bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development
Authors: Burton Eric , Mark James , Marung Steffi
Published: February 2022

Histories of development commonly highlight its western origins: yet Eastern Europe, alongside central and southern America, and East Asia, played an important role in conceptualizing and organizing development from the periphery. During the Cold War, Eastern Europe went from the margins to the centre of debates about overcoming dependency and alternative world-making. Communists drew on the longer-term Eastern European experiences of being both an object of western improvement and the emerging subject of its own economic advancement. Such ‘inbetweenness’ informed a developmental project that coalesced into a postwar progressive solidarity between peripheries that had, it was claimed, been held back by an imperial world system. This commitment was often half-hearted, however: Communists’ struggle to define appropriate partners, commit fully to anti-colonial world-making, and overcome the nationalizing impulses of their own systems all undermined attempts to build alternative global economic projects. By the late Cold War, although economic connections between Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia were still growing, new ideological conditions pulled the region back to the periphery of Euro-Atlantic capitalism. Indebtedness shattered anti-colonial economic solidarity. Eastern European experts learnt from the world it had once sought to instruct, drawing lessons from other more successful peripheral developmentalisms, whilst gaining knowledge of financialized capitalist practices in the Middle East and East Asia. In this sense, the late twentieth-century reorientation of the region was partly precipitated and informed by encounters in the extra-European world.
Mobility
Authors: Alamgir Alena
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the system of mobility that linked Eastern Europe to the Far East and Africa from the early 1950s through the late 1980s. It focuses on the university students from the newly decolonized countries, and later labour migrants (mainly from Cuba, Vietnam and Mozambique). It argues that—unlike liberal capitalist models that valorize individual migration—socialist states viewed mobility as a tool for economic and political state-building. Mobility was not conceived as an end in itself, but as a means of development, one in which the development of individuals (migrating and otherwise) was embedded in, and dependent on, the development of the state. It took a collective (not an individual) form, and was institutionally brokered. While most mobility occurred between the state-socialist ‘core’ and ‘periphery’, there were also several remarkable examples of mobilities entirely independent of the European core. Notably, while state-socialist countries put a premium on cultivating a continued sense of national belonging among the migrants, the encounters these migrations gave rise to also engendered a certain socialist transnationalism, or what Hüwelmeier called ‘socialist cosmopolitanism’. The forms and meaning of the migrations, however, changed over time. In the 1960s and 1970s, Eastern European elites saw their support for mobility from the decolonizing world as an embodiment of the region’s new global role and as part of their responsibility to encourage economic uplift elsewhere. By the 1980s, however, migrants became increasingly seen as economic units useful for the development of Eastern Europe within a global economy.
Home Front
Authors: Apor Péter , Mark James
Published: February 2022

After 1989, as ‘Third Worldism’ rapidly withered, anti-colonial solidarity began to be characterized as cynical propaganda or a set of practices imposed from above that had elicited only grudging, ritualized responses from unimpressed populations. This chapter argues against this restrictive history. Most in Eastern Europe did not experience an anti-colonial world through physical encounter. Rather, it was mediated through many forms of socialist-era culture, ranging from travel writing to television to folk and pop culture fascination with Third World revolutionary heroes. Such culture was certainly exploited to legitimize socialist regimes: this was particularly important given the disillusionment with Stalinism. However, its appeal went well beyond the machinations of the state, precisely because it drew on longer-term traditions of anti-colonial feeling and organization that had long extended far beyond any Communist movement. It was partly for this reason that anti-colonial solidarity could be politically disruptive: it provided exemplars and languages of critique that could be turned against domestic authoritarianism, the seeming abandonment of revolution by consumerist Eastern European regimes, or indeed against the ‘imperialism’ of the Soviet Union itself. Lastly, this chapter traces the emptying out of cultures of solidarity with the decline of mass politics and the distancing of Eastern European societies from the Third World. Although dissident movements drew on analogies with slavery or apartheid to make sense of their own oppression, this was no longer informed by an internationalist solidarity culture, which was less and less capable of generating grass-roots activism.
Herbart’s Psychology
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter is an examination of Herbart’s psychology, especially his attempt to make psychology a science. To make psychology a science meant for Herbart the application of the method of mathematics to the mental realm. What exactly the application of mathematics meant to psychology is considered closely. This chapter also considers Herbart’s critique of faculty psychology and his dispute with Friedrich Beneke about the role of metaphysics in psychology.
Villages and Parishes
Authors: Larson Peter L.
Published: February 2022

