bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naval Architecture for Combatants, A Technology Survey
Authors: KEANE ROBERT G. , SANDBERG WILLIAM C.
Published: March 2009

Naval architects perform a number of very important roles in the design of naval ships. To address the many technologies associated with these myriad roles would be an enormous undertaking. The authors, therefore, chose to concentrate their efforts on an overview of technology in support of the naval architect's important role of designing the hull forms and appendages for future combatants. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to review existing and emerging ship hydrodynamics technologies which are expanding the spectrum of hull design options and their associated ship performance characteristics and to clearly demonstrate that there are many opportunities for further advancements in ship hydrodynamics technologies that will significantly aid the nation's naval architects in contributing their best to our future combatants.
The Israeli RESHEF Class Missile Boat
Authors: KEHOE CAPT. J.W. , BROWER KENNETH S.
Published: March 2009

This is another in a series of reports on the Ship Characteristics of various types of ships that have, or will be, introduced into the Navies of the world. In this report, the authors discuss the design concepts and basic characteristics of the Israeli Reshef class missile boat.
COMBAT SYSTEMS OVERHAUL IN A NAVAL SHIPYARD
Authors: NANOS G. P.
Published: March 2009

The cost and complexity of combat system installations in modern combatants has increased and will continue to increase dramatically. Renewed fleet emphasis on combat readiness has placed all aspects of installation and repair of new systems under intense scrutiny. Worthwhile initiatives in logistics support, technical documentation, and integrated testing have resulted. However, few studies of industrial processes related to combat systems work in naval shipyards have been undertaken even though modern quality methods emphasize understanding and control of processes as the best way to reduce defects in workmanship and to lower total cost. This paper reviews initiatives undertaken to improve fundamental industrial practices at Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Results are based on experience with both surface ship and submarine overhauls.
AN UNUSUAL APPROACH TO DIESEL‐ELECTRIC PROPULSION
Authors: JOHNSON JEROME V.
Published: March 2009

An unusual approach to diesel‐electric propulsion was developed many years ago which is relatively unknown. Propulsion, ship service AC power and upper deck winches are included in the system, all of which are powered by the main propulsion engines, and all of which are able to operate over their full load range without having any significant effect on any of the other machines in the system.

The objective is met by utilizing a constant‐current system in which a given current is produced at the diesel generators at the voltage necessary to maintain that current. All power consuming units are connected in series with the generators and their output is controlled by varying their field strength.
RELIABILITY METHODS FOR SHIP STRUCTURES
Authors: WHITE GREGORY J. , AYYUB BILAL M.
Published: March 2009

The ever increasing use of high‐strength materials and advanced technologies in surface ship structural design requires a very careful and systematic analysis to insure that levels of safety are maintained. This is much more easily said than done. The application of new technologies will not allow extrapolation of existing design criteria. Due to the uncertainties involved with future loading conditions, material properties, quality of workmanship in construction, and the limitations in numerical methods of analysis, the absolute safety of a structure cannot be established. It would therefore seem appropriate to use methods of analysis which would attempt to account for the various uncertainties and which allow the designer to limit the risk of unacceptable consequences. Estimation of this risk, even if used only to compare design alternatives, can be a useful and economical tool.

Structural reliability has its roots in the fields of civil and aerospace engineering and has made great strides forward in the last decade. Many methods have been proposed to evaluate the risk of structural failure. These methods include: first order second moment (FOSM), advanced second moment (ASM), and Monte Carlo simulation using both conditional expectation and antithetic variates techniques for variance reduction. All of these methods consider the type of the problem, the various parameters involved, and the uncertainties associated with these parameters. In estimating the risk, the uncertainties are modeled as random variables with mean values, variance, and probability density and distribution functions. Each method uses this information in a different manner, involving some assumptions and limitations.

In this paper we evaluate the available methods as to their suitability for estimating the risk of structural failure in ships. The merits and shortcomings of each method are discussed and each is then used to solve a simple example problem. The most effective method is chosen for more advanced work in this field.
THE MACHINERY ALTERATION PROGRAM
Authors: CIERI A.M. , KENNEY CDR. L.H.
Published: March 2009

The ship alteration (ShipAlt) process does not lend itself to the rapid accomplishment of small scale design changes to improve equipment performance and reliability. It is a necessarily lengthy and complex system, designed to deal with very large and costly projects. With one document, it causes replacement or modification of major ship systems. For this reason, ShipAlts are subjected to many reviews and design changes so that the final product will materially enhance the fleet's operational capabilities.

The competition for scarce resources has left the Navy with a large number of needed design changes with no programmatic means to accomplish them. Various Navy communities have developed procedures to address this problem.

