bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amused, flirting or simply baffled? Is recognition of all emotions affected by traumatic brain injury?
Authors: Rosenberg Hannah , McDonald Skye , Rosenberg Jacob , Frederick Westbrook R.
Published: June 2016

Objective

This study examined whether people with moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) display a specific or a general impairment in emotion recognition compared with matched controls, whether these deficits might be accounted for by deficits in other cognitive processes, and whether emotion recognition predicts social functioning following TBI.

Participants

Thirty‐two participants with TBI and 32 matched controls took part in this study.

Design

Participants completed the Complex Audio‐Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT), a novel measure of emotion recognition, alongside measures of neuropsychological functioning. The TBI group also completed selected self‐report measures of psychosocial functioning.

Results

Traumatic brain injury participants performed more poorly than controls in recognizing all emotions, rather than displaying a selective impairment in recognizing some emotions (e.g., negative vs. positive) compared with others. Although abstract reasoning, working memory, and processing speed were associated with emotion recognition, injury severity and abstract reasoning were the sole predictors of emotion recognition as measured by the CAVEAT. Emotion recognition accuracy in the TBI group was associated with number of friends and self‐reported apathy.

Conclusion

Emotion recognition deficits are a direct consequence of TBI and have a direct effect on the social dysfunction which is a common outcome of TBI, strengthening the need for targeted remediation.
Caring for the Unseen: Using Linking Social Capital to Improve Healthcare Access to Irregular Migrants in Spain
Authors: Mason Deanna Marie
Published: June 2016

Purpose

To describe a novel strategy using linking social capital to provide healthcare access to irregular migrants with low literacy, low numeracy, and limited cultural assimilation in a European metropolitan area.

Organizing Construct

Public data show numerous shortcomings in meeting the healthcare needs of refugees and irregular migrants surging into Europe. Many irregular migrants living in European communities are unable to access information, care, or services due to lack of social capital. An overview of the problem and traditional charity strategies, including their barriers, are briefly described. A novel strategy using linking social capital to improve healthcare access of irregular migrants is explored and described. Information regarding the impact of this approach on the target population is provided. The discussion of nursing's role in employing linking social capital to care for the vulnerable is presented.

Conclusions

Immigration and refugee data show that issues related to migration will continue. The novel strategy presented can be implemented by nurses with limited financial and physical resources in small community settings frequented by irregular migrants to improve health care.

Clinical Relevance

The health and well‐being of irregular migrants has an impact on community health. Nurses must be aware of and consider implementing novel strategies to ensure that all community members’ healthcare needs, which are a basic human right, are addressed.
Older lesbian women's health and healthcare: A narrative review of the literature
Authors: Hayman Brenda , Wilkes Lesley
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this narrative review is to locate, evaluate and synthesise the evidence presented in contemporary literature, related to the experiences of older lesbian women.

Background

Lesbian women have been identified as having unique health needs. In conjunction with the usual challenges associated with ageing, lesbian women are burdened with additional complications because of their lesbian orientation. To promote optimal health, the distinct needs of older lesbian women need to be identified and considered by those responsible for planning and delivering culturally competent services/care and allocating resources to support healthy ageing.

Design

Narrative review is typically used to evaluate and synthesise health‐related literature and involves the critical evaluation of included, empirical studies to form innovative conclusions and perspectives.

Method

Database searches using relevant keywords and applying specific limits yielded 55 articles for initial review. Eventually, 45 articles were excluded and 10 qualitative, empirical articles were then appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool. Subsequently, seven articles were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria and formed the basis of this narrative review.

Results

Data were extrapolated from the included articles and three themes emerged: support, resilience and disclosure. These themes formulate the findings of this article.

Conclusions

Remarkably, very little contemporary literature exists that addresses the health and well‐being of older lesbian women, and this cohort remain positioned on the peripheries of research and society. Older lesbian women continue to be marginalised because of their lesbian identity and actively cultivate support systems, negotiate disclosure and develop resilience to minimise the effects of their marginal position.

Relevance to practice

Recognition that older lesbian women often create, and draw on, a family of choice for support is imperative. In addition, the clinical environment should be safe for older lesbian women to disclose their sexual orientation and other sensitive information.
Synchronous endometrioid adenocarcinomas in the uterine cervix and corpus
Authors: Obata Takeshi , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Mizumoto Yasunari , Matsumoto Takeo , Takakura Masahiro , Fujiwara Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

