bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Copper Salts, Solvents, and Ligands on the Structures of Precatalytic Phosphoramidite Copper Complexes for Conjugate Addition Reactions
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Gschwind Ruth M.
Published: May 2007

For copper‐catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition reactions of organozinc reagents, the available knowledge about the mechanism and the structures involved is still insufficient to understand in detail the strong influences of solvent, salt, and ligand size, or to enable a rational control of this reaction. Screening with three phosphoramidite ligands and four copper(I) salts using NMR spectroscopy has revealed a binuclear copper complex with mixed trigonal/tetrahedral stereochemistry as the basic structural motif of the ground state of precatalysts with highly stereoselective ligands. Ligands with smaller amine moieties allow higher coordination numbers and higher aggregation levels, leading to reduced ee values. Since the ESI mass spectra of several precatalytic copper halide complexes show a striking correlation with the structures observed in solution, ESI‐MS may be used as a fast tool to determine the maximum number of phosphoramidite ligands attached to copper.
A Conceptual DFT Approach for the Evaluation and Interpretation of Redox Potentials
Authors: Moens Jan , Geerlings Paul , Roos Goedele
Published: May 2007

Conceptual DFT aims at describing the properties of molecules in interactions by using chemical reactivity descriptors. Herein, the redox behaviour of a given species, as quantified by the redox potential, is linked to DFT‐based descriptors. We made use of a hierarchical decomposition of the corresponding half‐reactions into one‐electron reduction, protonation, dissociation and water‐forming or dissociation reactions. Most of these reactions can be readily described through reactivity descriptors, such as the electrophilicity, nucleofugality and electrofugality, as defined in conceptual DFT. The final expression linking the corresponding free energy changes to the redox potential seems to give correct predictions for the redox potentials of bromo, chloro and nitro oxo acids in the gas phase, as in a polarised continuum model.
Ring‐Borylated 15‐Electron and 17‐Electron ansa‐Chromocene Complexes, their Physical Properties and Molecular Structures
Authors: Shapiro Pamela J. , Sinnema Piet‐Jan , Perrotin Philippe , Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Weihe Høgni , Twamley Brendan , Zehnder Ralph A. , Nairn Justin J.
Published: May 2007

A detailed study of the thermal decomposition of the zwitterionic, ring‐borylated ansa‐chromocene hydrido carbonyl complex [Cr(CO)H{Me4C2(C5H4)[C5H3B(C6F5)3]}] (2) is described. This complex is formed in the reaction between [Cr(CO){Me4C2(C5H4)2}] (1) and B(C6F5)3 in toluene at −78 °C. Above −25 °C, 2 decomposes to a 50:50 mixture of the low‐spin, 17 e CrIII complexes [Cr(CO){Me4C2(C5H4)[C5H3B(C6F5)3]}] (3 b) and [Cr(CO){Me4C2(C5H4)2}][HB(C6F5)3] (4). Carbon monoxide elimination from 3 b generates high‐spin, 15 e [Cr{Me4C2(C5H4)[C5H3B(C6F5)3]}] (3 a), which coordinates two other electron‐donating ligands, such as xylyl isocyanide, PMe3, and PPh2Me to form the low‐spin, 17 e electron complexes 3 c, 3 d, and 3 e, respectively. High‐spin, 15 e [Cr{Me4C2(C5H4)2}][HB(C6F5)3] (5) is generated by heating 3 b in toluene at 100 °C and periodically removing the evolved CO. Efforts to isolate more than a few X‐ray quality crystals of 5 were thwarted by its tendency to form an insoluble precipitate (6) with the same molecular formula. Heating the solution of 5 at 120 °C results in its partial conversion (ca. 28 %) to 3 a, thereby allowing the formation of 3 a in yields as high as 74 % from the reaction between 1 and B(C6F5)3. The X‐ray crystal structures of 3 b–e and 5 are described. Cyclic voltammetry measurements on 3 a–e reveal a dramatic reduction in the redox potentials of the complexes relative to their non‐borylated analogues. DFT calculations show that this is due primarily to electrostatic stabilization of the oxidized species by the negatively charged borylate group. EPR and 19F NMR spectroscopy allow 3 a to be distinguished from its Lewis base adducts 3 b–e and reveal the relative affinities of different Lewis bases for the chromium.
Bridge Over Troubled Water: Resolving the Competing Photosystem II Crystal Structures
Authors: Petrie Simon , Stranger Rob , Gatt Phillip , Pace Ron J.
Published: May 2007

