bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel Activin and BMP signaling coordinates R7/R8 photoreceptor subtype pairing in the stochastic Drosophila retina
Authors: Wells Brent S , Pistillo Daniela , Barnhart Erin , Desplan Claude
Published: August 2017

Drosophila color vision is achieved by comparing outputs from two types of color-sensitive photoreceptors, R7 and R8. Ommatidia (unit eyes) are classified into two subtypes, known as ‘pale’ or ‘yellow’, depending on Rhodopsin expression in R7 and R8. Subtype specification is controlled by a stochastic decision in R7 and instructed to the underlying R8. We find that the Activin receptor Baboon is required in R8 to receive non-redundant signaling from the three Activin ligands, activating the transcription factor dSmad2. Concomitantly, two BMP ligands activate their receptor, Thickveins, and the transcriptional effector, Mad. The Amon TGFβ processing factor appears to regulate components of the TGFβ pathway specifically in pale R7. Mad and dSmad2 cooperate to modulate the Hippo pathway kinase Warts and the growth regulator Melted; two opposing factors of a bi-stable loop regulating R8 Rhodopsin expression. Therefore, TGFβ and growth pathways interact in postmitotic cells to precisely coordinate cell-specific output.
High mTOR activity is a hallmark of reactive natural killer cells and amplifies early signaling through activating receptors
Authors: Marçais Antoine , Marotel Marie , Degouve Sophie , Koenig Alice , Fauteux-Daniel Sébastien , Drouillard Annabelle , Schlums Heinrich , Viel Sébastien , Besson Laurie , Allatif Omran , Bléry Mathieu , Vivier Eric , Bryceson Yenan , Thaunat Olivier , Walzer Thierry
Published: August 2017

NK cell education is the process through which chronic engagement of inhibitory NK cell receptors by self MHC-I molecules preserves cellular responsiveness. The molecular mechanisms responsible for NK cell education remain unclear. Here, we show that mouse NK cell education is associated with a higher basal activity of the mTOR/Akt pathway, commensurate to the number of educating receptors. This higher activity was dependent on the SHP-1 phosphatase and essential for the improved responsiveness of reactive NK cells. Upon stimulation, the mTOR/Akt pathway amplified signaling through activating NK cell receptors by enhancing calcium flux and LFA-1 integrin activation. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR resulted in a proportional decrease in NK cell reactivity. Reciprocally, acute cytokine stimulation restored reactivity of hyporesponsive NK cells through mTOR activation. These results demonstrate that mTOR acts as a molecular rheostat of NK cell reactivity controlled by educating receptors and uncover how cytokine stimulation overcomes NK cell education.
Reflexões sobre Negras (in)confidências: Bullying não. Isto é Racismo.
Authors: Oliveira Maria José Santos
Published: August 2017

“Negras (in)confidências: Bullying, não. Isto é racismo” é um livro organizado por Benilda Brito e Valdecir Nascimento, no contexto dos 10 anos da Lei nº 10.639/03, publicado pela Mazza Edições no final de 2013, composto por 21 relatos de mulheres negras que vivenciaram o racismo no ensino fundamental e sobre suas estratégias de sobrevivência ao racismo. Traz a diferenciação entre racismo e bullying; histórias reais de sofrimentos e humilhções, de estratégias para sobreviver às violências sofridas no passado, que teimam em persegui-las durante a vida.
Vida Errante?
Authors: Teixeira Rodilon , Cavedon Neusa Rolita
Published: August 2017

Através do imagético, buscamos revelar aspectos da cultura organizacional de um albergue noturno, localizado na cidade de Porto Alegre, o qual tem nos pressupostos da doutrina Espírita de Alan Kardec a sua base de atuação. Todavia, a noção societária que qualifica a população em situação de rua como “desviantes” não está ausente nos procedimentos adotados com vistas à reinserção dessas pessoas dentro daquilo que é considerado como “adequado” aos padrões organizacionais/societários vigentes. Aqueles que procuram o local para pernoite devem observância a determinadas normas, dentre elas destacamos: a guarda dos pertences em um nicho de armário cujo número da chave serve de referência para as demais identificações (a exemplo da cama onde irá dormir). A pessoa, destituída de parte de sua identidade por não ter um local fixo de moradia, vêse premida de estreitar laços com a instituição que a acolhe em razão de ser o sujeito, na maior parte do tempo, transformado em apenas um número.
Líderes e Empreendedoras do Pacífico Colombiano: Cultura, Identidade e Associativismo
Authors: Ettinger Valéria Marques Tavares de Menezes
Published: August 2017

