bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of effects of levobupivacaine injection to rabbit knee joint on histopathologic changes of joint cartilage tissue and changes of serum biochemical parameters
Authors: Ozkaya Hasan , Sarıtaş Tuba Berra , Sarıtaş Zulfıkar Kadır , Korkmaz Musa , Sevımlı Alper , Mehmetoglu İdris , Otelcıoglu Şeref
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of intra‐articular levobupivacaine on rabbit knee articular cartilage and certain biochemical parameters in the blood. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were included to study. Blood sampling was carried out in all animals on the first day, then the subjects were randomly allocated either to the control group (Group C, n = 9) or to the levobupivacaine group (Group L, n = 15). Group C underwent each two intra‐articular injections of saline, 0.25 mL into the right knee and 0.50 mL into the left one. Group L was injected 0.25 mL (1.25 mg) of levobupivacaine into the right knee and 0.50 mL (2.5 mg) into the left one. The groups were divided randomly into three. Tissue and blood samples for histologic and biochemical examination were collected from Groups C1 and L1 on the first, C2 and L2 on the second, and C3 and L3 on the tenth day of the study. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1 β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were analyzed. No statistically significant differences could be detected when comparing either left or right joints within the same groups and with Group C and L (P > 0.05). Significant elevations of biochemical parameters were found in Group C. It is concluded that levobupivacaine does not lead to significant histologic changes in rabbit articular cartilage. Significant elevations of biochemical parameters being generally found in the C Group, it is thought that such elevations are not linked to levobupivacaine. Intra‐articular levobupivacaine may be a safe alternative for use in post‐operative analgesia.
Can variable pH and low oxygen moderate ocean acidification outcomes for mussel larvae?
Authors: Frieder Christina A. , Gonzalez Jennifer P. , Bockmon Emily E. , Navarro Michael O. , Levin Lisa A.
Published: December 2013

Natural variation and changing climate in coastal oceans subject meroplanktonic organisms to broad ranges ofpHand oxygen ([O2]) levels. In controlled‐laboratory experiments we explored the interactive effects ofpH, [O2], and semidiurnalpHfluctuations on the survivorship, development, and size of early life stages of two mytilid mussels,Mytilus californianusandM. galloprovincialis. Survivorship of larvae was unaffected by lowpH, low [O2], or semidiurnal fluctuations for both mytilid species. LowpH(<7.6) resulted in delayed transition from the trochophore to veliger stage, but this effect of lowpHwas absent when incorporating semidiurnal fluctuations in both species. Also at lowpH, larval shells were smaller and had greater variance; this effect was absent when semidiurnal fluctuations of 0.3 units were incorporated at lowpHforM. galloprovincialisbut not forM. californianus. Low [O2] in combination with lowpHhad no effect on larval development and size, indicating that early life stages of mytilid mussels are largely tolerant to a broad range of [O2] reflective of their environment (80–260 μmol kg−1). The role ofpHvariability should be recognized as an important feature in coastal oceans that has the capacity to modulate the effects of ocean acidification on biological responses.
The first recombinant FVIII produced in human cells – an update on its clinical development programme
Authors: Valentino L. A. , Negrier C. , Kohla G. , Tiede A. , Liesner R. , Hart D. , Knaub S.
Published: December 2013

The development of inhibitors and the need for frequent venous access for FVIII injection are major challenges in current haemophilia treatment. Presently available recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) products produced in hamster cell lines are associated with inhibitor formation in up to 32% of previously untreated patients. The new human cell line‐derived recombinant human FVIII (Human‐cl rhFVIII) protein is the first native, unmodified truly human rFVIII product produced in a human cell line without additive animal proteins. The aim of using a human cell line for the production of rFVIII is the avoidance of non‐human epitopes on rFVIII, thereby potentially reducing the rate of inhibitor development, avoiding allergic reactions and allowing personalized prophylaxis with the chance of fewer infusions. Studies to date show that prophylaxis with Human‐cl rhFVIII prevents 96% of bleeding events in adults with severe haemophilia A when compared to on‐demand treatment. Available pharmacokinetic data with a mean half‐life of 17.1 h allow personalized prophylaxis with the chance of fewer infusions. Studies in previously treated children and adults indicate that Human‐cl rhFVIII is efficacious and safe in the prevention and treatment of bleeding episodes and that none of the treated patients developed inhibitors or allergic reactions thus far.
Audit Fees and IAS/IFRS Adoption: Evidence from the Banking Industry
Authors: Cameran Mara , Perotti Pietro
Published: December 2013

