bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A construção social da identidade turística: uma visão do institucionalismo organizacional
Authors: Albuquerque Mariene Cavalcante Borba de , Oliveira Samir Adamoglu de
Published: January 2021

O ensaio objetiva estabelecer uma interlocução entre os conceitos de 'identidade organizacional', 'construcionismo social' e 'atividade turística' sob a ótica do institucionalismo organizacional, demonstrando sua complementariedade, de modo a contribuir para novas possibilidades de discussão entre esses temas. A identidade turística é fruto de processos de construção social em que o fato de uma localidade possuir atrativos que demonstrem algum potencial turístico não a confere legitimidade no campo organizacional do turismo. A identidade acontece mediante interação entre diversos atores organizacionais que compõem esse campo e recebem influências externas e internas no desenvolvimento de suas atividades. A apropriação da identidade pelos atores que formam o campo acontece gradativamente, mediante processos institucionais. Desse modo, conclui-se que: (i) a identidade turística de um local é caracterizada pelos atrativos que ele possui e que, mediante diretrizes definidas, condicionam ações e comportamentos que maximizam sua utilidade, sendo moldados pelo cenário em que estão inseridos, legitimando-se no campo organizacional de que faz parte, sobretudo pelos sentidos e significados que vão atrelando-se a ela; e que (ii) é preciso construir a identidade organizacional de um local a partir de atributos de centralidade, distintividade e durabilidade que o legitimem para, assim, ser considerado um destino turístico e impactar positivamente, possibilitando seu desenvolvimento.
β2M Signals Monocytes Through Non-Canonical TGFβ Receptor Signal Transduction
Authors: Hilt Zachary T. , Maurya Preeti , Tesoro Laura , Pariser Daphne N. , Ture Sara K. , Cleary Simon J. , Looney Mark R. , McGrath Kathleen E. , Morrell Craig N.
Published: January 2021

Rationale:

Circulating monocytes can have proinflammatory or proreparative phenotypes. The endogenous signaling molecules and pathways that regulate monocyte polarization in vivo are poorly understood. We have shown that platelet-derived β2M (β-2 microglobulin) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) have opposing effects on monocytes by inducing inflammatory and reparative phenotypes, respectively, but each bind and signal through the same receptor. We now define the signaling pathways involved.

Objective:

To determine the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways by which β2M and TGF-β regulate monocyte responses both in vitro and in vivo.

Methods and Results:

Wild-type– (WT) and platelet-specific β2M knockout mice were treated intravenously with either β2M or TGF-β to increase plasma concentrations to those in cardiovascular diseases. Elevated plasma β2M increased proinflammatory monocytes, while increased plasma TGFβ increased proreparative monocytes. TGF-βR (TGF-β receptor) inhibition blunted monocyte responses to both β2M and TGF-β in vivo. Using imaging flow cytometry, we found that β2M decreased monocyte SMAD2/3 nuclear localization, while TGF-β promoted SMAD nuclear translocation but decreased noncanonical/inflammatory (JNK [jun kinase] and NF-κB [nuclear factor-κB] nuclear localization). This was confirmed in vitro using both imaging flow cytometry and immunoblots. β2M, but not TGF-β, promoted ubiquitination of SMAD3 and SMAD4, that inhibited their nuclear trafficking. Inhibition of ubiquitin ligase activity blocked noncanonical SMAD-independent monocyte signaling and skewed monocytes towards a proreparative monocyte response.

Conclusions:

Our findings indicate that elevated plasma β2M and TGF-β dichotomously polarize monocytes. Furthermore, these immune molecules share a common receptor but induce SMAD-dependent canonical signaling (TGF-β) versus noncanonical SMAD-independent signaling (β2M) in a ubiquitin ligase dependent manner. This work has broad implications as β2M is increased in several inflammatory conditions, while TGF-β is increased in fibrotic diseases.

Graphic Abstract:

A
graphic abstract
is available for this article.
Alternanthera indica (Amaranthaceae), a new species from Kerala (India)
Authors: ARYA SINDHU , IAMONICO DUILIO , PINO IVONNE SÁNCHEZ-DEL , KUMAR VENUGOPALAN NAIR SARADAMMA ANIL
Published: January 2021

A new species of Alternanthera from Kerala (SW-India), named Alternanthera indica, is described and illustrated. A detailed description, photographs, and drawings are provided. The new species resembles A. carcasana, A. paronychioides var. robusta, A. pungens, A. sessilis, and A. tenella for sharing habit and sessile synflorescences, but it differs from these species in several characters (i.e. shape and size of leaves, sepal length and hairiness, and appendages on the androecial tube margin and length).
Cutoff Lows, Moisture Plumes, and Their Influence on Extreme-Precipitation Days in Central Chile
Authors: Muñoz Cristian , Schultz David M.
Published: January 2021

