bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Action of Ergotamine on the Chemical and Mechanical Reflexes from the Carotid Sinus Region.
Authors: EULER U. S. V. , SCHMITERLÖW C. G.
Published: December 2008

Ergotarnine in small doses (0.1 mg/kg) inhibits selectively the. carotid sinus pressor reflex, elicited by lowering the intrs carotid pressure, whereas the response to chemical stimuli, such as hypoxia. cyanides, or nicotine, still can be obtained, not only on respiration but also on the blood pressure.

If a pressor response to carotid occlusion still occurs after ergotamine, it disappears when oxygen is administered. The effect in the former case is then due to occlusion hypoxia which stimulates the chemoreceptors connected with the vasomotor system.

It could be shown that the abolishment of the sinus pressor reflex, following administration of ergotamine, is not due to an effect upon the receptors, since the action potentials set up in the sinus nerve by the intrasinusal pressure can still be elicited.

Treatment of the experimental animal with small doses of ergotamine affords a convenient way of suppressing the sinus and aortic presso‐regulating system.
On the Occurrence of‘ a Thiamin Inactivitting Factor in Some Species of Swedish Fish.
Authors: LIECK HERBERT , AGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Among 21 analyzed species of fresh water fishes coming from the Baltic Sea or from Swedish lakes, the prewnce of a thiamin inactivating factor was demonstrated in 10. Of these 9 belonged to the carp family. Of 9 salt water fishes 1 contained the factor. The character of the thiamin inactivating factor is discussed.
The Motor Effect of Adenosine Triphosphate and Allied Phosphorus Compounds on Smooth Mammalian Muscle1
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , KAHLSON GEORG
Published: December 2008

With the following substances investigated for their action on smooth muscle by close arterial injection in the stomach and the bladder of the cat it was demonstrated that: Sodium‐, potassium‐, and lithium adenosine triphosphate release contraction, while adenosine diphosphate, adenosine diphosphate + ortho‐phosphate, adenylic acid, adenylic acid + pyrophosphate, inorganic tripolyphosphate, pyrophosphate and orthophosphate applied isoosmotically as sodium salts at pH 7.3 are ineffective.

Potassium adenosine triphosphate depresses the reaction of the smooth muscle to subsequent injections of sodium adenosine triphosphate, while the action of lithium adenosine triphosphate remains uninfluenced.

The isolated small intestine of the guinea‐pig contracts after application of the different salts of adenosine triphosphate, while the other phosphates investigated are without effect. Pyrophosphate makes an exception and may cause contraction.

None of the phosphorus compounds investigated exests B relaxing effect on the stomach:mi bladder of the cat or on the small intestine of the guinea‐pig.

The experiments presented in the present and the preceding papers suggest that adenosine triphosphate acts as a further link in the humoral mechanism involved in the release of contraction, the substance possibly being activated by the liberation of acetylcholine.
On the Distribution of Aspnrnginase
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is found that asparaginase occurs in the livers of certain cold‐blooded animals. The method used consists in preparing enzyme extracts with aqueous glycerol and saccharose solutions as solvents, and in following the hydrolytic cleavage of asparagine during the enzymic reaction by means of the Willståtter and Waldschmidt‐Leitz method of titration in alcoholic solution. The work of Clementi could not be supported.
The Parification of Aminopolypeptidase from the Cattle Muscle.
Authors: ÁGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The aminonolypeptidase from the cattle diaphragm muscle has been obtained in a state of high purity. The enzyme is a carbohydrate‐free protein with an isolelectric point close to pH 4.6.

The writer is indebted to the Johail and Therere Anderssons Minne foundation for grants which supported the present investigation. He further acknodedges the valuahle assistance of Mrs Åqren throughout the investigation.
Piperidine as a Normal Pressor Constituent of Human Urine
Authors: von EULER U. S.
Published: December 2008

Normal human urine from non‐smokers contains piperidine up to 10 mg and more per litre, corresponding to a nicotine activity of about 0.5 mg per litre. After ether extraction and steam destillation the piperidine could be isolated as crystalline pitrate, as previously demonstrated for cow's urine (Euler, 1944).

The pressor activity of ether extracts of normal human urine is chiefly due to piperidine as shown by a comparison of the biological action and the colorimetrically determined piperidine in urine extracts.

Urine from horse, pig, cat and rabbit contains piperidine in similar amounts as in human urine.
Body Temperature and Capacity for Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , BØJE OVE
Published: December 2008

It is a well established fact that the body temperature increases during muscular exercise, and that the increase is regulated (NIELSEN, 1938). It was the purpose of this paper to study the effect of the increased body temperature on the performance of maximum work, viz. a work performance of short duration (12 to 15 seconds) and a work performance lasting 4 to 5 minutes. The effect on a peak effort (a “push” or a “pull”) was also studied.

The experiments showed:

A given amount of work could be performed better – i. e. in a shorter time – when the organism was warmed up by a preliminary work. Also a greater muscular tension could be developed when “warmed up” than when not.

A passive warming up – e. g. by means of radio diathermy or by hot baths – also increased the capacity for work.

