bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of gold nanoparticles in the methods of optical molecular absorption spectroscopy: main effecting factors
Authors: Apyari Vladimir V. , Arkhipova Viktoria V. , Gorbunova Maria V. , Isachenko Andrey I. , Volkov Pavel A. , Dmitrienko Stanislava G.
Published: February 2020

Results of studies on the analytical capabilities of gold nanoparticles in the methods of optical molecular absorption spectroscopy are reported. Peculiar effects of the nature of nanoparticle stabilizer, its charge, morphology of nanoparticles, form in which they are present in the system (in a colloidal solution or as a part of a nanocomposite with polyurethane foam) upon the determination of organic compounds (thiols, cationic compounds, catecholamines) and inorganic anions are considered. The determination is based on aggregation of nanoparticles or change in the state of their surface and morphology as a result of silver coating, leading to significant spectral and color changes, which can be monitored both by optical molecular absorption spectroscopy and visually. The ways to increase sensitivity and to control selectivity of the analysis using gold nanoparticles and their nanocomposites are outlined.
Mild and efficient 64Cu labeling of perhydro-1, 4-diazepine derivatives for potential use with large peptides, proteins and antibodies
Authors: Greifenstein Lukas , Späth Denise , Sinnes Jean Phillip , Grus Tilmann , Rösch Frank
Published: February 2020

DATA (6-Amino-1,4-diazapine-triacetate) and AAZTA (6-Amino-1,4-diazapine-tetracetate) chelators represent a novel approach representing hybrid-chelates: possessing significant cyclic and acyclic character. It is believed that flexibility of the acyclic part facilitates rapid complexation, whilst the preorganized cyclic part minimizes the energy barrier to complexation and inhibits decomplexation processes. So far, these chelators have been used exclusively with 44Sc and 68Ga only. Recent results with natCu predict high stabilities for Cu-AAZTA, yet no radioactive labeling of AAZTA or DATA with 64Cu or any additional radioactive isotope has been reported. We present the one pot synthesis of the bifunctional derivatives AAZTA5OMe and DATA5mOMe and their labeling with 64Cu. In addition, in vitro stability of the respective complexes are presented.
Orthogonality for (0, −1) tropical normal matrices
Authors: Bakhadly Bakhad , Guterman Alexander , de la Puente María Jesús
Published: February 2020

We study pairs of mutually orthogonal normal matrices with respect to tropical multiplication. Minimal orthogonal pairs are characterized. The diameter and girth of three graphs arising from the orthogonality equivalence relation are computed.
Wahrnehmung, Reputation und Image von Genossenschaften aus Sicht der deutschen Bevölkerung
Authors: Breuning Senta
Published: February 2020

Durch die Umsetzung von Werten und Kultur kann der Unternehmenserfolg und die Wahrnehmung gesteigert werden. Die Unternehmenskultur der eingetragenen Genossenschaft wird neben Werten und Prinzipien auch durch die ökonomische Selbsthilfe geprägt. Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, herauszufinden, wie die deutsche Gesellschaft Genossenschaften wahrnimmt. Die Ergebnisse beruhen auf einer repräsentativen deutschlandweiten Onlinebefragung. Generell nimmt die deutsche Bevölkerung Genossenschaften gut und überwiegend positiv wahr. Eine geringere Wahrnehmung tritt bei Frauen und der jüngeren Generationen (Generation Y und Generation Z) auf.
Synthesis, characterization and morphotropic transitions in a family of M[(UO2)(CH3COO)3](H2O)
n
(M=Na, K, Rb, Cs; n=0–1.0) compounds
Authors: Kornyakov Ilya V. , Kalashnikova Sophia A. , Gurzhiy Vladislav V. , Britvin Sergey N. , Belova Elena V. , Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: February 2020

Experimental investigations of crystallization in a family of uranyl triacetate compounds with Na, K, Rb and Cs were performed. The crystal structures of two novel Cs- and Rb-bearing tri(acetato)uranylates were solved, and the content of H2O molecules in the crystal structure of K-bearing uranyl triacetate was refined. Synthesized compounds were analyzed using IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal chemical analysis of the M[(UO2)(CH3COO)3](H2O)
n
family (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs; n = 0–1.0) reveals the sequence of structural transformations depending on the size of alkali cation resulting in the symmetry reduction from cubic P 213 (for Na), through tetragonal I 41/a (for K and Rb) to triclinic P 1̅ space groups (for Cs), which is in accordance with the principle of morphotropism, suggested by Paul von Groth, founder of the Zeitschrift für Krystallographie journal, in 1870.
Synthesis and Rheological Survey of Xanthan Gum Based Terpolymeric Hydrogels
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Khan Mansoor , Rehman Tanzil ur , Ali Ijaz , Shah Luqman Ali , Khattak Noor Saeed , Khan Muhammad Salim
Published: February 2020

