bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of interactions in ECE settings and mean length of utterances among 4-year-old neglected children: Results from the ELLAN Study
Authors: Julien Catherine , Bouchard Caroline , Leblond Jean , Sylvestre Audette
Published: January 2021

Language difficulties are frequently characterized by a significantly lower mean length of utterances (MLU) among children experiencing neglect. More opportunities to experience positive interactions, such as in early childhood education (ECE) settings, could help increase these children’s MLU. This study aims to examine the relationship between the quality of interactions within the group in ECE settings attended by children experiencing neglect and the presence of difficulties based on MLU (MLU-Ds). Eighteen (18) neglected (age = 48.26 months, standard deviation [ SD] = 0.37) and 86 non-neglected children (age = 48.07 months, SD = 0.24) participated in this study. To estimate the prevalence of difficulties, the MLU of all the participants was measured using a language sample. The Classroom Assessment Scoring System Pre-K was used to measure the quality of interactions in ECE settings attended by children experiencing neglect. Behavior Management ( p = .0072, adjusted R2 = .47) and Concept Development ( p = .019, adjusted R2 = .15) are associated with the MLU of neglected children presenting MLU-Ds. Although not statistically significant, the results obtained for the dimension of Regard for Child Perspectives ( p = .090, adjusted R2 = .12) raise relevant trends to examine. This study highlights specific dimensions of quality of interactions that are associated with language skills of children experiencing neglect. It also supports the need to continue studies to have a more comprehensive portrait of this association.
Validity Evidence for the Revised Classroom Practices Survey: An Instrument to Measure Teachers’ Differentiation Practices
Authors: Pereira Nielsen , Tay Juliana , Desmet Ophélie , Maeda Yukiko , Gentry Marcia
Published: January 2021

We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Classroom Practices Survey–Revised (CPS-R) when used with students achieving at low, average, and high levels. A total of 739 teachers completed CPS-R for students in their classrooms. Results showed improvement in the reliability of CPS-R across all achievement levels when compared with its previous version. Internal consistency estimates for the four factors were higher for the high-achieving students (α = .84–.94) compared with estimates for students who achieve at average (α = .83–.92) and low (α = .81–.90) levels. Model fit of the data was in the acceptable range across all achievement levels. However, model fit indices for the high-achieving group were slightly better than for the average- and low-achieving groups. Results support the practical value of CPS-R as a tool to assess teachers’ use of differentiation strategies.
Economic Life: global capital, financial journalism, and independent media
Authors: Iddins Annemarie
Published: January 2021

This article examines financial journalism in Morocco during the 1990s, focusing on the tenure of French press magnate Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber at La Vie économique (LVE) and the entrance of global capital into Morocco’s media market. At LVE Servan-Schreiber assembled a group of young reporters, columnists and analysts who came to journalism through finance and financial journalism at a time when Morocco was in the throes of economic liberalization. This moment proved formative for a new generation of media ownership and demonstrates a shift in media-state relations toward an ambivalent authoritarianism, defined by a new openness to complementary interests of media and the state. Bringing together political economy and textual analysis based on archival research, this article argues that financial journalism set the stage for a commercialization of independent media in Morocco that is characterized by recognition of media’s role as both a facilitator for global capital and a powerful player in the realm of geopolitics. Additionally, on the domestic front, the economic press paves the way for the reentry of politics into public discourse and a liberal approach that attempts to work within the constraints of capital while not eschewing critique.
The conquest of the world as meme: memetic visuality and political humor in critiques of the hindu right wing in India
Authors: Baishya Anirban K.
Published: January 2021

With the rise of internet-based digital participatory cultures in India, social networks have become sites of volatile political discourse. As in other countries such as Brazil, China and Russia, this has led to the concurrent eruption of memes in India’s political landscape. This paper examines humorous politicized memes that are deployed to critique the Hindu right-wing in India. Through an examination of the formal nature of the meme and its connection to other visual forms such as the caricature, the visual joke and the graphic novel, I demonstrate how seemingly frivolous objects can hold potential for serious discourse. Employing a mix of visual and textual analysis, as well as a survey of virally circulating memes on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, I forward the concept of “memetic visuality”—a mode of imagining the world and the political community through a series of intertextual connections. I argue that social media communication has led to the eruption of a memetic mode of engaging with political culture in India, in which virally fueled parody and satire infuses seemingly non-memetic objects with meme-like characteristics. In doing so, memetic political discourse in India becomes part of a larger global language of online political discourse.
This is what loneliness looks like: A mixed-methods study of loneliness in adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Matthews Timothy , Fisher Helen L. , Bryan Bridget T. , Danese Andrea , Moffitt Terrie E. , Qualter Pamela , Verity Lily , Arseneault Louise
Published: January 2021

