bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the required amount of traffic of suburban trains, taking into account all-day and intraday irregularities in passenger traffic distribution
Authors:   Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University, FILIPPOV Anton G. , SMIRNOV Sergey S. ,   Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University, YAZEV Denis V. ,   Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University, ALEXANDROV Igor P. ,   Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University
Published: January 2022

Objective: Automation of processing data on passenger traffi c in an arbitrary direction in order to determine the number of “threadsˮ in the time schedule for suburban passenger traffi c in the future. Verifi cation of the adequacy of the existing infrastructure and design solutions for reconstruction in terms of ensuring the required throughput capacity of railway lines. Methods: The calculation of the number of trains is carried out by mathematical modeling of passenger traffi c distribution by hours of the day on each day of the week of the initial month. The identifi cation of trains with non-daily destination is made by comparing the calculation results for each day of the week. Results: An algorithm has been developed for calculating on a computer the perspective amount of suburban train traffi c, taking into account the uneven distribution of passenger traffi c by hours of the day and days of the week. Practical importance: The data obtained using the presented algorithm makes it possible to simplify the development of advance time schedules, taking into account the needs of the population in transportation. The results of the work can be used in feasibility studies for the reconstruction of station layout development and passenger devices, as well as serve as the basis for the technical re-equipment of lines in order to increase their throughput (replacement of signaling and communication equipment, construction of second main tracks, reconstruction of yard necks, etc.). The results of the calculation also make it possible to identify schedule “threadsˮ for withdrawal of trains on days of the week when they are not in demand, but at the same time take into account non-daily trains when developing a standard time schedule. The form of presentation of the results takes into account the spatial irregularity of passenger traffi c and makes it possible to distinguish zonal trains.
Ukraine: The Main Political Results of the Year
Authors: Tsedilina E.
Published: January 2022

In 2021 in Ukraine as a result of several objective reasons prerequisites were formed for a serious internal political crisis. Problems related to the shortage of energy resources may become a catalyst for negative processes in the economy and politics which will most likely lead to early parliamentary elections. In the south-east of the country, the Ukrainian leadership is deliberately escalating the conflict, which may lead to the resumption of active hostilities in the region. On the outer contour, Kiev’s Western partners continued a military development of Ukrainian territory, although they are still in no hurry to grant Ukraine the status of a full member of NATO. There have also been no changes in the country's relations with the European Union. Fearing the undesirable consequences of the launch of the Nord Stream 2, Kiev continued to actively fight for the preservation of gas transit through its GTS.
REB’s statistical series: surveys of agricultural enterprises
Authors: Aukutsionek S. , Batyaeva A. , Dyomina N. , Egorov A. , Matveev A.
Published: January 2022

The article presents unique data on the Russian agricultural sector, which has been gathered by the Russian Economic Barometer for almost 30 years. There is published statistics reflecting the attitude of the heads of agricultural enterprises towards the economic policy of the government. There are presented data revealing the degree of importance for the agricultural producers of various factors limiting production and capital investments.
Characterization of the in Vitro and in Vivo Efficacy of Baloxavir Marboxil against h5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Taniguchi Keiichi , Ando Yoshinori , Kobayashi Masanori , Toba Shinsuke , Nobori Haruaki , Sanaki Takao , Noshi Takeshi , Kawai Makoto , Yoshida Ryu , Sato Akihiko , Shishido Takao , Naito Akira , Matsuno Keita , Okamatsu Masatoshi , Sakoda Yoshihiro , Kida Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

Human infections caused by the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) sporadically threaten public health. The susceptibility of HPAIVs to baloxavir acid (BXA), a new class of inhibitors for the influenza virus cap-dependent endonuclease, has been confirmed in vitro, but it has not yet been fully characterized. Here, the efficacy of BXA against HPAIVs, including recent H5N8 variants, was assessed in vitro. The antiviral efficacy of baloxavir marboxil (BXM) in H5N1 virus-infected mice was also investigated. BXA exhibited similar in vitro activities against H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8 variants tested in comparison with seasonal and other zoonotic strains. Compared with oseltamivir phosphate (OSP), BXM monotherapy in mice infected with the H5N1 HPAIV clinical isolate, the A/Hong Kong/483/1997 strain, also caused a significant reduction in viral titers in the lungs, brains, and kidneys, thereby preventing acute lung inflammation and reducing mortality. Furthermore, compared with BXM or OSP monotherapy, combination treatments with BXM and OSP using a 48-hour delayed treatment model showed a more potent effect on viral replication in the organs, accompanied by improved survival. In conclusion, BXM has a potent antiviral efficacy against H5 HPAIV infections.
Midpalatal Suture Density CBCT Evaluation, Sex Gender and Growth Pattern Related Variability in 392 Adolescents Treated With Rapid Maxillary Expander Appliance
Authors: Macrì Monica , Toniato Elena , Murmura Giovanna , Varvara Giuseppe , Festa Felice
Published: January 2022

