bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS FROM DISSEMINATED AND LOCALIZED INFECTIONS
Authors: Rollof J. , HedstrÖM S. Å. , Nilsson‐Ehle P.
Published: August 2010

Lipase production of 425 S. aureus strains isolated from patients with different clinical diagnoses and healthy carriers were measured by a specific method, using emulsified trioleoylglycerol substrate. Strains isolated from patients with septicemia showed significantly higher lipase activity than osteomyelitis strains (p = 0.011), impetigo strains (p = 0.002) and strains isolated from healthy relatives of patients with recurrent furunculosis (p = 0.019). Recurrent furunculosis and pyomyositis strains had significantly higher (p=0.002 and 0.032, respectively) lipase activity than septicemia strains. S. aureus strains isolated from patients with a significant antibody response in an antilipase ELISA did not show a higher lipase activity in culture supernatants than strains from patients without a significant antibody response. The lipase activity was significantly higher in strains isolated from deep or subcutaneous infections, i.e., septicemia, pyomyositis, osteomyelitis, aerobic and anaerobic furunculosis, than in strains from superficial infections, i.e. impetigo, or from nasal mucosa.
ANTI‐HIV SEROCONVERSION: INITIAL APPEARANCE OF ANTIBODIES TO CORE PROTEINS AND RAPID RAISE IN ANTIBODY LEVELS
Authors: TØRnqvist EVA , Myrmel HELGE , Haukenes GUNNAR , Thordarsson HRAFNKELL
Published: August 2010

Anti‐HIV seroconversion was recorded in a patient by means of Western blot, immunofluorescence and ELISA analysis on sera taken at one to five day intervals. Seroconversion was first detected in the Western blot by antibodies to p15 and p24 and was followed by a rapid increase in levels of antibodies during the following days and weeks.
COLONIZATION, DIARRHOEA AND PROTECTIVE IMMUNOGENICITY OF A CFA‐DEFICIENT, ENTEROTOXIN‐PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI MUTANT IN A NON‐LIGATED INTESTINE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
Authors: LÓPez‐Vidal YOLANDA , ÅHrÉN CHRISTINA , Svennerholm ANN‐MARI
Published: August 2010

A colonization factor antigen (CFA)‐deficient mutant has been isolated that is as efficient as the CFA/I‐carrying, enterotoxin‐producing E. coli strain it was derived from in producing diarrhoea and colonizing the intestine in a rabbit non‐ligated intestine model, the RITARD model. Infection with 1011 mutant bacteria induced diarrhoea in 15 of the 17 rabbits challenged; corresponding diarrhoeal attack rates after challenge with similar doses of the original CFA/I‐positive strain and of a non‐enterotoxinogenic, non‐CFA control strain were 23/24 and 0/15, respectively. Whereas the mean time of excreting the challenge strain in faeces did not differ between the mutant and the CFA/I‐positive strain (4.5 and 4.3 days, respectively), it was significantly longer (p < 0.05) than for the control strain (2.5 days). Similarly, the magnitude of the serum antibody responses to homologous O‐antigen was equally high after infection with the mutant and the CFA/I‐positive strain and considerably higher than after challenge with the negative control strain. An initial infection in the RITARD model with the CFA‐deficient mutant offered highly significant protection against diarrhoea (p < 0.001) as well as colonization (p < 0.01) on subsequent challenge with the original CFA/I‐positive strain. No significant protection, either against colonization or disease, was induced by initial infection with a similar dose of the control strain.
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IMMUNOTYPES IN FINLAND
Authors: Saikku PEKKA , Wang SAN‐PIN
Published: August 2010

The distribution of different immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis in Finland was studied in the micro‐immunofluorescence test by typing 51 isolates with immune sera produced in mice and by testing human sera from 397 individuals with various clinical diagnoses, mostly sexually‐transmitted diseases. The immunotypes of the isolates as well the antibodies found were, in decreasing prevalence, BED, GF, CJ, K, H, and I.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM BACTEROIDES INTERMEDIUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ASSESSED IN THE PRE‐IMPLANTATION MOUSE EMBRYO CULTURE SYSTEM
Authors: Storeng RITSA , Johne BERIT
Published: August 2010

A comparative study on the toxic effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) from the strictly anaerobic Bacteroides intermedius BM1 and from Escherichia coli 055 was performed. Pre‐implantation mouse embryos at the 2‐cell stage from LPS responder (C57BL/6J) and low responder (C3H/Hej) mouse strrains were exposed to the endotoxins, and development was observed during 72 h in vitro. Toxic effects of both endotoxins on embryos from both mouse strains were demonstrated. B. intermedius LPS was less toxic than E. coli LPS. The C3H/Hej embryos were more susceptible to endotoxins than the C57BL/6J embryos. A biphasic dose‐response relationship was observed, as 100 μg/ml LPS was less embryotoxic than 1, 10 or 500 μg/ml, suggesting more complex mechanisms of effect than non‐specific cell toxicity.
COMPARATIVE IN VITRO ACTIVITIES OF PEFLOXACIN, OFLOXACIN, ENOXACIN AND CIPROFLOXACIN AGAINST 256 CLINICAL ISOLATES
Authors: Arpi MAGNUS , Gahrn‐Hansen BENTE , SØGaard PER , Bentzon MICHAEL WEIS
Published: August 2010

