bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4‐Thiolatobenzoato‐Bridged Rhodium/Zirconium Complexes: 32‐Membered Metallamacrocycles and Their Linear Dinuclear Counterparts
Authors: Helmstedt Ulrike , Lönnecke Peter , Reinhold Joachim , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: October 2006

The heterometallic dinuclear complex [Cp*2Zr(Me){(μ‐OOCC6H4S)Rh(PEt3)3}] (3) is readily obtained by methane elimination in the reaction of [Rh(SC6H4COOH)(PEt3)3] with [Cp*2ZrMe2] in a 1:1 ratio. Complex 3 reacts with 1 equiv. of water to give [Cp*2Zr(OH){(μ‐OOCC6H4S)Rh(PEt3)3}] (4), a rare example of a terminal hydroxo complex of a zirconocene. Complexes 3 and 4 are isotypic. The influence of the zirconocene group on the properties of the rhodium complex was evaluated with 31P NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations. [Cp*2ZrMe2] reacts with [{Rh(μ‐SC6H4COOH)(PPh3)2}2] (even in a 1:1 ratio at room temperature) or with [Rh(SC6H4COOH)(PEt3)3] (in a 1:2 ratio at elevated temperature) to give 32‐membered metallamacrocycles containing four rhodium and two zirconium atoms, in which each zirconocene group bridges two {Rh(SC6H4COO)(PR3)2}2 units [R = Ph (5), Et (6)]. The only significant structural difference in 5 and 6 is the presence of two different isomers, in which the bridging thiolato ligands occupy either the exo or the endo position of the Rh2S2 ring. However, this small difference has a significant influence on the size of the macrocyclic cavity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cu/Zn/Al Xerogels and Aerogels Prepared by a Sol–Gel Reaction as Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Guo Yanzhi , Meyer‐Zaika Wolfgang , Muhler Martin , Vukojević Sascha , Epple Matthias
Published: October 2006

ZnO/Al2O3, CuO/Al2O3, and CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 xerogels and aerogels have been prepared by a sol–gel route using propylene oxide as gelation initiator. For aerogel preparation, the solvent was extracted with supercritical CO2. Calcination of these xerogels and aerogels was followed by thermogravimetry (TG), and the microstructure of these calcined xerogels and aerogels was investigated by TEM, powder XRD, EXAFS, and nitrogen physisorption (BET, BJH). The oxide mixtures CuO/Al2O3 and CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 were also studied by temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR), and their catalytic activity in the formation of methanol from CO/CO2/H2 synthesis gas was measured. The aerogels have a higher specific surface area and a higher Cu surface area than the corresponding xerogels, which results in a higher catalytic activity for methanol synthesis. The presence of ZnO significantly increases the catalytic activities of both the xerogel and the aerogel. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Enantioselective Michael‐Type Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles to Enones Catalyzed by a Chiral Camphor‐Based Brønsted Acid
Authors: Zhou Wei , Xu Li‐Wen , Li Lyi , Yang Lei , Xia Chun‐Gu
Published: October 2006

Chiral Brønsted acid, D‐camphorsulfonic acid, was found to be practical and efficient in the catalysis of the enantioselective Michael‐type Friedel–Crafts reactions of indoles with aromatic enones to afford the corresponding β‐indolyl ketones in excellent yields and moderate enantioselectivities. A surprising synergistic effect was discovered between BmimBr and D‐CSA which leads to active catalytic systems for the Friedel–Crafts reaction. The efficiency of these systems might result from the catalytic Lewis acid activation of the Brønsted acids. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Exploring the Chemistry of a Double‐Stranded Cycle with the Carbon Skeleton of the Belt Region of the C84 Fullerene
Authors: Stuparu Mihaiela , Lentz Dieter , Rüegger Heinz , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: October 2006

Intense scale‐up efforts greatly improved the availability of the known double‐stranded cycle 2 with two bridging ether units. The chemistry of 2 towards Bronsted and Lewis acids could, therefore, be investigated quite comprehensively. It was discovered that the reactivity of 2, whose carbon framework resembles the belt region of the C84 (D2) fullerene, is rather unusual as compared with acyclic model compounds. Whereas the latter could easily be dehydrated to the corresponding planar arenes, the former gave rise to a bouquet of unexpected reactions, which all avoided the aromatization of 2 to its still‐elusive, fully conjugated congener B. Intermediates generated from 2 under acidic conditions attack the solvent (e.g. toluene) to give 4, form bridging lactones to give 11 or close back to starting material 2 (e.g. from 16) rather than dehydrate to more highly conjugated structures on the way to the fully unsaturated target cycle B. The structure of compound 4 was solved by X‐ray diffraction. Through the reactions of 2 with Lewis acids, derivatives 14 and 15 became accessible. They are candidates for future attempts to achieve the desired aromatization under basic conditions or by thermal treatment. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Relevance of Ras gene mutations in the context of the molecular heterogeneity of multiple myeloma
Authors: Intini Daniela , Agnelli Luca , Ciceri Gabriella , Ronchetti Domenica , Fabris Sonia , Nobili Lucia , Lambertenghi‐Deliliers Giorgio , Lombardi Luigia , Neri Antonino
Published: October 2006

