bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Theory of Pore Conflation" and "Shubhjyot's equation" in the treatment of Brilliant green dye-contaminated water using Jamun leaves biochar
Authors: Sutar Shubham , Jadhav Jyoti
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the adsorption of Brilliant Green (BG) dye onto biochar derived from Syzygium cumini (Jamun) leaves (JLB). Biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 800 °C and examined employing various methods, including Scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimum parameters for BG dye adsorption, determined by batch adsorption studies, were a temperature of 80 °C, an initial dye concentration of 500 mg L−1, a contact period of 30 min, and an agitation speed of 400 RPM. The maximum adsorption capacity of JLB for BG was 243.90 mg g−1. It was found that the adsorption process adhered to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, revealing heterogeneous adsorption with chemisorption. A novel "Theory of Pore Conflation" was proposed to explain enhanced adsorption at higher temperatures, supported by SEM and FTIR analyses. Additionally, a new equation termed "Shubhjyot's equation" was introduced to account for time dependency in adsorption capacity calculations. The thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the process is endothermic and spontaneous. Isopropanol was the most effective organic solvent for desorption studies, demonstrating biochar regeneration potential for up to five cycles. Phytotoxicity and cyto-genotoxicity assessments demonstrated the environmental safety of JLB compared to BG dye. The use of JLB production offers a way to repurpose agricultural waste, contributing to circular economy principles. This extensive study demonstrates JLB's promise as an effective, economical, and environmentally safe adsorbent for wastewater treatment that eliminates textile dyes.

Graphical Abstract
International Trade
Authors: Chinn Menzie D. , Irwin Douglas A.
Published: January 2025

Understanding the globalized world economy is more important than ever before. This book provides a clear, concise, and up-to-date look at the economic foundations of international trade. The authors explain the principal concepts in an engaging and accessible manner open to students from any discipline, incorporating contemporary trade data through full-colour diagrams and graphs. Throughout, economic models are discussed in the context of recent and current international trade issues, to ensure students gain a concrete understanding and see how the field impacts the real world. Written for upper undergraduate courses, the book includes feature boxes that marry theory and economics in practice to show models applied, a featured real-world application for every chapter, and over 100 end-of-chapter questions help students fully engage with and consolidate their learning. Online resources for instructors include a solutions manual, lecture slides and the book figures as JPEGs.
The place of school-based strategies for universal, selective and indicated prevention for depression
Authors: Birrell Louise , Grummitt Lucinda , Christensen Helen , Teesson Maree
Published: January 2025

In response to the question, ‘What is the place of universal, selective and indicated prevention strategies for depression and other mood disorders?’ posed by Hickie et al. (2024), we examine the role of school-based strategies for universal and targeted (including selective and indicated) prevention of depression. Schools represent a unique opportunity for systematic evidence-based depression prevention, targeting key developmental risk periods before peak depression onset. However, the realisation of this potential has been challenging particularly for universal approaches. We summarise the evidence for each of these tiers of prevention, including recent large-scale trials of universal prevention in high-income countries. Targeted approaches show more consistent preventive effects on depression however hold significant implementation challenges in the school context. We provide recommendations about the next steps for the field including a continuum of support across all levels of prevention outlined above and broadening current strategies to focus on the school contexts and structural factors in which prevention programs are delivered, as well as teacher mental health.
The extremal landscape for the C
$\beta $
E ensemble
Authors: Paquette Elliot , Zeitouni Ofer
Published: January 2025

We consider the extremes of the logarithm of the characteristic polynomial of matrices from the C
$\beta $
E ensemble. We prove convergence in distribution of the centered maxima (of the real and imaginary parts) toward the sum of a Gumbel variable and another independent variable, which we characterize as the total mass of a ‘derivative martingale’. We also provide a description of the landscape near extrema points.
Structure and properties of paleosols of the last two interglacial cycles of the Khovaling Loess Plateau, Tajikistan (Obi–Mazar section)
Authors: Tokareva Olga A. , Lebedeva Marina P. , Sosin Peter M. , Ashurmadov Islomov K. , Khormali Farhad , Kurbanov Redzhep N.
Published: January 2025

Significant thicknesses, a large number of paleosols, and an impressive chronological framework place the loess–paleosol series of the Afghan-Tajik depression on a par with the famous sections of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Based on the results of field stratigraphy, description of the macro- and micromorphological structure, field magnetic susceptibility measurements, and study of the chemical and grain-size compositions, a comprehensive characterization of the structure, properties, and formation conditions of paleosol horizons and loess layers was carried out. Three loess units and two pedocomplexes are distinguished in the late and upper middle Pleistocene deposits of the Obi-Mazar section. These sediments are characterized by high silt and carbonate content and the presence of loess with pedogenic features. Pedocomplex PC1, consisting of three paleosols, according to the stratigraphic position and absolute dating, corresponds to MIS 5. Pedocomplex PC2, consisting of two developed paleosols separated by loess, is correlated with MIS 7. The properties of the studied paleosols together with modern soil distribution in the region allow for the reconstruction of the soil type of PC1 and PC2 of the Obi-Mazar section with the genesis of the Calcisols–Kastanozems groups.
Unraveling the Cycle of Protest in Turkey’s Gezi Park
Authors: Gümrükçü Selin Bengi
Published: January 2025

