bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROAD PLANNING WITH SLIME MOULD: IF PHYSARUM BUILT MOTORWAYS IT WOULD ROUTE M6/M74 THROUGH NEWCASTLE
Authors: ADAMATZKY ANDREW , JONES JEFF
Published: November 2010

Plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a single cell visible by unaided eye. During its foraging behavior the cell spans spatially distributed sources of nutrients with a protoplasmic network. Geometrical structure of the protoplasmic networks allows the plasmodium to optimize transfer of nutrients between remote parts of its body, to distributively sense its environment, and make a decentralized decision about further routes of migration. We consider the ten most populated urban areas in United Kingdom and study what would be an optimal layout of transport links between these urban areas from the "plasmodium's point of view". We represent geographical locations of urban areas by oat flakes, inoculate the plasmodium in Greater London area and analyze the plasmodium's foraging behavior. We simulate the behavior of the plasmodium using a particle collective which responds to the environmental conditions to construct and minimize transport networks. Results of our scoping experiments show that during its colonization of the experimental space the plasmodium forms a protoplasmic network isomorphic to a network of major motorways except the motorway linking England with Scotland. We also imitate the reaction of transport network to disastrous events and show how the transport network can be reconfigured during natural or artificial cataclysms. The results of the present research lay a basis for future science of bio-inspired urban and road planning.
SIMULATION OF CELL MOVEMENT AND INTERACTION
Authors: TAYLOR WILLIAM , KATSIMITSOULIA ZOE , POLIAKOV ALEXEI
Published: November 2010

A mechanical model of cell motion was developed that reproduced the behaviour of cells in 2-dimensional culture. Cell adhesion was modelled with inter-cellular cross-links that attached for different times giving a range of adhesion strength. Simulations revealed an adhesion threshold below which cell motion was almost unaffected and above which cells moved as if permanently linked. Comparing simulated cell clusters (with known connections) to calculated clusters (based only on distance) showed that the calculated clusters did not correspond well across the full size range from small to big clusters. The radial distribution function of the cells was found to be a better measure, giving a good correlation with the known cell linkage throughout the simulation run. This analysis showed that cells were best modelled with a degree of stickiness just under the critical threshold level. This allowed fluidlike motion while maintaining cohesiveness across the population.
Stereotyping of medical disability claimants' communication behaviour by physicians: towards more focused education for social insurance physicians
Authors: van Rijssen HJ , Schellart AJM , Berkhof M , Anema JR , van der Beek AJ
Published: November 2010

Background

Physicians who hold medical disability assessment interviews (social insurance physicians) are probably influenced by stereotypes of claimants, especially because they have limited time available and they have to make complicated decisions. Because little is known about the influences of stereotyping on assessment interviews, the objectives of this paper were to qualitatively investigate: (1) the content of stereotypes used to classify claimants with regard to the way in which they communicate; (2) the origins of such stereotypes; (3) the advantages and disadvantages of stereotyping in assessment interviews; and (4) how social insurance physicians minimise the undesirable influences of negative stereotyping.

Methods

Data were collected during three focus group meetings with social insurance physicians who hold medical disability assessment interviews with sick-listed employees (i.e. claimants). The participants also completed a questionnaire about demographic characteristics. The data were qualitatively analysed in Atlas.ti in four steps, according to the grounded theory and the principle of constant comparison.

Results

A total of 22 social insurance physicians participated. Based on their responses, a claimant's communication was classified with regard to the degree of respect and acceptance in the physician-claimant relationship, and the degree of dominance. Most of the social insurance physicians reported that they classify claimants in general groups, and use these classifications to adapt their own communication behaviour. Moreover, the social insurance physicians revealed that their stereotypes originate from information in the claimants' files and first impressions. The main advantages of stereotyping were that this provides a framework for the assessment interview, it can save time, and it is interesting to check whether the stereotype is correct. Disadvantages of stereotyping were that the stereotypes often prove incorrect, they do not give the complete picture, and the claimant's behaviour changes constantly. Social insurance physicians try to minimise the undesirable influences of stereotypes by being aware of counter transference, making formal assessments, staying neutral to the best of their ability, and being compassionate.

Conclusions

We concluded that social insurance physicians adapt their communication style to the degree of respect and dominance of claimants in the physician-claimant relationship, but they try to minimise the undesirable influences of stereotypes in assessment interviews. It is recommended that this issue should be addressed in communication skills training.
Puma (Puma concolor) predation on a water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Azevedo Fernando C.C. , Concone Henrique V.B. , Pires-daSilva André , Verdade Luciano M.
Published: November 2010

No abstract available
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling Maintains the Ability of Cortical Synapses to Express Synaptic Scaling
Authors: Steinmetz Celine C. , Turrigiano Gina G.
Published: November 2010

