bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the raw fruit, industrial pulp, and commercial jam elaborated with Spanish quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller)
Authors: Cascales Esther Vidal , García José María Ros
Published: March 2021

Quince fruit and two industrial derivates (pulp and jam) were characterized from physicochemical, nutritional and microbiological viewpoint. Quinces were collected at maturity (September) in Murcia (Spain). Quinces were converted at a processing factory in pulp (intermediate product) and, in the same factory, this pulp was transformed in jam. The pH, soluble solids, acidity, color, moisture, water activity, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, vitamin C and flavonoids were measured for all samples, while for microbiological analysis was only used quince jam. There were significant differences among quince fruit, industrial pulp and commercial jam. Processing caused pH, moisture and water activity decrease, while soluble solids increase. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity increased in the pulp and in the jam. The effect of cooking and storage was a decrease of vitamin C and flavonoids in the jam. Quince jam presented a total number of molds and yeasts lower than 2 log cfu/g. Although the production parameters affect to the quality of the quince jam, it is a sensory attractive food with healthy properties.
Changes in the stability of ultra-pasteurized lactose-free milk upon storage
Authors: González Nancy Michael Rosas , Cueto-Wong María Cristina , Armenta-Corral Rosa Idalia , Fernández-Michel Silvia Guadalupe , Marszalek Jolanta Elzbieta , Montfort Gabriela Ramos-Clamont
Published: March 2021

Lactose-free dairy products are a valued consumer option for lactose intolerant individuals. Short-term ultra-high pasteurization (UHT) allows the preparation of sterile milk products. Manufactures define the useful shelf life of UHT milk as 120 days. This study analyses lactose-free milk with low-fat content over 120 days of shelf storage. Milk composition, microbial presence, structure (micellar size and zeta potential), color, pH, and protein hydrolysis were examined. At 120 days of storage the pH decrease, change in particle size distribution, and significant browning of the milk were detected indicating meaningful changes in the milk structure. The changes occurring in the lactose-free milk are related to the introduction of a large number of reducing sugars as a result of delactosylation of the milk. Studied milk had no microbial contamination nor showed the presence of by-products contamination such as proteases (minimal hydrolysis after long time storage).
Complement C5a‐triggered differentiated HL‐60 stimulates migration of THP‐1 monocytic leukocytes via secretion of CCL2
Authors: Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman , Osaka Mizuko , Deushi Michiyo , Yoshida Masayuki
Published: March 2021

Leukocytes play an important role in vascular inflammation prior to atherosclerosis. In particular, monocyte adhesion and migration to the endothelium contribute to the development of vascular inflammation. Previously, we showed the importance of neutrophils and complement C5a in the early phase of vascular inflammation in mice fed a high‐fat diet. However, the relationship between monocytes and neutrophils is not well understood. In this study, we elucidated the involvement of neutrophils in the migration of monocytes. We observed that C5a induces CCL2 expression in neutrophil‐like dHL‐60 cells. To investigate the physiological significance of CCL2 secretion, we performed a chemotaxis assay. Interestingly, dHL‐60 culture supernatant in the presence of C5a enhanced the migration of THP‐1 in comparison with the absence of C5a. Furthermore, CCL2 expression and secretion significantly increased in C5a‐stimulated dHL‐60 through the phosphorylation of NF‐κB p65. Actin polymerization on THP‐1 was enhanced by the presence of C5a compared with the absence of C5a when stimulated by a dHL‐60‐cultured medium. These results suggest that crosstalk between neutrophils and monocytes via CCL2 may play an important role in vascular inflammation.
Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, shows seasonal artificial reef attraction despite elevated noise levels close to oil and gas platforms
Authors: Clausen Karin Tubbert , Teilmann Jonas , Wisniewska Danuta M. , Balle Jeppe Dalgaard , Delefosse Matthieu , van Beest Floris M.
Published: March 2021

Harbour porpoises frequently alter their behaviour in response to underwater sound from shipping, seismic surveys, drilling and marine renewables. Less well understood is the response of porpoises to sounds emitted from oil and gas (O&G) platforms during routine operations.

The responses are not easily predicted as platforms can act simultaneously and to varying degree as a source of disturbance through noise and attraction through an artificial reef effect with increased prey abundance and diversity.

To investigate the presence and feeding behaviour of harbour porpoises around platforms, autonomous acoustic loggers were placed for up to 2 years, at 21 stations 0–25.6 km from the largest platform in the Danish North Sea.

Harbour porpoises were detected at all distances year round in two distinct seasonal activity patterns. During July–January, porpoises were attracted to the platform as indicated by high foraging activity within 800 m of the platform. Echolocation activity levels were up to twofold higher than those observed at 3.2–9.6 km from the platform.

Similar high echolocation activity was observed 200 m from neighbouring offshore installations located within 15 km, regardless of their size, during May–July.

This study shows that porpoises may be attracted to offshore O&G platforms despite confirmed elevated underwater noise and are likely exploiting higher prey abundance in the vicinity of such structures. This is possibly due to increased prey availability created by the combined effect of the artificial reef formed by the underwater structure and the local protected area around all platforms where fishery is banned.

