bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gut over Mind: Exploring the Powerful Gut–Brain Axis
Authors: Petrut Stefana-Maria , Bragaru Alexandra Maria , Munteanu Alice Elena , Moldovan Adina-Diana , Moldovan Cosmin-Alec , Rusu Elena
Published: February 2025

Background: The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a wide variety of microorganisms. For some decades now, bacteria known as probiotics have been added to various foods because of their beneficial effects for human health. Evidence indicates that probiotics significantly regulate gut microbiota, which is vital for digestion, metabolism, immune function, and mental health. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of available original research published in PubMed for the past ten years focusing on recent advancements that provide a thorough understanding of the relationship between the gastrointestinal system and the brain. Results: Recent advances in research have focused on the importance of gut microbiota in influencing mental health. The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a complex, bidirectional communication network linking the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, which highlights how the gut and brain are deeply interconnected and influence each other in ways that affect our overall health, emotions, and behavior. This powerful link is a major area of research as scientists discover more about how gut health can impact mental well-being. Conclusions: A comprehensive understanding of microbiota composition and mechanisms involved in these interactions between the gut and the brain could shape future medical and therapeutic approaches. It would balance scientific explanation with clinical relevance, offering insights into how understanding the brain–gut axis can revolutionize our approach to treating mental health and gastrointestinal disorders.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Reduced Risk of Low Muscle Mass in Adults
Authors: Zou Haiyu , Zheng Liangrong , Zeng Chunlai
Published: February 2025

Background: We aimed to evaluate the effects of both joint and individual types of fatty acids on low muscle mass in adults. Methods: We enrolled 8842 adults selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate adjusted weighted logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the connection between fatty acids and low muscle mass. We used restricted cubic splines (RCSs) to determine whether the relationship is linear or non-linear, while stratified analyses and interaction effects were also assessed. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) analysis assessed the impact of joint and individual types of fatty acids on low muscle mass. Additionally, mediation analysis determined the direct and indirect implications of polyunsaturated fatty acids on low muscle mass. Results: A total of 8842 participants were included in this study, of which 705 were identified as having low muscle mass. The logistic regression analyses identified a significant linear correlation between all three types of fatty acids and low-muscle-mass risk. Additionally, the WQS analysis demonstrated that a fatty acid mixture was inversely associated with low-muscle-mass risk, with polyunsaturated fatty acids being recognized as the principal component. Moreover, inflammation may mediate the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and low muscle mass, accounting for 3.75% of the effect size (p < 0.001) through white blood cell count. We further examined linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and each unit increase in LA and ALA intake was linked to a decrease in low-muscle-mass risk by 0.29 (95% CI: 0.64–0.79, p < 0.001) and 0.27 (95% CI: 0.66–0.81, p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: These findings indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially LA and ALA) may effectively mitigate low-muscle-mass risk.
Benefits of Dietary Supplementation with Specific Silicon-Enriched Spirulina on Arterial Function in Healthy Elderly Individuals: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Virsolvy Anne , Benmira Amir Mokhfi , Allal Salim , Demattei Christophe , Sutra Thibault , Cristol Jean-Paul , Jouy Nicolas , Richard Sylvain , Perez-Martin Antonia
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Vascular aging is associated with increased arterial stiffness and changes in the wall structure, leading to a loss of elasticity. Silicon is abundant in arteries and plays a key role in the synthesis and stabilization of elastin fibers. In animal models of accelerated cardiovascular aging, a specific nutritional supplement based on silicon-enriched spirulina (SpSi) has been shown to have beneficial effects on vascular function. The present study, designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this SpSi supplement on aging-related changes in vascular function among healthy older adults. Methods: Here, 120 healthy volunteers aged 60–75 years were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the SpSi group (n = 60) or placebo group (n = 60). Over 6 months, the participants received either 3.5 g of specific 1% silicon-enriched spirulina (SpSi group) or placebo tablets daily. The primary outcome was the assessment of arterial wall pressure waveforms, which included blood pressure (BP) readings and the determination of the aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV). Secondary outcomes included the vasomotor endothelial function through post-ischemic vasorelaxation, measured using the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), and carotid intima–media thickness. Results: When considering the entire sample, none of the studied parameters differed between the placebo and SpSi groups. However, when focusing on individuals with high–normal blood pressure (i.e., systolic BP between 130 and 150 mmHg) and aPWV levels above cutoff values (>10 m/s), the BP decreased by 8% (p < 0.001) and aPWV decreased by 13.5% (p < 0.0001) in subjects receiving SpSi. In individuals with BP and aPWV levels below the cutoff values, no effect was observed. Conclusion: In healthy elderly individuals, SpSi supplementation improved high–normal blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity, suggesting an enhanced vascular function. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03464760.
Patterns and Correlates of Bone Mineral Density Parameters Measured Using Calcaneus Quantitative Ultrasound in Chinese Adults
Authors: Peng Peng , Clarke Charlotte , Iona Andri , Wright Neil , Yao Pang , Chen Yiping , Schmidt Dan , Yang Ling , Sun Dianjianyi , Stevens Rebecca , Pei Pei , Xu Xin , Yu Canqing , Chen Junshi , Lv Jun , Li Liming , Chen Zhengming , Du Huaidong
Published: February 2025

