bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food partitioning among flatfish (Pisces: Pleuronectiforms) juveniles in a Mediterranean coastal shallow sandy area
Authors: Darnaude A.M. , Harmelin-Vivien M.L. , Salen-Picard C.
Published: July 2002

Diets of the four main flatfish species, Arnoglossus laterna,Bothus podas (Bothidae), Buglossidium luteum and Solea solea (Soleidae), inhabiting shallow sandy bottoms near the Gulf of Fos (north-west Mediterranean) were analysed to elucidate food partitioning between their juveniles (1+ group) in nursery areas. The two Soleidae were principally active during the night, and the two Bothidae during the day. The four species all mainly fed on the three most abundant categories of prey in the area (polychaetes, molluscs and crustaceans) but showed different food preferences. Arnoglossus laterna and B. luteum mainly preyed on crustaceans and molluscs (gastropods and bivalves) whereas Bothus podas and S. solea preyed principally on polychaetes and bivalve molluscs. Food niche width was clearly higher in A. laterna and Buglossidiumluteum (13·3 and 14·2 respectively) than in Bothus podas and S. solea (3·2 and 3·6 respectively). Overall food niche overlaps (T) obtained for each pair of fish ranged from 0·33 to 0·58. Overlap was higher between species of the same family but did not reach a significant level. Food niche overlap differed according to the period of the day but did not show any important seasonal variation. Differences in feeding rhythms, food preferences and body sizes, reduced the direct food competition between the juveniles of the four flatfish species, allowing their coexistence within the same nursery zone, despite close periods of settlement.
Shadows of the Swastika: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Hindu Communalism
Authors: Raychaudhuri Tapan
Published: July 2002

A valedictory lecture is usually an anodyne statement—at its best a summing up of one's life-work, rich in wisdom and scholarship. The present exercise does not belong to that category, not merely because the speaker lays no claim to wisdom or scholarship, but because the present moment is unsuited to anodyne statements on India. Besides, the concern of this lecture has only peripheral links with my areas of professional expertise. It is addressed to a political-cum-cultural phenomenon in contemporary India which, in the opinion of many, portends a grieveous threat to the cherished values on which Indian democracy is based. We also believe that this threat, if not neutralized in time, may yet destroy the structure of polity and society which the Indian nation-state has sought to nurture; and done so, despite its many failures, with at least a modicum of success. A struggle is on for the hearts and minds of the Indian people. The present exercise is meant to be a modest contribution to the debate which is at the very heart of that struggle.
Characterization of three genes encoding enzymes of the folate biosynthetic pathway in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: LEE C.-S. , SALCEDO E. , WANG Q. , WANG P. , SIMS P.F.G. , HYDE J.E.
Published: July 2002

Although the folate metabolic pathway in malaria parasites is a major chemotherapeutic target, resistance to currently available antifolate drugs is an increasing problem. This pathway, however, includes a number of enzymes that, to date, have not been characterized despite their potential for clinical exploitation. As a step towards evaluation of additional targets in this pathway, we report the isolation and characterization of 3 new genes that encode homologues of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CH), dihydrofolate synthase/folylpolyglutamate synthase (DHFS/FPGS) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). The genes encoding GTP-CH and SHMT are unambiguously assigned to chromosome 12, while that for DHFS/FPGS is tentatively assigned to chromosome 13. All 3 genes are expressed in blood-stage parasites, yielding transcripts of which only ca 60–70% is accounted for by coding sequence. All 3 of the proteins predicted to be encoded by these genes display sequence differences compared to the human host homologues that may be of functional significance. These data bring the complement of cloned genes that encode activities in the pathway to seven, leaving only the gene encoding dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA) to be identified in the route from GTP to folate synthesis and folate turnover in the thymidylate cycle.
Preferential distribution of the parasitic mite, Varroa

jacobsoni Oud. on overwintering honeybee (Apis mellifera

L.) workers and changes in the level of parasitism
Authors: BOWEN-WALKER P. L. , MARTIN S. J. , GUNN A.
Published: July 2002

The distribution of Varroa jacobsoni on clustered, overwintering

workers of Apis mellifera was investigated. The majority

of mites were found between the 3rd and 4th ventro-lateral

tergites of the abdomen with a significant preference for the

left side of the host. This position would enable the mites

to place their mouthparts in close proximity to the central

portion of the bees' ventriculus. This may allow the mites

access to nutrients at higher concentrations than would occur

elsewhere in the haemolymph. At the start of winter, most infested

bees carried only a single mite but towards the end

increasing numbers of bees carried 2 or more mites. There was also

an increase in the mite : bee ratio and more mobile

mites (i.e. those moving about on the bees) were recorded. These

results suggest that the mites suffer a lower overwinter

mortality than the bees and are capable of transferring to a new

host either before the original host dies or before it falls

to the floor of the hive. This will have consequences for the transfer

of diseases by Varroa within the hive.
Sex-manipulated Ascaris suum infections in pigs:
implications for reproduction
Authors: JUNGERSEN G. , ERIKSEN L. , NANSEN P. , FAGERHOLM H.-P.
Published: July 2002

