bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Bolsa del Diablo/Bolsa de Color» proyecto de vinculación barrio-universidad-gobierno, para la mejora del espacio público en la Zona de Monumentos de la Ciudad de Puebla, calle 24 Poniente
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Adriana , De la Torre Sánchez Christian Enrique , Aco Castañeda Bernardo , Rojas Salgado César Javier
Published: January 2018

«Bolsa de Color» tuvo como objetivo una actuación puntual (aplicación de color en fachada) en la calle 24 Poniente del Barrio del Refugio, Puebla, México. Desde el siglo xvi, «La Bolsa del Diablo» es una calle que destaca por una forma irregular diferente al resto de las manzanas del Centro Histórico, lo que impide la visibilidad desde las esquinas. Hasta el xix existían hornos de cal y las vecindades han albergado una gran cantidad de habitantes, entre ellos grupos conflictivos. Antes de la intervención, el patrimonio construido estaba muy deteriorado y existía poca permeabilidad, ya que el imaginario negativo la había mantenido ajena a cualquier intervención. Es una calle donde hay poco tráfico vehicular y donde es común encontrar a los niños jugando al fútbol y a las canicas.Con el uso de color en las fachadas y el trabajo voluntario de vecinos, universitarios y el Ayuntamiento de Puebla, se inició un proyecto de apropiación y valoración de los espacios públicos a partir de diversas actividades, que van desde las recreativas y culturales, hasta talleres y proyectos para la mejora del barrio.Este trabajo es producto de la línea de investigación «Espacio Público, Participación Ciudadana y Centro Histórico» de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla y del grupo Re Genera Espacio.
Hacia la (re)construcción de un hábitat inclusivo. Estrategias de apropiación para la población infantil de nuestras ciudades
Authors: Kestelman Mora
Published: January 2018

El deterioro de los espacios públicos abiertos debilita la construcción de ciudadanía en la población infantil de nuestras ciudades: coartando el disfrute del contacto social, del patrimonio y del paisaje. Principalmente en áreas de periferia donde la situación de deslinde entre lo propiamente urbano y las áreas de baja consistencia socio-urbana se hace más notoria, con graduales procesos de degradación urbana y social impidiendo el aprendizaje desestructurado e informal mediante el disfrute de nuestra ciudad. ¿Cómo acercar las instituciones potenciales a (re)construir el concepto de ciudadanía? ¿Es actualmente el proyecto una herramienta (im)posibilitante? ¿Podemos satisfacer las nuevas demandas siendo capaces de proyectar desde y sobre aquella base a partir de la información de las nuevas tecnologías expandidas en la sociedad? Repensar las articulaciones sociales entre actores en el marco de las diversas relaciones de poder constituye el punto de partida para abordar la problemática dado que el espacio público es un elemento determinante para la renovación urbana y social y para la construcción de ciudadanía.Asimismo, permitirían visibilizar las oportunidades de transformación posibles aprehendiendo las necesidades de los niños y niñas como derechos, por lo que su aplicación debe ser vista como un factor de transformación social, ya que en las manos de la niñez está la construcción de una nueva sociedad. Desatender esta cuestión pone en riesgo la consolidación de un hábitat inclusivo, siendo la apropiación de la población infantil del espacio público de nuestras ciudades una premisa fundamental para la consolidación de un paisaje solidario e inclusivo.
Studerendes digitale læringsmiljøer: læringsplatform eller medieøkologi?
Authors: Caviglia Francesco , Dalsgaard Christian , Davidsen Jacob , Ryberg Thomas
Published: January 2018

Formålet med artiklen er at undersøge, hvad universitetsstuderendes digitale læringsmiljøer består af med henblik på at forstå samspillet mellem institutionelle systemer og de værktøjer, som studerende selv varetager. Udgangspunktet for artiklen er en undersøgelse af 128 humaniora studerendes digitale læringsmiljøer. Formålene med undersøgelsen er 1) at give et overblik over, hvilke værktøjer studerende anvender til deres studieaktiviteter, 2) at finde frem til de mest anvendte og vigtigste værktøjer for studerende, og 3) at afdække, hvilke aktiviteter værktøjerne anvendes til. Undersøgelsen viser først og fremmest en udpræget variation i studerendes mediebrug. Nogle af de mest anvendte værktøjer i studerendes digitale læringsmiljøer er Facebook, Google Drev, notetagningsværktøjer og institutionelle systemer. Derudover viser undersøgelsen, at værktøjerne opfylder nogle meget grundlæggende behov hos de studerende såsom samarbejde, kommunikation og feedback. Endelig viser undersøgelsen, at de fleste vigtige værktøjer er uafhængige af de systemer, der stilles til rådighed af uddannelsesinstitutionerne. På baggrund af undersøgelsen diskuteres, hvordan institutionelle systemer spiller sammen med øvrige værktøjer i de studerendes læringsmiljøer, og hvordan man kan kvalificere studerendes digitale læringsmiljøer i forhold til eksisterende og fremspirende behov.
De quoi la longue participation est-elle la garantie dans l’enquête ethnographique ?
Authors: Papinot Christian
Published: January 2018