Background: Monitoring bone mineral density (BMD) in adults is critical for early detection of osteoporosis and prevention of fracture, for which quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a good non-invasive tool. We examined the associations of QUS measures, including stiffness index (SI) and T-score, with socio-demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric correlates and risk of subsequent fracture. Methods: Calcaneal QUS was performed using GE’s Lunar Achilles EXPII among 24,651 adults (mean age 59.5 years, 61.7% women) from the China Kadoorie Biobank study. Socio-demographic and lifestyle information was collected using an interviewer-administered electronic questionnaire, and anthropometrics were measured following standard protocols. Incidence of fracture and osteoporosis was recorded via linkage with nationwide health insurance database. Linear and Cox regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: On average, men had higher SI (92.8 vs. 86.0) but lower T-score (−0.85 vs. −0.64) than women. In both men and women, advanced age and smoking were inversely associated with SI and T-score, while physical activity and tea drinking were positively so (p < 0.0001 for all). Except for height, all other anthropometric measures were significantly and positively associated with both BMD measures. With each SD lower SI, the risk of subsequent fracture was 26% (95% confidence interval: 10–44%) and 40% (25–57%) higher in men and women, and the corresponding associations of T-score were identical. Conclusions: Among Chinese adults, the SI and T-score provided by Achilles EXPII had similar patterns and predictive values for subsequent fracture, despite the T-score for men and women not being directly comparable because of gender-specific references used. Future studies are needed to confirm or refute the causality of relationship between lifestyle and anthropometric factors and BMD.
Prevalence and Risk of Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Khurmatullina Alsu R. , Andreev Dmitrii N. , Maev Igor V. , Kucheryavyy Yury A. , Beliy Petr A. , Dzhafarova Aida P. , Cherenkova Valeriya V. , Sokolov Filipp S.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia is a condition marked by a continuous decline in skeletal muscle strength and volume, often leading to significant health complications. According to several articles, sarcopenia is highly prevalent in chronic pancreatitis (CP) due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence and risk of sarcopenia among CP patients. Methods: The search process adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO under the identification number CRD42025637059. The search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI). It covered studies published between 1 January 1985 and 20 December 2024. Only studies published in English or Russian with detailed comprehensive statistics and adult CP were included. Studies with specific patient populations affecting data objectivity were excluded. Sensitivity analyses were conducted (first, only studies with more than 50 CP patients were considered. Second, the analysis was restricted to full articles, excluding abstracts from conferences). Results: In total, 16 studies with 1556 participants (1398 CP patients and 158 controls) met the criteria. The pooled prevalence of sarcopenia was 39.117% (95% CI: 28.891–49.852) in CP patients and 7.745% (95% CI: 2.154–42.622) in the control group. An association was found between sarcopenia and CP using the fixed-effects model when compared to the control group (RR = 2.194, 95% CI: 1.502–3.203). Conclusions: Sarcopenia is underdiagnosed in CP patients despite its significant clinical impact. Management strategies, including pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, nutritional support, and resistance training show potential in the treatment of this state. Further research is needed to establish standardized diagnostic criteria and unified treatment approaches. Early detection and comprehensive care are essential to improving outcomes in CP patients with sarcopenia.
Tailored Exercise Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome: Cardiometabolic Improvements Beyond Weight Loss and Diet—A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Braggio Michele , Dorelli Gianluigi , Olivato Nicola , Lamberti Vito , Valenti Maria Teresa , Dalle Carbonare Luca , Cominacini Mattia
Published: February 2025

