bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subsurface Placement and Surface Application of Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway in Lucas County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

Two studies were located side by side on a golf course fairway at Toledo, OH. Insecticides were applied 30 Aug to plots 12 ft (3.66 m) in length × the width allowed by the application equipment (3 or 4 ft wide) arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were placed in two passes using a Cushman Ryan1® prototype subsurface applicator. The prototype cut 11 slits into the turf on 2 inch (5.1 cm) centers and deposited granules Vi to 1 inches (ca 2 cm) deep. Liquid products were subsurface placed with one pass using a modified Rain Saver Jr™ liquid polymer injection machine at a 3.34 gal/1000 ft2 (1360 1/ha) volume. The machine cut 16 slits in the turf 2 inches (5.1 cm) apart placing the solution Vi to % inches (ca 2 cm)into the thatch-soil profile. Surface sprays were applied using a CO, sprayer with Teejet 8015 nozzles at 55 psi (3.87 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.32 gal/1000 ft2 (1352 liter/ha). Surface application of granules were made in two passes with a two foot Gandy drop spreader. All surface treatments were hand irrigated with ½ inch (13 mm) water immediately after each plot was treated. The site received 0.1 inch rainfall within 18 h after applications were made. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. JB larvae: ca. 194/m2, 10% 1st, 70% 2nd, 20% 3rd instars. Turf: level, dry, 34 inch (2 cm) height, mix of Kentucky bluegrass, annual bluegrass, and bentgrass. Thatch: dense, ½ inch (13 mm) moist. Soil: moist, 90°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 83°F at 3 inches (7.6 cm). Weather: sunny, 91°F, 3-7 mph (5-11 km/h). Water: pH 4.9. Efficacy data taken 6 Oct (37 DAT) were based on the number of live JB larvae in six 7 inch × 7 inch (17.8 × 17.8 cm) square samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity or excessive equipment damaged was observed.
Spiraea Aphid Control on Spiraea, ‘Snowmound’, 1993
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: December 2017

Forty-eight aphid infested spiraea plants, growing in one gal pots, were selected for study. Each plant served as a single replicate with four replications per treatment. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 3 DAT, 7 DAT, and 14 DAT, a one inch long growing terminal was examined and the total number of live aphids recorded. Treatments of chlorpyrifos, M-Pede, and Talstar were applied until drip using a one qt capacity hand held Polysprayer. Aphids that had darkened, were shriveled, and did not exhibit movement after prodding were considered dead. Temperature at the time of application was approximately 80°F with RH 50%.
Effectiveness of Penncap M in Control of Balsam Gall Midge, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a Christmas tree plantation in Jefferson, NH. The experimental design was a RCB with 12 single tree replicates. Treatments were applied 9 Jun when buds averaged 1.5 inches long and at the start of gall formation. Applications were made with a Solo backpack sprayer at a rate of 100 gal water per acre. New growth received adequate coverage. Trees were 5-7 ft tall. Air temperature at the time of treatment was 80°F. The sky was clear with no rain for 2 days. Trees were rated 15 Sep. by counting the number of twigs with live galls per 50 randomly selected twigs per tree.
Control of Balsam Twig Aphid with Penncap M, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

Penncap M was applied at 2 rates to determine the efficacy against BTA. The experiment was conducted in a Christmas tree plantation in Westmoreland, NH. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates, 5 trees per replicate. Trees were 5-7 ft tall. Applications were made 21 May when new growth was 1-1.5 inches long, and aphids were readily visible. Applications were made with a Solo backpack sprayer. At a rate of 100 gal water/acre, new growth was adequately covered. Conditions at the time of application: air temperature, 86.4°F; soil temperature at 2 inches, 73.7°F; sky clear, no rain for several days. The experiment was rated 2 Jun. Damage was rated by counting the percent of curled twigs per 20 randomly selected twigs per tree and converting to percent. The number of infested twigs was determined by counting the number of twigs with aphids on 10 twigs/tree.
Fall Webworm Control with Carbaryl, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Several rates of Sevin were tested against FW on choke cherry. Trees were growing in an abandoned pasture and were from 10-15 ft tall. Treatments were applied with a 100 gal hydraulic sprayer using a hand held spray gun at 150 psi. Treatments were applied to the point of runoff on 13 Sep. Treatments consisted of 5 single tree replicates each. Treatments were applied to the entire tree foliage. Caterpillars were about 1 inch long at the time of application. The experiment was rated 1 and 3 DAT by counting the number of live caterpillars per nest. Two nests were counted per tree. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 70°F; wind, 1 mph; sky, clear: no rain occurred during the trial duration.
Adulticidal Activity of Insecticide Formulations, 1990-1991
Authors: Reid Byron L. , Dryden Michael W.
Published: December 2017