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, at the Becke‐Perdew/TZP level of theory, were used to investigate a set of CaMn4‐containing clusters that model the active site of the water‐oxidizing complex (WOC) of photosystem II (PSII). Metal‐atom positions for three representative isomeric clusters of the formula [CaMn4C9N2O16H10]+⋅4 H2O are in good agreement with the disparate Mn4 geometries of the three most recent X‐ray crystal structures. Remarkably, interconversion between these three isomeric clusters is found to be facile, resulting from subtle changes in the coordination environment around the CaMn4 centre. This result provides a clear rationalisation of the marked differences in reported crystal structures. Recent concerns have been raised regarding the opportunity for X‐ray‐damage‐induced distortion of the metal‐containing active centre during crystallographic analysis. Our calculations suggest that an even greater problem may be presented by the apparent fluxionality of the CaMn4 skeleton within the active centre. Structural rearrangement may well precede crystallographic analysis, for example by the preferential “freezing‐out” of one of several near‐isoenergetic structures during the workup for crystallisation. This prospect, which our calculations cannot exclude, highlights the difficulties that will continue to be faced by experimentalists seeking unambiguous structural information on the WOC's active site.
Thuggacins, Macrolide Antibiotics Active againstMycobacterium tuberculosis: Isolation from Myxobacteria, Structure Elucidation, Conformation Analysis and Biosynthesis
Authors: Steinmetz Heinrich , Irschik Herbert , Kunze Brigitte , Reichenbach Hans , Höfle Gerhard , Jansen Rolf
Published: May 2007

Two novel antibiotics, thuggacin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the myxobacteriumSorangium cellulosum.1and2are unique thiazole‐containing macrolides with side chains on both sides of the lactone group. Upon standing in solution, thuggacin A (1) rearranges by acyl migration of the lactone group to give a mixture with thuggacins B (2) and C (3). NOEs and vicinal coupling constants within the lactone ring provided distinct data for the generation of a structure model by PM3 calculations, which allowed an analysis of the conformation in solution and the relative configuration of six asymmetric centres. A minor sorangium metabolite was identified as 13‐methyl‐thuggacin A (4). Furthermore, two natural thuggacin variants,5and6, were found in another myxobacterium,Chondromyces crocatus. In these variants, one side chain is replaced by a methyl group and a hydroxy group is repositioned to give a primary alcohol at the former methyl site, in an α position with respect to the thiazole ring.1proved to be active against clinical isolates and reference strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis.Preliminary studies on the mechanism of action indicate inhibition of the cellular electron‐transport chain.
Reaction Rates as a Function of Scale within Ionic Liquids: Microscale in Droplet Microreactors versus Macroscale Reactions in the Case of the Grieco Three‐Component Condensation Reaction
Authors: Dubois Philippe , Marchand Gilles , Gmouh Said , Vaultier Michel
Published: May 2007

Task‐specific ionic liquids (TSILs) and more specifically binary task‐specific ionic liquids (BTSILs), a unique subclass, have been shown to be excellent supports for solution‐phase chemistry. The negligible volatility of ionic liquids enables their use as stable droplet microreactors in atmospheric environments without oil protection or confinement. These droplets can be moved, merged and mixed by electrowetting on a chip. Solution‐phase synthesis can be performed on these open digital microfluidic labs‐on‐a‐chip as illustrated by a study of the Grieco three‐component reaction in [tmba][NTf2]‐droplet (tmba=N‐trimethyl‐N‐butylammonium NTf2=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) microreactors. A detailed study of matrices and scale effects on conversion and kinetic rates of this three‐component condensation is presented in this paper. Reactions have been shown to be slower in droplets than in batches in the absence of additional mixing. Also, a significant influence of the ionic‐liquid matrix has been observed. Finally, an increase of droplet's temperature resulted in a kinetics enhancement so as to reach macroscale reaction rates, probably because of a much better mixing of reaction's components involving a Marangoni's effect.
Modelling unsaturated flow by using Mathematica
Authors: Mikhailov M. D.
Published: May 2007

The built‐in Mathematica function NDSolve is extended to solve nonlinear boundary‐value problems and a second‐order partial differential equation subjected to inconsistent boundary and initial conditions. This communication demonstrates the ability of the extended NDSolve to find steady‐state and transient solutions of unsaturated flow described by the one‐dimensional Richards equation. Only first kind boundary conditions are considered, but the extended NDSolve is applicable for first, second, and third kind boundary conditions. To verify the steady‐state numerical results, an original analytical solution is derived. The results given by numerical and analytical steady‐state solutions coincide. The residuum of transient solution is plotted to show that the numerical results satisfy the transient problem except in a singular point, where the boundary and initial conditions are inconsistent. The transient pressure head and soil moisture content are plotted for typical soil properties,
starting from different initial steady‐state distribution up to the time needed to reach the final steady‐state distribution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tree‐based characterization of low index circuit configurations without passivity restrictions
Authors: Encinas Alfonso J. , Riaza Ricardo
Published: May 2007

The present paper addresses index characterizations in differential‐algebraic models of electrical circuits without the need for passivity assumptions. Positive definiteness conditions on the conductance, capacitance and inductance matrices are replaced by certain algebraic assumptions on the so‐calledproper treesfor augmented node analysis andnormal treesfor modified node analysis. The current discussion is restricted to index‐0 and index‐1 systems; for the latter, the analysis is based upon certain matrix factorizations which split the topological information from the electrical features of the devices. Several examples illustrate the scope of our framework. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting of the mouse Slc39a2 (Zip2) gene reveals highly cell‐specific patterns of expression, and unique functions in zinc, iron, and calcium homeostasis
Authors: Peters Jennifer L. , Dufner‐Beattie Jodi , Xu Wenhao , Geiser Jim , Lahner Brett , Salt David E. , Andrews Glen K.
Published: May 2007

