bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coastal acidification impacts on shell mineral structure of bivalve mollusks
Authors: Fitzer Susan C. , Torres Gabarda Sergio , Daly Luke , Hughes Brian , Dove Michael , O'Connor Wayne , Potts Jaimie , Scanes Peter , Byrne Maria
Published: August 2018

Ocean acidification is occurring globally through increasing CO2 absorption into the oceans creating particular concern for calcifying species. In addition to ocean acidification, near shore marine habitats are exposed to the deleterious effects of runoff from acid sulfate soils which also decreases environmental pH. This coastal acidification is being exacerbated by climate change‐driven sea‐level rise and catchment‐driven flooding. In response to reduction in habitat pH by ocean and coastal acidification, mollusks are predicted to produce thinner shells of lower structural integrity and reduced mechanical properties threatening mollusk aquaculture. Here, we present the first study to examine oyster biomineralization under acid sulfate soil acidification in a region where growth of commercial bivalve species has declined in recent decades. Examination of the crystallography of the shells of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, by electron back scatter diffraction analyses revealed that the signal of environmental acidification is evident in the structure of the biomineral. Saccostrea glomerata, shows phenotypic plasticity, as evident in the disruption of crystallographic control over biomineralization in populations living in coastal acidification sites. Our results indicate that reduced sizes of these oysters for commercial sale may be due to the limited capacity of oysters to biomineralize under acidification conditions. As the impact of this catchment source acidification will continue to be exacerbated by climate change with likely effects on coastal aquaculture in many places across the globe, management strategies will be required to maintain the sustainable culture of these key resources.
An Air‐breathing Carbon Cloth‐based Screen‐printed Electrode for Applications in Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
Authors: Marković Nikola , Conzuelo Felipe , Szczesny Julian , González García María Begoña , Hernández Santos David , Ruff Adrian , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

We report a prototype air‐breathing carbon cloth‐based electrode that was fabricated starting from a commercially available screen‐printed electrode equipped with a transparent ITO working electrode (DropSens, ref. ITO10). The fabrication of the air‐breathing electrodes is straightforward, shows satisfactory reproducibility and a good electrochemical response as evaluated by means of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− voltammetry. The gas‐diffusion electrodes were successfully modified with the O2 reducing enzyme bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria in a direct electron transfer regime. The enzyme modified electrodes showed a remarkable high current density for O2 reduction in passive air‐breathing mode of up to 5 mA cm−2. Moreover, the enzyme modified electrodes were applied as O2 reducing biocathodes in a glucose/air enzymatic biofuel cell in combination with a high current density glucose oxidase/redox polymer bioanode. The biofuel cell provides a high maximum power density of (0.34±0.02) mW cm−2 at 0.25 V. The straightforward design, low cost and the high reproducibility of these electrodes are considered as basis for standardized measurements under gas‐breathing conditions and for high throughput screening of gas converting (bio‐)catalysts.
Polypyrrole Nanopipes as a Promising Cathode Material for Li‐ion Batteries and Li‐ion Capacitors: Two‐in‐One Approach
Authors: Dubal Deepak , Jagadale Ajay , Chodankar Nilesh R. , Kim Do‐Heyoung , Gomez‐Romero Pedro , Holze Rudolf
Published: August 2018

Lithium ion capacitor (LIC) is a promising energy storage system that can simultaneously provide high energy with high rate (high power). Generally, LIC is fabricated using capacitive cathode (activated carbon, AC) and insertion‐type anode (graphite) with Li‐ion based organic electrolyte. However, the limited specific capacities of both anode and cathode materials limit the performance of LIC, in particular energy density. In this context, we have developed “two in one” synthetic approach to engineer both cathode and anode from single precursor for high performance LIC. Firstly, we have engineered a low cost 1D polypyrrole nanopipes (PPy‐NPipes), which was utilized as cathode material and delivered a maximum specific capacity of 126 mAh/g, far higher than that of conventional AC cathodes (35 mAh/g). Later, N doped carbon nanopipes (N‐CNPipes) was derived from direct carbonization of PPy‐NPipes and successfully applied as anode material in LIC. Thus, a full LIC was fabricated using both pseudo‐capacitive cathode (PPy‐NPipes) and anode (N‐CNPipes) materials, respectively. The cell delivered a remarkable specific energy of 107 Wh/kg with maximum specific power of 10 kW/kg and good capacity retention of 93 % over 2000 cycles. Thus, this work provide a new approach of utilization of nanostructured conducting polymers as a promising pseudocapacitive cathode for high performance energy storage systems.
Variation in the vertical zonality of erodibility and critical shear stress of rill erosion in China's Hengduan Mountains
Authors: Su Zhengan , Xiong Donghong , Zhang Jianhui , Zhou Tao , Yang Hongkun , Dong Yifan , Fang Haidong , Shi Liangtao
Published: August 2018

