bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promising biomarker panel to monitor therapeutic efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Gillson Josef E. , Byeon Sooin , Chou Angela , Maloney Sarah , Pavlakis Nick , Clarke Stephen J. , Chan David L. , Diakos Connie I. , Gill Anthony J. , Samra Jaswinder S. , Mittal Anubhav , Sahni Sumit
Published: November 2024

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can provide improved survival outcomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients who respond to treatment, but currently available biomarkers cannot reliably predict NAC response. This study aimed to determine the potential of a previously identified diagnostic and prognostic biomarker panel (i.e. Ca‐125, S100A2, S100A4, Mesothelin and Ca19‐9) for the monitoring of NAC‐response in PDAC patients.

Methods

This single‐centre, retrospective study, utilised serum from NAC treated PDAC patients to determine the levels of biomarkers by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The percentage of the tumour bed occupied by viable carcinoma (PVC) was used to divide patients into good (PVC < 50%) and poor (PVC ≥ 50%) NAC‐responders. Statistical analysis was performed to measure the ability of individual biomarkers and a biomarker panel in NAC treatment response and patient survival.

Results

Serum specimens from a total of 108 PDAC patients were assessed. Ca‐125, Ca19‐9 and S100A2 showed a significant positive correlation with PVC. Ca‐125 demonstrated a superior ability to monitor NAC treatment response (Area under receiver operating curve (AUC): .6954) compared to the more widely used clinical biomarker, Ca19‐9 (AUC: .6291). A panel of Ca‐125 and Ca19‐9 showed good ability to monitor NAC response in PDAC patients (AUC: .7349). Patients with high levels of both Ca‐125 and Ca19‐9 were shown to have the poorest overall survival (median overall survival: 17 vs. 30 months).

Conclusion

A serum biomarker panel of Ca‐125 and Ca19‐9 could be used for effective clinical management of PDAC patients undergoing NAC treatment.
Evidence‐Based Potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence Large Language Models on Dental Avulsion: ChatGPT Versus Gemini
Authors: Tokgöz Kaplan Taibe , Cankar Muhammet
Published: November 2024

Background

In this study, the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the answers given to questions about dental avulsion by two artificial intelligence‐based language models, ChatGPT and Gemini, were comparatively evaluated.

Materials and Methods

Based on the guidelines of the International Society of Dental Traumatology, a total of 33 questions were prepared, including multiple‐choice questions, binary questions, and open‐ended questions as technical questions and patient questions about dental avulsion. They were directed to ChatGPT and Gemini. Responses were recorded and scored by four pediatric dentists. Statistical analyses, including ICC analysis, were performed to determine the agreement and accuracy of the responses. The significance level was set as p < 0.050.

Results

The mean score of the Gemini model was statistically significantly higher than the ChatGPT (p = 0.001). ChatGPT gave more correct answers to open‐ended questions and T/F questions on dental avulsion; it showed the lowest accuracy in the MCQ section. There was no significant difference between the responses of the Gemini model to different types of questions on dental avulsion and the median scores (p = 0.088). ChatGPT and Gemini were analyzed with the Mann–Whitney U test without making a distinction between question types, and Gemini answers were found to be statistically significantly more accurate (p = 0.004).

Conclusions

The Gemini and ChatGPT language models based on the IADT guideline for dental avulsion undoubtedly show promise. To guarantee the successful incorporation of LLMs into practice, it is imperative to conduct additional research, clinical validation, and improvements to the models.
Non‐Surgical Endodontic Management of Large Periapical Lesions After Traumatic Dental Injuries
Authors: Tewari Nitesh , Rajeswary Amritha , Wikström Alina , Tsilingaridis Georgios
Published: November 2024

Traumatic dental injuries of permanent teeth result in multiple immediate and long‐term consequences depending upon the severity of trauma, age of the patient, the status of root maturity, and the emergency care provided. The healing responses may get disturbed due to severe damage, loss of vascularity of the supporting structures, and infections. As a result, the prohealing mediators and pathways are overpowered by the destructive stimuli often manifested by an increased osteoclastic activity. Among the various late complications, the apical periodontitis or the periapical lesions are most worrisome for the patients and create clinical dilemma for the dentists. In the past, many such lesions were classified as cysts and subjected to surgical management. However, better understanding of lesion pathophysiology, three‐dimensional imaging, and molecular pathways have established their inflammatory nature. The advancements in materials such as calcium silicates, and regenerative techniques have propelled the research related to non‐surgical endodontic management as its clinical acceptability. The treatment largely follows the recommendations of regenerative medicine and is based on four principles: (a) establishing the drainage or an endodontic access to the area, (b) removal of most of the triggering agents such as necrosed pulp, toxins, and inflammatory mediators, (c) disinfection of the area, controlling inflammation and reversal of the acidic pH, and (d) maintenance of this infection/inflammation‐free state for a long time through adequate sealing. This review aims to highlight the rationale of the approach, case selection, pathophysiology of the causation and healing, clinical protocols, and the limitations of non‐surgical endodontic management of large periapical lesions secondary to traumatic dental injuries.
Role of cholesterol in modulating brain hyperexcitability
Authors: Wheless James W. , Rho Jong M.
Published: November 2024