Graft copolymerization technique was used to synthesize novel biopolymer based terpolymeric hydrogels of xanthan gum (Gx), acrylic acid and N-Isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) by using chemical crosslinker N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA), ammonium persulphate (APS) as a redox initiator and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for particle size stabilization. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized through FT-IR and SEM techniques, which confirmed the hydrogels formation. Detailed rheology was investigated through applying various rheological models like Bingham model, modified Bingham model and Ostwald power law model to the hydrogels which revealed that the hydrogels were appeared to have shear thinning, non-Newtonian behavior and more elastic. Modified Bingham model provided best fit understanding to our prepared materials. The maximum activation energy (Ea) 13.87 kJ/mol was obtained for composition having more Gx compared to others, showing a strong relationship with viscosity. The hydrogels has potential to find applications in food industry, cosmetics, degradation of dyes and removal of heavy metals from waste water.
Realist Synthesis of the International Theory and Evidence on Strategies to Improve Childhood Vaccination in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Developing Strategies for the Nigerian Healthcare System
Authors: Omoniyi Oluwadamilola Solabi , Williams Iestyn
Published: February 2020

Background: Childhood vaccination coverage rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) vary significantly, with some countries achieving higher rates than others. Several attempts have been made in Nigeria to achieve universal vaccination coverage but with limited success. This study aimed to analyse strategies used to improve childhood vaccine access and uptake in LMICs in order to inform strategy development for the Nigerian healthcare system. Methods: A realist synthesis approach was adopted in order to elucidate the contexts and mechanisms wherewith these strategies achieved their aim (or not). Nine databases were searched for relevant articles and 27 articles were included in the study. Programme theories were generated from the included articles, and data extraction was carried out paying particular attention to context, mechanism and outcomes configurations. Results: Interventions used in LMICs to improve vaccination coverage were categorised as follows: communication/ educational, reminder-type, incentives, social mobilisation, provider-directed strategies, health service integration and multi-pronged strategies. The strategies that appeared most likely to be effective in the health contexts of contemporary Nigeria include communication and educational interventions; employing informal change agents, and; monitoring and evaluation to strengthen communication. The programme theories for the use of reminders, social mobilisation, staff training and supportive supervision were observed in practice, and these strategies were generally successful within some contexts. By contrast, the use of monetary incentives in Nigeria is not supported by the evidence, although further research and evaluation is required. The integration of other interventions with routine immunisation (RI) to improve uptake was more effective when the perceived value of the other program was high. Adoption of multipronged interventions for hard to reach communities was beneficial. However, caution should be exercised because of varying levels of published evidence in respect of each intervention type and a relative lack of the rich description required to conduct a full realist analysis. Conclusion: This paper adds to the evidence base on the adaption of strategies to improve vaccine access and uptake to the context of LMICs.
How to Work Collaboratively Within the Health System: Workshop Summary and Facilitator Reflection
Authors: Cassidy Christine E. , Bowen Sarah , Fontaine Guillaume , Côté-Boileau Élizabeth , Botting Ingrid
Published: February 2020

Effectiveness in health services research requires development of specific knowledge and skills for working in partnership with health system decision-makers. In an initial effort to frame capacity-building activities for researchers, we designed a workshop on working collaboratively within the health system. The workshop, based on recent research exploring health system experience and perspectives on research collaborations, was trialed at the annual Canadian Health Services and Policy Research (CAHSPR) conference in May 2019. Participants reported positive evaluations of the workshop. However, further efforts should target health services researchers that may not be as motivated to develop skills in collaborative research. Additional attention to equipping researchers with the skills needed to work in partnerships is recommended, including approaches and materials that avoid oversimplification of complex challenges.
Andreas Khol / Stefan Karner / Wolfgang Sobotka / Bettina Rausch / Günther Ofner / Dietmar Halper (Hrsg.) (2019): Österreichisches Jahrbuch für Politik 2018
Authors: Marx Stefan
Published: February 2020

n/a
Book Review of “America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century”
Authors: Eder Franz
Published: February 2020

n/a
The Operant Plantar Thermal Assay: A Novel Device for Assessing Thermal Pain Tolerance in Mice
Authors: Reker Ashlie N. , Chen Sisi , Etter Katherine , Burger Taylor , Caudill Makayla , Davidson Steve
Published: February 2020

Pain is a multidimensional experience of sensory-discriminative, cognitive, and affective processes; however, current basic research methods rely heavily on response to threshold stimuli, bypassing the supraspinal processing that ultimately gives rise to the pain experience. We developed the operant plantar thermal assay (OPTA), which utilizes a novel, conflict-based operant task requiring evaluation and active decision-making to obtain reward under thermally aversive conditions to quantify thermal pain tolerance. In baseline measures, male and female mice exhibited similar temperature preferences, however in the OPTA, female mice exhibited greater temperature-dependent tolerance, as defined by choice time spent in an adverse thermal condition to obtain reward. Increasing reward salience (4% vs 10% sucrose solution) led to increased thermal tolerance for males but not females. To determine whether neuropathic and inflammatory pain models alter thermal tolerance, animals with chronic constriction injury (CCI) or complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), respectively, were tested in the OPTA. Surprisingly, neuropathic animals exhibited increased thermal tolerance, as shown by greater time spent in the reward zone in an adverse thermal condition, compared with sham animals. There was no effect of inflammation on thermal tolerance. Administration of clonidine in the CCI model led to increased thermal tolerance in both injured and sham animals. In contrast, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory meloxicam was anti-hyperalgesic in the CFA model, but reduced thermal pain tolerance. These data support the feasibility of using the OPTA to assess thermal pain tolerance to gain new insights into complex pain behaviors and to investigate novel aspects of analgesic efficacy.
Sleep Differentially Affects Early and Late Neuronal Responses to Sounds in Auditory and Perirhinal Cortices
Authors: Sela Yaniv , Krom Aaron Joseph , Bergman Lottem , Regev Noa , Nir Yuval
Published: February 2020

