bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is Beautiful Continues to Be Good
Authors: Matsangidou Maria , Otterbacher Jahna
Published: August 2019

Image recognition algorithms that automatically tag or moderate content are crucial in many applications but are increasingly opaque. Given transparency concerns, we focus on understanding how algorithms tag people images and their inferences on attractiveness. Theoretically, attractiveness has an evolutionary basis, guiding mating behaviors, although it also drives social behaviors. We test image-tagging APIs as to whether they encode biases surrounding attractiveness. We use the Chicago Face Database, containing images of diverse individuals, along with subjective norming data and objective facial measurements. The algorithms encode biases surrounding attractiveness, perpetuating the stereotype that “what is beautiful is good.” Furthermore, women are often misinterpreted as men. We discuss the algorithms’ reductionist nature, and their potential to infringe on users’ autonomy and well-being, as well as the ethical and legal considerations for developers. Future services should monitor algorithms’ behaviors given their prevalence in the information ecosystem and influence on media.
Using Variant Selection to Facilitate Accurate Fitting of γ″ Peaks in Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Zhang R. Y. , Qin H. L. , Bi Z. N. , Li J. , Paul S. , Lee T. L. , Nenchev B. , Zhang J. , Kabra S. , Kelleher J. F. , Dong H. B.
Published: August 2019

γ″ diffraction peaks are hard to discern in neutron/X-ray diffraction patterns, hindering studies on the γ″-strengthened superalloys using in-situ diffraction. In this study, we propose a variant selection method to increase the intensity of γ″ peaks and to facilitate accurate fitting. The specific variants of γ″ are controlled by applying a 300 MPa tensile stress during aging at 790 °C for 5 hours. The interaction energy between the applied stress and the transformation strain of each γ″ variant differs, leading to an increase in the amount of the variants with a greater energy reduction at the expense of other variants. The enhanced variants result in greater γ″ peak intensities in neutron diffraction patterns, allowing both the Pawley refinement and single peak fitting to be performed. Lattice parameters of γ″ and γ phases, and lattice misfit between the two phases and volume fraction of γ″ are acquired. The uncertainties associated with the fitting maintain an acceptable level corresponding to 150 microstrains. The proposed variant selection method shows potential for studying the role of γ″ phase in Ni-base superalloys.
Sexual Functioning in Men With and Without Disabilities: Findings From a Representative Sample of Australian Men
Authors: Bollier Anne-Marie , King Tania , Shakespeare Tom , Hocking Jane , Kavanagh Anne
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Studies on sexual function in men with disabilities have mainly relied on clinical samples; population-based evidence on this topic is limited.

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare aspects of sexual function between disabled and nondisabled men using a representative sample.

Methods

We used data from Ten to Men, a national cohort study of Australian men aged 18−55 years. We first compared the prevalence of 15 sexual function-related difficulties in disabled vs non-disabled men. Next, we used Poisson regression to examine associations between disability and sexual function. The main analytic sample had 8,496 men. Weights and adjustments appropriate to the sampling methodology were applied. Models adjusted for potential confounders. Results were reported as prevalence ratios (PRs). P values of < .05 were considered statistically significant.

Main Outcome Measure

Outcomes were 15 individual items from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles-Sexual Function, a validated measure of sexual function with items in 3 domains: physio-psychological aspect; relational aspect; and global self-rating (the 16th item on help-seeking was excluded). These were coded as binary variables denoting past-year sexual problems.

Results

Disabled men had higher prevalence of all outcomes than nondisabled men. 25.6% of men with disabilities and 15.1% of nondisabled men experienced at least 2 of 15 difficulties. The most prevalent problems were “orgasmed too early” (43.8% of disabled men, 37.1% of nondisabled men), imbalance of sexual desire between partners (47.6% of disabled men, 39.2% of nondisabled men), and overall sexual dissatisfaction (39.4% of disabled men, 26.7% of nondisabled men). All adjusted PRs were > 1.00 for disability; associations were statistically significant except “partner experienced sexual difficulties” (PR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.99−1.53; P = .058) and “orgasmed too early” (PR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.00−1.35; P = .050). “Presence of discomfort/pain” had the largest adjusted PR for disability (PR = 2.77; 95% CI = 1.89−4.06; P < .001).

Clinical Implication

This population-based analysis on the relationship between disability and sexual function contextualizes evidence from clinical studies. Findings suggest that disparities between men with and without disability exist but are not uniform across different aspects of sexual function.

Strengths & Limitations

Two major strengths of this study are that the sample included a nondisabled reference group and results are generalizable to Australian men. A key limitation is that disability and sexual function measures are self-reported.

