bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry of single phonons from an optomechanical resonator
Authors: Hong Sungkun , Riedinger Ralf , Marinković Igor , Wallucks Andreas , Hofer Sebastian G. , Norte Richard A. , Aspelmeyer Markus , Gröblacher Simon
Published: September 2017

Mechanical systems at the quantum level

A number of platforms are being pursued for developing technologies that exploit the enhanced sensing and measurement capabilities of quantum mechanics. Hybrid systems offer the flexibility of combining and optimizing different platforms. Hong
et al.
combined optomechanical control of motion and single-phonon counting techniques to probabilistically generate a single-phonon Fock state within a nanomechanical resonator. Chu
et al.
used electromechanical coupling to address a bulk piezoelectric resonator with a superconducting quantum circuit. Both approaches hold promise for developing hybrid quantum technologies.

Science
, this issue p.
203
, p.
199
The microanatomic segregation of selection by apoptosis in the germinal center
Authors: Mayer Christian T. , Gazumyan Anna , Kara Ervin E. , Gitlin Alexander D. , Golijanin Jovana , Viant Charlotte , Pai Joy , Oliveira Thiago Y. , Wang Qiao , Escolano Amelia , Medina-Ramirez Max , Sanders Rogier W. , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: September 2017

Light- and dark-zone death dynamics

Germinal centers (GCs) are areas within lymphoid organs where mature B cells expand and differentiate during normal immune responses. GCs are separated into two anatomic compartments: the dark zone, where B cells divide and undergo somatic hypermutation, and the light zone, where they are selected for affinity-enhancing mutations after interacting with T follicular helper cells. Mayer
et al.
studied apoptosis reporter mice and found that both GC zones experience very high rates of apoptosis (see the Perspective by Bryant and Hodgkin). However, the underlying mechanisms were distinct and microanatomically segregated. Light-zo ne B cells underwent apoptosis by default unless they were rescued by positive selection. In contrast, apoptotic dark-zone B cells were highly enriched among cells with genes damaged by random antibody-gene mutations.

Science
, this issue p.
eaao2602
; see also p.
171
Draft Genome Sequence of Natronolimnobius baerhuensis CGMCC 1.3597
T
, an Aerobic Haloalkaliphilic Archaeon Isolated from a Soda Lake
Authors: Guo Xiaomeng , Liao Ziya , Yan Yanchun , Holtzapple Mark , Hu Qingping , Zhao Baisuo
Published: September 2017

The haloalkaliphilic archaeon
Natronolimnobius baerhuensis
was isolated from a soda lake in Inner Mongolia (China), growing optimally at about 20% NaCl and pH 9.0. The draft genome consists of approximately 3.91 Mb and contains 3,810 predicted genes. Some genes that regulate intracellular osmotic stress and pH homeostasis were identified, providing insight into specific adaptations to this double-extreme environment.
Genome Sequences for Multiple
Clavibacter
Strains from Different Subspecies
Authors: Li Xiang (Sean) , Yuan Xiaoli (Kat)
Published: September 2017

The Gram-positive genus
Clavibacter
harbors economically important plant pathogens infecting a variety of agricultural crops, such as potato, tomato, corn, barley, etc. Here, we report five new genome sequences, those of strains CFIA-Cs3N, CFIA-CsR14, LMG 3663
T
, LMG 7333
T
, and ATCC 33566
T
, from different subspecies of
Clavibacter michiganensis
. All these genomic data will be used for reclassification and niche-adapted feature comparisons.
Complete Genome Sequences of Lactobacillus curvatus KG6,
L. curvatus
MRS6, and Lactobacillus sakei FAM18311, Isolated from Fermented Meat Products
Authors: Jans Christoph , Lagler Sandra , Lacroix Christophe , Meile Leo , Stevens Marc J. A.
Published: September 2017