Ras gene mutations are a recurrent genetic lesion in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we report a mutation analysis of N‐ and K‐Ras genes in purified plasma cell populations from a panel of 81 newly diagnosed MM patients stratified according to the most frequent genetic and molecular features associated with the neoplasia. Ras gene mutations, mostly involving the N‐Ras gene, were detected in 20% of the patients. Ras mutations did not correlate with the presence of chromosome 13q deletion, trisomy of chromosome 11, 1q amplification or hyperdiploidy. In addition, despite an appreciable association with tumours overexpressing Cyclin D1, Ras mutations did not correlate at significant levels with any of the proposed groups in the TC classification, based on the presence of the major IgH chromosomal translocations and expression of Cyclin D genes. Finally, transcription analyses revealed the presence of differentially expressed transcripts in human multiple myeloma cell lines carrying the Ras gene mutations but not in primary tumours. Overall, these data suggest that Ras gene mutations are not likely to represent a master lesion in MM but its relevance needs to be considered in the context of other genetic abnormalities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between Indian monsoon precipitation along the Qinghai–Tibet Highway and differences in sensible heat flux
Authors: Wen L. , Yao T. , Li D. , Tian L. , Ma W.
Published: October 2006

Sensible heat flux greatly influences the Indian monsoon. In this study, we calculated sensible heat flux time‐series for 12 sites over the western Tibetan Plateau using Price and Dunne's formula and adjusting the stability function. The time‐series were derived from the field observations from the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME)/Tibet programme under the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX). This paper demonstrates that monthly sensible heat fluxes show strong correlations with corresponding precipitation, and that the correlation coefficients increase with precipitation amount. The preceding winter and spring solid precipitation (snowfall and resulting snowpack) can also influence sensible heat flux in May, but the situation is complex. The correlations between heat flux and snowfall at Amdo, Naqu, and Lhasa are negative, but they are positive at Gaize (also known as Gerze) and Dingri. There is a significant relationship between how the variations from the mean calculated heat fluxes at Amdo differ from those at Rikaze, or Dingri, Cuona and Longzi, and their respective June–September precipitation amounts. This phenomenon may result from changes in circulation. When the sensible heat fluxes are above average north of the influence of the Indian monsoon and below average to the south, the summer monsoon circulation develops early and with greater intensity and precipitation, and vice versa. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying a real‐coded multi‐population genetic algorithm to multi‐reservoir operation
Authors: Chen L. , Chang F. J.
Published: October 2006

The primary objective of this study is to propose a real‐coded hypercubic distributed genetic algorithm (HDGA) for optimizing reservoir operation system. A conventional genetic algorithm (GA) is often trapped into local optimums during the optimization procedure. To prevent premature convergence and to obtain near‐global optimal solutions, the HDGA is designed to have various subpopulations that are processed using separate and parallel GAs. The hypercubic topology with a small diameter spreads good solutions rapidly throughout all of the subpopulations, and a migration mechanism, which exchanges chromosomes among the subpopulations, exchanges information during the joint optimization to maintain diversity and thus avoid a systematic premature convergence toward a single local optimum. Three genetic operators, i.e. linear ranking selection, blend‐α crossover and Gaussian mutation, are applied to search for the optimal reservoir releases. First, a benchmark problem, the four‐reservoir operation system, is considered to investigate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results show that the known global optimal solution can be effectively and stably achieved by the HDGA. The HDGA is then applied in the planning of a multi‐reservoir system in northern Taiwan, considering a water reservoir development scenario to the year 2021. The results searched by an HDGA minimize the water deficit of this reservoir system and provide much better performance than the conventional GA in terms of obtaining lower values of the objective function and avoiding local optimal solutions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards dynamic catchment modelling: a Bayesian hierarchical mixtures of experts framework
Authors: Marshall Lucy , Nott David , Sharma Ashish
Published: October 2006

Despite the abundance of existing hydrological models, there is no single model that has been identified as performing consistently over the range of possible catchment types and catchment conditions. An attractive alternative to selecting a single model is to combine the results from several different hydrological models, thereby providing a more appropriate representation of model uncertainty than is the case otherwise. Methods based on Bayesian statistical techniques provide an ideal means to compare and combine competing models, as they explicitly account for model uncertainty. Bayesian model averaging is one such alternative that combines individual models by weighting models proportional to their respective posterior probability of selection. However, the necessity of having fixed weights for each model over the entire length of the simulation period means that the relative usefulness of different models at different times is not considered.

The hierarchical mixtures of experts (HME) framework is an appealing extension of the model averaging framework that allows the individual model weights to be estimated dynamically. Consequently, a model more capable at simulating low flow characteristics attains a higher weight (probability) when such conditions are likely, switching over to a lower weight when catchment storage increases. In this way, different models apply in different hydrological states, with the probability of selecting each model being allowed to depend on relevant antecedent condition characteristics. HME models provide additional flexibility compared with simple combinations of models, by allowing the way that model predictions are combined to depend on predictor variables. Thus, for hydrological models, the ‘switch’ from one model to another can depend on the existing catchment condition.

