bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of frequency stability services for grid balancing with wind generation
Authors: Boyle James , Littler Timothy , Foley Aoife
Published: July 2018

Frequency stability in power systems is achieved by active power control, which aims to balance grid generation with load demand. Historically, grid balancing services have been provided by synchronous thermal generating units. As wind penetration levels increase on the power system, it is essential that wind turbine generators (WTGs) provide robust, reliable frequency stability services to grid operators. Like other forms of renewable generation such as solar photovoltaic generation, modern variable speed WTGs are connected to the power system using power electronic converters. This non‐synchronous connection decouples the natural inertia of the WTG from the grid frequency. As system non‐synchronous penetration levels increase, non‐synchronous generation will be required to participate in frequency stability services such as automatic generation control. This study presents a review of WTG frequency response systems that allow WTGs to participate in frequency stability services by emulating the natural inertia and droop characteristics of conventional synchronous thermal generators. Power system simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink show that the addition of emulated inertia and droop controllers into WTG's power/speed control systems can reduce the rate of change of frequency and increase frequency nadir when the power system is subject to a load/generation imbalance.
GaiaGraL:GaiaDR2 gravitational lens systems
Authors: Ducourant C. , Wertz O. , Krone-Martins A. , Teixeira R. , Le Campion J.-F. , Galluccio L. , Klüter J. , Delchambre L. , Surdej J. , Mignard F. , Wambsganss J. , Bastian U. , Graham M. J. , Djorgovski S. G. , Slezak E.
Published: July 2018

Context. Thanks to its spatial resolution, the ESA/Gaiaspace mission offers a unique opportunity to discover new multiply imaged quasars and to study the already known lensed systems at sub-milliarcsecond astrometric precisions.

Aims. In this paper, we address the detection of the known multiply imaged quasars from theGaiaData Release 2 (DR2) and determine the astrometric and photometric properties of the individually detected images found in theGaiaDR2 catalogue.

Methods. We have compiled an exhaustive list of quasar gravitational lenses from the literature to search for counterparts in theGaiaDR2. We then analysed the astrometric and photometric properties of theseGaia’s detections. To highlight the tremendous potential ofGaiaat the sub-milliarcsecond level we finally performed a simple Bayesian modelling of the well-known gravitational lens system HE0435-1223, usingGaiaDR2 and HST astrometry.

Results. From 481 known multiply imaged quasars, 206 have at least one image found in theGaiaDR2. Among the 44 known quadruply imaged quasars of the list, 29 have at least one image in theGaiaDR2, 12 of which are fully detected (2MASX J01471020+4630433, HE 0435-1223, SDSS1004+4112, PG1115+080, RXJ1131-1231, 2MASS J11344050-2103230, 2MASS J13102005-1714579, B1422+231, J1606-2333, J1721+8842, WFI2033-4723, WGD2038-4008), eight have three counterparts, eight have two and one has only one. As expected, the modelling of HE0435-1223 shows that the model parameters are significantly better constrained when usingGaiaastrometry compared to HST astrometry, in particular the relative positions of the background quasar source and the centroid of the deflector. TheGaiasub-milliarcsecond astrometry also significantly reduces the parameter correlations.

Conclusions. Besides providing an up-to-date list of multiply imaged quasars and their detection in theGaiaDR2, this paper shows that more complex modelling scenarios will certainly benefit fromGaiasub-milliarcsecond astrometry.
High-resolution observations of the symbiotic system R Aqr
Authors: Bujarrabal V. , Alcolea J. , Mikołajewska J. , Castro-Carrizo A. , Ramstedt S.
Published: July 2018

We have observed the symbiotic stellar system R Aqr, aiming to describe the gravitational interaction between the white dwarf (WD) and the wind from the Mira star, the key phenomenon driving the symbiotic activity and the formation of nebulae in such systems. We present high-resolution ALMA maps of the 12CO and 13CO J = 3−2 lines, the 0.9 mm continuum distribution, and some high-excitation molecular lines in R Aqr. The maps, which have resolutions ranging between 40 mas and less than 20 mas probe the circumstellar regions at suborbital scales as the distance between the stars is ~40 mas. Our observations show the gravitational effects of the secondary on the stellar wind. The AGB star was identified in our maps from the continuum and molecular line data, and we estimated the probable position of the secondary from a new estimation of the orbital parameters. The (preliminary) comparison of our maps with theoretical predictions is surprisingly satisfactory and the main expected gravitational effects are directly mapped for the first time. We find a strong focusing in the equatorial plane of the resulting wind, which shows two plumes in opposite directions that have different velocities and very probably correspond to the expected double spiral due to the interaction. Our continuum maps show the very inner regions of the nascent bipolar jets, at scales of some AU. Continuum maps obtained with the highest resolution show the presence of a clump that very probably corresponds to the emission of the ionized surroundings of the WD and of a bridge of material joining both stars, which is likely material flowing from the AGB primary to the accretion disk around the WD secondary.
Convergence of a homotopy finite element method for computing steady states of Burgers’ equation
Authors: Hao Wenrui , Yang Yong
Published: July 2018

In this paper, the convergence of a homotopy method (1.1) for solving the steady state problem of Burgers’ equation is considered. When ν is fixed, we prove that the solution of (1.1) converges to the unique steady state solution as ε → 0, which is independent of the initial conditions. Numerical examples are presented to confirm this conclusion by using the continuous finite element method. In contrast, when ν = ε →, numerically we show that steady state solutions obtained by (1.1) indeed depend on initial conditions.
Berufliche Gratifikationskrisen im Rettungsdienst – Eine Querschnittstudie zu Häufigkeit und Einflussfaktoren bei hauptamtlich tätigem Rettungsdienstpersonal
Authors: Berth Hendrik , Rohleder Philipp Matthias
Published: July 2018

Einleitung Der Rettungsdienst ist ein anspruchsvolles Tätigkeitsfeld. Das Modell beruflicher Gratifikationskrisen erklärt anhand des Verhältnisses von Belohnung/Verausgabung das Entstehen beruflicher Fehlbelastungen. Vorliegende Studie untersucht erstmals das Ausmaß beruflicher Gratifikationskrisen im Rettungswesen in Deutschland.