Massage had no beneficial effect on the performance.

The harder the preliminary work was, the higher rose the temperature and the better was the performance (only demonstrated in the work of shorter duration (12 to 15 sec.)).

The increased ability to perform hard work is closely correlated to the temperature of the working muscles.

The maximum oxygen uptake is slightly higher when the organism is warmed up than when this is not the case, but the oxygen necessary for a certain amount of work is reduced.

From these results it is concluded that a higher temperature in the muscles benefits the ability to perform work by accelerating the chemical processes in the muscles, probably also by decreasing the intramuscular viscous resistance. The accurately regulated higher rectal temperature in work (NIELSEN) allows the muscles to obtain a higher temperature during work than would otherwise be possible.
The Influence of Adrenal Cortex on the Cholesterol Content in Rabbit Serum
Authors: HOFFMEYER JØRGEN
Published: December 2008

The cholesterol content has been determined in the serum of rabbits after transplantation of adrenals, injection of adrenal cortical preparations and removal of one or both adrenals. In special experiments it could be demonstrated that adrenal cortical hormone was really transferred by the transplantation technique employed. After transplantation of adrenals and after injection of adrenal cortical extract of the SWINGLE‐PFIFFNER‐type a hypercholesterolemia could be demonstrated, as an expression of the presence of a hormone with cholesterol‐increasing effect in the adrenal cortex; this hormone is not identical with desoxycorticosteronacetate. After adrenalectomy no certain alterations in the serum cholesterol, corresponding to decreased or excluded adrenal cortical function, could be demonstrated.
Studies on Serum Phosphatase Activity in Relation to Experimental Biliary Obstruction in Rabbits. I
Authors: JALLING OLAF , LAURSEN THOMAS , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN
Published: December 2008

The problem concerning the mechanism of the development of hyperphosphatasemia in obstructive jaundice has been taken up for renewed examination on rabbits, which have been found suitable for such experiments.

1. The increase in serum phosphatase after ligation of the common bile duct starts immediately and reaches a maximal value 15 to 20 times greater than the normal value in about 15 hours, followed by a slow drop during the next days.

2. The increase in the serum phosphatase is a real rise in the amount of phosphatase.

3. The increase in serum phosphatase is not released from the common bile duct.

4. The results of the experiments do not support the “activiation theory”. Nor can they be explained by the absence of bile in the intestine.

5. The retention of bile phosphatase alone cannot explain the hyperphosphatasemia.
Oxygen Supply and Tissue Growth in vitro
Authors: FISCHER ALBERT , FOGH BØRGE , JENSEN. AAGE BOHUS
Published: December 2008

1. A determination was made of the oxygen tension which is necessary if the mass of the whole tissue culture is to be supplied with just enough oxygen to satisfy the normal demand of the cells.

2. On the basis of the knowledge of the oxygen consumption of a culture and the amount of oxygen which is available at the beginning of the cultivation it is possible to demonstrate that enough oxygen must be present to satisfy the supply for all parts of the culture.

3. It is apparent that the influence of the oxygen tension cannot be responsible for the very large difference observed in the rate at which the cells degenerate in the closely packed central part and in the marginal zone. Nor does it seem possible that low oxygen tension in the central tissue fragment can account for the discontinuation of the mitotic division activity in the central part of the culture.
Gefässerweiternde Stoffe des Harns und Renin1
Authors: WOLLHEIM ERNST
Published: December 2008

Das Hypertensinogen, der ≫Renin‐Aktivator≫, ist in der gleichen Pseudoglobulin‐Fraktion des Serums enthalten, wie der ≫Inaktivator≫ des thermostabilen gefässerweiternden Stoffes aus Harn, des Depressans.

Der Zusatz von Renin zu einem Inkubierungsansatz von Depressan und Serum‐Globulin hemmt die Inaktivierung von Depressan nicht. Dagegen verhindert der Zusatz von Depressan zu dem Inkubierungsansatz von Renin und Serum‐Globulin die Bildung von Hypertensin (= Angiotonin), was an der fehlenden Blutdruck‐ und Darmwirkung des Reaktionsproduktes demonstriert wird.

Die für diesen Effekt minimal notwendigen Mengen Depressan sind ungefähr die, die maximal von den gleichen Mengen Serum‐Globulin unter den selben Bedingungen total inaktiviert werden.

Der thermolabile gefässerweiternde Stoff aus Harn, Kallikrein, verhindert die Bildung von Hypertensin nicht.

Einige Konsequenzen dieser Einwirkung des Depressans auf die Hypertensinbildung werden diskutiert.
Peroxidation of Body Fat in Vitamin E Deflciency
Authors: DAM HENRIK , GRANADOS HUMBERTO
Published: December 2008

Chicks fed vitamin E deficient diets containing 5 per cent cod liver oil developed peroxides in the adipose tissue during the period in which the known symptoms of exudation, and particularly brown coloration of the same tissue occurred. The relation between the peroxidation and the symptoms is discussed.