Cholesterol is a critical molecule in the central nervous system, and imbalances in the synthesis and metabolism of brain cholesterol can result in a range of pathologies, including those related to hyperexcitability. The impact of cholesterol on disorders of epilepsy and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies is an area of growing interest. Cholesterol cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, and thus the brain synthesizes and metabolizes its own pool of cholesterol. The primary metabolic enzyme for brain cholesterol is cholesterol 24‐hydroxylase (CH24H), which metabolizes cholesterol into 24S‐hydroxycholesterol (24HC). Dysregulation of CH24H and 24HC can affect neuronal excitability through a range of mechanisms. 24HC is a positive allosteric modulator of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and can increase glutamate release via tumor necrosis factor‐α‐dependent pathways. Increasing cholesterol metabolism can lead to dysfunction of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 and impair glutamate reuptake. Finally, overstimulation of NMDA receptors can further activate metabolism of cholesterol, leading to a vicious cycle of overactivation. All of these mechanisms increase extracellular glutamate and can lead to hyperexcitability. For these reasons, the cholesterol pathway represents a new potential mechanistic target for antiseizure medications. CH24H inhibition has been shown to decrease seizure behavior and improve survival in multiple animal models of epilepsy and could be a promising new mechanism of action for the treatment of neuronal hyperexcitability and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.
ESG, corporate piracy and Coasian contracting efficiency
Authors: DeAngelo Harry
Published: November 2024

Environmental, Social and Governance activism entails a subtle form of corporate piracy. It manifests in opportunistic backdoor attempts to convert firms that were incorporated to advance shareholders' pecuniary interests into firms that sacrifice pecuniary benefits to advance a social/political agenda favoured by a subset of activist shareholders. These surreptitious property rights encroachments raise an important issue: How should governance architecture (laws and charters) be structured and enforced to deal with shareholder disagreements and the resource dissipation (losses) that results therefrom? I address this issue using basic contracting efficiency principles of property rights economics traceable to Coase and to Alchian and Demsetz.
Lineage Differentiation and Genomic Vulnerability in a Relict Tree From Subtropical Forests
Authors: Zhu Xian‐Liang , Wang Jing , Chen Hong‐Feng , Kang Ming
Published: November 2024

The subtropical forests of East Asia are renowned for their high plant diversity, particularly the abundance of ancient relict species. However, both the evolutionary history of these relict species and their capacity for resilience in the face of impending climatic changes remain unclear. Using whole‐genome resequencing data, we investigated the lineage differentiation and demographic history of the relict and endangered tree, Bretschneidera sinensis (Akaniaceae). We employed a combination of population genomic and landscape genomic approaches to evaluate variation in mutation load and genomic offset, aiming to predict how different populations may respond to climate change. Our analysis revealed a profound genomic divergence between the East and West lineages, likely as the result of recurrent bottlenecks due to climatic fluctuations during the glacial period. Furthermore, we identified several genes potentially linked to growth characteristics and hypoxia response that had been subjected to positive selection during the lineage differentiation. Our assessment of genomic vulnerability uncovered a significantly higher mutation load and genomic offset in the edge populations of B. sinensis compared to their core counterparts. This implies that the edge populations are likely to experience the most significant impact from the predicted climate conditions. Overall, our research sheds light on the historical lineage differentiation and contemporary genomic vulnerability of B. sinensis. Broadening our understanding of the speciation history and future resilience of relict and endangered species such as B. sinensis, is crucial in developing effective conservation strategies in anticipation of future climatic changes.
Real‐World Experience of 3‐Year Treatment With Dupilumab: Significant Decrease in Circulating Neutrophils and Eosinophils in Japanese Patients With Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Nakajima Hideyuki , Kamata Masahiro , Okada Yoshiki , Suzuki Shoya , Ito Makoto , Watanabe Ayu , Egawa Shota , Chijiwa Chika , Hiura Azusa , Tomura Yayoi , Fukaya Saki , Hayashi Kotaro , Fukuyasu Atsuko , Tanaka Takamitsu , Ishikawa Takeko , Tada Yayoi
Published: November 2024

