bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eudaimonism and Anti-Eudaimonism
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the greatest controversy in existing scholarship on Cyrenaic ethics, which is the school's “anti-eudaimonism.” On the basis of Anniceris' formulation of the end many scholars have asserted that Cyrenaics are not “eudaimonists,” meaning their ethics does not center on the pursuit of happiness through cultivation of the virtues. The chapter suggests that this is incorrect for most Cyrenaics, and misleading even for Anniceris. However, it has led to philosophically interesting speculation about why the Cyrenaics would reject eudaimonism. Explanations have focused on personal identity, the subjectivity of value, and prudential reasoning. The chapter shows that each of these explanations relies on unsustainable interpretations of particular pieces of evidence.
Personal and Political Relationships
Authors: Lampe Kurt
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with Cyrenaic positions on personal and civic relationships, beginning with a short overview of assumptions about positive and negative reciprocity in ancient Greek culture—friendship and enmity, benefaction and injury, intra-polis solidarity and inter-polis war, etc. The chapter then looks at the tension between involvement in these cultural institutions and withdrawal into self-sufficiency, which develops from Aristippus through mainstream Cyrenaicism. This tension is abolished by Hegesias and Theodorus, who repudiate all of the relationships involved and embrace what we might call ethical solipsism. Finally, the chapter analyzes how Anniceris opposes Hegesias by reappraising the importance of friendship, filial piety, and civic participation for effective hedonism.
Clashes with Monarchy
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the conflicts faced by the aristocratic constituted bodies at the close of the Seven Years' War. Fighting had gone on for a generation interrupted by a few years of truce; governments had accumulated great debts, which they had now to find means to carry or repay. The search by governments for new sources of income met with resistance from magistracies or assemblies in many countries. It therefore produced constitutional crises. “From the need for money, which put into motion the machinery of reforms, arose a great drama: the clash between autonomous entities and the central power, between local governing classes and foreign rule.” The discussions cover the quasi-revolution in France, 1763–1774; the monarchist coup d'etat of 1772 in Sweden; and the Hapsburg Empire.
The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

The forces of aristocracy, which in some countries in the 1780s prevailed over democratic movements, prevailed in others over monarchy itself. This chapter takes up a thread left hanging at the close of Chapter IV. It was shown there that, by the middle 1770s, or just before the American Revolution, the kings of France and of Sweden, and the Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, had asserted royal authority and put the constituted bodies of their several realms under restraint. The following fifteen years made clear the limits beyond which enlightened despotism could not go. However held down, the constituted bodies—estates, diets, parlements, and the like—had strong powers of survival and resurgence. This chapter deals mainly with the Hapsburg monarchy under Joseph II and Leopold II, with observations, since not everything can be told, on Prussia, Sweden, and Russia.
The Survival of the Revolution in France
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter details events in 1973, when the issue for France and the world was whether revolution or counter-revolution should prevail. In every country where the government was at war with the French Republic in 1793—in Britain and Ireland, in the United Provinces and in Belgium restored to the Emperor, in the Austrian Monarchy, the small German states and the Prussian kingdom, in the Italian kingdom of Sardinia—there were groups of people whose sympathies lay in varying degree with the declared enemy. Wherever the French Revolution had been heard of there were men who wished it not to fail. Their concern was not only for France but for the future of some kind of democratization in their own countries. For those, on the other hand, who hoped to see the whole revolution undone, these first months of 1793 saw a revival of the exciting expectations of a year before. The Republic seemed a sinking ship, crazed, in addition, by mutiny in its own crew.
The Cisalpine Republic
Authors: Palmer R. R.
Published: November 2017

By 1799 there were five revolutionary republics in Italy, all but one swept away in the Austro-Russian reaction. They were the Cisalpine, the Ligurian, the Luccan, the Roman, and the Neapolitan—or Parthenopean as the French called it. This chapter treats only the Cisalpin. Absorbing the earlier Cispadane Republic of 1796, and evolving, after the battle of Marengo of 1801, into the Italian Republic and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the Cisalpine stands as a prominent landmark both in the spread of revolution in the 1790s, and in the long process of the modernization of Italy which we know as the Risorgimento.