Soil erodibility is an essential parameter used in soil erosion prediction. This study selected the Liangshan town watershed to quantify variation in the vertical zonality of rill erodibility (kr) in China's ecologically fragile Hengduan Mountains. Soil types comprised of yellow–brown (soil A), purple (soil B), and dry‐red (soil C) in a descending order of occurrence from the summit to the valley, which roughly corresponds to the vertical climate zone (i.e. cool‐high mountain, warm‐low mountain, and dry‐hot valley sections) of the study area. With elevation, vertical soil zonality varied in both soil organic matter (SOM) content and soil particle‐size fractions. A series of rill erosion‐based scour experiments were conducted, using water discharge rates of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mL min‐1. Additionally, detachment rates (Dr) were measured under three hydrological conditions (the drainage, saturation, and seepage treatments). Results show that both Dr and flow shear stress (Ʈ) values increased as discharge increased. As elevation increased, the kr values decreased, while the vertical zonality of critical shear stress (Ʈc) values showed no obvious variation. The highest kr values were observed during the seepage treatment, followed by the saturation treatment then drainage treatment, indicating that variation in vertical hydraulic gradients could significantly alter kr values. This study also found that land‐use types could also alter kr and Ʈc values. Further research, however, is necessary to better quantify the effects of subsurface hydrological conditions and land‐use types on kr under different soil zonalities in China's Hengduan Mountains. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coadapted genomes and selection on hybrids: Fisher's geometric model explains a variety of empirical patterns
Authors: Simon Alexis , Bierne Nicolas , Welch John J.
Published: August 2018

Natural selection plays a variety of roles in hybridization, speciation, and admixture. Most research has focused on two extreme cases: crosses between closely related inbred lines, where hybrids are fitter than their parents, or crosses between effectively isolated species, where hybrids suffer severe breakdown. But many natural populations must fall into intermediate regimes, with multiple types of gene interaction, and these are more difficult to study. Here, we develop a simple fitness landscape model, and show that it naturally interpolates between previous modeling approaches, which were designed for the extreme cases, and invoke either mildly deleterious recessives, or discrete hybrid incompatibilities. Our model yields several new predictions, which we test with genomic data from Mytilus mussels, and published data from plants (Zea, Populus, and Senecio) and animals (Mus, Teleogryllus, and Drosophila). The predictions are generally supported, and the model explains a number of surprising empirical patterns. Our approach enables novel and complementary uses of genome-wide datasets, which do not depend on identifying outlier loci, or “speciation genes” with anomalous effects. Given its simplicity and flexibility, and its predictive successes with a wide range of data, the approach should be readily extendable to other outstanding questions in the study of hybridization.
Determination of furanic compounds and acidity for Italian honey quality
Authors: Apriceno Azzurra , Girelli Anna Maria , Scuto Francesca Romana , Tarola Anna Maria
Published: August 2018

The quality of honey is influenced by botanical origins and acidity. 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF) is a well‐monitored indicator for freshness and quality, whereas no restriction is reported for 2‐furfural. The aim of the study is the determination of these compounds in 21 Italian honey samples through high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In order to validate the HPLC method, the detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ, respectively), recovery, precision (repeatability), and linearity were determined. The quantity of HMF extracted ranges from 3.35 to 43.21 mg/kg, and 2‐furfural is found only in chestnut and wood samples in the range of 0.3–1.7 mg/kg. In addition, the effect of storage time effect was investigated for HMF, 2‐furfural, and free and lactone acidities over a 4‐month period. Finally, another compound was revealed and, on the basis of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, HPLC mass spectrometry, UV spectra, and chromatographic results, is hypothesized to be 2‐(furan‐2‐methyl)‐4‐methoxyfuran‐3‐(2H)‐one. The absence of any aldehyde group in the proposed compound is confirmed by the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine spectroscopic method. Profiles of HMF, 2‐furfural, and the hypothesized furanic compound have been outlined according to the floral origin of the honey.
Driver mutations of young lung adenocarcinoma patients with malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Wu Shang‐Gin , Liu Yi‐Nan , Yu Chong‐Jen , Yang James Chih‐Hsin , Shih Jin‐Yuan
Published: August 2018

Young lung cancer patients have several distinct characteristics. However, there are limited epidemiological data of genetic abnormalities in this population. We conducted a prospective cohort study to delineate the various oncogenic driver mutations of lung adenocarcinoma in young Asian patients. We consecutively collected malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) from lung adenocarcinoma patients. RNA was extracted from MPEs for mutation analysis by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Selected gene mutations for testing included EGFR, HER2, BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA, JAK2, MEK1, NRAS, and AKT2 mutations, as well as EML4‐ALK, ROS1, and RET fusions. We collected MPEs from 142 patients aged ≤50 years and 730 patients aged >50 years. Patients aged ≤50 years (91%) had a higher incidence of driver gene mutations than those aged >50 years (84%; P = .036), especially EML4‐ALK (P < .001) and ROS1 (P < .001). Among patients aged ≤50 years, EGFR mutation was the major oncogenic driver mutation. The mutation rates of other genes were 18% EML4‐ALK, 6% ROS1, 5% HER2, 1% RET, 1% BRAF, and 1% KRAS. We did not detect PIK3CA, JAK2, MEK1, NRAS, or AKT2 mutations. No difference in gender or smoking history was noted among those with different driver mutations. Patients who had a good performance status or received appropriate targeted therapy had longer overall survival. In conclusion, lung adenocarcinoma in Asian patients aged ≤50 years had a higher gene mutation rate than in those aged >50 years, especially EML4‐ALK and ROS1 fusion. Mutation analysis may be helpful in determining targeted therapy for the majority of these patients.
Identification of PfENR inhibitors: A hybrid structure‐based approach in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Manhas Anu , Patel Anjali , Lone Mohsin Y. , Jha Prafulla K. , Jha Prakash C.
Published: August 2018

