bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“It’s Un-Nigerian Not to Go to College”
Authors: Imoagene Onoso
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 examines how ethnicity serves as a form of capital for the Nigerian second generation in both countries. The discussion of ethnicity as capital being a source of progress for the second generation has heretofore been largely limited to a discussion of certain Asian groups in both countries. In this chapter, I extend the discussion of ethnicity as capital to a group of the black second generation. The chapter examines how ethnicity became a resource for the second generation of Nigerian ancestry facilitating their good educational and occupational outcomes, outcomes that were ethnicized and used as an ethnic boundary between themselves and their proximal hosts. A larger discussion of how the Nigerian second generation balance their race and ethnicity in the United States and Britain begins in this chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Imoagene Onoso
Published: September 2017

In the conclusion, I rearticulate the main points of beyond racialization theory. I discuss what the experiences of the adult second generation of Nigerian ancestry in the United States and Britain reveal about the intersections of race, class, national origin, and ethnicity in these countries. I discuss what their experiences tell us about the future of the color line and understandings of blackness in the United States and Britain. The experiences of the second generation of Nigerian ancestry show that the ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic diversity among black people is being recognized and increasingly so. Their experiences suggest that their presence in the black middle class in both countries has the potential to change the largely negative ways black people are viewed and possibly help redefine what it means to be black in these two countries.
Latinos Define Latinos
Authors: Hayes-Bautista David E.
Published: September 2017

The rapid growth of Latinos from 1965 to 2000 was driven at first by immigration and then by birthrate. Latinos became the majority population in many towns, cities, and counties of the state. Latino growth as a market captured the attention of many businesses, which advertised openly in Spanish and tailored their goods, products, and services to the tastes of the Latino market. Increasingly, Latinos began to define Latinos, rather than be defined by non-Latinos.
Times of Crisis
Authors: Hayes-Bautista David E.
Published: September 2017

In the aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbances, nativists blamed “illegal immigrants” for California’s many woes, and they successfully convinced the state’s electorate to approve Proposition 187, a broadly worded initiative that would deny public services, including education, to undocumented immigrants, US-born children of undocumented immigrants, and persons suspected of being undocumented immigrants. The initiative’s passage stung Latinos into action: US-born Latinos registered to vote—and immigrant Latinos naturalized—in unprecedented numbers. By the end of the decade, an enraged Latino electorate had found its voice, and Latino voters increasingly held sway at the ballot box.
The Secret of Music-Dramatic Form
Authors: Berger Karol
Published: September 2017

Carl Dahlhaus’s voluminous writings on Wagner from the 1960s though the 1980s provide the most important attempt to understand the form of the music dramas since Alfred Lorenz’s studies of the 1920s and 1930s. The chapter offers an analysis and critique of Dahlhaus’s approach and proposes an alternative analytical procedure to be followed in the present book.
Tristan und Isolde
Authors: Berger Karol
Published: September 2017

Tristan und Isolde (1857-59) put this revolutionary optimism of the Ring into question. Prompted in part by his disillusionment with the failed revolution and in part by his enthusiastic reading of Schopenhauer, Wagner now realized that the erotic love that was supposed to provide the foundations of the new post-revolutionary society was singularly unsuited for this role. Eros turned out to be a cruel deity inexorably driving its devotees to transcend the finite daily realm of customary social rights and obligations and ecstatically enter the infinite metaphysical night of nothingness.
“Smallpox Is Dead”
Authors: Armstrong Melanie
Published: September 2017

In the mid-twentieth century, a global war against smallpox demonstrated how microbial nature might be managed according to human desires. The germ theory of disease identified microbes as originators of disease, and vaccine technology produced immunity by using microbes to alter the human body, forever changing the interspecies relationship between germs and humans. While the Cold War was building a national security regime, the smallpox campaign was creating a global system of disease control, infusing the work of public health with new biopolitics of race and nationhood. Modern health institutions are built upon this belief that nature can be managed for the benefit of populations, a foundational premise of biosecurity. Smallpox effects endure in concerns that bioterrorists will revitalize the virus.
The Wild Microbiological West
Authors: Armstrong Melanie
Published: September 2017

Biological laboratories propagate the idea of biosecurity in its original sense: using technological practices to contain and control microbes. Today, biosecurity is understood broadly as the elimination of vulnerability to biological threats. This chapter describes a debate that tore at the threads of community in Hamilton, Montana, during which residents asserted that the government must protect citizens from the risks created by the first high-security, BSL-4 laboratory to be built since 9/11. In public discourse and eventually in the courtroom, residents demanded that the government assess risk in terms of a newly dangerous world. The 100-year history of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories shows repeated discord between scientists’ faith in technological containment and citizens’ imaginings of their own biological demise.
Bioterror Borderlands
Authors: Armstrong Melanie
Published: September 2017