It is frequently difficult to distinguish multiple primary carcinomas from single primary carcinoma with metastasis. Here, we report a case of synchronous endometrioid adenocarcinomas that independently occurred in the uterine cervix and corpus. A 47‐year‐old woman complaining of genital bleeding was preoperatively diagnosed with cervical adenocarcinoma with an endometrial lesion. On surgical treatment, two separate malignant lesions bearing endometrioid adenocarcinoma were identified in the uterine cervix and cavity. Although both lesions expressed the same type of human papillomavirus (HPV) gene, type 16, microscopic continuity was not observed. Furthermore, we detected a critical difference in PTEN mutation between the tumors and finally diagnosed this case as multiple primary cancers. This is the first report to show multiple primary endometrioid adenocarcinomas simultaneously arising in the uterine cervix and corpus. Considering the rarity of this case, the coexistence of HPV suggests its possible involvement in the carcinogenesis of the endometrioid adenocarcinomas.
Relation between premenstrual syndrome and equol‐production status
Authors: Takeda Takashi , Ueno Tomomi , Uchiyama Shigeto , Hiramatsu Keizo , Shiina Masami
Published: June 2016

Aim

Consumption of isoflavones, which are predominantly derived from soybeans, reduces the risk of estrogen‐related diseases, such as menopausal symptoms, breast cancer, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. Equol is more bioavailable than other soy isoflavones, and equol producers are believed to benefit to a greater extent. This study was conducted to evaluate the relation between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and equol‐production status in Japanese reproductive‐age women.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, observational study. The study included 144 Japanese women aged 20–45 years. PMS patients (n = 46) were recruited at three obstetrics and gynecology clinics. Control group women (n = 98) who were not receiving therapy for PMS were recruited from the local area by advertisement. The participants’ equol‐production status was determined using urine samples collected after a soy challenge test.

Results

The prevalence of equol producers was 41.8% in the control group and 23.9% in the patient group (P = 0.042). Using univariate analysis, significant risk factors for equol non‐producers were being a PMS patient and being younger. In multivariate analysis with a step‐wise model, being a PMS patient (odds ratio, 2.342; 95% confidence interval, 1.021–5.698) was shown to be a significant risk factor for being an equol non‐producer.

Conclusion

This study showed a relation between PMS and equol‐production status in Japanese women.
Mental health nurses’ views about antipsychotic medication side effects
Authors: Stomski N. J. , Morrison P. , Meehan T.
Published: June 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

The only previous quantitative study that examined nurses’ use of assessment tools to identify antipsychotic medication side effects found that about 25% of mental health nurses were using assessment tools.

No previous studies have examined factors that influence the manner in which mental health nurses assess antipsychotic medication side effects.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

One‐third of the respondents were not aware of any antipsychotic medication side‐effect assessment tool, and only one‐quarter were currently using an assessment tool.

‘Service responsibility’ was significantly associated with ongoing use of antipsychotic medication assessment tools, indicating that respondents with more positive attitudes to their service were more likely to continue using antipsychotic medication assessment tools.

What are the implications for practice?

The low level of awareness and use of antipsychotic medication side‐effect assessment tools indicates that nursing educational institutions should incorporate more detail about these tools in course content, and emphasize in particular the benefits that result from the use of these tools in clinical practice.

Service processes contributed significantly to the use of antipsychotic medication assessment tools, which indicates that managers need to foster workplace cultures that promote routine use of these tools.

Introduction

Limited evidence suggests that only a minority of mental health nurses regularly use standardized assessment tools to assess antipsychotic medication side effects, but the factors that contribute to the non‐routine use of these tools remain unknown.

Aim

To examine Australian mental health nurses’ awareness of, and attitudes towards, side‐effect assessment tools, and also identify factors the influence the use of these tools.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken through distributing an online questionnaire via email to members of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses. Completed questionnaires were received from 171 respondents. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the ‘service responsibility’ and ‘personal confidence’ scale scores, and awareness, previous use and ongoing use of antipsychotic medication assessment tools.

Results

Only one‐quarter of the respondents (26.5%) were currently using an assessment tool. ‘Service responsibility’ was significantly associated with ongoing use of antipsychotic medication assessment tools (Β = 3.26; 95% CI 0.83–5.69). ‘Personal confidence’ did not influence the ongoing use of assessment tools (Β = −0.05; 95% CI −1.06–1.50).

Implications for clinical practice

Stakeholders can incorporate ‘service responsibility’ processes to foster increased use of assessment tools, which may enhance the identification antipsychotic medication side effects and improve the quality of care for service users.
A Gospel of Prosperity? An Analysis of the Relationship Between Religion and Earned Income in Ghana, the Most Religious Country in the World*
Authors: Beck Sedefka V. , Gundersen Sara J.
Published: June 2016

This study tests for a relationship between religious affiliation and earned income in Ghana. While microeconomic analyses have studied the relationship between religion and several socioeconomic outcomes in the United States, remarkably few have done so in developing countries, and none has explored the religion‐earnings relationship. Using the fifth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey from 2005 to 2006, we find that, among women, religious denomination correlates with earned income. Specifically, Spiritualists, Pentecostals, and Methodists earn higher income than the Presbyterian base group, while Traditionalists earn less. This article investigates the relationship and posits some of its causes, including the influence of a trend in neo‐Pentecostal religious groups that emphasizes wealth accumulation and self‐confidence.
Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus among 193,435 Cats Attending Primary‐Care Veterinary Practices in England
Authors: O'Neill D.G. , Gostelow R. , Orme C. , Church D.B. , Niessen S.J.M. , Verheyen K. , Brodbelt D.C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease of cats. The prevalence ofDMin cats in England is not well‐defined.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors forDMin a large population of cats attending primary‐care practices.

