bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remototrachyna, a newly recognized tropical lineage of lichens in the Hypotrachyna clade (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota), originated in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Divakar Pradeep K. , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Ferencova Zuzana , Del Prado Ruth , Crespo Ana
Published: March 2010

Biogeographical studies of lichens used to be complicated because of the large distribution ranges of many species. Molecular systematics has revitalized lichen biogeography by improving species delimitation and providing better information about species range limitations. This study focuses on the major clade of tropical parmelioid lichens, which share a chemical feature, the presence of isolichenan in the cell wall, and a morphological feature, microscopic pores in the uppermost layer. Our previous phylogenetic studies revealed that the largest genus in this clade, Hypotrachyna, is polyphyletic with a clade mainly distributed in South and East Asia clustering distant from the core of the genus. To divide the Hypotrachyna clade into monophyletic groups and to reevaluate morphological and chemical characters in a phylogenetic context, we sampled ITS, nuclear large subunit (nuLSU) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA sequences from 77 species. We are erecting the new genus Remototrachyna for a core group of 15 former Hypotrachyna species. The segregation of Remototrachyna from Hypotrachyna receives support from morphological and chemical data, as well from maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the DNA. We used a likelihood approach to study the geographic range evolution of Remototrachyna and Bulbothrix, which are sister groups. This analysis suggests that the ancestral range of Remototrachyna was restricted to India and that subsequent long‐distance dispersal is responsible for the pantropical occurrence of two species of Remototrachyna.
Dehydration‐induced expression of a 31‐kDa dehydrin in Polypodium polypodioides (Polypodiaceae) may enable large, reversible deformation of cell walls
Authors: Layton Bradley E. , Boyd M. Brent , Tripepi Manuela S. , Bitonti Beatrice M. , Dollahon M. Norman R. , Balsamo Ronald A.
Published: March 2010

Current and predicted climate changes caused by global warming compel greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that plants use to survive drought. The desiccation‐tolerant fern Polypodium polypodioides exhibits extensive cell wall folding when dried to less than 15% relative water content (RWC) and rapidly (within 24 h) rehydrates when exposed to water and high humidity. A 31‐kDa putative dehydrin polypeptide expressed in partially and fully dry tissues detected via western blotting was present only during drying and rapidly dissipated (within 24 h) upon tissue rehydration. Immunostaining indicates the presence of dehydrin near the cell wall of partially and fully dried tissues. Atomic force microscopy of tracheal scalariform perforations indicates that dry vascular tissue does not undergo significant strain. Additionally, environmental scanning electron microscopy reveals differential hydrophilicity between the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces as well as large, reversible deformation. The ability to avoid cell wall damage in some desiccation‐tolerant species may be partially attributed to cell wall localization of dehydrins enabling reversible, large cell‐wall deformation. Thus, the de novo synthesis of dehydrin proteins and potential localization to the cell walls of these desiccation‐tolerant species may play a role in avoiding mechanical failure during drought.
Influencia de la precipitación y la temperatura en el crecimiento radial de Pinus uncinata Ramond y Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco en la provincia de Teruel
Authors: Creus Novau J. , Saz Sánchez M. A.
Published: March 2010

[fr]On étudie l'influence du climat dans l'accroissement secondaire du Pinus uncinata Ramond dans la montagne de Gúdar et du Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco de la région de Mosqueruela et montagne de Javalambre, localités situes dans la province de Teruel (Espagne). L'accroissement de P. nigra est très influencé par l'effet positif des précipitations en temps chaud, tandis que la chaleur excessive de cette même période agit comme facteur défavorable qui empêche son accroissement. Au contraire, les plus grands accroissements de P. uncinata s'effectuent avec l'action combinée de l’humidité et de la chaleur pendant la phase chaude, sans que cette dernière variable climatique arrive à être restrictive. [es]Se estudia la influencia del clima en el crecimiento secundario de los Pinus uncinata Ramond de la sierra de Gúdar y de los Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco de la zona de Mosqueruela y sierra de Javalambre, todas en la provincia de Teruel (España). El crecimiento de P. nigra está muy influido por el efecto positivo de las precipitaciones de la época cálida, mientras que el calor excesivo de este mismo periodo actúa como factor desfavorable e inhibe su desarrollo. Por el contrario, los mayores crecimientos de R uncinata se relacionan de forma positiva con la acción conjunta de la presencia de humedad y calor durante la fase cálida, sin que esta última variable climática suponga un claro factor limitante.
Cambios en la vegetación debidos a una estación de esquí alpino en el Pirineo
Authors: Goñi D. , Gúzman D.
Published: March 2010

