bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin in patients with recurrent or refractory aggressive histology B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Crump Michael , Baetz Tara , Couban Stephen , Belch Andrew , Marcellus Deborah , Howson‐Jan Kang , Imrie Kevin , Myers Robert , Adams Grenfell , Ding Keyue , Paul Nancy , Shepherd Lois , Iglesias Jose , Meyer Ralph
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND

Gemcitabine has been shown to have activity as a single agent in lymphoma and, when combined with cisplatin, is effective therapy for a number of solid tumors. The authors wished to determine the response rate and toxicity of gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin for recurrent or refractory non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

METHODS

Patients with recurrent or refractory diffuse large B‐cell NHL or variants (REAL classification), measurable disease, and one previous chemotherapy regimen were eligible. Treatment consisted of gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) on Days 1 and 8, dexamethasone 40 mg orally on Days 1–4, and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 i.v. on Day 1 (GDP), every 21 days as an outpatient. The primary end point was a response after two cycles. Patients could then proceed to stem cell transplantation (SCT) or receive up to six treatment cycles.

RESULTS

Fifty‐one eligible patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. The median age of the patients was 57 years (range, 18–84 years) and most had diffuse large‐cell lymphoma. After 2 cycles, there were 8 complete responses (CR; 16%) and 17 partial responses (PR; 33%). There was an overall response rate (RR) of 49% (95% confidence interval = 37–63%). The RR afer completion of all protocol chemotherapy (including those who received > 2 cycles of GDP) was 53% (11 CR, 16 PR). Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia occurred in 33% and 39% of patients, respectively. Grade 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 24% and 4% of patients, respectively. Seven patients (14%) experienced febrile neutropenia. Of the 35 patients < 66 years, 22 (63%) proceeded to SCT.

CONCLUSIONS

GDP is an active regimen in B‐cell NHL and can be administered with acceptable toxicity to outpatients. A Phase III trial comparing GDP with standard cisplatin‐based chemotherapy is now ongoing through the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Monolithically integrated 64‐channel WDM channel selector based on a novel configuration
Authors: Shibata Yasuo , Kikuchi Nobuhiro , Tohmori Yuichi
Published: September 2004

In order to handle increased number of channels in WDM communication networks, a new configuration is proposed for a WDM channel selector. This selector consists of two arrayed waveguide gratings, a two‐stage semiconductor amplifier gate array, and a multiple‐input single‐output coupler. Based on this configuration, a 64‐channel WDM channel selector (the largest scale reported so far) is fabricated on an InP substrate by monolithic integration. The transmittance between fibers is measured for the fabricated chip. Lossless performance is confirmed at all channels. Also, the bit error rate is measured for a 10‐Gbit/s NRZ input signal. Excellent characteristics are observed on all channels, including error‐free operation and low penalties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(10): 46–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10207
Dielectric properties of microstrip‐line adaptive liquid crystal devices
Authors: Utsumi Yozo , Kamei Toshihisa , Naito Ryo
Published: September 2004

The dielectric constant of liquid crystals at microwave and millimeter‐wave frequencies is measured directly with an inductively coupled ring resonator of a microstrip line configuration, which is widely used for the development of many adaptive devices such as variable delay lines. By comparing the electromagnetic simulation value and the measured value of the resonant frequency of the ring resonator on a liquid crystal as a dielectric substrate, we can determine the relative permittivity $\varepsilon'_{//}$ for the major axis of the liquid crystal molecules parallel to the RF electric field and the relative permittivity $\varepsilon'_{\perp}$ from the major axis normal to the field, as well as the dielectric birefringence Δε′. Although it is dependent on the microstrip line configuration and viscosity of the liquid crystal, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules cannot be controlled completely. Therefore, $\varepsilon'_{//}$ becomes smaller than the permittivity of the liquid crystal material. This paper studies the cause. The physical meaning of the effective orientation coefficient ηa is elucidated from photographs indicating imperfections of the liquid crystal molecular orientation and from calculations of the electrostatic energy immediately below the conductor and elsewhere. In a microstrip line device using liquid crystal, the effective value of $\varepsilon'_{//}$ to be used in circuit design should be the value obtained by multiplying ηa by the permittivity of the material itself. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(10): 13–24, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20082
Beam‐adjustable planar arrays composed of microstrip antennas
Authors: Urata Yasuhiko , Haneishi Misao , Kimura Yuichi
Published: September 2004