Subcutaneous injection of 0.3 ml of cod liver oil with a peroxide value of 16 to chicks receiving a normal diet, resulted in very marked peroxidation at the site of injection accompanied by a progressive deposition of yellow to brown fibrous material. This local peroxidation was not prevented by the incorporation of 2.4 mg of free natural alpha‐tocopherols in the injected oil.

Rats reared on vitamin E deficient diets containing 20 per cent cod liver oil from weaning developed peroxides in the adipose tissue preceding the visible yellow‐brown coloration which appeared first in the paraepididymal fat, then in the intraperitoneal, and finally in the subcutaneous fat. When females together with their offspring were given the same diet from the time of delivery, the symptoms in the young developed earlier than in weanling rats and were more marked.

The yellow‐brown color of the adipose tissue is due to two substances, one of which is extractable with fat solvents, while the other, which occurs in larger quantity, is soluble in dilute alkali. A further, preliminary, characterization of this latter substance is given.

Vitamin E has no influence on the lowering of hemoglobin caused by feeding high cod liver oil diets to young rats.
Spectral Absorption of Bilirubin. Messurements in Pure Aqueous Solutions and in Solutions Containing Human Serum
Authors: WITH TORBEN K.
Published: December 2008

Spectral absorption curves of aqueous bilirubin solutions with and without the addition of serum are given. Readings in the Pulfrich photometer showed good agreement with the spectrographic measurements. Solutions containing serum showed a maximum at 455 mμ, pure solutions at 420 mμ. The formation of a bilirubin‐serum albumin compound is the cause of the change in the spectral absorption. Values for E1%1cm are given.
The Diazo Reaction of Bilirubin. Measurements in Pure Aqueous Solutions and in Solutions containing Human Serum
Authors: WITH TORBEN K.
Published: December 2008

The values of E1%1 cm, at the spectral maximum (filters of the Pulfrich photometer) are given for the diazo reaction after caffeine and alcohol‐activator at strongly acid, neutral and strongly alkaline reaction. The values for solutions containing serum and pure aqueous solutions differ as the former are about 10 per cent higher than the latter. The higher values after the addition of serum are ascribed to the formation of the compound bilirubin‐serum albumin. The proportion between the extinctions of the diazo reaction at its spectral maximum and the spectral absorption at the maximum of the yellow color showed almost the same value for bilirubin‐serum albumin solutions prepared from ten different sera.

The velocity of the diazo reaction is definitely higher for caffeine than for alcohol (Figure 1). By determining the time curve for the caffeine reaction with 2/5 and 1/20 volume caffeine reagent it was made clear that the action of caffeine cannot be an ordinary catalysis.

Measurements of the alcohol and caffeine reactions in identical solutions showed definitely higher extinctions for the caffeine reaction than for the alcohol reaction. This difference between the two reactions is probably due to the formation of different reaction products, but this could not be finally proved.
The Effect of the Active Thyroid Substance on Metabolism and Other Functions in Guinea Pigs
Authors: KROGH MARIE , LINDBERG ANNA‐LOUISE
Published: December 2008

Different preparations of dried thyroid from normal mammals and human beings and from cases of simple goitre have the same metabolic effect when given by mouth in equivalent daily doses based on the iodine content to mature male guinea pigs, accustomed to the metabolism determinations under standard conditions, while in exophthalmic goitre the iodine of the gland becomes less active.

A partly purified product, elityran, also shows the same effect, while pure thyroxin, even when given subcutaneously is definitely less active. No difference was observed between the activities of thyroxin when given by mouth or subcutaneously.

The metabolic effect of α‐dinitrophenol given by mouth reaches a maximum in about an hour and falls again rapidly while that of thyroid preparations takes two days to develop and by administration each day reaches a more or less constant level, maintained throughout the period of administration.

Administration of iodine or di‐iodotyrosine reduces the metabolism raised by every day injections of thyreo‐stimulating hormone (artificial “Basedow”) and causes a regression of the histological and cytological “Basedow” symptoms in the thyroid gland, but has no effect on the hyperthyroidism brought about by feeding thyroid preparations.

Refractoriness to the thyreo‐stimulating hormone was not observed in our case.

The quantitative relation between dose and metabolic effect of dried thyroid preparations was studied on 44 animals. On 9 of these no well defined metabolic level could be obtained. The 35 animals showed a fairly regular relationship. The average resting metabolism of the guinea pigs was 100.1 ± 3.4 ml O2/m2/min. The increases were for 0.15 mg J/m2/day 17 ml O2/m2/min., for 0.25–29.0, 0.50–35.7 and 10.00–50.4. This corresponds to an approximately straight line relation between log dose and the absolute rise in metabolism.
On the Mcthylation of Guanidine Acetic Acid in the Animal Body
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is shown by in vitro experiments that muscle and liver tissue from the rat are capable of catalyzing the methylation of guan‐idino acetic acid to creatine, the methyl groups being furnished by methionine. Some simple properties of the enzyme system in question are established.
On the Action of some Adrenaline‐like Substances on the Respiration of Suprarenal Tissue
Authors: STEENS GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is shown that ephedrine, ‐phenyl‐isopropyl aminc and veritol cause a very marked increase in oxygen uptake of suprarenal medulla tissue. The possible explanations of the phenomenon are discussed.
Studies on the Functional Sphincter in the Cervix Uteri
Authors: FUCHS HANS , WESTMAN AXEL
Published: December 2008

