bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of HER2 amplification in cervical adenocarcinoma: correlation with clinical outcomes and the International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification
Authors: Shi Haiyan , Shao Ying , Lu Weiguo , Lu Bingjian
Published: October 2020

Few studies have explored HER2 status in cervical adenocarcinoma, particularly in the gastric‐type adenocarcinoma (GAC), a nonhuman‐papillomavirus‐related subtype with poor clinical outcomes. In this study, we investigated HER2 expression and amplification by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 209 well annotated cervical adenocarcinomas diagnosed using the International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification. IHC identified HER2 protein expression in 57.4% (123/209) of adenocarcinomas, of which 62 were IHC 1+ (negative), 38 2+ (equivocal) and 23 3+ (positive). HER2 amplification was found in 13 cases (6.2%) including 10 with IHC 3+ and 3 with IHC 2+. Among all the major histotypes of cervical adenocarcinoma, HER2 amplification was most common in GAC cases with a frequency of 14.7% (5/34). Moreover, HER2 amplification was more frequently associated with 2018 International Federation of Gynecology & Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III/IV, perineural involvement and ovarian spread (p < 0.05) while IHC 3+ was more common in patients with lymphovascular invasion and ovarian involvement (p < 0.05). Survival analysis indicated that FIGO stage III/IV, GAC, and p53 overexpression were associated with poor disease‐specific survival and tumor recurrence (p < 0.05). In conclusion, HER2 amplification was present in a subset of adenocarcinomas, and more common in GAC, pointing to a potential benefit from trastuzumab treatment. HER2 overexpression does not identify gene amplification status in cervical adenocarcinoma; therefore, FISH is suggested for both IHC positive and equivocal cases. Further investigation on more cases with longer follow‐up times is required to consolidate these findings.
Practice pattern of use of high sensitivity troponin in the outpatient settings
Authors: Ferro Enrico G. , Bhatt Ankeet S. , Zhou Guohai , Fiumara Karen , Wasfy Jason H. , Sequist Thomas D. , Morrow David A. , Scirica Benjamin M.
Published: October 2020

Background

High‐sensitivity troponin assays (hs‐Tn) detect lower serum concentrations than prior‐generation assays and help guide acute coronary syndrome (ACS) evaluation in emergency departments. Outpatient hs‐Tn utilization is not well described.

Hypothesis

Outpatient providers use hs‐TnT to triage patients with suspected ACS.

Methods

We compared the volume of outpatient prior‐generation troponin tests in the pre‐hsTn implementation period (January 2015‐March 2018) with outpatient hs‐TnT volume in the post‐implementation period (April 2018‐January 2020). Triage patterns were compared between patients with hs‐TnT≥99th vs <99th percentile, using two‐sample t tests. In patients triaged home, adverse events were compared between patients with hs‐TnT≥99th vs <99th percentile, using log‐rank tests.

Results

Across a large tertiary healthcare system, a mean of 80 prior‐generation tests/month were ordered during the pre‐hsTn implementation period compared with 12 hs‐TnT tests/month in the post‐implementation period. Prior‐generation orders rose by 1.72 tests/month during pre‐implementation, vs a decline of 2.74 hs‐TnT tests/month during post‐implementation (P < .001). Among 129 hs‐TnT orders, most were placed by cardiologists (54%) and primary care providers (32%). Patient symptoms at the time of troponin ordering included dyspnea (34%) and chest pain (33%), although 25% were asymptomatic. Among symptomatic patients (n = 74), those with hs‐TnT > 99th percentile were more likely to be sent to the ED (RR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.22‐9.25; P = .002). Among patients sent home (n = 66), those with hs‐TnT > 99th percentile had more adverse events by 6 months (3.3% vs 22.2% RR, 6.67; 95% CI, 1.04‐42.9; P = .026).

Conclusions

In this healthcare system, outpatient troponin utilization significantly declined since hs‐TnT implementation. Some providers use hs‐TnT to triage patients with suspected ACS to the ED; others test asymptomatic patients and some send patients home despite high hs‐TnT values.
γ‐Non‐Symmetrically Dimasked TriPPPro Prodrugs as Potential Antiviral Agents against HIV
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Jia Xiao , Schols Dominique , Balzarini Jan , Meier Chris
Published: October 2020

Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and nucleoside analogue monophosphate prodrugs are used in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The design of antivirally active nucleoside triphosphate prodrugs is a recent and an important advancement in the field of nucleoside analogue drug development. Here, we report on TriPPPro‐derivatives of nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTPs) that comprised two different acyloxybenzyl‐masks at the γ‐phosphate of the NTP aiming to achieve the metabolic bypass. Thus, γ‐non‐symmetrically dimasked TriPPPro‐compounds (γ‐(AB,ab)‐d4TTPs) were synthesized and they proved to be active against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 in cultures of infected wild‐type human CD4+ T‐lymphocyte (CEM/0) cells and more importantly also in thymidine kinase‐deficient CD4+ T‐cells (CEM/TK‐). From hydrolysis studies both in phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.3) and CEM cell extracts, there was surprisingly no differentiation in the cleavage of the two acyloxybenzyl prodrug‐masks. However, if within one of the two acyloxybenzyl groups a short PEG‐type methoxytriglycol group was introduced, the “standard” acyloxybenzyl‐mask was cleaved with high preference.
Moving through cancer: Setting the agenda to make exercise standard in oncology practice
Authors: Schmitz Kathryn H. , Stout Nicole L. , Maitin‐Shepard Melissa , Campbell Anna , Schwartz Anna L. , Grimmett Chloe , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Sokolof Jonas M.
Published: October 2020

LAY SUMMARY

International evidence‐based guidelines support the prescription of exercise for all individuals living with and beyond cancer.

This article describes the agenda of the newly formed Moving Through Cancer initiative, which has a primary objective of making exercise standard practice in oncology by 2029.
Single‐Atom and Dual‐Atom Electrocatalysts Derived from Metal Organic Frameworks: Current Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Chen Siru , Cui Ming , Yin Zehao , Xiong Jiabin , Mi Liwei , Li Yanqiang
Published: October 2020

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted increasing research interests owing to their unique electronic structures, quantum size effects and maximum utilization rate of atoms. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are good candidates to prepare SACs owing to the atomically dispersed metal nodes in MOFs and abundant N and C species to stabilize the single atoms. In addition, the distance of adjacent metal atoms can be turned by adjusting the size of ligands and adding volatile metal centers to promote the formation of isolated metal atoms. Moreover, the diverse metal centers in MOFs can promote the preparation of dual‐atom catalysts (DACs) to improve the metal loading and optimize the electronic structures of the catalysts. The applications of MOFs derived SACs and DACs for electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction and nitrogen reduction reaction are systematically summarized in this Review. The corresponding synthesis strategies, atomic structures and electrocatalytic performances of the catalysts are discussed to provide a deep understanding of MOFs‐based atomic electrocatalysts. The catalytic mechanisms of the catalysts are presented, and the crucial challenges and perspectives are proposed to promote further design and applications of atomic electrocatalysts.
Microvessel‐Assisted Environmental Thermal Energy Extraction Enabling 24‐Hour Continuous Interfacial Vapor Generation
Authors: Xu Yuxia , Xu Ting , Wang Jiaying , Liu Weiping , Wang Juan
Published: October 2020

Abstract: Interfacial solar evaporators have great potential for clean water production; however, their evaporation performance relies greatly on the solar illumination condition, which is restricted by daily sunshine time and climates. Here, a wood‐based vapor generator in pyramid structure is fabricated to achieve efficient water evaporation under dark condition (0 kW m−2) through efficient extraction of environmental thermal energy. The microvessels of wood provide fast water transportation whereas the tailored pyramid surface structure enables efficient evaporative cooling for extracting energy from the environment. The method enables fast water evaporation without the need of solar heat input. We demonstrate a vapor generation rate of up to 2.15 kg m−2 h−1 under dark condition (0 kW m−2), which is even 1.4 times faster than the theoretical limit of conventional solar thermal evaporators working under 1 sun (1 kW m−2) illumination condition. During the 24‐h continuous evaporation test, the evaporator presented a daily vapor generation rate of up to 50.8 kg m−2 day−1 and 60.7 kg m−2 day−1 on cloudy and sunny day, respectively, offering a novel approach for the development of 24‐h full‐time water evaporators for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment.
Measuring nestedness: A comparative study of the performance of different metrics
Authors: Payrató‐Borràs Clàudia , Hernández Laura , Moreno Yamir
Published: October 2020

Nestedness is a property of interaction networks widely observed in natural mutualistic communities, among other systems. A perfectly nested network is characterized by the peculiarity that the interactions of any node form a subset of the interactions of all nodes with higher degree. Despite a widespread interest on this pattern, no general consensus exists on how to measure it. Instead, several nestedness metrics, based on different but not necessarily independent properties of the networks, coexist in the literature, blurring the comparison between ecosystems. In this work, we present a detailed critical study of the behavior of six nestedness metrics and the variants of two of them. In order to evaluate their performance, we compare the obtained values of the nestedness of a large set of real networks among them and against a maximum‐entropy and maximum‐likelihood null model. We also analyze the dependencies of each metrics on different network parameters, as size, fill, and eccentricity. Our results point out, first, that the metrics do not rank networks universally in terms of their degree of nestedness. Furthermore, several metrics show significant dependencies on the network properties considered. The study of these dependencies allows us to understand some of the observed systematic shifts against the null model. Altogether, this paper intends to provide readers with a critical guide on how to measure nestedness patterns, by explaining the functioning of several metrics and disclosing their qualities and flaws. Besides, we also aim to extend the application of null models based on maximum entropy to the scarcely explored area of ecological networks. Finally, we provide a fully documented repository that allows constructing the null model and calculating the studied nestedness indexes. In addition, it provides the probability matrices to build the null model for a large dataset of more than 200 bipartite networks.
The role of intraspecific competition between plants in a nursery pollination system—Comments on Villacañas de Castro and Hoffmeister 2020
Authors: Gutiérrez Nicolas M. , Stucchi Luciano , Galeano Javier , Giménez‐Benavides Luis
Published: October 2020

