bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Task-Evoked Pupil Response in Divided Auditory Attention Tasks
Authors: Baldock Jennifer , Kapadia Sarosh , van Steenbrugge Willem
Published: February 2018

Background:Successful processing of complex auditory information relies on the interplay between low-level sensory processing and higher-level cognitive processing. However, the extent to which specific auditory processing tasks rely on cognitive processing as opposed to lower-level
sensory processing is unclear. The task-evoked pupil response (TEPR) can quantify the cognitive load that complex listening tasks elicit. Previous research by Koelewijn et al (2014) indicated that dividing attention across two sentences presented dichotically resulted in larger pupil dilation
(indicative of greater cognitive load) compared with selectively attending to one. However, it was unclear whether the larger pupil dilation measured during the divided attention task were the result of dividing attention or were due to the increased memory demand inherent to that task.Purpose:The
first aim of the current study was to address the above issue of memory demand by comparing pupil dilation between divided and selective auditory attention tasks, while keeping memory and response load constant. The second aim was to further clarify the influence of memory demands on TEPRs
in these auditory tasks by comparing the pupil dilation recorded to measures of participants’ digit memory capacity.Research Design:A repeated measures design was used. Each participant undertook two selective and three divided auditory attention tasks, generated by varying the
specific instructions before each condition of the dichotic digits test (DDT). In addition, participants completed forward and reverse digit span (DS) tasks.Study Sample:Thirty-one otologically healthy adults (aged 18‐40 years) participated in this study.Data Collection and
Analysis:A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare mean and peak pupil dilation between the selective and divided attention tasks. Spearman correlation analyses were used to examine potential relationships between DS scores and mean and peak pupil dilation elicited by
the DDT conditions.Results:Participants demonstrated larger mean and peak pupil dilation (indicative of greater cognitive load) when they were required to divide their attention across both ears than when they were required to selectively attend to input in one ear. DS scores were not
significantly correlated with mean or peak pupil dilation measures.Conclusions:Auditory divided attention tasks involve significantly greater cognitive load than auditory selective attention tasks, even when memory demands are equal. In addition, mean and peak pupil dilation generated
during the DDT are not significantly associated with digit memory capacity. The findings indicate that poor performance on tasks involving divided attention may be due to a cognitive deficit as opposed to an auditory processing deficit. Clinicians should consider this when using divided attention
tasks in auditory processing assessments.
Video Head Impulse Testing in a Pediatric Population: Normative Findings
Authors: Bachmann Katheryn , Sipos Kaitlin , Lavender Violette , Hunter Lisa L.
Published: February 2018

Background:The video head impulse test (vHIT) is a new tool being used in vestibular clinics to assess the function of all six semicircular canals (SCCs) by measuring the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in response to rapid head turns. Whereas vHIT has been validated
in adults for all SCCs, there are few studies describing the normal response in children, particularly for stimulation of the vertical canals.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to characterize the normal vHIT response for all six SCCs in children aged 4‐12 years.Research
Design:A cross-sectional prospective descriptive study.Study Sample:Forty-one participants were categorized into one of four groups based on their age (4‐6 years, 7‐9 years, 10‐12 years, and adults) with at least ten participants in each age group.Data Collection
and Analysis:The ICS Impulse system (GN Otometrics, Schaumburg, IL) was used to perform vHIT on each participant. Lateral, anterior, and posterior SCCs were stimulated by thrusting the head in the plane of the canal being evaluated and resulting VOR gain measures were calculated as eye
velocity divided by head velocity. VOR gain of the pediatric age groups was compared with adults for all SCCs.Results:There were no significant differences in mean VOR gain between the three pediatric age groups for any SCC measured; thus, the pediatric data were combined into one group
of 30 children for comparison with the adult group. Results showed that the pediatric group had significantly higher mean VOR gain than the adult group during left lateral SCC testing. A significantly lower mean VOR gain, however, was observed for the children compared with the adult participants
for left anterior and right posterior (LARP) impulses. There was a large amount of variability in the data during right anterior and left posterior (RALP) impulse testing for both the pediatric and the adult groups, which was at least partially attributed to large pupil diameter in the younger
participants. Test time decreased with an increase in age for all impulse conditions (lateral, RALP, and LARP). Several modifications were necessary to obtain adequate data on the pediatric participants.Conclusions:vHIT can be used to successfully measure the function of the lateral
SCC in children as young as 4 years of age. Our results provide normative gain values that can be used when testing children with lateral vHIT. Care must be taken to obtain the most accurate measures and reduce variability when testing children, particularly with LARP and RALP. Our data would
suggest that lower gain cutoffs should be used for LARP and RALP testing in children than the cutoffs used for lateral vHIT. Further research is warranted to study LARP and RALP response reliability and validity in children because of the highly variable VOR gains found in this population.
Pediatric modifications for successfully administering vHIT and obtaining reliable results are discussed.
Universality of Electron Distributions in Extensive Air Showers
Authors: Śmiałkowski Andrzej , Giller Maria
Published: February 2018