In the current study, we have constructed receptor‐based pharmacophore models by exploiting the Plasmodium falciparum enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR) structural proteome. The derived models were subjected to a series of validation procedures to list the representative hypotheses that can be used for the screening of the Drug‐like Diverse Database. A set of 739 molecules was retrieved and analyzed for the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) and drug‐likeness attributes. The filtered drug‐like molecules (64) were then subjected to molecular docking and HYDE assessment studies. The hybrid structure‐based approach yielded 4 molecules, UKR1308259, ENA1096786, UKR403454, and ASI51224, as PfENR inhibitors. The stability of these inhibitors was assessed using molecular mechanics‐generalized born surface area approach‐based free binding energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular mechanics‐generalized born surface area calculations and molecular dynamics simulations showed that UKR1308259, ENA1096786, and ASI51224 were more potent PfENR inhibitors. The rationale behind the current work was to identify orally available inhibitor molecules with diverse scaffolds that could serve as initial leads for the drug design against PfENR.
Retracted: Platelet‐derived growth factor subunit B is required for tendon‐bone healing using bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells after rotator cuff repair in rats
Authors: Wang Lin‐Liang , Yin Xue‐Feng , Chu Xiu‐Cheng , Zhang Yong‐Bing , Gong Xiao‐Nan
Published: August 2018

As a common cause of shoulder pain and disability, rotator cuff injury (RCI) represents a debilitating condition affecting an individual’s quality of life. Although surgical repair has been shown to be somewhat effective, many patients may still suffer from reduced shoulder function. The aim of the current study was to identify a more effective mode of RCI treatment by investigating the effect of platelet‐derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF‐B) on tendon‐bone healing after RCI repair by modifying bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Surface markers of BMSCs were initially detected by means of flow cytometry, followed by establishment of the rat models and construction of the lentiviral vector. 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay, alizarin red staining, and oil red O staining were used to provide verification that PDGF‐B was indeed capable of promoting BMSC viability, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capability. Furthermore, biomechanical assessment results indicated that PDGF‐B could increase the ultimate load and stiffness of the tendon tissue. Real‐time reverse‐transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis methods provided evidence suggesting that PDGF‐B facilitated the expression of tendon‐bone healing–related genes and proteins, while contrasting results were obtained after PDGF‐B silencing. Taken together, the key findings of the current study provided evidence suggesting that overexpressed PDGF‐B could act to enhance tendon‐bone healing after RCI repair, thus highlighting the potential of the functional promotion of PDGF‐B as a future RCI therapeutic approach.
Genome‐scale analysis to identify prognostic markers and predict the survival of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Yan‐Yan , Yang Chun , Zhou Pingting , Zhang Shijie , Yao Yuan , Li Dong
Published: August 2018

Lung cancer is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide, and lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) remains the most common histologic subtype. However, the functional significance of RNA expression–based prognosis prediction in LAC is still unclear and needs to be further studied. By utilizing the Cox multivariate regression, we established a risk score staging system to predict the outcome of patients with LAC and subsequently identified 10 genes, including PTPRH, OGFRP1, LDHA, AL365203.1, LINC02178, AL512488.1, LINC01312, AL353746.1, DRAXINP1, and LINC02310, which were closely related to the prognosis of patients with LAC. The identified genes allowed us to classify patients into high‐risk group with poor outcome and low‐risk group with better outcome. Compared with other clinical factors, the risk score performs better in predicting the outcome of LAC patients. We used Gene‐Set Enrichment Analysis to identify the differences between the 2 groups in biological pathways. In conclusion, we identified 10 genes by utilizing Cox regression model and developed a risk staging model for LAC, which might prove significant for the clinical management of LAC patients.
Silencing of angiotensin receptor 1 interferes with angiotensin II oncogenic activity in endometrial cancer
Authors: Matysiak‐Burzyńska Zuzanna E. , Nowakowska Magdalena , Domińska Kamila , Kowalska Karolina , Płuciennik Elżbieta , Piastowska‐Ciesielska Agnieszka W.
Published: August 2018

In mammalian cells, angiotensin II (AngII) binds to 2 distinct high‐affinity plasma membrane receptors: angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1R) and angiotensin receptor 2 (AT2R). Healthy human endometrium from women of reproductive age expresses all of the components of the renin‐angiotensin system. Many studies suggest that AngII, acting via AT1R, may have a role in the development and progression of cancer, which changes the expression of angiogenic factors, AngII and AT1R are correlated with the presence of endometrial cancer (EC). The aim of the current study was to identify the effects of AngII on the proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and mobility of ISHIKAWA, MFE296 and MFE280 EC cells with silenced AT1R. It also examines epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers by gene expression analysis. The obtained results suggest that the silencing of AT1R expression alters the migration and invasion ability of EC cells. However, this silencing is not sufficient to inhibit the effects of AngII on EC cells, suggesting that AngII plays a more complex role in the development of EC.
Comparative genome‐wide analysis of codon usage of different bacterial species infecting Oryza sativa
Authors: Vasanthi S , Dass J Febin Prabhu
Published: August 2018

