bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving sampling and calibration of GRBs as distance indicators
Authors: Montiel Ariadna , Cabrera J I , Hidalgo Juan Carlos
Published: December 2020

We present a sample of 74 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) from the Fermi-GBM catalogue for which we compute the distance moduli and use them to constrain effective dark energy models. To overcome the circularity problem affecting GRBs as distance indicators, we calibrate the Amati relation of our sample with a cosmology-independent technique. Specifically, we use the latest observational Hubble parameter data, including associated systematics, to approximate the cosmic expansion through a Bezier parametric curve. We subsequently obtain the distance moduli of the GRBs and include the data in a suite of recent cosmological observations of the expansion history (Planck Compressed 2018, 2012 BOSS release of BAO data and Pantheon SNIa), to compute Bayesian posterior constraints for the standard cosmological model ΛCDM, as well as ωCDM, and the CPL parametrization. Throughout the analysis we strive to keep under control the error propagation and limit our GRBs sample to avoid observational bias. As a result, we find no evidence in favour of the alternatives to ΛCDM model. The latter agrees very well with our calibrated sample of GRBs and presently available luminosity distance probes.
Cross-correlation of Planck CMB lensing with DESI-like LRGs
Authors: Kitanidis Ellie , White Martin
Published: December 2020

Cross-correlations between the lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and other tracers of large-scale structure provide a unique way to reconstruct the growth of dark matter, break degeneracies between cosmology and galaxy physics, and test theories of modified gravity. We detect a cross-correlation between Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)-like luminous red galaxies (LRGs) selected from DECam Legacy Survey imaging and CMB lensing maps reconstructed with the Planck satellite at a significance of S/N = 27.2 over scales ℓmin = 30, ℓmax = 1000. To correct for magnification bias, we determine the slope of the LRG cumulative magnitude function at the faint limit as s = 0.999 ± 0.015, and find corresponding corrections of the order of a few per cent for $C^{\kappa g}_{\ell }, C^{gg}_{\ell }$ across the scales of interest. We fit the large-scale galaxy bias at the effective redshift of the cross-correlation zeff ≈ 0.68 using two different bias evolution agnostic models: a HaloFit times linear bias model where the bias evolution is folded into the clustering-based estimation of the redshift kernel, and a Lagrangian perturbation theory model of the clustering evaluated at zeff. We also determine the error on the bias from uncertainty in the redshift distribution; within this error, the two methods show excellent agreement with each other and with DESI survey expectations.
Identification of diverse tumor endothelial cell populations in malignant glioma
Authors: Carlson Jeff C , Cantu Gutierrez Manuel , Lozzi Brittney , Huang-Hobbs Emmet , Turner Williamson D , Tepe Burak , Zhang Yiqun , Herman Alexander M , Rao Ganesh , Creighton Chad J , Wythe Joshua D , Deneen Benjamin
Published: December 2020

Background

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor, as most patients succumb to the disease less than two years after diagnosis. Critically, studies demonstrate that glioma recruits surrounding blood vessels, while some work suggests that tumor stem cells themselves directly differentiate into endothelial cells, yet the molecular and cellular dynamics of the endothelium in glioma are poorly characterized. The goal of this study was to establish molecular and morphological benchmarks for tumor associated vessels (TAVs) and tumor derived endothelial cells (TDECs) during glioblastoma progression.

Methods

Using In-Utero Electroporation and CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering to generate a native, immunocompetent mouse model of glioma, we characterized vascular-tumor dynamics in three dimensions during tumor progression. We employed bulk and single-cell RNA-Sequencing to elucidate the relationship between TAVs and TDECs. We confirmed our findings in a patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model.

Results

Using a mouse model of glioma, we identified progressive alteration of vessel function and morphogenesis over time. We also showed in our mouse model that TDECs are a rare subpopulation that contributes to vessels within the tumor, albeit to a limited degree. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling demonstrates that both TAVs and TDECs are molecularly distinct, and both populations feature extensive molecular heterogeneity. Finally, the distinct molecular signatures of these heterogeneous populations are also present in human glioma.

Conclusions

Our findings show extensive endothelial heterogeneity within the tumor and tumor microenvironment and provide insights into the diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive glioma vascularization and angiogenesis during tumorigenesis.
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Severson 7-Item Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale (SSTDS)
Authors: Mushtaq Nasir , Beebe Laura A
Published: December 2020

Introduction

The objective of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Severson 7-item Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale (SSTDS).

Methods

Data from 95 male exclusive smokeless tobacco (ST) users were obtained through a self-administered mail survey to evaluate the reliability and validity of the SSTDS. Reliability of the scale was assessed by measures of internal consistency including Cronbach’s coefficient alpha and item-total correlation. Other ST dependence scales and salivary cotinine concentration were used to evaluate concurrent validity. Structure model of the scale was ascertained by exploratory factor analysis. Overall accuracy and optimal cutoff score were obtained to evaluate SSTDS as a screening tool for ST dependence.

