bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morpho‐functional response of the elbow extensor muscles to twelve‐week self‐perceived maximal resistance training
Authors: Gacesa Jelena Z. Popadic , Jakovljevic Djordje G. , Kozic Dusko B. , Dragnic Natasa R. , Brodie David A. , Grujic Nikola G.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to determine morphological and functional changes of the elbow extensor muscles in response to a 12‐week self‐perceived maximal resistance training (MRT). Twenty‐one healthy sedentary young men were engaged in elbow extensor training using isoacceleration dynamometry for 12 weeks with a frequency of five sessions per week (five sets of ten maximal voluntarily contractions, 1‐min rest period between each set). Prior to, at 6 weeks and after the training, a series of cross‐sectional magnetic resonance images of the upper arm were obtained and muscle volumes were calculated. Maximal and endurance strength increased (P<0·01) by 15% and 45% at 6 weeks, and by 29% and 70% after 12 weeks compared with baseline values, while fatigue rate of the elbow extensors decreased by 67%. The volume of triceps brachii increased in both arms (P<0·01) by 4% at 6 weeks, and by 8% after 12 weeks compared with baseline values (right arm – from 487·4 ± 72·8 cm3 to 505·8 ± 72·3 cm3 after 6 weeks and 525·3 ± 73·7 cm3 after 12 weeks; left arm – from 475·3 ± 79·1 cm3 to 493·2 ± 72·7 cm3 after 6 weeks and 511·3 ± 77·0 cm3 after 12 weeks). A high correlation was found between maximal muscle strength and muscle volume prior (r2 = 0·62) and after (r2 = 0·69) the training (P≤0·05). A self‐perceived MRT resulted in an increase in maximal and endurance strength. Morphological adaptation changes of triceps brachii as a result of 12‐week specific strength training can explain only up to 26% of strength gain.
The Relation between the Rate of Formation of the Chromium Complexes of a Dye and its Value in the Metachrome Process
Authors: RACE E.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the rates of formation and the nature of the chromium complexes of selected dyes in order to ascertain whether or not a relationship exists between the rate of complex formation and the suitability of a dye for application by the metachrome process. The results indicate that, in the case of azosalicylic acid compounds containing a sulpho group, the dyes are unsuitable for use in the metachrome process probably because of co–ordination of chromium with the sulpho group instead of, or as well as, chelation of chromium with the salicylic acid group. The examination of the rates of formation of the chromium complexes of a series of 00′‐dihydroxyazo compounds of diminishing value as metachrome dyes has revealed that the greater the rate of chromium‐dye complex formation the more suitable is the dye for application by the metachrome process. The results suggest that both substantivity and rate of complex formation play important rdles in the determination of the value of a metachrome dye, and that both of these factors should be as high as possible, consistent with solubility.

The experimental data demonstrate that, in the case of the series of 00′‐dihydroxyazo dyes employed, the final product of reaction of dye and chromium salt is the primary complex, in which one molecule of dye is associated with one atom of chromium. This product is formed via the chromium salt of the dye and a complex in which three molecules of the dye are associated with one atom of chromium. The analyses have not disclosed whether conversion of the 3: 1 complex occurs directly to the 1: 1 complex or whether the 2: 1 acidic complex is formed as an intermediate product.
Developments in the Application of Dyes to Cellulose Acetate Rayon
Authors: Mellor A. , Olpin H. C.
Published: July 2010

The disperse dyes are likely to remain the principal dyes for acetate rayon, particularly for piece dyeing. The “duosol” dyes are unlikely to supersede them for general purposes, but are likely to increase in importance with expanding use of acetate staple fibre. The azoic dyes, applied by the “concurrent” method, supplement the above groups for specific shade requirements such as fiery scarlets and deep rich wines, and in addition are fast to wet processing. Solvent dyeing as an economic step has achieved some measure of success, chiefly in America, but the application of vat dyes by such techniques still remains a problem which is very much for the expert.

For printing acetate rayon goods the disperse dyes, though much used, suffer from inherent processing and fastness defects, and it is desirable to replace them by the “duosol” and acid dyes for normal requirements. Selected vat dyes may also be applied very satisfactorily. The use of swelling agents, e.g. the thiocyanates and water‐soluble polar solvents such as ethyl lactate, offers great scope for prints of improved beauty and fastness, and in certain cases permits elimination of the steaming operation.
Fast‐to‐light Basic Prints on Viscose Rayon
Authors: Miller W. S.
Published: July 2010

In the past the brightest prints on viscose rayon have been obtained with acid and direct dyes, but these lack washing fastness, and many of the brightest acid dyes are also fugitive to light. The author shows how basic dyes, hitherto notoriously fugitive to light, may be printed by a new all‐in method, resulting in the deposition within the fibres of colour lakes of molybdophosphoric acid. A number of stages in the development of this new printing technique are described, and are related to the earlier development of the manufacture of similar lakes in pigment form. The new prints are fast to light and washing, and may be supplemented where necessary by use of insoluble azo dyes applied by suitable methods.
Proceedings of the Society Metallic Pigments
Authors: Wendon G. W.
Published: July 2010