Que fait le temps de l’enquête à la qualité de la production ethnographique ? De quoi la longue participation est-elle la garantie dans l’enquête ethnographique ? La voie canonique de l’enquête ethnographique, l’observation participante de longue durée, est fréquemment justifiée avec des arguments de nature épistémologique. Depuis les démarches de type plutôt « mécaniques », postulant la neutralisation des situations d’enquête, jusqu’à celles plus réflexives faisant de l’analyse des situations d’enquête des voies d’accès à la connaissance de l’objet, la longue durée de l’enquête, par ses effets supposés de dilution de la distance sociale observateur/observé, se trouve fréquemment parée de vertus épistémologiques intrinsèques que l’on souhaite interroger dans cet article. À partir de quelques exemples contemporains typiques, on discutera dans cet article des présupposés épistémologiques du « temps long » de l’enquête pour montrer in fine comment cette plus-value supposée s’inscrit sur un fond larvé d’épistémologie positiviste persistante.
Ethnographie et théorie de la description – La construction des données sociologiques
Authors: Parent Frédéric , Sabourin Paul
Published: January 2018

Peut-on concilier l’approche ethnographique et les visées scientifiques en sciences sociales ? À partir d’exemples de travail de description et de réflexions méthodologiques que l’on peut en tirer, nous voulons montrer la nécessité de reconsidérer la conceptualisation des phases de la démarche ethnographique allant de l’heuristique de la découverte à la construction d’un objet de connaissance transmissible explicitement. Cet exercice de conceptualisation de certains aspects du travail ethnographique permettra d’avancer la proposition suivante : le projet d’une théorie de la description du social dans ses formulations anciennes ou plus récentes, loin d’être un carcan pour l’approche ethnographique, serait une voie privilégiée pour inscrire cette démarche dans une visée scientifique. Plus encore, l’approche ethnographique pourrait bien être une contribution significative aux sciences sociales dont la scientificité demeure problématique.
Tuning of in vivo cognate B-T cell interactions by Intersectin 2 is required for effective anti-viral B cell immunity
Authors: Burbage Marianne , Gasparrini Francesca , Aggarwal Shweta , Gaya Mauro , Arnold Johan , Nair Usha , Way Michael , Bruckbauer Andreas , Batista Facundo D
Published: January 2018

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an immune pathology associated with mutations in WAS protein (WASp) or in WASp interacting protein (WIP). Together with the small GTPase Cdc42 and other effectors, these proteins participate in the remodelling of the actin network downstream of BCR engagement. Here we show that mice lacking the adaptor protein ITSN2, a G-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42 that also interacts with WASp and WIP, exhibited increased mortality during primary infection, incomplete protection after Flu vaccination, reduced germinal centre formation and impaired antibody responses to vaccination. These defects were found, at least in part, to be intrinsic to the B cell compartment. In vivo, ITSN2 deficient B cells show a reduction in the expression of SLAM, CD84 or ICOSL that correlates with a diminished ability to form long term conjugates with T cells, to proliferate in vivo, and to differentiate into germinal centre cells. In conclusion, our study not only revealed a key role for ITSN2 as an important regulator of adaptive immune-response during vaccination and viral infection but it is also likely to contribute to a better understanding of human immune pathologies.
MERS-CoV spillover at the camel-human interface
Authors: Dudas Gytis , Carvalho Luiz Max , Rambaut Andrew , Bedford Trevor
Published: January 2018

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic virus from camels causing significant mortality and morbidity in humans in the Arabian Peninsula. The epidemiology of the virus remains poorly understood, and while case-based and seroepidemiological studies have been employed extensively throughout the epidemic, viral sequence data have not been utilised to their full potential. Here, we use existing MERS-CoV sequence data to explore its phylodynamics in two of its known major hosts, humans and camels. We employ structured coalescent models to show that long-term MERS-CoV evolution occurs exclusively in camels, whereas humans act as a transient, and ultimately terminal host. By analysing the distribution of human outbreak cluster sizes and zoonotic introduction times, we show that human outbreaks in the Arabian peninsula are driven by seasonally varying zoonotic transfer of viruses from camels. Without heretofore unseen evolution of host tropism, MERS-CoV is unlikely to become endemic in humans.
Noark-standarden sett i lys av åpen forvaltning og tilgang til offentlig informasjon
Authors: Hagen Sataslåtten Olav
Published: January 2018

Dette er en norsk oversettelse av artikkelen The Norwegian Noark model requirements for EDRMS in the context of open government and access to governmental information.
Population genetic structure of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southeast Pacific and Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Canales-Aguirre Cristian B. , Ferrada-Fuentes Sandra , Galleguillos Ricardo , Oyarzun Fernanda X. , Hernández Cristián E.
Published: January 2018

