLDL, subnormal cholesterol levels in LDL and HDL with changed relation between LDL1 and LDL2. On electrophoresis the floating beta band disappeared. It is probable that depending on the nutritional situation, the metabolic defect in type III may be expressed either as a type III or a type IV. An explanation of the effects of the carbohydrate rich diet on the lipoprotein pattern is suggested.
Uptake of triglyceride fatty acids in adipose tissue in vivo in man
Authors: MÅRIN P. , REBUFFÉ‐SCRIVE M. , BJÖRNTORP P.
Published: March 2011

Currently available information on adipose tissue metabolism in man is mainly based on studies in vitro. In the present work adipose tissue lipid uptake was studied in vivo in man. 100 g glucose and 120 g milk fat with 10 μCi U‐14C oleic acid were given in the overnight fasting state to eight women and 2 h after a carbohydrate‐rich meal to eight women. After 4 h, 1‐day, 1 week and 1 month radioactivity levels were determined in the lipids of adipose tissue in the femoral and abdominal regions and in plasma. At 4 h 30 and 20% of the oleic acid was estimated to remain in the extracellular space in the fasted and fed groups respectively, measured in plasma. Contents of oleic acid radioactivity was higher in the abdominal than femoral region. An estimated 27 and 46 g of fat was taken up in adipose tissue of the fasted and fed groups, constituting 1/3 and 1/2 of total tissue uptake respectively. After 1 day these figures were 43 and 60 g respectively. At 1 week and 1 month adipose tissue radioactivity was increasing slowly. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue at 4 h was higher in the femoral than abdominal adipose tissue and higher in the fed than fasted state in the abdominal region. A significant correlation was found between uptake and LPL in abdominal adipose tissue only.

These results show that uptake of fat measured in vivo is probably not necessarily reflected by LPL measurements only, suggesting other regulatory factors. The results also suggest that priming of adipose tissue mechanisms for lipid uptake requires some period of time. Primary storage in tissues other than in adipose tissue is probably slowly, partially transferred to adipose tissue.
Enkephalin affects ion transport via the enteric nervous system in guinea‐pig ileum
Authors: SCHULZKE J. D. , FROMM M. , RIECKEN E. O. , REUTTER W.
Published: March 2011

The endogenous opioid enkephalin drives ion transport towards absorption. To determine the site and mechanism of this effect, fractionated stripping of guinea‐pig ileum was carried out. The muscularis propria, including myenteric plexus, was removed by partial stripping. The submucosa, including the submucosal plexus, plus the muscularis mucosae were removed by total stripping. For binding studies, epithelial cells were removed by the method of Weiser leaving the lamina propria mucosae with the mucosal plexus.

Radio‐receptor‐assay with (3H)2‐D‐ala‐5‐D‐leuen‐kephalin revealed enkephalin binding sites in the submucosa plus muscularis mucosae (KD = 3·6 nmol 1−1; Vmax = 7·3 fmol mg−1) and in the lamina propria mucosae (KD = 4·2 nmol 1−1; Vmax = 5·1 fmol mg−1. The binding was stereospecific in both layers. No binding was detected on epithelial cells.

In the Ussing chamber, partially stripped ileum exhibited spontaneous ISC which was abolished by addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) or by total stripping indicating that this ISC was neuronally stimulated by the submucosal plexus. Electrogenic chloride secretion was identified as contributing to this ISC, since the TTX‐sensitive part of ISC in the partially stripped ileum was lacking in Cl‐ and HCO3‐free medium, reappeared after addition of Cl consistent with Michaelis‐Menten kinetics (Km = 19 nmol 1−1) and was reversed by serosal addition of bumetanide. In addition, enkephalin increased electroneutral NaCl‐absorption as obtained by Na‐ and Cl‐flux measurements. Enkephalin decreased this spontaneous neuronally stimulated electrogenic Cl‐secretion in the partially stripped ileum, but had no effect in totally stripped ileum if ISC was stimulated at the cellular level by theophylline or PGE1‐.

