bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Umkehrungen von passio: Hypnose und Trance in kinematischer und ethnographischer Erfahrung
Authors: Papenburg Bettina
Published: March 2010

Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass der Dialog zwischen der Ethnologie, insbesondere der visuellen Anthropologie und der Filmwissenschaft, speziell der avancierten Filmtheorie als Desiderat gelten muss, unternimmt der Aufsatz eine konzeptgeleitete und problemorientierte Erkundung im transziplinären Raum zwischen diesen beiden Disziplinen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, wie Erkenntnisse aus der kulturanthropologischen Forschung zu veränderten Bewusstseinszuständen Zugang zur Kinoerfahrung eröffnen können. Ziel ist es, Reflexionen über die Verwischung der Grenze zwischen Handlungsmacht und Leidenschaft in der Feldforschung mit Konzepten zum Paradox von Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung im Kino über die Diskussion der Konzepte Trance und Hypnose paradigmatisch zusammenzuführen und zu sehen, welcher neue Nenner sich daraus ergibt. Als These werden syntaktische Ähnlichkeiten und strukturelle Korrespondenzen von spezifischen Reflexionen der ethnographischen Erfahrung und einigen Modellen der Filmerfahrung behauptet.
Im Gewebe von Wahrnehmung und Handlung: Über Teilhabe im Bildlichen, Symbolischen und Fragmentären
Authors: Treu Dieter
Published: March 2010

Viele unserer Sprach- und Denkgewohnheiten sind mehr pragmatisch als erfahrungsorientiert, eher intellektuell als intuitiv und durchsetzt mit Raumsymbolik. Übertragen auf alltäglichen Ideen und wissenschaftlichen Konzeptualisierungen von “Innen“ und “Außen“ und die Frage, wie wir im Handeln in Berührung mit uns selbst und der Welt kommen führen uns diese Gewohnheiten zu einer bekannten Dichotomisierung – der Korrelierung messbarer äußerer Wirkungen mit hypostasierten inneren Dynamiken. Im Text versuche ich, anhand der Trias Bild-Begriff-Fragment jenseits dieser Standardmethode drei Wahrnehmungsmodi als Formen von Teilhabe zu verstehen; mit ihren eigenen, nicht eindeutig zu verräumlichenden Grenzen und den Möglichkeiten handelnder Bezugnahme durch und mit ihnen.
Pakistan in 2009: Tackling the Taliban?
Authors: Nelson Matthew J.
Published: March 2010

Party-based political competition played an important part in shaping key events in Pakistan in 2009. This article examines the impact of party-based competition on the much-delayed restoration of Supreme Court Chief Justice Mohammad Iftikhar Chaudhry, efforts to address (with U.S. assistance) Pakistan's growing Taliban-affiliated insurgency, and both federal and provincial economic policies. This article concludes that party-based competition will continue to shape Pakistan's evolving security and economic situation in 2010.
Nepal and Bhutan in 2009: Transition Travails?
Authors: Lawoti Mahendra
Published: March 2010

Democratic transitions in Nepal and Bhutan ran into challenges in 2009. The integration of Maoist combatants, polarization among political parties, increasing ethnic assertion, and mushrooming armed groups have delayed constitution writing in Nepal and led to political instability. In Bhutan, societal assertion against limited rights and discrimination is increasing.
Malaysia in 2009: Confronting Old Challenges through a New Leadership
Authors: Singh Bilveer
Published: March 2010

Malaysia in 2009 remained in constant political turmoil. While Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak's stronger leadership and new policies did improve the situation, issues of race, religion, and economic disparity continued to trouble the administration. Although the opposition's threat of taking over the central government did not eventuate, it remains a significant force with a potential for regime change in the future.
Thailand in 2009: Colored by Turbulence
Authors: Prasirtsuk Kitti
Published: March 2010

The prolonged political crisis in Thailand reached a new high in 2009, when ASEAN-related summits were aborted by fierce pro-Thaksin protests, followed by violent riots in Bangkok. Although the 2007 Constitution revision represented a key contestation, cleavages within the anti-Thaksin coalition became paramount. Meanwhile, domestic conflicts prompted increasing Cambodian involvement in Thai affairs.
Timor-Leste in 2009: Cup Half Full or Half Empty?
Authors: Gunn Geoffrey C.
Published: March 2010

Timor-Leste (East Timor) appears to have put the crisis of 2006 behind it. No major outbreaks of violence recurred. The security dividend translated into tangible economic progress. Added to that, the otherwise impoverished, half-island Southeast Asian nation has joined the holders of sovereign funds. Still, macro-development indicators do not give cause for unbridled optimism.
Singapore in 2009: Structuring Politics, Priming the Economy, and Working the Neighborhood
Authors: Ganesan Narayanan
Published: March 2010

Singapore suffered a sharp decline in economic output, its state investment agencies lost significant amounts, and the state drew on reserves to stimulate the economy. Electoral boundaries were redrawn, changes to the political system mooted, and rumors of elections were rife. Immigration and national integration issues became important.
Japan in 2009: A Historic Election Year
Authors: Arase David
Published: March 2010

