bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE STUDY OF FERROMAGNETIC RESQNANCE IN WIRE ARRAY OF MULTILAYER Fe/[NiFe/Cu]30
Authors: CHEN HUI-YU  , LI ZHI-CHAO  , FU SHAO-JUN  , JIN SI-ZHAO  , LIANG REN-YOU  ,   中国科学技术大学物理系,合肥 230026
Published: November 2020

The properties of multiayer Fe/[NiFe/Cu]30 wire arrays were investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique. The arrays with wire density of 250 line/mm and 500 line/mm were fabricated utilizing laser hologram lithography and ion beam etching. In the wire array samples, optical peak occurs at higher field than the acoustic peaks and the exchange coupling between the NiFe layers is therefore antiferromagnetic. The optical peak along the easy axis lies closer to its acoustic counterpart than that along the hard axis. For wire arrays the paramagnetic resonance of the Cu layers is much stronger than the continuous film. This shows the degradation of the layer structure after the array fabrication.
PHASE TRANSITION CHARACTERS OF FERROELETROMAGNET Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3
Authors: GAO XING-SEN  , CHEN XIAO-YUAN  , YIN JIANG  , LIU JUN-MING  , LIU ZHI-GUO  ,   南京大学固体微结构物理国家重点实验室，南京 210093
Published: November 2020

Ferroeletromagnetic Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3(PFN) ceramics has been investigated systematically. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis revealed that para-ferroelectric transition at about 380K and para-antiferromagnetic transition at about 145K were first order and weak first order or second order transition, respectively. Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) indicated that above Néel temperature the resonance shows paramagnetic characters and under Néel temperature it shows antimagnetic characters. The spontaneous polarization and coercive field of PFN at room temperature are 11.5μC/cm2 and 3.04kV/cm, respectively. Dielectric measurement showed that the para-ferroelectric transition is diffusive character and the diffuse exponent is 1.62. Selected area electron diffraction pattern of PFN showed that the occupations of Fe3+ and Nb5+ ions in B site are disordered, leading to the diffuse characters of the para-ferroelectric transition.
THERMALLY ASSISTED QUANTUM TUNNELING IN ANTIFERROMAGNETIC PARTICLES AND MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM EFFECT
Authors: NIE YI-HANG  , ZHANG YUN-BO  , LIANG JIU-QING  , PU FU-KE(PU FU-CHO)  ,   (1)山西大学物理系，山西大学理论物理研究所，太原 030006; (2)山西大学物理系，山西大学理论物理研究所，太原 030006；雁北师范学院物理系，大同 037000; (3)中国科学院物理研究所,北京 100080；广州师范学院物理系,广州 510400
Published: November 2020

Quantum tunneling effect at excited states in antiferromagnetic particles is studied with the help of the periodic instanton mdthod. The transition amplitude, energy shift and prefactor of WKB exponential are given for various low-lying excited states. The tunneling rate at definite temperature is obtained by statistical average and the theoretical dependence of the tunneling rate on temperature is in agreement with the experimental results.
A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INTERFERENCE IN BEC
Authors: ZHANG SI-MING  , YE FEI  ,   上海交通大学应用物理系,上海 200240
Published: November 2020

We explore the time evolution of BEC condensates under different condition by solving the time-dependent nonlinear Schr?dinger equation (NLSE) that describes an inhomogeneous, weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate at zero temperature. We present numerical results of interference of two condensates which have different number of atoms in them and examine the evolution of a Bose-Einstein condensate which has split into two parts.
Time Evolution and Berry Phases of a Time－Dependent Oscillator in Fin ite－Dimensional Hilbert Space
Authors: Li Zhi－jian  , Cheng  Jian－gang  , Liang Jiu－qing  ,   山西大学物理系,太原030006
Published: November 2020

In this paper　we investigate the time evolution of a time－dependent oscillator in finite－dimensional Hilbert space. By performing appropriate time－dependent gauge transformation　closed formulas for the time evolution of quantum states an d Berry phases are obtained. Finally we discuss the influence of the driving te rm in the Hamiltonian on the squeezed feature of coherent states.
SOLID STAE REACTION SYNTHESIS OF SKUTTERUDITE COMPOUNDS FexCo4-xSb12 AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES
Authors: TANG XIN-FENG  , CHEN  LI-DONG  , GOTO TAKASHI  , HIRAI TOSHIO  , YUAN RUN-ZHANG  ,   (1)日本东北大学金属材料研究所，仙台  980-8577; (2)武汉工业大学材料复合新技术国家重点实验室，武汉  430070
Published: November 2020

Skutterudite compounds FexCo4-xSb12 were synthesizedby solid state reaction using high-purity powders of Co,Fe,and Sb as starting materials.FexCo4-xSb12(x＝0—10) compounds were obtained at 900—1000K.The lattice constant of FexCo4-xSb12 increased with increasing substitution of Fe for Co sites.Carrier concentration and electrical conductivity increased with increasing Fe content.Seebeck coefficient decreased and Topt of Seebeck coefficient shifted to higher temperature with increasing Fe content.Lattice conductivity was reduced significantly by substitution of Fe for Co sites.The maximum ZT value of 05 was obtained for Fe0.92Co3.08Sb12 at 750K.
THE STUDIES ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE SPECTRAL PEAKS FOR THE SECOND HARMONIC LIGHT THROUGH THE FERROELECTRIC DOMAINS CONSTRUCTED FOLLOWING THE FIBONACCI-CLASS QUASILATTICE SEQUENCE
Authors: YANG XIANG-BO  ,   广东工业大学数理系物理教研室，广州  510090
Published: November 2020

