bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-LEARNING: CURRENT STATE OF PROBLEM IN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF RUSSIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors: Shkapenko T. M.
Published: June 2021

The development level of e-learning in Russian, European and American universities is analyzed in the paper on the basis of latest statistic data. Russian system of education is standing behind western countries in this field. The reasons for this are characterized in this paper, and the necessity of accelerated introduction of e-learning as the means of survival and preservation of competitiveness of national system of education is argued.The author believes that in the era of open knowledge society, when different universities offer distant education allowing to study without leaving house, the introduction of e-learning is the only way to fight for survival of national system of education. Therefore universities in different countries pool their intellectual and financial resources in order to gain their own niche in the market of cross-border education. The author comes to conclusion that in the situation, when Russia is threatened with not only real but virtual outflow of students as well, we have to admit that fast development of distant education is the only way to save national intellectual capital. Introduction of distant education should create the alternative to traditional methods and become an important part of overall strategy of Russian national universities.
PERAMALAN INDEKS HARGA PROPERTI RESIDENSIAL MENGGUNAKAN METODE BAYES
Authors: WIRYADANA PUTU GDE BUDHA , SUMARJAYA I WAYAN , SUKARSA I KOMANG GDE
Published: June 2021

Residential property is a property in the form of building which serves as residence or house. House has function as a place whether to take a rest, to take cover and to get together with family. Residential property price indices (RPPIs) forecasting has aim as a development planning by the developer to avoid shortages or excess of home supplies. This research aims to model and predict the RPPIs using the Bayes method for 2020 to 2021. The data used in this research is the data from RPPIs of Denpasar city from 2012 in the first quarter to 2019 in the fourth quarter. Then, the method which is used is Bayes method with autoregression (AR) model in forecasting RPPIs. Therefore, it obtained mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for forecasting the next one period with () equal to 0,4049416%. For the result of RPPIs forecasting in Denpasar city from 2020 the first quarter to 2021 the fourth quarter has an insignificant increase with an average difference for each quarter increased by 0,3568%.
Toxicological and behavioral impacts of atrazine on Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) in choice tests
Authors: Demolin Leite Germano Leão , Rodrigues Bispo Edilson Paulo , Costa Alvarenga Anarelly , De Paulo Paula Daiana , Soares Marcus Alvarenga , Lemes Pedro Guilherme
Published: June 2021

Weeds should be controlled with low impact methods and selective agrochemicals that have little or no effect on non-target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the herbicide atrazine (triazine class) on 10 Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species. A female of 10 species of these natural enemies was individually placed in a glass test tube (free-choice test) with two paper cards containing 45 Anagasta (Ephestia) kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs (treatment and control), with 10 replications. The cards were sprayed with the herbicide atrazine at 8.07 L/ha; the control was sprayed with distilled water. Parasitism by these natural enemies was allowed for 48 h. Atrazine changes the behavior of female parasitoids, reducing the parasitism (≈ 71 %) and emergence (≈ 74 %) rates and sex ratio (≈ 74 %) of the Trichogrammatidae species, except for Trichogramma galloi and T. bennetti. No females emerged from eggs parasitized by T. acacioi, Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. atopovirilia, T. bruni, T. brasiliensis, T. demoraesi, and T. soaresi with atrazine. The results revealed that atrazine herbicide is harmless to T. bennetti and T. galloi, but it was moderately harmful (80 – 99 % reduction) to the other Trichogrammatidae species based on the parasitism and emergence rates.
Sistem Informasi Pelayanan Pasien Studi Kasus Klinik Jati Husada Tangerang
Authors: Herdiansah Arief , Fitriawati Nora , Hariri Achmad
Published: June 2021

Klinik Jati Husada merupakan salah satu klinik yang berada di kabupaten Tangerang, Dalam menjalankan operasionalnya klinik ini masih menggunakan cara kerja pencatatan data pasien dengan manual sehingga seringkali menghabat proses pelayanan dan pelaporan hasil aktifitas klinik, berdasarkan hal tersebut peneliti berinisiatif melakukan penelitian untuk membuat sebuah perancangan dan membangun sistem informasi pelayanan pasien di klinik. Peneliti menggunakan metode pengumpulan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif, dengan melakukan aktifitas observasi, wawancara dan penyebaran form survey. Peneliti menggunakan UML (Unified Modeling Language) dalam membuat pemodelan desain program berorientasi objek (OOP) dari sistem yang dikembangkan. Proses pembangunan sistem dalam penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan sistem waterfall dan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dalam proses pembagunan aplikasinya. Metode pengujian sistem yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah black box testing dimana peneliti menguji setiap modul yang tersedia di sistem yang dikembangkan bersama-sama pengguna dan peneliti telah memperbaiki semua modul yang dirasa kurang sesuai dengan permintaan pengguna. Sistem informasi pelayanan pasien yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini telah membantu klinik Jati Husada melakukan pengelolaan data pasien jauh lebih baik. Peneliti berharap sistem pelayanan pasien yang dibangun ini dapat menjadi referensi atau contoh bagi klinik pengobatan ditempat lain yang sejenis. AbstractJati Husada Clinic is one of the clinics in the Tangerang district. In carrying out its operations the clinic uses manual data entry and recording of patients, it holds the process of service and reporting the results of clinical activities, based on these conditions the researchers conducted research to make a design and building a patient service information system in the clinic. Researchers used qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, by conducting observation activities, interviews and distributing survey forms. Researchers use UML (Unified Modeling Language) in making object oriented program design (OOP) modeling of the developed system. The system development process in this study uses a waterfall system development model and uses the PHP programming language in the application development process. The system testing method used in this study is black box testing where the researcher and users have tested every module available in the developed system and the researcher has corrected the modules that have not been in accordance with the user's request. The patient service information system generated from this study has helped Jati Husada clinic to manage patient data much better. Researchers hope that the patient service system developed can be a reference or example for clinics in other similar places.
Analisis dan Perencangan Aplikasi E-Learning Berbasis Gamification (Studi Kasus Program Studi Sistem Informasi Institut Teknologi Kalimantan)
Authors: Putra M. Gilvy Langgawan , Octantia Hemy
Published: June 2021

