bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cue reactivity in dependent amphetamine users: can monistic conditioning theories advance our understanding of reactivity?
Authors: TOPP LIBBY , LOVIBOND PETER F. , MATTICK RICHARD P.
Published: October 2005

Forty‐eight dependent injecting amphetamine users (AUs) and 48 controls were exposed to an amphetamine‐related video and three affective control videos, and their amphetamine‐related responses (amphetamine symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, and for AUs, “positive” and “negative” craving, based on the desire for positive and negative reinforcement, respectively) were recorded after each one. Both groups responded to the amphetamine video with increased withdrawal symptoms relative to control videos, suggesting that drug‐related cues have significant unconditioned aversive properties. Between‐group differences in amphetamine symptoms were evident only after the amphetamine video, supporting a conditioned drug agonistic model of cue reactivity. Among AUs, both positive and negative craving increased significantly after the amphetamine video, providing prima facie evidence for both conditioned withdrawal and conditioned drug agonistic accounts of cue reactivity. However, the lack of consistent and strong correlations between the two types of craving and the affective states hypothesized to induce such craving cannot be accommodated by the dominant models of the role of conditioning in maintaining addictive behaviours. This suggests a need to build upon theories of cue reactivity which predict conditioned responses to be either drug‐like or drug‐opposite.
Relations among alcohol consumption measures derived from the Cognitive Lifetime Drinking History
Authors: RUSSELL MARCIA , PEIRCE ROBERT S. , VANA JOYCE E. , NOCHAJSKI THOMAS H. , CAROSELLA ANN MARIE , MUTI PAOLA , FREUDENHEIM JO , TREVISAN MAURIZIO
Published: October 2005

Few studies have been conducted of chronic alcohol effects on health and social outcomes. To evaluate the utility and feasibility of such studies, correlations between lifetime and current measures of total alcohol consumption (ounces) and times intoxicated were examined to determine whether these dimensions of drinking are distinct. Studies were conducted in 2142 respondents ages 35 to 70 selected from lists of licensed drivers and individuals eligible for Medicare. Lifetime measures of alcohol consumption and times intoxicated were derived from the Cognitive Lifetime Drinking History (CLDH). Depending on age and sex of the subgroups examined, current consumption accounted for only about 10–25% of the variability in lifetime alcohol consumption; current and lifetime times intoxicated were even less highly correlated. Lifetime and current measures of alcohol consumption accounted for approximately 40–50% of the variability in corresponding lifetime and current measures of times intoxicated in younger cohorts, but this fell to 25% and less in older cohorts. These findings support the use of lifetime measures of alcohol consumption and times intoxicated based on the CLDH together with current measures to investigate chronic and acute alcohol effects on health and social outcomes.
Injecting nation: achieving control of hepatitis C in Australia
Authors: WODAK ALEX
Published: October 2005

Since Australia banned heroin in 1953 consumption of illicit drugs, deaths, crime and corruption related to drugs have steadily increased. Injecting drug use (IDU) in Australia is now a significant public health problem linked each year to approximately 500 overdose deaths and more than 6000 hepatitis C infections. At least 85% of prevalent and incident hepatitis C cases in Australia are injecting drug users (IDUs) with annual incidence estimated at 15%. Although poorly documented, increasing numbers of patients with end‐stage liver disease from hepatitis C now appear to present in Australia. This reflects a heroin‐injecting epidemic commencing a quarter of a century ago, the close association between drug injecting and hepatitis C and the long delay between hepatitis C infection and complications. The overall health and economic burden of hepatitis C may soon exceed HIV. Control is far more difficult to achieve for hepatitis C than HIV because of much higher baseline prevalence levels and far greater infectiousness by blood to blood spread. Transmission appears to follow minimal breaches of infection control guidelines. Hepatitis C has not yet become a priority public health issue in Australia. No national prevention strategy has been proposed. Prevention strategies (such as needle exchange or methadone) which controlled HIV among IDUs should be expanded, with the expectation of some useful reduction of spread but without achieving control of hepatitis C. Other options for control must be considered. Eradicating illicit drug use in Australia is unachievable. Virtually eradicating injecting drug use by facilitating a switch to non‐injecting routes of administration (NIROA) is achievable (although difficult) and this could control hepatitis C. NIROA will have the probable additional benefit of reducing drug overdose deaths. NIROA has begun recently to replace injecting in several countries without government intervention. Powerful cultural, pharmacological and economic factors strongly reinforce drug injecting. Economic impediments to NIROA could be reduced by drug policy reform. Facilitating a switch to NIROA carries some risk of increased discrimination directed against an already marginalized population. A major obstacle to harm reduction is the common assumption that any relaxation of drug policy invariably leads to increased consumption. Switching the predominant route of administration of illicit drugs from IDU to NIROA should be the major focus of national efforts to control hepatitis C and overdose deaths in Australia.
Deaths in the first two weeks of maintenance treatment in NSW in 1994: identifying cases of iatrogenic methadone toxicity
Authors: CAPLEHORN JOHN R. M.
Published: October 2005

