bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of HSV Viral Reactivation in Explants of Sensory Neurons
Authors: Arbuckle Jesse H. , Turner Anne‐Marie W. , Kristie Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

As with all Herpesviruses, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has both a lytic replication phase and a latency‐reactivation cycle. During lytic replication, there is an ordered cascade of viral gene expression that leads to the synthesis of infectious viral progeny. In contrast, latency is characterized by the lack of significant lytic gene expression and the absence of infectious virus. Reactivation from latency is characterized by the re‐entry of the virus into the lytic replication cycle and the production of recurrent disease. This unit describes the establishment of the mouse sensory neuron model of HSV‐1 latency‐reactivation as a useful in vivo system for the analysis of mechanisms involved in latency and reactivation. Assays including the determination of viral yields, immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent detection of viral antigens, and mRNA quantitation are used in experiments designed to investigate the network of cellular and viral proteins regulating HSV‐1 lytic infection, latency, and reactivation. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simple vs complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstructions: etiology, management and outcomes
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Kamal Saurabh , Gupta Adit , Ali Mohammad Hasnat , Naik Milind N.
Published: November 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to report the comparative clinical profiles and outcomes of simple and complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).

Methods

The study was a retrospective chart review of all patients presenting with CNLDO from a single surgeon's (M.J.A.) database. All patients underwent irrigation and probing under nasal endoscopic guidance. A detailed lacrimal system evaluation was performed, intraoperative findings including nasal endoscopy were documented, and etiologies of complex CNLDO were noted. Outcome measures were comparative profiles, and anatomical success and functional success of the interventions. Statistical analyses were performed using the Shapiro‐Wilk test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results

Ninety‐five eyes of 81 patients with simple CNLDO and 100 eyes of 83 patients with complex CNLDO were compared. The mean age at presentation was 17.6 months in simple CNLDO and 45.6 months in complex cases (p < 0.001). Epiphora and discharge were the most common symptoms; 89.4% among simple cases and 92% in the complex group. The most common causes of complex CNLDO were bony obstructions (23%), craniofacial syndromes (12%), and buried probe (10%). At a mean follow‐up of 5.85 months for simple CNLDO and 4.68 months for complex CNLDO, anatomical success and functional success was noted in 97.8% and 94.7%, respectively, in simple CNLDO, and in 58% and 51%, respectively, in complex CNDLO (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Bony obstruction, craniofacial syndrome, and buried probe were the most common reasons for a complex CNLDO, noted commonly in older children, with irrigation and probing having much poorer outcomes when compared with simpler obstructions.
Rhodium(III)/Copper(II)‐Promoted trans‐Selective Heteroaryl Acyloxylation of Alkynes: Stereodefined Access to trans‐Enol Esters
Authors: Pham Manh V. , Cramer Nicolai
Published: November 2014

Enol esters are versatile synthetic building blocks which can be elaborated by a wide variety of transformations. The classical synthesis by O‐selective enolate acylation often hampers control of the E/Z selectivity with highly substituted substrates. A rhodium(III)/copper(II)‐mediated process is reported to provide tetrasubstituted enol esters in a trans‐selective fashion. Overall, the reaction consists of a heteroaryl acyloxylation of alkynes. The process is initiated by a rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C2‐selective activation of electron‐rich heteroarenes, such as benzofuran, furan, and thiophene. Upon addition across an alkyne, a transmetalation to copper(II) enables reductive CO bond formation. The transformation allows the three‐component couplings of heteroarenes, alkynes, and carboxylic acids. Application of the method in the functionalization of bioactive furocoumarin natural products is also described.
Die Abteibrücke in Berlin
Authors: Braun Michael
Published: November 2014

Im äußersten Nordwesten des Berliner Stadtbezirks Treptow gibt es im begrenzenden Spreelauf eine idyllische kleine Insel, die ausschließlich dem Amüsement der Berliner und der Touristen dient. Zur Insel führt eine Bogenbrücke, die eine Einmaligkeit in Deutschland darstellt. Errichtet in dem seinerzeit vollkommen neuen Verfahren des Gusseisenbetonverbundes nach dem Prinzip des Österreichers FRIEDRICH VON EMPERGER ist die Brücke trotz der langen Dauernutzung von nahezu 100 Jahren heute nach umfangreicher Sanierung in einem hervorragenden Zustand.

The Abtei Bridge in Berlin

In the outer northwest of Berlin there is an idyllic island inside the Spree river, that serves the Berliners and tourists for pleasure. A bridge leads to that island which is unique in Germany. Built by the entirely new Emperger system this building is in spite of long lasting use of about 100 years in a very good condition.
Neuer Ansatz zur Bestimmung des elektrischen Betonwiderstands bei vorhandener Bewehrung
Authors: Reichling Kenji , Asgharzadeh Amir , Raupach Michael
Published: November 2014

Die zuverlässige Bestimmung des elektrischen Widerstands von Beton, der mit verschiedenen dauerhaftigkeitsrelevanten Parametern korreliert, stellt sich am Bauwerk derzeit als große Herausforderung dar. Hierbei kommt üblicherweise das WENNER‐Verfahren zum Einsatz, das aber aufgrund der Heterogenität von Stahlbeton, z. B. infolge Bewehrung und Feuchteunterschieden, zu Fehlinterpretationen führen kann.

