bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Corneal Elasticity Coefficient Using the ORA Database
Authors: Avetisov Sergei E. , Novikov Ivan A. , Bubnova Irina A. , Antonov Alexei A. , Siplivyi Vladimir I.
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To propose a new approach for the study of corneal biomechanics using the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) database, which is based on changes in velocity retardation in the central cornea at the peak of flattening.

Methods:

The ORA applanation curve was analyzed using a mathematical technique, which allowed calculation of the elasticity coefficient (Ke), which is primarily characteristic of the elastic properties of the cornea. Elasticity coefficient values were obtained in patients with presumably different biomechanical properties of the cornea: “normal” cornea (71 eyes, normal group), keratoconus (34 eyes, keratoconus group), LASIK (36 eyes, LASIK group), and glaucoma with elevated and compensated intraocular pressure (IOP) (38 eyes, glaucoma group).

Results:

The mean Ke value in the normal group was 11.05±1.6, and the corneal thickness correlation coefficient r
2
was 0.48. In the keratoconus group, the mean Ke value was 4.91±1.87 and the corneal thickness correlation coefficient r
2
was 0.47. In the LASIK group, Ke and r
2
were 5.99±1.18 and 0.39, respectively. In the glaucoma group, the same eyes that experienced a two-fold reduction in IOP developed a statistically significant reduction in the Ke (1.06 times lower), whereas their corneal hysteresis value increased 1.25 times.

Conclusions:

The elasticity coefficient calculated using the ORA applanation curve can be used in the evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties.
Escritura, espacios sociales y cosmologías indígenas en Nueva España: una aproximación a los calendarios zapotecos
Authors: Tavárez David
Published: November 2009

En 1704 y 1705, unas 103 copias del calendario ritual zapoteco de 260 días y cuatro colecciones de cantos rituales fueron entregadas al obispo fray Ángel Maldonado por oficiales de república zapotecos en la alcaldía mayor de Villa Alta, Oaxaca. Este artículo analiza los múltiples significados religiosos y sociales de dichos calendarios mediante un énfasis en dos puntos principales: la relación entre espacios sociales, historicidad y creencias cosmológicas en estas comunidades indígenas, y la emergencia de un nuevo género textual clandestino caracterizado por un discurso híbrido sobre prácticas religiosas, el que permitía a los especialistas compartir sus conocimientos cosmológicos a un público indígena alfabetizado.
Designing E-Learning Services: A Case Study
Authors: Yang Shanshan , Joy Mike
Published: November 2009

Recently, increasing numbers of e-learning tools have been developed. However, the benefits of these tools cannot be fully used as they typically operate separately and do not communicate with each other. It is necessary to develop a solution to redeploy existing tools, and create new tools, in a more effective way. Our approach is to link and manage these e-learning tools together, by grouping the tools together and presenting them as a set of e-learning services, implemented using service technologies. In this paper, we propose a set of e-learning services, together with the approach we have adopted to develop them, which are developed based on a case study.
Potential Pedagogical Benefits and Limitations of Multimedia Integrated Desktop Video Conferencing Technology for Synchronous Learning
Authors: Schols Maurice
Published: November 2009

As multimedia gradually becomes more and more an integrated part of video conferencing systems, the use of multimedia integrated desktop video conferencing technology (MIDVCT) will open up new educational possibilities for synchronous learning. However, the possibilities and limitations of this technology must be clearly understood so that it can be used to maximize possible pedagogical benefits and reduce possible pedagogical limitations. This paper analyses the process of integrating MIDVCT in a first-year English language course, and offers insights into theoretical underpinnings of multimedia learning from two perspectives: the generative theory of multimedia learning and the cognitive overload theory. The data discussed in this paper have been drawn from a study which took place in a cross institutional setting at Fontys University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands. The data were collected and analyzed according to a qualitative approach.
Case Study of BELL E-learning: Award-Winning, Interactive E-learning on a Nonprofit Budget
Authors: Marquart Matthea , Jones Rizzi Zora
Published: November 2009

BELL (Building Educated Leaders for Life) is a nonprofit organization offering academic tutoring to elementary school children from low-income, urban communities. BELL launched a blended learning training for the tutoring staff working in its summer program in 2008, and won Training Magazineâ??s Blended Learning and Performance Project of the Year. The e-learning from that blended learning training is discussed in this paper.
Adult Education and Lifelong Learning. The case of GSAE (General Secretary for Adult Education) in Greece
Authors: Kalogiannakis Michail , Vassilakis Kostas , Alafodimos Constantinos , Papadakis Stamatis , Papachristos Dimitris , Zafeiri Evi
Published: November 2009

