bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASING DIETARY ROUGHAGE LEVEL AND SLAUGHTER WEIGHT ON THE FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BULLS AND STEERS
Authors: PRICE M. A. , JONES S. D. M. , MATHISON G. W. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

A serial slaughter experiment is described comparing 45 bulls and 44 implanted steers. Nine of each "sex" were slaughtered at the start of the trial and the remaining 71 were fed diets containing three roughage levels (20%, 50% and 80% alfalfa–brome hay) to two pen-average slaughter weights (450 kg or 580 kg). Cattle were about 12 mo old at the start of the trial, and bulls were heavier (290 kg vs. 269 kg) than steers. Increasing the level of roughage in the diet resulted in a significant decrease in average daily gain (ADG), and an increase in feed intake and feed per kilogram gained to both slaughter weights. Differences in digestible energy (DE) intake were not significant. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and DE were significantly decreased, and acid detergent fiber significantly increased, by increasing levels of roughage. Bulls grew faster than steers and required less feed per unit of gain to both slaughter weights. Increasing the level of roughage decreased warm carcass weight, dressing percent and all measures of carcass fatness to both slaughter weights. Cattle fed low levels of roughage reached an optimum grade (A1) at a lower carcass weight than those fed high levels of roughage, and remained in that grade for a shorter period of time. Fat-free body size tended to increase with roughage level. Steer carcasses were fatter than those of bulls and had lighter sample muscle weights and smaller sample muscle to bone ratios. Based on present feed costs the lowest roughage diet produced the cheapest liveweight gain.
AN EVALUATION OF STEAM-TREATED ASPEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CORN SILAGE IN THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen lactating Holsteins were used to test processed aspen added to corn silage at the levels of 0, 10 and 20% (dry matter basis). The experiment was designed as a latin square with three experimental periods each 42 days in length. The forage mixtures were fed free choice to the cows, which were housed in a free-stall barn, and their individual feed intakes were recorded by using electronic doors. The processed aspen contained 45.4% dry matter, 73.7% acid detergent fiber and 0.54% protein. There was no evidence of heating or mold growth in the aspen during the 5 mo of the trial. Silage dry matter intake and milk yield were 11.8, 13.4 and 13.4 and 25.7, 27.0 and 26.8 kg per day, respectively, for the silage mixtures containing 0, 10 and 20% processed aspen. Fat test was decreased slightly and milk protein content significantly (P < 0.05) depressed by the addition of 20% processed aspen chips to the corn silage. Efficiency of milk yield was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of aspen chips in the silage. Neither the molar proportion of acetic acid nor the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid in the rumen fluid was changed when the cows were fed silage containing processed aspen chips. The apparent digestibilities of total ration dry matter and protein were lowered significantly by the addition of 10% aspen chips to the forage mixture. It was concluded from the results of this trial that steam-processed aspen chips had little nutritive value when fed to lactating cows as a partial substitute for corn silage.
THE EFFECT OF FIBER ADDITION TO DIETS FORMULATED TO CONTAIN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN ON GROWTH AND CARCASS QUALITY OF SWINE
Authors: KENNELLY J. J. , AHERNE F. X.
Published: March 2010

The influence of dietary crude fiber, and of the methods used in formulating high fiber diets, on the performance and carcass composition of swine was studied in an experiment in which 72 pigs were fed four diets. Diet 1, the control, contained 14.1 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kilogram, 17.1% crude protein (CP) and 4.1 crude fiber (CF). Diets 2, 3 and 4 each contained 22% oat hulls, 9.8, 9.6, and 10.2% CF, respectively, and had energy contents of 12.2, 12.5 and 14.9 MJ DE/kg and 17.0, 14.4 and 17.3% CP, respectively. Diets were provided ad libitum. While pigs fed high fiber diets had significantly lower average daily gain (ADG) than control animals in the growing (22–63 kg) period, no significant treatment differences in ADG were observed in the finishing period (63–92 kg). However, differences in energy and protein levels, in diets with equal CF levels, were shown to affect CF intake, feed intake and feed/gain significantly in both periods. The inclusion of 22% oat hulls in diets 2, 3 and 4 had no significant influence on backfat depth. The present results indicate that changes in protein and energy associated with fiber addition to swine diets and the physiological age or adaptation of the animal to the dietary fiber may significantly influence the parameters measured and the conclusions drawn.
USE OF FABABEANS IN DIETS FOR LAYING HENS
Authors: CAMPBELL L. D. , OLABORO G. , MARQUARDT R. R. , WADDELL D.
Published: March 2010

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate fababeans as a source of supplemental protein for use in diets for laying hens. Experimental and commercial-type feeding trials were used to determine the influence of level of dietary addition of fababeans, methionine supplementation, heat treatment of fababeans and dehulling of fababeans on productive performance. When diets adequately supplemented with methionine were used, egg production rates of hens fed fababeans were similar to those of controls except for high dietary levels of fababeans (in excess of 25%) where a depression was indicated. Mortality rates were not influenced by addition of fababeans to the diet. Hens fed fababeans consistently laid eggs of a smaller size than those of controls and the extent of the egg size depression was related to the level of fababeans in the diet. The egg size depressing effect of fababeans was not related to dietary levels of protein or energy and was not influenced by heat treatment of fababeans or removal of hulls from fababeans. Fababeans can be used effectively as a protein source in diets for laying hens and the effect on egg size should be a factor given consideration when the choice to use fababeans is made.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND FERROUS SALT TREATMENTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF YELLOW MUSTARD MEAL (B. HIRTA) FOR SWINE AND MICE
Authors: SARWAR G. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