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of both acute events and chronic conditions. While exercise has been shown to improve individual risk factors associated with MS; research on its effects on MS as an integrated condition remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-month Adapted Personalized Motor Activity (AMPA) program for improving the health outcomes of individuals with MS. Methods: Seventy-one sedentary participants with MS (mean age: 63 ± 9.4 years, 46.5% female) completed a 6-month intervention, incorporating moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training. Each participant received a personalized exercise plan prescribed by a sports medicine physician. The training was monitored via telemetry to ensure safety. No dietary recommendations were provided during the intervention. Baseline and post-intervention assessments included Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET), anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, heart rate, lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides), fasting glucose, and HbA1c. Results: Significant improvements were observed in fasting glucose (−10.6%, p < 0.001), HbA1c (−3.88%, p < 0.001), HDL cholesterol (+20.8%, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (−25.1%, p < 0.001), and VO2max (+8.6%, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure also decreased significantly, with reductions of −12% (p < 0.001) and −5.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. Reductions in weight and waist circumference were statistically significant but modest and clinically irrelevant, showing no correlation with improvements in cardio-metabolic parameters. Logistic regression and correlation matrix analyses were performed to identify key predictors of changes in individual risk factors. Conclusions: While personalized exercise alone may not fully control individual risk factors of metabolic syndrome, its overall effect is comparable to low-intensity pharmacological polytherapy with minimal adverse effects. These benefits appear to be independent of dietary habits, gender, and both baseline and post-intervention physical performance and anthropometric measures.
Between Clicks and Care: Investigating Social Media Addiction and Work Engagement Among Nurses in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Boukari Zahour Ismael , Elseesy Naglaa Abdelaziz Mahmoud , Felemban Ohood , Alharazi Ruba
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social media networking addiction (SMNA) and work engagement (WE) among nurses at a government hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, as well as to assess the overall levels of SMNA and WE within this population. Methods: A quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional design was employed with an online survey instrument, involving 283 nurses from the government hospital. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26. Results: Nurses exhibited low levels of SMNA and average levels of WE. A negative relationship was identified between SMNA and WE. Conclusions: The findings indicate that SMNA influences various dimensions of WE differently. A significant negative relationship was observed between SMNA and the dimensions of vigor, absorption, and overall WE. However, SMNA did not significantly impact the dedication dimension, which emerged as the highest-scoring aspect among nursing professionals. Therefore, this study recommends raising awareness among nurses regarding the detrimental impact that excessive social media usage can have on their professional responsibilities and mental health, the implementation of clear social media usage guidelines, regular assessment of the trends in social media usage among nurses and the introduction of educational programs to raise awareness and promote responsible usage.
Computationally Guided Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Non-Hydroxamic Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Based on N-Trifluoroacetamide as a Zinc-Binding Group, Against Breast Cancer
Authors: Morales-Herrejón Gerardo , García-Vázquez Juan Benjamín , Fernández-Pomares Cynthia , Bakalara Norbert , Correa-Basurto José , Mendoza-Figueroa Humberto L.
Published: February 2025

Background: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that deacetylate histone proteins, impacting the transcriptional repression and activation of cancer-associated genes such as P53 and Ras. The overexpression of HDACs in breast cancer (BC) underscores their significance as therapeutic targets for modulating gene expression through epigenetic regulation. Methods: In this study, a novel series of SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) analogs were designed using an in silico ligand-based strategy. These analogs were then synthesized and evaluated for their HDAC-inhibitory capacity as well as their antiproliferative capacity on breast cancer cells. These compounds retained an aliphatic LINKER, mimicking the natural substrate acetyl-lysine, while differing from the hydroxamic fragment present in SAHA. Results: The synthesized compounds exhibited HDAC inhibitory activity, suggesting potential for binding to these pharmacological targets. Compounds 5b, 6a, and 6b were identified as promising candidates in the evaluation on breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 at 72 h. Specifically, compound 6b, which contains an N-trifluoroacetyl group as a zinc-binding group (ZBG), demonstrated an IC50 of 76.7 µM in the MDA-MB-231 cell line and 45.7 µM in the MCF-7 cell line. In the non-tumorigenic cell line, the compound exhibited an IC50 of 154.6 µM. Conversely, SAHA exhibited an almost negligible safety margin with regard to its cytotoxic activity when compared to breast cancer cells and healthy cells (MCF-10A). This observation underscores the elevated toxicity exhibited by hydroxamic acid-derived molecules. Conclusions: The bioisosteric modification of ZBG by N-trifluoroacetyl in 6a and 6b demonstrated favorable cytotoxic activity, exhibiting a higher safety margin. This study underscores the challenge of identifying novel ZBGs to replace hydroxamic acid in the development of HDAC inhibitors, with the objective of enhancing their physicochemical and toxicological profile for utilization in BC treatment.
Research on Fourier Transform Spectral Phase Correction Algorithm Based on CTKB-NCM
Authors: Wang Xiong , Yan Chunhui , Huo Zimin , Dai Pengzhang , Yao Dong
Published: February 2025

