bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition in Memory
Authors: Raaijmakers Jeroen G. W.
Published: April 2018

In the past 20 years, a new approach to forgetting has been proposed, based on the notion of inhibition. According to this view forgetting is partly due to a process of inhibitory control. In this chapter, I review the current status of this account, discussing the evidence that has been proposed as well as the counterarguments that have been made. I show that the paradigms that are likely to generate the best evidence for inhibition are the retrieval‐induced forgetting paradigm and the think/no‐think paradigm. Other paradigms, such as directed forgetting and part‐list cuing, seem to be better explained using other memory principles. I conclude that there is a need for a consistent and preferably formalized model that combines inhibition and competition as principal factors in forgetting.
Item and Associative Memory Decline in Healthy Aging
Authors: Dennis Nancy A. , McCormick‐Huhn John M.
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews the behavioral and neuroimaging literature examining age differences in item and associative memory. Furthermore, when possible the review breaks down differences at the encoding and the retrieval phases of memory. With respect to behavioral findings, age‐related differences in memory performance are discussed in terms of encoding support, resource allocation, and testing format. Age‐related benefits from contextual support and semantic processing strategies are also outlined. With respect to the neuroimaging findings, the review focuses on age‐related differences in activation and recruitment of the medial temporal lobe and the prefrontal cortex. When possible, these differences are discussed in the context of methods that may mitigate age deficits in neural recruitment. Differences in neural processes for associative memory are described in terms of decreased frontal activation and the impact of various encoding strategies on these neural activations. We conclude with future directions that would support a more nuanced understanding of the described age differences.
Working Memory
Authors: Nee Derek Evan , D'Esposito Mark
Published: April 2018

Working memory is a system responsible for the online maintenance and processing of information central for higher‐level cognition. Here, we review historical and ongoing progress in the neuroscientific study of working memory. We detail how classical demonstrations of stable, elevated firing in the prefrontal cortex presumed to form the neural basis of working memory have been supplemented by a variety of neural coding schemes involving virtually the entire brain. The encompassing nature of working memory underscores its importance for cognition. We suggest that future progress in understanding working memory will require precise documentation of the demands that engage different neural circuits and codes. Furthermore, we propose that the dynamic nature of working memory will require investigation at multiple levels spanning macro levels of network interactions to molecular levels of synaptic processes.
Eyewitness Science in the 21st Century
Authors: Davis Deborah , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews the nature and findings of eyewitness science with the help of expert testimony on eyewitness performance. Eyewitness scientists have investigated a number of factors that render the task of encoding the target's features more difficult, including characteristics of the target or perpetrator, those of the circumstances of their encounter, and those of the witness. Three characteristics of the target have been most commonly investigated. These include the distinctiveness of appearance, the available view of target features, and the similarity of the target to the witness in race, age, and gender. The own‐race bias (ORB) or cross‐race effect (CRE) refers to impairment in identification performance regarding targets of a different race relative to those of one's own race. Important goals have been to influence public policy: to encourage the adoption of police practices that minimize the likelihood of eyewitness errors, and to educate judges and juries about the factors that influence witness accuracy.
Audition
Authors: McDermott Josh H.
Published: April 2018

Audition is the process by which organisms use sound to derive information about the world. This chapter aims to provide a bird's‐eye view of contemporary audition research, spanning systems and cognitive neuroscience as well as cognitive science. I provide brief overviews of classic areas of research as well as some central themes and advances from the past 10 years. The chapter covers the sensory transduction of the cochlea, subcortical and cortical functional organization, amplitude modulation and its measurement in the auditory system, the perception of sound sources (with a focus on the classic research areas of location, loudness, and pitch), and auditory scene analysis (including segregation, streaming, texture, and reverberation perception).
Olfaction
Authors: Mainland Joel D.
Published: April 2018

To detect and organize trillions of possible volatile molecules, the human olfactory system deploys approximately 3% of the genes in the human genome as olfactory receptors. Our understanding of how the olfactory system organizes the resulting information has many gaps, and relative to other sensory systems, our current ability to measure and reproduce smells is poor. Here we cover the anatomy, circuitry, and psychophysics of olfaction, with an emphasis on the gaps that prevent us from measuring an odor, representing it digitally, and reproducing a perceptual target from a set of sensory primaries.
Attention
Authors: Nobre Anna C.
Published: April 2018

Attention refers to the set of ever‐present functions that prioritize and select information to guide adaptive behavior. As such, it is fundamental to almost all aspects of cognition. In this chapter, we review the psychological and neuroscientific literatures concerned with understanding its principles and mechanisms. We chart the scientific advances that have brought us to the appreciation that all levels of information processing are continuously, proactively, and dynamically modulated according to our goals, motivations, and memories.
Motion Perception
Authors: Park Woon Ju , Tadin Duje
Published: April 2018

