bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Audiovisual Alterity
Authors: Austin Michael L.
Published: February 2025

Drawing on a wide range of examples and case studies from a wide range of genres of popular music, Audiovisual Alterity explores the representation of “others” from marginalized, subaltern communities in music videos since the 1950s. This book continues the academic discussion regarding depictions of race, ethnicity, and gender in music videos, but extends the conversation to include representations of Asians and Pacific Islanders, Indigenous communities, the LGBTQIA+ community, religious minorities, the incarcerated, and other “others.” It accounts for the expanding definition of “music video,” and examines depictions of alterity in both traditional music videos and those created for emerging and social media, such as online video-sharing sites and smartphone apps. It also includes analyses of several recent controversies involving cultural appropriation and the representations of culture, race, indigeneity, gender, class, sexuality, and sexual orientation in music videos. Further, it considers music videos in which “others” represent themselves, with their own voice, and on their own terms.
Digital Natives and Cultural Tourists
Authors: Austin Michael L.
Published: February 2025

This chapter discusses the issues surrounding the depiction of Native Peoples in music videos, especially the use of “redface,” including instances in which non-Native people culturally appropriate Indigenous dress and customs, and reinforce racist stereotypes with the inclusion of tropes that frame Indigenous people as “Indian princesses,” “noble savages,” “barbarians,” “drunkards,” or “sexy squaws” in music videos. The chapter investigates a number of case studies involving the (mis)representation of Indigenous communities in various music videos, including those made for country music from the 1990s, contemporary K-pop, and recent pop music. It also includes a number of music videos in which young Indigenous rappers have appropriated hip-hop aesthetics to represent the realities of daily life on reservations in North America and to celebrate their own communities.
Homosexual Invisibility, Heterosexual Advocates
Authors: Long Yan
Published: February 2025

Chapter 3 examines the 1990s efforts by HIV-negative heterosexual elites to address the invisibility of HIV/AIDS, focusing on urban gay men rather than the rural outbreak. Influenced by the emerging transnational AIDS institution and American gay men’s advocacy models, these early challengers aimed to highlight sexual rights in HIV responses by making homosexuality legible to the health administration. The fragmentation and marginalization of the health bureaucracy facilitated communication across borders and drove some officials to embrace transnational HIV/AIDS practices in search of professional identities. Ironically, their efforts were rejected by Chinese gay communities who saw the state’s gaze as a potential source of danger. Despite the failure of initial advocacy endeavors, the focus on homosexuality created transnational connections that later became critical in the large-scale mobilization of the Chinese AIDS movement.
Quantitative Participation as a Managerial Tool
Authors: Long Yan
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores how transnational organizations navigated the delicate balance between coercion and persuasion to insert civil society participation into China’s new projectified contracting AIDS governance. It highlights a shift, late in the first decade of the twenty-first century, when transnational organizations moved from traditional political strategies to a more technical approach to reconcile the conflict between authoritarian bureaucrats, foreign agencies, and grassroots activists. The coalition of transnational organizations and Chinese AIDS activists eventually succeeded in compelling the government to include grassroots advocacy groups in policymaking by framing political controversies around civil society as managerial problems to be resolved by “participation techniques.” These techniques—as formalized, standardized, and repetitive actions designed to facilitate participatory democracy in decision-making and program implementation—blended politics with managerialism, quantification, and market value. Despite their short-term success, the adoption of participation techniques changed local advocacy agendas with administrative projects that would eventually destroy AIDS activism and defeat transnational agencies’ intentions.
Seeing Gay Men like a Project
Authors: Long Yan
Published: February 2025

This chapter begins to discuss how the technicalization of HIV issues shaped both Chinese health bureaucrats and activists in the 2010s. Health authorities, aiming to boost China’s global stature, eagerly adopted transnational quantitative indicators and produced trend-setting records of high numerical intervention outputs. Meanwhile, participation techniques allowed local officials to reappropriate gay men’s organizations to fulfill performance goals. From 2011 to 2018, gay activists served as instrumental brokers, aiding in the data collection among gay individuals for projects. On one hand, this process drastically enhanced the visibility and endurance of gay activism by absorbing gay men’s groups into a homophobic state apparatus. On the other hand, it extended the state’s surveillance into homosexual bodies while elevating China to a global leader in meeting quantitative health targets.
Erasing the Dead
Authors: Long Yan
Published: February 2025

