bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of subpollen particles (SPPs) of birch: SPPs are potential carriers of ice nucleating macromolecules
Authors: Burkart Julia , Gratzl Jürgen , Seifried Teresa M. , Bieber Paul , Grothe Hinrich
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Within the last years pollen grains have gained
increasing attention due to their cloud-forming potential. Especially the
discovery that ice nucleating macromolecules (INMs) or subpollen particles
(SPPs) obtained from pollen grains are able to initiate freezing has stirred
up interest in pollen. INMs and SPPs are much smaller and potentially more
numerous than pollen grains and could significantly affect cloud formation
in the atmosphere. However, INMs and SPPs are not clearly distinguished. This
has motivated the present study, which focuses on birch pollen and
investigates the relationship between pollen grains, INMs, and SPPs. According
to the usage of the term SPP in the medical fields, we define SPPs as the
starch granules contained in pollen grains. We show that these insoluble SPPs
are only obtained when fresh pollen grains are used to generate aqueous
extracts from pollen. Due to the limited seasonal availability of fresh
pollen grains, almost all studies have been conducted with commercial pollen
grains. To enable the investigation of the SPPs we develop an alternative
extraction method to generate large quantities of SPPs from commercial pollen
grains. We show that INMs are not bonded to SPPs (i.e. can be washed off with water). Further, we find that purified SPPs are not ice nucleation active:
after several times of washing SPPs with ultrapure water the ice nucleation
activity completely disappears. To our knowledge, this is the first study to
investigate the ice nucleation activity of isolated SPPs. To study the
chemical nature of the INMs, we use fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence
excitation–emission maps indicate a strong signal in the protein range
(maximum around λex = 280 nm and λem = 330 nm) with all ice nucleation active samples. In contrast, with purified SPPs
the protein signal is lost. We also quantify the protein concentration with
the Bradford assay. The protein concentration ranges from 77.4 µg mL−1 (highly concentrated INMs) to below 2.5 µg mL−1 (purified
SPPs). Moreover, we investigate the connection between proteins and ice
nucleation activity by treating the ice nucleation active samples with
subtilisin A and urea to unfold and digest the proteins. After this
treatment the ice nucleation activity clearly diminished. The results
indicate a linkage between ice nucleation activity and protein
concentration. The missing piece of the puzzle could be a glycoprotein
which exhibits carboxylate functionalities, can bind water in tertiary
structures, and displays degeneration and unfolding of its secondary
structure due to heat treatment or reaction with enzymes. Even though
purified SPPs are not ice nucleation active they could act as carriers of INMs
and distribute those in the atmosphere.
Anomalous amide proton chemical shifts as signatures of hydrogen bonding to aromatic sidechains
Authors: Baskaran Kumaran , Wilburn Colin W. , Wedell Jonathan R. , Koharudin Leonardus M. I. , Ulrich Eldon L. , Schuyler Adam D. , Eghbalnia Hamid R. , Gronenborn Angela M. , Hoch Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Hydrogen bonding between an amide group and the p-π cloud of
an aromatic ring was first identified in a protein in the 1980s. Subsequent
surveys of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures found multiple
instances, but their preponderance was determined to be infrequent. Hydrogen atoms participating in a hydrogen bond to the p-π cloud of an aromatic
ring are expected to experience an upfield chemical shift arising from a
shielding ring current shift. We surveyed the Biological Magnetic Resonance
Data Bank for amide hydrogens exhibiting unusual shifts as well as
corroborating nuclear Overhauser effects between the amide protons and ring
protons. We found evidence that Trp residues are more likely to be involved
in p-π hydrogen bonds than other aromatic amino acids, whereas His
residues are more likely to be involved in in-plane hydrogen bonds, with a
ring nitrogen acting as the hydrogen acceptor. The p-π hydrogen bonds
may be more abundant than previously believed. The inclusion in NMR
structure refinement protocols of shift effects in amide protons from
aromatic sidechains, or explicit hydrogen bond restraints between amides
and aromatic rings, could improve the local accuracy of sidechain
orientations in solution NMR protein structures, but their impact on global
accuracy is likely be limited.
The Quality and Challenges of Catholic Education among Parochial Schools in the Diocese of Kabankalan
Authors: Tejada Marlon , Madrigal Dennis  V.
Published: October 2021

Catholic education is a Catholic school’s way of participating in the Church’s evangelizing mission through holistic formation and conversion accordant with Catholic faith and doctrines. This descriptive comparative-correlational study determined the quality of Catholic education among parochial schools relative to the Philippine Catholic Schools Standards (PCSS) domains: Catholic identity and mission, leadership and governance, learner development, learning environment, and operational vitality. The 252 school personnel and 36 administrators of 18 parochial schools in the Diocese of Kabankalan, Philippines, for the School Year 2020-2021, answered the standardized PCSS survey questionnaire. The results showed that parochial schools are excellent relative to the offering of quality Catholic education. The findings also showed no significant difference in the level of quality of Catholic education among parochial schools when respondents are grouped according to designation and length of service. In addition, the quality of Catholic education does not correlate with the school budget and size.
Translation as a tool in linguistic analysis
Authors: Zlateva Palma
Published: October 2021