Presents the case study used for this book. This study of social and economic development examines three neighbouring villages in the bishopric of Durham: Bishop Middleham, Cornforth, and Sedgefield, and with several smaller settlements and farms were two ecclesiastical parishes. In the part of County Durham most resembling southern England, with nucleated settlements and manorialized open fields, and close to several towns, they provide a counterpoint to the development of mining villages such as Whickham in the northern part of the county. Their growth offers a contrast to depictions of northern England as poor and different from southern England. Each village evolved slightly differently, demonstrating the complexity of rural development and its dependence not only on local contexts and institutions but also on individuals.
Life, Marriage, Death, and the Household
Authors: Larson Peter L.
Published: February 2022

Presents estimates of village and parish populations from the early fourteenth to the later seventeenth centuries. Durham likely was underpopulated before the Black Death and its population remained low into the fifteenth century. In the bishopric of Durham, marriage to a widow was common, but otherwise household size resembled other villages in England. Local landholding practices, including the right of widows to hold land even if they remarried, encouraged mobility. In the late fifteenth to mid-sixteenth century, population began to rise quickly, and as landholding became more concentrated, the number of landless people quickly increased. By the seventeenth century, family and household size had increased and the region exhibited the characteristics of the north-western European Marriage Pattern.
The Foundation of the Agrarian Economy
Authors: Larson Peter L.
Published: February 2022

The elements necessary for early modern agriculture existed earlier in Durham than in southern England. Tenure by copyhold existed soon after the Black Death if not earlier; serfdom was weak and quickly all but disappeared from the bishopric of Durham estate. Leasehold for customary tenures emerged soon after, providing two forms of secure tenure. Customary tenures on the bishopric estate remained intact and the land market was light. Ambitious tenants soon created holdings of 45–60 acres. For many tenants this was a preferred size of holding: small enough to be a family farm, large enough to provide more options for cultivation. There was insufficient demand and incentive to amass larger holdings before the sixteenth century, however. Overall, the tenurial and seigneurial practices allowed yeomen to emerge earlier than elsewhere.
Parliament, Chancery, and the Triumph of Alimony, 1640–1660
Authors: Kesselring K.J. , Stretton Tim
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 turns to the decades of civil war and revolution, examining what people seeking escape from failed marriages did when the church courts—and the Privy Council and courts of Requests, Star Chamber, and High Commission—all ceased to function. It explores the repeated, failed efforts to pass a bill to allow full divorce, as some reformers sought to complete what they saw as England’s stalled religious reformation. Instead, Members of Parliament produced an Alimony Act in 1649 that authorized Chancery to fill the vacuum created by the disappearance of the church courts, inspiring dozens of wives and husbands to sue each other. While the 1650 act that made adultery a capital offence remains notorious, the Alimony Act passed the year before seems all but forgotten.
Ten Million Reasons for Self-Determination
Authors: Kapoor Ria
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores India’s rejection of the 1971 East Pakistan refugee crisis as an extension of the unfinished project of Partition, instead placing it as a political issue of self-determination for the people of East Pakistan and the violation of their collective rights even as the UNHCR-led international community focused on apolitical humanitarianism. Despite a massive fundraising effort and coordinating international and transnational aid agencies, the UN operation ‘Focal Point’ failed to address what India saw as Pakistan pushing its ‘internal matter’ onto India, constituting a demographic and economic aggression against Indian sovereignty. In insisting that all the refugees return, India was indicating an end to the Partition project in embracing the East Pakistanis displaced across the border as refugees in line with international definitions, even as the international community saw this as an India–Pakistan matter. India’s prioritisation of a political solution was, in a way, its understanding of how the international community could intervene meaningfully in refugee crises even as secession posed a challenge to sovereignty worldwide and assistance became increasingly oriented towards material assistance.
The Power of Imperfections
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: February 2022

Perfection is a fiction. In cooking we demand minute traces of herbs and spices to add flavour. All technologies are similar since only when we add impurities do the materials meet our needs. This is true for everything from making Stone Age tools to semiconductors, steel, glass optical fibres etc. In chemistry, impurities can speed up reactions (catalysis), in biology we call them enzymes. Without imperfections there would be neither evolution nor personal individuality. With understanding we have exploited imperfections to our advantage and enjoy technological benefits. When we fail to recognize our own faults, we revert to human failings of oppression, warfare, ill health and destruction of the planet. No previous science is required as the concepts are basically simple. Nevertheless, the book gives deep and useful insights into what is possible in technology. Recognizing and addressing human imperfections is far harder, but absolutely essential or we will destroy ourselves.
Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: February 2022

