bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WITHDRAWN: Application of Unity3D in Debris Slope of Rockfall Movement Characteristics Based on Terrain Simulation
Authors: Ye Tangjin , Cao Jingxuan , Wang Ying , Li Junjie , Liu Ruyuan , Zhang Yu
Published: August 2022

Rockfalls on debris slopes are a major hazard for Canyon roads on the Tibetan Plateau. For risk assessment and engineering treatment, it is crucial to fully understand the movement characteristics and process of rockfalls. In this research, the UAV and three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner are employed to obtain images and data, Pix4D is employed to build the collected data into a high-precision 3D model. Unity3D is used to study the movement characteristics and deposit position of rockfalls, the movement characteristic indexes are computed and examined, for blocks with various shapes, sizes, and instability types on the debris slope and blocks with different slope materials and inclination, such as velocity, acceleration, displacement, energy loss, and deposit position, the movement mechanism of debris slope that differs from the common slope is obtained. The effectiveness of the Unity3D simulation approach was confirmed by field experiments. On this basis, Unity3D was used to establish a high-precision 3D simulation model for the debris slope of the G318 road on the Tibetan Plateau and to compute the movement characteristics, energy variation, and deposited position of rockfall. Then, the findings are compared with those of common models. This shows that the results of the high precision 3D simulation model computed by Unity3D are more accurate and reasonable than the common model, and the movement characteristics, energy variation, and deposited position of rockfall on debris slopes are characterized by specificity. Thus, the phenomenon and behavior of rockfall on debris slopes can be completely realized using Unity3D simulation analysis, to propose more reasonable engineering protection countermeasures.
Altering body-representation through non-naturalistic sounds: study protocol for an experimental study in a subclinical eating disorders sample
Authors: Navas-León Sergio , Márquez Luis Morales , Sánchez-Martín Milagrosa , Crucianelli Laura , Bianchi-Berthouze Nadia , Borda-Mas Mercedes , Tajadura-Jiménez Ana
Published: August 2022

Background
Experimental research based on bodily illusions suggests that people with eating disorders (EDs) might have impairments in visual, interoceptive, proprioceptive, and tactile perception, potentially underpinning altered multisensory integration processes. Along this line, research indicates that people with EDs show abnormalities in integrating multisensory visuo-tactile signals, which might contribute to the development of body image disturbances in EDs. More recently, an altered integration of auditory signals related to body weight has been also shown for people with EDs. However, it remains unclear whether these impairments extend to any auditory signals, even if not related to body weight. To fill the gap, the present study will investigate whether participants with ED symptomatology and control participants differ in two auditory feedback tasks which will involve integration of auditory and proprioceptive cues using artificial non-naturalistic sounds. We will test two different body parts (i.e., fingers and waist) which have different levels of emotional saliency for people with EDs.
Methods
Recruitment will be through convenience sampling. The EDE-Q questionnaire will be administered as a screening tool to split the sample into participants with and without ED symptomatology. The strength of both illusions will be measured implicitly with estimations of body part position and size, and explicitly with self-report questionnaires. As a secondary aim, regression analysis will be carried out to test the predictive role of susceptibility for both illusions on ED symptomatology, interoceptive body awareness and sensory-processing sensitivity.
Discussion
Our study might contribute to our understanding of the aetiology of body image disturbances. The results may lay the ground for novel clinical interventions which aim to improve symptoms at the early stages of the illness.
Genetic diversity of Formosan pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) in Taiwan based on the MHC gene
Authors: Liu Jin-Ting , Lai Fang-Yu , Wu Hsuan , Lo Flora Hsuan-Yi , Lin En-Chung , Taso Eric Hsien-Shao , Wang Pei-Hwa
Published: August 2022

The Formosan pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) is an endangered species in Taiwan. Usually, a decline in population size leads to a decrease in genetic diversity and increases the risk of extinction. Thus, measuring genetic diversity of Formosan pangolins in Taiwan is important in conservation programs. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play a crucial role in the immune response in many animals. Therefore, polymorphisms at these gene regions could provide an indicator for the immunological fitness of a population. In this study, seven different novel markers for MHC genotyping of Formosan pangolin were developed. In total, 92 Formosan pangolins from throughout Taiwan were collected and used to evaluate their genetic diversity. In the MHC markers, six loci showed monomorphism or only two haplotypes. Only one marker, a DLA class II DR-1 beta chain-like locus, showed more diversity: four haplotypes were detected and their relative frequencies were 62.0, 37.0, 0.5 and 0.5%, with nine polymorphic sites in the nucleotide sequence and six variable sites in the amino acid sequence. Moreover, the non-synonymous substitution rate (dN) and synonymous substitution rate (dS) were 0.026 and 0.017, and showed that this locus appears to be under positive selection (dN /dS >1). In the DLA class II DR-1 beta chain-like locus, the observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were 0.413 and 0.482, respectively. FIS was 0.144, indicating that the population might have an inbreeding tendency (FIS > 0). Haplotype diversity (h) was 0.482 and nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.010. Overall, the present results indicate that the genetic diversity of MHC genes among Formosan pangolins in our sample population may be insufficient.
Omics Imagification: Transforming High-throughput Molecular Representation of a Cell into an Image
Authors: Liu Derong , Zandavi Seid Miad , Chung Vera , Anaissi Ali , Vafaee Fatemeh
Published: August 2022