A method for determining the configuration and radiation characteristics of a beam‐adjustable planar array antenna (BA‐MSAA) consisting of microstrip antennas (MSA) and parasitic MSA elements loaded with reactance devices is discussed, and fundamental design information is obtained. (1) The radiation characteristics of the stacked one‐dimensional BA‐MSAA are studied by simulation and experiments and basic design information is obtained. (2) The characteristics of a two‐dimensional BA‐MSAA consisting of a principal MSA surrounded by parasitic MSAs placed in an X configuration are studied. In addition to obtaining basic design information, the validity of the method is verified experimentally. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(10): 1–12, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20084
Evaluation method of picture quality by two‐dimensional visual model and verification of its theory using various modulated images
Authors: Kawasaki Junji , Hayashi Akira , Iijima Taizo
Published: September 2004

When we look at an object on a screen, even if we see a black and white binary image for each individual pixel, we experience that we can recognize the pixels as a pseudo halftone image when all pixels are viewed at once. In a previous paper, we showed aspects of vision that are performed hierarchically via the external world, retina, and brain according to a one‐dimensional visual model and equivalence approximation method. The purpose of this paper is to clarify a strict, concrete analysis of evaluation methods for various types of modulated images according to a two‐dimensional visual model and construct an objective evaluation method to be used for matching with subjective evaluations. This formal method is the basis of the previously published two‐dimensional equivalence approximation method. We selected the pulse density four division image as the comparison standard and used a simple binary image, random dither image, least mean error image, and ordered dither image as modulated images to show specific values for the best numbers of approximation terms M0,N0 and obtain the measure of approximation with the reconstructed images to perform comparison inspections with subjective quality evaluations of these images. We evaluated the subjective quality by using the subjective mean ranking MOS of 15 assessors. From these results, we reconfirmed that the subjective quality of various modulated images can be objectively evaluated according to the measure of approximation. As a result, we clarified the strict, concrete analysis of evaluation methods for various types of modulated images according to the two‐dimensional visual model of the formal method and constructed an objective evaluation method to be used for matching with subjective evaluations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(10): 54–70, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20120
Oxygen radical density measurement in O2–N2 gas mixture plasma by means of a thin platinum wire
Authors: Haraki Nobuyuki , Nakano Saiensu , Ono Shigeru , Teii Shinriki
Published: September 2004

The oxygen radical density was measured in a weakly ionized plasma in an O2–N2 gas mixture by using a simple platinum thin‐wire sensor. The increased temperatures of the platinum wire caused by the energy released in the recombination of two oxygen radicals on the platinum surface were measured by varying the nitrogen gas mixture ratio and were compared with the oxygen radical densities theoretically calculated under the same plasma conditions. The relation between the wire temperature and the oxygen radical densities was cross‐checked by quantitative measurement of oxygen radical densities with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. All of these results made it possible to determine the oxygen radical density experimentally from the platinum wire temperature alone. The influence of the ambient gas temperature on the radical density measurement is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(4): 14–20, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20018
Artificial muscle using conducting polymers
Authors: Onoda Mitsuyoshi , Kato Yoshiyuki , Shonaka Hirokazu , Tada Kazuya
Published: September 2004

We have investigated a method of preparing a large‐size anisotropic polypyrrole (PPy) film using a slab vessel consisting of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) walls as well as its actuation abilities. The PPy film can be grown along one side of the PTFE walls and exhibits morphological anisotropy of the PPy packing density along the thickness direction. A piece bends in a regular direction (the surface in contact with the PTFE wall) and reverts during a redox cycle without the use of any additional processes such as lamination. The actuation properties of the anisotropic PPy actuator strongly depend on the size of the cation in the driving electrolyte, and the bending behavior of this actuator at room temperature becomes slower for larger cations. On investigating the temperature dependence of actuation properties, the arrival time of the actuator (the time required for the tip of the actuator to touch the electrolyte surface upon stepwise potential change) was found to become shorter in all electrolyte solutions with different electrolytes. This result can be understood in terms of the thermally activated microscopic movement of the PPy main chains. Such behavior based on electrochemical stimulus not only provides information related to ionic transfer and storage but also suggests that the anisotropic PPy film can be put to practical use as an electrochemical actuator for artificial muscle which directly converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(4): 7–13, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20066
Development of high‐harmonic gyrotrons using a permanent magnet system
Authors: Idehara Toshitaka , Ogawa Isamu , Ohashi Ken , Iwata Yosuke
Published: September 2004

A large‐orbit gyrotron (LOG) operating at higher harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency has been constructed by use of a permanent magnet system whose intensity is around 1 T. Operation tests have already been performed successfully up to the fourth harmonic. The operation efficiency is extremely high even at the third and fourth harmonics, because of highly efficient interaction between beam electrons and the high‐frequency electric field in the LOG. The test results of the LOG are summarized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(4): 1–6, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20084
Adaptive robust nonlinear control of a magnetic levitation system via DSC technique
Authors: Miyazaki Kouichi , Yang Zi‐Jiang , Kanae Shunshoku , Wada Kiyoshi
Published: September 2004