In Gradient Acceptability and Linguistic Theory, Elaine J. Francis examines a challenging problem at the intersection of theoretical linguistics and the psychology of language: the problem of interpreting gradient judgments of sentence acceptability in relation to theories of grammatical knowledge. This problem is important because acceptability judgments constitute the primary source of data on which such theories have been built, despite being susceptible to various extra-grammatical factors. Through a review of experimental and corpus-based research on a variety of syntactic phenomena and an in-depth examination of two case studies, Francis argues for two main positions. The first is that converging evidence from online comprehension tasks, elicited production tasks, and corpora of naturally occurring discourse can help determine the sources of variation in acceptability judgments and narrow down the range of plausible theoretical interpretations. The second is that the interpretation of judgment data depends crucially on one’s theoretical commitments and assumptions, especially with respect to the nature of the syntax–semantics interface and the choice of either a categorical or a gradient notion of grammaticality. The theoretical frameworks considered in this book include derivational theories (e.g. Minimalism, Principles and Parameters), constraint-based theories (e.g. Sign-Based Construction Grammar, Simpler Syntax), competition-based theories (e.g. Stochastic Optimality Theory, Decathlon Model), and usage-based approaches. While showing that acceptability judgment data are typically compatible with the assumptions of various theoretical frameworks, Francis argues that some gradient phenomena are best captured within frameworks that permit soft constraints—non-categorical grammatical constraints that encode the conventional preferences of language users.
The Historiographical Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a historiographical account of the Taiwan New Cinema movement by constructing a story about Taiwan cinema’s reception in foreign lands through the notion of soft power. It asks the following questions: What makes Taiwan cinema attractive to foreigners, and what makes such receptive reception possible? It examines the various agents, institutions, and mechanisms that have facilitated this cross-cultural cinephilia as well as the actual objects (directors and films), processes (including cultural translation), and discourses involved. This historiography is not meant to be a comprehensive or chronological account of a nation’s cinema but is rather a transnational lens cast upon that cinema’s most significant new wave movement as deemed by alien agents. This chapter seeks to illustrate the ways in which and the extent to which a documentary, Flowers of Taipei: Taiwan New Cinema (2014), proffers a historiographical account of Taiwan cinema as a form of soft power that travels transnationally through the notion of authorship. It proposes a historiographical turn for Taiwan New Cinema so that it is no longer conceived as part of a national cinema or a constituent of transnational Chinese cinemas but singularly as a form of transnational cinema. As a documentation of this cinematic legacy, Flowers of Taipei is a historiography of presence that lives in the minds and bodies of viewers whose cross-cultural cinephilia has expanded into a deep respect for an island-state whose lack of hard power continues to be compensated by the global reach of its cinema as soft power.
The Aural Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