[fr]Nous présentons une étude sur les impacts des infrastructures et actions dues à la pratique du ski alpin sur la végétation de la haute montagne. Le modèle choisi a été la station pyrénéenne d'Espot, en Pallars Sobirà, province de Lérida (Catalogne, Espagne). Ce travail porte sur deux niveaux, celui du paysage et celui des communautés végétales. La construction d'une station de ski affecte négativement le paysage car la surface des zones humides, des forêts et des prairies de fauche s'est vue réduite et parallèlement ont augmenté les terrains dépourvus de végétation. Autrement dit, on observe une augmentation des communautés banales et une diminution des types de végétation à plus haute valeur. L'ouverture de nouvelles pistes comporte l'élimination du sol et par conséquence un fort impact négatif sur le recouvrement végétal, la maturité de la communauté et sa richesse en espèces. Au contraire, si le sol n'a pas été altéré et s’il y a des troupeaux en parcours, on peut arriver à maintenir des pistes assez voisines de l’état naturel. En conclusion, nous suggérons des perturbations moins intenses et moins fréquentes, ainsi qu'une gestion extensive des écosystèmes pastoraux. [es]Se ha realizado un estudio sobre las afecciones en la vegetación de las infraestructuras y acciones relacionadas con la práctica del esquí alpino en la alta montaña. Se ha tomado como modelo la estación de Espot Esquí, situada en el Pallars Sobirà, Lérida. El estudio se ha enfocado a dos niveles, paisaje y comunidades vegetales. Se ha encontrado que el paisaje se ve afectado negativamente por la construcción de una estación de esquí, ya que se ven reducidas las zonas húmedas, los bosques y la pradería, mientras aumentan las zonas sin cubierta vegetal. Se da una disminución de los tipos de vegetación más valiosa, mientras que aumenta la más bajial. El estudio de las comunidades vegetales a mayor detalle muestra que la creación de nuevas pistas con eliminación del suelo supone un fuerte impacto negativo en la cobertura, profundidad del suelo, madurez de la comunidad, biodiversidad y tipo de especies encontradas. Cuando no se altera el suelo y hay ganado pastando se pueden mantener unas pistas en condiciones naturales aceptables. Se sugiere la reducción de la intensidad y frecuencia de las perturbaciones, junto con la gestión de los ecosistemas de pasto de las pistas mediante el ganado.
Diet composition of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Natural Park of the Garrotxa volcanic zone (Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: Bartolomé J. , Rosell C. , Bassols E.
Published: March 2010

[fr]Voici le résultat d'une étude sur l'alimentation du chevreuil dans le Parc Naturel de la Zone Volcanique de la Garrotxa, où 49 individus furent introduits entre 1995 et 1998. Il s'agit d'un espace protégé de 12 000 ha environ, dominé par les forêts de chênes et de hêtres. Malgré le nombre très bas d'excréments rencontrés entre 1998 et 2001 (n=30), leur analyse nous a paru la meilleure méthode pour tester la composition de l'alimentation. À partir de ces échantillons, nous avons identifié 7 500 fragments d'épiderme. Les résultats nous montrent que le lierre (Hedera helix) et la ronce (Rubus sp.) sont l'alimentation principale (23 et 21% respectivement). Toutefois, les espèces ligneuses sont également à considérer, puisqu'elles forment 33% des fragments totaux. Les herbes et les graminées s'avèrent importantes au cours du printemps-été. Il est à noter que les principaux composants de la végétation tel le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) étaient très rarement consommés. [es] Se exponen los resultados de un estudio de la alimentación del corzo llevado a cabo en el Parque Natural de la Zona Volcánica de la Garrotxa, donde 49 corzos fueron reintroducidos desde 1995 hasta 1998. Este área protegida comprende unas 12.000 ha con predominio de bosques de roble y haya. El análisis de heces fue considerado como el método más apropiado para determinar la composición de la dieta, a pesar de la escasez de muestras fecales halladas desde 1998 a 2001 (n=30). A partir de dichas muestras fueron identificados un total de 7.500 fragmentos epidérmicos. Los resultados muestran que la hiedra (Hedera helix) y la zarza (Rubus sp.) forman el grueso de la dieta (23% y 21%, respectivamente). Las especies leñosas forman también una parte importante, alcanzando el 33% del total de los fragmentos epidérmicos. Las herbáceas sólo fueron importantes en el periodo primavera-verano. Algunos componentes mayoritarios de la vegetación, como el haya (Fagus sylvatica), fueron raramente consumidos.
Comparison and overlap of sympatric wild ungulate diet in Cazorla, segura and las Villas Natural Park
Authors: Martínez Martínez T.
Published: March 2010

[fr] Nous avons étudié le degré de superposition entre la diète du bouquetin (Capra pyrenaica, cerf (Cervus elaphus), daim (Dama dama) et mouflon (Ovis musimon) dans le Parc National de Cazorla, Segura et Las Villas (SE de l'Espagne). Pour l'évaluation de la diète, nous nous sommes basés sur les contenus stomachaux. Les espèces les plus consommées par les quatre herbivores étaient Quercus rotundifolia, Phillyrea latifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Oryzopsis paradoxa et Festuca arundinacea. Le bouquetin et le cerf montraient la diète la plus semblable (53,77o de superposition) puisque tous deux broutaient une grande quantité de matière ligneuse. Le mouflon et le daim montraient des habitudes similaires au niveau de l'alimentation, mangeant des herbes et consommant une grande quantité de graminées. Les diètes du bouquetin et du cerf ne se superposaient que très peu avec celles, respectivement, du daim et mouflon. Le mouflon consommait beaucoup de mégaphorbes tandis que le daim consommait surtout des chamaephytes et le cerf principalement arbres et arbrisseaux. Aucun des quatre ongulés étudiés montrait des diètes très strictes (broutage ou consommateur de graminées); cependant, on peut signaler que le bouquetin et le cerf présentaient plus des caractères de brouteurs tandis que le mouflon et le daim mangeaient casi-exclusivement des herbes. [es]En el presente estudio se analiza la relación trófica y el grado de solapamiento de dieta entre la cabra montés fCapra pyrenaica), el ciervo (Cervus elaphus), el gamo (Dama dama) y el muflón (Ovis musimon) en el Parque Nacional de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas. La dieta se evaluó a partir de los contenidos gástricos. La especies más consumidas por los cuatro herbívoros fueron Quercus rotundifolia, Phillyrea latifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Oryzopsis paradoxa y Festuca arundinacea. Los dos ungulados con la dieta más similar fueron el ciervo y la cabra montés (53,7% de solapamiento), de hábitos ramoneadores y consumidores de grandes cantidades de leñosas. El gamo y el muflón tienen dietas similares, comportándose como pastadores y consumiendo principalmente gramíneas. Los niveles de solapamiento entre la dieta de la cabra montés y el ciervo por un lado, y el gamo y muflón por otro, son muy bajos. El muflón ha sido el mayor consumidor de herbáceas no graminoides, el gamo consume mayoritariamente caméfitos y el ciervo árboles y arbustos principalmente. Ninguno de los cuatro mostró una dieta estrictamente ramoneadora o pastadora, aunque el ciervo y la cabra montés se comportan básicamente como ramoneadores, mientras que el gamo y el muflón principalmente como pastadores.
Use of sinuosity indexes to describe freeranging cow paths
Authors: Sanuy D. , Villalba D.
Published: March 2010

