bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trimethylation of the R5 Silica‐Precipitating Peptide Increases Silica Particle Size by Redirecting Orthosilicate Binding
Authors: Buckle Erika L. , Sampath Janani , Michael Nina , Whedon Samuel D. , Leonen Calvin J. A. , Pfaendtner Jim , Drobny Gary P. , Chatterjee Champak
Published: June 2020

The unmodified R5 peptide from silaffin in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis rapidly precipitates silica particles from neutral aqueous solutions of orthosilicic acid. A range of post‐translational modifications found in R5 contribute toward tailoring silica morphologies in a species‐specific manner. We investigated the specific effect of R5 lysine side‐chain trimethylation, which adds permanent positive charges, on silica particle formation. Our studies revealed that a doubly trimethylated R5K3,4me3 peptide has reduced maximum activity yet, surprisingly, generates larger silica particles. Molecular dynamics simulations of R5K3,4me3 binding by the precursor orthosilicate anion revealed that orthosilicate preferentially associates with unmodified lysine side‐chain amines and the peptide N terminus. Thus, larger silica particles arise from reduced orthosilicate association with trimethylated lysine side chains and their redirection to the N terminus of the R5 peptide.
Inducible Genetic Code Expansion in Eukaryotes
Authors: Koehler Christine , Estrada Girona Gemma , Reinkemeier Christopher D. , Lemke Edward A.
Published: June 2020

Genetic code expansion (GCE) is a versatile tool to site‐specifically incorporate a noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) into a protein, for example, to perform fluorescent labeling inside living cells. To this end, an orthogonal aminoacyl‐tRNA‐synthetase/tRNA (RS/tRNA) pair is used to insert the ncAA in response to an amber stop codon in the protein of interest. One of the drawbacks of this system is that, in order to achieve maximum efficiency, high levels of the orthogonal tRNA are required, and this could interfere with host cell functionality. To minimize the adverse effects on the host, we have developed an inducible GCE system that enables us to switch on tRNA or RS expression when needed. In particular, we tested different promotors in the context of the T‐REx or Tet‐On systems to control expression of the desired orthogonal tRNA and/or RS. We discuss our result with respect to the control of GCE components as well as efficiency. We found that only the T‐REx system enables simultaneous control of tRNA and RS expression.
Gastrointestinal bleeding as an initial manifestation of gastric lipoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sabbah Meriam , Nakhli Abdelwahab , Helal Imen , Bellil Nawel , Ouakaa Asma , Gargouri Dalila
Published: June 2020

Gastric lipoma should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis in patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. Diagnosis is mainly done by radiologic and endoscopic findings. It presents characteristic pathognomonic endoscopic signs.
Harlequin ichthyosis: A case report of severe presentation in Eritrea
Authors: Ogbe W Zemichael , Alarabi Tarig Gasim Mohamed
Published: June 2020

The severe form of harlequin ichthyosis is often lethal in the perinatal period, and it is commonly a product of consanguineous parents. Therefore, in vitro fertilization and pregenetic diagnosis are recommended to avoid the recurrence of the error.
Nitrogen and Oxygen Co‐Doping Assisted Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Pd Nanoparticles on Hollow Carbon Spheres as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Xingkun , Chen Zongkun , Chen Sineng , Wang Huanlei , Huang Minghua
Published: June 2020

Electrochemical reduction of O2 (oxygen reduction reaction; ORR) provides an opportunity to achieve the commercial application of clean energy, but it remains challenging, so the rational design of inexpensive and efficient electrocatalysts is required. Palladium‐based electrocatalysts have emerged as a class of the most promising candidates for the ORR, which could accelerate O2 adsorption, dissociation, and electron transfer. However, the metal Pd atoms tend to aggregate into nanoparticles, driven by the tendency of the metal surface free energy to decrease, which significantly reduces the atom utilization efficiency and the catalytic performance. Herein, a facile double solvent impregnation method is developed for the synthesis of highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles supported on hollow carbon spheres (Pd‐HCS), which could act as efficient electrocatalysts for the ORR in basic solution. Systematic investigation reveals that the nitrogen‐containing and oxygen‐containing functional groups (especially −COOH groups) are essential for achieving the homogenous dispersion of Pd nanoparticles. Significantly, the optimized Pd‐HCS electrocatalyst with homogeneously dispersed Pd nanoparticles and Pd−N sites delivers high electrocatalytic activity for the ORR and excellent stability, without significant decay in onset potential and half‐potential and good resistance to methanol crossover. This work offers a new route for the rational design of efficient ORR electrocatalysts toward advanced materials and emerging applications.
Electrosynthesis of Unique AgII Fluoride Quantum Antiferromagnets in Anhydrous HF
Authors: Połczyński Piotr , Jurczakowski Rafał , Mazej Zoran , Dobrzycki Łukasz , Grzelak Adam , Grochala Wojciech
Published: June 2020