Previous studies of population genetic structure inDissostichus eleginoideshave shown that oceanographic and geographic discontinuities drive in this species population differentiation. Studies have focused on the genetics ofD.eleginoidesin the Southern Ocean; however, there is little knowledge of their genetic variation along the South American continental shelf. In this study, we used a panel of six microsatellites to test whetherD.eleginoidesshows population genetic structuring in this region. We hypothesized that this species would show zero or very limited genetic structuring due to the habitat continuity along the South American shelf from Peru in the Pacific Ocean to the Falkland Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. We used Bayesian and traditional analyses to evaluate population genetic structure, and we estimated the number of putative migrants and effective population size. Consistent with our predictions, our results showed no significant genetic structuring among populations of the South American continental shelf but supported two significant and well-defined genetic clusters ofD.eleginoidesbetween regions (South American continental shelf and South Georgia clusters). Genetic connectivity between these two clusters was 11.3% of putative migrants from the South American cluster to the South Georgia Island and 0.7% in the opposite direction. Effective population size was higher in locations from the South American continental shelf as compared with the South Georgia Island. Overall, our results support that the continuity of the deep-sea habitat along the continental shelf and the biological features of the study species are plausible drivers of intraspecific population genetic structuring across the distribution ofD.eleginoideson the South American continental shelf.
Sicegar: R package for sigmoidal and double-sigmoidal curve fitting
Authors: Caglar M. Umut , Teufel Ashley I. , Wilke Claus O.
Published: January 2018

Sigmoidal and double-sigmoidal dynamics are commonly observed in many areas of biology. Here we present sicegar, an R package for the automated fitting and classification of sigmoidal and double-sigmoidal data. The package categorizes data into one of three categories, “no signal,” “sigmoidal,” or “double-sigmoidal,” by rigorously fitting a series of mathematical models to the data. The data is labeled as “ambiguous” if neither the sigmoidal nor double-sigmoidal model fit the data well. In addition to performing the classification, the package also reports a wealth of metrics as well as biologically meaningful parameters describing the sigmoidal or double-sigmoidal curves. In extensive simulations, we find that the package performs well, can recover the original dynamics even under fairly high noise levels, and will typically classify curves as “ambiguous” rather than misclassifying them. The package is available on CRAN and comes with extensive documentation and usage examples.
Variations of High‐Latitude Geomagnetic Pulsation Frequencies: A Comparison of Time‐of‐Flight Estimates and IMAGE Magnetometer Observations
Authors: Sandhu J. K. , Yeoman T. K. , James M. K. , Rae I. J. , Fear R. C.
Published: January 2018

The fundamental eigenfrequencies of standing Alfvén waves on closed geomagnetic field lines are estimated for the region spanning 5.9≤L < 9.5 over all MLT (Magnetic Local Time). The T96 magnetic field model and a realistic empirical plasma mass density model are employed using the time‐of‐flight approximation, refining previous calculations that assumed a relatively simplistic mass density model. An assessment of the implications of using different mass density models in the time‐of‐flight calculations is presented. The calculated frequencies exhibit dependences on field line footprint magnetic latitude and MLT, which are attributed to both magnetic field configuration and spatial variations in mass density. In order to assess the validity of the time‐of‐flight calculated frequencies, the estimates are compared to observations of FLR (Field Line Resonance) frequencies. Using IMAGE (International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects) ground magnetometer observations obtained between 2001 and 2012, an automated FLR identification method is developed, based on the cross‐phase technique. The average FLR frequency is determined, including variations with footprint latitude and MLT, and compared to the time‐of‐flight analysis. The results show agreement in the latitudinal and local time dependences. Furthermore, with the use of the realistic mass density model in the time‐of‐flight calculations, closer agreement with the observed FLR frequencies is obtained. The study is limited by the latitudinal coverage of the IMAGE magnetometer array, and future work will aim to extend the ground magnetometer data used to include additional magnetometer arrays.
Model of Energy Spectrum Parameters of Ground Level Enhancement Events in Solar Cycle 23
Authors: Wu S.‐S. , Qin G.
Published: January 2018

Mewaldt et al. (2012) fitted the observations of the ground level enhancement (GLE) events during solar cycle 23 to the double power law equation to obtain the four spectral parameters, the normalization constantC, low‐energy power law slopeγ1, high‐energy power law slopeγ2, and break energyE0. There are 16 GLEs from which we select 13 for study by excluding some events with complicated situation. We analyze the four parameters with conditions of the corresponding solar events. According to solar event conditions, we divide the GLEs into two groups, one with strong acceleration by interplanetary shocks and another one without strong acceleration. By fitting the four parameters with solar event conditions we obtain models of the parameters for the two groups of GLEs separately. Therefore, we establish a model of energy spectrum of solar cycle 23 GLEs, which may be used in prediction in the future.
Robust DNA repair in PAXX‐deficient mammalian cells
Authors: Dewan Alisa , Xing Mengtan , Lundbæk Marie Benner , Gago‐Fuentes Raquel , Beck Carole , Aas Per Arne , Liabakk Nina‐Beate , Sæterstad Siri , Chau Khac Thanh Phong , Kavli Bodil Merete , Oksenych Valentyn
Published: January 2018

