bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Africa’s First “High Tech” War
Authors: Page Melvin
Published: June 2018

Although some scientific innovations and technologies came to their continent during the process of colonization, only during the First World War did Africans experience the full potential of new weapons and engineering breakthroughs as well as transformative transportation methods and medical possibilities. The resulting encounters sometimes left them awe-struck, but Africans frequently seized the newer technologies and turned them into opportunities. Only a few rejected them as antithetical to tradition, though occasionally some Africans expected what seemed to be revolutionary advances alone to change and improve their lives. Ultimately few Africans were unaffected by the awesome wartime scientific and technological alterations brought to their lands and peoples as a result of the First World War.
A Regression-Free Rainfall Estimation Algorithm for Dual-Polarization Radars
Authors: Pei Bin , Testik Firat Y.
Published: June 2018

In this study a new radar rainfall estimation algorithm—rainfall estimation using simulated raindrop size distributions (RESID)—was developed. This algorithm development was based upon the recent finding that measured and simulated raindrop size distributions (DSDs) with matching triplets of dual-polarization radar observables (i.e., horizontal reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and specific differential phase) produce similar rain rates. The RESID algorithm utilizes a large database of simulated gamma DSDs, theoretical rain rates calculated from the simulated DSDs, the corresponding dual-polarization radar observables, and a set of cost functions. The cost functions were developed using both the measured and simulated dual-polarization radar observables. For a given triplet of measured radar observables, RESID chooses a suitable cost function from the set and then identifies nine of the simulated DSDs from the database that minimize the value of the chosen cost function. The rain rate associated with the given radar observable triplet is estimated by averaging the calculated theoretical rain rates for the identified simulated DSDs. This algorithm is designed to reduce the effects of radar measurement noise on rain-rate retrievals and is not subject to the regression uncertainty introduced in the conventional development of the rain-rate estimators. The rainfall estimation capability of our new algorithm was demonstrated by comparing its performance with two benchmark algorithms through the use of rain gauge measurements from the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) and the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEx). This comparison showed favorable performance of the new algorithm for the rainfall events observed during the field campaigns.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of 1050-Al reinforced with SiC particles via accumulative roll bonding process
Authors: Fathy Adel , Ibrahim Dalia , Elkady Omayma , Hassan Mohammed
Published: June 2018

Accumulative roll bonding was successfully used as a severe plastic deformation method to produce Al–SiC composite sheets. The effect of the addition of SiC particles on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the composites during accumulative roll bonding was studied. The Al–1, 2 and 4 vol.% SiC composite sheets were produced by accumulative roll bonding at room temperature. Monolithic Al sheets were also produced by the accumulative roll bonding process to compare with the composite samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles had a random and uniform distribution in the matrix by the last accumulative roll bonding cycles, and strong mechanical bonding takes place at the interface of the particle matrix. This microstructural evolution led to improvement in the hardness, strength and elongation during the accumulative roll bonding process. It is also shown that by increasing the volume fraction of particles up to 4 vol.% SiC, the yield and tensile strengths of the composite sheets increased more than 1.2 and 1.3 times the accumulative roll-bonded aluminum sheets, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy observation of fractured surface showed that the failure broken of composite was shear ductile rupture.
Current and Future Digital Trends in ELT
Authors: Hockly Nicky , Dudeney Gavin
Published: June 2018

Anybody who has lived through the past decade of technological developments will know how quickly our world is changing. And what happens outside our teaching contexts, out there in the real world, will inevitably – at least some of it – end up having an impact on what we do inside our classrooms, lecture halls, schools and colleges. Some of the technologies we mention below will assuredly come to have an impact on some teachers and teaching contexts, others may simply burn brightly and disappear, as so often happens in the field.

We start this article by looking at the bigger picture of technologies in society and in education – the context into which technology fits, with a focus on how the digital divide affects the implementation of educational technologies (or ‘EdTech’). We then consider different and new ways and approaches to teaching and learning, before focussing on some of the new technologies which are – or will be – having an impact on what we do on a daily basis. In each case we reflect on how these new developments will continue to affect English language teachers and learners.
Montesquieu’s Paradoxical Spirit of Moderation: On the Making of Asian Despotism in De l’esprit des lois
Authors: Haskins Alex
Published: June 2018

