bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of peat soils under different land use options
Authors: Mustamo P. , Hyvärinen M. , Ronkanen A.‐K. , Kløve B.
Published: July 2016

Pristine peat soils are characterized by large porosity, low density and large water and organic matter contents. Drainage and management practices change peat properties by oxidation, compaction and mineral matter additions. This study examined differences in physical properties (hydraulic conductivity, water retention curve, bulk density, porosity, von Post degree of decomposition) in soil profiles of two peatland forests, a cultivated peatland, a peat extraction area and two pristine mires originally within the same peatland area. Soil hydraulic conductivity of the drained sites (median hydraulic conductivities: 3.3 × 10−5 m/s, 2.9 × 10−8 m/s and 8.5 × 10−8 m/s for the forests, the cultivated site and the peat extraction area, respectively) was predicted better by land use option than by soil physical parameters. Detailed physical measurements were accompanied by monitoring of the water levels between drains. The model ‘DRAINMOD’ was used to assess the hydrology and the rapid fluctuations seen in groundwater depths. Hydraulic conductivity values needed to match the simulation of observed depth to groundwater data were an order of magnitude greater than those determined in field measurements, suggesting that macropore flow was an important pathway at the study sites. The rapid response of depth to groundwater during rainfall events indicated a small effective porosity and this was supported by the small measured values of drainable porosity. This study highlighted the potential role of land use and macropore flow in controlling water table fluctuation and related processes in peat soils.
Identification of the novel B*27:144 allele in an Irish Individual
Authors: Kelleher J. , Mullany P. , Wallis‐Jones S. , Turner T. , Keogan M
Published: July 2016

The sequence of HLA‐B*27:144 differs from HLA‐B*27:05:02 by one nucleotide change at position 506.
A novel HLA‐B*38 variant, B*38:15, detected in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang K. L. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: July 2016

One nucleotide substitution at residue 346 of HLA‐B*38:02:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*38:15.
Multi‐phase late‐Neogene exhumation history of the Aar massif, Swiss central Alps
Authors: Valla Pierre G. , Rahn Meinert , Shuster David L. , van der Beek Peter A.
Published: July 2016

The late‐Neogene evolution of the European Alps was influenced by both tectonic and climatically driven erosion processes, which are difficult to disentangle. We use low‐temperature thermochronometry data from surface and borehole samples in the Aar massif–Rhône valley (Swiss central Alps) to constrain the exhumation history of the region. Multiple exhumation events are distinguished and linked to regional‐scale tectonic deformation (before 5 Ma), short‐lived climatically driven orogen contraction (between 4 and 3 Ma), and glacial valley carving since c. 1 Ma. Compared with previous studies, we clearly show the existence of two separate exhumation phases in the Late Miocene–Pliocene and better constrain the onset of glacial valley carving. The hydrothermal activity and geothermal anomalies currently observed in the borehole have been local and short‐lived, with only a minor influence on thermochronometric observations. We thus suggest that late‐stage glacial valley carving may have triggered topography‐driven fluid flow and transient hydrothermal circulation.
Molecular characterization and targeted quantitative profiling of the sphingolipidome in rice
Authors: Ishikawa Toshiki , Ito Yukihiro , Kawai‐Yamada Maki
Published: July 2016

Recent advances in comprehensive metabolite profiling techniques, the foundation of metabolomics, is facilitating our understanding of the functions, regulation and complex networks of various metabolites in organisms. Here, we report a quantitative metabolomics technique for complex plant sphingolipids, composed of various polar head groups as well as structural isomers of hydrophobic ceramide moieties. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was used as an experimental model of monocotyledonous plants and has been demonstrated to possess a highly complex sphingolipidome including hundreds of molecular species with a wide range of abundance. We established a high‐throughput scheme for lipid preparation and mass spectrometry‐based characterization of complex sphingolipid structures, which provided basic information to create a comprehensive theoretical library for targeted quantitative profiling of complex sphingolipids in rice. The established sphingolipidomic approach combined with multivariate analyses of the large dataset obtained clearly showed that different classes of rice sphingolipids, particularly including subclasses of glycosylinositol phosphoceramide with various sugar‐chain head groups, are distributed with distinct quantitative profiles in various rice tissues, indicating tissue‐dependent metabolism and biological functions of the lipid classes and subclasses. The sphingolipidomic analysis also highlighted that disruption of a lipid‐associated gene causes a typical sphingolipidomic change in a gene‐dependent manner. These results clearly support the utility of the sphingolipidomic approach in application to wide screening of sphingolipid‐metabolic phenotypes as well as deeper investigation of metabolism and biological functions of complex sphingolipid species in plants.
Prevention of syncopal‐type reactions after whole blood donation: a cluster‐randomized trial assessing hydration and muscle tension exercise
Authors: Morand Chrystelle , Coudurier Nicole , Rolland Carole , Thoret Sophie , Legrand Dominique , Tiberghien Pierre , Bosson Jean‐Luc
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The prevention of presyncopal and syncopal reactions to whole blood donation is important for both the donor's safety and their retention as blood donors. The best strategy to achieve this remains debated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A prospective cluster‐randomized trial comparing three hydration modes (500 mL of an isotonic drink, 500 mL of water, just before phlebotomy, or advice to drink [control arm]) coupled or not with light muscle tensing exercises, was carried out in mobile and fixed units of two regional blood centers in southeast France between January and July 2014. The main outcome was the cumulative incidence of presyncope (feeling faint) and syncope (fainting) at the donation site or in the 48 hours after leaving the site. Secondary outcomes were the cumulative incidence of these adverse events during donation, immediately after blood donation, or within 48 hours.