Contrary to the success of gay men activists, rural activists affected by contaminated blood struggled to harness participation techniques and faded from the national spotlight. This chapter demonstrates how the prioritization of technical proficiency dismantled the earlier biopolitical unity and formed a hierarchy within the advocacy community. The transgressive collective action of rural activists, lacking epistemic elements, was invalidated. Urban-rural disparities quickly grew as urban gay men took over the leadership of the AIDS movement. Challenges facing rural patients, especially their escalating death rates, were marginalized. Meanwhile, the Chinese government used transnational funds and organizational rules to subtly corrode trust and dismantle local coalitions. Their operations widened the chasm between urban homosexual and rural heterosexual activists, which was “softly” but steadily killing the Chinese AIDS movement between 2011 and 2018.
A New Global Health Leader on the Rise?
Authors: Long Yan
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines China’s post-2015 transition from a recipient of foreign health aid to a rising leader in initiating health interventions in the Global South. It juxtaposes the international acclaim for the new “China model” of public health against the divergent realities of urban gay men, rural people living with HIV/AIDS, and female sex workers. The state’s emphasis on projectified health intervention led to a notable dip in HIV transmission rates, along with the specter of increased urban surveillance and a disregard of the growing death rate of the most vulnerable in rural areas. Through the prism of these varied lives, the chapter underscores the complexities and contradictions in China’s public health system after almost fifteen years of foreign interventions.
Conclusion
Authors: Long Yan
Published: February 2025

The concluding chapter recaps the evolution of China’s infectious disease control since 1978 and teases out what this tale tells us about authoritarian politics, advocacy, globalization, and infectious diseases more generally. Based on preliminary fieldwork conducted since 2022, it also delves into how the book’s discussions aid in contextualizing and understanding the COVID-19 pandemic, through both a Chinese and a transnational lens. Many characteristics of HIV/AIDS responses continued, such as reliance on quantitative technocratic surveillance instruments and nonpolitical civil society collaboration, as well as instrumenting public health as a tool to elevate China’s global status. They offer insights into the broader implications of emerging pandemics, as well as China’s relations with the world.
Conclusion
Authors: Alasuutari Pertti
Published: February 2025

This chapter summarizes and discusses the book. Cross-cultural travel of ideas, people and goods has always been part of the evolution of the human species, but the formation of the UN system after World War II has had the biggest impact on the development of the current world order. Acknowledging the principle of national sovereignty meant that global power relations were mainly grounded on other means than hierarchical rule backed up by military force. Instead, relations of dominance became primarily based on economic dependencies and policy advice. When all inhabitable parts of the globe were divided into formally independent territorial states and accepted as members of the UN, their leaders were consulted about and eagerly sought for information about allegedly efficient and proper state structures. A national parliament became the key symbol of proper national sovereignty both internally and externally.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew
Published: February 2025

Answers to the question ‘What did the war do to the British Empire?’ are usually embedded in a tale of wartime stress, international change, and national decline, the conflict appearing as both instigator and accelerant of imperial dissolution and Britain’s eclipse as a front-rank power. This chapter identifies problems with this hindsight-dominated narrative that distorts understanding of the worldview of the political elite looking forward in 1945. In their eyes, British power and empire were fixed points in the landscape and they expected the British Empire to survive long into the future and for Britain to remain at the pinnacle of the international system. While the environment in which they operated was shaped by significant challenges, there was no hint of imminent collapse, and the governing elite was not interested in decline and decolonization. Yet the ‘declinist’ narrative of post-war British history has caused this extraordinary mindset to be overlooked, further obscured by a marked tendency for historical literature on the period to ‘time jump’ from 1945 to 1947–49, skating over a vital period. This state of affairs has been encouraged by the practice of dividing the past into ‘periods’ that can suppress elements of continuity. This chapter outlines the ‘received wisdom’ narrative, juxtaposes it with the expectations and optimistic mindset of those responsible for running the country, and considers the difference between ‘historical’ time and ‘real’ time.
Foundations of the Superpower Vision
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the centrality of empire and world status to British calculations about the post-war world, based on victory, the realities of power, the normalcy of empire in the international system, habit, and a firm belief that economic recovery was possible. The superpower vision was central to the British political elite’s conceptualization of the future come the end of the Second World War. Bloodied but unbowed, concerned yet unfazed by the trajectories of American and Soviet policy and the economic damage inflicted on the national economy, the British were determined to remain a ‘Big Three’ actor. The chapter articulates reasons permitting this mindset to exist, identifying the presence of some factors (such as a seat at the top table and an intact empire) and the absence of others (such as full awareness of the country’s chances of economic recovery and awareness of the potency of nationalism). It describes the moment of victory in 1945, the implications of the fact of the Empire’s existence, and of the responsibilities of power and status.
Conversations with a Two-Day-Old
Authors: Nagy Emese
Published: February 2025