The participation rates in adult education in Greece are low in comparison with other European countries. Within the framework of the present research an effort has been undertaken in order to evaluate the program of training instructors of adults through distance learning education hosted by the GSAE (General Secretary for Adult Education) and the ICAE (Institute for the Continuing Adult Education) in Greece. Among the most important outcomes of this research was considered to be the positive attitude of the participants concerning the program in general as well as the electronic educational material distributed. Furthermore, the hybrid educational process selected for use by the program was thought to be particularly flexible. As for the programâ??s negative aspects, the main problems noted were the distance certain trainees had to cover in order to participate physically during the scheduled meetings, as well as the technical issues arose within the e-learning environment.
Third Place Learning Environments: Perspective Sharing and Perspective Taking
Authors: Alagic Mara , Rimmington Glyn M. , Orel Tatiana
Published: November 2009

In this paper we deliberate on intercultural and global communication strategies of perspective sharing and perspective taking, and potential perspective transformation. Consideration to these strategies is given within the two instances of third place learning environments: (a) Role-play simulation environment in which learners develop experiment with strategies for resolving intercultural misconceptions, and (b) a professional virtual learning network that may provide just-in-time support for its members encountering disorienting dilemma. The central purpose of the second environment is actually development of knowledge basis for understanding of Third Place Learning.
Development and Evaluation of a Prototype of Learning Support System for Honorific Forms in Japanese
Authors: Nakayama Minoru , Morita Keisuke
Published: November 2009

Most Japanese encounter difficulty using the honorific form. A prototype of a web-based learning support system for Japanese honorific forms was developed in response to the results of a needs assessment survey. Using the results garnered from this study, learning performance and its interaction with learnersâ?? characteristics was examined. Initial results suggests that by using this prototype tool, learners have gained mastery in assessing the situations they are engaged in, thus leading them to use honorific forms more correctly.
Discarded Military Munitions Case Study: Ordnance Reef (HI-06), Hawaii
Authors: Garcia Sonia Shjegstad , MacDonald Kathryn , De Carlo Eric Heinen , Overfield Mike L. , Reyer Tony , Rolfe Jason
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn 2006, the U.S. Department of the Army and Department of the Navy funded a survey of Site HI-06, locally known as Ordnance Reef, Oahu, Hawaii, an area of shallow fringing nearshore reef that was used as a disposal area for discarded military munitions following
World War II. This study determined site boundaries; the quantity, type, and locations of munitions present, collected and analyzed sediment and fish samples; and generated a screening-level survey of the data suggesting that contamination from munitions did not pose a threat to human health.
Subsequent review of the 2006 study by community members as well as state and Federal resource agencies identified several data gaps requiring further investigation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Pacific Ocean Division identified remaining study questions and engaged local experts to design
and conduct the follow-on investigation. The University of Hawaii, with assistance from Environet Inc., is conducting a remedial investigation and risk assessment of Ordnance Reef. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is also contributing to the ongoing research effort by deploying
sensors that will monitor ocean currents in the area. Data from the sensors will be used to model current patterns and pollutant transport mechanisms to determine potential migration paths should contaminant releases occur from the munitions.
Munitions and Dredging Experience on the United States Coast
Authors: Greene Paul , Follett George , Henker Clint
Published: November 2009

AbstractA number of dredging projects have unknowingly and unfortunately encountered munitions and explosives of concern (MEC). MEC have been discovered on dredges (e.g., in dragheads, cutterheads, pump casings) and at the dredged material placement site. Detonations have
occurred that have either damaged the dredge plant or have even sunk the dredging vessel. A number of recent dredging projects have proactively addressed MEC issues before the start of construction, thereby greatly reducing overall risk and MEC cleanup costs. This paper explains common dredging
equipment, discusses techniques useful in reducing the inherent risks of dredging in sediments containing MEC, and discusses lessons learned during various dredging projects involving MEC.Application of MEC avoidance and exclusion techniques during dredging operations is minor compared
to the enormous cost of post-dredging MEC cleanup. Most importantly, it is possible to avoid exposing the public to explosive safety hazards and minimize those to workers with proper planning and execution.
A Case Study in Modeling Dispersion of Yperite and CLARK I and II from Munitions at Paardenmarkt, Belgium
Authors: Francken Frederic , Hafez Ahmed M.
Published: November 2009