In spite of the vast distribution and considerable impact on human
and animal health of Ascaris suum and A. lumbricoides,
little is known of the sexual biology and reproductive capacity of these
intestinal nematodes. By oral transfer of adult
female worms to previously parasite-naive pigs we show that in the absence
of
males the egg production ceases after 2–3
weeks. Such females readily resume egg production a few days after oral
transfer of male worms. These observations throw
light on an important aspect of Ascaris biology, but also pave
the
way for possible experimental interbreeding between
the human and pig Ascaris species.
Niche preferences and spatial distribution of Monogenea
on the gills of Pimelodus maculatus in Río de la Plata
(Argentina)
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ P. A. , MARTORELLI S. R.
Published: July 2002

Five Monogenea species were found on the gills of the catfish Pimelodus maculatus in Río de la Plata (Argentina). These
were used for studying the preference of species on different gill-hemibranches, niche breadth and niche overlap between
species. It was found that congeneric species had a generic-specific preference for certain gill-hemibranches. Niche breadth
appeared to be related to the number of individuals of each species. Niche overlap between the species is discussed.
Changing surface antigen and carbohydrate patterns
during the development of Oesophagostomum dentatum
Authors: JOACHIM A. , RUTTKOWSKI B. , DAUGSCHIES A.
Published: July 2002

Living and fixed specimen of Oesophagostomum dentatum were labelled in situ with serum antibodies or a panel of biotin-
labelled lectins. Specific binding of antibodies was observed in all parasitic stages – freshly exsheathed 3rd-stage larvae
(L3), 3rd- and 4th-stage (L4) larvae cultured in vitro and L3 and L4 and adults isolated from pig intestines. The shedding
of the stained layer by motile larvae was inhibited by levamisole-induced paralysis. Larvae cultured in vitro exposed
serum-derived proteins on their surface which could be labelled with secondary antibody directed against the respective
serum donor species. While freshly exsheathed larvae were recognized by O. dentatum-positive serum only, older larvae
and adults cross-reacted with serum from pigs infected with O. quadrispinulatum, a closely related species. Lectin binding
varied considerably between stages. While binding was not observed in pre-parasitic stages, Concanavalin A, Soybean
Agglutinin, Wheat Germ Agglutinin, Ricinus communis Agglutinin and Peanut Agglutinin bound to developing larvae in
varying degrees. Dolichos biflorus Agglutinin only bound to advanced (luminal) larval stages, while adults generally
displayed only weak or partial lectin binding (except with Concanavalin A and Wheat Germ Agglutinin). Ulex europaeus
Agglutinin only labelled larvae derived from cultures containing 10% pig serum. Cleavage of the carbohydrate residues
by sodium periodate treatment resulted in reduction of antibody binding to cultured larvae, but not to freshly exsheathed
L3. Concanavalin A, Soybean Agglutinin, and Peanut Agglutinin binding was also reduced by periodate treatment, while
binding of Wheat Germ Agglutinin and Ricinus communis Agglutinin was inhibited only in early L3, but not in older
stages. The different lectin labelling patterns are related to the different stages of the nematode – infective, invasive,
histotropic, and luminal – and may serve as a mode of adaptation for the parasite against the host's immune attack by
surface glycoprotein variation, together with antigen shedding (as demonstrated by labelling of motile larvae) and a possible
acquisition of host molecules at the parasite's surface. Furthermore, a possible role of this developmental variation in
surface carbohydrates in parasite–parasite interactions is discussed.
Non-random patterns of host use by the different parasite species exploiting a cockle population
Authors: POULIN R. , STEEPER M. J. , MILLER A. A.
Published: July 2002

Different parasite species sharing the same intermediate host species may have similar or conflicting interests, depending
on whether they are at the same stage in their life-cycle or whether they share the same definitive host. In the New Zealand
cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, metacercariae of the digenean Meiogymnophallus sp. are positively associated with
metacercariae of Curtuteria australis. This relationship is found in different cockle samples, and is independent of cockle
shell size, which suggests that it is not merely the product of metacercariae accumulation over time. Both digenean species
have the same definitive host, oystercatchers. Metacercariae of C. australis manipulate the phenotype of cockles, impairing
the cockle's ability to burrow in the sediments. This makes the host more susceptible to oystercatcher predation. Thus
Meiogymnophallus sp. can benefit by associating with C. australis and may hitch a ride with the manipulator parasite. This
is supported by the finding that cockles impaired by C. australis and lying at the sediment surface harbour greater numbers
of Meiogymnophallus than buried cockles. A third digenean species, whose sporocysts are found in cockles and which is
not transmitted by predation, occurred only in surface cockles. Finally, a parasitic copepod with a direct life-cycle was
found evenly distributed among buried and surface cockles, independently of their metacercarial loads. These results show
that different parasite species do not use cockles in a random fashion, and that not all patterns of host use are consistent
with shared or conflicting interests among parasites.
Compatibility of Schistosoma mansoni Cameroon and Biomphalaria pfeifferi Senegal
Authors: SOUTHGATE V. R. , TCHUEM TCHUENTÉ L. A. , THÉRON A. , JOURDANE J. , LY A. , MONCRIEFF C. B. , GRYSEELS B.
Published: July 2002