Do newborns engage in dialogues? This chapter explores evidence on social engagement in human neonates and uses case-based descriptive analysis of interactions with newborns. Starting from experimental data on neonates’ responses to communication disturbances, measured by the still-face procedure, it presents a case showing a neonate proactively engaging with the experimenter to resume a broken communication. It provides descriptive analyses of two cases of neonatal imitation and looks at how the babies not only proactively engaged the experimenter, but also, several, temporally coordinated, synchronized imitative cycles emerged between the baby and the experimenter. Given the richness and the complexity of the data that emerges from these cases, the chapter suggests that case-based descriptions should accompany experimental studies to understand data from experiments on neonatal communicative behaviour.
Chatting with Babies
Authors: Lee David N. , Schögler Benjaman
Published: February 2025

How do infants chat long before they talk? Trevarthen (1980) demonstrated this precocious ability in a famous recording of six-week-old Laura chatting with her mum. That same conversation became a landmark in developing the musical analysis and understanding of communication we now know as human communicative musicality (Malloch, 1999; Malloch and Trevarthen, 2009). But what biological information forms the substrate for these exchanges, and how is it related to verbal chatting? We must look at both the sounds and gestures. General Tau Theory (Lee et al. 2009) provides a lens through which we can better understand such biological movements, from one-day-old infants to skilled adults, both vocally and bodily (Delafield-Butt et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2018). Can General Tau Theory shine a light on how we communicate? We apply recent advances in the theory to this iconic conversation to ask that very question. With intriguing results . . .
Therapeutic Conversations
Authors: Malloch Stephen
Published: February 2025

This chapter discusses how to share and build communicative musicality through therapeutic conversations. It explains a therapeutic relationship as an activity in which a skilled person engages with another to further an inner sense of shareable, graceful, and goal-directed inner life. Therapeutic change is created and experienced through the jointly created narrative of the mutually informing words and musicality of voice and body movement as therapist and client talk and interact. The chapter then provides an overview of the notions of pulse, quality, and narrative, and two therapeutic activities under the model of communicative musicality. It considers how therapy and musicality assist others to move towards biological efficiency.
General Relativity for the Gifted Amateur
Authors: 9780192867414  , Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen
Published: February 2025

General relativity is a field theory that describes gravity. It engages profoundly with the nature of space and time and is based on simple ideas from the physics of fields. It can be summarised by the Einstein equation which relates a geometrical quantity, the curvature of space and time that follows from the metric field., to a physical quantity that reflects a field that describes the matter content of the Universe. We begin in Part I with an introduction to the geometry of flat spacetime, reviewing special relativity and setting up the mathematics of the metric. Part II introduces the mathematics of curvature and sets up the physics of general relativity and finishes with the Einstein field equation. Part III applies these ideas to the Universe and studies various models used in cosmology. Part IV turns to smaller structures inside the Universe: stars, black holes and their orbits. Part V contains a more formal treatment of geometry which may be of more interest to those with more mathematical inclinations. Part VI considers general relativity as a type of field theory and examines how one might link the ideas in our best theory of gravitation to our most successful theories of quantum fields.
Riemann curvature and the Ricci tensor
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J.
Published: February 2025

In Chapter 11, we explain how curvature of spaces are described using the Riemann tensor and the Ricci tensor. These will supply the left-hand side of the Einstein equation. Geodesic deviation allows us to identify tidal forces that result from the curvature of spacetime due to gravity.
The triumphs of general relativity
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J.
Published: February 2025

In Chapter 14, we review some of the successes of general relativity that follow from the formalism described in this part of the book. In particular: Many of the topics described in this chapter will then be unpacked in more detail in the rest of the book.
Photons in the Schwarzschild geometry
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J.
Published: February 2025

We determine the paths of photons allowed by a Schwarzschild metric in Chapters 24. Photons are deflected by gravitating objects in general relativity and one can use an effective-energy equation to allow deflection to be calculated. The deflection of light by gravitating stars is one of the classical tests of general relativity. The theory predicts results in excellent agreement with experiment.
A reintroduction to geometry
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J.
Published: February 2025

In Chapter 31, we proceed to upgrade our basic mathematical machinery to provide a modern treatment of tensors. Tensors generalize the notion of vectors and 1-forms. Tensors can be manipulated in a large number of ways to produce tensors of different valences.
The Actus Reus of a Complicit Arms Transfer
Authors: Hamilton Tomas
Published: February 2025

Chapter 4 analyses the legal requirements of actus reus that must be established in order to hold an individual responsible under the Rome Statute for complicity in an international crime, applied to the specific context of weapons transfers. The standards of complicity at the International Criminal Court (ICC) pose particular legal and evidentiary issues for arms traders. The chapter critiques current interpretations of the law, identifies uncertainties, and argues that the outer limits of complicity at the ICC are determined not by ‘aiding and abetting’ as often asserted, but by the mode of liability in Article 25(3)(d)(ii). This provision, subjected to limited ICC jurisprudence, remains open to interpretation as to the degree of contribution, the causal relationship, and the issue of group membership. The chapter concludes that in many atrocity situations, there will be shipments of weapons that significantly contribute to the commission of a crime, satisfying actus reus and leaving issues of mens rea to play a more determinative role in establishing liability.
The Ties that Bind
Authors: Heinzen Jasper
Published: February 2025

