bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing of natural disturbance caused by insect defoliation and dieback: a review
Authors: Hall R J , van der Sanden J J , Freeburn J
T , Thomas S J
Published: November 2016

Preface
The objective of this report is to review the requirements for disturbance information, the manifestation of damage patterns that may be encountered, and to provide an overview of remote sensing sensors and change detection methods that have been, or could be applied to mapping of insect defoliation
and aspen dieback. It was developed with financial support from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) by the Canadian Forest Service (CFS) and the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) as part of a Government-Related Initiatives Program (GRIP) project entitled "Gauging the Health of Canada's Forests:
Accounting for Insect Defoliation and Dieback in the Indicators of Sustainability for Canadians". The report was first submitted as a deliverable to the CSA in 2007 and reviews the utility of both optical and radar remote sensing sensors and change detection approaches. For this release of the
report as a Geomatics Canada Open File, the text was revised in part to relay major developments regarding the availability of satellite sensors and change detection methods in particular. A comprehensive review of literature published after 2007 was beyond the scope of the revision. A recent review
paper by Hall et al. (2016) draws from this report but is limited to a discussion of the utility of optical sensor systems and change
detection methods.
The ups and downs of the Canadian Shield: 1- preliminary results of apatite fission track analysis from Hudson Bay region
Authors: Pinet N , Kohn B P , Lavoie D
Published: November 2016

The low-temperature (120-60°C) thermal history of seven samples from the Hudson Bay region has been investigated using apatite fission-track (AFT) analysis. Apatite grains from six Precambrian rock samples from the surface or the bottom of
hydrocarbon-targeted wells and from one sample belonging to a thin Upper Ordovician sandstone unit at the base of the Paleozoic succession were analysed. All apatite fissiontrack (AFT) ages are younger than the age of their host rocks indicating that fission tracks experienced significant
post-crystallisation or deposition annealing and samples were subjected to temperatures > 60°C. The track length distributions suggest slow cooling. AFT pooled ages range from 215.1 ± 15.0 to 462.7 ± 29.9 Ma. The sample from Akpatok Island, in Hudson Strait has the youngest
AFT age, suggesting that the exhumation history of this area may be different from the Hudson Bay Basin.
Inverse modeling of AFT data provides an estimate of the maximum temperature experienced during the Paleozoic burial episode and, with much less accuracy, the timing of maximum heating. For the two wells that have both organic matter maturation and AFT data, the measured vitrinite equivalent value
is higher than that calculated reflectance using AFT inverse modeling results. AFT results from the Hudson Bay region are broadly in agreement with those reported for the southern Canadian Shield. However, the available dataset is not sufficient to depict regional variations of maximum heating
conditions, an issue that is critical for the hydrocarbon assessment of the area.
A review of African studies on central corneal thickness
Authors: Rampersad Nishanee , Hansraj Rekha
Published: November 2016

Recently, there has been increasing interest in understanding central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements in various populations. This may be related to the influence of CCT in the diagnosis, classification and management of glaucoma. In addition, CCT measurements are also important for monitoring corneal diseases and contact lens wear, indicating the overall health of the cornea and assessing eligibility for refractive surgery. This article reviews studies that have reported CCT measurements in non-glaucomatous African sub-populations. The CCT measurements, gender associations and limitations of these studies are highlighted. The findings of these studies and their implications are discussed in relation to global studies reporting on CCT measurements.
Indigenous practices of environmental sustainability in the Tonga community of southern Zambia
Authors: Kanene Kennedy M.
Published: November 2016

Culture plays a significant role in conserving the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore the measures that have been employed by the Tonga people of southern Zambia to sustain their local biophysical environment. The research focussed on investigating the strategies which they use to conserve the soil, water, animals, medicinal and fruit plants, and rangeland. A qualitative research design was used in the study. The data were collected through interviews with elderly Tonga people and herbalists, and through observation and personal participation in the daily life of the Tongas. The study reveals that selective harvesting, totemism and taboos, organic farming, crop rotation and intercropping, sacredness of water sources and traditional authority are the main instruments of environmental conservation amongst the Tonga. The article concludes that governments, policymakers and environmentalists need to give the conservation strategies employed by indigenous people the prominence they deserve for environmental sustainability.
A Multilayered Screening Method for the Identification of Regulatory Genes in Rice by Agronomic Traits
Authors: Seol Young-Joo , Won So Youn , Shin Younhee , Lee Jong-Yeol , Chun Jong-Sik , Kim Yong-Kab , Kim Chang-Kug
Published: November 2016