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the changes in the mean bone density values of the midpalatal suture in 392 young patients treated with the Rapid Palatal Expander appliance according to sex, gender, vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns. Materials and Methods. The evaluations were performed using the low-dose protocol cone-beam computed tomography scans at t0 (preoperatively) and t1 (1 year after the beginning of the therapy). The region of interest was used to calculate bone density in Hounsfield units (HU) in the area between the maxillary incisors. Results. CBCT scan data of 196 females and 196 males (mean age of 11,7 years) showed homogeneous and similar density values of the MPS at T0 (547.59 HU - 565.85 HU) and T1 (542.31 - 554.20 HU). Class III skeletal individuals showed a significant higher BD than the II class group at T0, but not at T1. Females showed significantly higher BD than males at t0 and t1. No significant differences were found between the other groups and between two-time points in terms of bone density values of the MPS. Conclusions. Females and III class groups showed significantly higher bone density values than males and II class, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found from T0 to T1 in any groups, suggesting that a similar rate of suture reorganization occurs after the use of the RPE, following reorganization and bone deposition along with the MPS.
Dark Matter - Are They Insulators to Electromagnetic Radiation?
Authors: Bag Sayan , Bag Arijit
Published: January 2022

The detection of Dark Matter is the greatest outstanding problem in modern cosmology. Several attempts have been taken for this without any remarkable success. To find out a suitable way of detection we need to understand its nature comprehensively. In the present article, a hypothesis is described considering Dark Matter as a normal matter. Its peculiar behavior is explained considering its existence in BEC state in the coolest part of the universe that makes it an electromagnetic insulator. Depending upon this hypothesis an experimental verification method is proposed.
Meaningful Infrastructures in Biological Networks: Related Studies, Algorithms and Evaluation Parameters
Authors: Ngobesing Lionel Alangeh , Atay Yılmaz
Published: January 2022

Abstract: In network science and big data, the concept of finding meaningful infrastructures in networks has emerged as a method of finding groups of entities with similar properties within very complex systems. The whole concept is generally based on finding subnetworks which have more properties (links) amongst nodes belonging to the same cluster than nodes in other groups (A concept presented by Girvan and Newman, 2002). Today meaningful infrastructure identification is applied in all types of networks from computer networks, to social networks to biological networks. In this article we will look at how meaningful infrastructure identification is applied in biological networks. This concept is important in biological networks as it helps scientist discover patterns in proteins or drugs which helps in solving many medical mysteries. This article will encompass the different algorithms that are used for meaningful infrastructure identification in biological networks. These include Genetic Algorithm, Differential Evolution, Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA), Walktrap Algorithm, Connect Intensity Iteration Algorithm (CIIA), Firefly algorithms and Overlapping Multiple Label Propagation Algorithm. These al-gorithms are compared with using performance measurement parameters such as the Mod-ularity, Normalized Mutual Information, Functional Enrichment, Recall and Precision, Re-dundancy, Purity and Surprise, which we will also discuss here.
The Effect of Electric Energy Accumulation by Hydrated ZrO2 – Nanoparticles
Authors: Doroshkevich Alexander S. , Shylo Artem V. , Lyubchyk Andriy I. , Oksengendler Boris L. , Zelenyak Tatyana Yu. , Appazov Nurbol O. , Kirillov Andriy K. , Vasilenko Tatyana A. , Tatarinova Alisa A. , Gorban Oksana O. , Bodnarchuk Viktor I. , Nikiforova Nadejda N. , Balasoiu Maria , Mardare Diana M. , Mita Carmen , Luca Dorin , Mirzayev Matlab N. , Nabiyev Asif A. , Popov Evgeni P. , Stanculescu Anca I. , Konstantinova Tatyana E. , Aleksiayenak Yulia V.
Published: January 2022

The dimensional effect of the accumulation of an electric charge with a density of up to 270 μF/g by the system of compacted zirconium dioxide nanoparticles during exposure in an electric field (5000 V/m) under normal physical conditions is determined. Based on a qualitative complex analysis of the forms of appearance of the effect, it is shown that the place of localization of different charge carriers is the surface of nanoparticles. The supposed mechanism of this effect is considered using the theory of dispersed systems, the band theory, and the theory of contact phenomena in semiconductors. It was concluded that this mechanism is due to the phenomenon of localization of electron-type charge nanoparticles in the near-surface zone of the material in contact with the adsorption ion atmosphere. This effect is relevant for modern nanoelectronics, microsystem technology, and printed electronics.
Urinary Incontinence and Its Association with Physical and Psycho-Cognitive Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older People Living in Nursing Homes
Authors: Farrés-Godayol Pau , Jerez-Roig Javier , Minobes-Molina Eduard , Yildirim Meltem , Molas-Tuneu Miriam , Escribà-Salvans Anna , Rierola-Folchs Sandra , Romero-Mas Montse , Torres-Moreno Miriam , Coll-Planas Laura , Booth Joanne , Giné-Garriga Maria
Published: January 2022

