bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Bimetallic Selenide Anchored Carbon Nanotubes for Boosted Hydrogen Reactions
Authors: Wang Bin , Zhang Xiaojuan , Chen Yuanfu
Published: March 2021

Herein, bimetallic sulphide CoSe2-FeSe2 anchored on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT) networks are prepared via a selenization and subsequent annealing process. The CoSe2- FeSe2/CNT hybrid shows excellent property for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, featured by a low Tafel slope of 39 mV dec−1, an overpotential of 205 mV (10 mA cm−2), as well as good long-term stability in 0.5M H2SO4 electrolyte. The outstanding HER performance is mainly due to the synergistic effects of the bi-metallization and its unique porous nanoarchitecture: the bi-metallization causes strong coupling interaction between CoSe2 and FeSe2, which facilitates the charge transfer at the interfaces and the reconfiguration of the partial electron structure; the porous nanoarchitecture enable the close contact between electrolyte and active site as well accelerate the evolved gas bubbles releasing. This work provides insight into facile fabrication of bi-metallic selenide electrocatalysts with excellent HER performance in acid medium.
Study on Anti Pilling Finishing of Embroidery Products
Authors: Li Bangyu
Published: March 2021

The problem of easy pilling of embroidery has become a pain point of consumption. The water-soluble polymer finishing agent is applied on the embroidery along the embroidery pattern line with a brush. The treated embroidery is ironed and solidified with an iron. Natural extract finishing agent was used for secondary reinforcement in the later use. The results show that the film with good mechanical properties and transparency can be formed on the surface of embroidery fiber when the finishing agent concentration is 0.6 wt%. The breaking strength of embroidered silk fiber is improved and the fuzzing degree is reduced. The fuzzing resistance of the finished embroidery decreased with the increase of washing times. The fuzzing resistance of the finished embroidery was restored to a certain extent after the secondary reinforcement with 0.2 wt% Gleditsia sinensis gum.
Experimental Study on the Influence of Tool Wear on the Cutting Process of Ti6Al4V
Authors: Liu Qimeng , Xu Jinkai , Yu Huadong
Published: March 2021

The tool wear is a big problem when machining titanium alloy. If the tool wear law is not mastered well, the machining quality will not be guaranteed. In this paper, the theoretical model of the tool is established, which can understand the spatial dimension model of the tool. At the same time, the tool wear experiment of the most commonly used tool for titanium alloy machining in the manufacturing industry is carried out, and the influence of the tool cutting wear on the cutting process is studied. The experimental analysis shows that the tool produces the chip extrusion stripe when it is worn in the initial stage and normal stage, which is perpendicular to the chip in the outflow direction, the fringe protrusions are parallel, and the contact surface of the chips is relatively flat. When the tool reaches the stage of severe wear, the protrusion stripes perpendicular to the outflow direction of the chips are fluffy, and the stripes are twisted. With the continuous cutting wear time of the tool becoming longer, the cutting force, the residual stress of the machined surface layer and the cutting temperature obtained in each stage gradually increase; with the tool reaching the stage of severe wear, the protrusion stripes are fluffy, and the stripes are twisted The tool wear time gradually increases, and the cutting surface roughness obtained by continuous tool wear decreases first and then increases; the surface quality of the tool in the initial wear stage is relatively obvious and the edge burr is large, while in the normal wear stage, the surface quality of the tool is gradually gentle, but when the tool reaches the severe wear stage, the surface quality of the tool begins to be processed Sharp drop and thick edge burr.
Analysis on the Control Effect of Enhanced Cushion on the Difference Settlement of New and Old Subgrade in Soft Foundation Area
Authors: Jiang Zhenhua , Yang Dongxing , Yang Zhiwei , Wang Zhe , Zhang Xiaochun
Published: March 2021

In order to reduce the differential settlement of the extended urban highway splicing segment, we monitored the junction of the new and old subgrade in the practical engineering, analyzed the value of pavement deformation. It found that the smaller the modulus ratio of the new and old subgrade, the greater the non-uniform settlement value. At the same time, the uneven settlement and lateral displacement of the road can be effectively reduced by using the pile-reinforced cushion structure. So the results show that the pile-reinforced cushion structure can effectively reduce the uneven settlement and lateral displacement of the old and new roads, strengthen the links between old and new roads; To enhance the stability of subgrade, it can be used for widening the old road in soft soil foundation.
Research on Biaxial Damage Evolution Characteristics of Flexible Woven Composite Film
Authors: Liu Longbin , Yang Songyuan , Wang Yue
Published: March 2021