Glial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is essential for scaling up of synapses during prolonged activity blockade, but whether TNFα is an instructive or permissive signal is not known. Here we show in rat cortical neurons that the effects of TNFα and activity blockade are not additive; whereas TNFα increased AMPA quantal amplitude at control synapses, TNFα reduced quantal amplitude at prescaled synapses, demonstrating state-dependent effects of TNFα signaling on the scaling process. Whereas synaptic scaling during prolonged activity blockade [24 h tetrodotoxin (TTX)] was prevented by blocking TNFα signaling, early scaling (6 h TTX) was not, unless TNFα signaling was first blocked for 24 h. Moreover, when synapses were prescaled, prolonged (24 h) but not brief (6 h) blockade of TNFα signaling reversed scaling. Finally, prolonged block of TNFα signaling modified the synaptic localization of several scaffold proteins, suggesting that maintenance of postsynaptic density composition is TNFα dependent. Together, these data suggest that TNFα is not an instructive signal for scaling but rather is critical for maintaining synapses in a plastic state in which synaptic scaling can be expressed.
Flexible Memories: Differential Roles for Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal Cortex in Cross-Episode Binding
Authors: Zeithamova Dagmar , Preston Alison R.
Published: November 2010

Episodic memory is characterized by rapid formation of new associations that bind information within individual episodes. A powerful aspect of episodic memory is the ability to flexibly apply and recombine information from past experience to guide new behavior. A critical question for memory research is how medial temporal lobe (MTL) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), regions implicated in rapid within-episode binding, further support cross-episode binding in service of mnemonic flexibility. We set to answer this question using an associative inference task in humans that required rapid binding of information across overlapping experiences (AB, BC) to enable successful transfer to novel test probes (AC). Within regions predicting subsequent associative memory for directly learned associations, encoding activation in MTL, including hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex, uniquely predicted success on novel transfer trials both within and across participants, consistent with an integrative encoding mechanism where overlapping experiences are linked into a combined representation during learning. In contrast, during retrieval, PFC activation predicted trial-by-trial transfer success while MTL predicted transfer performance across participants. Moreover, increased MTL-PFC coupling was observed during novel transfer trials compared with retrieval of directly learned associations. These findings suggest that inferential processes support transfer of rapidly acquired experiences to novel events during retrieval where multiple memories are recalled and flexibly recombined in service of successful behavior. Together, these results demonstrate distinct encoding and retrieval mechanisms that support mnemonic flexibility, revealing a unique role for MTL regions in cross-episode binding during encoding and engagement of interactive MTL-PFC processes during flexible transfer at test.
Hypothesis: Extra-hepatic acromegaly: a new paradigm?
Authors: Neggers Sebastian J , Kopchick John J , Jørgensen Jens O L , van der Lely Aart J
Published: November 2010

Medical treatment of acromegaly with long-acting somatostatin analogs (LA-SMSA) and the GH receptor antagonist, pegvisomant (PEGV), has made it possible to achieve normal serum IGF1 concentrations in a majority of patients with acromegaly. These two compounds, however, impact the GH–IGF1 axis differently, which challenges the traditional biochemical assessment of the therapeutic response. We postulate that LA-SMSA in certain patients normalizes serum IGF1 levels in the presence of elevated GH actions in extra-hepatic tissues. This may result in persistent disease activity for which we propose the term extra-hepatic acromegaly. PEGV, on the other hand, blocks systemic GH actions, which are not necessarily reliably reflected by serum IGF1 levels, and this treatment causes a further elevation of serum GH levels. Medical treatment is therefore difficult to monitor with the traditional biomarkers. Moreover, the different modes of actions of LA-SMSA and PEGV make it attractive to use the two drugs in combination. We believe that it is time to challenge the existing concepts of treatment and monitoring of patients with acromegaly.
Suboptimal maternal nutrition, during early fetal liver development, promotes lipid accumulation in the liver of obese offspring
Authors: Hyatt M A , Gardner D S , Sebert S , Wilson V , Davidson N , Nigmatullina Y , Chan L L Y , Budge H , Symonds M E
Published: November 2010

