bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective registry of patients with locally advanced/metastatic HR+/HER2− breast cancer treated in clinical practice in Andalusia
Authors: Chavarría Piudo Natalia , Blancas Isabel , González Flores Encarna , Henao Carrasco Fernando , López Álvarez Pilar , Morales Pancorbo David , Gámez Casado Salvador , Lomas Garrido María de la Cabeza , Rodríguez García José Manuel , Martínez Guisado Antonia , Sánchez Vega Adrián , Ruíz Borrego Manuel
Published: June 2024

Background

Limited data are available regarding the real-world effectiveness and safety of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) (palbociclib/ribociclib) just as a first-line treatment for patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR + /HER2‒) metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

Objective

To assess whether clinical or demographic characteristics limit access to first-line CDK4/6i treatment in clinical practice in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain) between November 2017 and April 2020. In addition, effectiveness will be described in an exploratory analysis.

Methods

Physicians from 12 centers participated in selecting demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome data from women with HR + /HER2- MBC treated with or without CDK4/6i in addition to hormonal in the first-line setting, in a 3:1 proportion. Kaplan–Meier analysis estimated progression-free rates (PFRs) and survival rates (SRs).

Results

A total of 212 patients were included, of whom 175 (82.5%) were in the CDK4/6i treatment group and 37 (17.5%) were in the non-CDK4/6i treatment group (control group). Patients in the CDK 4/6i treatment group were younger (p = 0.0011), the biopsies of the metastatic site at the moment of the relapse were most commonly performed (p = 0.0454), and had multiple metastatic sites (p = 0.0025). The clinical benefit rate (CBR) was 82.3% in the CDK4/6i group and 67.8% in the control group. Median time to a progression event or death (PFS) was 20.4 months (95%CI 15.6–28) in the CDK4/6i group and 12.1 months (95%CI 7.9–not reached) in the control group.

Conclusions

Younger patients, biopsies of metastatic disease and with multiple metastatic sites were more frequently treated with CDK4/6i in our daily clinical practice.
Computational and analytical analysis of integral-differential equations for modeling avoidance learning behavior
Authors: Turab Ali , Montoyo Andrés , Nescolarde-Selva Josué-Antonio
Published: June 2024

This work emphasizes the computational and analytical analysis of integral-differential equations, with a particular application in modeling avoidance learning processes. Firstly, we suggest an approach to determine a unique solution to the given model by employing methods from functional analysis and fixed-point theory. We obtain numerical solutions using the approach of Picard iteration and evaluate their stability in the context of minor perturbations. In addition, we explore the practical application of these techniques by providing two examples that highlight the thorough analysis of behavioral responses using numerical approximations. In the end, we examine the efficacy of our suggested ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for studying the avoidance learning behavior of animals. Furthermore, we investigate the convergence and error analysis of the proposed ODEs using multiple numerical techniques. This integration of theoretical and practical analysis enhances the domain of applied mathematics by providing important insights for behavioral science research.
Recent Advances in the Understanding of Stress Resistance Mechanisms in Probiotics: Relevance for the Design of Functional Food Systems
Authors: Bustos Ana Yanina , Taranto María Pía , Gerez Carla Luciana , Agriopoulou Sofia , Smaoui Slim , Varzakas Theodoros , Enshasy Hesham Ali El
Published: June 2024

In recent years, more and more scientific community, food producers, and food industry show increased interest in functional foods containing probiotics, which is a big challenge. The consumption of probiotics in the context of a balanced diet through the consumption of functional foods or through the intake of pharmaceutical preparations has proven to contribute to the improvement of human health, even contributing to the prevention of diseases. In order for probiotics to be considered suitable for consumption, they must contain a minimum concentration of viable cells, namely, at least 107 colony forming units of beneficial microbes per gram. Ensuring the viability of bacterial cells until the moment of consumption is the overriding priority of functional probiotic food manufacturers. Probiotic bacteria are subject to stress conditions not only during food manufacturing but also during gastrointestinal passage, which limit or even compromise their functionality. This paper first examines all the stressful conditions faced by probiotic cells in their production stages and related to the conditions present in the bioreactor fermentation and drying processes as well as factors related to the food matrix and storage. The stress situations faced by probiotic microorganisms during the gastrointestinal transit especially during stomach and intestinal residence are also analyzed. In order to understand the adaptation mechanisms of probiotic bacteria to gastrointestinal stress, intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms identified in probiotic strains in response to acid stress and to bile and bile acid stress are analyzed. In addition, improvement strategies for multiple stress tolerance of lactic acid bacteria through directions dealing with stress, accumulation of metabolites, use of protectants, and regulation of technological parameters are examined. Finally, the definition of postbiotics, inanimate microorganisms and/or their components conferring health benefits, is also introduced. Postbiotics include cell lysates, enzymes, and cell wall fragments derived from probiotic bacteria and may represent an alternative to the use of probiotics, when they do not tolerate stressful conditions.
Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Stoichiometry Across Vegetated and Non-Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems
Authors: Wei Mengjie , Lundquist Carolyn J. , Schwendenmann Luitgard
Published: June 2024

