bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology And Outcome Of Elderly Patients Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy In The Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study
Authors: Salathe Cecile , Poli Elettra , Altarelli Marco , Bianchi Nathan Axel , Schneider Antoine Guillaume
Published: July 2020

Background: Renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically-ill patients is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The adequacy of its initiation is sometimes questioned in elderly patients particularly those with comorbidities. We therefore sought to evaluate the long-term outcomes and quality of life (QOL) of elderly patients who survived critical illness requiring RRT.Methods: We identified all patients > 55 yo who received RRT for acute kidney injury in our intensive care unit (ICU) between January 2015 and April 2018. We assessed their vital status by cross referencing our hospital database and the Swiss national death registry. Patients still alive at the time of the study underwent a phone interview. They were asked about their dialytic status and administered an EQ-5D survey with visual analog scale (VAS). Results were stratified according to patient's age groups (G1: "55–64 yo"; G2: "65–74 yo" and G3: "> 75 yo"). QOL in G3 patients were compared to G1 and G2 and to predicted values (calculated based on a local reference population).Results: Among the 352 eligible patients, 171 died during the index hospital admission. After a median follow-up of 2.7 years (IQR 1.6), a further 62 had died (mean time to death for hospital survivors 149.4 days (IQR 450.4). Hence, 119 patients (33.6%) were still alive at the time of the study. We successfully contacted 96 (80.7%) of them and 83 (69.7%) were included in the study (G1: 24, G2: 44 and G3: 15). Only 6 (7.2%) were RRT dependent. Patients in G3 had lower EQ-5D and VAS scores than those in G1 and G2 (p < 0.01). These scores were also significantly lower than predicted values (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Irrespective of age, the need for RRT identifies a population at very high risk of mortality. Among survivors, the rate of RRT dependence is low. Patients > 75 yo who survived ICU had a lower quality of life than younger patients. This QOL was also lower than predicted according to age and sex. The adequacy of RRT initiation in elderly patients should be discussed according to their pre-existing QOL and frailty.
Long non-coding RNA LINC00115 contributes to the progression of colorectal cancer by targeting miR-489-3p via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: Feng Weiyu , Li Baodong , Wang Jinbang , Zhang Huiliang , Liu Yonggang , Xu Dongli , Cheng Ke , Zhuang Jing
Published: July 2020

Background
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are tumor-related regulators and have been found to be involved in the underlying molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of lncRNA LINC00115 during CRC progression is not entirely elucidated.
Methods
The expression of LINC00115 was analyzed in paired CRC tissue samples and its clinical significance was evaluated. The biological effects on CRC cells proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, Transwell assay, flow cytometry analysis and Western blot, respectively. The regulatory relationship between LINC00115 and miR-489-3p was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays.
Results
LINC00115 was significantly overexpressed in CRC and its overexpression predicted poor outcome of the patients. Downregulation of LINC00115 markedly inhibited CRC cell proliferation, increased cell apoptosis, and suppressed cell migration and invasion. Moreover, downregulation of LINC00115 led to the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Bioinformatics analysis identified miR-489-3p as a candidate target of LINC00115. Furthermore, we revealed an inverse correlation between LINC00115 and miR-489-3p in CRC tissues. miR-489-3p might directly target LINC00115 and downregulation of miR-489-3p could rescue the biological effects induced by the absence of LINC0015.
Conclusion
LINC00115 serves as an excellent oncogene of CRC metastasis, the deeper understanding of LINC00115/miR-489-3p axis might provide potential therapeutic targets for CRC metastasis.
The efficacy of mineral corticoid receptor antagonist, canrenone, in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Vicenzi Marco , Ruscica Massimiliano , Iodice Simona , Rota Irene , Ratti Angelo , Cosola Roberta Di , Bollati Valentina , Corsini Alberto , Aliberti Stefano , Blasi Francesco
Published: July 2020

Purpose: Despite the spread of SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic and the volume of clinical trials launched, no specific therapeutic drug approaches improving outcomes have been so far approved. In COVID-19 patients, aldosterone via ACE2 deregulation may be responsible for systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation and oxidative organ damage.Aim: To verify retrospectively the impact of the mineral corticoid receptor antagonist canrerone i.v. on the need of invasive ventilatory support and/or all-cause in-hospital mortality.Study design: In this retrospective study (CARDIOVID-19, ID-107162), COVID-19 patients hospitalized for severe respiratory failure were taken care by pneumologists or cardiologists and received two different therapeutic approaches according to personal skill of referral medical team on pharmacological management. Group 1 (n=39) were given vasodilator agents or RAAS-inhibitors and group 2 (n=30) were given canrenone i.v.Results: Among 69 consecutive COVID-19 patients, enrolled in COVID-19 NETWORK registry, the group given canrenone (200 mg/q.d. for a median of 14±11) showed a free event rate of 83% with a survival percentage of 90%. In group 1, not receiving canrenone, free event rate was 51% and survival 64%. Kaplan-Meier analysis for composite outcomes showed a Log Rank of 0.0004 and for mortality, Log Rank was 0.005.Conclusions: The novelty of our observation relies on the independent positive impact of the canrenone, a mineral corticoid receptor antagonist, on all-cause mortality and clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients.
Gut Microbiota May Underlie the Predisposition of Healthy Individuals to COVID-19-Sensitive Proteomic Biomarkers
Authors: Gou Wanglong , Fu Yuanqing , Yue Liang , Chen Geng-dong , Cai Xue , Shuai Menglei , Xu Fengzhe , Yi Xiao , Chen Hao , Zhu Yi , Xiao Mian-li , Jiang Zengliang , Miao Zelei , Xiao Congmei , Shen Bo , Wu Xiaomai , Zhao Haihong , Ling Wenhua , Wang Jun , Chen Yu-ming , Guo Tiannan , Zheng Ju-Sheng
Published: July 2020

