bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women Don't Ask? Women Don't Say No? Bargaining and Service in the Political Science Profession
Authors: Mitchell Sara McLaughlin , Hesli Vicki L.
Published: March 2013

This article examines the dual problems of “women don't ask” and “women don't say no” in the academic profession. First, we consider whether female faculty bargain more or less frequently than male faculty about such resources as salary, research support, clerical support, moving expenses, and spousal accommodation. Analyzing a 2009 APSA survey, we find that women aremorelikely to ask for resources than men when considering most categories of bargaining issues. This finding goes against conventional wisdom in the literature on gender and bargaining that suggests that women are less likely to bargain than men. Second, we seek to understand if women are reluctant to say no when asked to provide service at the department, college, university, or disciplinary levels. We find that women are asked to provide more service and that they agree to serve more frequently than men. We also find that the service women provide is more typically “token” service, as women are less likely to be asked by their colleagues to serve as department chair, to chair committees, or to lead academic programs. The implications of these results for the leaky pipeline in the academic profession are discussed.
Midshipmen Form a Coalition Government in Belgium: Lessons from a Role-Playing Simulation
Authors: Biziouras Nikolaos
Published: March 2013

Using a role-playing simulation on government formation with pre- and posttest assessment format, I show that students developed a significantly greater capacity for precision and specificity in their answers about the process of coalition government formation in parliamentary systems; students changed their beliefs in the ability of institutional rules to causally affect the process of coalition government formation in parliamentary systems; and, finally, students, changed their views on whether office-seeking politicians are more successful than policy-seeking politicians in forming coalition governments in parliamentary systems.
Sensing Service Delivery: Pervasive Computing and Governance in Developing Countries
Authors: Goldstein Joshua
Published: March 2013

Despite having transitioned to democracy, the governments of many developing countries still deliver poor public services as measured by social outcome indicators. Recent literature frames these issues of governance and public service delivery as a two-part principal-agent problem: civil servants are the agents of politicians and politicians are themselves the agents of the voters (Olken and Pande 2011). Much of this literature explores the determinants that drive citizens to demand better services (Pande 2011). Less attention, however, has been paid to understanding the behavior of the agents themselves and the interventions that can lead local politicians and civil servants to deliver better services.
Editors' Introduction to Technology, Data, and Politics
Authors: Greitens Sheena Chestnut , Koehler-Derrick Gabriel
Published: March 2013

This symposium addresses the rise of Internet data—and, more broadly, the data that is generated by a range of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Global ICT growth could have wide-ranging implications for the study of politics, but political science is currently lagging behind other disciplines in its use of ICT-derived data—particularly compared to fields such as public health and economics (Nadav et al. 2011; Carneiro and Mylonakis 2009; Choi and Varian 2009; Christakis and Fowler 2009; Ginsberg et al. 2009; Jensen 2011). The articles in this symposium, therefore, focus on the question of how political scientists can and should think about using ICT-derived data in their research.
Authoritarianism Online: What Can We Learn from Internet Data in Nondemocracies?
Authors: Greitens Sheena Chestnut
Published: March 2013

What kind of Internet data is generated in authoritarian political environments? And how can political scientists use that data to better understand the dynamics of nondemocratic regimes?
Report of the Editors of the American Political Science Review, 2011–2012
Authors: Ishiyama John
Published: March 2013

We report here the journal's operations during the year from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012, (when the Review was headed by the UCLA editorial team) and the period July 1, 2012 to January 1, 2013, or the first six months when the University of North Texas team has been at the helm. In this report, we also summarize the transition process from UCLA to the University of North Texas (UNT).
FINANCE AND BALANCED GROWTH
Authors: Trew Alex
Published: March 2013

We study the relationships between various concepts of financial development and balanced economic growth. A model of endogenous growth that incorporates roles for both financial efficiency and access to financial services permits a better understanding of the relationship between the size of the financial sector (value added) and growth. Higher financial value added results from some, but not all, kinds of finance-driven growth. If greater access rather than greater efficiency generates higher growth, then value added and growth can be positively correlated. We present some preliminary empirical results that support the importance of access alongside efficiency in explaining cross-country variations in growth.
School snacks decrease morbidity in Kenyan schoolchildren: a cluster randomized, controlled feeding intervention trial
Authors: Neumann Charlotte G , Bwibo Nimrod O , Jiang Luohua , Weiss Robert E
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the effects of three different school snacks on morbidity outcomes.

Design

Twelve schools were randomized to either one of three feeding groups or a Control group. There were three schools per group in this cluster randomized trial. Children in feeding group schools received school snacks of a local plant-based dish,githeri, with meat, milk or extra oil added. The oil used was later found to be fortified with retinol. Physical status, food intake and morbidity outcomes were assessed longitudinally over two years.

Setting

Rural Embu District, Kenya, an area with high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency.

Subjects

Standard 1 schoolchildren (n902; analytic sample) enrolled in two cohorts from the same schools one year apart.