Hard substrate and untouched seabed are rare and valuable habitats to many organisms in heavily trawled waters like the North Sea, and the ecological importance of these structures should be considered in the development of decommissioning strategies.
Social isolation during COVID‐19 lockdown impairs cognitive function
Authors: Ingram Joanne , Hand Christopher J. , Maciejewski Greg
Published: March 2021

Studies examining the effect of social isolation on cognitive function typically involve older adults and/or specialist groups (e.g., expeditions). We considered the effects of COVID‐19‐induced social isolation on cognitive function within a representative sample of the general population. We additionally considered how participants ‘shielding’ due to underlying health complications, or living alone, performed. We predicted that performance would be poorest under strictest, most‐isolating conditions. At five timepoints over 13 weeks, participants (N = 342; aged 18–72 years) completed online tasks measuring attention, memory, decision‐making, time‐estimation, and learning. Participants indicated their mood as ‘lockdown’ was eased. Performance typically improved as opportunities for social contact increased. Interactions between participant sub‐groups and timepoint demonstrated that performance was shaped by individuals' social isolation levels. Social isolation is linked to cognitive decline in the absence of ageing covariates. The impact of social isolation on cognitive function should be considered when implementing prolonged pandemic‐related restrictive conditions.
Neutrophil and Nanoparticles Delivery to Tumor: Is It Going to Carry That Weight?
Authors: Vishnevskiy Daniil A. , Garanina Anastasiia S. , Chernysheva Anastasia A. , Chekhonin Vladimir P. , Naumenko Victor A.
Published: March 2021

The application of cell carriers for transporting nanodrugs to the tumor draws much attention as the alternative to the passive drug delivery. In this concept, the neutrophil (NΦ) is of special interest as this cell is able to uptake nanoparticles (NPs) and cross the vascular barrier in response to tumor signaling. There is a growing body of literature describing NP–NΦ interactions in vitro and in vivo that demonstrates the opportunity of using these cells to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. However, a number of conceptual and technical issues need to be resolved for translating the technology into clinics. The current review summarizes the recent advances and challenges associated with NP–NΦ interactions, with the special focus on the complex interplay between the NP internalization pathways and the modulation of NΦ activity, and its potential consequences for nanodrug delivery.
Engineering Nanostructure–Interface of Photoanode Materials Toward Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Tang Rui , Zhou Shujie , Zhang Zhenyu , Zheng Rongkun , Huang Jun
Published: March 2021

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation based on semiconductor materials plays an important role in the production of clean fuel and value‐added chemicals. Nanostructure–interface engineering has proven to be an effective way to construct highly efficient PEC water oxidation photoanodes with good light capture, carrier transport, and water oxidation kinetics. However, from theoretical and application perspectives, the relationship between the nanostructure and interface of photoanode materials and their PEC performance remains unclear. In this review, the PEC water oxidation reaction mechanism and evaluation criteria are briefly presented. The theoretical basis and research status of the nanostructure–interface engineering on constructing high‐performance PEC water oxidation photoanodes are summarized and discussed. Finally, the current challenges and the future opportunities of nanostructure–interface engineering for the PEC reactions are pointed out.
Resonant Plasmon‐Enhanced Absorption of Charge Transfer Complexes in a Metal–Organic Monolayer
Authors: Krichevsky Denis M. , Tolbin Alexander Yu. , Dubinina Tatiana V. , Kosolobov Sergey S. , Krasovskii Vitally I. , Tomilova Larisa G. , Pushkarev Victor E. , Zasedatelev Anton V.
Published: March 2021

Plasmonic enhancement of absorption in charge‐transfer (CT) complexes formed under NO2 gas adsorption onto 2D hybrid structure, based on the metal–organic monolayer and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), is demonstrated. By using Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of low‐symmetry zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) molecules, the metal–organic monolayer is fabricated with greatly suppressed intermolecular aggregation. Oxidation of the monolayer through coordination of NO2 molecules with axial zinc ions of ZnPc molecules gives rise to the specific absorption band inherited to cation radical ZnPc+. The hybrid AuNPs–ZnPc structure is engineered to maximize exciton–plasmon interaction of CT complexes at the radical form of the metal–organic monolayer. Excellent spectral and spatial overlaps with plasmon resonance boost absorption of CT internal optical transition, so‐called “fingerprint” band, by a factor of six from 0.45% to 2.8% in total. The approach paves the way for efficient plasmonic control over photochemical reactions promoted by charge‐transfer complexes in metal–organic films. In particular, the plasmonic effect is harnessed to improve NO2 gas sensing properties; the experimental study shows a 15‐fold increase of the detection efficiency in the specific band of CT complexes under the gas exposure.
A Platform for Complementary Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Compatible Plasmonics: High Plasmonic Quality Titanium Nitride Thin Films on Si (001) with a MgO Interlayer
Authors: Ding Kai , Fomra Dhruv , Kvit Alexander V. , Morkoç Hadis , Kinsey Nathaniel , Özgür Ümit , Avrutin Vitaliy
Published: March 2021

