bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iron acquisition and siderophore production in the fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum
Authors: Bethke J , Poblete‐Morales M , Irgang R , Yáñez A , Avendaño‐Herrera R
Published: January 2016

Renibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, which significantly affects salmonid farming worldwide. Despite this impact, there is scarce data on its iron uptake ability, a factor of pathogenesis. This study investigated the iron acquisition mechanisms of R. salmoninarum and its capacity to uptake iron from different sources. Thirty‐two Chilean isolates and the DSM20767T type strain grew in the presence of 2,2′‐Dipyridyl at varying concentrations (250–330 μm), and all isolates positively reacted on chrome azurol S agar. Subsequently, inocula of four Chilean isolates and the type strain were prepared with or without 200 μm of 2,2′‐Dipyridyl for uptake assays. Assay results revealed differences between the isolates in terms of iron acquisition. While a prior iron‐limited environment was, for most isolates, not required to activate the uptake of iron (II) sulphate, ammonium iron (III) citrate or iron (III) chloride at higher concentrations (100 μm), it did facilitate growth at lower iron concentrations (10 μm and 1 μm). An exception was the H‐2 isolate, which only grew with 100 μm of iron sulphide. In turn, 100 μm of haemin was toxic when isolates were grown in normal KDM‐2. In silico R. salmoninarumATCC 33209T genome analysis detected various genes coding iron uptake‐related proteins. This is the first study indicating two iron acquisition systems in R. salmoninarum: one involving siderophores and another involving haem group utilization. These data represent a first step towards fully elucidating this virulence factor in the pathogenic R. salmoninarum.
Changes in decision‐making among Italian nurses and nursing students over the last 15 years
Authors: Canova Cristina , Brogiato Giorgio , Roveron Gabriele , Zanotti Renzo
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

The study aimed at identifying the cognitive strategies used by nurses and nursing students in using information for clinical decision‐making and comparing such abilities retrospectively, over the past 15 years.

Background

Within the context of Italian healthcare professions, a process of cultural role development has been ongoing for several years, in the wake of normative and institutional changes. However, the ability to use information for clinical nursing decision‐making has been little studied.

Design

Three independent observational studies, with convenience samples of Italian clinical nurses and nursing students recruited at three time‐points (1997, 2007, 2012).

Methods

The total sample consisted of 2855 subjects (1406 Nurses and 1449 Nursing Students). Nurses from various clinical realities were subdivided into two classes (less or more than 10 years of experience). Data were collected according to Jenkins' ‘Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Scale’.

Results

A trend of decreasing skills in information strategies emerged in both nurses and nursing students from 1997–2012. All subjects totalled values in the lowest class (0–130) of the Clinical Decision Making in Nursing Scale of final scoring. Particularly evident were the decreased scores for nursing students from 1997 to 2007–2012. Comparing nurses with nursing students, the former had significantly higher scores. Comparing experienced nurses with novices, the former again had significantly higher scores. Interestingly, in 1997, nursing students had higher scores than nurses, although this result was not confirmed for the other 2 years.

Conclusions

Results showed consistently decreased competence in the use of information skills, particularly among nursing students.

Relevance to clinical practice

All transformations in training in university‐level teaching of nursing show that decision‐making skills are continually and significantly worsening. These results are of special interest in view of changes in professional and educational systems.
Lesbian, gay and bisexual college student perspectives on disparities in weight‐related behaviours and body image: a qualitative analysis
Authors: VanKim Nicole A , Porta Carolyn M , Eisenberg Marla E , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Laska Melissa N
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

To (1) explore college students' perceived sexual orientation‐related barriers to engaging in physical activity, eating healthfully and maintaining healthy body images and (2) identify types of campus resources on physical activity, healthy eating and body image available to lesbian, gay and bisexual college students.

Background

Previous research has highlighted sexual orientation disparities in weight status, physical activity, healthy eating and body image. Despite this, little is known about the context surrounding these disparities.

Design

Cross‐sectional study using individual interviews.

Methods

Thirty (15 males, 15 females) lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer and pansexual‐identified college students, aged 18–30 years participated in the study. Quasi‐inductive coding was used to analyse transcribed interview data and an iterative coding process was used to organise data into themes.

Results

Many felt their sexual orientation helped them be physically active, engage in healthful eating habits and have a positive body image. However, sexual orientation was also identified as a stressor that adversely impacted physical activity and eating habits.

Conclusions

Lesbian, gay and bisexual students may have to negotiate their sexuality in ways that could adversely influence their physical activity, eating habits and body image. Both clinical and institutional interventions should be inclusive of all people, including lesbian, gay and bisexual, queer, and pansexual students. Further, tailored interventions to meet the specific health needs of sexual minority populations are needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Clinicians need to understand the context in which sexual minority young adults experience health promotion messaging and programming. Clinic‐based tailored interventions are critical as part of a multi‐faceted approach in promoting physical activity and healthier eating habits for all young people, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer and pansexual, to more effectively address the prevention of chronic diseases.
Gaining perspective on own illness – the lived experiences of a patient education programme for women with treated coeliac disease
Authors: Ring Jacobsson Lisa , Milberg Anna , Hjelm Katarina , Friedrichsen Maria
Published: January 2016

Aims and Objectives

To explore the lived experiences of women with coeliac disease after attending a patient education programme, to gain a broader perspective of its influence.