Conclusion

This study provides a broad foundation of population-based evidence about sexual function in men with disabilities, relative to men without, showing positive associations between disability and 13 of 15 sexual difficulties.
A new hybrid control methodology for a morphing aircraft wing-tip actuation mechanism
Authors: Kammegne M. J. Tchatchueng , Botez R. M.
Published: August 2019

The focus of this paper is on the modelling of miniature electromechanical actuators used in a morphing wing application, on the development of a control concept for these actuators, and on the experimental validation of the designed control system integrated in the morphing wing-tip model for a real aircraft. The assembled actuator includes as its main component a brushless direct current motor coupled to a trapezoidal screw by using a gearing system. A Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is attached on each actuator giving back the actuator position in millimetres for the control system, while an encoder placed inside the motor provides the position of the motor shaft. Two actuation lines, each with two actuators, are integrated inside the wing model to change its shape. For the experimental model, a full-scaled portion of an aircraft wing tip is used with the chord length of 1.5 meters and equipped on the upper surface with a flexible skin made of composite fibre materials. A controllable voltage provided by a power amplifier is used to drive the actuator system. In this way, three control loops are designed and implemented, one to control the torque and the other two to control the position in a parallel architecture. The parallel position control loops use feedback signals from different sources. For the first position control loop, the feedback signal is provided by the integrated encoder, while for the second one, the feedback signal comes from the LVDT. For the experimental model, the parameters for the torque control, but also for the position control-based encoder signal, are implemented in the power amplifier energising the electrical motor. On the other hand, a National Instruments real-time system is used to implement and test the position control-based LVDT signal. The experimental validation of the developed control system is realised in two independent steps: bench testing with no airflow and wind-tunnel testing. The pressure data provided by a number of Kulite sensors equipping the flexible skin upper surface and the infrared thermography camera visualisations are used to estimate the laminar-to-turbulent transition point position.
A methodology for preliminary sizing of a Thermal and Energy Management System for a hypersonic vehicle
Authors: Fusaro R. , Ferretto D. , Viola N. , Villace V. Fernandez , Steelant J.
Published: August 2019

This paper addresses a methodology to parametrically size thermal control subsystems for high-speed transportation systems during the conceptual design phase. This methodology should be sufficiently general to be exploited for the derivation of Estimation Relationships (ERs) for geometrically sizing characteristics as well as mass, volume and power budgets both for active (turbopumps, turbines and compressors) and passive components (heat exchangers, tanks and pipes). Following this approach, ad-hoc semi-empirical models relating the geometrical sizing, mass, volume and power features of each component to the operating conditions have been derived. As a specific case, a semi-empirical parametric model for turbopumps sizing is derived. In addition, the Thermal and Energy Management Subsystem (TEMS) for the LAPCAT MR2 vehicle is used as an example of a highly integrated multifunctional subsystem. The TEMS is based on the exploitation of liquid hydrogen boil-off in the cryogenic tanks generated by the heat load penetrating the aeroshell throughout the point-to-point hypersonic mission. Eventually, specific comments about the results will be provided together with suggestions for future improvements.
Facilitating translational team science: The project leader model
Authors: Sutton Lynn , Berdan Lisa G. , Bolte Jean , Califf Robert M. , Ginsburg Geoffrey S. , Li Jennifer S. , McCall Jonathan , Moen Rebbecca , Myers Barry S. , Rodriquez Vonda , Veldman Tim , Boulware L. Ebony
Published: August 2019

Project management expertise is employed across many professional sectors, including clinical research organizations, to ensure that efforts undertaken by the organization are completed on time and according to specifications and are capable of achieving the needed impact. Increasingly, project leaders (PLs) who possess this expertise are being employed in academic settings to support clinical and preclinical translational research team science. Duke University’s clinical and translational science enterprise has been an early adopter of project management to support clinical and preclinical programs. We review the history and evolution of project management and the PL role at Duke, examine case studies that illustrate their growing value to our academic research environment, and address challenges and solutions to employing project management in academia. Furthermore, we describe the critical role project leadership plays in accelerating and increasing the success of translational team science and team approaches frequently required for systems biology and “big data” scientific studies. Finally, we discuss perspectives from Duke project leadership professionals regarding the training needs and requirements for PLs working in academic clinical and translational science research settings.
Imagination Cannot Justify Empirical Belief
Authors: Egeland Jonathan
Published: August 2019

A standard view in the epistemology of imagination is that imaginings can either provide justification for modal beliefs about what is possible (and perhaps counterfactual conditionals too), or no justification at all. However, in a couple of recent articles, Kind (2016; Forthcoming) argues that imaginings can justify empirical belief about what the world actually is like. In this article, I respond to her argument, showing that imagination doesn't provide the right sort of information to justify empirical belief. Nevertheless, it can help us take advantage of justification that we already have, thereby enabling us to form newdoxasticallyjustified beliefs. More specifically, according to the view I advocate, imagination can contribute to one's satisfaction of the proper basing condition – which turns propositional justification into doxastic justification – but without conferring any new justification that the subject isn't already in possession of upon their beliefs. Very little attention has been devoted to the distinction between propositional and doxastic justification in the literature on imagination, and the view I here argue for takes up a yet-to-be occupied position.
The Legacy of a Revolution that Never Happened: The Post-War Politics of Former Rebel Party RUFP in Sierra Leone
Authors: Söderberg Kovacs Mimmi
Published: August 2019

