bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Breed-Specific SNPs in Ethiopian Indigenous and European Beef Cattle Breeds and how they May Influence Adaptation and Selection Signatures
Authors: Mengistie Dejenie , Edea Zewdu , Tesema Tesfaye Sisay , Zewdie Genet , Dejene Genet , Dessie Tadelle , Kim Kwan Suk , Dadi Hailu
Published: May 2024

Background: Understanding the genetic foundation of locally adapted indigenous cattle breeds is critical information for developing appropriate genetic improvement and conservation initiatives. To investigate breed-specific SNPs, and minor allele frequency of three Ethiopian cattle breeds Begait, (n = 40), Boran (n = 40), and Fogera (n = 43) were genotyped with 80K SNP array. Three European beef cattle breeds (Angus, n = 42), Hereford (n = 35), and Charolais (n = 37) were also used for comparison.
Results: The average minor allele frequency was 0.19 ± 0.17, 0.20 ± 0.17, 0.21± 0.17, 0.31 ± 0.13, 0.32 ± 0.12, 0.32 ± 0.13 for Angus, Herford, Charolais, Boran, Fogera, and Begait cattle, respectively. Minor allele frequency difference was observed between Ethiopian indigenous and European beef cattle breeds. Across the Ethiopian and European cattle breeds, a common variant minor allele frequency (≥0.10 and ≤ 0.5) accounted 94% and 62%, respectively. A total of 7759 and 48 SNPs were identified as breed-specific in Ethiopian cattle breeds and European beef cattle breeds respectively. These SNPs resided with 3364 genes for Ethiopian cattle breeds and 17 genes for European beef cattle breeds. Interestingly important biological processes and pathways related to tropical adaptation in Ethiopian cattle populations were identified through gene Ontology analysis.
Conclusions: The higher minor allele frequency and breed-specific SNPs detected in Ethiopian indigenous breeds show the presence of high genetic variability. This genetic variation in Ethiopian cattle breeds is used as a potential source for future breeding programs.
Determinanta historyczna oraz reformy doktrynalno-prawne jako przyczyny zwoływania polskich synodów diecezjalnych podczas pontyfikatu św. Jana Pawła II
Authors: Jaszcz Adam
Published: May 2024

Zgodnie z prawem kanonicznym o zwoływaniu synodów diecezjalnych decyduje biskup, który bierze pod uwagę okoliczności i możliwości w swojej diecezji. Podejmowanie takich decyzji ma więc miejsce w konkretnym kontekście eklezjalnym i historycznym. Impuls dotykający Kościoły partykularne wychodzi często z Kościoła powszechnego, w sposób szczególny od papieża kształtującego swoim nauczaniem i decyzjami główne kierunki, którymi podążają diecezje na całym świecie. Jan Paweł II przez 27 lat pontyfikatu inspirował na różne sposoby wiele aktywności Kościoła w Polsce, także ruch synodalny. Artykuł ma na celu zbadanie, w jaki sposób determinanta historyczna, czyli wydarzenia historyczne odczytywane, interpretowane i kształtowane przez Jana Pawła II, jak i reformy doktrynalno-prawne po Soborze Watykańskim II, wpłynęły na zwoływanie polskich synodów diecezjalnych w latach 1978-2005.
Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat Desa Minta Kasih Akan Pentingnya Pendidikan Melalui Kegiatan Seminar Pendidikan
Authors: Aqfi Farizi , Nabila Mayang , Dewi Mardianto Nurul Fatma , Maulida Saprina , Hadatul Hasanah Siti Zia
Published: May 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis aktivitas kegiatan seminar dalam mencapai tujuan meningkatkan kesadaran dan mengatasi kendala dalam meningkatkan akses Pendidikan tinggi bagi masyarakat desa Minta Kasih. Metode peneltian ini termasuk pada penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, yaitu suatu metode yang memfokuskan pada suatu kasus warga masyarakat tertentu, suatu obyek, suatu kondisi, yaitu desa Minta Kasih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seminar yang diadakan memberikan dampak positif pada peserta, dianggap sebagai langkah yang inspiratif untuk membuka pikiran masyarakat tentang pentingnya pendidikan tinggi. Meskipun sebagian kecil masyarakat memiliki pandangan terbatas terhadap pendidikan, kegiatan ini diharapkan menjadi langkah awal untuk memotivasi warga Desa Minta Kasih untuk melanjutkan pendidikan ke perguruan tinggi.
Analisis Minat Anak-Anak Desa Minta Kasih Dalam Mengikuti Kegiatan Perlombaan Pada Festival Anak Muslim Indonesia (FAMCI)
Authors: Wulandari Sitorus Cici , Syahdani Br. Sitepu Desmi Fitri , Suryani Nasution Lilis , Rahayu Ningsih Sri , Husna Ramadhani Syifa
Published: May 2024

