bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Lost Cause” Memories and Cultural Amnesias: Mayor Mitch Landrieu's Tragicomic Speech on Confederate Monument Removals
Authors: Carr M. Kelly
Published: April 2021

Objective

This essay examines the rhetorical strategies used in former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu's speech explaining the city's decision to remove several Confederate memorials.

Method

The author performs a Burkean rhetorical analysis to the transcript and social context of Landrieu's May 19, 2017, speech. Additionally, the author applies frameworks of visual rhetoric, public memory, and third persona to engage Landrieu's construction of the memorials’ meaning and their amnesias.

Results

Landrieu used identification, a nuanced commemorative rhetorical analysis, and a comic frame to explain both the lure and the damaging falsehood of the Lost Cause narrative that the memorials represent. He reserved the tragic frame for those who continue to support the Lost Cause narrative.

Conclusions

In this rhetorical move, Landrieu divides monument supporters between those explicitly tied to the Confederate cause of white supremacy—these people are consciously evil—and those who have been hoodwinked by the monuments’ narrative—for these people, he offers redemption. The tragicomic frame made Landrieu's speech well received nationally and revealed promise through its distinction between supporters of white supremacy and passive adopters of the memorials’ narratives. However, it did not appear to persuade monument supporters, revealing the limitations of an agency‐centered approach to combating the Lost Cause narrative.
A culture‐led approach to understanding energy transitions in China: The correlative epistemology
Authors: Huang Ping , Westman Linda , Castán Broto Vanesa
Published: April 2021

Transformations of the energy system are unfolding in China at an unprecedented scale and pace. The dynamics of China's energy transitions impact global trends of energy decarbonisation. Transition theories within the Anglophone academic tradition have been used to examine this process, but they tend to misrepresent the social, cultural, and political structures that shape energy transitions in China. This paper proposes a move from an analysis of energy transitions “with Chinese characteristics” to alternative thinking on energy transitions truly rooted in Chinese epistemological and philosophical constructs. The correlative epistemology refers to a Chinese tradition of social studies that describes the cosmos as a structured order of relations (guanxi). This tradition sees guanxi as the fundamental constituent of Chinese society. Such a relational focus enables a culture‐led reading of China's energy transitions, thus responding to calls for transition theories “from elsewhere.” In particular, correlative interpretations of innovation and transition processes in China frame energy transitions within broader societal transformations, define the operation of transition governance, and reveal that pre‐existing guanxi networks shape the activities of actors in transition processes.
Severe infection risk in patients treated with biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Makimoto Kiyoko , Konno Rie , Kanzaki Hatsumi , Kinoshita Atsushi
Published: April 2021

Objective:

The objective of this review is to estimate the population-based incidence and to determine the types of severe infection experienced by patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are taking biological agents.

Introduction:

Since the late 1990s, a variety of biological and synthetic drugs have been developed to treat rheumatoid arthritis. In recent years, the incidence of severe infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Western nations has been reported by observational studies; however, no systematic review has been conducted on this topic.

Inclusion criteria:

The following criteria will be considered for inclusion: i) observational studies on patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are taking biological agents; ii) studies reporting the number of severe infections requiring hospitalization for treatment; and iii) studies with person-years of observational data.

Methods:

MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science will be searched to identify published studies. The reference lists of all studies that are selected for critical appraisal will be screened for additional studies. The search for unpublished studies will include MedNar and OpenGrey. Only studies published in English from 1999 to the present will be included. Screening of studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers. If possible, studies will be pooled in statistical meta-analysis.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020175137
Model-Based Predictive Control and Dithering Control for an Integrated Gasoline Engine and Three-Way Catalytic Converter System
Authors: Yang Kuo , Chen Pingen
Published: April 2021

Controls of integrated gasoline engine and aftertreatment systems are critical for fuel efficiency improvement and emission regulation. This paper aims to develop novel model-based three-way catalytic converter (TWC) controls to reduce the fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions for a gasoline engine. A model-based dither control and a nonlinear model predictive control (MPC)-based control are presented, respectively. The proposed TWC dither control utilizes a systematically designed dither cycle configuration (including dithering amplitude, offset, and frequency) based on a control-oriented model, with the capability to adapt the dither cycle configuration to various engine operating conditions. The MPC control can optimize engine air–fuel ratio (AFR) to maintain the oxygen storage of TWC at a desired level and thus meet the tailpipe NOx, CO, and HC emission requirements. The efficacies of both model-based TWC controls are validated in simulation with MPC control improving CO emission conversion efficiencies by 8.42% and 4.85% in simplified US06 and urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) driving cycles, when compared to a baseline dithering-based AFR control. Meanwhile, NOx emission conversion efficiency is maintained above the required limit of 95%, while the fuel efficiency remains at the same level as the baseline control methodology.
Study Correlating Lead (Pb) Level Exposure and Bone Shock Absorption Capacity Based on Damping Associated With Higher Modes of Vibration
Authors: Veta Jacob , Singh Kumar V. , Bhattacharya Amit
Published: April 2021