Commercially prepared meals (solvent-extracted) made from yellow mustard (Brassica hirta), Yellow Sarson (B. campestris), Tower rapeseed (B. napus) and soybean were compared in palatability preference trials with mice. Meals treated with aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and ferrous sulphate, followed by autoclaving and drying, were also tested. The effects of processing treatments on glucosinolate levels in the meal and on amino acid composition were assessed and the more promising treatments were subjected to feeding and digestibility tests with mice or swine. Sodium carbonate at 3.8% by weight of the meal was more effective than lower levels for improving palatability. Over 85% of the glucosinolates were destroyed by any level of sodium carbonate including the zero level, indicating that the moist cooking and drying affected the glucosinolates and that the sodium carbonate acted on another component, possibly sinapine. The digestibility of protein was markedly reduced by 3.8% sodium carbonate; the losses of lysine and sulphur amino acids were extensive and dietary supplementation was necessary for improved growth of mice. Experiments with swine fed natural ingredient diets containing 15% of mustard meal, Yellow Sarson meal or Tower rapeseed meal revealed that all meals permitted near-normal growth and feed utilization. The inclusion of up to 0.6% ground rapeseed as a myrosinase source was not deleterious. Differences in responses of mice and swine to glucosinolates are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DIET, FEED WITHDRAWAL AND CARCASS CHILLING ON THE LIVE AND EVISCERATED WEIGHTS OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , HULAN H. W.
Published: March 2010

Nine hundred broiler chickens, which had been reared on six different dietary treatments, were involved in an experiment to estimate the effects of feed withdrawal for 0, 8 and 18 h prior to slaughter. Gains in eviscerated weights during immersion cooling and holding in an ice pack were estimated by weighing eviscerated carcasses prior to their entrance into the ice water of the cooling tank and after being packed in an ice pack for 20 h. Body weights of male and female broiler chickens slaughtered at 49 days of age were not significantly effected by dietary treatments. Compared with the control (0 h), body weights were significantly reduced with 8 and 18 h of feed withdrawal. These weight losses represent a reduction in monetary returns over feed costs of 2.0 and 8.4¢ per bird, respectively. The overall increase in eviscerated carcass weight that occurred during cooling and holding in an ice pack for 20 h amounted to 6.9% and 6.5% for male and female carcasses, respectively. Dietary treatments or feed withdrawal, however, had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on these carcass weight gains.
EFFECTS OF STAGE OF MATURITY OF TIMOTHY HAY AND CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: VINET C. , BOUCHARD R. , ST-LAURENT G. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of concentrate supplementation of timothy hay cut at the late-boot and early-bloom was tested with dairy cows during two feeding and two digestibility trials. The diets for each trial contained the following hay to concentrate ratios: 100:0, 85:15, 70:30 and 55:45. Daily dry matter intake and fat-corrected milk production, respectively, were 15.1, 16.8, 18.6, 19.4 kg; 16.7, 20.7, 23.1, 21.0 kg for the four diets containing early-cut timothy hay and 11.0, 14.7, 17.2, 19.8 kg; 8.4, 10.7, 13.3 and 15.9 kg for the late-cut timothy hay. Percent digestibilities of the four diets containing early-cut and late-cut timothy hay, respectively, were 65.6, 65.6, 66.9, 66.8 and 53.6, 53.6, 60.2, 62.9 for dry matter; 62.5, 63.7, 65.2, 65.3 and 24.0, 39.3, 53.3, 60.0 for nitrogen; 70.3, 70.3, 68.4, 67.8 and 53.7, 53.4, 60.1, 62.6 for gross energy; 66.4, 65.3, 67.1, 66.6 and 55.0, 54.5, 61.4, 63.5 for cell wall constituents; 68.2, 65.8, 64.9, 63.4 and 50.8, 48.2, 52.7, 52.1 for acid detergent fiber. Timothy hay cut at late-boot stage as sole source of feed supported a daily milk production of 16.7 kg compared to 15.9 kg for cows consuming timothy hay cut at late-bloom stage supplemented with 9 kg of concentrate.
THE EVALUATION OF BEEF BULLS FROM AN ORGANIZED PROGENY TEST PROGRAM
Authors: SCHAEFFER L. R. , SONG HOON , WILTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Three methods of evaluating beef sires for weaning weight with data obtained from an organized young sire progeny testing program were compared. Information from Agriculture Canada’s National Beef Sire Monitoring Program was utilized along with computational procedures based on best linear unbiased prediction. The methods were applied to data from the Canadian Simmental Association as an illustration of the methods. A model which incorporates the proofs of the reference sires into the comparisons with test bulls was considered more appropriate than the other two models compared. The results also showed that even in an organized progeny test program, test bulls are not truly mated to cows of equal merit or across equal herd environments.
AGE- AND SEX-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BOVINE TRICEPS BRACHII INTRAMUSCULAR AND EPIMYSIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH EMPHASIS ON GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
Authors: NAKANO T. , THOMPSON J. R.
Published: March 2010

