bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instability of charge ordered states probed in mesoscopic θ ‐(BEDT‐TTF)2RbZn(SCN)4 crystals
Authors: Kobayashi Kaya , Uchida Naoki
Published: March 2012

We developed a technique to grow organic crystals in nanoliter cells compatible with subsequent electrical transport measurements. The crystals grown in this technique have thickness less than 1 µm due to the confined growth condition. Here, a q2D organic conductor that shows a metal‐insulator transition in low temperature is grown. Resistivity (ϱ) measurements as a function of temperature (T) showed no discontinuity in dϱ /dT in contrast to the reported behavior in bulk crystals. Instead, ϱ displays a broad increase in the vicinity of 150 K. The nonlinear behavior of IV curves observed obeys a power law for most of the T range. A high bias voltage did not change the broad increase of resistivity between 140 and 160 K. The color plot demonstrates that the CO state is stable against biasing by an electric field. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Specific heat study of massless Dirac fermion system α‐(BEDT‐TTF)2I3 under pressure
Authors: Konoike Takako , Uchida Kazuhito , Osada Toshihito
Published: March 2012

The specific heat of massless Dirac fermion system α‐(BEDT‐TTF)2I3 was measured under pressure. In low temperature, the temperature dependence of the specific heat is almost quadratic reflecting the massless Dirac dispersion. In magnetic field, the specific heat shows anomalous behavior which can be understood by assuming the existence of the zero‐mode Landau level characteristic of the Dirac fermions system and its spin splitting. These results are consistent with the reported magnetoresistance. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mineralogy and Origin of Dumortierite from Girola Area, Bhandara District, Eastern Maharashtra
Authors: Meshram Rajkumar R. , Ingle Kunal B.
Published: March 2012

Dumortierite an aluminium borosilicate mineral occurring as aggregates of fibrous, nodular and displaying variable colours is found at Girola hill of Bhandara district. It is associated with kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, muscovite (sericite), quartz, topaz, rutile, tourmaline and pyrophyllite. It is pink, violet and blue (indigo blue) in colour associated with quartz veins. It shows strong pleochroism from colourless to light pink and pale blue to violet (azure blue).

The structural formula of dumortierite is calculated as Si2.98Al6.81B0.98O18 on the basis of X-ray analysis. Its origin is related to late stage pneumatolytic activity or due to interaction of hydrothermal solution rich in boric acid and titanium dioxide with alumina rich rocks.
Some Foraminiferal Taxa in the Middle to Late Jurassic Sediments of Kaiya Dome, Kutch
Authors: Talib A. , Gaur K. N. , Singh Y. P. , Wasim S. M. , Anjum Shabana
Published: March 2012

The Chari Formation exposed at Kaiya Dome, Kutch yielded a foraminiferal assemblage comprising 41 species dominated by the family Vaginulinidae. A systematic account of 11 species, reported for the first time form the Indian subcontinent, is presented. The foraminiferal assemblage is employed for preliminary interpretations regarding age, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography. The assemblage suggests a Callovian to Oxfordian age for the exposed sequence at Kaiya Dome. A near shore, open marine environment ranging from mid to outer shelf with fluctuating strandline is interpreted on the basis of the recovered foraminiferal assemblage. The Kaiya Dome foraminiferal assemblage exhibits a Tethyan affinity and suggests that the Kutch region, along with neighbouring regions, was engulfed by a shallow southwestern arm of Tethys during Middle to Late Jurassic times.
A New Cynodont Record from the Lower Triassic Panchet Formation, Damodar Valley
Authors: Das D. P. , Gupta Abir
Published: March 2012

This paper reports the find of a new non-mammalian cynodont from the Lower Triassic Panchet Formation of the Damodar valley, West Bengal, India. The fossil, recovered from a clay pellet rich calcareous sandstone bed, is a part of left lower jaw having five post canines that are damaged to various extents. A combination of mammal-like advanced characters such as much enlarged dentary, reduced post dentary bones, high coronoid process, large masseteric fossa, each post canine with a large central cusp flanked by a distal and a mesial accessory cusps with two additional lingually positioned cingular cusps, incipient root division and clearly demarcated crown–root juncture prompted to erect a new taxon Panchetocynodon damodarensis gen. et sp. nov.
Lattice Preferred Orientation Analysis of Deformed Quartz: An Advanced Application of High Resolution X-ray Diffractometer
Authors: Pandit Dinesh
Published: March 2012

The lattice preferred orientation analysis of quartz c-axis has been used to study the fabric elements in deformed quartz. Application of X-ray texture goniometer attached with high resolution X-ray diffractometer is used to improve the quality of the studies related to texture analysis, which is difficult to observe under conventional optical microscopic method. A comparison is made in between the conventional optical microscope and XTG method using a quartz sample from Malanjkhand reef is used to demonstrate the difference obtained within fabric elements. In photomicrograph, only one fabric component is observed while pole figure analysis using XTG method depicts three components of deformation. This technique is also very useful in the study of polymineralic rocks as well as deformation induced in synthetic materials.
Tectonostratigraphic Status of the Proterozoic Babarmal Pink Marble from the Aravalli Supergroup
Authors: Purohit Ritesh , Bhu Harsh , Mehta Prakshal , Avadich P. C.
Published: March 2012

Present study reviews the tectono-stratigraphic status of Babarmal pink marble from the Aravalli Supergroup through mapping and petrographic study of marble as well as associated lithologies. The pink marble is predominantly calcitic and characteristically different from dolomitic carbonate rocks of the Jhamarkotra Formation, the Lower Aravalli Group. The marble is devoid of organic matter and phosphate content unlike the Jhamarkotra dolomite. The pink marble is underlain by quartz-pebble rich conglomerate. This assemblage represents a rare lithological association which has not been reported so far from the Aravalli Supergroup.

