bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAVERNOUS HAEMANGIOMA OF THE RETINA
Authors: GÍSLASON INGIMUNDUR , STENKULA STAFFAN , ALM ALBERT , WOLD EIVIND , WÅLINDER PER‐ERIK
Published: May 2009

Seven cases of retinal cavernous haemangioma are presented. Three cases have been followed for more than 6 years, and three cases between 1 and 2 years. Six cases had no eye symptoms related to the vascular tumour, while in one case vitreous haemorrhage occurred on two occasions. On both these occasions full vision was regained. None of the vascular tumours were treated. Two patients had grand mal seizures. They also had convulsive disease in the family history. In three cases family members of two generations were found to have normal eyes on examination.
ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE EYE IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: BLOMDAHL SVEN
Published: May 2009

The right eyes of 28 newborn infants have been examined retinoscopically, and the anterior chamber depth, the lens thickness and the length of the vitreous were measured by ultrasound. In 15 of the infants keratometry was performed using the Javal‐Schiötz keratometer. The total axial length of the eye was found to be longer the heavier the weight of the baby, whereas the lens thickness showed no correlation to the total axial length or to the weight of the baby. In only 1/3 of the babies was the corneal astigmatism less than 0.5 D. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between the total axial length of the eye and the length of the corneal radius.
MORPHOLOGY AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE RETINAL CAPILLARIES IN STREPTOZOTOCIN‐DIABETIC MICE
Authors: ÅGREN A. , REHN G. , NAESER P.
Published: May 2009

Male lean mire belonging to the obese‐hyperglycemic strain were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The retinal capillary bed freed by trypsin digestion was studied with regard to morphology and the activity of some enzymes. There was a significant increase in the ratio between the endothelial and mural cells which was interpreted as indicating mural pericyte disappearance. The activities of adenylate kinase, aspartate‐amino‐transferase and hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase in the retinal vessels of the diabetic animal were significantly higher than in vessels from the control animals. No differences were found in the activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase and phosphofructokinase between the two animal groups.

It is suggested that these results reflect early morphological and metabolic changes of the retinal vessels, preceding the well known clinical picture of diabetic retinopathy.
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF STEROID CATARACT IN BOVINE LENS
Authors: MILLER DAVID , TIJERINA M. L. , MAYMAN CHAIM
Published: May 2009

Fresh calf lenses were incubated in nutritive media, to which was added ouabain and dexamethasone phosphate at concentrations of 1 × 10‐4 M. At the end of a three day incubation period, cortical opacification developed in the control series of lenses as well as those lenses incubated in both ouabain and dexamethasone phosphate. Using a light transmission device which quantitates lens opacification, it was noted that dexamethasone produced a level of cortical opacification significantly greater than that of the control series. Ouabain produced a level of cortical opacification statistically identical to that produced by the dexamethasone. It is suggested that the aforementioned light transmission device is an accurate and reproducible method of quantitating cataractous opacification.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDY ON CHANGES IN AXIAL EYE DIMENSIONS AFTER ENCIRCLING PROCEDURE IN RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY
Authors: LARSEN JON S. , SYRDALEN PER
Published: May 2009

The pre‐ and postoperative results of ultrasonographic measurements on the axial ocular components in 10 phakic eyes with retinal detachment treated with encircling silicone rubber band are presented. A significant increase (P < 0.001) in axial eye length from 0.62 to 1.24 mm (average: 0.98 mm) was found. The elongation of the eye was caused by a corresponding increase in the length of the vitreous cavity. No significant changes were found in the anterior segment of the eyes. These data demonstrate that the postoperative refractive change in a myopic direction, which an encircling procedure with moderate indentation often produces, is caused by an axial elongation of the eye.
ASYMMETRIC RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA, LUETIC RETINOPATHY AND THE QUESTION OF UNILATERAL RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
Authors: SKALKA HAROLD W.
Published: May 2009

A seropositive patient with the fundus appearance of monocular luetic retinopathy is presented. Electrophysiologically, this patient shows a late‐onset form of progressive tapetoretinal degeneration (retinitis pigmentosa) presenting in an extremely asymmetric manner. The differential diagnosis of luetic and other inflammatory retinopathies vs. tapetoretinal degenerations is briefly discussed. Features distinguishing unilateral retinitis pigmentosa from bilateral tapetoretinal degenerations are reviewed, and the existence of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa as a genetic entity is questioned. Prolongation of ERG‐ a‐ and b‐wave implicit times is characteristic of the tapetoretinal degenerations, and normal implicit times in the fellow eye are suggested as an additional criterion for the diagnosis of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa.
STIMULUS ALTERNATION AND FAST RETINAL POTENTIALS: PHOTOPIC AND SCOTOPIC CONTRIBUTIONS*
Authors: KORTH MATTHIAS , REIMAN VIKTOR
Published: May 2009

Human retinal oscillatory potentials in response to an alternating checkerboard pattern stimulus were studied in two subjects over an intensity range of 7.5 log units. Under scotopic conditions, two wavelets (S1 and S2) could be recorded. At an intensity of 1.9 photopic log Td four high frequency oscillations (01–04) were noticed and a discontinuity was observed in the corresponding luminance curve of the b‐wave together with a sudden decrease in the magnitude of the standard deviation of the amplitude measures. The oscillations were noticed only on the ascending slope of the b‐wave. With increasing stimulus intensity, their latency decreased at a slower rate than that of the b‐wave and their number decreased. Each wavelet had an amplitude maximum at a certain stimulus intensity level. It was suggested that 01–04 were generated by the activation of the photopic system and that S1 and S2 were of scotopic origin.
SURGICAL STIMULATION OF THE UVEOSCLERAL OUTFLOW
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , BATMANOV YR. E. , CHERKASOVA I. N. , EGOROV E. A.
Published: May 2009

Six series of experiments were performed on 45 isolated cadaver eyes. In the first series, the outflow facility of the human sclera was measured, in the others, five surgical techniques for stimulating the uveo‐scleral outflow were evaluated with the help of a constant pressure perfusion technique. It was found that the scleral C‐value was pressure independant and its average value was equal to 0.0036 mm3/min/mmHg per 1 cm2 (100 mm2) of scleral surface.

