bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intimate Relations: Children, Childbearing, and Parentage on the Euripidean Stage
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I
Published: November 2023

In Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazousae, produced in 411 bce, Euripides’ kinsman, who has infiltrated the women’s festival in transvestite garb has just been unmasked as a male impostor. In a desperate attempt to save himself, he snatches a baby from one of the women, threatening to kill the child at the altar if he is not released. The audience ought to recognize this as a parody of a scene from Euripides’ Telephus, even though produced almost thirty years earlier (in 438) because, if nothing else, Aristophanes’ fondness for this play throughout his career ensured its afterlife, at least in the comic theatre. The Telephus is parodied, quoted, or alluded to in eight of Aristophanes’ surviving plays, and in the Frogs, the character Euripides names it last and best in his own list of plays (863–4). Alan Sommerstein speculates that the fame of the Telephus may have been due to the fact that it was the first to introduce the long line of Euripides’ ‘ragged heroes’, but the novelty of its sensational plot surely also relied on the presence of an infant on stage and the ploy of taking it hostage. The runner-up for the number of parodiccitations (7) in Aristophanic comedy of Euripidean tragedy was the Alcestis. It too is an unusual play in several respects, including a rather remarkable scene in which one of Alcestis’s offspring is allowed to voice a lament over his mother’s lifeless body that veers between the conventional forms and his childlike reactions.
Wagner’s Greeks: The Politics of Hellenism
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2023

This chapter will enter some painful territory: painful for classicists, painful for me as a Jew, and painful for anyone who cares about the development of the twentieth century and the place of Hellenism in it. It might seem therefore misplaced and even somewhat churlish to offer it in celebration of the work of Oliver Taplin of all people, who has done so much to bring ancient Greek theatre to a wider audience in a wholly positive manner, and who has worked so productively and generously at the interface between modern literature and the ancient world. But my subject, if not its painfulness, is deeply indebted to his work.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge And The Fine Arts
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

Although Coleridge’s thinking and writing about the fine arts was both considerable and interesting, this has not been the subject of a book before. Coleridge owed his initiation into art to Sir George Beaumont. In 1803-4 he had frequent opportunities to learn from Beaumont, to study Beaumont’s small but elegant collection and to visit private collections. Before leaving for Malta in April 1804, Coleridge wrote ‘I have learnt as much from Sir George Beaumont respecting Pictures & Painting and Paint[ers as] I ever learnt on any subject from any man in the same Space of Time.’ In Italy in 1806, Coleridge’s experience of art deepened, thanks to the American artist Washington Allston, who taught him to see the artistic sights of Rome with a painter’s eye. Coleridge also visited Florence and Pisa, and later said of the frescoes in Pisa’s Camp Santo: ‘The impression was greater, I may say, than that any poem ever made upon me.’ Back in England, Coleridge visited London exhibitions, country house collections, and even artists’ studios. In 1814, both Coleridge and Allston were in Bristol—Coleridge lecturing, Allston exhibiting. Coleridge’s ‘On the Principles of Genial Criticism’ began as a defense of Allston’s paintings but became a statement about all the arts. This book, an important contribution to Coleridge’s intellectual biography, will make readers aware of a dimension of his thinking that has been largely ignored until now.
Title Deeds: Translating a Classic1
Authors: Heaney Seamus
Published: November 2023

Twenty-three years ago, in May 1981, there was a gathering at once solemn and dangerous in the village of Toomebridge in Northern Ireland. The name of the place comes from the Irish word tuaim, meaning, as you would expect, a burial mound, and in the circumstances that meaning was most appropriate. The bridge at Toome links County Antrim, on the east bank of the River Bann, to County Derry, on the west bank, and a lot of the crowd that were gathered in the main street of the village on this particular occasion had crossed from the County Derry side. They were there to meet a hearse that contained the body of a well-known County Derry figure, and once the hearse arrived they would accompany it back to a farmhouse on a bog road some six or seven miles away, where the body would be waked in traditional style by family and neighbours. They had come to Toome to observe custom and to attend that part of the funeral rite known in Ireland as ‘the removal of the remains’.
The Autobiography of the Western Subject: Carson’s Geryon
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

To an essay about Echo in the Stanford Literary Review, the poet Anne Carson once appended the subtitle ‘A notional refraction through Sophokles, Plato and Defoe’. My chapter here, an attempt to under- stand Carson’s project in Autobiography of Red (1997) as a poetic his- tory of western ideas about human selfhood, offers instead a notional refraction of Geryon, a Greek mythical figure in whom Carson has demonstrated particular interest, through Stesichorus, Dante, and Heidegger. Besides the fragments of the archaic Greek poet Stesichorus’ lyrical narrative poem the Geryoneis (especially those contained in P.Oxy 2617), in my view the Christian picture of the objectified Geryon painted by Dante, and Heidegger’s identification of time as the chief locus by which human subjectivity orients itself, are two of the most important intellectual and aesthetic compass points that can help us reading the poetic map of Carson’s poem.
Catullus in New Zealand: Baxter and Stead
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: November 2023