The English conjunction ‘if’ and its functional equivalents in Russian and in Bulgarian, which normally introduce conditional clauses, have a variety of other functions which may or may not be connected with their invariant meanings. The use of ‘if’ in combination with the negative particle ‘not’ and with the comparative connective ‘as’ to introduce syntactic elements other than conditional clauses is characterised with a whole spectrum of func¬tional meanings, such as concession, gradation, implied suggestion, etc. These meanings and nuances of meaning, which sometimes pose real pro¬blems for the linguist, come to the surface in translations from and into English, Bulgarian and Russian. Interpretations and inter-language trans¬formations involved in the process of translation play the role of semantic analysis and reveal functional peculiarities which are often overlooked in mono-lingual or even in contrastive grammars.
Le traitement de la phraséologie dans DEFI
Authors: Michiels Archibald
Published: October 2021

DEFI is a prototype computer tool aimed at ranking (from most to least relevant) the French translations of an English lexical item in context. This paper deals with the strategies used by DEFI to recognize multi-word units (mwus) in running text. Any lexical unit included in the lexical database used in the project (a merge of the Oxford/Hachette and Robert/Collins English-to-French dictionaries) and longer than a single word is submitted to a surface parser, and the same process is applied to the user ’s text. A program written in Prolog assesses the quality of the match between the parsed user’s text and candidate mwus retrieved from the project’s lexical database. The matcher is able to account for some of the distortions undergone by the mwu, e.g. movement of a constituent as a result of relativization or passivization.
Softwarelokalisierung - ein neues Arbeitsfeld für Übersetzerinnen und Übersetzer
Authors: Schmitz Klaus-Dirk
Published: October 2021

Internationalization and localization are keywords in our present global economy. The Development and marketing of products and services are successful only if they can be adapted to requirements of the target market in a fast and easy way. The adaptation of software products that are linguistically, culturally, legally and technically appropriate for a regional market is called software localization.This paper gives an overview of the field of software localization. After some general definitions of important concepts, the types of “texts” that have to be localized and the types of software tools that are used for localization are described. Special linguistic and non-linguistic aspects relevant and specific to localization in general are discussed and explained using examples.
Lengua y mercado en el mundo hispanohablante: un acercamiento al estado de la traducción literaria
Authors: Calabrese Steimberg Laura
Published: October 2021

This paper analyzes the status of literary translation in Spanish America and its conditions of production. Working with the Argentinean case as an exam-ple, we try to explain the logic of a cultural field strongly shaped by editorial globalization and economic dependency on the former home country. We discuss a number of theoretical issues related to the possible existence of a mega-polysystem linking the Spanish-speaking countries and their literary systems, as a way to approach the complex relations between a supraregional language and the national States sharing it. In this context, we analyze the unequal distribution of Spanish dialectal variations in the verbal market, and we examine the strategies that aim at resisting this kind of cultural dependency.
Translation and postcoloniality in Ireland: the particular and peculiar relationship between Irish Gaelic and English
Authors: Freeland Thompson Tok
Published: October 2021

Translations in Ireland (between Irish Gaelic and English) take place in two very different scenarios. In the southern Republic, the Irish language is officially the first national language, but it is now spoken by a bare fraction of the population, and is steadily declining as a living language. Translations between Irish and English are supported by the Republic ’s government in various schemes, but are often viewed with suspicion by many of the Irish Gaelic speakers as yet another colonialist move. In the North (Northern Ireland), the long history of repression has made the language a rallying point for nationalists. It is in this political minefield and threatened linguistic zone that both writer and translator must operate. Creative hybridity is revealed not as free of political enmeshments, but rather the reverse: the creative vitality of this particular bilingual writing zone (of both author and translator) results precisely from its highly pressurized milieu. This article argues that translations are served by the reflexive postcolonial understanding of the role of the translator and translation, as well as the original text, within the larger socio-political context.
La extracción de conocimiento y terminología a partir de corpus ad hoc: el uso de documentos digitales de la web pública
Authors: Sánchez-Gijón Pilar
Published: October 2021

Electronic communication accelerates the exchange of knowledge and information in areas of specialized knowledge. This state of affairs forces anyone involved in such communication (e.g. technical writers, technical translators) to remain up to date with new developments. Not only do professionals belonging to this group of people have to master the standard terminology of each specialized domain, they must also assimilate and understand the subject matter within which they are working. This article proposes a method for assembling and using specific corpora with a view to extracting from them systematic and bilingual knowledge relating to terminology, the conceptual relations between terms, and the knowledge that they represent. Special attention is devoted to the strategies that will enable professionals to use such corpora in English and in Spanish.
The fictional translator in Anglophone literatures
Authors: Curran Beverley
Published: October 2021