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common geriatric syndrome affecting bladder health and is especially prevalent in nursing homes (NHs). The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of UI and its associated factors in 5 Spanish NHs. UI (measured with Minimum Data Set 3.0.), sociodemographic and health-related variables were collected. Chi- square (or Fisher’s) or Student’s t-test (or Mann Whitney U) for bivariate analysis were used, with Prevalence Ratio (PR) as an association measure. The prevalence of UI was 66.1% (CI:95%, 53.6–77.2) and was significantly associated with frailty (PR 1.84; 95%CI 0.96–3.53), faecal incontinence (FI) (PR 1.65; 95%CI 1.02–2.65), anxiety (PR 1.64; 95%CI 1.01–2.66), physical performance (PR 1.77; 95%CI 1.00–3.11) and cognitive state (PR 1.95; 95%CI 1.05–3.60). Statistically significant differences between incontinent-continent groups were found for activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, mobility, quality of life, sedentary behaviour (SB) and handgrip strength. It can be concluded that 2/3 of the residents experienced UI, and its significant associated factors were mainly physical (SB, frailty, physical performance, ADL limitations, mobility, FI and handgrip strength) followed by psycho-cognitive factors (cognition, anxiety and quality of life).
Perda potencial em anos de vida decorrente da Covid-19 nas regiões brasileiras: avaliação dos seis primeiros meses da pandemia
Authors: Oliveira Kleber Fernandes de Oliveira
Published: January 2022

A presente nota de pesquisa estima o impacto das mortes por Covid-19 sobre a esperança de vida no Brasil e regiões para os primeiros seis meses de 2020. Com base nos dados do Datasus e nas tábuas de vida com decremento simples, estimou-se que as mortes por Covid-19 ocorridas até 18 de agosto de 2020 tiveram impacto estatisticamente negativo na esperança de vida ao nascer, tanto masculina (-1,05 ano) quanto feminina (-0,85 ano). Em termos regionais, a maior perda em anos de vida é estimada no Norte (-1,65 ano para homens e -1,48 ano para mulheres), enquanto o Sul foi a região com menor impacto (-0,5 ano para homens e -0,36 para mulheres). Os resultados do modelo logístico para o país apontam que a mortalidade por Covid-19 tende a ser maior entre a população com mais de 65 anos, homens, pretos e de baixa instrução. As comorbidades aumentam a chance de desfecho morte, especialmente doença hepática e renal crônica. Tais análises foram ainda desagregadas por grandes regiões brasileiras.
KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN DAN KOMPOSISI JENIS TANAMAN PENYUSUN AGROFORESTRY DI KECAMATAN SESEAN KABUPATEN TORAJA UTARA
Authors: Bachtiar Budirman , Sandabunga Ratu M , Sandabunga Ratu M
Published: January 2022

Agroforestry system recently developed by the community to meet their needs. But many people’s don’t understand yet to select suitability plants on the agroforestry land. This study aims to determine the land characteristics and components of agroforestry in District Sesean, Toraja District. This research caried out in the way comparethe requireiment of plants and charactristic at land. Plants in research location are robusta coffee, cocoa, banana, mangosteen, buangin (pine mountain), aren, bamboo betung, and uru. The result of research indicated land suitability of plants are moderately suitable (S2) to marginal suitable (S3). Limitation factors that limit plant growth is predominantly rainfall and also temperature, but both of these limiting factors are difficult and can not be repaired.

 Keywords :Agroforestry, Land characteristics, Plants
Factors Determining the Three-Year Dynamics of Lipid Metabolism Indicators in Residents of a Large Industrial Region of Siberia
Authors: Tsygankova D. P. , Bazdyrev E. D. , Indukaeva E. V. , Agienko A. S. , Nakhratova O. V. , Artamonova G. V. , Barbarash O. L.
Published: January 2022

Aim. To assess the contribution of traditional and socio-economic factors to the development and dynamics of dyslipidemia based on the results of an epidemiological study in a large region of Siberia.

Material and methods. Clinical and epidemiological prospective study of the population 35-70 years old was carried out. At the basic stage, 1600 participants were examined, including 1124 women and 476 men, the prospective stage included 807 respondents (the response was 84.1%). A survey was carried out to find out the state of health (presence of diseases, taking medications), socio-economic status (level of education and income, marital status) and the presence of behavioral risk factors (tobacco and alcohol use).

Results. The proportion of people with hypercholesterolemia increased 1.2 times, low LDL – 1.1 times, and hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL – 1.7 times. In persons with hypertriglyceridemia, the frequency of detected obesity and hypertension decreased by 7.9% and 4.6%, respectively (p = 0.046). Obesity was associated with an increased risk of developing hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.49, CI: 1.0-2.2), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.14, CI: 1.5-3.0), high LDL cholesterol (OR = 2.16, CI: 1.3-3.6) and low HDL cholesterol (OR = 2.07, CI: 1.5-2.9). The presence of hypertension - with an increased risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.19, CI: 1.5-3.1) and low HDL (OR = 2.49, CI: 1.8-3.5). Among people with low HDL levels, the number of smokers and drinkers decreased (by 7.0% and 5.7%, respectively), as well as those with obesity by 8.6%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia increased in all socioeconomic groups.