Besides the above differences between the Babarmal pink marble and the Jhamarkotra dolomite we also noted significant similarities between the two with respect to greenschist facies metamorphism and three phases of deformational history. Similarities in both these aspects imply that the pink marble like the Jhamarkotra dolomite can be corroborated with the Aravalli orogenic cycle. While on the basis of distinguishing lithological and petrographic features the pink marble-pebbly conglomerate, the lithoassemblage is suggested to be designated as “Babarmal Formation” as a modification to the Babarmal Formation of Gupta et al. (1997) which constituted of pink marble.

The outcrop patterns on the high resolution map shows that the Babarmal litho-assemblages are sandwiched between the Barytes bearing meta-volcanics (that represent the underlying Delwara Formation) and the dolomite-quartzite-phyllite (that represent the overlying Jhamarkotra Formation) of the Lower Aravalli Group (Roy and Jakhar, 2002). Hence we suggest to place the Babarmal Formation as the middle stratigraphic unit of the Lower Aravalli Group of the Aravalli Supergroup.
Marine ice sheet stability
Authors: Schoof Christian
Published: March 2012

We examine the stability of two-dimensional marine ice sheets in steady state. The dynamics of marine ice sheets is described by a viscous thin-film model with two Stefan-type boundary conditions at the moving boundary or ‘grounding line’ that marks the transition from grounded to floating ice. One of these boundary conditions constrains ice thickness to be at a local critical value for flotation, which depends on depth to bedrock at the grounding line. The other condition sets ice flux as a function of ice thickness at the grounding line. Depending on the shape of the bedrock, multiple equilibria may be possible. Using a linear stability analysis, we confirm a long-standing heuristic argument that asserts that the stability of these equilibria is determined by a simple mass balance consideration. If an advance in the grounding line away from its steady-state position leads to a net mass gain, the steady state is unstable, and stable otherwise. This also confirms that grounding lines can only be stable in positions where bedrock slopes downwards sufficiently steeply.
Evangelist at the Gate: Robert Morrison's Views on Mission
Authors: YING FUK-TSANG
Published: March 2012

The arrival of Robert Morrison in Macau on 4 September 1807 marked the beginning of the nineteenth-century Protestant missionary movement in China. The most familiar and important legacy of Morrison is his translation of the Bible into Chinese and the compilation of A dictionary of the Chinese language. When Morrison concluded his work in 1832, only ten Chinese had been baptised. However, the true measure of his accomplishment is not to be sought in the harvest of souls, but in the foundations that laid for future work. As a pioneer missionary in the nineteenth century, Morrison lived in an alien ‘heathen’ world for twenty-five years. How did he hold on to his evangelistic vision and passion in such an adverse and unfavourable environment? This essay aims to sketch Robert Morrison's views on mission, focusing on the way in which he responded to traditional Chinese culture and religion and the huge political obstacles in early nineteenth-century China.
A Canon Lawyer's Compilation from Fifteenth-Century Yorkshire
Authors: SWANSON R. N.
Published: March 2012

The numerous surviving formulary volumes compiled by ecclesiastical administrators and lawyers in pre-Reformation England are valuable but neglected adjuncts to the period's surviving church court records. Using material in a fifteenth-century volume originally compiled by a lawyer of the courts at York, this article demonstrates the utility of such volumes to supplement and complement the surviving court books and papers. In particular it draws attention to two cases taken to the Council of Constance. These add to evidence of England's acceptance of that assembly's jurisdictional claims, and illustrate England's integration into the court structures of the broader Catholic Church.
Prevalence of serological markers and risk factors for bloodborne pathogens in Salvador, Bahia state, Brazil
Authors: MATOS S. B. , JESUS A. L. S. R. , PEDROZA K. C. M. C. , SODRE H. R. S. , FERREIRA T. L. H. , LIMA F. W. M.
Published: March 2012

