bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of the American Anti-Terrorism Coalition for Global Architectures
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: March 2007

Given the rise in transnational problems and the inadequacy of the old, intergovernmental system, scholars are searching for a new, post-cold war global architecture. The 2001 anti-terrorism coalition presents a new architecture - the semi-empire - which is dominated by one nation (or a small group of nations) that pressures other nations to follow the course it sets, and has a limited number of missions. The article explores the possibility that the coalition could expand to tackle other transnational problems besides terrorism. Given the coalition's lack of scope and legitimacy, other options are explored that might be more effective and legitimate. The alternatives turn out to be either based on the old system (e.g. transgovernmental agencies), unrealistic except in the very long term (a global nation), or implausible (e.g. a global constitutional assembly). The article argues that an expanded coalition, or semi-empire, might gradually become more effective and legitimate over time.
Mapping International Education
Authors: Sylvester Robert
Published: March 2007

The term ‘international education’ has been in continuous use since the 1860s. This article seeks to provide an examination of the extensive descriptions and definitions of international education through the period 1893 to 1944. It includes the Columbian Exposition of 1893, the works of Kemény, Tagore, Kandel and Harley, and the work of the League of Nations, the World Federation of Education Associations and the International Bureau of Education, as well as the many international schools established during this period.
The Narrative Approach To Paul: an Early Retrospective
Authors: Longenecker Bruce W.
Published: March 2007

An interest in 'narrative' has progressively been incorporated into recent scholarship on Paul and his letters. In this enterprise, scholars interest themselves not only in the 'surface level' of a Pauline letter but also in what lies 'beneath the surface'—imagining Paul's letters to be both animated and constrained by a narrative theology that comes to expression in Paul's theological discourse. Interest in the narrative dimension of Paul's thought has arisen in relation to several contributing influences within the theologi cal disciplines—influences both within and beyond the discipline of Pauline studies itself. This article outlines some ways in which 'narrative' is becom ing a key tool in studies of Paul's theology and letters, and suggests four factors behind the rise in this interesting enterprise.
A Theory of Knowledge Management
Authors: Torraco Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Although knowledge is now recognized as one of an organization's most valuable assets, most organizations nevertheless lack the supportive systems required to leverage the value of knowledge Because knowledge is a complex and intangible asset that cannot be managed like other resources, organizations that do not systematically examine the cultural and technical dimensions of knowledge management will experience difficulties with this task This chapter draws on existing theory and recent empirical studies of this issue to develop a theory of knowledge management
High-Performance Leadership at the Process Level
Authors: Baker Debora E. , Walsh Marie B. , Marjerison Lori
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. High-performance leaders must have competencies to lead process-level goal setting, design, and management This chapter descnbes two competency domains, process planning and process management, and six competency groups that leaders must master to achieve high performance in an organization These competencies address Rummler and Brache's [1995] process level of performance
Action Learning Theoretical Bases and Varieties of Practice
Authors: Yorks Lyle , O'Neil Judy , Marsick Victoria J.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. There is never just one way to approach a problem In action learning, there are four different approaches. Each approach makes different assumptions and tends to produce different results Knowing the four action learning approaches, their likely results, and the design choices within each will help ensure success
Learning Informally in the Aftermath of Downsizing
Authors: Volpe Marie
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The rash of downsizing that occurred in the eighties and nineties posed significant challenges for human resources profes sionals, who were charged with helping employees adjust to a very different set of rules even as they had to modify their own outlook. The author identifies three groups with different needs for learning and adjustment in the downsized envi ronment : the self-defined, the heartbroken, and the survivalists. Each group has different learning needs, but all need to become more aware of the need for learning continuously on the job to solve complex problems in innovative ways.
Improving the Effectiveness of Sexual Offender Treatment
Authors: MARSHALL WILLIAM L. , SERRAN GERIS A.
Published: March 2007