The conversion of organic matter by extracellular enzymes can reveal important insights into carbon and nutrient cycling. The activity and stoichiometry of hydrolytic extracellular enzymes were investigated to assess the effects of vegetation cover and sediment characteristics on microbial-enzyme-mediated decomposition in coastal ecosystems. Extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) was quantified across transects extending from mangrove to tidal flat habitats in two New Zealand coastal ecosystems that differ in mud content (sandy: Hobson Bay, muddy: Snells Beach). We determined the activity of five key hydrolyzing enzymes: β-glucosidase (hydrolyzes cellulose to glucose); β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (catalyzes the terminal reaction in chitin degradation); alkaline phosphatase (releases soluble inorganic phosphate groups from organophosphates); β-D-cellobiohydrolase (hydrolyzes cellulose to generate cellobiose); and β-xylosidase (catalyzes hemicellulose). All enzymes involved in C acquisition and in N and P cycling had higher activity at the muddy site. No habitat differences in EEA were observed at the sandy site, whereas EEA was lower in the non-vegetated habitats for some enzymes at the muddy site. Models of microbial metabolic limitations highlighted that most habitats at both muddy and sandy sites were predominately C and P limited. The EEA in these coastal wetlands was generally lower than has been reported for other terrestrial, freshwater, and estuarine ecosystems, with values often one to two orders of magnitude lower than other wetland studies. These results can be used to advance our understanding of the biogeochemical processes underpinning the response of coastal ecosystems to land-derived nutrient and sediment inputs.
Transforming tumoroids derived from ALK-positive pulmonary adenocarcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma in vivo
Authors: Yokota Etsuko , Iwai Miki , Ishida Yuta , Yukawa Takuro , Matsubara Masaki , Naomoto Yoshio , Fujiwara Hideyo , Monobe Yasumasa , Haisa Minoru , Takigawa Nagio , Fukazawa Takuya , Yamatsuji Tomoki
Published: June 2024

Approximately 3–5% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harbor ALK fusion genes and may be responsive to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. There are only a few reports on cell lines with EML4-ALK variant 3 (v3) and tumoroids that can be subject to long-term culture (> 3 months). In this study, we established tumoroids (PDT-LUAD#119) from a patient with lung cancer harboring EML4-ALK that could be cultured for 12 months. Whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing analyses revealed TP53 mutations and an EML4-ALK v3 mutation. PDT-LUAD#119 lung tumoroids were sensitive to the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK TKIs) crizotinib, alectinib, entrectinib, and lorlatinib, similar to NCI-H3122 cells harboring EML4-ALK variant 1 (v1). Unexpectedly, clear squamous cell carcinoma and solid adenocarcinoma were observed in xenografts from PDT-LUAD#119 lung tumoroids, indicating adenosquamous carcinoma. Immunostaining revealed that the squamous cell carcinoma was ALK positive, suggesting a squamous transformation of the adenocarcinoma. Besides providing a novel cancer model to support basic research on ALK-positive lung cancer, PDT-LUAD#119 lung tumoroids will help elucidate the pathogenesis of adenosquamous carcinoma.
Ipersessualità: aspetti bio-psico-sociali
Authors: Doroldi Davide , Limoncin Erika , Ciocca Giacomo , Jannini Emmanuele A.
Published: June 2024

Sommario

L’ipersessualità viene ad oggi definita in molteplici modi che rispecchiano l’inquadramento diagnostico sottostante. Secondo l’International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), l’eccessivo comportamento sessuale è da ricondursi a un comportamento compulsivo. Seguendo la panoramica scientifica attuale, l’ipersessualità può essere il risultato di molteplici condizioni psicopatologiche. Pertanto, il modello bio-psico-sociale sembra essere quello più appropriato per spiegare l’eziologia spesso multifattoriale di questo sintomo. In ambito psicopatologico è possibile riscontrare l’ipersessualità nelle fasi maniacali, nel disturbo borderline di personalità, in associazione al disturbo da deficit di attenzione con iperattività (ADHD), nelle psicosi. In aggiunta, pazienti che presentano deficit neurologici a causa di lesioni cerebrali, o che sono diagnosticati con sindromi neurologiche, possono presentare l’ipersessualità, come causa diretta della malattia o a causa indiretta delle terapie farmacologiche adottate per la gestione della sindrome. Un assessment preciso e globale, che veda l’approfondimento di tutte le variabili che possono spiegare l’insorgenza di tale sintomo, sembra necessario per l’inquadramento diagnostico e l’impostazione della terapia.
Obesità e Binge Eating Disorder: nutriamo il corpo o la mente?
Authors: Verrastro Marco , Tempia Valenta Silvia , Scudellari Paolo , De Ronchi Diana , Atti Anna Rita
Published: June 2024

