bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dancing, love and the ‘beautiful game’: a new interpretation of a group of fifteenth‐century ‘gaming’ boxes
Authors: Nuttall Paula
Published: January 2010

This paper considers two bone boxes in the V&A with chequerboard bases, traditionally thought to be gaming boxes, and a related ivory comb. They belong to a large group of similar objects, which it is argued originated in the ambit of the Burgundian Netherlands in the late fifteenth century, in a common workshop using common patterns. This workshop also produced more elite objects, notably the ivory reliefs on a games board in the Bargello. The lids of the boxes depict a moresca, a well‐known dance performed in court, and popular entertainments that carried connotations of sex, the folly of love and the power of women; their sides depict scenes associated with courtly love, such as jousting and hunting, while a more obscure scene of Beating the Pear Tree, is interpreted as denoting fertility. This combined imagery suggests that the objects in this group should be understood in the context of love rather than gaming. It is proposed that they are marriage boxes, made for a non‐elite market (like those associated with the Embriachi), and that their chequerboard bases are purely decorative.
Experimental Study of a New Method for Early Detection of Vascular Access Stenoses: Pulse Pressure Analysis at Hemodialysis Needle
Authors: Van Canneyt Koen , Planken Robrecht Nils , Eloot Sunny , Segers Patrick , Verdonck Pascal
Published: January 2010

Hemodialysis vascular access (VA) stenosis remains a frequent complication. However, early detection is challenging and costly. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess a new detection method based on pulse pressure analysis at the hemodialysis needle. A silicon model of a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula was built in a mock loop. Pressure profiles were measured at the arterial hemodialysis needle and in the proximal feeding artery. Stenoses (50 and 25% diameter reduction) were created proximal to the anastomosis (proximal artery) and distal to the arterial needle (distal vein and proximal vein). The pulse pressure (PP) at the needle was divided by the PP at the feeding artery to obtain a dimensionless ratio, %PP. Experiments were conducted at different blood flow (500–1200 mL/min) and heart rates (60–90 beats/min) to test this new index over a wide range of hemodynamic conditions. In the control model (no stenosis), %PP was 20.26 ± 4.55. A proximal artery 50% stenosis significantly decreased %PP to 7.69 ± 2.08 (P < 0.0001), while the presence of 50% stenosis in the distal (36.20 ± 2.12) and proximal (32.38 ± 2.17) vein led to significantly higher values of %PP (P < 0.0001). For stenosis of 25% diameter reduction in the proximal artery, the %PP decreased to 15.45 ± 2.13 (P = 0.0022) and the %PP increased with a 25% stenosis in the distal vein to 26.71 ± 3.01 (P = 0.0003) and in the proximal vein to 26.53 ± 2.67 (P = 0.0004). This in vitro study shows that the analysis of the PP at the dialysis needle is useful for early detection and localization of hemodialysis VA stenosis, independent of heart rate and flow level.
The Limits and Opportunities of Networks: Municipalities and Canadian Climate Change Policy
Authors: Gore Christopher D.
Published: January 2010

Research on climate change policy and politics has become increasingly focused on the actions and influence of subnational governments. In North America, this attention has been particularly focused on why subnational governments have taken action in the absence of national leadership, what effect action might have on future national climate policy, and whether the collective action of networks of municipal governments are reshaping and challenging the character of national and global climate governance. This paper examines Canadian municipal climate in light of the absence of a comprehensive and effective climate national strategy. The paper considers various reasons why local governments in Canada have not been central players in national plans, and why their actions have not been more influential nationally. The paper argues that the potential influence of Canadian municipalities on national climate policy is weak, given the loose nature of the network and the long‐held structural view that municipalities are not significant units of political analysis in national political and policy debates. The paper concludes by considering the constraints and opportunities of subnational climate networks and municipal network analysis.
Railway Dreaming: Lessons for Economic Regulators from Aboriginal Resource Management Lore
Authors: Wills‐Johnson Nick
Published: January 2010

Railway reform in the past decade has seen the introduction of mandated third party access to track in a number of jurisdictions. This article argues that third party access changes the property rights associated with railway track, rendering it a common pool resource. As such, it is useful to ask whether the literature on the governance of common pool resources could inform the economic regulation of railways. This article suggests that it might, and draws some lessons from the common pool resource governance mechanisms traditionally used by Australia's Aborigines in managing their land that may have application within the context of the railways.
Gingival changes during pregnancy: II. Influence of hormonal variations on the subgingival biofilm
Authors: Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz Ana , Figuero Elena , Herrera David , Bascones‐Martínez Antonio
Published: January 2010

Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz A, Figuero E, Herrera D, Bascones‐Martínez A. Gingival changes during pregnancy: II. Influence of hormonal variations on the subgingival biofilm. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 230–240. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2009.01514.x.

Aim:To determine whether the exacerbated gingival inflammation that develops in pregnant women is related to a change in the subgingival biofilm induced by the increase in hormone levels during pregnancy.