In Fourier Transform Spectrometers, phase errors in spectral measurement induce distortion in reconstructed spectra. Existing phase correction algorithms demonstrate insufficient precision in addressing both linear phase and instrumental phase components, resulting in limited applications for the restored spectra in the field of precision measurement. This paper proposes an algorithm called the Cross-Teager–Kaiser ψB Energy Operator–Nonlinear Calibration Model (CTKB-NCM) for phase error correction. The algorithm first uses the cross-Teager–Kaiser ψB energy operator (CTKB) method to correct linear phase errors, then applies the Nonlinear Calibration Model (NCM) to solve for the instrument phase correction parameters at each wavenumber, and finally uses the instrument phase correction parameters to correct the residual phase after the linear phase error has been corrected. The Rao algorithm is used to determine the optimal instrument phase correction parameters. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the CTKB-NCM method achieves an order-of-magnitude improvement in normalized reconstructed spectral accuracy for SO2 gas compared to the conventional Mertz method.
Design and Investigation of Linearly Polarized Modal Next-Generation Passive Optical Network–Free Space Optics System Considering Fiber-Wireless Link Losses
Authors: Kumari Meet , Mishra Satyendra K.
Published: February 2025

Next-generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs) are considered an essential solution for optical architectures, owing to the benefits of energy savings, service transparency, supporting several subscribers, and cost-effectiveness. In this work, a linearly polarized (LP [0,1]) modal bidirectional NG-PON using a graded-index multimode fiber (GIMMF) and free space optics (FSO) is realized. Four downlink/four uplink wavelengths are utilized under the impact of GIMMF nonlinearity, lens losses, and noise with a 100 m FSO link under clear air and weak turbulence. The results depict that a reliable 5.5 km range is obtained at an aggregate symmetric data rate of 40 Gbps. Also, the minimum focal length and lens reflectance of 0.085 m and 12–14.5% in the downlink as well as 0.08 m and 17–19% in the uplink are required, respectively, for a 10−9 bit error rate over a 5 km range. It is also realized that the generated LP modes offer an optimum power fraction of 0.52 to ~1 × 10−11 in the downlink and 0.53 to 1 × 10−10 in the uplink and phase values of 0.23 to 4.79 rad in the downlink and 0.96 to 5.81 rad in the uplink direction. Compared to other systems, the proposed design shows optimum performance and offers a −25.47 dB gain, a 28.84 dB noise figure, a −18.46 dBm output signal, and a 30.51 dB optical signal-to-noise ratio.
The Effect of Different pH and Temperature Values on Ca2+, F−, PO43−, OH−, Si, and Sr2+ Release from Different Bioactive Restorative Dental Materials: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Aliberti Angelo , Di Duca Fabiana , Triassi Maria , Montuori Paolo , Scippa Stefano , Piscopo Mirko , Ausiello Pietro
Published: February 2025

Bioactive restorative materials are crucial for promoting remineralization and protecting dental tissues through ion release. This study examines how pH and temperature influence the short- and long-term ion (F−, Ca2+, Sr2+, OH−, Si, and PO43−) release from seven commercial materials: Cention Forte Filling Material, Cention Primer, Stela Self Cure, Riva Light Cure HV, Riva Self Cure, Equia Forte HT Fil, and Fuji IX GP Fast. Disks were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions; immersed in buffer solutions at pH 4.8, 6.8, and 8.8; and stored at 37 °C and 44 °C. Ion release was measured after 1, 7, and 28 days using ion chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results revealed that ion release was significantly affected by pH, temperature, and exposure time. The highest fluoride (40.14 ± 0.32 mg/L) and calcium (74.23 ± 0.37 mg/L) releases were observed in Riva Light Cure at pH 4.8 and 44 °C after 28 days, with the highest strontium release (5.87 ± 0.06 mg/L) occurring under the same conditions. In contrast, silicon release peaked in Cention Forte Filling (31.72 ± 0.68 mg/L) at pH 4.8 and 37 °C. These findings highlight the impact of environmental factors on material performance, assisting clinicians in selecting optimal restorative materials for long-term dental health.
Using Polymeric Carbon Nitride/ZrO2 Nanocomposite for Low Salinity Water Flooding in Carbonate Porous Media at Real Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Ahmadi Yaser , Tanzifi Marjan
Published: February 2025

Nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been used in recent studies to improve oil reservoir recovery. With the introduction of a newly constructed smart water injection scenario, this work investigated the physicochemical characteristics of the polymeric carbon nitride/ZrO2 nanocomposite (ZrO2/g-C3N4), and the results were compared with pure ZrO2 nanoparticles as a known enhanced oil recovery agent. The effects of ZrO2/g-C3N4 and ZrO2 on the wettability change, zeta potential, and interfacial tension under reservoir conditions (78 °C and 3800 psi) were determined after characterization experiments, which included X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray testing (EDX), and a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Based on the highest zeta potential and the greatest reduction in the contact angle and interfacial tension, the optimum concentrations for ZrO2/g-C3N4 and ZrO2 were determined to be 30 and 40 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the ZrO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite demonstrated better results in enhancing the oil recovery parameters, and it was selected for low salinity flooding scenarios with three different salinities, including MgCl2 + seawater (SW), CaCl2 + SW, and MgSO4 + SW, at 30 ppm of the nanocomposite. The best readings for the ZrO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite in its interfacial tension, contact angle, and zeta potential show that 1000 ppm has the best interfacial tension reduction among the tested concentrations of 500–50,000 ppm. At 30 ppm, MgCl2 + SW had the maximum recovery (i.e., 49.36%), and this resulted from better interfacial tension reduction, contact angle reduction, and stability compared to other salinities.
Enhanced Lightweight Structures Through Brachistochrone-Inspired Lattice Design
Authors: Majari Parisa , Olvera-Trejo Daniel , Estrada-Díaz Jorge A. , Elías-Zúñiga Alex , Martinez-Romero Oscar , Ramírez-Herrera Claudia A. , Perales-Martínez Imperio Anel
Published: February 2025

Lattice structures offer unique mechanical properties and versatility in engineering applications, yet existing designs often struggle to balance performance and material efficiency. This study introduces the brachistochrone curve as a novel framework for optimizing lattice geometries, enhancing mechanical behavior while minimizing material usage. Using finite element simulations and compressive testing of 3D-printed samples, we analyzed the mechanical response of brachistochrone-based (B-) and standard lattice structures (diamond, IWP, gyroid, and BCC). We investigated the scaling behavior of the volume-to-surface area ratio, incorporated fractal dimension analysis, and compared experimental and numerical results to evaluate the performance of B-lattices versus standard designs (S-). Our findings indicate that brachistochrone-inspired lattices enhance mechanical efficiency, enabling the design of lightweight, high-strength components with sustainable material use. Experimental results suggest that B-gyroid lattices exhibit lower stiffness than S-gyroid lattices under small displacements, highlighting their potential for energy absorption applications.
Incorporating Non-Linear Epoxy Resin Development in Infusion Simulations: A Dual-Exponent Viscosity Model Approach
Authors: Tahir Mohammad W. , Khan Umar , Schümann Jan-Peter
Published: February 2025

In the field of liquid composite moulding (LCM) simulations, a long-standing assumption has dominated–the belief in constant resin viscosity. While effective in many cases, this assumption may not hold for the infusion process, which lasts for an extended period. This impacts the mechanical properties of the cured epoxy, which are crucial for load transfer in polymer structures. The majority of epoxy resins operate on a bipartite foundation, wherein their viscosity undergoes dynamic alterations during the process of cross-linking. Temperature and cross-linking intricately interact, with elevated temperatures initially reducing viscosity due to kinetic energy but later increasing it as cross-linking accelerates. This interplay significantly influences the efficiency of the infusion process, especially in large and intricate moulds. This article explores the significant temperature dependence of epoxy resin viscosity, proposing an accurate model rooted in its non-linear evolution. This model aligns with empirical evidence, offering insights into determining the optimal starting temperature for efficient mould filling. This study presents an advanced infusion model that extends existing non-linear dual-split viscosity approaches by incorporating the experimental validation of viscosity variations. Unlike previous models that primarily focus on theoretical or numerical frameworks, this work integrates experimental insights to optimize infusion temperature for efficient resin infusion in large and complex parts. Building on these findings, a novel mould-filling technique is proposed to enhance efficiency and reduce material waste.
Regulatory Frameworks and State-of-the-Art Decontamination Technologies for Recycled Polystyrene for Food Contact Applications
Authors: Sepúlveda-Carter Javiera , Moreno de Castro José L. , Marín Laura , Baños Paula , Rodríguez Marcos Sánchez , Arrieta Marina P.
Published: February 2025