The present study used quantitative and qualitative methods to explore how lonely young people are seen from others’ perspectives, in terms of their personality, behavior, and life circumstances. Data were drawn from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a cohort of 2,232 individuals born in the U.K. in the mid-1990s. When participants were aged 18, they provided self-reports of loneliness, and informant ratings of loneliness were provided by interviewers, as well as participants’ parents and siblings. Interviewers further provided Big Five personality ratings and detailed written notes in which they documented their perceptions of the participants and their reflections on the content of the interview. In the quantitative section of the article, regression analyses were used to examine the perceptibility of loneliness and how participants’ loneliness related to their perceived personality traits. The informant ratings of participants’ loneliness showed good agreement with self-reports. Furthermore, loneliness was associated with lower perceived conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extroversion and higher perceived neuroticism. Within-twin pair analyses indicated that these associations were partly explained by common underlying genetic influences. In the qualitative section of the study, the loneliest 5% of study participants ( N = 108) were selected, and thematic analysis was applied to the study interviewers’ notes about those participants. Three themes were identified and named: “uncomfortable in own skin,” “clustering of risk,” and “difficulties accessing social resources.” These results add depth to the current conceptualization of loneliness and emphasize the complexity and intersectional nature of the circumstances severely lonely young adults live in.
Children’s accuracy in answering Why and How Come questions
Authors: Wylie Breanne E. , Stolzenberg Stacia N. , Evans Angela D.
Published: January 2021

Children’s developing understanding of language may influence their ability to accurately respond to questions inquiring about their event knowledge (i.e., Why and How Come questions), potentially creating misinterpretations in adult–child communication. The present study examined 120 5-, 7-, and 9-year-old’s accuracy in responding to Why and How Come questions about the cause of their behaviors. Children’s accuracy improved with age, highlighting a developmental milestone whereby children become highly accurate by 7 years of age. Further, the semantic differences in question type did not influence children’s responses, as there were no differences in children’s accuracy when answering Why or How Come questions. The findings from this study highlight the developmental shift in children’s abilities to answer Why and How Come questions, and thus the importance of considering the age and linguistic abilities of the child when inquiring about their event knowledge.
Making a Difference Through Atmospheres: The Orange Alternative, laughter and the possibilities of affective resistance
Authors: Marsh Dorota , Śliwa Martyna
Published: January 2021

The paper focuses on affective resistance with an emphasis on the context in which resistant action emerges, and on the liberating power of laughter. It adopts the approach of ‘affective ethnographic history’ to examine the activities of the Polish oppositional artistic collective, the Orange Alternative (OA), between 1986 and 1989. The OA organized interventions in the streets of Polish cities which engaged the general public as participants. The focus of the interventions was on the creation of affective atmospheres leading to affective transitions in the participants from fear to the lack of fear. The paper contributes to scholarly debates on resistance in three ways: (1) it proposes that resistance and its efficacy should be assessed not in terms of the form of resistance, but through consideration of resistant action in relation to the context of its emergence; (2) it demonstrates how affective resistance operates through affective atmospheres that result in affective transitions to the state of lack of fear; and (3) it reconsiders the significance of laughter as an affective force that has liberating consequences both within a particular resistance assemblage and beyond it.
Digital Pollution and Its Impact on the Family and Social Interactions
Authors: Agrawal Shiv Ratan
Published: January 2021

The present study was an attempt to identify the most prevailing means of digital devices and its impact as digital pollution on family and social interactions. Despite the obvious benefits of digital devices, in recent years researchers have taken more concern about its potential negative effect on human attitude and behavior, which in turn affects our society. A total of 613 usable responses were collected from Bangalore, India of excessive users of digital devices, such as a smartphone, computer/laptop, and television. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0, AMOS 23.0, and SmartPLS 3.0. The results indicated that as the use of smartphone and computer/laptop increases, levels of digital pollution also increase, which in turn significantly triggers unfavorable impact on family and social interactions. The study indicated that digital pollution appears as an important predictor, which significantly affects social interaction unfavorably. The present study explored the various critical dimensions within this domain and delineated gaps in our knowledge of digital pollution. It was found that smartphones are more responsible for digital pollution among all the identified digital devices, followed by computer/laptop.
Is Postextracapsular Tonsillectomy Bleeding More Common on the Side of the Surgeon’s Nondominant Hand?
Authors: Masalha Muhamed , DeRowe Are , Landsberg Roee , Mazzawi Salim , Shlizerman Lev , Kassem Firas , Fadel Adam
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To determine the difference in bleeding when extracapsular tonsillectomy with electrocautery is performed on the dominant and nondominant side of the surgeon’s hands.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Academic university hospital.