The development of cognitive behavioral treatment programs for sexual offenders is outlined, and various issues concerning these treatments are appraised. Suggestions are made for modifying the extent of treatment, and some of the assumptions underlying present treatment are questioned. For example, the need to address all instances of offending and the relevance of planning and deviant fantasizing are considered, and the empirical bases for these issues are examined. Suggestions are made concerning several components and targets of treatment, and additional targets are identified. In particular, the process of treatment, rather than simply the procedures, are emphasized, and proposals are offered for maximizing the value of these influences.
Questioning the Child Witness
Authors: QUAS JODI A. , GOODMAN GAIL S. , GHETTI SIMONA , REDLICH ALLISON D.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, increasing numbers of studies have investigated children's memory, suggestibility, and false event reports. The purpose of this article is to highlight key findings from and implications of this research for interviewing child witnesses. First, developmental changes in children's memory and suggestibility are discussed. Second, theory and research concerning relations between emotional distress and children's memory are reviewed, with an emphasis on methodological differences that have led to varied results across studies. Third is a description of factors associated with the context of an interview that may influence children's susceptibility to false suggestions. Fourth, recent studies are described concerning individual differences in children's mnemonic capabilities, suggestibility, and false memories. At the end of the article, recommendations are provided about what can and cannot be concluded from research on questioning child witnesses.
Antitrust Relief Legislation Empowers Physicians at the Expense of Advanced Practice Nurses and Consumers
Authors: Jacobson Nadine M.
Published: March 2007

Antitrust laws are critical to maintaining a strongly competitive market. Nurses, particularly advanced practice nurses, need these laws in place to deter attempts to limit access to patients and to inpatient care settings.
Pursuing Policies Promoting Healthy Youth Development: The Role of University-Community Collaborations
Authors: Thompson Linda S. , Lerner Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose a policy direction for positive and sustainable healthy youth development. The direction they propose transcends prevention and is predicated on building community-based programs. Universities can contribute through teaching and research activities and become partners with communities as they struggle together to build self-sustaining programs that support and reinforce a community’s own desire for self-determination. No policies exist in the United States currently to foster integrated and sustained actions to change the quality of a young person’s life. Innovative efforts are required to convince local, state, and federal officials of the urgent need to develop public initiatives that sustain programs that are effective and to support the development and evaluation of new ones. Universities, communities, and policy makers must create partnerships to foster university-community collaborations based on mutual respect for one another’s knowledge and unique cultural characteristics. Only then can the political, economic, and behavioral resource issues, integral to developing and sustaining programs, be effectively addressed.
Nurses Campaigning for the 107th U.S. Congress
Authors: Roit Sheila M.
Published: March 2007

Three nurses currently serve as members of Congress and are running for reelection in 2000. Three other nurses initiated campaigns for Congressional seats in 2000. As American nurses become increasingly politically astute, it is vital that they be aware of nurses who are running for federal office, as well as how they can become involved in influencing the political process.
Nurse Staffing in California Hospitals 1998-2000: Findings from the California Nursing Outcome Coalition Database Project
Authors: Donaldson Nancy E. , Brown Diane Storer , Aydin Carolyn E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes nurse staffing in 330 critical care, medical surgical, and step-down units in 52 acute care California hospitals that was reported over nine quarters between April 1998 and June 2000. These data, representing more than 3 million patient days of care, comprise the largest prospective descriptive sample of nurse staffing, using standardized indicators, reported to date. These data are especially timely as the profession, policy makers, and regulators in California and the nation respond to the legislative mandate to establish nurse-to-patient staffing ratios that ensure patient safety and develop methods to monitor the impact of ratios on the quality and outcomes of patient care. Findings reveal relative stability over the nine calendar quarters, no significant differences between groups of hospitals stratified by using average daily census to cluster by hospital size and wide variation in staffing across hospitals within the same unit type categories.
Running for Elective Office: One Nurse’s Adventure in Campaigning
Authors: Hall-Long Bethany
Published: March 2007

This case study presents a description of a nurse’s first campaign for a Delaware state representative position in 2000. The chronicle of campaign activities illustrates the great value of nursing experience as well as the benefits of other nurses’ assistance and leadership when campaigning. Strategies, suggestions, and lessons are shared for other nurses considering a run for elected office. Though all campaigns are different, there is great value in examining the process as one nurse experienced it to add to the developing pool of knowledge.
Institute of Medicine Report: Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health Care System for the 21st Century
Authors: Wolfe A.
Published: March 2007

On March 1, 2001, the Institute of Medicine released Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. This is the second and final report by the institute’s Committee for Health Care Quality in America. Highlights of this latest report are summarized in this article.
In-Mould Foam Fabric System for the European Ford Fiesta—Materials and Processing Characteristics
Authors: Zick J.
Published: March 2007

The following presentation is meant as a contribution of a manufac turer of upholstery parts who is engaged in the development of the processing tech nology and the production tooling equipment The presentation deals with a combi nation of an amount of polyurethane material with a final product that is used in the vehicle industry as well as in the general seat element market with a growing poten tial of increasing appliances
An Investigation on the Formation Mechanism of the Porous Structure of the PU Films
Authors: Caiyuan Chu  , Zhiping Mao  , Haojing Yan
Published: March 2007

