bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harvesting Winter Forages to Extract Manure Soil Nutrients
Authors: Rowe Dennis E. , Fairbrother Timothy E.
Published: July 2010

Harvested hay captures soil manure nutrients, which, if not utilized, could cause pollution of surface water or aquifer. This study determined yields of hay and N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu of three winter forages for five harvest systems. Dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod fertilized with swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) effluent was fall seeded with ‘Kenland’ red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), ‘Bigbee’ berseem clover (T. alexandrinum L.), or ‘Marshall’ annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Forage was removed for three springs with single 1 June harvest or with one of four two‐harvest‐day systems: 1 April and 1 June, 15 April and 1 June, 1 May and 1 June, and 15 May and 1 June. Mean herbage yields were similar for the forages, but nutrient yields and best harvest date varied. Ryegrass yields across harvests were similar except for a reduced 1 May and 1 June harvest. 1 April and 1 June was usually the best harvest for the clovers while the single 1 June was the poorest. The use of two spring harvests for the legumes increased yields up to 130% of the single harvest. The legumes yielded up to 64% more N, 24% more P, and 40 and 72% more of the metals Zn and Cu than the ryegrass. The 1 April harvest of berseem clover removed >30 kg ha−1 yr−1 of soil P. Management of soil nutrients is critically affected by choice of winter forage and harvest system.
Crop Simulation Models Can be Used as Dryland Cropping Systems Research Tools
Authors: Staggenborg S. A. , Vanderlip R. L.
Published: July 2010

Dryland cropping systems research in the semiarid Great Plains region requires a substantial investment in land, labor, and other resources. The objective of this analysis was to illustrate that crop simulation models can assist scientists in making more efficient use of these resources by providing insight on potential plant responses to alterations in cropping systems before conducting field research. Models included in DSSAT 3.5 were used to simulate two cropping systems studies that evaluated the inclusion of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] into a traditional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow system in western Kansas and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] into continuous grain sorghum in north‐central Kansas. CERES‐Wheat overestimated wheat yields by 16% although no consistent reason was identified for these errors. The model also simulated complete plant stand losses from winter injury in 5 yr when no stand losses were observed. CERES‐Sorghum underestimated grain sorghum yields by approximately 27% across both studies. Overestimating the impact of water stress on plant growth appeared to be common at the western site, and a lack of response to N when grown in rotation with soybean appeared to be the primary sources of error at the northern site. Using uniform genetic coefficients to span a 19‐yr study also contributed to errors in simulating sorghum yields. CROPGRO simulated soybean within 20% and closely mimicked annual responses of soybean yields to weather patterns. If researchers used these results to evaluate the objectives of both studies before conducting fieldwork, despite the errors, the overall trends would have been similar to those measured in the field. These results would have also enabled researchers to focus their research efforts, thus more efficiently using their resources.
Inheritance and Utilization of Five Dwarfs in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides) Breeding1
Authors: Burton Glenn W. , Forston James C.
Published: July 2010

Height measurements were made on over 39,000 parent, F1, F2, and backcross plants of hybrids involving five dwarf and four normal inbreds of pearl millet, grown in replicated randomized blocks. F1 hybrids between four of the dwarfs were as tall as normal × dwarf hybrids, proving that these dwarfs carried different recessive genes for dwarfness. One dwarf × dwarf hybrid was little taller than its taller dwarf parent, suggesting that both carried similar dwarf genes. Most dwarf × normal F1 hybrids were significantly taller (up to 37%) than their normal parents. Inheritance of dwarfness in D1 and D2 appeared to be conditioned largely by one or two recessive genes. Near‐normal F2 distribution curves and minimum‐gene‐number estimates indicated that dwarfness in D3, D4, and D5 was controlled by more than two recessive genes. When transferred to a near‐isogenic background, dwarfness in D1 and D2 was controlled by single but different recessive genes, named d1 and d2, respectivel.

Gahi‐2 seed, produced by harvesting all seed from a field planted to a mixture of equal numbers of seeds of D1, D2, D3, and D4, contains about 75% of tall hybrids and yields nearly as much as Gahi‐1. Cytoplasmic malesterile dwarfs can be used as females to facilitate singlecross seed production. They will give tall hybrids if tall or different dwarf males are used. By using males carrying the same dwarf genes, short, extra‐leafy, high‐quality forage hybrids can be produced.
Effects of Defoliation and Stem Bruising on Soybeans1
Authors: Weber C. R. , Caldwell B. E.
Published: July 2010

Investigations were conducted to determine the effects of (a) early defoliation on soybeans from emergence through stage 1 and (b) various degrees of stem bruising and defoliation individually and combined.

Data from early defoliation indicated that at least one cotyledon was essential for maximum yield after emergence and, in the absence of the unifoliolate leaves the cotyledons were of value 12 days after emergence. Cut‐off below the unifoliolates and complete defoliation at stage 1 treatments indicated the great recuperative ability of soybean plants.

The bruising and defoliation experiment indicated that bruising and defoliation were interrelated in producing yield loss in soybeans. Stem breakage resulted from the severity and location of the stem bruise, and to the amount of defoliation. Bruising was more important than breakage in causing yield loss.
Inheritance of a Variegated Leaf Pattern in Hexaploid Wheat1
Authors: Briggle L. W.
Published: July 2010

Eight mutant wheat seedlings exhibiting a distinct leaf pattern were observed in an F3 progeny involving a powdery mildew‐resistant line crossed with one which was susceptible. Other F3 plants and all I1, F2, and parent plants were normal green.