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading globally with high disparity in the susceptibility of the disease severity. Identification of the key underlying factors for this disparity is highly warranted. Results: Here we describe constructing a proteomic risk score (PRS) based on 20 blood proteomic biomarkers which related to the progression to severe COVID-19. Among COVID-19 patients, per 10% increment in the PRS was associated with a 57% higher risk of progressing to clinically severe phase (RR=1.57; 95% CI, 1.35-1.82). We demonstrate that in our own cohort of 990 individuals without infection, this proteomic risk score is positively associated with proinflammatory cytokines mainly among older, but not younger, individuals. We further discovered that a core set of gut microbiota could accurately predict the blood proteomic biomarkers of COVID-19 using a machine learning model. The core OTU-predicted PRS had a significant correlation with actual PRS both cross-sectionally (n=132, p<0.001) and prospectively (n=169, p<0.05). Most of the core OTUs were highly correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal metabolomics analysis suggested potential amino acid-related pathways linking the above core gut microbiota to inflammation.Conclusions: Our study suggests that gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19-sensitive proteomic biomarkers.
Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Polymethylmethacrylate-augmented Cannulated Pedicle Screw Fixation for Management of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis with Osteoporosis
Authors: Liu Yao-yao , Xiao Jun , Jin Huai-jian , Wang Zhong , Yin Xiang , Liu Ming-yong , Zhao Jian-hua , Liu Peng , Dai Fei
Published: July 2020

Background: Many studies have shown that cannulated pedicle screw (CPS) augmented by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) can obtain a satisfactory clinical efficacy in the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis. However, accurate application of CPSs will help to avoid the difficulty of screw revision and reduce the incidence of PMMA related complications. This study aims to investigate the mid-term efficacy of CPS comparing unilateral and bilateral application in this common lumbar degenerative disease. Methods: Between May 2011 and May 2018, 50 patients with posterior fixation and fusion using traditional pedicle screw or CPSs for lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with unilateral PMMA-augmented CPSs (group UC n=29) and those with bilateral PMMA-augmented CPSs (group BC, n=21). Operation time, blood loss, average hospitalization time, PMMA leakage and other complications were recorded. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were used to evaluate the recovery of symptoms. Radiographic results were compared for the intervertebral fusion and screw loosening. Results: There were no significant differences in the baseline data of the 2 groups.VAS and ODI scores were improved significantly after surgery (P<0.05), with no differences between the groups (P>0.05). The operation time and blood loss in group UC were significantly lower than those in groups BC (P<0.05). However, the loss of intervertebral disc height and Taillard index had no difference in group UC compared with group BC. And the rates of PMMA leakage in group UC and BC were 7.0% and 11.9%, respectively (P<0.05). Bony fusion was achieved in all groups without screw loosening at the last follow-up. And only one patient experienced superficial infection in both groups, meanwhile two patients of cerebrospinal fluid leakage was observed in group BC.Conclusions: Unilateral application of PMMA-augmented CPS may provide adequate clinical safety and effectiveness in surgical treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis with osteoporosis.
Explaining LARCs discontinuity in Ethiopia: The experience of women who access contraceptives in selected public health facilities
Authors: Abebe Solomon Mekonnen , Mihretie Getasew Sisay , Assefa Daniel T , Legesse Awol Yemane , Abera Mikyas
Published: July 2020

Background: Unintended pregnancy remains an important public health problem among teenagers and women in developing countries. Modern family planning methods, particularly Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs), are highly effective in addressing the problem and its undesirable outcomes in maternal mortality. But dissatisfaction with contraceptives has contributed to their early discontinuation, but the reasons in Ethiopia are not adequately explored.Objective: This study aims to explore the main reasons of discontinuation of LARCs-use within one year of adoption in selected public health facilities in Ethiopia.Methods: Institution-based, multi-center prospective-cohort study design was used to identify the reasons of discontinuation among LARCs-users in Ethiopia. The study covered four university hospitals and health centers in Addis Ababa, Gondar, Mekelle and Jimma. The main study employed survey and in-depth interviews. But this article is based on qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews. It explored the decision-making processes involved in LARCs-discontinuation based on the experiences of 29 women aged 15-49 who did within a year of insertion. Interview data were thematically organized, coded and analyzed in light of the study objectives.Results: The study found women were sufficiently aware of the various types of contraceptives, including LARCs. Many of them experimented with different types before deciding on their choice. On LARCs, most were satisfied with its benefits while they also mentioned several reasons to discontinue its use including weight gain/loss, heavy menses, tiredness, reduced libido, desire to conceive and husbands’ disapproval. Their decisions to use or not use LARCs reflected the common cultural values about childbirth and myths on contraceptive use.Conclusions: The study found women use (or discontinue use) of contraceptives depends on their knowledge about their options, personal experience with side-effects, and the support from significant others, mainly husbands. As such, any campaign to promote family planning methods has to take into account the status of women in the Ethiopian society and cultural definition of their sexuality.
Out-of-equilibrium phase transitions induced by Floquet resonances in a periodically quench-driven XY spin chain
Authors: Tapias Arze Sergio Enrique , Claeys Pieter W. , Pérez Castillo Isaac , Caux Jean-Sébastien
Published: July 2020

