bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine A.
Published: August 2018

Through an in-depth analysis of bestselling “how-to-succeed” books along with popular television shows and well-trafficked “mommy” blogs, The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism demonstrates how the notion of a happy work-family balance has not only been incorporated into the popular imagination as a progressive feminist ideal but also lies at the heart of a new variant of feminism. Embraced by high-powered women, from Facebook executive Sheryl Sandberg to Ivanka Trump, this variant of feminism abandons key terms, such as equal rights and liberation, advocating, instead, for a life of balance and happiness. What we are ultimately witnessing, Catherine Rottenberg argues, is the emergence of a neoliberal feminism that abandons the struggle to undo the unjust gendered distribution of labor and that helps to ensure that all responsibility for reproduction and care work falls squarely on the shoulders of individual women. Moreover, this increasingly dominant form of feminism simultaneously splits women into two distinct groups: worthy capital-enhancing women and the “unworthy” disposable female “other” who performs much of the domestic and care work. This split, not surprisingly, transpires along racial, class, and citizen-immigrant lines. The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism thus underscores the ways in which neoliberal feminism forsakes the vast majority of women, while it facilitates new and intensified forms of racialized and class-stratified gender exploitation. Given our frightening neoliberal reality, the monumental challenge, then, is how we can successfully reorient and reclaim feminism as a social justice movement.
How Superwoman Became Balanced
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine
Published: August 2018

This chapter tracks the cultural transformation in conceptions of “progress” for middle-class women in the United States, as well as how liberal feminism has undergone a reorientation: from struggling for equality to advocating balance and happiness. Examining Anne-Marie Slaughter’s famous Atlantic article “Why Women Still Can’t Have It All” in conjunction with popular television series such as The Good Wife, the chapter argues that progress has come to signify women’s ability to successfully balance work with family. This transformation is the result of an intensifying crisis in liberalism’s construal of space, namely, the public-private divide, and is predicated precisely upon the erasure of terms such as freedom, equal rights, and social justice. In their stead, the notion of a felicitous work-family balance has increasingly become a feminist goal and a normalizing ideal, which helps govern women by shaping their desires, aspirations, and behavior.
The Neoliberal Feminist
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the contours of an increasingly dominant variant of feminism. Concentrating on Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg’s bestselling book Lean In, the chapter proposes that this hugely popular feminist manifesto offers insight into the ways in which the husk of liberalism has been mobilized to spawn a neoliberal feminism as well as a new feminist subject. Disavowing the oppressive socioeconomic and cultural structures shaping the lives of the majority of women as well as liberal feminism’s call for political and legislative change to redress inequality, this feminist subject accepts full responsibility for her own well-being and self-care, which is predicated on crafting a felicitous work-family balance. Neoliberal feminism consequently hollows out the potential of mainstream liberal feminism to provide a critique of the social injustices women face and, in this way, further entrenches neoliberalism.
Back from the Future
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine
Published: August 2018

Chapter 4 examines two well-trafficked mommy blogs written by Ivy League–educated professional women with children. Reading these blogs as part of the larger neoliberal feminist turn, the chapter demonstrates how neoliberal feminism is currently interpellating middle-aged women differently from their younger counterparts. If younger women are exhorted to sequence their lives in order to ensure a happy work-family balance in the future, for older feminist subjects—those who already have children and a successful career—notions of happiness have expanded to include the normative demand to live in the present as fully and as positively as possible. The turn from a future-oriented perspective to “the here and now” reveals how different temporalities operate as part of the technologies of the self within contemporary neoliberal feminism. This chapter thus demonstrates how positive affect is the mode through which technologies of the self-direct subjects toward certain temporal horizons.
Feminist Convergences
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines Ivanka Trump’s Women Who Work in conjunction with Megyn Kelly’s memoir Settle for More and Ann-Marie Slaughter’s Unfinished Business. It first demonstrates how Women Who Work should be read as a neoliberal feminist manifesto. Trump’s how-to-succeed guide encourages the conversion of “aspirational” women into generic human capital by reworking motherhood in managerial terms, whereby women are exhorted to carefully manage the time they spend with their children. Yet, the notion of a happy work-family balance continues to serve as the book’s ideal, rendering it part of the neoliberal feminist turn. The chapter then provides a comparative analysis of all three “how-to” books, revealing how an identical market rationality undergirds all three—despite being authored by women who identify with opposing political camps. It thus highlights how neoliberal rationality’s colonization of more domains of our lives has undone conceptual and political boundaries constitutive of liberalism and liberal thought.
Reclaiming Feminism
Authors: Rottenberg Catherine
Published: August 2018