Material and Methods:This open cohort study included 48 pregnant and 28 non‐pregnant women without periodontitis. Pregnant women were evaluated in the first, second and third trimester and at 3 months after delivery. Non‐pregnant women were evaluated twice, with a 6‐month interval, assessing microbiological, clinical and hormonal variables at each visit. Total anaerobic counts and frequency of detection and proportions were calculated. The Friedman test with the Bonferroni correction was used for intra‐group comparisons and Mann–WhitneyU‐tests for inter‐group assessment. Correlations were analysed by means of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

Results:Proportions of the subgingival periodontal pathogens did not differ throughout pregnancy, although significant differences were found for all the pathogens after delivery.Porphyromonas gingivalis‐positive patients presented an increase in gingival inflammation (p<0.001) that was not related to plaque. Correlations were found between maternal hormone levels andP. gingivalisandPrevotella intermedia.

Conclusion:Qualitative differences in periodontal pathogens were found from pregnancy to post‐partum. Patients harbouringP. gingivalispresented and increased gingival inflammatory status.
Aggressive periodontitis in children: a 14–19‐year follow‐up
Authors: Mros Sara Thorbert , Berglundh Tord
Published: January 2010

Mros ST, Berglundh T. Aggressive periodontitis in children: a 14–19‐year follow‐up. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 283–287. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2009.01526.x

Aim: The objective was to assess the recurrence of disease in subjects with a history of localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP).

Material and Methods: Initially, 11 children (7–13 years) with LAP were examined. Samples from the subgingival microbiota and soft tissue biopsies were obtained. Non‐surgical periodontal therapy was performed and the affected deciduous and two permanent molars were extracted. The subjects were enrolled in a recall programme within the public dental services. Fourteen to 19 years after the initial examination, the subjects were recalled for clinical and radiographic examinations.

Results: The re‐examination disclosed that two of the subjects exhibited recurrence of disease with probing pocket depth6 mm and bone loss of 3–4 mm at several teeth, while another two subjects presented a limited number of sites with the disease. While bleeding on probing was a general finding in the group, no further loss of attachment was detected in seven subjects. Advanced attachment loss at the deciduous teeth as well as the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its specific clone JP at the initial examination did not correlate with the recurrence of disease at the 14–19‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion: Children treated for LAP do not always exhibit recurrence of periodontitis in the absence of supportive periodontal therapy over periods of 14–19 years.
Functional and genetic characterization of the promoter region of apolipoprotein H (β2‐glycoprotein I)
Authors: Suresh Sangita , Demirci F. Yesim , Lefterov Iliya , Kammerer Candace M. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Manzi Susan , Kamboh M. Ilyas
Published: January 2010

This study characterized the human apolipoprotein H [APOH; β2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI)] promoter and its variants by in vitro functional experiments and investigated their relationship with human plasma β2GPI levels. We examined the individual effects of 12 APOH promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5′ flanking region of APOH (∼ 1.4 kb) on luciferase activity in COS‐1 cells and HepG2 cells and their impact on plasma β2GPI levels in 799 American White people, the DNA binding properties of the APOH promoter using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay in HepG2 cells, the effects of serial deletion analysis of the APOH 5′ flanking region in COS‐1 and HepG2 cells and cross‐species conservation of the APOH promoter sequence. The variant alleles of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (−1219G>A, −643T>C and −32C>A) showed significantly lower luciferase expression (51, 40 and 37%, respectively) as compared with the wild‐type allele. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that these three variants specifically bind with protein(s) from HepG2 cell nuclear extracts. Three‐site haplotype analysis (−1219G>A, −643T>C and −32C>A) revealed one haplotype carrying −32A (allele frequency = 0.075) to be significantly associated with decreased plasma β2GPI levels (P < 0.001). Deletion analysis localized the core APOH promoter to ∼ 160 bp upstream of ATG codon with the presence of critical cis‐acting elements between −166 and −65. Cross‐species conservation analysis of the APOH promoters of seven species indicated that basic promoter elements are highly conserved across species. In conclusion, we have characterized the functional promoter of APOH and identified functional variants that affect the transcriptional activity of the APOH promoter.
Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Murine Water‐Immersion Stress Model of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Sachdeva Anand Kamal , Kuhad Anurag , Tiwari Vinod , Arora Vipin , Chopra Kanwaljit
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a specific clinical condition that characterizes unexplained disabling fatigue. In the present study, chronic fatigue was produced in mice by subjecting them to forced swim inside a rectangular jar of specific dimensions for 6 min. daily for 15 days. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered daily 30 min. before forced swim session. Immobility period and post‐swim fatigue was assessed on alternate days. On the 16th day, after assessment of various behavioural parameters, mice were killed to harvest the brain, spleen and thymus. There was significant increase in oxidative–nitrosative stress and tumour necrosis factor‐α levels in the brain of mice subjected to water‐immersion stress as compared with naive group. These behavioural and biochemical alterations were restored after chronic treatment with EGCG. The present study points out that EGCG could be of therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic fatigue.
Bicycle Riding and Erectile Dysfunction: A Review
Authors: Sommer Frank , Goldstein Irwin , Korda Joanna Beate
Published: January 2010

Introduction

For many years, reports in the literature have implicated bicycle riding as causing increased risk of erectile dysfunction (ED). Perineal compression during cycling has been associated with the development of sexual complications.