In recent years, scholars have paid considerable attention to moderation in Montesquieu’s De l’esprit des lois. Still, little scholarship has considered how Montesquieu develops moderation as a concept and practice. In this article, I argue Montesquieu’s complementary defense of moderation and critique of despotism rely on immoderate argumentative practices of omission that enable him to reshape extant laudatory narratives of China and Japan. Through an analysis of Montesquieu’s primary texts on climate and commerce, I demonstrate that, absent these practices, Montesquieu’s “Asian despotism” collapses, revealing the moderate natures of both countries. This conclusion is paradoxical insofar as we take seriously Montesquieu’s claim that De l’esprit des lois upholds the spirit of moderation as of paramount importance. Moreover, I argue that this analysis of Montesquieu’s paradoxical spirit brings to light under-examined dimensions of Montesquieu’s work and alerts political theorists to how different reading practices can recast his “moderate” reputation.
Exploring Cultural Differences in the Extent to Which People Perceive and Desire Control
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Greenaway Katharine H. , Harris Emily A. , Bain Paul G.
Published: June 2018

In a seminal theory piece, Weisz and colleagues argued that control over one’s environment was less attainable and desirable in Japan than in America. Subsequently, many scholars have extrapolated from this argument to claim broad-based cultural differences in control: that Western/individualist cultures perceive and desire more personal control over their environment than do Eastern/collectivist cultures. Yet surprisingly little empirical research has put this claim to the test. To test this notion, in Study 1 we examined perceived control over one’s life in 38 nationally representative samples ( N = 48,951). In Study 2, we measured desire for control in community samples across 27 nations ( N = 4,726). Together, the studies show lower levels of perceived and desired control in Japan than in any other nation. Over and above the Japan effect, there was no evidence for differences in perceived or desired control between individualist and collectivist nations, or between holistic and nonholistic nations.
Partnership Formation in Young and Older Age
Authors: Rapp Ingmar
Published: June 2018

This article examines the prevalence of partnership formation at different life stages and analyses whether the determinants of partnership formation change over the life course. Data were obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1992 to 2014. Event history analyses were used to examine 13,871 periods of being single, of which 8,551 ended with the beginning of an intimate relationship. The results show that the formation of intimate relationships becomes increasingly unlikely after the fourth decade of life onward, particularly for women. At the same time, several predictors of partnership formation vary substantially with age. Economic resources accelerate partnership formation particularly in midlife, whereas good health accelerates partnership formation only in later years. These results remain similar when the transition into cohabitation is examined.
Comparing the Context of Immigrant Homicides in Miami: Haitians, Jamaicans and Mariels
Authors: Martinez Ramiro , Lee Matthew T.
Published: June 2018

We contribute to the field of immigration and crime research by conducting one of the first contemporary examinations of Afro-Caribbean homicides. Despite the growth of immigration across urban America, social scientists lack an understanding of both the extent and severity of immigrant violent crime. Several important findings emerge from our unique data set on Haitian, Jamaican and Mariel Cuban homicides in the city of Miami. Most notably, Miami's homicide rate led the country at various points throughout the 1980s, but immigrant group-specific rates rarely exceeded the city total. By 1990, immigrant Caribbean victim and violator rates had declined to a level and rate far below the city average. Compared to other cities, Miami has a more diverse population and a greater potential for intergroup contact, yet most killings were between ethnic group members. In addition, while the “criminal alien problem” is a prominent image fueling contemporary attempts to restrict immigration, our findings undermine this conventional wisdom. We conclude with suggestions for future elaboration on the causes and consequences of immigration and homicide.
Migration Policies for the Highly Skilled in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Iredale Robyn
Published: June 2018

In relation to the increase in population movement in the Asia-Pacific region in the last decade, research and policy interest has focused on the increase in contract labor migration, mostly for unskilled work. The movement of skilled migrants, either temporarily or permanently, has also increased significantly. The major trends and patterns are examined within the various policy frameworks that enable such movements to occur. Issues of transferability of skills and protection of jobs for nationals are examined within this context. Regional agreements and the possible creation of a regional labor market under APEC are discussed. Finally, the issues facing policymakers in sending and receiving countries and the need for greater regional dialogue and cooperation are canvassed.
Leadership in the Toronto Italian Ethnic Group
Authors: Jansen Clifford J.
Published: June 2018

La littérature sur les aspects de la direction des groupes minoritaires montre que les dirigeants des groupes d'immigrants ont un important rôle à jouer en tant que moyens de communication avec la société. Toutefois, parce que peu de groupes d'immigrants sont complètement homogènes (comme les étrangers au groupe ont tendance à le voir), il y a toujours la possibilité non seulement d'avoir plusieurs chefs de groupe, mais aussi qu'il existe une bonne dose de rivalité entre les sous-groupes appuyant différents chefs. Ce problème devient particulièrement aigu dans le cas des groupes d'immigrants, quand la société-hôtesse, consulte ce qu'elle croit être les porte-parole du groupe, mais que les immigrants dans leur ensemble ne reconnaissent pas comme tels.

