bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Tripeptidyl Peptidase I Activity in Living Cells by Fluorogenic Substrates
Authors: Steinfeld Robert , Fuhrmann Jens C. , Gärtner Jutta
Published: June 2006

Tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP-I) is a lysosomal peptidase with unclear physiological function. TPP-I deficiency is associated with late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a fatal neurodegenerative disease of childhood that is characterized by loss of neurons and photoreceptor cells. We have developed two novel fluorogenic substrates, [Ala-Ala-Phe]2-rhodamine 110 and [Arg-Nle-Nle]2-rhodamine 110, that are cleaved by TPP-I in living cells. Fluorescence of liberated rhodamine 110 was detected by flow cytometry and was dependent on the level of TPP-I expression. Rhodamine-related fluorescence could be suppressed by preincubation with a specific inhibitor of TPP-I. When investigated by fluorescent confocal microscopy, rhodamine signals colocalized with lysosomal markers. Thus, cleavage of these rhodamide-derived substrates is a marker for mature enzymatically active TPP-I. In addition, TPP-I-induced cleavage of [Ala-Ala-Phe]2-rhodamine 110 could be visualized in primary neurons. We conclude that [Ala-Ala-Phe]2-rhodamine 110 and [Arg-Nle-Nle]2-rhodamine 110 are specific substrates for determining TPP-I activity and intracellular localization in living cells. Further, these substrates could be a valuable tool for studying the neuronal pathology underlying classical late-infantile NCL. This article contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Basing Point Methods of Price Quoting
Authors: Clark J. M.
Published: June 2006

Basing point methods of price quoting represent one form of imperfect competition in a group of industries, the underlying characteristics of which make some form of imperfect competition inevitable. They are departures from “normal” competition, by our simple inherited theoretical standard. But those who have had contact with the N.R.A. experiment in the United States must have had reason to doubt whether any industry is “normal” by such standards. Possibly the trouble was with what we had conceived as normal. In any case, this form of pricing deserves study uncontrolled by inherited preconceptions.

It appears to arise in industries having four main characteristics or predisposing conditions. The first is a standardized commodity, such that purchasers will not buy from one producer if another producer offers even a very slightly lower price. This is true of the main product of the cement industry, and approximately true of basic tonnage steel products, but less so of the higher grades of steel.

In the second place, production is localized, with a considerable number of producing points at considerable distances from one another. Some centres of production include a number of rival producers, others only one.
Anglo-Argentine Trade Agreements
Authors: Stewart Robert B.
Published: June 2006

The term “sterling area”, which came into existence immediately after Great Britain's departure from gold on September 21, 1931, has become increasingly current, so that at the present time it is generally accepted in the terminology of international economics. The term sterling area, or sterling bloc, is necessarily extremely loose. In no sense are the countries contained in this group bound together in a formal monetary union. Nor can the boundaries of the area be defined precisely. As generally understood, however, the sterling area includes those countries both within and outside the British Empire whose currencies are closely linked to the British pound and whose monetary policies are governed more or less directly by those which may be followed from time to time by the British Exchequer and the Bank of England. It includes, in addition to the Dominions and colonies, Argentina, the Scandinavian countries (whose currencies were more promptly and more closely linked to sterling in the 1931 crisis than even those of the Dominions), Finland, Portugal, Egypt, Palestine, and some smaller countries.

In contrast to the gold bloc, whose scope is limited strictly to currency problems, the sterling bloc is also to a certain degree an economic bloc. That is, trade within the sterling area represents a fairly large proportion of the total foreign trade of the countries included in that group. The attempt to forge closer links of currency and trade with the countries of this group has now become a well recognized principle of British foreign policy. The instruments which Great Britain has used in forging these closer links are represented by the Ottawa Agreements of 1932, by the reciprocal trade pacts with non-Empire countries, by the maintenance of stable exchange rates with these countries, by securing favourable treatment in exchange allotment, by the development of central banks in the Dominions, and by giving preferential treatment in the matter of international loans, which are, or at least may be, of vital importance in maintaining stability of exchanges in relation to sterling.
Statistics Comes of Age
Authors: Coats R. H.
Published: June 2006

