bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
168 Evaluation and Improvement of the Nutritional Value of Cereal and Pulse Grains for Swine
Authors: Zijlstra Ruurd T , Tan Felina , Beltranena Eduardo , Nyachoti Martin
Published: September 2022

Feed represents the greatest variable cost of swine production, with feed energy as its largest component. In most swine production systems, cereal grains such as corn, wheat, or barley provide historically the most energy in feed. Cereal grains contain >50% starch and < 20% crude protein. Pulse grains such as field pea, faba bean, and chick pea are now widely grown on the Great Plains for human consumption and crop diversification. Pulse grains contain 30 to 40% starch and 20 to 30% crude protein. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch does not differ between cereal and pulse grain. However, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch is lower for pulse grains; thus, apparent hindgut fermentation of starch is greater. Both AID and ATTD of total dietary fiber are greater for pulse than cereal grains. Calculated net energy (NE) value is greater for cereal than pulse grains. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine is greater for pulse than cereal grains. Cereal and pulse grains are milled prior to diet mixing, and particle size reduction can increase ATTD of energy. Whereas steam pelleting may not increase nutrient digestibility of pulse grains, extrusion may increase digestibility of both energy and amino acids. Fiber-degrading enzymes can increase nutrient digestibility of grains by depolymerizing the fiber matrix. In phase-3 nursery diets that are formulated to equal NE value and SID lysine, barley grain can replace wheat grain without reducing growth. Similarly, pulse grains can replace part of cereal grain and soybean meal in phase-3 nursery diets without reducing growth. In conclusion, pulse grains are alternative energy sources to cereal grains but can also replace protein feedstuffs such as soybean meal in sustainable swine feeding programs and provide agronomic benefits like rhizobia N fixation and reduced carbon footprint.
167 Monomodular and Multi-Functional Processive Endocellulases for Improving Fibre Utilization and Reducing Environmental Footprint in Pigs
Authors: Fan Ming Z , Cheng Laurence , Wang Min , Chen Jiali , Fan Wenyi , Wang Weijun
Published: September 2022

Global emission of the major greenhouse gases (GHG) from food animal production accounts for 15% of the total human-induced GHG with pork production being a significant contributor. Poor efficiency of dietary fibre utilization not only limits global pork production profit margins but also adversely affects dietary crude protein and amino acid utilization; and these collectively lead to excessive manure fibre and nitrogenous compounds, resulting in anaerobic biogenesis and emission of the major GHG from swine manure slurry storage. Two unique glycosyl hydrolase family-5 (GH5) processive endoglucanases, referred to as GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-, have been reported. The GH5-tCel5A1 was originally identified via targeted genome sequencing of the extremely thermophilic Thermotoga maritima while the GH5-p4818Cel5_2A was screened from the porcine hindgut microbial metagenomic expression library. Both GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818_2A have been characterized to be monomodular, act as processive β-1,4-endoglucanases and have multi-functionality towards hydrolyzing dietary natural crystalline cellulose and pre-treated cellulosic substrates as well as several hemicelluloses including β-glucans, xylan, xylogulcans, mannans, galactomannans and glucomannans. We have recently overexpressed both GH5-tCel5A1 and GH5-p4818Cel5_2A in the ClearColiBL21(DE3) cell and investigated the susceptibility of both these cellulases to auto-oxidation by air-borne O2. Furthermore, we have also examined these endoglucanases’ stability under the mimicked in vitro porcine gastric and the small intestinal pH and proteases’ conditions. Further pig nutrition and growth performance studies are being conducted to investigate the in vivo efficacy of these two processive endoglucanases as newly emerging potential exogenous fibre enzymes.
172 Developing Genomic Tools for Bison
Authors: Miller Michelle
Published: September 2022

Genomic tools are increasingly being used in livestock production due to their practical applications in production management and animal genetic improvement balanced with a price point that is acceptable to the livestock producer. Our program developed three genetic tools for the bison industry, including Parentage Verification, Subspecies Composition, and Cattle Introgression. The development of these tools occurred in two phases. The first was to use whole genome sequencing to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in bison; approximately 52.5 million biallelic SNPs were discovered from 21 bison animals with high quality sequence data. The second phase was to select a subset of the SNPs for use on a genotyping assay that would ultimately consist of the SNP content for the commercial tool. The resulting genomic tools may provide an opportunity to increase the sustainability, competitiveness, and profitability of the bison industry from both production and conservation perspectives.
176 Costs for Supplementing Small Ruminants Under the Various Grazing-Based Production Systems
Authors: Karki Uma , Shrestha Bhuwan , Chaudhary Santoshi , Tiwari Anand , Karki Lila B
Published: September 2022