Animals

A cohort of 193,563 cats in the VetCompass Programme attending 118 primary‐care practices in England.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis of cohort clinical data. Data were extracted covering September 1st 2009 and August 31st 2014. Period prevalence ofDMwas calculated. Associations between risk factors andDMwere assessed using logistic regression modelling.

Results

Of 1,128DMcases were identified among 194,563 cats (period prevalence 0.58%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54–0.61). Multivariable modelling indicated that Tonkinese (OR4.1; 95%CI1.8–9.6;P= .001), Norwegian Forest (odds ratio [OR] 3.5; 95%CI1.3–9.6;P= .001) and Burmese (OR3.0; 95%CI2.0–4.4;P< .001) cats had increased odds ofDMcompared with crossbred cats.DModds increased as bodyweight categories increased above 4 kg (P< .001), as cats aged beyond 6 years old (P< .001) and in insured cats (OR2.0; 95%CI1.6–2.4;P< .001) but sex was not significantly associated withDM.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Diabetes mellitus is an important component of the primary‐care practice caseload with 1‐in‐200 cats affected. An increased risk ofDMin certain cat breeds supports a genetic predisposition. These results can guide future research and preventative healthcare.
Targeted Sequencing of Myogenic Regulatory Factors and Myostatins Reveals an Association between MSTN‐1 and Interorbital Distance in Orange‐spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822)
Authors: Guo Liang , Xia Junhong , Li Mingming , Yang Sen , Lin Haoran , Meng Zining
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that are presumed to control muscle growth and to determine their potential association with growth in a cultured population of orange‐spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Seven genes, myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4), Myf5, MSTN‐1, MSTN‐2, MyoD1, MyoD2, and myogenin, were selected for the investigation, covering approximately 26 kbp. First, the two clades for the genes MSTN (myostatin) and MyoD were confirmed in this species using Bayesian inference analysis of the phylogenetic relationships. Then, the seven genes were enriched by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. A total of 586 SNPs were discovered. Linkage disequilibrium was decayed by 50% within 250 bp based on the combined data, which means that there was high resolution in the association mapping. A mixed linear model considering the population structure and kinship was used to detect the associations between genotypes and phenotypes. Only one site (KR269814.1:g.22T>G) in MSTN‐1 was found to be significantly associated with a measured trait, the interorbital distance (false discovery ratio < 0.05), and it explained 12.4% of the phenotype variation of this trait. This study provides insight on strategies for molecular marker‐assisted breeding in orange‐spotted grouper.
Effects of Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms on Survival and Growth Performance of Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus
Authors: Guo Yanbiao , Yan Liuhui , Cai Junpeng
Published: June 2016

In this study, the impact of Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) on juvenile turbot rearing was investigated in a static water rearing system with weekly partial change of water. A 60‐d‐long rearing experiment showed that, compared with control, survival rate, percent weight gain, percent length gain, and average daily growth were 92 ± 2.8%, 387.1 ± 4.6%, 78.6 ± 1.5%, and 1.87 ± 0.79 g/d, respectively, significantly higher than those in the control, viz., 81 ± 3.2%, 248.2 ± 5.3%, 56.7 ± 2.1%, and 1.16 ± 0.68 g/d, respectively. Water quality results demonstrated that no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between test and control with the addition of BDW03. Compared with the control, total culturable bacteria and total vibrio numbers in rearing water and in intestines were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 0.8–1.4 log CFU/mL/ log CFU/g, with the addition of BDW03. Furthermore, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles in rearing waters collected at a 1.5‐d interval over a week revealed that BDW03 simplified bacterial community structures with time, and some vibrios disappeared with the addition of BDW03. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that BALOs can promote growth and survival of juvenile turbots and be beneficial to coldwater fish aquaculture at the production level.
Welfare as Wrecking Ball: Constructing Public Responsibility in Legal Encounters Over Public Housing Demolition
Authors: Robinson John N.
Published: June 2016

Scholarship on welfare privatization illustrates how the process often curtails and undermines public responsibility for the poor. In this article, I examine how recipients, policy makers, and judges participate in the legal process as a means of challenging and defending privatization. I look at cases of litigation initiated by public housing tenants between 1985 and 2012 to fight the demolition of their homes to explore the changing meaning of public responsibility within a shrinking public sector. My findings show that as legislative and administrative reforms steered courts toward a more flexible understanding of public responsibility, courts gave increasing attention to the economic hardships experienced by the state itself, while downplaying the plight of low-income tenants.
σE‐dependent activation of RbpA controls transcription of the furA‐katG operon in response to oxidative stress in mycobacteria
Authors: Hu Yangbo , Wang Zhongwei , Feng Lipeng , Chen Zhenkang , Mao Chunyou , Zhu Yan , Chen Shiyun
Published: June 2016