I who am about to address you, salute you as the seventh President of our Association—and the first statistician in that honourable office. Our Association is called “The Canadian Political Science Association”. I well remember how we boggled over that name, when the Association was a-borning twenty-odd years ago (characteristically in Boston); it was meant to designate the polyglot omnium gatherum which we remain—economists, sociologists, political scientists proper, publicists, statisticians. As to the last, it is the fact that in countries which can afford to organize their social sciences by species (which Canada cannot), the statisticians have always shown the way. The Royal Statistical Society of Great Britain celebrated her centenary the other day, and the American Statistical is celebrating hers to-morrow, years and years before their sisters. Even in Canada, a statistical association was born, gasped, and died before our own got on its feet. Thus, in all delicacy, speaking for my statistical confrères, we feel that after six political economists for president all in a row, it is fitting we were called up higher. In the twitter of the moment, we might even wonder if we are Cinderella, who from her ashes was once invited into the parlour. She came, you remember, in all meekness, with nothing of the kitchen fire in her eye, yet I feel sure in some consciousness of merit, for it was Cinderella who finally married the prince.
Some Aspects of a Pioneer Economy
Authors: Mackintosh W. A.
Published: June 2006

The economic problems of a new country have, of course, a general as well as a particular interest because new countries are a distinct and important class among the countries of the world. But there are two reasons for an even broader scientific interest in such problems. It is here that problems of economic development can be studied; here are the clearest cases. Economic history continues to suffer because economists know too little history and historians too little economics. It can be said in defence of the historians that the scant attention given by economists to the economics of development has left them with but poor equipment. In criticism it might be said that historians have been over-ready to make economic generalizations. Generalizations in economic history are more attractive and more dangerous than in any other field except historical geography. It is, then, in the history of new countries that the economics of development can best be studied.

There is a second reason for our interest. Economists are prone to think in terms of closed systems, i.e., hypothetical economies, isolated and sufficient unto themselves. Studies in international trade and finance have been directed in the main toward the mechanism of adjustment. It is an important problem and a neat, tidy problem, but in most countries policies must rest on an analysis of the operation of open systems—economies functioning in full relation with other countries. I suggest that the fully operating open economic system is best exemplified in new, pioneer countries.
The State and Medicine
Authors: Peebles Allon
Published: June 2006

Modern civilization and modern science are in constant interplay and the relation of the state to medicine is simply one aspect of a much broader relationship—the changing sphere of government in the lives of the people. Industrialism has meant a large increase in population and the concentration of this population in huge cities. Factories and machine processes play a dominant role. Education has become almost universal. Research, inventions, still more research, and new applications of this research change industrial technology overnight. And the habits of living of the people through the development of apartment houses, radio, automobiles, aeroplanes, are also revolutionized. The pace quickens.

The myriad problems of post-War international relations and national security, of currency and tariffs, of economic adversity and unemployment, the mounting public debt—all have thrust upon national and local governments a huge weight of responsibility. The depression has forced governments to assume control of basic economic activities, and, according to present indications, the trend will continue in the direction of more rather than less state activity.

Governments have shown an increasing tendency to assume responsibility for the individual's general welfare. Modern industrialism and modern science have produced insecurity for a large section of the population—an uncertainty of life and limb and of employment, a risk of poverty in old age—that labour legislation and social insurance attempt to meet. Almost every type of social legislation has a direct or indirect effect upon the public health. Factory Inspection Acts, minimum wage legislation, control of the hours of work, housing schemes, health insurance, and workmen's compensation laws, illustrate the range of state activity in the field of public health. Legislation affecting medical care and public health agencies is simply a part of a much larger whole—the vast system of state activities and laws which has for its objective the greatest welfare of the people.
The Imperial Conference
Authors: Dawson R. MacG.
Published: June 2006

The decision to hold a meeting of the Imperial Conference in 1937 while its members are attending the king's coronation, is strictly in accordance with precedent, for in the past these conferences have been frequently associated with Empire ceremonies on a grandiose scale. The first Conference, indeed, owed its very existence to a gathering of this kind, when the colonial premiers who had assembled to honour Queen Victoria at her Jubilee in 1887, met together to discuss informally topics of general imperial interest. The Conference of 1937 will thus celebrate not only the coronation of the new king, but its own golden jubilee as well.