Residual action against cat flea adults was examined for 3 ready-to-use veterinary products: Duratrol Household Flea Spray (0.5% chlorpyrifos), 3M-89226 (0.5% chlorpyrifos and 0.2% esbiothrin), and Siphotrol Plus II House Treatment (0.007% methoprene, 0.225% chlorpyrifos, 0.5% pyrethrins, 0.1% piperonyl butoxide, 0.165% MGK 264). Insecticide dilutions were applied to white, 100% nylon carpet (medium pile) in a mechanized sprayer according to label directions, with an 800IE (flat-fan) nozzle at a constant 25 psi from a nozzle height of 45 cm. After treatment carpets were stored in the dark for residual aging at 25°C and ambient RH. At each aging period 25 adult fleas (<5 d old) were exposed to treated carpet for 24 h; a 30-cm Plexiglas cylinder (12.7 cm ID) confined fleas to the carpet. Live fleas were aspirated off the carpet 1 DAT, and the carpet was searched to count dead fleas. Treatment data were corrected for control mortality and transformed (arcsine Vp) before analysis. Three replicates were conducted in a completely randomized design and ANOVA, followed by a LSD test (P = 0.05), evaluated comparative efficacy among products.
Efficacy of Sticky Trap Attractants, 1993
Authors: Scharf M. E. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: December 2017

Lo-line® sticky traps were used to evaluate the efficacy of several German cockroach attractants in 1 × 1 m arenas. Environmental conditions were maintained at 26.6 ± 2°C and 80 ± 5% RH, with a 12:12 (L:D) photocycle. Into each arena, 500 cockroaches of mixed age groups were released 24 h before initiating an experiment. The arenas were set up with 10 × 10 cm harborage units (3 levels) in one corner, food and water in the opposite corner, and one sticky trap in each adjacent corner (15 cm from the corner and 2 cm from the adjacent wall of an arena). One of the 2 sticky traps in each arena contained the attractant, placed centrally. In total, 5 attractants and 2 controls were tested; Agrisense GP2 attractant (0.80 g); fecal contaminated filter paper (contaminated by 12 d exposure within a cockroach rearing unit) and a filter paper control; Avert PT-310 bait insecticide, cockroach culture frass (1st and 2nd instar), powdered molasses (2.0 g), and an unbaited control. After 24 h, each trap was dismantled and the total number of cockroaches was recorded. The sum difference in total catch and the nymph/adult ratios were calculated between baited and unbaited traps. Analyses were conducted upon sum differences and nymph adult ratios using the Student’s f-value (a = 0.10) to detect any significant differences in catch between baited and unbaited traps.
Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in East Central Mississippi, 1992
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted on five beef cattle farms in Clarke, Jasper, Lauderdale, Neshoba and Newton Counties in east central Mississippi. This was the fourth consecutive year tags were placed in select herds. One ear tag per ear (2/animal) was used on all adult cattle. Patriot (diazinon) tags were placed in a herd of 68 cows and two bulls on 5 May. Excalibur (lambacyhalothrin pyrethroid) tags were placed in a herd of 37 cows and one bull on 4 May. Dominator (pirmiphos methyl) tags were placed in a herd of 57 cows and two bulls on 6 May. Rotator (pirimphos methyl) tags were placed in a herd of 30 cows and one bull on 7 May. Cutter Blue (fenthion) tags were placed in a herd of 48 cows and one bull on 8 May. An untreated herd of 30 cows and one bull was located in Clarke County. All tags remained in herds for 140 d. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually once a wk using binoculars.
Evaluation of Three Ear Tag Formulations for Control of Flies on Beef Cattle, 1993
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: December 2017

