bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Ochratoxin A in Licorice and Licorice Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorescence Detection: Collaborative Study
Authors: Lerda Donata , Ambrosio Massimo , Kunsagi Zoltan , Stroka Joerg ,   Collaborators:, Cea J , Cepurnieks G , De Girolamo A , De Rechter P , Gambin D , Ioannou-Kakouri E , Keegan J , Kormali P , Kotello S , Legarda T , Malone B , MacDonald S , Montag V , Motte J-C , M’ller H-T , Nuotio K , Schwadorf K , Thim A-M , Toome M , Vancutsem J
Published: April 2013

A collaborative study was conducted to validate an analytical method for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in licorice (root powder) and licorice extracts (paste and powder). Contents of OTA ranged from 26 to 141 μg/kg and from 8 to 52 μg/kg for licorice extracts and root material, respectively. For the analysis, a test portion is extracted with a mixture of methanol and aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The extract is filtered and diluted with phosphate-buffered saline; and OTA is purified with an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific to OTA. The purified extract is dried, reconstituted, and quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Twenty laboratories from 13 European Union member states, Uruguay, Turkey, and the United States of America participated in this study. The study was evaluated according to internationally accepted guidelines. The method performance characteristics can be summarized as follows: over a working range of 7.7 to 141 μg/kg OTA, the mean recoveries were 87% for licorice root and 84–88% for licorice extracts; and the RSDs for reproducibility ranged from 10 to 17% and from 11 to 22% in licorice extracts and licorice root, respectively. The method was found to be fit-for-purpose and to fulfill legal requirements as set in EC Regulation No. 401/2006.
RAZOR™ EX Anthrax Air Detection System for Detection of Bacillus anthracis Spores from Aerosol Collection Samples: Collaborative Study
Authors: Hadfield Ted , Ryan Valorie , Spaulding Usha K , Clemens Kristine M , Ota Irene M , Brunelle Sharon L ,   Collaborators:, Beatty S , Durant A , Hilyard E , Jin S , Knight B , Krause M , McDonald N , Mills J , Morrissey J , Roth A , Sander M , Shea A
Published: April 2013

The RAZOR™ EX Anthrax Air Detection System was validated in a collaborative study for the detection of Bacillus anthracis in aerosol collection buffer. Phosphate-buffered saline was charged with 1 mg/mL standardized dust to simulate an authentic aerosol collection sample. The dust-charged buffer was spiked with either B. anthracis Ames at 2000 spores/mL or Bacillus cereus at 20 000 spores/mL. Twelve collaborators participated in the study, with four collaborators at each of three sites. Each collaborator tested 12 replicates of B. anthracis in dust-charged buffer and 12 replicates of B. cereus in dust-charged buffer. All samples sets were randomized and blind-coded. All collaborators produced valid data sets (no collaborators displayed systematic errors) and there was only one invalid data point. After unblinding, the analysis revealed a cross-collaborator probability of detection (CPOD) of 1.00 (144 positive results from 144 replicates, 95% confidence interval 0.975–1.00) for the B. anthracis samples and a CPOD of 0.00 (0 positive results from 143 replicates, 95% confidence interval 0.00–0.0262) for the B. cereus samples. These data meet the requirements of AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirement 2010.003, developed by the Stakeholder Panel on Agent Detection Assays.
Comparative Evaluation of the VIDAS®Listeria monocytogenes Xpress (LMX) for the Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in a Variety of Foods
Authors: Johnson Ronald , Mills John , Pittet Jean-Louis , Hughes Denise
Published: April 2013

The VIDAS® Listeria monocytogenes Xpress (LMX) test is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay designed for use with the automated VIDAS or mini-VIDAS instruments for the specific detection of L. monocytogenes using a 26 h proprietary enrichment broth. The VIDAS LMX method was validated according to harmonized AOAC Research Institute (RI) and Official Methods of Analysis guidelines in both the AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM (PTM) and GovVal programs. In the PTM comparison studies, the VIDAS LMX method was compared to the U. S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual, and AOAC Official Methods. The comparative food studies consisted of two main parts: internal testing and AOAC independent laboratory testing, which included seven food matrixes (deli ham, processed cheese, vanilla ice cream, cooked shrimp, smoked white fish, frozen spinach, and peanut butter). As part of the AOAC RI GovVal program, the VIDAS LMX method was compared to the Health Canada MFHPB-30 method for the detection of L. monocytogenes in five ready-to-eat (RTE) meats (hot dogs, deli turkey, deli ham, fermented sausage, and liver paté). Twenty replicates of each inoculation level and five uninoculated controls were evaluated in each study. The LMX method also included the use of chromogenic media, chromID™ Ottaviani Agosti agar and chromID™ L. mono. agar, for confirmation of LMX presumptive results. In both the PTM and GovVal evaluations, there were no significant differences in the Chi-square values for the LMX method when compared to reference methods. The additional parameters tested in the PTM evaluation (inclusivity, exclusivity, ruggedness, stability, and lot-to-lot) satisfied the AOAC RI performance requirements. In both the PTM and GovVal validation studies, the VIDAS LMX method demonstrated reliability as a rapid qualitative method for next-day detection of L. monocytogenes in a variety of foods, including RTE meats.
Developing a Novel USB-PLC Controller for a Mechatronics Cloud Laboratory
Authors: Shyr Wen-Jye , Lin Chia-Ming
Published: April 2013