The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) defeated the Liberal Democratic Party in a lower house election, ending its 54-year reign. The DPJ began bold steps to democratize Japan's political system and reconsider the country's position vis-à-vis the U.S. and Asia.
South Korea in 2009: From Setbacks to Reversal
Authors: Moon Chung-In
Published: March 2010

Despite political setbacks, aftershocks of the global financial crisis, and the continuing North Korean nuclear quagmire, the Lee Myung-bak government made dramatic reversals in 2009. But winning local elections, forging national unity, sustaining economic growth, and managing the North Korean question will remain daunting challenges throughout 2010.
Taiwan in 2009: Eroding Landslide
Authors: Gold Thomas B.
Published: March 2010

After landslide victories in elections in 2008, the ruling Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) under Ma Ying-jeou promoted closer economic ties with the booming economy of mainland China, working toward a free trade agreement. The destruction in Taiwan wreaked by Typhoon Morakot in August exposed weaknesses and doubts about Ma's leadership.
The United States and Asia in 2009: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Continuity
Authors: Godement François
Published: March 2010

In crafting an Asia policy during the first year of his presidency, Obama has faced the dilemma of continuing much of his predecessor's policies while answering public expectations for change. A military surge in Afghanistan after a long debate, an attempt to enhance strategic cooperation with China, a disappointing result for climate change policies, a better disposition toward regional organizations, and a growing concern with the course of Japan's alliance policy have been the main threads of a deeply pragmatic approach.
The Sect Crisis of 1955 and the American Commitment to Ngô Đình Diệm
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: March 2010

The sect crisis represented a critical turning point in South Vietnam. This article examines the spring 1955 clash between Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm and his challengers among the Hóa Hảo, Cao Đàai, and Bính Xuyên politico-religious sects in light of French and American involvement. Overlapping domestic and international dynamics combined to produce several results: Ngô Đình Diệm defeated the sect coalition, Washington pledged unconditional support for the prime minister, French clout in South Vietnam diminished, and the Sài Gòn government renewed its commitment to eradicate the influence of Chief of State Bảo Đại and remaining sect rebels over South Vietnamese politics.
Vietnam's "Informal Public" Spaces: Belonging and Social Distance in Post-reform Hồ Chí Minh City
Authors: Earl Catherine
Published: March 2010

In this paper, I adopt a concept of informal public space from socialist social life as part of the language of postsocialism to explore changing uses of social space by women in contemporary Hồ Chí Minh City. Following Zdravomyslova and Voronkov, I describe the informal public as the space in culture where urbanites are able to demonstrate normality and belonging by participating in neighborhood life. I argue that the use of informal public space has been adapted to meet the new conditions of the post-reform era. Because of this, the informal public is simultaneously a space where urbanites not only can demonstrate belonging but also can mark relative social position by producing or mitigating social distance.
Targeting Signal Transduction Pathways in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Rosen Lee S. , Ashurst Helen Louise , Chap Linnea
Published: March 2010

Greater understanding of the underlying etiology and biology of breast cancer is enabling the clinical development of targeted therapies for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Following the successful introduction of trastuzumab, the first human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) biologically targeted therapy to become widely used in MBC patients, other agents have been developed. Novel agents include monoclonal antibodies such as pertuzumab, which bind to receptors on the cell surface, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as lapatinib, which target intracellular pathways such as that of the epidermal growth factor receptor. There is also growing clinical experience with antiangiogenic agents, particularly in combination with chemotherapy. These include the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and multitargeted TKIs with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activities, such as sunitinib. Combination treatment with multiple agents targeting both the HER family and angiogenic pathways (e.g., trastuzumab plus bevacizumab) is also showing activity in the clinical setting. Despite recent advances, there are unanswered questions regarding the management of MBC with targeted agents. Future studies are necessary to determine the optimal combinations, doses, and schedules required to maximize clinical activity while minimizing toxicity. Despite the temptation to use a targeted agent in all patients, identification of patient subgroups most likely to benefit must be a key goal and will be critical to the successful future use of these treatments. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the key signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and some of the novel therapies that are in development for MBC.
Differential gene expression profiles of invasive and non-invasive non-functioning pituitary adenomas based on microarray analysis
Authors: Galland Françoise , Lacroix Ludovic , Saulnier Patrick , Dessen Philippe , Meduri Geri , Bernier Michèle , Gaillard Stéphane , Guibourdenche Jean , Fournier Thierry , Evain-Brion Danièle , Bidart Jean Michel , Chanson Philippe
Published: March 2010

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) may be locally invasive. Markers of invasiveness are needed to guide patient management and particularly the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. To examine whether invasive NFPAs display a specific gene expression profile relative to non-invasive tumors, we selected 40 NFPAs (38 of the gonadotroph type) and classified them as invasive (n=22) or non-invasive (n=18) on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging and surgical findings. We then performed pangenomic analysis with the 44k Agilent human whole genome expression oligonucleotide microarray in order to identify genes with differential expression between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs. Candidate genes were then tested in qRT-PCR. Prediction class analysis showed that the expression of 346 genes differed between invasive and non-invasive NFPAs (P<0.001), of which 233 genes were up-regulated and 113 genes were down-regulated in invasive tumors. On the basis of Ingenuity networks and the degree of up- or down-regulation in invasive versus non-invasive tumors, 35 genes were selected for expression quantification by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of only four genes was confirmed, namely IGFBP5 (P=0.02), MYO5A (P=0.04), FLT3 (P=0.01), and NFE2L1 (P=0.02). At the protein level, only myosin 5A (MYO5A) immunostaining was stronger in invasive than in non-invasive NFPAs. Molecular signature allows to differentiate ‘grossly’ invasive from non-invasive NFPAs. The product of one of these genes, MYO5A, may be a useful marker of tumor invasiveness.
Time for Financial Reform, Plan C
Authors: Blinder Alan S
Published: March 2010