Maternal nutrition during the period of early organ development can modulate the offspring's ability to metabolise excess fat as young adults when exposed to an obesogenic environment. This study examined the hypothesis that exposing offspring to nutrient restriction coincident with early hepatogenesis would result in endocrine and metabolic adaptations that subsequently lead to increased ectopic lipid accumulation within the liver. Pregnant sheep were fed either 50 or 100% of total metabolisable energy requirements from 30 to 80 days gestation and 100% thereafter. At weaning, offspring were made obese, and at ∼1 year of age livers were sampled. Lipid infiltration and molecular indices of gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function were measured. Although hepatic triglyceride accumulation was not affected by obesityper se, it was nearly doubled in obese offspring born to nutrient-restricted mothers. This adaptation was accompanied by elevated gene expression for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) and its co-activator PGC1α, which may be indicative of changes in the rate of hepatic fatty acid oxidation. In contrast, maternal diet had no influence on the stimulatory effect of obesity on gene expression for a range of proteins involved in glucose metabolism and energy balance including glucokinase, glucocorticoid receptors and uncoupling protein 2. Similarly, although gene expressions for the insulin and IGF1 receptors were suppressed by obesity they were not influenced by the prenatal nutritional environment. In conclusion, excess hepatic lipid accumulation with juvenile obesity is promoted by suboptimal nutrition coincident with early development of the fetal liver.
O sal como solução? políticas de saúde e endemias rurais no Brasil (1940-1960)
Authors: Hochman Gilberto
Published: November 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e comparar as políticas acerca do uso do sal no tratamento de duas doenças graves que assolaram a Amazônia e as áreas rurais do Brasil durante o período desenvolvimentista: o bócio endêmico e a malária. Apesar de serem doenças muito diferentes - a primeira é uma doença carencial, e a segunda uma doença parasitária - a luta dos médicos e nutricionistas para tornar obrigatória a iodação do sal de cozinha consumido no país inspirou a idéia de um sal misturado com cloroquina, a ser distribuído livremente em zonas de malária, onde o uso de DDT (Dicloro-Difenil-Tricloroetano) não seria eficaz. O que seria um método simples - e, portanto, eficaz - para controlar e até mesmo eliminar tais doenças, o uso do sal de cozinha como veículo para fornecer iodo e uma droga antimalárica para a população, esbarra em fatores cognitivos, econômicos, sociais e culturais. Algumas variáveis contribuem para a análise histórica desses programas de saúde: o consenso quanto à etiologia da doença, o grau de institucionalização da comunidade de especialistas e a sua organização, a importância da doença na agenda das organizações internacionais de saúde, o locus de decisão política, a existência de uma liderança científica envolvida na formulação e gestão das políticas de saúde, e os padrões de consumo das populações-alvo.
Recall Those Thrilling Days of Yesteryear …
Authors: Turrisi Andrew T.
Published: November 2010

This editorial explores Burris's examination, in this issue, of combined modality anticancer treatment and radiation recall.
When Missions Became Development: Ironies of ‘ngoization’ in Mainstream Canadian Churches in the 1960s
Authors: Brouwer Ruth Compton
Published: November 2010

Abstract:

Focusing mainly on the United Church of Canada, this article highlights changes in organization, discourse, and practice that were part of a missions-to-development trajectory in the mainstream churches during the 1960s and ironies arising from that shift. The article shows that, despite these churches' increasingly non-evangelistic approach to missions in this tumultuous decade and their desire to escape the taint of colonialism, globally minded young Canadians were not won over. Instead of choosing a missionary vocation, many became volunteers with Canadian University Service Overseas (cuso), a secular development organization founded in 1961. Meanwhile, as the United Church and other mainstream churches took on development and solidarity work in the Global South as their new ‘mission,’ they lost the support of conservative Christians, who continued to hold a more traditional understanding of the missionary task. Although the overseas outreach of the mainline churches survived the challenges of the 1960s, it was in a greatly changed and attenuated form. In practice, the everyday concerns of these faith-based ngos often had little to distinguish them from the concerns of their young, secular counterparts.
Perception de l'inégalité des chances et mobilités objective et subjective au Pérou
Authors: Pasquier-Doumer Laure
Published: November 2010

L’objet de cet article est de comprendre comment se forme la perception des habitants de Lima de l’inégalité des chances au Pérou, à partir d’entretiens qualitatifs. Il s’agit d’apporter une contribution au débat normatif sur la justice sociale, puisque selon plusieurs auteurs, la perception de l’inégalité des chances détermine fortement la demande de redistribution. J’analyse en particulier le rôle joué par la mobilité individuelle dans la formation de cette perception, en mesurant la mobilité à partir d’indicateurs objectifs mais également subjectifs.
Approximate calculation of conversion with kinetic normalization for finite reaction rates in wall‐coated microchannels
Authors: Lopes J. P. , Rodrigues Alírio E. , Cardoso Silvana S.S.
Published: November 2010

We consider the problem of mass transfer in a channel with wall reaction and present approximate results to describe the conversion profile. We report analytical solutions in both Graetz's and Lévêque's regime in cases where only (semi)numerical studies have been presented before. In particular, for first‐order kinetics under conditions of a fully developed concentration profile, an approximate procedure for conversion calculation is proposed for finite reaction rates. When the profile is developing, asymptotic limits are used to formulate accurate approximations in intermediate parametric ranges. Moreover, the effect of finite reaction rates in the corrections due to curvature or velocity profile nonlinearities are reported. Finally, we extend the previous results to an mth order “power‐law” wall reaction, so that kinetic normalization is achieved in suitable limits. These results are of relevance for the modeling and simulation of processes involving catalytic monoliths or microreactors. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Fine needle aspiration cytology of solid neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: A case report
Authors: Kawanishi Namiki , Norimatsu Yoshiaki , Funakoshi Mahito , Kamei Toshiaki , Sonobe Hiroshi , Kawano Ryo , Kobayashi Tadao K.
Published: November 2010

