bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Biosynthesis in Sacred Lotus
Authors: Menéndez-Perdomo Ivette M. , Facchini Peter J.
Published: November 2018

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an ancient aquatic plant used throughout Asia for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), mostly within the aporphine and bisbenzylisoquinoline structural categories, are among the main bioactive constituents in the plant. The alkaloids of sacred lotus exhibit promising anti-cancer, anti-arrhythmic, anti-HIV, and anti-malarial properties. Despite their pharmacological significance, BIA metabolism in this non-model plant has not been extensively investigated. In this review, we examine the diversity of BIAs in sacred lotus, with an emphasis on the distinctive stereochemistry of alkaloids found in this species. Additionally, we discuss our current understanding of the biosynthetic genes and enzymes involved in the formation of 1-benzylisoquinoline, aporphine, and bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids in the plant. We conclude that a comprehensive functional characterization of alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes using both in vitro and in vivo methods is required to advance our limited knowledge of BIA metabolism in the sacred lotus.
Identification of a 2′-O-Methyluridine Nucleoside Hydrolase Using the Metagenomic Libraries
Authors: Aučynaitė Agota , Rutkienė Rasa , Tauraitė Daiva , Meškys Rolandas , Urbonavičius Jaunius
Published: November 2018

Ribose methylation is among the most ubiquitous modifications found in RNA. 2′-O-methyluridine is found in rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and tRNA of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. Moreover, 2′-O-methylribonucleosides are promising starting materials for the production of nucleic acid-based drugs. Despite the countless possibilities of practical use for the metabolic enzymes associated with methylated nucleosides, there are very few reports regarding the metabolic fate and enzymes involved in the metabolism of 2′-O-alkyl nucleosides. The presented work focuses on the cellular degradation of 2′-O-methyluridine. A novel enzyme was found using a screening strategy that employs Escherichia coli uracil auxotroph and the metagenomic libraries. A 2′-O-methyluridine hydrolase (RK9NH) has been identified together with an aldolase (RK9DPA)—forming a part of a probable gene cluster that is involved in the degradation of 2′-O-methylated nucleosides. The RK9NH is functional in E. coli uracil auxotroph and in vitro. The RK9NH nucleoside hydrolase could be engineered to enzymatically produce 2′-O-methylated nucleosides that are of great demand as raw materials for production of nucleic acid-based drugs. Moreover, RK9NH nucleoside hydrolase converts 5-fluorouridine, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine and 5-fluoro-2′-O-methyluridine into 5-fluorouracil, which suggests it could be employed in cancer therapy.
Using Game Design to Teach Informatics and Society Topics in Secondary Schools
Authors: Kayali Fares , Schwarz Vera , Purgathofer Peter , Götzenbrucker Gerit
Published: November 2018

This article discusses the use of game design as a method for interdisciplinary project-based teaching in secondary school education to convey informatics and society topics, which encompass the larger social context of computing. There is a lot of knowledge about learning games but little background on using game design as a method for project-based teaching of social issues in informatics. We present the results of an analysis of student-created games and an evaluation of a student-authored database on learning contents found in commercial off-the-shelf games. We further contextualise these findings using a group discussion with teachers. The results underline the effectiveness of project-based teaching to raise awareness for informatics and society topics. We further outline informatics and society topics that are particularly interesting to students, genre preferences, and potentially engaging game mechanics stemming from our analyses.
Allocentric Emotional Affordances in HRI: The Multimodal Binding
Authors: Vallverdú Jordi , Trovato Gabriele , Jamone Lorenzo
Published: November 2018

The concept of affordance perception is one of the distinctive traits of human cognition; and its application to robots can dramatically improve the quality of human-robot interaction (HRI). In this paper we explore and discuss the idea of “emotional affordances” by proposing a viable model for implementation into HRI; which considers allocentric and multimodal perception. We consider “2-ways” affordances: perceived object triggering an emotion; and perceived human emotion expression triggering an action. In order to make the implementation generic; the proposed model includes a library that can be customised depending on the specific robot and application scenario. We present the AAA (Affordance-Appraisal-Arousal) model; which incorporates Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions; and we outline some numerical examples of how it can be used in different scenarios.
Enhancement of Image Quality in LCD by Doping γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and Reducing Friction Torque Difference
Authors: Gao Lin , Dai Yayu , Li Tong , Tang Zongyuan , Zhao Xueqian , Li Zhenjie , Meng Xiangshen , He Zhenghong , Li Jian , Cai Minglei , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhu Jiliang , Xing Hongyu , Ye Wenjiang
Published: November 2018

