bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mode‐filtering analysis of space and time harmonic wave components of magnetic fields in rotating machinery
Authors: Miyata Kenji , Ide Kazumasa , Shima Kazuo
Published: April 2010

We propose a new method for analysis of the harmonic wave components of magnetic fields in rotating machinery. Using the magnetic permeability obtained by transient analysis of the nonlinear magnetic field, the harmonic wave components of the magnetic field are individually calculated in the spaces of both the rotor and stator subject to the boundary condition that the harmonic wave components obtained by the transient analysis are set on the sliding surface. Mode separation of the magnetic field will contribute to research on reducing harmful harmonic wave components for rotating machinery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 55–63, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20951
Moving pick‐up‐type contactless power transfer systems and their efficiency using series and parallel resonant capacitors
Authors: Kaneko Yasuyoshi , Matsushita Shinya , Oikawa Yasufumi , Abe Shigeru
Published: April 2010

The equivalent circuit, the efficiency, and the important characteristics of moving pick‐up type contactless power transfer systems are described. If the primary series capacitor and the secondary parallel capacitors are chosen correctly and the winding resistances are ignored, the equivalent circuit of the transformer with these capacitors becomes the same as an ideal transformer at the resonant frequency. This simple approximation helps to understand the phenomena occurring with load changes. Because the circuit analysis becomes simple, the approximate value of the power transfer efficiency can be derived. This paper describes the determination of the capacitor values, the derivation of the equivalent circuit and the efficiency, and test results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 47–54, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20970
Separate checkpoints regulate splenic plasma cell accumulation and IgG autoantibody production in Lyn‐deficient mice
Authors: Gutierrez Toni , Halcomb Kristina E. , Coughran Alanna J. , Li Quan‐Zhen , Satterthwaite Anne B.
Published: April 2010

Accumulation of plasma cells and autoantibodies against nuclear antigens characterize both human and murine lupus. Understanding how these processes are controlled may reveal novel therapeutic targets for this disease. Mice deficient in Lyn, a negative regulator of B and myeloid cell activity, develop lupus‐like autoimmune disease. Here, we show that lyn−/− mice exhibit increased splenic plasmablasts and plasma cells and produce IgM against a wide range of self‐antigens. Both events require Btk, a target of Lyn‐dependent inhibitory pathways. A Btk‐dependent increase in the expression of the plasma cell survival factor IL‐6 by lyn−/− splenic myeloid cells was also observed. Surprisingly, IL‐6 was not required for plasma cell accumulation or polyclonal IgM autoreactivity in lyn−/− mice. IL‐6 was, however, necessary for the production of IgG autoantibodies, which we show are focused towards a limited set of nucleic acid‐containing and glomerular autoantigens in lyn−/− mice. A similar uncoupling of plasma cell accumulation from IgG autoantibodies was seen in lyn+/− mice. Plasma cell accumulation and polyclonal IgM autoreactivity are therefore controlled separately from, and are insufficient for, the production of IgG against lupus‐associated autoantigens. Regulators of either of these two checkpoints may be attractive therapeutic targets for lupus.
Tumor‐infiltrating IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells support the progression of tumor by promoting angiogenesis
Authors: Wakita Daiko , Sumida Kentaro , Iwakura Yoichiro , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi , Ohkuri Takayuki , Chamoto Kenji , Kitamura Hidemitsu , Nishimura Takashi
Published: April 2010

Based on the evidence that IL‐17 is a key cytokine involved in various inflammatory diseases, we explored the critical role of IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells for tumor development in tumor‐bearing mouse model. IL‐17−/− mice exhibited a significant reduction of tumor growth, concomitantly with the decrease of vascular density at lesion area, indicating a pro‐tumor property of IL‐17. Among tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), γδ T cells were the major cellular source of IL‐17. Analysis of TCR repertoires in TIL‐γδ T cells showed that circulating γδ T cells, but not skin resident Vγ5+γδ T cells, produced IL‐17. Neutralizing antibodies against IL‐23, IL‐6, and TGF‐β, which were produced within the tumor microenvironment, inhibited the induction of IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells. IL‐17 production by tumor‐infiltrating γδ T cells was blocked by anti‐γδTCR or anti‐NKG2D antibodies, indicating that these ligands, expressed within the tumor microenvironment, are involved in γδ T‐cell activation. The IL‐17‐producing TIL‐γδ T cells exhibited reduced levels of perforin mRNA expression, but increased levels of COX‐2 mRNA expression. Together, our findings support the novel concept that IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells, generated in response to tumor microenvironment, act as tumor‐promoting cells by inducing angiogenesis.
Reversible Heterolytic Methane Activation of Metal‐Free Closed‐Shell Molecules: A Computational Proof‐of‐Principle Study
Authors: Lu Gang , Zhao Lili , Li Haixia , Huang Fang , Wang Zhi‐Xiang
Published: April 2010