Festival Anak Muslim Indonesia (FAMCI) adalah kegiatan perlombaan bertema Islami yang dilakukan di desa Minta Kasih yang melibatkan anak-anak dari kelas 1 sampai 6 SD meliputi lomba cepat tepat (LCT), lomba menggambar dan mewarnai, lomba hapalan surah pendek dan lomba adzan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui minat anak-anak desa Minta Kasih dalam mengikuti perlombaan pada FAMCI. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode studi observasi (peneliti mengamati secara langsung minat atau perilaku anak-anak desa ketika mereka berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan perlombaan di FAMCI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minat anak-anak dalam mengikuti lomba pada kegiatan FAMCI ini sangat tinggi. Dari keempat lomba yang diadakan, lomba yang sangat diminati yaitu lomba menggambar dan mewarnai dengan jumlah peserta 17 orang.
Peningkatan Prestasi Akademik Melalui Penerapan Manajemen Layanan Bimbingan dan Konseling di Sekolah Madrasah Aliyah Alwasliyah Medan Tembung
Authors: Nasution Inom , Mullatifah Hanum Sri , Madini Dlt Hapni , Matondang Rizky Habibi , Chofifah Silalahi Maya , Fakhita Nurhani
Published: May 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas manajemen layanan bimbingan dan konseling dalam meningkatkan kemajuan akademik siswa di Madrasah Aliyah Alwasliyah. Tujuan utama penelitian adalah untuk lebih memahami peran manajemen layanan bimbingan dan konseling dalam memberikan dukungan yang tepat kepada siswa guna mengatasi masalah belajar, mengembangkan potensi pribadi, dan mencapai keberhasilan akademik. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian lapangan. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan prosedur pengumpulan data meliputi observasi dan wawancara. Temuan studi ini menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan yang tepat sasaran, sumber daya yang tepat, dan keterlibatan pemangku kepentingan, seperti guru, orang tua, dan siswa, semuanya memainkan peran penting dalam meningkatkan efektivitas layanan bimbingan dan konseling. Diperlukan cara-cara yang efektif untuk mengelola layanan bimbingan dan konseling, seperti persiapan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, program nasihat dan konseling yang disesuaikan, partisipasi pemangku kepentingan, penggunaan teknologi dalam layanan, pelaksanaan program yang terjadwal, serta evaluasi dan pemantauan berkala.
CPR TRAINING TOOL FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
Authors: Faiz M. , Aimen S. , Ejaz N. , Abbas H. , Khan M. U.
Published: May 2024

The heart is one of the vital organs of the human body whose pumping action ensures the supply of blood to every single cell of the body. This supply may be interrupted because of cardiac arrest which directly affects the drainage of blood from the heart to other body parts causing arrhythmias and is one of the underlying causes of cardiovascular death. However, this effect can be reversed by Cardiopulmonary resuscitation which is a life-saving technique. CPR is done on patients manually to revive the blood flow & pumping action of the heart, enabling it to pump effectively. To avoid the potential negative impacts of applying excess pressure on ribs during CPR which may cause rib fracture to the individual, a complete understanding of delivering CPR is required. Having this idea, we design a cost-effective CPR Controller Manikin to train health care providers & nursing students about CPR to improve their efficiency in lesser time. This training tool can take account of all the basic parameters of Quality CPR(QCPR) including no. of compressions, force delivered, depth of compressions, no. of breath, correct hand position, and air pressure delivered & displaying them on software. The gadget is distinctive as it not only aids in the training of the health care providers but also ensures that the procedure is up to the mark in delivering QCPR to the patient
WALKING ACCESSIBILITY OF URBAN GREEN SPACES IN COMPACT CITIES: A CASE STUDY OF BAHAWALPUR
Authors: A. Shafqat  , Shirazi S. A.
Published: May 2024

Adequate supply of urban green spaces and ease to access these spaces is essential for the sustainable livelihood in modern day cities. Promoting use of urban green spaces is not only beneficial for the physical and mental wellbeing of the citizens but also offer broad social benefits. Service area from residential areas to publically accessible green spaces was measured through network analyst tool in ArcGIS. A statistical analysis of green spaces and visitors was conducted to analyze the distribution and equity or inequity in green spaces provided to the communities. Park service area, walkability time and supply vary in different parts of city. Majority of good service areas are located in and around central part of the city. Action are needed to redress the access of public to this important health resource and motivate people to use these resources more often
STUDY OF CHALLENGES FACED BY MARITIME GOVERNANCE AND THEIR SOLUTIONS BY THE MODERN SCIENCES
Authors: Shahzad Sajid Mehmood
Published: May 2024

Gwadar is becoming a key factor in bolstering Pakistan's ailing economy. It is astonishing that Gwadar, a small fishing village in Pakistan, is swiftly becoming a smart deep-sea port city. Considering the significance of the region, the Pakistani government has designated Gwadar as a duty-free port and a free economic zone. This has increased its commercial significance and accelerated its rate of development to an incredible degree. When the city's development projects, recreational programs, and special economic zonescomplete, it will be comparable to Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dubai due to its advantageous strategic location. The western port city of Gwadar has already attracted the attention of the global martitime communities. It is highly likely that the port city of Gwadar will be economically more successful than anyone can evaluate.
TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS OF BIG DATA IN EDUCATION
Authors: M.A. Raza  , H. U. R.Kayani  , A.A. Malik  , M. Gul  , A. Suleman
Published: May 2024

Big data technologies have facilitated innovation across various industries, including healthcare, technology, and education. The utilization of this innovation is now required within the education sector at all levels. It is a progressing framework named as "Education 4.0" to accommodate the numerous needs of this sector. Specifically, this article first describes the architecture of big data and its properties compatible to Education sector . The process of utilizing large educational data and data mining techniques in education are explained. To find solutions to diverse educational problems, an ever-increasing variety of mining tools have been assembled. This study also provides insights into these techniques and other data sources for gathering educational data. Several applications have been developed to promote the use of big data techniques in higher education and highlight its benefits for the sector, but there are still a number of issues that need to be considered. We will highlight the obstacles of using big data techniques in higher education
DEVELOPMENTAL PARAMETERS OF TRILOCHAVARIANS (LEPIDOPTERA: BOMBYCIDAE); A PEST OF WEEPING FIG, FICUSBENJAMINA IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Pervez M. , S. J. Khan  , A. Aslam  , M. Saqib  , S. Zaib  , M.U.Rehman  , T. Mahmood  , F. Naseem  , K. Shakoor  , M. Bilal  , F. Muhammad
Published: May 2024