The supplementary feeding costs of small ruminants can be substantial when there is not much vegetation available for grazing or browsing. However, such costs have not been reported well and the strategies to minimize them not discussed enough. The objective of this study was to quantify the feeding costs involved in supplementing small ruminants under grazing-based production systems. Grazing studies were conducted from July to October in 2021 (88 d) in woodlands with lactating Kiko does (17) along with their young kids (33). Animals were divided into two groups (1 & 2) and randomly allocated to three woodland plots each for rotational stocking. Group 1 was allowed to rotationally graze in nearby silvopasture plots for 3-4 hours daily and Group 2 was supplemented with ad lib. hay and corn (0.5% metabolic wt.). Another study was conducted from October to December 2021 (70 d) involving 56 Kiko goats and 18 Katahdin-St. Croix ewes. During this study, there was not much foliage available, and animals were supplemented with hay (ad lib.) and corn (0.5% live wt.). Cost and amount of hay and corn used for supplementation were recorded. Data were analyzed in Excel for descriptive statistics. In the woodland study, cost for supplementing animals was $0.13 per animal per day, with 86% of the cost accounted for hay and 14% for corn. In the second study, when not much vegetation was available for grazing, cost for supplementing animals was $0.43 per animal per day, with hay cost accounting for 77% and remaining for corn. Findings of this study suggest that planted forages can be used to replace the need for purchased feed during the forage-growing period. The costs of supplementation can be significantly high during the lean period of forage production.
187 Body Performance of Beef Steers Swathgrazing oat Monoculture or Forage-Blends During Winter Months
Authors: Durunna Obioha N , Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Vandenberg Carien , Krys Deanna , Lardner Bart
Published: September 2022

Extended grazing strategies have the potential to reduce beef winter-feeding costs. Beef producers can incorporate monoculture cereal crops in their winter swathgrazing programs, but recently, the use of polycrops (also known as intercrops or cover crops) is growing. There is little information about beef cattle body performance when swathgrazing forage blends during winter months. This study evaluated animal performance when swathgrazing oat monoculture or a polycrop blend (oat, turnip,canola and forage pea). Forage systems (treatment) were seeded on a 12-hectare site, further separated into 2-hectare paddocks. The paddocks were seeded in June and swathed in August at the hard dough stage for the oats. Forty-two crossbred steers were randomly allocated to one of two replicated (n=3) systems while balancing for body weight and breed composition. Body weights (BW) were determined over two consecutive days at the start and end of grazing, and at 2-wk intervals throughout the 86 d grazing period. Ultrasound backfat, rumpfat and intramuscular fat were collected at the start and end of the trial. At the start of the trial, two steers in each replicate group were fitted with rumen pH/temperature boluses. The biomass yield of the oat and polycrop were 6,225±651 and 4,867±471 kg DM ha-1, respectively, while mean regrowth for oat and polycrop were 177 and 1409 kg DM ha-1, respectively. Start-of-test BW (246, 247kg; P = 0.92), end-of-test BW (304, 303.5; P = 0.97), average daily gain (0.68, 0.74 kg d-1; P = 0.61), backfat change (0.53, 0.69 mm; P =0.65), rumpfat change (0.84,1.30 mm; P=0.14) and intramuscular fat change (-0.12, 0.14%; P=0.66) did not differ for steers assigned to oat and polycrop systems, respectively. Other measures were mean rumen temperatures (39.13oC, 38.96oC; P=0.03) and pH (6.76, 6.70; P=0.10) for the oat and polycrop respectively. These results suggest that polycrops may be an alternative in a swath grazing system during the winter months.
191 Evaluation of Diverse Cool-Season Grass Mixtures with red Clover on Ruminal Fermentation in Continuous Culture
Authors: Snider Miriam A , Mulakala Bharath K , Driemel Ashley W , Ziegler Sara E , Darby Heather M , Soder Kathy J , Brito Andre F , Greenwood Sabrina L
Published: September 2022

Dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to evaluate the impacts of forage mixtures on ruminal fermentation. Diets (DM basis) contained 40% red clover combined with 1) 60% orchardgrass (OG); 2) 30% orchardgrass + 30% meadow fescue (MF); 3) 20% orchardgrass + 20% meadow fescue + 20% Kentucky bluegrass (KYBG); or 4) 15% orchardgrass + 15% meadow fescue + 15% Kentucky bluegrass + 15% perennial ryegrass (PRG). Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each 10-d period included a 7-d adaptation and 3-d sampling period. Diets (110 g DM/d) were added across 4 feedings/d (33% each, 0700 h and 1600 h; 17% each, 0820h and 1720 h). Fermenter pH was recorded continuously for 10-d. Methane was measured on d 7-10 at 0630 and 1530 h. Effluent samples were collected on d 8-10. Results were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with significance at P ≤ 0.05. Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) for fermenters receiving KYBG, followed by PRG. Apparent DM and OM digestibility for OG and MF were less than KYBG by 18.0% and 19.6%, respectively. Fermenters receiving KYBG spent the greatest amount of time under pH 5.8 (avg. 15.5 h/d; P = 0.0004). Acetate:propionate and acetate + butyrate:propionate ratios were greater for fermenters receiving KYBG (4.09 and 4.71) and PRG (4.03 and 4.65; P < 0.0001). Water soluble carbohydrate concentration of effluent was least for KYBG (0.80 mg/ mL; P ≤ 0.05). Methane output for KYBG (116.8 mg/dL; P < 0.0001) was greater than that of OG (13.7 mg/dL), MF (31.7 mg/dL), and PRG (11.9 mg/dL) which did not differ from one another. These results suggest that diets containing KYBG and PRG were more digestible with PRG having the added benefit of decreased methane output.
189 Effects of hay Maturity on the Enteric Methane Emission, Intake, and Energy Metabolism by Beef Heifers
Authors: Friend Emalee , Gunter Stacey A , Moffet Corey A , Beck Paul A
Published: September 2022