Alan Blinder argues that something must be done, and outlines the bare minimum that we must do.
Numerical Evaluation of the Non-Isothermal Method for Determination of Moisture Diffusivity
Authors: Li Zhanyong , Li Yanhua , Ye Jingsheng , Kobayashi Noriyuki
Published: March 2010

A non-isothermal (linearly increasing temperature) procedure was used to determine the moisture diffusivity in mass transfer as a function of temperature with the complex optimization method. The effects of heating rate and experimental errors on the prediction accuracy of the parameters in Arrhenius equation were evaluated through pseudo-experimental data randomly generated on the basis of simulation results. An optimum heating rate of 0.01 K/s was found at which the experimental error less than 15% has negligible effect on calculated liquid diffusivity.
Analytic Solution of Mass Conservation Equation for Drying Process
Authors: Li Changyou
Published: March 2010

Deep-bed drying is an integrated process affected by many different factors. In this regard, the nature of deep-bed drying phenomenon was discussed, and the models and mass equilibrium equations for deep-bed hot-air drying process were constructed for the study. The material dehydration process, medium humidification process and system equilibrium were analyzed. The dimensionless numbers were introduced to simplify and solve the differential equations of deep-layer drying. Furthermore, the analytical formula and solution of the deep layer hot-air drying process were given. The results provided a kind of simple and practical analytical formula and calculation method, which are the base to hold the characteristics of deep-layer drying system well, and realize the accurate control of process.
Volatile Composition Changes of Pineapple during Drying in Modified and Controlled Atmosphere
Authors: Braga Alice M. P. , Silva Maria A. , Pedroso Marcio P. , Augusto Fabio , Barata Lauro E. S.
Published: March 2010

Pineapple samples were dried in normal and modified atmospheres by addition of 0.5% ethanol v/v to the air stream using two different temperatures and two different velocities. The volatile composition changes during the drying process were determined using the solid phase microextraction coupled to a gas chromatographer with mass spectrometer. The modification of the drying atmosphere with ethanol vapor promoted a more intense water evaporation as well as a less pronounced loss of volatiles. The volatile composition changed significantly during drying not only by the loss of some components but also by the appearance of others.
Measuring the effectiveness of advertisements sent via mobile phone: Implications of the appeal, endorser, and involvement model and purchasing behavior
Authors: Yeh Jin-Tsann , Lin Chyong-Ling
Published: March 2010

In this study, the 3 dimensions of advertising strategy (Appeal, Endorser, Involvement) were unified to examine the effectiveness of advertising via a mobile phone (m-commerce). Participants viewed scenario based advertisements on a mobile phone then, via a survey, we measured the impact
of advertising attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention on 120 consumers as related to endorser and advertising appeal. Results indicated that consumers prefer emotional appeal presented by domestic endorsers for high involvement products; while for low involvement products, rational
appeal by foreign endorsers significantly influenced advertising attitude, brand attitude and purchase intention. The interaction between information appeal and involvement was significant for advertising attitude and brand attitude, and the three-way interaction among variables was significant
in relation to advertising attitude. These results confirm that the AEI strategy is apparently not mediated by the evolution of m-commerce.
Gender role identity among Korean and American college students: Links to gender and academic achievement
Authors: Shin Kyoung Ho , Yang Jang Ae , Edwards Carla E.
Published: March 2010

Gender role identity (androgyny, masculinity, femininity), and its link to gender and academic achievement were examined across a sample of Korean and American college students. Results indicate that the androgyny group represented the largest proportion in the American sample, while
the femininity group was the largest in the Korean sample. Korean students with masculinity achieved the highest score in Korean Sooneung Examination, followed by the androgyny group. In contrast, American students in the femininity group scored highest in the American College Testing examination.
Academic performance in Korean male students differed across socioeconomic status but that of the American male students was influenced more by gender role identity than by socioeconomic status.
The effect of trust belief and salesperson's expertise on consumer's intention to purchase nutraceuticals: Applying the theory of reasoned action
Authors: Tsai Ming-Tien , Chin Chao-Wei , Chen Cheng-Chung
Published: March 2010

The consumer's attitude, subjective norm, and purchase intention were explored based on the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). A sample of 334 consumers was surveyed and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results show that a consumer's
attitude subjective norm and the salesperson's expertise will facilitate the purchase intention of buying nutraceuticals; the salesperson's expertise and subjective norm can affect the consumer's attitude; and trust belief does not directly affect purchase intention, but rather the consumer's
attitude to buying nutraceuticals and the subjective norm.
Platelet Tissue Factor Synthesis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Is Resistant to Inhibition by Insulin
Authors: Gerrits Anja J. , Koekman Cornelis A. , van Haeften Timon W. , Akkerman Jan Willem N.
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and show abnormalities in the coagulation cascade. We investigated whether increased synthesis of tissue factor (TF) by platelets could contribute to the hypercoagulant state.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Platelets from type 2 diabetic patients and matched control subjects were adhered to different surface-coated proteins, and TF premRNA splicing, TF protein, and TF procoagulant activity were measured.