The somewhat haphazard venture of 1887 proved to be so successful that it was followed by another meeting at the time of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee ten years later, and a third Conference met when King Edward VII was crowned in 1902. Whether the pomp and panoply of Empire on these occasions were calculated to stir the emotions and give the colonial delegates an increased sense of solidarity and power, or whether the lavish hospitality was supposed to generate a conciliatory spirit and a willingness to forget inter-imperial differences, is not known; but such things have been suspected and frequently alleged. The real reason was doubtless much more simple and not nearly so sinister, namely, the prosaic one of convenience, combined with the British readiness to exalt accidental occurrences into useful precedents. At any rate, the Imperial (it was originally called Colonial) Conference was speedily adopted as a useful device to secure discussion and co-operation in an Empire where the centrifugal fofces were gaining in strength at an alarming rate.
Economic and Accounting Concepts
Authors: Smails R. G. H.
Published: June 2006

In recent years economists have become increasingly interested in the activities of business-men as reflected in accounting records, and accountants have looked up from their work to take notice of the economist and his abstractions. Numerous articles have appeared in technical journals attempting to explain the accountant to the economist, at least one full-length, book has been written on the subject, and at Chicago last December a joint session of accountants and economists was devoted to a discussion of concepts of capital and income. Dr. Stanley E. Howard in introducing this joint discussion remarked: “Accountants can most effectively serve both their private clients and the public interest, if they can develop accounting principles that have a secure foundation in sound economic theory. Economists can better explain a profit-seeking economy if they clearly understand the principles by which the business records of the profit seekers are made.”

There are two barriers to a mutual understanding of the kind desired. The first was indicated by Professor F. A. Fetter (who spoke for the economists at this joint discussion) when he said, “If and when accountants and economists are talking about the same things … they should talk the same language …”. Unfortunately the present position is that the two not only talk different languages but each one of them in his own language uses the same word at different times to denote different things. It is perhaps unreasonable to expect that in two quite separate techniques the same term should hold an identical concept and undesirable to attempt to force it to do so. But obviously it is essential that in each technique consistent use should be made of the same term if a master of the one technique is to be able to make any use of the other without himself becoming a master of that other technique also. The second barrier is the circumstance that accounting is not a science but an art; it has traditions and conventions but not principles; its development has been determined by the practices of business-men, and its categories are derived from a particular legal system. The nature of these barriers suggests that the most useful approach would be by way of an enquiry into the procedures and concepts of the accountant, since these are properly more flexible than those of the economist.
Variations in Cost
Authors: Drummond G. F.
Published: June 2006

The economist ordinarily draws a series of supply curves designed to show the relationship between cost per unit and units produced on the assumption of static conditions and usually without regard to the frequency distribution of units produced in relation to cost per unit. Accordingly, he focuses his attention on definitions of the marginal unit, of the marginal cost per unit, and of the marginal producer. This is largely because he wants to equalize price and marginal cost to obtain a rational theory of value under his own premises. It is true that the economist will not ignore variations about the margin and will even concede that, under dynamic conditions, you may arrange producers in series from low cost to high cost and that for the time being differential entrepreneurial costs will become manifest. It is assumed, however, that these variations will tend to disappear the closer dynamic conditions settle down to static or equilibrium conditions. But the variations do not disappear and we would be extremely surprised if they did; indeed, the probability of uniformity of unit costs of production for any given number of producers is mathematically remote. The important thing, however, is the degree of variation that actually occurs under certain conditions or for a certain number of producers or for a certain industry. If we approach the problem in this way we may bring reality to economic analysis, improve the working tools of marginalism or correct its inadequate theoretical structure.
The Significance of Outstanding Securities in the International Movement of Capital
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur I.
Published: June 2006

It is the purpose of this article to draw attention to, and to make an analysis of, a type of international movement of securities which has, especially in recent years, acquired considerable importance and significance, but concerning which there has been to date virtually no systematic or extended discussion. I refer to what has been called, in various balance-of-payments studies, the “international movement of outstanding securities.”

International movements of securities may take a variety of forms. Historically one of the most important types, and certainly the one most commonly referred to in the literature, has been the flotation of new (or refunding) security issues on foreign (or domestic) capital markets, and their purchase by foreign investors. Associated with this has been the repurchase of these issues by their issuers, either governmental or corporate, for sinking-fund or redemption purposes. A further type of securities movement, also of great historical importance, has resulted from the acquisition of a controlling interest in foreign corporations or real estate, or from the establishment abroad by a parent company of branches or subsidiaries. This category is generally known as “direct investments.” In this case, however, international transfers of securities are not always involved; whether they are or not will depend upon the particular method of financing adopted. The same is true with respect to the resale of direct investments abroad to foreigners. The reasons for the establishment or acquisition of subsidiaries abroad are well known and need not be gone into here.
Economic Activity of the State in the British Dominions
Authors: Brady A.
Published: June 2006