A study was undertaken to estimate the frequency of iatrogenic methadone toxicity in the first 2 weeks of maintenance treatment in NSW. Cases were identified from a list of all 1994 methadone‐associated deaths using data on methadone patients held by the NSW and Queensland Health Departments. The likely causes of death were determined from data collected from coronial files. A forensic toxicologist experienced in the area gave an independent opinion. Of the 14 deaths in the first 2 weeks of maintenance, at least 10 were primarily caused by the toxic effects of methadone prescribed by NSW doctors. The rate of fatal iatrogenic methadone toxicity was 2.2 per thousand admissions to maintenance. Victims of fatal iatrogenic toxicity often displayed signs of methadone intoxication in the days before their death. They invariably died several hours after taking the fatal dose, usually after seeming to go to sleep. Often friends or family were concerned about their welfare, were unable to rouse them from their “sleep” and frequently reported the deceased was “snoring” loudly for some time before their demise. The author recommends that patients entering methadone maintenance should be informed of the risks and should be required to give written consent to treatment. To prevent fatal methadone toxicity, patients should receive daily medical assessment during the first 1–2 weeks of maintenance.
Treatment needs of women with alcohol and other drug problems: experiences and views of Australian treatment personnel
Authors: SWIFT WENDY , COPELAND JAN
Published: October 2005

One hundred treatment personnel completed a structured interview as part of an Australian national study of the treatment needs of women with alcohol and other drug problems. The aim of the survey was to ascertain personnel's experiences of, and beliefs about providing services to women. Respondents had a broad range of qualifications and experience, and were generally supportive of provision of gender‐sensitive services to women. The interview addressed a number of issues, including: barriers to treatment access, ability to provide gender‐sensitive services, appropriateness of women‐only services, and addressing sexual abuse issues. It is concluded that while many agencies attempted to provide appropriate services for women, many experienced difficulties, such as a lack of resources and funding. There is a continuing need for research into the best method of service delivery for women.
Development of a questionnaire to examine the role of counsellors working with school students and their families with alcohol or other drug‐related problems
Authors: GROVE JILLIAN C. , BUSH ROBERT A.
Published: October 2005

The Role Perception Questionnaire (RPQ) was developed to measure the perceptions of school‐based counsellors who work with students or their families with alcohol, tobacco or other drug‐related problems. The Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ) was used as a guide in developing the RPQ. This paper addresses the conceptual development, factor structure and internal reliability of this new questionnaire. Content and face validity were examined using expertise from the field. Statistical analysis of the 47 items resulted in the identification of four factors (sub‐scales) described as Role Adequacy, Role Support, Role Perception and Role Definition. Recommendations are made for further development of the questionnaire and its use as a tool for assessing training needs for those who work with young people in schools.
Readability of Patient Handout Materials in a Nationwide Sample of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Programs
Authors: Greenfield Shelly F. , Sugarman Dawn E. , Nargiso Jessica , Weiss Roger D.
Published: October 2005

The objective of this study was to assess the readability of a nationwide sample of alcohol and drug abuse treatment programs' materials. Of 646 programs that were randomly selected from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information directory, 52 programs returned completed materials. The average readability grade level of materials was 11.84 (SD = 0.94). The program staff estimations were significantly lower than actual reading levels of materials, and no program characteristics correlated with readability levels. Thus, it was concluded that materials written at high readability levels may not be effective tools for all patients. Integrating knowledge regarding program materials' readability level and literacy levels of different populations could be successful aides to substance abuse treatment.
Persistence of Antidepressant Treatment Effects in a Pharmacotherapy Plus Psychotherapy Trial for Active Injection Drug Users
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Solomon David A. , Anderson Bradley J. , Herman Debra S. , Anthony Jennifer L. , Brown Richard A. , Ramsey Susan E. , Miller Ivan W.
Published: October 2005

The objective of this study was to determine if combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy reduces reported depressive symptoms compared to an assessment only condition for active drug injectors over nine months. Using a randomized controlled trial at an outpatient academic research office, the researchers applied psychotherapy (eight sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy) plus pharmacotherapy (citalopram) to active injection drug users with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of major depression, dysthymia, substance‐induced mood disorder with symptoms persisting for at least three months, or major depression plus dysthymia, and a Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (MHRSD) score greater than 13. The MHRSD scale scores were then assessed at the completion of three, six, and nine months. Participants (n = 109) were 64% male and 82% Caucasian, with a mean baseline MHRSD score of 20.7. Depression subtypes included major depression only (63%), substance‐induced depression (17%), and double‐depression (17%). Study retention at nine months was 89% . At the completion of three months of acute treatment, 26% of combined treatment patients (n = 53), compared to 12% of control patients (n = 56), were in remission (p = .047). At both six and nine months, the between‐group differences in remission rates and mean MHRSD scores were insignificant, although the overall mean MHRSD score decreased from baseline (p < .01). At all follow‐up assessments, depression remission was significantly associated with lower heroin use. Among active drug injectors diagnosed with depression, symptoms decline over time. Combined treatment is superior to an assessment‐only condition in depression remission rates at the end‐of‐treatment, but this difference does not persist.
Evaluation of a sexual education intervention among Swedish high school students
Authors: Larsson Margareta , Eurenius Karin , Westerling Ragnar , Tydén Tanja
Published: October 2005