Utilization of the acid/base effects simultaneously is one of the basic principles used by transition‐metal (TM) complexes to activate H–H/C–H σ bonds. In principle, the high reactivity of metal‐free FLPs (frustrated Lewis pairs) towards H2 can also be attributed to these effects. On the basis of our proposed integrated FLPs, we pushed the effects to a higher (if not a limit) level at which the extremely unreactive methane C–H σ bond can be activated by our designed metal‐free closed‐shell molecules. Three molecules (M3c, M4b, and M4c) among the reported have activation free energies (22.4, 20.0, and 20.2 kcal mol–1, respectively) comparable with (or less than) the 22.3 kcal mol–1 of a TM model complex that features a Ti=N double bond. The derivative of the TM model has been experimentally shown to be capable of activating methane. Moreover, some of the activation reactions are (or nearly) thermoneutral. For example, the methane activations of M3c, M4b, and M4c are exothermic by –1.9, –4.5, and –5.2 kcal mol–1 of free energies, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamics imply that the molecules could be further developed to realize catalytic methane activation. The electronic structure analyses reveal that, although our metal‐free molecules and the TM model complex share the same principle in activating the C–H bond, there are differences as to how they go about maintaining the effective active sites. The reported molecules could be the targets for experimental realizations. The strategy could be applied to the design of similar molecules to realize more general C–H bond activation of alkanes.
Grafting Organic n‐Semiconductors to Surfaces: (Perfluoro‐p‐terphenyl‐4‐yl)alkanethiols
Authors: Schüpbach Björn , Bolte Michael , Zharnikov Michael , Terfort Andreas
Published: April 2010

Perfluoroterphenyl, an organic n‐semiconductor, has been derivatized by short ω‐mercaptoalkyl chains to permit the formation of self‐assembled monolayers on semiconductor and coinage metal substrates. Because the perfluoroaryl rings are prone to nucleophilic attack, strategies for the introduction of the side chains had to be developed that avoid the use of any nucleophiles. Keeping this in mind, the respective derivatives with one, two, and three methylene groups in the alkyl linker could be obtained in good yields. The crystal structure of one of the intermediates, (perfluoroterphenyl‐4‐yl)methanol, exhibits a parallel arrangement of the molecules as well as a helical structure of the perfluoroterphenyl part, which is in contrast to the structure found for most nonfluorinated terphenyl derivatives. Using Au(111) as a test substrate, it could be demonstrated that all three thiols form dense monolayers with a pronounced odd–even effect governed by the parity of the number of methylene groups in the alkyl chain.
Matrix Isolation and IR Characterization of the Benzoyl and Benzoylperoxy Radicals
Authors: Mardyukov Artur , Sander Wolfram
Published: April 2010

The benzoyl radical1was synthesized in argon matrices by the thermal reaction of the phenyl radical2with CO. The IR spectrum with the C=O str. vibration at 1824.4 cm–1is in good agreement with DFT calculations. The formation of1is reversible and UV irradiation results in the cleavage back to2and CO. The benzoyl radical1can react with molecular oxygen in the matrix to produce the benzoylperoxy radical3. Radical3was also characterized by IR spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations.
Retraction: Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Tosylates and Mesylates in Water
Authors: Pschierer Jan , Plenio Herbert
Published: April 2010

The palladium complex (0.5 mol‐%) of a water‐soluble sulfonated fluorenylphosphane (cataCXium Fsulf) enables thefacile Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of various (heterocyclic) aryl tosylates and aryl mesylate with various (heterocyclic) boronic acids in excellent yields (> 95 %) using water as the reaction solvent.

Retraction: The following article from the European Journal of Organic Chemistry, “Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Tosylates and Mesylates in Water”, published online on April 15, 2010 in Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com, doi: 10.1002/ejoc.201000251) and in print (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 2934–2937), has been retracted by agreement between the corresponding author, the journal Editor, Dr. Haymo Ross, and Wiley‐VCH. The retraction has been agreed because several 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data listed in the manuscript are incorrect, and the original mass spectra cannot be located. Attempts to repeat the synthesis of several representative products under the conditions reported in this manuscript have failed.
Novel Alkylidenating Agents of Iron(III) Derivatives by Base‐Mediated α,μ‐Dehydrohalogenation and Their Chemical Trapping by Cycloaddition
Authors: Eisch John J. , Sohn Jane U. , Rabinowitz Edon J.
Published: April 2010