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of serological markers for HIV-1/2, HBV, HCV,Treponema cruziandT. palliduminfections. The association of these infections with risk factors in a population from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil was also analysed. Of the 780 enrolled individuals, 545 (70%) were female and 235 (30%) were male. Seroprevalence of 0·8% (6/702), 1·3% (9/678), 1·5% (10/684), 3·5% (23/663) and 11·5% (77/668) for HIV-1/2, HBV, HCV,T. cruziandT. palliduminfections, respectively, was observed. The seroprevalence ofT. pallidumwas higher in males 20% (43/210) than in females 7% (34/458) (P < 0·01). An association between age and seroprevalence forT. cruzi(P = 0·02) andT. pallidum(P < 0·01) was observed. HBsAg was associated with having tattoos (3/37vs. 6/623,P = 0·01) and not having a steady sexual partner (5/141vs. 4/473,P = 0·04), while anti-HIV-1/2 was associated with having tattoos (2/39vs. 4/647,P = 0·04); however, larger studies are needed to categorically state the relationship of these risk factors with infectious agents. The prevalence of serological markers for HIV-1/2, HBV, HCV andT. cruziwas consistent with other studies.
Management and outcome of Ebstein's anomaly in children
Authors: Oxenius Angela , Attenhofer Jost Christine H. , Prêtre René , Dave Hitendu , Bauersfeld Urs , Kretschmar Oliver , Seifert Burkhardt , Balmer Christian , Valsangiacomo Buechel Emanuela R.
Published: March 2012

Objectives

To assess clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of children with Ebstein's anomaly.

Background

Data on long-term outcome of children with Ebstein's anomaly are scarce.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of all children with Ebstein's anomaly treated between February, 1979 and January, 2009 in a single tertiary institution. Primary outcomes included patient survival and need for intervention, either cardiac surgery or catheter intervention.

Results

A total of 42 patients were diagnosed with Ebstein's anomaly at a median age of 5 days ranging from 1 day to 11.7 years. Symptoms included cyanosis, heart murmur, and/or dyspnoea. Associated cardiac anomalies occurred in 90% of the patients. Average follow-up was 9.5 plus or minus 7.0 years. The overall mortality rate was 14%. Of the six patients, three died postnatally before treatment. Cardiac surgery and/or catheter-guided interventions were required in 33 patients (79%). Cardiac surgery was performed in 21 (50%) patients at a median age of 9.1 years (range 0.1–16.5 years), including biventricular repair in 13 (62%), one-and-a-half chamber repair in seven (33%), and a staged single-ventricle repair in one. Peri-operative mortality was 4%. Catheter-guided interventions consisted of device closure of an atrial septal defect in three cases and radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways in nine patients. The estimated 10-year survival was 85.3 plus or minus 5.6%.

Conclusion

In children, Ebstein's anomaly is usually diagnosed in the first year of age. Even though children with Ebstein's anomaly often require an intervention, their peri-operative mortality is low and long-term survival is good. Symptomatic newborns requiring an intervention may have a worse outcome.
Equity between with-profits policyholders and shareholders
Authors: O'Brien C. D.
Published: March 2012

This paper considers equity, or fairness, as being based on with-profits life insurers acting in accordance with their contracts. It uses the principles of with-profits business in conjunction with a legal approach to derive implied terms in with-profits contracts. The author examines certain situations of conflict between with-profits policyholders and shareholders. The paper does not regard all concerns put forward on behalf of policyholders’ interests as justified in practice: actuaries and regulators have been alert to issues and in many cases have taken appropriate action. However, it does suggest a number of practices that may be unfair. The paper also suggests that the current process for the reattribution of an inherited estate may favour shareholder interests over policyholder interests.
International differences in understanding recovery: systematic review
Authors: Slade M. , Leamy M. , Bacon F. , Janosik M. , Le Boutillier C. , Williams J. , Bird V.
Published: March 2012

Aims.

Mental health policy internationally varies in its support for recovery. The aims of this study were to validate an existing conceptual framework and then characterise by country the distribution, scientific foundations and emphasis in published recovery conceptualisations.

Methods.

Update and modification of a previously published systematic review and narrative synthesis of recovery conceptualisations published in English.

Results.

A total of 7431 studies were identified and 429 full papers reviewed, from which 105 conceptualisations in 115 papers were included and quality assessed using established rating scales. Recovery conceptualisations were identified from 11 individual countries, with 95 (91%) published in English-speaking countries, primarily the USA (47%) and the UK (25%). The scientific foundation was primarily qualitative research (53%), non-systematic literature reviews (24%) and position papers (12%). The conceptual framework was validated with the 18 new papers. Across the different countries, there was a relatively similar distribution of codings for each of five key recovery processes.

Conclusions.

Recovery as currently conceptualised in English-language publications is primarily based on qualitative studies and position papers from English-speaking countries. The conceptual framework was valid, but the development of recovery conceptualisations using a broader range of research designs within other cultures and non-majority populations is a research priority.
Morphology of the Faial Island shelf (Azores): The interplay between volcanic, erosional, depositional, tectonic and mass‐wasting processes
Authors: Quartau R. , Tempera F. , Mitchell N. C. , Pinheiro L. M. , Duarte H. , Brito P. O. , Bates C. R. , Monteiro J. H.
Published: March 2012