Aim

To review current literature on the rationale for ED from bicycle riding and outcome of bicycle riding on erectile function and to present available research on preventative measures specifically regarding bicycle riding.

Methods

A systematic comprehensive literature review.

Results

There is a significant relationship between cycling-induced perineal compression leading to vascular, endothelial, and neurogenic dysfunction in men and the development of ED. Research on female bicyclists is very limited but indicates the same impairment as in male bicyclists. Preventative measures including use of a properly fitted bicycle, a riding style with a suitable seat position and an appropriate bicycle seat can help prevent impairment of erectile function.

Conclusions

There is a need for further research on safe bicycle and bicycle seat design and investigations that address the underlying mechanisms leading to cycling-related sexual dysfunction in both male and female bicyclists.
Fabry Disease and G6PD in Three Family Members with Priapism: Is the Nitric Oxide Pathway to Blame?
Authors: Backenroth Rebecca , Landau Ezekiel H. , Goren Miri , Raas-Rothschild Annick
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Fabry disease is an X-linked multisystem disorder due to alpha galactosidase A deficiency leading to glycosphingolipid accumulation with a predilection for the vascular endothelium and affecting the cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic systems.

Aim

To report a familial cluster of priapism in three males from a family with Fabry disease and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and discuss possible mechanisms.

Methods

Patient charts, Fabry registry, and literature review.

Results

Priapism has been reported in 6 males among the 1,558 males of the Fabry registry. Eight additional case reports of priapism in patients with Fabry disease and two reports of patients with G6PD were collected from the literature. Derangement in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, which can occur in both Fabry disease and G6PD, is suggested as a hypothesis for the priapism in our patients.

Conclusions

It is suggested that priapism should be included in the list of clinical symptoms of Fabry patients and that Fabry disease should be added to the differential diagnosis of priapism. Furthermore, the association of G6PD and Fabry disease with priapism emphasizes the need for further study to explore the role of NO metabolism in the etiology of Fabry disease manifestations.
A Comparison of the Concept of Patient Participation and Patients' Descriptions as Related to Healthcare Definitions
Authors: Eldh Ann Catrine , Ekman Inger , Ehnfors Margareta
Published: January 2010

PURPOSE.  To depict what patients describe as patient participation and whether descriptions of patient participation are affected by gender, age, healthcare contact, and duration of disease.

DATA SOURCES.  Current patients (n= 362) responded to a questionnaire on participation.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  Patients' descriptions focused on having knowledge, rather than being informed, and on interacting with health professionals, rather than merely partaking in decision making.

CONCLUSIONS.  Patients' descriptions of participation correspond with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health's definition, which includes “being involved in a life situation.” Healthcare legislation and professionals employ a narrower concept of patient participation as defined by, e.g., Medical Subject Headings.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Findings suggest that health professionals need to embrace what patients describe as participation.

SYFTE.  Att skildra vad patienter beskriver som patientdelaktighet och om beskrivningarna påverkas av kön, ålder, vårdkontakt och sjukdomens varaktighet.

DATAKÄLLA.  Personer som var eller nyligen hade varit patienter (n= 362) svarade på en enkät om delaktighet.

DATASYNTES.  Patienternas beskrivningar fokuserade på att ha kunskap, hellre än att bli informerad, och på att samverka med vårdpersonal, hellre än att enbart medverka i beslut om vård och behandling.

SLUTSATS.  Patienters beskrivningar av delaktighet stämmer överens med definitionen i International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), vilken inkluderar “engagemang i en livssituation”. Hälso‐ och sjukvårdslagstiftning och vårdpersonal använder en begränsad betydelse av begreppet patientdelaktighet som beskrivs i t.ex. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).

BETYDELSE FÖR PRAKTIK.  För att skapa förutsättningar för patientdelaktighet behöver hälso‐ och sjukvårdpersonal beakta vad patienter beskriver som delaktighet.