The developmental parameters of Trilochavarianswere studied on weeping fig, Ficusbenjamina at 26°C ± 1.0 temperature and 65±5% relative humidity. The study showed that female laid 160-270 eggs in 2-6 layers on the dorsal side of the leaves. Some unmated female also laid 15-183 eggs in groups which never developed into larvae. 24 hours prior to hatching, the eggs turned black. Egg incubation period was 3.46±1.22 days on F. benjamina. The high fecundity increased the survival rate of T. varians.There were five larval instars which recorded in this study period. Last two instars caused more damage due to resemblance to hosts parts such as bark. There was a short, fleshy horn on the ninth abdominal segment. The developmental time of first, second, third, fourth and fifth larval instars was 2.44±0.82, 3.56±0.53, 3.72±0.26, 4.54±0.79 and 6.20±0.78 days, respectively. Boat shaped and yellow silken pupation was usually observed. The male and female mean longevity was 6.0 ± 1.171 and 11.4 ± 1.70 days. The dorsal side of the female forewings had pale reddish brown lines. The thorax, head, and abdomen of the female had darker reddish brown coloring than those of the male. Adult hind wings had reddish brown outer edges and were grayish in color. The average lifespan for male and female was 6.23±2.09 and 10.01±0.99 days, respectively. Thecurrent paper will lead to proper management practices for this pest
EFFECT OF SOYBEAN UNAVAILABILITY SITUATTIONS AND COVID-19 ON THE POULTRY INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS PROBLEMS FACED AND ITS SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Authors: G.Abbas  , M. S. Imran  , Ali M. , Jabbar M. A. , Mustafa A. , Z. Sultan  , I.Hussain  , A. Shafique  , M. I. Laghari  , A. Mahfooz  , M. Hussain  , N. Ali  , S. Jaffery  , D. K. A. Al- Taey  , H.Ali  , S.G. Mohyuddin  , Iqbal A. , Ameer M. , Arshad M. , Saleem M. I. , Khan S. , Mujahid M. , M. Ijaz
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has had a profound impact on various production sectors worldwide, including agriculture. Poultry production, a critical component of the global food supply chain, is also not spared from the effects of pandemic. Soybean, a versatile and widely consumed crop, plays a crucial role in global food security and is a key player of feed and food industries, however, in recent years, soybean unavailability has become a growing concern. This review article aims to examine the reasons behind the limited availability of soybean and its effects on different stakeholders, including farmers, consumers, and industries. Through a comprehensive analysis of the factors contributing to soybean unavailability and the consequences of COVID-19 and soybean shortage on poultry production, this article provides insights into the implications for agricultural systems, exploring potential genes, sustainable marketing, and sustainable development of poultry products. Additionally, it provides insights into the future adaptation strategies implemented by farmers and stakeholders to mitigate such negative impacts to ensure sustainable production.
LIFE TABLE ATTRIBUTES AND FEEDING EFFICIENCY OF OENOPIA SAUZETI (MULSANT) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) FED ON APHID (APHIS GOSSYPII)
Authors: W.Ullah  , B. Ahmad  , J. Khan  , I. Khan  , S. H. Shah  , A. Karami  , Misbahud din
Published: May 2024

Ladybird beetles are play vital role in agroecosystem due to successful and efficient feeding behavior against aphids, the present research experiment was carried to find out the life history and feeding efficacy of oenopiasauzetifed on Aphis gossypii,at the laboratory of Biological Control, integrated pest management programme (IPMP), National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. The results of the experiment revealed that the mean developmental time of immature stage 3rd and 4th instar have a significant difference with 3.72±0.11 and 3.87±0.036 days, while the egg to adult emergence was 39±0.35 days. The longevity has significant difference in male and female with the higher values at female 34.0 days. Similarly, the feeding efficiency was maximum in O. sauzeti females which feeds on 2227.1 mean number of Aphis gossypii, while the (409.25±1.42) mean numbers of aphids were consumed by larva. The maximum aphid consumption was observed at 4th instar larva (198.98±0.51 aphid) followed by 3rd instar larva (128.57±0.59 aphid). The mean oviposition time of O. sauzetion A. gossypii was recorded as 21.36 days and average eggs laid female-1 day-1 was 20.53, while the total laid eggs given by a female were 253.60. The apparent mortality (100qx) was maximum at egg stage (24) and the mortality survival ratio (MSR) was highest at pupal stage (0.53), similarly, the indispensable mortality (IM) was also observed high at pupal stage. The maximum survival fraction (Sx) was observed at the 4th larval stage (0.91) and the maximum life expectancy (ex) was observed at 1st larval instar (4.51) days. The total killer power (k-value) of the O. sauzetifor the complete generation was 0.49. This will help to develop an ecofriendly managing approach for the minimizing the aphids infestationin economical important crops.
BIOMORPHIC PARAMETERS OF FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON MAIZE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION
Authors: H.M.M.Ai  , A.Aslam  , M.Fatima  , M.Saqib  , M. Jaffar  , M. Jaffar  , W.A.Metlo  , M. S. Umar  , K.Shakoor  , T. Mahmood  , B. Iqbal  , R. Ahmed  , M. Bilal
Published: May 2024