To ensure genome stability, mammalian cells employ several DNA repair pathways. Nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is the DNA repair process that fixes double‐strand breaks throughout the cell cycle. NHEJ is involved in the development of B and T lymphocytes through its function in V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination (CSR). NHEJ consists of several core and accessory factors, including Ku70, Ku80, XRCC4, DNA ligase 4, DNA‐PKcs, Artemis, and XLF. Paralog of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX) is the recently described accessory NHEJ factor that structurally resembles XRCC4 and XLF and interacts with Ku70/Ku80. To determine the physiological role of PAXX in mammalian cells, we purchased and characterized a set of custom‐generated and commercially available NHEJ‐deficient human haploid HAP1 cells, PAXXΔ, XRCC4Δ, and XLFΔ. In our studies, HAP1 PAXXΔ cells demonstrated modest sensitivity to DNA damage, which was comparable to wild‐type controls. By contrast, XRCC4Δ and XLFΔ HAP1 cells possessed significant DNA repair defects measured as sensitivity to double‐strand break inducing agents and chromosomal breaks. To investigate the role of PAXX in CSR, we generated and characterized Paxx−/− and Aid−/− murine lymphoid CH12F3 cells. CSR to IgA was nearly at wild‐type levels in the Paxx−/− cells and completely ablated in the absence of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID). In addition, Paxx−/− CH12F3 cells were hypersensitive to zeocin when compared to wild‐type controls. We concluded that Paxx‐deficient mammalian cells maintain robust NHEJ and CSR.
RETRACTED: Effect of a neural relay on liver regeneration in mice: activation of serotonin release from the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Inoue Ryosuke , Kamimura Kenya , Nagoya Takuro , Sakai Norihiro , Yokoo Takeshi , Goto Ryo , Ogawa Kohei , Shinagawa‐Kobayashi Yoko , Watanabe‐Mori Yukari , Sakamaki Akira , Abe Satoshi , Kamimura Hiroteru , Miyamura Norio , Nishina Hiroshi , Terai Shuji
Published: January 2018

The development of therapeutic options to promote hepatic regeneration following severe liver injury is essential. While humoral factors have been reported as mechanisms of liver regeneration, the contributions of interorgan communication to liver regeneration have not been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of a neural relay on liver regeneration via activation of serotonin release from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Our results demonstrated that the afferent visceral nerve from the liver activates the efferent vagus nerve from the brain, leading to activation of serotonin release from the GI tract and contributing to liver regeneration. While it is difficult to apply these results directly to human health, we believe that this study may represent a step toward developing essential therapeutics to promote liver regeneration.
Framingham: An Evolving Longitudinal Study
Authors: Manton Kenneth G. , Lowrimore Gene , Simpson Miles
Published: January 2018

The Framingham Study is a long‐term longitudinal study designed to both identify the relation of putative risk factors to circulatory and other disease risks and characterize the natural history of chronic circulatory disease processes. Beginning with limited initial study goals, the directors greatly expanded the scope of their study goals during data collection.
Statistical Methods in Astronomy
Authors: Long James P. , de Souza Rafael S.
Published: January 2018

We present a review of data types and statistical methods often encountered in astronomy. The aim is to provide an introduction to statistical applications in astronomy for statisticians and computer scientists. We highlight the complex, often hierarchical, nature of many astronomy inference problems and advocate for cross‐disciplinary collaborations to address these challenges.
Nonconvex Optimization
Authors: Chen Guanhua , Kosorok Michael R. , Zhou Xin
Published: January 2018

In this brief report, we review nonconvex optimization in statistics, including the introduction of basic concepts and methods, major uses and trends in statistics, important methodological and theoretical developments, and several interesting applications. This is an important and active area of research with numerous open research questions.
Imputation with High‐Dimensional Data
Authors: Zhao Yize , Long Qi
Published: January 2018

Missing data are commonly encountered in biomedical, epidemiologic, and social research. Imputation has been widely investigated and is among the most popular methods for handling missing data in practice. However, additional challenges arise when applying imputation to high‐dimensional data where the number of variables can be greater than the number of observations. This article presents several strategies for imputing missing values in the presence of high‐dimensional data.
Comparison of Survival Functions to Determine Effectiveness of Treatments in Health‐Care Applications
Authors: Mitra Amitava
Published: January 2018

In several health‐care applications, it is of interest to determine the survival time to a certain defined event. As an example, for those undergoing surgery, the defined event could be the time from surgery to death. Other applications could involve analysis of chemotherapy or radiation treatment to cancer patients, where the defined event could be the time from the start of therapy to the end of remission. Hence, to determine the effectiveness of treatments will require a comparison of the survival functions associated with patients for each of the treatment groups. Determination of the Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator of the survival function is demonstrated, with observations that may or may not be censored. Computation of the variance of the estimated survival function, at the ordered failure times, is shown subsequently. A log‐rank test that utilizes comparisons of the observed and expected frequencies, for the treatment groups, is demonstrated. Under the null hypothesis of the equality of the survival functions, the log‐rank statistic has approximately a chi‐squared distribution. An example demonstrates the application of the various procedural details.
Recent Statistical Topics of Nuclear Material Inventory Verification
Authors: Kikuchi Masahiro , Suzuki Mitsutoshi
Published: January 2018

A near‐real‐time accountancy (NRTA) as a timely statistical test method for nuclear material inventory verification in international safeguards has a unique feature and development history, and it has been maintained and updated in large nuclear facilities in Japan. A recent discussion on approaches of measurement uncertainty may have an impact on the decision criteria of NRTA because its development origin dates back to the 1970s and derived from the conventional random and systematic error model. In this article, we will show the overview associated with this issue.
On Normal Law Conditions forTuring's Formula
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi
Published: January 2018

There are three main elements of interest in this article concerning the conditions of asymptotic normality for Turing's formula. First, a previously established necessary and sufficient condition is meaningfully simplified. Second, the simplified condition facilitates a more instructive description of the required tail properties for the underlying probability distribution, which, in turn, reveals that the asymptotic normality for Turing's formula holds under distributions with qualitatively thinner and thicker tails than those previously demonstrated. Third, it is demonstrated that the asymptotic normality of the relative error associated with Turing's formula is implied by that of the simple additive error, and therefore may hold under more general conditions.