We consider the dynamics of an XY spin chain subjected to an external transverse field which is periodically quenched between two values. By deriving an exact expression of the Floquet Hamiltonian for this out-of-equilibrium protocol with arbitrary driving frequencies, we show how, after an unfolding of the Floquet spectrum, the parameter space of the system is characterized by alternations between local and non-local regions, corresponding respectively to the absence and presence of Floquet resonances. The boundary lines between regions are obtained analytically from avoided crossings in the Floquet quasi-energies and are observable as phase transitions in the synchronized state. The transient behaviour of dynamical averages of local observables similarly undergoes a transition, showing either a rapid convergence towards the synchronized state in the local regime, or a rather slow one exhibiting persistent oscillations in the non-local regime, where explicit decay coefficients are presented.
Relationship between Gut Microbiota, Gut Hyperpermeability and Obesity
Authors: Gasmi Amin , Mujawdiya Pavan Kumar , Pivina Lyudmila , Doşa Alexandru , Semenova Yuliya , Benahmed Asma Gasmi , Bjørklund Geir
Published: July 2020

Intestinal hyperpermeability is a complex metabolic process mediated by different pathways
in close relation to the gut microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the gut microbiota is involved
in different metabolic regulations, and its imbalance is associated with several metabolic diseases,
including obesity. It is well known that intestinal hyperpermeability is associated with dysbiosis,
and the combination of these two conditions can lead to an increase in the level of low-grade inflammation
in obese patients due to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Inflammatory
bowel syndrome often accompanies this condition causing an alteration of the intestinal mucosa and
thus reinforcing the dysbiosis and gut hyperpermeability. The onset of metabolic disorders depends on
violations of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as a result of increased intestinal permeability.
Chronic inflammation due to endotoxemia is responsible for the development of obesity. Metabolic
disorders are associated with dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and with an altered composition
of gut flora. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that illustrate the relationship between
hyperpermeability, the composition of the gut microbiota, and obesity.
Non-hormonal Treatments For Menopausal Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances: A Comparison Between Purified Pollen Extracts and Soy Isoflavones
Authors: De Franciscis Pasquale , Conte Anna , Schiattarella Antonio , Riemma Gaetano , Cobellis Luigi , Colacurci Nicola
Published: July 2020

Background:

Besides hot-flushes, sleep disturbances increase around menopause, impacting on the
quality of life. When hormone replacement therapy is contraindicated, it is necessary to provide alternative treatments.

Objectives:

This study aimed to observe the effects of an herbal remedy from pollen extracts and soy isoflavones
for menopausal complaints, particularly on sleep disorders.

Methods:

A six-month prospective observational study was performed in women in natural menopause suffering
from menopausal symptoms and sleep disturbances. Three groups were compared: 57 women receiving two tablets/
day containing herbal remedy from pollen extracts (group A), 60 women receiving one tablet/day containing
isoflavones 60 mg (group B), 47 women not receiving any treatment (group C). At 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6), the
daily number of hot-flushes, Kupperman index for menopausal symptoms, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
(PSQI) test were assessed.

Results:

Both groups A and B showed a significant improvement of hot flushes (p<0.001) and Kuppermann Index
(p<0.001) from T0 to T3 and from T0 to T6. No significant differences between treatment groups were found
at T3, while at T6 group A showed greater decrease of daily hot flashes and better improvement of Kupperman
Index as compared to group B (respectively, -48.8% versus -18.4% and -24.4% versus -15.4%; p<0.001). Improvement
of global sleep quality was more evident in the pollen treated group compared to isoflavones group at
both three (-24.7% versus -9.3%, p<0.001) and six (-52.9% vs -4.0%; p<0.001) months, mainly for the scores
related to subjective sleep quality, sleep latency and habitual sleep efficiency.

Conclusions:

Non-hormonal treatments can effectively be used in symptomatic menopausal women: among these,
after six months of treatment, pollen extracts might achieve a better improvement of hot flushes, sleep disturbances
and menopause-related symptoms than soy isoflavones. Herbal remedy from pollen extracts is mainly
effective when the quality of sleep is the most disturbing complaint.
Drosophila, Chitin and Insect Pest Management
Authors: Wang Yiwen , Gao Lujuan , Moussian Bernard
Published: July 2020

Insects are a great menace in agriculture and vectors of human diseases. Hence, controlling insect
populations is an important issue worldwide. A common strategy to control insects is the application of insecticides.
However, insecticides entail three major problems. First, insecticides are chemicals that stress ecosystems
and may even be harmful to humans. Second, insecticides are often unspecific and also eradicate beneficial insect
species like the honeybee. Third, insects are able to develop resistance to insecticides. Therefore, the efficient
generation of new potent insecticides and their intelligent delivery are the major tasks in agriculture. In addition,
acceptance or refusal in society is a major issue that has to be considered in the application of a pest management
strategy. In this paper, we unify two issues: 1) we illustrate that our molecular knowledge of the chitin synthesis
and organization pathways may offer new opportunities to design novel insecticides that are environmentally
harmless at the same time being specific to a pest species; and 2) we advocate that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
may serve as an excellent model of insect to study the effects of insecticides at the genetic, molecular
and histology level in order to better understand their mode of action and to optimize their impact. Especially,
chitin synthesis and organization proteins and enzymes are excellently dissected in the fruit fly, providing a rich
source for new insecticide targets. Thus, D. melanogaster offers a cheap, efficient and fast assay system to address
agricultural questions, as has been demonstrated to be the case in bio-medical research areas.
Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives Containing Tryptamine Skeleton and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Cebeci Yıldız Uygun , Ceylan Sule , Demirbas Neslihan , Karaoğlu Şengül Alpay
Published: July 2020