We report a case of neuroendcrine (NE) carcinoma in the right breast of a 67‐year‐old female, ultrasonography revealed a lesion composed of irregular hypoechoic masses and mammography showed asymmetric breast tissue. Histopathologic examination of the surgical sample showed a solid to nested proliferation of plasmacytoid cells that showed immunocytochemical positivity for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and estrogen receptor. Our case was diagnosed as solid NE carcinoma. Though the findings of fine needle aspiration cytology reflected the histological features, we were not able to cytopathologic grounds only to predict the NE nature of this tumor. We performed immunocytochemistry using Chromogranin A, Synaptophysin, and CD56 on our cytologic smear retrospectively with positive results for all of the markers. When the cytopathologic examination of a given breast neoplasm is suggestive of NE differentiation, immunocytochemical staining for NE markers is generally useful for a correct preoperative diagnosis. An acurate preoperative diagnosis of NE carcinoma on FNAC can be achieved based on its distinctive cytomorphologic and immunocytochemical features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraoperative squash cytology of central nervous system lesions: A single center study of 326 cases
Authors: Jaiswal Sushila , Vij Mukul , Jaiswal Awadhesh Kumar , Behari Sanjay
Published: November 2010

Cytology has been shown to be of great value in intraoperative consultations of central nervous system (CNS) pathology. Intraoperative smear cytology provides a rapid and reliable intraoperative diagnosis and guidance to the neurosurgeon during surgical resection and lesion targeting. It also helps the surgeon to monitor and modify the approach at surgery.

The current study was undertaken to assess the accuracy and utility of intraoperative consultations for cytomorphological diagnosis by smear technique and correlate with histopathological diagnosis.

A retrospective study of 326 cases of CNS intraoperative consultations was performed. Smears were prepared from the biopsy samples sent in isotonic saline for immediate processing and stained by the Haematoxylin and Eosin method. The cytomorphological features were noted and correlated with final histopathological diagnosis.

Concordance between the intraoperative diagnosis and the final diagnosis was seen in 83.7% of cases. We demonstrated >95% accuracy for glioblastomas and >89% accuracy for mennigiomas and schwannomas. A reduction of diagnostic accuracy was seen in oligodendrogliomas (60%) and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (57.2%).

Smear technique is a fairly accurate, relatively safe, rapid, simple, easily reproducible, and cost effective tool to diagnose brain tumors. Smear cytology is of great value in intraoperative consultation of CNS pathology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular comparison of GLT1+ and ALDH1L1+ astrocytes in vivo in astroglial reporter mice
Authors: Yang Yongjie , Vidensky Svetlana , Jin Lin , Jie Chunfa , Lorenzini Ileana , Frankl Miriam , Rothstein Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2010

Astrocyte heterogeneity remains largely unknown in the CNS due to lack of specific astroglial markers. In this study, molecular identity of in vivo astrocytes was characterized in BAC ALDH1L1 and BAC GLT1 eGFP promoter reporter transgenic mice. ALDH1L1 promoter is selectively activated in adult cortical and spinal cord astrocytes, indicated by the overlap of eGFP expression with ALDH1L1 and GFAP, but not with NeuN, APC, Olig2, IbaI, PDGFRα immunoreactivity in BAC ALDH1L1 eGFP reporter mice. Interestingly, ALDH1L1 expression levels (protein, mRNA, and promoter activity) in spinal cord were selectively decreased during postnatal maturation. In contrast, its expression was up‐regulated in reactive astrocytes in both acute neural injury and chronic neurodegenerative (G93A mutant SOD1) conditions, similar to GFAP, but opposite of GLT1. ALDH1L1+ and GLT1+ cells isolated through fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) from BAC ALDH1L1 and BAC GLT1 eGFP mice share a highly similar gene expression profile, suggesting ALDH1L1 and GLT1 are co‐expressed in the same population of astrocytes. This observation was further supported by overlap of the eGFP driven by the ALDH1L1 genomic promoter and the tdTomato driven by a 8.3kb EAAT2 promoter fragment in astrocytes of BAC ALDH1L1 eGFP X EAAT2‐tdTomato mice. These studies support ALDH1L1 as a general CNS astroglial marker and investigated astrocyte heterogeneity in the CNS by comparing the molecular identity of the ALDH1L1+ and GLT1+ astrocytes from astroglial reporter mice. These astroglial reporter mice provide useful in vivo tools for the molecular analysis of astrocytes in physiological and pathological conditions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional modeling method for heat exchange of rotary air preheater in coal‐fired power plant
Authors: Liang Hai‐wen , Xu Zhi‐gao
Published: November 2010

A numerical modeling method based on a 3‐D heat transfer model and duct models for a dual‐sectional rotary air preheater have been developed in this paper. Owing to different boundary conditions for the heat transfer model obtained by modeling and calculation of the ducts, this method is capable of calculating the 3‐D metal and fluid temperature fields at different radial locations in the rotary air preheater along the rotor height as well as the rotating period, and furthermore, it can calculate temperature and flow field inside the flow passage as well. A case study with a dual‐sectional rotary air preheater of a typical 300 MWe unit used as the research object is presented in this paper. The calculation results accord well with those obtained by verified numerical methods in published literature. The difference between the calculated and the measured outlet fluid temperature of the rotary air preheater is smaller than 3 °C. The numerical modeling method presented in this paper is proved to have high precision and is beneficial for the secure and economic operation of a rotary air preheater as well as the whole unit. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20325
Current treatment paradigms in the management of lymphatic malformations
Authors: Renton John P. , Smith Richard J. H.
Published: November 2010