National biosecurity is a set of practices that regulate how goods, services, and living organisms move through the nation. Of particular interest are bodies that cross borders, be they human, animal, or germ. Microbes cling to other forms of life, including humans, rendering all lifeforms suspect in these borderlands. This chapter explores how nations are made through the management of biological nature, and how containing microbes on the border is a vital act of national security. Today in the borderlands, contemporary cases of food security and swine flu entangle with histories of immigration control practices which were instituted as an act of national care, even as they dehumanized immigrants and naturalized racial discourses about contamination.
Conclusion
Authors: Armstrong Melanie
Published: September 2017

Fears of bioterrorism persist more than a decade after 9/11, continuing to shape public health practice and scientific research. The conclusion revisits two themes of the book: that the materiality of microbes matters, and that by changing what it means to be human and a biological citizen, microbes create new systems of governance for a world full of unspecified risks. Whether there exists a biological threat or not, the work to prepare the nation is shaping citizens’ lives. I draw attention to the outcomes of bioterrorism preparedness not because they are inevitable consequences of the search for national security, but because we have the ability to make different choices to create the biological future in which we want to live.
Crafts Traders versus the State
Authors: Mahoney Dillon
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the development of Kenya’s tourism and handicraft industries from their roots in 20th century British colonialism to provide some of the broader history of Kenya’s tourism and co-operative development, their emergence in Mombasa, and their relationships with local governments. I draw on archival as well as ethnographic data collected just before the 2002 demolition of Mombasa’s roadside kiosks, which form the starting point for the larger longitudinal study. I focus on the array of experiences of Mombasa’s roadside traders of diverse backgrounds as they struggle with the privatization and segregation of urban residential and commercial space both before and after the demolitions. The economy was radically altered as the roadsides were “cleaned” and a new wave of economic formalization characterized the relationship between small-scale businesspeople and the state. For many entrepreneurs invested in the global crafts trade, this was the final straw that pushed them toward new technologies, jumping scales into global markets, and investing in export and wholesale businesses that were not spatially dependent upon a connection to the city center.
Diagnostics
Authors: Shin Youseop
Published: September 2017

Chapter Three talks about diagnostics. As in regression analysis, several properties of residuals should be satisfied, if the fitted model is appropriate. Residuals should be a realization of a white or IID sequence. They should have zero as a mean. Their variance, σ‎2, should be constant for all values of the Time variable. They should be normally distributed as well. This chapter explains how to test these points.
Introduction
Authors: Jouet Mugambi
Published: September 2017

Jouet begins his book by describing his work as a human rights lawyer representing poor prisoners in New York at the time of mass incarceration on a scale unprecedented in global history. He goes on to describe how the degeneration of American justice embodies troubling dimensions of American exceptionalism, including acute wealth inequality, systemic racism, anti-intellectualism, Christian fundamentalism, and chronic human rights abuses.
While the word “exceptional” can imply greatness or superiority, American exceptionalism historically referred to how America is “exceptional” in the sense of “unique,” “different,” “unusual,” “extraordinary” or “peculiar.” Ironically, scores of Americans equate “exceptionalism” with their nation’s superiority when it might be its Achilles Heel—a self-destructive vicious circle threatening admirable dimensions of American society.
The Exceptional Influence of Christian Fundamentalism
Authors: Jouet Mugambi
Published: September 2017

Religion remains exceptionally influential in America but frequently inspires indifference, skepticism or suspicion in other developed nations. Moreover, a huge minority of Americans lean towards Christian fundamentalism—a radical faith rooted in Biblical literalism and ultra-traditionalism.
Due to the relative separation of church and state since the United States’ founding, Americans have not experienced the long history of religious oppression that Europeans once endured. Americans thus became far less suspicious towards organized religions, which many see as benign means of worship, not as social institutions. This is a paradox, as prominent Founding Fathers were skeptical of organized religions and Christian dogma.
Jouet illustrates the weight of religion in the Bible Belt by describing his experiences as a Frenchman in Texas, where he visited evangelical churches and observed a very different kind of faith from the “soft” Catholicism he was accustomed to in France. This culture shock leads him to explore the fascinating historical and social factors behind the evolution of faith in American society.
The Culture Wars of Faith, Sex, and Gender
Authors: Jouet Mugambi
Published: September 2017