The manufacture of metallic flake pigments is outlined. Their salient features are described and related to the more common applications. The production and the properties of dyed metal powders are discussed and contrasted with those of undyed metallic pigments as well as of ordinary pigments. Further examples are given of the combining of metallic appearance with spectral colours.
The Polarography of Azo Dyes
Authors: CABRAL J. DE O. , TURNER H. A.
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐one water‐soluble azo dyes– mono‐, bis‐, tris‐, and tetrakis‐azo, selected from the acid, basic, mordant, and direct dyeing classes–have been examined by polarographic methods. The object was to determine how far these methods could be used for the identification and estimation of azo dyes in general. With a few exceptions, the half‐wave potential corresponding to the reduction of azo groups does not change very greatly from one dye to another, and this quantity has therefore little value as a general means of identification. When the correct experimental conditions have been established, the polarographic method lends itself to the accurate estimation of all the dyes that have been studied.
Reclamation of Fibres from Rags
Authors: Filson A. , Speakman J. B.
Published: July 2010

The extent to which Terylene is attacked by 2% solutions of hydrazine in various alcohols at 100d̀c. is closely, but inversely, related to the heats of mixing of hydrazine and the alcohols. With glycerol and ethylene glycol the heat of mixing is high, and it hasbeen shown that ethylene glycol forms a well defined 1: 1 complex (m.p. 9.2d̀c.) with hydrazine. Dilute solutions of hydrazine in these solvents contain little free hydrazine, and it is not surprising, therefore, that they cause little degradation of Terylene in 40 min. at 100d̀c. Conversely, the most rapid destruction of Terylene is brought about by solutions of hydrazine in less reactive solvents, such as toluene and tsoamyl benzyl ether. Such solutions have the additional merit of discriminating sharply between wool and Terylene, thus allowing the former to be recovered from mixtures for re‐use.
The Migration of Dyes in the Fibre‐substance during Steaming
Authors: Hallows H. B. , Turner H. A.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the examination in cross‐section of sheets of fibre‐substance—cellulose and secondary cellulose acetate—which have been steamed for various times in contact with a layer of thickening agent containing a dye. A variety of dyes have been used, and, from the examination, some information about the migration of dye in both thickening agent and fibre‐substance film has been obtained. With some of the cross‐sections an attempt has been made to measure quantitatively the distribution of dye within the fibre substance at various times of steaming, and hence to deduce the diffusion characteristics.
The High‐temperature Disperse Dyeing of Terylene Polyester Fibre
Authors: Hadfield H. R. , Broadhurst R.
Published: July 2010

The building‐up and the levelling properties on Terylene of a fast and a slowly diffusing disperse dye have been compared over the temperature range 85–140°c. Both properties improve rapidly as the temperature of the dyebath is raised above 100°c. Optimum dyeing conditions are attained between 120° and 130°c., and optimum levelling conditions between 130° and 140°c. Under high‐temperature dyeing conditions the slowly diffusing dye gives the better dyebath exhaustion and the rapidly diffusing dye has the better levelling properties.
Dyeing Education in Glasgow From Anderson's University (1796) to the Royal College of Science and Technology (1958)
Authors: Peel R. A.
Published: July 2010

The jubilee of the opening of the colour chemistry and dyeing laboratories in the college now known as The Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow, is commemorated by an account of the struggle for their establishment. The history of the college, which includes a strange incident in the career of W. H. Perkin, is surveyed. It is suggested that the Glasgow area is ideal for dyeing and textile manufacture, and that education in dyeing is a first priority.
Influence of Polar Groups on the Hydrophile—Lipophile Balance of Non‐ionic Compounds
Authors: Schönfeldt N. , Almeoth U.
Published: July 2010

Compounds containing an oleyl radical and the same number of ethylene oxide units but different polar groups differ in their solubility in water and in their hydrophile‐lipophile balance. A comparison was made by determining the cloud points in 10% sodium chloride solution and in dioxan‐water, as well as by means of the water numbers. The oleic acid—polyglyeol esters have the lowest solubility in water, because of the presence of diesters. The oleyl alcohol adducts are, at the same ethylene oxide chain length, probably three ethylene oxide units less hydrophilio than the oleylamine adducts. The solubilising power of a carboxyl group appears to be equal to that of a hydroxyl group and to that of three ethylene oxide groups. The hydrophilic character of an arnine group is greater and is approximately equal to that of four ethylene oxide units.
A Study of the Effect of Solvents in Wool Printing
Authors: Bell J. W. , Smith P. J. , Stevens C. B.
Published: July 2010

A quantitative study has been made of the effect on dye transfer in wool printing of adding solvents to the print paste. Experimental procedures have been devised for (a) producing the printed mark, (b) transferring dye from paste to substrate, (c) removing “unfixed” dye, and (d) estimating dye “fixed” on the fibre, under standardised and reproducible conditions. Addition of benzyl alcohol to print pastes containing Carbolan Brilliant Blue 2R (C.I. Acid Blue 140) and a 2: 1 dye‐metal complex dye greatly increased the rate of dye fixation, but the effect was very much less marked with the highly sulphonated dye Wool Blue RL (C.I. Acid Blue 92). The experimental results suggest that the underlying mechanism is the same as that in solvent‐assisted dyeing processes.
The Influence of Colour in Printed Textile Design
Authors: HOLLINGWORTH J. H.
Published: July 2010