The chapter focuses on two non-Chinese-language films, Café Lumière and Flight of the Red Balloon, made by Hou Hsiao-hsien in the twenty-first century. Both commissioned by foreign institutions, the two films demonstrate the soft power of Hou’s authorship, highlight the transnational dimension of filmmaking, and upend lingua-centric models of film historiography. More importantly, this chapter argues that these films signal Hou’s aural turn, registered as much by the use of non-Sinophone languages as by a privileging of aural over visual elements, which are inextricably bound to gendered voices in the films. Both films remind us that it might be the materiality of sounds rather than images that resonates in and with us, and that ultimately moves us in our film-watching—and film-listening—experience. In fact, soft power can operate through broadcasting gendered and material voices as something to be sensed rather than to make sense of. This chapter argues that Hou’s aural turn has given voice (in both literal and metaphorical senses) to languages (including the languages of music and puppetry) whose materiality has been at odds with the ideologies of different ruling regimes over Taiwan’s long twentieth century. Divorced from language and meaning, the materiality of gendered voices in Hou’s cinema has projected a soft power so loud it makes us turn our heads to listen more closely to aurality.
The Affective Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This chapter aims to recast the historiography of post–World War II Taiwan cinema in affective terms and, in so doing, sets the stage for examining Taiwan filmmaking in the twenty-first century as a form of regional soft power anchored in a specific cultural imaginary known as little freshness. It argues that the imaginary of little freshness embodies an affective trait shared across the Taiwan Strait by youths whose engagement with a market of miniaturization as cultural producers and consumers is inflected by a sense of generational injustice in the face of neoliberal capitalism. This affective turn can be captured by the phenomenal box-office success of Wei Te-sheng’s Cape No. 7 in 2008, which kick-started a rescaling of the market size and reorientation of audience from the global to the domestic in contemporary Taiwan cinema. By examining the popularity of Taiwan’s little freshness cultural imaginary in China and Hong Kong, this chapter reworks the notion of soft power into a form of citizen-to-citizen connectivity that is largely free from the intervention of the state and its agents whilst rescaling the operation of soft power from an international to a regional one. It concludes that the social, cultural, and political ramifications of the generational revolt by a sizable demographic of youths, and of the citizen-to-citizen soft power evinced by this affective cinema, may well be long-term and wide-ranging for us all.
A Second Philosophy of Logic
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This essay begins with the commonsense view that the world contains many individual objects—with properties, standing in relations—a view confirmed by science, and defends it against those who claim that the scientific and commonsense perspectives conflict. These very general features of the world ratify a rudimentary logic as broadly applicable, short of the quantum realm, and developmental psychology reveals that our basic cognitive structures are equipped to detect them, presumably shaped by evolutionary pressures from the macro-world. This rudimentary logic is awkward, though, so two idealizations are added to generate classical first-order logic. Advocates of most deviant logics reject one or the other of these idealizations; their case depends on showing that the relevant idealization is damaging in a particular application and offering something better. Deviant logics intended for something other than the world (e.g., mathematical constructions, belief systems) can peacefully coexist.
Introduction
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces the broad perspective of the book on reparations, foregrounding concrete changes to our lives and institutions rather than symbolic ones. Ta-Nehisi Coates’ “The Case for Reparations” has been described as singlehandedly rekindling the age-old debate, setting off a firestorm of reactions across the political spectrum. Opposite Coates were detractors such as Coleman Hughes, who argues that reparations have no role to play in the changes that African-Americans need: “In 2008 the House of Representatives formally apologized for slavery and Jim Crow. In 2009, the Senate did the same. Black people don’t need another apology.” But what if the project for reparations was the project for “safer neighborhoods and better schools,” for a “less punitive justice system”? That is: what if building the just world was reparations? Indeed, this book will ask, what other form of reparations could even be meaningful in the context of our reality?
What’s Missing
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4, “What’s Missing,” defends the constructive view against other common ways of thinking about and defending reparations. Harm repair arguments view reparations as a project in service of restitution or retribution, aiming to make those harmed by racial domination better off (usually in financial terms, or using other material advantages like affirmative action). Relationship repair arguments view reparations as a project in the service of reconciliatory justice, aiming to fix the relationships damaged by past injustice (between citizens, or between racially marginalized people and the governments they live under). It also argues for standards that we should use to evaluate reparation arguments, and which we should view as priorities.
Disco, the Castro, and Gay Liberation
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

The chapter opens with a rationale for starting with the simultaneous emergence of disco and the Stonewall uprising. San Francisco’s first important DJ and record producer, Johnny “Disco” Hedges is introduced, and his move from Ohio with his partner and his involvement in the early disco scene in the city are described. The formation of Loverde, one of the key cabaret acts in the city’s gay scene and disco’s increasing importance in gay San Francisco life are detailed. A discussion of the bars and nightclubs that opened in the mid-1970s includes a description of the city’s three primary gay neighborhoods and the rise of the Castro. The final section details the emergence of the clone and the priorities of that subculture—“the Four Ds: Disco, Drugs, Dish, Dick”—discussing the relevance of each one to the emergence of the San Francisco sound.
Sylvester’s Fantasy Comes True
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a history of Fantasy Records, a Berkeley-based jazz label that, with the arrival of Harvey Fuqua, first issued San Francisco–based disco records. Sylvester, the first San Francisco disco superstar, is discussed, including his discovery of backup singers Martha Wash and Izora Rhodes (aka Two Tons o’ Fun). Fuqua signed Sylvester to Fantasy, and his first Fantasy record was released in 1977. There were immediate problems with Sylvester's “too gay” image at Fantasy. Sylvester’s 1977 release, while relatively successful, was considered old-fashioned in 1977. The album lacked three “on trend” features: electronic sounds, as exemplified by Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder’s Eurodisco hit “I Feel Love” (1977); science fiction–influenced topics, as exemplified by Kebekelektrik and Space’s “Magic Fly” (1977); more overt gayness, demonstrated by Village People’s first album with “San Francisco (You’ve Got Me),” “Hollywood,” and “Fire Island” (1977).
New Heights
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