Application of polyurethanes (PU) is extending into various fields, such as artificial leather, microfiltration, moisture-permeable water-proof material, and osmosis membranes. The polyurethane coated films are a porous material with dense surface backed by a porous substructure; they possess an excellent adsorption and permeability, a useful strength and toughness. These properties are closely related with their microstructure. The microstructure of PU film may be altered dur ing its formation. The investigation of the formation mechanism of microstructure of leather type PU films made from different PU/DMF/additive systems is reported in this paper. The microstructure of the different PU films is also elucidated and ana lysed on the triangular phase diagram consisting of PU/DMF/H2O additive system and precipitation values.
Diffusion-Deposition of Polyaniline onto Textiles with High Electric Conductivity and Improved Adhesion
Authors: Xugang Jin  , Kecheng Gong
Published: March 2007

By aniline (ANI) diffusion and chemically oxidative polymerization, PANI was adherently deposited on PET fibres and Nylon fabrics PANI-PET fibres and PANI-Nylon fab rics doped with HCl have an electric conductivity as high as 0 42 S/cm and 0 45 S/cm respec tively With p-toluenesulfonic acid ( p-TSA) and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and 5- sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) as dopants, the conductivity and final composites is one or two orders of magnitude lower than that with HCl A washing test was designed to investigate the interfacial ad hesion of PANI on textiles Results showed that the conductivity and interfacial adhesion of composites are improved greatly by preliminary aniline diffusion treatment of textiles Further in vestigations by SEM and WAXS and DSC showed that the improvement in properties of com posite textiles is mainly attributed to the increased interaction of macromolecules at the interface caused by the diffusion of PANI chains in the surface layer of the substrates
Influence of the Temperature of Condensation Bath on Microstructure and Properties of the PU Asymmetric Membrane
Authors: Caiyuan Chu  , Zhiping Mao  , HaoJing Yan
Published: March 2007

In the paper, the influence of temperature on PU asymmetric mem branes was investigated. The expermental results showed that the microstructure and physical properties of PU films containing various additives are appreciably affected by changing the temperature of the condensation bath. A possible mecharusm for these findings is also explained.
Drying and Curing of Coated and Laminated Fabrics
Authors: Luedtke E. Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper is intended to give a general overview of drying and curing processes encountered in the textile industry along with the practical appli cation of the hardware needed to accomplish them. Topics include: process defini tion, textile specific heat transfer limitations, drying process stages, curing, and dealing with VOCs as a part of the overall system.
Who Will Survive?
Authors: HERRICK REBEKAH
Published: March 2007

Some congressional observers fear that unethical members are too insulated from electoral defeat. To estimate the security of unethical members, this article examines the survivability of members who have been accused of unethical behavior since 1977. Although most members who have been accused can survive one election cycle, most are unable to survive two election cycles. As a way of evaluating the ethics process, this article examines which members leave. If the current system removes unethical members, then members who have been found guilty of severe offenses should be more apt to leave than others. The severity of members' offenses did affect their ability to survive, but only significantly so in the long term. The findings show that electoral security plays the dominant role in members' survivability. Other factors affecting which members leave include institutional power, media coverage, the nature of the times, and a member's age.
The Defense-growth Nexus in the United States Revisited
Authors: HEO UK
Published: March 2007

Despite a large volume of work on the defense-growth relationship in the United States, previous studies have failed to reach a consensus. Part of the explanation of the mixed results may be that various data sets and model designs have been employed. Thus, using an updated (1948-1996) and longer data set, I test several of the more prominent defense-growth models. This research design will eliminate sampling bias and increase reliability of findings. The results of this research design show that defense spending does not have a significant, direct impact on economic growth in the United States. Instead, nonmilitary government expenditures have significant, negative effects on economic growth.
Institutional Effects on Elite Recruitment
Authors: Keynes Edward , Tobin Richard J. , Danziger Robert
Published: March 2007