En étudiant les problèmes de plusieurs organisations italiennes à Toronto, on a posé des questions sur la direction du groupe. Les attitudes envers les “soi-disant” dirigeants étaient pessimistes, et le manque d'unité dans le groupe était encore plus marqué quand les dirigeants mentionnés étaient euxmêmes intervioués. Ils taxaient d'autres dirigeants mentionnés d'ambition; plusieurs ont répondu qu'ils étaient eux-mêmes les seuls dirigeants du groupe; plusieurs ont réclamé le mérite entier de certaines entreprises du groupe dans son ensemble, et très peu semblaient en termes amicaux avec les autres dirigeants mentionés. Quelques-uns attribuaient cette attitude à l'individualisme des Italiens en général, alors que d'autres croyaient que les chefs de n'importe quel autre groupe ethnique agiraient de même.

Cet article étudie les attitudes envers les dirigeants en général, les antécédents des dirigeants mentionnés, le rôle que ces dirigeants s'attribuent, l'unité du groupe immigrant dans son ensemble et les rapports d'amitié entre les dirigeants.
West Indians in New York City and London: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Foner Nancy
Published: June 2018

Census data indicate that West Indians in the United States are occupationally more successful than West Indians in Britain. Three factors may help to explain this situation: the history of West Indian migration to Britain and the United States; the occupational background of the migrants; and the structure of race relations in the two receiving areas. Comparing West Indians’ occupational achievements in the United States and Britain may also help to explain why West Indians in New York are more successful than black Americans.
Formal and Informal Associations: Dominicans and Colombians in New York
Authors: Sassen-Koob Saskia
Published: June 2018

It is the contention of this article that the incidence and types of voluntary associations in immigrant communities can be employed as an indicator of the differential weight of cultural-ideological and structural factors in the articulation of such communities with the receiving society. It is also held in this paper that the relative similarity of cultural-ideological variables in the Colombian and Dominican communities, revealed by the attribution of a common “Hispanic” identity, tends to have less weight in this articulation than the structural differences between their places of origin and the disparity between place of origin and destination.
Changing Patterns of Wage Labor Migration in the Kilenge Area of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Grant Jill , Zelenietz Marty
Published: June 2018

This study of the inhabitants of Ongaia village in the Kilenge area of Papua New Guinea documents the role of labor migration in one area of New Britain. It notes that the potential for migration seems to vary with several factors: opportunities at the destination and perceptions of those opportunities; pressures in the village such as population, productivity, perceived need for cash, and social values; and connections between town and village. The analysis concludes that migration is an integral part of the Kilenge society's enculturation process.
Indochinese Resettlement: Language Education and Social Services
Authors: Kleinmann Howard H. , Daniel James P.
Published: June 2018

This article proposes that the Monitor Model adequately predicts the problem of teaching English as a second language (TESL) to the previously uneducated and can indicate a solution. The basic problem is managerial and does not indicate a lack in the underpinnings of the TESL field. The key is to integrate the ESL program with the larger resettlement program.
Career Aspirations of Native and Foreign Born: Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Mehrlaender Ursula
Published: June 2018

This article examines the results of a study conducted by the Research Institute of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Bonn, during the years 1975 and 1977, to gauge “participation in employer-provided vocational training”, comparing foreign born and native born teenage males. Italians were selected to represent the foreign born to be compared to German born young males.
International Migration in the Dominican Republic: Implications for Development Planning
Authors: Morrison Thomas K. , Sinkin Richard
Published: June 2018

The Dominican Republic represents a microcosm of all the major migration patterns: substantial emigration and immigration, sizeable return migration, and persistent internal rural-urban migration. The impacts of these various types of migration are related and have a significant influence on the development process. This study analyzes the causes of these migrations as well as the costs and benefits in terms of the individual migrants and the country as a whole. Finally, it investigates the implications of migration for development planning in the Dominican Republic. A major conclusion of the study is that the migration issue is not an area distinct from the various development focuses, but rather cuts across and is related to many of the program areas in which the government is involved.
Ethnicity and Migration in Canada
Authors: Trovato Frank , Halli S.S.
Published: June 2018