The years 1981 and 1982 were in many ways the most successful, most artistically fulfilling of San Francisco’s dance music scene. With the launch of Megatone Records, Patrick Cowley and Marty Blecman solidified their places at the center of the San Francisco sound, releasing hit after hit, relaunching Sylvester’s career, and discovering a true star in singer Paul Parker. John Hedges returned to the production field with his first roster of solo artists and discovered his own Patrick Cowley, Barry Blum. Together, Blecman and Blum made a formidable songwriting and production team. The scene’s apotheosis was probably the massive First Encounter megaparty at the new Moscone Convention Center, an event that magnified and epitomized the best (and, to some, the worst) aspects of San Francisco clone culture.
Trouble in Paradise
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

Michael Maletta, the megaparty pioneer, was the first person to die of an AIDS-related illness in the San Francisco dance music scene. But by the time of his death on August 4, 1982, at the age of thirty-nine, many others had been diagnosed with what was being dubbed the “gay cancer.” Within three years, HIV/AIDS would ravage the Bay’s gay community to such an extent that nothing would ever be the same. It saw the mass extermination of musicians, producers, and, indeed, the very patrons that kept the scene going. This chapter traces the responses to the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the dance music community, with clone culture serving as a scapegoat for a pathetic national response to the epidemic. It also tells the parallel story of Patrick Cowley’s final album and his hugely successful collaboration with Sylvester, “Do Ya Wanna Funk?,” before Cowley’s AIDS-related death in November 1982.
Dancing with AIDS
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

Within three years of its emergence in 1981, AIDS had the triple effect of wiping out the musicians, producers, and dancers from San Francisco, relocating the center of high-energy music production to the United Kingdom. But it took a while for the dance community to realize the significance of so many deaths, partly because the parties continued unabated and because Patrick Cowley left so many unfinished projects that would see the light of day over the course of 1982–1983. In fact, there was still much to celebrate in San Francisco’s dance music world during these transitional years. Sylvester, relocated to Megatone Records, released a string of high-energy hits. Likewise, Paul Parker’s album exceeded all expectations, confirming Megatone’s place as a world leader in dance music. Moby Dick Records also peaked in 1982, with Loverde scoring big, and established acts Lisa and Boys Town Gang topping the charts throughout the year.
In Retrospect
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

When San Francisco ceased being the center of high-energy dance music production, its artists could be proud knowing that the club sound they had created permeated mainstream music around the world; artists like Kylie Minogue, Dead or Alive, Miquel Brown, Evelyn Thomas, and Pet Shop Boys all owed their success to a large extent to the music first created in the gay mecca—in the dark bathhouses, late-night discos, and gloriously debauched megaparties. It’s hard to find current music today that is not influenced by disco, and the hypersexualized high-energy sound of San Francisco is a frequent go-to for postmodern pop artists. The recent rediscovery of the San Francisco sound reflects the desires of a new generation of queer people who know that, despite the passing of so much time and so many forgotten souls, their lost comrades shared the same passion to move their bodies as they do.
Rethinking Drug Policy
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

The drug war has failed and must end. The question is: How—and what should replace it? Ideally, an improved response to injurious forms of drug use would reduce the harm caused by criminal legal system involvement, the suffering that stems from unmanaged addiction, the harm that flows from illicit and unregulated drug markets, and racial inequities in all of these sources of harm. This chapter identifies several shifts in drug policy that achieve these goals and are feasible in the near to medium term. These include the radical expansion of alternative responses to substance use disorder and low-level crime based on harm-reduction principles and dramatically increased investment in medication-assisted treatment programs and in low-income housing, including Housing First models. If brought to scale, these changes would reduce drug-related suffering, the harm associated with the illicit drug market, the misery caused by the involvement of the criminal legal system in the lives of people who use illicit substances, and racial inequities in these forms of suffering.
Theory and Practice of Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

Technology is an increasingly popular part of music education in schools that attracts students to school music who might not otherwise be involved. In many teacher preparation programs, music technology is an afterthought that does not receive the same extensive treatment as do traditional areas of music teaching such as band, orchestra, choir, and general music. This book helps to establish a theoretical and practical foundation for how to teach students to use technology as the major means for developing their musicianship. From its discussions of lesson planning, lesson delivery, and assessment, readers will learn how to gain comfort in the music technology lab. Theory and Practice of Technology-Based Music Instruction also includes “profiles of practice” that dive into the experiences of real teachers in music technology classes, their struggles, their successes, and lessons we can learn from both. In this second edition, new profiles feature teachers of color who use technology extensively in their varied types of music teaching. This edition encourages readers to think about issues of inequity and social justice in music education technology and how teachers might begin to address those concerns. Also updated are sections about new standards that may guide music education technology practice, about distance and technology-enhanced learning during the global pandemic, and about ways to integrate technology in emerging contexts.
Models of Music Pedagogy and Their Influences on Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter contains brief overviews of several existing models of music pedagogy: Orff-Schulwerk, the Kodály approach, the Suzuki method, Music Learning Theory (MLT), and Dalcroze eurhythmics. The chapter synthesizes descriptions of these approaches into a set of shared features, which serve to establish a framework for examining thinking about music instruction. Each of these approaches includes musical goals, instructional and learning objectives, values, suggestions or mandates for particular materials, instructional sequences, teaching behaviors, and methods of assessment. Viewing these models of music pedagogy as a whole leads to the construction of the approach described in this book called Technology-Based Music Instruction.
Strength in Vulnerability
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