The antibacterial activity of four new fluoroquinolone carboxylic acids, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin and ciprofloxacin, against 256 clinical isolates was investigated by means of an agar dilution method. Generally, all quinolones tested had a high activity against Gram‐negative bacteria. More than 90% of Enterobacteriaceae strains were inhibited by a quinolone concentration of 0.4 μg/ml. Also strains usually resistant to conventional β‐lactam antibiotics, and sometimes to third‐generation cephalosporins, like Enlerobacter spp., Serratia spp, and Yersinia spp. were susceptible to the tested quinolones. Ciprofloxacin was 5 to 25‐fold more potent on a weight basis against Enterobacteriaceae than the other quinolones. Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Haemophilus influenzae were extremely susceptible to the new quinolones. Ciprofloxacin was about 10 times more potent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the other quinolones, and was the only quinolone that was sufficiently active against all tested P. aeruginosa strains (MIC ≤ 0.4 μg/ml). The activity against Gram‐positive bacteria was considerably lower. All the quinolones investigated had an acceptable activity against many of the methicillin‐sensitive and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococci. The majority of the Streptococcus spp. tested was quinolone‐resistant, and was Listeria monocytogenes. Generally, it was evident that ciprofloxacin was more potent on a weight basis than the other quinolones, but this difference was counterbalanced by a higher achievable serum concentration for ofloxacin. Some of the investigated fluoroquinolones might constitute valid therapeutical alternatives to β‐lactam antibodies and aminoglycosides in the treatment of serious bacterial infections.
ANOTHER POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN OF EUBACTERIUM SABURREUM WITH HEPTOSE AS THE MAIN CONSTITUENT
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Skaug Nils
Published: August 2010

The polysaccharide antigen of Eubacterium saburreum strains L76, reacting by precipitation and complement‐fixation, has D‐glycero‐D‐galacto ‐heptose as the main component, and, in addition, O‐acyl groups.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEROLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION AND AUXOTYPING IN THE ANALYSIS OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE INFECTIONS
Authors: BÄCkman MARIANNE , RudÉN ANN‐KERSTIN M. , Bygdeman SOLGUN M. , Falk EDVARD S. , Jonsson ANITA , Kallings INGEGERD , Ringertz OLOF , SandstrÖM ERIC G.
Published: August 2010

Auxotyping and serological classification, using monoclonal antibodies, were performed on 730 gonococcal strains. These strains were isolated from 725 consecutive patients seen at the Venereal Outpatients Clinic at the Department of Dermatology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, during one year, up to April 1983. Strains from patients with repeated gonococcal infections were, besides auxotyping and serological classification, analysed with restriction endonuclease cleavage. The strains were distributed into 16 auxotypes, of which the eight most common accounted for 97.4% of all isolates. The same strains were distributed into 38 serovars, of which the eight most common accounted for 88.4% of all isolates. When the two methods were combined, 98 combinations of auxotypes and serovars were seen. The eight most common combinations included 60.0% of all strains. Correlations were found between auxotypes and serogroups as well as serovars. The serological classification gave a better resolution compared with auxotyping; however, when the two systems were combined the sensitivity was highly increased.
IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AND CAMPYLOBACTER COLI ISOLATED IN DENMARK TO FOURTEEN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Authors: Andreasen JAN JESPER
Published: August 2010

The in vitro susceptibility of 95 recent Danish human clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to 14 antimicrobial agents was determined by an agar dilution technique. C. jejuni and C. coli were considered together. Doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, clindamycin, nitrofurantoin and erythromycin were the most active drugs. 2% of the strains tested were resistant to erythromycin (MIC > 3.1 μg/ml). Therefore susceptibility testing is suggested if antimicrobial therapy with erythromycin is considered to be indicated. Ciprofloxacin might prove to be an alternative to erythromycin. Susceptibility testing in a CO2 atmosphere affected the determination of MICs of doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin and clindamycin, probably reflecting pH‐changes in the media during incubation under increased CO2 tension.
ISOLATION OF A SPECIFIC ALBUMIN RECEPTOR FROM A GROUP G STREPTOCOCCAL STRAIN
Authors: WidebaÄCk KRISTINA , Kronvall GöRAN
Published: August 2010

The albumin receptor, a bacterial cell‐wall protein with affinity for albumin, has been isolated from a bovine group G streptococcal strain (DG‐8). Bacterial surface proteins were solubilized by boiling in 0.6M HCl for 5 min. The albumin receptor was isolated by sequential use of ion‐exchange chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50 and affinity chromatography on albumin coupled Sepharose 4B. The presence of albumin receptor in various pools and fractions during the isolation was followed by their ability to inhibit the binding of radiolabelled albumin to DG‐8 bacteria. A highly purified albumin receptor was obtained according to Western blot analysis. The albumin binding band obtained showed a molecular weight of about 30,000. The purified receptor did not possess any IgG binding capacity. 50 μg albumin receptor was prepared from each gram of bacteria.
FLUCLOXACILLIN IN CHRONIC LEG ULCERS Penetration of Flucloxacillin into Chronic Leg Ulcer Exudate and the Effect on the Bacteria
Authors: StÜRup J. , SÖRensen T. SANDBERG , Slotsbjerg T. , Hofmann B.
Published: August 2010