This new modelling framework is applied using a simple conceptual model to 10 selected Australian catchments. The study regions are chosen to vary considerably in terms of size, yield and location. Results from this application are compared with the alternative where a single fixed model structure is applied. Comparison of the model simulations using the maximum log‐likelihood and the Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency show that more variance in streamflow was explained by the HME model, compared with the conceptual model alone for each of the catchments investigated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of soil moisture data and curve number method for estimating runoff in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Huang Mingbin , Gallichand Jacques , Dong Cuiyun , Wang Zhanli , Shao Mingan
Published: October 2006

The Soil Conservation Service curve number (CN) method commonly uses three discrete levels of soil antecedent moisture condition (AMC), defined by the 5‐day antecedent rainfall depth, to describe soil moisture prior to a runoff event. However, this way may not adequately represent soil water conditions of fields and watersheds in the Loess Plateau of China. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the effective soil moisture depth to which the CN is most related; (2) to evaluate a discrete and a linear relationship between AMC and soil moisture; and (3) to develop an equation between CN and soil moisture to predict runoff better for the climatic and soil conditions of the Loess Plateau of China. The dataset consisted of 10 years of rainfall, runoff and soil moisture measurements from four experimental plots cropped with millet, pasture and potatoes. Results indicate that the standard CN method underestimated runoff depths for 85 of the 98 observed plot‐runoff events, with a model efficiency E of only 0·243. For our experimental conditions, the discrete and linear approaches improved runoff estimation, but still underestimated most runoff events, with E values of 0·428 and 0·445 respectively. Based on the measured CN values and soil moisture values in the top 15 cm of the soil, a non‐linear equation was developed that predicted runoff better with an E value of 0·779. This modified CN equation was the most appropriate for runoff prediction in the study area, but may need adjustments for local conditions in the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subglacial drainage system changes of the Gulkana Glacier, Alaska: discharge and sediment load observations and modelling
Authors: Kido Daisaku , Chikita Kazuhisa A. , Hirayama Kenta
Published: October 2006

Hydrological characteristics of englacial and subglacial drainage systems in Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, were examined by analysing temporal variations of discharge and sediment load in the proglacial Phelan Creek in 2001. From data plots on semi‐log paper, it appeared appropriate to separate both discharge and sediment load into fast and slow components. The two components were possibly produced by two different drainage systems: an englacial and subglacial, ‘channellized’ system in the ablation zone, and a subglacial, ‘distributed’ system in the accumulation zone. The data indicate the occurrence of an event during which part of the ‘distributed’ drainage system changed into the ‘channellized’ drainage system. The daily time‐series of discharge and sediment load were represented using a tank model. In the model, the drainage from an additional tank was added, supposing that a subglacial reservoir full of water and sediment collapsed slowly when the subglacial drainage system changed from distributed to channellized. The simulation with the collapsed tank gave much more reasonable results than those with no collapsed tank. The contribution of the collapsed tank to total sediment load is 24%, which is much larger than 9% to total discharge. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the acute toxic properties of liquids derived from oil sands
Authors: Stubblefield W. A. , McKee R. H. , Kapp R. W. , Hinz J. P.
Published: October 2006

The acute toxicity of three materials derived from Athabasca Oil Sands—(1) bitumen plus naphtha, (2) untreated naphtha (0–250°C) and (3) synthetic crude oil (0–500°C)— was assessed in a battery of tests. In acute oral studies, all three test materials exhibited a low order of toxicity (LD50 > 5.0 g kg−1). The acute dermal LD50 was also low (> 3 g kg−1) for each test material. All three materials were judged to be ‘slight’ ocular irritants. Acute inhalation studies (6‐h exposures at the maximum attainable concentrations) produced varied responses. Bitumen plus naphtha administered at a concentration of 1.46 mg l−1 did not cause mortality in exposed rats or mice. Lung discoloration was the only necropsy finding of note. Untreated naphtha administered at a concentration of 10.6 mg l−1 was lethal to essentially all of the mice;but only two rats died. Necropsy findings included elevated weights in the liver and kidneys of the exposed mice, elevated lung weights in male rats and elevated liver weights in female rats. Synthetic crude oil administered at a concentration of (4 mg l−1) was lethal to 5/10 mice, but none of the rats (0/10) died. Severe hair loss was noted in the surviving mice, and slight alopecia was also observed in rats. Both species exhibited elevated liver weight, and elevated lung weight was noted in female rats.
Influence of trace metals on serum total sialic acids and perchloric acid—soluble proteins and sialic acids in mice
Authors: Patel A. B. , Venkatakrishna‐Bhatt H.
Published: October 2006