Honour formed a key component of the European laws of war. The chapter contextualizes the reasons against the backdrop of wider political, social, and intellectual transformations since the Middle Ages. Chivalry bequeathed an appealing model, but the rediscovery of stoic thought in the sixteenth century exerted the arguably greater influence on the professional formation of modern standing armies. Honour offered guidance where conscience was left to close gaps of the law. Yet as an excursion into the popularization of duelling shows, the moral autonomy that men of honour claimed for themselves in defence of their interpretation of Right also insulated them to a certain extent from the control of the state. The adoption of duelling by common soldiers overlapped with an incipient democratization of military honour in the eighteenth century, which both unified and challenged the stratified organization of armed forces. The Age of Revolutions (1770s–1830s) and the subsequent codification of humanitarian international law to contain total war added urgency to the quest to define which prisoners of war could give parole.
Introduction: The Problem of Normativity
Authors: Copp David
Published: February 2025

This introductory chapter explains the problem of normativity and argues that naturalism deserves a sympathetic hearing. Ethical naturalism is meant to explain two things. First, how is the existence of substantive, basic ethical facts compatible with a scientifically constrained view of what exists? The fact that would make an ethical belief be true would be normative, and it is not clear how a fact could be normative. Second, then, ethical naturalism is meant to (or needs to) explain what the normativity of an ethical fact could consist in. Explaining this is the problem of normativity. Many philosophers think ethical naturalism is completely implausible, but, as the book argues, it alone has the resources to provide a substantive, non-trivial, and realist account of the nature of normativity. This is enough to motivate ethical naturalism.
Rituals of Morality
Authors: Hamo Michal , Kampf Zohar
Published: February 2025

This chapter discusses a specific ritual that encapsulates journalists’ role in reaffirming social norms and values and setting up models for “proper” moral behavior—interview questions regarding regret and sorrow. Keyword searches in a database of Israeli electronic news media from 2008 to 2018 for strings including the Hebrew speech act markers regret (mitkharet) and sorry (mictaer) yielded 627 instances of moral questioning. Three prototypes of the use of such questions were identified: as the ritual shaming of criminal offenders during the coverage of court proceedings, as a challenge in accountability interviews with politicians and public figures, and as eliciting emotion and evaluation in personal interviews narrating the interviewee’s life events. The chapter concludes by discussing the journalistic positionings and the ethical and moral assumptions embedded in these prototypes.
SamBop, Brazuca, and Transnational Polymusicalities
Authors: Gidal Marc
Published: February 2025

Chapter 2, “SamBop, Brazuca, and Transnational Polymusicalities,” uses the framework of transnational polymusicalities—combining transnationalism with the ethnomusicology theory of bimusicality—to interpret the professional musicians who played Brazilian jazz in New York City between 2000 and 2020. The musicians developed affinities and identifications with Brazil and the United States through their prolonged study and practice of music, gaining intercultural competencies with language, customs, history, and interpersonal relations. A discourse among musicians about musical accents, akin to spoken accents, concerns their shortcomings in a second music tradition and relates to assimilation. Despite these competencies, there are potential critiques of inauthenticity and appropriation. Theories of diaspora, Afro-Atlantic, cosmopolitanism, and postnationalism provide alternative and overlapping insights. Example musicians are profiled.
Medieval Jewish Teachings on Exile
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines medieval Jewish teachings that justify exile. By the early Middle Ages, Jews found their way to diasporas across the world. In the eighth century, the center of world Jewry was Baghdad. Then, with the decline of Baghdad, vibrant new Jewish communities emerged, particularly in Muslim Spain. One of the most famous of Spanish Jews was poet and philosopher, Judah Halevi, who wrote odes to the Holy Land. But even Halevi understood that the life of Torah in exile was superior to life without Torah, and he articulated this view plainly. During the same period, smaller Jewish communities developed in northern France and the Rhineland, where they often lived in peace with their Christian neighbors. These Jews, too, justified their diaspora existence, suggesting, for example, that God’s purpose in scattering Jews was to spread recognition of the one universal God and win converts.
Hasidism and the Eastern European Diaspora
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: February 2025

