bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
America - Europe: In the Mirror of Otherness
Authors: Montiel Edgar
Published: March 2007

Vasco de Quiroga

It was precisely when printing became popular in Europe - which, for the first time in history, permitted the conservation and mass diffusion of ancient Greek, Arab, and Latin writings, a fact that signalled the beginning of the Renaissance - that the Letters of Amerigo Vespucci first appeared. These letters, like a revelation, speak of a novus mundus, a new world of unknown flora, fauna, and men, that contradicts the findings of Ptolemy‘s eminent Cosmography (published in 1478, in Rome), Theophrastus's History of Plants (published in 1498, in Venice), and the hallowed treatises of Aristotle, which were then in fashion.
The Mexican Contribution to the Mediterranean World
Authors: Long Janet
Published: March 2007

A great quantity of American plants traveled with the precious metals that arrived in Europe from New Spain after ‘1492. Some were brought over intentionally, perhaps in the hands of some Spanish Indian (Spaniards who had travelled to the New World to make their fortunes and had returned were called “Indians”) who had become accustomed to new tastes in America. Others arrived by neither will nor invitation, hidden in the nooks and crannies of the ships or mixed in with the ballast that the galleons carried on their return trip to the Old World.
The Man-Fauna Relationship in Mesoamerica Before and After the Europeans
Authors: Valadez Azúa M. en C. Raúl
Published: March 2007

The year 1992 is a year for reflection, because whether or not the quincentenary celebration of the arrival of the Europeans to this continent seems justified, one cannot escape thinking about the impact of this event on our land.

As archeology is my area of study, my reflections are directed toward the changes that came about in the relationship between man and animals after 1492, specifically toward what occurred in Mexico once the Spaniards established themselves in this territory.
The Unacceptable Otherness
Authors: Villoro Luis
Published: March 2007

When the Spaniards arrived in Mexico they were astonished and stupiti ed by the strangeness of this new world, in which beauty and horror merged. It was not by accident that Hernán Cortés spoke of “its grandeur, the strange and marvelous things of this land,” and resigned himself to the impossibility of adequately describing these things: “Even badly expressed, I know very well that they will be so amazing that they will not be believed, because even those of us who have seen these things with our own eyes are unable to comprehend them.” Travelling the land, Bernal Díaz del Castillo was overwhelmed as he beheld an “enchanted” land that reminded him of Amadis de Gaul. “Some of us asked ourselves whether what we were seeing was a dream.” Everything was strange and “never seen before.” Both men praised the great cities, such as Tlaxcala, “so grand and deserving of such admiration that even though much of what I could say about it must be left unsaid, what little I will say is almost incredible …”; or Tenochtitlán, “the most beautiful thing in the world,” with its structures and gardens “so marvelous, that it seemed to me almost impossible to describe their perfection and grandeur.” The native works of gold and silver, and of stone and feathers, seemed so extraordinary to the Spaniards “that it is simply impossible to understand how these objects, and with what instruments, were made so perfect.” Cortés as much as Bernal Díaz praised the capabilities of the Indians; their wisdom in peace, their courage in war. But most amazing of all was their religion. Its external aspects provoked horror and repugnance: the menacing ugliness of their “idols,” their bloody sacrifices, and the anthropophagy - according to the Spaniards, one could imagine nothing more “horrible and abominable.” Despite all this, the Spaniards could not help but marvel at their religious zeal, their devotion and diligence: “If they truly serve God with such faith, fervor, and diligence, they must be able to work many miracles.” Emerging from the ocean like a mirage or a dream, the new world was at once incomprehensible and fascinating, refined and abominable, beautiful and terrible. To the eyes of Western man, it was foreign, strangeness itself, the quintessential “other.”
Literature and the Beauty of the World
Authors: Starobinski Jean
Published: March 2007

When the world reveals a part of its beauty, what should our reaction be? How can we respond adequately? Is not our initial reaction one of a “discrepancy between our impressions and their habitual expression?” It is this question that Proust poses in one of the crucial passages early on in his masterpiece. Describing his walks along Méséglise's Way, and “the humble discoveries” he made there, the narrator details for us the overwhelming, decisive impression made on him by a shaft of sunlight:

After an hour of rain and wind, against which I had struggled cheerfully, as I came to the edge of the Montjouvain pond, beside a little hut with a tiled roof in which M. Vinteuil's gardener kept his tools, the sun had just reappeared, and its golden rays, washed clean by the shower, glittered anew in the sky, on the trees, on the wall of the hut and the still wet tiles of the roof, on the ridge of which a hen was strutting. The wind tugged at the wild grass growing from cracks in the wall and at the hen's downy feathers, which floated out horizontally to their full extent with the unresisting submissiveness of light and lifeless things. The tiled roof cast upon the pond, translucent again in the sunlight, a dappled pink reflection which I had never observed before. And, seeing upon the water, and on the surface of the wall, a pallid smile responding to the smiling sky, I cried out aloud in my enthusiasm, brandishing my furled umbrella: “Gosh, gosh, gosh, gosh!” But at the same time I felt that I was in duty bound not to content myself with these unilluminating words, but to endeavor to see more clearly into the sources of my rapture.
Synthesis as a Stage in the History of Mathematics
Authors: Chemla Katrine
Published: March 2007