Um der Heterogenität Rechnung zu tragen, wird ein neues Messverfahren angewendet, um die Verteilung des elektrischen Betonwiderstands im Beton zu ermitteln. Hierzu kommt die in der Geophysik entwickelte elektrische Widerstandstomografie zum Einsatz. Um zuverlässige Ergebnisse zu erzielen, muss das Verfahren an die Gegebenheiten von Stahlbeton angepasst werden. Zudem wird u. a. die bekannte WENNER‐Elektrodenkonfiguration mit der Dipol‐Dipol‐Konfiguration verglichen und die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens an Stahlbetonprüfkörpern untersucht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass das Verfahren an Stahlbeton anwendbar ist, wenn die Lage der Bewehrung und Randeffekte an der Betonoberfläche berücksichtigt werden.

Novel approach for determining the electrical resistivity of reinforced concrete

The electrical resistivity of concrete correlates with different durability related parameters. Due to the heterogeneity of reinforced concrete a reliable determination of the concrete resistivity at a structure is a challenging objective. The application of a WENNER probe in the area of reinforcement bars or moisture gradients can lead to misinterpretations.

In order to counteract the influence of heterogeneities the Electrical Resistivity Tomography, developed in geophysics, is applied to determine the distribution of the electrical resistivity in concrete elements. The method is adapted to the demands of reinforced concrete structures. The studies focus on a comparison between the WENNER electrode configuration, already known in civil engineering, and the dipole‐dipole electrode configuration and highlight the applicability for reinforced concrete elements. The results show that the method is applicable on reinforced concrete if the position of the reinforcement as well as boundary effects are considered within the evaluation.
Flachdecken in Elementbauweise mit Gitterträgern
Authors: Furche Johannes , Bauermeister Ulrich
Published: November 2014

Flachdecken werden wirtschaftlich aus vorgefertigten Stahlbetonplatten und einer aufbetonierten Ortbetonschicht hergestellt. Das Tragverhalten dieser Elementdecken mit Gitterträgern ist ähnlich dem von Ortbetondecken. Bei der Bemessung und Konstruktion von Elementdecken sind jedoch einige Besonderheiten zu beachten. Der Eurocode 2 mit zugehörigem nationalem Anhang [1] enthält Regelungen hierzu. Als Durchstanz‐ und Verbundbewehrung kommen jedoch Bewehrungssysteme zur Anwendung, welche auf der Grundlage von nationalen oder europäischen Zulassungen bemessen werden. Die erforderlichen Nachweise im Durchstanzbereich von Flachdecken werden für unterschiedliche Systeme zusammengestellt und erläutert.

Flat Slabs built as Semi‐Precast Slabs with Lattice Girders. Advice to application according to Eurocode 2

Flat slabs are economically made of precast slabs with insitu topping. The load bearing behaviour of these semi‐precast slabs with lattice girders is similar to in situ concrete slabs. Eurocode 2 together with the German annex [1] gives advice for that. The used punching shear reinforcement and composite reinforcement have to be designed according to national or European technical approvals. The necessary proofs in case of flat slabs are consolidated and explained.
Cupric oxide nanoparticles‐enhanced chemiluminescence method for measurement of β‐lactam antibiotics
Authors: Iranifam Mortaza , Khabbaz Kharameh Merhnaz
Published: November 2014

A simple, sensitive cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the measurement of β‐lactam antibiotics, including amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium. The method was based on suppression of the CuO NPs–luminol–H2O2 CL reaction by β‐lactam antibiotics. Experimental parameters that influenced the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic drugs on the CL system, such as NaOH (mol/L), luminol (µmol/L), H2O2 (mol/L) and CuO NPs (mg/L) concentrations, were optimized. Calibration graphs were linear and had dynamic ranges of 1.0 × 10–6 to 8.0 × 10–6 mol/L and 3.0 × 10–5 to 5.0 × 10–3 mol/L for amoxicillin and cefazolin sodium, respectively, with corresponding detection limits of 7.9 × 10–7 mol/L and 1.8 × 10–5 mol/L. The relative standard deviations of five replicate measurements of 5.0 × 10–6 amoxicillin and 5 × 10–4 cefazolin sodium were 5.43 and 5.01%, respectively. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM). The developed approach was exploited successfully to measure antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Advances in Near‐Infrared Absorption Nanomaterials as Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Zhang Juchen , Qiao Zengying , Yang Peipei , Pan Jie , Wang Lei , Wang Hao
Published: November 2014

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging whole‐body imaging modality offering high spatial resolution, deep penetration and high contrast in vivo. Signals for PAI are generated from contrast agents, where the laser‐generated optical energy is transferred to acoustic emissions and detected by an ultrasound transducer. A great deal of research over the past ten years has shown that near‐infrared absorption nanomaterials such as organic dye‐based nanoparticals, polymer‐based nanoparticles, carbon‐based nanomaterials and metallic nanomaterials are promising photoacoustic (PA) contrast agents, which can increase the imaging resolution, contrast and depth of detection. Hence, it is an attractive research field to develop new PA contrast agents. Herein, we reviewed this rapidly growing field and described the applications of nanomaterial‐based PA contrast agents for biomedical imaging. Particular focus was given to organic near‐infrared absorbing dyes including cyanine, porphyrin and boron‐dipyrromethene derivatives.
Direct Coupling Reaction of Diaryl Methanol with Ketones or Aldehydes Catalyzed by AlCl3
Authors: Zhu Zhiqiang , Bai Peng , Wang Tiantian , Huang Zhizhen
Published: November 2014