The Gezi Park protests that erupted in spring 2013 sparked renewed interest in social movements and collective action in Turkey. While much of the literature has emphasized the novelty and spontaneity of these protests, this article situates them within a broader context and historical framework of social movements in Turkey. It argues that the events surrounding the demolition of Gezi Park should be understood as a cycle of protest, best analyzed in relation to earlier cycles to gain deeper insights into the culture and agency of social movements in the country. In this regard, the article posits that the Turkish manifestations of the Global Justice Movement in the late 1990s and early 2000s provided crucial precedents for the Gezi Park protests, offering an organizational infrastructure, collective frames for mobilization, and adaptable models for action.
Israel, Annexation, and Sovereignty: Within the Green Line and Across It
Authors: Lustick Ian S. , Samuel M. T.
Published: January 2025

From the early years of Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, observers predicted that their de facto annexation might occur. Fifty-seven years later, it has happened. Although governed differently than other zones within the Israeli state, neither territory can be separated from Israel. Yet, the territories’ official status is that they are not part of the state. We offer four reinforcing analyses—legal, historical, discursive, and political—of this sustained discrepancy between what is and what is officially said to be. By analyzing Israel’s juridical techniques for regularizing the incorporation of territories occupied beginning in 1948, we show that de facto annexation has been Israel’s predominant form of territorial expansion. This helps account for the failure to implement de jure annexation, the intensity of conflict over attempts to overhaul the Israeli judiciary, and debates over the future of postwar Gaza.
Vechur cow milk yoghurt: response surface methodology-based process optimization and storage studies
Authors: Krishna Ammiti Murali , James Ligimol , Beena Athrayil Kalathil , Rajakumar Sujjalur Nagesha Rao , Mercey Kollannur Aippunny
Published: January 2025

In this research article, response surface methodology (RSM) based optimization of three production parameters namely temperature, time and amount of starter culture of Vechur cow milk yoghurt (VCMY) on the basis of sensory evaluation responses comparing cross-bred cow milk yoghurt (CCMY) as the control is reported. The optimized values of production parameters were 2.15 per cent rate of inoculation, 42°C incubation temperature and 4 h incubation period. The optimized product exhibited significantly lower syneresis, a*, b* values and higher L* values than CCMY. Physico-chemical, microbiological, textural and sensory properties of both VCMY and CCMY during room temperature and refrigerated storage were assessed daily until the onset of spoilage (room temperature) or at five day intervals over a period of 15 d (refrigerated). Both room temperature stored products were graded undesirable by the sensory panel upon one day of storage. Significant reduction was observed in the fat, SNF, total solids, protein and pH content and all the tested colour parameters of the optimized product during refrigerated storage. Total viable counts as well as yeast and mould counts and lactic acid bacteria counts of both VCMY and CCMY progressively increased over the 15 d of storage. Significant reductions were observed in the flavour (P < 0.01), body and texture, colour and appearance and overall acceptability (P < 0.05) scores of both the samples over a period of 15 d. During storage, hardness and adhesiveness values showed an increasing trend whereas the cohesiveness showed a decreasing trend. Storage studies revealed significant differences in the acidity, pH, syneresis, tyrosine value, colour parameters and sensorial attributes of both the yoghurt samples. During the 15 d refrigerated storage period, the VCMY exhibited superior technological attributes to CCMY in terms of lower syneresis %, acidity, microbial population, firmer and less cohesive texture, better flavour, colour and appearance scores. Being the first comprehensive study on the utilization of Vechur cow milk for the preparation of yoghurt, the data generated in the current study would provide a solid base for the exploration of fermentation as a means of value addition of milk of this very rare indigenous cattle breed.
Written Out of History: Collective Reflection with Oral History Narrators on Pakistan’s Women Constitution-Makers
Authors: Khan Maryam S.
Published: January 2025

This Comment derives from a group discussion, generously funded by the Transactions Workshop Grant in 2023, to reflect retrospectively on the nature and degree of interaction among six trailblazing women members of Pakistan’s constituent assembly of 1972–3 (‘women constitution-makers’) within and without the assembly against the backdrop of their life histories. I refer to this group discussion as a ‘collective reflection’ to describe its open-ended structure of snowballing conversations among a small cohort of oral history narrators on the women constitution-makers as well as archivists whose work engages with material on or related to Pakistan’s enduring Constitution of 1973. The objective of the collective reflection was twofold: to provide an interactive mnemonic context for storytelling on the women constitution-makers and their personal and political associations; and to explore the extent to which these six women acted in concert in their constitution-making role on the question of women’s political representation. In relation to the former, the collective reflection yielded valuable observations. With respect to the latter, however, it presented a mixed picture and struck a note of caution in reading strong inferences into documentary archives – in this case, the constituent assembly debates.
Severe coronary artery ectesia in a paediatric patient with Noonan syndrome presenting for transcatheter pulmonary valve placement
Authors: Herron Christopher , Iacono Karen , Nykanen David
Published: January 2025