Sommario

Questo articolo esplora il legame tra il Binge Eating Disorder (BED) e diabete mellito di tipo 2 (DM2), focalizzandosi sull’obesità come ponte clinico. Il DM2, in costante crescita a livello globale e strettamente correlato all’obesità, evidenzia la rilevanza dei disturbi dell’alimentazione come il BED nella gestione terapeutica e negli esiti a lungo termine. Il BED mostra un’associazione significativa con l’obesità estrema ed è riscontrabile in circa il 30% delle persone che cercano interventi per la perdita di peso. Con una prevalenza dell’1,8% nelle donne e dello 0,7% negli uomini, il BED si manifesta con episodi di abbuffata e perdita di controllo sul cibo. Le ipotesi eziopatogenetiche del BED sottendono un legame con l’impulsività, la compulsione e la disfunzione dei meccanismi di ricompensa, con lesioni nei circuiti cortico-striatali simili a quelli nella dipendenza da sostanze psicoattive. Gli individui con obesità e BED mostrano alterazioni nelle regioni cerebrali coinvolte nel controllo degli impulsi, alterazioni capaci di influenzare la percezione del cibo come ricompensa. Le emozioni negative, in particolare rabbia e frustrazione, svolgono un ruolo chiave nel BED, con una maggiore sensibilità allo stress e una ridotta capacità di regolazione emotiva. I modelli psicodinamici del BED evidenziano strategie disadattive come la soppressione e la ruminazione, che influenzano la percezione delle emozioni e ostacolano la regolazione emotiva. Le teorie della “fuga dalla consapevolezza di sé” e della “regolazione emotiva” chiariscono come il BED possa fungere da meccanismo di coping per evitare percezioni negative su di sé o contenere emozioni indesiderate. In conclusione, considerare gli aspetti psicodinamici del BED è cruciale nella gestione clinica di pazienti obesi con DM2. La profonda comprensione di questi aspetti può orientare verso strategie terapeutiche più efficaci, affrontando la complessità della psicopatologia associata al BED e le implicazioni per la gestione a lungo termine dell’obesità e delle sue complicanze.
The Rule of Law: A Slogan in Search of a Concept
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: June 2024

Regularly invoked but rarely defined, ‘the rule of law’ has over the last few decades been converted from a legal term of art into one of the most ambiguous slogans of contemporary public policy. Political scientists claim it as a crucial test of a regime’s legitimacy. Economists maintain that it provides an essential foundation of a flourishing market economy. Philosophers suggest it captures the essence of the state as a moral association. Historians acknowledge that, even if they might distrust such an abstract notion, the imposition of effective inhibitions on power is an ‘unqualified human good’. And lawyers, of course, have treated it as the foundation of their discipline ever since the mid-thirteenth century when Bracton asserted that ‘there is no rex where will rules rather than lex’. Those who extend its usage beyond the confines of professional legal discourse commonly give it a positive valence. But the rule of law also has its detractors. These critics assert that it promotes purely formal, individualistic values at the expense of substantive justice, or that it is a smokescreen preventing us from seeing the impact of recent global developments that signal the rule of lawyers. Some anthropologists even denounce it as an imperial ideology that legitimates European conquest and the plunder of the rest of the world. But given the fact that almost every state in the world now claims to act in compliance with the rule of law, these critics seem to have done little to dent its appeal. Yet, the sheer range of views and perspectives that now exist about the meaning, purpose, and value of the rule of law considerably complicates any inquiry into its current standing. In this paper, I will try to bring some clarity to the issue by providing a sketch of the main varieties of ways in which the term is being invoked. The paper comprises five sections, which each address a specific aspect of the term’s usage: (1) its coinage in English law, (2) the adoption of a superficially similar terminology in the German concept of the Rechtsstaat, (3) the jurisprudential innovations that complicate its meaning, and finally its most recent invocation (4) first in development work and (5) secondly in constitutional rejuvenation.
Blocklength Allocation and Power Control in UAV-Assisted URLLC System via Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Li Xinmin , Zhang Xuhao , Li Jiahui , Luo Feiying , Huang Yi , Zhang Xiaoqiang
Published: June 2024

Integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) systems can improve the real-time communication performance for various industrial internet of things (IIoT) applications. Designing an intelligent resource allocation system is one of the challenges posed by an energy-constrained UAV communication system. Therefore, we formulate a sum rate maximization problem, subject to the UAVs’ energy by optimizing the blocklength allocation and the power control jointly in the uplink UAV-assisted URLLC systems, in which the probabilistic channel model between UAV and users is adopted. The problem is difficult to solve due to the non-convex objective function and the energy constraints, and also challenging to make fast decision in the complex communication environment. Thus, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based scheme to optimize the blocklength allocation and power control jointly. First, transform the original problem into the multi-agent reinforcement learning process, where each subcarrier is regarded as the agent that optimizes its individual blocklength allocation and power control. Then, each agent makes the intelligent decision to obtain the maximum reward value depending on the weighted segmented reward function, which is related to the UAV energy consumption and user rates to improve the rate performance. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the benchmark schemes and has the stable convergence in different settings, such as the learning rate, the error probability, the subcarrier spacing, and the number of users.
Deaf gain: visual communication for all young children
Authors: Gale Elaine , Martin Amber
Published: June 2024

Deaf people use visual language and communication strategies naturally. Moreover, hearing people (both young children and adults) can also benefit from sign language and the visual strategies that deaf parents and teachers use with young children, an example of deaf gain. This paper will provide an overview of the concept of deaf gain, review previous research on deaf parents’ visual strategies for interacting with young deaf children, and suggest ways for professionals and hearing parents with young children to integrate these visual strategies. We will also discuss the research-based visual strategies used by deaf adults and teachers outlined in a tip sheet from the Deaf Leadership International Alliance (DLIA), with examples from two popular curricula used by early intervention: the SKI-HI Deaf Mentor Program and ASL at Home.
Herausforderungen in der Primärversorgung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit Long‑/Post-COVID
Authors: Gubernath J. , Mekkes S. , Sarganas G. , Scheidt-Nave C. , Dini L.
Published: June 2024