A fundamental feature of sleep is reduced behavioral responsiveness to external events, but the extent of processing along sensory pathways remains poorly understood. While responses are comparable across wakefulness and sleep in auditory cortex (AC), neuronal activity in downstream regions remains unknown. Here we recorded spiking activity in 435 neuronal clusters evoked by acoustic stimuli in the perirhinal cortex (PRC) and in AC of freely behaving male rats across wakefulness and sleep. Neuronal responses in AC showed modest (∼10%) differences in response gain across vigilance states, replicating previous studies. By contrast, PRC neuronal responses were robustly attenuated by 47% and 36% during NREM sleep and REM sleep, respectively. Beyond the separation according to cortical region, response latency in each neuronal cluster was correlated with the degree of NREM sleep attenuation, such that late (>40 ms) responses in all monitored regions diminished during NREM sleep. The robust attenuation of late responses prevalent in PRC represents a novel neural correlate of sensory disconnection during sleep, opening new avenues for investigating the mediating mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTReduced behavioral responsiveness to sensory stimulation is at the core of sleep's definition, but it is still unclear how the sleeping brain responds differently to sensory stimuli. In the current study, we recorded neuronal spiking responses to sounds along the cortical processing hierarchy of rats during wakefulness and natural sleep. Responses in auditory cortex only showed modest changes during sleep, whereas sleep robustly attenuated the responses of neurons in high-level perirhinal cortex. We also found that, during NREM sleep, the response latency predicts the degree of sleep attenuation in individual neurons above and beyond their anatomical location. These results provide anatomical and temporal signatures of sensory disconnection during sleep and pave the way to understanding the underlying mechanisms.
Abundance Compensates Kinetics: Similar Effect of Dopamine Signals on D1 and D2 Receptor Populations
Authors: Hunger Lars , Kumar Arvind , Schmidt Robert
Published: February 2020

The neuromodulator dopamine plays a key role in motivation, reward-related learning, and normal motor function. The different affinity of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptor types has been argued to constrain the D1 and D2 signaling pathways to phasic and tonic dopamine signals, respectively. However, this view assumes that dopamine receptor kinetics are instantaneous so that the time courses of changes in dopamine concentration and changes in receptor occupation are basically identical. Here we developed a neurochemical model of dopamine receptor binding taking into account the different kinetics and abundance of D1 and D2 receptors in the striatum. Testing a large range of behaviorally-relevant dopamine signals, we found that the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor populations responded very similarly to tonic and phasic dopamine signals. Furthermore, because of slow unbinding rates, both receptor populations integrated dopamine signals over a timescale of minutes. Our model provides a description of how physiological dopamine signals translate into changes in dopamine receptor occupation in the striatum, and explains why dopamine ramps are an effective signal to occupy dopamine receptors. Overall, our model points to the importance of taking into account receptor kinetics for functional considerations of dopamine signaling.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCurrent models of basal ganglia function are often based on a distinction of two types of dopamine receptors, D1 and D2, with low and high affinity, respectively. Thereby, phasic dopamine signals are believed to mostly affect striatal neurons with D1 receptors, and tonic dopamine signals are believed to mostly affect striatal neurons with D2 receptors. This view does not take into account the rates for the binding and unbinding of dopamine to D1 and D2 receptors. By incorporating these kinetics into a computational model we show that D1 and D2 receptors both respond to phasic and tonic dopamine signals. This has implications for the processing of reward-related and motivational signals in the basal ganglia.
Not So Exceptional
Authors: Samuels Albert
Published: February 2020

Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 presidential election stunned the political establishment as well as much of the academy, provoking scholars to search for answers to explain this unexpected result. His win is particularly striking considering that he is the antithesis of his successor, Barack Obama. As the nation’s first African American president, Obama embodies the triumph of the idea that “American exceptionalism” and commitment to the nation’s first principles can overcome America’s tragic history with respect to race. American exceptionalism premises itself on the idea that the United States, unlike Europe, lacks an “ancient regime” based on class hierarchy and aristocratic privilege. This article argues that this assumption is false: the United States does have an “ancient regime”—what I call white capitalist patriarchy. This “ancient regime,” unlike the ones in Europe, is based fundamentally on race and white supremacy. I argue that the perpetual cycles of racial progress followed by retrenchment throughout American history are best explained as evidence of the existence of this ancient regime and the reactionary political tradition to which it gives rise.
Chronicling Our Legacy of Leadership
Authors: Wallace Sherri L. , Smith Robert C. , Belk Adolphus G. , Braxton Gloria , Burden-Stelly Charisse , Philpot Tasha S. , Smooth Wendy
Published: February 2020

This paper is a culmination of research by the task force established to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the National Conference of Black Political Scientists (NCOBPS). It presents a capsule history of the founding of NCOBPS and then profiles of the founders of the organization. The profiles focus on the founders’ educational backgrounds, careers, and contributions to NCOBPS leadership, to the profession in terms of scholarship and service, and to the Black community and the nation with respect to their work in civil rights and community organizations, the bureaucracy, and as elected and appointed officials. The purpose is to provide not only a distilled and concise record, but also a framework from which to develop future research.
Avaliação de Descritores Acústicos Aplicados à Comparação Forense de Locutor
Authors: Silva Adelino Pinheiro , Vieira Maurílio Nunes , Barbosa Adriano Vilela
Published: February 2020