The case study of Liberia examines how the combination of fragmented networks and constrained revenue facilitated changes to the composition, oversight, and accountability systems of the police and military. To mobilize political support, Liberian political leaders negotiated with rival factions that sought to influence military and police appointments and operations. To maintain control of security forces, they adopted institutional reforms that limited factional influence. They also cooperated with external actors to manage risks and overcome opposition to institutional changes, facilitating external influence through conditions on aid, delegated authority, and norm diffusion. The Liberia case study shows how opportunities for institutional change emerge from the political landscape, but it also highlights the effects of donor coherence given these opportunities. It raises questions regarding the sustainability of changes adopted with substantial external involvement.
Across Postwar Countries and Beyond
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 presents a series of statistical analyses to assesses the validity of the book’s main claims. It presents the Postwar Security Governance Dataset, an original dataset that includes disaggregated measures of governance over armed forces in all post-civil-war countries from 1960 to 2012. It analyzes the relationship between internal political conditions and security governance, as well as the effects of international assistance as it interacts with domestic conditions. The analyses provide strong evidence for the book’s main claims that internal politics—and in particular networks and resources—shape security governance, and that they moderate the effects of international intervention. The chapter then looks beyond postwar countries to clarify the scope of the argument. Through four mini-cases of security forces restructuring in Iraq, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Somalia, it explores the validity of the argument for countries experiencing ongoing civil war.
Red Sea-Red Square-Red Thread
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Red Sea—Red Square—Red Thread is a work of passages. It offers a genealogy of liberty through a micrology of wit. It follows a long history of a very short anecdote: commissioned to depict the biblical passage through the Red Sea, a painter covered a surface with red paint, explaining that the Israelites had already crossed over and that the Egyptians were drowned. Who was the painter and who the first teller of the tale? Designed as a philosophical detective story, the book follows the extraordinarily many thinkers and artists who have used the Red Sea anecdote to make much more than a merely anecdotal point, foremost the philosophers Arthur Danto and Søren Kierkegaard, the writer Henri Murger, the opera composer Giacomo Puccini, and the painter William Hogarth. Strange companions perhaps, until their shared use of the anecdote proves its extraordinary passage through so many cosmopolitan cities. What brings Danto’s philosophy of art into conversation with Kierkegaard’s stages on life’s way, with Murger and Puccini’s la vie de bohème, and with Hogarth’s modern moral pictures? The book explores narratives of emancipation in philosophy, theology, politics, and the arts. What has the passage of the Israelites to do with the Egyptians who came to be branded as bohemians when arriving in France from the German lands of Bohemia? What have Moses and monotheism to do with the history of monism and the monochrome? And what sort of thread connects a sea to a square when each so purposefully is named red?
Causation, Cosmology, and the Limits of Philosophy
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

For well over a century the dominant narrative covering the major thinkers and themes of early modern British philosophy has been that of “British Empiricism,” within which the great triumvirate of Locke-Berkeley-Hume are taken to be the dominant figures. Although it is now common to question this schema as a way of analyzing and understanding the period in question, it continues to command considerable authority and acceptance. (One likely reason for this is that no credible or plausible alternative structures or schemas of analysis have suggested themselves.) Be this as it may, the analysis of the rival systems of Clarke, Berkeley, and Hume makes clear that this narrative, however deeply entrenched it may be, is wholly misleading and both distorts and obscures key themes and figures in the period in question.
Of Gods and Clocks: Free Will and the Hobbes-Bramhall Debate
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Contrary to John Bramhall and critics like him, Thomas Hobbes takes the view that no account of liberty or freedom can serve as the relevant basis on which to distinguish moral from nonmoral agents or explains the basis on which an agent becomes subject to law and liable to punishment. The correct compatibilist strategy rests, on Hobbes’s account, with a proper appreciation and description of the contractualist features that shape and structure the moral community. From this perspective human agents may indeed use their liberty to make themselves moral agents. In doing this, however, they are not employing a distinct kind of liberty but rather using a liberty that they share with animals and other nonmoral agents to perform a distinct kind of act (i.e., consent) whereby they become moral agents subject to law and any punishments that are required to enforce it.
Hume’s Optimism and Williams’s Pessimism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Bernard Williams is widely recognized as belonging among the greatest and most influential moral philosophers of the 20th century. There are, nevertheless, a number of respects in which the interpretation of his work is neither easy nor straightforward. One reason for this is that both his views and his methods evolved and shifted in significant ways over time. In order to gauge and assess these changes in Williams’s views and outlook we need to consider his relationship and attitude to other philosophers during this period. Of particular interest in this regard is his changing attitude to the moral philosophy of David Hume. This relationship is of considerable importance, not only because it serves as a useful tool for the interpretation of Williams’s views but also because it provides us with some critical insight into the respective strengths and weaknesses of both Hume’s and Williams’s contributions.
Co-workers in the Kingdom of Culture
Authors: Withun David
Published: February 2022