This paper will show how the Naval Sea Systems Command‐sponsored machinery alteration (MachAlt) program addresses the small design change problem for hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) systems. MachAlts are design changes to equipments that do not require system interface changes and may be installed outside of industrial activities. The paper will discuss how the MachAlt concept was developed and will give a status report and assessment of the program to date.
MK 41 VERTICAL LAUNCHING SYSTEM FLEET APPLICATION
Authors: KULESZ JAMES J.
Published: March 2009

The unique physical construction and launch control system architecture of the MK 41 vertical launching system (VLS) makes it particularly adaptable to a variety of missiles and ship classes. The U.S. Navy began installing the MK 41 VLS in deep draft combatants early this year.

System attributes such as increased firepower, reduced manning and training requirements, high reliability and low maintainability indicate the MK 41 will best answer the fleet's requirement for highly capable launchers at minimum life cycle cost. Several launcher variants can be readily configured from MK 41 launcher components. Two lengths have been developed and proved during land based and at‐sea tests. These MK 41 derivatives retain all the benefits of the VLS while permitting a tailored defense capability throughout the surface fleet.
SPECIAL‐PURPOSE & GENERAL‐PURPOSE PROGRAMMABLE SIGNAL PROCESSORS
Authors: WEINSTOCK WALTER
Published: March 2009

The availability of high‐performance, low‐cost processing hardware provides the basis for very powerful programmable signal processing machines. A wide spectrum of machine architectures is available to the system designer. However, since these often have striking functional differences, the selection process must involve much more than a simplistic comparison of processing power. This paper compares the characteristics of generic special‐purpose and general‐purpose signal processors to emphasize critical differences. These differences are further illuminated in the descriptions of two high‐performance machines — one a special‐purpose programmable signal processor and the other a general‐purpose scientific “supercomputer.” Included in the descriptions are the approaches used in each machine for primitive operations, processing sequence control, data input and data transfer methodology, and method of achieving high‐speed operation.
METHODS FOR DESIGNING HULL FORMS WITH REDUCED MOTIONS AND DRY DECKS
Authors: WALDEN DAVID A. , GRUNDMANN PETER
Published: March 2009

A number of existing frigate and destroyer hulls have been used in an investigation of simple seakeeping rank factors and freeboard estimation procedures, both for use at early design stages.

The results of a correlation analysis are described. First, they are used to generate a regression equation to predict the relative seakeeping performance of a given ship. Then the correlation matrix developed during the regression analysis is used to provide guidance in the design of a ship with reduced motions.

A study has been carried out of the relative seakeeping rank of the ships as a function of the various motion‐related quantities included in the measure of merit. Calculations have been made to determine if the relative seakeeping rank of the ships is a function of ship speed or modal wave period. Measures of merit are discussed that include maximum allowed values rather than just the goal of reducing motions.

The method developed by Bales for determining required freeboard is applied to a large number of hulls. The results are used to show the influence of both ship size (length and displacement) and seakeeping performance on required freeboard. Utilizing these results, a simple method of predicting required freeboard is developed. Comparisons are made between the computed freeboards using Bales' procedure and the results of the present method as well as other recent guidelines.
LIGHTWEIGHT BROADBAND HF COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNA (LWCA)
Authors: BIONDI ROY J. , PRIDE RICHARD W. , MURRAY HAROLD D. , WHEELER PAUL K.
Published: March 2009

External communications is a critical element in the U.S. Navy design and utilization of a ship's combat system. The communications antenna system is a key factor in attainment of reliable circuit performance and reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). To maintain pace with improved ship manufacturing techniques and construction materials, along with design efforts to reduce topside generated EMI/RFI effects, an improved antenna design must also evolve.

With the ever increasing complexity in the integration of the topside environment, the RF aspects of the antenna designs must be augmented by detailed analysis of the operating environment and the mechanical design if the goals of reliability and quality performance are to be achieved.

The Naval Electronic Systems Command has developed a new “Broadband HF Communications Antenna.” This paper traces the design evolution and describes the processes in determining current design deficiencies, the design objectives to correct these deficiencies and the results obtained.
HOW MODULAR COMBAT SYSTEMS WILL ENHANCE SUPPORT OF SURFACE COMBATANTS
Authors: BOERUM ROBERT E. , BIRINDELLI JAMES B.
Published: March 2009

Combat system interface standards between combat system equipment and ship hulls for surface combatants are being developed. These standards, which will produce modular combat systems, permit concurrency of ship and combat system development, outfitting of alternate combat suites on a single ship hull form without major design revisions, and ease of combat system upgrade throughout the ship life cycle.