Male Swiss mice were exposed to a single LD50 (75%; i.p.) of mercury, zinc, lead and manganese to determine their influence on serum sialic acid and protein levels after a refractory period of 48 h. They significantly elevated, in different proportions, the serum levels of total and perchloric acid (PCA)‐soluble sialic acids (biological marker) and PCA‐soluble proteins, thus indicating their toxicity.
Synthesis of the 5‐nitrofuran 2,4‐diacetylamino‐6‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐6‐14C
Authors: Doose Dennis R. , Hoener Betty‐Ann
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of the 5‐nitrofuran 2,4‐diacetylamino‐6‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐6‐14C is described. Furyllithium in ether is carboxylated with radio‐carbon dioxide generated from Ba14CO3. The furoic‐carbonyl‐14C acid is then esterified with diazoethane and nitrated with nitronium acetate. The resulting ethyl 5‐nitro‐2‐furoate‐carbonyl‐14C is then condensed with biguanide to give 2,4‐diamino‐6‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐6‐14C. The final product is then obtained by refluxing the condensation product in acetic anhydride to give a yield of 18% based on the amount of Ba14CO3 at a specific activity of 43.2mCi/mmole.
Self‐radiolysis of tritium‐labelled fatty acid esters
Authors: Guarino A. , Pizzella R. , Possagno E.
Published: October 2006

High specific activity methyl‐butyrate‐2, 3‐H3 and methyl‐stearate‐9, 10‐H3 were stored for approximately three months. The self‐radiolysis decomposition products were identified by means of radio‐gas chromatographic methods and the isotopic dilution technique. Rather high G‐values were found for the parent acids and for the destroyed ester molecules.
Deuterated organic compounds XXV synthesis of certain deuterated n‐undecanes and n‐dodecanes
Authors: Warner R. M. , Leitch L. C.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of the following n‐undecanes and n‐dodecanes deuterated in specific positions is described: CH3(CH2)10CD3, CD3(CH2)10CD3, CH3(CD2)10CH3, [CD3(CD2)4)CH2]2, [CD3(CD2)4]2CH2, CD3(CD2)3(CH2)3 (CD2)3CD3, and CD3(CD2)3CH2 CD2CH2(CD2)3CD3. The following new intermediates were prepared in the course of these syntheses: CCl3CD2CD = CDCD2CN, CCl3CD2CD = CDCD2CO2H, CCl3CD2CD = CDCD2CO2C2H5, CCl3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CH3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CD3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CH3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CH3(CD2)4CD2OH, CH3(CD)4C2D2Br, CD3(CD2)4CO2D, [CD3(CD2)4]2CO, [CD3(CD2)4]2CHOH, [CD3(CD2)4]2CHBr, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CO, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CDOH, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CDBr, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CHOH, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CHBr.
Tritium labelling of amino‐acids and peptides by the Wilzbach method
Authors: Parmentier J. H.
Published: October 2006

Optically pure L‐valine was labelled with tritium by the Wilzbach method. Only 4% of the activity of the radiochemically pure valine was found in D‐valine. This figure was determined by reverse isotope dilution.

The suitability of this method for valine was tested, with good results, with DL‐valine also labelled by the Wilzbach method.
Synthesis of benzo [RST] pentaphene‐5, 15‐14C and of its oxidation products
Authors: Boger Eliahu , Bernfeld Peter
Published: October 2006

14C labeled benzo [rst] pentaphene (V) known as 3, 4, 9, 10‐dibenzpyrene, 14C labeled benzo [rst] pentaphene‐5, 8‐diol, diacetate (VI) and 14C labeled benzo [rst] pentaphene‐5, 8‐dione (IV) have been synthesized for the study of the distribution, the metabolic fate and the mode of action of the carcinogenic hydrocarbon dibenzpyrene, which appears to differ from other known carcinogens with regard to these factors [1, 2].
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled isopropyl, diisopropyl and methyldiisopropyl amine
Authors: Colombini C. , Terbojevich M. , Peggion E.
Published: October 2006

Isopropyl, diisopropyl and methyldiisopropyl amines, specifically labeled with 14C in the isopropyl moiety, have readily been prepared at a good yield, starting from Acetone‐2‐14C. Isopropylamine‐2‐14C [III] at 10 mC|mM was obtained by a two step synthesis with a 75% overall yield based on Acetone‐2‐14C. Diisopropylamine‐2‐14C [VI] at 3 mC|mM was prepared in a two step synthesis in 61% overall yield. From [VI], methyldiisopropylamine‐2‐14C [VII] at 1 mC|mM was obtained in one step at a 93% yield.

