bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THOMSEN‐FRIEDENREICH‐RELATED ANTIGEN IN NON‐NEOPLASTIC URETER UROTHELIUM AND TRANSITIONAL CELL TUMOURS OF THE URINARY BLADDER. AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY EMPLOYING THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 49H.8
Authors: JUHL BIRGITTE RAVN , HARTZEN SUSANNE HARTVIG , HAINAU BO
Published: August 2010

This study, which is part of a larger immunohistochemical investigation of blood‐group antigens in nonneoplastic urothelium and bladder cancer, reports our findings on the expression of an antigen related to the cryptic Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen (βGal 1–3 GalNAc) of erythrocytes. De‐waxed sections of 19 ureters and of 93 transitional cell tumours, either untreated or pretreated with neuraminidase, were subjected to an indirect immunoperoxidase staining, employing the monoclonal antibody 49H.8 (26). Staining results were compared to Lewis‐secretor types, morphology, and in tumours to the clinical course as regards recurrence rate and the development of either stroma invasive recurrence or papillomatosis as well. Ureters not subjected to neuraminidase were unstained, whereas urothelium in 12 of 19 ureters subjected to neuraminidase showed staining. Serial dilution of antibody disclosed quantitative differences related to the Lewis‐secretor types. Lea+b‐ urothelium, i.e., non‐secretor urothelium, had the highest endpoint titers. Endothelium was unstained. Thirty‐six of the 93 tumours showed staining without prior neuraminidase treatment, 31 showed staining after neuraminidase treatment only, while 26 were unstained. Staining correlated with the pathological stage and grade (p > 0.05), but not with the clinical course (p < 0.05). The results do not support previous observations on the prognostic value of Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen determination in superficial bladder cancer.
CONGENITAL NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS A Case Report
Authors: GARBORG INGVILD , TORVIK ANSGAR , HALS JARDAR , TANGSRUD SVEIN ERIK , LINDEMANN ROLF
Published: August 2010

A case of congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a 9‐day‐old male child of Pakistani parents, is reported. Only 5 congenital cases have been described previously. The cerebral and cerebellar cortex showed extensive nerve‐cell loss. Granular material with histochemical characteristics of ceroid‐lipofuscin was deposited in neurons, macrophages and glial cells throughout the brain. Similar material was found in macrophages in the lymphoid system and in certain other organs. Ultrastructurally, the material was identical with that described in the infantile type of ceroid lipofuscinosis. It is pointed out that the metabolic exchange between the blood of the mother and the foetus is not sufficient to prevent the intra‐uterine progression of the disease.
EFFECT OF INTERFERON GAMMA ON EXPRESSION OF HLA‐CLASS II MOLECULES ON BLOOD‐DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS
Authors: Bjercke Sverre
Published: August 2010

T4 cells recognize antigen together with HLA class II molecules in the membrane of antigen‐presenting cells (APC). The magnitude of the induced T cell response is in part dependent upon the quantitative expression of HLA‐class II molecules in the cell membrane of the APC. We report here that recombinant interferon gamma (INF‐γ) may enhance the expression of HLA class II molecules on the surface membrane of blood‐derived dendritic cells by 30–90%.
INHIBITION OFIN VITROLYSOZYME RELEASE FROM HUMAN GRANULOCYTES AND MONOCYTES BY NON‐STEROIDAL ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Authors: Haneberg B. , SøRnes S. , Bakke O. , Solberg C. O.
Published: August 2010

A selective zymosan‐induced release of lysozyme from freshly prepared human blood granulocytes and monocytes was inhibited by indomethacin, sulindac, piroxicam and ibuprofen. This effect was slightly more marked for granulocytes than for monocytes. Salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and naproxen, even at high concentrations, did not inhibit the enzyme release from either cell type. Since all these nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents are cyclooxygenase inhibitors, these findings suggest that lysozyme release is independent of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
RHEUMATOID FACTORS IN PSORIATIC SCALE, SERUM AND CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES DETECTED BY AN ISOTYPE‐SPECIFIC ELISA
Authors: åSbakk Kjetil , Iversen Ole‐Jan
Published: August 2010

An isotype‐specific ELISA for detection of rheumatoid factors (RFs) is described. The assay utilizes rabbit anti‐albumin IgG bound to albumin as solid phase reactant (test wells). RF‐activity was expressed as the difference in reaction between test wells and wells containing F(ab′)2‐fragments of the rabbit IgG bound to albumin. The activity correlated well with the conventional Waaler agglutination test on sera that showed a positive Waaler titre, but several sera that were negative by the Waaler test were positive for RF of IgG isotype by the ELISA‐test. The method was applied on specimens from psoriatic patients, and RFs of IgG‐and IgA isotype were demonstrated in serum immune complexes from all the psoriatic patients examined. IgG‐ and IgA‐RF was also demonstrated in extracts from psoriatic scale, and RFs in scale were demonstrated independently of free rheumatoid factor activity in serum.
SYNAPTOPHYSIN – AN IMMUNO‐HISTOCHEMICAL MARKER FOR CHILDHOOD NEUROBLASTOMA
Authors: MIETTINEN MARKKU , RAPOLA JUHANI
Published: August 2010

