bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
Authors: Bishnoi Sukhram , Puri Harsh Vardhan , Asaf Belal Bin , Pulle Mohan Venkatesh , Parikh Manan Bharat Kumar , Patel Mitul Vinodbhai , Sirohi Ajay , Kumar Arvind
Published: February 2021

Background:

This study aims at describing the feasibility and safety of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in benign diseases such as pulmonary sequestrations (PSs) and report the surgical outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained data of 25 patients who were operated for PS over 7 years at a dedicated thoracic surgery centre in India. Pre-operative details, operative technique and details, post-operative details and complications were recorded and analysed.

Results:

There were 15 (60%) males and 10 (40%) females, with a median age of 22.28 years (range, 16–28 years). All patients had intra-lobar type of sequestration. The most commonly involved was left lower lobe (n = 15 patients, 60%) followed by the right lower lobe (n = 10 patients, 40%). The origin of blood supply was from the descending thoracic aorta in 18 patients (72%), the abdominal aorta in 5 (20%) and the coeliac trunk and the inferior phrenic artery in one patient (4%) each. All patients underwent complete lobar resection. One patient was converted because of dense hilar adhesion. The average duration of surgery was 179 min and the average blood loss was 204 ml. The median hospital stay and chest tube duration were 4 and 3 days, respectively. One patient was re-explored because of post-operative bleeding. Only one patient had an air leak for >7 days. The median follow-up was 42 months (range, 6–90 months) without any recurrence.

Conclusions:

VATS is a safe, feasible and effective option for PS at experienced centres.
Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Shah Isha , Shah Aastha , Suryanarayan U
Published: February 2021

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent, slow–growing, and potentially locally aggressive neoplasm of skin that rarely metastasizes. Incidence of BCC is high, but metastatic BCC is extremely rare. When metastasis develops in this group of disorder, it generally occurs to the lymph nodes, lungs, and bones. Metastasis to brain is extremely rare among all these. Herein, we report a case of BCC primarily of head-and-neck region which over a period of time metastasized to the brain. In this case, solitary brain metastasis was operated and whole brain radiotherapy was offered. Although BCC itself being a common, the case of metastasis of BCC is a very rare as a disease entity and rarest because of the metastatic involvement of the brain.
Fungal Flora Changes in Head-And-Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Radiotherapy
Authors: Reddy Pavan Kumar , Hasib AG , Rao Sandesh B , Athiyamaan MS , Shankar Sharaschandra , Sophia J Maria
Published: February 2021

Background:

Oral mucositis is one of the primary toxicities of radiation in head-and-neck radiotherapy (RT). Oral fungal microflora changes have been studied to aggravate the inflammatory process leading to mucositis. The study evaluated the changes in oral fungal microflora during RT in head-and-neck cancer (HNC) using a single-institutional, prospective research and its correlation with oral mucositis.

Subjects and Methods:

A prospective single-institutional study was conducted on 68 biopsy-proven HNC patients on RT with or without chemotherapy treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, between 2015 and 2017. Three samples of saliva were collected before RT, the end of the 3rd week of RT, and 4 weeks after the completion of RT and assessed for developing fungal flora changes by Sabouraud's dextrose agar growth media and CHROMagar in the number of patients. Mucositis grades are correlated with fungal pathogens. Statistical analysis was on fungal changes and mucositis using mean, percentage, standard deviation, and Chi-square test.

Results:

An increase in fungal microflora was found in patients receiving radiation or chemoradiation in head-and-neck malignancy. Among them, a significant increase was there in Candida albicans (1.5% of patients before RT to 44.1% of patients during RT) and Candida krusei (1.5% of patients before RT to 10.5% of patients during RT) during RT (P < 0.05). Aspergillus fumigatus was found during radiation and absent before and after radiation. Mucositis during radiation had a nonsignificant increasing trend for A. fumigatus and Candida species.

Conclusion:

There was a significant increase in C. albicans and C. krusei during RT when compared to before RT. A better understanding of the oral microflora's role in developing oral mucositis is needed to mitigate symptoms and improve treatment tolerance.
Utilizing the Experience of Containment of the Ebola Outbreak in the Fight Against the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh
Published: February 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to increase in number and geographic distribution with each day. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has reported 161 cases, which amounts to 2.4% of the caseload in the African region, but it is the second leading nation in terms of reported deaths. From the public health perspective, the cause of concern is that local transmission has been reported and the fact that the nation has not yet completely recovered from the outbreak of the Ebola virus disease. The nation has already started its preparedness activities, and they are utilizing the setup, the facilities, and the experience gained by the health personnel for the effective containment of the outbreak of Ebola. In conclusion, the DRC has initiated its outbreak readiness and even implemented the response action plan in the nation against the COVID-19. Although the availability of resources in the nation is a challenging ask, the health personnel have utilized their experiencing of managing the Ebola outbreak and given a positive head start toward the containment of the infection within their settings.
Orthopedic Day-case Surgery in Nigeria: A Single-center Experience
Authors: Malizu Echezona Valentine , Lasebikan Omolade Ayoola , Omoke Njoku Isaac
Published: February 2021

Background: The concept of day-case surgeries is relevant in orthopedic specialty in developing countries, where orthopedic elective procedures have relatively longer duration of surgical waiting time, mainly due to lack of inpatient bed space. We aimed to determine the scope, safety and outcome of orthopedic day-case surgeries in a Nigerian setting, and identify potential areas for intervention to improve the practice.