Titanium nitride (TiN) is highly attractive for plasmonics and nanophotonics applications owing to its gold‐like but tunable optical properties. Its prodigious potential for plasmonics has been demonstrated on sapphire or bulk MgO. For a transformational impact, high optical quality TiN on Si is required instead, which would support the integration of nanophotonics with the complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. However, TiN grown on Si, even at elevated temperatures, lacks the optical quality needed, imposed by the large lattice mismatch between them. Here, a novel approach is reported wherein a thin MgO interlayer is inserted between TiN and Si. The improved crystalline quality enabled by MgO for TiN on Si(001) leads to a significant enhancement of the plasmonic figure of merit (FOM = −ε′/ε″) from 2.0 to 2.5 at telecommunication wavelength (peak FOM of 2.8), which is comparable to the widely accepted ultimate FOM obtained on bulk MgO grown under similar conditions. The TiN/MgO/Si structure enables the hybrid‐plasmonic‐photonic waveguide platform with sufficiently low losses, and thus long propagation lengths, for nanophotonic devices while providing additional practical advantages such as serving as a self‐aligned robust etching mask. Thus, the much‐anticipated potential of TiN on Si platform for CMOS compatible plasmonics is brought closer to reality.
Targeted RNA N6‐Methyladenosine Demethylation Controls Cell Fate Transition in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Chen Xuena , Zhao Qingquan , Zhao Yu‐Li , Chai Guo‐Shi , Cheng Weisheng , Zhao Zhiju , Wang Jia , Luo Guan‐Zheng , Cao Nan
Published: March 2021

Deficiency of the N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase complex results in global reduction of m6A abundance and defective cell development in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, it's unclear whether regional m6A methylation affects cell fate decisions due to the inability to modulate individual m6A modification in ESCs with precise temporal control. Here, a targeted RNA m6A erasure (TRME) system is developed to achieve site‐specific demethylation of RNAs in human ESCs (hESCs). TRME, in which a stably transfected, doxycycline‐inducible dCas13a is fused to the catalytic domain of ALKBH5, can precisely and reversibly demethylate the targeted m6A site of mRNA and increase mRNA stability with limited off‐target effects. It is further demonstrated that temporal m6A erasure on a single site of SOX2 is sufficient to control the differentiation of hESCs. This study provides a versatile toolbox to reveal the function of individual m6A modification in hESCs, enabling cell fate control studies at the epitranscriptional level.
Phase Change Random Access Memory for Neuro‐Inspired Computing
Authors: Wang Qiang , Niu Gang , Ren Wei , Wang Ruobing , Chen Xiaogang , Li Xi , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Xie Ya‐Hong , Song Sannian , Song Zhitang
Published: March 2021

Neuro‐inspired computing using emerging memristors plays an increasingly significant role for the realization of artificial intelligence and thus has attracted widespread interest in the era of big data. Thanks to the maturity of technology and the superiority of device performance, phase change random access memory (PCRAM) is a promising candidate for both nonvolatile memories and neuro‐inspired computing. Recently many efforts have been carried out to achieve the biological behavior using PCRAM and to clarify the related working mechanism. In order to further improve device performances, it is helpful and urgent to summarize and discuss the PCRAM solution for neuro‐inspired computing. In this paper, fundamentals, principles, recent progresses, existing challenges, and mainstream solutions are reviewed, and a brief outlook is highlighted and introduced, with the expectation to expound future directions.
R‐MACLO‐IVAM regimen followed by maintenance therapy induces durable remissions in untreated mantle cell lymphoma ‐ Long term follow up results
Authors: Alderuccio Juan P. , Saul Eduardo E. , Iyer Sunil G. , Reis Isildinha M. , Alencar Alvaro J. , Rosenblatt Joseph D. , Lossos Izidore S.
Published: March 2021

We present long‐term combined results of two clinical trials implementing R‐MACLO‐IVAM induction followed by thalidomide or rituximab maintenance in 44 patients with untreated mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The first 22 patients (UM‐MCL1 ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00450801) received maintenance with thalidomide (200 mg daily until relapse/intolerable toxicity) and a subsequent cohort of 22 patients (UM‐MCL2 ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00878254) received rituximab (375 mg/m2 IV weekly × 4, repeated every 6 months for 3 years). Considering all 44 patients, 41 (93.2%) achieved complete response (CR), two (4.5%) partial response (PR), and one (2.3%) was not evaluated for response. With a median follow up of 7.2 years (range < 1 month to 16 years), the 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) was 55.6% (95% CI: 38.9%‐69.4%) and median PFS 7.9 years (95% CI: 3.7–11 years). The 5‐year OS was 83.3% (95% CI: 68.1%‐91.7%) and median OS was not reached. Patients with blastic variant (n = 6) had a 5‐year PFS and OS of 20.8% and 60%, respectively. Myelosuppression was the most common adverse event during immunochemotherapy. Long‐term treatment‐related mortality was 6.8%. Note, R‐MACLO‐IVAM followed by maintenance therapy is an effective regimen to induce long‐term remission in MCL without need for consolidation with ASCT.
Use of endpoints in multiple myeloma randomized controlled trials over the last 15 years: A systematic review
Authors: Mohyuddin Ghulam Rehman , Koehn Kelly , Abdallah Al‐Ola , W. Sborov Douglas , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji , McClune Brian
Published: March 2021