This study proposes the development and implementation of a novel Universal Serial Bus (USB)-Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), called a USB-PLC controller, for a mechatronics cloud laboratory. The aim of a mechatronics cloud laboratory is to provide state of the art research quality equipment to students, allowing them to conduct hands-on experiments via the Internet. One objective of the cloud laboratory is to not only provide equipment for conducting set experiments, but also to provide a means for students to access research equipment in order to conduct individual research experiments. The proposed controller for these cloud laboratory experiments has been chosen in order to expose the students to as many different engineering and technology disciplines as possible.
La chanson à succès dans les années 1940. Une modernité culturelle par acclamation?1
Authors: Savoie Chantal
Published: April 2013

Dans le contexte de travaux plus larges portant sur l’histoire de la chanson à succès par l’analyse des préférences musicales des lectrices du Bulletin des agriculteurs dans les années 1940, nous nous intéressons ici aux éléments qui permettent de comprendre les modalités par lesquelles les goûts musicaux témoignent de l’émergence d’une modernité culturelle au Québec dans les années 1940. Deux postulats orientent notre perspective. Le premier consiste à supposer l’existence d’une modernité culturelle « populaire » qui transite par la forme, les supports et la technologie. Le second sonde la façon dont les thèmes intimes et la focalisation sur l’expression du sentiment amoureux marquent une transformation des valeurs et, surtout, explore les marques formelles et discursives qui portent ces valeurs dans la chanson à succès.
Les relations entre les mouvements étudiants français et québécois au cours des années 1960. Non-ingérence et indifférence1
Authors: Lamarre Jean
Published: April 2013

Durant les années 1960, à l’instar des gouvernements français et québécois, l’Union nationale des étudiants de France (UNEF), établie en 1907, et l’Union générale des étudiants du Québec (UGEQ), créée en 1964, ont entretenu des relations institutionnelles. L’objectif de cet article est d’en préciser la nature et les effets sur l’orientation du syndicat étudiant québécois. Rappelons que la France a été longtemps perçue par les Québécois – et l’est encore pour certains – comme la référence culturelle, la mère patrie, le pays vers lequel se tourner pour obtenir secours et soutien. L’histoire et la langue communes ont permis aux deux entités, bien que séparées depuis la Conquête britannique, de tisser à partir des années 1960 des relations plus étroites, notamment en matière de culture et d’éducation. Dans le tourbillon étudiant des années 1960, l’UNEF a-t-elle joué le rôle de « grand frère », de modèle pour l’UGEQ ; a-t-elle, par son discours et sa pratique, influencé l’UGEQ ou l’organisation étudiante québécoise ; ou a-t-elle plutôt mené sa contestation de manière autonome ? Pour parvenir à jeter un peu de lumière sur cet aspect méconnu du mouvement étudiant international, nous allons faire état de l’évolution des deux organisations étudiantes, identifier les points de rencontre, les moments de contacts, et analyser leur nature et leur portée afin d’évaluer dans quelle mesure ces relations ont pu ou non influencer leurs parcours respectifs sur le plan du discours et de la pratique. L’UGEQ s’est rapidement positionnée sur la scène internationale afin d’obtenir la crédibilité qu’elle souhaitait. L’union québécoise s’est largement inspirée de l’UNEF en développant sa position internationale et a cherché sans succès un appui tangible de l’UNEF.
La crise parlementaire de 1827 au Bas-Canada
Authors: Gallichan Gilles
Published: April 2013

En 1827, le Bas-Canada traverse l’une des crises politiques les plus graves de son histoire. Le gouvernement colonial, dirigé par le comte de Dalhousie, mène une opposition farouche à la majorité parlementaire patriote dont Louis-Joseph Papineau est le leader incontesté. La question du contrôle des dépenses publiques (subsides) et le projet d’union du Haut et du Bas-Canada, que le gouverneur a appuyé en 1822-1823, sont au coeur de ce conflit. Pour mater l’Assemblée, le gouverneur décrète des élections anticipées à l’été de 1827. Or, les Patriotes remportent ces élections avec une écrasante majorité. À l’ouverture de la session, en novembre, le gouverneur refuse l’élection de Papineau au poste de Président (Orateur) de la Chambre d’assemblée. Cette procédure basée sur un droit régalien ancien et périmé provoque une vive réaction des élus qui défendent le pouvoir législatif contre cette offensive du pouvoir exécutif. Dans tout le pays, des assemblées de citoyens pétitionnent et demandent au gouvernement britannique et au Parlement de Westminster le rappel du gouverneur et une réforme démocratique du Bas-Canada. Le présent article examine particulièrement les événements de la session de novembre 1827 et la prise de conscience qu’elle provoqua sur le rôle de l’Orateur comme chef du pouvoir législatif.
Epitaxial Growth of ZnTe Layers on ZnO Bulk Substrates by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Akiyama Hajime , Hirano Hiroyuki , Saito Katsuhiko , Tanaka Tooru , Nishio Mitsuhiro , Guo Qixin
Published: April 2013