Age-related changes were studied in the bovine intramuscular and epimysial connective tissue components from animals ranging in age from fetuses to 8.9 yr and from 1.2 to 8.9 yr, respectively. Intramuscular concentration of nitrogen increased (P < 0.05), while intramuscular concentrations of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) decreased (P < 0.05) with age until the animals were yearlings. Epimysial concentration of collagen increased and that of GAG decreased (P < 0.05) with age in the postnatal animals. Maturation was associated with decreasing (P < 0.05) amounts of labile collagen, hexosamine, and sialic acid in both tissues and occurred earlier in intramuscular than in epimysial tissue. Epimysial tissue from males contained more (P < 0.05) collagen and less (P < 0.05) labile hexosamine than epimysial tissue from females of a similar age. Hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate were the major GAG in bovine skeletal muscle with small amounts of heparan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and heparin. Hyaluronic acid:dermatan sulfate weight ratios were greater (P < 0.05) in the intramuscular than in the epimysial tissues. The ratio values were 2.0–2.7 in intramuscular tissues, while in the epimysial tissues, the values were 0.5–0.6 in the yearlings and young adults and 0.9 in the mature adults. In postnatal animals, intramuscular tissues were associated with a smaller (P < 0.05) proportion of chondroitin 6-sulfate in the total GAG than were epimysial tissues. Both hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) during fetal and early postnatal growth in the intramuscular tissue, while in the epimysial tissue, dermatan sulfate concentrations gradually decreased (P < 0.05) with age in the postnatal animals. Skeletal muscle maturation was associated with an increased (P < 0.05) stability of connective tissue and a decreased (P < 0.05) amount of total GAG and glycoproteins.
GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN COLD-EXPOSED SHEEP
Authors: SCHAEFER A. L. , YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

The influence of acute and chronic cold exposure on the distribution of cardiac output to the gastrointestinal tract was measured in adult sheep (35–50 kg) using radioactive microspheres containing 141Ce and 113Sn. Groups of four sheep were exposed in controlled temperature chambers to either (1) control temperature, 18 °C for 10–12 wk; (2) acute cold, exposure to 3 °C for 12 h; (3) chronic cold, exposure to 3 °C for 10–12 wk. In the control, acute cold and chronic cold treatments, respectively, 26.4, 20.5 and 19.4% of cardiac output was distributed to the gastrointestinal tract. The estimated amount of blood flow (mL/100 g wet tissue/min) to the total gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different among the three treatment groups (67 mL/100 g/min for the control versus 62 and 50 mL/100 g/min, respectively, for the acute cold and the chronic cold sheep). However, there was a significant decrease in blood flow to the reticulo-rumen of the acute cold- and chronic cold-exposed sheep (34.0 and 37.8 mL/100 g wet tissue/min for the acute and chronic cold sheep versus 56.0 mL/100 g/min for the control sheep). The redistribution of gastrointestinal blood flow induced by exposure to cold may be a factor in reduced nutrient absorption in cold-exposed ruminants.
PRESERVATION AND PROCESSING OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN WITH AMMONIA
Authors: SRIVASTAVA V. K. , MOWAT D. N.
Published: March 2010

Whole high moisture shelled corn (28% moisture) was treated with varying levels of anhydrous ammonia and stored in plastic-lined drums for 60 days at room temperature. Application of 2% (dry matter basis) ammonia successfully eliminated growth of fungi while also reducing bacterial counts. Microbial counts increased only slightly after exposing the stored corn to air for 7 days. Nitrogen content of the corn increased with ammoniation up to the 2% treatment level. At this level, 35% of the nitrogen that was added as ammonia was retained following exposure to air. Only 56% of this nitrogen was solubilized by rumen fluid. However, pepsin solubilized at least all of the added nitrogen. Rate of starch degradation by Agidex (amyloglucosidase) decreased with increasing levels of ammonia. Similarly, incubation of ground corn in nylon bags placed in rumens of steers indicated slower rates of dry matter disappearance with the higher levels of anhydrous ammonia. Untreated whole corn was digested little even after 48 h incubation using the nylon bag technique. However, 80%) of the dry matter disappeared after 48 h incubation with whole corn processed with 2% ammonia.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RUMINANT BLOAT AND THE COMPOSITION OF ALFALFA HERBAGE. II. SAPONINS
Authors: MAJAK W. , HOWARTH R. E. , FESSER A. C. , GOPLEN B. P. , PEDERSEN M. W.
Published: March 2010

Although herbage proteins are generally recognized as foaming agents in pasture bloat, a possible secondary role for saponins has not been ruled out. The role of saponins in pasture bloat was re-examined by feeding rumen-fistulated cattle fresh herbage from high saponin (HS) and low saponin (LS) near-isogenic strains of alfalfa. Each alfalfa strain was fed to six animals for 100 days. Feeds from the two alfalfa strains differed significantly in saponin concentration but were equal in protein concentration. At 1.5–2 h after feeding, the cattle were examined for the occurrence of frothy rumen ingesta and for bloat. The HS alfalfa produced 86 instances of frothy rumen ingesta and 50 cases of bloat. The LS alfalfa produced 103 instances of frothy rumen ingesta and 61 bloat cases. There were no significant differences (P > 0.1) between HS and LS alfalfa in the occurrence of bloat or of frothy rumen contents. Generally, saponin concentrations in rumen fluid were below detectable levels and below the estimated level of toxicity to the animals. In view of these results and other strong evidence opposing the saponin theory of pasture bloat, we conclude that saponins do not contribute to the occurrence of alfalfa pasture bloat by either the toxic or the foaming modes of action.
EFFECTS OF RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CEREAL AND CANOLA RAPESEED MEAL TO THE DIETARY PROTEIN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING-FINISHING PIGS
Authors: CASTELL A. G.
Published: March 2010