Employing data from a survey of state legislators in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Washington, this article assesses the effects of different systems of nomination on the overlap of public (governing) and party elites. The extent of the overlap of political leadership in these two arenas is found to vary systematically with the degree of "open ness," or access, of nonparty forces to the nominating process. The links between the nature of the nominating system and indicators of elite overlap remain strong even after controls for demographic and interparty competitive factors are introduced. The results indicate that the nomination aspect of the political environment has effects on the struc tures and processes of the political parties that should neither be underestimated nor overlooked in future analyses.
Congressional Elections in 1978
Authors: Sandy Maisel L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines two aspects of the 1978 congressional elections. The major task undertaken involves an analysis of the type and amount of electoral competition in each of the 435 districts. How often were there contested primaries and/or contested general elections? How competitive were these contests? In addition the article looks at the new members of the 96th Congress. The electoral process provides for recruitment of new House members. What can be said about the motives and characteristics of those recruited? While acknowledging that many questions remain unanswered, more attention must be devoted to the role of parties and to electoral rules as each has important implications for congressional recruitment.
Partisan Affections and Change in Partisan Self-Images
Authors: Smidt Corwin
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to differentiate between partisan affections and partisan self-images and analyzes how changes in respondents' partisan affections may relate to changes in their partisan self-images. Analysis revealed that changes in partisan affections (1) precede adoption of partisan self-images on the part of self-classified Independents, and (2) precede changes in the nature of partisan self-images on the part of those identifying with a major political party.
Type of Contest, Candidate Strategy, and Turnout in Presidential Primaries
Authors: Norrander Barbara , Smith Gregg W.
Published: March 2007

This article adds to the understanding of participation in presidential primaries by: (1) incorporating the differences in the nature of the nomination contest between the party controlling the presidency and the opposition party, and (2) positing candidate strategy as an important intervening variable through which many of the legal and scheduling factors affect primary turnout. As more rules affect candidate strategy in the in-party while the earliness of the primary influences candidate actions in the out-party, the indirect influences on turnout differ between the two types of contest. The aspects of candidate strategy influencing turnout directly also vary by the types of contest with the number of candidates being important to the out-party and the intensity of campaigning being important to the in-party model.
Content-Analytic Techniques and Judicial Research
Authors: Johnson Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Content analysis is used widely by judicial scholars to classify judicial decisions and opinions. Unfortunately, much of the existing research either ignores or is insensitive to the demands of this methodology, resulting in findings based on potentially faulty data. Content analysis techniques and standards are discussed in this article which would likely produce highly reliable data. A case study involving U.S. Supreme Court decisions is also presented to demonstrate these techniques and to discuss options for researchers when less than fully reliable data are produced.
The Politics of Funding Abortion
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , McFarlane Deborah R.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the politics of funding abortions for low-income women in the American states. State policies on abortion funding reflected the relative strength of citizen groups on both sides of the issue and an array of partisan forces. After policy adoption, the number of abortions funded was determined by public policy and the relative demand for abortion services.
Economic Conditions and Gubernatorial Elections
Authors: Partin Randall W.
Published: March 2007

This research examines economic retrospective voting in gubernatorial elections. Previous research has suggested that there is little (if any) accountability for state economic conditions in these elections. In the research presented here, however, the author found evidence of economic retrospective voting in the 1990 gubernatorial elections, while controlling for potentially dominant national forces such as presidential popularity and the perceived health of the national economy. These findings (along with some of the more recent research in this area) suggest that perhaps the scholarly conventional wisdom about these elections needs to be reevaluated.
Gut-Level Emotions and the Presidential Vote
Authors: Goren Paul
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, political scientists have with increasing frequency demonstrated that emotions strongly influence mass political behavior. One shortcoming of this research has been the failure to distinguish between fundamentally different sources of emotional response. In this article, I draw on theories of emotional response developed in social psychology to argue that emotional reactions to presidential candidates are partly rooted in what people know about the political world (cognitively mediated emotion) and partly independent of political cognition (gut-level emotion). Using data from the 1984 and 1988 National Election Studies, I develop instruments of gut-level positivity and negativity and show that these factors strongly influence the presidential vote.
To Lobby Alone or in a Flock
Authors: Gray Virginia , Lowery David
Published: March 2007

At present, we have little theory accounting for variations in alliance behavior among interest organizations. To address this problem, we extract three hypotheses about social hunting from foraging theory, as developed in behavioral ecology. The foraging theory hypotheses about resource competition, resource distribution, and individual sources of variation in alliance activity are tested with data on interest organizations in the American states. We report preliminary support for several foraging theory hypotheses and discuss how they might be more rigorously tested in future research.
State-Level Public Opinion Polls as Predictors of Presidential Election Results
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2007

Forecasting presidential elections results with polls prior to the election has become an important activity and test of voting theory. Such efforts are hampered by the few number of observations, however. In 1996, state-level polls for most of the states have become available. A model to account for state-level presidential election results is built using these polls and other commonly used variables. The model performs quite well, suggesting that these polls, which are mostly commercial, can profitably be employed in future modeling and perhaps forecasting efforts. However, the questions used in these polls, like trial heats and positive-negative name recognition, are not well understood and thus should be examined more closely with an eye on theory building and conceptualization.
Electoral Support for Tax Cuts
Authors: Lacy Dean
Published: March 2007