In virtually no other developed country are issues like abortion, contraception, homosexuality, and sexual education as controversial as in America. People in almost all other Western nations tend to share the liberal-moderate view of these questions. Few share the Christian fundamentalist position that represents a major side of America’s culture wars.
Even though the vast majority of Americans are devout Christians, religion ironically divides them far more than Europeans. America is exceptionally polarized by rival understandings of faith, secularism, family values, gender roles, and sexuality. According to conventional wisdom, religious polarization in America reflects a clash between believers and non-believers. In reality, the divide is mainly among people of faith, as atheists or agnostics remain a limited proportion of the U.S. population. While nearly three-quarters of Americans identify as Christian, their churches are often at odds on basic issues like whether the Bible should be interpreted literally. The chapter particularly analyzes the ultra-traditionalist values prevalent in conservative America and demonstrates how unusual they are in the developed world.
Millions Standing against Their Own Economic Interest
Authors: Jouet Mugambi
Published: September 2017

Millions of white working-class and middle-class Americans vote against their own economic interest by defending policies that hurt them while profiting the rich, including the 1% wealthiest Americans. Several factors help explain this peculiar dimension of U.S. politics: myopia fostered by anti-intellectualism; the relationship between religious fundamentalism and free-market fundamentalism; blind faith in the American Dream; and how racism hinders economic solidarity.
America and the World
Authors: Jouet Mugambi
Published: September 2017

America has long been much more inclined than other Western democracies to defy norms of diplomacy, international law, and human rights deemed against its interests, although these stances have at times profoundly divided the U.S. public. Americans were bitterly divided over the Bush administration’s use of torture, its aim to detain alleged terrorists forever without trial at Guantanamo, and its catastrophic invasion of Iraq on grounds later revealed to be false. The Obama administration’s rather different approach to foreign policy proved divisive too.
The chapter explores why Americans are far more polarized than Europeans over fundamental issues like war, diplomacy, the United Nations, and human rights. From the ideal of Manifest Destiny to America’s relative geographic isolation, superpower status, and the idea that God chose it to lead the world, Mugambi Jouet’s original analysis explains the interrelationship between the different aspects of American exceptionalism shaping U.S. foreign policy.
Answering Machine
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at how a newly arrived immigrant tries to handle a rude customer who is both abusive and unreasonable.
Lucknow
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, the author gives readers the backstory of where he is from and how he grew up in India.
Transit
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at the author's journey from his home in Lucknow, India, to his new residence in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Hired
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter talks about how the author managed to get an interview at an electronics retail store for the job of a salesman, get hired, and undergo training about various electronic gadgets that he didn’t know existed.
First Day
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, the author interacts with the customers on the sales floor for the first time. He remembers his embarrassment when he has to help an Indian couple, fearing they might tell his parents that he is a salesman in a store in the United States.
Colleagues
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, the author takes a close look his colleagues and his own disbelief that people were trying to run families on the money they earned at ElectronicsHut—a minimum-wage job.
Olive Skin
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at how the author connected with a Pakistani family on the sales floor while his colleagues stood and watched. The author and family from Pakistan start talk and joke in Urdu/Hindi language – something that his boss and colleagues had never seen happen in the store.
Holly and I
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter revisits the author’s relationship with his wife, and his family life at home.
All Hands on Deck
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains how the author doesn’t mistakenly calls his African-American coworker a politically incorrect word. His colleague and friend explained to him that it was okay for him to address the author with that name, but it wasn’t allowed for him to do that. The author didn’t understand the racial intricacies as a newcomer in the United States. He got away with that mistake, because he was an outsider—outside of the black/white binary.
Long Two Years
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter talks about a real-life family drama that unfolds in the store, right before the eyes of the author when he tries to sell a cellphone plan to a young couple. Along with the young woman's father, they discuss whether it would be the right decision to get into a two-year family plan when they aren't sure whether they will going to be together that long.
The Golden Quarter
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter talks about author’s experiences with Black Friday. He expresses his thoughts about witnessing Americans prowl through the mall and the store at 5:00 in the morning to shop.
Two Americas
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how the author navigates his way around the different Americas in his life—his wife’s academic world, his colleagues at work, and his friends who studied at the most elite colleges in India.
Paula
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter is about Paula – a twenty-year-old colleague who unexpectedly volunteered information about her personal life to author, which makes him think about his own life when he was her age in India.
A Handful of Dimes
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter talks about how everyone at the store was struggling to pay their bills. They worked hard and made ‘good’ money during Christmas, but it wasn’t good enough.
India Visit
Authors: Singh Deepak
Published: September 2017

This chapter takes the author back to his home country where he sees the salespeople in electronics stores, tea vendors, and his family in a different light. He returns to the United States and finds his colleagues have all quit.
Text and Audience
Authors: Cobb L. Stephanie
Published: September 2017