The vectorial capacity of Biomphalaria pfeifferi from Ndiangue, Senegal, was investigated with an allopatric isolate of
Schistosoma mansoni from Nkolbisson, Cameroon. The snail infection rate after exposure to a single miracidium per snail
(MD1) was 56·3%, and 91·6% for snails exposed to 5 miracidia per snail (MD5). The minimum pre-patent period was
21 days. The mean total cercarial production for the MD1 group was 18511 cercariae per snail, and 9757 cercariae for
the MD5 group. The maximum production of cercariae for 1 day was 4892 observed in a snail from the MD1 group at
day 43 post-infection. The mean longevity of snails was higher in group MD1 (88 days p.i.) than in group MD5 (65 days
p.i.). The chronobiological emergence pattern revealed a circadian rhythm with one shedding peak at mid-day. Comparisons
are made with the vectorial capacity of the sympatric combination of B. pfeifferi Senegal/S. mansoni Senegal.
Pity and Compassion as Social Virtues
Authors: Carr Brian
Published: July 2002

The altruistic emotions of pity and compassion are discussed in the context of Aristotle's treatment of the former in the Rhetoric, and Nussbaum's reconstruction of that treatment in a recent account of the latter. Aristotle's account of pity does not represent it as a virtue, the context of the Rhetoric rather rendering his account one of a peculiarly self-centred emotion. Nussbaum's reconstruction builds on the cognitive ingredients of Aristotle's account, and attempts to place the emotion of compassion more squarely in the moral sphere. It is argued that Nussbaum's reconstruction nevertheless falls short of capturing the altruism which is central to the virtue of compassion, and which therefore explains its role as a ‘basic social emotion’.
‘Hyper-priming’ in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients
Authors: MORITZ S. , MERSMANN K. , KLOSS M. , JACOBSEN D. , WILKE U. , ANDRESEN B. , NABER D. , PAWLIK K.
Published: July 2002

Background. A number of studies have suggested that indirect semantic priming is enhanced in
thought-disordered schizophrenics. However, research on direct semantic priming has produced
conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to resolve some of the ambiguities of previous
findings.

Methods. For the present study, 44 schizophrenic patients were split according to the presence of
associative loosening into a positive thought-disordered (TD) and non-positive thought-disordered
(NTD) group. Thirty healthy subjects and 36 psychiatric patients served as controls.

Results. Schizophrenics displayed increased indirect semantic priming compared with psychiatric
controls. When subtyping the sample, TD-patients exhibited significantly enhanced indirect
semantic priming compared with healthy and psychiatric controls as well as NTD-patients. Overall
slowing was found to be independent of priming effects. Medication, age and chronicity of the
schizophrenic illness did not modulate priming.

Conclusions. In line with Spitzer and Maher it is inferred that disinhibited semantic networks
underlie formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. For future research, it would be appropriate to:
employ indirect semantic priming rather than direct semantic priming conditions; and, pay more
attention to potential moderators of the priming effect, most importantly, the prime display
duration and the length of the stimulus onset asynchrony.
The relationship between job strain and coronary heart disease: evidence from an English sample of the working male population
Authors: SACKER A. , BARTLEY M. J. , FRITH D. , FITZPATRICK R. M. , MARMOT M. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Many, but not all, studies have reported that job strain is related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To date, this relationship has not been tested on an English full population sample. This study examines whether the demand–control model of job strain contributes to our understanding of the determinants of coronary heart disease.

Methods. The analysis uses data from 4350 working men aged 20–64 in the 1993 Health Survey for England. Job demand and control characteristics were determined by questionnaire. Several health outcomes were examined: self-rated health; psychiatric health; angina and possible myocardial infarction, measured by the Rose questionnaire; doctor-diagnosed heart disease; any heart disease. The relationship between job strain and the health outcomes was determined by logistic regression analyses after controlling for known confounders.

Results. Those in high strain jobs consistently reported poorer health on all measures than men with lower strain. Similarly, men reporting low job strain were least likely to report poor health in 5/6 health outcomes. Those with intermediate levels of strain tended to have intermediate prevalence rates for poor health. The pattern of association between job strain and the CHD was independent of coronary risk factors.

Conclusions. The analyses broadly support Karasek's demand–control model of job strain. Health selection into low strain jobs may account for the lack of an association between job strain and doctor diagnosed heart disease while independent associations between job strain and all CHD measures considered together indicate that job strain may have aetiological significance for heart disease.
The incidence of first-onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85
Authors: PÁLSSON S. P. , ÖSTLING S. , SKOOG I.
Published: July 2002

Background. Due to the limited data available, it is not clear whether the incidence of first-onset depression varies with age in the elderly.

Methods. A representative sample of individuals born 1901–2 (N = 392) was examined at the ages of 70, 75, 79, 81, 83 and 85 years by psychiatrists using a semi-structured schedule. Information on depressive episodes was also collected from self-report and examination of case records. Depression was diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R criteria.