[fr]
Une analyse de données circulaires a été utilisée pour obtenir les index de sinuosité verticales et horizontales de parcours des vaches en libre pacage. Les observations visuelles des déplacements de 20 vaches ont été traduites de coordonnées cartésiennes (X,Y,Z) en angles rationnels et on a utilisé le modèle de premier ordre de parcours aléatoires correlés (correlated random walk), développé par BOVET & BENHAMOU (1988) pour calculer les index de sinuosité. Certaines des hypothèses statistiques du modèle étaient difficiles â accomplir pour quelques échantillons. Néanmoins, les index obtenus ont bien résumé le parcours complet des animaux et par conséquent peuvent être utilisés pour détecter des différences dans le modèle de comportement animal.
[es]
Se ha utilizado un análisis de datos circulares para obtener los índices de sinuosidad vertical y horizontal de vacas en pastoreo libre. Las observaciones visuales de los desplazamientos de 20 vacas se han traducido de coordenadas cartesianas (X,Y,Z) a ángulos rotacionales y se ha utilizado el modelo de primer orden de recorridos aleatorios correlacionados (correlated random walk), desarrollado por BOVET & BENHAMOU (1988), para calcular los índices de sinuosidad. Algunas de las hipótesis estadísticas del modelo son difíciles de cumplir para ciertas muestras. Aun así, los índices obtenidos resumen bien el recorrido completo de los animales y por tanto pueden ser utilizados para detectar diferencias en las pautas de comportamiento animal.
Ab Initio Study of Selected PAMAM Dendrimers: von Neumann Entropies Analysis
Authors: Esquivel Rodolfo O. , Flores-Gallegos Nelson , Carrera Edmundo , Soriano-Correa Catalina
Published: March 2010

Quantum information theory is employed to analyze the growing behavior of nanostructured molecules through marginal H-type von Neumann informational entropies. This is achieved by performing ab initio electronic structure calculations at the Hartree-Fock level of theory to characterize the initial steps towards growing Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, starting from conformational structures of polymeric precursors up to generations G0 (with 84 atoms), G1 (228 atoms), G2 (516 atoms), and G3 (1092 atoms). Several physical descriptors like radius of gyration, asphericity factor, moments of inertia and dipole moments, along with chemical reactivity indexes such as total energies, hardness and electrophilicity are employed to provide evidence for the validity of dense-core model of dendrimers.
Study of Fluorescence of Yttrium Doped Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles
Authors: Gayou V.L. , Salazar-Hernández B. , Rojas-López M. , Zúñiga Islas C. , Ascencio Jorge Antonio
Published: March 2010

Doped ZnS nanocrystals have attracted attention since 1994. Previous results suggest that doped semiconductor nanocrystals form a new class of luminescent materials, which have a wide range of applications in displays, lighting, sensors and lasers. In this work we synthesized Y3+ doped ZnS nanoparticles by a chemical precipitation method. The reaction was performed with ZnSO4, Na2S, phosphates and Yttrium acetate in aqueous solution. Fluorescence (FL) studies of these nanoparticles have been carried out. FL analysis reveals that the incorporation of Yttrium and phosphates to colloidal solution of ZnS nanoparticles enhances the FL signal by 6-7 times of magnitude compared with uncapped ZnS nanoparticles.
Biocide Activity of TiO2 Nanostructured Films
Authors: Barajas-Ledesma Edgar , García-Benjume M.L. , Espitia-Cabrera I. , Bravo-Patiño A. , Contreras-García M.E.
Published: March 2010

The ability of nanostructured TiO2 in anatase phase to eliminate Escherichia coli (E. coli) by UV light irradiation was tested using titania films supported on glass substrates. The films were obtained by electrophoretic deposition of titania sol on sputtered Ti Corning glass substrates. Experimental procedure used to obtain these films and their characterizations are discussed in this paper. Nanostructure nature of the films was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Optic microscopy was used to study the photocatalytic activity of films and their interaction with E. coli bacteria, in order to measure the reduction in E. coli colonies. The structure of anatase TiO2 was determined using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction.
Optical and Surface Morphology Characterization of Nanometric Palladium Films on Silicon Substrates Annealed in Hydrogen Atmosphere
Authors: López Rodríguez C. , Galvan-Arellano Miguel , Peña-Sierra R. , Romero Paredes G.
Published: March 2010

