bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Girsanov transformation for birth and death on a Brownian flow
Authors: Phelan Michael J.
Published: April 2006

We consider a system of particles in birth and death on a Brownian flow. The system includes a particle process tracking the spatial configuration of live particles on the flow. The particle process is a Markov process on the space of counting measures. The system depends on a handful of parameters including a rate of drift, diffusion, birth, and killing. We exhibit a Girsanov formula for the absolutely continuous change of particle system by way of a change of drift, birth, and killing rates. We can only allow for a restrictive change of drift on the flow, but for fairly unrestrictive change of birth and death rates. The result is therefore of some interest in problems of statistical inference from passive transport of transient tracers.
Changes of numéraire, changes of probability measure and option pricing
Authors: Geman Hélyette , El Karoui Nicole , Rochet Jean-Charles
Published: April 2006

The use of the risk-neutral probability measure has proved to be very powerful for computing the prices of contingent claims in the context of complete markets, or the prices of redundant securities when the assumption of complete markets is relaxed. We show here that many other probability measures can be defined in the same way to solve different asset-pricing problems, in particular option pricing. Moreover, these probability measure changes are in fact associated with numéraire changes, this feature, besides providing a financial interpretation, permits efficient selection of the numéraire appropriate for the pricing of a given contingent claim and also permits exhibition of the hedging portfolio, which is in many respects more important than the valuation itself.

The key theorem of general numéraire change is illustrated by many examples, among which the extension to a stochastic interest rates framework of the Margrabe formula, Geske formula, etc.
The stability of storage models with shot noise input
Authors: Lund Robert B.
Published: April 2006

We examine the existence of limiting behavior, or stability, for storage models with shot noise input and general release rules. The shot noise feature of the input process allows the individual inputs to gradually enter the store.

We first show that a store under the unit release rule is stable if and only if the traffic intensity is less than one; this extends the classic result of Prabhu (1980) to the case of shot noise input. The stability of the unit release rule store and various stochastic orderings are then used to derive a sufficient condition for a store with a general release rule to be stable. Finally, we show that when restricted to a compact state space, our storage model is always stable.

An important component of the paper is the methodology employed: coupling and stochastic monotonicity play a key role in analyzing the non-Markov processes encountered.
The diagnosis and management of factor VIII and IX inhibitors: a guideline from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organisation
Authors: Hay Charles R. M. , Brown S. , Collins P. W. , Keeling D. M. , Liesner R.
Published: April 2006

The revised UKHCDO factor (F) VIII/IX Inhibitor Guidelines (2000) are presented. A schema is proposed for inhibitor surveillance, which varies according to the severity of the haemophilia and the treatment type and regimen used. The methodological and pharmacokinetic approach to inhibitor surveillance in congenital haemophilia has been updated. Factor VIII/IX genotyping of patients is recommended to identify those at increased risk. All patients who develop an inhibitor should be considered for immune tolerance induction (ITI). The decision to attempt ITI for FIX inhibitors must be carefully weighed against the relatively high risk of reactions and the nephrotic syndrome and the relatively low response rate observed in this group. The start of ITI should be deferred until the inhibitor has declined below 10 Bethesda Units/ml, where possible. ITI should continue, even in resistant patients, where it is well tolerated and so long as there is a convincing downward trend in the inhibitor titre. The choice of treatment for bleeding in inhibitor patients is dictated by the severity of the bleed, the current inhibitor titre, the previous anamnestic response to FVIII/IX, the previous clinical response and the side‐effect profile of the agents available. We have reviewed novel dose‐regimens and modes of administration of FEIBA (factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity) and recombinant activated FVII (rVIIa) and the extent to which these agents may be used for prophylaxis and surgery. Bleeding in acquired haemophilia is usually treated with FEIBA or rVIIa. Immunosuppressive therapy should be initiated at the time of diagnosis with Prednisolone 1 mg/kg/d ± cyclophosphamide. In the absence of a response to these agents within 6 weeks, second‐line therapy with Rituximab, Ciclosporin A, or other multiple‐modality regimens may be considered.
Transformed diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas with gains of the discontinuous 12q12‐14 amplicon display concurrent deregulation of CDK2, CDK4 and GADD153 genes
Authors: Al‐Assar Osama , Rees‐Unwin Karen S. , Menasce Lia P. , Hough Rachael E. , Goepel John R. , Hammond David W. , Hancock Barry W.
Published: April 2006

Transformation of the indolent follicular lymphoma (FL) to the aggressive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) results in resistance to therapy with shortened survival. It has been demonstrated that the 12q12‐14 region was mainly amplified in DLBCL cases but not in their FL counterparts. Therefore, we examined the DNA copy number and protein expression profiles for CDK2, CDK4 and GADD153, three genes that map to 12q12‐14, in a set of 44 paired FL/DLBCL samples from 22 patients. The concordant amplification of these genes occurred in seven of 22 (32%) of FL cases, compared with 15 of 22 (68%) of DLBCL cases. At the protein level, 15 of 22 of the DLBCL samples (68%) showed strong staining for the CDK2 protein, compared with five of 21 of FL samples (24%). The majority of the DLBCL samples (16/22, 72%) expressed the CDK4 protein, whereas the majority of the FL samples (12/21, 57%) showed no expression of this protein. Except for one DLBCL case, no expression of the GADD153 protein could be detected. The deregulation of the CDK2 and CDK4 genes at the genetic and protein levels suggest a functional role for these genes in the transformation process and could potentially provide targets for prognostic tests or therapeutic interventions.
Service integration and co‐ordination: a framework of approaches for the delivery of co‐ordinated care to children with disabilities and their families
Authors: King G. , Meyer K.
Published: April 2006