Results. The incidence of depression was 12 per 1000 person-years in men and 30 per 1000 person-years in women between the ages of 70 and 85 (sex difference P = 0·001). The incidence increased from 17 per 1000 person-years (men 8·7, women 23·2, P = 0·007) between the ages of 70 and 79 to 44 per 1000 person years (men 27·0, women 52·8, P = 0·166) between 79 and 85 (age difference: RR 2·6, P < 0·001; men RR 3·1, P = 0·036; women RR 2·3, P = 0·003) . A diagnosis of depression was associated with increased mortality and refusal rate during the 15-year follow-up. Previous episodes of depression were associated with an increased risk of further episodes. The prevalence of depression increased from 5·6% at the age of 70 to 13·0% at the age of 85. The lifetime prevalence of depression was 23% in men and 45% in women.

Conclusions. Both the incidence and prevalence of depression increased with age in this longitudinally followed birth cohort, and the incidence was higher in women than in men.
Use of formal and informal sources of mental health
care among older African-American public-housing residents
Authors: BLACK B. S. , RABINS P. V. , GERMAN P. , ROCA R. , McGUIRE M. , BRANT L. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Elderly residents of public housing have
high rates of psychiatric disorders, but most
of those in need of care do not use any mental health service. This study
examines the use of
formal and alternative informal sources of mental health care in a sample
of elderly
African-American public-housing residents.

Method. Data from an epidemiological survey of six Baltimore

public-housing developments for the
elderly (weighted N=818) were analysed to examine the utilization

of mental health services by
older African-American residents. Logistic regression analyses were used

to determine correlates of
using formal and informal sources by those needing mental health care.

Results. Thirty-five per cent of subjects needed mental health

care. Less than half (47%) of those
in need received any mental health care in the previous 6 months.
Residents in need were more likely
to use formal (38·5%) than informal sources (18·6%) for care.

The strongest correlates of using
formal providers were substance use disorder (OR=15·62), Medicare

insurance (OR=10·31) and
psychological distress (OR=10·27). The strongest correlates of
using informal sources were
perceiving little or no support from religious/spiritual beliefs
(OR=21·65), cognitive disorder
(OR=19·71) and having a confidant (OR=15·07).

Conclusions. Contrary to elderly African-Americans in general,

those in public housing rely more
on formal than informal sources for mental health problems. Nevertheless,

both sources fail to fill
the gap between need and met need. Interventions to increase identification,

referral and treatment
of elderly public-housing residents in need should target general
medical providers and clergy and
include assertive outreach by mental health specialists.
The generation of life events in recurrent and
non-recurrent depression
Authors: HARKNESS K. L. , MONROE S. M. , SIMONS A. D. , THASE M.
Published: July 2002

Background. The stress generation hypothesis proposed
by Hammen (1991) holds that depressed
individuals generate stressful conditions for themselves, which lead to
recurrence. The original test
of this hypothesis compared dependent life events in women with recurrent
depression to medical
and normal controls. Two further research questions emerged from this work:
(a) do individuals
with a history of many depressive episodes generate more dependent life
events than depressives
with fewer episodes?; and (b) what is the aetiological relevance
of any stress that may be generated?

Methods. The present research tested differences in dependent
and independent events between
depressed individuals who had experienced: (a) no previous major
depressive episodes; (b) one
previous episode; and (c) two or more previous episodes. We predicted
that, based on the stress
generation hypothesis, recurrent depressives would show more dependent
events than people
without a depression history, and that these generated stressors would
be of aetiological importance
for precipitating recurrence (i.e. severe events in the 3 months preceding
recurrence).

Results. Recurrent depressives experienced significantly more
total dependent events than first-onset depressives in the 12 months, but
not the 3 months, preceding their episode.

Conclusions. Although the findings supported the general premise of stress
generation, the
aetiological relevance of the generated stress for recurrence requires
further study.
Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion in patients with
seasonal affective disorder in natural summer remission
Authors: LAM R. W. , BOWERING T. A. , TAM E. M. , GREWAL A. , YATHAM L. N. , SHIAH I. S. , ZIS A. P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Serotonergic mechanisms have been proposed for the pathophysiology of seasonal
affective disorder (SAD) and the therapeutic effect of bright-light treatment. Previously, we showed
that SAD patients, in clinical remission with light therapy during the winter, experienced transient
depressive relapses after a rapid tryptophan depletion (RTD) technique, which results in decreased
brain serotonin levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of RTD in SAD
patients who were in natural summer remission.

Methods. Twelve drug-free patients with SAD by DSM-IV criteria and 10 normal subjects
participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. SAD patients were in natural
summer remission for at least 8 weeks. Behavioural ratings and plasma tryptophan levels were
obtained before, and 5 h after, ingesting an amino acid (AA) mixture±tryptophan. Experimental
RTD and control sessions were scheduled 1 week apart.

Results. The RTD session resulted in significant reduction in total and free plasma tryptophan
levels compared to the control session. The behavioural data were analysed using repeated measures
analysis of variance. This analysis found significant main effects of time (higher scores after AA
ingestion) and diagnosis (higher scores in SAD patients), but no main effect of session or significant
interaction effects between the three factors. Thus, there were no significant behavioural effects of
RTD compared to the sham depletion control session.