Surrogate endpoints are being used more frequently in randomized controlled trials, even though they do not consistently corelate with patient outcomes. We systemically evaluated the use of surrogate endpoints in multiple myeloma randomized controlled trials over the past 15 years. We searched three databases (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane) for multiple myeloma randomized controlled trials from January 1, 2005 to December 30, 2019. The primary outcome of our study was the proportion of randomized controlled trials that used overall survival as their primary endpoint. Secondary outcomes included the use of surrogate endpoints, and trends over time, and whether they differed based on study sponsorship. We included 151 randomized controlled trials in our analysis. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) in 17 (11.3%) of studies, progression free survival (PFS) or event‐defined endpoints in 91 studies (60.3%) and response‐based endpoints in 44 studies (29.1%). Quality of life was a primary endpoint in only three studies (2%). The use of OS as a primary endpoint decreased from 28.5% of trials from 2005 to 2009 to 5.5% from 2015 to 2019. There has been a decrease in the clinically meaningful endpoint of OS over the past 15 years in multiple myeloma randomized controlled trials. Use of quality of life as a primary endpoint remains exceedingly low. It remains paramount to recognize that the use of surrogate endpoints is imperfect, and care based upon them requires constant physician and patient re‐analysis.
Prediction of a clinically effective dose of THY1773, a novel V1Breceptor antagonist, based on preclinical data
Authors: Inatani Shoko , Mizuno‐Yasuhira Akiko , Kamiya Makoto , Nishino Izumi , Sabia Helene D. , Endo Hiromi
Published: March 2021

THY1773 is a novel arginine vasopressin 1B (V1B) receptor antagonist that is under development as an oral drug for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we report our strategy to predict a clinically effective dose of THY1773 for MDD in the preclinical stage, and discuss the important insights gained by retrospective analysis of prediction accuracy. To predict human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, several extrapolation methods from animal or in vitro data to humans were investigated. The fu correction intercept method and two‐species‐based allometry were used to extrapolate clearance from rats and dogs to humans. The physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK)/receptor occupancy (RO) model was developed by linking free plasma concentration with pituitary V1B RO by the Emax model. As a result, the predicted clinically effective dose of THY1773 associated with 50% V1B RO was low enough (10 mg/day, or at maximum 110 mg/day) to warrant entering phase 1 clinical trials. In the phase 1 single ascending dose study, TS‐121 capsule (active ingredient: THY1773) showed favorable PKs for THY1773 as expected, and in the separately conducted phase 1 RO study using positron emission tomography, the observed pituitary V1B RO was comparable to our prediction. Retrospective analysis of the prediction accuracy suggested that the prediction methods considering plasma protein binding, and avoiding having to apply unknown scaling factors obtained in animals to humans, would lead to better prediction. Selecting mechanism‐based methods with reasonable assumptions would be critical for the successful prediction of a clinically effective dose in the preclinical stage of drug development.
Weak Coordination Bond of Chloromethane: A Unique Way to Activate Metal Node Within an Unstable Metal–Organic Framework DUT‐34
Authors: Bae Jinhee , Lee Chang Yeon , Jeong Nak Cheon
Published: March 2021

Activation of metal nodes in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been viewed as an essential step prior to their use for various potential applications. So far, a thermal method has been most commonly employed for the activation despite its negative influence on the structural integrity of MOFs. Meanwhile, DUT‐34 has been considered as an ideal platform for the above applications due to its open‐metal sites (OMSs) at the Cu node. However, the activation of DUT‐34 has not been successful because of its fragile characteristics. In this article, we report the coordination‐chemistry‐controlled activation, namely chemical route activation, using chloromethanes. By monitoring the coordination exchangeability of chloromethanes, we demonstrate that the chloromethanes can weakly coordinate at the OMSs. Further, we demonstrate that this coordination exchange is a safe activation method to retain the framework structure of DUT‐34, based on the observation that the DUT‐34 placed in TCM remained intact over 2 months.
XRCC5/6 polymorphisms and their interactions with smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep satisfaction in breast cancer risk: A Chinese multi‐center study
Authors: Yu Li‐Xiang , Liu Li‐Yuan , Xiang Yu‐Juan , Wang Fei , Zhou Fei , Huang Shu‐Ya , Zheng Chao , Ye Chun‐Miao , Zhou Wen‐Zhong , Yin Geng‐Shen , Zhang Jia‐Lin , Cui Shu‐De , Tian Fu‐Guo , Fan Zhi‐Min , Geng Cui‐Zhi , Cao Xu‐Chen , Yang Zhen‐Lin , Wang Xiang , Liang Hong , Wang Shu , Jiang Hong‐Chuan , Duan Xue‐Ning , Wang Hai‐Bo , Li Guo‐Lou , Wang Qi‐Tang , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Jin Feng , Tang Jin‐Hai , Li Liang , Zhu Shi‐Guang , Zuo Wen‐Shu , Ma Zhong‐Bing , Yu Zhi‐Gang
Published: March 2021

Background

X‐ray repair cross‐complementary 5 (XRCC5) and 6 (XRCC6) are critical for DNA repair. Few studies have assessed their association with breast cancer risk, and related gene‐environment interactions remain poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the influence of XRCC5/6 polymorphisms on breast cancer risk, and their interactions with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep satisfaction.