Results

The SSTDS had high reliability as assessed by the internal consistency coefficient (ordinal α = 0.83). SSTDS total score was significantly correlated with Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence for ST users—FTND-ST (r = 0.42) and modified Tobacco Dependence Screener—TDS (r = 0.58). Exploratory factor analysis of the SSTDS identified two underlying factors measuring distinct dimensions of dependence. With reference to TDS based dependence diagnosis, SSTDS demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve: 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.74–0.90). Salivary cotinine concentration was not associated with the total score of the SSTDS; however, at an optimal cutoff score of SSTDS >9, everyday ST users classified as dependent had significantly higher cotinine concentration.

Conclusions

SSTDS is a reliable measure of dependence that has higher concurrent validity and reliability as compared with other commonly used ST dependence scales. Further research is needed using a larger and more diverse sample of ST users to unequivocally establish the validity of the scale.

Implications

ST dependence has multiple aspects that can be best studied by multidimensional dependence scales. The study findings validate that the SSTDS measures not only the physical dependence but also the behavioral and psychological dimensions of dependence. Good psychometric properties, diagnostic accuracy, and multidimensional structure of SSTDS indicate that it may serve as an effective tool in assessing ST dependence in clinical and research settings.
A Comparison of the Smoking Outcomes of Self-reported and Agency-Notified Child Abuse in a Population-Based Birth Cohort at 30-Year-Old Follow-up
Authors: Kisely Steve , Strathearn Lane , Najman Jake Moses
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Retrospective studies show a strong association between self-reported child abuse and subsequent tobacco use. Prospective studies using reports to statutory agencies are less common with limited information on people in their 30s. In addition, there have been no comparisons of the effect of self- and agency-reported abuse on smoking. We therefore assessed the effect on the prevalence and persistence of smoking at the 30-year-old follow-up of prospective agency notifications of child abuse compared to retrospective self-reports of maltreatment in the same birth cohort.

Methods

There were 2443 young adults with data on smoking and child abuse at 30-year-old follow-up. Information on self-reported abuse was collected using the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and linked to notifications of child maltreatment to statutory agencies.

Results

The prevalence of self- and agency-reported maltreatment was 600 (24.7%) and 142 (5.8%), respectively. At follow-up, 565 participants smoked (23.1%) but only 91 (3.8%) smoked 20 or more cigarettes a day. Of the 206 participants who smoked at 14 years, 101 were still smoking at follow-up. On adjusted analyses, both self- and agency-reported maltreatment showed a significant association with the prevalence and persistence of smoking from 14 years old. However, associations were weaker for some of the agency-notified child maltreatment subtypes possibly because of lower numbers.

Conclusions

Child maltreatment is associated with both an increased prevalence and persistence of smoking at 30-year-old follow-up irrespective of reporting source. This is despite self- and agency-reported maltreatment possibly representing different populations. Smoking cessation programs should therefore target both groups.

Implications

Retrospective studies show an association between self-reported child abuse and subsequent tobacco use. Prospective studies of reports to statutory agencies are less common with limited information on people in their 30s. In addition, there have been no comparisons of self- and agency-reported abuse on smoking outcomes even though they may represent different populations. We therefore compared the effect of both on smoking outcomes at 30-year-old follow-up of 2443 adults from the same birth cohort. On adjusted analyses, both self- and agency-reported maltreatment showed significant associations with the prevalence and persistence of smoking. Smoking prevention and cessation programs should therefore target both groups.
The Varieties of Symphonia and the State–Church Relations in Russia
Authors: Antonov Mikhail
Published: December 2020

Symphony as a legal concept was formulated in Late Antiquity by Justinian I, a famous Byzantine Emperor, in his Novella 6 of 535 C.E., and it is readily utilized by the post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church as the model of ideal church-state relations even at present. The question we ask in this article is if this model, in the manner it was laid down in the policy documents of the Russian Orthodox Church, is compatible (and, if so, to what extend) with the principle of the rule of secular law. This problem will be analyzed in the present paper on the example of the Church’s attitude toward the constitutional principle of secularity and separation of state and church. In Russia, this principle from Article 14 of the Constitution in fact collides with the church-supported tradition of their “harmonious cooperation” which is called “symphony of powers.”
Introduction: Seleucid literature on the Hellenistic stage
Authors: Visscher Marijn S.
Published: December 2020