The translation and imitation of Latin poets has been a consistent feature of modern New Zealand poetry in English. Fleur Adcock (1934–) has produced some fine translations of two of the greatest twelfth-century Latin poets, Hugh Primas and the Archpoet (1994), and Ian Wedde (1946–) has presented us with a modern Kiwi Horace in The Commonplace Odes (2001). Likewise, Anna Jackson’s poetic interest in Catullus, which she discusses in her chapter in this volume, follows that of other figures in New Zealand poetry, as she herself acknowledges. In this chapter I want to look at two major predecessors of Jackson in making versions of Catullus in New Zealand— James K. Baxter and C. K. (Karl) Stead.
Thomas Browne and the Uses of Antiquity
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

Browne was in love with antiquity. He was fascinated by the depth of time, and excited by its obscurity. The grand actions and ‘wilde enormities of ancient magnanimity’ stirred his imagination, while the wisdom and knowledge he supposed the Ancients to possess aroused in him both admiration and envy ( UB 5.170). Almost everything that Browne wrote has antiquity for a back- ground, to provide the basic information on a subject, to offer contrast or confirmation, or to act as illustration or exotic amplification to the matter in hand.
Imperatives and Other Directives in the Greek Letters from Mons Claudianus*
Authors: Leiwo Martti
Published: November 2023

Approximately 6,000 ostraca have been found at Mons Claudianus in the eastern desert of Egypt. Of these 631 have so far been published, as O. Claud. I–III. The number of letters is not precise, as there is not always a difference between a letter and, for example, a receipt, but 170–80 of these texts can be defined as letters.1 All ostraca can be dated to the period between the emperors Trajan and Antoninus Pius. My focus is on the imperatives and other directive expressions found in the letters. The definition of a directive is: A orders, commands, or requests B to do X by expressing a desire (want, wish) that B do X.
Vina fictitiafrom Latin into Greek: The Evidence of the Papyri*
Authors: Maravela-Solbakk Anastasia
Published: November 2023

It is generally admitted that the suffixes amply used in Greek derivation from the late Roman period onwards, are Latinate suffixes, that is they represent a transplantation into Greek of the Latin suffixesatusand -atum.1 The morphological incorporation of these suffixes into the Greek suffixation system was an easy matter. The derivative words could be neatly subsumed under the group of verbal adjectives (and their derivative nouns) in well established in Greek since the time of Homer.
Building and Examining Linguistic Phenomena in a Corpus of Representative Papyri
Authors: Porter S E , Donnell M B O‘
Published: November 2023

Imagine, if you will, becoming the primary researcher on a study that has received grant funding to study the language people use to greet each other in a variety of situations in modern America. Full of vigour and enthusiasm for this new endeavour, you set out to carry out the necessary field work. ‘Surely the data can be collected in a few hours ‘, you think to yourself, ‘and then we can move on to the real work of analysis and model development ‘. To this end you drive to the gates of a large factory in a nearby town as you are aware a new shift of workers are about to clock-in. Clipboard at the ready, you watch as a stream of several hundred people go through the gate and you take note of the words they use to greet each other. Quickly, you have identified the two or three phrases used over and over again. Satisfied, you return to your lab to begin the analysis. However, your keen graduate assistant quickly dampens your enthusiasm—though perhaps saves your professional reputation—by pointing out that collecting data from one shift of factory workers in a non-conversational setting could hardly be considered to entirely represent the use of greeting language in modern America. In response, you suggest a plan to return to the factory each day for the next two weeks and to observe.
Philostratus
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

From what point did you seize my soul? Clearly from the eyes, whereby alone beauty makes its entrance? For just as tyrants seize citadels, and kings strongholds, and gods lofty sites, so too Love seizes the citadel of the eyes. He fortifies it not with wooden palisades or brick walls, but only with the eyelids, and then quietly and insidiously he enters the soul-swiftly as he has wings, unimpeded as he is naked, irresistible as he is an archer.
Aristaenetus
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

Over a long time, my good friend, I have learnt also that all skills have need of fortune, and fortune is improved upon by skills. For these do not achieve their ends without divine assistance, while she wins greater esteem by giving the experts opportunities to use her. Well, then, since I’m quite aware that a preamble is tedious if you are impatient to hear more, without further ado I’ll tell you what happened.
Hippocrates
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