On the basis of a brief presentation of the characteristic for the Fibonacci-class quasilattices (FC(n)),the properties of the spectra were studied for the second harmonic light (SHL) through the N layers ferroelectric superlattices constructed following FC(n) by means of the small-signal approximation.It was found that in the real space there existed perfect self-similarity for the most intense spectral peaks of SHL.On the other hand,the self-similarity for the spectra will be broken if the refractive dispersion is taken into account.The effect of vacancies which was valid only for the SHL's dim spectra lines but invalid for the bright ones is also discussed.
DOUBLE-WAVE FUNCTION DESCRIPTION FOR THE MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLE IN BOTH UNIF ORM MAGNETIC FIELD AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL HARMONIC OSCILLATOR POTENTIAL FIELD
Authors: WU QI-XUE  ,   漳州师范学院物理系，漳州  363000
Published: November 2020

Double-wave function quantum theory is applied to describe the motion of charged particle in both uniform magnetic field and three-dimensional harmonic oscillat or potential field.Quantum results and classical limit results are derived respe ctively.A comparison between the classical limit results and those of classical mechanics is made.
AN ADAPTIVE APPROACH FOR REALIZING ANY CONTINUOUS TIME SCALAR(HYPER)CHAOTIC SIGN AL SYNCHRONIZATION CONTROL
Authors: GAO JIN-FENG  , MA XI-KUI  , LUO XIAN-JUE  ,   西安交通大学电气工程学院，西安  710049
Published: November 2020

Based on the nonlinear feedback approach for realizing any continuous time scalar(hyper)chaotic signal synchronization control,we have designed an adaptive feedback controller for controlling the scalar output signal of a smooth(hyper)chaotic system to synchronize with any continuous time scalar(hyper)chaotic signal under some assumptions.The result,which is rigorously proved by means of stability theory,not only can adaptively estimate the control parameter,but also has some robustness against parameter variations and external disturbances.An application to the synchronization of two(hyper)chaotic systems is given.
Magnetoresistance Relaxation Effect for La2/3Ca1/3Mn1- xCuxO3(x=0.15) System in Liquid－Helium Temperature Regime
Authors: Li  Guang  , Jiang Yong  , Sun Xia  , Tang Pang  , Huang Zhen  , Wang Sheng  , Yuan Song－liu  ,   (1)华中理工大学物理系，武汉　430074; (2)中国科学院等离子体物理研究所，合肥　230031
Published: November 2020

The time dependence of resistance under certain magnetic fields in liquid－heliu m temperature regime for single－phase polycrystalline La2/3Ca1/3Mn1-xCuxO-3(x=0.15) have been experimentally studied.It was found that the behavior does not observe the logarithm lawR∝ln t but p resents an exponent－decaying dependence instead.A possible origin for this expo nent－decaying resistance relaxation was discussed in the paper.It was pointed out that the behavior is related to magnetic impurities that are introduced into the system by Cu－doping on Mn sites.
ENERGIES OF IMPURITIES AND DOPING EFFECT AT 5.3° LOW ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN STEEL
Authors: ZHANG  GUO-YING  , LIU  GUI-LI  , ZENG MEI-GUANG  , QIAN CUN-FU  ,   (1)东北大学理学院，沈阳  110006; (2)东北大学理学院，沈阳  110006；沈阳工业大学信息科学与工程学院，沈阳  110023; (3)沈阳工业大学信息科学与工程学院，沈阳  110023
Published: November 2020

A model of 5.3° low angle grain boundaries in steel is set up by using elastict heory of dislocations.The first-principle calculations of energies and the elect ronic structures of impurities for a 5.3° low angle grain boundary (GB) in stee l have revealed important features of the impurity effect.In Fe,impurities such as S,P weaken the intergranular cohesion,resulting in ‘loosening’ of the GB.Th e presence of B,C,N on the contrary enhances the GB.Boron plays a dual role in s teel,not only does it presence at GBs enhance the intergranular cohesion,but als o accomplishes ‘site competition cleaning’ by displacing the other impurity at oms off the GB.
MICROSTRUCTURES OF Zn,Ni,Mg DOPED La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 IN HIGH DOPING LEVEL
Authors: WANG FENG-ZHONG  , WU XIAO-SHAN  , JIANG SHU-SHENG  ,   南京大学固体微结构物理国家重点实验室，南京大学固体物理研究所，微结构高等科学技术研究中心，南京  210093
Published: November 2020

We successfully synthesized La1.85Sr0.15Cu1-xMxOy (M=Zn,Ni,Mg) with y≤0.30 ceramic cuprates. X-ray diffraction studies show that there is no impurity phase in all Zn,Ni,Mg-doped LSCO. Rietveld refinement technique is used to obtain the lattice constant,atomic position coordinates and reflection profile parameters for all samples. There is a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition in the range of 0.10c of the samples in superconducting state.
STABILITY OF FRIEDMANN-ROBERTSON-WALKER UNIVERSE FILLED WITH MATTER
Authors: ZHAO REN  , ZHANG LI-CHUN  ,   雁北师范学院物理系，大同  037000
Published: November 2020