The flexible braided composite film structures have been widely used in many fields such as near space aerostats, inflatable wings, flexible spacecraft due to their unique advantages such as small folding volume, light weight, high specific strength, excellent comprehensive performance, etc. However, the space environment is so harsh, and the flexible film structure composite material could be easily affected by various environmental factors such as long-term sunlight, ultraviolet radiation and space particle impact. So the weathering damage evolution characteristics directly determine the use life and working efficiency. The typical biaxial fiber reinforced laminated flexible composite material was studied with the damage mode, and the composite meso-mechanical theory was also used to construct the braided composite mechanics model during the damage process. The damage model of the warp and weft fiber bundles with the base film layer was introduced into the independent flexible film composite component damage degree, and the damage evolution model of the damage-containing composite material characterized by the mesoscopic component parameters was also established. Moreover, the load-bearing stress characteristics of each component under different damage conditions were calculated and analysed. The research results could provide an effective theoretical reference for the weathering optimization design and the improvement of the service life of flexible film woven composite structures.
Investigation on Microstructure and Hardness of In-situ (TiB+TiC)/Ti Composite Prepared by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Zhu Dong , Zhang Liang , Wu Wenheng , Lu Lin , Song Jia , Ni Xiaoqing , Zhu Wenhua , Zhao Jinmeng , Gu Sunwang , Shan Xiaolong
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to research the influence of the addition of boron carbide ceramic particle enhancer on the grain shape and microstructure of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) during laser additive manufacturing process. It is found that during SLM process of B4C/CP-Ti, the reinforced particles B4C react with CP-Ti to produce prismatic TiB and whisker-like TiB and granular TiC. The in-situ synthesized TiC and TiB extremely improve the microhardness of the SLM-processed Ti composite from 213.9 to 513 HV0.5, but drastically reduced its plasticity in comparison to CP-Ti, which is of great significance for further popularization of titanium matrix composites.
Method for Exploiting High-viscosity and High-pour-point Crude Oil
Authors: Xie Wei , Chen Lei , Xia Zhixue , Wang Fang , Ou Jianguo , Liu Wenmao , Liang Xinkun , Liu Jundong , Liu Zhixian
Published: March 2021

Because of its high viscosity and high freezing point, high viscosity and high pour point crude oil has always been a difficult problem in production. On the basis of fully studying the viscosity temperature characteristics of high viscosity and high pour point crude oil, this paper puts forward the idea of hydraulic cutting. This method accurately grasps the freezing point of high viscosity and high pour point crude oil. The high viscosity and high pour point crude oil is cut by high-speed cold water hydraulic cutting near the freezing point, which is cut into fine crude oil particles or crude oil flocs. These fine crude oil particles or flocculent crude oil float in continuous water phase, and are mined to the surface with solid or semi-solid water flow. Thus, the problem of low cost exploitation of high viscosity and high pour point crude oil is solved. This method not only provides an effective technical means for the exploitation of high viscosity and high pour point crude oil, but also greatly reduces the production cost. It has a high application prospect and good economic benefits.
Aggregate Particle Size Calculation Based on Optimized Equivalent Ellipse
Authors: Hao Xueli , Sun Zhaoyun , Li Wei , Hu Yuanjiao , Pei Lili , Wang Cui
Published: March 2021

The precise calculation of the aggregate size is crucial for detecting aggregate gradation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a method for calculating aggregate particle size. First, a series of image-processing methods, such as filtering, enhancement, segmentation, and morphology, were implemented to obtain a binary image. Consequently, a method for determining the particle shape and correcting the particle size was devised. The aggregate particles are divided into four categories, i.e., rectangle, ellipse, diamond, and triangle, according to three parameters: compact factor, projected contour, and distance distribution from edge point to centre of mass. The corresponding correction coefficient of each category based on the equivalent elliptical minor axis was then calculated, and the grading accuracy of the corrected particle size was analyzed. The accuracy of the particle size classification obtained by the method of aggregate particle shape determination and particle size correction proposed in this paper is 80.7 %.
Preparation of Chitin Microcapsules and Their Applications in Stability Improvement of Tobacco Aroma Components
Authors: Yan Tiejun , Wu Fengguang , Ouyang Canbin , Liu Jialei
Published: March 2021

Tobacco microcapsules based on chitosan and tobacco extract was prepared in this paper. The preparation yield of microcapsules, tobacco loading rate and embedding rate were studied by calculation. The structures of such microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetry analysis was used to studied their stability. Else, the taste comfort data of microcapsule samples was also added by Artificial evaluation and scoring. The result showed that microcapsule technology can effectively improve the stability of tobacco products. The amount of tobacco extract had a great influence on the structure of microcapsules. The optimization of tobacco extract content can effectively improve the taste comfort of microcapsules.
Analysis of Energy Efficiency Level of Typical Countries
Authors: Wang Junhai , Yin Jianbing , Chen Lin , Chen Zhiyuan , Gong Yingfei , Tan Qingkun
Published: March 2021