Such use of modularity for combat systems and formalization of interface standards for equipment installation provide attendant opportunities for innovative integrated logistics support (ILS) of surface combatants. The impact of this concept on the various ILS elements has been studied, and this paper presents highlights of the various requirements and benefits that result. These include the requirements for ensuring access for removal engineering for transportability and handling of the modules, and development of the necessary facilities for test and installation. This paper will show how use of such interface standards and modular combat system equipment will enhance fleet support of surface combatants.
THE USE OF COPPER‐NICKEL IN SHIPBUILDING: A STATUS REPORT
Authors: SANDOR LESLIE W.
Published: March 2009

Copper‐base alloy CA‐706 has an excellent erosion‐corrosion and biofouling resistance. While this paper recounts the long history of copper's role in marine use, the emphasis is on recent applications. Technical details of Cu/Ni sheathing of steel hulls and the results of a field test program after 18 months of continuous service with a 91,000 DWT tanker named Arco Texas are discussed. A comparison of life‐cycle economic analysis for conventional antifouling paint, self‐polishing copolymers and copper‐nickel sheathing is presented. The analysis is carried out for a medium‐speed RO/RO ship and a slow‐speed oil tanker.
WARSHIPS AND COST CONSTRAINTS
Authors: HOPE JAN PAUL , STORTZ VERNON E.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the need and processes for designing warships to meet cost constraints and for managing warship acquisition programs during the design phase to assure effective adherence to production cost constraints by the design team. The resource control methodology used during the contract design of the Arleigh Burke class destroyer, DDG‐51, is examined as a potential model for controlling the cost while maintaining the combat effectiveness of warships.

The paper begins with a summary of the basic issue — the relationship among unit cost, unit capability, force level numbers, and force capability — showing recent trends in destroyer costs and force levels. This introduction also includes a discussion of the cost constraint for the DDG‐51 in relation to historical trends and ship construction funding allocation.

The resource control methodology used to reduce and control costs of the DDG‐51 is discussed with a summary of the approach, key concepts and tools, chronology of key events, examples, and results achieved. A number of observations on this methodology are then made which are followed by comments on life cycle costs.

The paper concludes with remarks on the future application of the resource control methodology and areas for further work to improve future resource control efforts.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHODS FOR SURFACE SHIPS OPERATING AT THE ICE EDGE
Authors: JOHN JAMES W. ST. , MEYER JAMES R.
Published: March 2009

A methodology for developing local load criteria for ships operating at an ice edge is presented and discussed. The area where pack ice diminishes to the open ocean, the ice edge, offers a challenging design problem. Broken pieces of the pack ice termed ice floes can be driven by waves into the sides of ships, generating large local loads. The details of the ice‐structure interaction are discussed. Statistical distributions of ice impact pressures and force are presented based on measured data. Theoretical predictions of floe impact loads are also presented. A pressure‐area curve is generated from these data and compared with recent ice class rules.
AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR REAL‐TIME NOISE AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF SHIPBOARD EQUIPMENT
Authors: KLEIN STEVEN K. , VAIL JEANNINE A. , BALON KEVIN
Published: March 2009

An expert system is described which allows real‐time analysis of the noise and vibration signature of vibrating machinery. The system presented consists of an adaptive algorithm which varies the band width of analysis channels as a function of a signal complexity factor and a measure of the rapidity of local signal change. Overall program architecture is presented as well as detailed discussion of signature functional identification and statistical trend modules which are adaptable to a wide variety of input data base configurations. Execution of the program on a “super‐mini” in FORTRAN code with direct graphics output and on 68000 series based firmware using ADA is discussed. Results are presented of program execution on Navy hydrophone and propulsion gas turbine data showing current signature and projections of trend to future times compared with failed condition signatures. Correlation results for such predictions are also discussed.
A COMPUTER INTEGRATED ENGINEERING SYSTEM FOR DESIGN AND LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
Authors: NICKODEMUS GLEN H. , YANUS IRWIN D.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a computer integrated engineering system for design and life cycle management of weapons systems, ships and other multidisciplined systems. All engineering data are stored in a central engineering database. Individual application databases define and process information necessary for specific discipline evaluations. Interface modules between the application databases and the engineering database ensure that the entered data are complete, consistent, compatible, and in compliance with requirements. Conflicts are immediately identified and efficiently resolved. Implementation of the system improves design quality and reduces costs by minimizing the number of design iterations, reducing the effort to implement changes, providing effective storage and retrieval, and reducing the need for ship checks prior to modifications and alterations.
RELIABILITY OF SHIPBOARD ELEVATORS — THERE IS HOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT
Authors: COMPTON WILLIAM C. , ANDERER THEODORE C. , HEINZE FREDERICK A.
Published: March 2009

In 1980, at the Ship Systems Technical Symposium in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, a paper was presented entitled “Reliability of Shipboard Elevators — Is There Hope for Improvement?” It painted a bleak picture of elevators and their future. The history of Navy cargo/weapons elevator installations does reveal a wide variety of equipment sizes and con figurations developed by numerous vendors working to different performance specifications for each contract. The result has been poor reliability, a proliferation of spare parts requirements, and logistic and maintenance nightmares. To correct this, NAVSEA has initiated various efforts, including a program to develop and test improved, standardized designs. The improvements expected by that program include standard capacities and speeds, lightweight construction and easy removability for maintenance. This is being accomplished through standard drawings and detailed, as opposed to performance, specifications. But the key to the success of this effort is to design and test for reliability, maintainability and safety. This is being accomplished by following NAVSEA Quality Assurance Plan 200, which specifies failure mode, criticality, stress, worst case and sneak circuit analyses.