Different omics profiles, depending on the underlying technology, encompass measurements of several hundred to several thousands of molecules in a biological sample or a cell. This study develops upon the concept of "omics imagification" as a process of transforming a vector representing these numerical measurements into an image with a one-to-one relationship with the corresponding sample. The proposed imagification process transforms a high-dimensional vector of molecular measurements into a two-dimensional RGB image to enable holistic molecular representation of a biological sample and to improve the classification of different biological phenotypes using automated image recognition methods in computer vision. A transformed image represents 2D-coordinates of molecules in a neighbour embedded space representing molecular abundance and gene intensity. The proposed method was applied to single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to "imagify" gene expression profiles of individual cells. Our results show that a simple convolutional neural network trained on these single-cell transcriptomics images accurately classifies diverse cell types outperforming the best-performing scRNA-seq classifiers such as Support Vector Machine and Random Forrest.
A Formula of the Dirichlet Character Sum
Authors: Fei JinHua
Published: August 2022

In this paper, We use the Fourier series expansion of real variables function, We give a formula to calculate the Dirichlet character sum, and four special examples are given.
Inflammasome activity is controlled by ZBTB16-dependent SUMOylation of ASC
Authors: Dong Danfeng , Du Yuzhang , Li Xiaofang , Yang Xiaobao , Huang Shu , Ma Zhihui , Zheng Juanjuan , Chan David , Shi Liyun , Irving Aaron , Yuan Xiangliang , Liu Xiangfan , Ni Peihua , Hu Yiqun , Meng Guangxun , Peng Yibing , Sadler Anthony , Xu Dakang
Published: August 2022

Inflammasome activity is important for our immune response and is instrumental in numerous clinical conditions. Here we identify a novel control mechanism that modulates the central Caspase-1 and NLR (Nod-like receptor) adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). We show that activation and subsequent oligomerization of ASC is controlled by SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification and identify that the nuclear ZBTB16 (Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16) regulates this SUMOylation. Accordingly, ablating ZBTB16 reduces ASC SUMOylation and ensuing inflammasome activity. This mechanism is pivotal as we demonstrate that ablating ZBTB16 relieves acute inflammatory pathogenesis in a murine model of Muckle-Wells syndrome caused by a hyperactive inflammasome. Our findings advance our understanding of inflammasome activity and, by recognizing processes that control the central adaptor molecule, identify new and more comprehensive therapeutic strategies to target pathogenic inflammasome activity.
Defect-sensitive High-frequency Modes in a Three-Dimensional Artificial Magnetic Crystal
Authors: Hertel Riccardo , Cheenikundil Rajgowrav
Published: August 2022

Modern three-dimensional nanofabrication methods make it possible to generate arbitrarily shaped nanomagnets, including periodic networks of interconnected magnetic nanowires. Structurally similar to optical or acoustic metamaterials, these arrays could represent magnetic variants of such artificial materials. Using micromagnetic simulations, we investigate a three-dimensional array of interconnected magnetic nanowires with intersection points corresponding to atomic positions of a diamond lattice. The high-frequency excitation spectrum of this artificial magnetic crystal (AMC) is governed by its microstructure and, to a lesser extent, by the magnetic configuration. The magnetic system displays characteristics of three-dimensional artificial spin ice. It can contain Dirac-type magnetic defect structures, which modify the magnonic spectrum of the AMC similarly as defect sites in a natural diamond crystal influence optical absorption spectra. Our study opens new perspectives for applying such materials in high-density magnonic devices and shows that AMCs represent a promising category of magnonic materials with tunable properties.
Ultra-diluted gas transmittance revisited
Authors: Ratajczak Jakub
Published: August 2022

The paper analyzes a model of optical transmittance of ultra-diluted gas, considering gas parti-cles’ non-locality and the quantum effect of their wave function spreading derived from solving the Schrödinger equation for a free particle. The analysis does not depend on a particular form of the wave function, but it assumes the reality of wave function. Among others, we show conserved mass gas clouds may become significantly more transparent than predicted by classic transmittance laws. This unexpected phenomenon is possible because mass conservation is governed by the sum of probabilities , while the Markov chain’s product of probabilities controls the transmittance. Furthermore, we analytically derive the upper limit the closed system transmittance may grow and demonstrate a boundless, open gas cloud transmittance may grow up to 100%. Finally, we show the impact on interpretations of quantum mechanics. The model is naturally applicable in deep space conditions, where the environment is sparse. Furthermore, the model responds to dark matter requirements.
Effects of Herbicides on Quality and Yield of Citrus1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Brown Ralph T.
Published: August 2022

Over a 7-year period, bromacil and terbacil herbicides significantly increased yield and fruit size of ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch) and ‘Washington’ navel oranges (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Increased fruit size was associated with increased peel thickness.

Soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH and juice content were not altered by use of herbicides for weed control, but increases in solids/acid ratios resulted. During 1969 and 1971, bromacil improved peel color of navel oranges and both herbicides increased peel color of satsumas. In 1971, herbicides did not affect juice color.
Response of Snap Bean to Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Plant Population1
Authors: Smittle Doyle A.
Published: August 2022

Snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., yield was increased by higher plant population, more frequent irrigation, and additional N applied as a topdress. Highest yields were obtained with the irrigation-fertilization program that included applications of 8 mm of water at 23 mm of pan evaporation until 1/3 foliage cover, at 15 mm of pan evaporation until 2/3 foliage cover, then at 8 mm of pan evaporation until harvest with N applications to maintain petiole NO3-N level above 1500 ppm preblossom and 1000 ppm during fruit development. Response of 30 × 8 cm and 91 × 3 cm plant spacings to irrigation and N fertilization were similar.

Pan evaporation data can be used to schedule irrigation under varied climatic conditions and maintain a low soil water tension throughout snap bean growth. The relationship of water use by snap bean to pan evaporation changes with crop development. An adjustment must be made to compensate for the changing relationship; and frequent irrigation and N fertilization must be made to snap beans produced on sandy soil under humid conditions.
Inheritance of Carpel Separation in Mature Fruits of Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Wilson Jill E. , Baker L. R.
Published: August 2022

Progenies of crosses between pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) lines SC 601 H and MSU 381 were evaluated to determine the inheritance of mature fruit carpel separation. Reciprocal cross differences for carpel separation were not detected. Weak carpel sutures, expressed by carpel separation, exhibited dominance over non-separation. Additive genetic variance exceeded dominance variance, and a significant non-genetic (environment) component of variation was observed. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability ranged from 39 to 45% suggesting that carpel suture strength, and consequently fruit quality, could be improved through rigorous selection at fruit maturity. A specific genetic model consistent with the observed frequency distributions was not proposed, but tests indicated the data might be interpreted as a 2 or 3-gene system. In populations segregating for sex expression, high frequencies of carpel separation were not associated with gynoecious or any one sex expression phenotype.
Performance of ‘Orlando’ Tangelo on 16 Rootstocks1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Shull A. V.
Published: August 2022

‘Orlando’ tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) on 16 rootstocks was most productive on Swingle citrumelo, Morton citrange, Rangpur lime, and Cleopatra mandarin when the trees were 3 to 10 years old. Fruit quality was superior on Sun Chu Sha Kat, Keraji, and Kinokuni mandarins, hybrid C61-253 (‘Shekwasha’ × ‘Koethen’), Texas and Iwaikan sour orange, and Morton citrange rootstocks. Trees on Swingle citrumelo, Iwaikan sour orange, ‘Precoce de Valence’ sweet orange, Morton citrange, and Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin had the largest canopies. Leaf levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, Cl-, and B varied significantly with rootstock.
Ethephon as a Mechanical Harvesting Aid for Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium australe Small)1
Authors: Howell G. S. , Stergios B. G. , Stackhouse S. S. , Bittenbender H. C. , Burton C. L.
Published: August 2022

Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) reduced fruit removal force (FRF) as much as 50% depending on concentration and time of application. Reduction in FRF allowed reduced mechanical harvesting vibration frequency which reduced damage to berries during harvest and thus increased shelf-life. Mechanical harvest was further facilitated by ethephon-induced color development and hastening of abscission which reduced the number of machine harvests required.
Reaction of Strawberry Seedlings Inoculated with Race Composites of Phytophthora fragariae Hickman1
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D.
Published: August 2022

In a study of breeding of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for resistance to red stele root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae Hickman, two different composites of races of the fungus were used to screen seedlings, one with and one without race A-5. In the absence of race A-5, all resistant parents produced between 28.6 to 72.0% resistant seedlings depending upon parental combinations. When race A-5 was included in the composite, two breeding selections that were derived from Fragaria chiloensis Yaquina A clone transmitted more resistance to their seedlings than three other parents in a diallel comparison. Mean squares and variance components were higher for general than for specific combining ability. Resistance is partially dominant for the races involved in this study.
Effects of Photoperiod and Temperature on Vegetative and Reproductive Responses of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.1
Authors: Aung L. H.
Published: August 2022

The responses of five tomato cultivars to photoperiod × temperature were determined under phytotronic conditions. Leaf nodes, subtended between the cotyledons and first inflorescence of ‘Epoch’ and ‘Michigan-Ohio Hybrid’ were significantly reduced by short photoperiod (9 hours) and 22° (day)/18°C (night) temperature. Flower number in these two cultivars was increased by short photoperiod. Days to first anthesis were decreased by short photoperiod and 26°/22° temperature in four out of the five cultivars when compared to long photoperiod (9 hr + 3 hr dark interruption) and 18°/14° temperature.
Effect of Growth Substances on Fruit-set in a Partly Self-incompatible Olive Cultivar1
Authors: Porlingis I. C. , Voyiatzis D.
Published: August 2022

6-Benzylamino purine (BA) solutions at 100, 200 or 400 ppm, applied to self-pollinated flowers of the partly self-incompatible olive (Olea europaea, L. cv. Chalkidikis) at full bloom, increased the set of normal seeded fruits in young potted trees, in the greenhouse. In mature orchard trees, only concentrations at 400, 600 or 800 ppm were effective. Applications of BA to open-pollinated flowers failed to increase fruit-set. BA applied to unpollinated flowers did not induce the formation of normal fruits and did not increase the number or size of smaller parthenocarpic fruits. The use of 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (2-NOA) and potassiumgibberellate (KGA3), after self-pollination of the flowers, did not affect the set of normal seeded fruits.
14C-assimilate Distribution in Phaseolus vulgaris L. during the Reproductive Period1
Authors: Wien H. C. , Altschuler S. L. , Ozbun J. L. , Wallace D. H.
Published: August 2022