Dupilumab, an anti‐interleukin (IL)‐4 receptor α‐antibody, was approved in 2018 for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan. Although real‐world data have accumulated on the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in patients with AD in the short term, real‐world data on its long‐term use are limited. In this study, we retrospectively investigated its effectiveness, safety and laboratory data in patients with AD who received dupilumab for 3 years. All adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe AD who were administered dupilumab between June 2018 and December 2020 and were treated with dupilumab for more than 3 years were included in this study. Sixty Japanese patients with AD (male, 48; female, 12) were included in this study. Their mean age was 36.6 ± 11.0 (standard deviation) years. The mean Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) was 29.9 ± 9.2. The clinical severity scales, including Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA), EASI and affected body surface area (BSA), and patient‐reported outcomes, such as Dermatology Quality Life Index (DLQI), Patient‐Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) and visual analogue scale (VAS) of pruritus, significantly improved at 3 months, and at 1, 2 and 3 years after initiating dupilumab. The total EASI score significantly decreased by a mean of 66.8% at 3 months, 81.0% at 1 year, 85.3% at 2 years and 90.0% at 3 years after initiating dupilumab. The serum levels of thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), immunoglobulin E (IgE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) significantly decreased at 1, 2 and 3 years. A slight decrease in circulating neutrophils was observed in patients with AD treated with dupilumab over periods from 3 months to 3 years. The number of circulating eosinophils significantly decreased at 2 and 3 years after initiating dupilumab. The most common adverse event was ocular disorders observed in 23 patients (38.3%). Our study shows the sustained effectiveness and tolerable safety of 3‐year usage of dupilumab in Japanese patients with atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, dupilumab decreased neutrophil values at 3 months and later, and reduced the number of circulating eosinophils after long‐term use (≧ 2 years).
The Use of Image‐Based Data and Abundance Modelling Approaches for Predicting the Location of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Bennion Matthew , Rowden Ashley A. , Anderson Owen F. , Bowden David A. , Clark Malcolm R. , Althaus Franziska , Williams Alan , Geange Shane W. , Tablada Jordi , Stephenson Fabrice
Published: November 2024

Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) are typically fragile and slow to recover, thereby making them susceptible to disturbance, including fishing. In the high seas, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) requested regional fishery management organisations (RFMOs) to implement measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs. Here, we predict spatial abundances of 15 taxa, 13 VME indicator taxa, in the South Pacific RFMO (SPRFMO) area. Models used seafloor imagery data, an important advance on previously developed presence‐only predictions, to provide information on spatial variation in taxa abundance that is crucial for better inferring likely location of VMEs, rather than just distribution of VME indicator taxa. Abundance models varied in predictive power (mean R2 ranged 0.02–0.40). Uncertainty estimates of model predictions were developed to inform future spatial planning processes for conservation and management of VMEs. Using the VME index concept, abundance model outputs and previously published presence‐only model predictions were weighted using vulnerability scores, to explore how modelled outputs could provide spatial estimates of likely VME distribution. Spatial predictions of abundance improved on previous modelling to provide an almost complete suite of abundance models for VME indicator taxa in the western portion of the SPRFMO Convention area. Nevertheless, to improve utility of modelled outputs, we recommend more high‐quality seafloor imagery data be gathered within the SPRFMO Convention area to (1) validate abundance models developed here with independent data from the model area, (2) update models, if necessary, (3) link abundance information to ecosystem function and (4) explore validity of the adapted VME index approach used here.
Acclimation of Photosynthesis to CO2 Increases Ecosystem Carbon Storage due to Leaf Nitrogen Savings
Authors: Smith Nicholas G. , Zhu Qing , Keenan Trevor F. , Riley William J.
Published: November 2024

Photosynthesis is the largest flux of carbon between the atmosphere and Earth's surface and is driven by enzymes that require nitrogen, namely, ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBisCO). Thus, photosynthesis is a key link between the terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle, and the representation of this link is critical for coupled carbon‐nitrogen land surface models. Models and observations suggest that soil nitrogen availability can limit plant productivity increases under elevated CO2. Plants acclimate to elevated CO2 by downregulating RuBisCO and thus nitrogen in leaves, but this acclimation response is not currently included in land surface models. Acclimation of photosynthesis to CO2 can be simulated by the photosynthetic optimality theory in a way that matches observations. Here, we incorporated this theory into the land surface component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (ELM). We simulated land surface carbon and nitrogen processes under future elevated CO2 conditions to 2100 using the RCP8.5 high emission scenario. Our simulations showed that when photosynthetic acclimation is considered, photosynthesis increases under future conditions, but maximum RuBisCO carboxylation and thus photosynthetic nitrogen demand decline. We analyzed two simulations that differed as to whether the saved nitrogen could be used in other parts of the plant. The allocation of saved leaf nitrogen to other parts of the plant led to (1) a direct alleviation of plant nitrogen limitation through reduced leaf nitrogen requirements and (2) an indirect reduction in plant nitrogen limitation through an enhancement of root growth that led to increased plant nitrogen uptake. As a result, reallocation of saved leaf nitrogen increased ecosystem carbon stocks by 50.3% in 2100 as compared to a simulation without reallocation of saved leaf nitrogen. These results suggest that land surface models may overestimate future ecosystem nitrogen limitation if they do not incorporate leaf nitrogen savings resulting from photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2.
The Legal Geographies of Contracts: A Method on Formation, Substance and Enforcement
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2024