Aims: To evaluate an intervention aimed at improving knowledge of, attitudes to, and practices regarding condoms and emergency contraception (ECP) among Swedish high school students. Methods: An intervention study with quasi-experimental design. A strategic sample of classes from two vocational high school programs was divided into an intervention group and a comparison group. All students completed questionnaires before and after the intervention, which included sexual education lessons by a nurse-midwife and medical students, free condoms on request and access to telephone counseling. Results: Of the 461 eligible students, mean age 17 years, 390 (85%) completed the pre-test and 326 (71%) the post-test. Three out of four (77%) had experienced sexual intercourse. The majority (76%) had used contraception, mostly condoms at first intercourse. The students already had good knowledge of condoms with no change after the intervention, but attitudes improved and condom use increased. Knowledge of, and attitudes towards ECP improved but use remained stable (29%). The most important source of information about ECP changed from ``friends'' to ``school'' after the intervention. More than one out of four (28%) had opted for free condoms but only 3% had requested telephone counseling. Conclusions: Condom use increased after the intervention whereas the use of ECP remained stable. Knowledge of ECP improved and the attitudes towards both condoms and ECP became more positive. Participation of nurse-midwives and medical students, skill rehearsal, and improved access to condoms may be useful elements in sexual education.
Deafhood: A concept stressing possibilities, not deficits
Authors: Ladd Paddy
Published: October 2005

Born-deaf, sign-language-using people have for the past two centuries been placed within a succession of externally constructed models, notably the traditional ``medical'' or pathological model. This perceives them primarily as biologically deficient beings in need of cures or charity in order to be successfully assimilated into society. This paper proposes that the concept of colonialism is the one that most appropriately describes the ``existential'' reality of deaf communities, and offers instead a deaf-constructed model. Utilizing recent confirmation of the existence of bona-fide feaf cultures, it highlights the extent to which these communities have resisted such models, maintaining their own beliefs concerning their validity and quality of their existence, and what they offer to non-deaf societies. This ``vulnerability as strength'' is manifested through the concept of deafhood, which is presented as the first move towards a formal narrative of decolonizing and liberatory possibilities.
Speaking vulnerable issues into existence: Their consequences for psychotherapy
Authors: Ohnstad Anbjørg
Published: October 2005

Background: Healthcare has traditionally been dominated by norms making the sexual orientation of clients invisible. Aim: To explore processes counteracting or promoting invisibility. Method: A single case study based on notes from psychotherapy and a research interview. Results: The client's story can be understood in terms of pathology but also in terms of finding her lesbian lifestyle. A special focus is required for transcending heterosexuality and for realizing the meaning of being a lesbian in everyday life. Conclusion: In conducting inquiries, practitioners need to be aware of how their own norms take heteronormativity for granted. This aids recognition of the important need for gay and lesbian clients to tell their personal stories.
Promoting well-being: Time for a paradigm shift in health and human services
Authors: Prilleltensky Isaac
Published: October 2005

The promotion of personal, relational, and collective well-being has evolved markedly in the last three decades. However positive and needed, recent developments in health promotion require further conceptual clarification and synergistic applications. To assist with conceptual clarification, this article proposes to distinguish among sites, signs, sources, and strategies of well-being. With respect to applications, progress is discussed along four domains: temporal, ecological, participation, and capabilities. The temporal domain refers to the timing of interventions and entails a continuum from reactive to proactive strategies. The ecological domain pertains to the site of interventions, ranging from person-centered to community-centered. The participation domain refers to voice and choice of citizens and consumers in delivery of services and access to resources. At one end of this continuum there is empowerment, while at the opposite end we see disempowerment and detachment. Finally, the capabilities domain refers to the concentration on either strengths or deficits. This article argues that a singular focus on strength, prevention, empowerment, or community conditions is insufficient. It presents a framework for the conceptual integration of these four approaches, while illustrating the benefits of their synergy and the risks of their fragmentation. It is high time for a paradigm shift in health and human services, and this article argues that only a new approach that focuses on strengths, prevention, empowerment, and community conditions can make considerable progress towards the achievement of well-being for all.
The Role of Syntaxins in the Specificity of Vesicle Targeting in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Beest Martin B.A. ter , Chapin Steven J. , Avrahami Dana , Mostov Keith E.
Published: October 2005