A multiplicity of circumstances - including geographic and political isolation, and differences of social organization and customs - has led different groups of people to develop mathematical knowledge independently of each other. Yet history has shown us again and again that by some necessity these separate groups often encounter the same problems. The solutions they propose, however, are often different. This suggests a series of questions. First of all: what is the relationship between the solutions? Is one solution an alternative to the other, and if so, how to account for their differences? Or, on the contrary, are the solutions complementary? Both of these configurations can be found in the history of mathematics: in the following article we will investigate two elementary examples of these phenomena and trace the historical circumstances under which different solutions have come into contact.
In Search of a Journal: Caillois and Diogenes
Authors: Pajon Alexandre
Published: March 2007

To commemorate the fortieth anniversary of Diogenes is, above all, to honor Roger Caillois. From 1952 until his death in 1978, this periodical was the heart of his working life. In July 1948 Caillois had become an international public servant, working for a brand new institution, UNESCO, as a member of its “ideas office” responsible for program planning. UNESCO and the nongovernmental organizations clustered around it adopted a grand and magnificent objective: to promote peace through education and culture. One avenue to pursue this goal was the publication of books and periodicals. Diogenes was therefore the fruit of the interaction between the plans of UNESCO and the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies and the life experience of Roger Caillois.
Who Are We?
Authors: Rorty Richard
Published: March 2007

In what sort of situation might someone ask the question “who are we?” It seems most appropriate in the mouth of someone trying to shape her audience into a more coherent community. It is the sort of rhetorical question a party leader might ask at a party rally. In such situations, it means something like “what unifying ideal can we find to make us less like a mob and more like an army, less like people thrown together by accident and more like people who have united to accomplish a task?”
Lost Paradigm or Inhibited Projects?
Authors: Michaux Bernard
Published: March 2007

Who are we? Never have so many of us asked this question, nor so few been able to answer it. What is happening to us? Already we miss those who are not asking the question along with us.

We all were sure of ourselves in our respective groups - some aggressive, others tolerant - but sure of being these ones and not those ones as we crossed paths with others or with us, in business and in war, and who were always ready to tell us which of all of them we were.
The Islamic Antecedents of the Western Renaissance
Authors: Naraghi Ehsan
Published: March 2007

Since the time of the Renaissance, it has been believed in the West that Greco-Roman Civilization developed solely between Athens, Rome and Paris. In so doing, we forget the detour that Greek culture took into Muslim culture over a period of several centuries, and the influence of this culture on Muslim philosophy and science. This assumption also fails to take note of Muslim influence on Europe, in which Andalusia and Sicily acted as intermediaries. In order accurately to trace the spread of knowledge from Greece we must follow a path leading from Athens to Baghdad and Cordoba before reaching Paris. If we omit this historical reality, we underestimate the role played by Eastern Christians and Jews in the transmission of Greek knowledge to Islam, and from Islam to the West.
The Burmese Nats
Authors: de la Perrière Bénédictine Brac
Published: March 2007

In Burma, the rituals connected with the earth concern the relationship between the local communities of rice-growers and the political whole that encompasses them. The structure of this totality is a result of the history of the Burmese Buddhist monarchy which was, from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth, the dominant political institution of the Irrawaddy valley. The Buddhist kings were viewed as the masters of the earth, a role symbolized by the ritual of the first furrow, which they “traced” in the soil in order to inaugurate the work season. Moreover, the native Burmese religious system does not include a deity exclusively associated with the earth and who could, by this right, be the object of a systematic cult. This complex religious system, dominated by Buddhism, includes another cult, that of the thirty-seven nats, whose history is linked both to the Burmese monarchical system and the adoption of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. The fall of the monarchy in 1886 did not bring about its disappearance. On the contrary, this cult is still quite alive and touches all levels of Burmese society. It is especially vibrant in those local communities that worship the thirty-seven nats of the national pantheon, viewed as the protector of their land.
Ancestors and the Forest among the Brou of Vietnam
Authors: Vargyas Gábor
Published: March 2007

The Brou people, whom we shall be discussing here, belong to the ancient Austro-Asiatic stock of the Indochinese peninsula. They are spread out on either side of the border separating Vietnam and Laos and settled in particular to the north of Route Nine, which joins Savannakhet (Laos) to Dong Ha (the Vietnamese provinces of Quang Binh and Quang Tri), with their area of the greatest concentration being the district of Huyen Huong Hoa (Khe Sanh) where we studied them.
Shaped in the Image of Reason
Authors: van der Linde Gerhard
Published: March 2007

