bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frailty measurements in hospitalised orthopaedic populations age 65 and older: A scoping review
Authors: Roopsawang Inthira , Zaslavsky Oleg , Thompson Hilaire , Aree‐Ue Suparb , Kwan Rick Yiu Cho , Belza Basia
Published: October 2021

Aims and Objectives

To identify and compare frailty instruments used with hospitalised orthopaedic patients aged over 65.

Background

Frailty predicts clinical events in orthopaedic patients aged over 65. However, the strengths and limitations of different approaches to measuring frailty in this population are rarely discussed. As such, a comprehensive review to address the gap is needed.

Design

Scoping review using Arksey and O’Malley framework.

Methods

PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and EMBASE databases were searched to identify studies published from 2006 to 2020 regarding frailty instruments in older orthopaedic patients. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses were followed.

Results

The initial search resulted in 1,471 articles. After review against inclusion and exclusion criteria, a final set of 31 articles containing 15 unique frailty instruments were evaluated. Most of the articles were from Western countries. Fried's phenotype and Frailty Index were commonly used. The frailty index was mostly modified to measure frailty. In hip fracture, physical function items were frequently modified in the measurement of frailty. Trained physicians and nurses administered most frailty instruments. Frailty screening was commonly conducted at hospital admission and used to prognosticate both postoperative complications and hospital outcomes. Most instruments could be completed within 10 min. Reported psychometrics had acceptable reliability and validity.

Conclusion

Many reliable frailty measures have been used in the inpatient orthopaedic settings; however, evidence is still lacking for a gold standard frailty instrument. More research is needed to identify the best‐performing measure. Frailty evaluation in patients with physical limitations is challenging with existing instruments. Clinical context, resources required and instrument quality are essential factors in selecting a frailty instrument.

Relevance to clinical practice

Musculoskeletal symptoms in older patients may bias frailty assessment. Proactive frailty screening with valid and practical instruments is vital to strengthen preoperative risk stratification and improve post‐surgical outcomes.
Advances in immune therapies in hematological malignancies
Authors: Mazzarella Luca , Enblad Gunilla , Olweus Johanna , Malmberg Karl‐Johan , Jerkeman Mats
Published: October 2021

Immunotherapy in cancer takes advantage of the exquisite specificity, potency, and flexibility of the immune system to eliminate alien tumor cells. It involves strategies to activate the entire immune defense, by unlocking mechanisms developed by tumor cells to escape from surrounding immune cells, as well as engineered antibody and cellular therapies. What is important to note is that these are therapeutics with curative potential.

The earliest example of immune therapy is allogeneic stem cell transplantation, introduced in 1957, which is still an important modality in hematology, most notably in myeloid malignancies. In this review, we discuss developmental trends of immunotherapy in hematological malignancies, focusing on some of the strategies that we believe will have the most impact on future clinical practice in this field. In particular, we delineate novel developments for therapies that have already been introduced into the clinic, such as immune checkpoint inhibition and chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapies. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of emerging strategies based on T‐cell receptors and adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer cells.
Using check‐all‐that‐apply to evaluate wine and food pairings: An investigation with white wines
Authors: Moss Rachael , Barker Sophie , McSweeney Matthew B.
Published: October 2021

Growing consumer interest in food and wine pairing leads to a need for more studies to be conducted evaluating consumers' perception of food pairings. Many studies have used trained panelists to evaluate food and wine pairings; however, this study sought to determine how consumers evaluate food and wine pairings using the check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) method. The participants (n = 112) were asked to evaluate five white wines for their liking of the wine, their sensory perception of the wines and identify which food items they would pair with the wine using a CATA question. The participants separated the wines based on their sweetness and dryness, as well as their acidity. The participants liked sweet, citrus, fruity and floral white wines, and disliked earthy and sour attributes. When the participants paired the wine with hard cheeses and chocolate their liking increased; however, when the wines were paired with French fries, steak, and lemon pie, it detracted from their liking. Future research should ask participants to explain their pairing choices using open‐ended comment questions.

Practical Applications

Very few studies have explored consumers' food and wine pairing preferences. This study identified which food consumers pair with different white wines and how food items can positively or negatively impact consumers' liking of the wine. The results of this study are important to those working in the food and wine service industry. The findings of this study contribute to the gap in knowledge of consumers' preferred food pairings and investigate the use of a check‐all‐that‐apply question to evaluate food and wine pairings. Future research should ask consumers to explain their food pairings, as well as evaluate how wine knowledge and familiarity with wine impact their pairing decisions.
Resistance of genotypes and defence compounds against bacterial halo blight of coffee
Authors: Martins Stéfanny Araújo , de Resende Mário Lúcio Vilela , Monteiro Ana Cristina Andrade , Santiago Wilder Douglas , Vasconcelos Victor Augusto Maia , Reichel Tharyn , Pereira Matheus Henrique Brito , dos Santos Botelho Deila Magna
Published: October 2021