The extents of volcanic island shelves result from surf erosion, which enlarges them, and volcanic progradation, which reduces them. However, mass‐wasting, tectonics and sediment deposition also contribute to their morphology. In order to assess the relative significance of these various processes, we have mapped in detail Faial Island's shelf in the Azores archipelago based on interpretation of geophysical and geological data. The nearshore substrates of the island, down to 30–50 m depth, are rocky and covered by volcaniclastic boulder deposits formed by surf action on now‐submerged lava flows. Below those depths, sandy and gravel volcaniclastic beds dominate, building clinoforms up to the shelf edge. In some sectors of the coast, prograding lava has narrowed the shelf, but, in contrast to nearby Pico Island, we find fewer submarine‐emplaced lavas on the shelf. In this island, we interpret the distance between the coastline and the shelf edge as almost entirely a result of a straightforward competition between surf erosion and lava progradation, in which erosion dominates. Therefore shelf width can be used as a proxy for coastline age as well as for wave energy exposure. The stratigraphy of shelf deposits in boomer seismic data is examined in detail to assess the roles of different sediment sources, accommodation space and wave exposure in creating these deposits. We also show evidence of mass‐wasting at the shelf edge and discuss the possible origins of slope instability. Finally, we discuss the contributing role of tectonics for the development of the shelf.
Land use control of stream nitrate concentrations in mountainous coastal California watersheds
Authors: Goodridge Blair M. , Melack John M.
Published: March 2012

Concentration versus runoff relationships can reveal how land use and watershed hydrology interactively regulate solute inputs to streams and downstream aquatic ecosystems. In six mountainous southern California coastal watersheds, consistent nitrate‐runoff patterns within three broad land use classes exist: dilution in agricultural watersheds, invariance in urban watersheds, and enrichment in an undeveloped watershed. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) revealed these patterns in nitrate‐runoff relationships. A hyperbolic equation reproduced these relationships, also identifying the most common nitrate concentration (i.e., nitrate mode) observed in stream water during periods of low runoff (i.e., base flow) and high runoff (i.e., stormflow). LOWESS and the hyperbolic equation were also used to reveal and reproduce electrical conductance‐runoff relationships, which contrary to nitrate‐runoff relationships, demonstrated uniform behavior (significant dilution; p < 0.0001) in all watersheds regardless of land use. Nitrate‐electrical conductance plots revealed seasonal shifts in stormflow nitrate modes, indicating nitrate flushing behavior at the beginning of the winter wet season for all watersheds except the two with the highest agricultural land usage. Despite variation in land uses between watersheds, we found a consistent reduction in the variability of stormflow nitrate (∼12%) and electrical conductance (∼21%) modes relative to base flow modes indicating a common water and nitrate source during periods of high runoff. We propose the undeveloped, mountainous upland regions of the watersheds as this source, and suggest that this region plays an important role in determining watershed stream nitrate concentrations and nitrate flux to the Santa Barbara Channel (Pacific Ocean).
An optimal design of a cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar for weather sensing
Authors: Karimkashi Shaya , Zhang Guifu
Published: March 2012

An optimal design of a cylindrical polarimetric phased array radar (CPPAR) for weather sensing is presented. A recently introduced invasive weed optimization (IWO) technique is employed to obtain the desired radiation pattern of the CPPAR. Instead of optimizing each element excitation in a large array (with expensive calculation costs), the modified Bernstein polynomial distribution, defined by seven parameters, is used to optimize the current distribution for the CPPAR. The simulation results show that the desired sidelobe levels (SLLs) and beam width are achieved in a computationally effective manner. Furthermore, the imaged feed arrangement is used to suppress the cross‐polarization level. Both co‐polar and cross‐polar radiation patterns for broadside and off‐broadside directions are presented to show the performance of the optimized CPPAR.
Assessment of flow forces on large wood in rivers
Authors: Shields F. Douglas , Alonso Carlos V.
Published: March 2012

Large wood (LW) exerts an important influence on the geomorphology and ecology of streams and rivers. The magnitudes of flow forces on LW are needed to support stream management activities and are typically computed using time mean lift and drag coefficients determined in laboratory flumes using small, smooth cylinders. Herein we report measurements of forces on LW of varying complexity (simple cylinder, branching, and complex root wad) and surface (bark) roughness made in an outdoor grassed channel under steady and unsteady flows. LW orientation relative to the primary flow direction and LW relative submergence were varied. Drag and lift coefficients for cylindrical (unbranched) LW followed patterns reported by others for metal cylinders in wind tunnels. Drag coefficients for cylindrical (unbranched) LW, corrected for blockage effects, ranged from −0.05 to 1.29, and lift coefficients ranged from −0.88 to 0.52, varying systematically with LW position relative to the channel bed and incident flow direction. Measured drag coefficients for the noncylindrical LW, corrected for blockage effects, ranged from 0.22 to 6.27, while lift coefficients varied from −3.65 to 30.84. Systematic relationships between the relative submergence and orientation of branching LW and the drag and lift coefficients were not observed, but coefficients were greatest for LW with few branches and converged on smaller values typical of blunt bodies as LW complexity increased. For both simple and complex LW, maximum lift and drag forces during the rising limb of unsteady flows were about 2–3 times greater than steady flow temporal mean values.
Controls on the dissolution of CO2 plumes in structural traps in deep saline aquifers
Authors: Woods Andrew W. , Espie Tony
Published: March 2012

Sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep saline aquifers has been proposed and investigated as a viable solution to help mitigate carbon emissions from fossil fuels. Much research has been directed at understanding the transitions of supercritical CO2 from being a mobile fluid phase to being trapped by capillarity or dissolved in groundwater; such transitions lead to a reduction in mobility of CO2 and hence in the risk of leakage to the surface. Following injection, buoyant plumes of CO2 migrate updip towards structural traps in the geological strata; however, some of this CO2 may be capillary trapped in pore spaces or dissolved in groundwater en route. Since CO2 saturated groundwater only has a small CO2 concentration, the dissolution of any large, structurally trapped plumes of CO2 may be controlled by the availability of unsaturated groundwater. In an aquifer of finite vertical extent, this may be rate limited by a combination of (i) the background hydrological flow coupled with (ii) the slow lateral exchange of relatively dense, CO2saturated groundwater with unsaturated groundwater. In an inclined aquifer, this may be controlled by the slow along‐aquifer component of gravity. Structurally trapped plumes of CO2 may therefore persist for many thousands of years, and, since they are potentially highly mobile, may represent an important contribution to the long term risks associated with CO2 sequestration at particular sites.
Association Between FTO Variant and Change in Body Weight and Its Interaction With Dietary Factors: The DiOGenes Study
Authors: Vimaleswaran Karani S. , Ängquist Lars , Hansen Rikke D. , Van der A Daphne L. , Bouatia‐Naji Nabila , Holst Claus , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Jakobsen Marianne U. , Boeing Heiner , Meidtner Karina , Palli Domenico , Masala Giovanna , Saris Wim H.M. , Feskens Edith J.M. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Loos Ruth J.F.
Published: March 2012

Although FTO is an established obesity‐susceptibility locus, it remains unknown whether it influences weight change in adult life and whether diet attenuates this association. Therefore, we investigated the association of FTO‐rs9939609 with changes in weight and waist circumference (WC) during 6.8 years follow‐up in a large‐scale prospective study and examined whether these associations were modified by dietary energy percentage from fat, protein, carbohydrate, or glycemic index (GI). This study comprised data from five countries of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and was designed as a case‐cohort study for weight gain. Analyses included 11,091 individuals, of whom 5,584 were cases (age (SD), 47.6 (7.5) years), defined as those with the greatest unexplained annual weight gain during follow‐up and 5,507 were noncases (48.0 (7.3) years), who were compared in our case‐noncase (CNC) analyses. Furthermore, 6,566 individuals (47.9 (7.3) years) selected from the total sample (all noncases and 1,059 cases) formed the random subcohort (RSC), used for continuous trait analyses. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in the models. In the RSC‐analyses, FTO‐rs9939609 was associated with BMI (β (SE), 0.17 (0.08) kg·m−2/allele; P = 0.034) and WC (0.47 (0.21) cm/allele; P = 0.026) at baseline, but not with weight change (5.55 (12.5) g·year−1/allele; P = 0.66) during follow up. In the CNC‐analysis, FTO‐rs9939609 was associated with increased risk of being a weight‐gainer (OR: 1.1; P = 0.045). We observed no interaction between FTO‐rs9939609 and dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate, and GI on BMI and WC at baseline or on change in weight and WC. FTO‐rs9939609 is associated with BMI and WC at baseline, but association with weight gain is weak and only observed for extreme gain. Dietary factors did not influence the associations.
Can mesenchymal stem cells reduce vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra to oxidative insult in individuals at risk to Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Datta Indrani , Bhonde Ramesh
Published: March 2012

PD (Parkinson's disease) is characterized by the selective loss of DA (dopaminergic) neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain region, but not in the ventral tegmental area and other catecholaminergic cell group areas. The aetiology of PD is attributed both to environmental and genetic causes, and certain population of individuals may be classified as at risk of developing PD later in life. However, there are as yet no therapy regimens that can help to delay or prevent the onset of the disease to realize long‐term benefits from this early diagnosis. In PD, a vicious cycle gets initiated in the substantia nigra, because of which susceptible neurons continue to degenerate whereas damaged neurons do not get enough support for regeneration. This happens primarily because of the local environment of oxidative damage brought about by the dual presence of dopamine and high levels of iron, decline in cellular detoxification systems and low density of glial cells surrounding the DA neurons in the mesencephalic region. To enhance the defence mechanism of the substantia nigra in this situation, it is necessary to combat the oxidative insult while providing trophic factors for the survival and regeneration of the damaged neurons. In light of in vitro and in vivo studies, MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) as candidates for cell‐based therapies in PD have greater scope than as mere replacement of cell type, since they can be used as a cellular system for the detoxification of ROS (reactive oxygen species) as well as a supplier of neurotrophic factors to modulate the local environment. Building on progress in unravelling the multipronged effect of MSCs, we therefore hypothesize that MSCs could be used as a prophylactic strategy to delay or prevent the onset of PD in at‐risk individuals, and to slow down the progression of the disease.
Conflicting Interests: The British and Irish Suffrage Movements
Authors: Ward Margaret
Published: March 2012

This article uses a case-study of the relationship between the British suffrage organization, the Women's Social and Political Union, and its equivalent on the Irish side, the Irish Women's Franchise League, in order to illuminate some consequences of the colonial relationship between Britain and Ireland. As political power was located within the British state, and the British feminist movement enjoyed superior resources, the Irish movement was at a disadvantage. This was compounded by serious internal divisions within the Irish movement — a product of the dispute over Ireland's constitutional future — which prevented the Franchise League, sympathetic to the nationalist demand for independence — from establishing a strong presence in the North. The consequences of the British movement organizing in Ireland, in particular their initiation of a militant campaign in the North, are explored in some detail, using evidence provided by letters from the participants.