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive polyphagous pest that causes heavy damage to several agricultural crops especially maize and rice in the world. This pest attacks on more 353 host plants species, especially belong to poaceae family. The knowledge of developmental duration of FAW (S. frugiperda) is very necessary for predicting increases in field population and determining the appropriate timing and control techniques. For this purpose, the current research was conducted. The mean of incubation period was 3.55 ± 0.49 from 2 to 4 days. The average duration of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth larval instar and pupa was 2.78 ± 0.43, 2.94 ± 0.53, 2.64 ± 0.91, 2.58 ± 0.36, 2.96 ± 1.95, 6.01 ± 0.41, and 8.32 ± 0.37 days, respectively. The average length of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth larval instar was 1.38 ± 0.56, 3.29 ± 0.68, 5.63 ± 0.73, 9.76 ± 0.54, 14.71 ± 1.89, and 30.11 ± 2.88 mm, respectively. The average width of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth larval instar 0.24 ± 0.10, 0.58 ± 0.09, 1.76 ± 0.22, 3.10 ± 0.26, 4.85 ± 0.31, and 5.74 ± 0.30 mm, respectively. Female was long lived as compared to male. The average preoviposition, oviposition and post oviposition period of adult was 1.02 ± 0.61, 3.11 ± 0.69, and 4.51 ± 0.74 days, respectively. The total life period of male and female was 33-45 and 38-50 days, respectively. The knowledge of developmental duration of FAW (S. frugiperda) will be helped in predicting the pest population in field and determining the suitable or best strategy to control this pest.
IMPACT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH OF SAHIWAL FEMALE CALVES
Authors: Iqbal Z. , M. Abdullah  , H. Mustafa  , M.Y.Rana  , W. A. Khan  , I. Mohsin  , A. Iram
Published: May 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of protein supplementation and feeding management on the growth performance of Sahiwal female calves.A total of 45 Sahiwal female calves were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (control), Group B (protein supplementation), and Group C (ad libitum green fodder + protein supplementation). The study spanned a period of 90 days, during which the calves' feed intake, weight gain, and body measurements were assessed.The results indicated that protein supplementation had a significant impact on various aspects of calf development. Calves in Group B and Group C showed improved feed intake compared to the control group. Furthermore, the weight gain of calves in the supplemented groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. The body measurements, including height at withers, body length, heart girth, and hip width, also varied among the different treatment groups, with the control group generally exhibiting smaller measurements.These findings suggest that protein supplementation positively influenced the growth performance of Sahiwal female calves. The study highlights the importance of considering protein supplementation as a part of feeding management strategies for optimizing the growth of calves.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI-OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA LEAVES
Authors: Ghous Muhammad , N. A. Dogar  , A. Hanif  , M. Jabbar
Published: May 2024

Medicinal herbs because of their therapeutic effect have been used for ages to treat a different type of diseases. Polyalthia longifolia has a wide range of pharmacological activity including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous and anti-microbial properties. The main objective of this study was to use the Polyalthia longifolia ethanolic leaves extract and to evaluate their phyto-chemistry and anti-oxidant activity. In this study, in vitro DPPH assay has been utilized to know about anti-oxidant potential of Polyalthia longifolia leaves. Tannins, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids, and Cardiac glycosides were found in the Polyalthia longifolia leaves during phytochemical analysis. However, Phlobatannin, Saponins, and Anthraquinone were not present. The ethanolic extract of P. longifolia leaves showed considerable anti-oxidant action. Polyalthia longifolia leaves have the ability to treat oxidative stress and can be utilized as an analgesic and anti-oxidant medication.
DYEING OF COTTON WITH NATURAL COLORANTS EXTRACTED FROM RED ROSE FLOWER
Authors: M. Iqbal
Published: May 2024

Cotton substrate was dyed with an extract of red rose petals. The dyeing was carried out with and without metallic mordants (alum, copper sulphate, nickel sulphate, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate), using two different dyeing systems: pre-mordanting system, simultaneous mordanting system. The colour of the cotton substrate was measured by Data color in terms of K/S, and CIELAB values. In both mordanting system ferrous sulphate produced dark shade, the K/S value for simultaneous system is 16.76 and for pre-mordant K/S values is 12.05. It is also observed the higher %fix is of simultaneous system for ferrous sulphate is 76.80% and for pre-moderating the % fix is 71.50%. But statistical analysis of both techniques tells us the reproducibility of copper sulphate is better to other metallic salts the S.D of K/S values for copper sulphate in simultaneous method is 0.2112 and for pre-mordant method the S.D is 0.1132.
CASE OF SCAR PREGNANCY MISDIAGNOSED FIRST AS INEVITABLE MISCARRIAGE.
Authors: Fauzia Fatima  , Mardi Osman  , Farah Nadia Sheikh
Published: May 2024