The crystallinity and surface roughness of ZnTe epilayers grown on (0001) ZnO bulk substrates by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy are investigated. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, photoluminescence, and atomic force microscopy analysis results prove that the crystallinity and surface roughness of ZnTe epilayers depend on epitaxial growth temperature. A high-crystal-quality (111) ZnTe heteroepitaxial layer, with near-band-edge emission at 549 nm, was obtained at a substrate temperature of 460 °C.
Enhanced Light Emission of Light-Emitting Diodes with Silicon Oxide Nanobowls Photonic Crystal without Electrical Performance Damages
Authors: Du Chengxiao , Geng Chong , Zheng Haiyang , Wei Tongbo , Chen Yu , Zhang Yiyun , Wu Kui , Yan Qingfeng , Wang Junxi , Li Jinmin
Published: April 2013

Unencapsulated GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal closely-packed silicon oxide nanobowls photonic crystal (PhC) on the indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive layer were fabricated by using polystyrene spheres and sol–gel process. Compared to conventional LEDs with planar ITO layers, the light output power of 600-nm-lattice PhC LEDs was improved by 25.6% at an injection current of 20 mA. Furthermore, electrical performance of the PhC LEDs was damage-free via this chemical technique.
Origin of the Improved Power Conversion Efficiency of Pentacene/C60 Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices through the Purification of Donor Material
Authors: Liu Shun-Wei , Su Wei-Cheng , Lee Chih-Chien , Cheng Ching-Wen , Chou Chia-Chang , Lin Chun-Feng
Published: April 2013

The authors report the impact of the crystallinity property of the electron donor on the performance of a pentacene/C60 organic photovoltaic device. After subjecting pentacene to sublimation twice, all the photovoltaic parameters showed significant improvements leading to enhancement of the power conversion efficiency from 0.9 to 2.2% under air mass 1.5G solar illumination. This is attributed to the well-packed molecular structure in the pentacene thin film, as observed by X-ray diffraction, which leads to high carrier mobility and hence high photocurrent. Moreover, the elimination of microscopic pinholes or defect sites due to the improvement in the degree of the pentacene thin film reduces the dark current and therefore increases the photovoltage. The external quantum efficiency and space-charge limited current are used to analyze the relationship between the quality of thin film electron donor and device performance.
High Temperature Thermoelectric Properties of Half-Heusler Compound PtYSb
Authors: Li Guanghe , Kurosaki Ken , Ohishi Yuji , Muta Hiroaki , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: April 2013

Recent experimental examination of the thermoelectric properties of the half Heusler compound PtYSb has revealed that PtYSb has a relatively high thermoelectric figure of merit (Z
T) of 0.2 at around room temperature. However, the thermoelectric properties have been examined only in the low-temperature region, and no high-temperature data has been reported to date. Here we present the high-temperature thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline bulk samples of PtYSb in the temperature range between room temperature and 973 K. The Seebeck coefficient was positive over the entire temperature range examined. A high power factor (2.1×10-3 W m-1 K-2) and low thermal conductivity (3.44 W m-1 K-1) were obtained at 973 K, which resulted in a relatively high Z
T of 0.57 for PtYSb. Thus, PtYSb has the potential for application as a p-type thermoelectric material at high temperature.
Detailed Impurity Phase Investigation by X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Electron Spin Resonance Analyses in Synthesis of CaMgSi2O6:Eu Phosphor
Authors: Kunimoto Takashi , Honma Tetsuo , Ohmi Koutoku , Okubo Susumu , Ohta Hitoshi
Published: April 2013

Impurity phases of CaMgSi2O6:Eu (CMS) phosphor have been investigated in detail by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), ESR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) analyses. XRD studies of CMS phosphor powders clarify the volume fraction of CMS, Ca2MgSi2O7, (Ca,Eu)10(SiO4)6O2, and crystalline SiO2. XAFS and ESR studies clarify that the soluble limit of Eu ions in CMS crystals is observed at about 0.01 mol. Excess Eu ions yield an impurity (Ca,Eu)10(SiO4)6O2 and some of them are captured by another impurity Ca2MgSi2O7. From the results of XAFS, ESR, XRD, and PL measurements, it was revealed that the PL peak intensities under 147 and 360 nm excitation correlate closely with the amount of these impurity phases containing divalent and trivalent Eu ions. Variation of X-ray absorption near edge structure and ESR spectra indicate that the optimum Eu concentration of the CMS phosphor is at approximately 0.01 molar versus Ca.
Design and Implementation of Wide-Angular Universal Broadband Visible Antireflection Coating for Various Substrates
Authors: Liou Yeuh-Yeong , Chang En-Wei , Kuo Li-Hsiang , Jaing Cheng-Chung
Published: April 2013

We proposed a simple design method based on a scanning search algorithm for obtaining an acceptable wide-angular universal visible (vis) antireflection (AR) coating design with the incident angles over the range 0–30° for different glass substrates having refractive indices ranging from 1.472 to 1.750. We then applied AR-coating to seven different glass substrates in the same deposition run using ion-assisted deposition. It was shown that the measured and calculated wide-angular universal vis AR effects were in agreement, where the total average vis reflectances at angles 0 and 30° for the practical AR-coated substrates can be effectively reduced from 5.92 and 6.09% (uncoated substrates) to below 0.25 and 0.34%, respectively, which are comparable to the calculated reflectance values of 0.22 and 0.33%, revealing that an acceptable wide-angular universal vis AR performance can be obtained.
A Two-Dimensional Analytical Model for Tunnel Field Effect Transistor and Its Applications
Authors: Cui Ning , Liu Libin , Xie Qian , Tan Zhen , Liang Renrong , Wang Jing , Xu Jun
Published: April 2013