After a brief review of the history of textile printing in the U. K., the factors responsible for the decline in the export trade over the last 50 years are outlined. Factors that affect printing prices and costs are indicated, including the number of dyes that have to be stocked and the run of a particular design. African and Western printing styles are surveyed and printing processes are briefly mentioned. Finally, the influence of newer fibres and finishes on printing and possible future developments are considered.
Beam Dyeing with Particular Reference to the Dyeing of Man–made Fibres
Authors: PRESTON D. T. , SKELLY J. K. , WILSON P.
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Processing Textiles on Perforated Beams in the Dyehouse’ held by the Manchester Region at the Manchester College of Science and Technology, on 26 th March 1965, Mr M. R. Fox in the chair. Also presented at meetings of the Midlands Region, held in the King's Head Hotel, Loughborough, on 18th November 1964, Mr G. Whitehead in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held in the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 26th November 1964, Dr F. F. Elsworth in the chair; of the London Region, held at the Royal Society, Burlington House, London Wl, on 4th December 1964, Mr C. Barnett in the chair; of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 15th December 1964, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; and of the Bradford Junior Section, held at the Bradford Institute of Technology, on 18th January 1965, Mr V. L. Elsworth in the chair

Laboratory methods are described for simulating high–temperature and atmospheric beam–dyeing conditions by means of the high–temperature dyeometer and a modified package–dyeing machine. Details are given of the rate–of–dyeing and migration behaviour of disperse dyes on polyester, cellulose triacetate, acrylic and polyamide fibres, of basic dyes on acrylic fibres, and of acid dyes on poly–amide fibres. Particular attention is drawn to the necessity for accurate temperature control during dyeing. A thorough knowledge of rate–of–dyeing and migration behaviour can be used to select dyes for three–colour mixtures and to determine their optimum application conditions.
Automation in Relation to Production
Authors: COALES J. F.
Published: July 2010

The application of automation in production is discussed with regard to continuous and batch processes. Batch processes are more difficult to automate because the parameters of the system vary with time.
James Sharp Manuscripts. II—Art and Scientific Dialogues
Authors: PEEL R. A.
Published: July 2010

‘Art and Scientific Dialogues written expressly for promoting the technical education of young persons employed in the arts of dyeing, finishing, stoveing and printing. Conversations will also be given on the manufacture, properties and uses of most of the dyes and chemicals employed by James Sharp of the Pickle Bridge Dyeworks 1879’.
Prospects for Radiation Techniques in Dyeing and Finishing
Authors: BYRNE G. A. , JONES D. M.
Published: July 2010

This paper evaluates the role, actual and potential, of high‐energy and low‐energy radiation in textile technology. Emphasis is placed on the cobalt‐60 source and the electron accelerator as high‐energy sources, and the glow discharge as a source of low‐energy radiation. The effect of high‐energy radiation on the structure and properties of fibres is reviewed. Two types of effect may be produced: crosslinking and degradation. The latter predominates with some polymers, whereas with others crosslinking of the polymer chains is the major effect. It is concluded that the direct effects of high‐energy radiation are of insufficient value to justify its application to textiles without some simultaneous or subsequent chemical treatment of the fibre. The free radicals produced by the radiation serve as reactive sites at which the graft copolymerisation of monomers may be initiated within the fibre structure. Three methods are available for the radiation grafting of unsaturated monomers on to fibrous substrates: the ‘simultaneous’ method, the ‘post‐irradiation’ method, and the ‘peroxide’ method. Most effort in this area has been devoted to the modification of synthetic‐polymer fibres to make them more readily dyeable. Several examples of this are described. To achieve good penetration of the graft copolymer into the fibre, it is necessary that the fibre should be sufficiently swollen to permit penetration by the monomer molecules. Experiments on the swelling of polyester fibres in relation to grafting are described. The use of radiation‐initiated grafting in the finishing of textiles is discussed next. The outstanding example of this, one that has achieved commercial exploitation, is the Deering Milliken Visa process for conferring durable‐press properties on cotton and cotton–polyester fabrics. Flame‐resistant cotton can also be produced by radiation‐grafting techniques. The modification of the surfaces of textile fibres, for example, to confer soil‐release and antistatic properties, is another potential application of radiation grafting in textile finishing. The deposition of coatings on solid surfaces by low‐energy gas‐discharge techniques has been the subject of many investigations. Recent work at the Shirley Institute, in collaboration with the Electricity Council Research Centre, has shown that several percent of vinyl monomers can be deposited on polyester fabric by means of the glow discharge. With hydrophilic monomers, the fabrics have improved antisoil and soil‐release properties. Terylene (ICI) fabrics treated in a glow discharge with acrylic acid can be dyed to solid colours with basic dyes. The paper concludes with a brief assessment of the economics of radiation processes in relation to their use in textile technology.
Aggregation of Anionic Dyes in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Iyer S. R. Sivaraja , Singh G. S.
Published: July 2010