Bacterial halo blight of coffee (BHB), caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, is one of the main coffee diseases and is economically important mainly in regions of higher altitudes and mild temperatures. The use of resistant cultivars in the management of diseases is the most efficient and least costly technology for producers. The Coffee Germplasm Bank of Minas Gerais State has genotypes with great genetic variability, some of which are sources of resistance to several diseases and pests. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of 34 genotypes from the Coffee Germplasm Bank of Minas Gerais State and five cultivars with resistance to BHB. We evaluated the expression of three plant defence genes (phenylalanine ammonia liase‐PAL, peroxidase‐POX, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase‐CAD) and quantified the content of total soluble phenolic compounds, lignin, caffeine, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid in coffee leaves showing different levels of resistance to BHB. The cultivar IPR 102 (resistant control to BHB), the Catimor UFV 7158, Caturra Vermelho × CIFC H 79/1 UFV 339‐34, Catiguá MG2, Volutifolia Vermelho, Caturra Vermelho, Híbrido de Timor UFV 432‐02, Caturra Vermelho × CIFC H 288/14 UFV 319‐04, and Caturra Vermelho × CIFC H 79/1 UFV 339‐02 genotypes showed low disease severity. The UFV 7158 genotype showed higher PAL and POX expression levels than Mundo Novo 376/4 cultivar. The IPR 102 cultivar and UFV 7158 genotype showed high chlorogenic acid content and low caffeine and trigonelline contents.
Immune‐metabolic‐inflammatory markers in Holstein cows exposed to a nutritional and environmental stressing challenge
Authors: Cavallini Damiano , Mammi Ludovica Maria Eugenia , Buonaiuto Giovanni , Palmonari Alberto , Valle Emanuela , Formigoni Andrea
Published: October 2021

Dairy cows are exposed to multiple stressors during the productive cycle, such as metabolic challenges, overcrowding, grouping change, environmental stress and dietary errors. Thus, it is essential to study reliable markers able to detect stress conditions in dairy farms. This study evaluates dairy cows' immunologic and metabolic markers after the sudden and combined exposition to a high‐grain diet (75% concentrates) and the abrupt change of the housing system (from free stall to tie stall). A group of twenty‐four Holstein cows were enrolled in a challenge study of 28 days duration. Several immunological and metabolic blood markers were evaluated over the trial. Blood samples were taken at day 0 (normal value) and day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 (challenge). Data were submitted to a mixed model for repeated measures, including time as fixed and cows as random effects. The nutritional and environmental challenge had heavy effects on animal welfare and cows responded with a dramatic rumination drop. Our results suggest that the most responsive markers after abiotic stressors in cows were as follows: Serum Amyloid A and ROM in the acute response; Ceruloplasmin and GGT in the mid acute and Albumin, Paroxonase and FRAP in the chronic phase. Serum Amyloid A, Ceruloplasmin, Paraoxonase, GGT and ROM resulted as positive phase proteins, while, Albumin and FRAP resulted as negative phase proteins. Preliminary obtained results could concur to develop strategies able to mitigate stressor effects; moreover, the proposed design can be used as a model to test stress nutritional modulators.
Misspecified semiparametric model selection with weakly dependent observations
Authors: Bravo Francesco
Published: October 2021

This article proposes a general methodology to estimate and discriminate (select) between two possibly misspecified semiparametric models with weakly dependent observations. Monte Carlo evidence and an empirical application to the well‐known three factor model suggest that the proposed methodology has competitive finite sample properties and is useful in practice.
Bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca
Authors: Burbery Kate , Simon Olivier , Woolford Lucy , Ferlini Agne Gustavo
Published: October 2021

A 7‐year‐old neutered male alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented for evaluation of a 3‐year history of large, bilateral, firm ventral cervical masses causing esophageal and tracheal impingement. Ultrasound examination, radiographic evaluation, histopathological findings, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the masses to be bilateral thyroid adenomas. Conservative medical treatment by unilateral chemical ablation, using 10% formalin by aspiration technique, was performed on the left mass. Chemical ablation proved to be effective in decreasing the size of the mass, with no apparent adverse effects. To our knowledge, this case is the first known report of bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca, a condition previously described in humans, horses, dogs, and cats.
Virtue epistemology and the Gettier dilemma
Authors: Church Ian M.
Published: October 2021

The Gettier dilemma facing reductive analyses of knowledge has not been properly appreciated by virtue epistemologists or even virtue epistemology’s most vocal critics. This paper starts by considering how recent critics of virtue epistemology understand the Gettier problem facing virtue‐theoretic accounts of knowledge. The paper highlights how the dilemma facing virtue‐theoretic analyses of knowledge is more general than these critics seem to suggest. It then elucidates the worry that the threat facing virtue epistemology is really a dilemma between Gettier counterexamples and radical skepticism. Finally, the paper considers how some recent virtue epistemologists have tried to viably defuse the Gettier problem. It shows (i) just how the critiques it elucidates have (mis)shaped the dialectic between virtue epistemology and what is required in solving Gettier counterexamples and (ii) how this has led to virtue epistemologists underestimating the widespread insidiousness of Gettier counterexamples.
RIR1 represses plant immunity by interacting with mitochondrial complex I subunit in rice
Authors: An Lin , Zhang Siyuan , Guo Ping , Song Liyang , Xie Chuanmiao , Guo Hongyan , Fang Rongxiang , Jia Yantao
Published: October 2021