Hintergrund

Hausärztinnen und Hausärzte (HÄ) bilden die primäre Anlaufstelle für Patientinnen und Patienten mit unklaren Symptomen. Dies zeigt sich zurzeit am Beispiel der postakuten Infektionssyndrome von Long‑/Post-COVID (L/PC) mit einer Vielfalt systemischer, unspezifischer, langanhaltender Symptomkomplexe nach durchgemachter SARS-CoV-2-Infektion. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die L/PC-Versorgung aus der hausärztlichen Perspektive und beschreibt Erfahrungen, Herausforderungen und Informationsbedarfe.

Methoden

Im September 2022 wurde eine anonyme Befragung aller in Deutschland niedergelassenen HÄ durchgeführt. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte anhand eines selbstentwickelten Onlinefragebogens. Die Daten wurden mithilfe deskriptiver Analysen ausgewertet. Ergebnisse sind nach Geschlecht, Alter und Region gewichtet.

Ergebnisse

Die Befragung erreichte einen Rücklauf von 2,1 % aller HÄ in Deutschland. Insgesamt gaben 93 % (n = 819) der HÄ an, bereits Patienten und Patientinnen mit L/PC versorgt zu haben. Nach Aussage der HÄ waren häufig empfohlene bzw. verordnete Maßnahmen nichtmedikamentöse Therapien, Verlaufsbeobachtungen und Langzeitkrankschreibungen. Teilnehmende HÄ gaben an, sie seien auf Hürden bei der Diagnose, Behandlung, Weiterbehandlung und Koordinierung gestoßen. Die größten Informationsbedarfe zu L/PC wurden im Bereich der Therapie (inklusive Medikation), Pathophysiologie und Rehabilitation gesehen.

Diskussion

Die Primärversorgung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit L/PC steht vor Herausforderungen. Der Aufbau regionaler Netzwerke unter Einbeziehung von HÄ, Spezialambulanzen und Rehabilitationseinrichtungen und ein gezielter Informationsaustausch zwischen Forschung und Praxis könnten die Möglichkeiten zur Umsetzung einer bedarfsgerechten Versorgung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit L/PC verbessern.
Pollution assessment and index properties of Okpulor soils, Rivers State, Nigeria: geochemical characterization, geotechnical and geoenvironmental implications
Authors: Ahmed Nurudeen Onomhoale , Fagorite Victor Inumindun , Chikwado Aleke Godwin , Apata Dolapo Moses , Yunusa Luqman Jibril , Itiveh Emmanuel Samson , Biliaminu Zeenat Bisola
Published: June 2024

This study assessed soil pollution and index properties in Okpulor through geochemical, geotechnical, and geoenvironmental analyses. Twenty samples, comprising 14 surface and 6 shallow subsurface ones, underwent geochemical analysis for heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb). Five geochemical indices, including the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), were utilized. Simultaneously, six subsurface samples underwent geotechnical analysis for Natural Moisture, Grain Size, Specific Gravity, Bulk Density, and Atterberg Limits, following Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines. The Igeo highlighted significant heavy metal contamination in Okpulor soils, particularly Cd. EF values exceeding 1.5 underscored a strong anthropogenic influence, with CF indicating Cd's substantial contribution to overall contamination. PERI underscored the ecological risks associated with Cd contamination. Natural moisture content, ranging from 18.21% to 21.45%, indicated a notable presence of water in the soil during the dry season, potentially leading to increased leaching and migration of water-soluble contaminants. Bulk density values suggested moderate to lightly packed soils, impacting porosity and permeability, and influencing contaminant movement. Atterberg limits indicated low soil plasticity, impacting moisture retention and contaminant behaviour. Grain size analysis revealed poorly graded soils with a close sand-to-clay ratio, affecting water drainage. These geotechnical properties and heavy metal contamination reveal the intricate interplay between soil characteristics and contamination risks in the Okpulor area, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to safeguard the environment.
Inside the IPCC
Authors: O'Reilly Jessica Leigh , Vardy Mark , Pryck Kari De , Benedetti Marcela da S. Feital
Published: June 2024

Inside the IPCC explores the institution of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by focusing on people's experiences as authors. While the budget and overall population of an IPCC report cycle is small, its influence on public views of climate change is outsized. Inside the IPCC analyzes the social and human sides of IPCC report writing, as a complement to understanding the authoritative reports that underwrite policy decisions at many scales of governance. This study shows how the IPCC's social and human dimension is in fact the main strength, but also the main challenge facing the organization, but also the main challenge facing the organziation. By stepping back to reveal what goes into the making of climate science assessments, Inside the IPCC aims to help people develop a more realistic, and thus, more actionable, understanding of climate change and the solutions to deal with it. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A Dynamic Theory of Prosecutorial Roles in Adversarial Trials
Authors: Garg Arushi
Published: June 2024

