bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHERITANCE OF NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN Zea mays L
Authors: Warner Robert L. , Hageman R. H. , Dudley J. W. , Lambert R. J.
Published: May 2006

Since the F
1
hybrid (B14 × Oh43) had been shown to have a higher (heterotic) level of nitrate reductase activity than either inbred parent (B14 or Oh43), studies were undertaken to determine the mode of inheritance. Standard methods for determining Mendelian inheritance were used to study segregation for level of nitrate reductase activity of individual plants. The genetic material used was the inbreds B14 and Oh43, F
1
, F
1
backcrossed to both parents, F
2
, F
3
, and F
4
generations of the cross B14 × Oh43. The plant material was grown in the field and in growth chambers.

It was shown that the maize inbreds B14 and Oh43 differ at two loci that control the level of nitrate reductase activity. Each inbred is homozygous for a dominant or partially dominant allele at one locus and homozygous recessive at a second locus. The locus at which B14 carries a dominant allele carries the recessive allele in Oh43. Oh43 has both a higher
in vivo
rate of synthesis of nitrate reductase and higher
in vivo
and
in vitro
loss of enzyme activity (decay) than B14. Thus, the rates of both enzyme synthesis and decay are factors governing the level of nitrate reductase activity in corn. The data suggest that the heterotic level of nitrate reductase activity in the F
1
hybrid is the result of inheritance of qualities that gives it “intermediate” rates of enzyme synthesis and decay.
ROLE OF BASE-PAIRING IN THE CONTROL OF AN ENZYME REACTION
Authors: Cassuto Era , Chargaff Erwin
Published: May 2006

In an attempt to ascertain whether specific base-pairing could have a regulating function in an enzyme system in which nucleotides serve as the substrate, we studied the effects of the addition of the various homopolymers of the ribonucleotide series on the action of adenylate kinase on ADP or CDP, and found that the results support this possibility. Poly U strongly inhibits the enzyme action on ADP, and poly G that on CDP, both to the extent of about 70 per cent. Lesser effects are shown when poly G is used with ADP and poly U with CDP. The other homopolymers tested, poly A and poly C, are ineffective.
METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY: ARYLSULFATASE-A DEFICIENCY IN SKIN FIBROBLAST CULTURES
Authors: Porter Myna T. , Fluharty Arvan L. , Kihara Hayato
Published: May 2006

Fibroblasts cultured from the skin of a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy have been found to manifest the biochemical defect of this inborn error of metabolism, a deficiency of arylsulfatase A. Diseased cells had less than five per cent of normal arylsulfatase-A activity, while activities of other lysosomal enzymes—including arylsulfatase B, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, and β-
N
-acetylglucosaminidase—were comparable to those in control cells. The presence of dissociable inhibitors in extracts of the diseased cells was excluded by combination experiments. The deficiency of the enzyme in leukocytes was also confirmed and is comparable to that found in cultured fibroblasts. The finding that readily cultured fibroblasts from easily obtained skin biopsy specimens exhibit the enzymatic defect should prove valuable in the biochemical study of this disease.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF SUPPRESSION IN AN OCHRE SUPPRESSOR STRAIN POSSESSING ALTERED RIBOSOMES
Authors: Gartner T. Kent , Orias Eduardo , Lannan James E. , Beeson James , Reid Parlane J.
Published: May 2006

Escherichia coli
K12 2320(λ)-15B has a mutation that results in
ochre
suppressor activity.
1
This mutation concomitantly causes a decreased growth rate in rich medium, an increased sensitivity to streptomycin,
1
and the production of some altered 30
S
ribosomes which are differentially sensitive to RNase.
2
The results presented below demonstrate that the molecules which cause suppression are tRNA. These observations justify the conclusions that the suppressor mutation did not occur in a structural gene for a ribosomal component, and that the decreased growth rate in rich medium, the increased sensitivity to streptomycin, and the production of altered 30
S
ribosomes are probably all secondary consequences of the suppressor mutation.
COMPLEX MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN LEUKEMIC AND NORMAL HUMAN MYELOID CELLS
Authors: Clayton David A. , Vinograd Jerome
Published: May 2006

Mitochondrial DNA's from the peripheral blood of 14 patients with granulocytic leukemia contained a circular dimer form. No such structure could be found in M DNA's from three patients with nonmalignant proliferations of granulocytes. The frequency of the circular dimer form is reduced upon treatment with antileukemic drugs. The above results suggest that a significant relation exists between the formation and presence of the circular dimer M DNA form and granulocytic leukemia in man.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TWO BIOCHEMICALLY MARKED HUMAN CELL LINES
Authors: Silagi Selma , Darlington Gretchen , Bruce Sarah A.
Published: May 2006

A hybrid cell line of clonal origin has been obtained by cocultivation of two biochemically marked human cell strains. One parental line is diploid and derived from a male infant with orotic aciduria, a rare autosomal recessive disease. This line has deficient activity for the final two enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway leading to uridylic acid and possesses the B electrophoretic type of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The other parental line (D98/AH-2) is heteroploid, is resistant to 8-azahypoxanthine, and has deficient inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase activity. It displays the A
+
variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The A
+
and B types of this dehydrogenase are known to be determined by allelic, sex-linked, Mendelian genes. The cloned hybrid cells exhibit genetic traits of both parents: (1) Their modal chromosome number is approximately the sum of those of the two parental lines; (2) they have levels of activity for both enzymes affected by the gene for orotic aciduria which are intermediate between those of the two parental lines; (3) they have higher activity than the D98/AH parent for inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase; (4) they have both A
+
and B isozyme bands of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These hybrid cells represent the first known example of a cloned line of mammalian origin in which two X-linked allelic genes function.
EVENTS OCCURRING DURING THE REPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4 DNA
Authors: Scotti Paul D.
Published: May 2006