Based on extensive air shower simulations, it is shown that electron distributions with respect to two angles determining the electron direction at a given shower age, for a fixed electron energy and lateral distance, are universal. This means that the distributions do not depend on the primary particle energy or mass (thus, neither on the interaction model), shower zenith angle, or shower to shower fluctuations, if they are taken at the same shower age. Together with previous work showing the universality of the distributions of the electron energy, lateral distance (integrated over angles), and angle (integrated over lateral distance) for fixed electron energy, this paper completes a full universal description of the electron states at various shower ages. Analytical parametrizations of the full electron states are given. It is also shown that some distributions can be described by a number of variables smaller than five, with the new ones being products of old ones raised to some power. The accuracy of the present parametrization is sufficiently good to apply to showers with a primary energy uncertainty of 14% (as is the case at the Pierre Auger Observatory). The shower fluctuations in the chosen bins of the multidimensional variable space are about 6%, determining the minimum uncertainty needed for the parametrization of the universal distributions. An analytical way of estimating the effect of the geomagnetic field is given. Thanks to the universality of the electron distribution in any shower, a new method of shower reconstruction can be worked out from the data from observatories using the fluorescence technique. The light fluxes (both fluorescence and Cherenkov) for any shower age can be exactly predicted for a shower with any primary energy and shower maximum depth, so that the two quantities can be obtained by best fitting the predictions to the measurements.
The Year-long Flux Variations in Boyajian's Star Are Asymmetric or Aperiodic
Authors: Hippke Michael , Angerhausen Daniel
Published: February 2018

We combine and calibrate publicly available data for Boyajian’s star, including photometry from ASAS (SN, V, I), Kepler, Gaia, SuperWASP, and citizen scientist observations (AAVSO, HAO, and Burke-Gaffney). Precise (mmag) photometry covers the years 2006–2017. We show that the year-long flux variations with an amplitude of ≈4% cannot be explained with cyclical symmetric or asymmetric models with periods shorter than 10 years. If the dips are transits, their periods must exceed 10 years, or their structure must evolve significantly during each four-year-long cycle.
Strong CO+ and
Emission in Comet C/2016 R2 (Pan-STARRS)*
Authors: Cochran Anita L. , McKay Adam J.
Published: February 2018

We report on imaging and spectroscopic observations of comet C/2016 R2 (Pan-STARRS) obtained with the 0.8 m and 2.7 m telescopes of McDonald Observatory in 2017 November and December, respectively. The comet was at a heliocentric distance greater than 3 au during both sets of observations. The images showed a well-developed tail with properties that suggested it was an ion tail. The spectra confirmed that we were observing well-developed bands of CO+ and

. The

detection was unequivocally cometary and was one of the strongest bands of

detected in a comet spectrum. We derived the ratio of these two ions and from that we were able to derive that N2/CO = 0.15. This is the highest such ratio reported for a comet.
Patterns of Efavirenz use as First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in the United States: 1999–2015
Authors: Bengtson Angela M , Pence Brian W , Eaton Ellen F , Edwards Jessie K , Eron Joseph J , Mathews William C , Mollan Katie , Moore Richard D , O'Cleirigh Connall , Geng Elvin , Mugavero Michael J
Published: February 2018

Background

Efavirenz has been a mainstay of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for over 15 years in the US. Its association with neuropsychiatric side effects may influence clinical prescribing and management.

Methods

We included HIV-infected adults enrolled in care at seven sites across the US, who initiated combination ART between 1999 and 2015. We examined the proportion initiating and continuing on efavirenz, overall and by mental health status. Log binomial and Cox models were used to estimate associations between mental health, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and initiating or switching from efavirenz as first-line ART.

Results

Of the 8,230 participants included, 3,710 (45%) initiated efavirenz. In multivariable analyses, prior mono-or dual-ART, ART initiation after 2006, being female, intravenous drug use, antidepressant prescription, previous mental health diagnosis and baseline CD4+ T-cell count >350 cells/mm3 were inversely associated with initiating efavirenz. Participants initiating efavirenz had a faster time to a regimen switch, compared with those initiating an efavirenz-free regimen ( P-value <0.01). Among efavirenz initiators, starting efavirenz in more recent time periods and a previous mental health diagnosis were associated with faster time to switching from efavirenz. Despite this, 40–50% of participants with a previous mental health diagnosis initiated and continued on efavirenz for much of the follow-up period.

Conclusions

Multiple clinical factors, including mental health diagnoses, appeared to influence efavirenz use. While mental health diagnosis status and more recent treatment starts were associated with shorter duration of efavirenz therapy, a previous mental health diagnosis did not preclude efavirenz initiation or continuation in many participants.
Les inégalités dans les modèles macroéconomiques
Authors: García-Peñalosa Cecilia
Published: February 2018

Cet article s’intéresse aux inégalités de répartition des salaires et du patrimoine comme programme de recherche macroéconomique. Après un bref aperçu des modèles récents liant inégalités et croissance à long terme d’une part, et inégalités et fluctuations macroéconomiques d’autre part, nous passons en revue la littérature sur les facteurs macroéconomiques à l’origine des inégalités de répartition des salaires et du patrimoine. En guise de conclusion, nous proposons quelques pistes de recherches futures qui nous semblent importantes à mener telles que le rôle des politiques macroéconomiques sur la répartition ou encore celui de la taille des entreprises sur la croissance et leur contribution aux inégalités.
État de la macroéconomie environnementale appliquée
Authors: Landa Rivera Gissela , Malliet Paul , Saussay Aurélien , Reynès Frédéric
Published: February 2018