Conclusion. Over 3 years of follow-up, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of persons with dyslipidemia in all socio-economic groups. There was a significant decrease in such risk factors as obesity, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption and an increase in the number of respondents taking lipid-lowering therapy.
THE EFFECT OF SPORT MASSAGE ON LACTIC ACID RECOVERY
Authors: Brilian Mohamad , Ugelta Surdiniaty , Pitriani Pipit
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the extend of the impact of the sports massage recovery method on the lactate levels of wrestling athletes. The population in this study was West Java PON wrestling athletes with purposive sampling technique with the criteria of having participated in national level championships and male gender with a total of 4 person. The instrument in this study was the Wrestling Match Simulation, Sport Massage is a recovery method protocol with a duration of 20 minutes, Acutend Lactate to measure the athlete's lactate level before and after being given the treatment. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the athlete's lactate level after being given the treatment.
THE PERSPECTIVE OF CLINICAL CLERKSHIP STUDENTS ON HEALTH PROTOCOLS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON DAILY EXERCISE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Anugrahsari Santi , Parlina Nining , Ikhwan Zein Muhammad , Muhammad Resza Ayatullah , Suryadi  , Abbas Hafid
Published: January 2022

Physical exercise is essential to maintain human health. However, everybody has to apply the health protocols to prevent COVID-19 transmission during the pandemic. There is no exception; it is also applied for Clinical Clerkship Students who undergo the learning process at the Teaching Hospital. Unfortunately, no research provides a perspective on health protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic on daily exercise activities. This study aims to research the sports activities of Clinical Clerkship Students, measure knowledge about distance when exercising according to the protocol from the Ministry of Health, and describe their opinion regarding health protocols. This research conducted a mixed-method experiment that studies twenty-eight Clinical Clerkship Students. The type of sport and its frequency were evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form. The enhancement of participants’ knowledge after watching the video and sport activity were studied descriptive quantitatively. Meanwhile, their opinion on the health protocol was analyzed qualitatively. The participants' Physical Activity Categories were 25% low, 50% moderate, and 25% high. The results showed that low and high IPAQ Catagories have a higher video post-test score, but there was no correlation. More than 75% of the students understand the contents of health protocols during exercise. We conclude that half of Clinical Clerkship Students have a moderate physical activity category and know about distance when exercising through educational videos and believe that maintaining health during a pandemic by exercising is necessary as long as they adhere to health protocols.
ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTION USING ASYNCHRONOUS METHOD ON A DISTANCE LEARNING SYSTEM
Authors: Rahman Leli , Rihatno Taufik , Nurdin Fatah
Published: January 2022

This study aims to find out how the level of learning activity using the method asynchronous in distance learning. The research method uses descriptive analysis method. The research population was students of SMAN 1 Cisarua in the 2020/2021 academic year with a total sample of 90 people, while the instrument used in this study was a learning activity questionnaire. The data analysis technique used relative frequency distribution and trend test. The results showed that the "Very Good" category obtained a percentage of 8%, in the "Good" category a percentage of 22% was obtained, in the "Enough" category a percentage was obtained 41%, in the "Less" category the percentage was 23%, while in the "Very Poor" category, a percentage of 6% is obtained. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the level of physical education learning activities through the use of asynchronous media is in the sufficient category, although in terms of implementation it is still not optimal and there are several shortcomings, but the most important thing is that learning activities must continue to be carried out even in limited conditions
THE EFFECT OF BALANCE, CONCENTRATION, AND COORDINATION ON DOLLYO CHAGI KICK SKILLS IN POPB TAEKWONDO ATHLETES IN DKI JAKARTA
Authors: Reggie Reginald  , Fahmy Fachrezzy  , Iwan Hermawan
Published: January 2022

The aim of this research was to determine the direct and indirect effect as well as the simultaneous effect of exogenous variables with endogenous variables. The research method used was an associative quantitative approach using test and measurement techniques. The data analysis technique used was a path analysis approach. The population in this research was all of POPB DKI Jakarta athletes in 2021 totaling 20 people. The sampling technique used was total sampling so that the number of samples in this research was 20 people consisting of 10 women and 10 men. The skills of Dollyo Chagi Kick Taekwondo used the Dollyo Chagi Kick skills test. The balance used a modified bass test. The concentration used a concentration grid test. The instrument of eye-foot coordination used a smart speed pro coordination test. The results showed that the direct effect of variable X1 on Y = 0,243. The direct effect of variable X2 on Y = 0,567. The direct effect of variable X3 on Y = 0,378. The direct effect of variable X1 on X3 = 0,706. The direct effect of variable X2 on X3 = 0,297. The indirect effect of variable X1 on Y through X3 = 0,706 x 0,378 = 0,267. The indirect effect of variable X2 on Y through X3 = 0,297 x 0,378 = 0,113.
PRÁCTICAS DE ASEGURAMIENTO CORPORATIVO EN LAS PLATAFORMAS TECNOLÓGICAS DE COLABORACIÓN – ECONOMÍA COLABORATIVA
Authors:   Corporación Universitaria Republicana, CASTIBLANCO DEISY
Published: January 2022