This study focuses on the relationship between ethnicity and geographic mobility in Canada by examining 1971 census data. Several competing hypotheses are extracted from the literature on the social demography of ethnic and minority groups and evaluated for their efficacy in explaining the observed differences in geographic mobility. The results from a multivariate analysis suggest that the causal mechanisms involving ethnic, characteristic factors and the propensity to move are varied and interconnected; hence, both ethnic and social demographic characteristics are important sources of migration differentials. The article concludes by providing a theoretical model for further examination of ethnicity and migration.
Pakistani Workers in the Middle East: Volume, Trends and Consequences
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: June 2018

Temporary international migration for employment is not a new phenomenon and much has been written about ‘guest workers’ to European countries. Labor migration to the oil producing Middle East countries is, however, a relatively recent occupation — one that is likely to have far reaching impacts on both labor importing and exporting countries. Serageldin et al. (1983) have estimated that from about 1.6 million migrant workers in 1975 the number would increase to about 4.3 million in 1985 in the major capital rich labor importing countries.1 In some oil producing countries, such as Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, non-national workers comprise over seventy percent of the total labor force. In recent years, the relative proportion of non-Arab migrant labor has increased, proportionately more South and South East Asian and East Asian workers are now employed in the Middle East than in the mid-seventies.
East Asian Migration to the Middle East Causes, Consequences and Considerations
Authors: Ling L. Huan-Ming
Published: June 2018

In 1983, possibly more than 1 million East Asians were working in the capital-rich, labor-short countries of the Middle East. This article reviews the causes and consequences of this new migration flow and notes emerging political, military, and economic linkages between East Asia and the Middle-East.
Women in 19th Century Irish Emigration
Authors: Jackson Pauline
Published: June 2018

Nineteenth century Ireland falls neatly into two distinct periods: the period preceding and the period following the great famine of 1845–1849. The emigration of women during and after the famine is examined in this article. Changes in marriage and the spread of dowries is analyzed to distinguish between the roles of married and unmarried women. Options other than emigration are highlighted insofar as they constituted “choices” for women which avoided the decision, taken by some two million women, to leave their island home by emigrating.
Migration Plans and Hours of Work in Malaysia
Authors: Gillin Edward D. , Sumner Daniel A.
Published: June 2018

This article describes characteristics of prospective migrants in the Malaysian Family Life Survey and investigates how planning to move affects hours of work. We use ideas about intertemporal substitution developed by M. Friedman and T. MaCurdy to discuss the response to temporary and permanent wage expectations on the part of potential migrants. The econometric section presents reduced-form estimates for wage rates and planned migration equations and two-stage least squares estimates for hours of work. Men currently planning a move were found to work fewer hours. Those originally planning only a temporary stay at their current location work more hours.
Estimating the Probability of Emigration from Individual-Specific Data: The Case of Italy in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Mondschean Thomas H.
Published: June 2018

This article develops a method for estimating the probability of emigration conditional on the observed characteristics of individuals. In addition, it is shown how to calculate the mean, standard error, and confidence intervals of the conditional probability of emigration given a random sample of emigrants. The technique is illustrated by providing statistically consistent estimates of the probability an Italian would emigrate to the United States in 1901 and 1911, conditional on personal attributes.
A Profile of the Citizenship Process among Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Alvarez Robert R.
Published: June 2018

This article reports on an ethnographic investigation of the naturalization experiences of 38 recently naturalized Hispanics. In addition to examining the formal and informal steps taken by these applicants to learn about citizenship and the naturalization process, the article focuses on how the decision to naturalize fits into the larger life histories of these applicants. Naturalization is presented as the holistic outcome of isolated factors such as jobs or length of time in the United States. The author finds that the most important factor influencing the naturalization decision is the unraveling of the mysteries surrounding the citizenship process.
Migration and Hereditary Disease in the Saguenay Population of Eastern Quebéc
Authors: Gradie Margaret I. , Gauvreau Danielle
Published: June 2018

This article examines the relationship between migration and genetic disease in the situation of the Saguenay region of Quέbec. This large population shows an elevated incidence of several genetic diseases. The process of migration, which created the population, is thought to be a major factor in determining the genetic structure of the contemporary population. Preliminary results suggest that although consanguineous marriages are not and never were frequent in the population, socially, kinship was important in determining migration and persistence, leading to a high level of genetic homogeneity today.
Peripherization of Immigrant Professionals: Korean Physicians in the United States
Authors: Shin Eui Hang , Chang Kyung-Sup
Published: June 2018