Motion perception is a key visual modality implicated in a wide range of critical functional roles. In addition to our ability to perceive moving objects, motion processing is involved in guiding locomotion, extracting object shape, figure‐ground segregation, capturing attention, and interpreting actions of our conspecifics. Here, we review advancements in our understanding of visual motion perception. We begin by describing the basic properties of motion, along with the computational challenges underlying detection and integration of motion signals. Next, we review more complex motion processes, discussing global motion perception, higher‐order motion, motion adaptation, motion in three dimensions, and biological motion. An important focus of this chapter is on interactions between motion perception and other sensory and cognitive modalities, including position, learning, attention, awareness, working memory, and multisensory processing. We also review notable examples of atypical motion processing in aging, cortical blindness, akinetopsia, amblyopia, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. For these topics, we cover key evidence from psychophysics, neurophysiology, neuroimaging, and computational modeling with an aim to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie our remarkable ability to take advantage of motion signals in the world. Finally, we highlight potentially interesting future directions in motion research.
Visual Search
Authors: Wolfe Jeremy M.
Published: April 2018

In visual search tasks, observers typically look for one or more target items among distracting items. Visual search lies at an important intersection between vision and attention. It is impossible to fully process everything in the visual scene at once. Most acts of visual object recognition require that resources be directed to one (or a very few) items. Visual selective attention is used to restrict processing for this purpose. Explaining visual search behavior involves explaining how visual selective attention is deployed to get this done. This chapter reviews why we search, how search experiments have been conducted in the lab, and what the resulting data can (and cannot) tell us. Attention is guided by a limited set of stimulus attributes. The candidates for these attributes are discussed here. The chapter also considers how attention is guided by scene structure and the interaction of attentional mechanisms with long‐term and working memory.
The Interface Theory of Perception
Authors: Hoffman Donald D.
Published: April 2018

Our perceptual capacities are products of evolution and have been shaped by natural selection. It is often assumed that natural selection favors veridical perceptions, namely, perceptions that accurately describe those aspects of the environment that are crucial to survival and reproductive fitness. However, analysis of perceptual evolution using evolutionary game theory reveals that veridical perceptions are generically driven to extinction by equally complex nonveridical perceptions that are tuned to the relevant fitness functions. Veridical perceptions are not, in general, favored by natural selection. This result requires a comprehensive reframing of perceptual theory, including new accounts of illusions and hallucinations. This is the intent of the interface theory of perception, which proposes that our perceptions have been shaped by natural selection to hide objective reality and instead to give us species‐specific symbols that guide adaptive behavior in our niche.
The Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Speech Production
Authors: McClain Rhonda , Goldrick Matthew
Published: April 2018

The study of how a speaker produces meaningful utterances is a vital research topic in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, offering a window into not only language itself but also cognition more broadly. We review neurocognitive and behavioral evidence that supports a common set of principles for theories of the processes underlying speech production: independent levels of representation/processing; parallel activation and (limited) interaction; and structure‐sensitive selection and sequencing. We then examine the interaction between speech production and other domains of cognition, reviewing research on monitoring, executive control and attention, and the intention to communicate. This work reveals how production is highly integrated with other domains of cognition, suggesting a number of interesting avenues for future research.
Sentence Processing
Authors: Kim Albert E.
Published: April 2018

Sentence processing is the study of the cognitive and neural processes that allow humans to comprehend multi‐word linguistic messages by combining the meanings of individual words compositionally into an interpretation that typically extends beyond the meanings of the individual words of the sentence. This process is arguably the signature property of human language; without this ability, we would possess merely an ability to send and receive one‐word signals, something that is not unusual in the animal world. This chapter reviews the essential theoretical assumptions and challenges of the field of sentence processing research, along with classic and recent findings concerning the cognitive and neural mechanisms that serve sentence processing.
Semantic Memory
Authors: Yee Eiling , Jones Michael N. , McRae Ken
Published: April 2018

How is it that we know what a dog and a tree are, or, for that matter, what knowledge is? Our semantic memory consists of knowledge about the world, including concepts, facts, and beliefs. This knowledge is essential for recognizing entities and objects, and for making inferences and predictions about the world. In essence, our semantic knowledge determines how we understand and interact with the world around us. In this chapter, we examine semantic memory from cognitive, sensorimotor, cognitive neuroscientific, and computational perspectives. We consider the cognitive and neural processes (and biases) that allow people to learn and represent concepts, and discuss how and where in the brain sensory and motor information may be integrated to allow for the perception of a coherent “concept.” We suggest that our understanding of semantic memory can be enriched by considering how semantic knowledge develops across the life span within individuals.
Embodiment and Grounding in Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Matheson Heath E. , Barsalou Lawrence W.
Published: April 2018