Coronary ectasia is a very rare phenomenon seen in Noonan syndrome with only a few documented case reports. We describe a 14-year-old with Noonan syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot with described coronary artery ectasia since infancy who presented for possible transcatheter pulmonary valve placement and was found to have severe ectasia of bilateral coronary arteries.
Are glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists anti-consummatory drugs?
Authors: Mansur Rodrigo B. , Di Vincenzo Joshua D. , Badulescu Sebastian , Gill Hartej , Tabassum Aniqa , López Cristian Llach , Rosenblat Joshua D. , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: January 2025

Incretin-based treatments, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (eg liraglutide and semaglutide), have rapidly transformed obesity treatment. The well-documented weight loss effect from these agents is considered to be primarily a result of their actions on food intake, but frequent anecdotal reports from varied sources have suggested that they might also broadly affect consummatory behavior, including alcohol and drugs of abuse, suggesting a potential modulatory effect on reward behavior. Herein, we critically review the extant literature on the behavioral effects of GLP-1R agonists in humans, including their impact on feeding behavior, alcohol/drug intake, and overall reward response. We also consider the physiological and neurobiological underpinnings of GLP-1 actions, with a focus on its distinct central and peripheral roles, as well as its relationships with the broader energy homeostasis network. We conclude with a discussion on the implications of this line of research on how behavior is conceptualized, and the potential future directions for research.
The Crucible: Lessons Learned from Previous Centuries
Authors: Percy Martyn
Published: January 2025

The past half-century has been a treasure trove for those fascinated by historical instances of moral panic, conspiracy theories and the enigmatic world of secretive satanic cults. The wealth of examples, ranging from the peculiar to the outright cruel, offers a captivating journey through the evolution of societal fears and beliefs. It is something of an irony that in the increasingly post-religious Developed World, the void has been filled with a multiplicity of speculative spiritualties, quasi-faith-based therapies, mystical curiosity and fascination with the paranormal. Little of the value ascribed to such a zeitgeist is evidence-based. Nor does it need to be. In a world of ‘alternative facts’ that has also steadily habituated the public into post-truth political discourse, evidence and veracity are not what they used to be.
Tamar Summons the Church to Account: Resisting Patriarchal (and Ecclesial) Impunity in 2 Samuel 13:21
Authors: West Gerald
Published: January 2025

This article documents and reflects on gender-based Contextual Bible Study (CBS) work on 2 Samuel 13:1–22 over more than thirty-five years, much of it shaped by work with Anglican communities. CBS work on the story of the abuse of Tamar provides a shape to the article, beginning with the identification of the Church by women survivors of violence as the silencer of Tamar, then of the Church as the abuser of Tamar, then of the Church as the excluder of Tamar in its lectionaries and liturgies and then of the Church as abandoning Tamar with impunity. The article summons the Church, though a CBS on 2 Samuel 13:21, to hear the summons of Tamar to change.
The Contribution of Eric Mascall to Theodicy and (Possibly) Providence
Authors: Lloyd Michael Francis
Published: January 2025

This article explores Eric Mascall’s contribution to theodicy and (possibly) providence. It offers a taxonomy of Christian responses to the problem of evil: those which see suffering as instrumental to the purposes of God, those which see suffering as inevitable within the purposes of God, and those which see suffering as inimical to the purposes of God. It offers a critique of all three families of such responses. It then locates Mascall’s theodicy on that ‘map’. It argues that Mascall’s proposal, if accepted, removes the main argument against the inimical family of responses, which it sees as fitting best with the healing ministry of Jesus, as being most unambiguously committed to the goodness of God, and as being the most pastorally sensitive of the three categories. It also raises, without advocating, the possibility that all divine action may be indirect, thus safeguarding the non-coerciveness of God without compromising eschatological hope.
Evaluation of spring-applied endothall for annual bluegrass control in warm-season turf
Authors: Peppers John M. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: January 2025

Increasing instances of herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass have limited turf manager’s options for chemical control. Endothall inhibits serine threonine protein phosphatase, a novel site of action for warm-season turf, and endothall use in hybrid bermudagrass is not extensively reported. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass response to endothall. Five herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass biotypes were treated with increasing endothall rates and compared to two susceptible populations. One glyphosate-resistant annual bluegrass biotype was 2.3- to 3.3-fold more resistant to endothall depending on trial and susceptible biotype, and all other biotypes were endothall-susceptible. Four field studies were established from 2022-2023 to evaluate the influence of endothall rate and application timing on bermudagrass and manilagrass turf injury and annual bluegrass control. These studies were arranged as a three-by-four factorial with three levels of application timing (fully dormant, 50% green, and 100% green) and four levels of herbicide (endothall applied at 1.12, 1.68, and 2.24 kg ai ha-1 and trifloxysulfuron applied at 27.8 g ai ha-1). Maximum observed turf injury was dependent on endothall rate and timing and was commercially acceptable (<30%) at the low and middle rates when applied to 100% green bermudagrass and all rates when applied to dormant turf. When applied to 50% green turf (mid-transition), endothall unacceptably injured warm-season turf regardless of application rate, but when applied during mid-transition, only the high endothall rate unacceptably injured turf 14 days after treatment. Endothall controlled annual bluegrass more effectively when applied during mid-transition and 100% green turf than fully dormant turf. When applied at 1.68 and 2.24 kg ai ha-1 to mid-transition and 100% green turf, endothall controlled annual bluegrass 83-95%. Results from these studies indicate endothall selectively controls herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass in warm-season turf but selectivity and performance depend on application timing.
Early-planted soybean weed management as affected by herbicide application rate and timing
Authors: Miller Logan R. , Landau Christopher A. , Williams Martin M. , Hager Aaron G.
Published: January 2025