AMS 2000 Subject Classifications.Primary 62F10, 62F12, 62G05, 62G20.
Evaluations of UltraiQ software for objective ultrasound image quality assessment using images from a commercial scanner
Authors: Long Zaiyang , Tradup Donald J , Stekel Scott F , Gorny Krzysztof R , Hangiandreou Nicholas J
Published: January 2018

We evaluated a commercially available software package that uses B‐mode images to semi‐automatically measure quantitative metrics of ultrasound image quality, such as contrast response, depth of penetration (DOP), and spatial resolution (lateral, axial, and elevational). Since measurement of elevational resolution is not a part of the software package, we achieved it by acquiring phantom images with transducers tilted at 45 degrees relative to the phantom. Each measurement was assessed in terms of measurement stability, sensitivity, repeatability, and semi‐automated measurement success rate. All assessments were performed on a GE Logiq E9 ultrasound system with linear (9L or 11L), curved (C1‐5), and sector (S1‐5) transducers, using a CIRS model 040GSE phantom. In stability tests, the measurements of contrast, DOP, and spatial resolution remained within a ±10% variation threshold in 90%, 100%, and 69% of cases, respectively. In sensitivity tests, contrast, DOP, and spatial resolution measurements followed the expected behavior in 100%, 100%, and 72% of cases, respectively. In repeatability testing, intra‐ and inter‐individual coefficients of variations were equal to or less than 3.2%, 1.3%, and 4.4% for contrast, DOP, and spatial resolution (lateral and axial), respectively. The coefficients of variation corresponding to the elevational resolution test were all within 9.5%. Overall, in our assessment, the evaluated package performed well for objective and quantitative assessment of the above‐mentioned image qualities under well‐controlled acquisition conditions. We are finding it to be useful for various clinical ultrasound applications including performance comparison between scanners from different vendors.
Enhanced Terahertz Shielding of MXenes with Nano‐Metamaterials
Authors: Choi Geunchang , Shahzad Faisal , Bahk Young‐Mi , Jhon Young Min , Park Hyunchul , Alhabeb Mohamed , Anasori Babak , Kim Dai‐Sik , Koo Chong Min , Gogotsi Yury , Seo Minah
Published: January 2018

Terahertz (THz) shielding becomes increasingly important with the growing development of THz electronics and devices. Primarily materials based on carbon nanostructures or polymer–carbon nanocomposites have been explored for this application. Herein, significantly enhanced THz shielding efficiencies for 2D titanium carbide (Ti3C2 MXene) thin films with nanoscale THz metamaterials are presented. Nanoscale slot antenna arrays with strong resonances at certain frequencies enhance THz electromagnetic waves up to three orders of magnitude in transmission, which in turn enormously increases the shielding performance in combination with MXene films. Drop‐casting of a colloidal solution of MXene (a few micrograms of dry material) can produce an ultrathin film (several tens of nanometers in thickness) on a slot antenna array. Consequently, THz waves strongly localized in the near‐field regime by the slot antenna undergo enhanced absorption through the film with a magnified effective refractive index. Finally, the combination of an ultrathin MXene film and a nano‐metamaterial shows excellent shielding performance in the THz range.
One‐pot Synthesis of Alkynylated Coumarins via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Aryl Thiocarbamates with 1,3‐Diynes or Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Gao Yuan , Zeng Fenfen , Sun Xudong , Zeng Minfeng , Yang Zhen , Huang Xianqiang , Shen Guodong , Tan Yongsheng , Feng Ruokun , Qi Chenze
Published: January 2018

A convenient and selective synthesis of alkynylated coumarins from various aryl thiocarbamates and 1,3‐diynes or terminal alkynes via rhodium‐catalyzed C−H bond activation has been developed. In this transformation, both symmetrical and asymmetrical 1,3‐diynes could be applicable, obtaining various 3‐alkynylated coumarins in moderate to excellent yields. When the substituent is aryl group, the resulting compounds were found to exhibit intense fluorescence in the range of 412–443 nm with quantum yield of up to 0.57 in CH2Cl2. Moreover, the internal alkynes were readily converted to 1,2‐dione, olefins, alkanes, and bisheterocycles under certain conditions.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Three‐Component Cascade Bisthiolation of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Li Jianxiao , Li Can , Ouyang Lu , Li Chunsheng , Yang Shaorong , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: January 2018

An efficient and novel NHC(N‐heterocyclic carbene)‐palladium‐catalyzed three‐component cascade bisthiolation of terminal alkynes, K2S (potassium sulfide) and diaryliodonium salts for the assembly of functionalized (Z)‐1,2‐bis(arylthio)alkene derivatives has been accomplished for the first time. This unique observation features a broad substrate scope, excellent functional‐group tolerance, and high regioselectivity. Especially, an arylthiolate anion from diaryliodonium salts and potassium sulfide was proposed as the key intermediate in the catalytic cycle.