Methods

Medical record data of patients who were admitted with posttonsillectomy bleeding from January 1, 2000, to July 31, 2017, were reviewed. Included were age, sex, surgical indication, side of posttonsillectomy bleeding, and time of bleeding. Information on the surgeon’s dominant hand was also collected. All patients underwent total extracapsular resection with electrocautery.

Results

Of 280 patients, 186 met the inclusion criteria, 116 (62.3%) males and 70 (37.7%) females. Ages ranged from 2 to 74 years (mean ± SD, 17 ± 13 years; median, 13 years). In 136 cases (73.1%), bleeding was on the side of the surgeon’s nondominant hand (P <. 0001). In 50 (26.9%) cases, bleeding was on the side of the surgeon’s dominant hand. The odds ratio of bleeding on the side of the surgeon’s nondominant hand compared to the dominant hand was 8.99.

Conclusion

The risk of bleeding following extracapsular tonsillectomy with electrocautery on the side of the surgeon’s nondominant hand is significantly higher than on the side of the dominant hand. Thus, additional caution is required when operating on the nondominant side of the oral cavity in extracapsular tonsillectomy using electrocautery. These findings raise questions regarding dexterity as a risk factor for posttonsillectomy bleeding.
Tracheotomy in COVID‐19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Weaning, Decannulation, and Survival
Authors: Benito Daniel A. , Bestourous Daniel E. , Tong Jane Y. , Pasick Luke J. , Sataloff Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the cumulative incidences of decannulation and mechanical ventilation weaning in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) who have undergone a tracheotomy. Weighted average mean times to tracheotomy, to decannulation, and to death were calculated from reported or approximated means.

Data Sources

PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and the Cochrane library.

Review Methods

Studies were screened by 3 investigators independently. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Studies including patients with COVID‐19 who underwent a tracheotomy were identified. Studies without reported mechanical ventilation weaning or decannulation were excluded. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model.

Results

After identifying 232 unique studies, 18 articles encompassing outcomes for 3234 patients were ultimately included for meta‐analysis, with a weighted mean follow‐up time of 28.6 ± 6.2 days after tracheotomy. Meta‐analysis revealed that 55.0% of tracheotomized patients were weaned successfully from mechanical ventilation (95% CI, 47.4%‐62.2%). Approximately 34.9% of patients were decannulated successfully, with a mean decannulation time of 18.6 ± 5.7 days after tracheotomy. The pooled mortality in tracheotomized patients with COVID‐19 was 13.1%, with a mean time of death of 13.0 ± 4.0 days following tracheotomy.

Conclusion

At the current state of the coronavirus pandemic, over half of patients who have required tracheotomies are being weaned off of mechanical ventilation. While 13.1% patients have died prior to decannulation, over a third of all tracheotomized patients with COVID‐19 reported in the literature have undergone successful decannulation.
(Re)organizing the music curriculum as multicultural music education
Authors: de Villiers Alethea Cassandra
Published: January 2021

Cultural hegemony permeates society and is spread through social institutions. These institutions socialize people into the norms, values and beliefs of the dominant social groups. Moreover, cultural hegemony is spread and perpetuated through education in the form of compulsory education, a national curriculum, national assessments, as well as the hidden curriculum. The cultural hegemony of Western Art Music is established as the standard of music making and is institutionalized in education systems, national curricula and national assessment practices because it is inherent in ideologies and decision making. To counter the dominant hegemony, multicultural education philosophies have been adopted in democracies. The purpose of multicultural education is to change the dominant hegemony and bring about transformation in policy, attitudes, curriculum, assessment, the language of instruction, and strategies for learning and teaching. In this article, I discuss and compare music curricula from South Africa and Australia to determine how multiculturalism is manifested in the curriculum content for music in schools. I also suggest possible frameworks for curriculum developers in democracies to consider, which would subvert the status quo and establish a counter-hegemony.
Cognitive Impulsivity as a Mediator of the Parental Knowledge-Childhood Aggression Relationship
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Espelage Dorothy L.
Published: January 2021

In a previous study, reactive criminal thinking or cognitive impulsivity mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and delinquency. This study sought to determine whether cognitive impulsivity also mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and childhood aggression. A path analysis was performed on a sample of 438 early adolescent boys ( n = 206) and girls ( n = 232) from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence using three waves of non-overlapping data. As predicted, cognitive impulsivity mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and childhood aggression, but cognitive insensitivity did not. The results of this study provide ongoing support for the general conceptual argument that childhood aggression parallels delinquency in certain respects and that parental knowledge deters both future delinquency and childhood aggression by reducing the cognitive impulsivity that is central to the behavioral patterns of delinquency and childhood aggression.
Overnight radiology resident discrepancies at a large pediatric hospital: categorization by year of training, program, imaging modality, and report type
Authors: Dinh Mary L , Yazdani Rana , Godiyal Nikhil , Pfeifer Cory M
Published: January 2021

Background

Overnight radiology resident discrepancies have been described in multiple studies; however, study of resident discrepancies specific to pediatric radiology is limited.

