bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Aspects on Bottom of the Pyramid in Emerging Economies
Authors: Paviera Milo , Khalik Mahmoud
Published: September 2015

Despite the growing body of literature on the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP), much remains unclear and more research is needed in a number of areas as this chapter will highlight. Firstly, the broad literature is reviewed which includes looking at definitions and different strands of research undertaken in the field. The chapter then presents three key sectors that the authors believe have the most potential to aid poverty alleviation, while proposing that other types of studies can be conducted for other sectors that are more likely to lead to consumer satisfaction. Points of departure are offered, before discussing microfinance and then latterly in the context of Latin America. The chapter uses secondary data to show key countries and institutions serving the BoP, and to highlight important aspects that merit further attention. Implications for policy makers and practitioners are offered, and this is followed by a number of directions for future research.
The Significance of Institutionalism for Increasing Wealth at Multi-Levels of Latin American Small States
Authors: Mena Otto , Miller Leon
Published: September 2015

The text states the problem in connection with defining the dilemma of small states, the advantages and disadvantages of being small and gives a brief background of how the problem developed, a brief history of how dependency developed and at the same time offers a solution, a futuristic perspective on development planning that eliminates the problem of dependency. The authors argue that the attempts of supra national institutions and NGO's to foster a Neo Liberal approach to development without implementing strategies for bolstering the social institutions of particular states has crippled their effort to create sustained economic development, although it has contributed to spiking material assets and creating a bubble for the financial sector and certain segments of production but per capita income of the general public has not benefited from such strategies and indeed on some cases their interest of the general public has been hurt.
Mobile Financial Sectoral System of Innovation
Authors: Webb Heather C.
Published: September 2015

With the increase of economic growth in Latin America, the mobile finance (m-finance) sectoral system of innovation model is applied as an analytical framework in order to focus in on the technological infrastructure and regulatory structure. The SSI approach links innovation to the interactions of the different actors in the system. Innovation is either the process of creating or the recombining of knowledge for some new use to become an outcome of that process. Innovation does not sit within the boundaries of an organization nor does it sit neatly at one level, but instead it is a multifaceted construct. Therefore, this chapter presents aspects of the sectoral system of innovation (SSI) of mobile finances within the Latin America region.
Public-Private-Academic Cooperation as a Trust Building Mechanism
Authors: Virzi Nicholas , Portillo Juan , Aguirre Mariela
Published: September 2015

The chapter will be a case study from an Ordoliberal perspective of the conception, implementation and policy output of the newly created Private Council of Competitiveness (PCC) in Guatemala, a country wracked by mistrust of the public sector by the private sector. The PCC was founded as a private sector initiative, in conjunction with academia, to work with the government to spawn new efforts aimed at augmenting Guatemala's national competitiveness, by fomenting innovation, entrepreneurship and closer ties between academia and the public and private sectors. The chapter utilizes first hand interviews with the members of the PCC and key public sector players, academics, and other top representatives from the private sector to show how working together built the trust necessary to make the PCC a successful working body with the potential to produce important initiatives in matters of competitiveness, innovation and entrepreneurship.
Online Tools for the Modern Entrepreneurs Fueled by Trust
Authors: Guzmán Nery Fernando , Martínez Sergio , Monzón Helen Michelle
Published: September 2015

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) as an emergent region has showed a high economic growth at the recent history. Its economic growth has been higher than the world general performance during a half of a century. Since 1960 to 1980, LAC was the region with the highest economic growth per decade. Unfortunately, the great economic growth stopped with the Debt Crisis which macroeconomic non desirable effects were sensible during the next decade. As a solution at international level. One of the barriers to start a business is the financial factor. The crowdfunding is a group of people dedicated to create a network in order to get financial help from people that are willing to support a business idea.
Knowledge Management and the Medical Health Librarians
Authors: Entico Gladys Joy E.
Published: September 2015

Knowledge management can make healthcare organizations to become more collaborative, transparent, and proactive. If implemented well, it can change the health care delivery system over the next few decades into a more economical, error-averse, and responsible public resource. This study focused on the roles of medical head librarians in the knowledge management programs of the seven (7) selected tertiary hospitals in the Philippines (The Medical City, Makati Medical Center, Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, St. Luke's Medical Center, Fatima University Medical Center, Iloilo Doctors' College for the Iloilo Doctors' Hospital, and the University of Perpetual Help-Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical Center). The data gathered from survey questionnaires and interview showed that medical head librarians from the selected private tertiary hospitals in the Philippines do have roles in the knowledge management programs of their organizations. These roles can be a leader role, a key role, or a non-key role.
Law Library Consortium in Metro Manila
Authors: Jaafar Tadz Majal Ayesha Verdote
Published: September 2015