SÖKTERMER.  Begreppsanalys, enkät, innehållsanalys, patientdelaktighet
China as a Global Manufacturing Powerhouse: Strategic Considerations and Structural Adjustment
Authors: McKay Huw , Song Ligang
Published: January 2010

This study examines the nature and consequences of China's rise to the center of world economic affairs through manufacturing‐led development. Our historical analysis shows that China is still well short of the point in its developmental process where its growth might be reasonably expected to slow, or the energy, resource and carbon intensity of growth to recede. The study argues that the current trajectory of industrialization will have to be altered when China becomes more actively engaged in dealing with structural issues at home and abroad against the background of the unwinding of global imbalances. One profitable strategy that China might employ would be to approximate the incredibly fruitful mass‐market integration efforts of the USA that eventually elevated it to its position of global primacy. The cyclical re‐emergence of excess capacity in Chinese heavy industry, serious questions about the medium term ability of other major regions to accommodate further large gains in Chinese market share, and the stark conflict between the contemporary style of industrial development and the health of the biosphere indicate strongly that now is the time to catalyze the required adjustment and reform processes that will underpin sustainable long‐run prosperity.
Antihypertensive Therapy in African Americans: Findings From an Inner‐City Ambulatory Clinic
Authors: Odigie‐Okon Esosa , Zarich Stuart , Okon Emmanuel , Dufresne Alix
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:187–192. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

African Americans bear a greater burden of hypertension. Understanding prevailing epidemiologic patterns can facilitate the implementation and successful outcome of community programs. The authors assessed practice patterns of antihypertensive drug utilization and blood pressure (BP) control in a predominantly African American population in Brooklyn, NY, from January 1 to January 31, 2008. A total of 416 (53.1%) had hypertension, with a mean age of 61 years, and 267 (64%) were women. In general, 212 (50.9%) were at goal BP and 59.9% of those at goal were taking at least 2 drugs. Patient age correlated with the number of drugs used (r=0.14; P=.004). Patients taking β‐blockers and calcium channel blockers were older: 63.6 vs 60.1 years (P=.01) and 62.7 vs 60.3 years (P=.07), respectively. The pattern of antihypertensive use was as follows: angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, 194 (46.6%); calcium channel blockers, 162 (38.9%); diuretics, 162 (38.9%); β‐blockers, 133(32%); and angiotensin receptor blockers, 93 (22.4%). The findings of age associated with the class of medications used and a predominance of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors usage highlight possible gaps in appropriateness of antihypertensive therapy. The application of age‐appropriate race‐based antihypertensive therapy might improve BP control rates. These results strengthen arguments for investing in community‐based programs to overcome possible provider‐related and local health system barriers to achieving BP control goals.
Social Support and its Correlation with Loneliness and Subjective Well‐being: A Cross‐cultural Study of Older Nepalese Adults
Authors: Chalise Hom Nath
Published: January 2010

Population aging in Nepal is a recent phenomenon, due more to demographic changes than to socio‐economic development. The study had three goals: to analyze the social support exchange among elderly men and women; to discover the main sources of support in loneliness and subjective well‐being in the elderly; and to study the cross‐cultural differences in support among elderly Chhetri (N = 137, mean age = 69.1 [7.2] years) and Newar people (N = 195, mean age = 68.8 [7.7] years) in one ward in Kathmandu. The data were collected using face‐to‐face interviews. The dependent variables were loneliness and subjective well‐being (SWB). The results for both ethnic Chhetri and Newar respondents show that their major support comes from their children living in the same household and their spouses. I conclude that the sources of social support and social support exchange are similar between the two castes/ethnicities and that there are no cross‐cultural differences between them in terms of support for loneliness and SWB‐life stability, although there are cross‐cultural differences in their SWB‐life satisfaction. Providing social support to friends and neighbors appears to be related to less loneliness and increased SWB in both castes/ethnicities.
REDD payments as incentive for reducing forest loss
Authors: Sandker Marieke , Nyame Samuel Kofi , Förster Johannes , Collier Neil , Shepherd Gill , Yeboah Daniel , Blas Driss Ezzine‐de , Machwitz Miriam , Vaatainen Senja , Garedew Efrem , Etoga Gilles , Ehringhaus Christiane , Anati Jacob , Quarm Osofo Dankama Kwasi , Campbell Bruce M.
Published: January 2010

Strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) could become an important part of a new agreement for climate change mitigation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. We constructed a system dynamics model for a cocoa agroforest landscape in southwestern Ghana to explore whether REDD payments are likely to promote forest conservation and what socio‐economic implications would be. Scenarios were constructed for business as usual (cocoa production at the expense of forest), for payments for avoided deforestation of old‐growth forest only and for payments for avoided deforestation of all forests, including degraded forest. The results indicate that in the short term, REDD is likely to be preferred by farmers when the policy focuses on payments that halt the destruction of old‐growth forests only. However, there is the risk that REDD contracts may be abandoned in the short term. The likeliness of farmers to opt for REDD is much lower when also avoiding deforestation of degraded forest since this land is needed for the expansion of cocoa production. Given that it is mainly the wealthier households that control the remaining forest outside the reserves, REDD payments may increase community differentiation, with negative consequences for REDD policies.
Evaluation of 10 plant barcodes in Bryophyta (Mosses)
Authors: LIU Yan , YAN Hai‐Fei , CAO Tong , GE Xue‐Jun
Published: January 2010