Methods: This was a 12-month prospective study of 71 eligible, consenting and consecutive patients who presented at the National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu and were carefully selected and prepared for orthopedic day-case surgeries.

Results: Within the period of study, 53 of 540 elective orthopedic procedures were carried out as daycase, giving a day-case surgery rate of 9.8%. Of the patients enrolled, male to female ratio was 1.2:1 and age range was 8 months to 76 years. Eighteen (25.4%) patients had their day-case  procedure cancelled on the day of surgery. The commonest procedure was removal of implant. Conversion rate was 32% mainly due to operation occurring late. Complication (mainly pain) rate was 30%, and correlated with duration of procedure (p<0.006). The satisfaction rate among patients was 98%; no re-admission or mortality was observed.

Conclusion: In this study, orthopedic day-case procedures were safe, though there was low use of daycase surgery in scope, complexity and  number of procedures. This and the high conversion rate observed call for a dedicated day-case unit and measures to facilitate timelines of the procedures.

Keywords: Orthopedics, Day-case surgery
Employing multivariate analysis to determine the drivers of productivity on the North Kenya Bank and in Kenyan territorial waters
Authors: Kamau Joseph , Ochola Oliver , Ohowa Boaz , Mitto Charles , Magori Charles , Labatt Chepkemboi , Osore Melkizedeck , Mahongo Shigalla B. , Kyewalyanga Margareth S.
Published: February 2021

A complex mix of natural processes exist in nearshore and offshore waters which influence coastal and marine ecosystem productivity. An understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved is a key element in interdisciplinary studies of primary production, oceanic flux and storage of carbon dioxide. Water circulation in the East African region is influenced by coastal currents driven by monsoon winds. There are four oceanic currents influencing Kenya’s coastal waters; namely the East African Coastal Current, the Somali Current, the Southern Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Counter Current. The Kenyan fishing industry is slowly embracing offshore fishing grounds, and the North Kenya Bank is emerging as the next fishery frontier. This study aims to provide insight on the processes driving the productivity of Kenya’s territorial waters. The variable Si* (the difference between available silicate [Si(OH)4] and nitrate [NO3-]) was employed as a proxy of upwelling. It was highly positively correlated to chlorophyll-a, indicating that upwelling is a major phenomenon driving productivity in Kenyan territorial waters. Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) exhibited a lesser positive correlation with chlorophyll-a, implying that remineralization also has some influence in the productivity of the area.
Reproductive biology of the anchovy (Stolephorus commersonnii, Lacepède, 1803) and spotted sardine (Amblygaster sirm, Walbaum, 1792) from Tanga Region, Tanzania
Authors: Sululu Joseph S. , Kamukuru Albogast T. , Sekadende Baraka C. , Mahongo Shigalla B. , Igulu Mathias M.
Published: February 2021

The present study investigated the reproductive biology of Stolephorus commersonnii and Amblygaster sirm at two landing sites in Tanga on the northern coast of Tanzania. Fish samples were collected on a monthly basis from ringnets operated by artisanal fishers in the nearby coastal waters. Spawning seasons were determined using gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal maturity stages. The size at first maturity was 57.7 mm and 66.2 mm total length for male and female S. commersonnii respectively. Male and female A. sirm were estimated to attain first maturity at 147.7 mm and 169.2 mm respectively. The spawning seasons of both species were protracted. S. commersonnii demonstrated a year round spawning cycle with peaks in August, October and January. The peak spawning season for male and female A. sirm was recorded in August and September respectively. Both species exhibited skewed size-dependent sex ratios with females predominating in the larger size classes. A. sirm had a higher fecundity rate with a maximum of 96,500 eggs in the largest female fish of 258 mm as compared to S. commersonnii (10,055 eggs) in the largest fish of 98 mm. The mean (±SE) total fecundity of S. comersonnii and A. sirm was 5,134.7 ± 136.9 eggs, and 47,029.03 ± 1,435.13 eggs in females of sizes 68 mm to 98 mm and 170 mm to 258 mm respectively.
Gestational trophoblastic disease in Switzerland: retrospective study of the impact of a regional reference centre
Authors: Fehlmann Aurore , Benkortbi Khadidja , Rosseel Ginette , Meyer-Hamme Ulrike , Tille Jean-Christophe , Sloan-Béna Frédérique , Paolini-Giacobino Ariane , Rougemont Anne-Laure , Bodmer Alexandre , Botsikas Diomidis , Mathevet Patrice , Petignat Patrick , Undurraga Malinverno Manuela
Published: February 2021