Background

Adults, particularly women, with coeliac disease report suffering from poor well‐being and reduced quality of life in terms of health. Patient education programmes might support and encourage them in the search for possible improvements in lifestyle and in their approach to the disease.

Design

A qualitative phenomenological study.

Methods

Personal narrative interviews with 14 women suffering from coeliac disease who had participated in an educational programme. Data analysis in accordance with Giorgi was performed.

Results

The essential structure of women's lived experiences following their participation in the patient education programme was found to be an interaction with others with the same disease, which left the women feeling individually strengthened. The interaction enabled the participants to acquire a broader view of their life with coeliac disease. As a result, this realigned their sense of self in relation to their own disease.

Conclusion

In coping with coeliac disease, it seems that women need interaction with others with the disease to experience togetherness within a group, get the opportunity to compare themselves with others and to exchange knowledge. The interaction appears to result in that women acquire an overview of life with the disease, develop a greater confidence and dare to try new things in life.

Relevance to clinical practice

When designing a patient education programme it seems important to consider the needs of persons to meet others with the same disease, and to ask them about their need for knowledge, rather than simply assuming that health care professionals know what they need.
Sociodemographic and clinical factors affecting body image, sexual function and sexual satisfaction in women with breast cancer
Authors: de Morais Fernanda Dorneles , Freitas‐Junior Ruffo , Rahal Rosemar Macedo Sousa , Gonzaga Carolina Maciel Reis
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the effect of sociodemographic and clinical factors on body image, sexual function and sexual satisfaction in women following breast cancer treatment.

Background

Women with breast cancer may experience a wide range of symptoms associated with body image and sexuality that can severely affect their quality of life. Therefore, the health care professional's ability to understand the patient's complaints and her sexual history is highly relevant in specialised multidisciplinary care.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Seventy‐seven participants were included. Body image, sexual function and sexual satisfaction were evaluated using the EORTC QLQ‐BR23 questionnaire. Results were shown as means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages. Cronbach's alpha was calculated. Spearman's correlation test, the chi‐square test and multivariate logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis, conducted using the spss statistical software package, version 17.0.

Results

Low scores were found in the desire (34·63), frequency (32·03) and sexual satisfaction (45·91) domains, while body image scores were higher (63·57). No strong correlation was found between body image and any of the other domains. Patients without a steady partner experienced more sexual desire (p < 0·04) and more frequent sexual activity (p < 0·01). Sexual activity was also more frequent (p < 0·03) in women with a higher education level and in those using aromatase inhibitors.

Conclusions

Sexual function and satisfaction were affected to a greater extent than body image. No association was found between body image and sexual performance. The effect of marital status and education level on sexual function merits particular attention.

Relevance to clinical practice

A well‐trained multidisciplinary team should be available to evaluate women's need for support and to provide information on the disease, its treatment and its impact on their lives and on their sexuality.
Correction for Susceptibility Distortions Increases the Performance of Arterial Spin Labeling in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Madai Vince I. , Martin Steve Z. , von Samson‐Himmelstjerna Federico C. , Herzig Cornelius X. , Mutke Matthias A. , Wood Carla N. , Thamm Thoralf , Zweynert Sarah , Bauer Miriam , Hetzer Stefan , Günther Matthias , Sobesky Jan
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is an MRI technique to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) without the need of exogenous contrast agents and is thus a promising alternative to the clinical standard dynamic susceptibility‐weighted contrast‐enhanced (DSC) perfusion imaging. Latest international guidelines encourage its application in the clinical setting. However, susceptibility‐induced image distortions impair ASL with fast readout modules (eg Echo Planar Imaging, EPI; gradient and spin echo, GRASE). In the present study, we investigated the benefit of a distortion correction for ASL compared to DSC.

METHODS

A pulsed ASL (PASL) sequence combined with a 3D‐GRASE readout at multiple inflow times (multi‐TI) was used and was corrected for susceptibility distortions using a FMRIB Software Library (FSL) implemented tool TOPUP. We performed qualitative (three expert raters) and quantitative (volume of interest [VOI]‐based) comparisons of ASL and DSC imaging in 13 patients with chronic steno‐occlusive disease.

RESULTS

In the qualitative analysis, distortion correction of the images led to a strong increase in diagnostic precision of ASL compared to DSC in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) perfusion territory, where the susceptibility artifact was most pronounced (specificity 8% vs. 75%). In the quantitative analysis, the correlation between ASL and DSC values increased for all perfusion territories with the best improvement for the ACA territory (for anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery: ACA: rho −0.22 vs. 0.71; MCA: rho 0.58 vs. 0.76; PCA: rho 0.58 vs. 0.63).