Abstract  DNA barcoding is a molecular tool that uses a standardized DNA region to identify species. Our preliminary study reported here is the first attempt to specifically focus on universality and attributes of candidate barcodes across a wide systematic range of mosses. We tested eight previously proposed plant barcoding regions (atpF‐atpH, ITS2, matK, psbK‐psbI, rbcL, rpoB, rpoC1, and trnH‐psbA) and two popular phylogenetic markers (rps4 and trnL‐trnF of cpDNA) in 49 moss species and 9 liverwort species, representing half of the orders in moss lineages. The ITS2, rbcL, rpoC1, rps4, trnH‐psbA and trnL‐trnF regions showed good universality, and therefore the efficacy of these loci as DNA barcodes was further evaluated in 36 mosses and 2 liverworts, each of which included two to three individuals per taxa. The five loci, viz. rbcL, rpoC1, rps4, trnH‐psbA and trnL‐trnF, were easy to amplify and sequence and showed significant inter‐specific genetic variability, making them potentially useful DNA barcodes for mosses. The best performing single loci were the rbcL and rpoC1 coding regions. Several loci showed equivalent performance and combinations of them did not greatly increase their discrimination capacity. In addition, phylogenies generated from each of the separate regions and multi‐locus combinations by using best‐fit and Kimura 2‐parameter models were compared, but no significant difference was found.
TAK-ling IKK Activation: “Ub” the Judge
Authors: Wuerzberger-Davis Shelly M. , Miyamoto Shigeki
Published: January 2010

IL-1β-dependent activation of NF-κB occurs in two distinct stages.
Late Cretaceous bimodal magmatism,northern Ellesmere Island:isotopic age and origin
Authors: Trettin H. P. , Parrish R.
Published: January 2010

In the Yelverton Bay region of northwestern Ellesmere Island, bimodal intrusive and volcanic rocks are associated with a major fault in the Proterozoic–Cambrian rocks of the Pearya Terrane. The Wootton intrusion consists mainly of gabbro with lesser amounts of granitic and hybrid rocks; the Hansen Point volcanics are composed of felsic rocks and basalt. Plutonic zircons are very slightly discordant, but volcanic zircons have unusually high degrees of inheritance. Interpreted U/Pb zircon ages of 92.0 ± 1.0 Ma for the Wootton intrusion (assuming a wide range of inheritance ages) and of [Formula: see text] for the Hansen Point volcanics are close to the 93 Ma average of hornblende K/Ar dates obtained earlier for a small quartz diorite pluton in central northernmost Ellesmere Island. All fall into the early Late Cretaceous and indicate correlation with mafic volcanics of the Cenomanian–Turonian Strand Fiord Formation of eastern Axel Heiberg Island. The upper intercept age for the Hansen Point volcanics ([Formula: see text]) suggests that the felsic component in the bimodal suites was in part derived from the upper Middle Proterozoic (Neohelikian) basement gneiss. Limited field observations on the Wootton intrusion also are compatible with the hypothesis that the granitic component represents sialic basement, melted by mafic intrusion at depth during an extensional tectonic regime.
Allochthonous terranes in the Andes of Ecuador and northwestern Peru
Authors: Feininger Tomas
Published: January 2010

In Ecuador and northwestern Peru the Andes and adjacent country, particularly on the Pacific side, are composed of at least five distinctive geologic terranes. The terranes are distinguished from one another and from cratonic South America to the east by dissimilar basements, cover rocks, intrusive rocks, and Bouguer gravity anomaly fields.The Piñón terrane, occupying most of coastal Ecuador, has a basaltic basement characterized by the largest known on-land positive Bouguer anomalies in the western hemisphere. The Tahuín terrane occupies most of northwestern Peru and the southwestern corner of Ecuador. The terrane has an especially complex basement and is the site of generally positive Bouguer anomalies. The small Birón terrane has an unusual basement composed in part of cordierite gneiss and amphibolite that give consistent Late Cretaceous K – Ar mineral ages. The wedge-shaped Chaucha terrane lies in part on the western Andean slope, between the oceanic Piñón terrane on the north and the continental Birón terrane on the south. The vast Santiago terrane composes the high Andes of southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru. It is the site of the unique Santiago Formation, a thick succession of Lower Jurassic limestones found nowhere else in the region.Geologic and geophysical evidence supports the view that the five terranes are parautochthonous or allochthonous fragments emplaced against cratonic South America from Middle Jurassic to Late Eocene time. Continental-border subduction alone (at the so-called "Andean margin") may have been an inadequate engine for orogeny. Additional allochthonous terranes perhaps await identification at other places along the Andes. Whether the emplacement of allochthonous terranes has been an important process elsewhere in the tectonic development of the Andes remains to be established. Geologic mapping on the oceanward western border of the Andean orogen, studies of basement petrology and chronology, and paleomagnetic studies are particularly needed.The distribution of mineral deposits (including petroleum) in Ecuador and northwestern Peru is not uniform but is instead related spatially to the five terranes and cratonic South America. This relationship can be useful to prospectors.
Drift carbonate on the Canadian Shield
Authors: Karrow P. F. , Geddes R. S.
Published: January 2010