The opportunity to increase soybean yield has prompted Illinois farmers to plant soybean earlier than historical norms. Extending the growing season with an earlier planting date might alter the relationship between soybean growth and weed emergence timings, potentially altering the optimal herbicide application timings to minimize crop yield loss due to weed interference and ensure minimal weed seed production. The objective of this research was to examine various herbicide treatments applied at different timings and rates to assess the effect on weed control and yield in early-planted soybean. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 at three locations across central Illinois to determine effective chemical strategies for weed management in early-planted soybean. PRE treatments consisted of a S-metolachlor + metribuzin premix applied at planting or just prior to soybean emergence at 0.5X (883 + 210 g ai ha−1) or 1X (1,766 + 420 g ai ha−1) label-recommended rates. POST treatments were applied when weeds reached 10 cm tall and consisted of 1X rates of glufosinate (655 g ai ha−1) + glyphosate (1,260 g ae ha−1) + ammonium sulfate, without or with pyroxasulfone at a 0.5X (63 g ai ha−1) or 1X (126 g ai ha−1) rate. Treatments comprising both a full rate of PRE followed by a POST resulted in the greatest and most consistent weed control at the final evaluation timing. The addition of pyroxasulfone to POST treatments did not consistently reduce late-season weed emergence. The lack of a consistent effect by pyroxasulfone could be attributed to suppression of weeds by soybean canopy closure due to earlier soybean development. The full rate of PRE extended the timing of POST application 2 to 3 wk for all treatments at all locations except Urbana. Full-rate PRE treatments also reduced the time between the POST application and soybean canopy closure. Overall, a full-rate PRE reduced early-season weed interference and minimized soybean yield loss due to weed interference.
Hydrothermal Methane Venting and Its Microbial Oxidation Along the Eastern Southwest Indian Ridge, 63.5°–68°E
Authors: Surya Prakash L. , John Kurian P. , Sen K. , Tsunogai U. , Linsy P. , Shuhail M. , Roy P.
Published: January 2025

Methane concentration and its stable carbon isotope ratio studies were carried out in deep waters of ultraslow‐spreading eastern Southwest Indian Ridge (eSWIR), 63.5°–68°E, to identify hydrothermal plumes and associated biogeochemical processes. High methane concentrations (1.0–37.8 nmol/kg) confirm the presence of 11 hydrothermal plumes along the ∼500 km long section of eSWIR. Among these 11 plumes, eight are reporting for the first time. Detailed investigations near 67.67°E; 26.61°S show the presence of three plumes at various depths and their dispersion >100 km along the ridge in east‐west directions. Stable carbon isotope ratios of these plumes show lighter and heavier isotope enrichment (−40‰ to −3‰). Lighter isotope enrichment may indicate that methane could be derived from a combination of abiotic and thermogenic sources and, heavier isotope enrichment is mainly because of microbial methane oxidation. We report strong evidence for the presence of an active hydrothermal field at 67.67°E; 26.61°S in the eSWIR for the first time.
Profound Changes in the Seasonal Cycle of Sea Level Along the United States Mid‐Atlantic Coast
Authors: Yang Jiayan , Chen Ke
Published: January 2025

The monthly mean sea level along the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Coast varies seasonally, reaching a minimum in January and a maximum in September during the 1960–2020 period. However, this seasonal cycle has changed significantly on multi‐decadal timescales. In the last two decades, the annual minimum has shifted from January to February. The amplitude of seasonal changes increased by 65% from 14.16 cm in 1980–1999 to 23.16 cm in 2000–2020. Even more concerning, the maximum sea level in September rose by 82%, from 6.81 to 12.38 cm, potentially exacerbating coastal flooding over the past 20 years. A two‐layer ocean model effectively replicates both the phase and magnitude of the observed changes and attributes these shifts to changes in wind stress near the coast, with relatively minor influence from deep ocean forcing. Both alongshore and cross‐shore wind stress changes are found to contribute to changes in the sea level's seasonal cycle.
Interdecadal Variation of Springtime Compound Temperature‐Precipitation Extreme Events in China and Its Association With Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Wang Leying , Chen Shangfeng , Chen Wen , Wu Renguang , Wang Jun
Published: January 2025