Pour une large part, la macroéconomie environnementale se développe à l’écart des débats théoriques qui agitent les autres champs d’étude de la macroéconomie appliquée. En témoigne la faible représentation des questions environnementales dans les revues d’économie généralistes ou dans les manuels de macroéconomie avancée. Si l’environnement n’est jusqu’ici pas considéré comme un thème à même de faire progresser la connaissance en macroéconomie, il est depuis les années 1990 au moins un sujet important d’application des modèles macroéconomiques. En particulier, ces derniers sont utilisés pour analyser et quantifier les effets économiques de la transition vers un système de production et de consommation soutenable. Nous proposons d’apporter un éclairage sur l’état de l’art en macroéconomie environnementale appliquée. Plus particulièrement, nous nous attacherons à identifier les spécificités de cette thématique de recherche, qui expliquent les choix théoriques et empiriques qui y sont pratiqués.
Finance et macroéconomie : la prépondérance du cycle financier
Authors: Aglietta Michel
Published: February 2018

La représentation de la macroéconomie, prétendument ancrée sur des fondements microéconomiques, est celle d’un agent représentatif, muni d’une information parfaite, anticipant rationnellement la valeur fondamentale des actifs dans un marché parfaitement concurrentiel. Dans ce modèle la finance est efficiente et corrélativement la monnaie est neutre. Ce jeu d’hypothèses rend logiquement impossible la crise systémique qui est un défaut généralisé de la coordination marchande. Le fondement alternatif implique de fonder la macroéconomie sur la concurrence mimétique qui fait de la monnaie l’institution primordiale de l’économie. Dans ce modèle la coordination par la finance n’est pas fondée sur la valeur fondamentale, mais sur la liquidité. Or la liquidité des marchés est elle-même un effet de polarisation d’un processus mimétique. Elle est établie par une convention de marché qui est par nature instable. Il s’ensuit que les systèmes financiers organisés par les marchés propagent les chocs selon une logique de momentum produite par l’interaction de l’endettement et du mouvement des prix des actifs. Son expression macroéconomique est le cycle financier. Dans cette dynamique l’opacité du système nourrit les vulnérabilités financières qui demeurent cachées dans la phase euphorique et qui sont révélées par la crise endogène au cycle financier. Le cycle financier a un impact macroéconomique considérable à travers l’accélérateur financier, sur l’offre productive et sur la demande effective. Selon l’ampleur de l’endettement puis du désendettement au sein du cycle, une multiplicité d’équilibres est possible.
Les attentes des étudiants de génération Y en formation paramédicale : des compétences académiques mais aussi non académiques
Authors: Engels Cynthia
Published: February 2018

L’approche de la génération Y (étudiants nés entre 1981 et 1999) face à la formation en cursus paramédical invite à s’interroger d’une part sur les attentes des étudiants de génération Y, et d’autre part sur les méthodes pédagogiques à adopter avec cette génération. La recherche relatée dans cet article a été menée auprès d’étudiants en troisième année d’ergothérapie. Cent douze étudiants ont été interrogés en septembre 2012 et 2013 concernant leurs attentes vis-à-vis des cours, et vis-à-vis des méthodes pédagogiques proposées. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en lumière d’une part, l’importance de la notion d’utilité du cours telle que perçue par les étudiants et d’autre part, la focalisation des attentes des étudiants sur des compétences dites « non académiques » de l’enseignant. Si le lien entre compétences non académiques et réussite a été mis à jour dans différentes recherches, peu de travaux s’intéressent au développement de ces compétences non académiques par les enseignants de façon à répondre aux attentes des étudiants en formation supérieure. C’est l’objet de cet article, dont le principal intérêt pourrait être d’envisager des pistes relatives aux méthodes pédagogiques à développer auprès de cette population d’étudiants.
Les infirmières travaillant au domicile des patients : maîtriser l’espace et le temps d’un exercice professionnel (une enquête franco-japonaise dans quatre régions : Picardie, Paca, Nagano et Fukushima)
Authors: Mossé Philippe , Harayama Tetsu , Boulongne Garcin Maryse
Published: February 2018

Introduction : cet article présente les principaux résultats d’une enquête qui vise à analyser les activités et les opinions des infirmières exerçant au domicile des patients au Japon et en France. Contexte : des recherches préalables centrées sur les infirmières hospitalières ont montré l’existence de différences attribuées, notamment, à un traitement différent de la tension entre le soin technique ( cure ) et le soin relationnel ( care ). Objectif : l’hypothèse est que cette tension engage les infirmières au-delà de leurs pratiques professionnelles. Seraient alors en jeu les caractéristiques des « espaces professionnels » et les mobilités qu’ils autorisent. Méthode : une enquête par questionnaires a été menée auprès de 200 infirmières exerçant au domicile. Quatre régions ont été choisies (deux en France, deux au Japon) afin de rendre compte de la diversité des environnements. Résultats : il apparaît que les représentations et le rapport au travail sont fortement marqués par l’expérience passée dont l’activité hospitalière est le référent principal. Mais la façon dont cette expérience s’inscrit dans la trajectoire professionnelle est largement construite par des choix d’ordre privé. Discussion : fondés sur une enquête qualitative, ces résultats devraient être confirmés à l’aide d’une recherche plus étendue.
Une simulation interprofessionnelle : une exploration des expériences des étudiantes en sciences infirmières
Authors: Lalonde Michelle , Malouin-Benoit Marie-Christine , Gagnon Elizabeth , Michon Alain , Maisonneuve Monique , Desroches Janie
Published: February 2018