RESULTS

Overall, presyncope or syncope occurred in 5.5% of the 4576 donors. Compared to controls, drinking 500 mL (isotonic solution or water) significantly reduced the rate of events (odds ratio [OR], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55‐0.99; p = 0.041) independently of muscle tensing exercise. Muscle tensing exercises significantly reduced syncopal‐type reactions during the donation (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42‐0.98; p = 0.041), and an isotonic drink significantly reduced delayed off‐site syncopal‐type reactions (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40‐0.98; p = 0.040) and tiredness after donation (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59‐0.94; p = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

Drinking 500mL of water or isotonic drink close to phlebotomy is useful in preventing presyncopal or syncopal reactions in blood donors. Isotonic drinks have the advantage of preventing delayed reactions and tiredness after whole blood donation.
Transdisciplinary weed research: new leverage on challenging weed problems?
Authors: Jordan N , Schut M , Graham S , Barney J N , Childs D Z , Christensen S , Cousens R D , Davis A S , Eizenberg H , Ervin D E , Fernandez‐Quintanilla C , Harrison L J , Harsch M A , Heijting S , Liebman M , Loddo D , Mirsky S B , Riemens M , Neve P , Peltzer D A , Renton M , Williams M , Recasens J , Sønderskov M
Published: July 2016

Transdisciplinary weed research (TWR) is a promising path to more effective management of challenging weed problems. We define TWR as an integrated process of inquiry and action that addresses complex weed problems in the context of broader efforts to improve economic, environmental and social aspects of ecosystem sustainability. TWR seeks to integrate scholarly and practical knowledge across many stakeholder groups (e.g. scientists, private sector, farmers and extension officers) and levels (e.g. local, regional and landscape). Furthermore, TWR features democratic and iterative processes of decision‐making and collective action that aims to align the interests, viewpoints and agendas of a wide range of stakeholders. The fundamental rationale for TWR is that many challenging weed problems (e.g. herbicide resistance or extensive plant invasions in natural areas) are better addressed systemically, as a part of broad‐based efforts to advance ecosystem sustainability, rather than as isolated problems. Addressing challenging weed problems systemically can offer important new leverage on such problems, by creating new opportunities to manage their root causes and by improving complementarity between weed management and other activities. While promising, this approach is complicated by the multidimensional, multilevel, diversely defined and unpredictable nature of ecosystem sustainability. In practice, TWR can be undertaken as a cyclic process of (i) initial problem formulation, (ii) ‘broadening’ of the problem formulation and recruitment of stakeholder participants, (iii) deliberation, negotiation and design of an action agenda for systemic change, (iv) implementation action, (v) monitoring and assessment of outcomes and (vi) reformulation of the problem situation and renegotiation of further actions. Notably, ‘purposive’ disciplines (design, humanities and arts) have central, critical and recurrent roles in this process, as do integrative analyses of relevant multidimensional and multilevel factors, via multiple natural and social science disciplines. We exemplify this process in prospect and retrospect. Importantly TWR is not a replacement for current weed research; rather, the intent is to powerfully leverage current efforts.
Determinates of Employee Voluntary Turnover and Forecasting in R&D Departments: A Case Study
Authors: Zhu Xiaojuan , Sawhney Rapinder , Upreti Girish
Published: July 2016

employee voluntary turnover factors using logistic regression and forecasts employee tenure using a decision tree for four research and development departments in a large U.S organization. Company job title, gender, ethnicity, age and years of service significantly affect employee voluntary turnover behavior determined by logistic regression. The findings assist managers and human resource departments in specific employee retention strategies to reduce R&D departments’ voluntary turnover rate. The decision tree method built a five-level depth tree model with 17 nodes. This model has the lowest AIC value and the best performance in the validation dataset. Age at hire, jobtitle, division, and race are statistically significant factors to predict employee tenure. The most important variable is age at hire located in the decision tree’s first, third, and fourth nodes. Classification rules assist managers and human resource departments in quickly predicting employee tenure and in making hiring decisions.
A Learning Outcomes Assessment Analysis based on the Mathematical Modeling of RaschGSP Curve, GSM and MSM
Authors: Ho Hui-Chung , Chiang Hsiu-Jye , Pham Duc-Hieu , Fann Woody Jann-Der , Nagai Masatake
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an educational praxis of classroom assessment in curriculum and learning outcomes of “Introduction to Education”, and constructs assessment tool and analyzes them based on the mathematical modeling, the former with Q Matrix and ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling), the latter mainly with Nagai’s GSP (Grey S-P) Chart, RaschGSP Curve, GSM (Grey Structural Modeling) and MSM (Matrix Based Structure Modeling). It aims: (1) To use and implement numerical value as the code for processing data, (2) To analyze and diagnose based on raw numerical values, (3) To illustrate and explain in visual diagraph analysis. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that applying mathematical logic in educational research, and such tools are not in favor of the quantitative approach, rather claimed unique feature of math logic, in benefit to: (1) Interface qualitative contextual analysis and quantitative numerical characters as the whole, (2) Convert teaching-learning praxis into binary numerical data, (3) Address alternative interdisciplinary educational research.
High-Frequency Dynamic Overshoot in Linear and Nonlinear Periodic Media
Authors: Zhang Yijing , Vakakis Alexander F.
Published: July 2016