A ghost travels the entire world. This is the socalled collaborative economy that, as they confirmed, will move 235,000 million dollars in 2025. The idea of ??that ghost, which is defined as an economic system in which goods and services are shared and exchanged, through platforms digital The list of applications is innumerable around the world, Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, BlaBlaCar, GuesttoGuest, Parkfy, Unnea, in Colombia there are several, the most popular OLX, Uber, Airbnb, Rappi, Didi, Picap, Beat, Ubet eats among many more options of this so-called collaborative economy. This economy facilitates the needs, practical cravings of the daily life of citizens in terms of transportation, food, travel and tourism services, fun just by entering the cell phone and waiting for them to do things for you, however there are consequences at a social, economic level and environmental of this great technological innovation and economy model, which is necessary to know in depth to determine the impact and whether or not there is regulation by the competent Colombian entities.
NORMATIVA LEGAL DE LA POLITICA PÚBLICA DE LA MUJER Y EQUIDAD DE GÉNERO
Authors:   Corporación Universitaria Republicana, CARRILLO YULLY , SOTELO CLAUDIA
Published: January 2022

The investigation is located in the city of Bogo- tá. The interest is focused on developing a critical contrast and facing the process of legal normative trajectory of the public policy of women and gender equity-PPMEG in Bogotá, in the period 2005-2019. Methodologically it is carried out from a qualitative approach and making use of ethnography, where an exploration of the regulations around gender equity is carried out. Subsequently, information was collected regarding the subject, which focuses on women. Through the article different points of view are known from the legal and from some referring authors that enrich the reader’s knowledge and document a normative process in the city of Bogotá and that involves women and their rights in this way reveals the problems that women face on a day-to-day basis due to their gender and the inequality of employment opportunities that still prevail even with these gender equity policies. As expected results of the research on gender equity in Bogotá and regulatory policies, it is possible to conclude that there is little interest on the part of citizens to know the existing regulations especially on the issue of equity there can be seen that in mostly women are the most worried about following this issue.
FALTA DE MORALIDAD EN EL PROCESO DE REVISORÍA FISCAL EN LAS ENTIDADES PRIVADAS
Authors:   Corporación Universitaria Republicana, ROBAYO FERNANDO , LOPEZ YECID , GUZMAN ALEJANDRO
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to call attention to how the work of the fiscal reviewer is being directed and how values are being lost, the relevance of the knowledge and scope of their work and the possible consequences that affect the different stakeholders. Likewise, we want to show how this profession is affected by the behavior of society that in several aspects influences a de- cline when doing this job well and that affects at least three of the ethical principles stipulated by the IFAC (International Federation of Accountants).
Effect of Chemical Treatment Sequence on Pineapple Peel Fiber: Chemical Composition, Thermal Stability and Thermal Degradation Kinetics
Authors: Pereira Paulo Henrique Fernandes , Ornaghi Heitor Luiz , de Oliveira Daniel Magalhães , Pereira Barbara , Arantes Valdeir , Cioffi Maria Odila Hilário
Published: January 2022

Millions of tons of fruit wastes are generated globally every year from residual agriculture, which makes essential to find alternative uses to increase their aggregate value and reduce the impact of environmental damage. The present study aimed to explore pineapple peel as an alternative source of cellulose by evaluating its composition and physical properties, which are essential to provide a clue to its application function diverse. Cellulose was extracted by a sequence of chlorine-free treatments to delignify the fresh pineapple peels, followed by characterization using chemical composition, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TGA to determine its crystallinity, structural properties, morphology thermal characteristics, and thermal degradation kinetic study. The result revealed that the pineapple peel amorphous segments containing hemicelluloses and lignin were extensively removed with increasing chemical treatments, leading to increased purity, crystallinity index and thermal stability of the extracted materials. The maximum degradation, and crystallinity index of the 2B isolated from the PPF are 150 °C and 80.91% respectively. The cellulose content increased from 24.05% (pineapple peel) to 80.91% (bleached cellulose). These results indicated that pretreatment via bleaching has suitable potential applications in nanocrystal production and suggests possible uses in the development of cellulose nanocrystal and application for packaging films.
Antibacterial Activity of Manuka Honey Against Azithromycin Resistant Extensively Drug Resistant Salmonella Typhi Clinical Isolates: In-Vitro Study
Authors: Jabeen Kokab , Saleem Sidrah , Arshad Faiqa , Zill-e-Huma  , Jahan Shah , Nizamuddin Summiya
Published: January 2022