Improving image sticking in liquid crystal display (LCD) has attracted tremendous interest because of its potential to enhance the quality of the display image. Here, we proposed a method to evaluate the residual direct current (DC) voltage by varying liquid crystal (LC) cell capacitance under the combined action of alternating current (AC) and DC signals. This method was then used to study the improvement of image sticking by doping γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles into LC materials and adjusting the friction torque difference of the upper and lower substrates. Detailed analysis and comparison of residual characteristics for LC materials with different doping concentrations revealed that the LC material, added with 0.02 wt% γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, can absorb the majority of free ions stably, thereby reducing the residual DC voltage and extending the time to reach the saturated state. The physical properties of the LC materials were enhanced by the addition of a small amount of nanoparticles and the response time of doping 0.02 wt% γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was about 10% faster than that of pure LC. Furthermore, the lower absolute value of the friction torque difference between the upper and lower substrates contributed to the reduction of the residual DC voltage induced by ion adsorption in the LC cell under the same conditions. To promote the image quality of different display frames in the switching process, we added small amounts of the nanoparticles to the LC materials and controlled friction technology accurately to ensure the same torque. Both approaches were proven to be highly feasible.
Acid Free Oxidation and Simple Dispersion Method of MWCNT for High-Performance CFRP
Authors: Singer Gerald , Siedlaczek Philipp , Sinn Gerhard , Rennhofer Harald , Mičušík Matej , Omastová Maria , Unterlass Miriam M. , Wendrinsky Josef , Milotti Valeria , Fedi Filippo , Pichler Thomas , Lichtenegger Helga C.
Published: November 2018

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) provide an outstanding property spectrum which can be used to improve a wide range of materials. However, the transfer of properties from the nanoscale to a macroscopic material is a limiting factor. Different approaches of functionalizing the surface of a CNT can improve the interaction with the surrounding matrix but is connected to difficult and expensive treatments, which are usually inconvenient for industrial applications. Here, a simple and eco-friendly method is presented for the oxidation of CNT, where hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the only chemical needed and no toxic emissions are released. Also, the extensive step of the incorporation of CNT to an epoxy matrix is simplified to an ultrasonic dispersion in the liquid hardener component. The effectiveness is proven by mechanical tests of produced CNT/CFRP and compared to a conventional processing route. The combination of those simple and cost efficient strategies can be utilized to produce multiscale composites with improved mechanical performance in an ecological and economical way.
Recent Trends in Covalent and Metal Organic Frameworks for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Chedid Georges , Yassin Ali
Published: November 2018

Materials science has seen a great deal of advancement and development. The discovery of new types of materials sparked the study of their properties followed by applications ranging from separation, catalysis, optoelectronics, sensing, drug delivery and biomedicine, and many other uses in different fields of science. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a relatively new type of materials with high surface areas and permanent porosity that show great promise for such applications. The current study aims at presenting the recent work achieved in COFs and MOFs for biomedical applications, and to examine some challenges and future directions which the field may take. The paper herein surveys their synthesis, and their use as Drug Delivery Systems (DDS), in non-drug delivery therapeutics and for biosensing and diagnostics.
Influence of Mono- and Bimetallic PtOx, PdOx, PtPdOx Clusters on CO Sensing by SnO2 Based Gas Sensors
Authors: Kutukov Pavel , Rumyantseva Marina , Krivetskiy Valeriy , Filatova Darya , Batuk Maria , Hadermann Joke , Khmelevsky Nikolay , Aksenenko Anatoly , Gaskov Alexander
Published: November 2018

To obtain a nanocrystalline SnO2 matrix and mono- and bimetallic nanocomposites SnO2/Pd, SnO2/Pt, and SnO2/PtPd, a flame spray pyrolysis with subsequent impregnation was used. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a single-point BET method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping. The electronic state of the metals in mono- and bimetallic clusters was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The active surface sites were investigated using the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo-programmed reduction with hydrogen (TPR-H2) methods. The sensor response of blank SnO2 and nanocomposites had a carbon monoxide (CO) level of 6.7 ppm and was determined in the temperature range 60–300 °C in dry (Relative Humidity (RH) = 0%) and humid (RH = 20%) air. The sensor properties of the mono- and bimetallic nanocomposites were analyzed on the basis of information on the electronic state, the distribution of modifiers in SnO2 matrix, and active surface centers. For SnO2/PtPd, the combined effect of the modifiers on the electrophysical properties of SnO2 explained the inversion of sensor response from n- to p-types observed in dry conditions.
Macromolecule Orientation in Nanofibers
Authors: Tian Dan , He Chun-Hui , He Ji-Huan
Published: November 2018

Electrospinning is now commercially used for the fabrication of nano/micro fibers. Compared with spider dragline silk, artificial fibers have poor mechanical properties. Unlike natural silk, which has a hierarchical structure with an approximate 3-fold symmetry, the molecular structure of spun fiber has neither folding nor orientation. To date, it is almost impossible to control molecule orientation during the spinning process. Here, we show that macromolecule orientation can be easily controlled using the laminar flow of fluid mechanics. A lasting laminar flow in a long needle can order macromolecules. We find that the orientation of macromolecules can greatly affect the morphology and mechanical properties of fibers. We expect our technology to be helpful for more sophisticated fabrication of fibers with ordered macromolecules and DNA-like twists.
Active Food Packaging Coatings Based on Hybrid Electrospun Gliadin Nanofibers Containing Ferulic Acid/Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Sharif Niloufar , Golmakani Mohammad-Taghi , Niakousari Mehrdad , Hosseini Seyed Mohammad Hashem , Ghorani Behrouz , Lopez-Rubio Amparo
Published: November 2018