A novel coupling reaction of diaryl methanols with ketones or aldehydes has been developed under the catalysis of AlCl3. Various ketones and aldehydes could couple with 9H‐xanthen‐9‐ol smoothly, affording coupling products in 48% –88% yields. A plausible mechanism using AlCl3 to activate both diaryl methanol and ketone or aldehyde is proposed.
Metal‐Free‐Mediated Oxidation Aromatization of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines to Pyridines Using Visible Light and Air
Authors: Wei Xiaojing , Wang Lin , Jia Wenliang , Du Shaofu , Wu Lizhu , Liu Qiang
Published: November 2014

A metal‐free and environmentally friendly aerobic aromatization photosensitized by organic dye eosin Y bis(tetrabutyl ammonium salt) (TBA‐eosinY) has been developed. With the aid of K2CO3, the aerobic catalytic system converts 1,4‐dihydropyridines to their corresponding pyridine derivatives efficiently under visible light irradiation (λ=450 nm) at room temperature.
Diagnostic value of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy for differential dementia diagnosis
Authors: Slaets Sylvie , Van Acker Frank , Versijpt Jan , Hauth Lothar , Goeman Johan , Martin Jean‐Jacques , De Deyn Peter Paul , Engelborghs Sebastiaan
Published: November 2014

Objective

Iodine‐123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) cardiac scintigraphy has shown the potential to discriminate dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these studies did not reflect clinical practice, as patients with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and hyperlipidemia and patients treated with antidepressants like trazodone were excluded.

Methods

This study aimed to evaluate the use of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy to diagnose DLB in clinical practice. Moreover, the potential diagnostic value of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy in patients with clinically ambiguous dementia diagnosis (DLB versus AD) was tested. Eighty‐five patients with a possible clinical diagnosis of DLB entered the study. MIBG uptake was determined by calculating the heart‐to‐mediastinum‐uptake ratio (H/M).

Results

The average H/M ratio was 1.42 ± 0.35. The number of core features for DLB and the H/M ratio were negatively correlated (p = 0.001; r = −0.360). With an H/M ratio cutoff of 1.68 in 20 patients with clinically ambiguous dementia diagnoses (DLB versus AD) at the moment of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy, 95% (19/20) of the patients were correctly classified as compared with clinical or definite diagnosis at follow‐up, with sensitivity and specificity values for diagnosing DLB of 100% (16/16) and 75% (3/4), respectively. The H/M ratio was influenced only by age (p = 0.046; r = −0.217) and gender (p = 0.024) and not by any other variable studied.

Conclusions

The MIBG cardiac scintigraphy H/M ratio is a possible diagnostic biomarker for DLB in routine clinical practice and might have an added diagnostic value in case of doubt between DLB and AD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐efficient Laser Machining of Siliceous Strand Profiles
Authors: Bliedtner Jens , Schmidt Thomas , Müller Hartmut , Sändig Sabine
Published: November 2014

Machining tubular or strand profiles with laser radiation requires a homogeneous and synchronous heating of the machining zone. A mere rotation of the tube is often insufficient. Special optical constructions make the cutting and welding of tubes much more efficient. A patented procedure enables a homogeneous heating and melting around the glass tube on fixed profiles with a statical laser beam and does not limit the profile length. The article introduces selected procedures with and without rotary motions for the cutting and welding of siliceous strand profiles with kW CO2 laser systems.
Streng geheim: Der ewige Kreisel
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian
Published: November 2014

Mit externer Energiezufuhr oder interner Energiequelle lassen sich Kreisel konstruieren, die Stunden oder Tage lang – scheinbar ewig – laufen. Die Ursache und Aufklärung der dahinter stehenden Mechanismen fasziniert Kinder und Erwachsene. Insbesondere der über Stunden frei schwebende und Magnetkreisel Levitron ist eine Attraktion. Aber auch der äußerlich wie ein gewöhnlicher Kreisel aussehende und wie dieser auf jeder Unterlage rotierende Non‐stop‐Top fordert nicht nur den gesunden Menschenverstand, sondern auch den physikalischen Sachverstand heraus.
Lichtquellen der Zukunft
Authors: Hahn Berthold
Published: November 2014

Der Physik‐Nobelpreis 2014 geht zu gleichen Teilen an Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano und Shuji Nakamura “für die Erfindung effizienter blauer Leuchtdioden, die den Bau heller und Energie sparender Lichtquellen ermöglichen.” Mit ihrer Erfindung haben die Preisträger eine Lichtrevolution eingeleitet.
Von Kartoffelchips und Stärkekräckern
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: November 2014

Knusperndes und Krachendes spielt in der Sensorik eine große Rolle, egal ob mit Kartoffelchips zum Glas Bier mit Kräckern zum Dip aufnehmen. Für Physiker sind dies Gläser, sprich amorphe Festkörper.
Optical Heating and Temperature Determination of Core–Shell Gold Nanoparticles and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Microparticles
Authors: Yashchenok Alexey , Masic Admir , Gorin Dmitry , Inozemtseva Olga , Shim Bong Sup , Kotov Nicholas , Skirtach Andre , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: November 2014