This article clarifies the nature of ‘service integration’ and ‘service co‐ordination’ and discusses how these aspects relate to the fundamental goal of providing co‐ordinated care for children with disabilities and their families. Based on a review of the service delivery literatures in the fields of health, social services and rehabilitation, a framework is presented that outlines the scope of the co‐ordination‐related functions and activities encompassed in three common types of approaches to the delivery of co‐ordinated care. These are a system/sector‐based service integration approach, an agency‐based service integration approach and a client/family‐based service co‐ordination approach. The functions outlined in the framework include aggregate‐level planning of services (designed to map out the scope and plan for service provision in a community or geographical area), administrative functions (designed to ensure wise and equitable access to resources) and client‐specific service delivery functions (designed to link clients/families to needed services). The framework is a tool that can be used to support policy making and decision making with respect to the design of efforts to provide co‐ordinated care. It provides information about commonly used approaches and the essential elements of these approaches, which can be used in making choices about the scope and nature of an approach towards service integration/co‐ordination.
The impact of immunosuppression on erythema migrans. A retrospective study of clinical presentation, response to treatment and production of Borrelia antibodies in 33 patients
Authors: Fürst B. , Glatz M. , Kerl H. , Müllegger R. R.
Published: April 2006

Background. Little is known about the potential influence of immunosuppression on erythema migrans, the hallmark of early Lyme borreliosis.

Methods. We performed a retrospective study to assess the impact of immunosuppression on erythema migrans in 33 patients with a malignant or autoimmune disease, chronic infection, or immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation. Only patients with active disease status and/or current immunosuppressive therapy were included. Pre-treatment clinical parameters, such as presentation of the skin lesion and presence of extracutaneous signs and symptoms, the disease course during a median follow-up of 9 months after therapy and serum anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies before therapy and by the end of follow-up in the 33 immunosuppressed patients were statistically compared with 75 otherwise healthy patients with erythema migrans. The 75 control patients were matched for sex, age and antibiotic therapy.

Results. With the exception of the site of erythema migrans lesions, which were found more often on the trunk than on the legs in the immunosuppressed patients (vice versa in immunocompetent patients), we found no significant differences for all investigated parameters between the two groups.

Conclusions. It appears that immunosuppression does not influence clinical presentation, response to therapy, or production of anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies of patients with erythema migrans. It is thus not necessary to treat immunosuppressed patients with erythema migrans differently from immunocompetent patients.
Influence of hazelnut flour and skin addition on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of vanilla ice cream
Authors: Dervisoglu Muhammet
Published: April 2006

The effect of hazelnut flour (1.5, 3 and 4.5%) and hazelnut kernel skin (1, 2 and 3%) on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of vanilla ice cream was examined. All samples were analysed for pH, titratable acidity, total solids, nitrogen, fat, ash, overrun, viscosity, meltdown, Hunter L‐, a‐ and b‐values, flavour, body and texture, and appearance. The samples with hazelnut flour exhibited higher pH, nitrogen, ash, viscosity, and L‐, flavour, body and texture, and appearance values than the samples with kernel skin. Samples with hazelnut flour and skin can be added to the ice cream mix to produce a non‐fat ice cream at 3% and 1% levels in combination with maltodextrin, respectively.
Dynamic Changes in Dopaminergic Neurotransmission Induced by a Low Concentration of Bisphenol‐A in Neurones and Astrocytes
Authors: Miyatake M. , Miyagawa K. , Mizuo K. , Narita M. , Suzuki T.
Published: April 2006

One of the most common chemicals that behaves as an endocrine disruptor is the compound 4,4′‐isopronylidenediphenol, called bisphenol‐A (BPA). We previously reported that prenatal and postnatal exposure to BPA potentiated central dopaminergic neurotransmission, resulting in supersensitivity to psychostimulant‐induced pharmacological actions. Many recent findings have supported the idea that astrocytes, which are a subpopulation of glial cells, play a critical role in neuronal transmission in the central nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate the role of neurone–astrocyte communication in the enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission induced by BPA. We found that treatment of mouse purified astrocytes and neurone/glia cocultures with BPA in vitro caused the activation of astrocytes, as detected by a stellate morphology and an increase in levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein. A low concentration of BPA significantly enhanced the Ca2+ responses to dopamine in both neurones and astrocytes. Furthermore, a high concentration of BPA markedly induced the activation of caspase‐3, which is a marker of neuronal apoptotic cell death in mouse midbrain neurone/glia cocultures. By contrast, treatment with 17β‐oestradiol (E2) had no such effects. Prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA led to an enhancement of the dopamine‐dependent rewarding effect induced by morphine. These findings provide evidence that BPA alters dopamine responsiveness in neurones and astrocytes and that, at least in part, it may contribute to potentiate the development of psychological dependence on drugs of abuse.
Refugia, differentiation and postglacial migration in arctic‐alpine Eurasia, exemplified by the mountain avens (Dryas octopetala L.)
Authors: SKREDE INGER , EIDESEN PERNILLE BRONKEN , PORTELA ROSALÍA PIÑEIRO , BROCHMANN CHRISTIAN
Published: April 2006