A comparação forense de locutor (CFL) consiste no confronto entre características de dois áudios, com o objetivo de associar as falas do áudio questionado a um indivíduo conhecido. Esse áudio, na maioria dos casos, é oriundo de interceptações telefônicas e possui codificação GSM (Global System Mobile), banda estreita e ruído de canal. Levantamentos do cenário mundial em CFL, realizados em 2011 e 2016, respectivamente pela Universidade de York e INTERPOL, indicaram que muitos peritos forenses baseavam-se em análises perceptuais e acústicas. Em contrapartida, a utilização de metodologias automáticas e assistidas são menos utilizadas. Nesse nicho, o presente trabalho busca explorar o potencial de características/descritores acústicos, como Componentes Mel Cepstrais e analisar o poder discriminante destas características acústicas extraídas de corpus. Os experimentos utilizaram cinco tipos de ruído em seis níveis de relação sinal ruído. Os cenários das comparações visam aproximar as condições forenses considerando a codificação GSM, a banda do sinal e o ruído de canal.
Análise temporal e espectral dedicada ao reconhecimento computacional de locutores via modelamento probabilístico e determinístico
Authors: Silva Fabrício Ramos , Guido R. C.
Published: February 2020

Dentre as áreas que constituem a ciência forense, métodos computacionais estão cada vez mais ganhando destaque na análise de vestígios criminais. Um dos casos mais frequentes da perícia é a análise de telefones celulares e gravações telefônicas, onde a identificação dos agentes comunicantes é de fundamental importância para o indiciamento ou não de um suspeito. O objetivo deste trabalho é projetar e implementar um algoritmo para a identificação biométrica de indivíduos, por meio da análise de suas vozes, comparando uma abordagem probabilística com uma determinística.
Drogas de abuso: série histórica de 2008 a 2018 das principais drogas analisadas na pericia de Roraima
Authors: Sousa Ana Célia , Jati Sewbert Rodrigues
Published: February 2020

Drogas são substâncias químicas naturais ou sintéticas capazes de alterar o funcionamento dos organismos vivos, agindo em um órgão específico ou no organismo. Chamadas de drogas de abuso quando causam efeito psicoativo recreativo levando a dependência física ou psicológica. O objetivo desse trabalho foi de analisar  o quantitativo de Exames Químicos de Identificação de Drogas de Abuso (2008 a 2018) realizados no Laboratório de Biologia e Química Forense do Instituto de Criminalística de Roraima.  Os  exames de 2008 a 2018, para cocaína e maconha foram: cocaína 4877 (x= 443,36±180,69), maconha 4572 (x= 415,64±225,80) com p=0,7518. Para cocaína verificou-se diferença entre os anos (p<0,001) com a formação de 3 grupos (i) 2008 e 20011, (ii) 2009, 2010, 2012 e 2013 e (iii) 2014 a 2018, demonstrando aumento progressivo nos 3 grupos, seguindo a tendência mundial. Já para maconha também houve diferença (p<0,001) e a formação de 3 grupos: (i) 2008 e 2019, (ii) 2010 a 2013 e (iii) 2014 a 2018, com aumento progressivo em cada um desses grupos; observamos ainda que ano a ano a demanda só foi aumentando, em média, ratificando a tendência mundial, sendo que sua produção está muito difundida, principalmente na América e na África. Evidenciamos assim o crescimento do consumo de cocaína e maconha no Estado de Roraima, bem como um maior consumo de cocaína em relação a maconha, apesar de discreto, indo na contramão da tendência mundial de a maconha ser a substância ilícita mais consumida.
Using Smartphone to Enhance Student’s Digital Art Literacy
Authors: Paramitha Ega Shintia Gaya
Published: February 2020

Digital native students need digital art literacy to deal with the contemporary development of art and technology. This article illustrates how smartphone can be used as a powerful tool for that purpose. When student get bored with textual learning approach to study art, simply using smartphone could make learning practice more fun and meaningful. In this article, students in junior public high school 8 in Pare, East Java, grade 8, are directed to create a simple illustration using Sketchbook application on smartphone. It is quite simple, but the process behind the product was made student really enjoy and could express their artistic taste and expression. Thus, smartphone optimazion can be one way among others to encourage student’s digital art literacy which are more enjoyful and meaningful.

Abstrak 

Siswa yang lahir di era digital membutuhkan literasi seni digital untuk menghadapi perkembangan seni dan teknologi kontemporer. Artikel ini menggambarkan bagaimana telepon pintar dapat diguankan sebagai media yang cukup kuat untuk menunjang tujuan tersebut. Ketika banyak siswa bosan dengan pembelajaran seni yang tekstual saja, cukup dengan menggunakan telepon pintar ternyata dapat membuat pembelajaran lebih menyenangkan dan bermakna. Pada artikel ini, siswa di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 8 di Pare, Jawa Timur, kelas 8, diarahkan untuk membuat karya seni berupa ilustrasi sederhana menggunakan aplikasi Sketchbook di telepon pintar. Hal ini cukup sederhana sebenarnya, namun proses di balik hasil akhir berupa produk ilustrasi tersebut telah benar-benar membuat siswa menikmati dan dapat mengekspresikan ekspresi dan selera seni masing-masing. Oleh karena itu, optimalisasi telepon pintar dapat menjadi salah satu di antara banyak cara lain untuk mendorong peningkatan literasi seni digital siswa yang lebih menyenangkan dan bermakna.
Changes in serum hepcidin according to thyrometabolic status in patients with Graves’ disease
Authors: Krygier Aleksandra , Szczepanek-Parulska Ewelina , Filipowicz Dorota , Ruchała Marek
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Hepcidin is an acute-phase protein and a key regulator of iron homeostasis. Anaemia frequently occurs in patients with thyroid dysfunction, and hepcidin may be a potential link.