Noninvasive vibration testing is one of the tools for characterizing the biomechanical properties of bones and muscle groups in humans and animals. They present alternatives for evaluating bone health quality and may serve as early indicators for bone fragility and bone-related diseases. In recent years, a vibration-based bone shock absorption (BSA) method has shown potential to relate the damping capacity associated with the fundamental (first) vibration modes for developing dynamic bone quality indicators for osteoporosis patients. This research presents a study of early life (birth to age 78 months) lead (Pb) exposure on the damping capacity (bone fragility measures) with the bone shock absorption method. The damping ratio corresponding to few vibration modes is extracted and analyzed using clinical bone shock absorption data of patients with different Pb exposure levels. A method is developed for clustering and identifying three dominant vibration modes and their corresponding damping ratio. The statistical correlation between the damping parameters associated with higher vibration modes and Pb exposure level is presented here. This study highlights the importance of analyzing higher vibration modes and their damping capacity, which could be used to predict early diagnostics precursors of the bone- and/or muscle-related conditions or disorders.
Additively Manufactured Compliant Hybrid Gas Thrust Bearing for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Turbomachinery: Design and Proof of Concept Testing
Authors: Ertas Bugra
Published: April 2021

The following paper presents a new type of gas lubricated thrust bearing that utilizes additive manufacturing or also known as direct metal laser melting (DMLM) to fabricate the bearing. The motivation for the new bearing concept is derived from the need for highly efficient supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) turbomachinery in the mega-watt power range. The paper provides a review of existing gas thrust-bearing technology, outlines the need for the new DMLM concept, and discusses proof-of-concept testing results. The new concept combines hydrostatic pressurization with individual tilting pads that are flexibly mounted using hermetic squeeze film dampers (HSFD) in the bearing-pad support. This paper describes the thrust-bearing concept and discusses the final design approach. Proof-of-concept testing in air for a 6.8 in. (173 mm) outer diameter thrust gas bearing was performed; with thrust loading, up to 1500 lbs (6.67 kN) and a thrust runner speed of 10krpm (91 m/s tip speed). The experiments were performed with a bent shaft resulting in thrust runner axial vibration magnitudes of 2.9 mils (74 μm) p-p and dynamic thrust loads of 270 lbs (1.2 kN) p-p. In addition, force deflection characteristics and stiffness coefficients of the bearing system are presented for an inlet hydrostatic pressure of 380 psi (2.62 MPa). Results at 10 krpm show that the pad support architecture was able to sustain high levels of dynamic misalignment equaling 6 times the nominal film clearance while demonstrating a unit load-carrying capacity of 55 psi (0.34 Mpa). Gas-film force deflection tests portrayed nonlinear behavior like a hardening spring, while the bearing pad support stiffness was measured to be linear and independent of gas film thickness.
Preliminary assessment of ship detection and trajectory evaluation using distributed acoustic sensing on an optical fiber telecom cable
Authors: Rivet Diane , de Cacqueray Benoit , Sladen Anthony , Roques Aurélien , Calbris Gaëtan
Published: April 2021

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a recent instrumental approach allowing the conversion of fiber-optic cables into dense arrays of acoustic sensors. This technology is attractive in marine environments where instrumentation is difficult to implement. A promising application is the monitoring of environmental and anthropic noise, leveraging existing telecommunication cables on the seafloor. We assess the ability of DAS to monitor such noise using a 41.5 km-long cable offshore of Toulon, France, focusing on a known and localized source. We analyze the noise emitted by the same tanker cruising above the cable, first 5.8 km offshore in 85 m deep bathymetry, and then 20 km offshore, where the seafloor is at a depth of 2000 m. The spectral analysis, the Doppler shift, and the apparent velocity of the acoustic waves striking the fiber allow us to separate the ship radiated noise from other noise. At 85 m water depth, the signal-to-noise ratio is high, and the trajectory of the boat is recovered with beamforming analysis. At 2000 m water depth, although the acoustic signal of the ship is more attenuated, signals below 50 Hz are detected. These results confirm the potential of DAS applied to seafloor cables for remote monitoring of acoustic noise even at intermediate depth.
Correcting a major error in assessing organic carbon pollution in natural waters
Authors: Jiao Nianzhi , Liu Jihua , Edwards Bethanie , Lv Zongqing , Cai Ruanhong , Liu Yongqin , Xiao Xilin , Wang Jianning , Jiao Fanglue , Wang Rui , Huang Xingyu , Guo Bixi , Sun Jia , Zhang Rui , Zhang Yao , Tang Kai , Zheng Qiang , Azam Farooq , Batt John , Cai Wei-Jun , He Chen , Herndl Gerhard J. , Hill Paul , Hutchins David , LaRoche Julie , Lewis Marlon , MacIntyre Hugh , Polimene Luca , Robinson Carol , Shi Quan , Suttle Curtis A. , Thomas Helmuth , Wallace Douglas , Legendre Louis
Published: April 2021

A widely used method is found to overestimate organic pollution in natural waters, and an alternative method is proposed.
Establishing RNA-RNA interactions remodels lncRNA structure and promotes PRC2 activity
Authors: Balas Maggie M. , Hartwick Erik W. , Barrington Chloe , Roberts Justin T. , Wu Stephen K. , Bettcher Ryan , Griffin April M. , Kieft Jeffrey S. , Johnson Aaron M.
Published: April 2021

A trigger for gene silencing is caused by RNAs pairing together via structural changes.
Plant rhizodeposition: A key factor for soil organic matter formation in stable fractions
Authors: Villarino Sebastián H. , Pinto Priscila , Jackson Robert B. , Piñeiro Gervasio
Published: April 2021