Este trabalho é o resultado de uma observação participante realizada na cidade de Guapi na Colômbia, como componente obrigatório da Residência Social1. Inicialmente, o artigo     constrói sua premissa teórica a partir da discussão sobre cultura e identidade, fazendo um link com a realidade dos povos do Pacífico colombiano por meio de suas histórias e modo de vida.   No segundo momento, o artigo aborda a importância das mulheres afrodescendentes na formação da cultura e das tradições locais, promovendo um encontro com essa realidade a partir da história de vida de uma mulher líder, de uma mulher empreendedora e do processo organizacional de três coletivos de mulheres. Buscou-se, como caminho de construção, a revisão da literatura existente, para contribuir com o embasamento teórico a respeito dos temas cultura, identidade e história das comunidades afrodescendentes na Colômbia. Na obtenção dos dados, foi utilizado o método história de vida por meio de entrevistas com relato de experiência, transcrito em forma de narrativa, mesclado com o olhar do pesquisador. 
O Projeto Conexão Local: Uma Avaliação com Base na Política Nacional de Extensão Universitária
Authors: Loebel Eduardo , Gandolfi Peterson Elizandro , Medeiros Cintia Rodrigues Oliveira , Valadão Jr. Valdir Machado
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar uma experiência do Projeto Conexão Local promovida por uma escola privada de ensino superior em Administração e propor uma reflexão teórica. Os critérios para a avaliação, elaborados a partir dos princípios básicos da Política Nacional de Extensão Universitária, permitem examinar a experiência por meio de duas questões de pesquisa: a experiência pode ser considerada uma genuína ação de extensão universitária conforme os critérios? Quais são os seus principais pontos de melhoria? A pesquisa emprega uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa. Os resultados apontam para quatro lacunas na experiência, discutidas em nível organizacional e institucional. Em decorrência, a experiência objeto de avaliação é considerada uma ação de extensão universitária que atende parcialmente aos critérios. Discute-se que as lacunas não poderão ser superadas sem que haja um debate mais amplo sobre as questões pertinentes aos pressupostos, execução e avaliação da ação de extensão universitária na escola privada de Administração. 
Análise da (Re)Configuração Estrutural de uma Organização Conveniada ao Programa Cultura Viva: Estudo de caso a partir da percepção dos gestores
Authors: Almeida Suzanny Carla Santos , Costa Carlos Everaldo Silva da , Araújo Rafaela Albuquerque Valença de , Feitosa Diego Ribeiro
Published: August 2017

Uma das formas de perceber o agrupamento humano em sociedade é a partir das organizações. Sejam públicas, privadas ou da sociedade civil, as mesmas interagem com o ambiente em que atuam e constroem visões de mundo. Neste estudo qualitativo, o objetivo foi perceber de que modo a implementação do Programa Cultura Viva impactou a estrutura de um Ponto de Cultura em Arapiraca, agreste de Alagoas. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi feito um estudo de caso, apoiado pela pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo com observações diretas, além da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com sujeitos representativos da organização. A associação escolhida é denominada “Cultura para o Desenvolvimento” e foi escolhida intencionalmente e de forma não probabilística. Como considerações sobre o trabalho, observou-se que o convênio com o Governo Federal exige adaptações mútuas e imposição da estrutura governamental no que diz respeito ao uso de mecanismos burocráticos com os quais a organização não era habituada a lidar, o que fez com que o convênio não alcançasse êxito. 
Editorial
Authors: UFBA RC
Published: August 2017

Editorial da Revista de Contabilidade da UFBA, Volume 11, Número 2. mai - ago 2017.
Synthesis of 8‐Substituted 2′‐Deoxyisoguanosines via Unprotected 8‐Brominated 2‐Amino‐2′‐deoxyadenosine
Authors: Zhang Wen , Gao Qian , Wei Shuxian , Fu Bicheng , Yang Qian , Ming Xin
Published: August 2017

A variety of applications of 8‐alkynylated nucleosides has prompted the synthesis of new purine analogues. Bromination of unprotected 2‐amino‐2′‐deoxyadenosine with Br2/AcOH/AcONa gives 2‐amino‐8‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (87%). The brominated derivative is converted to 8‐alkynylated 2‐amino‐2′‐deoxyadenosines by palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction via microwave assistance (81 – 95%). The resulting compounds are further transformed to 8‐alkynylated 2′‐deoxyisoguanosines (52 – 70%). The physical properties of new compounds are investigated.
Differentiation of Folate‐Receptor‐Positive and ‐Negative Cells Using a Substrate‐Mimicking Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Pal Kaushik , Heinsch Angela , Berkessel Albrecht , Koner Apurba L.
Published: August 2017

Diagnosis and therapy exploiting overexpressed receptors on the cell surface is one important strategy in medicine. Determination of the over expression level of a particular receptor is prerequisite for it to be of clinical use. Differentiation between FR‐positive (FR=folate receptor) and ‐negative cells via fluorescence microscopy using a substrate mimetic fluorophore is presented in this work. The strategy adopted here is not the classical FA‐conjugated (FA=folic acid) fluorescent probe but a small and environment‐sensitive pterin‐based (pterin is part of folate, i.e., vitamin B9) fluorescent probe. Electronically diverse pterin‐based fluorescent probes have been designed and synthesized to understand the effect of the binding environment on the receptor–substrate interactions. By utilizing steady‐state UV/Vis and fluorescence along with time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, the effects on the electronic and acid‐base properties of the substrate were investigated. Evidently, one synthesized probe showed FA‐mimicking behavior with strong binding interaction with FR.
Modulation of Starch Digestibility in Breakfast Cereals Consumed by Subjects with Metabolic Risk: Impact on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation during Fasting and the Postprandial Period
Authors: Lambert‐Porcheron Stéphanie , Normand Sylvie , Blond Emilie , Sothier Monique , Roth Hubert , Meynier Alexandra , Vinoy Sophie , Laville Martine , Nazare Julie‐Anne
Published: August 2017

Scope: Decreasing postprandial glycaemic excursions may have a beneficial effect on inflammatory and oxidative stress profiles. In this study, we investigated the impact of carbohydrate digestibility modulation per se, as a means of reducing the glycaemic response, on metabolic and inflammatory responses in subjects with metabolic risk factors.