In this paper, a two-dimensional analytical model for the tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) on the silicon-on-insulator substrate is proposed. The accurate electrostatic potential and electric field of the device are obtained by solving the Poisson equation with appropriate boundary conditions. The accuracy of the proposed analytical model is verified by comparing with numerical simulation. It is shown that the electrical behavior of the TFET is more properly described by defining the zero vertical electric field at the channel/buried oxide interface. Furthermore, this analytical model is extended to implement in the hetero-material-gate (HMG) TFET. The physical principle of the HMG TFET can also be depicted, and electrical properties are characterized using this model.
Effect of Target Surface Microstructure on Morphological and Electrical Properties of Pulsed-Laser-Deposited BiFeO3 Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Ujimoto Katsuya , Yoshimura Takeshi , Ashida Atsushi , Fujimura Norifumi
Published: April 2013

The effect of target surface microstructure on the morphological and electrical properties was studied on pulsed-laser-deposited lead-free ferroelectric BiFeO3 with a relatively low energy gap of about 2.7 eV and a high absorption coefficient of about 105 cm-1 among ferroelectric materials. It was found that a columnar structure was formed on the target surface during the deposition and that droplet density increased when the columnar structure formed. We modified the driving system for the target to prevent the formation of the columnar structure. With the use of the target driving system, droplet density decreased to 42% relative to that without the use of the system. The effects of the morphology change of the target on the growth and electrical properties of BiFeO3 epitaxial films were also investigated. With the introduction of the system, breakdown voltage increased from 140 to 290 kV/cm and coercive field decreased from 112 to 82 kV/cm.
Kinetic Analysis of Dielectric Layer Thickness on Nitric Oxide Removal by Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Authors: Wang Tao , Sun Bao-min , Xiao Hai-ping
Published: April 2013

The kinetic analysis of dielectric layer thickness on nitric oxide (NO) removal in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was investigated. The simulated results show that, with the decrease of dielectric layer thickness, the electric field increases, leading to an enlargingE/N. WhenE/Nwas 250 Td, the dissociation rate and electron mean energy reached 14.3 times and 1.5 times respectively compared to whenE/Nwas 150 Td, and their excitation rates were magnified 176, 182, 226, and 171% separately, generating more N atoms and metastable states of N2molecules. In NO/N2system, the dissociation and excitation rate of N2were related to the amount of NO removal. The experimental results show that, NO removal efficiency increased as energy density was increased and a decreasing dielectric layer thickness promoted NO removal, which coincides with simulated ones well, indicating the feasibility and the rationality of the dynamics analysis.
Atomic-Resolution X-ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy Chemical Mapping of Substitutional Dy Atoms in a High-Coercivity Neodymium Magnet
Authors: Itakura Masaru , Watanabe Natsuki , Nishida Minoru , Daio Takeshi , Matsumura Syo
Published: April 2013

We have investigated local element distributions in a Dy-doped Nd2Fe14B hot-deformed magnet by atomic-column resolution chemical mapping using an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (XEDS) attached to an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (Cs-corrected STEM). The positions of the Nd and Dy atomic columns were visualized in the XEDS maps. The substitution of Dy was limited to a surface layer 2–3 unit cells thick in the Nd2Fe14B grains, and the Dy atoms preferentially occupied the 4f-Nd sites of Nd2Fe14B. These results provide further insights into the principal mechanism governing the coercivity enhancement due to Dy doping.
A Multimode Relayed Piezoelectric Cantilever for Effective Vibration Energy Harvesting
Authors: Li Chuan , Hong Daewoong , Kwon Kwang-Ho , Jeong Jaehwa
Published: April 2013

A piezoelectric cantilever with an eccentrically connected wire-mass relay is proposed for extensive energy harvesting from broadband vibration responses. The relay mass is chosen to be much greater than that of the cantilever. The vibration source is magnified by the relay as a bending-swinging-torsional excitation to drive the cantilever. Thus, multiple vibration modes of the cantilever are effectively employed to enhance energy harvesting. A prototype device was developed and characterized. The results show that the proposed structure can generate much more electricity over a broader bandwidth than conventional structures.
Production of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Modified Arc Discharge Method
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Jellur , Mieno Tetsu
Published: April 2013

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are synthesized by the arc discharge method in He gas, where three directions of discharge current relative to gravity are selected and their production rates are compared. The soot production rate for the upward discharge current is larger than those for the horizontal and downward discharge currents. Also, the qualities of the produced SWNTs for the three cases are almost the same. The effect of a steady magnetic field (3.0 mT) perpendicular to the discharge current direction (J×B arc discharge) is also examined. This magnetic field increases the soot production rate for all three discharge current directions. The estimated ratio of the number of SWNT bundles to the number of carbon particles is higher for the upward discharge current in the case of B = 0. This ratio increases significantly for the horizontal and downward discharge currents when a magnetic field is applied.
Scanning Probe Lithography with Negative and Positive Electron Beam Resists
Authors: Anggraini Lydia , Tanaka Bungo , Matsuzuka Naoki , Isono Yoshitada
Published: April 2013

