bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bradley Ben
Published: November 2020

Twentieth-century psychology took a modernist form, giving Darwin’s approach to agency an unscientific look. Meanwhile, twentieth-century biologists were reconstructing evolutionary theory to highlight molecular genetics, reducing Darwin’s far-reaching writings about the living world to one grand idea: natural selection. Advances in biology today, which ground evolutionary thinking in a theory of the organism (or phenotype), find new wisdom in Darwin’s vision of the world. This vision has two axes. One describes the interwoven lives of the creatures who fill a given habitat, making interdependence central—a theatre of agency or ‘struggle for life.’ The other is what that struggle effects over time periods measured in millions of years, namely: evolution. Like his law of natural selection, Darwin’s psychology drew primarily on his understandings of the theatre of agency, whether discussing the actions of humans, animals, or plants—as the chapters of this book will show.
Agency and Its Effects
Authors: Bradley Ben
Published: November 2020

Throughout his life Darwin collected and investigated a host of creatures from a wide range of relatively simple species—zoophytes, sea pens, corals, worms, insects, and a diversity of plants. These studies aimed to answer fundamental questions about the characteristics of life, the nature of individuality, reproduction, and the implications of agency. Central amongst these implications were interdependencies between organisms, with their conspecifics, with different species, and with their conditions of life. In this way Darwin built up a picture of the living world as a theatre of agency. The derivation of evolution from this living theatre—which he called ‘the struggle for existence’—gave Darwin’s vision of nature its distinctiveness. While twentieth-century biology sidelined the agency of organisms in favour of the gene, the twenty-first century has returned to Darwin’s view that evolution is led by organisms (or ‘phenotypes’)—with implications for psychology differing considerably from contemporary evolutionary psychologies.
The Critical Test
Authors: Bradley Ben
Published: November 2020

Darwin used observations of infants as evidence for his evolutionary hypotheses about human agency, in three ways. First, human actions that appear fully formed at the start of life, like sucking, were deemed reflexes or instinctive fruits of evolution. Second, infant actions show in a clear and simple form the foundations of human agency. Third, when there is no direct way of proving how complex forms of human action evolved, their growth in infancy provides a working model for natural, simple-to-complex development that is analogous to evolution. Two texts exploit these arguments: Expression (1872) and ‘A Biographical Sketch of an Infant’ (1877). The former concentrates on crying and weeping. The latter focuses on some of the distinctively human forms of agency described in Descent. A key omission in the evidence Darwin’s infant observations provide for his theory is a test of infants’ capacity for group-interaction. Evidence from such a test is critical to acceptance of Descent’s thesis that adaptations to group-life ground the most distinctive forms of human behaviour. Only recently have scientists sought this evidence. From these we know that preverbal infants do have a capacity for ‘groupness.’ Darwin’s observations of young children show a robustness and prescience borne out by contemporary research.
What is constructivism?
Authors: Müller Andreas
Published: November 2020

This chapter outlines the main theses of the constructivist position to be developed in this book: facts about what is a reason for doing what obtain because the corresponding reason judgements are true. Those reason judgements are not representational states; their nature is best understood in terms of their role in guiding the reasoning process. Thus, for such a judgment to be true is not for it to be representationally accurate. Instead, its truth—and hence the reason fact that corresponds to the true judgement—is grounded in the soundness of the episode of reasoning that the judgement is apt to guide. Therefore, practical reasons are mind-dependent, because facts about our mental activities figure ineliminably in the explanation of why some considerations are reasons for certain actions. The chapter also addresses how this position relates to the views of John Rawls and Christine Korsgaard, and shows how it fits onto the meta-ethical map.
Correct reasoning
Authors: Müller Andreas
Published: November 2020

According to the account of practical reasons presented in Chapter 4, those reasons are ultimately grounded in the soundness of certain episodes of practical reasoning. This chapter addresses what it is for an episode of practical reasoning to be correct, which is a necessary condition for their soundness. It first shows that, at least when it is applied to reasoning, the notion of correctness need not itself be understood in terms of reasons, which would render the constructivist’s overall view circular. Then, it presents an account that characterizes correct reasoning as reasoning in compliance with the constitutive rules of that activity. It also discusses how those rules can be determined, and what the constructivist should say about their ontological status.
How to Grasp the Key Democratic Transformations
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides the theoretical framework for the following comparative analysis. For the two democratic values, equality and freedom, the author proposes the justification, definition, specific subdimensions, and the main empirical questions to be addressed in the subsequent chapters. This also allows giving the necessary references to the literature on the two topics and has helped to provide the theoretical framework and develop the empirical analysis. To translate the two notions into empirically detectable concepts, equality and freedom were broken out into more dimensions. For equality, they are economic equality, social equality, ethnic equality. For freedom, they are personal dignity, civil rights, and political rights. The research design and the background approach are also briefly sketched.
Freedoms
Authors: Morlino Leonardo , Piana Daniela
Published: November 2020