This abstract is about scar pregnancy case which was initially misdiagnosed as a case of inevitable miscarriage. Our patient g3 p1+1 presents in ERE as 7 weeks pregnancy with mild bleeding p/v. she was previous 1 LSCS. After scan and per speculum examination diagnosed as inevitable miscarriage as RPOCS was seen protruding through internal os on speculum examination. Patient was admitted for misoprostol as advised by consultant. Patient did not abort after Misoprostol. Consultant advised for evacuation under general anesthesia. As soon as registrar tried to hold RPPOCS with sponge holder patient started bleeding heavily. Registrar abandoned the procedure and called consultant on call. Consultant first tried to stop bleeding by compression methods but failed, so diagnosis of scar pregnancy with possible perforation was made and laparotomy started and RPOCS removed from scar and uterus closed in layers. Hemostasis secured with difficulty bilateral tubal ligation done, vasopressin given and vertical compression sutures applied. (GTG NO 21 / 2016 NICE clinical guideline 154. Manchester: NICE; 2012). Abdomen closed in layers. In ward 2 units of packed RBCS transfused. Patient discharged in stable condition on second postoperative day.
EFFECT OF VISIBLE RANGE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON SALMONELLA (CAUSATIVE AGENT OF TYPHOID)
Authors: S. T. Y. Azeemi  , S. Azeemi  , M. Arif  , K. Mahmood
Published: May 2024

Salmonella is the agent responsible for a range of clinical diseases. With emerging antimicrobial resistance, alternative treatment options, including visible range radiation therapy are becoming increasingly common. Visible Range Radiation Therapy/Color Therapy is an emerging technique in the field of energy/vibrational medicine that uses visible spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation to cure different diseases. In this study, our goal was to understand the effect of Visible Range Electromagnetic Radiation on Salmonella (in vitro) and therefore find out the
OYSTER BIO DEPOSITION ENHANCED THE FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF LABILE AND RECALCITRANT CARBON IN SHENZHEN BAY’S SEDIMENTS
Authors: Sahar Ghulam Mohyuddin  , Autif Hussain Mangi  , Fahim Ullah Khan  , Jennica Rose  , Yongjan Mao
Published: May 2024

Oysters are typical aquatic animals with their special biological property of filter feeding in the water column. However, the biodeposition of oysters may change the sediment chemistry and also may affect the biogeochemical processes. We conducted research work to determine the effect of Oyster Biodeposition (OBD) on the sediments microbes, and their metabolic abilities on carbon at the site rich with oyster culture area of Shenzhen Bay China. After biochemical and Geochip5 analysis, we found that the genes coding the metabolic enzymes pullulanase, glucoamylase, exoglucanase, cellobiase, xylanase, etc. were highly abundant in oyster farming place compared to reference place.  Meanwhile, the functional genes cda (6%), pectinase (5%), and xyla (5%) were greatly abundant at the surface oyster area and they were showing significantly higher ( P= <0.05) normalized gene intensities compared to bottom sediment site. These genes were mostly involved in the degradation of labile and recalcitrant forms of carbon. These detected genes were mainly involved in the carbon degradation process and they were showing more tendency towards the degradation of labile carbon. Small abundance of enzymes such as glyoxal oxidase and phenol oxidase were also found which were involved in the degradation of recalcitrant carbon. Taken together, our results indicated that the OBD enhanced the degrading capacity of both labile and recalcitrant forms of carbon, it has a positive stimulating effect on sediment carbon metabolism.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF HERBAL AND ALLOPATHIC IMMUNE STIMULATORS ON THE EFFICACY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE IN BROILER
Authors: Ara A , Saleem M. H. , Chaudry A. S. , Azhar M. , Haseeb F. , Abbas G , Ahmed M. , Kareem R. , Razaq A.
Published: May 2024

The modulation of the broiler immune system by using immune-stimulating compounds provides a promising solution and it enhances the immune response to a broad range of viral and bacterial infections without causing any risk. The current in-vitro study included 18-day-old broiler chicks (Ross-308) divided into three equal groups i.e. A, B, and C comprising 6 birds each. The study was conducted to investigate the comparative efficacy of ND vaccine at days 5 and 18 orally in combination with two commercially available immune stimulators i.e. Powder Lisovit® (A blend of growth stimulators, carbohydrates, and vitamins manufactured by Biomin, Austria) administered @ 1gm/ 4 lit of drinking water twice a week for 5 weeks in group A and Liquid Virnet® (A blend of immune boosting and growth-enhancing natural herbs manufactured by Seza Pharma, Pakistan) administered @ 1ml/ lit of drinking water twice a week for 5 weeks in group B, while group C was attributed as control group and only ND vaccine was given with the same regime as in A and B. The blood sampling of all groups was done at days 0, 10, 20, and 35 for antibody titers estimation through a haem-agglutination inhibition test. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also calculated weekly. The mean values of antibody titers of group A and B individually were found highly significant (P=0.001) as compared to group C while the mean values of antibody titers of group A and B were non-significant (P=0.35) with each other. Similarly, the mean values of the weekly FCR of groups A and B were not significantly different (P=0.27) from each other, while the mean values of the weekly FCR of groups A and B individually were highly significant (P=0.001) as compared to the group C. The immune stimulators under study showed a significant effect on growth performance and an additive effect on ND vaccine titers. In the light of study results, it may be strongly recommended to use the immune stimulators as a routine practice to mitigate the deadly poultry diseases like ND.
ANTIBODY TITERS AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUSES IN BROILER BREEDERS RAISED UNDERFLOOR VERSUS CAGE SYSTEM
Authors: W. Alam
Published: May 2024