Purpose

To examine radiology resident discrepancies as they pertain to a large pediatric hospital system.

Material and Methods

A total of 21,560 preliminary reports issued by 39 residents over a one-year period were scored as agreement, minor discrepancy, or major discrepancy by faculty members using a modification of the 2009 RADPEER scoring system. Residents were trainees of three different diagnostic radiology programs: large university-based, medium-sized community-based, or small community-based. Discrepancy rates were evaluated based on resident postgraduate year, program, and imaging modality. The effect of a general pediatric radiology report versus pediatric neuroradiology report of a CT scan was also tested. CT was the only modality in which there were comparable numbers of studies scored by both general pediatric radiologists and neuroradiologists.

Results

The rate of major resident to faculty assessment discrepancies was 1.01%, and the rate of minor resident to faculty assessment discrepancies was 4.47%. Major discrepancy rates by postgraduate years 3-5 were 1.08%, 0.75%, and 1.59%, respectively. Major discrepancy rates were highest for MR (11.22%), followed by CT (1.82%), radiographs (0.91%), and ultrasound (0.56%). There was no significant difference in discrepancy rate between residency programs and general pediatric radiology report of a CT versus pediatric neuroradiology report of a CT.

Conclusion

Radiology discrepancy rates for residents issuing preliminary reports at a large children’s hospital system are similar to those reported for adult procedures.
Restricted Sensitivity of FJ-C Staining to Assess Neuronal Degeneration and Death in Preclinical Mouse Studies
Authors: Santagostino Sara Francesca , Spinazzi Marco , Radaelli Enrico
Published: January 2021

Fluorescein-derived fluorochromes and anionic dyes such as Fluoro-Jade (FJ) stains have been introduced to facilitate recognition of dying neurons in tissue sections. However, the definition of what is really detected by FJ-based stains and its sensitivity in the detection of neuronal cell death is unclear. In our work, we evaluated the outcome of FJ-C staining in mouse brains from 4 different well-characterized models of neurodegeneration. Neuronal degeneration and loss were highlighted with high sensitivity by FJ-C stain in mice with dysfunctional γ-secretase in the glutamatergic neurons and in mice affected by acute cerebral ischemia. Histopathologically, acute eosinophilic necrosis or “red dead” neurons were associated with FJ-C staining in both settings. Conversely, in mice affected by chronic cerebral microinfarcts due to tumor lysis syndrome as well as in a model of mitochondrial encephalopathy, FJ-C staining failed to detect neuronal death. Histopathologically, these models were characterized by extensive neuronal vacuolation associated with fading neurons (“ghost cells”). Therefore, contrary to the widespread belief that FJ-C stain has high affinity for all degenerating neurons regardless of the underlying cell death mechanism, we observed restricted sensitivity of the technique to specific conditions of neuronal cell death. As such, complementary techniques are essential to evaluate the presence of neurodegeneration in the absence of a positive FJ-C signal.
How Important Are Choice, Autonomy, and Relationships in Predicting the Quality of Life of Nursing Home Residents?
Authors: McCabe Marita , Byers Jessica , Busija Lucy , Mellor David , Bennett Michelle , Beattie Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Older people face major challenges when they move into nursing homes, particularly in relation to independence and their ability to influence their activities of daily living (ADLs). This study evaluated the contribution of resident choice, as well as the staff–resident relationship, to promoting resident quality of life (QoL). A total of 604 residents from 33 nursing homes in Australia completed measures of QoL, perceived levels of choice in various ADLs, and the staff–resident relationship. A hierarchical regression demonstrated that the predictor variables accounted for 25% of the variance in QoL. Two of the four predictor variables (resident choice over socializing and the staff–resident relationship) significantly contributed to resident QoL. These findings reinforce the important contribution of autonomy and social relationships to resident QoL. Nursing home staff have a key role to play in supporting resident autonomy as a means of building residents’ chosen social connections, and thereby promoting QoL.
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic-induced PPE and single-use plastic waste generation scenario
Authors: Haque Md. Sazzadul , Sharif Shafkat , Masnoon Aseer , Rashid Ebne
Published: January 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has demonstrated both positive and negative effects on the environment. Major concerns over personal hygiene, mandated and ease in lockdown actions and slackening of some policy measures have led to a massive surge in the use of disposable personal protective equipment (PPE) and other single-use plastic items. This generated an enormous amount of plastic waste from both healthcare and household units, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Apart from the healthcare workers, the general public have become accustomed to using PPE. These habits are threatening the land and marine environment with immense loads of plastic waste, due to improper disposal practices across the world, especially in developing nations. Contaminated PPE has already made its way to the oceans which will inevitably produce plastic particles alongside other pathogen-driven diseases. This study provided an estimation-based approach in quantifying the amount of contaminated plastic waste that can be expected daily from the massive usage of PPE (e.g. facemasks) because of the countrywide mandated regulations on PPE usage. The situation of Bangladesh has been analysed and projections revealed that a total of 3.4 billion pieces of single-use facemask, hand sanitizer bottles, hand gloves and disposable polyethylene bags will be produced monthly, which will give rise to 472.30 t of disposable plastic waste per day. The equations provided for the quantification of waste from used single-use plastic and PPE can be used for other countries for rough estimations. Then, the discussed recommendations will help concerned authorities and policy makers to design effective response plans. Sustainable plastic waste management for the current and post-pandemic period can be imagined and acted upon.
The organic output from mechanical–biological treatment plants as a source of microplastics: Mini-review on current knowledge, research methodology and future study perspectives
Authors: Sholokhova Anastasiia , Denafas Gintaras , Mykhaylenko Valeriy
Published: January 2021