This chapter gives an overview of special libraries, the management of special libraries, law libraries, and their management and administration. It discusses how the five managerial functions are exercised in law libraries in the Philippines based on the data in the study of the author. It also illustrates the need of the law libraries to collaborate, and discusses the model of a law library consortium proposed by Jaafar (2012). The views of the administrators of the parent institutions of the participant law libraries on their libraries and the propose consortium (based on the said study) are also discussed. At the end of the chapter, some of the recommendations in the aforementioned study were adopted and updated based on the emerging trends and other references for further studies.
Social Media and Special Collections
Authors: Baylen Danilo M. , Cooper O. P.
Published: September 2015

Studying social media's presence and prevalence of use in a specific context can be challenging to researchers who may need a comprehensive data collection strategy and sizable amount of resources. Using a population of university libraries' special collections websites based on purposive sampling strategy, the researchers want to find out how social media is used or integrated in the delivery of special collections services. The findings provided an opportunity for researchers to discuss the importance of creating a model for designing an expanded study, and for generating preliminary ideas pertaining to development of policies relevant to the integration of social media particularly in special collections, and in academic libraries as a whole.
Local Studies Centers in the Philippines
Authors: Perez Martin Julius V.
Published: September 2015

Local studies centers are specialized information centers combining a library, an archives and a museum in terms of the range of the collections, and serving one purpose of preservation of knowledge about a certain locality defined in all facets. In the Philippines, these local studies centers were established as early as 1975 and from there, different local studies centers were established. This chapter aims to present an introductory text to the local studies centers in the Philippines. It describes and identifies what a local studies center is based on the structure and characteristics of existing local studies centers in the Philippines, specifically: organization and administration; collection; and services and programs. Further, this chapter intends to present select established local studies centers in the Philippines.
Preservation Management in Company Libraries
Authors: Yasue Akio
Published: September 2015

From the library preservation point of view, it is important to distinguish two types of collections in special libraries. The first type is the general collection which serves for the daily library and information needs of clients. It is a time–limited collection and should be evaluated by its use. Good collection care is what is most necessary for the preservation of a general collection. The other type is the special collection which should be evaluated by its historical value. It is a permanent collection and should mostly be conserved in original format. In the preservation of this type of special collection, conservation treatment, reformatting, and other preservation measures would be necessary in addition to collection care. This chapter delves into the best practices in managing and preserving corporate and special libraries.
Reduction of Setup Time through SMED Approach
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Prabir Kumar , Naik Sandeep , Ganguly Kunal K.
Published: September 2015

This paper discusses various issues involved with process improvement in pharmaceutical manufacturing firms which creates impediment in introducing change in manufacturing process and refers to the initiatives taken by PAT (Process Analytical Technology) Framework, which encourages pharma companies to introduce change in manufacturing processes for productivity improvement. Setup time contributes a substantial amount of reduction in machine availability in pharma companies. Through a case study of a pharma manufacturing firm the paper explains how SMED can be implemented resulting substantial saving of down time without increasing the work load of the operators. It shows how the activities involved in machine setup can be divided in two classes—internal and external—and how ECRS (Eliminate, Combine, Rearrange and simplify) principles can be applied to reduce the activity time.
The Greening of Data Centers with Cloud Technology
Authors: Pawlish Michael J. , Varde Aparna S. , Robila Stefan A.
Published: September 2015

This article presents a decision support system to provide green or energy efficient solutions for data centers that maintain computers and peripherals to serve organizations. Traditionally, data centers catered to all operations using in-house servers. Cloud technology provides alternatives to outsource operations heading towards greenness. However, using cloud services for all data center operations may have its pitfalls. In this paper, the authors analyze various data center parameters such as carbon footprint and power usage effectiveness along with cloud-based and server-based models. They consider data mining techniques of decision trees and case based reasoning in their work. Among other findings, they head towards a hybrid model that meets the demands of productivity, energy efficiency and related factors. These findings lead to the development of the decision support system. The authors describe the research, development and evaluation of the system. They conclude with important outcomes deployed in real-world scenarios in data center management.
Developing Instruments for Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) Post-Implementation Failure Model
Authors: Motiei Malihe , Zakaria Nor Hidayati , Aloini Davide , Sekeh Mohammad Akbarpour
Published: September 2015

Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) projects in many organizations are faced with failure concept in recent years. Researchers focused to implement ERP projects successfully by proposing the success model. However, through these attentions to get ERP benefits, the ERP failure measurement model is required. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop the instruments for ERP post-implementation failure measurement model. To achieve this outcome, the study firstly evaluates the suitability of Technology-Organization-Environment framework for the proposed conceptual model. Constructs were used for this model included two formative and six reflective constructs. A questionnaire was developed to test the validity and reliability of instrument items. A survey was conducted among Iranian industries to collect data and data analyzed by Smart PLS software. The results indicated that all instruments items included 37 critical risk factors (CRFs) as measurement were acceptable for the ERP post-implementation failure model.
Occurrence of mislabelling in prepared fishery products in Southern Italy
Authors: Tantillo Giuseppina , Marchetti Patrizia , Marchetti Patrizia , Mottola Anna , Mottola Anna , Terio Valentina , Terio Valentina , Bottaro Marilisa , Bottaro Marilisa , Bonerba Elisabetta , Bonerba Elisabetta , Bozzo Giancarlo , Bozzo Giancarlo , Di Pinto Angela , Di Pinto Angela
Published: September 2015

Fish authentication is a major concern not only for the prevention of commercial fraud, but also for the assessment of safety risks deriving from the undeclared introduction of potentially dangerous toxic or allergenic substances or environmentally damaging fish where endangered species are involved. Moreover, food authentication might affect the diet of certain groups of consumers, such as followers of religious practices. Considering the authentication of fish products is one of the key issues in food safety, quality and sustainability, the aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence of mislabelling in sole (Solea solea), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and hake (Merluccius merluccius) fillets from markets and supermarkets located in Apulia (Southern Italy) using DNA barcoding. The results of the molecular investigations reveal that 42/98 (42.8%) fillet samples were not correctly labelled. In particular, 12/27 (44.4%) fillets of sole (Solea solea) were identified as belonging to Solea senegalensis. In addition, 13/28 (46.4%) plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) samples were identified as Pangasius hypophtalmus. All Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) samples were correctly labelled. Post-sequencing data analysis revealed that 17/30 (56.6%) hake fillets (Merluccius merluccius) were not correctly labelled, of which 8/30 samples identified as Merluccius hubbsi, 5/30 samples as Merluccius products and 4/30 as Merluccius capensis. The study reveals a high occurrence of species mislabelling in the prepared fish fillet products, further evidence of the need for increased traceability and assessment of the authenticity of food products.
Virus infections of honeybees Apis Mellifera
Authors: Tantillo Giuseppina , Bottaro Marilisa , Di Pinto Angela , Martella Vito , Di Pinto Pietro , Terio Valentina
Published: September 2015

The health and vigour of honeybee colonies are threatened by numerous parasites (such as Varroa destructor and Nosema spp.) and pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa. Among honeybee pathogens, viruses are one of the major threats to the health and wellbeing of honeybees and cause serious concern for researchers and beekeepers. To tone down the threats posed by these invasive organisms, a better understanding of bee viral infections will be of crucial importance in developing effective and environmentally benign disease control strategies. Here we summarize recent progress in the understanding of the morphology, genome organization, transmission, epidemiology and pathogenesis of eight honeybee viruses: Deformed wing virus (DWV) and Kakugo virus (KV); Sacbrood virus (SBV); Black Queen cell virus (BQCV); Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV); Kashmir bee virus (KBV); Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV); Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV). The review has been designed to provide researchers in the field with updated information about honeybee viruses and to serve as a starting point for future research.
A rare case of discrete aortic coarctation in Williams-Beuren syndrome. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations
Authors: Mannarino Savina , Keizman Eitan , Pasotti Michele , Codazzi Alessia Claudia , De Sando Elisabetta , Giamberti Alessandro
Published: September 2015

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a genetic disorder caused by elastin gene deletions, and is characterized by cardiovascular malformations, primarily including supravalvular aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary stenosis. We report a case of a neonate who developed severe discrete aortic coarctation, underwent multiple surgical interventions, and was subsequently diagnosed with WBS. Severe discrete aortic coarctation is a rare event in WBS newborns. An abnormally thick aortic wall is present in these patients and is the basis of the failure of the classical approach towards coarctation repair, which consists of end-to-end anastomosis as first surgical choice. Our case, and a very few similar previously documented cases, have all demonstrated recoarctation, which only aortic patch implantation was able to successfully repair. In light of this, we would also like to underline the importance of early WBS diagnosis. Therefore, even in mild syndromic phenotype such as low birth weight or facial dysmorphism that raise the suspicion of a genetic syndrome, it is advisable to perform fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis rather than merely karyotypic one.
Health evaluations in Africa – A review of the health strand held at the 7th Biennial Conference of the African Evaluation Association
Authors: Berhane Edna
Published: September 2015