The influence of hydrogen (H2) loading on optical and surface characteristics of nanometric palladium films was studied. Pd films were deposited on silicon substrates by electroless method. H2 loading was realized by annealing the Pd films in H2 atmosphere at 585 Torr over the temperature range of 200-500°C. Pd films with initial thickness under 40 nm were chosen to observe incomplete covering effects. Refractive index measurement was used to monitor the H2 loading. Changes on refractive index and surface morphology are related to the existence of a and b phases in Pd-H system.
Surface Characterization and CO2 Reduction Using Electrodeposited Silver Particles over TiO2 Thin Film
Authors: Cueto Luisa F. , Martínez Gerardo T. , Zavala Genaro , Sánchez Eduardo M.
Published: March 2010

TiO2 thin films supported on transparent conductive glass plates were modified by silver particles (250 nm diameter) deposited by electrochemical double pulse from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. Selective formation of Ag particles on TiO2 surface could be seen from SEM and AFM images and topography. Rugosity and particle size analyses were performed on the modified surface. Benefits of silver particle modification are discussed based on the enhanced electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution.
The Submerging Characteristics of a Submersible Fish Cage System Operated by Compressed Air
Authors: Kim Tae Ho , Yang Kyong Uk , Jang Duck Jong , Fredriksson David W.
Published: March 2010

AbstractA numerical technique is developed to evaluate the submerging characteristics of a full-scale fish cage system operated by compressed air. The results of the numerical model are then compared to both physical model tests and in situ measurements. The cages
incorporate the use of ballast tanks for fixed buoyancy and variable buoyancy control. The system is raised by injecting air from a compressor into the variable buoyancy ballast tanks. It is then lowered by releasing the air. The surfacing and submerging characteristics of the fish cage calculated
with the numerical technique were similar to measurements obtained with the physical model and in situ tests. It was also found that the quantity of the inflow water is influenced more by the diameter of the suction pipe rather than by the changes in the pressure of compressed air.
In addition, the changes in the diameter of the air evacuation pipe are considered to have a greater impact during the ascent rather than descent of the system. Other major factors that affect the vertical movement of the fish cage system operated by compressed air are the seawater flow rates
and air flow rate supplied to the variable ballast system. It was concluded that the numerical method could be useful in analyzing various parameters required to optimize the surfacing and submerging characteristics of a fish cage system operated by compressed air.
Initial Responses to the MT Hebei Spirit Oil Spill
Authors: Cheong So-Min
Published: March 2010

AbstractMajor areas for concern after an oil spill are the cleanup, compensation, and ecological impact. Because of the visibility of the spill and the damage, the cleanup operation takes priority in the initial responses to the spill. In fact, it is intertwined with issues
of compensation and ecological impact that directly affect residents’ livelihoods. The technical response of the cleanup operation is closely tied to social responses and concerns. This paper highlights the need for investigating social responses simultaneously with technical responses
to marine pollution disasters. It focuses primarily on the cleanup operation as most attention is paid to remove the oil during the first month, and its implications for compensation and ecological impact. Responses ranging from international and national to local are examined followed by
a discussion of the intricate relationship between technical and social responses after the MT Hebei Spirit oil spill.
Influence of Range, Angle of View, Image Resolution and Image Compression on Underwater Stereo-Video Measurements: High-Definition and Broadcast-Resolution Video Cameras Compared
Authors: Harvey Euan S. , Goetze Jordan , McLaren Bryce , Langlois Tim , Shortis Mark R.
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn investigation of how increasing the distance and angle to objects of interest affected the measurement accuracy and precision achievable with high-definition and medium-resolution PAL stereo-video systems was conducted. A test was also conducted to determine whether
varying the compression of the imagery influenced measurement accuracy and precision. Measurements of five different lengths of PVC pipe (ranging from 51.5 to 3,001 mm) that represented the lengths of reef fishes routinely sampled with stereo-video were made at 1 m intervals out to the maximum
visibility (9 m range) over three different angles (90°, 80° and 70°). High-definition stereo-video imagery was compressed at three different bit-rates. The results show that higher definition stereo-video imagery allows objects to be measured more accurately and precisely over
greater ranges. When both ends of a target can be clearly seen in high-definition stereo-video imagery, the associated error is approximately 1% of the total length of the object. There was no deleterious effect on accuracy or precision from increasing the angle of view. Lower compression
did not result in more accurate and precise length estimates. The configuration of a stereo-video system needs to match the task of a particular survey, as changes in the base separation and angle of convergence will affect the accuracy and precision of measurements. With full high-definition
systems, smaller lengths (<50 mm) of PVC could not be accurately measured at distances greater than 5 m whereas longer lengths (500‐3,001 mm) could be measured with acceptable accuracy and precision at 9 m.
Risk Mitigation of Chemical Munitions in a Deep-Water Geohazard Assessment
Authors: Herbert John
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Department of Defense is currently conducting a review of archival information in an attempt to verify the types, quantities, and locations of chemical warfare material and conventional munitions disposed of by the Department of Defense (DoD) in waters of the
United States, in accordance with Section 314 of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), and report the results of that review annually in the Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress. Previous to this effort, disposal of military munitions, including
chemical warfare materials (CWM) and conventional munitions, in the ocean from World War I through 1970 was done by many nations and was not well documented. A 2001 U.S. Army report entitled “Off-shore Disposal of Chemical Agents and Weapons Conducted by the United States” indicated
that the disposal of CWM in the ocean through 1970 was more widespread geographically than was widely known. In accordance with Section 314, the DoD published updated information on disposals in the 2006 and 2007 “Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress.” Two directives
implemented in 2006 and 2007, respectively, by the Minerals Management Service referenced an increased concern with unexploded ordnance (UXO) in deep water (NTLs 2006-G12 and 2007-G01).
With the industry’s increase in deep-water exploration, the potential for encounters with military munitions is increasing. This paper will describe an unprecedented in-depth study that provided the oil and gas industry quantitative avoidance criteria and risk management analysis of
CWM including drums that were critical during a routine geohazard survey in the Gulf of Mexico. During the underway period, a team of UXO technicians from AMTI, an operation of Science Applications International Corporation, located and identified munitions and drums in one of seven known
dumping zones in 1,710 feet of water. Using their global munitions expertise and the information obtained in the previously conducted study, AMTI provided analysis of supporting conclusions and risk mitigation strategies, including in-depth decontamination procedures. The UXO technicians used
proven risk assessment and risk mitigation processes and quickly assessed and quantified risk.
Parkinsonian Symptomatology May Correlate with CT Findings before and after Shunting in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Ishii Mitsuaki , Kawamata Toshio , Akiguchi Ichiro , Yagi Hideo , Watanabe Yuko , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Mashimo Hideaki
Published: March 2010