The experiment was evaluated to find out the serum antibody titer of broiler breeders raised under different rearing systems (cage vs. floor) against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis disease virus. Two hundred and forty-day-old broiler breeders were equally divided into six groups Floor (V+CH), (V+Not CH) and (Not V+CH) and cage (V+CH), (V+Not CH), and (Not V+CH). Birds were vaccinated with Mukteswar, La Sota, and Massachusetts M41 in 1st week, 3rd week, and 4th week. Blood /serum samples were collected at 42 days of age. Collected data were analyzed by using a complete randomized design. The geometric mean titer (GMT) for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) of broiler breeders reared under floor versus cage housing system was measured by using the hem agglutination inhibition test and the defensive potentiality of vaccines was measured by determining the survivability rate of chickens by challenge infection. Birds vaccinated and virus-challenged showed a protective antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus in both housing systems. Significantly higher GMT was recorded for the non-vaccinated group having virus-challenged in cage female (9.76 ±0.34) and floor female (9.94 ±0.23). Protective antibody titer was calculated for broiler breeders who were regularly vaccinated. There were no significant differences (P≥0.05) observed in the cage versus floor housing system. Higher serum antibody titer in caged females (9.22±0.36) and floor (8.98±0.32) was calculated due to infection challenges. Morbidity and mortality were significantly affected by the cage and floor-rearing system. Frequencies of diseased birds and mortality were found higher on the floor compared to cages in the non-vaccinated group. Despite the regular vaccination sick female broiler breeders were found higher compared to cage broiler breeders. In the non-vaccinated group floor reared birds have a higher percentage of morbidity and mortality compared to cages. In conclusion cage and floor-rearing systems have no adverse effect on serum antibody titer and survivability of broiler breeders.
ANTHELMINTIC EFFECT OF HERBAL COMPOUNDS (BIO-DEWORMER) AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN CAMELS
Authors: M. I. Saleem
Published: May 2024

Parasitic infections particularly gastrointestinal helminths are the leading cause of production losses in all dairy animals and in camels as well. Synthetic anthelmintics have been used for many years for the control of helminths. However, helminths have developed resistance against most of these synthetic anthelmintic agents including Levamisole, Oxfendazole, Albendazole, Piprazine, and Triclabendazole. Ancient herbs still have excellent therapeutic effects. While facing emerging synthetic anthelminthic resistance, there is a need to focus on plant-based alternative medicines. Phytochemical findings revealed the presence of various biologically active compounds in plants or their extracts that may have anthelmintic effects. This research aimed to study the effect of herbal combinations on 20 mature camels in District Layyah. The 20 camels were split into four groups: C1, C2, C3, and C4, each group contained five camels. The research trial was continued for four weeks. The treatment was given in different concentrations from week 1 to week 4 (Group C1 350 mg/kg, Group C2 400 mg/kg, Group C3 450 mg/kg, and Group C4 as a control one). During research, Blood, serum, and fecal samples were collected to analyze their hematological parameters, serum biochemistry, and fecal egg count. The result revealed that herbal compound gives concentration-related responses, as groups C1, C2 and C3 showed 33.76, 46.60, and 70.23% fecal egg reduction, respectively. In the control group, C4 fecal egg count increased by 0.03%. HPLC analysis of a methanolic extract of an herbal compound showed that the levels of gallic acid, quercitin, and cinnamic acid were 2.37, 3.28, and 0.46 ppm, respectively. Likewise, serum biochemistry of all groups of camels showed no toxicity and adverse effects of herbal compounds. Hematological parameters showed very positive results of herbal compounds on RBCs, WBCs, PCV, and hemoglobin values.
EFFECT OF NON-GENETIC FACTORS ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN CROSSBRED COWS MAINTAINED AT LIVESTOCK EXPERIMENT STATION, QADIRABAD DISTRICT SAHIWAL
Authors: M.N. Tahir  , F. Ahmad  , M. Ahmad  , T. Afzal  , S. Rasul  , A. Qayyum  , M. Akhtar  , G.A. Chishti  , M. Bilal
Published: May 2024

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of non-genetic factors such as the period of calving, season of calving, and parity on economically important productive and reproductive traits in crossbred cows (Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal) maintained at livestock experiment station Qadirabad Sahiwal, Pakistan. The study ranged from 1995 to 2014 (20 years). The duration of 20 years was divided into 4 periods (P1, P2, P3, and P4) with each period consisting of five years. Each year was further divided into three seasons winter (November-February), summer (March- June), and spring (July-October) based on geo-climatic conditions prevailing in the region. The parameters used as indicators of reproductive performance in this study were age at first calving (AFC), days open (DO), dry period (DP) and calving interval (CI). The overall least squares mean and standard errors for these reproductive parameters were 1235.23±45.81, 202.08±6.75, 178.4±6.85 and 482±5.97 days, respectively. While productive parameters were lactation milk yield 305 d(LMY), daily milk yield, and Lactation length (LL), and the least squares mean and standard errors of these were 2471.44±78.44 kg,8.07±0.27kg and306.22±4.84 days, respectively. Twenty years (20) data of 641 lactation records of crossbred cows representing the variance analyses indicated that significant (P≤0.05) effect of season of calving on age at first calving (AFC), days open (DO), lactation length (LL), and lactation milk yield (LMY). Least-squares means illustrated that the period of calving also significantly (P≤0.00) affects lactation milk yield (LMY) lactation length (LL) and dry period (DP). Similarly, a significant (P≤0.00) effect of parity on lactation milk yield (LMY), dry period (DP), days open (DO), and calving interval (CI) was noted. It is therefore concluded that the reproductive and productive performance of these crossbred cows is affected by some non-genetic factors and breeders must consider the season of calving, period of calving and parity in the management program because they greatly affect the farm productivity and profitability and they must select animals with higher breeding values to be the parent of the next generation.
AN OVERVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION, SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS
Authors: E. Bibi  , S. M. Hassan  , Z. Perveen  , B. S. Ali  , M. Kanwal  , M. A. Ibrahim  , S. K. Hassan
Published: May 2024