The current global energy transition is in a period of acceleration, and the transition process of various countries shows certain characteristics of differentiation. Based on the analysis of the development direction of the energy transition, this paper proposes covering energy structure and energy efficiency. On this basis, a comparative analysis of the energy transition situations of major countries such as China, the European Union, Germany, and Japan was carried out, and then conclusions and enlightenments for my country’s energy transition were put forward.
The Influence of Service Mode on Indoor Environment and HVAC Systems in General Hospital in China
Authors: Chen Min , Gong Jiafu
Published: March 2021

Waiting for a long time in registration, waiting areas and medicine receiving are the universal problems in general hospitals in China. In order to solve these problems, quantitative indicators of “friendly service, good quality, good medical ethics and satisfy the crowd (FSGQGME & SC)” were proposed by ministry of health of the people’s republic of China. It’s a step that will not only solve the problem of inadequate medical services, but also improve the indoor environment and reduce the investment costs and energy consumption in HVAC systems in general hospitals. Two general hospitals with different service modes were comparatively analyzed in this paper. A field investigation was made in the hospital A which consists of statistics persons number, waiting time and the fresh air requirement in outpatient registration hall. The people distribution and fresh air requirement in hospital B were also analyzed by scenario forecasting method. The results show that there is a strong relevance between hospital management regulation and the indoor environment, the energy consumption and the associated economics in HVAC systems.
A Weighted Control Scheme for Topology Optimization
Authors: Xing Jian , Qie Longfei
Published: March 2021

The SIMP and RAMP approaches are widely used to solve the discretized topology optimization problems with continuous design variables. Based on these two methods, this paper proposes a weighted control scheme for the purpose of taking advantage of the high efficiency of SIMP and the high stability of RAMP. The scheme is established by introducing a weighted factor and, it allows the designer to switch between SIMP and RAMP optionally. The negative feedback control technique is introduced to the proposed scheme to determine the proper value of weighted factor. With the proposed method, a desired target is firstly set by the designer to indicate the final goal. The topology optimization problem is solved by the weighted scheme to obtain process variable. The process variables and the desired target value together constitute the input matrix of the proposed scheme. Next, the error is estimated by subtract the process variable from desired target value. A correction is then applied by error-based regulator according to the error information. Finally, the desired value of weighted factor is achieved by eliminating the error to a permissible range. The weighted control scheme is verified by the heat conduction topology optimization problem.
Study on Preparation of Nano-porous Copper by Dealloying Method
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Li Mingyu , Zeng Qingxuan
Published: March 2021

Nano-scale mixed powdercomposed ofoxalate copperand oxalate manganesewas prepared by chemical synthesis method, after tableting, it was sintered at high temperature in a tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen to obtain nano-level Cu-MnO alloy. The Mn is removed by corrosion to obtain nanoporous copper. The solid copper-manganese oxalate was analyzed by TG/DTG. The specific surface area and composition of porous copper before and after sintering and dealloying were analyzed and characterized by using automatic specific surface area analyzer and ICP-OES. The results show that the specific surface area of the copper-manganese alloy can be greatly improved by controlling the sintering temperature so that it is not completely decomposed. The specific surface area of porous copper obtained when the Mn element is 14% (mole fraction) is the largest. After hydrochloric acid corrosion, the specific surface area of porous copper will be significantly reduced, and hydrochloric acid dealloying is a continuous process. If the corrosion concentration and time are too small, the purity of the porous copper will be lower. Converselyif ttheyare too large, the porous copper structure will collapse and the specific surface area will quickly decrease. Nano-porous copper with a specific surface area of 75.9 m2/g can be obtained by etching in 0.5mol/L HCl for 4 h.
Can we trust CMIP5/6 future projections of European winter precipitation?
Authors: Moreno-Chamarro E , Caron L-P , Ortega P , Loosveldt Tomas S , Roberts M J
Published: March 2021

IPCC models project a likely increase in winter precipitation over northern Europe under a high-emission scenario. These projections, however, typically rely on relatively coarse ∼100 km resolution models that can misrepresent important processes driving precipitation, such as extratropical cyclone activity, and ocean eddies. Here, we show that a pioneering 50 km atmosphere–1/12° ocean global coupled model projects a substantially larger increase in winter precipitation over northwestern Europe by mid-century than lower-resolution configurations. For this increase, both the highest ocean and atmosphere model resolutions are essential: only the eddy-rich (1/12°) ocean projects a progressive northward shift of the Gulf Stream. This leads to a strong regional ocean surface warming that intensifies air–sea heat fluxes and baroclinicity. For this then to translate into a strengthening of North Atlantic extratropical cyclone activity, the 50 km atmosphere is essential, as it enables enhanced diabatic heating from water vapor condensation and an acceleration of the upper-level mean flow, which weaken vertical stability. Our results suggest that all recent IPCC climate projections using traditional ∼100 km resolution models could be underestimating the precipitation increase over Europe in winter and, consequently, the related potential risks.
The Formation of the University Reputation Capital under the Digital Transformation of the Environment
Authors: Akhmetshin Elvir , Ilyina Irina , Kulibanova Valeriia , Teor Tatiana , Okagbue Hilary
Published: March 2021