The former rebel party Revolutionary United Front Party (RUFP) in Sierra Leone has struggled with a discredited wartime reputation and electoral defeats throughout the post-war period. In spite of this, the party has remained loyal to its wartime revolutionary ideas, symbols and political rhetoric. Why is this the case? In this article, I argue that the answer lies in the premises of party politics in war-torn states and new democracies on the African continent. In a political landscape where brokerage is power, retaining wartime identities can sometimes serve as a valuable source of (potential) patronage. With few other options for access to resources and opportunities, the core of the party membership has clung to its past as a means to both rally electoral support among the marginalized ex-combatant community and to get access to the long-awaited funds that were promised to them in the peace negotiations.
Recent ice dynamics and mass balance of Jorge Montt Glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield
Authors: Bown Francisca , Rivera Andrés , Pętlicki Michał , Bravo Claudio , Oberreuter Jonathan , Moffat Carlos
Published: August 2019

The Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) withdrawal in recent decades shows contrasting behaviours between adjacent basins. One of the basins with highest volumetric losses is located at northernmost SPI. We refer to Jorge Montt tidewater glacier (48°30′S/73°30′W, 445 km2in 2018), which retreated 2.7 km between 2011 and 2018 and thinned at rates of up to 21 m a−1over this period. Based on the retreat record, remote-sensing imagery, field data, a mass-balance model and a calving parameterisation, we attempted to differentiate climatic-induced changes (i.e. surface mass balance) and dynamic responses (i.e. calving fluxes). The surface mass balance reached −4.15 km3w.e. a−1between 2012 and 2017. When frontal ablation is included, the net mass balance is −17.79 km3w.e. a−1. This represents a change of trend compared with modelling estimations of positive surface mass balance prior to 2010. This shift is attributed to higher ablation rates given that accumulation is known to have increased between 1980 and 2015. The available evidence, therefore, indicates that frontal ablation is the main factor, supported by observed rates at Jorge Montt as high as 3.81 km3w.e. a−1in 2015, with ice velocities peaking at 11 km a−1.
Tricarina gadvanensisis an isopod: reinterpretation of an alleged lobster from the Lower Cretaceous of Iran
Authors: Hyžný Matúš , Audo Denis , Feldmann Rodney M. , Schweigert Guenter
Published: August 2019

An incomplete arthropod fossil,Tricarina gadvanensisFeldmann et al., 2007, from the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian) of Iran, originally interpreted as a lobster (Malacostraca, Eucarida, Decapoda), is reinterpreted herein as a representative of a seroloid isopod crustacean (Malacostraca, Peracarida, Isopoda). The body orientation of the fossil is reversed, and the alleged cephalothoracic shield is reinterpreted as being the pleotelson.Tricarina gadvanensis, with its unique configuration of pleonite fusion (pleonites 1–4 are free, whereas pleonite 5, with still visible epimera, is fused with the pleotelson), is suggested to represent a close relative of Serolidae. The preservation ofT. gadvanensisin deepwater shales speaks for conservativeness in environmental preferences of seroloid isopods for at least 125 million years.
Voter Equalization and Turnout Bias After Electoral Reform: Evidence from Chile’s Voluntary Voting Law
Authors: Brieba Daniel , Bunker Kenneth
Published: August 2019

It has normally been argued that because compulsory voting systems present higher turnout rates relative to voluntary voting systems, they do not generate as many biases between different groups of voters. This article qualifies that view. It argues that in cases in which compulsory voting does not ensure near-universal participation, there is no certainty that switching to voluntary voting will increase inequalities. This issue is examined by looking at Chile, a democracy that moved from compulsory voting to voluntary voting in 2012. The research finds that while the reform generated class bias in urban districts, it also substantially reduced age bias and, in national elections, equalized participation between small and large districts. The conclusion is that abandoning compulsory voting does not necessarily increase turnout biases, since much depends on the structure of preexisting biases and how these are conditioned by particular electoral institutions.
Constituency Preferences and Committee Selection in the Mexican Cámara de Diputados
Authors: Raymond Christopher D. , Juárez Sergio Bárcena
Published: August 2019

Previous research examining selection to legislative committees has assumed that the impact of constituency preferences on committee assignments is due to the incentives for individual legislators to use their committee seats to increase their personal chances of re-election. Examining the case of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies (where legislators were, until recently, barred from re-election), this study argues that the impact of constituency preferences on selection to committees also occurs because parties have incentives for their members to use committee assignments to increase the party’s chances of being re-elected. Analysis of assignments to 11 committees over 4 legislative terms provides support for the argument. These findings reinforce previous research arguing that concerns with constituency representation and its impact on re-election also apply to political parties and not solely to individual legislators.
Patolli Petroglyphs in Northeast Honduras
Authors: Fecher Franziska
Published: August 2019

Patollipetroglyphs were recently identified at two archaeological sites in northeast Honduras.Patolliis a Mesoamerican game of chance described in ethnohistoric sources and documented in archaeological contexts in many parts of Mesoamerica. Thus, it has been characterized as an important element of Mesoamerican culture. The existence ofpatolliboards at Plan Grande, on the island of Guanaja, and at Sawacito in northeast Honduras shows that the practice of the game extended farther to the east than earlier presumed and indicates long-distance interaction. Given the considerable number of fivepatollipetroglyphs at Plan Grande, I characterize the site as an important center.
Two-sex life table and feeding dynamics ofSpilosoma obliquaWalker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on three green gram cultivars
Authors: Mobarak S.H. , Roy N. , Barik A.
Published: August 2019