In this work, hybrid gliadin electrospun fibers containing inclusion complexes of ferulic acid (FA) with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins (FA/HP-β-CD-IC) were prepared as a strategy to increase the stability and solubility of the antioxidant FA. Inclusion complex formation between FA and HP-β-CD was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). After adjusting the electrospinning conditions, beaded-free fibers of gliadin incorporating FA/HP-β-CD-IC with average fiber diameters ranging from 269.91 ± 73.53 to 271.68 ± 72.76 nm were obtained. Control gliadin fibers containing free FA were also produced for comparison purposes. The incorporation of FA within the cyclodextrin molecules resulted in increased thermal stability of the antioxidant compound. Moreover, formation of the inclusion complexes also enhanced the FA photostability, as after exposing the electrospun fibers to UV light during 60 min, photodegradation of the compound was reduced in more than 30%. Moreover, a slower degradation rate was also observed when compared to the fibers containing the free FA. Results from the release into two food simulants (ethanol 10% and acetic acid 3%) and PBS also demonstrated that the formation of the inclusion complexes successfully resulted in improved solubility, as reflected from the faster and greater release of the compounds in the three assayed media. Moreover, in both types of hybrid fibers, the antioxidant capacity of FA was kept, thus confirming the suitability of electrospinning for the encapsulation of sensitive compounds, giving raise to nanostructures with potential as active packaging structures or delivery systems of use in pharmaceutical or biomedical applications.
A Distinct Pattern of Circulating Amino Acids Characterizes Older Persons with Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia: Results from the BIOSPHERE Study
Authors: Calvani Riccardo , Picca Anna , Marini Federico , Biancolillo Alessandra , Gervasoni Jacopo , Persichilli Silvia , Primiano Aniello , Coelho-Junior Hélio José , Bossola Maurizio , Urbani Andrea , Landi Francesco , Bernabei Roberto , Marzetti Emanuele
Published: November 2018

Physical frailty and sarcopenia (PF&S) are hallmarks of aging that share a common pathogenic background. Perturbations in protein/amino acid metabolism may play a role in the development of PF&S. In this initial report, 68 community-dwellers aged 70 years and older, 38 with PF&S and 30 non-sarcopenic, non-frail controls (nonPF&S), were enrolled as part as the “BIOmarkers associated with Sarcopenia and Physical frailty in EldeRly pErsons” (BIOSPHERE) study. A panel of 37 serum amino acids and derivatives was assayed by UPLC-MS. Partial Least Squares–Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was used to characterize the amino acid profile of PF&S. The optimal complexity of the PLS-DA model was found to be three latent variables. The proportion of correct classification was 76.6 ± 3.9% (75.1 ± 4.6% for enrollees with PF&S; 78.5 ± 6.0% for nonPF&S). Older adults with PF&S were characterized by higher levels of asparagine, aspartic acid, citrulline, ethanolamine, glutamic acid, sarcosine, and taurine. The profile of nonPF&S participants was defined by higher concentrations of α-aminobutyric acid and methionine. Distinct profiles of circulating amino acids and derivatives characterize older people with PF&S. The dissection of these patterns may provide novel insights into the role played by protein/amino acid perturbations in the disabling cascade and possible new targets for interventions.
Use of a Smartphone Application Can Improve Assessment of High-Fat Food Consumption in Overweight Individuals
Authors: Chmurzynska Agata , Mlodzik-Czyzewska Monika A. , Malinowska Anna M. , Czarnocinska Jolanta , Wiebe Douglas J.
Published: November 2018

Background: We evaluated the feasibility of an application for measuring the frequency of consumption of high-fat foods and compared this application with standard methods. Methods: Twenty-six females and thirty six males aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poland. Participants completed the Block Screening Questionnaire for Fat Intake (BSQF; Q1) and a second questionnaire (Q2) with additional high-fat foods. The participants were then monitored for ten days in a real-time manner using a smartphone application that employed the same lists of food as Q2. Results: Most subjects (84%) gave replies to at least three prompts on at least 5 days. The results from Q1 and the application were correlated (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Energy intake and the frequency of consumption of high-fat foods were correlated in the overweight/obese group (r = 0.83, p < 0.001). The mean differences between Q2 and the app were similar in both groups but the agreement limits were wider in the overweight/obese group than in the normal weight group. Conclusions: An application for mobile devices is a feasible tool for capturing the frequency of high-fat food consumption and it seems to improve the measured variable, especially in overweight or obese people.
An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice
Authors: Ma Sihui , Huang Qingyi , Tominaga Takaki , Liu Chunhong , Suzuki Katsuhiko
Published: November 2018