The legal technology of the contract has infiltrated modern society throughout public and private realms of law: from imaginaries and practices of citizenship, to commercial and governmental practicality. Contracts, in one form or another, underpin societal interactions across time and space as they are embedded within, and construct, networks of connections that not only regulate behaviours through immediate rights and obligations, but also reflect and produce broader social, political and economic regimes of power. Contracts also make, and unmake, places through regulation of access or exclusion, control and use in accordance with private agreements. Yet express scrutiny of contracts in geographical inquiry is scarce: geographers lack an established, contract‐focused methodology. This paper proposes a blueprint for an analytical research method that focuses on three elements of contractual relationships: formation, substance and enforcement. It will argue that concentrating analysis on these aspects of contractual relationships can generate understanding of how contracts reflect and shape power dynamics across society. This analytical framework aims to encourage and facilitate collaboration between scholars and practitioners to develop knowledge that can expose and address spatial injustice.
Assessing UV/SGM Photocatalytic PFAS Destruction Using a Lines of Evidence Approach
Authors: McIntyre Hannah , Wanzek Thomas , Hawley Elisabeth , Merrill John , Deeb Rula , Hart Megan
Published: November 2024

A recent research article described a multiple lines of evidence approach to demonstrate the effectiveness of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remediation technologies. These lines of evidence were developed by an interdisciplinary group including academic researchers, practitioners, and vendors. This article provides a brief overview of the lines of evidence approach and presents a practical application to a validated PFAS treatment technology that utilizes ultraviolet‐activated photocatalytic silica‐based granular media (UV/SGM) to filter concentrated PFAS‐containing liquids and achieve PFAS destruction. This case study illustrates the application of the lines of evidence approach and summarizes work done to validate an innovative PFAS treatment technology.
Long‐term outcomes of transvaginal mesh surgery for pelvic organ prolapse at a single center in Japan
Authors: Kato Chikako , Kuwata Tomoko , Kashihara Hiromi , Takeyama Masami
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the long‐term effectiveness and safety of transvaginal mesh surgery for pelvic organ prolapse at a high‐volume center in Japan.

Methods

Patients who underwent transvaginal mesh surgery between March 2010 and August 2015 were included and followed up for 5 years. As no mesh kits were available in our country, we used a self‐cut polypropylene mesh (Japanese‐style transvaginal mesh) for the procedures. Objective anatomical restoration and complications were evaluated during outpatient examinations.

Results

Overall, 711 patients were included in this study. Over 5 years, the recurrence rate of stage 2 or higher prolapse at the operated compartment was 8.6% (61 cases), whereas that at the other compartments was 12.8% (91 cases). The frequency of recurrence was highest at 3 months and decreased with each passing year in both compartments. During the follow‐up period, 28 patients (three at the operated compartment and 25 at the other compartments) required reoperation owing to recurrence. Overall, there were 13 cases of mesh exposure (1.8%), including two (0.28%) in the bladder, 10 (1.4%) in the vagina, and one (0.14%) in the rectum. Urinary incontinence surgery was performed in 69 patients (9.7%) during the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

The frequencies of recurrence requiring reoperation and mesh‐related complications were low, and vaginal mesh exposure was mostly asymptomatic. Therefore, the Japanese‐style transvaginal mesh is safe and effective.
Venezuelans in Peru: Adaptation attitudes, optimism and relations with host society
Authors: Stonawski Marcin
Published: November 2024

By August 2023, the global population of Venezuelan migrants and refugees had reached 7.7 million. This constitutes one of the world largest migration movements in the recent decades and is arguably the most significant one in the context of South–South migration. This paper investigates adaptation attitudes of Venezuelan migrants as well as the attitudes towards their adaptation among Peruvian neighbours living in Peru. Furthermore, we explore the importance of optimism and intergroup relations for the adaptation attitudes. For this purpose, we designed and conducted a survey among Venezuelan migrants and their Peruvian neighbours in Peru between April and May 2023. Significant differences in adaptation attitudes were identified between migrants and their native neighbours. Venezuelans exhibited a greater proclivity towards positive adaptation whereas their neighbours demonstrated a tendency to marginalize or separate migrants. This can potentially lead to give rise to heightened conflict between two populations, thereby becoming a significant factor driving further migration of Venezuelans to other countries. However, optimism emerged as significant factor in shaping adaptation attitudes across both populations.
Infant preference for specific phonetic cue relations in the contrast between voiced and voiceless stops
Authors: Hullebus Marc , Gafos Adamantios , Boll‐Avetisyan Natalie , Langus Alan , Fritzsche Tom , Höhle Barbara
Published: November 2024

Acoustic variability in the speech input has been shown, in certain contexts, to be beneficial during infants' acquisition of sound contrasts. One approach attributes this result to the potential of variability to make the stability of individual cues visible. Another approach suggests that, instead of highlighting individual cues, variability uncovers stable relations between cues that signal a sound contrast. Here, we investigate the relation between Voice Onset Time and the onset of F1 formant frequency, two cues that subserve the voicing contrast in German. First, we verified that German‐speaking adults' use of VOT to categorize voiced and voiceless stops is dependent on the value of the F1 onset frequency, in the specific form of a so‐called trading relation. Next, we tested whether 6‐month‐old German learning infants exhibit differential sensitivity to stimulus continua in which the cues varied to an equal extent, but either adhered to the trading relation established in the adult experiment or adhered to a reversed relation. Our results present evidence that infants prefer listening to speech in which phonetic cues conform to certain cue trading relations over cue relations that are reversed.
Soil Mulching Practices Increased Grain‐Filling Capacity of Rainfed Maize (Zea mays L.) by Improving Soil Hydrothermal Condition and Leaf Photosynthetic Potential
Authors: Liao Zhenqi , Lai Zhenlin , Kou Hongtai , Zhang Hui , Li Zhijun , Zhang Fucang , Fan Junliang
Published: November 2024

