bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigen kinetics and the risk of biopsy progression in active surveillance patients
Authors: Iremashvili Viacheslav , Barney Shane L , Manoharan Murugesan , Kava Bruce R , Parekh Dipen J , Punnen Sanoj
Published: January 2016

Objective

To analyze the association between prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigen kinetics and the risk of biopsy progression in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance, and to study the effect of prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigen values on the predictive performance of prostate‐specific antigen velocity and prostate‐specific antigen doubling time.

Methods

The study included 137 active surveillance patients with two or more prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigen levels measured over a period of at least 3 months. Two sets of analyses were carried out. First, the association between prostate‐specific antigen kinetics calculated using only the prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigen values and the risk of biopsy progression was studied. Second, using the same cohort of patients, the predictive value of prostate‐specific antigen kinetics calculated using only post‐diagnostic prostate‐specific antigens and compared with that of prostate‐specific antigen kinetics based on both pre‐ and post‐diagnostic prostate‐specific antigen levels was analyzed.

Results

Of 137 patients included in the analysis, 37 (27%) had biopsy progression over a median follow‐up period of 3.2 years. Prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigen velocity of more than 2 ng/mL/year and 3 ng/mL/year was statistically significantly associated with the risk of future biopsy progression. However, after adjustment for baseline prostate‐specific antigen density, these associations were no longer significant. None of the tested prostate‐specific antigen kinetics based on combined pre‐ and post‐diagnostic prostate‐specific antigen values were statistically significantly associated with the risk of biopsy progression.

Conclusions

Historical prediagnostic prostate‐specific antigens seems to be not clinically useful in patients diagnosed with low‐risk prostate cancer on active surveillance.
Weight satisfaction, management strategies and health beliefs in knee osteoarthritis patients attending an outpatient clinic
Authors: Ekram A. R. M. S. , Cicuttini F. M. , Teichtahl A. J. , Crammond B. R. , Lombard C. B. , Liew S. M. , Urquhart D. M. , Wluka A. E.
Published: January 2016

Background

Although weight control is important in managing knee osteoarthritis (OA), it is difficult to achieve. Understanding beliefs regarding weight management in people with knee OA may improve weight control.

Aims

To examine differences in bodyweight satisfaction, weight management strategies and weight‐related health‐beliefs in obese, overweight and normal weight people with knee OA.

Methods

The beliefs and attitudes to weight in 102 people with symptomatic knee OA were ascertained. Participants were classified as being obese, overweight or of normal weight.

Results

Although obese and overweight participants were less satisfied with their bodyweight, they were more likely to want to lose weight and to report dieting compared with normal weight participants(P < 0.001 for all) and also more likely to report weight gain in the past 6 months (P < 0.001). While most participants rated food intake to be a main determinant of health, this belief was more common in normal weight participants (P = 0.04). When asked about their own weight gain, obese participants more frequently believed genetic and metabolic factors to be important than normal and overweight participants (P = 0.01). While 51 (53%) believed that increasing activity was more important than dietary change to avoid weight gain, this was more commonly believed by obese and overweight participants (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Despite desiring and attempting to lose weight, obese people with symptomatic knee OA more commonly reported weight gain. Overweight and obese participants attributed weight gain to non‐modifiable factors but believed physical activity is more important than dietary change in weight management. Thus, education regarding the importance of diet as compared with non‐modifiable factors and physical activity may improve weight management in obese people with knee OA.
Assessing the Potential for Zone‐Specific Management of Cereals in Low‐Rainfall South‐Eastern Australia: Combining On‐Farm Results and Simulation Analysis
Authors: Hoffmann M. P. , Llewellyn R. S. , Davoren C. W. , Whitbread A. M.
Published: January 2016

In the low‐rainfall region of south‐eastern Australia, distinctive soil types reflecting the typical landscape of higher elevated dunes and swale zones at the bottom can be found within one field. Different soil characteristics cause consequently large variability in cropping productivity between soils and across seasons. To assess the possibilities for zone‐specific management, five farmer fields were zoned into a dune, mid‐slope and swale zone. For each site, zone yields were mapped over 2 years and soil properties were surveyed. This information was used to parameterize and validate the APSIM model for each zone. Field‐measured PAWC increased from the dune to the swale zone. On‐farm results and simulation analysis showed distinctive yield performance of the three designed zones. However, yield is not related to PAWC, it is rather a complex relationship between soil type, fertility and rainfall. While in high‐rainfall years, the swale zones yielded higher due to higher soil organic carbon content and less drainage losses, the dune zones performed better in the low‐rainfall years due to lower evaporation losses. This study emphasizes that in this specific environment where soil variation in texture and subsoil constraints strongly influence crop performance, mechanistic crop models and long‐term field observations are necessary for better understanding of zone‐specific performance, and simple linear relationships across years or sites are not useful.
Empathy and stress in nurses working in haemodialysis: a qualitative study
Authors: Vioulac Christel , Aubree Colette , Massy Ziad A. , Untas Aurélie
Published: January 2016

Aims

To explore the concepts of empathy and stress in nurses working in haemodialysis units in France and their possible interactions.