Recycling post-consumer plastics for food contact applications is crucial for the circular economy; however, it presents challenges due to potential contamination and regulatory requirements. This review outlines the current European and U.S. legislation governing recycled plastics in food contact materials (FCM). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) mandates the evaluation and authorization of recycling processes. This includes examining input/output flows, prioritizing the use of previously authorized FCM, and assessing decontamination efficiency through material-specific challenge tests. Additionally, it evaluates new installations intended to apply approved decontamination technologies. In contrast, the voluntary submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides guidelines with general advice on methodologies and recommended parameters and challenge tests. Applications to the EFSA for non-PET materials, such as HDPE, PP, and PS, are reviewed, highlighting the challenges of each material. Recycled PS, with its lower diffusivity compared to polyolefins shows promise for food packaging, with potential as a next material approved for use in the European Union. Decontamination technologies for post-consumer PS are explored, including super-cleaning processes, solvent extraction, and industrial methods. The review emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to address the uncertainties around potential contaminants and ensure the safety of recycled plastics for food contact applications.
In Silico Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine Design Against Influenza B Virus: An Immunoinformatics Approach
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhao Chenyan , Cheng Ziqi , Huang Weijin , Yu Yongxin
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Influenza viruses are highly transmissible and mutable, posing a significant burden on public health. This study aimed to design a recombinant multi-epitope vaccine with broad protective potential. Methods: Immunoinformatic approaches were employed to predict epitopes from over 30,000 protein sequences retrieved from protein databases. Epitopes were filtered using four key indicators: antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and conservancy. Population coverage analysis was conducted to estimate the proportion of the global population that could potentially benefit from the vaccine. Secondary and tertiary structures of the recombinant vaccine were predicted using the PSIPRED server and AlphaFold2. The vaccine efficacy was validated through an immune simulation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. Results: A recombinant multi-epitope vaccine demonstrating strong antigenicity, no allergenicity or toxicity, and high conservation across different subtypes was successfully constructed. Population coverage analysis indicated that the vaccine could elicit an immune response in 90.14% of the global population. Both the secondary and tertiary structures of the vaccine were accurately predicted. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the structural stability and interactions of the vaccine components with TRL4. Molecular docking confirmed the robust binding affinity of T-cell epitopes to MHC molecules. Simulated immunity studies showed that the vaccine induced the proliferation of memory B cells and T cells, enabling rapid antibody production during viral challenges. Conclusions: This study provides a promising basis for the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine, leveraging cutting-edge immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics simulations to address the global challenge posed by influenza virus variability.
New Method for Calculating Rock Compressibility, Dynamic Reserves, and Aquifer Size for Fractured–Vuggy Reservoirs with Bottom Aquifer
Authors: Fang Bo , Jiao Yuwei , Zhang Qi , Tian Yajie , Li Baozhu , Yu Wei
Published: February 2025

Due to the complex reservoir types and strong heterogeneity of fractured–vuggy reservoirs with aquifers, evaluating such reservoirs’ dynamic reserves and aquifer size is challenging. This paper established a segmented elastic-drive material balance equation based on the material balance principle by combining the functional relationships among the crude oil volume factor, crude oil compressibility, and formation pressure. The PELT algorithm was used to segment the water invasion stages, and nonlinear least squares fitting was employed to determine the rock compressibility, dynamic reserves, and aquifer size of fractured–vuggy reservoirs. This study shows that production in fractured–vuggy reservoirs with aquifers can be divided into three stages: no water invasion, initial water invasion, and full water invasion. Rock compressibility and dynamic reserves can be calculated using production data from the no water invasion stage, while the aquifer size can be determined from data in the water invasion stage. Influenced by connectivity and production regulations, aquifers may not be fully affected by pressure waves, causing the aquifer size to increase gradually until stabilization. Compared with numerical simulation data, the method presented in this paper achieves errors of 0.34%, 0.67%, and 1.19% for rock compressibility, dynamic reserves, and aquifer size, respectively.
Real-Time Monitoring and Dynamic Interaction Methods Based on Digital Twin Workshop Theory
Authors: Yu Junjie , Chen Chen , Zhang Chaoyang , Ji Weixi
Published: February 2025

To address current challenges, such as the low visualization of workshops and difficulty in the remote control of equipment, which are supported by the theoretical system of the digital twin, a method of real-time monitoring and dynamic bidirectional interaction in workshops based on the digital twin is proposed. This method aims to realize high-fidelity mapping from the virtual workshop to the physical workshop, laying the groundwork for predicting the status of various production elements in the physical workshop. First, based on research on the theoretical knowledge of the digital twin workshop, a seven-dimensional model and maturity framework for the digital twin workshop are proposed. Building on this, the theoretical knowledge is integrated with practical applications to construct a comprehensive digital twin workshop system (DTWS) architecture. The key technologies involved in the real-time monitoring of virtual and physical workshops are described in detail, including the construction of digital twin workshop models, intelligent perception of multi-source heterogeneous data, virtual–physical interaction, and synchronous operation methods for virtual–physical workshops. Finally, a prototype system for the digital twin workshop is designed and developed to realize the real-time monitoring and remote control of the physical workshop. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated through enterprise applications.
Mechanical Analysis of Lined Pipe System Under Temperature–Pressure Coupling in Elastic Laying
Authors: Liu Junyan , Zhang Wei , Gu Tianping , Liu Ju , Peng Jianxin , Dou Yihua
Published: February 2025