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that susceptibility distortion correction strongly improves the comparability of multi‐TI ASL 3D‐GRASE to DSC in steno‐occlusive disease. We suggest it to be implemented in ASL postprocessing routines.
First Report of Leaf Spot Disease in Angelica dahurica Caused by Phoma bellidis in China
Authors: Xu Haijiao , Cui Jianchao , Zhou Rujun , Fu Junfan , Hao Ning
Published: January 2016

Angelica dahurica is a perennial herb belonging to the Umbelliferae family that has been used as a valuable traditional Chinese medicine. In August 2013, leaf spot disease in A. dahurica was first observed at the Medicinal Herb Garden in Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. Morphological assessment, evaluation of culture characteristics, internal transcribed spacer and beta‐tubulin sequence analysis and pathogenicity identified the causal agent as Phoma bellidis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease in A. dahurica that was caused by P. bellidis.
Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma harzianum Isolates against Ceratocystis radicicola: pioneering a Biocontrol Strategy against Black Scorch Disease in Date Palm Trees
Authors: Al‐Naemi Fatima A. , Ahmed Talaat A. , Nishad Resna , Radwan Osman
Published: January 2016

Date palm is an important subsistence crop in arid regions due to its ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature, salinity and drought. Nevertheless, ideal conditions for its growth and production are also favourable to fungal diseases such as black scorch disease caused by Ceratocystis radicicola. The aim of this study was to develop a method of biological control through the isolation, identification and examination of the effectiveness of bioagents in controlling black scorch disease. Twenty‐five isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy date palm trees and morphological, microscopic and molecular approaches confirmed the identity of 11 isolates as Trichoderma harzianum species complex (THSC). In vivo study, application of both spore suspension and culture filtrates of T. harzianum decreased the size of necroses caused by C. radicicola. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed lysis of the hyphal pathogen and phialoconidia along with scattered aleurioconidia. Results from the volatile metabolic assay and SEM suggested potential roles of cell wall degradation enzymes and volatile substances produced by T. harzianum as two collective mechanisms leading to degrade the cell wall of the pathogen and inhibit fungal growth. Altogether, results from our study demonstrated the efficacy and utility of using bioagents to control black scorch disease which could improve date palm yield.
Diagnosis and management of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic literature review
Authors: McCready D. J. , Ness M. G.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To systematically evaluate the evidence reporting the frequency and risk factors of meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament failure.

Study Design

Systematic literature review.

Materials and Methods

Research questions were defined. An electronic database search ofPubMedandCABAbstracts was performed during November 2013. Data were extracted for study participants, design, intervention, outcome measures and results. Studies were evaluated using a validated instrument for assessing methodological quality and assigned a quality index score. A level of evidence was then assigned to each study.

Results

Sixty‐two studies were identified. The median quality index score was 14 out of a possible 26. Twenty‐four studies were prospective case series, 37 retrospective case series and 1 animal research study. There were no class I or classIIstudies, 24 classIIIstudies and 38 classIVstudies.

Clinical Significance

Despite a large number of publications the quality of evidence was generally low. No one study or combination of studies provided high quality evidence to establish the true frequency or risk factors for meniscal injury in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament failure.
Texture and Microstructure of Enzyme‐Treated Chicken Breast Meat for People with Difficulties in Mastication
Authors: Takei Ryo , Hayashi Masahiro , Umene Shingo , Kobayashi Yasunori , Masunaga Hiroaki
Published: January 2016

Changes in texture, protein content, protein composition and microstructure of enzymatically softened chicken were investigated. This chicken meat was prepared for people with difficulties in mastication. Normally cooked chicken breast (NC) and homogeneous enzyme permeation (HEP)‐treated chicken breast (HEPC) were compared in terms of firmness, fibrous texture and protein content. Protein composition and the microstructure of muscle fibers were examined by using SDS‐PAGE and electron microscope. HEPC had less firmness than 1/11 of that of NC (P < 0.001), more than 1.4 times of the protein content of restructured product and fibrous texture. HEPC had lower molecular weight due to the enzyme reaction as shown by SDS‐PAGE. The structure of myofibrils in HEPC was maintained while the microstructure of the section was sponge‐like, sparse and weak. By using the HEP method and controlling the enzyme reaction adequately, softening was attained while retaining fibrous texture of chicken.

Practical Applications

With these features, chicken made using the homogeneous enzyme permeation method is expected to expand the applicability of oral nutrition and help establish a new approach to nutritional management for people with difficulty masticating. This technology has already been used for food products named “iEat” (EN Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan), which are produced for patients with masticatory difficulties.
Differentiation of Cardiac from Noncardiac Pleural Effusions in Cats using Second‐Generation Quantitative and Point‐of‐Care NT‐proBNP Measurements
Authors: Hezzell M.J. , Rush J.E. , Humm K. , Rozanski E.A. , Sargent J. , Connolly D.J. , Boswood A. , Oyama M.A.
Published: January 2016

Background

Pleural effusion is a common cause of dyspnea in cats. N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) measurement, using a first‐generation quantitative ELISA, in plasma and pleural fluid differentiates cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine whether NT‐proBNP measurements using second‐generation quantitative ELISA and point‐of‐care (POC) tests in plasma and pleural fluid distinguish cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusions and how results compare to the first‐generation ELISA.

Animals

Thirty‐eight cats (US cohort) and 40 cats (UK cohort) presenting with cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pleural effusion.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Twenty‐one and 17 cats in the US cohort, and 22 and 18 cats in the UK cohort were classified as having cardiac or noncardiac pleural effusion, respectively. NT‐proBNP concentrations in paired plasma and pleural fluid samples were measured using second‐generation ELISA and POC assays.