This paper considers the position tracking problem of a popular magnetic levitation system in the presence of modeling errors due to uncertainties of physical parameters. The recently developed dynamic surface control (DSC) technique is modified and applied to the system under study, to overcome the problem of “explosion of terms” associated with the backstepping design procedure. The input‐to‐state stability (ISS) property is ensured by the robust nonlinear damping terms, and the ultimate control error bounds are made sufficiently small by the adaptive laws. Experimental results are included to show the excellent position tracking performance of the designed control system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(4): 42–51, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20092
Wavelet algorithms for deblurring models
Authors: Ng Michael K. , Sze C. K. , Yung S. P.
Published: September 2004

Blur removal is an important problem in signal and image processing. In this article, we formulate the deblurring problem within a wavelet framework and design a methodology to find deblurring filters. Using these deblurring filters, we derive an iterative deblurring algorithm and prove its convergence. Simulation results are reported to illustrate the proposed framework and methodology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 14, 113–121, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20014
List‐mode EM algorithms for limited precision high‐resolution PET image reconstruction
Authors: Reader Andrew J.
Published: September 2004

Maximum likelihood (ML) list‐mode expectation maximization (EM) reconstruction for positron emission tomography (PET) permits all acquired information to be used directly in the reconstruction process without preprocessing. This feature is particularly useful for high spatial and temporal resolution PET applications, such as high‐resolution small‐volume imaging, dynamic studies, and motion correction. However, the often substantial quantity (gigabytes) of list‐mode data results in long reconstruction times and, unless appropriate measures are taken, bias due to limited machine precision. The use of subsets of list‐mode data offers notable reduction in computing time (at least an order of magnitude), and this work shows that using subsets also overcomes the bias problem encountered in EM reconstruction on precision‐limited computational platforms. Reconstruction performance with and without subsets for both ML and non‐ML methods are compared in this article. Whereas simulated 2D data sets indicate increased variance in reconstructed voxel values through use of non‐ML subset methods, measured 3D list‐mode data show the highly accelerated non‐ML subset methods produce results that are hard to visually differentiate from those of the ML algorithms (for the common case of regularization by stopping before reaching the ML estimate). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 14, 139–145, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20017
Marshals, monotone marshals, and hypertree‐width
Authors: Adler Isolde
Published: September 2004

The tree‐width of a hypergraph H equals one less than the number of cops necessary to catch the robber in the Monotone Robber and Cops Game played on H. Analogously, the hypertree‐width of a hypergraph is characterised by the Monotone Robber and Marshals Game. While the Robber and Cops Game and its monotone variant coincide, Gottlob, Leone and Scarcello stated the corresponding question for the Robber and Marshals Game as an open problem. We give a negative answer. Concerning the generalised hypertree‐width, our counterexamples show that it is neither characterised by the Robber and Marshals Game nor by its monotone variant. We conclude by resuming how these hypergraph invariants are related. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 275–296 2004
Dense graphs are antimagic
Authors: Alon N. , Kaplan G. , Lev A. , Roditty Y. , Yuster R.
Published: September 2004

An antimagic labeling of graph a with m edges and n vertices is a bijection from the set of edges to the integers 1,…,m such that all n vertex sums are pairwise distinct, where a vertex sum is the sum of labels of all edges incident with the same vertex. A graph is called antimagic if it has an antimagic labeling. A conjecture of Ringel (see 4) states that every connected graph, but K2, is antimagic. Our main result validates this conjecture for graphs having minimum degree Ω (log n). The proof combines probabilistic arguments with simple tools from analytic number theory and combinatorial techniques. We also prove that complete partite graphs (but K2) and graphs with maximum degree at least n – 2 are antimagic. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 297–309, 2004
How manufacturing processes affect the level of pesticide residues in tea
Authors: Sood Chitra , Jaggi Shivani , Kumar Vipin , Ravindranath SD , Shanker Adarsh
Published: September 2004

Tea (both green and black) is consumed throughout the world, both for pleasure and therapeutic purposes. Most people will be unaware of their involuntary exposure to residues of pesticides lingering in processed tea and so possibly transferring into infusions of tea. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of green tea and orthodox black tea manufacturing processes on the fate of pesticides sprayed onto tea bushes (Camellia sinensis). The fates of residues of dimethoate, quinalphos, dicofol and deltamethrin in these two different types of tea manufacturing processes were compared. For black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting, withering, rolling, fermentation and drying; and for green tea, leaf harvesting, microwave heating, rolling and drying. The two processes resulted in the same concentration factor of plant material into the dried commodity, while the decreases in residue levels were different for different pesticides. Initial microwave heating and dehydration in the green tea manufacturing process resulted in greater loss of pesticide residues than did withering and dehydration in black tea; no significant reduction in residue level resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps in black tea. Residue levels in both green and black teas were reduced during final drying. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Local energy decay for linear wave equations with non‐compactly supported initial data
Authors: Ikehata Ryo
Published: September 2004