Research in embodied and grounded cognition is defined by the types of hypotheses researchers pursue, with specific emphasis on the ways in which the body, brain, and environment interact to give rise to intelligent behavior. In cognitive neuroscience, it is hypothesized that simulations in modality‐specific representations, situated and embedded in a behavioral context, underlie our ability to plan actions, discuss our thoughts, and coordinate our activities with each other. In this framework, representations are powerful, predictive constructs, and integrate the brain (i.e., neural networks), body, and immediate environment. Overall, the grounded perspective encourages us to think deeply about our cognitive ontology, cognition's relation to the brain, and the dynamic processes that underlie our most complex behaviors. In this way, embodied and grounded perspectives promise to shape research in cognitive neuroscience in highly productive ways.
Moral Reasoning
Authors: Tsoi Lily , Young Liane
Published: April 2018

Understanding people's minds is essential for effectively navigating our social world. This chapter focuses on the capacity to attribute and reason about one's own mind and the minds of others (referred to as
theory of mind
, or
ToM
) and its role in moral cognition. The section on moral judgment focuses on the circumstances in which people rely on mental states for moral judgments and how ToM may differ depending on the moral domain. We provide a functional explanation for these patterns of mental‐state reasoning that contrasts the need to regulate interpersonal relations with the need to protect the self. The section on moral behavior focuses on interactions with moral agents (e.g., friends, foes, ingroups, outgroups). We examine how ToM is deployed in two fundamental social contexts (i.e., cooperation and competition) and elaborate on the circumstances in which people fail to consider the minds of others. We end by providing some evidence that ToM can improve interpersonal and intergroup relations.
Culture and Cognition
Authors: Yap Suhui , Ji Li‐Jun , Hong Emily
Published: April 2018

This chapter summarizes recent advancements in culture and cognition research, reviews evidence of culturally impacted cognition, highlights culturally specific cognition and beliefs as embodied in cultural environment and products, and explores theoretical models accounting for cultural differences in cognition and social orientations.
The Neurocognitive Bases of Numerical Cognition
Authors: Sella Francesco , Hartwright Charlotte , Cohen Kadosh Roi
Published: April 2018

Numerical cognition describes the processes that one uses to assimilate, ascribe, and manipulate numerical information. This chapter is organized into two sections. The first draws heavily on data from developmental and cognitive psychology. We use this to outline core findings related to numerical‐information processing in humans. In particular, we describe the trajectory of the acquisition of basic numerical skills. Starting in early infancy, we outline the processes that are believed to underlie nonsymbolic representation. Next, we summarize core studies that examine the representation of symbolic quantities (Arabic system). Lastly, we briefly report on the relationship between basic numerical processing and mathematical achievement. The second part of the chapter explores evidence from neuropsychology and neuroscience. The core methodological approaches used are briefly outlined with signposting to relevant literature. Next, we examine data from early lesion studies, followed by a short review of one of the most influential models in the study of numerical cognition, the triple‐code model. Lastly, we look at the neurocognitive features of number, such as different modes of representation and the processing of quantity. Throughout, the core literature plus recent advances are summarized, giving the reader a thorough grounding in the neurocognitive bases of numerical cognition.
Development of Visual Attention
Authors: Oakes Lisa , Amso Dima
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the development of visual attention processes and in particular describes the development of alerting, orienting, and executive visual attention. Researchers have used a variety of tasks, including spatial cuing, visual search, and anti‐saccade to behaviorally index the development of distinct visual attention processes. Behavioral data have often been combined with eye tracking, electroencephalograms/event‐related potentials, and neuroimaging methods to garner precision in measurement from even the youngest participants. Broadly, data suggest that visual attention processes are present at birth and undergo significant developmental change during the first several postnatal months. Alerting and orienting processes are stable and adult‐like by early childhood, whereas executive attention continues to develop into adolescence. The neural systems supporting visual attention also undergo rapid change, with evidence for increasing frontoparietal engagement and connectivity with development. We end with a discussion of an emerging literature on attention/memory interactions and methodological advances for visual attention research.
Category Learning and Conceptual Development
Authors: Sloutsky Vladimir M.
Published: April 2018