The penetration of flucloxacillin into ulcer exudate was investigated in six patients with chronic leg ulcers. The flucloxacillin dosage used was 1 g orally three times daily for three days, and the serum and exudate concentrations were measured repeatedly during a 10 h‐period following the first and the seventh dose. All the ulcers were contaminated with (S. aureus) Staphylococcus aureus either in pure culture (three ulcers) or in culture mixed with Gram‐negative bacteria (three ulcers). Bacterial counting in the ulcers was performed twice before and twice during the antibiotic treatment. The flucloxacillin concentrations measured in the ulcer exudate were found to be lower than the corresponding serum concentrations. However, the exudate concentrations were found to be above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the contaminating S. aureus during an average of 7 h after each dose, and the number of S. aureus during the treatment period was reduced to < 0.01% of the initial number. The Gram‐negative bacteria were not susceptible to flucloxacillin. The number of these bacteria decreased before flucloxacillin treatment but increased again during treatment, probably owing to the changed conditions in the ulcers following the marked decrease in the number of S. aureus.
BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES ON PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PRE‐INCUBATED IN OFLOXACIN
Authors: Nielsen B. , Nielsen H.
Published: August 2010

The in vitro effect of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes on sub‐MIC‐ofloxacin‐treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Two bacteria strains were selected: one serum‐sensitive and one serum‐resistent. Exposure of the bacteria to subinhibitory concentrations of ofloxacin caused the bacteria to elongate into filaments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was incubated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the bactericidal effect was quantitated by the reduction of CFUs. The killing of untreated and ofloxacin‐treated bacteria did not differ when normal human serum was used for opsonization. However, when heat‐inactivated serum or buffer was used, the killing of ofloxacin‐treated bacteria was increased from 40% to 63% (P<0.05). Kinetic studies showed that this effect increased with prolonged incubation time. In addition, polymorphonuclear leukocytes incubated with ofloxacin had an increased bactericidal activity, probably due to intracellular uptake of the drug. Phagocytic ingestion of the bacteria was not influenced by ofloxac‐in‐treatment. These findings support other investigations with DNA‐gyrase inhibitors, which show that exposed bacteria become more susceptible to killing and that antibiotic‐treated polymorphonuclear leukocytes react more strongly.
STREPTOCOCCUS SUISINFECTIONS IN DANISH PIGS AND EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITHSTREPTOCOCCUS SUISSEROTYPE 7
Authors: Boetner ANETTE G. , Binder MARIANNE , Bille‐Hansen VIVI
Published: August 2010

During a two‐year period,Streptococcus suisserotypes 1–8 were isolated from 108 pigs examined at the laboratory.S. suisserotypes 2 and 7 represented 75% of the isolates.S. suisserotype 7 was isolated more frequently than reported from other countries, and mostly from piglets less than 3 weeks of age. Experimental inoculation of 7‐day‐old piglets withS. suisserotype 7 provoked severe illness within a week in 6 out of 7 animals. By bacteriological and pathological examination it was found thatS. suisserotype 7 was pathogenic to piglets, giving rise to septicemia with predilection for joints, serous membranes and meninges.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATION BETWEEN SERUM ANTIBODIES AGAINST PNEUMOLYSIN AND AGAINST STREPTOLYSIN O
Authors: Kanclerski KRZYSZTOF , GranstrÖM MARTA , MÖLlby ROLAND
Published: August 2010

The immunological relation between serum antibodies to pneumolysin and to streptolysin O was studied in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia (n=40), patients with infections due to β‐haemolytic streptococci (n=35), healthy human controls (n=60) and in rabbits immunized with pneumolysin. There was no correlation between anti‐pneumolysin and anti‐streptolysin O titers (r=‐0.279). The distribution of anti‐pneumolysin titers in patients with high anti‐streptolysin O titers did not differ from healthy controls. However, there was a tendency to increased or rising anti‐streptolysin O titers in patients with pneumococcal infection. Antibodies obtained during pneumococcal infection might thus give false‐positive reactions in the streptolysin O neutralization test. Serum antibodies to streptolysin O do not cross‐react with pneumolysin in an ELISA. The pneumolysin ELISA for detection of pneumococcal disease will therefore not be disturbed by false‐positive reactions due to antibodies directed against β‐haemolytic streptococci.
EVALUATION OF TWO VACUUM BOTTLE BLOOD CULTURE MEDIA – SUPPLEMENTED PEPTONE BROTH AND BRAIN HEART INFUSION BROTH
Authors: Sandven Per , HØIby E. Arne , Vorland Lars
Published: August 2010