The Politics of Evangelical Identity
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

It is now a common refrain among liberals that Christian Right pastors and television pundits have hijacked evangelical Christianity for partisan gain. This book challenges this notion, arguing that the hijacking metaphor paints a fundamentally distorted picture of how evangelical churches have become politicized. The book reveals how the powerful coalition between evangelicals and the Republican Party is not merely a creation of political elites who have framed conservative issues in religious language, but is anchored in the lives of local congregations. Drawing on research at evangelical churches near the U.S. border with Canada, this book compares how American and Canadian evangelicals talk about politics in congregational settings. While Canadian evangelicals share the same theology and conservative moral attitudes as their American counterparts, their politics are quite different. On the U.S. side of the border, political conservatism is woven into the very fabric of everyday religious practice. The book shows how subtle partisan cues emerge in small group interactions as members define how “we Christians” should relate to others in the broader civic arena, while liberals are cast in the role of adversaries. It explains how the most explicit partisan cues come not from clergy but rather from lay opinion leaders who help their less politically engaged peers to link evangelical identity to conservative politics. This book demonstrates how deep the ties remain between political conservatism and evangelical Christianity in America.
Captains in the Culture War
Authors: Bean Lydia
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how, in U.S. churches, political influence operated through a broad set of opinion leaders, not just through ordained pastors or media elites. Previous research has identified local pastors as key opinion leaders who help bridge the gap between political elites and the general public, by preaching on political topics, sending partisan cues, or proclaiming official church stances on issues like abortion and gay marriage. Other scholars argue that Christian Right elites increasingly reach individuals directly, through targeted mailings, Fox News, and Christian radio, without the need to work through their personal networks and congregations. But previous work has largely ignored the political influence of volunteer, non-ordained religious leaders.
Defining Citizenship, 1946–1956
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on a series of debates, largely conducted in Paris, in which African deputies participated vigorously but with considerable frustration over the design of the French Union: how to conduct elections, how to bring the majority of Africans into the état-civil, how to provide a legal framework by which Africans could exercise their right to exercise or renounce their personal status. African politicians did not all agree among themselves: some opposed any distinction among French citizens, while others saw different statuses and different versions of the état-civil as a way of protecting Africans' right to difference. French officials and legislators did not agree either, and it was their uncertainty that above all prevented legislative solutions to the controversies.
Claiming Citizenship
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores different instances of African claim making. It first looks at the effort of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (RDA) in the Sudan and especially the Côte d'Ivoire to build up its political apparatus across the territory and the efforts of the government to combat what it saw as a countergovernment. The chapter then turns to ways in which African political leaders sought to change the very terms in which future politics was discussed—to rethink the meaning of nation and sovereignty. They were thinking about different levels of political belonging and political action. And as France entered into discussion of creating a European community, they were thinking of expanding the idea of a “Franco-African” political ensemble into something even wider, into “Eurafrica.”
Period Domains and Period Mappings
Authors: Carlson James
Published: November 2017

This chapter seeks to develop a working understanding of the notions of period domain and period mapping, as well as familiarity with basic examples thereof. It first reviews the notion of a polarized Hodge structure H of weight n over the integers, for which the motivating example is the primitive cohomology in dimension n of a projective algebraic manifold of the same dimension. Next, the chapter presents lectures on period domains and monodromy, as well as elliptic curves. Hereafter, the chapter provides an example of period mappings, before considering Hodge structures of weight. After expounding on Poincaré residues, this chapter establishes some properties of the period mapping for hypersurfaces and the Jacobian ideal and the local Torelli theorem. Finally, the chapter studies the distance-decreasing properties and integral manifolds of the horizontal distribution.
With Jumps: An Introduction to Power Variations
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the simplest possible process having both a non-trivial continuous part and jumps. It starts with the asymptotic behavior of power variations when the model is nonparametric, that is, without specifying the law of the jumps. This is done in the same spirit as in Chapter 3: the ideas for the proofs are explained in detail, but technicalities are omitted. Then, it considers the use of these variations in a parametric estimation setting based on the generalized method of moments. There, it considers the ability of certain moment functions, corresponding to power variations, to achieve identification of the parameters of the model and the resulting rate of convergence. It shows that the general nonparametric results have a parametric counterpart in terms of which values of the power p are better able to identify parameters from either the continuous or jump part of the model.
Volatility and Microstructure Noise
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers the various problems arising in the estimation of the integrated volatility when the observations are contaminated by a noise. The approach used is quite partial, and fundamentally phenomenological, in contrast with a microeconomical approach. That is, the authors assumed the existence of an underlying (nonobservable) efficient price, and what is called noise below is by definition the difference between the observed price and the efficient price. Henceforth, it certainly does not apply to tick-by-tick data, even if these were regularly spaced in time (which they are not). In the whole chapter, with the exception of one section, the underlying process X is one-dimensional.