Test crosses were made among specific progenies from seven of the original plants and observations made on chlorophyll mutant characteristics. When normal green plants were self‐pollinated or used as female parents with variegated plants, only normal green progeny were produced. Variegated or albino plants (or both) appeared in the progeny only if variegated plants were selfpollinated or used as female parents in a cross. The variegated leaf pattern was maternally inherited.

Variegation could be the result of a sorting out process involving two distinct kinds of plastids (yellow or green), as had been proposed in a similar instance by Pao and Li (6). White and green regions on the variegated leaves were clearly defined; no areas of intermediate tissue were observed. Sorting out of the plastids resulted in some leaves being entirely green, some all white, and some variegated. True‐breeding variegated lines could not be established.
Culm Length and Differential Development of the Coleoptile, Root, and Subcrown Internode of Near‐Isogenic Wheat Lines1
Authors: Chowdhry A. Rehman , Allan Robert E.
Published: July 2010

Five near‐isogenic selections of winter wheat that differ in culm length and the two parental varieties were studied to compare morphohistological development of some seedling characters and to relate the developmental differences to culm length phenotype and genotype. Coleoptile length, subcrown internode length, seedling emergence rate index, total seedling emergence, and culm length were shown to be positively interrelated in most selections. Differential development of coleoptile and subcrown internode length depended generally upon differential enlargement of their parenchyma cells. The single exception to this occurred in Selection 9 where an increased rate of cell division was associated with coleoptile development, but a shortened subcrown internode was attributed to a decreased rate of cell division. On the other hand, parenchyma cell width of neither coleoptile nor subcrown internode showed any relationship with genetic differences that characterize the various near‐isogenic lines. Presence of two separate dwarfing mechanisms was indicated in the material, one of them ineffective in the seedling stage.
Response of Birdsfoot Trefoil and Alfalfa to Various Levels of Shade1
Authors: Cooper Clee S.
Published: July 2010

In 1963 and 1964, birdsfoot trefiol (Lotus corniculatus L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown in the field under full sunlight, and under 51, 76, and 92% shade. Growth of the two species was evaluated in terms of relative growth rate and other attibutes of classical growth analyses.

Relative growth rate (RGR, g/g/week) of birdsfoot trefoil was greater than that of alfalfa under all shading intensities due to a greater leaf area ratio (LAR, dm2/g plant weight). Net assimilation rate (NAR, g/dm2/week) of alfalfa was greater than that of birdsfoot trefoil at high light intensities, but similar at low light intensities. The greater NAR of alfalfa at high light intensities was more than offset by the greater LAR of trefoil. The greater RGR of birdsfoot trefoil did not overcome the initial advantage of alfalfa for greater seed size and initial advantage of alfalfa for greater seed size and initial amount of phgotosynthetic tissue. This adavantage was directly responsible for the final greater yields of alfalfa.

Formulas were derived expressing LAR as the product of leafiness by weight of a plant (leaf weight/plant weight, LWR) and the leaf area per unit of leaf weight (leaf area/ leaf weight, LALW)., Dirrerences iin LAR between species were due to differences in LWR, and those between shading intensities were due to differences in LALW.

Shading reduced yield and plant height proportionately more for alfalfa than for birdsfoot trefoil. It reduced mean area of individual leaves of both species in 1 year, but only slightly affected it in the other. Shading did not affect stands of legumes.
Evaluation of Eight Inbred Lines of Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Nanda Devender K.
Published: July 2010

The general combining ability of eight maize inbred lines was determinedb y meanso f testcrosses with an openpollinated variety and two single crosses. The inbred lines also were grown to observe their usefulness in predicting the perfor~nance of hybrid combinations. Twenty eight possible single crosses amongth e eight inbred lines, excluding the reciprocals, were grown to predict the performance of double crosses. Of the possible 210 double crosses, 28 were randomlys elected and grownt o compare their performance with that predicted from the single crosses by Jenkins' method (b).

The lines were rated similarly by the three testers for mosta gronomictr aits studied. Anyo ne of the three testers could be used for evaluating the lines for general combining ability. The correlations between the testcrosses and the inbred lines were low for grain yield and shelling percentage but they were of sufficiently high magnitude for maturity characters, plant and ear height, and ear length to have predictive value in hybrid development. Positive significant correlations were obtained between the observed performance of double crosses and that predicted from single crosses by Jenkins' method (b) for all characters studied.
Cross‐Pollination of Alfalfa in Cages with Honeybees1
Authors: Kehr W. R. , LaBerge Wallace E.
Published: July 2010

Studies were made to determine the amounts of crosspollination when a white‐flowered clone was grown alone and with purple‐flowered clones in cages using several honeybee management practices. Progeny from seed of the white‐flowered clone were classified for flower color. The 2‐year average percent crossing was 57 when a nucleus colony was used and 72 when bees were intermittently confined. However, 10% crossing was found in the cage which had only the white‐flowered clone. The 72% should probably be adjusted to 62% since 10% contamination may have occurred where bees were intermittently confined.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid in Reducing Fe Chlorosis in Soybeans1
Authors: Mitchell R. L. , Anderson I. C.
Published: July 2010