In this research, we focus on scanning probe lithography (SPL) to create nanostructures of negative and positive electron beam (EB) resists on a silicon (Si) substrate by common scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Microposit SAL 601 and ZEP 520A are used as the negative and positive EB resists, respectively. The EB resist films of 40–50 nm thickness are used for writing nanopatterns with low-energy electrons emitted from the probe tip in SPM. The effect of the baking conditions on nanopatterning for each resist film is experimentally investigated, and suitable baking conditions for both EB resist films are determined. The nanostructures of both resists baked under each set of suitable conditions are created under several writing conditions in order to confirm the possibility of nanopatterning and the controllability of the line width of the nanostructures. In addition, we discuss the prediction method for the line width on the basis of analysis of the static electric field inside the resist films.
Development of a Seedless Floating Growth Process in Solution for Synthesis of Crystalline ZnO Micro/Nanowire Arrays on Graphene: Towards High‐Performance Nanohybrid Ultraviolet Photodetectors
Authors: Liu Jianwei , Lu Rongtao , Xu Guowei , Wu Judy , Thapa Prem , Moore David
Published: April 2013

A seedless solution process is developed for controllable growth of crystalline ZnO micro/nanowire arrays directly on single‐layer graphene sheets made in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In particular, the alignment of the ZnO micro/nanowires correlates well with the density of the wires, which is determined by both the sample configuration in solution and the graphene surface cleaning. With increasing wire density, the ZnO micro/nanowire array alignment may be varied from horizontal to vertical by increasing the physical confinement. Ultraviolet photodetectors based on the vertically aligned ZnO micro/nanowires on graphene show high responsivity of 1.62 A W−1 per volt, a 500% improvement over epitxial ZnO sensors, a 300% improvement over ZnO nanoparticle sensors, and a 40% improvement over the previous best results for nanowire/graphene hybrid sensors. This seedless, floating growth process could be scaled up for large scale growth of oriented ZnO micro/nanowires on graphene at low costs.
A High Capacity Calcium Primary Cell Based on the Ca–S System
Authors: See Kimberly A. , Gerbec Jeffrey A. , Jun Young‐Si , Wudl Fred , Stucky Galen D. , Seshadri Ram
Published: April 2013

Conversion reaction cells afford the ability to explore new energy storage paradigms that transcend the dogma of small, low‐charge cations essential to intercalative processes. Here we report the use of earth‐abundant and green calcium and sulfur in unprecedented conversion reaction Ca–S primary cells. Using S‐infiltrated mesoporous carbon (abbreviated S@meso‐C) cathodes, we achieve discharge capacities as high as 600 mAh g−1 (S basis) within the geometry Ca|Ca(ClO4)2/CH3CN|S@meso‐C, at a discharge rate of C/3.5. The electrolyte system in the Ca–S battery is of paramount importance as the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed on the Ca anode limits the capacity and stability of the cell. We determine that 0.5 M Ca(ClO4)2 in CH3CN forms an SEI that advantageously breaks down under anodic bias to allow oxidation of the anode. This same SEI, however, exhibits high impedance which increases over time at open circuit limiting the shelf life of the cell.
Foods Eaten by the Sichuan Snub‐Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China, in Relation to Nutritional Chemistry
Authors: LIU XUECONG , STANFORD CRAIG B. , YANG JINGYUAN , YAO HUI , LI YIMING
Published: April 2013

The diet of Rhinopithecus roxellana is characterized by lichens, which are available year‐round and an uncommon food source for nonhuman primates, supplemented by seasonal plant foods. We present the first study of foods eaten by R. roxellana in relation to nutritional chemistry in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China. We analyzed the nutrients (crude protein, crude fat, and water soluble carbohydrate [WSC]) and feeding deterrents (crude fiber, condensed tannin [CT], and total phenolic [TP]) of 111 parts from 53 plant species and of 6 lichen species. Results showed that lichens were a good choice for R. roxellana living in habitats with limited and seasonally available plant foods. They contained higher concentrations of WSC than foliage, fat concentrations equivalent to those in plant parts (except fruits/seeds), and lower concentrations of fiber than mature leaves, flowers, and fruits. Although lichens were lower in protein than plant parts (except fruits), the monkeys could likely meet their protein requirement by eating seasonal plant foods rich in protein, including foliage, flowers, buds, and seeds. The monkeys were not observed to select foliage higher in protein, but appeared to select mature leaves higher in WSC and lower in fiber. Fruits were a good source of WSC and fat, and seeds were a good source of fat. Neither CT nor TP content showed negative effects on the selection of mature leaves or lichens. Am. J. Primatol. 75:860–871, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MODULATION OF P‐GLYCOPROTEIN ATPASE OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA BY CHOLESTEROL: EFFECTS ON ATPASE ACTIVITY AND INTERACTION OF INSECTICIDES
Authors: Aurade Ravindra M. , Jayalakshmi Senigala K. , Udikeri Shashikant S. , Sreeramulu Kuruba
Published: April 2013