Starting with various ketones, it is possible to carry out radiosynteses of homologous primary, secondary and tertiary amines according to the described reaction schemes.
Isotope exchange of active methyl hydrogens. III. Preparation of 2, 4, 6‐tri‐d3‐methylpyridine, 3, 5‐di‐d3‐methylphenol, 3, 5‐di‐d3‐methyl‐2‐acetylfuran, and 4, 6, 8‐tri‐d3‐methylazulene, from 2, 4, 6‐tri‐d3‐methylpyrylum perchlorate
Authors: Balaban A. T. , Gǎrd E. , Vasilescu A. , Barabas A.
Published: October 2006

From 2, 4, 6‐tri‐d3‐methylpyrylium perchlorate the title compounds II‐V were obtained by reaction with aqueous or gaseous ammonia, aqueous sodium hydroxide, aqueous hydrogen peroxide and sodium cyclopentadienide, respectively. The preparation of II‐IV in aqueous solution proves that the nucleophilic additions to the pyrylium ring proceed faster than the dedeuteration. Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these compounds confirm that their methyl groups are deuterated.
A kinetic parameter concerning mass transfer in silica monolithic and particulate stationary phases measured by the peak‐parking and slow‐elution methods
Authors: Miyabe Kanji , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Tokuda Daisuke , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: October 2006

Mass transfer in monolithic C18‐silica stationary phases and C18‐silica gel particles was studied. A traditional kinetic parameter, γsDs, which is a diffusion coefficient of solute molecules in the stationary phase, was measured by two unusual approaches, i. e., peak‐parking and slow‐elution methods. The correlation between the ratio of γsDs to molecular diffusivity (Dm) and the retention factor (k) was represented by one common curve, irrespective of the RPLC conditions. A similar curved profile was also observed between another kinetic parameter (DLs), which is related to the axial diffusive molecular migration in the stationary phase, and the retention equilibrium constant (Ka). The values of DLs and Ka were calculated from those of γsDs and k, respectively. The ratio of DLs/Dm increases with decreasing Ka and seems to approach around unity when Ka is infinitely small. The dependence of DLs on Ka was also studied from extra‐thermodynamic points of view. The linear correlation between ln DLs and ln Ka suggests the existence of a kind of linear free energy relationship between the mass transfer in the stationary phase and the retention equilibrium. Because these characteristics of DLs are similar to those of the surface diffusion coefficient (Dsur), DLs seems to correspond to Dsur.
Visualization of astaxanthin localization in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by combined confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microspectroscopy
Authors: Briviba Karlis , Bornemann Rainer , Lemmer Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid found in plants and seafood, exhibits antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. We show that astaxanthin delivered with tetrahydrofuran is effectively taken up by cultured colon adenocarcinoma cells and is localized mostly in the cytoplasm as detected by confocal resonance Raman and broad‐band fluorescence microspectroscopy image analysis. Cells incubated with β‐carotene at the same concentration as astaxanthin (10 μM) showed about a 50‐fold lower cellular amount of β‐carotene, as detected by HPLC. No detectable Raman signal of β‐carotene was found in cells, but a weak broad‐band fluorescence signal of β‐carotene was observed. β‐Carotene, like astaxanthin, was localized mostly in the cytoplasm. The heterogeneity of astaxanthin and β‐carotene cellular distribution in cells of intestinal origin suggests that the possible defense against reactive molecules by carotenoids in these cells may also be heterogeneous.
Complete assignments 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of four anabaseine derivatives
Authors: Sobarzo‐Sánchez Eduardo , De la Fuente Julio , Quezada Elías , Castedo Luis
Published: October 2006

The anabaseine derivatives 6‐methoxy‐7‐hydroxy‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline, 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline and 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐(piperidin‐3‐yl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquino‐ line were prepared either by demethylation with HBr or by reduction with different reagents, NaBH4 and H2/PtO2 from 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline, as starting material. The structures have been fully assigned by the combination of one‐ and two‐dimensional experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Densin is a novel cell membrane protein of sertoli cells in the testis
Authors: Lassila Markus , Juhila Juuso , Heikkilä Eija , Holthöfer Harry
Published: October 2006

Cell–cell interactions between Sertoli cells and germ cells are crucial for the maturation of germ cells in spermatogenesis but the structural and functional aspects of the interactions remain to be fully elucidated. Densin is a junction protein suggested to play a role in establishment of specific cell–cell contacts in the post‐synaptic densities of the brain and the slit diaphragm of the kidney podocyte. In the present study, densin was discovered to be expressed in the testis of the man and the mouse. Expression of densin at the gene and the protein level was studied by using RT‐PCR and Western blotting analyses, and the localization of densin was explored with immunofluorescence staining. RT‐PCR and Western blotting analyses showed that densin is expressed at the gene and the protein levels. Immunofluorescence staining localized the expression of densin to the cell membranes of Sertoli cells suggesting that densin may be an adherens junction protein between Sertoli cells and developing germ cells. Densin is a novel testicular protein expressed in the cell membranes of Sertoli cells. Its functional role remains to be assessed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 641–645, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Binding Energetics in Paper and Thin‐Layer Chromatography
Authors: Magee Philip S.
Published: October 2006

The binding of organic compounds to inorganic and organic polymers can be resolved by multiple regression analysis of adsorption data. Such data are provided indirectly by adsorption chromatography retentions or directly through measured heats of adsorption. This study uses chromatographic data to explore the nature of low energy binding events in terms of a primary binding descriptor (log P or MR) modified by electronic, steric, and sub‐structural descriptors. Mechanistic details are clearly revealed in the linear structure‐adsorption equations so derived. Aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, carboxylic acids, pyridines, and other classes adsorb on silica, paper, and Nylon 6 by mechanisms that are highly sensitive to structural change and, thus, easily resolved. The descriptors clearly indicate that binding predominates over the developing solvent effect.
MIS: A tool for planning and evaluation
Authors: Racippo Vincent C. , Foxley Cecelia H.
Published: October 2006