Studies of the reactions between group 4 metal chlorides (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and methyllithium at –78 °C in toluene can lead to methylidene–metal complexes, H2C=MCl2, by a sequence of monomethylation, α‐carbon lithiation and α,μ‐elimination of LiCl. Here study of the preparation of alkylidene derivatives of iron was attempted by the interaction of FeCl3 with n‐butyllithium in various ratios at –78 °C. The presence of any resulting butylidene–iron(III) derivative, nPrCH=FeE (E = Cl, nBu), was probed by adding chemical trapping agents, such as diphenylacetylene, benzonitrile, methyl benzoate and benzophenone. In each experiment the hydrolyzed products were consistent with a cycloaddition reaction of nPrCH=FeE with the trapping agent. The products from diphenylacetylene and from benzonitrile with D2O workup are uniquely in accord with such a carbene precursor. A 3:1 ratio of nBuLi/FeCl3 gave the optimal yield of nPrCH=FenBu, ca. 80 %, from the nBu2FeCl precursor. When a 3:1 reaction mixture was simply brought to 25 °C and hydrolyzed, the purple alkylidene–iron complex decomposed completely to iron metal. A study of a 3:1 interaction of PhCH2MgCl and FeCl3 under similar conditions and trapping with diphenylacetylene provided evidence for the formation of PhCH=Fe–CH2Ph in ca. 40 %. These results support the hope that alkylidene–iron(III) analogs of the Grubbs reagents may be accessible by this process.
Role of homologous recombination in DNA interstrand crosslink repair
Authors: Hinz John M.
Published: April 2010

Homologous recombination repair (HRR) encompasses mechanisms that employ homologous DNA sequences as templates for repair or tolerance of a wide range of DNA lesions that inhibit DNA replication in S phase. Arguably the most imposing of these DNA lesions is that of the interstrand crosslink (ICL), consisting of a covalently attached chemical bridge between opposing DNA strands. ICL repair requires the coordinated activities of HRR and a number of proteins from other DNA repair and damage response systems, including nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, and translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). Interestingly, different organisms favor alternative methods of HRR in the ICL repair process. E. coli perform ICL repair using a homology‐driven damage bypass mechanism analogous to daughter strand gap repair. Eukaryotes from yeast to humans initiate ICL repair primarily during DNA replication, relying on HRR activity to restart broken replication forks associated with double‐strand break intermediates induced by nucleolytic activities of other excision repair factors. Higher eukaryotes also employ several additional factors, including members of the Fanconi anemia damage‐response network, which further promote replication‐associated ICL repair through the activation and coordination of various DNA excision repair, TLS, and HRR proteins. This review focuses on the proteins and general mechanisms of HRR associated with ICL repair in different model organisms. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Petrographical, structural, and mechanical analysis of armorican phtanites: A key raw material for the Mesolithic in Western France
Authors: Tsobgou A.R. , Dabard M.‐P.
Published: April 2010

Over the last ninety years or so, archaeological field work on outcrops of raw materials in western France has allowed researchers to identify the use of a large number of deformed rock types in lithic industries. These materials include Armorican phtanites, which are cherts that were widely exploited during the Mesolithic, principally during its final phase (5500–5000 yrs cal. B.C.). Because of variations in the mineralogical composition and physical properties of phtanites, different mechanical properties are exhibited by samples from the four main geological formations containing this rock type in the Armorican Massif of western France. These geological and mechanical parameters influenced the quantity of rock used and the knapping methods employed. They also influenced the tool types produced and their transfer, as recorded in archaeological sequences. The types of raw materials used are also controlled by the distance to sources of coastal flint pebbles or other autochthonous siliceous rocks. Therefore, the role of raw material properties in the creation and persistence of techno‐cultural or economic characteristics is different for each type of phtanite and yields fundamental information on the interaction of society with the geological environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A systematic review of ethnicity and pathways to care in dementia
Authors: Mukadam Naaheed , Cooper Claudia , Livingston Gill
Published: April 2010

Objective

To explore why people from minority ethnic (ME) groups with dementia present later to specialist diagnostic and therapeutic dementia services. We systematically reviewed the literature exploring how and why ME people with dementia present to specialist services.

Method

We included qualitative and quantitative studies that explored pathways to dementia specialist care in ME groups or determinants of whether ME people with dementia accessed specialist services. Included studies were independently evaluated for quality by two authors.

Results

We found 3 quantitative and 10 qualitative papers meeting our inclusion criteria. Barriers to accessing specialist help for dementia included: not conceptualising dementia as an illness; believing dementia was a normal consequence of ageing; thinking dementia had spiritual, psychological, physical health or social causes; feeling that caring for the person with dementia was a personal or family responsibility; experiences of shame and stigma within the community; believing there was nothing that could be done to help; and negative experiences of healthcare services. Recognition of dementia as an illness and knowledge about dementia facilitated accessing help.

Conclusions

There are significant barriers to help seeking for dementia in ME groups. These may explain why people from ME groups often presented to therapeutic and diagnostic services at a late stage in their illness. Further study is needed to elucidate the role that ethnicity and culture play in the help‐seeking pathway for dementia, and to design and test interventions to improve equity of access to healthcare services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cognitive profile and CSF biomarkers in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia
Authors: Andersson M. , Zetterberg H. , Minthon L. , Blennow K. , Londos E.
Published: April 2010

Objective

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) may be viewed as different points on a continuum reflecting the regional burden and distribution of pathology. An important clinical consideration is overlapping Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, since it has been reported that associated AD pathology in DLB shortens survival and leads to a more rapid cognitive decline. We aimed to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and the associated cognitive profile in DLB and PDD.