Lined pipes are widely used in oil and gas transportation systems due to their excellent corrosion resistance and cost-effectiveness. However, current design codes often oversimplify their mechanical behavior by treating them as single-layer systems, neglecting the complex interactions between the liner and outer pipes under temperature–pressure coupling. To address this gap, this study develops a finite element model for a Φ323.8 × (10 + 3) mm X60-825 lined pipe under elastic laying conditions. The model evaluates stress distribution, bonding strength, and liner deformation under varying operational conditions, including temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 80 °C and internal pressures from 0 MPa to 14 MPa. Key findings reveal that the liner pipe approaches its yield strength (241 MPa) under high-pressure conditions, with a maximum Tresca stress of 238.81 MPa, while the outer pipe reaches 286.51 MPa. Internal pressure significantly enhances bonding strength, increasing it from an initial 0.85 MPa to 11.86 MPa at 14 MPa, thereby reducing the risk of delamination. Simplified single-layer models, which ignore the liner’s pressure-bearing effect, underestimate stress interactions, resulting in a 16.63% error in outer pipe stress under extreme conditions. These results underscore the limitations of simplified models and highlight the importance of considering multi-field coupling effects in pipeline design. This study provides critical insights for optimizing laying radii and ensuring the long-term integrity of lined pipe systems. Future work should focus on experimental validation and microstructural analysis to further refine the design guidelines.
Effects of Liquid Nitrogen on Mechanical Deterioration and Fracturing Efficiency in Hot Dry Rock
Authors: Wang Hu , Hu Yong , Luo Na , Zhou Chunbo , Cai Chengzheng
Published: February 2025

Geothermal energy can be obtained from hot dry rock (HDR). The target temperatures for heat extraction from HDR range from 100 to 400 °C. Artificial fracturing is employed to stimulate HDR and create a network of fractures for geothermal resource extraction. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is environmentally friendly and shows better performance in reservoir stimulation than does conventional fracturing. In this study, triaxial compression experiments and acoustic emission location techniques were used to evaluate the impacts of temperatures and confining pressures on the mechanical property deterioration caused by LN2 cooling. The numerical simulation of LN2 fracturing was performed, and the results were compared with those for water and nitrogen fracturing. The results demonstrate that the confining pressure mitigated the deterioration effect of LN2 on the crack initiation stress, crack damage stress, and peak stress. From 20 to 60 MPa, LN2-induced reductions in these three stress parameters ranged between 7.73–18.51%, 3.46–12.15%, and 2.51–8.50%, respectively. Cryogenic LN2 increased the number and complexity of cracks generated during rock failure, further enhancing the fracture performance. Compared with those for water and nitrogen fracturing, the initiation pressures of LN2 fracturing decreased by 61.54% and 68.75%, and the instability pressures of LN2 fracturing decreased by 20.00% and 29.41%, respectively. These results contribute to the theoretical foundation for LN2 fracturing in HDR.
Ozonation of Bitumen: Characteristics, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Hashami Muhammad , Ongarbayev Yerdos , Abdikhan Dinmukhamed , Akkazin Erzhan , Nessipbayeva Nuripa
Published: February 2025

Bitumen is a significant component used in road construction. Traditionally, it is subjected to air-blowing processes at high temperatures (220–260 °C) to enhance its viscosity, rigidity, and oxidation characteristics. However, such approaches are often energy-consuming and result in extensive environmental issues, so more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques are needed. This review evaluates the emerging novel pathways for treating bitumen, with a particular focus on the role of ozone in the air-blowing process. By examining present studies, this review emphasizes the incorporation of ozone as an oxidizing agent to address the current challenges of long process times and high temperatures in the activation process and comprehensively demonstrates the enhancement of bitumen’s mechanical properties through ozone treatment. It also highlights the minimization of toxic emissions this achieves, especially highlighting the crucial role of ozone in improving the characteristics of bitumen in relation to the global trend toward making civil construction projects more environmentally friendly. The main aim of this review is to contribute to the development of new ideas in the field of bitumen modification and to encourage further advances in road construction from the standpoint of improving efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts.
Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of the Glycosyltransferase 43 (GT43) Gene Family in Sorghum bicolor for Biofuel Development: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Rehana Rehana , Anwar Muhammad , Arshad Sarmad Frogh , Usman Muhammad , Khan Imran Ahmad
Published: February 2025