Many abilities reflect remarkable intelligences of humans: People make inferences, develop and use scientific theories, make laws, create, preserve, and pass knowledge on to new generations, write fiction, reason about past and future, and form counterfactual arguments. These abilities require sophisticated conceptual knowledge, much of which has to be acquired. Therefore, one of the most interesting and exciting challenges in the study of human cognition is to understand how people acquire this knowledge in the course of development and learning. This chapter addresses this challenge and reviews research on conceptual development that contributes to our understanding of these issues.
Development of Cognitive Control across Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Zanolie Kiki , Crone Eveline A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes recent progress in understanding the development of cognitive control in relation to brain development. Across childhood and adolescence, individuals learn to control thought and actions for the purpose of obtaining future goals. These changes in cognitive control have been linked to structural and functional changes of the prefrontal and parietal cortex. In this chapter, we describe the implications of these changes in three domains. The first domain concerns cognitive and adaptive control of thought and actions, with a focus on working memory, inhibition, and performance monitoring. The second domain describes the role of cognitive control in affective decision making, with a focus on delay of gratification. The third domain focuses on social decision making, specifically how the development of control allows children and adolescents to consider fairness and reciprocity. Together, the findings are summarized in the context of current models of child and adolescent brain development.
Development of Scientific Thinking
Authors: Zimmerman Corinne , Klahr David
Published: April 2018

For almost a century, psychologists interested in cognitive development have devised empirical investigations to uncover the trajectory of scientific thinking, and they have explored a variety of methods for enriching children's understanding of scientific procedures and concepts. Topics have ranged from the origins of early childhood curiosity, through the development of everyday understanding of scientific phenomena, to the practices necessary to advance our knowledge about the natural world. In this chapter, we review the empirical research that has informed us about the ways in which the child is—and is not —like a scientist and the ways in which scientific thinking needs to be fostered and supported via educational, social, and cultural scaffolds. We define scientific thinking by drawing on two relatively distinct lines of inquiry, present a taxonomy to categorize these lines of inquiry and the cognitive skills involved, describe illustrative examples of experimental studies of scientific thinking, and then summarize what has been learned about the similarities and differences between children's scientific thinking and mature scientific thinking.
Moral Reasoning: Theory and Research in Developmental Science
Authors: Dahl Audun , Killen Melanie
Published: April 2018

Moral reasoning is integral to morality and its development. We define moral reasoning as the formation of judgments in accordance with principles concerning others' welfare, rights, and fairness. By this definition, moral reasoning is distinct from other types of social reasoning, for instance, reasoning about social conventions and traditions. Contrary to some views of moral reasoning, we argue that moral reasoning can happen quickly as well as slowly, can invoke several different principles, and sometimes involves uncertainty. This chapter reviews research on the precursors of moral reasoning in infancy and toddlerhood. We then discuss early forms of moral reasoning during the preschool years. Next, the chapter discusses the development of moral reasoning in multifaceted contexts during childhood and adolescence, with a focus on reasoning about intergroup contexts. We conclude by outlining some future directions for research on moral reasoning in children and adults.
Psychology and Neuroscience of Person Perception
Authors: Brooks Jeffrey A. , Freeman Jonathan B.
Published: April 2018

Understanding other people is an important and consequential task, and thus it is not surprising that the perceptual system is attuned to extract relevant information (e.g., social categories, identity, traits, and intentions) available in the faces, bodies, and voices of other people. As a result, social information is quickly inferred from even a brief glimpse of another's face, although this process can be prone to systematic biases. Recent interdisciplinary developments spanning across social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and vision science have enabled a deeper understanding of person perception and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms. In this chapter, we discuss how perceptions of other people are formed rapidly not only through a wealth of bottom‐up features inherent in the target of perception (e.g., facial, bodily, and vocal cues) but also through a number of top‐down factors harbored in the perceiver (e.g., stereotypes, person knowledge, goals, and intergroup processes). In addition, we discuss extant research on the neural architecture of person perception and recent computational models. We conclude by discussing downstream consequences of person perception (e.g., discrimination and bias in leadership roles and mate selection) and emerging approaches to person perception that trace these downstream consequences to more basic processes.
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Gaffney Amber M.
Published: April 2018