Results

The second‐generation ELISA differentiated cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusion with good diagnostic accuracy (plasma: sensitivity, 95.2%, specificity, 82.4%; pleural fluid: sensitivity, 100%, specificity, 76.5%). NT‐proBNP concentrations were greater in pleural fluid (719 pmol/L (134–1500)) than plasma (678 pmol/L (61–1500), P = 0.003), resulting in different cut‐off values depending on the sample type. The POC test had good sensitivity (95.2%) and specificity (87.5%) when using plasma samples. In pleural fluid samples, the POC test had good sensitivity (100%) but low specificity (64.7%). Diagnostic accuracy was similar between first‐ and second‐generation ELISA assays.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Measurement of NT‐proBNP using a quantitative ELISA in plasma and pleural fluid or POC test in plasma, but not pleural fluid, distinguishes cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion in cats.
Metronidazole pharmacokinetics during rapid growth in turkeys – relation to changes in haemodynamics and drug metabolism
Authors: Świtała M. , Poźniak B. , Pasławska U. , Grabowski T. , Motykiewicz‐Pers K. , Bobrek K.
Published: January 2016

Whereas interspecies variation in pharmacokinetics is a commonly investigated issue, variations in drug kinetics within a species are less documented. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of age‐related changes in haemodynamics on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole (MTZ) and its hydroxy metabolite (MTZ‐OH) in turkeys.MTZwas administered intravenously and orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Plasma drug and metabolite concentrations were assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. Haemodynamic parameters (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output) were assessed by echocardiography and extraction ratio forMTZwas calculated based on total body clearance (ClB). Between the 5th and 15th week of age, ClBofMTZdecreased from 3.6 to 1.2 mL/min/kg causing a twofold increase in the mean residence time (MRT) and elimination half‐life (T1/2el). TheMTZ‐OHproduction decreased threefold and itsMRTand T1/2elincreased. Although heart rate significantly decreased with age, cardiac output increased. Extraction ratio was low in all age groups. It is concluded that significant age‐dependent decrease in ClBofMTZin turkeys resulted from decreased perfusion of the clearing organs and their reduced metabolic capacity. This phenomenon is probably species specific and may apply to other therapeutic agents.
Development of a Model to Simulate Nitrogen Dynamics in an Integrated Shrimp–Macroalgae Culture System with Zero Water Exchange
Authors: Sánchez‐Romero Adolfo , Miranda‐Baeza Anselmo , Rivas‐Vega Martha Elisa , López‐Elías José Antonio , Martínez‐Córdova Luis Rafael , Tejeda‐Mansir Armando
Published: January 2016

The effluents of traditional shrimp monoculture cause pollution and promote eutrophication and hypernutrification of the receiving coastal ecosystems. Integrated aquaculture and a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) have been proposed as an alternative to address these problems. In this study, we developed a dynamic model to simulate the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, and nitrate in an integrated culture of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and seaweed, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, in a recirculating and zero water exchange system, and the effect of nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria was also included. The experiments demonstrated that a dynamic model can explain the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and variations in these concentrations over time in the integrated culture. The results also suggest that nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria play an important role in the transformation of dissolved nitrogenous compounds; therefore, these bacteria should be considered within the dynamics of nitrogen in integrated systems with low water exchange.
Natural Stable Isotopes for Determination of Gastrointestinal Transit Time in Fish
Authors: de Sandre Lidiane Cristina Gonçalves , Buzollo Hellen , do Nascimento Thiago Matias Torres , Neira Lígia Maria , Abimorad Eduardo Gianini , Jomori Rosangela Kiyoko , Ducatti Carlos , Portella Maria Célia , Carneiro Dalton José
Published: January 2016

This study evaluated the application of stable isotopes of carbon as an alternative and more accurate method to determine gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) in fish by comparing it to the inert marker method. The stable isotope method detects alterations of the normal carbon flow in a biological system by analyzing naturally occurring isotopes of carbon, contrary to studies based on conventional techniques that apply external markers to the diet to determine GTT through visual observation of the color change in feces. Therefore, 320 pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles were reared in 32 tanks under two different temperatures (25 and 29 C). The pacu juveniles received two different diets, one based on ingredients derived from C3 photosynthetic cycle plants and the other based on C4 plant ingredients, both containing titanium oxide (TiO2) as a marker. After 40 d, the isotopic signature of the diets was changed, and the marker was replaced by chromic oxide (Cr2O3). In the isotopic technique, the feces were analyzed to determine the exchange in the isotopic ratio of carbon δ13C. Both methods found that GTT was faster (nearly 6 h) in fish at 29 C when using the C4/C3 feeding strategy and slower in fish at 25 C using the C3/C4 strategy (15 h by inert marker and 18 h by the isotopic method). In conclusion, GTT determination in pacu juveniles using the stable isotope technique exhibits the same accuracy obtained with the inert marker method at temperatures suitable (nearly 29 C) for the metabolism of these animals.
Efficiency of 2‐phenoxyethanol and Clove Oil for Reducing Handling Stress in Reared Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Pisces: Sciaenidae)
Authors: Barata Marisa , Soares Florbela , Aragão Cláudia , Almeida Ana Catarina , Pousão‐Ferreira Pedro , Ribeiro Laura
Published: January 2016