The detective fiction of the tradition initiated by Poe and Conan Doyle and continued by Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers, Rex Stout and others proposes the unquestioning acceptance of cognitive rationality as a virtually-infallible tool for problem solving and as an instrument of knowledge. In the Holmes narratives, linear reasoning, based on observation grounded in the assumption that phenomena can be “read” in terms of a direct correlation between visual detail and connotative or denotative meanings, is presented as the only true path towards knowledge and understanding. Thus, the narratives implicitly discard the critical and autonomous rationality proposed by Kant. Through their dogmatic insistence on a particular analytical method, they advocate a monist rationality which is repressive and alienated from the reader, in that s/he is not required to be a critical participant, but remains a passive admiring onlooker.
The Ecumenical Route
Authors: Godin Christian
Published: March 2007

Ecumenicism is a synthesis of syncretism and universalism. It combines, in fact, the religious totalization of syncretism with the human totalization of universalism, using syncretism to correct what might be unilateral in the universal religion, and using universalism to complete what might be particularistic in syncretism.
Human Rights and the Fate of Tolerance
Authors: Waterlot Ghislain
Published: March 2007

The meanings of tolerance nowadays form a complex and ambiguous maze that far exceeds the scope of this essay. To clarify the following pages, however, we propose a preliminary distinction between original tolerance and modern tolerance.

By original tolerance we mean the attitude that consists of putting up with, or not preventing, that which should not by law take place. It is motivated by prudence or condescension with regard to human failings. It is a sort of last resource. In any event, it is neither a permission nor an authorization: it is a favor, subject to revocation. As far back as one goes in human history, one finds traces of this elementary social practice.

By modern tolerance, we mean the form of tolerance that has developed in modern times and is formulated by Castellion, Spinoza, Locke and in particular Pierre Bayle. To tolerate is to consent to the idea that in the name of freedom, in principle recognized by all, other men think and act according to principles that we do not share or with which we do not agree. In other words, tolerance is the corollary of freedom.
The International Community and Limitations of Sovereignty
Authors: Bettati Mario
Published: March 2007

Public international law is entirely a product of consensualism. The State, which is both the legislator and subject of the world juridical order, only agrees to comply with exterior norms to the extent that it approves of their content. Any treaty, in its contractual nature; any custom, in its consensual nature; any decision of an international organization, in its ability to be en forced, expresses the agreement of the concerned States, whether on a case by case or global basis. National sovereignty is in this way safeguarded. Nothing can be imposed on those who govern without their consent. Indeed, until the middle of the twentieth century, States had succeeded in juridically protecting their free will; or more precisely, their free willfulness. International law required no behavioral norms, and no obligation of tolerance, in regard to a State's own nationals.
Mahatma Gandhi
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: March 2007

Mahatma Gandhi was one of those rare human beings who was simultaneously a theoretician and practitioner of tolerance. Gandhi was possessed of an inner conviction that tolerance was not only one of the key words of his own century but of centuries still to come. It is in this sense that his ideas on non-violence and tolerance transcend the context of India itself, even though these ideas were initially conceived in relation to India's independence and future. Nevertheless, in spite of what may seem obvious, it is no mere truism to state that Gandhi would not have been Gandhi had he not been born Indian. We say this in order to underscore that Gandhi's concept of tolerance was rooted in Indian culture.
Global Ethics and Education in Tolerance
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: March 2007

A theologian would be ill-advised if he tried to teach pedagogy to the pedagogues. And indeed it is not my aim to proclaim some way of teaching - even less so after a period of pedagogical experimentation that produced one new model after the other. Rather I would like to buttress the efforts of pedagogues and educators from the viewpoint of ethics at a time when many people talk about an educational crisis.
Obstacles and Limits to Tolerance
Authors: Ricœur Paul
Published: March 2007

We have presented tolerance, right from the foreword upon which the present study opens, as the difficult course of a crested road between intolerance and the intolerable. Intolerance constitutes the obstacle never surmounted, the intolerable, the limit opposed to the abuses of a tolerance that has slid to indifference.
On Tolerance and the Limits of Toleration
Authors: Kuçuradi Ioanna
Published: March 2007

Two main but discrepant tendencies characterize the intellectual climate of our world at the turn of the century. We promote, on the one hand, “respect for human rights,” i.e. for certain universal norms, but on the other hand, equally promote “respect to all cultures,”which are differentiated among themselves by their different world-views and their parochial norms. Not rarely do we see that the demands that such parochial norms bring are contradictory to those of human rights.
How Far Can Tolerance Go?
Authors: Canto-Sperber Monique
Published: March 2007

How define tolerance? Tolerance consists in abstaining from intervening in the actions and opinions of other persons when these opinions or actions appear disagreeable, frankly unpleasant or morally reprehensible to us. But each will feel that there exists a real difference between that which is disagreeable or unpleasant and that which is morally repugnant. To respect this intuition, I would propose to distinguish between a narrow sense of tolerance - I tolerate that which appears displeasing or disagreeable to me, but I do not tolerate that which I judge to be morally wrong - and a broad sense in which I tolerate even that which I disapprove of morally. If we adopt the narrow sense, we have at our disposal a first answer to the question of knowing how far to tolerate: I tolerate that which relates to displeasure or to annoyance, but not that which I believe to be wrong.
Horizons
Authors: Tutu Desmond
Published: March 2007