Grain‐filling rate and duration largely affect the grain‐filling capacity, which determines the grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Nevertheless, there is little about the mechanism of how various soil mulching practices affect the leaf photosynthetic potential and subsequent grain‐filling capacity of maize. Field experiments were undertaken on rainfed summer maize in northwest China under flat cultivation without mulch (FNM), flat cultivation with straw mulch (FSM), flat cultivation with transparent film mulch (FTF), flat cultivation with black film mulch (FBF), ridge‐furrow cultivation with transparent film mulch (RTF) and ridge‐furrow cultivation with black film mulch (RBF) in 2021 and 2022. This study explored the impact of various soil mulching patterns on soil hydrothermal condition, leaf growth, photosynthetic potential, aboveground dry matter growth and grain‐filling process of rainfed maize. The dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) and grain‐filling were fitted with growth equations, and the relationships of grain‐filling rate, leaf area duration and LAI withering rate were quantified. The results showed that, compared with FNM, other five soil mulching practices improved soil hydrothermal condition, the maximum LAI and leaf expansion rate but reduced leaf withering rate, thereby increasing radiation interception rate (RI) at the grain‐filling stage. The soil mulching practices also increased leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and the aboveground dry matter. Compared with FNM, other five practices extended the effective grain‐filling period and the active period of grain‐filling, increased the maximum and mean grain‐filling rates, improved the 100‐kernel weight and the average kernel per ear (KPE), thereby increasing grain yields by 9.2%, 33.7%, 38.0%, 46.3% and 58.6%, respectively. The functional relationships of grain‐filling rate and accumulated leaf area duration (y = a/(1 + b*exp(−kx))), and the functional relationships of grain‐filling rate and LAI withering rate (y = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2)) were first proposed. In conclusion, various soil mulching practices improved the soil hydrothermal condition, green leaves growth process and RI, which improved the leaf photosynthetic potential and the grain‐filling capacity, thereby increasing the 100‐kernel weight, KPE and grain yield. This study can help us quantitatively describe and better understand the maize grain‐filling process under various mulching practices.
Biogeographic Patterns in Density, Recruitment, Body Size and Zonation of Rocky Intertidal Predators Suggest Increased Population Vulnerability Near Southern Range Limits
Authors: Gravem Sarah A. , Bachhuber Silke , Bignami Sean , Chiachi Amanda E. , Field Laurel C. , Gaddam Rani N. , Raimondi Peter T. , Menge Bruce A.
Published: November 2024

Aim

Surveying the demography of populations near species range edges may indicate their vulnerability to range contractions or local extinction as the climate changes. In the rocky intertidal, not only are latitudinal ranges constricted by thermal stress, but tides also create zonation or a ‘vertical range’ driven by sharp environmental gradients. By investigating demographics along the latitudinal and vertical ranges simultaneously, we can investigate whether populations may be vulnerable to a changing climate.

Location

Rocky intertidal habitats along west coast of the United States.

Taxa

Ochre sea star Pisaster ochraceus, six‐armed sea star Leptasterias spp., emarginate whelks (Nucella ostrina and N. emarginata) and channeled whelk N. canaliculata.

Methods

In 2018, we surveyed the demographics of the taxa above at 33 sites spanning > 11° latitude from central Oregon to southern California, near the southern range limits of each taxon. We counted and sized individuals from the high to low intertidal zone. To understand how environmental stress changed with latitude, we evaluated intertidal temperatures in situ, as well as tidal extremes, tidal amplitude and wave exposure using offshore buoys.

Results

For all taxa, population density, the relative proportion of smaller individuals (except for emarginate whelks) and the upper vertical limits on the shore declined from north to south as temperatures increased and high tide height, tidal amplitude and wave heights decreased. In addition, smaller individual Leptasterias spp. generally inhabited lower shore levels while smaller individual emarginate whelks inhabited higher shore levels coastwide. For N. canaliculata, smaller animals were higher on shore northward, but lower on shore southward.