Chapter Two explores the ways martyr texts carefully describe the physical assaults on the martyrs’ bodies—thereby activating the audience’s expectations for pain—but then immediately thwart that expectation by insisting the Christian martyrs were insensitive to pain. In addition, the texts include stories in which the tools of torture refuse to participate in the persecution of Christians, and stories in which the persecutors are unable to obtain their desired goals. Martyr texts also upend audience expectations by cursorily reporting the execution of the martyr or by obscuring the audience’s sightlines at the moment of death. This chapter, therefore, examines narrative techniques that engage listeners and then direct them toward particular—perhaps surprising—(re-)interpretations of events.
Conclusion
Authors: Cobb L. Stephanie
Published: September 2017

The Conclusion explores audiences’ encounters with martyr texts after fears of judicial violence have passed. The martyrs’ divine deliverance from pain may offer hope to later readers who—before widespread anesthetics—had little expectation for a pain-free existence. But divine deliverance—the miraculous intervention into physiological reactions—is also a stumbling block for many modern readers. The book concludes, then, with reflections drawn from recent considerations of narrative empathy, which offer insight into why readers may overlook or even reject the claims to impassibility made within these texts.
Us, Relatives
Authors: Bird-David Nurit
Published: September 2017

Anthropologists have long looked to animistic forager-cultivator cultures for insights into the spectrum of human lifeways. Yet they have largely failed to appreciate indigenous horizons of concern and, in cross-cultural comparisons, to factor in enormous disparities in population size between these cultures and others. Us, Relatives examines how scalar blindness has limited our understanding of key issues in forager studies and distorted the insights these societies offer us. In particular, the book argues that contemporary anthropology’s scale-blind multicultural ethos unleashes the power of large-scale conceptual language—of persons, relations, and ethnic groups—into the study of indigenous peoples and eclipses local modes of living plurally that encompass humans and nonhumans through notions of kinship and shared humanity. Drawing on long-term research with a community of South Asian foragers and emphasizing scaling as a universal and variable human activity, Nurit Bird-David develops this argument through a scale-sensitive ethnography of these foragers’ lifeways and horizons. Through the idea of pluripresence, she reveals a mode of belonging that subverts the modern ontological touchstone of “imagined communities,” a mode that is not rooted in sameness among strangers but in diversity among relatives, whatever their form.
Census of Relatives
Authors: Bird-David Nurit
Published: September 2017

This interlude trains attention on demographic surveys of tiny-scale indigenous communities through terms drawn from large-scale societies (e.g., name, gender, age, place of residence). This convention, it suggests, distorts locals’ imaginations of their communities in kinship terms, abstracting relatives from the shifting pluralities within which they live and casting them as individuals classifiable in large-scale terms.
Tree of Relatives
Authors: Bird-David Nurit
Published: September 2017

This interlude focuses on kinship diagrams. Drawing on the author’s fieldwork experience, it shows the scalar distortion inhering in construction of these “maps” to depict tiny-scale indigenous societies, communities of relatives: partial kinship diagrams (event-focused or otherwise circumscribed) conceal the encompassing community whose members are all close kin, and large inclusive family trees highlight shared ancestors rather than the commensal basis of the community.
Taxonomy of Nonhuman Relatives
Authors: Bird-David Nurit
Published: September 2017

This interlude reflects on the anthropologist’s effort to collect information about the fauna and flora utilized by forager-cultivator people. It relates the author’s experience of foragers’ reluctance to list what they gather and their inconsistent naming of those species (not unlike other Asian foragers). It also considers the botanists to whom she turns for taxonomic identifications and compares the foragers’ and the botanists’ respective scales of concern.
The State’s Foragers
Authors: Bird-David Nurit
Published: September 2017

In recent years, India has seen a viral increase in the number of state-recognized Kattunayaka, the official name of the foragers at the heart of this ethnography. Their ethnonym is included in the Constitution list of “Scheduled Tribes” guiding India’s distributive justice system. Ethnography of claims of Kattunayaka identity shows the political fallout from cross-scalar spillage in understanding plural life. This chapter calls attention to scalar blindness in broader discussions of indigeneity and multiculturalism, with emphasis on India. It elucidates the broader relevance of an anthropological distinction that emerges from the book’s overall ethnography: a contrast between a pluripresent and an imagined community.
Epilogue
Authors: Bird-David Nurit
Published: September 2017