Material und Methoden Hauptamtliche Rettungsdienstmitarbeiter eines DRK-Kreisverbands wurden befragt. N=82 Beschäftigte (78,8%) nahmen teil (M Alter=37,78 Jahre, 73,2% männlich). Der Fragebogen umfasste neben dem Effort-Reward-Imbalance-Questionnaire weitere Instrumente zur Erfassung von Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität, Gesundheitszustand, sozialer Unterstützung, Mobbing und Optimismus.

Ergebnisse N=58 Personen (70,7%) gaben eine berufliche Gratifikationskrise an. Das Vorliegen einer Gratifikationskrise stand in Zusammenhang mit höherem Alter, niedriger Schulbildung, höherer beruflicher Qualifikation (Rettungsassistent) und vorhandener Partnerschaft. Personen mit beruflicher Gratifikationskrise gaben einen schlechteren Gesundheitszustand und eine niedrigere soziale Unterstützung an.

Diskussion Die hohe Anzahl von Personen mit beruflichen Gratifikationskrisen im Rettungswesen in Deutschland deckt sich mit internationalen Studien.

Schlussfolgerung Es wird die Notwendigkeit von Präventionsmaßnahmen und Bedarf an weiteren Forschungsarbeiten aufgezeigt.
Chemoselective Organoclick–Click Sequence
Authors: Bressy Cyril , Belkheira Mokhtaria , El Abed Douniazad , Pons Jean-Marc
Published: July 2018

A highly chemoselective bis-triazole synthesis based on a sequence organocatalyzed click reaction/copper-catalyzed click reaction is described in this paper. A range of bis-azides react with various ketones using proline catalysis through the aryl azide moiety while the alkyl azide one remains available for a metal-catalyzed triazole synthesis.
(Sila)Difluoromethylation of Fluorenyllithium with CF3H and CF3TMS
Authors: Maruyama Kenichi , Saito Daichi , Mikami Koichi
Published: July 2018

Difluoromethylation of the C9-H site of the fluorene ring using lithium base and fluoroform (CF3H), which is one of the most cost-effective difluoromethylating reagents, is attained to give difluoromethylated fluorenes with an all-carbon quaternary center. The Ruppert–Prakash reagent (CF3TMS) can also be applied to the present reaction system, providing siladifluoromethylated fluorenes that can be utilized for sequential carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions through activation of the silyl group.
Specificity of Monoclonal Antibodies to Factor VIII: C
Authors: Nordfang O , Ezban M , Favaloro J M , Dahl H H M , Hansen J J
Published: July 2018

Three monoclonal antibodies (42 IgG, 47 IgG, 56 IgG) towards factor-VIII: C (VIII :C) have been produced. In ELISA for VIII:C-antigen (VIII:CAg), 47 IgG showed higher affinity for VIII: CAg than 42 IgG and 56 IgG. In solid phase immunoiso-lation of iodinated VIII :C diluted in EDTA buffer, the three monoclonals, like human VIII: C inhibitors, bound the 77/80 kD-light chain of VIII: C. In the absence of EDTA, 56 IgG bound the heavy chain-light chain complex of VIII: C, while 47 IgG was only able to bind the light chain. When coupled on Sepharose, 56 IgG adsorbed coagulation active VIII :C, while 47 IgG was only able to adsorb coagulation inactive VIII: CAg. In coagulation assay 56 IgG inhibited with 20 BU/mg while 42 IgG and 47 IgG inhibited with 4 BU/mg. A mixture of 42 IgG and 56 IgG showed a synergistic effect and inhibited with 50 BU/mg total IgG. In radioimmunoassay a human VIII: C inhibitor was able to inhibit the VIII: C binding of 42 IgG and 56 IgG but not of 47 IgG. The monoclonals did not inhibit each other. On the contrary, 56 IgG increased the binding of 42 IgG to VIII: C.
Antithrombin III Antigen in Human Platelets
Authors: Léon Alhenc-Gelas M , Aiach M , Gorenflot A , Andreux J P
Published: July 2018

Immunoreactive AT III was found in human platelets. AT III antigen was quantified in platelets taken from each of 17 healthy donors by a specific competitive enzyme immunoassay using purified AT III and AT III antibodies. AT III antigen levels in extracts of washed platelets disrupted by freezing and thawing ranged from 32 to 140 ng per 109 platelets with a mean value of 70.3 ± 27.3. When stimulated by arachidonic acid, the platelets released AT III antigen together with immunoreactive fibrinogen. These results show that AT III is present in platelets at a level corresponding to approximately 0.01% of total antithrombin in normal blood, and suggest that platelet AT III, like fibrinogen, is contained in the storage granules.
Urokinase Antigen in Plasma of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatoma
Authors: Kirchheimer J C , Huber K , Polterauer P , Binder B R
Published: July 2018