We present comments on an article published by Villacañas de Castro and Hoffmeister (Ecology and Evolution, 10, 4220; 2020). The authors studied a tritrophic system composed of a plant, its pollinating seed predator, and a parasitoid of the latter. Their concern was whether the parasitoid modifies the interaction between the plant and its pollinator–herbivore along the mutualism–antagonism gradient, but they reduced their question to how the parasitoid impacts plant fitness. After showing that the parasitoid increases seed output of the plant by decreasing the amount of seeds consumed by the pollinating seed predator, they tested whether seed output is a good proxy for plant fitness. They argue that it is not by showing that the increased seed density has a negative impact on survival probability and flower production, likely due to plant intraspecific competition. The work presented shows careful experimentation and interesting results, but we do not share some of their conclusions. Most importantly, we believe that the net effect of the parasitoid on the plant–herbivore interaction cannot be adequately investigated by focusing on individual plant fitness. Thus, we first suggest considering the number of surviving plants up to adulthood as a proxy for population performance to address this question. Using this proxy, we show that the increase in seed output due to the parasitoid is beneficial to the plant population until its carrying capacity is achieved. Next, using a population dynamics model, we show under which particular conditions the negative effect of intraspecific competition outweighs the positive effect of seed density increase (due to parasitoid's defense). When these conditions do not hold, the role of plant intraspecific competition is basically limited to the prevention of unbounded population growth, while the parasitoid increases the plant's equilibrium density above its carrying capacity as measured when interacting only with the pollinating seed predator, thus making the system more stable.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticle from X‐ray film and its application in production of biofuel from jatropha oil
Authors: Ganesan Ramya , Narasimhalu Padmamalini , Joseph Amala Infant Joice , Pugazhendhi Arivalagan
Published: October 2020

Recycling of waste material and production of biofuels are the thrust areas to modern technology. The basic idea behind this work is to regenerate waste silver from X‐ray films and to employ them in biofuel production from jatropha oil. Stable silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared using Quercus infectoria (oak gall) and raw Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, UV‐visible spectra, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and Fe‐SEM technique. The temperature of the reactions, weight hourly space velocity, and time of reaction decide the yield of biofuel, and the parameters were optimized over Ag NP catalyst. Apart from yield of biofuel, the proportion of gasoline fraction (C5‐C9) was also peer monitored. A maximum of 90% conversion of jatropha oil was converted into 85% biofuel with 76% selectivity toward gasoline over Ag NPs. Flash point, fire point, calorific value, cloud point, specific gravity, and viscosity of the gasoline were evaluated and correlated with ASTM D6751 standards.
The Combined Effects of Road Salt and Biotic Stressors on Amphibian Sex Ratios
Authors: Leggett Sagan , Borrelli Jonathan , Jones Devin K. , Relyea Rick
Published: October 2020

Aquatic systems worldwide are threatened by the anthropogenic use of synthetic chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and road de-icers. Exposure to contaminants can alter the behavior, morphology, and physiology of organisms if it occurs during sensitive life stages. For instance, past studies have documented feminization of male amphibians following herbicide exposure and skewed sex ratios among amphibian populations exposed to road salt. However, many of these studies lack the complexities found within natural environments, such as competition with conspecifics or threat of predation, which are also known to influence development. Thus, it is important to understand how anthropogenic and natural stressors interact to alter animal sex ratios. Given the growing concern of secondary salinization of freshwater systems, we exposed larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) to either road salt (sodium chloride [NaCl]) or an alternative salt mixture (NaCl, magnesium chloride [MgCl2], and potassium chloride [KCl]) at 3 concentrations (200, 600, and 1000 mg Cl−/L) crossed with 3 biotic stressors (no-stressor control, competition, or predator cues) to examine their potentially interactive effects on sex. Exposure to biotic stressors and NaCl did not influence wood frog sex ratios. In contrast, tadpole exposure to the intermediate salt mixture concentration significantly reduced the proportion of female frogs. Future studies are needed to determine whether such changes in sex are widespread among sensitive species with complex life cycles, and to assess the consequences of sex ratio changes on long-term population dynamics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:231–235. © 2020 SETAC
Advances in understanding of health‐promoting benefits of medicine and food homology using analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomics
Authors: Yang Minmin , Yan Tao , Yu Meng , Kang Jie , Gao Ruoxi , Wang Peng , Zhang Yuhuan , Zhang Huafeng , Shi Lin
Published: October 2020