Typhoid fever is a significant health problem in developing countries like Pakistan. Salmonella Typhi the causative agent of typhoid has developed resistant to almost all recommended antibiotics. Emergence of resistance to third generation cephalosporins has further complicated the situation and such strains are called as extensively drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi. Currently only available options are azithromycin and cabapenems. Recently few reports of azithromycin resistance have emerged from countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nepal. As azithromycin is the only oral option available to treat XDR Typhoid, development of resistance may change treatment strategy altogether from out patient management to hospitalization of every patient. This may increase the burden on already weak health care system of countries like Pakistan. So there is dire need to look for the alternative treatment options. Manuka honey is well known for its therapeutic potential against wide range of bacteria including Salmonella Typhimurium. In this study 3 azithromycin resistant isolates were isolated and identified using disc diffusion, E-test and broth micro dilution methods and antibacterial activity, MIC and MBC of manuka honey was performed by agar well diffusion assay and broth micro dilution assay respectively. Manuka honey manifested significant antibacterial activity against all test isolates with zone of inhibition ranging from 7.3mm to 7.5mm, MIC and MBC values were between 10 to 15% v/v Here, we conclude that Manuka honey possess potent antibacterial activity and might be used as an alternative treatment option against azithromycin resistant XDR Typhid. However, further clinical trials are mandatory to validate our initial findings.
Genetic determinants of polygenic prediction accuracy within a population
Authors: Lu Tianyuan , Forgetta Vincenzo , Richards J. Brent , Greenwood Celia
Published: January 2022

Genomic risk prediction is on the emerging path towards personalized medicine. However, the accuracy of polygenic prediction varies strongly in different individuals. In this study, based on up to 352,277 White British participants in the UK Biobank, we constructed polygenic risk scores for 15 physiological and biochemical quantitative traits after performing genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We identified 185 polygenic prediction variability quantitative trait loci (pvQTLs) for 11 traits by Levene’s test among 254,376 unrelated individuals. We validated the effects of pvQTLs using an independent test set of 58,927 individuals. A score aggregating 51 pvQTL SNPs for triglycerides had the strongest Spearman correlation of 0.185 (p-value < 1.0x10−300) with the squared prediction errors. We found a strong enrichment of complex genetic effects conferred by pvQTLs compared to risk loci identified in GWASs, including 89 pvQTLs exhibiting dominance effects. Incorporation of dominance effects into polygenic risk scores significantly improved polygenic prediction for triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, vitamin D, and platelet. After including 87 dominance effects for triglycerides, the adjusted R2 for the polygenic risk score had an 8.1% increase on the test set. In addition, 108 pvQTLs had significant interaction effects with measured environmental or lifestyle exposures. In conclusion, we have discovered and validated genetic determinants of polygenic prediction variability for 11 quantitative biomarkers, and partially profiled the underlying complex genetic effects. These findings may assist interpretation of genomic risk prediction in various contexts, and encourage novel approaches for constructing polygenic risk scores with complex genetic effects.
Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Reveal Stage-Specific DNA Damage Response in Embryos of Endangered Sturgeon
Authors: Gazo Ievgeniia , Naraine Ravindra , Lebeda Ievgen , Tomčala Aleš , Dietrich Mariola , Fraňek Roman , Pšenička Martin , Šindelka Radek
Published: January 2022

DNA damage during early life stages may have a negative effect on embryo development, inducing malformations that have long-lasting effects during adult life. Therefore, in the current study, we analyzed the effect of DNA damage induced by genotoxicants (camptothecin (CPT) and olaparib) at different stages of embryo development. We analyzed the survival, DNA fragmentation, transcriptome, and proteome of the endangered sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus. Sturgeons are non-model fish species that can provide new insights into the DNA damage response and embryo development. The transcriptomic and proteomic patterns changed significantly after exposure to genotoxicants in a stage-dependent manner. The results of this study indicate a correlation between phenotype formation and changes in transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. CPT and olaparib downregulated oxidative phosphorylation and metabolic pathways, and upregulated pathways involved in nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, and homologous recombination. We observed the upregulated expression of zona pellucida sperm-binding proteins in all treatment groups, as well as the upregulation of several glycolytic enzymes. The analysis of gene expression revealed several markers of DNA damage response and adaptive stress-response, which could be applied in toxicological studies on fish embryo. This study is the first complex analysis of the DNA damage response in endangered sturgeons.
AFD-Net: Apple Foliar Disease Multi Classification using Deep Learning on Plant Pathology Dataset
Authors: Yadav Anju , Thakur Udit , Saxena Rahul , Pal Vipin , Bhateja Vikrant , Lin Jerry Chun-Wei
Published: January 2022

Plant diseases significantly affect the crop, so their identification is very important. Correct identification of these diseases is crucial for establishing a good disease control strategy to avoid time and financial losses. In general, machines can greatly reduce the possibility of human error. In particular, computer vision techniques developed through deep learning have paved a way to detect and diagnose these plant diseases on the leaf. In this work, the model AFD-Net was developed to detect and identify various leaf diseases in apple trees. The dataset is from Kaggle 2020 and 2021 and was financially supported by the Cornell Initiative for Digital Agriculture. A AFD-Net was proposed for leaf disease classification in apple trees and the results of the efficiency of the model are compared with other state-of-the-art deep learning approaches. The results of the experiments in the validation dataset show that the proposed AFD-Net model achieves the highest values compared to other deep learning models in the original and extended datasets with 98.7% accuracy for Plant Pathology 2020 and 92.6% for Plant Pathology 2021.
SparsePro: an efficient genome-wide fine-mapping method integrating summary statistics and functional annotations
Authors: Zhang Wenmin , Najafabadi Hamed , Li Yue
Published: January 2022