We aimed to investigate the characteristics of Parkinsonian features assessed by the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) and determine their correlations with the computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The total score and the scores for arising from chair, gait, postural stability, and body hypokinesia in the motor examination section of UPDRS were significantly improved after shunt operations. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that postural stability was the determinant of the gait domain score of the iNPH grading scale. The canonical correlation analysis between the CT findings and the shunt-responsive Parkinsonian features indicated that Evans index rather than midbrain diameters had a large influence on the postural stability. Thus, the pathophysiology of postural instability as a cardinal feature of gait disturbance may be associated with impaired frontal projections close to the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles in the iNPH patients.
GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, DIGESTIBILITY, PROTEIN AND VITAMIN A RETENTION OF RATS FED SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED MEAL OR SUPPLEMENTAL THIOURACIL
Authors: Bowland J. P. , Standish J. F.
Published: March 2010

Weanling rats were fed 19.4% protein diets containing either 13% soybean meal, soybean meal plus 0.05% thiouracil, or 15% solvent-extracted rapeseed meal to replace the soybean meal at an isonitrogenous level. Dietary rapeseed meal did not influence food intake, reduced rate of gain for 8 to 10 weeks, and resulted in poorer food/gain ratio for female rats for the 20-week period but for male rats for only 2 weeks. Rapeseed meal did not affect energy digestibility but increased protein digestibility and retention. Thiouracil reduced energy and protein digestibility but had no consistent influence on protein retention. Both rapeseed meal and thiouracil-supplemented rats had lower vitamin A fecal losses than soybean meal-supplemented rats.Thyroid hypertrophy occurred after 4 to 6 weeks for rapeseed meal rats and after 2 weeks for thiouracil-supplemented rats. After approximately 8 weeks the thyroid to body weight ratio reached an equilibrium. Liver to body weight ratio was increased for several weeks by feeding rapeseed meal or thiouracil to male rats. There was no close relationship between thyroid hypertrophy and rate of body weight gain, efficiency of food utilization, or energy and protein digestibility.Litter weight at birth averaged only 47 g for litters from females receiving rapeseed meal as compared with 69 g for litters from females receiving soybean meal although numbers of rats per litter were similar.
THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION RATES TO GRASS ON FORAGE YIELDS, BODY WEIGHT GAINS, FEED UTILIZATION, AND VITAMIN A STATUS OF STEERS
Authors: Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

The dry matter yield of grass forage was increased linearly with nitrogen fertilizer levels of zero, 56, and 112 kg per hectare applied annually in the spring of 1961, 1962, and 1963. Nitrogen levels had little effect on the nutritive value of mature grass forage as indicated by voluntary dry matter intake and body weight gains of beef steers. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased and that of dry matter and nitrogen-free extract decreased linearly with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates. Digestibility of crude fiber and ether extract were not altered significantly by nitrogen levels. Forage-carotenes sustained relatively high liver vitamin A levels over a 100-day feeding period. Nitrogen levels had little effect on the rate of liver vitamin A depletion.
HATCHABILITY OF STORED CHICKEN EGGS AS AFFECTED BY DAILY TURNING DURING STORAGE AND PREWARMING AND VACUUMING EGGS ENCLOSED IN PLASTIC WITH NITROGEN
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted to study hatchability as affected by (1) daily turning of eggs in storage as compared with no positional change using eggs stored 14, 21, and 28 days, (2) prewarming eggs at 21–24 °C for 18 hours prior to setting compared with eggs set directly from the egg cooler using eggs enclosed in Cryovac and flushed with nitrogen gas prior to storage for 14, 21, and 28 days, and (3) vacuuming of eggs enclosed in Cryovac flushed with nitrogen gas compared with a Cryovac package inflated with nitrogen prior to storage for 21 and 28 days.A daily positional change of hatching eggs during storage resulted in improved hatchability compared with no positional change. Prewarming Cryovac-packed, nitrogen-flushed, hatching eggs for 18 hours at room temperature resulted in higher hatchability compared with eggs set directly from an egg cooler operated at 10–12 °C. A storage period × prewarming interaction suggests that when eggs are stored for 14 days or less, prewarming is not beneficial, but if the storage period exceeds 14 days then prewarming enhances hatchability. Vacuuming Cryovac-packaged, nitrogen-flushed, hatching eggs prior to storage for 21 and 28 days did not improve hatchability, probably because the oxygen had been effectively removed by the "nitrogen-flush".
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION OF SHORTHORN BULL TESTES AND DAILY SPERMATOZOA PRODUCTION AS DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE TESTICULAR HISTOLOGY
Authors: Swierstra E. E.
Published: March 2010