The adoption of International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) has two opposite effects on audit fees: on the one hand, greater effort is required from auditors, which is likely to be reflected by higher fees; on the other hand, if IAS/IFRS improve the quality of financial reporting, expected liability costs could decrease and lower fees may be demanded. We consider a large sample of Italian banks and we examine the effect of IAS/IFRS adoption on audit fees. The results show that higher fees (19.29 per cent in real terms) are paid after the switch to the new standards. Using a standard earnings management model, we do not find support for the idea that financial reporting quality is affected by the adoption of IAS/IFRS. The observed increase in fees is positively associated with the presence of financial derivatives held for hedging purposes. This paper extends the findings of prior research on the effect of IAS/IFRS adoption on audit fees; contrary to prior contributions, our analysis concentrates on the banking industry. Furthermore, unlike prior works, we consider both listed and non‐listed firms.
Geographical characterisation of honeys according to their mineral content and antioxidant activity using a chemometric approach
Authors: Pasquini Benedetta , Goodarzi Mohammad , Orlandini Serena , Beretta Giangiacomo , Furlanetto Sandra , Dejaegher Bieke
Published: December 2013

In this article, discrimination models are presented, relating the origin of honey samples to several variables, being the concentrations of different cations and anions in the honey samples measured by ion chromatography, and parameters that measure/reflect the antioxidant activity of the honey samples. The unsupervised method, principal component analysis, and supervised discrimination methods, such as linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, and classification and regression trees (CART), were applied to evaluate the existence of data patterns and the relationship between geographical origin and the measured parameters. The model with the best predictive ability (%CCRTEST = 66.67%), the best overall % specificity (80%) and the best overall % sensitivity (67%) was found to be CART. It was proven that the mineral content and parameters analysed can provide enough information for the geographical characterisation and discrimination of honey.
Effect of high‐pressure treatment on trypsin hydrolysis and antioxidant activity of egg white proteins
Authors: Singh Ajaypal , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S.
Published: December 2013

High‐pressure processing (HPP) is known to modify the functional properties of the proteins by changing its structure that can lead to protein denaturation, aggregation or gelation, depending on the protein system and the applied pressure. The potential to modify functional properties of protein and their products using HPP has been explored widely in last decade. In this study, the effect of HPP on the degree of trypsin hydrolysis (DTH) and antioxidant activity (AA) of egg white protein (EWP) and freeze‐dried egg white powder (DEW) was evaluated. EWP and DEW were subjected to trypsin hydrolysis for up to 120 min, with and without HP treatments [pressure level (350–550 MPa) and treatment time (5–15 min)]. HP treatment caused substantial increase in DTH of EWP and DEW, increasing it from 2.78% (EWP control) and 2.20% (DEW control) to 11.3% (HP‐treated EWP) and 8.41% (HP‐treated DEW), respectively. HP treatment also had an emphatic effect on AA of EWP (concentration 10% w/v) with AA increasing from 9.34% for control EWP to 19.0% after 5‐min HP treatment at 350 MPa and 25.00% after the same treatment at 550 MPa. Overall, HPP caused an increase in DTH and AA of EWP and DEW over the control. SDS‐PAGE and differential scanning calorimetric studies confirmed the effect of HP on the hydrolysis of egg proteins.
Role of Fc‐mediated antibody function in protective immunity against HIV‐1
Authors: Lewis George K.
Published: December 2013

The importance of Fc‐mediated effector function in protective immunity to HIV‐1 (hereafter referred to simply as HIV) is becoming increasingly apparent. A large of number of studies in natural infection cohorts, spanning the last 26 years, have associated Fc‐mediated effector function, particularly antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity, with a favourable clinical course. These studies strongly suggest a role for Fc‐mediated effector function in the post‐infection control of viraemia. More recently, studies in both humans and non‐human primates (NHPs) also implicate Fc‐mediated effector function in blocking HIV acquisition. Accordingly, this review will discuss the results supporting a role of Fc‐mediated effector function in both blocking acquisition and post‐infection control of viraemia. Parallel studies in NHPs and humans will be compared for common themes. Context for this discussion will be provided by summarizing the temporal emergence of key host and virological events over the course of an untreated HIV infection framing where, when and how Fc‐mediated effector function might be protective. A hypothesis that Fc‐mediated effector function protects primarily in the early stages of both acquisition and post‐infection control of viraemia will be developed.
Dominant CD4‐dependent RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase‐specific T‐cell responses in children acutely infected with human enterovirus 71 and healthy adult controls
Authors: Dang Shuangsuo , Gao Ning , Li Yaping , Li Mei , Wang Xiufang , Jia Xiaoli , Zhai Song , Zhang Xin , Liu Jingkun , Deng Huiling , Dong Tao
Published: December 2013

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causes of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which leads to significant mortality in infected children. A prophylactic vaccine is urgently needed. However, little is known about the protective T‐cell immunity in individuals infected with the EV71 virus. In this study, we performed a comprehensive ex vivo interferon‐γ ELISPOT analysis in 31 children infected with EV71 as well as in 40 healthy adult controls of the CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses to overlapping peptides spanning the VP1 structural protein and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) non‐structural protein. EV71‐specific CD4 T‐cell responses were detected in most of the acute patients and were mostly CD4‐dependent RdRp‐specific responses. CD8‐dependent VP1 and RdRp‐specific responses were also detected in a small proportion of recently infected children. There was no significant association between the strength of the T‐cell responses and disease severity observed during the acute EV71 infection phase. Interestingly, an RdRp‐specific, but no VP1‐specific, CD4‐dependent T‐cell response was detected in 30% of the adult controls, and no T‐cell responses were detected in healthy children. In addition, 24 individual peptides containing potential T‐cell epitope regions were identified. The data suggest that CD4‐dependent RdRp‐specific T‐cell responses may play an important role in protective immunity, and the epitopes identified in this study should provide valuable information for future therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine design as well as basic research.
Terrestrial gastropod diversity in an alpine region: disentangling effects of elevation, area, geometric constraints, habitat type and land‐use intensity
Authors: Baur Bruno , Meier Trudi , Baur Anette , Schmera Denes
Published: December 2013