In polarized epithelial cells syntaxin 3 is at the apical plasma membrane and is involved in delivery of proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the apical surface. The highly related syntaxin 4 is at the basolateral surface. The complementary distribution of these syntaxins suggests that they play a role in the specificity of membrane traffic to the two surfaces. We constructed a chimeric syntaxin where we removed the N-terminal 29 residues of syntaxin 3 and replaced it with the corresponding portion of syntaxin 4. When expressed in polarized epithelial cells, this chimera was exclusively localized to the basolateral surface. This indicates that the N-terminal domain of syntaxin 3 contains information for its polarized localization. In contrast to the apical localization of syntaxin 3, the basolateral localization of syntaxin 4 was not dependent on its N-terminal domain. Syntaxin 3 normally binds to Munc18b, but not to the related Munc18c. Overexpression of the chimera together with overexpression of Munc18b caused membrane and secretory proteins that are normally sent primarily to the apical surface to exhibit increased delivery to the basolateral surface. We suggest that syntaxins may play a role in determining the specificity of membrane targeting by permitting fusion with only certain target membranes.
A comparative study of the anti-settlement properties of mytilid shells
Authors: Bers A.V , Prendergast G.S , Zürn C.M , Hansson L , Head R.M , Thomason J.C
Published: October 2005

Marine organisms have evolved defence mechanisms to prevent epibiosis. This study investigated the anti-settlement properties of natural periostracal microtopographies of two mytilid species,
Mytilus edulis
(from North, Baltic and White Seas) and
Perna perna
(from the SW Atlantic). Resin replicas of shells were exposed to cyprids of the barnacle
Semibalanus balanoides
. Replicas with intact isotropic microtopographies and smooth controls were much less fouled than roughened anisotropic surfaces. This indicates that in both
M. edulis
and
P. perna
the periostracum possesses a generic anti-settlement property, at least against
S. balanoides
cyprids, which is not regionally adapted. Such a potential globally effective anti-settlement mechanism possibly contributes to the invasive success of Mytilidae.
Effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant cropping systems on weed seedbanks in two years of following crops
Authors: Firbank L.G , Rothery P , May M.J , Clark S.J , Scott R.J , Stuart R.C , Boffey C.W.H , Brooks D.R , Champion G.T , Haughton A.J , Hawes C , Heard M.S , Dewar A.M , Perry J.N , Squire G.R
Published: October 2005

The Farm Scale Evaluations (FSEs) showed that genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) cropping systems could influence farmland biodiversity because of their effects on weed biomass and seed production. Recently published results for winter oilseed rape showed that a switch to GMHT crops significantly affected weed seedbanks for at least 2 years after the crops were sown, potentially causing longer-term effects on other taxa. Here, we seek evidence for similar medium-term effects on weed seedbanks following spring-sown GMHT crops, using newly available data from the FSEs.

Weed seedbanks following GMHT maize were significantly higher than following conventional varieties for both the first and second years, while by contrast, seedbanks following GMHT spring oilseed rape were significantly lower over this period. Seedbanks following GMHT beet were smaller than following conventional crops in the first year after the crops had been sown, but this difference was much reduced by the second year for reasons that are not clear. These new data provide important empirical evidence for longer-term effects of GMHT cropping on farmland biodiversity.
Death feigning in the face of sexual cannibalism
Authors: Bilde Trine , Tuni Cristina , Elsayed Rehab , Pekár Stano , Toft Søren
Published: October 2005

Pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism by females affects male and female reproductive success in profoundly different ways, with the females benefiting from a meal and the male facing the risk of not reproducing at all. This sexual conflict predicts evolution of traits to avoid cannibalism and ensure male reproductive success. We show that males of the nuptial gift-giving spiderPisaura mirabilisdisplay a remarkable death feigning behaviour—thanatosis—as part of the courtship prior to mating with potentially cannibalistic females. Thanatosis is a widespread anti-predator strategy; however, it is exceptional in the context of sexual selection. When the female approached a gift-displaying male, she usually showed interest in the gift but would sometimes attack the male, and at this potentially dangerous moment the male could ‘drop dead’. When entering thanatosis, the male would collapse and remain completely motionless while retaining hold of the gift so it was held simultaneously by both mates. When the female initiated consumption of the gift, the male cautiously ‘came to life’ and initiated copulation. Death feigning males were more successful in gaining copulations, but did not have prolonged copulations. We propose that death feigning evolved as an adaptive male mating strategy in conjunction with nuptial gift giving under the risk of being victimized by females.
A general consideration of incident impact energy accumulation in molecular dynamics thin film simulations—a new approach using thermal control layer marching algorithms
Authors: Lin Hong-Chang , Chang Jee-Gong , Ju Shin-Pon , Hwang Chi-Chuan
Published: October 2005