Freedoms include personal dignity, civil rights, and political rights. For personal dignity, when considering violence perpetrated by police, there is a significant improvement until the very beginning of the twenty-first century, with the strengthening of existing institutions and the creation of new ones. Later, the index of Amnesty International displays the growth of State violence, mainly in 2015–17. As regards civil rights, a national movement is less affected than foreign movement. Especially in Poland, freedoms of movement protection have suffered the most from the recent change to some constitutional rules. Moreover, all countries—but especially France and the UK—saw restrictions on freedoms of mobility due to a set of administrative measures aimed at preventing terrorism. The protection of freedom of religion is stable. Finally, citizens continue to experience limitations to economic freedom. As for political rights, they were affected by the decline of the freedom of the press. The right to citizenship was affected by the waves of migration and the rise of international terrorism. These phenomena brought about defensive reactions and paved the way for a broad and easily politicized opposition to the extension of the rights to political participation and citizenship for people with foreign origins. Poland shows the most worrying deterioration, notably in terms of fundamental rights. There is relative stability in all other cases with lower and higher results. However, when considering all the freedoms, the critical aspect of putting at the core of our analysis is timing.
The Enforcement of Contracts
Authors: Gold Andrew S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter turns to redress in the contract setting, which generally involves contract enforcement or a damages equivalent. Some private law theorists explain private rights of action in light of a right holder’s special standing to make demands. Others look to a wronged party’s standing to complain about a wrong. Each approach offers insights, yet neither of these types of standing will inexorably lead to the standing to enforce. This chapter then considers a particular way that standing to enforce contracts can be explained and justified: if the right to performance is understandable as a property interest or at least property-like. In the process, it also indicates how a focus on rights of redress can help to explain key features of private law doctrine.
Against some approaches to long-distance agreement without AGREE
Authors: Schütze Carson T.
Published: November 2020

With the introduction of AGREE into Minimalism by Chomsky (2000), the relationship between the two elements in an agreement relationship went from being strictly local (Specifier-Head) to being unbounded (c-command with no intervening strong phase boundary) in order to accommodate long-distance agreement phenomena. Concern over the less restricted nature of the new approach led researchers to propose alternatives that eschewed the unbounded reach of AGREE , in the hope that a more restrictive theory might yet be salvaged. This paper scrutinizes some of the most widely cited and fully developed of these alternative proposals (employing predicate inversion of expletives, restructuring, covert movement), applied to extensively studied spheres of data (English existentials, Icelandic agreement), and concludes that they are deeply, perhaps fatally, flawed. While Chomsky’s version of AGREE is far from providing a complete and satisfactory theory of agreement, it has yet to be shown that it can be eliminated.
The Winner Takes It All
Authors: Boraud Thomas
Published: November 2020

This chapter reviews the general principles that are necessary for a neural system to make decisions. A glance at the literature shows that the simplest system to obtain an imbalance between two populations of neurons subjected to the same activation consists of two interconnected populations of inhibitory neurons. These two populations exert lateral inhibition on each other. In order for a differential response to emerge, noise is necessary. Synaptic noise is considered the main source of noise in the nervous system. The chapter then goes on to look at positive feedback. It also studies the learning processes in the nervous system and explores neural plasticity rules, particularly the Hebbian learning rule.
Mental Representation
Authors: Boraud Thomas
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on the neural substrate of mental representation and cognitive maps. In 1948, American psychologist Edward Chance Tolman postulated that spatial learning requires a representation of the environment in which a subject evolves. This concept has been popularized under the term ‘cognitive map’. These maps would retain information about the spatial relationships between different places, which supposes the existence of a coordinate system, or referential. The chapter then considers the role of the hippocampus in memory processes. According to psychologists, there are two types of memory: declarative and procedural. Procedural memory describes the ability to reproduce learned behaviour. On the other hand, declarative memory is based on very different processes. Whatever form it takes, it undoubtedly requires the construction of a mental representation. This mental representation is likened to the cognitive maps theorized by Tolman.
Conclusions
Authors: Boraud Thomas
Published: November 2020