Elevational gradients have proven to be useful to examine key factors shaping species diversity patterns. This study examines the effects of elevation, area, geometric constraints, habitat type, environmental factors and land‐use intensity on terrestrial gastropod diversity patterns in Val Müstair, an alpine region influenced by different types of agricultural land use in the eastern Alps, Switzerland. Gastropods were sampled using a standardized method in 180 sites spanning an elevational range from 1215 to 2770 m and covering 11 different habitat types. A total of 11 102 specimens representing 70 species were recorded. Observed species richness, statistically estimated true richness (Chao) and geographically interpolated observed richness were used as measures of local species richness. The comparison of three alternative models (environmental, geometric constraints and gastropod abundance models) revealed that the environmental model explained most of the variation in all measures of local diversity. The best model combining the predictors of all three models showed that elevation, soil pH and habitat type affected all measures of local species richness. Similar analyses conducted at the level of 150‐m elevational bands showed that elevation was again the best predictor of species richness, while the area of the elevational band did not have any influence. However, in one out of the two measures of band species richness, the best model indicated that geometric constraints may also contribute to the observed pattern. At both spatial scales, all measures of species richness decreased with increasing elevation. An analysis of species‐specific life‐history traits showed that adult shell size of land snails decreased with increasing elevation. Most species with large shells were confined to lower elevations. The results indicate that environmental factors might be most important in shaping the observed patterns.
TaCx Thin Films Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition as Diffusion Barriers for Cu Metallization
Authors: Hong Tae Eun , Kim Tae‐Ho , Jung Jae‐Hun , Kim Soo‐Hyun , Kim Hoon
Published: December 2013

TaCx films were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using tris (neopentyl) tantalum dichloride, (Ta[CH2C(CH3)3]3Cl2) and H2 plasma as the precursor and reactant, respectively, at substrate temperatures ranging from 200°C to 400°C. The ALD–TaCx films with the formation of nanocrystalline structures and a rock‐salt phase were confirmed by X‐ray and electron diffraction. The ALD temperature window was found to be 225°C–300°C with a growth rate of ~0.11 nm per cycle. The resistivity of the ALD–TaCx films was dependent on the microstructural features, such as the grain size and crystallinity, as well as their composition (C/Ta ratio), and the presence of impurities in the films, which could be controlled by varying the deposition parameters, such as the deposition temperature and reactant pulse conditions. With increasing deposition temperature and reactant pulse time, Ta‐rich films with a low Cl impurity concentration and larger grain size were obtained. The film with a resistivity less than 400 μΩ cm was obtained at 300°C, which was within the ALD temperature window, by optimizing the H2 plasma pulse time. The step coverage of the film deposited at 300°C was approximately 100% over the trench structure (top opening width of 25 nm) with an aspect ratio of ~4.5. The performance of the ALD–TaCx films deposited under the optimized conditions was evaluated as a diffusion barrier for the Cu interconnects. The structure of Cu (100 nm)/ALD–TaCx (5 nm)/ Si was stable without the formation of copper silicide after annealing at 600°C for 30 min.
Rattle‐Structured Ag/TiO2 Nanocomposite Capsules with Bactericide and Photocatalysis Activities
Authors: Tseng Wenjea J. , Cheng Chia‐Chin , Hsieh J. H.
Published: December 2013

A structural design featuring rattle‐type silver/titania (Ag/TiO2) core/shell, that is, Ag@TiO2, composite microcapsules is produced. The TiO2 shell protects the encapsulated, movable Ag nanoparticles from breaking away under moderate loading, minimizing hence adverse environmental and biological exposure due to the metal loss, whereas the mesoporous shell serves as conduits for Ag ions released from the caged Ag nanoparticles to kill Escherichia coli in aqueous solutions under dark condition. The anatase TiO2 shell imparts an additional, synergistic photocatalysis activity under ultraviolet irradiation. A pronouncedly enhanced photocatalysis activity results when the Ag@TiO2 composite capsules were thermally annealed under vacuum. This “rattle‐in‐ball” hybrid architecture enables bifunctional bactericide and photocatalysis capability under both light and dark conditions, as well as mitigated environmental and biological impact in practical use.
Fabrication of Highly Porous Silica Thermal Insulators Prepared by Gelation–Freezing Route
Authors: Fukushima Manabu , Yoshizawa Yu‐ichi
Published: December 2013