Main Conclusions

While this study is a snapshot in time and cannot assess impacts of climate change, our surveys suggest environmentally‐related demographic limitation toward southern range limits and demographically vulnerable southern populations. Therefore, a warming climate may cause local extinctions or range contractions near southern limits.
Differences in Time Usage as a Competing Hypothesis for Observed Group Differences in Accuracy with an Application to Observed Gender Differences in PISA Data
Authors: Kapoor Radhika , Fahle Erin , Kanopka Klint , Klinowski David , Ribeiro Ana Trindade , Domingue Benjamin W.
Published: November 2024

Group differences in test scores are a key metric in education policy. Response time offers novel opportunities for understanding these differences, especially in low‐stakes settings. Here, we describe how observed group differences in test accuracy can be attributed to group differences in latent response speed or group differences in latent capacity, where capacity is defined as expected accuracy for a given response speed. This article introduces a method for decomposing observed group differences in accuracy into these differences in speed versus differences in capacity. We first illustrate in simulation studies that this approach can reliably distinguish between group speed and capacity differences. We then use this approach to probe gender differences in science and reading fluency in PISA 2018 for 71 countries. In science, score differentials largely increase when males, who respond more rapidly, are the higher performing group and decrease when females, who respond more slowly, are the higher performing group. In reading fluency, score differentials decrease where females, who respond more rapidly, are the higher performing group. This method can be used to analyze group differences especially in low‐stakes assessments where there are potential group differences in speed.
Does the Transillumination Technique Using a Diagnostic White Tip Influence the Degree of Conversion of the Infiltrant Resin? A Case Report With In Vitro Insights
Authors: Borelli Neto Laurindo , Carneiro Taynara S. , Wendlinger Michel , Loguercio Alessandro D.
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate, through a case report combined with in vitro study, whether a new diagnostic white tip for the transillumination technique during resin infiltration influences the procedure and degree of conversion (DC).

Materials and Methods

A clinical case report demonstrated resin infiltration using the transillumination technique with a new white diagnostic tip (Radii Xpert LED diagnostic tip, SDI, Bayswater, VIC, AU) along with a light‐curing device to enhance aesthetic results. An in vitro study assessed the DC of two diagnostic white tips (Radii Xpert LED diagnostic tip [SDI, Bayswater, VIC, AU] and Valo Grand White Light Lens [Ultradent Prod., South Jordan, UT, USA]) compared to that achieved using conventional tips of both light‐curing devices. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).

Results

The clinical case achieved complete masking of the white spot lesion. In vitro, the diagnostic white tips exhibited significantly lower DC values compared to conventional tips (p = 0.001), regardless of the light‐curing unit.

Conclusions

The diagnostic white tip used in the transillumination technique improves resin infiltration visibility without compromising the degree of conversion.

Clinical Significance

The transillumination technique with the diagnostic white tip enables monitoring of resin infiltration while maintaining effective polymerization.
Exploring geriatric assessment‐driven rehabilitation referral patterns and its influence on functional outcomes and survival in older adults with advanced cancer
Authors: Brick Rachelle , Jensen‐Battaglia Marielle , Streck Brennan P. , Page Lindsey , Tylock Rachael , Cacciatore Jenna , Mustian Karen , Khatri Jamil , Giguere Jeff , Dib Elie G. , Mohile Supriya , Culakova Eva
Published: November 2024

Background

Older adults with advanced cancer experience functional disability that warrants rehabilitation services; however, evidence indicates inconsistencies in referral. The purpose was to (1) identify predictors of geriatric assessment (GA)‐driven referrals to rehabilitation services and (2) explore associations between referral and change in function, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), and overall survival among older adults with advanced cancer.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis (NCT020107443, UG1CA189961) of a nationwide GA clinical trial. Patients were older adults with advanced cancer who had at least one GA‐defined physical performance or functional status impairment. Primary outcomes were oncologist‐initiated discussion about or referral to rehabilitation services after the GA (Aim 1) and decline in activities of daily living (ADL), Instrumental ADL (IADL), and HRQoL within 3 months, and overall survival at 1 year (Exploratory Aims). Analyses included multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. Demographic and clinical factors were controlled for by using 1:1 propensity score matching.

Results

In total 265 patients were analyzed. After adjustment, impaired cognition (odds ratio [OR] = 2.25, p = 0.01), Karnofsky score indicating disability (OR = 2.86, p < 0.01), and receipt of monoclonal antibodies (OR = 1.95, p = 0.04) were associated with higher odds of referral. In contrast, polypharmacy was associated with lower odds of referral (OR = 0.31, p < 0.01). Referred patients were less likely to decline in ADL (OR 0.30, p = 0.07) and IADL (OR 0.64, p = 0.35), but more likely to decline in HRQoL (OR 1.20, p = 0.67) and have worse survival (HR 1.18, p = 0.62).

Conclusions

Cancer treatment, polypharmacy, cognition, and disability status likely influence oncologists' decision to refer for rehabilitation. Referral was not independently associated with change in functional disability, HRQoL, or survival. Future studies should evaluate patients' utilization of rehabilitation services post‐referral and determine whether dose/timing of rehabilitation services influence clinical outcomes.
Dampening the Financial Accelerator? Direct Lenders and Monetary Policy
Authors: BANERJEE RYAN , SERENA JOSE‐MARIA
Published: November 2024