The structural composition of the testes, the sperm output, and the daily sperm production were determined in seven 18-month-old Shorthorn bulls. The testicular components classified composed the following percentages of the total testis volume: spermatogonium nuclei,.62%; primary spermatocyte nuclei, 4.57%; secondary spermatocyte nuclei,.16%; spermatid nuclei, 3.52%; spermatozoa,.34%; tubular cytoplasm, 57.79%; lumen, 4.67%; basement membrane, 2.60%; intertubular space, 23.63%; and Sertoli cells, 2.04%. The seminiferous tubules made up 76.4% of the testis volume. It was estimated that the testes contained on the average 1630 m (range 960–2240 m) of seminiferous tubules. The tunica albuginea comprised 12.8% of the testis weight.Three procedures are described for measuring daily sperm production from quantitative testicular histology, and the results obtained with Shorthorn bull testes are presented. The limitations of the three procedures are discussed. It was estimated that 18-month-old Shorthorn bulls produced 5.3 × 109 sperm per day. This represented a production of 16.9 million sperm per gram of testis per day. Within a given species sperm production appears to be primarily a function of testis size. The seven bulls averaged 2.7 × 109 sperm per ejaculate when semen samples were collected every other day with an electroejaculator. This represented about 25% of the sperm production by the testes.
EFFECTS OF STOCKING RATE AND FLOCK MANAGEMENT ON INTERNAL PARASITISM IN LAMBS
Authors: Cameron C. D. T. , Gibbs H. C.
Published: March 2010

Difference in grazing intensity (35, 41, and 48 lambs/ha), where weaned lambs were grazed apart from the ewes, had little effect on populations of most parasitic nematode species as determined by post-mortem nematode counts in the alimentary tracts of the lambs. The number of Trichostrongylus spp. in the small intestine decreased with increased stocking rate. Lambs grazed separate from ewes had significantly fewer of most parasitic species in their alimentary tracts than those grazed with the ewes.
RANGE CALF PRODUCTION OF CATTLE × BISON, CATTALO, AND HEREFORD COWS
Authors: Peters H. F. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

In a calf production study involving 1115 matings, Hereford cows surpassed cattle × bison F1 hybrid and cattalo cows in weaned calf crop percentage.Birch weight of calves declined progressively as the proportion of bison parentage in the dams increased, and the trend was especially marked in the calves that died. Breeding group differences in average daily gain of nursing calves were closely correlated with those in weaning weight—cattalo from hybrid cows ranked highest, cattalo from 1/4-bison cows second, cattalo from less-than-1/4-bison cows third, and Herefords fourth.The estimated weights of calf weaned per cow bred annually at comparable ages were 126, 125, 100, and 101 kg for Hereford, hybrid, 1/4-bison, and less-than-1/4-bison cattalo cows, respectively. The hybrids excelled in longevity.
APPARENT INSTABILITY OF I.C.I. COMPOUND NO. 33828 UNDER CERTAIN PROLONGED HIGH MOISTURE CONDITIONS
Authors: Blakely R. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
PELLETING OF CHROMIC OXIDE PAPER FOR ADMINISTRATION TO CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: Troelsen J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
IN VITRO STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF BIOTIN IN THE METABOLISM OF RUMEN MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Milligan L. P. , Asplund J. M. , Robblee A. R.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments, designed to study the role of biotin in cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production by rumen microorganisms, were conducted. These included trials to measure the effects of deletion of biotin from the fermentation medium, the addition of biotin antimetabolites to the medium, and the inclusion of metabolic intermediates on cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production.Omission of biotin from the medium markedly decreased cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production. Production of propionate was decreased approximately twice as much as was the production of acetate.Inclusion of the antimetabolite, desthiobiotin, at concentrations up to 0.47 mM had no effect, but 12 units of avidin per tube resulted in decreased cellulose digestion and reduced volatile fatty acid production. The latter effects were similar to those observed when biotin was omitted from the medium. The inhibitive effect of avidin was partially reversed by adding extra biotin. This suggests that the specific effect of a biotin deficiency on volatile fatty acid production probably involves a metabolic pathway concerned with propionate production.The addition of metabolic intermediates (glucose, 3-phosphoglycerate, pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, malate, fumarate, and succinate) to biotin-containing and biotin-deficient systems failed to demonstrate that a deficiency of biotin resulted in blockage of a pathway of intermediary metabolism at any specific point.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN LACTATING AND NON-LACTATING ANESTROUS EWES
Authors: Rahman Sheikh Saif-Ur , Kitts W. D.
Published: March 2010