AIMS OF THE STUDY
The European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) recommends that countries should have reference centres to provide adequate diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease. A trophoblastic disease centre in the French-speaking part of Switzerland was inaugurated in 2009. The objectives of this study were to report the activity of the centre during the last 10 years and analyse gestational trophoblastic disease outcomes.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study with data collected from all cases of gestational trophoblastic disease referred to the centre from 2009 to 2018. All histological specimens as well as data for treatment and follow-up of gestational trophoblastic disease and neoplasia were reviewed. Clinical features, including age, prognostic score and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages (in the case of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) follow-up, treatment and outcome were reported.

RESULTS
The centre registered 354 patients, and these patients presented 156 cases of partial hydatidiform moles, 163 cases of complete hydatidiform moles and 14 cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. During follow-up, 35 gestational trophoblastic neoplasms were diagnosed after hCG persistence. After pathology review, the overall agreement rates between our centre and a participating provider hospital was 82%. Methotrexate was the first line of single-agent chemotherapy for most patients, with resistance rates of 23%. Multi-agent chemotherapy was used as first-line treatment for five patients. None of the patients followed up by the centre died from gestational trophoblastic disease.

CONCLUSIONS
This study reflects the activity of the Swiss trophoblastic disease centre from the French-speaking part of Switzerland created in 2009, and its role as local and national reference centre, in terms of global health, for women with gestational trophoblastic disease.
Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen” (Part 4)
Authors: Rocchi Luciano
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a series of addenda to Stanisław Stachowski’s Historisches Wörter­buch der Bildungen auf -cı // -ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen (1996). The data are taken from transcription texts prior to Meninski (1680) – comprising both lexicographical and documentary texts – and listed in chronological order, according to the pattern I have already followed in previous papers of mine intended to supplement Stachowski’s other historical-lexicographical works.
Сашко-lect: The translanguaged grammar of a hyper multilingual global nomad. Part 1 – Methodological considerations
Authors: Andrason Alexander
Published: February 2021

This study examines the idiolect of Сашко – a hyper-multilingual global nomad whose language repertoire draws on forty languages, ten of which he speaks with native or native-like proficiency. By analyzing grammatical and lexical features typifying Сашко’s translanguaging practices (code-switches, code-borrowings, and code-mixes), as docu­mented in the corpus of reflexive notes that span the last twenty-five years, the author designs Сашко’s translanguaged grammar. Instead of being a passive additive plurali­zation of separated, autonomous, and static monolects, Сашко’s grammar emerges as a deeply orchestrated, unitary, and dynamic strategy. From Сашко’s perspective, this grammar constitutes a tool to express his rebellious and defiant identity; a tool that – while aiming to combat Western mono-culturalisms, compartmented multilingualisms, and nationalisms – ultimately leads to Сашко’s linguistic and cultural homelessness. This paper – the first in the series of three articles – is dedicated to methodological is­sues: the frameworks that are adopted in the different parts of the study, the method with which the description and analysis of Сашко’s idiolect is developed, and the corpus that underlies the empirical research of Сашко-lect.
Arrangement classifiers, collocations, and near-synonymy: A corpus-based study with reference to Polish
Authors: Herda Damian
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper is to contrast the near-synonymous Polish classifiers kupa ‘heap’, sterta ‘pile’, and stos ‘stack’, all of which encode upward-oriented arrangements of objects or substances and thus prototypically combine with concrete inanimate nouns, by means of a collocational analysis conducted on naturally-occurring data derived from the Na­tional Corpus of Polish. The results of the empirical investigation point to a tendency for kupa ‘heap’ to combine predominantly with mass nouns denoting amorphous, frequently natural, stuff, whereas sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’ exhibit a pronounced predilection for count N2-collocates referring to artefacts. In a similar vein, while both sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’ typically stand for aggregates formed by a volitional human agent, it is not infrequent for kupa ‘heap’ to classify portions of substances whose shape is a result of the forces of nature or merely constitutes a by-effect of activities intended to achieve goals other than arranging stuff into units. What differentiates between sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’, however, is that constructional solidity appears a more salient feature of the latter item, hence its capability of applying to vertical collections of entities marked by an orderly internal structure.
Factors influencing lexical transfer in third language acquisition
Authors: Najjar Nicolas
Published: February 2021