Fourteen members of the Slc39a superfamily of metal ion uptake transporters have been identified in mice and humans, but the physiological functions of most remain obscure. Herein, we created mice with Zip2 (Slc39a2) genes in which the open reading frame was replaced with that of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), to study temporal and spatial patterns of Zip2 gene expression and examine the physiological roles of this transporter. Expression of this gene was remarkably cell‐type specific and developmentally regulated in pericentral hepatocytes, developing keratinocytes, and a subset of immature dendritic cells in the immune system. In addition, the Zip2 gene was transiently expressed in giant trophoblast cells in the placenta. Although the Zip2 gene was not essential under conditions of normal dietary zinc, it played an important role in adapting to dietary zinc deficiency during pregnancy, and in the homeostasis of iron in the liver as well as iron and calcium in developing embryos. These studies suggest that active expression of the Zip2 gene in these few specific cell types, aforementioned, plays a particularly important role during zinc deficiency. These studies further reveal novel interactions between zinc transporter function and the homeostasis of other essential metals. genesis 45: 339–352, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The addition of a parent and clinician component to the eating disorder examination for children and adolescents
Authors: Couturier Jennifer , Lock James , Forsberg Sarah , Vanderheyden Debbie , Yen Huei Lee
Published: May 2007

Objective:

Our goal was to evaluate the addition of parent and clinician reports to the eating disorder examination (EDE) when used with children and adolescents.

Method:

The EDE was completed with 117 children and adolescents with eating disorders (mean age 14.95 ± 1.91 years). A slightly modified version of the EDE was completed with parents, and clinician summary scores were assigned. Repeated measures analysis was used to compare child, parent, and clinician scores.

Results:

In those 70 participants with anorexia nervosa (AN) or eating disorder not otherwise specified with a restrictive pattern (EDNOS‐R), child scores were significantly lower than parent scores and clinician scores on restraint and weight concerns. On eating concerns and shape concerns, child scores were lower than clinician scores. Participants with bulimia nervosa (BN) or eating disorder not otherwise specified with binge eating or purging (EDNOS‐BP), reported more restraint and shape concerns than parents (n = 47), but their scores did not differ from clinician ratings. No differences were seen in this group on weight concerns or eating concerns.

Conclusion:

Parent and clinician reports are particularly important when assessing children and adolescents with AN or EDNOS‐R, but may be less critical for those with BN or EDNOS‐BP. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007.
Season of birth and eating disorders: Patterns across diagnoses in a specialized eating disorders service
Authors: Button Eric , Aldridge Sarah
Published: May 2007

Objective:

In view of inconsistent findings from previous studies, the aim was to investigate possible seasonal variation in month of birth in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified.

Method:

We examined the month of birth in a cohort of 1,305 adult patients with a DSM‐IV eating disorder diagnosis at first presentation to a specialized eating disorders service.

Results:

When compared to general population data, we found no evidence of significant variation in month or season of birth in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified.

Conclusion:

The authors question whether people who develop eating disorders differ from the general population in their season of birth. Caution is expressed about further speculation regarding the etiological significance of season of birth in eating disorders. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007.
Recirculating CD4 memory T cells mount rapid secondary responses without major contributions from follicular CD4 effectors and B cells
Authors: Luther Sanjiv A. , Serre Karine , Cunningham Adam F. , Khan Mahmood , Acha‐Orbea Hans , MacLennan Ian C. M. , Toellner Kai‐Michael
Published: May 2007

For weeks after primary immunization with thymus‐dependent antigens the responding lymph nodes contain effector CD4 T cells in T zones and germinal centers as well as recirculating memory T cells. Conversely, remote nodes, not exposed to antigen, only receive recirculating memory cells. We assessed whether lymph nodes with follicular effector CD4 T cells in addition to recirculating memory CD4 T cells mount a more rapid secondary response than nodes that only contain recirculating memory cells. Also, the extent to which T cell frequency governs accelerated CD4 T cell recall responses was tested. For this, secondary antibody responses to a superantigen, where the frequency of responding T cells is not increased at the time of challenge, were compared with those to conventional protein antigens. With both types of antigens similar accelerated responses were elicited in the node draining the site of primary immunization and in the contralateral node, not previously exposed to antigen. Thus recirculating memory cells are fully capable of mounting accelerated secondary responses, without the assistance of CD4 effector T cells, and accelerated memory responses are not solely dependent on higher T cell frequencies. Accelerated memory CD4 T cell responses were also seen in B cell‐deficient mice.
Elevated levels of endogenous apoptotic DNA and IFN‐α in complement C4‐deficient mice: Implications for induction of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Finke Doreen , Randers Katharina , Hoerster Robert , Hennig Holger , Zawatzky Rainer , Marion Tony , Brockmann Christian , Klempt‐Giessing Katja , Jacobsen Kirsten , Kirchner Holger , Goerg Siegfried
Published: May 2007