Heifers (n=12; initial BW=296 ± 30 kg) were used to determine the effect of wheat (Triticum aestinum L.) hay maturity (HM) on energetics and gas emissions. Hay was harvested at 3 maturities and was fed for three 7-d periods. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 HM levels including immature (cut at stem elongation, Zadok score [Tottman, 1987] = 3.1, 37% NDF), intermediate (cut at boot stage, Zadok = 3.9-4.1, 55% NDF), and mature (hay cut at milk stage Zadok = 7.9, 63% NDF). Hay was fed for ad libitum intake plus a daily supplement of 0.90 kg of pellets (12% CP) were offered via an automated head-chamber system that measured heifer CO2, CH4, and O2 fluxes. The experiment was designed as a split-plot with HM as the main plot, period the subplot, and beginning body weight as a covariate; main effects were compared using linear and quadratic contrasts. DMI was different for each level of HM with the most DMI for immature and the least for mature, but across all HM levels, DMI did not differ among periods (P ≥ 0.13). Neither HM nor period had an effect (P ≥ 0.16) on total enteric CH4 emissions. However, CO2 emission and O2 consumption had a positive quadratic response to both HM (P ≤ 0.02) and period (P ≤ 0.03). Heat production (HP) had a positive linear effect (P < 0.01) to HM and negative quadratic response to period (P < 0.01). Hay maturity and period had a significant negative linear effect (HM, P < 0.01) and quadratic (period, P < 0.01) effect on metabolizable energy (ME) intake (ME = HP + retained energy). These results indicate that as HM decreased it has a negative effect on DMI, CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, HP, and MEI, but did not have an effect (P ≥ 0.16) on total enteric CH4 emission.
193 Forage Species to Improve Nutritional Opportunity for Grazing Livestock: A Southeast Perspective
Authors: Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine C
Published: September 2022

The southeastern US covers a number of the USDA plant hardiness zones and is therefore quite versatile in the forages that can be grazed. Many of these forages have excellent nutritional values if utilized at the proper growth stage. Generally speaking, forage nutritional value is greater from cool-season vs warm-season forages and annual vs perennial forages and declines with forage maturity. However, these nutritional differences may be offset by other factors such as greater persistence, earlier grazing or harvest, a longer growing season, adaptation to adverse environments, etc. Therefore, when evaluating forages to improve the nutritional opportunities for grazing livestock, numerous factors should be included in addition to forage chemical composition. These factors include ease and cost of establishment, longevity, productivity, palatability, adaptability to a range of soil types and environments, tolerance to grazing, and compatibility with other plants in the ecosystem either concurrently or in subsequent growing seasons. Additionally, long-term sustainability and environmental benefits should be considered. Without considering a number of these and simply focusing on nutritional values, information and recommendations may be quite misleading and result in disappointment and ultimately a loss of trust by producers. Therefore, collaboration among disciplines and agencies and the ability to monitor key factors listed above over an extended timeframe will be required. Longer-scale studies, even when evaluating annual forages, across a range of weather conditions and seasons, will provide needed information that will ultimately help producers reduce risk. Therefore, we will discuss the necessary information required to allow us to make more useful recommendations for nutritional improvement for pastures in the southeast.
197 Smart Foodscapes: Developing Functional Landscapes to Enhance the Sustainability Livestock Production Systems
Authors: Villalba Juan J
Published: September 2022

Approximately six million beef calves are produced annually in the western U.S. alone, and ranchers must maintain profitable operations while addressing the growing number of consumers seeking environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable food. In response to these concerns, a diversity of deep-rooted perennial legumes and forbs with high nutrient content and the presence of functional biochemicals (e.g., phenolics, terpenoids) are proposed to be grown and stockpiled in “islands” across the landscape. These islands are then used as low-cost supplementation for beef cattle to enhance productivity and biodiversity while reducing environmental impacts. Thus, smart foodscapes emerge through landscape interventions that promote the establishment of resource patches that enhance cowherd health and decrease nitrogen and methane emissions to the atmosphere. In addition, the approach offers stakeholders adaptability to face not only uncertainties in forage productivity and feeding value caused by climate change, but also a tool to increase landscape connectivity and structural complexity in rangelands, enhancing ecosystem biodiversity and resilience.
199 Revisiting Mechanisms, Methods, and Models for Altering Cell Wall Utilization for Ruminants
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O , Vieira Ricardo A
Published: September 2022