A local energy decay problem is studied to a typical linear wave equation in an exterior domain. For this purpose, we do not assume any compactness of the support on the initial data. This generalizes a previous famous result due to Morawetz (Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 1961; 14:561–568). In order to prove local energy decay we mainly apply two types of new ideas due to Ikehata–Matsuyama (Sci. Math. Japon. 2002; 55:33–42) and Todorova–Yordanov (J. Differential Equations 2001; 174:464). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On analysis of the elasto‐viscoplastic response of single crystals with anisotropic damage: constitutive modelling and computational aspects
Authors: Lu Feng , Guang Zhang , Ke‐shi Zhang , Xu J. Q. , Hai‐dong Yu
Published: September 2004

Based on the concept of continuum damage mechanics, an anisotropic damage model for single crystals under the theory of crystal plasticity is presented. Damage and inelastic deformations are incorporated in the proposed model which is developed within the framework of thermodynamics with internal state variables. The dependence of the plastic anisotropy on the damage evolution has been considered. The anisotropic damage is characterized kinematically here through a second‐order damage tensor which is physically based. The proposed model can successfully describe the interaction between the evolution of micro‐structure of single crystals such as lattice orientation and the hardness development of each slip system and the process of material degradation. The Newton–Raphson iterative scheme is used to integrate the constitutive equations that work directly with the evolution equations for the elastic deformation gradient. The consistent algorithmic tangent stiffness for the present algorithm is formulated. The prescribed algorithm together with the consistent algorithmic tangent stiffness has been implemented into the ABAQUS finite element code by using user subroutine. Using the loading processes with homogeneous deformations and simulation of the classical tensile test of a notched bar illustrate the basic aspects of the model described. Numerical simulations show the validation and performance of the present model and algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapped infinite elements for three‐dimensional multi‐region boundary element analysis
Authors: Moser W. , Duenser Ch. , Beer G.
Published: September 2004

A formulation for an infinite boundary element (BE) is presented, which allows the modelling of infinite surfaces. The concept is that the finite surface is mapped to an infinite surface using special mapping functions. Using such mapping functions together with linear and quadratic interpolation for the displacements and the tractions, respectively, the desired decay behaviour can be modelled. The implementation of the proposed infinite elements becomes straightforward, since the Cauchy principal value, as well as the free term, are evaluated for the finite and infinite BEs with exactly the same techniques. The element developed can be used in a multi‐region BE analysis of piecewise homogeneous domains, or for domains with joints and faults. The accuracy of the element is tested on some benchmark problems. Finally, a practical application in tunnelling is shown. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element formulations of strain gradient theory for microstructures and the C0–1 patch test
Authors: Soh Ai‐Kah , Wanji Chen
Published: September 2004

Based on finite element formulations for the strain gradient theory of microstructures, a convergence criterion for the C0–1 patch test is introduced, and a new approach to devise strain gradient finite elements that can pass the C0–1 patch test is proposed. The displacement functions of several plane triangular elements, which satisfy the C0 continuity and weak C1 continuity conditions are evaluated by the C0–1 patch test. The difference between the proposed C0–1 patch test and the C0 constant stress and C1 constant curvature patch tests is elucidated.

An 18‐DOF plane strain gradient triangular element (RCT9+RT9), which passes the C0–1 patch test and has no spurious zero energy modes, is proposed. Numerical examples are employed to examine the performance of the proposed element by carrying out the C0–1 patch test and eigenvalue test. The proposed element is found to be without spurious zero energy modes, and it possesses higher accuracy compared with other strain gradient elements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A posteriori error estimates for the mixed finite element method with Lagrange multipliers
Authors: Gatica Gabriel N. , Maischak Matthias
Published: September 2004

We consider the mixed finite element method with Lagrange multipliers as applied to second‐order elliptic equations in divergence form with mixed boundary conditions. The corresponding Galerkin scheme is defined by using Raviart‐Thomas spaces. We develop a posteriori error analyses yielding a reliable and efficient estimate based on residuals, and a reliable and quasi‐efficient estimate based on local problems, respectively. Several numerical results illustrate the suitability of these a posteriori estimates for the adaptive computation of the discrete solutions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
An immersed interface method for anisotropic elliptic problems on irregular domains in 2D
Authors: Dumett Miguel A. , Keener James P.
Published: September 2004

This work is a generalization of the immersed interface method for discretization of a nondiagonal anisotropic Laplacian in 2D. This first‐order discretization scheme enforces weakly diagonal dominance of the numerical scheme whenever possible. A necessary and sufficient condition depending on the mesh size h for the existence of this scheme at an interior grid point is found in terms of the anisotropy matrix. A linear programming approach is introduced for finding the weights of the schemes. The method is tested with a parametrized family of anisotropic Poisson equations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Examples of successful architectural integration of PV: Germany
Authors: Hagemann Ingo B.
Published: September 2004