The use of English is commonly taken to be one of the distinctive features of globalization and Anglophone cultural hegemony. Is the appearance of the fictional translator in English writing an indication of deliberate resistance to “the global parochialism of Anglophone monoglossia” (Cronin 2003: 60)? Or are these imagined translators weak echoes of the same ‘questions of colonialism and cultural hegemony’ raised by Third World postcolonial plurilingual writers, writing in the language of the ex-colonizer? Are these characters the authors’ wistful attempts to construct a bilingual conscious-ness denied them through assimilation? These are the overarching questions that this paper will attempt to answer by looking at the fictional translator as a character and linguistic presence in writing in English through an examination of Michael Ondaatje ’s The English Patient (1992), David Malouf’s Remembering Babylon (1993), and Jonathan Safran Foer’s Everything is Illuminated (2002). The presence of the fictional translator in Canadian, Australian, and American writing in English suggests that the agent of discursive migration is operative even within regions of stubborn Anglophone monoglossia. If translators are agents of change, how do they operate in Anglophone writing in late modernity? And why is their presence so often awkward, unreliable, and even painful? I will argue that the fictional translator registers anglophone angst in spite of the lan guage ’s powerful global influence and publishing power.
Community Interpreting in mental health: research issues
Authors: Bot Hanneke
Published: October 2021

The question this article tries to deal with is: how does mental health talk differfrom dialogue in other public service areas? The contribution starts with a description of the organization of interpreting in health care and the level ofprofessionalization of the field in the Netherlands, which is really not all that different from that in other western countries. Then a description and discussion of some major publications concerning interpreting in (mental) health care and their methodological backgrounds will be presented. However, only a few publications are based on a systematic investigation. Summarizing the findings from these research projects, we can conclude that the interpreter influences the content of the communication in several ways. Firstly, because of language pair dependent changes and, secondly, because of changes that are dependent on the interpreter: his1 (lack of) knowledge of the type of communication in hand; his (lack of) knowledge of the institutional setting in which the communication takes place and the specific linguistic characteristics of that type of talk; his (un)conscious personal ideas, values and norms which make him diverge from the original text. Finally, we will summarize where we stand as far as the knowledge about interpreting in mental health is concerned, and the contribution closes with some proposals for further research.
Measuring quality and patient satisfaction in healthcare communication with foreign-language speakers
Authors: Bischoff Alexander
Published: October 2021

Healthcare services face increasing challenges to provide accessible care to an equally increasing diversity ofpatient populations. This is clearly reflected in the linguistic diversity ofpeople living in Switzerland and can be seen mostplainly in the country ’s public hospitals. After a literature review on language barriers in clinical services and the potential impact that interpreters can have in clinical outcomes, we describe how interpreters can be introduced in a primary care setting and how the quality of communication with foreign-language-speaking patients as well as their satisfaction with communication can be improved. Changes in the quality of inter - preter-mediated communication, as rated by the patients themselves, can be monitored and have a beneficial impact on the quality of care. This is important at a time of growing cultural and linguistic diversity in Switzerland and other countries, which requires healthcare systems to implement highquality professional interpreter services that ensure effective communication withforeign-language-speakingpatients.
Films, Subtitles and Subversions
Authors: Di Giovanni Elena
Published: October 2021

Focusing on subtitling for film festivals, more specifically on an Italian festival on human rights, this paper centres upon the notion of subversion as it can be applied to the practice of subtitling in this very special field. Subversive practices can, in fact, be found at various levels in the overall activity which the international distribution of films through festivals entails. From the very production of films and videos which tend to upturn mainstream cinematic conventions to the translation and dissemination of texts denouncing the violation of rights, the subversive action carried out by film festivals is always visible, strong and steady.Laying emphasis on the often unacknowledged role of the subtitlers involved in these subversive actions, the paper attempts to highlight the unique and often very complex role they are required to play, as well as the linguistic, sociocultural and emotional constraints they have to face.
Multilingualism at the multiplex: a new audience for screen translation?
Authors: O’Sullivan Carol
Published: October 2021