Objectives

Prospective assessment of hepcidin serum concentration and other parameters related to Fe homeostasis in hyperthyroid patients in the course of GD at diagnosis and during remission.

Patients and Methods

Out of the 70 patients recruited, 42 (32 women, 10 men), aged 42.5 ± 15.1 years, met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and biochemical assessment, including hepcidin measurement by ELISA, was performed at baseline (T0) and after restoration of euthyroidism (T1).

Results

Hepcidin concentration at T0 in the 24 patients who completed the study was significantly higher than the value during euthyroidism (28.7 (8.1–39.4) ng/mL vs 7.9 (4.3–12.9) ng/mL, P < 0.001). Hepcidin level was most significantly correlated with ferritin (rho = 0.723) in women at T0. In both men (377 (171–411) vs 165 (84–237) ng/mL, P = 0.001) and women (84 (23–104) vs 35 (16–64) ng/mL, P = 0.001), a significant decrease in ferritin level was demonstrated following therapy. A significant (P < 0.001) increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (83.5 (82.5–87.1) vs 89.5 (88.8–90.0) fL) and mean concentration of haemoglobin (MCH) (29.0 (28.0–29.4) vs 30.4 (29.5–31.1) pg) was observed.

Conclusions

Hepcidin and ferritin decrease significantly during the transition from a hyperthyroid state to euthyroidism in patients with GD. The observed changes occur in parallel to iron homeostasis fluctuations. During the transition from the hyperthyroid state to euthyroidism, the improvement of haematological status is reflected mainly by the increase in MCV and MCH.
DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Mosaic disorders of FGF23 excess: Fibrous dysplasia/McCune–Albright syndrome and cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome
Authors: de Castro Luis F , Ovejero Diana , Boyce Alison M
Published: February 2020

Fibrous dysplasia/McCune–Albright Syndrome (FD/MAS), arising from gain-of-function mutations in Gαs, and cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS), arising from gain-of-function mutations in the Ras/MAPK pathway, are strikingly complex, mosaic diseases with overlapping phenotypes. Both disorders are defined by mosaic skin and bone involvement, and both are complicated by increased FGF23 production. These similarities have frequently led to mis-diagnoses, primarily in patients with CSHS who are often assumed to have FD/MAS. The intriguing similarities in skeletal involvement in these genetically distinct disorders have led to novel insights into FGF23 physiology, making an understanding of FD/MAS and CSHS relevant to both clinicians and researchers interested in bone and endocrine disorders. This review will give an overview of FD/MAS and CSHS, focusing on the roles of mosaicism and FGF23 in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of these disorders.
A riqueza e o seu efecto sobre o consumo no contexto da crise global: o caso da Unión Europea e Monetaria (UEM)
Authors: Menezes Ferreira Junior Vicente , Rodil Marzábal Óscar
Published: February 2020

A recente crise financeira global veu provocando un forte impacto sobre o crecemento das principais economías europeas. Esta crise está producindo efectos extremadamente adver-sos sobre a actividade real da economía a través de diversas canles. Entre estas atópase o efecto riqueza, supoñendo que a variación dos niveis de riqueza pode estar conducindo a unha variación no consumo privado. Baixo este contexto, este traballo ten como obxectivo principal analizar a evolución dos niveis de riqueza e o seu efecto resultante sobre o consumo, utilizando macrodatos agregados de dez países da Unión Económica e Monetaria durante o período tri-mestral 2000-2010.
Os traballadores maiores e a estratexia Europa 2020
Authors: Rey Suárez Pedro María
Published: February 2020

Unha das consecuencias do avellentamento da sociedade europea é que cada vez haberá menos traballadores activos e máis persoas dependentes, polo que cómpre sinalar, por unha parte, a importancia de que os traballadores non se xubilen antes de tempo e, por outra parte, o negativo que resulta que as taxas de emprego dos traballadores de entre 55 e 64 anos non cheguen a representar nin sequera o 50%. O noso obxectivo é demostrar o beneficio que representaría para o conxunto da sociedade impulsar políticas que incentivasen a permanencia no posto de traballo dos traballadores maiores, para o que realizamos un percorrido polas políticas europeas destinadas a este fin nos últimos anos.
O turismo sostible nas marcas turísticas de Cataluña
Authors: Torres Solé Teresa , Salas Ríos Mercè , Farré Perdiguer Mariona
Published: February 2020