Contexte : la littérature suggère que la simulation interprofessionnelle est efficace pour répondre aux besoins d’apprentissages des étudiantes en sciences infirmières. Traditionnellement, l’apprentissage par simulation pour ces étudiantes prend place dans les écoles durant leur formation éloignée, du milieu clinique, des patients et de l’équipe de soins. Objectif : explorer les expériences des étudiantes en sciences infirmières durant leur stage clinique de troisième année suite à leur participation à des activités de simulation interprofessionnelle situées dans un laboratoire de simulation en centre hospitalier. Méthode : une étude de cas, avec des groupes de discussions et entrevues individuelles, a été utilisée pour explorer ce phénomène. Résultats : treize personnes ont participé à trois séances de simulation, comprenant chacune deux scénarios. L’analyse de contenu des groupes de discussion a révélé quatre thèmes : 1) le besoin d’un environnement réaliste, mais sécuritaire ; 2) l’alimentation de leur confiance en soi ; 3) la contribution à leur connaissance du rôle de l’infirmière ; et 4) la contribution à l’augmentation de leurs connaissances sur le travail d’équipe. Deux thèmes ont été soulevés suite aux entrevues individuelles : 1) les connaissances et habiletés techniques acquises durant la simulation ont été conservées dans le temps et 2) des effets sur la qualité et la sécurité des soins des patients ont été notés. Conclusion : l’utilisation de la simulation pourrait être particulièrement efficace pour le développement de la connaissance du rôle infirmier, du travail d’équipe, et de la confiance.
Assistance médicale à la procréation et groupes de parole
Authors: Masle Christophe , Bourdelet Adèle
Published: February 2018

Cet article présente le dispositif des groupes de parole créés par l’Association des enfants du don ( adedd ), initialement destinés aux enfants issus d’un don de gamètes. Aujourd’hui, ces groupes de parole s’adressent aussi aux personnes en parcours d ’amp ou aux parents d’un enfant conçu par don. Les auteurs présentent la particularité de ces groupes et leurs rôles.
La place de l’intérêt de l’enfant dans le recours… au diagnostic prénatal et au diagnostic préimplantatoire
Authors: Dekeuwer Catherine
Published: February 2018

Dans les situations souvent difficiles de diagnostic anténatal, se référer à l’intérêt de l’enfant à naître peut paraître un point de repère solide. Les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès de personnes qui se savaient à risque de transmettre une anomalie génétique associée à un risque accru de cancer permet de préciser le sens et les usages possibles de cette notion.
Rotational Stability of Monofocal and Trifocal Intraocular Toric Lenses With Identical Design and Material but Different Surface Treatment
Authors: Vandekerckhove Kristof
Published: February 2018

PURPOSE:

To compare the rotational stability, total misalignment, and visual and refractive outcomes achieved with a trifocal toric versus a monofocal toric intraocular lens (IOL).

METHODS:

In this prospective, interventional case series, eyes of patients consecutively scheduled for cataract surgery who had clinically relevant astigmatism were implanted with a FineVision Pod FT trifocal toric IOL or an Ankoris monofocal toric IOL (both PhysIOL SA, Liège, Belgium). Certain comorbidities, such as pseudoexfoliation syndrome, were allowed. IOL rotation and total misalignment were analyzed 15 minutes, 1 day, 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively.

RESULTS:

Seventy-one eyes of 53 patients were assessed: 37 eyes were implanted with the trifocal IOL and 34 eyes with the monofocal IOL. More IOL rotation occurred in the monofocal group compared to the trifocal group (mean 4.23° ± 4.64° vs 2.55° ± 2.62°;
P
= .043, 12 months). Mean total misalignment was higher in the monofocal group (6.67° ± 6.59° at 12 months vs 3.79° ± 3.59° in the trifocal group) (
P
= .017). Postoperatively, more eyes achieved a refractive cylinder of 0.50 diopters or below in the trifocal group (65% at 12 months) than in the monofocal group, even in the monofocal subgroup analysis that excluded keratoconic eyes (42% at 12 months;
P
= .009).

CONCLUSIONS:

The monofocal and trifocal toric IOLs both appear to effectively reduce refractive astigmatism and provide good visual acuity in astigmatic patients having cataract surgery. The trifocal toric IOL offers better rotational stability than the monofocal IOL, probably due to the higher frictional coefficient of its surface.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(2):84–91.]
Corneal Apical Scar After Hyperopic Excimer Laser Refractive Surgery: Long-term Follow-up of Treatment With Sequential Customized Therapeutic Keratectomy
Authors: Vinciguerra Paolo , Camesasca Fabrizio I. , Morenghi Emanuela , Azzolini Claudio , Pagano Luca , Trazza Silvia , Vinciguerra Riccardo
Published: February 2018

PURPOSE:

To evaluate long-term results of sequential customized therapeutic keratectomy (SCTK) in highly aberrated corneas with apical scars consequent to hyperopic excimer laser refractive surgery.

METHODS:

Fifteen eyes of 12 patients treated with SCTK for a corneal apical scar after hyperopic excimer laser refractive surgery were retrospectively evaluated. SCTK is a sequence of custom therapeutic excimer laser keratectomies where the results are monitored step-by-step by intraoperative corneal topography. In the preoperative and postoperative course, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), corneal topography and aberrometry, Scheimpflug tomography, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography were compared before and after SCTK.