Methods

The study included 1039 patients with breast cancer and 1040 controls. Four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of XRCC5 and two of XRCC6 were genotyped. Information about smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep satisfaction was collected through questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) and related 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were assessed using unconditional logistic regression models. Gene‐environment interactions were analyzed using logistic regression with multiplicative interaction models.

Results

XRCC5 rs16855458 was associated with increased breast cancer risk in the co‐dominant (ptrend = 0.003) and dominant (CA + AA vs. CC, OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.07–1.56, p = 0.008) genetic models after Bonferroni correction. The CG + GG genotype of XRCC6 rs2267437 was associated with an increased risk of estrogen receptor‐negative/progesterone receptor‐negative (ER−/PR−) breast cancer (CG + GG vs. CC: OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.12–2.13, p = 0.008) after Bonferroni correction. Moreover, an antagonistic interaction between XRCC5 rs16855458 and alcohol consumption (pinteraction = 0.017), and a synergistic interaction between XRCC6 rs2267437 and sleep satisfaction were associated with breast cancer risk (pinteraction = 0.0497). However, these interactions became insignificant after Bonferroni correction.

Conclusion

XRCC5 rs16855458 was associated with breast cancer risk, and XRCC6 rs2267437 was associated with the risk of ER−/PR− breast cancer. Breast cancer risk associated with XRCC5 and XRCC6 polymorphisms might vary according to alcohol consumption and sleep satisfaction, respectively, and merit further investigation.
Comparing Co‐catalytic Effects of ZrOx, SmOx, and Pt on COx Methanation over Co‐based Catalysts Prepared by Double Flame Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Stahl Jakob , Ilsemann Jan , Pokhrel Suman , Schowalter Marco , Tessarek Christian , Rosenauer Andreas , Eickhoff Martin , Bäumer Marcus , Mädler Lutz
Published: March 2021

The impact of different co‐catalytically acting promoters (Pt, ZrOx and SmOx) during COx methanation was investigated on alumina supported Co‐based model catalysts. To obtain samples with identical structure and morphology independent of the presence and the type of promoter added, double flame spray pyrolysis was employed for the synthesis, which, in contrast to classical catalyst preparation techniques, allows controlling and separating the particle formation processes of the different catalyst components. In this way, differently promoted and unpromoted catalysts with identical size distributions and dispersions could be synthesized to study co‐catalytic effects in isolation. For CO2 methanation, all promoters led to improved methanation yields and long‐term activities within the whole temperature range as compared to the unpromoted catalyst. Among them, zirconia and platinum performed best. In case of CO methanation, a beneficial influence of the studied promoters could also be verified – with Pt showing the best results. Yet, all catalysts deactivated rapidly above 310 °C, limiting their usability to lower temperatures.
Photoinduced NaI‐Promoted Radical Borylation of Alkyl Halides and Pseudohalides
Authors: Wang Chenglan , Zhou Lu , Yang Kai , Zhang Feng , Song Qiuling
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A method for photoinduced NaI‐promoted radical borylation of aliphatic halides and pseudohalides with bis(catecholato)diboron (B2cat2) as the boron source is introduced. The borylation reaction is operationally simple and shows high functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through SN2‐based radical‐generation strategy.
Efferent projections of CGRP/Calca‐expressing parabrachial neurons in mice
Authors: Huang Dake , Grady Fillan S. , Peltekian Lila , Laing Justin J. , Geerling Joel C.
Published: March 2021

The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is composed of glutamatergic neurons at the midbrain–hindbrain junction. These neurons form many subpopulations, one of which expresses Calca, which encodes the neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). This Calca‐expressing subpopulation has been implicated in a variety of homeostatic functions, but the overall distribution of Calca‐expressing neurons in this region remains unclear. Also, while previous studies in rats and mice have identified output projections from CGRP‐immunoreactive or Calca‐expressing neurons, we lack a comprehensive understanding of their efferent projections. We began by identifying neurons with Calca mRNA and CGRP immunoreactivity in and around the PB, including populations in the locus coeruleus and motor trigeminal nucleus. Calca‐expressing neurons in the PB prominently express the mu opioid receptor (Oprm1) and are distinct from neighboring neurons that express Foxp2 and Pdyn. Next, we used Cre‐dependent anterograde tracing with synaptophysin‐mCherry to map the efferent projections of these neurons. Calca‐expressing PB neurons heavily target subregions of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basal forebrain, thalamic intralaminar and ventral posterior parvicellular nuclei, and hindbrain, in different patterns depending on the injection site location within the PB region. Retrograde axonal tracing revealed that the previously unreported hindbrain projections arise from a rostral‐ventral subset of CGRP/Calca neurons. Finally, we show that these efferent projections of Calca‐expressing neurons are distinct from those of neighboring PB neurons that express Pdyn. This information provides a detailed neuroanatomical framework for interpreting experimental work involving CGRP/Calca‐expressing neurons and opioid action in the PB region.
Architecture of visual design creation system based on 5G virtual reality
Authors: Gao Guozhen , Li Wenyu
Published: March 2021