Adjusting dietary fat intake is reported to affect mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and thus may enhance exercise capacity. However, a high-fat diet where carbohydrate intake is not limited enough also makes it difficult for athletes to maintain weight, and may fail to force the body to utilize fat. As such, a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, ketogenic diet (KD) may be viable. We have previously reported that an eight-week KD enhances exercise capacity, and suggested the mechanism to be enhanced lipolysis and ketolysis. In the present study, we investigated how an eight-week KD alters mRNA expression during fatty acid mobilization, FAO and ketolysis. We found that an eight-week KD may remodel the lipid metabolism profile, thus contributing to influence exercise capacity. We also found that ketolysis, lipolysis and FAO adaptations may contribute to enhanced exhaustive exercise performance. Along with enhanced FAO capacity during exhaustive exercise, a KD may also alter IL-6 synthesis and secretion profile, thus contribute to fatty acid mobilization, ketolysis, lipolysis and preventing muscle damage. Both the lipid metabolism response and IL-6 secretion appeared to be muscle fiber specific. Taken together, the previous and present results reveal that an eight-week KD may enhance exercise performance by up-regulating ketolysis and FAO ability. Therefore, a KD may have the potential to prevent muscle damage by altering IL-6 secretion profile, indicating that a KD may be a promising dietary approach in endurance athletes, sports, and for injury prevention.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Protects the Epithelial Barrier of Wistar Rats from the Pepsin-Trypsin-Digested Gliadin (PTG)-Induced Enteropathy
Authors: Orlando Antonella , Linsalata Michele , Bianco Giusy , Notarnicola Maria , D’Attoma Benedetta , Scavo Maria Principia , Tafaro Angela , Russo Francesco
Published: November 2018

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder, characterized by enhanced paracellular permeability across the intestinal epithelium. The complex system of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), seals together the epithelial cells to form a continuous layer. The improvements in barrier integrity have been related to modifications in intercellular junction protein expression. Polyamines (spermidine, spermine, and putrescine) actively participate in the modulation of the AJ expression. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that also probiotics can promote the integrity and the function of the intestinal barrier. On these bases, the present work investigated the protective effects exerted by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) against the pepsin-trypsin-digested gliadin (PTG)-induced enteropathy in jejunal tissue samples of Wistar rats. In particular, the probiotic effects have been evaluated on the intestinal mucosal architecture, polyamine metabolism and intercellular junction protein expression (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, β-catenin and E-cadherin). The results from this study indicate that L.GG protects the intestinal mucosa of rats from PTG-induced damage, by preventing the reduction of the expression of the intercellular junction proteins. Consequently, a role for L.GG in the therapeutic management of the gluten-related disorders in humans could be hypothesized.
Phloridzin, an Apple Polyphenol, Exerted Unfavorable Effects on Bone and Muscle in an Experimental Model of Type 2 Diabetes in Rats
Authors: Londzin Piotr , Siudak Szymon , Cegieła Urszula , Pytlik Maria , Janas Aleksandra , Waligóra Arkadiusz , Folwarczna Joanna
Published: November 2018

It is believed that apple fruits contain components with health-promoting effects, including some antidiabetic activity. One of the most known apple compounds is phloridzin, a glucoside of phloretin. Phloridzin and phloretin were reported to exert some favorable skeletal effects in estrogen-deficient rats and mice. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of phloridzin on musculoskeletal system in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). The experiments were performed on mature female Wistar rats, divided into control rats (fed a standard laboratory diet), HFD/STZ control rats, and HFD/STZ rats receiving phloridzin (20 or 50 mg/kg/day per os) for four weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, muscle mass and strength, bone mass, density, histomorphometric parameters and mechanical properties were determined. The HFD/STZ rats developed hyperglycemia, with decreases in the muscle mass and strength and profound osteoporotic changes. Phloridzin at 20 mg/kg markedly augmented the unfavorable effects of diabetes on the muscle mass and strength and decreased growth of bones, whereas, at 50 mg/kg, it did not affect most of the investigated musculoskeletal parameters. Results of the study indicate the possibility of unfavorable effects of phloridzin on the musculoskeletal system in conditions of hyperglycemia.
Physical Exercise Improves Glycemic and Inflammatory Profile and Attenuates Progression of Periodontitis in Diabetic Rats (HFD/STZ)
Authors: Andrade Eric Francelino , Silva Viviam de Oliveira , Moura Natália Oliveira de , Foureaux Renata de Carvalho , Orlando Débora Ribeiro , Moura Rodrigo Ferreira de , Pereira Luciano José
Published: November 2018