In 46 cases carbon dioxide was insufflated during laparotomy into the uterine cavity through a narrow cannula passed through the uterine wall with the point projecting into the cavity. The experiments confirmed the observation made earlier by WESTMAN of a functional sphincter in the uterine cervix. When the cervix is patent the insufflated gas passes freely out into the vagina. In most of the cases the sphincter was closed and the passage through the cervical canal was blocked. Under the given experimental conditions a characteristic rhythm will be observed in the muscles of the cervix. This rhythm does not change in any typical manner during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The biologic significance of the cervical sphincter is discussed.
A Method for Direct Measurement of the Aortic Pressure in the Dog1(During Work on a Treadmill.)
Authors: SKOUBY ARNE P.
Published: December 2008

An apparatus is described allowing photographic recording of absolute arterial pressures and rapid pressure variations in dogs even during movement.

Aortic pressure curves from normal animals are compared with those obtained shortly after narcosis and operation.

Two experiments are presented in which the pressures were recorded during light muscular work and in the transition from work to rest.

The author wishes to thank F. BUCHTHAL, M. D., for advice and encouragement in the course of this work.
Some Effects of Acetylcholine, Eserine and Prostigmine when Injected into the Hypothalamus.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , JACOBSOHN DORA
Published: December 2008

A method for injection of drugs into the hypothalamus and the third ventricle is devised.

Acetylcholine injected into hypothalamic regions has similar actions on the respiration and intestinal motility as those observed by other workers from electrical stimulation of definite hypothalamic regions.

Escrine and prostigmine injected intraventricularly cause apnoea, inhibition of the motility and tone of the gut and bladder, and some other effects which are similar to those described by other observers in electrical stimulation of hypothalamic regions.

It is suggested that acetylcholine, eserine and prostigmine excite hypothalamic cells, which constitute a sympathetic centre at this level.
Microdetermination of Calcium in Saliva and Serum.
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN BODIL
Published: December 2008

A method for determination of calcium in about 0.3 ml serum or 1.0 ml saliva (0.02 to 0.05 mig of calcium) is reported. The principle is the same as that indicated by SOBEL and SKLERSKY, but the procedure is somewhat different. The duration of the procedure has been shortened and the accuracy has been increased by the introduction of a number of improvements.

The principle is: The calcium is precipitated as oxalate. The oxalate is converted by ignition to carbonate, dissolved in a hot solution of 10 per cent boric acid, and titrated with a 1/10 n hydrochloric acid to the pH of the pure boric acid.

When 24 samples are treated together the procedure requires 3 hours up to and including the precipitation and 3 hours more for the final treatment and the titrations. The percentage error of the single determination is about 0.7 for 0.05 mg of calcium.
The Phosphorylation of Glucose in Liver Extracts.
Authors: KJERULF‐JENSEN JINGE
Published: December 2008

By means of phosphorylation experiments with liver extracts from cats, rabbits and rats it was found that as far as cat liver extract is concerned, incubation with glucose – in contrast to the other animals – caused only an insignificant assimilation of phosphate. This agrees with LUNDSGAARD, NIELSEN and ØRSKOV'S demonstration that artificially perfused cat liver does not assimilate glucose from the perfusion blood.

The experiments also indicated that the inability of cat liver tissue to phosphorylize glucose is caused by a lack of the phosphorylizing enzymes that act specifically on glucose.
Protein Metabolism of Tissue Cells in vitro 3. Accessory Growth Substances Present in Barley Malt
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , FISCHER ALBERT
Published: December 2008

Extracts of barley malt, containing accessory growth substances for animal tissue cells, are submitted to fractionation, which results in a considerable purification and gives some information about the properties of the active substances.
The Determination of Chloroform in Tissues and Blood.
Authors: USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

COLE'S chloroform determination method is modified so as to permit the use of an electric photometer. A distillation technique is described which permits the quantitative determination of chloroform in blood and tissues, especially brain tissue.
Studies on the Action of the Thiamin Destroying Fish Factor
Authors: ÄGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Thiamin and free cocarboxylase interact with reducing substances such as glutathione, cysteine and vitamin C. In the reaction the vitamin B1 is changed into a compound or compounds which cannot be determined with the colorimetric method of MELNICK and FIELD. The compound is probably not identical with LIPMANN'S reduced vitamin. The activity of the fish enzyme which destroys thiamin is partly inactivated by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the cold, or with dialysis, and the activity can be restored subsequently by the addition of glutathione.
The Potentiating Effect of Neostigmine and Escrine on the Action of Morphine as Measured by the Straub‐Herrmann Reaction.1
Authors: WRAMNER THURE
Published: December 2008