We previously observed decreased expression of rice OsmiR159a.1 on infection with the bacterial blight‐causing pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), and identified the OsLRR_RLK (leucine‐rich repeat_ receptor like kinase) gene as an authentic target of OsmiR159a.1. Here, we found that a Tos17 insertion mutant of LRR_RLK displayed increasing temporal resistance to Xoo, whereas the LRR_RLK overexpression lines were susceptible to the pathogen early on in the infection, indicating that LRR_RLK encodes a repressor of rice resistance to Xoo infection, and it was renamed as RIR1 (Rice Immunity Repressor 1). RIR1 overexpression plants were more susceptible to Xoo at late growth stage, suggesting that RIR1 mRNA levels are negatively correlated with the resistance of rice against Xoo. We discovered that OsmiR159a.1 repression in Xoo‐infected plants was largely dependent on the pathogen's type III secretion system. Co‐immunoprecipitation, bimolecular fluoresence complementation, and pull‐down assays indicated that RIR1 interacted with the NADH‐ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NUO) 51‐kDa subunit of the mitochondrial complex I through its kinase domain. Notably, impairment of RIR1 or overexpression of NUO resulted in reactive oxygen species accumulation and enhanced expression of pathogen‐resistance genes, including jasmonic acid pathway genes. We propose that pathogens may inhibit OsmiR159 to interfere with the RIR1–NUO interaction, and subsequently depression of rice immune signalling pathways. The resistance genes manipulated by Xoo can be a probe to explore the regulatory network during host–pathogen interactions.
Association between estimated GFR and incident hypoglycaemia during hospitalization
Authors: Khanimov Israel , Zingerman Boris , Korzetz Asher , Boaz Mona , Shimonov Mordechai , Wainstein Julio , Leibovitz Eyal
Published: October 2021

Background

Kidney function is a significant factor associated with increased incidence of hypoglycaemia, especially among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We here quantified the association between elevated creatinine and incident hypoglycaemia among patients admitted to internal medicine departments, with and without DM.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort analysis study. Included were all patients discharged from internal medicine units between 2010 and 2013. Patients were excluded if creatinine levels rose or dropped more than 0.3 mg/dL during hospitalization. The CKD‐EPI equation was used to calculate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Logistic regression analysis (backward LR method) was used to study the association between eGFR and hypoglycaemia incidence.

Results

Included were 39 316 patients (mean age 68.0 ± 18.0 years, 49.3% males, 25.9% with DM, eGFR 69.5 ± 24.9 mL/min/1.73 m2). Among study participants, 6.5% had at least one hypoglycaemic event. Logistic regression modelling showed that eGFR was inversely associated with incident hypoglycaemia (OR 0.988, 95% CI 0.986–0.990, p < .001). Results were similar for patients with and without DM. Estimated GFR was negatively correlated with admission CRP levels for patients with (r = −.143, p < .001) and without DM (r = −.166, p < .001). Estimated GFR was also positively correlated with admission serum albumin levels for both patients with (r = .304, p < .001) and without DM (r = .354, p < .001).

Conclusion

Among non‐critically‐ill patients hospitalized in internal medicine departments, reduced eGFR is associated with increased risk of hypoglycaemia. Glucose monitoring for all inpatients with CKD is suggested, regardless of DM status.
Unravelling the molecular networks that regulate kiwifruit flavor
Authors: Fernie Alisdair R. , Alseekh Saleh
Published: October 2021

This article is a Commentary on Wang et al. (2022), 233: 373–389.
Perennial, but not annual legumes synergistically benefit from infection with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Primieri Silmar , Magnoli Susan M. , Koffel Thomas , Stürmer Sidney L. , Bever James D.
Published: October 2021

Many plant species simultaneously interact with multiple symbionts, which can, but do not always, generate synergistic benefits for their host. We ask if plant life history (i.e. annual vs perennial) can play an important role in the outcomes of the tripartite symbiosis of legumes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and rhizobia.

We performed a meta‐analysis of 88 studies examining outcomes of legume–AMF–rhizobia interactions on plant and microbial growth.

Perennial legumes associating with AMF and rhizobia grew larger than expected based on their response to either symbiont alone (i.e. their response to co‐inoculation was synergistic). By contrast, annual legume growth with co‐inoculation did not differ from additive expectations. AMF and rhizobia differentially increased phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) tissue concentration. Rhizobium nodulation increased with mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, but mycorrhizal fungi colonization did not increase with rhizobium inoculation. Microbial responses to co‐infection were significantly correlated with synergisms in plant growth.