The economic activity of the state in the British Dominions conforms throughout to a common pattern, which might be described as neo-mercantilist, conditioned by the geographic and peculiar socio-economic forces of frontier countries. That activity issues in a complex of policies concerned with tariffs, bounties, quotas, marketing controls, and varied forms of financial assistance, or outright public ownership, in order to establish fresh industries, or to aid those existing, in the face of intense competition from more mature industrial competitors; to facilitate the exploitation of natural resources, and to increase populations. These policies broadly resemble the older mercantilism in that their end, where rationalized in terms of the state, is the achievement of national power and prosperity by the development of the ill-balanced economic life of sparsely settled colonies into economies integrated and diversified.

The interpretation of what contributes to national prosperity is determined by the contemporary interests politically powerful, and ordinarily it is a composite product of the many interests with free play under the parliamentary regime. Sometimes there is agreement among the chief interest-groups in recognizing that the claim of a small population to an extensive territory is precarious unless it furthers settlement and development. Such a recognition underlay the generous bonusing of the Canadian Pacific syndicate in the eighties in order to ensure a transcontinental railway, tariffs to develop in Canada east-west traffic, the numerous controls of Commonwealth and state respecting Queensland sugar to guarantee a white population in the Australian tropics, and the aggressive efforts made at some time in every Dominion to increase immigration.
The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Stewart A.
Published: June 2006

The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act was passed in April, 1935. The circumstances of the immediately preceding years had precipitated a condition of acute distress throughout wide sections, if not over the entire area, of the three Prairie Provinces. The immediate cause of the distress was the persistence over a period of years of low returns to farm producers, the result of a combination of physical and price factors. Within the area to which the Act has been applied, the dominant factor was probably inadequate precipitation, but the situation as it appeared in 1935 would have been substantially different without the aggravating condition of low prices for the principal farm products. Under the condition of reduced gross revenue the rigidity of certain elements of expense became an important factor contributing to farm and community distress.

An analysis of the causes of the condition of the distressed areas of the Prairie Provinces suggests: that the lands of the dry areas are physically less productive than could have been anticipated with the knowledge available at the time of their settlement and development; that the price of the principal product, wheat, may be expected to be lower than it was, or was expected to be at that time; and that there remains a considerable measure of uncertainty regarding the “normal” level of physical productivity, the annual variations in physical productivity, and the future prices of agricultural products. But local differences are also significant. Even within the areas to which the Act has been applied, there is considerable diversity of physical conditions, and of the combination of resources and organization of production. In addition, errors of judgment respecting physical productivity and price were not uniformly involved throughout. As a result of these diversities the incidence and effects of drought and of price decline have been appreciably different in different localities.
Interrelated Problems of the Expanding Metropolis
Authors: Faris Robert E. L.
Published: June 2006

Our civilization is properly called an urban civilization, for the forces which shape it gather in the cities and spread out from them. The cities integrate, and in many ways dominate, the entire society. An inquiry into the nature of the city, then, is also an inquiry into much that is important to the nature of civilization itself. The defects of cities are defects of the whole system of living.

There are different types of large cities, but the type which is most significant in this inquiry is the industrial-commercial metropolis. Resort cities, capital cities, shrine cities, and the like may be conspicuous, but they do not have the same kind of influence. It is the metropolis which expresses the essence of our system. All references to cities in this paper are to this type.

The most thorough studies of cities have been made in the United States, but in so far as other observations have been made they indicate that with caution the results may be extended to other large cities of the world. It has been shown that the large expanding city has a natural form which is repeated in all cities, and which is not only unplanned, but for the most part not responsive to efforts at control. There is a basic pattern which no city escapes; a spatial order of population groups and institutions and of functional parts of the economy, and a number of states of social organization and disorganization which are related to this order. This paper is principally concerned with the typical forms of disorganization, and the conditions under which they arise and some of the results of efforts to deal with them.
Sociology and Canadian Social History
Authors: Clark S. D.
Published: June 2006