A study of 500-hPa cutoff lows in central Chile during 1979–2017 was conducted to contrast cutoff lows associated with the lowest quartile of daily precipitation amounts (LOW25) with cutoff lows associated with the highest quartile (HIGH25). To understand the differences between low- and high-precipitation cutoff lows, daily precipitation records, radiosonde observations, and reanalyses were used to analyze the three ingredients necessary for deep moist convection (instability, lift, and moisture) at the eastern and equatorial edge of these lows. Instability was generally small, if any, and showed no major differences between LOW25 and HIGH25 events. Synoptic-scale ascent associated with Q-vector convergence also showed little difference between LOW25 and HIGH25 events. In contrast, the moisture distribution around LOW25 and HIGH25 cutoff lows was different, with a moisture plume that was more defined and more intense equatorward of HIGH25 cutoff lows as compared with LOW25 cutoff lows where the moisture plume occurred poleward of the cutoff low. The presence of the moisture plume equatorward of HIGH25 cutoff lows may have contributed to the shorter persistence of HIGH25 events by providing a source for latent-heat release when the moisture plume reached the windward side of the Andes. Indeed, whereas 48% of LOW25 cutoff lows persisted for longer than 72 h, only 25% of HIGH25 cutoff lows did, despite both systems occurring mostly during the rainy season (May–September). The occurrence of an equatorial moisture plume on the eastern and equatorial edge of cutoff lows is fairly common during high-impact precipitation events, and this mechanism could help to explain high-impact precipitation where the occurrence of cutoff lows and moisture plumes is frequent.
Subtidal to Supertidal Variability of Reynolds Stresses in a Midlatitude Stratified Inner Shelf
Authors: Palóczy André , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Waterhouse Amy F.
Published: January 2021

We describe the spatiotemporal variability and vertical structure of turbulent Reynolds stresses (RSs) in a stratified inner shelf with an energetic internal wave climate. The RSs are estimated from direct measurements of velocity variance derived from bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers. We link the RSs to different physical processes, namely, internal bores, midwater shear instabilities within vertical shear events related to wind-driven subtidal along-shelf currents, and nonturbulent stresses related to incoming nonlinear internal wave (NLIW) trains. The typical RS magnitudes are O(0.01) Pa for background conditions, with diurnal pulses of O(0.1–1) Pa, and O(1) Pa for the NLIW stresses. A NLIW train is observed to produce a depth-averaged vertical stress divergence sufficient to accelerate water 20 cm s−1 in 1 h, suggesting NLIWs may also be important contributors to the depth-averaged momentum budget. The subtidal stresses show significant periodic variability and are O(0.1) Pa. Conditionally averaged velocity and RS profiles for northward/southward flow provide evidence for downgradient turbulent momentum fluxes, but also indicate departures from this expected regime. Estimates of the terms in the depth-averaged momentum equation suggest that the vertical divergence of the RSs are important terms in both the cross-shelf and along-shelf directions, with geostrophy also present at leading-order in the cross-shelf momentum balance. Among other conclusions, the results highlight that internal bores and shoaling NLIWs may also be important dynamical players in other inner shelves with energetic internal waves.
MJO-Induced Intraseasonal Mixed Layer Depth Variability in the Equatorial Indian Ocean and Impacts on Subsurface Water Obduction
Authors: Liu Lingling , Li Yuanlong , Wang Fan
Published: January 2021

Change of oceanic surface mixed layer depth (MLD) is critical for vertical exchanges between the surface and subsurface oceans and modulates surface temperature variabilities on various time scales. In situ observations have documented prominent intraseasonal variability (ISV) of MLD with 30–105-day periods in the equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) where the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) initiates. Simulation of Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reveals a regional maximum of intraseasonal MLD variability in the EIO (70°–95°E, 3°S–3°N) with a standard deviation of ~14 m. Sensitivity experiments of HYCOM demonstrate that, among all of the MJO-related forcing effects, the wind-driven downwelling and mixing are primary causes for intraseasonal MLD deepening and explain 83.7% of the total ISV. The ISV of MLD gives rise to high-frequency entrainments of subsurface water, leading to an enhancement of the annual entrainment rate by 34%. However, only a small fraction of these entrainment events (<20%) can effectively contribute to the annual obduction rate of 1.36 Sv, a quantification for the amount of resurfacing thermocline water throughout a year that mainly (84.6%) occurs in the summer monsoon season (May–October). The ISV of MLD achieves the maximal intensity in April–May and greatly affects the subsequent obduction. Estimation based on our HYCOM simulations suggests that MJOs overall reduce the obduction rate in the summer monsoon season by as much as 53%. A conceptual schematic is proposed to demonstrate how springtime intraseasonal MLD deepening events caused by MJO winds narrow down the time window for effective entrainment and thereby suppress the obduction of thermocline water.
The Evolution of Federal Child Welfare Policy through the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018: Opportunities, Barriers, and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Testa Mark F. , Kelly David
Published: January 2021

The Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018 affords child welfare agencies a new opportunity to fund evidence-supported interventions to prevent children’s removal into public foster care and ensure that youth in care receive appropriate treatment in the least restrictive (most family-like) setting. The new law has been generally heralded as a much-needed improvement over prior funding constraints, but there are concerns among a growing number of child welfare leaders, researchers, professional membership organizations, and advocacy groups that its focus on the families of children who are at immanent risk of removal because of maltreatment is too limiting and that overreliance on strict evidence standards may contribute to racial disparity. This article considers how child welfare agencies can best leverage the opportunities presented by Family First while addressing potential barriers posed by the paucity of evidence-supported prevention programs and avoiding the unintended consequences of limiting reimbursement to only selective prevention services that meet rigorous evidence standards of effectiveness.
A Practical Framework for Considering the Use of Predictive Risk Modeling in Child Welfare
Authors: Drake Brett , Jonson-Reid Melissa , Ocampo María Gandarilla , Morrison Maria , Dvalishvili Darejan (Daji)
Published: January 2021

Predictive risk modeling (PRM) is a new approach to data analysis that can be used to help identify risks of abuse and maltreatment among children. Several child welfare agencies have considered, piloted, or implemented PRM for this purpose. We discuss and analyze the application of PRM to child protection programs, elaborating on the various misgivings that arise from the application of predictive modeling to human behavior, and we present a framework to guide the application of PRM in child welfare systems. Our framework considers three core questions: (1) Is PRM more accurate than current practice? (2) Is PRM ethically equivalent or superior to current practice? and (3) Are necessary evaluative and implementation procedures established prior to, during, and following introduction of the PRM?
Leveraging Family and Community Strengths to Reduce Child Maltreatment
Authors: Roygardner Debangshu , Hughes Kelli N. , Palusci Vincent J.
Published: January 2021

This article reviews and analyzes extant literature on the prevention of child maltreatment. We give an overview of protective factors that research finds to be efficacious in maltreatment prevention and pay particular attention to research that shows how health-based models and community-based models can leverage family and community strengths to that end. We go on to offer recommendations for potential future prevention programming, including an approach with untapped potential—the Prevention Zones framework. Finally, we discuss policy considerations and implications specific to the goal of increasing programming and services that leverage family and community strengths.
How Do Families Experience and Interact with CPS?
Authors: Merritt Darcey H.
Published: January 2021

The lived experiences of child protective services (CPS)–involved parents is rarely considered from a social justice perspective. Parents and children endure the oversight of the child welfare system in myriad ways, and these experiences usually vary based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This article explores how CPS interactions affect family dynamics and well-being and how family members view their experiences with CPS, including their sense of autonomy and empowerment. I focus on the inherent power dynamics between CPS workers and parents, race and ethnicity, and family. I highlight the perspectives of parents and their intended (rather than unintentional) parental behaviors (e.g., providing healthy food choices) to understand ways in which their socioecological contexts impact the well-being of their children. I report results of a pilot study designed to enhance the voices of parents in the literature and provide recommendations for policy and practice that inform innovative solutions to better support CPS-involved families.
Who Is and Is Not Served by Child Protective Services Systems? Implications for a Prevention Infrastructure to Reduce Child Maltreatment
Authors: Slack Kristen S. , Berger Lawrence M.
Published: January 2021

The majority of alleged abuse or neglect reports to the U.S. child welfare system are either screened out prior to an investigation (i.e., at the “hotline” stage) or investigated only to be closed with no finding of immediate child safety concerns. Yet while many of these children and families are at risk of subsequent incidents of child maltreatment or child welfare system involvement, they are not systematically offered services or benefits intended to reduce this risk at the point that child protective services (CPS) ends its involvement. This article provides an overview of the “front end” of the child welfare system, commonly referred to as CPS, highlighting which families are served and which are not. We then argue for a systematic and coordinated child maltreatment prevention infrastructure that incorporates elements of “community response” programs that several U.S. states have implemented in recent years. Such programs are focused on families that have been reported to, and sometimes investigated by, CPS, but no ongoing CPS case is opened. We further argue that such programs need to pay particular attention to economic issues that these families face.
Cyberstalking Perpetration Among Young Adults: An Assessment of the Effects of Low Self-Control and Moral Disengagement
Authors: Fissel Erica R. , Fisher Bonnie S. , Nedelec Joseph L.
Published: January 2021

The current study sought to explain cyberstalking perpetration using low self-control and moral disengagement frameworks. Self-report survey data collected from a Mechanical Turk sample of 1,500 young adults aged 18 to 25 years old revealed that approximately 22% of the sample had engaged in cyberstalking perpetration during their lifetime. Findings also generally supported the self-control and moral disengagement frameworks. Respondents with higher levels of low self-control were more likely to engage in cyberstalking perpetration, as were those respondents who had a higher moral disengagement score. The interaction between low self-control and moral disengagement, however, did not yield a significant effect.
Measuring the Efficiency of Automation-Aided Performance in a Simulated Baggage Screening Task
Authors: Boskemper Melanie M. , Bartlett Megan L. , McCarley Jason S.
Published: January 2021

Objective

The present study replicated and extended prior findings of suboptimal automation use in a signal detection task, benchmarking automation-aided performance to the predictions of several statistical models of collaborative decision making.