The phenomenon of subtitling as an aesthetic or political choice within a film, rather than a strategy for the transfer of a complete work, merits further examination at a time when filmmakers are increasingly including substantial segments of subtitled dialogue in mainstream films. The potential impact of this trend on an audience assumed to be resistant to screen translation is considerable. Despite important reservations, it is argued here that the growing visibility of translation within mainstream cinema has the potential to create space for certain forms of resistance to the dominance of English in the entertainment market, and promote the development of a ‘multilingual imagination’ in multiplex cinemagoers.
Meaning in translation: A model based on translation shifts
Authors: Osimo Bruno
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes a model of meaning-based translation shifts. While the definition of ‘meaning’ may be problematic at best, in practice it is possible to observe what remains in the reception of a message after it has been translated. The author draws on the work of Leuven-Zwart and Torop to build a new model with seven shift categories, each one identified by its influence on various aspects of reception. Examples for each shift category are taken from the first book of the Bible. The findings are channelled into a model for translation meaning.
Scaling up a Hybrid MT System: From low to full resources
Authors: Vandeghinste Vincent
Published: October 2021

This article describes a hybrid approach to machine translation (MT) that is inspired by the rule-based, statistical, example-based, and other hybrid machine translation approaches currently used or described in academic literature. It describes how the approach was implemented for language pairs using only limited monolingual resources and hardly any parallel resources (the METIS-II system), and how it is currently implemented with rich resources on both the source and target side as well as rich parallel data (the PaCo-MT system). We aim to illustrate that a similar paradigm can be used, irrespectively of the resources available, but of course with an impact on translation quality.
Castor bean oil and the matrix of energy in Brazil
Authors: Fontgalland Isabel Lausanne
Published: October 2021

This article aims the National Program of Production and Usage of Bio Combustibles- Brazil (PNPB with the castor bean crop as a favorable candidate for increasing the production of small rural properties, as well as the construction of a sustainable energy policy. Throughout the study, the policies and techniques of this Brazilian institutional arrangement pointed to castor oil as being suitable for farmers in the Brazilian Northeast. In the article, it is also verified some of the arrangements that combine local energy demands with the new technical elements for conducting a balance between biofuel and fossil fuel. This being the most efficient policy. The decision on the allocation of efficiency, in the case of the energy sector, has many concerns within the energy matrix. As a result, what was just a research problem, became the crucial point of commitment of the Brazilian energy agencies, both in the sense of expanding a platform of biofuels consortia as well as promoting incentives through the force of law. Considering that, since the 1990s, renewable energy sources are the main issue around the world, then the question is whether castor bean-based biofuel is a good source of efficient green energy? Who prepares this oilseed for future generations? What kind of by-products can this supply chain develop? To answer all these questions, the DEA method offered many insights into the new range of sector policies through the CONAB-Brazil database.
Application of SCL Learning Methods and Student Leadership Behavior: A Correlational Study
Authors: Putra Ardia , Maulana Rijal , . Nurhasanah
Published: October 2021

Background: Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) is a curriculum that is structured based on the main and supporting competencies used to achieve a competent nursing graduate profile. Leadership is the process of influencing and directing others to be motivated to achieve a goal. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the application of the Student-Centered Learning (SCL) method and the development of student leadership behavior at the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala (FON-USK).
Methodology: The type of research used is quantitative by using a cross-sectional study design. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling with a total sample of 382 respondents. The data was collected using a questionnaire sheet, and the data were analyzed using the Pearson Product Moment correlation method.
Results: The results show that there is a relationship for the application of all learning methods on the development of student leadership behavior, with p-value are described: small group discussion method (p-value 0.000) and role-play and simulation method (p-value 0.018).
Conclusion: It is recommended that FON- USK continue developing various innovative SCL learning methods based on the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework to improve leadership abilities and the achievement of nursing graduates who can compete in the national and international world of work.

Keywords: Teacher-Centered Learning; Student-Centered Learning; Learning Methods; Behavior; Leadership; Student.
Associação de peeling polihidroxiácidos com técnicas de sangria e intradermoterapia para rejuvenescimento do tecido por retração
Authors: Lopes Daniela Oliveira
Published: October 2021

O presente estudo versa sobre o uso do peeling orgânico intercalado com mescla de intradérmicos x técnicas de sangria para rejuvenescimento, a fim de que se consiga uma eficácia no tratamento de rejuvenescimento em região diversificada por retração tecidual.
Radiological evaluation of secondar y bone grafting results in patients with cleft lip and palate
Authors:   Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Replublic of Moldova, Railean Silvia , Porosencov Egor ,   Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Replublic of Moldova
Published: October 2021