This chapter reviews outstanding defenses of diaspora offered by the great Hasidic masters, reflecting their experience in the new, early modern “homeland” of eastern Europe. There, Jews multiplied and thrived, exercising unparalleled community autonomy. Eastern Europe was home to great yeshivas, where the “portable homeland” constituted by the Talmud offered a ready-made, portable center for living a rich, creative Jewish life. At the same time, in the eighteenth century, a new “populist” movement—Hasidism—emerged in reaction to the extreme intellectualism of the yeshiva. The teachings of the Hasidic masters often gave voice to the experience of feeling “at home.” For example, one Rebbe taught that one who prays with fervor as good as lives in the Land of Israel, while another claimed that one whose breath bears the words of Torah as though breaths the air of the Holy Land. For them, the diaspora itself could be sacred.
Exiles and Their Diasporas
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: February 2025

This chapter asks what is to be learned from the Jewish diaspora experience and Jewish justifications thereof. From the very beginning, Jews have recognized that to be human means potentially to be a refugee. “Leave your homeland, your birthplace, your father’s house” was not just God’s commandment to Abraham; it was a condition for surviving as a human across history. This is a lesson that Jews have learned well, one they can offer others. Need refugees remain separate from their neighbors to preserve their identities? The lesson of Jewish history says “no.” Jews have mostly not separated themselves in their diasporas. Instead, they have adopted the cultures of their neighbors, modifying them slightly or not at all, enriching Jewish life greatly. At the same time, Jewish refugee experience suggests, refugees need not be the same as their neighbors; they may live their identities with conviction, even while making new homes.
An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect,
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: February 2025

Following a preface explaining Shepherd’s reasons for writing, the introductory chapter of ERCE aims to set out Hume’s position concerning “the necessary connexion of cause and effect” largely in his own words. It begins with his views as presented in his A Treatise of Human Nature and then cites An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding to show that he holds the same doctrines in that work. Hume’s “material proposition” is that “Nature may be conceived to alter her course, without a contradiction.” The chapter seeks to show that both works depend on the thesis, stated only in the Treatise, that “it is neither intuitively nor demonstrably certain [that] whatever begins to exist must have a cause of existence.” It is important to refute this thesis, she concludes, because it leads to the dangerous atheistic consequence that there is no “necessity of a great first Cause, and ‘productive principle’ of all things.”
Chapter the Sixth.
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: February 2025

The sixth chapter of ERCE begins by distinguishing and criticizing six different and mutually incompatible definitions of ‘life’ that Shepherd identifies in William Lawrence’s Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man. It then provides Shepherd’s own positive view of life, as a quality originating ultimately from God and mixing with matter to produce a living thing. In this respect, it is analogous to a spark that must be added to combustible materials in order to produce an ongoing fire. Next, it offers eight propositions in summary of the account of causation provided in previous chapters of An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect, and it further diagnoses Lawrence’s alleged errors about that relation. It concludes by describing the most fundamental principles of ERCE as the “true foundations of scientific research, practical knowledge, and belief in a creating and presiding Deity.”
Memories for Public Events in the Internet Age
Authors: Murphy Gillian , Egan Rebecca , Greene Ciara M.
Published: February 2025

While the effect of misinformation on memory has been studied for many decades, the rise of the Internet has resulted in misleading news stories regularly being created and shared online. Research has demonstrated that exposure to this kind of “fake news” can significantly distort memory for public events. Individuals may be more likely to be exposed to stories that align with their ideology as a result of so-called filter bubbles that can form on social media. Likewise, individuals may be more susceptible to false memories for stories that align with their ideology. Thus, social media algorithms may combine with memory mechanisms to polarize our memories of public events. Assessing the “offline” consequences of this online misinformation remains a key methodological challenge in this area. While the Internet has enabled researchers to study misinformation effects on memory in new and innovative ways, connecting these effects to offline behaviors is a critical next step.
Understanding Holocaust Memory on Instagram and TikTok
Authors: Tirosh Noam
Published: February 2025

The Instagram account @Eva.stories went online on May 1, 2019, on Israel’s official Holocaust Remembrance Day. It attracted millions of people to watch a digital adaptation of Éva Heyman’s diary, which was written by a Hungarian Jewish girl who perished in Auschwitz. One year later, a “Holocaust challenge” launched on TikTok, as users posted videos of themselves pretending to be Holocaust victims. Both Eva Stories and TikTok’s #HolocaustPOVchallenge were much debated and criticized by educators, Holocaust memory institutions, and the general public. However, these projects are emblematic of the new ways in which the Holocaust is commemorated and are shaping contemporary Holocaust memory. As such, analyzing Holocaust memory in social media (e.g., such as Instagram and TikTok) can help us better understand the Holocaust memory culture of the current era. This chapter contextualizes current Holocaust memory trends using Andrew Hoskins’s (2017) “memory of the multitude” approach. The chapter demonstrates how new mediated practices of Holocaust remembrance alter the way people engage with and remember Holocaust-related narratives.
The Principles of Entrepreneurial Progress
Authors: 9780197669846  , Fisher Greg
Published: February 2025