Rhizodeposition and roots play opposite but complementary roles for building mineral-associated and particulate organic carbon.
Atomistic dynamics of a viral infection process: Release of membrane lytic peptides from a non-enveloped virus
Authors: Jana Asis K. , May Eric R.
Published: April 2021

Molecular simulations uncover principles that underlie a stage of viral infection that is common to many viruses.
Kog1/Raptor mediates metabolic rewiring during nutrient limitation by controlling SNF1/AMPK activity
Authors: Rashida Zeenat , Srinivasan Rajalakshmi , Cyanam Meghana , Laxman Sunil
Published: April 2021

Cells allocate carbon resources using Kog1/Raptor mediated SNF1/AMPK activation.
Breakthrough in purification of fossil pollen for dating of sediments by a new large-particle on-chip sorter
Authors: Kasai Y. , Leipe C. , Saito M. , Kitagawa H. , Lauterbach S. , Brauer A. , Tarasov P. E. , Goslar T. , Arai F. , Sakuma S.
Published: April 2021

A new high-throughput on-chip sorter for large particles allows purification of fossil pollen for
14
C dating of sediment archives.
Optimal and continuous multilattice embedding
Authors: Sanders E. D. , Pereira A. , Paulino G. H.
Published: April 2021

Voxel-based additive manufacturing enables multilattice topology optimized structures with continuously embedded microstructures.
Fragment binding to the Nsp3 macrodomain of SARS-CoV-2 identified through crystallographic screening and computational docking
Authors: Schuller Marion , Correy Galen J. , Gahbauer Stefan , Fearon Daren , Wu Taiasean , Díaz Roberto Efraín , Young Iris D. , Carvalho Martins Luan , Smith Dominique H. , Schulze-Gahmen Ursula , Owens Tristan W. , Deshpande Ishan , Merz Gregory E. , Thwin Aye C. , Biel Justin T. , Peters Jessica K. , Moritz Michelle , Herrera Nadia , Kratochvil Huong T. ,   QCRG Structural Biology Consortium, Aimon Anthony , Bennett James M. , Brandao Neto Jose , Cohen Aina E. , Dias Alexandre , Douangamath Alice , Dunnett Louise , Fedorov Oleg , Ferla Matteo P. , Fuchs Martin R. , Gorrie-Stone Tyler J. , Holton James M. , Johnson Michael G. , Krojer Tobias , Meigs George , Powell Ailsa J. , Rack Johannes Gregor Matthias , Rangel Victor L. , Russi Silvia , Skyner Rachael E. , Smith Clyde A. , Soares Alexei S. , Wierman Jennifer L. , Zhu Kang , O’Brien Peter , Jura Natalia , Ashworth Alan , Irwin John J. , Thompson Michael C. , Gestwicki Jason E. , von Delft Frank , Shoichet Brian K. , Fraser James S. , Ahel Ivan
Published: April 2021

Massive fragment screening effort provides a foundation for the development of macrodomain inhibitors as novel antiviral agents.
Surfactants and rotelles in active chiral fluids
Authors: Scholz Christian , Ldov Anton , Pöschel Thorsten , Engel Michael , Löwen Hartmut
Published: April 2021

Chained self-spinning particles act as active analogs of surfactants and self-assemble rotating vesicles called rotelles.
Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil
Authors: Castro Marcia C. , Kim Sun , Barberia Lorena , Ribeiro Ana Freitas , Gurzenda Susie , Ribeiro Karina Braga , Abbott Erin , Blossom Jeffrey , Rache Beatriz , Singer Burton H.
Published: April 2021

Unmitigated spread in Brazil

Despite an extensive network of primary care availability, Brazil has suffered profoundly during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Using daily data from state health offices, Castro
et al.
analyzed the pattern of spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the country from February to October 2020. Clusters of deaths before cases became apparent indicated unmitigated spread. SARS-CoV-2 circulated undetected in Brazil for more than a month as it spread north from Sã o Paulo. In Manaus, transmission reached unprecedented levels after a momentary respite in mid-2020. Faria
et al.
tracked the evolution of a new, more aggressive lineage called P.1, which has 17 mutations, including three (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) in the spike protein. After a period of accelerated evolution, this variant emerged in Brazil during November 2020. Coupled with the emergence of P.1, disease spread was accelerated by stark local inequalities and political upheaval, which compromised a prompt federal response.