New equipment will be tested and evaluated at the new land based engineering site (LBES) at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This site has been designed to test elevator systems and components and simulate shipboard conditions including temperature and humidity. Initially, equipment intended for the new AOE‐6 and AE‐36 classes will be tested. The site will also be able to test cargo and weapons elevator doors and hatches in an aircraft carrier configuration. The site includes a standard hydraulic power unit (HPU) to operate flush deck and in‐trunk hatches and different door types. This paper describes the philosophy and methods for the overall standard elevator RDT&E effort and how it will improve the reliability of shipboard cargo and weapons elevators.
DEVELOPMENTS IN SWATH TECHNOLOGY
Authors: GUPTA S.K. , SCHMIDT T.W.
Published: March 2009

It has been over two decades since the start of SWATH technology development began in earnest. SWATH is no longer an “emerging” technology. SWATH ships are now state of the art and the technology has come of age. With the construction of the 3500 ton Kaiyo in Japan, SWATH vessels have moved from prototypes and demonstrators to modern, high performance working vessels.

A number of new design techniques have been developed which enhance the seakeeping and maneuvering capability of these ships. Other concepts currently being developed include producibility improvements, structural design manuals, cost and weight estimation standards, and performance predictions based on scale models. A synthesis computer program has been developed for conceptual design based on existing SWATH ships and designs.
THE IN‐TANK OIL/WATER SEPARATOR
Authors: WILLNER NORMAN B. , DAIGNEAULT KEVIN D.
Published: March 2009

Recently enacted public law and international treaties prohibit the discharge of oily wastes from oceangoing ships. To comply with these laws, the U.S. Navy and the Department of Defense (DOD) have issued a directive implementing standards for the prevention of oil pollution from U.S. Navy ships.

Because of unique equipment and system design requirements for combatant and auxiliary ships in the U.S. Navy, research and development (R&D) was initiated to develop oil/water separator (OWS) systems. Over the past ten years, three systems were developed that met the Navy's requirements and are currently installed aboard Navy ships.

Recently, a new generation of oil/water separator was conceived. Using existing oil coalescing theory and equipment already in the fleet, an in‐tank oil/water separator (ITOWS) was developed. This new separator, installed aboard a naval combatant for testing, has met or exceeded all system requirements. Following a satisfactory operational evaluation by an independent U.S. Navy test command, the ITOWS will be specified for installation aboard new U.S. Navy ships.

This article reviews current U.S. Navy OWS designs and introduces the ITOWS system currently undergoing final evaluation.
AUTOMATED CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN SUPPORT OF SHIPBOARD DAMAGE CONTROL
Authors: BIHR RICHARD A.
Published: March 2009

Shipboard damage control is almost totally reliant upon manual means for information processing and suffers from additional problems involving an ad hoc approach to casualty control, the need to condense highly specific useful information from general documentation (e.g., fire boundaries), and the variety, complexity and sometimes unavailability of required information (e.g., booklets of general plans which open out to the size of a large table; isometric diagrams each with their own sets of symbology; electrical distribution data contained on hundreds of aperture cards). A prototype computer system called SNIPE (Standard Naval Information Program — Engineering) was installed aboard USS Peterson (DD‐969) in April 1985 using an IBM micro‐processor. SNIPE uses contingency planning concepts to define the fire doctrine for every space on the ship. Thus, when a fire location is entered into the computer, SNIPE advises the ship's damage control personnel of the following predetermined information: the closest fire‐fighting equipment, fire boundaries to set, nearby hazards (e.g., magazines), vent systems and closures to secure, other spaces served by common vent systems to be checked, and electrical circuits to be secured. Computer disk “pre‐positioned” messages directing repair party action can also be printed for any of the above actions, speeding up the damage control central message output process. This paper describes the firefighting system in use aboard USS Peterson, the day‐to‐day readiness monitoring capabilities of the system, and some of the planned future enhancements.
THE EFFECTS OF HULL FORM VARIATIONS ON THE ROLL DAMPING OF WARSHIPS
Authors: GRAHAM ROSS
Published: March 2009