Natural and artificial chelators appear to play a role in Fe availability. The addition of trace amounts of gibberellic acid (GA) to the culture solution in which soybean plants were growing with suboptimal levels of Fe increased the efficiency of Fe utilization by the plants. This increased efficiency was represented by a reduction of chlorosis symptoms. Possible explanations of this observation are reported. It appears that GA affects the internal metabolism of Fe and improves its activity as indicated by increased concentrations of chlorophyll. The mode of action of the GA is not clear, Apparently it does not chelate the Fe. The GA had its chlorosis‐reducing effect when added to the culture solution but not when sprayed on the soybean leaves.
Seedling Vigor and the Early Nonphotosynthetic Stage of Seedling Growth in Grasses1
Authors: Whalley R. Derwyn B. , McKell Cyrus M. , Green Lisle R.
Published: July 2010

Several species of grasses which have different ratings for seedling vigor were examined for rapidity of germination, seedling growth rates in the dark, and the ultimate length of dark grown seedlings. These are attributes which could be of importance in seedling vigor during the early, nonphotosynthetic stage of seedling growth.

Extreme rapidity of germination largely accounts for the high seedling vigor of Schismus arabicus. In three species and strains of Phalaris, there were indications that rapidity of germination and mean seedling growth rates paralleled their rating for seedling vigor. No relation appeared to exist between total seedling length adjusted to a common seed weight and rating for seedling vigor.
Tetrasomic Inheritance of Resistance in Alfalfa to the Pea Aphid1
Authors: Glover D. V. , Stanford E. H.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of resistance in Medicago sativa L. to the pea aphid, Macrosiphum pisi (Kalt.), was studied a resistant selection 81‐1 and two susceptible selections. An antibiosis test for testing alfalfa plants for resistance to the pea aphid was developed using a controlled environment and a uniform stage of physiological growth. A quantitative score of the surviving aphids per adult day was a reliable index of plant resistance when considered in reference to a susceptible check variety or done. Progenies of the resistant selection 81‐1 were classified either resistant or susceptible on the basis of surviving aphids per adult day. The results obtained from the S1 and S2 segregating progenies indicated that one dominant factor conferred resistance to the pea aphid. The S2 progeny reactions were in accordance with a tetrasomic interpretation. A hypothesis was presented concerning the behavior of the testcross progeny of S1 plants which permits agreement with this interpretation.
Inheritance of Partial Male Fertility in Maize in the Presence of Texas Sterile Cytoplasm1
Authors: Beckett J. B.
Published: July 2010

In tests involving 4 partial pollen fertility restoring maize inbreds, 13 chromosome marker lines, and Texas sterile cytoplasm, chi‐square tests for association of male fertility and marker genes were run on 30 families, and significant or highly significant association was found for 2 of the inbreds. When M14 was used, genes affecting partial restoration were indicated on chromosomes 2 (2 loci), 3, 7, and 9. For K64, similar genes were indicated on chromosome 2 (2 loci), 3 (2 loci), 4, 7, and 10.

These tests indicate that partial restoration of cytoplasmically male‐sterile maize depends on the action of genes located on several chromosomes.
Hordeum jubatum L. Crosses with Hordeum compressum Griseb1
Authors: Schooler A. B. , Nelson Jill , Arfsten Ann
Published: July 2010

A highly fertile amphiploid (2n=42) was obtained between H. jubatum (2n=28) and H. compressum (2n=14). The F1 plants were sterile, taller than either parent, and had a chromosome complement of 2n=21. The amphiploid was obtained by doubling the chromosomes of the F1 hybrid by colchicine treatment. The embryo culture technique was used in obtaining the F1 and amphiploid hybrid plants.
Variation in Oil Content and Its Relation to Other Characters in Oats (Avena sativa L.)1
Authors: Brown C. M. , Alexander D. E. , Carmer S. G.
Published: July 2010

Wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the oil content from groats of 129 spring and 40 winter oat strains. Groats from spring oats varied from 3.8 to 8.5% with a mean of 5.6% oil, while the winter oats varied from 6.8 to 9.8% with a mean of 8.2%. Protein content of the spring oats varied from 15.2 to 20.8% with a mean of 18.4%, while winter oats varied from 16.8 to 20.6% with a mean of 17.1%.

Significant negative correlations were observed between oil content and protein content in spring and winter oats. Yields were not recorded for winter oats but there was a significant negative correlation between yield and protein content of the spring oats. There also appeared to be a slight negative association between kernel weight and oil content, especially in the winter oats.
Inheritance of Seedling and Adult Reaction of Wheat to Stripe Rust1
Authors: Allan R. E. , Purdy Laurence H. , Vogel O. A.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of adult plant reaction of 8 wheat crosses to a stripe rust collection was determined under Pullman, Washington field conditions; an interpretation of the inheritance of seedling reaction of 4 of these crosses was also made under greenhouse conditions. Sources of resistance studied included ‘Nord Desprez’, ‘Dickson 114’, ‘C. I. 13431’, and ‘Spinkcota’. Three loci controlled field adult reaction to stripe rust of two crosses involving Dickson 114, whereas simple monogenic inheritance occurred in crosses C.I. 13431 ✕ ‘Golden’, C.I. 13431 ✕ ‘Itana’, and Spinkcota ✕ Itana. Two complementary loci or epistatis between 2 loci regulated greenhouse seedling reaction of crosses ‘Norin 10‐Brevor 14 ’ Nord Desprez, Spiukcota ✕ Golden, Itana ✕ Spinkcota, and Dickson 114 ✕ Itana.