The genomes of
Lactobacillus curvatus
KG6,
L. curvatus
MRS6, and
Lactobacillus sakei
FAM18311 were sequenced and assembled using PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. The strains were isolated from Swiss fermented meat products. Circular chromosomes were of 1.98 Mbp (KG6), 2.11 Mbp (MRS6), and 1.95 Mbp (FAM18311), with a G+C content of 41.3 to 42.0%.
Complete Genome Sequences of
emm111
Type Streptococcus pyogenes Strain GUR, with Antitumor Activity, and Its Derivative Strain GURSA1 with an Inactivated
emm
Gene
Authors: Suvorova Maria A. , Tsapieva Anna N. , Bak Emilie Glad , Chereshnev Valery A. , Kiseleva Ekaterina P. , Suvorov Alexander N. , Arumugam Manimozhiyan
Published: September 2017

We present here the complete genome sequence of
Streptococcus pyogenes
type
emm111
strain GUR, a throat isolate from a scarlet fever patient, which has been used to treat cancer patients in the former Soviet Union. We also present the complete genome sequence of its derivative strain GURSA1 with an inactivated
emm
gene.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Strains of a Newly Described Species, Sphingobacterium cellulitidis
Authors: Seemann Torsten , Bulach Dieter M. , Carter Glen , Albert M. John
Published: September 2017

The draft genome sequences of two strains of a newly described species,
Sphingobacterium cellulitidis
, have been determined. The type strain originated from cellulitis of a toe of a patient and the other strain from the environment. The sequences will provide the reference genomes of the new
Sphingobacterium
species.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bos taurus Papillomavirus Type 1, Isolated in Morocco
Authors: Regnard Guy L. , Matiso Asanda , Mounir Latif , Embarki Tarik , Hitzeroth Inga I. , Rybicki Edward P.
Published: September 2017

Bos taurus
papillomaviruses infect cattle, which has both animal health and economic consequences. This is the first report and sequence of
Bos taurus
papillomavirus type 1 isolated from warts in cattle in Morocco. The double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome was 7,945 bp in size, and eight open reading frames were identified.
Genome Sequence of the Homoacetogenic, Gram-Negative, Endospore-Forming Bacterium Sporomusa acidovorans DSM 3132
Authors: Humphreys Jonathan R. , Daniel Rolf , Poehlein Anja
Published: September 2017

Sporomusa acidovorans
DSM 3132 is a strictly anaerobic, spore-forming and acetogenic bacterium, which was isolated from effluent of an alcohol distillation fermenter. The genome harbors genes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for carbon fixation and several genes for glycerol metabolism. The genome (6.06 Mb) contains 4,506 predicted protein-encoding genes.
Genomic Sequencing of Ranaviruses Isolated from Edible Frogs (
Pelophylax esculentus
)
Authors: Ariel Ellen , Subramaniam Kuttichantran , Imnoi Kamonchai , Sriwanayos Preeyanan , Ahasan M. Shamim , Olesen Niels J. , Amedeo Manfrin , Toffan Anna , Waltzek Thomas B.
Published: September 2017

Ranaviruses were isolated from wild edible frogs (
Pelophylax esculentus
) during epizootics in Denmark and Italy. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that these isolates are closely related and belong to a clade of ranaviruses that includes the
Andrias davidianus
ranavirus (ADRV), common midwife toad ranavirus (CMTV),
Testudo hermanni
ranavirus (THRV), and pike-perch iridovirus (PPIV).
Complete Genome Sequence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Strain KL 16 (Serotype 1)
Authors: Park Byung-Sun , Han Jemin , Shin Dong-Ju , Jeong Young-Ju , Lee Nakhyung
Published: September 2017

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
is a bacterial pathogen causing highly contagious porcine pleuropneumonia. Due to limited information on this species, it is difficult to study the biology of
A. pleuropneumoniae
at the genome level. Here, we report the fully annotated genome sequence of
A. pleuropneumoniae
strain KL 16.
Genetic Tools for the Enhancement of Probiotic Properties
Authors: Ortiz-Velez Laura , Britton Robert
Published: September 2017