Ten
temperature-sensitive
mutants of T4D have been examined to find the times in the lytic cycle at which a shift to a restrictive temperature no longer exerts a lethal effect. Nine of these mutants play a role in phage DNA synthesis. The results of these experiments suggest that the products of three of the genes tested—genes 42, 44, and 45—have control or complexing functions in addition to any enzymatic ones. The data also indicate that the products of genes 30 and 41 may act cooperatively. The properties of mutants of gene 43 (DNA polymerase) and gene 56 (dCTP-dUTPase) suggest that the production of a certain length of concatameric DNA is necessary before viable phage can be produced.
ANTIBODIES TO ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Williams R. Michael
Published: May 2006

A rabbit antiserum against commercially available
Electrophorus electricus
acetylcholinesterase has been prepared. Five precipitation bands were distinguished by immunoelectrophoresis, but only three of these contained demonstrable enzyme activity. In an
in vitro
system, activity of the commercial enzyme or of highly purified acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by 70-82 per cent after incubation with antiserum. Antibody specificity was demonstrated by the absence of serological cross reactions or enzyme inhibition with bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase or horse serum cholinesterase.
ISOLATION OF A CHLORAMPHENICOL-RESISTANT PROTEIN FROM λ-INFECTED CELLS
Authors: Levine Arnold J. , Sinsheimer Robert L.
Published: May 2006

During infection with bacteriophage ϕX174, a protein, made in the presence of 30 γ chloramphenicol/ml but not made in the presence of concentrations greater than 100 γ/ml, has been shown to be essential for viral DNA replication. A protein with similar chromatographic properties and “chloramphenicol resistance” has now been demonstrated in cells infected with λ bacteriophage.
THE HYDROLYSIS OF URIDINE CYCLIC PHOSPHONATE CATALYZED BY RIBONUCLEASE-A: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE ENZYME
Authors: Harris M. R. , Usher D. A. , Albrecht H. P. , Jones G. H. , Moffatt J. G.
Published: May 2006

Uridine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphonate (I) is slowly hydrolyzed by ribonuclease-A with
k
2
and

K
m

values at pH6 that are respectively 1900 and 15 times smaller than the same parameters at the same pH for the related phosphate (II). Since the ratio of rate constants for hydroxide ion catalyzed hydrolysis is about 4, this result is consistent with, but does not prove a mechanism for the enzymic reaction that requires a pseudorotation.
APPROXIMATION OF ROTATIONAL STRENGTHS FROM MOLAR ROTATION DATA AND GENERATION OF ROTATORY DISPERSION CURVES FOR D-CAMPHOR-10-SULFONATE
Authors: Urry Dan W.
Published: May 2006

Starting with the expression for optical rotatory dispersion in the absorption region that was arrived at by Condon, two series were considered for the purpose of achieving the experimentally observed, steeper wavelength dependence in the absorption region while retaining the established 1/λ
2
law in regions removed from absorption. The first two terms of one series in which the second term exhibits a 1/λ
6
wavelength dependence were found to calculate satisfactorily the optical rotatory dispersion curve of d-camphor-10-sulfonate from 400 mμ to 190 mμ when only three bands were considered. Evaluated at the extrema, the two-term expression can be approximated by a simple equation which allows calculation of the rotational strength of a nonoverlapping band by using only the wavelength and molar rotation of the extrema and the index of refraction of the solution. The rotational strengths calculated from optical rotatory dispersion data in this manner closely agree with those calculated from corresponding circular dichroism data. Thus when position and magnitude of rotatory dispersion extrema alone are reported for carbonyls, it is suggested that such published data may be converted to approximate rotational strengths.
TRANSIENT ACTIVATION OF RNA POLYMERASE IN
Escherichia coli
B AFTER INFECTION WITH BACTERIOPHAGE T4
Authors: Oleson Arland E. , Pispa Jaakko P. , Buchanan John M.
Published: May 2006

Sköld and Buchanan
1
have reported that there is a rapid loss of RNA polymerase activity in
Escherichia coli
B after infection with T4 bacteriophage. More recent studies on the mechanism of this inactivation have been made in this
2
and other laboratories.
3, 4
In this communication, we report the observation of a transient stimulation of RNA polymerase activity when measurement is made immediately after infection and when cells are ruptured by a gentle lysis procedure. The increase in activity is independent of the synthesis of protein. The activity in the extracts of infected cells is lost by treatment of the extract with antibody to
E. coli
RNA polymerase and is refractive to the inhibitory action of the antibiotic rifamycin. Hybridization experiments indicate that an RNA transcribed almost exclusively from a T4 DNA template is the product of incubation of extracts of infected cells with a reaction mixture containing an exogenous primer (salmon sperm DNA). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that one of the first steps in phage infection is the formation of a transcription complex containing T4 DNA and
E. coli
RNA polymerase.
A MUSCARONE-BINDING MATERIAL IN ELECTROPLAX AND ITS RELATION TO THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR, I. CENTRIFUGAL ASSAY
Authors: O'Brien R. D. , Gilmour L. P.
Published: May 2006