The health‐promoting benefits of medicine and food homology (MFH) are known for thousands of years in China. However, active compounds and biological mechanisms are unclear, greatly limiting clinical practice of MFH. The advent of gut microbiota analysis and metabolomics emerge as key tools to discover functional compounds, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of benefits of MFH. Such studies hold great promise to promote and optimize functional efficacy and development of MFH‐based products, for example, foods for daily dietary supplements or for special medical purposes. In this review, we summarized pharmacological effects of 109 species of MFH approved by the Health and Fitness Commission in 2015. Recent studies applying genome sequencing of gut microbiota and metabolomics to explain the activity of MFH in prevention and management of health consequences were extensively reviewed. We discussed the potentiality in future to decipher functional activities of MFH by applying metabolomics‐based polypharmacokinetic strategy and multiomics technologies. The needs for personalized MFH recommendations and comprehensive databases have also been highlighted. This review emphasizes current achievements and challenges of the analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomics as a new avenue to understand MFH.
Microencapsulation of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) pulp oil by spray drying
Authors: Xu Sining , Tang Zhishu , Liu Hongbo , Wang Mei , Sun Jing , Song Zhongxing , Cui Chunli , Sun Chen , Liu Shijun , Wang Zheng , Yu Jingao
Published: October 2020

The aim of this work was to encapsulate sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) pulp oil (SBPO) by spray drying. Gum Arabic (GA) and maltodextrins (MD) were used as wall materials. The effects of several factors, including GA to MD ratio, total solids content of emulsion, wall to core ratio, and inlet air temperature, on the microencapsulation efficiency (ME) were investigated. The optimization of operation conditions was realized by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were as follows: GA to MD ratio 2.38, total solids content 39%, wall to core ratio 5.33, and inlet air temperature 154°C. Under the optimal conditions, the ME of SBPO microcapsules was 94.96 ± 1.42%. The physicochemical properties of microcapsules were also invested. SBPO microcapsules obtained had low water activity, low moisture content, high water solubility, and high bulk density. For the morphological characteristics, cracks and pores were not observed in most microcapsules, which was beneficial for the protection of ingredients in microcapsules. The particle size of SBPO microcapsules ranged from 0.01 to 5 μm, and the mean diameter d4,3 was 2.55 μm. The analysis results of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) informed the presence of SBPO in microcapsules. There were no significant differences in the content of the main fatty acids in SBPO before and after spray drying. The results of oxidative stability showed that the microencapsulation by spray drying could effectively protect SBPO from oxidation and extend the shelf life of SBPO.
Preconditioners for Krylov subspace methods: An overview
Authors: Pearson John W. , Pestana Jennifer
Published: October 2020

When simulating a mechanism from science or engineering, or an industrial process, one is frequently required to construct a mathematical model, and then resolve this model numerically. If accurate numerical solutions are necessary or desirable, this can involve solving large‐scale systems of equations. One major class of solution methods is that of preconditioned iterative methods, involving preconditioners which are computationally cheap to apply while also capturing information contained in the linear system. In this article, we give a short survey of the field of preconditioning. We introduce a range of preconditioners for partial differential equations, followed by optimization problems, before discussing preconditioners constructed with less standard objectives in mind.
The roles of depression and social relationships in the onset and course of loneliness amongst Nigerian elders
Authors: Ojagbemi Akin , Bello Toyin , Gureje Oye
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Few studies in Africa have investigated the risk profile and course of loneliness in old age. This study examined the risk factors for onset and chronicity, as well as the predictors of recovery from loneliness in a large representative sample of community dwelling older Africans.

Methods/Design

A household multistage probability sample of Nigerians who were 65 years or older was drawn from a geographical area with approximately 25 million population. Loneliness was measured using the 3‐item University of California (UCLA) scale in 2007 and annually in 2008 and 2009. Social engagement, social network, and depression were evaluated using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Respondents were also administered the 30‐item Geriatric Depression Scale. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore for risk factors. Estimates of adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for recovery were derived with the discrete time version of the Cox regression model for time invariant explanatory variables.

Results

Of 1704 respondents, 1525 were free of loneliness, using the UCLA scale, in 2007. A total of 209 (18.8%) persons developed new onset of loneliness in 2008 and 2009. Depression (O.R = 2.9, 95% C.I = 1.3–6.7), unmarried status (OR = 2.1, 95% C.I = 1.2–3.9) and social isolation (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0–3.2) independently predicted loneliness onset. Baseline demographic, health, social, and lifestyle factors were not associated with a chronic course of loneliness. The overall recovery rate estimated over two years was 89.5% (95% CI = 75.3–106.4). Being male (HR = 1.3, 95% C.I = 1.0–1.6), ≥80 years (HR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2–1.8) and having good social engagement at baseline (HR = 1.5, 95% C. = 1.1–2.0) independently predicted recovery from loneliness.