Why do we learn some lessons more easily than others - indeed with alacrity and enthusiasm? Often these are not of the most attractive sort. It seems so frequently as if there is a sheer perversity in us.
The Articulation and Hierarchy of Knowledge in Aristotle's Thought
Authors: Labarrière Jean-Louis
Published: March 2007

Aristotle's endeavor, at least insofar as we can judge from the way it has been transmitted to us and from the titles of the lost works, is often presented as the first work of an encyclopedic nature, as it seems to embrace and order all of the elements of knowledge. Does Aristotle not advance a classification of sciences, in Metaphysics, E, 1, as well as a systematic outline of the “sciences of nature” in his Meteorologica, I, 1? And again, although logic is often presented as not belonging to the system of sciences since it is not counted as a science in Metaphysics, E, 1, is Aristotle not generally considered the inventor of this discipline? The impression is all the stronger in that Andronicus of Rhodes, in the first century b.c., edited Aristotle's works by roughly adopting the threefold division of philosophy into Logic-Physics-Ethics, a division that had become common during the Hellenistic period though more particularly proper to the Stoic system. Since then, all the editions of Aristotle, in every language, have been made to serve the order in which Aristotle's treatises were thus edited.
The Theme of the Universal Library in the Arabic Tradition
Authors: Canfora Luciano
Published: March 2007

The Letter of Aristeas, a text written in Greek by a Jewish author of the Alexandrian diaspora, probably in the second century b.c., traces the circumstances under which a Greek translation of the sacred book of the Jews, the Pentateuch, was commissioned by King Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The letter situates this undertaking in the broader context of the foundation of the Library of Alexandria on the advice of Demetrius of Phalerum, who instigated the plan to gather together all the world's books, both those in the possession of the Greeks and those “of other peoples.”
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Authors: Jacob Christian
Published: March 2007

The New Alexandrian Library is to be inaugurated at the end of 1998 on the royal site of the great ancient metropolis, that is, on the site of the Museum founded by Ptolemy I to enclose his mythical collection of books. This ambitious project of a “public research library “ was undertaken on the initiative of the Egyptian government and has, since 1986, received the support of UNESCO.
The Fathers of Sinology
Authors: Bresner Lisa
Published: March 2007

Informing the Superior General of the Society of Jesus that the cornerstone of the Jesuit mission in China – that is, Father Matteo Ricci – had passed away on 3 May 1610, Father Pasio wrote:

Fu servito Nostro Signore di chiamare al paradiso il buon P. Matteo Ricci, tanto antico nella Cina, e che accreditò molto la legge di Dio e la Compagnia con la sua santità, prudentia e patientia, aprendo il cammino agli altri Padri in quella folta selva di gentilità.

Approximately three centuries later, a man whom Father Delattre unhesitatingly called “our indefatigable Sinologist” – Father Léon Wieger – also died on Chinese soil.
Africa's Understanding of the Slave Trade
Authors: Niane Djibril Tamsir
Published: March 2007

Antao Gonçalves, a Portuguese explorer, began the slave trade in 1445 with the first purchase of slaves on the African coast: “nine Blacks and some gold powder in exchange for European merchandises.” Portuguese sailors continued this trade until the end of the fifteenth century. The slaves, black for the most part, were brought to Portugal or sold in the markets of Lagos, which were crowded with buyers seeking colored servants. These slaves also served in the development of the Atlantic Isles (Sao Tome, and the Cape Verde Islands) where their knowledge of agriculture and their endurance for labor were of great value. As we know, the conquistador's enslavement of indigenous people to develop the New World followed soon after its discovery, but the Indians, a fragile workforce, could not take the hard labor of the mines and fields. The obvious solution was to replace them with black slaves. Thus began the triangular trade at the start of the sixteenth century. For the next four centuries this commerce would continue to grow. It would become the largest trafficking of slaves that humanity has ever known, as well as the dominant feature in dealings between Europe and Africa south of the Sahara. The frequency and density of the human cargoes extracted from Africa would intensify until the trade's peak in the last third of the eighteenth century. Although relatively short (1800-1880), the period of underground trade that followed nonetheless inflicted a particularly significant drain on an already anemic continent.
On Congo Cults of Bantu Origin in Cuba
Authors: Barnet Miguel
Published: March 2007

Black Africans who were brought to Cuba as slaves represented a variety of origins and belonged to linguistic groups that were as divergent as their cultural backgrounds. A huge majority, however, originated in the Congo basin. The last officially recorded arrival of a slave ship in a Cuban port took place in 1873.