In modern conditions, the importance of digitalization for the university success in the education market is growing rapidly. Competitiveness, and ultimately survival of the educational institution in the information environment depends on how timely it will be included in this process. This article is devoted to considering the features of the digital transformation process and its impact on the university reputation. The development trends of distance education in Russia are analyzed, main missions of a modern university are examined in detail, and it is proved to maintain its competitiveness in the context of digitalization, the university must implement not only basic - educational and scientific missions, but also new, entrepreneurial and innovative ones. Only those universities that succeed in efficiently operating in all directions will be able to strengthen their positions in the market. The features of monitoring the reputation of the university are revealed, the target audiences, to which communication efforts should be directed, are considered. Particular attention is paid to methods of reputation analysis. One way to maintain a reputation is publicity. Publicity monitoring during the formation of a university’s reputation in the context of convergence and digitalization allows one to be more attentive to promotion tools.
Problems in the development of digitalization of Russia’s agriculture
Authors: Kivarina M , Afanasyeva T , Yurina N
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this work is to consider and highlight the main problems of introducing digital technologies into the work of agricultural organizations in Russia. Moreover, the main emphasis is placed on the coordination of the practice of using intelligent technologies and the rural contingent. Considered are decrees and resolutions of the Government aimed at the priority development of the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation (RF) through digitalization, for example, the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 28, 2017 No. 1632-r “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”. The infrastructure of rural settlements in the Russian Federation, its state and composition of the population were studied, the shortcomings and problems associated with digitalization in the agro-industrial complex were identified, and ways of overcoming them were simultaneously proposed - in particular, the use of clustering of Russian regions to improve work in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation, the determination of the main characteristics for carrying out multidimensional scaling both for all territories of the Russian Federation and for agriculture in each region.
Biological activity of extracellular protease preparations of Aspergillus ochraceus micromycete on the Paramecium caudatum model
Authors: Shabunin S V , Vostroilova G A , Khokhlova N A , Komarevtsev S K , Mikhalev V I
Published: March 2021

The research was carried out to study the biological activity of proteases of filamentous fungi, in particular the recombinant protease of Aspergillus ochraceus BMKF41040 micromycete, on a biological model of a unicellular organism - a culture of Paramecium caudatum ciliates. The test object Paramecium caudatum is characterized by a short life cycle, rapid reproduction, it is a convenient model for studying the response of an organism to the effects of preparations. The experiment consisted of 3 stages: rapid assessment of the biological activity of the recombinant protease of Aspergillus ochraceus BMKF41040 micromycete on the culture of infusoria in the stationary growth phase; the assessment of the biological effect of the studied object on the mechanisms of adaptation and cell resistance under the damaging effect of an unfavorable factor; the assessment of the biological activity of the studied objects by the reproduction intensity of ciliates. The results of the studies have shown that the recombinant protease of Aspergillus ochraceus BMKF41040 micromycete does not have a negative and stimulating effect on ciliates and does not affect their reproduction rate. It exhibits moderate biological activity in the test with the action of an unfavorable factor.
Effective use of meat of meat-and-egg chicken and eggs for the production of specialized semi-finished products
Authors: Borisova V L , Terentyev S E , Stefanova I L , Sazonova E A , Kramlikh O Y
Published: March 2021

Poultry meat is a full-value food product for the population. It is widely used in general and specialized diets. Thanks to the work of breeders, breeds of meat-egg chickens with high egg production and high-quality meat were bred. At the same time, the meat of meat-egg chickens is somewhat inferior in organoleptic parameters to broiler meat, which to a lesser extent allows it to be used in the production of specialized meat-based food products. The paper presents the results of research on the development and production of specialized semi-finished products for the nutrition of pregnant women, using meat of meat-egg chicken. To increase the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of the developed semifinished products, a new product from chicken eggs is introduced into the latter – egg coagulated melange, enriched with kelp. Kelp is a source of iodine in a bioavailable form. Calcium enrichment of the developed semi-finished products was carried out by the product of the chicken egg-shell processing - a mineral concentrator, in which calcium is in an easily digestible form.