We study the transient responses of linear and nonlinear semi-infinite periodic media on linear elastic foundations under suddenly applied, high-frequency harmonic excitations. We show that “dynamic overshoot” phenomena are realized whereby, due to the high-rate of application of the high-frequency excitations, coherent traveling responses are propagating to the far fields of these media; and this, despite the fact that the high frequencies of the suddenly applied excitations lie well within the stop bands of these systems. For the case of a linear one-dimensional (1D) spring-mass lattice, a leading-order asymptotic approximation in the high frequency limit of the suddenly applied harmonic excitation shows that the transient dynamic overshoot is expressed in terms of the Green's function at its free end. Then, a two-dimensional (2D) strongly nonlinear granular network is considered, composed of two semi-infinite, ordered homogeneous granular lattices mounted on linear elastic foundations and coupled by weak linear coupling terms. A high-frequency harmonic excitation is applied to one of the granular lattices—designated as the “excited lattice”, with the other lattice designated as the “absorbing” one. The resulting dynamic overshoot phenomenon consists of a “pure” traveling breather, i.e., of a single propagating oscillatory wavepacket with a localized envelope, resulting from the balance of discreteness, dispersion, and strong nonlinearity. The pure breather is asymptotically studied by a complexification/averaging technique, showing nearly complete but reversible energy exchanges between the excited and absorbing lattices as the breather propagates to the far field. Verification of the analytical approximations with direct numerical simulations is performed.
A New Approach to Manufacturing Biocomposite Sandwich Structures: Investigation of Preform Shell Behavior
Authors: Jiang Lai , Walczyk Daniel , McIntyre Gavin
Published: July 2016

The manufacture of natural fiber and core preforms for biocomposite sandwich structures that bound together with fungal mycelium-based polymer is investigated. The complete manufacturing process involves: (1) cutting individual textile plies; (2) impregnating multi-ply layups with natural glue conducive to mycelium growth; (3) simultaneously forming, sterilizing and setting impregnated skins; (4) filling formed skins with mycelium-laden agri-waste; (5) allowing mycelium to colonize and bind together core substrate and skins into a unitized preform; (6) high temperature drying that also inactivates fungus; and (7) infusing skins with bioresin using resin transfer molding. Aspects of steps 3–6 related to the preform shells and sandwich structure are the main focus of this paper. Three-point bending tests are performed on dry, natural glue-bonded, four-ply specimens in a full-factorial experimental design, and test results are analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess process parameter effects and sensitivities along with environmental condition effects. New specimens are then made using the optimized process and tested for beam bending in creep within an environmental chamber that mimics the actual mycelium growth environment for three days. Two- and six-ply specimens loaded to provide identical maximum tensile stress in flexure are tested, and useful conclusions are drawn based on all creep test results. Finally, preforms in the shape of a viable commercial product are filled with mycelium-inoculated substrate, grown and dried, and part quality is evaluated based on the amount of skin ingrowth and deviation between the measured and desired shapes.
The Technique of Segmental Pigging Process for Long Distance Pipeline of Oil and Gas in China
Authors: Deng Tao , Zhou Jun , Zhang Yu , Chen Yuanyuan , Jing Gong
Published: July 2016

Worldwide, the pipeline mileage has increased dramatically since 1948 when the industry began to keep mileage statistics for pipeline construction, especially in China. Before operating long distance oil and gas pipelines, the pressure testing for tightness and strength is of great importance for ensuring operating safety. Water is used as service fluid for the pressure testing due to its safety, and long distance pipeline is divided into a number of small sections according to complex terrain conditions. Segmental water pressure testing is now very frequently used in the oil and gas industry, ensuring safety and efficient construction of pipelines. However, some new problems may arise, in practice, for the pigging process, following water pressure testing. Based on the review of previous papers about pipes accidents, the causes can be classified into hydraulic and nonhydraulic aspects. With the method of characteristic (MOC) and basic theory of gas–liquid two-phase unsteady flow, a mathematical model is developed to simulate the hydraulic transients during the pigging process. The model has been applied to some segmental pipes in China to predict varying pressures under complex terrain conditions. Pressure pulses predicted at the end of pigging in the numerical results have also been found to occur in field trials. The analysis shows that pressure pulses may cause overpressure accidents due to vapor cavity collapse. The techniques in this paper can give reasonable instructions in long distance pipeline constructing, promoting the development of Chinese oil and gas industry.
Variations in the Postbuckling Behavior of Straight Pipes Due to Steel Grade and Internal Pressure
Authors: Do Ngoan T. , Cakiroglu Celal , Gul Mustafa , Cheng Roger , Sen Millan , Adeeb Samer
Published: July 2016