The stability of the universe filled with matter,which satisfies P=(γ-1)ρ,is investigated in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker the universe model containing a cosmological constant.The universe satisfying Einstein field equation is obtained for ε=-1 and Λ<0.When γ≥0,the universe is shown to be unstable by calculating the perturbation of gravitational wave and using the relation dP/dρ=γ-1.
Matrix Elements of Arbitrary Exponential Quadratic Operator in Multi－ Dimensional Phase Space
Authors: Xu Xiu－wei  , Zhao Ji－de  , Ren Ting－Qi  ,   烟台师范学院物理系,烟台264025
Published: November 2020

Utilizing the normal and antinomal product representative of exponential quadrat ic operator　in multi－dimensional phase space we give the exact expressions of matrix element for arbitrary exponential quadratic operator. Thus we derive the partition function and wave function of the system of quadratic Hamiltonian with out the knowledge of energy spectrum and eigenfunctions.
STUDY OF FOWLER-NORDHEIM TUNNELING CURRENT OSCILLATIONS IN ULTRA-THIN INSULATOR MOS STRUCTURE BY INTERFERENCE METHOD
Authors: MAO LING-FENG  , TAN CHANG-HUA  , XU MING-ZHEN  , WEI JIN-LIN  ,   北京大学微电子学研究所，北京  100871
Published: November 2020

Interference method is introduced to study the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current oscillations. An accurate and simple formula for measuring the oxide thickness and the electron effective mass in the conduction band of the oxide is given.A comparison between the results calculated directly from the Schrdinger equation and those from the interference method for the triangular barrier case shows that the interference method suits very well for studying Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current oscillations.The interference method reveals the wave nature of the electron tunneling in the barrier.An important feature of this method is that it may be applicable to various shapes of potential barriers and wells. We also analyze the experimental results and give the physical meanings of them.
A Study on Socio-economic Characteristics of Crop Insured Farmers of Northern Karnataka
Authors: Jamanal S. K. , Natikar K. V. , Halakatti S. V.
Published: November 2020

The study was conducted in Karnataka State during 2017-18 by using “Ex-post- facto” research design. Belgavi, Dharwad, Haveri and Vijayapura districts were selected purposely based on more number of insured farmers. Further, two taluks from each district and from each taluk three villages (i.e. total 24 villages) were selected randomly. Sample size for the study was 240. The findings of the study revealed that, majority of the farmers (53.33%) belonged to middle age, 35.42% of them had received middle school education, majority of the insured farmers (94.16%) were not participated in any training, 47.08% of the respondents belonged to medium annual income category and 39.58% of the insured farmers borrowed loan less than 49000 rupees. About 56.67% of the insured farmers belonged to medium land holding category, medium farming experience (37.50%), medium annual income category (47.08%), medium level of extension contact (43.75%), medium level of mass media exposure (44.16%), medium scientific orientation (42.08%), medium category of risk orientation (52.50%) and medium category of organizational participation (45.83%). More than fifty % (51.25%) of the insured farmers belonged to high perception level with respect to extent of climate variation followed by medium (29.58%) and low (19.17%).
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Glyphosate-Induced Residues in Muscles of Juvenile Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Ikeogu C. F. , Ikpeze O. O. , Omobowale T. O. , Olufemi B. E
Published: November 2020

Aims: This study focused on acute toxicity of Glyphosate and its residual effect on muscles of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fish, as well as on L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) treatment of induced glyphosate residues in muscles of the fish to prevent bioaccumulation of glyphosate and subsequent toxicity when consumed by humans.

Study Design: Latin square.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Nigeria, between December 2018 and April 2019.

Methodology: Forty-eight hours acute toxicity tests were initially carried out on eight juveniles of C. gariepinus of mean weight 41.50±1.35g and length 20.75±0.43cm to determine LC50 of both glyphosate (Delsate®) and Vitamin C (Kepro®). Thereafter the fish were exposed for 91 days to sub-lethal concentrations of 0.0 (control), 5.0, 10.0 and 15mgL-1 glyphosate; and later treated separately with 50 and 100 mgL-1 of vitamin C for 7 days. A second set of fish was exposed to glyphosate and vitamin C concurrently for 91 days. Glyphosate residues in the muscles of the fish were determined by gas chromatography.

Results: The LC50 of Delsate® and Kepro® were 75 and 175 mgL⁻¹ respectively. There was significant increase (P<.05) in mean values of glyphosate retained in muscles of fish exposed to glyphosate for 91days when compared with the control. Seven days post-exposure treatment with vitamin C resulted in significant decrease (P<.05) in glyphosate residues in fish muscles; with 100mgL-1 of vitamin C being more effective than the 50 mgL⁻¹. The second set-up did not show significant therapeutic effects on the muscles of C. gariepinus.

Conclusion: This work has determined the LC50 of glyphosate and Vitamin C. Glyphosate residues in muscles of exposed fish could be rendered safe for human consumption by treatment of exposed fish in water bath containing with Vitamin C. Our on-going research is on histopathological alterations in tissues of glyphosate-exposed C. gariepinus juvenile fishes.
Influence of Weather Parameters and Thermal Time Approach on Green Gram at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Naveen S. A. , Kokilavani S. , Ramanathan S. P. , Dheebakaran G. A. , Fanish S. Anitta
Published: November 2020