Pembelajaran pada institusi pendidikan khususnya perguruan tinggi pada era teknologi ini sebagian besar telah memanfaatkan penggunaan teknologi, seperti penggunaan power point untuk menyajikan materi dan penggunaan google classroom untuk memudahkan penyampaian berbagai file materi dan tugas. Walaupun telah menggunakan bantuan teknologi, terkadang kegiatan pembelajaran tetap dirasa membosankan bagi mahasiswa sehingga membuat motivasi belajar mahasiswa menurun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang sebuah aplikasi pembelajaran online atau e-learning berbasis gamification yang dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar mahasiswa. Perancangan aplikasi dilakukan dengan metode pengembangan waterfall hingga tahap modelling. Perancangan e-learning diterapkan untuk pembagian materi, tugas, dan pelaksanaan ujian. Beberapa elemen gamification yang diterapkan pada perancangan aplikasi ini adalah challenge, reward, dan leaderboard. Sistem poin juga diterapkan pada fitur challenge dan pengguna dapat menukarkan poin tersebut dengan reward tertentu. Pada penelitian ini, dijelaskan bagaimana merancang sebuah aplikasi e-learning dengan metode gamification. Perancangan aplikasi pada penelitian ini menghasilkan 42 diagram use case, skenario use case, diagram sequence, class diagram, ERD, dan mock up aplikasi. AbstractLearning in educational institutions, especially universities in this technological era, has mostly taken advantage of the use of technology, such as the use of power points to present material and the use of google classrooms to facilitate the delivery of various material files and assignments. Even though they have used technology assistance, sometimes learning activities are still considered boring for students, so that students' learning motivation decreases. The purpose of this research is to design an online learning application or e-learning based on gamification which can increase student motivation. The application design is carried out using the waterfall development method to the modeling stage. The e-learning design is applied for the distribution of materials, assignments and exams. Some of the gamification elements applied to the design of this application are the challenges, rewards, and leaderboards. The point system is also applied to the challenge feature and users can exchange these points for certain rewards. In this paper, how to design an e-learning application with the gamification method will be explained. Application design in this paper developing 42 use case diagram, use case scenarios, sequence diagrams, class diagram, ERD, and application mock ups.
Evaluasi Performasi Ruang Warna pada Klasifikasi Diabetic Retinophaty Menggunakan Convolution Neural Network
Authors: Dewi Candra , Santoso Andri , Indriati Indriati , Dewi Nadia Artha , Arbawa Yoke Kusuma
Published: June 2021

Semakin meningkatnya jumlah penderita diabetes menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab semakin tingginya penderita penyakit diabetic retinophaty. Salah satu citra yang digunakan oleh dokter mata untuk mengidentifikasi diabetic retinophaty adalah foto retina. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengenalan penyakit diabetic retinophaty secara otomatis menggunakan citra fundus retina dan algoritme Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) yang merupakan variasi dari algoritme Deep Learning. Kendala yang ditemukan dalam proses pengenalan adalah warna retina yang cenderung merah kekuningan sehingga ruang warna RGB tidak menghasilkan akurasi yang optimal. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian pada berbagai ruang warna untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik. Dari hasil uji coba menggunakan 1000 data pada ruang warna RGB, HSI, YUV dan L*a*b* memberikan hasil yang kurang optimal pada data seimbang dimana akurasi terbaik masih dibawah 50%. Namun pada data tidak seimbang menghasilkan akurasi yang cukup tinggi yaitu 83,53% pada ruang warna YUV dengan pengujian pada data latih dan akurasi 74,40% dengan data uji pada semua ruang warna. AbstractIncreasing the number of people with diabetes is one of the factors causing the high number of people with diabetic retinopathy. One of the images used by ophthalmologists to identify diabetic retinopathy is a retinal photo. In this research, the identification of diabetic retinopathy is done automatically using retinal fundus images and the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm, which is a variation of the Deep Learning algorithm. The obstacle found in the recognition process is the color of the retina which tends to be yellowish red so that the RGB color space does not produce optimal accuracy. Therefore, in this research, various color spaces were tested to get better results. From the results of trials using 1000 images data in the color space of RGB, HSI, YUV and L * a * b * give suboptimal results on balanced data where the best accuracy is still below 50%. However, the unbalanced data gives a fairly high accuracy of 83.53% with training data on the YUV color space and 74,40% with testing data on all color spaces.
The Escape of the Black Self
Authors: Moshoadiba Monethi William , Senokoane Boitumelo Ben
Published: June 2021