Three herds (36-122 head per herd) of Angus cattle (cow-calf or yearling heifers) located at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, MD, were tagged with one of three ear tag formulations. On 17 May one of the herds was tagged with Optimizer tags (2 per head) and on 2 Jun the other 2 herds were tagged with Python tags (2 per head) or experimental YT-615 tags (1 per head). A herd of mixed-breed beef cattle located approximately 4 km from the treated cattle served as an untreated control. Fly density was determined by making biweekly counts on 15 cattle in each of the herds. Counts were made ol face flies/face, horn flies/animal, and stable flies/4 legs. Two (Optimizer herd) or 3 (other 2 herds) pretreatment and 11 or 10 posttreatment counts were made.
Effect of Water at 50°C or 5% Ethanol at 50°C on the Development of Codling Moth Eggs in the Laboratory, 1993
Authors: Steven Tebbets J. , Vail Patrick V. , Margosan Dennis
Published: December 2017

Codling moth eggs (12 ± 12-h-old), oviposited on waxed paper, were submerged in water at 50°C or in a 5% solution of ethanol at 50°C for 0, 1, 3, or 5 minutes. The treated eggs were incubated at 27 ± 1°C for 7 days and then evaluated to determine the degree of development obtained. The number of eggs hatched, the number not hatched but showing development (red-ring and black-head stages), and the number not hatched and also undeveloped (white or yellow stages) were recorded.
Chemical Evaluations for Japanese Beetle on Grapes, 1993
Authors: Williams R. N. , Elllis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the Japanese beetle in an experimental ‘Concord’ grape vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 6 Jul, and 20 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 20 Jul after treated foliage was dry, 10 grape leaves were removed from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the lab on 0, 1, 3,6,8, 10, 13, and 16 days after initial treatment and placed in round 1 -gal. ice cream containers along with 10 Japanese beetle adults. The ] -gal. containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the open top. After holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h, a count of the number of dead beetles was taken. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 75% RH.
Blueberry, Early Season Control of Cranberry Fruitworm and Cherry Fruitworm, 1993
Authors: Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes near Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 44 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made as indicated in the table, with the following dates; 17 Jun (Bloom), 22 Jun (PF), 28 Jun (IC), 2 Jul (2C). Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. On 12 Jul, 50 blueberry clusters per replicate (200 clusters per treatment) were rated for the presence or absence of cranberry fruitworm and cherry fruitworm damage.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Eastern Grape Leafhopper, 1993
Authors: Muza Andrew J. , Saunders Michael C.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a 4-yr-old vineyard at the Lake Erie Regional Center for Grape Research and Extension in North East, PA. Treatments were applied to ‘Niagara’ grapes trained to the single curtain (no tie) system. Treatments consisted of four vine plots arranged in a completely random design and replicated 3 times. Each treatment row was separated by an untreated buffer row. Applications were made using an FMC, 50 gallon, three-point hitch sprayer equipped with an FMC, vineyard boom. Treatments were applied at 100 gal/acre with pressure adjusted to 100 psi. The treatments were applied on 19 Aug. Precipitation for Aug and Sep was 2.98 and 4.56 inches, respectively. A pre-treatment count of leafhopper nymphs was taken on 13 Aug. Post-treatment evaluations were conducted 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Evaluations consisted of randomly selecting 10 injured leaves per plot pre-treatment and 20 injured leaves per plot post-treatment and recording the number of leafhopper nymphs.
Flat Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1993
Authors: Victor French J. , Rakha Mohamed
Published: December 2017

The experimental acaricides, BAS 300 111 and AC 303,630, were compared to labeled acaricides and insecticides and NR 440 spray oil for efficacy against FM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 4 times in an 8-yr-old commercial grapefruit grove on 15 × 28 ft spacing. Each treatment was bounded on all sides by an unsprayed tree to minimize crosscontamination. Treatment sprays were applied on 30 Aug to foliar runoff (ca. 2 gal/tree) utilizing a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer equipped with a D-5 nozzle and operating at 200 psi. At each sample date, 6 fruit per replicate were randomly picked from the interior tree canopy and removed to the laboratory. Fruit were examined under a binocular microscope at 20X and all live FM counted and recorded.
Evaluation of Acaricides Applied by Air-Blast Sprayer to Texas Citrus, 1993
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias
Published: December 2017