Purified P‐glycoprotein ATPase from Helicoverpa armigera (Ha‐Pgp), reconstituted in proteoliposomes composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, shows higher ATPase activity in the presence of cholesterol than in its absence. The Ha‐Pgp ATPase activity was increased 30–40% with cholesterol. The KM for ATP was found to be 1 and 0.8 mM in the absence and presence of cholesterol, respectively. The insecticide‐stimulated Ha‐Pgp ATPase activity was increased by 10–20% for all the insecticides in the reconstituted proteoliposomes containing cholesterol compared to those with no cholesterol. The effects of cholesterol on KM and Vmax values of insecticide‐stimulated Ha‐Pgp ATPase activity were unrelated to the size of the insecticide. Ha‐Pgp tryptophan fluorescence displayed a red shift of 3 and 8 nm in emission spectra upon binding of insecticides. Cholesterol enhances the interaction of insecticides with Ha‐Pgp. Kd values of different insecticides for binding to Ha‐Pgp were found to be lower in the presence of cholesterol in the proteoliposomes compared to its absence. Results suggest that cholesterol plays a role in the recognition and interaction of insecticides by modulating Ha‐Pgp ATPase and may be involved in efflux of insecticides from cells by the transporter.
Cucurbit[8]uril‐Based Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Liu Yiliu , Yang Hui , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Xi
Published: April 2013

Supramolecular polymers, whose building blocks are noncovalently connected, have attracted much attention over the last few decades. The noncovalent nature of these polymeric systems endows them with great potential for applications in the preparation of dynamic materials. Cucurbituril (CB)‐based host–guest systems, which have strong binding affinity and good selectivity, have received extensive recent attention. Among the CB family, CB[8] is unique for its ability to bind two guests in its cavity and form strong ternary complexes. Such CB[8]‐based host–guest systems have been widely used in the construction of supramolecular architechtures. In this Focus Review, following a brief description of the host–guest interactions in CB[8]‐based systems, we summarize the current state of play in the fabrication of CB[8]‐based supramolecular polymers, which mainly include small‐molecule‐based supramolecular polymers and polymer‐based supramolecular polymers, as a good example of the marriage between the supramolecular chemistry of cucurbiturils and polymer science.
Clausius–Clapeyron‐like relationship in multidecadal changes of extreme short‐term precipitation and temperature in Japan
Authors: Fujibe Fumiaki
Published: April 2013

Long‐term changes in extreme precipitation were studied using data of daily maximum 10‐min and hourly precipitation, as well as daily total precipitation for 60 years (1951–2010) in Japan. It was found that extreme 10‐min and hourly precipitations, defined from 5‐year averages of annual maximum and 95th percentile values, have a high correlation with temperature with a rate of 9.7 ± 4.1% and 8.8 ± 8.3% K−1, respectively. These values are close to the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate of change in saturation vapor pressure (about 6% per degree), indicating that the CC relation roughly holds for multidecadal changes in extreme short‐time precipitation in Japan.
Ask not what altmetrics can do for you, but what altmetrics can do for developing countries
Authors: Alperin Juan Pablo
Published: April 2013

Editor's Summary

Traditional citation counting for evaluating scholarly impact unfairly benefits those in North America and Europe and shortchanges the alternative scholars of the developing world. Alternative metrics more accurately measure the impact of scholarly writings, better serve all scholars and can foster a research culture that supports national development goals. The current system favors dominant journals and topics of interest to the prevailing scientific community, captured by the leading bibliographic databases. Yet publishing on platforms more open to underrepresented journals and scholars in developing nations would promote a greater range of ideas and scholarly exchange. With facilitating international development in mind, scholarly communication should encourage research on topics of local and national relevance and be presented through globally accessible channels, disseminated by social media. Publishing technology barriers to participation must be lowered. The value of altmetrics will be evident, providing advantages to alternative scholars, serving public needs and revealing scientific contributions long underrepresented in the standard literature.
New opportunities for repositories in the age of altmetrics
Authors: Konkiel Stacy , Scherer Dave
Published: April 2013

Editor's Summary

For institutional repositories, alternative metrics reflecting online activity present valuable indicators of interest in their holdings that can supplement traditional usage statistics. A variable mix of built‐in metrics is available through popular repository platforms: Digital Commons, DSpace and EPrints. These may include download counts at the collection and/or item level, search terms, total and unique visitors, page views and social media and bookmarking metrics; additional data may be available with special plug‐ins. Data provide different types of information valuable for repository managers, university administrators and authors. They can reflect both scholarly and popular impact, show readership, reflect an institution's output, justify tenure and promotion and indicate direction for collection management. Practical considerations for implementing altmetrics include service costs, technical support, platform integration and user interest. Altmetrics should not be used for author ranking or comparison, and altmetrics sources should be regularly reevaluated for relevance.
Five challenges in altmetrics: A toolmaker's perspective
Authors: Liu Jean , Adie Euan
Published: April 2013