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IntrinsicConstraints on theDiversification ofNeotropicalCichlidAdductorMandibulaeSize
Authors: Arbour Jessica , López‐Fernández Hernán
Published: January 2018

The diversification of functional traits may be constrained by intrinsic factors, such as structural, mechanical, developmental, or physiological limitations. We explored the biomechanical and constructional constraints on the size of the major jaw closing muscles, the adductor mandibulae complex (AM), in a diverse clade of freshwater fish ‐ the Neotropical cichlids. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we contrasted patterns of size variation and diversification rates of three AM divisions with variables describing head size and biomechanical coefficients describing force and velocity transmission. We found that all three AM muscles examined were impacted by constructional constraints, namely, (1) the space available in the head (head length and width—all AMs), (2) competition with the eye (AM1 and AM2), (3) competition for space among the three major AM divisions (e.g., AM1 vs. AM3), and (4) potentially the shape of the lower jaw (AM2). Only AM2 size was significantly associated with lower jaw biomechanical coefficients, but opposite predictions based on force transmission (i.e., no compensation for low mechanical advantage). Diversification rates of the mass of the divisions of the AM were also not connected to the diversification rates of their biomechanical coefficients. Previously suggested compensation in AM mass for reduced force transmission among ram‐feeding predators appears to be driven by overall body plan changes (lengthening of the head in elongate bodies) and only indirectly to biomechanical trade‐offs. Strong constructional constraints on AM size likely limit potentially functional morphospace occupation, and highlight the highly integrated nature of ram‐suction feeding functional adaptations in Neotropical cichlids. Anat Rec, 301:216–226, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM
Authors: Orsbon Courtney P. , Gidmark Nicholas J. , Ross Callum F.
Published: January 2018

The tradeoff between force and velocity in skeletal muscle is a fundamental constraint on vertebrate musculoskeletal design (form:function relationships). Understanding how and why different lineages address this biomechanical problem is an important goal of vertebrate musculoskeletal functional morphology. Our ability to answer questions about the different solutions to this tradeoff has been significantly improved by recent advances in techniques for quantifying musculoskeletal morphology and movement. Herein, we have three objectives: (1) review the morphological and physiological parameters that affect muscle function and how these parameters interact; (2) discuss the necessity of integrating morphological and physiological lines of evidence to understand muscle function and the new, high resolution imaging technologies that do so; and (3) present a method that integrates high spatiotemporal resolution motion capture (XROMM, including its corollary fluoromicrometry), high resolution soft tissue imaging (diceCT), and electromyography to study musculoskeletal dynamicsin vivo. The method is demonstrated using a case study ofin vivoprimate hyolingual biomechanics during chewing and swallowing. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that small deviations in reconstructed hyoid muscle attachment site location introduce an average error of 13.2% toin vivomuscle kinematics. The observed hyoid and muscle kinematics suggest that hyoid elevation is produced by multiple muscles and that fascicle rotation and tendon strain decouple fascicle strain from hyoid movement and whole muscle length. Lastly, we highlight current limitations of these techniques, some of which will likely soon be overcome through methodological improvements, and some of which are inherent. Anat Rec, 301:378–406, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dietary Correlates of Primate Masticatory Muscle Fiber Architecture
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Deutsch Ashley R. , Leischner Carissa L. , Pastor Francisco
Published: January 2018

Analyses of masticatory muscle architecture—specifically fascicle length (FL; a correlate of muscle stretch and contraction speed) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA; a correlate of force)—reveal soft‐tissue dietary adaptations. For instance, consumers of large, soft foods are expected to have relatively long FL, while consumers of obdurate foods are expected to have relatively high PCSA. Unfortunately, only a few studies have analyzed these variables across large primate samples—an order of particular interest because it is our own. Previous studies found that, in strepsirrhines, force variables (PCSA and muscle masses; MM) scale with isometry or slight positive allometry, while the body size corrected FL residuals correlate with food sizes. However, a study of platyrrhines using different methods (in which the authors physically cut muscles between fascicles) found very different trends: negative allometry for both the stretch and force variables. Here, we apply the methods used in the strepsirrhine study (chemical dissection of fascicles to ensure full length measurements) to reevaluate these trends in platyrrhines and extend this research to include catarrhines. Our results conform to the previous strepsirrhine trends: there is no evidence of negative allometry in platyrrhines. Rather, in primates broadly and catarrhines specifically, MM and PCSA scale with isometry or positive allometry. When examining size‐adjusted variables, it is clear that fascicle lengths (especially those of the temporalis muscle) correlate with diet: species that consume soft, larger, foods have longer masticatory fiber lengths which would allow them to open their jaws to wider gape angles. Anat Rec, 301:311–324, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Anatomy of Bat Jaw Musculature via Diffusible Iodine‐Based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography
Authors: Santana Sharlene E.
Published: January 2018