The aggregation at 30 and 40d̀C of the sodium salts of l‐amino‐4‐alkylaminoanthraquinone‐2‐sulphonic acid has been studied polarographically. Aggregation proceeded up to the dimerisation stage only. The critical concentrations for formation of dye aggregates were considerably lower in the presence of KCl than in the presence of NaCl of equivalent molar concentrations. The calculated values of heats of dimerisation were exothermic and small, of the same order of magnitude as the corresponding free‐energy changes. The values of the unitary entropy changes ΔSU were generally positive and increased with increasing nonpolar character of the parent dye, indicating that hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the aggregation of these dyes. The good agreement between theoretical values of the thermodynamic parameters for pairwise hydrophobic‐bond formation between alkyl‐alkyl side‐chains and the experimental values emphasises the role of hydrophobic bonding in aggregation. Furthermore, addition of urea disaggregated the dye by reducing hydrophobic interactions.
The Application of Monochlorotriazinyl Reactive Dyes to Silk
Authors: BARKER PAUL G. H. , JOHNSON ALAN
Published: July 2010

The reasons for the generally poor build‐up properties of monochlorotriazinyl reactive dyes when applied to silk by recommended procedures have been investigated. The most important factor is the hydrolysis of dye‐fibre bonds during dyeing. This cannot be avoided, but fixation can be improved by the use of tertiary‐base catalysts to increase the rate of dye‐fibre bond information.
An Experimental Study of the Dyeability of Barry Nylon Fibre with Acid Dyes
Authors: Greider K.
Published: July 2010

When nylon fibre is dyed with acid dyes, the rate of diffusion into the fibre depends on the draw to normal ratio than for one more highly drawn. The ratio of the diffusion coefficients for two such substrates is independent of both the dye used and the amount of dye fixed on the fibre. The differences which appear in the dyeing of barry nylon textiles relate to the time parameter Dt/r2 (D is the diffusion coefficient in cm2 /s, t, the dyeing time in s, and r, the substrate radius in cm). The greater this parameter, the better is the coverage of barriness arising from variations in the draw ratio. Since the diffusion coefficient for a given substrate is specific to the dye, acid dyes differ in their suitability for dyeing barry nylon textile fabrics.
The Technical and Marketing Level of Vapour‐phase Transfer Printing
Authors: SCHAUB H. H.
Published: July 2010

The past, present and future of transfer printing are considered. New developments and new outlets are discussed, with particular reference to vacuum transfer.
Education and Training in the Future
Authors: BURDETT BRIAN C.
Published: July 2010

Based on a lecture given at the Manchester Region Management Forum on 1 April 1977.

The present uncertain position of many courses in textile coloration, particularly part‐time courses, is reviewed and conclusions drawn on possible future developments to sustain educational opportunities. The Technician Education Council and its Scottish counterpart, the courses of which are to replace the present part‐time courses, is discussed, together with the position of industry and of the Associateship of the Society. A future development in professional recognition of qualifications is mentioned. The continuing education of all levels of personnel in industry is discussed.
Process Control in terms of Process Variables
Authors: PARR C. , WEATHERHOGG G.
Published: July 2010

This paper is restricted to the control of process variables in batch dyeing. Most of the work carried out in this field, is concerned with complex, sophisticated pressure dyeing machines for colouring packages, fabric beams or fabric rope. Before considering this equipment, it is desirable to examine the types of instruments used in many non‐automatic dyehouses and the variables that are normally controlled by some form of instrumentation.
Tracer Diffusion Studies of Anions in Nylon 6. 6 Fibres:The Existence of a Surface Barrier Layer
Authors: Coates Jacqueline A. , Ellard Vivien , Rattee Ian D.
Published: July 2010

The tracer diffusion of Clr–36 labelled hydrochloric acid and of S–35 labelled C. I. Food Yellow 3 in nylon 6. 6 filaments has been studied. The results have shown that the spun filaments have a surface layer which acts as a barrier to diffusion. Using an analysis, similar to that used by Medley and Andrews [1], the diffusional characteristics of the surface and bulk of the fibres have been determined as a function of draw ratio. Parallel studies, using conventional methods, failed to show the existence of the surface barrier owing to concentration dependence, and diffusion potential effects.
Colour and Constitution of Anthraquinonoid Dyes. Part 1‐Modified PPP Calculations and Substituent Effects
Authors: Kogo Yoshiya , Kikuchi Hikaru , Matsuoka Masaru , Kitao† Teijiro
Published: July 2010

Calculation of the –electronic excitation energies of anthraquinonoid dyes has been carried out by means of the Pariser–Parr–Pople (PPP) method with the variable β, γ approximation. A good linear correlation between the observed and calculated values for the first – * excitation was found for a series of amino– and hydroxy–anthraquinone dyes. The effect of substituents on the colour of different dyes was studied on the basis of these calculated results. The intramolecular charge–transfer character of the first – * transition was supported. The parameters used in this calculation can be adapted to estimate the colour of any anthraquinonoid dye.
The Setting of Pass/Fail Limits in LCH° Colour Space
Authors: Ward CD.
Published: July 2010

A graphical technique for the examination of colour differences from standard in L, C, H colour space and the setting of pass/fail limits corresponding to visual judgements provided a realistic, readily understood way of quantifying visual practice, separating passes from fails, and specifying trends in visual judgements.
Automation and Cost Effectiveness in the Dyehouse
Authors: Svenson Rolf
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented at the Nordic Dyers' Association Conference held in Boras, from 11–13 September 1980.