Conclusions

Over a 2‐year period, nearly one in five community‐dwelling Africans developed new onset loneliness in old age, with a similar proportion having a chronic course of the emotional experience. While depression and indices of social isolation at baseline were associated with onset, good social engagement predicted recovery from loneliness.
Bank corporate governance in Australia: Is there a conflict between the existing corporate culture and the Anglo‐Saxon model of corporate governance?
Authors: Outa Erick Rading , Kutubi Shawgat
Published: October 2020

This article identifies bank governance deficit as a contributor to the misconduct identified in the recent Banking Royal Commission into misconduct in banks, superannuation, and financial services in Australia. Literature review has been conducted to identify the key issues of theory, frameworks, sources of corporate governance (CG), CG models, board skills, and age as factors in CG. The analysis finds that some of the governance requirements are well in place in Australia, the apparent failure of CG not being able to constrain misconduct in banks remains a puzzle. We question whether Anglo‐Saxon model of short‐termism has permeated bank organization culture beyond fixation. We suggest various opportunities for further research to try to narrow the gap between governance deficit and conduct in the banking sector.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure‐Response Analyses to Guide Dosing of Icatibant in Pediatric Patients With Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Wang Yi , Jomphe Claudia , Marier Jean‐Francois , Martin Patrick
Published: October 2020

Elevated bradykinin levels are responsible for the development of clinical symptoms in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE). Icatibant is a bradykinin type 2 receptor antagonist indicated for the acute treatment of HAE attacks. A population modeling and simulation approach was used to examine sources of variability impacting icatibant pharmacokinetics (PK) and provide guidance on icatibant dosing in pediatric patients with HAE. An exposure‐response analysis was performed for the time to onset of symptom relief (TOSR). Data from 141 adults (133 healthy, 8 with HAE) who received subcutaneous icatibant 30 mg and 31 pediatric patients with HAE who received 0.4 mg/kg (capped at 30 mg) were included in the analysis. Icatibant PK was described by a 2‐compartment model with linear elimination. Complete absorption of icatibant was expected within 1 hour of dosing. The apparent clearance and central volume of distribution were 15.4 L/h and 20.4 L, respectively. Icatibant PK was mainly dependent on body weight. The mean TOSR was very short (1.38 hours). A flat exposure‐response was observed, confirming that the relationship plateaued at the level of exposure observed in pediatric patients. Simulations confirmed that weight band–based dosing regimens (10 mg [12‐25 kg], 15 mg [26‐40 kg], 20 mg [41‐50 kg], 25 mg [51‐65 kg], and 30 mg [>65 kg]) resulted in exposure similar to the 0.4‐mg/kg dose. This analysis showed that icatibant undergoes rapid absorption, reaches levels required for therapeutic response, and promptly relieves HAE symptoms. A weight band–based dosing regimen is appropriate in pediatric patients with HAE.
Curricular and clinical approaches to addressing the opioid epidemic: Results from the 2019 ADEA opioid dental school survey
Authors: Escontrías Omar A. , Istrate Emilia , Stewart Denice C.L.
Published: October 2020

Purpose/objectives

Dental educators have played a critical role in addressing the opioid public health crisis.

Methods

The American Dental Education Association (ADEA) conducted a semi‐structured survey with all 66 accredited U.S. dental schools in 2019. The survey was organized into four modules to facilitate response and descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analyses were performed.

Results

Seventy percent of the dental schools consented to participate. Each module varied in response rate: curricular (Module 1, 48%), clinical (Module 2, 47%), implemented curricular/clinical changes (Module 3, 56%), and willingness to participate in future studies (Module 4, 47%). The survey revealed that 87% of respondent dental schools have implemented curricular changes or curricular changes were in process in response to the opioid epidemic. Ninety‐three percent of responding schools reported making clinical changes or that clinical changes were in process. Schools reported two factors that most frequently influence changes made: the adoption of state‐specific regulations/mandates and the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) Standard 2‐24e, which requires competency in prescription practices on substance use disorders. An analysis of the open‐ended questions found four overarching themes to curricular changes, in order of frequency: didactic curriculum; integration of opioid epidemic subject matter experts in curricula; Screening, Brief, Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) training; and prescription guidelines. Similarly, four overarching themes were identified for clinical changes: protocol and policy development, Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP), faculty and provider education, and prescription guidelines.

Conclusions

This research shows that dental educators are working to ensure that new dental professionals gain the necessary competencies in substance abuse, specifically related to opioids, to prevent and minimize prescription drug misuse.
Flexibility of triangle‐free planar graphs
Authors: Dvořák Zdeněk , Masařík Tomáš , Musílek Jan , Pangrác Ondřej
Published: October 2020

Let be a planar graph with a list assignment . Suppose a preferred color is given for some of the vertices. We prove that if is triangle‐free and all lists have size at least four, then there exists an ‐coloring respecting at least a constant fraction of the preferences.
At the Bedside: Profiling and treating patients with CXCR4-expressing cancers
Authors: Martin Miguel , Mayer Ingrid A , Walenkamp Annemiek M E , Lapa Constantin , Andreeff Michael , Bobirca Alexandra
Published: October 2020