Although Africa has made significant progress in public health over the past several decades, it still faces a very high burden of disease compared to the rest of the world. This overwhelming disease burden is further aggravated by a lack of adequate financial and human resources for health, inequitable distribution of health services, and other social, economic and political factors. Given these constraints, it has become critical for African countries to ensure that health interventions are selected based on evidence and implemented efficiently and effectively to ensure desired outcomes and impact. This has led to an increasing appreciation for monitoring and evaluation as an integral element of programme planning, implementation and scale-up. The importance of M&E within the health sector was recently reflected in the fact that the health evaluation strand was the largest at AfrEA’s 7th Biennial International Conference, held over 3 days in March 2014 in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The health strand, which had nine sub-themes, was sponsored, managed, and supported by the USAID-funded AfricanStrategies for Health (ASH) project. This review summarises the health strand presentations, and panel and roundtable discussions. The evaluations featured in the strand were diverse interms of health area focus, evaluation methodology, language and authors’ affiliation. More than 21 African countries from all regions of sub-Saharan Africa were represented. Among thekey recurrent messages highlighted during the conference were the importance of: data use for planning and improving health programmes, data quality, well-functioning M&E systems and identifying and sharing best/good practices.
Potential for false-positive HIV test results using rapid HIV testing algorithms
Authors: Audu Rosemary A. , Okoye Rosemary N. , Onwuamah Chika K. , Ige Fehintola A. , Musa Adesola Z. , Odunukwe Nkiruka N. , Onwujekwe Daniel I. , Ezechi Oliver C. , Idigbe Emmanuel O. , Kanki Phyllis J.
Published: September 2015

Background: In order to scale up access to HIV counselling and testing in Nigeria, an HIV diagnostic algorithm based on rapid testing was adopted. However, there was the need to further evaluate the testing strategy in order to better assess its performance, because of the potential for false positivity.Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare positive HIV test results obtained from the approved rapid testing algorithm with results from western blot tests performed on samples from the same patient.Methodology: A retrospective review was conducted of HIV screening and confirmatory results for patients seen between 2007 and 2008. Rapid test and western blot results were extracted and compared for concordance. Discordant results were further reviewed using a combination of HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4+ cell count test results and clinical presentation from medical records.Results: Analysis of 2228 western blot results showed that 98.3% (n = 2191) were positive for HIV-1, 0.4% (n = 8) were positive for HIV-2 and 0.3% (n = 7) were dual infections (positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2); 0.6% (n = 13) were indeterminate and 0.4% (n = 9) were negative. Further investigation of the 13 indeterminate results showed nine to be HIV-1 positive and four to be HIV-negative, for a total of 13 negative results. The positive predictive value of the HIV counselling and testing algorithm was 99.4%.Conclusion: Using the rapid testing algorithm alone, false positives were detected. Therefore, effective measures such as training and retraining of staff should be prioritised in order to minimise false-positive diagnoses and the associated potential for long-term psychological and financial impact on the patients.
Clinical learning experiences of male nursing students in a Bachelor of Nursing programme: Strategies to overcome challenges
Authors: Buthelezi Sibusiso F. , Fakude Lorrain P. , Martin Penny D. , Daniels Felicity M.
Published: September 2015

Background: Male nursing students are faced with more challenges in the clinical setting than their female counterparts. The ways in which male nurses are viewed and received by nursing staff and patients have an impact on how they perceive themselves and their role in the profession. These perceptions of self have a significant impact on their self-esteem. This study was conducted to explore the clinical learning experiences of male nursing students at a university during their placement in clinical settings in the Western Cape Province, and how these experiences impacted on their self-esteem.Objectives: To describe the learning experiences of male nursing students during placement in clinical settings, and how these impact on their self-esteem.Method: A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted. Purposive sampling was used to select participants. Three focus group (FG) discussions, consisting of six participants per group, were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted by means of Coliazzi’s (1978) seven steps method of qualitative analysis.Study findings: The following three major themes were identified: experiences that related to the constraints in the learning environment, the impact on the self-esteem, and the social support of students working in a female-dominated profession.Conclusion: Male nurses should be supported in nursing training, as the rate at which males enter the profession is increasing.
‘Dink voordat jy praat’: Die krag van die tong by Philo en Jakobus
Authors: Steyn Gert J.
Published: September 2015