1. Neostigmine potentiates the effect of morphine in the Straub‐Herrmann reaction.

2. Eserine potentiates the effect of morphine in the Straub‐Herrmann reaction.

3. Atropine annuls the potentiating effect of neostigmine and eserine.

4. The findings are in agreement with the theory that morphine partly acts through a cholinergic mechanism.
An Apparatus for Automatic Measurement with Improved Accuracy of Weak Radio‐Activities by the Geiger‐Müller Counter.
Authors: ZERAHN K.
Published: December 2008

An apparatus is described purporting to increase the accuracy in measurements of weak radioactivities by the Geiger‐Müller counter. This is important because the background count often varies a great deal more than can be accounted for by the statistical uncertainty. To avoid the effect of this variation preparation and zero count are measured alternately at short intervals. This is performed automatically by the apparatus described.
The Influence of Ionic Strength on the Acid Liver Phosphatase.
Authors: JENSEN SØREN LØVSTRUP
Published: December 2008

It is found that some electrolytes exert an unspecific inhibitory action on the activity of the acid liver phosphatase. This inhibitory action seems to depend on the ionic strength of the solution. Other salts, however, exhibit a specific inhibitory action.
Ultrafiltration as a Method of Preparing Blood Plasma for Quantitative Estimation of Histamine.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS G.
Published: December 2008

Ultrafiltration of plasma from guinea‐pig, rabbit or rat gives a solution, the histamine content of which can be estimated directly on isolated guinea‐pig ileum. Compared with the usual chemical extraction this method is simpler and takes less time. It is also less drastic. Histamine obtained by this method must have been present in plasma in a free state or as a very labile compound.
The Piperidine Output in Urine During Muscular Work
Authors: v. EULER U. S.
Published: December 2008

The piperidine output in urine at rest was found to be from 0.3‐0.5 mg per hour (sleep) to 0.5–0.8 mg per hour at day‐time rest in healthy young males.

In connection with moderate or hard work the piperidine excretion in urine was greatly augmented. Average figures exceeding 6 mg per hour were obtained.
Determination of Inulin in Urine and Plasma
Authors: KRUHØFFER P.
Published: December 2008

A colorimetric method for the determination of inulin in plasma and urine is presented.

It rests on the measurement of the yellow colour (absorption measurement at 4,500 Å) developed by heating inulin at 100° for 60 min. with resorcin in a solution containing ethyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid. This marks a real end point in the colour development process; the resulting colour compound is very stable and, contrary to the blue diphenylamine colour, it shows no disposition to precipitate.

The recovery percentages of inulin after protein precipitation and fermentation procedures have been determined. Further the blank values of plasma and urine.

Two procedures — one with and another without fermentation — are elaborated.
On the Synthesis of Creatine in the Animal Body
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The paper describes the results obtained on applying the method of BENEDICT‐BEHRE‐LANGLEY‐EVANS‐LEHNARTZ for the quantitative determination of creatinine to the problem of the methylation of guanidine acetic acid in the animal body. It is found that muscle and liver tissue from the rat are capable of catalysing the methylation of guanidine acetic acid to creatine, the methyl groups being furnished by methionine. The results thus corroborate those of a previous paper.
On Methylation Processes in Etiolated Wheat Germs
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is found that etiolated wheat germs are unable to catalyse the methylation of ethanol amine to choline, with methionine as methyl donator. The meaning of this is briefly discussed.
Aerobic Recovery after Anaerobiosis in Rest and Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING
Published: December 2008

The efficiency of the oxidative recovery after anaerobiosis has been studied. The anaerobic conditions studied were those prevailing in the legs when the circulation is cut off by means of pneumatic cuffs round the thighs, and the partly anaerobic conditions occurring in the initial stages of work.

It was found that both in rest and in work the oxygen repayment after the circulation to the occluded legs has been restored is considerably in excess of the oxygen debt contracted during the occlusion. The efficiency of work in which the energy is produced anaerobically with a subsequent aerobic recovery is therefore low; judging from these experiments only 40–70 pCt of the efficiency of aerobic work.

It is concluded from this that the anaerobic phases –at least the formation of lactic acid – in the after‐contraction metabolism of muscle is shunted out during aerobic work, the oxydation energy being utilized more directly in recharging the contractile mechanism. In this way the loss in efficiency of about 50 pCt which a delayed aerobic recovery involves is avoided. There is no discrepancy between the values of efficiency found in experiments on frog's muscles and on human subjects.

In agreement with this it is found that the excess oxygen taken up after cessation of a work in which a steady state could be reached, is slightly greater than the oxygen deficit contracted at the start of the work. A consequence of this is that the efficiency as computed from the total oxygen uptake of work and recovery, is lower than the efficiency calculated from the steady state values, and further that the efficiency of a short spell of work is slightly lower than the efficiency of work of longer duration.

It must be expected that very severe work, which is performed mainly anaerobically with a subsequent aerobic recovery, has a low efficiency.
Efferent Impulses in the Splanchnic Nerve
Authors: GERNANDT B. , LILJESTRAND G. , ZOTTERMAN Y.
Published: December 2008

Efferent impulses were observed in the splanchnic nerve of the cat, sometimes continuous, sometimes synchronous with respiration or with the heart beats.