As a result of the economic development we are rapidly approaching a society of limited resources. Fortunately, developments in microelectronics has given us new means to meet the new challenges. By applied microelectronics, we can in the true meaning of the word, optimize the use of the resources. With its help, we can now realize technical solutions which previously were not economically feasable. One does not have to be much of a fortuneteller to claim that the microcomputer technology, coupled with the economic pressures, will stimulate the development of completely new solutions to technical as well as economical problems.
Uniform Chromaticity Scales — New Experimental Data
Authors: Alder C. , Chaing K. P. , Chong T. F. , Coates E. , Khalili A. A. , Rigg B.
Published: July 2010

Sets of coloured paint and textile samples have been prepared, each set consisting of pairs of samples giving small chromaticity differences with a good coverage of the possible directions. For most sets the lightness differences were negligible, but for a few sets extra samples showing significant lightness differences were included. For each set one difference was taken to be standard and the other differences were assessed as a ratio of the standard difference by panels of 19 to 24 observers.

Chromaticity discrimination ellipses were calculated for each set. Experiments in which pairs from different sets were inter‐compared enabled the sizes of the ellipses to be correctly adjusted relative to each other. In total 42 sets (536 sample pairs) were investigated under Illuminant D65 and 39 sets (531 sample pairs) were investigated under Illuminant A.

When plotted on a chromaticity diagram the ellipses formed a fairly regular pattern, but marked differences compared to other sets of ellipses were noted. The ellipses increased in size as Y decreased, particularly at very low values of Y. The agreement between ΔE values from various colour‐ difference equations and the experimental results was poor, although newer equations (JPC and FCM) appeared to be somewhat better than the 1976 CIELAB equation. Various checks on the repeatability and consistency of the experimental results gave confidence in the latter and suggest that the equations are seriously in error.
Bubble size distribution and energy dissipation in foam mixers
Authors: Kroezen A B J , Wassink J Groot
Published: July 2010

The bubble size distribution of a foam produced in a rotor‐stator mixer has been determined as a function of several mixing parameters such as the rotor speed, residence time, gas/liquid ratio and the viscosity of the liquid used. A Newton‐Reynolds expression for a foam mixer has been determined using energy consumption measurements. Two types of shear fields have been distinguished in the foam mixer, laminar and turbulent, the type of shear field depending on the properties of the foam mixer. After a certain mixing time the bubble size distribution characterised by the mean bubble size was found to reach a stationary value. The stationary bubble size distribution has been correlated with the mixing conditions by a critical Weber number. Both in the laminar and in the turbulent shear field bubble size distributions have been determined as a function of several mixing parameters.
Speciality dyes‐new trends in modern dye chemistry
Authors: Griffiths John
Published: July 2010

The demand for new dyes for specialised applications, i.e. applications outside the conventional polymer coloration fields, has increased dramatically in recent years, and there is a strong case to be made for the establishment of an international directory of such substances. Here some of the more important speciality dyes are reviewed. For convenience, dye applications are classified according to the relevant property of the dye chromophore that is exploited, i.e. light absorption, light emission, electrical behaviour, chemical reactivity, and photochemical reactivity.
The influence of dithiolato nickel complexes on the light fastness of a thin layer of a near–infra–red absorbing cyanine dye
Authors: Nakazumi H , Hamada E , Ishigurot T , Shiozaki H , Kitao T
Published: July 2010

The stabilising effect of dithiolato nickel complexes on the photofading of thin layers of a cyanine dyes in a sunlight simulator has been studied. It was found that the neutral nickel complex with a total of twelve methoxy substituents was the most effective in inhibiting the photofading of the dye.
The role of excited singlet molecular oxygen in the photodegradation of functional squarylium dyes
Authors: Kuramoto Nobuhiro
Published: July 2010

Stern–Volmer analysis and competitive photo–oxidation experiments of some squarylium dyes with nickel bis(dithiobenzil), an efficient singlet oxygen quencher, have been carried out in chloroform solution and cellulose acetate film, in order to study the photodegradation mechanism of the dyes for optical data storage systems. From both sets of experiments it was found that the photodegradation reactions of squarylium dyes involve oxidation by singlet oxygen in a self–sensitised process, and that singlet oxygen quenchers such as nickel dithiolato complexes have an inhibiting effect on the photoreaction of the dyes. The relative rate constants for the reaction with singlet oxygen from the competitive photo–oxidation experiments were determined. It is shown that the use of singlet oxygen quenchers is effective for improving the light fastness of thin layers of squarylium dyes on polycarbonate substrates.
Crystal data for CI Solvent Yellow 2
Authors: Whitaker A
Published: July 2010