The 1980 American presidential election, in which Ronald Reagan pledged to cut federal income taxes by 30%, provides a case study for the electoral impact of tax cuts and the sources of voter support for tax cuts. Probit estimation of a model of the 1980 Carter-Reagan vote reveals that voter preferences on the tax cut are closely associated with individual vote choice. Nearly as many voters opposed as supported Reagan's tax plan, giving him no net increase in his vote share. Individual preferences on the tax cut are more closely associated with expectations about the economic effects of the cut than with race, income, partisanship, or candidate evaluations. Trust in government is also closely related to preferences on the tax cut. Voter support for the 1980 Reagan tax cut was not part of a broad-based tax revolt; rather, it appealed to voters as a policy prescription for solving other, more important economic problems.
Influence of Thoracoabdominal Movement on Pulmonary Function in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Comparison with Healthy Subjects
Authors: Tamaki Akira , Matsuo Yoshimi , Yanagihara Takehiko , Abe Kazuo
Published: March 2007

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may develop pulmonary dysfunction, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. We investigated a correlation between thoracoab dominal movements and pulmonary function in seven patients with PD and 14 healthy controls. We measured vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) using an autospirometer, and measured chest and abdominal movements using a respiraory in ductance plethysmography by fixing transducers on the rib cage and umbilicus. Pa tients with PD had significantly decreased % VC (90.3 ± 17.1 vs 105.8 ± 13.9%), chest movement (271.3 ± 79.6 vs. 375.2 ± 126.7% VT) and abdominal movement (217.6 ± 93.5 vs. 247.4 ± 100.2% VT) with 100% VT being an average volume of chest and abdomen at rest during measurement of VC. Patients with PD also had sig nificantly decreased % FVC (74.4 ± 20.6 vs. 97.6 ± 14.1%), chest movement (246.2 ± 115.2 vs. 344.5 ± 126.4% VT) and abdominal movement (160.3 ± 105.6 vs 207.6 ± 104.7% VT) with 100% VT being an average volume of chest and abdomen at rest during forced maximal inspiration.

Based on the results, we conclude that a reduction of % VC in patients with PD correlated with chest movements, while a reduction of % FVC correlated with ab dominal movement in patients with PD.
Semi-Aseptic Packaging of Pasteurized Milk Products in Laminated Film Pouches
Authors: Tuohy J.J.
Published: March 2007

Post-pasteurization contamination (PPC) during packaging is the limiting factor affecting the shelf-life of pasteurized refrigerated milk products A flexible film pack aging system, which permitted a high degree of asepsis to be attained, was in vestigated as a means of preventing PPC in a pilot-scale milk processing plant Using this semi-aseptic system, it was possible to prevent PPC to the extent that Gram- negative rods were < 1/100 ml. The shelf-life of semi-aseptically packed pasteurized milk products at 4°C was extended, on average, by about 10 days compared with con ventionally packed pasteurized milk products.
Coextrusion With Barrier Resin Scrap: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Djordjevic Dragan
Published: March 2007

The development of multilayer barrier materials and adhesives together with coex trusion and forming technology have generated substantial growth in the production of plastic containers. As a result of current interest in such plastic barrier products, intensive study is being made on the feasibility for the recovery of scrap which con tains barrier resins, such as polyvinylidene chloride copolymers (PVDC) and ethyl ene vinyl alcohol (EVOH). Since thermoforming of containers from coextruded sheet generates 30-50% scrap, an economically feasible barrier container requires a technically successful recycle system.

Recycling of multilayer structures containing barrier resins is technically more complex than recycling scrap containing two different polymers particularly with an asymmetrically positioned scrap layer. This paper describes the development of a new system for barrier coextruded products with asymmetrical structures containing 50-60% (by volume) in the recycle layer, particularly PVDC. A study model for con tinuous recycling of composite regrind is developed to provide good quality retort- able containers at reasonable costs; industrial trial results are also discussed.
Computer Automation of Two Oxygen Permeation Instruments
Authors: Spalding Mark A. , DeLassus Phillip T.
Published: March 2007

Oxygen permeation measurements are critical to the research and de velopment of food-packaging containers and films Such measurements must be ac curate, reliable, and fast to keep pace with rapidly changing markets and products This paper describes the construction and automated operation of a pair of OX- TRAN 1 10/50 oxygen permeation instruments using a personal computer and a CAMILE2 data acquisition and control system. The new automated system requires less operator attention, performs monitored permeation measurements 24 hours per day, and permits two different permeation experiments to be performed simultane ously. For permeation measurements of films, the automated system has increased the testing productivity of the instruments by 2.5 times.
LLDPE/PP Blends in Tubular Film Extrusion: Recycling of Mixed Films
Authors: Teh J.W. , Rudin Alfred , Yuen S.Y. , Keung John C. , Pauk Dan M.
Published: March 2007