Plastic pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems facing the world. In recent years, microplastics, polymer particles from 1  µm to 5 mm, have been getting much attention. The presence of microplastics has already been confirmed in aquatic and marine ecosystems, soil, atmosphere, biota, and others. The organic output from mechanical–biological treatment (MBT) plants was added to the list of microplastics sources only recently. However, according to preliminary estimates, it may be the second-largest source of microplastics. This article presents an overview of already published investigations on this microplastics source and explains the supposed pathway of microplastics in the MBT plants. The main waste treatment processes that can affect the amount of microplastics in the organic output have been identified as shredding, sieving and, to a lesser extent, aerobic or anaerobic processing. This mini-review also includes methods used in the scientific literature for microplastics extraction, purification, and identification in organic-rich samples, their advantages and limitations. Particular attention is paid to the methods of identifying the small microplastics, less than 1 mm, since the methods for particles 1−5 mm have been more extensively studied. Furthermore, future research needs are highlighted.
Attending to the Multidimensional Nature of Spirituality and Faith: Integrating Spiritual Development and Moral Foundations Theory
Authors: Greenway Tyler S.
Published: January 2021

The psychological study of spiritual development continues to grow in popularity, but definitions, theories, and frameworks related to this field often focus on a narrow range of qualities associated with spirituality. In the present article, the importance of integrating intuitive cognition—particularly moral intuitions—into models of spiritual development is considered, the implications of such cognition for spiritual development and Christian education are examined, and various limitations are noted.
The Construction of Value in Science Research Articles: A Quantitative Study of Topoi Used in Introductions
Authors: Carter Michael
Published: January 2021

Scholars in the field of writing and rhetorical studies have long been interested in professional writing and the ways in which experts frame their research for disciplinary audiences. Three decades ago, rhetoricians incorporated stasis theory into their work as a way to explore the nature of argument and persuasion in scientific discourse. However, what is missing in these general arguments based on stasis are the particular arguments in science texts aimed at persuasion. Specifically, this article analyzes arguments from the stasis of value in introductions of science research articles. This work is grounded in the Classical topoi, or topics, cataloging types of arguments and identifying seven topoi. I analyzed 60 introductions from articles in three different science journals, totaling the number of value arguments and arguments comprising the topoi. Findings yielded different proportions in types of arguments, sharp disparities among the journals, and widespread use of value arguments. The broader issue at work in this article is how scientists make a case for the importance of their research and how these findings might inform writing and argumentation in the sciences.
Alternative method for trypsin-based cell dissociation using poly (amino ester) coating and pH 6.0 PBS
Authors: Lee Tae-Jin , Wu Tepeng , Kim Yu-Jin , Park Jung-Hwan , Lee Doo Sung , Bhang Suk Ho
Published: January 2021