Methods

Clinically diagnosed DLB (n = 47) and PDD (n = 17) patients from a clinical follow‐up programme were investigated. All performed mini mental state examination (MMSE) and went through lumbar puncture at baseline. CSF concentrations of total τ (T‐τ), τ phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P‐τ181) and the 42 amino acid isoform of amyloid β, Aβ42 were determined.

Results

We found significant differences in T‐τ and Aβ42, with a higher level of T‐τ and a lower level of Aβ42 in DLB compared to PDD. The combination of T‐τ with Aβ42 showed better discrimination between DLB and PDD than either of the measures alone. In DLB, a CSF profile more like the one seen in AD was significantly correlated with worse performance on the orientation and memory of the MMSE.

Conclusion

The correlation suggests a possible link between a higher degree of AD pathology and a profile of more temporal disabilities on cognitive tests in DLB. This might aid in identifying a subgroup of patients with a greater burden of AD pathology in a clinical setting and could have important implications for prognosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Syndromes and Consequences of Antiretroviral-Related Hepatotoxicity5, 1, 3
Authors: Núñez Marina
Published: April 2010

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-related hepatotoxicity complicates the management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), increases medical costs, alters the prescription patterns, and affects the guideline recommendations. Among the clinical consequences derived from HAART-related liver toxicity, hypersensitivity reactions and lactic acidosis are recognized as acute events with potential to evolve into fatal cases, whereas there seems to be other syndromes not as well characterized but of equal concern as possible long-term liver complications. Belonging to the latter category of syndrome, HAART-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia are discussed in this review. Updated information on liver toxicity of current antiretroviral drugs, including the most recently licensed, is provided. Management and prevention of liver toxicity among HIV-infected patients treated with HAART are reviewed as well.
Four New Terpenoids from Xylaria sp. 101
Authors: Li Yao‐Yao , Hu Zhi‐Yu , Lu Chun‐Hua , Shen Yue‐Mao
Published: April 2010

One new diterpenoid, xylarenolide (1), and three new sesquiterpenoids, xylaranol A (2), xylaranol B (3), and xylaranic acid (4), were obtained from the fungal strain Xylaria sp. 101, which was isolated from the fruiting body of Xylaria sp. collected in Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan Province. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments, and by HR‐Q‐TOF mass spectrometry. Their antimicrobial activities were evaluated.
Oncogenesis and classification of mixed‐type liposarcoma: A radiological, histopathological and molecular biological analysis
Authors: de Vreeze Ronald S.A. , de Jong Daphne , Koops Wim , Nederlof Petra M. , Ariaens Aafke , Haas Rick L. , van Coevorden Frits
Published: April 2010

Liposarcomas are separated into clinicopathological entities with a characteristic morphological spectrum and mutually exclusive genetic alterations. Therefore, the rare occurrence of cases with combined patterns of well‐differentiated liposarcoma and myxoid liposarcoma designated as mixed‐type liposarcoma pose a conceptual problem. Moreover, this feature may have consequences for treatment choice and prognosis. Here, we have dissected the molecular relation of tumor components in cases of mixed‐type liposarcoma. On the basis of heterogeneous preoperative magnetic resonance image (MRI) features, eight cases of mixed‐type liposarcoma were selected. Preoperative biopsy samples and resection specimens were analyzed including molecular and immunohistochemical analysis on all components. As controls, cases with homogeneous MRI features and uniform aspects of myxoid liposarcoma (n = 5), round cell liposarcoma (n = 5) and well‐differentiated liposarcoma (n = 5) were studied. All patients with heterogeneous MRI features showed morphological components of myxoid liposarcoma and well‐differentiated liposarcoma. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed FUS‐DDIT3 fusion in both components in five of eight cases in the absence (zero of five) of MDM2 and CDK4 amplification. In three of eight patients, MDM2 and/or CDK4 were overexpressed, and amplification was shown by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in the absence of myxoid liposarcoma translocations. All control patients showed a molecular pattern consistent with their morphological features. Therefore, mixed‐type liposarcomas should not be regarded as collision tumors, but as an extreme variant of the morphological spectrum within a single biological entity, explaining the biological contradiction of mixed‐type liposarcoma. For treatment stratification, detailed classification including molecular support should be performed in tumors with heterogeneous MRI features.
The untranslated side of hair and skin mammalian pigmentation: Beyond coding sequences
Authors: Rouzaud Francois , Oulmouden Ahmad , Kos Lidia
Published: April 2010

Holstein (A), Limousine (B) and Charolaise (C) bovines showing the characteristic pigmentation pattern. See The Untranslated Side of Hair and Skin Mammalian Pigmentation: Beyond Coding Sequences by Francois Rouzaud, Ahmad Oulmouden, and Lidia Kos, pp. 340–346.
Effect of macromer weight percent on neural cell growth in 2D and 3D nondegradable PEG hydrogel culture
Authors: Lampe Kyle J. , Mooney Rachael G. , Bjugstad Kimberly B. , Mahoney Melissa J.
Published: April 2010