Background

Nurses' work in haemodialysis is rather complex. It requires technical expertise, because of the peculiarity of the treatment, and emotional skills, to care for patients throughout a long‐lasting therapy. Empathy is considered as a key in the concept of caring, which allows nurses to give appropriate answers to their patients' needs. In addition, nurses' work environment can generate stress.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design.

Method

Nurses (N = 23) working in haemodialysis units were interviewed in three different sites in 2014.

Results

The analysis of nurses' speech emphasized a predominance of the cognitive attributes of empathy: understanding, communication, adjusted response (43%), and a special feature of the relationship due to the chronicity of the care (23%). The main stressors highlighted were time management (14%), emergencies (12%) and technical nature of the task (8%). Nurses' experience in haemodialysis seemed to be a modulating factor regarding empathy and stress. The main stressors highlighted were time management (14%), emergencies (12%) and technical nature of the task (8%). Nurses' experience in haemodialysis seemed to be a modulating factor regarding empathy and stress.

Conclusion

The results showed the special features of nurses' work in haemodialysis and the need for further studies to investigate these concepts. The influence of stress on empathy needs to be explored more precisely, especially regarding nurses' experience and its impact on patients.
Foraging behaviour and fuel accumulation of capital breeders during spring migration as derived from a combination of satellite‐ and ground‐based observations
Authors: Chudzińska Magda E. , Nabe‐Nielsen Jacob , Nolet Bart A. , Madsen Jesper
Published: January 2016

The migration strategy of many capital breeders is to garner body stores along the flyway at distinct stopover sites. The rate at which they can fuel is likely to be strongly influenced by a range of factors, such as physiology, food availability, time available for foraging and perceived predation. We analysed the foraging behaviour and fuel accumulation of pink‐footed geese, an Arctic capital breeder, at their mid‐flyway spring stopover site and evaluated to what extent their behaviour and fuelling were related to physiological and external factors and how it differed from other stopovers along the flyway. We found that fuel accumulation rates of geese at the mid‐flyway site were limited by habitat availability rather than by digestive constraints. However, as the time available for foraging increased over the stopover season, geese were able to keep constant fuelling rate. Putting this in perspective, geese increased their daily net energy intake along the flyway corresponding to the increase in time available for foraging. The net energy intake per hour of foraging remained the same. Geese showed differences in their reaction to predators/disturbance between the sites, taking higher risks particularly at the final stopover site. Hence, perceived predation along the flyway may force birds to postpone the final fuel accumulation to the last stopover along the flyway. Flexibility in behaviour appears to be an important trait to ensure fitness in this capital breeder. Our findings are based on a new, improved method for estimating fuel accumulation of animals foraging in heterogeneous landscapes based on data obtained from satellite telemetry and habitat specific intake rates.
Unpacking ‘International Terrorism’: Discourse, the European Community and Counter‐Terrorism, 1975–86
Authors: Wittendorp Stef
Published: January 2016

According to convention, the emergence of ‘international terrorism’ led the European Community (EC) member states to initiate co‐operation from the mid‐1970s onwards. A different story is told here by examining how ‘international terrorism’ appeared as threatening and co‐operation in the context of the EC became regarded as a logical solution. The article frames this as political events (‘international terrorism’) overflowing the space of politics (the state), whereby the latter felt it necessary to set up a series of arrangements to try to encapsulate the excesses of the former. It shows how the interpretation of terrorism as an illegitimate political provocation constituted an obligation for states to respond. Stressing the international character highlighted individual states' inability to tackle terrorism, which made it possible for co‐operation to appear as obvious. Trevi and the Dublin Agreement are examined as manifestations seeking to work around, and thus reinventing, the limits of state sovereignty.
Implementing a patient‐initiated review system for people with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective, comparative service evaluation
Authors: Goodwin Victoria A. , Paudyal Priyamvada , Perry Mark G. , Day Nikki , Hawton Annie , Gericke Christian , Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Byng Richard
Published: January 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives

The management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) usually entails regular hospital reviews with a specialist often when the patient is well rather than during a period of exacerbation. An alternative approach where patients initiate appointments when they need them can improve patient satisfaction and resource use whilst being safe. This service evaluation reports a system‐wide implementation of a patient‐initiated review appointment system called Direct Access (DA) for people with RA. The aim was to establish the impact on patient satisfaction of the new system versus usual care as well as evaluate the implementation processes.

Methods

As all patients could not start on the new system at once, in order to manage the implementation, patients were randomly allocated to DA or to usual care. Instead of regular follow‐up appointments, DA comprised an education session and access to a nurse‐led telephone advice line where appointments could be accessed within two weeks. Usual care comprised routine follow‐ups with the specialist. Data were collected on patient satisfaction, service use and outcomes of any contact to the advice line.