It would be impossible to classify expressions of Bantu origin that were used in the slave trade. The arbitrary label “Congo” has been applied to most such expressions with a view to noting and suggesting a kinship with the cultural and religious heritage branching off from the Bantu linguistic trunk.
Biology Reinvigorated
Authors: Guille-Escuret Georges
Published: March 2007

In fact, analogy is a legitimate form of comparison, and comparison is the only practical means we have for the understanding of things. The fault of the biological sociologists was not that they used it but that they used it wrongly. Instead of trying to control their studies of society by their knowledge of biol ogy, they tried to infer the laws of the first from the laws of the second.

Émile Durkheim, 1898

In order to establish itself as a discipline, it was not enough for sociology to disassociate itself from philosophy and psychology. The lines appearing in the above epigraph, published exactly one hundred years ago, remind us of what is often not considered in the difficulty of establishing social sciences in the world as a whole: first – and as a question of priority – disciplines had to fight the widely prevailing influence jointly held by evolutionism, “social Darwinism,” and “biological sociology” at the end of the nineteenth century. Durkheim's methodological warning thus contains something that elicits a “feeling of déjà vu” in us, with respect to some of the theoretical debates that the “scholarly community” puts forward today for the general public. Is this simply a superficial and somewhat coincidental similarity, or is it, rather, the rebirth of an idea?
Culture and Memory
Authors: Rupp-Eisenreich Britta
Published: March 2007

“I shall attempt the analysis of memory … because memory in some form is presupposed in almost all other knowledge.”

Bertrand Russell, The Analysis of Mind (1921)

“Beginning with homo sapiens, the formation of an apparatus of social memory stands out as the foremost problem of human evolution.”

André Leroi-Gourhan, Le Geste et la Parole (1965)

Meme, Mneme, Mnemosyne: two neologisms, one dating from 1976 and the other from 1904, and the mythical figure personifying Memory from the time of the Titans - a strange primordial deity that the imagination brought forth even before the time of mortal men began. Her name is all that survived through the ages, yet this fleeting presence among the gods was just as consequential as a major figure like Prometheus. Could she have been conceived of as an indispensable condition for human beings to usher in the reign of culture?
The Influence of Family History on Reading Remediation and Reading Skills in Children With Dyslexia
Authors: Dick Bruce D. , Kaplan Bonnie J. , Crawford Susan
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether family history of reading disability influences the efficacy of reading remediation. A retrospective review of children’s performance in a reading remediation program was carried out along with parental interviews for 102 families. Significant improvements were found in the areas of nonword decoding, phonological awareness, and spelling following the reading remediation program. Younger children and children with lower IQs tended to receive less benefit from the remediation program. Having a paternal history of dyslexia was associated with smaller improvements in nonword decoding scores. Maternal history of dyslexia was not a significant predictor of changes in nonword decoding. These findings suggest that some reading skills may be most effectively integrated at later stages of development. They also point to the possibility of unique relationships that may exist between parents and children who have reading disabilities.
Residential Schools
Authors: Barnes Rosemary , Josefowitz Nina , Cole Ester
Published: March 2007

Government commissions have demonstrated that residential schools’ ability to educate aboriginal students was compromised by widespread problems including (a) inadequate curriculum, staffing, instruction time, and parental involvement; (b) racism; (c) prohibition against the use of aboriginal language; and (d) maltreatment. This article uses psychological research and theory to explain how such problems exposed aboriginal children and adolescents to increased risk of poor academic performance, reduced capacity to continue education after leaving the residential school, limited employment prospects, and reduced income as adults.
A Comparison of Two Measures of School Psychologists’ Job Satisfaction
Authors: Brown Michael B. , Hardison Ashley , Bolen Larry M. , Walcott Christy M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to establish the concurrent and construct validity of the Job Satisfaction Scales (JSS) and a modified version of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) using a sample of practicing school psychologists. Strong internal consistency was determined within each of the job satisfaction instruments. Correlations between the MSQ and JSS provide evidence of concurrent validity based on the significant positive relationships between paired scales. There was no significant difference between the MSQ and JSS standard scores for overall job satisfaction. The strong evidence of construct validity suggests that research using the MSQ and JSS can be compared with confidence, in that similar constructs are being evaluated. There are some differences between the two instruments that might make one instrument more useful than the other for particular research purposes.
Risk Factors for Violence and Relational Aggression in Adolescence
Authors: Herrenkohl Todd I. , McMorris Barbara J. , Catalano Richard F. , Abbott Robert D. , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Toumbourou John W.
Published: March 2007