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic nephritis, arthritis and dermatitis, and the presence of antinuclear autoantibodies, is associated with complement factor deficiencies in the classical activation pathway. In addition, IFN‐α seems to be a key cytokine in SLE as an activated IFN‐α system is regularly observed in patients with SLE. Here, we demonstrate that in lupus‐susceptible, complement C4‐deficient mice the lack of complement results in elevated intravascular levels of apoptotic DNA. The apoptotic DNA is targeted to the splenic marginal zone where it accumulates and induces IFN‐α. As such, we present here a unifying hypothesis for the induction of SLE that incorporates the role of complement deficiency and elevated levels of IFN‐α.
Activities of erythropoietin on tumors: An immunological perspective
Authors: Ghezzi Pietro , Mengozzi Manuela
Published: May 2007

There is a growing interest in the non‐erythropoietic, tissue‐protective and restorative actions of erythropoietin (EPO). While studies in this field have indicated that EPO can ameliorate chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy and cardiotoxicity, the issue whether EPO can positively or negatively affect cancer patients is a hot one. In this debate, many activities of EPO are being considered, including tissue/neuroprotection, angiogenesis, anti‐inflammatory activity, growth promotion, and inhibition of apoptosis. However, few studies have explored the interactions of EPO with the immune system. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology by Katz et al. adds one new piece to the puzzle by showing that EPO can stimulate B cell‐mediated immunity.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200637025
Magnetic and Infrared Properties of the Azide Complex of (2,7,12,17‐Tetrapropylporphycenato)iron(III): A Novel Admixing Mechanism of the S = 5/2 and S = 3/2 States
Authors: Neya Saburo , Takahashi Akihiro , Ode Hirotaka , Hoshino Tyuji , Hata Masayuki , Ikezaki Akira , Ohgo Yoshiki , Takahashi Masashi , Hiramatsu Hirotsugu , Kitagawa Teizo , Furutani Yuji , Kandori Hideki , Funasaki Noriaki , Nakamura Mikio
Published: May 2007

The five‐coordinate ferric azide complex of 2,7,12,17‐tetrapropylporphyrcene [Fe(TPrPc)N3] was characterized with proton NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Mössbauer, and IR techniques. The paramagnetic NMR showed the pyrrole‐H signal that exhibits anomalous anti‐Curie type of 1/T‐dependence over a 310–190 K range. The EPR of the solid sample resolved a signal with g = 5.42, 5.40, and 2.00 at 5 K. The quadrupole splitting parameter of the Mössbauer spectrum was 2.20 mm s–1 at 290 K, and the magnetic moment was 4.70 μB at 290 K for the microcrystalline sample. These results suggest that [Fe(TPrPc)N3] is not pure high‐spin (S = 5/2) but a spin mixture of the S = 5/2, 3/2 states. The azide in [Fe(TPrPc)N3] exhibited split IR bands ascribed to the two spin isomers at 2066 and 2049 cm–1. The 2049‐cm–1 band, assigned to the S = 3/2 species, was reversibly intensified with decreasing temperature. The IR results demonstrate that the S = 3/2, 5/2 states are not quantum‐mechanically admixed but in thermal equilibrium. The thermodynamic parameters associated with the spin equilibrium, ΔH = –3 990 cal mol–1 and ΔS = –16.5 cal mol–1 K–1, were obtained from the NMR shift analysis, and the population of the S = 3/2 isomer was calculated to be 0.19 at 293 K. A minimum lifetime of the two spin isomers was estimated to be 0.3 ps with IR. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Zirconium(IV) Tris(phosphinoamide) Complexes as a Tripodal‐Type Metalloligand: A Route to Zr–M (M = Cu, Mo, Pt) Heterodimetallic Complexes
Authors: Sue Takashi , Sunada Yusuke , Nagashima Hideo
Published: May 2007

Treatment of ZrCl4 with 3 equiv. of Li(PPh2NR) (R = tBu, iPr) gives tris(phosphinoamide)zirconium complexes, (PPh2NR)3ZrCl [R = tBu (1a), iPr (1b)], in high yield. Crystal structures of 1a,b show that three phosphorus atoms are coordinated to the zirconium center in the solid state, whereas variable temperature NMR studies indicate a reversible coordination/dissociation process of three phosphorus atoms in the solution state. Reaction of 1a,b with CuCl give rise to the formation of Zr–Cu heterodimetallic complexes, ClCu(Ph2PNR)3ZrCl [R = tBu (2a), iPr (2b)]. The molecular structures of 2a,b show that the Cu atom adopts a pseudotetrahedral coordination geometry with tripodal phosphorus moieties and a chlorine atom, whereas the ligand arrangement around the Zr atom is trigonal bipyramidal with the linear Cl–Zr–Cu axis at the apical site. A Zr–Mo heterodimetallic complex, (CO)3Mo(Ph2PNiPr)3ZrCl (3), is synthesized from 1b and Mo(CO)3(CH3CN)3, in which the ligands around the Mo center are arranged octahedrally, and three phosphorus moieties are coordinated in the fac‐P3 fashion. The reaction of 1b with a square planar PtII precursor, such as (COD)PtCl2, is unique and gives (κ2‐Ph2PNiPr)Pt(Ph2PNiPr)2ZrCl3 (4), which is the first example of a Zr–Pt zwitterionic heterodimetallic complex. The reaction involves intramolecular migration of two chlorine atoms from Pt to Zr as well as that of a Ph2PNiPr moiety from Zr to Pt.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Low‐Valent Nickel and Palladium Complexes with 1,1′‐Bis(phosphanyl)ferrocenes: Syntheses and Structures of Acrylic Acid and Ethylene Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 16/2007)
Authors: Langer Jens , Fischer Reinald , Görls Helmar , Walther Dirk
Published: May 2007