The epilogue suggests that scale-blind multicultural anthropology, though well-meaning, may have blown forager-cultivator sociocultural structures up to monstrous proportions, beyond their innate scalability and, so, imbuing them with a radical alterity. In particular, it has eclipsed their modes of living plurally with humans and nonhumans, modes potentiated by their tiny scale, which allows participation of vivid members in one another’s lives. Their modes of belonging subvert the modern imagination of communities as “nations,” with its touchstone sameness of members, irrespective of their number or location. Their modes, and the idea of pluripresence developed to analyze them, have analytical purchase beyond the study of forager-cultivators themselves, while the cultures of such peoples show these modes at their most fully elaborated. These modes offer productive analytical entrée into plural structures, present, past and future; structures that are nested within, challenge, and resist the large-scale national mode; structures that preexisted and may outlive the modern imagination of communities as nations. And, as a practical matter, a multiscalar appreciation of alternative modes of imagining community can assist foragers’ political struggles in the contemporary world.
Philiphê Bỉnh and the Catholic Geographies of Tonkin
Authors: Dutton George E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter uses Binh’s own self-introduction to situate him within the particular geographies that shaped the trajectory of his life. The chapter shows how Binh positioned himself both locally and globally, and how this influenced his life. The chapter then steps back to explore the history of the Catholic missions in Tonkin, revealing increasing rivalry between the Portuguese Jesuits and the later-arriving French and Spanish mission societies. It shows the degree to which geographical situations shaped these projects: from the increasing involvement of the Spanish, based in the Philippines, to the division of Tonkin into two vicariates assigned to the Dominicans and the MEP missionaries. It also discusses Binh’s religious training, first as a catechist of an Italian Jesuit priest, and later as a seminary student in a Dominican religious school. It describes the consequences of the Jesuit order’s disestablishment in 1773, and the growing challenges facing its loyalists as their priests slowly began to disappear.
Journeys
Authors: Dutton George E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at the brief period from 1794 to the summer of 1796, in which the ex-Jesuit community began to explore ways to resolve the crisis in which it found itself. Several short trips to Macao failed to yield any further missionaries for the Padroado Catholics, and so an attempt was made to send two men to Europe to make a direct appeal. Binh conducted a significant and successful fundraising effort among the members of the Padroado community. When the men are finally able to embark for Europe, their mission is turned back after reaching Goa, and its members are beset by pirates on their return voyage, reducing them to rags. The chapter then describes a renewal of this effort, this time led by Binh himself, who, along with three of his companions, set sail for Europe in mid-February of 1796. It describes their five-month journey from Macao through the Straits of Malacca, around the Horn of Africa and to the island of St. Helena. There they transfered to a Portuguese vessel on which they are able to continue their voyage directly to Lisbon, where they arrived in late July of that year.
Arrival in Lisbon and First Encounters
Authors: Dutton George E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the first several weeks of the Vietnamese delegations time in Lisbon. It describes their use of deliberately exotic gowns to attract the attention of the court and the ruler, a strategy that proves very effective. The chapter describes the deliberations about where to house the men, and the final decision to place them in the Necessidades Convent of the Oratorian congregation. The chapter then briefly gives a background on the Oratorians as well as the status of Catholicism in late eighteenth-century Portugal. It then introduces the Portuguese royal family, Binh’s potential patrons, and in particular the ruler, Dom João. It points out the numerous weaknesses of the Portuguese court and its ruler, crippled by an indecisive personality, and a precarious political position cause by his serving as regent to the Queen, who recently plunged into madness. Her insanity had been caused by the sudden death of her eldest son, which had thrust the unprepared Dom João into the position of crown prince. It concludes by discussing the first formal audience given to the Vietnamese delegation, when the met the prince and his wife at his Queluz palace, presented their gifts, and briefly described the nature of their mission.
Invoking the Padroado
Authors: Dutton George E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on Binh’s decade-long effort to persuade the Portuguese ruler to appoint an official bishop to the Vietnamese realm of Tonkin. It discusses the nature of the Vietnamese petitions to the throne, and the arguments Binh used to convince the ruler to act. It discusses his representation of his community as being “of the East” and the significant disjuncture this represented in Vietnamese geographical conceptualizations. It explores the numerous obstacles to a successful completion of the mission: numerous diplomatic crises with Spain, the fierce opposition of the papal nuncio in Lisbon, and the crown prince’s tendency toward inaction. It also describes the personal challenges the Vietnamese delegates faced, including major illnesses that required therapeutic treatments, and eventually led to the death of one of their number. The chapter describes the ruler’s 1801 decision to appoint Manuel Galdino as the bishop to Tonkin, only to reverse his decision three weeks later under strong pressure from the nuncio, shifting Galdino’s appointment to Macao. It then discusses Binh’s efforts over the next six years to salvage his mission, seeking other ways to persuade the ruler, including sending emissaries to the pope to receive papal authority for the appointment.
Waiting for Bỉnh in Tonkin and Macao
Authors: Dutton George E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter shifts the angle of vision from the men in Lisbon back to those they left behind in Macao and Tonkin. It discusses the ways in which both sides exchanged letters to provide updates of their respective situations. In particular it describes the increasing desperation of the community in Tonkin, suffering both from political turmoil and growing ecclesiastical precariousness as their remaining clergy aged and died. It also discusses the plight of the two Vietnamese clerics in Macao, who struggled with poverty and the pressure from ecclesiastical authorities to give up their residence and return to Tonkin to accept the apostolic vicars. The chapter concludes with the arrival of Bishop Galdino in Macao, and his lengthy, but ultimately successful efforts to dislodge the Tonkinese in the Portuguese enclave, and then to put pressure on the remaining members of the Padroado community in Tonkin itself. It concludes by noting that this combination of pressures led the remaining holdouts to surrender to the apostolic vicars by about 1805, marking the end of the Vietnamese Padroado community.
Epilogue
Authors: Dutton George E.
Published: September 2017