Entrepreneurship is messy, uncertain, and complex; knowing what to do to make progress in developing a new venture can be tough and overwhelming. But it need not be. This book draws on years of entrepreneurship research and practice-based insights to distill entrepreneurship down to 12 concrete, actionable, easy-to-understand principles that can be implemented to facilitate entrepreneurial progress. These principles fall into four broad categories: (1) value principles that empower an entrepreneur to create something of value, not just valuable to them but valuable to a broad base of users; (2) action principles that account for how a founder should act to make progress in their entrepreneurial journey; (3) resource principles that pertain to resourcing a new venture and overcoming the resource constraints endemic in entrepreneurship; and (4) big picture principles related to the holistic and integrated aspects of the entrepreneurial journey. For each of the 12 entrepreneurial principles introduced in the book, the author shares multiple intriguing stories that illustrate the principle, distills research that validates the principle in easy-to-understand terms, and describes how the principle can be implemented in practice, including the presentation of a visual tool to concretize the principle and facilitate its implementation. This book provides entrepreneurs with a practical, evidence-based perspective for making meaningful progress on their entrepreneurial journey.
The Problem Principle
Authors: Fisher Greg
Published: February 2025

Entrepreneurial progress entails identifying a meaningful problem to solve. This involves really understanding the issues and challenges confronting the target customer and then attempting to create a solution to address those issues or challenges. To do this, it is valuable to create a clear conception of what problem one is addressing as an entrepreneur, who has that problem, when do they have the problem, where are they when they experience the problem, and why does the problem exist for the target customers. Furthermore, it can be valuable to assess how targets are currently solving or working around the focal problem that your venture addresses. Properly identifying and understanding the problem to be addressed provides an entrepreneur with a clear target and purpose in their venture and product development efforts.
Exploring the Character
Authors: Fullard Annie , Cotter-Lockard Dorianne
Published: February 2025

Musical meaning and character lie at the heart of the rehearsal process. The character of the music established by the composer’s intent, is the essence of what performers wish to communicate as an ensemble. This chapter highlights approaches to interpreting moods, emotions, and meaning, finding a tonal color palette, engaging the imagination, storytelling, and drawing on inspiration from around the world. The authors recommend adopting multidimensional perspectives, such as researching historical references, the use of descriptive words, and finding inspiration through visual art to deepen interpretation. As ensembles explore musical meaning and character presented in this chapter, the joy of discovery and the process of sharing ideas inspires teamwork.
Techniques for Cueing and Breathing Together
Authors: Fullard Annie , Cotter-Lockard Dorianne
Published: February 2025

The concepts in this chapter correlate physical movement with musical character. Cueing develops the ability to communicate through physical motion, improving rhythmic precision and group awareness. Cueing and breathing together are fundamental skills for playing chamber music and are a shared responsibility of ensemble members. The authors introduce the concepts of initiating, inspiring, and responding to replace the traditional concepts of leading and following. The authors reinforce the importance of musical gestures as essential to coordination and expression. This chapter includes guidance on sharing cueing responsibilities and techniques for pantomime cueing, conducting and breathing together, cueing with instruments, and the use of silence as musical gesture. Specific information on cueing for woodwind and brass players is offered by current and former members of Imani Winds.
Making (Faking?) Early Music
Authors: Montagu Jeremy
Published: February 2025

Jeremy Montagu’s final essay, written just months before his death, describes the false advertising and inadequacies of early music-making that he observed throughout his long career in the field. He discusses not only historical instruments but also ornamentation, performance practice issues, and how the early music world is treating its audience. What we know, what we don’t know, what we do, and what we should be doing are all brought into focus through Montagu’s extensive knowledge of the field as a performer, instrument builder, researcher, and museum curator. Sharp and humorous in turn, Montagu makes us all consider how much we are still ‘faking’ early music today.
Racial Justice and the Problem of Consciousness
Authors: Paris William M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter asks, “What explains the ongoing reproduction of racial injustice?” I offer two competing explanations. First, there are explanations that center ignorance or lack of awareness among the general public. Second, there are explanations oriented around the analysis of how society enables and constrains certain social practices. I defend the second account as more plausible and assess how racially unjust societies constrain our expectations for the future even as we have knowledge of their injustice. It is when these societies are no longer able to anchor these expectations (such as during the COVID-19 pandemic) that a crisis consciousness may emerge that readies agents for demanding a new form of life. I argue that utopian consciousness in times of crisis alters our expectations for the future and thus enables new practices. The problem is that these two forms of consciousness rarely appear at the same time to enable social transformation.
“Racial Democracy” as a Fallacy
Authors: Marcondes Guilherme
Published: February 2025