A new blood culture medium (brain heart infusion broth) (BHI) from Terumo was compared with a commonly used blood culture medium, supplemented peptone broth (Becton Dickinson) (SPB). Blood from patients with suspected bacteraemia was simultaneously cultured in the two media, approximately five ml of blood in each bottle. Both bottles were incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 7 days. A total of 3724 paired blood cultures (sets) were processed. Altogether 340 (9.1%) of the blood culture sets were positive. Of these, 233 were positive in both media, 51 in the SPB medium only and 56 in the BHI medium only. Despite the smiliar overall results, Streptococcus spp. and anaerobic bacteria were detected more frequently in the SPB bottles and Enterobacteriaceae more frequently in the BHI bottles.
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN MICE: COMPARATIVE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EFFECT OF CEFUROXIME, CEFOTAXIME AND CEFTRIAXONE
Authors: Frimodt‐MØLler N. , Bentzon M. WEIS , Thomsen V. FRØLUND
Published: August 2010

In a mouse model using intraperitoneal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, the 50% effective dose, ED50, after single doses one hour post‐inoculation was considerably lower for ceftriaxone (CRO) than for cefuroxime (CXM) and cefotaxime (CTX), in spite of the same minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC, of 0.02 mcg/ml against the pneumococcus for all 3 drugs. The bactericidal activity as measured by time‐kill curves was similar for the 3 drugs, as was the post‐antibiotic effect in vitro. Protein binding in mouse serum was considerably higher for CRO (87%) than for both CTX (35%) and CXM (15%), respectively. Of pharmacokinetic parameters investigated on doses equal to the ED50s, the time the serum antibiotic concentration remained above the MIC (ΔT(MIC)) was the factor that varied the least among 3 drugs. Therefore, the superior in vivo effect for CRO is not due to higher intrinsic activity against the pathogen but to the long serum‐elimination half‐life resulting in an extended ΔT(MIC), probably related to the high serum protein binding.
INTERACTION BETWEEN BETA‐LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS AND GENTAMICIN AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Frimodt‐MØLler NIELS , Thomsen VILLY FRØLUND
Published: August 2010

In vitro synergy was demonstrated for each of the beta‐lactam antibiotics, penicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin and cefuroxime, respectively, in combination with gentamicin, by the time‐kill method within 6 h. The combination of the beta‐lactam antibiotics with gentamicin as compared to therapy with each drug alone was investigated by the mouse‐protection test after intraperitoneal inoculation of the pneumococcus. Antibiotics were administered sc one h after inoculation. Three sub‐therapeutic doses calculated on the basis of the 50% effective doses for each antibiotic were given individually or in combination (beta‐lactam + gentamicin) by a factorial design, in order to study all possible dose‐combinations. Penicillin, piperacillin, or cefuroxime in combination with gentamicin were significantly superior to either drug administered individually. Ampicillin + gentamicin was significantly superior to gentamicin alone but not to ampicillin alone. With combination therapy, survival of mice correlated significantly with increasing gentamicin doses but was independent of the size of the dose of beta‐lactam antibiotics.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SMALL‐SIZED ORAL SPIROCHETES TO EIGHT ANTIBIOTICS AND CHLORHEXIDINE
Authors: Fiehn NILS‐ERIK
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the study was to examine the susceptibility of two different small‐sized spirochete morphotypes from subgingival plaque to eight antibiotics and chlorhexidine. MIC‐values were determined by a broth dilution method and related to achievable antibiotic tissue‐ and blood concentrations. The spirochetes were characterized as susceptible, moderate susceptible, and resistant to the different antibiotics. The MICs of tetracycline hydrochloride, doxycycline, penicillin G, and chlorhexidine were all considerably lower for spirochete strains with a 2:4:2 endoflagella system (two endoflagella from each cell‐end) than for strains with a 1:2:1 endoflagella system (one endoflagellum from each cell‐end). No differences were observed for the remaining antibiotics. Spirochetes containing one endoflagellum from each cell‐end were found to be susceptible to metronidazole and doxycycline, susceptible to moderate susceptible to tetracycline hydrochloride, moderate susceptible to penicillin G, and resistant to the remaining antibiotics. Spirochetes containing two endoflagella from each cell‐end were susceptible to doxycycline, tetracycline hydrochloride, and metronidazole. Susceptible to moderate susceptible to penicillin G. These spirochetes were resistant to the remaining agents. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to obtainable gingival crevicular fluid concentrations and treatment of marginal periodontitis.
COMPARISON OF THE POST‐ANTIBIOTIC EFFECT OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS AND STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM WITH AMPICILLIN ALONE OR COMBINED WITH STREPTOMYCIN: STUDIES ON A NOVEL TYPE OF ANTIMICROBIAL INTERACTION
Authors: Fuursted K.
Published: August 2010