The present paper examines the factors influencing lexical transfer in third language acquisition (TLA) by examining studies devoted to lexical transfer from L1 and L2 into L3 that were mainly conducted in Europe. There are several factors that have influence on lexical transfer: linguistic (such as typology), contextual (such as naturalistic setting vs. formal setting), psycho-linguistic (such as psychotypology and the learners’ aware­ness of cognates), individual (such as learners’ age) and other factors (such as L2/L3 proficiency level). The results of the survey indicate that negative lexical transfer from both L1 and L2 to L3 occurs (a) in naturalistic contexts, (b) when languages are typo­logically similar, (c) when students perceive these languages as similar, and (d) when L2 proficiency level is high and L3 proficiency level low. In contrast, positive lexical transfer from L2 to L3 occurs (a) in formal settings, (b) when students perceive these languages as similar, (c) when learners’ awareness of true cognates is high, and (d) when both L2 and L3 proficiency level are high. Additionally, the learners’ age was found to potentially predict the relative weight of lexical transfer in TLA in the following manner: negative lexical transfer from L1 and L2 to L3 may increase with age. Finally, it was found that when L1, L2, and L3 are equally proximate, it is the L1 that has the primary influence on lexical transfer in TLA.
Urban resilience czy krytyczne teorie zmiany? Spór wokół studiów miejskich na marginesie kryzysu pandemii
Authors: Skórzyńska Agata
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is critical reconstruction of a current dispute in the field of urban studies. Recent dabates and polemics between researchers related to such approaches, as planetary urbanisation thesis, urban political ecology, assemblage urbanism, urban postcolonial studies and – last but not least – well known Los Angeles School – showed that the expieriencie of the urban cirisises is closely related to the search for the new knowledge and concepts, that can bring visons of change and sollutions. At stake is, however, the recognition that some theoretical proposals have the potential to develop critical knowledge, while others tend to become just new urban ideologies, attractive, but often reactive, ineffective or exclusive. The climate change, as well as recent pandemic crisis shows clearly that well-established theoretical criticism is just as nessecary as cultural activity or political action, if urban studies are to continue to provide us with knowledge that responds to the challenges of the future. Theoretical disputes are sometimes just a „family war”, but they often show the most sensitive problems to which scientific knowledge must answer. Urban crisises in turn, as COVID-19 pandemic clearly shows – are often unexpected pracitical tests of theories.
(Nie)przewidywalność dynamiki. Refleksje o kryzysie i mieście (na marginesie myśli Jurija Łotmana i René Thoma)
Authors: Madurowicz Mikołaj
Published: February 2021

The article deals with three issues: (1) how to understand the crisis in the context of the city, (2) what components in the urban crisis equation can be distinguished (constant, variable, unknown), and (3) according to which criteria the predictability of the dynamics of processes taking place in an urbanized environment should be understood. In the analysis, categories of text, code, narrative (discourse), structure and conditions were used as levels of crisis interpretation – in the light of findings of culture semiotician Y. Lotman and mathematician R. Thom. The main result of this study is that the crisis is a stable standard (rule) for all unstable morphologies, including cities.
Czy miejscy aktywiści chcą nas zabić? Siły altermodernizacji a konstruowanie konserwatywnej paniki moralnej
Authors: Pluciński Przemysław
Published: February 2021

The article offers an analysis of discursive reactions to the altermodernist patterns developed by urban social movements, present in right-wing and conservative-liberal narratives and journalism. These reactions are clearly backlash. The main thesis of the article is that they meet the conditions of moral panic. Therefore, the following elements of moral panic have been identified: excessive concern for the established order, false representations based on exaggeration and distortion, and the construction of deviation through the negative stereotype of the urban activist. The crucial element of the latter is the construction of the political enemy by means of “communization”.
Performanse miast-duchów
Authors: Ostrowska Joanna
Published: February 2021

The article takes readers to the towns-ghost destroyed in both World Wars. The author recallas examples of French villages detruit from Picardy and martyr cities: Czech Lidice and French Oradour-sur-Glane. Starting from Schechner’s “as performance” category, the author analyzes how the contemporary meaning of these places is built and with what means they create anti-war performances.
Przemyśleć empatię w kontekście kryzysu miejskiej współobecności
Authors: Zimpel Jadwiga
Published: February 2021

The article proposes to rethink the idea of empathy in the context of the question on dynamics organising the realm of urban co-presence in the times of environmental crisis. I put forward the thesis that empathy is not solely a cognitive ability of subject but a material, relational and deterritorializing process operating with urban entanglements, being a the same moment oppositional to entropy. The arguments in favor of the proposed approach to empathy are based on the diffractive reading of Theodor Lipps’s projective theory of empathy, consisting in its interpretation through the lens of new materialistic approach. Referring new materialists’ thought to Lipps’s findings, I show that some threads of their thinking about ontology of diverse naturalcultural phenomena can be found in Lipps’s studies on empathy. I arrive with the conclusion that new materialistic translation of the notion of empathy which shows its inseparability of the notion of sympathy, makes it a useful conceptual tool for inventing new, more ethical modes of urban co-presence in the age of sixth extinction.
Can Ontology Be Related to Aesthetics? The Case of Leon Chwistek
Authors: Bednarz Gabriel
Published: February 2021