The chapter addresses the challenges of conducting research in the field of fine arts as a Black academic in Brazil. As is the case elsewhere, the boundaries of race in Brazilian academia have been evolving, yet Brazilian academics continue to face a series of obstacles that are specific to their country’s colonial history. The chapter presents some of these challenges with a particular focus on systemic and institutional anti-Black racism. In doing so, the chapter seeks to deconstruct two myths: The first is that Brazil is a racial paradise, where racial mixing occurred in a way that prevented the existence of racism. The second myth is that the field of art is a sphere of freedom and progressivism, and consequently, devoid of prejudice.
The Final Years
Authors: Darden Robert F. , Newby Stephen M.
Published: February 2025

Andraé would not record another gospel album until Mercy in 1994, ten years after No Time to Lose. He kept busy working with Quincy Jones on albums like The Color Purple and The Lion King, with Michael Jackson and with Madonna on the controversial “Like a Prayer.” But the deaths in short succession of his mother Catherine, father Benjamin Sr., and brother Benjamin Jr. left Andraé devastated. He eventually assumed the pastorate of his family’s longtime church, Christ Memorial Church of God in Christ. The album Pray in 1998, like Mercy, barely registered in the gospel music world, as musical tastes and interests had changed. Over the next fifteen years, Crouch battled cancer, diabetes, and serious infections and eventually was forced to quit touring. With the help of friends, he was able to produce Mighty Wind (2006) and The Journey (2010). While neither album sold well, the song “Let the Church Say Amen” with Marvin Winans from The Journey was his final hit song. Crouch released one last project, Live in Los Angeles in 2013, before succumbing on January 8, 2015. President Barack Obama was one of the many who paid tribute to Crouch after his passing, and a two-day “homecoming” service featured the cream of the gospel and popular music worlds.
Conclusion
Authors: Darden Robert F. , Newby Stephen M.
Published: February 2025

In the end, the music and ministry of Andraé Crouch was remarkably consistent. From his earliest concerts and albums, he was concerned with just a handful of pressing issues: evangelism, ecumenicalism, and a belief in the Christian concept that the End Times are approaching soon. Crouch preached when he sang and sang when he preached. He was apparently never tempted to release songs aimed solely at the secular marketplace. Like This father before him, Andraé’s life was instead consumed by Bible study, writing songs drawn from the Bible, and witnessing about his faith to audiences—using the lavish musical gifts he had been given to make the message accessible, memorable, and of the highest musical and rhythmic quality. He believed he was compelled to share the Good News, and that compulsion drove him until his final days.
Navigating the Necessary Evils of Leadership
Authors: Smith Dina Denham , Grandey Alicia A.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores how leaders influence their people and the climate of the organization by the emotions they show and cause in others by their leadership. It examines the dynamics of this emotional influence, illuminating how leaders’ expressions influence climate and performance through (1) emotional contagion—whereby members mimic the emotion shown—and (2) emotional inference—whereby members draw conclusions based on leaders’ emotional expressions, with power magnifying the effect of emotional expressions. The chapter underscores how positive emotions have benefits but must be shown with authenticity and vulnerability to avoid the pitfalls of toxic positivity. Finally, the chapter explores how leadership behaviors evoke emotions. The chapter explains how to navigate “necessary evils” such as layoffs and delivering critical feedback, providing specific strategies for employing compassionate detachment during these difficult conversations.
Digital Surveillance and Its Impact on Media Freedom: Navigating the Legal Landscape
Authors: Henrichsen Jennifer R. , Bloch-Wehba Hannah , Rottman Gabe , Clary Grayson , Hockett Emily
Published: February 2025

This chapter has two aims. First, in light of the US Department of Justice’s revised news media guidelines, the chapter attempts to clarify the scope of US government authority to obtain information about journalists’ communications. The new guidelines, where they apply, appear to provide robust protection from legal process in federal criminal investigations, though they do not explicitly address whether the department may seek process when journalists affirmatively solicit information in a way that, nominally, could support an inchoate criminal charge like conspiracy. Furthermore, the 2022 guidelines revisions, like all previous iterations, do not apply to foreign intelligence surveillance tools, including national security letters. As such, this chapter attempts to provide a broad overview of the main statutes authorizing the government to conduct communications surveillance in the foreign intelligence, national security, and criminal justice settings, and how they interface with the new 50.10 policy (or not). Second, the chapter outlines how some common journalism tools expose reporters and sources to risks in light of this framework. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a better understanding of the legal architecture that facilitates government access to communications records will help journalists make informed decisions about the types of security tools they use.
Conclusion
Authors: Giri Keshab
Published: February 2025