As cifras macroeconómicas outórganlle ao sector turístico unha importancia significativa dentro da estrutura económica catalá. É por iso que o obxectivo deste estudo é analizar o grao de sostibilidade das distintas marcas turísticas de Cataluña para determinar unha ordenación entre elas. Ese obxectivo alcánzase mediante a técnica multicriterio, que permite incluír diversas variables representativas do turismo sostible desde o punto de vista ambiental, sociocultural e económico. En concreto, aplicáronse nove indicadores de sostibilidade ás dez marcas que conforman o mapa turístico catalán. As conclusións apuntan que son poucas as que mostran un perfil turístico sostible, evidenciándose a existencia de diverxencias entre elas. Terres de Lleida, Catalunya Central e a Costa do Garraf son as que ofrecen unha maior sostibilidade turística. Por outra parte, a análise sinala que non existe unha modalidade turística que poida considerarse máis sostible respecto do resto.
A natureza da competencia no mercado de auditoría: unha avaliación da literatura
Authors: Ruiz Barbadillo Emiliano , Rodríguez Castro Paula
Published: February 2020

O elevado nivel de concentración do mercado de auditoría foi aumentando co paso do tempo debido ás sucesivas fusións que tiveron lugar entre as grandes firmas de auditoría. Este feito está suscitando un grande interese e preocupación por parte dos organismos reguladores, dos académicos e dos propios participantes do mercado. Por iso, o obxectivo deste traballo é someter a revisión un amplo conxunto de estudos que pretenderon analizar a natureza da competencia no mercado de auditoría, co fin de poder concluír se o mercado de auditoría actúa baixo as condicións de eficiencia perfecta ou se, pola contra, existe un certo grao de imperfección que posibilite que determinadas firmas exerzan poder de mercado. Finalmente, concluiremos cunha serie de reflexións sobre o mercado de auditoría en España, sinalando en particular que aínda que existen diversos estudos que analizaron a concentración que existe no mercado, ningún deles entrou directamente a analizar en que medida o alto nivel de concentración que se pode percibir en España no segmento das grandes empresas está posibilitando que as firmas multinacionais poidan obter rendas monopolísticas.
Deficiencias estruturais, emigración interrexional e fuga de cerebros: o caso de Galicia
Authors: González Laxe Fernando , Martín Bermúdez Federico , Martín Palmeiro Federico
Published: February 2020

A mobilidade do factor traballo é, especialmente nesta etapa de globalización económica, un aspecto positivo que promove a competitividade. Non obstante, é tamén un elemento que pode determinar a existencia de deficiencias estruturais nas rexións ou nos países de orixe dos emigrantes. Galicia é unha Comunidade cunha ampla traxectoria na expulsión de man de obra. Nos anos finais do pasado século empezan a detectarse evidencias de que en Galicia se está a producir unha nova emigración. O obxecto desta investigación é cuantificar estes movementos de man de obra e verificar cales son as causas da moderna terceira emigración en Galicia.
Transmisión vertical de prezos no mercado de produtos pesqueiros: o caso da pescada europea en portos de Galicia
Authors: Garza Gil María Dolores , Amigo Dobaño Lucy
Published: February 2020

Os mercados pesqueiros de primeira venda en Galicia ocupan un lugar destacado na rede comercial, sendo a pescada europea (Merluccius merluccius) unha das especies máis representativas. Polo tanto, pode resultar de especial interese analizar para este caso as relacións comerciais entre os axentes participantes nas canles de distribución e o mecanismo de formación de prezos dos produtos pesqueiros. Neste traballo pretenden caracterizarse as relacións de prezos ao longo da cadea de distribución da pescada europea en fresco no mercado español, centrándoo no elo lonxas-almacenistas. A aplicación de metodoloxía econométrica permítenos obter resultados significativos e poñer de manifesto as relacións de prezos no curto e no longo prazo.
A análise das exportacións de maquinaria agrícola arxentina como expresión da súa competitividade, 1960-1976
Authors: Bil Damián Andrés
Published: February 2020

A maioría dos estudos sobre a industria arxentina, mesmo os sectoriais, limitáronse a analizar o seu desenvolvemento no plano interno. Nese sentido, perden de vista a evolución internacional das diferentes ramas de produción, fundamentais para comprender o devir local e para entender contra quen e en que condicións debía competir a industria arxentina. Por iso, neste traballo analizamos a competitividade internacional da maquinaria agrícola arxentina entre os anos 1960 e 1976, con potencialidade exportadora para varios autores, a partir dos elementos que determinaron a acumulación de capital na rama. Estudamos as características do mercado interno e da produción local. Con ese acervo, indagamos sobre a cuestión das exportacións, estudando o destino dos envíos e a participación relativa de Arxentina nesas prazas. Isto permitiranos discutir coa idea dunha tendencia exportadora do sector.
Desigualdade e crecemento económico: círculos viciosos ou virtuosos?
Authors: López Menéndez Ana Jesús , Cowell Frank A.
Published: February 2020

As relacións entre desigualdade e crecemento económico foron obxecto dun amplo debate conceptual e empírico que se prolongou ao longo do tempo sen alcanzar un consenso. O efecto do crecemento sobre a desigualdade foi estudado por Kuznets (1955), cuxa hipótese postula que a desigualdade aumenta inicialmente co crecemento para posteriormente diminuír tras un punto de retorno. Este modelo de U-invertido foi estendido por Anand e Kanbur (1993), e o seu contraste empírico conduce a conclusións dispares segundo a información, os indicadores e os métodos empregados. Con respecto ao impacto da desigualdade sobre o crecemento, os traballos de Lewis (1954) e Kaldor (1956) defenden a existencia de efec-tos positivos, mentres que os de Alesina e Rodrick (1994), Persson e Tabellini (1994) ou Deininger e Squire (1998) postulan relacións negativas. Dado que a diversidade de hipóteses e resultados empíricos impide obter conclusións sobre a existencia de círculos viciosos ou virtuosos entre desigualdade e crecemento, neste traballo proporcionamos nova evidencia incorporando á análise a renda nun dobre sentido: como criterio de clasificación de países e, desde unha óptica socioeconómica, distinguindo entre a desigualdade relativa a rendas baixas e altas.
Exclusión social nos fogares españois. Un estudo comparativo rexional durante o período 2004-2008
Authors: Domínguez Domínguez Juana , Núñez Velázquez José Javier
Published: February 2020