Synaptophysin, an integral membrane glycoprotein of presynaptic vesicles, was tested as an immuno‐histochemical marker for childhood neuroblastoma. Synaptophysin immuno‐reactivity was found in all neuroblastomas (6/6), but not in the other small round‐cell tumors to be considered in its differential diagnosis. Thus, rhabdomyosarcomas (0/5), lymphomas (0/4), or Ewing's sarcomas (0/2) were negative for synaptophysin. The results suggest that synaptophysin is a useful marker for neuroblastoma, and it should belong to the marker panel used for the differential diagnosis of small round‐cell tumors of childhood.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PERTUSSIS TOXIN AND 10 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Authors: Schou Carsten , Au‐Jensen Monika , Heron Iver
Published: August 2010

Data on the epitope specificity of 10 monoclonal hybridoma antibodies (Mabs) that showed positive reaction in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) towards pertussins toxin (Ptx) are presented. The relative functional affinity of the Mabs was determined in a catching ELISA system. The Mabs were tested for their ability to inhibit the biological activities of this toxin in two in vitro systems, viz. haemagglutination (HA) and Chinese Hamster Ovary cell (CHO) test, and in three in vivo assays: histamine sensitization (HS), leucocytosis‐promoting activity (LP) and protection against intra‐cerebral challenge (i.c.) with virulent B. pertussis organisms. Four Mabs were found inhibiting HA and three inhibited the effect on CHO cells. Two Mabs showed demonstrable protective effect on mice in i.c. test. The same two Mabs were also able to inhibit HS and LP activity of Ptx. Five of the ten Mabs reacted with Ptx subjected to blotting after separation of the toxin subunits in sodium‐dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The five Mabs all bound to more than one subunit. The epitopes defined by several of the Mabs might be useful in the context of a third‐generation whooping cough vaccine.
CEA AND CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS IN NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC COLON MUCOSA
Authors: OUYANG QIN , VILIEN MOGENS , JUHL BIRGITTE RAVN , LARSEN LISE GRUPE , BINDER VIBEKE
Published: August 2010

Antibodies raised against tumour‐associated antigens have been assessed for tumour selectivity using an indirect immunohistochemical peroxidase staining of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue from colon carcinomas, colon polyps and normal mucosa. The following antibodies were used: 1) Unabsorbed polyclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (poly‐CEA). 2) Monoclonal antibodies to CEA (mabs 3851 and 27). 3) Monoclonal antibodies to protein‐bound carbohydrates (mabs C 216 and C 242) or to lipid‐ and protein‐bound carbohydrates (C 50 and 19–9). These antibodies had been produced by hybridization of lymphocytes from mice, immunized with colon carcinoma cell lines or colon cancer tissue. All antibodies were used in one concentration only, preselected by initial titration experiments. No antibody was completely tumour‐specific, but four antibodies, mabs 3851, 27, C 216 and C 242, showed statistically significant tumour selectivity. Using these antibodies, respectively 19, 19, 19, and 18 of 20 colon cancers were stained compaired with 3, 4, 4, and 8 of 15 specimens of colon mucosa from normal controls. An increased frequency of staining was also noted in dysplastic polyps (statistically significant using mabs 3851 and C 216) and in dysplastic mucosa adjacent to a tumour (statistically significant using mabs 3851 and 27). The staining frequency of normal colon mucosa in cases of colon cancer did not differ from that in the normal controls. Poly‐CEA and the antiganglioside mabs C 50 and 19–9 revealed no tumour selectivity. A pronounced goblet cell staining was seen using C 50, C 242 and 19–9.
BINDING OF HISTAMINE‐ALBUMIN CONJUGATES TO HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES: EVIDENCE FOR LABELLING OF HISTAMINE H‐1 BUT NOT H‐2 RECEPTORS
Authors: Hallberg Torgny , Dohlsten Mikael
Published: August 2010

Histamine conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA) bound to a major proportion of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a rosetting assay. In contrast, red cells coated with the control conjugates penty lamine‐HSA and ethanolamine‐HSA were unreactive. Amine conjugation by the carbodiimide method imposed a positive charge on the albumin molecule. However, the percentage histamine‐HSA‐binding lymphocytes was related to the amount of histamine coupled to the albumin molecule and not to differences in isoelectric point (p1) of the modified protein carriers. Four different histamine‐albumin conjugates and one pentylamine‐HSA conjugate inhibited lymphocyte binding of histamine‐HSA, whereas ethanolamine‐albumin, carbodiimide‐reacted HSA and native albumin were not inhibitory. The histamine H‐2 receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine, metiamide, and burimamide lacked inhibitory effects. The histamine H‐1 receptor antagonists clemastine, mepyramine, and diphenhydramine efficiently inhibited lymphocyte binding of the histamine‐albumin conjugate with IC50 values of 0.2, 1, and 40 mM, respectively, indicating interactions with low affinity H‐1 receptors.
DEVELOPMENT OF ABNORMAL PARATHYROID CELL FUNCTION DURING MONOLAYER CULTURE AND ITS RELATION TO CELLULAR HYPERTROPHY AND PROLIFERATION
Authors: NYGREN PETER , LARSSON ROLF , GYLFE ERIK , LINDH ERIK , LJUNGHALL SVERKER , RASTAD JONAS , ÅKERSTRÖM GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