The chemokine receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand, C-X-C motif chemokine 12, are key mediators of hematopoietic cell trafficking. Their roles in the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells, induction of angiogenesis, and invasive tumor growth have been recognized for over 2 decades. CXCR4 is a promising target for imaging and therapy of both hematologic and solid tumors. To date, Sanofi Genzyme’s plerixafor is the only marketed CXCR4 inhibitor (i.e., Food and Drug Administration-approved in 2008 for stem cell mobilization). However, several new CXCR4 inhibitors are now being investigated as potential therapies for a variety of fluid and solid tumors. These small molecules, peptides, and Abs include balixafortide (POL6326, Polyphor), mavorixafor (X4P-001, X4 Pharmaceuticals), motixafortide (BL-8040, BioLineRx), LY2510924 (Eli Lilly), and ulocuplumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb). Early clinical evidence has been encouraging, for example, with motixafortide and balixafortide, and the CXCR4 inhibitors appear to be generally safe and well tolerated. Molecular imaging is increasingly being used for effective patient selection before, or early during CXCR4 inhibitor treatment. The use of radiolabeled theranostics that combine diagnostics and therapeutics is an additional intriguing approach. The current status and future directions for radioimaging and treating patients with CXCR4-expressing hematologic and solid malignancies are reviewed. See related review - At the Bench: Pre-Clinical Evidence for Multiple Functions of CXCR4 in Cancer. J. Leukoc. Biol. xx: xx–xx; 2020.
The impact of Indian Ocean dipole on tropical Indian Ocean surface wave heights in ERA5 and CMIP5 models
Authors: Srinivas Gangiredla , Remya P. G. , Kumar B. Praveen , Modi Anuradha , Nair T. M. Balakrishnan
Published: October 2020

The present study examines the relationship between the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) significant wave height (SWH) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) during boreal summer season (June through August) in the latest version of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA5) and wave simulations forced with surface winds and sea‐ice fields from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version‐5 (CMIP5) models. The interannual variability of SWH shows a significant negative correlation with the IOD over TIO. SWH anomalies display meridional tripole pattern with significant negative (positive) anomalies over eastern equatorial Indian Ocean caused by anomalous easterlies (westerlies), and positive (negative) anomalies over southeastern TIO and the north Bay of Bengal during positive (negative) phase of IOD. The strong wave heights along the east coast of India during positive IOD and the south and southwest coast of India during negative IOD are noticed. CMIP5 models GFDL‐CM3, MRI‐CGCM3 and the multi‐model mean display considerable skill in capturing these teleconnections with substantial magnitude differences. A thorough understanding of the teleconnections between IOD and TIO wave heights is a significant prerequisite for the accurate forecast of surface waves in the Indian Ocean. Hence, this study advocates the importance evaluating the ability of models in representing the SWH and IOD interactions and its implications on Indian coastal regions in the form of inundation, coastal flooding and other vulnerabilities in a changing climate scenario.
Exclusion of Suicidal Participants From Randomized Controlled Trials for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Brooks Emily , Spokas Megan , Goldschmidt Deborah
Published: October 2020

There has been a lack of consensus regarding whether to include or exclude participants with suicidal ideation (SI) from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) psychotherapy clinical trials and, until recently, how best to report adverse events related to suicide risk. Without consistent reporting or evaluation of SI as an outcome, clinical practice guidelines are limited in their ability to recommend interventions for this common co‐occurrence. In the present meta‐analysis, we compared randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PTSD psychotherapies, based on their suicide exclusion criteria. The databases PILOTS, PsycINFO, and PubMed were searched for RCTs of psychotherapy that lasted more than 4 weeks and included adults who met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Included studies (N = 48) were coded by two independent reviewers. A random‐effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes for trials that excluded (n = 31) and did not exclude SI (n = 17). A test statistic for the significance of effect revealed that the difference between these two groups’ effect sizes was not significant, z = 0.96, p = .341. This suggests that the effects observed in clinical trials are not significantly impacted by SI‐related exclusion criteria.
Machine Learning and Digital Twin Driven Diagnostics and Prognostics of Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ibrahim Mesfin Seid , Fan Jiajie , Yung Winco K. C. , Prisacaru Alexandru , van Driel Willem , Fan Xuejun , Zhang Guoqi
Published: October 2020