During asphyxia the amplitude of the impulses increased greatly. If artificial respiration was resumed, the electric activity quickly diminished and for a while nearly disappeared. Oxygen want led to an increase in the potentials, and pure oxygen to a decrease. Both these effects disappeared after the elimination of the buffer nerves. Accumulation of carbon dioxide caused greater activity in the nerve before as well as after section of the sinus and vagodepressor nerves.

Bleeding, or the injection of acetylcholine, led to a remarkable increase in the potentials, whereas adrenaline gave rise to a diminution or even the disappearance of the impulses. After denervation of the sinus and aorta mechanisms, the effect of adrenaline was very small at normal blood pressure but fairly great at low level.

Section of the sinus and vagodepressor nerves greatly increased the electric activity of the splanchnic nerve.

The results are interpreted as being due to reflex influence from the chemo‐ and pressoreceptors of the sinus‐ and aorta mechanisms and to a central effect from carbon dioxide accumulation.
A Note on the Biogenesis of Choline and Crentine
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is found that methionine sulphoxide is capable of acting as methyl donator in the methylation of ethanol amine to choline and of guanidine acetic acid to creatine. The conclusions of this and of a previous paper are corroborated by application of different methods for the determination of choline and creatine.
The Splanchnic Efferent Outflow of Impulses in the Light of Ergotamine Action
Authors: GERNANDT BO , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

For an analysis of the action of ergotamine upon the arterial blood pressure of the cat we have recorded the action potentials from efferent fibres of the splanchnic nerve.

When ergotamine is given in a moderate dose of 0.05 mg per kg body weight, asphyxiation or the inhalation of air rich in carbon dioxide produces a fall instead of the usual rise in blood pressure. The electric response, however, differs from that to ergotamine only in that the response now starts earlier and is more accentuated.

After a pithing of the brain and the medulla oblongata the efferent outflow in the splanchnic nerve reacts to asphyxiation and carbon dioxide in a way very similar to the reaction in the intact cat, but the response is more rapid and more pronounced than in the intact animal. Ergotamine does notproduce any change whatever in the splanchnic efferent outflow in the spinal cat.

This shows that inhibitory influences upon the spinal vaso‐motor centres are exerted from higher centres, which influence is abolished by ergotamine even in moderate doses, as has been shown by ROTHLIN, WRIGHT and EULER and SCHMITERLÖW.

When giving increasing doses of ergotamine it was found that the effect of faradic stimulation of the peripheral end of the splanchnic nerve, which normally causes a rapid rise in the blood pressure, became more and more delayed and depressed, until after large doses the effect was reversed. At his stage the adrenaline effect was also reversed.

These observations have been discussed in the light of the prevailing theories on the nature of peripheral sympathetic effect.

It was found that the simplest explanation would be to assume that the sympathetic nerve activity leads to a peripheral liberation of adrenaline. The phenomena observed under ergotamine may, however, be equally well understood by assuming that the constrictor excitation is mediated by sympathin E. In such case we may assume that the vasodilation produced by direct stimulation of the splanchnic nerve is due either to the action of antidromic afferent impulses or to the liberation of sympathin I in fibres running to the intestinal walls, or to a combination of both these influences. Thus even in this scheme the supposition of specific sympathetic vaso‐dilator fibres in the splanchnic nerve of the cat does not seem to be necessary.
On the Effect of Some Pigments and Redox Systems on the Respiration of Animal Tissue
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Certain naphthoquinones, phenazine derivatives and anthocyans have been subjected to respiration experiments with the BARCROFT‐WARBURG technique, using kidney, liver and testis tissue and yeast cells. Some of the results can be fitted into our present picture of these processes, but certain findings appear to be somewhat at variance with those of previous workers in this field.
Rate of Renewal of Ribo‐ and Desoxyribo Nucleic Acids
Authors: HAMMARSTEN E. , HEVESY. G.
Published: December 2008

Labelled sodium phosphate is administered to rats and after the lapse of 2 hours the specific activity of the ribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus and that of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus determined.

In the liver the specific activity of the ribo‐nucleic acid P is found to be 33 times larger than the specific activity of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid P. In the course of 2 hours about 0.1 and 3.3 per cent respectively of these compounds were found to be renewed.

In the intestine and in the spleen in which the specific activity of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid is found to be about 20 times larger than the corresponding value in the liver, the specific activity of the ribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus is only 2 to 3 times larger than the corresponding value of the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus.

The ribo‐and the desoxyribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus extracted from the total rat have a very similar specific activity to the corresponding phosphorus extracted from the intestine. In the total rat the difference in the rate of renewal of the two types of nucleic acid is not very pronounced. In a rat weighing 200 g approximately about 2 mg desoxyribo‐phosphorus and 3 mg ribo‐nucleic acid phosphorus are turned over in the course of 2 hours.
The Effect of Piperidine and Allied Substances on Mammalian Skeletal Muscle
Authors: ÖHNELL RICHARD F.
Published: December 2008

Piperidine in doses of 50 μg or more produces a short tetanus in the tibialis anterior of the cat, when applied ad modum BROWN (1938), i. e., “close arterial injection”.