The Introduction set the scene with Cavafy’s Fame of the Ptolemies, in which a boastful Ptolemaic king singles out his Seleucid neighbour as his biggest rival. This rivalry is at the heart of this book: Beyond Alexandria sets out to show how much the literary production of these two empires influenced each other. In order to achieve, the key point that this book puts forward is that a connected body of Seleucid literature existed and that this term is a meaningful, interpretative concept. After setting out the main goals of this book, the Introduction briefly discusses the scholarship that has provided the foundation for the arguments set out in the chapters. In addition, it outlines the chronological framework underlying the texts and authors discussed in this book. In the second part of the Introduction, two key concepts used in this book are discussed in more depth: the concept of royal ideology and the definition of literature in general.
Mapping the Realm
Authors: Visscher Marijn S.
Published: December 2020

The chapter considers the geographical literature of early Seleucid writers. It is argued that the first generation of Seleucid geographers appropriated the eastern regions of the Seleucid Empire with their works, often prioritizing useful political narratives over geographical accuracy. As literature, these works seem inexorably linked to the ambition of the early Seleucid court, especially its desire to assert its dominance over vast and previously unchartered territories. Patrocles, for instance, wrote a description of the coastal regions of the Caspian Sea and the Asian river system, parts of which appear to be pure invention. However, his puzzling claims evoked the image of a world empire stretching as far as the edge of the Ocean, bolstering the prestige of the Seleucids. Another work on the north-eastern regions of the empire, by Demodamas, establishes an image of transcendental rule, an image which he anchors in a specifically Hellenistic view of the succession of empires. Thirdly, Megasthenes used his Indica to convey the idea of imperial domination through knowledge, expressed in a colonial key and backed up by targeted cultural reimaginations and precise measurements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenge to Seleucid geography from Alexandria in the form of Eratosthenes, who overturned the Seleucid knowledge of Asia and India while reflecting a distinctly Ptolemaic view of the world.
Babylon, City of Kings
Authors: Visscher Marijn S.
Published: December 2020

The chapter aims to demonstrate that Seleucid writings from and about Babylon provide insight into the ways in which literature was used to construct and reflect practices of empire. The literature dealing with Babylonia is of special significance because of the important ideological position Babylon held in the Seleucid imagination. To unpack this point further, the chapter analyses the Borsippa Cylinder as Seleucid literature, by arguing that King Antiochus I combined motifs from Mesopotamian kingship and Hellenistic royal practices to create a narrative of Seleucid euergetism embedded in, rather than superimposed upon, Babylonian traditions of kingship. The second part of the chapter argues that the Babylonian elites reciprocated the king’s offer of benefaction by offering him the tradition of Babylonian kingship, and by extension, universal dominion. The chapter concludes by looking at Ptolemaic attempts to match Seleucid prowess in the field of indigenous history. It is argued that, just as Seleucid Berossus had responded to the Ptolemaic Hecataeus, Manetho provided a Ptolemaic-Egyptian version of history to match the history of Babylon by Berossus.
The Lock of Berenice
Authors: Visscher Marijn S.
Published: December 2020

The third chapter discusses a moment of profound crisis in Seleucid history: the dynastic strife between the two wives of Antiochus II resulting in the Third Syrian War. It argues that Callimachus’ Lock of Berenice can be read as a poetic commentary on a key moment of crisis for the Seleucid Empire, in that it subtly contrasts the failure of a Seleucid dynastic marriage with the success of the Ptolemaic royal couple, which is placed in an unbroken tradition that reaches back via Arsinoe II and Ptolemy II to Berenice I and Ptolemy I. In the second part of the chapter, it is argued that Callimachus exploits Ptolemaic royal propaganda to cast the Seleucids as the heirs of the Persians and other Eastern empires, rather than a Greek kingdom. The final part of the chapter draws out the broader poetic implications of anti-Seleucid polemic by looking at the Aetia and the Hymn to Apollo.
A Distant Part of Asia
Authors: Patey Luke
Published: December 2020

For many of its Asian neighbors, China aspires to renew its historical role as regional hegemon. Beijing’s consistent attempts of economic coercion to shape the foreign and defense policy decision-making of its neighbors have pushed Asia’s middle powers to develop new security partnerships. As the respective wealthiest and the largest democracies, and the second and third largest economies in Asia, Japan and India stand out as a potential counterbalance to China’s assertiveness. South Korea and Australia are also reacting to pressures from China and looking to diversify their trade and investment and deepen regional cooperation in the face of Chinese pressure. China’s militarization of strategic waterways in the South China Sea over the past decade also kicked off a new period of hedging and balancing in Southeast Asia for the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and others. Beijing’s political rhetoric has heightened fears that war across the Taiwan Strait, and over the East China and South China Seas, is on the near horizon. But the rest of Asia is not standing still.
The Etherized Wife
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