AbstractA case study focused on modeling the dispersion of Yperite (Sulfur Mustard) and arsenical chemical agents CLARK I and II in sediment from munitions disposed at the Paardenmarkt site, Belgium, is discussed. Based on conceptual models, simulations were run for the dispersion
of Yperite and CLARK I and II in marine sediments, generating concentration data for temporal and geographical scales in the event of a leakage from an idealized munition. Based on the simulation, leakage of Yperite from a munition into the surrounding marine sediment will give toxic effects
only up to a few centimeters from the munition casing. Utilizing a munition with an estimated 44 g of arsenic for the CLARK I and II simulations, the arsenical degradents at the level of Estimated No Effects Concentration or higher gives a volume of sediments in the shape of a sphere with
a radius of 0.5 m in a time period of 10 years; increasing threefold in volume over a period of 100 years.
Overview of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Chemical Weapons Disposal Oversight Program
Authors: Tincher Terry
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the early 1970s, the U.S. Congress mandated destruction of outdated chemical weapons. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is required by law to review plans for transportation and disposal of chemical warfare materials to ensure adequate protection
of public health and safety. Plans must describe methods and facilities and include destruction schedules and facility management. CDC’s Chemical Weapons Elimination program protects “public health and safety by reviewing, advising, and making recommendations on the safe disposal
and transportation of stockpile and non-stockpile chemical warfare agents.”As part of its oversight role, the program formed partnerships with agencies such as state health departments, local medical facilities, and state environmental departments. CDC provides guidance and expertise
to address issues and concerns of officials and the public. CDC also works with local citizens’ advisory committees and federal agencies to address issues for workers and the local areas.Chemical warfare agents in the U.S. stockpile are destroyed by several methods, including incineration
and chemical processing with caustic products. Technologies used to destroy recovered chemical warfare materiel include transportable treatment systems.The U.S. Army is a world leader in chemical weapons elimination. More than a decade of experience demonstrates that these weapons can
be destroyed safely, without harm to destruction-facility employees, the community, or the environment. This portion of the article focuses on the history and challenges of systems that safely destroy chemical weapons and how they must be considered for plans to recover and destroy underwater
chemical munitions.
The Use of the RUST Database to Inventory, Monitor, and Assess Risk from Undersea Threats
Authors: Overfield Mike L. , Symons Lisa C.
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) is to serve as the trustee for the nation’s system of marine protected areas, to conserve, protect, and enhance their biodiversity, ecological
integrity, and cultural legacy. A century of ocean dumping has left the world with a forgotten legacy of chemical and conventional weapons, nuclear waste dumpsites, shipwrecks, abandoned pipelines, and wellheads found in all ocean waters, including those of the National Marine Sanctuary System.
The ONMS created the Resources and Undersea Threats (RUST) database to catalogue potential threats, including shipwrecks, munitions dumpsites, radiological waste dumpsites, abandoned pipelines, and wellheads. RUST data are composed of and synthesized from numerous databases and thousands of
document files that cover the U.S. coastline out to the outer continental shelf; however, initial database population has primarily focused on the NMS System. These data sources combine to create a single, all-inclusive entry for each submerged site that includes but is not limited to positioning,
site type (i.e., vessel or munitions dumpsite), ship/container typology, cargo, type and estimated amount of hazardous material remaining (e.g., oil, diesel fuel, mustard gas), and inherent risks associated with the site. Taking a proactive instead of a reactive approach to mitigating
this risk will reduce response costs and diminish the threat of environmental and socioeconomic damages.
‘Covenanting for Justice’? On the Accra Document, Reformed Theology and Reformed Ecclesiology
Authors: Smit Dirkie J.
Published: November 2009

The essay provides a brief summary of the main argument of the Accra Document drafted by the World Alliance of Reformed Churches and entitled ‘Covenanting for Justice in the Economy and the Earth’. The focus is on discovering and describing the internal structure, the logic and focus, and thereby some of the most important implicit and explicit theological and ecclesiological convictions, suppositions and claims of the document, as far as possible in its own terminology. It then offers a tentative theological assessment, pointing out four very typical Reformed characteristics of the document, including its typical confessional nature and style. It finally suggests some ecclesiological implications arising from the document, again calling to mind four very specific characteristics of Reformed ecclesiology. On the whole, the essay serves as an invitation to further study, discussion and refl ection on the challenges and calling implied in the document.
The historical context of the Accra Confession
Authors: Rust Averell
Published: November 2009

This article places the Accra Confession, accepted at the 24th General Assembly of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (WARC) (2004), within the historical context of the WARC’s struggle for economic justice in the face of globalisation. It moves beyond addressing such issues merely as ethical issues to rather viewing them as confessional issues of faith. It highlights the difficulties of the WARC to reach consensus on issues concerning economic justice. It also shows how the WARC has taken the lead in the ecumenical movement by engaging a broad spectrum of people – professionals and non-professionals, from the North and the South, rich and poor – to ensure that such a confession is a true reflection of the experiences of people at grass-roots level and that it speaks from the heart. The Accra Confession challenges Christians to take a faith stance on economic injustice.
Theological remarks on the Accra Confession
Authors: Haase Hans-Wilfried
Published: November 2009