RESULTS:

The postoperative follow-up comprised 7 patients with 1 year and 8 patients with more than 2 years of follow-up. Functional results showed a significant increase of CDVA from 0.36 ± 0.31 to 0.14 ± 0.25 logMAR at the last available follow-up. Mean sphere did not change significantly from the baseline, demonstrating that SCTK does not induce hyperopic shift. Higher order aberrations decreased significantly from 2.57 ± 1.92 to 0.80 ± 0.42
µ
m at the last follow-up. Topographic indexes (irregular astigmatism index, surface asymmetry index, and surface regularity index) showed a significant improvement after SCTK. Pachymetry 3 months postoperatively showed no significant reduction during the entire follow-up in either minimum or central thickness.

CONCLUSIONS:

Long-term results demonstrate that SCTK can treat this sight-threatening complication of hyperopic excimer laser refractive surgery, achieving significant improvements in visual acuity and in many corneal morphological parameters.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(2):113–120.]
Incidence and Outcomes of Optical Zone Enlargement and Recentration After Previous Myopic LASIK by Topography-Guided Custom Ablation
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Carp Glenn I. , Stuart Alastair J. , Rowe Elizabeth L. , Nesbit Andrew , Moore Tara
Published: February 2018

PURPOSE:

To report the incidence, visual and refractive outcomes, optical zone enlargement, and recentration using topography-guided CRS-Master TOSCA II software with the MEL 80 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) after primary myopic laser refractive surgery.

METHODS:

Retrospective analysis of 73 eyes (40 patients) with complaints of night vision disturbances due to either a decentration or small optical zone following a primary myopic laser refractive surgery procedure using the MEL 80 laser. Multiple ATLAS topography scans were imported into the CRS-Master software for topography-guided ablation planning. The topography-guided re-treatment procedure was performed as either a LASIK flap lift, a new LASIK flap, a side cut only, or photorefractive keratectomy. Axial curvature maps were analyzed using a fixed grid and set of concentric circles superimposed to measure the topographic optical zone diameter and centration. Follow-up was 12 months.

RESULTS:

The incidence of use in the population of myopic treatments during the study period was 0.79% (73 of 9,249). The optical zone diameter was increased by 11% from a mean of 5.65 to 6.32 mm, with a maximum change of 2 mm in one case. Topographic decentration was reduced by 64% from a mean of 0.58 to 0.21 mm. There was a 44% reduction in spherical aberration, 53% reduction in coma, and 39% reduction in total higher order aberrations. A subjective improvement in night vision symptoms was reported by 93%. Regarding efficacy, 82% of eyes reached 20/20 and 100% reached 20/32 (preoperative CDVA was 20/20 or better in 90%). Regarding safety, no eyes lost two lines of CDVA and 27% gained one line. Regarding predictability, 71% of re-treatments were within ±0.50 diopters.

CONCLUSIONS:

Topography-guided ablation was effective in enlarging the optical zone, recentering the optical zone, and reducing higher order aberrations. Topography-guided custom ablation appears to be an effective method for re-treatment procedures of symptomatic patients after myopic LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(2):121–130.]
Intraoperative Patient Experience and Postoperative Visual Quality After SMILE and LASIK in a Randomized, Paired-Eye, Controlled Study
Authors: Damgaard Iben B. , Ang Marcus , Farook Mohamed , Htoon Hla M. , Mehta Jodhbir S.
Published: February 2018

PURPOSE:

To compare intraoperative and postoperative subjective patient experience after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser–assisted LASIK.

METHODS:

In a prospective, randomized, paired-eye, single-masked clinical trial at Singapore National Eye Centre, 70 patients were randomly treated with SMILE and LASIK in each eye. The intraoperative questionnaire was completed immediately after surgery and included light perception and levels of anxiety, fear, and discomfort. The postoperative 1- and 3-month questionnaires evaluated severity of light sensitivity, eye discomfort, eye dryness, excessive tearing, gritty sensation, glare, halos, blurring, and fluctuations in vision.

RESULTS:

Average discomfort scores were higher during tissue manipulation in SMILE (1.9 ± 0.9) than flap lifting in LASIK (1.59 ± 0.8) (
P
= .020) but comparable during docking and laser application (
P
> .249). Fear scores were lower in SMILE than LASIK during docking (2.6 ± 1.6 vs 3.4 ± 1.9,
P
= .024) but similar during occasional blackout, laser application, and lenticule/flap manipulation (
P
> .364). Fear scores were generally higher in patients with intraoperative suction loss (n = 3). For SMILE, light sensitivity, eye discomfort, blurring, and fluctuations in vision improved from 1 to 3 months (
P
< .039). For LASIK, improvements were reported for light sensitivity, eye discomfort, eye dryness, gritty sensation, and fluctuations in vision from 1 to 3 months (
P
< .046). At 1 month, patients experienced more blurring after SMILE than LASIK (2.1 ± 0.8 vs 1.8 ± 0.7,
P
= .025), but with no differences in any of the visual symptoms at 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

Tissue manipulation may be more uncomfortable during SMILE than LASIK, but not more frightening. Subjective visual symptoms were comparable after 3 months.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(2):92–99.]
Long-term Clinical Outcomes of Phototherapeutic Keratectomy in Corneas With Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2 Exacerbated After LASIK
Authors: Jun Ikhyun , Jung Ji Won , Choi Young Joon , Kim Tae-im , Seo Kyoung Yul , Kim Eung Kweon
Published: February 2018

PURPOSE:

To investigate the long-term clinical outcomes and recurrence patterns of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) in patients with granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) exacerbated after LASIK.