Science
, abh1558 and abh2644, this issue p.
821
and p.
815
Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil
Authors: Faria Nuno R. , Mellan Thomas A. , Whittaker Charles , Claro Ingra M. , Candido Darlan da S. , Mishra Swapnil , Crispim Myuki A. E. , Sales Flavia C. S. , Hawryluk Iwona , McCrone John T. , Hulswit Ruben J. G. , Franco Lucas A. M. , Ramundo Mariana S. , de Jesus Jaqueline G. , Andrade Pamela S. , Coletti Thais M. , Ferreira Giulia M. , Silva Camila A. M. , Manuli Erika R. , Pereira Rafael H. M. , Peixoto Pedro S. , Kraemer Moritz U. G. , Gaburo Nelson , Camilo Cecilia da C. , Hoeltgebaum Henrique , Souza William M. , Rocha Esmenia C. , de Souza Leandro M. , de Pinho Mariana C. , Araujo Leonardo J. T. , Malta Frederico S. V. , de Lima Aline B. , Silva Joice do P. , Zauli Danielle A. G. , Ferreira Alessandro C. de S. , Schnekenberg Ricardo P. , Laydon Daniel J. , Walker Patrick G. T. , Schlüter Hannah M. , dos Santos Ana L. P. , Vidal Maria S. , Del Caro Valentina S. , Filho Rosinaldo M. F. , dos Santos Helem M. , Aguiar Renato S. , Proença-Modena José L. , Nelson Bruce , Hay James A. , Monod Mélodie , Miscouridou Xenia , Coupland Helen , Sonabend Raphael , Vollmer Michaela , Gandy Axel , Prete Carlos A. , Nascimento Vitor H. , Suchard Marc A. , Bowden Thomas A. , Pond Sergei L. K. , Wu Chieh-Hsi , Ratmann Oliver , Ferguson Neil M. , Dye Christopher , Loman Nick J. , Lemey Philippe , Rambaut Andrew , Fraiji Nelson A. , Carvalho Maria do P. S. S. , Pybus Oliver G. , Flaxman Seth , Bhatt Samir , Sabino Ester C.
Published: April 2021

Unmitigated spread in Brazil

Despite an extensive network of primary care availability, Brazil has suffered profoundly during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Using daily data from state health offices, Castro
et al.
analyzed the pattern of spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the country from February to October 2020. Clusters of deaths before cases became apparent indicated unmitigated spread. SARS-CoV-2 circulated undetected in Brazil for more than a month as it spread north from Sã o Paulo. In Manaus, transmission reached unprecedented levels after a momentary respite in mid-2020. Faria
et al.
tracked the evolution of a new, more aggressive lineage called P.1, which has 17 mutations, including three (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) in the spike protein. After a period of accelerated evolution, this variant emerged in Brazil during November 2020. Coupled with the emergence of P.1, disease spread was accelerated by stark local inequalities and political upheaval, which compromised a prompt federal response.

Science
, abh1558 and abh2644, this issue p.
821
and p.
815
SARS-CoV-2 genome-wide T cell epitope mapping reveals immunodominance and substantial CD8
+
T cell activation in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Saini Sunil Kumar , Hersby Ditte Stampe , Tamhane Tripti , Povlsen Helle Rus , Hernandez Susana Patricia Amaya , Nielsen Morten , Gang Anne Ortved , Hadrup Sine Reker
Published: April 2021

CD8
+
T cell recognition is detected throughout the SARS-CoV-2 genome and is associated with COVID-19 disease severity.
Electrically programmable adhesive hydrogels for climbing robots
Authors: Huang Junwen , Liu Yu , Yang Yuxin , Zhou Zhijun , Mao Jie , Wu Tong , Liu Jun , Cai Qipeng , Peng Chaohua , Xu Yiting , Zeng Birong , Luo Weiang , Chen Guorong , Yuan Conghui , Dai Lizong
Published: April 2021

Hydrogels offer an electrochemical route to adhesion control for robot climbers.
Self-powered locomotion of a hydrogel water strider
Authors: Zhu Hong , Xu Borui , Wang Yang , Pan Xiaoxia , Qu Zehua , Mei Yongfeng
Published: April 2021

Dynamic wetting of active hydrogels enables autonomous locomotion on the surface of water.
Self-propelled hydrogels that glide on water
Authors: Song Jinlong , Chen Yang
Published: April 2021

Active hydrogels with dynamic wettability move spontaneously on the surface of water like a common water strider.
Pharmacogene Sequencing of a Gabonese Population with Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Reveals Multiple Novel Variants with Putative Relevance for Antimalarial Treatment
Authors: Pernaute-Lau Leyre , Adegnika Ayola Akim , Zhou Yitian , Zinsou Jeannot F. , Gil Jose Pedro , Krishna Sanjeev , Kremsner Peter G. , Lauschke Volker M. , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P.
Published: April 2021

Malaria remains one of the deadliest diseases in Africa, particularly for children. While successful in reducing morbidity and mortality, antimalarial treatments are also a major cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
Molecular Dissection of Perithecial Mating Line Development in
Colletotrichum fructicola
, a Species with a Nontypical Mating System Featuring Plus-to-Minus Switch and Plus-Minus-Mediated Sexual Enhancement
Authors: Liang Xiaofei , Yao Liqiang , Hao Xiaojuan , Li Bingxuan , Kong Yuanyuan , Lin Yuyi , Cao Mengyu , Dong Qiuyue , Zhang Rong , Rollins Jeffrey A. , Sun Guangyu
Published: April 2021

Plus-minus regulation of
Colletotrichum
sexual differentiation was reported in the early 1900s. Both plus and minus strains produce fertile perithecia in a homothallic but inefficient manner.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Coinfection Modifies Adeno-associated Virus Genome End Recombination
Authors: Meier Anita Felicitas , Tobler Kurt , Michaelsen Kevin , Vogt Bernd , Henckaerts Els , Fraefel Cornel
Published: April 2021

Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy represents one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of genetic diseases. Currently, various GMP-compatible production methods can be applied to manufacture clinical-grade vector, including methods that employ helper factors derived from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1).
Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecalis 1351, Isolated from a Mastitis-Affected Camel in Isiolo County, Kenya
Authors: Ochieng Jesca , Gicheru Nimmo , Indieka Abwao Stephen , Maichomo Monicah , Wesonga O. Hezron , Murungi Edwin
Published: April 2021