The results of a study to identify warship hull form characteristics which maximize roll damping are described. The two main hull form characteristics which influence the roll damping of warships at the cruise speed are the separation of the appendages from the centre of gravity, and the form of the bilge. The influence of other hull characteristics is much less important. To maximize roll damping for a given set of appendages, the hull should be designed with a small bilge radius, and with the appendages located as far as possible from the centre of gravity. An example is given of two hulls with identical values of , B/T, CB, Cw, and CP with significantly different roll responses. These parameters should be chosen to optimize the pitch and heave characteristics of ships, and the bilge radius should be minimized to reduce roll.
SELECTION PARAMETERS FOR HYDRA ULIC SYSTEM FILTERS WITH A COMPARISON OF AIRCRAFT AND MARINE APPLICATIONS
Authors: WILCOX WAYNE K.
Published: March 2009

Aircraft designers have been pioneers in the use of high‐pressure hydraulic systems. Accordingly, hydraulic systems for ships and their filters have often been based on aircraft equipment and design practices. In this paper the criteria for design and selection of filters for aircraft and ships are compared. By considering important parameters, the designer can make a more intelligent choice in the selection of filters for a particular application. Parameters discussed include filter location, essentiality and duration of operation, logistic support requirements, and maintenance philosophy, including costs.
SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE MONITORING FOR SURFACE SHIPS (SEMMSS) PROGRAM
Authors: CHAPMAN CHARLES L. , JOLLEY RONALD
Published: March 2009

The SEMMSS program is a little more than two years old and, like its submarine forerunner Submarine Maintenance Monitoring Support Office (SMMSO), provides many benefits to the fleet support community. Most of these benefits, such as improved readiness, improved repair definition, reduced voyage repairs, and continued technical contact with ships, are of special value. The program, when fully expanded to include combat systems, will provide a methodology for an integrated systems, whole‐ship approach to shipboard performance monitoring. This paper presents an overview of the SEMMSS program, addresses implementation of the combat systems portion of the program, and outlines efforts to document program effectiveness.
NFR‐90: INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL ASPECTS
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT S.
Published: March 2009

A brief summary of the history of the NFR‐90 program is presented. The international industrial aspects of the management, organization and operation of the International Joint Venture Company (IJVC) are discussed. They will be considered from the general viewpoint of an international program, as well as from the specific situation of the NFR‐90. This will include the effects of general culture, technical culture, managerial culture, language, work and leisure philosophy, and office environment.

The U.S. contractor's role in the IJVC will be described including contractural, personnel and organizational relationships.

The NFR‐90 program's concepts are presented and the difficulties to be overcome are discussed. Recommendations of the feasibility study that affect industry are described, including possible consequences on the industrial infrastructure. The concepts of centralized selection of major equipments, sharing, dual sourcing, coproduction, licensing, teaming, and international and industrial benefits are presented.
A DISCIPLINED APPROACH TO MACHINERY ARRANGEMENTS IN SHIP DESIGN
Authors: KINNEY EDWARD T. , FUNKHOUSER DOYLE F.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an overview of the machinery arrangement function as an integral part of the ship design process. It discusses an iterative process of arriving at a machinery arrangement that meets the demanding requirements of naval ship operation, maintenance, and survivability within the constraints of a balanced ship design. Examples of the various tradeoffs and variables impacting machinery arrangements at each design phase are provided to illustrate the complex problem of producing a balanced design. This paper also briefly discusses the tools available to design or to critically evaluate alternative arrangements and to assess the impact of structural and hull changes as the ship design matures.
T‐AGOS 19: AN INNOVATIVE PROGRAM FOR AN INNOVATIVE DESIGN
Authors: COVICH PHILIP
Published: March 2009

The T‐AGOS 19 is the Navy's first design of a large displacement SWATH ship. The highlights of the program and the approach used to develop the design are presented. The problems and shortcomings associated with this approach are discussed in detail. The paper also provides an overview of the design and summarizes the alternatives and major tradeoffs considered during the design evolution.
APPLICATION OF TITANIUM IN SHIPBOARD SEAWATER COOLING SYSTEMS
Authors: ADAMSON WAYNE L. , SCHUTZ RONALD W.
Published: March 2009

Titanium alloys are evaluated as an alternative to the current copper‐nickel components now employee in U.S. Navy surface ship seawater cooling systems. Titanium offers a solution to the accelerated seawater corrosion and erosion related attack being experienced in seawater systems aboard CG‐47 class cruisers as well as other ship classes and can provide a means for extending service life and substantially improving reliability. Both the positive and potentially negative aspects of utilizing titanium in piping and heat exchangers are reviewed. Titanium's excellent resistance to corrosion and erosion attack, good yield strength and relatively low density permit use of thinner‐walled, reduced diameter piping and heat exchanger tubing (relative to copper‐nickel) and thus offer reduced system weight and volume. System design strategies are discussed for eliminating or greatly mitigating the adverse effects of galvanic corrosion and marine biofouling, the two major concerns when applying titanium in seawater piping and heat exchanger systems.