From my stay with you in Rhodes, Damagetus, I know that ship called ’Helios’, a splendid one with a good stern, service­able keel, and plenty of deck room. You also praised her sea­worthiness, saying she was nippy, safe, responsive to skilful handling, and you praised the speed of her sailing. Send her to me-but, if possible, equipping her with wings, not oars. For I have urgent business, my friend, and indeed must sail with all haste to Abdera. I want to cure a city of an illness caused by the illness of one man, Democritus. You must have heard of the man’s reputation: it is he whom the city has alleged to be in a desperate plight through madness. My wish, or rather my prayer, is that he is not really deranged, but that it only seems so to them. They say he laughs all the time, and never stops laughing at everything, and that seems to them a sign of mad­ness. So tell your friends in Rhodes to be always moderate in their behaviour, and not to laugh much or scowl much, but learn moderation in both, so that you may seem most charming to some, and to others a wise thinker pondering on virtue. And yet, Damagetus, there is something worrying in his laughing at everything. If excess is a bad thing, continual excess is worse.
Introduction: Medicine and the Historical Relations of Gender, Nature, and Authority
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Med I C In E has now become an accepted, even favoured, area of enquiry for those interested in the history of women, and in past interpretations and organizations of sexual difference more broadly.1 It is asked of an increasing number of historical societies, whether, for instance, there were female healers, and how they related to other contemporary medical practitioners, both individually and institutionally. How female patients fared, how women ‘s bodies were conceived and comprehended both when sick and well, and why. How these situations and conceptions interrelate, and what broader sets of circumstances are also at stake in all this.
Iambus II
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

Iambus I makes a remarkable introduction. 1 Form and content set it off from the following poems. Hipponax and his new Iambus start the Book with a challenge to the present. In his programmatic opening poem, Callimachus sets himself against the Iambic tradition. Iambus I is marked off and stands apart. when does the collection proper begin? In Iambus II, the speaker is the poet. The entrance gate is left behind. we now hear ‘Cal1imachus’ himself.
Iambus III
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

The gap between the beginning of the poem on the verso of POxy. 101 I fol. IV and its end on the recto is bridged by POxy. 2215 fr. 1: it overlaps lOII fol. 1vv 178-86 at the top (1-9 = fr. 193,5-13) and fol. 1vr 190 at the bottom (20 = fr. 193,24), “forming with it a combination in which every verse but one of the thirty-nine, of which as we now discover the piece consisted, is represented. I do not know that we are much better off for that, but there is no other piece of Callimachus (apart from the hymns and the epigrams) of which the same can be said”.
Iambus VI
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

The length of Iambus VI, and the proportions of its parts, can be determined with some certainty. Beginning and end arc securely established. fost of the Jines are represented in some form. ‘T’here are two lacunae, but there is no doubt about their place in the poem, and little about their extent. (On the evidence of the papyri, see the Excursus above.) We can, again, survey the poem as a ,Whole. It will be worth the trouble: there is some fine writing to be salvaged here. Even in its mutilated state, Iambus VI deserves a place of honour among the works of Callimachus.
How to Execute People in Fourth-Century Athens
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

This chapter is written at a time of continuing debate about the future management of prisons. Its starting-point is a story which would gladden the heart of the most ardent of penal privatizers, but which took place at Athens in 3 I 8 BC: the story of the man who was invited to sponsor his own execution.
The Hospitality of Athenian Justice: The Metic in Court
Authors: Patterson Cynthia
Published: November 2023

By common judgement, ancient and modern, the popular courts were the emblem of classical Athenian democracy. For better or worse, the Athenians themselves viewed the institution of popular justice delivered by large juries who were paid for their services as their own distinctive democratic invention. Modern commentators have not failed to appreciate both the practical and ideological importance of the Athenian jury to the character and stability of Athenian democracy; in recent years careful (and sociologically informed) reading of the rhetoric of the Athenian courtroom has illuminated the courts as the focal point of the expression of democratic civic ideology and as a forum for elite display and mass validation of public status and prestige within the citizen community. In the courts, Athenian litigants articulated for Athenian juries the meaning of their common citizenship in a democratic city.
‘Whoring Under Contract’: The Legal Context of Prostitution in Fourth-Century Athens
Authors: Cohen Edward E
Published: November 2023

Modern scholarship often proffers political explanations of Athenian civilization and institutions, interpretations focusing on the ‘status’ of individuals-’citizens’ (politai), ‘resident foreigners’ (metics), or ‘slaves’.2 Even business activity has been explained not in economic terms, but as a manifestation of political power: according to a thesis dominant for decades, citizens unifonnly lived on incomes derived from capital investments and property; only non-citizens worked personally and actively in trade and production.
Canonists Construct the Nun?: Church Law and Women’s Monastic Practice in Merovingian France
Authors: Peyroux Catherine R
Published: November 2023

‘In ep1scopo ecclesia est.’1 So goes the venerable adage, surely never more appropriate than when bishops were gathered in solemn council to manifest the authority of the church in the production of the body of decrees and statutes governing the faith, and the faithful, that we identify as early medieval canon law. The role and prerogative of this church in the governance of religious women in the christianized barbarian kingdoms of the west has long been a matter of speculation and dispute. In recent years, two dominant interpretations have emerged. One sees the Merovingian period as a time characterized by the comparative autonomy, and equality of spiritual potential, of consecrated women, whose religious authority would later be eclipsed in the Carolingian age by the rise of an organized church that ‘reflected the prejudices of the patriarchal societies where Christianity was born and propagated’ .
Introduction
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