Is Brownian Motion Really Necessary?
Authors: Aïıt-Sahalia Yacine , Jacod Jean
Published: November 2017

The mathematical treatment of models relying on pure jump processes is quite different from the treatment of models where a Brownian motion is present. For instance, risk management procedures, derivative pricing and portfolio optimization are all significantly altered, so there is interest from the mathematical finance side in finding out which model is more likely to have generated the data. This chapter provides explicit testing procedures to decide whether the Brownian motion is necessary to model the observed path, or whether the process is entirely driven by its jumps. The structural assumption is the same as in the previous two chapters, with the underlying process X being a one-dimensional Itô semimartingale, since in the multi-dimensional case we can again perform the test on each component separately.
Biological Circuit Components
Authors: Murray Richard M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already appears in natural systems to implement adaptation. It first analyzes the negatively autoregulated gene fabricated in E. coli bacteria, before turning to the toggle switch, which is composed of two genes that mutually repress each other. The chapter next illustrates a dynamical model of a “repressilator”—an oscillatory genetic circuit consisting of three repressors arranged in a ring fashion. The activator–repressor clock is then considered, alongside an incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL). Finally, the chapter examines bacterial chemotaxis, which E. coli use to move in the direction of increasing nutrients.
The Future of Quantitative Viral Ecology
Authors: Weitz Joshua S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a perspective on the types of developments, both technical and theoretical, that are forthcoming and the influence they are likely to have in shaping our view of the diversity and functions of environmental viruses. It focuses on theoretical challenges of two kinds: “forward” problems and “inverse” problems. It argues that for purely technological reasons, many measurements in viral ecology have not been comparable, in a quantitative sense. Moreover, there have been relatively few attempts to integrate what virus ecologists have measured into models of microbial communities. Whatever integration has occurred has focused almost exclusively on lab-based population and evolutionary dynamics. There is a pressing need to understand the ecological role of viruses of microbes, which requires an increasing number of theorists to investigate the interactions between microbes and the viruses that infect them.
The Price Equation
Authors: Marshall James A.R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers a general description of natural selection: the Price equation. Developed by George Price in the late 1960s, the Price equation can be applied to the change of any quantity under any selective regime. It is thus not limited to considering simple haploid single-locus traits, unlike the replicator dynamics, and indeed it is not even limited to considering evolutionary selection. The Price equation provides an instantaneous description of selection in action. The simplicity of the equation makes it a useful conceptual tool for understanding selective processes such as natural selection. The chapter first describes the general Price equation before discussing its use to understand genetic selection. It then shows how the Price equation can be used to derive two classical results from population and quantitative genetics: Fisher's “fundamental theorem of natural selection” and the breeder's equation.
Inclusive Fitness and Hamilton’s Rule
Authors: Marshall James A.R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the logic of inclusive fitness theory can be mathematically formalized using the Price equation, and how that formalization can be used to derive Hamilton's rule in its simplest form, as applied to unconditional behaviors having additive effects on fitness. Various biological phenomena, such as sex allocation and working policing within eusocial insect colonies, have been analyzed by considering what strategies maximize individuals' inclusive fitness, and how observed social behaviors should correlate with quantities such as relatedness. The chapter derives Hamilton's rule by introducing some notation for the effects of behaviors on fitnesses of individuals that interact socially, to make explicit precisely how genes (and later phenotypes) affect fitness, and to give a general form of Hamilton's rule that will apply to any (unconditional, additive) behavior regardless of its details. It shows that inclusive fitness is a genuinely novel extension of the classical fitness studied by Charles Darwin, R. A. Fisher, and others.
Evidence, Other Approaches, and Further Topics
Authors: Marshall James A.R.
Published: November 2017

This book has examined the genesis, the logic, and the generality of social evolution theory. In particular, it has presented evolutionary explanations of the many social behaviors we observe in the natural world by showing that William D. Hamilton's inclusive fitness theory provides the necessary generalization of classical Darwin–Wallace–Fisher fitness. This concluding chapter discusses the limitations of the analyses presented in this book and assesses the empirical support for inclusive fitness theory, focusing on microbial altruism, help in cooperative breeders, reproductive restraint in eusocial species, and the evolution of eusociality and cooperative breeding. It also considers more advanced topics in social evolution theory, including sex allocation, genetic kin recognition, spite, and the evolution of organismality. Finally, it reviews theoretical approaches to studying social evolution other than replicator dynamics and the Price equation, such as population genetics, class-structured populations, and maximization approaches.