The concurrent occurrence of temperature and precipitation extremes, known as compound temperature‐precipitation extreme events (CTPEEs), leads to more pronounced consequences for human society and ecosystems than when these extremes occur separately. However, such compound extremes have not been sufficiently studied, especially during boreal spring. Spring is an important transition season, during which the CTPEEs plays a pivotal role in plant growth and revival of terrestrial ecosystems. This study investigates the spatio‐temporal variation characteristics of spring CTPEEs in China, including warm‐dry, warm‐wet, cold‐dry, and cold‐wet combinations. The compound cold‐wet extreme events occur most frequently, followed by warm‐dry, warm‐wet, and cold‐dry events. The frequency of CTPEEs associated with warm (cold) extremes shows a marked interdecadal increase (decrease) around the mid‐to‐late 1990s. It is found that the interdecadal change in CTPEEs is primarily determined by the variation in temperature extremes. This interdecadal shift coincides with the phase transitions of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). After the mid‐to‐late 1990s, the configuration of a positive AMO and a negative IPO excited atmospheric wave trains over mid‐high latitudes, causing high‐pressure and anticyclonic anomalies over East Asia. This leads to less cloudiness, allowing an increase in downward solar radiation, which enhances surface warming and contributes to an increase (decrease) in warm‐dry and warm‐wet extremes. The above observations are confirmed by the Pacemaker experiments. The results of this study highlight a significant contribution of internal climate variability to interdecadal changes in CTPEEs at the regional scale.
Copula Modeling and Uncertainty Propagation in Field‐Scale Simulation of CO2 Fault Leakage
Authors: Pettersson Per , Keilegavlen Eirik , Sandve Tor Harald , Gasda Sarah E. , Krumscheid Sebastian
Published: January 2025

Subsurface storage of is an important means to mitigate climate change, and the North Sea hosts considerable potential storage resources. To investigate the fate of over decades in vast reservoirs, numerical simulation based on realistic models is essential. Faults and other complex geological structures introduce modeling challenges as their effects on storage operations are subject to high uncertainty. We present a computational framework for forward propagation of uncertainty, including stochastic upscaling and copula representation of multivariate distributions for a storage site model with faults. The Vette fault zone in the Smeaheia formation in the North Sea is used as a test case. The stochastic upscaling method reduces the number of stochastic dimensions and the cost of evaluating the reservoir model. Copulas provide representation of dependent multidimensional random variables and a good fit to data, allow fast sampling and coupling to the forward propagation method via independent uniform random variables. The non‐stationary correlation within the upscaled flow functions are accurately captured by a data‐driven transformation model. The uncertainty in upscaled flow functions and other uncertain parameters are efficiently propagated to leakage estimates using numerical reservoir simulation of a two‐phase system of CO2 and brine. The expectations of leakage are estimated by an adaptive stratified sampling technique which effectively allocates samples in stochastic space. We demonstrate cost reduction compared to standard Monte Carlo of one or two orders of magnitude for simpler test cases, and factors 2–8 cost reduction for stochastic multi‐phase flow properties and more complex stochastic models.
Water Table Fluctuations Control Nitrate and Ammonium Fate in Coastal Aquifers
Authors: Roumelis Christian , Willert Fabian , Scaccia Maria , Welch Susan , Gabor Rachel , Carrera Jesús , Folch Albert , Salgot Miquel , Sawyer Audrey H.
Published: January 2025

Coastal aquifers experience water table fluctuations that push and pull water and air through organic‐rich soils. This exchange affects the supply of oxygen, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and nitrogen (N) to shallow aquifers and influences groundwater quality. To investigate the fate of N species, we used a meter‐long column containing a sequence of natural organic topsoil and aquifer sediments. A fluctuating head was imposed at the column bottom with local, nitrate‐rich groundwater (16.5 mg/L NO3‐N). We monitored in‐situ redox potential and collected pore water samples for analysis of inorganic N species and DOC over 16 days. Reactive processes were more complex than anticipated. The organic‐rich topsoil remained anaerobic, while mineral sediments beneath alternated between aerobic, when the water table dropped and sucked air across preferential flow paths, and anaerobic conditions, when the water table was high. A fluid flow and reactive transport model shows that when the water table rises into organic‐rich soils, it limits the flow of oxygen, while the soils release DOC, which stimulates the removal of nitrate from groundwater by denitrification. At the end of the experiment, we introduced seawater to the column to mimic a storm surge. Seawater mobilized N and DOC from shallow soil horizons, which could reach the aquifer if the surge is long enough. These processes are relevant for groundwater quality in developed coastal areas with anthropogenic N sources, as climate change and rising seas will drive changes in water table and flood dynamics.
Phase-dependent Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect for the complete measurement of the complex coherence function
Authors: Tang Xuan , Zhang Yunxiao , Guo Xueshi , Cui Liang , Li Xiaoying , Ou Z. Y.
Published: January 2025