Many arctic‐alpine organisms have vast present‐day ranges across Eurasia, but their history of refugial isolation, differentiation and postglacial expansion is poorly understood. The mountain avens, Dryas octopetala sensu lato, is a long‐lived, wind‐dispersed, diploid shrub forming one of the most important components of Eurasian tundras and heaths in terms of biomass. We address differentiation and migration history of the species with emphasis on the western and northern Eurasian parts of its distribution area, also including some East Greenlandic and North American populations (partly referred to as the closely related D. integrifolia M. Vahl). We analysed 459 plants from 52 populations for 155 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) markers. The Eurasian plants were separated into two main groups, probably reflecting isolation and expansion from two major glacial refugia, situated south and east of the North European ice sheets, respectively. Virtually all of northwestern Europe as well as East Greenland have been colonized by the Southern lineage, whereas northwest Russia, the Tatra Mountains and the arctic archipelago of Svalbard have been colonized by the Eastern lineage. The data indicate a contact zone between the two lineages in northern Scandinavia and possibly in the Tatra Mountains. The two single populations analysed from the Caucasus and Altai Mountains were most closely related to the Eastern lineage but were strongly divergent from the remaining eastern populations, suggesting survival in separate refugia at least during the last glaciation. The North American populations grouped with those from East Greenland, irrespective of their taxonomic affiliation, but this may be caused by independent hybridization with D. integrifolia and therefore not reflect the true relationship between populations from these areas.
A Randomized Trial of a Multicomponent Home Intervention to Reduce Functional Difficulties in Older Adults
Authors: Gitlin Laura N. , Winter Laraine , Dennis Marie P. , Corcoran Mary , Schinfeld Sandy , Hauck Walter W.
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention to reduce functional difficulties, fear of falling, and home hazards and enhance self‐efficacy and adaptive coping in older adults with chronic conditions.

DESIGN: A prospective, two‐group, randomized trial. Participants were randomized to a treatment group or no‐treatment group.

SETTING: Urban community‐living older people.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred nineteen community‐living adults aged 70 and older who reported difficulty with one or more activities of daily living.

INTERVENTION: Occupational and physical therapy sessions involving home modifications and training in their use; instruction in strategies of problem‐solving, energy conservation, safe performance, and fall recovery techniques; and balance and muscle strength training.

MEASUREMENTS: Outcome measures included self‐rated functional difficulties with ambulation, instrumental activities of daily living, activities of daily living, fear of falling, confidence performing daily tasks, and use of adaptive strategies. Observations of home hazards were also conducted.

RESULTS: At 6 months, intervention participants had less difficulty than controls with instrumental activities of daily living (P=.04, 95% confidence interval (CI)=−0.28–0.00) and activities of daily living (P=.03, 95% CI=−0.24 to −0.01), with largest reductions in bathing (P=.02, 95% CI=−0.52 to −0.06) and toileting (P=.049, 95% CI=−0.35–0.00). They also had greater self‐efficacy (P=.03, 95% CI=0.02–0.27), less fear of falling (P=.001, 95% CI=0.26–0.96), fewer home hazards (P=.05, 95% CI=−3.06–0.00), and greater use of adaptive strategies (P=.009, 95% CI=0.03–0.22). Benefits were sustained at 12 months for most outcomes.

CONCLUSION: A multicomponent intervention targeting modifiable environmental and behavioral factors results in life quality improvements in community‐dwelling older people who had functional difficulties, with most benefits retained over a year.
Leukodepletion filters reduce Leishmania in blood products when used at collection or at the bedside
Authors: Cardo Lisa J. , Salata Jeanne , Harman Ronald , Mendez Juan , Weina Peter J.
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  Leishmania is an intracellular parasite of monocytes transmissible by transfusion. The feasibility of reducing Leishmania with leukodepletion filters was studied. At collection, infected blood contains the amastigote form of Leishmania within monocytes. Amastigotes cause the rupture of monocytes releasing free amastigotes that convert to promastigotes, which exist extracellularly at blood storage temperatures. Leukodepletion filters were tested at various time points in this process.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Blood products were infected with Leishmania organisms and then filtered with whole‐blood filters at collection, with bedside filters after storage, and to determine whether free promastigotes could be eliminated.

RESULTS:  Filtration at collection reduced Leishmania by 3 to 4 log or to the level of detection. Filtration of infected red cells after 2 weeks of storage showed a reduction of Leishmania by 4 log. Filtration resulted in a 6‐ to 8‐log reduction in promastigotes either in the presence or in the absence of white cells within the filter.

CONCLUSION:  Filtration at the time of collection and after storage of Leishmania‐infected blood resulted in a substantial reduction of free and intracellular organisms. There is currently no donor screen for Leishmania. Until adequate testing is developed, the use of leukodepletion filters could add to the safety of the blood supply.
Variation of platelet production and discard rates in 17 blood centers representing 10 European countries from 2000 to 2002
Authors: Veihola Marketta , Aroviita Pekka , Linna Miika , Sintonen Harri , Kekomäki Riitta
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  New blood safety regulations raise costs and pressure blood centers to improve their efficiency. Evaluation of platelet (PLT) production and discards between centers of different size and nationality may provide a basis for more efficient PLT inventory management.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Data were gathered retrospectively for 2000 to 2002 from 17 blood centers in 10 European countries. The descriptive analyses comprised evaluation of PLT production methods and volumes. Discard rates were surveyed also for 2003 to 2004. The number of cellular blood components produced per working hour was expressed as an arbitrary labor index.