A muscarone-binding material has been found in
Torpedo
electroplax. The material behaves in several ways as one would expect of the binding component of the acetylcholine receptor, especially in its high affinity for muscarone (approximate
K
= 7 × 10
-6
M
), acetylcholine (approximate
K
= 1.1 × 10
-6
M
), curare, and nicotine, and its insensitivity to noncholinergic agents; the reversibility of its muscarone binding; and its suitably small amount (about 1.8 nmole/gm). The material appears not to be acetylcholinesterase.
CYTOKININS: DISTRIBUTION IN SPECIES OF YEAST TRANSFER RNA
Authors: Armstrong D. J. , Skoog F. , Kirkegaard L. H. , Hampel A. E. , Bock R. M. , Gillam Ian , Tener G. M.
Published: May 2006

Transfer RNA fractions from
Saccharomyces lactis
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
have been tested for cytokinin activity in the tobacco bioassay. Cysteine tRNA has been identified as a cytokinin-containing tRNA species in
S. cerevisiae
. Acid hydrolysates of
S. lactis
tRNA fractions (containing arginine tryptophan, and valine acceptor activities) and
S. cerevisiae
tRNA fractions (containing alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, tryptophan, and valine acceptor activities) were inactive in the tobacco bioassay. Cytokinins have been found only in those tRNA species corresponding to codons beginning with U.
APPLICATIONS OF THE RADON TRANSFORM TO REPRESENTATIONS OF SEMISIMPLE LIE GROUPS
Authors: Helgason Sigurdur
Published: May 2006

From the point of view of the duality between points and horocycles in a symmetric space, the counterparts to the spherical functions on the symmetric space are the conical distributions on the manifold of horocycles. While the conical functions are closely related to certain finite-dimensional representations of semisimple Lie groups, in the present work the conical distributions are found to play various roles in the principal series of infinitedimensional representations of these groups.
THE PLANCHEREL FORMULA FOR SL(2) OVER A LOCAL FIELD
Authors: Sally P. J. , Shalika J. A.
Published: May 2006

More than two decades ago, in his classical paper on the irreducible unitary representations of the Lorentz group, V. Bargmann initiated the concrete study of Fourier analysis on real Lie groups and obtained the analogue of the classical Fourier expansion theorem in the case of the Lorentz group. Since then the general theory for real semisimple Lie groups has been extensively developed, chiefly through the work of Harish-Chandra. More generally, one may consider groups defined by algebraic equations over locally compact fields, in particular local fields, and ask for an explicit Fourier expansion formula. In the present article the authors obtain this formula for the group
SL
(2).
EVOLUTION OF FITNESS, V. RATE OF EVOLUTION OF IRRADIATED POPULATIONS OF
Drosophila
Authors: Ayala Francisco J.
Published: May 2006

Measurable evolution occurs in laboratory populations of
Drosophila
under strong natural selection. The rate of adaptation to the experimental environment is significantly greater in populations with genetic variability increased by radiation than in the control, nonirradiated populations.
A PROTEIN INTERMEDIARY IN THE INTERACTION OF A HORMONE WITH THE GENOME
Authors: Matthysse Ann G. , Phillips Cornell
Published: May 2006

The increased rate of RNA synthesis by target cells caused by the plant hormone auxin has been studied as an example of hormonal regulation of transcription. The hormone does not interact directly with chromatin but requires a protein mediator. In the presence of this mediator, auxin increases the rate of RNA synthesis both by isolated plant nuclei and by isolated chromatin. This increased rate of RNA synthesis occurs even in the presence of saturating amounts of RNA polymerase. The hormone and protein do not affect the rate of RNA synthesis if pure DNA is used as the template. The results suggest that auxin plus the protein increase the rate of RNA synthesis by making an increased portion of the genome available for transcription.
ON THE MOTION OF A SPHERE IN A PERFECT FLUID, WITH APPLICATION TO LIQUID HELIUM
Authors: Rice O. K.
Published: May 2006

Momentum relationships involved in the motion of a sphere through a perfect fluid are considered. The mechanism, by which the momentum given to a sphere by an external impulsive force is transferred to the container as a whole, is traced through in some detail, and energy and momentum relationships are discussed. Comparison is made with a
3
He atom or a roton moving in superfluid
4
He.
TOWARD A STOCHASTIC CALCULUS, II
Authors: McShane E. J.
Published: May 2006

In a preceding note (these
Proceedings
, 63, 275 (1969)) singly and doubly stochastic integrals were defined. Here correspondingly generalized stochastic differential equations are studied. For constructing stochastic models of physical processes with random noises, by proper selection of the doubly stochastic terms, we remove the apparent discordances between classical and stochastic models.
NATURAL IMMUNITY TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: THE RELATION OF COMPLEMENT TO HEAT-LABILE OPSONINS
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Shin Hyun S. , Wood W. Barry
Published: May 2006

Heat-labile opsonins to pneumococci in normal mammalian sera, unlike antibodies, fail to interact with the bacteria at 0°C and require Ca
++
and/or Mg
++
. They are readily removed from serum by antigen-antibody complexes that fix complement (C) and are inhibited by reagents that inactivate various C components. The principal heat-labile opsonin to pneumococci is activated C3 (C3
b
), but a slight enhancing effect is exerted by one or more of the late-reacting components of the hemolytic complement system (C5-C9). Since heat-labile opsonins are immunologically polyspecific, they presumably play a broad protective role in the early (preantibody) phase of acute bacterial infections.
DEMONSTRATION OF THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE GENETIC CODE
in vivo
BY COMPARISON OF THE COAT PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED IN DIFFERENT PLANTS BY TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS RNA
Authors: Okada Yoshimi , Nozu Yuzo , Ohno Takeshi
Published: May 2006