I explore Leon Chwistek’s views on ontology and aesthetics through a philosophical analysis of his texts. I present and briefly discuss two main interpretations of Chwistek’s ontology, i.e. logical and epistemological, before analyzing Chwistek’s aesthetics to show how it may be based on his ontology. Furthermore, I link both interpretations to the problem of whether or not Chwistek’s four realities share a common domain; a problem which is associated with his aesthetics. Finally, I make suggestions regarding further research on his notion of transitional types of art and the corresponding realities.
Muzyka jako teofania? Pytania do George’a Steinera
Authors: Trzęsiok Marcin
Published: February 2021

Music occupies a special place in George Steiner’s thinking: “Three areas: the essence and name of God, higher mathematics and music (what is the connection between them?) are located at the limits of language” (Steiner, Errata). The seemingly rhetorical question in parentheses turns out to be a source of deep controversy, the essence of which is revealed in historical-genealogical reflection. Steiner attempts to incorporate Romantic metaphysics within the traditional scholastic symbiosis of Biblical creationism and Pythagoreanism, which reveals his philosophy of music to be entangled in a range of contradictions. On the one hand, a critical reading of Steiner's works uncovers the difficulties posed by the attempt to reconcile pre- and post-Enlightenment culture; on the other hand, the still unused opportunities offered by Romanticism and its modernist continuations are clearly visible. Musical aesthetics, rooted in the idea of infinity, plays a crucial role in these divagations.
Le corps et sa perception dans la langue française : du concept de simplicité/simplification au phénomène métaphorique
Authors: Bocian Edyta
Published: February 2021

The article focuses on the analysis of the concept of simplicity/simplification in relation to the human body in the metaphorical dimension. First, the problem was presented on three reference planes: physical, functional and spatial parameters. Secondly, a detailed analysis of a static body framed in a three-dimensional view was performed. Scientific reflection has shown the interesting metaphorical effect of orientation high & low, behind & before and right & left in the process of creating spatial lexis, although of varying extent.
La lecture lacanienne du roman durassien Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein : l’expérience « autre » de l’inconscient et du langage
Authors: Ledwina Anna
Published: February 2021

Inscribed in human condition, Loss is an integral part of Duras’s work. It is a leitmotif of the novel Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein (The Ravishing of Lol Stein), in which the feeling of love is shown as ambivalent, connected − on the one hand − with ecstasy, admiration and exaltation, and on the other – with suffering, loneliness, pain and absence. Considered from the Lacanist perspective, the text allows us to see the originality of Duras’s prose, which involves capturing the unspeakable, the thing that escapes rational analysis and conventional writing technique: the subconscious. The author refers to it both in the thematic and stylistic layers, thus emphasizing the fragmentary nature of the language that implicitly transmits the eroticism of a woman condemned to silence.
La carte et le territoire de Michel Houellebecq en tant que roman de l’artiste postmoderne
Authors: Małysa-Janczy Zofia
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the article is to study the phenomenon of postmodernist Künstlerroman on the example of The Map and the Territory by Michel Houellebecq. The paper is focused on the social voyage of the artist-protagonist, Jed Martin, who enters into the art world and has to face its capitalist logic. The analysis of Michel Houellebecq’s novel allows not only to trace the evolution of the young artist and his search to develop a sense of identity, but also to reveal the process inherent to the postmodernist Künstlerroman – the process of devaluation, marginalization and relativization of art.
Morbus est… Roman Views on Health of Animals as a Basis for the Present-Day Warranty Legislation
Authors: Dzikowski Andrzej
Published: February 2021

The aim of the study is to reveal the connections and inspirations between Roman and contemporary regulations of warranty, as an element of European heritage. The material for the study consists of Justinian’s “Digest”, Gellius’and Cato’s works, contemporary Polish warranty legislation –the Civil Code, its amendments and executive acts. Juridical, medical and philosophical views of ancient Roman lawyers on animal health in the mentioned material were examined and analyzed. The views of the ancient Romans reflected in Polish civil law were pointed out. Studies have been carried out, comparing the ideas that provide the background for legal norms of warranty. It has been proved how different defining of health and disease in veterinary medicine can affect divergent legal regulations in relation to animals sold. The functionality criterion was affirmed to be applicable not only as one of warranty premises, but also as a motor for legal development.
Powoływanie ławników do sądów pokoju i Sądu Okręgowego w Łodzi w pierwszych latach Polski międzywojennej
Authors: Wiśniewska Dorota
Published: February 2021