RESULTS:  Seven hospital blood banks and 10 centers with other administrative systems participated in the study. Buffy coat (BC) and apheresis PLTs were used by all centers except two preparing all PLTs by apheresis. In 2002, 73 percent of all PLTs were produced by the BC method, and PLTs were utilized from 41 percent of whole‐blood donations. One center also produced PLTs by the PLT‐rich plasma method. Mean annual production volume of PLTs varied greatly, from 3,345 to 103,643 units, with an increase of 5.6 percent from 2000 to 2002. Three‐year mean discard rates varied between 6.7 and 25 percent, and yearly mean discard rates remained at 13 percent in 2000 to 2002 and also in 2003 to 2004. Arbitrary labor index varied from 2.4 to 7.3 between centers.

CONCLUSIONS:  PLT discard rates were relatively high in the European blood centers. Detailed information on specific causes for high discard rates would help improve the efficiency of PLT management, because blood centers cannot regulate demand. Use of labor resources in component preparation also remains an important target for further research.
Copper‐dependent degradation of recombinant ovine prion protein
Authors: Tsiroulnikov Kirill , Chobert Jean‐Marc , Haertlé Thomas
Published: April 2006

Prion protein (PrP) plays an important role in cell protection from oxidative stress due to its action as copper‐chelating protein. The present study demonstrates that PrP participates in reductions of Cu2+ to Cu+ ions, and that this process results in fragmentation of protein. The interaction with phosphatidylinositol, a natural phospholipid moiety bound to PrP, strongly enhances recombinant PrP aggregation and degradation. The copper‐dependent PrP degradation could promote the formation of amyloid structures, destabilizing the PrP soluble form by the cleavage of the N‐terminal part.
Monte Carlo ray-tracing in particle-doped light guides
Authors: Deller CA , Franklin J , Smith GB
Published: April 2006

A general Monte Carlo ray-tracing method for light guides with particles randomly dispersed in a matrix material is presented. Previous ray-tracing approaches have been designed for undoped cylindrical light guides, where a propagating ray is deviated by total internal reflection only. These geometrical principles are extended and further developed into a method of ray-tracing suitable for particle-doped systems. Redefining ray direction after deviation by a particle, obtaining ray/wall intercept points and angles, and calculation of ray reflection angles from a cylindrical surface are described. Simulations of light from a source LED traced through TRIMM-doped (Transparent Refractive Index Matched Micro-Particle) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) light guides have been performed. Distributions of the light exiting the walls of two concentrations of TRIMM-doped light guides are given, as an example of an application of the described ray-tracing method.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF SOME SPECIES OF ACROCHAETIUM (RHODOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Abbott Isabella A.
Published: April 2006

An examination of the type specimens of two of the most widely distributed species of Acrochaetium growing in Liagora clarifies the status of A. liagorae Børgesen (which includes A. collinsianum) and A. barbadense (Vickers) Børgesen (including A. liagorae of Hamel and A. vanbosseae Papenfuss). Remarks are also made on A. laxum which has been confused with A. liagorae.
DAS “MICROCYSTIS”‐PROBLEM
Authors: Komárek Jiří
Published: April 2006

Die verschiedenen Vertreter der Gattung “Microcystis” im heutigen Sinn wurden in mehrere Gattungen eingereiht. Es handelt sich um folgende: Micraloa Bias. 1833 (in Kützing 1833, typus = ? Flagellaten); Microhaloa Kütz. 1833. (Irrtum, zum ersten Mal von Rabenhorst 1865 gebraucht); Microcystis Kütz. 1833 (typus = Euglena sp.); Anacystis Menegh. 1837 (typus = Aphanothece sp.); Microcystis Kütz. em. Kütz. 1846 (sine descr.); Diplocystis Trevis. 1848; ? Cagniardia Trevis. 1848; Polycystis Kütz. 1849 (non Polycystis Lév. 1846); Clathrocystis Henfr. 1856; Microcystis Kütz. em. Elenk. 1934 (non emend.).

Für gültig kann nur Diplocystis Trevis. 1848 für diese Gattung angesehen werden, auf was zum ersten Mal Drouet und Daily (1948, 1956) aufmerksam machten.
ON HILL, WIGGERS, AND NECKER, AND ALSO THE GENUS CONOCEPHALUM
Authors: Proskauer J.
Published: April 2006

A second, post‐Linnean, edition of Hill, “A history of plants”, is described.

For purposes of botanical nomenclature Wiggers, not G. H. Weber, should be considered as the author of the “Flora holsatica”.

The names published as “species naturales” by Necker are to be considered as validly published generic names.

A lectotype species is chosen for the genus Conicephala Hill and the genus Conocephalum Wiggers, a substitute name for the former. The common lectotype species of these genera, and the species Marchantia conica L., are in turn provided with a lectotype, the same lectotype serving for both.

Conocephalum Wiggers is proposed for conservation against Conicephala Hill.
ZUR BIBLIOGRAPHIE DER SCHMIDELSCHEN “ICONES PLANTARUM ET ANALYSES PARTIUM”
Authors: Casper S. Jost
Published: April 2006

Summary**

The Icones plantarum of K. C. Schmidel were published in numerous fascicles over a period of 50 years.

The first edition was edited by G. W. Knorr. It consisted of 9 copper engravings with accompanying text and was published between Easter 1748 and Easter 1751.

J. Ch. Keller continued the work. This continuation, with a wholly revised text, consisted of plates 1‐xix and pages [1]‐72, published between 1762 and 1766.