Highly porous silica thermal insulators were produced by gelation of a gelatin solution with dispersed silica particles, followed by freeze‐drying and heating at 800°C. The relationship between the ice‐template morphology and the parameters involved in gelation freezing was investigated, in addition to the effect of the microstructure on the thermal conductivity of the silica insulators. The porosity and thermal conductivity of the insulators ranged from 88 to 98 vol% and from 0.168 to 0.054 W (m·K)−1, respectively, both of which could be controlled by changing the silica content in the gel stage. Gelation–freezing route was proved to be a feasible and promising route for the production of very highly porous, machinable insulators.
Cranial size has increased over 133 years in a common bat, Pipistrellus kuhlii: a response to changing climate or urbanization?
Authors: Tomassini Alessandra , Colangelo Paolo , Agnelli Paolo , Jones Gareth , Russo Danilo
Published: December 2013

Aim

Bats are promising candidates for studying morphometric responses to anthropogenic climate or land‐use changes. We assessed whether the cranial size of a common bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii) had changed between 1875 and 2007. We formulated the following hypotheses: (1) if heat loss is an important reaction to climate change, body size will have decreased in response to the increased temperatures, because small bats have a larger surface‐to‐volume ratio and dissipate heat more effectively; (2) if water loss is the main driver, body size will have increased in response to the temperature increase, because larger bats will lose water more slowly through a reduced surface‐to‐volume ratio; (3) the energetic benefits provided by urbanization (food concentration at street lamps, warmer maternity roosts in buildings) will lead to a general body size increase in P. kuhlii; and (4) because street lamps impair moth antipredatory manoeuvres, cranial size may have selectively increased as an adaptive response to handle larger prey (moths) in artificially illuminated sites. Ours is the first study to assess temporal trends in bat body size over more than a century and to relate them to urbanization.

Location

Mainland Italy.

Methods

We used traditional morphometrics to compare seven variables of skull size in 117 museum specimens (75 female, 42 male).

Results

Cranial size increased after 1950, but this change was not paralleled by an increase in body size, measured as forearm length. This selective increase matched a rapid increase in electric public illumination in Italy.

Main conclusions

Street lights are crucial foraging sites for P. kuhlii. The directional change that we found in cranial size might represent microevolutionary adaptive tracking of a sudden shift in food size, making more profitable prey available.
Heterozygosity and orange coloration are associated in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: Herdegen M. , Dudka K. , Radwan J.
Published: December 2013

The good‐genes‐as‐heterozygosity hypothesis predicts that more elaborate male sexual ornaments are associated with higher levels of heterozygosity. Recent theoretical work suggests that such associations are likely to arise in finite, structured populations. We investigated the correlation between multilocus heterozygosity (MLH), which was estimated using 13 microsatellite loci, and male coloration in a wild population of guppies (Poecilia reticulata), a model species in sexual selection research. We found that MLH was a significant predictor of the relative area of orange spots, a trait that is subject to strong female preference in this species. Neither the relative area of black spots nor the number of black or orange spots was significantly correlated with MLH. We found no statistical support for local effects (i.e. strong effects of heterozygosity at specific markers), which suggests that relative orange spots area reflects genome‐wide heterozygosity.
The evolution of resistance against good and bad infections
Authors: Gandon S. , Vale P. F.
Published: December 2013

Opportunities for genetic exchange are abundant between bacteria and foreign genetic elements (FGEs) such as conjugative plasmids, transposable elements and bacteriophages. The genetic novelty that may arise from these forms of genetic exchange is potentially beneficial to bacterial hosts, but there are also potential costs, which may be considerable in the case of phage infection. Some bacterial resistance mechanisms target both beneficial and deleterious forms of genetic exchange. Using a general epidemiological model, we explored under which conditions such resistance mechanisms may evolve. We considered a population of hosts that may be infected by FGEs that either confer a benefit or are deleterious to host fitness, and we analysed the epidemiological and evolutionary outcomes of resistance evolving under different cost/benefit scenarios. We show that the degree of co‐infection between these two types of infection is particularly important in determining the evolutionarily stable level of host resistance. We explore these results using the example of CRISPR‐Cas, a form of bacterial immunity that targets a variety of FGEs, and we show the potential role of bacteriophage infection in selecting for resistance mechanisms that in turn limit the acquisition of plasmid‐borne antibiotic resistance. Finally, beyond microbes, we discuss how endosymbiotic associations may have shaped the evolution of host immune responses to pathogens.
The inhibitory effects of deleted in liver cancer 1 gene on gallbladder cancer growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
Authors: Qin Yiyu , Chu Bingfeng , Gong Wei , Wang Jiandong , Tang Zhaohui , Shen Jun , Quan Zhiwei
Published: December 2013

Background and Aim

The biological function of tumor suppressor deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) has been investigated in several types of human cancer, but its role in gallbladder cancer (GBC) is yet to be determined. In this research, we conducted in vitro and in vivo analysis to evaluate the inhibitory activities of DLC1 gene against GBC growth.

Methods

DLC1 expression in GBC tissues and cell lines was examined by immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot assay. The in vitro and in vivo effects of ectopic DLC1 expression on cell growth were evaluated. In addition, the effects of ectopic DLC1 expression on cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration were also evaluated. The expressions of cell cycle‐related and apoptosis‐related proteins were examined.