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are benign abnormalities of the lymphatic system that can be significantly infiltrative and intimately involve critical structures of the head and neck, making their management difficult. Historically, LMs have been managed by surgical excision, but this treatment approach results in significant morbidity and a high recurrence rate secondary to subtotal resection. As an alternative to surgery a variety of drugs have been used as intralesional sclerosants and immunotherapeutics. These agents offer improved outcomes with lower morbidity as compared to surgery when targeted to macrocystic LMs. However intralesional therapy is not effective in the treatment of microcystic LMs. The development of treatments that are effective for all types of LMs will require further understanding of lymphangiogenesis and the pathogenesis of LMs. Laryngoscope, 2011
CATHEDRALS, LAUDIANISM, AND THE BRITISH CHURCHES
Authors: ATHERTON IAN
Published: November 2010

Recent research has argued that English cathedrals, particularly but not exclusively Westminster Abbey, formed a ‘liturgical fifth column’ in the church and were the Trojan horse by which Laudianism – the ceremonial, clericalist, anti-Calvinist policies associated with Charles I and William Laud in the 1620s and 1630s – was introduced into the English church. This article re-examines links between cathedrals and Laudianism, not just in England, but also in the associated Protestant state churches of Charles's other realms: Ireland and Scotland. Laudian divines emphasized cathedrals as liturgical showcases, ‘mother churches’ which their ‘daughters’, the parish churches, should follow in the policy of the ‘beauty of holiness’, particularly the placing, railing of, and reverence to the Laudian altar. However, cathedrals are shown to be more diverse than historians have generally allowed, and Laudian policies are shown to have been grafted on to cathedrals, rather than emerging from them. Caroline cathedrals were more the victims of Laudianism than its midwives.
Partition Narratives: Displaced trauma and culpability among British civil servants in 1940s Punjab
Authors: COOMBS CATHERINE
Published: November 2010

Grassroots accounts of the tragic events of partition are increasingly in the spotlight in studies of the transfer of power. This paper approaches the local perspective through the memories of British civil servants during their last few months in Punjab, assessing what these reflections suggest about the mentality of the departing ruling elite. The similarities between these recorded experiences suggest a process of coming to terms with grief and guilt for what they had witnessed through the creation of a narrative of transition from total power to total loss; a simplified imagery of a fully operational and peaceful pre-1947 Punjab descending with shocking suddenness into the violence of partition. This process of shaping memories not only offers an insight into the British civil servant's need for self-affirmation and a reaffirming of their sense of personal as well as professional value, but also has a broader importance in understanding the mentality of a group of people at the heart of pre-partition Punjab, who were instrumental in defining the emerging independent nation.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bonnet Roger M.
Published: November 2010

Let me first express my warmest acknowledgements to Cesare Barbieri for having taken the initiative of convening this symposium. These two days offered a unique opportunity to celebrate the scientific achievements and the legacy of Galileo Galilei. It allowed not only celebrating the scientist but also the philosopher and the human being. It was a fantastic journey in the past, present and future exploration of our universe and a fantastic retrospection into the Renaissance world which no better city than Padova would be able to offer. During these two days we could listen to a well balanced and well prepared set of excellent papers and presentations. All participants should be congratulated for their very active interactions during the discussions in the aula and also during coffee and lunch breaks.
Plasma diagnostics for investigating extreme ultraviolet light sources
Authors: Yeates P. , White J. , Kennedy E. T.
Published: November 2010

Plasma temperature and density diagnostics are crucial for lithographic applications of extreme ultraviolet light sources. One widely used technique employs line intensity ratios of successively charged ion states to determine the ion temperature (Tionz). This work comprises a detailed “stress-test” of the applied technique, where space and time resolved emission in laser-produced plasmas were studied, using a Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser pulse incident on an aluminum target in the 26.5–32.5 nm range. Detailed hydrodynamic simulations also investigate the dependency of ion temperature on electron density and the charge states for various line combinations (Al VI/V, Al VII/VI, Al VIII/VII, Al IX/VIII, and Al X/IX).
Vibronic coupling in the superoxide anion: The vibrational dependence of the photoelectron angular distribution
Authors: Van Duzor Matthew , Mbaiwa Foster , Wei Jie , Singh Tulsi , Mabbs Richard , Sanov Andrei , Cavanagh Steven J. , Gibson Stephen T. , Lewis Brenton R. , Gascooke Jason R.
Published: November 2010