The distribution of l4C-assimilates was examined in pot-grown ‘Redkote’ and ‘Michelite-62’ bean plants in which a lower or upper leaf was dosed with 14CO2 at flowering, pod expansion, or pod maturation. Assimilates from the leaf at node 4 moved primarily to the roots at flowering, but were translocated to actively growing pods at later stages. Dosing of the terminal trifoliate of ‘Redkote’ resulted in radiocarbon transfer exclusively to the subtending pods during pod expansion and maturation. Distribution from leaves on branches of both varieties was restricted to pods on the branch. When the main-stem node-7 leaf of ‘Michelite-62’ was dosed, 51% of the activity was recovered from node-7 axillary pods, and less from pods at nearby nodes. Thus middle and lower main-stem leaves of beans generally supply assimilates to several centers of active growth, while distribution from upper mainstem and branch leaves is more restricted.
Effects of Four Rootstocks on Yield and Quality of Pistachio Nuts1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Forde Harold I.
Published: August 2022

During the first 5 years of production, significantly greater yields of pistachios were obtained with the ‘Kerman’ on seedlings identified as Pistacia atlantica Desf. than with ‘Kerman’ on seedlings of P. palaestina Boiss., P. terebinthus L., or P. vera L. The least productive combination was ‘Kerman’ on P. vera, the species that produces the edible pistachio nut. Weight per nut, percent blank nuts, and percent nuts with split shells did not differ significantly among the rootstock combinations.
Effect of Photoperiod and Nitrogen on the Composition of Foliar Monoterpenes of Juniperus horizontalis Moench. cv. Plumosa1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A.
Published: August 2022

Monoterpenes from the foliage of Juniperus horizontalis ‘Plumosa’ (Andorra Juniper.) grown under varying nitrogen levels and supplemental night lighting were measured using gas chromatography. Increasing photoperiod significantly increased the quantity of α-pinene and γ-limonene, while camphene, β-myrcene and linalool decreased. Other monoterpenes, including β-pinene, sabinene, terpinolene and α-terpineol were not significantly affected by photoperiod. Only α-terpineol showed a significant increase in relation to increasing level of N fertilization. All other monoterpenes decreased or remained unchanged as a result of increasing N levels.
Effect of 3-CPA and Ethephon on Growth and Abscission of the ‘Cardinal’ Peach1
Authors: Morini S. , Vitagliano C. , Xiloyannis C.
Published: August 2022

In central Italy neither 3-chlorophenoxy-propionamide (3-CPA) nor (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) satisfactorily thinned ‘Cardinal’, a very early peach (Prunus persica L.), when applied in the first stage of fruit growth. Both substances reduced crop load to the degree obtained by hand-thinning. 3-CPA exhibited a delayed thinning action. Ethephon was more potent and quicker than 3-CPA in inducing abscission, but at harvest time the fruit size was smaller than hand-thinned peaches. The time course of fruit drop and the effect of ethephon on abscission of fruits of different size are discussed.
Relationships between Leaf Surface Area and Linear Dimensions in Seedling Citrus Populations1
Authors: Ascenso J. C. , Soost R. K.
Published: August 2022

Mathematical relationships between leaf surface area and linear dimensions were investigated in 12 citrus seedling populations, in order to provide a non-destructive method of leaf area estimation. Curvilinear functions of the general form y = βxα were obtained, where y is leaf area; x represents leaf length or width and; α and β are constants. A better fit was achieved by power functions of the general form z = γxαyβ, where x, y and z are length, width and area of leaves, respectively, and α, β and γ are constants. These regressions were used to estimate leaf areas in each population. A single equation for all 12 populations was then obtained and used to construct tables, which give individual leaf areas after entries for length and width.
Cross Compatibility in the Genus Anthurium1
Authors: Sheffer R. D. , Kamemoto H.
Published: August 2022

A total of 1592 cross- and self-pollinations were made among 56 species of Anthurium Schott. These pollinations included 20 different seifs, 19 different intraspecific cross-combinations, 315 different intragroup interspecific cross-combinations (including reciprocals), and 29 different intergroup cross-combinations (including reciprocals); 280 fruiting spadices yielded 181 seedling populations which flowered and were evaluated both morphologically and chromosomally. Six morphological groups were constructed using primarily the characters considered as important by Engler (1905). Generally the integrity of these 6 groups was confirmed with the possible exception of Groups V and VI. Groups V and VI were more closely related to each other than to any other group, and the characters used in the division of these 2 groups were not as distinctive as those used to divide the other groups. Crossabilities in Anthurium tend to follow morphological similarities in the crosses that were attempted.
Some Influences of Potassium Nutrition on Growth and Quality of ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass1
Authors: Barrios E. P. , Jones L. G.
Published: August 2022