Oryza sativa is vastly affected by microbial pathogen, causing blight‐related diseases, which in turn deplete the growth and productivity of rice. In this study, we analyzed four bacterial rice pathogen genomes and reported on their codon usage that might have greater implication in mutation‐related research. Differential codon usage indices, such as codon adaptation index (CAI), codon bias index (CBI), effective number of codons (ENc), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), correspondence analysis (COA), and parity plots, were applied on coding sequences of Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Pseudomonas avenae speices. The RSCU results proposed a high‐frequency usage of CUG and CGC that codes for leucine and arginine in all of the species. The CBI and CAI values between the genomes range from 0.17 to 0.3 and from 0.26 to 0.35, respectively, indicating a direct proportionality between these indexes. The mean ENc value of P. avenae coding sequence showed high codon bias compared with other genomes. The axis I variation from COA analysis shows a mean value of 42.28% codon variations in these bacterial species. Correlation studies between axis I and ENc‐GC3, along with CAI and CBI, suggested the presence of nucleotide bias and mutational pressure as major forces for codon bias within these species. Hence, certain genes with high CAI‐CBI have been correlated for better gene expression. Our study highlights the importance of nucleotide biasness, mutation pressure, and natural selection in shaping protein‐coding genes in these four rice‐affecting bacteria. This would further help in investigating the evolution of pathogenic gene families, which may direct research toward synthetic genes that could be suppressed or overrepresented based on their codon usage pattern toward pathogenicity.
Internal quality control status for BNP and NT‐proBNP in China from 2014 to 2017
Authors: Sun Huizhen , Wang Wei , Zhao Haijian , Zhang Chuanbao , He Falin , Zhong Kun , Yuan Shuai , Wang Zhiguo
Published: August 2018

Background

This study aimed to investigate and analyze the status of internal quality control (IQC) for BNP and NT‐proBNP from 2014 to 2017, so as to have an integral understanding of quality performance of measurement in clinical laboratories in China.

Methods

The 4‐year IQC information for BNP and NT‐proBNP of participant laboratories were collected through EQA reporting system. Percentages of laboratories meeting different quality requirements (pass rates) for current coefficient of variations (CVs) were calculated afterwards. Further analysis for current CVs and pass rates among different years and measurement systems were conducted. Finally, we analyzed and summarized IQC practice and its changes in 4 years.

Results

The current CVs for BNP and NT‐proBNP have decreased significantly from 2014 to 2017, and pass rates both presented significant increasing trends. NT‐proBNP had higher pass rates than BNP regardless of 1/3TEa or 1/4TEa specification was used. The main measurement systems for two analytes were different. For NT‐proBNP, current CVs of Roche has decreased significantly among 4 years and were significantly lower than Radiometer and BioMérieux in 2015. Current CVs of Abbott also had decreasing tendency for BNP. Analysis of IQC practice indicated that control rules and IQC frequency had made great progress in 4 years.

Conclusion

The imprecision performance of measurement of BNP and NT‐proBNP has improved with decreasing of current CVs and increasing of pass rates in 4 years. However, it still needs continual improvement. Clinical laboratories in China should take active actions to promote performance of BNP and NT‐proBNP measurement.
Evaluation of the performance of two real‐time PCR assays for detecting Mycobacterium species
Authors: Lim Jae‐Hyung , Kim Chang‐Ki , Bae Mi Hyun
Published: August 2018

Backgrounds

Rapid discrimination between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is critical for patient treatment and to avoid unnecessary expenditure on infection control. Because real‐time PCR assays distinguish MTB from NTM, we evaluated the performance of two real‐time PCR assays (AdvanSure and PowerChek).

Methods

This study used 143 DNA samples from respiratory specimens which were collected based on routine PCR results using Anyplex kit. A total of 87 positive samples (65 MTB and 22 NTM) and 56 negative samples were collected consecutively during 6 months and 1 month, respectively. The diagnostic performance of PCR assays (AdvanSure and PowerChek) was retrospectively analyzed based on the results of conventional mycobacterial tests and routine PCR assay.

Results

Based on culture results, the sensitivities/specificities of AdvanSure and PowerChek were 90.7%/87.6% and 92.6%/85.4%, respectively, for MTB detection. For PCR‐positive specimens, the quantification cycle (Cq) values of smear‐negative specimens were higher than those of the smear‐positive specimens (P < 0.001). As expected, the two PCR assays had the same sensitivities for NTM detection, viz. 90.0%, and their specificities were 99.2% and 98.4%, respectively. The overall agreement rate between the three PCR assays was 96.5% for MTB and 97.9% for NTM.