Bonanza barley, containing 11.0% protein, and Glenlea wheat (13.4% protein) were separately supplemented with two levels (10.7 and 18.8%) of low-erucic acid, low-glucosinolate rapeseed (canola) meal (36.3% protein) to provide barley diets and wheat diets containing 13.7 or 16.3% and 15.8 or 17.5 total protein, respectively. One of four pigs, in each of six pens, were allotted to each of the four diets, provided as pellets in individual self-feeders. Access to the assigned diet was restricted to two 45-min periods daily over the period from 26 to 96 kg average liveweight. Pigs fed the 18.8% canola diets had better performance up to 56 kg liveweight but subsequent performance was similar in all groups. Although dietary treatment did not significantly affect carcass data, there was a trend for pigs fed the barley-18.8% canola diet to be superior in measurements of carcass quality. Apparent digestibility of energy and nitrogen was higher for the wheat diets. Assessment of relative palatabilities favored the diets containing 10.7% canola meal.
FACTORS INFLUENCING WEANING WEIGHTS OF RANGE BEEF AND DAIRY-BEEF CALVES
Authors: BUTSON SARAH , BERG R.T. , HARDIN R.T.
Published: March 2010

June and September measurements of lactation were made using 206 (1976) and 242 (1977) cows ranging from 2 to 10 yr of age from the University of Alberta beef herd representing four beef and dairy-beef breeds and lines. Influences on calf weaning weight investigated were age and breed of dam, sex of calf, and the continuous variables of calf age, calf birth weight, cow winter weight loss, cow post-calving average daily gain, milk yields and constituent yields of butterfat, protein and lactose. Milk and constituent yields had similar relationships to calf weaning weight (r = approximately 0.6). Stepwise regressions involving age and breed of dam accounted for 48 and 45% of the variance in weaning weight. When age and breed of dam were ignored, milk or constituent yields accounted for approximately 40% of weaning weight variance. After removing main effects, milk variables explained from 6.2 to 10.4% of the total variance. A unit increase of 1 kg in average daily milk yield was associated with 7.7 kg increase in weaning weight. Birth weight of calf and cow weight change during lactation had minor effects on calf weaning weight. No significant source of variation in weaning weight was explained by cow winter weight loss. As a significant proportion of the variation in weaning weight is accounted for by milk and constituent yields, selection for increased lactation performance and the introduction of dairy breeds into the breeding program of a beef herd can effect meaningful increases in calf weaning weights.
A SOLID-PHASE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR PROGESTERONE IN BOVINE PLASMA
Authors: BOER G. de , ETCHES R. J. , WALTON J. S.
Published: March 2010

A solid-phase radioimmuniassay using antibody-coated tubes and 125I-labelled progesterone is described for determining concentrations of progesterone in unextracted bovine plasma. Samples were assayed for progesterone by both an aqueous-phase assay (X) using extracted plasma and the solid-phase assay (Y). The estimates of the concentration of progesterone using these two methods were highly correlated (r = 0.93) and the relationship between them was best described by the equation Y = 1.15X − 0.09. The slope and intercept of this equation were not significantly different from one and zero, respectively (P < 0.001). The technique is sufficiently sensitive to measure progesterone in 0.05 mL of plasma, is specific for progesterone, and has intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 4.7 and 16.7%, respectively.
FISH SILAGE AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR EARLY WEANED CALVES
Authors: WINTER K. A. , JAVED A. HAMID
Published: March 2010

Fish silage, preserved with 3.5% formic acid, was fed to Holstein bull calves weaned onto dry feed at 3 wk of age. Dietary treatments were: (1) soybean meal-supplemented calf starter, (2) a low protein grain mix combined with fish silage in a 2:1 ratio (wt/wt), and (3) the same grain mix combined with fish silage in a 4:3 ratio (wt/wt). Initial acceptance of the fish silage diets equalled that of the soybean meal diet. Over the 10-wk period, feed consumption, weight gains, and feed:gain ratio tended to be slightly poorer as the proportion of fish silage in the diet increased. Only during the final 6 wk of the trial were weight gains significantly reduced by calves on the fish silage diets. It was concluded that fish silage can be used as a protein source for young calves.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY CANOLA SEED ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND BACKFAT COMPOSITION
Authors: CASTELL A. G. , FALK L.
Published: March 2010

Pelleted diets containing from 0 to 15% canola seed were fed twice daily to growing-finishing pigs. Live performance and carcass measurements were not adversely affected, but level of canola seed directly influenced the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (especially linoleic and linolenic) in the backfat.
PERFORMANCE OF CHICKEN BROILERS CHANGED FROM STARTER TO FINISHER DIETS AT DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , HULAN H. W.
Published: March 2010

Mortality was higher for females that had a dietary change at 28 and 29 days while feed conversion at earlier ages was enhanced when the change from starter to finisher was delayed. Neither body weights nor momentary returns were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the time of change from starter to finisher diets.
FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 1. FAT PARTITION AMONG THE DEPOTS
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , PRICE M. A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