WHETHER a new child was always so welcome in Roman society depended on many factors, such as the parents’ status and financial situation, the sex of the child, how many siblings there were. Diverse factors have always affected the welcome and fate of newborn infants in any society. That children were, in principle and often in practice, welcome and valued and visible in Roman society is the main argument of this book. Moreover, there are distinctively Roman concepts and treatment of children which can be identified.
Ages and Stages
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

BY celebrating the anniversary of their birthday every year, Romans marked the passage of time. They gave thanks for the past year and prayed for divine protection for the coming year. Usual elements were fire on the domestic altar, incense, ritual cakes, wine, garlands of flowers, and white robes. These celebrations, and the ritual associated with them, were essentially Roman. There seems to be no Greek parallel for this tradition of annual celebrations of personal birthdays. The birthday poem, as a celebration and a birthday gift, is a Roman genre, attested over three centuries from the Augustan period.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Machacek David
Published: November 2023

IT is a commonplace of history that when, in particular periods, a society enjoys hegemony of economic, scientific, and technological enlightemnent, its intellectual and social elite will also exult in the distinctive customs, mores, and values of their society’s way of life. In these conditions, even the common people, following their leaders, tend to attribute their nation’s relative success not solely to advanced technical expertise, but to the patterns of social control and discipline that their country’s particular ethos has inculcated. Their manifest superiority to other peoples in respect of material culture confers credit on the ideological, moral, and spiritual tradition they have inherited or evolved.
Sokka Gakkai and Japanese Politics
Authors: Aruga Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

THE Soka Kyoiku Gakkai (Value-Creating Education Society) embraced goals that differed significantly from those that this same organization espoused after World War II, when it became Soka Gakkai. In his work, Soka kyoikugaku taikei (“A Theory of Value-Creating Pedagogy’’), Mak:iguchi emphasized a “system of learning based on methods to nurture capable people who will create value as befits a purpose in life”; or to be more precise, the society advocated the reform of educational policies and educational methods.
The Role of Women
Authors: Usui Atsuko
Published: November 2023

THE issue of religion and women has gained increasing importance in the field of religious studies, prompted by both the rise of feminism in the late 1970s and the reexamination of feminist theology within Christianity. Studies of feminist theology have indicated the existence of a “solidarity among women” whose daily living experiences were brought to life within religious movements, and have emphasized the con temporary significance of this solidarity. However, these studies have also revealed a course of history in which many religious denominations lost their initial advocacy of gender equality, became assimilated into patriarchal social structures, and even created a system that supported gender discrimination.
Immigrant Buddhists in America
Authors: Machacek David , Mitchell Kerry
Published: November 2023

SOKA GAKKAI first arrived in the United States as the religion of some Japanese war brides. Although many American servicemen converted to the religion of their spouses in the early years, SGI-USA’s initial recruitment efforts targeted other recent immigrants from Japan, who, because of American immigration laws at the time, were also mostly women married to American men. For these early members, involvement in Soka Gakkai offered an opportunity to socialize with others who spoke their language and shared their customs.
The Late Mannerist in Athenia Vase-Painting
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

The potter and painter Myson founded the Mannerist workshop at the end of the sixth century BC. The Mannerists were his pupils and pupils of his pupils, and specialized in columnkraters, hydriai, and pelikai. The workshop was unusually long-lived and was active through the whole of the fifth century and the first decade of the fourth. The style of painting and the choice of some subjects are curiously old-fashioned. A number of pictures show rare themes such as the Death of Prokris, Odysseus and Nausicaa, and Orestes in Delphi. Other paintings give an unusual twist to well-known stories. The Mannerists were influenced by theatrical productions, extant wall paintings, and the works of other vase-painters. The workshop provides important clues for the chronology of Attic vase-painting, for example drawing reflecting Pheidias' Athena Parthenos, and Aeschylos' plays Sphinx, Eumenides, and Seven against Thebes.
Epic in the Middle of the Wood: Mise en Abyme in the Nisus and Euryalus Episode
Authors: Fowler Don
Published: November 2023

In 1893, Andre Gide introduced a new term into literary studies from heraldry, the mise en abyme: In a work of art, I like to find thus transposed, at the level of the characters, the subject of the work itself. Nothing sheds more light on the work or displays the proportions of the whole work more accurately. Thus, in paintings by Memling or Quentin Metzys, a small dark convex mirror reflects, in its turn, the interior of the room in which the action takes place.
Portrait Statues and the Statuesque
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

