bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delaying pegaspargase during induction in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is associated with lower risk of high‐grade hepatotoxicity without adversely impacting outcomes
Authors: Tinajero Jose , Xu Sharon , Ngo Dat , Li Shanpeng , Palmer Joycelynne , Nguyen Tina , Stein Anthony , Koller Paul , Agrawal Vaibhav , Pourhassan Hoda , Murphy Lindsey , Forman Stephen , Douer Dan , Marcucci Guido , Pullarkat Vinod , Aldoss Ibrahim
Published: November 2024

Pegaspargase is a key drug for the treatment of younger adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Pegaspargase‐associated hepatotoxicity is most common during induction, and its incidence increases with age and body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that the delayed administration of pegaspargase during induction is associated with lower risk of hepatotoxicity while retaining efficacy. We retrospectively reviewed 141 adult patients with newly diagnosed ALL who received pegaspargase during induction from November 2013 to February 2024. There were 78 (55.3%) patients who received early pegaspargase (EP) on day 4 and 63 (44.7%) patients who received delayed pegaspargase (DP) on day 15. High‐grade hepatotoxicity (grade ≥ 3 transaminitis and/or hyperbilirubinaemia) occurred more frequently in the EP group (p = 0.06). Rates of complete remission and negative minimal residual disease post induction were not different between cohorts. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI and age significantly predicted an increased risk of high‐grade hepatotoxicity while DP was associated with a lower risk (odds ratio = 0.44; p = 0.04). Overall survival and event‐free survival were not significantly different between cohorts. Delaying pegaspargase administration from day 4 to day 15 during induction cycle in adults with ALL might reduce the risk of high‐grade hepatotoxicity without adversely impacting clinical efficacy outcomes.
The Effect of Implantoplasty on Fracture Resistance and Implant Surface Changes: An In Vitro and Finite Element Analysis Study
Authors: Goh Rayner , Li Kai Chun , Atieh Momen A. , Ma Sunyoung , Oliver Abigail , Giraldo Diana , Tawse‐Smith Andrew
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Implantoplasty can be performed on implants diagnosed with peri‐implantitis to facilitate implant decontamination and improve access for oral home care. However, its effect on the mechanical strength of the implant is still uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of implantoplasty on the fracture resistance of dental implants with various degrees of bone loss, as well as its surface changes.

Methods

Eighty 4.2 × 13 mm conical connection dental implants were allocated evenly into four groups based on the bone defect morphology: circumferential or semi‐circumferential, and 3 or 5 mm vertical height. Half of the implants underwent implantoplasty with tungsten carbide finishing burs. Weight, volume, and surface roughness of the implants were recorded prior to and after instrumentation. All implants were subjected to static loading to failure or fracture and the implant surfaces were then analyzed using optical microscopy. Finite element analysis was carried out to assess the stress pattern on dental implants after implantoplasty.

Results

Implantoplasty significantly reduced the fracture resistance of implants with all defect morphologies, aside from those with 3 mm of circumferential bone loss. Implants with 5 mm of peri‐implant bone loss also experienced significantly reduced fracture resistance compared to the 3 mm group. Significant decrease in fracture resistance was only observed between the circumferential and semi‐circumferential groups with 5 mm of bone loss. Surface roughness was also significantly reduced following implantoplasty. The results from finite element analysis revealed a change in pattern of stress concentration in the implant after implantoplasty.

Conclusion

Implantoplasty negatively impacted the fracture resistance of standard diameter dental implants in most scenarios. The increase in exposed implant length resulted in a decrease in fracture resistance. This increase in fracture risk should be considered prior to implantoplasty, especially in implants with more advanced bone loss.
Folk Intuitions About Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Evaluating the Combined Effects of Misunderstandings About Determinism and Motivated Cognition
Authors: Inarimori Kiichi , Haruki Yusuke , Miyazono Kengo
Published: November 2024

In this study, we conducted large‐scale experiments with novel descriptions of determinism. Our goal was to investigate the effects of desires for punishment and comprehension errors on people's intuitions about free will and moral responsibility in deterministic scenarios. Previous research has acknowledged the influence of these factors, but their total effect has not been revealed. Using a large‐scale survey of Japanese participants, we found that the failure to understand causal determination (intrusion) has limited effects relative to other factors and that the conflation of determinism and epiphenomenalism (bypassing) has a significant influence, even when controlling for other variables. This leads to the increased prevalence of incompatibilist responses. Furthermore, our results demonstrated a close association between the attribution of free will/responsibility and retributive desire. While further research is needed to establish the causal relationship between these factors, this association is consistent with Cory Clark and colleagues’ study that increased desire contributes to increased compatibilist responses and their claim that a definitive intuition about free will may be elusive.
IGF2BP3/CTCF Axis–Dependent NT5DC2 Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization to Enhance the Malignant Progression of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Sun Jifeng , Wang Hao , Zhang Ran , Sun Xiaoxuan , Wu Zhanbo , Wang Jun , Wang Yuwen
Published: November 2024

Background

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a type of lung cancer that develops in the squamous cells. It is known to be promoted by the activation of various signaling pathways and the dysregulation of key regulatory molecules. One such molecule, 5′‐nucleotidase domain containing 2 (NT5DC2), has been identified as a critical regulator in various cancers including lung cancer. However, there are no data regarding its role in LUSC.