Carbonates occur in the drift over large areas of the Precambrian Shield in Ontario. Paleozoic carbonates were transported by glaciers from the Hudson Bay Lowland and from Manitoba. Local sources in Precambrian rocks also contribute carbonate. A carbonate line corresponding approximately to the Nipigon and Chapleau moraines delimits high–carbonate drift to the north and may represent a significant ice marginal position or readvance about 9500 BP.Shield drift carbonates suggest that there are potential errors in radiocarbon dating of fine organic sediment (old carbon error); that there is a relationship between the occurrence of fossil molluscs in glacial and postglacial lake deposits and drift carbonate distribution; that long-distance transport will affect drift prospecting; and that susceptibility to acidification of lakes is affected by both drift and bedrock composition.
Late Archean regional deformation and structural controls on gold-quartz vein mineralization in the northwestern Slave Province, N.W.T., Canada
Authors: Abraham Andrew P. G. , Spooner Edward T. C.
Published: January 2010

Late Archean crustal accretion in the northwestern Slave Province is suggested to have involved approximately west-northwest–east-southeast directed horizontal compression that produced three episodes of deformation recognizable in the northwestern Anialik River igneous complex (ARIC) and Anialik River greenstone belt (ARGB). Observations show that the ARIC was probably emplaced as a series of synvolcanic sills prior to the earliest deformational event. Regional shortening produced a pervasive foliation, downdip lineations and folding in the ARGB, and an early, subsequently folded, foliation in the northwestern ARIC. Postfold ductile and brittle–ductile deformation produced regional- and outcrop-scale shear zones including the Sheeted Zone, which defines the ARIC–ARGB contact. Younger rocks of the northwestern ARGB appear to have been tectonically juxtaposed along the Sheeted Zone against the older rocks of the northwestern ARIC. Greater brittle response, enhanced permeability, and cyclical increases in fluid pressure led to the development and concentration of an anastamosing network of gold-quartz vein bearing shear zones in the ARIC. Steep to subvertical shear-related linear fabrics show that regional-scale and mineralized shear zones have a large component of vertical shear with predominantly east-side-up movement. The age relationships, proximity, and similarity of deformational structures in the Kangguyak gneiss belt, containing a craton-scale ductile deformation zone, and shear zones within the Arcadia Bay area, suggest contemporaneous development and regional late Archean structural relationships similar to those of shear zone hosted gold-quartz vein mineralization seen in the Abitibi Subprovince (Canada) and Yilgarn Craton (Australia).
Late Ordovician brachiopods Rafinesquina lata Whiteaves, 1896 and Kjaerina hartae n.sp. from southern Manitoba and the Hudson Bay Lowlands
Authors: Jin Jisuo , Caldwell W. G. E. , Norford B. S.
Published: January 2010

Examination of the Late Ordovician strophomenid brachiopod Rafinesquina lata Whiteaves, 1896 from the Selkirk Member of the Red River Formation of southern Manitoba reveals that the two syntypes actually represent two genera and two species, Oepikina lata and Kjaerina hartae n.sp. Specimens typically described as Rafinesquina lata by Whiteaves are large, thick-shelled, strongly but evenly concavo-convex, with randomly spaced, fine, concentric growth lamellae and a high ventral interarea. Affinity of the species to Oepikina lies in its unequal parvicostellae of the ventral valve, conspicuous dorsal peripheral rim, robust cardinal process, and strong lateral trans-muscle septa. Kjaerina hartae is easily distinguished from O. lata by its strongly geniculate and less massive shell, a much lower ventral interarea, prominent concentric rugae, and, internally, considerably weaker trans-muscle septa. The shells of O. lata and K. hartae are unusually large and suggest an open, shallow- and warm-water, subtidal depositional environment for the original sediments of the Selkirk Member of the Red River Formation. Common occurrences of K. hartae in the upper Portage Chute and Surprise Creek formations (Bad Cache Rapids Group) of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, together with other brachiopods and other groups of fossils, support the concept that the epicontinental seas once covering the Hudson Platform and the Williston Platform were connected during Late Ordovician (Maysvillian) time.
Growth and Survival of Larval Herring (Clupea harengus) in Relation to Prey Density
Authors: Werner Robert G. , Blaxter J. H. S.
Published: January 2010

Growth and survival rates were determined for 4- to 12-wk-old herring larvae (Clupea harengus) reared at prey densities of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 Artemia nauplii/mL. The time required for food to pass through the gut in relation to prey density was also estimated.The results indicate that significant deleterious effects occur when larvae are reared at the two lowest prey densities. Survival was reduced at 0.03 Artemia/mL and growth was lowered at 0.03 and 0.1 Artemia/mL. Growth depensation leading to size hierarchies was not correlated with prey density. Food passed through the gut more rapidly at high prey densities. The threshold prey density above which changes in numbers of prey have little effect on survival or growth was estimated to lie between 0.1 and 0.3 Artemia/mL, possibly near 0.17 Artemia/mL.Key words: fish larvae, herring, feeding ecology, predator-prey
Towards a Predictive Model for the Economic Regulation of Commercial Fisheries
Authors: Clark Colin W.
Published: January 2010