British intervention was clearly motivated from British-inspired concerns rather than from any solidarity with the situation of women in Ireland, proving to be disastrous for the Irish, accentuating their deep-rooted divisions.

The overall argument is that feminism cannot be viewed in isolation from other political considerations. This case-study isolates the repercussions of Britain's imperial role for both British and Irish movements: ostensibly with a common objective but in reality divided by their differing response to the constitutional arrangement between the two countries. For this reason, historians of Irish feminist movements must give consideration to the importance of the ‘national question’ and display a more critical attitude towards the role played by Britain in Irish affairs.
Beleaguered but Determined: Irish Women Writers in Irish
Authors: Harris Mary N.
Published: March 2012

A growing number of Irish women have chosen to write in Irish for reasons varying from a desire to promote and preserve the Irish language to a belief that a marginalized language is an appropriate vehicle of expression for marginalized women. Their work explores aspects of womanhood relating to sexuality, relationships, motherhood and religion. Some feel hampered by the lack of female models. Until recent years there were few attempts on the part of women to explore the reality of women's lives through literature in Irish. The largely subordinate role played by women in literary matters as teachers, translators, and writers of children's literature reflected the position of women in Irish society since the achievement of independence in the 1920s. The work of earlier women poets has, for the most part, lain buried in manuscripts and is only recently being excavated by scholars.

The problems of writing for a limited audience have been partially overcome in recent years by increased production of dual-language books. The increase in translation has sparked off an intense controversy among the Irish language community, some of whom are concerned that both the style and content of writing in Irish are adversely influenced by the knowledge that the literature will be read largely in translation. Nevertheless, translation also has positive implications. Interest in women's literature is helping to break down the traditional barriers between Irish literature in Irish and in English. The isolation of Irish literature in Irish is further broken down by the fact that women writers in Irish and their critics operate in a wider international context of women's literature.
Creating a Space for Absent Voices: Disabled Women's Experience of Receiving Assistance with Daily Living Activities
Authors: Morris Jenny
Published: March 2012

Feminist research on community care and ‘informal carers’ identified this as a women's issue but failed to address the interests and experiences of older and disabled women – those who received ‘care’ One consequence is that such feminist research has implicitly, and sometimes explicitly, undermined disabled women's rights to a home, children and personal relationships. Using qualitative research, the article highlights the actual experience of women whose physical impairment means that they need help with daily living activities, looking at the different circumstances in which such help is received.

The disability movement's concept of ‘independent living’ raises particular issues for disabled women. ‘Independent living’ is about having choice and control over the assistance needed, rather than necessarily doing everything for yourself. However, gender inequalities may also inhibit the choice and control that women have in their lives.

Assistance can be given within a personal relationship as an expression of love, but disabled women may also experience abusive, restrictive or exploitative relationships. Public services do not generally provide assistance in a way which enables a woman to have choice and control in her life, or even to carry out child-caring or homemaking tasks. The research on the various ways of receiving personal assistance found that those women who were able to purchase their own help were most likely to be living independently, in the sense of exerting choice and control in their lives.

Feminist research can help to create a space for disabled women's absent voices, and add to the pressure for change in the way that personal assistance needs are met. This is a human and civil rights issue which has a key impact on the control that disabled women have over their lives.
Women's Rights, Human Rights and Domestic Violence in Vanuatu
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: March 2012

There has been much recent debate about women's rights and their relation to human rights. Debates about domestic violence in Vanuatu are situated in this global frame but also in a regional and historical context dominated by the relation between kastom (tradition) and Christianity. This article depicts the dynamics of a conference on Violence and the Family in Vanuatu held in Port Vila in 1994, in terms of the competing claims of universal human rights and cultural relativism. The allegedly western character of human rights which focus on the individual and civil and political rights is often contrasted with the non-western stress on collectivities and the rights to economic development and self-determination. These sorts of ideological oppositions in international politics reverberate in domestic politics as well, and especially in those which situate women and men as subjects in conflict, as they are in many domestic disputes.
The Republic is a Feminist Issue
Authors: Irving Helen
Published: March 2012

The growth during the 1990s of a republican movement in Australia has stimulated among other things a feminist examination of both the gendered nature of republicanism and the under-representation of women in senior positions in republican organizations. Feminists have adopted several critical perspectives on Australian republicanism: one involves the claim for the redesign of Australian political institutions in order to maximize the representation of women and women's interests; another suggests that the neglected history of women's involvement in constitutional politics during the last century needs to be understood to throw light on ways in which republicanism can be made more meaningful for women now, while a third argues that republicanism is not essentially a feminist issue and should not be pursued as such. The article challenges this conclusion.
Pat Cadigan's Synners: Refiguring Nature, Science and Technology
Authors: Chernaik Laura
Published: March 2012

This article analyses an anti-essentialist SF novel, focusing on the extent to which anti-foundationalism enables a more accurate as well as a more productive representation of postmodernity. My argument stresses the ways in which Pat Cadigan's novel Synners, mostly because of its remarkable narrative form, challenges some of the most dangerous norms and normativity of American thought and culture. I argue, that, in order to understand this complex novel correctly, we must approach technoscience and transnational capitalism as separate, interacting discourses and material practices. The representations of technoscience, in the novel, are definitely not ‘figures’ for late capitalism: they are representations of a discourse which interacts with capitalism in the fictional world as in the real world.