Results

The downregulation of DLC1 expression was a common event in GBC tissues and cell lines. Restoration of DLC1 expression in GBC‐SD and NOZ cells significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration in vitro, and the ability of these cells to form tumors in vivo. Restoration of DLC1 expression arrested GBC‐SD and NOZ cells in G0/G1 phase through inducing p21 in a p53‐independent manner. In addition, restoration of DLC1 expression induced extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway through promoting the expressions of Fas L/FADD, Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase‐8, ‐9, ‐3, and cleaved poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase and suppressing bcl‐2 expression in GBC‐SD and NOZ cells.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that dysregulated expression of DLC1 is involved in proliferation and invasion of GBC cells and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
Electrophysiological Effects of Kainic Acid on Vasopressin‐Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein and Oxytocin‐Monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein 1 Neurones Isolated from the Supraoptic Nucleus in Transgenic Rats
Authors: Ohkubo J. , Ohbuchi T. , Yoshimura M. , Maruyama T. , Ishikura T. , Matsuura T. , Suzuki H. , Ueta Y.
Published: December 2013

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) contains two types of magnocellular neurosecretory cells: arginine vasopressin (AVP)‐producing and oxytocin (OXT)‐producing cells. We recently generated and characterised two transgenic rat lines: one expressing an AVP‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the other expressing an OXT‐monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1). These transgenic rats enable the visualisation of AVP or OXT neurones in the SON. In the present study, we compared the electrophysiological responses of AVP‐eGFP and OXT‐mRFP1 neurones to glutamic acid in SON primary cultures. Glutamate mediates fast synaptic transmission through three classes of ionotrophic receptors: the NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors. We investigated the contributions of the three classes of ionotrophic receptors in glutamate‐induced currents. Three different antagonists were used, each predominantly selective for one of the classes of ionotrophic receptor. Next, we focused on the kainate receptors (KARs). We examined the electrophysiological effects of kainic acid (KA) on AVP‐eGFP and OXT‐mRFP1 neurones. In current clamp mode, KA induced depolarisation and increased firing rates. These KA‐induced responses were inhibited by the non‐NMDA ionotrophic receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3(1H4H)‐dione in both AVP‐eGFP and OXT‐mRFP1 neurones. In voltage clamp mode, the application of KA evoked inward currents in a dose‐dependent manner. The KA‐induced currents were significantly larger in OXT‐mRFP1 neurones than in AVP‐eGFP neurones. This significant difference in KA‐induced currents was abolished by the GluK1‐containing KAR antagonist UBP302. At high concentrations (250–500 μm), the specific GluK1‐containing KAR agonist (RS)‐2‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐tert‐butylisoxazol‐4‐yl) propanoic acid (ATPA) induced significantly larger currents in OXT‐mRFP1 neurones than in AVP‐eGFP neurones. Furthermore, the difference between the AVP‐eGFP and OXT‐mRFP1 neurones in the ATPA currents was approximately equal to the difference in the KA currents. These findings suggest that the GluK1‐containing KARs may be more highly expressed in OXT neurones than in AVP neurones. These results may provide new insight into the physiology and synaptic plasticity of SON neurones.
Evaluating a novel approach to enhancing dysphagia management: workplace‐based, blended e‐learning
Authors: Ilott Irene , Bennett Bev , Gerrish Kate , Pownall Sue , Jones Amanda , Garth Andrew
Published: December 2013

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the learning effect and resource use cost of workplace‐based, blended e‐learning about dysphagia for stroke rehabilitation nurses.

Background

Dysphagia is a potentially life‐threatening problem that compromises quality of life. In many countries, nurses play a crucial role in supporting the management of patients with swallowing problems, yet the literature reports a need for training.

Design

A single‐group, pre‐ and post‐study with mixed methods.

Methods

Each blended e‐learning session comprised a needs analysis, e‐learning programmes, practical skills about modifying fluids and action planning to transfer learning into practice. Participants were the population of registered nurses (n = 22) and healthcare assistants (n = 10) on a stroke rehabilitation ward in a large, teaching hospital in England between August 2010–March 2011. Data collection comprised observation (34 hours), questionnaires administered at four time points to examine change in attitude, knowledge and practice, and estimating the resource use cost for the service. Nonparametric tests and content analysis were used to analyse the data.

Results

All participants achieved a nationally recognised level of competence. The learning effect was evident on the post‐ and follow‐up measures, with some items of dysphagia knowledge and attitude achieving significance at the p ≤ 0·05 level. The most common self‐reported changes in practice related to medicines management, thickening fluids and oral hygiene. The resource use cost was estimated at £2688 for 108 hours training.

Conclusions

Workplace‐based, blended e‐learning was an acceptable, cost effective way of delivering essential clinical knowledge and skills about dysphagia.