The first successful electrosynthesis of polycrystalline AgIIFBF4 and single crystalline AgIIF2 in both galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions was achieved at the Boron‐Doped Diamond electrode in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Silver(I) oxidation and the F2 evolution reactions are well separated in the potential scale. Temperature of performing electrosynthesis as well as BF3 overpressure were found to be key variables of the process. Impedance spectroscopy measurements provided insight into the mechanism of formation of silver(II) fluorides pointing out to the presence of HF‐soluble Ag(BF4)2 intermediate. The phase purity of the products was determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Oligomerization: An Inherent Property of Sulfonimidamides?
Authors: Chen Yantao , Aurell Carl‐Johan , Rae Rebecca
Published: June 2020

The treatment of the TBS‐protected p‐toluenesulfonimidamide with HCl exclusively affords the deprotected product. However, when HCl was replaced with formic acid, and the reaction mixture was left for an extended time or treated at high temperature, a mixture of oligomers was obtained as main products. The relevant N,N'‐capped oligomers were prepared through carbamoylation with p‐chlorophenyl isocyanate. The key to dicarbamoylation is to remove formic acid from the reaction mixture. For comparison, methylsulfonimidamide (as the representative of alkyl sulfonimidamides) was tested under similar conditions. Dissimilarly, the oligomerization occurred slowly, and the N,N'‐dicarbamoylation is needed for an adequate separation of the oligomeric derivatives by HPLC. Oligomerization is an unexpected but inherent feature of sulfonimidamides, thus it is suggested that sulfonimidamides should be prepared in the HCl form or the TBS‐protected derivatives to minimize the risk of formation of oligomers. Additionally, this work provides a simple approach to access oligomeric sulfonimidamides, an unexplored motif.
The Pandemic: Lessons for Bioethics?
Authors: Meilaender Gilbert
Published: June 2020

Seeking useful ways to respond to the Covid‐19 pandemic, bioethicists have been tempted to claim for themselves what Alasdair MacIntyre characterized in After Virtue as the moral fiction of managerial expertise. They have been eager to offer a wide range of policy prescriptions, presenting themselves as bureaucratic managers and suggesting an expertise that bioethics may not in fact be able to offer. This was evident, for example, in the petition published by The Hastings Center in March 2020. The pandemic could foster a more hopeful future for bioethics if it were to focus attention less on policy decisions that belong to all citizens and more on some of the most basic moral questions that life presents and with which bioethics has always dealt—including, surely, the virtues needed in order to live well in a time of pandemic.
AI Surveillance during Pandemics: Ethical Implementation Imperatives
Authors: Shachar Carmel , Gerke Sara , Adashi Eli Y.
Published: June 2020

Artificial intelligence surveillance can be used to diagnose individual cases, track the spread of Covid‐19, and help provide care. The use of AI for surveillance purposes (such as detecting new Covid‐19 cases and gathering data from healthy and ill individuals) in a pandemic raises multiple concerns ranging from privacy to discrimination to access to care. Luckily, there exist several frameworks that can help guide stakeholders, especially physicians but also AI developers and public health officials, as they navigate these treacherous shoals. While these frameworks were not explicitly designed for AI surveillance during a pandemic, they can be adapted to help address concerns regarding privacy, human rights, and due process and equality. In a time where the rapid implementation of all tools available is critical to ending a pandemic, physicians, public health officials, and technology companies should understand the criteria for the ethical implementation of AI surveillance.
Global Disparity and Solidarity in a Pandemic
Authors: Ho Anita , Dascalu Iulia
Published: June 2020

While the domestic effect of structural racism and other social vulnerabilities on Covid‐19 mortality in the United States has received some attention, there has been much less discussion (with some notable exceptions) of how structural global inequalities will further exacerbate Covid‐related health disparity across the world. This may be partially due to the delayed availability of accurate and comparable data from overwhelmed systems, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. However, early methods to procure and develop treatments and vaccines by some high‐income countries reflect ongoing protectionist and nationalistic attitudes that can systemically exclude access for people in regions with weaker health systems. What's needed is a global coordinated effort, based on the principle of solidarity, to foster equitable health care access.
Disability and the Damaging Master Narrative of an Open Future
Authors: Stramondo Joseph A.
Published: June 2020

It is sometimes argued that medical professionals should protect a future child's rights by prohibiting disabled parents from using technology to deliberately have a disabled child because disability is taken as an inevitable, severe threat to a child's otherwise “open” future. I will first argue that the open future that allegedly protects a child's future autonomy is precluded by the very conditions needed to develop that future autonomy. Any child's future will be narrowed as they are socialized in a way that gives them the capacity for autonomous choice. However, oppressive master narratives can diminish a future child's autonomy by distorting their narrative identity and constricting their agency. In fact, the open future argument does just this by advancing one of the most damaging master narratives about disability: that disability inevitably and severely restricts a person's autonomy and closes their future.
Downregulation of low‐density lipoprotein receptor class A domain‐containing protein 4 (Ldlrad4) in the liver of rats treated with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen to induce transforming growth factor β signaling promoting cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis in early hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Ito Yuko , Nakajima Kota , Masubuchi Yasunori , Kikuchi Satomi , Okano Hiromu , Saito Fumiyo , Akahori Yumi , Jin Meilan , Yoshida Toshinori , Shibutani Makoto
Published: June 2020