Even the simplest form of a management information system can assist the student services administrator in organization and program planning and evaluation of desired results.
Conclusions and annotated references
Authors: Foxley Cecelia H.
Published: October 2006

Summary remarks and conclusions are followed by a brief annotated list of recommended readings for the student services manager.
Instructional consultation
Authors: Simpson Deborah
Published: October 2006

Student‐development educators are uniquely qualified to help faculty improve their teaching methods and to help students improve their classroom performance.
The learning dialogue: Teaching
Authors: Parker Clyde A. , Kreps Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2006

In developmental instruction, student and teacher influence each other and the learning process simultaneously. The teacher must present information, diagnose the communication process, and remove blocks to understanding.
The learning dialogue: Evaluation
Authors: Taylor‐Gaunder Timothy
Published: October 2006

Good evaluation models need not be complicated. Process and product evaluation contribute to program success and retention.
The individual in society: An interdisciplinary studies program
Authors: Watkins Norma
Published: October 2006

College, not life, is divided into courses. The I‐Division program helped students apply classroom learning to current life programs.
The earth science curriculum project
Authors: Heller Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The author of this article is on leave from the University of Minnesota at Duluth where he is Professor of Geology. He reports here on current developments in ESCP's efforts to produce new curriculum materials in the earth sciences.
Improving science education in the United States: A paper presented at the commonwealth conference on the teaching of science in schools. Ceylon, December 9–21, 1963
Authors: Gatewood Claude W. , Obourn Ellsworth S.
Published: October 2006

At the invitation of the Commonwealth Education Liaison Committee of the United Kingdom, Dr. Claude Gatewood and Dr. Ellsworth Obourn of the National Science Foundation and the United States Office of Education, respectively, prepared a major document describing science education in the United States for presentation at the Commonwealth Conference on the Teaching of Science in Schools. Their paper is a remarkably complete statement of the situation in the United States at the present time and as such it will be of great interest to students of science education throughout the world. The Editorial Advisory Board, in view of the unusual nature of the document and of the world‐wide importance of the Ceylon Conference at which it was presented, has agreed to make it possible for this paper to be brought to the attention of science educators throughout the world. In this way, the Journal can help to fulfill one of the purposes for which it was established—that of promoting increased understanding of science education and, through this, the improvement of science teaching. Reprints will be available from the Editor, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Department of Science Education, Florida Slate University, Tallahassee, Florida, at a cost of $0.50 per copy.
Circles, pendulums, and progress in science education
Authors: Buenett R. Will
Published: October 2006

This article is taken from an address which the author delivered at the joint NSSA‐AETS luncheon at the annual meetings of those organizations in Chicago in March 1964.
Learning research and curriculum development
Authors: Cronbach Lee J.
Published: October 2006

In this paper Cronbach comments on the gap that exists between learning research and curriculum development. Essentially, Cronbach is saying that learning theories have not been particularly helpful in telling the curriculum maker about arranging an optimum sequence of experiences for children in school. Current curriculum reforms are proceeding on other bases. He finds Piaget's theory of cognitive development posing similar questions of bridging the gap between cognitive development and curriculum development, but not emerging with clear pedagogical answers.
Internal necessity and contradiction in children's thinking
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: October 2006

Smedslund presents a hypothesis about logical (internal) necessity and contradiction as empirical contingencies in the determination of children's intellectual and personal development. The, difference is distinguished between Piaget's concept of equilibration (as “the accord of thought with itself”) and learning (as “the accord of thought with things”). Citing the similarity of the concept of equilibration to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, Smedslund holds that the direction of the changes in children's thinking is not determined by external reinforcement.
The Illinois studies in inquiry training
Authors: Suchman J. Richard
Published: October 2006

Suchman describes the Illinois Studies in Inquiry Training Project at the University of Illinois. Three conditions facilitating inquiry in classroom settings are identified: a focus for attention, freedom, and a responsive environment. The elaboration of these conditions and the shift in motivation which results from creating them are discussed. Examples of the inquiry training process are presented. A pilot study is reported wherein it was discovered that children who rated high on cognitive control, impulsivity, and autonomy were more effective inquirers than children who were low on any of these three factors.
Factors related to achievement in junior high school science in disadvantaged areas of New York city
Authors: Giddings Morsley G.
Published: October 2006

More knowledge about socially disadvantaged students must precede curricular changes designed to help them. This report points up differences between high and low achievers in science who come from similar disadvantaged homes.
An investigation of an experiment model in the physical sciences for the junior high student
Authors: Redfield David D. , Atwood Ronald K.
Published: October 2006

An experiment designed to increase the students' capacity for investigating physical science problems empirically.
Mental age and science concepts. A pilot study
Authors: Harris William , Lee Verlin
Published: October 2006