The concluding chapter raises questions about whether and how we might reclaim feminism for a radical democratic project. While some scholars have insisted that neoliberal feminism should not be considered feminist in any way, the chapter argues that such approach is problematic because it assumes that feminism has a stable essence or universal foundation. In an effort to offer a different path for reclaiming feminism, it engages with Judith Butler’s recent work on precarity and asks whether the notion of precariousness, which describes a social and economic condition that cuts across identity claims, can provide us with an alternative feminist vocabulary—a vocabulary that could reorient feminism toward a vision of social justice and an egalitarian redistribution of vulnerability in these increasingly frightening neoliberal and neofascist times.
Introduction
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: August 2018

This introduction contrasts the election of President Obama with the election of President Trump, introducing the concept of anxiety politics and the role of emotions in discourse. It argues that while Christian realism, as articulated by Reinhold Niebuhr, continues to be relevant, its discussion of power structures and anxiety needs to be reevaluated in light of feminist thought. It does so by intersecting Niebuhr with other theologies on the imago dei and creativity. In this way it can better account for the racial and misogynist structures that the United States is founded upon and that continue to haunt and effect US politics.
Love in Political Times
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: August 2018

This chapter delineates the continued relevance and necessity of Christian realism in political and international theology. Of particular importance is how Christian realism understands the fallible nature of human beings, their propensity to seek power, and how justice serves to contain (human) power. The chapter, however, will also explore in depth the two pivotal moments within Niebuhr’s own theology that has prevented Christian realism from being taken further. The first is when Niebuhr abandons love as an ordering principle. The second is when Niebuhr articulated the “moment of anxiety,” which refers to the moment when humans recognize their mutual vulnerability.
Home for the Homeless? The Hekdesh in Eastern Europe
Authors: Meir Natan M.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the hekdesh, one of the grimmest institutions in East European Jewish society. The hekdesh, or Jewish hospital-cum-poorhouse, is a somewhat elusive historical phenomenon but also a useful venue for analyzing traditional forms of Jewish charity in the Russian Empire as well as the dynamics of social marginality among Russian and Polish Jews. The chapter first considers an important characteristic of Jewish charity—the tendency to distinguish between conjunctural poverty and structural poverty—before discussing the hekdesh as an institution. In particular, it describes efforts to transform the hekdesh into a true medical institution and its incarnation in the late nineteenth century as a place for beggars and other cast-offs of society, with only a nominal connection to caring for the sick. It also explains how the hekdesh may have served to perpetuate the problem of begging and vagrancy.
Imagining a Homeland: The Election of Place and Time
Authors: Biemann Asher D.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the notion of an imagined homeland and how it requires the election of a place defined by other spaces as well as the election of a time that will always be not-yet, an anticipatory home, a place desired and thus, as Emmanuel Levinas put it, “a future never future enough.” It first considers strangeness as the basic word, the Urwort, of history and homecoming, taking into account the views of Jacob Taubes. It then explores how imagination assumes a place and what it means to return before proceeding with a discussion of placelessness, spiritual homelands, and the paradox of elective affinities. It suggests that imagining a homeland cannot be conceived outside the works of love, nor without desire as a force of self-othering, that imagination affirms the freedom of election, and that election also needs the freedom of imagination.
The Orient in Jewish Artistic Creativity
Authors: Rajner Mirjam
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the “Oriental” theme and self-Orientalization among Jewish artists such as Samuel Hirszenberg and Leopold Pilichowski. In postcolonial discourse, the Western imagining of the Orient is often understood as being part of a pejorative and politically charged ideology known as Orientalism. More recently, the art-historical approach has revealed that Orientalist art does not only comprise works that reflect a Western or European construction of the “other,” but also the Oriental response to Western culture and modernization. The chapter considers the “Oriental” works of Maurycy Gottlieb as an expression of an emerging alignment of Jewish artists with modernism and universalism. It also discusses the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna and Gottlieb’s encounter with the Orient before concluding with the argument that the unexpected, imaginative abandonment and self-fashioning by Jewish artists as non-European “others” might be a Jewish version of European Orientalism, which found expression in the art of Gottlieb.
Artists’ Colonies in Israel
Authors: Mishory Alec
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the history of artists’ colonies in Israel. An artists’ colony is a physical site where artists are expected to work collectively, inspiring and influencing each other’s creative process. Artists’ colonies were in existence in Europe from the beginning of the nineteenth century. In Israel, such colonies were established during the first decade following independence. The first was a colony located in Safed, followed by Ein Hod and a colony in the old section of Jaffa. The establishment of artists’ colonies in Israel can be attributed to three figures: Marcel Jancu, Moshe Castel, and Itche Mambush. The chapter provides an overview of the artists’ colonies of Safed, Ein Hod, and Old Jaffa and examines why the various attempts to establish artists’ colonies in Israel did not fulfill their visionary manifestos.
Envisioning a Jewish Maritime Space
Authors: Siegel Björn
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the ideological and economic dimensions of the Zionist concept “conquest of the sea” that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s by focusing on the role played by Arnold Bernstein in the emergence of an example of a Jewish shipping industry during the interwar period. In 1895, Theodor Herzl characterized the future Jewish state as the end product of an organized mass migration and endorsed the notion of “conquest of the sea” as a necessary component of this process. The chapter first provides a background on the Palestine Shipping Company founded by Bernstein before discussing the spatial factors that influenced the emergence of a Jewish shipping industry. It suggests that the construction of a Jewish maritime “space” was guided by ideological clashes, economic and political interests, and personal networks.
Shifting Places
Authors: Greenwald Roy
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines representations of sand in pre-state Hebrew poetry. It first considers the poem “A Small Letter” (1894), subtitled “From the Diaspora to My Brothers in Zion,” by Hayim Nahman Bialik, who describes the diaspora as unstable ground on which permanent residence is impossible. It then discusses changes in the Yishuv’s attitude toward the geographical space of Eretz Israel in the 1920s and how these relate to the evolving political structure of the Yishuv. It also analyzes the poetry of the Third Aliyah, including Avot Yeshurun’s Hunger and Thirst, in which the sand draws its meaning from place. The chapter suggests that the poetry of the Third Aliyah portrays Tel Aviv as a text written on sand, and that such portrayal is intertwined with the city’s location on the coast.
Where is Paradise? Place and Time in the Memoirs of Women from Yemen
Authors: Madar Vered
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how time and place are shaped in memoirs written by women from Yemen. More specifically, it considers the ways in which the women depict their birthplace and the transition from Yemen to Israel, and how their narratives are influenced by the larger narrative of the Yemenite Jewish community. The focus is on books published in the last thirty years by Yemeni-born women who immigrated to Israel in the 1940s and 1950s. The chapter shows that the Yemenite women’s memoirs are an illustration of the so-called biblical chronotope; they often portray Yemen as a garden of Eden and recast Jews of Yemen as biblical Jews. It also discusses the nostalgia applied by memoirists who cast Yemen as a biblical paradise, describing it as subversive nostalgia. Finally, it argues that the memoirs constitute a range of views, motivations, and forces that operate in the field of communal memory.
Vanity Fair and the Celestial City
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