Economic Interdependence and War
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

Does growing economic interdependence among great powers increase or decrease the chance of conflict and war? Liberals argue that the benefits of trade give states an incentive to stay peaceful. Realists contend that trade compels states to struggle for vital raw materials and markets. Moving beyond the stale liberal–realist debate, this book lays out a dynamic theory of expectations that shows under what specific conditions interstate commerce will reduce or heighten the risk of conflict between nations. Taking a broad look at cases spanning two centuries, from the Napoleonic and Crimean wars to the more recent Cold War crises, the book demonstrates that when leaders have positive expectations of the future trade environment, they want to remain at peace in order to secure the economic benefits that enhance long-term power. When, however, these expectations turn negative, leaders are likely to fear a loss of access to raw materials and markets, giving them more incentive to initiate crises to protect their commercial interests. The theory of trade expectations holds important implications for the understanding of Sino-American relations since 1985 and for the direction these relations will likely take over the next two decades. The book offers sweeping new insights into historical and contemporary global politics and the actual nature of democratic versus economic peace.
Introduction
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter lays out the basic dimensions of the trade expectations approach and how it can be applied to the history of the modern great power system since 1790. The trade expectations theory fuses the liberal insight that commercial ties can give actors a large material incentive to avoid war with the realist insight that such ties also create vulnerabilities that can push leaders into war. Liberals are right to assert that trade and investment flows can raise the opportunity cost of going to war, since war leads to a severing of valuable commerce. But realists are also correct in their claim that commercial ties make states vulnerable to cutoffs. To determine whether the liberal prediction or realist prediction will prevail, the chapter then introduces an additional causal variable—namely, a state's expectations of the future trade and investment environment.
European Great Power Politics, 1790–1854
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the relative importance of economic interdependence and trade expectations on the policies of the European great powers from 1790 to the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1853–54. Since there are many cases where commerce had little or nothing to do with the outbreak of crisis or war, this chapter covers such cases briefly, highlighting their basic causes only to provide a complete survey of the origins of modern conflict and avoid charges of selection bias. Yet as the chapter shows, economic interdependence and trade expectations played a far more significant role in the dynamics of nineteenth-century geopolitics than has been previously recognized.
Implications of the Argument
Authors: Copeland Dale C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the theoretical and practical implications of the trade expectations theory, including the relevance of its logic for the future of US–Chinese relations. It then considers the implications of this approach for international relations theory, focusing on its broader importance for thinking about liberal and realist theories that are not focused on economic interdependence per se. The chapter then turns to an examination of the contemporary US–China relationship. It contends that China's growing dependence on external raw materials and markets along with its expectations for the future are critical to predicting the likely shape of the relationship over the next two or three decades.
Definable compactness
Authors: Hrushovski Ehud , Loeser François
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the notion of definable compactness for subsets of unit vector V. One of the main results is Theorem 4.2.20, which establishes the equivalence between being definably compact and being closed and bounded. The chapter gives a general definition of definable compactness that may be useful when the definable topology has enough definable types. The o-minimal formulation regarding limits of curves is replaced by limits of definable types. The chapter relates definable compactness to being closed and bounded and shows that the expected properties hold. In particular, the image of a definably compact set under a continuous definable map is definably compact.
Complex Decisions, Complex Disclosures
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that the problem caused by mandated disclosure is both intensive and extensive. It is intensive because decisions are so unfamiliar and extremely complex that considerable learning is needed to understand them. The problem is extensive because these decisions arise in incontinent fashion. To prove that the decisions that mandates commonly address are highly unfamiliar and complex, the chapter considers two kinds of decisions: negotiating with lenders when buying a home and choosing a medical treatment for prostate cancer. It then demonstrates how common unfamiliar and complex decisions are and how extensively disclosures are mandated by citing examples in areas such as financial disclosures, which are supposed to make consumer finance transparent; health-related disclosures and their emphasis on informed consent; insurance; privacy and data collection; and the Miranda warning.