Primary cultures of adult bovine parathyroid cells grown for up to 8 days were used to study the relationship between regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Cai2+) and cell growth. Cell counting indicated that proliferation was inversly proportional to the seeding density. The culture was associated with cell enlargement without apparent relation to the proliferation rate. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis of the DNA distribution excluded that the hypertrophy was due to a high proportion of the cells being in the S and G2 stages of the cell cycle. With progressive time in culture there was a gradual deterioration of the ability of increasing concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ to suppress PTH secretion and raise Cai2+. This functional dedifferentiation developed to the same extent despite considerable differences in proliferation rates. The data show that parathyroid cells in monolayer culture develop functional and some of the morphological characteristics of parathyroid cells from patients with hyperparathyroidism and that the functional abnormality seems to be related to hypertrophy but not to proliferation of the cells.
CEREBELLAR FOLIATION IN RATS5. Structural Relations between Purkinje Cells and Heterotopic External Granular Layer in Normal and Protein Deprived Foetal Rats
Authors: CONRADI NILS G.
Published: August 2010

Different types of heterotopia of granule cells and of the external granular layer (EGL) occur naturally in the cerebellum of rats. In the present study sagittal plastic sections of the cerebellum of 75 normal and protein deprived rat foetuses from the four last days of gestation were examined. Perivascular nests of EGL cells were present in all of the rat foetuses examined without obvious differences between normal and protein deprived foetuses. They were most frequent in regions adjacent to the fissures. It was found that the EGL nests affected the orientation and position of Purkinje cells when passing through this layer. In 2 out of 37 protein deprived foetuses, there were continuous layers of Purkinje cells surrounding some EGL nests in the sub‐cortical region associated with a malformation of the posterior lobe. These heterotopic Purkinje cells had an apical process mostly pointing towards the EGL nests and there was a primitive molecular layer lying between the heterotopic Purkinje cells and the EGL cells. These findings indicate that migration of Purkinje cells towards the perivascular EGL had occurred possibly as a consequence of transfer of the endfeet of radial glial cells from the pial to the vascular mesodermal surface. Similar mechanisms may be involved in nervous system malformations such as cerebellar polymicrogyria in man. Experimental protein deprivation has not previously been reported to result in major malformations of the central nervous system. Although two protein deprived foetuses had cerebellar malformation which were not seen in normal foetuses, the present material does not allow any conclusions with regard to a causal relation between the protein deprivation and the malformations.
REVERSIBLE AND REPRODUCIBLE IN VIVO STAINING OF MOTOR ENDPLATES BY USE OF THE ACETYLTHIOCHOLINE‐IODIDE METHOD
Authors: LINDBOE CHRISTIAN F.
Published: August 2010

In vivo staining of motor endplates was carried out in the anterior tibial muscle of the rat, using the acetylthiocholine‐iodide staining method of Koelle and Friedenwald. A strong and distinct endplate staining was obtained after incubation in the staining solution for only one minute if the epimysium had been removed from the muscle. Staining with intact epimysium gave a less satisfactory result if the incubation time was 3 minutes, but it was excellent after incubation for 10 minutes. At re‐examination 5 or 30 days later, the initial staining had disappeared in all animals, and a second staining at this time gave just as good results as on the first occasion. The inflammatory reaction in the muscle was more severe with removed epimysium than with intact epimysium, and the staining solution had a slight local toxic effect compared with 0.9% NaCl. Staining with intact epimysium should therefore be preferred if possible.
INHIBITION OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE BY SERUM FROM PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: Theander T. G. , Svenson M. , Bygbjerg I. C. , Kharazmi A. , Jepsen S. , Andersen B. J. , Larsen P. B.
Published: August 2010

Malaria infection has been shown to induce alterations in immune reactivity. This report describes the effect of serum obtained from Plasmodium falciparum infected patients on in vitro proliferation of human blood mononuclear cells (BMNC) isolated from healthy individuals. Serum obtained before initiation of treatment suppressed the in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response to both Plasmodium‐derived antigens and an unrelated antigen (PPD‐tuberculin). The suppressive effect was lost if the serum was incubated at 56°C for 30 min, and the effect was not HLA‐restricted since the inhibition was seen on both autologous and heterologous BMNC. The degree of suppression was not correlated to the duration of the disease, the degree of parasitemia, or the use of chemoprophylaxis. Sera from 7 patients before and from 3 patients 30 days after initiation of treatment were pooled and fractionated. It was found that the strongest suppressive activity was in the serum fraction containing molecules from 30 – 100 kD.
GYNECOMASTIA Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Estrogen Receptors
Authors: ANDERSEN JØRN , F.ØRNTOFT TORBEN , ANDERSEN JOHAN A. , POULSEN HANS SKOVGAARD
Published: August 2010

Immunohistochemical estrogen receptor (ER) analysis using a monoclonal ER antibody was performed on a total of 30 specimens from 26 patients with gynecomastia. Twenty‐six specimens were ER‐positive, 3 were ER‐negative, and the analysis failed in one case. Immunohistochemical analysis proved more sensitive than biochemical ER analysis in a group of 20 patients, and in a group of 6 patients, the immunohistochemical analysis correlated well with in vitro hormonal sensitivity of the gynecomastic tissue. Semiquantified ER content was inversely correlated with patient age. There was no relationship between ER content and either histopathologic features or hormonal status. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the intracellular ER responsible for estrogenic stimulation is present in most gynecomastic tissue specimens, supporting the general assumption that estrogen can be one of the hormones responsible for the development of gynecomastia.
DOSE‐RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP IN COMPLETE ORAL 4NQO‐CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS
Authors: FISKER A. V. , PHILIPSEN H. P. , OVERVAD K.
Published: August 2010