Neste traballo lévase a cabo unha análise do grao de exclusión social nos fogares españois tanto a nivel nacional como por comunidades autónomas. Para alcanzar este obxectivo, selecciónase un conxunto de indicadores cualitativos e cuantitativos relacionados coa exclusión social, construíndose un indicador composto sintético a partir deles que despois será utilizado para o estudo do obxectivo formulado. Os datos utilizados, que abarcan o período 2004-2010, proceden do “Módulo de Exclusión Social” da Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (ECV), que é a enquisa española integrada na European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), coordinada pola Oficina Estatística Europea (EUROSTAT).
As enerxías renovables e a sostibilidade: claves de acceso ao benestar?
Authors: Regueiro Ferreira Rosa María
Published: February 2020

Neste artigo preséntase unha discusión teórica desde os enfoques da economía institucionalista e da economía da enerxía sobre os elementos clave da fortaleza das enerxías renovables para a consecución do benestar e da sostibilidade no medio e no longo prazo de cara a conseguir un reparto máis equitativo dos recursos e a garantir o propio sostemento do planeta Terra. A partir dunha metodoloxía fundamentalmente descritiva e de análise, expoñeranse diferentes posturas adoptadas a nivel mundial, sendo un dos seus obxectivos lograr unha redución da pobreza a partir da implementación de enerxías renovables. Tratarase de determinar, ou cando menos de explicar, cal é o custo deste avance para os países pobres, se é compatible co nivel mínimo de ingresos dos consumidores e se o custo deste sistema enerxético sostible é menor que o do sistema tradicional de recursos fósiles. Como conclusión, a adopción de prácticas enerxéticas sostibles e de base renovable preséntase como unha oportunidade de desenvolvemento para as rexións máis desfavorecidas, sempre que estas sexan consideradas desde unha estratexia de actuación integral e que contemplen vías alternativas de financiamento.
Urbanización, Forestación e abandono. Cambios recentes na paisaxe de Galicia, 1985-2005
Authors: Corbelle Rico Eduardo , Crecente Maseda Rafael
Published: February 2020

Neste traballo analízanse os grandes cambios da paisaxe que tiveron lugar en Galicia nas dúas décadas posteriores á entrada de España na Comunidade Económica Europea, empregando mapas de usos da terra dos anos 1985 e 2005. Os resultados indican que durante este tempo aumentaron a superficie ur-banizada e a de arborado e diminuíu a ocupada pola agricultura e a gandería, á vez que grandes áreas do territorio ficaron abandonadas. A comparación con datos da capacidade produtiva do solo revela que a urbanización e o mantemento do uso agrícola ou gandeiro tiveron lugar principalmente nas terras de maior calidade produtiva, mentres que a forestación se concentrou en terras de calidade intermedia e o abandono afectou ás de peores características. Unha análise de conglomerados a escala parroquial permi-tiu localizar as grandes áreas do territorio onde os cambios foron de distinta natureza, e coñecer como es-tas áreas están fortemente relacionadas coa altitude.This paper focus on the changes in the landscape that took place in Galicia in the two decades that followed the access of Spain to the European Economic Community, using land use maps from 1985 and 2005. Results show that urban and forest areas increased during this period, while total area dedica-ted to agriculture and animal husbandry decreased and large portions of the whole territory were simply abandoned. The comparison with land capability maps revealed that urbanization and conservation of agricultural use mainly took place in the best soils, while afforestation was concentrated on intermediate soils, and abandonment was closely linked to the worst quality soils. A cluster analysis at parish scale allo-wed to identify different parts of the territory where different changes were dominant, and showed how these are largely correlated with altitude.
Estimación dos custos das operacións de extinción de incendios forestais: estudo de caso no distrito forestal de A Limia
Authors: Vázquez Vázquez María Cristina , Chas-Amil María Luisa , Touza Montero Julia María
Published: February 2020

Os incendios forestais producidos en Galicia, na meirande parte dos casos intencionadamente, arrasan miles de hectáreas de superficie forestal cada ano. Neste traballo realizamos un estudo descritivo dos incendios rexistrados durante o período 1999-2008 no Distrito XV-A Limia, así como unha estimación económica dos custos derivados das operacións de extinción. Para isto empregamos os partes de incendio dos 6.383 incendios forestais ocorridos neste distrito, e deseñamos dous escenarios de valoración para a estimación do valor dos medios humanos e materiais empregados nos lumes do distrito. As nosas estima-cións amosan un custo anual medio de extinción por hectárea de superficie forestal que varía entre os 5,3 euros e os 6,4 euros.
El sistema público de pensiones
Authors: López Golpe Jaime , Reig Botella Adela
Published: February 2020