The Etherized Wife provides a comprehensive examination of the evolution of sex therapy through the prism of gender. The book makes the argument that in sex therapy, like other domains of life in which men set the standard of normality, women have been judged normal to the degree they match men’s expectations. What is particularly striking about this bias is that it contradicts therapists’ overt identification with feminism and the battle against women’s inequality. To support these claims, Leslie Margolin maps a series of case studies drawn from the discipline’s own literature—the articles and books that have been, and continue to be, treated as exemplars of the discipline’s collective consciousness. Through examination of case studies that focus on discrepancies in sexual desire, where the man wants more sex and the woman less, the book shows how therapists have favored the man’s side. The Etherized Wife shows how the sex therapy discipline has unintentionally enshrined male sexuality as the model of normal, healthy sexuality.
Introduction
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

The introduction outlines the book’s main goal, which is to describe how, during the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries, physicians, psychologists, social workers, sexologists, and counselors came to advocate heterosexual intercourse as the norm for both men and women without overtly acknowledging the effects of that advocacy: the legitimation of male sexuality and male supremacy. The author argues that sex therapy has been, and continues to be, based on a series of pro-male, anti-female assumptions and sustained through practices that treat those assumptions as true. The introduction describes how the research began, how the book is organized, and the kinds of materials and methodologies used to support the observations and conclusions.
Docile Bodies
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

“Docile Bodies” focuses on behavioral sex therapists who were contemporaries of Masters and Johnson, including Joseph Wolpe, Arnold A. Lazarus, William Hartman, and Marilyn Fithian. This chapter shows how they valued intercourse for women partnered with men, much as Masters and Johnson did, not for what it means to women, but as a behavior that is intrinsically natural and healthful. This chapter shows that for Masters and Johnson’s contemporaries, intercourse was not only mandatory for heterosexuals; it was the unstated, unrecognized foundation of sexuality and sex therapy. Topics covered include systematic desensitization, typical hierarchies of sex scenes, and when sex therapists prescribe intercourse.
Discontinuities, Deviations, and Reversals
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses case studies where, in the name of treating a woman’s sexual disinterest/resistance, she is not etherized, overpowered, or pressured. Instead, she is taught how to become more attuned to her own feelings, to her own “authentic self.” In this chapter, we see how power in sex therapy sometimes operates more like a velvet glove than a mailed fist. We see how sex therapists sometimes operate with the understanding that a sexually disinterested woman may desire sex more if she feels she has the power to refuse. Thus conceived, sex therapy sometimes appears to support a woman’s autonomy and empowerment, yet, paradoxically, the normal conclusion of these cases is that the sexually disinterested/resistant woman becomes less resistant and more sexually compliant.
US and Indian Policies in Direct Conflict, Part I
Authors: Frankel Francine R.
Published: December 2020

The US policy of collective security against the Soviet Union led to the pursuit of the Middle East Defense Organization, which was undermined by Nehru’s success in persuading Egypt to follow his example of remaining nonaligned. Nehru failed, however, to prevent the 1954 Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement between the United States and Pakistan, which tilted the balance of power in the subcontinent away from India—although Mountbatten weighed in to provide advanced British aircraft and averted an incipient deal between New Delhi and Moscow. Subsequently, Nehru was confirmed in his belief that the United States was determined to build up Pakistan and build- down India.
André Bazin's Film Theory
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela
Published: December 2020

The best way to understand Bazin’s film theory is to pay attention to art, science, and religion, since spectatorship depends on perception, cognition, and hallucination. By arguing that this dissident Catholic’s worldview is anti-anthropocentric, Angela Dalle Vacche concludes that cinema recapitulates the history of evolution and technology inside our consciousness, so that we may better understand how we overlap with, but also differ from, animals, plants, objects, and machines. Whereas in “Art,” the author explains the difference between painting as a static object and the moving image as an event unfolding in time, in “Science,” she discusses Bazin’s dislike of classical geometry and Platonic algebra, his fascination with biology and modern calculus to underline his holistic Darwinism, and his anti-Euclidean mathematics of motion and contingency. Comparable to a religious practice, Bazin’s cinema is the only collective ritual of the twentieth century capable of fostering an emotional community by calling on critical self-interrogation and ethical awareness. Especially keen on Italian neorealism, Bazin argues that this sensibility thrives on beings and things displacing themselves in such a way as to turn the Other into a Neighbor. Bazin’s film theory acknowledges the equalizing impact of the camera lens, which is analogous to, but also different from, the human eye. In the cinema, two different kinds of eyes coexist: one is mechanical and objective, the other is human and subjective. By refusing to reshape the world according to an a priori thesis, Bazin’s idea of an anti-anthropocentric cinema seeks surprise, dialogue, risk, and experiment.
Introduction
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela
Published: December 2020