In John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress, the pilgrims cannot reach the Celestial City without passing through Vanity Fair, where everything is bought and sold. In recent years there has been much analysis of commerce and consumption in Britain during the long eighteenth century, and of the dramatic expansion of popular publishing. Similarly, much has been written on the extraordinary effects of the evangelical revivals of the eighteenth century in Britain, Europe, and North America. But how did popular religious culture and the world of print interact? What religious books were read, and how? Who chose them? How did they get into people’s hands? This study attempts to answer these questions in detail. It explores the works written, edited, abridged, and promoted by Protestant dissenters, Methodists both Arminian and Calvinist, and Church of England evangelicals in the period 1720 to 1800, while also looking back to seventeenth-century and earlier sources and forward to republication and dissemination up to the nineteenth century. Part I is concerned with the publishing and distribution of religious books by commercial booksellers and religious societies, and the means by which readers obtained them and how they responded to what they read. Part II shows that some of the most important publications were new versions of earlier nonconformist, episcopalian, Roman Catholic, and North American works. Part III explores the main literary kinds, including annotated Bibles, devotional guides, exemplary lives, and hymns. The book discusses c.200 writers and provides detailed case studies of popular and influential works.
The Nonconformist Inheritance
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyses the editions, abridgements, and recommendations of texts by seventeenth-century nonconformists that were made by eighteenth-century dissenters, Methodists, and Church of England evangelicals. The nonconformist writers they chose include Joseph Alleine, Richard Baxter, John Flavel, John Owen, and John Bunyan. The editors and recommenders include Philip Doddridge, John Wesley, Edward Williams, Benjamin Fawcett, George Burder, John Newton, William Mason, and Thomas Scott. Detailed accounts are provided of the large number of Baxter’s works that were edited, notably A Call to the Unconverted and The Saints Everlasting Rest, and a case study is devoted to the many annotated editions of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and the ways in which they were used. The editors took into account length, intelligibility, religious attitudes, and cost, and sometimes criticized their rivals’ versions on theological grounds.
The Episcopalian Inheritance
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