Results

Three hundred and eleven patients with RA were assessed as being suitable for DA. In terms of patient satisfaction, between‐group differences were found in favour of DA for accessibility and convenience, ease of contacting the nurse and overall satisfaction with the service. Self‐reported visits to the general practitioner were also significantly lower. DA resulted in a greater number of telephone contacts (incidence rate ratio = 1.69; 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.68). Hospital costs of the two different service models were similar. Mean waiting time for an appointment was 10.8 days

Conclusion

This service evaluation found that DA could be implemented and it demonstrated patient benefit in a real‐world setting. Further research establishing the broader cost–consequences across the whole patient pathway would add to our findings.
Communicating about the management of medications as patients move across transition points of care: an observation and interview study
Authors: Manias Elizabeth , Gerdtz Marie , Williams Allison , McGuiness Josephine , Dooley Michael
Published: January 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives

As patients move across transition points, effective medication management is critical for patient safety. The aims of this study were to examine how health professionals, patients and family members communicate about managing medications as patients moved across transition points of care and to identify possible sources of communication failure.

Method

A descriptive approach was used involving observations and interviews. The emergency departments and medical wards of two hospitals were involved. Observations focused on how health professionals managed medications during interactions with other health professionals, patients and family members, as patients moved across clinical settings. Follow‐up interviews with participants were also undertaken. Thematic analysis was completed of transcribed data, and descriptive statistics were used to analyse characteristics of communication failure.

Results

Three key themes were identified: environmental challenges, interprofessional relationships, and patient and family beliefs and responsibilities. As patients moved between environments, insufficient tracking occurred about medication changes. Before hospital admission, patients participated in self‐care medication activities, which did not always involve exemplary behaviours or match the medications that doctors prescribed. During observations, 432 instances of communication failure (42.8%) were detected, which related to purpose, content, audience and occasion of the communication.

Conclusions

Extensive challenges exist involving the management of medications at transition points of care. Bedside handovers and ward rounds can be utilized as patient counselling opportunities about changes in the medication regimen. Greater attention is needed on how patients in the community make medication‐related decisions.
Trophic ecology of yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis, a top predator in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Belleggia M. , Andrada N. , Paglieri S. , Cortés F. , Massa A. M. , Figueroa D. E. , Bremec C.
Published: January 2016

The diet and trophic level (TL) of the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean (35°–54° S), and how these varied in relation to body size, sex, maturity stage, depth and region were determined by analysis of stomach contents. From 776 specimens analysed, 671 (86·5%) ranging from 180 to 1190 mm total length (LT) had prey in their stomachs. The diet was dominated by fishes, mainly the notothenioid Patagonotothen ramsayi and the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi. The consumption of fishes and crabs increased with increasing predator size, and these preys were more important in the north than in the south. Isopods and other crustaceans were consumed more in the south and their consumption decreased as the size of Z. chilensis increased. The TL of Z. chilensis increased with LT from 4·29 to 4·59 (mean 4·53), confirming their ecological role as a top predator. The small and large size classes exhibited a low diet overlap and the highest spatial segregation, whereas medium and large specimens had higher co‐occurrence and dietary overlap indices. A clear distinction in tooth shape was noted between sexes in adult specimens, with males having longer cusps. This sexual heterodonty may be related to reproductive behaviour, increasing the grasping ability of males during courtship, because there were no differences in diet between the sexes.
Betanodavirus ability to infect juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, at different water salinity
Authors: Pascoli F , Serra M , Toson M , Pretto T , Toffan A
Published: January 2016

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is one of the most devastating and economically relevant diseases for marine aquaculture. The presence of betanodavirus in freshwater fish is recorded, but very little is known about VER outbreaks in marine species reared in freshwater. Our study investigated the ability of betanodavirus to cause disease in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, reared at different salinity levels. Fish were challenged with RGNNV or mock infected by bath at different salinity levels (freshwater, 25‰ and 33‰). Fish were checked twice a day and the dead ones were examined by standard virological techniques, by rRT‐PCR and by histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. All the infected groups showed a significant higher mortality rate than the one of the mock‐infected group. VERv presence was confirmed by rRT‐PCR. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses highlighted the typical lesions associated with VER. Our results highlight that salinity does not affect the ability of betanodavirus to induce clinical signs and mortality in European sea bass infected under experimental conditions. These results underline the great adaptation potential of VERv, which in combination with its already known high environmental resistance and broad host range, may explain the diffusion of this disease and the threat posed to aquaculture worldwide.
Association between self‐reported and clinical oral health status in Belarusian adults
Authors: Blizniuk Anastasiya , Ueno Masayuki , Zaitsu Takashi , Kawaguchi Yoko
Published: January 2016

Aim

The aims of the present study were to determine characteristics of self‐perception of oral health, and to investigate associations between self‐reported status and clinical oral health status among Belarusian adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study, including a questionnaire survey and oral health examination, was conducted among 281 dental patients.