RESULTS

Different adhesive proteins induced different levels of TF synthesis. A mimetic of active clopidogrel metabolite (AR-C69931 MX) reduced TF synthesis by 56 ± 10%, an aspirin-like inhibitor (indomethacin) by 82 ± 9%, and the combination by 96 ± 2%, indicating that ADP release and thromboxane A2 production followed by activation of P2Y12 and thromboxane receptors mediate surface-induced TF synthesis. Interference with intracellular pathways revealed inhibition by agents that raise cAMP and interfere with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B. Insulin is known to raise cAMP in platelets and inhibited collagen III–induced TF premRNA splicing and reduced TF activity by 35 ± 5 and 47 ± 5% at 1 and 100 nmol/l. Inhibition by insulin was reduced in type 2 diabetes platelets resulting in an ∼1.6-fold higher TF synthesis than in matched control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

We characterized the extra- and intracellular mechanisms that couple surface activation to TF synthesis in adhering platelets. In healthy individuals, TF synthesis is inhibited by insulin, but in patients with type 2 diabetes inhibition is impaired. This leads to the novel finding that platelets from type 2 diabetic patients produce more TF than platelets from matched control subjects.
MTNR1B G24E Variant Associates With BMI and Fasting Plasma Glucose in the General Population in Studies of 22,142 Europeans
Authors: Andersson Ehm A. , Holst Birgitte , Sparsø Thomas , Grarup Niels , Banasik Karina , Holmkvist Johan , Jørgensen Torben , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Egerod Kristoffer L. , Lauritzen Torsten , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Bonnefond Amélie , Meyre David , Froguel Philippe , Schwartz Thue W. , Pedersen Oluf , Hansen Torben
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

Common variants in the melatonin receptor type 1B (MTNR1B) locus have been shown to increase fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether nonsynonymous variants in MTNR1B associate with monogenic forms of hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, or related metabolic traits.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

MTNR1B was sequenced in 47 probands with clinical maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), in 51 probands with early-onset familial type 2 diabetes, and in 94 control individuals. Six nonsynonymous variants (G24E, L60R, V124I, R138C, R231H, and K243R) were genotyped in up to 22,142 Europeans. Constitutive and melatonin-induced signaling was characterized for the wild-type melatonin receptor type 1B (MT2) and the 24E, 60R, and 124I MT2 mutants in transfected COS-7 cells.

RESULTS

No mutations in MTNR1B were MODY specific, and none of the investigated MTNR1B variants associated with type 2 diabetes. The common 24E variant associated with increased prevalence of obesity (odds ratio 1.20 [1.08–1.34]; P = 8.3 × 10−4) and increased BMI (β = 0.5 kg/m2; P = 1.2 × 10−5) and waist circumference (β = 1.2 cm; P = 9 × 10−6) in combined Danish and French study samples. 24E also associated with decreased FPG (β = −0.08 mmol/l; P = 9.2 × 10−4) in the Danish Inter99 population. Slightly decreased constitutive activity was observed for the MT2 24E mutant, while the 124I and 60R mutants displayed considerably decreased or completely disrupted signaling, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Nonsynonymous mutations in MTNR1B are not a common cause of MODY or type 2 diabetes among Danes. MTNR1B 24E associates with increased body mass and decreased FPG. Decreased MT2 signaling does apparently not directly associate with FPG or type 2 diabetes.
Suppressive Effect of Insulin Infusion on Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
Authors: Ghanim Husam , Korzeniewski Kelly , Sia Chang Ling , Abuaysheh Sanaa , Lohano Teekam , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

In view of the previously described anti-inflammatory effects of insulin, we investigated the potential suppressive effect of insulin on plasma concentrations and expression of the chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and their receptors, chemokine receptor (CCR)-2 and CCR-5, in mononuclear cells (MNCs). We also investigated the effect of insulin on other chemokines.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ten obese type 2 diabetic patients were infused with insulin (2 units/h with 100 ml of 5% dextrose/h) for 4 h. Another 8 and 6 type 2 diabetic patients were infused with 100 ml of 5% dextrose/h or saline for 4 h, respectively, and served as control subjects. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h.

RESULTS

Insulin infusion significantly suppressed the plasma concentrations of MCP-1, eotaxin, and RANTES and the expression of RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, CCR-2, and CCR-5 in MNCs at 2 and 4 h. Dextrose and saline infusions did not alter these indexes.