We previously found downregulation of low‐density lipoprotein receptor class A domain‐containing protein 4 (LDLRAD4), a negative regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling, in glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P) expressing (+) pre‐neoplastic lesions produced by treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for up to 90 days in rats. Here, we investigated the relationship between LDLRAD4 downregulation and TGFβ signaling in nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The transcripts of Tgfb and Hb‐egf increased after ≥28 days of treatment. After 84 or 90 days, Snai1 increased transcripts and the subpopulation of GST‐P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 co‐expressed TGFβ1, phosphorylated EGFR, or phosphorylated AKT2, and downregulated PTEN, showing higher incidences than those in GST‐P+ foci expressing LDLRAD4. The subpopulation of GST‐P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 also co‐expressed caveolin‐1 or TACE/ADAM17, suggesting that disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through a loss of LDLRAD4 enhances EGFR and PTEN/AKT‐dependent pathways via caveolin‐1‐dependent activation of TACE/ADAM17 during nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The numbers of c‐MYC+ cells and PCNA+ cells were higher in LDLRAD4‐downregulated GST‐P+ foci than in LDLRAD4‐expressing GST‐P+ foci, suggesting a preferential proliferation of pre‐neoplastic cells by LDLRAD4 downregulation. Nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens markedly downregulated Nox4 after 28 days and later decreased cleaved caspase 3+ cells in LDLRAD4‐downregulated GST‐P+ foci, suggesting an attenuation of apoptosis by LDLRAD4 downregulation through activation of the EGFR pathway. At the late hepatocarcinogenesis stage in a two‐stage model, LDLRAD4 downregulation was higher in adenoma and carcinoma than in pre‐neoplastic cell foci, suggesting a role of LDLRAD4 downregulation in tumor development. Our results suggest that nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens cause disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through downregulating LDLRAD4 toward carcinogenesis in the rat liver.
Polarized Raman scattering and infrared dispersion analysis of Na2ZnGeO4 ceramics
Authors: Viegas Jéssica Ivone , Moreira Roberto Luiz , Dias Anderson
Published: June 2020

The structural, chemical, morphological, and optical‐vibration properties of Na2ZnGeO4 ceramic samples prepared by conventional solid‐state processing and sintered at 1,100°C are investigated in detail. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) showed that single‐phase samples belonging to the monoclinic Pn (=
) space group were obtained. Optical‐vibration investigations by polarized Raman and infrared spectroscopies altogether allowed us to present the characteristic features of the relevant polar phonons of the material, for the first time. Twenty‐nine out of the 45 optical modes predicted for Na2ZnGeO4 by group theory were determined, and their symmetries are revealed. The dielectric strengths of the modes that contribute to the dielectric response were obtained. Besides, the infrared dispersion parameters allowed us to calculate the extrapolated dielectric constants ε0 = 7.62 and ε∞ = 2.80, and an intrinsic quality factor Qu × f = 154 THz, at 10 GHz. The obtained values show that this material can be classified as a low‐k high‐Q ceramics, which potential applications in microwave circuitry.
Comparison of a cold‐sprayed and plasma‐sprayed Fe25Cr20Mo1Si amorphous alloy coatings on 40Cr substrates
Authors: Cao Qi , Huang Guosheng , Ma Li , Xing Lukuo
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether cold spraying is capable of manufacturing high‐quality ferrous‐based amorphous alloy coatings by comparing the performance of a cold‐sprayed with a plasma‐sprayed Fe25Cr20Mo1Si amorphous coating on a 40Cr substrate. The hardness, microstructure, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the two coatings were determined with potentiodynamic polarization curves, neutral salt spray tests, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction and their performance differences were examined. The results show that the cold‐sprayed Fe25Cr20Mo1Si coating has an amorphous content of 97.63%, which is slightly higher than that for the raw powder (97.24%) and plasma‐sprayed coating (96.55%). The coating hardness ranges from 720 HV to 1,030 HV, which is higher than plasma‐sprayed coating (590–610 HV) and decreases the wear rate to about 2/3. The average porosity is 2.97 ± 0.59%, which is lower than that of the plasma‐sprayed coating (4.95 ± 0.13%). The cold‐sprayed Fe25Cr20Mo1Si coating can pass the 3,000 hr neutral salt spraying test, while the plasma‐sprayed coating fails within 120 hr. The corrosion current in 3.5% NaCl solution reached to its stable value about 1.66 A/cm2, which is about 1/4 of the plasma‐sprayed coating (5.81 A/cm2). Upon analyzing the properties and the anticorrosion performance, it was found that there are no through‐thickness pores in the cold‐sprayed coating that impact its long‐term anticorrosion performance. Cold spraying can be used to fabricate ferrous‐based amorphous coatings instead of traditional thermal spraying technologies to obtain high‐quality ferrous‐based amorphous coatings.
Acoustic scattering in a rarefied gas: Solving the R13 equations in spherical polar coordinates
Authors: Martin P. A.
Published: June 2020