The amino acid sequence of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) synthesized in the garden zinnia (Compositae family) is compared with that synthesized in tobacco (Solanaceae family) by using the same preparation of TMV-RNA as messenger. The Compositae family is the most advanced group, and the Solanaceae family is a relatively advanced group in the plant kingdom. Both amino acid sequences are identical, including acetylserine as the N-terminal amino acid. This gives direct evidence that the RNA codon
in vivo
in the plant kingdom is universal between Compositae and Solanaceae families.
NONSENSE MUTATIONS AFFECTING THE
his4
ENZYME COMPLEX OF YEAST
Authors: Shaffer Barbara , Rytka Joanna , Fink Gerald R.
Published: May 2006

The
his4
region of yeast contains the information necessary for the catalysis of three steps in the histidine biosynthetic pathway. The three activities specified by this region remain physically associated during gel filtration and ultracentrifugation and after extensive purification. Nonsense mutations in the “operator distal”
his4C
region lower the molecular weight of the two proximal activities. The proximal activities can, therefore, function without the
his4C
portion of the protein(s). These observations are compatible with the following three possibilities. The
his4
region codes for: (1) an aggregate of three proteins forming a multiprotein complex; (2) a single protein with three catalytic activities; and (3) a single protein which is cleaved to form three proteins which remain associated.
REGULATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOHYDROLASE AND NEUTRAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE: TWO ACTIVITIES PRESENT WITHIN PURIFIED VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: Pogo Beatriz G. T. , Dales Samuel
Published: May 2006

Regulation of the synthesis of viral nucleotide phosphohydrolase and neutral DNase was investigated by means of DNA and protein inhibitors. These virus-associated activities, previously localized within viral cores, are introduced into host cells with the infecting inoculum. Nucleotide phosphohydrolase was found throughout the cycle of multiplication in a particulate fraction containing viroplasmic matrices. However, the DNase from the inoculum appeared in the supernatant fraction, and the DNase synthesized after infection was associated with the particulate material. The two enzymatic activities belong in the category of “late” functions. It now appears that during morphogenesis of the poxviruses several “late” proteins, some with enzymatic properties, are enclosed within the viral envelopes.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF HEMOGLOBINS, III. EVIDENCE FOR THE NONEQUIVALENCE OF α- AND β-CHAINS IN AZIDE DERIVATIVES OF METHEMOGLOBINS
Authors: Davis Donald G. , Charache Samuel , Ho Chien
Published: May 2006

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (100-MHz proton) was used to study the low-spin (
S
= 1/2) azide derivatives of human adult (α
2
β
2
), human fetal (α
2
γ
2
), Zürich (α
2
β
2
63 His → Arg
), and horse (α
2
′β
2
′) methemoglobins, as well as whale metmyoglobin in 0.1
M
deuterated phosphate at pD 7 and at 31°C. The experimental results indicate that the azide-bound heme groups of the α- and β-chains in human adult methemoglobin and of the α- and γ-chains in fetal methemoglobin are not equivalent. The affinity of the β- or γ-chain for azide ion appears larger than that of the α-chain. The nuclar magnetic resonance spectrum of hemoglobin Zürich shows that the environment of the azide-heme complex in the abnormal β-chain is altered by the substitution of arginine for histidine in the β-63 position, while the α-heme environment remains unaffected.
PROMOTION OF THE AUTOLYSIS OF α-CHYMOTRYPSIN BY EVANS BLUE
Authors: Glazer A. N.
Published: May 2006

Evans blue has been demonstrated to promote the autolysis of α-chymotrypsin at low dye-to-protein ratios in alkaline solution. This effect has been attributed to the stabilization of less tightly folded conformers of the protein by the dye. The effect is specific. Of 20 other strongly acidic dyes tested, only trypan red showed activity comparable to that of Evans blue. A general discussion of the influence of ligand binding on the stability of proteins is presented.
COMPLEMENTARY FRACTIONS OF DENATURED DNA OF COLIPHAGE T3 AS TEMPLATES FOR TRANSCRIPTION
Authors: Cheong Loretta Chiuh-Yeou , Chargaff Erwin
Published: May 2006

This paper discusses the evidence that two fractions obtained by the chromatography of denatured DNA of phage T3 on columns of methylated albumin-kieselguhr represent the complementary strands. This evidence derives from a variety of temperature-absorbance measurements and from the base composition of the RNA products synthesized by RNA polymerase under the direction of the two single-stranded DNA templates.
THE ACRASIN ACTIVITY OF 3′,5′-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES
Authors: Chassy Bruce M. , Love L. L. , Krichevsky Micah I.
Published: May 2006

3′,5′-Cyclic nucleotides are acrasins for the cellular slime mold,
Dictyostelium discoideum;
they have chemotactic activity on the myxamoebae at very low concentrations. However, not all cyclic nucleotides can evoke the adhesiveness necessary for aggregate formation. 2′,3′-Cyclic nucleotides and dibutyrylcyclic adenosine monophosphate are not acrasins, though they enhance the rate of differentiation and morphogenesis. The addition of 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides to agar test plates stimulates the rate of morphogenesis. While the stimulatory effect of cyclic nucleotides is concentration-dependent, it is fairly uniform between pH 5 and 7, with an optimum at pH 6. The acrasins may be metabolized by extracellular phosphodiesterase to 5′-nucelotides which may then stimulate differentiation and morphogenesis.
IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS OF (NA
+
+ K
+
)-ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE BY DOUBLE ISOTOPIC LABELING AND ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Chignell Colin F. , Titus Elwood
Published: May 2006

A microsomal adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) that requires both sodium and potassium ions is thought to be identical with, or an integral part of, the active cation transport system located in cell membranes. Attempts to isolate and purify (Na
+
+ K
+
)-ATPase have met with limited success because solubilization of microsomal protein causes partial, if not complete, loss of enzymatic activity. We now report the isolation from rat kidney microsomes of proteins which, though enzymatically inactive, could still be identified as components of the (Na
+
+ K
+
)-ATPase system.