Relevance to clinical practice

Dysphagia should be viewed as a patient safety issue because of the risks of malnutrition, dehydration and aspiration pneumonia. As such, it is pertinent to many members of the interdisciplinary team. Consideration should be given to including dysphagia management in initial education and continuing professional development programmes.
Inflammation‐related cytokines in oral lichen planus: an overview
Authors: Lu Rui , Zhang Jing , Sun Wei , Du Gefei , Zhou Gang
Published: December 2013

Cytokines are powerful mediators which play a central role in both innate and adapted immune responses. Aberrant productions of cytokines may lead to the onset of immune deficiency, allergy or autoimmunity, which are involved in the mechanisms of various immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammation disease affecting the oral mucosa with unknown aetiology. Previous studies have described the abnormal expression patterns of various inflammation‐related cytokines, such as IL‐1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 18, TGF‐β, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, in lesions, saliva, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with OLP, which may reflect the immune dysregulation status and emerge as central players in the immunopathogenesis of OLP. Besides, the gene polymorphisms of several cytokines such as IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐4, IL‐10 have been found to be involved in the susceptibility of OLP. In this review, we gave a brief introduction of the characteristics and biological functions of these inflammation‐related cytokines and summarized for the first time the current knowledge on the involvement of inflammation‐related cytokines in OLP. Further research on the exact roles of these cytokines will aid the understanding of the pathogenesis and the identification of novel therapeutic approaches of OLP.
Plasma and Erythrocyte Glutathione Peroxidase Activity, Serum Selenium Concentration, and Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity in Cats with IRIS Stages I–IV Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Krofič Žel M. , Tozon N. , Nemec Svete A.
Published: December 2013

Background

Serum selenium concentrations and the activity of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decrease with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in human patients. Selenium is considered a limiting factor for plasma GPx synthesis. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is decreased in CKD cats in comparison to healthy cats.

Hypothesis

Serum selenium concentrations and plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity in cats with CKD are lower than in healthy cats. Serum selenium concentrations, the activity of enzymes, and plasma TAC progressively decrease with the progression of kidney disease according to IRIS (International Renal Interest Society) classification.

Animals

Twenty‐six client‐owned cats in IRIS stages I–IV of CKD were compared with 19 client‐owned healthy cats.

Methods

A CBC, serum biochemical profile, urinalysis, plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity, serum selenium concentration, and plasma TAC were measured in each cat.

Results

Cats in IRIS stage IV CKD had a significantly higher (P = .025) activity of plasma GPx (23.44 ± 6.28 U/mL) than cats in the control group (17.51 ± 3.75 U/mL). There were no significant differences in erythrocyte GPx, serum selenium concentration, and plasma TAC, either among IRIS stages I–IV CKD cats or between CKD cats and healthy cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Erythrocyte GPx activity, serum selenium concentration, and plasma TAC do not change in CKD cats compared with healthy cats. Selenium is not a limiting factor in feline CKD. Increased plasma GPx activity in cats with stage IV CKD suggests induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Antioxidant defense systems might not be exhausted in CKD in cats.
The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib maleate, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in the dog
Authors: Collard W. T. , Hummel B. D. , Fielder A. F. , King V. L. , Boucher J. F. , Mullins M. A. , Malpas P. B. , Stegemann M. R.
Published: December 2013

The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib maleate was evaluated in four separate studies. The absolute bioavailability study used a crossover design with 10 dogs. The effect of food on bioavailability was investigated in a crossover study with 18 dogs. The breed effect on pharmacokinetics was assessed in a crossover study in beagles and mongrels dogs. Dose proportionality and multiple dose pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a parallel design study with eight dogs per group. In all four studies, serial blood samples for plasma were collected. Oclacitinib maleate was rapidly and well absorbed following oral administration, with a time to peak plasma concentration of <1 h and an absolute bioavailability of 89%. The prandial state of dogs did not significantly affect the rate or extent of absorption of oclacitinib maleate when dosed orally, as demonstrated by the lack of significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the oral fasted and oral fed treatment groups. The pharmacokinetics of oclacitinib in laboratory populations of beagles and mixed breed dogs also appeared similar. Following oral administration, the exposure of oclacitinib maleate increased dose proportionally from 0.6 to 3.0 mg/kg. Additionally, across the pharmacokinetic studies, there were no apparent differences in oclacitinib pharmacokinetics attributable to sex.
The relative importance of solar radiation and soil origin in cactus seedling survivorship at two spatial scales: plant association and microhabitat
Authors: García‐Chávez Juan H. , Montaña Carlos , Perroni Yareni , Sosa Vinicio J. , García‐Licona José B.
Published: December 2013

Question

What is the relative importance of solar radiation intensity and soil origin for cactus establishment at the spatial scales of microhabitat and plant association?

Location

Tehuacán‐Cuicatlán region, centralMexico.