Using data on the characteristics of 1,043 physicians graduated from a medical school in Korea, we analyze the effects of immigrant status, gender, and year of graduation on their choice of medical practice specialty. The specialty areas are categorized into two groups, “core” and “periphery”, on the basis of the reported median income of practitioners in each specialty. The results of our log-linear model analyses indicate that female physicians were more likely to immigrate to the United States than male physicians, although the general trend of immigration did not notably change over time. In our main equation, immigrant status shows a significant peripherization effect as immigrant physicians were much more likely to practice in peripheral areas than their home-staying counterparts. Gender status is also found to have a significant peripherization effect. When these Korean immigrant physicians are compared with the U.S.-educated physicians in regard to their areas of practice, the same pattern of peripherization is observed among the immigrants. Our findings suggest that, despite their secular image of “success”, immigrant professionals in the United States carry on the same kind of marginal economic activities within the professional labor market as unskilled immigrant workers do within the nonprofessional labor market.
Remittances from Labor Migration: Evaluations, Performance and Implications
Authors: Keely Charles B. , Tran Bao Nga
Published: June 2018

Two evaluative views of worker remittances draw opposite conclusions. The negative one posits that remittances increase dependency, contribute to economic and political instability and development distortion, and lead to economic decline that overshadows a temporary advantage for a fortunate few. The positive view sees remittances as an effective response to market forces, providing a transition to an otherwise unsustainable development. They improve income distribution and quality of life beyond what other available development approaches could deliver. The implications are tested for labor supply countries to Europe and to the Middle East. The implications of the negative view are not supported. Although the dire predictions of the pessimistic view have not materialized, the converse — contributions of remittances to economic performance — should not be overstated due to lack of data.
Duration of Residence in the United States and the Fertility of U.S. Immigrants
Authors: Ford Kathleen
Published: June 2018

This paper analyzes census data on the fertility of U.S. immigrants to study trends in fertility after migration. The results showed that immigrant fertility may rise after arrival in the new country perhaps because immigrants are making up for births or marriages that may have been postponed due to the move. After a period of time, the fertility of immigrants may fall and as immigrants become more assimilated to the new country their fertility may come to be similar to cohorts of longer duration. These relationships were examined in a multivariate context so that variations between groups in socioeconomic status, fertility in the country of origin, age and marital status could be controlled. Relationships were studied for all U.S. immigrants as well as for subgroups defined by country or region of origin. The results indicate that simple measures of immigrant fertility that do not consider duration of residence are likely to be misleading if used to draw conclusions about the fertility impacts of immigration and advisable policy interventions.
Harvest of Confusion: Immigration Reform and California Agriculture
Authors: Martin Philip L.
Published: June 2018

Agriculture was a major stumbling block to immigration reform, largely because Congress was unwilling to assign explicit priorities to the competing goals of protecting American workers and admitting supplemental immigrant farmworkers. This article describes the Special Agricultural Worker or SAW legalization program that generated 700,000 applications in California and the hypothetical calculations required to determine whether Replenishment Agricultural Workers or RAWs will be admitted to the United States to do farmwork. The paper concludes that immigration reform did not resolve the century-old debate over agriculture's “need” for alien workers; instead, SAWs and RAWs have contributed to the harvest of confusion on farm labor.
Contract Labor Recruitment from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, 1950–1974
Authors: Ward R. Gerard
Published: June 2018

Systems of contract labor are established in specific political, economic and social conditions to meet the needs of employers, governments and, sometimes, employees. They are maintained if these conditions continue or if one or more of the participant groups has sufficient power or interest to maintain the system. In the case examined here the interests of government, employers and, by proxy, employees were seen to converge and led to the establishment of Papua New Guinea's Highland Labour Scheme. This opened up a hitherto little known population and untapped source of labor with few previous contacts outside their own tribal group. It was the initial avenue by which highlanders entered the monetary economy and the wider national polity. The scheme was successful in controlling the more destructive effects of over-rapid introduction to new socioeconomic systems and disease. When medical transport and political contexts changed the scheme was no longer justified and was abolished.
The Changing Significance of Ethnic and Class Resources in Immigrant Businesses: The Case of Korean Immigrant Businesses in Chicago
Authors: Yoon In-Jin
Published: June 2018