‘Think before you speak’: The power of the tongue by Philo and James. It is appropriate to reflect on the ability of language in pursuing and establishing peace. This contribution briefly explores the Jewish Wisdom literature, the Jewish-Hellenistic philosophy of the corpus Philonicum and the wisdom genre of James 3 as valuable sources on the power of the tongue. At least five practical guidelines regarding speech and its role in the creation of peace are deduced from these three collections of literature: the tongue might be small, but its effects are powerful; believers’ speech should be characterised by truth and honesty; there are times when one needs to speak up and openly; but there are also times that one should be cautious and rather keep quiet; wisdom is needed in exercising the ability to differentiate when to speak and when to keep quiet. It is important, however, to develop the ability to distinguish when to speak and when to keep quiet.
Alternative assessment to enhance theological education
Authors: Oliver Erna
Published: September 2015

The knowledge driven, network society that is founded upon technology, demands from students to become independent, confident and motivated life-long, self-directed learners that can transfer their knowledge, skills and values. In order to deliver this type of graduates from a diverse and unequal student pool, effective education must be provided. Educators are encouraged to focus education on student-centeredness and to use technology effectively. Alternative assessment methods that are technology driven could enable both educators and students to become more effective in this environment. This article advocates the use of alternative assessment methods by using technology driven assessment tools for possible replacement of traditional, paper based and ‘one size fits all’ assessment methods within theology. The SECTIONS framework was used to evaluate ten alternative assessment tools that are in accord with the development within society.
Die etos van die Hervormde Kerk in die derde millennium
Authors: Nel Johan
Published: September 2015

The ethos of the Reformed Church in the third millennium. This article aims at revisiting the ethos of the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa. There are concerns over the vast numbers of members, especially young members that leave the church. Special interest is taken in view of the ethos of the church in the third millennium. The author was curious about the understanding of members of the church as far as the ethos is concerned. A study which included two different groups within the church indicated that further investigation and research are inevitable in order to broaden the view on the future of the church even more. Factors such as the opinions of members of the church regarding the ethos and the question whether the understanding of the ethos has any impact on the declining of membership numbers could contribute to this debate.
The university, the city and the clown: A theological essay on solidarity, mutuality and prophecy
Authors: De Beer Stephan
Published: September 2015

This essay is informed by five different but interrelated conversations all focusing on the relationship between the city and the university. Suggesting the clown as metaphor, I explore the particular role of the activist scholar, and in particular the liberation theologian that is based at the public university, in his or her engagement with the city. Considering the shackles of the city of capital and its twin, the neoliberal university, on the one hand, and the city of vulnerability on the other, I then propose three clown-like postures of solidarity, mutuality and prophecy to resist the shackles of culture and to imagine and embody daring alternatives.
Equine encephalosis in Thoroughbred foals on a South African stud farm
Authors: Grewar John D. , Thompson Peter N. , Lourens Carina W. , Guthrie Alan J.
Published: September 2015

Thoroughbred foal body temperature data were collected from shortly after birth until shortly after weaning during the 2007/2008 season on a stud farm in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Equine encephalosis (EE) caused by EE virus (EEV) serotype 4 (EEV-4) occurred in the foal group during the first autumn after their birth (March and April 2008). A descriptive study was undertaken to provide data on the EEV maternal antibody status, the association between pyrexia and EEV infection, and the incidence of infection amongst the foals prior to and during the episode. This included the frequent capturing of foal body temperature data and regular collection of serum and whole blood during pyretic episodes. Infection by EEV was determined using both virological and serological methods. A high EE incidence of at least 94% occurred amongst the foal cohort, despite the fact that 37% of foals had previously shown maternal antibody to EEV-4. Pyrexia in foals was not directly associated with EE infection and 41% of infected foals showed no detectable pyretic episode. Information obtained from this EE episode showed the high incidence of EEV infection in foals during the first autumn after their birth. Monitoring foal body temperature can alert farmers to outbreaks of infectious disease, such as EE. These results are relevant to the epidemiology of EE and facilitate greater understanding of it as a differential diagnosis of African horse sickness (AHS), given that EE and AHS have similar epidemiologic profiles.
Quantifying and applying modularity in the Afrikaans film industry (1994–2014) as a complex network
Authors: Senekal Burgert A.
Published: September 2015

Network theory has become an indispensable theoretical framework for the study of complex systems, and significant advances have been made within the community of physicists who study network topology. One problem, however, is that applications have been less extensive than theoretical and algorithmic developments, and in this article, the concept of modularity is discussed and applied to the Afrikaans film industry in order to investigate how modularity can inform us about the structure of this industry. By constructing a network of everyone involved in all the Afrikaans films released between 1994 and 2014, modularity is calculated, using the Blondel et al. algorithm. And it is illustrated that some directors tend to use similar groups of people in their films, but it is also indicated that other directors use more diverse sets of people. Suggestions are made as well for further research.
Pineal Gland Lymphoma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gupta Akshya , Johnson Mahlon , Hussain Ali
Published: September 2015