Conclusion

The sensitivities of PCR assays in our study might be overestimated, because this study enrolled relatively lower number of PCR‐negative samples which potentially missed PCR‐negative but culture‐positive specimens. However, the two real‐time PCR assays for detecting MTB and NTM perform equally well in relative performance evaluation and their Cq values can be considered suitable for predicting smear‐positive specimens.
D‐dimer level in liver transplant recipients on the first day after surgery is correlated with postoperative thrombosis recurrence
Authors: Zhang Qun , Guo Renyong , Chen Yu
Published: August 2018

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma D‐dimer level, preoperative complications, and thrombosis in liver transplant recipients.

Methods

The clinical data of 525 liver transplant recipients with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from October 2012 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were grouped based on thrombosis before and after surgery to determine the risk factors for postoperative thrombosis recurrence.

Results

Of the preoperative complications assessed, esophageal varices and thrombosis were significantly correlated (P = 0.000); ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatic encephalopathy were significantly correlated with preoperative D‐dimer level (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.002, respectively); during the first week after surgery, the D‐dimer level was significantly and consecutively higher than that before surgery and was significantly higher in the group with both preoperative and postoperative thrombosis than in the other groups on the first day after surgery (P < 0.001); the area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosis of postoperative thrombosis recurrence in the preoperative thrombosis group using plasma D‐dimer level on the first day after surgery was 0.698 (P = 0.001); Cox regression analysis showed that D‐dimer was an independent risk factor for postoperative thrombosis recurrence (HR = 3.062, P = 0.029).

Conclusion

D‐dimer level on the first day after liver transplant is related to thrombosis recurrence and is an independent risk factor for postoperative thrombosis recurrence.
Ameloblastin attenuates RANKL‐mediated osteoclastogenesis by suppressing activation of nuclear factor of activated T‐cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1)
Authors: Chaweewannakorn Wichida , Ariyoshi Wataru , Okinaga Toshinori , Fujita Yuko , Maki Kenshi , Nishihara Tatsuji
Published: August 2018

Ameloblastin (Ambn) is an extracellular matrix protein and member of the family of enamel‐related gene products. Like amelogenin, Ambn is mainly associated with tooth development, especially biomineralization of enamel. Previous studies have shown reductions in the skeletal dimensions of Ambn‐deficient mice, suggesting that the protein also has effects on the differentiation of osteoblasts and/or osteoclasts. However, the specific pathways used by Ambn to influence osteoclast differentiation have yet to be identified. In the present study, two cellular models, one based on bone marrow cells and another on RAW264.7 cells, were used to examine the effects of Ambn on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis. The results showed that Ambn suppresses osteoclast differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and osteoclast function by the downregulation of the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive multinucleated osteoclasts, actin ring formation, and areas of pit resorption. The expression of the osteoclast‐specific genes TRAP, MMP9, cathepsin K, and osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC‐STAMP) was abolished in the presence of Ambn, while that of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), the master regulatory factor of osteoclastogenesis, was also attenuated by the downregulation of c‐Fos expression. In Ambn‐induced RAW264.7 cells, phosphorylation of cAMP‐response element‐binding protein (CREB), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), but not extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), was reduced. Calcium oscillation was also decreased in the presence of Ambn, suggesting its involvement in both RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis and costimulatory signaling. B‐lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein‐1 (Blimp1), a transcriptional repressor of negative regulators of osteoclastogenesis, was also downregulated by Ambn, resulting in the elevated expression of v‐maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein B (MafB), B‐cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6), and interferon regulatory factor‐8 (Irf8). Taken together, these findings suggest that Ambn suppresses RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by modulating the NFATc1 axis.
Speckle tracking carotid artery circumferential strain is a marker of arterial sclerosis but not coronary atherosis
Authors: Patton Daniel M. , Li Terry , Hétu Marie‐France , Day Andrew G. , Preece Erika , Matangi Murray F. , Johri Amer M.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Circumferential speckle tracking carotid artery strain is a novel method of quantifying vessel wall stiffness. We hypothesized that carotid wall stiffness would be associated with carotid intimal medial thickening (a medial process associated with risk factors), but not coronary artery disease (an intimal process).

Methods

Bilateral carotid artery ultrasound was conducted on outpatients who had previously undergone elective coronary angiography. Mean carotid artery far wall circumferential strain (FWCS) was assessed for correlations with coronary angiographic stenosis, cardiac risk factors, carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT), and carotid plaque.

Results

One hundred and sixty five (165) patients were studied. No significant association was found between the presence of coronary artery disease on angiography and mean FWCS. FWCS was higher in current tobacco smokers. In addition, carotid strain was found to decrease with increased age (r = −0.33, P < 0.001). When adjusted for pulse pressure (PP), FWCS/PP was negatively correlated with mean CIMT (r = −0.29, P = 0.002) and bulb maximum plaque height (r = −0.27, P = 0.004). Hypertension and diabetes were associated with decreased FWCS/PP (increased wall stiffness).