In some circumstances, sound waves in a rarefied gas can be studied using a linearised form of the regularised 13‐moment equations of Struchtrup and Torrilhon. We build solutions of those equations in spherical polar coordinates using vector spherical harmonics. We first solve a reduced system of equations (with 11 unknowns) after introduction of a force vector (divergence of the stress). We then show that the stresses themselves can be recovered by solving five additional equations. The results obtained are expected to be useful for problems such as acoustic scattering of a plane wave by a sphere in a rarefied gas.
Time reversibility of the discrete element method
Authors: Hanley Kevin J.
Published: June 2020

An algorithm is presented for discrete element method simulations of energy‐conserving systems of frictionless, spherical particles in a reversed‐time frame. This algorithm is verified, within the limits of round‐off error, through implementation in the LAMMPS code. Mechanisms for energy dissipation such as interparticle friction, damping, rotational resistance, particle crushing, or bond breakage cannot be incorporated into this algorithm without causing time irreversibility. This theoretical development is applied to critical‐state soil mechanics as an exemplar. It is shown that the convergence of soil samples, which differ only in terms of their initial void ratio, to the same critical state requires the presence of shear forces and frictional dissipation within the soil system.
Green scalable vapor texture etching for multicrystalline silicon wafers
Authors: Sun Pei‐Yu , Tsai Pi‐Chen , Liang Po‐Yu , Hsu Hsiao‐Ping , Sutejo Agustina , Yang Allen , Lan Chung‐Wen
Published: June 2020

In recent years, the low‐cost diamond‐wire (DW) slicing has been widely used for single‐crystalline silicon (sc‐Si) wafers, and this makes sc‐Si solar cells very attractive to the market. On the contrary, the adoption of DW slicing for multicrystalline (mc‐Si) wafers is troublesome because of poor texturing quality in the existing production lines using acid solutions. We have developed a vapor texture etching (VTE) process with the combination of both acid and reacted vapors for DW sliced mc‐Si wafers. The etching process was rather simple and low cost. More importantly, the acid usage was low and recyclable, so that the acid emission was low as well. Its scale‐up was easy and straightforward. In this lab‐scale reactor, more than 50 full‐size wafers could be processed each time. The etched wafers had uniform appearance and low reflectivity, around 10%. After the nanostructure pores were enlarged by post treatments to minimize surface recombination, the full‐size mc‐Si solar cell fabricated by Solartech could achieve an efficiency of 19.7% using the Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) structure, which was comparable with the average production efficiency.
Optoelectronically active luminescent valine‐substituted perylene diimide: structure‐property correlation via spectroscopic and density functional approaches
Authors: Durga Geeta , Verma Vinay K. , Tomar Richa , Prajapati Roopali , Chauhan Vishakha , Aggarwal Nikhil
Published: June 2020

In literature, the applicability of solution‐phase perylene diimides (PDIs) semiconductors are limited due to their restricted solubility in solvents. In contrast, we synthesized a highly soluble and novel valine‐functionalized PDI derivative (perylene diimide diacid, PDIDA) whose optical and electrical properties were carefully assessed by experimental and density functional approaches. Notably, on valine substitution, the ultraviolet‐visible absorption band centered at 524 nm was attributed to the predominant HOMO ➔ LUMO electronic transition (weighing coefficient = 99 %). Interestingly, the nonuniform variation (W‐shaped) in absorption energy for HOMO ➔ LUMO electronic transition in PDIDA with solvent dielectric constant was experimentally witnessed. The latter was computationally attributed to the more S1 stabilization over So solvent stabilization, particularly in ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, upon 525 nm excitation, the maximum fluorescence emission was observed at 533 nm with photoluminescence quantum yield as high as 0.77. Interestingly, similar to absorption studies, pronounced influence of solvent polarity was evident on the emission maximum particularly in ethanol and DMSO. Subsequently, electrochemical investigation proved that the PDIDA sustained the intrinsic n‐type semiconductivity with a dielectric constant (εr) 5, a current of 0.54 mA at 5 V, and an electrical conductivity of 1.88 × 10−5 Sm−1. Owing to the above remarkable properties of the synthesized PDIDA, it holds potential applications in photovoltaics, fluorescence‐based detectors and n‐type channel field effect transistors, and so forth.
Tension Between a Vanishing Cosmological Constant and Non‐Supersymmetric Heterotic Orbifolds
Authors: Groot Nibbelink Stefan , Loukas Orestis , Mütter Andreas , Parr Erik , Vaudrevange Patrick K. S.
Published: June 2020

We investigate under which conditions the cosmological constant vanishes perturbatively at the one‐loop level for heterotic strings on non‐supersymmetric toroidal orbifolds. To obtain model‐independent results, which do not rely on the gauge embedding details, we require that the right‐moving fermionic partition function vanishes identically in every orbifold sector. This means that each sector preserves at least one, but not always the same Killing spinor. The existence of such Killing spinors is related to the representation theory of finite groups, i.e. of the point group that underlies the orbifold. However, by going through all inequivalent (Abelian and non‐Abelian) point groups of six‐dimensional toroidal orbifolds we show that this is never possible: For any non‐supersymmetric orbifold there is always (at least) one sector, that does not admit any Killing spinor. The underlying mathematical reason for this no‐go result is formulated in a conjecture, which we have tested by going through an even larger number of finite groups. This conjecture could be applied to situations beyond symmetric toroidal orbifolds, like asymmetric orbifolds.
Slow‐decaying presynaptic calcium dynamics gate long‐lasting asynchronous release at the hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 pyramidal cell synapse
Authors: Chamberland Simon , Timofeeva Yulia , Evstratova Alesya , Norman Christopher A. , Volynski Kirill , Tóth Katalin
Published: June 2020