The cover picture shows three types of nickel complexes that are stabilized by 1,1′‐bis(phosphanyl)ferrocene ligands, which can be considered as model complexes for the hypothetical metal‐mediated reaction between CO2 and ethylene to form acrylic acid. The (acrylic acid)nickel(0) complexes are of particular interest as they represent the first stable combination between Ni0 and this strong acid as a ligand. These complexes form hydrogen‐bonded dimers in the solid state and are surprisingly stable. Details of their synthesis and reactivity along with the description of the other complexes are discussed in the article by D. Walther et al. on p. 2257 ff. The artwork was created by Ulf Walther.
Ion Pairing Between the Chain Ends Induces Folding of a Flexible Zwitterion in Methanol
Authors: Schmuck Carsten , Dudaczek Jürgen
Published: May 2007

A well defined folded loop structure can be induced in a flexible zwitterion 10 in the polar and protic solvent methanol by charge interactions between the two termini of the zwitterion. In 10 a (guanidiniocarbonyl)pyrrole moiety, a highly efficient oxoanion binding site, and a pyrrole‐2‐carboxylate unit serve as complementary binding sites at the ends of a flexible strand in which two amino acids, alanine and valine, are linked via a butylene spacer in a head‐to‐head orientation. Intramolecular ion pair formation between the carboxylate and the (guanidiniocarbonyl)pyrrole cation leads to the formation of a well defined loop as could be shown by NMR analysis (NOESY and H/D‐exchange experiments) as well as molecular modelling calculations. Without this intramolecular charge interaction, as in the protected and hence uncharged precursor 9, no loop is formed but rather weak intermolecular dimerization is observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour
Authors: Turner John C.
Published: May 2007

Recent studies have reported that the variable of social categorization per se is sufficient for intergroup discrimination. This paper presents an explanation of these findings in terms of the operation of social comparison processes between groups based on the need for a positive ingroup identity. The relationship between perceived social identity and intergroup comparison is elaborated theoretically, and it is argued that social comparisons give rise to processes of mutual differentiation between groups which can be analyzed as a form of ‘social’ competition. Social competition is distinguished from realistic competition (conflict of group interests). New data is reported which strengthens this interpretation of the ‘minimal’ categorization studies. It is found that minimal intergroup discrimination takes place in the distribution of meaningless ‘points’ as well as monetary rewards and that social categorization per se does not lead to intergroup behaviour where the subjects can act directly in terms of ‘self’. Other studies on intergroup biases are reviewed to argue for the generality of social competition in intergroup situations.
A reconsideration of the achievement‐motivation theory
Authors: Nygård Roald
Published: May 2007

In a reconsideration of the achievement‐motivation theory it is assumed that moderate stimulation releases positive affects and very low or high stimulation negative affects. It is further assumed that as far as the achievement‐motivation system is concerned the most stimulating situation is that where the probability of success (Ps) is about .50, the least stimulating that where Ps is near 1.00 or .00. The motive to achieve success (Ms) and the motive to avoid failure (Mf) are thought of as moderators of the stimulation provided by a given situation. Ms‐dominated individuals should experience positive affects (moderate stimulation) where Ps is about .50 and should therefore engage in such situations. Ps near 1.00 or .00 implies very low stimulation; hence, negative affects should be released, resulting in resistance to such situations. Mf‐dominated individuals should experience negative affects (very high stimulation) where Ps is about .50, while they should experience moderate stimulation, and thus positive affects, if at any point, only where Ps is either very high or very low. This implies that the relationship between Ms strength, respectively Mf strength, and degree of engagement should vary from positive to negative, depending on the probability of success in the situation. Results from previous investigations are related to these viewpoints.
Aggressive slides can induce a weapons effect
Authors: Jacques‐Philippe‐Leyens  , Parke Ross D.
Published: May 2007

This experiment aims at testing the relationship between the aggressive meaning of slides and the viewers' behavior. Three sets of slides varying in their perceived aggressive content (revolver, whistle and a box of chocolate milk) were shown to three groups of Ss who had to choose the intensity of electric shocks they wanted to administer to a partner. As expected, viewing a highly aggressive slide increased the aggressive behavior of the Ss who had been insulted. These results broaden the generalizability of the Berkowitz and LePage (1967) original finding, and they cannot be explained by Page and Scheidt's (1971) criticisms.
Attribution of intentionality as a function of age, outcome quality and affect for the actor
Authors: Imamoǧlu E. Olcay
Published: May 2007