This article explores the question whether blacks can escape their blackness. This is motivated by assertions that blacks have tried to become white and as a result have ultimately adopted self-destructive behaviour against themselves. The Biblical text of Exodus 2:11–25 will be used as a key argument to propagate the view that blackness cannot be escaped and should not be regarded as something to escape. The article argues that blackness is natural and above all, beautiful and good. The current xenophobic attacks and bleaching of black skin will also be exposed and interrogated as fundamental problems and possible motivation for blacks wanting to escape the black Self.
Identity Reconstruction of the Great Zimbabwe National Monument: An Indigenous Knowledge Systems Perspective
Authors: Rugwiji Temba T.
Published: June 2021

Various theories have been advanced on the identity of the people who built the Great Zimbabwe National Monument (GZNM). On the one hand, some ancient Mediterranean communities (Lebanese and Phoenicians) are associated with the construction of GZNM. On the other hand, some archaeological discoveries have claimed that the unique architecture could be assigned to King Solomon and Queen of Sheba, suggesting a religious/biblical basis regarding the construction of the structures. In some instances, those in favour of local indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) argue that the Shona people of the Rozvi dynasty in Zimbabwe were the architects of the magnificent structure. Despite voluminous literature published to date, including more recent contributions, consensus has not been reached on the identity of the people who constructed GZNM. From an IKS perspective, this study attempts to reconstruct an identity formation surrounding GZNM by exploring some similarities in terms of cultural customs between the Ancient Mediterranean World (AMW) and the Shona people of Zimbabwe. The aim of such an investigation is to search for some certainty about the identity of the people who built GZNM. The research findings will complement and contribute to the existing body of knowledge about GZNM.
Church and Empire: Evangelisation by the OMI among British, Indians, Afrikaners and Indigenous People of Southern Africa (1852–1874)
Authors: Henriques Alan Charles
Published: June 2021

The British proclaimed the Colony of Natal on 4 May 1843. Therefore, the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate entered a British Colony to begin their work among the indigenous people of southern Africa. There was further contact with colonial society during the Basotho Wars (1858–1868), when Blessed Joseph Gerard supported Chief Moshoeshoe. This explains the options taken by the Oblates to work in close collaboration with the indigenous people in their fight to defend their property and sovereignty. The period covered is from 1852 until 1874 when Bishop Allard was in charge of the Vicariate of Natal. This paper deals with why the Oblates were more successful in Lesotho than among the Zulu in Natal. Brief mention is made of Indians in Durban, British missionaries in Natal and Afrikaners during the Lesotho wars. The role of culture in the evangelisation of people is an important theme within missiology and pastoral theology today. There needs to be an investigation why this was not the case in the early stages of evangelisation in South Africa and Lesotho—as being considered within this study. The first steps of evangelisation among the Zulu and Basotho were quite different and indicate growth in awareness and strategy of the Oblate missionaries in the effort to evangelise the indigenous people. The works of Brain, Skhakhane, Levasseur and Zorn were consulted, and archival resources from the Hurley Archives (Missions 1867–1868) investigated. The correspondence of Bishop Allard and his Journal Failure and Vindication was also consulted in the research process.
From Scandinavian Missionary Activity to an African local Church: A History of the Free Pentecostal Fellowship in Kenya (1955 to 2018)
Authors: Joshua Stephen Muoki
Published: June 2021

This article reconstructs the history of a Pentecostal denomination in Kenya that was established by Scandinavian missionaries from two missionary agencies, namely the Norwegian Pentecostal Mission (NPM) and Swedish Free Mission (SFM), during the early 1950s. It relies on oral narratives by early African clerics, missionaries and church leaders as well as archival materials such as minutes, correspondence and reports to argue that the 60-year history of the Free Pentecostal Fellowship in Kenya (FPFK) may be periodised into three major epochs: the period of beginnings (1955â€“1984); the period of collaboration (1984â€“1996); and the period of nationalisation (1997â€“2018). It further contests that the present challenges for the church, such as the schism between Swedish and Norwegian sections, financial instability and the collapse of its national institutions, as well as an over emphasis on rural evangelism and a failure to penetrate the Kenyan urban life, are directly linked to its Scandinavian heritage.
The Leven House Factor in the Birth of Digo Mission and Christian Empire in East Africa
Authors: Gathogo Julius M.
Published: June 2021