Action potentials trigger two modes of neurotransmitter release, with a fast synchronous component and a temporally delayed asynchronous release. Asynchronous release contributes to information transfer at synapses, including at the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) to CA3 pyramidal cell synapse where it controls the timing of postsynaptic CA3 pyramidal neuron firing. Here, we identified and characterized the main determinants of asynchronous release at the MF–CA3 synapse. We found that asynchronous release at MF–CA3 synapses can last on the order of seconds following repetitive MF stimulation. Elevating the stimulation frequency or the external Ca2+ concentration increased the rate of asynchronous release, thus, arguing that presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics is the major determinant of asynchronous release rate. Direct MF bouton Ca2+ imaging revealed slow Ca2+ decay kinetics of action potential (AP) burst‐evoked Ca2+ transients. Finally, we observed that asynchronous release was preferentially mediated by Ca2+ influx through P/Q‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels, while the contribution of N‐type VGCCs was limited. Overall, our results uncover the determinants of long‐lasting asynchronous release from MF terminals and suggest that asynchronous release could influence CA3 pyramidal cell firing up to seconds following termination of granule cell bursting.
The New Descriptors Effective on the Detonation Performance of Aluminized Explosives
Authors: Zohari Narges , Roosta Saeed Tavangar , Shariati Azam
Published: June 2020

The relationship between detonation velocity and the elemental composition of components of aluminized explosives are assessed through quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR). Here, two new reliable, simple models are proposed for estimating aluminized explosives detonation heat and velocity based on molecular structure by applying QSPR. In this methodology it is assumed that these two detonation parameters can be presented as a function of elemental composition, density and several structural parameters. This new correlation of heat detonation has determination coefficient of 0.930, root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 324.4 and average absolute deviation (AAD) of 446kJ·kg–1 for 36 aluminized explosives with different molecular structures as the training set. The predictive power of this new correlation is checked through a cross validation method. Statistical parameters reveal relatively good result for this correlation. Also, the determination coefficient of detonation velocity for the other new model is 0.960 and it has 151.1 (RMSD) and 107.9 m·s–1 (AAD) for 42 aluminized explosives with different molecular structures as training set. Reliability and validity of new correlation investigated (Q2Ext = 0.948, Q2LOO = 0.938, and Q2LMO = 0.937). The good ability of this new model for prediction detonation velocity of aluminized explosives are confirmed.
Learning from Data Journeys
Authors: Leonelli Sabina
Published: June 2020

The introduction discusses the idea of data journeys and its characteristics as an investigative tool and theoretical framework for this volume and broader scholarship on data. Building on a relational and historicized understanding ofdata as lineages, it reflects on the methodological and conceptual challenges involved in mapping, analyzing and comparing the production, movement and use of data within and across research fields and approaches, and the strategies developed to cope with such difficulties. The introduction then provides an overview of significant variation among data practices in different research areas that emerge from the analyses of data journeys garnered in this volume. In closing, it discusses the significance of this approach towards addressing the challenges raised by data-centric science and the emergence of big and open data.
The Reuse of Digital Computer Data: Transformation, Recombination and Generation of Data Mixes in Big Data Science
Authors: Tempini Niccolò
Published: June 2020

This chapter is concerned with the relationship between the materiality of digital computer data and their reuse in scientific practice. It builds on the case study of a ‘data mash-up’ infrastructure for research with environmental, weather and population health data. I problematise the extent to which scientists reusing digital computer data heavily manipulate the sources through complex and situated calculative operations, as they attempt to re-situate data well beyond the epistemic community in which they originated, and adapt them to different theoretical frameworks, methods and evidential standards. The chapter interrogates the consequent relationship between derivative data and the data sources from which they originate. The deep relationality of scientific computer data is multi-layered and scaffolded, as it depends on relations between various kinds of data, computing technologies, assumptions, theoretical scaffoldings, hypotheses and other features of the situation at hand.
Realizing Healthful Housing: Devices for Data Travel in Public Health and Urban Redevelopment in the Twentieth Century United States
Authors: Ramsden Edmund
Published: June 2020

The field of housing is dependent upon data from a wide range of sources, as issues of architecture, engineering, finance, sanitation, public health and social relations must all be considered in policy, planning and design. This chapter documents the efforts of housing and public health experts in mobilizing housing data across different disciplinary and social spaces in the 1930s and 40s. To overcome the immense challenge of making such extensive and diverse information available and useful, we will explore howactionabilitywas built into the very methods of collecting, processing, and circulating information. New standards and appraisal techniques were devised by the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing of the American Public Health Association that would shape and determine housing data journeys in critically important ways. It was by devising new ways to simultaneously collect, organize, package and translate data in a way that was meaningful for planners and policy-makers, that led to healthful housing surveys and public health ideals playing a critical role in a period of intensive urban redevelopment and renewal in the mid-twentieth century United States.
Visual Metaphors: Howardena Pindell, Video Drawings, 1975
Authors: Tempini Niccolò
Published: June 2020