The effect of three green gram cultivars (PDM 54, PUSA BAISAKHI and SAMRAT) on the biology ofSpilosoma obliquaWalker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) was studied using age-stage, two-sex life table. We also studied food utilization efficiency measures of larvae on green gram cultivars. The nutritional and antinutritional factors of leaves of green gram cultivars were determined. The preadult development time ofS. obliquawas shortest on PDM 54 (35.54 days) and longest on SAMRAT (39.29 days). The fecundity was highest on PDM 54 (318.32) and lowest on SAMRAT (250.20). The net reproductive rate (R0) ranged from 37.53 on SAMRAT to 79.58 on PDM 54. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was higher on PDM 54 (0.1148 day−1) and PUSA BAISAKHI (0.1018 day−1) than SAMRAT (0.0875 day−1). The finite rate of increase (λ) was lowest on SAMRAT (1.0915 day−1). Mean generation time (T) was shortest on PDM 54 (38.12 days) and longest on SAMRAT (41.42 days). Population projection revealed that the population growth was slowest on SAMRAT. The growth rate of sixth instar larvae was highest on PDM 54 and lowest on SAMRAT. The lower level of nutritional factors such as total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids and nitrogen content, and a higher level of antinutritional factors such as total phenols, flavonols and tannins influenced higher development time and lower fecundity ofS. obliquaon SAMRAT than other cultivars. These findings suggested that SAMRAT is a less suitable cultivar toS. obliquathan other cultivars, and this cultivar can be promoted for cultivation.
Comparative assessment of DNA extraction procedures forAscarisspp. eggs
Authors: Amoah I.D. , Singh G. , Troell K. , Reddy P. , Stenström T.A. , Bux F.
Published: August 2019

A central and critical step in the molecular detection of soil-transmitted helminths from environmental sources is the extraction of DNA from the eggs. In this study, we investigated the yield of DNA extracted from known quantities (500, 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5) ofAscaris suumeggs, as well as directly from wastewater and sludge samples containingAscarisspp. eggs, using six commercial DNA extraction kits. The amount of DNA extracted was quantified with NanoDrop, Qubit and Ct values from quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using CFX96 Touch™ real-time PCR equipment. The PowerLyzer Ultraclean Microbial DNA isolation kit and PowerSoil DNA isolation kit gave the highest yield of DNA based on the NanoDrop, Qubit and Ct values. However, the qPCR results indicate that in some of the kits, PCR inhibitors may have been carried over to the PCR reaction. DNA extraction kits that incorporate a bead-beating step as well as other mechanical eggshell disruption steps were superior in extracting DNA fromAscarisspp. eggs. Additionally, for the accurate quantification of extracted DNA, the use of Ct values from qPCR and Qubit readings gives better results compared to the NanoDrop readings. For efficient downstream applications, the use of DNA extraction kits with superior inhibitor removal technology is essential, in addition to a high yield of DNA.
Aberrant cognition in newly diagnosed patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives
Authors: Kjærstad Hanne Lie , Mistarz Nicolaj , Coello Klara , Stanislaus Sharleny , Melbye Sigurd Arne , Harmer Catherine J. , Vinberg Maj , Miskowiak Kamilla , Kessing Lars Vedel
Published: August 2019

Background

Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) experience persistent impairments in both affective and non-affective cognitive function, which is associated with a worse course of illness and poor functional outcomes. Nevertheless, the temporal progression of cognitive dysfunction in BD remains unclear and the identification of objective endophenotypes can inform the aetiology of BD.

Methods

The present study is a cross-sectional investigation of cognitive baseline data from the longitudinal Bipolar Illness Onset-study. One hundred seventy-two remitted patients newly diagnosed with BD, 52 of their unaffected relatives (UR), and 110 healthy controls (HC) were compared on a large battery of behavioural cognitive tasks tapping into non-affective (i.e. neurocognitive) and affective (i.e. emotion processing and regulation) cognition.

Results

Relative to HCs, patients with BD exhibited global neurocognitive deficits (ps < 0.001), as well as aberrant emotion processing and regulation (ps ⩽ 0.011); including decreased emotional reactivity to positive social scenarios, impaired ability to down-regulate positive emotion, as well as a specific deficit in the ability to recognise surprised facial expressions. Their URs also showed a trend towards difficulties identifying surprised faces (p = 0.075). No other differences in cognitive function were found for URs compared to HCs.

Conclusions

Neurocognitive deficits and impairments within emotion processing and regulation may be illness-related deficits of BD that present after illness-onset, whereas processing of emotional faces may represent an early risk marker of BD. However, longitudinal studies are needed to examine the association between cognitive impairments and illness progression in BD.
Crystal structure of prednicarbate, C27H36O8
Authors: Butler Zachary R. , Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: August 2019