Conclusions. The summer remission experienced by SAD patients is not dependent on plasma
tryptophan levels (and presumably brain serotonin function) in the same manner as that of
remission after light therapy. These results conflict with those of other laboratories, perhaps because
of differences in study samples.
The general practitioner as the first contacted health
professional by patients with psychosocial problems:
a European study
Authors: BOERMA WIENKE G. W. , VERHAAK PETER F. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. There are considerable differences between and within countries in the involvement of
general practitioners (GPs) in psychosocial care. This study aimed to describe the self-perceived role
of GPs in 30 European countries as the first contacted professional for patients with psychosocial
problems, and to examine the relationship with characteristics of the health care system, practice
organization and doctors.

Methods. Data collected in the European Study of GP Task Profiles were analysed in relation to
the self-perceived involvement of GPs in psychosocial care. In 30 countries 7233 GPs answered
standardized questionnaires in their own languages about seven brief case scenarios. The questions
focused on care given as the first health care professional contacted, and were answered in a scored
scale (1–4) ranging from ‘never’ to ‘almost always’. Independent variables examined were both on
a national level and on an individual level, including: listed practice population, referral system,
employment status of GPs, workload, measures of practice organization, contacts with social
workers and urbanization of practice area. Data were analysed using multi-level techniques.

Results. Self-perceived involvement in psychosocial care was much higher in Western than in
Eastern Europe and also in countries with a referral system. Cooperation with social workers, rural
practice, keeping medical records, presence of an appointment system and high workload were
positively associated with this perceived involvement.

Conclusions. In countries with self-employed doctors and a referral system, GPs are in a better
position to provide psychosocial care. GPs should be encouraged to cooperate with social workers
and to keep medical records of their patient contacts routinely.
Biophysical and biochemical investigations of RNA catalysis in the hammerhead ribozyme
Authors: Scott William G.
Published: July 2002

1. How do ribozymes work? 241

2. The hammerhead RNA as a prototype ribozyme 242

2.1 RNA enzymes 242

2.2 Satellite self-cleaving RNAs 242

2.3 Hammerhead RNAs and hammerhead ribozymes 244

3. The chemical mechanism of hammerhead RNA self-cleavage 246

3.1 Phosphodiester isomerization via an SN2(P) reaction 247

3.2 The canonical role of divalent metal ions in the hammerhead ribozyme reaction 251

3.3 The hammerhead ribozyme does not actually require metal ions for catalysis 254

3.4 Hammerhead RNA enzyme kinetics 257

4. Sequence requirements for hammerhead RNA self-cleavage 260

4.1 The conserved core, mutagenesis and functional group modifications 260

4.2 Ground-state vs. transition-state effects 261

5. The three-dimensional structure of the hammerhead ribozyme 262

5.1 Enzyme–inhibitor complexes 262

5.2 Enzyme–substrate complex in the initial state 264

5.3 Hammerhead ribozyme self-cleavage in the crystal 264

5.4 The requirement for a conformational change 265

5.5 Capture of conformational intermediates using crystallographic freeze-trapping 266

5.6 The structure of a hammerhead ribozyme ‘early’ conformational intermediate 267

5.7 The structure of a hammerhead ribozyme ‘later’ conformational intermediate 268

5.8 Is the conformational change pH dependent? 269

5.9 Isolating the structure of the cleavage product 271

5.10 Evidence for and against additional large-scale conformation changes 274

5.11 NMR spectroscopic studies of the hammerhead ribozyme 278

6. Concluding remarks 280

7. Acknowledgements 281

8. References 281

1. How do ribozymes work? 241

The discovery that RNA can be an enzyme (Guerrier-Takada et al. 1983; Zaug & Cech, 1986)
has created the fundamental question of how RNA enzymes work. Before this discovery, it
was generally assumed that proteins were the only biopolymers that had sufficient complexity
and chemical heterogeneity to catalyze biochemical reactions. Clearly, RNA can adopt
sufficiently complex tertiary structures that make catalysis possible. How does the three-
dimensional structure of an RNA endow it with catalytic activity? What structural and
functional principles are unique to RNA enzymes (or ribozymes), and what principles are so
fundamental that they are shared with protein enzymes?
A new cosmological argument
Authors: GALE RICHARD M. , PRUSS ALEXANDER R.
Published: July 2002

We present a valid deductive cosmological argument for the necessary
existence of a powerful and intelligent creator of the actual universe. Whereas
traditional cosmological arguments had to employ a strong version of the principle
of sufficient reason that held that every fact actually has an explanation, our argument
can make do with the weak version of Duns Scotus according to which every fact
possibly has an explanation. As a result, our argument is less vulnerable to the charge
of begging the question than are these traditional cosmological arguments.
Housing Benefit and Welfare Retrenchment in Britain
Authors: KEMP PETER A.
Published: July 2002

Following the 1997 general election in Britain, the New Labour government
made clear its intention to cut back and radically reform the social
security system, including Housing Benefit, an income-related housing
allowance for low-income tenants. The cost of Housing Benefit had
doubled in real terms over the previous decade and was taking up a growing
share of social security expenditure. The scheme also suffered from major
deficiencies. Drawing on recent literature on welfare state retrenchment,
this article examines why the government eventually retreated from cuts
and a wholesale reform of Housing Benefit and opted instead for a more
modest and long-term approach.
Targeting Poverty: Lessons from Monitoring Ireland's National Anti-Poverty Strategy
Authors: LAYTE RICHARD , NOLAN BRIAN , WHELAN CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: July 2002