An overall assessment of titanium versus copper‐nickel alloys is provided with regard to piping and heat exchanger fabrication, cost, performance, design criteria, piping component (valves, pumps, etc.) selection criteria, and operational limitations. Specific topics addressed as part of that assessment include: (1) shipyard fabricability of titanium piping systems and onboard repair; (2) biofouling experience and biofouling control techniques with titanium in seawater; (3) galvanic corrosion effects when titanium is coupled to active (less noble) metals and the strategies for eliminating the risk of galvanic attack. The viability of titanium for surface ship seawater systems is summarized, and areas of future work are discussed with the intent of providing guidance for successful application of titanium in shipboard seawater systems.
AEGIS CRUISER SHIP SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IMPROVEMENTS
Authors: HOLMES RICHARD W.
Published: March 2009

The CG‐47 class design process differed from some other ship design processes (such as DD‐963, FFG‐7, or DDG‐51) in that it had to start from a fixed baseline, the DD‐963 and DDG‐993. Commonality with DD‐963 propulsion, electrical, auxiliaries, and hull systems were the design guidelines. The advantage of this philosophy was to get Aegis technology to sea quickly, in a proven hull form. This approach, however, had the disadvantage of fitting more equipment and accommodations into the same hull and inherited DD‐963 class problems. This did not necessarily force CG‐47 class ships to be built with known deficiencies, however. Through a dedicated ship systems engineering effort, equipment and systems changes and improvements were made and advantage was taken of new technology in the design of USS Ticonderoga (CG‐47), and even later follow‐on cruisers. This paper describes some of the major HM & E improvements and technical initiatives introduced into CG‐47 class ships. The paper presents a synopsis of ten ship systems case studies, followed by three examples of current projects that offer promise. The critical elements of management philosophy are summarized.
AEGIS CRUISER WEIGHT REDUCTION AND CONTROL
Authors: STAIMAN ROBERT C.
Published: March 2009

The weight and stability of the CG‐47 class Aegis cruisers have been the subject of much discussion and publicity, both favorable and unfavorable, since the initial inclining of USS Ticonderoga in April 1982. The weight and moment history of the class from the preliminary design of CG‐47 through the delivery of CG‐52 are discussed with a historical perspective on the reasons for the weight growth and KG rise on CG‐47 and the subsequent efforts undertaken to control them through weight reduction programs and major redesign of the class beginning with CG‐52. The paper shows that past trends of follow‐on ships increasing in weight can be reversed and shows the methodology utilized by the Navy in the Aegis cruiser program in reducing the weight of follow‐on Aegis cruisers.
THE ROLE OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A WEAPONS SYSTEM
Authors: BAILEY JOHN L.
Published: March 2009

Performance analysis is the process of determining the predicted performance of a weapons system. It is generally used to examine predicted performance of systems in a variety of configurations and operational situations; it is accomplished through a variety of techniques, from the computation of straightforward algebraic functions to complex computer simulations.

Performance analysis is necessary throughout the life‐cycle of weapons systems. It is used to help determine original requirements, for conceptual and detailed design, and to support operational planning and determine upgrade requirements. The development, maintenance, and consistent application of a set of system specific performance analysis methods have enhanced the development of many weapons systems. This paper is in the form of a tutorial on the application of performance analysis techniques, using the development of the Aegis weapons system as a source of examples, and stressing the value of performance analysis methods which have been designed specifically for the Aegis system.
SPACE LAYOUT DESIGN USING COMPUTER ASSISTED METHODS
Authors: CORT A. , HILLS W.
Published: March 2009

The paper describes work which is being carried out as part of a collaborative research programme between the British warshipbuilding company, Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd., and the Department of Naval Architecture at The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

Recent developments in CAD have made available to the designer a wide range of hardware and software which encourage the application of interactive, graphics‐based design procedures. Such methods can be of significant benefit in modern warships design where the optimal utilization of ‘space’ is a primary design goal.

Two facets which influence and control space management systems are the adjacency of functional areas and the environment into which a space is to be placed. Recent work concerned with the geometric representation and manipulation of architectural arrangements has been adapted for use in marine vehicle design. An optimal design procedure which utilizes the theory of fuzzy sets is used to achieve the general layout of space which allows the delineation of the main compartments of a vessel. The hull envelope can be generated using a surface generation module or by using previously faired basis ship offsets held in a data base.

Having defined the compartmental configuration of the functional spaces the next level of design is concerned with a more detailed consideration of compartments, or groups of compartments and the equipment and systems they contain.

Equipment is defined in terms of ergonomic envelopes, geometry and connectivity of services etc. The attributes of a 3‐D graphics workstation are used, in conjunction with an equipment library, to provide an effective detailed design procedure. The layout of equipment in spaces usually concerns the achievement of goals which conflict or have different priorities. The use of optimal goal programming techniques is suggested as a way of solving the multi‐objective problem.