A 65-year-old male presented to our institution with acute-onset headache. Imaging studies demonstrated a mass in the region of the pineal gland, with subsequent histopathology findings being consistent with large B cell lymphoma. The patient was treated with methotrexate, but ultimately did not survive. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma rarely involves the pineal gland, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pineal gland tumors in the appropriate clinical setting.
The application of digital technology in community health education
Authors: Ren Wen , Huang Conglin , Liu Ying , Ren Jingjing
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of the internet and information technologies, coupled with a variety of digital media, the digital technology has become a conventional method of health education for the general public and has the potential to influence health behaviors. Our aim was to conduct a review of how digital technology projects have been used in the health education and health promotion, as well as the disadvantages and barriers in the process.
Effects of rearing feeding programme on the young rabbit females’ behaviour and welfare indicators
Authors: Martínez-Paredes E. , Ródenas L. , Pascual J.J. , Blas E. , Brecchia G. , Boiti C. , Cervera C.
Published: September 2015

Restriction of young rabbit females during rearing is a widespread management technique that could have negative consequences on their welfare and behaviour. In the present work, a total of 24 young rabbit females aged 9 wk were used to evaluate 3 rearing feeding programmes until first parturition: CAL, fed ad libitum with a control diet [C: 11.0 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 114 g digestible protein (DP) per kg dry matter (DM)]; CR, receiving the C diet restricted (140 g/d) from 12 wk of age; and F, fed ad libitum with a low energy/high fibre diet [F: 8.7 MJ DE and 88 g DP per kg DM]. F females presented lower body weight than CAL and CR females at week 18 (–0.4 kg and –0.2 kg; P<0.05), but differences in body weight disappeared at parturition. Feeding programme affected the daily feed intake of young females during rearing and gestation periods (on av. of 2 periods: 140, 127 and 179 g DM/d, for CAL, CR and F females, respectively; P<0.001). Blood levels of glucose and insulin decreased with the age of rabbits (from 97 to 73 mg/dL for glucose and from 11 to 6 μUI/mL for insulin at 13 and 20 wk, respectively; P<0.001). Concentration of non-esterified fatty acids was higher in the blood of CAL females (+0.13 mmol/L compared to F; P<0.05), while corticosterone was higher in F females (+0.7 μg/dL compared to CAL; P<0.05). The type of feeding schedule affected the lying still and eating behaviour (P<0.01) of CR females, especially before and after feeding supply, as well as their behavioural stressed indicators (stereotypies; P<0.01), which were more frequent in CR females before feeding supply at 20 weeks of age. Therefore, ad libitum use of a low energy/high fibre diet is an adequate feeding programme for young rabbit females, which does not alter their behavioural patterns.
Can organic matter flux profiles be diagnosed using remineralisation rates derived from observed tracers and modelled ocean transport rates?
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Ridgwell A. , Barker S.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The average depth in the ocean at which the majority of sinking organic matter particles remineralise is a fundamental parameter in the ocean's role in regulating atmospheric CO2. Observed spatial patterns in sinking fluxes and relationships between the fluxes of different particles in the modern ocean have widely been used to invoke controlling mechanisms with important implications for CO2 regulation. However, such analyses are limited by the sparse spatial sampling of the available sediment trap data. Here we explore whether model ocean circulation rates, in the form of a transport matrix, can be used to derive remineralisation rates and infer sinking particle flux curves from the much more highly resolved observations of dissolved nutrient concentrations. Initially we show an example of the method using a transport matrix from the MITgcm model and demonstrate that there are a number of potential uncertainties associated with the method. We then use the Earth system model GENIE to generate a synthetic tracer data set to explore the method and its sensitivity to key sources of uncertainty arising from errors in the tracer observations and in the model circulation. We use a 54-member ensemble of different, but plausible, estimates of the modern circulation to explore errors associated with model transport rates. We find that reconstructed re-mineralisation rates are very sensitive to both errors in observations and model circulation rates, such that a simple inversion cannot provide a robust estimate of particulate flux profiles. Estimated remineralisation rates are particularly sensitive to differences between the "observed" and modelled circulation because remineralisation rates are 3–4 magnitudes smaller than transport rates. We highlight a potential method of constraining the uncertainty associated with using modelled circulation rates, although its success is limited by the observations currently available. Finally, we show that there are additional uncertainties when inferring particle flux curves from reliable estimates of remineralisation rates due to processes that are not restricted to the vertical water column transport, such as the cycling of dissolved organic matter.
Tremor during ice stream stick-slip
Authors: Lipovsky B. P. , Dunham E. M.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. During the 200 km-scale stick slip of the Whillans Ice Plain (WIP), West Antarctica, seismic tremor episodes occur at the ice–bed interface. We interpret these tremor episodes as swarms of small repeating earthquakes. The earthquakes are evenly spaced in time and this even spacing gives rise to spectral peaks at integer multiples of the recurrence frequency ~ 10–20 Hz. We conduct numerical simulations of the tremor episodes that include the balance of forces acting on the fault, the evolution of rate- and state-dependent fault friction, and wave propagation from the fault patch to a seismometer located on the ice. The ice slides as an elastic block loaded by the push of the upstream ice, and so the simulated basal fault patch experiences a loading velocity equal to the velocity observed by GPS receivers on the surface of the WIP. By matching synthetic seismograms to observed seismograms, we infer fault area ~ 10 m2, bed shear modulus ~ 10 MPa, effective pressure ~ 10 kPa, and state evolution distance ~ 1 μm. Large-scale slip events often occur twice daily, although skipped events have been increasing in frequency over the last decade. We observe that tremor seismic particle velocity amplitudes are greater during the double wait time events that follow skipped events. The physical mechanism responsible for these anomalously high seismic amplitudes may provide a window into near-future subglacial conditions and the processes that occur during ice stream stagnation.
Analyzing airflow in static ice caves by using the calcFLOW method
Authors: Meyer C. , Meyer U. , Pflitsch A. , Maggi V.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. In this paper we present a method to detect airflow through ice caves and to quantify the corresponding airflow speeds by the use of temperature loggers. The time series of temperature observations at different loggers are cross-correlated. The time shift of best correlation corresponds to the travel time of the air and is used to derive the airflow speed between the loggers. We apply the method to test data observed inside Schellenberger Eishöhle (ice cave). The successful determination of airflow speeds depends on the existence of distinct temperature variations during the time span of interest. Moreover the airflow speed is assumed to be constant during the period used for the correlation analysis. Both requirements limit the applicability of the correlation analysis to determine instantaneous airflow speeds. Nevertheless the method is very helpful to characterize the general patterns of air movement and their slow temporal variations. The correlation analysis assumes a linear dependency between the correlated data. The good correlation we found for our test data confirms this assumption. We therefore in a second step estimate temperature biases and scale factors for the observed temperature variations by a least squares adjustment. The observed phenomena, a warming and a damping of temperature variations depending on the distance the air traveled inside the cave, are explained by a mixing of the inflowing air with the air inside the cave. Furthermore we test the significance of the determined parameters by a standard F test and study the sensitivity of the procedure to common manipulations of the original observations like smoothing. In the end we will give an outlook on possible applications and further development of this method.
Interfacing Women Participation and Community Environmental Education: A Step towards Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Mukoni Manuku
Published: September 2015