Nanotechnology is the branch of science that deals with particles ranging from 1 to 100nm. Nanoparticles become technically advance over their parent material due to their adaptable characteristics and enhanced performance. They are mostly synthesized by reducing metal ion into uncharged nanoparticles by using hazardous reducing agents. In recent years, green technology for nanoparticles synthesis has received great attention due to its efficiency, less toxicity, safety and high productivity. Green synthesized particles at their nanoscale range are commercially and economically very beneficial for the environment. Moreover, this paper will discuss the nanoparticles, its types, synthesis methods, applications and prospects.
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DECLINING FISHERIES IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Sajid Mehmood Shahzad
Published: May 2024

The entry of fishing vessels to the coastal waters of Pakistan stands out extra vividly in relation to the ascending number of declining catches of fish in the country. Unlike other reports, which depend only on media, this study which is qualitative employs local stakeholder insights to bring up this issue in its full context in the Pakistani coastal artisanal fisheries sector. Developing it further brings out the complexity of the study and deconstructs the simplistic narratives, showing the multifaceted difficulties the area is going through. The analysis finds that the interaction of poverty and the degradation of resources is complex in its complexity and dynamic nature of the poverty–credit market relationship. This issue could not only resolve the existing inefficiencies in credit and product markets but also pave the way for more effective interactions between the banks and the public. Besides, fishery degradation is not only a single factor of poverty that necessitates comprehensive actions to improve the overall capability of the communities and to treat the root causes.
DEVELOPING AN INNOVATIVE TRACEABILITY SOLUTION TO TRACE BEEF ORIGIN THROUGH DIFFERENT PHASES OF BEEF VALUE CHAIN USING SMART TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Fayyaz M.
Published: May 2024

Beef's rising popularity in Pakistan is evident as consumption pattern of people is progressively shifting towards it. Despite this, the beef trade remains constrained due to consumer distrust. A project, imbedded in eco-friendly principles and environmental biology, sought to boost transparency by capturing beef data throughout production, processing, and distribution stages, permitting consumers to trace its origin. A mobile based traceability app MeaTrax was developed and captured data for 311 beef animals, recording essential attributes; breed, color, age, weight and more. This app, with an eco-friendly focus, generated QR codes for consumer access. Results depicted 49.8% slaughter rate for crossbred animals, with Friesian and Sahiwal breeds exhibiting the highest carcass weight and dressing percentage. Conclusively, MeaTrax traceability app was found an innovative technique, using smart technologies to trace origin and other attributes of beef. This innovation was aimed to improve the beef value chain from farm to fork, contributing to enhance food safety.
Evaluation of the Trends of Climate Variability During Different Crop Seasons in Dera Ghazi Khan
Authors: Abdul Basit  , Saima Siddiqui  , Rehmat Ullah  , Muhammad Ghous4
Published: May 2024

Climate change is profoundly impacting ecosystems and disrupting agricultural systems by altering temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting crop yields and food production. This study evaluates the trends of climate variability during different crop seasons in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, focusing on temperature and rainfall fluctuations from 1991 to 2020. Climatic data were collected and analyzed, including monthly average temperature and rainfall. The analysis of mean monthly decadal temperature in the study area during the Rabi crop season showed significant fluctuations ranging from 20.04°C, 20.5°C, and 19.73°C in three corresponding decades. The mean monthly seasonal temperature was calculated 20.1°C. Similarly, during the Kharif crop season, notable variations across the mean decadal temperature ranging from 34°C to 34.91°C with mean seasonal temperature 34.6°C. Overall, in both seasons during the past three decades +0.1°C was observed with an annual increase of 0.003°C. All these values were found statistically significant. Mean monthly rainfall also exhibited remarkable variability, with statistically significant differences observed for most months in both Rabi and Kharif seasons, except for November and December in the Rabi season and June and October in the Kharif season. Overall, rain has decreased in the last 30 years to -0.4mm during Rabi and -3.7mm during Kharif seasons. The literature suggests that minor changes in climatic factors remarkably impact crop production. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of climatic conditions in the region and underscore the importance of understanding and adapting to climate change for sustainable agricultural practices.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN CHOLISTAN DESERT, PAKISTAN: A PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL STUDY
Authors: Bibi H. , A. Shaheen  , M. Bibi  , S. M. Malik  , M. Mohsin  , B. Nadeem  , M. Z. Shah
Published: May 2024