We developed a multilayered screening method that integrates both genome and transcriptome data to effectively identify regulatory genes in rice ( Oryza sativa). We tested our method using eight rice accessions that differed in three important nutritional and agricultural traits, anthocyanin biosynthesis, amylose content, and heading date. In the genome resequencing of eight rice accessions with 24 RNA sequencing experiments, 98% of the preprocessed reads could be uniquely mapped to the reference genome, resulting in the identification of 42,699 unique transcripts. Comparison between black and white rice cultivars showed evidence of intensive selective sweeps in chromosomes 3, 10, and 12. A total of 131 genes were differentially expressed among the black rice cultivars and found to be associated with three Gene Ontology terms (secondary metabolic process, biosynthetic process, and response to stimulus). We identified nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) that likely play an important role in determining the agronomic traits differences, two upregulated and three downregulated genes in the black cultivars, and two downregulated genes in the white cultivars. The three agronomic traits were clearly grouped together by the developmental stages, regardless of any other traits, suggesting that the developmental stage is the most important factor that triggers global changes in gene expression. Interestingly, glutinous and nonglutinous black rice cultivars were distinguished from one another by different heading dates.
A Probabilistic Automatic Steady State Detection Method for the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo
Authors: Karchani A. , Ejtehadi O. , Myong R. S.
Published: November 2016

The statistical error associated with sampling in the DSMC method can be categorized as type I and II, which are caused by the incorrect rejection and acceptance of the null hypothesis, respectively. In this study, robust global and local automatic steady state detection methods were developed based on an ingenious method based purely on the statistics and kinetics of particles. The key concept is built upon probabilistic automatic reset sampling (PARS) to minimize the type II error caused by incorrect acceptance of the samples that do not belong to the steady state. The global steady state method is based on a relative standard variation of collisional invariants, while the local steady state method is based on local variations in the distribution function of particles at each cell. In order to verify the capability of the new methods, two benchmark cases — the one-dimensional shear-driven Couette flow and the two-dimensional high speed flow past a vertical wall—were extensively investigated. Owing to the combined effects of the automatic detection and local reset sampling, the local steady state detection method yielded a substantial gain of 30-36% in computational cost for the problem studied. Moreover, the local reset feature outperformed the automatic detection feature in overall computational savings.
An Efficient Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method for the Simulation of Thermal Flow Problems
Authors: Hu Yang , Li Decai , Shu Shi , Niu Xiaodong
Published: November 2016

In this paper, a diffuse-interface immersed boundary method (IBM) is proposed to treat three different thermal boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin) in thermal flow problems. The novel IBM is implemented combining with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The present algorithm enforces the three types of thermal boundary conditions at the boundary points. Concretely speaking, the IBM for the Dirichlet boundary condition is implemented using an iterative method, and its main feature is to accurately satisfy the given temperature on the boundary. The Neumann and Robin boundary conditions are implemented in IBM by distributing the jump of the heat flux on the boundary to surrounding Eulerian points, and the jump is obtained by applying the jump interface conditions in the normal and tangential directions. A simple analysis of the computational accuracy of IBM is developed. The analysis indicates that the Taylor-Green vortices problem which was used in many previous studies is not an appropriate accuracy test example. The capacity of the present thermal immersed boundary method is validated using four numerical experiments: (1) Natural convection in a cavity with a circular cylinder in the center; (2) Flows over a heated cylinder; (3) Natural convection in a concentric horizontal cylindrical annulus; (4) Sedimentation of a single isothermal cold particle in a vertical channel. The numerical results show good agreements with the data in the previous literatures.
On the Dynamics of the Weak Fréedericksz Transition for Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Aursand Peder , Napoli Gaetano , Ridder Johanna
Published: November 2016

We propose an implicit finite-difference method to study the time evolution of the director field of a nematic liquid crystal under the influence of an electric field with weak anchoring at the boundary. The scheme allows us to study the dynamics of transitions between different director equilibrium states under varying electric field and anchoring strength. In particular, we are able to simulate the transition to excited states of odd parity, which have previously been observed in experiments, but so far only analyzed in the static case.
Reinitialization of the Level-Set Function in 3d Simulation of Moving Contact Lines
Authors: Xu Shixin , Ren Weiqing
Published: November 2016