The acaricides, TD 2336 and BAS 300 1II, were compared to the standard Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to plots of 6 trees each and replicated 4 times in an 8-yr-old grapefruit grove on 15 × 28 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 1 Jul utilizing a commercial FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure (135 psi) adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At each evaluation date, 4 fruit per tree (24/replicate) were randomly selected at arms length inside the canopy and examined in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1993
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Grove Chris , Collins Kate , Jilek Jill
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 39-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft. in height antl 23 ft. in width and were planted 20 × 40 ft. apart. The experimental design for the first 7 treatments and the check consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty’, 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) in a randomized block design. The experimental design for treatments of S-71639 and Fenoxycarb consisted of 3 replications of 9-tree plots (3 rows × 3 trees/row) in a randomized block design, with insect data taken from the center tree (‘Rome Beauty’) in each plot. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 2.4 mph. A spray volume of 300 gpa was used in the delayed dormant application of oil in the first treatment, with all other treatments applied at 100 gpa. Dates of application were 14 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 24 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PFJ), 27 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 29 Jun (third cover [3C]), 15 Jul (fourth cover [4CD, 30 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 12 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 26 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 8 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mines observed on the periphery of trees during a 5 min period. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the tree periphery. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples/replication on 22 Sep. Fruit picked (100/tree) from 3 replications of ‘Golden Delicious’ trees were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface).
Speed-Sprayer Trial for Citrus Thrips Control, 1993
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1993 in Field 41-42 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speedsprayer pulled behind a tractor using outside coverage and 100 gal/acre of water at 2 miles/h. The field was divided into 2 blocks and one replicate of each treatment was assigned to each block randomly; each replicate plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 6 data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in August, 1993 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Control of Melon Thrips in Bush Bean, 1992
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

Bush bean was planted in a Rockdale soil on 7 May and spaced 2.5 cm in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1908.6 kg/ha of granular fertilizer on two dates, at planting and four weeks after planting. Bean was irrigated, 1.3 cm per irrigation, once a week and mechanically weeded whenever necessary. The experimental design consisted of a randomized block replicated four times. Plots were four rows, 12.2 m long. Four treatments of two insecticides were compared with nontreated check. Treatments were EXP 60598A at the rates of 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 kg Al/ha, and EXP 60145A at the rate of 0.04 kg Al/ha. Treatments were applied weekly for five weeks, beginning on 6 June 1992 with a tractor mounted hypro-pump and delivered 100 gal water/acre. T. palmi numbers were estimated by counting larvae, males and females on 20 leaves in each treatment plot.
Early and Late Treatments for Control of Potato Leafhoppers, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Sheets Becky
Published: December 2017

Plots were established under irrigation at Staples, MN. Individual plots were 4 rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Total material applied each time was approximately 20 gpa. A hand held CO2 sprayer delivering a nozzle pressure of 40 psi was used for application. Timing of early application was at onset of bloom and 17 days later. Late treatments were applied when first pods were about 2 inches in length and at completion of bloom.
European Corn Borer Control in Minnesota Snap Beans, 1993
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Fossey C. R. , Hutchison W. D. , Rinkleff J. H. , Bolin P. C.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota, Rosemount Experiment Station, in snapbeans planted 8 Jul. Plots consisted of three 30 ft (9.14 m) rows on 30 inch (0.76 m) centers. Two untreated border rows and 7 ft (2.13 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 13 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 7 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles delivering 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 50 psi (3.51 kg/ cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). All treatments included the sticker/extender Bond at 0.10 fl oz/gal (0.79 ml/liter). During application, wind speed averaged 4-5 mph (6.4-8.1 km/hr) and the temperature was 72°F (22°C). Plots were artificially infested using a ‘bazooka’ applicator on 10, 16 and 20 Aug. Plants were at 20% bloom, 25% pin-bean (beans ≤ 1 inch) and 95% pod growth stages, respectively. On each infestation date, 15-20 consecutive plants in one row of each plot were infested with approximately 25 first-instar ECB larvae/plant. Infestations were designed to evaluate the activity of each material 3-d pretreatment, 3-d posttreatment and 7-d posttreatment. Feral ECB moth flights during this time were low (18/night/light-trap at peak). All treatments were evaluated 16 Sep by selecting five consecutive plants from the center of each infested row. Total pods, pods with feeding damage and total ECB larvae were recorded. Because of poor survival at the 10 Aug infestation, and high-survival in most treatments for the 20 Aug infestation, data only for the 16 Aug infestation are summarized.
Broccoli Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Iris A. B. , Grafius E. , Pett W. , Bomarito M.
Published: December 2017