The effect of 9 potassium (KCl) treatments were compared in 1974, 1975 and 1977 on a United States Golf Association (USGA) golf green planted with ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis). The rate of applied K or number of applications had no significant influence on turfgrass quality, yield, or foliar N or P concentration. Plots receiving a single application of 0.5 kg of available K2O per 100 m2 exhibited lowest quality while those on which a total of 9.0 kg of K2O was applied in 3 applications had maximum evaluation scores. Foliar K levels were also lowest and highest in these treatments, as were the amounts of extractable K in the medium. Yearly variations in rainfall influenced turfgrass quality, yield, foliar N and K concentrations, and level of extractable K. Turf quality and foliar N levels were positively associated.
Effect of Light and Nitrogen and Potassium Levels on Growth and Light Compensation Point of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Joiner J. N. , Johnson C. R. , Krantz J. K.
Published: August 2022

The effects of 2 light levels, (full sun and 47% shade) 3 nitrogen and 3 potassium levels (672, 2018, and 3362 kg/ha yr-1) on light compensation point, shoot and root growth, canopy distribution and leaf tissue nutrient content of Ficus benjamina were determined. The 47% shade treatment during 7 months of production significantly decreased light compensation point levels. N level slightly affected compensation point and K level had no effect. Higher N levels increased shoot growth, while K levels played a dominant role in root development. Light level interacted with both of these effects. N level was positively correlated to percent of the plant canopy contained in the upper half of the plant and this in turn closely was correlated with plant light compensation point.
Influence of Apple Bloom Date on Maturity and Storage Quality of ‘Starking Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Olsen Kenneth L. , Martin George C.
Published: August 2022

Tree cages were used to modify temperature around ‘Starking Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and to establish 4 bloom dates: April 2, 15 and May 7, 22. Determination of soluble solids, acid, firmness and chlorophyll indicated that the time from bloom to maturity was longer for fruit from earlier than normal bloom. Fruit from delayed bloom accumulated less soluble solids than that from normal or earlier bloom dates. Ultimate fruit size decreased with each successive bloom. Fruit from the 2 early bloom dates apparently was harvested before the preclimacteric minimum. Fruit from delayed bloom was harvested after initiation of the climacteric. Loss of fruit firmness in storage increased with successive harvests. Storage scald and green fruit color were associated with warm night temperatures just before harvest rather than with length of growing season.
The Effects of Chemical Primocane Suppression on Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition of Red Raspberries1
Authors: Crandall P. C. , Chamberlain J. D. , Garth J. K. L.
Published: August 2022

Primocanes were sprayed after they reached about 18 cm in height with 4, 6-dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol (dinoseb) plus superior spray oil to kill the tops down to ground level. Additional treatments involved spraying after the second flush of growth reached 18 cm in height. Primocane suppression by this means increased yields by up to 70% over unsprayed plots. Plots of vigorous ‘Williamette’ raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) were re-sprayed each year for 4 years and maintained the yield increase. A less vigorous ‘Sumner’ planting subjected to similar treatments did not develop adequate cane height and number after 2 or 3 sprays and yields the following year were greatly reduced. Berry size was sometimes increased. Most of the increased yields were due to greater numbers of berries. Primocane suppression had no effect on the number of berries on the upper laterals but greatly increased the numbers on laterals that developed from the middle and lower portions of the canes. The amount of carbohydrates per bud in dormant canes was reduced by dinoseb sprays applied the previous growing season.
Waxes and Other Surface Characteristics of Fruit and Leaves of Native Vaccinium elliotti Chapm.1
Authors: Albrigo L. G. , Lyrene P. M. , Freeman B.
Published: August 2022

Fruit color of selections of native V. elliotti Chapm. varied from black to blue. Wax on fruit was occasionally found to be globular in form but most often waxes were found to range from flat plates to upright platelets and from horizontal rods to long upright rods. Combinations of wax forms occurred in varying densities on the fruit of native selections. Upright rods and platelets accounted for the blue fruit color. Mature black fruit usually had a limited amount of platelet wax and no rodlet structures. β-Diketones were absent or nearly absent on these mature black fruit. Black fruit had some of the higher weight loss measurements. The paraffin content of the fruit wax was relatively high at one location for some black selections and appeared to reduce weight losses of these selections to levels similar to the bluer selections. Leaves had only globular wax forms, less wax than fruit, and considerable variation in the density of acerate trichomes. Leaf hair density and distribution on leaves was independent of variation in wax forms on fruit.
Effects of Daminozide, Maturity, and Cultivar on the Color Grade and Character of Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. , Thompson J. B. , Nelson J. W.
Published: August 2022

Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) increased the red color and anthocyanin content of fresh and processed sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.). Daminozide had no effect on the USDA color grade for processed dark sweet cherries but reduced the USDA character of processed dark sweet cherries and increased drained weight losses regardless of cultivar. The use of daminozide on light sweet cherries resulted in reduced USDA color grade for the processed product. A 2-week delay in harvest also increased red color and anthocyanin content of sweet cherries, and increased the USDA color grade of the processed ‘Bing’, ‘Chinook’, and ‘Rainier’ cherries. In addition, it reduced the USDA character grade of processed ‘Chinook’ but not of ‘Bing’ and ‘Rainier’ sweet cherries.
Root Respiration Characteristics of Flood-tolerant and Intolerant Tree Species1
Authors: Carpenter James R. , Mitchell Cary A.
Published: August 2022

Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) seedlings were very tolerant of extended flooding, whereas shoots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) seedlings experienced desiccation after 8 days of flooding, and leaf death after 14 days. Shoot desiccation occurred after 14 days of flooding. Roots of all 3 species utilized O2 with similar efficiency prior to flood stress. However, the respiratory capacity of sugar maple roots declined substantially during the first 8 days of flooding, and more gradually from 8 to 22 days, at 21, 5, or 0.5% O2. Red maple roots declined gradually in respiratory capacity over the entire flooding period at 21 and 5%, but not at 0.5% O2. After an initial sharp decline, baldcypress roots gradually regained capability to utilize O2 from 8 to 22 days of flooding at all 3 levels of O2. When tested at 21% O2, both red maple and baldcypress roots had 2- to 3-fold higher respiratory capacities than did sugar maple roots after 22 days of flooding. Presoaking root sections from flooded red and sugar maple in a sucrose solution mildly stimulated respiration rates measured at 21% O2, but did not fully restore respiratory capacity lost by flooding either species.
Mechanical Harvesting of Tatura Trellis Fruit Trees1
Authors: van Heek L. A. G. , Adem H. H.
Published: August 2022

A low cost single sided harvester with a multi-level catching device was designed to harvest fruit from Tatura Trellis trees planted at 6 × 1 m. Limb Shakers were used to remove cling peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and the machine-harvested fruit showed fewer injuries than fruit picked by contract labor. Although the machine harvested peaches had a greater proportion of cut fruit, the percentage of bruised fruit was significantly lower. Bruising was shown to be a function of flesh firmness for both harvesting methods. ‘Williams’ Bon Chretien’ (‘Bartlett’) pears (Pyrus communis L.) were harvested with a trunk shaker from single trellis type limbs in a standard orchard which had been modified for mechanical harvesting. Comparisons between the trellis harvester, a 2-unit Catchall harvester and fruit picked by contract labor showed that the proportion of bruised fruit was lowest for the trellis harvester. Relationships were established between the location of pears within the canopy of trellis type limbs and damage to fruit. Trunk shaking caused displacement of fruit and branches resulting in damage to fruit. Results show that trellis pear trees may be suitable for mechanical harvesting if fruit is used for processing.
Cabbage Glucosinolates: Correspondence of Patterns in Seeds and Leafy Heads1
Authors: Tookey H. L. , Daxenbichler M. E. , VanEtten C. H. , Kwolek W. F. , Williams P. H.
Published: August 2022

Seeds of cabbage (Brassica oleracea (Capitata group) contain 10-fold more glucosinolates than do cabbage heads (dry basis). Seeds give rise to relatively greater amounts of goitrin and lesser amounts of SCN ion than do heads. In spite of these differences, seeds of 50 cabbage cultivars are shown to have fair predictive value for glucosinolate patterns in the corresponding heads.
Fruit Growth of Loquat1
Authors: Blumenfeld Amos
Published: August 2022

Fruit of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) grew slowly after set in autumn and quickly toward ripening in spring. A positive correlation was found between seed weight and fruit or pulp wieght, but there was only a weak or no positive correlation between number of seeds and fruit weight. The pattern of fruit growth was similar in ‘Tanaka’ and ‘Akko 1’. Thinning increased fruit size.
Germination of Lettuce Seeds at High Temperature after Seed Priming1
Authors: Guedes A. C. , Cantliffe D. J.
Published: August 2022

The effects of water or 1% K3PO4 priming at 5°, 15° and 25°C for short durations on ‘Minetto’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination at high temperatures were studied. Germination percentage and rate at 35° of seeds primed in K3PO4 were significantly higher than that of seeds soaked in water. Aeration improved the results of priming at 15° and 25°. A priming temperature of 15° was generally best. The effects of light during priming of ‘Mesa 659’, ‘Minetto’ and ‘Ithaca’ seeds in water, K3PO4, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG + K3PO4 solutions at 15° for 6 or 9 hr and drying methods for primed seeds were also studied. Imbibition rates were higher with K3PO4. Primed seeds germinated more rapidly at 35° with K3PO4 alone or in combination with PEG. Air drying of primed seeds was better than oven drying. Seed priming in light increased germination percentage and rate of ‘Minetto’ and ‘Ithaca’, although neither cultivar is photosensitive.
Alterations in Abscisic Acid Content of Ficus benjamina Leaves Resulting from Exposure to Water Stress and its Relationship to Leaf Abscission1
Authors: Peterson John C. , Sacalis John N. , Durkin Dominic J.
Published: August 2022

Relationships were examined among water deficits, ABA content of leaf tissue, and leaf abscission in intact Ficus benjamina L. (weeping fig). Water deficits were imposed by withholding water from plants growing in sand and by raising the osmotic potential of water culture solutions through the addition of PEG 6000. Unconjugated ABA was quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography. A strong inverse linear correlation existed between ABA content of leaves and plant water potential. No relationships between ABA content and leaf abscission were observed. ABA content in leaves collected from plants growing in a greenhouse, having a plant water potential of −0.5 bar, was about 75 fold greater than the ABA content of leaves collected from plants maintained in a controlled environment room, having plant water potentials of −8.0 bar. Results indicate that ABA does not independently regulate leaf abscission in Ficus benjamina.
Carboxylase Activity and Seasonal Changes in CO2 Assimilation Rates in Three Cultivars of Pecan1
Authors: Crews C. E. , Worley R. E. , Syvertsen J. P. , Bausher M. G.
Published: August 2022