Our work supports a balanced plant stoichiometry mechanism for synergistic benefits. We find that synergisms are in part driven by reinvestment in complementary symbionts, and that time‐lags in realizing benefits of reinvestment may limit synergisms in annuals. Optimization of microbiome composition to maximize synergisms may be critical to productivity, particularly for perennial legumes.
Plasma membrane‐localized plant immune receptor targets H+‐ATPase for membrane depolarization to regulate cell death
Authors: Lee Hye‐Young , Seo Ye‐Eun , Lee Joo Hyun , Lee So Eui , Oh Soohyun , Kim Jihyun , Jung Seungmee , Kim Haeun , Park Hyojeong , Kim Sejun , Mang Hyunggon , Choi Doil
Published: October 2021

The hypersensitive response (HR) is a robust immune response mediated by nucleotide‐binding, leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs). However, the early molecular event that links activated NLRs to cell death is unclear.

Here, we demonstrate that NLRs target plasma membrane H+‐ATPases (PMAs) that generate electrochemical potential, an essential component of living cells, across the plasma membrane. CCA309, an autoactive N‐terminal domain of a coiled‐coil NLR (CNL) in pepper, is associated with PMAs. Silencing or overexpression of PMAs reversibly affects cell death induced by CCA309 in Nicotiana benthamiana.

CCA309‐induced extracellular alkalization causes plasma membrane depolarization, followed by cell death. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses suggest that CCA309 inhibits PMA activation by preoccupying the dephosphorylated penultimate threonine residue of PMA. Moreover, pharmacological experiments using fusicoccin, an irreversible PMA activator, showed that inhibition of PMAs contributes to CNL‐type (but not Toll interleukin‐1 receptor NLR‐type) resistance protein‐induced cell death.

We suggest PMAs as primary targets of plasma membrane‐associated CNLs leading to HR‐associated cell death by disturbing the electrochemical gradient across the membrane. These results provide new insight into NLR‐mediated cell death in plants, as well as innate immunity in higher eukaryotes.
Discontinuation and remission rates and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia receiving second‐generation antipsychotics: 52‐week evaluation of JUMPs, a randomized, open‐label study
Authors: Ishigooka Jun , Nakagome Kazuyuki , Ohmori Tetsuro , Iwata Nakao , Inada Ken , Iga Jun‐ichi , Kishi Taro , Fujita Kiyoshi , Kikuchi Yuka , Shichijo Toshiaki , Tabuse Hideaki , Koretsune Shotatsu , Terada Hiroshi , Terada Haruko , Kishimoto Toshifumi , Tsutsumi Yuichiro , Kanda Yoshiki , Ohi Kazutaka , Sekiyama Kanji
Published: October 2021

Aim

Globally, evidence from short‐term studies is insufficient for the guidelines to uniformly recommend a particular antipsychotic(s) for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Therefore, long‐term comprehensive evaluation of antipsychotics is required from a social rehabilitation perspective, especially for drugs that have not yet been studied. The Japan Useful Medication Program for Schizophrenia (JUMPs) is a large‐scale, long‐term naturalistic study to present pivotal 52‐week data on the continuity of second‐generation antipsychotics (SGA: aripiprazole, blonanserin, and paliperidone).

Methods

JUMPs was an open‐label, three‐arm, randomized, parallel‐group, 52‐week study. Enrolled patients had schizophrenia, were ≥20 years old, and required antipsychotic treatment or switched from previous therapy. The primary endpoint was treatment discontinuation rate over 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes included remission rate, social functioning, and quality‐of‐life scores [Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) and EuroQol‐5 dimensions], and safety.

Results

In total, 251 patients received aripiprazole (n = 82), blonanserin (n = 85), or paliperidone (n = 84). The discontinuation rate (P = 0.9771) and remission rates (P > 0.05) over 52 weeks did not differ significantly between the three treatment groups. The discontinuation rates were 68.3%, 68.2%, and 65.5% in the aripiprazole, blonanserin, and paliperidone groups, respectively. Significant improvements (all P < 0.05) from baseline in PSP scores were observed at start of monotherapy, week 26, and week 52 in the overall cohort and blonanserin group and at week 26 in the aripiprazole group. The adverse event profile favored blonanserin.

Conclusion

All three SGAs evaluated in this study showed similar treatment discontinuation rates in patients with chronic schizophrenia in Japan.
Dynamic Inventory Relocation in Disaster Relief
Authors: Zhang Yuli , Richter Amber R. , Shanthikumar Jeyaveerasingam George , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max
Published: October 2021

This study investigates dynamic inventory relocation to respond proactively to the changing relief demand forecasts over time. In particular, we examine how to relocate mobile inventory optimally to serve nonstationary stochastic demand at several potential disaster sites. We propose a dynamic relocation model using dynamic programming (DP) and develop both analytical and numerical results regarding optimal relocation policies, the minimum cost‐to‐go function, and the value of inventory mobility over traditional warehouse pre‐positioning. Given the computational complexity of the backwards DP algorithm, we develop a base state heuristic (BSH) for general problems by exploiting the real‐world disaster pattern of occurrence. For problems with temporally independent demand, we propose a polynomial time exact algorithm based on a spatial–temporal graph. For problems with spatially independent demand, we design a speedup technique to implement BSH in polynomial time. The proposed model and algorithms are further extended to consider the impact of transportation uncertainties. Numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithms return high‐quality decisions only in a small fraction of the time required by an exact algorithm and a myopic algorithm. The proposed model and algorithms are applicable to any type of mobile inventory, facility, or server in similar settings.
Doom and Gloom, From Structure to Human Minds: What Makes a North Korean Nuclear Deal Difficult?
Authors: Kim Seok Joon
Published: October 2021