Bazin’s work explores a key question: What is a human, in contrast to an animal, a plant, an object or a machine? A human is simultaneously a rational animal and an irrational being. Human irrationality can lead to cruelty and madness unless it becomes creativity through art, or it turns into spirituality through irrational belief. Well aware that a human being can reduce the Other to an animal or an object, Bazin’s anti-anthropocentric ethos upholds empathy and coexistence. At the same time, Bazin approves of the anthropomorphic nature of human perception. For him, anthropomorphism is an automatic response that taps into the unavoidable contiguity of humans, animals, and things. Notorious for his dislike of Soviet montage, Bazin’s essays on children’s fairy tales, animal documentaries, and Robert Montgomery’s Lady in The Lake (1947) prove that, in his film theory, editing is as important as camera movement in filmmaking.
Pathways to Change in Rural America
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the reputation and reality of the nation's less populated regions, which one in every five people in the United States call home. Too often, the rural designation implies an environment in which poor health and diminished opportunities are the norm. Though the chapter contributors acknowledge the enduring economic, social, and educational inequities that pervade these regions, they are equally invested in capitalizing on the inherent strengths of the rural heritage. Using examples from several Southern, rural communities that are among the poorest in the country, yet also offer pockets of hope, the contributors show that it is possible to reshape the narrative of rural living. To enhance health and well-being in rural America, policymakers and advocates must build on the unique challenges, strengths, and opportunities in rural populations. Changes that leverage local resources and strengths to better serve residents are vital, and some of them are surprisingly simple and often community-driven.
Social Media and The Publication Process
Authors: Redstone Ilana
Published: December 2020

The three beliefs have created a situation where certain ideas, claims, and questions are protected from criticism, and therefore from open inquiry. As a corollary, academic publications that present ideas running counter to these beliefs are subject to what is in essence an extra round of social media–driven review that starts after a paper has already successfully navigated the traditional peer-review process and been published. This dynamic acts as a form of censorship that can impact a journal’s immediate handling of the paper in question. In addition, the very existence of postpublication social media review will act to shape the behavior of researchers and journal editors. The result is an environment with substantial constraints on free inquiry.
Challenges to Open Inquiry
Authors: Redstone Ilana
Published: December 2020

Knowledge grows when conventional wisdom can be challenged, extended, modified, updated, and, in some cases, proven to be completely wrong. This doesn’t mean that all of today’s socially informed beliefs are wrong. But it does mean that it would be a mistake to assume that all of them must be right. If history is any guide, some percentage of what are taken as “truths” today will in fact be understood to be wrong in the future. If that proposition is accepted, then of logical necessity, moving toward a fuller understanding of complex social issues requires viewing them with a wide aperture, and with a willingness to engage with, criticize, and either accept or reject hypotheses that may be out of step with the three beliefs.
How Well-Being Relates to Resilience and Other Frameworks for Social Change
Authors: Chandra Anita
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses how the resilience framework can inform the evolution and implementation of well-being science in policy and practice. The resilience framework shares some of the characteristics of well-being research and practice, such as being broad and interdisciplinary; conceptually multidimensional; occasionally controversial in how it is operationalized and applied; and foundational to other population, community, and environmental outcomes. Perhaps the most important parallel between the well-being agenda and the resilience framework is the active consideration and treatment of equity. The well-being and resilience agendas each necessitate central treatment of issues of equity because it is not possible to achieve these outcomes without deeper examination of how factors that drive inequity remain structural and systemic barriers to fully realized social change. The chapter then discusses the importance of connecting the resilience and well-being frameworks. In addition to the resilience framework, other efforts in population health and environmental sustainability may offer useful insights.
“Edith and I Hope to Get Away to Grand Manan”
Authors: Homestead Melissa J.
Published: December 2020

This chapter reconstructs Cather and Lewis’s two decades of vacationing as part of an all-woman resort community of Whale Cove on Grand Manan Island in the Bay of Fundy. There, Cather and Lewis enjoyed outdoor recreation and the company of like-minded women, and they also worked intensively on the writing and editing of Cather’s fiction. They built their own cottage in the late 1920s, just as both women’s parents were declining and then died, making Grand Manan an important site for mourning and recovery as well. In the early 1930s, they invited women in their families to be their guests there. Finally, however, travel to the remote island became unsustainable, and they never returned after 1940.
Epilogue
Authors: Homestead Melissa J.
Published: December 2020