Mixtures of film grade LLDPE, LDPE, and PP may occur in recy cle streams. Household plastic films collected through a recycling program were found to contain less than 2 per cent PR The present study concerns the effects of minor amounts of polypropylene on the film properties of such mix tures. Polypropylene enhances film stiffness slightly and has no deleterious ef fect on other PE film properties at levels up to 5 per cent PP However, consider able degradation of tear and impact strength occurs with higher polypropylene concentrations. These problems are alleviated by addition of a vinyl acetate EVA film grade polymer of 28% VA content, which will permit PP levels ap proaching 20 per cent without negative impact on film properties. Good proper ties were observed in 85/15 LLDPE/PP mixtures by addition of 5 per cent of this EVA, based on the total polyolefin content. This report gives a detailed descrip tion of the mechanical properties of the extruded films.
Crime and Control in Britain
Authors: Reiner Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the possible patterns of crime and control in the twenty-first century, drawing on an analysis of current and recent developments. These suggest a dystopian prospect of permanently high crime rates, and control strategies that reinforce social division and exclusion. Current `third way' policies for crime reduction may achieve modest success, in part because they indirectly encourage agencies to manipulate statistically recorded outcomes to their advantage. They do not however tackle the underlying sources of crime in the political economy and culture of global capitalism, offering only actuarial analyses of risk variation, and pragmatic preventive interventions to reduce these. In the absence of any broader changes to the social patterns which generate high-crime societies the prospect is of marginal palliatives for crime, which themselves have the dysfunctional consequences of increasing segregation, distrust and anxiety.
Plurality in Dialogue: A Comment on Bakhtin
Authors: Gurevitch Zali
Published: March 2007

In the following analysis I will focus on Bakhtin's concept of dialogical plurality, arguing that in spite of his position against the finalization of speech and his attack on monologistic, authoritarian unity, his dialogism is itself based on a supposition of wholeness. By insisting on dialogue as a remedy, Bakhtin's dialogism tends to oversimplify the instability and threat inherent in dialogue. The present study explores plurality as dependent on a shift into dialogue. The threshold of entrance and of exit which defines the `betweenness' of dialogue comes out as a rather problematic, torn link. It requires a constant making of a topic and is threatened and informed by forces of coercion, exclusion, break, strangeness and silence. Plurality becomes a critical trope in social theory that focuses on the very threshold of dialogue rather than on either a simplified and smoothed version of the dialogic connection or on an exclusive version that splits between the dialogic and the monologic in an overstated ethics.
Pathology, Identity and the Social Construction of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: May Carl
Published: March 2007

The notion of `addiction' appears to present profound and intractable difficulties for contemporary medicine. Using the problem of alcohol addiction as a mediating example, this paper examines some of the sources of these difficulties, and relates these to critiques of the medicalisation of the addictions. It is argued that the difficulty that medicine faces in the case of the `addict' is not that addiction to alcohol has been medicalised, but rather that over a period of two centuries the medicalising project has been only partially successful. Thus medical knowledge and practice have taken as their focus the problem of susceptibility, but made little headway in the domain of conceptualising recovery. In this context, the clinician is forced to divide the susceptible from the culpable in the diagnosis of addiction, and to explain this in terms of the potential for moral self-actualisation on the part of the addict.
The Buoyant Class: Bourgeois Family Lineage in the Life Stories of Czech Business Elite Persons
Authors: Andrle Vladimir
Published: March 2007

Life-story interviews carried out in the Czech Republic confirm that the new business elite is dominated by men who had already achieved high managerial positions in the Communist era. More surprisingly, however, they also reveal a marked overrepresentation within this group of descendants of the national bourgeoisie that was expropriated when the Communists came to power in 1948. These `buoyant class' life stories show some of the ways in which children of bourgeois lineage were able to negotiate their way around the Communist regime's `class politics'. They also show how bourgeois family lineage can now be used as a resource for averting the potential moral stigma of a Communist-era senior executive career. The `buoyant class' appears to be a self-confident and significant component of the new Czech business elite.
Power, Subjectivity and British Industrial and Organisational Sociology: The Relevance of the Work of Norbert Elias
Authors: Newton Tim
Published: March 2007