Editor's Summary

The experience of Altmetric LLP, an altmetric tool developer, reveals common issues that demand attention when designing alternative metrics for response to scholarly writings. Identifying what can and should be measured for different user groups is fundamental. A default is to count all relevant mentions in a set of online sources, permitting drill down for more qualitative information. Data source selection varies by need, ranging from government documents to social media comment sites. Since the topic of discussion can be elusive, a tracking method must point backward to original articles or data. Text mining helps for text documents, but audio and video are less workable. Multiple versions of a single article and subsections of books and datasets add ambiguity and redundancy. Valid interpretation depends on context and the relevance and timeliness of data and sources, requiring continual reassessment.
The reception of suzanne briet in the United States
Authors: Buckland Michael K.
Published: April 2013

Editor's Summary

A library pioneer of the mid‐20th century, Suzanne Briet was a driving force in expanding and modernizing library service and early information science in France. She is most well known for insightful writings on the concepts of bibliography and of documents and documentation. Despite international connections, Briet's writings, almost exclusively in French, received little recognition in the United States during her lifetime. One influential commentator's review suggested misunderstanding of her key ideas. But historical interest in information science, largely from within ASIS&T, and translation and online distribution of her seminal writings have renewed scholarly interest in Briet's work and established a place for her among notable information scientists.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Pleuromutilin
Authors: Fazakerley Neal J. , Helm Matthew D. , Procter David J.
Published: April 2013

The first enantiospecific total synthesis of the antibacterial natural product (+)‐pleuromutilin has been achieved. The approach includes the synthesis of a non‐racemic cyclisation substrate from (+)‐trans‐dihydrocarvone, a highly selective SmI2‐mediated cyclisation cascade, an electron transfer reduction of a hindered ester, and the first efficient conversion of (+)‐mutilin to the target.
Diffusion of Small Gas Bubbles into Liquid Studied by the Rotary Chamber Technique
Authors: Nüllig Marius , Peters Franz
Published: April 2013

The rotary chamber technique is capable of observing small levitated bubbles in liquid for various research purposes. The present paper focuses on diffusion of a small spherical bubble into undersaturated water. The decaying bubble size is recorded in time by image processing. The results are plotted as Sherwood versus Reynolds number where the Schmidt number is of order 300. Similarity is found for each of four gases in water. The boundary layer prediction Sh $ \propto \sqrt {{\rm{Re}}} $ is confirmed in general. A physically accountable model provides a good representation of results.
Sorafenib in patients with progressive epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Chevreau Christine , Le Cesne Axel , Ray‐Coquard Isabelle , Italiano Antoine , Cioffi Angela , Isambert Nicolas , Robin Yves Marie , Fournier Charles , Clisant Stéphanie , Chaigneau Loic , Bay Jacques‐Olivier , Bompas Emmanuelle , Gauthier Eric , Blay Jean Y. , Penel Nicolas
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

There is no standard treatment for progressive epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE). To investigate the significant vascularization of EHE, the activity/toxicity of sorafenib in patients with progressive EHE was explored.

METHODS

In this multicenter, 1‐stage, phase 2 trial of sorafenib (800 mg daily), the primary endpoint, which was chosen by default, was the 9‐month progression‐free rate. All patients had documented progressive disease at the time of study entry.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients were enrolled between June 2009 and February 2011. The median age was 57 years (range, 31‐76 years), and the ratio of men to women was 9:6. The performance status was zero in 10 patients and 1 in 5 patients. Twelve patients had metastases, mainly in the lung (12 patients), liver (5 patients), and bone (3 patients). Five patients had received prior chemotherapy (doxorubicin in 5 patients and taxane in 3 patients). The median sorafenib treatment duration was 124 days (range, from 27 to >271 days). Seven patients required dose reductions or transient treatment discontinuation. The 9‐month progression‐free rate was 30.7% (4 of 13 patients). The 2‐month, 4‐month, and 6‐month progression‐free rate was 84.6% (11 of 13 patients), 46.4% (6 of 13 patients), and 38.4% (5 of 13 patients), respectively. Two partial responses were observed that lasted 2 months and 9 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Further clinical trials exploring sorafenib as treatment of progressive EHE are needed. Cancer 2013;119:2639–2644. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Kinetics of Homolytic Substitutions by Hydrogen Atoms at Thiols and Sulfides
Authors: Vandeputte Aäron G. , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: April 2013

Thermodynamic and kinetic data in the temperature range 300–1500 K are calculated for 94 homolytic substitution reactions by a hydrogen atom at thiols and sulfides with the CBS‐QB3//BMK/6‐311G(2d,d,p) method. The studied reactions were found to proceed according to a one‐step mechanism. A group additivity (GA) method is presented to model the Arrhenius parameters of this reaction family. The required GA values were derived from data obtained for a set containing 58 reactions. By using the developed GA scheme, rate coefficients at 300 K for 26 substitution reactions by the hydrogen atom are reproduced within a factor of 2.2. Mean absolute deviations on the activation energy and pre‐exponential factor are limited to 1.1 kJ mol−1 and 0.19, respectively. Rate coefficients for the reverse reactions, that is, substitution reactions by C‐ and S‐centered radicals with expulsion of a hydrogen atom, are reproduced within a factor of 6 by using thermodynamic consistency. At 1000 K, group additive and calculated rate coefficients for the forward and reverse reactions agree within a factor of 1.8 and 4, respectively. Experimental rate coefficients in the temperature range 300–400 K are reproduced within a factor of 5. Discrepancies between calculated and experimental data are discussed.
Impact of Tube Curvature on the Ground‐State Magnetism of Axially Confined Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes of the Zigzag‐Type
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Hagelberg Frank
Published: April 2013