After the implantation of a scleral strip into the supra‐uveal space, the mean increase in the total C‐value was 23% of its initial value, ranging from 7 to 35%. After cyclodialysis the C‐value increment varied from 17% to 66%, averaging 30%. The average increase in the outflow facility amounted to 60% (range 24–96%) in those cases where implantation of the scleral strip in the suprauveal space was combined with cyclodialysis. After implantation of a scleral strip, combined with subscleral sinusotomy, the C‐value increment varied from 18 to 71%, averaging 41%. After cyclodialysis combined with goniospasis, the mean increase in the outflow facility coefficient was 62% (range 43%–108%).
THE LONG‐TERM HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF TIMOLOL MALEATE COMPARED WITH THE EFFECT OF PILOCARPINE IN SIMPLE AND CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA
Authors: AIRAKSINEN P. J.
Published: May 2009

The long‐term intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of a β‐adrenergic blocking agent, timolol maleate, in topical administration was compared with the effect of pilocarpine on simple and capsular glaucoma by means of diurnal pressure curves during a six‐month follow‐up.

In simple glaucoma timolol was more effective than pilocarpine in lowering IOP. In the follow‐up a significant but not marked increase of the IOP was observed. In capsular glaucoma timolol was not effective enough, but when it was co‐administered with miotics the IOP lowering effect was better than with either substance alone.

Timolol induced no accomodative myopia, miosis, reduction of tear flow or other side effects. It increased the outflow facility in simple glaucoma but not in capsular glaucoma. During the trial, the anterior chamber depth increased while the corneal thickness remained unchanged.

Four out of the six eyes included in a previous report of secondary glaucoma due to chronic uveitis are still, after one year of therapy, controlled with timolol.
ANT‐EGG CATARACT
Authors: SCHRØDER HENRIK DAA , NISSEN STEEN HOLST
Published: May 2009

The ultrastructure of the ant‐egg cataractous lens has been studied. Comparison of tissue demineralized by means of EDTA with untreated tissue showed the calcium salts in the ant‐eggs to be mostly crystalline.

A laminar appearance of the ant‐egg seen in EDTA treated material suggested an intermittent growth of the structure.

In the ant‐eggs, as well as in some areas separate from these, membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies could be seen in many cases, the membranes of which were partly joint and partly separated by an electron dense material.

It is suggested that the calcifications seen as the ant‐eggs are secondary phenomena to an abnormal metabolism, morphologically seen as membrane limited cytoplasmic bodies.
AGE CHANGES IN THE SKELETON OF THE HUMAN LENS
Authors: BRADLEY RONALD H. , IRELAND MARK E. , MAISEL HARRY
Published: May 2009

The cytoskeleton of the human lens (newborn, 24 year‐old and 80 year‐old) was studied by morphological methods. Actin and intermediate (10 nm) filaments were identified in the epithelial cells of all the lenses. In the newborn lens intermediate filaments and chains of protein were found in cortical and nuclear fiber cells. Many intermediate filaments and protein chains in the elongated form were observed in the superficial cortical fiber cells of the 24 year‐old lens. However, in the deep cortical cells the number of intermediate filaments decreased and the protein chains became more coiled and aggregated. In the nuclear region the protein chains were markedly aggregated and intermediate filaments were absent. The 80 year‐old fiber cells contained only protein aggregates in the fiber cells. While the size of the chain backbone corresponds to actin, the conclusive demonstration that it is actin remains to be shown.
SEMIQUANTITATIVE INTERFERENCE STUDY OF FATTY LAYER OF PRECORNEAL FILM
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Reflecting colours from the fatty layer of the precorneal film have been studied using mat filter (grease‐proof paper, parchment paper, tracing paper) in front of the slit lamp mirror, maximally open light slit in a half‐lit room, and magnification × 15. The palpebral fissure was narrowed until occurrence of red interference colour (2000 Å).

In 206 normal eyes the fatty layer was 102 ± 3 nm (±SEM), or about 0.1 μm, independent of age, sex and BUT (break up time). Maximum on awakening. Coefficient of variation 12.7 per cent.

An increased fatty layer was noticed in cases of blepharitis (129±8 nm), in 91 per cent wearing hard contact lenses and 73 per cent wearing soft contact lenses.

The fatty layer was likewise seen to be augmented in patients with acute infectious conjunctivitis (193±3 nm), chronic infectious conjunctivitis (164±7 nm), and in all states complicated by bacterial infection.

The fatty layer is normal in allergic and chronic simple conjunctivitis. Silicone oil was found to effect reduction of the fatty layer.
INFLUENCE ON VISION OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: LÖVSUND P. , ÖBERG P. Å. , NILSSON S. E. G.
Published: May 2009

The strong electric currents used for heating purposes in welding and steel industries set up related magnetic fields (generally 0.1–10 mT and 50 Hz).