Determination of post‐antibiotic effect (PAE) and time‐kill studies were made with twelve strains of Streptococcus faecalis and nine strains of Streptococcus faecium, comparing the effect of ampicillin alone with a combination of ampicillin and streptomycin at achievable serum consentrations. Bactericidal synergism (≥ one log10 decrease in viable counts) and prolongation in PAE (≥ 0.5 h) were demonstrated in all streptomycin‐susceptible strains (Minimum inhibitory Concentration < 2000 mcg/ml), whereas only one of five highly streptomycin‐resistant strains exhibited a synergistic effect. A significant correlation between the magnitude of increased killing and the increase in recovery period by the combinations of ampicillin and streptomycin was demonstrated.
THE SPECIFICITY OF ANTISERA AGAINST BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS EXAMINED BY BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Fredriksen J. HOLST , FrØHolm L. O. , Kjennerud UNN
Published: August 2010

The specificity of conventional, adsorbed antisera against agglutinogens 1, 2, and 3 of Bordetella pertussis was examined by slide agglutination and by agglutination in microtitre wells. Unadsorbed hyperimmune sera showed higher agglutinating activity against autologous or homologous cells than against cells of heterologous serotype. Adsorption of sera with heterologous cells increased the serotype specificity considerably. In spite of extensive adsorption, these anti‐agglutinogen sera were still found to cross‐react with B. parapertussis and/or B. bronchiseptica strains. Adsorption experiments with B. pertussis hyperimmune sera against serotype 1‐, 1.2‐, and 1.3‐organisms demonstrated that the cross‐reacting surface antigens differed from the agglutinogens 1, 2, and 3. Thus, in making species‐specific reagents for diagnostic use it may be of value to include adsorption with B. parapertussis and probably with B. bronchiseptica. Limited data indicated that there is no need to use B. avium for adsorption. The agglutination assays were also used to test three monoclonal antibodies stated to be specific for the agglutinogens 1, 2, and, 3, respectively. Some anomalous behaviour for the anti‐agglutinogen 1 reagent was found, whereas the anti‐agglutinogen 2 and 3 reagents corresponded well with the present polyclonal factor sera.
Asian-Americans' Creative Styles in Asian and American Situations: Assimilative and Contrastive Responses as a Function of Bicultural Identity Integration
Authors: Mok Aurelia , Morris Michael W.
Published: August 2010

Bicultural individuals vary in the degree to which their two cultural identities are integrated. Among Asian-Americans, for instance, some experience their Asian and American sides as compatible whereas others experience them as conflicting. Past research on judgments finds this individual difference affects the way bicultural individuals respond to situations that cue their cultures. Asian-Americans with high bicultural identity integration (BII) assimilate to norms of the cued culture (e.g., they exhibit typically American judgments when in situations that cue American culture), whereas Asian-Americans with low BII do the opposite, contrasting against the cue (e.g., they exhibit typically Asian judgments when in American situations). We investigated whether this dynamic similarly affects creative performance, which differs cross-culturally in that novelty is encouraged more by American than East Asian norms. In two experiments, we found that cues to American (vs. Asian) culture increase the novelty of solutions in divergent thinking tasks for Asian-Americans with high BII (assimilative response) yet decrease it for Asian-Americans with low BII (contrastive response). We discuss theoretical implications for culture and creativity research and practical implications for firms seeking to foster creativity.
Creativity: The Influence of Cultural, Social, and Work Contexts
Authors: Erez Miriam , Nouri Rikki
Published: August 2010

The present article aims to answer the question of whether creativity is universal or culture-specific. We develop a conceptual framework that expands the existing knowledge in two ways. First, it distinguishes between the two dimensions of creativity – novelty and usefulness, and their relationship to culture. Second, it clarifies how the social context moderates the relationship between culture and creativity. We focus on the social context where cultural differences are likely to be more salient because of the presence of others, relative to the private work context where no one observes whether a person performs in a normative or a unique way. In addition, we propose that task structure, whether a task is tightly or loosely structured, is an important contextual characteristic that moderates the relationship between culture and creativity. Lastly, we offer several propositions to guide future research.
A Missing Piece of the Puzzle: The Organizational Context in Cultural Patterns of Creativity
Authors: Zhou Jing , Su Yanjie
Published: August 2010

In this article, we first review cross-cultural research, especially that concerning similarities and differences between East Asian and Western cultures, on creativity using laboratory tasks and tests. On the basis of this review, we then propose some directions for future cross-cultural research on creativity in the workplace. We emphasize the need to theorize why cultural differences make a difference in creativity and directly investigate, rather than assume, effects of contextual factors on creativity. In this regard, two literatures on creativity – cross-cultural studies using laboratory tasks and organizational studies of employee creativity – can benefit tremendously from integration. We also call for more empirical research examining effects of culture on creativity in the workplace, especially in China.
Culture and Creativity: A Process Model
Authors: Chiu Chi-yue , Kwan Letty Y-Y.
Published: August 2010

The articles in this forum present many innovative ideas on the role of culture in creativity. In this commentary, we first discuss the contributions of these articles in relation to two recurrent themes: (i) where creativity resides and (ii) what conceptual refinements are needed to push the field forward. Next, we oudine a process model of creativity and explain the role of culture at each stage of knowledge creation. We argue that successful innovation involves one or more iterations of the following three stages: (i) authoring new ideas; (ii) selecting, editing, and marketing new ideas; and (iii) acceptance of the new ideas in the market. The desired outcomes are different at the different stages, and culture influences all stages of the process. Specifically, existing knowledge provides a reference point for evaluating the originality of ideas; assumed cultural consensus provides the normative basis for idea selection, editing, and marketing; and actual cultural norms determine how likely an idea will be accepted in a culture. Furthermore, different social and psychological processes are at work at different stages of the creativity process, and culture can affect the outcomes of the creativity process through its effects on these social and psychological processes.
Unnoticed ingestion of dislodged fixed prosthesis in an elderly patient
Authors: Akbal Erdem , Filik Levent
Published: August 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00408.x
 