An investigation was carried out at the Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, on the effect of weather parameters on the green gram yield sown at various sowing dates during the rabi season of 2019. At various sowing dates, two green gram cultivars, VBN 4 and ADT 3, were sown. For both cultivars, the phonological crop length decreased with delays in sowing dates beyond October 23rd. The yield of green gram sown on 23rd October was significantly higher than the crops sown on 30th October and 6th November. The weather parameters Maximum Temperature (Tmax), Diurnal Range (Trange), Bright Sunshine Hours (BSS), Relative Humidity (RH I), Wind Speed (WS) were found to be negatively correlated with seed yield whereas Minimum Temperature (Tmin), Relative Humidity (RH II), Vapour Pressure (VP) were found to be positively correlated with the yield of green gram. The accurate prediction of green gram yield could be done with the maximum temperature, bright sunshine hours, wind speed and with thermal indices especially hygrothermal unit II with 82 percent, accuracy level.
Survey and excavation at an Iron Age enclosure complex on Turin Hill and environs
Authors: O'Driscoll James , Noble Gordon
Published: November 2020

This paper presents the results of a programme of survey and evaluative excavation at a complex of five enclosures on Turin Hill in Angus, Scotland. This includes one large bivallate hillfort, an oblong fort and three smaller duns. The aim of the investigation was to re-map the surviving archaeological features and clarify the chronology of the sites. Geophysical survey was also undertaken and clarified various aspects of the enclosures on the hill, revealing a dense concentration of features within the interior of the large bivallate hillfort. Keyhole excavation was undertaken with basic chronological information being obtained for four out of five of the enclosures and dating samples from one other dun on the same ridge at Rob’s Reed. All the samples produced dates falling in the Iron Age and importantly, despite their location overlooking the rich assemblage of early medieval sculpture at Aberlemno, there was no definitive indication of early medieval activity or settlement at Turin Hill or its immediate environs. Evaluation of the rampart of the large bivallate hillfort produced an Early Iron Age date, and as such, may represent one of the few dated forts from this time period presently known in Scotland.

Canmore ID 34899

Canmore ID 33776

Canmore ID 34959
Temperature Control of Plant Development
Authors: O'Connor Kathryn , González‐Suárez Pablo , Dixon Laura E.
Published: November 2020

Plant development is orchestrated and yet flexible. This enables the formation of the correct organs within the context of previous and current environmental cues. The use of previous environmental experiences, such as the conditions when the seed formed or whether winter has passed, is critical to maximise reproductive success. Temperature is a crucial signal in achieving this, it provides current seasonal information and is an indicator of forthcoming environmental conditions, including drought or freezing. Therefore, many temperature responses facilitate environmental acclimation as well as trigger key developmental changes, such as germination, growth, and flowering. Research has identified that temperature signals are interpreted in the context of light signalling, circadian and light intensity, and developmental stage. Furthermore, a number of temperature cues are stress signals, associated with very high or low temperatures. These signals do trigger developmental responses but not as part of standard developmental growth. This article focuses on the role of ambient temperature on each of the major stages of plant development.
Impact of Cell‐wall Structure and Composition on Plant Freezing Tolerance
Authors: Panter Paige E. , Panter Jack R. , Knight Heather
Published: November 2020

Many plants experience freezing temperatures that can be damaging and even lethal. Current climate projections suggest that freezing events are likely to increase in early autumn and late spring, at times when plants are unprepared to deal with them. Previous literature has highlighted specific mechanical properties of the plant cell wall that may impact upon freezing tolerance. For example, the limiting pore size of the cell wall can influence ice nucleation and growth, whilst cell‐wall stiffness can alleviate damage from freeze‐induce dehydration. More recently, there is increasing evidence that the wall undergoes major modifications in order to prepare for freezing stress, with the observation that cell‐wall thickness increases and differential regulation of genes encoding cell‐wall modifying enzymes occurs after exposure to cold temperatures. These findings suggest that cell‐wall structure or composition are necessary and contribute to plant freezing tolerance. With the advent of molecular genetic techniques, we can now explore in further detail what aspects of the cell wall are important to prevent freezing damage and identify targets to develop plants with enhanced freezing tolerance in the future.
A dyadic perspective on aggressive behavior between friends
Authors: Andrews Naomi C. Z. , Hanish Laura D. , Pepler Debra J.
Published: November 2020

Youth are sometimes victimized by their friends, but we know little about the nature of these relationships. Taking a dyadic approach, we studied relationships characterized by both friendship and aggression. Participants (952 middle schoolers; 50% female; 44% Latinx) nominated friends and aggressive perpetrators and victims. Using two analytic samples of friend dyads (N = 6971) and aggressive dyads (N = 4662), results indicated that aggression by a friend was somewhat common. Compared with friend dyads without aggression, aggressive friend dyads were stronger (i.e., reciprocal) and longer lasting, though victimized youth were less satisfied with the friendship. Aggressive dyads who were friends more often had reciprocal aggression than aggressive dyads who were not friends. Results provide insight into the dynamics of aggression in close peer relationships.
Imaging Cellular Aerobic Glycolysis using Carbon Dots for Early Warning of Tumorigenesis
Authors: Li Jipeng , Yang Siwei , Liu Zeyang , Wang Gang , He Peng , Wei Wei , Yang Muyue , Deng Yuan , Gu Ping , Xie Xiaoming , Kang Zhenhui , Ding Guqiao , Zhou Huifang , Fan Xianqun
Published: November 2020