This chapter begins by emphasizing the return to the theology of the Thirty-Nine Articles and Homilies by Methodists and Church of England evangelicals, notably John Wesley, George Whitefield, and Thomas Scott. Many Anglican writers of the second half of the seventeenth century were recommended by dissenters, such as Philip Doddridge and Edward Williams, as well as by Methodists and Church of England evangelicals. Works by the churchmen William Beveridge and Benjamin Jenks were edited, abridged, and widely read across denominations. A case study is devoted to the influence and editorial transformations of The Life of God in the Soul of Man by the Scottish episcopalian Henry Scougal.
Lives and Letters
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

Religious lives and letters in a variety of formats were edited and disseminated for the purposes of example, encouragement, instruction, and pleasure. This chapter analyses a wide range of examples, such as collections of lives made by puritans, dissenters, Quakers, and Methodists, including the lives of women; posthumous collections of letters by clergy and ministers; letters published in magazines; diaries and journals, some published by the writers themselves, notably George Whitefield and John Wesley; and exemplary lives of individual ministers and laypeople. There are detailed case studies of John Newton’s life of William Grimshaw and Wesley’s life of John William Fletcher, and of the much republished lives of the Presbyterian Colonel James Gardiner, the Congregationalist Joseph Williams, and the Methodist Hester Anne Rogers.
Know-How and Non-Propositional Intentionality
Authors: Farkas Katalin
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses the question of whether know-how is non-propositional. The question is usually approached through asking whether “know-how” is distinct from “know-that”. The chapter proposes that we should narrow our question. It briefly recalls a certain tradition of talking about knowledge that sees it as a uniquely human cognitive achievement with a normative aspect. The central and paradigmatic case has been a certain kind of possession of truth. But is there another, similarly valuable and uniquely human cognitive achievement? The outlines of such a concept are presented: it’s an ability to reliably succeed in performing some action, which was developed and refined through reflection. Practical knowledge is evaluated for reliable success in action, rather than for truth, so it’s not propositional; but it has a reflective element which makes it similar to propositional knowledge. This conception combines elements of intellectualism and anti-intellectualism about knowledge-how.
Content and Theme in Attitude Ascriptions
Authors: Forbes Graeme
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses a less-commonly discussed substitution failure in attitude ascriptions: a “that”-clause and its corresponding proposition description cannot in general be interchanged in the scope of psych-verbs, despite the standard view that the two forms refer to the same proposition. For example, “Holmes suspects that Moriarty has returned” and “Holmes suspects the proposition that Moriarty has returned” mean something quite different. The chapter accounts for these data in the framework of neo-Davidsonian semantics, arguing that substitution does not simply change the syntactic category of the attitude verb from clausal to transitive or vice versa, but also triggers the side-effect of changing thematic relations: when the transitive verb is used, it is the theme of the attitude-state or event that is identified, but when the clausal verb is used, it is the content of the state that is identified.
Belief-That and Belief-In
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: August 2018

Let propositionalism be the thesis that all mental attitudes are propositional. Anti-propositionalists have focused on trying to resist reductive analyses of apparently non-propositional attitudes, such as fearing a dog and loving a spouse, into propositional form. This chapter explores the anti-propositionalist’s prospects for going on the offensive, trying to show that some apparently propositional attitudes, notably belief and judgment, can be given a reductive analysis in terms of non-propositional attitudes. Although the notion that belief is a non-propositional attitude may seem ludicrous at first, it has been given an admirable defense by Franz Brentano, a defense which this chapter expounds and deepens.
Propositionalism without Propositions, Objectualism without Objects
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: August 2018

Propositionalism is the view that all intentional states are propositional states, which are states with a propositional content, while objectualism is the view that at least some intentional states are objectual states, which are states with objectual contents, such as objects, properties, and kinds. This chapter draws a distinction between two features of contents, their superficial characters and their deep natures, and argues that there are two corresponding distinct ways of understanding the debate between propositionalism and objectualism. The chapter argues that the debate is best understood as one over superficial characters and that this has implications for arguments for propositionalism and objectualism from claims about the nature of intentional content. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of how related points apply to the debate over singular content.
Attitudes on Display
Authors: Sainsbury Mark
Published: August 2018

Intentional states are representational states, involving the exercise of conceptual structures, which are vehicles of representation. Structures evaluable as true or false are called “thoughts”. We can describe two categories of intentional states: those involving thoughts, call them “propositional attitudes”, and those not involving thoughts, call them “objectual attitudes”. We can distinguish among attributions of attitudes between those that involve full sentential complements, like “She believes that it will rain today” (call these “sentential attributions”), and those like “She wants rain” which do not (call these “non-sentential attributions”). Are the kinds of attribution fundamentally different? The main claim of the chapter is that they are not. In both kinds of attribution a conceptual structure is put on display, and the attribution is correct just if the displayed structure is suitably related to the structure in the intentional state of the subject of the attribution.
Are there Non-Propositional Intentional States?
Authors: Searle John R.
Published: August 2018