Prosecutors in adversarial systems are simultaneously expected to be impartial ministers of justice and partisan advocates. Leaving this tension unaddressed can result in poor-quality prosecutorial decision-making. This article develops a novel “dynamic” framework for prosecutors to navigate between and prioritize these competing considerations, which can be used to understand, evaluate, and improve prosecutorial performance. Under this framework, the prioritization should depend on which function the prosecutor is exercising at any given time. The article then deploys primary data collected in Delhi, through court observation and interviews with judges, lawyers, victims, and victim-support persons, to exemplify and justify the framework.
Advancing digital healthcare engineering for aging ships and offshore structures: an in-depth review and feasibility analysis
Authors: Sindi Abdulaziz , Kim Hyeong Jin , Yang Young Jun , Thomas Giles , Paik Jeom Kee
Published: June 2024

Aging ships and offshore structures face harsh environmental and operational conditions in remote areas, leading to age-related damages such as corrosion wastage, fatigue cracking, and mechanical denting. These deteriorations, if left unattended, can escalate into catastrophic failures, causing casualties, property damage, and marine pollution. Hence, ensuring the safety and integrity of aging ships and offshore structures is paramount and achievable through innovative healthcare schemes. One such paradigm, digital healthcare engineering (DHE), initially introduced by the final coauthor, aims at providing lifetime healthcare for engineered structures, infrastructure, and individuals (e.g., seafarers) by harnessing advancements in digitalization and communication technologies. The DHE framework comprises five interconnected modules: on-site health parameter monitoring, data transmission to analytics centers, data analytics, simulation and visualization via digital twins, artificial intelligence-driven diagnosis and remedial planning using machine and deep learning, and predictive health condition analysis for future maintenance. This article surveys recent technological advancements pertinent to each DHE module, with a focus on its application to aging ships and offshore structures. The primary objectives include identifying cost-effective and accurate techniques to establish a DHE system for lifetime healthcare of aging ships and offshore structures—a project currently in progress by the authors.
Autonomy and Habit
Authors: Englander Alex
Published: June 2024

An enduring puzzle for theorists of autonomy in the broadly Kantian tradition is how to theorize failures of practical reason. If norms of practical rationality are supposed to be constitutive of agency itself, how can failures to live up them nonetheless be understood as expressions of that agency? Hegelian diagnoses of these difficulties typically emphasize the dichotomies that structure Kantian theories of autonomy, between activity and passivity, reason and nature, norm and desire. They seek to flesh out an alternative that preserves a recognisably post-Kantian notion of autonomy whilst understanding freedom as something that essentially comes in degrees, insisting that self-determination always involves elements of other-determination, and stressing how free subjectivity is inseparable from socio-historically and institutionally bounded character-formation. This article contributes to articulating a Hegelian corrective to Kantian theories of autonomy by beginning to explain the role of habit in Hegel's conception of agency. Building on recent work on Hegel's metaphysics of expression, it shows how he allows us to see conative responses to the world as integral to character development and thus as expressive of free agency, rather than as interruptions to the proper functioning of practical reason. On Hegel's account, the expressive behaviour of mature, reflective agents is grounded in a pre-intentional, affective dimension of subjectivity and presupposes processes of habituation, which he locates at the level of the human ‘soul’. Habit, far from being ‘lifeless, contingent and particular’, is the means by which agents come to make objective contents their own. Understanding the role of habit in Hegel's system is integral to allowing an alternative conceptualization of autonomy to come into view, one on which rational agents express themselves through their affective and emotional responses, rather than merely being a contingent site of those responses.
Hegel and the Hatäta Zär'a Ya‛ǝqob: Africa in the Philosophy of History and the History of Philosophy
Authors: Egid Jonathan
Published: June 2024

This article explores an episode in the reception of Hegel's philosophy of history and historiography of philosophy with reference to the question of the possibility of non-Western philosophy, in particular African philosophy. Section I briefly outlines the contents of the Hatäta Zär'a Ya‛ǝqob and the controversy over its authorship, focusing in particular on the argument of the Ethiopianist and scholar of Semitic languages Carlo Conti Rossini that ‘rationalistic’ philosophy was impossible in Ethiopia. In section II I suggest that a major component of the intellectual background to this notion of the impossibility of philosophy in Africa can be traced to Hegel's philosophy of history. To substantiate this claim I begin by providing an account of the broader historiographical shift between 1780 and 1830, in which Africa and Asia came to be excluded from the history of philosophy, and I suggest that Hegel's philosophy of history was decisive in this process. I examine how Hegel's account of history as the realization and actualization of freedom goes together with the development of cultural production culminating in philosophy, and how both of these processes (if they are really separate processes at all), can be mapped onto particular historical-geographical populations and cultures. I suggest that, even though this was not Hegel's intention, by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries this served as a cultural justification for political domination: those who are unfree are unfree because they are unthinking (unphilosophical), and those who are unthinking cannot be free. Finally in section III I connect this Hegelian conception to Conti Rossini's work, both his article on the Hatäta and as apologist for Italian imperialism. I conclude by reflecting on what this underexplored connection between Hegel and early twentieth-century theorists of culture might mean for attempts to construct global histories of philosophy.
High-level Green–Naghdi model for large-amplitude internal waves in deep water
Authors: Zhao Binbin , Zhang Tianyu , Wang Zhan , Hayatdavoodi Masoud , Gou Ying , Ertekin R. Cengiz , Duan Wenyang
Published: June 2024