Identifying causal variants from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is challenging due to widespread linkage disequilibrium (LD). Functional annotations of the genome may help prioritize variants that are biologically relevant and thus improve fine-mapping of GWAS results. However, classical fine-mapping methods have a high computational cost, particularly when the underlying genetic architecture and LD patterns are complex. Here, we propose a novel approach, SparsePro, to efficiently conduct genome-wide fine-mapping. Our method enjoys two major innovations: First, by creating a sparse low-dimensional projection of the high-dimensional genotype data, we enable a linear search of causal variants instead of a combinatorial search of causal configurations used in most existing methods; Second, we adopt a probabilistic framework with a highly efficient variational expectation-maximization algorithm to integrate statistical associations and functional priors. We evaluate SparsePro through extensive simulations using resources from the UK Biobank. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, SparsePro achieved more accurate and well-calibrated posterior inference with greatly reduced computation time. We demonstrate the utility of SparsePro by investigating the genetic architecture of five functional biomarkers of vital organs. We show that, compared to other methods, the causal variants identified by SparsePro are highly enriched for expression quantitative trait loci and explain a larger proportion of trait heritability. We also identify potential causal variants contributing to the genetically encoded coordination mechanisms between vital organs, and pinpoint target genes with potential pleiotropic effects. In summary, we have developed an efficient genome-wide fine-mapping method with the ability to integrate functional annotations. Our method may have wide utility in understanding the genetics of complex traits as well as in increasing the yield of functional follow-up studies of GWASs. SparsePro software is available on GitHub at https://github.com/zhwm/SparsePro.
Design of Frustrated Lewis Pair in Defective TiO2 for Photocatalytic Non-Oxidative Methane Coupling
Authors: Ma Jiayu , Zhang Qingqing , Chen Ziyu , Kang Kai , Pan Lihan , Wu Shiqun , Chen Chen , Wu Zhiqin , Zhang Jinlong , Wang Lingzhi
Published: January 2022

The efficient C-H polarization is the prerequisite for the low-temperature photocatalytic CH4 conversion, which however is restricted by the poor stretching ability of short-distanced lattice atoms. Herein, frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) composed of doped ion in TiO2 as Lewis acid (LA) and neighboring Ti-OH as Lewis base (LB) with a long distance (0.31-0.37 nm) were designed through DFT calculation and fabricated by hydrogenation treatment of metal-doped TiO2-SiO2 with macroporous-mesoporous structure. Benefitting from the long LA-LB distance and matched acid-base intensity, hydrogenated Ga-doped composite achieves superior C-H stretching with a high CH4 conversion rate (139 µmol g−1 h−1) to ethane. The photo-irradiation causes the electron excitation from Ga to Ti-OH according to the time-dependent DFT calculation and in situ EPR analysis, which promotes the formation and coupling of ·CH3. This work provides a key underpinning for regulating the characteristics of FLP for C-H activation and C-C coupling via light irradiation.
Evaluation of Rap1GAP and Epac1 Gene Expression in Endometriosis
Authors: Dehghanian Mehran , Yarahmadi Ghafour , Sandoghsaz Reyhaneh Sadat , Shamsi Farimah , Khodadadian Ali , Mehrjardi Mohammad Yahya Vahidi
Published: January 2022

Objective: Endometriosis is a female reproductive system disease in which endometrial tissue are found in other women organs. Various factors are effective in the development of endometriosis and due to the interaction of genetics and environmental factors, this disease is a multifactorial disease. MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways are activated by growth factors and steroid hormones and known as two important pathways involved in the processes of growth, proliferation and survival of endometriosis cells. Raps, monomeric GTPase of Ras family, are able to activate these pathways independently of Ras. The goal of our study was to evaluated the expression level of Rap1GAP and Epac1 gene, as two important RapGAPs (GTPase-activating proteins) and RapGEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) respectively, in endometriosis tissues and normal endometrium tissues.Materials and Methods: In this study, 15 samples of women without signs of endometriosis were taken as control samples, 15 ectopic and 15 eutopic samples were taken from women with endometriosis using laparoscopic surgery. The expression of Epac1 and Rap1GAP genes was investigated by Real-time PCR technique and results were analysis by One-Way ANOVA test.Results: Epac1 upregulated significantly in ectopic tissues compared to eutopic and control tissues (Their P-value were <0.0001). Rap1GAP expression was lower in ectopic tissues compared to control samples (P-value was 0.003) and eutopic tissues (P-value was 0.001).Conclusion: Based on these results, it may be concluded that changes in the expression of the Rap1GAP and Epca1 genes may play role in the pathways involved in the pathogenesis, displacement, and migration of endometriosis cells.
Steady increase in geomagnetic reversal frequency after the Cretaceous Normal Superchron
Authors: Yoshimura Yutaka , Ishizuka Osamu , Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Yamamoto Yuhji , Ahn Hyeon-Seon , Kidane Tesfaye , Otofuji Yo-ichiro , Sekimoto Shun
Published: January 2022