Analyses examined risk factors for seventh-and ninth-grade youth categorized as nonoffenders, physically violent, relationally aggressive, and both violent and relationally aggressive. Bivariate and multivariate results showed that relationally aggressive youth were elevated on most risks above levels for nonoffenders but lower than those for youth who were violent alone or violent in combination with relational aggression. Youth who were both relationally aggressive and violent did not differ from those who were violent alone on most risk factors examined. Peer, individual, and family risks were among the strongest predictors.
Screening Practices for Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: Brown Larry K. , Puster Kristie L. , Vazquez Elizabeth A. , Hunter Heather L. , Lescano Celia M.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to determine the screening practices of child and adolescent psychiatrists regarding adolescent dating violence (DV). A questionnaire regarding screening practices for DV and other risk behaviors was administered to 817 child and adolescent psychiatrists via the Internet and mail. Twenty-one percent of clinicians screened for DV “more than 90% of the time,” and 65% had identified it in the past year. Multiple logistic regression analyses found that screening for DV was associated with consistent screening for either substance use or interparental violence (OR = 3.0 and 6.3, respectively). Despite the prevalence of DV, only a minority of psychiatrists screen their adolescent patients for this type of risk. These data suggest that screening for DV is associated with consistent screening practices for other risk behaviors. Screening rates may be improved with training and adherence to specific protocols.
Measuring Proactive and Reactive Criminal Thinking With the PICTS
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

Research studies have determined that proactive or instrumental aggression correlates with positive outcome expectancies for violence, whereas reactive aggression correlates with hostile attribution biases. It was hypothesized that the Problem Avoidance factor scale of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) would serve as an effective proxy for reactive criminal thinking and that the PICTS Self-Assertion/Deception factor scale would serve as an effective proxy for proactive criminal thinking. These two factor scales were subsequently correlated with positive outcome expectancies for crime ( n = 313) and a three-item index of hostile attribution bias ( n = 164) in a sample of male medium security prison inmates. As expected, the Problem Avoidance scale successfully predicted future hostile attribution biases but not positive outcome expectancies for crime, whereas the Self-Assertion/Deception scale successfully predicted future positive outcome expectancies for crime but not hostile attribution biases.
Relationships of Depression to Child and Adult Abuse and Bodily Pain Among
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Ismailji Tasneem , Palesh Oxana , Gore-Felton Cheryl , Narayanan Amrita , Saltzman Kasey M. , Holmes Danielle , McGarvey Elizabeth L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates whether depression in women who experienced intimate partner violence is associated with having also experienced childhood sexual and physical abuse, psychological abuse by an intimate partner, recent involvement with the abusive partner, and bodily pain. Fifty-seven women who had left a violent relationship with an intimate partner completed measures assessing their demographic characteristics, experiences of abuse in childhood and in their relationship with their intimate partner, and depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis showed that women’s depression was significantly greater among those who had experienced childhood physical and sexual abuse, more severe psychological abuse, and greater bodily pain ( p < .001), adjusted R2 = .32. These results suggest characteristics that can help to identify abused women who are most at risk for depression, and they suggest specific issues that may need to be addressed in this population.
Multiple sclerosis and brief moderate exercise. A randomised study
Authors: Bjarnadottir O.H. , Konradsdottir A.D. , Reynisdottir K. , Olafsson E.
Published: March 2007

This is a randomised control study, to determine the effect of aerobic and strength exercise on physical fitness and quality of life in patients with mild multiple sclerosis (MS). Sixteen outpatients with definitive MS, aged 18-50, with an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) <4, completed the study. Every patient was evaluated according to physical fitness with peak oxygen consumption (V'O2peak ), workload and anaerobic threshold; quality of life (SF-36); and degree of disability (EDSS). The patients were then randomised to an exercise group (EG) (n =6) or a control group (CG) (n = 10). The EG exercised three times a week for five weeks, and the CG did not change their habits regarding exercise.

In the EG, the mean change in workload was 0.34 W/kg (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.58), the mean change in V'O2peak was 4.54 mL/kg per minute (95% CI: 1.65-7.44), and the mean change in anaerobic threshold was 0.32 L/min (95% CI: 0.08-0.57). There was a tendency towards improved quality of life, and no change was detected in the degree of disability. This study confirms that brief, moderate, aerobic exercise improves physical fitness in individuals with mild MS. No evidence was found for worsening of MS symptoms in association with exercises. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 776-782. http://msj.sagepub.com
The relation of focal white matter signal abnormality and focal volume loss in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kezele I.B. , Chen J.T. , Arnold D.L. , Collins D.L.
Published: March 2007

There were two aims to this study. First, to explore how the reduction in the volume of abnormal T2-signal intensity associated with white matter (WM) lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) relates to tissue loss resulting from focal pathology inside lesions. Second, to demonstrate that this volume of abnormal T2-signal intensity underestimates the actual size of the region to which the direct effects of lesion activity extend. For these purposes, we used deformation field analysis to quantify the evolution of local atrophy associated with a chronic peri-ventricular lesion in a patient with secondary progressive MS. This subject had particular features that may not necessarily co-exist in a group of unselected patients, which enabled interesting observations to be made. We show, quantitatively, that the focal WM lesion was associated with adjacent regional WM volume loss, which was disproportionate to concurrent diffuse atrophy in the rest of the normal appearing brain tissue, and that the loss of volume associated with the lesion was partially reciprocated by local ventricular expansion. Our observations re-emphasise the complex relationship between the change in the volume of abnormal signal intensity on magnetic resonance images and the tissue volume change directly related to lesion pathology. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 809-813. http:// msj.sagepub.com
Polyregional and hemispheric syndromes: a study of these uncommon first attacks in a CIS cohort
Authors: Pelayo R. , Tintoré M. , Rovira A. , Rio J. , Nos C. , Grivé E. , Téllez N. , Comabella M. , Montalban X.
Published: March 2007

Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) classically refer to optic neuritis (ON), brainstem or spinal cord syndromes. Less common first episodes suggestive of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, such as hemispheric or clinically polyregional syndromes, have been only slightly studied. The aim of this study was to describe these CIS topographies in our cohort of patient with a CIS. We evaluated 320 patients with a CIS, and classified the topographies of the attacks according to clinical symptoms only into CIS of the optic nerve (123), brainstem (78), spinal cord (89), hemispheric (6), polyregional (12) or undetermined (12) topographies. Patients underwent brain MRI within three months of their first attack, and again 12 months later. Conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS), determined either clinically or by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was evaluated according to topography. Hemispheric and polyregional syndromes were closer to brainstem or spinal cord syndromes than ON in clinical and MRI conversion terms, although a statistical analysis was not performed because of the small number of patients. There are differences between several studies in the definition, and, therefore, the prevalence of these so-called atypical CIS. Consensus on the denomination and definition of these syndromes must be reached. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 731-736. http://msj.sagepub.com
Clinical response to glatiramer acetate correlates with modulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 expression in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Valenzuela R.M. , Costello K. , Chen M. , Said A. , Johnson K.P. , Dhib-Jalbut S.
Published: March 2007

Objective To determine whether glatiramer acetate (GA)-induced lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ and IL-4 modulation correlate with the clinical response in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Background GA therapy involves the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine shifts. However, it is not known whether this response correlates with the clinical outcome.

Methods Thirty-six relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients were treated with GA for at least two years, and classified clinically as GA-responders (GA-R=22) or hypo/non-responders (GA-HR/NR = 14). Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to GA and Tetanus toxoid (TT), as well as IL-4 and IFN-γ ELISPOT, were performed.

Findings There was no difference in PBMC proliferation to GA or TT between GA-R and GA-HR/NR before and during treatment (P>0.05). The mean number of IFN-γ ELISPOTS in unstimulated, TT and anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC was lower among GA-R (unstimulated: GA-R =10.1±6.21 (n=22) versus GA-HR/NR=17.8±12.7 (n=14), P=0.04; TT-GA-R =12.2±4.06 (n=12) versus GA-HR/NR=26.8±21.0 (n=8), P=0.028; anti-CD-3/CD28 GA-R=217.3±140.4 (n=22) versus GA-HR/NR=368.5±170.1 (n=14), P=0.006). In contrast, the number of IL-4 ELISPOTS remained unchanged in the GA-R group, but was progressively reduced in the GA-HR/NR group during GA therapy (GA-HR/NR IL-4: pre-Rx: 59±34 versus 22±11 at 12 months (n =6), P=0.0429). The IL-4/ IFN-γ ratio in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC was significantly higher among GA-R compared to GA-HR/NR (P=0.0474).

Interpretation Lymphoproliferation to GA did not differentiate GA-R from GA-HR/NR. However, reduced IFN-γ expression and stable IL-4 expression in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC, and an increased IL-4/IFN-γ ratio was associated with favorable clinical response. More data are needed to validate the prospective use of IL-4/IFN-γ expression in PBMC as a biomarker of clinical response to GA for individual patients. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 754-762. http://msj.sagepub.com
Classification of patients with a clinically isolated syndrome based on signs and symptoms is supported by magnetic resonance imaging results
Authors: Nielsen J.M. , Moraal B. , Polman C.H. , Poppe P. , de Vos M. , Freedman M.S. , Kappos L. , Barkhof F. , Bauer L. , Pohl C. , Sandbrink R. , Hartung H.-P. , Uitdehaag B.M.J.
Published: March 2007

Background Recently, a clinical classification system was described to determine whether symptoms and signs of patients presenting with a first episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate the presence of monofocal or multifocal disease.

Objectives To evaluate the value of this new classification system by comparing the results with those of simultaneously obtained magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Methods The 487 patients, randomised in the BENEFIT study, were centrally assessed using the new system and classified as monofocal or multifocal, based on clinical information by two neurologists masked for the MRI results. MRI analyses were performed by expert readers masked for the clinical classification.

Results Patients classified as multifocal had more T2 hyperintense (median: 21 versus 15.5) and more T1 hypo-intense lesions (median: 2 versus 1) than those classified as monofocal. Patients classified at the local site as having evidence of a single clinical lesion, but reclassified centrally as having a clinical multifocal central nervous system presentation, had more T2 lesions than monofocal patients. In addition, patients with a multifocal presentation more often fulfilled the MRI criteria for dissemination in space, as incorporated in the International Panel (IP) diagnostic criteria for MS.