Background

Though automated decision aids can assist human operators to perform complex tasks, operators often use the aids suboptimally, achieving performance lower than statistically ideal.

Method

Participants performed a simulated security screening task requiring them to judge whether a target (a knife) was present or absent in a series of colored X-ray images of passenger baggage. They completed the task both with and without assistance from a 93%-reliable automated decision aid that provided a binary text diagnosis. A series of three experiments varied task characteristics including the timing of the aid’s judgment relative to the raw stimuli, target certainty, and target prevalence.

Results and Conclusion

Automation-aided performance fell closest to the predictions of the most suboptimal model under consideration, one which assumes the participant defers to the aid’s diagnosis with a probability of 50%. Performance was similar across experiments.

Application

Results suggest that human operators’ performance when undertaking a naturalistic search task falls far short of optimal and far lower than prior findings using an abstract signal detection task.
Decolonizing International Relations: Confronting Erasures through Indigenous Knowledge Systems
Authors: Sharma Ananya
Published: January 2021

The discipline of international relations (IR) has often been critiqued for geo-centric parochialism with scholars increasingly engaging with its colonial origins and legacies. This recent engagement underscores the necessity to unravel and disrupt the epistemic sites of hierarchized power and knowledge relations manifested through dichotomous categorizations like ‘primitive/civilized’, ‘rational-irrational’ and ‘traditional-modern’. The concerns regarding ‘epistemic imperialism’ stemming from the superiority granted to the modern science over non-Western knowledges are founded on the distinction between nature and culture that hinges upon the separation of the subject from the object. Coloniality thus reconfigures itself through the use of scientific-rational methodology and it is pertinent to reframe the colonial question beyond the questions of epistemology and ontology to unpack ‘traditional knowledges’ as a source of valid knowledge. This article offers a methodological contribution to the larger debate on ‘coloniality of power’ by critiquing the disembodied monoculture associated with modern scientific rationality. Drawing upon Boaventura De Sousa Santos’s notion of ‘ecology of knowledges’, the article focuses on the issue of ‘epistemic imperialism’ and utilizes indigenous knowledge systems as an analytical framework with emancipatory potential representing one of the possible means of decolonizing knowledge and advancing the case for epistemological plurality within the discipline of IR. The article proposes an epistemic re-centring within the IR academia by posing vexatious ethical questions hidden behind issues of epistemic inequality.
What Is the Role of Graduate Student Journals in the Publish-or-Perish Academy? Three Lessons from Three Editors-in-Chief
Authors: Arsenault Amelia C. , Heffernan Andrew , Murphy Michael P. A.
Published: January 2021

To be prepared to face the “publish-or-perish” reality of contemporary academia, early career scholars must develop capacity and confidence. While the publication practices of International Relations have received increasing attention in the last 20 years, concern remains around the preparedness of graduate students to participate confidently and competently in the publication process. As three former Editors-in-Chief of a graduate student journal, we suggest that student-run journals can play an important role in professionalization during graduate school. We then reflect on our journal’s context as well as on reforms initiated to improve the policies and practices during our editorial tenure. Bringing our experiences to bear on previous findings in the literature, we outline three key lessons that can help support successful journals at other institutions. First, given the high turnover rate, starting early is key to maintain early enthusiasm and flatten intensity spikes. Second, editors must remain mindful of what we call the ‘workload paradox’—or how the comparatively low workload of some graduate journals can make it harder to manage an editorial team. Finally, we argue that graduate student journals should be understood as places of learning and primarily valued as professionalization and pedagogical spaces.
Multiscale characterization and representation of variability in ceramic matrix composites
Authors: Khafagy Khaled H , Datta Siddhant , Chattopadhyay Aditi
Published: January 2021

Low density, high strength, and high creep and oxidation resistance properties of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) make them an ideal choice for use in extreme environments in space and military applications. This paper presents a detailed characterization study of structural and manufacturing flaws in Carbon fiber Silicon-Carbide-Nitride matrix (C/SiNC) CMCs at different length-scales. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is used for the chemical characterization of the material’s elemental constituents. High-resolution multiscale graphs obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM) are used to characterize the distribution and morphology of defects at different length scales. This is followed by the classification and quantification of the common manufacturing defects. An image processing algorithm based on the image segmentation process is developed to quantify the variability of various scale-dependent architectural parameters. Finally, a three-dimensional stochastic representative volume element (SRVE) generation algorithm is developed to provide precise representations of material textures at multiple length scales. The developed algorithm accurately accounts for material features and flaws based on a range of multiscale structural and defects characterization results.
Nano lamellar zirconium phosphate and screw speed changing properties of melt extrusion polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Mariano Danielle de Mattos , Freitas Daniela de França da Silva , Mendes Luis Claudio
Published: January 2021