This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s content. Twenty-five years since Schultz’s, Newsome’s, and Movshon’s experiments, neuroscientists joined the community of psychologists and economists who studied rationality. Together, they were able to set up experimental paradigms to try to better understand the neurobiological foundations of the learning and decision-making processes. The conceptual framework defined by all of these paradigms has been called neuroeconomics. Neuroeconomics is therefore the study of the neural correlates of rationality. As such, this book can be considered as an essay on neuroeconomics. In contrast to the classical top-down approach, the text proposes a bottom-up approach on decision-making. By addressing the problem of rationality from a dual connectionist and evolutionist perspective, the book highlights that the brain is not capable of producing a purely rational process.
Organizing Data-driven Companies
Authors: Schildt Henri
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines why and how digitalization is pushing organizations to adopt team-based structures, greater transparency, and agile work cultures. I draw attention to a shift in focus from efficient routines towards greater adaptability, and elaborate the paradoxical effect that digital data has in both eliminating and generating coordination needs within corporations. The chapter introduces six basic approaches to organizing and discusses their relative advantages and disadvantages in leveraging digital technologies. I elaborate how focus on agility has redefined the basis of control in organizations, called into question the prevalent ‘culture of secrecy’ in corporations, and eroded traditional sources of authority. The chapter concludes by discussing how modularity has reshaped the network of relationships around corporations and increased the strategic importance of digital ecosystems and platforms.
The State of the Science of Working Memory
Authors: Logie Robert H. , Camos Valérie , Cowan Nelson
Published: November 2020

The last five decades have seen a dramatic expansion of empirical and theoretical diversity in research on the concept of working memory. That diversity is reflected across the other 13 chapters in this book, written by prominent international scientists at the leading edge of that research. Authors were asked to respond to set of common questions regarding their research methods, theoretical assumptions, and how they address evidence that is not consistent with those assumptions. Each chapter starts with a summary of those responses. Chapters 2–6 describe contrasting theoretical perspectives and the evidence associated with each, including empirical, behavioural studies and computational modelling. Chapters 7–9 cover individual differences in working memory, including effects of brain damage and of expertise. Chapters 10–13 explore neural correlates and neurobiological models. Finally, Chapter 14 offers a possible means to integrate the seemingly diverse views in the other chapters by considering different levels of explanation and different participant strategies for performing working memory tasks.
Connecting Publics in a Fractured Public Sphere
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John
Published: November 2020

Chapter 4 presents an empirical case on the problematic public disconnect in contemporary democracy where multiple publics are fractured in the public sphere. The chapter explores how a group of everyday citizens created connections between diverse publics in the public sphere. The analysis centres on the creative and playful connective activities of Knitting Nannas Against Gas (KNAG), an Australian-based social protest group opposed to coal seam gas development. Drawing on interviews conducted with the members of these groups across four different locations in New South Wales, the chapter reveals a rich variety of ways in which these groups seek to create connections with two opposing publics, as well as with latent publics. The chapter shows the significance of aesthetic-affective forms of communication, including non-verbal communication in crafting novel connections in a fractured public sphere, and discusses the ways these connections can help enhance the epistemic quality and reflexivity of the public sphere. The chapter concludes by discussing how the case of KNAG enriches current ideas on connectivity in deliberative systems.
Towards a Connective Turn in Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John
Published: November 2020

Chapter 7 presents the theoretical implications of connective practices for deliberative democratic theory, particularly recent systemic thinking. The chapter revisits evolving ideas about deliberative systems and reconsiders them in light of the book’s emphasis on connective practices. More specifically, it discusses why and how a focus on connective practices can enrich ideas of inclusion, reciprocity, and reflection in deliberative systems. The chapter concludes by making the case for a ‘connective turn’ in deliberative democratic theory and research—a turn which seeks to render abstract thinking in deliberative democracy more useful for practical reform.
“Confessio philosophi”
Authors: Sheaf Lucy
Published: November 2020

The “Confessio philosophi” is an early dialogue in which Leibniz engages with what he takes to be the central task of theodicy: to uphold the justice of God. It evinces his commitment to the claim that ours is the best possible world, and offers an account of how such a world could include damnation. Various answers to the question why God is justified in permitting sin are suggested in the dialogue. These are addressed in this chapter, which also highlights a threat to God’s justice raised by the doctrine of eternal damnation which is given surprisingly little attention. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the place of the “Confessio philosophi” in Leibniz’s lifelong theodicy project.
The Correspondence with Clarke
Authors: Brown Gregory
Published: November 2020