1,2,4-Triazole-3-one (3) obtained from tryptamine was transformed to the corresponding carbox(
thio)amides via several steps (6a-d). Their reaction with sodium hydroxide performed the 1,2,4-
triazole derivatives (7a-d). Compounds 7a-d treatment by 2-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanoneain an
ambiance with sodium ethoxide afforded the compounds (8a-d). The reduction reaction of 8a-d afforded
1,2,4-triazoles (9a-d). The synthesis of (10a-d), (11a-d) and (12a-d) was afforded treatment of
products 9a-d with 4-chlorobenzyl chloride (for 10a-d) or 2,6-dichlorobenzyl chloride (for 11a-d) or
2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride (for 12a-d). Besides the improved of entirely novel agents having various
chemical features than those of the existing ones, another aim is to combined two or more groups into a
single hybrid compound. For this reason, a single compound containing more than one group, each
with various modes of effect, could be helpful for the cure of bacterial infections. Microwave-assisted
and conventional techniques were utilized for the syntheses. The structures of recently obtained molecules
were elucidated on the foundation of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT IR, EI MS methods and elemental
analysis. All novel synthesized molecules were investigated for their antimicrobial activity using MIC
(minimum inhibitory concentration) method. The aminoalkylation of triazoles (7a-d) formed products
8a-d which have excellent activity against testing bacteria with values between 0.24 and 125 μg/mL.
Especially compounds 8a and 8d exhibited much better activity against E. coli than ampicillin used as
standard drug. The microwave process ensured a more efficient road to the creation of desired molecules.
The antibacterial examination demonstrated that after the carbonyl group is increased the antibacterial
activity of the compounds is greatly increased. That's why molecules formed as a result of the
alkylation reactions of triazoles has high activity.
Atrial Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation. Comorbidities and Markers of Disease Progression Predict Catheter Ablation Outcome
Authors: Szilágyi Judit , Sághy László
Published: July 2020

:

Atrial fibrillation is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia affecting an increasing
proportion of the population in which mainstream therapy, i.e. catheter ablation, provides freedom
from arrhythmia in only a limited number of patients. Understanding the mechanism is key in
order to find more effective therapies and to improve patient selection. In this review, the structural
and electrophysiological changes of the atrial musculature that constitute atrial remodeling in atrial
fibrillaton and how risk factors and markers of disease progression can predict catheter ablation
outcome will be discussed in detail.
Gonioprobe, an Innovative Gamma-probe to Guide Parathyroid Radioguided Surgery: First Clinical Experiences with Navigator and Lock-ontarget Functions
Authors: Bononi Marco , Viviana Frantellizzi , De Feo Maria Silvia , Sollaku Saadi , Pani Arianna , Falconi Rita , Pani Roberto , Cavallaro Giuseppe , Brozzetti Stefania , De Vincentis Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

Background:

Radioguided surgery represents a validated technique for the detection
and the excision of abnormal parathyroid glands responsible for primary hyperparathyroidism
(PHPT). To date little attention has been paid as to how the characteristics of gamma-probes can influence
surgical procedure and time, thus having an impact on postoperative morbidity, hospitalization
and costs.

Methods:

We designed a new prototype of gamma-probe, the Gonioprobe, and tested its clinical
utility in the operating room. Gonioprobe, thanks to its 5 scintillating independent crystals, performs
the dual function of Navigator and Lock-on-target. These characteristics allow the immediate
guidance of the surgeon’s hand towards the source with very high precision, and with a much
higher spatial resolution than commercial probes. Gonioprobe was used during intervention to detect
abnormal parathyroid tissue, and to ensure no radioactivity in surgery bed after adenoma removal.

Results:

We tested our gamma-probe on parathyroid adenomas particularly difficult to identify at a
visual inspection due to anatomy modifications from previous neck surgery and/or characterized by
uncommon localization. Moreover, parathyroid adenomas were hardly removable due to the
proximity to the esophagus, neck vessels and/or recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). An intraoperative
nerve monitoring system was used to protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve from injuries.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay and frozen biopsy confirmed the successful excision of the adenomas.

Conclusion:

The intraoperative use of the innovative Gonioprobe along with the nerve monitoring system allowed an
accurate and safe removal of parathyroid adenomas and offered a significant advantage by reducing surgical time and
postoperative complications, as well as hospitalization and costs.
Purifying Crude Petroleum by Using Porous Ceramic Balls
Authors: Hadi Enas M. , Yousif Khulood H.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Background: In this study ceramic crude petroleum filter was prepared from Iraqi White Kaolin with ratio
(70%) and Alumina (Al2O3) with ratio (30%), with natural additives Palm Frond with ratios (5,10,15,25,35 and 45)% in
different partical size to produce pores, formed by dry pressing then fairing at 1100(˚C). The filters are harmless and
environmentally friendly materials. Some assessments were carried out, such as (apparent porosity ratio, water absorption
ratio, and apparent density). From the test results obtained the apparent porosity was 60.7% , water absorption was 89.3%
and an apparent density of 0.68% with a 45% ratio of fine (P.F).

Methods:

Size and distribution of pores were
characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The crude petroleum treated with filters evaluated by tests
such as (API Gravity, Sulfur Content, Asphaltenes Content, and Metallic Content).

Results:

The result of API Gravity
before immersion crude petroleum filter balls was 24.70 and after immersion crude petroleum filter balls for 7 days for 30
% (P.F) increase to 31.0 and reach to 32.5 after immersion for 14 days. Sulfur Content before immersion crude petroleum
filter balls was 3.76 and after immersion crude petroleum filter balls for 7 days for 30 % (P.F) decrease down to 3.1 and
reach to 2.6 after immersion for 14 days.