Oral administration of 6-chloro-Δ6-dehydro-17-acetoxyprogesterone (CAP) and 6-α-methyl-17-α-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP) over a period of either 14 or 17 days, successfully induced estrus of lactating and non-lactating anestrous ewes. CAP was found to be more effective than MAP, at the concentrations employed (2.5 mg CAP to 40 mg MAP daily). The effectiveness of CAP and PMS in promoting predictable and early-cycling estrus in anestrous ewes was not enhanced by treatment with estradiol-17-β. Conception and lambing percentages were higher from the hormone-treated non-lactating ewes than from the hormone-treated lactating ewes.
THE EFFECT ON HATCHABILITY OF SHIPPING EGGS AFTER STORAGE FOR DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TIME IN A NITROGEN GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Proudfoot F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION INTENSITY IN PIG BREEDING OPERATIONS
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Martin A. H.
Published: March 2010

Selection intensities [Formula: see text] appropriate to pig breeding operations were examined in relation to variations in structure and size of herd, level of testing, and generation interval. Values of i for boars were larger than for sows and responded in greater degree to the changes in population size associated with variations in herd size and number of pigs surviving to breeding age in each litter.In closed herds with a boar: sow ratio of 1: 5, relatively little improvement in [Formula: see text] resulted from increasing the size of breeding unit beyond four boars and 20 sows. However, increasing the number of sows bred to each boar resulted in a substantial improvement in selection intensity. The reduction in litter size associated with litter testing for carcass evaluation decreased population size and reduced the opportunity for selection.Application of these findings in relation to herd and breed improvement is discussed.
STUDIES ON RUMEN COLIFORM ORGANISMS: II. UTILIZATION OF ACETATE BY ESCHERICHIA COLI 64 ISOLATED FROM THE RUMEN FLUID OF A COW FED ALFALFA HAY
Authors: Krishnamurti C. R. , McElroy L. W.
Published: March 2010

When cells of E. coli 64 were harvested in their exponential phase of growth in an acetate medium and incubated aerobically with sodium acetate-2-C14, about 33% of the label appeared in CO2 after 1 hr. Of the radioactivity in the cells, 72% was recovered in the protein hydrolysate, 8% in the nucleic acid, 6% in the lipid and 14% in the ethanol-soluble fractions. The radioactivity in the protein hydrolysate of cells incubated with sodium acetate-2-C14 was approximately 20 times that in the hydrolysate of cells incubated with C14O2 as the carbon source. By spectrophotometric methods, it was demonstrated that cell-free extracts of cells grown on acetate contained acetate kinase and phosphate acetyltransferase, plus, as demonstrated by spectrophotometric and isotopic methods, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase which are characteristic of the glyoxylate cycle. The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle could not be demonstrated in cell-free extracts of E. coli 64 grown on glucose under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Possible functions that E. coli 64 may have in the maintenance of anaerobiosis in the rumen and utilization of acetate through the glyoxylate pathway are discussed.
RAW SOYBEANS IN SWINE GROWING–FINISHING RATIONS
Authors: Young L. G.
Published: March 2010

Two trials involving a total of 120 Yorkshire SPF swine were conducted to evaluate the effect on live performance and carcass characteristics of replacing supplemental protein from 44% soybean meal (SM) with that from raw ground soybeans (RGS). Levels of 10.80, 16.45 and 22.15% RGS in the grower diets caused slower growth rates and reduced feed efficiency compared with those of pigs that did not receive RGS in their diets (P < 0.05). Although the results were not as consistent as in the grower phase, levels of 11.25 and 15.15% RGS in the finisher diets caused slower growth rate. Pelleting of a diet containing 3.65% RGS resulted in improved feed efficiency compared with that of the same diet unpelleted, when fed in the grower phase (P < 0.05). The area of the loin eye muscle tended to become smaller as the level of RGS in the diet increased. Treatment had no consistent effect on the other measures of carcass quality studied.
PERFORMANCE OF PARTIALLY AND COMPLETELY CASTRATED PIGS
Authors: Norrish J. G. , Bowman G. H. , Ingram R. H. , Miniats O. P.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-six male pigs were allotted at random at birth to six castration treatments: partial castration at 6 and 26 days according to the Baiburtcjan method and complete castration at 6, 26, and 76 days and at 68 kg liveweight. No meaningful treatment differences were detected in growth rate or in carcass measurements (length, backfat thickness, loin eye area, percent lean in the ham face and percent ham of the side). The overall environment of the experiment limited growth rate of normal castrates to approximately 0.45 kg per day. The possibility of the environment dampening the expression of treatment effects cannot be precluded. The method of partial castration used was difficult to perform and more time-consuming than complete castration. It reduced testicular development bur did not eliminate it. Many of the partial castrates molested pen mates and sonic mated with gilts. Of 22 carcasses from partial castrates, 15 were detected as having odor.
EFFECT OF STEAM PELLETING AND REGRINDING ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN IN CEREAL GRAINS, SOYBEAN MEAL AND WHEAT BRAN BY THE RAT
Authors: Olsen E. M. , Slinger S. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect if steam pelleting and regrinding on digestibility of protein in corn, wheat, barley, oats, soybean meal and wheat bran was tested with rats. Percentage amino acid absorption and net protein utilization (NPU) were determined for the wheat bran. Pelleting and regrinding improved the digestibility of protein in bran but had no effect on the digestibility of protein in the other ingredients tested. Increased absorption of amino acids caused by the increased digestibility of protein in bran varied considerably for individual amino acids, being greatest for isoleucine, lysine, methionine and threonine of the essential amino acids. The improvement in protein digestibility and amino acid availability was reflected in a higher NPU.
RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS TO PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS MERIT OF MARKET SWINE
Authors: Young L. G. , Forshaw R. P. , Ingram R. H. , Ashton G. C.
Published: March 2010