Methods and results: Twenty healthy subjects with metabolic risk consumed a cereal product either high in Slowly Digestible Starch (HSDS) or low in SDS (LSDS) at breakfast daily for 3 weeks, in a cross‐over design. Following each 3‐week session, postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia, the lipid profile, inflammation and oxidative stress markers were assessed and compared to those induced by ingestion of a glucose solution (as a reference). The 2‐h glycaemic and insulinaemic responses were significantly lower following the HSDS breakfast compared with the LSDS breakfast or glucose. No significant differences between the products were observed in terms of the lipid profile, C‐reactive protein, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha. We observed a slight increase in fasting lipid peroxidation markers, including an increase in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in whole blood glutathione (GSH), without significant alteration of urinary F2‐isoprostanes or plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity.

Conclusion: Consumption of HSDS products for 3 weeks significantly altered both postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia, but was not sufficient to modify the inflammatory profile. Consumption of both cereal products was associated with a slightly higher fasting oxidative stress profile.
Two‐stage designs versus European scaled average designs in bioequivalence studies for highly variable drugs: Which to choose?
Authors: Molins Eduard , Cobo Erik , Ocaña Jordi
Published: August 2017

The usual approach to determine bioequivalence for highly variable drugs is scaled average bioequivalence, which is based on expanding the limits as a function of the within‐subject variability in the reference formulation. This requires separately estimating this variability and thus using replicated or semireplicated crossover designs. On the other hand, regulations also allow using common 2 × 2 crossover designs based on two‐stage adaptive approaches with sample size reestimation at an interim analysis. The choice between scaled or two‐stage designs is crucial and must be fully described in the protocol. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that both methodologies achieve comparable statistical power, though the scaled method usually requires less sample size, but at the expense of each subject being exposed more times to the treatments. With an adequate initial sample size (not too low, eg, 24 subjects), two‐stage methods are a flexible and efficient option to consider: They have enough power (eg, 80%) at the first stage for non‐highly variable drugs, and, if otherwise, they provide the opportunity to step up to a second stage that includes additional subjects.
The persistence and performance of phosphate-solubilizing Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens qzr14 in a cucumber soil
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Wang Huan , Yin Tingting , Xu Song , Zhao Wei , Wang Jin , Huang Zhiyong
Published: August 2017

The persistence and performance of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) in soil are considered critical features for effectiveness, yet they are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the colonization and activity of a new PGPM, phosphate-solubilizing Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens qzr14, in a pot culture experiment using cucumber as test crop for 20 days. The number of G. liquefaciens and bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were monitored by real-time PCR and DGGE, respectively. Soil phosphorus and cucumber biomass were also examined. G. liquefaciens qzr14 effectively colonized the rhizosphere soil (bacterial density ranging from 2.70 × 108 to 1.18 × 109 copies per gram dry soil). G. liquefaciens qzr14 inoculation had significantly positive effects on bacterial diversity (BD) of the rhizosphere and bulk soil and the ratio of soluble phosphorus to total phosphorus (SP/TP). The number of G. liquefaciens in the rhizosphere soil was significantly related to SP/TP and the BD of the rhizosphere and bulk soil. BD in rhizosphere soil was significantly related to SP/TP and BD in bulk soil. Based on the results of correlation analysis, we inferred that the introduced G. liquefaciens qzr14 effectively colonized the rhizosphere of cucumber, and then expanded its bacterial community by solubilizing soil phosphorus. The expanded bacterial communities might promote cucumber growth by some new functions.
Evaluation of stress effects of copper oxide nanoparticles in Brassica napus L. seedlings
Authors: Nair Prakash M. Gopalakrishnan , Chung Ill Min
Published: August 2017

Rapid growth of nanotechnology has enabled the production and use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in several industries as well as in agriculture areas. This has raised ecotoxicological concerns due to the release of ENPs to the environment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of interactions of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on physiological, biochemical, and molecular indices in seedlings of an important oil seed crop Brassica napus L. The seedlings were treated with 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 mg/L of CuO NPs for 14 days in half-strength semi-solid Murashige and Skoog medium. The CuO NPs treatment significantly reduced shoot and root growth as well as plant biomass. Shortening and thickening of primary and lateral roots and inhibition of lateral root growth was observed at higher concentrations. An increase in reactive oxygen species generation, and malondialdehyde accumulation was observed. Histochemical staining of roots with propidium iodide and aniline blue indicated cell death and callose formation in roots. Transcriptional modulation of genes related to oxidative stress viz. CuZn superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase was observed. Element content analysis showed an increase in Cu content and decrease in Fe, Mn, and Zn contents. Overall, exposure to CuO NPs caused oxidative injury, cell death, callose formation, and decreased the micro nutrient contents in B. napus seedlings.
The effect of diagnostic criteria on outcome measures in preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer's disease: Implications for trial design
Authors: Bertens Daniela , Tijms Betty M. , Vermunt Lisa , Prins Niels D. , Scheltens Philip , Visser Pieter Jelle ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2017

Introduction

We investigated the influence of different inclusion criteria for preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) on changes in biomarkers and cognitive markers and on trial sample size estimates.