Greenhouse seedling and field adult reactions were related in all crosses studied in both environments. In the Norin 10‐Brevor 14 ✕ Nord Desprez cross, the same or closely related genetic mechanisms seem to govern field adult and seedling greenhouse reaction.

Resistance typical of crosses involving Dickson 114 and Spinkcota is particularly valuable since some loci controlling seedling and adult reaction are dissimilar, The need to incorporate multi‐factor genetic systems into Pacific Northwest wheat varieties was emphasized.
Epistatic and Other Genetic Variances in Two Varieties of Maize1
Authors: Eberhart S. A. , Moll R. H. , Robinson H. F. , Cockerham C. C.
Published: July 2010

We obtained full‐sib and half‐sib covariances in two open‐pollinated varieties of maize, ‘Jarvis’ and ‘Indian Chief,’ from families derived from both inbred and noninbred parents. These covariances provide estimates of additive, dominance, and certain estimable functions of epistatic variances, and are useful to investigate the relative importance of the different types of genetic variation in these varieties.

Seven characters were studied in both varieties, and no evidence of epistatic variance was noted except possibly for yield in Indian Chief. During development of the random inbred lines natural selection increased ear number and yield in both varieties. It may also have reduced the total genetic variance for characters that showed no change in the mean.

Both the observed and “expected” standard errors were smaller for estimates of variance components obtained from the Design II than from the Design I experiments. Observed standard errors of the experimental error variances were larger than “expected standard errors” for both Designs.

Additive variance appeared to account for the largest proportion of the total genetic variance for all characters in both varieties. Hence, recurrent selection should be effective in improving these varieties.
Mass Selection for Plant Height in Oat Populations1
Authors: Romero G. E. , Frey K. J.
Published: July 2010

The effectiveness of mass selection for uniform plant heights in a heterogeneous and segregating oat population was evaluated.

The mass‐selection procedure consisted of clipping the panicles of the bulk population of plants to a uniform height equivalent to the height of the panicle tips of ‘Cherokee’ oat variety. At maturity, only the top 4 inches of the clipped plots were harvested. The procedure was repeated for 4 consecutive generations (F3 ‐ F0). Check populations originating from the same material, but receiving no artificial selection pressure, were grown each year. Remnant seeds of each generation of the check and mass selected populations were kept in cold storage for future studies.

In 1962, 500 randomly selected seeds from each of the 5 check populations (F2 ‐ F6), from each of the 4 mass‐selected populations, (F3 ‐ F6) and from a pure line, were space planted in the field. At maturity, the surviving plants were harvested individually. In 1963, the progenies from 75 random lines (a line was derived from a spaced plant in 1962) from each of the 10 populations were sown in a randomized block experiment with 4 replications. The attributes measured were plant height, heading date, and grain yield.

The mass‐selection procedure was successful in reducing the mean plant height and the genetic variance of the oat population. In the check population the plant height increased. Mean heading date of the mass selected population was shifted earlier and the mean grain yield higher by the mass selection procedure.

Positive phenotypic and genetic correlations were found between plant height and heading date and between heading date and grain yield, whereas, the corresponding correlations between plant height and grain yield were negative.
Transgressive Segregation in Spring Wheats1
Authors: Smith Glenn S.
Published: July 2010

Crop improvement by hybridization often is described as a method of recombining desired characters as they are found in the two parents. This concept may imply that improvement is limited to the character range of the parents. Plant breeders have found that transgressive segregation for many important characters is of common occurrence if breeding methods such as early backcrossing do not preclude its detection. Examples of useful transgressive segregation are illustrated with the following durums and hard red spring wheats which have been released from North Dakota State University: straw strength — ‘Carleton’ durum; yield — ‘Stewart’ durum; early maturity — ‘Vernum’ durum; macaroni color — ‘Nugget’ durum; milling and baking qualities — ‘Conley’ hard red spring; and stem rust resistance — ‘Justin’ hard red spring. In each example the probable desirability of the parents was established by progeny testing before the last cross was made, and the character displaying transgressive segregation was not one of the prime characters to be recovered. The diversity of the characters exemplifying transgressive segregation encourages further exploitation.
Genetics of Medicago sativa L. I. Inheritance of Dwarf Character, Dw11
Authors: Busbice Thad H. , Wilsie C. P.
Published: July 2010

Cytological studies have indicated that alfalfa is a tetraploid. Recent reports have suggested that it behaves genetically and cytologically as an autotetraploid. The hypothesis, that meiosis in alfalfa is identical to that expected of an autotetraploid displaying random chromosome segregation, was tested by observing the segregation for dwarf plants in a source of plant material from Medicago sativa L.

Dwarf phenotype was found to be controlled by a single recessive gene, inherited tetrasomically. The symbols Dw1 and dw1 were proposed for dominant and recessive forms of the gene at this locus.

The conclusion was based upon a positive test for tetrasomic inheritance. Fifty‐three normal plants, from the self progeny of a plant that segregated 3 normal:l dwarf upon selfing, were analyzed genetically by test crossing. Dwarf plants were homozygous recessive and were used as male testcross parents. Upon testcrossing, 52 of the 53 normal plants segregated with ratios that could likely occur only under tetrasomic inheritance.