Mycobacterium tuberculosis adopts various strategies to cope with oxidative stress during infection. Transcriptional regulators, including σ factors, make important contributions to this stress response, but how these proteins cooperate with each other is largely unknown. In this study, the role of RbpA and its cooperation with σ factors in response to oxidative stress are investigated. Knock down expression of rbpA in Mycobacterium smegmatis attenuated bacterial survival in the presence of H2O2. Additionally, transcription of the rbpA gene was induced by H2O2 in a σE‐dependent manner. After induction, RbpA interacts with the principal sigma factor, σA, to control the transcription of furA‐katG operon, which encodes an H2O2 scavenging enzyme. Moreover, this regulation is responsible for the role of σE in oxidative response because bacterial survival was attenuated and transcription of the furA‐katG operon was down‐regulated with H2O2 treatment in sigE deletion mutant (ΔsigE), and over‐expression of RbpA in ΔsigE strain restored all of these phenotypes. Taken together, our study first illustrated a mechanism for σE in response to oxidative stress through regulation of rbpA transcription. This study was also the first to demonstrate that RbpA is required for the full response to oxidative stress by cooperating with the principal σA.
Gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteric neurotoxicity following treatment with anticancer chemotherapeutic agent 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: McQuade R. M. , Stojanovska V. , Donald E. , Abalo R. , Bornstein J. C. , Nurgali K.
Published: June 2016

Background

The use of the anticancer chemotherapeutic agent 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) is often limited by nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea; these side‐effects persist long after treatment. The effects of 5‐FU on enteric neurons have not been studied and may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying 5‐FU‐induced gastrointestinal dysfunction.

Methods

Balb/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of 5‐FU (23 mg/kg) 3 times/week for 14 days. Gastrointestinal transit was analysed in vivo prior to and following 3, 7, and 14 days of 5‐FU treatment via serial x‐ray imaging. Following 14 days of 5‐FU administration, colons were collected for assessment of ex vivo colonic motility, gross morphological structure, and immunohistochemical analysis of myenteric neurons. Fecal lipocalin‐2 and CD45+ leukocytes in the colon were analysed as markers of intestinal inflammation.

Key Results

Short‐term administration of 5‐FU (3 days) increased gastrointestinal transit, induced acute intestinal inflammation and reduced the proportion of neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐immunoreactive neurons. Long‐term treatment (7, 14 days) resulted in delayed gastrointestinal transit, inhibition of colonic migrating motor complexes, increased short and fragmented contractions, myenteric neuronal loss and a reduction in the number of ChAT‐immunoreactive neurons after the inflammation was resolved. Gross morphological damage to the colon was observed following both short‐ and long‐term 5‐FU treatment.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our results indicate that 5‐FU induces accelerated gastrointestinal transit associated with acute intestinal inflammation at day 3 after the start of treatment, which may have led to persistent changes in the ENS observed after days 7 and 14 of treatment contributing to delayed gastrointestinal transit and colonic dysmotility.
Adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome report increased eating‐associated symptoms, changes in dietary composition, and altered eating behaviors: a pilot comparison study to healthy adolescents
Authors: Reed‐Knight B. , Squires M. , Chitkara D. K. , van Tilburg M. A. L.
Published: June 2016

Background

About half of adult irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients report symptoms with eating and disordered eating habits. However, little is known about eating in adolescent IBS patients, a common age at which eating disorders develop. The aim of the study was to investigate if adolescents with IBS are more likely than healthy controls (HCs) to experience eating‐associated symptoms (EAS), report disordered eating patterns, and show differences in diet composition.

Methods

A total of 99 adolescents between 15 and 21 years‐of‐age participated (n = 48 IBS; n = 51 HCs). All subjects completed three 24‐h dietary recalls and questionnaires on EAS and disordered eating.

Key Results

IBS patients were more likely to report EASs than HC (91.7% vs 28%, p < 0.001). Eating‐associated symptoms were controlled by avoiding the offending food (97.7%), not eating any food even when hungry (43.2%), or vomiting after eating (13.6%). Compared to HC, IBS patients reported reduced daily intake of overall calories (1828 vs 2139; p < 0.05), fat (65.4 g vs 81.4 g, p < 0.05), and lactose (8.2 g vs 12.8 g, p < 0.01). No differences were found between IBS and HC in screening for disordered eating patterns or BMI, though IBS patients endorsed using potentially unhealthy eating behaviors in an attempt to control symptoms.