Results

Of the participants, 74% were women; the mean ages of female and male participants were 35.9 ± 12.3 and 28.0 ± 10.3 years (P < 0.001), respectively. More than half of the participants (58%) described their oral health as negative. The number of decayed teeth (P < 0.001), missing teeth (P < 0.001), and teeth with bleeding on probing (P < 0.01) and deep periodontal pockets (P < 0.001) were significantly higher among participants who described their oral health as negative compared to their counterparts. Participants with better agreement between self‐reported and clinical number of teeth had significantly lower numbers of decayed and missing teeth (P < 0.01). There was a significant relationship between participants' self‐reported periodontal status and number of teeth with bleeding on probing and deep periodontal pockets (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Self‐perceived oral health was significantly associated with clinical oral health status in this study. Self‐reporting methods could be useful for population‐based oral health surveys in Belarus.
Coupled garnet Lu–Hf and monazite U–Pb geochronology constrain early convergent margin dynamics in the Ross orogen, Antarctica
Authors: Hagen‐Peter G. , Cottle J. M. , Smit M. , Cooper A. F.
Published: January 2016

The Ross orogen of Antarctica is an extensive (>3000 km‐long) belt of deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and granitoid batholiths, which formed during convergence and subduction of palaeo‐Pacific lithosphere beneath East Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic. Despite its prominent role in Gondwanan convergent tectonics, and a well‐established magmatic record, relatively little is known about the metamorphic rocks in the Ross orogen. A combination of garnet Lu–Hf and monazite U–Pb (measured by laser‐ablation split‐stream ICP‐MS) geochronology reveals a protracted metamorphic history of metapelites and garnet amphibolites from a major segment of the orogen. Additionally, direct dating of a common rock‐forming mineral (garnet) and accessory mineral (monazite) allows us to test assumptions that are commonly used when linking accessory mineral geochronology to rock‐forming mineral reactions. Petrography, mineral zoning, thermobarometry and pseudosection modelling reveal a Barrovian‐style prograde path, reaching temperatures of ~610–680 °C. Despite near‐complete diffusional resetting of garnet major element zoning, the garnet retains strong rare earth element zoning and preserves Lu–Hf dates that range from c. 616–572 Ma. Conversely, monazite in the rocks was extensively recrystallized, with concordant dates that span from c. 610–500 Ma, and retain only vestigial cores. Monazite cores yield dates that overlap with the garnet Lu–Hf dates and typically have low‐Y and heavy rare earth element (HREE) concentrations, corroborating interpretations of low‐Y and low‐HREE monazite domains as records of synchronous garnet growth. However, ratios of REE concentrations in garnet and monazite do not consistently match previously reported partition coefficients for the REE between these two minerals. High‐Y monazite inclusions within pristine, crack‐free garnet yield U–Pb dates significantly younger than the Lu–Hf dates for the same samples, indicating recrystallization of monazite within garnet. The recrystallization of high‐Y and high‐HREE monazite domains over >50 Ma likely records either punctuated thermal pulses or prolonged residence at relatively high temperatures (up to ~610–680 °C) driving monazite recrystallization. One c. 616 Ma garnet Lu–Hf date and several c. 610–600 Ma monazite U–Pb dates are tentatively interpreted as records of the onset of tectonism metamorphism in the Ross orogeny, with a more robust constraint from the other Lu–Hf dates (c. 588–572 Ma) and numerous c. 590–570 Ma monazite U–Pb dates. The data are consistent with a tectonic model that involves shortening and thickening prior to widespread magmatism in the vicinity of the study area. The early tectonic history of the Ross orogen, recorded in metamorphic rocks, was broadly synchronous with Gondwana‐wide collisional Pan‐African orogenies.
Behaviors and Knowledge of HealthCorps New York City High School Students: Nutrition, Mental Health, and Physical Activity
Authors: Heo Moonseong , Irvin Erica , Ostrovsky Natania , Isasi Carmen , Blank Arthur E. , Lounsbury David W. , Fredericks Lynn , Yom Tiana , Ginsberg Mindy , Hayes Shawn , Wylie‐Rosett Judith
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

HealthCorps provides school wellness programming using curricula to promote changes in nutrition, mental health, and physical activity behaviors. The research objective was to evaluate effects of implementing its curricula on nutrition, mental health, and physical activity knowledge and behavior.

METHODS

Pre‐ and postsurvey data were collected (N = 2255) during the 2012–2013 academic year from 14 New York City public high schools. An 18‐item knowledge questionnaire addressed 3 domains; 26 behavioral items were analyzed by factor analysis to identify 6 behavior domains, breakfast being a seventh 1‐item domain. We examined the effects stratified by sex, applying mixed‐effects models to take into account clustering effects of schools and participants adjusted for age.