METHODS:

Fifty-one patients (76 eyes) with GCD2 exacerbated after LASIK who underwent PTK between January 2007 and February 2017 were included. Participants underwent ophthalmic examination, including slit-lamp microscopy, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), slit-lamp photography, and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography at preoperative and postoperative visits. PTK was performed using VISX S4 IR (VISX, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Visual acuity, complications, interval, and contributing factors of recurrence were evaluated.

RESULTS:

The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 108 months (mean: 35.22 months). The mean logMAR CDVA was 0.55 ± 0.43 (Snellen equivalent 20/80) preoperatively and 0.09 ± 0.43 (Snellen equivalent 20/25) at 3 months postoperatively. Forty-five (61.6%) eyes developed biomicroscopic recurrence at a mean of 18.6 months after PTK; 20 (27.4%) eyes developed significant recurrence at a mean of 31.3 months after PTK. The flap removal group demonstrated better CDVA at 3 years after surgery and lower recurrence and complication rates than the flap conservation group. Multivariate analysis revealed that flap removal remarkably reduced the risk of both any sign of and significant recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS:

PTK improved corneal transparency and visual acuity in patients with GCD2 exacerbated after LASIK, although GCD2 eventually recurred. PTK with flap removal was superior to PTK with flap conservation in terms of visual acuity, recurrence, and complications.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(2):132–139.]
La "decadencia" española como argumento historiográfico
Authors: Ladero Quesada Miguel Ángel
Published: February 2018

Muchos autores han reflexionado, desde comienzos del siglo XVII hasta mediados del XX, sobre las causas de la "decadencia" de España en el conjunto de la Europa moderna. La cuestión sobre la "decadencia" se convirtió en un tópico del pensamiento español e influyó en las tomas de conciencia colectiva sobre la identidad histórica de España desde distintos puntos de vista: la conciencia de decadencia en el XVII, las propuestas del Siglo de las luces y las de los políticos e historiadores liberales del XIX, los debates ideológicos en torno al ser de España entre 1880 y 1940, el desarrollo desde 1920 de nuevas interpretaciones por obra de historiadores profesionales, hasta concluir con el abandono del concepto de decadencia como clave explicativa de la historia de España.
De Venecia a Famagusta (Viaje de ’Eliyahu da Pesaro - 1563)
Authors: Magdalena Nom de Déu José Ramón , Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: February 2018

El texto que aquí ofrecemos es la primera traducción completa -y anotada- a una lengua occidental de un único manuscrito hebreo (n. 274 en cuarto, ancien fond n. 124, folios 112-123 v. de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris) conteniendo la relación del viaje por el Mediterráneo, desde Venecia a Famagusta, del judío italiano Eliyahu da Pesaro en 1563. El contenido puede dividirse en cuatro grandes apartados del mayor interés: 1) Las recomendaciones, avisos y sugerencias del viajero en todo lo referente a los trámites y gestiones previas a la contratación de pasaje y embarque en las galeras, así como el ambiente y agitación reinates en Venecia en los días anteriores a la partida. 2) Una minuciosa y muy detallada descripción de la galera. 3) La singladura por el Adriático y Egeo, hasta Famagusta y 4) Descripción de la isla de Chipre, de sus habitantes -tanto los cristianos ortodoxos como los judíos- y sus usos y costumbres.
El obispado de Pamplona en época visigoda
Authors: Larrea Juan José
Published: February 2018

Este artículo quiere mostrar que la actitud del obispado de Pamplona con respecto a los concilios visigodos encuentra su explicación en el contexto del comportamiento general de la Iglesia tarraconense, así como situar en sus justos términos un absentismo a menudo sobrevalorado por la historiografía. Además, frente a tesis que sostienen la idea de una sede precaria e inestable en una región total o parcialmente ajena al mundo hispano-visigodo, se revisan algunos lugares comunes, y, con ocasión del examen de los acontecimientos de 673, se proponen algunas claves para la lectura de las fuentes tardoantiguas relativas a Vasconia.
Medio siglo de la “Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira" (REB)
Authors: Ignasi Saranyana Josep
Published: February 2018

En 1939 fray Tomás Borgmeier fundó "Cor. Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira", que en 1941 pasó a denominarse simplemente "Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira" (=REB), con la estructura y orientación que ha mantenido hasta hoy. Desde el principio, sus lectores, que eran preferentemente eclesiásticos, se sintieron protagonistas en la empresa y se acostumbraron a colaborar activamente, remitiendo crónicas, necrológicas, artículos cortos, notas bibliográficas, informaciones diversas, etc. REB ha tenido cuatro directores: Tomás Borgmeier (1941-1952), Boaventura Kloppenburg (1953-1971), Leonardo Boff (1972-1985) y Elói D. Piva (1986...). Con el segundo director consiguió la máxima tirada, y contribuyó decisivamente a la recepción del Vaticano II en Brasil. El tercero provocó importantes polémicas teológicas. El cuarto ha recuperado el clima de sosiego y diálogo
Ortodoxia y heterodoxia en la Andalucia ochocentista
Authors: Cuenca Toribio José Manuel
Published: February 2018

No disponible
Activity of Southeastern Bats Along Sandstone Cliffs Used for Rock Climbing
Authors: Loeb Susan C. , Jodice Patrick G. R.
Published: February 2018