Noctilionoid bats exhibit an extraordinary array of cranial specializations that match diverse diets, including variation in jaw musculature physiological cross‐sectional areas (PCSA), lever arms, and relative contribution to bite force. Although previous research in this group has linked variation in skull shape and muscle mechanics to biting performance, there are still important gaps about the anatomical underpinnings of noctilionoid dietary adaptations, including the degree of compartmentalization of the jaw musculature, and whether and how muscle attachment sites have evolved across noctilionoid species that specialize on derived diets. Here, we paired dissections with Diffusible Iodine‐based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography (diceCT) scanning in a comparative anatomical study of the jaw musculature of 12 noctilionoid species that span all diets found within the clade. We evaluated changes in jaw muscle attachments across species, identified differences in muscle compartments, examined scaling relationships, and compared the power of diceCT and dissections to generate morphological data. We found that diceCT enables more detailed investigation of muscle compartments and generates greater PCSA values, but these are strongly correlated with estimates from dissections. Jaw muscle origin and insertion sites are relatively conserved across noctilionoids when compared to other species‐rich and ecologically‐diverse mammalian groups. However, we found interspecific differences in the degree of separation of the m. masseter, and in the scaling relationships of different jaw muscles with body mass, both of which might be associated with diet and feeding behavior specialization. Our study highlights an unexplored diversity in the compartmentalization and fiber architecture of bat jaw muscles. Anat Rec, 301:267–278, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gross anatomy education for South African undergraduate physiotherapy students
Authors: Shead Dorothy A. , Roos Ronel , Olivier Benita , Ihunwo Amadi O.
Published: January 2018

Eight faculties in South Africa offer undergraduate physiotherapy training with gross anatomy included as a basis for clinical practice. Little information exists about anatomy education for this student body. A 42‐question peer‐reviewed survey was distributed to physiotherapy gross anatomy course coordinators in all the eight faculties. Seven coordinators from six (75%) of the universities responded. Two respondents' data from the same university were pooled. Collected data show that staff qualifications and experience varied widely and high to average staff to student ratios exist between faculties. Direct anatomy teaching duration was 12.3 (SD ±5.2) weeks per semester. Total number of weeks in courses per faculty was 27.6 (SD ±5.7) varying widely between institutions. Calculable direct contact anatomy hours ranged between 100 and 308 with a mean of 207.6 (SD ±78.1). Direct contact hours in lectures averaged 3.9 (SD ±1.6) per week and the average direct contact hours in practical sessions were 3.5 (SD ±1.8) per week. Dissection, prosection, plastinated models, surface anatomy, and e‐learning were available across faculties. Ancillary modalities such as vertical integration and inter‐professional learning were in use. All faculties had multiple‐choice questions, spot tests, and short examination questions. Half had viva‐voce examinations and one had additional long questions assessment. Students evaluated teaching performance in five faculties. Four faculties were reviewing anatomy programs to consider implementing changes to anatomy curriculum or pedagogy. The findings highlighted disparity between programs and also identified the need for specific guidelines to develop a unified South African gross anatomy course for physiotherapy students.
Does Confucianism allow for body donation?
Authors: Jones D. Gareth , Nie Jing‐Bao
Published: January 2018

Confucianism has been widely perceived as a major moral and cultural obstacle to the donation of bodies for anatomical purposes. The rationale for this is the Confucian stress on xiao (filial piety), whereby individuals' bodies are to be intact at death. In the view of many, the result is a prohibition on the donation of bodies to anatomy departments for the purpose of dissection. The role of dissection throughout the development of anatomy within a Confucian context is traced, and in contemporary China the establishment of donation programs and the appearance of memorial monuments is noted. In reassessing Confucian attitudes, the stress laid on a particular interpretation of filial piety is questioned, and an attempt is made to balance this with the Confucian emphasis on a moral duty to those outside one's immediate family. The authors argue that the fundamental Confucian norm ren (humaneness or benevolence) allows for body donation as people have a moral duty to help others. Moreover, the other central Confucian value, li (rites), offers important insights on how body donation should be performed as a communal activity, particularly the necessity of developing ethically and culturally appropriate rituals for body donation. In seeking to learn from this from a Western perspective, it is contended that in all societies the voluntary donation of bodies is a deeply human activity that is to reflect the characteristics of the community within which it takes place. This is in large part because it has educational and personal repercussions for students. Anat Sci Educ 11: 525–531. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Synthesis of Functionalized (η5‐Indenyl)rhodium(III) Complexes and Their Application to C−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Terasawa Jyunichi , Shibata Yu , Kimura Yuki , Tanaka Ken
Published: January 2018

It has been established that reductive complexation of functionalized benzofulvenes, which are readily prepared from commercially available indene and 2‐methylindene, with RhCl3 in ethanol affords the corresponding indenyl–rhodium(III) dichlorides bearing substituents at the 1‐ (H or CO2Et), 2‐ (H or Me), and 3‐ [CH2Ph or CH2(2‐MeOC6H4)] positions. The indenyl–rhodium(III) complexes bearing one ethoxycarbonyl group showed higher thermal stability and regioselectivity than our previously reported CpERhIII complex toward the oxidative [3+2] annulation of acetanilides with internal alkynes.
Co‐Expression of ORFCma with PHB Depolymerase (PhaZCma) in Escherichia coli Induces Efficient Whole‐Cell Biodegradation of Polyesters
Authors: Lee Ming‐Chieh , Liu En‐Jung , Yang Cheng‐Han , Hsiao Li‐Jung , Wu Tzong‐Ming , Li Si‐Yu
Published: January 2018