The conducted studies, the results of which are presented in this article, allowed to establish that the enrichment of functional ingredients based on chicken eggs led to an increase in the nutritional value of semi-finished products, an improvement in organoleptic indicators. The introduction of kelp in the composition of enriched melange reduced the loss of iodine. Thus, efficient processing of poultry products was carried out: meat of meat-egg chicken (processing of the shell and the egg itself).
Digitalizating rural areas: a traditional context
Authors: Olkhovikov K , Korobeynikov A , Zarubina E , Zhuravleva L , Ruchkin A
Published: March 2021

Digitalizing the existing territories is widely declared and procreated in the modern world. The process has become widespread in developed countries and is gaining momentum in developing countries; also attracting a lot of studies in economics, technology, and political science. We argue the necessity of philosophical attitude to cope with the essentials of digitalization. Mostly, the use of philosophy in the matter comes with aspects usually ignored in quantitative methodologies. Actual qualitative reference of unfolding digital nets for rural territories, still representing numerous semantics of a traditional life-world, helps bringing to the limelight opportunities overlooked in intensive indicators and their capacity to describe the actual social and cultural process involved in territorial digitalization.
Effect of different well growth rates on the luminescence characteristics of InGaN/GaN green quantum well
Authors: Zhao Yuntao , Li Guanghui , Zhang Shuai , Yi Linkai , Qi Haoran , Liang Feng , Yang Jing , Zhou Mei , Shen Huixing , Zhao Degang
Published: March 2021

Four InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) samples with different InGaN quantum well growth rates grow via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. The relationship between the growth rate and luminescence characteristics of multiple quantum wells is studied by analyzing the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) spectra, and microscopy photoluminescence image. The results show that the uniformity and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the samples become better first and then deteriorate as the growth rate increases. Whether the growth rate is too high or too low, it will cause the uniformity and IQE of the sample to deteriorate. The following two reasons lead to poor material uniformity. When the growth rate is too slow, the mobility of In atoms is higher than that of Ga atoms, forming In enrichment on the sample surface; on the contrary, the migration time of atoms is not enough, and Ga atoms cannot move to the lattice site. We also find when the growth rate is 0.0125 nm s−1, the sample has the best uniformity, and when the growth rate is 0.034 nm s−1, the IQE of the sample is the highest at room temperature.
Reconstruction of energy spectrum of runaway electrons in nanosecond-pulse discharges in atmospheric air
Authors: QIU Jintao , ZHANG Cheng , LIU Zehui , HUANG Bangdou , SHAO Tao
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the runaway electron spectrum with a gas diode composed of a rough spherical cathode and plane anode under the excitation of a nanosecond-pulse generator in atmospheric air. The runaway electron beams are measured by a collector covered with aluminum foil with a thickness from 0 μm (mesh grid) to 50 μm. The energy spectrum is calculated by an improved Tikhonov regularization called the maximum entropy method. The experimental results show that the transition state of the discharge consisted of multiple streamer channels stretched from the cathode with glow-like plasma uniformly distributed over the anode. The number of runaway electrons measured by the collector is in the order of 1010 in atmospheric pressure air with a gap spacing of 5 mm and applied voltages of 70–130 kV. The cathode with a rough surface creates a more inhomogeneous electric field and larger emission site for the runaway electrons around the cathode, providing conditions for the coexistence of filamentary streamer and diffuse discharge. The reconstructed spectra show that the energy distribution of the runaway electrons presents a single-peak profile with energies from eU
m/2–2eU
m/3 (U
m is maximal voltage across the gap).
Single-photon generation from self-assembled GaAs/InAlAs(111)A quantum dots with ultrasmall fine-structure splitting
Authors: Schuck Christopher F , Boutelle Robert , Silverman Kevin , Moody Galan , Simmonds Paul J
Published: March 2021

We present a novel semiconductor single-photon source based on tensile-strained (111)-oriented GaAs/InAlAs quantum dots (QDs) exhibiting ultrasmall exciton fine-structure splitting (FSS) of ≤ 8 µeV. Using low-temperature micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, we identify the biexciton-exciton radiative cascade from individual QDs, which, combined with small FSS, indicates these self-assembled GaAs(111) QDs are excellent candidates for polarization-entangled photon-pair generation.
Machine learning for neutron reflectometry data analysis of two-layer thin films
*
Authors: Doucet Mathieu , Archibald Richard K , Heller William T
Published: March 2021

Neutron reflectometry (NR) is a powerful tool for probing thin films at length scales down to nanometers. We investigated the use of a neural network to predict a two-layer thin film structure to model a given measured reflectivity curve. Application of this neural network to predict a thin film structure revealed that it was accurate and could provide an excellent starting point for traditional fitting methods. Employing prediction-guided fitting has considerable potential for more rapidly producing a result compared to the labor-intensive but commonly-used approach of trial and error searches prior to refinement. A deeper look at the stability of the predictive power of the neural network against statistical fluctuations of measured reflectivity profiles showed that the predictions are stable. We conclude that the approach presented here can provide valuable assistance to users of NR and should be further extended for use in studies of more complex n-layer thin film systems. This result also opens up the possibility of developing adaptive measurement systems in the future.
Health and Welfare Aspects of the International Protection of Adults
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck
Published: March 2021