Methods

The mRNA expression of insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA–binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF), and NT5DC2 was analyzed using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), whereas their protein expression was assessed using a western blotting assay. Cell proliferation was determined using a cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay. Cell apoptosis, CD11b expression, and CD206 expression were analyzed using flow cytometry. Tube formation was assessed through a tube formation assay. Glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP levels were measured using colorimetric methods. The effect of NT5DC2 on the malignant progression of LUSC cells was analyzed using a xenograft mouse model assay. The levels of transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were detected using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The associations among IGF2BP3, CTCF and NT5DC2 were identified using dual‐luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay and m6A RNA immunoprecipitation assay.

Results

The expression of NT5DC2 was found to be upregulated in LUSC tissues and cells when compared with normal lung tissues and normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Silencing of NT5DC2 inhibited LUSC cell proliferation, tube formation, glycolysis, M2 macrophage polarization, and tumor formation while inducing cell apoptosis. In addition, CTCF was found to transcriptionally activate NT5DC2 in LUSC cells. IGF2BP3 stabilized the mRNA expression of CTCF through m6A methylation. Further, overexpression of CTCF or NT5DC2 attenuated the effects of IGF2BP3 silencing in both NCI‐520 and SK‐MES‐1 cells.

Conclusion

The IGF2BP3/CTCF axis–dependent NT5DC2 promotes M2 macrophage polarization, thereby enhancing the malignant progression of LUSC. This study was the first to reveal the role of NT5DC2 in LUSC and the underlying mechanism. The result suggests that targeting the IGF2BP3/CTCF/NT5DC2 axis may have clinical significance in the treatment of LUSC.
Scaling‐up community‐based resource management in Solomon Islands
Authors: van der Ploeg Jan , Sukulu Meshach , Govan Hugh , Eriksson Hampus
Published: November 2024

This perspective reflects on conservation efforts to increase the coverage of marine protected areas in Solomon Islands. We demonstrate that the current model in which international conservation NGOs provide technical and financial support to pilot projects, from which community‐based resource management will spontaneously spread, is misguided. These site‐based projects typically require substantial financial resources, ignore external threats to coastal ecosystems, and tend to bypass existing governance structures, which makes replication in other areas highly problematic. We argue that to effectively support indigenous peoples and local communities in the management of marine resources and, thereby, achieve biodiversity conservation outcomes at scale, it is necessary to move away from site‐based conservation projects and focus instead on strengthening the capability of government agencies.
Food insecurity, xenophobia, and political legitimacy: exploring the links in post‐COVID‐19 South Africa
Authors: Dlamini Khulekani T. , Hull Elizabeth
Published: November 2024

Food insecurity in South Africa was critical prior to the COVID‐19 outbreak, but the problem deepened quickly during the pandemic when government controls caused job losses, a food supply collapse, and escalating hunger. The food and fuel price hikes and political instability that followed led to the July 2021 ‘unrest’, which left more than 350 people dead. Behind this lay a crisis within the governing African National Congress. In this paper, we draw on in‐depth interviews and ethnography with individuals working in food‐based livelihoods to investigate how people continued to secure food, and how rural food systems were affected. Against a backdrop of hunger, social unrest, and xenophobic hostility, we consider how people perceive the state in a rural area of KwaZulu‐Natal. We argue that weak governing institutions and South Africa's exposure to globally‐triggered spikes in food and fuel prices are leading to food insecurity. Hunger, in turn, is contributing to a crisis of legitimation for the state.
The theory of the MNE@64: Building on Hymer's legacy
Authors: Pitelis Christos , Piteli Eleni E. N.
Published: November 2024

We look at the past, present and possible futures of the theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE). We argue that the modern theory of the MNE, propounded by Stephen Hymer, viewed rivalry reduction and/through the internalization of advantages by firms as a strategy to acquire market power. Hymer anticipated the modern theory of the domestic firm and strategic management and later the transaction costs‐focused ‘internalization theory’. While ‘internalization theory’ focused on efficiency, Hymer viewed efficiency and market power as complementary. His theory of the MNE was influential in the development of International Business scholarship and has itself developed through cross‐fertilization with adjacent fields. It has significant scope for further development by leveraging resource‐based, international entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities ideas. It faces technical and substantive challenges, notably that its focus on the sustainability of firm‐level competitive advantage underplays wider multilevel environmental, economic and social sustainability challenges.
Different habitat use of two Cybister (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) species larvae in a paddy field water system
Authors: Fukuoka Taichi , TAMURA Ryo , OHBA Shin‐ya , YUMA Masahide
Published: November 2024