Direct lenders, nonbank credit intermediaries with low leverage, have become increasingly important players in corporate loan markets. In this paper, we investigate the role they play in the monetary policy transmission mechanism, using U.S. dollar syndicated loan data covering the 1997–2018 period. We show that direct lenders are more likely to join loan syndicates whenever monetary policy announcements trigger a contraction in borrowers' net worth irrespective of the directional change in interest rates. Thus, our findings suggest that direct lenders dampen the financial accelerator channel of monetary policy.
A Psychosocial Exploration of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Apps in Cosmetic Procedures
Authors: Haykal Diala , Cartier Hugues , Flament Frederic
Published: November 2024

Background

The integration of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies into cosmetic dermatology offers new avenues for enhancing patient engagement, satisfaction, and decision‐making. These immersive tools allow patients to better visualize the outcomes of procedures before treatment, improving communication with physicians and increasing confidence in cosmetic interventions. Despite the promise these technologies hold, there remain concerns regarding their accessibility, technical limitations, ethical challenges, and the potential for algorithmic bias. This commentary aims to explore the psychosocial implications of AR and VR in cosmetic consultations, focusing on their benefits and potential drawbacks.

Methods

This commentary is based on a comprehensive review of literature on AR and VR applications in cosmetic procedures. The focus is on the psychosocial impact of these technologies, highlighting their influence on patient expectations, satisfaction, and decision‐making. Studies that evaluate the integration of AR and VR into cosmetic consultations were analyzed to assess the benefits and challenges associated with these tools.

Results

The analysis revealed that AR and VR significantly enhance patient involvement by allowing real‐time visualization of treatment outcomes, which improves both understanding and satisfaction. Patients reported feeling more informed and confident in their decisions when using these tools during consultations. Furthermore, these technologies allow physicians to offer more personalized and detailed consultations, thus improving communication and alignment of expectations. However, several challenges remain: AR and VR technologies are expensive, their use can lead to discomfort (cybersickness), and algorithmic bias may skew patient perceptions, particularly in underrepresented demographic groups. There are also ethical concerns about data security and transparency of the algorithms used in these systems.

Conclusion

AR and VR hold tremendous potential to revolutionize patient care in cosmetic dermatology by enhancing engagement, improving decision‐making, and increasing overall patient satisfaction. Nonetheless, the full realization of these benefits will require addressing technical and ethical challenges through ongoing research, regulatory oversight, and collaboration between medical professionals and technology developers.
The Phytophthora infestans effector Pi05910 suppresses and destabilizes host glycolate oxidase StGOX4 to promote plant susceptibility
Authors: Zhang Peiling , Li Jinyang , Gou Xiuhong , Zhu Lin , Yang Yang , Li Yilin , Zhang Yingqi , Ding Liwen , Ansabayeva Assiya , Meng Yuling , Shan Weixing
Published: November 2024

Phytophthora infestans is a notorious oomycete pathogen that causes potato late blight. It secretes numerous effector proteins to manipulate host immunity. Understanding mechanisms underlying their host cell manipulation is crucial for developing disease resistance strategies. Here, we report that the conserved RXLR effector Pi05910 of P. infestans is a genotype‐specific avirulence elicitor on potato variety Longshu 12 and contributes virulence by suppressing and destabilizing host glycolate oxidase StGOX4. By performing co‐immunoprecipitation, yeast‐two‐hybrid assays, luciferase complementation imaging, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and isothermal titration calorimetry assays, we identified and confirmed potato StGOX4 as a target of Pi05910. Further analysis revealed that StGOX4 and its homologue NbGOX4 are positive immune regulators against P. infestans, as indicated by infection assays on potato and Nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing StGOX4 and TRV‐NbGOX4 plants. StGOX4‐mediated disease resistance involves enhanced reactive oxygen species accumulation and activated the salicylic acid signalling pathway. Pi05910 binding inhibited enzymatic activity and destabilized StGOX4. Furthermore, mutagenesis analyses indicated that the 25th residue (tyrosine, Y25) of StGOX4 mediates Pi05910 binding and is required for its immune function. Our results revealed that the core RXLR effector of P. infestans Pi05910 suppresses plant immunity by targeting StGOX4, which results in decreased enzymatic activity and protein accumulation, leading to enhanced plant susceptibility.
A case of meningitis caused by Arcobacter butzleri
Authors: Yasuda Tsutomu , Inaba Yuka , Kinugasa Satoshi , Mawatari Momoko , Tanaka Yui , Ogura Kentaro , Tamura Misumi , Sumura Rena , Shirakawa Kana , Horiuchi Emiko , Ishibashi Yoshitaka , Hashida Hideji
Published: November 2024

A 73‐year‐old male who was a compromised host developed bacteremia, pyelonephritis, and bacterial meningitis due to Arcobacter butzleri. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of meningitis caused by A. butzleri. The outcome of treatment with meropenem was excellent. We speculate that the ingestion of contaminated chicken meat caused bacteremia via the digestive tract, leading to pyelonephritis and meningitis. A. butzleri is a possible cause of bacterial meningitis even in the absence of severe gastrointestinal symptoms.
Binding of PtoRAP2.12 to demethylated and accessible chromatin regions in the PtoGntK promoter stimulates growth of poplar
Authors: He Yuling , Zhou Jiaxuan , Lv Chenfei , Zhang Jinhan , Zhong Leishi , Zhang Donghai , Li Peng , Xiao Liang , Quan Mingyang , Wang Dan , Zhang Deqiang , Du Qingzhang
Published: November 2024

DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic modification for gene regulation in plant growth and development. However, the precise mechanisms of DNA methylation remain poorly understood, especially in woody plants.