Hanbury-Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect is the foundation for stellar intensity interferometry. However, it is a phase insensitive two-photon interference effect. Here we extend the HBT interferometer by mixing intensity-matched reference fields with the input fields before intensity correlation measurement. With the freely available coherent state serving as the reference field, we experimentally demonstrate the phase sensitive two-photon interference effect when the input fields are thermal fields in either continuous wave or non-stationary pulsed wave and measure the complete complex second-order coherence function of the input fields without bringing them together from separate locations. Moreover, we discuss how to improve the signal level by using the more realistic continuous wave broadband anti-bunched light fields as the reference field. Our investigations pave the way for developing new technology of remote sensing and interferometric imaging with applications in long baseline high-resolution astronomy.
Large-scale high uniform optoelectronic synapses array for artificial visual neural network
Authors: Zhang Fanqing , Li Chunyang , Chen Zhicheng , Tan Haiqiu , Li Zhongyi , Lv Chengzhai , Xiao Shuai , Wu Lining , Zhao Jing
Published: January 2025

Recently, the biologically inspired intelligent artificial visual neural system has aroused enormous interest. However, there are still significant obstacles in pursuing large-scale parallel and efficient visual memory and recognition. In this study, we demonstrate a 28 × 28 synaptic devices array for the artificial visual neuromorphic system, within the size of 0.7 × 0.7 cm2, which integrates sensing, memory, and processing functions. The highly uniform floating-gate synaptic transistors array were constructed by the wafer-scale grown monolayer molybdenum disulfide with Au nanoparticles (NPs) acting as the electrons capture layers. Various synaptic plasticity behaviors have been achieved owing to the switchable electronic storage performance. The excellent optical/electrical coordination capabilities were implemented by paralleled processing both the optical and electrical signals the synaptic array of 784 devices, enabling to realize the badges and letters writing and erasing process. Finally, the established artificial visual convolutional neural network (CNN) through optical/electrical signal modulation can reach the high digit recognition accuracy of 96.5%. Therefore, our results provide a feasible route for future large-scale integrated artificial visual neuromorphic system.
Differential bone and vessel type formation at superior and dura periosteum during cranial bone defect repair
Authors: Zhai Yuankun , Zhou Zhuang , Xing Xiaojie , Nuzzle Mark , Zhang Xinping
Published: January 2025

The cranial mesenchyme, originating from both neural crest and mesoderm, imparts remarkable regional specificity and complexity to postnatal calvarial tissue. While the distinct embryonic origins of the superior and dura periosteum of the cranial parietal bone have been described, the extent of their respective contributions to bone and vessel formation during adult bone defect repair remains superficially explored. Utilizing transgenic mouse models in conjunction with high-resolution multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM), we have separately evaluated bone and vessel formation in the superior and dura periosteum before and after injury, as well as following intermittent treatment of recombinant peptide of human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH), Teriparatide. Our results show that new bone formation along the dura surface is three times greater than that along the superior periosteal surface following injury, regardless of Teriparatide treatment. Targeted deletion of PTH receptor PTH1R via SMA-CreER and Col 1a (2.3)-CreER results in selective reduction of bone formation, suggesting different progenitor cell pools in the adult superior and dura periosteum. Consistently, analyses of microvasculature show higher vessel density and better organized arterial-venous vessel network associated with a 10-fold more osteoblast clusters at dura periosteum as compared to superior periosteum. Intermittent rhPTH treatment further enhances the arterial vessel ratio at dura periosteum and type H vessel formation in cortical bone marrow space. Taken together, our study demonstrates a site-dependent coordinated osteogenic and angiogenic response, which is determined by regional osteogenic progenitor pool as well as the coupling blood vessel network at the site of cranial defect repair.
Artificial intelligence in clinical genetics
Authors: Duong Dat , Solomon Benjamin D.
Published: January 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been growing more powerful and accessible, and will increasingly impact many areas, including virtually all aspects of medicine and biomedical research. This review focuses on previous, current, and especially emerging applications of AI in clinical genetics. Topics covered include a brief explanation of different general categories of AI, including machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI. After introductory explanations and examples, the review discusses AI in clinical genetics in three main categories: clinical diagnostics; management and therapeutics; clinical support. The review concludes with short, medium, and long-term predictions about the ways that AI may affect the field of clinical genetics. Overall, while the precise speed at which AI will continue to change clinical genetics is unclear, as are the overall ramifications for patients, families, clinicians, researchers, and others, it is likely that AI will result in dramatic evolution in clinical genetics. It will be important for all those involved in clinical genetics to prepare accordingly in order to minimize the risks and maximize benefits related to the use of AI in the field.
Differential roles of human CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells in controlling self-reactive immune responses
Authors: Chen Xin , Ghanizada Mustafa , Mallajosyula Vamsee , Sola Elsa , Capasso Robson , Kathuria Karan Raj , Davis Mark M.
Published: January 2025