In recent years, it has been suggested that Cybister tripunctatus lateralis is increasing in abundance and expanding its distribution, and there is concern about the effects of interspecific competition with another congeneric species, Cybister brevis. Although the two species appear to have overlapping niches, they are often observed sympatrically. Larval habitat use by the two species was investigated in a paddy field water system. The results display that C. brevis was more abundant in ditches and C. tripunctatus lateralis was more abundant in paddy fields. It is thought that C. tripunctatus lateralis, which has an ecology suited to high temperatures, has selected paddy fields, where water temperatures tend to rise, as its reproductive habitat. In contrast, phenology was generally synchronized, and no differences in underwater position in the rice paddies were observed. Thus, niches overlap in paddy fields and interspecific competition may occur.
Genetics in the Ocean's Twilight Zone: Population Structure of the Glacier Lanternfish Across Its Distribution Range
Authors: Quintela María , García‐Seoane Eva , Dahle Geir , Klevjer Thor A. , Melle Webjørn , Lille‐Langøy Roger , Besnier François , Tsagarakis Konstantinos , Geoffroy Maxime , Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta Naiara , Jacobsen Eugenie , Côté David , Knutar Sofie , Unneland Laila , Strand Espen , Glover Kevin
Published: November 2024

The mesopelagic zone represents one of the few habitats that remains relatively untouched from anthropogenic activities. Among the many species inhabiting the north Atlantic mesopelagic zone, glacier lanternfish (Benthosema glaciale) is the most abundant and widely distributed. This species has been regarded as a potential target for a dedicated fishery despite the scarce knowledge of its population genetic structure. Here, we investigated its genetic structure across the North Atlantic and into the Mediterranean Sea using 121 SNPs, which revealed strong differentiation among three main groups: the Mediterranean Sea, oceanic samples, and Norwegian fjords. The Mediterranean samples displayed less than half the genetic variation of the remaining ones. Very weak or nearly absent genetic structure was detected among geographically distinct oceanic samples across the North Atlantic, which contrasts with the low motility of the species. In contrast, a longitudinal gradient of differentiation was observed in the Mediterranean Sea, where genetic connectivity is known to be strongly shaped by oceanographic processes such as current patterns and oceanographic discontinuities. In addition, 12 of the SNPs, in linkage disequilibrium, drove a three clusters' pattern detectable through Principal Component Analysis biplot matching the genetic signatures generally associated with large chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions. The arrangement of this putative inversion showed frequency differences between open‐ocean and more confined water bodies such as the fjords and the Mediterranean, as it was fixed in the latter for the second most common arrangement of the fjord's samples. However, whether genetic differentiation was driven by local adaptation, secondary contact, or a combination of both factors remains undetermined. The major finding of this study is that B. glaciale in the North Atlantic‐Mediterranean is divided into three major genetic units, information that should be combined with demographic properties to outline the management of this species prior to any eventual fishery attempt.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Potassium‐Competitive Acid Blockers and Proton Pump Inhibitors for First‐Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ouyang Mengling , Zou Shupeng , Cheng Qian , Shi Xuan , Sun Minghui
Published: November 2024

Background

Given the increasing antibiotic resistance and the inadequate acid‐suppressing effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), it is crucial to continuously optimize existing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment regimens. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of novel potassium‐competitive acid blocker (P‐CAB)‐based eradication regimens compared with traditional PPI‐based regimens for the initial treatment of H. pylori.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a systematic review and network meta‐analysis, searching seven electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating initial P‐CAB‐based H. pylori eradication therapy. The primary outcome was the H. pylori eradication rate. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and patient compliance. We synthesized the effect sizes of the trials using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

A total of 54 RCTs involving 15,320 patients (74.9% male, mean age 30.2 years) were included in this study. In the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis, VPZ‐HD‐dual, VPZ‐triple, and VPZ‐quadruple regimens demonstrated significantly higher eradication rates than PPI‐triple, PPI‐quadruple, and VPZ‐dual regimens. Similar trends were observed in the per‐protocol (PP) analysis. Subgroup analysis indicated that poor patient compliance significantly reduced eradication rates. Resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole significantly weakened the eradication effects of PPI‐triple, TPZ‐triple, and VPZ‐triple regimens. Additionally, the eradication rates for 7‐day regimens were significantly lower than those for 14‐day or 10‐day regimens, but there was no significant difference between the eradication rates of 10‐day and 14‐day regimens. Notably, the risk of adverse events with VPZ‐HD‐dual was significantly lower than with VPZ‐quadruple.