The goal of the paper was to contribute to the education for sustainable development discourse by arguing that at the interface of community environmental education, an initiative subsumed under education for sustainable development and education for sustainable development lie women. A literal analysis of available literature was done through the framework of education for sustainable development to argue for the need to interface women participation with community environmental education. The paper also shows that akin to education for sustainable development frameworks are the processes of collaboration and dialogue, engagement of the whole system including the marginalized and silenced voices.
When Smitty Stopped Pretending to Snore
Authors: Pettit Alexander
Published: September 2015

Travis Bogard's reliance on final authorial intention as the principal criterion in his selection of copy-texts for the Library of America edition of O'Neill's plays sometimes disadvantages scholars interested in, for example, performance and reception. For work on thirteen plays in particular, scholars will do well adjunctively to consider states other than those on which Bogard based his texts.
“Anna Christie,” Chris Christophersen, and dat ole davil Broadway
Authors: Boulos Daniel
Published: September 2015

Many scholars have examined “Anna Christie” and its ending, frequently suggesting that the play functions well as a barometer of O'Neill's artistic growth at a critical juncture in his development as a playwright. This article argues that in revising Chris Christophersen, the play out of which “Anna Christie” was born, O'Neill purposefully addressed criticisms leveled at the play in an effort to generate a commercial hit, but struggled to maintain the essence of the original title character. The end result was a play in which Chris, a beloved protagonist more suited to the world of the Glencairn plays, was cast adrift in the unfamiliar world of the Broadway show shop.
ALTERAÇÕES QUÍMICAS DE UM CAMBISSOLO HÚMICO CAUSADAS POR FLORESTAMENTO COM Pinus taeda EM ÁREA DE CAMPO NATURAL
Authors: Abrão Simone Filipini , Da Rosa Suzana Ferreira , Reinert Dalvan José , Reichert José Miguel , Secco Deonir , Ebling Ângelo Augusto
Published: September 2015