RESULTS

The HealthCorps program significantly increased all 3 knowledge domains (p < .05), and significantly changed several key behavioral domains. Boys significantly increased fruits/vegetables intake (p = .03). Girls increased acceptance of new fruits/vegetables (p = .03) and breakfast consumption (p = .04), and decreased sugar‐sweetened beverages and energy dense food intake (p = .03). The associations between knowledge and behavior were stronger in boys than girls.

CONCLUSION

The HealthCorps program significantly increased participants' knowledge on nutrition, mental health, and physical activity. It also improved several key behavioral domains, which are targets of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines to address obesity in youth.
The Impact of Tobacco‐Free School Policies on Youth Smoking Rates in Florida Public School Districts
Authors: Terry Amanda , Zhang Ning Jackie
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Developing and implementing policies to curb and prevent youth tobacco use is of the utmost importance. In Florida, public school districts were authorized to develop tobacco‐free school policies through an amendment to the Florida Clean Indoor Air Act in 2011. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of tobacco‐free school policies on smoking rates among youth in Florida.

METHODS

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and a multiple regression analysis were used to determine whether the comprehensiveness and enforcement of tobacco‐free school policies affect the youth smoking rates within Florida public school districts. The 2010 and 2014 youth smoking rates were calculated based on the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey results.

RESULTS

The 2010 youth smoking rate and the inclusion of the enforcement component with provision of cessation resources were statistically significant predictors of the 2014 youth smoking rate. However, the comprehensiveness level of a policy and the inclusion of an enforcement component were not statistically significant predictors.

CONCLUSIONS

The inclusion of an enforcement component with provision of cessation resources is important in efforts to reduce youth smoking rates. The content of the tobacco‐free school policies seems to be less relevant to their effectiveness than the enforcement of the policies.
Periodontal tissue engineering by nano beta‐tricalcium phosphate scaffold and fibroblast growth factor‐2 in one‐wall infrabony defects of dogs
Authors: Ogawa K. , Miyaji H. , Kato A. , Kosen Y. , Momose T. , Yoshida T. , Nishida E. , Miyata S. , Murakami S. , Takita H. , Fugetsu B. , Sugaya T. , Kawanami M.
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

Nanoparticle bioceramics are being investigated for biomedical applications. We fabricated a regenerative scaffold comprising type I collagen and beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) nanoparticles. Fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) is a bioeffective signaling molecule that stimulates cell proliferation and wound healing. This study examined the effects, on bioactivity, of a nano‐β‐TCP/collagen scaffold loaded withFGF‐2, particularly on periodontal tissue wound healing.

Material and Methods

Beta‐tricalcium phosphate was pulverized into nanosize particles (84 nm) and was then dispersed. A nano‐β‐TCPscaffold was prepared by coating the surface of a collagen scaffold with a nanosize β‐TCPdispersion. Scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, compressive testing, cell seeding and rat subcutaneous implant testing. Then, nano‐β‐TCPscaffold, nano‐β‐TCPscaffold loaded withFGF‐2 and noncoated collagen scaffold were implanted into a dog one‐wall infrabony defect model. Histological observations were made at 10 d and 4 wk postsurgery.

Results

Scanning electron microscopy images show thatTCPnanoparticles were attached to collagen fibers. The nano‐β‐TCPscaffold showed higher compressive strength and cytocompatibility compared with the noncoated collagen scaffold. Rat subcutaneous implant tests showed that theDNAcontents of infiltrating cells in the nano‐β‐TCPscaffold and theFGF‐2‐loaded scaffold were approximately 2.8‐fold and 3.7‐fold greater, respectively, than in the collagen scaffold. Histological samples from the periodontal defect model showed about five‐fold greater periodontal tissue repair following implantation of the nano‐β‐TCPscaffold loaded withFGF‐2 compared with the collagen scaffold.

Conclusion

The β‐TCPnanoparticle coating strongly improved the collagen scaffold bioactivity. Nano‐β‐TCPscaffolds containingFGF‐2 are anticipated for use in periodontal tissue engineering.
Pharmacokinetics of guaifenesin following administration of multiple doses to exercised Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych H. K. , Stanley S. D. , Benson D. , Arthur R. M.
Published: January 2016

Guaifenesin is an expectorant commonly used in performance horses to aid in the clearance of mucus from the airways. Guaifenesin is also a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant and as such is a prohibited drug with withdrawal necessary prior to competition. To the authors' knowledge, there are no reports in the literature describing single or multiple oral administrations of guaifenesin in the horse to determine a regulatory threshold and related withdrawal time. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of guaifenesin following oral administration in order to provide data upon which appropriate regulatory recommendations can be established. Nine exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered 2 g of guaifenesin orally BID for a total of five doses. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to drug administration and at various times postadministration. Serum guaifenesin concentrations were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. Guaifenesin was rapidly absorbed (Tmax of 15 min) following oral administration. The Cmax was 681.3 ± 323.8 ng/mL and 1080 ± 732.8 following the first and last dose, respectively. The serum elimination half‐life was 2.62 ± 1.24 h. Average serum guaifenesin concentrations remained above the LOQ of the assay (0.5 ng/mL) by 48 h postadministration of the final dose in 3 of 9 horses.
Jewish conditions, theories of nationalism: cartographical notes
Authors: Riga Liliana , Hall John A.
Published: January 2016