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are a renewable cell source that may be useful for neural cell transplant therapies. Their expansion and differentiation potential have traditionally been explored by culturing them on stiff tissue culture polystyrene. Here we describe advantages of an alternative culture system: bio‐inert poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Specifically this work reports the effect that macromer weight percent has on the metabolic and apoptotic activity, proliferation, and cellular composition of a mixed population of neurons and multipotent NPCs grown both on 2D and within 3D PEG hydrogels. In 2D culture, hydrogel properties did not affect metabolic or apoptotic activity but did impact cell proliferation and composition leading to an increase in glial cell reactivity as stiffness increased. In 3D culture, low weight percent hydrogels led to greater metabolic activity and lower apoptotic activity with significant proliferation observed only in hydrogels that closely matched the stiffness of native brain tissue. PEG hydrogels therefore provide a versatile in vitro culture system that can be used to culture and expand a variety of neural and glial cell types simply by altering the material properties of the hydrogel. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Influence of the PNA on declining mountain snowpack in the Western United States
Authors: Abatzoglou John T.
Published: April 2010

The widespread decrease in mountain snowpack across the Western United States is a hallmark indicator of regional climate change. Observed decreases in snowpack across lower‐elevation watersheds are broadly consistent with model predictions of anthropogenic climate change; however, the magnitude of the decreases across much of the Cascades, Northern Rockies and Sierra Nevada has exceeded predictions based solely on late 20th century anthropogenic warming. To resolve the disparity between observations and predictions, the influence of intramonthly variability associated with the Pacific‐North American (PNA) pattern on both the percent of precipitation falling as snow and a proxy for snowmelt during late winter is examined. The PNA is shown to have a significant influence on the elevation of the freezing level across the Western United States, with positive values of the PNA generally associated with anomalously high freezing levels. The positive tendency of the PNA during late winter over the last half‐century has contributed to regional increases in the elevation of the freezing level, decreases in the percent of precipitation falling as snow, and increases in snowmelt across montane and sub‐montane regions. This change in atmospheric circulation accelerated the decline in mountain snowpack predicted by anthropogenic forcing. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The South American Monsoon System and the 1970s climate transition
Authors: Carvalho Leila M. V. , Jones Charles , Silva Ana E. , Liebmann Brant , Silva Dias Pedro L.
Published: April 2010

The South American Monsoon System (SAMS) is characterised by intense convective activity and precipitation during austral summer. This study investigates changes in the onset, demise and duration of SAMS during 1948–2008. The results show a significant change in these characteristics in the early 1970s. Onset becomes steadily earlier from 1948 to early 1970s and has occurred earlier than 23–27 October after 1972–1973. Demise dates have remained later than 21–25 April after the mid‐to‐late 1970s. SAMS duration shows a statistical changepoint in the summer of 1971–1972 such that the mean duration was ∼170 days (1948–1972) and 195 days (1972–1982). Vertically integrated moisture flux is used to diagnose changes in mean state and reveal statistically significant increases over South America after 1971–1972. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Estimation of the probable maximum precipitation in Barcelona (Spain)
Authors: Casas M Carmen , Rodríguez Raül , Prohom Marc , Gázquez Antonio , Redaño Angel
Published: April 2010

The main objective of this study is to estimate the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) in Barcelona for durations ranging from 5 min to 30 h. To this end, rain records from the Jardí gauge of the Fabra Observatory located in Barcelona (1927–1992) and the urban pluviometric network supported by Clavegueram de Barcelona, S.A. (CLABSA, 1994–2007) were analysed. Two different techniques were used and compared: a physical method based on the maximization of actual storms, and the Hershfield' statistical method. The PMP values obtained using the two techniques are very similar. In both cases, the expected increasing behaviour of the PMP with duration was found, with the increase especially notable for the mesoscale durations 2–9 h, and not significant from 12 h on up. This result seems to be related to the scale of the meteorological situations producing high intense rainfall amounts over our territory. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Long‐lasting impact of biowaste‐compost application in agriculture on soil‐quality parameters in three different crop‐rotation systems
Authors: Emmerling Christoph , Udelhoven Thomas , Schneider Raimund
Published: April 2010

Soil‐quality parameters, such as soil organic matter (SOM) and plant‐available nutrient contents, microbial properties, aggregate stability, and the amounts of heavy metals were carried out in arable soils of different rotation schedules applied with a total of 50 Mg dry mass ha–1 biowaste compost relative to an untreated control. This was investigated during a 10 y period from 1994 to 2004. Overall, soil‐quality parameters studied appeared to be promoted by biowaste‐compost application. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase of SOM and total N content of ≈ 15%–20% relative to the control. Subsequently, amounts of soil microbial biomass and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased as well. In addition, biowaste‐compost application revealed an increase of plant‐available P and K contents and aggregate stability in soil. There was, however, no treatment effect for net N‐mineralization rates. Moreover, in soils of maize and sugar beet rotation schedule a slight decrease was found. Heavy‐metal contents of Pb and Zn were significantly increased in all compost‐treated soils, whereas no significant increase of Cd and Cu contents was measured. However, the investigated amounts were far below of the limits of the German Biowaste Ordinance. It is finally recommended, that biowaste compost may sustain and improve soil quality in agriculture when N nutrition will be considered.
Russian avant‐garde… or not? A micro‐Raman spectroscopy study of six paintings attributed to Liubov Popova
Authors: Saverwyns Steven
Published: April 2010