To maintain the cellular functions of a stem cells for therapeutic tissue engineering, an advanced cell culture method for safe cell dissociation is necessary. We developed a novel cell dissociation method by applying pH-responsive bioreducible polymer on the surface of tissue culture plates (TCPs). We applied acid-responsive bioreducible poly (amino ester) (PAE) as a new candidate for surface coating method to develop alternative cell dissociation method against conventional enzyme (trypsin-ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)) treatment. Human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were cultured on and dissociated from PAE-coated TCPs to compare cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell viability, and functionality to those of the cells cultured on and dissociated with trypsin-EDTA from normal TCPs without PAE coating. To confirm the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the hADSCs retrieved from PAE-coated TCPs compared to that of the cells retrieved from normal TCPs with trypsin-EDTA, we induced skin defects at the dorsal area of mice and injected the cells collected from both conditions. With the PAE coating method, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell viability, and functionality, especially the angiogenic efficacy, were well preserved when compared to those of the cells treated with trypsin-EDTA. In addition to in vitro results, injecting hADSCs retrieved from PAE-coated TCPs showed similar in vivo angiogenesis and wound closing efficiency compared to those of injecting hADSCs retrieved from normal TCPs with trypsin-EDTA treatment at 2 weeks after the transplantation into mouse skin wound models. We proposed the alternative method for the cell dissociation with pH-responsive bioreducible polymer, PAE. This PAE coating method may lead to the development of alternative cell dissociation method without using enzyme for future regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy.
Interpersonal violence and other social-structural barriers associated with needing HIV treatment support for women living with HIV
Authors: Erickson Margaret , Shannon Kate , Ranville Flo , Magagula Patience , Braschel Melissa , Ratzlaff Andrea , Pick Neora , Kestler Mary , Deering on behalf of the SHAWNA Project Kathleen
Published: January 2021

Women living with HIV (WLWH), experience disproportionate rates of violence, along with suboptimal HIV health outcomes, despite recent advancements in HIV treatment, known as antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objectives of this study were to: (a) describe different types of support needed to take ART and (b) investigate the social and structural correlates associated with needing support for ART adherence among WLWH. Data are drawn from Sexual health and HIV/AIDS: Women’s Longitudinal Needs Assessment, a community-based open research cohort with cisgender and transgender WLWH, aged 14+ who live or access HIV services in Metro Vancouver, Canada (2014–present). Baseline and semi-annual questionnaires are administered by community interviewers alongside a clinical visit with a sexual health research nurse. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression using generalized estimating equations and an exchangeable working correlation matrix was used to model factors associated with needing supports for ART adherence. Among 276 WLWH, 51% ( n = 142) reported needing support for ART adherence; 95% of participants reported lifetime gender-based violence and identified many interpersonal, structural, community, and clinical supports that would facilitate and support ART adherence. In multivariable logistic regression, participants who were Indigenous (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.70, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.07–2.72), or otherwise racialized (AOR: 2.36, 95% CI : 1.09–5.12) versus white, experienced recent gender-based physical violence (AOR : 1.54, 95% CI : 1.03–2.31), lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR : 1.97, 95% CI : 1.22–3.18), and recent illicit drug use (AOR : 2.15, 95% CI : 1.43–3.22), had increased odds of needing support for ART adherence. This research suggests a need for trauma-informed, culturally safe and culturally responsive practice and services for WLWH along the HIV care continuum to support ART adherence. All services should be developed by, with, and for WLWH and tailored according to gender identity, taking into account history, culture, and trauma, including the negative impacts of settler colonialism for Indigenous people.
A Harmful Care: The Association of Informal Caregiver Burnout With Depression, Subjective Health, and Violence
Authors: Gérain Pierre , Zech Emmanuelle
Published: January 2021

Providing informal care to a relative can lead to informal caregiver burnout, which is expected to lead to deleterious consequences. Among these consequences lie the risk of perpetrating violent behaviors against the care-recipient, the caregivers’ risk of depression, and their low subjective health. To investigate these associations, a sample of 499 informal caregivers completed a questionnaire addressing informal caregiver burnout, depression, subjective health, and violence. Hierarchical regression models were used to investigate the potential association of burnout with these potential consequences, while controlling for sociodemographic variables and received violence. The results show that burnout, and especially emotional exhaustion, is significantly associated with depression, low subjective health, and perpetrated physical violence, but not with perpetrated psychological violence. For both psychological and physical violence, it appears that receiving violence is one of the best predictors of perpetrating violence. With these results, this cross-sectional study confirms the association of informal caregiver burnout with deleterious consequences—even if this observation must be pondered—and the central role of received violence in predicting perpetrated violence, suggesting the risk of violence escalation. The implications of these results suggest that the emotional state of informal caregivers is one of the indicators of potential deleterious consequences and should, as such, be considered as a warning signal by field workers.
Assessing Institutional Betrayal Among Female Veterans Who Experienced Military Sexual Trauma: A Rasch Analysis of the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire.2
Authors: Monteith Lindsey L. , Schneider Alexandra L. , Holliday Ryan , Bahraini Nazanin H.
Published: January 2021