The Failure of Mandated Disclosure
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents evidence showing that mandate disclosure consistently fails to accomplish its stated goals. It begins by asking what standard we should use to assess mandated disclosure and goes on to apply the standard that lawmakers and disclosurites set for it. The chapter then reviews empirical studies of disclosure's success as well as results from laboratory experiments that attempt to make disclosure work with research subjects. It also considers signs of deteriorating faith in disclosure among some sophisticated lawmakers and commentators. The chapter shows that some lawmakers have doubts about mandates so they reform them so often and so much, while regulators are expressly critical. Based on the evidence, it shows that mandated disclosure is a regulatory device thats ambitions outweigh its abilities.
Producing Disclosures
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers another reason why simplification cannot save mandated disclosure: regulatory method depends on disclosers, but the core problem of complexity makes it hard for lawmakers to write clear instructions and for disclosers to understand and obey them. The discloser's two important tasks are determining what should be included in the disclosure and assembling the data. These tasks are not always at hand, and collecting them can be costly and fraught with troublesome judgments. The chapter shows that the law governing complex situations is written along a continuum from rules to discretion. It discusses the challenges faced by disclosers in collecting information, presenting it, and disclosing it through agents, as well as their reasons and incentives to resist mandates and to manipulate disclosures. It concludes by giving an example that illustrates how conflicts of interest may arise in a disclosure.
Conclusion: Beyond Disclosurism
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Schneider Carl E.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter clarifies that the book has argued that lawmakers must abandon the use of mandated disclosure, describing it as a failed regulatory method. The book has presented evidence showing that disclosures routinely fail to achieve their purposes. If mandated disclosure is a failure, if it cannot be fixed, and if it can do harm, it should be presumptively barred. This chapter discusses some sources of helpful information that can succeed without mandates, with particular emphasis on three kinds of intermediaries: consultants, aggregators, and savvy consumers/readers—can all succeed without mandated disclosure. It also imagines a world without the panacea of mandated disclosure, comparing the role of defaults and opt outs in a panacea world. It argues that in the real world, default plans are just more disclosurism.
The Consolations of Writing
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

Boethius wrote Of the Consolation of Philosophy as a prisoner condemned to death for treason, circumstances that are reflected in the themes and concerns of its evocative poetry and dialogue between the prisoner and his mentor, Lady Philosophy. This classic philosophical statement of late antiquity has had an enduring influence on Western thought. It is also the earliest example of what this book identifies as a distinctive and vitally important medium of literary resistance: writing in captivity by prisoners of conscience and persecuted minorities. This book reveals why the great contributors to this tradition of prison writing are among the most crucial figures in Western literature. The book pairs writers from different periods and cultural settings, carefully examining the rhetorical strategies they used in captivity, often under the threat of death. It looks at Boethius and Dietrich Bonhoeffer as philosophers and theologians writing in defense of their ideas, and Thomas More and Antonio Gramsci as politicians in dialogue with established concepts of church and state. Different ideas of grace and disgrace occupied John Bunyan and Oscar Wilde in prison; Madame Roland and Anne Frank wrote themselves into history in various forms of memoir; and Jean Cassou and Irina Ratushinskaya voiced their resistance to totalitarianism through lyric poetry that saved their lives and inspired others. Finally, Primo Levi's writing after his release from Auschwitz recalls and decodes the obscenity of systematic genocide and its aftermath. This book speaks to some of the most profound questions about life, enriching our understanding of what it is to be human.
Memory and Self-Justification: Images of Grace and Disgrace Abounding
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a reading of John Bunyan's Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666) and Oscar Wilde's De Profundis (1897). In both texts, the recording consciousness of a prisoner explains the reasons for his imprisonment; the narrative is therefore restricted to events and interactions that changed the author's past life and created his literary persona's new responses to them: self-knowledge. The protagonist of each narrative is thus a doubly displaced persona—not only a literary construct but also a shadow from the past—and no longer a separate consciousness except insofar as this is represented by the converted prison writer's quotations of his reprobate self's speech or thoughts. The memorial testimony of the prisoner connotes the experiences of his narrative's shadowy protagonist but specifies different perceptions of these experiences. In this way, each prisoner offers his recollections of personal memories as expert interpretations of historic actions, and description or analysis is coupled with dramatic dialogue.
Conclusion: Beyond Testimony
Authors: Zim Rivkah
Published: November 2017

This chapter continues the discussion of Primo Levi's writing and then presents some final thoughts. It details how after forty years, and at a different stage in the developed historiography of the Holocaust that Levi had helped to instantiate, his purpose shifted from both the simpler and more complex historic testimonies of his earlier books. Finally, he wrote to analyze and interpret various themes in the evidence that he had transmitted to readers throughout the world. The chapter further argues that the politics of prison writing demonstrates the principles relating to a literary sphere inherently concerned with power and resistance, and the absolute priority of effective communication for safeguarding humane values in civilized societies. There are also real and necessary links between literary traditions representing actual or imaginary prisoners.