Conclusion

Vonoprazan combined with high‐dose amoxicillin dual therapy not only provides satisfactory eradication rates but also exhibits lower adverse event rates and good patient compliance, indicating its potential as a promising regimen for further promotion.
Burden of liver steatosis and liver fibrosis in a large cohort of people living with HIV
Authors: Laguno Montserrat , de Lazzari Elisa , Berrocal Leire , Inciarte Alexy , Martínez‐Rebollar Maria , de la Mora Lorena , Torres Berta , Gonzalez‐Cordón Ana , Chivite Ivan , Foncillas Alberto , Calvo Júlia , Sempere Abiu , Ambrosioni Juan , Blanco Jose Luís , Miro J. M. , Mallolas Josep , Martínez Esteban
Published: November 2024

Background

Liver steatosis (LS) and liver fibrosis (LF) can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with HIV, but their prevalence and associated factors are poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with LS and LF in a large cohort of people with HIV.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of consecutive people with HIV attending the Clinic of Barcelona from September 2022 to September 2023, excluding those with chronic B or/and C hepatitis virus coinfection. LS was assessed using the Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) and Fatty Liver Index (FLI), and LF was assessed using the Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fibrosis Score (NFS), Fibrosis‐4 score (FIB‐4), and the European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) algorithm in both the whole cohort (cohort 1) and in a specific cohort more susceptible to liver disease (cohort 2). We identified independent variables associated with LS and LF using logistic regression.

Results

Cohort 1 included 4664 people with HIV; 76% and 37% of them had available HSI and FLI data, LS was present in 28% and 19%, respectively. LF risk was present in 1%, 2%, and 1% of people with HIV according to NFS, FIB‐4, and EACS algorithm scores, respectively. Cohort 2 included 1345 people with HIV; 60% and 30% of them had available HSI and FLI data, LS affected 55% and 43% and LF 2%, 5%, or 3%, respectively. Factors associated with LS included current CD4 cell count, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas LF was associated with previous exposure to dideoxynucleoside drugs and current CD4 to LF. Current integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) therapy appeared protective for LF in cohort 1.

Conclusions

In this study, one in four people with HIV had LS, and the prevalence rose to one in two in those with cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of LF was low, but it should be considered in older people with HIV with low CD4 counts or high aspartate transaminase levels. A possible protective effect from INSTIs deserves further investigation.
Effects of single‐ and double‐shift work on hand and cognitive functions in nurses
Authors: Ulupinar Fadime , Meler Sibel
Published: November 2024

Aim

This study aims to examine the influence of single and double‐shift work schedules on hand function and cognitive capacities, specifically working memory, attention, and response time in nurses.

Background

Shift work, particularly in extended formats, is known to affect various physical and cognitive functions critical to nursing duties. Understanding these impacts is vital for managing nurse schedules to minimize health risks and maximize performance.

Introduction

With an increase in demands on healthcare systems, nurses often endure prolonged working hours, which may impair their cognitive and manual abilities, thereby affecting patient care quality.

Methods

This study involved 45 nurses aged 20–40 years from shift‐oriented units providing direct patient care. Hand function was assessed using the Nine‐Hole Peg Test (9‐HPT). Cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and response time were evaluated using the digit span task and the Stroop test, respectively. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, assessing the interactions of time and shift type, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results or findings

The results revealed significant changes in all tested variables between pre‐ and post‐shift assessments and between single and double‐shift conditions. Notably, the double‐shift work significantly exacerbated declines in all measured functions.

Discussion

These findings suggest that double shifts may intensify the deterioration of essential nursing skills, potentially compromising patient care.

Conclusion and implications for nursing and/or health policy

This study underscores the detrimental effects of extended shift work on nurses' cognitive and manual functions. These insights should guide healthcare institutions in revising nurse scheduling practices to safeguard their well‐being and maintain high standards of patient care.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies: A Narrative Review
Authors: Satish Vikyath , Maliha Maisha , Chi Kuan‐Yu , Kharawala Amrin , Seo Jiyoung , Apple Samuel , Alhuarrat Majd Al Deen , Palaiodimos Leonidas , Di Biase Luigi , Krumerman Andrew , Ferrick Kevin
Published: November 2024

Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias are common in patients with Infiltrative heart diseases. This review discusses ablative techniques for arrhythmias in amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, and glycogen storage disorders, primarily focusing on atrial fibrillation (AF). A thorough literature review was conducted on the MEDLINE database to synthesize current knowledge and propose future research directions. AF is the most common arrhythmia identified in patients with amyloidosis due to cellular infiltration and atrial dilation. While catheter ablation is associated with a significantly lower rate of all‐cause mortality and admission rate, conflicting data exist regarding the higher risk of pericardial effusion, in‐hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost of hospitalization. Cardiac sarcoid predisposes AF due to granulomas, atrial dilation, and scarring. Studies demonstrate encouraging outcomes and low recurrence rates in these patients who undergo ablation for AF, with no difference in complications compared to those without sarcoidosis. AF is the most common arrhythmia in hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), secondary to increased myocardial iron stores and elevated oxidative stress, and is primarily managed by chelation. Scant reports regarding ablation are described for HH and glycogen storage disorders. Catheter ablation is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of AF in infiltrative cardiomyopathy. Future large‐scale trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Effect of uncertainties in breach location and breach mechanisms on risk‐related classification of off‐stream reservoirs
Authors: Silva‐Cancino Nathalia , Alfonso Leonardo
Published: November 2024