Here we analyzed the relative contributions of CD4+ regulatory T cells expressing Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) and CD8+ regulatory T cells expressing killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors to the control of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes in human tonsil-derived immune organoids. FOXP3 and GZMB respectively encode proteins FOXP3 and granzyme B, which are critical to the suppressive functions of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells. Using CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing, we were able to achieve a reduction of ~90–95% in the expression of these genes. FOXP3 knockout in tonsil T cells led to production of antibodies against a variety of autoantigens and increased the affinity of influenza-specific antibodies. By contrast, GZMB knockout resulted in an increase in follicular helper T cells, consistent with the ablation of CD8+ regulatory T cells observed in mouse models, and a marked expansion of autoreactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These findings highlight the distinct yet complementary roles of CD8+ and CD4+ regulatory T cells in regulating cellular and humoral responses to prevent autoimmunity.
TOM500: A Multi-Organ Annotated Orbital MRI Dataset for Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Zhang Haiyang , Chan Hoi Chi , Xu Jiashuo , Jiang Mengda , Tao Xiaofeng , Zhou Huifang , Song Xuefei , Fan Xianqun
Published: January 2025

This study presents TOM500, a comprehensive multi-organ annotated orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset. It includes clinical data, T2-weighted MRI scans, and corresponding segmentations from 500 patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) during their initial visit. TED is a common autoimmune disorder with distinct orbital MRI features. Segmentations of nine orbital structures, including the optic nerve, orbital fat, lacrimal gland, eyeball, and five extraocular muscles (superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris complex, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, and superior oblique), were generated by three junior annotators and reviewed by an expert radiologist. The consistency of the segmentations was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Clinical data, including sex, age, disease duration, and smoking status, are also provided for disease diagnosis and classification. TOM500, the largest publicly available orbital MRI dataset with expert annotations, is designed to facilitate the development of advanced computational tools for TED diagnosis, classification, and observation.
Dietary intake and risk assessment of nitrosamine in processed meat products among medical staff during their night shift
Authors: Tayel Dalia Ibrahim , Farrag Noorhan K. , Aborhyem Samar Mohamed
Published: January 2025

The study aims to evaluate the levels of nitrosamine, a known carcinogenic compound, in processed meat products and to assess its dietary intake and margin of exposure among medical staff, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses working night shifts at Alexandria University Hospitals. Additionally, the study seeks to evaluate the participants’ knowledge of dietary sources and regulatory limits of carcinogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 420 participants. Results showed that hotdogs contained the highest nitrosamine levels (159.24 ± 87.99 µg/g) with a consumption pattern of 0.02126 µg/kg BW/day. In contrast, sausages and burgers had the lowest nitrosamine content (2.36 µg/g and 2.37 µg/g, respectively). Luncheon meat also exhibited low nitrosamine levels and consumption patterns, at 18.53 µg/g and 0.00141 µg/kg BW/day, respectively. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated to assess risk, with a Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit (BMDL)10 value of 29 µg/kg BW/day as the reference point. MOE values ≥ 17,000, derived for nitrosamine exposure in this study, indicate a low level of concern for carcinogenic risk. A statistically significant difference in dietary nitrosamine intake was observed across different professions among the medical staff (p < 0.001).
Blood cancer prediction model based on deep learning technique
Authors: Shehta Amr I. , Nasr Mona , El Ghazali Alaa El Din M.
Published: January 2025

Blood cancer is among the critical health concerns among people around the world and normally emanates from genetic and environmental issues. Early detection becomes essential, as the rate of death associated with it is high, to ensure that the rate of treatment success is up, and mortality reduced. This paper focuses on improving blood cancer diagnosis using advanced deep learning techniques like ResNetRS50, RegNetX016, AlexNet, Convnext, EfficientNet, Inception_V3, Xception, and VGG19. Among the models assessed, ResNetRS50 had better accuracy and speed with minimal error rates compared with other state-of-the-arts. This work will exploit the power of ResNetRS50 in contributing to early detection and reducing bad outcomes for blood cancer patients. Blood cancer is currently one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, resulting from a combination of genetic and non-genetic factors. It stands as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both developed and developing nations. Early detection of cancer is pivotal in reducing mortality rates, as it increases the likelihood of successful treatment and potential cure. The objective is to decrease mortality rates through early diagnosis of blood cancer, thus offering individuals a better chance of survival from this disease.
A kurtosis-ESPRIT algorithm for RealTime stability assessment in droop controlled microgrids
Authors: Osama Adham , El-Hamalawy Abdallah F. , Ammar Mohammed E. , AbdelAty Amr M. , Zeineldin Hatem H. , EL-Fouly Tarek H. M. , El-Saadany Ehab F.
Published: January 2025

Although detailed analytical models for droop-controlled microgrids are available, they are computationally complex and do not consider real-time variations in microgrid parameters and operating conditions. This paper proposes Kurtosis-Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT) to identify the dominant modes in droop-controlled inverter-based microgrids (IBMGs) using local real-time measurements. In the proposed approach, a short-duration small disturbance is applied to the selected DG’s active power droop gain, and then, the system’s dominant modes are estimated from its local measurements. Additionally, a kurtosis measure is proposed as a quick measure to assess the estimation signal’s characteristics and evaluate the presence and prominence of significant modes within the signal. The effectiveness of the developed approach is validated via MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations. Four case studies were conducted to verify the robustness of the proposed algorithm as follows: under different values of active power droop gains, several variations of lines’ X/R ratios, various levels of noise, and under large load changes and topological disturbances. Besides, a controller-in-the-loop (CIL) experiment was conducted using OPAL-RT to provide a real-time validation of the results. The modes obtained from the proposed algorithm are validated against the analytically derived modes and the estimation accuracy is compared to the recent methods: Prony, Matrix Pencil, and Subspace Identification techniques. Results show higher estimation accuracy for the proposed approach with a robust performance in noisy environments, across varying load conditions, and under different network configurations.
Study of blood flow patterns in a stenosed artery through the combined effect of body acceleration and generalized womersley solution
Authors: Udupa Mahesh C. , Saha Sunanda , Natarajan Sekarapandian
Published: January 2025