This chapter concludes the book with a discussion about the complex and diverse everyday experiences of female combatants before, during, and after the war as being inseparable from the interlocking systems of oppression and social subjectivities under which they live. Similarly, their complex and diverse everyday experiences in the public sphere are also intertwined with their experiences in the private sphere. This chapter summarizes and analyses the false binaries of victimhood and agency, war and peace, security and insecurity, private and public, and personal and political discussed in the previous chapters. Overall, the concept of “matrices of domination” in a feminist intersectional framework allows for a deeper understanding of the complex and multi-faceted stories and experiences of female combatants by breaking binaries like masculinity and femininity, war and post-war, victimhood and agency, security and insecurity, private and public, and personal and political. Finally, the chapter reflects on the theoretical and empirical implications of the findings from the book.
Why Do Human Beings Have the Custom of Property?
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: February 2025

A custom of intelligent and meaningful human action explains property. As a custom, property is a historical process of selecting actions conditional on the context. This chapter explains how a physical world of human bodies with minds that feel, think, know, and want gives rise to a custom of property with meaning, value, and purpose. In principle there is a complete reductionist account of property based solely on material and efficient causes and in which human actions reoccur synchronically. That is, we can answer the question of how property works in the moment independent of history and function. But we cannot give a full, meaningful account of property without reference to its historical abstract form and purpose. The formal and final causes of property, as marked by our actions, are a part of the custom.
Preferences Do Not Explain Norms; Ideas Do
Authors: Wilson Bart J.
Published: February 2025

Causation in economics and philosophy generally flows from a norm to the individual decision to act or not to act. The incentives, the preferences, the empirical and normative expectations, or the normative principles are the cause for why someone follows a norm. Norms do indeed make us accountable to others. But what such accounts ignore is the reverse direction, norm-leading, from the individual to the community. Why do we care to be accountable to others? Why do we care that we ourselves conform to a norm or that most people believe we ought to conform to a norm? Ideas, again, are primary.
Dreaming of Christendom in the Blue Ridge Mountains
Authors: Massa, S.J. Mark S.
Published: February 2025

This chapter focuses on Christendom College, a small Catholic college in Virginia. Founded in 1977 and with 540 students, Christendom is unapologetic in what it terms its “fidelity to the Catholic magisterium,” meaning that it demands all of its students to finish a core curriculum that is heavy with Catholic theology and philosophy courses. More interesting in terms of this book’s focus, Christendom is committed to what scholars term “integralism”: the belief that the First Amendment to the US Constitution was a mistake, and the church and state should be united, with the Catholic Church as the official religious body. As its mission statement declares: “Our college takes its name from the word that embodies the Christian social and political ideal: a society, a culture, a government in which Christ the King reigns.”
Crime Fiction, Film, and Television
Authors: Norðfjörð Björn
Published: February 2025

The chapter begins with an overview of Icelandic crime fiction and locates it in the larger oeuvre of Nordic noir, before moving on to close analyses of numerous case studies. Baltasar Kormákur’s Jar City (2006, Mýrin) is assessed in light of Arnaldur Indriðason’s source novel with an emphasis on its handling of national identity and gender politics. Óskar Jónasson’s Reykjavík Rotterdam (2008) is compared and contrasted with its American remake, Contraband (2012), directed by Kormákur. Finally, both Óskar Axelsson’s Black’s Game (2012, Svartur á leik) and Kormákur’s television series Trapped (2015–, Ófærð) are discussed in the much larger context of Gérard Genette’s five categories of intertextual relations.
Hollywood Does Iceland
Authors: Norðfjörð Björn
Published: February 2025

Unlike the other chapters of the volume, this chapter is not about Icelandic films per se but foreign runaway productions filmed in Iceland, especially those of Hollywood like Batman Begins (Christopher Nolan, 2005) and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (Ben Stiller, 2013). It opens, though, with a discussion of Jules Verne classic novel Journey to the Center of the Earth and traditional exotic representations of the country. As the chapter shifts to Hollywood productions, it becomes clear that such exoticism of Iceland is alive and well today, although Iceland more typically stands in for other places around the world in Hollywood cinema. In accounting for what is at stake in such complex transnational representation, the chapter draws upon contributions from both geography and landscape theory.
Democratic Crossroads
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: February 2025

After more than a decade of democratic regression, in recent years three major crises have acted to reshape global politics: climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic legacy, and geopolitical conflict. The book examines how these crises are altering the balance between democratic and authoritarian dynamics around the world. It uncovers how they add to the strains on democracy but are also awakening a momentum of democratic resilience and renewal. Conceptual analysis of democratization and autocratization needs to adapt to reflect the impact of these three crises more fully. The book argues that if democracy is to deal with these defining challenges, it requires far-reaching transformation. At this moment of pivotal change, government and societal responses to ecological emergency, the fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine will do much to determine democracy’s fortunes in the future.