Tetravalent metal phosphates find application mainly as a catalyst and ionic exchangers besides structural and some other properties. In this study, pristine zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and chemically modified with Jeffamine™ (variable amine:phosphate ratio) were used as fillers to yield polypropylene nanocomposites by melt extrusion. Additionally, two different screw speeds (60 and 120 rpm) were carried out. Structural, crystallographic, thermal, dynamic-mechanical, and relaxometry properties were assessed. The morphology was also noticed. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction revealed that high speed and chemical modified ZrP led to the mixing of intercalated and exfoliated microstructures. Screw speed (60 rpm) and zirconium phosphate promoted a slight increase of thermal stability. Crystallization temperature and crystallinity degree were strongly influenced by screw speed and zirconium phosphate. Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance in the time domain endorsed the existence of polymer/filler interaction. Both screw speed and zirconium phosphate induced changes in glass transition temperature and moduli (storage and loss). Scanning electron microscopy images corroborated the polymer/filler interaction due to the low level of micro void and filler detachment. Crystallographic, thermal, calorimetric, relaxometry and morphologic evaluations endorsed the better effect of high screw speed and good interaction between polypropylene and phosphate.
The Sociolectal and Stylistic Variability of Rhythm in Stockholm
Authors: Young Nathan J.
Published: January 2021

The question of “staccato” rhythm in Stockholm’s multiethnolect is investigated by comparing nPVIV measurements of the speech of 36 adult male speakers. The men, ages 24–43, come from a stratified sample of social classes and racial groups. Three contextual styles were recorded and analyzed: informal, formal, and very formal. The distribution of nPVIV values in informal speech across class and racial group indicates that speech rhythm splits three ways: low-alternation “staccato” rhythm among the racialized lower-class men, high-alternation rhythm among the white lower-class men, and an intermediate level of rhythm among higher-class men, regardless of racialized category. The “staccato” low-alternation feature is also less stylistically sensitive than the high-alternation feature, implying that the latter is a more established feature than the former. Further, the “staccato” feature is more stylistically sensitive among younger speakers than older speakers, implying an ongoing change from indicator to marker status. For all speakers, age has a stable main effect, which means that younger speakers, independent of racial group and class, have lower alternation than older speakers. Implied here is that low-alternation is a change from below that originates within the racialized working class. While it may be incrementally transmitting into the wider speech community, the white working class is the most resistant to its incursion.
Book review: Sanjukta Das Gupta and Shekhar Basu (Eds.), Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India
Authors: Das Sarmistha
Published: January 2021

Sanjukta Das Gupta and Shekhar Basu (Eds.), Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India. New Delhi: Primus Books, (2019 revised and enlarged), 315 pp., Price: ₹1,195.
Using Cu2+ ions as a detection material to verify the synthesis mechanism of Au nanoclusters mediated by wool keratin and silk fibroin resilience network
Authors: Zhang Xin , Dong Yuanyuan , Liu Gangzhong , Zhang Guosheng , Li Jie , Zhu Ying , Yu Weidong , Liu Hongling
Published: January 2021

Nanoclusters, with their ultrasmall sizes, have emerged as an indispensable tool in designing structural materials with a wide range of applications, but predicting the synthesis mechanism and structures remains challenging. This work delineates a synthesis mechanism of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), which is realized by functionalizing a wool keratin (WK) and silk fibroin (SF) resilience network structure via self-assembly with controllable microstructure transformation. We synthesized such AuNCs by reducing the thiol groups of WK into WK@AuNCs and then entering the WF&SF resilience framework during the reconstruction, achieving WK@AuNCs/WK&SF with high fluorescence intensity for selective quenching of heavy metal Cu2+ ions. Further investigation indicated that α-helix and β-crystallites resulted in a soft–hard molecular segment denoted as WK&SF resilience network, which held and separated the WK@AuNCs into the nanocages. Owing to the synergism of these features, WK@AuNCs/WK&SF displayed superior fluorescence performances compared with WK@AuNCs.
Design and characterization of novel fabric-based multi-resonators for wearable chipless RFID applications
Authors: Tu Huating , Zhang Yaya , Hong Hong , Hu Jiyong , Ding Xin
Published: January 2021

Nowadays, the chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is attracting significant attention owing to its immense potential in tracking. However, most of the chipless tags are fabricated on hard printed circuit boards, and the wearable fabric-based chipless tag is still in the research stage. In this paper, a symmetrical 3rd L-shaped multi-resonator wearable chipless RFID tag is designed and screen-printed onto fabric. In order to investigate the influence of the non-uniform conductive layer on the signal transmission at high frequency, the surface and cross-sectional topographies of the printed conductive film are analyzed and the frequency response characteristics are simulated and measured. The obtained results show that the common fabric can be used as the substrate to screen print the L-shaped multi-resonators of the chipless RFID tag, and the quality of the screen printed line, especially a narrow line, significantly affects the radio frequency performance. For the screen-printed 3rd L-shaped stub resonators, the relative frequency shift compared with the simulation results are 0.99%, 0.88% and 2.26%, respectively. Generally, the surface morphology of fabric and screen-printed precision are critical in improving the performance of L-shaped multi-resonators.
Re-Examining Theories on Factionalism in the Maoist Period: The Case of the Lushan Conference of 1959
Authors: Luo Yinan
Published: January 2021