Conclusions & Inferences

Eating‐associated symptoms are very common in adolescents with IBS and associated with changes in eating behaviors and dietary composition. They do not appear to change BMI and risk for eating disorders. More research is needed to guide adolescents with IBS in making appropriate dietary changes to control EASs.
Antagonistic effects of ocean acidification and warming on hunting sharks
Authors: Pistevos Jennifer C. A. , Nagelkerken Ivan , Rossi Tullio , Connell Sean D.
Published: June 2016

Ocean warming and acidification alter the physiological performance and behaviour of many small‐bodied fishes, yet the potential interactive effects of these stressors on larger predators remains poorly understood. In particular, the combined effects of elevated temperature on metabolism and of elevated CO2 on the behaviour of large predators may not only affect their foraging behaviour, but also the communities in which their prey live. We used a factorial design to assess how projected warming and acidification create synergies or antagonisms between physiological and behavioural processes, such as swimming activity and feeding behaviour through odour tracking and vision. Temperature increased swimming activity during feeding, independent of CO2. Although temperature also increased motivational drive to locate and accept prey, elevated CO2 negated chemical and visual behavioural responses that enable effective hunting. Fundamental to these effects was the negligible effect of high CO2 in isolation, but its power to negate the positive effects of temperature when brought in conjunction. The reduced potential to locate prey due to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming, in combination with increases in energetic demand, suggests that energetic tradeoffs will be needed for sharks to sustain themselves at an individual and population level in a future ocean.
Warming affects different components of plant–herbivore interaction in a simplified community but not net interaction strength
Authors: Van De Velde Helena , Nijs Ivan , Bonte Dries
Published: June 2016

Global warming impacts natural communities through effects on performance of individual species and through changes in the strength of interactions between them. While there is a body of evidence of the former, we lack experimental evidence on potential changes in interaction strengths. Knowledge about multispecies interactions is fundamental to understand the regulation of biodiversity and the impact of climate change on communities. This study investigated the effect of warming on a simplified community consisting of three species: rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea feeding on plantain, Plantago lanceolata, and a heterospecific neighbouring plant species, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne. The aphid does not feed on L. perenne. The experimental design consisted of monocultures and mixtures of L. perenne and P. lanceolata at three temperature levels. We did not find indication for indirect temperature effects on D. plantaginea through changes in leaf nitrogen or relative water content. However, experimental warming affected the life history traits of the aphid directly, in a non‐linear manner. Aphids performed best at moderate warming, where they grew faster and had a shorter generation time. In spite of the increased population growth of the aphids under warming, the herbivory rates were not changed and consequently the plant–herbivore interaction was not altered under warming. This suggests reduced consumption rates at higher temperature. Also plant competition affected the aphids but through an interaction with temperature. We provide proof‐of‐concept that net interactions between plants and herbivores should not change under warming despite direct effects of warming on herbivores when plant–plant interaction are considered. Our study stresses the importance of indirect non–trophic interactions as an additional layer of complexity to improve our understanding of how trophic interactions will alter under climate change.
Development and validation of a vision and night driving questionnaire
Authors: Kimlin Janessa A , Black Alex A , Djaja Ngadiman , Wood Joanne M
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Night‐time driving difficulties are a common concern of older drivers and those with eye disease. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire for assessing vision‐related night driving difficulties in older drivers.

Methods

Items from existing vision‐related quality of life questionnaires and driving studies were used to develop a questionnaire that was completed by 283 participants who reported visual difficulties for night driving (65% female, 50 to >80 years). The questionnaire included items relating to demographic and night driving characteristics (seven items), general vision ratings (eight items), vision‐related night driving difficulties (11 items), and a single open question about specific night driving difficulties. The vision‐related night driving difficulty items were analysed separately using Rasch analysis to form the vision and night driving questionnaire (VND‐Q). Rasch analysis assessed validity and psychometric properties of the scale. Generalised linear regression models examined associations between VND‐Q scores and age, gender, amount of night driving, self‐rated vision, and eye conditions. Test‐retest repeatability was assessed using intra‐class correlation analysis and Bland‐Altman methods of agreement for a subset of 30 participants.

Results

Rasch analysis indicated that a nine‐item VND‐Q scale was unidimensional, valid and reliable, and showed excellent discriminant ability (person separation index 3.04; person reliability 0.90). Targeting was better for those with greater self‐reported night driving difficulties. Participants with self‐reported bilateral eye conditions and worse self‐reported general vision ratings had significantly more night driving difficulties with the VND‐Q scale than individuals without eye conditions (p = 0.03) and with better general vision ratings (p < 0.001). Females reported more difficulties than males (p < 0.001) and drove shorter distances at night per week which was also associated with greater difficulties (p < 0.001). A repeatability coefficient (Rc) of 2.07 demonstrated excellent test‐retest repeatability.