Introduction. Bone grafts are a necessary component of the care protocol for patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Radiological evaluation is an essential tool in evaluating the integration of the bone graft at the cleft area. Aim: Evaluation of the interdental height of the alveolar ridge in patients with CLP at the pre- and postoperative stages in order to assess the integration of bone graft in the cleft area. Material and methods: Cross-sectional clinical study, which included 34 patients with CLP; with equal distribution by gender, with an average age of 17.6±0.43 years. The study group underwent surgical treatment with bone grafting in the cleft region. The radiological evaluation was performed pre- and postoperatively (over 6 months), according to the scale of assessment proposed by Abyholm et al. Statistical evaluation of the data was performed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Overall, favorable postoperative results were observed. Initially, according to the radiological evaluation, the patients presented at the preoperative stage type III 29.4% (n = 10) and type IV - 70.6% (n = 24) of the interdental height of the alveolar ridge. Following bone grafting, it was recorded at 52.9% (n = 18) - type I, mainly in female patients (n = 11) and 47.1% (n = 16) - type II of the interdental height of the alveolar ridge , being predominantly registered in male patients (n = 10). Statistically significant differences between the sexes were not recorded (p = 0.132). The successful results obtained by secondary bone grafting in the cleft region allowed to continue the rehabilitation treatment of patients with CLP. Conclusion: Radiological evaluation of secondary bone grafting in the cleft area in terms of assessing the height of the alveolar ridge according to the scale of Abyholm et al. is a valuable diagnostic tool, readily available for assessing the condition of the grafted bone.
U-16 Short Stories of Meera Ji: Revelation & Critical Analysis
Authors: Ijaz Sumaira
Published: October 2021

Meera Ji  is the prominent poet of twentieth century who reshaped the Jadeed Urdu Nazm throgh modern form,unique style and  variety of new ideas.He had a great exposure of western  literature and criticism so he added its flavour to Urdu poetry.Although , he is a great poet of this era .He wrote some short stories  which were published in the renowned journals of that times i.e. Adab e Lateef and Adabi Duniya.These short stories are  his good  introduction as a fiction writer.These stories reveal  the individual and social complicated behaviours as well as the complications of psycological aspect which are presented through metaphor,symbol and allegory.This article is not only the discovery of Meera Ji's short stories  but  presents its critical analysis too.
The Branichevo Principality of Darman and Kudelin Brothers
Authors: Popov Tervel
Published: October 2021

In 1273 or about 1280 the brothers Darman and Kudelin, nobles of Bulgarian-Kuman origin, take over the Branichevo region from the Hungarian Kingdom. Their small principality very soon became stronger. Darman and Kudelin paid little attention to their neighbours due to their strong army, numerous mercenaries and strong fortresses. On several occasions the brothers defeated and fought off Hungarians and also beat the Hungarian vassal Stephan Dragutin. When however their enemies united their forces the two Branichevo nobles could not stand their enemy offensive and sought refuge in the North of the Danube. The fall of the Branichevo principality represented a loss not only for Darman and Kudelin but also for Bulgaria due to the fact that for centuries Bulgarian Tsardom had ruled over the Branichevo region.
Hygiene as a Concept and a Subject in the Revival School
Authors: Terziev Vladimir
Published: October 2021

Understanding the concept of hygiene during the Revival includes a complex meaning as a science that helps to protect human health. The need to study this discipline excites a number of Revival educators, doctors and public figures, especially in the period: the mid-60s of the XIX century until the Liberation. This trend is followed by careful analysis and selection of source material, mainly from the Revival press and textbooks, which contain such information. The conclusions show that hygiene fails to establish itself as a ubiquitous subject, but elements of it are introduced into the learning process. Nevertheless, the foundations of the health culture of Bulgarian students were laid, one of the signs of modernization that Bulgarian society experienced during the Revial.
Application of Computer Planetariums in the Astronomy Education
Authors:   High School “Nikola Vaptsarov”, Atanasova Ana
Published: October 2021

Children‘s interest in the stars and planets has always been great. Visiting planetariums and astronomical observatories is an exciting experience for them. Therefore, a great challenge for teachers is to maintain this interest and at the same time teach them the latest knowledge in astronomy. In the age of evolving computer technology, this is possible through the use of computer planetariums. These specialized software are able to „bring“ the starry sky into the classroom. There is a lot of evidence that the use of a computer planetarium in astronomy education leads to better results in the acquisition of knowledge by students.
A Study on Reflection with 15 – 17 Year Olds in School Biology Education in an Intellectual and Personality Aspect
Authors:   University of Sofia, Hadjiali Isa
Published: October 2021

The report highlights into an empirical study of the intellectual and personality reflection correlations with 15 to 17- year old students in school biology education. The experiment draws upon two research groups, control group consisting of 80 students and an experimental one made up of 90 students instructed in various secondary schools around Bulgaria. All analyses have been performed using SPSS 13 software (statistics) and the correlation coefficients of Spearman – Brown (rsb) and Pearson (r). They provide ample evidence that the designed model of technology, based on reflection, helps students develop and enhance their reflective, cognitive and self-awareness skills in genetics and biotechnology classes.
Level Of Formation Of Sociolinguistic And Sociocultural Competencies Of Primary School Aged Students According To The Parents
Authors: Raykova Irena
Published: October 2021