The magnetic properties of axially confined, hydrogenated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of the (n,0)‐type with n=5–24 are systematically explored by density functional theory. Emphasis is placed on the relation between the ground‐state magnetic moments of SWCNTs and zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs). Comparison between the SWCNTs considered here and ZGNRs of equal length gives rise to two basic questions: 1) how does the nanotube curvature affect the antiferromagnetic order known to prevail for ZGNRs, and 2) to what extent do the magnetic moments localized at the SWCNT edges deviate from the zero‐curvature limit of n/3 μB? In response to these questions, it is found that systems with n≥7 display preference for antiferromagnetic order at any length investigated, whereas for n=5, 6 the magnetic phase varies with tube length. Furthermore, elementary patterns are identified that describe the progression of the magnitude of the magnetic moment with n for the longest tubes explored in this work. The spin densities of the considered SWCNTs are analyzed as a function of the tube length L, with L ranging from 3 to 11 transpolyene rings for n≥7 and from 3 to 30 rings for n=5 and 6.
13C‐Detected Through‐Bond Correlation Experiments for Protein Resonance Assignment by Ultra‐Fast MAS Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Barbet‐Massin Emeline , Pell Andrew J. , Knight Michael J. , Webber Amy L. , Felli Isabella C. , Pierattelli Roberta , Emsley Lyndon , Lesage Anne , Pintacuda Guido
Published: April 2013

We present two sequences which combine (1H,15N) and (15N,13C) selective cross‐polarization steps with an efficient variant of the J‐based homonuclear transfer scheme, in which a spin‐state‐selective (S3E) block is incorporated to improve both resolution and sensitivity in the direct 13C dimension. We propose these two sequences as a part of a suite of four N–C correlation experiments allowing for the assignment of protein backbone resonances in the solid state. We illustrate these experiments under ultra‐fast magic angle spinning conditions on two samples of microcrystalline dimeric human superoxide dismutase (SOD, 153×2 amino acids), in its diamagnetic (“empty”, ZnII) and paramagnetic (CuII, ZnII) states.
miRNAin the Regulation of Ion Channel/Transporter Expression
Authors: Wang Zhiguo
Published: April 2013

Ion channels and transporters are expressed in every living cell, where they participate in controlling a plethora of biological processes and physiological functions, such as excitation of cells in response to stimulation, electrical activities of cells, excitation‐contraction coupling, cellular osmolarity, and even cell growth and death. Alterations of ion channels/transporters can have profound impacts on the cellular physiology associated with these proteins. Expression of ion channels/transporters is tightly regulated and expression deregulation can trigger abnormal processes, leading to pathogenesis, the channelopathies. While transcription factors play a critical role in controlling the transcriptome of ion channels/transporters at the transcriptional level by acting on the 5′‐flanking region of the genes, microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), a newly discovered class of regulators in the gene network, are also crucial for expression regulation at the posttranscriptional level through binding to the 3′untranslated region of the genes. These small noncoding RNAs fine tune expression of genes involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Recent studies revealed the role of miRNAs in regulating expression of ion channels/transporters and the associated physiological functions. miRNAs can target ion channel genes to alter cardiac excitability (conduction, repolarization, and automaticity) and affect arrhythmogenic potential of heart. They can modulate circadian rhythm, pain threshold, neuroadaptation to alcohol, brain edema, etc., through targeting ion channel genes in the neuronal systems. miRNAs can also control cell growth and tumorigenesis by acting on the relevant ion channel genes. Future studies are expected to rapidly increase to unravel a new repertoire of ion channels/transporters for miRNA regulation. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:599‐653, 2013.
Phenomics of Cardiac Chloride Channels
Authors: Duan Dayue Darrel
Published: April 2013

Forward genetic studies have identified several chloride (Cl−) channel genes, includingCFTR,ClC‐2,ClC‐3, CLCA,Bestrophin,andAno1, in the heart. Recent reverse genetic studies using gene targeting and transgenic techniques to delineate the functional role of cardiac Cl−channels have shown that Cl−channels may contribute to cardiac arrhythmogenesis, myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure, and cardioprotection against ischemia reperfusion. The study of physiological or pathophysiological phenotypes of cardiac Cl−channels, however, is complicated by the compensatory changes in the animals in response to the targeted genetic manipulation. Alternatively, tissue‐specific conditional or inducible knockout or knockin animal models may be more valuable in the phenotypic studies of specific Cl−channels by limiting the effect of compensation on the phenotype. The integrated function of Cl−channels may involve multiprotein complexes of the Cl−channel subproteome. Similar phenotypes can be attained from alternative protein pathways within cellular networks, which are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The phenomics approach, which characterizes phenotypes as a whole phenome and systematically studies the molecular changes that give rise to particular phenotypes achieved by modifying the genotype under the scope of genome/proteome/phenome, may provide more complete understanding of the integrated function of each cardiac Cl−channel in the context of health and disease. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:667‐692, 2013.