Enterococcus faecalis
causes mastitis disease in livestock, leading to massive economic losses. Sequencing of isolates obtained from resource-poor regions will facilitate the design of novel sensitive diagnostics and efficacious vaccines. We announce the draft genome of
E. faecalis
strain 1351, which was obtained from a camel in Isiolo County, Kenya.
Draft Genome Sequence and Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthetic Potential of Jeongeupia naejangsanensis Type Strain DSM 24253
Authors: Turrini Paolo , Artuso Irene , Lugli Gabriele Andrea , Frangipani Emanuela , Ventura Marco , Visca Paolo
Published: April 2021

Jeongeupia naejangsanensis
is a Gram-negative, cellulose-degrading betaproteobacterium. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the type strain
J. naejangsanensis
DSM 24253 and identify the genes implicated in the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastic polymers.
Full-Genome Sequence of Bacillus safensis Strain IDN1, Isolated from Commercially Available Natto in Indonesia
Authors: Yoshida Masa-aki , Uomi Masahide , Ikai Tomone , Ilado Tophil , Waturangi Diana , Ekaputri Januarti J. , Setiamarga Davin H. E.
Published: April 2021

We isolated a strain of
Bacillus safensis
, which we called IDN1, from
natto
sold in Indonesia. In order to gain insights into its genomic structure and understand its biology, we used the Oxford Nanopore MinION platform followed by PCR to verify the ends and determine its full circular genome sequence.
Genome Sequences of Three SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a Deletion Variants Obtained from Patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Tse Herman , Wong Sally Cheuk-Ying , Ip Ka-Fai , Cheng Vincent Chi-Chung , To Kelvin Kai-Wang , Lung David Christopher , Choi Garnet Kwan-Yue
Published: April 2021

We report the genome sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains from the clinical samples of three coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Hong Kong. All the genome sequences showed a 370-nucleotide deletion resulting in the complete loss of ORF7a.
Architecture and Evolution of the Crust during Continental Arc Magmatism: A Transect through the Coast Mountains Batholith, British Columbia
Authors: Woodsworth Glenn J. , Rusmore Margaret E. , Stowell Harold H. , Hollister Lincoln S.
Published: April 2021

Originally prepared for the GSA Thompson Field Forum that ran from Terrace to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, this guide describes the geology along the Skeena River transect of the Coast Mountains batholith, the largest Cordilleran batholith of western North America and one of the largest continental-margin batholiths in the world. The last guide to this area was published in 1983 and this new volume is the only modern overview of the last decades of work. The authors use the transect as a basis to examine the growth of the Coast Mountains batholith as a whole, emphasizing commonalities and variations with the batholith and how these traits may reflect magmatic processes that create convergent-margin batholiths.
Supplemental Material: The interfacial energy penalty to crystal growth close to equilibrium
Authors: Gaidies Fred , George Freya
Published: April 2021

Theoretical background and calculation of the relative driving force for growth.
Supplemental Material: Widespread glacial erosion on the Scandinavian passive margin
Authors: Pedersen Vivi , al. et
Published: April 2021

Table S1 (source to sink analysis), and the influence of dynamic topography (Fig. S1), effective elastic thickness (Fig. S2), and paleo sea level Fig. S3) on shelf wedge volume and bedrock deflection.
Sciatic hernia: repair after recurrence
Authors: Van Hoef Stijn , Zwaans Willem A R , Luijten Arijan
Published: April 2021

Sciatic hernia is a rare pelvic floor hernia. A variety of treatment modalities were proposed, but a guideline is lacking although a mesh-based tension-free repair may be preferred. A 67-year-old woman with an uncomplicated sciatic hernia received primarily closing of the hernia orifice that was covered with a preperitoneal mesh in March 2019. Six months later, she developed a clinical and radiographical recurrence requiring remedial surgery. Due to the previous mesh fixation, the preperitoneal plane was obliterated. Therefore, the pouch of Douglas was closed, leaving the hernia sac in place, by folding two opposing peritoneal layers and covering it with a Ventralight ST mesh. After 9 months, the hernia had not recurred and the patient was symptom-free. It is concluded that recurrent sciatic hernia may be treated by obliterating the Douglas pouch and subsequent mesh coverage.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a child
Authors: Nassar Nadine , Chater Charbel , Chelala Amal
Published: April 2021

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare neurological entity, typically manifested by reversible oedema in the parieto-occipital lobes. It is usually associated with primary hypertension, autoimmune diseases and immunosuppressants. Renal disease is an uncommon cause of PRES. We report a case of an 11-year-old boy with STimulator of INterferon Genes-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy complicated by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis leading to hypertension and PRES. The patient presented with headache, acute bilateral visual loss and hypertension. Brain MRI showed atypical features revealed by parieto-occipital haemorrhage. The child improved few days after antihypertensive therapy. Follow-up MRI showed complete resolution of haemorrhage. It is important to keep high index of suspicion for the uncommon association of PRES with underlying kidney disease with or without immunosuppressive agents. This combination is the first to our knowledge to be described in paediatric population. Atypical MRI features such as haemorrhage should be kept in mind. Symptoms are reversible within days to weeks with early diagnosis and treatment.
Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients
Authors: Sallis Robert , Young Deborah Rohm , Tartof Sara Y , Sallis James F , Sall Jeevan , Li Qiaowu , Smith Gary N , Cohen Deborah A
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To compare hospitalisation rates, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality for patients with COVID-19 who were consistently inactive, doing some activity or consistently meeting physical activity guidelines.