Unnoticed ingestion of dislodged fixed prosthesis in an elderly patient
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma of the tonsil
Authors: KIM Sun Young , KANG Jin‐Hyoung , CHUN Sang Hoon , CHANG Myung Hee , KIM Yeon‐Sil , LEE Sang Nam , KIM Min‐Sik , KANG Chang‐Suk
Published: August 2010

Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) is an extremely rare malignancy derived from antigen‐presenting cells, with 55 cases reported thus far. A standard treatment modality is still being debated. This report describes a 56‐year‐old female who presented with right tonsillar enlargement and right submandibular swelling for 6 months. Treatment with empiric antibiotics did not result in improvement of her symptoms. Fine needle aspiration of the tonsil revealed no malignant cells. Tonsillectomy was eventually performed due to persistent symptoms. Based on microscopic findings, immunohistochemical stains, and review of the literature, the present case was finally diagnosed as IDCS of the tonsil with cervical lymph node involvement. The patient received four cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) chemotherapy, and a clinically complete response was achieved followed by adjuvant radiation.
Esophageal involvement by extranodal natural killer T cell lymphoma, nasal type, mimicking Ebstein Barr viral esophagitis in a tonsillar lymphoma patient undergoing chemoradiation therapy
Authors: LEE Se Ryeon , PARK Eun Kyung , WON Nam Hee , KIM Byung Soo
Published: August 2010

Esophageal involvement by extranodal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, is rare. As a result, esophageal symptoms in these patients might at first be thought to originate from a benign condition, such as viral esophagitis. It is important to note, however, that benign conditions may mask esophageal involvement by lymphoma. Until now, there has been no report documenting esophageal involvement by lymphoma mimicking viral esophagitis in an extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma patient undergoing active treatment. Here, we report a case of esophageal involvement by extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, initially misdiagnosed as Ebstein Barr virus esophagitis. Lymphoma invasion of the esophagus should be considered if esophageal symptoms do not respond to usual medical esophagitis therapy in an extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, patient undergoing chemoradiation
Settlement behavior of cyphonautes larvae of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea in response to two algal substrata
Authors: Matson Paul G. , Steffen Benjamin T. , Allen Richard M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Settlement is an important process in the biphasic life histories of many marine invertebrates. Little is known regarding the fine‐scale behavioral mechanisms for finding and attaching to a suitable substratum, particularly under conditions that may impose a potential challenge, such as flow. In this study, we examined the settlement behavior of cyphonautes larvae of the bryozoan, Membranipora membranacea, in response to two different algal substrata. Larvae showed a strong preference for settling on the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana over the red alga Mazzaella splendens. We then tested whether the behavioral mechanisms used by larvae to attach to these algae differed when presented with the challenge of flowing water during settlement. We found that larvae exhibited different behaviors on the two species of algae in flowing water. Larvae were more often observed in direct contact with the preferred alga (N. luetkeana) exhibiting fine‐scale active search behaviors. On the less preferred alga (M. splendens), larvae were less frequently observed in direct contact with the alga, and appeared to be exhibiting broad‐scale passive search behaviors along the surface of the blade. Our results suggest that cyphonautes larvae alter their behavior in response to their preferred settlement habitat.
Detection of molecular gas in a distant submillimetre galaxy at z = 4.76 with Australia Telescope Compact Array
Authors: Coppin K. E. K. , Chapman S. C. , Smail Ian , Swinbank A. M. , Walter F. , Wardlow J. L. , Weiss A. , Alexander D. M. , Brandt W. N. , Dannerbauer H. , De Breuck C. , Dickinson M. , Dunlop J. S. , Edge A. C. , Emonts B. H. C. , Greve T. R. , Huynh M. , Ivison R. J. , Knudsen K. K. , Menten K. M. , Schinnerer E. , van der Werf P. P.
Published: August 2010