There is no question that Romans conceived of the portrait as a true likeness. Of course, there are degrees of likeness, and Roman portraits were highly conventional, appealing to physiognomical assumptions, displaying symbolic markers of social persona or character, exploiting adherence to or departure from well-known precedents. But when ancient texts address the functions of portraits, it is physical resemblance to their subject that emerges as the underlying premise. So it is that portraits are often said to perpetuate the memory of the dead, make present those who are absent, or lend insight into the personalities of those who have never been seen. And like the human face, the realistic portrait was a conspicuous sign of individual identity.
Simulacra and Signa
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

‘Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem.’ So writes Pliny the Elder: ‘When one mortal helps another, that is god.’ We are so used to following his Natural History as a museographical guide to the sculptures of Rome that we forget the author’s particular philosophical–ideological standpoint. Pliny is an outspoken agnostic, and insofar as he considers divinity at all, he does so in the language of Stoic cosmology. Pliny himself deceives us. He proclaims that his encyclopaedia is a dull collection of facts. He appends a list of contents so that hard-working Titus (to whom the work is dedicated) need not plough through the book but can look up the facts that he needs. His ‘catalogue’ of works by famous Greek artists in Rome and elsewhere reads like an ancient inventory and at certain points it is arranged in alphabetical order. It is easy to view this as objective or neutral description. Indeed it reads not unlike the temple inventories, or the Greek periegetic descriptions of Pausanias, who is interested in ‘art-historical’ facts and names in spite of the more obviously religious concerns that underlie some of his writings. But unlike those texts Pliny deflates the claims of polytheistic ‘superstition’ from the outset, repeatedly rejecting the trappings of traditional Roman religion, including anthropomorphic representation. Of course, he is not the only Roman writer to do this, but his work has long been exploited as the only extensive ‘art-historical’ text to survive from antiquity. We must therefore recognize that his presentation of the statues of Rome, so many of which were in some sense religious, cannot but be informed by the attitude he adopts towards nature and divinity.
We are Not Amused: Tiberius Caesar and the Flunkey
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

There is one particular tribe of muckers in Rome, they dash to and froinatizzy, tied up in free time, hustling for free; lots ado but nothing doing, they’re a drag for themselves and for others loathsome as can be .This is the lot I mean, if only I’m up to it, to put straight with the help of a true story.
The Price of Fame: Pompey
the Great and the Queen’s Shilling (App. 10)
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Magni Pompei miles uasti corporis fracte loquendo et ambulando molliter famam cinaedi traxerat certissimi. hie insidiatus node iumentis ducis cum ueste et auro et magno argenti pondere auertit miles.
Kings of Fable and Fables of Kings
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

This final chapter will produce just one more ‘name’—the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus from back in the Herodotean mists of late sixth century bce proto-history—but only as a fictional frame, with Aesop as fabulist (§ 4 below: 1. 2). Otherwise, the sole humans here are two fellow-travellers to Apeland (§ 1: 4. 13). This is the place to take a look at kings in the (beast-)fables of Phaedrus (a look, not proper study), before a concluding moral reflection on Aesopic kingship mentions some fables not found in Phaedrus, and pontificates (a little) on royalty and rhetoric, write and wrong (§5).
Citizenship and Markets in Recent British Education Policy
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: November 2023

Although we are concerned here mainly with the contrast between citizenship and customership as differing forms of social participation, we must also see both in the context of a third: community. Under customership goods and services are acquired through purchase within a free market. In citizenship they are allocated as of right, and financing their cost is separate from the act of acquisition. Within community goods and services are allocated according to criteria of affect and custom, again with payment separated from acquisition.
Institutions, Culture, and Identity of Transnational Citizenship: How Much Integration and ‘Communal Spirit’ is Needed?
Authors: Bader Veit
Published: November 2023

Institutions, cultures, and political identities of democratic (nation-) states are increasingly under pressure in our epoch of rapid globalization and huge migration. The theory and politics of radical democracy have to imagine answers to many new problems.

Global ecological problems, global insecurity (wars, civil wars, ethnic cleansings), and poverty require co-ordinated international efforts at a time when the misfit of existing inter-governmental and international institutions, worsened by neo-liberal globalization strategies (Hirst and Thompson 1996), is increasingly felt (Held 1995; Falk 1995).
Absolute Borderline Cases
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

The New York Vagueness Group has convened up and down Manhattan since 1997. The membership is infinite. Proof: there is at least one member. Me. And for each member, there is another member with a stranger solution to the sorites paradox. Despite our numbers, we agree on particular borderline cases. This is noteworthy because the group’s usage of ‘borderline case’ rarely matches the ordinary use. Our curious solidarity became evident in the course of some automated ordinary language philosophy.
Truthmaker Gaps
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