The correspondence between Leibniz and Samuel Clarke—mediated by Leibniz’s erstwhile friend and disciple at the electoral court in Hanover, Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Wales—is arguably the most famous and influential of philosophical correspondences. In this chapter, I begin by tracing the background of the correspondence and the role that Caroline played in its inception and development. I then turn to a discussion of the main themes of the correspondence, paying particular attention to the importance of Caroline’s presence in shaping the themes of the debate: the principle of sufficient reason, the identity of indiscernibles, God’s choice in creating this world, space and time, God’s presence and activity in the world, miracles, and gravity.
Islam on Campus
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha
Published: November 2020

This book explores how Islam is represented, perceived and lived within higher education in Britain. It is a book about the changing nature of university life, and the place of religion within it. Even while many universities maintain ambiguous or affirming orientations to religious institutions for reasons to do with history and ethos, much western scholarship has presumed higher education to be a strongly secularizing force. This framing has resulted in religion often being marginalized or ignored as a cultural irrelevance by the university sector. However, recent times have seen higher education increasingly drawn into political discourses that problematize religion in general, and Islam in particular, as an object of risk. Using the largest data set yet collected in the UK (2015–18) this book explores university life and the ways in which ideas about Islam and Muslim identities are produced, experienced, perceived, appropriated, and objectified. We ask what role universities and Muslim higher education institutions play in the production, reinforcement and contestation of emerging narratives about religious difference. This is a culturally nuanced treatment of universities as sites of knowledge production, and contexts for the negotiation of perspectives on culture and religion among an emerging generation. We demonstrate the urgent need to release Islam from its official role as the othered, the feared. When universities achieve this we will be able to help students of all affiliations and of none to be citizens of the campus in preparation for being citizens of the world.
The Exciting World of Multisensory Experiences
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces the reader to the exciting world of multisensory experiences. It describes how humans perceive and experience the world around them with all five senses. It also describes a number of initiatives in academia and industry that consider the different senses when designing experiences such as going to an art gallery, eating, and flying. Furthermore, it introduces the reader to the world of multisensory technologies. These technologies stimulate the human senses beyond what is seen and heard and brings the physical and digital worlds closer together.
Protection against Being Passed Over or Disinherited in Roman Law
Authors: Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2020

What is today referred to as ‘compulsory portion’ or ‘forced heirship’ was subject to a very complex regulation in Roman law. The development went from family succession to freedom of testation and subsequently led to the establishment of a balance between the testator’s freedom of disposition over his property and the ‘natural claims’ of his closest relatives to benefit at least to some extent from the estate. In the process, the Roman lawyers developed a number of interesting ideas, among them, in particular, protection of descendants by means of form requirements; the availability of a querela inofficiosi testamenti (complaint concerning an undutiful will); and the establishment of a minimum quota to which a testator had to appoint his closest relatives (‘legitima’) as well as the introduction of an actio ad supplendam legitimam for cases where the testator had failed to do so. Justinian also saw the necessity to provide for the testator’s widow; she could, under certain circumstances, demand one quarter of the estate by way of statutory legacy. Unfortunately, Justinian, in his Novel 115, failed in his attempt to simplify and streamline the law. From its inception in the High Middle Ages, therefore, legal scholarship based on the ius commune was faced with considerable difficulties in the application of the Roman rules.
Forced Heirship and Family Provision in Latin America
Authors: Schmidt Jan Peter
Published: November 2020

Latin American succession laws are generally quite homogeneous, yet when it comes to mandatory family protection, they split sharply into two groups, the composition of which, curiously, falls exactly along geographical lines. The South American jurisdictions are all found on one side, and those of Central America and Mexico on the other. The countries of the first group have, to this day, remained largely faithful to the tradition of forced heirship brought to the continent by Spain and Portugal. Accordingly, jurisdictions like Argentina and Brazil reserve large parts of the estate, known as the legítima, to descendants, ascendants, the surviving spouse, and sometimes even the surviving cohabitant of the deceased, and thus severely limit freedom of testation. By contrast, the Central American jurisdictions and Mexico upheld this tradition only until the late nineteenth century, when they switched abruptly to a regime that protects only those close family members who are unable to support themselves. On the spectrum of freedom of testation, the Latin American jurisdictions thus lie either at the very liberal or the very restrictive end. In recent years, the South American regimes have increasingly been criticized as being out of step with the realities of the twenty-first century. Just as in other parts of the world, the crumbling of the traditional family model and the rise of life expectancy are deemed to have eroded the foundations of forced heirship. In the light of these societal changes, many South America scholars advocate far-reaching reforms.
Compulsory Heirship and Freedom of Testation in Islamic Law
Authors: Yassari Nadjma
Published: November 2020