Russian avant‐garde is an artistic trend that flourished in Russia from approximately 1900 to 1935. Many artists of the Russian avant‐garde—Malevich, Kandinsky, Rodchenko, Popova—became world‐famous figures. With the onset of Perestroika, Russian avant‐garde art became very popular in the West. The demand was high, prices zoomed and soon the market was flooded by forgeries. A full authentication study of a work of art, including the opinion of an expert, tracing back the provenance of the object and technical analyses, is a labour‐intensive and time‐consuming task normally reserved only for expensive masterpieces. Yet they are not the only ones to be forged. Clearly, an approach is necessary that can quickly and at a relatively low cost distinguish a copy from an original. Raman spectroscopy was evaluated as a tool for identifying pigments of chronological inconsistency (pigment anachronisms) by analysing six paintings attributed to Liubov Popova, one of the most prominent figures of the Russian avant‐garde. The high spatial resolution, the pronounced sensitivity towards synthetic organic pigments and the negligible contribution of the binding media added to the successful identification of the pigments in tiny paint chips taken from the six paintings. Based on the results of especially the synthetic organic pigments identified, the Terminus post quem date could be given, the earliest point in time when the paintings could have been made. Composite spectra, to which several inorganic and/or synthetic organic pigments contribute, could be unravelled making use of dedicated digital libraries. These anachronism studies allowed us to conclude that none of the works could be attributed to Liubov Popova. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and characterisation of an oxygen, acid and bile resistant Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Qq08
Authors: Li Qingqing , Chen Qihe , Ruan Hui , Zhu Dongsheng , He Guoqing
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND: Currently, bifidobacteria are recognised as one of the most important bacteria used as probiotics, which promote human health. However, their commercial application has been limited by their anaerobic nature. The purpose of this study was to select an oxygen, acid and bile resistant strain of bifidobacterium for use as a new probiotic.

RESULTS: A total of 10 strains of bifidobacteria from different sources were analysed for their relative bacterial growth ratio (RBGR) in different oxygen concentrations. Three strains with high RBGR values were selected and their survival rates in acid environment and bile salt conditions were investigated in vitro. One strain showed high tolerance to low pH, giving a survival rate of 84% at pH 2 after 4 h incubation, and high tolerance to bile, more than 90% after 4.5 h incubation at 0.01 g mL−1 bile concentration. This strain was identified as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Qq08 based on polyphasic taxonomy approaches, such as phenotype analysis and 16S rRNA and 16S to 23S internally transcribed spacer sequence analyses.

CONCLUSION: We isolated an aerotolerant bifidobacterium and identified it as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Qq08. This strain has characteristics more favourable than the commercial probiotic strain, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Colonial tourism in Victoria, Australia, in the 1840s: George Augustus Robinson as a nascent tourist
Authors: Clark Ian D.
Published: April 2010

Using the private journals of George Augustus Robinson as a lens, this paper is concerned with generating insights into the emergence of tourism in colonial Victoria, during what Towner calls its ‘tourism era of discovery’. Robinson was the Chief Protector of Aborigines and is generally regarded as the most travelled man in Victoria in the 1840s. Robinson was reconstructed as a ‘nascent tourist’ whose gaze was mediated by British conventions of the picturesque and panoramic, confirming that new world tourism in Australia in the nineteenth century is rendered in old world paradigms. The role played by private landholders in creating ‘nascent private tourism’ and the nexus between explorers, travellers and tourists were also highlighted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Groomed spaces on Jeju Island: A typology of photographic representations for tourism
Authors: Hunter William Cannon
Published: April 2010

Jeju Island is a major domestic tourism destination in South Korea and is an increasingly significant international tourism destination, especially for the Japanese and Chinese markets. The Jeju provincial government strongly supports the tourism industry and has, along with the Korean central government, invested heavily in the construction of tourism infrastructure and tourism promotion. There is an abundance of printed literature available to tourists, in the form of brochures and guidebooks, during their stay in Jeju Island. In this study, the types of photographic representations found in that media is identified using a previously developed typology of four ‘spaces’ and four ‘subjects’. Content analysis of a proportional sample of 4115 pages in 225 tourist guidebooks and brochures determined the frequencies of certain ‘types’ of photographs. Further interpretive analysis probes the intentions behind the imagery, if any exist, towards the representational construction of this island's destination image as it appears to the tourist reader. Theoretical issues related to destination image and its representations are explored in light of the findings and implications for tourism policy and management are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Debating land degradation: Strategy development for Bolivian mountain valleys
Authors: Kessler A. , Stroosnijder L.
Published: April 2010