Closing reflections on data journeys through the contemplative reading of a visual work by Howardena Pindell.
The Datum in Context: Measuring Frameworks, Data Series and the Journeys of Individual Datums
Authors: Morgan Mary S.
Published: June 2020

Studying a social whole such as a city, an economy, or a society, requires the construction of ‘group data sets’ where the group is made up of a number of individual data series, each one in turn made up of a string of individual data points or datums. This group set forms the most important context for considering the travels of any single numerical datum. The purpose of this paper is to explore and explain how it is that different kinds of group data sets, where the data are collected and aligned according to different measuring principles and to represent different subject matters, affect the travels of any datum point in the group. Using examples from social science, the paper examines how the relations of the data points within the whole set determine the possibilities for any single individual datum to travel within and out of its set, and how the integrity and fruitfulness of data or datum journeys will be dependent on those bit-whole relations that characterize the group data set.
Sharing Data, Repairing Practices: On the Reflexivity of Astronomical Data Journeys
Authors: Hoeppe Götz
Published: June 2020

This chapter probes into how scientists’ discursive interactions are oriented not only to others’ arguments but also toward achieving an agreement on what data are like and how they ought to be used. It does so by attempting a reading of an episode of data re-use from recent astronomy that is mindful of researchers’ interactional and discursive work. I focus on the presumed detection, in 2004, of a galaxy at record distance from Earth. The original data became public at the time of publication and were soon re-used and supplemented with new observations by other teams. Data re-using scientists sought to reconstruct the practices used in making the discovery claim, and found them at fault. This allowed them to suggest the repair of data and of data use practices, which were subsequently taken up by the scientists who had claimed the discovery. I argue that this work was enabled by astronomy’s discipline-specific architecture for observation, of which objectual, technological and institutional elements provide contexts and resources for achieving the reflexive repair of data and data use practices. These astronomers experience data journeys more as reflexive loopings in screen-mediated work than as itineraries across physical sites or geographies.
O-plane couplings at order α′2: one R-R field strength
Authors: Mashhadi Mahboube , Garousi Mohammad R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract

It is known that the anomalous Chern-Simons (CS) coupling of O
p
-plane is not consistent with the T-duality transformations. Compatibility of this coupling with the T-duality requires the inclusion of couplings involving one R-R field strength. In this paper we find such couplings at order α′
2. By requiring the R-R and NS-NS gauge invariances, we first find all independent couplings at order α′
2. There are 1, 6, 28, 20, 19, 2 couplings corresponding to the R-R field strengths F
(p−4), F
(p−2), F
(p), F
(p+2), F
(p+4) and F
(p+6), respectively. We then impose the T-duality constraint on these couplings and on the CS coupling C
(p−3) ∧ R ∧ R at order α′
2 to fix their corresponding coefficients. The T-duality constraint fixes all coefficients in terms of the CS coefficient. They are fully consistent with the partial couplings that have been already found in the literature by the S-matrix method.
The large charge expansion and AdS/CFT
Authors: de la Fuente Anton , Zosso Jann
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The scaling dimensions of charged operators in conformal field theory were recently computed in a large charge expansion. We verify this expansion in a dual AdS model. Specifically, we numerically construct solitonic boson star solutions of Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar theory in AdS4 and find that its mass at large charge reproduces the universal form of the lowest operator dimension in the large U(1) charge sector of the dual 2+1 dimensional CFT.
Changes in transfusion and fluid therapy practices in severely injured children: an analysis of 5118 children from the TraumaRegister DGU®
Authors: Piekarski Florian , Kaufmann Jost , Engelhardt Thomas , Raimann Florian J. , Lustenberger Thomas , Marzi Ingo , Lefering Rolf , Zacharowski Kai , Meybohm Patrick ,   TraumaRegister DGU
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Trauma is the leading cause of death in children. In adults, blood transfusion and fluid resuscitation protocols changed resulting in a decrease of morbidity and mortality over the past 2 decades. Here, transfusion and fluid resuscitation practices were analysed in severe injured children in Germany.

Methods

Severely injured children (maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3) admitted to a certified trauma-centre (TraumaZentrum DGU®) between 2002 and 2017 and registered at the TraumaRegister DGU® were included and assessed regarding blood transfusion rates and fluid therapy.

Results

5,118 children (aged 1–15 years) with a mean ISS 22 were analysed. Blood transfusion rates administered until ICU admission decreased from 18% (2002–2005) to 7% (2014–2017). Children who are transfused are increasingly seriously injured. ISS has increased for transfused children aged 1–15 years (2002–2005: mean 27.7–34.4 in 2014–2017). ISS in non-transfused children has decreased in children aged 1–15 years (2002–2005: mean 19.6 to mean 17.6 in 2014–2017). Mean prehospital fluid administration decreased from 980 to 549 ml without affecting hemodynamic instability.