Such fields (10–50 Hz, 0–40 mT) were used to induce visual light phenomena, magnetophosphenes. Threshold values for magnetophosphenes were determined as a function of magnetic field frequency as well as colour and intensity of the background illumination. A typical sensitivity maximum was found at 20–25 Hz. Differences between volunteers with normal colour vision and colour defective ones were observed.

The frog retina was exposed to the same type of fields. Retinal activity, induced by the fields, was registered from the ganglion cell layer by means of microelectrode technique.

The results indicate that magnetophosphenes are generated in the retina and in the same channels that are normally propagating signals induced by light of different qualities.

The findings may be of guidance when formulating threshold limit values for extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in industry.
PERFORATING EYE INJURIES CAUSED BY OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS TREATED AT HELSINKI UNIVERSITY EYE HOSPITAL IN 1970 TO 1977
Authors: NIIRANEN MATTI
Published: May 2009

192 consecutive perforating eye injuries caused by occupational accidents in 1970‐77 were studied. They represented 40% of all perforations treated during that period at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The results were compared with the previous series from this hospital from 1950‐59 and 1930‐39.

92% of the patients were males, a slight decrease from the fifties. The youngest age group, 16–25 years, was largest (30%). Previously the next group, i.e. 26–35 years, had been the largest.

The proportion of workers in building construction had increased remarkably and comprised 26.6%. Another large group were metalworkers with 24.5%. Agricultural work had lost its importance as the cause of perforations as compared with the previous decades.

The commonest cause of accident was still hammering. Flying objects, especially metal splinters, were important causes in both the present and in the previous series.

Prognosis was much better in the present series than earlier. 60% of the patients achieved vision of 0.5 or better, as compared with 40% in the fifties and 20% in the thirties.
AUTOMATIC PERIMETRY IN A POPULATION SURVEY
Authors: BENGTSSON BO , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Automatic perimetry was performed in 2998 eyes of 1511 subjects comprising 78% of all persons born 1907–1921 and resident in a certain small area. Unreliable or abnormal tests were repeated. The average number of tests per person was 2.25. About 90% of all tests in normal eyes were performed in less than 3 min. The screening was considered negative in 2887 eyes, incomplete in 20 eyes and positive in 91 eyes (3%). Eighteen of the positives were previously unknown glaucomatous defects. There was only one unexplained “false positive”. We concluded that the method is quick, sensitive, specific and dependable. The apparatus is simple to manage and cheap to run.
VARIATIONS OF LENS THICKNESS IN RELATION TO BIOMICROSCOPIC TYPES OF HUMAN SENILE CATARACT
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN , FLEDELIUS H.
Published: May 2009

The results are reported of 38 ultrasonographic in vivo mensurations of intraindividual differences in axial thickness between a cataractous lens in one eye and a biomicroscopically clear or slightly cataractous lens (incipient deep cortical opacity) in the other. Obviously intumescent cataractous lenses were excluded.

In general, the cataractous lens was thinner than the contralateral clear or slightly cataractous lens.

Large decreases in lens thickness appeared in lenses with the capsulenear opacities of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) + anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO). PSC was more closely correlated to lens thinning than was ACSCO.

Nuclear cataract very often occurred in thin lenses, but did not appear to cause lens thinning per se.

Deep cortical opacity was not associated with lens thinning.

The present results contributed to our argumentation that the decrease in lens thickness is due to a leak of lens material through the ‘lens membrane’ beside a possible cessation of growth of the lens fibres.
ANT‐EGG CATARACT
Authors: NISSEN STEEN HOLST , SCHRØDER HENRIK DAA
Published: May 2009

A family with “ant‐egg” cataract in three generations is described. The cataract is congenital, probably of autosomal dominant inheritance. Light microscopy of the ant‐eggs showed that they are made up of a peripheral zone of lens material and a large almost homogenous centre. Element analysis by X‐ray spectrophotometry showed a high content of calcium and phosphorus in the centre. The cataract has been easy to operate on and the postoperative visual results have been good.
PILOCARPINE MEDICATION IN OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: BRINCHMANN‐HANSEN O. , ANMARKRUD N.
Published: May 2009

Two modes of topical pilocarpine therapy were applied to sixteen patients with open‐angle glaucoma. A pilocarpine drop medication (2% solution four times daily) was compared to a constant and continuous supply of pilocarpine by a therapeutic delivery system (Ocusert P‐40). The pressure reducing efficiency was studied in the morning and in the following four hour period of an ordinary drop medication regimen.

The results indicate about equal pressure reducing properties in both high and low pre‐treatment pressure values. However, compared to pilocarpine drops, we found a statistically significant lower pressure in the morning after the Ocusert unit, especially in glaucomatous eyes with high pre‐treatment pressure.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH CONTINUOUS‐WEAR HYDROPHILIC CONTACT LENSES IN APHAKIA
Authors: BARNER S. , MARNER K. , FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐two aphakic eyes in seven females and thirteen males were fitted with a new type of soft contact lens designed for continuous wear. Nine patients were operated on for unilateral traumatic cataract, and eleven patients were operated on for senile cataract. Sixteen patients terminated the study. In all cases the visual acuity with lens was almost equal to the acuity obtained with spectacles. The lenses were well tolerated without any special wearing schedule. No serious complications occurred. However, about one third of the patients developed conjunctivitis during the investigation period of eleven months. Four patients showed mild limbal vascular reaction, while only one patient had neovascularisation along the corneal scar caused by the original trauma. The new lens was found to be a good alternative to other contact lenses.
THE HLA SYSTEM IN PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND IN PATIENTS WITH PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE (EXFOLIATION OR FIBRILLOPATHIA EPITHELIOCAPSULARIS)
Authors: SLAGSVOLD J. E. , NORDHAGEN R.
Published: May 2009