This paper is an attempt to suggest methods of approach to the materials of Canadian social history. As such it is an appeal for a greater utilization of historical data in the development of sociological principles. It should be admitted at the outset that the point of view advanced is partly the result of a bias in favour of what might be described as the documentary as opposed to the interview method of research. Certain problems can be studied only by means of the interview. There are times, however, when a greater understanding could be gained from documentary records with much less expenditure of time and energy. Furthermore, the interview method, if it is to yield fruitful results, must be employed by those with a particular aptitude for “feeling out” information in this way. It is no accident that the most successful research students in sociology very often have been those with experience in journalism or those with a flare for journalism who found an outlet for their inclinations in sociological research. The penetrating insight of a Sinclair Lewis or Sherwood Anderson cannot be matched by the finest tools forged in the laboratory of the sociologist.
Physics and Society
Authors: Park Robert E.
Published: June 2006

Some seventy years ago, sixty-eight, to be exact, Walter Bagehot published a notable little volume entitled Physics and Politics, described in a subtitle as “Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Inheritance’ to Political Society.” Actually the volume sought to sketch in outline a natural history of political society, and to describe the process or processes by which later, more elaborate, and more liberal forms of association have emerged, from the dissolution of earlier, simpler, and more rigid, if not oppressive, forms.

Society, or at least political society, as Bagehot conceived it, is a kind of super-organism, having a social structure which is maintained by a social process. This structure is imbedded in and cemented by custom. Man is a custom-making animal. The process in this instance which is not otherwise defined, is what we know elsewhere as “the historical process.” Its function is to weave and reweave the web of custom and tradition in which the individuals who are destined to live together and eventually act together as a political unit, are ineluctably bound together.

Always there is a more or less inflexible tradition which imposes upon each new generation the pattern of the inherited social order. But always there are the liberating and individuating influences of other social processes—competition, conflict, and discussion—which represent what Bagehot describes as man's “propensity to variation,” or, to use a political rather than a biological term, his propensity for non-conformity, “which,” he adds, “is the principle of progress.”
Some Obstacles to a Scientific Sociology
Authors: Hart C. W. M.
Published: June 2006

It has become fashionable in recent years to bemoan the manner in which the social sciences lag behind the physical sciences. Few, however, of those who deplore the slowness of scientific advance in man's knowledge of himself, have any concrete suggestions to make towards increasing the speed of that advance, nor are they clear as to whether the lag is necessary and inevitable, or accidental and removable. The common opinion appears to be that the causes of the lag are entirely, or at least mainly, historical, residing in the fact that while the physical sciences started earlier and have by now advanced further, the social sciences began later, and are still, therefore, lagging behind. This explanation is at least implied in the frequent urging by editors and politicians that the social sciences should hurry to catch up with the physical sciences, or alternatively, that the physical sciences should slow down and wait for the social sciences to overtake them. Viewing the matter thus, as a simple foot-race between physical science and social science, with the latter handicapped only by a slow start, is not altogether desirable, since it appears to ignore certain difficulties involved in a scientific approach to human behaviour, which, while not entirely absent in physicial science, are nevertheless easier to cope with when dealing with non-human material than when dealing with human subject-matter. It is with these difficulties that the present paper will be concerned.

The nature of these obstacles will perhaps be made a little clearer if we begin with a preliminary consideration of what a scientific sociology entails. There is no mystery about this. The programme for the new science was set forth clearly and in detail by the man who invented the word sociology, Auguste Comte.
The American-Born Japanese and the World Crisis
Authors: La Violette Forrest E.
Published: June 2006

We may begin by stating three fundamental factors which in their interrelationship and when set into our scheme of economic competition are the basis of the minority group status of the Japanese immigrants in America. It is also these three factors which serve to relate the American-born Japanese to the present world crisis.

To be considered first is the factor of race. It has been used as a discriminating category for land ownership, for naturalization, and for regulating immigration. In 1913 California passed the first of the anti-alien land laws, prohibiting aliens ineligible for citizenship from owning land. Other states followed later with similar laws. In 1922 the United States Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision that members of the “Mongolian race or the Malay race” could not be naturalized. The final legal disability placed upon the Japanese on a basis of race was denying them the right of any further immigration. This was established by the National Immigration Act of 1924, often called the “Exclusion Act.” Other groups face social problems because of discrimination based upon racial features, but in the case of the Japanese, when race is combined with the other two factors, it gains unique significance.