A trial is reported comparing half-carcass fat partitioning in 12 bulls and 12 heifers each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). These animals were serially slaughtered from weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days) to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF) and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. The partition of fat was investigated by examining the development of each depot relative to two independent variates (fat percent and fat weight in the side), using the allometric equation. Relative to fat percent in the side, the regression coefficients for depot fat accumulation were all homogeneous for sex, and only one coefficient (SF in the forequarter) was significantly different (P < 0.05) for breed. Relative to fat weight in a side, the regression coefficients for both breed and sex showed several significant differences. Adjusted means at constant total fat weight showed HE animals to have more SF, and less IF than DY animals. There were no significant differences in the adjusted means for sex.
FAT THICKNESS MEASURED WITH THREE ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTS ON LIVE RAM LAMBS AS PREDICTORS OF CUTABILITY
Authors: FORTIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

Fat thickness at four locations over the longissimus muscle was measured ultrasonically on 33 live ram lambs ranging in live weight from 16.0 to 37.0 kg. Simple and multiple regression equations were developed to assess the effectiveness of fat thickness as measured by three different ultrasonic instruments (Krautkrämer USM #2, Scanoprobe Model 731A and Scanogram Model 722) to predict cutability. Weight of trimmed or boneless cuts (shoulder + loin + rack + leg) was predicted with more precision than percentage of cuts. Fat thickness alone or combined with weight at scanning was of no significant value (P > 0.05) in the prediction of percentage of trimmed cuts. Percentage of boneless cuts was predicted more efficiently from weight at scanning alone than from fat thickness alone or combined with weight at scanning. Weight of cuts (trimmed or boneless) was also estimated from the fat measurement (P < 0.01), the weight at scanning (P < 0.01) or a combination of both variables. For the latter, fat thickness did not contribute significantly (P > 0.05). The optimal location of the fat measurement depended on the ultrasonic instrument used. Fat thickness measured with the Krautkrämer was more efficient in its prediction of cutability than fat thickness measured with the Scanoprobe or Scanogram. However, over the range of liveweights studied, the usefulness of fat thickness measured on live ram lambs to predict cutability is questionable.
THE FEEDING OF FERMENTED COLOSTRUM TO NEONATAL CALVES. II. THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE TIME AND SEASON OF APPLICATION OF SORBIC ACID TO FERMENTED COLOSTRUM ON CALF PERFORMANCE
Authors: DREVJANY L. A. , IRVINE O. R. , HOOPER G. S.
Published: March 2010

Three colostrum feeding trials involving 108 newborn Holstein calves were conducted in order to assess calf response to 1000 ppm of sorbic acid equivalent applied under various conditions. In the first two trials, the effect of colostrum storage temperature was tested. Calves were fed 2.25 L of colostrum inoculated with Streptococcus lactis once a day, together with 20% crude protein starter and water given free choice up to weaning (21 days). Potassium-sorbate-treated colostrum (1000 ppm of sorbic acid equivalent at day 4 of storage) resulted in better (P < 0.05) gains (300.6 vs. 199 g/day) and increased consumption of calf starter (502.9 vs. 410.6 g/day). Colostrum was stored at room temperature. Colostrum containing sorbic acid retained its palatability throughout the 21 days of the storage and was free of surface molds in contrast with the obvious mold growth on the surface of untreated colostrum. No similar growth-promoting effect due to sorbic acid was observed during trial 2 when the ambient temperature was 10.5 ± 1.2 °C and mold growth was inconsequential. As the antifungal effect of sorbic acid is a function of increasing pH and initial contamination, in trial 3 the effect of time of application on calf performance was tested. Calves were fed 2 L of colostrum cultured with S. lactis daily, free-choice water, and a calf starter containing 20% crude protein for 28 days. Similar growth response was obtained when potassium sorbate was applied at the beginning (day 1: high pH, low contamination) or end (day 4: low pH, higher contamination) of the collection period.
EFFECT OF BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND FOOT LESIONS IN SWINE
Authors: GRANDHI R. R. , STRAIN J. H.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments, using 237 gilts and primi-parous sows of Lacombe and Yorkshire breeding, were conducted during the winter and summer months to study the effect of biotin supplementation (200 and 300 μg/kg in exps. 1 and 2) of barley-wheat-soy gestation and lactation diets on reproductive performance and incidence of foot lesions in swine. The control and supplemented groups did not significantly differ in weight change during gestation or lactation in either breed. The number of pigs born alive, mean birth weight (kg), 21 -day weight gain (kg) and number of pigs weaned (5 wk) per litter were 9.18, 1.38, 4.15, 8.0 and 8.97, 1.35, 4.14, and 7.6, respectively, for control and supplemented groups and did not differ significantly between treatments. The time to post-weaning estrus was similar (7.62 vs. 7.72 days) for both groups. Also, this interval was not significantly different (8.33 vs. 7.10 days) between Lacombes and Yorkshires. The foot lesions observed in both gilts and sows were composed of vertical and horizontal cracks including hemorrhagic ulcers on the hoof surface. Biotin supplementation did not prevent the incidence of these lesions; however, the severity was slightly decreased and this response was similar in both gilts and sows of both breeds.
INFLUENCE OF GRADED LEVELS OF DIETARY PROPIONIC ACID ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF SWINE FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH SOYBEAN MEAL OR CANOLA MEAL
Authors: THACKER P. A. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four crossbred pigs (averaging 24 kg) were used to study the effects of dietary propionic acid (PA) on backfat measurements and fatty acid (FA) composition and on rate of gain and feed:gain ratio. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, based on either barley-soybean meal or barley-conola meal, contained either 0, 3, 6 or 9% PA. Inclusion of PA depressed feed intake in a linear manner, with daily gain being reduced when pigs received 6 or 9% PA. Feed:gain ratio did not differ significantly for PA treatments. Backfat thickness was significantly reduced by PA inclusion in the diet, while carcass grade was slightly improved. Inclusion of PA significantly increased levels of 15:0, 17:0 and 17:1 FA in the outer subcutaneous backfat layers with an accompanying decrease in 16:0 and 18:0 FA. Higher levels of odd-chain FA observed in the backfat of PA-supplemented pigs suggest that not all the propionic acid was metabolized; some is being incorporated directly into FA. Pigs fed diets containing 15.9–18.9% canola meal had reduced feed intake, lower daily gains, poorer feed:gain ratio, and reduced total backfat compared with those fed soybean meal diets. Pigs fed canola meal had higher backfat levels of 17:0 FA compared with those fed soybean meal. These results do not invalidate the current recommendation that 10% canola meal may be fed in diets of growing pigs.
SAMPLE SIZES REQUIRED FOR PREDICTING ALBUMEN QUALITY IN STORED EGGS FROM EIGHT COMMERCIAL STOCKS
Authors: HILL A. T. , EISSINGER R. C. , HAMILTON D. M. , PATKO J.
Published: March 2010