This paper investigates several highly accurate algorithms which can be used to calculate the morphology in a wide range of thin film process simulations, and which require minimum computational effort. Three different algorithms are considered, namely the kinetic energy corrector (KEC) algorithm, the thermal control layer marching (TLM) algorithm, and the thermal control layer marching algorithm with an incorporated KEC function (TLMC). A common characteristic of these algorithms is that they all address the recovery of the impact incident energy within the free reaction layer. However, they differ in their treatment of the thermal control layer. The TLM and TLMC algorithms consider this layer to be moveable, whereas the KEC algorithm regards it as being fixed. The advantage of employing a moveable thermal control layer is that the computational effort required to carry out simulation is reduced since the atoms lying below this layer are excluded. The relative accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithms are evaluated by considering their use in the simulation of the trench-filling problem associated with the damascene process. The results of the present investigation indicate that the TLM algorithm has the ability to provide an accurate morphology calculation for low and medium energy incident atoms. However, for higher incident energy impacts, the TLMC algorithm is found to be a more appropriate choice because the incorporated energy corrector function is required to remove the higher energy accumulation which occurs within the deposited atoms. Furthermore, for all three algorithms, it is noted that a suitable specification of the free reaction layer thickness is essential in determining the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation. Finally, this paper discusses the relationship between the energy absorption rate and the thickness of the free reaction layer, and presents the optimal free reaction layer thickness for different incident energy intensities.
Evolutionary implications of the adaptation to different immune systems in a parasite with a complex life cycle
Authors: Hammerschmidt Katrin , Kurtz Joachim
Published: October 2005

Many diseases are caused by parasites with complex life cycles that involve several hosts. If parasites cope better with only one of the different types of immune systems of their host species, we might expect a trade-off in parasite performance in the different hosts, that likely influences the evolution of virulence. We tested this hypothesis in a naturally co-evolving host–parasite system consisting of the tapewormSchistocephalus solidusand its intermediate hosts, a copepod,Macrocyclops albidus, and the three-spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus. We did not find a trade-off between infection success in the two hosts. Rather, tapeworms seem to trade-off adaptation towards different parts of their hosts' immune systems. Worm sibships that performed better in the invertebrate host also seem to be able to evade detection by the fish innate defence systems, i.e. induce lower levels of activation of innate immune components. These worm variants were less harmful for the fish host likely due to reduced costs of an activated innate immune system. These findings substantiate the impact of both hosts' immune systems on parasite performance and virulence.
Patterns of male sterility in a grasshopper hybrid zone imply accumulation of hybrid incompatibilities without selection
Authors: Shuker David M , Underwood Karen , King Tania M , Butlin Roger K
Published: October 2005

It is now widely accepted that post-zygotic reproductive isolation is the result of negative epistatic interactions between derived alleles fixed independently at different loci in diverging populations (the Dobzhansky–Muller model). What is less clear is the nature of the loci involved and whether the derived alleles increase in frequency through genetic drift, or as a result of natural or sexual selection. If incompatible alleles are fixed by selection, transient polymorphisms will be rare and clines for these alleles will be steep where divergent populations meet. If they evolve by drift, populations are expected to harbour substantial genetic variation in compatibility and alleles will introgress across hybrid zones once they recombine onto a genetic background with which they are compatible. Here we show that variation in male sterility in a naturally occurringChorthippus parallelusgrasshopper hybrid zone conforms to the neutral expectations. Asymmetrical clines for male sterility have long tails of introgression and populations distant from the zone centre show significant genetic variation for compatibility. Our data contrast with recent observations on ‘speciation genes’ that have diverged as a result of strong natural selection.
60 million years of co-divergence in the fig–wasp symbiosis
Authors: Rønsted Nina , Weiblen George D , Cook James M , Salamin Nicolas , Machado Carlos A , Savolainen Vincent
Published: October 2005

Figs (
Ficus
;
ca
750 species) and fig wasps (Agaoninae) are obligate mutualists: all figs are pollinated by agaonines that feed exclusively on figs. This extraordinary symbiosis is the most extreme example of specialization in a plant–pollinator interaction and has fuelled much speculation about co-divergence. The hypothesis that pollinator specialization led to the parallel diversification of fig and pollinator lineages (co-divergence) has so far not been tested due to the lack of robust and comprehensive phylogenetic hypotheses for both partners. We produced and combined the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic trees to date with fossil data to generate independent age estimates for fig and pollinator lineages, using both non-parametric rate smoothing and penalized likelihood dating methods. Molecular dating of ten pairs of interacting lineages provides an unparalleled example of plant–insect co-divergence over a geological time frame spanning at least 60 million years.
Poor maternal environment enhances offspring disease resistance in an invertebrate
Authors: Mitchell Suzanne E , Read Andrew F
Published: October 2005