In this paper, a high-level Green–Naghdi (HLGN) model for large-amplitude internal waves in a two-layer fluid system, where the upper-fluid layer is of finite depth and the lower-fluid layer is of infinite depth, is developed under the rigid-lid free-surface approximation. The equations of the present HLGN model follow Euler's equations under the sole assumption that the horizontal and vertical velocity distributions along the vertical column are presented by known shape functions for each layer. The linear dispersion relations of the HLGN model for different levels are presented and compared with those obtained by other strongly nonlinear models for deep water, including the fully nonlinear models that include the dispersion effects

$O(\mu )$

(where

$\mu$

is the ratio of the upper-fluid layer depth to a typical wavelength) derived by Choi & Camassa (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 77, 1996, pp. 1759–1762) and

$O(\mu ^2)$

derived by Debsarma et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 654, 2010, pp. 281–303). It is shown that the HLGN model has a wider application range than other models. Solutions of travelling large-amplitude internal solitary waves in the absence and presence of background shear-current are then investigated by using the HLGN model. For the no-current cases, results obtained by the HLGN model show better agreement with Euler's solution on wave profile, velocity profile at the maximum interface displacement and wave speed compared with those obtained by other models. For the background shear-current cases, results obtained by the HLGN model also show good agreement with those obtained by solving the Dubreil-Jacotin–Long equation.
Choosing innovation alliance governance structure: The roles of performance feedback and top management team characteristics
Authors: Su Taoyong , Chen Yongheng , Liu Wei , Ji Junzhe
Published: June 2024

While the importance of innovation alliance for high-technological firms is well-documented, existing literature provides little guidance on the role of performance feedback in an alliance governance structure choice. Drawing on performance feedback theory, this study sheds light on the association between performance deviating (either above or below) from firms’ social aspirations and the governance structure choice of innovation alliances. Using an unbalanced panel of Chinese biopharmaceutical firms spanning from 2007 to 2020, we find that firms experiencing negative performance feedback prefer a non-equity innovation alliance structure, whereas those with positive performance feedback are more likely to adopt an equity one. The strength of these relationships is contingent on top management team average tenure and educational-level diversity. Our findings both provide theoretical and practical insights into guiding how firms under different states of performance feedback select alliance governance structures.
Diverse behaviors of marine ice sheets in response to temporal variability of the atmospheric and basal conditions
Authors: Sergienko Olga , Wingham Duncan John
Published: June 2024

The observed retreat of the grounding line of the present-day ice sheets and the simulated grounding-line retreat of ice sheets under changing climate conditions are often interpreted as indications of marine ice-sheet instability (MISI), driven by a positive feedback between the ice discharge and conditions at the grounding line. However, the arguments that support this feedback are valid only for steady-state conditions. Here, we assess how unconfined marine ice sheets may behave if atmospheric conditions and basal conditions evolve with time. We find that the behavior of grounding lines can exhibit a range from unstoppable advance and retreat to irregular oscillation irrespective of the stability of the corresponding steady-state configurations obtained with time-invariant conditions. Our results show that numerical simulations with a parameterization of the ice flux through the grounding line used in large-scale ice-sheet models produce markedly different results from simulations without the parameterization. Our analysis demonstrates that the grounding-line migration can be driven by the temporal variability in the atmospheric and basal conditions and not by MISI, which assumes unchanging conditions. Instead, the grounding-line advance or retreat is determined by interactions between ice flow, basal processes and environmental conditions throughout the length of a marine ice sheet in addition to the circumstances at its grounding line.
“Draw a Guerrilla!” Betrayal, Solitude, and Revolutionary Art
Authors: Scorer James
Published: June 2024

This article analyzes the sketches of Ernesto “Che” Guevara and fellow guerrillas made by the Argentine Ciro Bustos during his captivity in Bolivia in 1967. Many of the references to Bustos in biographies of Guevara and in writings about the latter’s failed Bolivian campaign depict Bustos, because of those sketches, as “the man who betrayed Che.” The tensions and discrepancies in those accounts suggest instead that Bustos’s sketches should be seen not merely as documents of betrayal but as artworks embedded in the period’s wider revolutionary visualities. The article argues that Bustos’s drawing of Che Guevara, who is usually depicted visually as “heroic guerrilla” or “saintly martyr,” introduces an affective, intimate gaze of armed struggle in all its complications.
Rigidity for the perimeter inequality under Schwarz symmetrization
Authors: Domazakis Georgios
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the rigidity of the perimeter inequality under Schwarz symmetrization. The term rigidity refers to the situation in which the equality cases are only obtained by translations of the symmetric set. In particular, we prove that the sufficient conditions for rigidity provided in M. Barchiesi, F. Cagnetti and N. Fusco [Stability of the Steiner symmetrization of convex sets. J. Eur. Math. Soc. 15 (2013), 1245-1278.] are also necessary.
Energy and nutrient intake by 11–13-year-old young adolescents attending private schools in Delhi, India
Authors: Ivaturi Anupama , Giles Lynne , Do Loc G. , Rawal Tina , Arora Monika , Moynihan Paula
Published: June 2024