Carbon dioxide assimilation and ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase activity were measured in 3 cultivars of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch cvs. Brooks, Stuart, and Mobile). Optimum leaf temperatures (27°C) and saturating irradiances (675 μEm−2s−1) were uniform among cultivars. Carbon dioxide assimilation was significantly higher in ‘Brooks’ and ‘Stuart’ than in ‘Mobile’ between April and June, but no differences were apparent among cultivars for the remainder of the season. The maximum rate observed was 13.5 mg CO2 dm−2hr−1. A lower rate occurred between mid-August and mid-September, which may limit available carbohydrate reserves for the following growing season. A significant decrease in RuBP carboxylase activity between May and August may have been a result of leaf senescence.
Influence of Photoperiod and Light Quality on Lateral Branching and Flowering of Selected Vegetatively-propagated Plants1
Authors: Healy W. E. , Heins R. D. , Wilkins H. F.
Published: August 2022

Alternanthra amoena Voss, Coleus × hybridus Voss., Hedra helix L., Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey, Peperomia obtusifolia L.,Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaum, Pilea ‘Moon Valley’ and Pilea involucrata ‘Panamegia’ Sims were grown under normal photoperiods (ND), short photoperiods (SD) and several night lighting regimes using red, incandescent, or far red light. Lateral branching and cutting production was promoted on P. ‘Moon Valley’ under SD while flowering was inhibited. P. ‘Moon Valley’ and P. involucrata flowered under long days. The remaining plant species produced more cuttings under ND or the night lighting treatments when compared to SD. Cycling P. ‘Moon Valley’ and P. involucrata between SD and day continuation red lighting treatments every 20 days significantly increased cutting production on plants compared to plants grown continuously under SD or ND.
Light and Gibberellic Acid Enhancement of Lowbush Blueberry Seed Germination1
Authors: Smagula John M. , Michaud Michael , Hepler Paul R.
Published: August 2022

A light requirement for improved seed germination of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was partially overcome by GA treatments; GA at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm stimulated early germination of seeds kept in the dark. The germination rate of seeds exposed to an 8 hour light period was also enhanced by GA treatments. Continuous exposure to concentrations above 1000 ppm resulted in abnormally curled seedlings with necrotic root tips.
Polyethylene Glycol Induced Water Stress Effect on Apple Seedlings. II. 45Calcium Uptake1
Authors: Gergely I. , Korcak R. F. , Faust M.
Published: August 2022

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress in nutrient solutions decreased both water consumption and 45Ca uptake by apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) The decrease in water uptake was more severe than the decrease in 45Ca uptake. When 45Ca uptake was calculated on the basis of water consumption, it was found that 45Ca uptake was not dependent on water uptake although water was necessary for movement of 45Ca. In split-root experiments, PEG and 45Ca were either applied to the same half of the root or to separate halves. Calcium uptake decreased in plants subjected to water stress. The results indicated that the site of this decrease was at the root, not the aerial portion of the plant which, indirectly, may affect root function and thus 45Ca uptake. Split-root experiments also indicated that the unstressed half of the root cannot fully compensate for the stressed half of the root in either water or 45Ca uptake. Water use of plants with half of their root under a −5.0 bar water stress was decreased by 30%. Urea-nitrogen pretreatment did not modify the effect of osmotic stress on leaf Ca, Mg and K concentrations, water use or dry matter production during the period of applied water stress. All these parameters decreased with increasing solution osmotic stress.
Inheritance of Fire Blight Resistance in Malus in Relation to Rootstock Breeding1
Authors: Gardner Randolph G. , Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle Herb S.
Published: August 2022

Seedling progenies from controlled crosses involving Malus sp. clones were tested for resistance to Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. by shoot tip inoculation. In progenies from crosses between fire blight-susceptible M. pumila selections, over 90% of the seedlings were killed. In most progenies from crosses between resistant and susceptible selections, regardless of species source, few resistant seedlings occurred. Progenies from crosses between resistant parents generally had the most resistant seedlings, but segregated some highly susceptible offspring. Distribution patterns suggested quantitative control of resistance, with resistant parents heterozygous for resistance genes. In progenies from crosses of the highly resistant M. × robusta No. 5 (R5) and M. × sublobata PI 286613 (613) with susceptible parents, about 1/8 of the seedlings exhibited the fire blight reaction of the highly resistant parent. All progenies of 613 and R5, including those obtained by selfing and by crossing the two with each other, segregated some susceptible offspring. In a replicated nursery test involving seedlings of a 613 progeny, various fire blight resistance classes in the population were distinguished statistically. Resistance in 613 and R5 was interpreted as oligogenic (conditioned by few genes), with dominant, additive genes carried in the heterozygous condition.
Constant Fertilization of Foliage Plants1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Henley Richard W.
Published: August 2022