Studied the degree to which 40 children (half boys, half girls) in each of three age groups of 5–6, 7–8 and 9–10 years would be affected by the qualities of the actors and the outcomes in perceiving certain acts as either intentional or accidental. Each subject was randomly assigned to either the liked‐actor or the disliked‐actor conditions and was then administered both the good‐ and the bad‐outcome stories, represented by pictures. Upon listening to each story in which the motivation of the actor was left ambiguous, the subject was asked to specify whether the act was meant to be done or not. The results indicate that in general all children showed a significant tendency to interpret a bad outcome caused by a liked actor as being accidental and that caused by a disliked actor as being intentional; conversely, when the outcome was good, the behavior of the disliked actor was interpreted as being accidental and that of the liked one as being intentional. Although there were no age differences within the experimental conditions, differences were observed between the conditions for different age groups. In general a developmental lag was revealed in the attributive behavior with respect to the disliked‐actor condition. One important implication of the study is that children by 5 years of age seem to have learned the evaluative difference between causing something intentionally or accidentally, depending on the outcome quality. The results were interpreted in terms of Heider's ‘balance principles’ which were suggested to serve as a vehicle for making causal inferences.
Wilhelm Dilthey: Forerunner of humanist social thought
Authors: Brown Richard H.
Published: May 2007

Humanist social thought is as a meadow in the forest of positivist science. Much of this space was cleared by Wilhelm Dilthey, not only through his attack on the fundamental assumptions of positivism, but also through his formulation of a critical method by which the works of free human consciousness could be understood.

The first tenet of positivism is that the world is made up of ‘out there’ objectively knowable ‘facts’. Dilthey undercut this notion by asserting that the subject matter of the human studies was not mere facts of nature, but rather objectified expressions of the human mind. The second central assumption of positivism is that these facts are explainable or determined by general causal laws. In contrast, Dilthey asserted that, while we can explain the natural world, human action must be understood through an interpretive rather than a causal logic. In demonstrating and specifically describing such an interpretive procedure, Dilthey provided an epistemological and methodological grounding fur a humanistic science of the person and of the social world. His ideas illuminate the works even of his critics and his influence, though largely unacknowledged, continues to be widespread in all the human studies.
Evaluation of a fortuitously reward other
Authors: Johnston James J
Published: May 2007

Under the guise of an experiment on gambling decisions, subjects briefly met a confederate of the experimenter, whom they later evaluated. The major hypothesis was that the confederate would be evaluated more favorably by subjects who were told that she had received a fortuitous reward than by control subjects. The hypothesis was confirmed for female subjects only.
Norms and attitude change I: Polarization and styles of behaviour
Authors: Paichler Geneviève
Published: May 2007

The present article relates some of the conclusions obtained from a series of studies on the relation between normative climate and polarization. Emphasis is put on the fact that the introduction of norms in social psychology experiments must be linked to the place of norms in society. Similarly, styles of behaviour and their consistency are only effective in terms of their contents, which are socially determined. Those are the hypotheses confirmed by our experimental design: a confederate is introduced into group discussions, the experimental variables being defined by means of his role: radicalism, position with respect to the norms, and consistent or inconsistent styles of behaviour. The results shed some light on the conditions of the appearance of polarization.
Pointing the way to a fictional place: A study of direction giving in Iran and England
Authors: Collett Peter , O'shea Gregory
Published: May 2007

This study was concerned with the popular impression that Near Easterners will give directions to a place even if they do not know its whereabouts. It confirmed the hypothesis that significantly more Iranians than English people will give directions to a fictional place, and offered experimental evidence to show that this cultural difference could not be explained in terms of the greater mischievousness of Iranians. Instead, it was suggested that the difference in behaviour between Iranians and English people could be traced to a difference in value systems. The study examined direction giving, avoidance of the experimenters, and time spent with experimenters in relation to nationality, sex and social class.
Decentration as a means for reducing aggression after exposure to violent stimuli
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Cisneros Teresa , Hossay Jean‐François
Published: May 2007

Studied the effects of decentration as a self‐control process to reduce the aggression subsequent to exposure to filmed violence. 48 Belgian French‐speaking military recruits were run in four groups of subjects. Two saw either aggressive or neutral slides without special instructions. The other two groups saw only aggressive slides but one underwent the decentration training while the fourth one performed a subsidiary task instead. The famous ‘weapons effect’ is replicated for those subjects who did not receive the special instructions (<.025 one‐tailed test) and decentration significantly reduces aggression (<.05 one‐tailed test). The absence of a change in the meaning of the slides is interpreted in terms of reappraisal of the stimuli. Besides practical questions, theoretical implications are raised concerning the social context of viewing filmed violence.
Effects of leadership style, personality characteristics and method of leader selection on members' and leader's behavior
Authors: Pandey Janak
Published: May 2007