The
Lactobacillus
genus is a diverse group of microorganisms, many of which are of industrial and medical relevance. Several
Lactobacillus
species have been used as probiotics, organisms that when present in sufficient quantities confer a health benefit to the host. A significant limitation to the mechanistic understanding of how these microbes provide health benefits to their hosts and how they can be used as therapeutic delivery systems has been the lack of genetic strategies to efficiently manipulate their genomes. This article will review the development and employment of traditional genetic tools in lactobacilli and highlight the latest methodologies that are allowing for precision genome engineering of these probiotic organisms. The application of these tools will be key in providing mechanistic insights into probiotics as well as maximizing the value of lactobacilli as either a traditional probiotic or as a platform for the delivery of therapeutic proteins. Finally, we will discuss concepts that we consider relevant for the delivery of engineered therapeutics to the human gut.
Modulation of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome with Nondigestible Fermentable Carbohydrates To Improve Human Health
Authors: Deehan Edward C. , Duar Rebbeca M. , Armet Anissa M. , Perez-Muñoz Maria Elisa , Jin Mingliang , Walter Jens
Published: September 2017

There is a clear association between the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases, providing a rationale for the development of strategies that target the GI microbiota to improve human health. In this article, we discuss the potential of supplementing the human diet with nondigestible fermentable carbohydrates (NDFCs) to modulate the composition, structure, diversity, and metabolic potential of the GI microbiome in an attempt to prevent or treat human disease. The current concepts by which NDFCs can be administered to humans, including prebiotics, fermentable dietary fibers, and microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, as well as the mechanisms by which these carbohydrates exert their health benefits, are discussed. Epidemiological research presents compelling evidence for the health effects of NDFCs, with clinical studies providing further support for some of these benefits. However, rigorously designed human intervention studies with well-established clinical markers and microbial endpoints are still essential to establish (i) the clinical efficiency of specific NDFCs, (ii) the causal role of the GI microbiota in these effects, (iii) the underlying mechanisms involved, and (iv) the degree by which inter-individual differences between GI microbiomes influence these effects. Such studies would provide the mechanistic understanding needed for a systematic application of NDFCs to improve human health via GI microbiota modulation while also allowing the personalization of these dietary strategies.
Bacterial Endosymbionts: Master Modulators of Fungal Phenotypes
Authors: Araldi-Brondolo Sarah J. , Spraker Joseph , Shaffer Justin P. , Woytenko Emma H. , Baltrus David A. , Gallery Rachel E. , Arnold A. Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

The ecological modes of fungi are shaped not only by their intrinsic features and the environment in which they occur, but also by their interactions with diverse microbes. Here we explore the ecological and genomic features of diverse bacterial endosymbionts—endohyphal bacteria—that together are emerging as major determinants of fungal phenotypes and plant-fungi interactions. We first provide a historical perspective on the study of endohyphal bacteria. We then propose a functional classification of three main groups, providing an overview of their genomic, phylogenetic, and ecological traits. Last, we explore frontiers in the study of endohyphal bacteria, with special attention to those facultative and horizontally transmitted bacteria that associate with some of the most diverse lineages of fungi. Overall, our aim is to synthesize the rich literature from nearly 50 years of studies on endohyphal bacteria as a means to highlight potential applications and new research directions.
How to use…the direct ophthalmoscope
Authors: Gurney Sam P , Makanjuola Taiwo , Kutubi Muhammad , Parulekar Manoj , Abbott Joseph
Published: September 2017

Ophthalmoscopy and red reflex examination are core medical skills required to identify sight-threatening and life-threatening disease. We discuss the predictive utility and limitations of findings with an ophthalmoscope and tips as to how to optimise these. We outline important considerations in three clinical scenarios: an abnormal red reflex, an abnormal optic disc and retinal haemorrhages in the context of child protection concerns.
An electronic trigger based on care escalation to identify preventable adverse events in hospitalised patients
Authors: Bhise Viraj , Sittig Dean F , Vaghani Viralkumar , Wei Li , Baldwin Jessica , Singh Hardeep
Published: September 2017

Background

Methods to identify preventable adverse events typically have low yield and efficiency. We refined the methods of Institute of Healthcare Improvement’s Global Trigger Tool (GTT) application and leveraged electronic health record (EHR) data to improve detection of preventable adverse events, including diagnostic errors.