We conclude that ganglia located in the submucosal plexus regulate intestinal ion transport. Enkephalin acts by presynaptic inhibition via receptors on these neurons in the submucosa and/or via receptors on their neurites in the lamina propria mucosae.
The effect of oral glucose, protein, fat and water loading on blood pressure and the gastrointestinal peptides VIP and somatostatin in hypertensive elderly subjects
Authors: JANSEN R. W. M. M. , PEETERS T. L. , VAN LIER H. J. J. , HOEFNAGELS W. H. L.
Published: March 2011

In elderly subjects blood pressure (BP) may fall after a meal. It can be reproduced by oral glucose, but the effect of fat and protein ingestion on postprandial BP has not been reported. Furthermore, we hypothesized that vasoactive gastrointestinal peptides are involved in this phenomenon. We studied 10 hypertensive elderly subjects (mean age 74 ± 3 years) for the effects of oral glucose, fat, protein and water loading on BP in relation to plasma concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin and insulin. Glucose loading resulted in a decrease of mean arterial pressure by 14 ± 2 mmHg (P ≤ 0·001). In contrast, the ingestion of fat, protein or water had no significant effect on BP. Somatostatin increased after fat and protein loading, whereas VIP increased only after fat loading. These data indicate that postprandial BP reduction in the elderly is related to glucose‐related factors. The gut peptide VIP does not seem to play a role in this phenomenon.
Renal haemodynamic changes in response to moderate hyperglycaemia in type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus
Authors: DULLAART R. P. F. , MEIJER S. , SLUITER W. J. , DOORENBOS H.
Published: March 2011

The prevailing blood‐glucose level has been found to influence renal haemodynamics in type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus. In a group of 48 type 1 diabetic patients with normal serum creatinine (< 120 μmol 1−1) and without persistent proteinuria, no relationship was present between blood glucose, corrected to near normoglycaemia (6·8 [6·2 to 7·3] mmol 1−1 (median [95% confidence interval]), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) determined with 125I‐iothalamate and 131I‐hippuran respectively. GFR tended to increase (2 [‐1 to +4] ml min−1 1·73 m−2, 0·05 < P < 0·10) and ERPF did not change after a blood glucose rise of 7·9 (7·0 to 8·9) mmol 1−1, achieved by an intravenous glucose load in 31 patients. The individual changes in GFR and ERPF were correlated (r = 0·60, P < 0·005). The changes in GFR were inversely related to baseline blood glucose (r = −0·45, P < 0·02), but not to baseline GFR. GFR increased (3·5 [0 to +12] ml min−1 1·73 m−2, P < 0·01) if baseline blood glucose was ·6·8 mmol 1−1 (n = 16) but ERPF did not. Achievement of near normoglycaemia before measurement of kidney function in type 1 diabetes appears to reduce the influence of variation in glycaemia on renal haemodynamics and thus would improve comparison between and within individuals. Moderate hyperglycaemia can cause a small rise in the glomerular filtration rate.
Skin microcirculation and regional peripheral resistance in patients with chronic renal anaemia treated with recombinant human erythropoietin
Authors: CREUTZIG A. , CASPARY L. , NONNAST‐DANIEL B. , BAHLMANN J. , KÜHN K. , BRUNKHORST R. , REIMERS E. , KOCH K. M. , ALEXANDER K.
Published: March 2011

Skin microcirculation and regional peripheral resistance were studied in 14 patients with renal anaemia during therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin. Haematocrit was raised from 20·0 to 31·3% after 10–12 weeks of treatment and remained stable over another period of 12 weeks. Antihypertensive treatment had to be intensified in five patients. Regional calf blood flow decreased significantly; accordingly, calculated peripheral vascular resistance was increased by more than 100%. However, transcutaneous oxygen pressure (37°C and 44°C) increased significantly. The pathological vasoconstrictor response of skin capillaries was not influenced. There were no significant differences of any parameter between the patients requiring reinforced antihypertensive therapy and those with stable blood pressure. In conclusion skin oxygenation may be improved by erythropoietin treatment to a large extent despite an increase in calculated total limb vascular resistance.
Matrix metalloprotease‐3 expression in the medial plica and pannus‐like tissue in knees from patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis
Authors: Wang Hwai‐Shi , Kuo Pei‐Yin , Yang Chih‐Chang , Lyu Shaw‐Ruey
Published: March 2011