Intentionality is that feature of the mind by which it is directed at or about objects and states of affairs in the world. Intentionality is simply aboutness or directedness. “Proposition” is more difficult, but the essential idea is this: every intentional state has a content. Sometimes it seems that the content just enables a state to refer to an object. So if John loves Sally, then it appears that the content of his love is simply “Sally”. But if John believes that it is raining, then the specification of the content requires an entire “that” clause. “Are there non-propositional intentional states?” amounts to the question, “Are there intentional states whose content does not require specification with a ‘that’ clause?” This chapter explores whether there are any non-propositional states, and suggest that a very limited class, such as boredom, is in fact non-propositional.
What Is Existentialism?
Authors: Webber Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Articles and books on existentialism generally eschew precise philosophical definition of their subject matter and disagree with one another over which ideas, issues, and thinkers should be classified as existentialist. This loose categorization distorts readings of the texts that are claimed to fall under it. This book argues for a precise conceptualization of existentialism grounded in the definition it was given by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre when the term was first popularized. Existentialism is therefore defined as the ethical theory that we ought to treat the freedom at the core of human existence as intrinsically valuable and the foundation of all other values. This chapter argues for the need for a clear definition and presents an overview of how the book develops its analysis.
Why Inez is not in Hell
Authors: Webber Jonathan
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an original interpretation of Jean-Paul Sartre’s classic play Huis Clos (also known as No Exit and In Camera). The protagonists are usually understood to be in Hell, condemned for eternity to torture one another by refusing to confirm one another’s self-images. But this standard reading does not make sense of the character of Inez or of the apparent progress that Garcin makes during the play. We can make better sense of the play if we see Garcin and Estelle as facing the Last Judgment, with Inez as an undercover demon whose role is to goad the other two into recognizing and regretting their sins. On this reading, the difficulties faced by Garcin and Estelle are grounded in their seeing themselves and other people as having fixed natures, rather than accepting the existentialist truth that our outlooks and behaviours reflect our freely chosen projects.
Speech Acts
Authors: Harris Daniel W. , Fogal Daniel , Moss Matt
Published: August 2018

This introduction is both a capsule history of major work in speech-act theory and an opinionated guide to its current state, organized around five major accounts of what speech acts fundamentally are. We first consider the two classical views, on which a speech act is the kind of act it is mainly due to convention (Austin), or to intention (Grice). We then spell out three other broad approaches, which conceive of speech acts primarily in terms of their function, or as the expression of mental states, or as constituted by norms. With these five families of views laid out, we relate them in turn to the apparatus of conversational score and discourse context; to the project of speech-act taxonomy; and to the theory of force. Last, we review applications of speech-act theory to matters legal and political, and to ethically significant phenomena like silencing, derogation, and coercion.
A Refinement and Defense of the Force/Content Distinction
Authors: Green Mitchell S.
Published: August 2018

First lucidly formulated by Gottlob Frege, the distinction between illocutionary force and semantic content has been largely accepted by philosophers of language and linguists for much of the last century. In recent years it has come under attack. This essay aims to address the cogency of that challenge, by, first, clarifying the phenomena that the force/content distinction is designed to explain, and by providing a refinement of that distinction on which contents are not necessarily propositional, and on which force is an aspect of speakermeaning, but not (except in unusual cases) an aspect of what is said. Second, direct attacks offered by Hanks and by Barker and Popa-Wyatt are then assessed and shown to be unsuccessful against the force/content distinction thus refined. Third, an indirect challenge, which attempts to account for the relevant phenomena while abjuring any force/content distinction, is considered and shown to be untenable.
Blocking as Counter-Speech
Authors: Langton Rae
Published: August 2018

The felicity conditions for speech acts can be supplied, in part, by hearers and bystanders, as Austin and Lewis showed, in their work on speech acts and accommodation respectively.This has implications for counter-speech: efforts to fight harmful speech with more speech. Counter-speech can work by retroactively ‘undoing’, rather than refuting, speech acts. Despite the handicaps on counter-speech, a hearer can sometimes block its presuppositions, including presuppositions about its authority. This can prevent the presuppositions’ accommodation, block the speech act’s felicity conditions, and retroactively disable its force.The argument brings out an unnoticed dimension to counter-speech, and to the time-travelling powers of ordinary hearers and bystanders.
Speech Acts in Discourse Context
Authors: Roberts Craige
Published: August 2018

This essay sketches an approach to speech acts in which mood does not semantically determine illocutionary force. The conventional content of mood determines the semantic type of the clause in which it occurs, and, given the nature of discourse, that type most naturally lends itself to a particular type of speech act, i.e. one of the three basic types of language game moves—making an assertion (declarative), posing a question (interrogative), or proposing to one’s addressee(s) the adoption of a goal (imperative). There is relative consensus about the semantics of two of these, the declarative and interrogative; and this consensus view is entirely compatible with the present proposal about the relationship between the semantics and pragmatics of grammatical mood. Hence, the proposal is illustrated with the more controversial imperative.
Semantic Possibility
Authors: Schwarz Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