Several wild and domesticated ruminants rely almost exclusively on the complex carbohydrate matrix from the plant cell wall (PCW) as their primary energy source via volatile fatty acids produced through ruminal and some hindgut fermentation processes. The PCW comprises different proportions and types of polysaccharides, pectic substances, polyphenols (lignin, tannins), and amino-N compounds (amino acids, peptides, proteins) that impact its digestibility and nutritive value. Thus, understanding the biosynthetic formation of the PCW will shed some light on possible manipulation mechanisms (e.g., genetic selection, management, and fertilization) and processing methods (e.g., physical, chemical, or enzymatic treatments) to increase its digestibility, leading to better utilization of the PCW by the ruminant animal. Laboratory techniques must be developed, evaluated, and modified to accurately and reliably reflect the digestibility and nutritive value of PCW brought about by modern manipulation mechanisms or processing methods. The chemical determination of lignin and its association with carbohydrates still lack consensus, although acid detergent lignin has been demonstrated to behave uniformly as a nutritional entity. Spectroscopy (near-infrared and Raman) and in vitro gas production techniques have been adopted to assess plant chemical composition and nutritive value, but an incomplete understanding of the impacts caused by disrupting the PCW for sample processing still exists. The limitations of these laboratory techniques have partially led to their association with mathematical models to improve the explanation of fermentation dynamics. Different variations of multicompartmental and time- and age-dependent mathematical models based on gamma distribution have been proposed to determine the ruminal rates of degradation and passage of fiber. However, low-quality data due to inconsistent marker results used to determine passage rates and transit time of fiber in the gastrointestinal tract have hindered advancements and adoptions of the next generation of computer models to understand fiber degradation in the rumen. The association of mechanistic modeling and artificial intelligence will perhaps improve PCW nutritive value predictions.
217 Acceptability of Hempseed Meal in Horses
Authors: Springer Ryon W , Cross Teighlor D , Turner Paxton L , Ciesynski Kallyn S , Esterl-Byrne Lillian F , Mason Ashley C , Thorne Caitlan C , Guay Kimberly A , Wellmann Kimberly B , Jones Trinette N
Published: September 2022

Congress passed US Farm Bills legalizing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), after which hemp-farming increased, resulting in an abundance of hemp by-products, like hempseed meal (HSM). As such, HSM must be evaluated as a potential animal feedstuff. A study was designed to evaluate the acceptability of HSM over time in horses, using 6 stock-type geldings (11.5 ± 3.4yr, 539.6 ± 31.9kg, BCS 6). Horses were offered 1 kg of HSM pellets over two 5-min periods, 1 h apart each day, and offered 1 kg of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay between offerings. Horses remained on a commercial ration during a 1-d feeding-pattern acclimation prior to the 6-d trial. Data (mean ± SEM) were analyzed using a Repeated Measures ANOVA within R Statistical Program. One horse was removed from the study due to complete diet refusal. Intake of HSM on d1 (0.287 ± 0.081kg; P = 0.062), d2 (0.378 ± 0.084kg; P = 0.07), and d3 (0.446 ± 0.087; P = 0.077) tended to be lower than d5 (0.695 ± 0.071 kg). Similarly, d1 (P = 0.043), d2 (P = 0.036), and d3 (P = 0.048) were less than d6 (0.652 ± 0.064 kg). Day 4 (0.530 ± 0.09 kg) tended to be less than d5 (P = 0.09), but there was no difference between d5 and d6 (P = 0.73). Hay consumption was greater on d1 (0.702 ± 0.026kg; P = 0.003) and d2 (0.723 ± 0.041kg; p = 0.001) than d6 (0.410 ± 0.051kg). Hay consumption and HSM intake were not correlated (R2 = 0.001), but the proportions of HSM consumed between feedings were highly correlated (R2 = 0.947), increasing at 0.4 of Feeding 1. These findings indicate that HSM consumption increases after 4 days of exposure but is not impacted by hay consumption.
229 Effects of High-Pressure Processing on Cooked Color and Sensory Attributes of Dark-Cutting Beef
Authors: Reesman Cole , Denzer Morgan , Sullivan Gary , Danao Mary-Grace , Pfeiffer Morgan , Mafi Gretchen G , Ramanathan Ranjith
Published: September 2022

Consumers often use meat color to determine doneness. A greater than normal pH of dark-cutting (DC) beef leads to less myoglobin denaturation, resulting in a persistent pink color that negatively impacts the perception of consumers of the cooked beef degree of doneness. High-Pressure Processing (HPP) is a non-thermal pasteurization technology to extend shelf-life. High pressure leads to denaturation of proteins and structural changes. There has been limited research and application utilizing HPP on fresh meat due to the pale color caused by HPP. The objective of the study was to evaluate different HPP levels on cooked steak color and sensory attributes of dark-cutting beef. Eight USDA Choice (mean pH = 5.5) and twelve DC (mean pH = 6.3) strip loins were obtained from a commercial packing plant within 1 d of harvest. Loins were cut into equal sections, vacuum packaged, and assigned HPP levels of 0 (no HPP), 300, 450, and 600 MPa with a holding time of 90 s. Following 48 hours of dark storage, loin sections were cut into 1.9 cm thick steaks, vacuum packaged, and randomly assigned to external cooked color, Warner-Braztler shear force (WBSF), and trained sensory panel. Steaks were cooked and then tempered to 71ºC. A trained sensory panel (n = 6) evaluated initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, tenderness, beef flavor intensity, and overall acceptability. The data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. HPP treatment did not (P > 0.05) affect initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, beef flavor intensity, or overall acceptability. However, 600 MPa made DC steaks tougher and lighter in appearance (P < 0.05) than all other treatments. HPP treatments did not affect the a* and chroma of the external cooked color. In conclusion, low (300 MPa) and moderate (450 MPa) pressure levels did not have a negative impact on cooked steaks.
233 Comparison of Intramuscular fat Deposition in Different Muscles of Beef Cattle
Authors: Jesko Noah P , Richeson John T , Lawrence Ty E , Perkins Tommy L
Published: September 2022