HLA typing of eighteen antigens in 43 patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule, 45 patients with capsular glaucoma, and 43 patients with primary open angle glaucoma was performed. No significant deviation from a control series of 45 subjects was found.
AN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DIABETIC VITREO‐RETINAL DISEASE WITH LOW VISUAL ACUITY
Authors: JERNELD BENGT , ALGVERE PEEP , SINGH GUR
Published: May 2009

Ninety‐three diabetics (168 eyes) with opaque ocular media and low visual acuity (range amaurosis to 0.1) were examined by ultrasonography (A‐and B‐scan) using a Coleman Ophthalmoscan 100. Dense vitreous membranes were found in 112 (67%) eyes, 100 (60%) of which showed posterior membranes. Preretinal or prepapillary proliferations (extraretinal stalks) were demonstrated in 71 (42%) eyes. Fifty‐four (32%) eyes had retinal detachments (40 localized, 14 total). These were present in 10 (50%) of the 20 amaurotic eyes. The ultrasonic accuracy was checked in 49 eyes at vitrectomy. It was 78% for retinal detachments and 67% for prepapillary and preretinal proliferations. The stalks circumscribed within 2 mm or less were the hardest to detect. Ultrasonography thus aids to predict the prognosis after vitrectomy. The visual prognosis appears to be much more optimistic in eyes with vitreous membranes and prepapillary proliferations than in those with vitreous membranes associated with preretinal proliferations.
THE VARIABLE ANGLE‐MIRROR, A NEW TOOL FOR THE STUDY OF OCULAR DOMINANCE AND EYE FIXATION
Authors: BJÖRK ÅKE
Published: May 2009

A simple tool for studying optical dominance consisting of two plane mirrors moveably fixed to one another was developed. The patient looks straight ahead at the reflection of his own face and observes which eye is covered by the joint between the two mirror halves. By changing the angle a further checkup on eye dominance can be obtained. The method is simple and gives us a quick idea of the eye dominance.
CHILDHOOD BLINDNESS IN ICELAND. A study of legally blind and partially seeing children in Iceland 1978
Authors: HALLDÓRSSON SæVAR , BJÖRNSSON GUDMUNDUR
Published: May 2009

In 1978, a study was made of legally blind (corrected visual acuity 6/60 or less) and partially seeing (CVA 6/18 to 6/60) children under 15 years of age in Iceland. A total of 43 children were found, of whom 23 were legally blind and 20 partially seeing. The prevalence rates, expressed as the number per 100 000. children of similar age, 36,4 for legal blindness and 31,6 for partial sight.

In all 43 children, the visual loss was attributable to heritable, congenital, or developmental defects. The most common causes of visual loss were optic nerve atrophy and cataracts. Other causes are listed and discussed. No cases of aquired visual loss were found. In addition to visual loss, other congenital birth defects were found in 24 of the children. CNS affection was found in 20 of the children, and of these, 15 were mentally retarded.
THE ENDOTHELIAL CELL DAMAGE IN ACUTE GLAUCOMA. ON THE CORNEAL THICKNESS RESPONSE TO INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

In order to asses a possible damage to the corneal endothelium during pressure induced abnormal hydration of the cornea, 23 patients with a previous attack of unilateral acute glaucoma were photographed with the specular microscope. As compared to the healthy side, the endothelium of the affected side showed a mean decrease in cell density of 23.1%, range –4.8 to 68% (P < 0.001). In retrospect this cell loss was found to correlate significantly to the increase in corneal thickness measured during the acute attack on first day of admission. At present examination mean central corneal thickness was identical in the affected and unaffected eye. A large variation was, however, found in the intraocular pressure of the previously attacked eye. If the subject inter‐eye difference in intraocular pressure was related to the inter‐eye difference in corneal thickness a significant negative correlation appeared.

It is concluded that the intraocular pressure has a dual effect on the corneal hydration: if the endothelium is intact, the intraocular pressure decreases corneal thickness, whereas an increase is seen only if the endothelium is acutely damaged.
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN VISUAL DEPRIVATION. A case report
Authors: YANKO LUTZA
Published: May 2009

A case of asymmetric retinal involvement in a diabetic patient who has long been exposed to visual deprivation on one eye is described. The question implied by this condition is if a relationship could exist between the distinct exposure of each eye to different visual excitations, and the outcome of the different retinal diabetic involvement. The possibility that the retina in a resting state might be less prone to develop diabetic retinopathy than usual, and a possible functional hypothesis on the pathogenesis of this diabetic complication, are questioned.
IMPROVEMENT OF CONTRAST SENSITIVITY FROM TREATMENT FOR AMBLYOPIA
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , LUNDH BJÖRN L.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐four amblyopic children were treated with grating visual stimulation. In eight of them visual acuity did not change. However, four of these eight children showed improved contrast sensitivity.
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN DIABETIC CHILDREN. a Follow‐up
Authors: FROST‐LARSEN KIM , STARUP KIRSTEN
Published: May 2009

The present study is a fluorescein angiographic follow‐up of 60 diabetic children (aged 12–16 years).