В настоящата статия се анализират данните, получени от анкетно проучване, имащо за цел да установи равнището на формираност на социолингвистични и социокултурни компетентности на учениците в началния етап на основната образователна степен според родителите. Обобщените резултати дават информация за читателските интереси на учениците в I – IV клас и за условията, които родителите създават, за да стимулират интереса на децата към четенето. Представени са най-често реализираните форми на сътрудничество между родители, ученици и учители във връзка с формирането и развитието на изследваните компетентности, както и предпочитаните от учителите методи, форми и средства на работа, които използват в педагогическата си практика. Предложени са възможни решения за повишаване равнището на формираност на социолингвистичната и социокултурната компетентност на учениците в I – IV клас, включващи работа по групи и в екипи, и възможност на родителите да участват в живота на класа.
The High School Students – a Challenge to the Bulgarian Language Teacher
Authors:   P. Kr. Javorov Secondary School, Dimitrova-Yordanova Diana
Published: October 2021

Mass media and social networking are fast-developing forms of communication in our world and in education in particular. Their language is attractive and comprehensible for everyone. Through them some phenomena which deviate from the literary norm  can be observed in speech. Over time speakers stop looking at them as a deviation in their language behaviour. Such mistakes are usually considered as manifestation of low education or as insufficient knowledge of the literary norm. The article shows an experiment where the found deviations are turning into an interesting "game" at school which helps creating attitudes and gaining experience
Система за стимулиране и усъвършенстване уменията на учениците за творческо мислене
Authors:   Peyo Yavorov Secondary School, Stoyanova Darinka
Published: October 2021

The analysis of the current state of the Bulgarian school education outlines the main problem – orientation towards memorizing and reproduction instead of provoking thinking, independence and developing skills. Can thinking be taught? How far can this possibility reach? The real practice of nowadays school differs more and more from that kind of education led by the illusion that thinking appears itself in the process of education. Creativity is a matter of value. A new idea is really creative when it is useful or adds some real value for someone. According to prof. Edward de Bono creative thinking is most of all a skill but not a matter of a personal talent or a sudden dawn of inspiration. Cognitive Research Trust program (CoRT) gives the opportunity to teach thinking in the extra-curricular activities at school. Mental methods and tools of thinking form an effective system for stimulating and developing students’ creative thinking skills.
Caracterização sensorial utilizando o método CATA (Check All That Apply) de tortas de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) em uma Universidade Federal
Authors: Campinas Denize Leise Assunção de Lázari , Altemio Angela Dulce Cavenaghi , Ribeiro Mírian Luisa Faria Freitas , Santos Beatriz Chela dos
Published: October 2021

O presente estudo teve como objetivo o preparo de torta elaborada com Filé de Baixo valor Comercial, carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) e surimi de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), avaliando seus aspectos sensoriais pela metodologia Check All That Apply, com a finalidade de inserção deste produto na merenda escolar no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil). A análise sensorial da torta de peixe foi realizada por meio da aplicação do teste CATA, no qual possuía dezesseis atributos previamente considerados por seis julgadores. Os termos descritos no teste analisavam fatores como cor, odor, sabor, aparência e textura. Esta metodologia consiste em apresentar ao provador uma lista de termos e/ou frases relacionadas com o produto analisado. Foram elaboradas três tortas, feitas com: carne mecanicamente separada, surimi e filé de baixo valor comercial de tilápia do Nilo, todas doadas por uma empresa local. O surimi foi elaborado utilizando a CMS, por meio de procedimento próprio descrito no decorrer do presente trabalho. Desta forma, cem julgadores não treinados participaram da pesquisa e assinalavam as características que julgavam pertinentes. Os resultados retrataram que os atributos sabor forte de peixe, enjoativa, textura de areia na boca e recheio com cor escura tiveram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as tortas.
Linearization of High frequency Class E Feedback Amplifier using Negative Impedance Method
Authors: Sikder MD. Shoaib , M. Tanseer Ali
Published: October 2021

This work represents a novel method of linearization of Switch Mode Power Amplifier (SMPA). For this purpose, class E SMPA was designed and analyzed both before and after applying a linearization technique known as Negative Impedance method. One of the major characteristics of a standard SMPA is that they poses high efficiency than their linear counterpart but on the other hand they show highly nonlinear characteristics. The motivation behind this work is to harness this highly efficient amplifier and make it linear which can very useful for various applications in RF communication fields. All the schematics and simulations that are presented in this paper was performed using Cadence Virtuoso environment using “Spectre” simulator tool. For active components, 280nm process technology was used under “gpdk90” pdk which based on BSIM3v3 model. Circuit was designed to run at 2GHz with 2.5 V supply voltage. A mathematical model is also presented using data found from the analysis, with the help of MATLAB. Linearity was measured using Input referred Intercept Point of 3rd order frequency (IIP3), which was improved from 3.7dBm to 17.86dBm with 57% percent efficiency providing an output power of 15.78dBm.
Assessment of County Internal Control System on Financial Accountability in Tana River County, Kenya
Authors:   Mount Kenya University, Hajj Bosharo Osman , Abuga Dr. Isaac ,   Mount Kenya University
Published: October 2021