There are no high-quality data on dietary behaviour of adolescents in India. This study aimed to assess the intake of energy (E), macronutrients and selected micronutrients in a sample of 11–13-year-old schoolchildren in Delhi, India. Participants from private schools (n=10) recorded dietary intake using a 3-d food diary. Information was entered into the dietary assessment tool, Intake24, to ascertain portion size and convert data into nutrient intake through integrated food tables. Of the 514 consenting participants, 393 (76·4 %) (169 girls, 224 boys) aged 11·4 (±1·8) years completed the study. The median (interquartile range (IQR) daily E intake was 2580 (2139·3–2989·8) kcal (10·8 (9·0 − 12·5) MJ) for girls and 2941·5 (2466·7–3599·3) kcal (12·3 (10·3–15·2) MJ) for boys. The median (IQR) daily nutrient intakes for girls and boys respectively were protein 64·6 (54·8–79·3) g, 74·4 (61·4; 89·4) g; carbohydrate 336·5 (285·3–393·6) g, 379·6 (317·8–461·8) g; and saturated fat 45·6 (34·8–58·3) g, 54·6 (41·9–69·5) g. There were no significant between-gender differences in percentage E from protein (10·2 (9·2–11·4)), or carbohydrate (52·4 (48·7–56·7)). Girls obtained less percentage E from saturated fat (16·1 (11·0–18·2) compared with boys 16·3 (14·2–19·1) (P < 0·05). E from saturated fat was above FAO recommendations in >74 % of participants. The estimated average requirement for iron was achieved by < 40 % of girls. In conclusion, strategies to optimise the dietary intake of adolescents in India should focus on preventing excess intakes of E and saturated fat and improving iron intake in girls.
Boom Cairo: Egypt in Disaster, 1787
Authors: Mikhail Alan
Published: June 2024

During the month of Ramadan, on Tuesday, June 26, 1787, two hours after the afternoon prayer, or about 5:30 p.m., an “alarmingly dreadful event” (ḥāditha mahūla muz‘ija) occurred in Cairo. An explosion ripped through the heart of the city's commercial district, sparking a massive fire, toppling buildings, killing dozens, and pulsing buckling ripples and emotional shockwaves through the city. Late 18th-century urbanization produced countless such disasters around the world. This one occurred at a particularly trying time for Cairo, and Egypt generally, and serves as a barometer of Egyptian society and the economy in this period.
Global characterization of a laser-generated neutron source
Authors: Higginson D.P. , Lelièvre R. , Vassura L. , Gugiu M.M. , Borghesi M. , Bernstein L.A. , Bleuel D. L. , Goldblum B. L. , Green A. , Hannachi F. , Kar S. , Kisyov S. , Quentin L. , Schroer M. , Tarisien M. , Willi O. , Antici P. , Negoita F. , Allaoua A. , Fuchs J.
Published: June 2024

Laser-driven neutron sources are routinely produced by the interaction of laser-accelerated protons with a converter. They present complementary characteristics to those of conventional accelerator-based neutron sources (e.g. short pulse durations, enabling novel applications like radiography). We present here results from an experiment aimed at performing a global characterization of the neutrons produced using the Titan laser at the Jupiter Laser Facility (Livermore, USA), where protons were accelerated from 23

$\mathrm {\mu }$

m thick plastic targets and directed onto a LiF converter to produce neutrons. For this purpose, several diagnostics were used to measure these neutron emissions, such as CR-39, activation foils, time-of-flight detectors and direct measurement of

$^7{\rm Be}$

residual activity in the LiF converters. The use of these different, independently operating diagnostics enables comparison of the various measurements performed to provide a robust characterization. These measurements led to a neutron yield of

$2.0\times 10^{9}$

neutrons per shot with a modest angular dependence, close to that simulated.
Ja und Nein? Ja und Amen! Zur Wahrnehmung des paulinischen Apostolats nach 2 Kor 1.15–2.2
Authors: Wilk Florian
Published: June 2024

German Abstract

Der 2. Korintherbrief sucht in seinem ersten Hauptteil (1.15–7.16) die Anstöße aufzuarbeiten, die die Gemeinde im Vorfeld des Briefs an der Ausübung des apostolischen Dienstes durch Paulus genommen hat. Wie die Eröffnung dieses Hauptteils in 1.15–2.2 zu verstehen ist, ist aber in der Forschung umstritten.