Military sexual trauma (MST; i.e., sexual harassment and/or sexual assault during one’s military service) is highly prevalent among female veterans and is associated with numerous adverse health and psychosocial sequelae. When institutions fail to prevent sexual trauma from happening or respond in an unsupportive manner (i.e., institutional betrayal [IB]), MST survivors typically report more severe health-related outcomes. Although the Institutional Betrayal Questionnaire.2 (IBQ.2) was developed to assess IB, no studies have examined the factor structure or dimensionality of the IBQ.2 among MST survivors. In addition, initial research has reported differing factor structures for this measure. The present study examined the dimensionality and factor structure of the IBQ.2, and tested for differential item functioning (DIF) based on whether military sexual assault was experienced. The sample comprised 235 female veterans who reported a history of MST in an anonymous national survey. Rasch analysis suggested multidimensionality and DIF based on history of military sexual assault. Exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis suggested the IBQ.2 comprises three factors: (1) Environment Leading to MST, (2) Institutional Response to MST, and (3) Institutional Belongingness following MST. Although these results suggest that the IBQ.2 is multidimensional, the three-factor model had significant issues with respect to dimensionality, item fit, and person separation and reliability. Thus, using the full IBQ.2 may be more advantageous. Further examination of the IBQ.2 is warranted to ensure optimal assessment of IB in relation to MST, irrespective of whether the MST comprised sexual harassment or sexual assault, as well as to ensure that the IBQ.2 is culturally meaningful for MST survivors.
Optimization of vehicle suspension parameters based on ride comfort and stability requirements
Authors: Rodrigues Moreira Resende da Silva Ryan , Lucas Reinaldo Igor , Pinheiro Montenegro Daniel , Simão Rodrigues Gustavo , Dias Rossi Lopes Elias
Published: January 2021

The use of optimization methods in engineering is growing, allowing the best possible way to fulfill the requirements of the project. For vehicle suspensions, there are various conditions, which involve comfort, safety, stability, maneuverability, among others. A safety and stability evaluation is carried out by several tests, including Double Lane Change. In this maneuver, the vehicle must change lanes quickly twice, allowing it to be assessed for stability in sudden movements. For ride comfort, it is common for the design to be based on the vehicle’s natural vibration frequencies. In this context, this work aims to present a methodology for optimizing the suspension parameters of a vehicle, based on the natural frequencies of vibration and the simulation of a Double Lane Change maneuver. For that, it is employed vertical and lateral dynamics mathematical models, with hypotheses that allow the adequate adaptation to the represented phenomena. Finally, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used, which is a stochastic algorithm, based on nature. It has low computational cost, with reasonable results, allowing the parameters to be estimated and comprising the two objectives simultaneously.
Tire–road friction coefficient estimation based on designed braking pressure pulse
Authors: Hu Juqi , Rakheja Subhash , Zhang Youmin
Published: January 2021

Knowledge of tire–road friction coefficient (TRFC) is valuable for autonomous vehicle control and design of active safety systems. This paper investigates TRFC estimation on the basis of longitudinal vehicle dynamics. A two-stage TRFC estimation scheme is proposed that limits the disturbances to the vehicle motion. A sequence of braking pressure pulses is designed in the first stage to identify desired minimal pulse pressure for reliable estimation of TRFC with minimal interference with the vehicle motion. This stage also provides a qualitative estimate of TRFC. In the second stage, tire normal force and slip ratio are directly calculated from the measured signals, a modified force observer based on the wheel rotational dynamics is developed for estimating the tire braking force. A constrained unscented Kalman filter (CUKF) algorithm is subsequently proposed to identify the TRFC for achieving rapid convergence and enhanced estimation accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is evaluated through CarSim™-MATLAB/Simulink™ co-simulations considering vehicle motions on high-, medium-, and low-friction roads at different speeds. The results suggest that the proposed two-stage methodology can yield an accurate estimation of the road friction with a relatively lower effect on the vehicle speed.
Dissociating Representations of Time and Number in Reinforcement-Rate Learning by Deletion of the GluA1 AMPA Receptor Subunit in Mice
Authors: Austen Joseph M. , Pickering Corran , Sprengel Rolf , Sanderson David J.
Published: January 2021

Theories of learning differ in whether they assume that learning reflects the strength of an association between memories or symbolic encoding of the statistical properties of events. We provide novel evidence for symbolic encoding of informational variables by demonstrating that sensitivity to time and number in learning is dissociable. Whereas responding in normal mice was dependent on reinforcement rate, responding in mice that lacked the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit was insensitive to reinforcement rate and, instead, dependent on the number of times a cue had been paired with reinforcement. This suggests that GluA1 is necessary for weighting numeric information by temporal information in order to calculate reinforcement rate. Sample sizes per genotype varied between seven and 23 across six experiments and consisted of both male and female mice. The results provide evidence for explicit encoding of variables by animals rather than implicit encoding via variations in associative strength.
Effect of endwall suction on aerodynamic performance of compressor cascade with tip clearance at a large incidence angle
Authors: Zhang Botao , Liu Bo , Wang Hejian , Mao Xiaochen
Published: January 2021