Methods

We identified 48 440 adult patients with a COVID-19 diagnosis from 1 January 2020 to 21 October 2020, with at least three exercise vital sign measurements from 19 March 2018 to 18 March 2020. We linked each patient’s self-reported physical activity category (consistently inactive=0–10 min/week, some activity=11–149 min/week, consistently meeting guidelines=150+ min/week) to the risk of hospitalisation, ICU admission and death after COVID-19 diagnosis. We conducted multivariable logistic regression controlling for demographics and known risk factors to assess whether inactivity was associated with COVID-19 outcomes.

Results

Patients with COVID-19 who were consistently inactive had a greater risk of hospitalisation (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.81 to 2.83), admission to the ICU (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55) and death (OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.33 to 4.67) due to COVID-19 than patients who were consistently meeting physical activity guidelines. Patients who were consistently inactive also had a greater risk of hospitalisation (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.32), admission to the ICU (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.29) and death (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.60) due to COVID-19 than patients who were doing some physical activity.

Conclusions

Consistently meeting physical activity guidelines was strongly associated with a reduced risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes among infected adults. We recommend efforts to promote physical activity be prioritised by public health agencies and incorporated into routine medical care.
Examining unit costs for COVID-19 case management in Kenya
Authors: Barasa Edwine , Kairu Angela , Ng'ang'a Wangari , Maritim Marybeth , Were Vincent , Akech Samuel , Mwangangi Mercy
Published: April 2021

Introduction

We estimated unit costs for COVID-19 case management for patients with asymptomatic, mild-to-moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 disease in Kenya.

Methods

We estimated per-day unit costs of COVID-19 case management for patients. We used a bottom-up approach to estimate full economic costs and adopted a health system perspective and patient episode of care as our time horizon. We obtained data on inputs and their quantities from data provided by three public COVID-19 treatment hospitals in Kenya and augmented this with guidelines. We obtained input prices from a recent costing survey of 20 hospitals in Kenya and from market prices for Kenya.

Results

Per-day, per-patient unit costs for asymptomatic patients and patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease under home-based care are 1993.01 Kenyan shilling (KES) (US$18.89) and 1995.17 KES (US$18.991), respectively. When these patients are managed in an isolation centre or hospital, the same unit costs for asymptomatic patients and patients with mild-to-moderate disease are 6717.74 KES (US$63.68) and 6719.90 KES (US$63.70), respectively. Per-day unit costs for patients with severe COVID-19 disease managed in general hospital wards and those with critical COVID-19 disease admitted in intensive care units are 13 137.07 KES (US$124.53) and 63 243.11 KES (US$599.51).

Conclusion

COVID-19 case management costs are substantial, ranging between two and four times the average claims value reported by Kenya’s public health insurer. Kenya will need to mobilise substantial resources and explore service delivery adaptations that will reduce unit costs.
The Structural and Intercultural Competence for Epidemiological Studies (SICES) guidelines: a 22-item checklist
Authors: Martinez-Hernaez Angel , Bekele Deborah , Sabariego Carla , Rodríguez-Laso Ángel , Vorstenbosch Ellen , Rico-Uribe Laura Alejandra , Ayuso-Mateos José Luis , Sánchez-Niubò Albert , Rodríguez-Mañas Leocadio , Haro Josep Maria
Published: April 2021

Structural and intercultural competence approaches have been widely applied to fields such as medical training, healthcare practice, healthcare policies and health promotion. Nevertheless, their systematic implementation in epidemiological research is absent. Based on a scoping review and a qualitative analysis, in this article we propose a checklist to assess cultural and structural competence in epidemiological research: the Structural and Intercultural Competence for Epidemiological Studies guidelines. These guidelines are organised as a checklist of 22 items and consider four dimensions of competence (awareness and reflexivity, cultural and structural validation, cultural and structural sensitivity, and cultural and structural representativeness), which are applied to the different stages of epidemiological research: (1) research team building and research questions; (2) study design, participant recruitment, data collection and data analysis; and (3) dissemination. These are the first guidelines addressing structural and cultural competence in epidemiological inquiry.
Estimation of overdiagnosis in colorectal cancer screening with sigmoidoscopy and faecal occult blood testing: comparison of simulation models
Authors: Wieszczy Paulina , Kaminski Michal F , Løberg Magnus , Bugajski Marek , Bretthauer Michael , Kalager Mette
Published: April 2021

Objective

To estimate overdiagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) for screening with sigmoidoscopy and faecal occult blood testing (FOBT).

Design

Simulation study using data from randomised trials.

Setting

Primary screening, UK, Norway

Participants

152 850 individuals from the Nottingham trial and 98 678 individuals from the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention (NORCCAP) trial.

Intervention

CRC screening.