The level set method is one of the most successful methods for the simulation of multi-phase flows. To keep the level set function close the signed distance function, the level set function is constantly reinitialized by solving a Hamilton-Jacobi type of equation during the simulation. When the fluid interface intersects with a solid wall, a moving contact line forms and the reinitialization of the level set function requires a boundary condition in certain regions on the wall. In this work, we propose to use the dynamic contact angle, which is extended from the contact line, as the boundary condition for the reinitialization of the level set function. The reinitialization equation and the equation for the normal extension of the dynamic contact angle form a coupled system and are solved simultaneously. The extension equation is solved on the wall and it provides the boundary condition for the reinitialization equation; the level set function provides the directions along which the contact angle is extended from the contact line. The coupled system is solved using the 3rd order TVD Runge-Kutta method and the Godunov scheme. The Godunov scheme automatically identifies the regions where the angle condition needs to be imposed. The numerical method is illustrated by examples in three dimensions.
An Energy-Preserving Wavelet Collocation Method for General Multi-Symplectic Formulations of Hamiltonian PDEs
Authors: Gong Yuezheng , Wang Yushun
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we develop a novel energy-preserving wavelet collocation method for solving general multi-symplectic formulations of Hamiltonian PDEs. Based on the autocorrelation functions of Daubechies compactly supported scaling functions, the wavelet collocation method is conducted for spatial discretization. The obtained semi-discrete system is shown to be a finite-dimensional Hamiltonian system, which has an energy conservation law. Then, the average vector field method is used for time integration, which leads to an energy-preserving method for multi-symplectic Hamiltonian PDEs. The proposed method is illustrated by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the Camassa-Holm equation. Since differentiation matrix obtained by the wavelet collocation method is a cyclic matrix, we can apply Fast Fourier transform to solve equations in numerical calculation. Numerical experiments show the high accuracy, effectiveness and conservation properties of the proposed method.
An Adaptive Grid Method for Singularly Perturbed Time-Dependent Convection-Diffusion Problems
Authors: Chen Yanping , Liu Li-Bin
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we study the numerical solution of singularly perturbed time-dependent convection-diffusion problems. To solve these problems, the backward Euler method is first applied to discretize the time derivative on a uniform mesh, and the classical upwind finite difference scheme is used to approximate the spatial derivative on an arbitrary nonuniform grid. Then, in order to obtain an adaptive grid for all temporal levels, we construct a positive monitor function, which is similar to the arc-length monitor function. Furthermore, the ε-uniform convergence of the fully discrete scheme is derived for the numerical solution. Finally, some numerical results are given to support our theoretical results.
Mechanics-Based Solution Verification for Porous Media Models
Authors: Shabouei M. , Nakshatrala K. B.
Published: November 2016

This paper presents a new approach to verify the accuracy of computational simulations. We develop mathematical theorems which can serve as robusta posteriorierror estimation techniques to identify numerical pollution, check the performance of adaptive meshes, and verify numerical solutions. We demonstrate performance of this methodology on problems from flow thorough porous media. However, one can extend it to other models. We construct mathematical properties such that the solutions to Darcy and Darcy-Brinkman equations satisfy them. The mathematical properties include the total minimum mechanical power, minimum dissipation theorem, reciprocal relation, and maximum principle for the vorticity. All the developed theorems have firm mechanical bases and are independent of numerical methods. So, these can be utilized for solution verification of finite element, finite volume, finite difference, lattice Boltzmann methods and so forth. In particular, we show that, for a given set of boundary conditions, Darcy velocity has the minimum total mechanical power of all the kinematically admissible vector fields. We also show that a similar result holds for Darcy-Brinkman velocity. We then show for a conservative body force, the Darcy and Darcy-Brinkman velocities have the minimum total dissipation among their respective kinematically admissible vector fields. Using numerical examples, we show that the minimum dissipation and total mechanical power theorems can be utilized to identify pollution errors in numerical solutions. The solutions to Darcy and Darcy-Brinkman equations are shown to satisfy a reciprocal relation, which has the potential to identify errors in the numerical implementation of boundary conditions. It is also shown that the vorticity under both steady and transient Darcy-Brinkman equations satisfy maximum principles if the body force is conservative and the permeability is homogeneous and isotropic. A discussion on the nature of vorticity under steady and transient Darcy equations is also presented. Using several numerical examples, we will demonstrate the predictive capabilities of the proposeda posterioritechniques in assessing the accuracy of numerical solutions for a general class of problems, which could involve complex domains and general computational grids.
Задача Неймана с интегро-дифференциальным оператором в краевом условии
Authors: Danyliuk Ivan Mykhailovych , Danilyuk A O
Published: November 2016

Рассматривается задача Неймана для параболического уравнения
второго порядка с интегро-дифференциальным оператором
в краевом условии. Доказана теорема о корректности,
в частности получено интегральное изображение решения,
установлены оценки производных решения и
выделено ядро обратного оператора задачи.
Библиография: 7 названий.
Usability and Workflow Evaluation of “RhEumAtic Disease activitY” (READY)
Authors: Yen Po-Yin , Lara Barbara , Lopetegui Marcelo , Bharat Aseem , Ardoin Stacy , Johnson Bernadette , Mathur Puneet , Embi Peter , Curtis Jeffrey
Published: November 2016

Background RhEumAtic Disease activitY (READY) is a mobile health (mHealth) application that aims to create a shared platform integrating data from both patients and physicians, with a particular emphasis on arthritis disease activity.

Methods We made READY available on an iPad and pilot implemented it at a rheumatology outpatient clinic. We conducted 1) a usability evaluation study to explore patients’ and physicians’ interactions with READY, and 2) a time motion study (TMS) to observe the clinical workflow before and after the implementation.