 The effect of subsequent maximal single twitches is either a transient potentiation or else inhibition (the latter sometimes reversible).

 The myogram of piperidine has a slower rise and fall than the corresponding acetylcholine curve.

 Denervated muscle is highly sensitive to piperidine. It causes contraction and, in larger doses, contracture.

 Injection of Locke's solution, plasma, or some other physiological solution may sometimes produce a short tetanus (“Injection effect”).

 Nicotine and coniine give contraction and subsequent inhibition of indirectly induced contractions.

 Spartein and arecoline give slight or no contraction, but distinct inhibition of indirectly induced contractions.
Effect of Minute Amounts of Barium on Cardiac Muscle
Authors: DEUTSCH ADAM , LUNDIN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Barium salts in minute amounts initiate automatic activity in the cardiac muscle, the threshold concentration being 0.3 · 10‐7 mol/ml. The automatic activity is preceded by a definite improvement in excitability. This effect is specific to Ba; Ca and Mg are inactive and for Sr, the threshold concentration is approximately fifty times higher than for Ba.

 Adenosine triphosphate has no effect on cardiac muscle in concentrations of 1.8–3.6 · 10‐6 mol/ml.

 Creatine phosphate in concentrations of 3.6–7.2 · 10‐6 mol/ml causes a decrease in the mechanical response of c. 50 per cent.

 Inorganic triphosphate, pyrophosphate and metaphosphate in concentrations of 3.6–7.2 · 10‐6 mol/ml cause a considerable reversible fall in contraction tension of cardiac muscle. Orthophosphate produces a slight decrease in the strength of contraction.

 Barium chloride in a concentration of 10‐7 mol/ml counteracts the effect of acetylcholine on the frogs ventricle in the Straub heart preparation.
A Simple Apparatus for Simultaneous Measurement of the Standard Metabolism and the Respiratory Quotient in Small Laboratory Animals, Supplemented with Investigations on Normal and Hypophysectomised Rats
Authors: CHRISTENSEN BØRGE GOTFRED
Published: December 2008

A description of a simple apparatus for simultaneous measurement of standard metabolism and the respiratory quotient are given. The work is supplemented with investigations on normal and hypophysectomized rats.

The values obtained were in good accord with earlier investigations, even though it has not been possible to demonstrate the rather considerable rise in the RQ after hypophysectomy which has been described by other authors.
The Determination of Melting Points in Human Fats
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN KNUT
Published: December 2008

The “melting point” of fats generally means the upper limit of the temperature range through which the melting of the fat takes place, or, when determined according to empirical methods, a point very near this.

When the melting point of human fats were determined according to the common methods the results were not reproducible.

Therefore the melting process was investigated by following the changes during the melting process in some samples of human fat. It was found that the difficulties in the determinations on human fats were due to the characteristic that even several degrees below the real clear point only a very small fraction of solids is present. A fat as e. g. coconut oil has 3 per cent solids at 0.3° C beiow the upper limit of the melting range. In a human fat the solid fraction of 3 per cent was present at 6° C below the upper limit of the melting range. This means that the viscosity of this fat is low, even at a considerable distance below the “clear point”. Therefore the empirical “constants” which are characterized by a certain low viscosity of the sample, viz. the softening point, the slipping point etc. are found far from the clear point and varying much with small variations in the external conditions.

When a sample of human fat to be used for melting point determination solidifies at 0° C heterogeneous crystals separate, which can produce large errors in the observed melting point. To avoid this the sample must be rapidly cooled down to an extremely low temperature (–70° C). In this way the fat solidifies as a microcrystalline mass which makes possible a relatively exact observation of the clear point. It was, by comparing with the dilatometric method, demonstrated that the clear point determined according to the author's procedure is really identical with the thermodynamically fixed upper limit of the melting range.

The tendency of the fats to form unstable modifications with low melting points is discussed. Further it is demonstrated that srom a thermodynamical point of view the melting point and the folidifying point are identical.
Melting Points of Human Fats as Related to their Location in the Body
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN KNUT
Published: December 2008

Melting point in human fats varied between 41° C and 0.5°C. The largest variations in the individual person was about 30° C.

The melting point of visceral fat was 30° C–35° C. In the more peripheric parts the melting points were lower. At the foot melting points of from 0° C–10° C were often found, in 11 out of 15 persons the melting point was below 10° C.

Measurements of the temperatures at men's feet show that low temperatures often occur. Since HENRIQUES experimentally demonstrated the connection between temperature and the melting point in subcutaneous fat, it can be supposed that the temperature at men's feet influence the melting point of the fat.

One single person was examined in whom the results were widely different from the others. He was a sea stoker, exposed to high temperatures in his daily work, and all the melting points observed in this man were extremely high.
The Effect of Hemorrhage and Shock on the Calibre of the Abdominal Vena Cava
Authors: SILFVERSKIÖLD B. P.
Published: December 2008

A severe loss of blood produces a great reduction in the width of the abdominal vena cava.

Likewise shock caused by squeezing the intestines is followed by a great diminution in the calibre of the abdominal cava.