Over a period of 48 wk, eggs were sampled from the eight commercial strains in a layer evaluation test. Half the eggs were oiled as laid. All eggs, except those broken on day 1, were washed and graded 4 days after lay. Samples of eggs were broken at 1, 5, 12, 19 and 26 days after lay for Haugh unit determination. The number of eggs required to assure the mean Haugh unit value in the sample, within ±2.5 Haugh units of the mean of the population, 90% of the time, was computed. This sample size varied with age of the layer, from 19 to 52 for eggs of layers of brown-shelled eggs and from 16 to 32 for eggs from layers of white-shelled eggs. Days in storage and oiling had comparatively little effect on these sample sizes. The Haugh unit losses varied with length of storage, age of birds and oiling from 1.8 to 22.1. The implications of these losses upon the maintenance of Canada’s egg-grading standards are discussed.
NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN GRASS AND LEGUME FORAGES OF NORTHWESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: DRYSDALE R. A. , DEVLIN T. J. , LILLIE L. E. , FLETCHER W. K. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of Mo, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, N, Ca, P, Mg and K were determined in native and introduced grasses and legume forages from throughout northwestern Manitoba. Nutrient concentrations were compared with minimum requirements of cattle suggested by the Agricultural Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. Differences in Mo concentrations were noted in forages between two geologic subareas within the study area. Cu and Mo concentrations suggested potentials for primary Cu deficiency in grasses throughout the region, and for Mo-induced Cu deficiency with grasses west of the Swan River formation and with legumes from all areas within the region. Throughout the study area, concentrations of Zn and Mn were found to be at deficient levels while those of Fe and Ca were found to be at adequate to excessive levels for cattel production. N and P concentrations in all forages were borderline to adequate, while Mg and K concentrations of grass forages were deficient to borderline with relation to the requirement of cattle.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND HYDROXO-COBALAMIN ON RATS FED NITRILE-RICH OR GOITRIN-RICH RAPESEED MEALS
Authors: PAIK I. K. , ROBBLEE A. R. , CLANDININ D. R.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted with rats to study the effect of feeding rapeseed preparations supplemented with sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3∙5H2O) and hydroxo-cobalamin (vitamin B12a). A significant antidotal effect of 0.1% sodium thiosulfate supplementation was observed with pre-hydrolyzed, freeze-dried (PHFD) raw Midas meal which is rich in nitrile content, but not with Midas meal that was not hydrolyzed. The antidotal effect of sodium thiosulfate was less conspicuous with Tower meal, but addition of 0.1% sodium thiosulfate to PHFD raw Tower meal resulted in slightly improved performance. Addition of sodium thiosulfate to heated Midas or heated Tower meal had no effect on weight gain whether they were pre-hydrolyzed or not. No antidotal effect of hydroxo-cobalamin was observed with meals of high-nitrile or high-goitrin content. The addition of sodium thiosulfate or hydroxo-cobalamin had no significant effect on the weight of thyroid glands. Increased kidney weight was observed in treatments in which meal of high nitrile content (raw Midas meals) was fed. The addition of hydroxo-cobalamin resulted in an increase in kidney weight in some treatments while the addition of sodium thiosulfate caused a decrease in kidney and liver weight in the high-nitrile treatments. A significantly higher thiocyanate content was observed in the serum of rats fed high-nitrile meals supplemented with sodium thiosulfate. Thiocyanate excretion in the urine was reduced when Midas meals were pre-hydrolyzed and freeze-dried, but remained much higher than for the control group.
EVALUATION PONDERALE DES GLANDES ENDOCRINES CHEZ LE PORCELET NOUVEAU-NE HYPOTHREPSIQUE
Authors: DeROTH L. , BISAILLON A. , DALLAIRE A.
Published: March 2010

Glandular development was measured in normal and underweight newborn piglets. In all but the ovaries, differences were significant between the two groups. Development of the thymus was incomplete in the retarded piglets compared with that of the hypophysis and suprarenals.
TOWER RAPESEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR WEANLING RABBITS
Authors: THROCKMORTON J. C. , CHEEKE P. R. , PATTON N. M.
Published: March 2010