Results A total of 33 patients and 15 physicians participated in the usability evaluation. We found usability problems in navigation, data entry, pain assessment, documentation, and instructions along with error messages. Despite these issues, 25 (75,76%) patients reported they liked READY. Physicians provided mixed feedback because they were concerned about the impact of READY on clinical workflow. Six physicians participated in the TMS. We observed 47 patient visits (44.72 hours) in the pre-implementation phase, and 42 patient visits (37.82 hours) in the post-implementation phase. We found that patients spent more time on READY than paper (4.39mins vs. 2.26mins), but overall, READY did not delay the workflow (pre = 52.08 mins vs. post = 45.46 mins). This time difference may be compensated with READY eliminating a workflow step for the staff.

Conclusion Patients preferred READY to paper documents. Many found it easier to input information because of the larger font size and the ease of ‘tapping’ rather than writing-out or circling answers. Even though patients spent more time on READY than using paper documents, the longer usage of READY was mainly due to when troubleshooting was needed. Most patients did not have problems after receiving initial support from the staff. This study not only enabled improvements to the software but also serves as good reference for other researchers or institutional decision makers who are interested in implementing such a technology.

Citation: Yen P, Lara B, Lopetegui M, Bharat A, Ardoin S, Johnson B, Mathur P, Embi P, Curtis J. Usability and workflow evaluation of “RhEumAtic Disease activitY” (READY).
Sintomatología en adolescentes victimizados sexualmente: El rol del apoyo de la familia y del grupo de pares
Authors: Guerra Cristobal , Castillo Juan Carlos
Published: November 2016

Existe suficiente evidencia de que el apoyo que entrega la familia, especialmente los padres, previene la aparición de sintomatología en adolescentes que han sufrido abuso sexual. No obstante, el estudio del rol que juega el apoyo entregado por el grupo de pares no ha sido suficientemente investigado y las pocas investigaciones en la materia han entregado resultados contradictorios. De este modo, el objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la relación tanto del apoyo de la familia, como del de los pares con la sintomatología depresiva, ansiosa y de estrés postraumático en víctimas de abuso sexual. Participaron 93 adolescentes de género femenino (edades entre 12 y 17 años). Las participantes respondieron escalas para evaluar la sintomatología y para evaluar su percepción del apoyo social recibido. Los resultados de un análisis de regresión múltiple muestran que la percepción de apoyo por parte de la familia se asocia inversamente a los tres tipos de síntomas. En cambio, la percepción de apoyo de los pares únicamente se asocia inversamente a la sintomatología depresiva. Estos resultados dan cuenta de que la familia sigue siendo el principal agente protector, aún en la etapa de la adolescencia. Los pares, en cambio, poseerían menos recursos de protección y su rol estaría más centrado en la distracción.
El ingreso de menores con problemas de conducta en centros específicos de protección
Authors: Vázquez-Pastor Jiménez Lucía
Published: November 2016