An inflationary correspondence theory of truth appears to be inhospitable terrain for the epistemicist. Such a theory legitimates the plea for a substantial fact that would make, say, 15 minutes after noon the last noonish minute. In contrast, a deflationary theory of truth forms a congenial setting by quietly smothering the primal plea. If ‘true’ does little more than remove quotation marks and serve as a sentence variable, then talk of ‘facts’ is similarly thin and linguistic. What makes a borderline tall man actually tall? Well, the that he is tall. What is the nature of that fact? Well it just consists in ‘He is tall’ being true. Facts and truths are just two sides of the same slim coin.
Is Music a Language of the Emotions?1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

In discussing musical works and their appreciation we accept that they may be understood (and misunderstood) and that a person who understands a musical work can be asked to justify her understanding. The nature of aesthetic discussions and disagreements about music indicates that we accept that music is the bearer of meaning or sense and that it is this meaning or sense the listener comprehends when she is said to understand a musical work. Nevertheless, neither what it is that music means nor the way music bears its meaning is readily apparent. It is these subjects I consider below.
Musical Understanding and Musical Kinds1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

Suppose someone, call her Cecilia, is keen to understand the music composed by Mozart after 1778. She listens carefully and repeatedly to the first movements of the Sinfonia Concertante for Violin and Viola in E flat major (K. 364 of 1779 or later), Symphony No. 36 in C major (the ‘Linz’, K. 425 of 1783), the last of the piano concertos in C major (K. 503 of 1786), Symphony No. 41 in C major (the ‘Jupiter’, K. 551 of 1788), and the Clarinet Concerto in A major (K. 622 of 1791; the first movement was written in G for basset-horn in 1789). She reads (from the record notes) that each of these movements is in sonata form and she listens to them with that in mind.2 In time she knows of each movement how it is put together.3 Does she understand the music composed by Mozart after 1778?
Was Wittgenstein Really an Anti-realist about Mathematics?
Authors: Putnam Hilary
Published: November 2023

It is widely assumed that Wittgenstein was an “anti-realist” about mathematics, and this assumption then undergirds claims by philoso phers as different in other respects as Michael Dummett, Paul Horwich, Saul Kripke, and Richard Rorty that Wittgenstein was an anti-realist across the board. Indeed, very often this is not recognized to be an assumption; the secondary literature often takes it to be self-evident. My aim in this essay is to challenge this assumption, not by presenting a lengthy textual analysis of Wittgenstein’s extensive writing on the foundations of mathematics, but by offering a reaction of my own to the “realism” problem which is built on recognizably Wittgensteinian materials, and which does not smack of any sort of “anti-realism.” To be sure, even if I can bring this off, it will not show that a more realist (or less “anti-realist”) reading is the only possible reading that can be given to Wittgenstein’s text; for it will be claimed that one can also build a case for an anti-realist position out of Wittgensteinian materi als, and this is what Michael Dummett, Saul Kripke, and Paul Horwich claim to have done (Rorty does not cite texts, but simply tells us what Wittgenstein allegedly thought).
The Expression of Belief
Authors: Winch Peter
Published: November 2023

There is indeed an immense gulf, which hardly anyone can fail to see, between Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy and that of the main stream. Indeed, his method of argument diverges from what is familiar so drastically, that some fail to see that there is any argument there at all. He himself, in his bleak Preface to Philosophical Investigations, says his book “is really only an album” and laments that he has been unable to produce the “good book” that he would have liked. There is no reason to doubt that he was sincerely dissatisfied with the work as it stood; but I think there is overwhelming reason not to accept at its face value his description of it as “only an album.” Even the paragraph of the Preface that ostensibly is to justify that designation hardly does so in fact. Indeed, in the previous sentence he speaks of it as “a picture of a landscape” and one constructed according to definite principles.
Wittgenstein’s “Plan for the Treatment of Psychological Concepts”
Authors: Finkelstein David H
Published: November 2023

A striking feature of Wittgenstein’s later writings is his preoccupation with psychological self-ascriptions-that is, with statements such as “I am afraid,” “I am expecting an explosion,” and “I’m in pain.” This preoccupation is evident in the remarkable passage from Zettel repro duced above.’ In what follows, I’ll be offering a reading of this passage. My primary aim will be to clarify what Wittgenstein means when he characterizes a psychological sentence in the first person of the present as “akin to an expression.” Along the way, I hope to shed light on what a number of his late writings have to say about, first, the relation between an expression and that which it expresses and, second, the authority with which we speak about our own mental goings-on.
The People and the Law
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

We earn a great deal about how a society functions, or is supposed to function. by studying the laws it has devised for guiding and , gulaing the behaviour of its members. By their very nature, a society’s laws tell us much about the ethical norms and codes of conduct which operate within the society, and they often provide important insights into the overall philosophy and principles which helped shape them; for many laws are in effect specific applications of general principies.
Myth
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