Pipelines can be subjected to bending loads due to a variety of factors such as seismic activity, slope instability, or discontinuous permafrost. Experimental studies of Sen et al. [1–3] showed that pipelines can fail under bending loads due to pipe body tension side fracture which is a mostly overlooked failure mode in pipelines. Recent numerical studies on the structural behavior of cold bent pipes [4–6] also confirmed the likelihood of the pipe body tension side fracture. Furthermore, it was shown that both the material properties and the level of internal pressure can have a considerable effect on the failure mode of the pipe. In this current work, the parametric studies of internal pressure and material properties are extended to straight pipes using finite-element analysis. The differences in the structural behavior due to using stress–strain curves from test specimens in longitudinal and circumferential direction of the pipe are demonstrated. Using failure criteria based on the equivalent plastic strain, different failure modes corresponding to different levels of internal pressure and yield strength are shown on straight pipes.
Ash Fusibility Based on Modes of Occurrence and High-Temperature Behaviors of Mineral Matter in Coals
Authors: Cheng Xinye , Han Kexin , Huang Zhenyu , Wang Zhihua
Published: July 2016

Complete quantitative data of the chemical (proximate, ultimate, and ash analyses) and mineral (in low-temperature ash (LTA) and various high-temperature ashes (HTA)) compositions of 21 coals were used to investigate the modes of occurrences and high-temperature behaviors of the minerals in coals and their influence on ash fusibility. The common minerals present in the low-temperature ashes (LTA) are kaolinite, quartz, muscovite, calcite, gypsum, pyrite, and siderite. The samples were divided into two groups according to the hemispherical temperature for a comparative study of the behavior of mineral matters. Results show that the average number of mineral species (ANMS) and amorphous substances (AS) in the LTAs of the two groups are essentially the same. The ANMS in both the low and high (ash fusion temperatures, AFT) ash samples go through the same tendency of a slight reduction at first, an increase, and finally, a significant reduction. As the temperature increases, the ANMS in the low-AFT ash is initially higher and then lower than the high-AFT ash, whereas the tendency of the AS is quite the opposite. The ash melting process is divided into three stages, and the AFTs are related to different degrees of the eutectic stage.
Temperature of Food and Drink Intake Matters
Authors: Vincent Wong Kaufui
Published: July 2016

The United States of America government determines the guidelines for daily diet of humans in their various life stages. The current guidelines for caloric intake are about 2800 kcal daily for the adult male, and about 600 kcal less for the adult female. This work brings up the point that with the growing diversity of the population, these caloric intake guidelines need to consider the effect of temperature at the time the food is consumed. The motivation of this study is diversity; it is recognized that the Chinese and South Korean cuisines typically have high temperatures when served, whereas much of the standard American fare is consumed at room temperature. The thermal capacity of the foods consumed has not been taken into consideration. It is likely that the “empty” calories related to consumption of hot foods are helpful, in keeping the body warm without the risk of weight gain. It is suggested that they may also be used judiciously to lose weight.
Measurement of atmospheric pressure microplasma jet with Langmuir probes
Authors: Xu Kunning G. , Doyle Steven J.
Published: July 2016

A radio frequency argon microplasma jet at atmospheric-pressure is characterized using Langmuir probes. While optical methods are the typical diagnostic for these small scale plasmas, the simplicity and low cost of Langmuir probes makes them an attractive option. The plasma density and electron temperature are measured using existing high-pressure Langmuir probe theories developed for flames and arcs. The density and temperature vary from 1 × 1016 to 1 × 1019 m−3 and 2.3 to 4.4 eV, respectively, depending on the operating condition. The density decreases while the electron temperature increases with axial distance from the jet exit. The applicability of the probe theories as well as the effect of collisionality and jet mixing is discussed.
Empirical modeling of metabolic alkalosis induced by sodium bicarbonate ingestion
Authors: Green Simon , Siegler Jason C.
Published: July 2016

Biphasic responses of blood HCO3– concentration and H+ concentration following ingestion of 3 doses of NaHCO3 (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g·kg−1) were assessed in 8 men. For HCO3– concentration, there were significant effects of dose on maximum responses and timing, as well amplitudes, onsets, and/or time constants of phases 1 and 2. Fewer significant effects of dose were observed for H+ concentration and additional data demonstrated differential effects of dose on HCO3– concentration and H+ concentration responses and underlying phases.
Postexercise cold-water immersion improves intermittent high-intensity exercise performance in normothermia
Authors: McCarthy Avina , Mulligan James , Egaña Mikel
Published: July 2016