The authors aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on the metabolism and progression of periodontal disease (PD), induced by ligature in diabetic rats induced by high fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD/STZ). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was induced by four weeks of a hyperlipidic diet associated with a single low-dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg/animal). The exercise groups swam for 60 min/day for eight weeks (five times/week). In the last two weeks of exercise, a ligature was placed around the right and left mandibular first molars. The authors determined alveolar bone loss by morphometry. Blood biochemical profile and serum levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were evaluated by colorimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively. The diabetic animals subjected to exercise showed decreased alveolar bone loss, lower glycemia, triacylglycerols and glycosylated hemoglobin levels than the controls. Total cholesterol and its fractions (High density lipoprotein—HDL-c, Low density lipoprotein—LDL-c and Very low density lipoprotein—VLDL-c) remained similar among the groups. Animals with PD showed higher levels of TNF-α and lower levels of IL-10, when compared to animals without PD. In diabetic animals with PD, physical exercise decreased TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels as well as the IL10/TNF-α ratio. In conclusion, eight weeks of physical exercise improved glycemic control and systemic inflammatory profile, and attenuated alveolar bone loss in rats with DM and PD.
Manipulation of Laser Distribution to Mitigate the Space-Charge Effect for Improving the Performance of a THz Coherent Undulator Radiation Source
Authors: Krainara Siriwan , Chatani Shuya , Zen Heishun , Kii Toshiteru , Ohgaki Hideaki
Published: November 2018

A THz coherent undulator radiation (THz-CUR) source has been developed at the Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University. A photocathode Radio-Frequency (RF) gun and a bunch compressor chicane are used for generating short-bunch electron beams. When the electron beam energy is low, the space-charge effect strongly degrades the beam quality, such as the bunch length and the energy spread at the high bunch charge condition at around 160 pC, and results in the reduction of the highest frequency and the maximum radiated power of the THz-CUR. To mitigate the space charge effect, we have investigated the dependence of the electron beam quality on the laser distribution in transverse and longitudinal directions by using a numerical simulation code, General Particle Tracer GPT. The manipulation of the laser distribution has potential for improving the performance of the THz-CUR source. The electron bunch was effectively compressed with the chicane magnet when the laser transverse distribution was the truncated Gaussian profile, illuminating a cathode. Moreover, the compressed electron bunch was shortened by enlarging the laser pulse width. Consequently, an enhancement of the radiated power of the THz-CUR has been indicated.
Looking at Flavonoid Biodiversity in Horticultural Crops: A Colored Mine with Nutritional Benefits
Authors: Scarano Aurelia , Chieppa Marcello , Santino Angelo
Published: November 2018

Flavonoids represent a wide group of plant secondary metabolites implicated in many physiological roles, from the attraction of pollinators to the protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. Flavonoids are synthetized in a number of horticultural crops that are important components of our daily diet. In the last decades, the consumption of vegetables rich in antioxidants has been strongly promoted from the perspective of prevention/protection against chronic diseases. Therefore, due to their nutritional importance, several attempts have been made to enhance flavonoid levels in species of agronomic interest. In this review, we focus on the flavonoid biodiversity among the major horticultural species, which is responsible of differences among closely related species and influences the qualitative/quantitative composition. We also review the role of flavonoids in the nutritional quality of plant products, contributing to their organoleptic and nutritional properties, and the main strategies of biofortification to increase their content.
Facile NiOx Sol-Gel Synthesis Depending on Chain Length of Various Solvents without Catalyst for Efficient Hole Charge Transfer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Byung Gi , Jang Woongsik , Wang Dong Hwan
Published: November 2018

Nickel oxide (NiOx)–based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently gained considerable interest, and exhibit above 20% photovoltaic efficiency. However, the reported syntheses of NiOx sol-gel used toxic chemicals for the catalysts during synthesis, which resulted in a high-temperature annealing requirement to remove the organic catalysts (ligands). Herein, we report a facile “NiOx sol-gel depending on the chain length of various solvents” method that eschews toxic catalysts, to confirm the effect of different types of organic solvents on NiOx synthesis. The optimized conditions of the method resulted in better morphology and an increase in the crystallinity of the perovskite layer. Furthermore, the use of the optimized organic solvent improved the absorbance of the photoactive layer in the PSC device. To compare the electrical properties, a PSC was prepared with a p-i-n structure, and the optimized divalent alcohol-based NiOx as the hole transport layer. This improved the charge transport compared with that for the typical 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) used in earlier studies. Finally, the optimized solvent-based NiOx enhanced device performance by increasing the short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF), compared with those of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)–based devices.
Translocation of Charged Polymers through a Nanopore in Monovalent and Divalent Salt Solutions: A Scaling Study Exploring over the Entire Driving Force Regimes
Authors: Hsiao Pai-Yi
Published: November 2018

Langevin dynamics simulations are performed to study polyelectrolytes driven through a nanopore in monovalent and divalent salt solutions. The driving electric field E is applied inside the pore, and the strength is varied to cover the four characteristic force regimes depicted by a rederived scaling theory, namely the unbiased (UB) regime, the weakly-driven (WD) regime, the strongly-driven trumpet (SD(T)) regime and the strongly-driven isoflux (SD(I)) regime. By changing the chain length N, the mean translocation time is studied under the scaling form ⟨ τ ⟩ ∼ N α E − δ . The exponents α and δ are calculated in each force regime for the two studied salt cases. Both of them are found to vary with E and N and, hence, are not universal in the parameter’s space. We further investigate the diffusion behavior of translocation. The subdiffusion exponent γ p is extracted. The three essential exponents ν s , q, z p are then obtained from the simulations. Together with γ p , the validness of the scaling theory is verified. Through a comparison with experiments, the location of a usual experimental condition on the scaling plot is pinpointed.
A Review of Fusible Interlinings Usage in Garment Manufacture
Authors: Zhang Qian , Kan Chi-Wai
Published: November 2018