The god Telipinu has flown into a rage. He puts on his shoes and departs the land. Crops wither and die, sheep and cattle their young and become barren, men and gods starve. In great alarm the Storm God, father of Telipinu, dispatches an to search for his wayward son. The search is in vain. 1he Storm God himself attempts to seek him out. Again to no avail. No god, great or small, can determine his whereabouts. In desperation the Storm God sends a bee to look for him. The bee searches on high mountains, in deep valleys, in the blue Finally, in a meadow, it discovers Telipinu.
Introduction: A Social Science Theory for the 21st Century
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

This book proposes a new theory for explaining and predicting current and future patterns of women’s choices between family work and market work, a theory that is historically-informed, empirically-based, multidisciplinary, prospective rather than retrospective in orientation, and applicable in all rich modern societies. Our aim is a theory that is genuinely universal.
The Failure to Predict
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Preference theory aims to overcome some important weaknesses in current theorizing in the sociology of work and employment, labour economics, and social psychology. A full critique of these theories is not attempted here. There is already an extensive social science literature devoted to reviews, assessments, and critiques of current theories and debates in all the social sciences that have addressed women’s position in society, the family, and labour market (for example Connell 1987; Walby 1990; Blau and Ferber 1992; Delphy and Leonard 1992). Our objective is rather to develop a more satisfactory theory that offers explanations for contemporary trends and also facilitates predictions of future patterns of women’s labour market participation.
Titles
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Titles are expressions of respect. The Latin title dominus ‘master’ expressed so much respect that the early emperors did not presume to demand it, and its assumption by later emperors was considered proof that the Romans had been reduced to slavery.
Terms of Endearment, Affection, and Esteem
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The Latin address system contains a large number of different ways of expressing affection, respect, admiration, and similar emotions. Often such feelings are expressed using a kinship term, a title, or the praenomen, as we have already seen. In this chapter we shall examine the Latin address system’s other ways of showing affection and esteem.
Addresses to Groups
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

When the war was raging in Africa, in Rome the men of the tenth legion were demanding discharge and bonuses with serious threats and posing a grave danger to the city, but Caesar did not hesitate to approach them, against the advice of his friends, and to disband them. Indeed he so easily won them over with a single word, calling them Quirites instead of ‘soldiers’, that they immediately replied that they were soldiers and spontaneously followed him into Africa, even over his objections.
City and Country in Dio
Authors: Desideri Paolo
Published: November 2023

I hardly need to recall here that Dio of Prusa was, together with Plutarch, the first author, and one of the most important ones, of the so-called Greek Renaissance in the time of the High Roman Empire. Just a little less obvious, perhaps, is the fact that this Renaissance itself took place in a completely different political world from that which had been the theatre of classical Greek and
Some Uses of Storytelling in Dio
Authors: Anderson Graham
Published: November 2023

Dio of Prusa is normally studied for his role as a moralist; for his political relationships;2 and for his sophistic talents in the broadest sense. But he is rather more seldom studied for a role which any sophist might be expected to summon, as a narrator and storyteller. In view of the heightened interest in fiction in early imperial times, it seems right to look at this aspect of Dio as well. I have chosen a small group of works with substantial narrative elements, and set out through them to review the author’s narrative interests as a whole. The pieces chosen are the pastoral tale that forms the first half of the Euboicus, the ‘Choice of Heracles’ that concludes the First Kingship Oration, the Troicus, the Libycus, and the Borystheniticus. Each of these raises its own questions, but one typical trait will be apparent: there is a degree of reticence, and the sense of narrative resourcefulness is held in check by an overriding moral responsibility.
Dio’s Use of Mythology
Authors: Said Suzanne
Published: November 2023

One may wonder, as Paul Veyne did some years ago,1 if, under the Empire, the Greeks believed in their myths. But one cannot deny that they used them, and this is amply demonstrated by Dio’s speeches. As an introduction to this study, I propose to examine the characteristics of myth according to Dio, relying mostly on the occurrences of muthos, muthologein, etc, in his works. After this, I shall first demonstrate his rhetorical skill at manipulating mythological topoi. Secondly, I shall focus on his philosophical use of myth. Finally, according to the unwritten rules of French academic rhetoric, I shall consider his rewriting of traditional stories in the problematic Trojan Oration (Or. 11), and also in the Nessus (Or. 60) and the Chryseis (Or. 61).
Plato in Dia
Authors: Trapp Michael
Published: November 2023

Plato’s name is not often mentioned in the surviving corpus of Dio’s work, occurring only five times in the seventy-six genuine pieces; even if three further thinly veiled allusions are added, that only yields a total of eight. Yet appreciation of his influence is essential to a proper understanding of Dio. Ancient and Byzantine critics give a prominent place to the relationship between the two authors, but consider it in almost purely stylistic terms. As will emerge, this is too restrictive; the reality is more complicated and more interesting. Plato is indeed acknowledged and imitated by Dio as a model of good prose style (in several distinct registers), but the imitation and appropriation extend also to elements of structure and characterization; and besides his stylistic importance,
Dio on the Simple and Self-Sufficient Life
Authors: Brenk Frederick E
Published: November 2023