A model of the commercial fishery, incorporating the microeconomic decisions of individual vessel operation, is developed and employed to predict the consequences of various methods of regulation, including: (i) total catch quotas; (ii) vessel licenses; (iii) taxes on catch (or effort); (iv) allocated catch (or effort) quotas. Among the principal predictions of the analysis are: (a) total catch quotas do not improve the economic performance of an open-access fishery; (b) limited entry results in distortion of inputs unless every input is controlled; (c) taxes and allocated transferable catch quotas are theoretically equivalent to one another in terms of economic efficiency, and both are capable in principle of optimizing exploitation of the common-property fishery.Key words: economics, fishery regulation, management, quotas, licenses, taxes, fishermen's quotas, common-property resource
Caging Manipulations in Marine Soft-Bottom Communities: Importance of Animal Interactions or Sedimentary Habitat Modifications
Authors: Hulberg Larry W. , Oliver John S.
Published: January 2010

Caging manipulations were performed in two marine soft-bottom communities to test two nonexclusive hypotheses: (1) polychaete abundance changes in cages are caused by the presence or absence of particular predators and competitors; (2) polychaete changes in cages are caused by animals responding to cage-induced habitat modifications, especially sediment deposition and erosion.The significant changes in the polychaete community beneath a variety of cages installed on a highly wave-exposed sand bottom could not be explained by the presence or absence of predatory demersal fishes. This result was obtained despite the exclusion of fish which normally consume large numbers of infaunal polychaetes.A caging experiment similar to Woodin's (1974) was performed in the channel of Elkhorn Slough using comparable cages and similar exposure period. In Woodin's experiments, the exclusion of a sedentary tube builder was accompanied by an increase in a mobile deposit feeder. This was interpreted as a competitive release. In our experiment, no sedentary species inhabited the channel and none were excluded; nevertheless, this same mobile species increased inside the cages. Although the importance of potential predators and competitors was not documented in the caging experiments, all of the sand-flat and slough caging results are consistent with the hypothesis that animals respond to sedimentary habitat modifications created by cages. This hypothesis is not considered in most caging experiments in marine soft-bottom communities.
The Fate of 14C Labeled Food Ingested by Underyearling Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in Relation to Temperature and Ration
Authors: Biette R. M. , Geen G. H.
Published: January 2010

Underyearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) provided rations likely available in nature grow more rapidly when held under cyclic than under constant temperature. The basis of this enhancement was investigated by following the short-term fate of labeled food in young sockeye fed low (3.4% dry body wt/d) and moderate (6.4% dry body wt/d) rations and maintained under constant and cyclic temperatures. These experiments, corrected for low 14C measured rates of respiration, indicated that growth potential of young sockeye is greater under cyclic temperatures because of the higher respiration rates at constant high temperatures and the greater rates of defecation and excretion at low temperatures. The difficulties in estimating respiration rates from 14CO2 measurements are emphasized.Key words: sockeye salmon, 14C-labeled feeding, incorporation, respiration, excretion, defecation, diel vertical migration, diel cyclic temperature, constant temperature, ration size
Cell Size Manipulation in Natural Marine, Planktonic, Diatom Communities
Authors: Turpin David H. , Harrison Paul J.
Published: January 2010

In cultures of natural phytoplankton dominated by diatoms and a mixed culture of diatoms of similar species composition, the mean cell diameter selected for in species competition experiments was related to the time between limiting nutrient (ammonium) additions (i.e. temporal patchiness). Mean cell diameter increased as frequency of nutrient addition decreased. The possibility that limiting nutrient patchiness may be of some importance in cell size selection in nature is also discussed.Key words: cell size, competition, limiting nutrient patchiness, marine food chains, phytoplankton
A SCHEME FOR REALIZATION OF TWO-QUBIT LOGIC GATES IN CAVITY QED
Authors: FANG BAO-LONG , WAN HONG-BO , YE LIU
Published: January 2010

We propose a simple scheme for realizing two-qubit logic gate in cavity QED. In our scheme, the quantum controlled-not gate, phase gate and swap gate can be implemented without the ancillary level. The quantum controlled-not gate and phase gate can be realized easily by only one interaction between atoms and a highly detuned cavity mode with the assistance of a strong classical field. Thus, the scheme is insensitive to both the cavity decay and the thermal field.
Computing correctly rounded integer powers in floating-point arithmetic
Authors: Kornerup Peter , Lauter Christoph , Lefèvre Vincent , Louvet Nicolas , Muller Jean-Michel
Published: January 2010

We introduce several algorithms for accurately evaluating powers to a positive integer in floating-point arithmetic, assuming a
fused multiply-add
(fma) instruction is available. For bounded, yet very large values of the exponent, we aim at obtaining correctly rounded results in round-to-nearest mode, that is, our algorithms return the floating-point number that is nearest the exact value.
On the efficiency of symbolic computations combined with code generation for finite element methods
Authors: Alnæs Martin Sandve , Mardal Kent-André
Published: January 2010