This article provides a critical evaluation of the Accra Confession (WARC 2004). The misery in various regions of the southern hemisphere poses an extreme ethical challenge for the Christian faith; the outcry for justice should not be left unheeded. It is necessary that the causes of this misery should be clearly described before viable strategies for overcoming it can be developed. The Accra Confession seems to be rather one-dimensional in its evaluation of reality. The ethical charge implied by the term ‘confession’ is of little use when dealing with complex global fields of action that only rarely allow a simple equation of cause and reaction. It is not so much a ‘confession’ (or Bekenntnis) that is needed but rather a renewed discussion among all concerned on the best ways to achieve more justice.
The concept of empire as a stumbling stone: Aspects of an ecumenical discussion on the theme of empire
Authors: Wasserloos-Strunk Martina
Published: November 2009

The topic of empire is one of the main disputed points in the discussion following the ‘Accra Declaration’. This article evaluates several points of view from the South and North concerning ‘empire’ and shows how the dynamics of the different contexts have influenced the tense discussions in the churches. A distinction has to be made between the real-political high profile of modern empires and the more metaphorical interpretation of empire as it is expressed in the Bible. The discussion on empire can become a stumbling block if it is not approached with great compassion for the victims of globalisation, a careful sense of the vastly different situations in the South and the North, and an understanding of real-political structures. This article warns against the danger of polarisation and seeks to build a bridge toward a common understanding.
A hermeneutics of sexual identity: A challenge to conservative religious discourse
Authors: Hill Samuel
Published: November 2009

I argue that since two significant periods (that form part of what is called �Deuteronomistic history�) in the history of the Jews contributed to the development of the Biblical narrative in the format that we have it in today, it can be said that what we have in the Old Testament is really a Jewish national grand narrative. As such, part of the function of this text is to create a strong national identity for the purpose of a people to survive as a people in a hostile environment. Understanding the Old Testament (specifically the books Genesis to II Kings) in this way, and using the insights of the queer theorist Judith Butler with regard to performativity and interpellation, I demonstrate that the Biblical narrative, while condemning homogenital acts, nevertheless has limited application when trying to establish normative guidelines around contemporary issues regarding sexual identity, especially homosexuality, since laws and attitudes that are seen to proscribe homogenital activity arose in a context of a politics of survival.
Proteolytic Cleavage, Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Aehle Wolfgang , Bott Richard , Graycar Thomas
Published: November 2009

Proteolytic cleavage, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, is a ubiquitous reaction in nature catalyzed by enzymes calledpeptidases(also referred to asproteases,proteinases, andproteolytic enzymes). Whether the purpose served is digestive scavenging of nutrients or regulation of a critical physiological process such as blood coagulation, peptidases play an essential role in the growth and survival of all living organisms. Because of their abundance and importance, the reaction mechanisms of peptidases have been studied more extensively than any other class of enzyme. Many of the first high resolution x‐ray crystal structures of proteins were obtained for peptidases. Our understanding of the mechanism of rate acceleration used by peptidases and the structural basis for their specificity has improved dramatically through the use of a recombinant DNA technique calledsite‐specific mutagenesis. Developed in the early 1980s, site‐specific mutagenesis is a method whereby one or more specific residues in the amino acid sequence of a protein can be removed or, more commonly, replaced with another amino acid via mutagenesis of its corresponding cloned gene. The contribution to catalysis of an amino acid functional group in the active site of an enzyme can then be determined directly. Because of the valuable insight into the reaction mechanism of peptidases afforded by site‐specific mutagenesis studies and high resolution x‐ray crystallography, there has been significant progress made in the design of new peptidase inhibitor drugs as well as the development of peptidases with improved properties for medicinal and industrial applications.
Regulatory Requirements for Human Biopharmaceuticals, European Community
Authors: Walsh Gary
Published: November 2009

The European Union (EU), consisting of 27 member states and supporting a population of almost 500 million, now represents the world's single largest developed pharmaceutical market. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, a series of pharmaceutical laws were enacted throughout the EU, which effectively harmonized pharmaceutical regulations within all member states. This legislation, along with associated guidelines and other interpretative documents, collectively comprise the 10‐volume “rules governing medicinal products within the EU”, which is published by the European Commission. These laws also paved the way for the establishment of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA), charged with managing and coordinating the new EU‐wide drug regulatory system. The EMEA assesses new marketing application for biotech drugs via a centralized system. The agency, through its Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), formulates an opinion on the application within an active evaluation time frame of 210 days. This opinion is then transmitted to the European Commission, the EU body with the legislative power to actually grant marketing authorization. The commission has 90 days in which to examine the EMEA opinion and make a final decision. Thus, the overall drug approval process is undertaken within 300 days of active evaluation. In addition to playing a central role in assessing new biotech drugs for marketing authorization, the EMEA also plays various roles in other activities pertinent to a drug's life cycle. This includes the drug development process, pharmacovigilance, and manufacturing. Much of the day‐to‐day activities concerning the latter regulatory issues, however, are undertaken within the national regulatory bodies of the individual EU member states.
Solid Substrate Fermentations, Enzyme Production, Food Enrichment
Authors: Chisti Yusuf
Published: November 2009