Plasma urokinase antigen levels were studied in 78 patients suffering from liver diseases. Blood was drawn before any specific medication was initiated. Impairment of liver function was comparable in all patients. In both groups of cirrhotic liver disease (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), normal levels of plasma urokinase antigen were found as compared to age-matched control groups. In both groups of patients with hepatomas (with or without a history of liver cirrhosis), however, significantly increased plasma urokinase antigen levels could be determined. These data indicate that an increase in plasma urokinase antigen might rather relate to malignant growth in liver disease than to impaired liver function.
The Measurement of Heparin and Other Therapeutic Sufphated Polysaccharides in Plasma, Serum and Urine
Authors: Dawes J , Prowse C V , Pepper D D
Published: July 2018

The competitive binding assay described will specifically and accurately measure concentrations of administered heparin in biological fluids with a sensitivity of 60 ng ml-1. Neither endogenous glycosaminoglycans, nor plasma proteins such as ATIII and PF4 interfere in the assay. Semi-synthetic highly sulphated heparinoids and LMW heparin can also be measured. Using this assay heparin clearance followed simple first-order kinetics over the dose range 100-5,000 units, but the half-life was strongly dose-dependent. There was good correlation with heparin activity measurements by APTT and anti-Xa clotting assays. Plasma concentrations were measurable for at least 5 h following subcutaneous injection of 10,000 units of heparin. Excretion in the urine could be followed after all but the lowest intravenous dose. This assay, used in conjunction with measurements of heparin anticoagulant activity, will be valuable in the elucidation of mechanisms of action of heparin and the heparinoids, and in the assessment and management of problems related to heparin therapy.
“Ex Vivo” Influence of Fatty Acids from Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Platelets
Authors: Aznar Justo , Santos Teresa , Vallés Juana
Published: July 2018

We have studied “ex vivo”, in 92 normal subjects, the influence of fatty acids (FA) that esterify plasma cholesterol and triglycerides on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acid fractions in platelets.

High and significant correlations (p <0.001) were found for some of the platelet phospholipid FA and the same FA that esterify plasma cholesterol [18:11 (r = 0.56); 18:2 (r = 0.71) and 20:5 (r = 0.42)] and plasma triglycerides [18:1* (r = 0.57) and 18:2 (r = 0.66)]. Some significant correlations were also found between some of the platelet triglyceride FA and the same FA that esterify plasma phospholipids [18:1 (r = 0.58)], triglycerides [18:1 (r = 0.51), 18:2 (r = 0.52)] cholesterol [18:1 (r = 0.44)] and plasma free fatty acids [18:1 (r = 0.39); 18:2 (r = 0.40)].

By evaluating these results in conjunction with those of an earlier study (1), it can be concluded that “ in vivo” the FA from different plasma lipid fractions and especially those esterifying the plasma cholesterol and phospholipid fractions, can influence the FA composition of platelet phospholipids in normal subjects. In trying to interpret the role played by plasma lipids in platelet lipids, it may be of interest to take into account the interrelationships found in this study.
Identification and Cellular Localization of Plasminogen Activators from Human Glomeruli
Authors: Angles-Cano E , Rondeau E , Delarue F , Hagege J , Sultan Y , Sraer J D
Published: July 2018

The plasminogen activators (PA) and cell types responsible for the fibrinolytic activity of isolated human glomeruli were studied by an indirect spectrophotometric method for plasminogen activation and immunohistological techniques with specific antibodies. Our results indicate that human glomeruli possess the ability to release both tissue-type PA (t-PA) and urokinase (UK). This has been shown for t-PA by quenching its fibrin-dependent activity with rabbit anti-t-PA antibodies and for UK by quenching its fibrin-independent activity with goat anti-UK antibodies. On the other hand, immunohistochemical analysis performed with a murine monoclonal antibody to plasma-t-PA and goat polyclonal antibodies to UK allowed the exclusive localization of t-PA in the endothelial cell lining of the glomerular flocculus and UK in the cytoplasma of glomerular epithelial cells. In addition, arachidonic acid and CaCl2 were shown to enhance glomerular fibrinolytic activity by stimulating the release of either UK or t-PA, respectively. This particular distribution and regulation of glomerular PA’s may be important in the physiopathology of the intra and extracapillary fibrin deposits observed in several glomerulopathies.
The Effect of Lanosterol on Platelet Aggregation in Human Platelets
Authors: Hassall David G , Bruckdorfer K Richard , Sulpice Jean-Claude , Lutton Claude
Published: July 2018

It has been reported that lanosterol can sensitize isolated rat platelets to agonists such as ADP and thrombin (4). The purpose of this paper was to determine whether lanosterol had similar effects on human platelets and whether this was achieved by changes in membrane fluidity. Lanosterol did increase the sensitivity of human platelets, particularly to adrenaline and ADP at concentrations as low as 5 mg.L-1 when added from solutions in ethanol. At similar concentrations cholesterol, 4-cholesten-3-one or ethynyloestradiol had either no effect or were inhibitory. Measurement of membrane fluidity with diphenylhexatriene indicated that lanosterol did not affect membrane fluidity. Incubation of platelets with [4C]-mevalonic acid gave rise to a very small incorporation into lanosterol, squalene and farnesol. Sudden activation of the platelets did not accelerate lanosterol synthesis during or after platelet aggregation. It was concluded that lanosterol could only influence platelet behaviour if it came from the plasma. However the concentration of the steroid in both platelets and plasma is ten fold less than that required to sensitise the platelets.
Anticoagulant Activity in Cell-Free Peritoneal Fluid of an Experimental Pancreatic Ascites Tumor
Authors: Ts’ao C , Galluzzo T S , Hart S J , Ng A S , Sorenson P G , Subbarao V
Published: July 2018