The study of group processes and intergroup relations is an inquiry into how people perceive and interact with others who are members of the same group as oneself (in‐group) or members of a different group (out‐group). Group life is absolutely central to the human condition, so it is not surprising that this is a very wide ranging topic and a core focus of social psychology. The study of group processes and intergroup relations includes the study of group formation, socialization and dissolution; group performance and structure; conformity and obedience to authority; leadership; group decision making; conflict and cooperation between groups; self and social identity; social stigma and disadvantage; prejudice and discrimination; and collective action and social protest. In this chapter we provide an overview of what social psychologists have learned from more than a century of research on how people behave as members of groups.
Explicit and Implicit Emotion Regulation
Authors: Braunstein Laura Martin , Ochsner Kevin N.
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the emotion regulation framework and illustrates how different combinations of emotion regulation goals and emotion change processes yield the four classes of emotion regulation strategies: explicit controlled, implicit automatic, implicit controlled, and explicit automatic. It reviews neural and behavioral features of each of the four classes of emotion regulation. Explicit‐controlled emotion regulation strategies are supported by increased engagement of prefrontal and cingulate cortical brain systems involved in cognitive control, with different combinations of systems recruited depending on the specific strategy. The chapter summarizes the systems involved in implicit‐controlled regulation, but future work is needed to understand the neural systems that support implicit regulation goals. It considers the framework to guide discussion of three different directions for future work: further unpacking the nature of the underlying neural systems, understanding the temporal dynamics of regulation, and elucidating factors that influence regulation success.
Self‐Evaluation
Authors: Beer Jennifer S. , Rigney Anastasia E. , Koski Jessica E.
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews behavioral and neuroscience research aimed at understanding self‐evaluation. The chapter addresses several questions including: How do we learn who we are? How is information about the self represented? How are our emotions and behaviors shaped by self‐evaluation and self‐knowledge? What is the neural basis of self‐evaluation and self‐knowledge? Are self‐evaluation and self‐knowledge any different than the ways in which we evaluation and represent knowledge about other people (when is self similar to intimate others, when is it actually more similar to non‐intimate others?)? The chapter concludes by discussing future directions for research on the self with an aim toward bridging the psychological and neuroscience research.
Motivation
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie , Price Tom F. , Harmon‐Jones Cindy
Published: April 2018

Motivation underlies much perception, cognition, and behavior. As such, it is studied from many levels of analysis within psychology and neuroscience. In this chapter, we review research and theory on the psychology of motivation from the perspective of social emotive neuroscience, which is an integrative approach involving social/personality psychology, psychophysiology, affective neuroscience, and the study of emotions and motivation within humans. More specifically, this chapter reviews theory and research on two major dimensions of motivation: motivational intensity and motivational direction (approach/withdrawal). In particular, theory and research are reviewed that demonstrate how motivational intensity and direction are related to psychophysiological and cognitive responses. The reviewed research also considers individual differences and bodily expressions/postures. Moreover, theory and research are reviewed that suggest that cognitive dissonance processes may be aimed at resolving motivational conflicts. This review illustrates the benefits of the integrative approach of social emotive neuroscience.
Computational Modeling in Cognition and Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan , Oberauer Klaus
Published: April 2018

We survey the utility and function of mathematical and computational models in cognitive science by emphasizing their role as a reasoning aid for researchers. Unlike purely verbal theorizing, the rigor of computational models forces researchers to understand the implications of theoretical constructs. We review four types of models: (1) Descriptive models, which replace the raw data with parameter estimates but are not constrained by any prior theoretical assumptions. (2) Measurement models, which are also fitted to individuals or experimental conditions by unconstrained parameter estimation, but that embody strong structural assumptions that constrain the way in which dependent variables in an experiment are related. (3) Explanatory models, which go beyond measurement models by postulating not only the processes that operate in a single condition in an experiment but also explain how and why experimental conditions differ from each other. (4) Finally, cognitive architectures. which seek to explain a broad range of cognitive processes and activities at a higher level of (often symbolic) abstraction. For all types of model, we show how they can be related to the neural underpinnings of cognition.
Model Comparison in Psychology
Authors: Myung Jay I. , Pitt Mark A.
Published: April 2018

How does one decide between competing explanations of the phenomenon under study from limited and noisy data? This is the problem of model comparison, which is at the very foundation of scientific progress in all disciplines. This chapter introduces quantitative methods of model comparison in the context of cognitive modeling. The chapter begins with a conceptual discussion of some key elements of model evaluation. This is followed by a comprehensive and comparative review of major methods of model comparison developed to date, especially for modeling data in cognitive science. The final section illustrates the use of selected methods in choosing among four mathematical models of memory retention.
The Categorization Experiment: Experimental Design and Data Analysis
Authors: Ashby F. Gregory , Valentin Vivian V.
Published: April 2018

The long history of categorization experiments indicates that many important design choices can critically affect the quality of the resulting data. Unfortunately, the optimal choices depend on the goals of the experiment, so there is no single template that a new researcher can follow. This chapter describes methods needed to design effective categorization experiments, and specialized methods for analyzing the resulting data. First, a number of important experimental design choices are discussed, including: (a) whether a categorization or identification experiment is more appropriate, (b) what type of category structure should be used, (c) how to choose the stimuli, (d) how to construct the categories so they have optimal statistical properties, (e) how to present feedback following each response, and (f) design choices that make it easy to assess participant performance. Second, several specialized methods for analyzing categorization data are described, including forward and backward learning curves, and a statistical procedure for strategy analysis that can identify participants who were guessing, using a single‐cue explicit rule, or using some multi‐cue similarity‐based strategy.
Uncovering Mental Architecture and Related Mechanisms in Elementary Human Perception, Cognition, and Action
Authors: Townsend James T. , Wenger Michael J. , Houpt Joseph W.
Published: April 2018