Natural populations vary tremendously in their susceptibility to infectious disease agents. The factors (environmental or genetic) that underlie this variation determine the impact of disease on host population dynamics and evolution, and affect our capacity to contain disease outbreaks and to enhance resistance in agricultural animals and disease vectors. Here, we show that changes in the environmental conditions under which femaleDaphnia magnaare kept can more than halve the susceptibility of their offspring to bacterial infection. Counter-intuitively, and unlike the effects typically observed in vertebrates for transfer of immunity, mothers producing offspring under poor conditions produced more resistant offspring than did mothers producing offspring in favourable conditions. This effect occurred when mothers who were well provisioned during their own development then found themselves reproducing in poor conditions. These effects likely reflect adaptive optimal resource allocation where better quality offspring are produced in poor environments to enhance survival. Maternal exposure to parasites also reduced offspring susceptibility, depending on host genotype and offspring food levels. These maternal responses to environmental conditions mean that studies focused on a single generation, and those in which environmental variation is experimentally minimized, may fail to describe the crucial parameters that influence the spread of disease. The large maternal effects we report here will, if they are widespread in nature, affect disease dynamics, the level of genetic polymorphism in populations, and likely weaken the evolutionary response to parasite-mediated selection.
Helpers benefit offspring in both the short and long-term in the cooperatively breeding banded mongoose
Authors: Hodge Sarah J
Published: October 2005

Helpers in cooperative and communal breeding species are thought to accrue fitness benefits through improving the condition and survival of the offspring that they care for, yet few studies have shown conclusively that helpers benefit the offspring they rear. Using a novel approach to control for potentially confounding group-specific variables, I compare banded mongoose (
Mungos mungo
) offspring within the same litter that differ in the amount of time they spend with a helper, and hence the amount of care they receive. I show that pups that spend more time in close proximity to a helper are fed more, grow faster and have a higher probability of survival to independence than their littermates. Moreover, high growth rates during development reduce the age at which females breed for the first time, suggesting that helpers can improve the future fecundity of the offspring for which they care. These results provide strong evidence that it is the amount of investment
per se
that benefits offspring, rather than some correlate such as territory quality, and validate the assumption that helpers improve the reproductive success of breeders, and hence may gain fitness benefits from their actions. Furthermore, the finding that helpers may benefit offspring in the long-term suggests that current studies underestimate the fitness benefits that helpers gain from rearing the offspring of others.
High-temperature creep rupture of low alloy ferritic steel butt-welded pipes subjected to combined internal pressure and end loadings
Authors: Vakili-Tahami F , Hayhurst D.R , Wong M.T
Published: October 2005

Constitutive equations are reviewed and presented for low alloy ferritic steels which undergo creep deformation and damage at high temperatures; and, a thermodynamic framework is provided for the deformation rate potentials used in the equations. Finite element continuum damage mechanics studies have been carried out using these constitutive equations on butt-welded low alloy ferritic steel pipes subjected to combined internal pressure and axial loads at 590 and 620 °C. Two dominant modes of failure have been identified: firstly, fusion boundary failure at high stresses; and, secondly, Type IV failure at low stresses. The stress level at which the switch in failure mechanism takes place has been found to be associated with the relative creep resistance and lifetimes, over a wide range of uniaxial stresses, for parent, heat affected zone, Type IV and weld materials. The equi-biaxial stress loading condition (mean diameter stress equal to the axial stress) has been confirmed to be the worst loading condition. For this condition, simple design formulae are proposed for both 590 and 620 °C.
Swimming performance and metabolism of 0+ year Thymallus arcticus
Authors: Deegan L. A. , Golden H. E. , Harrison J. , Kracko K.
Published: October 2005

The prolonged swimming speed and metabolic rate of 0+ year Arctic grayling Thymallus articus were examined with respect to current velocity, water temperature and fish size, and compared to conditions fish occupy in the river. Oxygen consumption (mg O2 h−1) increased with fish mass and temperature (6–23° C), with a steep increase in metabolic rate between 12 and 16° C. Absolute prolonged swimming speed (cm s−1) increased rapidly with fish size (total length, LT, and mass), however, fish in the natural stream habitat occupied current velocities between 15 and 25 cm s−1 or 4 LT s−1, approximately half their potential prolonged swimming speed (10 LT s−1).
A population of red‐transparent, triploidCarassius auratus
Authors: Hong Y. J. , Yu Z. J. , Zhou L. , Gui J. F.
Published: October 2005

A red‐transparent population, distributed in Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province, was identified to be triploidCarassius auratusby DNA content measurement and chromosome analysis. Artificial propagation experiments indicated that the red‐transparent triploidCarassius auratuscould reproduce by gynogenesis.
Recording long‐term heart rate in Paranotothenia angustata using an electronic datalogger
Authors: Campbell H. A. , Bishop C. M. , Davies D. A. , Egginton S.
Published: October 2005