On July 18, 1917, the Provisional Council of State approved “Temporary Provisions on the Organization of the Judiciary in the Kingdom of Poland”. These regulations granted the organization and functioning of the courts in the area of the newly created Kingdom of Poland, and was therefore binding in Łódź. It specified, inter alia, the rules for appointing lay judges to the courts of peace and regional courts. In Łódź, the implementation of the rules met numerous problems, related for example to the increase in the number of cases that were to be resolved with the participation of lay judges. There was also a problem with the initially low salary received by lay judges and the time needed by the City Council of Łódźto select candidates.
Promocja edycji najstarszych ksiąg grodzkich krakowskich w Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności
Authors: Fokt Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

The text in question is a report on the presentation of the edition of the oldest castle court books of Cracow from the early 15th century. The volume was issued by three scholarly institutes, and the presentation took place in the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow on December 10, 2019.
Nierówne szanse wobec równego prawa. Zmagania o prawa służebne mieszkańców Galicji na przykładzie wsi Bratkówka i Odrzykoń w XIX wieku
Authors: Popek Joachim
Published: February 2021

The basic issue of the article concerns the peasants’problems with respect to common rights of forest and pasturage (which in Austria was called Servituten). The issue has never been adequately researched, but rather has only been described in a general or fragmentary way. The examples of the villages of Odrzykońand Bratkówka (which belonged to one estate at the time), illustrate the peasants’struggles over issues such as rights to wood, forest litter, and grazing of their cattle on the noblemen’s estates. In a chronological structure the article presents the most important events that influenced the functioning, evolution, and attempts of peasants to gain confirmation of these rights. It also contains information about the process of regulation their laws in the second half of the 19th century. Therefore, the main issue of the article regards the question of the inequality of the peasant’s chances despite the law’s theoretical equality.
Archaeological materials from caves in the south Caucasus recovered by Stefan Krukowski during his stay in Georgia 1916–1918
Authors: Szymczak Karol
Published: February 2021

The Polish archaeologist Stefan Krukowski stayed in Georgia from 1916 to 1918. During that time, apart from carrying out a comprehensive excavation in Gvarjilas Klde Cave, he also performed test digs in other Caucasian cave sites, the materials from which are still stored in the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi but have never been published. In this paper these inventories are analysed and presented as a side note to a recently published book on the results of Krukowski’s field research in Gvarjilas Klde.
Digital Heritage Surrogates, Decolonization, and International Law: Restitution, Control, and the Creation of Value as Reparations and Emancipation
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: February 2021

This article argues that digital and post-colonial engagements with heritage can be reconciled only if they happen in the terms set by the once-colonized community, and for their benefit. Further, the law can play a significant role in embedding certain ethical commitments, provided it can steer away from legal categories such as authenticity and access; categories which, despite their neutral or even cosmopolitan aspirations, function as reinforcers of a status quo that privileges colonial possession of heritage. In order to pursue this thesis, the article focuses on the ways in which the digitization of heritage was suggested – in the context of the Sarr-Savoy Report about the return of objects from French museums to certain African countries – to constitute a precondition for the return of cultural objects taken during colonialism. Drawing on that report, as well as on the responses to it, the article queries whether and how digitization can work to redress (or unfortunately, in some cases reinforce) the harms of colonialism.
What’s in a Name? Museums in the Post-Digital Age
Authors: Quiñones Vilá Claudia S.
Published: February 2021

This article examines the recently proposed ICOM museum definition and its detractors in order to trace the history of museums and their social purpose as they move from a traditional past into a tumultuous present and uncertain future. As countries begin to reframe the role of arts and culture in shaping a world affected by a global pandemic, museums will need to address not only practical measures – such as social distancing guidelines and limited visitor numbers – but also how these institutions are situated within the greater social context. Technology is particularly useful for museums to share their collections with audiences and transcend geographical boundaries, and it also allows these institutions to reposition themselves as relevant within the ongoing cultural heritage dialogue and context. However, it is debatable whether online and digital offerings classify as museums. Even if there is no consensus on the textbook definition of museum, pinpointing common traits will help establish their evolution and role for current and future generations. Embracing digitization, virtual museums, and other non-traditional frameworks allows for a more expansive and inclusive conception of museums, taking into account their dual role: as custodians of public knowledge and spaces for education and development.
Democratizing Museum Practice Through Oral History, Digital Storytelling, and Collaborative Ethical Work
Authors: Perla Armando
Published: February 2021

The museum as an institution can trace its origins to the colonization process. Many are still undemocratic and exclusionary institutions by nature. This article explores how digital collections, digital storytelling, and ethical guidelines for museum professionals working with historically marginalized communities can contribute to democratize museum practice and theory. Making use of two case studies: 1) the creation of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights’ (CMHR) oral history collection; and 2) the planning of the Swedish Museum of Movements’ (MoM) ethical guidelines – this piece proposes a shift from theory to practice in human rights museology to help institutions be more attuned and responsive to the communities they intend to serve. Both case studies demonstrate that implementing human rights museology in national museums is not an easy task and still faces multiple challenges. Yet, they also indicate that this concept can be more productively informed through practices developed by the marginalized groups which have been historically excluded from taking part in the decision-making processes in museums.
Digital Single Market. Cyber Threats and the Protection of Digital Contents: An Overview
Authors: Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Katarzyna
Published: February 2021