En los últimos años se ha producido en nuestro país un aumento considerable de menores de edad que presentan graves problemas conductuales. La necesidad imperiosa de proporcionar a estos menores un contexto más estructurado socio-educativo y psicoterapéutico ha justificado que el legislador estatal contemple por primera vez recursos específicos destinados a atender sus trastornos del comportamiento. En particular, la Ley Orgánica 8/2015, de 22 de julio, regula como novedad importante el ingreso en centros de protección específicos para menores con problemas de conducta, a cuyo análisis dedicamos el presente estudio. 
Deciphering the Chemical Forms of Gaseous Oxidized Mercury in Florida, USA
Authors: Huang Jiaoyan , Miller Matthieu B. , Edgerton Eric , Sexauer Gustin Mae
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The highest mercury (Hg) wet deposition in the United States of America (USA) occurs along the Gulf of Mexico, and in the southern and central Mississippi River Valley. Gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) is thought to be a major contributor due to high water solubility and reactivity. Therefore, it is critical to understand concentrations, potential for wet and dry deposition, and GOM compounds present in the air. Concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of GOM were measured and calculated for Outlying Landing Field (OLF), Florida, using data collected by a Tekran® 2537/1130/1135, the University of Nevada-Reno Reactive Mercury Active System (UNRRMAS) with cation exchange and nylon membranes, and Aerohead samplers that use cation-exchange membranes to determine dry deposition. Relationships with Tekran® derived data must be interpreted with caution, since GOM concentrations measured are biased low depending on the chemical compounds in air, and interferences with water vapor and ozone. Criteria air pollutants were concurrently measured. Results from nylon membranes with thermal desorption analyses indicated five GOM compounds in this area, including HgBr2, HgO, Hg-nitrogen and sulfur compounds, and an unknown compound. This indicates that the site is influenced by different gaseous phase reactions and sources. Using back trajectory analysis a high GOM event related to high CO, but average SO2, indicated air parcels moved from the free troposphere, and across Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama at low elevation (
An improved parameterisation of ozone dry deposition to the ocean
and its impact in a global climate-chemistry model
Authors: Luhar Ashok K. , Galbally Ian E. , Woodhouse Matthew T. , Thatcher Marcus
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Schemes used to parameterise ozone dry deposition velocity at the oceanic surface mainly differ in terms of how the dominant term of surface resistance is parameterised. We examine three such schemes and test them in a global climate-chemistry model that incorporates meteorological nudging and monthly-varying reactive-gas emissions. The default scheme invokes the commonly used assumption that the water surface resistance is constant. The other two schemes, named the one-layer and two-layer reactivity schemes, include the simultaneous influence on the water surface resistance of ozone solubility in water, waterside molecular diffusion and turbulent transfer, and a first-order chemical reaction of ozone with dissolved iodide. Unlike the one-layer scheme, the two-layer scheme can indirectly control the degree of interaction between chemical reaction and turbulent transfer through the specification of a surface reactive layer thickness. A comparison is made of the modelled deposition velocity dependencies on sea-surface temperature (SST) and wind speed with recently reported cruise based observations. The default scheme overestimates the observed deposition velocities by a factor of 2 to 4 when the chemical reaction is slow (e.g. under colder SSTs in the Southern Ocean). The default scheme has almost no temperature, wind-speed and latitudinal variations in contrast with the observations. The one-layer scheme provides noticeably better variations, but it overestimates deposition velocity by a factor of 2 to 3 due to an enhancement of the interaction between chemical reaction and turbulent transfer. The two-layer scheme with a surface reactive layer thickness specification of 2.5 microns, which is approximately equal to the reacto-diffusive length scale of the ozone-iodide reaction, is able to simulate the field measurements most closely, with respect to absolute values as well as SST and wind-speed dependence. The two-layer scheme yields the largest deposition velocities in the tropics. The global oceanic deposition of ozone determined using this scheme is approximately 80 Tg yr−1. This amount is 12 % of the modelled total global ozone deposition, is almost half of the original oceanic deposition obtained using the default scheme, and corresponds to a 10 % decrease in the original estimate of the total global ozone deposition. The figure of 12 % is much lower than the previously reported modelled estimate of oceanic deposition being roughly one third of total deposition. Deposition parameterisation influences the predicted ozone mixing ratios, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. For the latitudes 45–70° S, the two-layer scheme improves the prediction of ozone observed at an altitude of 1 km by 7 % and that within the altitude range 1–6 km by 5 % compared to the original scheme.
Strong influence of 2000–2050 climate change on particulate matter in the
United States: Results from a new statistical model
Authors: Shen Lu , Mickley Loretta J. , Murray Lee T.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. We use a statistical model to investigate the effect of 2000–2050 climate change on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality across the contiguous United States. By applying observed relationships of PM2.5 and meteorology to the IPCC Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archives, we bypass many of the uncertainties inherent in chemistry-climate models. Our approach uses both the relationships between PM2.5 and local meteorology as well as the synoptic circulation patterns, defined as the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) pattern of the spatial correlations between PM2.5 and meteorological variables in the surrounding region. Using an ensemble of 17 GCMs under the RCP4.5 scenario, we project an increase of ~ 1 μg m−3 in annual mean PM2.5 in the eastern US and a decrease of 0.3–1.2 μg m−3 in the Intermountain West by the 2050s, assuming present-day anthropogenic sources of PM2.5. Mean summertime PM2.5 increases as much as 2–3 μg m−3 in the eastern United States due to faster oxidation rates and greater mass of organic carbon from biogenic emissions. Mean wintertime PM2.5 decreases by 0.3–3 μg m−3 over most regions in United States, likely due to the volatilization of ammonium nitrate. Our approach provides an efficient method to calculate the climate penalty or benefit on air quality across a range of models and scenarios. We find that current atmospheric chemistry models may underestimate or even fail to capture the strongly positive sensitivity of monthly mean PM2.5 to temperature in the eastern United States in summer, and may underestimate future changes in PM2.5 in a warmer climate. In GEOS-Chem, the underestimate in monthly mean PM2.5-temperature relationship in the East in summer is likely caused by overly strong negative sensitivity of monthly mean low cloud fraction to temperature in the assimilated meteorology (~ −0.04 K−1), compared to the weak sensitivity implied by satellite observations (±0.01 K−1). The strong negative dependence of low cloud cover on temperature, in turn, causes the modeled rates of sulfate aqueous oxidation to diminish too rapidly as temperatures rise, leading to the underestimate of sulfate-temperature slopes, especially in the South. Our work underscores the importance of evaluating the sensitivity of PM2.5 to its key controlling meteorological variables in climate-chemistry models on multiple timescales before they are applied to project future air quality.
Continuation of long-term global SO2 pollution monitoring from OMI to OMPS
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Can , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Joiner Joanna