Thinkers with Jewish backgrounds contributed powerfully to our understanding of nationalism. We examine the different Jewish conditions in East Central Europe and Russia at the end of the nineteenth and at the start of the twentieth century so as to map the theories of nationalism that resulted. Four such theories are identified, each illustrated with reference to particular thinkers.
New species of Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes and Tupistra (Asparagaceae s.l.) in the flora of Vietnam
Authors: Averyanov Leonid V. , Тanaka Noriyuki , Nguyen Khang Sinh , Truong Ba Vuong , Nghiem Duc Trong , Nguyen Tien Hiep
Published: January 2016

Five new species named Peliosanthes aperta, P. elegans, P. kenhillii, Tupistra densiflora and T. patula are described and illustrated. These species are very local in distribution and endemic to northern or southern Vietnam. Two other species, Ophiopogon ogisui and Peliosanthes griffithii, are recorded as new to the flora of Vietnam. A key to the species of Tupistra occurring in Indochina and its neighboring regions is also provided.
Primulina melanofilamenta sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: Liu Ying , Su Lan‐Ying , Zheng Kai‐Wen , Huang Shi‐Lian , Tian Feng , Wen Fang
Published: January 2016

A new species of Gesneriaceae, Primulina melanofilamenta Ying Liu & F. Wen from Guangxi, China, is illustrated and described. It is morphologically distinct from the most similar species P. eburnea and P. atroglandulosa by the color of the corolla, dark purplish black filaments, anthers backed with a beard of white hairs, the length of staminodes and the hairs of styles. The somatic chromosome number of P. melanofilamenta is also reported as 2n = 36.
Manihot gratiosa and M. lourdesii spp. nov. (Manihoteae, Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: da Silva Marcos José
Published: January 2016

During a botanic expedition in 2013 to study the taxonomy of the genus Manihot in the Cerrado biome, numerous specimens were collected in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, in central Brazil. After careful analyses, two new species of this genus were discovered. Manihot gratiosa and M. lourdesii are herein described and illustrated. Both species can be distinguished from morphologically similar species by a combination of characters such as shape and overlapping of leaf lobes, indumentum, type and aspect of inflorescence, integrity of pistillate sepals, as well as shape, integrity, and size of bracts of both male and female flowers.
Disturbance of the herbaceous layer after invasion of an eutrophic temperate forest by wild boar
Authors: Brunet Jörg , Hedwall Per‐Ola , Holmström Emma , Wahlgren Emmelie
Published: January 2016

Disturbances of the soil and the tree canopy are crucial factors determining the diversity, composition and biomass of the herbaceous layer in forests. This study presents a detailed account of ground vegetation in permanent plots surveyed before and after invasion of wild boar (Sus scrofa) to a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. Specifically, we aimed to quantify the effect of wild boar rooting on cover, richness and composition of spring ephemerals, summer green herbs and saplings of woody species in relation to tree canopy cover. Rooting frequency in sample plots increased from 0% in 2010 to 61% in 2013. In heavily rooted plots, the mean cover of spring ephemeral geophytes (mainly Anemone nemorosa, A. ranunculoides and Ranunculus ficaria) decreased from 75% to 39% between 2010 and 2013. Species richness of summer green herbs generally increased between 2010 and 2013 and was additionally positively affected by heavy rooting and low canopy cover. Rooting also caused heterogenization of the herbaceous layer and amplified ongoing compositional changes induced by changing light conditions. Frequency and richness of spring ephemeral and woody species remained unchanged. We conclude that overall species richness of the herbaceous layer may increase in the short‐term as a result of increased plant recruitment and seed dispersal. However, wild boar rooting can greatly reduce the ground cover of spring ephemerals in eutrophic broadleaf forests, thereby threatening their important ecological function. To avoid long‐term losses of characteristic spring flora elements, local population control of wild boar is necessary to reduce abundance and frequency of soil rooting.
Aspidistra anomala, A. elegans and A. sinensis spp. nov. (Asparagaceae, Convallariaceae s.s.) from China, Laos and Vietnam
Authors: Averyanov Leonid V. , Tillich H.‐J.
Published: January 2016

The recently discovered Aspidistra anomala, A. elegans, and A. sinensis are described and illustrated as species new to science. All novelties are local endemics of limestone areas of mainland southeast Asia.
Unexpected identification of a recurrent mutation in the DLX3 gene causing amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Kim Y‐J , Seymen F , Koruyucu M , Kasimoglu Y , Gencay K , Shin TJ , Hyun H‐K , Lee ZH , Kim J‐W
Published: January 2016

Objective

To identify the molecular genetic aetiology of a family with autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta (AI).