This brief chapter summarizes the book’s main contributions to thinking about Catholic geographies and what Binh’s story reveals about them. It also offers a brief survey of the story’s trajectory after Binh’s death, describing the survival of his notebooks, their rediscovery, and subsequent transmission to Vietnam. It also reflects upon the eventual return of the Jesuit order to Vietnam, and concludes by mentioning the election of the first Jesuit pope in 2013.
Prophets and Patriots
Authors: Braunstein Ruth
Published: September 2017

In the wake of the Great Recession, Americans across the political divide flocked to local citizens organizations, where they worked to refocus political attention on the needs of ordinary people like them. This book chronicles the efforts of two such groups—a progressive faith-based community organizing coalition and a conservative Tea Party group. At first glance, these groups could not seem more different: in addition to significant demographic differences between them, their members also lined up on opposite sides of nearly every national policy debate during this period. But these differences do not tell the whole story of these groups. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with both groups, this book reveals surprising similarities between their efforts that are typically not acknowledged, while also tracing more subtle differences between them that typically go unrecognized. It shows that in the face of rising anxiety and frustration, members of both groups chose to wake up, stand up, and speak up. They dedicated themselves to becoming active citizens, capable of inserting their voices, values, and knowledge into public debates about issues that impacted them. In so doing, they came to understand themselves as prophets and patriots, respectively, carrying forward the promise of American democracy. Yet when the groups set out to actually enact this vision – by holding government accountable and putting their faith in action – their styles of active citizenship diverged, reflecting different ways of imagining how American democracy ought to work and the proper role of active citizens within it.
Introduction
Authors: Braunstein Ruth
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 introduces readers to Interfaith, a progressive faith-based community organizing coalition, and the Patriots, a conservative Tea Party group. It depicts members of both groups struggling to move forward in the wake of the Great Recession, and as a result choosing to become more active citizens capable of inserting their voices, values, and knowledge into the policy debates that impact their lives. It then situates the groups’ efforts in the historical contexts of changing conceptions of good citizenship and rising societal secularization, enabling readers to discern previously unrecognized convergences and divergences in how these groups engage in active citizenship. Finally, it describes the research methods that were used to study these groups and provides an overview of the key arguments and contributions of the book.
Becoming Active Citizens
Authors: Braunstein Ruth
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 focuses on similarities in the ways in which members of Interfaith and the Patriots described their choice to become more active citizens, despite significant differences in their demographic compositions and policy demands. For members of both groups, this process involved waking up, standing up, and speaking up—acts that were described as democratic and sacred responsibilities alike. In justifying their choices and distinguishing them from alternatives, participants in both groups drew loosely on a “civil discourse” that valorized the qualities associated with active citizenship, while critiquing or distancing themselves from fellow citizens who chose not to wake up, stand up and speak up. In the process, they also drew on “civil religious discourse” that infused active citizenship and American democracy itself with sacred significance.
Putting Faith into Action
Authors: Braunstein Ruth
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 demonstrates that Interfaith and the Patriots developed different ways of enacting active citizenship in the course of their work together, and specifically their efforts to put their faith in action. Although both groups asserted that there was a public role for religion in diverse and pluralistic democratic societies, they differed in their understandings of how this should work in practice. Interfaith’s efforts to put their faith in action were driven primarily by concerns about religious inclusion, while the Patriots were driven primarily by concerns about religious liberty. Participants in the groups thus emphasized subtly different religious values, developed different ways of engaging with religious others, and engaged in different kinds of religious (and civil religious) practices. The chapter concludes by tracing the groups’ choices about how to put their faith in action to differences in their democratic imaginaries—their ways of understanding how democracy works and the proper role of active citizens in it.
Styles of Active Citizenship
Authors: Braunstein Ruth
Published: September 2017

While Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate a correspondence between Interfaith's and the Patriots’ styles of active citizenship and their respective democratic imaginaries, Chapter 6 specifies a key mechanism through which each group’s way of imagining what it means to be an active citizen influenced how they actually practiced active citizenship. Close attention is paid to moments of disagreement and conflict within each group: over whether to be civil or confrontational in interactions with public officials; whether to pursue self-interest or the common good; whether to speak with a collective voice or as individuals; and whether to attempt to replace or persuadeelected officials who did not represent the groups’ interests. In each case, the choices both groups’ made were shaped by conscious considerations of what kinds of actions were most appropriate for “groups like them,” in light of their ideal visions of how citizens in a diverse democracy should interact with one another and with government, under God’s watchful gaze. As the groups embraced practices that felt appropriate and rejected others that seemed inappropriate, they were channeled toward different group styles of active citizenship.
Brazil’s “Comfortable Racial Contradiction”
Authors: Roth-Gordon Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The introduction to this book briefly summarizes Brazilian race relations through an analysis of historical events and Brazilian fairy tales as well as current day examples including political cartoons and the author’s own experiences living in Rio de Janeiro with a multi-racial family. It is argued that Brazilians live with a “comfortable racial contradiction” that includes obvious structural racism, a racial ideology that promotes the superiority of whiteness and the inferiority of blackness, but also a pride in racial mixture and racial tolerance that was enforced by Brazil’s 20th century dictatorships. While this contradiction is not “comfortable” for all, the author explains how it perseveres in a new political context where racial insult and racial exclusion can be legally challenged. The chapter ends with a description of the “compulsory closeness” of Rio de Janeiro, where city residents live in a dramatic situation of side-by-side race and class inequality. Within this context, it is argued that Rio residents engage in a continuous process of “reading” bodies for signs of blackness and whiteness, signs that include cultural and linguistic practices such as the use of slang (gíria).
Investing in Whiteness
Authors: Roth-Gordon Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The middle-class families who are the subject of Chapter 3 embrace language and linguistic discipline to gain and secure not only class status, but also racial privilege in a Brazilian context where neither ancestry nor skin color can guarantee one’s whiteness. These families seek to cultivate a sense of “personal whiteness,” for themselves and for their children, which entails a sense of ease and confidence that can only be achieved through careful training and constant effort. The concept of language ideologies, taken from linguistic anthropology, explains not only how their beliefs about their own linguistic refinement (or “verbal hygiene”) and intellectual capacity are tied to the superiority of whiteness, but also how a lack of “proper” grammar and the extensive use of slang (gíria) are linked to blackness and embraced to naturalize racial difference and social inequality in the dramatically unequal city of Rio de Janeiro.
Avoiding Blackness
Authors: Roth-Gordon Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 explores the “flip side” of boa aparência (or whitening), as middle-class youth and parents seek to secure the investment that they have made in their family’s whiteness by avoiding contact with black people and black spaces. Stronger than the fear of physically “black” bodies, however, is the fear of embodied practices associated with blackness, practices which circulate independent of dark-skinned people while threatening to steal the whiteness of middle-class youth. These fears, and the social imperative to avoid contact with blackness, are presented through the case study of Bola, a moreno (brown-skinned) middle-class youth who boldly disregards established social and racial borders. This chapter also expands on the struggle over prime urban spaces in Rio de Janeiro, showing how the presence of black youth in private, air-conditioned, and exclusive shopping malls inspires increased racial anxiety.
Conclusion
Authors: Roth-Gordon Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The concluding chapter illustrates the concept of Brazil’s “comfortable racial contradiction” through a story of how 6-year-old children in an elite Rio de Janeiro private school learned about racial difference and appropriately “polite” racial terminology. More embedded forms of racial hierarchy and the racialized belief system that still posits the superiority of whiteness never come to the surface in these (still rare) discussions of how and when to notice racial difference. The author returns to the central point that within a context where racial cordiality is still preferred, a focus on cultural and linguistic practices helps explain the connections that Brazilians have been trained to make between race, bodies, and the ongoing inequitable distribution of resources in their society.
Against the Sky a Tree has Parts
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

The sun is half an hour high, perhaps. Standing near the outlet of the pond, I look up and down the river with delight, it is so warm and the air is, notwithstanding, so clear. When I invert my head and look at the woods half a mile down the stream, they suddenly sink lower in the horizon and are removed full two miles off; yet the air is so clear that I seem to see every stem and twig with beautiful distinctness. The fine tops of the trees are so relieved against the sky that I never cease to admire the minute subdivisions. It is the same when I look up the stream. A bare hickory under Lee’s cliff, seen against the sky, becomes an interesting, even beautiful object to behold. I think where I have been staying all these days. I will surely come here again....
Heartwood
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