We employed whole‐genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), assays for transposase‐accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC‐seq), and RNA‐Seq to investigate epigenetic regulatory relationships in Populus tomentosa treated with DNA methylation inhibitor 5‐azacitidine. Expression‐quantitative trait methylation analysis (eQTM), epigenome‐wide association study (EWAS), and joint linkage‐linkage disequilibrium mapping were used to explore the epigenetic regulatory genes, and using CRISPR/Cas9 to identify the role of candidate genes.

Plant developmental abnormalities occurred when DNA methylation levels were substantially reduced. DNA methylation regulated 112 expressed genes via chromatin accessibility, of which 61 genes were significantly influenced by DNA methylation variation at the population level. One DNA methylation‐regulated gene, PtoGntK, was located in a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for poplar growth. Overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 of PtoGntK revealed it affected poplar height and stem diameter. The PtoRAP2.12 was found to bind to the demethylated accessible region in the PtoGntK promoter, thereby promoting growth in poplar.

This study identified key genes with epigenetic regulation for plant growth and provides insights into epigenetic regulation mechanisms in woody plants.
Exploring Older People's Experiences and Factors Associated With 30‐Day Hospital Readmission: A Qualitative Study Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Stavrou Fanis , Adams Jo , Patel Harnish P. , Vassilev Ivaylo , Samuel Dinesh
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Hospital readmission has a negative impact on older people and the healthcare system. Current hospital readmission research predominantly reports on clinical outcomes based on cross‐sectional data. Research exploring patients' experiences and priorities is limited. This study aimed to explore older people's experiences of hospital readmission in order to develop an understanding of what matters most to them.

Methods

Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted to generate data that were analysed using principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results

Ten participants over 65 years old, who had experienced unplanned hospital readmission within a period of 30 days, were recruited from a large single tertiary referral centre. Four themes emerged: ‘All about me without me’, ‘Fragmented and ad hoc post‐discharge support’, ‘My readmission experience and what led me back’ and ‘Segregated health and social services that are detached from people's needs’.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest that patients should be more involved in decisions about their care, and health professionals should endeavour to better understand the contexts, resources and access to formal and informal support of patients. Effective communication and stronger continuum of care could be a key to patients' recovery and avoidance of hospital readmission. This research highlights the importance of shared decision‐making and patient‐centred care to improve quality of care, maintain independence and preserve older adult's right to feel valued.
Emotion processes in voice‐hearers: Understanding differences in emotional reactivity, emotion regulation and alexithymia
Authors: Cusworth Kelly , Paulik Georgie , Thomas Neil , Preece David , Campitelli Guillermo , Mathersul Danielle C.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Disrupted emotion processes are commonly linked to the onset and maintenance of auditory verbal hallucinations. However, a comprehensive approach using an extended emotion model has not previously been applied to voice‐hearers to distinguish impairments in emotion processes from non‐clinical populations. The present study hypothesised voice‐hearers, as compared to controls, would have (1) higher reactivity to negative emotions and lower reactivity to positive emotions, (2) more difficulties regulating negative and positive emotions, (3) more maladaptive strategy use, and (4) higher alexithymia.

Method

T‐tests tested these hypotheses, comparing self‐report measures of emotional reactivity, emotion regulation and alexithymia in voice‐hearers (n = 50) to controls (n = 53).

Results

There were no group differences in emotional reactivity to positive or negative emotions. Compared to controls, voice‐hearers showed difficulties in both positive and negative emotion regulation, were more likely to use expressive suppression, and were more likely to be alexithymic.

Conclusions

These findings may help researchers and clinicians identify difficulties in voice‐hearers' emotion processing, providing better direction for case formulation and treatment.
Beyond regulatory capture: Policy entrepreneurs' strategies in regulatory policies under authoritarianism
Authors: El Haddad Ahmed Fouad
Published: November 2024

This article examines the role of policy entrepreneurs in countering regulatory capture, a phenomenon whereby regulatory bodies influenced by industry lobbying often prioritize private over public interests. The study employs an abductive process‐tracing approach to investigate the 2013 drug pricing reform in Morocco, illustrating how substantial policy shifts can occur even in authoritarian contexts susceptible to regulatory capture. The findings underscore the pivotal role of Houcine El Ouardi, the former Minister of Health, whose strategic leadership exemplified policy entrepreneurship. His capacity to navigate and surmount industry resistance was instrumental to the reform's success, culminating in a significant reduction in drug prices. This case challenges conventional wisdom regarding regulatory capture, demonstrating that individual agency can reshape regulatory outcomes despite opposition. By elucidating how policy entrepreneurs can drive transformative change in resistant regulatory environments under authoritarian regimes, the study contributes to the literature on policy entrepreneurship and regulation.