Subjects and Methods

DNA samples were collected from a six‐generation family, and the candidate gene approach was used to screen for the enamelin (ENAM) gene. Whole‐exome sequencing and linkage analysis with SNP array data identified linked regions, and candidate gene screening was performed.

Results

Mutational analysis revealed a mutation (c.561_562delCT and p.Tyr188Glnfs*13) in the DLX3 gene. After finding a recurrent DLX3 mutation, the clinical phenotype of the family members was re‐examined. The proband's mother had pulp elongation in the third molars. The proband had not hair phenotype, but her cousin had curly hair at birth.

Conclusions

In this study, we identified a recurrent 2‐bp deletional DLX3 mutation in a new family. The clinical phenotype was the mildest one associated with the DLX3 mutations. These results will advance the understanding of the functional role of DLX3 in developmental processes.
The “Heart Sign”: An Early Indicator of Dose‐Dependent Doxycycline‐Induced Phototoxicity
Authors: Nguyen Tuyet A. , Krakowski Andrew C.
Published: January 2016

Oral doxycycline is an antibiotic commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory acne in adolescents. Dose‐dependent phototoxicity, unrelated to dose duration, is a well‐known complication of its use. We present three adolescents who developed bilateral phototoxic rashes on the dorsal thenar spaces of their hands while taking doxycycline for their acne. Identification of the “heart sign” rash as a specific doxycycline‐related phototoxic reaction should alert clinicians to the need for prompt intervention, including sun protection counseling and a possible change in antibiotics, in the uniquely vulnerable adolescent population. Early recognition may allow patients to avoid future, more widespread phototoxic drug reactions.
Dynamics of perceived social network support for same‐sex versus mixed‐sex relationships
Authors: HOLMBERG DIANE , BLAIR KAREN L.
Published: January 2016

Individuals in mixed‐sex (n = 248) and same‐sex (n = 159) romantic relationships completed several online questions for each member of their social network, including the member's perceived support for their romantic relationship. Those in same‐sex relationships perceived less support for their relationship, but only from family members, not from friends. Levels of relationship support were lower among subjectively more distant network members than among closer network members. As hypothesized, associations between perceived support for the relationship and relationship, mental, and physical well‐being were weaker for those in same‐sex compared to mixed‐sex relationships. Principles of social network management and attributional ambiguity were used to explain the findings.
Ability of bed bug (Hemiptera:Cimicidae) defensive secretions (E)‐2‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐octenal to attract adults of the common bed bugCimex lectularius
Authors: Ulrich Kevin R. , Kramer Matthew , Feldlaufer Mark F.
Published: January 2016

Accurate and timely surveillance of bed bug infestations is critical for the development of effective control strategies. Although the bed bug‐produced volatiles (E)‐2‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐octenal are considered as defensive secretions, the present study demonstrates, usingethovision®video‐tracking software (NoldusInformationTechnologyInc.,Leesburg,Virginia), that low amounts of these commercially‐obtained aldehydes function as attractants, and high amounts function as local repellents, against the common bed bugCimex lectulariusL. In behavioural assays, both males and femaleC. lectulariusare attracted to 0.04 µg of an aldehyde blend (1 : 1) for up to 1 h after initial treatment of filter paper disks. Males differ from females in their response to higher amounts of aldehydes, with females and males exhibiting maximum local repellency at 40 µg and 400 µg, respectively. The results suggest that these bed bug secretions may be candidates for lures and monitors.
Corticimorbus sinomyrti gen. et sp. nov. (Cryphonectriaceae) pathogenic to native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae) in South China
Authors: Chen S. F. , Wingfield M. J. , Li G. Q. , Liu F. F.
Published: January 2016

The Cryphonectriaceae includes many important tree pathogens, especially of the Myrtales. Disease surveys on Myrtales in South China revealed a stem canker disease on native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae, Myrtales) trees in the proximity of Eucalyptus plantations in GuangXi Province and in a natural forestry area in the Hong Kong Region. Fruiting structures with typical characteristics of the Cryphonectriaceae were observed on the canker surfaces. The fungus was identified based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphological features, and its pathogenicity was tested on R. tomentosa under field conditions. DNA sequence comparisons for the partial large subunit, partial internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA, and two regions of the β‐tubulin gene showed that the fungus represents a previously undescribed genus and species in the Cryphonectriaceae. Based on morphology, the fungus is most similar to species in the genus Chrysoporthe, but can be distinguished from this and the other genera of Cryphonectriaceae. The fungus provided with the name Corticimorbus sinomyrti gen. et sp. nov., is described. Field inoculations showed that it is highly pathogenic to R. tomentosa trees, with the ability to kill inoculated branches within 4 weeks. Pathogenicity tests also showed that C. sinomyrti is pathogenic to a tested Eucalyptus clone. Pathogenicity on both native R. tomentosa and non‐native Eucalyptus suggests that this fungus should be monitored carefully to limit its possible spread to commercially grown Eucalyptus in South China.
Network Dynamics in Natural Resource Governance: A Case Study ofSwiss Landscape Management
Authors: Angst Mario , Hirschi Christian
Published: January 2016