Early warning of tumor formation is crucial for the classification, treatment, and prognosis of tumor patients. Here, a new strategy is reported, aimed at realizing this goal based on imaging aerobic glycolysis processes using nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (N‐CDs) as fluorescent probes. The intensity of the photoluminescence emitted by the N‐CDs is specifically enhanced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, oxidized) in the physiological environment. The N‐CDs allow a few (five to ten) abnormal cells in spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma models to be identified before the in situ development of tumor tissue. The N‐CD probes can also distinguish tumor cells from normal cells and be used to evaluate their proliferation activity (with a specificity of up to 96.15% in 13 types of tumor cells and 90.90% in orthotopic xenograft models). The N‐CDs are successfully used to monitor the invasion of tumor cells into neighboring tissues and body fluids in 49 clinical samples (with a sensitivity up to 79.31%). These included three vitreous body samples (from patients with retinoblastoma), 42 urine samples (22 patients clinically diagnosed with urothelium carcinoma and 20 healthy persons), and four hydrothorax samples (from patients with metastatic lesions).
A Low‐Swelling Polymeric Mixed Conductor Operating in Aqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Nicolini Tommaso , Surgailis Jokubas , Savva Achilleas , Scaccabarozzi Alberto D. , Nakar Rana , Thuau Damien , Wantz Guillaume , Richter Lee J. , Dautel Olivier , Hadziioannou Georges , Stingelin Natalie
Published: November 2020

Organic mixed conductors find use in batteries, bioelectronics technologies, neuromorphic computing, and sensing. While great progress has been achieved, polymer‐based mixed conductors frequently experience significant volumetric changes during ion uptake/rejection, i.e., during doping/de‐doping and charging/discharging. Although ion dynamics may be enhanced in expanded networks, these volumetric changes can have undesirable consequences, e.g., negatively affecting hole/electron conduction and severely shortening device lifetime. Here, the authors present a new material poly[3‐(6‐hydroxy)hexylthiophene] (P3HHT) that is able to transport ions and electrons/holes, as tested in electrochemical absorption spectroscopy and organic electrochemical transistors, and that exhibits low swelling, attributed to the hydroxylated alkyl side‐chain functionalization. P3HHT displays a thickness change upon passive swelling of only +2.5%, compared to +90% observed for the ubiquitous poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate, and +10 to +15% for polymers such as poly(2‐(3,3′‐bis(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)‐[2,2′‐bithiophen]‐5‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (p[g2T‐TT]). Applying a bias pulse during swelling, this discrepancy becomes even more pronounced, with the thickness of P3HHT films changing by <10% while that of p(g2T‐TT) structures increases by +75 to +80%. Importantly, the initial P3HHT film thickness is essentially restored after de‐doping while p(g2T‐TT) remains substantially swollen. The authors, thus, expand the materials‐design toolbox for the creation of low‐swelling soft mixed conductors with tailored properties and applications in bioelectronics and beyond.
Renal Epithelial Cell Responses to Supramolecular Thermoplastic Elastomeric Concave and Convex Structures
Authors: van Gaal Ronald C. , Miltenburg Rogier P. R. S. , Kurniawan Nicholas A. , Bouten Carlijn V. C. , Dankers Patricia Y. W.
Published: November 2020

The nephron naturally provides a concave conformation for epithelial cells, yet biomedical applications such as bioartificial kidney can employ convex seeding. Frequently glass or polydimethylsiloxane are utilized as base materials to study renal epithelial cell response to curvatures. Insights on relevant materials for biomedical applications remain limited. Here it is investigated how human immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) respond to a range of concave and convex curvatures made from a bis‐urea modified polycaprolactone material. Solvent cast chips containing a 50–500 µm diameter range of both concave and convex semicylindrical structures are successfully produced. Concave structures are completely covered by cells under all conditions. Yet cell layers present gaps on the summits of convex structures; the relative gap size enlarges as the diameter decreased. Increased proliferation time and cell seeding density allow for cells to overcome summit avoidance and nearly engulf convex structures. Interestingly, sample inversion also results in gap closure on convex structures during live imaging. Polarization of RPTECs is more prominent on concave compared to convex structures. These findings suggest that biomedical applications such as the bioartificial kidney should focus on concave seeding of cells to acquire more functional cell monolayers.
Recent Advances of Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Wu Nannan , Bai Xue , Pan Duo , Dong Binbin , Wei Renbo , Naik Nithesh , Patil Rahul Rangrao , Guo Zhanhu
Published: November 2020

Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) have attracted significant attentions worldwide owing to their wider voltage window compared with symmetric supercapacitors (SCs). Through combinations of two electrodes with different charge storage mechanisms or different redox reactions, extended operating voltage window can be realized for ASCs. In this article, first the ASCs are classified into two types based on different charge storage mechanisms: electric double‐layer capacitive (EDLC)//pseudocapacitive‐type ASCs and EDLC//battery‐type hybrid SCs. For the EDLC/pseudocapacitive‐type ASC, carbon materials are adopted as anode and transition metal oxides including MnO2, RuO2, etc., are utilized as cathodes. For EDLC//battery‐type hybrid SCs, carbon materials as anode are combined with metal oxide/hydroxide such as NiO, and Ni(OH)2, etc., as cathode. Recently, Li‐ion‐based ASCs composed of carbon materials and Li‐ion battery‐type electrode materials with a Li‐containing organic electrolyte show great potentials to be promising alternatives. Some metal oxides/nitrides including InO2, Bi2O3, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and VN can work in a negative potential range. By coupling another battery/pseudocapacitive electrode, all redox‐type ASCs are assembled and their electrochemical performances are widely studied. Then, based on the above categories recent advances of ASCs are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of ASCs are pointed out from perspectives of this study.
High Quality CsPbI3−xBrx Thin Films Enabled by Synergetic Regulation of Fluorine Polymers and Amino Acid Molecules for Efficient Pure Red Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Kun‐Hua , Wang Li , Liu Yu‐Ying , Song Yong‐Hui , Yin Yi‐Chen , Yao Ji‐Song , Yang Jun‐Nan , Wang Jing‐Jing , Feng Li‐Zhe , Zhang Qian , Zhang Qun , Yao Hong‐Bin
Published: November 2020