Results

The Meat and PlainGitheri(i.e.githeri+ oil) groups showed the greatest declines in the probability of a morbidity outcome (PMO) for total and severe illnesses, malaria, poor appetite, reduced activity, fever and chills. The Meat group showed significantly greater declines in PMO for gastroenteritis (mainly diarrhoea) and typhoid compared with the Control group, for jaundice compared with the PlainGitherigroup, and for skin infection compared with the Milk group. The Milk group showed the greatest decline in PMO for upper respiratory infection. For nearly all morbidity outcomes the Control group had the highest PMO and the least decline over time.

Conclusions

The intervention study showed beneficial effects of both animal-source foods and of vitamin A-fortified oil on morbidity status.
Bangen und Hoffen: Erfahrungen von Frauen mit vulvären intraepithelialen Neoplasien während des Krankheitsverlaufs – Eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Gafner Dinah , Eicher Manuela , Spirig Rebecca , Senn Beate
Published: March 2013

Die vulväre intraepitheliale Neoplasie (VIN) ist eine seltene chronische Krankheit, die zu einem invasiven Karzinom der Vulva fortschreiten kann. Symptome von VIN, negative Auswirkungen auf die Sexualität, die Ungewissheit der Krankheitsentwicklung und Körperbildveränderungen wurden von betroffenen Frauen als die schlimmsten Begleiterscheinungen benannt. Zum Erleben des Krankheitsverlaufs bei VIN ist jedoch wenig bekannt. Ziel dieser qualitativen Studie ist es, das Erleben von Frauen mit VIN während des Krankheitsverlaufs darzustellen. Dabei wurde in einer Sekundäranalyse der qualitativen Daten der WOMAN-PRO-Studie acht Interviews mit Frauen nach chirurgischen Eingriffen bei VIN mittels thematischer Analyse und in Kombination mit kritisch hermeneutischer Reflexion ausgewertet. «Bangen und Hoffen» stellt ein grundlegendes Muster dar und beinhaltet die stets vorhandene Angst vor Rezidiven sowie die Hoffnung, dass die Therapie wirkt. Aufgrund der Analyse zeigte sich eine Darstellung des Krankheitsverlaufs in fünf Phasen: «da ist etwas Unbekanntes», «man weiß, was ES ist», «ES wird behandelt und soll heilen», «ES hat Auswirkungen» und «mittlerweile geht es». Der Krankheitsverlauf wurde durch das Gefühl der Frauen «sich dafür schämen» beeinflusst, auch das Thema «mit Fachpersonen umgehen» spielte eine maßgebende Rolle. Die gegenwärtige Behandlung und Pflege scheint Frauen mit VIN nicht ausreichend zu unterstützen, um diese Phasen adäquat zu bewältigen. Wir empfehlen daher, neue Modelle der Beratung und Information zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren.
Vergleichende Qualitätsmessungen Teil 2: Regelkarten
Authors: Kottner Jan , Hauss Armin
Published: March 2013

Vergleichende Qualitätsmessungen und Beurteilungen spielen in der Pflege eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle. Qualitätskennzahlen sind von systematischen und zufälligen Fehlern beeinflusst. Eine Möglichkeit, mit zufälliger Variation in Kennzahlenvergleichen adäquat umzugehen, bietet die Theorie der Statistischen Prozesskontrolle (SPC). Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Regelkarten (control charts) als Werkzeuge der SPC vorgestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um grafische Darstellungen von Qualitätskennzahlen im zeitlichen Verlauf. Attributive Merkmale können mithilfe von p-, u- und c-Regelkarten dargestellt werden. Es gibt eine Reihe von Regeln, mit denen spezielle Variationen (special cause variation) innerhalb des betrachteten Prozesses identifiziert werden können. Finden sich im Diagramm keine Hinweise auf nichtzufällige Variationen, geht man davon aus, dass sich der Prozess innerhalb «statistischer Kontrolle» befindet (common cause variation). Eine Abweichung eines Datenpunktes um mehr als drei Standardabweichungen vom Mittelwert aller vorliegenden Datenpunkte gilt als stärkstes Signal nicht zufallsbedingter Variation. Im Qualitätsmanagementkontext sind Regelkarten für die dynamische Messung von Prozessen und Ergebnissen und deren Beurteilungen traditionellen Mittelwerts- und Streuungsvergleichen überlegen.
Biphasic assembly of the murine intestinal microbiota during early development
Authors: Pantoja-Feliciano Ida Gisela , Clemente Jose C , Costello Elizabeth K , Perez Maria E , Blaser Martin J , Knight Rob , Dominguez-Bello Maria Gloria
Published: March 2013

The birth canal provides mammals with a primary maternal inoculum, which develops into distinctive body site-specific microbial communities post-natally. We characterized the distal gut microbiota from birth to weaning in mice. One-day-old mice had colonic microbiota that resembled maternal vaginal communities, but at days 3 and 9 of age there was a substantial loss of intestinal bacterial diversity and dominance of Lactobacillus. By weaning (21 days), diverse intestinal bacteria had established, including strict anaerobes. Our results are consistent with vertical transmission of maternal microbiota and demonstrate a nonlinear ecological succession involving an early drop in bacterial diversity and shift in dominance from Streptococcus to Lactobacillus, followed by an increase in diversity of anaerobes, after the introduction of solid food. Mammalian newborns are born highly susceptible to colonization, and lactation may control microbiome assembly during early development.
Characterizing the distribution and rates of microbial sulfate reduction at Middle Valley hydrothermal vents
Authors: Frank Kiana L , Rogers Daniel R , Olins Heather C , Vidoudez Charles , Girguis Peter R
Published: March 2013

Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better understanding of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be achieved by integrating ecological and geochemical data with metabolic rate measurements. Here we present rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction from three distinct hydrothermal vents in the Middle Valley vent field along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, as well as assessments of bacterial and archaeal diversity, estimates of total biomass and the abundance of functional genes related to sulfate reduction, and in situ geochemistry. Maximum rates of sulfate reduction occurred at 90 °C in all three deposits. Pyrosequencing and functional gene abundance data revealed differences in both biomass and community composition among sites, including differences in the abundance of known sulfate-reducing bacteria. The abundance of sequences for Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms and higher sulfate reduction rates at elevated temperatures suggests that Thermodesulfovibro-like organisms may have a role in sulfate reduction in warmer environments. The rates of sulfate reduction presented here suggest that—within anaerobic niches of hydrothermal deposits—heterotrophic sulfate reduction may be quite common and might contribute substantially to secondary productivity, underscoring the potential role of this process in both sulfur and carbon cycling at vents.
Simulations of insonated contrast agents: Saturation and transient break-up
Authors: Tsigklifis Kostas , Pelekasis Nikos A.
Published: March 2013

Under insonation contrast agents are known to perform nonlinear pulsations and deform statically, in the form of buckling, or dynamically via parametric mode excitation, and often exhibit jetting and break-up like bubbles without coating. Boundary element simulations are performed in the context of axisymmetry in order to establish the nonlinear evolution of these patterns. The viscoelastic stresses that develop on the coating form the dominant force balance tangentially to the shell-liquid interface, whereas the dynamic overpressure across the shell balances viscoelastic stresses in the normal direction. Strain softening and strain hardening behavior is studied in the presence of shape instabilities for various initial conditions. Simulations recover the pattern of static buckling, subharmonic/harmonic excitation, and dynamic buckling predicted by linear stability. Preferential mode excitation during compression is obtained supercritically for strain softening phospholipid shells while the shell regains its sphericity at expansion. It is a result of energy transfer between the emerging unstable modes and the radial mode, eventually leading to saturated oscillations of shape modes accompanied by asymmetric radial pulsations in favor of compression. Strain softening shells are more prone to sustain saturated pulsations due to the mechanical behavior of the shell. As the sound amplitude increases and before the onset of dynamic buckling, both types of shells exhibit transient break-up via unbalanced growth of a number of unstable shape modes. The effect of pre-stress in lowering the amplitude threshold for shape mode excitation is captured numerically and compared against the predictions of linear stability analysis. The amplitude interval for which sustained shape oscillations are obtained is extended, in the presence of pre-stress, by switching from a strain softening constitutive law to a strain hardening one once the shell curvature increases beyond a certain level. This type of mechanical behavior models the formation of lipid bilayer structures on the shell beyond a certain level of bending, as a result of a lipid monolayer folding transition. In this context a compression only type behavior is obtained in the simulations, which is accompanied by preferential shape deformation during compression at relatively small sound amplitudes in a manner that bears significance on the interpretation of available experimental observations exhibiting similar dynamic behavior.
Resonance Regge poles and the state-to-state F + H2 reaction: QP decomposition, parametrized S matrix, and semiclassical complex angular momentum analysis of the angular scattering
Authors: Connor J. N. L.
Published: March 2013

Three new contributions to the complex angular momentum (CAM) theory of differential cross sections (DCSs) for chemical reactions are reported. They exploit recent advances in the Padé reconstruction of a scattering (S) matrix in a region surrounding the ${\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} J$ Re J axis, where J is the total angular momentum quantum variable, starting from the discrete values, J = 0, 1, 2, …. In particular, use is made of Padé continuations obtained by Sokolovski, Castillo, and Tully [Chem. Phys. Lett. 313, 225 (1999)10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01016-7] for the S matrix of the benchmark F + H2(vi = 0, ji = 0, mi = 0) → FH(vf = 3, jf = 3, mf = 0) + H reaction. Here vi, ji, mi and vf, jf, mf are the initial and final vibrational, rotational, and helicity quantum numbers, respectively. The three contributions are: (1) A new exact decomposition of the partial wave (PW) S matrix is introduced, which is called the QP decomposition. The P part contains information on the Regge poles. The Q part is then constructed exactly by subtracting a rapidly oscillating phase and the PW P matrix from the input PW S matrix. After a simple modification, it is found that the corresponding scattering subamplitudes provide insight into the angular-scattering dynamics using simple partial wave series (PWS) computations. It is shown that the leading n = 0 Regge pole contributes to the small-angle scattering in the centre-of-mass frame. (2) The Q matrix part of the QP decomposition has simpler properties than the input S matrix. This fact is exploited to deduce a parametrized (analytic) formula for the PW S matrix in which all terms have a direct physical interpretation. This is a long sort-after goal in reaction dynamics, and in particular for the state-to-state F + H2 reaction. (3) The first definitive test is reported for the accuracy of a uniform semiclassical (asymptotic) CAM theory for a DCS based on the Watson transformation. The parametrized S matrix obtained in contribution (2) is used in both the PW and semiclassical parts of the calculation. Powerful uniform asymptotic approximations are employed for the background integral; they allow for the proximity of a Regge pole and a saddle point. The CAM DCS agrees well with the PWS DCS, across the whole angular range, except close to the forward and backward directions, where, as expected, the CAM theory becomes non-uniform. At small angles, θR ≲ 40°, the PWS DCS can be reproduced using a nearside semiclassical subamplitude, which allows for a pole being close to a saddle point, plus the farside surface wave of the n = 0 pole sub-subamplitude, with the oscillations in the DCS arising from nearside-farside interference. This proves that the n = 0 Regge resonance pole contributes to the small-angle scattering.
Photo stability of solution-processed low-voltage high mobility zinc-tin-oxide/ZrO2 thin-film transistors for transparent display applications
Authors: Ha Tae-Jun , Dodabalapur Ananth
Published: March 2013