The Death of Turnus
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes how the Homeric model—that is, the way in which Vergil receives and actively models the text of the Homeric poems—does not exercise just one, unified sort of intertextual function. As the previous chapters have shown, analyzing individual narrative sequences entailed reckoning with a plurality of models. The composition of a text is a process, and once carried out, it also creates a kind of thickness: a stratification of cultural codes made up of a multiplicity of models. These models are regarded as presuppositions common to the poet and the implied audience. The narrative text employs the strategy of eliciting these assumptions as mutually cooperating implications.
Symmetric matrices and congruence
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter develops diagonal canonical forms and proves inertia theorems for hermitian and skewhermitian matrices with respect to involutions (including the conjugation). These canonical forms enable the identification of maximal neutral and maximal semidefinite subspaces, with respect to a given hermitian or skewhermitian matrix, in terms of their dimensions, which the chapter also discusses. The chapter begins this discussion by introducing canonical forms under congruence, defined as two matrices A,B - ∈ Hn×n, which are said to be congruent if A = S*BS for some invertible S - ∈ Hn×n. If φ‎ is a nonstandard involution, then A,B - ∈ Hn×n are φ‎-congruent if A = SᵩBS for some invertible S.
Pencils of hermitian matrices
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter is concerned with the case when both matrices A and B are hermitian. Full and detailed proofs of the canonical forms under strict equivalence and simultaneous congruence are provided, based on the Kronecker form of the pencil A + tB. Several variations of the canonical forms are included as well. Among applications here are: the criteria for existence of a nontrivial positive semidefinite real linear combination and sufficient conditions for simultaneous diagonalizability of two hermitian matrices under simultaneous congruence. A comparison is made with pencils of real symmetric or complex hermitian matrices. It turns out that two pencils of real symmetric matrices are simultaneously congruent over the reals if and only if they are simultaneously congruent over the quaternions. An analogous statement holds true for two pencils of complex hermitian matrices.
Mixed matrix pencils: Nonstandard involutions
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter also studies the canonical forms of mixed quaternion matrix pencils, i.e., such that one of the two matrices is φ‎-hermitian and the other is φ‎-skewhermitian, with respect to simultaneous φ‎-congruence. It starts by formulating the canonical form for φ‎-hsk matrix pencils under strict equivalence. Other canonical forms of mixed matrix pencils are developed with respect to strict equivalence. As an application, this chapter provides canonical forms of quaternion matrices under φ‎-congruence. As in the preceding chapter, this chapter also fixes a nonstandard involution φ‎ throughout and a quaternion β‎(φ‎) such that φ‎=(β‎(φ‎)) = −β‎(φ‎) and ∣β‎(φ‎)∣ = 1.
Indefinite inner products: Nonstandard involution
Authors: Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2017

This chapter fixes a nonstandard involution φ‎. It introduces indefinite inner products defined on Hn×1 of the symmetric and skewsymmetric types associated with φ‎ and matrices having symmetry properties with respect to one of these indefinite inner products. The development in this chapter is often parallel to that of Chapter 10, but here the indefinite inner products are with respect to a nonstandard involution, rather with respect to the conjugation as in Chapter 10. This chapter develops canonical forms for (H,φ‎)-symmetric and (H,φ‎)-kewsymmetric matrices (when the inner product is of the symmetric-type), and canonical forms of (H,φ‎)-Hamiltonian and (H,φ‎)-skew-Hamiltonian matrices (when the inner product is of the skewsymmetric-type). Applications include invariant Lagrangian subspaces and systems of differential equations with symmetries.
Reversing the Fall in Book 10
Authors: Quint David
Published: November 2017

This chapter places the reconciliation of Adam and Eve in book 10 against the preceding first two-thirds of book 10, which have described the building by Sin and Death of their bridge over Chaos and Satan's return to hell. Each of these appears to be a “triumphal act,” allusively associated with the triumph of Augustus depicted on the shield of Aeneas in Aeneid 8, the chronological “ending” of Virgil's poem. However, allusion equally returns both demonic acts to the beginning of the Aeneid, the storm and shipwreck off of Carthage, and suggests the recursive shape of evil in the larger book 10—a book in which the narrative sequence of events seems to run in a loop. Therefore, these satanic acts of heroism are now understood as mock-triumphs that parody the real triumphs of the Son—true endings that foreshadow apocalyptic ones—at the respective ends of books 6 and 7.