The crystal structure of prednicarbate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Prednicarbate crystallizes in space group P212121 (#19) with a = 7.69990(3), b = 10.75725(3), c = 31.36008(11) Å, V = 2597.55(1) Å3, and Z = 4. In the crystal structure the long axis of the steroid ring system lies roughly parallel to the c-axis. The oxygenated side chains are orientated roughly perpendicular to the steroid ring system and are adjacent to each other, parallel to the ab-plane. The only traditional hydrogen bond donor in the prednicarbate molecule is the hydroxyl group O32–H33, but this does not participate in an O–H···O hydrogen bond. The nearest oxygen atoms to O32 are symmetry-related O32 at 4.495 Å, precluding the expected O–H···O hydrogen bond. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.
Long-term declines in common breeding seabirds in Japan
Authors: SENZAKI MASAYUKI , TERUI AKIRA , TOMITA NAOKI , SATO FUMIO , FUKUDA YOSHIHIRO , KATAOKA YOSHIHIRO , WATANUKI YUTAKA
Published: August 2019

Global seabird populations are in decline, with nearly half of all seabird species currently in an extinction crisis. Understanding long-term seabird population trends is an essential first step to inform conservation actions. In this study, we assembled historical breeding records of seabirds throughout the Japanese archipelago and quantified the long-term population trends of 10 major breeding seabird species using a hierarchical Bayesian state-space model. The model revealed that six species had increasing or no detectable trends (Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus, Leach’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Japanese Cormorant Phalacrocorax capillatus, Spectacled Guillemot Cepphus carbo, and Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata). However, decreasing trends were found not only in nationally threatened species (Common Murre Uria aalge, and Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata) but also common species that are often described as abundant (Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris and Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus). These declining species have declined to 3–35% of baseline levels over the past 30 years. This study provides the first evidence of long-term declines in common and widespread seabirds in Japan.
LINEAR INDEPENDENCE IN THE RATIONAL HOMOLOGY COBORDISM GROUP
Authors: Golla Marco , Larson Kyle
Published: August 2019

We give simple homological conditions for a rational homology 3-sphere$Y$to have infinite order in the rational homology cobordism group$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\mathbb{Q}}^{3}$, and for a collection of rational homology spheres to be linearly independent. These translate immediately to statements about knot concordance when$Y$is the branched double cover of a knot, recovering some results of Livingston and Naik. The statements depend only on the homology groups of the 3-manifolds, but are proven through an analysis of correction terms and their behavior under connected sums.
Die deutsche Version des Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI-G)
Authors: Maß Reinhard , Schottke Marie-Lene , Borchert Ann-Marie , Ellermann Pauline Marie , Jahn Lena-Marieke , Morgenroth Olaf
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Differenzierung des Selbst ist ein zentrales Konstrukt der Familiensystemtheorie, das häufig mit dem Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI) untersucht wird. Das DSI besteht aus den vier Unterskalen „Emotional Reactivity“ (ER), „Emotional Cutoff“ (EC), „I-Position“ (IP) und „Fusion with Others“ (FO). Bislang liegt keine deutschsprachige Version dieses Fragebogens vor. Fragestellung: Entwicklung und Evaluation einer deutschen Version des DSI (DSI-G). Methode: Eine autorisierte Übersetzung wurde N = 259 gesunden Erwachsenen vorgelegt. Da die Faktorenanalyse ergab, dass FO sich in der deutschen Version nicht abbildete und eine relativ geringe Reliabilität aufwies, wurde in einer zweiten Stichprobe ( N = 63) eine Neukonstruktion dieser Unterskala vorgenommen. Das DSI mit der neuen FO-Unterskala wurde mit einer dritten Stichprobe ( N = 215) evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Die neukonstruierte FO-Unterskala bildet sich zusammen mit den anderen drei Unterskalen in einer vierfaktoriellen Lösung ab. Das DSI-G korreliert in plausibler Weise mit Depression, Ängstlichkeit, Bindungsstil und Beziehungsqualität. Alle vier Unterskalen sind hinreichend reliabel. Schlussfolgerungen: Das DSI-G ist in Forschung und Praxis einsetzbar und könnte sich vor allem in der Therapie-Evaluation als nützlich erweisen.
Zusammenhänge zwischen Resilienz und Return to Work im Kontext der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation
Authors: Gissendanner Scott Stock , Schmid-Ott Gerhard , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Studie betrachtet die Bedeutung der Resilienz für psychologische Interventionen in der stationären psychosomatischen Rehabilitation. Methode: An einer Stichprobe von 401 Patientinnen und Patienten werden Ausprägung, Veränderbarkeit und Vorhersagekraft der Resilienz am Anfang, am Ende und 12 Monate nach der Rehabilitation untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Patientinnen und Patienten verfügen zu Rehabilitationsbeginn im Vergleich zu repräsentativen Erhebungen über ein signifikant geringeres Ausmaß an Resilienz ( p < .001, d = 0.86). Über die drei Messzeitpunkte hat sich die Resilienz der Patientinnen und Patienten signifikant verändert ( p < .001, part. Eta2 = 0.08). Return to Work lässt sich durch die Resilienz zu Rehabilitationsbeginn und zu Rehabilitationsende signifikant vorhersagen (jeweils p < .001, d = 0.39 bzw. d = 0.53), allerdings kommen anderen Merkmalen, v. a. der Selbstregulationsfähigkeit und der subjektiven Prognose der Erwerbstätigkeit, eine größere Bedeutung zu. Schlussfolgerung: Resilienz ist ein veränderliches Merkmal, das mit anderen veränderbaren psychologischen Merkmalen in Zusammenhang steht. Bei psychologischen Interventionen in der Rehabilitation zur Stärkung der Erwerbsfähigkeit sollte die Selbstregulationsfähigkeit unter Berücksichtigung von Strategien zur Bewältigung beruflicher Belastungen betont werden.
The Carbon Balance of the Southeastern U.S. Forest Sector as Driven by Recent Disturbance Trends
Authors: Gu Huan , Williams Christopher A. , Hasler Natalia , Zhou Yu
Published: August 2019