Conclusions

While no clear relationship between carotid strain and coronary artery disease was observed, increased CIMT, carotid plaque, and cardiac risk factors were associated with decreased carotid strain. Further work is required to explore the relationship between carotid strain and cardiovascular events.
High‐resolution projection of climate change and extremity over Israel using COSMO‐CLM
Authors: Hochman Assaf , Mercogliano Paola , Alpert Pinhas , Saaroni Hadas , Bucchignani Edoardo
Published: August 2018

High‐resolution climate projections over Israel (about 8 km) have been obtained with the regional model COSMO‐CLM, nested into the CORDEX‐MENA simulations at 25 km resolution. This simulation provides high‐resolution spatial variability of total precipitation and precipitation intensity. Projections are presented not only in terms of average properties, but also using a subset of extreme temperature and precipitation indices from the standard Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) for the period 2041–2070 with respect to 1981–2010 (RCP4.5).

A general increase in seasonal mean temperature is projected throughout the domain with peaks of ~2.5 °C, especially in winter and autumn. Extreme temperature indices show increases, larger in the minimum than in the maximum temperatures. Regarding total seasonal precipitation, decreases were found in the north and central Mediterranean climate parts of Israel, with reductions reaching ~40%, and increases of the same percentage in the most southern arid parts during winter and spring. An increase in precipitation intensity is shown mostly for the southern arid part of the region, with some indications of extremity also in the north. This spatial pattern probably results from a decrease in cyclones’ occurrences, which mainly influences the northern and central parts of Israel, and an increase in convective activity in the south.

The outcome of this study can serve as a basis for priority setting and policy formulation towards better climate adaptation.
ITO/Ag alloy/ITO multilayer structure as an alternative to ITO for display electrodes
Authors: Toshimori Yuto , Umemoto Keita , Shirai Yoshinori , Shiono Ichiro , Zhang Shoubin , Nonaka Sohei
Published: August 2018

We have developed a Ag alloy for nano‐Ag films used as conductive transparent electrodes. Pure Ag does not readily form stable ultra‐thin films because of agglomeration. The proposed Ag alloy enables the formation of a fine and durable ultra‐thin film by suppression of Ag agglomeration. Nano‐Ag film using the Ag alloy (ITO/Ag alloy/ITO multilayer structure) shows better electrical properties than ITO film, with optical properties equivalent to those of ITO. Furthermore, this structure also shows better flexibility due to the ductility of Ag. The mechanism for inhibiting agglomeration in the Ag alloy is also discussed. The additive element in the Ag alloy suppresses surface diffusion, which is the main factor in Ag agglomeration, by segregation on the film surface. When heat treatment is applied, the additive becomes more segregated and covers the surface and more strongly suppresses the surface diffusion as a result. This is because the Ag alloy film shows high durability against heat. Through this investigation, we confirm that the Ag alloy has a much greater activation energy for agglomeration than pure Ag.
Online travel survey response rates and researcher ethnicity
Authors: Pan Bing , Smith Wayne W. , Litvin Stephen W. , Woodside Arch
Published: August 2018

This paper documents a United States‐based experiment that tested response rates to an online travel survey request. The results of the experiment revealed a dramatically lower rate of response to requests sent by a researcher with an ethnically Chinese‐name than to an identical request from a researcher with a Western‐name. The importance of this study is evident to tourism practitioners and academic tourism researchers who so often rely upon survey‐based research. Recommendations for overcoming ethnic bias are provided.
Risk of developing radiogenic cancer following photon‐beam radiotherapy for Graves’ orbitopathy
Authors: Mazonakis Michalis , Tzedakis Antonis , Lyraraki Efrossyni , Damilakis John
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The objective of this study was to estimate the probability for cancer development due to radiotherapy for Graves’ orbitopathy with 6 MV x rays.

Methods

Orbital irradiation was simulated with the MCNP code. The radiation dose received by 10 out‐of‐field organs having a strong disposition for carcinogenesis was calculated with Monte Carlo methods. These dose calculations were used to estimate the organ‐dependent lifetime attributable risk (LAR) for cancer induction in 30‐ and 50‐yr‐old males and females on the basis of the linear model suggested by the BEIR‐VII report. Differential dose–volume histograms derived from patients’ three‐dimensional (3D) radiotherapy plans were employed to determine the organ equivalent dose (OED) of the brain which was partly exposed to primary radiation. The OED and the relevant LAR for brain cancer development were assessed with the plateau, bell‐shaped and mechanistic models. The radiotherapy‐induced cancer risks were compared with the lifetime intrinsic risk (LIR) values for unexposed population.

Results

The radiation dose range to organs excluded from the treatment volume was 0.1–91.0 mGy for a target dose of 20 Gy. These peripheral organ doses increased the LIRs for cancer development of unexposed 30‐ and 50‐yr‐old males up to 1.0% and 0.2%, respectively. The corresponding elevations after radiotherapy of females were 2.0% and 0.4%. The use of nonlinear models gave an OED range of the brain of 482.0–562.5 mGy depending upon the model used for analysis and the patient's gender. The elevation of the LIR for developing brain malignancies after radiotherapy of 30‐yr‐old males and females reached to 13.3% and 16.6%, respectively. The corresponding increases after orbital irradiation at the age of 50 yr were 6.7% and 8.3%.