Tower rapeseed meal was substituted on an isonitrogenous basis for 50, 75 and 100% of the soybean meal in diets for weanling rabbits. There was no significant effect (P < 0.01) on average daily gain or feed efficiency, indicating that Tower rapeseed meal is equivalent to soybean meal as a protein supplement for growing rabbits.
INPUT OF ENDOGENOUS PROTEIN INTO THE FORESTOMACHS OF SHEEP
Authors: KENNEDY P. M. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

The input of endogenous protein into the forestomachs of sheep given bromegrass pellets was calculated as 8.1–10.8 g N/day by reference to previously published 15N-tracer studies. Approximately 1.3 g N/day of this amount was attributed to salivary protein entering the rumen, with 6 g N/day apparently derived from sloughing of the rumen epithelium. The need for consideration of endogenous N inputs into the forestomachs of ruminants in schemes for assessment of N requirement is discussed.
EFFECTS OF NaOH CONCENTRATION ON THE EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND OF MAJOR INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM A SOIL
Authors: Levesque M. , Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

Soil samples taken from a Podzol Bh horizon were extracted with NaOH solutions, ranging in concentrations from 0.05 to 1.0 N. The highest proportions of soil C, N, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 K2O, and P2O5 were extracted by 0.1 and 0.15 N NaOH solutions.Following extraction, aliquots of each extract were passed over H-resin. The ash contents of purified extracts were as follows: 0.05 N NaOH = 27%; 0.1 N NaOH = 17%; 0.15 N NaOH = 13%; 0.25 N NaOH = 7%; 0.35 N NaOH and higher = < 5%. Repeated passage over H-resin of organic matter extracted by low base concentrations did not substantially lower the ash content. The most suitable extractant for obtaining organic matter preparations low in ash content was 0.4 or 0.5 N NaOH solution.
THE EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON THE COMPACTIBILITY OF FOUR SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: Pohjakas K.
Published: March 2010

The compactability of normal and saline–alkali samples of Hatton loam, Haverhill loam, Sceptre clay, and Sceptre heavy clay was determined in the laboratory. Their soluble salt and organic matter contents were related to aggregation of soil particles. Well-aggregated samples resisted compaction and maintained a larger volume of pore space when subjected to vertical loads.In saline–alkali soils the liquid and plastic limits were lower, less water was held at the [Formula: see text] and 15 atm tensions, and the hydraulic conductivity was substantially less than that of normal soils. Resistance of a soil to compaction and dispersion was influenced strongly by its aggregation, organic matter, and soluble salt content.
DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS AND IRON IN SOME PODZOLIC SOILS OF NEW JERSEY
Authors: Levesque M. , Hanna W. J.
Published: March 2010

When P32 and Fe59 were added to the surface horizons of a Podzol, a Brown Podzolic, and a Gray Brown Podzolic soil, it was found upon leaching of the profiles with Na2–EDTA in the laboratory that the movement of Fe was much greater than that of P.Of the added P32, 97% was leached from the A2 horizon of the Podzol as compared with only 8 to 9% from the corresponding horizon of the other two soils. In the Podzol, there were similar rates of release of native P and P32 throughout the leaching period.The movement of P and Fe was found to be associated in the Podzol and Gray Brown Podzolic but not in the Brown Podzolic profile.
TENSIOMETER PLATE ASSEMBLY FOR SOIL SAMPLES
Authors: Brach E. J. , Mack A. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE 'FREE' AMINO ACIDS OF SOIL
Authors: Sowden F. J. , Ivarson K. C.
Published: March 2010

The amount of water-soluble amino acids in the soils studied was low but qualitatively most of the common amino acids were found except cystine and methionine. Extracting the soil with water in the presence of carbon tetrachloride, or carbon tetrachloride containing a complexing agent, increased this amount 25 to 100 times. It is suggested that the role of the carbon tetrachloride was to release ammo acids from microbial or other cellular material in the soil. The complexing agent apparently had little effect on the amount of amino acids extracted with water. The amino acids extracted in the presence of carbon tetrachloride made up 0.1 to 1.0% of the total soil amino acids recovered after acid hydrolysis.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON SOIL AGGREGATION AND RESPONSE TO VAMA
Authors: Saini G. R. , MacLean A. A. , Doyle J. J.
Published: March 2010

The relationship of the mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates to certain soil properties (clay, organic matter, free iron, free aluminum, and polysaccharide contents) and the relationship of the increase in aggregation caused by VAMA to the same properties of 24 New Brunswick soils were evaluated by correlation and regression analyses.Simple correlation coefficients relating aggregation to soil properties indicated that organic matter (r = 0.627), polysaccharides (r = 0.602), and aluminum (r = 0.679) were the most important factors. However, when the influence of each factor was separated by partial correlation, the coefficients were not significant. On the other hand, the combined effects of all factors as indicated by the multiple correlation coefficient (r = 0.743) was significant at the 1% level. The effect of the same soil properties on response to VAMA, as shown by increase in mean weight diameter, indicated that clay exerted the greatest influence. The relationship with other factors was nonsignificant.
THE USE OF pH-DEPENDENT CATION-EXCHANGE CAPACITY FOR CHARACTERIZING THE B HORIZONS OF BRUNISOLIC AND PODZOLIC SOILS
Authors: Clark J. S. , McKeague J. A. , Nichol W. E.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the pH-dependent C.E.C. as a means of characterizing and differentiating the B horizons of Brunisolic and Podzolic soils. The pH values were measured in 0.01 M CaCl2 after which the soils were extracted with Nacl to determine the percentage base saturation and sum of exchangeable cations. The total C.E.C. values were determined with Ca(OAc)2 + CaCl2 at pH 7 of the untreated soil and of the soils after H2O2 treatment, after extraction with acid ammonium oxalate, and after heating at 200 °C in an atmosphere of N2. The pH-dependent C.E.C. represented by the difference between the C.E.C value determined with Ca(OAc)2 + CaCl2 and the sum of cations extracted with NaCl was found to be small for the B horizons of Brown Forest and Brown Wooded soils. The B horizons of Podzol, Humic Podzol, Acid Brown Wooded, Concretionary Brown, and some Acid Brown Forest soils had high pH-dependent C.E.C. The horizons with high pH-dependent C.E.C. contained significant quantities of amorphous sesquioxide–organic complexes as shown by their relatively high organic matter and free sesquioxide contents and by their exchange properties. The pH-dependent charge appeared to be as effective a primary chemical means of characterizing horizons with spodic properties as were techniques based on the effects of free oxide extraction or heating in N2 on the exchange capacity.
PLANT UPTAKE OF Cs-137 FROM NINE CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