There were significant deviations from the expected 5:1 ratio in testcross progenies of plants assumed to be duplex. Preferential pairing of chromosomes was considered the most likely cause of these deviations, but differential transmission of gametes could not be ruled out. If preferential pairing occurred, this would indicate that alfalfa deviates from true autotetraploid behavior in the direction of allotetraploid behavior.
Grazing Preference of Sorghum Varieties and Hybrids As Related to Composition and Grazing Yield1
Authors: Gangstad E. O.
Published: July 2010

Grazing preference of sudangrass varieties and hybrids was directly related to leafiness and factors of chemical composition as expressed in percent crude protein, crude fiber and total sugar. ‘Blackland,’ ‘Rhodesian,’ and ‘Sweet’ sudangrass were more palatable than other seed stocks studied and this palatability advantage was expressed to some degree in the actual grazing yield.
The Effect of Hot Water Treatment, X‐Ray Irradiation and Mesocotyle Grafting on Cytoplasmic Male Sterility of Maize1
Authors: Shumway L. K. , Bauman L. F.
Published: July 2010

Treatment of dry and germinated maize seeds in a water bath at 67 C and 56 C, respectively, resulted in death of a majority of the seeds but did not cause plants of a cytoplasmic sterile line to be male fertile. X‐ray irradiation, while producing aberrant plants, did not cause reversion from sterile to fertile plants. Mesocotyle grafts between sterile and fertile inbred lines did not result in sterility in the otherwise fertile lines or their progeny. These results do not support the theory that a virus is the causal factor for cytoplasmic male sterility in maize.
Effects of Clipping on Red Clover Seed Yields and Seed‐Yield Components1
Authors: Dade Eugene
Published: July 2010

The effects of clipping on seed yields and seed‐yield components of four red clover varieties were determined from 1962 to I965 on 2nd‐ and 3rd‐year stands. The varieties ‘Altaswede,’ ‘Dollard,’ ‘Kenland,’ and ‘Pennscott’ were selected to provide a range of types froln single‐cut to double‐cut. Unclipped plots and plots clipped on May 1 produced higher seed yields than plots clipped on May 21 and June 11. Reduction in seed yields, percent flowering, and number of heads were greater for Altaswede and Dollard than the other two varieties with the progressively later dates of clipping. Slower recovery of single‐cut types, and reduced seed yields from the faster recovering early types within Dollard, were suggested as the reasons for the differential effect of clipping on these varieties. Heads in full bloom on July 5, July 19, and August 2 were selected for collection at maturity. The number of florets per head, seeds per head, and seed weight were significantly lower for the later dates of sampling. An increase in the number of maturing seeds on the plant may have reduced these components.
Environmental Influences on Sterility in Cytoplasmic Male‐Sterile Cottons1
Authors: Sarvella Patricia
Published: July 2010

The influence of different environmental conditions on male sterility was investigated in interspecific cytoplasmic male‐sterile cottons. In Gossypium arboreum cytoplasm, the sterility scores in male‐sterile stocks of cotton showed positive correlations with wind velocity, pan evaporation, and heliometer in the period 2 to 3 weeks before anthesis while maximum and minimum temperatures showed negative correlations. The male‐sterile stocks with Gossypium anomalum cytoplasm had negative correlations with the temperature and heliometer during the same period. Multiple correlations showed interactions between the environmental conditions. Different locations were affected by different conditions.
Rate of Change of Lodging Resistance, Yield, and Test Weight in Varietal Mixtures of Oats, Avena sativa L.1
Authors: Grafius J. E.
Published: July 2010

Two varieties of oats (Arena sativa L.) ‘Simcoe’ and ‘Rodney’ were mixed in 10% incremeuts with ‘Garry’ and planted at two locations in Michigan. The resulting curves relate percentage mixture with percent lodging, yield, and test weight. On the basis of these curves both the slope and the shape of the curve relating percentage mixture to the response to stress are shown to be important factors in determining the success of a multi‐line variety. The slopes and the shapes of the curves for the three traits examined indicate that a 40:60 percent mixture of Rodney and Garry would be advantageous. Some mixtures are detrimental as witnessed by the curve for yield for the Simcoe mixture which dropped off rapidly in a nonlinear fashion when quite small amounts of Simcoe were added to Garry.

In general, some mixtures may tend to inhibit pathogens and favorable mixtures can be found for lodging, test weight, and yield in oats. It is worth noting that the proportions of each line in a mixture may be quite important. In all probability, the success of a multi‐line variety will depend upon how carefully the varieties going into the mixture are chosen and how much consideration is given to the optimum proportions of each line. The random mixing of pure line varieties is likely to produce multi‐line varieties having expected values which are estimates of the mean values of the pure line varieties.
Genetics of Medicago sativa L. II. Inheritance of Dwarf Character, DW21
Authors: Busbice Thad. H. , Wilsie C. P.
Published: July 2010

A previous report described the inheritance of a dwarf mutant in a source of Medicago sativa L. designated source A. A second source of dwarf mutants was discovered in the ‘DuPuits’ variety and was designated source B. The expression of dwarf phenotype was found to be controlled by nonallelic genes in the two sources. The mode of inheritance of dwarf phenotype in source B was investigated.