Islamic succession law is grounded in the concept of forced heirship, with the deceased having the right to dispose only of one-third of his or her estate. With the position of legal heirs being so strong, a priori there is no need for instruments to override the deceased’s testamentary freedom. Modern legislatures have, however, altered the system with the introduction of the ‘obligatory bequest’ for orphaned grandchildren (al-waṣiyya al-wājiba), a scheme originating in the extinguished Ẓāhirī school of law and in particular in the works of Andalusian scholar Ibn Ḥazm († 1064). This is remarkable as traditional Islamic jurisprudence does not recognise any right of representation. As a result an orphaned grandchild will be awarded, to varying degrees, a share in the estate and the (implicit or explicit) will of the testator is thereby altered.
(Global) Constitutionalism and the Geopolitics of Knowledge
Authors: Schwöbel-Patel Christine
Published: November 2020

Is (global) constitutionalism epistemologically colonized? What does epistemic coloniality in (global) constitutionalism mean if one takes material conditions seriously? The point of departure of this chapter is what Walter Mignolo has called ‘the geopolitics of knowledge’: the observation that knowledge is situated within the particular geopolitical context from which it emerges and travels. It reveals not only epistemological origins but also the colonizing properties of ideas. In order to inquire into the geopolitics of the knowledge of global constitutionalism, the chapter first considers the coloniality of (domestic) constitutionalism and then sets out the influence of three generations of thinkers who aimed to globalize constitutionalism. The combination of intellectual history (drawing on Quinn Slobodian’s important work on the so-called ‘ordo-globalists’) and structural analysis (drawing on a Marxist tradition) is intended to provide an insight into the ingrained biases at the origins of (global) constitutionalism, and how these have travelled. These biases are shown to be central to inequalities that characterize the legal-institutional neoliberal order.
Transformative Constitutionalism
Authors: Werneck Arguelhes Diego
Published: November 2020

The Brazilian experience with a transformative constitution and an empowered constitutional court has so far been mixed. This chapter uses the case of Brazil to draw three sets of lessons. First, courts are part of the broader arrangement of government institutions which are shaped by elections over time; these dynamics may lead to mismatches between blueprints for constitutional transformation, over time and across different actors and institutions. In Brazil, such a mismatch initially led to the Supreme Court resisting the broad transformative mandate it had received in the new constitutional text. Second, a change in how courts describe their transformative mandate in their decisions is a poor measure of actual change in how they perform their role. Third, while judicial decisions might not be enough to transform existing patterns of inequality, they can still positively change the court’s standing before the public, in general, and scholars in particular. This scenario might lead courts to fashion an optical illusion: judges might choose cases with transformative potential and issue rulings requiring major, structural changes in the way the government deals with certain issues, only to refrain from following up on what happens after these decisions are taken. They reap the benefits of being associated with transformative discourse and move on to the next issue, leaving the status quo largely undisturbed. For these reasons, while the Brazilian experiment with transformative constitutionalism has not necessarily been unsuccessful, it should not be read as a success case of ‘court-centric’ approach to transformative constitutionalism when it comes to social rights and material inequality.
Socio-Economic Rights and Expanding Access to Justice in South Africa
Authors: Bilchitz David
Published: November 2020

A key dimension of transformative constitutionalism has been the inclusion of justiciable socio-economic rights in Constitutions of the Global South. Yet, to ensure these rights are enforceable, it is necessary to consider whether individuals in these societies can gain access to justice. This chapter first offers a theoretical conception of access to justice as a capability which has two dimensions: an internal dimension relating to the empowerment of individuals to make such claims, and an external dimension relating to the design and availability of institutional mechanisms that are set up to hear these claims and adjudicate upon them. This theoretical perspective is then applied to one particular context to attain the required depth—namely, that of South Africa. The main institutional architecture of the South African democratic constitutional order relating to access to justice is outlined and the shortcomings thereof highlighted. The chapter attempts to provide concrete solutions to these problems as well as possible policy recommendations to enhance access to justice—some of these are drawn from the comparative experience of other Global South countries such as Colombia and India. Ultimately, the chapter links theory and practice: it utilizes a theoretical perspective to generate practical recommendations for enhancing access to justice for all in South Africa.
Inequality and the Constitution
Authors: Gargarella Roberto
Published: November 2020

In Latin America, legal scholars interested in social change seem to be obsessed with rights. Consequently, they tend to devote most of their intellectual energies to imagining new rights to be included in the new Constitutions; to finding new arguments for the judicial enforcement of social rights; and to suggesting new and alternative judicial remedies and responses, directed at implementing those social and human rights, both at the national and international level. Preoccupied with the inclusion of new rights into the Constitution, they forget about the importance of changing the rest of the constitutional document accordingly, so as to facilitate the political enforcement of those new rights. This chapter examines three different responses to the social conflicts generated by situations of profound political and economic inequalities in the region, and tries to draw some lessons from those different legal traditions, in order to improve our understanding about equality, social rights, and the Constitution.
The Challenge of Transforming Mexican Authoritarian Constitutionalism
Authors: Ortega Roberto Niembro
Published: November 2020