In a laboratory and greenhouse investigation into the uptake of Cs-137 by oats and alfalfa, both the concentration and uptake of Cs-137 were found to vary widely for a number of Canadian soils. The Cs-137 concentration in oats were found to be related to the degree of fixation of Cs-137 by the soil and to the available K content of the soil in that plants grown on soils with high fixation of Cs-137 and high available K content were low in Cs-137, whereas plants grown on soils with low fixation of Cs-137 and low available K had a higher content of Cs-137. Although it was considered possible that plants could utilize non-exchangeable Cs-137, results obtained by an experiment using alfalfa as a test crop failed to prove this possibility. The time of application of CaCO3 or K relative to the time of application of Cs-137 was found to influence the uptake of Cs-137 by oats. When CaCO3was applied 1 month prior to the application of Cs-137, the uptake of Cs-137 was less than when the Cs-137 was applied 1 month prior to the CaCO3. The reverse trend was found for K. Cesium-137 taken up by alfalfa increased with each cutting over a period of four cuttings for four soils, but not for two acid soils.
POTASSIUM POTENTIAL OF SOME SELECTED SOILS
Authors: Acquaye D. K. , MacLean A. J.
Published: March 2010

Equilibration of 11 soils in 0.002 M CaCl2 containing different amounts of KCl gave activity ratios [Formula: see text] which showed a higher degree of correlation with the portion of K-uptake derived from the exchangeable form than with the total K-uptake by plants. The [Formula: see text] values together with estimates of the quantities of K released (−ΔK°) as obtained from equilibration curves were found to be much more indicative of the total K-uptake than were the [Formula: see text] values only.The ratio [Formula: see text], or potential buffering capacity (PBCK), showed some relation to the amount of non-exchangeable K which was an important source of K in most of the soils. The PBCK values were correlated with the clay content of the soils and the degree of K-fixation.
SOIL ERODIBILITY, FALL AND SPRING
Authors: Anderson C. H. , Wenhardt A.
Published: March 2010

In a 7-year study of eight summerfallow treatments, the percentage of erodible soil (soil particles < 0.84 mm in diameter) at the completion of tillage in the fall, and prior to preseeding tillage the following spring, was significantly influenced by the summerfallow method. The Wood Mountain clay loam soil studied was significantly less erodible in the spring than it was the previous fall, indicating overwinter aggregation of the erodible fraction.
RESPONSE OF BARLEY AND ALFALFA TO LIMING OF SOLONETZIC, PODZOLIC AND GLEYSOLIC SOILS OF THE PEACE RIVER REGION
Authors: Hoyt P. B. , Hennig A. M. F. , Dobb J. L.
Published: March 2010

In a greenhouse experiment, lime applied to soils from a northern region of Alberta and British Columbia generally caused decreases in barley yields when no P was added and increases when P was added. Liming usually gave increases in alfalfa yields whether P was added or not. These changes in yields of barley and alfalfa were inversely related to soil organic matter and those of alfalfa were also inversely related to soil pH. Soluble Al in these soils, extracted by dilute HCl (pH 2.4), was inversely related to both soil organic matter and pH, and probably because of this, the yield changes were better correlated with soluble Al than with pH. In field trials placed near six of the 28 sampling sites, lime applications gave yield increases of bromegrass-alfalfa hay similar to those for alfalfa in the greenhouse experiment.
POTASSIUM RELATIONSHIPS IN SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA SOILS
Authors: Gardner E. H.
Published: March 2010

The estimated amounts of micaceous minerals and of certain forms of K, namely total, slowly available, and exchangeable K, varied considerably among soils of southwest British Columbia. The amounts of different forms of K were related to the amounts of micaceous minerals. The amounts of the various forms of K in the soils were related to one another. The Vancouver Island soils formed on marine and glacial till parent materials contained less mica and K than the Lower Fraser Valley soils formed on Fraser river alluvium. In most instances the contents of the various forms of K were not related to the amounts of silt and clay in the soils.
L'EFFICACITE D'UN SYSTEME DE DRAINAGE SOUTERRAIN AVEC REMPLISSAGE POREUX DANS UN SOL ARGILEUX DE KAPUSKASING
Authors: Lévesque M. , Hamilton H. A.
Published: March 2010

not available