In 1997 the Irish government adopted the National Anti-Poverty
Strategy (NAPS), a global target for the reduction of poverty which
illuminates a range of issues relating to official poverty targets. The Irish
target is framed in terms of a relative poverty measure incorporating both
relative income and direct measures of deprivation based on data on the
extent of poverty from 1994. Since 1994 Ireland has experienced an
unprecedented period of economic growth that makes it particularly
important to assess whether the target has been achieved, but in doing so
we cannot avoid asking some underlying questions about how poverty
should be measured and monitored over time. After briefly outlining the
nature of the NAPS measure, this article examines trends in poverty in
Ireland between 1987 and 1997. Results show that the relative income
and deprivation components of the NAPS measure reveal differential
trends with increasing relative income poverty, but decreasing deprivation.
However, this differential could be due to the fact that the direct
measures of deprivation upon which NAPS is based have not been
updated to take account of changes in real living standards and increasing
expectations. To test whether this is so, we examine the extent to
which expectations about living standards and the structure of deprivation
have changed over time using confirmatory factor analysis and tests
of criterion validity using different definitions of deprivation. Results
show that the combined income and deprivation measure, as originally
constituted, continues to identify a set of households experiencing generalised
deprivation resulting from a lack of resources.
Management Responses to Equal Opportunities for Ethnic
Minority Women Within an NHS Hospital Trust
Authors: BAGILHOLE BARBARA , STEPHENS MIKE
Published: July 2002

Individual hospitals within the NHS are having to cope with a number
of competing priorities and policies in the context of difficult financial
circumstances. One such policy is Equal Opportunities (EO). It is within
the devolved system of individual trusts that the implementation of (EO)
policy takes place. This ‘localisation’ of EO issues also applies to the
tackling of racial inequalities in the field of job recruitment, training and
promotion. The present study is an examination of EO policies and their
implementation at a single National Health Service (NHS) hospital in
relation to the recruitment, career development, training and promotion
of female ethnic minority employees. Interviews were conducted with
fifty ethnic minority females drawn from administrative, domestic and
nursing grades; and a further twenty-two with hospital managers with
responsibility for recruitment, training and promotion. A number of
important deficiencies in the hospital's EO policies were identified by the
female ethnic minority interviewees, particularly in respect of the recruitment
process, experiences of career development and perceptions of discrimination
and harassment. The article details the managers' attitudes
towards and knowledge of EO policies in general and their responses to
these deficiencies in particular.
I don't think it's an answer to the question:
Silencing Aboriginal witnesses in court
Authors: EADES DIANA
Published: July 2002

This study investigates the evidence of Australian
Aboriginal witnesses in a New South Wales country courthouse,
focusing on how and why witnesses are silenced in examination-in-chief,
both by their own lawyer and by the judge. The analysis
questions the assumption in previous sociolinguistic research
that the syntactic form of questions is inherently related
to the way in which power is exercised in court. Further,
the article highlights how witness silencing in these cases
appears to occur particularly in situations where legal
professionals are seriously ignorant about fundamental
aspects of the everyday cultural values and practices of
Aboriginal people. Sociolinguistic microanalysis gives
a glimpse of one aspect of the process by which the powerlessness
and domination of Aboriginal people is perpetuated through
the legal system.
Wrist actigraph measures of physical activity level and ambulatory blood pressure in healthy elderly persons
Authors: Shapiro David , Goldstein Iris B.
Published: July 2002

A sensitive electronic monitor (Mini‐Motionlogger, Ambulatory Monitoring Inc.) attached to the wrist was used to record movements during two 24‐hr days of ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) recording in 65 women and 54 men between the ages of 55 and 79 years, all of whom were in good health. The objective was to examine the relationship between various measures of physical activity and ambulatory BP and HR during waking and sleeping periods and during various diary‐defined behaviors. For waking and sleeping periods, neither the mean nor the variability of the activity measure was associated with the mean or variability of the ambulatory BP and HR measures in between‐subjects correlational analyses. Within‐subject analyses showed little evidence of significant covariation between activity and BP or HR during either waking or sleeping conditions with most participants showing a slightly positive association. The activity measure discriminated between behaviors associated with little effort (watching television) versus more energetic behaviors (walking). Activity accounted for a relatively small amount of the difference in BP or HR related to overall state (wake, sleep), posture (stand, sit), and social condition (being with family vs. being with friends). The utility of electronic activity monitoring for studies of BP and HR in natural settings is discussed.
ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION: NAPLES 1799
Authors: Robertson John
Published: July 2002

TWO hundred years ago today, on 22 January 1799, French troops forced their way into the city of Naples. In doing so, they confirmed the authority of the Neapolitan Republic which had been proclaimed, one and indivisible, the day before by a group of patriots who had taken control of the Castel Sant'Elmo, the fortress on the hill immediately above the centre of the city. Thus began the last of the revolutions which can be regarded as the offspring of the great French Revolution of 1789. There is no denying that the Neapolitan Revolution, like its predecessors in northern Italy and elsewhere, depended on French military intervention. The patriots were not in control of the city before 22 January, and needed the French to quell the popular violence and disorder which had swept the city for the previous week. And when, after three months, the French withdrew their forces, the republicans' hold on the city was too precarious to last more than a few weeks.
Defending intentionalist accounts of self-deception
Authors: Bermudez Jose Luis
Published: July 2002