Leven House, as it exists in the 21st century in Mombasa city of Kenya, remains one of the most historic buildings in eastern Africa. In our focus on both the birth of the Christian Empire in East Africa (that stretches from the Kenyan Coast to the Democratic Republic of Congo), and the Digo Mission that began in 1904, Leven House becomes a critical issue. As the Anglican Diocese of Mombasa commemorated 114 years of the Digo Mission (1904â€“2018) in December 2018, serious issues emerged regarding the birth of Protestant Christianity in the region. One of the issues is the nature of English missions during the 19th and 20th centuries in Africa, where the Christian symbol of the flag was preceded by the British flag. The second issue is the nature of Arabic civilisation on the East African coast, which went hand-in-hand with the spread of Islam. Third is the conflict among the three ruling Omani dynasties (Yorubi, Busaidi, and Mazrui) as one major factor that ironically favoured Christian missions in eastern Africa. Fourth is the role of Mazrui-Omani Arabs, a Muslim society, in midwifing Christianity in East Africa. Was Christianity in East Africa mid-wifed by Mazrui-Omani Arabs via their provision of Leven House to the British soldiers in 1824? Was the feuding of the three Arab Omani clans a blessing in disguise that aided the establishment of the British Empire and the Christian missions that went hand-in-hand? In its methodology, the article historicises the issues at hand in order to retrace the events that paved ways for the establishment of the Christian Empire and the Digo Mission in particular. In a nutshell, the problem statement is: What is the role of Leven House in the establishment of the Digo Mission in particular, and Christian Empire in general?
John Calvin’s “Institutes of the Christian Religion”, by B. Gordon
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: June 2021

Book Review
Killings and Violence in Northern Mozambique within a Context of Religion: Muslim and Christian (2017–2018)
Authors: Da Silva Fernando Caldeira
Published: June 2021

The killings and beheadings of people in northern Mozambique continue to pose a serious challenge to Christians, Muslims and the economy in the region. From October 2017, over 200 people have been killed by an Islamic terrorist group, which many know as “Mozambican Al Shabaab”; possibly linked to the original terrorist organisation. The growing violent actions result from various conditions both in Tanzania and in northern Mozambique. By addressing these conditions, this article highlights the role played by religion related to the violence in northern Mozambique. It deals with the historical background of the growing violence and explores who is behind the Mozambican Islamic extremists. Additionally, the article also studies the violence as directly affecting Christian populations, as well as Muslims who do not support the Mozambican Al Shabaab activities. The main questions are: What are the characteristics of the people of northern Mozambique? Who is behind the killings? Why are they doing it? And, what is the impact of this violence on Christianity in the region?
Structural Violence against Women in the Pentecostal Movement: Proposals for a South African Deconstruction Strategy
Authors: Nel Marius
Published: June 2021

The phenomenon of discrimination against women within Pentecostal churches in terms of ministry and leadership is investigated to propose a strategy for deconstructing such structural violence. The violence is described in terms of a case study, the history of a prominent South African Pentecostal denomination (Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa) that initially recognised the involvement of women in all forms of ministry; subsequently in the 1940s refusing their ministry as preachers and pastors, and eventually at the end of the 1970s offering them the same ministerial privileges as for males. Their recognition is, however, characterised by a practical non-application of a church order that in effect represents the commitment of violence against women. It is argued that the change in perspectives of women’s ministry and leadership is hermeneutical in nature. To deconstruct it would need revisiting Pentecostalism’s original hermeneutic as well as restoring its restorationist urge of egalitarianism and inclusiveness.
Fredrik Franson (1852—1908): Promoter of Mission in Southern Africa
Authors: Reifler Hans Ulrich , Sauer Christof
Published: June 2021

Fredrik Franson (1852–1908), a dual citizen of Sweden and the USA and an international revival evangelist, is among the most significant mission founders and mobilisers of the Holiness Movement during the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Within 22 years he founded 15 faith missions, four free-church federations in Europe and North America and several independent churches in the USA, New Zealand and Australia. This article focuses on the episodes of his life relating to southern Africa, namely the sending of the first missionaries of the Free East Africa Mission, the Scandinavian Alliance Mission of North America, and the founding of the Evangelical Church in Swaziland in 1893. Furthermore, it deals with Franson’s evangelistic campaigns in southern Africa, his visits to mission stations, participation in mission conferences and his partnership with Andrew Murray, Worcester, between spring 1906 and summer 1907. The article closes with a brief reflection of the lasting impact of Franson and his missionaries in southern Africa.
The (Non)acceptance of Belhar in the Dutch Reformed Church: Analysing Synodical Debates of 2011 and 2013
Authors: Van Wyngaard George Jacobus
Published: June 2021