The real‐time temperature measurement of nanostructured materials is particularly attractive in view of increasing needs of local temperature probing with high sensitivity and resolution in nanoelectronics, integrated photonics, and biomedicine. Light‐induced heating and Raman scattering of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with adsorbed gold nanoparticles decorating silica microparticles are reported, by both green and near IR lasers. The plasmonic shell is used as nanoheater, while the single‐walled carbon nanotubes are Raman active and serve as a thermometer. Stokes and Anti‐Stokes Raman spectra of single‐walled carbon nanotubes serve to estimate the effective light‐induced temperature rise on the metal nanoparticles. The temperature rise is constant with time, indicating stability of the adsorption density. The effective temperatures derived from Stokes and Anti‐Stokes intensities are correlated with those measured in a heating stage. The resolution of the thermal experiments in our study was found to be 5–40 K.
Efficient secretion of inulin fructotransferase in Pichia pastoris using the formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 promoter
Authors: Zhan Rongrong , Mu Wanmeng , Jiang Bo , Zhou Liuming , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2014

Inulin fructotransferase (IFTase) has received considerable attention due to its ability to catalyse inulin hydrolysis to difructose anhydride (DFA III), a natural low-calorie functional sweetener. In the present study, for the first time, we describe the expression of IFTase in Pichia pastoris under the control of the formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 promoter (PFLD1). Using this system, we achieved efficient secretion with four substrate fed-batch strategies in a 3-L fermenter. The co-feeding induction strategy with methylamine hydrochloride and methanol achieved the maximum extracellular IFTase activity of 62.72 U mL−1, which was 3.2-fold higher than that obtained with the wild-type strain. In addition to methanol, carbon sources such as glucose and glycerol could also be utilised by PFLD1-controlled P. pastoris for IFTase production using methylamine hydrochloride induction. However, we found that glycerol and glucose should be strictly controlled at low concentrations of 0.5–1.5 % (v/v) and 1–1.5 % (w/v), respectively. The use of glycerol and glucose demonstrated that P. pastoris was also attractive for IFTase production via methanol-free cultivation strategies. This study may provide the basis for the industrial use of this recombinant IFTase for the production of DFA III.
Incidence of Symptomatic Compressive Peripheral Neuropathy after Shoulder Replacement
Authors: Yian Edward H. , Dillon Mark , Sodl Jeff , Dionysian Emil , Navarro Ronald , Singh Anshuman
Published: November 2014

Background

The incidence of post-operative compressive peripheral neuropathy (CPN) after shoulder arthroplasty is not known. We hypothesized that the likelihood following shoulder arthroplasty would be higher compared to a non-operative cohort.

Methods

Retrospective study compared the incidence of symptomatic CPN after shoulder replacement to a 1:1 age- and gender-matched non-operative control group with shoulder arthritis. Six hundred six consecutive shoulder replacements from a regional shoulder arthroplasty registry were analyzed. This included 319 primary total shoulder arthroplasties (TSR), 168 hemiarthroplasties (HA), 31 humeral resurfacings (HHR), 71 reverse arthroplasties (RTSA), and 17 revision arthroplasties. Diagnosis of post-operative CPN was obtained by documented clinical examination by a physician consistent with CPN based on patient complaints, positive nerve study results, and/or nerve decompression. Age, gender, body mass index, diabetes status, thyroid abnormalities, operative side, and anesthesiology (ASA) score were examined.

Results

The surgery group had 15 cases (2.5 %) of postoperative CPN (ten carpal tunnel syndrome, five cubital tunnel syndrome). This included seven TSR, six HA, one revision TSR, and one RTSA. Diagnoses included ten osteoarthritis, four rotator cuff arthropathies, and one chondrolysis. Control group had eight cases (1.3 %) of CPN (seven carpal tunnel syndrome, one cubital tunnel syndrome). In univariate analysis, age, gender, body mass index, ASA score, operative side, thyroid status, and diabetes were not predictors of post-operative CPN. CPN incidence between surgical and control groups was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The 1-year incidence rate of new onset clinical post-operative CPN symptoms was 2.5 %. There was no significant difference of CPN rates between surgical and non-operative groups.
Mosaike in der Tumorzytogenetik
Authors: Haferlach Claudia
Published: November 2014

Eine Tumorerkrankung stellt, bezogen auf den Gesamtorganismus, per definitionem ein Mosaik dar. Zusätzlich sind die meisten Tumoren, für sich betrachtet, Mosaike. Dieser Mosaikstatus wird üblicherweise als intratumorale Heterogenität bezeichnet und ist ein wesentlicher Faktor, der sowohl Relevanz für die Diagnostik als auch für die therapeutischen Strategien hat. Um die genetischen Veränderungen eines Tumors analysieren zu können, muss im Rahmen der Diagnostik sichergestellt werden, dass eine ausreichende Anzahl an Tumorzellen ausgewertet werden kann und nicht lediglich das normale Gewebe betrachtet wird. Dieses wird in der Diagnostik bei den verschiedenen Neoplasien mit unterschiedlichen Vorgehensweisen in Abhängigkeit von den verwendeten diagnostischen Methoden und der Art der Neoplasie erreicht. Zur Anwendung kommen Methoden, die die malignen Zellen anreichern und diese gezielt zur Proliferation stimulieren, oder die Methode wird mit einer ausreichenden Sensitivität durchführt, um auch kleine Klone erfassen zu können.
Sibling Similarity in Family Formation
Authors: Raab Marcel , Fasang Anette Eva , Karhula Aleksi , Erola Jani
Published: November 2014