Medicinal plants are economically beneficial to heal various diseases and have been significant source of many important drugs. The Cholistan desert has arid type climatic conditions with scattered xerophytic vegetation which have been adopted to intensely high temperatures, humidity fluctuations and wide variety of edaphic conditions. In summer season, the temperature is extremely high but in winter season, it is mostly mild with no frost conditions. The amount of rainfall annually is greatly changing both on temporal and spatial levels. The main objective of the present study was to identify the relationship between soil and atmospheric conditions (temperature, rainfall and humidity) on the growth of medicinal plants during winter and summer seasons. Secondary data of rainfall, humidity and temperature was collected from Agriculture extension department of Bahawalpur and Meteorological department, Islamabad. The analysis carried out using quadrate method and locations were marked with Global Positioning System (GPS). The Geographical information system (GIS) software ArcGIS 10.5 used to illustrate the maps of the study area and the quadrates. In the study area, four sites on the basis of soil structure i.e. Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were selected. Phytogeographical parameters of plants i.e. number (frequency), density and cover were tapped during October, 2021, February, 2022 and May, 2022. The relative frequency, relative density, and relative cover were counted to ascertain the importance value index (IVI). Based on IVI, in each quadrat the communities of medicinal plant were delimited. The highest IVI bearing medicinal plants was conceived as dominant. Correlation results of Plants with different Soil Types and Rainfall is found positive. The strongest correlation with high R2 value was noted on Interdunal Sandy Soil Area (Q3) and low correlation was existed on Hard Clayey Soil Area (Q4).
Informação e prevenção não farmacológica da COVID-19 no território de uma unidade de saúde da família em Pernambuco
Authors: Valério Lilyanne , Sousa-Muñoz Rilva Lopes de , Lopes Isaunir Veríssimo
Published: May 2024

Introdução: O conhecimento da magnitude em que a população implementa medidas de proteção emitidas pelas autoridades de saúde pública é essencial na prevenção da doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19). A eficácia de medidas não farmacológicas de prevenção e das políticas públicas destinadas a reduzir o contágio pela COVID-19 depende de quão bem os indivíduos são informados sobre as consequências da infecção e as medidas que devem adotar para reduzir sua propagação. O entendimento, as atitudes e as práticas das pessoas em relação à COVID-19 e sua prevenção são basilares para a compreensão da dinâmica epidemiológica, demandando a realização de pesquisas sobre o cumprimento de medidas não farmacológicas de prevenção do contágio em diversos territórios. Para isso, em 2020, medidas não farmacológicas contra a COVID-19 foram divulgadas por fontes diversas, estatais e privadas, para a maior parte da população brasileira, com a finalidade de orientar comportamentos para conter a crise sanitária. As equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família têm um papel fundamental neste processo de educação em saúde, pois compreendem elementos socioculturais das suas comunidades, alcançando-as tanto em capilaridade quanto em adequação local da informação técnico-científica. Este artigo abrange uma pesquisa de campo, parte de um projeto multicêntrico nacional. Objetivo: Avaliar se a população do território de uma unidade da Estratégia Saúde da Família da cidade de Condado-PE entende e aplica as informações que recebeu sobre medidas não farmacológicas de prevenção em suas práticas de proteção contra a COVID-19. Mais especificamente, a pesquisa visou determinar que informações foram recebidas pelos respondentes, quais as suas fontes, o grau de confiabilidade atribuído a estas, além da adesão deles às medidas não farmacológicas e sua relação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos: O modelo do estudo foi observacional e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, a partir da coleta de dados primários com 70 usuários por entrevista presencial com questionário estruturado. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a população recebeu vasta informação sobre prevenção da doença. Conclusão: Com níveis variados de confiabilidade das fontes, atribuindo importância relevante às medidas de prevenção e adotou a maioria delas, com exceção do isolamento social total.
SPIDER POPULATION AND THEIR PREDATORY EFFICIENCY IN DIFFERENT RICE ESTABLISHMENT TECHNIQUES IN ADUTHURAI, TAMIL NADU.
Authors:   Division of Ecotoxicology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Anaikatty Post, Coimbatore -641108, Tamil Nadu, India, Jayakumar S , Sankari A ,   A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT The role of spiders in regulation of insect pests has been studied in the rice ecosystem ADT 39 cultivated by different Rice Establishment Techniques, namely Transplantation (T1), System of Rice Intensification (T2), Integrated Crop Management (T3), Drum Sowing (T4), Random Planting (T5) and Seedling Throwing (T6). The study was carried out in Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai between December 2005 and March 2006. Two aspects, namely population of spiders and pests, and role of spiders in the reduction of insect pests were studied. The number of spiders and pests found in the field were recorded by sweeping net and visual observation. A total of five spiders, namely Lycosa pseudoannulata, Callitrichia formosana, Tetragnatha javanas, Argiope catenulata and unidentified Plexippus species were identified from all the six different technique plots. Among them, Integrated Crop Management, showed the maximum percentage (20.93%) of spiders, whereas the minimum was observed in Seedling Throwing (8.58%). The population of spiders fluctuated during different days after transplantation (DAT). Lycosa pseudoannulata and Callitrichia formosana were the maximum during 42 DAT to 53 DAT, while Argiope catenulata was predominant from 88 DAT to 113 DAT. Six different insect pests, namely Nephotettix virscens, Scripophaga incertulas, Cofana spectra, Cnaphalocrosis medinalls, Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa acuta were recorded in all the six technique plots. The population of pests in the different treatments showed rise and fall during the observation. The Maximum population of pests was recorded during 66 DAT. Among the techniques, Drum Sowing (25%) showed the highest percentage, whereas the minimum was recorded in Transplantation and Random Planting (11% each). All the spiders showed the positive correlation with rice pests Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa acuta and negative correlation with Cnaphalocrosis medinalls. High population of spider in the different treatment plots limits the exponential growth of pest population.