Two groups (light = 740 lbs and heavy = 942 lbs) of Akaushi cross steers (n = 20), were ultrasounded for carcass traits by an Ultrasound Guidelines Council Certified Technician every 28 days to quantify differences in intramuscular fat deposition occurring in three distinct muscles (longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and semitendinosus). Cattle were fed at the West Texas A&M University Research Feedlot and scanned with an Aloka 500 ultrasound unit using Beef Image Analysis (BIA) Feedlot software from Designer Genes Technologies, Inc. (Harrison, AR). Carcass ultrasound measurements included 12-13th rib ribeye area (REAU), subcutaneous fat thickness (FTU), intramuscular fat percentage along the longissimus dorsi (IMFULD), rump fat thickness (RFU) as well as intramuscular fat percentage of the biceps femoris (IMFUBF) and semitendinosus (IMFUST). A difference was detected in IMFULD for the duration of the study (P < 0.05). However, no differences occurred from day 0 to day 56 (P = 0.34), or from day 84 to day 140 (P = 0.17) for IMFULD. There was a slight numerical decrease (0.1505%) in IMFUBF from day 0 to day 56, with an increased difference from day 56 to day 84 (P < 0.05). There was a positive change from 4.113% to 5.728% in the heavy group (P = 0.08) and a change from 4.113% to 4.456% in the light group (P = 0.42) for IMFUBF. There was a significant change in IMFUST from day 56 to 84 (P < 0.05). Of note, there was a decrease in IMFULD, IMFUBF and IMFST from day 140 to day 168 which could be associated with adverse winter weather events. The data present a positive increase throughout all muscles studied for beef cattle while on feed, though weather events have the possibility to negatively affect gains more rapidly than progressive effects associated with feed and growth.
234 Microrna-199a-3p Does not Alter Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Expression in Vitro
Authors: Udoka Aliute-Nkoyo S , Duckett Susan K
Published: September 2022

The presence of subcutaneous adipose tissue in excess on a carcass can significantly contribute to financial losses for the producer and processor. Technology with the potential to limit this excess accumulation of adipose tissue could provide another avenue to improve animal efficiency. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) has been identified as a potential genetic target, as it seems tohave a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism. MiR-199a-3p has been reported to alter the expression of SCD-1, in-vitro, in mouse adipocytes; a connection has yet to be formed in large mammal adipocytes. Texel-Suffolk (n=5) and Suffolk-Suffolk (n=4) cross lambs were finished to 203 days of age, and subcutaneous fat was harvested. Primary pre-adipocytes were isolated from both breeds. Pre-adipocytes were then propagated, differentiated, and treated over a 3-day period. Treatments consisted of controls, AgomiR-199a-3p (50nm), and AntagomiR-199a-3p (500nm). Cells were harvested daily over the 3 days to determine if day-to-day differences were present. MiR-199a-3p expression was upregulated in AgomiR treatments compared with controls beginning on d 1 to 3 (P< 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression in the AgomiR treatment was upregulated more on day 1 in comparison with d 2 and 3 (P< 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression was downregulated in AntagomiR treatments compared with controls beginning on d 1 to 3 (P< 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression in the AntagomiR treatment was downregulated more on d 2 in comparison with d 1 and 3 (P< 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression did not differ between the non-treatment control and Lipofectamine control over the treatment period (P > 0.05). Data showed no significant alteration in SCD-1 expression between treatments or between days (P > 0.05). MiR-199a-3p expression can be altered using AgomiR and AntagomiRs, but SCD-1 expression is unaffected. Thus, additional research is needed to examine targets of miR-199a-3p in ovine.
235 Animal Production and Carcass Traits Affect Meat Quality and Flavor Through Metabolomics
Authors: Kerth Chris R
Published: September 2022