Contrary to what has been suggested by a number of critics writing about Foucault, use of this notion of discourse does not preclude use of notions of agency. As the queer theorists who have drawn on Foucault's work show, agency can be theorized in terms compatible with the notions of discourses, material practices and technologies. My discussion of Synners thus focuses on questions of agency, showing how Cadigan uses a deconstruction of Judeo-Christian religious tropes to argue for a responsible, and knowledgable, ‘incurably informed’ approach to technology.
‘I Teach Therefore I Am’: Lesbian Studies in the Liberal Academy
Authors: Munt Sally R.
Published: March 2012

The article discusses the origins of Lesbian Studies as arising out of an intellectually engaged grassroots lesbian community and an emergent Women's Studies within the academy. The article contrasts Lesbian Studies in the UK with the USA, which has ‘professionalized’ work in Lesbian and Gay Studies, which concomitantly has produced its own problems. Feminism bequeathed to Lesbian Studies the axiom ‘the personal is political’ and this is discussed as both a positive and a negative inheritance. The academy itself collapses the personal on to the Lesbian Studies lecturer which produces particular pressures from students, colleagues, the institution, and upon one's own intellectual trajectory in the form of the ‘taint’ of subjectivity. Finally the article attempts to identify an ambivalent relationship to liberalism which has made a limited space for Lesbian Studies but also continues to seek to police that sphere.
Femtosecond time-resolved Faraday rotation in thin magnetic films and magnetophotonic crystals
Authors: Chetvertukhin A. V. , Sharipova M. I. , Zhdanov A. G. , Shapaeva T. B. , Dolgova T. V. , Fedyanin A. A.
Published: March 2012

Femtosecond time-resolved Faraday rotation is studied in magnetic garnet films and magnetophotonic crystals. Femtosecond dynamics of Faraday angle governed by multiple reflection interference and Faraday effect non-reciprocity is revealed by using polarization-sensitive ultrafast correlation technique.
Integrated on-chip inductors with electroplated magnetic yokes (invited)
Authors: Wang Naigang , O’Sullivan Eugene J. , Herget Philipp , Rajendran Bipin , Krupp Leslie E. , Romankiw Lubomyr T. , Webb Bucknell C. , Fontana Robert , Duch Elizabeth A. , Joseph Eric A. , Brown Stephen L. , Hu Xiaolin , Decad Gary M. , Sturcken Noah , Shepard Kenneth L. , Gallagher William J.
Published: March 2012

Thin-film ferromagnetic inductors show great potential as the energy storage element for integrated circuits containing on-chip power management. In order to achieve the high energy storage required for power management, on-chip inductors require relatively thick magnetic yoke materials (several microns or more), which can be readily deposited by electroplating through a photoresist mask as demonstrated in this paper, the yoke material of choice being Ni45Fe55, whose properties of relatively high moment and electrical resistivity make it an attractive model yoke material for inductors. Inductors were designed with a variety of yoke geometries, and included both single-turn and multi-turn coil designs, which were fabricated on 200 mm silicon wafers in a CMOS back-end-of-line (BEOL) facility. Each inductor consisted of electroplated copper coils enclosed by the electroplated Ni45Fe55 yokes; aspects of the fabrication of the inductors are discussed. Magnetic properties of the electroplated yoke materials are described, including high frequency permeability measurements. The inductance of 2-turn coil inductors, for example, was enhanced up to about 6 times over the air core equivalent, with an inductance density of 130 nH/mm2 being achieved. The resistance of these non-laminated inductors was relatively large at high frequency due to magnetic and eddy current losses but is expected to improve as the yoke material/structure is further optimized, making electroplated yoke-containing inductors attractive for dc-dc power converters.
Effect of packing fraction on ferromagnetic resonance in NiFe2O4 nanocomposites
Authors: Song Han , Mulley Sam , Coussens Nathan , Dhagat Pallavi , Jander Albrecht , Yokochi Alexandre
Published: March 2012

Magnetic nanocomposites, composed of magnetic nanoparticles in an insulating matrix, can have properties not achievable in bulk, single-phase materials. This work reports on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements as a tool to investigate the internal magnetic field in nanocomposite samples of varying particle packing fractions. The ferromagnetic resonance frequency changes with particle packing fraction due to increased inter-particle interaction and demagnetizing field within the sample. Experimental results obtained on NiFe2O4 nanocomposite samples are compared to published theoretical models, and found to be consistent with the predicted trends. Extrapolation of the results to the limit of isolated particles indicates an average internal anisotropy field of 0.041 T for the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles.
Magnetic tunnel junction design margin exploration for self-reference sensing scheme
Authors: Sun Z. , Li H. , Wang X.
Published: March 2012