In Germany building‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are developing rapidly, and much progress has been achieved in the past five years. BIPV can be used today in different ways on both existing and new buildings. Architects and designers are discovering BIPV. With the help of custom‐made products available on the German market they are beginning to explore the technical limits of an aesthetic and structural integration of PV in buildings. As a result some exciting high‐profile building projects with PV have been built, for example, the small service pavilion Meereslauschen in Steinhude or the new headquarters building of the Wood Trade Association in Munich. These projects show that the use of PV is very varied and offers opportunities for creative architects. However non‐technical problems still need to be solved to allow a meaningful and widespread application of PV in the built environment. To decrease costs it is essential to develop further standard BIPV components. The aim of such developments should be to replace standard PV modules by products in which PV and structural building elements are melded into one design and structural unit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PV on noise barriers
Authors: Nordmann Thomas , Clavadetscher Luzi
Published: September 2004

PV on noise barriers has been around for 14 years. During this time considerable progress has been achieved not only on the PV module technology, but also in the construction of photovoltaic noise barriers (PVNB). The first plant was built in Switzerland in 1989; at present there are numerous plants with a total documented power of about 850 kWp in operation in Europe. This paper gives a short overview on the progress and state of the art of PVNB in Europe. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examples of successful architectural integration of PV: Australia
Authors: Prasad Deo K. , Snow Mark
Published: September 2004

An abundance of solar energy resources in Australia and the application of remote area power systems (RAPS) are well known. Numerous locations, isolated from the electricity grid have benefited from photovoltaic energy supply with economic justification and provided a platform from which the scientific knowledge and expertise has grown over 30 years. Of current global relevance is the transition and growth of photovoltaic applications in the urban environment through building‐integrated PV (BiPV) and its use as a clever building material. Energy market dynamics in Australia and low‐priced fossil fuels limit the present market potential for BiPV. Showcase projects and government programmes have provided the much needed impetus to develop and introduce BiPV products to the building industry and, importantly, experiment with architectural design solutions that strive to offer added benefits to the built environment. This paper discusses examples of successful integration of PV and lessons learnt in the process. The importance of high ambient temperature conditions, thermal performance and smart electrical configurations to minimise shading influences, are considered to be particularly relevant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change of memory formation according to STDP in a continuous‐time neural network model
Authors: Watanabe Hidenori , Watanabe Masataka , Aihara Kazuyuki , Kondo Shunsuke
Published: September 2004

Gerstner and colleagues have proposed a learning rule in which the incrementation of synaptic weight is adjusted according to the time difference between neuron firing and spike arrival. In this study, a continuous‐time associative memory model is constructed by using a learning rule based on that idea, and the functions of the learning rule are investigated. First, a continuous‐time associative memory model is constructed on the basis of the learning rule in continuous time, in which the neuron can store memory as the synchronous firing dynamics of the neuron. A result is presented in which multiple memory patterns can be recalled simultaneously under the proposed model. Then, using the proposed learning rule, an attempt is made to compose a nesting structure formed by arbitrary memory patterns. Based on the above series of results, it is shown that the learning rule has the function of modifying the memory storage structure according to changes in the environment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(12): 57–66, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10324
Design of a graphical history browser with Undo facility, and visual search analysis
Authors: Masuda Hisanori , Imamiya Atsumi
Published: September 2004

Existing interactive systems provide the user with various tools to make the system recover from an error. Most direct‐manipulation graphical interfaces, for example, include an Undo/Redo tool, by which the user can cancel an erroneous action. However, they are only simple mechanisms or provide only a command history represented by a text list, from which it is difficult to find the command or state desired by the user. The purpose of this paper is to realize an interface which helps the user to utilize Undo selectively and easily, to discuss the design and implementation of a graphical history browser, and to describe a visual search experiment and analysis utilizing the history browser. The history browser includes the following functions. (1) Operation commands for each figure object are grouped. (2) The graphical history composed of snapshots of the operation screen is provided as a flip comic. In order to examine the effectiveness of command grouping, an experimental comparison is made with the conventional techniques without grouping. As a result, the effectiveness of command grouping for the experimental task is shown from the viewpoints of task execution time and subjective evaluation by the subject. In addition, in order to investigate the features of the history browser and the behavior of the user in history search, a task experiment is performed in which two methods of history display—display of the history browser and parallel displays of two figures—are used to search visually for the difference between the two figures. The task execution time, the error, and the eye‐movement data of the subject are analyzed, and it is shown that by utilizing the flip function of the history browser, the user can find differences quickly and exactly from the specified stimulus display. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(12): 32–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10431
Cost‐effective compilation techniques for Java Just‐in‐Time compilers
Authors: Shudo Kazuyuki , Sekiguchi Satoshi , Muraoka Yoichi
Published: September 2004