A brief cold water immersion between 2 continuous high-intensity exercise bouts improves the performance of the latter compared with passive recovery in the heat. We investigated if this effect is apparent in normothermic conditions (∼19 °C), employing an intermittent high-intensity exercise designed to reflect the work performed at the high-intensity domain in team sports. Fifteen young active men completed 2 exhaustive cycling protocols (Ex1 and Ex2: 12 min at 85% ventilatory threshold (VT) and then an intermittent exercise alternating 30-s at 40% peak power (Ppeak) and 30 s at 90% Ppeak to exhaustion) separated by 15 min of (i) passive rest, (ii) 5-min cold-water immersion at 8 °C, and (iii) 10-min cold-water immersion at 8 °C. Core temperature, heart rate, rates of perceived exertion, and oxygen uptake kinetics were not different during Ex1 among conditions. Time to failure during the intermittent exercise was significantly (P < 0.05) longer during Ex2 following the 5- and 10-min cold-water immersions (7.2 ± 3.5 min and 7.3 ± 3.3 min, respectively) compared with passive rest (5.8 ± 3.1 min). Core temperature, heart rate, and rates of perceived exertion were significantly (P < 0.05) lower during most periods of Ex2 after both cold-water immersions compared with passive rest. The time constant of phase II oxygen uptake response during the 85% VT bout of Ex2 was not different among the 3 conditions. A postexercise, 5- to 10-min cold-water immersion increases subsequent intermittent high-intensity exercise compared with passive rest in normothermia due, at least in part, to reductions in core temperature, circulatory strain, and effort perception.
Nontrivial center dominance in high temperature QCD
Authors: Ishikawa K.-I. , Iwasaki Y. , Nakayama Yu , Yoshie T.
Published: July 2016

We investigate the properties of quarks and gluons above the chiral phase transition temperature [Formula: see text], using the renormalization group (RG) improved gauge action and the Wilson quark action with two degenerate quarks mainly on a [Formula: see text] lattice. In the one-loop perturbation theory, the thermal ensemble is dominated by the gauge configurations with effectively [Formula: see text] center twisted boundary conditions, making the thermal expectation value of the spatial Polyakov loop take a nontrivial [Formula: see text] center. This is in agreement with our lattice simulation of high temperature quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We further observe that the temporal propagator of massless quarks at extremely high temperature [Formula: see text] remarkably agrees with the temporal propagator of free quarks with the [Formula: see text] twisted boundary condition for [Formula: see text], but differs from that with the [Formula: see text] trivial boundary condition. As we increase the mass of quarks [Formula: see text], we find that the thermal ensemble continues to be dominated by the [Formula: see text] twisted gauge field configurations as long as [Formula: see text] and above that the [Formula: see text] trivial configurations come in. The transition is similar to what we found in the departure from the conformal region in the zero-temperature many-flavor conformal QCD on a finite lattice by increasing the mass of quarks.
Neutrino experiments: Hierarchy, CP, CPT
Authors: Gupta Manmohan , Randhawa Monika , Singh Mandip
Published: July 2016

We present an overview of our recent investigations regarding the prospects of ongoing neutrino experiments as well as future experiments in determining few of the most important unknowns in the field of neutrino physics, specifically the neutrino mass ordering and leptonic CP-violation phase. The effect of matter oscillations on the neutrino oscillation probabilities has been exploited in resolving the degeneracy between the neutrino mass ordering and the CP violation phase in the leptonic sector. Further, we estimate the extent of extrinsic CP and CPT violation in the experiments with superbeams as well as neutrino factories.
Berry phase and Landau levels in epitaxial graphene
Authors: Alisultanov Z. Z.
Published: July 2016

Within the framework of a simple model, we investigated the Berry phase of epitaxial graphene (EG) formed on a semiconductor substrate. We have shown that this value is equal to [Formula: see text] near the Dirac point. This result is in complete agreement with the experimental data. We have shown that the Berry phase of epitaxial graphene may differ from [Formula: see text] far away from Dirac point. In addition, we investigated the Landau levels (LLs) in the epitaxial graphene within the framework of the semiclassical approach.
Tunneling behavior of ultracold atoms in optical traps
Authors: Wang Binglu , Ma Yanhua , Shen Man , Li Hong
Published: July 2016

We investigate the tunneling of ultracold atoms in optical traps by using the path-integral method. We obtain the decay rate for tunneling out of a single-well and discuss how the rate is affected by the level splitting caused by the presence of a second adjacent well. Our calculations show that the transition through the potential barrier can be divided into three regions: the quantum tunneling region, the thermally assisted region and the thermal activation region. The tunneling process is found to be a second-order transition. We also show that level splitting due to tunneling can increase the tunneling rate.
Tri-integrable coupling of the Kaup-Newell soliton hierarchy and Liouville integrability
Authors: Yu Shuimeng , Ye Yujian , Zhang Jun , Song Junquan
Published: July 2016

Based on a matrix Lie algebra consisting of [Formula: see text] block matrices, new tri-integrable coupling of the Kaup–Newell soliton hierarchy is constructed. Then, the bi-Hamiltonian structure which leads to Liouville integrability of this coupling is furnished by the variational identity.
An Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using Fuzzy C-Means and Genetic Fuzzy System for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Shokrollahi Ayub , Mazloom-Nezhad Maybodi Babak
Published: July 2016

The energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a fundamental challenge. Cluster-based routing is an energy saving method in this type of networks. This paper presents an energy-efficient clustering algorithm based on fuzzy c-means algorithm and genetic fuzzy system (ECAFG). By using FCM algorithm, the clusters are formed, and then cluster heads (CHs) are selected utilizing GFS. The formed clusters will be remaining static but CHs are selected at the beginning of each round. FCM algorithm forms balanced clusters and distributes the consumed energy among them. Using static clusters also reduces the data overhead and consequently the energy consumption. In GFS, nodes energy, the distance from nodes to the base station and the distance from each node to its corresponding cluster center are considered as determining factors in CHs selection. Then, genetic algorithm is also used to obtain fuzzy if–then rules of GFS. Consequently, the system performance is improved and appropriate CHs can be selected, hence energy dissipation is reduced. The simulation results show that ECAFG, compared with the existing methods, significantly reduces the energy consumption of the sensor nodes, and prolongs the network lifetime.
Super-Penrose process due to collisions inside ergosphere
Authors: Zaslavskii O. B.
Published: July 2016

If two particles collide inside the ergosphere, the energy in the center of mass frame can be made unbound provided at least one of particles has a large negative angular momentum [A. A. Grib and Yu. V. Pavlov, Europhys. Lett. 101 (2013) 20004]. We show that the same condition can give rise to unbounded Killing energy of debris at infinity, i.e. super-Penrose process. Proximity of the point of collision to the black hole horizon is not required.
Universal strangeness production in hadronic and nuclear collisions
Authors: Castorina P. , Plumari S. , Satz H.
Published: July 2016

We show that strangeness suppression in hadronic and nuclear collisions is fully determined by the initial energy density of the collision. The suppression factor [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] denoting the collision energy, can be expressed as a universal function of the initial energy density [Formula: see text], and the resulting pattern is in excellent agreement with data from [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]–Pb, Cu–Cu, Au–Au and Pb–Pb data over a wide range of energies and for different centralities.
Thermoelastic Analysis of FG-CNT Reinforced Shear Deformable Composite Plate Under Various Loadings
Authors: Mehar Kulmani , Panda Subrata Kumar
Published: July 2016

In the present paper, the flexural behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) plate is investigated under the combined thermo-mechanical load. The carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate has been modeled mathematically based on the higher order shear deformation theory. The governing differential equation of the FG-CNTRC plate is obtained using the variational method and discretized using the suitable isoparametric finite element steps and solved numerically through a computer code developed in MATLAB environment. The material properties of the carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction using different grading rules. The validity and the convergence behavior of the presently proposed numerical model have been checked by comparing the responses with results available in published literature and subsequent simulation model developed in ANSYS. The effect of various design parameters (aspect ratios, support conditions, thickness ratios, volume fractions, temperature load and types of grading) on the static, stress and deformation behavior of the FG-CNTRC plate are examined under the influence of different types of loading (uniformly distributed load, sinusoidally distributed load, uniformly distributed line load, sinusoidally distributed line load and point load) and discussed detail.
Diffusion of Organisational Innovation in Saudi Arabia: The Case of the Project Management Office (PMO)
Authors: Alghadeer Abdulaziz , Mohamed Sherif
Published: July 2016

Recent innovation diffusion in organisations literature suggests that innovation diffusion dimensions and characteristics are not independent of each other, rather organisational internal environment interacts with both an organisational external environment and an innovation’s characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to examine the validity of the framework consisting of organisational innovation dimensions and characteristics within Saudi Arabian organisations. We test this model with survey data from a large-scale survey of 223 Saudi public and private project-based organisations, these organisations had either adopted, or intended to adopt, the project management office (PMO). To obtain a broad representation of respondents, and to minimise bias, the survey did not target any specific industry. Statistical analysis, specifically exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to ascertain the factors underlying each construct. Structural equations modelling (SEM) was sequentially utilised to determine the factor structure of the model and to assess the relationships between model constructs. This paper took an initiative step towards a conceptual framework for organisational innovation diffusion, represented by the PMO. Its results revealed that perceived organisational innovation climate functions as a gateway to the organisational innovation diffusion. It was also found that technology mediate the relationships between socio-culture and organisation climate for innovation. More importantly, PMO complexity was not related to the intention to implement the PMO. The quantitative study showed that the framework is a useful tool for studying the diffusion of organisation innovation. The model can potentially form the foundations of a framework for organisations seeking to enhance the organisational innovation diffusion that could in turn strengthen their business performance.
Eight sages over five centuries share oxygen's discovery
Authors: Severinghaus John W.
Published: July 2016