Despite the uniquely dovish moment in North Korea–U.S. relations (2018–19), Pyongyang and Washington failed to make a deal in Singapore (2018) and then again in Hanoi (2019). Why did both sides fail to reach consensus on a deal, even under favorable conditions where both leaders established and maintained good relations? This article argues that Pyongyang's hesitation over sending stronger signs of denuclearization, along with Washington's discounting of the risk and vulnerability that North Korea would experience during the process of denuclearization, contributed to the failure of the negotiation between both sides. This article develops a theoretical framework about the perceptual gap between a signaler and a receiver regarding the level of cost a signaler should pay to make its conciliatory actions credible and explains the gap with a signaler's dilemma of costly signals—the situation in which the action to increase the credibility of signals increases the risks and vulnerability a signaler should take and bear—and a receiver's tendency of discounting a signaler's insecurity.
Using demographic findings to compare wild and translocated populations of Florida goldenaster (Chrysopsis floridana) in west‐central Florida, U.S.A.
Authors: Ward Scott G. , Menges Eric S. , Charton Katherine T. , Gonsiska Phillip A. , Peterson Cheryl L.
Published: October 2021

Evaluation of the success of rare plant introductions requires analysis of demographic success. We analyze the success of 10 wild and 8 introduced populations of Florida goldenaster (Chrysopsis floridana), a federally endangered forb endemic to west‐central Florida, using demographic and stage‐class data collected from 2017 to 2019. We also collected microhabitat data to characterize factors associated with this species' success. Introductions had higher annual survival rates and fecundity than wild populations; plants in scrub plots had higher survival than roadside plants, although fecundity was higher in roadside plants. Seedling recruitment was only higher for scrub plots in 1 year. Chrysopsis floridana occupancy was better predicted by lower soil nutrients and pH, but introduction success did not consistently vary according to soil conditions. Occupied plots had higher cover of bare sand, lichens, and forbs while unoccupied plots had higher cover of litter, shrub, and subcanopy. The presence of higher litter levels (>60%) appeared to significantly lower survival in 2018. Z‐score site ranking suggested a slight disadvantage for wild populations overall, with the two highest ranked sites both being introductions. Conversely, stage‐class data revealed that both wild and introduced populations had high counts across 3 years of sampling. Most of the healthiest populations had received recent fire, suggesting this may be crucial in providing conditions that promote recruitment and occupancy. More information is needed on aspects of fire and fire surrogates that are likely to affect the demography and distribution of this rare species.
Sense of coherence and dental fear/dental anxiety: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Oliveira Thaynara Nascimento , dos Santos Igor Bustamante Ferreira , Souza Gabriela Luiza Nunes , Alvarenga Renata Negreiros , Paiva Saul Martins , Hidalgo‐Martinez Patricia , Otero Liliana , Abreu Lucas Guimarães
Published: October 2021

Aim

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the association between sense of coherence (SOC) and dental fear/dental anxiety.

Methods

Computerized searches were performed in six databases. Gray literature and manual searches were also conducted. Study selection, risk of bias assessment, and meta‐analyses were performed. The results of meta‐analyses were reported in odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD), and confidence interval (CI).

Results

After removing duplicates, 131 references were retrieved and the full texts of 12 were evaluated. Nine references met the eligibility criteria and were included. The results of meta‐analyses demonstrated that individuals with a weaker SOC had a score in the dental anxiety/dental fear scale 6.04 times higher than individuals with a stronger SOC (OR = 6.04, CI = 2.62–13.91). Individuals with no dental anxiety/dental fear had a mean score of the SOC scale higher than individuals with dental anxiety/dental fear (MD = 5.39, CI = 2.21–8.56). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the result of a higher mean score of the SOC scale among individuals with no dental anxiety/dental fear remained (MD = 7.38, CI = 3.79–10.98). Risk of bias ranged from low to high. The certainty of evidence was very low.

Conclusion

Individuals with stronger SOC have lower levels of dental fear/dental anxiety.
Variations of Public Opinion Towards Face Veiling: Arguments in the Swiss Debate
Authors: Eugster Beatrice
Published: October 2021

This study focuses on public opinion towards the face veiling of Muslim women and investigates the possibility of identifying different groups of citizens supporting distinct combinations of arguments regarding face veiling criticisms. Two groups are expected to argue for or against face veiling. Also, two other groups are expected to vary depending on their idea of liberalism inherent in face‐veiling arguments: a specific way of life versus respect for different ways of life. Using latent class (regression) analysis, the findings show that different groups emerged and that the political leftists were more diverse regarding argument patterns than the political rightists. Following the debate of why many political leftists have negative attitudes towards religious practices, this study does not find empirical support that anti‐Muslim and anti‐Islam attitudes systematically differ between the observed groups.
Time‐course quantitative mapping of caffeine within the epidermis, using high‐contrast pump–probe stimulated Raman scattering microscopy
Authors: Iguchi Risa , Nishi Yoji , Ogihara Tsuyoshi , Ito Terumasa , Matsuoka Fumiaki , Misawa Kazuhiko
Published: October 2021