Phosphoproteins known to be intermediates in the hydrolysis of ATP by (Na
+
+ K
+
)-ATPase were prepared by incubating rat kidney microsomes with γ-labeled ATP
33
in the presence of sodium or with P
32
-orthophosphate in the presence of ouabain. After the P
32
- and P
33
-labeled microsomes had been dissolved in phenol-acetic acid-urea, the resultant solutions were mixed and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The radioactivity from both phosphorus isotopes was found almost exclusively in one of the resultant 21 protein bands. In contrast, the radioactive protein from DFP
32
-labeled microsomes moved slightly faster than the radioactive protein from microsomes labeled with P
33
-orthophosphate in the presence of ouabain. DFP inhibits (Na
+
+ K
+
)-ATPase by reacting with a nucleophilic site at or near the active site. These results suggest that while a single protein component of (Na
+
+ K
+
)-ATPase accepts the terminal phosphate from ATP, the final splitting of this phosphoprotein intermediate may be catalyzed by nucleophilic sites on a second protein.
COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION BY EARLY IMMUNOGLOBULIN ANTIBODY
Authors: Linscott William D. , Levinson Warren E.
Published: May 2006

Virus neutralization by early antisera usually requires or is enhanced by the presence of complement. The particular components of the complement system which are needed for neutralization of Newcastle disease virus by early IgM antibodies were studied. It was found in this system that participation of only the first four of the nine complement components (C1, C2, C3, and C4) was necessary and sufficient for neutralization to occur. It was concluded that the role of complement in neutralization was most likely that of contributing bulk in the form of large protein molecules to the virus-antibody complex.
ON THE REPLICATION OF INCOMPLETE CHROMOSOMES OF PHAGE T4
Authors: Mosig G. , Werner R.
Published: May 2006

Some small particles of phage T4 contain incomplete chromosomes measuring two thirds of the length of normal T4 chromosomes. They cannot produce progeny phage after single infection because their incomplete chromosomes lack random segments of the genetic map. We have investigated the replication of DNA following single infection with small particles. Our results indicate that approximately two thirds of the incomplete chromosomes can initiate DNA replication and apparently extend the process from a genetically fixed origin to one end of the molecule. However, few if any of the incomplete chromosomes can initiate a second round of replication. The incomplete chromosomes which do not replicate also do not attach to bacterial membranes.
STABLE FREE-RADICAL FORMS OF PLASMA PROTEINS OR SIMPLER RELATED STRUCTURES WHICH INDUCE BRAIN EXCITATORY EFFECTS
Authors: Polis B. David , Wyeth John , Goldstein Leonide , Graedon Joe
Published: May 2006

Stable free radicals have been prepared from purified plasma proteins, pituitary peptides, and simpler related structures like 5-OH tryptophan and melatonin by oxidation with the free-radical nitrosyl disulfonate in alkaline solution under controlled conditions. The presence of tyrosine or trytophan amino acid residues in the protein was found essential for free-radical formation. These red-colored, stable free radicals showed electron spin resonance spectra in aqueous solutions at room temperature and maintained this characteristic for weeks when stored at 5°C. Illumination, by visible light, of the free-radical proteins and peptides separated from excess nitrosyl disulfonate by salt fractionation or chromatography enhanced the free-radical concentration in the light. The increased signal decayed in the dark.

Intravenous administration of the free-radical proteins or peptides into rabbits equipped with chronic cranial electrodes and sedated with a small dose of pentobarbital caused a sudden EEG arousal accompanied by behavioral changes indicative of brain excitation. Illumination of the free-radical compounds prior to administration enhanced the effects. Untreated control proteins or peptides had no effects. The observations are interpreted to suggest the involvement of free-radical structures in the transfer of energy in nervous tissue.
HYBRIDIZATION OF RNA FROM ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS WITH CELLULAR AND VIRAL DNA'S
Authors: Yoshikawa-Fukada M. , Ebert J. D.
Published: May 2006

The RNA of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) hybridizes with DNA's isolated from all eukaryotes tested (animal and plant) with the possible exception of yeast. Bacterial DNA's show no homology to RSV-RNA. DNA's from the oncogenic viruses, adenovirus type 12 and SV40 show significant homology with RSV-RNA, but those from nononcogenic adenoviruses types 2 and 4 are not homologous.