During the last century, historians have discovered that between the 13th and 18th centuries, at least six sages discovered that the air we breathe contains something that we need and use. Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) in Cairo and Michael Servetus (1511–1553) in France accurately described the pulmonary circulation and its effect on blood color. Michael Sendivogius (1566–1636) in Poland called a part of air “the food of life” and identified it as the gas made by heating saltpetre. John Mayow (1641–1679) in Oxford found that one-fifth of air was a special gas he called “spiritus nitro aereus.” Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786) in Uppsala generated a gas he named “fire air” by heating several metal calcs. He asked Lavoisier how it fit the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier never answered. In 1744, Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) in England discovered how to make part of air by heating red calc of mercury. He found it brightened a flame and supported life in a mouse in a sealed bottle. He called it “dephlogisticated air.” He published and personally told Lavoisier and other chemists about it. Lavoisier never thanked him. After 9 years of generating and studying its chemistry, he couldn't understand whether it was a new element. He still named it “principe oxigene.” He was still not able to disprove phlogiston. Henry Cavendish (1731–1810) made an inflammable gas in 1766. He and Priestley noted that its flame made a dew. Cavendish proved the dew was pure water and published this in 1778, but all scientists called it impossible to make water, an element. In 1783, on June 24th, Lavoisier was urged to try it, and, when water appeared, he realized that water was not an element but a compound of two gases, proving that oxygen was an element. He then demolished phlogiston and began the new chemistry revolution.
Phosphorylated and Nonphosphorylated PfMAP2 Are Localized in the Nucleus, Dependent on the Stage ofPlasmodium falciparumAsexual Maturation
Authors: Dahalan Farah Aida , Sidek Hasidah Mohd , Murtey Mogana Das , Embi Mohammed Noor , Ibrahim Jamaiah , Fei Tieng Lim , Zakaria Nurul Aiezzah , Abdul-Aziz Noraishah Mydin
Published: July 2016

Plasmodium falciparummitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, a family of enzymes central to signal transduction processes including inflammatory responses, are a promising target for antimalarial drug development. Our study shows for the first time that theP. falciparumspecific MAP kinase 2 (PfMAP2) is colocalized in the nucleus of all of the asexual erythrocytic stages ofP. falciparumand is particularly elevated in its phosphorylated form. It was also discovered that PfMAP2 is expressed in its highest quantity during the early trophozoite (ring form) stage and significantly reduced in the mature trophozoite and schizont stages. Although the phosphorylated form of the kinase is always more prevalent, its ratio relative to the nonphosphorylated form remained constant irrespective of the parasites’ developmental stage. We have also shown that the TSH motif specifically renders PfMAP2 genetically divergent from the other plasmodial MAP kinase activation sites using Neighbour Joining analysis. Furthermore, TSH motif-specific designed antibody is crucial in determining the location of the expression of the PfMAP2 protein. However, by using immunoelectron microscopy, PPfMAP2 were detected ubiquitously in the parasitized erythrocytes. In summary, PfMAP2 may play a far more important role than previously thought and is a worthy candidate for research as an antimalarial.
Prospects of Organic Farming in Bhutan: A SWOT Analysis
Authors: Tashi Sonam , Wangchuk Kesang
Published: July 2016

A study was conducted to investigate the prospects of organic agriculture (OA) in Bhutan from the experts’ perspective, particularly the SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) aspect. Thirty-five Bhutanese experts were interviewed. The strengths of OA were (i) good alignment of the principles of OA with Bhutan’s development philosophy, (ii) strong policy and political support, (iii) pristine environment, (iv) OA practices similar to traditional farming, and (v) compatibility of OA with the local farming knowledge. The major weaknesses were (i) a lack of awareness of the benefits of OA, (ii) lack of incentives, (iii) shortage of farm labor, (iv) small and irregular supply of organic product, (v) lack of clarity in policy, (vi) limited plant protection materials, and (vii) a lack of coordination between agencies. Opportunities were (i) a huge regional and global organic market, (ii) promoting healthy lifestyle, (iii) sustainable use of resources, (iv) lowering dependence on food and input imports, (v) development of local organic manure suppliers, (vi) creating seed sovereignty, (vii) conserving local crops, (viii) building soil fertility, (ix) introducing premium price for organic products, and (x) addressing unemployment. Threats included (i) increasing incidences of pests and diseases, (ii) decline in sources of organic manure, and (iii) limited sources of organic manures and fertilizers.
Optimization of Growth Conditions for Purification and Production of L‐Asparaginase by Spirulina maxima
Authors: Abd El Baky Hanaa H. , El Baroty Gamal S.
Published: July 2016

L‐asparaginase (L‐AsnA) is widely distributed among microorganisms and has important applications in medicine and in food technology sectors. Therefore, the ability of the production, purification, and characterization of AsnA from Spirulina maxima (SM) were tested. SM cultures grown in Zarrouk medium containing different N2 (in NaNO3 form) concentrations (1.25, 2.50, and 5.0 g/L) for 18 days contained a significant various quantity of dry biomass yields and AsnA enzyme levels. MS L‐AsnA activity was found to be directly proportional to the N2 concentration. The cultures of SM at large scales (300 L medium, 5 g/L N2) showed a high AsnA enzyme activity (898 IU), total protein (405 mg/g), specific enzyme activity (2.21 IU/mg protein), and enzyme yield (51.28 IU/L) compared with those in low N2 cultures. The partial purification of crude MS AsnA enzyme achieved by 80% ammonium sulfate AS precipitated and CM‐Sephadex C‐200 gel filtration led to increases in the purification of enzyme with 5.28 and 10.91 times as great as that in SM crude enzymes. Optimum pH and temperature of purified AsnA for the hydrolyzate were 8.5 and 37 ± 0.2°C, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on L‐asparaginase production in S. maxima.
Epidermal Growth Factor and Intestinal Barrier Function
Authors: Tang Xiaopeng , Liu Hu , Yang Shufen , Li Zuohua , Zhong Jinfeng , Fang Rejun
Published: July 2016