The purpose of the present study was to show the effects of the method of leader selection, leader's personality characteristics and styles of leadership and the combined effects of these variables on selected behaviors of leaders and members in discussion groups. One hundred and forty‐four Ss selected from a pretested subject pool of 306 male participated in the experiment. The methods of leadership selection done on the basis of experimental manipulation were varied in one of three ways, i.e., appointment, election, and rotation. The findings suggest that the relatiomhip‐oriented style leader were more effective than the taskoriented style leaders in making the discussion group to generate more ideas. The rotational and elected leaders showed more democratic and accommodative attitudes and behaviors in comparison to appointed leaders. Significant interactions among the variables indicated that predictions of leaders' and members' behaviors are most accurate when the joint effects of such factors are considered.
Norms and attitude change II: The phenomenon of bipolarization
Authors: Paicheler Geneviève
Published: May 2007

In a preceding article we discussed the links between norm and attitude change: a particular phenomenon in this relation will be developed in the present article. During a group discussion, and in the presence of a consistent confederate defending positions which follow the trend of the norms on the global level of society, subjects tend to polarize their attitudes much more than in control groups. In the opposite situation, we observe a division of the group: a number of subjects are sensitive to the confederate's reactionary positions; these subjects are initially, that is, before the interaction, ‘moderate’. The other subjects, with firmer initial positions, resist the consistent confederate, thus resigning themselves to not reaching the consensus demanded of them by the experimenter, and enduring the conflict resulting from the standstill in the group negotiation.
Dimensions of welsh identity
Authors: Giles Howard , Taylor Donald M. , Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: May 2007

A multidimensional scaling procedure was used to explore the role of cultural background, language and geographical region in the process of Welsh identity. Welsh bilinguals and Welshmen who could speak only English made similarity judgments among stimulus people represented by all possible combinations of these three factors and the anchor stimulus MYSELF. The results showed that language spoken was the most important dimension of ethnic identity for both groups, with cultural background and geographical region playing subordinate roles. These findings were discussed in relation to similar research conducted in Canada.
Aggression in dyadic interaction
Authors: da Gloria Jorge , da Ridder Richard
Published: May 2007

It is shown that the notions of aggressive behavior as ‘intentional emission of noxious stimulation’ (Buss, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1971) and that of ‘injuriating goal response’ (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears, 1939) are identical. The usefulness of these theories to predict S's reaction to the reception of a given noxious stimulation is questioned. It is suggested that S's reactions to noxious stimulation may or may not be aggressive, depending on whether the noxious stimulation S receives is interpreted as being a behavior justified by the nom in the situation, or as reflecting an aggressive intent of O. It is hypothesized that the norms established in the situation depend on (i) victim's perception of the noxious stimulation received as being instrumental for O's goal attainment, (ii) victim's perception of the value of O's goal, and (iii) the value of victim's own goal. The establishment of norms regulating the exchange of noxious stimulation between Ss is operationalized in two experiments. Aggression, defined as an infringement of these norms, is measured. In Experiment I, participate 56 female students, and in Experiment 2, 80 male students. Subject is alternately victim (he performs a sensorimotor task and receives an electric shock) and aggressor (he shocks the other S). In Experiment I it is found that Ss counteraggress faster and more frequently if they interpret the shock received from the partner as an infringement of the norm. In Experiment 2, Ss do not counteraggress more frequently, but they do counteraggress faster and evaluate O more negatively. It is concluded that the results clearly contradict current positions and favor the authors' cognitive reformulation of the determinants of aggressive behavior.
The effects of fear arousal, fear position, fear exposure, and sidedness on compliance with dietary instructions
Authors: Skilbeck Clive , Tulips James , Ley Philip
Published: May 2007

Investigated the effects of fear arousal and sidedness variables on compliance with a dietary regimen.

Experiments involved 202 women volunteers who were 10 per cent or more overweight, and aged 20‐60 years. Experiment 1 involved a 3 (low, medium, high fear) × 2 (single, multiple exposure to fear message) × 2 (one‐, two‐sided communication) design. The fear levels involved discussing the health hazards of obesity. Experiment 2 manipulated the fear‐message position relative to the recommendations (fear‐recommendations, recommendations‐fear, fear‐delay‐recommendations).

Persuasive impact was measured via follow‐up weight checks at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks.

Results indicate nonsignificant effects from sidedness and pre‐standardised fear levels. Using subjects' fear arousal ratings medium fear is significantly better (p < .025), supporting Janis's curvilinear hypothesis. A single exposure to the fear message is superior (p < .025) to multiple exposures, the interaction with time being highly significant (p < .001). Experiment 2 results indicate the optimum position for the fear message as immediately prior to recommendations (p < .025). Results support both cognitive and fear‐reduction hypotheses, but the latter is favoured.
Modeling, vicarious reinforcement and extraversion on blood donating in adults: Immediate and long‐term effects
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe , Campbell Anne C.
Published: May 2007