Stenosis causes the narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup, which impedes blood flow and affects flow dynamics. This work numerically analyzes flow fluctuations in stenosed arteries under realistic physiological conditions (resting and exercise) and external body acceleration. The artery is inclined at angle

$$\Theta$$

Θ

, and blood rheology is modeled using a generalized power-law fluid. A modified two-dimensional SIMPLE pressure-correction-based numerical solver with orthogonal coordinate transformation simulates blood flow. A generalized Womersley solution is imposed at the inlet. We validate the solver and perform simulations to assess the influence of geometric and flow parameters, analyzing time-averaged and phase-averaged data. We investigate the correlation between hyperviscosity and physiological conditions, finding that exercise increases recirculation downstream of the stenosis. We also study the impact of transitioning between resting and exercise conditions, noting that the transition rate correlates with stenosis development, indicating potential complications.
Development of a novel fluorescence light-up Pb2+ sensor using a G-quadruplex complex with modified thioflavin T
Authors: Kim Duyeop , Kim Do Yeon , Han Ji Hoon
Published: January 2025

We developed a novel, cost-effective fluorescence light-up biosensor for Pb2+ detection using a label-free G-quadruplex combined with modified thioflavin T (ThT) derivatives, utilizing the unique K+-Pb2+-G-quadruplex conformation.
Rational engineering of a recognition group to construct a two-photon reaction-based fluorescent probe for rapid and selective sensing of cysteine
Authors: Zhang Ziwei , Shi Zhen , Yang Yumeng , Sun Junyong , Gao Feng
Published: January 2025

A two-photon benzothiadiazole-derived reaction-based fluorescent probe for rapid and selective sensing of cysteine designed via rational engineering of the recognition group is presented.
Design strategies and biomedical applications of organic NIR-IIb fluorophores
Authors: Zhang Xinming , Lin Jing , Huang Peng
Published: January 2025

This review systematically introduces the design strategies of organic NIR-IIb fluorophores and their biomedical applications, such as biomedical imaging and imaging-guided therapy.
A sequential Au(i)/TBAF-promoted rapid and selective functionalization of heteroarene N-oxides with alkynes
Authors: Jiang Mengfei , Zhu Huilong , Huang Lei , Luo Du , Shi Heping , Xu Zhou , Wu Nan
Published: January 2025

We present a rapid Au(i)-catalyzed strategy for N-heteroarene functionalization using TBAF as a nucleophile or base. The method provides excellent yields, broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, enabling diverse transformations.
Enhancing open-circuit voltage in FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells via self-formation of coherent buried interface FAPbIxCl3−x
Authors: Gao Cuina , Jia Sihui , Yin Xiaofei , Li Zhi , Yang Guang , Chen Jing , Li Zhaoqian , An Xingtao
Published: January 2025

The interfaces between the perovskite and charge-transporting layers typically exhibit high defect concentrations, which are the primary cause of open-circuit voltage loss.
Effects of bias voltage on microstructure and properties of vanadium dioxide films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering
Authors: Zhang Chuandong , Bai Jie , Guo Yuanjun , Hu Qiang , Liu Lei , Liu Hong , Hu Lang , Xiao Yongneng , Wang Qiang , Yang Zhenhuai
Published: January 2025

Applying an appropriate bias voltage during direct current magnetron sputtering can optimize the valence state, facilitate phase transition, and improve the performance of deposited VO2 film.
The role of spatial arrangement of aromatic rings on the binding of N,N′-diheteroaryl guanidine ligands to the G2C4/G2C4 motif DNA
Authors: Murakami Eitaro , Shibata Tomonori , Tomemori Megumi , Kawai Gota , Nakatani Kazuhiko
Published: January 2025

The spatial arrangement of aromatic rings plays a crucial role in the binding of N,N′-diheteroaryl guanidine ligands to the G2C4/G2C4 motif DNA. N,N′-di(quinazolin-2-yl)guanidine (DQzG) exhibits the highest binding affinity among these ligands.
A complementary experimental and computational study on methanol adsorption isotherms of H-ZSM-5
Authors: Matam Santhosh K. , Boudjema Lotfi , Quesne Matthew G. , Taylor James D. , Catlow C. Richard A.
Published: January 2025

The nature, location and distribution of acidic hydroxyls determine the methanol adsorption capacity, geometry and hence the isotherm profiles of fresh-ZSM-5 and steamed-ZSM-5.