This commentary defends intentionalist accounts of
self-deception against Mele by arguing that: (1) viewing
self-deception on the model of other-deception is not as
paradoxical as Mele makes out; (2) the paradoxes are not
entailed by the view that self-deception is intentional; and
(3) there are two problems for Mele's theory that only
an intentionalist theory can solve.
Dynamical modeling and morphological analysis
Authors: Petitot Jean
Published: July 2002

After a historical sketch of the dynamical hypothesis, we
stress that it is a functionalist hypothesis. We then tackle the point
of a dynamical approach to constituent structures and emphasize
that dynamical modeling must be coupled with morphological
analysis.
A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge
Authors: Dienes Zoltan , Perner Josef
Published: July 2002

The implicit-explicit distinction is applied to knowledge
representations. Knowledge is taken to be an attitude towards a
proposition which is true. The proposition itself predicates a property
to some entity. A number of ways in which knowledge can be implicit or
explicit emerge. If a higher aspect is known explicitly then each lower
one must also be known explicitly. This partial hierarchy reduces the
number of ways in which knowledge can be explicit. In the most important
type of implicit knowledge, representations merely reflect the property
of objects or events without predicating them of any particular entity.
The clearest cases of explicit knowledge of a fact are representations
of one's own attitude of knowing that fact. These distinctions are
discussed in their relationship to similar distinctions such as
procedural-declarative, conscious-unconscious, verbalizable-nonverbalizable,
direct-indirect tests, and automatic-voluntary control. This is followed
by an outline of how these distinctions can be used to integrate and relate
the often divergent uses of the implicit-explicit distinction in different
research areas. We illustrate this for visual perception, memory, cognitive
development, and artificial grammar learning.
Non-accessible critical points of Cremer polynomials
Authors: KIWI JAN
Published: July 2002

It is shown that a polynomial with a Cremer periodic orbit has a non-accessible critical point in its Julia set provided that the Cremer periodic orbit is approximated by small cycles. Also, this paper contains a new proof of the Douady–Shishikura inequality for the number of non-repelling cycles of a complex polynomial.
Affine interval exchange transformations with
wandering intervals
Authors: CAMELIER RICARDO , GUTIERREZ CARLOS
Published: July 2002

There exist uniquely ergodic bijective
affine interval exchange transformations of $[0,1)$
having wandering intervals and such that the support of
the invariant measure is a Cantor set.
Beyond Apocalyptic Demography: Towards a Moral Economy of
Interdependence
Authors: ROBERTSON ANN
Published: July 2002

Employing a political economy analysis of need as it relates
to the ageing of
the population in the context of the postmodern welfare state, this paper
attempts to go beyond the narrow confines of the apocalyptic demography
argument that an increasing dependent older population represents social
and fiscal catastrophe. Older people are caught between a social ethic which
values independence on the one hand, and, on the other, a service ethic which
constructs them as dependent. This paper argues that this dichotomy between
dependence and independence results from a depoliticisation of need, in part
the legacy of a radical individualism combined with a postmodern therapeutic
ethic. The deeper issues which lie at the heart of the apocalyptic demography
argument have to do with issues of need, reciprocity, and community. This
paper argues further that a moral economy of interdependence, based on the
notion of reciprocity, transcends the dependency/independency dichotomy,
repoliticises need, and thereby creates the possibility of a revitalisation of civil
society.
Liddell Hart's Big Idea
Authors: DANCHEV ALEX
Published: July 2002

Basil Liddell Hart is the most influential military writer of the modern age, revered and reviled by three generations of strategists, armchair and armipotent. This article focuses on his master thesis, ‘The Indirect Approach’, in relation to another coinage of Liddell Hart's, ‘The British Way in Warfare’, a parallel gestation. Both concepts smack of the invented tradition; both continue to resonate. They are in every sense characteristic of their creator.
All rock and roll is homosocial: the representation of women in the British rock music press
Authors: Davies Helen
Published: July 2002

The British rock music press prides itself on its liberalism and radicalism, yet the discourses employed in music journalism exclude women from serious discussion both as musicians and as fans. In particular, the notion of credibility, which is of vital importance to the ‘serious’ rock music press, is constructed in such a way that it is almost completely unattainable for women.

The most important and influential part of the British music press was until recently its two weekly music papers, Melody Maker (MM) and the New Musical Express (NME), both published by IPC magazines. The NME, launched in 1949, contains reviews, concert information and interviews with performers and describes itself as ‘a unique blend of irreverent journalism and musical expertise’ (www.ipc.co.uk). MM, which started life in 1926 as a paper for jazz musicians, had similar content but a greater emphasis on rock, as opposed to pop, music. It was relaunched in 1999 as a glossy magazine, before ceasing publication or, as IPC put it, merging with the NME, in December 2000.
Coefficient of heterogeneity in turbulent mixing zone
Authors: KOZLOVSKIH A.S. , NEUVAZHAYEV D.V.
Published: July 2002