We report solution-processed low-voltage zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO)/zirconium-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) possessing a field-effect mobility of ∼10 cm2/Vs, a threshold voltage of 0.1 V, and an on-off current ratio of ∼1 × 109. These TFTs exhibit very small hysteresis windows in both dark and illuminated conditions. We also investigate the photo stability combined with prolong negative bias in these devices. Large threshold voltage shifts and sub-threshold swing degradation typically observed in ZTO TFTs are not present in our devices. We believe that these device characteristics, which stem from the electronically clean semiconductor-dielectric interface, satisfy the requirement for high quality and low power-consuming transparent displays.
Spin-adaptation and redundancy in state-specific multireference perturbation theory
Authors: Jeszenszki Péter , Surján Péter R. , Szabados Ágnes
Published: March 2013

Spin-adaptation of virtual functions in state-specific multireference perturbation theory is examined. Redundancy occurring among virtual functions generated by unitary group based excitation operators on a model-space function is handled by canonical orthogonalization. The treatment is found to remove non-physical kinks observed earlier on potential energy surfaces. Sensitivity analysis of the new approach confirms the elimination of the drastic increase in singular values of sensitivity matrices, reported earlier.
Semilocal and hybrid density embedding calculations of ground-state charge-transfer complexes
Authors: Laricchia S. , Fabiano E. , Sala F. Della
Published: March 2013

We apply the frozen density embedding method, using a full relaxation of embedded densities through a freeze-and-thaw procedure, to study the electronic structure of several benchmark ground-state charge-transfer complexes, in order to assess the merits and limitations of the approach for this class of systems. The calculations are performed using both semilocal and hybrid exchange-correlation (XC) functionals. The results show that embedding calculations using semilocal XC functionals yield rather large deviations with respect to the corresponding supermolecular calculations. Due to a large error cancellation effect, however, they can often provide a relatively good description of the electronic structure of charge-transfer complexes, in contrast to supermolecular calculations performed at the same level of theory. On the contrary, when hybrid XC functionals are employed, both embedding and supermolecular calculations agree very well with each other and with the reference benchmark results. In conclusion, for the study of ground-state charge-transfer complexes via embedding calculations hybrid XC functionals are the method of choice due to their higher reliability and superior performance.
Neutron irradiation effects on domain wall mobility and reversibility in lead zirconate titanate thin films
Authors: Graham Joseph T. , Brennecka Geoff L. , Ferreira Paulo , Small Leo , Duquette David , Apblett Christopher , Landsberger Sheldon , Ihlefeld Jon F.
Published: March 2013

The effects of neutron-induced damage on the ferroelectric properties of thin film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were investigated. Two sets of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films of varying initial quality were irradiated in a research nuclear reactor up to a maximum 1 MeV equivalent neutron fluence of (5.16 ± 0.03) × 1015 cm−2. Changes in domain wall mobility and reversibility were characterized by polarization-electric field measurements, Rayleigh analysis, and analysis of first order reversal curves (FORC). With increasing fluence, extrinsic contributions to the small-signal permittivity diminished. Additionally, redistribution of irreversible hysterons towards higher coercive fields was observed accompanied by the formation of a secondary hysteron peak following exposure to high fluence levels. The changes are attributed to the radiation-induced formation of defect dipoles and other charged defects, which serve as effective domain wall pinning sites. Differences in damage accumulation rates with initial film quality were observed between the film sets suggesting a dominance of pre-irradiation microstructure on changes in macroscopic switching behavior.
Phase-field modeling of martensitic microstructure with inhomogeneous elasticity
Authors: Chen H. Z. , Shu Y. C.
Published: March 2013