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Over the past 20 years, advances in satellite remote sensing of pollution-relevant species have made space-borne observations an increasingly important part of atmospheric chemistry research and air quality management. This progress has been facilitated by advanced UV-Vis spectrometers, such as the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the NASA EOS Aura satellite, and continues with new instruments, such as the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on board the NASA-NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. In this study, we demonstrate that it is possible, using our state-of-the-art principal component analysis (PCA) retrieval technique, to continue the long-term global SO2 pollution monitoring started by OMI with the current and future OMPS instruments that will fly on the NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)–1, –2, –3, –4 satellites in addition to SNPP, with a very good consistency of retrievals from these instruments. Since OMI SO2 data have been primarily used for 1) providing regional context on air pollution and long-range transport on a daily basis; and 2) providing information on point emission sources on an annual basis after data averaging, we focused on these two aspects in our OMI-OMPS comparison. Four years of retrievals during 2012–2015 have been compared for three regions: eastern China, Mexico, and South Africa. In general, the comparisons show high temporal correlations (r = 0.79–0.96) of SO2 mass between the two instruments and near unity regression slopes (0.76–0.97). The annual averaged SO2 loading difference between OMI and OMPS is small (
Structural uncertainty in air mass factor calculation for NO2 and HCHO satellite retrievals
Authors: Lorente Alba , Boersma K. Folkert , Yu Huan , Dörner Steffen , Hilboll Andreas , Richter Andreas , Liu Mengyao , Lamsal Lok N. , Barkley Michael , De Smedt Isabelle , Van Roozendael Michel , Wang Yang , Wagner Thomas , Beirle Steffen , Lin Jin Tai , Kroktov Nickolay , Stammes Piet , Wang Ping , Eskes Henk J. , Krol Maarten
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Air mass factor (AMF) calculation is the largest source of uncertainty in NO2 and HCHO satellite retrievals in situations with enhanced trace gas concentrations in the lower troposphere. Structural uncertainty arises when different retrieval methodologies are applied in the scientific community to the same satellite observations. Here, we address the issue of AMF structural uncertainty via a detailed comparison of AMF calculation methods that are structurally different between seven retrieval groups for measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We estimate the escalation of structural uncertainty in every sub-step of the AMF calculation process. This goes beyond the algorithm uncertainty estimates provided in state-of-the-art retrievals, which address the theoretical propagation of uncertainties for one particular retrieval algorithm only. We find that top-of-atmosphere reflectances simulated by four radiative transfer models (RTMs) (DAK, McArtim, SCIATRAN and VLIDORT) agree within 1.5 %. We find that different retrieval groups agree well in the calculations of altitude resolved AMFs from different RTMs (to within 3 %), and in the tropospheric AMFs (to within 6 %) as long as identical ancillary data (surface albedo, terrain height, cloud parameters and trace gas profile) and cloud and aerosol correction procedures are being used. Structural uncertainty increases sharply when retrieval groups use their preference for ancillary data, cloud and aerosol correction. On average, we estimate the AMF structural uncertainty to be 42 % over polluted regions and 31 % over unpolluted regions, mostly driven by substantial differences in the a priori trace gas profiles, surface albedo and cloud parameters. Sensitivity studies for one particular algorithm indicate that different cloud correction approaches result in substantial AMF differences in polluted situations (5 to 40 % depending on cloud fraction and cloud pressure, and 11 % on average) even for low cloud fractions ( < 0.2) and the choice of aerosol correction introduces an average uncertainty of 50 % for situations with high pollution and high aerosol loading. Our work shows that structural uncertainty in AMF calculations is significant and that is mainly caused by the assumptions and choices made to represent the state of the atmosphere. To point out which approach and which ancillary data are the best for AMF calculations, we call for well-designed validation exercises focusing on polluted situations when AMF structural uncertainty has the highest impact on NO2 and HCHO retrievals.
Quantifying the Cenozoic marine diatom deposition history: links to the C and Si cycles
Authors: Renaudie Johan
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Marine planktonic diatoms are, today, among the world's main primary producers as well as the main organic carbon exporter to the deep sea despite the fact that they were a very minor component of the plankton at the beginning of the Cenozoic. They are also the main silica exporter to the deep sea, thus balancing global chemical weathering. This study reviews their global Cenozoic depositional pattern in order to understand the modality and the context of their rise to dominance, but also to understand how diatom evolution affected the Cenozoic functioning of the ocean's biological pump. After two short-lived major abundance peaks near the Eocene–Oligocene boundary and in the late Oligocene, diatom abundance in sediments shifted in the middle Miocene to globally higher values which have largely persisted to the modern day. These quantitative findings provide support for the hypothesis according to which diatoms, through their ecological role in the ocean's biological carbon pump, have contributed to the Cenozoic changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide pressure and consequently to changes in the global climate state. Additionally, correlations between diatom abundance peaks and shifts in seawater strontium and osmium isotopic composition hint at a strong control of the silicate weathering on diatom deposition.
Multivariate Anomaly Detection for Earth Observations: A Comparison of Algorithms and Feature Extraction Techniques
Authors: Flach Milan , Gans Fabian , Brenning Alexander , Denzler Joachim , Reichstein Markus , Rodner Erik , Bathiany Sebastian , Bodesheim Paul , Guanche Yanira , Sippel Sebastian , Mahecha Miguel D.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Today, many processes at the Earth's surface are constantly monitored by multiple data streams. These observations have become central to advance our understanding of e.g. vegetation dynamics in response to climate or land use change. Another set of important applications is monitoring effects of climatic extreme events, other disturbances such as fires, or abrupt land transitions. One important methodological question is how to reliably detect anomalies in an automated and generic way within multivariate data streams, which typically vary seasonally and are interconnected across variables. Although many algorithms have been proposed for detecting anomalies in multivariate data, only few have been investigated in the context of Earth system science applications. In this study, we systematically combine and compare feature extraction and anomaly detection algorithms for detecting anomalous events. Our aim is to identify suitable workflows for automatically detecting anomalous patterns in multivariate Earth system data streams. We rely on artificial data that mimic typical properties and anomalies in multivariate spatiotemporal Earth observations. This artificial experiment is needed as there is no 'gold standard' for the identification of anomalies in real Earth observations. Our results show that a well chosen feature extraction step (e.g. subtracting seasonal cycles, or dimensionality reduction) is more important than the choice of a particular anomaly detection algorithm. Nevertheless, we identify 3 detection algorithms (k-nearest neighbours mean distance, kernel density estimation, a recurrence approach) and their combinations (ensembles) that outperform other multivariate approaches as well as univariate extreme event detection methods. Our results therefore provide an effective workflow to automatically detect anomalies in Earth system science data.
A user-friendly earth system model of low complexity: the ESCIMO system dynamics model of global warming towards 2100
Authors: Randers Jorgen , Golüke Ulrich , Wenstøp Fred , Wenstøp Søren
Published: November 2016