Background

An assessment of the drug penetration and distribution profiles within the skin is essential in dermatology and cosmetology. Recent advances in label‐free imaging technologies have facilitated the direct detection of unlabeled compounds in tissues, with high resolution. However, it remains challenging to provide quantitative time‐course distribution maps of drugs within the complex skin tissue. The present study aims at acquiring the real‐time quantitative skin penetration profiles of topically applied caffeine, by means of a combination of pump–probe phase‐modulated stimulated Raman scattering (PM‐SRS) and confocal reflection microscopy. The recently developed PM‐SRS microscopy is a unique imaging tool that can minimize strong background signals through a pulse‐shaping technique, while providing high‐contrast images of small molecules in tissues.

Materials and methods

Reconstructed human skin epidermis models were used in order to analyze caffeine penetration in tissues. The penetration profiles of caffeine in an aqueous solution, an oil‐in‐water gel, and a water‐in‐oil gel were examined by combining PM‐SRS and confocal reflection microscopy.

Results

The characteristic Raman signal of caffeine was directly detected in the skin model using PM‐SRS. Integrating PM‐SRS and confocal reflection microscopy allowed real‐time concentration maps of caffeine to be obtained from formulation samples, within the skin model. Compared with the conventional Raman detection method, PM‐SRS lowered the background tissue‐oriented signals and supplied high‐contrast images of caffeine.

Conclusion

We successfully established real‐time skin penetration profiles of caffeine from different formulations. PM‐SRS microscopy proved to be a powerful, non‐invasive, and real‐time depth‐profile imaging technique for use in quantitative studies of topically applied drugs.
The novel HLA‐C*07:975 allele identified in an Italian bone marrow donor
Authors: Fumagalli Maria , Gualandris Federica , Castellani Laura , Falanga Anna
Published: October 2021

The novel HLA‐C*07:975 allele differs from HLA‐C*07:40 by a non‐synonymous mutation C400G in exon 2.
Acute and chronic Q fever national surveillance – United States, 2008–2017
Authors: Cherry Cara C. , Nichols Heitman Kristen , Bestul Nicolette C. , Kersh Gilbert J.
Published: October 2021

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii and can manifest in an acute or chronic form. Many persons with acute Q fever are asymptomatic, but some develop a febrile illness, pneumonia or hepatitis. Chronic infections are rare and occur in less than 5% of persons exposed. Forms of chronic Q fever include endocarditis, infection of vascular grafts or aneurysms, osteomyelitis and osteoarthritis. Acute and chronic Q fever are nationally notifiable diseases, and presented here are the incidence, demographics and distribution of acute and chronic Q fever in the United States during 2008–2017. We summarized passive surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and supplemental case report forms (CRFs). Health departments reported 1,109 cases of acute Q fever and 272 chronic Q fever cases to NNDSS during this period. The 10‐year average annual incidence for acute Q fever was 0.36 cases per million persons, and the average annual incidence for chronic Q fever was 0.09. Males accounted for nearly 75% of both acute and chronic Q fever cases. Average annual incidence was highest among persons aged 60–69 years for both acute and chronic Q fever (0.70 cases per million persons and 0.25, respectively). As reported through CRFs, many Q fever cases did not have a known exposure to C. burnetii; 60% (n = 380) of acute Q fever cases did not report exposure to animals in the 2 months before symptom onset. Almost 90% (n = 558) did not report exposure to unpasteurized milk. Only 40% (n = 247) of persons with reported Q fever were employed in high‐risk occupations. Even though Q fever is a rare disease in the United States, incidence doubled from 2008 to 2017.
Chromosomal Polymorphism in the Tumorous-Head Strain of
Drosophila inelanogaster
Authors: Woolf Charles M. , Phelps Legrande J.
Published: October 2021

The Payne inversion is scattered throughout many natural and laboratory populations of
Drosophila melanogaster
. The results of this study show that the majority of flies in the tumorous-head strain are heterozygous for a chromosome containing this inversion and the recessive mutant, scarlet eyes. This chromosome is maintained, in the laboratory stock at a high frequency through a heterotic mechanism.
BCG Inhibition of Murine Leukemia: Local Suppression and Systemic Tumor Immunity Require Different Dosess
Authors: Bartlett Gerald L. , Purnell Dallas M. , Kreider John W.
Published: October 2021

The quantitative relationships between bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and tumor cells which are optimal for suppressing the growth of tumor cells in BCG-tumor cell mixtures are detrimental to the development of a sustained, systemic tumor rejection immunity in the LSTRA murine leukemia.
Accelerated electron transfer between metal complexes mediated by DNA
Authors: Purugganan MD , Kumar CV , Turro NJ , Barton JK
Published: October 2021