W. E. B. Du Bois was a prominent civil rights leader, sociologist, historian, educator, author, and thinker of the early twentieth century. Du Bois’s works in all of his areas of endeavor are filled with allusions to the classical mythology, philosophy, and history that permeated his education. This book examines the influence of Du Bois’s education in the classics on Du Bois’s thought on education, the arts, government, and society. It then discusses the influence of classical philosophy on some of Du Bois’s distinctive ideas, such as the concept of the Talented Tenth, his opposition to Booker T. Washington’s industrial education, and his support of propaganda through art. The influence of the thought of Plato and Cicero on Du Bois receives particular attention. Finally, it explores Du Bois’s critique of the classical tradition in his responses to modern racism and colonialism. Alongside Du Bois’s critique of the classical tradition, he also exhibited an increasing interest in the history—ancient and modern—of Africa and Asia. In his attempts to combat modern prejudice, Du Bois appealed to the long traditions of thought and story of peoples outside of Europe, in several instances pioneering the research of non-European history. Du Bois’s influence by the classics and simultaneous appreciation of the history of Africa and Asia eventually culminated in a modern cosmopolitanism that calls for an appreciation of all cultures and heritages.
Europe
Authors: Arthur John W.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 examines the dramatic role beer has played in Europe from the early henges in the United Kingdom, to Greek beer production during the Bronze Age, to Scandinavia’s role in beer production from northern Europe to Iceland. Archaeological evidence from Celtic settlements documents beer-production methods and the connection of beer to the mortuary treatment of their ancestors during the Anglo-Saxon period. The chapter discusses the rise of beers through European history and how they have had a major impact on the health, economic growth, and ritual life of Europeans. The end of the chapter will explore the origins and development of hops and European beers from ales to stouts.
Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep
Published: February 2022

This chapter evaluates the empirical expectations that directly relate to the emergence of secular political movements and institutional secularization. It uses an original dataset that covers the period 1800–2000. The findings support the argument presented in Chapter 1, which emphasized the historical influence of the dissemination of secular ideas and the critical role of organizational timing. The indicators that capture the circulation and dissemination of secular ideas (printing, volume of Enlightenment literature, and freedom of thought and expression) all have the expected type of impact on the emergence of secularizing parties. Similarly, the indicators that capture organizational timing of secular parties and civil society freedom also have the expected substantively and statistically significant effect on institutional secularization.
Expanded Vision
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: February 2022