The ascitic form of a chemically-induced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the Syrian golden hamster was very bloody and indistinguishable from blood macroscopically. Unlike blood, the bloody fluid remained unclotted at room temperature. To explore the possibility of presence of anticoagulants, we mixed 40% cell-free fluid with 60% normal human plasma and tested the clottability of the mixture with standard techniques. Plasma containing the fluid showed markedly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and recalcification time (RCT), and normal prothrombin time (PT) and reptilase time (RT). Comparing the prolongation of APTT of samples containing the fluid to those containing a commercial heparin, the fluid contained an anticoagulant activity equivalent to 0.436 ± 0.03 unit heparin per ml (mean ± SEM, n = 14). In addition to prolonging the APTT, TT and RCT, the fluid also inhibited the clotting and amidolytic activities of thrombin. “Heparsorb” had nearly completely neutralized the anticoagulant activity in fluid samples, while protamine sulfate was only partially effective. Incubation of fluid with pronase or phospholi-pase did not affect its anticoagulant activity; incubation with heparinase had only a minimal effect. Electrophoresis of an alkali digested fluid on cellulose acetate revealed the presence of heparan sulfate. The native ascitic fluid also contained other hemostatic components including platelets, fibrinogen and antithrombin III, but their concentrations were much lower than in blood. Apparently, heparan sulfate in the neoplastic effusion is largely responsible for the bloody ascites tumor remaining unclotted.
On the Composition and Function of the Carbohydrate Moiety of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator from Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Rijken D C , Emeis J J , Gerwig G J
Published: July 2018

Two variants (I and II) of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) from human melanoma cells were separated by Lysine Sepharose chromatography. The carbohydrate compositions of the forms were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Variant I contained 12.8 g and variant II 7.1 g of carbohydrate per 100 g protein. Both variants contained N-acetylgalactosamine, suggesting O-glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation. The possible role of N-linked oligosaccharides for the biological activity of t-PA was studied using t-PA secreted by melanoma cells in the presence of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation. The latter t-PA showed the same plasminogen activating and fibrin binding properties as normally glycosylated t-PA, indicating that N-linked carbohydrate is not involved in the fibrinolytic activity of t-PA.
Influence of β2-Glycoprotein-l Upon the Content of cAMP and cGMP in Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Nimpf Johannes , Gries Anni , Wurm Helmut , Kostner Gerhard M
Published: July 2018

The influence of β2-glycoprotein-I on the cyclic nucleotide content in human gel filtered platelets (GFP) was studied: 1) β2-G-I up to a concentration of 5 mg/ml does not alter the basal cAMP level in resting GFP and also does not influence the action of PGE1 which strongly inhibits platelet aggregation by elevation of cAMP.

2) Collagen induced aggregation of GFP leads to an increase of the platelet cGMP content. Preincubation of GFP with 0.2 mg/ml of β2-G-I enhances significantly the cGMP increase by collagen.

3) In a similar manner β2-G-I also amplifies the increase in cGMP concentration induced by ADP. In this case, a concomitant alteration of the aggregation pattern is observed.

4) Thrombin produces a much higher cGMP elevation in GFP than ADP or collagen. The admixture of 0.2 mg/ml of β2-G-I is not able to enhance further the thrombin effect on cGMP. The results are discussed in view of the possible significance of these observations for platelet aggregation in vivo.
Protective Effect of Vitamin E on Immune Triggered, Granulocyte Mediated Endothelial Injury
Authors: Boogaerts M A , Broeck J Van de , Deckmyn H , Roelant C , Vermylen J , Verwilghen R L
Published: July 2018

The effect of alfa-tocopherol on the cell-cell interactions at the vessel wall were studied, using an in vitro model of human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures (HUEC). Immune triggered granulocytes (PMN) will adhere to and damage HUEC and platelets enhance this PMN mediated endothelial injury. When HUEC are cultured in the presence of vitamin E, 51Cr-leakage induced by complement stimulated PMN is significantly decreased and the enhanced cytotoxicity by platelets is completely abolished (p <0.001).

The inhibition of PMN induced endothelial injury is directly correlated to a diminished adherence of PMN to vitamin E- cultured HUEC (p <0.001), which may be mediated by an increase of both basal and stimulated endogenous prostacyclin (PGI2) from alfa-tocopherol-treated HUEC (p <0.025). The vitamin E-effect is abolished by incubation of HUEC with the irreversible cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, acetylsalicylic acid, but the addition of exogenous PGI2 could not reproduce the vitamin E-mediated effects.