The Argument
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This book examines the connection between Jane Austen's fiction and game theory. It argues that Austen systematically explored the core ideas of game theory in her six novels some two centuries ago. It investigates Austen's basic concepts of choice and preferences as well as her views on strategic thinking. Given the breadth and ambition of her discussion, the book asserts that Austen's explicit intention is to explore strategic thinking, theoretically and not just for practical advantage. It also considers how the strategic legacy of African American folktales influenced the tactics of the U.S. civil rights movement and the ways that “folk game theory” expertly analyzed strategic situations long before game theory became an academic specialty. Finally, it looks at Austen's particular advances in a topic not yet taken up by modern game theory: the conspicuous absence of strategic thinking, or “cluelessness.”
Flossie and the Fox
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the tale of Flossie and the Fox, in which the little girl Flossie Finley deters Fox's attack by telling the latter that she does not know that he is a fox. The story is an elegant analysis of power and resistance, which the chapter represents mathematically. Here Fox chooses whether to attack or not, and Flossie chooses whether to defend herself or not. The strategic thinking involved is that if Fox knows that Flossie can tell that he is a fox, then Flossie is at a disadvantage. The chapter also considers several messages one can take from this story. One might say that Fox's terrifying power is based not on physical attributes but on socialization, or that the powerful construct a world with specific roles, and the weak can beat the powerful by refusing to participate in these roles; power requires acknowledgment, and disappears without it.
Jane Austen’s Six Novels
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes Jane Austen's six novels, arguing that each is a chronicle of how a heroine learns to think strategically. For example, in Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland must learn to make her own independent choices in a sequence of increasingly important situations, and in Emma, Emma Woodhouse learns that pride in one's strategic skills can be just another form of cluelessness. In Pride and Prejudice, people's strategic abilities develop the least. Sense and Sensibility explores through the sisters Elinor and Marianne Dashwood how strategic thinking requires both thoughtful decision-making and fanciful speculation. The chapter also examines Persuasion and Mansfield Park. In all six novels, Austen theorizes how people, growing from childhood into adult independence, learn strategic thinking.
Austen’s Foundations of Game Theory
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Jane Austen's foundations of game theory. Drawing on Austen's six novels, it considers how she carefully establishes game theory's core concepts: choice, preferences, and strategic thinking. A person's preferences are best revealed by her choices, and strategic thinking has several names, including “penetration.” Austen illustrates (the lack of) strategic thinking through her strategic sophomores, characters who think they are skilled but are not. Austen's strategically skilled characters know how to detect a person's preferences by observing their eyes. An inability to make choices can stem from a lack of resolution, which is consistently denounced by Austen. The chapter also discusses Austen's views on commensurability and the idea of “revealed preference” as well as her use of specific terms to refer to strategic thinking, including “penetration,” “foresight,” and “sagacity.”
Austen on What Strategic Thinking Is Not
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Jane Austen's views on what strategic thinking is not. Austen distinguishes strategic thinking from concepts possibly confused with it, such as selfishness, moralistic notions of what a person “should” do, economistic values, and winning inconsequential games. While Austen seeks conceptual clarity, she also emphasizes that she is not advocating selfishness or money-centrism or one-upmanship or anything as vulgar as telling young women “how to behave.” For Austen, strategic thinking should not be confused with a set of hackneyed prescriptions. The chapter explains Austen's claims that strategic thinking is not about selfishness, moralism, economics or economism, and winning inconsequential games.
The No-Man’s-Land of Language
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the lives and afterlives of Arabic and Hebrew in Israeli literature, culture, and society. Hebrew is the spiritual, historical, and ideological cornerstone of the State of Israel, and Hebrew literature, having accompanied the national project from its inception, is an integral part of Israeli society. Yet in its broader geopolitical context, Hebrew is the language of a small state that views itself as an embattled island in a hostile Arabic-language sea. The book presents an alternative story of the evolution of language and ideology in the Jewish state. It takes a long historical perspective, beginning not in 1948 with the foundation of the state but rather at the turn of the century, with the early days of Zionist settlement in Palestine. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Exchanging Words
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

This chapter juxtaposes the Arabic prose fiction of the Palestinian Israeli writer Emile Habiby (1922–1996) and the Iraqi Jewish writer Samir Naqqash (1938–2004). Habiby was a major figure in the Israeli political and cultural landscapes as well as in Modern Arabic literature. Naqqash was the most important contemporary Jewish writer of Arabic, yet remains virtually unknown. As two native speakers of Arabic who wrote Arabic prose fiction in Israel, they offer an illuminating, if unorthodox, point of comparison. The chapter explores the poetics of misunderstanding in their fiction, elucidating how they thematize communicative failure as one means of contesting dominant historical narratives and undermining their faulty logic. It also offers the first comparative study of Habiby's critical reception in both Arabic and Hebrew, based on a bilingual reading of his masterpiece al-Mutasha'il (The Pessoptimist).