Whole‐cell degradation of polyesters not only avoids the tedious process of enzyme separation, but also allows the degraded product to be reused as a carbon source. In this study, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) harboring phaZCma, a gene encoding poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase from Caldimonas manganoxidans, is constructed. The extra‐cellular fraction of E. coli/pPHAZ exhibits a fast PHB degradation rate where it only took 35 h to completely degrade PHB films, while C. manganoxidans takes 81 h to do the same. The co‐expression of ORFCma (a putative periplasmic substrate binding protein that is within the same operon of phaZCma) further improves the PHB degradation. While 28 h is needed for E. coli/pPHAZ to cause an 80% weight loss in PHB films, E. coli/pORFPHAZ needs only 21 h. Furthermore, it is able to degrade at‐least four different polyesters, PHB, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly(butylene succinate‐co‐adipate) (PBSA). Testing of the time course of 3‐hydroxybutyrate concentration and the turbidity of the degradation solutions over time shows that PhaZCma has both exo‐ and endo‐enzymatic activity. The whole‐cell E. coli/pORFPHAZ can be used for recycling various polyesters while ORFCma can potentially be a universal element for enhancing the secretion of recombinant protein.
Gain insight into preventing, addressing claims of defamation
Authors: Rooksby Jacob H.
Published: January 2018

Defamation is a cause of action that, if successful, provides money damages to compensate for reputational harms caused by false statements disseminated to others. Defamation has two species: libel is the term used for written statements, while slander is reserved for the spoken word. Defamation was purely a matter of state common law until the U.S. Supreme Court offered guidance in a landmark ruling during the civil rights era (New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)). Now, public figures and public officials face heightened burdens with respect to proving defamation, but for private individuals, the cause of action is easier to meet.
Did student‐athlete's assumption of risk kill hazing suit?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: January 2018

Starting in 2010, a hazing ritual referred to as “BND” (short for “Boys Next Door”) was a common practice among male student‐athletes at Capital High School. It consisted of older student‐athletes attempting to digitally penetrate the anus of a younger student‐athlete.
MTF: Opioids down, vaping up in high schoolers
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2018

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is concerned about the most recent Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of eighth, 10th, and 12th graders nationwide, because of huge increases in vaping. Almost one‐third of students in 12th grade used some kind of vaping device in the past year, according to the survey results, which were released in December 2017.
Neonatal subcortical bruising
Authors: Delanghe Gwenda , Squier Waney , Sonnaert Michel , Dudink Jeroen , Lequin Maarten , Govaert Paul
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

A specific type of acute brain injury can occur during birth, presenting on ultrasound examination with focal, unilateral, or asymmetrical change in the core of the superior frontal gyri. Ultrasound inspection of the superior gyri near the convexity of the frontal lobe is warranted following mechanically difficult delivery.
Glucocorticoid‐remediable aldosteronism in a young adult with a family history of Conn's syndrome
Authors: Methe Heiko , Pehlivanli Sinan
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

Glucocorticoid‐remediable aldosteronism is a hereditary form of primary hyperaldosteronism and the most common monogenic cause of hypertension. We present the case of a 24‐year‐old man with a family history of Conn's syndrome. Yet, in the index patient, classical characteristics of mineralocorticoid excess could be reversed by exogenous glucocorticoids.
Ternary Composite Nanosheets with MoS2/WS2/Graphene Heterostructures as High‐Performance Cathode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Lin Tsung‐Wu , Sadhasivam Thangarasu , Wang Ai‐Yin , Chen Ting‐Yu , Lin Jeng‐Yu , Shao Li–Dong
Published: January 2018

A new class of ternary heterostructures consisting of a reduced graphene oxide, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide (rGO‐MoS2‐WS2) is prepared through a simple chemical method. According to Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a MoS2/WS2 heterostructure is uniformly formed on the conductive rGO support. Furthermore, rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 possesses s large surface area of 109 m2 g−1 and a hierarchical pore architecture. When serving as the electrode for supercapacitors, rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 exhibits pseudocapacitive behavior in a KOH solution. It is found that rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 displays a specific capacitance (Cs) of 365  F g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is much higher than those of single TMD (MoS2 or WS2)‐based composites. The enhanced electrochemical performance of rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 is attributed to the lower internal resistance through heterostructure formation, the wide range of TMD oxidation states, and uniform distribution of the few‐layered TMD nanosheets on the rGO surface. Furthermore, the optimal loading amount of MoS2/WS2 heterostructure in the composite is investigated. To demonstrate its practical application, rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 is used as a positive electrode for an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC). The maximum energy density of the ASC device is 15 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 373 W kg−1. Furthermore, the device remains approximately 70 % of the initial Cs value after 3000 cycles, which shows the excellent cycling stability.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclizations of Tryptamine‐Ynamides Yielding 1H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Wang Yanshi , Lin Jingsheng , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Guanghui , Zhang Xinhang , Yao Bo , Zhao Yuandong , Yu Pengfei , Lin Bin , Liu Yongxiang , Cheng Maosheng
Published: January 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Yongxiang Liu and Maosheng Cheng at Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. The image depicts a tetracyclic indoline, a core scaffold in a series of indole alkaloids. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201705189.