All‐inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) perovskite thin films are attractive emissive layers for high‐performance light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their precisely tunable bandgaps, excellent color purities, good stabilities, and solution processabilities. However, the fabrication of high‐quality CsPbI3−xBrx thin films is very challenging because the crystal growth of mixed halide CsPbI3−xBrx is in low controllability. Herein, a synergetic regulation strategy using fluorine polymer (Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)) and a small amino acid molecule (L‐Arginine) is developed to fabricate high‐quality CsPbI3−xBrx thin films for efficient pure red perovskite LEDs. In the fabricated CsPbI3−xBrx thin film, the fluorine polymer plays a crucial role in confining CsPbI3−xBrx crystal size at the nanoscale and the small amino acid molecule acts as a passivation agent to reduce the trap‐state density. Under this synergetic effect, a uniform CsPbI3−xBrx thin film with a high photoluminescence quantum yield up to 40% can be obtained to fabricate an efficient pure red perovskite LED with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.5% and a maximum brightness of 3100 cd m−2. The reported synergistic regulation strategy will open a new avenue to fabricate efficient pure color CsPbX3 perovskite LEDs.
The Beneficial Role of Sunitinib in Tumor Immune Surveillance by Regulating Tumor PD‐L1
Authors: Li Hui , Kuang Xinwei , Liang Long , Ye Youqiong , Zhang YongChang , Li Jialu , Ma Fangyu , Tao Juan , Lei Guang , Zhao Shuang , Su Juan , Yang Nong , Peng Cong , Xu Xiaowei , Hung Mien‐Chie , Han Leng , Liu Hong , Liu Jing , Chen Xiang
Published: November 2020

Immune checkpoints blockades have shown promising clinical effects in various malignancies, but the overall response rate is low. Here, the immune features are comprehensively characterized in >10 000 cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and significantly positive correlations are observed between targets of Sunitinib and inhibitory immune checkpoints and suppressive immune cells. It is further confirmed that Sunitinib treatment increases the antitumor immunity in a phase III trial. Mechanistically, it is discovered that Sunitinib regulates the stability of tumor PD‐L1 via p62, that p62 can bind to PD‐L1 and specifically promote its translocation into autophagic lysosome for degradation. Preclinically, Sunitinib shows a synergistic antitumor effect with cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) monoclonal antibody (mAb) in melanoma and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) immune competent mice by promoting the tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes activity. Clinically, a higher PD‐L1 level but a lower p62 level in the tumor region of responders as compared to those of nonresponders among anti‐PD‐1‐treated NSCLC patients is observed. Taken together, by utilizing rigorous computational analysis, functional characterization in vitro and in vivo, and neoadjuvent clinical trial, a novel molecular mechanism is revealed regarding the regulation of PD‐L1 via p62, thus providing a novel therapeutic strategy by the combination treatment of CTLA‐4 with Sunitinib.
General Liquid‐Driven Coaxial Flow Focusing Preparation of Novel Microcapsules for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Lin Xirong , Liu Jinyun , Zhang Haikuo , Zhong Yan , Zhu Mengfei , Zhou Ting , Qiao Xue , Zhang Huigang , Han Tianli , Li Jinjin
Published: November 2020

Magnesium batteries have been considered promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems owing to their high energy density, good safety without dendrite formation, and low cost of magnesium resources. However, high‐performance cathodes with stable capacity, good conductivity, and fast ions transport are needed, since many conventional cathodes possess a low performance and poor preparation controllability. Herein, a liquid‐driven coaxial flow focusing (LDCFF) approach for preparing a novel microcapsule system with controllable size, high loading, and stable magnesium‐storage performance is presented. Taking the MoS2‐infilled microcapsule as a case study, the magnesium battery cathode based on the microcapsules displays a capacity of 100 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. High capacity retention is achieved at both low and high temperatures of −10, ‒5, and 45 °C, and a stable rate‐performance is also obtained. The influences of the liquid flow rates on the size and shell thickness of the microcapsules are investigated; and electron and ion diffusion properties are also studied by first‐principle calculations. The presented LDCFF method is quite general, and the high performance of the microcapsules enables them to find broad applications for making emerging energy‐storage materials and secondary battery systems.
Applications of Surface Modification Technologies in Nanomedicine for Deep Tumor Penetration
Authors: Li Zimu , Shan Xiaoting , Chen Zhidong , Gao Nansha , Zeng Wenfeng , Zeng Xiaowei , Mei Lin
Published: November 2020

The impermeable barrier of solid tumors due to the complexity of their components limits the treatment effect of nanomedicine and hinders its clinical translation. Several methods are available to increase the penetrability of nanomedicine, yet they are too complex to be effective, operational, or practical. Surface modification employs the characteristics of direct contact between multiphase surfaces to achieve the most direct and efficient penetration of solid tumors. Furthermore, their simple operation makes their use feasible. In this review, the latest surface modification strategies for the penetration of nanomedicine into solid tumors are summarized and classified into “bulldozer strategies” and “mouse strategies.” Additionally, the evaluation methods, existing problems, and the development prospects of these technologies are discussed.
Resistive Switching and Redox Process at the BaTiO3/(La,Sr)MnO3 Multiferroic‐Type Interface
Authors: Jedrecy Nathalie , Jagtap Vishal , Hebert Christian , Becerra Loïc , Hrabovsky David , Barbier Antoine , Portier Xavier
Published: November 2020