Scholars consider the rise of factional politics as key to understanding party politics during the Maoist period (1949–1976). This article conducts a historical inquiry into the factional politics at the Lushan Conference of 1959. It argues that the very concept of factionalism, adopted not only by Mao Zedong but by all the conference participants, including those accused of being faction members, was created in line with a script generated by Mao to resolve the collective action problems facing the party. This script led the participants at the Lushan Conference to reimagine themselves as engaged in factional struggle within the party, suggesting to each of them the roles they should play as part of that imagined struggle. This article challenges the individualist perspective that takes factional exclusion as a strategic means employed by actors to attain personal goals when competing with others and sheds light on the imaginary and performative features of the CCP’s central decision-making dynamics.
Greetings from Prison and Greetings from Caesar’s House (Philippians 4.22): A Reconsideration of an Enigmatic Greek Expression in the Light of the Context and Setting of Philippians
Authors: Standhartinger Angela
Published: January 2021

The Greek expression οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας in Phil. 4.22 is unique. Late antique interpreters identified the group with the imperial court or immediate imperial family. In the nineteenth century, however, Ferdinand Christian Baur was skeptical that the historical Paul preached to Nero’s family and therefore counted Philippians among the post-Pauline pseudepigraphical letters. Against this radical historical-critical approach, Joseph Barber Lightfoot and Adolf Deissmann developed their influential hypothesis: οἰκία Καίσαρος ‘represents’ the Latin familia Caesaris – that is, the whole of the imperial household, including all slaves. However, because there is no technical Latin term familia Caesaris in antiquity, οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας cannot mean imperial slaves and freedpersons. Instead, I argue that the expression is a spontaneously coined code, a creative metaphor reflecting the conditions of a prisoner in an imperial prison in Ephesus. The saints from the house of Caesar are most likely Paul’s believing co-prisoners.
Multilevel Latent Class Profile Analysis: An Application to Stage-Sequential Patterns of Alcohol Use in a Sample of Canadian Youth
Authors: Lee Yunah , Kim Youngsun , Leatherdale Scott T. , Chung Hwan
Published: January 2021

Recently, latent class analysis (LCA) and its variants have been proposed to identify subgroups of individuals who follow similar sequential patterns of latent class membership for longitudinal study. A primary assumption underlying the family of LCA is that individual observations are independent. In many applications, however, particularly in research on adolescent substance use, individuals are often dependent because of multilevel data structure, where the unit of observation (e.g., students) is nested in higher level units (e.g., schools). In this study, we propose multilevel latent class profile analysis (MLCPA), which will allow us to analyze the longitudinal data with a multilevel structure under the framework of LCA. We apply an MLCPA using data from the COMPASS study, a 9-year study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Health Canada, in order to identify representative sequential drinking patterns of Canadian youth and investigate whether these sequential patterns vary across schools. The MLCPA identified three common student-level drinking behaviors: non-drinker, ever lifetime, and binge drinker. The sequence of drinking behaviors can be classified into one of three longitudinal sequential patterns: non-drinking stayer, light drinking advancer, and heavy drinking advancer. In addition, MLCPA uncovered two latent clusters ( low-use school and high-use school) out of 64 schools in Ontario and Alberta based on the prevalences of sequential drinking patterns.
When She Worries I Worry too: COVID-19 Worries in the Context of Daughters’ and Mothers’ Relations
Authors: Ayalon Liat , Segel-Karpas Dikla
Published: January 2021

We examined the extent to which a daughter’s worries are related to her mother’s perceived worries about COVID-19 (i.e., the daughter’s perception of her mother’s worries). Regard, defined as reciprocity, closeness or compatibility, and responsibility, defined as guilt, burden and protectiveness, were measured as potential moderators of the relationship between the daughter’s worries and her mother’s perceived worries. A convenience sample of 438 women between the ages of 30 and 60 completed an online survey. We found a significant correlation between daughters’ and mothers’ perceived COVID-19 worries. This association was moderated by the daughters’ regard. For those daughters that characterized their relations as high on regard, higher levels of COVID-19 worries were associated with higher levels of perceived worries among mothers. The importance of considering the relationships between daughters and mothers, during the pandemic is discussed.
Claiming justice: Victims of crime and their perspectives of justice
Authors: Holder Robyn L. , Robinson Amanda L.
Published: January 2021

‘Victims claiming justice’ has surface simplicity but arises in a range of contexts influenced by different histories, facing different institutions offering different possibilities. It is this tremendous range of contexts and characteristics that has engaged researchers. Most have taken the idea of justice as a given. As guest editors of this symposium on justice, we sought to delve into deeper and under-explored dimensions including the interconnection of inequality and justice, the relationship between public and private justice, the interests that victims have in justice, and the interface between social and criminal justice for victims. The contributions are broad in scope and consider different victimization types and contexts, different justice mechanisms and pathways that victims pursue, and extend across domestic and international justice domains. We reflect on intersections and divergences, challenges for the field and opportunities and future directions for research.
Optimized cervical spinal cord perfusion MRI after traumatic injury in the rat
Authors: Meyer Briana P , Hirschler Lydiane , Lee Seongtaek , Kurpad Shekar N , Warnking Jan M , Barbier Emmanuel L , Budde Matthew D
Published: January 2021