Methods

We queried the EHR data repository of a large health system to identify an ‘index hospitalization’ associated with care escalation (defined as transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) or initiation of rapid response team (RRT) within 15 days of admission) between March 2010 and August 2015. To enrich the record review sample with unexpected events, we used EHR clinical data to modify the GTT algorithm and limited eligible patients to those at lower risk for care escalation based on younger age and presence of minimal comorbid conditions. We modified the GTT review methodology; two physicians independently reviewed eligible ‘e-trigger’ positive records to identify preventable diagnostic and care management events.

Results

Of 88 428 hospitalisations, 887 were associated with care escalation (712 ICU transfers and 175 RRTs), of which 92 were flagged as trigger-positive and reviewed. Preventable adverse events were detected in 41 cases, yielding a trigger positive predictive value of 44.6% (reviewer agreement 79.35%; Cohen’s kappa 0.573). We identified 7 (7.6%) diagnostic errors and 34 (37.0%) care management-related events: 24 (26.1%) adverse drug events, 4 (4.3%) patient falls, 4 (4.3%) procedure-related complications and 2 (2.2%) hospital-associated infections. In most events (73.1%), there was potential for temporary harm.

Conclusion

We developed an approach using an EHR data-based trigger and modified review process to efficiently identify hospitalised patients with preventable adverse events, including diagnostic errors. Such e-triggers can help overcome limitations of currently available methods to detect preventable harm in hospitalised patients.
Borehole geophysical log signatures and stratigraphic assessment in a glacial basin, southern Ontario
Authors: Crow Heather L. , Hunter James A. , Olson Laura C. , Pugin André J.-M. , Russell Hazen A.J.
Published: September 2017

Over the past two decades, the Geological Survey of Canada has used a standardized suite of slim-hole geophysical tools to log 57 polyvinyl chloride cased boreholes drilled in the glacial sediments of southern Ontario. This article documents downhole tool responses (natural gamma, apparent conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and seismic velocity) in the context of mineralogical characteristics of the region and grain-size data from 28 of the 57 boreholes. Characteristic geophysical properties and (or) patterns are identified within the units of a regional hydrostratigraphic framework in southern Ontario. The importance of a calibrated suite of tools is emphasized, as stratigraphic units may have variable response from site to site. The use of a high-sensitivity magnetic susceptibility induction probe is shown to be an important tool in the log suite for lithostratigraphic interpretation, and more broadly, for provenance studies of source rock across the region. Ranges of compressional (P) and shear (S) wave velocities and their ratios are provided for each of the hydrostratigraphic units. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how logs may assist in the interpretation of glacial processes at lithological boundaries.
Identities and central polynomials for real graded division algebras
Authors: Diniz Diogo , Fidelis Claudemir , Mota Sérgio
Published: September 2017

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite dimensional simple real algebra with a division grading by a finite abelian group [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we provide a finite basis for the [Formula: see text]-ideal of graded polynomial identities for [Formula: see text] and a finite basis for the [Formula: see text]-space of graded central polynomials for [Formula: see text].
Document Selection for Knowledge Discovery in Texts: Framework Development and Demonstration
Authors: Matthies Benjamin , Coners André
Published: September 2017