We present a comprehensive photoelectron imaging study of the O2(X Σg−3,v′=0–6)←O2−(X Π2g,v″=0) and O2(a Δ1g,v′=0–4)←O2−(X Π2g,v″=0) photodetachment bands at wavelengths between 900 and 455 nm, examining the effect of vibronic coupling on the photoelectron angular distribution (PAD). This work extends the v′=1–4 data for detachment into the ground electronic state, presented in a recent communication [R. Mabbs, F. Mbaiwa, J. Wei, M. Van Duzor, S. T. Gibson, S. J. Cavanagh, and B. R. Lewis, Phys. Rev. A 82, 011401–R (2010)]. Measured vibronic intensities are compared to Franck–Condon predictions and used as supporting evidence of vibronic coupling. The results are analyzed within the context of the one-electron, zero core contribution (ZCC) model [R. M. Stehman and S. B. Woo, Phys. Rev. A 23, 2866 (1981)]. For both bands, the photoelectron anisotropy parameter variation with electron kinetic energy, β(E), displays the characteristics of photodetachment from a d-like orbital, consistent with the πg∗ 2p highest occupied molecular orbital of O2−. However, differences exist between the β(E) trends for detachment into different vibrational levels of the X Σg−3 and a Δ1g electronic states of O2. The ZCC model invokes vibrational channel specific “detachment orbitals” and attributes this behavior to coupling of the electronic and nuclear motion in the parent anion. The spatial extent of the model detachment orbital is dependent on the final state of O2: the higher the neutral vibrational excitation, the larger the electron binding energy. Although vibronic coupling is ignored in most theoretical treatments of PADs in the direct photodetachment of molecular anions, the present findings clearly show that it can be important. These results represent a benchmark data set for a relatively simple system, upon which to base rigorous tests of more sophisticated models.
Characterization of corneal damage from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by the use of multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Chang Yu-Lin , Chen Wei-Liang , Lo Wen , Chen Shean-Jen , Tan Hsin-Yuan , Dong Chen-Yuan
Published: November 2010

Using multiphoton autofluorescence (MAF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, we investigate the morphology and the structure of the corneal epithelium and stroma collagen of bovine cornea following injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that corneal epithelial cells are damaged and stromal collagen becoming increasingly autofluorescent with time. We also characterized infected cornea cultured for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h by quantitative ratiometric MAF to SHG index (MAFSI) analysis. MAFSI results show that the destruction of the stromal collagen corresponds to a decrease in SHG intensity and increase of MAF signal with time.
Continuously graded anisotropy in single (Fe53Pt47)100−xCux films
Authors: Zha C. L. , Dumas R. K. , Fang Y. Y. , Bonanni V. , Nogués J. , Åkerman Johan
Published: November 2010

We report on continuously graded anisotropy. During deposition, a compositional gradient is achieved by varying the Cu concentration from Cu-rich (Fe53Pt47)70Cu30 to Cu-free Fe53Pt47. The anisotropy gradient is then realized after annealing using the composition dependence of the low-anisotropy (A1) to high-anisotropy (L10) ordering temperature. The critical role of the annealing temperature on the resultant anisotropy gradient is investigated. Magnetic measurements support the creation of an anisotropy gradient in properly annealed films which exhibit both a reduced coercivity and moderate thermal stability. These results demonstrate that an anisotropy gradient can be realized, and tailored, in single continuous films without the need for multilayers.
A high efficiency superconducting nanowire single electron detector
Authors: Rosticher M. , Ladan F. R. , Maneval J. P. , Dorenbos S. N. , Zijlstra T. , Klapwijk T. M. , Zwiller V. , Lupaşcu A. , Nogues G.
Published: November 2010

We report the detection of single electrons using a Nb0.7Ti0.3N superconducting wire deposited on an oxidized silicon substrate. While it is known that this device is sensitive to single photons, we show that it also detects single electrons with kilo-electron-volt energy emitted from the cathode of a scanning electron microscope with an efficiency approaching unity. The electron and photon detection efficiency map of the same device are in good agreement. We also observe detection events outside the active area of the device, which we attribute to sensitivity to backscattered electrons.
Annealing effect on the optical response and interdiffusion of n-ZnO/p-Si (111) heterojunction grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Ku Ching-Shun , Huang Jheng-Ming , Cheng Ching-Yuan , Lin Chih-Ming , Lee Hsin-Yi
Published: November 2010

Optical and structural properties of n-ZnO films grown on a p-Si (111) substrate by atomic layer deposition were observed using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction during annealing. The photoluminescence showed a complicated photon response with increasing annealing temperature. In situ x-ray diffraction indicated the growth of grains for an annealing temperature from 500 to 800 °C with the orientation altering from polycrystalline to preferential (200). Measurements with a time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometer indicated that the outgassing of hydrogen atoms and ZnO/Si interdiffusion behavior were correlated with the intensity and position of emissions in photoluminescence spectra.
Thermal conductivity prediction and analysis of few-quintuple Bi2Te3 thin films: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Qiu Bo , Ruan Xiulin
Published: November 2010