Contemporary Korean immigrant businesses depart from the traditional patterns of immigrant businesses in two important respects. First, minority areas such as black neighborhoods are more important market places for Korean merchants than their own Korean community. Second, though ethnic solidarity and mutual cooperation among Koreans are still viable in Korean immigrant businesses, class interests and class resources are increasingly important as the basis of Korean immigrant businesses. Therefore, collective approaches to business on the basis of ascriptive ties such as extended kinship or regional ties became irrelevant for the recent Korean immigrants. Instead individualistic approaches become more significant. In order to account for the role of ethnicity and class in contemporary Korean immigrant businesses, this study attempts to assess the relative contribution of ethnic and class resources to Korean immigrant businesses and to examine how the relative significance of ethnic and class resources changes over the course of business development. Empirical results tend to support the arguments that while ethnic resources (i.e., financial resources, information or business advice one can gather from family members, friends or rotating credit associations) are important at the initial stage of business, they become irrelevant or insufficient at the advanced stage, and that class resources (i.e., individual human capital) become more important to determine the success level of business at the advanced stage of business development.
The New UN Convention in Light of the German and Turkish Experience
Authors: Ansay Tugrul
Published: June 2018

The legal situation of migrant workers in the Federal Republic of Germany was basically regulated by the Aliens Act of 1965, which was replaced by a new Act in 1990. The original Aliens Act gave considerable amount of discretionary power to the administration. The High Court practice, by using the basic principles of the German Constitution regarding basic rights, as well as the rules of some international agreements, recognized the stable conditions of those migrant workers who had been staying in the country for a long time. As a result their legal situation came closer to the international level. The new Act safeguards these established rights to some extent, but brings restrictive provisions for the newcomers, emphasizing that Germany is not an immigration country. As a result of rising hatred against foreign workers within the country, there is, at the moment, a possibility that existing rights will be limited through a narrow and restrictive way of interpretation of the laws.
Europe: South-North or East-West Migration?
Authors: Manfrass Klaus
Published: June 2018

A dualism in Europe between immigration of European and of non-European origins increasingly characterized the 1970s and the 1980s; i.e., the time span following the phase of the massive labor migration of the 1950s and 1960s after the break marked by the end of active recruitment in 1973–1974. The result was, on the one hand, the integration of a considerable number of immigrants of European origin into the society of the host country. On the other hand, it resulted in the nonintegration of immigrants of non-European origin and their social isolation as well as scenarios of conflict with this group. The consequences of the process of European integration highlighted this dualism. It was beneficial for most of the immigrants of European origin in terms of improved social and legal status and especially in terms of free movement. The dualism was likewise emphasized by increasing immigration flows from different parts of the Third World which could be observed in the 1970s and 1980s.
Does Europe Need Immigrants? Population and Work Force Projections
Authors: Coleman David A.
Published: June 2018

It has been argued that Europe needs more immigrants to restore its age structure and its work force. Even if low European fertility continues, decline in the work force is relatively modest in the medium term and is considerably lower than the potential reserve labor force in Europe. It seems eccentric to propose the resumption of immigration for low-grade labor when there are 15 million unemployed in Europe, most under age 25 and many themselves immigrants, especially since future demand for labor emphasizes high skills. A resumption of general immigration to ensure population stabilization would require inflows much higher even than those previously considered unacceptable. Instead, attention should be given to making it easier for women to combine their desires for children with those for work.
Allocational and Distributional Aspects of Future Immigration to Western Europe
Authors: Straubhaar Thomas
Published: June 2018

This article shows that an analysis of the impacts of immigration has to be divided into allocational and distributional aspects. From an allocational point of view, like free trade in goods, services and capital, migration is welfare-improving as long as marginal productivities of labor are not equalized worldwide. From a distributional point of view, however, the immigration society has to bear the effects of sharing its common public goods and its social values with the new immigrants. Free immigration will only be allowed if the allocational welfare gains exceed the distributional welfare losses. According to this rule of thumb, a guideline for an efficient migration policy is sketched.
Immigration History and the Future of International Migration
Authors: Rystad Göran
Published: June 2018

International migration must be understood as a permanent phenomenon rather than as a temporary movement. In this article, the author proceeds from the premise that in appreciating the relation between the past and the present, we may be able to draw on “lessons of the past” to modify our definition and perception of current problems and to analyze possible policies and decisions. The article is divided into several sections, historical changes within migration patterns including different categories of migrants, various phases within the migration process in recent history, theoretical considerations in analysis, distinct types of immigration policies pursued by various states, and current and possible future trends.
Chicano Return Migration to the Southwest: An Integrated Human Capital Approach
Authors: Sáenz Rogelio , Davila Alberto
Published: June 2018