The large and constantly growing amounts of available text documents hold great potential for the exploration of knowledge. However, in the light of the vast quantity and variety of available documents, one fact should not be forgotten: the results of a knowledge discovery in texts are only as good as the underlying document collection. That is why analysts have to ensure that document collections adequately represent the specific area under examination and thereby to minimise the bias and to maximise the generalisable nature of the knowledge brought to light. Surprisingly, knowledge management research has barely paid any attention to the problems of such a document quality assessment and rigorous document selection. This paper addresses that research gap and makes two contributions: In the first step, building on a cross-disciplinary exchange with social research, development of a framework for the quality assessment and collection of documents. This artefact provides concrete guidance for compiling suitable, high-quality document collections and makes a contribution to ensuring “document collection quality” within the context of knowledge discovery in texts. In the second step, the framework is evaluated in a practical demonstration. In this context, the demonstration also exemplifies how different document collections influence the results of knowledge discoveries.
The Impact of Online Learning Activities on Student Learning Outcome in Blended Learning Course
Authors: Nguyen Viet Anh
Published: September 2017

The aim of the study is to determine the impact of online learning activities on learning outcomes of students who participated in the blended learning course, focusing specifically on skill-based courses. The learning outcomes or results of a learner are usually measured by scores, knowledge or skills gained in the course. In blended learning courses, the learning outcomes can be assessed according to many criteria. In this study, interactive activities such as teacher–student interaction, student–student interaction, student–content interaction and student–technology interaction are considered. Undergraduate students participated in the blended learning course in which formative assessment was used to evaluate student learning outcomes by the combination of different learning activities through a learning management system. The quantitative results obtained by using regression analysis of data from the system showed that the students who effectively interacted with learning activities in the course have better results. Quantitative analytical results indicated that student–student interaction has a greater impact on student learning outcomes. These learning activities are used for interactive activities as suggestions for teachers to design and implement learning activities for blended learning courses.
Numerical solution for system of nonlinear Fredholm–Hammerstein integral equations based on hybrid Bernstein Block-Pulse functions with the Gauss quadrature rule
Authors: Hesameddini Esmail , Khorramizadeh Mostafa , Shahbazi Mehdi
Published: September 2017

This work provides an efficient method for solving system of nonlinear Fredholm–Hammerstein integral equations. The propose method approximates the unknown function with hybrid Bernstein Block-Pulse functions (HBPF). In order to do this, we apply these functions and then using the collocation method for the numerical solutions of this system. Furthermore, we implement this method in conjunction with the quadrature rule for converting the problem to a system of algebraic equations that can be solved easily by applying mathematical programming techniques. The merits of this method lie in the fact that, on the one hand, the problem will be reduced to a system of algebraic equations and on the other hand, the efficiency and accuracy of the hybrid Bernstein Block-Pulse functions with the Gauss quadrature rule (HBPF-GQR) for solving this system are remarkable. The existence and uniqueness of solution have been presented. Moreover, the convergence of this algorithm will be shown by preparing some theorems. Several numerical examples are presented to show the superiority and efficiency of current method in comparison with some other well-known methods.
Indirect Methods to Predict the Abrasion Resistance and Slake Durability of Marbles
Authors: Abd El Aal Ahmed , Kahraman Sair
Published: September 2017

Marble has been widely used as building materials since ancient times. Abrasion resistance and slake durability are the important characteristics of marbles. The prediction of these marbles properties will be useful from indirect methods especially for preliminary studies. In this study, the predictability of the Böhme abrasion resistance (BA) and the slake durability (SDI) of marbles were investigated from the indirect methods such as point load index ([Formula: see text], Shore hardness index (SHI), impact strength index (ISI), and ultrasonic velocity ([Formula: see text]). The evaluation of the test results showed that the SDI were correlated well to the [Formula: see text], and moderately correlated to the [Formula: see text]. But, the SDI was correlated weakly to both the ISI and SHI values. On the other hand, all indirect tests values were strongly or very strongly correlated to the BA values. Some multiple regression equations were also derived for the estimation of the SDI and the BA. It can be concluded that the SDI of the tested and similar marbles can be predicted from the [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] values. The correlations between the SDI and both SHI and ISI values should be further investigated. Another conclusion is that dry [Formula: see text], ISI, SHI and [Formula: see text] values can be used for the prediction of the BA values of the tested and similar marbles.
Subseismic-scale reservoir deformation: introduction
Authors: Ashton M. , Dee S. J. , Wennberg O. P.
Published: September 2017