This chapter starts out from the idea that semantics is a “special science” whose aim, like that of chemistry or ecology, is to identify systematic, high-level patterns in a fundamentally physical world. I defend an approach to this task on which sentences are associated with sets of possible worlds (of some kind). These sets of worlds, however, are not postulated for the compositional treatment of intensional contexts; they are not meant to capture what is intuitively asserted or communicated by an utterance; nor are they supposed to shed light on the cognitive processes that underlie our linguistic competence. Instead, their job description is to capture certain regularities in the interactions between subjects using the relevant language. I also raise some questions about how the relevant worlds might be construed.
Trophic Cascades in Grasslands
Authors: Wilsey Brian J.
Published: August 2018

Top predators have effects that can ‘cascade down’ on lower trophic levels. Because of this cascading effect, it matters how many trophic levels are present. Predators are either ‘sit and wait’ or ‘active’. Wolves are top predators in temperate grasslands and can alter species composition of smaller-sized predators, prey, and woody and herbaceous plant species, either through direct effects or indirect effects (‘Ecology of Fear’). In human derived grasslands, invertebrate predators fill a similar ecological role as wolves. Migrating populations of herbivores tend to be more limited by food than non-migratory populations. The phenology and synchrony of births vary among prey species in a way that is consistent with an adaptation to predation. Precocious species have highly synchronous birth dates to satiate predators. Non-precocious species (‘hiders’) have asynchronous births. Results from studies that manipulate both predators and food support the hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down effects interact.
Response of Grasslands to Global Change
Authors: Wilsey Brian J.
Published: August 2018

Global change factors are ecologically-relevant variables that are changing, and that have global impacts. In grasslands, changes in the atmosphere, biological invasions, N deposition, and land-use change are global change factors. Photosynthesis increases under elevated CO2 and C3 plant species respond more strongly than C4 species to CO2 enrichment. Leaf N contents are typically lower under elevated CO2, especially in C3 species, and this is expected to have a negative effect on large grazing mammals. Temperature increases are expected to have significant effects on phenology. Most grasslands are being impacted by biological invasions to various degrees. Communities dominated by exotics are considered to be “novel systems” because they contain species from a variety of regions that do not have an evolutionary history of interaction. Among the most noxious grassland invaders is the red imported fire ant Solonopsis invicta, which lowers ant diversity and negatively affects prey species.
Conservation and Restoration of Grasslands
Authors: Wilsey Brian J.
Published: August 2018

Conservation programs alter herbivore stocking rates and find and protect the remaining areas that have not been plowed or converted to crops. Restoration is an ‘Acid Test’ for ecology. If we fully understand how grassland systems function and assemble after disturbance, then it should be easy to restore them after they have been degraded or destroyed. Alternatively, the idea that restorations will not be equivalent to remnants has been termed the ‘Humpty Dumpty’ hypothesis—once lost, it cannot be put back together again. Community assembly may follow rules, and if these rules are uncovered, then we may be able to accurately predict final species composition after assembly. Priority effects are sometimes found depending on species arrival orders, and they can result in alternate states. Woody plant encroachment is the increase in density and biomass of woody plants, and it is strongly affecting grassland C and water cycles.
Slurs, Dehumanization, and the Expression of Contempt
Authors: Jeshion Robin
Published: August 2018

A theory of slurring terms must explain how and why uses of slurs function to dehumanize. On extant expressivist views, speakers express contempt for targets on account of being in the group. This chapter argues that explaining how slurs dehumanize requires more than encoding the speaker’s contempt toward the target and group. It requires appreciating the intricate moral-psychological structure of contempt, in particular that contempt, as a moral emotion, involves taking those properties that are the basis for regarding the target contemptuously as fundamental to the targets’ identity as a person. This feature of contempt is reflected in slurs’ semantics. Understanding contempt is also needed to defend expressivism from important objections.
Pejorative Tone
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Stone Matthew
Published: August 2018

The view put forward in this chapter about slur terms is that their interpretations require expansive, open-ended engagement with an utterance and its linguistic meaning, through a host of distinctive kinds of reasoning. This reasoning may include inferences about the speaker’s psychology and her intentions—in light of the full social and historical context—but it may involve approaching the utterance through strategies for imaginative elaboration and emotional attunement, as required, for example, for metaphor, poetic diction, irony, sarcasm, and humor. In the face of their heterogeneity and open-endedness, these interpretive strategies are most perspicuously elucidated through critical attention to the psychological, social, historical, and even artistic considerations at play in specific cases. Thus, in contrast to the common practice in philosophy and linguistics, this chapter will not offer a general account of the interpretation of slur terms. It puts forward that there can be no such thing.
Physics and Technology of Sustainable Energy
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