The same broad questions of Private International Law arise in the context of the protection of the person of the adult as they do in relation to their property. In other words, in any case with a cross-border element, it will be necessary to consider such questions as which court has jurisdiction over the person; which state’s laws will be applied; and whether orders made in one state will be recognized by the authorities (whether they be administrative or judicial) of a different state. It will also be necessary to consider whether any form of Private Mandate granted by the adult intended to survive (or take effect) upon incapacity will be effective in another state.
Hague 35
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck
Published: March 2021

Articles 15 and 16 of Hague 35 provide a mechanism to resolve the conflicts of laws issues arising regarding (inter alia) the validity and exercise of ‘powers of representation granted by an adult, either under an agreement or by a unilateral act, to be exercised when such adult is not in a position to protect his or her interests.’ Whilst they are to be found in the middle of chapter III of the Convention, the mechanism that these two Articles establish gives rise to sufficiently distinct questions that they merit separate consideration. This chapter therefore examines the categorization of such powers of representation for purposes of Hague 35 and the framework established therein to bring about their effective acceptance across Contracting States. The chapter concludes with a discussion of other anticipatory measures that might be taken by an adult (such as Advance Decisions to refuse medical treatment). Whilst such measures are to greater or lesser extent related to powers of representation, they fall for distinct consideration and, on a proper analysis, in fact fall outside the scope of the Convention altogether.
Jersey
Authors: Withers Donna , Parslow Carl
Published: March 2021

As one of the Channel Islands, the Bailiwick of Jersey has maintained its status as an independent jurisdiction for more than 800 years. Jersey pledged allegiance to the Crown in 1066 when William Duke of Normandy became King William I of England upon defeating King Harold at the Battle of Hastings.
Germany
Authors: Lipp Volker , Ward Adrian
Published: March 2021

Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 member states (Länder). At the municipal level, local government rests with districts (Kreise) and municipalities (Städte, Gemeinden). According to the German Constitution (Basic Law—Grundgesetz), legislation as well as administration is at member state level except where the constitution provides otherwise. For a brief account of the principal legislation relevant for the protection of Adults see paragraph 22.14 below.
Australia—New South Wales
Authors: Frimston Richard , Young Chris
Published: March 2021

Australia is a common law country. Australia is a federation of five states and two territories. Laws affecting adults in need of protection whether in terms of financial or personal Private Mandates, Statutory Wills, or state appointed financial managers or enduring guardians are generally made at state level. Other areas of law, such as family law, bankruptcy, and corporations are at a federal level.
Canada—Alberta
Authors: van Overdijk Claire , Martini Barb
Published: March 2021

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces, including Alberta, and three territories. The common law applies in Canada, with the exception of the province of Quebec, which uses a civil law system. While there is a Federal Government, Alberta, as a province, also exercises constitutional powers in its own right. Federal legislation includes provisions relating to adults within the scope of this work. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms also guarantees certain political rights to Canadians and civil rights to everyone in Canada, and contains rights that impact upon capacity law.
Sweden
Authors: Frimston Richard , Odlöw Torbjörn
Published: March 2021

Sweden is a unitary state. Its legal system has the features that are distinctive to those of the Nordic legal family, as opposed to either civil law or common law systems. There are two parallel court systems in Sweden, general courts and administrative courts. There are also specialized courts, such as the Market Court, the Migration Courts, and the Labour Court.
Directors’ Duties
Authors: Joffe QC Victor , Drake David , Richardson Giles , Lightman QC Daniel , Collingwood Timothy
Published: March 2021

The general duties imposed upon directors are the corollary of their powers; they spring from the directors’ functional and normative role in conducting the company’s affairs and affecting its legal relations. Corporate law and the constitution of the company repose in them powers to act, within certain bounds, in the company’s name. And in doing so, they necessarily affect all those interested in the company’s fortunes: most fundamentally, its members. The separate legal personality afforded to a company serves, for the purposes of legal analysis, as a nexus for its members’ interests, and makes it possible to describe directors in the exercise of their powers as agents for the company. These tenets explain the origin of some of the basic duties that apply to directors in relation to the exercise of their functions: to promote the interests of the company; to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence; not to exceed the limits of their powers; not to profit from their position; and not to place themselves in positions where their own interests or other duties conflict with their duties to the company. In doing so, they draw on equitable and common law principles of wider application, to agents, trustees, partners, and professionals.
Personal Claims
Authors: Joffe QC Victor , Drake David , Richardson Giles , Lightman QC Daniel , Collingwood Timothy
Published: March 2021

Where the shareholder seeks to enforce rights vested in him personally, the rule in Foss v Harbottleis inapplicable. This was emphasized by Asquith LJ in Edwards v Halliwell:
The Evolution of Development Plans
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