Objetivou-se verificar se a introdução da espécie Pinus taeda L. em solo sob campo natural pode degradar quimicamente a qualidade do Cambissolo Húmico. O estudo foi conduzido na região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, no município de Cambará do Sul, RS, Brasil. Para isso, foram escolhidas duas áreas de estudo, uma em primeira e a outra em segunda rotação, com 13 anos de idade. Para cada povoamento, foi avaliada conjuntamente uma área de campo natural adjacente (testemunha). Em cada área, foram abertas cinco trincheiras e coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades 0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,20; 0,20-0,40 e 0,40-0,60 m. Os atributos químicos do Cambissolo Húmico foram alterados, com reduções no teor de bases trocáveis (cálcio e magnésio), nas camadas superficiais, enquanto os teores de fósforo apresentaram-se maiores nas áreas com povoamentos. O pínus também alterou os níveis de alumínio trocável e a acidez do solo, elevando os teores de alumínio e reduzindo o pH. Os teores de carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio total foram reduzidos na camada mais superficial do solo, porém esse comportamento muda na segunda rotação, em que a área com plantio de pínus manteve níveis de C e N similares aos do campo original. AbstractImpact of afforestation with Pinus taeda in chemical attributes of a Haplumbrept. The This research aimed  to determine whether  Pinus taeda L. cultivation on a Haplumbrept, previously under native grassland, would degrade soil chemical quality. The study was conducted in the region of Campos de Cima da Serra, in Cambará do Sul, RS, Brazil. We selected two areas, one in the first and another in the second rotation, aged 13 years. A contiguous area with grassland (control) was studied for each pine stand. In each area, five trenches were opened and soil samples collected in 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m soil layers. Chemical soil analyses revealed reduction in exchangeable bases (calcium and magnesium) in surface layers, but phosphorus content was higher in areas with pine stands. The forest also altered exchangeable aluminum and soil acidity, increasing the contents of aluminum and reducing pH. Total organic carbon and total nitrogen were reduced in the surface, but this behavior changed in the second rotation, where soil with pine maintained C and N contents similar to the original field.Keywords: Acidity; nitrogen; organic matter; C/N relation.
PRODUTIVIDADE DO TRATOR FLORESTAL CHOCKER SKIDDER NA EXTRAÇÃO DE MADEIRA EM TERRENOS DECLIVOSOS
Authors: Lopes Eduardo Silva , Diniz Carlos Cavassin
Published: September 2015

Este trabalho objetivou analisar os tempos do ciclo operacional e a produtividade do trator florestal chocker skidder na extração de madeira em diferentes classes de declividade e distância, visando gerar informações para o planejamento eficiente das operações e o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos disponíveis. O trabalho foi realizado em uma empresa florestal localizada no município de Itararé, SP. Foi realizado um estudo de tempos e movimentos do ciclo operacional, determinando disponibilidade mecânica, disponibilidade técnica, eficiência operacional e produtividade da máquina em diferentes condições de distância de extração e declividade do terreno. Os resultados indicaram que as atividades que consumiram a maior parte do tempo do ciclo de trabalho foram o “arraste do cabo e engate” e “desengate das correntes”, com 28% e 11% do tempo total, respectivamente. Houve redução da produtividade da máquina com o aumento da declividade do terreno, sendo mais evidente nas menores distâncias de extração e mostrando a sensibilidade dessa variável nessa condição operacional.AbstractProductivity of forestry tractor chocker skidder in extraction of wood on steep terrain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the time consumed by the elements of the work cycle and the productivity of a chocker skidder in extraction of wood at different slope terrain and distances classes, generating information for efficient planning of operations and better utilization of available resources. The study was conducted in a forestry company located in the municipality of Itararé, São Paulo State. A motion and time study of the operational cycle was performed, determining the mechanical availability, technical availability, operational efficiency and productivity of the machine in different conditions of extraction distance and terrain slope. The results showed that elements of the work cycle which most time consuming were the "drag cable and engagement" and "disengagement of the currents" that consumed the greatest operational cycle of the machine with 28% and 11% of the total time, respectively. A reduction machine productivity with increasing of the terrain slope, being stronger in the smaller extraction distances and, showing the sensitivity of this variable in this operating condition.Keywords: Timber harvesting; operational planning; optimization.