Java Just‐in‐Time compilers must satisfy a number of requirements in conflict with each other. Effective execution of generated code is not the only requirement: compilation time, memory consumption, and compliance with the Java Virtual Machine specification are also important. We have developed a Java Just‐in‐Time compiler that requires relatively little implementation labor. Another important objective is developing an adequate base of follow‐up research utilizing this compiler. The proposed compilation techniques involve low compilation cost and low development cost. This paper also describes the optimization methods implemented in the compiler, for instance, instruction folding, exception handling with signals, and code patching. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(12): 10–24, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10564
Decay for travelling waves in the Gross–Pitaevskii equation
Authors: Gravejat Philippe
Published: September 2004

We study the limit at infinity of the travelling waves of finite energy in the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in dimension larger than two: their uniform convergence to a constant of modulus one and their asymptotic decay.

Nous étudions la limite à l’infini des ondes progressives d’énergie finie pour les équations de Gross–Pitaevskii en dimension supérieure ou égale à deux : leur convergence uniforme vers une constante de module un et leur comportement asymptotique.
Regularity for degenerate elliptic problems via p-harmonic approximation
Authors: Duzaar Frank , Mingione Giuseppe
Published: September 2004

We introduce a new method to prove regularity of solutions to certain degenerate elliptic problems. The method is based on the

p

-harmonic approximation lemma, recently proved by the authors in [F. Duzaar, G. Mingione, The

p

-harmonic approximation and the regularity of

p

-harmonic maps, Calc. Var., 2004, in press], that allows to approximate functions with

p

-harmonic functions in the same way as the classical harmonic approximation lemma (going back to De Giorgi) does via harmonic functions. The method presented here also bypasses certain difficulties arising when treating some degenerate and singular problems with a weak structure, such as degenerate and singular quasiconvex integrals, and provides transparent and elementary proofs.

Nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode pour prouver la régularité des solutions de certains problèmes elliptiques dégénérés. La méthode se base sur le lemme d’approximation

p

-harmonique (prouvé récemment par les auteurs dans [F. Duzaar, G. Mingione, The

p

-harmonic approximation and the regularity of

p

-harmonic maps, Preprint Dip. Mat. Univ. Parma, 2002] qui permet d’approximer des fonctions par des fonctions

p

-harmoniques de la même façon où le lemme d’approximation harmonique classique (qui rémonte à De Giorgi) le permettait avec des fonctions harmoniques. Le méthode présentée ici évite aussi des difficultés qui apparaissent dans certains problèmes dégénérés et singuliers avec structure faible, comme des intégrales quasiconvexes dégénérés et singuliers, et fournit des preuves élémentaires et transparentes.
Positive solutions of slightly supercritical elliptic equations in symmetric domains
Authors: Molle Riccardo , Passaseo Donato
Published: September 2004

This paper deals with existence and multiplicity of solutions for problem

P(ε,Ω)

below, which concentrate and blow-up at a finite number of points as

ε→0

. We give sufficient conditions on

Ω

which guarantee that the following property holds: there exists

\bar k(Ω)

such that, for each

k⩾
\bar k(Ω)

, problem

P(ε,Ω)

, for

ε>0

small enough, has at least one solution blowing up as

ε→0

at exactly

k

points. Exploiting the properties of the Green and Robin functions, we also prove that the blow up points approach the boundary of

Ω

as

k→∞

. Moreover we present some examples which show that

P(ε,Ω)

may have

k

-spike solutions of this type also when

Ω

is a contractible domain, not necessarily close to domains with nontrivial topology and, for

ε>0

small and k large enough, even when it is very close to star-shaped domains.

Nous démontrons que, si le domaine

Ω

satisfait certaines conditions, le problème

P(ε,Ω)

ci-dessous, pour

ε>0

suffisamment petit et

k

grand, admet des solutions qui pour

ε→0

se concentrent et explosent exactement en

k

points. Nous prouvons aussi que le point de concentration s’approche du bord de

Ω

quand

k→∞

et que le nombre de solutions est arbitrairement grand pourvu que

ε

soit suffisamment petit. La méthode de démonstration repose sur les propriétés des fonctions de Green et de Robin du laplacien sur

Ω

. De plus nous donnons des exemples qui montrent que parmi les ouverts bornés

Ω

qui satisfont nos conditions, il y en a aussi de contractiles, qui ne sont pas de perturbations d’ouverts non contractiles et peuvent même être arbitrairement proches de domaines étoilés.
Existence and nonexistence results for anisotropic quasilinear elliptic equations
Authors: Fragalà Ilaria , Gazzola Filippo , Kawohl Bernd
Published: September 2004

We consider a new class of quasilinear elliptic equations with a power-like reaction term: the differential operator weights partial derivatives with different powers, so that the underlying functional-analytic framework involves anisotropic Sobolev spaces. Critical exponents for embeddings of these spaces into

L^q

have two distinct expressions according to whether the anisotropy is “concentrated” or “spread out”. Existence results in the subcritical case are influenced by this phenomenon. On the other hand, nonexistence results are obtained in the at least critical case in domains with a geometric property which modifies the standard notion of starshapedness.