An attempt to relate the mental age of children to their mastery of science concepts.
Teacher education and elementary school science—1980
Authors: Jacobson Williard J.
Published: October 2006

A challenging projection of science education replete with heuristic content. Dare one be imaginative?
Undergraduate physics instruction and critical thinking ability. The effects of instruction in physics upon the critical thinking ability of undergraduate students
Authors: Thomas Henkel E.
Published: October 2006

Do PSSC materials used with undergraduates lead to better scores on a critical thinking appraisal test? Is the increment greater than conventional instruction yields?
The development of an observational instrument for science teaching
Authors: Fischlek Abraham S. , Zimmer George
Published: October 2006

Desirable pupil behavior change may come from structured classroom activity. Adapt this observational instrument to some action research need.
Aptitude and interest profiles of biology participants in montgomery county (pennsylvania) science fairs
Authors: Bingman Richard Marvin
Published: October 2006

An action research study to help establish some base lines in a controversial area.
Teaching the concepts of physical and chemical change to elementary school children
Authors: Pella Milton O. , Voelker Alan M.
Published: October 2006

Replication of this study on instructional sequence and grade placement is in order. Do all children behave similarly in acquiring a concept of physical and chemical change?
Research styles in science education
Authors: Myron Atkin J.
Published: October 2006

Dare we be innovative in the design of functional research? Reflect on the author's suggestions.
An experimental comparison of urban children with suburban children on eight tasks of basic skills
Authors: George Kenneth D. , Dietz Maureen A.
Published: October 2006

About 1500 children from an inner city school district and a suburban school district were asked to perform eight tasks of basic skills. There were differences in the performances of the children. The differences depended upon the socio‐economic background of the children. On many of the skills, third grade urban children were similar to first grade suburban children. It is for this reason that the inner city children in this study were considered disadvantaged and a program of skill development has begun. Inner city children must have experiences that will help them acquire the skills that suburban children have acquired before entering school.
Out of school science sequence for paired schools
Authors: Davidoff Stephen H.
Published: October 2006

Sixth grade children representing each of the eight Philadelphia Public School Districts attended morning sessions at the Franklin Institute one day a week for a seven‐week cycle. Each weekday, a different pair of schools participated, thereby, involving the same 10 schools each week for the cycle. The two program cycles involved 700 children and 20 teachers from 20 different schools.

The first cycle was used as a “tooling‐up period.” During this time instruments were developed. During the second cycle measurements of science information and student interactions were made.
The effect of instruction on the acquisition of conservation of volume
Authors: Howe Ann C. , Butts David P.
Published: October 2006

Performances of fourth and sixth grade children who had been in a program based on Science—A Process Approach were compared with performances of control groups on two conservation‐of‐volume tasks. The fourth grade children who had had Science—A Process Approach performed at a higher level than the control group on one of the tasks. There were no other significant differences between groups.

The volume tasks were analyzed and learning hierarchies devised. A test based on the hierarchies was constructed and administered to all (189) children. An instructional program based on the hierarchies was carried out with approximately half of the children in each school at each grade level. All children were then post‐tested on the volume tasks and the tasks of the learning hierarchies. All groups who had deceived instruction had higher mean scores on the Learning Hierarchies Test but no group made a significant improvement on the volume tasks. Performance of the volume tasks was found to be related to age and score on the Learning Hierarchies Test.
Type of high school biology program and its effect on student attitude and achievement in college life science
Authors: Granger Charles R. , Yager Robert E.
Published: October 2006

A specially designed questionnaire and a modification of the “Science Classroom Activity Checklist” by L. H. Krockendorfer were used to categorize 299 life science students at the University of Iowa into two groups; those with high school biology backgrounds founded in the BSCS philosophy and those with traditionally oriented backgrounds. These groups were compared with respect to grade achievement in a college life science course, ratings of their background for the college course, and their attitude toward biology as established by their high school experience. With respect to inquiry and student‐centered methods, texts were revealed as poor indicators of types of programs offered.
A multivariate analysis of task dimensions related to science concept learning difficulties in primary school children
Authors: Raven Ronald J.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if achievement on a series of problems was affected by differences among task values within a dimension. Values within inference pattern, goal object, and percept dimensions were studied. One hundred and sixty primary school children participated in the study. An analysis of the results of their achievement on the tasks indicate that task solution is affected by the dimension values used in this study. The results of the study suggest that a multidimensional scale of task dimension values should be constructed in order to assist the curriculum specialist in the construction and sequencing of concept tasks for specific grade levels.
The relationship of pupil control ideology and innovative classroom practices
Authors: Jones Paul L. , Blakenship Jacob W.
Published: October 2006

Pupil control has been described as the major problem facing our schools. Teachers have been described as reluctant to adopt innovative practices in the classroom for fear of being charged as soft on discipline. This paper reports on research designed to test the relationship of biology teachers' pupil control and their classroom practices.

A sample of 68 biology teachers was selected by a stratified randomized process for the study. Two groups of teachers were compared on the variables of the Biology Classroom Activity Checklist.