Sibling studies have been widely used to analyze the impact of family background on socioeconomic and, to a lesser extent, demographic outcomes. We contribute to this literature with a novel research design that combines sibling comparisons and sequence analysis to analyze longitudinal family-formation trajectories of siblings and unrelated persons. This allows us to scrutinize in a more rigorous way whether sibling similarity exists in family-formation trajectories and whether siblings’ shared background characteristics, such as parental education and early childhood family structure, can account for similarity in family formation. We use Finnish register data from 1987 through 2007 to construct longitudinal family-formation trajectories in young adulthood for siblings and unrelated dyads (N = 14,257 dyads). Findings show that family formation is moderately but significantly more similar for siblings than for unrelated dyads, also after controlling for crucial parental background characteristics. Shared parental background characteristics add surprisingly little to account for sibling similarity in family formation. Instead, gender and the respondents’ own education are more decisive forces in the stratification of family formation. Yet, family internal dynamics seem to reinforce this stratification such that siblings have a higher probability to experience similar family-formation patterns. In particular, patterns that correspond with economic disadvantage are concentrated within families. This is in line with a growing body of research highlighting the importance of family structure in the reproduction of social inequality.
Anthropometric Measurement of Tunnel Lengths for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Chinese
Authors: Chung-Kit Cheng James , Wing-Leung Chan , Yung-Chak Hsu Albert
Published: November 2014

Introduction

There is a lacking of tunnel length measurements data for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the Chinese population. Different tunnel lengths affect the security of the tendon graft fixation as well as bone—tendon healing. Long-term result may then be compromised. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction will work well if both grafts have good quality, size, and tendon—bone fixation. Proper rehabilitation is also an important element. However, the femoral tunnel length for posterolateral bundle will have a higher prevalence of inadequate graft bone contact because of its orientation, especially in the Chinese population with smaller knees compared with the Western population.

Methods

From January 2009 to June 2011, 148 cases of ACL reconstruction have been performed in our hospital. After excluding cases with revision, isolated bundle (anteromedial or posterolateral), and four-strand hamstring graft single-bundle ACL reconstructions, we recruited 48 cases with primary double-bundle ACL reconstruction in the study of tunnel lengths. Hamstring tendon autografts (semitendinosus and gracilis) were used. A small cohort study with Level 3 evidence was carried out.

Results

In 31.3% (15/48) of patients, inadequate graft—bone contact was observed in the posterolateral bundle using the available shortest Endobutton CL 15 (Endobutton continuous loop fixation device; Smith and Nephew, Andover, Massachusetts, USA) in femoral tunnel fixation.

Conclusion

ACL reconstruction is a complex procedure that relies on good tendon graft length, graft size, tunnel length, and secure fixation method. Inadequate posterolateral tunnel length may contribute to short-term complications as well as long-term failure. Further refining of the choices of graft, better orientation of tunnels, and a better fixation method may be important, especially in the Chinese population with smaller knees.
The influence of harmonic wall motion on transitional boundary layers
Authors: Hack M. J. Philipp , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: November 2014

The influence of harmonic spanwise wall motion on bypass transition in boundary layers is investigated using direct numerical simulations. It is shown that the appropriate choice of the forcing parameters can achieve a substantial stabilization of the laminar flow regime. However, an increase of the forcing amplitude or period beyond their optimal values diminishes the stabilizing effect, and leads to breakdown upstream of the unforced case. For the optimal wall-oscillation parameters, the reduction in propulsion power substantially outweighs the power requirement of the forcing. The mechanism of transition delay is examined in detail. Analysis of the pre-transitional streaks shows that the wall oscillation substantially reduces their average amplitude, and eliminates the most energetic streaks. As a result, the secondary instabilities that precede breakdown to turbulence are substantially weakened – an effect demonstrated by linear stability analyses of flow fields from direct numerical simulations. The outcome is transition delay owing to a significant reduction in the frequency of occurrence of turbulent spots and a downstream shift in their average inception location. Finally, it is shown that the efficiency of the forcing can be further improved by replacing the sinusoidal time dependence of the wall oscillation with a square wave.
Faire la guerre pour un Mali démocratique : l'intervention militaire française et la gestion des possibilités politiques contestées
Authors: Charbonneau Bruno , Sears Jonathan
Published: November 2014

Le 11 janvier 2013, le président François Hollande justifiait une intervention militaire française au Mali sur la possibilité de l'effondrement de l'État malien face à une rébellion armée dans le Nord du pays. La guerre était ainsi autorisée et expliquée par l'incapacité de l'État malien à répondre à la menace. Ces explications et analyses centrées sur les enjeux sécuritaires cachent plus qu'elles ne révèlent, notamment les objectifs ontologiques de la guerre et ses enjeux identitaires. Afin de les révéler, cet article articule l'interaction entre le déploiement de la violence internationale et la construction d'un État et d'un imaginaire politique maliens. Nous concluons que la paix au Mali en 2013 a été recherchée par la militarisation de la gouvernance démocratique, avec pour effet de consolider le modèle de gouvernance d'avant-guerre. Contrairement aux analyses axées sur la sécurité, cet article démontre que les frontières et les limites du conflit malien ne sont pas seulement territoriales, mais identitaires et idéologiques.
Agency, ‘Til Death Do Us Part? Inquiring about the Agency of Dead Bodies from the Ancient Andes
Authors: Tung Tiffiny A.
Published: November 2014