This chapter is a tutorial on and review of a theory‐driven, quantitative approach to studying human information processing systems. Key properties in such systems comprise mental architecture, workload capacity, decisional stopping rules, and several varieties of independence, among others. We outline the early history of such interests, which began in the 19th century and then were reopened in the 1960s. We point out the hazards due to the frequent ability of even mathematically specified models to mimic each other's experimental predictions. Next, we show how the deepest properties of distinct psychological principles can, through what we term “meta‐theory,” be engaged to prove powerful theorems regarding model distinctions and transferred to incisive experimental designs that avoid the dilemma of model mimicry. This meta‐theory and its associated experimental designs have been implemented to address a wide variety of theoretical and empirical questions regarding attention, perception, psychophysics, memory processes, decision making, and categorization. This range of implementations—running from basic science to applied arenas such as clinical pathologies and human factors research—underscores the generality and potency of this approach.
Convergent Methods in Memory Research
Authors: Dobbins Ian G. , Schnyer David M.
Published: April 2018

This chapter illustrates a convergent approach to memory research highlighting both lateral convergence (the testing of theory convergence across different methodologies and dependent variables) and vertical convergence (the testing of theory convergence at different levels of data aggregation/analysis). The need for the latter is illustrated by considering the ecological fallacy and Simpson's Paradox, and demonstrating interesting recognition decision model predictions at lower levels of data aggregation than typically considered (via Monte Carlo simulation). Following this, we focus on one illustration involving the neural bases of repetition priming that relied heavily on convergent approaches to build the case that aspects of recognition priming behavior, and its associated neural activation patterns, were governed by response learning processes. We then conclude by highlighting statistical classification learning applied to memory‐linked natural language reports, and Monte Carlo simulation of basic memory decision models, followed by a call for reviewers and editors to press authors to perform convergent data analyses when possible.
An Overview of Neural Time Series Analyses
Authors: Cohen Michael X.
Published: April 2018

Cognitive electrophysiology is a scientific discipline that is defined by using the brain's electrophysiological activity in order to understand brain functional organization and how that relates to cognition and behavior. The data analyses used in cognitive electrophysiology have expanded enormously over the past few decades from simple averaging to complex nonlinear dynamical interactions. This chapter will provide an introduction to and overview of the major classes of data analyses that are currently applied in this field.
Methods forfMRIAnalysis
Authors: White Corey N. , Poldrack Russell A.
Published: April 2018

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a safe, noninvasive method for measuring neural function and relating it to behavior and cognitive processes. The fMRI procedure is being increasingly employed to answer questions about how and where information is processed in the brain to guide behavior. This general overview of fMRI centers on practical concerns for researchers wishing to use fMRI to answer their own questions about the relationship between brain and behavior.

In this chapter we review the basic principles of fMRI‐based cognitive neuroscience, focusing on (a) the history and development of fMRI for observing neural function, (b) the nature of the fMRI signal and its relation to neural activation and cognitive processes, (c) the types of questions that can be addressed using fMRI, (d) concerns for experimental design and statistical analysis, and (e) advanced approaches for fMRI‐based meta‐analysis. The strengths and limitations of fMRI are discussed relative to how this method can best be used to elucidate the complex relationship between cognition and neural processes.
Risk Factors Associated with Mortality of Age-0 Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania
Authors: Walsh Heather L. , Blazer Vicki S. , Smith Geoffrey D. , Lookenbill Michael , Alvarez David A. , Smalling Kelly L.
Published: April 2018

Evidence of disease and mortalities of young of the year (age-0) Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu has occurred during the late spring and summer in many parts of the Susquehanna River watershed since 2005. To better understand contributing factors, fish collected from multiple areas throughout the watershed as well as out-of-basin reference populations (Allegheny and Delaware River basins; experimental ponds, Kearneysville, West Virginia) were examined grossly and histologically for abnormalities. Tissue contaminant concentrations were determined from whole-body homogenates, and water contaminant concentrations were estimated using time-integrated passive samplers at selected sites. Observed or isolated pathogens included bacteria, predominantly motile Aeromonas spp. and Flavobacterium columnare; largemouth bass virus, and parasites, including trematode metacercariae, cestodes, and the myxozoan Myxobolus inornatus. Although these pathogens were found in age-0 Smallmouth Bass from multiple sites, no one pathogen was consistently associated with mortality. Chemicals detected in tissue included polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine, and current-use pesticides. Pyraclostrobin, PCB congeners 170 and 187, cis-chlordane and trans-nonachlor were detected in all Susquehanna watershed samples but rarely in samples from the reference site. The findings support the idea that there is no single cause for disease of age-0 Smallmouth Bass; rather the cumulative effects of co-infections and potential immunomodulation by environmental stressors during a sensitive developmental life stage may lead to mortality. Identifying the most important risk factors will be necessary for more in-depth analyses of individual stressors and better management of the habitat and fish populations.
Aged care services in Australia and commentary on lessons learnt
Authors: Chan Daniel K. Y. , Chan Luke K. M.
Published: April 2018