Conclusions

The level of the LIR increase attributable to radiation therapy for GO varied widely by the organ under examination and the age and gender of the exposed subject. This study provides the required data to quantify the elevation of these baseline cancer risks following orbital irradiation.
Is the 31P chemical shift anisotropy of aluminophosphates a useful parameter for NMR crystallography?
Authors: Dawson Daniel M. , Moran Robert F. , Sneddon Scott , Ashbrook Sharon E.
Published: August 2018

The 31P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) offers a potential source of new information to help determine the structures of aluminophosphate (AlPO) framework materials. We investigate how to measure the CSAs, which are small (span of ~20–30 ppm) for AlPOs, demonstrating the need for CSA‐amplification experiments (often in conjunction with 27Al and/or 1H decoupling) at high magnetic field (20.0 T) to obtain accurate values. We show that the most shielded component of the chemical shift tensor, δ33, is related to the length of the shortest P─O bond, whereas the more deshielded components, δ11 and δ22 can be related more readily to the mean P─O bond lengths and P─O─Al angles. Using the case of Mg‐doped STA‐2 as an example, the CSA is shown to be much larger for P(OAl)4–n(OMg)n environments, primarily owing to a much shorter P─O(Mg) bond affecting δ33, however, because the mean P─O bond lengths and P─O─T (T = Al, Mg) bond angles do not change significantly between P(OAl)4 and P(OAl)4–n(OMg)n sites, the isotropic chemical shifts for these species are similar, leading to overlapped spectral lines. When the CSA information is included, spectral assignment becomes unambiguous, therefore, although the specialist conditions required might preclude the routine measurement of 31P CSAs in AlPOs, in some cases (particularly doped materials), the experiments can still provide valuable additional information for spectral assignment.
Looping Star
Authors: Wiesinger Florian , Menini Anne , Solana Ana Beatriz
Published: August 2018

Purpose

To introduce a novel MR pulse sequence, termed Looping Star, for fast, robust, and yet quiet, 3D radial multi‐gradient echo T2* MR imaging.

Methods

The Looping Star pulse sequence is based on the 3D radial Rotating Ultra‐Fast Imaging Sequence (RUFIS) extended by a time‐multiplexed gradient‐refocusing mechanism. First, multiple magnetic coherences are excited, which are subsequently gradient‐refocused in form of a looping k‐space trajectory. Accordingly, Looping Star captures an initial FID image followed by gradient echo images at equidistant echo times.

Results

Looping Star was demonstrated in phantom and in vivo volunteer experiments for 3D, high resolution T2* weighted imaging, T2* mapping, and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). The method is fast, quiet, and robust against imperfections including Eddy currents, motion, and geometric distortions. When applied to a motor task fMRI experiment a BOLD sensitivity of 5% was achieved at minimal acoustic noise (i.e. 2.7 dB(A) above ambient noise) and with images congruent to other anatomical scans.

Conclusions

Looping Star imaging provides new and exciting opportunities for fast, robust and yet quiet T2* MR imaging. Potential applications include T2*‐weighted imaging, T2* mapping, QSM, and fMRI.
The cost of a catheter: An environmental perspective on single use clean intermittent catheterization
Authors: Sun Andrew J. , Comiter Craig V. , Elliott Christopher S.
Published: August 2018

Methods

We estimated the prevalence of CIC use in the United States using a neurogenic population, consisting of persons with multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, and spinal cord injury. We measured catheter samples to obtain the amount of waste per catheter.

Results

At least 300 800 persons in the United States perform CIC for neurogenic bladder management. Assuming five catheterization events per day, the amount of waste generated by single‐use CIC is between 26 500 to 235 400 pounds or 22 600 to 564 000 liters per day, depending on catheter model.

Conclusions

Single‐use CIC may generate up to 85 million pounds or 206 million liters of waste annually, equivalent to more than 26 000 cars or 80 Olympic‐sized swimming pools. Laid end‐to‐end, there is enough catheter length circumscribe the world more than 5.5 times. The most common materials used in catheter construction have little to no degradation once in a landfill. Given the unproven clinical benefit of single‐use catheterization, the environmental impact and alternatives should be considered.
Congenital vesicouterine fistulas—A PRISMA‐compliant systematic review
Authors: Jóźwik Maciej , Jóźwik Marcin , Zaręba Kamil , Semczuk Andrzej , Modzelewska Beata , Jóźwik Michał
Published: August 2018

Aims

Vesicouterine fistulas (VUFs) are infrequent abnormal connections between the bladder and the uterine cavity or cervical canal, being mainly sequelae of repeat Cesarean sections. Exceedingly rare are congenital VUFs. This is a systematic review of available world data aimed to characterize congenital VUFs and better understand the mechanism(s) of their formation.

Methods

The PubMed® database via MEDLINE® search engine was explored from its inception to March 2018. Relevant studies were identified using selected Medical Subject Heading‐based terms. This was further supplemented by cross‐referencing and handsearching. Retrieved literature was evaluated in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses, or PRISMA, guidelines.

Results

A total of 6561 articles were identified of which 10 were analyzed. Three VUFs accompanied broader syndromes of congenital defects. A lack of patency at the level of the vagina was present in all assessed cases. Unilateral renal agenesis was confirmed in four of eight (50%) verified patients. Hence, unilateral kidney agenesis was related to a lesser degree (P = 0.0186) than vaginal atresia to VUF. The principal features of these fistulas were as follows: partial or complete vaginal atresia resulting in primary amenorrhea, menouria present since menarche, and urinary continence.