The thousand fine points and tops of the trees delight me; they are the plumes and standards and bayonets of a host that marches to victory over the earth. The trees are handsome towards the heavens as well as up their boles; they are good for other things than boards and shingles....
A Poet’s Trees
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Trees stirred the muse in Thoreau. He saw them as poems themselves, “living poetry,” writ by nature on the landscape. He “browsed” his poetic imagination on them and used the forest as a source of figurative language in which to dip his pen. He said pines and maples encircled Walden Pond like “slender eye-lashes” fringing earth’s “liquid eye.” By moonlight, the shadows of trees checker the ground “like chandeliers of darkness.” The blazing fall sermons of maple trees surpass those of New England ministers. Thoreau also frequently imagined trees as the different kinds of writing—as the leaves of a book, mythic tablets, scrolls, sermons and inscriptions.
Woodplay
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

It required some rudeness to disturb with our boat the mirror-like surface of the water, in which every twig and blade of grass was so faithfully reflected; too faithfully indeed for art to imitate, for only Nature may exaggerate herself. The shallowest still water is unfathomable. Wherever the trees and skies are reflected, there is more than Atlantic depth, and no danger of fancy running aground. We notice that it required a separate intention of the eye, a more free and abstracted vision, to see the reflected trees and the sky, than to see the river bottom merely; and so are there manifold visions in the direction of every object, and even the most opaque reflect the heavens from their surface. Some men have their eyes naturally intended to the one and some to the other object....
A Mind for Trees
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Thoreau began studying trees as naturalist in 1851, He noting when they leaf out and turn color in fall. Botany gave him a way to see the invisible energies of trees and new words to describe them. Through close observation, he learned how trees disperse their seeds and regenerate the forest. He dated trees by their rings and calculated their rates of growth. Thoreau never shed his idealism about trees. They were parable and fact to him. A tree’s trunk, root, branch and leaf were universal templates that he found everywhere in nature. Thoreau merged these lenses in “Autumnal Tints.” A tree-by-tree kaleidoscope of the shifting hues in autumn, it is also a meditation on death in nature and it affirms nature’s impulse for renewal.
Forest Lessons
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Botany appealed to the wordsmith as well as the naturalist in Thoreau. “How copious and precise the botanical language!” he enthused in his journal in 1851. He used its precise lexicon to describe trees.

The broad flat brown buds on Mr. Cheney’s elm, containing twenty or thirty yellowish-green threads, surmounted with little brownish mulberry cups, which contain the stamens and the two styles—these are just expanding or blossoming now. The flat imbricated buds, which open their scales both ways, have had a rich look for some weeks past. Why so few elms so advanced, so rich now? Are the staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers ever on different trees?...
Paeans to the Pine
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Walked through that beautiful soft white pine grove on the west of the road in John Flint’s pasture. These trees are large, but there is ample space between them, so that the ground is left grassy. Great pines two or more feet in diameter branch sometimes within two feet of the ground on each side, sending out large horizontal branches on which you can sit. Like great ...
Knighting Elms
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Thoreau’s love of trees led him to romanticize them and to invest them with noble qualities he thought society lacked. As Concord’s rural character began to fade, Thoreau used trees as symbols of a simpler, more heroic past. When the Davis Elm, a huge, century-old, landmark elm in Concord, was suddenly felled in 1856, Thoreau angrily delivered a mock eulogy. He made the tree a symbol of the town.He said a kingpost of the town had been cut down. He cast the Davis Elm and all of Concord’s elms as beacons of moral principle—and he depicted them as “citizens” of the town who discharge their duties more faithfully than its people.
In a Barque of Bark
Authors: Higgins Richard , Higgins Richard
Published: September 2017

Thoreau loved the ocean and was more of an old salt than is known. But he lived in inland Concord. So he wrote of the forest, metaphorically, as a maritime main, a sea of green on which he sailed. He imagined trees as schooners and barques he navigated across the treetops. He called on ports as he sailed the woods of Concord. Thoreau’s extended nautical imagery of trees tapped into widespread love of the sea in American culture then, and linked his personal love of the ocean and his love of the woods.
The Persistence of Non-Mosaic Judaism
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: September 2017

Despite some attempts to argue the contrary, the Torah does not play a central role in the wisdom tradition before Ben Sira, in the early Enoch tradition or in Diaspora tales such as Esther and Daniel 1-6.