In this article, use of solid substrate fermentations in producing foods, enzymes, and other commodities is discussed. Factors that influence solid‐state fermentation are outlined. Major types of fermenters used are reviewed. Processes are outlined for producing a selection of fermented foods and enzymes. Biosafety considerations that are relevant to solid‐state fermentation are discussed.
Solute Transport, Microbial
Authors: Marquis Robert E.
Published: November 2009

Solute transport systems in the cell and organelle membranes of industrial microbes play major roles in the physiological processes exploited for human benefit. Transmembrane transport of solutes is a major function of microbial cells, and commonly, some 15% of the total protein production of cells is devoted to transport proteins. Very often, the rates at which solutes enter cells determine the rates at which cytoplasmic enzymes can act on substrates from the environment. Transport systems are also important in the excretion of toxic materials from cells or in the production of exopolymers such as exoenzymes. Prominent types of transmembrane transport systems include channels, which mainly act as selective conduits for the movement of solutes, including water, through membranes and various carriers, which are commonly active, energy‐coupled transporters of solutes into or out of cells. These transporters may act by uniport, symport, or antiport, and also by group translocation, for example, in phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase systems. Energy coupling for transport systems may be primary, for example, involving membrane F‐ATPases working in the synthase mode in conjunction with respiration or photosynthesis. Primary coupling can also involve cytoplasmic metabolism resulting in alkalinization of the cytoplasm, for example, through decarboxylation resulting in proton entry from the environment through F‐ATPases with net synthesis of ATP or energization of the cell membrane. F‐ATPases also play prominent roles in acid–base balance when they act in the hydrolytic mode to excrete protons when cells are in acid environments. Transport processes may also be secondarily energized by solute gradients across the cell membrane with, for example, antiport of the product of a metabolic process out of the cell with coupled antiport of the substrate for the process. Currently, there is an increasing appreciation for the roles of biofilms in industrial processes and the need to use biofilms, for which solute uptake may be diffusion limited, for the studies of transport processes of industrial microbes, which normally live in biofilm communities.
Plants: Genetic Transformation
Authors: Siemens Johannes
Published: November 2009

The majority of cultivated plants, including all major cereals, can be transformed either byAgrobacterium‐mediated transformation or by particle bombardment, which are the two widely used methods for genetic manipulation of plants. Virus‐based vectors can be efficiently used for high transient expression of foreign proteins in transfected plants, providing a low cost alternative to stable transformation. Beside these three major methods, further techniques such as protoplast‐based direct gene transfer, tissue electroporation, silicon carbide fiber‐mediated transformation, sonoporation, and microinjection have yielded transgenic plants, and still find applications.
Biomimetic Patterns in Architectural Design
Authors: Vincent Julian
Published: November 2009

Julian Vincent, Professor of Biomimetics and Director of the Centre for Biomimetics and Natural Technologies within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Bath, identifies three distinct levels at which patterns can be translated from biology to architecture. Emphasising the importance of pattern recognition in the transfer of the most abstract derivations, he demonstrates that the greatest potential for biomimetics lies in its application for problem solving rather than straightforward mimicry of biological shapes and forms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional FeCo/TiN Multilayer Thin Films with Combined Magnetic and Protective Properties
Authors: Klever Christian , Stüber Michael , Leiste Harald , Nold Eberhard , Seemann Klaus , Ulrich Sven , Brunken Hayo , Ludwig Alfred , Thede Claas , Quandt Eckhard
Published: November 2009