Groups of 48 Wistar rats were subjected to thrice‐weekly palatal application of the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4NQO) in propylene glycol 18, 12, 6 or 2 times, each 255 nmol 4NQO, in order to examine the relationship between the dose of the carcinogen and the tumour response. Other groups were treated with solvent alone or were left untreated. When the carcinogen was applied 18 or 12 times, squamous cell or verrucous carcinomas developed in 50% of the rats in 11 and 12 months, respectively, whereas rats subjected to the carcinogen 6 times demonstrated a 50% cancer rate in 23 months. Rats twice exposed to the carcinogen demonstrated a tumour rate of 25% in 30 months. Decreasing doses of 4NQO thus prolonged the latency period and decreased the tumour rate. The tumour development in the animals subjected to two carcinogen applications was significantly different from the tumour development among the solvent‐treated animals, indicating that application of 255 nmol may approximate the initiating dose of 4NQO to be used in a two‐ or multi‐stage carcinogenesis protocol. Most of the carcinomas, either squamous cell or verrucous, were located to the hard palate and to the gingival region of the upper jaw. Impaction of hair, bedding material and food was thought to promote the carcinogenic process.
AN APOCRINE MEMBRANE ANTIGEN WITH POLARIZED DISTRIBUTION AND HORMONALLY REGULATED EXPRESSION IN HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL AND MAMMARY CARCINOMA CELL LINES
Authors: FORSMAN LISBETH M.
Published: August 2010

The topographical distribution and characteristics of an apocrine epithelial differentiation antigen (AEA) were studied in one endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (HEC‐1‐B) and two mammary carcinoma cell lines (MCF‐7 and T47‐D), using an antiserum raised against glycoproteins which had been isolated from human milk fat globule membranes. Immunofluorescent staining of HEC‐1‐B and MCF‐7 cells grown in monolayers, or of histological sections of cells grown in fibrin sponges, revealed a strictly polar distribution of the antigen. The antigen was present only in the dorsal‐apical cell membrane. In contrast, T47‐D cells grown under identical conditions displayed a nonpolar membrane distribution of the antigen. Detergent lysates of HEC‐1‐B, MCF‐7 and T47‐D cells, surface‐labeled by the PI(sodiumetaperiodate)‐NaB3H4 method, were immunoprecipitated and analysed by SDS‐PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Two closely spaced bands having an apparent MW of 315–290 kD (kilodalton) (HEC‐1‐B), 330–295 kD (MCF‐7) and 320–270 kD (T47‐D). The surface expression of the antigen was found to be hormonally regulated. Cultivation of HEC‐1‐B and MCF‐7 in the presence of prolactin increased the amount of antigen. The T47‐D cells responded only weakly to prolactin, but displayed enhanced antigen expression after treatment by estrogen and/or progesterone, as quantified by 125I protein A radioimmunoassay. The behaviour of the membrane antigen reported here provides a new and interesting marker for the differentiation and maintenance of polarity in cultured malignant cells of secretory epithelial origin.
INTERACTION AMONG TWO SUBPOPULATIONS OF EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR IN VIVO: EVIDENCE OF A CONTACT MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: AABO K. , VINDELØV L. L. , SKOVSGAARD T. , SPANG‐THOMSEN M.
Published: August 2010

Clonal interaction among two subpopulations of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was studied during in vivo growth in immune competent N/D mice in which the cell lines had been propagated for several years as ascites tumors. A growth inhibitory interaction by a subcutaneously slow growing subpopulation (E1.15) on a fast growing subpopulation (E1.95) was demonstrated only when the cells had contact during solid tumor growth. The effect was dependent on the relative proportion of the suppressing cell line. An identical effect was exerted by radiation killed inhibitor cells. The inhibition was only transient. If the tumor cell lines were grown intraperitoneally as ascites tumors without cellular contact, no interaction was found using flow cytometric DNA analysis to determine alterations in the relative proportions of the cell lines. Ascites from the inhibitor cell line E1.15 had no inhibitory effect on E1.95. Pre‐immunization with radiation killed E1.15 cells or simultaneous growth of E1. 15 in the opposite flank did not affect the growth of E1.95 significantly. A mononuclear cell infiltrate was found to surround the subcutaneously growing E1.15 tumors in immune competent N/D mice. This was not the case in T‐lymphocyte deficient athymic nude mice in which E1.15 grew without delay subcutaneously. It is suggested that the E1.15 cell line was able to elicit a T‐lymphocyte immune response only when grown subcutaneously, and that the close contact between E1.15 and E1.95 in mixed tumors would induce a non‐specific growth inhibition of E1.95 cells which themselves were not able to induce a T‐lymphocyte response.
ASTROCYTES IN THE POSTNATAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: RESKE‐NIELSEN EDITH , GREGERSEN MARKIL , LUND ELISABETH
Published: August 2010