RSV-RNA hybridized to all of the DNA's examined has the same, or a closely similar, base composition. Moreover, the melting temperatures of all of the hybrids analyzed are very similar, further suggesting that a common base sequence in DNA functions in hybridization with RSV-RNA.
DIFFERENCES IN LEVELS OF XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY BETWEEN INBRED AND OUTBRED STRAINS OF
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: King James C.
Published: May 2006

Levels of activity of xanthine dehydrogenase in homogenates of individual flies were measured by fluorometry for three inbred strains and two large, randomly breeding, laboratory populations of
Drosophila melanogaster
. The patterns of activity during the first five days following eclosion differed significantly between the inbred strains and the randomly breeding populations. In the latter, the levels rise from day 0 to day 2, then fall through day 4; in the former, the levels rise continuously throughout the period. The variances within days calculated on the logarithms of the observations are constant for the large populations, but show significant variability within and between the inbred strains. These differences parallel earlier observations on time of development and probability of embryonic success in the same strains. All these results suggest more effective regulatory mechanisms in the randomly breeding populations.
ON THE ROLE OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN AVIAN TUMOR VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Duesberg Peter H. , Vogt Peter K.
Published: May 2006

Preinfection of chick embryo fibroblasts with an avian tumor virus does not eliminate the requirement of early DNA synthesis for other avian tumor viruses superinfecting the same cells several days after the primary inoculum. The function served by the early DNA in avian tumor virus infection either fails to persist into late infection or is genetically specific for each viral type.
HYPERPYREXIA AND ANTIPYRESIS OWING TO SODIUM ACETYLSALICYLATE IN INTACT AND DECAPITATE CATS
Authors: Lloyd David P. C.
Published: May 2006

Sodium acetylsalicylate (100 mg/kg) intravenously injected into anaesthetized intact or decapitate cats caused an increase in body temperature. At a dosage of 30 mg per kilogram it caused a lowering of body temperature in the intact preparations, but again an increase in decapitate preparations. At a dosage of 10 mg per kilogram, no significant temperature change occurred in either type of preparation. Aspirin (in the form of sodium acetylsalicylate) is a systemic pyrogen and a centrally acting antipyretic. When it occurs, aspirin antipyresis must take place in the face of systemic pyrogenesis. Notable is the fact that aspirin (30 mg/kg) in the intact preparation lowers body temperature not only from fever levels, but also from normal and subnormal levels.
DEFECTIVE PHAGE AND CHROMOSOME MOBILIZATION IN
Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Chakrabarty A. M. , Gunsalus I. C.
Published: May 2006

The transfer of transducing phage DNA in association with the mandelate genetic region of
Pseudomonas putida
strain PRS1 (termed pf
dm
) has been achieved by growing together mandelate-positive PpG2 cells harboring pf
dm
as an extrachromosomal element and mandelate-deleted PpG1 strains. This transfer is analogous to sexual conjugation in the enterobacteria. The transfer of pf
dm
elements is always associated with chromosome mobilization and some rare recombinants acquire genetic donor ability. We have therefore concluded that the pf
dm
elements are responsible for initiation of chromosome mobilization in a manner not yet fully understood.
Escherichia coli
MUTANTS DEFECTIVE IN CHEMOTAXIS TOWARD SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Hazelbauer Gerald L. , Mesibov Robert E. , Adler Julius
Published: May 2006

Mutants of
Escherichia coli
K12 have been found which fail to carry out chemotaxis toward certain chemicals only. One mutant exhibits greatly reduced chemotaxis toward L-serine but has no detectable defect either in uptake or in oxidative metabolism of that compound. Another mutant is not attracted to D-galactose and certain related sugars. There is a correlation between the galactose chemotaxis defect and a defect in galactose uptake, perhaps indicating a common component for chemotaxis and uptake systems. The results are discussed in terms of a model for chemotaxis in which attractants are detected by specific “chemoreceptors.”
SOME OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DIADENOSINE-5′-PHOSPHATES
Authors: Scott J. F. , Zamecnik P. C.
Published: May 2006

The absorption spectra, optical rotatory dispersion, and circular dichroism of a series of diadenosine-5′-phosphates, differing in the length of the phosphate bridge, indicate that in this set of compounds the adenine residues form an intramolecular stacked conformation. The differences in the optical properties suggest that this arrangement is different from that deduced by others for diadenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (ApA(3′,5′)) but is of comparable stability.
GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY ISOLATED PARTICLES FROM RAT EPIDIDYMAL ADIPOSE TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Carter James R. , Martin Donald B.
Published: May 2006

A microsomal fraction from isolated adipose tissue cells has been prepared which possesses many features indicating the presence of a functional glucose transport system: (1) D-glucose is both taken up and released more rapidly than L-glucose at all temperatures, but at 42° L-glucose uptake reaches the level of D-glucose after prolonged incubation; (2) D-glucose uptake is inhibited by a specific inhibitor of glucose transport, phlorizin, while L-glucose uptake is unaffected; (3) Preincubation of the preparation at 42°C has no effect on L-glucose uptake but partially inhibits D-glucose uptake; (4) Equilibrium uptake studies show a linear relationship between the final level of D-glucose taken up and D-glucose concentration in the medium; and (5) Preloading the membrane preparation with unlabeled D-glucose leads to a more rapid uptake of radioactive D-glucose. These findings are interpreted as showing the presence in the microsomal particles of a specific, bidirectionally functioning D-glucose transport system superimposed on uptake of both sugars by passive diffusion or “leaks.” The retained D-glucose can be eluted from the membrane preparation and shown to be the unphosphorylated sugar.
Noncommutative Jordan Algebras with Commutators Satisfying an Alternativity Condition
Authors: Block Richard E.
Published: May 2006

The theorems of this paper show that the main results in the structure and representation theory of Jordan algebras and of alternative algebras are valid for a larger class of algebras defined by simple identities which obviously hold in the Jordan and alternative cass. A new unification of the Jordan and associative theories is also achieved.
Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of
Bacillus subtilis
, I. Multiforked Replication and Sequential Transfer of DNA by a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