A unique heart beat datalogging device was either surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity (internal‐fish) or attached by nylon anchor tags to the dorsal fin rays (external‐fish) of the black cod Paranotothenia angustata. Both groups had a mean ± s.e. heart rate of c. 46 beats min−1 after 24 h, and by 20 days external‐fish showed a significant reduction (34 ± 3 beats min−1) whereas internal‐fish did not (44 ± 2 beats min−1). In demersal fishes external attachment of an electronic recording device may be preferable to surgical implantation.
The metabolic and biochemical responses of tropical whitespotted bamboo sharkChiloscyllium plagiosumto alterations in environmental temperature
Authors: Tullis A. , Baillie M.
Published: October 2005

The capacity of tropical whitespotted bamboo sharksChiloscyllium plagiosumto metabolically compensate, at both the whole‐animal and biochemical levels, to prolonged exposure to temperatures higher (30° C) and lower (20 and 15° C) than their native temperature (24·5° C) was examined. As expected, whitespotted bamboo shark oxygen consumption increased upon exposure to 30° C and decreased at 20 and 15° C. Initial changes in oxygen consumption were maintained even after months at the experimental temperature, indicating that whitespotted bamboo sharks did not compensate metabolically to the experimental temperatures. Maximal activities and thermal sensitivity of citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase from whitespotted bamboo shark white locomotor muscle were similar between control animals maintained at 24·5° C and those maintained at 15° C, indicating that cold‐exposed animals did not compensate at the biochemical level. Similarly, lactate dehydrogenase activity did not change following prolonged exposure to 30° C. White muscle from whitespotted bamboo sharks maintained at 30° C had significantly lower citrate synthase activity than did control animals. This result was surprising given the lack of metabolic compensation at the whole‐animal level. Overall, whole‐animal oxygen consumption measurements supported the hypothesis that animals from thermally stable environments lacked the capacity to metabolically compensate to altered temperatures. Enzymatic results, however, suggested that the metabolic potential of muscle could change following temperature acclimation even in the absence of metabolic compensation at the whole‐animal level.
Comparison of parasite communities in native and introduced populations of sexual and asexual mollies of the genus Poecilia
Authors: Tobler M. , Wahli T. , Schlupp I.
Published: October 2005

The parasite communities of two molly species, the sexual Poecilia latipinna and the clonal Poecilia formosa, were investigated in four populations using a novel method applicable under field conditions. In two native populations from south Texas and two introduced populations from central Texas, four species of microparasites and eight species of macroparasites were recorded. Virtually no differences in the parasite diversity and species composition could be detected between the populations. Mollies from south Texas had a higher individual parasitization index of macroparasites. There was a negative correlation between the relative number of oocytes in gravid females and their individual macroparasite load.
A community‐oriented primary care nursing model in an international setting that emphasizes partnerships
Authors: Sloand Elizabeth , Groves Sara
Published: October 2005

Purpose

To present an interdisciplinary, community‐oriented primary care nursing model that effectively draws upon the strengths of advanced practice nurses (APNs), both nurse practitioners and community health nurses.

Data sources

Articles in professional nursing journals, international data sources, and the clinical experiences of the authors, both domestic and international.

Conclusions

The model, developed domestically, was utilized successfully by APNs internationally in a medical mission endeavor in rural Haiti. Many partners, domestic and Haitian, worked as an interdisciplinary team to deliver quality health care to an impoverished population. Graduate nursing students participated in the program, which offered opportunities and challenges for both novice and expert nurses.

Implications for practice

Nurse practitioners, community health nurses, and nursing faculty members can use this model to enhance their professional practice. They can learn that clients can be optimally cared for whether the community served is domestic or international. Nursing faculty can teach graduate nursing students about the value of partnerships and collaboration.
Osteoporosis risk and interest in strength training in men receiving androgen ablation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Ott Carol , Fulton MelissaK.
Published: October 2005

Purpose

The overall purpose of this preliminary study to a clinical trial is to explore the feasibility of recruiting men receiving androgen ablation therapy (AAT) for locally advanced prostate cancer to a future strength training study for the prevention of osteoporosis. The threefold specific purpose of this comparative and correlational study is to (a) describe the prevalence of risk factors for osteoporosis, (b) compare functional status and symptom distress between those interested and not interested in a future strength training study, and (c) examine relationships among self‐efficacy for strength training, functional status, symptom distress, years since cancer diagnosis, and cumulative dose of AAT in this at‐risk population.

Method

Data were obtained from 40 Caucasian men (mean age = 75.8 years) with locally advanced prostate cancer, capable of self‐care, and receiving AAT. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaires (QLQ) EORTC QLQ‐C30 and EORTC QLQ‐PR25 (prostate cancer specific) were used to measure functional status and symptom distress. A 6‐item, investigator‐developed questionnaire was used to measure self‐efficacy for learning and overcoming barriers to strength training.