Wang H‐S, Kuo P‐Y, Yang C‐C & Lyu S‐R (2011) Histopathology 58, 593–600 Matrix metalloprotease‐3 expression in the medial plica and pannus‐like tissue in knees from patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis

Aims:  The severity of cartilage degeneration is positively correlated with the severity of the pathologic change of medial plica. However, knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms and the impact of plica on cartilage destruction is limited. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate matrix metalloprotease‐3 (MMP‐3) expression in the plica isolated from patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry showed that MMP‐3 was highly expressed in pannus‐like tissue and the plica. Western blotting of culture supernatants showed that interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) treatment induced MMP‐3 release by cells isolated from pannus tissue or the plica. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that MMP‐3 mRNA levels were increased after IL‐1β treatment of the cultured cells. MMP‐3 and IL‐1β mRNAs were expressed in the plica and pannus‐like tissue, with MMP‐3 mRNA being expressed at significantly higher levels in the plica than in normal synovial membrane and highly expressed in the plica at different stages in osteoarthritis (OA) patients.

Conclusion:  Pannus‐like tissue and the plica express IL‐1β and MMP‐3. Moreover, MMP‐3 mRNA and protein expression in the plica may contribute to the pathogenesis of OA.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinical Nursing Practice Environment Scale with hospital registered nurses in Taiwan
Authors: Pai Hsiang‐Chu , Lee Sheuan , Chang Ting
Published: March 2011

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the Clinical Nursing Practice Environment Scale in Taiwan.

Background.  Many nurses are faced with an unsatisfying clinical nursing work environment in Taiwan. Thus, there is a need for an evaluation instrument that can lead to improvement in the clinical nursing practice workplace strategy index.

Design.  This is a cross‐sectional study.

Methods.  A total of 687 nurses completed the Clinical Nursing Practice Environment Scale. Based on a randomised split of the data, two groups were formed. For the group 1 (n = 344) data, exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the instrument. A second‐order confirmatory factor analysis was then used to test the framework of the group 2 (n = 343) data, based on structural equation modelling.

Results.  The exploratory factor analysis of 29 items yielded a five‐factor structure. The five factors explained 62·87% of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the five Clinical Nursing Practice Environment Scale subscales ranged from 0·80–0·93. A second‐order confirmatory factor analysis identified a second‐order factor termed ‘clinical nursing practice environment.’

Conclusions.  The Clinical Nursing Practice Environment Scale model was judged to fit the data adequately.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The Clinical Nursing Practice Environment Scale model provides the hospital manager with information that can be used to evaluate the organisational situation and to develop an intervention to improve the workplace environment in Taiwan.
The relationship between self‐care agency, disability levels and factors regarding these situations among patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ovayolu Ozlem Ucan , Ovayolu Nimet , Karadag Gülendam
Published: March 2011

Aims and objectives.  To assess the relationship between self‐care agency scores, disability levels and factors regarding these situations among Turkish patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background.  Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by severe to slight synovial joint inflammation that can lead to pain, stiffness and joint destruction with subsequent physical deformities, disabilities and reduced self‐care. Self‐care is an important component of comprehensive chronic disease management such as rheumatoid arthritis. If patients have high levels of self‐care and adhere to rheumatoid arthritis treatment, it can be expected that they will have fewer symptoms and better functional capabilities.

Design.  A cross‐sectional, design was used.