Structural characteristics of social networks have been recognized as important factors of effective natural resource governance. However, network analyses of natural resource governance most often remain static, even though governance is an inherently dynamic process. In this article, we investigate the evolution of a social network of organizational actors involved in the governance of natural resources in a regional nature park project in Switzerland. We ask how the maturation of a governance network affects bonding social capital and centralization in the network. Applying separable temporal exponential random graph modeling (STERGM), we test two hypotheses based on the risk hypothesis by Berardo and Scholz (2010) in a longitudinal setting. Results show that network dynamics clearly follow the expected trend toward generating bonding social capital but do not imply a shift toward less hierarchical and more decentralized structures over time. We investigate how these structural processes may contribute to network effectiveness over time.
Gender Inequality, Processes of Adaptation, and Female Local Initiatives in Cash Crop Production in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Manzanera‐Ruiz Roser , Lizárraga Carmen , Mwaipopo Rosemarie
Published: January 2016

This article contributes to development research, as well as research studying inequality in agricultural systems. We use empirical data from an ethnographic study in the village of Mamba, in northern Tanzania (2006–2009). This study analyzes the question of changing gender relations and the patriarchal constraints to collective action under market liberalization of cash crops. Our findings demonstrate that the shift to a market economy has influenced the nature of production relations, deepening inequalities in gender relations and the position of women. However, some women circumvent their disadvantaged situations through their association with various types of collective action groups or networks. In order to investigate the different impacts on women's lives, we analyze women's interest and motivations for these collective actions. We also identify the processes of adaptation to the new production relations through the coffee trade network and tomato cultivation groups, two local initiatives. We analyze the differences between these two forms of collective action and theorize on their different impacts on women's empowerment.
Malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 8‐year‐old children with Down syndrome: a cross‐sectional population‐based study
Authors: Andersson Els‐Marie , Axelsson Stefan , Katsaris Kristoffer P.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

To describe the arch morphology and the prevalence and severity of malocclusions in 8‐year‐old children with DS, and to evaluate their need for treatment using the Norwegian Need for Orthodontic Treatment Index (NOTI), and comparing the findings with a control group.

Materials and methods

This population‐based cross‐sectional study was part of a national prospective study evaluating upper airway function, hearing, dental, and craniofacial characteristics in a cohort of children with DS in Norway. The cohort consisted of 32 children with DS and represented 57% of all children born with DS in Norway in 2002. Dental arch morphology and malocclusion were assessed on dental casts. Data were collected prospectively at the TAKO‐centre, National Resource Center for Oral Health in Rare Medical Conditions.

Results

All the children with DS (100%) had objectively assessed needs for orthodontic treatment, compared with 30% of the normative comparison group. Among the children with DS, 68% were objectively categorized as being in “great need” (Category B) for treatment and the 75% were categorized as having “obvious need” (Category C). In comparison, only 20% of children without DS were in Category B, and 44% were in Category C.

Conclusion

This study indicates significantly higher prevalence and severity of malocclusions in 8‐year‐old children with DS compared with control group.
Ten novel MHC class II alleles identified in cynomolgus macaques of Vietnamese origin
Authors: Wang W. , He D.‐D. , Mao S.‐L. , Zhuo M. , Ling F.
Published: January 2016

Five Mafa‐DPB1, two Mafa‐DQB1 and three Mafa‐DRB novel alleles are identified in Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques.
Evaluation of optimal water fluoridation on the incidence and skeletal distribution of naturally arising osteosarcoma in pet dogs
Authors: Rebhun R. B. , Kass P. H. , Kent M. S. , Watson K. D. , Withers S. S. , Culp W. T. N. , King A. M.
Published: January 2016

Experimental toxicological studies in laboratory animals and epidemiological human studies have reported a possible association between water fluoridation and osteosarcoma (OSA). To further explore this possibility, a case‐control study of individual dogs evaluated by the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital was conducted using ecologic data on water fluoridation based on the owner's residence. The case group included 161 dogs with OSA diagnosed between 2008–2012. Two cancer control groups included dogs diagnosed with lymphoma (LSA) or hemangiosarcoma (HSA) during the same period (n = 134 and n = 145, respectively). Dogs with OSA were not significantly more likely to live in an area with optimized fluoride in the water than dogs with LSA or HSA. Additional analyses within OSA patients also revealed no significant differences in age, or skeletal distribution of OSA cases relative to fluoride status. Taken together, these analyses do not support the hypothesis that optimal fluoridation of drinking water contributes to naturally occurring OSA in dogs.