At the follow‐up, with two‐thirds of the children in pubescence, fluorescein angiography revealed diabetic retinopathy in 10 (17%) of the children.

The results indicate puberty as a probable determining factor influencing the onset of the diabetic retinopathy.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN DEPRIVATION ON CORNEAL SENSITIVITY
Authors: MILLODOT MICHEL , O'LEARY DANIEL J.
Published: May 2009

The effect on corneal sensitivity of exposing the cornea to reduced partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen for up to 10 h was evaluated. It was found that corneal sensitivity diminished markedly with 2.1% and 3.15% partial oxygen pressure. It is suggested that lower than normal oxygen pressure at the corneal surface is mainly responsible for significant changes in corneal sensitivity.
CORRELATION OF VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS AFTER UNILATERAL OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: BYNKE H. , ROSÉN I. , SANDBERG‐WOLLHEIM M.
Published: May 2009

Forty‐two patients were tested with pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) 1–8 years after an episode of acute unilateral optic neuritis. The stimulation was produced by dot as well as checker‐board pattern. An unexpectedly large proportion (12 cases) showed normal VEP latencies from the affected eye. In these patients the initial visual acuity was on the average significantly better than in cases with prolonged VEP latencies. They also had significantly fewer remaining ocular signs than the patients with abnormal VEPs. On the other hand, no correlation was found between the VEP findings and the incidence of CSF abnormalities, multiple sclerosis and HLA types. In 14 patients of which 13 belonged to the group above, repeated VEP tests were performed from the acute onset of the disease and up to 2 years afterwards confirming that a considerable normalization of VEP latencies occurs.
REFRACTIVE CHANGE IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RABBITS CONTROL BY FLAVONOIDS I
Authors: VARMA SHAMBHU D. , EL‐AGUIZY HAMED K. , RICHARDS RICHARD D.
Published: May 2009

The rabbit eye is hyperopic by approximately 4D. The induction of diabetes leads to a further enhancement in the degree of hyperopia. This enhancement is attenuated substantially by flavonoids as inhibitors of aldose reduction. The development of refractive changes in diabetic lens involves aldose reductase catalyzed polyol synthesis.
CORNEAL THICKNESS AND ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE AFTER INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

The corneal thickness and the specular appearance of the corneal endothelium are reported in 100 patients with unilateral intraocular lens implantation. Post‐operative time ranged from one to 42 months. An average central endothelial cell loss of uncomplicated cases of 46%, range 1 to 83%, with no correlation with time after the operation was found. A significantly higher cell loss was found in cases with technical complications, shallow anterior chamber or increased intraocular pressure post‐operatively. No correlation was found between the corneal thickness and the endothelial cell loss. In two patients, however, with a cell density below 500 cells/mm2, a slight increase in corneal thickness was noted. Thirty patients presented a guttate endothelium. Irrespective of the occurrence of surgical complications the presence of a guttate endothelium was found to be a major determinant of the corneal thickness increase and could be ascribed as a cause of persistent corneal swelling in six of twelve patients with elevated corneal thickness. The progression of guttate changes occurred independently of the cell loss.
THE USE OF CONTACT LENSES IN WET OR DAMP ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: LÖVSUND PER , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , ÖBERG P. ÅKE
Published: May 2009

The adhesion between the eye and a contact lens was recorded when influenced by water with varying salt concentrations. Both active removal and spontaneous loss of hard and soft contact lenses applied to the eye were investigated.

In environments with saline < 9 0/00 the risk of a soft contact lens falling out from the eye is almost negligible. In environments with saline ≤9 0/00 the risk increases since adhesion in active removal decreased considerably. In reality, based upon the investigations of spontaneous loss of contact lenses in an underwater environment, well fitted soft lenses still do not however fall out of the eye. It should therefore be possible to use well fitted soft contact lenses without any significant risk even in working conditions which may include splashing of water upon the eye and regardless of the various salt concentrations of naturally occurring water in Sweden.

For hard contact lenses, independent of salt concentration, adhesion in the underwater environment is extremely low and such lenses cannot therefore be used on an unprotected eye in conjunction with, for example, swimming. The risk of them falling out under splashing with water upon the eye is clearly greater than for soft lenses.
ADVANCED RETINOBLASTOMA IN MALAYSIAN CHILDREN
Authors: SINNIAH D. , NARASIMHA G. , PRATHAP K.
Published: May 2009

Twenty children with retinoblastoma are reviewed who were treated at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur over a 10‐year‐period. They constitute 6.6% of childhood malignancies and without exception all presented with advanced disease. Hereditary cases were notably absent in the the series probably because past cases have almost invariably succumbed without an opportunity to transmit the gene. With enucleation and radiotherapy six of the patients have survived from 2 to 12 years. The addition of vincristine and cyclophosphamide has not been associated with improved survival.
HUMAN SENILE CATARACT
Authors: JENSEN O. A. , LAURSEN A. B.
Published: May 2009

Light‐ and electron‐microscopic studies of human senile cataractous lenses with and without biomicroscopically detectable anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO) revealed the main difference between the two types of cataract to be in the subepithelial cortex, where ACSCO lenses showed disintegrating cortex fibres, fibres of the deep cortical type and even in some cases collapsed fibres. These findings were considered to be associated with the decomposition and disappearance of the superficial cortex in ACSCO lenses. Numerous mitochondria in the epithelium of ACSCO lenses point towards a high oxidative metabolism, which may facilitate active transport across the epithelium.