The paper considers the equation for heterogeneity
coefficient within the turbulent mixing area in the approximation
of big Reynolds numbers and small Mach numbers. A mechanism
is studied of the heterogeneity coefficient dissipation
due to molecular diffusion. The Kolmogorov's hypothesis
on developed turbulence is used to calculate a dissipative
term. The model presented allows us to take into account
the heterogeneity degree in LV- and KE-models of turbulent
mixing. A system of equations allowing us to calculate
directly the heterogeneity degree is derived for the case
of the LV-model with the turbulent diffusion coefficient
which is constant over the turbulent mixing area. A self-similar
solution is derived for the heterogeneity coefficient which
is in good agreement with the results of experiments and
direct numerical simulations. The heterogeneity coefficient
averaged over the mixing area is shown to depend weakly
on the density drop between the mixing materials. Thus,
it is kH = 0.25 at the drop
n = 1–3, and at the drop n = 20 −
kH = 0.23.
THE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES TO MINIMIZE EXPOSURE TO PERIOPERATIVE ALLOGENEIC
BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN ELECTIVE SURGERY
Authors: Graham Ian D. , Fergusson Dean , McAuley Laura , Laupacis Andreas
Published: July 2002

Background: Despite the growing medical and public interest in
reducing exposure to allogeneic blood, little is known about the use of
alternatives to allogeneic transfusion. This study was conducted to determine
the availability of these technologies in Canadian hospitals and was
undertaken under the auspices of the International Study of Peri-Operative
Transfusion (ISPOT), a 10-country study of the effectiveness of, attitudes
toward, and practices related to the use of alternatives to allogeneic
transfusion.

Methods: A cross-sectional national mail survey of Canadian
hospitals with greater than 50 medical/surgical beds. Chiefs of
anesthesia, surgery, and the divisions of cardiac, orthopedic, vascular, and
urology were initially mailed a brief postcard asking which of seven
technologies were used in their center. This was then followed up with a
one-page questionnaire asking how frequently the technologies were used, their
thoughts on the appropriateness of the use of the technologies, barriers to
their greater use, and reasons for nonuse of the technologies.

Results: Response rates to the postcard survey ranged from
70%–98%, depending on the technology and type of surgery, and ranged
from 27%–53% for the follow-up questionnaire. All technologies were used
most frequently in cardiac surgery. Aprotinin, tranexamic acid, aminocaproic
acid, desmopressin, and cell salvage were reported used in over 70% of cardiac
surgery centers. Of these, tranexamic acid and cell salvage were the only ones
used routinely in some centers. Acute normovolemic hemodilution and
erythropoietin were used in 45% and 20% of cardiac centers, respectively. The
drugs were used in less than 15% of orthopedic, vascular, and urologic
divisions, with the exception of desmopressin in urologic and vascular surgery
and aminocaproic acid in urologic surgery. The techniques of cell salvage and
acute normovolemic hemodilution were used in 30%–45% of these divisions,
with the exception of cell salvage, which was used in less than 15% of urology
units. In more than 60% of cases, the technologies were considered to be used
“about right,” although an important minority felt that they were
underused.

Conclusions: In general, alternatives to perioperative allogeneic
transfusion were rarely used except in cardiac surgery.
A BARTLETT CORRECTION FACTOR FOR TESTS ON THE COINTEGRATING
RELATIONS
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: July 2002

Likelihood ratio tests for restrictions on cointegrating
vectors are asymptotically χ2 distributed.
For some values of the parameters this asymptotic distribution
does not give a good approximation to the finite sample
distribution. In this paper we derive the Bartlett correction
factor for the likelihood ratio test and show by some simulation
experiments that it can be a useful tool for making inference.
FOURTH MOMENT STRUCTURE OF THE GARCH(p,q) PROCESS
Authors: He Changli , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition
for the existence of the unconditional fourth moment of
the GARCH(p,q) process is given and
also an expression for the moment itself. Furthermore,
the autocorrelation function of the centered and squared
observations of this process is derived. The statistical
theory is further illustrated by a few special cases such
as the GARCH(2,2) process and the ARCH(q) process.
The fragility of extreme specialization: Passiflora mixta and its pollinating hummingbird Ensifera ensifera
Authors: LINDBERG ANNIKA BÜCHERT , OLESEN JENS MOGENS
Published: July 2002

Some of the most spectacular examples of coevolution between flowers and their pollinators are reflected in their
morphologies. Tongue length of insects and bill lengths of nectar-feeding birds are some of the most significant
characters in pollination studies (Kearns & Inouye 1993). As Darwin noted as early as 1862, the evolution of deep
floral tubes or spurs and long tongues of flower visitors can be explained by runaway coevolution (Nilsson 1988).
However, such a process has only been shown to be likely in a few cases, e.g. between Malagasy orchids and
hawkmoths (Nilsson et al. 1985). The pollinator of the Malagasy orchid Angraecum sesquipedale, with a 30 cm nectar
spur, is a sphingid moth with a tongue of a similar size (Darwin 1862, Nilsson 1998). However, most studies of such
extreme pollination specialization also report that the interaction is asymmetrical, i.e. the pollinators interact with a
guild of plants, whereas the plant often depends on only a few pollinators (Johnson & Steiner 1995).