This study argues that people and things, through their interactions with each other, embody different agential capacities and that scholars should evaluate how they are variably effective at structuring the actions of others and at shaping society. This is attempted here through a study of dismembered body parts that, as I argue, remained socially and politically active even in their dismembered state. As such, we can begin to analyse them as embodying a categorically different kind of agency — post-mortem or secondary agency — while remaining cautious of overzealous attempts to claim that everyone and everything has agency of equivalence. Definitions of agency are examined and its definition within this article is explicitly formulated, drawing especially on ideas from Gell (1998), Robb (2004), Sewell (2005) and Latour (2005). Through a case study from the Peruvian Andes in which approximately 240 individuals were dismembered, I suggest that the primary agency once embodied in those living persons was transformed into secondary agency (Gell 1998) as the person-cum-corpse was remade into smaller body parts. These body parts and their placement in a ritually significant locale, had profound effects on the living, particularly as it related to the ways that those dead-body objects extended social relations and social hierarchies, making them more durable.
Governing from the Grave: Vampire Burials and Social Order in Post-medieval Poland
Authors: Betsinger Tracy K. , Scott Amy B.
Published: November 2014

Mortuary treatments are ways in which archaeologists can learn about the culture and lifestyle of past societies, in terms of how they view the dead. The dead, however, can continue to play a role in the lives of the living, which may also be reflected in funerary rites and burial treatments. This article explores the social agency of the dead, focusing on the ‘vampire burials’ of the post-medieval Polish site of Drawsko 1. These burials, identified through their grave goods, provide a unique opportunity to learn how vampire folklore and the deceased ‘vampires’ influenced the living, most notably as ways to encourage social order, as an explanation for the unknown, and as an economic commitment.
The AMINO experiment: a laboratory for astrochemistry and astrobiology on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station
Authors: Cottin H. , Saiagh K. , Guan Y.Y. , Cloix M. , Khalaf D. , Macari F. , Jérome M. , Polienor J.-M. , Bénilan Y. , Coll P. , Fray N. , Gazeau M.-C. , Raulin F. , Stalport F. , Carrasco N. , Szopa C. , Bertrand M. , Chabin A. , Westall F. , Vergne J. , Da Silva L.A. , Maurel M.-C. , Chaput D. , Demets R. , Brack A.
Published: November 2014

The study of the evolution of organic matter subjected to space conditions, and more specifically to Solar photons in the vacuum ultraviolet range (120–200 nm) has been undertaken in low-Earth orbit since the 1990s, and implemented on various space platforms. This paper describes a photochemistry experiment called AMINO, conducted during 22 months between 2009 and 2011 on the EXPOSE-R ESA facility, outside the International Space Station. Samples with relevance to astrobiology (connected to comets, carbonaceous meteorites and micrometeorites, the atmosphere of Titan and RNA world hypothesis) have been selected and exposed to space environment. They have been analysed after return to the Earth. This paper is not discussing the results of the experiment, but rather gives a general overview of the project, the details of the hardware used, its configuration and recent developments to enable long-duration exposure of gaseous samples in tight closed cells enabling for the first time to derive quantitative results from gaseous phase samples exposed in space.
A comparison of modern investment-linked pension savings products
Authors: Linnemann Per , Bruhn Kenneth , Steffensen Mogens
Published: November 2014

This paper is a continuation of and a supplement to the paper by Jørgensen & Linnemann. Both papers deal with TimePension – a (formula-based) smoothed investment-linked annuity pension scheme. Both papers compare TimePension with other pension savings products using stochastic financial simulation. TimePension as well as the financial model and simulation concept being used in both papers were introduced in the paper op cit.

Jørgensen & Linnemann compare TimePension with a traditional with-profits scheme involving bonus entitlement and an investment-linked Unit Link scheme with a fixed proportion of assets invested in equities and other so-called risky assets. Here, TimePension is compared with two investment-linked life-cycle (target date) products. The focus is especially on the decumulation period, and we show that despite the fact that the life-cycle products reduce investment risk in retirement (compared with TimePension’s fixed proportional allocation of assets), the year-over-year stability in benefits provided by TimePension cannot be matched. Even though the overall investment risk on accumulated benefits is at the same level, TimePension provide year-over-year stability, also in case of sharp price changes in the financial market.

Our results show that not only investment profiles define the stability of annuity benefits over time. In addition, more fundamental elements of the product design are important. The perspective on product design and development is Danish, but two of the compared products are generic life-cycle products that exist in equivalent forms in many countries. Similarly, the smoothed income annuities could also become an alternative product design in an international perspective.
Interaction of H2O and H2S with Cu(111) and the impact of the electric field: the rotating & translating adsorbate, and the rippled surface
Authors: Chang Jin Hyun , Huzayyin Ahmed , Lian Keryn , Dawson Francis
Published: November 2014

The interactions of H2O and H2S monomers with Cu(111) in the absence and presence of an external electric field are studied using density functional theory.
Lithium conductivity in glasses of the Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2system
Authors: Ross Sebastian , Welsch Anna-Maria , Behrens Harald
Published: November 2014

An Arrhenius plot for DC electrical conductivity of fully polymerized and depolymerized Li aluminosilicate glasses is one way to reflect the effect of local structurevs.lithium content.
Towards chiral distributions of dopants in microporous frameworks: helicoidal supramolecular arrangement of (1R,2S)-ephedrine and transfer of chirality
Authors: Gómez-Hortigüela Luis , Álvaro-Muñoz Teresa , Bernardo-Maestro Beatriz , Pérez-Pariente Joaquín
Published: November 2014

(1R,2S)-Ephedrine develops a supramolecular helicoidal arrangement that can be imprinted onto the microporous framework through a helicoidal distribution of dopants.
Quantification of graphene and graphene oxide in complex organic matrices
Authors: Doudrick Kyle , Nosaka Takayuki , Herckes Pierre , Westerhoff Paul
Published: November 2014