Conclusions

The nine‐item VND‐Q is a unidimensional and reliable questionnaire allowing quantification of the level of visual difficulties that older drivers report at night. The development of this questionnaire is an important step in providing a reliable and validated instrument for use to guide appropriate investigations, referrals, or interventions in clinical and research settings.
Masked hypertension and allograft function in pediatric and young adults kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Hamdani Gilad , Nehus Edward J. , Hooper David K. , Mitsnefes Mark M.
Published: June 2016

Masked hypertension is a common complication of pediatric kidney transplantation. While office hypertension is known to be associated with worse short‐ and long‐term graft function, the role of masked hypertension in allograft dysfunction is not clear. We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of 77 consecutive pediatric kidney transplant recipients who had routine 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with the aims to estimate the prevalence of masked hypertension and examine its association with allograft function. Masked hypertension was defined as a 24‐h systolic or diastolic blood pressure load ≥25%. Twenty‐nine percent of patients had masked hypertension. Patients with masked hypertension had significantly lower allograft function estimated using the creatinine‐based Schwartz‐Lyon formula, a cystatin C‐based formula, and combined cystatin C and creatinine‐based formulas than patients with normal blood pressure (all p values <0.05). In a multivariable analysis, masked hypertension remained independently associated with worse allograft function after adjustment for age, sex, race, time post‐transplant, rejection history, antihypertensive treatment, and hemoglobin level. We conclude that in young kidney transplant recipients, masked hypertension is common and is associated with worse allograft function. These results support the case for routine ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as the standard of care in these patients to detect and treat masked hypertension.
Silk drives aggregation and following in the neotropical caterpillar Mechanitis menapis (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini)
Authors: Despland Emma , Santacruz Endara Paola
Published: June 2016

Gregarious larvae that use chemical communication to feed and move together are widespread among folivorous insects, although social behaviour has been studied almost exclusively in a few temperate zone genera. The Menapis (or variable) tigerwing butterfly Mechanitis menapis mantineus Hewitson (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Danainae, Ithomiini) is a neotropical species whose larvae feed gregariously on Solanaceae host plants. In laboratory experiments conducted in the Ecuador cloud forest, M. menapis caterpillars are attracted to silk produced by conspecifics and show no evidence of pheromone production. Indeed, caterpillars consistently choose arenas with silk over bare arenas but do not show a preference for arenas marked with abdominal cuticular surface residues. Mechanitis menapis caterpillars on silk‐coated plants are both more mobile and more cohesive than those on control plants. Nonetheless, caterpillars move independently over unmarked surfaces and groups do not make rapid collective choices between two food sources. Collective behaviour in M. menapis thus appears to be based on aggregation on collectively produced silk to facilitate feeding, as well as using this silk to maintain cohesion. Silk production is common in caterpillars, although M. menapis appears to be unique among species studied so far in using silk to maintain group cohesion.
Immune response to recombinant Leishmania infantum lipophosphoglycan 3 plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in BALB/c mice
Authors: Pirdel L. , Zavaran Hosseini A.
Published: June 2016

Development of a protective antileishmanial vaccine is an urgent priority for successful control of different forms of leishmaniasis. The potential of a recombinant lipophosphoglycan 3 (rLPG3) expressed by Leishmania tarentolae was evaluated in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODN) as a Th1‐promoting adjuvant against Leishmania infantum infection in BALB/c mice. First, mice were immunized subcutaneously with rLPG3 either alone or in combination with CpG‐ODN. Next, the immunogenic and protective efficacies of this vaccine were analysed in immunized mice. It was observed that coadministration of rLPG3 with CpG‐ODN led to enhance in a Th1 response to rLPG3 induced by itself as the IFN‐γ production was promoted in association with the predominant presence of IgG2a antibodies in the sera. However, immunization with rLPG3 plus CpG‐ODN induced partial protection against infectious challenge in BALB/c mice. Taken together, further studies are required to improve the protective efficacy using either more potent immune enhancers or vaccination strategies.
Two Ralstonia species associated with bacterial wilt of Eucalyptus
Authors: Carstensen G. D. , Venter S. N. , Wingfield M. J. , Coutinho T. A.
Published: June 2016

Ralstonia solanacearum sensu lato causes bacterial wilt in many economically important agronomic crops and tree species. Eucalyptus is one of the recorded hosts but, despite the losses to forestry, little is known regarding the disease. The aim of this study was to identify the Ralstonia species that are associated with bacterial wilt of Eucalyptus trees growing in different parts of the world. Phylotyping, sequevar and multilocus sequence analysis were used to identify and determine the genetic diversity of the available isolates. The isolates obtained from Africa and Asia grouped in phylotype I, and those isolates from South America in phylotype II. Following the recent reclassification of R. solanacearum sensu lato, these results show that there are two Ralstonia species associated with bacterial wilt of Eucalyptus, namely, R. solanacearum and R. pseudosolanacearum. The isolates from South America represented R. solanacearum, while those from Africa and Asia were R. pseudosolanacearum. Analysis of the endoglucanase (egl), transcriptional regulator (hrpB) and DNA mismatch repair (mutS) gene regions supported this finding. In addition, one previously unidentified sequevar was identified using partial endoglucanase (egl) gene sequence analysis of those isolates obtained from Colombia. This study raises questions regarding the aetiology of the two Ralstonia species found on Eucalyptus, their importance relating to quarantine, potential impact and management of the disease with which they are associated.
Is the heart still in danger after stopping CPAP?
Authors: Ando Shin‐Ichi
Published: June 2016