Untargeted metabolomics focuses on the detection of as many groups of metabolites as possible to obtain patterns or fingerprints of biological phenomena. Hundreds or even thousands of metabolites can be measured, utilizing advanced chemistry detection techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography – quadrupole time of flight (HPLC-qTOF). Statistical analyses are utilized to narrow the number of metabolites from thousands to just those that are statistically impactful on the applied treatments. This smaller number of compounds (100 to 200) may then be analyzed statistically using various multivariate approaches to then identify those influenced by applied treatments. When analyzing serum from either Angus or Brahman cattle that were segregated into three temperament treatments based on chute scores, differential upregulation of metabolites was found between the two breed types and the temperament scores. It appears that in Angus cattle, the most temperamental cattle had significantly upregulated metabolites according to the heatmap, while Brahman cattle showed downregulated metabolites in individual animals in both the Intermediate and Temperamental temperament scores. In a separate study to illustrate the impact of metabolomics on meat quality, 18 USDA Select and 18 USDA Choice strip loins were collected and then aged for either 10 or 20 d post-processing. Furthermore, steaks from each quality grade and aging treatment were then cooked to either 63, 71, or 80oC internal temperature. Samples from the interior of each steak that excluded the exterior seared surface were analyzed. In a Principal Components Discriminant Analysis of the significant metabolites, all treatment combinations within 10 or 20 d aging were evenly split on either side of the vertical centerline with Principal Component 1 (50.5%) pulling the metabolites apart. In particular, Select steaks cooked to the two higher internal temperatures were pulled the furthest apart. Metabolomics is a relatively new but effective technology in determining cause and effect for commonly-known factors that impact meat quality.
238 Developing Novel Smart-Aging Strategies Through Metabolomics Approach
Authors: Kim Brad H B
Published: September 2022

Postmortem aging is one of the most extensively adopted post-harvest processing practices. Aging is a natural process to ensure the establishment of palatability through the action of endogenous proteolytic systems in fresh muscle. Over the years, Dr. Kim’s group have identified key factors that affect the rate and extent of postmortem aging impacts on meat quality and proposed a novel “Smart-aging” system. Smart-aging is a conceptual system for the development of readily applicable template aging strategies to improve meat quality and value. Dr. Kim’s laboratory has determined that aging can be further optimized through identifying specific post-harvest aging parameters. Coupled with using novel metabolomics techniques, Dr. Kim’s group has elucidated the biochemical mechanism underpinning muscle-specific aging responses to color and oxidative stability as well as tenderness and flavor developments of fresh meats. For example, dry-aging is a traditional century-old process, where carcass side or subprimals with no protective packaging materials are stored in a cold environment for several weeks to months. Through dry-aging, unique dry-aging flavor is generated, but specific flavor compounds and liberation mechanisms associated with dry-aged flavor have not been fully understood. Dr. Kim’s laboratory identified key metabolites associated with dry-aged flavor of beef loins. They further demonstrated that dry-aging under an optimized condition results in significant improvements of flavor and consumer acceptability of beef through the generation of flavor-related metabolites. Concurrently, Dr. Kim’s laboratory works on identifying key molecules in fresh meat samples that can be used for the future development of simple marker-based detection systems for establishing optimal Smart-aging practices. While having its own set of limitations, metabolomics is a tool that has a great deal of potential in the future of muscle food research. This presentation will give a brief overview of metabolomics technologies, highlighting novel areas of research and seeking to identify research gaps and future directions for metabolomics applications in meat science.
254 Effects of Increasing Daily Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Intake of Gilts and Sows During day 35-to-112 of Gestation on Reproductive Performance
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Soto Jose A , Wells Danielle , Van De Stroet Denise , Zaragoza Luis E , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A
Published: September 2022

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing daily dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) intake during d35-to-112 of gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 583 gilts and sows (PIC Camborough) were used. Females were group-housed after d35 of gestation and individually fed with electronic sow feeders (ESF). At d35 of gestation, females were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments that were balanced for body weight (BW) and caliper scores (CS) within parity categories. Treatments consisted of increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake (11.1, 13.5, 16.1, and 18.5 g/d). Both gilts and sows received 1.85 kg/d of a gestation diet containing 2.38 Mcal of NE/kg. Treatments were achieved by different blends of low (0.60% SID Lys) and high (1.00% SID Lys) Lys diets via ESF. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Body weight and CS at d112 of gestation increased (linear, P< 0.05) with increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake. There was no evidence for treatment difference on d112 backfat depth (BD), or changes of BW, CS, and BD during lactation. There was no evidence for treatment difference on total born, percentage born alive and stillbirth, but there was a marginal reduction (linear, P=0.086) on mummified fetuses. Increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d35-to-112 of gestation did not affect piglet birth weight, percentage of piglets born with less than 900g, pre-weaning mortality, or piglet average daily gain. In summary, increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d35-to-112 of gestation increased female BW and CS, without changing BD, indicating that more lean tissue had been deposited. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences on reproductive performance.
263 Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Source of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in Performance and Tissue Deposition in Growing Pigs
Authors: Sandoval Jorge L , Ventura Diego E , Fiallos Orlando B , Anderson Brian L , Sparks J Chris , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles W
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of a dietary vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were a control with vitamin D3 at NRC recommended concentrations (C) and 3 diets composed of C + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg BioD, Huvepharma) of 25OHD3 (C+25; C+50; and C+250 respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. On d 0, 39, and 63, serum was collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual BW were measured. At d 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration, blood chemistry and hematology (BCH) analysis was conducted, and 1 femur from each pig was collected for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. Data were analyzed with SAS PROC GLIMMIX and means separated at P ≤ 0.05. No differences among treatments were observed for growth performance (P ≥ 0.2239). Serum and tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion increased (P < 0.0001). Following a 21-d withdrawal period, 25OHD3 serum concentrations decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of C-fed pigs (P > 0.0005). All BCH variables measured were similar among treatments (P = 0.0967). At day 42, femurs from C+50 and C+250-fed pigs had the greatest bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD; P < 0.0326). Concentrations of 25OHD3 in serum and tissue increased and BMC and BMD were improved as dietary vitamin D supplementation increased, but pig growth performance was unaltered. Absence of gross abnormalities and changes in BCH as well return of circulating 25OHD3 concentrations to that of C-fed pigs following withdrawal indicate this source can safely improve vitamin D status in growing pigs.
260 The Effect of Different Bones and Analytical Methods on Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary P, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Bergstrom Jon R , Hastad Chad W , Post Zach , Rahe Michael , Siepker Christopher , Sitthicharoenchai Panchan , Ensley Steve
Published: September 2022