This epilogue turns back to the years immediately following Cather’s death to reveal how Edith Lewis was transformed from Cather’s domestic partner and trusted literary collaborator into a ridiculous specter. It focuses on, E. K. Brown, whom Lewis had commissioned to write a biography of Cather, and Willa Cather’s old friend Dorothy Canfield Fisher as they observed Lewis—or, more to the point, often failed to see her for what she was. When Brown died before completing the biography, a crisis briefly ensued. The epilogue argues that the mythology about Edith Lewis and her near vanishing from Cather biography emerged at this moment of crisis, which coincided with the Cold War panic over homosexuality. It closes with an analysis of Cather and Lewis’s New Hampshire gravesite.
Performing Knowledge
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This book brings a theorist and performers together to examine the interface of analysis and performance in music of the twentieth century. Nine case studies, of music by Ravel, Schoenberg, Bartók, Schnittke, Milhaud, Messiaen, Babbitt, Carter, and Morris, are co-authored with performers (or composers) of those works. The case studies revolve around musical structure, broadly defined to comprise relations among parts and whole created in the process of making music, whether by composers, performers, listeners, or analysts. Knowledge that is produced in the course of relating analysis and performance is conceived in three dimensions: wissen, können, and kennen. The collaborative process itself is viewed through three constructs that facilitate cross-disciplinary collaboration: shared items, shared objectives (activity objects and epistemic objects), and shared agents. The book’s collaborations “thicken” the description of analysis and performance by illuminating key issues around (a) the implicit identity of a work: the role of embodiment, the affordances of a score, the cultural understanding of notation; (b) the use of metaphor in interpretation: here metaphors of memory, of poetry, and of ritual and drama; and (c) the relation of analysis and performance itself: its antagonisms, its fusion, and—rounding out the perspectives of theorist and performer with those of composer and listener—the role of structure in audience response. Along with these broader insights, each collaboration exemplifies processes of analysis and of performance, in grappling with and interpreting particular pieces. Video performances, demonstrations, and interviews; audio recordings; and photographs partner with the book’s written text.
“What a lugubrious tale!”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine attends a party at the Ellerslie mansion near Wilmington, Delaware, hosted by F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald in May 1927. Zelda and her daughter, Scottie, begin taking lessons at the Littlefield School. Mommie becomes ballet mistress and Catherine the première danseuse for the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company and then the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company. Catherine begins to choreograph opera divertissements and stand-alone ballets. Her first stand-alone ballet is a one-act Russian folklore ballet entitled L’Hiver. Zelda and Scottie appear in Philadelphia Grand Opera Company productions and Scott visits Catherine’s studio. William Hughes and Paul Mathis are the first men to join Catherine’s ensemble. Zelda writes a short story about Catherine.
“Here came these five beautiful Littlefield girls, good dancers all.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Lincoln Kirstein brings George Balanchine to America to start a ballet school (SAB) and professional company (the American Ballet). Needing dancers, Balanchine visits the Littlefield School and successfully recruits seven Littlefield students and Dorothie Littlefield to take part in his ballet initiatives in New York. Holly Howard becomes his first American muse and Dorothie becomes the first American and first woman to teach at SAB. Dorothie leaves SAB because of unrequited love for Balanchine and unhappiness with his casting of her. Big Jim dies unexpectedly in 1934 and Mommie moves to a modest Cobbs Creek row house. In the summer of 1935, Catherine premieres the third scene of her first major original ballet, Daphnis and Chloe.
“We took 25 curtain calls and the stage looked like a florist shop.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

The Philadelphia Ballet’s performances of Barn Dance and Terminal in Paris, Brussels, and London are enormously popular with audiences and critics. In Paris, Rolf de Maré presents Catherine with the French Renaissance Medal for her ballet contributions and company members take lessons with Lubov Egorova. In Brussels, Belgium’s King Leopold III comes out of mourning to attend a performance and personally greet the Littlefield sisters. In London, company members visit the London Zoo and Cyril Beaumont’s ballet shop. The company receives twenty-five curtain calls on opening night at the Hippodrome and its run is extended by a week. British critic Arnold Haskell emerges as the company’s chief champion in the press.
An Organizational History of the U.S. Patent System
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents a novel organizational history of the U.S. patent system during 1890–2006. Based on a division of U.S. patent history into two strong-patent/weak-antitrust periods (1890 to mid-1930s and 1980s to 2006) and one weak-patent/strong-antitrust period (late 1930s to 1970s), it describes evidence relating to concurrent changes in the mix of organizational forms used to structure the innovation and commercialization process. Both strong-IP periods are characterized by substantially disaggregated supply chains in which innovators enter into financing, licensing, and other contractual relationships with third parties to execute the commercialization process. By contrast, the weak-IP regime that prevailed during the postwar decades principally supported innovation by large integrated firms, often supplemented by extensive government funding. Historical organizational trends support the hypothesis that weak-IP regimes shift innovation and commercialization activities toward integrated firm structures, while strong-IP regimes sustain organizationally diverse innovation ecosystems that support a range of integrated and disintegrated structures.
Nicholas Daniel
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Nicholas Daniel became known as an oboe soloist after winning the BBC Young Musician of the Year award at the age of eighteen. He has performed and conducted around the world and was awarded the Queen’s Medal for Music. In this interview, he talks about the performer-audience connection, fidelity to composers, problem solving in music, creating an interpretation, and being a soloist. He also discusses the relationship of vocal and instrumental music, commissioning, and highlights of his career.
Pedro Díaz
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Pedro Díaz is the solo English Horn of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. In this interview, he talks about his start in music, auditions, becoming an English horn player, musical phrasing, and breathing and support on a wind instrument. He also discusses the relationship of vocal to instrumental music, how to become a good ensemble player, his pedagogy, and highlights of his career.
John Ferrillo
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