A debate on response strategies to rural poverty and land degradation has relevance for the core business of this journal. Based on extensive fieldwork in the mountain valleys of Chuquisaca, Bolivia, this paper discusses farming and migration in the region, and elaborates on the required components of a strategy to tackle land degradation. We argue that collective action at the micro–meso level is essential to lay the foundation for development activities and to reduce survival‐driven migration rates. In order to actually change farmers into adaptive co‐managers of their natural resources it is also necessary to create enabling conditions at meso‐macro level. However, given the current context in Bolivia, the prospects for reducing land degradation are not good. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects For Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Hepatic Disease
Authors: Stutchfield Benjamin M. , Forbes Stuart J. , Wigmore Stephen J.
Published: April 2010

Stem cell therapy has the potential to provide a valuable adjunct to the management of hepatic disease. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a range of endogenous repair processes that can be exploited through stem cell therapy. Initial translational studies have been encouraging and have suggested improved liver function in advanced chronic liver disease and enhanced liver regeneration after portal vein embolization. This article reviews the potential for stem cell therapies to enhance hepatic regeneration in acute and chronic hepatic disease and is based on a MEDLINE and PubMed search for English language articles investigating mechanisms of hepatic regeneration and delivery of cell therapies. Two main mechanisms of potential stem cell therapy delivery have emerged: (1) a direct contribution to the functional hepatocyte population with embryonic, induced pluripotent, or adult stem cells and (2) the promotion of endogenous regenerative processes with bone marrow–derived stem cells. Bioartificial hepatic support systems may be proven to be an effective method of using ex vivo differentiated hepatocytes and be indicated as a bridging therapy to definitive surgery in acute liver failure. The administration of bone marrow–derived stem cells may enhance liver regeneration in chronic liver disease after portal vein embolization and could facilitate regeneration after partial hepatic resection. Ultimately, the most appropriate hepatic disease targets for stem cell therapies will become apparent as mechanisms of stem involvement in hepatic regeneration are further elucidated. Liver Transpl 16:827–836, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Eupafolin, a flavonoid isolated from Artemisia princeps, induced apoptosis in human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells
Authors: Chung Kyung‐Sook , Choi Jung‐Hye , Back Nam‐In , Choi Myung‐Sook , Kang Eun‐Kyung , Chung Hae‐Gon , Jeong Tae‐Sook , Lee Kyung‐Tae
Published: April 2010

Although eupafolin, a flavone found in Artemisia princeps Pampanini, has been shown to inhibit the growth of several human cancer cells, its mode of action is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the pro‐apoptotic activities of eupafolin in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. It was found that eupafolin induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and the accumulation of positive cells for annexin V. In addition, eupafolin triggered the activations of caspases‐3, ‐6, ‐7, ‐8, and ‐9 and the cleavages of their substrates, such as, poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase and lamin A/C. Furthermore, treatment with eupafolin resulted in a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and altered the expression levels of B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) family proteins. Interestingly, caspase‐8, an initiator caspase, was activated after the loss of ΔΨm and the activations of caspases‐3 and ‐9. Moreover, treatment with z‐DEVD‐fmk (a specific caspase‐3 inhibitor) and the overexpression of Bcl‐2 prevented eupafolin‐stimulated caspase‐8 activation. Altogether, these results suggest that the eupafolin‐induced apoptosis in HeLa cells is mediated by caspase‐dependent pathways, involving caspases‐3, ‐9, and ‐8, which are initiated by the Bcl‐2‐dependent loss of ΔΨm.
Glucuronidation of zearalenone, zeranol and four metabolitesin vitro: Formation of glucuronides by various microsomes and human UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase isoforms
Authors: Pfeiffer Erika , Hildebrand Andreas , Mikula Hannes , Metzler Manfred
Published: April 2010

Glucuronidation constitutes an important pathway in the phase II metabolism of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) and the growth promotor α‐zearalanol (α‐ZAL, zeranol), but the enzymology of their formation is yet unknown. In the present study, ZEN, α‐ZAL and four of their major phase I metabolites were glucuronidatedin vitrousing hepatic microsomes from steer, pig, rat and human, intestinal microsomes from humans, and eleven recombinant human UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). After assigning chemical structures to the various glucuronides by using previously published information, the enzymatic activities of the various microsomes and UGT isoforms were determined together with the patterns of glucuronides generated. All six compounds were good substrates for all microsomes studied. With very few exceptions, glucuronidation occurred preferentially at the sterically unhindered phenolic 14‐hydroxyl group. UGT1A1, 1A3 and 1A8 had the highest activities and gave rise to the phenolic glucuronide, whereas glucuronidation of the aliphatic hydroxyl group was mostly mediated by UGT2B7 with low activity. Based on thesein vitrodata, ZEN, α‐ZAL and their metabolites must be expected to be readily glucuronidated both in the liver and intestine as well as in other extrahepatic organs of humans and various animal species.
Topographical distribution of motor fascicles in the sciatic‐tibial nerve of the rat
Authors: Badia Jordi , Pascual‐Font Arán , Vivó Meritxell , Udina Esther , Navarro Xavier
Published: April 2010