Coatings with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometer up to several micrometer produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes have been established in engineering technologies since the early 1980s. In particular, magnetron sputtered wear resistance coatings are industrially established and capable to enhance tool lifetimes significantly. However, in cases where optical inspection of a coating in use is not possible, an intrinsic sensor function of the film would be beneficial. Therefore, the development of wear resistant coatings with an integrated sensor functionality based on the insertion of a magnetoelastic ferromagnetic phase is suggested. In combination with appropriate read‐out electronics such a film system would be ready for online monitoring of the coatings' actual state (e.g., strain, temperature, volume loss). This paper focuses on the development of wear resistance coatings which simultaneously supply beneficial mechanical properties as well as ferromagnetic properties optimized for online non‐contact read‐out applications. Multilayer coatings obtained through alternate stacking of magnetron sputtered TiN and FeCo layers with a nominal total thickness of 1000 nm were produced as a model system meeting the above conditions. The bilayer period was varied down to 2.6 nm while the individual layer thickness ratio tTiN/tFeCo was determined by the deposition rates and maintained constant at a value of about 3/1. The films were vacuum annealed ex situ in a static magnetic field subsequent to the deposition. The constitution of the as‐deposited and annealed coatings as well as their mechanical (nanohardness, Young's modulus) and magnetic properties (magnetization hysteresis, frequency‐dependent permeability) are described. Finally, the suitability of the coatings for the use in remote‐interrogable wear sensor applications is briefly discussed.
Three patients with oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum and microdeletion 22q11.2
Authors: Digilio M. Cristina , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Heike Carrie , Catania Charles , Dallapiccola Bruno , Marino Bruno , Zackai Elaine H.
Published: November 2009

We report on three unrelated patients with the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (del22q11) who have phenotypic anomalies compatible with oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS). Hemifacial microsomia, unilateral microtia, hearing loss, congenital heart/aortic arch arteries defects, and feeding difficulties were present in all three patients. Additional anomalies occasionally diagnosed included coloboma of the upper eyelid, microphthalmia, cerebral malformation, palatal anomalies, neonatal hypocalcemia, developmental delay, and laryngomalacia. Several clinical features characteristic of OAVS have been described in patients with del22q11 from the literature, including ear anomalies, hearing loss, cervical vertebral malformations, conotruncal cardiac defects, renal malformations, feeding and respiratory difficulties. Atretic ear with facial asymmetry has been previously described in one patient. Thus, clinical expression of hemifacial microsomia and microtia resembling OAVS should now be included within the wide phenotypic expression of del22q11. The occurrence of this manifestation in del22q11 is currently low. Nevertheless, patients with hemifacial microsomia and microtia associated with clinical features typically associated with del22q11 should now have for specific cytogenetic testing. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fallback foods and dietary partitioning among Pan and gorilla
Authors: Yamagiwa Juichi , Basabose Augustin Kanyunyi
Published: November 2009

Recent findings on the strong preference of gorillas for fruits and the large dietary overlap between sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees has led to a debate over the folivorous/frugivorous dichotomy and resource partitioning. To add insight to these arguments, we analyze the diets of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees inhabiting the montane forest of Kahuzi‐Biega National Park (DRC) using a new definition of fallback foods (Marshall and Wrangham: Int J Primatol 28 [2007] 1219–1235). We determined the preferred fruits of Kahuzi chimpanzees and gorillas from direct feeding observations and fecal analyses conducted over an 8‐year period. Although there was extensive overlap in the preferred fruits of these two species, gorillas tended to consume fewer fruits with prolonged availability while chimpanzees consumed fruits with large seasonal fluctuations. Fig fruit was defined as a preferred food of chimpanzees, although it may also play a role as the staple fallback food. Animal foods, such as honey bees and ants, appear to constitute filler fallback foods of chimpanzees. Tool use allows chimpanzees to obtain such high‐quality fallback foods during periods of fruit scarcity. Among filler fallback foods, terrestrial herbs may enable chimpanzees to live in small home ranges in the montane forest, whereas the availability of animal foods may permit them to expand their home range in arid areas. Staple fallback foods including barks enable gorillas to form cohesive groups with similar home range across habitats irrespective of fruit abundance. These differences in fallback strategies seem to have shaped different social features between sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:739–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using carbon isotopes to track dietary change in modern, historical, and ancient primates
Authors: Sponheimer Matt , Codron Daryl , Passey Benjamin H. , de Ruiter Darryl J. , Cerling Thure E. , Lee‐Thorp Julia A.
Published: November 2009

Stable isotope analysis can be used to document dietary changes within the lifetimes of individuals and may prove useful for investigating fallback food consumption in modern, historical, and ancient primates. Feces, hair, and enamel are all suitable materials for such analysis, and each has its own benefits and limitations. Feces provide highly resolved temporal dietary data, but are generally limited to providing dietary information about modern individuals and require labor‐intensive sample collection and analysis. Hair provides less well‐resolved data, but has the advantage that one or a few hair strands can provide evidence of dietary change over months or years. Hair is also available in museum collections, making it possible to investigate the diets of historical specimens. Enamel provides the poorest temporal resolution of these materials, but is often preserved for millions of years, allowing examination of dietary change in deep time. We briefly discuss the use of carbon isotope data as it pertains to recent thinking about fallback food consumption in ancient hominins and suggest that we may need to rethink the functional significance of the australopith masticatory package. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:661–670, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fallback foraging as a way of life: Using dietary toughness to compare the fallback signal among capuchins and implications for interpreting morphological variation
Authors: Wright Barth W. , Wright Kristin A. , Chalk Janine , Verderane Michele P. , Fragaszy Dorothy , Visalberghi Elisabetta , Izar Patricia , Ottoni Eduardo B. , Constantino Paul , Vinyard Christopher
Published: November 2009