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are among the key innovations that have revolutionized the lighting industry, due to their versatility in applications, higher reliability, longer lifetime, and higher efficiency compared with other light sources. The demand for increased lifetime and higher reliability has attracted a significant number of research studies on the prognostics and lifetime estimation of LEDs, ranging from the traditional failure data analysis to the latest degradation modeling and machine learning based approaches over the past couple of years. However, there is a lack of reviews that systematically address the currently evolving machine learning algorithms and methods for fault detection, diagnostics, and lifetime prediction of LEDs. To address those deficiencies, a review on the diagnostic and prognostic methods and algorithms based on machine learning that helps to improve system performance, reliability, and lifetime assessment of LEDs is provided. The fundamental principles, pros and cons of methods including artificial neural networks, principal component analysis, hidden Markov models, support vector machines, and Bayesian networks are presented. Finally, discussion on the prospects of the machine learning implementation from LED packages, components to system level reliability analysis, potential challenges and opportunities, and the future digital twin technology for LEDs lifetime analysis is provided.
Fear Of Missing Out Scale: A self‐concept perspective
Authors: Zhang Zhuofan , Jiménez Fernando R. , Cicala John E.
Published: October 2020

Fear of missing out (FOMO) is an emerging topic in consumer psychology. However, the theoretical foundations of FOMO are underdeveloped and extant FOMO scales confine the construct to the context of social media. Without a theoretical foundation and a new FOMO scale, the future development of research on this promising phenomenon is limited. This article provides a new conceptualization of FOMO and a new FOMO scale. Using self‐concept theory, the authors propose that FOMO is an emotional response to perceived psychological threats to one's self‐concept. Because the self‐concept involves a private and a public self, FOMO involves two dimensions: a personal FOMO and a social FOMO. Accordingly, a new scale was developed. The results of four studies support the validity and reliability of the two‐dimensional scale. This new conceptualization and scale will enable consumer researchers to examine FOMO in a broader set of contexts, test the relationship between FOMO and related constructs, and develop a nomological network around the construct.
Isomeric Effect of Wide Bandgap Polymer Donors with High Crystallinity to Achieve Efficient Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Qian , Liu Yikun , Liao Xunfan , Cui Yongjie , Huang Shaorong , Hu Lei , He Qiannan , Chen Lie , Chen Yiwang
Published: October 2020

Two highly crystalline polymer donors (PBTz4T2C‐a, PBTz4T2C‐b) with isomers (4T2C‐a, 4T2C‐b) are synthesized and applied in polymer solar cells. The developed polymers possess proper energy levels and complementary absorption with an efficient electron acceptor IT2F. It is interesting that the photophysical properties, crystallinity, and active layer morphology characteristic can be significantly changed by just slightly regulating the substitution position of the carboxylate groups. A series of simulation calculations of the two isomers are conducted in the geometry and electronic properties to explore the difference induced by the position adjustment of carboxylate groups. The results decipher that 4T2C‐b moiety features much stronger intramolecular noncovalent S⋯O interactions compared to that of 4T2C‐a, implying a higher coplanarity and much stronger crystallinity, and leading to excessive phase separation in PBTz4T2C‐b:IT2F blend film. In contrast, PBTz4T2C‐a with 4T2C‐a moiety exhibits suitable crystallinity with a lower the highest occupied molecular orbital level, higher film absorption coefficient, and charge mobilities, resulting in a much higher power conversion efficiency of 11.02%. This research demonstrates that the molecular conformation is of great importance to be considered for developing high‐performance polymer donors.
Serotonergic System Impacts Levodopa Response in Early Parkinson's and Future Risk of Dyskinesia
Authors: Fu Jessie F. , Matarazzo Michele , McKenzie Jessamyn , Neilson Nicole , Vafai Nasim , Dinelle Katie , Felicio Andre C. , McKeown Martin J. , Stoessl A. Jon , Sossi Vesna
Published: October 2020

Background

The serotonergic system is known to contribute to levodopa‐derived dopamine release in advanced Parkinson's disease.

Objective

We investigated the role of the serotonergic system in determining response to treatment in early disease and risk for complications concurrently with dopaminergic alterations.

Methods

Eighteen patients with early and stable Parkinson's disease underwent multitracer positron emission tomography using [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (vesicular monoamine transporter 2 marker), [11C]methylphenidate (dopamine transporter marker), [11C]‐3‐amino‐4‐(2‐dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)‐benzonitrile (DASB, serotonin transporter marker), and [11C]raclopride (D2 marker) to investigate relationships between striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic alterations and levodopa‐induced dopamine release, related to motor response to treatment and risk for dyskinesias, using a novel joint pattern analysis.

Results

The joint pattern analysis revealed correlated spatial patterns conceptually related to abnormal dopamine turnover in the putamen (higher dopamine release associated with dopaminergic and serotonergic denervation); response to treatment significantly inversely correlated with turnover‐related dopamine release (P < 10−5). Patterns identified without inclusion of the DASB data showed no correlation with clinical data, indicating an important contribution from the serotonergic system to a clinically relevant abnormal dopamine release in early disease. Subjects who experienced dyskinesia 3 years after baseline scans showed higher turnover‐related dopamine release compared with subjects who remained stable (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Joint analysis of dopaminergic and serotonergic data identified a turnover‐related dopamine release component, strongly related to motor response to levodopa in early disease and contributing to higher risk for dyskinesia. These findings suggest that the contribution of the serotonergic system to dopamine release not only increases the risk for motor complications but also fails to provide sustained therapeutic advantage in early disease. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Low synchronization Gram–Schmidt and generalized minimal residual algorithms
Authors: Świrydowicz Katarzyna , Langou Julien , Ananthan Shreyas , Yang Ulrike , Thomas Stephen
Published: October 2020