Off‐stream reservoirs are artificial water storage structures that increase the flood risk of an area. In some places, related risk reduction plans are based on a risk classification of these structures, which follows local water resource management regulations. These classification methods typically follow deterministic qualitative guidelines that do not account for uncertainties. This study introduces a fourth‐step probabilistic approach that accounts for uncertainties related to simultaneous breach formation and breaking point location of off‐stream reservoirs, and proposes an alternative visualisation for their classification. The methodology is applied to a set of Spanish off‐stream reservoirs that are classified according to the Spanish normative. Results show that different breaking points and breach formations generate diverse classifications that can affect risk reduction plans. Additionally, we demonstrate that the proposed visualisation can be used for various purposes, including the case of the evolution of the categorisation in time, due to land use changes, which could be used by decision‐makers to understand which off‐stream reservoir requires a category update. These findings introduce a novel approach to managing uncertainties, which is crucial for developing resilient flood management strategies and contributes to the innovation discourse in flood risk management.
Investigation of the Storage Temperature Effect on Phthalate Migration Potential in Vacuum‐Packed Fish Fillets
Authors: Alak Gonca , Yavas Rabia Nur
Published: November 2024

Information on the microplastic (MPs) migration, particularly phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in packaged seafood, is limited to a few studies. The aim of this study is to follow the possible migration potential and speed of phthalates in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets stored in vacuum packaging depending on the storage temperature, as well as to determine the polyethylene polymer detection. For this purpose, the fillets were randomly distributed as three pieces in each bag, vacuum‐packed, and stored at commonly used temperatures (+4°C and −20°C) for 3 months. On the first day of storage in fillet and packaging materials, in certain periods of storage, the phthalate content in the fillet of each temperature group was determined. It has been determined that the chemical composition of the bag used in the vacuum packaging process is affected by the temperature depending on the storage period, and different polymer types are formed in the packaged material. Ten types of PAEs including diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutylphthalate (DBP), di‐n‐pentyl phthalate (DPENP), di‐n‐hexyl phthalate (DHEXP), butylbenzylphthalate (BBP), di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐phthalate (DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di‐n‐octylphthalate (DNOP), di‐iso‐nonylphthalate (DINP), and di‐isodecylphthalate (DIDP) were recorded in the packaging material and stored fillets. It was determined that the dominant PAE in the fillets were DPENP, and DEHP in the package at all temperature applications and storage periods. The findings help monitor the presence and migration of PAEs in foods and provide a motivating model for adopting the right technologies.
Against the odds: Unveiling the racial dynamics of financial resilience in post‐apartheid South Africa
Authors: Essel‐Gaisey Felix , Chiang Tsun‐Feng
Published: November 2024

Recent economic shocks have intensified financial distress and inequality, prompting research into the factors contributing to financial resilience. Previous studies have primarily employed unidimensional measures of financial resilience, neglecting the role of race. This paper addresses knowledge gaps by exploring how race influences financial resilience. Using data from the South African National Income Dynamic Study, this paper constructs a multidimensional financial resilience index, examines the relationship between race and financial resilience, and identifies potential mediating variables. The results indicate that approximately 52% of South Africans are financially resilient. Empirically, propensity score matching shows that Non‐Whites exhibit approximately 11% lower financial resilience levels than whites. Additionally, the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition proves that discrimination accounts for approximately 3.7% of this disparity. Financial resilience among Non‐Whites would have increased by 1.5% if they had similar characteristics to Whites. Furthermore, mental health disorders and low trust mediate the relationship between race and financial resilience.
The effect of water filter pitchers on the mineral concentration of tap water
Authors: Hazzazi Loai Wadea , Soto‐Rojas Armando E. , Martinez‐Mier E. Angeles , Nassar Hani M. , Eckert George J. , Lippert Frank
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To investigate the effect of water filter pitchers on the concentration of different minerals in tap water.

Methods

Nine water filter pitchers (A–I) were chosen based on consumer preferences and Amazon reviews. Each filter was tested for its ability to modify the concentrations of fluoride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in tap water. Tap water samples were collected before and after filtration, at various intervals (1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 75, and 100 L) during filtration, and analyzed using an ion‐specific electrode (fluoride) and atomic absorption spectrometry (other minerals). Statistical analyses were conducted to compare filtered and unfiltered water mineral concentrations.

Results

Water filter pitcher effect: Filters F (p < 0.001) and G (p = 0.030) decreased fluoride concentrations. All filters except I (p = 0.235) and H (p = 0.717) decreased calcium concentrations (p < 0.01). Filters E (p = 0.018), D (p = 0.014), and G (p = 0.010) decreased magnesium concentrations. Filters I (p = 0.028) and D (p = 0.009) increased potassium concentrations. Filter A (p = 0.002) increased sodium concentrations, while C (p = 0.034) decreased sodium concentrations. Effect of filter aging: All filters affected mineral concentrations over time but to varying extents. Filter G had the most pronounced effect on reducing mineral concentrations compared to all others. No filter was able to completely remove fluoride from tap water, contrary to the claims made by three manufacturers.