Interest is growing for graphene as a nanomaterial for electronic and composite applications.
Vesicular hydrogen silsesquioxane-mediated synthesis of nanocrystalline silicon dispersed in a mesoporous silica/suboxide matrix, with potential for electrochemical applications
Authors: Somodi Ferenc , Kong Chang Sun , Santos Jerome C. , Morse Daniel E.
Published: November 2014

Silicon nanoparticles embedded in a mesoporous SiO2/SiOxmatrix have been prepared by pyrolysis of condensed hydrogen silsesquioxane vesicles.
Formation of the steroidal C-25 chiral center via the asymmetric alkylation methodology
Authors: Ermolovich Yu. V. , Zhabinskii V. N. , Khripach V. A.
Published: November 2014

A novel approach for the preparation of steroids containing a chiral center at C-25 is reported. The key stereochemistry inducing step was asymmetric alkylation of pseudoephenamine amides of steroidal C-26 acids. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the synthesis of (25R)- and (25S)-cholestenoic acids as well as (25R)- and (25S)-26-hydroxy brassinolides.
A novel ion-imprinted electrode prepared by in situ polymerization for detection of platinum
Authors: Bai Huiping , Wang Chunqiong , Zhang Kainan , Ding Zhongtao , Cao Qiue
Published: November 2014

A novel ion imprinted electrode with high sensitivity and specific recognition to Pt(iv) was obtained byin situpolymerization.
Mathematically modelling competitive ion absorption in a polymer matrix
Authors: Miklavcic Stanley J. , Nydén Magnus , Lindén Johan B. , Schulz Jordan
Published: November 2014

In the competition for ion absorption in PEI, the short-term win by faster diffusing zinc is overshadowed by long-term win by slower copper due to more stable binding resulting from conformational changes in PEI.
Motor coordination dysfunction induced by gold nanorods core/silver shell nanostructures in mice: disruption in mitochondrial transport and neurotransmitter release
Authors: Yang Nan , Liu Yanyong , Ji Yinglu , Ren Zhili , Meng Jie , Ji Chao , Liu Jian , Zheng Ji , Wu Xiaochun , Zuo Pingping , Xu Haiyan
Published: November 2014

The risk of exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is becoming increasingly widespread and causes great concern.
A two-in-one dual channel chemosensor for Fe3+and Cu2+with nanomolar detection mimicking the IMPLICATION logic gate
Authors: Kuwar Anil , Patil Rahul , Singh Amanpreet , Sahoo Suban K. , Marek Jaromir , Singh Narinder
Published: November 2014

A highly selective colorimetric as well as fluorescence sensor for Fe(iii) and Cu(iii) in 99% aqueous medium.
Nonlinear cyclical transport phenomena in copper point contacts
Authors: Kamarchuk G. V. , Pospelov A. P. , Savitskiy A. V. , Koval L. V.
Published: November 2014

The method of recording the current-voltage characteristic was used to study the processes occurring at the surface of a point contact conductance channel. The transport characteristics of the point contact in a liquid medium are studied for the first time. The current states of the conductance channel corresponding to the reversible, transient, and irreversible regimes of charge transport in a point contact are studied and identified. In the irreversible range of bias voltage, the famous cyclical effect of electromechanical switching is observed on the contact, which governs the growth and dissolution of dendritic point contacts of the test sample. The electric resistance of the point-contact structure changes over time, going through stages of increase, decrease, and stabilization. Subsequently, the stages of this process are repeated multiple times, reflecting the cyclical nature of the changes in the physiochemical properties of the test object. The current-voltage characteristic of the point contact has a step structure, due to shell effects. Copper point contact conductance histograms, formed spontaneously in the electric field under the influence of the shell effect, are built using the obtained curves. There is a demonstrated presence of preferred current states for the conductance channel, serving as evidence of the quantum nature of conductance changes in the process of dendritic point contact formation.
An in situ tensile test apparatus for polymers in high pressure hydrogen
Authors: Alvine K. J. , Kafentzis T. A. , Pitman S. G. , Johnson K. I. , Skorski D. , Tucker J. C. , Roosendaal T. J. , Dahl M. E.
Published: November 2014

Degradation of material properties by high-pressure hydrogen is an important factor in determining the safety and reliability of materials used in high-pressure hydrogen storage and delivery. Hydrogen damage mechanisms have a time dependence that is linked to hydrogen outgassing after exposure to the hydrogen atmosphere that makes ex situ measurements of mechanical properties problematic. Designing in situ measurement instruments for high-pressure hydrogen is challenging due to known hydrogen incompatibility with many metals and standard high-power motor materials such as Nd. Here we detail the design and operation of a solenoid based in situ tensile tester under high-pressure hydrogen environments up to 42 MPa (6000 psi). Modulus data from high-density polyethylene samples tested under high-pressure hydrogen at 35 MPa (5000 psi) are also reported as compared to baseline measurements taken in air.
Deduction of the chemical state and the electronic structure of Nd2Fe14B compound from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy core-level and valence-band spectra
Authors: Wang Jing , Liang Le , Zhang Lanting , Sun Limin , Hirano Shinichi
Published: November 2014