No difference in capsular surface morphology between cataractous lenses with and without ACSCO was found by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed in both categories of lenses granular inclusions in the capsules, most pronounced in totally opaque lenses.

Large intercellular vacuoles were seen in the anterior part of the epithelium, both light‐ and electron‐microscopically in both categories. Consequently, these ultrastructural changes do not seem to form part of the biomicroscopical picture of ACSCO. Based on our study, we prefer the term: ASCO (anterior subcapsular opacity) in place of ACSCO, the latter term having been used by us previously.
NEW VISUAL ACUITY TEST FOR PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: HYVÄRINEN LEA , NÄSÄNEN RISTO , LAURINEN PENTTI
Published: May 2009

A new test chart was developed for the measurement of visual acuity of pre‐school children. The symbols of the test are circle, square, apple and house. These were so designed that each symbol measures visual acuity similarly. This feature of the test was verified experimentally. The visual acuity values measured by the individual symbols correlated highly with the visual acuity values measured with the whole test (0.82–0.86). The correlation between the visual acuity values measured repeatedly, the reliability of the new test, was found to be 0.94 for adult subjects. The new visual acuity test thus fulfils the statistical criteria of a good visual acuity test. Because both children and nurses seem to like the new test, it may be useful in the assessment of visual acuity in pre‐school children.
A HUMAN AND IN VITRO STUDY ON THE EXCHANGE OF WATER AND SOLUTES FROM SOFT CONTACT LENSES
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , JENSEN F. TAAGEHØJ , MARQVERSEN J.
Published: May 2009

Elimination of technetium (pertechnetate in normal saline solution) was studied from various types of contact lenses placed on normal human eyes by means of computer assisted gamma camera using ‘region of interest technique’ with the designated area corresponding to the conjunctival sac.

An elimination 4 times slower was found from a highly hydrophilic lens (Scanlens) than from a HEMA‐lens (Soflens), 0.5%/min and 2.0%/min, respectively. From an ultrathin lens (U3‐Soflens) was eliminated 2.4%/min. Hard lenses did not absorb the isotope.

In a laboratory study the lenses were pre‐soaked in pertechnetate, blotted and washed at 2 min intervals in 0.5 ml saline. By this procedure 3%/min of the technetium was eliminated from Scanlens, 16%/min from Soflens and 28%/min from a thin, therapeutic lens (Plano‐T). The ratio Soflens/Scanlens was in the human study 4.0 and in the laboratory study 4.9. Radioactivity was very rapidly eliminated from CAB‐lenses.

A similar study was carried out with radioactive water. More than 100%/min was eliminated in the first 10 min followed by a slower elimination from 10–20 min. Then an increased elimination was seen for a few min. This increased elimination was in repeated studies constantly found after 20 min. It was not found in the studies with technetium and labelled leucine.
A MULTICENTRE STUDY OF THE EFFECT AND TOLERANCE OF OCUSERT‐P‐40
Authors: ÅKERBLOM T. , AURELL E. , CRISTIANSSON J. , KRIISA‐KUNNOS V. , WIEBERT O.
Published: May 2009

The suitability of treatment with Ocusert®‐P‐40, a lamellar system inserted in the eye and allowing the constant release of pilocarpine, was studied in a group of patients (age range 43–83 years) with wide‐angle glaucoma. Those patients completing a 3‐week trial were included in an 8 month follow‐up study in which the long‐term efficacy and tolerance of Ocusert® were studied.

Treatment was discontinued in 13 of the 42 patients in the 3‐week trial owing to initial irritation and retention problems (n= 11) or unsatisfactory control of the intraocular pressure (I.O.P.) (n=2). Of the 29 patients entering the long‐term study, two were withdrawn because of tolerance problems and two as a result of unsatisfactory control of I.O.P. The 25 patients completing the study considered the Ocusert® system more convenient and less liable to produce troublesome side‐effects than their previous therapy. Ocusert® was best tolerated by the younger patients.
TIMOLOL VERSUS PILOCARPINE SEPARATELY OR COMBINED WITH ACETAZOLAMIDE‐EFFECTS ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: CALISSENDORFF B. , MARÉN N. , WETTRELL K. , ÖSTBERG A.
Published: May 2009

Fifty‐eight patients with intraocular hypertension or primary open angle glaucoma participated in a double masked randomized study. Timolol in concentrations 0.25% and 0.5% was compared with 1, 2, or 4% pilocarpine. Acetazolamide (250 mg × 3) was added if intraocular pressure (IOP) was uncontrolled with the highest concentrations tested.

No statistical difference was found in hypotensive effect between pilocarpine and timolol neither on ocular hypertensions nor glaucomas. The additive hypotensive effect of acetazolamide was the same for both substances. Once a day administration of timolol was sufficient in 17 of 20 cases controlled merely by topical administration.
THE EFFECT OF MELPERON ON OCULAR READAPTATION TIME, AS ASSESSED BY A NEW RECORDING TECHNIQUE
Authors: BERGMAN H. , BORG S. , HÖGMAN B. , LARSSON H. , TENGROTH B.
Published: May 2009

A new simplified technique recording readaptation time after photo stress, RAT, is described. The psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and retest reliability were tested, and the effect on RAT after intake of melperon at two different dose levels was investigated and correlated to blood plasma levels. The results show that there was a satisfactory consistency of RAT at each occasion but stability over a 1 month period could not be demonstrated. Significant dose‐dependent changes were recorded after intake of melperon but the prolongation of RAT was not significantly correlated to blood plasma levels.
THE ERG c‐WAVE IN VITELLIRUPTIVE MACULAR DEGENERATION (VMD)
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV
Published: May 2009