In 2018 Mexicans chose the most profound political change since the transition to democracy. The alternation between political parties in the presidency and the two houses of Congress has meant a change of regime in which a social transformation is announced. The starting point to outlining a constitutional transformation is not a trivial matter, because the proposed change concerns the existing situation. This chapter proposes Roberto Niembro Ortega’s understanding of authoritarian constitutionalism according to the Mexican reality between 2012 and 2018. Its purpose is to understand the sort of authoritarian constitutionalism that existed in those years in Mexico as a starting point to begin a constitutional transformation.
Repositioning China in the Global Education Hierarchy Through the Sino–Foreign Educational Partnerships in the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Gao Jie
Published: November 2020

Chapter 9 explores the roles of Sino–foreign education partnerships (SFEP) within China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), in particular, how it has been shifted from a strategic tool to reform and upgrade China’s domestic higher education sector, to becoming a diplomatic instrument for building connections between China and the regions and countries along the BRI routes. The history of the development of SFEP reveals how policy and regulation have evolved. The shifting paradigm of the Chinese government, through its MOE (Ministry of Education), in regulating SFEP provides a window into the grand transformation of China’s narrative towards its position in the global education hierarchy. China is shifting from the follower/importer of “advanced foreign educational programs,” to a proactive player that builds a platform and framework for educational collaboration in the world. Now, China is becoming an initiator/exporter of its own educational programs and culture along the belt and road.
China Meets Anglo-America on the New Silk Road
Authors: Marginson Simon , Yang Lili
Published: November 2020

The New Silk Road strategy and the rise of China in higher education raises the stakes in the engagement between China’s universities and their Western counterparts, including Anglo-American universities. The chapter focuses on the similarities and differences between Sinic and Anglo-American political and educational cultures (state, society, family, individual) and in collectivism and individualism, and the implications for higher education. The state in China is a comprehensive state rather than an Anglo-American limited liberal state. China has greater potential for collective ties, shared goods, and state intervention in higher education. These are long-standing differences. Since 1949, both state power and indigenous individualism have been enhanced in China, while Anglo-American higher education has moved toward a more exclusively individualized approach to outcomes. There is closer convergence between China and Anglo-American in universities than in the configuration of society, suggesting ongoing potential for divergence in higher education.
The Humanities and the New Silk Road
Authors: Sachsenmaier Dominic
Published: November 2020