Conclusion

Blood transfusion rates and amount of fluid resuscitation decreased in severe injured children over a 16-year period in Germany. Restrictive blood transfusion and fluid management has become common practice in severe injured children. A prehospital restrictive fluid management strategy in severely injured children is not associated with a worsened hemodynamic state, abnormal coagulation or base excess but leads to higher hemoglobin levels.
Analytical determination of the end-winding portion of the winding-to-rotor capacitance for the prediction of bearing voltage in electrical machines
Authors: Stockbrügger Jan Ole , Ponick Bernd
Published: June 2020

The number of inverter-fed motors is increasing due to the good controllability of the motor and the meanwhile low acquisition costs. As a result of the discrete switching states of the power transistors, the average of the three output voltages of a two-level inverter is a common mode voltage, which differs from zero. The common mode voltage is impressed into the motor winding by the inverter, and an image of the common mode voltage is produced across the bearings via the winding-to-rotor capacitance. The voltage applied to the motor bearings can exceed the dielectric strength of the lubricating film of the bearings and lead to discharge currents resulting in damage to the motor bearings. The winding-to-rotor capacitance is composed of a slot and an end-winding portion. In this article, an analytical determination of the end-winding portion of the winding-to-rotor capacitance is presented, which, in addition to the rotor geometry, considers the influence of materials with different permittivities. The method is validated by means of FEM simulations for different geometries and materials.
Clinical features associated with the development of hydrocephalus following TBI in the paediatric age group
Authors: Ved Ronak , Fraser Rebecca , Hamadneh Sarah , Zaben Malik , Leach Paul
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Predictive factors for post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) in adults have been elucidated but remain uncertain for children. We aimed to identify the prevalence of PTH in paediatric patients and identify clinical/radiological factors which may increase the probability of children developing PTH.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of all patients < 16 years old admitted to our unit with traumatic brain injury (TBI) between March 2013 and June 2018, 108 patients in total. Patients were classified as mild (13–15), moderate (9–12) or severe (3–8) TBI based on admission GCS. Three independent reviewers collected data from case notes. CT scans were reviewed for hydrocephalus using Evan’s index. Two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests with a p value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Median patient age was 7 years, and 65% were males (n = 70). PTH wasn’t identified in any patients with mild/moderate TBI (n = 79). In cases of severe TBI (n = 29), three patients developed PTH requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunting (10%; p = 0.02). Radiological features which were significantly more common in the PTH group were intraventricular haemorrhage (p = 0.05) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (p = 0.03). There was also a trend towards a statistically significant association with subdural haematoma (p = 0.07). The need for other neurosurgical procedures, such as fracture elevation and craniotomy, did not increase the probability of developing with PTH (p = 0.08).

Discussion

The prevalence of PTH in our study is 2.7%. Factors which may be associated with a higher probability of developing PTH may include IVH, SAH, severity of TBI, and subdural haematoma. We propose a national prospective multicentre database of paediatric PTH. The data collected on prevalence, presentation, risk factors, and management could guide contemporary management and improve the outcomes of children with PTH.
Large-scale pathway specific polygenic risk and transcriptomic community network analysis identifies novel functional pathways in Parkinson disease
Authors: Bandres-Ciga S. , Saez-Atienzar S. , Kim J. J. , Makarious M. B. , Faghri F. , Diez-Fairen M. , Iwaki H. , Leonard H. , Botia J. , Ryten M. , Hernandez D. , Gibbs J. R. , Ding J. , Gan-Or Z. , Noyce A. , Pihlstrom L. , Torkamani A. , Soltis A. R. , Dalgard C. L. ,   The American Genome Center, Scholz S. W. , Traynor B. J. , Ehrlich D. , Scherzer C. R. , Bookman M. , Cookson M. , Blauwendraat C. , Nalls M. A. , Singleton A. B. ,   the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium
Published: June 2020

Polygenic inheritance plays a central role in Parkinson disease (PD). A priority in elucidating PD etiology lies in defining the biological basis of genetic risk. Unraveling how risk leads to disruption will yield disease-modifying therapeutic targets that may be effective. Here, we utilized a high-throughput and hypothesis-free approach to determine biological processes underlying PD using the largest currently available cohorts of genetic and gene expression data from International Parkinson’s Disease Genetics Consortium (IPDGC) and the Accelerating Medicines Partnership-Parkinson’s disease initiative (AMP-PD), among other sources. We applied large-scale gene-set specific polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses to assess the role of common variation on PD risk focusing on publicly annotated gene sets representative of curated pathways. We nominated specific molecular sub-processes underlying protein misfolding and aggregation, post-translational protein modification, immune response, membrane and intracellular trafficking, lipid and vitamin metabolism, synaptic transmission, endosomal–lysosomal dysfunction, chromatin remodeling and apoptosis mediated by caspases among the main contributors to PD etiology. We assessed the impact of rare variation on PD risk in an independent cohort of whole-genome sequencing data and found evidence for a burden of rare damaging alleles in a range of processes, including neuronal transmission-related pathways and immune response. We explored enrichment linked to expression cell specificity patterns using single-cell gene expression data and demonstrated a significant risk pattern for dopaminergic neurons, serotonergic neurons, hypothalamic GABAergic neurons, and neural progenitors. Subsequently, we created a novel way of building de novo pathways by constructing a network expression community map using transcriptomic data derived from the blood of PD patients, which revealed functional enrichment in inflammatory signaling pathways, cell death machinery related processes, and dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. Our analyses highlight several specific promising pathways and genes for functional prioritization and provide a cellular context in which such work should be done.
Long-term variability of bioclimatic conditions and tourism potential for Warsaw agglomeration (Poland)
Authors: Rozbicka Katarzyna , Rozbicki Tomasz
Published: June 2020