Bats in the eastern United States are facing numerous threats and many species are in decline. Although several species of bats commonly roost in cliffs, researchers know little about use of cliffs for foraging and roosting. Because rock climbing is a rapidly growing sport and may cause disturbance to bats, our objectives were to examine use of cliff habitats by bats and to assess the effects of climbing on their activity. We used radiotelemetry to track small-footed bats Myotis leibii to day roosts, and Anabat SD2 detectors to compare bat activity between climbed and unclimbed areas of regularly climbed cliff faces, and between climbed and unclimbed cliffs. We tracked four adult male small-footed bats to nine day roosts, all of which were in various types of crevices including five cliff-face roosts (three on climbed and two on unclimbed faces). Bat activity was high along climbed cliffs and did not differ between climbed and unclimbed areas of climbed cliffs. In contrast, overall bat activity was significantly higher along climbed cliffs than unclimbed cliffs; species richness did not differ between climbed and unclimbed cliffs or areas. Lower activity along unclimbed cliffs may have been related to lower cliff heights and more clutter along these cliff faces. Due to limited access to unclimbed cliffs of comparable size to climbed cliffs, we could not thoroughly test the effects of climbing on bat foraging and roosting activity. However, the high overall use of climbed and unclimbed cliff faces for foraging and commuting that we observed suggests that cliffs may be important habitat for a number of bat species. Additional research on bats' use of cliff faces will improve our understanding of the factors that affect their use of this habitat including the impacts of climbing.
Grammaire, bienveillance et boîtiers de vote : analyse d’une rénovation pédagogique
Authors: Gorce Hélène Josse - de La , Riou Marine , Beaupoil-Hourdel Pauline , Bouquet-Ysos Clotilde
Published: February 2018

Le concept de bienveillance en enseignement ne saurait se limiter à une intention de l’enseignant envers ses étudiants. La bienveillance doit trouver une traduction concrète en actes pédagogiques. Ainsi, nous souhaitons interroger la manière dont les apprenants ressentent la bienveillance des enseignants à leurs égards et sur les actes pédagogiques qui favorisent sa mise en place. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur une expérimentation de rénovation pédagogique d’un cours de grammaire anglaise réalisée en 2015-2016 sur une cohorte de 264 étudiants en 2ème année de licence d’anglais. Notre propos s’attache à montrer que la bienveillance de l’enseignant est une préoccupation majeure des étudiants et que les boîtiers de vote peuvent être un outil privilégié pour instaurer une pédagogie bienveillante. Cependant, leur introduction peut déplacer la nature du stress ressenti par les étudiants en cours, en particulier si elle s’accompagne de la disparition de supports de cours écrits plus classiques auxquels les étudiants sont habitués.
Confiance et reliance des moniteurs dans un centre de langues
Authors: Abendroth-Timmer Dagmar
Published: February 2018

Dans cet article, nous présentons l’analyse d’entretiens réalisés auprès de 10 moniteurs intervenant dans un Espace-Langues d’une université technico-médicale, et chargés de permanences et d’ateliers de conversation. Nous analysons leurs auto-catégorisations et leurs représentations par rapport à leur enseignement à la lumière de l’approche réflexive dans le cadre de la formation des enseignants et de la recherche. Leur capacité à motiver et à encourager des pratiques allant vers des formes de comportement autonome fera aussi l’objet de notre analyse. Enfin, nous nous intéresserons à leur sentiment de confiance en soi et leur reliance ou attachement à l’équipe du centre de langues tel qu’il se dégage des entretiens ainsi qu’à la représentation que les moniteurs ont de la confiance des apprenants
Mise en place d’un espace d’apprentissage sécurisant
Authors: Sournin Sophie Dufossé
Published: February 2018

Dans cette fiche pédagogique nous allons montrer comment la restructuration de l’enseignement dans le secteur des langues pour spécialistes d’autres disciplines de l’École supérieure du professorat et de l’éducation de l’académie de Limoges a permis de développer un environnement apaisant et bienveillant conforme aux recommandations du Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et à la politique universitaire locale. L’organisation en vigueur auparavant, et réaménagée depuis la rentrée 2016-2017 (présentiel et numérique), semble proposer un cadre d’apprentissage des langues vivantes (anglais et espagnol) de qualité, apte à répondre aux besoins hétérogènes des étudiants non spécialistes de 1ère et 2ème année en master « métiers de l’enseignement, de l’éducation et de la formation » pour lesquels les moyens mis en place précédemment n’étaient peut-être plus suffisants.
Lieux et réseaux d’enfermement des migrants à la frontière orientale de la Grèce
Authors: Pillant Laurence
Published: February 2018

Le contrôle migratoire à la frontière orientale de la Grèce repose principalement sur l’enfermement des migrants ayant franchi la frontière sans autorisation. Dans les années 2000 émergent des lieux d’enfermement peu réglementés, aux fonctionnements hétérogènes. Cet article explore les modalités de contrôle des autorités sur les migrants dans ces lieux. Celui-ci consiste notamment en une incertitude spatio-temporelle qui renforce le caractère répressif et dissuasif de la privation de liberté. Ces incertitudes ne sont pas uniquement à l’échelle du lieu mais se doublent de transferts fréquents qui peuvent survenir à tout moment. En suivant les mobilités forcées des migrants, il s’agit d’appréhender la fonction des lieux d’enfermement, leur multiplication, ainsi que leur connexion en réseau.
Carbon Monoxide Impairs CD11b+Ly-6Chi Monocyte Migration from the Blood to Inflamed Pancreas via Inhibition of the CCL2/CCR2 Axis
Authors: Wu Jinghua , Zhang Ruling , Hu Guoyong , Zhu Helen He , Gao Wei-Qiang , Xue Jing
Published: February 2018