The consumer’s enhanced awareness of garment quality, appearance, and related eco-safety production manufacture means that not only shell fabrics, but also accessory materials should be paid much more attention. Interlining is the one of the most important and state of the art accessory materials that currently lacks review and exploration. This article comprehensively demonstrates an organizational integration of interlinings which includes their history, classification, manufacture, characteristic, properties, function, fusing technology and application. In addition, the article highlights a new innovation of printable interlining, which could replace the traditional fusible interlinings because of its cost-effectiveness, its simple process and its environmentally-friendly nature.
Polymer Chain Mobility under Shear—A Rheo-NMR Investigation
Authors: Wiesner Brigitte , Kohn Benjamin , Mende Mandy , Scheler Ulrich
Published: November 2018

The local dynamics in polymer melts and the impact of external shear in a Couette geometry have been investigated using rheological nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The spin-spin relaxation time, T2, which is sensitive to chain-segment motion, has been measured as a function of shear rate for two samples of poly(dimethylsiloxane). For the low-molecular-weight sample, a mono-exponential decay is observed, which becomes slightly faster with shear, indicating restrictions of the polymer chain motion. For the high-weight sample, a much faster bi-exponential decay is observed, indicative of entanglements. Both components in this decay become longer with shear. This implies that the free polymer segments between entanglements become effectively longer as a result of shear.
Application of Industrially Produced Chitosan in the Surface Treatment of Fibre-Based Material: Effect of Drying Method and Number of Coating Layers on Mechanical and Barrier Properties
Authors: Kopacic Samir , Walzl Andrea , Hirn Ulrich , Zankel Armin , Kniely Rudolf , Leitner Erich , Bauer Wolfgang
Published: November 2018

Chitosan is a versatile biopolymer with many interesting functionalities. Its effects on the barrier and mechanical properties of single- or double-coated fibre-based packaging papers in dependence on the applied drying regime were successfully tested. Our investigations revealed chitosan to be a highly robust biopolymer, since the different drying regimes did not alter its contribution to the development of strength and barrier properties of the coated packaging papers. These properties showed a stronger influence of the applied coat weights than of the different drying regimes. The effect of chitosan coatings were quantified by measuring tensile strength (TS), burst strength (BS) and tensile energy absorption (TEA). These revealed that TS, BS and TEA of the coated papers increased significantly. Moreover, the chitosan-coated papers were less permeable against water vapor and air. High grease resistance was observed for double-coated papers, irrespective of the drying regimes. The coated paper surface showed a more hydrophilic character, resulting in lower contact angles and higher water absorption properties. In this study, industrially produced chitosan has been proven to be a renewable, robust biopolymer that can be utilized as an additive to increase strength and the barrier properties of fibre-based materials.
Mechanical, Thermal, and Shape Memory Properties of Three-Dimensional Printing Biomass Composites
Authors: Bi Hongjie , Xu Min , Ye Gaoyuan , Guo Rui , Cai Liping , Ren Zechun
Published: November 2018

In this study, a series of heat-induced shape memory composites was prepared by the hot-melt extrusion and three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using wood flour (WF) with different contents of EPDM-g-MAH. The mechanical properties, microtopography, thermal property analysis, and heat-induced shape memory properties of the composites were examined. The results showed that, when the EPDM-g-MAH content was 4%, the tensile elongation and tensile strength of the composites reached the maximum value. The scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed a good interface bonding between TPU and WF when the EPDM-g-MAH content was 4%. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of TPU/WF composites was enhanced by the addition of 4% EPDM-g-MAH. Heat-induced shape memory test results showed that the shape memory performance of composites with 4% EPDM-g-MAH was better than that of unmodified-composites. The composites’ shape recovery performance at a temperature of 60 °C was higher than that of the composites at ambient temperature. It was also found that, when the filling angle of the specimen was 45°, the recovery angle of the composites was larger.
Reinforcement of Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane with Surface Modification of Attapulgite
Authors: Wang Chengshuang , Dai Lili , Yang Zhengrui , Ge Chengcheng , Li Shuiping , He Meng , Ding Liang , Xie Hongfeng
Published: November 2018