Access to audio-visual and digitized heritage is crucial for the economy and overall well-being. It also offers important avenues for the development of creativity and intercultural dialogue, shaping people’s identity and contributing to cultural diversity. Yet the rise of the digital sector has also been accompanied by the proliferation of cyber or computer-related crime. Therefore, the harmonization of cybercrime legislation has widely been discussed in different international fora. At the same time, the protection of digital content has become a highly important issue in the context of the expanding policies aimed at ensuring public, open access to digitized resources for non-commercial, educational, and cultural purposes. This article offers an overview of these topical questions, with specific reference to the EU Digital Single Market.
The Digitization of Cultural Heritage under Polish Law and Policy: Challenges Presented by Copyright Law
Authors: Guss Aleksandra
Published: February 2021

Digitization in the narrow sense means the conversion of analogue data into digital form. Looking more broadly through the prism of the protection of cultural heritage, digitization of its objects means not only the conversion of analogue objects into their digital version, but is also related to the processing of the obtained material, file management, and finally, but not always, the sharing of digital documentation. It is not a simple procedure because it has many limitations, including those arising from issues of the copyright protection of digitized works. The aim of this article is to present the challenges related to copyright in relation to the digitization of cultural heritage in the light of Polish law and policy. Poland is one of the countries where the process of digitization of cultural heritage is developing dynamically, both through government programmes and grassroots digitization movements. However, there is no separate regulation in the Polish legal system devoted to the digitization of cultural heritage resources. This makes it difficult to ensure the digitization of a significant part of collections due to the limitations resulting from copyright and their relation to works that can potentially be transferred into the digital space.
Demands and Challenges of Internationalization in the Swedish Humanities in the Era of Academic Capitalism
Authors: Öhlander Magnus , Wolanik Boström Katarzyna , Pettersson Helena
Published: February 2021

This article analyzes strategies and practices among Swedish Humanities scholars in relation to the demands of “internationalization” and in a framework of academic capitalism. The article is based on 30 qualitative interviews with scholars in philosophy, Romance languages and history. There are signs of cognitive dissonance, with conflicting set of norms. Benefits for the academic CV, along with a discipline’s ideals, traditions and its perceived role in society are the main context in which internationalization is understood, implemented and contested, with individual variations in international practices as e.g. international mobility, networking or publication strategies.
Portrait of Poles and Lithuanians through Students’ Eyes
Authors: Romanenko Olena
Published: February 2021

The article provides a brief historical background of Polish-Lithuanian stereotypes and provides the results of sociological research, which was carried out at the Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania. The main tasks of the article are to examine Polish and Lithuanian characters, their mutual relations and relations to other people, their attitudes to material goods and to their homeland. The author tried to define "How Lithuanians refer to themselves and to Poles". The results of the research are divided into two parts. The first describes Lithuanian autostereotypes and stereotypes about Lithuanians. The second part provides data about actual Lithuanian stereotypes about Poles. As a result of the research, we confirmed most of the "classical stereotypes" about the two nations, but also found the new ones.
Prywatyzacja szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce i w Europie
Authors: Koralewicz Jadwiga
Published: February 2021

This article deals with the transformation of the previously non-existent private higher edu-cation in Poland and Central-Eastern Europe from 1990 to 202o. In Poland, moreover, pri-vatization was particularly intense because of the increase in the country's population. The number of students increased fivefold in the first 15 years. The article describes the relation-ship between private and public higher education. From 2010 onwards, the number of stu-dents began to decline and predictions were made about the demise of private education. These predictions were incorrect. Private universities began, for example, to accept students from abroad and teach in English. Part-time students are now more likely to choose private universities than in the past. About io% ofthese universities have become tediary education institutions, whose students earn more after their studies than graduates of state universities.
Mobility-as-a Service jako postęp w integracji transportu
Authors: Koźlak Aleksandra
Published: February 2021