Conclusions

The majority of these men had multiple risk factors for osteoporosis, in addition to receiving AAT, and had not completed bone mineral density (BMD) testing. A high percentage (67.5%) expressed interest in a future strength training protocol for osteoporosis prevention; functional status and symptom distress did not appear to influence this interest. Several aspects of functional status and symptom distress were significantly related to self‐efficacy for learning and overcoming barriers to strength training. Years since cancer diagnosis and cumulative dose of AAT were not significantly related to self‐efficacy for strength training, but age was related. This study informs a planned future experimental study by establishing the recruitment potential and the decreased likelihood of symptom distress interfering with self‐efficacy for participation in strength training.

Implications for practice

Advanced practice nurses should complete assessments for osteoporosis risk factors, monitor height loss, order BMD testing and bone enhancing medications, and discuss lifestyle modifications including strength training to improve bone health in men receiving AAT for prostate cancer.
Low‐Field Depoling Characteristics of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 Ceramics
Authors: KOENEMAN J. B.
Published: October 2005

Low‐electric‐field depoling measurements were made on Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 ceramics. The apparent activation energy for the depoling process was calculated to be 33 kcal/mol. The data indicate that the materials tested should be very stable when subjected to depoling fields on the order of one‐fourth of the coercive field.
Helium Migration in Sodium Aluminosilicate Glasses
Authors: SHELBY J. E. , EAGAN R. J.
Published: October 2005

Helium permeation, diffusion, and solubility have been measured for a number of sodium aluminosilicate glasses. The results indicate that a major change in the glass structure occurs when the alumina‐to‐soda ratio exceeds unity. It also appears that small substitutions of alumina (Al/Na<0.5) have a different effect on the glass structure than do larger (0.5<Al/Na< 1) substitutions. The mobility and solubility of helium in these glasses are influenced by the overall free volume and by the local environment of the interstices encountered by the helium atom during the diffusion process.
Corrosion of Silicon Carbide in Gases and Alkaline Melts
Authors: McKEE D. W. , CHATTERJI D.
Published: October 2005

The corrosion behavior of sintered SiC in gaseous environments and alkaline melts was investigated at 900°C. In oxidizing atmospheres such as normally exist in a gas turbine, SiC forms a dense coherent surface film of SiO2 which is not corroded by thin layers of condensed sodium sulfate. However, under some conditions, especially when very low oxygen pressures are maintained at the SiC surface or when basic salt melts or slags containing carbonaceous material are present, rapid corrosion of the ceramic can occur. On the other hand, SiC is inert in pure N2, H2, or H2‐H2S mixtures at 900°C. These different modes of behavior are discussed in the context of possible high‐ temperature applications of SiC ceramics.
Application of Transmission Electron Microscopy to Radiation Damage in Ceramics
Authors: HOBBS L. W.
Published: October 2005

Ceramics are becoming increasingly important in many radiation environments. In addition to refractory fissionable fuels, electrical insulators will be needed for instrumentation in breeder reactor systems and will be widely applied in all fusion reactor concepts, including first‐wall coatings, blanket gaps, injectors, divertors, magnet insulation, and windows. These applications require mechanically stable (and in some cases transparent) dielectric solids which must maintain electrical as well as mechanical integrity under severe radiation fields. Refractory ceramic materials of low atomic number will be increasingly useful in structural applications as well because they resist activation and contribute less objectionable sputter contaminants. Ceramic solids are also likely to be increasingly utilized as repository media for active nuclear wastes. The irradiation behavior of these nonmetallic materials is critical and at present poorly understood, but transmission electron microscopy is beginning to reveal significant similarities, as well as substantial differences, in their behavior as compared to that of better‐characterized metallic solids.
Crystallization Mechanisms in Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: LEWIS M. H. , METCALF‐JOHANSEN J. , BELL P. S.
Published: October 2005

Transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and microprobe X‐ray analysis were used to study crystallization of glasses in the systems Li2O‐SiO2, BaO‐SiO2, and Li2O‐A12O3‐SO2. The ternary system, with 4 mol% TiO2 added to an Li2O‐Al2O3‐4SiO2 composition, crystallizes with a simple morphology of equiaxed grains of the β‐quartz metastable phase which transforms at higher temperatures to the stable β‐spodumene structure. The binary systems exhibit a more complex crystallization morphology dictated by crystal anisotropy, temperature, impurity content, and susceptibility either to intermediate‐phase formation (BaO‐SiO2) or to liquid immiscibility (Li2O‐SiO2). The initial crystal growth units formed in these systems are frequently two‐phase branched morphologies many micrometers in diameter. They may be recrystallized to form polycrystalline glass‐ceramics with submicrometer grain sizes.