The public management of funds in Tana River County has been ineffectual and the report of the auditor general has reported massive squandering of the public resources. The poor financial accountability formed the rationale of conducting the study to assess how the county's internal control system influences financial accountability in Tana River County. The study was based on four theories, namely agency cost theory, classical management theory, stewardship theory and information systems success theory. The study employed a mixed methodology and specifically a convergent parallel mixed-methods perspective. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The targeted population for the study was 324 employees in Tana River County. A stratified sampling technique was used to get the sample size of 200 respondents. The data collection instruments comprised of questionnaires and interview guides. The results of the study indicated that monitoring systems, information and communication systems, risk management systems and internal audits explain 67.4% of the variations in financial accountability. The regression results showed that risk management system is positively and significantly related to financial accountability (β=.287 p=0.000). Moreover, it was found that internal audits and financial accountability are positively and significantly related (β=.406 p=0.000). Likewise, the study found that information and communication systems and financial accountability is positively and significantly related (β=.25 p=0.000). The study also found a positive and significant relationship between monitoring and financial accountability in Tana River County. (β=.144 p=0.000). Moreover, it was revealed there is a moderating effect of government policy and regulations on the relationship between internal control systems and financial accountability in Tana River County since the coefficient of determination (R squared) increased to 73.9%. The study recommended that counties need to develop a risk management system to spur efficiency and transparency. There should be an effective management system that could evaluate risks in advance to enables counties to maintain those risks within controlled levels. The internal auditor need to be monitored regularly to minimize the chances of presenting reports with mistakes and exaggerations. There is the need to have internal reviews of revenue targets during the financial year. Moreover, it is recommended stringent measures should be taken against the county employees found with corruption cases. Keywords: Risk management system, internal audit, information and communication systems, monitoring systems, government policy and regulations, financial accountability, Tana River County, Kenya
Impact of Internal Mechanisms on Corporate Governance: Case of Glaxosmithkline Pharmaceuticals Limited, United Kingdom
Authors:   University of Cambridge, Rosenstein Martin
Published: October 2021

Corporate governance is the collection of systems, procedures and relations utilized by numerous parties to regulate and run a business. Governance structures and principles identify the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the business, such as the board of directors, managers, shareholders, creditors, auditors, regulators and stakeholders. The study sought to examine the impact of internal mechanisms on corporate governance in GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited in the United Kingdom. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The target population included employees from the management level in the company. The research instruments adopted included questionnaires. The results of the study showed that Internal Mechanisms has a positive and significant association with Corporate Governance in GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Limited. The regression results depicted that internal mechanisms explain 26.4% of the variations in corporate governance. Further, it was established that a positive and significant relationship exists between internal mechanisms and corporate governance. The study showed that internal mechanisms included the oversight of management, independent internal audits and structure of the board of directors. The study concluded that internal mechanisms are key in determining corporate governance. The study recommended that there is a need to have clarity in corporate governance because it assists in operating the business properly since more shareholders and investors are willing to invest in the particular business. The directors and owners of the business should be people of great integrity and highly qualified to run the business in a professional way that will not bring losses or failure in the future. Employees who perform excellently should be rewarded to continue with that spirit of hard work that makes the business thrive well.
FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF HEMIONITIS ARIFOLIA LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: Krishna Kumar K. R , Jayaprakash A. P , Srinivasan K. K. , Harindran J. ,   University College of Pharmacy, M G University, Cheruvandoor, Ettumanoor - 686 631, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
Published: October 2021

In the present investigation, the free radical scavenging activity of the extracts of Hemionitis arifolia leaves prepared using 95% ethanol (HALE) and 50% ethanol (HALH) were determined by ABTS, DPPH, nitric oxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay methods. Preliminary phytochemical studies were performed and identified the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. Free radical scavenging activity of both the extracts was clearly manifested in all the four antioxidant assay methods performed. The IC50 values of both the extracts and the known antioxidant rutin obtained in the ABTS radical scavenging assay was around 3μg/mL. The antioxidant assay was performed on both the extracts and rutin simultaneously using same reagents under identical conditions. The antioxidant potential demonstrated can possibly be due to the phenolic and flavonoid content present in the extract.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC-PDA METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF AMBRISENTAN IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: Sai Supraja M , Yasawini P , Nazma S. K. , Sai Sree M , Lakshmi Suneetha G. , Vijaya Lakshmi M. , Nalluri B. N. ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, K.V.S.R Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada - 520 010, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Published: October 2021