The Gram–Schmidt process uses orthogonal projection to construct the A = QR factorization of a matrix. When Q has linearly independent columns, the operator P = I − Q(QTQ)−1QT defines an orthogonal projection onto Q⊥. In finite precision, Q loses orthogonality as the factorization progresses. A family of approximate projections is derived with the form P = I − QTQT, with correction matrix T. When T = (QTQ)−1, and T is triangular, it is postulated that the best achievable orthogonality is . We present new variants of modified (MGS) and classical Gram–Schmidt algorithms that require one global reduction step. An interesting form of the projector leads to a compact WY representation for MGS. In particular, the inverse compact WY MGS algorithm is equivalent to a lower triangular solve. Our main contribution is to introduce a backward normalization lag into the compact WY representation, resulting in a stable Generalized Minimal Residual Method (GMRES) algorithm that requires only one global reduce per iteration. Further improvements in performance are achieved by accelerating GMRES on GPUs.
Assessing telehealth interventions for physical activity and sedentary behavior self‐management in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An integrative review
Authors: Howland Chelsea , Wakefield Bonnie
Published: October 2020

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease, requiring lifestyle management to prevent chronic complications. Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior are integral to maintaining glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to (1) appraise and synthesize the literature about physical activity and sedentary behavior intervention delivery via telehealth strategies in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and (2) to evaluate what is known about the effectiveness of such interventions on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and glycemic control. An integrative literature review was carried out, including the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychInfo, searching for articles published within the past 10 years, meeting specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement guidelines. Seventeen studies were included. Significant improvements in physical activity and sedentary behavior were identified in web and mobile phone‐based interventions. Modest improvements in glycemic control were reported. Theoretical framework use and integration was limited, and intervention length and follow‐up varied greatly in the studies reviewed. Outcomes were measured using both self‐report and objective measures, but objective measures were used less frequently. Further, few studies have been conducted in the United States or in rural populations. Web and mobile phone‐based telehealth interventions to increase physical activity, reduce sedentary behaviors, and improve glycemic control have been supported by the literature. A need exists for future studies that are theory‐driven, include dose‐specific measures, self‐report and objective measures, and long‐term follow‐up. Examining intervention effects in rural populations is needed.
'We've Paid your Vagina to Make Children!ʼ: Bridewealth and Women's Marital and Reproductive Autonomy in Port‐Vila, Vanuatu
Authors: Servy Alice
Published: October 2020

In Vanuatu, the practice of bridewealth is widespread. However, according to international and national development organizations based in the capital Port‐Vila, this practice impedes women's freedom, including women's reproductive autonomy. In this paper, using data gathered in Port‐Vila between 2009 and 2018, I examine the practice of marriage in Port‐Vila and argue against this development discourse. I analyse the transformations of marriage showing the increasing autonomy of young people in the selection of marriage partners and the links between marriage, bridewealth and reproductive autonomy. I emphasize the changes in the nature of bridewealth marriage in a contemporary urban context and its implications for female fertility control. I conclude that bridewealth is only one among several factors that influence women's reproductive autonomy in Port‐Vila.
Modeling of nonlinear hyper‐viscoelastic and stress softening behaviors of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites reinforced by nanoclay and graphene
Authors: Barghamadi Mohammad , Ghoreishy Mir Hamid Reza , Karrabi Mohammad , Mohammadian‐Gezaz Somayyeh
Published: October 2020

This research work is devoted to the development of multiple material models as constitutive equations for the description of the complex mechanical behavior of a series of nanocomposites based on the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) reinforced by nanoclay graphene. The preparation method and the mechanical with other properties of these nanocomposites were already investigated and reported in our previous work. The developed model consists of the Marlow hyperelastic integral equation, strain hardening power‐law equation for the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior as well as Ogden and Roxburgh equation to simulate the stress softening behavior. Stress relaxation tests were first carried out to show the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the samples. Simple tensile and volumetric tests were performed for Marlow model. The parameters of the nonlinear viscoelastic and stress softening equations in the model were determined by solving an inverse problem using a novel numerical algorithm, which was based on the combination of an optimization loop using Down Hill simplex method and finite element simulation of a dumbbell test specimen under load. To achieve this task, quasi‐static tests under cyclic loading with different final extensions and three extensional rates were also performed. Then, their corresponding finite element models were developed and the associated inverse problems were solved. Comparing the force‐displacement data obtained via simulation using the mentioned model with their corresponding experimental data confirms of the model correctness and its applicability. Moreover, the mechanical behaviors of both neat and reinforced polymer blend (NBR/PVC) with nanofillers are shown to be supportive of the computed parameters.