Conclusions

The present study highlighted that water filter pitchers vary greatly in their ability to affect mineral concentrations in tap water during their use. Further research is needed to develop more effective water treatment solutions.
Insomnia symptoms predict systemic inflammation in women, but not in men with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Ballesio Andrea , Vacca Mariacarolina , Fiori Valeria , Micheli Federica , Baccini Flavia , Di Nardo Giovanni , Lombardo Caterina
Published: November 2024

Insomnia has been suggested as a potential modulator of systemic inflammation. However, few studies have examined the longitudinal association between insomnia and inflammation as well as the role of sex differences, despite accumulating evidence of the vulnerability of women to immune consequences of disturbed sleep. In this study, we tested the association between self‐reported insomnia symptoms and serum C‐reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, at 1‐year follow‐up, in 54 outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease (52.81 ± 16.09, 40.7% women). Insomnia symptoms were measured using the Insomnia Severity Index. After controlling for baseline inflammation and health variables, longitudinal moderated regression analysis showed that baseline insomnia symptoms predicted C‐reactive protein levels at follow‐up in women (β = 0.416, p = 0.014), but not in men (β = −0.179, p = 0.212). Results were not influenced by sex differences in insomnia severity or C‐reactive protein levels. This study suggests insomnia symptoms may partially influence systemic inflammation in women with inflammatory bowel disease. Sex‐specific psychological, immune and neuroendocrine pathways linking sleep to inflammation should be further elucidated.
Three decades of understorey vegetation change in Quercus‐dominated forests as a result of increasing canopy mortality and global change symptoms
Authors: Kermavnar Janez , Kutnar Lado
Published: November 2024

Questions

The long‐term response of understorey vegetation to increasing tree mortality has rarely been addressed in resurvey studies. For two Quercus‐dominated forest types, we asked: (a) How did overstorey alterations, induced by canopy mortality, affect understorey diversity and composition? (b) Is there a signal of global change effects on understorey communities? (c) Are these assemblages experiencing a homogenization process?

Location

Five sites in Quercus robur (QR) and four sites in Q. petraea (QP) forests, Slovenia.

Methods

We studied changes in vascular plants in the understorey layer from 1992/1993 to 2023 across 45 permanent 20 m × 20 m plots in QR and QP forests, respectively. Vegetation surveys were carried out following the standard Braun‐Blanquet method. We compared original surveys with recent resurveys using multivariate analysis, ecological indicator values (EIV), plant traits and methods that quantify changes in individual species.

Results

Since the early 1990s, tree layer cover decreased from 95% to an average of 55% in QR, whereas it remained relatively high (77%) in QP plots. This resulted in denser understorey vegetation and a significant increase in plot‐level species richness in QR forests, but a slight decrease in QP forests. The extensive loss of canopy cover and disturbance effects in QR forests caused significant changes in species composition. Species turnover in QR was driven by colonization of new disturbance‐tolerant taxa characterized by ruderal traits, whereas the compositional shift in QP was to a greater extent due to species losses. We detected a process of vegetation thermophilization (increase in EIV‐temperature), suggesting an effect of rapid climatic warming. Understorey communities are now more similar to each other than 30 years ago, indicating a decrease in beta‐diversity (floristic homogenization).

Conclusions

Despite some common trends, vegetation responses were forest type‐specific. Our study presents evidence of understorey vegetation changes triggered by increased canopy mortality (a strong local driver particularly in QR plots) and also points to the signal of global change symptoms (thermophilization, homogenization), which acted rather independently from the observed decline in tree layer cover.
In the Tunisian Opposition (Again): Ennahda's ‘Renaissance’ Through Failure?
Authors: Blanc Théo
Published: November 2024

Tunisian President Kais Saied's coup in July 2021 has confronted the Renaissance Party, or Ennahda, with a dilemma: Reassume the comfortable position of defending freedoms and maintain party unity, or implement internal reforms, including an overhaul of its leadership and platform. But the party is trapped in a vicious circle. The political context requires unity and is therefore not conducive to a messy process of internal change. However, reform is needed to restore Ennahda's relevance. The repression of Ennahda and imprisonment of its key leaders—including its president, Rached Ghannouchi—make it unlikely that the party's 11th congress, which had been due to take place in 2020, will ever be scheduled. This article examines Ennahda's ascent after the 2011 uprisings and its role both in the transition to democracy and in the events that led to Saied's takeover. It then analyzes critiques by current and former party officials to understand the internal debate over renewing the platform and installing fresh leadership. It also evaluates alternatives to the party, as it is likely to fade gradually. At stake for Tunisia more broadly is the representation of the conservative segment of the population and the return of a pluralist and competitive political scene.
Exogenous melatonin promotes salt tolerance in smooth bromegrass seedlings: physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic evidence
Authors: Song Wenxue , Wang Jing , Wang Xing , Xi Jianan , Cai Wenqi , Ma Xiaomei , Zhang Jinqing , Fu Bingzhe , Gao Xueqin
Published: November 2024