This study documents annual carbon stocks and fluxes from 1986 to 2010 at 30‐m resolution across southeastern U.S. forests, analyzing trends and regional greenhouse gas exchange. We used forest inventory data to guide a carbon cycle model representing postdisturbance carbon dynamics for diverse forest and site conditions. We mapped carbon stocks and fluxes with stand age inferred from spaceborne disturbance monitoring and biomass. We assessed the fate of harvested biomass with a wood products model. We found that pine forests experienced the largest biomass removals, with paper products leading all end‐uses. Averaging across all SE forestlands, mean annual net ecosystem productivity decreased from 116 gC · m−2 · year−1 in 1986 to 71 gC · m−2 · year−1 in 2007, and 85 gC · m−2 · year−1 in 2010, equating to a range of 25 to 41 Tg C/year (mean of 34 Tg C/year). Interannual variability in forest‐atmosphere carbon exchange is dominated by the extent of harvesting, with removals ranging from 23 to 56 Tg C/year. Region‐wide live biomass stocks varied little over time, averaging 5.0 kg C/m2 for aboveground biomass or 1,780 TgC, with average annual biomass growth balanced by harvest removals. However, net biome productivity exhibited large interannual variability, spanning a sink of 16 Tg C/year in 1986 to a source of −30 Tg C/year in the year of peak harvest. Two thirds of harvest removals are emitted within 50 years, 8% as methane, causing the forest sector to act as a large CO2‐equivalent source. Uncertainties are estimated at ± 25%.
Influences of Temperature and Secondary Environmental Parameters on Planktonic Foraminiferal Mg/Ca: A New Core‐Top Calibration
Authors: Dai Yuhao , Yu Jimin , deMenocal Peter , Hyams‐Kaphzan Orit
Published: August 2019

The accuracy of the Mg/Ca paleothermometer is contested over the influences of secondary environmental parameters such as salinity and pH. Recent calibrations based on compiled sediment trap and laboratory culture data suggest moderate influences from salinity and pH. Core tops are the best analogues to downcore samples used for paleoceanographic reconstruction with well‐constrained environmental parameters and thus can be used to validate sediment trap and laboratory culture calibrations. Here, we calibrate new core‐top Mg/Ca data in Globigerinoides ruber (white) and Trilobatus sacculifer (without final sac‐like chamber) with sea surface temperature, salinity, and pH. Part of these coretops were previously used to argue for a large salinity effect on G. ruber (w) Mg/Ca (Arbuszewski et al., 2010, http://10.0.3.248/j.epsl.2010.10.035). Our new G. ruber (w) Mg/Ca data are on average 12% lower than the previous results. Our calibrations yield Mg/Ca‐temperature sensitivities of 8.1 ± 0.7%/°C for G. ruber (w) and 6.6 ± 0.8%/°C for T. sacculifer (w/o sac), and Mg/Ca salinity effects of 4.7 ± 2.4%/‰ for G. ruber (w) and 5.5 ± 2.3%/‰ for T. sacculifer (w/o sac). These results agree well with culture experiments but discount the large salinity effects reported in previous core‐top studies. Our data reveal insignificant pH effects on Mg/Ca in both species. Overall, our core‐top calibrations for G. ruber (w) and T. sacculifer (w/o sac) lend strong support to previous calibrations, strengthening our confidence in the use of planktonic Mg/Ca as a reliable proxy for sea surface temperature reconstructions.
The Impact of Wind Gusts on the Ocean Thermal Skin Layer
Authors: Zappa Christopher J. , Laxague Nathan J. M. , Brumer Sophia E. , Anderson Steven P.
Published: August 2019

The thermodynamic and emissive properties of the ocean thermal skin layer are crucial contributors to air‐sea heat flux. In order to properly observe ocean surface temperature without disturbing any delicate fluid mechanical processes, thermal infrared imaging is often used. However, wind impacting the ocean surface complicates the extraction of meaningful information from thermal imagery; this is especially true for transient forcing phenomena such as wind gusts. Here, we describe wind gust‐water surface interaction through its impact on skin layer thermal and emissive properties. Two key physical processes are identified: (1) the growth of centimeter‐scale wind waves, which increases interfacial emissivity, and (2) microscale wave breaking and shear, which mix the cool skin layer with warmer millimeter‐depth water and increase the skin temperature. As more observations are made of air‐sea interaction under transient forcing, the full consideration of these processes becomes increasingly important.
Predictability of Antarctic Sea Ice Edge on Subseasonal Time Scales
Authors: Zampieri Lorenzo , Goessling Helge F. , Jung Thomas
Published: August 2019