Abstract. We have made a simple system dynamics model, ESCIMO (Earth System Climate Interpretable Model), which runs on a desktop computer in seconds and is able to reproduce the main output from more complex climate models. ESCIMO represents the main causal mechanisms at work in the Earth system and is able to reproduce the broad outline of climate history from 1850 to 2015. We have run many simulations with ESCIMO to 2100 and beyond. In this paper we present the effects of introducing in 2015 six possible global policy interventions that cost around USD 1000 billion per year – around 1 % of world GDP. We tentatively conclude (a) that these policy interventions can at most reduce the global mean surface temperature – GMST – by up to 0.5 °C in 2050 and up to 1.0 °C in 2100 relative to no intervention. The exception is injection of aerosols into the stratosphere, which can reduce the GMST by more than 1.0 °C in a decade but creates other serious problems. We also conclude (b) that relatively cheap human intervention can keep global warming in this century below +2 °C relative to preindustrial times. Finally, we conclude (c) that run-away warming is unlikely to occur in this century but is likely to occur in the longer run. The ensuing warming is slow, however. In ESCIMO, it takes several hundred years to lift the GMST to +3 °C above preindustrial times through gradual self-reinforcing melting of the permafrost. We call for research to test whether more complex climate models support our tentative conclusions from ESCIMO. Editorial note: Please note that the acronym for the software model described in the ESD paper is now recognized to be culturally insensitive and inappropriate. The editors of the journal ESD, the journal owner European Geosciences Union, and the publisher Copernicus Publications foster equality, diversity, and inclusiveness in scientific exchange, and do not condone in any way racism, discrimination, or cultural appropriation. The authors did not intend to insult any ethnic groups by using the acronym for this software model.
Subharmonic resonant excitation of edge waves by breaking surface waves
Authors: Abcha Nizar , Zhang Tonglei , Ezersky Alexander , Pelinovsky Efim , Didenkulova Ira
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Parametric excitation of edge waves with a frequency two times less than the frequency of surface waves propagating perpendicular to the inclined bottom is investigated in laboratory experiments. The domain of instability on the plane of surface wave parameters (amplitude–frequency) is found. The subcritical instability is observed in the system of parametrically excited edge waves. It is shown that breaking of surface waves initiates turbulent effects and can suppress the parametric generation of edge waves.
As Redes culturais na festa de Na. Sa. Achiropita: conexões folkcomunicacionais, mutabilidade cultural e ação local
Authors: Schmidt Cristina
Published: November 2016