We conclude that vitamin E exerts a protective effect on immune triggered endothelial damage, partly by increasing the endogenous anti-oxidant potential, partly by modulating intrinsic endothelial prostaglandin production. The failure to reproduce vitamin E-protection by exogenously added PGI2 may suggest additional, not yet elucidated vitamin E-effects on endothelial metabolism.
Thrombus-Related Uptake and Vascular Clearance of 131 I-Fibrin des-AABB as Compared to 125 I-Fibrinogen in Patients with Established Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Nilsen Dennis W T , Brosstad Frank , Holm Bjørn , Kierulf Peter , Gravem Karl , Godal Hans Christian
Published: July 2018

Thrombus-related uptake of 131 I-fibrin des-AABB has been compared to that of 125 I-fibrinogen in 13 patients with established venous thrombosis. Both tracers originated from a common pool of β-alanine precipitated fibrinogen. Scan-recordings were performed as a radiofibrin(ogen) uptake test. Uptake characteristics of des-AABB fibrin were similar to those of fibrinogen, when measured as percentage of concomitant radioactivity over the heart. Due to its longer circulation time, fibrinogen was superior to fibrin des-AABB for the detection of venous thrombi.

Circulating des-AABB fibrin was cleared biphasically, with an initial rapid decline followed by a gradual exponential decrease. Mean half-lives were 5.5 ± SD 3.5 hr and 10 ± SD 3.5 hr, respectively. The elimination rates were uninfluenced by thrombus activity, as judged by the fibrin(ogen) uptake test. Metabolic half-life of fibrinogen in the total material was 62 ± SD 19 hr. Dissociation of fibrinogen and soluble des-AABB fibrin clearance rates was evident, describing their own, independent elimination patterns, probably reflecting different clearing mechanisms.
Report of the Working Party on Hybridoma-Derived Monoclonal Antibodies to Platelets
Authors: Coller Barry S
Published: July 2018

A registry of 24 hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies to platelets is reported along with the deliberations of the Working Party on criteria for inclusion into the registry and nomenclature.
Studies on the Procurement of Coagulation Factor VIII: Selective Precipitation of Factor VIII with Hydrophilic Polymers
Authors: Farrugia A , Griffin B , Pepper D , Prowse C
Published: July 2018

Early work on the purification of factor VIII using polyethylene glycol (PEG) indicated that other polymers might also be used to precipitate factor VIII leaving fibrinogen in solution. Recently polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has also been advocated for this purpose.

In this study, different concentrations and molecular weights of hydroxyethyl starch, dextran, PEG, PVP, Ficoll, Percoll and albumin were examined for their ability to precipitate the factor VIII complex from cooled (not frozen) fresh CPD plasma. At optimal concentrations near quantitative recovery of VIIIR:Ag and VIII: CAg was achieved in 2 hr with minimal precipitation of fibrinogen or total protein. The best separations were observed with hydroxyethyl starch, albumin or Ficoll. PVP and PEG gave inferior purifications. Results for cryoprecipitate and intermediate-purity factor VIII concentrate were inferior to those obtained with plasma. Simple pre-concentration of plasma prior to chilling is an attractive alternative for large scale continuous production.
Congenital Deficiency of Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Factors and Protein C
Authors: Vicente V , Maia R , Alberca I , Tamagnim G P T , Borrasca A Lopez
Published: July 2018

A 15-month-old girl from Coimbra (Portugal) had a history of numerous hemorrhagic episodes with multiple bruises, hematomas but not hemarthroses. On serial testing she showed deficiency of factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C. Malabsorption- induced vitamin K deficiency, liver disease or ingestion of a coumarin compound were excluded. An absence of detectable abnormalities was found among her relatives. Consanguinity was not present. The immunologic assay, immunoelectrophoresis or antibody neutralization, revealed much higher levels of these factors than the clotting assay. The non-physiological activator (Echis carinatus venom) produced higher levels of prothrombin activation than those detected by physiological activation. Twodimensional immunoelectrophoresis of the patient’s plasma in calcium showed that prothrombin had the same mobility as acarboxyprothrombin. No significant response to large doses of intravenous vitamin K3 (6 mg) was observed. Transfusion of 120 ml of frozen fresh plasma led to an immediate increase in the procoagulant activities of vitamin K dependent protein, similar to that found after perfusion of plasma plus vitamin K3. The results obtained from this patient suggest a defect in the gammacarboxylation mechanism inside the hepatocyte.
Use of Porcine Factor VIII in the Management of Seventeen Patients with Factor VIII Antibodies
Authors: Gatti Loredana , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio
Published: July 2018

A polyelectrolyte-fractionated porcine factor VIII concentrate was given to 16 hemophiliacs with anti-F VIII antibodies (Ab) and to a woman with post-partum-acquired Ab during 24 courses of treatment including three major surgical procedures. Before treatment, antiporcine F VIII Ab was always lower than antihuman F VIII Ab, with a median cross reactivity of 32%. After treatment, the mean rise in F VIII was 1.5 U/dl/Unit infused/Kg b.w. and in vivo recovery was 50% of the theoretical values. Anamnestic rises in anti-porcine F VIII Ab (3 × the baseline titer) were seen after 9 of 22 courses of treatment with porcine F VIII only; similar rises in anti-human F VIII Ab, after 6 courses of treatment; median cross reactivity did not change significantly. Lower than expected increases in plasma F VIII without marked changes in Ab titers and severe thrombocytopenia occurred during surgery in two patients. Porcine F VIII is a rational and effective therapeutic choice for patients who have anti-human Ab titers above 10 U/ml; it can solve clinical situations that would otherwise be very difficult to manage; anamnesis is perhaps less frequent than after human F VIII; however, the incidence of thrombocytopenia, resistance and other side- effects is still higher than desirable.
The Effects of Administration of Ethyl Alcohol to Mice on Megakaryocyte and Platelet Development
Authors: Cooper G W , Dinowitz H , Cooper B
Published: July 2018

The effects of administration to laboratory mice of 5-20% ethyl alcohol (v:v) as drinking water on megakaryocyte and platelet development were studied and compared with data on controls given tap water.