Conclusion:

So Asphaltenes content before immersion crude petroleum filter
balls was 6.68 and after immersion crude petroleum filter balls for 7 days 30 % (P.F) decreased down to 2 and reach to 1.6
after immersion for 14 days, metallic contact such as Vanadium and Nickel before immersion crude petroleum filter balls
respectively was 86 ppm, 32 ppm while after immersion crude petroleum filter balls for 7 days they become 53.26 ppm
and 15.35 ppm and for 14 days they reached to 47.52 ppm and 11.43 ppm respectively.
Pembentukan Karakter Remaja Awal melalui Pendidikan Nilai yang Terkandung dalam Pendidikan Konsumen: Kajian Evaluasi Reflektif Kurikulum SMP di Yogyakarta
Authors: Wening Sri
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan: mengembangkan dimensi pembentuk karakter nilai-nilai pada pendidikan konsumen, mengeksplorasi dimensi pendidikan nilai, mengetahui faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh, dan pencapaian pembentukan karakter remaja melalui pendidikan konsumen. Penelitian evaluasi reflektif ini membandingkan pendidikan nilai dari berbagai kurun waktu. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah export facto model kausal komparatif. Partisipan penelitian diambil secara acak, yang terdiri dari 15 guru PKn, 15 guru IPS Ekonomi, dan 9 guru PICK serta 744 siswa dari 39 kelas pada 10 SMP di Kodya Yogyakarta. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, regresi, analisis jalur, dan t-test. Temuan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: (1) ada 17 nilai kehidupan dalam konsep pendidikan konsumen yang berkaitan dengan dimensi pembentuk karakter; (2) pendidikan nilai dirasakan sangat penting untuk dimiliki; (3) faktor lingkungan bersama dengan pendidikan konsumen berpengaruh signifikan pada pembentukan karakter siswa; dan (4) pembentukan karakter siswa dalam kelas-kelas melalui buku cerita lebih berpengaruh dibanding tanpa diberi buku cerita. Kata kunci: pembentukan karakter, pendidikan konsumen, evaluasi reflektif.
Meningkatan Keterampilan Menulis dalam Bahasa Inggris untuk Siswa SMP dengan Memberdayakan Objek Nyata yang Berada dalam Kehidupan Siswa Sehari-Hari
Authors: Pujiastuti Ani
Published: July 2020

Tujuan penelitian tindakan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis siswa dalam bahasa Inggris dengan memberdayakan objek yang sering dijumpai dan dilabikan siswa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini mempergunakan model Kemmis & McTaggart yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus. Kegiatan yang dilaksanakan setiap tahap mehputi perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah nilai kemampuan menulis yang didapatkan melalui observasi kelas, catatan lapangan, wawancara, petekaman, dan studi dokumenter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) siswa menjadi lebih aktif dalam mengekspresikan ide dan gagasan, baik secara lisan maupun tertulis, (2) motivasi dan gairah siswa dalam belajar bahasa Inggris meningkat, dan (3) keterampilan siswa dalam menciptakan teks berbahasa Inggris meningkat. Dengan demikian, melalui pengembangan keterampilan menulis dengan memberdayakan objek yang sering dijumpai siswa dalam kehidupan siswa sehari-hari, keterampilan menulis siswa dalam bahasa Inggris menjadi lebih baik.Kata kunci: keterampilan menulis, objek nyata.
KONSTRUK KINERJA KEPALA SEKOLAH DASAR DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Hadi Samsul
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model konstruk dan struktural kinerja kepala sekolah. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi sumbangan terhadap pengukuran kinerja kepala sekolah di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian expost facto dengan populasi guru dan kepala sekolah dasar di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Sampel sebanyak 1239 guru dan 208 kepala sekolah dasar dipilih secara acak. Data guru dan kepala sekolah dianalisis dengan Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Second-Order CFA) secara terpisah dan divalidasi silang dengan multi-sample CFA. Pengujian kecocokan model dilakukan menggunakan χ2 Satorra-Bentler dengan taraf signifikansi 5%, Comparative Goodness of Fit Index (CFI), dan Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSAE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hal-hal sebagai berikut. 1) Kinerja kepala sekolah mempunyai dimensi kepemimpinan, manajemen, dan kepribadian. 2) Berdasarkan data kepala sekolah, koefisien jalur dari dimensi dan muatan faktor dari indikator yang ada dalam model cukup tinggi, bernilai positif, dan signifikan. 3) Hasil validasi silang model konstruk kinerja kepala sekolah menggunakan data guru dan data kepala sekolah menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan model. Kata kunci: model konstruk, persamaan pengukuran, persamaan struktural, kinerja kepala sekolah
EVALUASI PEMANFAATAN LABORATORIUM DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI DI MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI SEKABUPATEN SLEMAN
Authors: Sundari Retna
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pemanfaatan laboratorium pembelajaran biologi di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri se-Kabupaten Sleman. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian evaluasi model CIPP (Contex, Input, Process, Product). Subjek penelitian meliputi 5 Kepala Madrasah, 12 guru biologi dan 400 siswa kelas X di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri se-Kabupaten Sleman. Data dikumpulkan dengan angket, observasi dan wawancara terstruktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) dukungan kepala madrasah terhadap program kegiatan laboratorium cukup tinggi, (2) ketersediaan sarana prasarana dalam kategori cukup, (3) pengelolaan laboratorium dalam kategori cukup, (4) pemanfaatan laboratorium dalam kategori cukup, (5) kendala-kendala yang dihadapi guru cukup tinggi, (6) minat siswa terhadap kegiatan laboratorium dan manfaat kegiatan laboratorium bagi siswa pada kategori tinggi. Kata kunci:      evaluasi, pemanfaatan laboratorium, pembelajaran biologi
PENYUSUNAN DAN VALIDASI MODUL “SOCIAL LIFE SKILL” BAGI PENDIDIK ANAK-ANAK PRASEKOLAH
Authors: Ayriza Yulia
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini dengan tujuan: (1) penyusunan modul ”social life skill” bagi pendidik TK; (2) pengujian validitas modul, baik isi maupun keterbacaannya; (3) penyempurnaan modul atas dasar hasil ujicoba keterbacaan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan research and development. Modul yang disusun ada 3, dan masing-masing terdiri dari 3 sub modul. Subjek penelitian adalah pendidik TK di DIY dengan berbagai latar belakang, tingkat pendidikan dan lama pengalaman kerja. Validitas modul diuji dari segi isi oleh para pakar dalam bidangnya dan keterbacaannya oleh para pengguna dengan menggunakan teknik cloze. Modul dapat diterima dari sisi validitas isi melalui expert judgement; sedang validitas keterbacaan pada ujicoba kedua menunjukkan semua sub modul terkategori mudah, sehingga dapat dilepas untuk pembaca tanpa membutuhkan pendamping instruktur; (3) Penyempurnaan dilakukan dengan merevisi kata-kata yang masih dipandang cukup sulit dan menyertakan glosari pada sub modul yang bersangkutan. Kata kunci: modul, social life skill, prasekolah
KUALITAS TES POTENSI AKADEMIK VERSI 07A
Authors: Azwar Saifuddin
Published: July 2020