This paper links the ideas of Norbert Elias to the conceptualisation of power and subjectivity that has developed in British industrial and organisational (I/O) sociology. It examines the relevance of power and subjectivity to British I/O sociology and reviews theoretical positions that have influenced this field. Elias's work is examined in some detail, exploring his approach to power, agency, the self, individualisation and discourse. His work is then applied to a re-examination of the perspectives on power and subjectivity contained within labour process, Foucauldian and actor network theory. The paper attempts to show how Elias's work re-frames our understanding of power and subjectivity through a stress on interdependencies and their asymmetry, the `networked' nature of agency, and the interwoven form of human and socio-political development. It argues that Eliasian analysis maintains the critical concern with power asymmetries witnessed in labour process theory, yet avoids some of the difficulties in conceptualisation of power and subjectivity that are apparent in labour process, Foucauldian work and actor network theory. Elias's work also illustrates the need for a lengthier historical perspective than is typically observed in industrial and organisational sociology, and points to the value of studies which look beyond the context of the workplace. Finally, attention is paid to some of the limitations of Elias's work.
Differences Between Teaching Adults and Pre-Adults: A Closer Look
Authors: Gorham Joan
Published: March 2007

There is a considerable body of prescriptive literature in adult education which defines a learner-centered, responsive approach for teaching adults. Little research, however, has attempted to describe the similarities and differences in the ways teachers actually teach adults and pre-adults. This study analyzed the reported and actual (observed) teaching practices of a population of university, community college, and public school teachers who taught in both adult and pre-adult programs. While teachers reported teaching differences that were very much in line with the prescriptive literature, there was, in actual practice, little evidence of the more student-centered approach with adults that was reported. Comparative analysis was used to examine factors which appeared to influence interaction patterns in adult education classrooms. The value of interaction analysis was supported in providing an objective description of teaching behavior from which grounded instructional theory and prescriptions for training adult education practitioners might subsequently be developed.
A Typology of Low-Literate Adults Based on Perceptions of Deterrents to Participation in Adult Basic Education
Authors: Hayes Elisabeth R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive way to view systematic differences in groups of low-literate adults through the creation of a typology based on deterrents to participation in adult basic education. Information about such deterrents, obtained from 160 low-literate adult basic education students with the Deterrents to Participation Scale - Form LL, was used as the data base for the research. Through the use of disjoint cluster analysis, six types of low literate adults were identified according to their scores on five deterrent factors. The typology provides a basis for the development of strategies and programs to meet the needs of specific subgroups of the low-literate population in adult basic education.
Preparing World War I Soldiers for Peacetime: The Army's University in France
Authors: Rohfeld Rae Wahl
Published: March 2007

World War I brought into the army large numbers of men with diverse educational back grounds, many of whom had their education interrupted by the draft. An extensive educational program was developed to meet soldiers' needs for understanding the war effort and preparing for participation in the new peace-time world. Working with civilian organizations, particularly the Y.M.C.A., the army built a comprehensive educational system in Europe, including the army's own University. Many of the leaders of the Army's University remained active and influential in adult education between the wars.
Deterrents to Participation in Adult Education: Profiles of Potential Learners
Authors: Valentine Thomas , Darkenwald Gordon G.
Published: March 2007

One of the most difficult tasks confronting program planners in adult education is helping adults overcome the forces that deter their participation. In an earlier investigation, six factors of deterrence to participation were identified: Lack of Confidence, Lack of Course Relevance, Time Constraints, Low Personal Priority, Cost, and Personal Problems. Although these empirical factors represent the basic forces that inhibit adults from participating in organized education, in and of themselves they tell us nothing about the extent to which different types of would-be learners experience these forces. This study sought to identify and describe distinctive types of adults, defined with respect to the six deterrent factors, through a cluster analysis of the original data base. The resultant framework, or typology, has considerable practical and theoretical significance for adult education.
Remaking the Study of Adult Education: The Relevance of Recent Developments in the Netherlands to the Search for Disciplinary Identity
Authors: Hake Barry John
Published: March 2007

Conflicting positions continue to dominate the debate about whether adult education is a field of study or a field of practice. Drawing on recent developments in the reorganization of departments of adult education at universities in the Netherlands, it is argued that traditional formulations of the debate are not very fruitful and that the current task to be addressed is the disciplinary basis of research into adult education phenomena. The relevance of Dutch experience to developments beyond the boundaries of the Netherlands is discussed with reference to two key issues. First, the disciplinary basis of the study of adult education is addressed. The notion of a distinct discipline of adult education with its own distinctive theory is rejected and an argument is made for a pluralistic but rigorous use of theories from other social sciences. Second, attention is devoted to the development of research traditions in the study of adult educational institutions and practices. It is argued that discipline-based, fundamental research can contribute more to the development of a body of reliable knowledge than practice-based or decision-based research.
On the Origins Of the Term and Meanings Of "Adult Education" In the United States
Authors: Stubblefield Harold W. , Rachal John R.
Published: March 2007