Method.  This study was conducted with 467 rheumatoid arthritis patients who applied at the Rheumatology Outpatient Department of Gaziantep University between September 2008–February 2009. The data collection instruments used in this study were the Demographic Data Form, Health Assessment Questionnaire (including disability index and pain scale) and Self‐as‐Carer Inventory. The frequency, mean, Student’s t‐test, one‐way anova, Kruskal–Wallis, chi‐square, correlation and regression analysis were used; p < 0·05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results.  For patients the self‐care agency classification of 13·7% and 86·3% were ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’, respectively; while the disability levels of 12·2 51·2 and 36·6% were ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ and ‘severe’, respectively; and their pain average was ‘moderate’. It was also determined that, as the patients’ self‐agency scores declined, their disability levels deteriorated even further and their pain levels increased even more.

Conclusions.  In conclusion we found that in Turkish patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, the higher disability and pain rate were, the lower self‐care agency score was.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses should strive to provide individuals with RA the knowledge, skills and resources necessary for active participation in self‐care, as this might promote the capacity for self‐care.
Some Properties and Applications of Cell Lines and Clones Established from tet‐Responsive‐SV40 Tag Mice and mES Cell Lines
Authors: Chen U.
Published: March 2011

In this article, 11 cell lines established from transgenic mice and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) expressing SV40Tag under control of tetracycline/doxycycline (tet‐off, tet‐on) are described. Several cell lines were further transfected with a plasmid vector containing genes coding for a cytokine/protein under tet‐regulation to obtain tet‐co‐regulated expression of cytokine/protein. A total of 29 clones and 234 subclones have been established so far. Partial characterization of these tet‐responsive cell lines, clones and subclones was performed. Questions related to the rare frequency of establishing permanent cycling cell lines from this source, the unusual expression pattern of SV40Tag protein in the subcellular compartment and the phenotype of ‘stemness’ of several such cell lines are raised. Some future applications of these cells, related to immunology and transplantation, are discussed.
Offering antenatal sickle cell and thalassaemia screening to pregnant women in primary care: a qualitative study of women’s experiences and expectations of participation
Authors: Tsianakas Vicki , Atkin Karl , Calnan Michael W. , Dormandy Elizabeth , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: March 2011

Objective  To describe the acceptability to women of being offered antenatal Sickle cell and Thalassaemia (SC&T) screening in primary and secondary care at the visit to confirm pregnancy; and to explore the implications of their views for participating in decisions about their health care.

Methods  Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with twenty‐one ethnically diverse women registered at twenty‐five general practices in two English inner‐city Primary Care Trusts. The material was analysed thematically, using the method of constant comparison.

Results  Women generally welcomed the opportunity of early diagnosis, although they expected screening to confirm they were carrying a healthy child. Women felt general practitioners did not present antenatal screening as a choice, but they did not necessarily see this as a problem. Doctors were believed to be acting out of concern for the women’s well being.

Conclusions  Women were generally positive about being offered screening in primary care at the first visit to confirm pregnancy. To this extent it was acceptable to them, although this was largely informed by assumptions associated with being a ‘good mother’ rather than a straightforward enactment of informed choice, assumed by health‐care policy. This represents the context in which women participate in decisions about their health care.
Advances in Recombinant Gonadotropin Production for Use in Bovine Superovulation
Authors: Hesser MW , Morris JC , Gibbons JR
Published: March 2011

Contents

Bovine ovarian hyperstimulation is a process that currently relies on pituitary‐derived follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to facilitate the maturation of multiple follicles to achieve dominance and eventual ovulation. The prevalence of this process, also called superovulation, has more than doubled in the past 10 years, but the efficiency of recovered transferable embryos has remained low at ∼6 per collection. The use of pituitary‐derived products presents other problems including contamination from other hormones, inconsistencies within and among batches, and the possibility of the spread of disease‐transmitting agents. Recombinant gonadotropins have been engineered to yield varieties of FSH and luteinizing hormone from a myriad of heterologous hosts with the resulting products demonstrating various levels of biological activity. Research has also been devoted to alternative delivery methods to reduce the frequency of injections required in current superovulatory protocols. Together, recombinant gonadotropins and alternative delivery approaches potentially provide an economical alternative to the use of pituitary‐derived products.