John Ferrillo joined the Boston Symphony Orchestra as principal oboe in 2001. From 1986 to 2001, he was principal oboe of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. In this chapter, he discusses his early career, auditions, breathing for wind playing, and the relationship of teaching and playing. He also reminisces about his experiences at the Curtis Institute of Music with John de Lancie and about his most memorable performances.
László Hadady
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

László Hadady graduated from the Franz Liszt Academy of Budapest. From 1976 to 1980, he was soloist of the Hungarian State Concert Orchestra. From 1980 to 2010, he was solo oboist in Pierre Boulez’s Paris chamber orchestra, Ensemble Intercontemporain, and since 1995, he is professor at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Paris. In this interview, Hadady discusses his early career and his ideas about teaching, the fundamentals of music, vibrato, and reeds. He talks about the importance of versatility and his mindset in performing
Carolyn Hove
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Carolyn Hove has been the solo English horn player in the Los Angeles Philharmonic since 1988. This chapter contains information on her early life and career, becoming an English horn player, and her teaching. She also shares her ideas on vibrato, fundamentals, and the differences between oboe and English horn. She discusses wellness and the relationship of exercise to performance. She talks about her most memorable performances, artists who inspire her, and ensemble skills.
Gordon Hunt
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Gordon Hunt is currently principal oboe of the London Chamber Orchestra, and formerly of the Philharmonia and London Philharmonic Orchestras. In this interview, he discusses his early career, tone, reeds, vibrato, and the application of the string concept of louré to oboe. He shares his ideas on breathing, air support, and making a musical plan. He closes with reminiscences of great concerts.
Humbert Lucarelli
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Humbert Lucarelli has appeared as soloist with orchestras and chamber music groups throughout the United States, South America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Among his recordings is the Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra written for him by John Corigliano. He held positions as professor of oboe at the Hartt School in West Hartford, Connecticut, and the Steinhardt School at New York University. In this chapter, Lucarelli describes his musical training, early career, and how he became a soloist. He shares his musical decision-making process and how he uses storylines in interpretation. Lucarelli discusses qualities of great performers and his experience in studying drama and the visual arts to further his artistry. He describes physical aspects of performing such as tongue placement and the relationship of the cheeks to the embouchure. He talks about vibrato, the character of the oboe, and his advice for young performers.
Allan Vogel
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Allan Vogel received a doctorate in music performance from Yale University. In 2016, he retired as principal oboist of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, a position he held from 1974, having joined the ensemble in 1972. He is on the faculty of University of Southern California and California Institute of the Arts. In this chapter, Vogel talks about his early career, the relationship between vocal and instrumental performance, and the three national schools (American, French, and German) in which he studied. He discusses his ideas on practicing, support, current trends in music, and the application of meditation in music. He shares his two-page guide to warming up. Finally, he reminisces about his career.
Randall Wolfgang
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Randall Wolfgang studied with John de Lancie at the Curtis Institute of Music. In the chapter, he discusses his early career, motivation, phrase shaping, and teaching philosophy. He shares his ideas on the skill set needed for performing in a variety of ensembles.
Characterizing Conflict, Defining the Media
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: December 2020

This chapter clarifies key concepts and theoretical frameworks and explains how they will be used to build the book’s central arguments. The chapter asks questions such as: What is meant by “the media”? How is conflict defined? What are the links between media and conflict? Is there a causal relationship between the mediatization of conflict and its outcomes? The chapter also introduces the question of the applicability of normative frameworks inherited from established Western democracies to African societies going through transitions from authoritarianism to democracy. The relationship between media, conflict, and democratization is a complex one that can be approached from different angles. This chapter considers three of these angles—the critical perspective, the contestation perspective, and the cultural perspective.
The Ethics of Engagement: Listening for Peace
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: December 2020