Karakteristik butir dan subtes dari Tes Potensi Akademik (TPA) versi 07A diteliti berdasarkan data jawaban 198 pelamar Program Magister Psikologi UGM tahun 2007, sementara validitas prediksi tes dianalisis berdasarkan data jawaban 80 mahasiswa yang diterima. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa butir-butir subtes verbal, kuantitatif, dan penalaran memiliki tingkat kesulitan sedang, indeks daya beda sangat baik, dan distraktor berfungsi dengan baik. Semua skor subtes memiliki koefisien reliabilitas yang sangat tinggi, demikian juga skor TPA. Namun, analisis validitas skor TPA kurang dapat memprediksi IPK semester pertama. Kata kunci: TPA, analisis butir, validitas prediksi
KEMAMPUAN MUSIKALITAS SEBAGAI SARANA PENGEMBANGAN KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL
Authors: Djohan Djohan
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan instrumen kepekaan musikalitas sehingga dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap perkembangan peran musik dalam pendidikan serta peningkatan keterampilan sosial pada siswa sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 381 siswa kelas 3, 4, dan 5 sekolah dasar di Jakarta dan Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepekaan musikalitas siswa dapat diukur melalui instrumen kepekaan terhadap musik dan kemampuan ini memiliki korelasi yang signifikan dengan skor kecerdasan sosial. Kata kunci:      penghargaan diri, musik pendidikan, penilaian kemampuan musikalitas
Pengembangan Computerized Adaptive Testing untuk Mengukur Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Universitas Terbuka
Authors: Santoso Agus
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan ujian berbasis komputer yang diaplikasikan Universitas Terbuka (CBT-UT) ke tes adaptif berbasis komputer (CAT) untuk Mata kuliah Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini mempunyai tiga tahap, yaitu tahap pengembangan bank soal, simulasi algoritma, dan pengembangan program CAT. Pada tahap pertama, butir-butir soal yang memenuhi kriteria dipilih untuk masuk bank soal. Pada tahap kedua, studi simulasi untuk menguji apakah algoritma yang diterapkan berproses dengan baik ataukah tidak, yaitu algoritma desain CAT murni dan CAT yang dikendala modul (CCAT). Pada tahap ketiga, program aplikasi CAT pada sistem ujian UT dikembangkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) 127 butir yang memenuhi kriteria ideal sebagai bank soal CAT, (2) bank soal data empiris akurat untuk mengukur peserta tes dengan kemampuan sedang sampai tinggi, (3) untuk mengestimasi kemampuan peserta tes pada tingkat kemampuan sedang sampai tinggi, pada desain CAT murni diperlukan 8 sampai 15 butir soal, (4) Desain CAT yang dikendala modul (CCAT50) dapat diterapkan oleh UT sebagai bentuk ujian alternatif pada sistem ujian UT. Desain ini dapat juga digunakan oleh lembaga pendidikan lain yang dakm pengujiannya mensyaratkan keseimbangan isi. Kata kunci: tes adaptif berbasis komputer
Pengembangan Instrumen Pengukuran Keterampilan Desain Busana Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Jurusan Busana
Authors: Budhayani I Dewa Ayu Made
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan instrumen pengukuran yang standar untuk keterampilan desain busana siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejunian (SMK) Negeri Jurusan Busana yang memenuhi persyaratan validitas dan reliabilitas. Populasi dalam penelitian ini menyangkut populasi isi dan populasi subjek. Populasi isi meliputi seluruh pokok bahasan pelajaran praktek dalam mata pelajaran desain busana pada cawu 1 sampai cawu 6 program studi tata busana Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposif sampling sesuai dengan tujuan yang ditetapkan pada tujuan instruksional. Sedangkan populasi subjek adalah seluruh siswa tingkat II SMK Megeri Jurusan Busana, Program Studi Tata Busana di Bali pada tahun ajaran 1998/1999, yakni SMKN 2 Singaraja, SMKN 3 dan SMKN 4 Denpasar. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian pengembangan yaitu pengembangan instrumen pengukuran atau riset metodologik-psikometrik yang terbagi dalam tiga tahap, yaitu: 1) tahap pengembangan instrumen terdiri dari beberapa kegiatan, meliputi: merumuskan tujuan, membuat tabel spesifikasi, membuat instrumen pengukuran, membuat kriteria pengukuran, membuat lembar pengamatan, penclaahan butir-butir instrumen dan kriteria pengukuran, 2) tahap uji-coba terdiri dari uji-coba I, revisi, kemudian uji-coba II, dan 3) tahap pelaporan hasil untuk tujuan standardisasi. Instrumen yang dikembangkan diujicobakan dua kali, kemudian dianalisis secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Analisis kuantitatif berkenaan dengan uji secara empirik yaitu terhadap uji reliabilitas instrumen, sedangkan analisis secara kualitatif berkenaan dengan uji validitas dan kepraktisan. Uji validitas ditekankan hanya pada pengujian terhadap validitas isi dengan menggunakan professional judgment. Sedangkan untuk mengestimasi reliabilitas instrumen digunakan uji reliabilitas antarrater. Besaran atau ukuran tinggi rendahnya reliabilitas suatu instrumen dinyatakan dengan koefisien reliabilitas. Dalam penelitian ini untuk menafsirkan tinggi rendahnya koefisien reliabilitas hasil tes keterampilan desain busana digunakan estimasi minimal sebesar 