CONCLUSIONS

A low-dose infusion of insulin suppresses the plasma concentration of key chemokines, MCP-1, and RANTES, and the expression of their respective receptors, CCR-2 and CCR-5, in MNCs. Insulin also suppresses the expression of RANTES and MIP-1β in MNCs. These actions probably contribute to the comprehensive anti-inflammatory effect of insulin.
A 24-Week, Randomized, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Initiation of Insulin Glargine Once-Daily With Insulin Detemir Twice-Daily in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs
Authors: Swinnen Sanne G. , Dain Marie-Paule , Aronson Ronnie , Davies Melanie , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Pfeiffer Andreas F. , Snoek Frank J. , DeVries J. Hans , Hoekstra Joost B. , Holleman Frits
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether glargine is noninferior to detemir regarding the percentage of patients reaching A1C <7% without symptomatic hypoglycemia ≤3.1 mmol/l.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In this 24-week trial, 973 insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients on stable oral glucose-lowering drugs with A1C 7.0–10.5% were randomized to glargine once daily or detemir twice daily. Insulin doses were systematically titrated.

RESULTS

27.5 and 25.6% of patients reached the primary outcome with glargine and detemir, respectively, demonstrating the noninferiority of glargine. Improvements in A1C were −1.46 ± 1.09% for glargine and −1.54 ± 1.11% for detemir (P = 0.149), with similar proportions of patients achieving A1C <7% (P = 0.254) but more detemir-treated patients reaching A1C <6.5% (P = 0.017). Hypoglycemia risk was similar. Weight gain was higher for glargine (difference: 0.77 kg, P < 0.001). Glargine doses were lower than detemir doses: 43.5 ± 29.0 vs. 76.5 ± 50.5 units/day (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients, glargine reached similar control as detemir, with more weight gain, but required significantly lower doses.
Prevention of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Using Predictive Alarm Algorithms and Insulin Pump Suspension
Authors: Buckingham Bruce , Chase H. Peter , Dassau Eyal , Cobry Erin , Clinton Paula , Gage Victoria , Caswell Kimberly , Wilkinson John , Cameron Fraser , Lee Hyunjin , Bequette B. Wayne , Doyle Francis J.
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to develop a partial closed-loop system to safely prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia by suspending insulin delivery when hypoglycemia is predicted in type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Forty subjects with type 1 diabetes (age range 12–39 years) were studied overnight in the hospital. For the first 14 subjects, hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dl) was induced by gradually increasing the basal insulin infusion rate (without the use of pump shutoff algorithms). During the subsequent 26 patient studies, pump shutoff occurred when either three of five (n = 10) or two of five (n = 16) algorithms predicted hypoglycemia based on the glucose levels measured with the FreeStyle Navigator (Abbott Diabetes Care).

RESULTS

The standardized protocol induced hypoglycemia on 13 (93%) of the 14 nights. With use of a voting scheme that required three algorithms to trigger insulin pump suspension, nocturnal hypoglycemia was prevented during 6 (60%) of 10 nights. When the voting scheme was changed to require only two algorithms to predict hypoglycemia to trigger pump suspension, hypoglycemia was prevented during 12 (75%) of 16 nights. In the latter study, there were 25 predictions of hypoglycemia because some subjects had multiple hypoglycemic events during a night, and hypoglycemia was prevented for 84% of these events.

CONCLUSIONS

Using algorithms to shut off the insulin pump when hypoglycemia is predicted, it is possible to prevent hypoglycemia on 75% of nights (84% of events) when it would otherwise be predicted to occur.
Optimal Definitions for Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Andean Hispanics: The PREVENCION Study
Authors: Medina-Lezama Josefina , Pastorius Catherine A. , Zea-Diaz Humberto , Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio , Corrales-Medina Fernando , Morey-Vargas Oscar Leopoldo , Chirinos Diana Andrea , Muñoz-Atahualpa Edgar , Chirinos-Pacheco Julio , Chirinos Julio Alonso ,   on behalf of the PREVENCION Investigators
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to establish optimal definitions for abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Andean adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Among 1,448 Andean adults, we assessed the relationship between waist circumference and subclinical vascular disease assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and manifest cardiovascular disease (M-CVD).

RESULTS

Optimal waist circumference cutoffs to classify individuals with abnormal cIMT or M-CVD were >97 and >87 cm in men and women, respectively. With these cutoffs, there was substantial disagreement between the original American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and the recently updated MetS definition, particularly among men (κ = 0.85). Subjects with MetS identified by the updated definition but not meeting the original AHA/NHLBI MetS criteria demonstrated significantly increased cIMT (P < 0.001) compared with subjects who did not meet the MetS criteria by either definition.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support the use of ethnic-specific waist circumference cutoffs and the updated MetS definition in Andean adults.
Sonographic quantification of endometrial changes after abortion with computer‐assisted image analysis
Authors: CHOU SZU‐YUAN , CHEN CHIH‐YEN , HSU MING‐I , CHOW PUI‐KI , HSU CHUN‐SEN , CHIANG HUIHUA KENNY
Published: March 2010