Manipulus 1 was finished by V. Bischoff. By 1771 plates 1‐xxv and pp. [1]‐94 were available.

Manipulus 2, also edited by Bischoff, was published between 1775 and 1777 (tt. xxvi‐1 plus text). Manipulus 1 was reprinted at the same time.

The “editio secunda” (manip. 1 and 2), by Bischoff, was published in 1782 and 1783.

Manipulus 3 was edited by Schreber after Schmidel's death and published, by Palm, in 1796‐1797.
PUBLICATION DATES AND CURRENT NAMES OF 144 NAMES PROPOSED IN TWO 1848 THOMAS NUTTALL ARTICLES
Authors: Reveal James L. , Spevak Virginia S.
Published: April 2006

Nuttall's article entitled “Descriptions of Plants collected by Mr. William Gambel in the Rocky Mountains und Upper California” was first published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (volume 4) between 21 March and 4 April 1848. This article subsequently appeared also in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ser. 2, vol. 1) between 1 and 8 August 1848. Almost without exception current literature attributes the Nuttall names to the later publication. A list of the 144 names proposed by Nuttall in both articles, with present nomenclatural alignments, is appended.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BETALAINS WITH RESPECT TO THE CENTROSPERMAE
Authors: Wohlpart A. , Mabry T. J.
Published: April 2006

In order to establish the reliability of the betalains as criteria for circumscribing the Centrospermae, taxonomists are requested to forward to the authors one or two voucher specimens of red pigmented species which might belong to the Centrospermae but which are not listed in the table of betalain‐containing species.
ZUR FRAGE DER GATTUNGSNAMEN BEI FABRICIUS
Authors: Rauschert Stephan
Published: April 2006

Fabricius' Enumeratio methodica plantarum horti medici Helmstadiensis of 1759 is essentially a list of names of species grown in the Helmstedt botanic garden. These names of species are often uninominal and should not be considered generic names.
LES PLANS LIGNEUX CONVERGENTS ET LA NOMENCLATURE DE BOIS DE LÉGUMINEUSES TERTIAIRES DU SAHARA ET D'ASIE
Authors: Prakash Uttam , Boureau Edouard , Louvet Paul
Published: April 2006

Resumé

L'examen microscopique du plan ligneux secondaire des Légumineuses actuelles des espèces d'Afzelia et d'Intsia et plus spécialement la présence ou l'absence de véritables fibres septées dans leur bois, ont des conséquences importantes sur la systématique des bois fossiles correspondants. Les auteurs donnent une révision des bois de Légumineuses rangés dans le genre Pahudioxylon Chowdhury, Ghosh et Kazmi, 1960.
THE USE OF GENERALIZED INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Authors: Krauss Harriet Meadow
Published: April 2006

Computerized information systems which create, maintain and extract data from files of structured information share common processing characteristics regardless of the application to which they are being applied. Implementation and maintenance of such a system is greatly facilitated by the use of packages of generalized computer programs which are designed to perform all of the traditional information handling functions and which can be readily adapted to a wide range of data storage and search requirements. Such program packages minimize cost of system implementation and permit limited resources to be dedicated to the storage of data and the operation of the system rather than to its development.

To illustrate the characteristics and capabilities of such program packages, one example, the IBM Generalized Information System (GIS) is examined in some detail.
THE TYPES OF KÜTZING'S NEW SPECIES OF CORTICULARIA ECTOCARPUS AND SPONGONEMA
Authors: van Reine W. F. Prud'homme , den Hartog C.
Published: April 2006

The material of Ectocarpus (and Corticularia and Spongonema) that was originally in the possession of F. T. Kützing is lost. The history of this part of the Kützing‐collection is given and a list of new taxa described by Kützing in these genera is given.
THE TYPIFICATION OF HYDNUM L. EX FRIES
Authors: Petersen Ronald H.
Published: April 2006

The premise of Harrison (1971), contending that Hydnum L. ex Fr. must be typified by H. imbricatum is examined. In light of the full protologue, and employing the International Code, it is concluded that H. repandum is the rightful type of the genus.
AUTOMATED IDENTIFICATION IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Pankhurst R. J.
Published: April 2006

The state of the art in identification of biological specimens by computer is reviewed. Current methods cover construction of diagnostic keys, matching or comparison methods, and probabilistic methods related to Bayes' theorem. There are also methods for reducing the number of characters that need to be used. The methods are compared and actual and possible progress is discussed.
CHEMOSYSTEMATICS IN THE RUTACEAE II. THE CHEMOSYSTEMATICS OF THE ZANTHOXYLUM/FAGARA COMPLEX
Authors: Fish F. , Waterman P. G.
Published: April 2006

The biosynthetic pathways leading to the major groups of secondary metabolites isolated from the Zanthoxylum/Fagara complex are reviewed and there is shown to be a common precursor in chorismic acid. The use of the compounds as chemotaxonomic markers is discussed and they are found to support the concept of a direct link between the Rutaceae and ranalian stock. The potential value of the secondary metabolites in chemosystematic analysis within the family is also briefly discussed.