Resistive switching in oxide‐based structures is intensively studied for the development of ultra‐fast non‐volatile memories with low consumption and neuromorphic electronic devices. Here, evidence of interface‐controlled, reversible, bi‐polar resistance switch in prototype multiferroic BaTiO3/La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (BTO/LSMO) system is given. The analysis of current–voltage hysteresis curves of a thick Au/BTO/LSMO structure reveals the existence of a 2.55 nm‐thick barrier layer at the bottom BTO/LSMO interface, leading to a tunnel electroresistance of ≈1700%. In the native state where BTO polarization points downward, high resolution electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy show Ba/(La,Sr) and Ti/Mn cationic intermixing, together with a valency reduction of Mn cations and an oxygen deficiency at the interface. This results in a high resistance state, due to partial loss of the metallicity and of the double exchange magnetic interaction in the oxygen‐deficient LSMO. The switch to the low resistance state, achieved by upward electric field, is explained in terms of re‐oxydation of Mn cations at the interface (decrease of the Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio), with oxygen vacancies migration from LSMO to BTO. This work emphasizes the crucial role of ionic exchanges and of redox processes at interfaces, both on ferroelectric bound charge screening and on resistive switching.
Enhanced Energy Conversion Performance of a Magneto–Mechano–Electric Generator Using a Laminate Composite Made of Piezoelectric Polymer and Metallic Glass
Authors: Hyeon Dong Yeol , Nam Chaeyoung , Ham Seong Su , Hwang Geon‐Tae , Yi Seonghoon , Kim Kyung Tae , Park Kwi‐Il
Published: November 2020

Magneto–mechano–electric (MME) generators, which convert ubiquitous stray magnetic field into electricity, have attracted significant attention as a permanent power source for innumerable sensors. In this study, a MME generator based on magnetostrictive metallic substrate and piezoelectric polymer is reported. After the metallic glass sheets are stacked using adhesives, ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) is spin‐casted onto Metglas lamination. The fabricated MME generator harvests an output peak voltage of ≈12.5 V under the applied alternating current magnetic field of 7 Oe at 38.2 Hz. A high magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of 910.14 V cm−1 Oe−1 obtained from the energy device is higher than those reported earlier in inorganic and polymeric piezoelectric components‐based MME generators. Moreover, finite element analysis using the multiphysics simulation is carried out to theoretically investigate the magnetoelectric energy harvesting of the fabricated MME generator. This research results achieve low cost, mechanical stability, eco‐friendliness, and high performance for MME generators, which is anticipated to provide a future direction for magnetoelectric energy harvesting.
Who practices urban agriculture? An empirical analysis of participation before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Chenarides Lauren , Grebitus Carola , Lusk Jayson L. , Printezis Iryna
Published: November 2020

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) disrupted the food system motivating discussions about moving from a dependence on long food supply channels toward shorter local supply channels, including urban agriculture. This study examines two central questions regarding the adoption of urban agriculture practices at the household level during the COVID‐19 pandemic: whether the outbreak of the novel coronavirus elicited participation in urban agriculture (e.g., community growing and home growing) and what are the characteristics of individuals who participate. To answer these questions, we conducted two online surveys in Phoenix, AZ, and Detroit, MI. The first round occurred during 2017 and the second during the lock‐down in 2020. Using bivariate probit models, we find that (1) considerably fewer individuals participate in urban agriculture at community gardens compared to at‐home gardening; (2) participation overall is lower in 2020 compared to 2017; and (3) respondents in Detroit practice urban agriculture more than respondents in Phoenix. Across both cities, our results suggest that the continuity of individuals' participation in growing food at community gardens and home is fragile. Not all characteristics that determined who participated in community gardens before COVID‐19 are determining the likelihood to participate during the pandemic. In addition, growing food at home before COVID‐19 was practiced by larger households and employed respondents, yet, during the pandemic, we find that home‐growing was more likely when children were in the household and households were smaller and younger (Detroit), and younger and more educated (Phoenix). These findings suggest that many urban households' food‐growing practices may not yet be mainstream and that other barriers may exist that inhibit households' participation.
Measuring the impact of COVID‐19 on stock prices and profits in the food supply chain
Authors: Höhler Julia , Lansink Alfons Oude
Published: November 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has shocked financial and commodity markets around the world. We are analyzing stock prices and information from financial reports to examine the impact of the pandemic on stock price volatility and profits of companies in the food supply chain. We use a data set of 71 major listed companies in the food value chain from stock indices in the US, Japan, and Europe. We calculate the annualized volatility per sector, screen the contents of the reports for stated effects of the pandemic on profits, and analyze stock price reactions in four different phases of the pandemic. The results show that stock markets have reacted with an increased price volatility. Manufacturers of fertilizers and agrochemicals as well as food distributors show particularly high volatilities in their stock prices. Low price volatility was observed in the stocks of food retailers. This pattern is also reflected in the profits of companies published in financial reports. Our regression analyses indicate that stocks of more profitable companies exhibited higher cumulative returns during the outbreak. In the phases thereafter, riskier stocks received higher discounts on returns. EconLit citations: G01, G12, E44, Q01.
Structural Engineering for High‐Performance Flexible and Stretchable Strain Sensors
Authors: Huang Xin , Yin Zhouping , Wu Hao
Published: November 2020