The Earth's core is constantly and efficiently cooled by mantle convection. The heat flux transferred from the core to the mantle through the core-mantle boundary (CMB) is critical for understanding the dynamics of solid Earth. Although it is difficult to estimate the CMB heat flux, its history could be reconstructed from geomagnetic reversal frequency. However, overlooked short geomagnetic reversals may exist in the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS), which affects the estimation of the heat flux history. Here, we report four new high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Oligocene Ethiopian traps. The traps may contain undiscovered reversals in marine magnetic anomaly. Based on the ages, we identified new reversals in Chron C12n, which was not found in marine magnetic anomalies. Our non-parametric analysis of GPTS suggests four potential periods of missing geomagnetic reversals, which correspond to long polarity intervals in GPTS. We found that C12n correspond to one of the periods. This indicates that several undetected reversals may exist within or near the edge of long polarity intervals after the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (prolonged stable polarity period). Considering the undetected reversals, we conclude that the CMB heat flux increased more slowly and monotonically after the Superchron than that ever estimated.
Palau’s warmest reefs harbor a thermally tolerant coral lineage that thrives across different habitats
Authors: Rivera Hanny , Cohen Anne , Thompson Janelle , Baums Iliana , Fox Michael , Meyer Kirstin
Published: January 2022

Ocean warming is killing corals, but heat-tolerant populations exist; if protected, they could replenish affected reefs naturally or through restoration. Palau’s Rock Islands experience chronically higher temperatures and extreme heatwaves, yet their diverse coral communities bleach less than those on Palau’s cooler outer reefs. Here, we combined genetic analyses, bleaching histories and growth rates of Porites cf. lobata colonies to identify thermally tolerant genotypes, map their distribution, and investigate potential growth trade-offs. We identified four P cf. lobata genetic lineages. On Palau’s outer reefs, a thermally sensitive lineage dominates. The Rock Islands harbor two lineages with enhanced thermal tolerance and no consistent growth trade-off. One of these lineages also occurs on several outer reefs. This suggests that the Rock Islands provide naturally tolerant larvae to neighboring areas. Finding and protecting such sources of thermally-tolerant corals is key to reef survival under 21st century climate change.
Impact of urban expansion on continental- to regional-scale warming
Authors: Chakraborty TC , Qian Yun
Published: January 2022

Although the influence of land use/land cover change on climate has become increasingly apparent, cities and other built-up areas are usually ignored when estimating large-scale historical climate change or for future projections since cities cover a small fraction of the terrestrial land surface1,2. As such, ground-based observations of urban near-surface meteorology are rare and most earth system models do not represent historical or future urban land cover3–7. Here, by combining global satellite observations of land surface temperature with historical estimates of built-up area, we demonstrate that the urban temperature signal on continental- to regional-scale warming has become non-negligible, especially for rapidly urbanizing regions in Asia. Consequently, expected urban expansion over the next century suggest further increased urban influence on surface climate under all future climate scenarios. Based on these results, we argue that, in line with other forms of land use/land cover change, urbanization should be explicitly included in future climate change assessments. This would require extensive model development to incorporate urban extent and biophysics in current-generation earth system models to quantify potential urban feedbacks on the climate system at multiple scales.
Association between effector-type regulatory T cells and immune checkpoint expression on CD8+ T cells in malignant ascites from epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Sato Sho , Matsushita Hirokazu , Shintani Daisuke , Fujieda Nao , Yabuno Akira , Nishikawa Tadaaki , Fujiwara Keiichi , Kakimi Kazuhiro , Hasegawa Kosei
Published: January 2022

Background

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in the antitumor immune response in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). To understand the immune-inhibitory networks of EOC, we addressed the association between Tregs and immune checkpoint expression on T cells in the tumor microenvironment of EOC
Methods

A total of 41 patients with stage IIIC and IV EOC were included in the analysis. We harvested cells from malignant ascites and investigated them using multi-color flow cytometry. We categorized the Tregs into 3 groups: effector-type Tregs, naïve Tregs and non-Tregs, based on the expression patterns of CD45RA and Foxp3 in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the relationships between the expression of various immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, on CD8+T cells and each of the Treg subtypes was also evaluated.
Results

The median frequency of naïve Tregs, effector-type Tregs and non-Tregs were 0.2% (0-0.8), 2.0% (0-11.4) and 1.5% (0.1-6.3) in CD4+ T cells of malignant ascites from EOC patients, respectively. A high frequency of effector-type Tregs was associated with high-grade serous carcinoma compared with the other histotypes. Patients with higher proportions of effector-type Tregs showed a trend towards increased progression-free survival. We also demonstrated a correlation between a higher proportion of effector-type Tregs and increased PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells. In addition, C-C chemokine receptor 4 expression was also observed in effector-type Tregs.
Conclusion

These data suggest that multiple immune-inhibitory networks exist in malignant ascites from EOC patients, suggesting an approach towards combinational immunotherapies for advanced EOC patients.