A recessive gene inherited tetrasomically was found to condition dwarf phenotype in source B. A positive test for tetrasomic inheritance was made through the genetic analysis of the self‐progeny of a simplex plant. The self‐progeny of the simplex plant contained 1/4 duplex plants + 1/2 simplex plants + 1/4 nulliplex plants. This zygotic array could occur only under tetrasomic inheritance. Some evidence of preferential pairing of chromosomes was found.

The symbols, Dw2, and dw2, were suggested for the dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, for this gene conditioning dwarf phenotype.
Cross‐Pollination in Sericea Lespedeza1
Authors: Cope Will A.
Published: July 2010

Percent crossing was determined in two populations of Lespedeza cuneata for 3 years and in one population for 2 years. A simply inherited, partially recessive, low tannin character served as the genetic marker for identifying hybrids.

Chasmogamous seed production ranged from 10 to 38% of the total among populations and years. Percent crossing in chasmogamous flowers ranged from 16 to 43%, and percent crossing for total seed ranged from 2 to 13%.

Plant to plant variation in percent crossing was highly significant, but the crossing percent of individual plants was not consistent from year to year, indicating a large environmental effect relative to genetic. The nature of the environmental effect is unknown, but may be related to the size and activity of the natural pollinator bee populations.

Crossing percent in sericea may often be too low for one generation of crossing inbred lines to be effective to utilize heterosis. A breeding program should be designed for several consecutive generations of intercrossing for seed production.
Stem‐Solidness in Parents and Crosses of Rescue with 25 Foreign Wheats, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Lebsock K. L. , Berg M. A. , Wallace L. E.
Published: July 2010

Parental and F2 populations of 25 foreign wheats crossed with ‘Rescue,’ a solid‐stemmed variety, were evaluated for stem‐solidness. Results indicated that Rescue and the 25 foreign wheats had some stem‐solidness genes in common. Nine foreign wheats were more solid than Rescue and apparently possess a gene (or genes) which may be useful in increasing degree and stability of resistance to the wheat stem sawfly.
Ash and Energy Content of Material From Seven Forage Grasses1
Authors: Hunt L. A.
Published: July 2010

Ash and energy determinations were carried out on material from vegetative stands of seven species of temperate forage grasses grown in boxes in a glasshouse.

The mean ash content of the young leaf laminae (9.7%) was less than that of the mature laminae (11.1%) and sheaths (11.8%). Additionally, there was a significant variation among species in the ash content of the mature laminae. The energy content of the young laminae (4,415 cal/g) was greater than that of the mature laminae (4,290 cal/g) and sheaths (3,935 cal/g). There were no differences in the energy content of leaf material from the various species.

A factor of 4,300 cal/g dry weight is suggested as suitable for converting data from well fertilized vegetative stands of temperate forage species to an energy basis. With material from soils of different fertility, however, the conversion should be based on ash‐free material. for such purposes, a factor of 4,900 cal/g ash‐free dry weight is suggested as suitable.
Effect of Environmental Conditions During the Parent Generation on Seedling Vigor of the Subsequent Seedlings of Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth & Hook1
Authors: Derwyn R. , Whalley B. , McKell Cyrus M. , Green Lisle R.
Published: July 2010

Application of nitrogen and phosphorus to parent plants of O. miliacea increased the number of seeds produced per plant and the mean seed weight. Both the seedling growth rates and the ultimate seedling lengths in the dark independent of seed weight were increased by the fertilizer application to the parent plants. However, these increases were relatively small compared with the increases associated with seed weight. Water stress applied to the parent plants in pots, decreased the seed yield per plant and increased the mean seed weight. Seedling growth or ultimate seedling length, independent of seed weight, was not affected.
Morphological and Cytological Characteristics of Five Trisomics of Sorghum vulgare Pers
Authors: Schertz K. F.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to isolate, distinguish, and characterize the trisomics of a specific cultivar of Sorghum vulgate Pers. Five of 10 possible primary trisomics were derived from a triploid and were increased. They are as follows:

Small‐glume trisomic — glumes yellowish and small in a flexible‐branched panicle; late flowering

Stiff‐branch trisomic — panicle grayish.green with stiff branches; seed brightly colored

Cone trisomic — panicle pointed at emergence, becoming cone‐shaped as flowering progresses

Large‐glume trisomic — panicle rather open‐topped with large glumes

Bottle‐brush trisomic — panicle straight‐sided and white at the apex when it emerges

Each of these trisomics sets stone seed when crossed with other stocks and transmits the trisome chromosome with a frequency sufficient to make recovery feasible in the F1 progeny. One can distinguish hybrid progenies if he is familiar with the characteristics of the trisomics within the parent cultivar.
Use of Shoot‐Root Grafts in Studies of Site of ʿ‐Hydroxycinnamic Acid Synthesis in Melilotus alba1
Authors: Gorz H. J. , Haskins F. A.
Published: July 2010

The content of ο‐hydroxycinnamic acid was measured in shoot‐root grafts involving four combinations of Melilotus alba plants of the CuCuBB and cucuBB genotypes. Six portions from each grafted plant were assayed. Results provide evidence that ο‐hydroxycinnamic acid synthesis occurs in the aboveground parts of sweetclover plants, with limited translocation to the roots. No support was obtained for the view that the root plays an important role in ο‐hydroxycinnamic acid synthesis.
Managerial and Physiological Factors Influencing the Winter Hardiness of Barley in Wyoming1
Authors: Young A. L. , Feltner K. C.
Published: July 2010

The environmental factors air and soil temperature and soil moisture were monitored as they influenced the crown sugars glucose, fructose, and sucrose in three varieties of winter barley planted on two fall dates.