We have detected the CO(2–1) transition from the submillimetre galaxy (SMG) LESS J033229.4−275619 at z = 4.755 using the new Compact Array Broadband Backend system on the Australian Telescope Compact Array. These data have identified a massive gas reservoir available for star formation for the first time in an SMG at z ∼ 5. We use the luminosity and velocity width (full width at half-maximum, FWHM, of ≃160 km s−1) of the CO(2–1) line emission to constrain the gas and dynamical mass of Mgas ≃ 1.6 × 1010 M⊙ and Mdyn(<2 kpc) ≃ 5 × 1010 (0.25/sin2i) M⊙, respectively, similar to that observed for SMGs at lower redshifts of z ∼ 2–4, although we note that our observed CO FWHM is a factor of ∼3 narrower than typically seen in SMGs. Together with the stellar mass we estimate a total baryonic mass of Mbary ≃ 1 × 1011 M⊙, consistent with the dynamical mass for this young galaxy within the uncertainties. Dynamical and baryonic mass limits of high-redshift galaxies are useful tests of galaxy formation models: using the known z ∼ 4–5 SMGs as examples of massive baryonic systems, we find that their space density is consistent with that predicted by current galaxy formation models. In addition, these observations have helped to confirm that z∼ 4–5 SMGs possess the baryonic masses and gas consumption time-scales necessary to be the progenitors of the luminous old red galaxies seen at z ∼ 3. Our results provide a preview of the science that ALMA will enable on the formation and evolution of the earliest massive galaxies in the Universe.
Efflux Pump Inhibitor Potentiates Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm
Authors: Kishen Anil , Upadya Megha , Tegos George P. , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: August 2010

Microbial biofilm architecture contains numerous protective features, including extracellular polymeric material that render biofilms impermeable to conventional antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. The ability of a cationic, phenothiazinium photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB) and an anionic, xanthene photosensitizer, rose bengal (RB) to inactivate biofilms of E. faecalis (OG1RF and FA 2‐2) and disrupt the biofilm structure was evaluated. Bacterial cells were tested as planktonic suspensions, intact biofilms and biofilm‐derived suspensions obtained by the mechanical disruption of biofilms. The role of a specific microbial efflux pump inhibitor (EPI), verapamil hydrochloride in the MB‐mediated aPDI of E. faecalis biofilms was also investigated. The results showed that E. faecalis biofilms exhibited significantly higher resistance to aPDI when compared with E. faecalis in suspension (P < 0.001). aPDI with cationic MB produced superior inactivation of E. faecalis strains in a biofilm along with significant destruction of biofilm structure when compared with anionic RB (P < 0.05). The ability to inactivate biofilm bacteria was further enhanced when the EPI was used with MB (P < 0.001). These experiments demonstrated the advantage of a cationic phenothiazinium photosensitizer combined with an EPI to inactivate biofilm bacteria and disrupt biofilm structure.
Product Innovation and the Spatial Dynamics of Market Intelligence: Does Proximity to Markets Matter?*
Authors: Cornish Susan L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The expanding literature on the contribution of producer services to production and new product development makes it clear that information about markets, or market intelligence (MI), is a critical input to product innovation. At the same time, research on user‐producer interaction suggests that as distance between producers and users increases, the amount of information exchanged tends to decline because opportunities for face‐to‐face contact diminish. The implication is that firms in peripheral locations and countries with small domestic markets may have difficulty generating sufficient MI to develop successful products. Yet, other studies suggest that it may be possible for producers with small or weak home markets to import information inputs quite effectively from larger or more sophisticated markets. My objectives in this paper are twofold. First, I outline the nature of MI and its value to producers based on the existing literature and empirical research in the Canadian software product sector. Second, I investigate the spatial dimensions of the MI process. The geographic source of the various components of MI is determined, and the implications of distance between producers and markets for the acquisition of information such as MI are addressed. The findings of this exploratory study are not definitive, however, this analysis suggests that while MI is a crucial input to product innovation, proximity between producers and markets plays a limited role in effective product innovation.
The Changing Map of American Poverty in an Era of Economic Restructuring and Political Realignment*
Authors: Kodras Janet E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The intent of this study is to demonstrate that an understanding of poverty in geographic and historical perspective can powerfully inform the societal debate over the causes of poverty. I argue that conservative theory, attributing poverty to individual deficiencies, such as indolence and low aspirations, falters when the spatial dynamics of poverty in the United States are considered. The changing map of American poverty does not represent an ebb and flow of lassitude among the nation's population; rather, it reflects the geographic contours of recent transformations in the American political economy. I begin by investigating the changing map of poverty over the last two decades of economic restructuring and political realignment in the United States. I then present five brief case studies to demonstrate that poverty is geographically produced, as alterations in the market and the state emanating from the global and national levels are differentially translated into the social order of locales to generate distinctive prospects for affluence or impoverishment. Taken together, the five vignettes illustrate geographic diversity not only in the incidence of poverty, but also in the generative processes, modes of resistance or accommodation, and experience of poverty.
East Asian Broadcasting Industries: Global, Regional, and National Perspectives*
Authors: Langdale John V.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Global, regional, and national‐level forces are shaping East Asian television broadcasting industries. National factors still have the greatest impact, but global and regional forces are becoming more important. Global media firms are expanding in the East Asian region by supplying programming to national broadcasters and, where host governments permit, by making equity investments in Asian media companies. They are also forming strategic alliances wih other media transnational corporations as well as with regional and national firms. Asian broadcasters are also expanding their operations within the region, and the ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia is particularly important in this process. In addition, broadcasting firms with close linkages to ethnic Chinese business networks are expanding their regional operations. Because of government's role in regulating content and entry, the bargaining relationships between states and foreign capital are central to the industry's expansion.
Consequences of Migration and Remittances for Mexican Transnational Communities*
Authors: Conway Dennis , Cohen Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: To better understand the positive contributions return migrants and migrant remittances make in Latin American society, this paper offers a reevaluation of existing conceptual frameworks. Previous research dwelt upon the unproductive nature of expenditures and the difficulties facing return migrants as they reintegrate themselves in home communities, among other problems caused by migration. Drawing upon recent feminist scholarship and the growing body of literature focused on the positive aspects of “migradollars” (U.S. dollars returned by migrants) upon home communities, we propose that remittance investments should be analyzed for their progressive and satisficing effects. We focus on the potential range of household strategies for remittance investment, the ways migrant circulation patterns relate to family and household decision making, and the impact of remittances and migration upon community structure. Finally, using ethnographic data from rural Mexico, we illustrate our argument and demonstrate the dynamic nature of contemporary migration and migrant remittances.
The Emerging Contours of the Third Food Regime: Evidence from Australian Dairy and Wheat Sectors
Authors: Pritchard W. N.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Recent restructuring of the Australian dairy and wheat sectors can inform current theoretical debates on the significance of agri‐food globalization. A key issue in recent debates is whether current processes lead toward a so‐called “third food regime,” wherein strategies for profit capture are built around internationally coordinated flows of production, commodities, and money capital. The study outlined here suggests that there may be ongoing roles for local, farmer‐owned marketing cooperatives within current globalization processes. An agenda is presented for further research into agri‐food restructuring and globalization.
“Still in Training?” Labor Unions and the Restructuring of Canadian Labor Market Policy*
Authors: Rutherford Tod D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to link the development of union training initiatives and their relationship to state labor market policy to an emerging literature on trade unions in industrial geography. In particular, I examine labor's involvement in state policy in Canada and consider the impact it has had on the direction of these initiatives at the federal, provincial, and sectoral levels, with particular reference to the Canadian Labor Force Development Board (CLFDB), the Ontario Training and Adjustment Board (OTAB), and sectoral training initiatives by the Canadian Auto Workers and the United Steel Workers of America. Researchers in geography and industrial relations have linked post‐Fordism to an enhancement of local union strategies and have suggested that one possible configuration of skill development under an emerging Schumpeterian Workfare State would include labor as an important stakeholder—especially at the regional level in a high‐skill/high‐wage virtuous circle of development. However, in Canada labor has been organized historically on a largely local level and has been relatively weak in the formulation of state policy, nationally and provincially. If anything, labor has sought to overcome the legacy of localism. Although unions differ in central‐local relations, overall they have fought for effective national, provincial, and sectoral representation in these initiatives. Labor has been able to achieve some input into this process, but the success or failure of these programs reflects more on national, provincial, and sectoral institutions, in particular the structure of capital, than on local factors or strategies by labor.
Harnessing Women's Work: Restructuring Agricultural and Industrial Labor Forces in the Dominican Republic*
Authors: Raynolds Laura T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The recent period of crisis and adjustment in Latin America and the Caribbean is fueling a fundamentally gendered process of labor force restructuring in both agriculture and industry. An analysis of ongoing changes in the Dominican Republic finds that one of the most striking shifts in the labor market landscape involves women's increasing incorporation into nontraditional agriculture and export manufacturing. The Dominican state and corporations collaborate in devaluing and harnessing women's labor in these sectors, enhancing private profits and the success of exportled development strategies.