In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations to predict the thermal conductivities of perfect and nanoporous few-quintuple Bi2Te3 thin films. We find the dimensional crossover behavior of thermal transport and a minimum thermal conductivity at three quintuple layers at room temperature, and we attribute it to the interplay between phonon Umklapp scattering and boundary scattering. Also, nanoporous films show significantly reduced thermal conductivity compared to perfect thin films, indicating that they can be very promising thermoelectric materials.
dmGWAS: dense module searching for genome-wide association studies in protein–protein interaction networks
Authors: Jia Peilin , Zheng Siyuan , Long Jirong , Zheng Wei , Zhao Zhongming
Published: November 2010

Motivation: An important question that has emerged from the recent success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is how to detect genetic signals beyond single markers/genes in order to explore their combined effects on mediating complex diseases and traits. Integrative testing of GWAS association data with that from prior-knowledge databases and proteome studies has recently gained attention. These methodologies may hold promise for comprehensively examining the interactions between genes underlying the pathogenesis of complex diseases.

Methods: Here, we present a dense module searching (DMS) method to identify candidate subnetworks or genes for complex diseases by integrating the association signal from GWAS datasets into the human protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The DMS method extensively searches for subnetworks enriched with low P-value genes in GWAS datasets. Compared with pathway-based approaches, this method introduces flexibility in defining a gene set and can effectively utilize local PPI information.

Results: We implemented the DMS method in an R package, which can also evaluate and graphically represent the results. We demonstrated DMS in two GWAS datasets for complex diseases, i.e. breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. For each disease, the DMS method successfully identified a set of significant modules and candidate genes, including some well-studied genes not detected in the single-marker analysis of GWA studies. Functional enrichment analysis and comparison with previously published methods showed that the genes we identified by DMS have higher association signal.

Availability:  dmGWAS package and documents are available at http://bioinfo.mc.vanderbilt.edu/dmGWAS.html.

Contact:  zhongming.zhao@vanderbilt.edu

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Classical reflux symptoms, hiatus hernia and overweight independently predict pharyngeal acid exposure in patients with suspected reflux laryngitis
Authors: Lien H. C. , Wang C. C. , Hsu J. Y. , Sung F. C. , Cheng K. F. , Liang W. M. , Kuo H. W. , Lin P. H. , Chang C. S.
Published: November 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 89–98

Background  Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been associated with reflux laryngitis.

Aims  To investigate the risk factors and the predictors of pharyngeal acid reflux (PAR) in Taiwanese patients with suspected reflux laryngitis.

Methods  With referral from ENT physicians, 104 patients with symptoms and signs suggestive of reflux laryngitis completed a validated symptom questionnaire, an upper endoscopy exam and ambulatory 24‐h pH tests with three sensors located at the hypopharynx, proximal and distal oesophagus. Patients with one or more episodes of PAR were considered abnormal.

Results  Pharyngeal acid reflux was identified in 17% (18/104) of patients. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, PAR was independently associated with classical reflux symptoms [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–12.8], hiatus hernia (aOR = 6.7, 95% CI: 1.5–30.2) and overweight (aOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.0–11.0). In predicting PAR, classical reflux symptoms had a sensitivity of 78% and hiatus hernia had a specificity of 95%. With all three factors, the positive predictive value for PAR was 80%. Classical reflux symptoms included heartburn, chest pain, dyspepsia and acid regurgitation.

Conclusions  Classical reflux symptoms, hiatus hernia and overweight are independent risk factors that may predict pharyngeal acid reflux in patients with suspected reflux laryngitis.
Phenotyping airway disease with optical coherence tomography
Authors: COXSON Harvey O. , EASTWOOD Peter R. , WILLIAMSON Jonathan P. , SIN Don D.
Published: November 2010

Airway diseases are a major concern around the world. However, the pace of new drug and biomarker discovery has lagged behind those of other common disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. One major barrier in airway research has been the inability to accurately visualize large or small airway remodelling or dysplastic/neoplastic (either pre or early cancerous) changes using non‐ or minimally invasive instruments. The advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the potential to revolutionize airway research and management by allowing investigators and clinicians to visualize the airway with resolution approaching histology and without exposing patients to harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Thus, with the aid of OCT, we may be able to accurately determine and quantify the extent of airway remodelling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, detect early pre‐cancerous lesions in smokers for chemoprevention, study the upper airway anatomy of patients with obstructive sleep apnea in real time while they are asleep and facilitate optimal selection of stents for those with tracheal obstruction. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge of OCT and its possible application in airway diseases.
The Options for Devolution Finance: The Choices for the New Government
Authors: TRENCH ALAN
Published: November 2010

The debate about the financing of devolved government in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland has acquired a new vigour since 2007, with commissions and reviews taking place in Scotland, Wales and at Westminster. Although of considerable constitutional as well as political importance, the technical detail has obscured many of the wider issues involved. This paper surveys the options now open to the UK government, as it prepares its response to the Welsh Holtham Commission, a bill implementing the Calman Commission's recommendations for Scotland, and looks at ways of altering corporation tax in Northern Ireland. It examines six options that in principle are open to the UK government, and argues that the range of options open to the UK government are narrower than they often appear, and that pressure for it to act is such that it will no longer be possible to avoid far‐reaching action.
Feminist Psychology and Women with Disabilities
Authors: Banks Martha E.
Published: November 2010