See article, page 1126
Lead, Sulfur, and Oxygen Isotope Systematics in Hydrothermal Precipitates from the 14°S Hydrothermal Field, South Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Li Bing , Shi Xuefa , Li Chuanshun , Wang Jixin , Pei Yanliang , Ye Jun
Published: June 2016

At the inside corner between the South Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (SMAR) and the Cardno fracture zone, the 14°S hydrothermal field, with its abundant silica‐rich sulfides, was identified as a volcanic massif, which provided the first opportunity to study inside corner‐related hydrothermal mineralization. S, Pb, and O isotopes were measured in hydrothermal sulfide samples from the two sites (volcanic top and slope sites) in the 14°S field. The homogeneous Pb isotope values (207Pb/204Pb = 15.466 − 15.472; 206Pb/204Pb = 18.242 − 18.252) and the δ34S values (top site, +6.3 to +6.85‰; slope site, +2.37 to +3.36‰) suggest that the source of metals and most of the sulfur is the upper crust, whereas some sulfur is sourced from downward‐penetrating seawater, especially in the top site. The calculated oxygen isotope equilibration temperatures from quartz and seawater are between 94 and 144°C for the top site and between 179 and 196°C for the slope site. These isotopic proxies, together with geological background survey data, have an important implication: Discrepancies between the sites may result from variations in crust permeability, which also affect the mixing level between downward‐penetrating seawater and upward hydrothermal end‐member fluids and determine the various mineralization types.
Principal Stratification Analysis Using Principal Scores
Authors: Ding Peng , Lu Jiannan
Published: June 2016

Practitioners are interested in not only the average causal effect of a treatment on the outcome but also the underlying causal mechanism in the presence of an intermediate variable between the treatment and outcome. However, in many cases we cannot randomize the intermediate variable, resulting in sample selection problems even in randomized experiments. Therefore, we view randomized experiments with intermediate variables as semiobservational studies. In parallel with the analysis of observational studies, we provide a theoretical foundation for conducting objective causal inference with an intermediate variable under the principal stratification framework, with principal strata defined as the joint potential values of the intermediate variable. Our strategy constructs weighted samples based on principal scores, defined as the conditional probabilities of the latent principal strata given covariates, without access to any outcome data. This principal stratification analysis yields robust causal inference without relying on any model assumptions on the outcome distributions. We also propose approaches to conducting sensitivity analysis for violations of the ignorability and monotonicity assumptions: the very crucial but untestable identification assumptions in our theory. When the assumptions required by the classical instrumental variable analysis cannot be justified by background knowledge or cannot be made because of scientific questions of interest, our strategy serves as a useful alternative tool to deal with intermediate variables. We illustrate our methodologies by using two real data examples and find scientifically meaningful conclusions.
A Rational Explanation for the Redistribution Paradox. Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Antonietti Roberto , Farina Francesco , Fontini Fulvio
Published: June 2016

The paper provides a rational explanation for the redistribution paradox, whereby low‐income individuals seeking more social security prefer a lower taxation although this might imply a reduced welfare. A simple model of tax transfer and redistribution is presented, with various agents facing two different unemployment probabilities. We investigate how the preferred tax rate changes with the probability of being unemployed. We show that, when the probability of unemployment for the less‐skilled correlates negatively with that of the highly skilled, the relationship with the tax rate is not monotonic and depends on the level of risk aversion. This theoretical framework is confirmed in an empirical investigation based on microeconomic data, and in a robustness test based on macroeconomic data.
Putting Parasemia in its phylogenetic place: a molecular analysis of the subtribe Arctiina (Lepidoptera)
Authors: RÖNKÄ KATJA , MAPPES JOHANNA , KAILA LAURI , WAHLBERG NIKLAS
Published: June 2016