Single crystal data and the X‐ray powder pattern are reported for CI Solvent Yellow 2 (l‐phenylazo‐4‐NN‐dimethylamine). The powder pattern has been indexed from cell dimensions given by single crystal measurements. The problems of multiple indexing have been reduced by comparing the powder data with observed single crystal intensities.
A new approach to staff recruitment and development for a dyeing and finishing plant
Authors: Buttery Mike
Published: July 2010

Dundee Textiles, as a new dyeing and finishing plant on a greenfield site, had the ideal opportunity to implement many of the most current ideas in management policies. With Japanese interests in the fledgling company, those policies were taken from a wide‐ranging spectrum of experience, the resultant culture having the best of both worlds. This paper discusses recruitment, development and associated policies in the light of this mix of interests. The culture that has developed from this background is outlined as a demonstration of the differences between much of today's industry and what may be expected tomorrow.
The definitive dyeing laboratory
Authors: Park James
Published: July 2010

With the demand for right‐first‐time production at the right price, the laboratory must be the nerve centre of the coloration operation. With the use of sophisticated equipment, it is perhaps surprising that little attention is paid to the laboratory that houses it. Developments in general laboratory design and layout are reviewed and the space requirements are discussed. The costs of building and furnishing laboratories are considered. The requirements for space and equipment for laboratories servicing both exhaust and continuous dyeing operations are discussed. The productivity of such laboratories is studied and the effect of this factor on the cost is calculated. Operating budgets for the two types of laboratory are given. Many dyehouse laboratories are run inefficiently and the costs per laboratory dyeing and for a satisfactorily completed colour match are high. This can be reduced by running machines at full loads, multi‐shift working, optimising the use of computer colour matching techniques, and attaining a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility in laboratory techniques.
Recent developments in the optimised dyeing of cellulose using reactive dyes
Authors: Imada Kunihiko , Harada Naoki
Published: July 2010

To obtain the optimum conditions for dyeing cellulosic fibre with reactive dyes, it is necessary to find out how dyeing results depend upon the properties of the dyes and the fibres. The relationships between the rates of dyeing, dyeing equilibria, types of dye and additions of auxiliaries are important. Based on data that are already available or easy to acquire, it is possible to control the pH of the dyebath and the addition of auxiliaries to obtain optimum exhaustion and fixation for each reactive dye. The advantages to be gained are shorter dyeing times, better dyeing reproducibility and better levelness.
Look back in anger… look forward with optimism
Authors: Lowe Phillip
Published: July 2010

Phillip Lowe once had a glorious dream. He dreamt that all the authorities in the UK — the government, the Bank of England, the Treasury — recognised the key role of manufacturing to sustaining and improving the quality of life of our people. And, within industry, he dreamt that directors and managers held an optimistic view of the commercial opportunities world‐wide and had the ability to organise and motivate their colleagues. Then he awoke and the dream was gone…
Degumming of silk fabrics with tartaric acid
Authors: Freddi Giuliano , Allera Giulia , Candiani Guido
Published: July 2010

The effectiveness of the tartaric acid degumming process for silk has been evaluated as a function of temperature, time and acid concentration in the degumming bath. The degummed samples were characterised as regards physico‐mechanical properties (tenacity, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity) and intrinsic viscosity. Dyeability with acid, metal‐complex and reactive dyes has been determined spectrophotometrically. The possibility of carrying out subsequent degummings with the same bath was investigated. The effect of centrifuging and replenishing the bath with fresh degumming solution was also considered in relation to degumming efficiency. The results obtained are quite promising as a basis for possible future industrial application.
An assessment of the effect of variables in wet contact fastness tests
Authors: Park J. , Smith P J
Published: July 2010

BS 1006.E01 (1990) has been used to study the influence of pH when testing colour fastness to water. A comparison has been made with BS 1006:UK‐TB (1990). Perspirometer versus plate methods have been included in the evaluation together with a comparison of visual and instrumental assessment techniques.
An Introduction to Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Perucca Emilio
Published: July 2010

Summary:  In recent years, the number of commercially available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has increased steadily. Although this may complicate management choices, it also offers welcome new options to individualize treatment more effectively. Because each of the available AEDs differs from others in many clinically relevant properties, opportunities to tailor drug treatment to the characteristics of the individual patient have never been greater. Properties that are especially important in drug selection in patients with epilepsy include spectrum of efficacy in different seizure types, adverse effects profile, pharmacokinetic properties, susceptibility to cause or be a target of clinically important drug–drug interactions, ease of use, and cost. Other factors that need to be considered in tailoring drug choice include availability of user‐friendly pediatric formulations, and potentially favorable effects on co‐morbid conditions. In fact, a number of AEDs are efficacious and widely prescribed in additional indications, particularly psychiatric disorders, migraine prophylaxis, and neuropathic pain. Recently, advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of actions of AEDs at the molecular level. While a fully mechanistic approach to the clinical use of these agents is not yet feasible, knowledge of mechanisms of action offers useful clues in predicting their efficacy profile and spectrum of potential adverse effects.
Is the first seizure truly epileptic?
Authors: Perrig Stephen , Jallon Pierre
Published: July 2010