Soil salinization, which severely limits crop yield and quality, has become a global environmental and resource issue. Melatonin plays an important role in plant responses to salt stress. Smooth bromegrass is an important forage with excellent feed value and is widely grown in northern and north‐west China for pasture and sand binding. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying exogenous melatonin regulation of salt stress in smooth bromegrass are not clear. This study compared the phenotype, physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome profiles of two varieties with contrasting salt tolerance attributes under salt and melatonin treatment. After melatonin treatment, the catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, proline content, actual photochemical efficiency (Y(II)), relative water content, and fresh weight above ground were significantly higher than under salt treatment, while relative conductivity, H2O2 content, and Na+/K+ ratio were significantly lower than salt treatment. The transcriptome and metabolite profiling analysis of smooth bromegrass seedlings treated without melatonin under salt stress identified the presence of 22522 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 862 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in SS, 17809 DEGs and 812 DEMs in ST, while treated with melatonin under salt stress identified the presence of 7033 DEGs and 177 DEMs in SS, 2951 DEGs and 545 DEMs in ST. Furthermore, in response to salt stress, melatonin may be involved in regulating the correlation between DEGs and DEMs in flavonoid biosynthesis, proline biosynthesis, and melatonin biosynthesis. Moreover, melatonin participated in mediating melatonin biosynthesis pathways and affected the expression of ASMT in response to salt stress.
The dual role of methylglyoxal in plant stress response and regulation of DJ‐1 protein
Authors: Sun Yutong , Chen Sixue , Grin Inga R. , Zharkov Dmitry O. , Yu Bing , Li Haiying
Published: November 2024

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive metabolic intermediate that plays important roles in plant salt stress response. This review explores the sources of MG in plants, how salt stress promotes MG production, and the dual role of MG under salt stress conditions. Both the positive role of low concentrations of MG as a signalling molecule and the toxic effects of high concentrations of MG in plant response to salt stress are discussed. The MG detoxification pathways, especially the glyoxalase system, are described in detail. Special attention is given to the novel role of the DJ‐1 protein in the glyoxalase system as glyoxalase III to remove MG, and as a deglycase to decrease glycation damage caused by MG on DNA, proteins, and other biomolecules. This review aims to provide readers with comprehensive perspectives on the functions of MG in plant salt stress response, the roles of the DJ‐1 protein in MG detoxification and repair of glycation‐damaged molecules, as well as the broader functional implications of MG in plant salt stress tolerance. New perspectives on maintaining plant genome stability, breeding for salt‐tolerant crop varieties, and improving crop quality are discussed.
Validity of Four Consumer‐Grade Optical Heart Rate Sensors for Assessing Volume and Intensity Distribution of Physical Activity
Authors: Neudorfer Michael , Kumar Devender , Smeddinck Jan David , Kulnik Stefan Tino , Niebauer Josef , Treff Gunnar , Sareban Mahdi
Published: November 2024

Consumer‐grade optical heart rate (HR) sensors emerged as promising tools to monitor volume and intensity of physical activity (PA). However, no validation study of optical HR sensors included recent comprehensive validation recommendations, required for facilitating usage for medical purposes. Validity of HR data measured with four consumer‐grade optical sensors, the wrist‐worn Garmin Venu 2S and Polar Vantage M2, and the upper arm‐worn Polar Verity Sense and Scosche Rhythm24 were assessed in 32 participants over 24 h including various laboratory‐based and free‐living activities. Furthermore, validity of time at moderate or vigorous PA intensity zones was analyzed. A medical‐grade ECG served as a reference. Reliability was assessed by analyzing data of laboratory‐based activities during two visits. Across activities, the mean absolute percentage error ranged from 2.2% to 4.7% and intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, indicating high validity for all optical sensors. All sensors validly detected time spent at moderate or vigorous intensities (mean error < 10%), except Polar M2 for moderate PA (mean error 12.8%) and Garmin V2 for vigorous PA (mean error −15.9%). Sensor day‐to‐day reliability was high, indicated by a mean absolute error of < 5 beats/min. Upper arm‐worn sensors consistently outperformed wrist‐worn sensors, particularly in activities involving increased arm movement and at higher intensities. Our findings identified an overall high validity of these four consumer‐grade optical HR sensors, also for assessing time spent at higher PA intensities. However, differences were observed between sensors regarding activity subtypes and intensity levels. These data support informed decisions when selecting optical sensors for PA monitoring and intervention.