This study deepens our understanding of gendered labor force restructuring by analyzing the rarely noted, but substantial, incorporation of women in new agro‐enterprises and by comparing the ways in which a female labor force has been actively constructed in nontraditional agriculture with more familiar patterns in export manufacturing. Firms in both sectors rely on women to fulfill labor‐intensive and exacting tasks, juggling traditional gender ideologies to encourage the employment of mothers while maintaining the gender subordination that cheapens women's labor. In export processing, the concentration of firms in free trade zones stimulates the creation of a distinct new labor force. The dispersed nature of new agro‐enterprises encourages the reliance on a broader pool of less‐privileged workers and leads to a more generalized challenge to existing gender roles. In both agriculture and industry this process proves highly contradictory for women workers, for firms, and ultimately for state sponsors.
Gender and Suburban Wages
Authors: Carlson Virginia L. , Persky Joseph J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In the monocentric model of urban development, jobs are clustered in the central business district and the price of land and housing decreases as one moves farther from the city center. Firms that elect to locate away from the city center can pay their workers lower wages because workers do not bear the cost of commuting downtown. These intraurban wage differentials have been credited with contributing to the suburbanization of jobs. Recent research on spatial constraints for certain classes of workers suggests, however, that the monocentric model and associated wage differentials may be incomplete. Urban/suburban wage differentials may exist only for certain kinds of workers who are more limited spatially in their commute, such as second‐earner women. In this case, women's wage rates by job location would be much more distance‐sensitive than would men's. Using data from the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample for the Chicago metropolitan area, we investigate wages by work location. We find that although there are certain categories of occupations where both men and women experience wage differentials, overall, women working in the suburbs encounter wages that are 7.8 percent less than their counterparts downtown, whereas for men the differential is only 1.2 percent.