The Australian aged care service is a mature and evolving service. It is comprehensive with good continuity of care between hospital and community. Innovative models of care that are built on the principles of improved efficiency, better quality, and safety are constantly being introduced as our population is aging, resulting in higher demand in our healthcare services and increasing healthcare cost. Collaborative effort of a multidisciplinary team underpins our successful aged care model as most of our older patients have multiple comorbidities with various functional and psychosocial needs. General practitioners play an important role in the care of older patients in the community.
The association of irregular sleep habits with the risk of being overweight/obese in a sample of Portuguese children aged 6–9 years
Authors: Machado‐Rodrigues Aristides M. , Fernandes Rômulo , Gama Augusta , Mourão Isabel , Nogueira Helena , Rosado‐Marques Vítor , Padez Cristina
Published: April 2018

Objectives

The consequences of irregular sleep duration at younger ages remains uncertain, especially when we consider shorter and longer than recommended sleep durations. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the association between healthy sleep duration and risk of obesity in Portuguese children.

Methods

The sample for this cross‐sectional study comprised 8273 children (4183 females) aged 6–9 years. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Sleep habits and sedentary behaviors (i.e., TV viewing) were assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used.

Results

After adjustments for confounders, males who have irregular sleep duration were 1.28 times more likely to be classified as overweight or obese than their counterparts who had normal sleep duration on weekdays. No associations between sleep duration and overweight/obesity risk were found for girls, neither on weekdays nor on the weekend. For both boys and girls, the final model showed a significant inverse association between overweight/obesity risk and the educational level of fathers (males: 95% CI 0.51 to 0.79, P < .001; females: 95% CI 0.57 to 0.87, P < .01).

Conclusion

Findings revealed that shorter and longer than recommended sleep duration was positively associated with risk of obesity in boys on weekdays. Furthermore, pediatric obesity risk could be highly influenced by the education level of fathers of both males and females. Future research should extend a similar design, using objective measures of sleep duration to confirm some of the afore‐mentioned results.
Biallelic loss‐of‐function WNT5A mutations in an infant with severe and atypical manifestations of Robinow syndrome
Authors: Birgmeier Johannes , Esplin Edward D. , Jagadeesh Karthik A. , Guturu Harendra , Wenger Aaron M. , Chaib Hassan , Buckingham Julia A. , Bejerano Gill , Bernstein Jonathan A.
Published: April 2018

Robinow syndrome (RS) is a well‐recognized Mendelian disorder known to demonstrate both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance. Typical manifestations include short stature, characteristic facies, and skeletal anomalies. Recessive inheritance has been associated with mutations in ROR2 while dominant inheritance has been observed for mutations in WNT5A, DVL1, and DVL3. Through trio whole genome sequencing, we identified a homozygous frameshifting single nucleotide deletion in WNT5A in a previously reported, deceased infant with a unique constellation of features comprising a 46,XY disorder of sex development with multiple congenital malformations including congenital diaphragmatic hernia, ambiguous genitalia, dysmorphic facies, shortened long bones, adactyly, and ventricular septal defect. The parents, who are both heterozygous for the deletion, appear clinically unaffected. In conjunction with published observations of Wnt5a double knockout mice, we provide evidence for the possibility of autosomal recessive inheritance in association with WNT5A loss‐of‐function mutations in RS.
Chelation‐Assisted β‐Selective Direct C−H Bond Arylation of 2‐Thienylthioamide Catalyzed by Palladium–1,10‐Phenanthroline Complexes
Authors: Shibahara Fumitoshi , Asai Yusuke , Murai Toshiaki
Published: April 2018

A palladium–1,10‐phenanthroline‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted β‐selective direct C−H bond arylation of thienylthioamide was developed. The base used critically affected the reactivity: a β‐selective (3‐selective) reaction took place with K2CO3, and both the α‐ and β‐positions were arylated to give 3,5‐diarylated product with the use of Cs2CO3. The chelation‐assisted palladation affording palladacycles was confirmed by stoichiometric reactions of thienylthioamide and the catalyst precursor.
Perspektiven für das Verständnis fundamentaler Elektronenkorrelationen durch Attosekundenspektroskopie
Authors: Kraus Peter M. , Wörner Hans Jakob
Published: April 2018