Polyurethane/attapulgite (PU/ATT) nanocomposites derived from castor oil were prepared by incorporation of 8 wt % ATT, acid-treated ATT, and KH560-treated ATT. The effects of three ATTs (ATT, acid-ATT, and KH560-ATT) on the comprehensive properties of PU/ATT nanocomposites were systematically investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of 8 wt % of three ATTs could produce an obvious reinforcement on the castor oil-based PU and that the silane modification treatment, rather than the acid treatment, has the more effective reinforcement effect. SEM images revealed the uniform dispersion of ATT in the PU matrix. DMA confirmed that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) of PU/ATT nanocomposites were significantly increased after blending with different ATTs. For PU/KH560-ATT8 nanocomposites, the thermal stability of the PU was obviously enhanced by the addition of KH560-ATT. In particular, 8 wt % KH560-ATT loaded castor oil-based PU nanocomposites exhibit an obvious improvement in tensile strength (255%), Young’s modulus (200%), Tg (5.1 °C), the storage modulus at 25 °C (104%), and the initial decomposition temperature (7.7 °C). The prepared bio-based PU materials could be a potential candidate to replace petroleum-based PU products in practical applications.
Development of the PEO Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid State Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Yu , Yan Xuemin , Ma Zhaofei , Mei Ping , Xiao Wei , You Qinliang , Zhang Yan
Published: November 2018

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted considerable attention due to the rapid development of the need for more safety and powerful lithium ion batteries. The prime requirements of solid polymer electrolytes are high ion conductivity, low glass transition temperature, excellent solubility to the conductive lithium salt, and good interface stability against Li anode, which makes PEO and its derivatives potential candidate polymer matrixes. This review mainly encompasses on the synthetic development of PEO-based SPEs (PSPEs), and the potential application of the resulting PSPEs for high performance, all-solid-state lithium ion batteries.
Research on the Methods for the Mass Production of Multi-Scale Organs-On-Chips
Authors: Díaz Lantada Andrés , Pfleging Wilhelm , Besser Heino , Guttmann Markus , Wissmann Markus , Plewa Klaus , Smyrek Peter , Piotter Volker , García-Ruíz Josefa Predestinación
Published: November 2018

The success of labs- and organs-on-chips as transformative technologies in the biomedical arena relies on our capacity of solving some current challenges related to their design, modeling, manufacturability, and usability. Among present needs for the industrial scalability and impact promotion of these bio-devices, their sustainable mass production constitutes a breakthrough for reaching the desired level of repeatability in systematic testing procedures based on labs- and organs-on-chips. The use of adequate biomaterials for cell-culture processes and the achievement of the multi-scale features required, for in vitro modeling the physiological interactions among cells, tissues, and organoids, which prove to be demanding requirements in terms of production. This study presents an innovative synergistic combination of technologies, including: laser stereolithography, laser material processing on micro-scale, electroforming, and micro-injection molding, which enables the rapid creation of multi-scale mold cavities for the industrial production of labs- and organs-on-chips using thermoplastics apt for in vitro testing. The procedure is validated by the design, rapid prototyping, mass production, and preliminary testing with human mesenchymal stem cells of a conceptual multi-organ-on-chip platform, which is conceived for future studies linked to modeling cell-to-cell communication, understanding cell-material interactions, and studying metastatic processes.
Impact of Filled Materials on the Heating Uniformity and Safety of Microwave Heating Solid Stack Materials
Authors: Wang Jing , Hong Tao , Xie Tian , Yang Fan , Hu Yusong , Zhu Huacheng
Published: November 2018

Microwave heating of solid stack materials is common but bothered by problems of uneven heating and electric discharge phenomena. In this paper, a method introducing fluid materials with different relative permittivity is proposed to improve the heating uniformity and safety of solid stack materials. Simulations have been computed based on the finite element method (FEM) and validated by experiments. Simulation results show that the introducing of fluid materials with proper relative permittivity does improve the heating uniformity and safety. Fluid materials with the larger real part of relative permittivity could obviously lower the maximum modulus value of the electric field for about 23 times, and will lower the coefficient of variation (COV) in general, although in small ranges that it has fluctuated. Fluid materials with the larger imaginary part of relative permittivity, in a range from 0 to 0.3, can make a more efficient heating and it could lower the maximum modulus value of the electric field by 34 to 55% on the whole studied range. However, the larger imaginary part of relative permittivity will cause worse heating uniformity as the COV rises by 246.9% in the same process. The computed results are discussed and methods to reach uniform and safe heating through introducing fluid materials with proper relative permittivity are proposed.
Ernst Bloch as a Non-Simultaneous Jewish Marxist
Authors: Tacik Przemyslaw
Published: November 2018

The paper attempts to reassess the fundamentally paradoxical position of Ernst Bloch in 20th century philosophy in the light of the Marranic condition. Indebted, among others, to Jewish heritage and Christian tradition, Bloch considered himself primarily a Marxist. Bloch’s uniqueness consists in the stunning equiponderance of the currents he drew from. Contrary to a classic model of modern Jewish philosophy, inaugurated by Hermann Cohen, Bloch’s thinking does not allow of easy juxtaposition of “sources” with languages into which they were translated. In this sense, Bloch cannot be easily compared to Franz Rosenzweig, Emmanuel Levinas or even Walter Benjamin (although he bore some striking similarities with the latter). His position at least partly stems from a specific form of directness with which he often used these languages, composing his philosophy in quite an anachronist manner. For this reason his thinking—in itself “die Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen”, as one of his key concepts theorises—is a very modern, internally incoherent space of cross-fertilising inspirations. The paper demonstrates two levels on which Bloch’s indebtedness to Judaism might be analysed and then re-assesses his Marxist affiliations as a kind of modern faith which, in a specifically Marranic manner, seals the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous.
Use of Prayer as Complementary Therapy by Christian Adults in the Bible Belt of the United States
Authors: South Robbie Madden , McDowell Liz
Published: November 2018