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sterile inflammation, in which inflammatory monocytes (CD11b+Ly-6Chi) are recruited into the inflamed tissue at the onset of disease. Monocyte infiltration and activation at the site of inflammation are critical to the pathogenesis of AP. Our previous studies have shown a protective role for CO in AP, which is partially mediated by inhibition of macrophage activation via TLR4 signaling. In the current study, to gain a better understanding of CO’s therapeutic effect, we further investigated whether CO could affect inflammatory monocyte trafficking during AP. In a mouse model of AP, we found that treatment with CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) impaired recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, but not that of neutrophils, from peripheral blood to inflamed pancreas. During the early stage of AP, a single dose of CORM-2 decreased pancreatic CCL2 and soluble ICAM-1 expression. In addition, using in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that CORM-2 had the ability to inhibit CD11b+Ly-6Chi monocyte migration via blockade of CCR2 endocytosis. Notably, we showed that CORM-2 inhibited CCR2 endocytosis of inflammatory monocytes (CD14hiCD16−) from AP patients. Taken together, our results highlighted CO’s effect on inflammatory monocyte trafficking, shedding additional light on its therapeutic potential in AP.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the National Benchmarking Initiative (NBI) in improving the productivity of water services authorities in South Africa
Authors: Brettenny Warren , Sharp Gary
Published: February 2018

Water shortages, public demonstrations and lack of service delivery have plagued many South African water services authorities (WSAs) for a number of years. From 2004–2007 the National Benchmarking Initiative (NBI) was implemented to improve the performance, efficiency and sustainability of WSAs. The current study demonstrates the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) for the assessment of the effectiveness of the NBI in achieving these goals. Furthermore, the MPI is used to assess the impact that the termination of the NBI had on the efficiency of the WSAs in the years that followed. In conclusion, the MPI is identified as a valuable tool for regulators and policy makers that wish to assess the performance of their benchmarking initiatives.
A simulated observation database to assess the impact of the IASI-NG hyperspectral infrared sounder
Authors: Andrey-Andrés Javier , Fourrié Nadia , Guidard Vincent , Armante Raymond , Brunel Pascal , Crevoisier Cyril , Tournier Bernard
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The highly accurate measurements of the hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric
Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are used in numerical weather prediction
(NWP), atmospheric chemistry and climate monitoring. As the second generation
of the European Polar System (EPS-SG) is being developed, a new generation of
IASI instruments has been designed to fly on board the MetOp-SG
constellation: IASI New Generation (IASI-NG). In order to prepare the arrival
of this new instrument, and to evaluate its impact on NWP and atmospheric
chemistry applications, a set of IASI and IASI-NG simulated data was built
and made available to the public to set a common framework for future impact
studies. This paper describes the information available in this database and
the procedure followed to run the IASI and IASI-NG simulations. These
simulated data were evaluated by comparing IASI-NG to IASI observations. The
result is also presented here. Additionally, preliminary impact studies of
the benefit of IASI-NG compared to IASI on the retrieval of temperature and
humidity in a NWP framework are also shown in the present work. With
a channel dataset located in the same wave numbers for both instruments, we
showed an improvement of the temperature retrievals throughout the
atmosphere, with a maximum in the troposphere with IASI-NG and a lower benefit for the
tropospheric humidity.
Characteristics of aerosol vertical profiles in Tsukuba, Japan, and their impacts on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Kudo Rei , Aoyagi Toshinori , Nishizawa Tomoaki
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Vertical profiles of the aerosol physical and optical properties, with a focus on seasonal means and on transport events, were investigated in Tsukuba, Japan, by a synergistic remote sensing method that uses lidar and sky radiometer data. The retrieved aerosol vertical profiles were input into our developed one-dimensional atmospheric model, and the impacts of the aerosol vertical profiles on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were studied by numerical sensitivity experiments. The retrieval results in the spring showed that aerosol optical thickness was greater in the free atmosphere (FA) than in the ABL owing to the frequent occurrence of transported aerosols in the FA. In other seasons, optical thickness in the FA was almost the same as that in the ABL. The aerosol optical and physical properties in the ABL showed a dependency on the extinction coefficient, whereas large variability in the physical and optical properties of aerosols in the FA were attributed to transport events, during which the transported aerosols consisted of varying amounts of dust and smoke particles depending on where they originated (China, Mongolia, or Russia). Numerical sensitivity experiments based on simulations conducted with and without aerosols showed that aerosols caused the net downward radiation and the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the surface to decrease. Direct heating of aerosols in the FA strengthened the capping inversion around the top of the ABL. Consequently, the ABL height was decreased in simulations with aerosols compared with simulations without aerosols. We also conducted simulations in which all aerosols were compressed into the ABL but in which the columnar properties were the same and compared with the simulation results for uncompressed aerosol profiles. The results showed that the reductions in net downward radiation and in sensible and latent heat fluxes were the same in both types of simulations, but in the simulations with compression the capping inversion was weakened owing to aerosol direct heating in the ABL, and as a result the ABL height was increased compared with that in the simulations without compression. These results suggest that the vertical profile of aerosol direct heating has important effects on the ABL evolution.