A simple and precise RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of ambrisentan in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on Phenomenex C18 (150 x 4.6mm, 5μm) column using a mobile phase of 10mM ammonium acetate: acetonitrile (65:35% V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The analyte was monitored using UV detector at 262 nm. The retention time was found to be 2.696 minutes. The proposed method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 10-50 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The mean recoveries obtained for ambrisentan were in the range of 99.24 -99.66%. The developed method has been statistically validated according to ICH guidelines and found to be simple, precise and accurate with the prescribed values. Thus the proposed method was compatible to LC-MS and successfully applied for the estimation of Ambrisentan in routine quality control analysis in bulk and its formulations.
Contemporary Turkish Mevlevi Mysticism. Organisation, spirituality and relations with secular sphere
Authors: Crescenti Martina
Published: October 2021

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduction - 2. The organisational structure of Mevlevi Islamic mysticism - 3. Mevlevi spirituality and religiosity - 4. The secular sphere and the laws of the market - 5. Conclusions.

Abstract: This article aims to provide as comprehensive a reading as possible of the organisation of socio-religious aggregation of contemporary Islamic mevlevism in Turkey. Starting from some classical notions of religion and spirituality (Simmel, Weber, Troeltsch) we examine the type of organisational structure of the Mevlevi order, the modus operandi, the internal relations between the followers, the role of the master taking into consideration the criterion of compromise, inclusiveness/exclusiveness and the transmission of charisma. Furthermore, the nature of Mevlevi spirituality, its organisational and moral principles, and the ecstatic practice of the sema is analysed. Finally, we analyse the relations of the Mevlevi orders with the population, some kinds of financing mechanisms, some forms of mediatisation and the marketing of some Mevlevi products. Finally, the order's interest and need to become part of religious tourism is analysed, encountering, however, conflicts, internal divisions and the non-legitimation needs of specific groups of believers.
Arsénico y flúor en agua subterránea de Chihuahua: su origen, enriquecimiento, y tratamientos posibles
Authors: Gutiérrez Mélida , Espino Valdés María Socorro , Alarcón Herrera María Teresa , Pinales Munguía Adán , Silva Hidalgo Humberto
Published: October 2021

La presencia de arsénico (As) y flúor (F) en agua subterránea es un problema global que afecta a una gran cantidad de personas en cinco continentes. Estudios al respecto reportan el contenido de As y F en agua, rocas y sedimentos, así como los factores que causan su enriquecimiento. Una cantidad de investigaciones, a la par de extensa, reporta las maneras de maximizar la eficiencia de los diversos tratamientos de agua. La ingesta crónica de agua con niveles altos de As y F causa graves trastornos a la salud. Es entonces necesario encontrar tratamientos efectivos que reduzcan el contenido de estos contaminantes dentro de las condiciones y recursos disponibles. En el presente artículo se hace una síntesis de la información reportada sobre el contenido de As y F en agua subterránea y las condiciones que causan su enriquecimiento. Se compara el caso de Chihuahua con otras zonas que cuentan con geología y clima similares. Se puntualizan tratamientos aplicados para su eliminación del agua de consumo y se discuten procesos de remoción no-convencionales y a escalas de laboratorio que podrían utilizarse con éxito.
Digital Image Noise Reduction Application with Mean And Median Filter Method
Authors: Rangkuti Rifa Ferawaty
Published: October 2021

Images such as photos and so on, for some people are memories that carry a thousand meanings. As mentioned in a word of wisdom, one word only means one word but a picture represents a thousand meanings. Even though at present, the position of the image has been shifted by moving images such as videos, it's just that the use of images as a medium for storing an event remains in a strategic position. In this study, the noise reduction method is used as an image improvement method. Based on the tests carried out, it can be concluded that Noise is an image or pixel that interferes with image quality. The higher the ProbNoise value (noise density) given, the lower the PSNR value produced and the greater the MSE value obtained,
Simulation to Determine The Amount of Fan Rotation on a Cooling Machine Using The Fuzzy Logic Method
Authors: Nasution Afrizal Hasan
Published: October 2021

This Fan Rotation Simulation Application on Cooling Machines with Fuzzy Logic is an application that can simulate the fan rotation process based on the input voltage and temperature given by the user. In carrying out this simulation, this application uses a stress index with a category of small, medium, medium, high or higher. Temperature index with categories cooler, cooler, warmer, warmer and hotter. While the fan speed index uses the very slow, slow, rather fast, fast and very fast categories. This system can analyze the amount of fan rotation in RPM (Rotation Per Minute) automatically based on the input voltage and temperature and is equipped with a graphic facility that displays the simulation results of fan rotation, namely temperature graphs and fan rotation graphs. However. The designed system is equipped with fan rotation speed animation, to simulate fan rotation in the temperature range of -50 C.