Methods

We selected 522 cognitively normal subjects and 872 subjects with mild cognitive impairment from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. Compared inclusion criteria were (1) preclinical or prodromal AD (amyloid marker abnormal); (2) preclinical or prodromal AD stage‐1 (amyloid marker abnormal, injury marker normal); and (3) preclinical or prodromal AD stage‐2 (amyloid and injury markers abnormal). Outcome measures were amyloid, neuronal injury, and cognitive markers.

Results

In both subjects with preclinical and prodromal AD stage‐2, inclusion criteria resulted in the largest observed decline in brain volumetric measures on magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive markers.

Discussion

Inclusion criteria influence the observed rate of worsening in outcome measures. This has implications for trial design.
Introduction to Data Science for Social and Policy Research
Authors: Magallanes Reyes Jose Manuel
Published: August 2017

Real-world data sets are messy and complicated. Written for students in social science and public management, this authoritative but approachable guide describes all the tools needed to collect data and prepare it for analysis. Offering detailed, step-by-step instructions, it covers collection of many different types of data including web files, APIs, and maps; data cleaning; data formatting; the integration of different sources into a comprehensive data set; and storage using third-party tools to facilitate access and shareability, from Google Docs to GitHub. Assuming no prior knowledge of R and Python, the author introduces programming concepts gradually, using real data sets that provide the reader with practical, functional experience.
The Logic of Financial Nationalism
Authors: Lupo-Pasini Federico
Published: August 2017

Using case studies ranging from cross-border bank resolution to sovereign debt, the author analyzes the role of international law in protecting financial sovereignty, and the risks for the global financial system posed by the lack of international cooperation. Despite the post-crisis reforms, the global financial system is still mainly based on a logic of financial nationalism. International financial law plays a major role in this regard as it still focuses more on the protection of national interests rather than the promotion of global objectives. This is an inefficient approach because it encourages bad domestic governance and reduces capital mobility. In this analysis, Lupo-Pasini discusses some of the alternatives (such as the European Banking Union, Regulatory Passports, and international financial courts), and offers a new vision for the role of international law in maintaining and fostering global financial stability. In doing so, he fills a void in the law and economics literature, and puts forward a solution to tackle the problems of international cooperation in finance based on the use of international law.
USE AND MULTIFACTORIAL RECONCILIATION OF UNIFACE REDUCTION MEASURES: A PILOT STUDY AT THE NOBLES POND PALEOINDIAN SITE
Authors: Shott Michael J. , Seeman Mark F.
Published: August 2017

How much stone tools are reduced and their form changed from first use to discard bears upon issues such as typological integrity, curation rate, and effects of occupation span. But degree of reduction depends partly upon the measures used to gauge it. Most studies involve single indices that gauge reduction in different ways or at different scales, so results are difficult to compare between studies. In this pilot study, we compare four allometric reduction measures—one each based on length, length:thickness ratio, volume, and mass, estimated by comparing observed values in discarded tools to estimated original values—for consistency when applied to an endscraper sample from the Nobles Pond Paleoindian site in Ohio, USA. Fitted to the Weibull distribution, all measures suggest attrition compared to experimental controls, but variation among them demands reconciliation. A multifactorial method that weights individual measures by their principal-component loadings suggests attritional discard at increasing rate as reduction advances. More importantly, it addresses the growing problem of reconciling the many reduction measures in use, a major concern in this expanding research area.
A Missing Link in Gloss et al. (“From Handmaidens to POSH Humanitarians”)
Authors: Lawrence John E. S.
Published: August 2017

Among many salient shifts in international development research over the last few decades has been growing legitimacy in recognition/documentation of the “rise of the South” as noted in the UNDP Human Development Report (2013). This has redirected both research and practice beyond just Northern (read “Western”) approaches, opened up new resource flows for “Southern” institutions, and initiated a whole new set of initiatives around “South–South” cooperation (Malik, 2014). To Mahbub ul Haq's original theme of “enlarging people's choices” were added new dimensions of looking beyond just western economies (and solely “economistic” analysis and prescriptions) for solutions to existential threats to sustainable development among the world's poorer nations (UNDP, 1990, p. 9). Fundamental shifts such as these, epitomized in Mahbub's well-known statement on human capacity, provide the basis for the focal article by Gloss, Carr, Reichman, Abdul-Nasiru, and Oestereich (2017) that builds skillfully on a framework, which of course also calls on Amartya Sen's work (so closely aligned with and influential in the Human Development Report series). The result is an original, carefully argued, and, perhaps some will agree, long overdue article synching the broad discipline of modern industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology into a more realistic awareness of how the majority of the world's populations sustain their livelihoods. However, there is a crucial “space” that I-O psychology seems to be still missing, and one barely touched on by this article, and that is the macropolicy environment that brings institutions in government and civil society together in more strategic approaches to developing human “resourcefulness.”
Treating Uncertainty in Meta-Analytic Results
Authors: Brannick Michael T.
Published: August 2017

Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) describe two main sources of uncertainty that are usually reported in a meta-analysis: uncertainty about the value of the underlying mean correlation (which they describe as SE(rxy)) and uncertainty about the individual values of rho that arise from the random-effects variance (the square root of which they describe as SD(rho)). They proceed to recommend descriptions of small, medium, and large values of each uncertainty that meta-analysts should report and consider for interpretation. However, there exists a simpler solution to expressing and interpreting such uncertainty.
Who Is the Culprit? A Commentary on Moderator Detection
Authors: Markell Hannah M. , Cortina Jose M.
Published: August 2017

Over the years, many in the field of organizational psychology have claimed that meta-analytic tests for moderators provide evidence for validity generalization (Schmidt & Hunter, 1977), a term first used in the middle of the last century (Mosier, 1950). In response, Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) advise caution when it comes to our inclination toward generalizing findings across workplaces/domains and urge precision in attaching meaning to the statistic we are generalizing. Their focal article was insightful and offers important recommendations for researchers regarding certain statistical indicators of unexplained variability, such as SDρ. In this commentary, we would like to make a different point about SDρ, namely that it, and other statistics based on residual variance, will be deflated due to the lack of variance in moderators. It is this lack of between-study variance, as much as anything else, that leads to misguided conclusions about validity generalization.
A Failed Challenge to Validity Generalization: Addressing a Fundamental Misunderstanding of the Nature of VG
Authors: Schmidt Frank L. , Viswesvaran Chockalingam , Ones Deniz S. , Le Huy
Published: August 2017

The lengthy and complex focal article by Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of validity generalization (VG): It is based on the assumption that what is generalized in VG is the estimated value of mean rho ($\bar{\rho}$). This erroneous assumption is stated repeatedly throughout the article. A conclusion of validity generalization does not imply that $\bar{\rho}$ is identical across all situations. If VG is present, most, if not all, validities in the validity distribution are positive and useful even if there is some variation in that distribution. What is generalized is the entire distribution of rho ($\bar{\rho}$), not just the estimated $\bar{\rho}$ or any other specific value of validity included in the distribution. This distribution is described by its mean ($\bar{\rho}$) and standard deviation (SDρ). A helpful concept based on these parameters (assuming ρ is normally distributed) is the credibility interval, which reflects the range where most of the values of ρ can be found. The lower end of the 80% credibility interval (the 90% credibility value, CV = $\bar{\rho}$ – 1.28 × SDρ) is used to facilitate understanding of this distribution by indicating the statistical “worst case” for validity, for practitioners using VG. Validity has an estimated 90% chance of lying above this value. This concept has long been recognized in the literature (see Hunter & Hunter, 1984, for an example; see also Schmidt, Law, Hunter, Rothstein, Pearlman, & McDaniel, 1993, and hundreds of VG articles that have appeared in the literature over the past 40 years since the invention of psychometric meta-analysis as a means of examining VG [Schmidt & Hunter, 1977]). The $\bar{\rho}$ is the value in the distribution with the highest likelihood of occurring (although often by only a small amount), but it is the whole distribution that is generalized. Tett et al. (2017) state that some meta-analysis articles claim that they are generalizing only $\bar{\rho}$. If true, this is inappropriate. Because $\bar{\rho}$ has the highest likelihood in the ρ distribution, discussion often focuses on that value as a matter of convenience, but $\bar{\rho}$ is not what is generalized in VG. What is generalized is the conclusion that there is validity throughout the credibility interval. The false assumption that it is $\bar{\rho}$ and not the ρ distribution as a whole that is generalized in VG is the basis for the Tett et al. article and is its Achilles heel. In this commentary, we examine the target article's basic arguments and point out errors and omissions that led Tett et al. to falsely conclude that VG is a “myth.”
Generalizability Versus Situational Specificity in Adverse Impact Analysis: Issues in Data Aggregation
Authors: Howard Elizabeth , Morris Scott B. , Dunleavy Eric
Published: August 2017

Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) argue that the concept of validity generalization in meta-analysis is a myth, as the variability of the effect size appears to decrease with increasing moderator specificity such that the level of precision needed to deem an estimate “generalizable” is actually reached at levels of situational specificity that are so high as to (paradoxically) refute an inference of generalizability. This notion highlights the need to move away from claiming that effects are either “generalizable” or “situationally specific” and instead look more critically and less dichotomously at degrees of generalizability, or effect size variability.
Taylor’s swimming sheet in a yield-stress fluid
Authors: Hewitt D. R. , Balmforth N. J.
Published: August 2017

A yield stress is added to Taylor’s (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 209, 1951, pp. 447–461) model of a two-dimensional flexible sheet swimming through a viscous fluid. Both transverse waves along the sheet, as in Taylor’s original model, and longitudinal waves are considered as means of locomotion. In each case, numerical solutions are provided over a range of the two key parameters of the problem: the wave amplitude relative to the wavelength and a Bingham number which describes the strength of the yield stress. The numerical solutions are supplemented with discussions of various limits of the problem in which analytical progress is possible. When the yield stress is large, the swimming speed for low wave amplitude is exactly double that for a Newtonian fluid, for either type of wave.
Evidence of paleoecological changes and Mousterian occupations at the Galería de las Estatuas site, Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Iberian plateau, Spain
Authors: Arsuaga Juan Luis , Gómez-Olivencia Asier , Sala Nohemi , Martínez-Pillado Virginia , Pablos Adrián , Bonmatí Alejandro , Pantoja-Pérez Ana , Lira-Garrido Jaime , Alcázar de Velasco Almudena , Ortega Ana Isabel , Cuenca-Bescós Gloria , García Nuria , Aranburu Arantza , Ruiz-Zapata Blanca , José Gil-García María , Rodríguez-Álvarez Xosé Pedro , Ollé Andreu , Mosquera Marina
Published: August 2017

Here we present a new site in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain): Galería de las Estatuas (GE), which provides new information about Mousterian occupations in the Iberian Plateau. The GE was an ancient entrance to the cave system, which is currently closed and sealed by a stalagmitic crust, below which a detritic sedimentary sequence of more than 2 m is found. This has been divided into five litostratigraphic units with a rich assemblage of faunal and lithic remains of clear Mousterian affinity. Radiocarbon dates provide minimum ages and suggest occupations older than 4514C ka BP. The palynological analysis detected a landscape change to increased tree coverage, which suggests that the sequence recorded a warming episode. The macromammal assemblage is composed of both ungulates (mainly red deer and equids) and carnivores. Taphonomic analysis reveals both anthropic, and to a lesser extent, carnivore activities. The GE was occupied by Neanderthals and also sporadically by carnivores. This new site broadens the information available regarding different human occupations at the Sierra de Atapuerca, which emphasizes the importance of this site-complex for understanding human evolution in Western Europe.
Visual Portraits of Za‘atari Syrian Refugee Camp
Authors: Stevenson Thomas B.
Published: August 2017

The Syrian Civil War, now in its sixth year, has displaced an estimated 11 million people (with numbers constantly escalating), nearly half the country's population. Of these, the United Nations estimates 4.8 million Syrians have fled their homeland. News reports have tended to focus on the struggles of those crossing the Mediterranean and seeking asylum in Europe, but most refugees have sought safety in the neighboring countries of Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan, where they have dispersed and “settled” in towns and cities. A comparative few have settled in host government and/or UNHCR sponsored camps. Jordan's Za‘atari Camp, just seven miles from the border, is the largest Syrian refugee camp. Its population peaked at more than 120,000 residents and currently has between 75,000 – 80,000 residents most of whom are from the Dara'a area. The camp is numerically equivalent to Jordan's fourth largest city.
Interactions between selected microalgae and microscopic propagules of Ulva prolifera
Authors: Liu Qing , Yan Tian , Yu Rencheng , Zhang Qingchun , Zhou Mingjiang
Published: August 2017

Large-scale green tides of Ulva prolifera occur repeatedly in the Yellow Sea, and the microscopic propagules of U. prolifera play a critical role during the development of green tides. Ulva prolifera propagules and microalgae are both present in seawater and share similar niches, but their potential interactions are poorly understood. Nine species of microalgae were selected to study their interactions with the propagules of U. prolifera (gametes) in laboratory. The results showed that settlement of gametes could be inhibited by some microalgae, such as Alexandrium tamarense, Prorocentrum lima and Karenia mikimotoi, at the cell density of blooming (102–103 cells ml–1). Inversely, the germlings germinated from U. prolifera gametes had negative effects on the microalgae, the inhibition rate ranged from 28 to 66%. Our results demonstrated the complex interactions between microalgae and propagules of green algae, which may influence the formation of green tides and their ecological consequences in the Yellow Sea.
The partnership between the Brazilian School Feeding Program and family farming: a way for reducing ultra-processed foods in school meals
Authors: Teo Carla Rosane Paz Arruda
Published: August 2017

Objective

To evaluate the profile of food acquisition in the National School Feeding Program according to the extent and purpose of food processing in three municipalities of southern Brazil during the implementation period of Law 11.947/2009.

Design

Descriptive cross-sectional study. Data for 2008–2010 involved quantities, prices and types of suppliers for food items purchased. In total, 1529 purchases were analysed. The items were classified into the following groups: G1 (unprocessed/minimally processed), G2 (culinary ingredients), G3 (processed), G4 (ultra-processed). Quantities of purchased foods were converted into energy and average prices ($US/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) were calculated. The proportion of each food group in total purchases was expressed as both a percentage of total energy and a percentage of total expenditure. Data analysis was carried out in Stata version 12.1.

Setting

Three municipalities in southern Brazil.

Results

Relative contribution to total energy purchased was high for G1 (49·8 %; G2, 23·8 %; G3, 4·5 %; G4, 21·8 %). Among acquisitions from family farming, G1 represented 51·3 % of the total energy purchased; G2, 9·9 %; G3, 19·7 %; G4, 19·0 %. Total cost was as follows: G1, 61·6 %; G2, 3·9 %; G3, 18·5 %; G4, 16·0 %. Prices for food products from family farms were consistently higher. Average price from family farms was 1·3; from conventional suppliers, 0·9.

Conclusions

The implementation of Law 11.947/2009 produced a positive effect on the regional profile of food purchases for the School Feeding Program. However, there is still considerable potential to promote health by strengthening relationships between family farming and school feeding.
EDITORIAL
Authors: FAVIER THIERRY
Published: August 2017

Recently I was advising a small group of students who were preparing to take the national exam that would qualify them for the position of music teacher at a secondary school. One part of the exam involves a comparative commentary on three musical works relating to a topic chosen by the candidate. Everyone involved in music education in France knows that the Music Department at the National Education Ministry (Inspection Générale de la Musique) has always been concerned with combatting social and cultural inequalities, and that classical music must be presented to younger generations with the least possible chronological and historical context in the name of cultural relativism. (This remarkable ideal, filtered through each successive stage of the educational system, sometimes inspires students to write that Louis XIV ordered Lully to compose operas in order to reduce the nobility to slavery – a radical reading of Norbert Elias indeed. But this is not my topic here.)
ANTONIO VIVALDI AND THE SUBLIME SEASONS: SONORITY AND TEXTURE AS EXPRESSIVE DEVICES IN EARLY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ITALIAN MUSIC
Authors: LOCKEY NICHOLAS
Published: August 2017

Antonio Vivaldi's cycle of violin concertos dramatizing the four seasons marked a substantial shift in the way that the seasons were depicted in the arts. Moving away from religious and mythological allegory, they exemplify a growing interest in descriptive representation of nature's power and in humanity's complex physical and emotional relationship with elements beyond its control. Positing new connections to Arcadian reform ideals of verisimilitude, this article addresses important questions concerning Vivaldi's pairing of sonnets with concertos and the aesthetic factors behind his choice of narrative topics to depict in the music. The article also demonstrates how Vivaldi used diverse textures and sonorities to create powerful contrasts that heighten the emotional impact of the aural imagery while underlining recurring expressive and pictorial motifs throughout the cycle. These last aspects, in particular, provide a new understanding of the historical significance of Vivaldi'sFour Seasonsas a powerful demonstration of both the expressive potential of the concerto genre and the still underappreciated art of orchestration during the early eighteenth century.
Detecting Gas Leaks with Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Witman Sarah
Published: August 2017

A Norwegian team develops an improved, cost-effective method to detect chemical discharges under the sea.
Southern Greenland Wildfire Extinguished
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: August 2017

Scientists are still investigating the cause, fuel source, and overall impact of the weeks-long blaze.
White House R
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2017

The administration’s top R
Mergeable nervous systems for robots
Authors: Mathews Nithin , Christensen Anders Lyhne , O’Grady Rehan , Mondada Francesco , Dorigo Marco
Published: August 2017

Robots have the potential to display a higher degree of lifetime morphological adaptation than natural organisms. By adopting a modular approach, robots with different capabilities, shapes, and sizes could, in theory, construct and reconfigure themselves as required. However, current modular robots have only been able to display a limited range of hardwired behaviors because they rely solely on distributed control. Here, we present robots whose bodies and control systems can merge to form entirely new robots that retain full sensorimotor control. Our control paradigm enables robots to exhibit properties that go beyond those of any existing machine or of any biological organism: the robots we present can merge to form larger bodies with a single centralized controller, split into separate bodies with independent controllers, and self-heal by removing or replacing malfunctioning body parts. This work takes us closer to robots that can autonomously change their size, form and function.
Internalized TSH receptors en route to the TGN induce local Gs-protein signaling and gene transcription
Authors: Godbole Amod , Lyga Sandra , Lohse Martin J. , Calebiro Davide
Published: August 2017

A new paradigm of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling at intracellular sites has recently emerged, but the underlying mechanisms and functional consequences are insufficiently understood. Here, we show that upon internalization in thyroid cells, endogenous TSH receptors traffic retrogradely to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and activate endogenous Gs-proteins in the retromer-coated compartment that brings them to the TGN. Receptor internalization is associated with a late cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) response at the Golgi/TGN. Blocking receptor internalization, inhibiting PKA II/interfering with its Golgi/TGN localization, silencing retromer or disrupting Golgi/TGN organization all impair efficient TSH-dependent cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. These results suggest that retrograde trafficking to the TGN induces local Gs-protein activation and cAMP/PKA signaling at a critical position near the nucleus, which appears required for efficient CREB phosphorylation and gene transcription. This provides a new mechanism to explain the functional consequences of GPCR signaling at intracellular sites and reveals a critical role for the TGN in GPCR signaling.
Cre/lox-assisted non-invasive in vivo tracking of specific cell populations by positron emission tomography
Authors: Thunemann Martin , Schörg Barbara F. , Feil Susanne , Lin Yun , Voelkl Jakob , Golla Matthias , Vachaviolos Angelos , Kohlhofer Ursula , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Olbrich Marcus , Ehrlichmann Walter , Reischl Gerald , Griessinger Christoph M. , Langer Harald F. , Gawaz Meinrad , Lang Florian , Schäfers Michael , Kneilling Manfred , Pichler Bernd J. , Feil Robert
Published: August 2017

Many pathophysiological processes are associated with proliferation, migration or death of distinct cell populations. Monitoring specific cell types and their progeny in a non-invasive, longitudinal and quantitative manner is still challenging. Here we show a novel cell-tracking system that combines Cre/lox-assisted cell fate mapping with a thymidine kinase (sr39tk) reporter gene for cell detection by positron emission tomography (PET). We generate Rosa26-mT/sr39tk PET reporter mice and induce sr39tk expression in platelets, T lymphocytes or cardiomyocytes. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that our mouse model permits longitudinal PET imaging and quantification of T-cell homing during inflammation and cardiomyocyte viability after myocardial infarction. Moreover, Rosa26-mT/sr39tk mice are useful for whole-body characterization of transgenic Cre mice and to detect previously unknown Cre activity. We anticipate that the Cre-switchable PET reporter mice will be broadly applicable for non-invasive long-term tracking of selected cell populations in vivo.
Topologically associating domains are ancient features that coincide with Metazoan clusters of extreme noncoding conservation
Authors: Harmston Nathan , Ing-Simmons Elizabeth , Tan Ge , Perry Malcolm , Merkenschlager Matthias , Lenhard Boris
Published: August 2017

Developmental genes in metazoan genomes are surrounded by dense clusters of conserved noncoding elements (CNEs). CNEs exhibit unexplained extreme levels of sequence conservation, with many acting as developmental long-range enhancers. Clusters of CNEs define the span of regulatory inputs for many important developmental regulators and have been described previously as genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs). Their function and distribution around important regulatory genes raises the question of how they relate to 3D conformation of these loci. Here, we show that clusters of CNEs strongly coincide with topological organisation, predicting the boundaries of hundreds of topologically associating domains (TADs) in human and Drosophila. The set of TADs that are associated with high levels of noncoding conservation exhibit distinct properties compared to TADs devoid of extreme noncoding conservation. The close correspondence between extreme noncoding conservation and TADs suggests that these TADs are ancient, revealing a regulatory architecture conserved over hundreds of millions of years.
A potent series targeting the malarial cGMP-dependent protein kinase clears infection and blocks transmission
Authors: Baker David A. , Stewart Lindsay B. , Large Jonathan M. , Bowyer Paul W. , Ansell Keith H. , Jiménez-Díaz María B. , El Bakkouri Majida , Birchall Kristian , Dechering Koen J. , Bouloc Nathalie S. , Coombs Peter J. , Whalley David , Harding Denise J. , Smiljanic-Hurley Ela , Wheldon Mary C. , Walker Eloise M. , Dessens Johannes T. , Lafuente María José , Sanz Laura M. , Gamo Francisco-Javier , Ferrer Santiago B. , Hui Raymond , Bousema Teun , Angulo-Barturén Iñigo , Merritt Andy T. , Croft Simon L. , Gutteridge Winston E. , Kettleborough Catherine A. , Osborne Simon A.
Published: August 2017

To combat drug resistance, new chemical entities are urgently required for use in next generation anti-malarial combinations. We report here the results of a medicinal chemistry programme focused on an imidazopyridine series targeting the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG). The most potent compound (ML10) has an IC50 of 160 pM in a PfPKG kinase assay and inhibits P. falciparum blood stage proliferation in vitro with an EC50 of 2.1 nM. Oral dosing renders blood stage parasitaemia undetectable in vivo using a P. falciparum SCID mouse model. The series targets both merozoite egress and erythrocyte invasion, but crucially, also blocks transmission of mature P. falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. A co-crystal structure of PvPKG bound to ML10, reveals intimate molecular contacts that explain the high levels of potency and selectivity we have measured. The properties of this series warrant consideration for further development to produce an antimalarial drug.
Signalling strength determines proapoptotic functions of STING
Authors: Gulen Muhammet F. , Koch Ute , Haag Simone M. , Schuler Fabian , Apetoh Lionel , Villunger Andreas , Radtke Freddy , Ablasser Andrea
Published: August 2017

Mammalian cells use cytosolic nucleic acid receptors to detect pathogens and other stress signals. In innate immune cells the presence of cytosolic DNA is sensed by the cGAS–STING signalling pathway, which initiates a gene expression programme linked to cellular activation and cytokine production. Whether the outcome of the STING response varies between distinct cell types remains largely unknown. Here we show that T cells exhibit an intensified STING response, which leads to the expression of a distinct set of genes and results in the induction of apoptosis. Of note, this proapoptotic STING response is still functional in cancerous T cells and delivery of small molecule STING agonists prevents in vivo growth of T-cell-derived tumours independent of its adjuvant activity. Our results demonstrate how the magnitude of STING signalling can shape distinct effector responses, which may permit for cell type-adjusted behaviours towards endogenous or exogenous insults.
Observing the oxidation of platinum
Authors: van Spronsen Matthijs A. , Frenken Joost W. M. , Groot Irene M. N.
Published: August 2017

Despite its importance in oxidation catalysis, the active phase of Pt remains uncertain, even for the Pt(111) single-crystal surface. Here, using a ReactorSTM, the catalytically relevant structures are identified as two surface oxides, different from bulk α-PtO2, previously observed. They are constructed from expanded oxide rows with a lattice constant close to that of α-PtO2, either assembling into spoked wheels, 1–5 bar O2, or closely packed in parallel lines, above 2.2 bar. Both are only ordered at elevated temperatures (400–500 K). The triangular oxide can also form on the square lattice of Pt(100). Under NO and CO oxidation conditions, similar features are observed. Furthermore, both oxides are unstable outside the O2 atmosphere, indicating the presence of active O atoms, crucial for oxidation catalysts.