The postnatal development of the fibrillary astrocyte in 25 children without any anamnestic or post mortem signs of disease were studied. The investigation was performed on basis of the immunoperoxidase method for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The supporting function of the external glial limiting membrane, the glial vascular limiting membrane and the metabolic role of the astrocytes are stressed. During the postnatal myelination of the white matter the immature astrocyte changed into the mature form and a dense fibrous network developed. The radially oriented glial processes of the Bergmann astrocytes of the cerebellum guided the fetal external granular cells during the migration. In the brainstem we found minor variations of the dense fibrous astrocytic network both in children dead after accidents and in sudden infant death syndrome. These findings presumably demonstrate a normal pattern.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
Authors: ENGFELDT BENGT , CATERSON BRUCE , EKLÖF OLE , HULTENBY KJELL , MÜLLER MARTIN
Published: August 2010

Recent developments in preparatory procedures for electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry are presented as a background for the morphological diagnosis of bone dysplasia. With the new low temperature embedding techniques and the availability of monoclonal antibodies raised against the main matrix macromolecules, biopsies have proved to be an important complement to clinical and radiological workup and they may sometimes provide the final clue to the diagnosis.
Psychometric Testing of the Children's Resourcefulness Scale
Authors: Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Bekhet Abir K. , Bonham Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Resourcefulness is known to reduce depression in adults, but its effects on children are less well known, possibly for lack of a psychometrically sound measure.

METHODS:  This study examined the reliability and validity of the 32‐item Children's Self‐Control Scale (C‐SCS), which measures resourcefulness, in 122 school‐aged children.

FINDINGS:  Standard scale refinement methods produced a 10‐item scale with α= .72 and correlations with the C‐SCS (r = .86), positive thoughts (r = .38), and depressive symptoms (r =–.32). Factor analysis revealed two factors: problem‐solving and delay of gratification.

CONCLUSIONS:  The 10‐item scale may be useful for identifying children who are not resourceful and are at risk for depression.
Siblings and Family Environments of Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Smith Laura O. , Elder Jennifer H.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES:  The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in four major areas, to identify gaps in the literature, and to propose future directions for research of siblings of persons with ASD.

DESIGN AND METHODS:  A systematic review of research published within the past 10 years in peer review journals includes investigations on siblings' and parental characteristics, as well as sibling behaviors, relationships, and adaptation. Twelve studies are synthesized to include purpose, findings, and discussion relating it to previous work.

RESULTS:  Siblings are influenced by the context of their families that are impacted by biological, psychological, sociological, and ecological factors. Research studies are primarily exploratory and no intervention studies are identified.

CONCLUSION:  The literature review of parental and sibling characteristics, relationships, and adaptation support intervention measures for siblings and family members of persons with autism. Assessment of siblings is necessary to identify those who may be at risk for future adjustment problems and maladaptive behaviors.
Characterization of a Novel β‐thioglucosidase CpTGG1 in Carica papaya and its Substrate‐dependent and Ascorbic Acid‐independent O‐β‐glucosidase Activity
Authors: Nong Han , Zhang Jia‐Ming , Li Ding‐Qin , Wang Meng , Sun Xue‐Piao , Zhu Yun Judy , Meijer Johan , Wang Qin‐Huang
Published: August 2010

Plant thioglucosidases are the only known S‐glycosidases in the large superfamily of glycosidases. These enzymes evolved more recently and are distributed mainly in Brassicales. Thioglucosidase research has focused mainly on the cruciferous crops due to their economic importance and cancer preventive benefits. In this study, we cloned a novel myrosinase gene, CpTGG1, from Carica papaya Linnaeus. and showed that it was expressed in the aboveground tissues in planta. The recombinant CpTGG1 expressed in Pichia pastoris catalyzed the hydrolysis of both sinigrin and glucotropaeolin (the only thioglucoside present in papaya), showing that CpTGG1 was indeed a functional myrosinase gene. Sequence alignment analysis indicated that CpTGG1 contained all the motifs conserved in functional myrosinases from crucifers, except for two aglycon‐binding motifs, suggesting substrate priority variation of the non‐cruciferous myrosinases. Using sinigrin as substrate, the apparent Km and Vmax values of recombinant CpTGG1 were 2.82 mM and 59.9 μmol min−1 mg protein−1, respectively. The Kcat/Km value was 23 s−1 mM−1. O‐β‐glucosidase activity towards a variety of substrates were tested, CpTGG1 displayed substrate‐dependent and ascorbic acid‐independent O‐β‐glucosidase activity towards 2‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and 4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, but was inactive towards glucovanillin and n‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside. Phylogenetic analysis indicated CpTGG1 belongs to the MYR II subfamily of myrosinases.
Age at Immigration and Scholastic Achievement in School-Age Children: Is There a Vulnerable Age?
Authors: Cahan Sorel , Davis Daniel , Staub Rachel
Published: August 2010

This study investigates the relationship between age at immigration and educational achievement at age 14 among all the students (about 45,000) who immigrated to Israel between 1952 and 1970. The relationship is examined for verbal and nonverbal components of an achievement test, in subpopulations defined by gender and ethnic background (Westernversus Eastern-born children). The findings indicate a monotonic decrease in achievement as a function of immigration age starting at the age of 7. This decrease is considerably stronger for the Verbal subtest than for the Mathematical subtest, particularly in the Western group. These results refute the vulnerable age hypothesis: They support the view that the foreign language acquisition factor plays a central role in the relationship between age of immigration and scholastic achievement, and are consistent with the expectation of a monotonic decline in achievement as age of immigration increases (and length of residence decreases). Hence, when immigration involves the need to learn a new language, the drop in school achievement is likely to be particularly marked in subject areas requiring higher levels of mastery of the language of instruction. Finally, the results suggest that age 7 may represent a critical age for the scholastic achievement of immigrant students.
Methodological Nationalism, the Social Sciences, and the Study of Migration: An Essay in Historical Epistemology
Authors: Wimmer Andreas , Schiller Nina Glick
Published: August 2010