Fertilizer levels of 500-220-400 and 750-330-600 mg/liter N-P-K reduced growth of Brassaia, Chamaedorea and Peperomia when compared to 250-110-200 mg/liter but had no effect on Philodendron and Maranta. As fertilization level increased, pH of the leachate decreased and soluble salts increased. As fertilizer level increased, leachate increased from pots with Brassaia and Peperomia and to a lesser extent from Maranta and leachate from Philodendron and Chamaedorea were similar. Fertilizer of 800-360-680 mg/liter N-P-K reduced fresh weight and root grade of Peperomia and Brassaia. Amount of leachate doubled as fertilizer and volume of water applied increased.
Effects of Selected Putative Inhibitors of Ribonucleic Acid or Protein Synthesis on Adventitious Root Formation in Mung Bean Cuttings1
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Heuser Charles W.
Published: August 2022

Selected putative inhibitors of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis (actinomycin D and 6-methylpurine) or protein synthesis (cycloheximide and puromycin) were examined for their effects on root formation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz.) cuttings in the presence or absence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Only 6-methylpurine completely inhibited root formation at concentrations that did not cause visible injury. Cycloheximide was most inhibitory when applied at the same time as NAA. Application of 6-methylpurine up to 12 hours after NAA uptake completely blocked root formation; thereafter its effect declined with time. This decline in response was correlated with enlargement of the nucleus and nucleolus in hypocotyl cells preparatory to cell division.
Seasonal and Chemical Influences on the Flowering of Gypsophila paniculata ‘Bristol Fairy’ Selections1,2
Authors: Kusey William E. , Weiler T. C. , Hammer P. Allen , Harbaugh Brent K. , Wilfret Gary J.
Published: August 2022

Gypsophila paniculata L. cv. Bristol Fairy flowered only under long photoperiods. Neither 5°C storage up to 8 weeks nor weekly GA3 sprays at concentration from 50 to 2,000 mg/liter induced flowering at short photoperiods. Established shoots with 12 nodes flowered after 3 weeks of 24 hours photoperiod induction, but young shoots with 5 nodes (newly pinched plants) did not flower after 3 weeks of induction. Critical photoperiod of several selections of ‘Bristol Fairy’ ranged from 12-18 hours. Inadvertent selection of clones with longer critical photoperiods appears to be responsible for poor winter flowering in Florida.
Producing Pot Chrysanthemums at Low Night Temperature1
Authors: Kohl Harry C. , Mor Yoram
Published: August 2022

Three cultivars of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. were grown as pot plants in a greenhouse at either normal (15.6°C minimum) night temperature (NNT). or at lower (5.0° minimum and 7.1° average) night temperature (LNT) during the period of flower development. The leaf area index was kept at or above the critical for both groups following original pot-to-pot spacing by a gradual increase in spacing to the final commercial spacing. The LNT plants took longer to become salable plants. Increased spacing for the LNT plants purposely proceeded more slowly, resulting in less average space being occupied per day, so that the total bench space cost per pot was essentially the same for the LNT and NNT plants. Under the above conditions, it was found that dry weight gain per pot at LNT was as great as or greater than at NNT. The quality of the plants, which were harvested when commercially salable, was satisfactory at both LNT and NNT for ‘Mandarin’ and ‘Yellow Mandalay’. The quality of ‘Tip’ was poor at both LNT and NNT. The accumulation of dry matter as a function of photosynthetically active radiation was more efficient at LNT than at NNT.
Horticultural Evaluation of Eight Foliage Types of Peas Near-isogenic for the Genes af, tl and st1
Authors: Wehner T. C. , Gritton E. T.
Published: August 2022

Eight foliage types of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were tested as near-isogenic lines of 8 cultivers and experimental lines for 2 years at 2 locations. Three blends of those foliage types were also tested at 1 location. Modifications of the pea foliage were determined by the action of the genes af (leaflets changed to tendrils), tl (tendrils changed to leaflets), and st (reduced stipule size). Shelled pea yields of the altered foliage types in pure stands were similar to normal except for the afaf TITI stst and afaf tltl stst types, which had reduced yields. The afaf TITl StSt and afaf TITI stst types had superior standing ability, and had less blonding of shelled peas. Yield was positively correlated with leaf area and harvest index. Blonding of shelled peas was positively correlated with leaf area. One of 2 foliage types with the most favorable performance for the 23 horticultural characteristics measured had many small leaflets (afaf tltl StSt), while the other had tendrils instead of leaflets (afaf TITI StSt). The all-tendril foliage type (afaf TITI StSt), either in pure stand or in a blend with another type, appears to have the most potential for replacing the normal foliage type.
Current Photosynthate as a Limiting Factor in Adventitious Root Formation on Leafy Pea Cuttings1
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Potter John R.
Published: August 2022

Root formation on leafy cuttings of Pisum sativum L. ‘Alaska’ was reduced by about 50% when net photosynthesis was adjusted to the compensation point by reducing the light intensity, reducing the CO2 concentration, or by blocking CO2 exchange with an antitranspirant. Rooting was also reduced by 50% when cuttings were given only enough photoperiod at saturating light to maintain a carbon balance similar to that of the treatments which reduced net photosynthesis to the compensation point. In addition to decreasing rooting, these treatments lowered sucrose and glucose levels in the basal portion of the cuttings compared to controls. Our photosynthesis and carbohydrate data indicate that the supply of current photosynthate to the base of pea cuttings is important to rooting.