The alkaloids, coumarins, flavanoids and lignans of the taxa Zantboxylum and Fagara are examined in detail and the distribution found to support authorities who have expressed the view that these taxa are congeneric (Zantboxylum s.l.). The chemosystematics of Zanthoxylum s.l. indicates that the genus is primitive within the family. The secondary metabolites of Zanthoxylum s.l. are used to construct a putative phylogeny of the genus and its possible “key” position in the evolution of the family is speculated upon. It is noted that the Englerian classification of Zanthoxylum s.l., and of the Rutaceae in general, appears to be unsatisfactory.
PRIONODON LUTEO‐VIRENS (TAYL.) MITT. AND P. DICHOTOMUS HAMPE
Authors: Griffin Dana
Published: April 2006

By invoking Article 70 of the Code, it is proposed that the name, Prionodon luteovirens (Tayl.) Mitt. be retained in place of P. dichotomus Hampe. The original description of P. dichotomus is emended, and at the same time the name is removed from possible synonymy under P. luteo‐virens.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF PILOPHORUS
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , James P. W. , Laundon J. R.
Published: April 2006

Pilophorus Th. Fr. must be regarded as a valid generic name, and “Pilophoron (Tuck.) Th. Fr.” rejected. Pilophoron (Tuck.) Tuck. is a synonym of Pilophorus Th. Fr. The lectotypification of both of these names is discussed.
IDENTIFICATION AND CLARIFICATION OF STRYCHNOS COLUBRINA L. (LOGANIACEAE)
Authors: Bisset N. G. , Philcox D.
Published: April 2006

Rheede described 3 species in his Hortus malabaricus which were later to be placed in the genus Strychnos. Two of these were included by Linnaeus in his ‘Species Plantarum‘, namely S. nux‐vomica and S. colubrina. The subsequent confusion between Rheede's Modira‐caniram which is included in Linnaeus's S. colubrina and Rheede's Scheru‐katu‐valli‐caniram is discussed. It is shown that the present understanding of Linnaeus's S. colubrina is incorrect and this name is rejected in accordance with Article 69 of the International Code. The authors consider Linnaeus's S. colubrina to be conspecific with the later described S. wallichiana Steud. ex DC. which name is the first unequivocal one for use. The first valid name for the entity currently referred to as S. colubrina and which includes Rheede's Scheru‐katu‐valli‐caniram is S. minor Dennst.
JOINVILLEACEAE, A NEW FAMILY OF MONOCOTYLEDONS
Authors: Tomlinson P. B. , Smith A. C.
Published: April 2006

Studies of the vegetative morphology and anatomy of the genera Flagellaria and Joinvillea indicate that there are striking and highly significant differences between them, of such a nature that the current concept of the family Flagellariaceae seems artificial. Therefore Joinvillea is segregated into a newly proposed family, Joinvilleaceae.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTE‐WEIGHTING IN NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Williams W. T.
Published: April 2006

Serially dependent attributes arise when a primary attribute controls a string of secondary attributes, so that the system takes the form (X or not‐X; if X, then Y or not‐Y, Z or not‐Z; otherwise question inapplicable). Kendrick (1965) pointed out that in numerical classifications, unless steps are taken to apply differential weighting to primary and secondary attributes, the secondaries may over‐ride the primaries, and that this may result in unacceptable classifications. His suggestions are re‐examined in the light of modern metric and information‐statistic programs; it is concluded that the suggestions are numerically sound, but require modification in the context of modern programs. Essentially, the revised suggestions consist in reducing the contribution of secondary attributes by dividing by the number of secondaries in the string, and then taking the number of secondaries as zero when consolidating into an overall similarity measure.
BASIC TAXONOMIC DATA: THE NEED FOR ORGANISATION OVER PRESENTATION AND ACCUMULATION
Authors: Watson L.
Published: April 2006

Current neglect of large groups and upper levels of the taxonomic hierarchy is undesirable. Computational approaches draw attention to the disorganised state of the descriptive literature, and it is suggested that in addition to the needs for teamwork and a more cosmopolitan outlook, there is a need for action to increase the availability and accessibility of comparative data suitable for large‐scale monographs and world surveys.
THE STATUS OF CULTIVARS WITH LATIN‐FORM EPITHETS
Authors: Welch H. J.
Published: April 2006

The concept of cultivar is essentially different from the concept of any botanical taxon and therefore no cultivar can ever be co‐extensive with the botanical taxon in which it occurs. Retroactive application of both Codes requires the repudiation of all past attempts to treat cultivar names within the botanical system. Cultivars they were, are, and always have been, so such combinations are botanically absurd and invalid. Conversely, the use of infra‐specific botanical epithets as cultivar names is equally objectionable.
THE CONTROVERSY OVER SEPTATE HOLOBASIDIA
Authors: Talbot P. H. B.
Published: April 2006

The author shows that his previous paper on this subject (Talbot, 1968) has been incorrectly quoted and his ideas mistakenly interpreted by Lowy (1969). He attempts to put the record straight.
FLORAL BUNDLE FUSION AND VASCULAR CONSERVATISM
Authors: Schmid Rudolf
Published: April 2006

Critiques are presented of the three main precepts of vascular conservatism, viz.: (1) extent of fusion of bundles denotes degree of evolutionary advancement; (2) 'vestigial traces' indicate organs that have disappeared because vascular patterns lag behind in evolution; and (3) orientation of bundles demonstrates homologies. Precepts (2) and (3) can be controverted to a large extent by existing reports in the literature. Precept (1) is herewith tested by an analysis of the level and manner of origin of the dorsal carpellary bundles of four species of Syzygium s.l. (Myrtaceae). These features are very variable in an individual plant and even in a single flower. Consequently, the extent of union between bundles, contrary to widespread belief, is not necessarily a reliable indicator of phyletic status of an organ or taxon. There is no a priori reason to expect hypotheses based upon conservatism to apply to all situations. The only ultimate test is correlation with other lines of evidence.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. VII. FAMILY AND TRIBE NAMES IN THE SARCOSCYPHINEAE (DISCOMYCETES) AND A NEW TAXONOMIC DISPOSITION OF THE GENERA
Authors: Korf Richard P.
Published: April 2006