Broccoli was transplanted into a field at the Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm, 14 Jul in single rows 5 m long, 0.5 m apart within the rows, with untreated rows between each plot in a randomized complete block design (4 replications per treatment). Treatments were applied on 10, 16, 23, and 30 Aug (30 gallons per acre, 30 psi, back pack CO2 sprayer, one flat fan nozzle over the row). Plants (3/plot) were sampled for insects on 13, 19, 26 Aug and 3 Sep. Heads (3/plot) were harvested on 7 Sep and examined for insects.
Broccoli, Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1993
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a randomized complete block with four replicates planted 26 May at Presque Isle, ME. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. Each 15.0 m replicate consisted of four double row beds with plant spacing of seven inches. Fertilization and cultivation practices were normal for the area. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of insects were counted weekly on 20 whole plants in the middle beds of each plot. All materials were applied 26 Jul. Yield was taken 17 and 24 Aug by selecting heads at least 3 inches diameter from a 5 m section of the middle two beds of each replicate. Heads were trimmed to an 8 inch length, weighed and examined for insects. Analysis of variance was done and means compared using Fisher’s LSD Test. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 14.0, 5.0, and 7.6 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 16.0, 18.5 and 19.0 deg. C.
Insecticidal and Microbial Control of Lepidopteran Larvae in Minnesota Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Battels D. W. , Bolin P. C. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted on the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station in cabbage seeded 9 May and transplanted 14 Jun. Plots consisted of two 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 40 inch (1.02 m) centers. Plant spacing was set for 13 inches (0.33 m). Ten ft (3.05 m) borders and 7 ft (2.13 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. By 26 Jul, 50% of the plants were infested with DBM larvae. On 29 Jul, pheromone traps exceeded 8 CL moths/night and eggs and small larvae for both CL and ICW were present. Treatments were applied 29 Jul, 6, 13, and 20 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 5 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles delivering 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 45 psi (3.16 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). Bond sticker/extender was added to all treatments at a rate of 0.10 fl oz/gal (0.79 ml/liter). Larval counts were taken 11 Aug and 2 Sep. Plots were harvested and evaluated for feeding damage on 10 Sep using Green’s rating scale (J. Econ. Entomol. 1969 62:4 798-800): 1 = no feeding damage; 2 = minor feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (0-1% eaten); 3 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (2-5% eaten) with no head damage; 4 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (6-10% eaten) and minor feeding scars on the head; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on the wrapper leaves (11-30% eaten) and moderate feeding scars on the head; 6 = greater than 30% of the wrapper leaves eaten and numerous feeding scars on the head.
Control of Natural Populations of Lepidoptera on Cabbage: Evaluating Abbott Bacillus Thuringiensis Products in a Full Season Program, 1993
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 15 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 20-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 32.6 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1 % v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 20 ml, 2, 10, 17, 26 Aug, and 3 Sep. Evaluations were made on 27 Jul, 9, 24 Aug, and 9 Sep by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera data using replicate totals for the entire season.
Control of Diamondback Moth and Cross-Striped Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai and Abamectin, 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. , Swanson G. S.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted 11 Feb. in single rows on raised polyethylene-mulched beds of fumigated, sandy soil as a follow-up crop to fall corn. Plots were single-rows 24 ft long on 6 ft centers and experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 treatments and 4 replicates. Fall-planted collards were left at the ends of each plot to provide inoculum. Infestations of DBM and CSCW on cabbage were confirmed before weekly treatments commenced on 16 Mar using a CO2 backpack sprayer with a single nozzle calibrated for 39 gal/acre at 50 psi. Controls were unsprayed. A nonionic surfactant, APSA, was added to both spray mixtures at the rate of 3 oz/100 gal. Evaluations 3 days post-spray on 10 randomly selected plants per plot consisted of counts and percent damage estimates on the 5 outer head and 5 inner wrapper leaves. The 15 largest heads per plot were harvested and graded for marketability and weighed on 26 Apr. Heads were considered nonmarketable if there was insect damage in excess of 5% on the head or 10% on the wrapper leaves.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set on 2 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart in 30 ft rows, and rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots were separated by a single untreated row, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were begun when approximately 25% of plants were infested with lepidopterous larvae. Applications were made on 17 and 24 Jun, 8, 15, 22 and 29 Jul, and 5 Aug. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre through three hollowcone nozzles per row. The nozzles were arranged on the spray wand with one overhead and two drop nozzles. Triton B-1956 was added as a spreader sticker to spray solutions at the rate of 4 oz/100 gal. Rainfall was sparse throughout the trial period, with 1.05, 3.44 and 5.44 inches falling in Jun, Jul and Aug, respectively. CL, DBM and ICW populations were sampled by counting the number of larvae on 10 heads per treatment 7 d after each application. Two-way ANOVA was conducted using season total counts. Plots were harvested on 11 Aug, when 20 heads/treatment were rated on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage; 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, and 5 = severe damage). All heads receiving a rating of ≤2 were considered marketable.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage transplants were planted on 16 Aug near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 40 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 24, 31 Aug; 7, 14, 21, 29 Sep and 5 Oct. Latron B-1956 spreader/sticker (0.06%) was added to all treatments on every spray date. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 10, 16, 23 Sep and 1, 8 Oct. Yield (percent marketable heads) was taken on 8 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
Chemical Trials and Impact on Insects in Celery, 1991
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 15 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 26 Sep, 3, 10, 17, 24, 30 Oct and 7, 14 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 Oct and 5,13 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm, and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1993
Authors: Bowman James S. , Campbell Margaret D.
Published: December 2017

The ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn used in this study was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 24 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were begun on 16 Aug (when approximately 10% of the plants were in silk) using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer. These applications were repeated on 19, 23, and 27 Aug. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on both sides of the plant at a delivery rate of 30.4 gal/acre. Evaluations were made at harvest time on 7 and 8 Sep by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or larval feeding injury.
Ear Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Early Sunglow’ sweet corn was planted 21 Jul on the Fry Farm at the OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 6-8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, with two untreated guard rows between plots and 6 ft of untreated corn at either end of each plot. The entire planting received an application of Sevin XLR (4 EC) on 30 Aug at a rate of 1 qt form./acre for control of adult corn rootworms and other silk damaging insects. Treatments were applied during the silking period on 9, 13, 16, 20, and 24 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 4 Oct by examining 30 ears per plot for any larval pests infesting the ears and for feeding damage to the kernels.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Conventional Products in Spring, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products were compared with conventional insecticides for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 4-yr-old spur type ‘Oregon Spur II’ on dwarfing rootstock (M.7). Treatments were applied to three-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Pre-treatment counts were made on 19 Apr by examining 20 fruit buds per tree and recording the number infested with PLR larvae. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 17 May. Each tree was examined and the total number of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Control of Melon Thrips on Pepper Test 1, Spring, 1994
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a 2 ha field of rockdale soil located in Homestead, FL. ‘Gator Bell’ pepper transplants were set in the field onto raised black polyethylene mulch covered beds following recommended cultural practices on 2 Jan 1994. Beds were 71.1 cm wide and spaced 139.5 cm apart from center to center. The field was cultivated weekly to clean weeds between the rows. Fertilizer was applied in kg/ha at 366 N, 732 P, 732 K on two dates; at planting and 4 wk after planting. The field was irrigated by drip system at weekly intervals delivering approximately 5 cm depth. Plots were 4 rows each 7.6 m long. Four treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Chemical were applied on 2, 8, 15, 22 and 29 April with a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 124 gal/ha at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting a sample of 25 leaves from the center of two middle rows of each treatment 24 h after each of the last 4 insecticide application dates. Leaf samples were placed separately in one-liter plastic cups and transported to the laboratory. Thrips were separated from the leaves by washing with 70% ethanol, and the number of adults and larvae in each sample were recorded. On the last sampling date, foliage damage was rated visually on five randomly selected plants per plot using a scale from 0 to 10, 0 being the worst. The canopy volume of these plants were also determined. Thrips damage on fruits was determined by randomly collecting five fruits (one per plant) from each plot of each treatment. The fruits were graded visually as discussed above. Fruits scoring 5 or above were considered marketable.
Control of Potato Insects, FT. Collins, Co 1994
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna , Casey Sclar D.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm, iorth of Ft. Collins, CO. Plantings were made 13 May, at 32-inch row spacing. Individual plots were two rows, 30-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. At planting all rows were left uncovered to allow application of soil systemic treatments (Disyston 15G, Furadan 4F, Bay NTN 33893). Rows were covered within 2 hours of application. Foliar treatments were applied 29 Jun and 26 Jul using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gpa.
Evaluation of Preplant-Incorporated Insecticides for Control of Overwintered Colorado Potato Beetles, 1990
Authors: Dively Galen P. , Linduska James J.