Conclusions

This review provides the first systematic evidence that congenital VUFs are chiefly associated with concomitant vaginal atresia. The symptomatology of such VUFs is consistent with that of type I acquired fistulas.
Uniaxial tensile investigation of a porous compound nonwoven fabric
Authors: Lu Longsheng , Tang Weijin , Wang Hongfei , Zhang Bin , Tang Kairui
Published: August 2018

Carbon fiber (CF) nonwoven fabric possesses excellent chemical resistance, remarkable electrical properties, and low density, but its mechanical strength must be enhanced to facilitate its application. Therefore, a flexible compound nonwoven fabric (CEF‐NF) consisting of CF and a bicomponent polypropylene/polyethylene core/sheath fiber (known as ESF) was prepared using a 2‐step wet papermaking/thermal bonding process. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that the CEF‐NF fibrous network could be strengthened without blocking its pores by using a heat‐pressing temperature falling between the melting regions of the sheath polyethylene and core polypropylene. Additionally, uniaxial tensile experiments were conducted to investigate the failure mode and tensile properties of the CEF‐NF by varying the thermal bonding and structural parameters. The results showed that 3 failure modes of fiber physical contact separation, thermal bond breakage, and ESF fracture emerged and could be defined based on the variation in the heat‐pressing temperature. The tensile strength of the CEF‐NF was improved with increasing thermal bonding and structural parameters. Under a set of process parameters, ie, 180°C heat‐pressing temperature, 6‐MPa heat‐pressing pressure, 40 wt% ESF mass fraction, and 40‐gsm areal density, the tensile strength of CEF‐NF reached 5.7 MPa, which is much higher than that of pure CF nonwoven fabric.
Measurement and modelling of water ingress into double‐glass photovoltaic modules
Authors: Wisniewski David , Lv Ruirui , Nair Selvakumar V. , Jaubert Jean‐Nicolas , Xu Tao , Ruda Harry E.
Published: August 2018

Polymer encapsulants are an essential component in photovoltaic (PV) devices, providing mechanical support, optical coupling, and electrical and physical isolation. However, moisture ingress into the module can degrade these polymers and subsequently the performance of the device. In this paper, we report experimental measurements of the temporal evolution of moisture content in ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant in a double‐glass PV module. Using physical properties of EVA as determined by water vapour transmission rate measurements, we simulate diffusion of water into the module using a finite element model. The model accounts for realistic geometry of our module and is used to simulate accelerated test conditions and outdoor operation in geographic locations. Using the calculated results, we propose two schemes using the accelerated test results to understand the behaviour of modules operating in humid climates. Finally, we show that the time needed to reach the saturation water concentration can be increased by as much as a factor of two by reducing the initial water content in EVA films.
A Note on Inflation and the Swampland
Authors: Kehagias A. , Riotto A.
Published: August 2018

We provide some comments about the constraints on the inflationary models inferred from the two Swampland criteria which have been recently proposed. In particular we argue that, in the absence of any knowledge about the origin of the adiabatic curvature perturbations, within the slow‐roll single field models of inflation there is no tension between the swampland criteria and the current lower bound on the tensor‐to‐scalar ratio.
Inhibiting geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis reduces nuclear androgen receptor signaling and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cell models
Authors: Weissenrieder Jillian S. , Reilly Jacqueline E. , Neighbors Jeffrey D. , Hohl Raymond J.
Published: August 2018

Background

Following androgen deprivation for the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate, tumors can progress to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). This transdifferentiation process is poorly understood, but trafficking of transcriptional factors and/or cytoskeletal rearrangements may be involved. We observed the role of geranylgeranylation in this process by treatment with digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP), a selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase which blocks the prenylation of small GTPases such as Rho and Rab family proteins, including Cdc42 and Rac1.

Methods

We examined the therapeutic potential of DGBP in LNCaP, C4‐2B4, and 22Rv1 cell culture models. Cell morphology and protein expression were quantified to observe the development of the neuroendocrine phenotype in androgen‐deprivation and abiraterone‐treated LNCaP models of NEPC development. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to examine AR activity, and immunofluorescence visualized the localization of AR within the cell.

Results

Essential genes in the isoprenoid pathway, such as HMGCR, MVK, GGPS1, and GGT1, were highly expressed in a subset of castration resistant prostate cancers reported by Beltran et al. Under treatment with DGBP, nuclear localization of AR decreased in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and C4‐2B4 cell lines, luciferase reporter activity was reduced in LNCaP and 22Rv1, and AR target gene transcription also decreased in LNCaP. Conversely, nuclear localization of AR was enhanced by the addition of GGOH. Finally, induction of the NEPC structural and molecular phenotype via androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells was inhibited by DGBP in a GGOH‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

DGBP is a novel compound with the potential to reduce AR transcriptional activity and inhibit PCa progression to NEPC phenotype. These results suggest that DGBP may be used to block cell growth and metastasis in both hormone therapy sensitive and resistant paradigms.