As illustrative examples of the method the layout of the victual complex and dining areas for a small warship are generated.
DIALABLE ORIFICE FOR CONDENSATE SYSTEMS
Authors: HULL OLIVER
Published: March 2009

The use of an orifice goes back to the beginning of steam systems. Steam traps were developed to solve the problems of fluctuating boiler pressures and impurities in the condensate which caused clogging and erosion of orifices.

Steam generation has become more sophisticated and efficient. Studies to improve this efficiency have led to the conclusion that steam traps waste energy and when they fail, which they must, cause major steam losses. The U.S. Navy has determined that significant fuel savings can be made by replacing traps with orifices.

Over the past few years, programs have been promulgated by the U.S. Navy to replace traps with orifices. Problems as to proper orifice size and strainer clogging have been experienced.

The dialable orifice was developed to correct these problems and to permit ease of orifice size selection. The dialable orifice incorporates the orifice disc, stop valves, strainer, and check valve in one compact unit, reducing installation costs and minimizing onboard repair parts.
AUTOMATED RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE EVALUATION SYSTEM
Authors: GRAY GARY E.
Published: March 2009

Safety of gun ammunition is of primary concern to the Navy. An inbore detonation during a mission is one of the deadliest scenarios to a fighting ship. Numerous inbores during the Vietnam conflict led to investigations which subsequently resulted in the requirement to 100% x‐ray screen all fuze assets and future fuzes produced. This labor intensive and costly process was then the best solution for eliminating the fuze as a safety problem. In 1982, Naval Weapons Support Center Crane initiated the Automated Real‐Time Imaging Systems Technology (ARTIST) program to utilize state‐of‐the‐art technologies in image acquisition, processing and analysis techniques to automate the x‐ray screening of fuzes for safety defects. Naval Weapons Support Center Crane developed the performance specifications and acquired an Automated Radio‐graphic Image Evaluation System (ARIES) which met all baseline system requirement. ARIES has proven to be a successful system with the Navy benefiting greatly through lower inspection costs and more importantly, higher inspection confidence by eliminating the human operator/film reader uncertainty. Through this cooperative development effort with private industry, all businesses and industries may benefit from the now emerged technology of automated x‐ray inspection.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN NAVAL ENGINEERING
Authors: HARTMAN PATRICK J.
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the historical oscillations of artificial intelligence (AI). It traces the very beginnings from 1956 at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, through the depressions of the 1960s and 1970s, to the exponentially increasing number of successful applications in the mid‐1980s. It shows how to select problems which can be solved with the aid of expert systems. The paper also identifies areas such as common sense reasoning, automated machine learning, and complex design synthesis which are now beyond the state of the art and will be for years to come.

Artificial intelligence programs are able to diagnose faults and classify solutions in narrowly defined specialties even when the data is “fuzzy,” but they have not exhibited autonomous “thinking.” Just as conventional computer programming has alleviated the burden of calculating, AI expert systems will streamline the processing of logical data. Both of these computer techniques are cost effective when they are applied to well defined tasks, since computers are faster than people and error free for routine tasks.
DATA MULTIPLEX SYSTEM (DMS) —ASPECTS OF FLEET INTRODUCTION
Authors: BLACKWELL LUTHER M.
Published: March 2009

The Data Multiplex System (DMS) is a general‐purpose information transfer system directed toward fulfilling the internal data intercommunication requirements of a variety of naval combatant ships and submarines in the 1990–2000 time frame. The need for a modern data transfer system of the size and capability of DMS has increased as various digital control systems throughout naval ships have adopted distributed processing architectures and reconfigurable control consoles, and as the quantity of remotely sensed and controlled equipment throughout the ship has increased manyfold over what it was in past designs.

Instead of miles of unique cabling that must be specifically designed for each ship, DMS will meet information transfer needs with general‐purpose multiplex cable that will be installed according to a standard plan that does not vary with changes to the ship's electronics suite. Perhaps the greatest impact of DMS will be the decoupling of ship subsystems from each other and from the ship. Standard multiplex interfaces will avoid the cost and delay of modifying subsystems to make them compatible. The ability to wire a new ship according to a standard multiplex cable plan, long before the ship subsystems are fully defined, will free both the ship and the subsystems to develop at their own pace, will allow compression of the development schedules, and will provide ships with more advanced subsystems.