A temperature-sensitive mutant of
Bacillus subtilis
168 was isolated. Its chromosome was found to undergo multiforked replication at normal temperature. The mutant cells then transferred chromosomes to recipient cells sequentially from the origin to the terminus of the chromosome at sublethal temperatures. Sequential transfer of the chromosome facilitated the determination of the relative positions of markers on the chromosome. Linkage between origin (
adenine-16
) and terminus (
methionine
) was demonstrated.
Cells Involved in Cell-Mediated and Transplantation Immunity in the Rabbit, I. The Noninvolvement of the Bone Marrow Antigen Reactive Cell in the Transplant Rejection Reaction
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Abdou Nabih I. , Midgley Robert D.
Published: May 2006

Rabbits were subjected to 800 r total body irradiation to render them immunoincopetent with respect to the humoral immune response. These rabbits were, however, only slightly less capable of rejecting skin allografts than nonirradiated rabbits. Furthermore, the administration of normal or specifically „primed” bone marrow cells (bone marrow obtained from a rabbit injected one to two days previously with the spleen cells obtained from the prospective skin donor) did not enhance or inhibit the graft rejection reaction. It is concluded that the cells mediating the humoral immune response are different from those mediating the cellular immune response.
Retention of Viral Antigen in the Cytoplasm of Cells Infected with Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of an Avian Adenovirus
Authors: Ishibashi Masahide
Published: May 2006

Immunofluorescent studies were made on chicken kidney cell cultures infected with various temperature-sensitive (
ts
) mutants of an avian adenovirus, chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO), which grow well at the nonrestrictive temperature of 31°, but fail to grow at the restrictive temperature of 40°. At 40° some mutants (
ts
5, 8, and 10) accumulated viral antigen in the cytoplasm, but scarcely at all in the nucleus. However, at 31° they accumulated the antigen in the nucleus like the wild-type strain at either 31° or 40°. These mutants seemed to complement each other in nuclear accumulation of antigen at 40°. In cells infected with
ts
8, the antigen remaining in the cytoplasm during incubation at 40° was partially transferred to the nucleus even in the presence of an inhibitor of protein synthesis when the temperature was lowered to 31°. The results suggest that viral antigen produced in the cytoplasm is transported to the nucleus and that these
ts
mutants are defective in this process at 40°.

There are apparently two other types of
ts
mutant: one type (
ts
3, 7, and 12), like the wild-type strain, showing nuclear accumulation of antigen at 40° and the other (
ts
6, 11, and 17) showing no, or only slight, formation of the antigen at 40°.
Split-Operon Control of a Prophage Gene
Authors: Bertani L. Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

Both prophage integration in bacteriophage P2 and the reverse event, prophage excision, are known to require a specific phage gene product, the so-called
int
function. We find that P2 can integrate efficiently at a free attachment site also in an immune host (i.e., in the presence of phage specific repressor) provided the superinfecting phage is not deficient in
int
function. Prophage P2, on the other hand, is not excised from the host chromosome even in a derepressed lysogen unless
int
function is supplied by a superinfecting phage. Thus, the
int
function of P2 is expressed constitutively by the superinfecting phage, but is not expressed by the prophage even in the absence of phage repressor. It is proposed that the
int
function of P2 is not controlled by phage repressor, but belongs instead to a constitutive operon that is physically disrupted by prophage integration.
On the Transfer of Information from Old to New Chains of DNA Duplexes in Phage Lambda: Destruction of Heterozygotes
Authors: Russo V. E. A. , Stahl Mary M. , Stahl Farnklin W.
Published: May 2006

The Watson-Crick model for DNA duplex duplication proposes that the two parental chains separate and that each directs the synthesis of a complementary chain with which it is found associated after the duplication act. Previous experiments have left unchallenged alternative models which propose that in any single act of duplication only one of the two parental chains provides information for the synthesis of both new chains. The models are operationally ditinguishable since the former demands that heteroduplexes are destroyed by duplication while the latter anticipates their survivial. We have shown for phage lambda that duplication destroys heterozygotes as predicted by the Watson-Crick model.

A stock of lambda containing a high frequency of heterozygotes at the cI locus was prepared by conducting a cross under conditions of depressed DNA synthesis. Particles in this lysate were permitted to duplicate a few times by adsorbing them to a lambda lysogen in a
15
N
13
C medium along with a heteroimmune lambda strain. Emerging lambda particles were separated according to density. The population of particles carrying DNA of parental density retained the initial high heterozygote frequency. Among particles which had duplicated, 80 per cent or more of the heterozygotes had disappeared.
Mechanism of Viral Carcinogenesis by DNA Mammalian Viruses, VII. Viral Genes Transcribed in Adenovirus Type 2 Infected and Transformed Cells
Authors: Fujinaga Kei , Green Maurice
Published: May 2006

DNA-RNA hybridization-competition experiments were used to compare the virus-specific RNA sequences synthesized during productive infection with human adenovirus type 2 with those synthesized in virus-free adenovirus type 2 transformed cells. The „early” virus-specific RNA present at six hours after infection, prior to the onset of viral DNA synthesis, represents 8-20 percent (2 to 10 genes) of the viral genome. All viral RNA sequences synthesized early are also present „late,” at 18 hours after infection. The base sequences transcribed in transformed cells are homologous to approximately 50 per cent of the sequences transcribed early after infection. Thus only 4 to 10 per cent of the viral genome, representing 1 to 5 viral genes, are transcribed in adenovirus type 2 transformed cells. The virus-specific RNA synthesized 18 hours after infection was not found in transformed cells, suggesting that either these late viral genes are not present or are not transcribed in adenovirus type 2 transformed cells.
The Chain Growth Rate of T4 Lysozyme
in vitro
Authors: Wilhelm James M. , Haselkorn Robert
Published: May 2006