This study uses an integrated human capital framework to examine the relationship between human capital, employment and ethnic factors and return migration to the Southwest among Chicanos. The sample used in the study is derived from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Samples and contains 1,926 Chicano householders between the ages of 25 and 64 who were born in one of five southwest states, lived outside of this region in 1975, and worked in the civilian labor force at any time between 1975 and 1980. The results suggest that various human capital, employment and ethnic composition variables are important predictors of Chicano return migration.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Determinants of Female Rural to Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Brockerhoff Martin , Eu Hongsook
Published: June 2018

Data from eight recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in sub-Saharan Africa are used to assess whether fertility, child mortality and other individual-level characteristics motivate or constrain long-term female migration from rural to urban and other rural areas. Findings indicate that the likelihood of rural-urban and rural-rural migration is lowered in most countries when the woman has had two or more recent births, but not when she has had only one birth. Child mortality experience moderately reduces the risk of migration in most countries. The likelihood of rural-urban migration is greatly increased when the woman has attended school, is not married, is in her twenties, or does not belong to the largest ethnic group.
The Employment and Wages of Legalized Immigrants
Authors: Borjas George J. , Tienda Marta
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes the employment and wages of recently legalized immigrants using the Legalization Application Processing System (LAPS) file, an administrative file based on the individual records of amnesty applicants, and draws comparisons with a sample of the foreign-born population from the Current Population Surveys of 1983, 1986 and 1988. Compared to the total foreign-born population, the legalized immigrant population differs in four important respects that bear on labor market position: 1) a younger age structure; 2) a less balanced gender composition; 3) a greater representation of Latin Americans; and 4) few years of U.S. residence. LAPS data reveal high rates of labor force participation among legalized immigrants, which exceeded the rates of the foreign-born population by approximately 5 and 17 percent for men and women, respectively. Legal immigrants earn approximately 30 percent more than their undocumented counterparts from the same regional origins. National origin alone accounts for about half of the wage gap between legal and undocumented migrants. In addition, the wage disadvantage of undocumented immigrants actually increases with age. Cross-sectional data preclude an unambiguous interpretation of this result, which requires longitudinal data.
Beware the Passenger Card! Australian and New Zealand Data on Population Movement between the Two Countries
Authors: Carmichael Gordon A.
Published: June 2018

Studies of international migration frequently make use of data collected as part of the administrative procedure through which persons entering or leaving a country by an approved route pass. Such databases often are used quite uncritically. This article reports on idiosyncrasies of two official national migration databases, most of which became apparent when trying to account for marked differences in their estimates of both migratory and more short-term population movement between the two countries, and for variation over time in the pattern of differences. It is shown that the use of apparently similar broad classification principles, by different countries and through time within a country, can create impressions of comparability and continuity that may be quite misleading. Before using data of this type one should examine carefully how subsidiary classification concepts have been defined and the manner in which both these and the broader principles have been translated into questions on travel documents and data processing conventions.
Internal Migration for Recent Immigrants to Canada
Authors: Nogle June Marie
Published: June 2018

Internal migration decisionmaking for recent immigrants may occur under conditions of extreme uncertainty and limited information. Migration behavior may be constrained by language barriers, availability of settlement assistance, and differential levels and access to information about alternative locations and opportunities. Poisson regression models are estimated for the number of internal migrations experienced by immigrants in the first three years of residence in Canada. The results suggest that internal migration in the first year after arrival is strongly affected by characteristics such as admission status, destination at arrival, reason for immigration, and area of origin. With increasing length of residence in Canada, though, the effect of these admission factors on internal migration behavior diminishes.
Explaining Immigrant Naturalization
Authors: Yang Philip Q.
Published: June 2018

Prior research on immigrant naturalization has focused mainly on the effects of immigrants’ adaptation experiences and demographic characteristics on their propensity to naturalize. This article proposes a broader analytical framework which incorporates immigrants’ individual characteristics and larger social contexts in the country of origin and the country of destination to explain the likelihood of citizenship acquisition. The framework is tested for a cohort of recent immigrants, using the PUMS data from the 1980 U.S. census. The results show that economic, political, social, cultural and geographical conditions in the country of origin, and immigrants ethnic communities and urban concentration in the country of destination, to a large extent influence immigrants’ propensity for naturalization and that, net of the contextual factors, many of the immigrants’ adaptation and demographic characteristics are also significant predictors of citizenship acquisition. The costs, benefits and meaning of naturalization and their intervening roles in the naturalization process are also discussed.
European-American Immigration Convergence
Authors: Martin Philip L. , Miller Mark J.
Published: June 2018