Coupled subseasonal forecast systems with dynamical sea ice have the potential of providing important predictive information in polar regions. Here, we evaluate the ability of operational ensemble prediction systems to predict the location of the sea ice edge in Antarctica. Compared to the Arctic, Antarctica shows on average a 30% lower skill, with only one system remaining more skillful than a climatological benchmark up to ∼30 days ahead. Skill tends to be highest in the west Antarctic sector during the early freezing season. Most of the systems tend to overestimate the sea ice edge extent and fail to capture the onset of the melting season. All the forecast systems exhibit large initial errors. We conclude that subseasonal sea ice predictions could provide marginal support for decision‐making only in selected seasons and regions of the Southern Ocean. However, major progress is possible through investments in model development, forecast initialization and calibration.
The OI‐135.6 nm Nighttime Emission in ICON‐FUV Images: A New Tool for the Observation of Classical Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances?
Authors: Wautelet G. , Hubert B. , Gérard J.‐C. , Immel T. J.
Published: August 2019

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission will study the close relationship between the ionosphere, the atmospheric weather, and space weather using in situ and remote sensing instruments proving plasma density, temperature, ion drift velocity, and thermospheric wind velocity over the equatorial region. In particular, the far ultraviolet (FUV) instrument will image the terrestrial limb in two wavelength channels. During nighttime, only the channel characterizing the bright 135.6‐nm emission of atomic oxygen will be used. The purpose of this study is to simulate FUV nightglow measurements under quiet as well as disturbed ionospheric conditions. Classical medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), which are understood as the ionospheric signature of atmospheric gravity waves, are one of the main sources of ionospheric variability. Here, we simulate their potential appearance in the FUV instrument data. The simulation model produces FUV images used as input to identify and characterize MSTIDs. MSTID propagation parameters can be retrieved under specific geometrical configurations between the FUV lines of sight and propagation direction of the MSTID, which differs depending on the limb or sublimb observing geometry. The largest MSTID signature is expected during equinoxes under solar maximum periods, for MSTID periods of less than 30 min. The weak brightness of the 135.6‐nm multiplet under solar minimum conditions is the main limitation to the MSTID detection on the nightside. Future MSTID detection algorithms would have to cope with very low signal‐to‐noise ratio, in particular during solstices and under solar minimum conditions.
Expansion of Thaumarchaeota habitat range is correlated with horizontal transfer of ATPase operons
Authors: Wang Baozhan , Qin Wei , Ren Yi , Zhou Xue , Jung Man-Young , Han Ping , Eloe-Fadrosh Emiley A , Li Meng , Zheng Yue , Lu Lu , Yan Xin , Ji Junbin , Liu Yang , Liu Linmeng , Heiner Cheryl , Hall Richard , Martens-Habbena Willm , Herbold Craig W , Rhee Sung-keun , Bartlett Douglas H , Huang Li , Ingalls Anitra E , Wagner Michael , Stahl David A , Jia Zhongjun
Published: August 2019

Thaumarchaeota are responsible for a significant fraction of ammonia oxidation in the oceans and in soils that range from alkaline to acidic. However, the adaptive mechanisms underpinning their habitat expansion remain poorly understood. Here we show that expansion into acidic soils and the high pressures of the hadopelagic zone of the oceans is tightly linked to the acquisition of a variant of the energy-yielding ATPases via horizontal transfer. Whereas the ATPase genealogy of neutrophilic Thaumarchaeota is congruent with their organismal genealogy inferred from concatenated conserved proteins, a common clade of V-type ATPases unites phylogenetically distinct clades of acidophilic/acid-tolerant and piezophilic/piezotolerant species. A presumptive function of pumping cytoplasmic protons at low pH is consistent with the experimentally observed increased expression of the V-ATPase in an acid-tolerant thaumarchaeote at low pH. Consistently, heterologous expression of the thaumarchaeotal V-ATPase significantly increased the growth rate of E. coli at low pH. Its adaptive significance to growth in ocean trenches may relate to pressure-related changes in membrane structure in which this complex molecular machine must function. Together, our findings reveal that the habitat expansion of Thaumarchaeota is tightly correlated with extensive horizontal transfer of atp operons.
The genetic relationship between educational attainment and cognitive performance in major psychiatric disorders
Authors: Comes Ashley L. , Senner Fanny , Budde Monika , Adorjan Kristina , Anderson-Schmidt Heike , Andlauer Till F. M. , Gade Katrin , Hake Maria , Heilbronner Urs , Kalman Janos L. , Reich-Erkelenz Daniela , Klöhn-Saghatolislam Farah , Schaupp Sabrina K. , Schulte Eva C. , Juckel Georg , Dannlowski Udo , Schmauß Max , Zimmermann Jörg , Reimer Jens , Reininghaus Eva , Anghelescu Ion‐George , Arolt Volker , Baune Bernhard T. , Konrad Carsten , Thiel Andreas , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Nieratschker Vanessa , Figge Christian , von Hagen Martin , Koller Manfred , Becker Thomas , Wigand Moritz E. , Jäger Markus , Dietrich Detlef E. , Stierl Sebastian , Scherk Harald , Spitzer Carsten , Folkerts Here , Witt Stephanie H. , Degenhardt Franziska , Forstner Andreas J. , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. , Wiltfang Jens , Falkai Peter , Schulze Thomas G. , Papiol Sergi
Published: August 2019