DNA-mediated long-range electron transfer from photoexcited 1,10-phenanthroline complexes of ruthenium, Ru(phen)2(3)+, to isostructural complexes of cobalt(III), rhodium(III), and chromium(III) bound along the helical strand. The efficiency of transfer depended upon binding mode and driving force. For a given donor-acceptor pair, surface-bound complexes showed greater rate enhancements than those that were intercalatively bound. Even in rigid glycerol at 253 K, the rates for donor-acceptor pairs bound to DNA remained enhanced. For the series of acceptors, the greatest enhancement in electron-transfer rate was found with chromium, the acceptor of intermediate driving force. The DNA polymer appears to provide an efficient intervening medium to couple donor and acceptor metal complexes for electron transfer.
Molecular Genetics of Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Epstein Ervin H.
Published: October 2021

Blisters following minor trauma characterize epidermolysis bullosa, a group of hereditary diseases of the skin. In the simplex type, epidermal basal cells are fragile, and mutations of genes encoding keratin intermediate filament proteins underlie that fragility. In the dystrophic types, the causative mutation appears to be in the gene encoding type VII collagen, which is the major component of anchoring fibrils. These recent findings afford solid evidence that at least one function of the cytoskeletal intermediate filament network is the provision of mechanical stability and that anchoring fibrils indeed do anchor the epidermis to the underlying dermis.
Implication of GAP in Ras-Dependent Transactivation of a Polyoma Enhancer Sequence
Authors: Schweighoffer Fabien , Barlat Isabelle , Chevallier-Multon Marie-Christine , Tocque Bruno
Published: October 2021

Controversy exists as to whether the interaction of a guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) with Ras proteins functions both to initiate and to terminate Ras-dependent signaling events or only to terminate them. GAP-C, a carboxyl-terminal fragment of GAP that is sufficient to stimulate GTPase activity, inhibited the stimulation of transcription produced by some oncoproteins (v-Src, polyoma middle T, wild-type Ras, and oncogenic Ras) but not that produced by v-Mos. Wild-type GAP did not affect transcription induced by oncogenic Ras but reversed the inhibitory effect of GAP-C on transcription induced by oncogenic Ras. These results indicate that GAP is a negative regulator of wild-type Ras and elicits a downstream signal by interacting with Ras-GTP (guanosine triphosphate).
Changes in the Sensory Processing of Olfactory Signals Induced by Birth in Sleep
Authors: Kendrick K. M. , Lévy F. , Keverne E. B.
Published: October 2021

After giving birth, sheep and many other species form a selective bond with their offspring based on the sense of smell. Processing of olfactory signals is altered to allow the animals to perform this selective recognition. Lamb odors have little effect on either neurotransmitter release or electrical activity of neurons in the olfactory bulb before birth. However, after birth there is an increase in the number of mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, that respond to lamb odors, which is associated with increased cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter release. Selective recognition of lambs is accompanied by increased activity of a subset of mitral cells and release of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the dendrodendritic synapses between the mitral and granule cells. The relation between the release of each transmitter after birth also suggests an increased efficacy of glutamate-evoked GABA release.
Primary Structure and Functional Expression of the β
1
Subunit of the Rat Brain Sodium Channel
Authors: Isom L. L. , De Jongh K. S. , Patton D. E. , Reber B. F. X. , Offord J. , Charbonneau H. , Walsh K. , Goldin A. L. , Catterall W. A.
Published: October 2021

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of the action potential and therefore are important for neuronal excitability. Complementary DNA clones encoding the β
1
subunit of the rat brain sodium channel were isolated by a combination of polymerase chain reaction and library screening techniques. The deduced primary structure indicates that the β
1
subunit is a 22,851-dalton protein that contains a single putative transmembrane domain and four potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites, consistent with biochemical data. Northern blot analysis reveals a 1400-nucleotide messenger RNA in rat brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and spinal cord. Coexpression of β
1
subunits with α subunits increases the size of the peak sodium current, accelerates its inactivation, and shifts the voltage dependence of inactivation to more negative membrane potentials. These results indicate that the β
1
subunit is crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the rat brain sodium channel.
Island Biogeography Redux, with a Speciation Twist
Authors: Beehler Bruce M.
Published: October 2021

The Birds of Northern Melanesia
Speciation, Ecology, and Biogeography. Ernst Mayr and Jared M. Diamond. Oxford University Press, New York. 2001. 528 pp. $55. ISBN 0-19-514170-9

The result of a 30-year collaboration (and building on field work that Mayr began in 1929), this monograph analyzes the distribution of the 195 breeding land and freshwater birds species across 76 islands of the Bismarck and Solomon Archipelagoes east of New Guinea. The authors argue that the avifauna provides examples of all stages in speciation and can serve as a model system for consideration of those processes and of other problems of interest to population biologists.
Comparison of a ready-to-use liquid glucagon injection administered by autoinjector to glucagon emergency kit for the symptomatic relief of severe hypoglycemia: two randomized crossover non-inferiority studies
Authors: Christiansen Mark P , Cummins Martin , Prestrelski Steven , Close Nicole C , Nguyen Anh , Junaidi Khaled
Published: October 2021

Introduction

To prevent medical sequelae of severe hypoglycemic emergencies, prompt and reliable rescue intervention is critically important. A ready-to-use, liquid stable glucagon, administered subcutaneously by glucagon autoinjector (GAI), Gvoke HypoPen (glucagon injection; Xeris Pharmaceuticals), was evaluated for rescue treatment of severe hypoglycemia.