Objective. To examine the diagnostic feasibility of sonographic gray scale histograms to assess changes in the endometrium following abortion induced by mifepristone and misoprostol. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Taipei Medical University‐Wan Fang academic medical center. Population or sample. A total of 109 patients who matched eligibility criteria were divided into three groups: (a) complete abortion, (b) normal menstrual cycles, and (c) incomplete abortion. Methods. Ultrasonographic examination of the uterus with fixed settings on each patient and sonographic gray scale histograms with image analysis software, using multivariate analysis by the partial least square model. Main outcome measures. Thickness, brightness, area and distribution of pixels of the endometrium and its contents. Results. The groups could be discriminated (p < 0.01, Kruskal–Wallis test) using the analyzed gray scale histograms. The classification between complete and incomplete abortion reached 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusions. Partial least square analysis of gray scale histograms of the endometrium in ultrasonographic images is useful in assessing endometrial changes.
Single-session endovascular treatment for symptomatic lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: a feasibility study
Authors: Kim Byung Joon , Chung Hwan Hoon , Lee Seung Hwa , Je Bo Kyung , Lee Young Heon , Seo Bo Kyoung , Kim Baek Hyun , Cha Sang Hoon
Published: March 2010

Background: The risk of complications and discomfort in patients who undergo prolonged infusion of a thrombolytic agent is significant when conventional catheter-directed thrombolysis is used to treat lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of single-session endovascular treatment for symptomatic lower extremity DVT.

Material and Methods: Single-session endovascular treatment for lower extremity DVT was performed on 29 limbs in 26 patients diagnosed with acute DVT in our institution. Nine patients were male and 17 female, with a mean age of 64 years (range 28–82 years). At 5–10 min after the locoregional injection of the thrombolytic agent (urokinase) via a 5-Fr catheter to soften the thrombus, aspiration thrombectomy was performed with a large-bore sheath. In patients with an underlying anatomical stenosis or obstruction, combined angioplasty with or without stent placement was performed immediately after the complete removal of the thrombus. We then evaluated the technical and clinical outcomes of the procedure, along with any complications or recurrences of DVT.

Results: Technical success was achieved in 24 procedures (82.8%) of single-session endovascular treatment for lower extremity DVT, and clinical success was achieved in 22 (75.9%) of these single-session procedures. Additional catheter-directed thrombolysis procedures were performed on five limbs after repeated aspiration thrombectomies failed to completely remove thrombi in those limbs. Stenotic or occlusive lesions were revealed in 24 limbs and percutaneous angioplasty procedures with or without stent placement were performed in these cases. No major complications resulted from the procedure.

Conclusion: Single-session endovascular treatment is a feasible technique that provides acceptable technical and clinical success with excellent safety for treating symptomatic lower extremity DVT.
Cardiac tamponade after malignant superior vena cava stenting: Two case reports and brief review of the literature
Authors: Da Ines David , Chabrot Pascal , Motreff Pascal , Alfidja Agaïcha , Cassagnes Lucie , Filaire Marc , Garcier Jean-Marc , Boyer Louis
Published: March 2010

Percutaneous stenting of the superior vena cava (SVC) is usually recommended as a palliative procedure for malignant SVC obstruction with low reported morbidity. Complications are uncommon and usually of minor consequence. We report two unusual cases of cardiac tamponade following SVC stenting in patients with malignant SVC syndrome. Echocardiography allows rapid diagnosis and guides pericardial drainage in the interventional radiology suite.
Book Review
Authors: Dormagen Johann B.
Published: March 2010

Emergency Radiology: The Requisites. By J. A. Soto and B. C. Lucey. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2009. ISBN 978-0-323-05407-2. 397 pages. Price (hardcover): € 75.

Emergency Radiology Case Review Series. By S. E. Mirvis, K. Shanmuganathan, L. Miller, and C. Sliker. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-04957-3. 415 pages. Price (paperback): €39.
Second-Law Analysis to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Screw Liquid Chillers
Authors: Lee Tzong-Shing
Published: March 2010

This work applies the second-law analysis of thermodynamics to quantify the exergy destruction of the components of screw liquid chiller, and to identify the potential for each component to contribute to improve the overall energy efficiency of the system. Three screw liquid chiller units were built to demonstrate the feasibility of the model presented herein. Unit A was a 100 RT water-cooled screw liquid chiller. Unit B was modified from Unit A by switching the old condenser for a new one with a greater heat transfer, and Unit C was modified from Unit B by exchanging the compressor for a more efficient one. The results indicate that the compressor has the largest potential to improve energy efficiency, followed in order by the condenser, and then the evaporator. The second law analysis may help engineers to focus on the components with higher exergy destruction and quantify the extent to which modifying such components can influence, favorably or unfavorably, the performance of other components of the screw liquid chiller.
Neighborhoods, Alcohol Outlets and Intimate Partner Violence: Addressing Research Gaps in Explanatory Mechanisms
Authors: Cunradi Carol B.
Published: March 2010

Indices of heavy drinking have consistently been linked with increased risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) among couples in the general household population. Because IPV is a ‘private’ event, most IPV research has focused on individual-level risk factors, but current social ecological theory suggests that alcohol outlets can act with neighborhood conditions to increase risks for IPV. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literatures relevant to identifying specific social mechanisms linking IPV to alcohol use in community settings, and discusses three social mechanisms relevant to these effects: greater numbers of alcohol outlets within a neighborhood may (1) be a sign of loosened normative constraints against violence; (2) promote problem alcohol use among at-risk couples, and; (3) provide environments where groups of persons at risk for IPV may form and mutually reinforce IPV-related attitudes, norms, and problem behaviors. Understanding these mechanisms is of critical public health importance for developing environmental strategies aimed at prevention of IPV, such as changes in zoning, community action and education, and policing.
Developing a Conjoint Analysis Survey of Parental Attitudes Regarding Voluntary Newborn Screening
Authors: Whitehead Nedra , Brown Derek , Layton Christine
Published: March 2010