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is an innovative concept that makes a significant contribution to transport integration. This concept has developed following the emergence of new types of transport services and technological advances, in particular ICT and mobile technology. MaaS has the potential to improve the use of assets and contributes to a reduction in the number of passenger cars in congested cities. The aim of the article is to synthesise the current state of knowledge on the Mobility-as-a-Service concept, to assess the degree of the implementation of MaaS systems in Europe, to discuss the results of research on the benefits of using these solutions, as well as to show the role of MaaS in transport integration. The research methodology includes a literature review and a deductive research method. The research has shown that any consensus has been reached on the scope of the MaaS system, although the suggestion is that they should include solutions that have at least an integrated module for booking services and payments, in addition to the possibility of planning a journey by different transport means. Currently there are neither sufficient data on the costs and benefits of MaaS systems, nor comprehensive analyses how they affect travel patterns and user behaviour. However, the first fragmented studies of MaaS pilot implementations confirm the existence of benefits for different stakeholder groups. The analysis of levels and the scope of the integration in MaaS systems confirmed that they contribute to the deepening of the integration of transport services. The results of the research presented in this article can be a reason for in-depth research into the essence and effects of Mobility-as-a-Service applications.
Dostępność transportowa aglomeracji rzeszowskiej w kontekście realizowanych i planowanych inwestycji w infrastrukturze kolejowej
Authors: Gierczak-Korzeniowska Beata
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the importance of investments in railway infrastructure for improving the transport accessibility of the Rzeszów agglomeration. For an intensively developing and expanding Rzeszów agglomeration, accessibility plays a key role not only in determining the value of residential and commercial real estate but, above all, in meeting the needs related to the mobility of the region’s inhabitants from one place to another (e.g. to work or school). Therefore, transport accessibility is an important element of spatial organization and has a significant impact on the level and pace of the socio-economic development in the region. The paper consists of a theoretical part and a case study characterising several investment projects in the railway transport infrastructure. The aim of the article is to present the impact planned and implemented investments in rail transport to improvement of accessibility, and thus the level and quality of life of the inhabitants of the Rzeszów agglomeration. The considerations were supplemented with an attempt to assess the current transport accessibility in the region and the changes that will occur as a result of the implemented investments.
Academic Education: Focused Only on the Labour Market?
Authors: Gerlach Ryszard
Published: February 2021

The discussion about academic education should be considered important and particularly valid at the moment, when yet another higher education reform is being implemented in our country. Among an array of issues that should be discussed in publications and scientific discussions, there is also a search for an answer to the question about the extent to which such education prepares and the extent to which it should prepare students for employment at the modern, as well as the future, rapidly changing labour market. The author of the paper also attempts to offer an answer to this question.
The Culture of Peace in Adult Education: Its Epistemological Bases from the Jesuit Philosophy
Authors: Limón Álvaro Luis López , Zhizhko Elena , García Laura Gemma Flores
Published: February 2021

This work constitutes a historical-pedagogical reflection focusing on the philosophical foundations of Jesuit pedagogy or education for peace through the thought of Francisco Javier Clavijero, in particular, his works Ancient History of Mexico and Particular Physics. The authors studying Clavijero found that his thought included the following foundations of education for peace: eclectic attitude expressed in a search for the reconciliation of modernity with tradition; the use of verisimilitude as a criterion of knowledge in the process of adjustment to the truth within the philosophy of nature and history; and a belief in the knowledge of the different philosophical systems, in which the truth is found. According to Clavijero, education, at first, represents means or a pretext to refute the insults of European philosophers concerning the supposed inferiority of Mexicans, based on the reason. Education could be understood as the principle on which a political-social system is based, in this case of the society of ancient Mexicans. Education is the resource that enables the transmission of laws and customs, in short, a worldview of the world, which can be understood in terms more typical of culture.
Defining and Analyzing Transformative Learning
Authors: Chad Hoggan
Published: February 2021

There is an important difference between the phenomena we study and the names we call them or theories we use to explain them. Transformative learning theory is a human construction designed to describe a phenomenon, but it is imperfect at best. The author advocates a delineation of the terms. Namely, the term perspective transformation should be used to refer to Mezirow’s theory because it has only ever been used for his specific theory. The term transformative learning should be used to refer to the broad range of theories (including Mezirow’s) that attempt to describe and explain dramatic changes in how people experience, conceptualize, and interact with the world. The author uses transformative learning in adult education investigations to understand the experiences of military veterans transitioning from combat to civilian life, of breast cancer survivors navigating the psycho-social transition of their disease, of students from backgrounds of poverty attending community college, and even the negative transformation of people becoming radicalized into violent terrorism. There are many more situations that cause people to change, and those specific situations shape the processes that lead to change and therefore shape the eventual outcomes of that change. All of the theories and constructs in the transformative learning literature are nothing more than human creations designed to explain the phenomena associatedwith dramatic learning and change in adulthood. The value of transformative learning as a metatheory is to provide constructs in the form of analytic tools that scholars from disparate disciplines can use in working together to create better, more useful constructs for understanding that phenomena. There are identified and presented the analytic tools (definition, criteria, typology) to provide a framework for scholars to think carefully and with clarity about what they mean when using the word “transformation”. The need in more holistic, interdisciplinary understandings of transformative learning is substantiated, thus promoting the use of transformative learning as a metatheory.