Despite the potential to guide clinical management of spinal cord injury and disease, noninvasive methods of monitoring perfusion status of the spinal cord clinically remain an unmet need. In this study, we optimized pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) for the rodent cervical spinal cord and demonstrate its utility in identifying perfusion deficits in an acute contusion injury model. High-resolution perfusion sagittal images with reduced imaging artifacts were obtained with optimized background suppression and imaging readout. Following moderate contusion injury, perfusion was clearly and reliably decreased at the site of injury. Implementation of time-encoded pCASL confirmed injury site perfusion deficits with blood flow measurements corrected for variability in arterial transit times. The noninvasive protocol of pCASL in the spinal cord can be utilized in future applications to examine perfusion changes after therapeutic interventions in the rat and translation to patients may offer critical implications for patient management.
Positive Perceived School Climate and Cyberbullying in Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model From the Perspective of Internet Characteristics
Authors: Shi Hui-fen , Fan Cui-ying , Chu Xiao-wei , Zhang Xue-chen , Wu Ling-ling
Published: January 2021

Although substantive research has shown that a positive perceived school climate is an essential protective factor for cyberbullying among adolescents, little research revealed the mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study examined whether normative beliefs about aggression mediate the association between a positive perceived school climate and cyberbullying and whether this process is moderated by Internet morality. Anonymous questionnaires measuring these variables were administered to 649 junior high school students in China. After controlling for traditional bullying, mediation analysis indicated that normative beliefs about aggression played a full mediating role in the relationship between a positive perceived school climate and cyberbullying. Moderated mediation analysis further revealed that Internet morality moderated the predictive effect of normative beliefs about aggression on cyberbullying. The mediating effect of normative beliefs about aggression was stronger in individuals with lower levels of Internet morality. These findings provide insight into making existing interventions more suitable for cyberbullying.
Environmental Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Affected Households in a Nigerian Rural Community
Authors: Alade Omolola T. , Abegunde Albert A. , Adedigba Joseph A. , Fakande Ibiyemi , Adedigba Michael A.
Published: January 2021

A study of environmental attributes of HIV/AIDS affected households in Ijesa region, Nigeria (N = 297). Data from both primary and secondary sources were used to establish the relationship between socio-economic and environmental characteristics at different rural community zones; namely traditional core, post traditional and contemporary. There were more female HIV/AIDS patients, located in traditional core zones (78.1%) with high house density, living in shared apartments where residents shared sleeping and bath/toilet rooms. Thus, rape was significantly associated with the design and habitation density of households. In addition, widowhood, young age, informal education, menial jobs and unemployment of patients did not correlate with most environmental variables related to HIV/AIDS in contemporary zone compared with traditional zone. However, wealth status and quality education in relation to good housing environment and decent house density were significant in contemporary zone respectively. The study concluded that policies on HIV/AIDS prevalence at rural community level should focus more on high density areas having poor socio-economic and environmental characteristics.
Ultra-low-dose computed tomography and its utility in wrist trauma in the emergency department
Authors: Tekin Erdal , Tuncer Kutsi , Ozlu Ibrahim , Sade Recep , Pirimoglu Rustem Berhan , Polat Gokhan
Published: January 2021

Background

The use and frequency of computed tomography (CT) are increasing day by day in emergency departments (ED). This increases the amount of radiation exposed.

Purpose

To evaluate the image quality obtained by ultra-low-dose CT (ULDCT) in patients with suspected wrist fractures in the ED and to investigate whether it is an alternative to standard-dose CT (SDCT).

Material and Methods

This is a study prospectively examining 336 patients who consulted the ED for wrist trauma. After exclusion criteria were applied, the patients were divided into the study and control groups. Then, SDCT (120 kVp and 100 mAs) and ULDCT (80 kVp and 5 mAs) wrist protocols were applied simultaneously. The images obtained were evaluated for image quality and fracture independently by a radiologist and an emergency medical specialist using a 5-point scale.

Results

The effective radiation dose calculated for the control group scans was 41.1 ± 2.1 µSv, whereas the effective radiation dose calculated for the study group scans was 0.5 ± 0.0 µSv. The effective radiation dose of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group ( P < 0.01). The CT images in the study group showed no significant differences in the mean image quality score between observer 1 and observer 2 (3.4 and 4.3, respectively; P = 0.58). Both observers could detect all fractures using the ULDCT images.

Conclusion

ULDCT provides high-quality images in wrist traumas while reducing the radiation dose by approximately 98% compared to SDCT without any changes in diagnostic accuracy.
Combined treatment with a gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor antagonist and a peptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improves metabolic abnormalities in diabetic mice
Authors: Yang Fei , Dang Shan , LV Hongjun , Shi Bingyin
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonism have therapeutic effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We assessed the effects of sitagliptin and Pro 3 (GIP) in a mouse model of diabetes.