The effect of two anesthetics, 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE) and clove oil (COil) were studied in meagre, Argyrosomus regius. This study aimed to determine the adequate dose of anesthesia for different aquaculture procedures, to assess a sedative or stressor effect of low anesthetic concentrations, and to assess the effect of low anesthetic doses at high fish densities for longer periods of time on fish survival and behavior. Anesthetics were tested at different concentrations: 2‐PE at 100, 250, 400, 550, and 700 mg/L; COil at 25, 40, 55, 70, and 85 mg/L. Meagre became anesthetized within 10 min when using concentrations above 250 mg/L for 2‐PE and above 40 mg/L for COil. Deep anesthesia was achieved at 700 and 85 mg/L, for 2‐PE and COil, respectively. The fish did not react when blood was collected at these concentrations. Plasma cortisol and glucose levels were similar between sedated meagre with both 2‐PE – 100 mg/L and COil – 10 mg/L, and the control (not sedated; P > 0.05). This suggests that low concentrations of these anesthetics induce similar stress response as handling without anesthesia during routine activities. No mortality was registered when meagre was maintained at high densities with low concentrations of each anesthetic for 2 h.
Prevalence and Species Identity of Trypanorhyncha in Cultured and Wild Amberjack, Seriola spp. in Hawaii – Implications for Aquaculture
Authors: Tamaru Clyde S. , Klinger‐Bowen RuthEllen C. , Ogawa Kazuo , Iwaki Takashi , Kurashima Akira , Itoh Naoki
Published: January 2016

The advent of molecular technologies allow for identification of organisms that were previously challenging or not possible. Conventional polymerase chain reaction analyses of a segment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from trypanorhynch plerocerci obtained from cultured and wild caught amberjacks, Seriola dumerili, and Seriola rivoliana of the family Carangidae from Hawai‘i and Japan were found to be 100% identical, indicating that the cestodes from Japan and Hawai‘i are the same species, Protogrillotia zerbiae. The prevalence of the trypanorhynch plerocerci found in the musculature of Hawai‘i wild‐caught S. dumerili and S. rivoliana was 86.9 and 72.7%, respectively. In stark contrast, no trypanorhynch plerocerci have been detected in S. rivoliana cultured in Hawai‘i and they are only rarely seen in S. dumerili cultured in Japan. Trypanorhynch plerocerci are part of a complex life cycle that involves the transmission in at least two intermediate hosts before finally residing in a host shark species. The results of this study indicate that artificial propagation of the amberjacks using manipulated diets has most likely disrupted the life cycle of this tapeworm, thus reducing the prevalence of this parasite in farmed amberjacks and enhancing the marketability of cultured amberjack.
Effect of Density at Harvest on the Growth Performance and Profitability of Hatchery‐reared Spotted Rose Snapper, Lutjanus guttatus, Cultured in Floating Net Cages
Authors: Hernández Carlos Humberto , Hernández Crisantema , Martínez‐Cordero Francisco Javier , Castañeda‐Lomas Nicolás , Rodríguez‐Domínguez Guillermo , Tacon Albert G. J. , Aragón‐Noriega Eugenio Alberto
Published: January 2016

This study evaluated the effect of the density at harvest on the performance and profitability of hatchery‐reared spotted rose snapper cultured in cages. The fish were stocked at harvest densities of 15, 20, and 22 kg/m3 in cages of 222 and 286 m3. More than 39,000 snapper fingerlings with an initial weight of 14 g were stocked. The fish were fed an extruded diet and cultured over a 360 d period. The thermal growth coefficient ranged from 0.04 to 0.05 and survival was 95% for all treatments, with the highest final weight (436.8 g) observed for fish reared at a density of 20 kg/m3. The allometric value b indicated that hatchery‐raised, cage‐cultured snapper were heavier than their wild counterparts. The major costs were feed (ranging from 44.7–45.9%), labor (22.4–32.6%), and seed costs (20.2–26.1%). The total production cost ranged from US$ 6.5 to US$ 7.5/kg. The baseline scenario was not economically feasible. However, a 10% increase in the sales price resulted in increases in the internal rate of return (183%) and net present value (US$ 97,628.9). These results suggest that L. guttatus has the potential for commercial production in cages.
Growth and Body Composition Effects of Tuna Byproduct Meal Substituted for Fish Meal in the Diet of Juvenile Abalone, Haliotis discus
Authors: Jung Won‐Gwan , Kim Hee Sung , Lee Ki Wook , Kim Ye Eun , Choi Dong Kyu , Jang Bok‐Il , Cho Sung Hwoan , Choi Cheol Young , Kim Byeng‐Hak , Joo Yang‐Ick
Published: January 2016