In two separate experiments, mice given 5-15% ethyl alcohol (v:v) for 13 or 11 weeks showed decreases in platelet counts and platelet 35S uptake when compared to the control groups. Mice fed 5-20% alcohol for five weeks showed platelet counts, bone marrow megakaryocyte numbers and diameters that were significantly reduced to 72% (P <0.001), 45% (P <0.001), and 71% (P <0.01), respectively.

The data implied that ethyl alcohol ingestion had a direct inhibitory effect on megakaryocyte and platelet development in mice, which resulted in a marked reduction in the levels of circulating platelets.
Morphometric Analysis of Platelets in Bernard-Soulier Syndrome: Size and Configuration in Patients and Carriers
Authors: McGill M , Jamieson G A , Drouin J , Cho M S , Rock G A
Published: July 2018

Quantitative ultrastructural morphometric analysis has been carried out on thin sections of platelets from two Bernard-Soulier sisters and their parents. Measurements were made for the major and minor axes, axial ratios, cross-sectional circumference and cross-sectional area. Platelets were collected either into CPD anticoagulant or directly into glutaraldehyde. The results confirm that Bemard-Soulier platelets are significantly larger than normals (p <0.05) in all the parameters mentioned and indicate (I) that the morphology of platelets from Bernard-Soulier patients is affected by the presence of anticoagulant, and (II) a more spherocytic configuration is characteristic of Bemard-Soulier disease both in patients and carriers.
Effect of Amino Sugars on Platelet Aggregation and on Fibrinogen Binding
Authors: Kinlough-Rathbone Raelene L , Packham Marian A , Mustard J Fraser
Published: July 2018

The amino sugars glucosamine, galactosamine and man- nosamine (30 mM) inhibited aggregation of human or rabbit platelets induced by ADP, collagen, thrombin, PAF or high concentrations of sodium arachidonate. 125I-fibrinogen binding during ADP-induced aggregation, and release of amine storage granule contents were also inhibited. Increasing the calcium concentration of the suspending medium to 5 mM did not overcome the inhibitory effect on the release reaction.

The amino sugars deaggregated rabbit platelets that had been aggregated by ADP, collagen or thrombin, but deaggregated human platelets readily only when ADP was used as the aggregating agent. Fibrinogen-induced aggregation of chymotrypsin-treated platelets was blocked by the amino sugars. They did not inhibit platelet adherence to a collagen-coated glass surface, nor affect release of granule contents from the adherent platelets. Aggregation and release induced by low concentrations of sodium arachidonate or the divalent cation ionophore A23187 were potentiated, indicating that the effects of the amino sugars on platelets are more complex than simple inhibition of the lectinlike activity that becomes available on the surface of platelets that have undergone the release reaction. One of the effects of the amino sugars, however, is interference with the binding of fibrinogen to platelets. The effects of the amino sugars are shared by other primary amines.
Changes in Plasma Levels of Protease and Fibrinolytic Inhibitors Induced by Treatment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Velasco F , Torres A , Andres P , Martinez F , Gomez P
Published: July 2018

We have studied the main protease inhibitors of leukocytes, alpha-1-protease (α1-PI), alpha- 1-antichymotrypsin (α1-Achy) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2-M), as well as different parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis in 21 cases of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) before, during and after therapy.

Nine of the patients presented signs of DIC, 8 of whom belonged to subtype M3 and to subtype 1 M1.

The initial α1-PI and α1-Achy levels, which were elevated, increased during the treatment period. There was no significant difference between patients with and without DIC. However, those leukemic patients with DIC showed a significant decrease in plasminogen (p <0.005) and fast antiplasmin (p <0.01) only during the treatment compared with DIC free patients. All DIC cases demonstrated circulating plasmin-antiplasmin complex (P-AP) both before and during treatment.

Independent of a possible proteolytic action of leukocyte enzymes on clotting factors in the clinical course of ANLL (mainly M3 subtype), our results suggest an activation of plasminmediated fibrinolysis related to the activation of plasminogen by leukocytes, reactive DIC or both.
Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Associated with Granulomatous Inflammation: A Study with Murine Leprosy
Authors: Izaki S , Hibino T , Isozaki Y , Hsu P S , Izaki M , Matsuo O
Published: July 2018

Plasminogen activator that is associated with the development of hypersensitivity granulomas (gPA) was partially purified from a saline soluble fraction of murine lepromas elicited in “resistant” mice, C57BL/6N. The gPA was shown to consist of two subspecies (23,000 and 48,000 in molecular weight) with essentially identical enzymologic properties. The gPA was found to be a relatively heat stable weakly alkaline serine proteinase with trypsin-like characteristics in the specificity for synthetic substrates and proteinase inhibitors. It showed a high affinity for H- D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA (Km = 1.4 × 10-4 M) H-D-Val-Leu-Lys- pNA (Km = 5.2 × 10-4 M), and L-pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-pNA (Km = 9.3 × 10-4 M). The gPA did not demonstrate antigenic cross reaction with urokinase-type or tissue-type plasminogen activator.