Structural engineering is proved to be effective in improving both measurement sensitivity and range for flexible and stretchable strain sensors. Herein, the latest advancements in structural engineering strategies are summarized for the improvement of sensing performances of flexible and stretchable strain sensors. Porous structures, wrinkled structures, and overlapped structures can increase the sensing range significantly. High sensitivity of strain sensors can be achieved by crack structures in thin film and strain concentration structures in substrate. Strain sensors with hierarchical structures are able to have both high sensitivity and wide sensing range. Moreover, potential applications of flexible and stretchable strain sensors fabricated with engineered structures are presented. The study is concluded with analysis of challenges and future perspectives for structural engineering strategies.
Oxidation Under Reductive Conditions: From Benzylic Ethers to Acetals with Perfect Atom‐Economy by Titanocene(III) Catalysis
Authors: Funk Pierre , Richrath Ruben B. , Bohle Fabian , Grimme Stefan , Gansäuer Andreas
Published: November 2020

Described here is a titanocene‐catalyzed reaction for the synthesis of acetals and hemiaminals from benzylic ethers and benzylic amines, respectively, with pendant epoxides. The reaction proceeds by catalysis in single‐electron steps. The oxidative addition comprises an epoxide opening. An H‐atom transfer, to generate a benzylic radical, serves as a radical translocation step, and an organometallic oxygen rebound as a reductive elimination. The reaction mechanism was studied by high‐level dispersion corrected hybrid functional DFT with implicit solvation. The low‐energy conformational space was searched by the efficient CREST program. The stereoselectivity was deduced from the lowest lying benzylic radical structures and their conformations are controlled by hyperconjugative interactions and steric interactions between the titanocene catalyst and the aryl groups of the substrate. An interesting mechanistic aspect is that the oxidation of the benzylic center occurs under reducing conditions.
Ladungsunterstützte Selbstmetallierung von Porphyrinen auf Oxidoberflächen
Authors: Egger Larissa , Hollerer Michael , Kern Christian S. , Herrmann Hannes , Hurdax Philipp , Haags Anja , Yang Xiaosheng , Gottwald Alexander , Richter Mathias , Soubatch Serguei , Tautz F. Stefan , Koller Georg , Puschnig Peter , Ramsey Michael G. , Sterrer Martin
Published: November 2020

Das Interesse an Metallierungs‐ und Selbstmetallierungsreaktionen auf Oxidoberflächen ist in jüngster Zeit ständig gewachsen. Der Mechanismus der Selbstmetallierungsreaktion ist jedoch nicht vollständig geklärt. Hier zeigen wir mithilfe von Rastertunnelmikroskopie, Photoemissions‐Spektroskopie und Dichtefunktionaltheorie‐Rechnungen, dass die Selbstmetallierung von 2H‐Tetraphenylporphyrin auf der Oberfläche von ultradünnen MgO(001)‐Filmen durch Ladungstransfer ermöglicht wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Ladungszustand und dadurch der Metallierungszustand der Porphyrin‐Moleküle durch die Austrittsarbeit des MgO(001)/Ag(001)‐Substrats gezielt eingestellt werden können.
A Resol‐Assisted Cationic Coordinative Co‐assembly Approach to Mesoporous ABO3 Perovskite Oxides with Rich Oxygen Vacancy for Enhanced Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol
Authors: Zheng Yuenan , Zhang Rui , Zhang Ling , Gu Qinfen , Qiao Zhen‐An
Published: November 2020

It is a challenge to obtain ABO3 perovskite oxides with favorable crystal phase and well‐defined porous structure via existing approaches. Here, we design an effective and versatile strategy to construct mesoporous ABO3 perovskite oxides with functionalized nanocrystal frameworks and abundant oxygen vacancy sites via a resol‐assisted cationic coordinative co‐assembly approach. The as‐prepared oxygen vacancy‐rich mesoporous LaMnO3 as heterogeneous catalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic activity and stability for hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol, including over 99 % conversion and 96 % selectivity. Combined with density functional theory calculation, the catalytic mechanism is elucidated, revealing that porous LaMnO3 nanocrystal framework is conducive to expose oxygen deficiency sites, which can facilitate the interaction between catalyst surface and catalytic substrate, leading to lower barrier in hydrogenation process.
Fluorescence Assisted Capillary Electrophoresis of Glycans Enabled by the Negatively Charged Auxochromes in 1‐Aminopyrenes
Authors: Savicheva Elizaveta A. , Seikowski Jan , Kast Jeannette I. , Grünig Christoph R. , Belov Vladimir N. , Hell Stefan W.
Published: November 2020

A compact and negatively charged acceptor group, N‐(cyanamino)sulfonyl, is introduced for dye design and its influence on the absorption and emission spectra of the “push–pull” chromophores is demonstrated with 1,3,6‐tris[(cyanamino)sulfonyl]‐8‐aminopyrene. The new sulfonamides, including O‐phosphorylated (3‐hydroxyazetidine)‐N‐sulfonyl, are negatively charged electron acceptors and auxochromes. 1‐Aminopyrenes decorated with the new sulfonamides have three or six negative charges (pH ≥8), low m/z ratios, high mobilities in an electric field, and yellow to orange emission. We labeled maltodextrin oligomers by reductive amination, separated the products by electrophoresis, and demonstrated their high brightness in a commercial DNA analyzer and the distribution of the emission signal among the detection channels.