D.c. ERG registrations and EOG recordings were obtained from six patients with vitelliruptive macular degeneration (VMD). In all cases the EOG was highly pathological, but the a‐ and b‐waves of the ERG were normal. This is typical of VMD, which starts as a generalized defect of the pigment epithelium. Four patients showed no evidence of a c‐wave. The other patients demonstrated small c‐waves, but only under certain stimulus conditions. Thus, varying stimulus durations, intensities and frequencies are sometimes needed to decide whether or not ERG c‐waves can be elicited in different diseases or suspected disorders. The findings are in agreement with the presence of a generalized pigment epithelial defect in VMD, since the major positive component of the c‐wave is generated by the pigment epithelium‐receptor complex.
330 TRABECULECTOMIES A LONG TIME STUDY (3–5½ YEARS)
Authors: JERNDAL TORD , LUNDSTRÖM MATS
Published: May 2009

281 eyes out of 330 were followed during 3 to 5½ years after trabeculectomy. 32 eyes were drop‐outs due to death and 17 eyes due to inability to participate in the examination program. The mean age at time of surgery was 66 years. A mean pre‐operative IOP of 31 mmHg dropped to a mean post‐operative level of 18 mmHg. In 57% a single trabeculectomy was considered enough to control the glaucoma. Post‐operative medical treatment was considered necessary in 35%. In 87% the pre‐operative progress of the field defect was arrested. A reoperation was performed in 8%. The early complications were very few, but in 25% a slowly developing cataract was observed. A cataract extraction was performed in 29 eyes post trabeculectomiam with a favourable visual outcome. This study confirms the opinion that trabeculectomy is an atraumatic and efficient surgical procedure and a necessary therapeutic measure when the tolerable combination of antiglaucoma drugs proves insufficient to control the glaucoma.
SEMIQUANTITATIVE CYTOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF FLUID WASHED THROUGH THE LACRIMAL PASSAGE
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

A quantitative cytologic analysis of the sediment of 5 ml of saline (0.9%) washed through the lacrimal drainage system of 25 normal and 84 diseased eyes revealed that the cytological picture reflects the conditions in the lacrimal passages and not in the conjunctiva.

Neutrophilia was seen to become increasingly frequent with slowing down of the flow through the lacrimal passage, estimated on the basis of dye dilution in the lacrimal river and dye dilution in the fluid washed through the lacrimal drainage system, and also by the spontaneous passing of the dye to the nasopharynx.

Neutrophilia was present in no more than 8% of normal eyes, as against 69% of eyes with epiphora, 83% with infectious conjunctivitis, 40% with conjunctivitis sicca, and 50% with chronic simple conjunctivitis.

Neither lymphocytosis nor eosinophilia was seen in any normal eyes.

Erythrocytes were admixed artificially by washing through and probing.

Granules were absent in normal eyes, but present in 5% of the diseased eyes, while hairs were found in 4 and 14%, respectively, and the fungus Alternaria in 4 and 1%.
THE COLOUR OF THE OPTIC DISC VARIATION WITH LOCATION OF ILLUMINATION
Authors: SØRENSEN PER NELLEMANN
Published: May 2009

Read in part before the 482 meeting at the Danish Ophthalmological Society, January 19th., 1980.

The variation of the colour of the optic disc was examined with a slit lamp and contact lens in 200 normal subjects simply by moving the image of the slit acress the optic disc. This event was photographed in 15 subjects and colour densitometry was performed. The temporal part of the pale central excavation changes colour to red, when illuminated nasally and vice versa.

The colour change could not be provoked in subjects with normal discs with flattening of the temporal disc sector. The whole neurorim reddens the whole way round when the slit hits the optic disc border, and dependent on fundus pigmentation slight redness was produced even when the slit was placed outside the disc in the neighbourhood of the border.
PULSED DOPPLER ULTRASOUND FOR MEASURING BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY IN THE HUMAN OPHTHALMIC CIRCULATION
Authors: KVERNES SIGMUND , BLIKA SIGMUND , GILTVEDT JAN , MATRE KNUT , KRISTOFFERSEN KJELL , GRIP ARNE , BRUBAKK ALF O.
Published: May 2009

This study was performed in order to develop a method for studying blood flow in the ophthalmic circulation. Using a pulsed doppler system utilizing an ultrasonic frequency of 10 MHz, blood flow velocities have been measured in the ophthalmic artery and in the arteries behind the eyeball (lateral posterior ciliary arteries) in 40 normal subjects. The mean of the peak systolic velocities were 34 ± 6 cm/s in the ophthalmic artery, and 14 ± 3 cm/s in the lateral posterior ciliary arteries. We conclude that blood flow velocities can be measured in defined vessel areas in the orbit.
EFFECTS OF GRATING STIMULATION ON VISUAL ACUITY IN AMBLYOPIA
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , KVARNSTRÖM GUN , LUNDH BJÖRN L. , WRANNE KARIN
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐one children with amblyopia were treated with CAM vision stimulation. Twenty‐one of them had previously been treated with conventional methods but failed to improve further. The conventional therapy was continued during and after CAM. Grating stimulation was the first treatment attempted for the rest of the children. Most children in both groups showed improved distance visual acuity after CAM‐treatment and no one suffered a loss. The average visual acuity improvement was the same in both groups of children and did not vary with age. The improvement amounted to about 50% of the visual acuity before CAM, irrespective of the pre‐treatment acuity level. We conclude that CAM‐stimulation can be useful in cases where occlusion or other amblyopia treatment has failed, but that some form of treatment must be continued if visual acuity is to be maintained after the CAM‐treatment period.
ANTERIOR PUPILLARY BLOCK
Authors: LAZAR MOSHE , GODEL VICTOR
Published: May 2009