This chapter sets out the central and most important argument of the book as it proposes a normative framework for African media in contexts of democratization conflict that is based on the ethical principal of “listening.” The chapter asks the question: how should the media act ethically during times of conflict? In setting out to answer this question, the chapter departs from the basic assumption that the media have responsibilities to democratic societies that extend beyond their mere functioning as commercial industries, digital platforms, or public institutions. The assumption in this chapter is that ethical frameworks are best developed through a dynamic dialectic between normative concepts and reflective practice: an ongoing process that combines ethical concepts and theories with an analysis of their appropriation, adaptation, and application in actual, specific contexts. Listening as an ethical position requires a fundamental revision of the relationship between journalists and their publics, one in which power relations are radically revised or overturned.
A smuggling approach to the dative alternation
Authors: Collins Chris
Published: December 2020

This chapter proposes a smuggling approach to the dative alternation. On the basis of traditional c-command tests, it is argued that the prepositional dative example in (ii) is derived from the structure underlying the double object construction in (i). i. John gave Mary the car (Double Object Construction). ii. John gave the car to Mary (Prepositional Dative). A smuggling analysis is motivated for the derivation of (ii). Once the VP containing the theme is moved over the goal, the theme then moves to a higher A position c-commanding the goal. Lastly, it is shown how the distribution of particles provides support for the smuggling analysis.
Metagnostic Narratives
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins Part IV: Looking Forward. It explores a selection of metagnostic stories drawn from memoir and oral history, tracing the narrative trajectory of recognition, subversion, and renegotiation and comparing a range of accounts. First are revelations of autism spectrum disorder, in which individuals absorb a diagnosis in midlife and seek to reconcile it with their experience, often renegotiating the terms of identity, normalcy, and pathology. Second is a discussion of prosopagnosia, and particular experiences understood in the context of an individual’s life experiences. Third is ADHD as a paradigmatic case of contemporary metagnosis, given its changing criteria and prevalence, raising questions concerning medicalization and the role of pharmacology. Fourth is synesthesia—not understood as pathological, but offering a complementary metagnostic example. Throughout, the themes and patterns of these accounts are discussed in relation to the metagnostic narrative arc discussed in Part III.
Freedom
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This chapter returns to the narrative medicine methodology discussed in Chapter 2, elaborating upon the relationship between literature and medicine and proposing that metagnosis is the key to making a readerly/writerly diagnosis. As literary movements such as metafiction expose the fallacies and limitations of literary realism, metagnosis constructively exposes the representational practices of biomedicine. The confluence of metagnosis and metareferentiality is explored in the work of contemporary comedian Hannah Gadsby. In addition, the implications of metagnosis are shown to extend beyond the context of health and medicine to revelations concerning identity (e.g., Dani Shapiro’s Inheritance) and to the cultural discourse of identity writ large (e.g., Appiah, Haider, Zadie Smith). Understanding metagnosis as a revelation effecting a change in knowledge—and employing our blindsight to address the apparent binaries structuring our understanding—is integral to our understanding of ourselves and of identity itself as we move into an increasingly dynamic future.
The Possible
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

The first chapter discusses different meanings of the possible and advances the sociocultural approach to this phenomenon that will be developed throughout the book. It offers a brief review of existing theories and research into possibility, grouped under three main headlines: beings of the possible, thinking about the possible, and explorations of the future. These suggest that work on the possible is multidisciplinary in nature and that possibility studies have the potential to emerge as a new paradigm capable of transforming the humanities and social sciences. In the end, the main sources and steps of the argument in the book are introduced, from difference, perspectives, and perspectival worlds to the meta-position and dialogue, including their applications in education and in society.
Perspectives
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter goes further in connecting the previous discussion about differences and intersubjectivity with the notions of positions and perspectives. While former reflect our physical, social, and symbolic grounding in the world, the latter capture our action-based relation to the world, always developed from a given position. As action orientations, perspectives “meet” (or fail to meet) affordances, or action potentials. The elaboration of our perspectives and the discovery of affordances are ultimately embedded in culture and require both material and symbolic mediation. This dynamic has deep consequences for our understanding and sense of possibility. The possible emerges in and through action whenever we become aware of multiple perspectives on the same reality and, in doing so, explore less conventional (or previously unperceived) affordances. In the end, the multiplicity of positions and perspectives, originating in difference and enabled by culture, becomes a condition of possibility.
Perspectival Worlds
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter argues that worlds of difference and culture are, by necessity, perspectival. This defining feature is supported by the polysemic uses of language and the open-ended nature of narratives. It is enhanced by the existence of various groups, communities, and relations between them, leading to a plurality of social representations. It is reflected in the state of cognitive polyphasia and the reflective dialogues we establish between different, sometimes even opposing, perspectives. Finally, it is supported by forms of engagement with our material environment that alternate between the use of things, objects, and artifacts. In all these instances, the world is discovered as perspectival and experienced as such. At the same time, perspectival worlds should not be taken for granted. There are active forces within them, fueled by power and inequalities within society, that make certain perspectives disappear and others gain a hegemonic position as a “view from nowhere.”