This is not a very self-sufficient use of quotations, but I hope it suggests how attitudes towards the simple life are not that simple. Dio himself is something of a paradox in this matter. Though he was a member of the upper class of his native city, Prusa, he embraced aspects of Cynic philosophy. During his exile under Domitian, he even lived, or imagined himself living, as a poor, travelling Cynic. His life, then, raises several problems.
The Monetary Economy of the Late Empire and its Social Presuppositions
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

In Aspetti sociali del quarto secolo Mazzarino argued that the Constantinian monetary order differed fundamentally from Diocletian’s. He saw the differences mainly in terms of social ones. Constantine promoted the interests of the owners of gold. The basis of this is the idea that Diocletian, on the contrary, held the price of gold artifically low. The evolution of Constantine’s system destroyed these value relations with inexorable permanence. In other writings Mazzarino described these changes as ‘revolutionary’.
Estates
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

The large rural properties of the Mediterranean evolved in a variety of distinctive cultural and ecological settings which exerted an obvious influence on their topographies and structural form. In abstraction from these settings, the term ‘estate’ conveys little beyond the rough impression of a large agricultural property. Even if we hold the factor of scale constant, the large properties of the Roman Mediterranean display irreducible diversity. To begin with, there was the vast conglomeration of oil-producing estates along the middle reaches of the Guadalquivir which François Jacques brilliantly linked to several generations of a senatorial family identified as F( ). The core of this ‘estate’ is said to have coincided with a triangle of roughly 20 km2.
Conclusion
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

It has been a major argument of this book that the emergence of gold as a stable high-value coinage revolutionized the economic conditions of the late empire. In gold the aristocracy rediscovered a powerful medium of accumulation, and the state a medium of taxation that would progressively displace taxes in kind as the dominant form of public revenue. The dogma of late antique isolationism, deeply rooted in the first generation of scholars who turned in a serious way to issues of economic history, was first seriously assaulted by Mickwitz in the early 1930s. However, even Mickwitz would see the late Roman state as a bastion of ‘natural economy’, and end his thesis with the strange dualism of a vibrant set of monetary relations in the private sector coupled with a large area of public finance that was impervious to monetary economy.
The Early Church
Authors: Chadwick Henry
Published: November 2023

Loss of memory is sad. More than we know our lives are influenced by our past. There may of course be things in it that we have no right to forget and wish we could consign to oblivion. In a version of the ancient myth of Hades, not all the dead are allowed to go and drink of the waters of forgetfulness. But here will also be much for which memory is grateful. These lectures attempt to remind us in outline where we have come from in the story of all who have seen and still see in Jesus of Nazareth the most important single event for humanity.
Late Antiquity
Authors: Cameron Averil
Published: November 2023

The period covered in this chapter has often been portrayed either as the golden age of early Christianity, or as a time when it was corrupted from its early purity by association with the state. Each of these views is an over-simplification, the second perhaps more so, with its implication of an Ur-faith, existing pure and undefiled from the beginning, and its moral and religious idealization of the first Christians. Contemporary discussion of the relation of church and state in our own society, however, also makes the questions raised in this lecture particularly relevant to the modern world.
Couples’ Careers in Flanders
Authors: Corijn Martine
Published: November 2023

Couples (have to) make several decisions with regard to their family life and work. Theories focus on different mechanisms at work in these decisions: rational choices, structural constraints, cultural conditions (see Bernardi, in Chapter 6 below). Both stratification and mobility research and family formation studies have for a long time omitted consideration of the couple as a unit and even neglected the wife as an individual subject of a family or employment career. As decisions on the family formation usually rely upon both partners involved, characteristics of both partners are important determinants because partners constitute, to a certain degree, each other’s constraints.
Romanization, the Social War, and integration into the Roman state
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

The change in the sense of identity of allied Italians in the period between the Roman conquest and the death of Augustus (AD 14) is an extremely important factor in the history of Italy. In the conventional picture, Italians moved from thinking of themselves in terms of their local ethnic group, whether Umbrian, Marsic, Samnite, or whatever, to regarding them¬ selves as being Roman.
Why study Shakespeare?
Authors: Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

This question is open to interpretation. It could, for example, mean why study Shakespeare?-that is, Shakespeare rather than any other topic-or why study Shakespeare?-that is, why should it be necessary to study a writer whose works were written to give pleasure, any more than we must ‘study’ current films or pop music in order to enjoy them.
Non-dramatic poetry
Authors: Magnusson Lynne
Published: November 2023

Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, narrative poems published in 1593 and 1594, were Elizabethan bestsellers, running respectively through at least ten and six editions in Shakespeare’s lifetime. Surprisingly, what first made Shakespeare a celebrity were these early poems, not the ‘Sonnets’ printed in 1609, in which, for later generations, Shakespeare seemed to have ‘unlocked his heart’,1 nor his more famous plays.