Will similarities in the nature of the twin problems of controlling unwanted immigration and absorbing newcomers lead to a convergence of European and American immigration and integration policies? A conference of 70 leading American and European researchers and policymakers in Charleston, South Carolina on May 13–14, sponsored by the European Communities Studies Association, discussed the gap between immigration goals and realities on both sides of the Atlantic, and worried about whether current steps taken to promote integration will be successful. They reached apparent consensus on three points: 1) immigration pressures in Europe and the United States are rising and are unlikely to abate soon; 2) there is no compelling economic or demographic case for opening borders to mass migration; 3) there are no clear historical or contemporary models that provide beacons to guide integration policies.
Beyond “Little Taipei”: The Development of Taiwanese Immigrant Businesses in Los Angeles
Authors: Tseng Yen-Fen
Published: June 2018

Both in their choice to settle in predominantly noncoethnic neighborhoods and in their economic development, recent Taiwanese immigrants in Los Angeles represent a fundamental break with the past. It is this new type of economic development that brings an unprecedented impact on the society at large. However, these unique features of Taiwanese immigrant business and their implications to the host society remain understudied.

Quantitative as well as qualitative methods were employed in this study. The data were obtained from document files, field observations, in-depth interviews, U.S. census data, and a telephone survey of 310 Taiwanese business owners in the greater Los Angeles area. The data analysis closely examined entrepreneurial process, ethnic integration, and industrial diversity among Taiwanese immigrant businesses. Provided with entrepreneurial capacity, Taiwanese enterprises grow rapidly within the context of Los Angeles's economic restructuring and dependency on Asian Pacific trade.
Gender, Values, and Intentions to Move in Rural Thailand
Authors: De Jong Gordon F. , Richter Kerry , Isarabhakdi Pimonpan
Published: June 2018

This article explores gender differences in the intentions to move among a sample of young adults in rural northeastern Thailand. Based on the value-expectancy framework of migration decisionmaking, an explanatory model is tested which includes migration-related value measures along with individual, household and community-level determinants of both intentions to move and change in intentions to move. Multinomial logistic regression results based on data from the 1992 Thailand National Migration Survey provide some support for the hypothesis of gender-specific determinants of both intentions to move and the reconsideration of migration intentions. For men, value measures of affiliation and comfort, social networks, the presence of young children in the family, and land holdings are significant determinants of migration decisionmaking; for women income and comfort values, the presence of elderly persons in the household, community size, and crop losses are the salient factors. The results are discussed in light of traditional and current cultural expectations for men and women in rural Thailand.
The Impact of Ethnic Internal Migration Patterns on Population Distribution in Israel: Observed and Projected
Authors: Klaff Vivian Z.
Published: June 2018

This paper discusses the distributional and social components of Israeli land settlement policy implementation. A stochastic model is then employed to construct a probabilistic migration model to project the population of 13 settlement types and data is presented to show the effect of internal migration on the distribution patterns of the major ethnic groups across settlement types and on the changing ethnic composition within settlement types. The analysis demonstrates that internal migration, in the absence of other components of growth, has the potential for being a crucial factor in altering the size and ethnic composition of the settlement structure of the country. Implications of projected trends are discussed.
The New Migration in the Middle East: A Problem for Whom?
Authors: Choucri Nazli
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the recent trends in migration throughout the Middle East, identifying the major implications of this movement, and isolating the critical policy issues for both Egypt and other Arab states. The author argues that international migration in the Middle East harbors political and economic effects that may be potentially explosive. It is demonstrated that current migration related policies may be counter-productive for all parties concerned. This paper highlights the emergence of new issues in Middle East politics without attempting a detailed analysis of their many facets.
The “Amnesty” Aftermath: Current Policy Issues Stemming from the Legalization Programs of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
Authors: Baker Susan González
Published: June 2018

The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) created two one-time only legalization programs affecting nearly 3 million undocumented immigrants. Legalization has produced important changes among immigrants and in immigration policy. These changes include new patterns of immigrant social and economic adaptation to the United States and new immigrant flows through family ties to IRCA-legalized aliens. The heightened salience of immigration, produced in part by legalization, has also generated a wave of “backlash” policymaking at the state and local levels in high-immigration sites. This article combines data from a longitudinal survey of the IRCA-legalized population with qualitative field data on current immigration issues from key informants in eight high-immigration metropolitan areas. It reviews the political evolution and early implementation of legalization, the current socioeconomic position of legalized aliens, and changes in the immigration “policy space” resulting from legalization. Aldiough restrictive policies have again captured public attention, legalization has also sparked renewed efforts at immigration advocacy, particularly where immigrants who adjust to U.S. citizenship hold the potential for influencing local politics.