Nous considérons une nouvelle classe d’équations elliptiques quasilinéaires avec un terme de réaction de type puissance : les dérivées partielles ont des puissances différentes dans l’opérateur différentiel, de façon que l’espace fonctionnel naturel devient un espace de Sobolev anisotrope. Les exposants critiques pour les injections de ces espaces dans

L^q

ont des expressions différentes qui dépendent de la “concentration” de l’anisotropie. Nos résultats d’existence dans le cas sous-critique sont influencés par ce phenomène. D’autre part, nos résultats de non existence dans le cas critique et sur-critique sont obtenus dans des domaines ayant une propriété qui modifie la notion usuelle d’ensemble étoilé.
Chemical climatology of the middle atmosphere simulated by the NASA Langley Research Center Interactive Modeling Project for Atmospheric Chemistry and Transport (IMPACT) model
Authors: Al‐Saadi Jassim A. , Pierce R. Bradley , Natarajan Murali , Fairlie T. Duncan , Grose William L.
Published: September 2004

The stratospheric chemical characteristics of the NASA Langley Research Center Interactive Modeling Project for Atmospheric Chemistry and Transport model are evaluated. We focus on species relevant to stratospheric ozone including the main constituents of the odd nitrogen and inorganic chlorine families. Model‐derived chemical climatologies resulting from 20 years of integrations are compared with observations made primarily by the experiments aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. The role of model transport characteristics in determining long‐lived tracer distributions is assessed. The model is shown to reproduce observed distributions and seasonal variations of constituents throughout the middle stratosphere. Causes of biases in the upper and lower stratosphere are identified and discussed. In accord with recent observationally based studies, the fundamental coupling between tropospheric wave forcing and stratospheric ozone anomalies is shown to be reproduced by the model.
Global space‐time statistics of sea surface temperature estimated from AMSR‐E data
Authors: Hosoda K. , Kawamura H.
Published: September 2004

Sea surface temperature (SST) data of one year from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR‐E) are used to estimate statistically spatial and temporal scales of the global SST field. Using anomalies from the climatological annual SST variation, correlation coefficients in the horizontal space and time are calculated. Decorrelation scales, defined as an e‐folding scale of SST anomalies, and signal‐to‐noise ratio are derived as functions of regional positions and calendar months. We assumed that the autocorrelation function of SST anomaly has anisotropic Gaussian characteristics in space‐time domain. We evaluated the space‐time scales and statistical errors in the SST data by fitting Gaussian function to the correlation coefficients using a least square method. Resultant zonal, meridional and temporal decorrelation scales range 1.5–3.0 degree, 1.2–2.0 degree and 1.5–3 day, respectively. The scales show geographical and seasonal differences, which means that dominant SST variability in the global oceans depends on regions and seasons.
On the seasonal and interannual migrations of the transition zone chlorophyll front
Authors: Bograd Steven J. , Foley David G. , Schwing Franklin B. , Wilson Cara , Laurs R. Michael , Polovina Jeffrey J. , Howell Evan A. , Brainard Russell E.
Published: September 2004

High‐resolution satellite measurements of ocean color and surface winds, along with historical in situ data, are used to explore interannual variability in the annual migration of the transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF) in the central North Pacific Ocean. Significant variations in frontal position and annual range were observed, including a significant southerly displacement during El Niño events. This displacement, apparently forced by enhanced surface convergence and vertical mixing in the transition zone, creates vast regions of anomalously high wintertime surface chlorophyll in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. A remarkably close correspondence between the positions of the TZCF and the 18°C surface isotherm over a portion of the central North Pacific allows historical temperature data to be used as a proxy for TZCF position. This surface temperature proxy has revealed decadal‐scale variability in frontal position, with greater (lesser) annual range and southerly extent following the large‐scale 1976–77 (1998–99) climate shifts. Interannual variations in TZCF position could have important implications for the distribution and survival of a number of apex predators that utilize the TZCF as a migratory and foraging habitat.
Preconditioning of winter mixed layer in the formation of North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water
Authors: Toyoda Takahiro , Awaji Toshiyuki , Ishikawa Yoichi , Nakamura Tomohiro
Published: September 2004