Newborn screening for genetic conditions is conducted in all 50 states, but parents' opinions of such screening are largely unknown. As newborn screening has expanded from a few relatively common conditions requiring early treatment to a broader spectrum of conditions with uncertain prognosis, it is important to understand parents’ views. Stated preference surveys provide quantifiable data on parent preferences about features of newborn screening tests, the economic value of testing, and the effect of a test’s features on its probable uptake and value.

We conducted formative research and developed a stated preference survey on parents' preferences regarding voluntary newborn screening. We reviewed the literature on parents’ attitudes toward newborn screening and factors related to those attitudes and developed a list of condition and test attributes. We narrowed the list by expert review and conducted focus groups with parents of infants to determine if they understood the attributes and to see which attributes parents viewed as relevant.

We found that some parents struggled with the probability-based attributes. The most relevant attributes were developmental disability, physical disability, incidence, recurrence, lifespan, sensitivity, and cost. The survey developed from this study could provide data for economic evaluation, test prioritization, and educational material development.
Using the NCBI Map Viewer to Browse Genomic Sequence Data
Authors: Wolfsberg Tyra G.
Published: March 2010

This unit includes a Basic Protocol with an introduction to the Map Viewer, describing how to perform a simple text‐based search of genome annotations to view the genomic context of a gene, navigate along a chromosome, zoom in and out, and change the displayed maps to hide and show information. It also describes some of NCBI's sequence‐analysis tools, which are provided as links from the Map Viewer. The Alternate Protocols describe different ways to query the genome sequence, and also illustrate additional features of the Map Viewer. Alternate Protocol 1 shows how to perform and interpret the results of a BLAST search against the human genome. Alternate Protocol 2 demonstrates how to retrieve a list of all genes between two STS markers. Finally, Alternate Protocol 3 shows how to find all annotated members of a gene family. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 29:1.5.1‐1.5.25. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the DFCI Gene Index Databases for Biological Discovery
Authors: Antonescu Corina , Antonescu Valentin , Sultana Razvan , Quackenbush John
Published: March 2010

The DFCI Gene Index Web pages provide access to analyses of ESTs and gene sequences for nearly 114 species, as well as a number of resources derived from these. Each species‐specific database is presented using a common format with a home page. A variety of methods exist that allow users to search each species‐specific database. Methods implemented currently include nucleotide or protein sequence queries using WU‐BLAST, text‐based searches using various sequence identifiers, searches by gene, tissue and library name, and searches using functional classes through Gene Ontology assignments. This protocol provides guidance for using the Gene Index Databases to extract information. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 29:1.6.1‐1.6.36. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computing Multiple Sequence/Structure Alignments with the T‐Coffee Package
Authors: Notredame Cedric
Published: March 2010

In this unit, we describe assembly of a multiple sequence alignment using the T‐Coffee package. T‐Coffee is much more flexible than most related methods (e.g., ClustalW) because it makes it possible to combine many alternative alignments into a single one, based on an estimate of consistency between these alignments. This strategy can be especially useful when one has to decide among the output produced by several alternative methods.Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 29:3.8.1‐3.8.25. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surrealistic Exuberance – Dark Matters
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: March 2010

For Neil Spiller, there is a current vacuum in much of contemporary parametric design. It is devoid of embodied cultural experience and character. Much can be learnt by rediscovering the dark matter of Baroque and Surrealistic art and architecture, which through repressed eroticism optimised on the simultaneous presence of the secular and the profane ‐ the heaving physicality of the everyday world and the repressed strictures of the Catholic church. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exuberance, I Don't Know; Excess, I Like
Authors: Alonso Hernan Diaz
Published: March 2010

Hernan Diaz Alonso redefines ‘excess’ and ‘exuberance’ on his own terms. Fully au fait and comfortable with the excessive, he describes how in relation to his own work he views excess as more of a tendency or a logic, which sums up his approach; whereas he perceives the exuberant as removed from the design process and more like an ‘adjective’, an ‘emerging quality’ observed by others. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme Integration
Authors: Wiscombe Tom
Published: March 2010

Tom Wiscombe advances an argument for an architecture of ‘extreme integration’, where the sanctity of the single surface responsible solely for affect is challenged by multilayered and multidimensional built surfaces. The new species of architecture is ‘robust enough to be both formally and technologically innovative’, replacing a mechanistic model with a biological jungle ecology of messiness and excess. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultivating Smartcities
Authors: Lim CJ
Published: March 2010