The article examines methodological nationalism, a conceptual tendency that was central to the development of the social sciences and undermined more than a century of migration studies. Methodological nationalism is the naturalization of the global regime of nation-states by the social sciences. Transnational studies, we argue, including the study of transnational migration, is linked to periods of intense globalization such as the turn of the twenty-first century. Yet transnational studies have their own contradictions that may reintroduce methodological nationalism in other guises. In studying migration, the challenge is to avoid both extreme fluidism and the bounds of nationalist thought.
Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: August 2010

Political transnationalism covers a wide range of phenomena and can be studied using a variety of approaches. In migration research the focus is mostly on migrants’ networks and activities that involve them in politics oriented towards their country of origin. The article argues for a wider conception of political transnationalism from a political theory perspective. It proposes a terminological distinction between international, multinational, supranational and transnational relations and phenomena. What is specific about migrant transnationalism is that it creates overlapping memberships between territorially separated and independent polities. In this understanding, political transnationalism is not only about a narrowly conceived set of activities through which migrants become involved in the domestic politics of their home countries; it also affects collective identities and conceptions of citizenship among the native populations in both receiving and sending societies. Within this general framework the article suggests a set of hypotheses for an explanatory and normative analysis of sending country relations to their emigrants, a task that has hitherto been neglected in political theory.
Young People of Migrant Origin in Sweden
Authors: Westin Charles
Published: August 2010

This article surveys immigration during the second part of the twentieth century with the aim of determining the origins of the immigrant population and the socioeconomic position of the second generation. It focuses on migration from Turkey from the 1960s onward. Originally, migration from Turkey was within the framework of labor recruitment. These migrants were predominantly ethnic Turks of rural origin. A second wave of migrants from Turkey was composed of Syriani/Assyrians, a Christian minority from eastern Turkey seeking asylum in the 1970s on the grounds of religious persecution. Since the 1980s, the main intake of migrants from Turkey has been Kurds seeking protection on the grounds of political persecution. Immigration of ethnic Turks and Syriani/Assyrians is restricted to family reunification and family formation; the numbers are low. Kurds, on the other hand, are accepted both on the grounds of refugee claims and family reunification/family formation. The article looks at conditions of growing up in Sweden, with a particular focus on education, mother-tongue classes and instruction in Swedish. Second-generation youth distinguish themselves by an overrepresentation among dropouts from school, but also by an overrepresentation among those who do well academically in comparison with native Swedes. This applies to second-generation youth with family roots in Turkey. Though very few under the age of 18 hold regular employment, the article also discusses the prospects of entering the labor market, based on information from the regular labor market surveys. Unemployment rates are consistently higher for second-generation migrants than for native-born Swedish youth. The article closes with a discussion about the developing multicultural society in Sweden and the niches that second-generation youth tend to occupy.
Who Claims Dual Citizenship? The Limits of Postnationalism, the Possibilities of Transnationalism, and the Persistence of Traditional Citizenship
Authors: Bloemraad Irene
Published: August 2010

The dynamics of globalization, especially international migration, challenge traditional frameworks of citizenship and prompted scholars to develop new models of membership: transnationalism and postnationalism. All three – the traditional, transnational and postnational – explicitly or implicitly address the controversial topic of dual citizenship, or multiple membership. Lack of statistical data, however, has made it difficult to adjudicate between these models or to undertake a broad empirical assessment of dual citizenship, either over time or between people from different countries and socioeconomic backgrounds. This article outlines the testable implications of traditional, transnational and post-national frameworks and evaluates these hypotheses using a unique statistical data source that asked respondents to report multiple citizenship, the 1981, 1991 and 1996 20% Canadian census samples. The data offer little evidence that immigrants adopt a strict postnational view of citizenship, but they reveal the possibilities of transnationalism and the continued relevance of traditional frameworks. Over time, we observe a rapid increase in the aggregate level of reported dual citizenship from 1981 to 1996. We also find that those with higher human capital, rather than the economically marginalized, are more likely to embrace dual citizenship. After controlling for individual attributes, important contextual or group effects nonetheless remain: self-reports of dual citizenship vary significantly by birthplace and are higher if an immigrant lives in Quebec. Since naturalization levels seem to rise in tandem with reports of dual citizenship, this research suggests a certain paradox: while multiple belonging undermines some aspects of conventional state sovereignty, dual citizenship might be a means for countries to promote immigrants’ political and legal attachments.
A Cross-Atlantic Dialogue: The Progress of Research and Theory in the Study of International Migration
Authors: Portes Alejandro , DeWind Josh
Published: August 2010