Cognitive deficits are a core feature of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Evidence supports a genome-wide polygenic score (GPS) for educational attainment (GPSEDU) can be used to explain variability in cognitive performance. We aimed to identify different cognitive domains associated with GPSEDU in a transdiagnostic clinical cohort of chronic psychiatric patients with known cognitive deficits. Bipolar and schizophrenia patients from the PsyCourse cohort (N = 730; 43% female) were used. Likewise, we tested whether GPSs for schizophrenia (GPSSZ) and bipolar disorder (GPSBD) were associated with cognitive outcomes. GPSEDU explained 1.5% of variance in the backward verbal digit span, 1.9% in the number of correctly recalled words of the Verbal Learning and Memory Test, and 1.1% in crystallized intelligence. These effects were robust to the influences of treatment and diagnosis. No significant associations between GPSSZ or GPSBD with cognitive outcomes were found. Furthermore, these risk scores did not confound the effect of GPSEDU on cognitive outcomes. GPSEDU explains a small fraction of cognitive performance in adults with psychiatric disorders, specifically for domains related to linguistic learning and working memory. Investigating such a proxy-phenotype longitudinally, could give intriguing insight into the disease course, highlighting at what time genes play a more influential role on cognitive performance. Better understanding the origin of these deficits might help identify those patients at risk for lower levels of functioning and poor social outcomes. Polygenic estimates may in the future be part of predictive models for more personalized interventions.
Using a trait-based approach to understand the efficiency of a selective device in a multispecific fishery
Authors: Mouchet Maud , Poirson Manon , Morandeau Fabien , Vogel Camille , Méhault Sonia , Kopp Dorothée
Published: August 2019

Improving the selectivity of a fishing gear is one technical management measure to significantly reduce by-catch of non-commercial species or undersized individuals. The efficiency of selective device is mainly estimated by comparing species composition, the biomass and length spectrum of caught individuals and escapees while the functional traits of species are rarely accounted for. Using an innovative technical device to reduce catches of undersized individuals in a multispecific bottom trawl fishery in the Bay of Biscay, namely a T90 mesh cylinder, we measured functional traits on both caught and escaped individuals of 18 species. Using a Principal Component Analysis and K-means partitioning, we clustered species into 6 groups illustrating 6 different locomotion strategies. We identified functional traits related to body size, visual ability and locomotion, differing between caught individuals and escapees using Linear Mixed-effects Models. As expected, escapees were smaller on average but also tended to be more streamlined, with a high position of the eyes and fin features characteristic of manoeuvrability and propulsion. Here, we present how a trait-based approach can shed light on the biological characteristics influencing the efficiency of selective devices.
Distribution and diversity of bacterial endophytes from four Pinus species and their efficacy as biocontrol agents for devastating pine wood nematodes
Authors: Liu Yunran , Ponpandian Lakshmi Narayanan , Kim Hoki , Jeon Junhyun , Hwang Buyng Su , Lee Sun Keun , Park Soo-Chul , Bae Hanhong
Published: August 2019

In this study, we isolated a total of 238 culturable putative bacterial endophytes from four Pinus species (Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis, P. rigida, and P. thunbergii) across 18 sampling sites in Korea. The samples were cultured in de Man Rogosa Sharpe and humic acid-vitamin agar media. These selective media were used to isolate lactic acid bacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively. Analysis using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing grouped the isolated putative bacterial endophytes into 107 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 48 genera. Gamma-proteobacteria were the most abundant bacteria in each sampling site and three tissues (needle, stem and root). The highest OTU richness and diversity indices were observed in the roots, followed by stem and needle tissues. Total metabolites extracted from three isolates (two isolates of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) showed significant nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Our findings demonstrated the potential use of bacterial endophytes from pine trees as alternative biocontrol agents against pine wood nematodes.
A novel, dynein-independent mechanism focuses the endoplasmic reticulum around spindle poles in dividing Drosophila spermatocytes
Authors: Karabasheva Darya , Smyth Jeremy T.
Published: August 2019

In dividing animal cells the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) concentrates around the poles of the spindle apparatus by associating with astral microtubules (MTs), and this association is essential for proper ER partitioning to progeny cells. The mechanisms that associate the ER with astral MTs are unknown. Because astral MT minus-ends are anchored by centrosomes at spindle poles, we hypothesized that the MT minus-end motor dynein mediates ER concentration around spindle poles. Live in vivo imaging of Drosophila spermatocytes revealed that dynein is required for ER concentration around centrosomes during late interphase. In marked contrast, however, dynein suppression had no effect on ER association with astral MTs and concentration around spindle poles in early M-phase. In fact, there was a sudden onset of ER association with astral MTs in dynein RNAi cells, revealing activation of an M-phase specific mechanism of ER-MT association. ER redistribution to spindle poles also did not require non-claret disjunctional (ncd), the other known Drosophila MT minus-end motor, nor Klp61F, a MT plus-end motor that generates spindle poleward forces. Collectively, our results suggest that a novel, M-phase specific mechanism of ER-MT association that is independent of MT minus-end motors is required for proper ER partitioning in dividing cells.