0,70. Koefisien reliabilitas 0,70 dapat dikatakan sudah cukup untuk mengestimasi keajegan hasil tes dari pengukuran keterampilan desain busana. Hasil uji-coba I, butir-butir yang memiliki koefisien reliabilitas di bawah 0,70 direvisi pada kriteria pengukuran. Hasil uji-coba II menunjukkan semua butir atau aspek yang diukur memiliki koefisien reliabilitas minimal sebesar 0,70. Hal ini berarti hasil tes dari instrumen pengukuran keterampilan desain busana dapat digunakan untuk tujuan standardisasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis terhadap butir-butir instrumen dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menggunakan langkah-langkah pengembangan instrumen pengukuran keterampilan desain busana yang dikemukakan dalam penelitian ini dapat menghasilkan instrumen pengukuran yang baik, yang teruji validitas, reliabilitas, dan kepraktisan untuk mengukur keterampilan desain busana siswa SMK jurusan busana, program studi tata busana.
Kompetensi Siswa SMK dalam Mengestimasi Biaya Komponen Bangunan Gedung
Authors: Haryadi Bada
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) tingkat kompetensi mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan; tingkat kemampuan membaca gambar teknik; tingkat pengetahuan teknik bangunan; tingkat pengetahuan dasar matematika; dan tingkat pengalaman praktek lapangan siswa SMK Program Studi Bangunan Gedung, (2) hubungan antara ubalian kemampuan membaca gambar tekmk, pengetahuan teknik bangunan, pengetahuan dasar matematika dan pengalaman praktek lapangan, baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama dcngan kompetensi mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan dari siswa SMK Program Studi Bangunan Gedung, (3) besamya bobot sumbangan yang diberikan ubahan kemampuan membaca gambar teknik, pengetahuan tekmk bangunan, pengetahuan dasar matematika dan pengalaman praktek lapangan terhadap kompetensi mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan dari siswa SMK Program Studi Bangunan Gedung. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa kelas 3 (SMK 3 tahun) dan kelas 4 (SMK 4 tahun) Program Studi Bangunan Gedung yang telah melaksanakan praktek kerja lapangan atau telah melaksanakan PSG tahun ajaran 1998/1999. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dcngan teknik proportional random sampling dari jumlah populasi sebesar 294. Dcngan menggunakan rumus Cohen dan standard kesalahan 5 %, ditetapkan sampel sebesar 135 siswa. Pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan tes dan angket. Tes digunakan untuk pengumpulan data tentang kompetensi mengestimasi biaya, kemampuan membaca gambar teknik, pengetahuan teknik bangunan, pengetahuan dasar matematika, sedang angket digunakan untuk pengumpulan data tentang pengalaman praktek lapangan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah: (1) analisis deskriptip, (2) analisis korelasi parsial, dan (3) analisis regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa : (1) pada umumnya siswa SMK program Studi Bangunan Gedung memiliki tingkat kemampuan mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan gedung, kemampuan membaca gambar teknik, pengetahuan teknik bangunan, pengetahuan dasar matematika cukup baik. Sedang pengalaman praktek lapangan yang dimiliki masih tergolong rendah, (2) terdapat hubungan yang positip dan signifikan antara kompetensi mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan gedung dengan: kemampuan membaca gambar teknik (r= 0,35), pengetahuan teknik bangunan (r = 0,34), pengeta-huan dasar matematika (r = 0,35), dan pengalaman praktek lapangan (r = 0,38), (3) secara bersama-sama terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara kemampuan membaca gambar teknik, pengetahuan teknik bangunan, pengetahuan dasar matematika dan pengalaman praktek lapangan dengan kompetensi mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan gedung siswa SMK Program Studi Bangunan Gedung di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (R = 0,57). Besamya sumbangan efektif masing-masing variabel bebas terhadap kompetensi siswa dalam mengestimasi biaya komponen bangunan gedung secara berturut-tunit adalah: kemampuan membaca gambar teknik sebesar 12,19%, pengetahuan teknik bangunan sebesar 8,79%, pengetahuan dasar matematika sebesar 6,11% dan pengalaman praktek lapangan sebesar 5,65%.
Efektivitas Forum Komunikasi Pekerja Sosial Masyarakat terhadap Peningkatan Fungsi PSM di Kabupaten Bantul
Authors: Putri C. Elly Kumari Tjahya
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang efektivitas FK-PSM (Forum Komunikasi Pekerja Sosial Masyarakat) di Kabupaten Bantul Propinsi DI. Yogyakarta sebagai wadah sarana komunikasi dan konsultasi antar PSM (Pekerja Sosial Masyarakat), maupun PSM dengan instansi terkait, serta melestarikan keputusan inovasi nilai-nilai usaha kesejahteraan sosial dan aplikasi metode pekerjaan sosial yang diadopsi oleh PSM. Melalui otoritas kewenangan FK-PSM diharapkan pelestarian inovasi tersebut, mampu meningkatkan ketrampilan profesionalitas PSM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan FK-PSM tidak mampu melestarikan inovasi nilai UKS (Usaha Kesejahteraan Sosial), partisipasi PSM lebih banyak dikaitkan dengan instruksi instansi sosial. Partisipasi anggota FK-PSM pada pelaksanaan usaha kesejahteraan, bukan partisipasi murni atas dasar tanggung jawab pribadi PSM, serta pengaruh profesionalitas sebagai pekerja sosial tetapi karena campur tangan pejabat pemerintah. Akhimya motivasi PSM menjadi penggerak dan pengendali sosial masyarakat menjadi lemah. Oleh sebab itu perlu penumbuhan sikap partisipasi yang demokratis dengan mengurangi bentuk kegiatan yang bersifat instruktif, sehingga kemampuan profesionalitas PSM meningkat.