Research design and methods

Two phase III, randomized, controlled, blinded, non-inferiority crossover studies were conducted in 161 adults with type 1 diabetes to compare 1 mg doses of GAI versus glucagon emergency kit (GEK) for treating insulin-induced severe hypoglycemia. Efficacy was evaluated as either a return of plasma glucose to >70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) or increase ≥20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) from a baseline glucose of <50 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L), within 30 min of dosing.

Results

For successful plasma glucose recovery within 30 min, treatment with GAI was non-inferior to GEK. Treatment with GAI was non-inferior to GEK for a plasma glucose >70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) or neuroglycopenic symptom relief within 30 min. From administration of glucagon, the mean time to achieve plasma glucose >70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) or increase ≥20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L) was 13.8±5.6 min for GAI and 10.0±3.6 min for GEK. This mean time does not account for the significantly shorter (p<0.0001) drug preparation and administration time for GAI (27.3±19.7 s) versus GEK (97.2±45.1 s). The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events was comparable in both groups.

Conclusions

A ready-to-use GAI was non-inferior to GEK, with a similar tolerability profile. GAI is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated rescue treatment for severe hypoglycemia and is a viable alternative to GEK.

Trial registration numbers

NCT02656069andNCT03439072.
Effect of meal composition and alcohol consumption on postprandial glucose concentration in subjects with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial
Authors: García Alia , Moscardó Vanessa , Ramos-Prol Agustín , Díaz Julián , Boronat Miguel , Bondia Jorge , Rossetti Paolo
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Meal composition is known to affect glycemic variability and glucose control in type 1 diabetes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of high carbohydrate meals of different nutritional composition and alcohol on the postprandial glucose response in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Research design and methods

Twelve participants were recruited to this randomized crossover trial. Following a 4-week run-in period, participants received a mixed meal on three occasions with the same carbohydrate content but different macronutrient composition: high protein-high fat with alcohol (0.7g/kg body weight, beer), high protein-high fat without alcohol, and low protein-low fat without alcohol at 2-week intervals. Plasma and interstitial glucose, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, alcohol, free fatty acids, lactate, and pH concentrations were measured during 6 hours. A statistical analysis was then carried out to determine significant differences between studies.

Results

Significantly higher late postprandial glucose was observed in studies with higher content of fats and proteins (p=0.0088). This was associated with lower time in hypoglycemia as compared with the low protein and fat study (p=0.0179), at least partially due to greater glucagon concentration in the same period (p=0.04). Alcohol significantly increased lactate, decreased pH and growth hormone, and maintained free fatty acids suppressed during the late postprandial phase (p<0.001), without significant changes in plasma glucose.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the addition of proteins and fats to carbohydrates increases late postprandial blood glucose. Moreover, alcohol consumption together with a mixed meal has relevant metabolic effects without any increase in the risk of hypoglycemia, at least 6 hours postprandially.

Trial registration number

NCT03320993.
Association between diabetes and edentulism and their joint effects on health status in 40 low and middle-income countries
Authors: Jacob Louis , Shin Jae Il , Oh Hans , López-Sánchez Guillermo F , Smith Lee , Haro Josep Maria , Koyanagi Ai
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Previous studies on the diabetes–edentulism relationship have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the association between diabetes and edentulism, and their joint effects on health status in adults from 40 low and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Research design and methods

Data from the World Health Survey were used for this cross-sectional study (2002–2004). Forty countries (18 low-income and 22 middle-income countries) were included. Edentulism and diabetes were assessed using yes-no questions based on self-report. Health status was assessed in seven different domains (self-care, pain/discomfort, cognition, interpersonal activities, sleep/energy, affect, and perceived stress). The association between diabetes (exposure) and edentulism (outcome) was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models, while their joint effects on health status were assessed using multivariable linear regression models.

Results

There were 175 814 adults aged ≥18 years included in this study (mean (SD) age 38.4 (16.0) years; 49.3% men). Overall, the prevalence of edentulism was 6.0% and diabetes was 2.9%. There was a positive and significant association between diabetes and edentulism in the overall sample (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.66), in low-income countries (OR=1.78, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.62) and in middle-income countries (OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.47). In addition, people with comorbid diabetes and edentulism had worse health status in the domains of cognition, sleep/energy, and perceived stress, compared with those with diabetes only.

Conclusions

Diabetes was positively associated with edentulism in this sample of more than 175 000 individuals living in LMICs. Providing oral care to individuals with diabetes may potentially lead to a reduction in their risk of edentulism.