The second chapter discusses how new digital recording apparatuses and viewing interfaces, encompassing drone cameras, GoPros, and virtual reality (VR), expand the visual field of documentary practices as well as the viewer’s perception of reality. It starts with mapping out two competing concepts of the documentary camera in accordance with the history of documentary cinema: first, the camera as extension of the documentarian’s embodied perception, and second, the camera as incarnation of the disembodied vision that goes beyond the confines of the anthropomorphic gaze. In so doing, this chapter argues that a more recent trend in digital documentaries has been to activate the disembodied vision that in turn stimulates the viewer’s embodied perception and thereby expands her knowledge of our contemporary world. Examples that buttress this argument include contemporary documentary films (including Leviathan [2012], National Bird [2016], and The Human Flow [2017]) and YouTube videos that employ shots taken with drone cinematography or GoPros, as well as VR documentaries.
Introduction
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter summarizes the sorts of issues that arise in deciding whether courts, Congress, or an executive agency should deny protection for a work that is considered to be immoral. It provides examples of expressions and inventions that might fall within the scope of subject matters for which a government actor would consider denying copyright or patent protection. This chapter foreshadows the discussion of relevant case law and constitutional provisions that touch on the issue of morality in intellectual property. It also introduces the tension between free speech and moral denials of intellectual property protection. In short, this chapter outlines the organization of the issues that the remainder of the book will address.
The Problem of Judicial Moral Discretion
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues for a general presumption against judges or executive agencies relying on moral considerations to deny intellectual property rights. It recites the case law that well establishes this principle in both the contexts of copyright and patent. The chapter further argues, however, that courts or executive agencies should do so in the following exceptional situations: where Congress has enacted a constitutional statute that requires denial for a moral reason; where the Constitution mandates denial for a moral reason; and where an intellectual creation involves unlawful activity. The chapter explains why these circumstances merit an exception to the general presumption. It sets up the discussion for the ensuing chapters.
Judicial History on Unlawful Works
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the history of courts denying enforcement of rights or protection of subject matter for works involving unlawful conduct. On the copyright side, this chapter describes the relatively recent change in which courts have begun refusing to recognize the doctrine of unclean hands for works involving unlawful conduct. The chapter argues that the most influential case on this issue, Mitchell Bros. Film Group v. Cinema Adult Theater, relies on flawed reasoning and a misapplication of law. On the patent side, this chapter observes that courts have uniformly rejected morality as a statutory standard for denying protection of specific subject matter. At the same time, courts preserved the unclean hands doctrine in the patent context, enabling denials based on certain sorts of wrongful conduct. The chapter concludes that courts should reject Mitchell in copyright law, yet uphold the present standard in patent law.
Legislating Morality
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines whether the Intellectual Property Clause provides Congress moral discretion to deny intellectual property protection. It concludes that the Clause’s statement of purpose provides Congress broad discretion to select which subject matters of expressions and inventions should receive protection. The discretion, however, is limited by the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment, which is discussed in the next chapter. This chapter also addresses the circumstances under which Congress should exercise its moral discretion to deny protection. It posits three principles that should guide Congress: whether a work directly causes a harmful effect; whether that effect poses a significant problem for society; and whether potential benefits of the work may outweigh the harmful effects.
Tying It All Together
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews the conclusions of each individual chapter. It presents the arguments in one coherent body, relating each chapter’s conclusions with the conclusions of the other chapters. It summarizes the moral limitations in the theory of intellectual property; the counterarguments against that conclusion; the presumption against judges making moral decisions; the exceptional equitable doctrine of unclean hands and the judicial history surrounding that doctrine in copyright and patent law; the constitutional obligation to deny protection for works that fall outside the meaning of the progress of science and useful arts; the moral discretion of Congress to deny protection; and the restraint on Congress’s discretion to deny protection that is imposed by free speech doctrines. It calls for courts, Congress, and executive agencies to uphold the moral values that underlie intellectual property law.
The Making of an Integral Advaitin
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 elucidates Sri Ramakrishna’s crucial role in shaping the young Vivekananda’s intellectual and spiritual development. Prior to meeting Ramakrishna, Vivekananda was committed to the rational theism of the Brāhmo Samāj. However, as a result of Ramakrishna’s close guidance between 1882 and 1886, Vivekananda’s worldview evolved dramatically in two main phases. In the first phase from 1882 to early 1884, Ramakrishna taught the young Vivekananda traditional Advaita Vedānta, which holds that the sole reality is the impersonal nondual Brahman and that the world, the personal God, and individual souls are all ultimately as unreal as a dream. Under his guru’s guidance, Vivekananda studied Advaitic texts like the Aṣṭāvakra-Saṃhitā and, even more importantly, had several transformative Advaitic spiritual experiences, which led him to move away from Brāhmo theism and to embrace Advaita Vedānta instead. However, in the second phase from 1884 to 1886, Ramakrishna gradually led Vivekananda to reject the world-negating and quietistic outlook of traditional Advaita Vedānta in favor of a more expansive and ethically-oriented Advaitic philosophy, according to which the static nondual Brahman is inseparable from the dynamic personal Śakti, which actually manifests as everything in this world. The chapter illuminates this second phase by discussing some of the key scriptures to which Ramakrishna frequently appealed in support of the harmonizing and world-affirming Advaitic philosophy he encouraged Vivekananda to accept, including the Bhagavad-Gītā and the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa. The final section of the chapter briefly discusses Vivekananda’s intensive study of a vast range of philosophical texts and scriptures during the period after Ramakrishna’s passing in 1886 and prior to his first trip to the West in 1893.