This article analyses the open session debates on the Belhar Confession at the 2011 and 2013 General Synod meetings of the Dutch Reformed Church. It identifies six key themes that repeatedly emerge from arguments made by delegates, namely: 1) accepting Belhar for the sake of the youth and future of the church; 2) Belhar as guide in the mission of the church; 3) Belhar as challenge to racism within the church; 4) Belhar and its relationship to liberation theologies; 5) the role of members in formal adoption of a new confession; and 6) adoption of confessions in ways which would not make them binding on all. From these themes three matters, which remain outstanding in terms of how the Dutch Reformed Church engages with the Belhar Confession, are raised: 1) the relationship between mission and racism; 2) the history of heresy and its implication for the present; and 3) the implication of and response to black and liberation theologies. These matters are identified as challenges given particular meaning in light of the emphasis on local congregations and members of the Dutch Reformed Church when discussing the Belhar Confession.
Reformed, Reunited, Remixed: How URCSA's Christian Youth Ministry has Reimagined Missional Ecclesiology in Southern Africa since 1994
Authors: Nel Reginald Wilfred
Published: June 2021

On our continent various former mission churches, like the Uniting Reformed Christian Church in Southern Africa (URCSA), struggle with the quest of becoming an African church. In this article I tell the story of how the Christian Youth Ministry (CYM), through its self-identification, has reimagined “church” within its own structures, especially since 1994 when URCSA united. I relate this to the quest for a missional ecclesiology in southern Africa. The article shows how the CYM self-identifies as a uniting movement, as the voice of youth, as a congress movement, but also as a networked space for diverse identifications. URCSA, but also other churches on our continent, are challenged with this re-imagination towards remixing an alternative future.
25 Years of Ministerial Formation Praxis in the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa: How Belharic Have We Become?
Authors: Kritzinger Johannes N.J. , Maponya Moses Selaelo , Mokoena Katleho Karabo
Published: June 2021

Since the inception of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (URCSA) in 1994, the issue of theological education has occupied a key place in the meetings of General Synod. This article analyses the development and implementation of URCSA’s ministerial formation programme over the past 25 years through the lens of the Belhar Confession. It examines the extent to which not only the curriculum but also the practices of ministerial formation have become driven, guided and shaped by the commitments inherent in the Confession of Belhar. Due to space constraints, this paper uses only Article One of Belhar as an interpretive and evaluative lens and focuses only on the Northern Theological Seminary in Pretoria, hoping thereby to stimulate further reflection in a similar vein.
If the Colour of Jesus Is not an Issue, why Are you so Incensed at the Suggestion that Jesus Is Black?
Authors: Tshaka R S
Published: June 2021

Questions around the colour of Jesus are always received with reservations. Yet, not much is said about the colour of the very same Jesus that has come to adorn homes and places of worship of many black Christians across the globe. This article engages in a conversation about the colour of Jesus. It does this while being aware of the challenges that appear to be particular to black communities who seem to expect their salvation from those who do not look like them. The colour of Jesus has been a central issue for Black Theology of Liberation. This is because this theological hermeneutic was never able to relate to a god that was not sympathetic to their lived experiences.
The Awkward Positioning of a Dutch Reformed Missionary in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Muller Retief
Published: June 2021

The Rev. D. P. (David) Botha was a lifelong apartheid critic and minister in the Dutch Reformed Mission Church (DRMC) and later the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa (URCSA). Early in his career, he served as a “missionary” in a DRMC congregation in Wynberg, and subsequently in other congregations in the Western Cape, South Africa. During his career, he wrote an important book and engaged in public discourse through contributions in newspapers and other mainstream publications. Focusing on these sources, most of which now form part of his private collection in the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) Archive, this article traces Botha’s growing agitation regarding the implementation of apartheid policies, in the aftermath of the institution of the 1950 Group Areas Act. Among other things it illuminates the early apartheid-era white view of the other, as experienced and critiqued by this insider-outsider minister with respect to his assessment of general white perceptions of so-called “coloureds” in the Cape Town area. Through specific attention to Botha’s correspondences with A. P. Treurnicht and Beyers Naudé, this article also shows the problematic perspective of a white missionary seeking to alleviate the impact of policy decisions on his church members, while simultaneously buying into the predominant ideology of racial categorisation.
Reframing African Ecumenical Discourse on Development
Authors: Sakupapa Teddy Chalwe
Published: June 2021

T
This research explores the contribution of the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC) to ecumenical discourse regarding development against the background of contemporary debates on the role of religion in development. It focuses on the period 2000–2008. Through a critical review of the AACC’s engagement in development, the article offers an appraisal of the AACC’s socio-economic justice approach to development. It also highlights the AACC’s most recent appropriation of diakonia in its programmatic thrust on development. While such appropriation holds promise for an approach to development rooted in theological ideas, it begs further reflection on the place of local epistemologies of development in African ecumenical discourse. Arguing for the translation of diakonia, this research proposes the decolonial reframing of African churches’ engagement in development.
Retrieving and Articulating Liberative Aspects of the Sabbath Doctrine in Context of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in South Africa
Authors: Magagula Zondi Paul
Published: June 2021