Methods

Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6J mice by a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin. Blood glucose was assessed weekly. Six weeks later, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose tolerance were assessed and pancreatic and adipose tissues were collected.

Results

Combination therapy with sitagliptin and Pro 3 (GIP) resulted in significantly greater reductions of blood glucose and triglycerides than either monotherapy. Combination therapy also improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. β-cell mass and insulin-positive cell percentage in the pancreas was higher in mice receiving combination therapy compared with either monotherapy. Crown-like structures, inflammatory markers in adipose tissue, and serum leptin concentrations were decreased in mice receiving combination therapy compared with either monotherapy.

Conclusions

Combination therapy with Pro 3 (GIP) and sitagliptin improved metabolic abnormalities in diabetic mice. Changes in serum leptins and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in adipose tissue might account for the observed effects.
‘I volunteer at home too!’ Gendering affective citizenship
Authors: Marchesi Milena
Published: January 2021

This article argues for gendering affective citizenship and humanitarianism. Both of these ‘regimes of care’ are understood to work through benevolent affect, to mobilize citizens in the wake of the retrenchment of the welfare state. Ethnography with Italian-origin women volunteers at a Milanese association shows that the affect and motivations of affective citizens can starkly deviate from benevolence and ‘do-gooderism’. Analyses of post-Fordist affective citizenship focus on the shift from waged labour and state-mediated forms of social security to precarious labour and privatized responsibilities for welfare, implicitly centring the (male) breadwinner as the subject of these transformations. By contrast, this article seeks to call attention to the continuities in unwaged care. In so doing, it shows how the Fordist legacy of gendered citizenship ‘haunts’ its post-Fordist affective and humanitarian reconfigurations and highlights the contradictions and contestations that mark ongoing transformations of social citizenship in Europe.
Country-of-origin-specific economic capital in neighbourhoods: Impact on immigrants’ employment opportunities
Authors: Kadarik Kati , Miltenburg Emily , Musterd Sako , Östh John
Published: January 2021

Does living in an area characterized by high concentrations of residents of the same country-of-origin deprive ethnic minority groups, or does potential access to an extended country-of-origin-specific network stimulate their integration? This paper takes a new approach to analysing the potential of country-of-origin-specific economic capital in neighbourhoods to increase employment opportunities. We add to the ‘ethnic enclave’ debate by measuring country-of-origin-specific economic capital as the rate of employed co-countrymen, while controlling for the presence of co-countrymen and general employment rates in the neighbourhood. Whereas many studies employ aggregated data to estimate the impact of neighbourhood, here we use individualized, scalable neighbourhoods. This allows for a flexible approach in studying the impact of country-of-origin-specific economic capital in neighbourhoods. We employ individual longitudinal Swedish registry data for 2000–2010 on working-age individuals of Iraqi, Iranian, Turkish, and Somalian backgrounds in Stockholm, Göteborg, and Malmö. We find that an increased share of employed co-countrymen positively influences individual employment prospects. We add to existing knowledge by showing that the impact of minority clustering on employment outcomes is conditional on the quality of local networks – i.e., country-of-origin-specific economic capital – and on the scale of measurement.
The effect of alcohol policy on intensive care unit admission patterns in Central Australia: A before–after cross-sectional study
Authors: Wright Carly , McAnulty Greg R , Secombe Paul J
Published: January 2021

Alcohol misuse is a disproportionately large contributor to morbidity and mortality in the Northern Territory. A number of alcohol harm minimisation policies have been implemented in recent years. The effect of these on intensive care unit (ICU) admissions has not been fully explored. A retrospective before–after cross-sectional study was conducted at the Alice Springs Hospital ICU between 1 October 2017 and 30 September 2019. The primary outcome was the proportion of admissions in which alcohol misuse was a contributing factor in the 12 months before (pre-reforms phase) versus the 12 months following (post-reforms phase) implementation of alcohol legislation reforms. Secondary outcomes were measures of critical care resource use (length of stay, need for and duration of mechanical ventilation). After exclusions, 1323 ICU admissions were analysed. There was a reduction in the proportion of admissions associated with alcohol misuse between the pre-reforms and post-reforms phases (18.8% versus 11.7%, P < 0.01). This was true for both acute (10.6% versus 3.6%, P < 0.01) and chronic misuse (13.3% versus 9.6%, P = 0.03). Rates of mechanical ventilation were unchanged during the post-reforms phase (18.3% versus 14.7%). Admissions with a primary diagnosis of trauma were lower (10.5% versus 4.7%, P < 0.01). This study demonstrated a reduction in ICU admissions associated with alcohol misuse following the implementation of new alcohol harm minimisation policies. This apparent reduction in alcohol-related harm is suggestive of the effectiveness of the Northern Territory’s integrated alcohol harm reduction framework.