A phase-field model accounting for elastic inhomogeneity is established for microstructure study in martensitic materials. It is motivated by Hashin-Shtrikman variational formulation by introducing a homogeneous comparison medium and a polarized stress field. As a result, the driving force due to stress can be computed in the equivalent homogeneous medium since it is formally identical to that in the actual inhomogeneous solid. The model is applied to the simulations of three-dimensional self-accommodation patterns of microstructure for tetragonal and trigonal martensite. The results show that the former is an atypical pattern while the latter exhibits a common herringbone structure. Finally, the proposed framework also offers advantages of modeling other phase-transforming materials with ability in domain simulations together with effective properties as byproduct.
Multichannel transition emissions of Dy3+ in fiber-adaptive germanium tellurite glasses
Authors: Li Y. H. , Chen B. J. , Pun E. Y. B. , Lin H.
Published: March 2013

Multichannel transition visible and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescences have been captured in Dy3+-doped fiber-adaptive Na2O–ZnO–PbO–GeO2–TeO2 glasses. The maximum stimulated emission cross-sections σem-max were derived to be 0.33 × 10−21, 3.66 × 10−21, and 0.67 × 10−21 cm2 for conventional visible emissions assigned to 4F9/2→6HJ (J = 15/2, 13/2, and 11/2) transitions, respectively. Infrequent multi-peak NIR emissions were recorded in the spectral range of 900–1500 nm, among which the values of σem-max were solved to be 1.05 × 10−22 and 1.56 × 10−22 cm2 for ∼1.02 and ∼1.18 μm emission bands. Internal quantum efficiency for the 4F9/2 level and external quantum yield for visible emissions of Dy3+ were determined to be 88.44% and 12.38%, severally. Effective multichannel radiative emissions reveal a potential in developing fiber-lighting sources, tunable lasers, and NIR optical amplifiers.
Non-monotonic size dependence of diffusion and levitation effect: A mode-coupling theory analysis
Authors: Nandi Manoj Kumar , Banerjee Atreyee , Bhattacharyya Sarika Maitra
Published: March 2013

We present a study of diffusion of small tagged particles in a solvent, using mode coupling theory (MCT) analysis and computer simulations. The study is carried out for various interaction potentials. For the first time, using MCT, it is shown that only for strongly attractive interaction potential with allowing interpenetration between the solute-solvent pair the diffusion exhibits a non-monotonic solute size dependence which has earlier been reported in simulation studies [P. K. Ghorai and S. Yashonath, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 5824–5835 (2005)10.1021/jp046312w]. For weak attractive and repulsive potential the solute size dependence of diffusion shows monotonic behaviour. It is also found that for systems where the interaction potential does not allow solute-solvent interpenetration, the solute cannot explore the neck of the solvent cage. Thus these systems even with strong attractive interaction will never show any non-monotonic size dependence of diffusion. This non-monotonic size dependence of diffusion has earlier been connected to levitation effect [S. Yashonath and P. Santikary, J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6368 (1994)10.1021/j100076a022]. We also show that although levitation is a dynamic phenomena, the effect of levitation can be obtained in the static radial distribution function.
Full-dimensional quantum calculations of the vibrational states of ${\rm H}_5^+$H5+
Authors: Song Hongwei , Lee Soo-Ying , Yang Minghui , Lu Yunpeng
Published: March 2013

Full-dimensional quantum calculations of the vibrational states of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_5^+$\end{document}H5+ have been performed on the accurate potential energy surface developed by Xie et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 224307 (2005)10.1063/1.1927529]. The zero point energies of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_5^+$\end{document}H5+, H4D+, D4H+, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm D}_5^+$\end{document}D5+ and their ground-state geometries are presented and compared with earlier theoretical results. The first 10 low-lying excited states of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_5^+$\end{document}H5+ are assigned to the fundamental, overtone, and combination of the H2–\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_3^+$\end{document}H3+ stretch, the shared proton hopping and the out-of-plane torsion. The ground-state torsional tunneling splitting, the fundamental of the photon hopping mode and the first overtone of the torsion mode are 87.3 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm cm^{-1}$\end{document} cm −1, 354.4 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm cm^{-1}$\end{document} cm −1, and 444.0 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm cm^{-1}$\end{document} cm −1, respectively. All of these values agree well with the diffusion Monte Carlo and multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree results where available.
A microwave interferometer for small and tenuous plasma density measurements
Authors: Tudisco O. , Lucca Fabris A. , Falcetta C. , Accatino L. , De Angelis R. , Manente M. , Ferri F. , Florean M. , Neri C. , Mazzotta C. , Pavarin D. , Pollastrone F. , Rocchi G. , Selmo A. , Tasinato L. , Trezzolani F. , Tuccillo A. A.
Published: March 2013

The non-intrusive density measurement of the thin plasma produced by a mini-helicon space thruster (HPH.com project) is a challenge, due to the broad density range (between 1016 m−3 and 1019 m−3) and the small size of the plasma source (2 cm of diameter). A microwave interferometer has been developed for this purpose. Due to the small size of plasma, the probing beam wavelength must be small (λ = 4 mm), thus a very high sensitivity interferometer is required in order to observe the lower density values. A low noise digital phase detector with a phase noise of 0.02° has been used, corresponding to a density of 0.5 × 1016 m−3.
Magnetic properties of Fe7Co3 films with gas cluster ion beam irradiations
Authors: Toyoda Noriaki , Fujimoto Akihiro , Yamada Isao
Published: March 2013

Gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) irradiation was performed on Fe7Co3 films to examine the magnetic properties. After Ar ion beam etching, the coercive force (Hc) increased from the initial value; this may have been caused by irradiation damage from high-energy Ar ions. Hc decreased after Ar-GCIB irradiation (acceleration voltage (Va): 20 kV, ion fluence (F): 1 × 1015 ions/cm2). Since GCIB is an equivalent low-energy (several eV/atom) ion beam, it shows a damage-recovery effect. When the ionization electron voltage (Ve) was reduced from 200 to 60 V, Hc was observed to further decrease. Since the fraction of multiply charged Ar-GCIB decreased with decreasing Ve, severe damage of Fe7Co3 films can be minimized by employing low Ve.
Assessing thermal damage in silicon PN-junctions using Raman thermometry
Authors: Beechem Thomas E. , Serrano Justin R. , McDonald Anthony , Mani Seethambal
Published: March 2013

Laser machining is frequently utilized in the manufacture of photovoltaics. A natural by-product of these fabrication processes, heat, not only serves as a means of material removal but also modifies the material in an extended region beyond that ideally intended for alteration. This modified region, termed the heat affected zone, is detrimental to performance and should therefore be minimized. While undoubtedly thermal in origin, it is unclear exactly how the thermal environment during laser machining correlates to changes in the PN-junction that reduce performance. In response, we combine in-situ Raman based thermometry measurements with post-event failure analysis to identify the physical mechanisms damaging the junction during laser machining. From this approach, damage is shown to initiate prior to melting and be driven primarily by the diffusion of dopants for fluences that do not induce ablation. Additionally, comparatively small regions of damage are shown to have a large impact on operation.
Efficient sample preparation in immuno-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using acoustic trapping
Authors: Hammarström Björn , Yan Hong , Nilsson Johan , Ekström Simon
Published: March 2013

Acoustic trapping of minute bead amounts against fluid flow allows for easy automation of multiple assay steps, using a convenient aspirate/dispense format. Here, a method based on acoustic trapping that allows sample preparation for immuno-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using only half a million 2.8 μm antibody covered beads is presented. The acoustic trapping is done in 200 × 2000 μm2 glass capillaries and provides highly efficient binding and washing conditions, as shown by complete removal of detergents and sample processing times of 5-10 min. The versatility of the method is demonstrated using an antibody against Angiotensin I (Ang I), a peptide hormone involved in hypotension. Using this model system, the acoustic trapping was efficient in enriching Angiotensin at 400 pM spiked in plasma samples.
Theory of near-interface trap quenching by impurities in SiC-based metal-oxide-semiconductor devices
Authors: Tuttle B. R. , Shen X. , Pantelides S. T.
Published: March 2013

Oxidizing SiC in the presence of various impurities (e.g., sodium, potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorous) has been previously observed to result in a significant reduction of the electron traps in the gate oxide near the SiC-SiO2 interface. Here, we explore the electro-chemistry of the impurity elements involved using first-principles quantum mechanical calculations. Our results indicate that the observed reduction in the near interface traps (NITs) is not due to direct chemical passivation. Instead, we show that the quenching occurs because the NIT energy levels are lowered by the Coulombic tail of the positively charged impurities and thus become inaccessible to the experimental measurements. This new proposal explains a variety of experiments and leads to specific predictions.
Conductivity type inversion in wide band gap antiferromagnetic FeTiO3
Authors: Chikoidze E. , Tchelidze T. , Popova E. , Maso P. , Ponjavidze N. , Keller N. , Dumont Y.
Published: March 2013

By quasi-chemical reaction method for FeTiO3 material in oxygen atmosphere, electron and hole concentrations for broad range of oxygen partial pressure have been calculated. Oxygen pressures, at which electrical and hole conductivity can be achieved, were estimated. Thin layers of FeTiO3 have been grown on transparent Al2O3 (0001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique at different oxygen partial pressures. Structural, optical, and electrical properties have been studied for these samples. By special post-annealing treatment, the conductivity type inversion from p to n has been achieved as predicted by our thermodynamic analysis.
Numerical simulation of the plasma generated by the interaction high-current electron beam with Al target
Authors: Levko D. , Krasik Ya. E. , An W. , Mueller G.
Published: March 2013