The crisis in Adventism in South Africa is that eschatology has been an escape wagon from liberative mission, or at best, an optional, even disposable aspect of the gospel. This attitude or understanding of seeing everything in the future with no connection to the present has caused Adventists to shun social, political and cultural responsibilities. This article explicates and advocates the position that Adventists must explore the broader message and liberative meaning, purpose and function of the Sabbath. As a re-interpretation of the traditional, legalistic understanding of the doctrine of the Sabbath, the model proposed locates the Sabbath at the centre of a radically liberative mission to the poor. It argues that rest, as a mark of wholeness, must be realised in those aspects of human life that the Sabbath addresses; and that theology is not averse to liberative mission. Any theology which claims to be a biblical theology must link its understanding of the gospel to social concern. Therefore, this article aims to retrieve and biblically articulate aspects of the Sabbath doctrine. Adventists cannot be persuaded to operate meaningfully in responding to the millennial hopes of the poor outside of formal recognition of the potency of the Sabbath as a time of deliverance or liberation of people from social, emotional, political and material consequences of sin. Thus, in the following sub-themes the broader liberative message and meaningful aspects of the Sabbath will be explored. The universality of the Sabbath will touch on the following: the Sabbath as a time for release from labour, from oppressive life, indeed a time to embrace even justice and mercy. The Sabbath entails an inclusive mission, God’s dominion-free order in a world impacted by violent engagement with oppressive powers; Sabbath as missionary in its nature will also be explicated.
Controversial Contradictions in Testimonies about Manche Masemola
Authors: Mokgoatšana Sekgothe
Published: June 2021

This paper argues that although efforts have been made to construct Manche Masemola’s martyrdom to enforce and consolidate the church’s religious gains in Sekhukhuneland, her story represents a complex relation of voices that (un)wittingly contradict each other. The voices range from primary to secondary sources that continue to tell Manche Masemola’s story, especially on the internet. The narrative of her martyrdom is riddled with contradictions and conflicting oral evidence. This paper explores these variations, which are a feature of oral tradition, and explains how such contradictions complicate the establishment of factual evidence based on oral history. Oral and secondary data were used, as well as available documentary materials published on various websites, to explain how these contradictions have been employed to create a religious martyr in the person of Manche Masemola. The available narratives were subjected to textual analysis, borrowing from folklore and post-structuralist literary theoretical approaches to understand the controversies embedded therein.
The Scramble for Land between the Barokologadi Community and Hermannsburg Missionaries
Authors: Molobi Victor MS
Published: June 2021

This article investigates the land claim of the Barokologadi of Melorane, with their long history of disadvantages in the land of their forefathers. The sources of such disadvantages are traceable way back to tribal wars (known as “difaqane”) in South Africa. At first, people were forced to retreat temporarily to a safer site when the wars were in progress. On their return, the Hermannsburg missionaries came to serve in Melorane, benefiting from the land provided by the Kgosi. Later the government of the time expropriated that land. What was the significance of this land? The experience of Melorane was not necessarily unique; it was actually a common practice aimed at acquiring land from rural communities. This article is an attempt to present the facts of that event. There were, however, later interruptions, such as when the Hermannsburg Mission Church became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Southern Africa (ELCSA).
The Dutch Reformed Church and Multi-cultural Ministry: Angolana, a Rural Challenge
Authors: Knoetze Johannes J
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article deals with the complexities of a multi-cultural ministry within the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (DRCSA). Although the DRCSA is an “open” church where anyone from any race, culture or language is welcomed, the praxis of multi-cultural ministry is not always feasible. This article sets out to explore some of the reasons why the synodical declarations and decisions did not influence or help a rural congregation, particularly a non-white rural congregation in the DRCSA. Herein, the decisions of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa are deliberated, particularly regarding multi-cultural ministry and the implications thereof for congregations like Angolana. Specific attention is given to Angolana because of the socio-political and cultural contexts of this congregation. The role and the calling of the church in a context where a community is challenged by forced removals are also considered.
Evangelicalising Black Pentecostalism: The Mechanics of Change at the Apostolic Faith Mission Sharpeville Congregation (1981–1985)
Authors: Mofokeng Thabang Richard
Published: June 2021

A recent study argues that black Pentecostalism in the Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) of South Africa became evangelicalised through the agency of white missionaries. The study was national in scope and drew from archival as well as secondary sources. This article, on the other hand, seeks to contribute to an understanding of how evangelicalisation worked in a concrete situation of a specific congregation by analysing oral historical and archival material related to this process in the AFM Sharpeville congregation, between 1981 and 1985. The article answers the following question: How did evangelicalisation of black Pentecostalism happen at the congregational level of the AFM? The findings suggest that evangelicalisation at the level of the congregation happened through the appointment of (an) evangelical pastor(s), the use of evangelistic and revival campaigns, as well as pastoral discretion in deciding what to relent to, what to refrain from, and what to emphasise in their engagement with the congregation.
Prosecutorial Discretion and Judicial Review: An Analysis of Recent Canadian and South African Decisions
Authors: Okpaluba Chuks
Published: June 2021