The average interval between attachment of a 30
S
ribosomal subunit to bacteriophage T4 lysozyme mRNA and the completion of synthesis of lysozyme protein has been measured
in vitro
. The measured completion times yield rates of polypeptide chain propagation of 1.6 and 3.0 amino acids per second at 25°C and 31°C, respectively.
Analysis of a Model for Active Transport
Authors: Hill Terrell L.
Published: May 2006

A particular model of active transport is analyzed, at steady state, by means of a diagram method for the kinetics, and supplemented by use of a free energy diagram. It is assumed that there is cyclic adsorption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), chemical reaction to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and desorption of ADP, on a two-state protein (the „carrier”). ATP is the „effector” for the change in state of the protein.
Concerning the Influence of Integrated Episomes on Chromosomal Replication in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Eberle Helen
Published: May 2006

Two strains of
Escherichia coli
K12, C600, and DG163, in which the origins and directions of DNA replication had been mapped previously, were made lysogenic for λ and λi434. The origins of replication in these lysogenic strains were located with respect to the prophage location by chromosome alignment and subsequent hybridization of
3
H-labeled λ vir DNA with newly replicated and „old” DNA. The results obtained are consistent with similar origins of replication observed in the nonlysogenic strains. These findings suggest that DNA replication in these cells is under the control of the
E. coli
chromosomal replicon and is independent of the presence of the λ replicon as predicted by the Jacob, Brenner, and Cuzin model of DNA replication.
Biscalar and Bivector Green's Functions in de Sitter Space Time
Authors: Narlikar J. V.
Published: May 2006

Biscalar and bivector Green's functions of wave equations are calculated explicitly in de Sitter space time. The calculation is performed by considering the electromagnetic field generated by the spontaneous creation of an electric charge.
Effect of Rectangle Length on Velocity Thresholds for Real Movement
Authors: Mates Barbara , Graham C. H.
Published: May 2006

New data are reported on the influence of size on the velocity threshold for real movement. As the length of a narrow stimulus object increases, width remaining constant, the velocity threshold also increases. These findings are discussed in relation to some psychophysical experiments on contrast and some physiological experiments on motion.
Isolation of Double Lysogens from 3T3 Cells Transformed by Plaque Morphology Mutants of SV40
Authors: Dubbs D. R. , Kit Saul
Published: May 2006

Simian virus 40 (SV40) rescued from 3T3 lines transformed independently by fuzzy plaque strain, SV40 (mKS-U4), and small-clear plaque strain, SV40 (mKS-U88), resembled the virus used to initiate the transformation. When a mixture of the two viruses was used for transformation, both plaque types could be rescued. Two clonal lines, after fusion with CV-1 cells, yielded both plaque types of infectious centers, and a third clonal line, 3T3(4-88)G-1, yielded fuzzy and small-clear plaque types of infectious centers plus large-clear infectious centers resembling „wild-type” SV40 clone 307L. Two secondary and 14 tertiary clones of 3T3(4-88)G-1 were isolated, all of which yielded fuzzy plaque type and clear infectious centers after fusion with CV-1 cells. When these infectious centers were picked and replated on CV-1 cells, the fuzzy and small-clear plaque types of SV40, as well as a large-clear plaque type resembling parental SV40, were isolated.
A Mutant of
Escherichia coli
with Temperature-Sensitive Streptomycin Protein
Authors: Kang Soo-Sang
Published: May 2006

The temperature-sensitive mutation in our
Escherichia coli
strain C1714 appears to be in a ribosomal protein. The mutation maps at the streptomycin locus. Protein synthesis in intact cells stops immediately when the temperature is shifted from 30 to 42°C. Analysis of polyribosome distributions after shift-up suggests that initiation of protein synthesis is defective at the high temperature.
In vitro
protein synthesis in extracts from C1714 is temperature sensitive when directed by natural mRNA, but not when directed by poly U.
Labeling and Other Effects of Actinomycin D on Human Chromosomes
Authors: Miles Charles P.
Published: May 2006

3
H-actinomycin D, a guanine-binding agent, labels fixed human chromosomes nonrandomly. Actinomycin D added in G2 inhibits secondary constrictions and breaks chromosomes. There is some tendency for label to be concentrated at the ends of chromosomes and near the centromere. Labeling with
3
H-thymidine in the late stage of DNA synthesis shows a different pattern and in general lacks the telomeric concentrations. The sites of actinomycin D-induced breaks do not show good correspondence with the sites of actinomycin D label.
Selection and Characterization of an
E. coli
Mutant Defective in Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis
Authors: Cronan John E. , Ray Tapas K. , Vagelos P. Roy
Published: May 2006

A procedure is described for the selection of temperature-sensitive phospholipid mutants based upon radiation suicide of the wild-type organisms by tritiated L-glycerol-3-phosphate incorporated in the phospholipids.

One of these mutants possesses an acyltransferase activity much more thermolabile than that of its parent. This mutant ceases growth and phospholipid biosynthesis immediately upon shift to a nonpermissive temperature although DNA, RNA, and protein continue to be synthesized. The phenotype of this mutant appears due to a single mutation by reversion analysis and by enzymatic analysis of temperature-resistant revertants.