This paper describes the DMS system as it is currently being introduced into the fleet by the U.S. Navy. The results of its design and implementation in the DDG‐51 and LHD‐1 class ships are also presented.
AIR CUSHION VEHICLES FOR ARCTIC OPERATION
Authors: KOLESER JEFFREY , LAVIS DAVID R.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents the results of the NavSea FY8S Surface Ship CONFORM Design Study for an initial operational capability (IOC) year‐2000 air cushion vehicle (ACV) suitable for logistics and for general search and rescue duties in the Arctic. The study is one of several design studies produced each year by the CONFORM program to provide OpNav with alternative feasible ship concepts for varying IOC dates and to provide R&D planners with feedback regarding R&D alternatives. Two complete feasibility designs were developed. The first design was developed with the aid of an ACV design synthesis math model. The second design evolved as a derivative of an existing U.S. production craft and, as such, offered a lower risk approach. The results of performance and cost trade‐off studies are presented from which it is concluded that gas turbines are the preferred choice of power plants and aluminum alloy is the preferred choice of hull structural material. The most suitable skirt height was found to be approximately 12 ft.
HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES ON A ROCKET NOZZLE FOR NAVAL APPLICATION
Authors: DAS DEBENDRA K. , MOORE GLEN R. , BOYER CHARLES T.
Published: March 2009

Heat transfer results are presented here for a rocket nozzle that uses aluminized solid propellant. The Solid Performance Computer Program (SPP) was employed to calculate the two‐dimensional, two‐phase flow properties inside the nozzle. Utilizing the properties of particle phase obtained from this program, calculations were made for the heat flux due to particle impingement. Predictions are also presented for convective and radiative heat transfer along the nozzle surface. A comparison was made to assess the magnitudes of various modes of heat transfer. The methodology and results presented in this paper should provide useful data to designers of new rocket nozzles and should aid studies to improve the design of existing nozzles.
COST MINIMIZATION DURING SECOND SOURCING
Authors: GWOZDZ FRANK
Published: March 2009

This study attempts to develop strategies to minimize the negative cost impacts associated with selecting and awarding second source contracts. A number of factors are presented that may impact costs when second sources are used. Eight methods for determining sizes of prime and second source competitive award splits are reviewed. The analysis also includes an historical and economic overview. Economic market conditions are reviewed and applied to second sourcing. Finally, conclusions are formulated about minimizing costs, countering economic market conditions, and contractor gaming.
SIMPLIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE INTAKE ANTI‐ICE SYSTEMS
Authors: EXELL R. , KILLINGER ARTHUR
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the steps taken to simplify the gas turbine intake anti‐ice systems on DD‐963 and DDG‐993 class ships. The anti‐ice system was designed and built as fully‐automatic protection against intake duct icing on main propulsion turbines and electric generator turbines. Operating experience with the system indicated that it was nonfunctional more than 60% of the time. The system's poor availability was caused by its complexity, lack of use, lack of spare parts, poor training and documentation, and design and material problems.

A Navy Independent Design Review Team (IDRT) reexamined the technical bases for installing an automatic anti‐ice system and demonstrated that automatic control was not necessary for gas turbine intake duct anti‐icing. A series of design review calculations and shipboard tests confirmed that anti‐icing protection could be provided by manual control of installed butterfly valves feeding hot air to each turbine intake. The time from the IDRT design simplification recommendations to the first modification of the anti‐ice system was less than one year. To date, half of the 30 of the 35 ships in the two classes have been modified. This system simplification will result in life cycle maintenance cost savings in excess of 13 million dollars. Future CG‐47 class and DDG‐51 class ships will include this simplified approach to anti‐ice system design for gas turbine intakes.
THE ENGINEERING SYNDROME VS. THE MANPOWER, PERSONNEL AND TRAINING DILEMMA
Authors: GRAINE GEORGE N.
Published: March 2009

The engineering syndrome takes us technologically to a point that is faster, farther, higher or deeper than ever before. Unfortunately, the human component gets lost in the equation. Humans have several limitations which are not clearly recognized by weapon system program managers, and thus the people component receives only limited consideration during the system design process.

A weapon system is the sum of hardware and manpower. Without trained and qualified operators and maintainers, systems will not fulfill their designated mission. This is the essence of the HARDMAN Program, an acronym which means military manpower/hardware integration. OpNav Instruction 5311.7 of 12 August 1985 directs that all weapon and total ship developers conduct front end manpower and training analysis at the conceptual stage of Navy acquisitions. The rationale for focus on the earliest phase is because this is where the greatest commitment of personnel resources is made when one considers the life cycle spectrum.

In the past, equipment design determined manpower and training requirements rather than being considered as a part of an interactive procedure in which manpower and training requirements were viewed as a component of the system and thus integrated with the design requirements. To complicate things even further, supportability of human resource requirements was not often addressed before the program decisions concerning new hardware procurements were made.

A favorable endorsement of the HARDMAN Program will improve the management and control of limited Navy personnel management resource requirements growth in terms of affordability and availability during all phases of weapon system acquisition and development and will improve the weapon system product.