Gaya Hidup Wanita Tinjauan dari Status Gizi dan Pekerjaan
Authors: Mulyatiningsih Endang
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan menemukan gambaran umum gaya hidup wanita terutama yang diperlukan untuk mencegah penyakit jantung. Gaya hidup tersebut meliputi perilaku pengendalian stres, aktivitas fisik, dan pengaturan makan. Lebih lanjut penelitian ini bermaksud ingin mengetahui perbedaan gaya hidup antara: 1) wanita yang memiliki status gizi kurus sehat, ideal, dan gemuk sehat, 2) wanita yang bekerja sebagai PNS, swasta, dan IRT, dan 3) wanita yang memiliki status ekonomi sedang dan tinggi. Populasi penelitian ini adalah wanita usia 30 th. - 50 th. yang berdomisili di kabupaten Sleman. Sampel diambil secara bertahap menggunakan teknik multiple stage area, stratified, dan purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan angket dengan kuota 270 responden. Selanjutnya data dianalisis menggunakan anava satu jalur dan post hoc anava menggunakan prosedur Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gambaran umum gaya hidup wanita cukup baik dengan persentase skor terbesar (59,3%) pada kategoii berpeluang kecil mendapat penyakit jantung. Analisis varians menemukan ada perbedaan gaya hidup antara wanita yang memiliki status gizi kurus sehat, ideal, dan gemuk sehat dengan F ratio 16,47. Tidak ada perbedaan gaya hidup antara wanita yang bekerja sebagai PNS, swasta, dan IRT dengan F ratio 2,70. Ada perbedaan gaya hidup antara wanita yang memiliki status ekonomi sedang dan tinggi dengan F ratio 4,06.
Komparasi Metode Penyetaraan Tes Menurut teori Respons Butir
Authors: Miyatun Erna , Mardapi Djemari
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan menemukan metode penyetaraan tes dengan teori respons butir yang paling akurat. Sebelum dilakukan pengujian keakuratan metode penyetaraan tes, terlebih dahulu dilakukan: 1) Pemeriksaan setara atau tidaknya perangkat tes, 2) Penemuan persamaan konversi antarpaket soal yang tidak setara dan 3) Estimasi parameter butir. Penentuan metode penyetaraan tes yang akurat didasarkan pada besarnya kesalahan standar penyetaraan (SEE); yang paling akurat adalah metode penyetaraan tes yang mempunyai SEE paling kecil. Dalam penelitian ini, terdapat dua macam objek penelitian yaitu paket soal dan jawaban peserta EBTANAS. Soal EBTANAS terdiri dari 3 paket soal utama, 1 paket soal susulan, dan 1 paket soal cadangan. Peserta EBTANAS SLTP di Jawa Tengah Tahun Ajaran 1998/1999 terdiri dari 370.187 siswa. Teknik Purposive Sampling digunakan untuk menentukan sampel paket soal, yaitu ketiga paket soal utama terpilih sebagai sampel penelitian. Teknik Cluster Stratified Systematic Random Sampling digunakan untuk menentukan sampel jawaban peserta EBTANAS. Jawaban peserta sebanyak 8.251, terpilih sebagai sampel penelitian. Paket soal EBTANAS SLTP bidang studi Matematika dan data jawaban peserta tes, diperoleh melalui pengambilan data dokumentasi. Keparalelan tes diuji dengan analisis varians, uji Scheffe, dan uji Levene. Penyetaraan tes dilakukan dengan metode: Rerata dan Sigma, Rerata dan Sigma Tegar, dan Kurva Karakteristik. Estimasi parameter butir dilakukan dengan analisis program Bilog. Hasil analisis menunjukkan, pasangan paket soal utama-1 dan 2 serta pasangan paket soal utama-1 dan 3 tidak paralel, sehingga diperlukan proses penyetaraan. Pasangan paket soal utama-2 dan paket soal utama-3 bersifat paralel. Oleh karena itu tidak diperlukan proses penyetaraan. Penyetaraan paket soal utama-1 ke paket soal utama-2, dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma didapatkan persamaan konversi X2 - 1,19495 X] + 0,25766; dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma Tegar, X2 = 0,71710 Xi - 0,00081, sedangkan dengan metode Kurva Karakteristik, X2 = 1,05199 Xt + 0,03012. Penyetaraan paket soal utama-1 ke paket soal utama-3, dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma didapatkan persamaan konversi X3 = 1,49581 Xj + 0,42366; dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma Tegar, X3 = 0,60018 X] - 0,00157, sedangkan dengan metode Kurva Karakteristik diperoleh persamaan konversi X3 = 1,05391 Xt + 0,03232. Penyetaraan paket soal utama-1 ke paket soal utama-2, dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma didapatkan nilai SEE - 0,030574, dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma Tegar, SEE = 0,04933, dan dengan metode Kurva Karakteristik, SEE8 0,032968. Penyetaraan paket soal utama-1 ke paket soal utama-3, dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma didapatkan nilai SEE = 0,045906, dengan metode Rerata dan Sigma Tegar SEE= 0,106431, dan dengan metode Kurva Karakteristik SEE -0,05585. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan, metode Rerata dan Sigma merupakan metode paling akurat, diikuti metode Kurva Karakteristik, dan metode Rerata dan Sigma Tegar.