This article is an application of the Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Girls and Women to psychological issues faced by Women with Disabilities. It includes culture-specific issues faced by Women with Disabilities, the multiple roles of Women with Disabilities, the importance of informal support systems, and the intersection between feminism and disability. The voices of Women with Disabilities from a variety of cultures are included to demonstrate the breadth of disability as it impacts women. Attention is given to the impact of worldview on understanding disability (medical condition, limitation due to socially constructed barriers, gap between individual resources and demand for ability, or segregation by ability status) and development of theories, services, and laws. Perspectives of health professionals, disability advocates, and family members are provided to identify issues that need to be included in a comprehensive psychology of Women with Disabilities.
Some Observations on Nonconservative Problems of Elastic Stability
Authors: Oran C.
Published: November 2010

With reference to undamped elastic systems subjected to nonconservative forces, the possibility of a transition from stability to divergence through infinitely large values of the frequency is considered. Examined in detail is the special case of a cantilever column with two concentrated masses and subjected to a follower end force. It is shown that either flutter or divergence may first set in, depending on the relative magnitudes and locations of the masses. The results obtained by letting one of the masses tend to zero are not necessarily consistent with those obtained directly by setting that mass equal to zero; alternately, it may be stated that an additional infinitesimal mass may lead to drastic changes in the stability behavior of a given elastic system subjected to nonconservative forces.
Plastic Waves of Combined Stresses Due to Longitudinal Impact of a Pretorqued Tube—Part 1: Experimental Results
Authors: Lipkin J. , Clifton R. J.
Published: November 2010

Experiments are reported in which annealed aluminum tubes are subjected to a static plastic torque followed by a longitudinal compressive impact. Measurements are made of both longitudinal and shear strain-time profiles at stations along the specimen. Qualitatively, the strain response at the gages corresponds to the arrival of a fast wave for which torsional strain decreases while longitudinal strain increases followed by a slow wave for which both torsional and longitudinal strains increase. Between the slow and fast waves and following the slow wave, a strain rate of the order of 10 sec−1 is maintained.
Some Exact Solutions to the Equations of Nonlinear Thermoelasticity
Authors: Petroski H. J. , Carlson D. E.
Published: November 2010

Two independent exact solutions to the coupled, nonlinear equations of general thermoelasticity are presented in the context of definite body shapes. The stress and temperature fields throughout the bodies are exhibited in terms of the material response functions which characterize individual conductors.
Nonmodal Solution of Spherical Shells With Cutouts Excited by High-Frequency Axisymmetric Forces
Authors: Junger M. C.
Published: November 2010

A closed-form solution is obtained for the high-frequency response of a thin spherical shell embodying a circular cutout and excited axisymmetrically by a concentrated radial force. The solution is constructed by combining the shell response to the radial exciting force with its response to radial, tangential, and moment line loads applied along the cutout boundary, these line loads being selected to match the boundary conditions. Concise expressions for the shell response are obtained by applying the Sommerfeld-Watson transformation to the slowly converging high-frequency modal series which is thereby reduced to only two terms, viz., an exponentially decaying near-field and a standing or propagating-wave field. These two terms are in the nature of the creeping waves commonly used to formulate electromagnetic or acoustic diffracted wave fields in the short-wavelength limit. The method is illustrated for the simple case of a circular cutout with a clamped boundary, but lends itself to more complicated boundary conditions, viz., intersecting shells or wave guides. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are found from a single, characteristic equation involving trigonometric functions.
Some Applications of Plasticity Theory to the Statics of Syntactic Foam
Authors: DeRuntz J. A.
Published: November 2010

A failure condition recently proposed for the composite material syntactic foam is applied to the inhomogeneous state of stress which occurs in a layered sphere exposed to external pressure. The sphere is composed of syntactic foam which surrounds an assumed perfectly elastic hollow inclusion of higher strength than the syntactic foam. In addition to the establishment of the stress level at which the syntactic foam begins to crush, an analysis similar to that of perfect plasticity theory is carried out to find the ultimate collapse pressure of the syntactic foam. The results are found to compare favorably with experimental data. This problem is of importance in the further development of buoyancy materials for deep submergence vehicles.
Steady Motion of a Rigid Strip Bonded to an Elastic Half Space
Authors: Oien M. A.
Published: November 2010

The diffraction of harmonic waves by a movable rigid strip bonded to the surface of an elastic half space is divided into two more fundamental problems, the diffraction of waves by a fixed strip and the forced motion of an inertialess strip. These problems are formulated in terms of a pair of coupled Fredholm integral equations of the first kind. An approximate solution for the resultant loads acting on the strip is obtained using the Bubnov-Galerkin method. These loads provide a simple means of studying the excited motion of a movable strip having a variety of inertia properties.