On 9 April 2009, Michelle Obama planted the first seedlings of onion, lettuce, peas and peppers in the 102‐square‐metre (1,100‐square‐foot) White House Kitchen Garden. She may have planted the green shoots for a smartcity. CJ Lim, author of Smartcities + Eco‐warriors (Routledge, 2010), describes sustainable urban developments in the form of smartcities – a new urban exuberance reintegrating cultivated land within an urban economic and ecological context system. These verdant edible edifices of urban spatial theatre are aesthetically and culturally engaging. Soliciting an emotional as well as intellectual response they have the potential to connect with the public and involve them in the architectural possibilities of the city. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leading Lady: Monica Pidgeon, Editor of Architectural Design, 1946 to 1975
Authors: Murray Peter
Published: March 2010

Peter Murray pays tribute to Monica Pidgeon (1913‐2009). Editor of Architectural Design for almost three decades, Monica was responsible for establishing Architectural Design as the premier international architectural magazine. Murray highlights her immense contribution to architecture over the years, as well as evoking the experience of working for Monica as one of her ‘boys’, or technical editors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution Processable Fluorenyl Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Solar Cells
Authors: Wong Wallace W. H. , Singh T. Birendra , Vak Doojin , Pisula Wojciech , Yan Chao , Feng Xinliang , Williams Evan L. , Chan Khai Leok , Mao Qinghui , Jones David J. , Ma Chang‐Qi , Müllen Klaus , Bäuerle Peter , Holmes Andrew B.
Published: March 2010

The organization of organic semiconductor molecules in the active layer of organic electronic devices has important consequences to overall device performance. This is due to the fact that molecular organization directly affects charge carrier mobility of the material. Organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) performance is driven by high charge carrier mobility while bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require balanced hole and electron transport. By investigating the properties and device performance of three structural variations of the fluorenyl hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (FHBC) material, the importance of molecular organization to device performance was highlighted. It is clear from 1H NMR and 2D wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D WAXS) experiments that the sterically demanding 9,9‐dioctylfluorene groups are preventing π–π intermolecular contact in the hexakis‐substituted FHBC 4. For bis‐substituted FHBC compounds 5 and 6, π–π intermolecular contact was observed in solution and hexagonal columnar ordering was observed in solid state. Furthermore, in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, nanoscale phase separation was observed in thin films of FHBC and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) blends. The differences in molecular and bulk structural features were found to correlate with OFET and BHJ solar cell performance. Poor OFET and BHJ solar cells devices were obtained for FHBC compound 4 while compounds 5 and 6 gave excellent devices. In particular, the field‐effect mobility of FHBC 6, deposited by spin‐casting, reached 2.8 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s and a power conversion efficiency of 1.5% was recorded for the BHJ solar cell containing FHBC 6 and PC61BM.
Palladium‐Catalysed Direct Arylation of Heteroaromatics Bearing Unprotected Hydroxyalkyl Functions using Aryl Bromides
Authors: Roger Julien , Požgan Franc , Doucet Henri
Published: March 2010

Heteroaromatics bearing unprotected hydroxyalkyl functions can be arylated using aryl or heteroaryl bromides, via palladium‐catalysed carbon‐hydrogen bond activation/arylation. Good yields were generally obtained using 0.01–0.5 mol% of the air‐stable palladium acetate complex as the catalyst. The nature of the base was found to be crucial for the selectivity of this reaction. Potassium acetate led to the direct arylation products whereas caesium carbonate led to the formation of the ether. This procedure is certainly more atom‐economic than other methods for the preparation of such compounds, as no protection/deprotection sequence of the hydroxyalkyl function and no preparation of an organometallic derivative is required.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Mediated Organocatalytic Transfer of Tin onto Aldehydes: New Access to α‐Silyloxyalkylstannanes and γ‐Silyloxyallylstannanes
Authors: Blanc Romain , Commeiras Laurent , Parrain Jean‐Luc
Published: March 2010

A new, highly efficient and mild N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐mediated organocatalytic procedure for the transfer of tin from tributyl(trimethylsilyl)stannane (Bu3SnSiMe3) onto aldehydes for the preparation of α‐silyloxyalkylstannanes and γ‐silyloxyallylstannanes has been developed.
A glance to the past: subfossils, stable isotopes, seed dispersal, and lemur species loss in Southern Madagascar
Authors: Crowley Brooke E. , Godfrey Laurie R. , Irwin Mitchell T.
Published: March 2010

The Spiny Thicket Ecoregion (STE) of Southern and southwestern Madagascar was recently home to numerous giant lemurs and other “megafauna,” including pygmy hippopotamuses, giant tortoises, elephant birds, and large euplerid carnivores. Following the arrival of humans more than 2,000 years ago, dramatic extinctions occurred. Only one‐third of the lemur species which earlier occupied the STE survive today; other taxa suffered even greater losses. We use stable isotope biogeochemistry to reconstruct past diets and habitat preferences of the recently extinct lemurs of the STE. We show that the extinct lemurs occupied a wide range of niches, often distinct from those filled by coeval non‐primates. Many of the now‐extinct lemurs regularly exploited habitats that were drier than the gallery forests in which the remaining lemurs of this ecoregion are most often protected and studied. Most fed predominantly on C3 plants and some were likely the main dispersers of the large seeds of native C3 trees; others included CAM and/or C4 plants in their diets. These new data suggest that the recent extinctions have likely had significant ecological ramifications for the communities and ecosystems of Southern and southwestern Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 73:25–37, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.