Pigs [n = 882; initial body weight (BW) of 33.2±0.31 kg] were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P, phytase, and vitamin D in growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs (20 pigs/pen) were completely randomized to 5 dietary treatments with 9 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 112-d, nine pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 80% of the NRC STTD P (deficient), 2) NRC STTD P using monocalcium phosphate, 3) NRC STTD P including phytase, 4) Industry P using monocalcium phosphate and phytase, 5) diet 4 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). All diets contained vitamin D at 1,653 IU/kg. There were no significant differences for final BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F (P>0.10) or non-de-fat bone ash (bone ash×bone interaction, P>0.10). The response to treatment for bone density (Archimedes principle) and bone mineral content (DEXA) tended to depend on the bone (density×bone interaction, P=0.053; mineral density×bone interaction, P=0.157). There were no treatment differences (P>0.10) for bone density and bone mineral density between metacarpals, fibulas, and 2nd ribs. For 10th ribs, pigs fed industry levels of P had increased (P< 0.05) bone density compared with pigs fed NRC levels with phytase, with pigs fed deficient P, NRC P with no phytase, and excess vitamin D from HyD being intermediate. Pigs fed diets supplemented with HyD had increased bone mineral density in 10th ribs compared with pigs fed NRC levels of P with phytase, with pigs fed P deficient diets, industry P without HyD, and NRC P with monocalcium being intermediate. In summary, bone density and bone mineral content responses varied depending on the bone. Differences in bone density and mineral content in response to vitamin D and P were most apparent with the 10th ribs.
262 Effect of Isoleucine and Added Valine on Performance, and gut Microbiota Composition of Pigs fed with Very low Protein Diets
Authors: Goodarzi Parniyan , Wileman Caitlyn M M , Habibi Mohammad , Walsh Katherine , Sutton Julia , Shili Cedrick n , Chai Jianmin , Zhao Jiangchao , Pezeshki Adel
Published: September 2022

Very low protein (VLP) diets decrease the nitrogen excretion from pigs, but these diets depress the performance even when the first four limiting amino acids (FFL; i.e. Lys, Met, Thr and Trp) are added. Supplementation of Val above and Ile at NRC (2012) levels has shown promising effects on performance of pigs fed with VLP diets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a mixture of Val above and Ile at NRC levels on growth and gut microbiota in pigs fed with VLP diets. Three-week-old, weaned piglets (n = 40) were assigned to: 1) positive control (PC): normal protein diet; 2) negative control (NC): VLP diet with FFL at NRC levels; 3) VA: NC with Val above NRC; 4) IL: NC with Ile at NRC level; 5) VAIL: NC with Val above and Ile at NRC levels. Following 5 weeks of data collection, colon contents were collected. The data were analyzed by GLM procedure followed a t-test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction (SPSS). Pigs fed with NC had decreased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI), compared with PC (P< 0.05). VAIL had less ADG than PC, but that tended to have greater ADG than NC (P< 0.1). Further, VAIL had a similar ADFI as PC (P>0.05) and tended to have greater ADFI than NC (P< 0.1). Compared with PC and NC, pigs fed with VAIL had a higher thermal radiation (P< 0.05). Relative to PC, the colon content of NC was enriched in Pasteurellaceae while those fed with VAIL had a greater abundance of Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Enterococcus, Actinobacteria, which might contribute to improved performance of pigs fed with VAIL diets. Overall, supplementation of a mixture of Val greater than NRC and Ile at NRC into the VLP diets partially improved the performance, which is likely linked with alterations in gut microbiota composition.
268 Effect of Functional Amino Acid Supplementation in low and Normal Birth Weight Pigs on Performance and Immune Status During Subsequent Salmonella Challenge
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Panisson Josiane C , Kpogo Agbee L , Htoo John K , Van Kessel Andrew G , Columbus Daniel A
Published: September 2022