This is a physics textbook describing, at a college level, the physics and technology needed to provide sustainable long-term energy, past the era of fossil fuels. A summary is given of global power generation and consumption, with estimates of times until conventional fuels will deplete. Sustainable power sources, largely those coming from the Sun directly or indirectly, are described. As sustainable energy must preserve the Earth’s atmosphere and climate, key elements of these topics are included. Key energy technologies in this book include photovoltaics, wind turbines and the electric power grid, for which the underlying physics is developed. Nuclear fusion is described in the context of the Sun’s energy generation, in a brief description of tokamak fusion reactors, and also to introduce ideas of quantum physics needed for adequate treatment of photovoltaic devices. Energy flow in and out of the Earth’s atmosphere is discussed, including the role of greenhouse gas impurities arising from fossil fuel burning as trapping heat and raising the Earth’s temperature. Discussion is included of the Earth’s climatic history and future. Exercises are included for each chapter.
Sustainable Energy Beyond Carbon
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

Energy from the Sun leads to direct heating of the Earth, and also to secondary forms of energy in winds, waves and hydroelectricity. Long-term energy resources in the Earth and its motions include tides, geothermal energy, fission fuels, and in deuterium that may potentially be used to power nuclear fusion reactors. We are interested in energy sources that will last on a time scale of thousands of years, and further, that will not interfere with other important aspects of life on Earth, such as clean air and water in abundant supply. Plants grew by photosynthesis starting in the carboniferous era, about 300 million years ago, and the decay of some of these, instead of oxidizing back into the atmosphere, occurred underground in oxygen-free zones.
Solar Radiation through the Atmosphere
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

Maxwell’s equations describe radiated power from the Sun through space and the atmosphere to the Earth. Black-body radiation arises from matter in thermal equilibrium, as is derived in this chapter. The Stefan–Boltzmann power law is derived, and its consequences are discussed. Basics of the atmosphere are discussed, including kinetic energy arising from the condensation of water vapor to liquid water. The temperatures in the atmosphere are discussed in a layered model. The Sun’s light arrives at Earth through vacuum and the Earth’s atmosphere as electromagnetic waves described by Maxwell’s equations. In contemporary electrical engineering jargon, this is “wireless”, that connects cellphones.
Fusion in the Sun
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

Protons in the Sun’s core are a dense plasma allowing fusion events where two protons initially join to produce a deuteron. Eventually this leads to alpha particles, the mass-four nucleus of helium, releasing kinetic energy. Schrodinger’s equation allows particles to penetrate classically forbidden Coulomb barriers with small but important probabilities. The approximation known as Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) is used by Gamow to predict the rate of proton–proton fusion in the Sun, shown to be in agreement with measurements. A simplified formula is given for the power density due to fusion in the plasma constituting the Sun’s core. The properties of atomic nuclei are briefly summarized.
More about the Atmosphere, Molecules, and their Interaction with Radiation
Authors: Wolf E. L.
Published: August 2018

Electric dipole radiation is possible from certain molecules (but not with diatomics like oxygen and nitrogen) to make them active in intercepting and re-radiating electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere. Molecules of the greenhouse gas variety include carbon dioxide, ozone and water, as discussed in this chapter. Molecular contributions to the greenhouse heat-trapping effect are described, including sophisticated satellite measurements. The role of molecular absorption in altering the ground-level solar spectrum absorbed by solar farms is summarized. In this chapter we provide a molecular basis for the absorption and emission from the atmosphere, first discussed in Chapter 3. This gives a better understanding of the solar spectrum as seen on Earth, that feeds photovoltaic devices as well as heating the Earth’s surface, that in turn creates winds and waves that can be harvested.
Principles of sleep–wake regulation
Authors: Lockley Steven W.
Published: August 2018

The 24-hour sleep–wake cycle is generated by two oscillatory processes: an endogenous hypothalamic circadian pacemaker and a sleep- and wake-dependent homeostat. These processes combine to maintain a consolidated bout of sleep at night and relatively stable waking function across the day. They also combine to determine ‘diurnal preference’—whether one is a ‘lark’ or an ‘owl’—a reflection of the phase relationship between the circadian and homeostatic processes. These processes are affected directly by light, either through resetting of the circadian pacemaker or its direct alerting effects. Sleep deficiency and circadian disruption have been associated with a higher risk of chronic disease, although the methodology for assessing these exposures is not optimal. Both sleep and the circadian system also have myriad influences on other aspects of our physiology, behaviour, and metabolism; therefore, steps should be taken to reduce their potential confounding effects in epidemiological studies.
Sleep and cardio-metabolic disease
Authors: Cappuccio Francesco P. , Miller Michelle A.
Published: August 2018