In both cases the width reduction was produced by an active constriction.

The constriction was evidently not caused by a carotid sinus reflex.
The Volume Variations of the Large Central Blood Vessels
Authors: HOLMGREN BENGT , SILFVERSKIÖLD B. P.
Published: December 2008

The volume variations of the big central vessels (vena cava and aorta) and the heart were studied in animal experiments employing a roentgen method.

This central vascular area showed considerable width variations after severe hemorrhage and ether intoxication. The vena cava reactions could not be explained as being of an entirely passive nature.

There are reasons for ascribing a real blood depot function to the heart and the big vessels.
Further Observations on Dietary Gizzard Ulcer in Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK
Published: December 2008

The development of dietary gizzard ulcers in chicks is decreased by the omission of cod liver oil from the diet or by the incorporation of methyl arachidomate or methyl esters of the highly unsaturated fatty acids from phosphatides of beef adrenals in the diet. Incorporation of methyl esters from the highly unsaturated fatty acids from a fish oil such as Menhaden oil increases the tendency to ulceration.
Some Relations in Gastric Stimulation by Intravenous Injection of Histamine1
Authors: ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN
Published: December 2008

By a slow continuous, intravenous administration of histamine the gastric glands are stimulated, and the relations between the stimulation and secretion are discussed.
Pain Conduction in the Phrenic Nerve
Authors: GERNANDT B.
Published: December 2008

The application of noxious stimuli to the diaphragm (pinching, heat above 40° C, hypertonic NaCl‐solutions and acetic acid) produces in the phrenic nerve of the cat δ‐potentials whilst in the dog both δ‐ and C‐potentials appear.

Each inspiration produces a volley of rapidly conducted impulses in the phrenic nerve. These impulses are obviously produced by α‐ and β‐fibres. Large spikes are not produced by a noxious stimulus such as acetic acid applied on the abdominal surface of the diaphragm. It is thus concluded that pain is transmitted in the phrenic nerve of the animals investigated by δ‐ and C‐ fibres only.

Pacinian corpuscles have not been observed in the pericardium or in the pleura of the cat or the dog. The action potential records from the peripheral end of the phrenic nerve have not revealed the appearance of any spikes which could be regarded as arising from such corpuscles.
The Effect of Excitation on Nerve Permeability
Authors: EULER H. V. , EULER U. S. V. , HEVESY G.
Published: December 2008

The effect of stimulation on the amounts of phosphate, sodium, potassium and bromide taken up by the sciatic nerve of the cat was investigated with the aid of radioactive isotopes as indicators. Stimulation was effected by condensor shocks at a rate of 50 per see. giving maximal motor reactions.

In each case investigated, including the curarized animal, the stimulated nerve was found to take up more labelled ions than the resting nerve, the mean ratio of the uptakes being 1.55 ± 0.10.
The Regulation of Respiration during Muscular Work
Authors: EULER U. S. V. , LILJESTRAND G.
Published: December 2008

Moderate muscular work, induced by electrical stimulation of the hind‐legs in cats or dogs, gives rise to an increase in ventilation, which is not affected by section of the spinal cord or by extirpation of the sympathetic chains. Therefore, the effect on ventilation is not due to a reflex stimulation from the working muscles, as supposed by some investigators.

Elimination of the sinus and aortic mechanisms did not prevent the increase in ventilation during work, though it became some‐what diminished. It is concluded that the main effect on ventilation during muscular work is due to influences acting through the blood flow on the respiratory centre.
The Regulation of the Blood Pressure with Special Reference to Muscular Work
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LILJESTRAND G.
Published: December 2008

The effect of various gas mixtures and of muscular work has been studied on the blood pressure of cats and dogs in chloralose anaesthesia and in rabbits under urethane.

A gradual increase of the carbon dioxide content of inspired oxygen caused relatively slight changes in the blood pressure of the cat. After elimination of the sinus and aortic mechanisms a primary fall and a secondary rise of considerable magnitude ensued, the former due to peripheral vasodilatation and the latter due to central stimulation. Similar though less pronounced changes were sometimes observed also before the denervation.

The rise in blood pressure by chemoreflex action of oxygen want was increased after elimination of the baroreceptor mechanism by means of ergotamine. Denervation of the reflexogenic areas reversed the effect of oxygen lack in the cat.

Moderate muscular work, induced by electrical stimulation of the hind legs, caused little change in the blood pressure apart from an initial transitory fall. The same result was obtained after section of the spinal cord. In animals deprived of their sinus and aortic reflexes the blood pressure was greatly lowered during muscular work. A rise above the resting level was sometimes observed after the termination of work. This rise was accentuated or could be provoked by inhalation of gas mixtures rich in carbon dioxide and pcor in oxygen. It was eften considerable, when the sinus and depressor mechanisms had been eliminated.

It is concluded that the blood pressure during muscular work is maintained at an adequate level chiefly by the mediation of the baroreceptor reflex mechanism. In addition the blood pressure may be influenced by central actions secondary to carbon dioxide accumulation or deficient oxygen supply or both.