Summary

Transient loss of consciousness (T‐LOC) with abnormal posture or movements reflects a temporary dysfunction of the brain, either primary or secondary. In a period of high technological medical access, patients with T‐LOC constitute a challenge to improve the medical “art of listening.” The difficulty in dealing with isolated paroxysmal phenomena is associated with the probability of the occurrence of a second event and therefore the entrance of the patient into a chronic disorder. We present a detailed analysis of symptoms that should help the general practitioner in the differential diagnosis among three main entities in the adult populations: syncope, epileptic seizure, and psychogenic seizure (dissociative convulsion).
Neovascularization in an arterio‐venous loop‐containing tissue engineering chamber: role of NADPH oxidase
Authors: Jiang F. , Zhang G. , Hashimoto I. , Kumar B. S. , Bortolotto S. , Morrison W. A. , Dusting G. J.
Published: July 2010

Using an in vivo arterio‐venous loop‐containing tissue‐engineering chamber, we have created a variety of vascularized tissue blocks, including functional myocardium. The viability of the transplanted cells is limited by the rate of neovascularization in the chamber. A Nox2‐containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is thought to have a critical role in ischaemic angiogenesis. In this study we investigated whether NADPH oxidase is involved in the neovascularization process in the tissue‐engineering chamber. New blood vessels originating from the venous and the arterial ends of the loop could be identified after 3 days, and the vessel density (by lectin staining) peaked after 7 days and was maintained for at least 14 days. This was accompanied by granulation tissue formation and concomitant increase in the mRNA level of Nox4 NADPH oxidase. Although the total level of Nox2 mRNA in the chamber tissue decreased from day 3 to day 7, immunohistochemistry identified a strong expression of Nox2 in the endothelial cells of the new vessels. In human microvascular endothelial cells, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin reduced NADPH oxidase activity and inhibited the angiogenic responses in vitro. Local treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin or gp91ds‐tat peptide significantly suppressed the vessel growth in the chamber. In conclusion, NADPH oxidase‐dependent redox signalling is important for neovascularization in this novel tissue‐engineering chamber in vivo, and boosting this signalling might be a new approach to extending vascularization and tissue growth.
The therapeutic use of rituximab in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Marcus Robert , Hagenbeek Anton
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  The non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) comprise a heterogeneous collection of lymphoproliferative malignancies, which are most common in people aged over 55 years. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of NHL, accounting for approximately 30% of all new patients. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common NHL sub‐type, and accounts for a further 22% of cases. While the incidence of most other cancers is decreasing, that of NHL is increasing steadily. During the 1970’s and 1980’s, worldwide NHL incidence rose by 3–4% per year. This rise has slowed in the 1990’s, but an annual increase of 1–2% is still being recorded. Over the last five years, the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, and specifically the anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, has radically changed treatment of B‐cell NHL. Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody which binds to the transmembrane antigen, CD20, a non‐glycosylated phosphoprotein, located on pre‐B and mature B lymphocytes. This antigen is expressed on over 95% of all B cell NHLs, and on normal B cells, but not on haematopoietic stem cells, normal or malignant plasma cells. The Fc domain of rituximab recruits immune effector functions to mediate B cell lysis. Possible mechanisms of cytotoxicity include complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) resulting from C1q binding, and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by one or more of the Fcγ receptors on the surface of granulocytes, macrophages and NK cells. It is also possible that the binding of rituximab to the CD20 antigen on the cell surface may directly induce apoptosis. For patients with both follicular and diffuse large B‐cell NHL, several large scale prospective randomised trials have demonstrated prolongation of remission when rituximab is incorporated into first line treatment, and, in follicular lymphoma, as a component of salvage therapy. As a result of these studies, current European indications for rituximab include:

•  the treatment of previously untreated patients with stage III‐IV follicular lymphoma in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (CVP) chemotherapy

•  as maintenance therapy in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma responding to induction therapy with chemotherapy or immuno‐chemotherapy

•  the treatment of patients with diffuse large B cell NHL in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy.

This paper examines the evidence supporting the use of rituximab in these settings, and places its use into the context of standard clinical practice.
Determination of Factors of the Kinin System in Rat Plasma
Authors: Briseid Kjell , Dyrud Olav Kjell , Öie Svein
Published: July 2010

Methods were developed for determining the kininogen fractions, kininase and prekallikrein. The plasma prekallikrein was activated by 20 % (v/v) acetone for about 17 hours (20–24°). Urine kallikrein was prepared by dialysis of urine against running tap water for about 24 hours. Kininase activity was eliminated in plasma, plasma kallikrein and urine kallikrein by incubation at 37° with EDTA‐2Na (1.0 × 102 M) for about 24 hours. Kinin assays were carried out on the isolated rat uterus. Released kinin was calculated as μg bradykinin/ml plasma. The total kininogen, whether determined by activation with acetone (16 % v/v for not less than 5 hours) and subsequent incubation with plasma kallikrein, by incubation with plasma kallikrein and then urine kallikrein, or by incubation with acetone (20 % v/v for 17 hours) and subsequent evaporation of the acetone, was found to be the same, 2.0 μg/ml plasma as an average value of 7 plasma batches corresponding to a total of 90 rats (S. D. = 0.09). The average values of kinin released by incubation with plasma kallikrein and by urine kallikrein were 1.5 μg/ml and 1.4 μg/ml plasma respectively with S. D. values of 0.11 and 0.06 respectively. The procedures for kininase and for prekallikrein determinations corresponded closely to previously published methods for estimation of the same parameters in human plasma (RINVIK, DYRUD & BRISEID 1966; BRISEID, DYRUD & ARNTZEN 1968).
An Assay Method for Trasylol® Based on the In Vitro Inhibition of Human Plasma Kallikrein
Authors: Briseid Gudrun
Published: July 2010