Development plans play a vital part in the system for the control of development. They constitute the main backcloth against which applications for planning permission are determined and decisions are made on whether or not to issue an enforcement notice to terminate unauthorized development. The strength of the development plan system is that it ensures that there is both a rational and a consistent basis for making those decisions.
Enforcement of Planning Control
Authors: Bowes Ashley
Published: March 2021

The Agricultural Land (Removal of Surface Soil) Act 1953 provides that where the removal of surface soil from agricultural land constitutes development, it is an offence to do so without planning permission. Subject to that sole exception, to carry out the development of land without planning permission does not constitute a criminal offence. Nevertheless, there has to be some sanction to ensure that unauthorized development can be prevented. The sanction provided by the law is mainly imposed by the enforcement notice machinery contained in Part VII of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Under this machinery, once an enforcement notice takes effect, the development which is unauthorized must cease or be removed. If it is not, then, and only then, is a criminal offence committed of failure to comply with the enforcement notice.
Pediatric Reference Intervals for Critical Point-of-Care Whole Blood Assays in the CALIPER Cohort of Healthy Children and Adolescents
Authors: Bohn Mary Kathryn , Hall Alexandra , Wilson Siobhan , Henderson Tina , Adeli Khosrow
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is being increasingly adopted to support clinical care. Data for critical care parameters in healthy children on POCT instruments are lacking. We established comprehensive reference standards for several whole blood parameters on the Radiometer ABL90 FLEX PLUS blood gas analyzer in the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Paediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) cohort.

Methods

Approximately 300 healthy children and adolescents (age range, birth to <19 years; sex, boys and girls) were recruited with informed consent. Venous whole blood was collected (using heparinized syringes) and rapidly analyzed at the point of collection for pH, Pco2, Po2, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, lactate, and electrolytes on the ABL90 FLEX PLUS instrument. Reference intervals were established according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.

Results

Of the parameters assessed, 6 required age partitioning; none required sex partitioning. Reference value distributions were consistent across the pediatric age range, demonstrating higher variation in the early neonatal period.

Conclusions

This study established reference standards for 10 critical care analytes in the CALIPER cohort for the first time. These data contribute to our understanding of normative pediatric values for venous electrolytes, metabolites, and blood gases on a modern POCT instrument, facilitating test interpretation in clinical settings that use these assays.
Invited Commentary: The Society for Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting—Room to Improve Gender Equity
Authors: Lauderdale Diane S
Published: March 2021

The annual meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research is a prominent showcase for epidemiologists to present their research and share their expertise with peers. There are multiple paths to being on a podium at the meeting, and that role has implications for not only the speaker but also the audience. The article by Nobles et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(9):1710–1720) represents an innovative investigation of representation among speakers at 3 recent SER annual meetings, with a primary focus on gender. Women were significantly under-represented as symposium speakers, which is an important role at the meeting. Symposium talks are invited talks and thus recognition of stature in the field. However, women were not under-represented as speakers in the concurrent contributed sessions, which are not invited talks and undergo blinded peer review. This gender contrast between the speakers at concurrent contributed sessions and the symposia is likely due to the different submission processes for the 2 types of presentations, but it could also reflect the review processes. Although the symposia are highly informative and enjoyable components of the meetings, some modifications in the submission and evaluation processes may be beneficial.
Improved yeast-screening assay for phytoestrogens
Authors: Sophon Natthida , Phiwpesh Choladda , Darith Sieng , Cherdshewasart Wichai , Boonchird Chuenchit
Published: March 2021

A yeast estrogen screening (YES) assay was improved to increase sensitivity for detection of phytoestrogens. New yeast strains minus one or the other of transporters Pdr5 or Snq2 and harboring yEGFP as a reporter gene were developed. The new strains showed 2-100-fold improvement in sensitivity for detection of standard estrogens and antiestrogens. In addition, the assay time (1 h) using the newly developed strains was shorter than that (4 h) previously reported. Furthermore, the snq2-minus strains were most effective for detection of estrogenic activity while the pdr5-minus strains were most effective for detection of antiestrogenic activity. The efficacy of the new methods was evaluated and confirmed by testing with 23 Thai medicinal plant species. The new strains were also tested for detection of xenoestrogens. The results revealed that the newly developed YES methods were specific and rapid and suitable for simple high-throughput screening or detection of estrogen-like compounds.
nhKcr: a new bioinformatics tool for predicting crotonylation sites on human nonhistone proteins based on deep learning
Authors: Chen Yong-Zi , Wang Zhuo-Zhi , Wang Yanan , Ying Guoguang , Chen Zhen , Song Jiangning
Published: March 2021

Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly discovered type of protein post-translational modification and has been reported to be involved in various pathophysiological processes. High-resolution mass spectrometry is the primary approach for identification of Kcr sites. However, experimental approaches for identifying Kcr sites are often time-consuming and expensive when compared with computational approaches. To date, several predictors for Kcr site prediction have been developed, most of which are capable of predicting crotonylation sites on either histones alone or mixed histone and nonhistone proteins together. These methods exhibit high diversity in their algorithms, encoding schemes, feature selection techniques and performance assessment strategies. However, none of them were designed for predicting Kcr sites on nonhistone proteins. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an effective predictor for identifying Kcr sites from the large amount of nonhistone sequence data. For this purpose, we first provide a comprehensive review on six methods for predicting crotonylation sites. Second, we develop a novel deep learning-based computational framework termed as CNNrgb for Kcr site prediction on nonhistone proteins by integrating different types of features. We benchmark its performance against multiple commonly used machine learning classifiers (including random forest, logitboost, naïve Bayes and logistic regression) by performing both 10-fold cross-validation and independent test. The results show that the proposed CNNrgb framework achieves the best performance with high computational efficiency on large datasets. Moreover, to facilitate users’ efforts to investigate Kcr sites on human nonhistone proteins, we implement an online server called nhKcr and compare it with other existing tools to illustrate the utility and robustness of our method. The nhKcr web server and all the datasets utilized in this study are freely accessible at http://nhKcr.erc.monash.edu/.
Viewing Emerging Human Infectious Epidemics through the Lens of Invasion Biology
Authors: VilÀ Montserrat , Dunn Alison M , Essl Franz , GÓmez-DÍaz Elena , Hulme Philip E , Jeschke Jonathan M , NÚÑez MartÍn A , Ostfeld Richard S , Pauchard AnÍbal , Ricciardi Anthony , Gallardo Belinda
Published: March 2021

Invasion biology examines species originated elsewhere and moved with the help of humans, and those species’ impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. In a globalized world, the emergence and spread of many human infectious pathogens are quintessential biological invasion events. Some macroscopic invasive species themselves contribute to the emergence and transmission of human infectious agents. We review conceptual parallels and differences between human epidemics and biological invasions by animals and plants. Fundamental concepts in invasion biology regarding the interplay of propagule pressure, species traits, biotic interactions, eco-evolutionary experience, and ecosystem disturbances can help to explain transitions between stages of epidemic spread. As a result, many forecasting and management tools used to address epidemics could be applied to biological invasions and vice versa. Therefore, we advocate for increasing cross-fertilization between the two disciplines to improve prediction, prevention, treatment, and mitigation of invasive species and infectious disease outbreaks, including pandemics.
Rostro-caudal different energy metabolism leading to differences in degeneration in spinal cord injury
Authors: Ohnishi Yuichiro , Yamamoto Masamichi , Sugiura Yuki , Setoyama Daiki , Kishima Haruhiko
Published: March 2021

Spinal cord injury gradually spreads away from the epicentre of injury. The rate of degeneration on the rostral side of the injury differs from that on the caudal side. Rostral degeneration is an immediate process, while caudal degeneration is delayed. In this study, we demonstrated that the rostro-caudal differences in energy metabolism led to differences in the spread of degeneration in early thoracic cord injury using in vivo imaging. The blood flow at the rostral side of the injury showed ischaemia-reperfusion, while the caudal side presented stable perfusion. The rostral side had an ATP shortage 20 min after spinal cord injury, while the ATP levels were maintained on the caudal side. Breakdown products of purine nucleotides were accumulated at both sides of injury 18 h after spinal cord injury, but the principal metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolytic pathway were elevated on the caudal side. Although the low-ATP regions expanded at the rostral side of injury until 24 h after spinal cord injury, the caudal-side ATP levels were preserved. The low-ATP regions on the rostral side showed mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose as a glycolysis inhibitor decreased the caudal ATP levels and expanded the low-ATP regions to the caudal side until 24 h after spinal cord injury. These results suggest that deficits in the glycolytic pathway accelerate the caudal degeneration, while immediate rostral degeneration is exacerbated by oxidative stress in early thoracic cord injury.
A Quantitative Assessment of the Net Wealth Tax: The Spanish Experience
Authors: Durán-Cabré José M , Esteller Moré Alejandro
Published: March 2021

There is growing debate, both social and academic, about the possibility of levying an annual net wealth tax. Until a few years ago, such a proposal appeared difficult to both implement and control, but recent technological innovations, which could greatly facilitate the periodic valuation of wealth, combined with improvements in international tax information sharing could make a “modern wealth tax” possible. Nonetheless, a number of challenges regarding its design still need to be addressed. Taking advantage of the Spanish experience—the only EU country to levy a wealth tax—we undertake a quantitative analysis of various key legal elements of the current tax (exemptions and the common income and wealth tax ceiling) by means of a tax simulator we have developed; we also analyze its redistributive power. Our results show that the family business exemption and the common ceilings are highly regressive. We also assess the effectiveness of alternative reforms with more comprehensive tax bases (JEL codes: H24, H23, and D31).