‘Dicktoo’ (winter hardy), ‘Reno’ (intermediate), and ‘Tennessee Winter’ (nonhardy) were planted on August 25 and September 10, 1964, at Laramie, Wyoming. Crown tissue was periodically collected (from October 17, 1964, to May 1, 1965) and analyzed for sugar content.

Later planting enhanced winter survival of Dicktoo and Tennessee Winter, but did not appreciably influence Reno. In Dicktoo, fructose was the major alcohol‐soluble sugar during the fall and early winter, decreased during the late winter, and disappeared at time of spring regrowth. Glucose and sucrose content increased in the late winter and decreased at time of spring regrowth. Fructose content in crowns of Tennessee Winter was significantly lower than in the other varieties, although the trend with time was similar in all varieties. Only small amounts of glucose and sucrose were present in the Tennessee Winter variety at any given collection date.

The important factor in survival of the nonhardy Tennessee Winter variety was apparently soil moisture at the 3‐inch depth and fructose content, while in Dicktoo it was low soil and air temperature and its influence upon the synthesis of total alcohol‐soluble sugars.
Inheritance of Awns in a Cross Between Avena byzantina C. Koch and Avena fatua L.1
Authors: Day A. D. , Thompson R. K.
Published: July 2010

An experiment was conducted in the field to study the inheritance of awn presence and character in a cross between Avena byzantina C. Koch (The ‘Kanota’ variety) and Avena jatua L. The presence of large, dark‐colored, twisted awns on the first and second florets in oat spikelets was found to be controlled by one recessive gene pair.
Effect of Metal Cations on Aldolase from Leaves of Zea mays L. Seedlings1
Authors: Clark Ralph B.
Published: July 2010

Aldolase prepared from 7‐ to 10‐day‐old Zea mays L. leaves was assayed for its response to metal cations. Monovalent cations at concentrations up to 0.2 M and divalent cations at concentrations up to 0.04 M had no stimulatory effect on aldolase activity. Aldolase was completely inhibited by Zn++ and Co++ at 0.04 M, 60% by Fe++ 20% by Mn++, and 0% by Ca++ or Mg++. It was inhibited slightly by NH4+ above 0.1 M, but not by K+ Rb+, Cs+, Li+, or Na+. Cyanide and a,á‐dipyridyl were inhibitory to aldolase above 5 × 10−3 M, but ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 2,3‐dimercapto‐l‐propanol, and pyrophosphate were not. ο‐Phenanthroline inhibited aldolase below as well as above 5 × 10−3 M.

Aldolase was also prepared from corn seedlings grown 14 days in complete, minus‐K, and minus‐Zn nutrient solutions. Aldolase activity was lower in preparations from K‐ and Zn‐deficient plants than in preparations from nondeficient plants. K+ and Zn++ added in vitro to aldolase from K‐ and Zn‐deficient plants did not stimulate the enzyme. The reduced aldolase activity found in mineral‐deficient plants was attributed to reduced protein synthesis rather than to a requirement for metal cations for aldolase activity.
Change in Carbohydrates in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Roots During the Period of Floral Initiation and Seed Development1
Authors: Dobrenz A. K. , Massengale M. A.
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa plants grown under field conditions at Tucson, Arizona, were used to investigate the change in acidhydrolyzable carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch stored in the roots during the time of floral initiation and seed development at three different seasons of the year.

Acid‐hydrolyzable carbohydrates and starch reached their lowest level in the roots more rapidly in plants that were cut in June and August as compared with plants that were cut in April to begin growth for seed production. Floral initiation and development also occurred earlier during the June and August growth periods. This early reduction in stored reserves coincided with early floral initiation and development. The concentration of glucose, fructose, and sucrose was quite low in alfalfa roots during all growth periods. Positive and significant association existed between the concentration of specific carbohydrate fractions in alfalfa roots during the first three weeks after forage removal and seed production, number of pods per stem, number of seeds per pod, and percentage pod set.
Heritabilities of Quantitative Attributes of Oats (Avena sp.) at Varying Levels of Environmental Stress1
Authors: Johnson G. R. , Frey K. J.
Published: July 2010

We grew 27 oat cultivars at 3 levels of soil nitrogen, 4 levels of soil phosphorus, and 3 planting dates to examine the reactions of several agronomic characters to degrees of environmental stress. Each environmental factor was varied in a separate experiment. The experiments were grown in split‐plot designs in which wholeplots were levels of the environmental variables and subplots the cultivars planted in hills spaced 1 foot apart in perpendicular directions.

The degree of stress imposed by a certain level of environmental factor was measured by the relative productivity of the attribute in question. For most attributes, stress was reduced with increasing increments of nitrogen and phosphorus and with earlier plantings. However, adding nitrogen increments increased the stress for 100‐seed weights, and early planting increased stress for number of spikelets per panicles and 100‐seed weights. Intraplant competitive, caused by the increased numbers of panicles produced per plot when nitrogen was applied or the oats were planted earlier, may have induced stress on spikelet and seed development.