Methods

The seedling survivorship ofMyrtillocactus geometrizans,Neobuxbaumia tetetzoandOpuntia piliferawas assessed. A garden experiment was conducted involving two light treatments (direct solar radiation and artificial shade) for seedlings growing in soil from different microhabitats (under the canopy of aParkinsonia praecoxnurse plant and in an open area) from three plant associations (tetechera,sotolineraandmezquitera) in a semi‐arid inter‐tropical ecosystem. It was predicted that seedling survival would be higher: (1) under the artificial shade treatment; (2) in soil from the microhabitat under the canopy of the nurse tree; (3) in soil from the plant association with the highest concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); and (iv) in the species with the largest seed mass.

Results

Seedlings of the three species survived better in the shade. Despite the fact that soil taken under nurse plants has a higher concentration of nutrients than that from open areas, seedling survivorship did not differ between these microhabitats.Opuntia pilifera, the species with higher seed mass, survived better thanM. geometrizansandN. tetetzo, whose seedling survival did not differ. Seedling survivorship differed between soils taken from the different plant associations. Higher survival rates were observed in soil from plant associations with the lowest concentration of total and available P (i.e.sotolineraandtetechera) but with a high concentration ofC, totalN, nitrate and ammonium.

Conclusions

The relative importance of shade and soil origin on seedling survivorship depends on the spatial scale. At the microhabitat level, shade is crucial for seedling establishment, whereas soil type is not. However, soil seems important at the plant association scale. An adaptation to the most common habitat of theZapotitlánValley, where soil has high quantities of Ca (as carbonate), little availablePbut relatively high availableN, could explain the better early cactus seedling survivorship in thetetecheraandsotolinera.
Competition and facilitation in synthetic communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Thonar Cécile , Frossard Emmanuel , Šmilauer Petr , Jansa Jan
Published: December 2013

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species cocolonizing the same host plant are still little understood in spite of major ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis and widespread occurrence of these fungi in communities rather than alone. Furthermore, shifting the composition of AMF communities has demonstrated consequences for the provision of symbiotic benefits to the host as well as for the qualities of ecosystem services. Therefore, here we addressed the nature and strength of interactions between three different AMF species in all possible two‐species combinations on a gradient of inoculation densities. Fungal communities were established in pots with Medicago truncatula plants, and their composition was assessed with taxon‐specific real‐time PCR markers. Nature of interactions between the fungi was varying from competition to facilitation and was influenced by both the identity and relative abundance of the coinoculated fungi. Plants coinoculated with Claroideoglomus and Rhizophagus grew bigger and contained more phosphorus than with any of these two fungi separately, although these fungi obviously competed for root colonization. On the other hand, plants coinoculated with Gigaspora and Rhizophagus, which facilitated each other's root colonization, grew smaller than with any of these fungi separately. Our results point to as yet little understood complexity of interactions in plant‐associated symbiotic fungal communities, which, depending on their composition, can induce significant changes in plant host growth and/or phosphorus acquisition in either direction.
Successful unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation for class 3 β‐thalassemia major using a reduced‐toxicity regimen
Authors: Soni Sandeep , Breslin Nancy , Cheerva Alexandra
Published: December 2013

Unrelated umbilical CB transplant for class 3 β‐thalassemia major is associated with an increased risk of mortality and non‐engraftment. We describe two patients who underwent successful unrelated umbilical CB transplant using a novel reduced‐toxicity preparative regimen. This regimen may be sufficiently immunosuppressive and myeloablative to ensure engraftment with reduced risks of toxicity and mortality. Close monitoring of HHV‐6 viral load is advised for patients undergoing transplant with this regimen.
Busulfan and melphalan as consolidation therapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation following Children's Oncology Group (COG) induction platform for high‐risk neuroblastoma: Early results from a single institution
Authors: Soni Sandeep , Pai Vinita , Gross Thomas G. , Ranalli Mark
Published: December 2013

Bu‐Mel as preparative therapy prior to autologous stem cell rescue was recently shown to be superior to the conventional CEM regimen for HR NBL in Europe. There are no data available on the feasibility and toxicity of Bu‐Mel as consolidation therapy following the COG‐type induction regimens used in North America. We report early complications and outcomes of patients with HR NBL who received Bu‐Mel for consolidation following COG‐based induction. Retrospective analysis of all patients who had received Bu‐Mel as preparative regimen prior to stem cell rescue for HR NBL was carried out. Toxicity, outcomes, and any delays to receiving radiation or anti‐GD2 antibody therapy were analyzed. Six patients undergoing PBSCT had received Bu‐Mel. The treatment was well tolerated. Mucositis was the main toxicity; three patients had developed neutropenia fever and none developed pulmonary toxicity. One patient had developed moderate SOS that responded to conservative management. All patients were able to receive and tolerate post‐transplant local radiotherapy and ch.14.18 anti‐GD2 antibody therapy without any delays. All patients are alive with no disease recurrence. The Bu‐Mel regimen is well tolerated and is feasible post‐COG‐type induction platform.
Chemosensitization of Cancer Cells via Gold Nanoparticle‐Induced Cell Cycle Regulation
Authors: Mackey Megan A. , El‐Sayed Mostafa A.
Published: December 2013