The question whether the functions performed by the prosecutor in the criminal justice system are subject to judicial scrutiny has been a matter for concern in common-law jurisdictions for quite some time. The courts in the Commonwealth generally agree that prosecutors must function independently; act fairly and responsibly in the interests of the public; and must be free from political interference. Their role in the administration of justice is to uphold the rule of law. Therefore, the exercise of prosecutorial discretion should ordinarily not be interfered with by the courts except in rare cases. However, the extent to which the courts, in respective Commonwealth jurisdictions, review prosecutorial discretions differs. A comparative study of the Canadian experience and the South African approach, where the judicial approaches to the review of prosecutorial discretion significantly differ, is a clear illustration. In Canada, the courts hardly interfere with, or review the manner in which the prosecutor performs his or her duties, except that prosecutorial discretion is not immune from all judicial oversight, since it is reviewable for abuse of process (see R v Anderson [2014] 2 SCR 167). In South Africa on the other hand, the exercise of the powers of the prosecutor and their ramifications are, like every exercise of public power, subject to the constitutional principles of legality and rationality. The recent judgments of the Full Bench of the Gauteng Division, Pretoria in Democratic Alliance v Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions 2016 (2) SACR 1 (GP) as affirmed by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Zuma v Democratic Alliance 2018 (1) SA 200 (SCA)—the so-called ‘spy-tape’ saga—are the latest illustrations of this approach.
Neoliberalismo global, capitalismo racial e organização política de mulheres numa comunidade pesqueira quilombola do Recôncavo da Bahia
Authors: Maia Suzana
Published: June 2021

Este artigo examina os impactos do neoliberalismo global e do capitalismo racial em comunidades pesqueiras do Recôncavo da Bahia, sobretudo, na Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombo de São Braz. Mais particularmente, buscou-se entender como homens e mulheres têm sido afetados de forma distinta por empreendimentos transnacionais que incidem em seus territórios, suas atividades produtivas e processos identitários; e como, em consequência, estes têm desenvolvido formas de organização política que correspondem a demandas específicas de cada gênero. Os dados para este artigo foram coletados por meio de trabalho de campo realizado com o apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) e do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), entre os anos de 2010 a 2012, e, depois, de forma intercalada, até 2015.
Short- and Long-Term Partisanship: Campaign Effects and the Stability of Party Identification in Latin America
Authors: Castro Cornejo Rodrigo
Published: June 2021

This study focuses on a dimension of partisanship overlooked by most comparative studies on campaign effects: individual-level stability, a measure of short-term partisanship. Some voters in young democracies are able to develop partisanship as a screen through which they observe the political world, leading them to interpret new information in a manner that reinforces their political predispositions. However, some voters lack long-term partisan attachments, enabling them to update their party identification as the campaign unfolds. These voters have a harder time reinforcing their precampaign dispositions and are more likely to change their vote intention. The findings suggest that for some voters, partisanship and vote choice are empirically intertwined.
Modern Women Intellectuals and the Sandino Rebellion: Carmen Sobalvarro and Aura Rostand
Authors: Finzer Erin S.
Published: June 2021

Achieving global fame in 1927, Nicaragua’s General Augusto César Sandino came to symbolize and unite international solidarity movements against US imperialism by cultivating a sophisticated transnational intellectual network that encompassed communications, public relations, intelligence, provisions, volunteers, and fundraising. The participation of male public intellectuals in Sandino’s strategic communications is well documented, but the roles of intellectual women in the rebellion have not been appreciably explored to date. Bringing to light new archival research on the Nicaraguan poets and journalists Carmen Sobalvarro and Aura Rostand, this article examines how their gendered writing and public personae propagated both Sandino’s war and his legacy after his 1934 assassination. As part of an informal network of women intellectuals, Sobalvarro and Rostand played integral roles in Sandino’s public relations in Nicaragua and abroad. As Sandino has once again become a contested figure in light of Nicaragua’s oppressive Ortega-Murillo government, this recuperative cultural study also bears on present-day Nicaraguan political discourse.
Socialist Biopolitics: Flesh and Animality in Cuba and Venezuela
Authors: López Magdalena
Published: June 2021

Taking as a starting point the ontological differentiation between animal and human as a fundamental mechanism of biopolitical violence, I analyze the ambiguity of the imaginaries of flesh and animality in the contexts of revolutionary Cuba and Venezuela. I demonstrate how the dynamics of power marked by an ontological division between human and not human, often ascribed to neoliberalism, paradoxically operate in socialist regimes. I examine several instances of visual arts, performance, literature, and public demonstrations, to reveal, on the one hand, sacrificial state power over the population’s bodies and, on the other, examples of disobedience against the state.
IMPACT OF DIFFERENT VARIABLES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE & LEARNING
Authors: Shahzad Momna , Asim Tamseel , Hassan Abbira
Published: June 2021

Academic performance and learning is a widely studied research area. It incorporates various aspects and can be measured through a plethora of dimensions including the performance of students in standardized tests, their grades and GPA in university courses, the rate of graduation, the rate of class participation, entrance tests of colleges, the overall class performance of students and so on. In this research we have taken blogging, reading, writing and communication skills as the independent variables on which the academic performance and learning is dependent. The population for this quantitative research was the students of National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan.
Blood, Sweat and Tears: Extraterrestrial Regolith Biocomposites with in Vivo Binders
Authors: Roberts Aled , Whittall Dominic , Breitling Rainer , Takano Eriko , Blaker Jonny J. , Hay Sam , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: June 2021