The second factor of fundamental importance is that of the Japanese ethnic heritage, of which a central point of concern was the Japanese family system. As early as 1900 the Americans in San Francisco were demanding exclusion, but then the immigrants were mainly single males, as the sex ratio of 2,369.9 males for every hundred females shows, but by 1910 this had dropped to 694.1.
The Government of the Australian Commonwealth in the War and Post-War Period
Authors: Levi Werner
Published: June 2006

Social, economic, and technological developments forced the six Australian states in 1900 to constitute themselves into a federal Commonwealth. Many decades of agitation and deliberation were needed until the states finally agreed to submit themselves to a central government. Reluctantly they renounced some of their sovereign rights and granted to the Commonwealth a restricted number of defined and specified powers. Powers not specifically named in the constitution as belonging to the Commonwealth remained with the states. Within the scope of their power, the Commonwealth and the states are independent.

One of the guiding principles of the makers of the constitution was, of course, to transfer those powers to the central government which were believed to be needed for the adequate handling of nation-wide affairs. The regulation of matters of more regional concern remained in the hands of the states. However, the developments which brought about the necessity for federation did not cease with the establishment of the constitution. The borderline between matters of national and matters of regional concern shifted further, increasing the field of national affairs. The constitutional distribution of powers between the Commonwealth and the states was soon outmoded by events. Almost immediately after the inauguration of the constitution, criticism arose from many sides because the powers granted to the Commonwealth were considered insufficient for the proper discharge of the central government's obligations toward the nation.

With the growing demands made upon the state in Australia, as everywhere else, the volume of this criticism increased. The dissatisfaction found expression in eighteen proposals for constitutional change between 1900 and 1944, almost all of them dealing with the extension of Commonwealth power.
Economic Effects of the War on the Prairie Economy
Authors: Fowke Vernon
Published: June 2006

The effects of the war on the prairie economy can best be considered against a background of three elements—one of them general and two more specific. The first, and most general, of these elements is the historical position of Canadian agricultural groups and agricultural communities in war-time situations. The second is the specific position of the prairie economy in relation to the First World War. The third is the familiar record of prairie agriculture throughout the depression of the nineteen-thirties. These background elements will be sketched in briefly.

Canadian agriculture conforms historically to the typical pattern of agriculture developed within a mercantilistic framework. Though traditionally solacing itself, and being solaced, with the belief that it is Canada's basic industry, Canadian agriculture has most readily attracted attention and secured encouragement and support in situations where mercantile or industrial groups have considered that agriculture should be encouraged and supported. The French fostered the original agricultural settlement on the St. Lawrence in order to secure their fur-trade route against the Iroquois. The English considered agricultural settlement to be an indispensable adjunct to their military strongpoint, Halifax. United Empire Loyalists were welcomed to the upper St. Lawrence after 1780 so that they might settle around the frontier posts at Cataraqui, Niagara, and Detroit and thus strengthen the respective garrisons. Plans for the settlement of the prairie regions, put forward before and after Confederation, envisaged the establishment of a strong and vigorous agricultural community north of the forty-ninth parallel of latitude, a community which would forestall the threat of economic and even military occupation of Rupert's Land by the Americans. These historical examples illustrate the extent to which Canadian agricultural communities have derived significance from situations involving war or the threat of war.
Canada's Relations with War-Time Agencies in Washington
Authors: Pierce S. D. , Plumptre A. F. W.
Published: June 2006

This paper is primarily an account of Canadian relations with the War Production Board and with the Office of Price Administration, and with their antecedent agencies. Large sections of the Washington scene, with which the writers had no special familiarity, are completely omitted. In particular there is little reference to the agencies controlling shipping and overseas trade, or to the armed services themselves. Further, there is no account of relations with the War Food Administration, or with the Combined Food Board on which the United Kingdom is represented as well as the United States and Canada. Even the two Combined Boards dealing respectively with production and resources (on which Canada is represented) and with raw materials (where it is not) are omitted although relations with these Boards are almost indistinguishable from relations with the War Production Board which supplies their United States membership. In short, this paper is concerned almost entirely with relations between Canada and the United States in regard to supplies moving directly between them. In this all-important field the relations amounted to a co-operation so close, continuous, effective, and friendly that the two sovereign nations might in many respects have been two parts of one country.