Characterization of chemical state and electronic structure of the technologically important Nd2Fe14B compound is attractive for understanding the physical nature of its excellent magnetic properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of such rare-earth compound is important and also challenging due to the easy oxidation of surface and small photoelectron cross-sections of rare-earth 4f electrons and B 2p electrons, etc. Here, we reported an investigation based on XPS spectra of Nd2Fe14B compound as a function of Ar ion sputtering time. The chemical state of Fe and that of B in Nd2Fe14B compound can be clearly determined to be 0 and −3, respectively. The Nd in Nd2Fe14B compound is found to have the chemical state of close to +3 instead of +3 as compared with the Nd in Nd2O3. In addition, by comparing the valence-band spectrum of Nd2Fe14B compound to that of the pure Fe, the contributions from Nd, Fe, and B to the valence-band structure of Nd2Fe14B compound is made more clear. The B 2p states and B 2s states are identified to be at ∼11.2 eV and ∼24.6 eV, respectively, which is reported for the first time. The contribution from Nd 4f states can be identified both in XPS core-level spectrum and XPS valence-band spectrum. Although Nd 4f states partially hybridize with Fe 3d states, Nd 4f states are mainly localized in Nd2Fe14B compound.
Studies of the switchable photovoltaic effect in co-substituted BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Katiyar Rajesh K. , Sharma Yogesh , Misra Pankaj , Puli Venkata S. , Sahoo Satyaprakash , Kumar Ashok , Scott James F. , Morell Gerardo , Weiner Brad R. , Katiyar Ram S.
Published: November 2014

We report the photovoltaic properties of doped ferroelectric [Bi0.9La0.1][Fe0.97Ti0.02Zr0.01]O3 (BLFTZO) thin films. Polycrystalline BLFTZO films were fabricated on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. Al-doped ZnO transparent top electrodes complete the ZnO:Al/BLFTZO/Pt metal-ferroelectric-metal capacitor structures. BLFTZO showed switchable photoresponse in both polarities. The open circuit voltage (VOC) and short circuit current (JSC) were found to be ∼0.022 V and ∼650 μA/cm2, respectively after positive poling, whereas significant difference in VOC ∼ 0.018V and JSC ∼ 700 μA/cm2 was observed after negative poling. The observed switchable photocurrent and photovoltage responses are explained on the basis of polarization flipping in BLFTZO due to the applied poling field.
On the origin of frequency sparsity in direct numerical simulations of turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Gómez F. , Blackburn H. M. , Rudman M. , McKeon B. J. , Luhar M. , Moarref R. , Sharma A. S.
Published: November 2014

The possibility of creating reduced-order models for canonical wall-bounded turbulent flows based on exploiting energy sparsity in frequency domain, as proposed by Bourguignon et al. [Phys. Fluids 26, 015109 (2014)], is examined. The present letter explains the origins of energetically sparse dominant frequencies and provides fundamental information for the design of such reduced-order models. The resolvent decomposition of a pipe flow is employed to consider the influence of finite domain length on the flow dynamics, which acts as a restriction on the possible wavespeeds in the flow. A forcing-to-fluctuation gain analysis in the frequency domain reveals that large sparse peaks in amplification occur when one of the possible wavespeeds matches the local wavespeed via the critical layer mechanism. A link between amplification and energy is provided through the similar characteristics exhibited by the most energetically relevant flow structures, arising from a dynamic mode decomposition of direct numerical simulation data, and the resolvent modes associated with the most amplified sparse frequencies. These results support the feasibility of reduced-order models based on the selection of the most amplified modes emerging from the resolvent model, leading to a novel computationally efficient method of representing turbulent flows.
Depth-resolved ultra-violet spectroscopic photo current-voltage measurements for the analysis of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor epilayer deposited on Si
Authors: Ozden Burcu , Yang Chungman , Tong Fei , Khanal Min P. , Mirkhani Vahid , Sk Mobbassar Hassan , Ahyi Ayayi Claude , Park Minseo
Published: November 2014

We have demonstrated that the depth-dependent defect distribution of the deep level traps in the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) epi-structures can be analyzed by using the depth-resolved ultra-violet (UV) spectroscopic photo current-voltage (IV) (DR-UV-SPIV). It is of great importance to analyze deep level defects in the AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure, since it is recognized that deep level defects are the main source for causing current collapse phenomena leading to reduced device reliability. The AlGaN/GaN HEMT epi-layers were grown on a 6 in. Si wafer by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The DR-UV-SPIV measurement was performed using a monochromatized UV light illumination from a Xe lamp. The key strength of the DR-UV-SPIV is its ability to provide information on the depth-dependent electrically active defect distribution along the epi-layer growth direction. The DR-UV-SPIV data showed variations in the depth-dependent defect distribution across the wafer. As a result, rapid feedback on the depth-dependent electrical homogeneity of the electrically active defect distribution in the AlGaN/GaN HEMT epi-structure grown on a Si wafer with minimal sample preparation can be elucidated from the DR-UV-SPIV in combination with our previously demonstrated spectroscopic photo-IV measurement with the sub-bandgap excitation.
Closure of the single fluid magnetohydrodynamic equations in presence of electron cyclotron current drive
Authors: Westerhof E. , Pratt J.
Published: November 2014

In the presence of electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), the Ohm's law of single fluid magnetohydrodynamics is modified as E + v × B = η(J – JEC). This paper presents a new closure relation for the EC driven current density appearing in this modified Ohm's law. The new relation faithfully represents the nonlocal character of the EC driven current and its main origin in the Fisch-Boozer effect. The closure relation is validated on both an analytical solution of an approximated Fokker-Planck equation as well as on full bounce-averaged, quasi-linear Fokker-Planck code simulations of ECCD inside rotating magnetic islands. The new model contains the model put forward by Giruzzi et al. [Nucl. Fusion 39, 107 (1999)] in one of its limits.