Molekülorbitale sind ein sehr erfolgreiches Konzept in der Chemie zur Beschreibung der elektronischen Struktur von Molekülen. Diese Beschreibung ist jedoch unzureichend, wenn die Elektronen in Molekülen stark korreliert sind und nicht als unabhängige Teilchen behandelt werden können. Die Auswirkungen solcher Elektronenkorrelationen sind allgegenwärtig in der Spektroskopie innerer Valenzelektronen durch Ultraviolett‐ und Röntgenstrahlen, außerdem können Elektronenkorrelationen Ladungswanderungen in Molekülen vorantreiben und sind verantwortlich für viele exotische Eigenschaften stark korrelierter Materialien. Zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie mit Attosekundenzeitauflösung kann im Allgemeinen Elektronendynamik in Echtzeit verfolgen und dadurch einen experimentellen Zugang zu Phänomenen eröffnen, welche durch Elektronenkorrelation vorangetrieben werden. Die Spektroskopie hoher Harmonischer im Speziellen verwendet die präzise zeitabgestimmte Rekollision von Laser‐beschleunigten Elektronen, um die elektronische Struktur und Dynamik des untersuchten Systems auf einer sub‐Femtosekunden‐Zeitskala zu messen. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir die Möglichkeiten der Spektroskopie hoher Harmonischer, um Elektronendynamik in Molekülen zu verfolgen. Wir besprechen, wie die Spektroskopie hoher Harmonischer auf qualitative und quantitative Weise analysiert werden kann, um die detaillierte Elektronendynamik in Molekülen nach der Ionisierung zu verfolgen. Ein neuer theoretischer Formalismus für die Rekonstruktion von korrelationsgetriebener Ladungsmigration wird eingeführt. Die Bedeutung der Elektronen‐Ionen‐Verschränkung und der elektronischen Kohärenz für die Rekonstruktion der Elektronenlochdynamik auf der Attosekundenskala wird diskutiert. Diese Fortschritte machen die Spektroskopie mit hohen Harmonischen zu einer vielversprechenden Methode, um fundamentale Elektronenkorrelationen aufzudecken und experimentelle Daten zu komplexen Elektronendynamiken bereitzustellen.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Lactams via Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated Acylammonium Salts
Authors: Kang Guowei , Yamagami Masaki , Vellalath Sreekumar , Romo Daniel
Published: April 2018

Medium‐sized lactams are important structural motifs found in a variety of bioactive compounds and natural products but are challenging to prepare, especially in optically active form. A Michael addition/proton transfer/lactamization organocascade process is described that delivers medium‐sized lactams, including azepanones, benzazepinones, azocanones, and benzazocinones, in high enantiopurity through the intermediacy of chiral α,β‐unsaturated acylammonium salts. An unexpected indoline synthesis was also uncovered, and the benzazocinone skeleton was transformed into other complex heterocyclic derivatives, including spiroglutarimides, isoquinolinones, and δ‐lactones.
Photometry of asteroids (5141), (43032), (85953), (259221), and (363599) observed at Pic du Midi Observatory
Authors: Dumitru B. A. , Birlan M. , Sonka A. , Colas F. , Nedelcu D. A.
Published: April 2018

These are the first results of an observational program devoted to the complete physical data of asteroids that could produce or feed meteoroid streams. Our results are based on the optical observation at Pic du Midi observatory in April 6–7, 2016 and January 17–18, 2018. We will present the light curve of asteroid (259221) 2003 BA21, associated with Daytime Sextantids (221 DSX) and November θ Aurigids (390 THA); the light curves and colors of asteroid (363599) 2004 FG11, associated with Daytime ζ Perseids (172 ZPE) as well as g − r and g − i; and the corresponding reflectances for the (85953) 1999 FK21, associated with Daytime ξ Sagittariids (100 XSA). We will also present the colors for two additional objects, namely, (5141) Tachibana and (43032) 1999 VR26.
Caregiver‐mediated joint attention intervention
Authors: Hansen Sarah G. , Raulston Tracy J. , Machalicek Wendy , Frantz Rebecca
Published: April 2018

Joint attention is a pivotal social communication skill often absent or impaired in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Joint attention is the shared and alternating attention of two individuals on an object or event, and has implications for later communication and social communication skills. This study used a concurrent multiple‐baseline design across 3 caregiver–child dyads to train caregivers to teach response to joint attention behaviors to their 3–6 years old children with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder. Caregivers were trained on strategies including prompting, time delay, and elements of naturalistic teaching and implemented the intervention in brief 10‐min sessions 2–3 times per week. Results indicate parent mastery of intervention and substantial increase in child response to joint attention behaviors both prompted and independent. Implications for practice and areas for future research are discussed.