Three trials, involving 108 Yorkshire SPF pigs, were conducted to study the protein requirements of growing-finishing pigs. The design of each trial was a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial involving three levels of protein in the grower (19.2, 17.4 and 15.5%), three levels of protein in the finisher (17.4, 15.5 and 14.2%) and two sexes (barrows and gilts). The study was considered as one experiment conducted as a randomized complete-block design with five replications. During the growing phase there was a linear increase in growth rate and curvilinear reduction in feed required per kg gain, due to higher dietary protein levels (P = 0.05). During the finishing phase, dietary protein levels did not influence rate of gain but feed required per kg gain increased linearly as protein level in the diet decreased (P = 0.05). Feeding the lowest level of protein throughout resulted in a slower rate of gain and increased the feed required per kg gain. The efficiency of feed utilization was the same for barrows and gilts, although barrows gained faster and consumed more feed per day (P = 0.05) than gilts. There were linear increases in area of Longissimus dorsi muscle due to increased protein level in the finisher diets. An interaction between sex and protein levels (P = 0.05) was observed in the finisher period for total ham weight and weight of ham lean.
SIRE EVALUATION AND HERD LEVEL OF MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: Burnside E. B. , Rennie J. C.
Published: March 2010

Age-corrected milk records of 40,374 Holstein cows tested in 1,073 herds in Ontario were studied to determine if the level of herd production had an effect on the genetic expression of milk production. Heritability of milk production was estimated from paternal half-sib correlations at each of seven levels of herd production. The estimates obtained varied from 0.24 ± 0.05 to 0.36 ± 0.04, lowest values being associated with the lowest and highest levels of production. A significant quadratic component (P = 0.07) was obtained when these estimates were regressed on herd level of production. The sire component of variance increased from low to higher levels of herd production. The environmental component of variance increased in magnitude from the lowest to the highest production level, with a large increase at the highest level. Correlations among the contemporary comparison proofs of 19 sires, each evaluated on the production of 20 or more daughters at four levels of herd production, ranged from 0.73 to 1.01, indicating little change in ranking of sires across herd level of production.
PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES AND B-VITAMINS IN SASKATCHEWAN FEED GRAINS
Authors: Hoppner K. H. , Owen B. D. , Sosulski F. W.
Published: March 2010

The proximate principles, and thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid were studied in wheat (Canthatch and Selkirk), barley (Husky, Parkland and Hannchen) and oats (Garry and Rodney) grown in 1964 and 1965 at 16 locations representing the main soil types and zones in Saskatchewan. Percentages of the proximate principles were similar to those reported in the literature except for crude protein, which was considerably higher in all three grains. Vitamin levels in several instances differed markedly from those reported elsewhere. Standard deviations were approximately 2% of the mean for nitrogen-free-extract; 10% for the other proximate constituents; 15–20% for thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid; and 20–30% for pantothenic acid.The practical significance of soil zone, variety and year effects is discussed. Correlations between levels of the various nutrients were, for the most part, similar to those reported by other workers.
EFFECT OF PLANES OF NUTRITION ON WINTERING PREGNANT BEEF COWS
Authors: Jordan W. A. , Lister E. E. , Rowlands G. J.
Published: March 2010

During each of 4 years, 32 Shorthorn cows were individually fed at four levels during winter pregnancy and barn-nursing: (I) ad libitum corn silage plus 1.0 kg mixed hay per 100 kg initial body weight, daily; (II), (III) and (IV) approximately 80, 60 and 40%, respectively, of level-I intake. Half of the cows on each level received 0.45 kg linseed oilmeal (LOM) per head, daily, and half of both the LOM and no-LOM cows received supplemental vitamin A (84,000 IU per head, weekly). Considering only non-supplemented cows, levels of digestible protein and total digestible nutrients recommended by the National Research Council (U.S.) for winter-pregnancy feeding of beef cows were between levels I and II. During barn-nursing, even level-I cows fed LOM were substandard in relation to NRC recommendations.Average daily weight changes (ADWC) during both pregnancy and barn-nursing differed significantly (P < 0.05) and directly with decreasing levels of feed. ADWC’s on pasture also differed significantly (P < 0.05) but inversely with decreasing levels of winter feed. Aggregate yearly ADWC’s were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for level IV than for the other three levels. There was no significant (P > 0.05) interaction between LOM supplementation and level of feeding in relation to ADWC at any time. During pregnancy, LOM supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) decreased weight losses, whereas during the pasture season cows previously supplemented with LOM gained significantly (P < 0.05) less. There was no effect of LOM supplementation on ADWC during barn-nursing or aggregate yearly ADWC. No effect of vitamin A supplementation on ADWC or reproduction was noted.The results indicate that pregnant beef cows can lose substantial amounts of flesh during winter feeding and recover satisfactorily on pasture, although level-IV cows were at or below the limit for full weight recovery. Level-I cows were excessively fat throughout the experiment.