This work investigates the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) design requirements for the application of nondestructive self-reference sensing scheme, a novel sensing scheme featuring high tolerance of process variations, fast sensing speed, and no impact on device reliability. Unlike the conventional sensing scheme that requires a large TMR ratio and the uniform antiparallel and parallel resistances for MTJs, the nondestructive self-reference sensing scheme is more sensitive to the roll-off slope of MTJ’s R-I or R-V curve. Our purpose is to provide a guidance to facilitate MTJ design used in the nondestructive self-reference scheme. In this work, we comprehensively investigate and analyze the design matrix by considering MTJ device physical properties, such as bias voltage dependent conductance, spin torque, etc. The manuscript suggests the approaches to optimize MTJ design for better trade-off between device properties and circuit design.
Determination of spin-dependent Seebeck coefficients of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junction nanopillars
Authors: Liebing N. , Serrano-Guisan S. , Rott K. , Reiss G. , Langer J. , Ocker B. , Schumacher H. W.
Published: March 2012

We investigate the spin-dependent Seebeck coefficient and the tunneling magneto thermopower (TMTP) of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) in the presence of thermal gradients across the MTJ. The thermo power voltage VTP across the MTJ is found to scale linearly with the heating power and reveals similar field dependence as the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR). Based on calibration measurements and finite element simulations of the heat flux, the thermal gradient and large spin-dependent Seebeck coefficients of the order of (240 ± 110) μV/K are derived. From additional measurements on MTJs after dielectric breakdown, a TMR up to 90% and Seebeck coefficients up to 650 μV/K can be derived.
High performance anisotropic NdFeB magnets prepared by dual-alloy die-upsetting
Authors: Tang Xu , Chen Renjie , Yin Wenzong , Lin Min , Lee Don , Yan Aru
Published: March 2012

The anisotropic nanocrystalline magnets were produced by hot pressing and die-upsetting the mixed powders of MQU-F and MQU-G with a mass ratio of x:1−x (x = 0−1). With x increasing from 0 to 1, the intrinsic coercivity (Hci) decreased from 22.7 to 15.0 kOe, and the remanence (Br) and maximum energy product ((BH)max) ascended from 12.6 to 13.5 kG and from 38.0 to 44.1 MGOe respectively. The XRD patterns showed that (006), (105), and (008) peaks were strengthened, indicating that easy axes of the grains were aligned along the hot-deformation direction. Fine plate-like grains were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope. The components of the magnets prepared from the blends behaved in a cooperative way, which made the demagnetization curves a smooth profile. Both initial magnetization and demagnetization curve were measured. Additionally, the magnetization mechanism and magnetization behaviors were also analyzed.
Behavior of magnetic entropy change in perovskite Ba2−xLaxFeMoO6
Authors: Kim K. S. , Lee M. S. , Zhang Y. D. , Kang B. S. , Yu S. C. , Lee B. W.
Published: March 2012

The magneto-caloric effect and magnetization behavior have been analyzed in the double-perovskite Ba2−xLaxFeMoO6 compound with the sintering temperature and external magnetic field. Samples were fabricated by the conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that all the samples had a single phase with a cubic structure. The maximum magnetic entropy changes were obtained in the temperature range of 320–330 K for all compounds. The ΔSM is about 0.38 J/kg K for the Ba2−xLaxFeMoO6 (x = 0.2) compound with an external field of 7 kOe, however, ΔSM is about 2.93 J/kg K with a field of 15 kOe. The value of ΔSM is increased about eight times with increasing of the external field. The enhancement of the larger magnetic entropy seems to favor the increase of magnetic order, which changes the magnetic part of the entropy of a solid around the magnetic ordering temperature.
Binary data coding with domain wall for spin wave based logic devices
Authors: Nagai K. , Cao Y. , Tanaka T. , Matsuyama K.
Published: March 2012

An application of the domain wall (DW) to a data coding scheme in spin wave (SW) based logic devices is numerically investigated with micromagnetic simulations. Ferromagnetic nanowires with the perpendicular magnetization are assumed as self-biasing SW guides. The inductive output voltage for the superposed spin wave packets, emitted with the pulsed microwave currents, are manipulated with the SW phase shift caused by the interaction with the DW. The binary logic inputs are coded with the existence (“1”) or absence (“0”) of the DW at the pinning sites defined by local modulation of the perpendicular anisotropy in ferromagnetic nanowires. The exclusive-or (EXOR) logic operation is successfully demonstrated with an order of different output signal level for the logic input of “00 (11)” and “01(10)”, encoded by DWs in a nanowire with lateral dimension of 100 × 100 × 2560 nm3.
Switching phase diagrams of exchange coupled composite media using two-particle model
Authors: Zhang Kaiming , Han Zhaohong , Wei Dan , Gao Kaizhong
Published: March 2012

A two-particle model is used to study the switching performance of exchange coupled composite (ECC) media. A large number of parameters, such as damping, the volume, saturation, crystalline anisotropy of the soft layer, and the exchange interaction between the soft and hard layers are tested to optimize the switching process of ECC media. The mechanism of precessional switching is also analyzed.