Artificial intelligence, which simulates the behavior of the human brain with a computer, including learning, reasoning, decision‐making and prediction, association, and other aspects, with the help of artificial intelligence technology to help visual communication designers complete high‐quality, efficient, and high‐volume design output, has become a trend. However, there are many defects in the existing visual design and creation system under the intelligent human–computer cooperation. Therefore, based on 5G virtual reality, this paper proposes the framework of visual design and creation system under intelligent human–computer cooperation research that has been carried out. This paper uses the method of literature analysis and other methods to study. In the research process, based on 5G virtual reality, this paper builds the framework of visual design and creation system under the intelligent human–computer cooperation of virtual reality and tests the visual design creation system based on 5G virtual reality from the aspects of response time, visual design completion time, and visual presentation effect; the system is compared with other intelligent human–computer cooperation visual design creation systems. The results show that the clarity score of this system is 96.5, the visual presentation quality score is 95.8, the clarity score of other systems is 87.6, and the visual presentation quality score is 86.3. Therefore, this system has very high superiority compared with other intelligent human–computer cooperation visual design and creation systems.
Stability and detectability of testosterone esters in dried blood spots after intramuscular injections
Authors: Solheim Sara Amalie , Levernæs Maren Christin Stillesby , Mørkeberg Jakob , Juul Anders , Upners Emmie N. , Nordsborg Nikolai Baastrup , Dehnes Yvette
Published: March 2021

While misuse of testosterone esters is widespread in elite and recreational sports, direct detection of intact testosterone esters in doping control samples is hampered by the rapid hydrolysis by esterases present in the blood. With dried blood spot (DBS) as sample matrix, continued degradation of the esters is avoided due to inactivation of the hydrolase enzymes in dried blood. Here, we have developed the method further for detection of testosterone esters in DBS with focus on robustness and applicability in doping control. To demonstrate the method's feasibility, DBS samples from men receiving two intramuscular injections of Sustanon® 250 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) were collected, transported, and stored prior to analysis, to mimic a doping control scenario. The presented nanoLC‐HRMS/MS method appeared reliable and suitable for direct detection of four testosterone esters (testosterone decanoate, isocaproate, phenylpropionate, and propionate) after extraction from DBS. Sustanon® was detected in all subjects for at least 5 days, with detection window up to 14 days for three of the esters. Evaluation of analyte stability showed that while storage at room temperature is tolerated well for a few days, testosterone esters are highly stable (>18 months) in DBS when stored in frozen conditions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the applicability of DBS sampling in doping control for detection of steroid esters. The fast collection and reduced shipment costs of DBS compared with urine and standard blood samples, respectively, will allow more frequent and/or large‐scale testing to increase detection and deterrence.
Geomorphological characteristics of the Wabash River, USA: Influence on fish assemblages
Authors: Robbins Jeff , Pyron Mark
Published: March 2021

River hydrogeomorphology is a potential predictor of ecosystem and assemblage variation. We tested for fish assemblage variation as a function of hydrogeomorphology in a Midwestern US large river, the Wabash River. Fish data were classified by taxonomy and traits and we tested if assemblages varied with river hydrogeomorphology or river distance, defined into 10‐km distinct reaches. Three unique geomorphological units, Functional Process Zones (FPZ), were identified using an ArcGIS hydrogeomorphic model, based primarily on channel width, floodplain width, and down valley slope. Five locations were identified as FPZ A with narrow stream channel, high down valley slope, and an expansive floodplain. Ten locations were identified as FPZ B with a wide river channel and wide floodplain. Thirty‐five locations were identified as FPZ C with wide river channel and a constrained floodplain. The sites were categorized into three stream orders: 5, 6, and 7. We found hydrogeomorphology classified by unique FPZs or by river distance influenced taxonomic and functional fish assemblages for the Wabash River. There was high overlap among fish occurrences among FPZs, but nine species resulted as significant indicators of specific FPZs. Five traits were significant indicators of FPZs: an intermediate Swim Factor score, medium tolerance to silt, small‐large stream size preference, and two Shape Factor categories. Our conclusions are that fish assemblages respond strongly to local geomorphology and river distance, fitting the riverine ecosystem synthesis and the river continuum concept.
Characterization of Salix nigra floral insect community and activity of three native Andrena bees
Authors: Simon Sandra J. , Keefover‐Ring Ken , Park Yong‐Lak , Wimp Gina , Grady Julianne , DiFazio Stephen P.
Published: March 2021

Salix nigra (black willow) is a widespread tree that hosts many species of polylectic hymenopterans and oligolectic bees of the genus Andrena. The early flowering of S. nigra makes it an important nutritive resource for arthropods emerging from hibernation. However, since S. nigra is dioecious, not all insect visits will lead to successful pollination. Using both visual observation and pan‐trapping, we characterized the community of arthropods that visited S. nigra flowers and assessed differences among male and female trees as well as the chemical and visual drivers that influenced community composition across 3 years. We found that male trees consistently supported higher diversity of insects than female trees and only three insect species, all Andrena spp., consistently visited both sexes. Additionally, Andrena nigrae, which was the only insect that occurred more on female than male flowers, correlated strongly to volatile cues. This suggests that cross‐pollinators cue into specific aspects of floral scent, but diversity of floral visitors is driven strongly by visual cues of yellow male pollen. Through time, the floral activity of two Andrena species remained stable, but A. nigrae visited less in 2017 when flowers bloomed earlier than other years. When native bee emergence does not synchronize with bloom, activity appears to be diminished which could threaten species that subsist on a single host. Despite the community diversity of S. nigra flowers, its productivity depends on a small fraction of species that are not threatened by competition, but rather rapidly changing conditions that lead to host‐insect asynchrony.
Sex‐specific migratory behaviors in a temperate ungulate
Authors: Rodgers Patrick A. , Sawyer Hall , Mong Tony W. , Stephens Sam , Kauffman Matthew J.
Published: March 2021