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted at two locations in Maryland: WREC, at Queenstown and SMREC at Upper Marlboro. The experimental design involved treated strips 1.5 meters wide with repeated plots established within each strip. Each treated strip was adjacent to an untreated strip on both sides which served as paired controls. A single row of potatoes was planted at the center of each strip on 10 Apr at WREC and 12 Apr at SMREC. To confine emerging adults and subsequent larvae, saran-screened tent cages (0.75 meters wide and 5.5 meters long) were placed over a 4.9 m section of each row 1 week after planting. The design was restricted to two strips with two cages for each treatment at WREC or one strip with two cages for each treatment at SMREC. Telone was applied with a tractor-mounted gravity flow soil fumigant rig set for broadcast treatment. Telone II applications of 20 gal/acre were made on 16 Mar at WREC and 21 Mar at SMREC. Lorsban 15G granulars were applied as a broadcast treatment at the rate of 6.5 lb/acre with a shaker can one week prior to planting. At the same time, Penncap M 2FM was applied as a broadcast treatment at the rate of 4 pt/acre with a CO2 backpack sprayer with two cone-jet nozzles, delivering 20 gal. diluted spray/acre at 30 psi. Both Lorsban and Penncap M treatments were lightly incorporated 5 to 7.5 cm in the soil with hand rakes. A single count of F, larvae was made when the majority of eggs were hatched. This level represented the progeny of the overwintered adults and thus was used as a relative index of the number of overwintered adults that emerged beneath each cage. The paired “ t ” test was used to determine whether the differences between paired treated and untreated strips were significant.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 11 Apr, ‘93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 1, 9, 21 and 29 Jun. On 21 and 29 Jun, Kryocide and Novodor plots were sprayed with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre to control adult Colorado Potato Beetle. Abamectin plots were treated with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre on 21 Jun to control adult CPB. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1994
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times and was conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1993. It was planted 23 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 20 Jun. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by eight foliar applications of chlorothalonil. Furrow granular applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 k liter/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, middle, and bottom leaf on 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logl0(x + 1). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 10.9, 9.6, 3.3 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.9, 20.3 and 17.7°C.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1994
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with six replicates each. The four experiments were planted 23 and 24 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1993. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by eight foliar applications of chlorothalonil. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 k liter/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 10.9, 9.6, and 3.3 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.9, 20.3 and 17.7°C.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis in Spring, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to two-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Application dates were 18 and 27 Apr and plant development stages were full bloom and petal fall, respectively. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 9 May. One tree from each plot was examined, and the total number of live leafrollers found at a height between 4 and 8 ft in the canopy was recorded.
Potato Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Slocombe Andrew C. , Ferro David N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 1 ON: 10P:1 OK/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting, and an additional 200 lbs was applied at hilling on 30 Jun. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 plants or whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. Admire was applied in the furrow at planting (136 g AI/A), and in a separate treatment it was applied to the base of the plants on 8 Jun (91 g AI/A). All foliar treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and the 7 day treatments were applied again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. The 14 day treatments were applied on 15, 29 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul.
Potato Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Slocombe Andrew C. , Ferro David N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 whole plants or stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. All treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Squash Vine Borer Control on Pumpkins, 1993
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J.
Published: December 2017

‘Connecticut Field’ pumpkins were direct seeded 8 June, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre-plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Bravo 720 was applied weekly between 30 Jul and 8 Sep along with four biweekly applications of Benlate 50W. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. Rows were spaced six ft apart. Single, untreated guard-rows were planted along the outside edges of each block. Seven treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Malathion, Methoxychlor, Rotenone and Thiodan on 16, 23 and 30 July and 6 Aug. The basal portions of the plants were treated by either spraying rows from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre or using a hand-cranked duster. Five plants from each plot were dissected on 26 and 27 Aug and SVB larvae were counted. On 7 Sep, aphids were counted on two leaves from five plants per plot. Fruit from five plants per plot were harvested, counted and weighed on 16 and 17 Sep.