A festividade de Nossa Senhora de Achiropita - SP é um conjunto de produtos culturais que fazem parte da vitrine turística do Estado de São Paulo. Essa expressão religiosa com 90 anos demonstra uma correlação de grupos para superação econômica e atuação comunitária. Este artigo está fundamentado na folkcomunicação e nos estudos culturais, e por meio de observação participante da festa, identifica aspectos como: as canções italianas enquanto expressão imigrante e de comercialização cultural; a festa como um repertório da identidade paulista; as redes culturais comunicativas com referência urbana e contemporânea. Constatou-se que a festa religiosa está articulada com a economia mundial e sintonizada com as tecnologias para o desenvolvimento local.
Volatility Spillover Effects Between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Mwambuli Erick Lusekelo , Xianzhi Zhang , Kisava Zakayo S.
Published: November 2016

Volatility spillover effects between stock prices and exchange rates in emerging countries are a critical focus in the financial economics research arena. This paper focused to investigate the volatility spillover effects between stock prices and exchange rates of Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) by employing an exponential generalized autoregressive condition heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) model. The period of study covered 11 years (i.e. 2005 to 2015) inclusive a period of the global financial crises (i.e. from 2005 to 2009) which resulted out from subprime mortgage in United States of America (USA).Our results suggest an existence of short run relationship between stock prices and exchange rates in Istanbul stock exchange (ISE).This empirical evidence suggest that there is symmetric volatility spillover between stock prices and exchange rates of Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) for full sample employed as a result good and bad news has got a balanced effect to the market. The findings of the significant volatility spillover effects between exchange rates and stock prices suggest that, the markets are informationally efficient and one market exchange rate has significant predictive power of equal weight to another in case of two markets. Our study recommends investors and multinational firm managers to consider the general behaviour of the financial market before making decision whether to invest in or not since there is existence of relationship and volatility spillover between stock prices and exchange rates meanwhile economic policy makers both in Turkey and outside Turkey should consider these findings in their policy as one of the determinant to economic growth, as macroeconomic variable should be stable like exchange rates. Furthermore, this study may be extended after including of other variables which were not considered in this study like interest rate, inflation and agency theory.
Gedragsbestuurskunde
Authors: Jilke Sebastian , Olsen Asmus Leth , Tummers Lars , Grimmelikhuijsen Stephan
Published: November 2016

Behavioral Public Administration

In this article we show that theories and methods from psychology are valuable for public administration scholars and practitioners. We advocate the development of an interdisciplinary approach entitled ‘Behavioral Public Administration’. It is not the intention that Behavioral Public Administration replaces traditional public administration research. It is an addition. We start with an analysis of the background of Behavioral Public Administration research via a historical overview of the work of Herbert Simon among others. After that, we demonstrate that Behavioral Public Administration can be valuable (a) to test public administration theories and refine these; (b) to encourage methodological sophistication of public administration research; and (c) to improve the interaction between science and practice. We hope that this article contributes to a fruitful conversation that leads to a scientific and practical research area where public administration scholars and psychologists work together and learn from each other.
Meer dan een nudge
Authors: Feitsma Joram
Published: November 2016

More than a nudge: Behaviour experts in Dutch government

Policymakers are increasingly taking notice of behavioural scientific insights to improve their policies. New occupational practices, such as ‘Behavioral Insights Teams’, are emerging within government. This article explores this emergence, based on an ethnographic study on the practices of pioneering behaviour experts in Dutch central government. It argues that the work of these behavior experts is richer and more complex than standard role models, which tend to portray policymakers as direct and standalone choice architects, assume. Three key practices of behavior experts are identified: (1) choice architecture, in various forms; (2) behaviour analysis; and (3) capacity building.
Nudging: next questions
Authors: de Ridder Denise , Kroese Floor , de Vet Emely
Published: November 2016

Nudging: next questions

Nudging is generally considered to be an innovative and promising way to steer human behavior in the desired direction without imposing any choice. The concept of nudging is derived from insights into how humans typically make decisions and is thus potentially more effective than traditional policy measures. In recognition of this promise, many experiments with nudging in several public domains such as, for example, public health are underway. We argue that next steps need to be taken to capitalize on the promise of nudging. First, more attention needs to be paid to how theoretical insights in human decision making can be translated into effective policy measures. Second, the boundary conditions of nudge effectiveness and acceptability in terms of personal goals, motivation, and awareness need to be identified. Third, it is urgent to consider the long-term effect of nudging in terms of their potential to install new routines.
Onnodige bureaucratie, hardnekkig of ongrijpbaar verschijnsel?
Authors: Kort Jelle
Published: November 2016

Red tape, stubborn or mysterious?

Police officers’ perception of red tape depends only to a minor extent on the actual usefulness of rules and procedures. Red tape complaints rather refer to ‘rule strain’ and inadequate functioning ICT systems. Factors that can explain police officers’ perception of red tape are (a.o.) differing opinions on what police work should be like and their procedural skills. This article suggests that a constructivist approach to analyzing red tape might in general be more adequate than an objectivist approach.