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 53-amino acid peptide that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, survival, migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, EGF has been established to be an effective intestinal regulator helping to protect intestinal barrier integrity, which was essential for the absorption of nutrients and health in humans and animals. Several researches have demonstrated that EGF via binding to the EGF receptor and subsequent activation of Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, PLC-γ/PKC, and STATS signal pathways regulates intestinal barrier function. In this review, the relationship between epidermal growth factor and intestinal development and intestinal barrier is described, to provide a better understanding of the effects of EGF on intestine development and health.
Adsorption of 3-Chloroaniline on Potato Skin in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mohammed Nidhal S. , Flowers T. H. , Duncan H. J.
Published: July 2016

The adsorption behaviour of aromatic amine 3-chloroaniline (3-CA) from aqueous solution on fresh potato skin was investigated. A series of batch experiments were conducted under different experimental conditions of contact time, 3-chloroaniline concentration, weight of potato skin, pH, temperature, and ionic strength using RP-HPLC analysis. Adsorption equilibrium of 3-chloroaniline at concentration of 10 µg/mL on 1 g weight of chopped potato skin was achieved in 24 hours. Using different varieties of potato skin showed that the adsorption of 3-CA on Nicola variety is higher compared to Sante and Maris Peer varieties. Adsorption on potato skin was found to be generally higher compared to cortex and pith tissues. Analysis of adsorption isotherm shows that equilibrium data was fitted to Freundlich model (R2=0.977). Maximum adsorption capacities of 3-chloroaniline were found in the pH range from 3 to 9, whereas low adsorption quantities were found in high acidic and high basic solutions (pH 2 and pH 13, resp.). Adsorption capacity increased with an increase in temperature from 4°C to 30°C but decreased with further increase of temperature to 40°C. Testing the ionic strength showed that increasing the concentration of electrolyte reduces the adsorption efficiency. This study indicated that the fresh potato skin (without any treatment) is possible to use as a new adsorbent for removal of 3-chloroaniline from industrial waste water.
Upregulation of TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 in Nodular Goiter Is Associated with Iodine Deficiency in the Follicular Lumen
Authors: Huang Huibin , Chen Lijun , Liang Bo , Cai Huiyao , Cai Qingyan , Shi Yaxiong
Published: July 2016

Objective. It has been testified that iodine regulates thyroid function by controlling thyroid-restricted genes expression and is closely related to diffuse goiter and thyroid dysfunction. However, the effects of follicular lumen iodine, the main form of iodine reserve in the body, on thyroid-restricted genes in nodular goiter are poorly understood. In this study, correlations between follicular lumen iodine and the expressions of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), its transcription factors TTF-1, and PAX8 in nodular goiter were investigated.Patients. In this study, 30 resection specimens clinically histopathologically confirmed to have nodular goiter and 30 normal thyroid specimens from adjacent tissues of nodular goiter are used.Measurement. Western blot immunohistochemistry was performed to assay TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 in thyrocytes of nodular goiter as well as in extranodular normal thyroid tissues. Meanwhile, follicular lumen iodine of both nodular goiter and extranodular normal thyroid tissues was detected as well.Results. The TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 in nodular goiter were significantly higher than those in the controls. The iodine content in nodular goiter was significantly lower than those in control tissues.Conclusion. Upregulation of TSHR, TTF-1, and PAX8 is associated with low follicular lumen iodine content in nodular goiter.
Dynamics of a Seasonally Forced Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Model with Impulsive Biological Control
Authors: Zhao Jianglin , Yan Yong
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates the dynamics of a seasonally forced phytoplankton-zooplankton model with impulsive biological control. It shows that the periodic eradicated solution is unstable. Further, the condition for permanence of the system is established by relations between the model parameters and the intensity of the impulses. The numerical analysis is performed to study the effect of seasonality and impulsive perturbations on plankton dynamics. The numerical results imply that the seasonal forcing can trigger more periodic mode and the impulsive period for control of the size of phytoplankton is more practicable to the system than the impulsive release of zooplankton. These conclusions provide a better understanding of controlling harmful algae blooms.
Protective Effects ofDracocephalum heterophyllumin ConA-Induced Acute Hepatitis
Authors: Zheng Wei , Wang Qilan , Lu Xiaohua , Shi Qiangqiang , Zou Junhui , Tao Yanduo , Wang Pu
Published: July 2016

Dracocephalum heterophyllum(DH) is a Chinese herbal medicine used in treating hepatitis. However, the protective effects and pharmacological mechanisms of DH in hepatitis are unknown. In this study, we found that pretreatment with DH extract significantly ameliorated liver injury and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) in Concanavalin A- (ConA-) induced hepatitis (CIH). DH recruited more CD11b+Gr1+myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the liver and suppressed infiltration of macrophages (Kupffer cells) in the liver. The present work explores DH as an effective hepatoprotective medicine to inhibit inflammation and liver injury caused by hepatitis.