Knowledge of the intraneural topography of peripheral nerves may help to improve nerve repair after injuries and the selectivity of neural interfaces. We studied the fascicular pattern of motor fibers of the rat sciatic–tibial nerve. We carried out an anatomical dissection of the muscular tributaries of the tibial nerve in the leg. Immunohistochemistry against choline acetyltransferase was used to identify motor axons. Retrograde tracing allowed localization of the muscular fascicles at proximal levels of the sciatic trunk. The distribution of motor fibers in transverse section of the tibial nerve is not homogeneous; two clusters were identified, each one containing fibers of functionally related muscles. Retrograde tracing allowed for the identification of motor fascicles, each one well localized along the sciatic nerve. In the rat there is a somatotopic organization of the sciatic nerve, with muscular fascicles maintaining the same relative position along the entire nerve. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Eliminating false‐positive results in serum tests for neuromuscular autoimmunity
Authors: Apiwattanakul Metha , Mckeon Andrew , Pittock Sean J. , Kryzer Thomas J. , Lennon Vanda A.
Published: April 2010

In this study we describe the false‐positive frequency in radioimmunoprecipitation assays for muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and neuronal voltage‐gated potassium channel (VGKC) autoantibodies, attributable to 125I‐ligand immunoprecipitation. Sera were evaluated for AChR autoantibody (n = 34,095) and VGKC autoantibody (n = 11,028). We retested sera that yielded apparently positive results with 1251‐ligand with and without detergent‐solubilized cation‐channel protein, indentified clinically validated fals‐positive rates of 0.05% and 1.7% for AchR and VGKC autoantibodies, respectively. Specificity assurance in radioimmunoprecipitation assays requires subtraction of values for 125I‐ligand binding. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Mechanical and thermal properties of attapulgite clay reinforced polymethylmethacrylate nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Feng , Lou Di , Yang Jintao , Zhong Mingqiang
Published: April 2010

To investigate the dispersion and nanofillers' interaction of rod‐like silicates (attapulgite, ATT) in the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix, a novel in situ modification of ATT by toluene‐2,4‐di‐isocyanate (TDI) using mechanical mixing was exploited, which resulted in homogeneous dispersion and rod‐like texture of ATT nanorods. As a consequence, organo‐modified ATT/PMMA nanocomposites were prepared, which provided prominent improvements in strength, toughness, and thermal stability. High grafting efficiency of TDI on ATT surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra and SEM observations. The uniform dispersion of in situ TDI modified ATT nanorods in the PMMA which was clearly visible in the TEM micrographs, influenced the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites. The fibrous nanoparticles significantly confined the segmental motion, causing a 13.20°C increase in the glass transition temperature of 2 wt% in situ TDI modified ATT/PMMA nanocomposites. But at higher loadings little or no differences were observed for the reinforcement benefits provided by the in situ TDI modified ATT clay. By comparison, pre‐treated ATT clay severely fractured during mechanical mixing and showed little reinforcement benefits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Von Willebrand factor and thrombin activation in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An impact of peripheral blasts
Authors: Athale Uma , Moghrabi Albert , Nayiager Trishana , Delva Yves‐Line , Thabane Lehana , Chan Anthony K.C.
Published: April 2010

Background

The pathogenesis and the impact of therapy on thrombin activation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are unknown. Steroids may contribute to ALL‐associated thrombosis. We explored the hemostatic effects of methylprednisolone monotherapy (MpMT) (32 mg/m2/day IV × 3 days) in children with newly diagnosed ALL.

Methods

Children (>1 to ≤18 years of age) enrolled on DFCI ALL05‐01 protocol (n = 30; mean age 6.3 years), without prior steroid therapy, were eligible for study. Overnight fasting pre‐ and post‐MpMT samples were analyzed for coagulation factors [FVIII:C, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) and fibrinogen] and parameters of thrombin generation [prothrombin fragments 1.2 (F1.2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), and D‐dimer].

Results

At diagnosis F1.2 (1.5 nmol/L), TAT (10.9 µg/L), and D‐dimers (2,766 ng/ml) levels were increased indicating endogenous thrombin activation. Patients with peripheral blasts (n = 17) had higher levels of vWF:Ag (1.89 vs. 1.14 P = 0.001), TAT (15.39 vs. 5.02 P = 0.038), and D‐dimer (3,640 vs. 1,623 P = 0.019) compared to those without peripheral blasts. Following MpMT the blast count decreased significantly from 24% to 3.5% (P < 0.001) with reduction in level of vWF:Ag (1.5, P < 0.01), TAT (8.9, P = 0.42), and D‐dimer (P = 0.018) despite 30% increase in FVIII:C levels (P = 0.005). However, patients without peripheral blasts had no significant change in vWF:Ag levels (1.14 vs. 1.25; P = 0.142) and had an increase in thrombin generation parameters.

Conclusions

We postulate that peripheral blasts through endothelial activation stimulate vWF:Ag production/secretion causing coagulation activation. Methylprednisolone therapy reduces the blast count and indirectly suppresses the coagulation activation. Future studies are required to confirm these findings. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:963–969 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.