The articles included in this issue were originally presented at a conference on Conceptual and Methodological Developments in the Study of International Migration held at Princeton University in May 2003. The conference was jointly sponsored by the Committee on International Migration of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), the Center for Migration and Development (CMD) at Princeton, and this journal. Its purpose was to review recent innovations in this field, both in theory and empirical research, across both sides of the Atlantic. The conference was deliberately organized as a sequel to a similar event convened by the SSRC on Sanibel Island in January 1996 in order to assess the state of international migration studies within the United States from an interdisciplinary perspective. A selection of articles from that conference was published as a special issue of International Migration Review (Vol. 31, No. 4, Winter), and the full set of articles was published as the Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience (Hirschman, Kasinitz and DeWind, 1999).
Exploring Diversity in Immigrant Assimilation and Transnationalism: Poles and Russian Jews in Philadelphia
Authors: Morawska Ewa
Published: August 2010

This article investigates different patterns of coexistence of assimilation and transnational engagements (A/T) among recent Polish and Jewish Russian immigrants in Philadelphia and the particular constellations of circumstances that generate these outcomes. It then integrates this analysis into a broader comparative examination of the simultaneity of A/T among residentially dispersed Asian Indians, first-wave Cubans in Miami, and Jamaicans, undocumented Chinese, and Dominicans in New York. The main factors shaping the most common A/T patterns in these seven immigrant groups at the global, sending and receiving society national, and local levels are identified.
Best Practices to Manage Migration: The Philippines
Authors: Martin Philip , Abella Manolo , Midgley Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

The Cooperative Efforts to Manage Emigration (CEME) project examines ways in which countries of origin, transit, and destination can cooperate to better manage migration. The project focuses on source countries of migration that are in transition to market economies and democratic systems of governance, developments that promise to reduce unwanted migration, and uses study visits to seek best practices for organizing the three Rs – recruitment, remittances, and returns – to protect migrants and to reduce emigration pressures and for promoting ongoing cooperation on migration matters between countries of origin, transit and destination.
Specific Detection of Pathological Three‐repeat Tau after Pretreatment with Potassium Permanganate and Oxalic Acid in PSP/CBD Brains
Authors: Uchihara Toshiki , Nakamura Ayako , Shibuya Katsuhiko , Yagishita Saburo
Published: August 2010

Immunohistochemisty with RD3, a monoclonal antibody specific for three‐repeat (3R) tau, is sometimes hampered by diffuse neuronal staining on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections pretreated with formic acid and heating. Additional pretreatment with potassium permanganate followed by oxalic acid completely eliminated this diffuse RD3‐immunoreactivity (IR) in neurons. Furthermore, this additional pretreatment uniformly enhanced RD3‐IR, as well as RD4‐IR, a monoclonal antibody specific for four‐repeat (4R) tau, on pathological deposits with tau IR. This enhanced sensitivity and specificity may allow more reliable identification of 3R and 4R tau in pathological deposits, which may be variable dependent on disease and regions. Cerebral cortex and midbrain from 8 patients [5 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and 3 corticobasal degeneration (CBD)] were screened for RD3‐ and RD4‐IR with this improved procedure. In addition to RD4‐positive structures found both in cerebral cortex and brainstem, RD3‐positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were also found in midbrain in 7 of these 8 cases but not in the cortex. Multi‐labeling study demonstrated that most of RD3‐negative neurons were positive for RD4. This reliable demonstration of pathological 3R tau deposits in the brainstem of PSP/CBD, so far presumably characterized by deposition of 4R tau, is useful to map tau‐positive lesions according to their biochemical composition.
Analyses of Urban Drainage Network Structure and its Impact on Hydrologic Response1
Authors: Meierdiercks Katherine L. , Smith James A. , Baeck Mary Lynn , Miller Andrew J.
Published: August 2010

Meierdiercks, Katherine L., James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Andrew J. Miller, 2010. Analyses of Urban Drainage Network Structure and Its Impact on Hydrologic Response. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00465.x

Abstract:  Urban flood studies have linked the severity of flooding to the percent imperviousness or land use classifications of a watershed, but relatively little attention has been given to the impact of urban drainage networks on hydrologic response. The drainage network, which can include storm pipes, surface channels, street gutters, and stormwater management ponds, is examined in the Dead Run watershed (14.3 km2). Comprehensive digital representations of the urban drainage network in Dead Run were developed and provide a key observational resource for analyses of urban drainage networks and their impact on hydrologic response. Analyses in this study focus on three headwater subbasins with drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 km2 and that exhibit striking contrasts in their patterns and history of development. It is shown that the drainage networks of the three subbasins, like natural river networks, exhibit characteristic structures and that these features play critical roles in determining urban hydrologic response. Hydrologic modeling analyses utilize the Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), which provides a flexible platform for examining the impacts of drainage network structure on hydrologic response. Results of SWMM modeling analyses suggest that drainage density and presence of stormwater ponds impact peak discharge more significantly in the Dead Run subbasins than the percent impervious or land use type of the subbasins.
Glacigenic Characteristics of the Luoquan Formation and Sediment Gravity Flow Reworking on It
Authors: Ruitang Wu , Baode Guan
Published: August 2010