Analysis of the results permitted the authors to conclude that those teachers who have a more humanistic pupil control ideology may be preferred to work with the BSCS programs than those teachers who have a more custodial pupil control ideology.
Ease of grading and enrollments in secondary school science I. A model and its possible tests
Authors: Bridgham Robert
Published: October 2006

Low enrollments in the physical sciences have been a professional concern for some time, primarily because of their adverse effect on the general education of high school students, but also because of their effect on the teaching of the physical sciences and their possible impact on vocational choice, notably that of potential teachers. A model that relates ease of grading in the sciences to science enrollments is presented. Its central assumption is that an appropriate measure of ease of grading in a science course is the discrepancy between students' grade values in the science course and their grade values in other academic subjects, averaged across students in the course. Consideration of possible tests of the model leads to the conclusion that the most sensible initial test will be provided by a correlational study of the effects of ease of grading, following the secondary career of students in a single graduating class from a number of high schools by using data in existing school records.
The smallest meaningful sample of classroom transactions
Authors: Rosenshine Barak
Published: October 2006

In order to explore the question of the number of observations necessary to obtain a trustworthy sample of classroom transactions, the data from an existing study were reanalyzed. Sixteen teachers, all of whom were trained to use the materials and procedures of the Science Curriculum Improvement Study, were observed four times with a five‐category system which classified teacher questions. In this sample, teachers were extremely variable across occasions. The reliability of a single observation was zero for four of the five variables. For the fifth variable, asking students to hypothesize, it was estimated that 11 to 20 observations would be necessary to obtain a stable mean score for each teacher.
Commentary on “how significant are nonsignificant differences?”
Authors: Lamb William G. , Neie V. E.
Published: October 2006

For example, rather than reject or not reject the null hypothesis on the basis of whether the probability level is less than or greater than 0.05, one would report that p = 0.07, say, and then let the reader decide whether this value is sufficiently small to warrant the conclusion that something other than chance is producing the difference, i.e., the treatment.
Instruction and science learning: A quantitative synthesis
Authors: Boulanger F. David
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively synthesize quality and quantity of instruction studies with the same or similar independent variables in the published science education grade 6‐12 research of the 1963‐1978 period. Fifty‐two studies formed six clusters and revealed significant positive cognitive outcomes due to the use of preinstructional strategies, training in scientific thinking, increased structure in the verbal content of materials, and increased realism or concreteness in adjunct materials. In general, systematic innovation in instruction was found to produce positive improvements over the norm or traditional practice. Methodologically, improved research design quality was related to larger effect sizes. Recommendations are made regarding application, use of multiple measures, attitudinal research, use of general education findings, and the reporting of research.
The effect of computer‐assisted instruction on the attitudes of college students toward computers and chemistry
Authors: Cavin Claudia S. , Cavin E. D. , Lagowski J. J.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to see whether college students' attitudes toward computers and chemistry would be affected by using CAI materials in a chemistry course, and whether there would be any difference for students of different sex. Students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, pre‐ and posttests were given to both groups, and the data were analyzed using 2‐way analysis of covariance. It was found that the attitude of women toward computers was improved by using CAI. No change in attitude toward chemistry was found.
The development of the concepts of heat and temperature in 10‐13 year‐olds
Authors: Shayer Michael , Wylam Hugh
Published: October 2006

A crucial issue in the theory of science education at present is the problem of how much it is possible to generalize about steps in understanding achieved by different pupils in a given topic. Many Piagetians believe that there are qualitatively different steps followed in the same succession by all pupils: some Ausubelians believe that there is no such order, and that for each pupil the best criterion for the teacher is the pupil's present knowledge. One purpose of this study is to shed light on this issue. The study to be described made use of three inputs. The development of a technique of ‘psychometrising Piaget’ by an English team based at London University provided a way of extending a study by Erickson (1977) of personal conceptual inventories to testing a sample of 200 children by a 68 item demonstrated group‐test. In addition a team of curriculum developers had provided a tentative list of objectives for the teaching of Heat to Middle School students. The schools in which the study was carried out wished to know which of the objectives were more suitable for 9 or for 12 year‐olds. The group‐test utilized descriptors both from the Erickson study and from the list of curriculum objectives. In addition to the Heat test a Piagetian group‐test (NFER, 1979) in the area of Volume and Heaviness was administered to see whether the development of concepts of Heat could be mapped onto Piagetian stages of development. Test‐items in nine aspects of heat were written, with some of the experiments to be demonstrated to the class. These aspects included Conduction, Expansion, Composition of Heat, Temperature Scales, Changes of State, etc. Factor analysis of the data showed that one factor was sufficient to explain the common‐factor variance of the heat scales, and that the Heat test was also unifactor with the Piagetian test. It was possible to describe Early Concrete, Late Concrete and Early Formal levels of understanding in the area of Heat and Temperature. In this particular case it appears that the hypothesis of a number of different developmental paths, dependent on previous experience, cannot be sustained. It is not claimed that this would be true of all cognitive development, particularly where culture‐specific myths may be involved.