Two distinct enzymatic regulators of the gPA were also demonstrated in the saline soluble fraction of the hypersensitivity granulomas. The gPA and its regulation are assumed to be correlated with macrophage activation in the hypersensitivity granulomas
An Immunoradiometric Assay for Factor VIII Related Antigen (VIIIRAg) Using Two Monoclonal Antibodies-Comparison with Polyclonal Rabbit Antibodies for Use in von Willebrand’s Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Sultan Y , Avner Ph , Maisonneuve P , Arnaud D , Jeanneau Ch
Published: July 2018

Two monoclonal antibodies raised against FVIII/von Willebrand protein were used in an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) to measure this antigen in normal plasma and plasma of patients with different forms of von Willebrand’s disease. The first antibody, an IgG1 was used to coat polystyrene tubes, the second one, an IgG2a, iodinated and used in the second step. Both antibodies inhibit ristocetin induced platelet agglutination and react strongly with platelets, megacaryocytes and endothelial cells. The IRMA test using these antibodies showed greater sensitivity than that using rabbit polyclonal anti VIIIRAg antibodies. A good correlation between the two tests was nevertheless found when VIIIRAg was measured in the majority of patient’s plasma. However 5 patients from 3 different families showed more antigenic material in the rabbit antibody IRMA than in the monoclonal antibody IRMA. It is suggested therefore that the monoclonal antibodies identify part of the VIIIR:Ag molecule showing structural abnormalities in these vWd patients, these structural changes remaining undetected by the polyclonal antibodies.
Agglutination of Formalin-Fixed, Platelet-Type von Willebrand’s Disease Platelets by Human von Willebrand Factor
Authors: Takahashi Hoyu , Shibata Akira
Published: July 2018

The interaction of platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in platelet-type von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) was characterized using formalin-fixed platelets from the patients. Formalin-fixed patient platelets were agglutinated directly by human vWF in normal plasma and type IIB vWD plasma, but not in type IIA vWD plasma. In the presence of a small amount of normal vWF, ristocetin-induced agglutination of patient platelets was enhanced with low concentrations of ristocetin. Wheat germ agglutinin and EDTA inhibited vWF-induced agglutination, although EDTA had no effect on ristocetin (plus vWF)-induced agglutination. These results demonstrate that vWF-induced agglutination of platelet-type vWD platelets is independent of active platelet metabolism but requires divalent cations, and suggest that platelet membrane glycoprotein I (GPI) would be involved in this agglutination.
Inhibition of Platelet Production Induced by an Antiplatelet Drug, Anagrelide, in Normal Volunteers
Authors: Andes W Abe , Noveck Robert J , Fleming J S
Published: July 2018

Administration of anagrelide, an antiplatelet agent, to ten normal male subjects was accompanied by an asymptomatic fall in platelet count. The drop was gradual and usually occurred within two weeks. Only a slight shortening of platelet survival was seen. Bone marrow morphology appeared normal. Measurement of platelet production rates showed a reduced response to thrombocytopenia. A substantial increase in the percentage of large platelets was observed in drug treated subjects. These observations are compatible with a selective inhibition of platelet production. Based upon these findings, the use of anagrelide will probably be best limited to short-term applications or to conditions where selective lowering of platelet count may be desired such as in polycythemia rubra vera or idiopathic thrombocytosis.
Inhibition of ADP-Induced Responses in Human Platelets by Agents Elevating the Cyclic AMP Level: Comparison of Aggregation and Shape Change
Authors: Steen Vider M , Holmsen Holm
Published: July 2018

The inhibitory effect of cAMP-elevating agents on shape change and aggregation in human platelets was studied to improve the understanding of the sequential relationship between these two responses.

Human platelet-rich plasma was preincubated for 2 min at 37° C with prostaglandin E1 or adenosine, agents known to elevate the intracellular level of cAMP. Their inhibitory effects on ADP-induced shape change and aggregation were determined both separately and simultaneously. The dose-inhibition patterns for shape change and aggregation were similar for both PGE1 and adenosine. There was no distinct difference between the inhibitory action of these two inhibitors.

These observations suggest that elevation of the intracellular concentration of cAMP interferes with an early step in the stimulus-response coupling that is common for aggregation and shape change.
Defective Fibrin Crosslinking in Acute Leukemia
Authors: Rodeghiero F , Barbui T , Belin-Peruffo A Dal , Dini E
Published: July 2018

Fibrin crosslinking was assayed in 22 patients with acute leukemia showing secondary coagulation abnormalities of variable severity. In 9 patients fibrin crosslinking was found to be normal, whereas 10 patients presented impaired polymerization of α-chains and 3 of both α- and γ-chains.

Only a rough correlation was found between transamidating activity of factor XIII and the fibrin crosslinking pattern in these patients. Moreover, incomplete fibrin crosslinkage occurred at levels of factor XIII far in excess of that required for full polymerization of fibrin in “normal” plasma. This latter finding suggests that, in addition to factor XIII deficiency, other causes are responsible for thehigh rate of fibrin crosslinking impairment in acute leukemia.
Factors Influencing the Separation of Glu-Plasminogen Affinity Forms I and II by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Traas Daan W , Nobel Bep Hoegee-de , Nieuwenhuizen Willem
Published: July 2018