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an essential bioenergy crop. Cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, which can be transformed into biofuels, comprise most of its biomass. Many glycosyltransferases (GT) families, including GT43, are involved in the biosynthesis of xylan in plants’ primary and secondary cells. In this study, the GT43 gene family was identified, and its secondary structure and a three-dimensional (3D) model were constructed. Additionally, subcellular localization, detection of motifs, and analyses of its phylogenetic tree, physiochemical properties, protein–protein interaction network, gene structure, functional domain, gene duplication, Cis-acting elements, sequence logos, multiple sequence alignment, and gene expression profiles were performed based on RNA-sequence analyses. As a result, eleven members of the GT43 gene family were identified, and the phylogenetic tree of the GT43 gene family showed that all GT43 genes had evolutionary relationships with sorghum. Analyses of gene structure, motifs, sequence logos, and multiple sequence alignment showed that all members of the GT43 protein family were highly conserved. Subcellular localization showed all members of the GT43 protein family were localized in different compartments of sorghum. The secondary structure of the GT43 genes comprised different percentages of α-helices, random coils, β-turns, and extended strands. The tertiary structure model showed that all GT43 proteins had similar 3D structures. The results of the current study indicated that members of the GT43 gene family (Sobic.010G238800, Sobic.003G254700, and Sobic.001G409100) were highly expressed in internodes of the sorghum plant, based on RNA-Sequencing. The framework used in this study will be valuable for advancing research aligned with modern technology requirements and for enhancing understanding of the relationships among GT43 genes in Sorghum bicolor.
Effects of Thermal Evolution Degree and Industrial Components on Pore Fracture Distribution Heterogeneity in Deep Coal Reservoirs
Authors: He Yufei , Wan Jinbin , Yang Renjie , Han Shuangbiao , Yang Xiaoming , Zeng Jingbo , Gao Hongtao
Published: February 2025

Many studies have shown that the thermal evolution degree is the main factor affecting the micropore structure of coal reservoirs. However, within the same thick coal seam, the Ro,max of the entire coal seam is not much different, which affects the determination of the main controlling factors of pore structure heterogeneity. Therefore, No. 8 coal collected from Benxi Formation in the eastern margin of Ordos was taken as an example, and 16 samples were selected for low-temperature liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide adsorption, and industrial component tests. Based on heterogeneity differences of Ro,max, industrial components and pore volume distribution of adsorption pores (pore diameter is less than 100 nm), the main controlling factors affecting the micropore structure of ultra-thick coal seams, were discussed. Then, the surface free energy theory was used to study the influencing factors affecting surface free energy variations during coal adsorption. First of all, Ro,max is not the main controlling factor affecting the micropore-fracture structure, as the effects of industrial components on the micropore structure are obvious, which indicates that industrial components are the main factors affecting vertical differences in the micropore structure within the same thick coal seam. Second of all, Ro,max and industrial components affect the adsorption process. When the adsorption pressure is lower, the adsorption volume and adsorption potential increase rapidly. When the adsorption pressure is higher (pressure is larger than 15 Mpa), the adsorption capacity and potential tend to be stable. Moreover, the maximum surface free energy increases with the increase in coal rank, which indicates that the degree of thermal evolution is the core factor affecting the adsorption free energy, but it is also controlled by the influence of industrial components (ash content). Lastly, micropores affect the adsorption capacity, and mesopores have little effect on the adsorption capacity, since micropores restrict the adsorption capacity and change the adsorption process by affecting surface free energy variations. The refined characterization of pore-fracture structures in deep coal reservoirs plays a crucial role in the occurrence and seepage of coalbed gas. This research can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of deep coalbed gas in the target area. This study aims to identify the primary factors controlling micropore structures in No. 8 coal from the Benxi Formation and to analyze the role of industrial components, which has been overlooked in previous research.
Dynamic Impact of the Southern Annular Mode on the Antarctic Ozone Hole Area
Authors: Lee Jae N. , Wu Dong L.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impact of dynamic variability of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) polar middle atmosphere on the ozone hole area. We analyze the influence of the southern annular mode (SAM) and planetary waves (PWs) on ozone depletion from 19 years (2005–2023) of aura microwave limb sounder (MLS) geopotential height (GPH) measurements. We employ empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to decompose the GPH variability into distinct spatial patterns. EOF analysis reveals a strong relationship between the first EOF (representing the SAM) and the Antarctic ozone hole area (γ = 0.91). A significant negative lag correlation between the August principal component of the second EOF (PC2) and the September SAM index (γ = −0.76) suggests that lower stratospheric wave activity in August can precondition the polar vortex strength in September. The minor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event in 2019 is an example of how strong wave activity can disrupt the polar vortex, leading to significant temperature anomalies and reduced ozone depletion. The coupling of PWs is evident in the lag correlation analysis between different altitudes. A “bottom-up” propagation of PWs from the lower stratosphere to the mesosphere and a potential “top-down” influence from the mesosphere to the lower stratosphere are observed with time lags of 21–30 days. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of PW propagation and their potential impact on the SAM and ozone layer. Further analysis of these correlations could improve one-month lead predictions of the SAM and the ozone hole area.