The genusCebusis one of the best extant models for examining the role of fallback foods in primate evolution.Cebusincludes the tufted capuchins, which exhibit skeletal features for the exploitation of hard and tough foods. Paradoxically, these seemingly “specialized” taxa belong to the most ubiquitous group of closely related primates in South America, thriving in a range of different habitats. This appears to be a consequence of their ability to exploit obdurate fallback foods. Here we compare the toughness of foods exploited by two tufted capuchin species at two ecologically distinct sites;C. apellain a tropical rainforest, andC. libidinosusin a cerrado forest. We include dietary data for one untufted species (C. olivaceus) to assess the degree of difference between the tufted species. These data, along with information on skeletal morphology, are used to address whether or not a fallback foraging species exhibits a given suite of morphological and behavioral attributes, regardless of habitat. Both tufted species ingest and masticate a number of exceedingly tough plant tissues that appear to be used as fallback resources, however,C. libidinosushas the toughest diet both in terms of median and maximal values. Morphologically,C. libidinosusis intermediate in absolute symphyseal and mandibular measurements, and in measures of postcranial robusticity, but exhibits a higher intermembral index thanC. apella. We propose that this incongruence between dietary toughness and skeletal morphology is the consequence ofC. libidinosus'use of tools while on the ground for the exploitation of fallback foods. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:687–699, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary to the symposium issue: Primate fallback strategies as adaptive phenotypic plasticity—Scale, pattern, and process
Authors: Lambert Joanna E.
Published: November 2009

In this discussion, I evaluate our understanding of fallback foods in primate and hominin ecology and evolution with reference to the challenges of nomenclature, scale, and of linking individual responses to food availability and properties (process) to species traits (pattern). I use these challenges to form the framework of my discussion and ultimately conclude that we situate the discussion of primate fallback strategy into a broader, “synthetic” framework of animal form and the evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:759–766, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate)/plant fiber biodegradable composite
Authors: Liang Zhichao , Pan Pengju , Zhu Bo , Dong Tungalag , Inoue Yoshio
Published: November 2009

Biodegradable polymeric composites were fabricated from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and kenaf fiber (KF) by melt mixing technique. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, morphology and crystallization behavior were investigated for PBS/KF composites with different KF contents (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt %). The tensile modulus, storage modulus and the crystallization rate of PBS in the composites were all efficiently enhanced. With the incorporation of 30% KF, the tensile modulus and storage modulus (at 40°C) of the PBS/KF composite were increased by 53 and 154%, respectively, the crystallization temperature in cooling process at 10°C/min from the melt was increased from 76.3 to 87.7°C, and the half‐time of PBS/KF composite in isothermal crystallization at 96 and 100°C were reduced to 10.8% and 14.3% of that of the neat PBS, respectively. SEM analysis indicates that the adhesion between PBS and KF needs further improvement. These results signify that KF is efficient in improving the tensile modulus, storage modulus and the crystallization rate of PBS. Hence, this study provides a good option for preparing economical biodegradable composite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of soft segments on the surface properties of polydimethylsiloxane waterborne polyurethane prepolymer blends and treated nylon fabrics
Authors: Yen Meng‐Shung , Tsai Ping‐Yuan
Published: November 2009

This study of waterborne polyurethane prepolymer blends was done to investigate the effects of different types of soft segments on the dispersion properties and other properties of treated nylon fabrics. The particle size of the dispersion increased, the surface tension of the dispersion decreased, and the contact angle of the nylon fabric with the dispersion decreased when the blending amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer increased. The add‐on of ether‐type polyurethane increased rapidly when the ether‐type polyurethane was blended with a small amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer, whereas the add‐on of the ether‐type polyurethane reached a maximum at a blending content of 10%. The add‐on of the ester‐type polyurethane prepolymer constantly decreased with increasing blending amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer. The vertical wicking height of the treated nylon fabrics decreased slightly when the treating agent contained a small amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer. For the treated nylon fabrics with blended prepolymers, the drying time was faster than for the untreated fabric, and the moisture ratio reached about 10% in 15 min © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(fluorinated acrylate)/silica hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Yao Li , Yang Tingting , Cheng Shiyuan
Published: November 2009