Sleep patterns of quantity and quality are affected by a variety of cultural, social, psychological, behavioural, pathophysiological, and environmental influences. Changes in modern society—such as longer working hours, more shift work, 24/7 availability of commodities, and 24-hour global connectivity—have been associated with a gradual reduction in sleep duration and sleeping patterns across westernized populations. In the present chapter we review the evidence to suggest that prolonged curtailment of sleep duration and worsening of sleep quality are both powerful risk factors for the development of common diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke, and may even be responsible, in the long term, for premature death.
Sleep and Neurological Disorders
Authors: Cohen Daniel A. , Roy Asim
Published: August 2018

Scientific investigation of the relationships between sleep and neurological disorders is at a relatively early stage. Damage to the nervous system or impaired neural development can cause a wide array of sleep disorders. In turn, sleep disruption may impair neuroplastic processes that are important for functional recovery after nervous system insults. Sleep disorders in patients with neurological disease can negatively affect quality of life for both the patients and the caregivers. Cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune process changes associated with sleep disorders may exacerbate the underlying neuropathological changes in neurological disease. Early intervention for sleep disorders in these patients may substantially improve neurological outcomes. More randomized, controlled treatment trials will ultimately help to determine the optimal timing and treatment modalities for the sleep disorders in these patients and the impact this will have on improving neurological health, enhancing neurological function, and reducing the care burden for this population.
Sleep and pain
Authors: Tang Nicole K. Y. , Afolalu Esther F. , Ramlee Fatanah
Published: August 2018

Pain and sleeplessness are two of the commonest reasons for primary care appointments. The prevalence of each problem alone is high, and to add to the complexity, pain and insomnia frequently co-occur, with pain interrupting sleep and pain being further aggravated following a poor night’s sleep. Sleep and pain management are increasingly recognized as important to public health. In particular, insomnia and chronic pain are long-term conditions that actively contribute to morbidity, disability, economic burden to society, and suffering to the individual and immediate family. This chapter examines the interrelationship between the two at the population level. Specifically, evidence from population-based studies regarding the co-occurrence and temporal link of pain and sleep is reviewed, with moderators and mediators of the relationship highlighted. Possible directions for future research and treatment development are also outlined.
The built environment and sleep
Authors: Laurent Jose G. Cedeño , Allen Joseph G. , Spengler John D.
Published: August 2018

Through evolution, our bodies have synchronized to environmental time, making our molecular clock mechanisms responsive to environmental cues such as light and temperature. In providing shelter from extreme climate conditions, however, modern societies have dramatically modified their environment without fully appreciating the consequences. We present an overview of the influence that lighting and thermal and acoustic conditions in our built environment exert on our sleep. These factors have changed substantially in the last century and biological systems have not had sufficient time to adapt. We also present a challenge for public health professionals: how to provide adequate sleeping conditions in low-income communities. We show how sleep quality is severely affected by socio-economic status, and illustrate how environmental injustice could exacerbate future challenges imposed by various climate change scenarios. We also discuss how technology could address these challenges in the built environment to promote conditions that foster good sleep and good health.
Sleep, law, and public policya
Authors: Lee Clark J. , Rajaratnam Shantha M. W.
Published: August 2018

Drowsiness and poor sleep health in individuals have population-wide health and safety impacts which societies often feel compelled to address as a matter of law and public policy. Governments, multinational organizations, and non-governmental regulatory bodies worldwide have adopted legal and policy interventions to address the impacts of drowsiness and poor sleep health in the individuals and populations they serve. This chapter introduces some examples of such interventions developed for the general motoring public, workers in safety-critical jobs or occupations requiring unusual work hours or extended duration duty, and adolescent pupils. Directions for future research and intervention are also discussed, such as a ‘breathalyzer for drowsiness’.
Narcolepsy
Authors: O’Neill Matt , Nicholls Henry
Published: August 2018

Narcolepsy is a fascinating disease for many, less so if you develop it yourself. Current options available to patients involve a less-than-subtle combination of medication, snatched periods of sleep, a large degree of acceptance that this is how life is with narcolepsy, and the tolerance of family, friends, and employers. In 2016, the focus is on the treatment of symptoms. A cure, or even a process, for early diagnosis and subsequent halting of progression feels very far off. Owing to the orphan disease status of narcolepsy, the main beneficiaries of effective medication remain the patent holders, with many patients, whether in private healthcare systems in the USA or the National Health Service in the UK, prevented from access on account of inflated drug prices.