Efficient and easy implementation of variational forms for finite element discretization can be accomplished with metaprogramming. Using a high-level language like Python and symbolic mathematics makes an abstract problem definition possible, but the use of a low-level compiled language is vital for run-time efficiency. By generating low-level C++ code based on symbolic expressions for the discrete weak form, it is possible to accomplish a high degree of abstraction in the problem definition while surpassing the run-time efficiency of traditional hand written C++ codes. We provide several examples where we demonstrate orders of magnitude in speedup.
Algorithm 900
Authors: Torres Germ´n A.
Published: January 2010

Data assimilation is the process of feeding a partially unknown prediction model with available information from observations, with the objective of correcting and improving the modeled results. One of the most important mathematical tools to perform data assimilation is the Kalman filter. This is essentially a predictor-corrector algorithm that is optimal in the sense of minimizing the trace of the covariance matrix of the errors. Unfortunately, the computational cost of applying the filter to large scale problems is enormous, and the programming of the filter is highly dependent on the model and the format of the data involved. The first objective of this article is to present a set of Fortran 90 modules that implement the reduced rank square root versions of the Kalman filter, adapted for the assimilation of a very large number of variables. The second objective is to present a Kalman filter implementation whose code is independent of both the model and observations and is easy to use. A detailed description of the algorithms, structure, parallelization is given along with examples of using the package to solve practical problems.
Algorithm 901
Authors: Vlachos D. S. , Simos T. E.
Published: January 2010

LMEF is a program written in MATLAB, to calculate the coefficients of a linear multi-step method (explicit, implicit or backward differentiation formulas) with algebraic and/or exponential fitting, for the numerical solution of first order ordinary differential equations. Moreover, LMEF calculates the local truncation error and in the case of exponential fitting, the Taylor expansions of the coefficients that are necessary for the implementation of the method.
Annotated RDF
Authors: Udrea Octavian , Recupero Diego Reforgiato , Subrahmanian V. S.
Published: January 2010

Real-world use of RDF requires the ability to transparently represent and explain metadata associated with RDF triples. For example, when RDF triples are extracted automatically by information extraction programs, there is a need to represent where the triples came from, what their temporal validity is, and how certain we are that the triple is correct. Today, there is no theoretically clean and practically scalable mechanism that spans these different needs - reification is the only solution propose to date, and its implementations have been ugly. In this paper, we present
Annotated RDF
(or aRDF for short) in which RDF triples are annotated by members of a partially ordered set (with bottom element) that can be selected in any way desired by the user. We present a formal declarative semantics (model theory) for annotated RDF and develop algorithms to check consistency of aRDF theories and to answer queries to aRDF theories. We show that annotated RDF supports users who need to think about the uncertainty, temporal aspects, and provenance of the RDF triples in an RDF database. We develop a prototype aRDF implementation and show that our algorithms work efficiently even on real world data sets containing over 10 million triples.
Static determination of quantitative resource usage for higher-order programs
Authors: Jost Steffen , Hammond Kevin , Loidl Hans-Wolfgang , Hofmann Martin
Published: January 2010

We describe a new
automatic
static analysis for determining upper-bound functions on the use of quantitative resources for strict, higher-order, polymorphic, recursive programs dealing with possibly-aliased data. Our analysis is a variant of Tarjan's manual
amortised cost analysis
technique. We use a type-based approach, exploiting linearity to allow inference, and place a new emphasis on the number of references to a data object. The bounds we infer depend on the sizes of the various inputs to a program. They thus expose the impact of specific inputs on the overall cost behaviour.

The key novel aspect of our work is that it deals directly with polymorphic higher-order functions
without requiring source-level transformations that could alter resource usage
. We thus obtain
safe
and
accurate
compile-time bounds. Our work is
generic
in that it deals with a variety of quantitative resources. We illustrate our approach with reference to dynamic memory allocations/deallocations, stack usage, and worst-case execution time, using metrics taken from a real implementation on a simple micro-controller platform that is used in safety-critical automotive applications.
Toward a verified relational database management system
Authors: Malecha Gregory , Morrisett Greg , Shinnar Avraham , Wisnesky Ryan
Published: January 2010

We report on our experience implementing a lightweight, fully verified relational database management system (RDBMS). The functional specification of RDBMS behavior, RDBMS implementation, and proof that the implementation meets the specification are all written and verified in Coq. Our contributions include: (1) a complete specification of the relational algebra in Coq; (2) an efficient realization of that model (B+ trees) implemented with the Ynot extension to Coq; and (3) a set of simple query optimizations proven to respect both semantics and run-time cost. In addition to describing the design and implementation of these artifacts, we highlight the challenges we encountered formalizing them, including the choice of representation for finite relations of typed tuples and the challenges of reasoning about data structures with complex sharing. Our experience shows that though many challenges remain, building fully-verified systems software in Coq is within reach.