Despite modem and 1920s era assertions that the term "adult education" was practically unknown in the United States prior to 1924, American usage dates at least to the late nineteenth century. By 1899 at least four influential people had used the term. Melvil Dewey, the inventor of the book cataloging system, had even offered a typology of adult education in 1904. Other terms, such as continuation education, home education, popular education, university extension, and educational extension, all dealt with learning by adults. But Henry M. Leipziger's indefatigable advocacy of New York City's Free Lectures program as an "institute of adult education" offered a context in which liberal adult education prospered. More than any other, Leipziger is responsible for the early advocacy and diffusion of the new term.
Church and the Laity Among Protestants
Authors: Harrison Paul M.
Published: March 2007

Increasing attention is being paid on the fringes of the major Protestant denominations to the role of laymen in the work of the churches. A theology of the laity is in process of development and represents an effort to distinguish between ecclesiastical and secular vocations of the church's ministry. Despite emphasis, however, on the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers there is a subtle clericalism in the denominations which undermines the role of laymen. This points to a major dilemma in contemporary Protestantism. The rapidly developing institutional bureaucracies of denominations and of local congregations create needs of their own which must be met before the churches can attend to the goals for which they were originally established. In this situation laymen are almost inevitably utilized as subordinates to ministers in the work of of the institutional church. Seldom is the ministry aware of the developing conception of clergymen as assistants to laymen who are active ministers in the world. On the frontier of Protestant action there are exciting experiments to seek solutions for this dilemma but the work is usually frustrated by a tendency to institutionalize the experiments and by the apathy of the laymen themselves.
Transportation—The Political Dimensions of an Economic Dilemma
Authors: Johnson William B.
Published: March 2007

Although we have a large and flexible transportation capacity in our economy, it is becoming inefficient and overly costly through misallocation and wasteful use of national resources. Private carriage of one's own goods and person survives and grows to a major degree because current public policy and regulation regarding common carriers inhibit their power to compete. At the same time, private carriage is crowding the capacity of its right of way and is using its vehicular units inefficiently. The current pattern of public transportation regulation tends to resist market entry and exit— that is, to resist market forces which shift resource allocation or investment from one mode of carriage or transportation enterprise to another. The principal control device is minimum-price regulation. Exempt, private, or common carrier interests in the market have relied on this aspect of public regulation and have vested, in varying degrees. Their political leverage is beginning to equal the economic weight of their investment and services, and, in consequence, improvement of transportation resource allocation has become in large measure a problem solvable only by the legislature and not by transportation management or by the forces of the free market.
The Legal Status and Problems of the American Abroad
Authors: Madden Murdaugh Stuart , Cohn Sherman L.
Published: March 2007

The American abroad is, of course, still legally an American. His status, however, is far from simple. Some will find themselves subject to foreign military draft where they reside abroad. Some will have property expropriated by their foreign host. Some will be thrown in jail and search in vain for the "due process of law" to which they had grown accustomed at home. During the ten years from 1954 to 1963, more than 43,000 Americans lost their citizenship for a variety of reasons. To some three-quarters of a million Ameri cans residing abroad today, there are real problems in their daily maintenance of status. This article demonstrates in a summary manner the legal pitfalls that can await the Ameri can abroad because he is abroad. These pitfalls can often be avoided if recognized. An awareness of their existence is the first essential.
Committees in the House
Authors: Bolling Richard
Published: March 2007

The committee system in the House of Representatives contributes directly to the House's failure to provide vigorous national leadership. By denying the Speaker necessary tools of leadership, by using inadequate informational resources, by abdicating macroeconomic responsibilities and by employing outmoded jurisdictions, House committees clearly reveal the need for significant reorganization. Such reorganization is not impossible to achieve, however; the House of Representatives has changed in the past and, with self-discipline and hard work, can do so again. Signs of change already exist: procedural changes affecting the role of the Speaker, creation of the Office of Technology Assessment and the House Information Systems Office, consideration of fundamental budgetary reform proposals and establishment of the Select Committee on Committees, all point to a climate of reform. The select committee, after debating organizing principles of a committee system within a legislative body, can contribute significantly to this reform by its examination of committees in the House. Several schemes of committee reorganization within the mandate of the Select Committee illustrate generally the parameters of change.