The nanocomposite particles (NPs) with inorganic silica as core and fluorinated polymer shell have been in situ synthesized via emulsion polymerization. The chemical composition and core‐shell structure were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that silica nanoparticles were encapsulated in latex particles, with single‐ and multicore morphologies coexisting. Thermal gravimetric analysis also suggested the successful encapsulation of silica into NPs with enhanced thermal stability. The surface properties of the latex films produced from the core‐shell particles were also investigated by contact angle method and water absorption measurement. Both fluorinated polymer and silica contributed to less water absorption ratio and lower surface‐free energy, which was composed of larger polar component and smaller disperse component, just reversed as usual. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synergistic effects of fumed silica on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene
Authors: Ye Lei , Wu Qianghua , Qu Baojun
Published: November 2009

The synergistic effects of fumed silica on the thermal and flame‐retardant properties of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polypropylene based on the NP phosphorus‐nitrogen compound have been studied by Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cone calorimeter test (CCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL‐94 tests. The LOI and UL‐94 data show that when ≤1 wt % fumed silica substituted for the IFR additive NP can increase 2 to 4% LOI values of the PP blends and keep the V‐0 rating. The data obtained from the CCT tests indicate the heat release rates (HRR) reduce by about 23% for the PP/NP sample with 0.5 wt % fumed silica, whereas the mass loss rates (MLR) and total heat release (THR) values are much lower than those of the PP/NP samples without fume silica. The TGA data demonstrate that a suitable amount of fumed silica can increase the thermal stability and charred residue of the PP/IFR/SiO2 blends after 500°C. The morphological structures of charred residues observed by SEM give positive evidence that a suitable amount of fumed silica can promote the formation of compact intumescent charred layers and prevent the charred layers from cracking, which effectively protects the underlying polymer from burning. The dynamic FTIR spectra reveal that the synergistic flame‐retardant mechanism of a suitable amount of fumed silica with IFR additive is due to its physical process in the condensed phases. However, a high loading of fumed silica restricts the formation of charred layers with POP and POC complexes formed from burning of polymer materials and destroys the swelling behavior of intumescent charred layers, which deteriorates the flame retardant and thermal properties of the PP/IFR blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation, morphology, and properties of silane‐modified MWCNT/epoxy composites
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Yen , Yuen Siu‐Ming , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Chiang Chin‐Lung , Huang Yuan‐Li , Wu Hsin‐Ho , Teng Chih‐Chun , Yang Cheng‐Chien , Wei Ming‐Hsiung
Published: November 2009

Both epoxy resin and acid‐modified multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were treated with 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscope (TEM) images of the MWCNT/epoxy composites have been investigated. Tensile strength of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (1.0 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 41% comparing to the neat epoxy. Young's modulus of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (0.8 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 52%. Flexural strength of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (1.0 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 145% comparing to neat epoxy. Flexural modulus of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (0.8 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 31%. Surface and volume electrical resistance of MWCNT/epoxy composites were decreased with IPTES‐MWCNT content by 2 orders and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Compatibility studies with blends based on poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) and polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Ge Zhaogang , Xiao Changfa
Published: November 2009

In this study, poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) was prepared by a suspension polymerization process, and blending with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in N,N‐dimethyl acetamide to prepare PAN/PBMA blends in various proportions. Hansen's three dimensional solubility parameters of PAN and PBMA were calculated approximately through the contributions of the structural groups. The compatibility in these blend systems was studied with theoretical calculations as well as experimental measurements. Viscometric methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used for this investigation. All the results showed that a partial compatibility existed in PAN/PBMA blend system, which may be due to the intermolecular interactions between the two polymers. And, the adsorption experiment results showed that the addition of PBMA contributed to the enhancing adsorptive properties of blend fibers, which lays the foundation for further studying PAN/PBMA blend fibers with adsorptive function. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fabrication and drug release properties of poly(5‐benzyloxy‐trimethylene‐co‐glycolide) microspheres
Authors: Qi Yi‐Ping , Miao Zhi‐Mei , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: November 2009

Poly(5‐benzyloxy‐trimethylene carbonate‐co‐glycolide) random copolymers were synthesized through the ring‐opening polymerization of 5‐benzyloxy‐trimethylene carbonate and glycolide (GA). The copolymers with different compositions, PBG‐1 with 17% GA units and PBG‐2 with 45% GA units, were obtained. Using these copolymers, microsphere drug delivery systems with submicron sizes were fabricated using an “ultrasonic assisted precipitation method.” The in‐vitro drug release from these microspheres was investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010