In general, genotypic variances among the oat cultivars increased as the environmental stresses were reduced. Environmental variance, however, also tended to increase so that heritabilities did not always increase with reduced environmental stress.
Cross‐Pollination Studies Involving Three Purple‐Flowered Alfalfas, One White‐Flowered Line, and Two Pollinator Species1
Authors: Pedersen M. W.
Published: July 2010

White‐flowered alfalfa was equal to colored‐flowered alfalfa in attracting nectar‐collecting honeybees, but less attractive for pollen‐collecting leaf‐cutting bees. Comparisons of white‐ and colored‐flowered alfalfa for percentage of stainable pollen, nectar sugar per flower, and pollen extrusion were not significantly different. Cross‐pollination was higher for honey bees than leaf‐cutting bees (45.4%:41.2%), but seed production was higher for leaf‐cutting bees (315 g:265 g). Cross‐pollination but not seed yield was affected by the bee by variety interaction. This highly significant interaction occurred because cross‐pollination of white‐flowered alfalfa paired with ‘Uinta’ alfalfa pollinated by leaf‐cutting bees was low, but high when pollinated by honey bees. The percentage of crossing on spaced white‐flowered alfalfa plants as determined by colored hypocotyls was 54.9, with a standard error of 1.8. This compares with a value of 74.4% for hand‐crossed seed without emasculation.
Small Sample Oil Analysis of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex. R. E. Fries) Seed1
Authors: Robinson L. R. , Leininger L. N.
Published: July 2010

A technique for determining oil percentage in small samples of safflower and crambe is given. Ten tons of pressure combined with two solvent washes may give adequate oil extraction for gross separation of breeding material
Combining Ability of Six Medicago sativa L. Clones for Uterotrophic Activity1
Authors: Stuthman D. D. , Davis R. L. , Stob Martin
Published: July 2010

Six alfalfa clones which differed for uterotrophic activity based on assays in 6 different years were selected for this study. All possible combinations of crosses were made between these clones, and their uterotrophic activity assayed with castrated female mice. The crosses were significantly different in three harvests taken over 2 years. A combining ability analysis showed that only general combining ability was significant in the last two harvests; however, only specific combining ability was significant in the first harvest. Percent stem was measured in the first two harvests and was negatively correlated with uterotrophic activity. A visual rating of foliar disease was positively correlated with uterotrophic activity in the last harvest; however, there were few visual symptoms of foliar diseases in the first two harvests.
Sunflower Development at Latitudes Ranging from 31 to 49 Degrees1
Authors: Robinson R. G. , Bernat L. A. , Geise H. A. , Johnson F. K. , Kinman M. L. , Mader E. L. , Oswalt R. M. , Putt E. D. , Swallers C. M. , Williams J. H.
Published: July 2010

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) varieties were planted May 14, 1965, at nine locations in central North America ranging from 31 to 49° north latitude. Second plantings were made at four locations to study the effect of planting date.

Seed was soaked before planting and irrigation and fertilizer were used where needed to minimize location differences in water imbibition by seed, soll moisture, and soil fertility.

In plantings made May 14, the growth periods ‐ planting to emergence, emergence to ray flowers, and planting to ray flowers ‐ increased greatly from south to north each degree of latitude northward, days from planting to ray flowers increased on the average nearly 2 days. Whether growing degree‐days from planting to ray flowers decreased, varied about an average, or increased from south to north was dependent upon the temperature base chosen. Heights and leaves per plant showed no trend associated with latitude. The lengthening of the three periods of growth from south to north may have been due to temperature gradient rather than photoperiod, since leaves per plant showed no trend associated with latitude. However, daylight durations for the northern and southern locations were only about 16 and 14 hours, respectively, when photoperiod effects occurred.

When practical dates of planting for the locations were compared, i.e., April 5 at 31° latitude and May 14 at 49° latitude, daylight duration when photoperiod effects occurred was about 13 hours in the south and 16 in the north. Under this range of photoperiod, three closely related inbreds ‐ ‘HA6,’ ‘HA7,’ and ‘HA43’ ‐ responded morphologically like short‐day plants. Therefore, when such inbreds are used for hybrid seed production, latitude and planting date are important considerations.
Parent‐Offspring Relationships in Kleingrass, Panicum coloratum L.1
Authors: Potts Howard C. , Holt Ethan C.
Published: July 2010

Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.), a recently introduced warm season, perennial bunchgrass, has many characteristics which are desirable in a forage grass. The relationship among and the variability in six agronomic characteristics of kleingrass were determined by the performance of both selfed ($1) and open‐pollinated (O.P.) progeny. Considerable genetic variation was apparent among the 42 parental clones, based on the performance of both types of progeny. “Broad sense” heritability estimates were similar regardless of the kind of progeny used for making these estimates. The “narrow sense” estimates, using the parent‐offspring regression method and based on S1 progeny, indicated that the additive portion of genetic variance was limited. The same estimates based on O.P. progeny were 50 to 80% higher, indicating that considerable inbreeding took place in the parental plants of this reportedly cross‐pollinated species. The results of this study strongly support the theory that adjustment for inbreeding must be made to obtain accurate heritability estimates regardless of the species studied or the breeding system involved, symbolically h2 = b/2rxy.