Abstract The origin of the Luoquan Formation which occurs along the southern margin of the North China Block has long been argued. Based on recent work, the Formation is considered as a glacial sedimentary sequence partially reworked by sediment gravity flow. The major evidence for the glacigene of Luoquan Formation diamictites is as follows: 1. a striated and polished pavement with various features resulting from glacial abrasion and plucking, such as crescentic gouge, crescentic fracture, streamlined form and glaciated step; 2. unsorted diamictites with striated clast, faceted clast and iron‐shaped stone formed by glaciation; 3. rhythmite with dropstones; 4. a glacial sedimentary sequence bearing advance‐retreat cycles; and 5. wide distribution of the diamictites. Glacial deposits can be distinguished from sediment gravity flow deposits by the features mentioned above. Some characteristics of sediment gravity flow existing in the Luoquan Formation diamictites indicate that glacial deposits might have been partially reworked by sediment gravity flow. Therefore, this paper suggests that the Luoquan Formation diamictite is a result of a glacial event rather than a mud flow deposit. The primary tillites are the principal contribution of the Luoquan Formation, while sediment gravity flow deposits are the redeposited diamictites and should be termed as glacigenic sediment gravity flow deposits.
Thermal Regimes of Lithosphere and Geothermal Resources Potential in Fujian Province, China1
Authors: Tianfeng Wan , Mingji Chu , Mingyou Chen
Published: August 2010

Abstract From the determinations of surface heat flow based on silica geothermometry, residual heat flow, radiogenic heat production of rocks, thermal conductivities of rocks and so on, the temperatures at different depths of the lithosphere in Fujian Province are estimated by using a one‐dimensional steady‐state model. According to these and the research on geological structures, the possibility of existence of various geothermal systems in Fujian is discussed.

The authors consider that in Fujian, geothermal systems related to shallow magmatism do not exist and hot dry rock systems can not be exploited for the time being. However, intermediate‐ and low‐temperature hydrothermal systems are well developed. They are controlled by active faults and distributed widely in southeastern Fujian, but do not have an anomalous heat source. The groundwater circulates at great depths and has a temperature usually less than 150°C with less discharge but good quality. It can be used directly as a valuable geothermal water resource but not suitable to be developed as an energy source.
Point Groups and Single Forms of Quasicrystals with Eightfold and Twelvefold Symmetry
Authors: Nicheng Shi , Libing Liao
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper mainly deals with the point groups and single forms of octagonal quasicrystals and the description of one‐dimensional quasilattice. The authors present a new sequence for describing the arrangement of quasiperiods in one‐dimensional quasilattice. The first ten numbers of quasiperiods of this sequence are 1, 1,2, 5, 12, 29, 70, 169, 408 and 985. The arrangement of quasiperiods in the first five steps are a, b, ab, babab and babababbabab. Seven point groups and nine single forms for the octagonal system have been deduced. They are as follows: Point groups: 8, 8m, 82, 8 / m, 8 / mmm, 8 and 82m; single forms: octagonal prism, dioctagonal prism, octagonal pyramid, dioctagonal pyramid, octagonal dipyramid, dioctagonal dipyramid, octagonal scalenohedron, dioctagonal scalenohedron and octagonal trapezohedron. Besides seven point groups and nine single forms for the dodecahegonal system have also been deduced.
REE Geochemistry and Mineralization Characteristics of the Zudong and Guanxi Granites, Jiangxi Province
Authors: Dianhao Huang , Chengyu Wu , Jiuzhu Han
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Zudong and Guanxi granites are original rocks of the ion adsorption‐type HREE and LREE deposits in weathering crust of granites. The ∑REE1 value and LREE2 / HREE ratio of the Zudong granite are 264 ppm and 0.81‐0.24 respectively, and the average Y/∑REE ratio is 35.8‐54.5%. This is mainly due to magmatic crystallization and evolution and deuteric metasomatism (albitization, muscovitization and fluorite‐doveritization). These alterations resulted in endogenic mineralizations of yttrium‐group REE fluorine carbonates, silicates and arsenates. The Guanxi granite is characterized by LREE enrichment (the average LREE/HREE ratio is 2.43).
The Igneous Rock Series and Tin 'Polymetallic Minerogenetic Series in the Tengchong Area, Yunnan
Authors: Jingwen Mao
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper discusses the late Yanshanian‐Himalayan igneous rock series and minerogenetic series (Cheng et al., 1979, 1982) related to tin polymetallic deposits in the Tengchong area. The multi‐stage differentiation and evolution of the igneous rock series led to the concentration of metal and ore‐forming elements in a cupola of a granite body formed in the late stage. The minerogenetic series shows a zoning of Nb‐Ta‐W‐Sn, Sn‐Fe and Sn around the cupola in space and a multi‐stage regularity in time. Finally a minerogenetic model and three key factors of tin minerogenesis are put forward for tin polymetallic deposits in the area.
Volcanism at the Permian‐Triassic Boundary in South China and Its Effects on Mass Extinction
Authors: Hongfu Yin , Siji Huang , Kexin Zhang , Fengqing Yang , Meihua Ding , Xianmei Bi , Suxin Zhang
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper discusses the clayrocks widespread at the Permian‐Triassic boundary, which are mostly of volcanic origin. Volcanogenetic textures, structures and minerals such as high‐temperature quartz are found in clayrocks at the Permian‐Triassic boundary in many places. Thousands of microspherules have been collected from the Boundary clayrocks, many of which exhibit the typical features of the process from melting to cooling and solidification, indicating that they were formed by volcanic eruption or extraterrestrial impact. Volcanic effects on the Permian‐ Triassic mass extinction may be reflected in conodonts, algae and ammonoids. The Boundary clayrocks are found in many Permian‐ Triassic sections along the coast of Tethys. Their orighin remains to be studied.