The effects on growth and body composition that result from tuna byproduct meal (TBM) substituted for fish meal in the diet of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, were determined. One thousand two hundred sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into 18 70‐L plastic rectangular containers. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The TBM0 diet included 28% fish meal and 13% soybean meal as the protein source. Twenty‐five, 50, 75, and 100% of the fish meal were substituted with TBM. Finally, salted sea tangle was prepared. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, lysine, and valine, tended to decrease with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal in the experimental diets. The weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone that were fed the TBM25 diet were higher than those of abalone that were fed the other diets. The crude protein content of the soft body of the abalone linearly decreased with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal. In conclusion, as much as 75% of the fish meal in the diet of abalone can be replaced with TBM without retardation in weight gain and SGR of the abalone when 28% fish meal was included.
Impact of dynamic changes in MELD score on survival after liver transplantation – a Eurotransplant registry analysis
Authors: Györi Georg P. , Silberhumer Gerd R. , Rahmel Axel , de Vries Erwin , Soliman Thomas , Zehetmayer Sonja , Rogiers Xavier , Berlakovich Gabriela A. ,   Eurotransplant
Published: January 2016

Background & Aims

With restricted numbers of available organs, futility in liver transplantation has to be avoided. The concept of dynamic changes in MELD score (DeltaMELD) has previously been shown to be a simple tool to identify patients with the greatest risk of death after transplantation. Aim was to validate this concept with the Eurotransplant (ET) database.

Methods

A retrospective registry analysis was performed on all patients listed for liver transplantation within ET between 2006 and 2011. Patients <18 years of age, acute liver failure, malignancy and patients listed for retransplantation were excluded. Influence of MELD at listing (MELDon), MELD at transplantation (MELDoff), DeltaMELD, age, sex, underlying disease and time on the waiting list on overall survival after liver transplantation were evaluated.

Results

A total of 16 821 patients were listed for liver transplantation, 8096 met the inclusion criteria. Age, MELD on and DeltaMELD showed significant influence on survival on the waiting list. Age and DeltaMELD showed influence on survival after liver transplantation, with DeltaMELD>10 showing a 1.6‐fold increased risk of death.

Conclusion

The concept of DeltaMELD was validated in a large, prospective data set. It provides a simple tool to identify patients with increased risk of death after liver transplantation and might help improve long‐term results.
Steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis are predicted by the characteristics of very low density lipoprotein in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jiang Zhenghui G. , Tapper Elliot B. , Connelly Margery A. , Pimentel Carolina F. M. G. , Feldbrügge Linda , Kim Misung , Krawczyk Sarah , Afdhal Nezam , Robson Simon C. , Herman Mark A. , Otvos James D. , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Lai Michelle
Published: January 2016

Background & Aims

A major challenge in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is to identify patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and early liver fibrosis. The progression of NAFLD is accompanied by distinctive changes in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a lipoprotein particle produced exclusively in the liver. Herein, we sought to determine the characteristics of VLDL profiles associated with NASH and liver fibrosis.

Methods

We evaluated VLDL profiles of 128 patients from a single centre NAFLD registry, and examined VLDL size, total and subclass VLDL concentrations in relation to NAFLD activity score (NAS), steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis as determined by liver biopsy.

Results

A near linear relationship was observed between mean VLDL particle size and NAFLD activity score (NAS). In multivariate models, VLDL particle size was significantly associated with both NAS and NASH, after adjustment for BMI and diabetes. A decrease in small VLDL particle concentration was associated with more advanced liver fibrosis. In receiver operative characteristic analyses, mean VLDL size performed similarly to cytokeratin 18 in predicting NASH, whereas small VLDL particle concentration had similar performance to NAFLD fibrosis score in predicting stage 2 or above liver fibrosis.

Conclusions

The increase in mean VLDL size in NASH and decrease in small VLDL particle concentration in liver fibrosis likely reflect changes in the number and state of hepatocytes associated with NASH and fibrosis. In addition to its value in risk stratification of cardiovascular diseases, circulating VLDL profile may provide information for the staging of NAFLD disease severity.
A streptococcal NRAMP homologue is crucial for the survival of Streptococcus agalactiae under low pH conditions
Authors: Shabayek Sarah , Bauer Richard , Mauerer Stefanie , Mizaikoff Boris , Spellerberg Barbara
Published: January 2016

Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts as well as a leading cause of neonatal sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis. Maternal vaginal carriage is the main source for GBS transmission and thus the most important risk factor for neonatal disease. Several studies in eukaryotes identified a group of proteins natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) that function as divalent cation transporters for Fe2+ and Mn2+ and confer on macrophages the ability to control replication of bacterial pathogens. Genome sequencing predicted potential NRAMP homologues in several prokaryotes. Here we describe for the first time, a pH‐regulated NRAMP Mn2+/Fe2+ transporter in GBS, designated MntH, which confers resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is crucial for bacterial growth and survival under low pH conditions. Our investigation implicates MntH as an important colonization determinant for GBS in the maternal vagina as it helps bacteria to adapt to the harsh acidic environment, facilitates bacterial adherence, contributes to the coexistence with the vaginal microbiota and plays a role in GBS intracellular survival inside macrophages.
Anatomy of the bacitracin resistance network in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Radeck Jara , Gebhard Susanne , Orchard Peter Shevlin , Kirchner Marion , Bauer Stephanie , Mascher Thorsten , Fritz Georg
Published: January 2016