The preconditioning of winter mixed layer in the formation of the eastern subtropical mode water (ESTMW) in the North Pacific Ocean is investigated using an eddy‐permitting ocean general circulation model. The result shows that convergence in the northward Ekman transport of saltier water and weak summertime heat fluxes due to the presence of stratus cloud in the ESTMW formation region are both central to the initiation of significant mixed layer deepening that subsequently evolves into the ESTMW pycnostad in the main thermocline. These two factors originate from air‐sea interactions inherent in the region of Northeast Pacific Basin. The approach described here has significant potential for determining the water‐mass distribution and may lead to an explanation of the Sverdrup's Eastern Gyral in the subtropical North Pacific.
A discrete numerical method for modeling volcanic earthquake source mechanisms
Authors: O'Brien G. S. , Bean C. J.
Published: September 2004

We propose a new numerical method for the mechanical coupling of the deformation of a fluid‐rock system. The method is based on coupling the lattice Bhatnagar‐Gross‐Krook method for fluid flow with an elastic lattice method for static and dynamic deformation, which allows for the inclusion of arbitrary heterogeneity in the elastic properties of the solid and arbitrary fluid‐filled conduit geometries. The scheme permits the simulation of the interaction of a heterogeneous elastic solid (dynamic and static deformation) with fluid motion (fluid flow and/or acoustic waves). This scheme is completely discrete and does not involve a priori continuum equations of state. The method has been validated against the reciprocal theorem for fluid‐structure interactions. We provide two examples where the scheme is used to model two possible source mechanisms for the generation of seismic waves, an explosion in a fluid‐filled conduit and pressure equilibrating across two adjacent fluid reservoirs.
Effects of soil moisture and temperature on NO, NO2, and N2O emissions from European forest soils
Authors: Schindlbacher Andreas , Zechmeister‐Boltenstern Sophie , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus
Published: September 2004

Emissions of NO, NO2, and N2O to the atmosphere were measured with a fully automated laboratory system from undisturbed soil columns obtained from five different temperate and one boreal forest sites. The soils were chosen to cover a transect through Europe, sandy and loamy textures, and different atmospheric nitrogen deposition rates. In a two‐factorial experimental design, soil cores were kept under varying conditions with respect to temperature (range 5–20°C) and soil moisture (range 0–300 kPa). The combination of soil temperature and soil moisture could explain a better part of variations in NO (up to 74%) and N2O (up to 86%) emissions for individual soils, but average emissions differed significantly between various forest soils. Generally, NO and N2O were emitted from all soils except from the boreal pine forest soil, where NO was consumed. NO emissions from the German spruce forest receiving highest yearly nitrogen inputs of >35 kg ha−1 yr−1 ranged from 1.3 to 608.9 μg NO‐N m−2 h−1 and largely exceeded emissions from other soils. Average N2O emissions from this soil tended also to be highest (171.7 ± 42.2 μg N2O‐N m−2 h−1), but did not differ significantly from other soils. NO2 deposition occurred in all soils and strongly correlated to NO emissions. NO and N2O emissions showed a positive exponential relationship to soil temperature. With activation energies between 57 and 133 kJ mol−1, N2O emissions from the various soils responded more uniformely to temperature than NO emissions with 41 and 199 kJ mol−1. The two Austrian beech forest soils showed exceptionally high activation energies for NO emissions, which might be attributed to chemodenitrification. N2O emissions increased with increasing water filled pore space (WFPS) or decreasing water tension, respectively. Maximal N2O emissions were measured between 80 and 95% WFPS or 0 kPa water tension. Optimal moisture for NO emission differed significantly between the soils, and ranged between 15% WFPS in sandy Italian floodplain soil and 65% in loamy Austrian beech forest soils. These differences may be related to the specific adaptation of the microbial communities to draught conditions.
Ribosomal protein S1 binds mRNA and tmRNA similarly but plays distinct roles in translation of these molecules
Authors: McGinness Kathleen E. , Sauer Robert T.
Published: September 2004

Ribosomes stalled during protein synthesis can be rescued by tmRNA, which acts first as a tRNA and then as an mRNA to direct addition of a C-terminal degradation tag to the nascent polypeptide. Ribosomal protein S1 binds tmRNA, but its functional role in tmRNA-mediated tagging is uncertain. To probe interactions between S1 and tmRNA, truncated variants missing one or more of the six contiguous S1 domains were studied. The third S1 domain (R1) plays a critical role in binding tmRNA and mRNA but requires additional N- or C-terminal S1 domains. The binding of S1 and its fragments to tmRNA and mRNA is positively cooperative, and the essential role of the R1 domain may be to mediate protein–protein interactions. Overproduction of N-terminal fragments of S1 in
Escherichia coli
displaces endogenous S1 from ribosomes, inhibits general protein synthesis, and slows growth but causes little if any disruption of tmRNA-mediated tagging. Moreover, tagging of proteins translated from model mRNAs with either no or an increased requirement for S1 is indistinguishable. These results raise the possibility that S1 plays little or no role in tmRNA-mediated tagging.