Native human plasminogen, the proenzyme of plasmin (E. C. 3.4.21.7) occurs in blood in two well defined forms, affinity forms I and II. In this paper, the feasibility of separating these forms of human native plasminogen by affinity chromatography, is shown to be dependent on two factors: 1) the ionic composition of the buffer containing the displacing agent: buffers of varying contents of sodium, Tris, phosphate and chloride ions were compared, and 2) the type of adsorbent. Two adsorbents were compared: Sepharose-lysine and Sepharose-bisoxirane-lysine. Only in the phosphate containing buffers, irrespective of the type of adsorbent, the affinity forms can be separated. The influence of the adsorbent can be accounted for by a large difference in dissociation constants of the complex between plasminogen and the immobilized lysine.
The Dexamethasone-Induced Inhibitor of Plasminogen Activator in Hepatoma Cells Is Antigenically-Related to an Inhibitor Produced by Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Loskutoff David J , Roegner Karen , Erickson Larry A , Schleef Raymond R , Huttenlocher Anna , Coleman Patrick L , Gelehrter Thomas D
Published: July 2018

Glucocorticoids decrease plasminogen activator (PA) activity in HTC rat hepatoma cells by inducing a specific inhibitor of PA activity (PAI). This inhibitor is similar in several biochemical properties to the PAI purified from bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEs). We have used reverse fibrin autography and antiserum against BAE PAI to establish more fully the biochemical and immunological relationship of these inhibitors. Both inhibitors migrated with an apparent Mr of approximately 50,000, and the activity of both PAIs was stimulated by treatment with SDS suggesting that each of these molecules exists in both an active and a latent form. Antiserum to the BAE PAI immunoprecipi-tated all of the HTC PAI demonstrable by reverse fibrin autography. Finally, using this antiserum in a functional immunoassay, we have demonstrated that dexamethasone increases both active and latent PAI made by HTC cells. These results, indicate that HTC PAI and BAE PAI are antigenically as well as biochemically related molecules.
The Influence of DDAVP Infusion on the Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Response to Surgery
Authors: Melissari E , Scully M F , Paes V , Ellis V , Kakkar V V
Published: July 2018

The response of components of the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems to infusion of DDAVP has been examined in patients undergoing elective surgery. In the DDAVP treated group there was a significant increase, compared to control, in plasminogen activator (by fibrin plates p <0.005, ECLT p <0.0125, by Student’s t test) before operation. No difference between groups was seen by either methods in the activator levels in samples 24 h postoperation, whereas a significant drop (p <0.002) in protein C concentration was observed at this stage in the treated group. Levels of factor VIII components were significantly higher (p <0.005) than control at all stages of operation and a significant shortening (5 sec p <0.05) of the APTT was seen at all stages (apart from 24 h samples). DDAVP infusion therefore may exacerbate the hypercoagulable state observed in surgical patients without preventing the (post-operatively) fibrinolytic shutdown. Instead, infusion tends to produce fibrinolytic depletion at the key mid-operative stage.
Long Lasting Sitting Position and Haemostasis
Authors: Makris P E , Louizou C , Markakis C , Tsakiris D A , Mandalaki T
Published: July 2018

Blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregability were assessed in 8 physicians aged 30-40 years, who had travelled nonstop by car from Salonica to Athens (510 km) and returned to Salonica after 48 h of rest and after administration of 1 g of aspirin. At the end of journey A, platelet aggregability was found to be increased (6 out of 8 persons), AT III was decreased by 30% (p <0.001), the FVIIIiC / FVIIIRiAg ratio was decreased (p <0.02) and ELT was prolonged. At the end of journey B the findings were the following: platelet aggregation was not affected, the decrease of AT III was not statistically significant and ELT was significantly shortened (p <0.005).

A common finding of both journeys was the increase of platelet counts at the end (p <0.005).

The correlation between long lasting sitting and the response of the haemostatic balance is suggested. The influence of aspirin is discussed.
Quantitative characterization of uncertainty levels of intermittent power sources
Authors: Wang Zongjie , Guo Zhizhong
Published: July 2018

This paper establishes a statistical quantification of the uncertainty levels of intermittent power sources. We first construct a negative exponential function, referred to as a statistical function, to represent the relationship between the statistical regularity of the forecast error of a single intermittent power source and the time ahead of the forecast. Subsequently, we generalize this negative exponential function to a family of statistical functions, namely, the sum statistical functions, the equivalent statistical functions, and the contour statistical functions, which are proposed to characterize the overall statistical forecast uncertainty levels of multiple intermittent power sources and all power sources. Based on historical observations, parameters of these functions are estimated to represent the statistical regularity of the forecast uncertainty levels of all the power sources of interest. Historical data sampled from real wind farms and solar power sites demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Thermal effect on electron trajectory and growth rate in a two-stream free electron laser with a guide field
Authors: Mahdizadeh N.
Published: July 2018

Temperature effects on the electron trajectory and growth rate are investigated for a two-stream free-electron laser (FEL) with a helical wiggler along with a guide magnetic field. Both longitudinal and transverse components of the beam temperature are including providing the full beam temperature effects. Two different cases namely, conventional and reversed guide field are considered. Based on the fluid theory, the dispersion relation for the right hand polarized of the electromagnetic wave, including the important influence of temperature is obtained and solved numerically. Two resonances occur in this model: FEL and two-stream FEL (TS-FEL) resonances. It is shown that both of the peak growths of the resonances are reduced due to temperature. However, peak growth rates are substantially affected owing to transverse component of the beam temperature. The result shows, in the case of a reversed guide field the TS-FEL resonance has low thermal sensitivity with respect to the conventional guide field.