Two patients with post‐operative adhesions between the iris and cornea are presented. The term of anterior pupillary block is suggested, and its clinical picture is described. The irido‐corneal adherences appeared to be the trigger mechanism of the intraocular pressure rise and deepening of the posterior chamber. The tension was fully controlled following the rupture of these adherences. The beneficial result of a simple procedure of posterior chamber tap is mentioned.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND GLAUCOMATOUS DAMAGE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE PULSE AMPLITUDES
Authors: NISSEN OLE I.
Published: May 2009

Bilateral recordings with the applanating suction cup tonograph on eyes of 85 persons with and without glaucoma show that the intraocular pressure pulse amplitudes (IOPA) increase in size with the intraocular pressure (IOP) from an average of 1.85 mmHg at 12 mmHg IOP to 4.8 mmHg at 37 mmHg IOP. This relation resembles the one found between IOP increments and IOP by the injection of 157 equal volumes of saline into 10 eyes of human cadavers. The resemblance indicates that the IOPA versus IOP relation of the live eyes in all essentials is explained by systolic net equal‐volume inputs of blood into eyes with elastic proporties determined by the cornea and sclera. – IOPA are of equal size in eyes with and without glaucomatous cups and visual field defects. Since IOPA are produced mainly by volume changes in the choroid, it is concluded that the choroid is not among the tissues undergoing a general pressure atrophy in glaucoma (cases of absolute glaucoma were not studied).
FELLOW EYES OF GLAUCOMATOUS PATIENTS WITH UNIOCULAR OPTIC DISC HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: AIRAKSINEN P. JUHANI
Published: May 2009

Optic disc stereophotographs and clinical data of 94 patients with uniocular disc haemorrhage were analyzed at the time the haemorrhage was present. Comparison of haemorrhagic eyes with their fellow eyes showed that such patients do not form a separate disease entity but rather present a group of patients with different types of bilateral open‐angle glaucoma or suspected glaucoma in various stages of the disease progression. By multivariate analysis, notching of the neural rim was the most effective factor to increase probability of bleeding in contrast to presence of capsular glaucoma which increased probability of an eye belonging to the non‐haemorrhagic group of eyes.
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF PATIENTS IN LONG‐TERM TREATMENT WITH TRANEXAMIC ACID
Authors: THEIL PETER L.
Published: May 2009

Fourteen patients with hereditary angioneurotic oedema (Quincke' oedema) treated for an average period of 6 years (ranging from 15 months to 8 years) with tranexamic acid were given an ophthalmological examination in order to reveal any possible toxic damages caused by the treatment. As large doses of tranexamic acid given to animals have been shown to result in retinal degeneration, the examination was focused on checking the retinal function. A complete ophthalmic examination revealed no toxic effects in the eyes of any of the patients. No retinal damages were found that could have been caused by the tranexamic acid. The central corneal thickness was normal.
TERATOMA ORBITAE
Authors: SIMONSEN A. HJORTH , SØGAARD H.
Published: May 2009

A case of orbital teratoma was noted at birth. The neoplasm with a normally developed eye at its apex protruded between distended eyelids from an enlarged but intact orbit. The tumour was successfully extirpated on the day after birth. Histological examination revealed components from all 3 germinal layers and no sign of malignancy.
PRIMARY SCLERAL ATROPHY AND RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: STENKULA STAFFAN , GISLASON INGIMUNDUR , TÖRNQUIST RAGNAR
Published: May 2009

In a retrospective study 27 patients with retinal detachment had an advanced primary scleral atrophy, needing treatment with a scleral graft. Among these 27 patients none was younger than 47. There was a good correlation between the location of the atrophic sclera and the retinal tears. Many of these eyes had an oblique astigmatism. Lattice degeneration was found to be rare. A history of retinal detachment was common in the fellow eye. The scleral grafts were well accepted by the eyes.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: HULL DAVID S. , CSUKAS STEVE , GREEN KEITH , LIVINGSTON VELDA
Published: May 2009

Because of recent evidence of low levels of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous humor, studies were performed to determine levels of corneal endothelial toxicity as well as factors modifying toxicity. Perfusion of cornea endothelial cells for 3 h with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide demonstrated a threshold of toxicity at a nominal concentration between 0.3 and 0.5 mM H2O2. The toxic effect resulted in rapid corneal swelling as well as disruption of endothelial cell cytoplasm and organelles. Both the physiologic and anatomic toxic effects of 0.5 mM H2O2 could be blocked with 5400 U/ml catalase. Exposure of corneas to 20 mM H2O2 for 10 min in the presence of EDTA ‐ Fe+3 resulted in an enhancement of corneal swelling rate more rapid than that which resulted from a 10 min exposure to 20 mM H2O2 alone. Neither the presence of ascorbic acid nor the absence of glutathione and adenosine had an effect on the cornea swelling rate which occurred during a 3 h perfusion of endothelium with 0.3 mM H2O2. Chelated iron had no effect on the corneal swelling rate induced by phototactivation of rose bengal presensitized cornea endothelial cells.