It is convenient to consider first relations in the field of war supplies because it was in this field that war-time co-operation and collaboration first became necessary. Here a pattern was established for subsequent collaboration in the field of civilian supplies.
Differential Fertility in Canada, 1931
Authors: Charles Enid
Published: June 2006

Establishment of a uniform Dominion-wide vital statistical system in 1926 showed Canada to have gross and net reproduction rates above most of Northern and Western Europe and the Anglo-American world. What knowledge we have of trends indicates that fertility has been declining rapidly in Canada. In 1939 the Canadian net reproduction rate was well above unity and the war-time rise in marriages and births will have maintained it at that level. Probably, however, the rising birth-rate of the war years does not indicate any rise in the size of completed families. While the situation in Canada affords no grounds for complacency about that country's capacity to maintain its numbers in the future, there is no suggestion that declining fertility is an inevitable process. By analysing the trends now plainly visible, demographic research may provide a basis for policies aimed at their reversal. The prospect of a declining population may not cause much alarm in some countries. It can hardly be welcomed in Canada, with its empty spaces and undeveloped resources.
Liberalism in Crisis
Authors: Herring Pendleton
Published: June 2006

Liberalism is based upon bold assumptions. It is a political doctrine built upon confidence in the rationality and good will of men. Crisis might well be treated as endemic to any theory so premised. Hence, difficulties caused by the failure of men to act in a manner consistent with such assumptions could be easily anticipated and readily dismissed. The present difficulty seems to go much deeper and to rest upon a questioning of liberal assumptions as valid guides to action.

It is but a step from such pragmatic probings to a challenge of the essential philosophic value of liberalism. To lose faith today in the values of liberalism would, I think, be tragic. The liberal tradition is the strongest political heritage of western culture, and particularly of the United States and the British Commonwealth of Nations. What are the essentials of this heritage?

The essentials of liberalism are familiar to us all—civil rights, the tolerance of political differences, freedom of opportunity and a career open to talents, belief in the dignity and integrity of human personality, the acceptance of diversity and of compromise. These are the elements, and to many bred in the liberal faith they are taken as universal truths.
Arctic Survey Part III. A Mackenzie Domesday: 1944
Authors: Taylor Griffith
Published: June 2006

Let us start by comparing the Mackenzie Corridor with that great Canadian highway the St. Lawrence. In the sixteenth century the latter offered the obvious means of entry into the new land of Canada. The pioneers could not have realized the cluster of large towns and cities which was to arise along the great waterway; but most of them were sure that the St. Lawrence would always be the main surface route whereby the resources of eastern and east-central Canada would be reached and exploited. Hence all detailed accounts of the geography of this area in the early days are of special interest, since in general the route is still as important as ever.

It seems to the writer that we of the twentieth century can consider the Mackenzie Corridor in somewhat the same light as the pioneers did the St. Lawrence. There is not much in the way of settlement in the north-west region at present; perhaps the total, including Indians and Eskimo, is less than seven thousand settlers. But of one thing we may be sure, and that is that in the next century the population will increase largely, and that the chief centres of settlement and supply will be much where the pioneer folk built their dwellings.

One of the chief purposes of this study is to put on record in a somewhat uniform manner the main characteristics of all the famous posts along the Mackenzie River, and, in a later paper, along the Yukon River, and this for two reasons. Canadians of today will welcome a detailed account of the way of life of the pioneers in geographical language; while the writer hopes that this somewhat hasty survey will be a sort of jumping-off place for similar surveys made, say, every fifty years in the future.
Government Economic Policy: Scope and Principles
Authors: Mackintosh W. A.
Published: June 2006

Policy, the dictionary tells us, is a course of action adopted as advantageous or expedient. Government policy then is a course of action adopted by a government; presumably it will be alleged to be advantageous and at least believed to be expedient. There is no such clear or ample definition of economic policy. Obviously it is a course of action and probably one directed to economic results; that is, the maximization or steadying of national income or a desired modification of its distribution. However, there are few courses of action which are directed to purely economic results and many of the results so designated really fall within the field of social welfare. There are also many policies directed to non-economic results which produce important economic by-products. The term economic policy tends to be extended to any course of action which affects economic institutions or relations or those which are customarily thought of as such even though the object may be merely general equity. We are left therefore with a field of action which is not precisely defined.