In this work, we explore the use of human serum albumin (HSA) – a common protein obtained from blood plasma – as a binder for simulated Lunar and Martian regolith to produce so-called extraterrestrial regolith biocomposites (ERBs). In essence, HSA produced by astronauts in vivo could be extracted on a semi-continuous basis and combined with Lunar or Martian regolith to produce a concrete-like material. Employing a simple fabrication strategy, HSA-based ERBs were produced and displayed compressive strengths as high as 25.0 MPa. For comparison, standard concrete typically has a compressive strength ranging between 20 and 32 MPa. The incorporation of urea – which could be extracted from the urine, sweat or tears of astronauts – could further increase the compressive strength by over 300% in some instances, with the best-performing formulation having an average compressive strength of 39.7 MPa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HSA-ERBs can be 3D-printed, opening up an interesting potential avenue for extraterrestrial construction using human-derived feedstocks. The mechanism of adhesion was investigated and attributed to the dehydration-induced reorganisation of the protein secondary structure into a densely hydrogen-bonded, supramolecular β-sheet network – analogous to the cohesion mechanism of spider silk. For comparison, synthetic spider silk and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were also investigated as regolith binders – which could also feasibly be produced on a Martian colony with future advancements in biomanufacturing technology.
Uptake, Trapping, and Release of Organometallic Cations in Redox-Active Cationic Hosts
Authors: Mansoor Iram F. , Dutton Kaitlyn , Rothschild Daniel A. , Remsing Richard C. , Lipke Mark C.
Published: June 2021

The host-guest chemistry of metal-organic nanocages is typically driven by thermodynamically favorable interactions with their guests, such that uptake and release of guests can be controlled by switching affinity on/off. Herein, we achieve this effect by reducing porphyrin-walled cationic nanoprisms 1a12+ and 1b12+ to zwitterionic states that rapidly uptake organometallic cations Cp*2Co+ or Cp2Co+. Cp*2Co+ binds strongly (Ka = 1.3 x 103 M−1) in the neutral state 1a0 of host 1a12+, which has its three porphyrin walls doubly reduced and its six (bipy)Pt2+ linkers singly reduced. The less-reduced states of the host 1a3+ and 1a9+ also bind Cp*2Co+, though with lower affinities. The smaller Cp2Co+ cation binds strongly (Ka = 1.7 x 103 M-1) in the 3 e− reduced state 1b9+ of (tmeda)Pt2+ linked host 1b12+. Upon reoxidation of the hosts with Ag+, the guests become trapped to provide unprecedented metastable cation-in-cation complexes Cp*2Co+@1a12+ and Cp2Co+@1b12+ that persist for >1 month. Thus, dramatic kinetic effects reveal a way to confine the guests in thermodynamically unfavorable environments. Experimental and DFT studies indicate that PF6− anions kinetically stabilize Cp*2Co+@1a12+ through electrostatic interactions and by influencing conformational changes of the host that open and close its apertures. However, when Cp*2Co+@1a12+ was prepared using ferrocenium (Fc+) instead of Ag+ to reoxidize the host, dissociation was accelerated >200-fold even though neither Fc+ nor Fc have any competing affinity for 1a12+. This finding shows that metastable host-guest complexes can respond to subtler stimuli than are required to induce guest release from thermodynamically favorable complexes.
Tautomeric Conflicts in Forty Small-Molecule Databases
Authors: Dhaked Devendra Kumar , Nicklaus Marc
Published: June 2021

We have analyzed forty different databases ranging in size from a few thousand to nearly 100 million molecules, comprising a total of over 200 million structures, for their tautomeric conflicts. A tautomeric conflict is defined as an occurrence of two or more structures within a data set identified by the tautomeric rules applied as being tautomers of each other. We tested a total of 119 detailed tautomeric transform rules expressed as SMIRKS, out of which 79 yielded at least one conflict. The databases analyzed spanned a wide variety of types including large aggregating databases, drug collections, and experimentally based structure collections. Almost all databases analyzed showed intra-database tautomeric conflicts. The conflict rates as percentage of the database were typically in the few tenths of a percent range, which for the largest databases amounts to more than 100,000 cases per database.
Structure-Guided Design of Potent Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease: Structural, Biochemical, and Cell-Based Studies.
Authors: Dampalla Chamandi , Rathnayake Athri D. , Perera Krishani Dinali , Jesri Abdul-Rahman M. , Nguyen Harry Nhat , Miller Matthew J. , Thurman Hayden A. , Zheng Jian , Kashipathy Maithri , Battaile Kevin P. , Lovell Scott , Perlman Stanley , Kim Yunjeong , Groutas William C. , Chang Kyeong-Ok , Dampalla Gamachchige Chamandi Shashikala
Published: June 2021

We describe herein the results of our studies related to the application of X-ray crystallography, the Thorpe-Ingold effect, deuteration, and stereochemistry in the design of highly potent and non-toxic inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro to combat SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.