Conclusion These data provide justification for the recently proposed clinical classification system to be used in patients who present with a first episode suggestive of MS, in that `multifocal', based on symptoms and signs, is associated with more lesions on MRI. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 717-721. http://msj.sagepub.com
The neurogenic bladder in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and proposal of management guidelines
Authors: de Sèze Marianne , Ruffion Alain , Denys Pierre , Joseph Pierre-Alain , Perrouin-Verbe Brigitte ,   International Francophone Neuro-Urological expert study group (GENULF)
Published: March 2007

Vesicourethral dysfunction is very frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) and has functional consequences for patients' quality of life and also an organic impact following complications of the neurogenic bladder on the upper urinary tract. While the functional impact and its management are well documented in the literature, the organic impact remains underestimated and there are no consensual practical guidelines for the screening and prevention of MS neurogenic bladder complications. The aim of this review of the literature, focused on identifying the risk factors of urinary tract complications in MS, is to put forward well informed considerations to help in the definition of practical guidelines for the follow-up of the neurogenic bladder in MS in order to improve its prevention and patient management. Four main risk factors have been identified for upper urinary tract damage: the duration of MS, the presence of an indwelling catheter, high-amplitude neurogenic detrusor contractions and permanent high detrusor pressure. Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, age over 50 and male sex may form three additional risk factors. Recommendations for long-term urological follow-up, taking into account these specific risks are constructed according to the procedures recommended by the French Health Authorities. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 915-928. http://msj.sagepub.com
Cosmopolitan Citizenship
Authors: Smith William
Published: March 2007

In this article, it is argued that cosmopolitans should elucidate the qualities and dispositions, or ‘virtues’, associated with the ideal of cosmopolitan citizenship. Bryan Turner's suggestion that cosmopolitan virtue should be identified as a type of ‘Socratic irony’, which enables individuals to achieve distance from their homeland or way of life, is explored. While acknowledging the attractions of his account, certain limitations which indicate the need to generate a richer theory of cosmopolitan virtue are identified. To that end, an alternative picture of cosmopolitan virtue is presented by drawing on Hannah Arendt's ideas of ‘world’ and ‘worldliness’. It is argued that cosmopolitan virtue involves the adoption of a self-reflexive mode of being in the world, the cultivation of a heightened care or feeling for the world, and the ability to adopt certain skills in the manner of our disclosures to the world.
Notch signals positively regulate activity of the mTOR pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Chan Steven M. , Weng Andrew P. , Tibshirani Robert , Aster Jon C. , Utz Paul J.
Published: March 2007

Constitutive Notch activation is required for the proliferation of a subgroup of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Downstream pathways that transmit pro-oncogenic signals are not well characterized. To identify these pathways, protein microarrays were used to profile the phosphorylation state of 108 epitopes on 82 distinct signaling proteins in a panel of 13 T-cell leukemia cell lines treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) to inhibit Notch signals. The microarray screen detected GSI-induced hypophosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins in the mTOR pathway. This effect was rescued by expression of the intracellular domain of Notch and mimicked by dominant negative MAML1, confirming Notch specificity. Withdrawal of Notch signals prevented stimulation of the mTOR pathway by mitogenic factors. These findings collectively suggest that the mTOR pathway is positively regulated by Notch in T-ALL cells. The effect of GSI on the mTOR pathway was independent of changes in phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Akt activity, but was rescued by expression of c-Myc, a direct transcriptional target of Notch, implicating c-Myc as an intermediary between Notch and mTOR. T-ALL cell growth was suppressed in a highly synergistic manner by simultaneous treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and GSI, which represents a rational drug combination for treating this aggressive human malignancy.
Osteoprotegerin increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zauli Giorgio , Corallini Federica , Bossi Fleur , Fischetti Fabio , Durigutto Paolo , Celeghini Claudio , Tedesco Francesco , Secchiero Paola
Published: March 2007

Recombinant osteoprotegerin (OPG) promoted the adhesion of both primary polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and leukemic HL60 cells to endothelial cells. Leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion was promoted by short (peak at 1 hour) preincubation of either endothelial cells or PMNs with OPG, and the peak of proadhesive activity was observed in the same range of OPG concentrations detected in the sera of patients affected by cardiovascular diseases. Although the cognate high-affinity ligands for OPG, membrane receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), were detected at significant levels on both PMNs and HL60 cells, they were not expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. However, preincubation of OPG with heparin abrogated its proadhesive activity, whereas pretreatment of endothelial cells with chondroitinase plus heparinases significantly decreased the proadhesive activity of OPG. Taken together, these findings suggest the involvement of both the ligand binding and the N-terminal heparin-binding domains of OPG in mediating its pro-adhesive activity. The relevance of these in vitro findings was underscored by in vivo experiments, in which the topical administration of recombinant OPG increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion to rat mesenteric postcapillary venules. Our data suggest that a pathological increase of OPG serum levels might play an important role in promoting leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion.