bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ciliate cortical organization and dynamics for cell motility: Comparing ciliates and vertebrates
Authors: Soh Adam W. J. , Pearson Chad G.
Published: December 2021

The generation of efficient fluid flow is crucial for organismal development and homeostasis, sexual reproduction, and motility. Multi‐ciliated cells possess fields of motile cilia that beat in synchrony to propel fluid. Ciliary arrays are remarkably conserved in their organization and function. Ciliates have polarized multi‐ciliary arrays (MCAs) to promote fluid flow for cell motility. The ciliate cortex is decorated with hundreds of basal bodies (BB) forming linear rows along the cellʼs anterior–posterior axis. BBs scaffold and position cilia to form the organized ciliary array. Nascent BBs assemble at the base of BBs. As nascent BBs mature, they integrate into the cortical BB and cytoskeletal network and nucleate their own cilium. The organization of MCAs is balanced between cortical stability and cortical dynamism. The cortical cytoskeletal network both establishes and maintains a stable organization of the MCA in the face of mechanical forces exerted by ciliary beating. At the same time, MCA organization is plastic, such that it remodels for optimal ciliary mobility during development and in response to environmental conditions. Such plasticity promotes effective feeding and ecological behavior required for these organisms. Together, these properties allow an organism to effectively sense, adapt to, and move through its environment.
Is botulinum toxin a cause or a cure for headaches?
Authors: Mullaaziz Didem , Kaptanoğlu Aslı
Published: December 2021

Background

Botulinum toxin is used in the treatment of headache as well as cosmetic indications. In recent years, headache cases have been encountered after botulinum toxin injections for cosmetic purposes. However, no clinical studies have been conducted on this seemingly paradoxical issue.

Objective

In our study, the aim was to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of headache and its clinical features in patients who had undergone botulinum toxin application for cosmetic purposes.

Methods

A total of 186 patients who were treated with onabotulinum toxin A for cosmetic purposes in our clinic between January 2019 and January 2021 were retrospectively screened, and the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients who reported headache complaints were examined.

Results

Headache was reported in 19 (10.2%) of the 186 patients included in the study. Of the 19 patients who reported headaches, 17 (89.4%) had the onset of the complaint within the first 24 h, the complaint was resolved within the first 3 days in 16 (84.2%), and 12 (63.1%) reported spontaneous regression without the need for painkillers. The rate of development of headache complaints after the procedure was found to be statistically significantly higher in patients diagnosed with hypertension (p = 0.000) and patients treated for bunny line (p = 0.016). Ten patients (52.6%) described constant, 17 patients (89.5%) had diffuse, and 11 patients (57.9%) had throbbing‐type headaches.

Conclusion

Botulinum toxin application causes diffuse, constant, throbbing‐type headaches that start in the early period and ends within a short time without the need for treatment.
Pivotal role of injection volume on sunken cheek prevention in masseter muscle BoNT‐A injection: A cadaver study
Authors: Yu Panxi , Zhai Haixin , Li Zhijin , Dong Ruijia , Wu Tingting , Li Yunzhu , Di Zhang , Sun Yixin , Long Xiao , Yu Nanze
Published: December 2021

Background

Botulinum neurotoxin A injection is a popular noninvasive alternative for the treatment of masseter hypertrophy. This study was conducted to identify a safe injection volume to avoid sunken lateral cheek after botulinum neurotoxin A injection in the masseter muscle.

Methods

One milliliter or 0.5 ml of indocyanine green was randomly injected into either side of the masseter muscles of 18 fresh cadaver heads. The bilateral spreads of indocyanine green within the masseter were observed by a fluorescence imager. The masseters were then dissected, and the spreading distance was measured.

Results

Dye spreading showed an oval shape parallel to the long axis of the masseter muscle. The lower edges of the masseters were all stained with indocyanine green. The upward spreading exceeded the mouth corner‐tragus line in 94.44% (17/18) of the masseters on the 1‐ml side, and 11.11% (2/18) of the masseters on the 0.5‐ml side. The spreading area and upward spreading distance on the 1‐ml side (9.95 ± 0.48 cm2, 3.18 ± 0.31 cm) were significantly larger than the 0.5‐ml side (7.13 ± 0.80 cm2, 2.08 ± 0.32 cm).

Conclusions

The spread of indocyanine green within the masseter occurs in direct proportion to its volume. A bolus of 1 ml easily exceeded the mouth corner‐tragus line and cause sunken cheek.
Validated 5‐point photonumeric scales for the assessment of the jowls and chin
Authors: Pooth Rainer , Prinz Valentina , Cajkovsky Mia , Green Jeremy B. , Hernandez Claudia A. , Pavicic Tatjana , Mueller Daniel S. , Sattler Sonja , Klepetko Heike , Fabi Sabrina G. , Day Doris , Suwanchinda Atchima , Cotofana Sebastian , Frank Konstantin
Published: December 2021

Objective

The objective of this investigation was to create and to examine the reproducibility and validity of 5‐point photonumeric assessment scales that allow objective assessment of chin retrusion and jawline sagging using a digital and a live validation.

Material and methods

Two new 5‐point photonumeric scales created to assess chin projection and jawline sagging were validated by 12 experts in a digital validation and by 5 experts in a live validation setting. Intra‐rater agreement and inter‐rater agreement were assessed.

Results

For the digital validation, an almost perfect intra‐rater (Kappa: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.86–0.91]) and almost perfect inter‐rater agreement in both sessions (Kappa: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.74–0.86] and 0.80 [95% CI: 0.74–0.86]) was achieved for the Croma Chin Projection Assessment Scale, while intra‐rater agreement (Kappa: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.85–0.91]) was almost perfect for the Croma Jawline Sagging Assessment Scale and inter‐rater agreement being substantial in the first session (Kappa: 0.76 [95% CI: 0.71–0.81]) and almost perfect in the second session (Kappa: 0.81 [95%CI: 0.76–0.85]). For the live validation, intra‐rater agreement was almost perfect for the Croma Chin Projection Assessment Scale (Kappa: 0.82 [95%CI: 0.74–0.90]) and the Croma Jawline Sagging Assessment Scale (Kappa: 0.83 [95%CI: 0.77–0.89]), while inter‐rater agreement was substantial in both sessions for both scales.

Conclusion

The created chin and jawline photonumeric grading scales are valid and reliable tools for assessing chin projection and jawline sagging. The scales will be of value for standardized chin evaluation and quantifying outcomes in clinical research and daily practice.
Platelet‐rich plasma in hair loss—Mechanism, preparation, and classification
Authors: Alexander Sajin , Horo Ilse , Johnson Sobha , Daniel Sheela
Published: December 2021

Platelet‐rich plasma is the autologous plasma containing platelet concentration more than the baseline separated after centrifugation. It has become a very popular option for the treatment of hair loss in the past few decades. Used alone or in combination with other treatment options it has found a place as a hair restoration procedure throughout the world. However, evidence supporting its credibility is quite ambiguous with contradictory reports available in the literature. In this article, we try to analyze the available data regarding its mechanism of action, preparation protocols, and classification, with regard to hair loss.
Analysis of the expression of FAP‐α protein in 2D‐keloid fibroblast cultures and in 3D models of keloid
Authors: Katarzyna Adamczyk , Agnieszka Garncarczyk , Paweł Antończak , Magdalena Kimsa‐Dudek , Agnieszka Synowiec‐Wojtarowicz , Małgorzata Derewniuk , Agnieszka Lubczyńska , Dominika Wcisło‐Dziadecka
Published: December 2021

Objective

Keloids arise most often as a result of abnormal wound healing. The lesion characterizes inflammation and fibroproliferation. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP‐α) is one of enzymes engaged in keloid formation. It is serine protease that facilitates cells invasion and growth. FAP‐α possess also non‐enzymatic activity and plays role in activation of cell signaling. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of culture conditions on the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts and the expression of FAP‐α. Analysis of utility of 3D models of keloid in in vitro study of pathogenesis of keloids was also made.

Methods

NHDF and KEL FIB cells were cultured in vitro in 2D cultures and 3D Matrigel models. The viability of cells was assayed spectrophotometrically with WST‐1 test. FAP‐α protein amount in cell cultures and 3D models was evaluated with the use of ELISA test.

Results

KEL FIB fibroblasts exhibited higher viability than NHDF fibroblasts in all three models of keloid. The expression of FAP‐α is different in normal and keloid fibroblasts. In vitro conditions influence the expression of FAP‐α in NHDF cells but not in KEL FIB cells.

Conclusions

This preliminary study has shown that the expression of FAP‐α, similarly to other enzymes engaged in keloid formation, is different in keloids in vivo and in in vitro models. FAP‐α expression is modulated by in vitro conditions in normal fibroblasts but not in keloid fibroblasts.
An overview of the use of proteolytic enzymes as exfoliating agents
Authors: Trevisol Thalles Canton , Henriques Rosana Oliveira , Souza Ana Júlia Antunes , Furigo Agenor
Published: December 2021

Background

Proteolytic enzymes are biological catalysts that can compose cosmetic formulations: These enzymes are capable of mimicking the desquamation process of the skin, acting as exfoliants. Although enzymatic exfoliation is not new and commercial products were easily found, there is a lack of scientific literature about this topic.

Methods

A search was carried out until 2021 in different scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, PubMed, etc.). In vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated the application of enzymes aiming to exfoliate the skin or with a similar cosmetic or dermatological application were selected.

Results

Only 11 articles were found, and, among them, few studies applied enzymes as exfoliants in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that the enzymes can exfoliate the skin and improve some desired characteristics of the organ. Papain, bromelain, keratinases, and microbial proteases are some enzymes already applied as exfoliants. The study of pH, temperature, and stabilization of the enzymes in cosmetic formulations were also demonstrated to be important aspects to be evaluated, principally in preventing loss of enzyme activity and possible allergens/irritations on the skin.

Conclusion

This literature review showed the main aspects that should be evaluated before considering producing or applying proteolytic enzymes in exfoliation products/procedures. The use of enzymatic exfoliation has potential in the cosmetic industry. Hence, further robust in vivo studies are needed before the enzymatic exfoliation can be recommended with safety as a treatment modality in the current conditions.
Brilliantia kiribatiensis, a new genus and species of Cladophorales (Chlorophyta) from the remote coral reefs of the Southern Line Islands, Pacific Ocean
Authors: Leliaert Frederik , Kelly Emily L. A. , Janouškovec Jan , Fox Michael D. , Johnson Maggie D. , Redfern Farran M. , Eria Taati , Haas Andreas F. , Sala Enric , Sandin Stuart A. , Smith Jennifer E.
Published: December 2021

The marine green alga Brilliantia kiribatiensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from samples collected from the coral reefs of the Southern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati, Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the large‐ and small‐subunit rDNA and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region revealed that Brilliantia is a member of the Boodleaceae (Cladophorales), containing the genera Apjohnia, Boodlea, Cladophoropsis, Chamaedoris, Phyllodictyon, and Struvea. Within this clade it formed a distinct lineage, sister to Struvea elegans, but more distantly related to the bona fide Struvea species (including the type S. plumosa). Brilliantia differs from the other genera by having a very simple architecture forming upright, unbranched, single‐celled filaments attached to the substratum by a rhizoidal mat. Cell division occurs by segregative cell division only at the onset of reproduction. Based on current sample collection, B. kiribatiensis seems to be largely restricted to the Southern Line Islands, although it was also observed on neighboring islands, including Orona Atoll in the Phoenix Islands of Kiribati, and the Rangiroa and Takapoto Atolls in the Tuamotus of French Polynesia. This discovery highlights the likeliness that there is still much biodiversity yet to be discovered from these remote and pristine reefs of the central Pacific.
COVID‐19's effects upon the religious group resources, psychosocial resources, and mental health of Orthodox Jews
Authors: Bankier‐Karp Adina Leah , Shain Michelle
Published: December 2021

In this article, we examine how COVID‐19 has affected the mental health of Orthodox Jews and how religious resources cushion the effects of isolation and deprivation of religious gatherings over time. Using longitudinal data from the COVID‐19 Community Portrait Study, fixed‐effects regression models are employed to predict how religious resources are affected by COVID‐19 and how mental health is affected by both COVID‐19 and religious resources. We find two competing effects upon participants’ religious resources. While group resources decreased as a result of the pandemic, psychosocial resources were strengthened. A Closeness‐to‐God Index predicted lower levels of depression and anxiety, less perceived stress, and less loneliness. Congregational prayer also predicted lower stress and less loneliness, but the magnitude of the effect was smaller. The findings provide empirical support for theoretical frameworks emphasizing the positive effects of religion on mental health and suggest psychosocial resources enable religious coping during particularly challenging times.
The gut microbiota profile in psoriasis: a Brazilian case-control study
Authors: Schade L. , Mesa D. , Faria A.R. , Santamaria J.R. , Xavier C.A. , Ribeiro D. , Hajar F.N. , Azevedo V.F.
Published: December 2021

The pathogenesis of psoriasis, an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease, remains unclear. Studies have shown an association between psoriasis and intestinal inflammation; in this context, the influence of the gut microbiota on the immune response of psoriasis has become a focus of recent research. The present research evaluated the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of 21 participants with psoriasis from a Brazilian referral dermatology service compared to 24 healthy controls. A stool sample was collected from each participant at the time of inclusion in the study, and the samples were analysed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The recruitment of research participants involved matching between groups by sex, age, body mass index, comorbidities and smoking and the exclusion of several criteria that could potentially influence the gut microbiota and the interpretation of the data. There was an increase in the Dialister genus and Prevotella copri species in patients with psoriasis compared to the control group. A reduction in the Ruminococcus, Lachnospira and Blautia genera, as well as in the Akkermansia muciniphila species, was also verified in the psoriasis group compared to the control group. Furthermore, patients with psoriasis exhibited less gut microbiota diversity than controls.
Effect of percutaneous coronary intervention on global hemodynamics and the prevalence of residual microvascular dysfunction
Authors: Misawa Toru , Kanaji Yoshihisa , Sugiyama Tomoyo , Hoshino Masahiro , Yamaguchi Masao , Hada Masahiro , Nagamine Tatsuhiro , Teng Yun , Nogami Kai , Ueno Hiroki , Yasui Yumi , Sayama Kodai , Matsuda Kazuki , Yonetsu Taishi , Sasano Tetsuo , Kakuta Tsunekazu
Published: December 2021

Objectives

We aimed to examine the changes in hyperemic coronary sinus flow (CSF) and global coronary flow reserve (g‐CFR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and investigate the predictors to improve these metrics and the prevalence of residual coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD).

Methods

This prospective, single‐center study included 118 patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing PCI for a single proximal lesion. Phase‐contrast cine‐cardiac magnetic resonance (PC‐CMR) was used to assess hyperemic CSF (HCSF) and g‐CFR, before and after PCI. Residual CMD was defined as concordantly impaired post‐PCI HCSF (<2.3 ml/min/g) and g‐CFR (<2.0).

Results

HCSF significantly increased, although 38 (32.2%) patients showed a decrease. There was no significant change in g‐CFR despite fractional flow reserve (FFR) improvement in all target territories. Concordantly increased HCSF and g‐CFR were effectively discriminated by adding PC‐CMR‐derived information to pre‐PCI FFR. Residual CMD was observed in 30 (25.4%) patients and was associated with pre‐PCI renal dysfunction and lower pre‐PCI rest and hyperemic CSF, but not with pre‐PCI regional physiological indices.

Conclusions

FFR‐guided PCI was associated with increased HCSF, but not with increased g‐CFR. After uncomplicated PCI, one‐quarter of patients showed residual CMD. Our approach may help identify patients who may benefit from increased coronary perfusion or show residual CMD.
Visualizing the spatiotemporal pattern of yolk sac membrane vascular network by enhanced local fractal analysis
Authors: Li Peilun , Pan Qing , Jiang Sheng , Kuebler Wolfgang M. , Pries Axel R. , Ning Gangmin
Published: December 2021

Objective

To establish methods for providing a comprehensive and detailed description of the spatial distribution of the vascular networks, and to reveal the spatiotemporal pattern of the yolk sac membrane vascular network during the angiogenic procedure.

Methods

Addressing the limitations in the conventional local fractal analysis, an improved approach, named scanning average local fractal dimension, was proposed. This method was conducted on 6 high‐resolution vascular images of the yolk sac membrane for 3 eggs at two stages (E3 and E4) to characterize the spatial distribution of the complexity of the vascular network.

Results

With the proposed method, the spatial distribution of the complexity of the yolk sac membrane vascular network was visualized. From E3 to E4, the local fractal dimension increased in 3 eggs, 1.80 ± 0.02 vs. 1.85 ± 0.02, 1.72 ± 0.03 vs. 1.83 ± 0.02, and 1.77 ± 0.03 vs. 1.82 ± 0.02, respectively. The mean local fractal dimension in the most distal area from the embryo proper was the lowest at E3 while the highest at E4. At E3, the most peaks of the local fractal dimension were located in the vein territories and shifted to artery territories at E4.

Conclusions

The spatial distribution of the complexity of the yolk sac membrane vascular network exhibited diverse patterns at different stages. In addition from E3 to E4, the increment of complexity at the intersection areas between arteries and sinus terminalis was with the most advance. This is consistent with the physiologic evidence. The present work provides a potential approach for investigating the spatiotemporal pattern of the angiogenic process.
Tertiary lymphoid structures in oral lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia with lichenoid features: A comparative study
Authors: Wang Meng‐Yao , Zhu Wei‐Wen , Zhang Jia‐Yi , Yu Miao , Zhai Run‐Dong , Liu Lai‐Kui
Published: December 2021

Objective

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) provide sites for antigen presentation and activation of lymphocytes, promoting their infiltration; thus, enhancing specific immune responses. The aim of this comparative cross‐sectional study was to reveal the characteristics and influence of TLSs in oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) with lichenoid features.

Methods

Clinical information and samples of 51 OLP and 19 OED with lichenoid features were collected. Immunohistochemistry was performed, and the structures where CD20+ B cells and CD3+ T cells aggregated with peripheral lymph node addressin positive (PNAd+) vessels were defined as TLSs. The results and clinical information were analysed.

Result

TLS were found in 44 (86.3%) patients with OLP and 19 (100%) patients with OED. The TLS score was higher in OED group (p = 0.023), accompanied by an increased number of PNAd+ vessels. The TLS was significantly correlated with PNAd+ vessels (p = 0.027), CD20+ B (p < 0.001) and CD208+ dendritic cells (p = 0.001). Foxp3+ Treg cells but not CD8+ T cells infiltrated more severely in OED (p = 0.003) and increased when TLS score was high (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

This study revealed the widespread development of TLSs in the OLP and OED. The presence of TLSs showed a close relationship with dysplasia and may increase malignant potency by over‐inducing Treg cells.
Risk assessment and optimization strategies to reduce perioperative respiratory adverse events in Pediatric Anesthesia—Part 2: Anesthesia‐related risk and treatment options
Authors: Templeton Thomas Wesley , Sommerfield David , Hii Justin , Sommerfield Aine , Matava Clyde T. , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: December 2021

Perioperative respiratory adverse events are the most common cause of critical events in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. While many risk factors remain unmodifiable, there are numerous anesthetic management decisions which can impact the incidence and impact of these events, especially in at‐risk children. Ongoing research continues to improve our understanding of both the influence of risk factors and the effect of specific interventions. This review discusses anesthesia risk factors and outlines strategies to reduce the rate and impact of perioperative respiratory adverse events with a chronologic based inquiry into anesthetic management decisions through the perioperative period from premedication to postoperative disposition.
Risk assessment and optimization strategies to reduce perioperative respiratory adverse events in pediatric anesthesia—Part 1 patient and surgical factors
Authors: Hii Justin , Templeton T. Wesley , Sommerfield David , Sommerfield Aine , Matava Clyde T. , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: December 2021

Pediatric surgery cases are increasing worldwide. Within pediatric anesthesia, perioperative respiratory adverse events are the most common precipitant leading to serious complications. They can have intraoperative impact on the surgical procedure itself, lead to premature case termination and in addition may have postoperative impact resulting in longer hospitalization stays and costs. Although most perioperative respiratory adverse events can be promptly detected and managed, and will not lead to any sequelae, the risk of life‐threatening progression remains. The incidence of respiratory adverse events increases in children with comorbid respiratory and/or nonrespiratory illnesses. Optimized perioperative patient care, risk‐stratified care level choice, and practitioners with appropriate training allow for risk mitigation. This review will discuss patient and surgical risk factors with a focus on common patient comorbid illnesses and review scoring systems to quantify risk.
Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Thai version
Authors: Tangjittiporn Thiraporn , Sottimanon Arunsiri , Ularntinon Sirirat
Published: December 2021

Background

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders among children. Because of their internalizing nature, anxiety disorders are underdiagnosed and untreated. Therefore, self‐report screening tools play an important role in the early identification of these cases. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED)‐Thai version in a clinical population.

Methods

One hundred and eight participants were enrolled from patients aged 9–16 years with any psychiatric diagnosis and their parents who visited a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic in Thailand. All the parent‐child pairs completed the SCARED and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)‐emotional subscale. Clinical diagnosis of an anxiety disorder was endorsed through a standard clinical interview by certified child and adolescent psychiatrists blinded to the results of the SCARED and SDQ. Internal consistency, predictive validity, and convergent validity of the screens were assessed.

Results

This study found that the SCARED‐Thai version had very good reliability, with internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.913 for the SCARED‐Child form and 0.925 for the SCARED‐Parent form. With an optimal cut‐off point of 23, the SCARED‐Child version significantly distinguished anxious from non‐anxious young people in clinical settings with a sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.50, while the SCARED‐Parent version had a sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.67 at the same threshold. The convergent validity between the SCARED‐Thai (total) and SDQ (emotional subscale) was at a highly suitable range (r = 0.81).

Conclusion

The SCARED‐Thai version exhibited good psychometric quality for identifying young people with comorbid anxiety disorders when used in clinical settings.
A Phlorotanin, 6,6′‐bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 Expression on UVB‐induced HaCaT Keratinocytes
Authors: He Yuan‐Lin , Xiao Zhenbang , Yang Shengtao , Zhou Chunxia , Sun Shengli , Hong Pengzhi , Qian Zhong‐Ji
Published: December 2021

Skin is the outmost layer of human and sustains most of the external UVB irradiation, which possibly causes the skin photoaging. As a natural antioxidant, marine natural products have been paid more and more attention to their positive effects on photoaging. 6,6′‐bieckol is a phlorotanin isolated from Ecklonia cava, while its antiphotoaging bioactivity and mechanism have not been clear yet. This study proves that 6,6′‐bieckol enhances cells viability and decreases the level of ROS in UVB‐induced human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. It also resulted in significant downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), p‐c‐Fos, phosphorylated JNK, p38, IκB and p65. In addition, molecular docking also showed that 6,6′‐bieckol could bind to MMP‐1, MMP‐3 and MMP‐9. Finally, it was proved that 6,6′‐bieckol acts on MMPs through the MAPK/AP‐1 and NF‐κB pathways to reduce UVB‐induced oxidative stress damage in HaCaT cells. Therefore, 6,6′‐bieckol is a functional food and skin care ingredient with great potential in preventing photoaging.
Evaluation of photodynamic therapy against Leishmania tropica promastigotes using different photosensitizers
Authors: Ozlem‐Caliskan Sercin , Ertabaklar Hatice , Bilgin Mehmet Dincer , Ertug Sema
Published: December 2021

Background

Photodynamic therapy is a two‐step procedure, involving the use of photosensitizing agents followed by selective illumination of the target lesion with visible light. Photodynamic therapy has been described recently as a promising strategy for treatment of leishmaniasis. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro phototoxic, morphological, and apoptotic effect of methylene blue, toluidine blue, chloro‐aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a‐mediated photodynamic therapy on the viability of Leishmania tropica promastigotes.

Methods

Parasites were treated with methylene blue, toluidine blue, chloro‐aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a or/and methylene blue, toluidine blue, chloro‐aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a‐mediated photodynamic therapy, and cell proliferation, morphological changes, and apoptosis were evaluated by XTT, giemsa staining, DAPI staining, and DNA fragmentation, respectively.

Results

Parasite viability was significantly different in between the groups treated with methylene blue, toluidine blue, and pheophorbide a, with or without irradiation. chloro‐aluminum phthalocyanine treatment did not lead to any alterations in cell viability in Leishmania tropica promastigotes with or without irradiation. DAPI staining results indicated that apoptotic bodies and nucleus fragmentation started to be visible in methylene blue, chloro‐aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a‐mediated photodynamic therapy groups. DNA ladder pattern which is used to define apoptosis was observed in irradiated methylene blue, chloro‐aluminum phthalocyanine, and pheophorbide a groups.

Conclusions

The results revealed that apoptosis‐induced cell death was observed in Leishmania tropica promastigotes after the application of photosensitizers in combination with light irradiation.
Filgrastim (r‐met‐hu G‐CSF) enhances the efficiency of spermatogenesis in prepubertal Bos indicus bulls
Authors: Arevalo Dario , Flores Andrea C. , Diaz Ramiro F. , Garcia‐Herreros Manuel , Aponte Pedro M.
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to test the effects of the drug r‐met‐hu‐G‐CSF (filgrastim) on spermatogenic efficiency in prepubertal Brahman bulls. Twelve intact, healthy prepubertal bulls were administered 0, 1 (LD = low dose) or 4 (HD = high dose) µg/Kg r‐met‐hu‐G‐CSF (daily for 4 days), and haematological analysis was performed. Bulls were castrated (D0 or D60). BW (body weight) and SC (scrotal circumference) were recorded. Testis weight and volume were taken at castration with samples for testis histology and stereology: germ cell types, spermatids count and DSP (daily sperm production per gram)/g of testicular parenchyma. Testicular weight, volume, BW, SC and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were NS (LD‐HD; p > .05). At D0 (age 11 months), the most advanced germ cell types (maGCt) ranged from intermediate spermatogonia to pachytene spermatocytes. After 2 months, control animals had round spermatids as maGCt, LD animals 75% round spermatids and 25% elongated spermatids, and HD animals round spermatids. Spermatids/testis were higher in LD (1.23 ± 0.2 millions) than in controls (0.65 ± 0.1 millions, p < .05). Spermatogenic efficiency (DSP/g) was higher in LD (5.4 ± 0.4 million) than in controls (3.2 ± 0.2 million, p < .01). In conclusion, r‐met‐hu‐G‐CSF raises spermatogenic efficiency in prepubertal Brahman bulls.
Post‐pandemic recovery through landscape restoration
Authors: Dhyani Shalini , Bhaskar Dhanya , Santhanam Harini , Murthy Indu K.
Published: December 2021

Land degradation as one of the mega drivers of loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services has affected billions globally, resulting in rampant loss of livelihoods and accelerated distress migration. India, one of the land degradation hotspots in Asia, has also been reeling under the impacts of the ongoing climate and pandemic crises, which have seriously imperiled local livelihoods and human well‐being. Boosting livelihood‐based social support programs can be a transformative approach to scale up Nature‐based Solutions to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality and to realize global restoration, climate, and biodiversity conservation goals. In this article, we provide evidence for enhancing landscape restoration success by creating green job opportunities to achieve post‐pandemic recovery. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) was initiated as a poverty alleviation program in India and can be transformative approach to achieve global climate and sustainable development goals. We use cases from diverse ecological contexts of India to demonstrate the potential of MGNREGS. To revolutionize the process, we propose developing and mainstreaming national‐level landscape restoration guidelines by using locally relevant knowledge for addressing critical gaps, identifying institutions and their roles, developing local capacity, leveraging technology to facilitate decision‐making, encouraging multi‐stakeholder involvement, and promoting inclusiveness and community participation.
Systematic construction of nonautonomous Hamiltonian equations of Painlevé type. I. Frobenius integrability
Authors: Błaszak Maciej , Marciniak Krzysztof , Domański Ziemowit
Published: December 2021

This article is the first one in a suite of three articles exploring connections between dynamical systems of Stäckel type and of Painlevé type. In this article, we present a deformation of autonomous Stäckel‐type systems to nonautonomous Frobenius integrable systems. First, we consider quasi‐Stäckel systems with quadratic in momenta Hamiltonians containing separable potentials with time‐dependent coefficients, and then, we present a procedure of deforming these equations to nonautonomous Frobenius integrable systems. Then, we present a procedure of deforming quasi‐Stäckel systems with so‐called magnetic separable potentials to nonautonomous Frobenius integrable systems. We also provide a complete list of all two‐ and three‐dimensional Frobenius integrable systems, both with ordinary and with magnetic potentials, which originate in our construction. Further, we prove the equivalence between both classes of systems. Finally, we show how Painlevé equationscan be derived from our scheme.
CmLHP1 proteins play a key role in plant development and sex determination in melon (Cucumis melo)
Authors: Rodriguez‐Granados Natalia Yaneth , Ramirez‐Prado Juan Sebastian , Brik‐Chaouche Rim , An Jing , Manza‐Mianza Deborah , Sircar Sanchari , Troadec Christelle , Hanique Melissa , Soulard Camille , Costa Rafael , Dogimont Catherine , Latrasse David , Raynaud Cécile , Boualem Adnane , Benhamed Moussa , Bendahmane Abdelhafid
Published: December 2021

In monoecious melon (Cucumis melo), sex is determined by the differential expression of sex determination genes (SDGs) and adoption of sex‐specific transcriptional programs. Histone modifications such as H3K27me3 have been previously shown to be a hallmark associated to unisexual flower development in melon; yet, no genetic approaches have been conducted for elucidating the roles of H3K27me3 writers, readers, and erasers in this process. Here we show that melon homologs to Arabidopsis LHP1, CmLHP1A and B, redundantly control several aspects of plant development, including sex expression. Cmlhp1ab double mutants displayed an overall loss and redistribution of H3K27me3, leading to a deregulation of genes involved in hormone responses, plant architecture, and flower development. Consequently, double mutants display pleiotropic phenotypes and, interestingly, a general increase of the male:female ratio. We associated this phenomenon with a general deregulation of some hormonal response genes and a local activation of male‐promoting SDGs and MADS‐box transcription factors. Altogether, these results reveal a novel function for CmLHP1 proteins in maintenance of monoecy and provide novel insights into the polycomb‐mediated epigenomic regulation of sex lability in plants.
Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research
Authors: Kastally Chedly , Niskanen Alina K. , Perry Annika , Kujala Sonja T. , Avia Komlan , Cervantes Sandra , Haapanen Matti , Kesälahti Robert , Kumpula Timo A. , Mattila Tiina M. , Ojeda Dario I. , Tyrmi Jaakko S. , Wachowiak Witold , Cavers Stephen , Kärkkäinen Katri , Savolainen Outi , Pyhäjärvi Tanja
Published: December 2021

Pinus sylvestris(Scots pine) is the most widespread coniferous tree in the boreal forests of Eurasia, with major economic and ecological importance. However, its large and repetitive genome presents a challenge for conducting genome‐wide analyses such as association studies, genetic mapping and genomic selection. We present a new 50K single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array for Scots pine research, breeding and other applications. To select the SNP set, we first genotyped 480 Scots pine samples on a 407 540 SNP screening array and identified 47 712 high‐quality SNPs for the final array (called ‘PiSy50k’). Here, we provide details of the design and testing, as well as allele frequency estimates from the discovery panel, functional annotation, tissue‐specific expression patterns and expression level information for the SNPs or corresponding genes, when available. We validated the performance of the PiSy50k array using samples from Finland and Scotland. Overall, 39 678 (83.2%) SNPs showed low error rates (mean = 0.9%). Relatedness estimates based on array genotypes were consistent with the expected pedigrees, and the level of Mendelian error was negligible. In addition, array genotypes successfully discriminate between Scots pine populations of Finnish and Scottish origins. The PiSy50k SNP array will be a valuable tool for a wide variety of future genetic studies and forestry applications.
The UPR regulator IRE1 promotes balanced organ development by restricting TOR‐dependent control of cellular differentiation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Angelos Evan , Brandizzi Federica
Published: December 2021

Proteostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is controlled by sophisticated signaling pathways that are collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR) and are initiated by specialized ER membrane‐associated sensors. The evidence that complete loss‐of‐function mutations of the most conserved of the UPR sensors, inositol‐requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), dysregulates tissue growth and development in metazoans and plants raises the fundamental question as to how IRE1 is connected to organismal growth. To address this question, we interrogated the Arabidopsis primary root, an established model for organ development, using the tractable Arabidopsis IRE1 mutantire1a ire1b, which has marked root development defects in the absence of exogenous stress. We demonstrate that IRE1 is required to reach maximum rates of cell elongation and root growth. We also established that in the actively growingire1a ire1bmutant root tips the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase, a widely conserved pro‐growth regulator, is hyperactive, and that, unlike cell proliferation, the rate of cell differentiation is enhanced inire1a ire1bin a TOR‐dependent manner. By functionally connecting two essential growth regulators, these results underpin a novel and critical role of IRE1 in organ development and indicate that, as cells exit an undifferentiated state, IRE1 is required to monitor TOR activity to balance cell expansion and maturation during organ biogenesis.
A systems‐biology approach identifies co‐expression modules in response to low phosphate supply in maize lines of different breeding history
Authors: He Mingjie , Li Xuelian , Mang Melissa , Li Zhi , Ludewig Uwe , Schulze Waltraud X.
Published: December 2021

Plants cope with low phosphorus availability by adjusting growth and metabolism through transcriptomic and proteomic adaptations. We hypothesize that selected genotypes with distinct phosphorous (P) use efficiency covering the breeding history of European Flint heterotic pool provide a tool to reveal general and genotype‐specific molecular responses to P limitation. We reconstructed protein and gene co‐expression networks by weighted correlation network analysis and related these to phosphate deficiency‐induced traits. In roots, low phosphate supply resulted in a decreasing abundance of proteins in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and a negative correlation with root and shoot phosphate content. We observed an increase in abundance and positive correlation with root and shoot phosphate content for proteins in sucrose biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, respiration and RNA processing. Purple acid phosphatases, superoxide dismutase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase were identified as being upregulated under low phosphate in all genotypes. Overall, correlations between protein and mRNA abundance changes were limited, with ribosomal proteins and the ubiquitin protein degradation pathway exclusively responding with protein abundance changes. Carbohydrate, phospho‐ and sulfo‐lipid metabolism showed abundance changes at the protein and mRNA levels. These partially non‐overlapping proteomic and transcriptomic adjustments to low phosphate suggest sugar and lipid metabolism as metabolic processes associated with improved P use efficiency specifically in Founder Flint lines. We identified a mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐kinase as a potential genotype‐specific regulator of sucrose metabolism at low phosphate in Founder Flint line EP1. We conclude that, during breedingt of Elite Flint lines, regulation of primary metabolism has changed to result in a distinct low phosphate response in Founder lines.
Does economic globalisation promote economic growth? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Heimberger Philipp
Published: December 2021

A large volume of econometric literature has studied the effects of economic globalisation on economic growth around the world. Reported results, however, vary considerably, which makes it difficult to draw valid conclusions. This paper applies meta‐analysis and meta‐regression methods to a novel dataset consisting of 5542 estimates on globalisation–growth effects reported in 516 primary studies. We find evidence for publication selection bias in favour of positive growth effects of globalisation. After correcting for this bias, the size of the effect of economic globalisation on output growth is more than halved, but it remains positive. The growth‐promoting effect, however, is due to trade globalisation, as we cannot reject the hypothesis that the impact of financial globalisation on growth is, on average, zero. The meta‐regression results also reveal that the growth effects of economic globalisation have varied over time, and that education and institutions serve as significant moderator variables.
When does foreign direct investment lead to inclusive growth?
Authors: Kang Hyojung , Martinez‐Vazquez Jorge
Published: December 2021

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is widely considered among the most effective instruments for the promotion of economic development. However, not all FDI leads to inclusive economic growth, lifting the welfare of the poorest groups. This paper examines the conditions under which FDI can effectively lead to inclusive growth. By using a fixed effects regression with annual data for 67 countries from 1990 to 2015, we find that FDI has a positive effect on inclusive growth when there is a sufficiently large manufacturing sector and infrastructure base in the host country. We also indirectly find that FDI has a positive effect on inclusive growth when the host country has a large service sector. These not very optimistic results emphasise the critical importance of the host country's absorptive capacity. A smaller technological or knowledge gap with the foreign firms is required for FDI to lead to more linkages and spillovers and ultimately job creation for the poor. The results cast doubt on development strategies that rely on FDI as a sufficient policy for inclusive growth.
Hawker’s Community Awareness and Knowledge towards Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Abas Muhamad Azahar , Seow Ta Wee , Mohamed Sulzakimin , Mat Radzuan Indera Syahrul
Published: December 2021

Solid waste management practice is one of the crucial components in developing a sustainable city. The practice of sustainable solid waste management among the community is reflecting one of the sustainable community features. However, developing a sustainable community is not an easy task where it requires commitment from multiple stakeholders. Hawker's community is essential in urban areas where it plays a vital role in economic development and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine hawker's community's knowledge, awareness, and practices in solid waste management. This study used a questionnaire as the primary research instrument. A total of 105 respondents participated in this study, where they are hawkers in Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia. Descriptive analysis was applied to examine the hawker's community's awareness, knowledge, and practice on sustainable solid waste management, which focuses on recycling and composting. This study found out that the awareness of respondents on sustainable solid waste management is high. However, the knowledge of respondents is at a moderate level. This study also reveals that the respondent is reluctant to practice sustainable solid waste management because of time constraints and inconvenient facilities. This finding is significant to local authority and government agencies to develop sustainable community framework in an urban area.
Government Green Procurement in Sustainable Infrastructure Development
Authors: Chan Melissa , Masrom Md Asrul Nasid , Shamsul Bahrin Ahmad Shahidi
Published: December 2021

Infrastructure development is becoming more significant to an economic growth in many countries. A systematic delivery system regardless by traditional or non-traditional procurement methods is a common condition which has considerable impact on project outcome. In recent times, Government Green Procurement (GGP) has received a great attention among stakeholders in procuring products, services and construction works, particularly in public sector. In developing countries such as Malaysia, GGP have been beneficial by enhancing environmental concern to conserve natural resources, however, the evidence in terms of its implementation is still undiscovered. Due to this deficiency, this paper aims to determine the significant attributes of GGP, and to address the significant strategies of GGP in infrastructure project development. Exploratory study was conducted by reviewing literatures extensively and followed with expert interviews. Content analysis method was used to analyse the data. The results reveal that environmental is to be likely the most significant attributes of GGP, meanwhile, GGP Long-Term Action Plan (LTAP) is seemed to be the most important strategy used in promoting green procurement. This paper provides new insights to the literature in relation to green practice strategies and it is potentially to be useful for the stakeholders in prioritizing further efforts of green-oriented public infrastructure development in the future.
Impact of Having an Early Briefing among Residents/Owners in Reducing Strata Disputes in Malaysia
Authors: Chong Kim Guan , Eni Sabariah , Mohd Safian Edie Ezwan
Published: December 2021

Strata living is now a trend of community life in urban areas. With the limited use of land as a residential area, strata development has become the main agenda of developers to meet the demand for housing needs. Nevertheless, the notion of living close to each other and shared facilities induced inevitable strata disputes among strata dwellers and relevant authorities alike in the past. It was so prevalent that it compelled the government to enact a new and more comprehensive Strata Management Act in 2015. This research aims to identify common strata disputes that arise, and whether an early briefing can help to reduce strata disputes in Malaysia. The researchers adopted quantitative methods using descriptive analysis from 56 respondents to achieve the objectives. The findings from this research demonstrate that those residents are keen to participate in an early briefing, and have demonstrated the importance of early briefings to residents in order to minimise disputes. Thus, early briefings can address residents’ concerns at an early stage, and this can reduce strata disputes in the future. It is hoped that this research can give insight into strata management and prove that early briefing can be adopted as a standard practice to lessen strata disputes in strata development and management in the country.