Chapter 16 provides first an overview of international projects in the humanities launched in the context of the New Silk Road Initiative, including a discussion of key examples; it also touches upon other relevant developments within the Chinese humanities. The second part deals with the question of whether Chinese universities will likely emerge as leading institutions in the humanities globally. The chapter argues that particularly in the humanities, global hierarchies of knowledge remain firmly in place. While many branches of the humanities have grown decidedly critical of Eurocentric viewpoints, older patterns privileging Western universities still persist, perhaps more than in other academic disciplines. For example, in the humanities international citation and academic interaction patterns are almost as Western-centric as they were a century ago. In a final step, the chapter offers some reflections on the question of whether the global standing of the Chinese humanities will eventually change.
Conservative Liberalism as a Disciplinary Revolution
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines economic and monetary discipline. It notes that conservative liberals accorded great importance to law as the source of discipline, as exemplified by Franz Böhm, Louis Brandeis, and Maurice Hauriou. The chapter considers discipline in the history of liberalism, noting that it is not the exclusive property of conservative liberalism—though it is its predominant characteristic. It considers the social, economic, and political functions of rules, notably the work of Friedrich Hayek; the Currency and Banking Schools; the difficulties that arise in the choice, design, and use of rules; the reinforcement provided by credibility and time-consistency literature since the 1970s; the legitimacy and accountability problems of unelected power; the question of when discipline becomes the enemy of democracy and liberty; and the respective roles of the state and the market as sources of destabilizing shocks. The chapter stresses the rich and revealing use of metaphor by conservative liberals: their rejection of engineering metaphors for those of gardening, architecture, health and medicine, and religion. Ordo-liberalism is characterized as an open-ended tradition, with internal fragmentation and porous boundaries, its membership including migrants as well as natives. The notion of a mainstream is defined by a social process of selecting key texts as essential references and citations.
Ordo-Liberalism as Tradition, Ideology, and Model of Citizenship: Memorializing, Reinventing, Forgetting
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the complex processes of memorialization, reinvention, and forgetting that have characterized the Ordo-liberal tradition; the role of the Freiburg School; the selection of certain aspects of political economy and of certain thinkers and texts; and the distinctive focusing illusions that have followed. It also looks at how its identity has been shaped by its ideological makeup and its model of citizenship. The picture that emerges is of a tradition whose core characteristics can be defined but whose boundaries are difficult to fix. Part of the problem is its ideological hybridity as both conservative and liberal. The chapter looks at the dual nature of the Ordo-liberal tradition as explicit and formalized knowledge and as tacit and common-sense knowledge (William Sorley). In the first sense it is characterized by academic power structures, notably in economics and law, and canonical texts, and by the effects of generational change on these structures. In the second sense, Ordo-liberalism is bound up with administrative cultures and the extent to which they are rule-bound and receptive. The chapter then considers two other aspects of the Ordo-liberal tradition: as ideal type (Eucken) and more loosely as family resemblance (Ludwig Wittgenstein); and as authentic and invented tradition (Eric Hobsbawm), distinguishing Freiburg 1, 2, and 3. Finally, the chapter identifies the Ordo-liberal model of citizenship as based on safeguarding the morally responsible individual: the wise consumer, the thrifty saver, and the responsible creditor. It condemns feckless and profligate behaviour, notably of debtors. This model is subjected to critique.
The Basics of Generative Grammars
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers explanations of some basic technical terms, and a sketch of the historical developments and continuity of Chomskyan theories: the early formal presentations; the 1965 Aspects model; issues about generative semantics, “Autonomy of Syntax” and what I call “teleotyranny”; the Principles and Parameters model; the Minimalist Program; and Chomsky’s “Third Factor” neural and evolutionary speculations. All of these developments should be regarded as they were always intended, not as finished theories, but as the development of increasingly deep and rich strategies for explaining the crucial data. The chapter concludes with two relatively simple, representative explanations: the constraints on negative polarity items (NPIs) and on binding.
Grades of Nativism
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2020

I argue that, contrary to widespread presumptions, grammar is both innate and learned: for a Chomskyan, it is simply not constructed from experience. It is a separate question whether linguistic competence is achieved by some rational process of “learning.” But there are grades of innateness, corresponding to different, increasingly severe problems noted by various philosophers: from Plato’s observations about geometry, to Goodman’s constraints on “projectible” predicates; to Leibniz’s problem about modality and (ironically enough) Quine’s about the limits of a behavioral psychology. I argue that it is only the last two that significantly distinguish “general statistical learning” and “functional-constructivist” processes from what I call the “quasi-brute” causal ones proposed by Chomskyans, whereby the principles are not represented by children’s experience, even though the grammatical properties are.
Linguo-Semantics
Authors: Rey Georges
Published: November 2020

Intentionality figures in a semantics both of natural language (a linguo-semantics), to be discussed in this chapter, and of mental states(a psycho-semantics), to be discussed in the next. Both forms have been thought to be challenged by Quine’s attacks on the analytic/synthetic distinction. I argue that these attacks are not as serious as has been supposed; only the explanatory one deserves careful attention, and it is addressed by a proposal Jerry Fodor raised against a challenge of his own, the “disjunction problem.” This chapter defends a modest version of Fodor’s proposal and a related one of Paul Horwich’s, called here “BasicAsymmetries,” and show how it offers a promising strategy for replying to all that is genuinely worrisome in Quine’s and Fodor’s challenges, especially in the context of Chomskyan proposals about a linguo-semantics. The chapter concludes with further resistance to an anti-realism that Chomsky associates with his semantics.
Introduction
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