We have previously shown that plasmonic nanoparticles conjugated with nuclear‐targeting and cytoplasm‐targeting peptides (NLS and RGD, respectively) are capable of altering the cell cycle of human oral squamous carcinoma cells (HSC‐3). In the present work, we show that this regulation of the cell cycle can be exploited to enhance the efficacy of a common chemotherapeutic agent, 5‐Fluorouracil, by pretreating cells with gold nanoparticles. Utilizing flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, we were able to quantify the 5‐Fluorouracil efficacy as an accumulation of cells in the S phase with a depletion of cells in the G2/M phase. Two gold nanoparticle sizes were tested in this work; 30 nm with a surface plasmon resonance at 530 nm and 15 nm with a surface plasmon resonance at 520 nm. The 30 nm nuclear‐targeted gold nanoparticles (NLS‐AuNPs) showed the greatest 5‐Fluorouracil efficacy enhancement when 5‐Fluorouracil treatment (500 μm, 48 h) is preceded by a 24‐h treatment with nanoparticles. In conclusion, we show that nuclear‐targeted 30 nm gold nanoparticles enhance 5‐Fluorouracil drug efficacy in HSC‐3 cells via regulation of the cell cycle, a chemosensitization technique that could potentially be expanded to different cell lines and different chemotherapies.
On Justification Work: How Compromising Enables Public Managers to Deal with Conflicting Values
Authors: Oldenhof Lieke , Postma Jeroen , Putters Kim
Published: December 2013

In the public administration literature, a variety of responses to value conflicts have been described, such as trade‐offs, decoupling values, and incrementalism. Yet little attention has been paid to the possibility of constructive compromises that enable public managers to deal with conflicting values simultaneously rather than separately. The authors use Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot's theory of justification to extend current conceptualizations of management of conflicting values. On the basis of a qualitative study of daily practices of Dutch health care managers (executives and middle managers), they show how compromises are constructed and justified to significant others. Because compromises are fragile and open to criticism, managers have to perform continuous “justification work” that entails not only the use of rhetoric but also the adaption of behavior and material objects. By inscribing compromises into objects and behavior, managers are able to solidify compromises, thereby creating temporary stability in times of public sector change.
E‐Participation and Environmental Protection: Are Local Governments Really Committed?
Authors: Royo Sonia , Yetano Ana , Acerete Basilio
Published: December 2013

There is widespread acceptance that current institutions are inadequate to address the challenges of sustainable development. At the same time, there is an urgent need to build awareness and increase capacity for promoting action with respect to environmental protection at the local level. This article analyzes the Web sites of the environment departments of European local governments that signed the Aalborg Commitments to determine the extent to which they are using the Internet to promote e‐participation in environmental topics and to identify the drivers of these developments. Potential drivers are public administration style, urban vulnerability, external pressures, and local government environmental culture. Findings confirm that e‐participation is a multifaceted concept. External pressures influence the transparency of environmental Web sites, while public administration style and local government environmental culture influence their interactivity.
The symbolic roots of blood donation
Authors: Charbonneau Johanne , Tran Nathalie Y‐Lang
Published: December 2013

Background

Throughout history, blood has been embedded with powerful and paradoxical connotations. In the last decades, a more rational conception based on scientific knowledge has emerged, portraying blood as a “disenchanted” and utilitarian object, hence more apt for donation between strangers. This study aims to examine blood's representations inQuebec,Canada.

Study Design and Methods

Data were collected in four separate studies carried out between 2009 and 2011 inQuebec. A total of 234 1 to 1½ hour‐long semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with: 184 donors (including lapsed donors) and 50 nondonors; 106 women and 128 men from a variety of age groups eligible to donate; 76 minority informants fromAsian,Middle‐Eastern,LatinAmerican,African, andCaribbean origins; and 158 informants from the majority society.

Results

Many respondents donated blood because it was a “useful” substance. Others associated blood donation with a gift of vitality, strength, and energy. Some stressed the irreplaceable nature of blood, its rarity, and preciousness. It can also be associated with worrisome representations and seen as “bad” or carry infections: as a fluid, it has the ability to cross troublesome body boundaries.

Conclusion

This overview of contemporary representations of blood in relation to blood donation inQuebec illustrates that though this substance might be disenchanted for many, it still maintains its mysteriousness for others, which underpins the importance of its social, cultural, and religious representations that can potentially lead to useful avenues in improving donor recruitment and retention.
Severe pertussis and hyperleukocytosis: is it time to change for exchange?
Authors: Kuperman Amir , Hoffmann Yoav , Glikman Danny , Dabbah Husein , Zonis Zeev
Published: December 2013

Background

Pertussis is an important cause of infant death worldwide and continues to be a public health concern even in countries with high vaccination coverage. Severe (critical) pertussis with hyperleukocytosis is a severe form of the disease with up to 80% mortality rate. Attempts have been reported to reduce the white blood cell burden by exchange transfusion (ET) with conflicting conclusions.

Case Report

We report a case of critical pertussis in a neonate who was treated with ET, in view of a comprehensive literature review.

Results

The patient was discharged without any sequelae.

Conclusion

ET should be considered in all infants suffering from critical pertussis and hyperleukocytosis, even in secondary care community hospitals.