Most of the classical economists, and more particularly their lesser followers, saw political economy as the art of managing, or setting the basis for managing, an economy so as to maximize national income either as a total or per capita. In fact, however, few of them consistently and rigorously exclude non-economic considerations from their work. Of them all Adam Smith dealt with economic policy most easily because he never classified himself precisely in the pigeon-hole of political economy and felt free to give the judgment of a moral philosopher and man of the world on everything from the treatment of the American colonies to the relative virtues of claret and port. This older view of political economy was easy to accept against its historical background. The policies supported by the writers and practitioners of mercantilism had by the eighteenth century become so grossly uneconomic that they could be effectively attacked with fairly crude weapons.
Royal Commissions and Canadian Agricultural Policy
Authors: Fowke V. C.
Published: June 2006

Students of Canadian agricultural policy encounter many anomalies. Even superficial study indicates that Canadian farmers have not influenced governmental policy in any measure proportional to their share of Canadian population. Very little effort has been made to understand and explain the historical place of the Canadian farmer's voice in the councils of the nation. The hardy perennial verdict that agriculture is Canada's basic industry adds nothing to our understanding of the question.

Within the scope of a brief paper only a few points can be touched upon. This analysis is limited to a consideration of the use of royal commissions of inquiry in the formulation of Canadian agricultural policy. It is further limited to the period after 1900. In fact the second limitation is embodied in the first, for, with negligible exceptions, only after 1900 were royal commissions used in the formulation of Canadian agricultural policy.

We are to consider, then, the period during which the central economic fact for the Dominion of Canada was the establishment of the prairie wheat economy. The most cursory examination of the relationships which existed between farmers and the governments of this period calls attention to the very considerable number of royal commissions of inquiry appointed by Dominion and provincial governments to deal with some phase or other of what we loosely call “the agricultural problem.”
The Bias of Communication
Authors: Innis H. A.
Published: June 2006

The appearance of a wide range of cultural phenomena at different periods in the history of western civilization has been described by Professor A. L. Kroeber in Configurations of Cultural Growth (Berkeley, 1946). He makes suggestive comments at various points to explain the relative strength or weakness of cultural elements but refrains from extended discussion. I do not propose to do more than add a footnote to these comments and in this to discuss the possible significance of communication to the rise and decline of cultural traits. A medium of communication has an important influence on the dissemination of knowledge over space and over time and it becomes necessary to study its characteristics in order to appraise its influence in its cultural setting. According to its characteristics it may be better suited to the dissemination of knowledge over time than over space, particularly if the medium is heavy and durable and not suited to transportation; or to the dissemination of knowledge over space than over time, particularly if the medium is light and easily transported. The relative emphasis on time or space will imply a bias of significance to the culture in which it is imbedded.

Immediately we venture on this inquiry we are compelled to recognize the bias of the period in which we work. An interest in the bias of other civilizations may in itself suggest a bias of our own. Our knowledge of other civilizations depends in large part on the character of the media used by each civilization in so far as it is capable of being preserved or of being made accessible by discovery as in the case of the results of archaeological expeditions. Writing on clay and on stone has been preserved more effectively than that on papyrus. Since durable commodities emphasize time and continuity, studies of civilization such as Toynbee's tend to have a bias toward religion and to show a neglect of problems of space, notably administration and law. The bias of modern civilization incidental to the newspaper and the radio will presume a perspective in consideration of civilizations dominated by other media. We can do little more than urge that we must be continually alert to the implications of this bias and perhaps hope that consideration of the implications of other media to various civilizations may enable us to see more clearly the bias of our own. In any case we will become a little more humble as to the characteristics of our civilization.
A Curious Case of Neglect: Marshall's Industry and Trade
Authors: Liebhafsky H. H.
Published: June 2006

In the controversy between Professor Chamberlin and Mrs. Robinson and their respective supporters concerning what Professor Chamberlin calls “monopolistic competition,” and Mrs. Robinson has named “imperfect competition,” neither side seems ever to have referred to Marshall's Industry and Trade. In the field of history of economic doctrines and analysis, only three writers seem to have given serious attention to the work. Two of these wrote before the publication of either The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, or The Economics of Imperfect Competition. The other, though he comes to the conclusion at which this paper also arrives, fails to mention a number of notions presented by Marshall in his analysis of markets under conditions less than perfectly competitive.

Industry and Trade is not mentioned in the report of the “Round Table on Monopolistic Competition” found in the American Economic Review of June, 1937. In addition—chronologically this series of articles should be put first—no writer participating in the Economic Journal's “Symposium” of 1930 mentions Industry and Trade, while Professor Sraffa mentions it only once in the famous article which is considered by some to have been the beginning of the “revolutionary” new approach. Professor Chamberlin makes no reference to Industry and Trade either in the text of, or bibliographies to, the fifth or sixth editions of The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, and Mrs. Robinson cites Industry and Trade only once, on a minor point, in The Economics of Imperfect Competition.