Persons of all major religious groups use prayer as a spiritual discipline when dealing with sickness, and a majority of Christians report faith in healing prayer. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of prayer as complementary therapy for healing by Christian adults in the Bible Belt of the United States. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used in this qualitative study. This project was a secondary analysis of a larger study whose aim was to document stories of miraculous healings (n = 14). Open-ended questions focusing on participants’ use of prayer followed the initial telling of their stories. All participants used prayer as complementary to their traditional medical treatments, and emerging themes included prayers of the people, rituals and traditions associated with prayer, prayers of supplication, and experiences related to the act of praying. These findings support prior published studies regarding the prevalence of prayer and its use as complementary therapy. Participants commonly used prayer in times of illness and the effects of prayer included a sense of wellbeing, increased calmness, decreased anxiety, and positive healing experiences. Participants utilized self-prayer and prayer support from family, friends, clergy, and healthcare professionals.
The Swansea Floating Endoscopic Assistant: A Surgical Handling Aid
Authors: George Jayan , Farboud Amir , Elhassan Hassan A , Whittet Heikki B
Published: November 2018

Endoscopic sinus surgery is a rapidly advancing area of Otolaryngology. Operations can be lengthy and are often performed by a single surgeon. Repetitive movements can also lead to muscular fatigue. To mitigate against this, we regularly deploy two retractable Flexi™ compact leads, one bigger than the other connected together and suspended from the theatre operating light arm using velcro ties. The leads are then wrapped around the endoscope using a cotton crepe bandage, in a double loop with a reef knot. The larger lead attaches to the focus/zoom adjustment part of the endoscopic camera, and the smaller lead attaches to the scope 20 cm from the tip allowing the scope to float when suspended, with a slight downward tilt towards the patient. The mechanical effect this produces allows an advantageous reduction in the scope’s weight from 404 g un-suspended, to 65 g with the setup described. This subsequently reduces stress on the elbows, shoulders neck and lumbar spine. The Swansea Floating Endoscopic Assistant adheres to basic ergonomic principles and has the potential for application in other areas of Otorhinolaryngology and Skull Base Surgery.
Hemp Cables, a Sustainable Alternative to Harmonic Steel for Cable Nets
Authors: Viskovic Alberto
Published: November 2018

Recent developments in the field of materials engineering have allowed for the use of natural materials for common structural elements, instead of traditional materials, such as steel or concrete. In this context, hemp is a very interesting material for structural building design. This paper proposes the use of hemp cables for roofs with hyperbolic paraboloid cable nets, which sees the use of a sustainable material for structure, thus having a very low environmental impact, in terms of structural thickness and amount of material. The paper discusses five different plan sizes and two different hyperbolic paraboloid surface radius of curvatures. The cable traction, which gives the cable net stiffness, was varied in order to give a parametric database of structural response. Three dimensional geometrically nonlinear analyses were carried out on different geometries (i.e., 10), cable net stiffnesses (i.e., 8), and materials (i.e., 2). Traditional harmonic steel and hemp cables are compared, in terms of vertical displacements and natural periods under dead and permanent loads.
Impact of pH and Ionic Molar Ratios on Phosphorous Forms Precipitation and Recovery from Different Wastewater Sludges
Authors: Daneshgar Saba , Buttafava Armando , Capsoni Doretta , Callegari Arianna , Capodaglio Andrea G.
Published: November 2018

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants, which use it as a basic fertilizer component and is expected to increase significantly in the coming years due to higher food crops demand. Unfortunately, the available phosphorus natural reserves are not renewable, and estimates indicate their rapid decline in the future. Urban wastewater, due to its abundance and relatively high phosphorus content, is an excellent candidate for phosphorus recovery, while the element’s removal from urban effluents was introduced in the 1970′s to limit the undesired effects of eutrophication. In this study, the process of struvite (and related phosphorous compounds) crystallization was investigated for three different sludge types, and the results were compared. While most studies focus strictly on anaerobically digested sludge for high struvite precipitation efficiency, this study investigated the possibility of inducing precipitation on both aerobic (extended aeration) and anaerobic sludges produced by two wastewater treatment plants in northern Italy. Analysis of precipitates from sludge samples was compared, where the focus was on the aerobic sludge, and its potential for struvite recovery. The effect of different reaction parameters was studied under different operating conditions, and the use and effects of Ca(OH)2 addition as an inexpensive potential pH adjustment reagent was investigated.