Trial Registration: The study was performed in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its current amendments and was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID NCT05525000).
Entrustable professional activities and feedback for learning: Insights from a mixed methods study
Authors: McDonald Jenny , Tobin Stephen , Parsons Carl , Joyce Caroline
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are used to support clinical skills training by providing a scaffold for practice and feedback. The aim of this study was to evaluate how written feedback provided for EPAs supports medical students' learning.

Materials and methods

The written feedback for two EPAs (admit or consult patient and discharge summary) was analysed using a mixed methods approach. Content analysis determined the types of feedback received. Qualitative analysis identified themes related to the feedback quality. Hattie and Timperley's feedback model that provides a framework for effective feedback was used as an interpretive lens for our analysis and integrated findings.

Results

Written feedback was provided for 89.5% of 997 EPAs. The proportions of feedback types to support learning were as follows: feedback related to what was done well (75.6%), areas for improvement (27.7%) and next steps (17.4%). Only 10% of EPAs received all three types of feedback. EPAs completed independently were more likely to receive any feedback. Feedback for supervised EPAs was more likely to include areas for improvement or next steps. Qualitative analysis identified two themes: effective feedback for present and future performance with detailed description of performance or targeted advice, and lack of specific guidance for improvement with affirmative statements or non‐specific directions.

Conclusions

EPAs most often elicited feedback about what is done well without areas or strategies for improvement. Descriptive feedback and tailored advice are ideal, but uncommon. Students and supervisors need guidance on how to optimise feedback through instruction and EPA form design.
Photosystem rearrangements, photosynthetic efficiency, and plant growth in far red‐enriched light
Authors: Leschevin Maïté , Ksas Brigitte , Baltenweck Raymonde , Hugueney Philippe , Caffarri Stefano , Havaux Michel
Published: November 2024

Arabidopsis plants were grown in white light (400–700 nm) or in white light supplemented with far‐red (FR) light peaking at 730 nm. FR‐enriched light induced the typical shade avoidance syndrome characterized by enhanced length of seedling hypocotyl and leaf petiole. FR supplementation also caused a noticeable decrease in the carotenoid and chlorophyll content that was attributable to a block of pigment accumulation during plant development. The carotenoid decrease resulted from a downregulation of their biosynthesis pathway rather than carotenoid degradation. The losses of photosynthetic pigments are part of structural and functional rearrangements of the photosynthetic apparatus. The plastoquinone pool was chronically more oxidized in plants acclimated to white + FR light compared to white light‐grown plants. Growth in FR‐enriched light was associated with a higher photochemical efficiency of PSII compared to growth in white light and with a substantial increase in root and shoot biomass production. Light distribution between the photosystems was modified in favor of PSII by an increase in the PSII/PSI ratio and an inhibition of state transitions. Neither LHCII abundance nor nonphotochemical energy dissipation in the PSII chlorophyll antennae were modified significantly by the addition of FR light. A PSI supercomplex, not previously observed in Arabidopsis, was specifically found in plants grown in FR‐enriched light. This large PSI complex contains a supplementary Lhca1‐4 dimer, leading to a total of 6 LHCI antennae instead of 4 in the canonical PSI. Through those photosystem rearrangements and the synergistic interaction with white light, FR light is photosynthetically active and can boost photosynthesis and plant growth.
A three‐step method for preparing cryopreserved samples of apheresis products for post‐thaw analysis yields a high recovery of viable cells
Authors: Sterner Rosalie M. , Strasburg Dustin J. , Va Sildane , DiGuardo Margaret A. , Jacob Eapen K.
Published: November 2024

Background

Flow cytometry protocols for counting fresh CD34+ cell samples are not ideal for cryopreserved products due to cryoprotectant cytotoxicity. For cryopreserved samples, often large volumes of hypotonic solutions, which can cause cell death, are used to remove the cryoprotectant with a post‐thaw wash. We recently developed a novel multistep dilution method with subsequent flow cytometry analysis to allow for accurate and reproducible results. The previous method involved washing steps which invalidate the ability to enumerate cell recovery, and success had to be gauged solely on viability. The new method allows for assessment of total cell recovery and viable cell recovery.

Study Design and Methods

Apheresis products were cryopreserved in 10% DMSO at a target WBC concentration of 300 × 106/mL. Cryovials from these products were thawed at 37°C, and samples were diluted 1:2 by three additions of 1/3 sample volume using 1%‐Human Albumin in Dextran 40 (10% Low Molecular Weight Dextran in 0.9% NaCl) separated by 5 min between each addition. A 1:10 dilution was performed to obtain the correct cell concentration for flow cytometric analysis resulting in a 1:20 dilution. End WBC concentrations were ~15 × 106/mL with DMSO diluted to 0.5%.

Results

Fifty‐two samples were tested with this new method. Total and viable cell recoveries were calculated based on pre‐cryopreservation data. Median total cell recoveries for CD34 and CD3 were >85%, while median viable cell recoveries were >75%.

Discussion

Cryopreserved samples can be reliably prepared for flow cytometric testing using a step‐wise dilution to preserve cell integrity and robust recoveries.