In current classifications of the Suboperculate Discomycetes, a single family, Sarcoscyphaceae, is almost universally recognized, with two tribes, Sarcoscypheae and Urnuleae. An older family name is available, and the correct name for the family as currently delimited must be Sarcosomataceae, and of the tribes, Sarcoscypheae and Sarcosomateae respectively. A new classification is proposed here, in which two families are delimited, each divided into two tribes: Sarcosomataceae (= Urnuleae sensu Le Gal), with tribes Sarcosomateae and Galielleae, and Sarcoscyphaceae emend. (= Sarcoscypheae sensu Le Gal) with tribes Sarcoscypheae and Boedijnopezizeae. Twenty‐five genera are assigned positions under the families and tribes recognized in the new classification. The family name Sarcoscyphaceae, even with its emended circumscription, is technically a superfluous name, but arguments are advanced for retaining the name in its new concept and for non‐application of Article 63 of the Code of Nomenclature.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF MERTENSIA WILLD. NON ROTH (GLEICHENIACEAE) WITH NOTES ON STICHERUS PRESL AND HICRIOPTERIS PRESL
Authors: Holttum R. E.
Published: April 2006

Pichi Sermolli (1972) has cited Mertensia dichotoma (Thunb. ex Murray) Willd. as lectotype of Mertensia Willd. In so doing he has ignored the taxonomic facts on which earlier citation of M. truncata Willd. as type of Mertensia considered as a subgeneric name was based. The facts are briefly re‐stated, and the selection of M. truncata as type of the genus defended. Brief notes are added on the genera Sticherus and Hicriopteris of Presl. A general objection is made to nomenclatural decisions made without reference to taxonomic considerations.
A SIMPLE SIMILARITY COEFFICIENT FOR TAXONOMIC COMPARISONS
Authors: Sinnott Quinn P.
Published: April 2006

A method was developed and a program written in BASIC language to calculate a similarity coefficeint using the overlap of character ranges between individuals as criteria. Input data consist of two individuals (n) by character (p) matrices, one at the lower range limit and the other at the high range limit. Output from the program consists of one half of an n2 matrix (including the principal diagonal) of similarity values, a list of diagnostic characters between pairs of individuals and an optional list of the frequency of non‐matches for each character. The similarity values can be used directly to create classification schemes by assigning cutoff percentiles for each taxon or hierachial units can be generated by various clustering programs.
COLLECTIONS OF JOHN WHITE IN THE HERBARIUM OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA
Authors: Apfelbaum Joan
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐seven specimens, collected between 1788 and 1795 by John White, Surgeon‐General to Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia, are listed. Their original names and the names in current use are given, with bibliographic citations, data from specimen labels, and locality information from original descriptions. A history of the specimens is also given.
THE TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN PALMS
Authors: Moore Harold E. , Dransfield John
Published: April 2006

Linnaean species of Palmae were mostly based on the literature. Type specimens or illustrations are indicated for Chamaerops humilis and Corypha thebaica. Previous lectotypifications of Calamus rotang and Elate sylvestris are noted and lectotypes are designated for Borassus flabellifer, Corypha umbraculifera, Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera, Areca catechu and Caryota urens.
A MONTE CARLO APPROACH TO LINKAGE CLUSTERING
Authors: Newman K. W.
Published: April 2006

A Monte Carlo procedure is described for identifying linkage between objects each of which is represented as the multivariate centroid of a group of replicates. An example of an application of this procedure to a study of geographic variation demonstrates the usefulness of the procedure for the recognition of innate group structure.
COMMENT ON PROPOSAL 520: CONSERVATION OF NOTODANTHONIA ZOTOV (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Jacobs S. W. L.
Published: April 2006

A case is made for rejecting the proposal (520) for conserving Notodanthonia Zotov (1963). It is suggested that the lectotypification of Plinthanthesis by Blake (1972) stand. Monostachya is recognized as a distinct genus with four new species (three new combinations) and a new combination is made in Chionochloa.
THE PUBLICATION AND FORMAT OF MARTIUS'S HISTORIA NATURALIS PALMARUM
Authors: Guédès Michel
Published: April 2006

Martius's Historia naturalis palmarum is a broadsheet work that appeared in two sister editions or emissions, the one in München with Martius's private imprint and the indication of a Leipzig bookseller, the other with the imprint of another Leipzig bookseller. All ten instalment covers bore the title Genera et species palmarum, even though the tenth instalment included the title pages with the definitive title. The contents of all instalments are made clear, apparently for the first time, from the complete collection of their covers in the Laboratoire de Phanérogamic Paris. The tenth instalment seems to have been out in 1850.
AN OUTLINE AND INDEX TO TAKHTAJAN'S 1980 CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Authors: Bedell Hollis G. , Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

An outline and index to supplement Takhtajan's 1980 classification of flowering plants is presented.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF CERCIDIUM FLORIDUM (LEGUMINOSAE: CAESALPINIOIDEAE)
Authors: Carter Annetta M.
Published: April 2006