Este traballo trata sobre o sistema público de pensións en España e en Galicia. Desde o acordo do ano 1995 sobre os problemas estruturais da Seguridade Social, asináronse catro acordos máis sobre pen-sións nos anos 1996, 2001, 2006 e 2011. A separación de fontes de financiamento xunto co fondo de reser-va fan que o sistema veña mantendo superávits. O acordo do ano 2011 xerou unha ampla expectación po-lo seu significado material e polas súas repercusións políticas, con independencia da análise do seu conti-do. España está a 2,5 puntos do PIB en gasto de pensións da media europea. Polo que respecta ás pensións en Galicia, no ano 2010 o índice de dependencia do sistema público de pensións foi do 25,8%, fronte ao 18,2% da media do Estado, un diferencial de máis de sete puntos. O diferencial negativo da pensión en Ga-licia é progresivamente crecente: no ano 1990 a pensión media galega representaba o 87% da española, no ano 2010 xa só equivale ao 84%. O sistema contributivo é deficitario en Galicia: os ingresos por cotas non cobren os pagamentos das pensións; no ano 2009, a relación entre recadación e pagamentos tivo un saldo negativo de 1.669 millóns de euros.
As razóns do fracaso da política pesqueira comunitaria
Authors: González Laxe Fernando
Published: February 2020

Este traballo desenvolve as bases da regulación pesqueira, e máis concretamente os principios da xestión pesqueira instaurada pola Unión Europea no marco da Política Pesqueira Común (PPC). Avalíase a coherencia entre os instrumentos e os fins que hai que alcanzar, subliñando os distintos desaxustes nas ac-cións implementadas que afectan á conservación, regulación e xestión dos stocks pesqueiros. Finalmente, resáltanse as distintas opcións de futuro para definir as novas estratexias da regulación pesqueira ao am-paro dos novos principios ecosistémicos e de precaución. Así mesmo, defínense as novas posicións dos axentes de cara á reforma da PPC.
A produción de enerxía eléctrica a partir da biomasa forestal primaria:
Authors: Copena Rodríguez Damián , Simón Fernández Xavier
Published: February 2020

O Goberno galego desenvolveu nos últimos anos unha normativa específica para o fomento de produción de enerxía eléctrica mediante o aproveitamento da biomasa forestal primaria. A valori-zación enerxética da biomasa forestal preséntase, por parte do regulador, como unha interesante iniciativa coa que avanzar na redución das emisións de CO2 e SO2, contribuír á limpeza do monte, servir como ferramenta na prevención dos incendios forestais, mellorar a autosuficiencia enerxética, dinamizar o rural e darlle pulo ao sector madeireiro. Por outra parte, desde diversas institucións e axentes estanse a amosar posicionamentos críticos co modelo de produción eléctrica deseñado pola Xunta de Galicia e mesmo cos puntos de partida da produción de electricidade a partir da biomasa. Este artigo analiza o marco regulador da produción de enerxía eléctrica a partir da valorización ener-xética da biomasa forestal primaria, centrándose principalmente na normativa autonómica. O texto estuda o proceso de selección e o grao de desenvolvemento das instalacións previstas alén do marco retributivo das plantas de biomasa que empregan como combustible a biomasa forestal primaria. Fi-nalmente, introdúcense elementos para o debate sobre as posibles consecuencias que tería para o monte galego e para o mundo rural a implantación a grande escala deste modelo.
Dereitos de propiedade na acuicultura: unha aproximación desde o cultivo do mexillón en Galicia
Authors: Rodríguez Rodríguez Gonzalo , Martínez Ballesteros Víctor Hugo , Guedes Alcoforado Ihering
Published: February 2020

Este artigo fai unha revisión dos procesos de cambio institucional ligados á miticultura ga-lega atendendo á importancia reguladora dos dereitos de propiedade conceptualizados como unha carteira de dereitos favorecedores da ordenación da actividade. En tres etapas diferenciadas a defi-nición e o perfeccionamento dos dereitos de propiedade xeraron a creación de estruturas de incenti-vos que contribuíron ao desenvolvemento de sendas estables de crecemento na explotación mexillo-eira galega, proporcionando unha maior eficiencia económica e unha explotación sostible. Constata-rase que a actividade institucional favoreceu a corrección de problemas asociados á falta de regula-ción no subsector; porén, tamén se presentarán algunhas limitacións da ordenación institucional que afectan ao desempeño miticultor, como a persistencia de externalidades negativas acumulativas non resoltas asociadas á utilización das rías como un recurso de uso común. Analizarase a titularidade, dimensión e calidade dos dereitos de propiedade resultantes asignados aos bateeiros.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SILHOUETTES OF CHRISTIAN DIOR
Authors: Radieva Krasimira
Published: February 2020

The variety of silhouettes is one of main features of Christian Dior’s creativity. The aim of presented paper is a study and analysis of the silhouettes of Christian Dior for determination of connection between a silhouette and the body form and presentation of a silhouette with simple geometric forms. The silhouettes of Christian Dior in his couture collections in the period between 1947 and 1957 are studied, analysed and approximated with combination of well-known simple geometric forms - curved forms of ellipses, ovals, circles, full figures or their parts, and straight ones of rectangles and trapeziums. The investigation of the silhouettes with the application of approximation with well-known simple geometric forms helps the students in their studies in fashion. The approximated geometric approach helps the activity of fashion designers and pattern makers in their creations of new silhouette forms and their proportions to the human body.