Despite being popular among amateur and professional lepidopterologists and posing great opportunities for evolutionary research, the phylogenetic relationships of tiger moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) are not well resolved. Here we provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the subtribe Arctiina with the basic aim of clarifying the phylogenetic position of the Wood Tiger Moth Parasemia plantaginis Hübner, a model species in evolutionary ecology. We sampled 89 species in 52 genera within Arctiina s.l., 11 species of Callimorphina and two outgroup species. We sequenced up to seven nuclear genes (CAD, GAPDH, IDH, MDH, Ef1α, RpS5, Wingless) and one mitochondrial gene (COI) including the barcode region (a total of 5915 bp). Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference resulted in a well‐resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, consisting of four clades within Arctiina s.s. and a clade comprising spilosomine species in addition to Callimorphina and outgroups. Based on our results, we present a new classification, where we consider the Diacrisia clade, Chelis clade, Apantesis clade, Micrarctia Seitz and Arctia clade as valid genera within Arctiina s.s., whereas Rhyparia Hübner syn.n. and Rhyparioides Butler syn.n. are synonymized with Diacrisia Hübner; Neoarctia Neumoegen & Dyar syn.n., Tancrea Püngeler syn.n., Hyperborea Grum‐Grshimailo syn.n., Palearctia Ferguson syn.n., Holoarctia Ferguson syn.n., Sibirarctia Dubatolov syn.n. and Centrarctia Dubatolov syn.n. are synonymized with Chelis Rambur; Grammia Rambur syn.n., Orodemnias Wallengren syn.n., Mimarctia Neumoegen & Dyar syn.n., Notarctia Smith syn.n. and Holarctia Smith syn.n. are synonymized with Apantesis Walker; and Epicallia Hübner syn.n., Eucharia Hübner syn.n., Hyphoraia Hübner syn.n., Parasemia Hübner syn.n., Pericallia Hübner syn.n., Nemeophila Stephens syn.n., Ammobiota Wallengren syn.n., Platarctia Packard syn.n., Chionophila Guenée syn.n., Eupsychoma Grote syn.n., Gonerda Moore syn.n., Platyprepia Dyar syn.n., Preparctia Hampson syn.n., Oroncus Seitz syn.n., Acerbia Sotavalta syn.n., Pararctia Sotavalta syn.n., Borearctia Dubatolov syn.n., Sinoarctia Dubatolov syn.n. and Atlantarctia Dubatolov syn.n. are synonymized with Arctia Schrank, leading to 33 new genus‐level synonymies. Our focal species Arctia plantaginis comb.n. is placed as sister to Arctia festiva comb.n., another widespread aposematic species showing wing pattern variation. Our molecular hypothesis can be used as a basis when adding more species to the tree and tackling interesting evolutionary questions, such as the evolution of warning signalling and mimicry in tiger moths.
Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Polysphincta group of genera (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae)
Authors: MATSUMOTO RIKIO
Published: June 2016

The phylogenetic relationships between genera of the Polysphincta group of Pimplinae (Ichneumonidae) were surveyed using molecular markers, partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), 28S rRNA and elongation factor 1α, and maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches to obtain a robust phylogenetic hypothesis to understand the evolution of the group. The Polysphincta group was recovered as monophyletic, although relationships between genera were different from previous hypotheses based on morphological data. Within the Polysphincta group, three major clades were recognized and phylogenetic relationships among them were well resolved as (Schizopyga subgroup + (Acrodactyla subgroup + Polysphincta subgroup)). The Schizopyga subgroup consisted of the genera Piogaster, Schizopyga, Zabrachypus and Brachyzapus. As the genus Schizopyga was found to be polyphyletic, the genus Dreisbachia, which had been synonymized under Schizopyga, was resurrected and Iania gen.n. is proposed for Dreisbachia pictifrons, to maintain monophyletic genera. Species of the Schizopyga subgroup utilize spiders constructing egg‐laying chambers or funnel webs as hosts. The genus Piogaster was not recovered as the sister to all other members of the genus group, unlike previous hypotheses, but was nested in this clade as (Zabrachypus + ((Brachyzapus + Schizopyga) + (Dreisbachia + (Iania + Piogaster)))). Members of the Acrodactyla and Polysphincta subgroups attack spiders that weave aerial webs. The host range of the former is centred on tetragnathid and linyphiid spiders, the host range of the latter seems to centre mainly on orb‐weaving araneids and partly on theridiids weaving three‐dimensional (3D) irregular webs. Based on the obtained phylogeny of the group, the evolution of larval and cocoon morphology, and the mode of parasitism are discussed. Acrodactyla varicarinata Uchida & Momoi and A. inoperta Kusigemati are transferred to the genus Megaetaira (comb.n.).

This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0AB1086F‐9F23‐4057‐B7ED‐3A3943E19C61.
Modeling spatiotemporal pattern of agriculture‐feasible land in China
Authors: Guan Weihe Wendy , Wu Kang , Carnes Fei
Published: June 2016

This study applies a spatial fuzzy multi‐criteria evaluation model to determine agricultural feasibility in China based on physical variables (accumulated temperature, sunshine, precipitation, hydrology, elevation and soil properties). The resulting agricultural feasibility index layer is combined with nightlight images (1992‐2013) to determine the spatiotemporal variation of urban encroachment on feasible agriculture land. It reveals the severity of agricultural land losses to urbanization.