The results of one dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the dynamics of plasma generated during the interaction of a high-energy (≤200 keV) and high-current (≤15 A/cm2) electron beam with an aluminum target are presented. The generated target plasma is low-ionized and characterized by non-Maxwellian electron energy distribution. The density and electron temperature of the plasma, which expands toward the anode at a typical velocity of ∼105 cm/s, does not exceed 4 × 1014 cm−3 and 1 eV, respectively, which is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results presented in W. An et al., J. Appl. Phys. 110, 093304 (2011). The results of the simulations showed also acceleration of the ions from the target plasma toward the anode by the potential of the non-compensated space charge of the electron beam. The typical velocity of these energetic ions is ∼108 cm/s and depends on the electron current density and energy. These ions partially compensate the space charge of the electron beam, which leads to a decrease in the depth of the potential well.
Geometrical parameters controlled focusing and enhancing near field in infinite circular metal-dielectric multilayered cylinder
Authors: Gao Shaoyan , Li Pengbo , Li Fuli
Published: March 2013

The plasmon resonance-induced near electric field focusing and enhancement of three-layered silver nano-cylinder has been studied by quasi-static electricity. A field enhancement factor of more than 102 times can be obtained in the middle dielectric wall between the inner silver wire and outer tube around the resonance wavelengths of 400–500 nm. Because of the anti-symmetric coupling between the bonding tube plasmon and the wire plasmon, the incident electric field could be fine focused between the two metallic surfaces by decreasing the middle wall thickness. As a result of the curvature-dependent surface charge concentration, thinner dielectric wall with small diameter provides stronger local field enhancement. It provides the potential applications of plamonic nano-structures for high-density and high-contrast optical data storage under the diffraction limit.
Generation of converging strong shock wave formed by microsecond timescale underwater electrical explosion of spherical wire array
Authors: Antonov O. , Efimov S. , Yanuka D. , Kozlov M. , Gurovich V. Tz. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: March 2013

A study of generation of converging strong shock wave using microsecond underwater electrical explosion of spherical Cu-wire array is presented. Hydrodynamic simulations coupled with the equation of state for Cu and water, deposited energy, and the magnetic pressure were used to calculate the water parameters in the vicinity of the implosion origin. The results of simulations agree with the shock wave time-of-flight and energy delivered to the water flow and show that in the vicinity (diameter of ∼12 μm) of an implosion one can expect water pressure of ∼6 TPa, temperature of ∼17 eV, and compression of ∼8.
Minimum heat generation during fast magnetization switching
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Gu Ying
Published: March 2013

Fast magnetization switching with minimum heat generation is explored based upon magnetization dynamics and optimal stochastic control method. For current spin current based magnetic device, pulse shape optimization provides significant Joule heating reduction. For future spintronic device without charge moving, the minimum amount of heat generated during magnetization switching is fundamentally constrained by magnetization switching speed and magnetization nonvolatility.
Design and mechanism of cost-effective and highly efficient ultrathin (< 0.5 μm) GaAs solar cells employing nano/micro-hemisphere surface texturing
Authors: Li J. S. , Li Y. L. , He D. Y. , Yu H. Y. , Yan X. B.
Published: March 2013

Low aspect-ratio nano/micro-hemisphere surface texturing is introduced for improving light management in ultrathin GaAs solar cells. A 200 nm thick film textured by the optimal GaAs nano/micro-hemisphere array with both the hemisphere diameter and array periodicity of 500 nm can achieve >90% light absorption from 1.44 to 2.5 eV, lying in the high photon density energy regime of the solar spectrum for GaAs. The excellent light confinement and low aspect ratio, which is thus convenient for conformal deposition of electrodes for efficient photogenerated carrier collection of the proposed structure will facilitate realization of highly efficient and cost-effective ultrathin GaAs solar cells.
The Area Determinants of the Location Choices of New Immigrants in England
Authors: Lymperopoulou Kitty
Published: March 2013

The author examines the determinants of the location choices of recent immigrants in England, using aggregate Department for Work and Pensions National Insurance Number registration data matched to ward and local authority district contextual data. Separate models are estimated for four recent immigrant groups, according to world area of origin, using a tobit regression modelling strategy. The results suggest that higher neighbourhood co-ethnic density and ethnic diversity levels, and higher deprivation levels, are associated with increased immigrant settlement. Most immigrants are more likely to settle in neighbourhoods with a higher availability of rented housing and lower access to employment. Compared with the other groups, EU Accession nationals and Africans are more likely to settle in deprived areas and African settlement is also more pronounced in areas with a higher availability of social housing. EU Accession nationals, unlike immigrants from more established immigrant groups, are found to be less likely to settle in large urban districts and more likely to settle in districts with lower unemployment levels.
The Politics of Suburbia: Israel's Settlement Policy and the Production of Space in the Metropolitan Area of Jerusalem
Authors: Allegra Marco
Published: March 2013

Israel's settlement policy in the West Bank represents a crucial issue in the Israeli—Palestinian conflict. Through the examination of a single case study—the planning history of the Jewish settlement of Ma'ale Adummim, located in the eastern periphery of the city—the paper addresses the complex nexus between planning and state-building practices; building on Henri Lefebvre's theory of space, he offers an account of the role of Israel's settlement policy in the transformation of the material, symbolic, and political landscape of the metropolitan area of Jerusalem. My main argument is that the observation of the development of large suburban communities in the metropolitan area—a blind spot both in media and in academic discourse—is crucial for our understanding of the settlement policy as a whole, and its impact on Israeli—Palestinian relations.
An Uncomfortable Truth: Air-Conditioning and Sustainability in Asia
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: March 2013