Studied the immediate and long‐term effects of modeling on adult altruism using a quasi field experiment in a naturalistic setting. Forty‐three female trainee occupational therapists aged 18‐21 observed or did not observe a female model volunteer to donate blood. Modeling significantly increased the number of female observers who (a) also agreed to donate and (b) in turn actually gave their blood. The opportunity to donate blood occurred in a naturalistic situation on average six weeks after the commitment. It was concluded that observing a model could produce generalizable and durable behavior change in adults using an altruistic behavior of some cost to the individual. Personality and vicarious reinforcement effects however were not found.
Perceived probability and evaluation of balance, agreement, and attraction: Toward a solution of conflicting results
Authors: Davidson Andrew R. , Sussmann Mario
Published: May 2007

Fifty‐four subjects rated sixteen hypothetical situations on four evaluative and four probability scales. The situations were of the P‐O‐X type, consisting of two persons and an issue. A2×2×2×2 factorial design was used to test the relative importance of attitude (P to × relation), issue (marijuana or premarital sex), agreement (P to × and O to × relations), attraction (P to O relation), and balance (agreement × attraction interaction) on the evaluation and probability variables. As predicted from a critical review of past research on balance theory, balance was the main determinant of perceived probability. Attraction was the main determinant of evalution. In light of a review of past balance research and of the present data, we propose to restrict the balance hypothesis to cognitive variables, i.e., expectancy and perceived probability. In addition, support was obtained for the hypothesis that the more dogmatic a person is, the more frequently he will perceive balanced relationships as occurring and the more positively he will evaluate balanced situations.
On problems of context and attribution in verbal reasoning
Authors: Marková I. , Farmer J.
Published: May 2007

Investigated the effect of the verb on inferences in reasoning tasks with conditionals. Subjects were 60 pupils, both male and female, aged 17 to 18 years. Six verbs (buy, have, understand, ignore, hate, avoid) served as independent variables in conditional tasks consisting of two premises. The results which are statistically, highly significant, show an effect due to the verb depending upon the logical form of the task (2Î = 86.1, df= 30). indicate that certain semantic characteristics implicit in verbs determine the way in which a reasoning task is interpreted.

A second experiment investigated why verbs differ in this way. Interviews were carried out with subjects using the verbs ‘buy’ and ‘ignore’. It is suggested that implicit meanings acquired through processes of social attribution play an essential role in verbal reasoning. In the present case, such attributions concern the depositional and episodic character of verbs and appear to be responsible for the interpretation of the premises of our tasks. It is concluded that any logical model aiming at an adequate representation of language in reasoning must take these implicit social attributions into account.
Individual and group choices among solutions of a problem when solution verifiability is moderate or low
Authors: Zaleska Maryla
Published: May 2007

Compared choices among solutions of problem by individuals andgroups from two populations: 251 university students, aged 18 to 25 years, and 364 trade school students, aged 15 to 18 years. All subjects gave first their solution of Maiers horsetrading problem. Discussing groups were composed of one individual holding the correct answer while other members held each a different wrong solution. In one of the further individual conditions, single subjects were provided with all solutions without comment, and in the other, together with a brief summary of supportive arguments. As predicted, in the population of university students, the proportion of correct answers increases in all experimental conditions (p < .05). No significant difference is observed between individual and group choices. Group members defending the correct answer are more certain of their solution, talk more and are perceived as more confident than supporters of wrong solutions. In groups of trade school students, the reverse is true, and the proportion of correct answers decreases following both discussion (p < .01) and exposure to all solutions (p < .02). In this population, performance improves only when single subjects are provided with written arguments in favour of various solutions (p < .01). Results are analysed in terms of low solution verifiability depending on task, situational, and population factors.
The effect of normative models on individual and group choice
Authors: Dickson John W.
Published: May 2007

Studied the effect of a normative model (maximization of expected value) upon group and individual choice. 109 MBA students in a Lain square research design chose between two alternatives differing in expected value and in range of outcomes. Group choices were significantly (p < .05) closer to those predicted by the normative model than were individual choices. This difference was not due only to information about the presence and applicability of the normative model but rather it was due to the persuasiveness of the model in a group as a cogent and correct solution to the choice dilemma. Task instructions emphasizing the rewards from risk taking produced significantly more choices (p < .05) of the riskier alternative, particularly by individuals as opposed to groups, than did instructions emphasizing the penalties of risk taking. ‘Risky’ and ‘conservative’ shifts in choice between groups and individuals were explicable through knowledge of the influence of the normative model in individual and group choice.
Perceived persuasiveness as a function of response style: Multi‐issue consistency over time
Authors: Allen Vernon L. , Wilder David A.
Published: May 2007

This experiment studied the effect of an individual's response style on different issues over a long period of time. A hypothetical situation depicted the repeated responses given by one person on a target issue and on four other issues for one year. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design varied consistency of the stimulus person's position on the target issue during the year (consistent or variable); his consistency on other issues during the year (consistent or variable); and social context (alone or dissenting group). Subjects were 155 college students. Results showed an interaction between consistency on the target issue and consistency on other issues for the three dependent measures (p < .001). That is, significantly greater persuasiveness, confidence, and dis‐positional causality were attributed to stimulus persons whose opinions were either completely consistent or completely variable on all issues during the year. Results suggest that the consistency of response style across issues—and not the constant advocacy of a specific position–is the crucial factor in the effectiveness of a long‐term minority influence.