Plasma kallikrein prepared by activation of citrated plasma with acetone (16.7 % v/v) for 17 hours at room temperature (20–24°) was preincubated with trasylol for 10 minutes (37°). Kinin release was obtained by incubation for 30 minutes (37°) with citrated human plasma in which the kininase had been eliminated with EDTA‐2Na (4 mg per ml) for 30 minutes (37°), and in which the acetone‐susceptible kallikrein inhibitors had been depressed immediately before by the addition of acetone (12.5 % v/v). The reaction was stopped by heating for 30 minutes (100°) after which the released kinin was assayed on the isolated rat uterus. Ten different trasylol samples were estimated against a standard trasylol in (2 + 2) assays with a dose ratio 1:0.5 and with 6 series of 4 doses. The average departure from the true trasylol content was 5.4 % (range — 8.8 to + 11.1 %) and the mean systematical deviation was + 0.4 %. The fiducial limits ranged from 95–105 % to 89–112 % (P = 0.05), and s/b was 0.035 (range 0.024 to 0.053).
ECG‐Changes Induced by Phenothiazine Drugs in the Anaesthetized Rat
Authors: Langslet Asbjørn
Published: July 2010

The ECG has been recorded in barbiturate anaesthetized rats during intravenous infusion of levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine and perphenazine. All the drugs decreased impulse‐generation and propagation in the heart. The magnitude of the changes in heart rate, PQ‐ QRS‐ and QT‐time was dose dependent, and the relative order of potency of the drugs was as follows: 1. perphenazine and prochlorperazine, 2. chlorpromazine and 3. levomepromazine. Perphenazine, prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine and levomepromazine in 2.5 × 10‐5 M concentration increased the PQ‐time to about 130 %, 128 %, 122 % and 117 % respectively, of the PQ‐time before infusion. The magnitude of the changes in rate, QT‐ and QRS‐intervals was in the same range. At higher concentrations, all the drugs caused AV‐block of variable degree. Qualitatively these changes are similar to those induced by the drugs in the isolated perfused rat heart; quantitatively, however, these in vivo findings do not correspond to the in vitro findings recently described by the present author. Levomepromazine which in vitro was unique in changing the ECG‐pattern at much lower concentrations than the other phenothiazine derivatives, is less potent than perphenazine, prochlorpromazine and chlorpromazine in vivo. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
The Influence of Folic Acid on Phenytoin (DPH) Metabolism and the 24‐Hours Fluctuation in Urinary Output of 5‐(p‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5 phenyl‐hydantoin (HPPH)
Authors: Olesen O. Vendelin , Jensen O. Nygaard
Published: July 2010

Five patients with phenytoin (DPH) induced subnormal seruml.casei folate activity were treated for a period of 5 months with 20 mg of folic acid daily in order to investigate the effect of this treatment on the quantitative 24‐hours output of 5‐(p‐hydroxyphenyl)‐ 5 phenyl‐hydantoin (HPPH) and on the serum phenytoin levels. During the period of folic acid treatment an average decrease of 12 % in the mean HPPH output was found, and four out of the five patients showed a corresponding fall in the serum phenytoin levels. In each patient a large variation in the 24‐hours output of HPPH was found, and at least seven consecutive 24‐hours urine samples during each of two given periods are necessary in order to demonstrate any change in the HPPH output. It is suggested that treatment with massive doses of folic acid alters the metabolism of phenytoin towards an unknown metabolic route.
Inhibition of Energy Production by Halothane Metabolites
Authors: Rosenberg Per H. , Airaksinen Mauno M. , Tammisto Tapani
Published: July 2010

Trifluoroethanol (TFE), trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate (TFA1H) and trifluoroacetic acid, which are metabolites of halothane and fluroxene, were given intraperitoneally to mice. TFE, in lethal doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg caused a significant decrease of the ATP content and the ATP/ADP ratio in mice livers 17 hrs after the administration. TFE, however, did not decrease the content of creatine phosphate (nor the creatine phosphate/creatine ratio) in mice hearts or muscles. All the three halothane metabolites inhibited anaerobic glycolysis (14–72%) in the liver, the greatest inhibition occuring 17 hrs after the administration of TFA1H. In vitro only TFE and TFA1H were found to be inhibitors. Ethanol, which protects against the toxicity of TFE, did not modify the inhibition of glycolysis in vivo, but totally prevented the decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio. The inhibition of glycolysis as well as the discrepancy between the changes in ATP and creatine phosphate concentrations may be explained by an inhibition by trifluoroacetaldehyde or its derivative of enzymes with active thiol groups.