Over the coming two decades Asia will be the main driver of a 40% increase in global energy consumption. Ambitions for a more sustainable future in the region are severely compromised by the widespread and rapid take-up of energy-intensive methods for cooling the built environment. For the majority of Asia's countries buildings account for more than 50% of all national greenhouse gas emissions. With around half that energy consumption typically associated with cooling or heating interior spaces, national carbon footprints have increased dramatically in recent decades through the introduction of electronic air-conditioning. This paper argues such trends are unsustainable and low-carbon alternatives for environmental comfort are required urgently. It traces shifts in how air has been ‘materially imagined’ over the last century or so in Asia and how this bears upon the future of sustainable urbanism. Air-conditioning is seen as pivotal to transformations in urban design and living, such that two phases of modernity are identified: preconditioned and conditioned. By foregrounding the need for low-carbon alternatives, the paper advocates for an alternative, low-carbon regime of thermal governance.
Mapping the Coevolution of Urban Energy Systems: Pathways of Change
Authors: Rydin Yvonne , Turcu Catalina , Guy Simon , Austin Patrick
Published: March 2013

The interface of a long-standing movement for sustainability at the urban scale and the imperatives of the carbon-reduction agenda are driving change in urban energy systems. This paper seeks to address the nature of that change and, in particular, to consider how different pathways of change are emerging. To do this it draws on the coevolution and pathways literatures to interrogate a database of current urban energy initiatives within the UK. This analysis reveals the multiple pathways of change though which new modes of energy production and consumption are being developed to deliver carbon reductions through the reconfiguring of urban energy systems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these changes for urban governance and for carbon reductions.
Defining sustainable practice in community‐based health promotion: A Delphi study of practitioner perspectives
Authors: Harris Neil , Sandor Maria
Published: March 2013

Issue addressed

Sustainability of practice must be a central imperative in the practice of community‐based health promotion to achieve population health and attract a greater share of public health spending. Although there has been some consideration of sustainability at the project or program levels, often understood as intervention longevity, very limited attention has been given to understanding sustainable practice.

Methods

The present study develops a definition and features of sustainable practice in community‐based health promotion through a Delphi method with health promotion practitioners in Queensland, Australia.

Results

The study presents a consensus definition and features of sustainable practice. The definition highlights the importance of collaboration, health determinants and aspirations, processes and outcomes. The four features of sustainable practice identified in the study are: (1) effective relationships and partnerships; (2) evidence‐based decision making and practice; (3) emphasis on building community capacity; and (4) supportive context for practice.

Conclusions

The definition and features are, to a large extent, consistent with the limited literature around sustainability at the project and program levels of health promotion. Together, they provide insight into a form of community‐based health promotion that will be both viable and productive.

So what?

This consensus understanding of sustainable practice articulates the foundations of working effectively with local communities in achieving improved population health within global limits.
Predicting climate effects on Pacific sardine
Authors: Deyle Ethan R. , Fogarty Michael , Hsieh Chih-hao , Kaufman Les , MacCall Alec D. , Munch Stephan B. , Perretti Charles T. , Ye Hao , Sugihara George
Published: March 2013

For many marine species and habitats, climate change and overfishing present a double threat. To manage marine resources effectively, it is necessary to adapt management to changes in the physical environment. Simple relationships between environmental conditions and fish abundance have long been used in both fisheries and fishery management. In many cases, however, physical, biological, and human variables feed back on each other. For these systems, associations between variables can change as the system evolves in time. This can obscure relationships between population dynamics and environmental variability, undermining our ability to forecast changes in populations tied to physical processes. Here we present a methodology for identifying physical forcing variables based on nonlinear forecasting and show how the method provides a predictive understanding of the influence of physical forcing on Pacific sardine.
An oculomotor continuum from exploration to fixation
Authors: Otero-Millan Jorge , Macknik Stephen L. , Langston Rachel E. , Martinez-Conde Susana
Published: March 2013

During visual exploration, saccadic eye movements scan the scene for objects of interest. During attempted fixation, the eyes are relatively still but often produce microsaccades. Saccadic rates during exploration are higher than those of microsaccades during fixation, reinforcing the classic view that exploration and fixation are two distinct oculomotor behaviors. An alternative model is that fixation and exploration are not dichotomous, but are instead two extremes of a functional continuum. Here, we measured the eye movements of human observers as they either fixed their gaze on a small spot or scanned natural scenes of varying sizes. As scene size diminished, so did saccade rates, until they were continuous with microsaccadic rates during fixation. Other saccadic properties varied as function of image size as well, forming a continuum with microsaccadic parameters during fixation. This saccadic continuum extended to nonrestrictive, ecological viewing conditions that allowed all types of saccades and fixation positions. Eye movement simulations moreover showed that a single model of oculomotor behavior can explain the saccadic continuum from exploration to fixation, for images of all sizes. These findings challenge the view that exploration and fixation are dichotomous, suggesting instead that visual fixation is functionally equivalent to visual exploration on a spatially focused scale.