Sexual segregation has been intensely studied across diverse ecosystems and taxa, but studies are often limited to periods when animals occupy distinct seasonal ranges. Some avian and marine studies have revealed that habitat segregation, when sexes differ spatially or temporally in use of the physical landscape, is common during the migratory period and characterized by sex‐specific differences in migratory behaviors. Recent research highlights the importance of understanding movement patterns in the context of the full annual life cycle and highlights the need to extend relevant theories of sexual segregation to the migratory period. We tested predictions from two leading hypotheses of sexual segregation, the forage‐selection hypothesis (FSH) and the reproductive strategy hypothesis (RSH) as applied to the migratory period. We collected global positioning system (GPS) location data for male and female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in south‐central Wyoming and northwest Colorado and tested the main predictions of the FSH and RSH. Both sexes showed high fidelity to their migratory routes, but route fidelity was more variable in males. Males also started spring migrations earlier, ended spring and autumn migrations later, and spent 22% more time on stopover sites during spring migrations. Consequently, males took twice as long in spring and 44% longer in autumn to complete migration. Our results revealed clear sex‐specific migratory behaviors and supported predictions of the RSH that male foraging behaviors optimize body condition for the autumn rut, and females prioritize foraging while balancing reproductive constraints. Specifically, males timed their movements with spring green‐up as optimally as females, and the timing of male migrations and use of stopovers suggested that males prioritized time in areas of high‐quality forage. This refutes predictions of the FSH during the migratory period that males should consistently choose habitats with abundant, low‐quality forage. Our findings provide an important contribution to sexual segregation theory by extending relevant theories to understand male and female movements during the migratory period.
Association with a novel protective microbe facilitates host adaptation to a stressful environment
Authors: Hoang Kim L. , Gerardo Nicole M. , Morran Levi T.
Published: March 2021

Protective symbionts can allow hosts to occupy otherwise uninhabitable niches. Despite the importance of symbionts in host evolution, we know little about how these associations arise. Encountering a microbe that can improve host fitness in a stressful environment may favor persistent interactions with that microbe, potentially facilitating a long-term association. The bacterium Bacillus subtilis protects Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes from heat shock by increasing host fecundity compared to the nonprotective Escherichia coli. In this study, we ask how the protection provided by the bacterium affects the host's evolutionary trajectory. Because of the stark fitness contrast between hosts heat shocked on B. subtilis versus E. coli, we tested whether the protection conferred by the bacteria could increase the rate of host adaptation to a stressful environment. We passaged nematodes on B. subtilis or E. coli, under heat stress or standard conditions for 20 host generations of selection. When assayed under heat stress, we found that hosts exhibited the greatest fitness increase when evolved with B. subtilis under stress compared to when evolved with E. coli or under standard (nonstressful) conditions. Furthermore, despite not directly selecting for increased B. subtilis fitness, we found that hosts evolved to harbor more B. subtilis as they adapted to heat stress. Our findings demonstrate that the context under which hosts evolve is important for the evolution of beneficial associations and that protective microbes can facilitate host adaptation to stress. In turn, such host adaptation can benefit the microbe.
Radioactivity to Rethink the Earth's Energy Balance
Authors: Terranova Maria Letizia
Published: March 2021

This contribution invites to re‐examine the whole matter of radioactivity, reconsidering it from the point of view of a realistic source of energy. State‐of‐the‐art and technical aspects are briefly illustrated in this note that aims to open a discussion on this challenging topic.
The impact of auditory hallucinations on “living well” with dementia: Findings from the IDEAL programme
Authors: Choi Aaron , Ballard Clive , Martyr Anthony , Collins Rachel , Morris Robin G. , Clare Linda ,   IDEAL programme team
Published: March 2021

Objective

To determine whether auditory hallucinations in community‐dwelling people with dementia (PwD) living in the community impacted on quality of life (QoL), subjective wellbeing and life satisfaction.

Design

Cross‐sectional cohort study.

Settings and participants

1251 community‐dwelling PwD and caregivers were included in this study.

Measures

Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire completed by caregiver interview. Mean differences between the absence and presence of auditory hallucinations were compared to scores on three validated measures of living well: QoL in Alzheimer's disease scale (QoL‐AD), World Health Organization‐Five Well‐being Index and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Analysis of covariance determined the confounding contributions of cognition via Mini‐Mental State Examination, depression via Geriatric Depression Scale‐10, caregiver stress via Relative Stress Scale and whether antipsychotic drugs were prescribed.

Results

Auditory hallucinations were associated with lower scores for QoL (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.01), wellbeing (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.02) and life satisfaction (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.01). After controlling for background measures, which were potential confounds, the relationship between auditory hallucinations and QoL (p = 0.04, pη2 = 0.01) and wellbeing (p < 0.000, pη2 = 0.02) remained significant but there was no significant association with life satisfaction.