The research area includes one of the largest in terms of population and also the most attractive tourist area in Poland—Warsaw agglomeration. The aim of the study is to assess the temporal and spatial difference of the heat stress on the human body in this area based on long-term data (1980–2016). On the basis of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and designated Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS) diagrams, a comprehensive and detailed bioclimate assessment was made for three different areas. The highest values of the UTCI as well as the frequency of thermal sensations related to heat stress occurred at the Bielany station representing the city area, and the lowest at stations representing suburban area—Legionowo and outskirts—Okęcie. A negative linear trend of the number of days was observed for thermal stress related to cold stress and the category of ‘no thermal stress’ while a positive linear trend was obtained for thermal stress related to heat stress. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that in summer months (in June over 60%) the conditions are favourable for the residents causing the lack or slight intensification of the body’s adaptation processes and they are beneficial for practicing various forms of recreation and tourism. However, on the other hand, the rise in the number of days with the ‘strong and very strong heat stress’ especially at the station representing the city area is a disturbing factor and negatively affecting both the health and well-being of agglomeration residents in the future.
Remarks on Rational Vector Fields on $\mathbb {C}\mathbb {P}^{1}$
Authors: Klimeš Martin , Rousseau Christiane
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we introduce geometric tools to study the families of rational vector fields of a given degree over $\mathbb {C}\mathbb {P}^{1}$
ℂ

ℙ

1

. To a generic vector field of such a parametric family, we associate several geometric objects: a periodgon, a star domain, and a translation surface. These objects generalize objects with the same name introduced in previous works on polynomial vector fields. They are used to describe the bifurcations inside the families. We specialize to the case of rational vector fields of degree 4.
Usage of supplementary cementitious materials: advantages and limitations
Authors: Pacewska Barbara , Wilińska Iwona
Published: June 2020

It is well known that cement production is not neutral for natural environment among others due to high CO2emission. Different strategies of mitigation of negative environmental impact of its production are developed. One of the ways is utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in the manufacture of cement and concrete. Introduction of aluminosilicate SCMs into binding mixture makes that more amount of so-called C–A–S–H phase appears in hydration products, affecting microstructure and properties of final hardened composite. The aim of this work is to discuss the possibilities of utilization of selected SCMs in different binding mixtures including some advantages and limitations. Literature review on the subject was carried out. Some of our own research results were also presented. In the Part I of this review, some information about history of ancient binding materials and the possibilities of inspiring modern engineers with ancient constructions in the aspect of using SCMs in modern concrete were presented. Using pozzolanic aluminosilicate SCMs in relation to their influence on formed products, microstructure and mechanical properties of hardened material were discussed. Some problems with possibilities of study of SCMs reaction degree were identified. Emphasis was put on the usefulness of isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis for investigations of hydration process and identification of hydrated products as well as evaluation of degree of reaction of SCMs.
Residual Layer Removal of Technical Glass Resulting from Reactive Atmospheric Plasma Jet Etching by Pulsed Laser Irradiation
Authors: Kazemi Faezeh , Arnold Thomas , Lorenz Pierre , Ehrhardt Martin , Zimmer Klaus
Published: June 2020

Ultrahigh-precision machining of glass is indispensable for optical component fabrication and therefore for applications. In this regard, plasma jet assisted chemical etching technologies enable new fabrication processes for enhanced optical functionalities due to their deterministic localized machining capabilities. This technique has been successfully applied to fused silica and silicon. However, applications require specific glass properties are related to complex material compositions of the glass. Hence, reactive plasma etching of these optical glasses is a challenging task. For instance, etching of metal oxide containing glass like N-BK7 by a fluorine-based reactive atmospheric plasma jet (RAPJ) exhibits currently limitations due to the formation of non-volatile reaction products that remain on the glass surface as a layer. Therefore, a procedure consisting of RAPJ etching and laser ablation is proposed for the machining of N-BK7. The capability of laser-based removal of residual layers is compared to water-based solving of the residual layer. After RAPJ etching of N-BK7 using a CF4–O2 gas mixture with an average microwave power of 16 W, the samples are cleaned either by a water-based solvent or by the ablation with a nanosecond-pulsed ultraviolet laser. The laser irradiation with fluences of 2.8 J/cm2 results in a localized removal of the residual layer. It is demonstrated that the roughness of the laser-cleaned N-BK7 surface is similarly low as solvent-based cleaned samples but the pulsed laser enhanced cleaning allows a dry processing at atmospheric pressure as well as a localized processing with a high lateral resolution.