Protection against antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) often involves the parallel production of multiple, well‐characterized resistance determinants. So far, little is known about how these resistance modules interact and how they jointly protect the cell. Here, we studied the interdependence between different layers of the envelope stress response of Bacillus subtilis when challenged with the lipid II cycle‐inhibiting AMP bacitracin. The underlying regulatory network orchestrates the production of the ABC transporter BceAB, the UPP phosphatase BcrC and the phage‐shock proteins LiaIH. Our systems‐level analysis reveals a clear hierarchy, allowing us to discriminate between primary (BceAB) and secondary (BcrC and LiaIH) layers of bacitracin resistance. Deleting the primary layer provokes an enhanced induction of the secondary layer to partially compensate for this loss. This study reveals a direct role of LiaIH in bacitracin resistance, provides novel insights into the feedback regulation of the Lia system, and demonstrates a pivotal role of BcrC in maintaining cell wall homeostasis. The compensatory regulation within the bacitracin network can also explain how gene expression noise propagates between resistance layers. We suggest that this active redundancy in the bacitracin resistance network of B. subtilis is a general principle to be found in many bacterial antibiotic resistance networks.
Positive Psychotherapy to Improve Autonomic Function and Mood in ICD Patients (PAM‐ICD): Rationale and Design of an RCT Currently Underway
Authors: SERBER EVA R. , FAVA JOSEPH L. , CHRISTON LILLIAN M. , BUXTON ALFRED E. , GOLDBERGER JEFFREY J. , GOLD MICHAEL R. , RODRIGUE JAMES R. , FRISCH MICHAEL B.
Published: January 2016

Background

Improving mental and physical health of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) is critical because this group is at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death and depressed or anxious cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients appear to be at even higher risk for mortality compared to nondepressed or nonanxious CVD patients. Further, autonomic dysfunction is present in these patients, and negative emotions and arrhythmias form a downward spiral further worsening mood, well‐being, and cardiovascular health. Much research demonstrates that positive emotion is related to health benefits, improved physiology, and increased survival.

Methods and Results

This is a two‐arm randomized controlled trial aiming to recruit 60 adult ICD patients comparing 12 individually delivered, weekly sessions of: (1) a positive emotion‐focused cognitive‐behavioral therapy (Quality of Life Therapy [QOLT]), and (2) Heart Healthy Education. Autonomic functioning, heart rhythm indices, and psychosocial health are measured at baseline, 3 months, and 9 months. The first goal is feasibility and acceptability, with the primary outcome being arrhythmic event frequency data.

Conclusion

This study is designed to test whether QOLT produces changes in mood, quality of life/well‐being, autonomic function, and arrhythmic and ICD therapy event rates. This feasibility trial is a foundational step for the next trial of QOLT to help determine whether a 3‐month QOLT trial can reduce arrhythmias occurrences among ICD patients, and examine a mechanism of autonomic functioning. This study may help to develop and implement new medical or psychological therapies for ICD patients.
Current status of the histopathological assessment, diagnosis, and reporting of colorectal neuroendocrine tumors: A Web survey from the Japanese Society for Cancer of Colon and Rectum
Authors: Ikeda Koji , Kojima Motohiro , Saito Norio , Sakuyama Naoki , Koushi Kenichi , Watanabe Toshiaki , Sugihara Kenichi , Akimoto Tetsuo , Ito Masaaki , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: January 2016

Although new classifications for neuroendocrine tumors were established by the World Health Organization, the current procedures and terms used in pathology laboratories are not known. A Web‐based questionnaire was distributed to 491 institutions affiliated with the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum, and 150 participated. The questionnaires included questions regarding routine pathological reporting, staining, and assessment of neuroendocrine tumors. Next, the time taken to assess Ki‐67 index and mitotic count according to recommendation was evaluated to determine its feasibility. Most laboratories recorded diagnostic term, depth of invasion, size, lymph‐vascular invasion, Ki‐67 index, and mitotic count. However, only 32.2% reported tumor stage. Chromogranin A and synaptophysin were common neuroendocrine markers. D2‐40 and elastica stain were frequently used to confirm lymph‐vascular invasion. Only 62.1% counted more than 500 cells for the Ki‐67 index, and only 17.0% counted more than 50 fields for the mitotic count, as suggested by the recommendations. Median time of 7 cases was 18.0 and 27.3 min to assess mitotic count in 50 fields with Ki‐67 index in 500 and 2000 cells, respectively. For more standardized pathological reporting, education about standardized staging systems are needed in Japan. Practical and standardized procedures for mitotic index and Ki‐67 index are also required.
Key Factors Affecting Reproductive Success of Thoroughbred Mares and Stallions on a Commercial Stud Farm
Authors: Lane EA , Bijnen MLJ , Osborne M , More SJ , Henderson ISF , Duffy P , Crowe MA
Published: January 2016