Conclusion

Auditory hallucinations are associated with lower QoL and wellbeing in PwD living in the community. This has implications for targeted therapies in PwD with psychotic symptoms.
Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) Monoclonal Antibody 5D5 Suppresses Human Cholangiocarcinoma Xenograft Growth Through Regulation of a SULF2–Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta–Yes‐Associated Protein Signaling Axis
Authors: Luo Xin , Campbell Nellie A. , He Li , O'Brien Daniel R. , Singer Mark S. , Lemjabbar‐Alaoui Hassan , Ahn Keun Soo , Smoot Rory , Torbenson Michael S. , Rosen Steven D. , Roberts Lewis R.
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims

Existing therapeutic approaches to treat cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have limited effectiveness, prompting further study to develop therapies for CCA. We report a mechanistic role for the heparan sulfate editing enzyme sulfatase 2 (SULF2) in CCA pathogenesis.

Approach and Results

In silico analysis revealed elevated SULF2 expression in human CCA samples, occurring partly through gain of SULF2 copy number. We examined the effects of knockdown or overexpression of SULF2 on tumor growth, chemoresistance, and signaling pathway activity in human CCA cell lines in vitro. Up‐regulation of SULF2 in CCA leads to increased platelet‐derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ)–Yes‐associated protein (YAP) signaling activity, promoting tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance. To explore the utility of targeting SULF2 in the tumor microenvironment for CCA treatment, we tested an anti‐SULF2 mouse monoclonal antibody, 5D5, in a mouse CCA xenograft model. Targeting SULF2 by monoclonal antibody 5D5 inhibited PDGFRβ–YAP signaling and tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model.

Conclusions

These results suggest that SULF2 monoclonal antibody 5D5 or related agents may be potentially promising therapeutic agents in CCA.
Statistical approach on 3D hydromagnetic flow of water‐based nanofluid between two vertical porous plates moving in opposite directions
Authors: Neethu Thaivalappil Sugathan , Areekara Sujesh , Mathew Alphonsa
Published: March 2021

The nanofluid flow between two plates is a common topic of research. However, studies dealing with the flow between two vertical plates moving in different directions have not been largely accounted for. The main aim of this study is to analytically and statistically investigate the MHD flow of water‐based nanofluid between two vertical porous plates moving in opposite directions using perturbation technique and multiple linear regression, respectively. The consequence of various parameters on concentration, temperature, and velocity are examined via graphs using MATLAB software. It is observed that the main flow velocity profile is greater when the magnetic field is applied on the upward moving plate as compared to the main flow velocity when the magnetic field is applied on the downward‐moving plate. The physical quantities are scrutinized using statistical tools like probable error and multiple linear regression and an excellent agreement is noted. It is noted that the Nusselt number is highly positively correlated with the injection parameter and highly negatively correlated with nanoparticle volume fraction. Furthermore, the simultaneous effects of parameters on drag coefficients are studied with the aid of three‐dimensional surface plots.
Application of soft computing techniques to optimize thermal parameters in a double heat exchanger with cylindrical turbulators
Authors: Kumar Shiva , Dinesha Pijakala
Published: March 2021

In the present study, the dimensions of the cylindrical turbulators have been optimized to achieve the highest thermal performance. A double pipe heat exchanger with cylindrical turbulators placed in the annulus side is modeled and a numerical simulation is carried out for different operating conditions. The simulation is conducted for different diameters of the turbulators for various Re for the annulus fluid. The Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and thermohydraulic performance index (THPI) are the responses simulated for the above different cases of input conditions. Response surface methodology has been used to study the influence of operating parameters on the responses. It is observed that Nu, f, and THPI increased as the Re and turbulator diameter increased. Response optimizer is used to optimize the turbulator diameter to obtain the highest thermal performance in terms of highest Nu and THPI and lowest f. The results indicated that maximum performance was obtained for a diameter of 4.45 mm and for a Re of 5530. The Nu and THPI corresponding to the above combinations are 68.4 and 2, respectively.
Incidence of second‐stage (fully dilated) cesarean sections and how best to represent it: A multicenter analysis
Authors: Rahim Asad , Lock Gareth , Cotzias Christina
Published: March 2021

Objective

To gather multicenter data on the incidence of second‐stage cesarean sections and suggest alternative methods by which the data can be represented.

Methods

Retrospective, observational study over a 12‐month study period. Numbers of term, singleton live births were collated from each of six maternity units. Data were separated by mode of delivery—unassisted vaginal birth, assisted (instrumental) vaginal delivery and elective, first‐stage, and second‐stage cesarean sections. Second‐stage cesarean sections were expressed as a proportion of all deliveries, of all laboring women (i.e. excluding elective cesarean sections), and all women who reach full dilatation (i.e. excluding elective and first‐stage cesarean sections).

Results

Of the 28 867 deliveries included in the analysis, 493 of these were second‐stage cesarean sections. This represented an incidence of 1.7% of all deliveries, 2.0% of all women in labor, and 2.5% of all women who reach full dilatation.

Conclusion

Second‐stage cesarean sections continue to be common. Safe delivery of a deeply impacted fetal vertex is essential in modern obstetric practice.