The sheet bearing the type specimen of Cercidium floridum Bentham ex Gray in the Herbarium, School of Botany, Trinity College, Dublin, collected by Thomas Coulter (no. 489, Sonora Alta, Mexico in 1830) includes two small flowering twigs of C. floridum and one leafless branch of C. praecox (Ruiz & Pavón) Harms bearing young legumes. Except in the matter of number of leaflets per pinna (3‐jugate), the Latin description could apply to any of these. Cercidium floridum leaflets are usually 3‐jugate while those of C. praecox are usually 5‐9 jugate. The lower right‐hand flowering twig on the Coulter sheet is designated as LECTOTYPE. Two Coulter specimens at Kew, annotated by Bentham as C. floridum are C. praecox.
A HYPERSPATIAL MODEL FOR COMPLEX GROUP STRUCTURE
Authors: Jancey R. C.
Published: April 2006

The hyperspatial cluster concept of taxa is considered. The number of individuals required to delineate figures in high dimensionalities is shown to be very great. A biological basis for the hyperspherical form is suggested, and a possible reason for the existence of “difficult” taxa is presented.
ROBERT WIGHT AND HIS BOTANICAL STUDIES IN INDIA
Authors: Basak R. K.
Published: April 2006

A brief review of the life of Robert Wight (1796‐1872) is presented. The contribution of Wight and his effort to bring to light the flora of India, particularly of the Peninsula, are focused. The publications of Wight (65 entries) are enumerated and sometimes annotated, as a guide to their contents. Some selected references on Wight are also appended.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT NUMERICAL METHODS UTILIZING UNIDENTIFIED PHENOLIC PATTERNS IN CHEMOTAXONOMY
Authors: Dass H. C. , Randhawa G. S. , Prakash D.
Published: April 2006

Four different numerical methods using only intensity of phenolic spots, intensity of the spots and the spot‐areas and the spot‐areas alone, were assessed for their value in defining relationships among Citrus species where such relationships are thought to be well known. It was found that biochemical distance or biochemical difference calculated from the spot area without squaring and by simply adding the differences most useful. This method reduced the over‐weighting of characteristic spots that occurs when the differences are squared.
GENERIC TYPIFICATION AND ARTICLE 10.1 WITH COMMENTS ON THE TYPIFICATION OF THE GENERIC NAMES DIAMORPHA, LEUCAENA, ODONTONEMA, PICRODENDRON AND PSEUDOLARIX
Authors: Wilbur Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Article 10.1 of the ICBN is discussed in reference to the typification of the generic names Diamorpha Nuttall (Crassulaceae), Leucaena Benth. (Leguminosae), Odontonema Nees (Acanthaceae), Picrodendron Planchon (Euphorbiaceae), and Pseudolarix Gordon (Pinaceae). It is argued that the nomenclatural type of each of these genera is the species described by their respective authors and not the binomial cited in each case in which the genus was thought to be monotypic when described or, in the case of Leucaena, its lectotype is the first species chosen in spite of its alleged binomial belonging to another genus.
REVIEW OF THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ANEILEMA R. BR. (COMMELINACEAE)
Authors: Faden Robert B.
Published: April 2006

Aneilema was described by Brown in 1810 but was considered synonymous with Commelina by most workers until Kunth recognized it in 1843. From 1843 to 1881 numerous genera were segregated from it. In 1881 all of these segregates were placed in synonymy under Aneilema by Clarke. The concept of the genus remained virtually unchanged until Bruckner divided it into Aneilema s. str. and Phaeneilema (= Murdannia) in 1926. Bruckner's circumscriptions of these genera have been used by most later workers. Brown's Aneilema contained elements of three genera, Aneilema s. str., Murdannia and Pollia. Brückner's typification of Aneilema by A. biflorum was nomenclaturally incorrect and historically
NEUE NAMEN UND KOMBINATIONEN BEI DEN GRAMINEAE
Authors: Butzin Friedhelm
Published: April 2006

The genus Arthrochloa Lorch, on grounds of homonymy, is renamed Normanboria Butzin. The genus Pleioneura Phipps, on grounds of priority, must bear the name Rattraya Phipps; the names of three species and a section are newly combined.
ORTHOGRAPHY OF ERYTHROXYLUM (ERYTHROXOXYLACEAE)
Authors: Plowman Timothy
Published: April 2006

Considerable confusion has arisen in the taxonomic literature over the correct spelling and valid publication of the type genus of the Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum P. Browne vs. Erythroxylon Linnaeus. The oldest name Erythroxylum was first published by Patrick Browne in 1756 in his “Civil and Natural History of Jamaica”. Although Browne followed the basic order of Linnaeus, he employed a typographically unique format in presenting his new generic descriptions. On this basis, certain botanists have rejected Browne's new genera as having been invalidly published. These authors accept instead Erythroxylon published by Linnaeus in 1759 with a change in spelling of the name. Arguments presented here contend that Erythroxylum P. Browne was validly published and recommend that this spelling be accepted and stabilized.
HUNT CATALOGUE NOTES I. — KNORR'S THESAURUS
Authors: Callery Bernadette G.
Published: April 2006

A bibliographical note on Georg Wolfgang Knorr (1705‐1761) — Thesaurus rei herbariae hortensisque universalis … Allgemeines Blumen‐ Kräuter‐ Frucht‐ und Garten‐Buch … Nürnberg, 1750, 1770‐1772.2
LICARIA AUBLET: NEW COMBINATIONS GALORE
Authors: Kostermans A. J. G. H. , Baas P.
Published: April 2006

New anatomical confirmation of the identity of Vicaria Aubl. (Lauraceae) is reported, with a criticism of Lundell's double set of names in Licaria and Misanteca.