Outcome measure

We estimated overdiagnosis using long-term data from two randomised trials: the Nottingham trial comparing FOBT screening every other year to no-screening, and the NORCCAP trial comparing once-only sigmoidoscopy screening to no-screening. To estimate the natural growth of adenomas to CRC, we used the following microsimulation models: (i) the Microsimulation Screening Analysis; (ii) the CRC Simulated Population model for Incidence and Natural history; (iii) the Simulation Model of Colorectal Cancer; (iv) a model derived by the German Cancer Research Center. We defined overdiagnosed cancers as the difference between the observed number of CRCs in the no-screening arm and the expected number of cancers in screening arm (sum of observed and prevented by adenoma removal). The amount of overdiagnosis is defined as the number of overdiagnosed cancers over the number of cancers observed in the no-screening arm.

Results

Overdiagnosis estimates were highly dependent on model assumptions. For FOBT screening with 2354 cancers observed in control arm, four out of five models predicted overdiagnosis, range 2.0% (2400 cancers expected in screening) to 7.6% (2533 cancers expected in screening). For sigmoidoscopy screening with 452 cancers observed in control arm, all models predicted overdiagnosis, range 25.2% (566 cancers expected in screening) to 128.1% (1031 cancers expected in screening).

Conclusions

The amount of overdiagnosis estimated based on the microsimulation models varied substantially. Microsimulation models may not give reliable estimates of the preventive effect of adenoma removal, and should be used with caution to inform guidelines.
Impact of educational level and employment status on short-term and long-term pain relief from supervised exercise therapy and education: an observational study of 22 588 patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Johnsen Marianne Bakke , Roos Ewa , Grønne Dorte Thalund , Bråten Lars Christian Haugli , Skou Søren Thorgaard
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To investigate the impact of educational level and employment status on change in pain intensity after treatment among patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA).

Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting and participants

We analysed 22 588 patients participating in the Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark (GLA:D). GLA:D consists of two patient education sessions and 12 supervised exercise sessions.

Primary outcome

Baseline educational level and employment status were used as exposures. We investigated the impact of both exposures separately on mean change in pain intensity (visual analogue scale 0–100 mm) from baseline to immediately after treatment (approximately 3 months) and at 12 months, using linear mixed models.

Results

On average, all patients improved in pain intensity. The average improvement in pain did not differ by educational level, except for one group. Patients with long-term education had less improvement after treatment (2.0 mm, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.1) and at 12 months (2.0 mm, 95% CI 0.6 to 3.4) compared with primary school only (reference). According to employment status, patients on sick leave had the greatest improvement in pain after treatment (−3.4, 95% CI −4.9 to −1.9) and at 12 months (−4.5, 95% CI −6.4 to −2.6) compared with retired patients (reference).

Conclusions

On average, all patients reported improvement in pain at short-term and long-term follow-up. Change in pain intensity did not substantially differ by educational level or employment status, as the absolute differences were small and most likely not clinically important.
Minimally invasive versus conventional sternotomy for Mitral valve repair: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (UK Mini Mitral)
Authors: Maier Rebecca H , Kasim Adetayo S , Zacharias Joseph , Vale Luke , Graham Richard , Walker Antony , Laskawski Grzegorz , Deshpande Ranjit , Goodwin Andrew , Kendall Simon , Murphy Gavin J , Zamvar Vipin , Pessotto Renzo , Lloyd Clinton , Dalrymple-Hay Malcolm , Casula Roberto , Vohra Hunaid A , Ciulli Franco , Caputo Massimo , Stoica Serban , Baghai Max , Niranjan Gunaratnam , Punjabi Prakash P , Wendler Olaf , Marsay Leanne , Fernandez-Garcia Cristina , Modi Paul , Kirmani Bilal H , Pullan Mark D , Muir Andrew D , Pousios Dimitrios , Hancock Helen C , Akowuah Enoch
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Numbers of patients undergoing mitral valve repair (MVr) surgery for severe mitral regurgitation have grown and will continue to rise. MVr is routinely performed via median sternotomy; however, there is a move towards less invasive surgical approaches.

There is debate within the clinical and National Health Service (NHS) commissioning community about widespread adoption of minimally invasive MVr surgery in the absence of robust research evidence; implementation requires investment in staff and infrastructure.

The UK Mini Mitral trial will provide definitive evidence comparing patient, NHS and clinical outcomes in adult patients undergoing MVr surgery. It will establish the best surgical approach for MVr, setting a standard against which emerging percutaneous techniques can be measured. Findings will inform optimisation of cost-effective practice.

Methods and analysis

UK Mini Mitral is a multicentre, expertise based randomised controlled trial of minimally invasive thoracoscopically guided right minithoracotomy versus conventional sternotomy for MVr. The trial is taking place in NHS cardiothoracic centres in the UK with established minimally invasive mitral valve surgery programmes. In each centre, consenting and eligible patients are randomised to receive surgery performed by consultant surgeons who meet protocol-defined surgical expertise criteria. Patients are followed for 1 year, and consent to longer term follow-up.

Primary outcome is physical functioning 12 weeks following surgery, measured by change in Short Form Health Survey (SF-36v2) physical functioning scale. Early and 1 year echo data will be reported by a core laboratory. Estimates of key clinical and health economic outcomes will be reported up to 5 years.

The primary economic outcome is cost effectiveness, measured as incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained over 52 weeks following index surgery.

Ethics and dissemination

A favourable opinion was given by Wales REC 6 (16/WA/0156). Trial findings will be disseminated to patients, clinicians, commissioning groups and through peer reviewed publication.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN13930454.
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis revisited
Authors: Baghbanian Seyed Mohammad , Mahdavi Amiri Mohammad Reza , Majidi Hadi
Published: April 2021

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage syndrome defined clinically by the triad of progressive neurodegeneration, juvenile cataracts and tendon xanthomas in adults. It is treatable, and a prompt diagnosis can improve outcomes. We describe a patient with this condition who presented with progressive ataxia.
Direct discharge from the emergency department of simple stable injuries: a propensity score-adjusted non-inferiority trial
Authors: Geerdink Thijs H , Augustinus Simone , Groen Jasper J , van Dongen Johanna M , Haverlag Robert , van Veen Ruben N , Goslings J Carel
Published: April 2021

Background

Recent studies suggest a large proportion of musculoskeletal injuries are simple stable injuries (SSIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether direct discharge (DD) from the emergency department (ED) of SSIs is non-inferior to ‘traditional care’ regarding treatment satisfaction and functional outcome, and to compare other patient-reported outcomes (PROMs), patient-reported experiences (PREMs), resource utilization, and adverse outcomes before and after DD.

Methods

This trial compared outcomes for 11 SSIs 6 months before and after the implementation of DD protocols. Pre-DD, patients were treated according to local protocols. Post-DD, patients were discharged directly using removable orthoses, discharge leaflets, smartphone application, and telephone helpline. Participants received a 3-month postinjury PROM/PREM survey to assess treatment satisfaction (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), pain (VAS), functional outcome (four validated questionnaires), and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL; EuroQol-5D). Resource utilization included general practitioner (GP) visit (yes/no), physiotherapist visit (yes/no), return to work/school/sports (days), work/school absenteeism to visit hospital (yes/no), number of hospital visits, and follow-up X-rays. Other outcomes included missed injuries (additionally to SSI) and adverse outcomes (delayed union, non-union). Between-group differences were assessed using propensity score-adjusted regression analyses. Non-inferiority was assessed for satisfaction and functional outcome using predefined margins.

Results

348 (pre-DD) and 371 (post-DD) patients participated; 144 (41.4%) and 153 (41.2%) patients completed the survey. Satisfaction and functional outcome post-DD were non-inferior to traditional care. Mean satisfaction was 8.13 pre-DD and 7.95 post-DD (mean difference: −0.16, p=0.408). Pain, HR-QoL, GP/physiotherapist visits, and return to work/school/sports were comparable before and after DD. Work absenteeism was higher pre-DD (OR 0.110, p<0.001), as well as school absenteeism (OR 0.084, p<0.001). Post-DD, the mean number of hospital visits and X-rays reduced: −1.68 (p<0.001) and −0.26 (p<0.001). Missed injuries occurred once pre-DD versus twice post-DD. There were no adverse outcomes.

Discussion

The results of this study confirm several SSIs can be discharged directly from the ED without compromising patient outcome/experience. Future injury-specific trials are needed to conclusively assess non-inferiority of DD.

Level of evidence

II.
Mechanistic insights into the spontaneous reaction between CO2 and La2–xSrxCuO4
Authors: Whittingham Alexander W.H. , Lau Jordan , Smith Rodney D.L.
Published: April 2021

Layered perovskites such as La2–xSrxCuO4 are active electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, but they suffer from structural instability under catalytic conditions. This structural instability is found to arise from the reaction of CO2 with surface sites. Variable scan rate voltammetry shows the growth of a Cu-based redox couple when potentials cathodic of 0.6 V vs. RHE are applied in the presence of CO2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy identifies a redox active surface state at this voltage, whose concentration is increased by electrochemical reduction in the presence of CO2. In situ spectroelectrochemical FTIR identifies surface bound carbonates as being involved in the formation of these surface sites. The orthorhombic lattice for La2CuO4 is found to uniquely enable binding bidentate binding of carbonate ions to the surface through reaction with CO2. The incorporation of Sr(II) induces a transition to a tetragonal lattice, for which only monodentate carbonate ions are observed. It is proposed that the binding of carbonate ions in a bidentate fashion generates sufficient strain at the surface to result in amorphization at the surface, yielding the observed Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple.
Fishing-induced versus natural selection in different brown trout (Salmo trutta) strains
Authors: Vainikka Anssi , Hyvärinen Pekka , Tiainen Joni , Lemopoulos Alexandre , Alioravainen Nico , Prokkola Jenni M. , Elvidge Chris K. , Arlinghaus Robert
Published: April 2021

Wild, adfluvial brown trout (Salmo trutta) are iconic targets in recreational fisheries but also endangered in many native locations. We compared how fishing and natural selection affect the fitness-proxies of brown trout from two pure angling-selected strains and experimental crosses between an adfluvial, hatchery-bred strain and three wild, resident strains. We exposed age 1+ parr to predation risk under controlled conditions where their behaviour was monitored with PIT-telemetry, and stocked age 2+ fish in two natural lakes for experimental fishing. Predation mortality (16% of the fish) was negatively size-dependent, while capture probability, also reflecting survival, in the lakes (38.9% of the fish) was positively length- and condition-dependent. Angling-induced selection against low boldness and slow growth rates relative to gillnet fishing indicated gear-dependent potential for fisheries-induced evolution in behaviours and life-histories. Offspring of wild, resident fish showed slower growth rates than the crossbred strains. Strain effects suggested significant heritable scope for artificial selection on life-history traits and demonstrated that choices of fish supplementation by stocking may override the genetic effects induced by angling.