Functional amino acid (FAA) supplementation improves growth performance and immune status of weaned pigs. The objective was to determine the effects of birth weight and FAA supplementation in the post-weaning period on the response of pigs to a subsequent Salmonella (ST) challenge. Thirty-two low (1.09±0.11 kg; LBW) and normal birth weight (1.58±0.11 kg; NBW) pigs were assigned to a nursery feeding program for 4 wk in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors of birth weight category (LBW vs. NBW) and basal (FAA–) or supplemented FAA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements). Pigs were then placed onto a grower diet and, after a 7-d adaptation period, were inoculated with ST (2.2 × 109 CFU/mL) and monitored for 7 d post-inoculation. Growth performance, rectal temperature, gut health, ST fecal shedding and translocation, and blood parameters were measured pre- and post-inoculation. Inoculation with ST increased rectal temperature (39.7 vs. 38.9±0.5 oC) and overall rectal temperature was higher in LBW compared with NBW pigs (39.6 vs. 39.0±0.5 oC; P< 0.05). Salmonella shedding (1.8 vs. 2.3±0.1 score) and translocation to spleen (1.3 vs. 2.5±0.1 score) were less in NBW-FAA+ than NBW-FAA- pigs (P< 0.05). Post-inoculation weight gain was greater in NBW-FAA+ compared with the other groups (0.57 vs. 0.45±0.03 kg/d; P< 0.05). Post-inoculation haptoglobin (d 4; 1.0 vs. 0.7±0.1 g/L) and colonic myeloperoxidase (d 7; 4.3 vs. 2.5±0.6 µU/mL) were greater in LBW-FAA- pigs compared with the other groups (P< 0.05). On d 4 post-inoculation, plasma superoxide dismutase was less in LBW- FAA+ than in LBW-FAA- (60.5 vs. 93.3±7.7 mU/mL; P< 0.05). Reduced:oxidized glutathione at d 7 post-inoculation was greater in NBW compared with LBW pigs (2.5 vs. 1.7±0.3; P< 0.05). In conclusion, negative effects of Salmonella infection are ameliorated with supplementation of FAA to a greater extent in NBW than in LBW pigs.
275 Effects of Reduced Metabolizable Energy by Reducing fat Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Baker Jonathan , Duarte Marcos Elias E , Kim Sung Woo
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing metabolizable energy (ME) by reducing fat supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (n = 120; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with decreasing ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal/kg ME). ME content was gradually reduced by reducing fat supplementation (2%). Pigs were fed for 35 d in 2 phases (P1: 14 d and P2: 21 d). Titanium dioxide was added (0.4%) to P2 diets as an indigestible external marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. At d 35, a pig with median BW of each pen in 2 treatments (3,400 and 3,300 kcal/kg) was euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa to analyze oxidative stress and immune status. Jejunal digesta was collected to measure viscosity. Ileal digesta was collected to analyze AID of nutrients. Data were analyzed using SAS. Reducing ME level by 3% (100 kcal/kg) had no effect on growth performance. The 3,300 kcal/kg diet reduced (P < 0.05) AID of DM (59.5 to 47.3%), GE (59.1 to 43.0%), CP (63.4 to 44.6%), and EE (67.7 to 55.2%), increased (P < 0.05) digesta viscosity (1.7 to 2.2 cP) and VH:CD (1.64 to 1.80), and decreased (P < 0.05) VH (467 to 433 µm) when compared with 3,400 kcal/kg diet. Additionally, the 3,300 kcal/kg diet increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl (0.18 to 0.40 nmol/mg) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, reducing ME by reducing fat supplementation by 2% increased the viscosity of jejunal digesta and protein carbonyl in the jejunal mucosa, resulting in decreased villus height and nutrient digestibility, without affecting growth performance.
242 The Impact of Feed Formulation and Feeding Methods on Pig and Poultry Production on the Environment
Authors: Pomar Candido , Remus Aline
Published: September 2022

Dietary energy and nutrient losses associated with its conversion into animal products increase production costs and contribute to the environmental footprint of farms with the excessive application of nitrogen, phosphorus, or trace minerals from manure or carbon and methane losses. Formulating diets with the appropriate levels of minerals and amino acids can help improve dietary protein and energy efficiency and reduce nutrient losses. For example, an 8% reduction in dietary crude protein in pig feeds is estimated to increase nitrogen efficiency by more than 50%, while costing 11% less than a control diet without industrial amino acids. This reduction in protein intake also increases energy availability due to reduced energy losses associated with protein deamination. Urinary and intestinal fermentation energy losses can be 24% lower for pigs fed low-protein diets compared to control diets. Nonetheless, determining the optimal level of dietary amino acid remains a difficult challenge in conventional phase feeding systems. Therefore, group or individual precision feeding is another powerful tool to increase nutrient efficiency. By feeding individual growing-finishing pigs with diets tailored to their requirements, precision feeding can decrease nitrogen excretion by 30% and greenhouse gas emissions by 22% compared to conventional 3-phase feeding. The benefits of feeding pigs with low-protein diets and precision feeding techniques are additive and might result in a 61% protein efficiency of utilization. The formulation of very-low-protein diets and the implementation of precision feeding techniques rely on sound nutritional concepts and comprehensive biological models developed to precisely estimate individual real-time nutrient requirements and animal responses. Understanding the metabolic processes responsible for the observed variation between individual animals in their ability to utilize dietary nutrients is challenging, but there is a need to further improve nutrient efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of livestock production systems.