Bloody Hope
Authors: Levy Lital
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter returns to Palestinian Hebrew writing with a poem by Salman Masalha and its intertextual invocation of a sonnet corona by the canonical early twentieth-century Hebrew poet Saul Tchernichowsky. Masalha's poem, provocatively titled “Ha-tikva” (“The Hope”), appropriates the name of Israel's national anthem while depicting the aftermath of a violent event, presumably a terror attack. The chapter unravels the layers of meaning ensconced within the poem, which is read as a political and aesthetic intervention, to arrive at the fundamental questions implied by its act of bearing witness: How do we define the political agency of witnessing? How can the outsider, the Other, bear witness to violence and disaster; how can she or he be heard? The book concludes with these broader questions about the epistemological limits of representation in the no-man's-land of language.
Introduction
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to place Cicero's Verrines, Caesarian orations, Republic, and Laws; Sallust's Catiline and Jugurtha; and Horace's Satires at the center of the republican tradition. In the process, it attempts to rewrite the orientation and concerns of that tradition in a different idiom than they are currently understood. It addresses these writings as the literary texts that they are, not as sources of isolated quotations, and for this reason the book proceeds through close individual readings. The remainder of the chapter discusses the turn to Rome in political philosophy and the Roman political scene and its relevance. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Where Politics Begins
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with Cicero's dialogue de Republica, examining the roles of antagonism, consensus, and institutionalization in republic politics. For Roman citizens, contest and strife were daily features of their lives, from energetic verbal and physical abuse to the emphasis on competition in political discourse. Struggle characterized the relations within the governing elite, between senate and tribunes, between senate and popular assemblies, and among familial and economic interest groups. The chapter presents Cicero as a thinker concerned with a collective of antagonists and competing interests, against conventional portrayals of his ideal republic as a homogeneous, unified, harmonious community. It highlights three themes that will recur in different ways: the place of the people; the formation of concord and consensus; and the role of aesthetics in Cicero's conception of the constitution at the republic's foundation.
The Republic Remastered
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has attempted to show how reading Roman texts can reshape our habits of political thinking, our ethos of civic being. Beyond this goal, the author hopes that close attention to these texts has the capacity to reshape the way we think about civic wisdom—the way schools teach history, literature, civics, and philosophy—about public discourse, especially public commentary on political oratory, and about the conversations we citizens hold among ourselves. The book has sought to offer practical tools for civic education by articulating learnable practices of knowing the world that characterize late republican texts.
Cultivating an Impression of Influence with Actions and Small Expenditures
Authors: Grimmer Justin , Westwood Sean J. , Messing Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how credit-claiming messages cause larger increase in support. It presents the results of a series of experiments that show constituents are more responsive to the action that legislators report and the type of expenditure they claim and less responsive to the amount of money legislators claim credit for securing. Indeed, Constituents are responsive to the type of expenditure legislators claim credit for securing, but are generally unresponsive even to large increases in the amount of money allocated to a project. In an experiment conducted over several days, the chapter shows that increasing the number of credit-claiming messages legislators send has a much larger effect on constituent credit allocation than increasing the amount of money legislators claim credit for securing.
Credit, Deception, and Institutional Design
Authors: Grimmer Justin , Westwood Sean J. , Messing Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how legislators—with the help of a subtle linguistic deception and strategic bureaucrats—claim credit for grants that the representative had only an indirect role in securing. Bureaucrats create credit-claiming opportunities to cultivate support for their program, particularly when the bureaucrats are otherwise unable to manipulate grant decisions. Legislators take advantage of the opportunity to announce the expenditure, while never explicitly taking credit. This linguistic deception is effective, leading constituents to believe that legislators who only “announce” a grant are responsible for securing it. Once it is revealed that legislators are only implying they deserve credit, however, legislators' credit is decimated.