The Introduction locates major islands in the seas around England and indicates how their relationships to the rest of the kingdom reflected legacies of history, jurisdictional peculiarities. constitutional arrangements, foreign wars, and commerce. It previews island involvement in the stresses and struggles of English history associated with state formation, Reformation, Revolution, Restoration, and modernity. The Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Man and other offshore territories were difficult to administer and sometimes prone to neglect. Yet their strategic positions gave them value and importance that far outweighed their size. Though English governments saw the islands as appurtenances or dependencies of the state, the islanders more often regarded their homes as privileged places.
Island Anomalies
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter considers the geographical conditions and jurisdictional arrangements that made English islands hard to govern. It examines the tension between concerns of central authority and insular assertions of privilege and exemption. The Isle of Man, with its Gaelic roots and Viking heritage, had claims to be an independent kingdom ruled by the earls of Derby. The Isles of Scilly were part of Cornwall, the Isle of Wight was politically attached to Hampshire, and Anglesey was a county of Wales, yet each behaved as if it were partly autonomous. Aristocratic proprietors such as the Stanleys, the Godolphins, the Oglanders, and the Bulkeleys vied for dominance with the central government and with island populations
Island Economies
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter reviews the material foundations of island life in agriculture, commerce, fishing, and foraging, amid the perils of offshore isolation. Island economies were predominantly maritime, yet every island featured farming, either for subsistence or for the market. Channel Islanders grew apples for cider and experimented with tobacco. On Scilly they were lucky to grow oats and run sheep. Inter-island trade linked the Irish Sea to the Channel, with extensions across northern Europe and the Atlantic. Among the goods traded were stockings knitted in Jersey and Guernsey, mainly from English wool. Piracy and smuggling were economic enterprises too, with volatile profits and high degrees of hazard. So too was the harvest of maritime wrecks, which provided windfall enrichment to coastal residents and island officials.
Fortress Islands
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter traces the military history of England’s islands from Elizabethan times to the civil war. It considers the vulnerability of the islands to foreign invasion and their utility as bases of English power. Fortifications were regularly strengthened in times of threat and suffered neglect in intervals of peace. Militarized islands had garrison economies, with substantial investment from London. This chapter examines the shifting deployment of ordnance and soldiery, the condition of castles and garrisons, and their role in England’s wars. Some of the jurisdictional issues addressed in earlier chapters had implications for national security, as island governors marshalled forces and braced for attack.
Interregnum Assets
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the garrison governments that managed most islands during the 1650s, following parliament’s victory in the English civil war. Customary constitutional arrangements were overridden, and island culture became both anglicized and militarized, as the revolutionary state sought to incorporate the periphery into a national administration. While giving lip service to local traditions of law and governance, the republican regime in London appointed English army officers to rule the islands. The new military governors had limited tolerance for insular peculiarities, which nonetheless survived their administrations. Island constitutional issues, as always, were shaded with ideological preference and laced with self-interest, as inhabitants of Jersey, Guernsey, the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Wight, and the Isle of Man sparred with their masters in London.
Puritan Martyrs in Island Prisons
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter examined the material conditions and spiritual responses of the first victims of island incarceration in the reign of Charles I. When the state imprisoned the lawyer William Prynne on Jersey, the minister Henry Burton on Guernsey, and the physician John Bastwick in the Isles of Scilly for the crime of seditious libel, it raised their profile as ‘puritan martyrs’ and pioneered a new kind of political detention. Their experience shed new light on London’s use of its island facilities. Bastwick’s isolation was most acute, but Burton and Prynne found means to write during three years of punitive exile, while family members lobbied on the prisoners’ behalf.
The Restoration Prison Archipelago
Authors: Cressy David
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the offshore confinement of radical republicans and others who threatened the restored monarchy of Charles II. It shows how Cromwellian officers, reprieved regicides, and other so-called fanatics were imprisoned in military facilities on Jersey, Guernsey, the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Wight, Holy Island, and the small island of St Nicholas in Plymouth Sound. This chapter views the archipelago of confinement through the dealings of prisoners and their families, keepers, and authorities, paying particular attention to the experience of Major General John Lambert, who endured twenty-four years of post-Restoration island captivity. The writ of habeas corpus had limited application on remote island before the 1680s.
Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa
Authors: Gupta Gopal K.
Published: November 2020

The idea of māyā pervades Indian philosophy: it is complex, multivalent, and foundational, with its oldest referents found in the Ṛg -veda. This book explores māyā’s rich conceptual history, and then focuses on the highly developed theology of māyā found in the Sanskrit Bhāgavata Purāṇa, one of the most important Hindu sacred texts. Gopal K. Gupta examines māyā’s role in the Bhāgavata’s narratives, paying special attention to māyā’s relationship with other key concepts in the text, such as human suffering (duḥkha), devotion (bhakti), and divine play (līlā). In the Bhāgavata, māyā is often identified as the divine feminine, and her scope and influence are far-reaching—māyā is the world and the means by which God creates the world, she is the power that deludes living beings and ensorcells them in the phenomenal world, and she is the facilitator of God’s play, paradoxically revealing him to his devotees by concealing his majesty. While Vedānta philosophy typically sees māyā as a negative force, the Bhāgavata affirms that māyā also has a positive role, for in both the conditioned and liberated states, māyā is meant to ultimately draw living beings toward Kṛṣṇa and intensify their love for him.