In order to deeply analyze the application prospect of the boundary layer suction technique on the compressor, the flow control effect of endwall suction scheme on the tip leakage flow of a compressor cascade at a large incidence angle with complex internal flow structure and different loss proportion from the case at design incidence angle, was studied numerically, as well as on the overall aerodynamic performance. The results show that the suction scheme directly affects the structure of the tip leakage flow and makes the onset position of the tip leakage vortex move backward, which weakens the intensity and influence range of the tip leakage flow, thus improving the cascade performance in the tip region. At the large incidence angle, large flow suction makes the boundary layer separation in the low span area advance, and the corner separation region at the gap-free end expands to the upper. The position of the separation vortex shedding rises from 10% blade span under the condition without suction to about 70% blade span under the condition with the suction flow rate of 0.7%, and the separation loss increases. The overall performance of the cascade at the large incidence angle mainly depends on the increase of separation loss, while the effect of the decrease of leakage loss on it is greatly reduced. With suction, the total pressure loss coefficient of the cascade increases by about 5.7% at the incidence angle of +8°.
Co-producing uncertainty in public science: The case of genomic selection in forestry
Authors: Blue Gwendolyn , Davidson Debra
Published: January 2021

Co-production can inform analysis and communication of the uncertainties associated with novel forms of science and technology. Genomic selection—a relatively novel management tool consisting of predictive modeling based on associations between genetic and phenotypic data—holds many unknowns, particularly when used as a climate adaptation strategy. Approaching genomic selection as an example of public science, we examined beliefs about uncertainty and public engagement in a community of forest research professionals. Findings show broad-ranging approaches to uncertainty, alongside a prevalence of deficit accounts of public engagement. Even with broad acknowledgment of a range of uncertainties, forestry experts nonetheless relied on statistical, quantitative methods to manage uncertainties, in ways that overshadowed discussions about ignorance, indeterminacy, and ambiguity. Social scientists can enhance the communication of uncertainty in public science by making apparent expert-based assumptions about knowledge and intended audiences.
Robots as Mirrors of the Human Mind
Authors: Wykowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

Robots are currently the center of attention in various fields of research because of their potential use as assistants for daily living. In this article, I highlight a different role that robots can play—being a tool for understanding human cognition. I provide examples in which robots have been used in experimental psychology to study sociocognitive mechanisms such as joint attention and sense of agency. I also discuss the issue of whether and when robots (especially those that resemble humans) are perceived through a human-centered lens with anthropomorphic attributions. In the final section, I describe approaches in which the robots’ embodiment has been used for the implementation of computational models of human cognition. In sum, the collection of studies presented here shows that robots can be an extremely useful tool for scientific inquiry in the areas of experimental psychology and cognitive science.
The Physical Context of Child Development
Authors: Evans Gary W.
Published: January 2021

Child development reflects interactions between personal characteristics and the physical and social environment. Psychology, however, lacks analysis of physical features that influence child development. In this article, I describe a preliminary taxonomy of physical-setting characteristics that can influence child development, focusing on environmental stressors such as noise, crowding, and chaos along with structural quality of housing, day care, and schools. Adverse outcomes associated with suboptimal physical settings during childhood include cognitive and socioemotional difficulties along with chronic physiological stress. Both direct effects on the child as well as indirect effects occurring via significant persons surrounding the child are described. Methodological limitations, particularly reliance on observational studies, are a weakness in the current literature, but increasingly more rigorously obtained findings yield converging evidence of the effects of physical settings on child development.
Literary dialect as social deixis
Authors: Stockwell Peter
Published: January 2021

The representation of non-standard and regional accent and dialect in literary fiction has been framed mainly sociolinguistically and treated as an index of authenticity, within an account of characterisation. The reader’s attitude to such speakers in literary fiction is manipulated narratorially and authorially. Since readerly effects, impressions and evaluations are the key issues involved, it seems plausible that a cognitive poetic approach to the reading of dialect in literature would also be productive. In the current deictic theory, the dimension of social deixis captures a broad range of stylistic features including register and dialectal representations. Cognitive deictic theory draws on an explicitly spatial metaphor in which characters are positioned in conceptual space. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the effect of readerly positioning and dispositioning. This article revisits social deixis and its points of transition and textural variation from a theoretical perspective. It develops a new angle on the representation and significance of accented and dialectal forms in literary fiction, with some illustrative examples drawn from 19th and 20th century British novels.