Contents

To evaluate factors contributing to fertility of thoroughbred mares, data from 3743 oestrous periods of 2385 mares were collected on a large thoroughbred farm in Ireland. Fourteen stallions (mean age 8.3 years; range 4–15 years) had bred 2385 mares (mean age 9.4 years; range 3–24 years). Maiden mares accounted for 12%, mares with a foal at foot for 64%, and barren, slipped or rested mares for 24% of the total. The mean pregnancy rate per cycle was 67.8% (68.6% in year 1 and 66.9% in year 2). Backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to develop two models to evaluate mare factors, including mare age, reproductive status, month of foaling, dystocia, month of cover, foal heat, cycle number, treatments, walk‐in status and stallion factors including stallion identity, stallion age, shuttle status, time elapsed between covers and high stallion usage on the per cycle pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss. Old age (p < 0.001) and cover within 20 days post‐partum (p < 0.003) were associated with lowered pregnancy rates. High mare age (p < 0.05) and barren, slipped or rested reproductive status (p = 0.05) increased the likelihood of pregnancy loss. Uterine inflammation or infection, if appropriately treated, did not affect fertility. Only high usage of stallions (used more than 21 times in previous week) was associated with lowered (p = 0.009) pregnancy rates. However, shuttle stallions were more likely to have increased (p = 0.035) pregnancy survival, perhaps reflecting a bias in stallion selection. In conclusion, mare age exerted the greatest influence on fertility; nonetheless, thoroughbreds can be effectively managed to achieve high reproductive performance in a commercial setting.
Regulation of Anti‐Müllerian Hormone and Its Receptor Expression around Follicle Deviation in Cattle
Authors: Ilha GF , Rovani MT , Gasperin BG , Ferreira R , de Macedo MP , Neto OA , Duggavathi R , Bordignon V , Gonçalves PBD
Published: January 2016

Contents

The anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is an important marker of ovarian reserve and for predicting the response to superovulatory treatments in several species. The objective of this study was to investigate whetherAMHand its receptor (AMHR2) are regulated in bovine granulosa cells during follicular development. In the first experiment, granulosa cells were retrieved from the two largest follicles on days 2 (before), 3 (at the expected time) or 4 (after deviation) of follicular wave. In the second experiment, four doses ofFSH(30, 30, 20 and 20 mg) or saline were administered twice a day starting on Day 2 of the first follicular wave of the cycle. Granulosa cells and follicular fluid were collected from the two largest follicles 12 h after the last injection ofFSHor saline.AMHmRNAabundance was similar in granulosa cells of the two largest follicles (F1 and F2) before deviation (Day 2), but greater in dominant (DF) than subordinate follicles (SF) at the expected time (Day 3) and after (Day 4) deviation (p < 0.05). In experiment 1,AMHmRNAlevels declined in bothDFandSFnear the expected time and after deviation when compared to before deviation. There was no difference inAMHR2mRNAlevels before and during follicular deviation (p > 0.05), but they tended to be greater inDFs thanSFs (p < 0.1) after deviation. Experiment 2 showed thatAMHandAMHR2mRNAin granulosa cells andAMHprotein abundance in follicular fluid were similar (p > 0.05) between both co‐dominant follicles collected from theFSH‐treated cows. These findings indicate the followings:AMH mRNAlevels decrease in bothDFs andSFs during follicular deviation; granulosa cells from heathy follicles express moreAMHmRNAcompared to subordinate follicles undergoing atresia andFSHstimulatesAMHandAMHR2mRNAexpression in granulosa cells of co‐dominant follicles.
Molecular analysis of peripheral non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer sampled by radial EBUS
Authors: Guisier Florian , Salaün Mathieu , Lachkar Samy , Lamy Aude , Piton Nicolas , Obstoy Bérengère , Sabourin Jean‐Christophe , Thiberville Luc
Published: January 2016

Background and objective

Treatment optimization of non‐squamous non‐small‐cell lung cancers (nonSq‐NSCLC) relies on the molecular analysis of the tumour. We aimed to assess the predictive factors of molecular analysis feasibility (MAF) from samples of peripheral nonSq‐NSCLC obtained by radial endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopy (r‐EBUS) and 1.5 mm microbiopsy forceps.

Methods

We reviewed data from consecutive peripheral lung nodules sampled with r‐EBUS between January 2012 and July 2014 at a single French University Hospital. nonSq‐NSCLC were systematically analysed for EGFR, KRAS, ALK, HER2, PI3K and BRAF throughout the study, and c‐MET and ROS1 alterations for the last 10 months.

Results

Of 111 nonSq‐NSCLC diagnosed by r‐EBUS (113 procedures, mean nodule diameter 28 ± 15 mm), 88 were analysed for EGFR and ALK, 87 for KRAS, 86 for HER2, PI3K and BRAF and 14 for c‐MET. Forty‐one mutations were identified (23 KRAS, 10 EGFR, 2 BRAF, 1 HER2 and 5 ALK rearrangements). Four c‐MET overexpressions were noted. MAF rose from 67% for the first 57 procedures to 89% for the last 56 procedures (P = 0.02) likely due to a higher number of biopsies performed (2 ± 1 vs 3 ± 2, P = 0.005). Upper or middle lobe location (OR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02–1.38, P = 0.03), and at least three biopsies (OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04–1.40, P = 0.02) were predictive factors of MAF. Percentage of tumour cells, size of lesion and distance to the pleura did not correlate with MAF.

Conclusion

Multi‐gene molecular analysis could be performed in nearly 80% of paraffin‐embedded biopsies or smear specimens sampled by r‐EBUS assisted bronchoscopy of peripheral tumoral lung nodules.