Der Aufsatz untersucht die literarische Verortung, den formalen Aufbau und die sprachliche Ausgestaltung des Gedankengangs, um dessen Sinngehalt und Funktion zu klären. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie der Abschnitt einerseits die Modifikation der paulinischen Besuchsabsichten, andererseits das Unterlassen eines angekündigten weiteren Aufenthalts verteidigt. Vor dem Horizont einer grundsätzlichen Reflexion der Basis, Eigenart und Aufgabe des paulinischen Apostolats korrigiert er die negative Wahrnehmung des Paulus auf Seiten der Adressaten und zeigt in drei Schritten auf, dass dieser gerade mit seinen die Gemeinde enttäuschenden Entscheidungen den ihm und seiner Mitarbeiterschaft gegebenen apostolischen Auftrag sachgerecht wahrgenommen hat.
D’Édesse à Antioche en passant par Jérusalem et Alexandrie. Où situer l’Évangile selon Thomas? Quelques considérations critiques
Authors: Poirier Paul-Hubert
Published: June 2024

Dans la perspective de la préparation d'une nouvelle édition annotée de l'Évangile selon Thomas, à paraître dans la collection « Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi » (Leuven, Peeters), cet article revient sur quelques-unes des questions qui ont été débattues à propos de cet écrit, à savoir son lieu et sa date de composition, ainsi que sa langue d'origine.
Ethnic Ethics: Paul's Eschatological Myth of Jewish Sin
Authors: Young Stephen L.
Published: June 2024

Paul's letters depict gentiles and Jews with different characteristics of sin. This article focuses on Paul's rhetoric about Jewish shortcomings and argues that he has an eschatological myth of Jewish sin: it is the period in the Jewish deity's plan when he has hardened his people into disobedience and disloyalty. While scholars have traditionally tried to connect Paul's ideas about Jewish sin to deficiencies of historical Jews, Paul's claims are primarily animated by his Jewish eschatological scheme and competitive rhetorical needs. Paul re-emerges as a Jewish writer within his competitive social landscape wherein ethnic differentiation was an expected way of imagining the human and divine realms.
Domain-specific associations between psychopathology and neurocognitive functioning
Authors: Zoupou Eirini , Moore Tyler M. , Calkins Monica E. , Gur Raquel E. , Gur Ruben C. , Scott J. Cobb
Published: June 2024

Background

Neurocognitive dysfunction is a transdiagnostic finding in psychopathology, but relationships among cognitive domains and general and specific psychopathology dimensions remain unclear. This study aimed to examine associations between cognition and psychopathology dimensions in a large youth cohort.

Method

The sample (N = 9350; age 8–21 years) was drawn from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Data from structured clinical interviews were modeled using bifactor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), resulting in an overall psychopathology (‘p’) factor score and six orthogonal psychopathology dimensions: dysphoria/distress, obsessive-compulsive, behavioral/externalizing, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, phobias, and psychosis. Neurocognitive data were aggregated using correlated-traits CFA into five factors: executive functioning, memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed. We examined relationships among specific and general psychopathology dimensions and neurocognitive factors.

Results

The final model showed both overall and specific associations between cognitive functioning and psychopathology, with acceptable fit (CFI = 0.91; TLI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.024; SRMR = 0.054). Overall psychopathology and most psychopathology dimensions were negatively associated with neurocognitive functioning (phobias [p < 0.0005], behavioral/externalizing [p < 0.0005], attention-deficit/hyperactivity [p < 0.0005], psychosis [p < 0.0005 to p < 0.05]), except for dysphoria/distress and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, which were positively associated with complex cognition (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

By modeling a broad range of cognitive and psychopathology domains in a large, diverse sample of youth, we found aspects of neurocognitive functioning shared across clinical phenotypes, as well as domain-specific patterns. Findings support transdiagnostic examination of cognitive performance to parse variability in the link between neurocognitive functioning and clinical phenotypes.
Diagnosis and pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with and without intellectual disability: cohort study using electronic health records
Authors: Sheehan Rory , Leng Jennifer , Woods Hannah , Baksh R. Asaad
Published: June 2024

Background

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly diagnosed in adults. People with intellectual disability have higher rates of ADHD yet there is little evidence on the presentation and pharmacological treatment of ADHD in this population or how this differs from the general population.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using data from electronic health records. Adults with intellectual disability newly diagnosed with ADHD between 2007 and 2022 were matched to adults with ADHD without intellectual disability and their clinical features and treatments were compared.

Results

A total of 159 adults with ADHD and intellectual disability and 648 adults with ADHD without intellectual disability formed the dataset. Adults with intellectual disability had higher rates of psychiatric co-morbidity and spent more time under mental health services than those without intellectual disability. They were more likely to have recorded agitation, aggression, hostility, and mood instability, and less likely to have poor concentration recorded in the 12 months prior to the diagnosis of ADHD. Following diagnosis, people with intellectual disability were significantly less likely to be prescribed any medication for ADHD than controls without intellectual disability (adjusted odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.91), and were less likely to be prescribed stimulants (27.7% v 46.0%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The presence of behaviors that challenge in adults with intellectual disability may indicate co-occurring ADHD. Further work to define the safety and efficacy of medication for ADHD in adults with intellectual disability is needed to understand differences in prescription rates and to avoid inequities in care outcomes.
Did women have an industrious revolution? Women's time and work in London, 1750–1830
Authors: Sheng E. E.
Published: June 2024

This article firstly advances a methodological critique of Hans-Joachim Voth's influential study of labour input during the English industrial revolution, arguing that Voth's ingenious and potentially widely applicable method of inferring time-use from court testimony has flaws such that at least the absolute figures yielded are likely unreliable. Secondly, with the method's deficiencies in mind, this article applies a version of it to the Old Bailey court records in order to examine change in women's working time in London between the 1750s and 1830. Results include that women in London did not observe Saint Monday even in the 1750s, and that the time that women in London spent in paid work increased only slightly between the 1750s and 1830.