This volume examines the current best practice and new challenges in reservoir characterization and modelling of small- to subseismic-scale deformation features through case studies, experimental results and modelling. The papers in this volume include contributions on four themes related to the small-scale deformation of hydrocarbon reservoirs: the characterization of deformation in porous sandstones; novel characterization techniques; quantifying and characterizing deformation in carbonates; and modelling small-scale features. It includes eight papers from the conference Small to Subseismic-Scale Reservoir Deformation, organized by the Petroleum Group of the Geological Society and held in London from 29 to 30 October 2014, plus two additional papers. The observations in this introduction reflect the authors’ experiences and opinions, presentations at the conference and the papers within this volume.
International Vision Care: Issues and Approaches
Authors: Khanna Rohit C. , Marmamula Srinivas , Rao Gullapalli N.
Published: September 2017

Globally, 32.4 million individuals are blind and 191 million have moderate or severe visual impairment (MSVI); 80% of cases of blindness and MSVI are avoidable. However, great efforts are needed to tackle blindness and MSVI, as eye care in most places is delivered in isolation from and without significant integration with general health sectors. Success stories, including control of vitamin A deficiency, onchocerciasis, and trachoma, showed that global partnerships, multisectoral collaboration, public–private partnerships, corporate philanthropy, support from nongovernmental organizations—both local and international—and governments are responsible for the success of these programs. Hence, the World Health Organization's universal eye health global action plan for 2014–2019 has a goal of reducing the public health problem of blindness and ensuring access to comprehensive eye care; the plan aims to integrate eye health into health systems, thus providing universal eye health coverage (UEHC). This article discusses the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries in strengthening the six building blocks of the health system. It discusses how the health systems in these countries need to be geared toward tackling the issues of emerging noncommunicable eye diseases, existing infectious diseases, and the common causes of blindness and visual impairment, such as cataract and refractive error. It also discusses how some of the comprehensive eye care models in the developing world have addressed these challenges. Moving ahead, if we are to achieve UEHC, we need to develop robust, sustainable, good-quality, comprehensive eye care programs throughout the world, focusing on the areas of greatest need. We also need to develop public health approaches for more complex problems such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, childhood blindness, corneal blindness, and low vision. There is also a great need to train high-level human resources of all cadres in adequate numbers and quality. In addition to this, we need to exploit the benefits of modern technological innovations in information, communications, biomedical technology, and other domains to enhance quality of, access to, and equity in eye care.
Vectors and Gene Delivery to the Retina
Authors: Planul Arthur , Dalkara Deniz
Published: September 2017

One of the great advantages of the retina as a target tissue for gene delivery is the wide array of genetic tools that have been developed in the past decade. This includes a variety of vectors for therapeutic gene delivery to most types of retinal neurons and glia, as well as cell type–specific promoters for restricted gene expression in distinct neuronal subtypes. Within the scope of neuroscience applications and for gene therapy, it is now routine to express reporter genes, replacement genes, neuronal activity indicators, and microbial opsins in specific neuronal types in the mouse retina. However, there are considerable anatomical, physiological, immunological, and behavioral differences between the mouse and the human that limit the usefulness of these tools in humans and nonhuman primates. Several advances are now being made toward the goal of applying viral targeting tools to understand the primate retina. Here, we describe these advances, consider their potential to advance our understanding of the primate retina, and describe what will be needed to move forward.
Synaptic activation of putative sensory neurons by hexamethonium-sensitive nerve pathways in mouse colon
Authors: Hibberd Timothy J. , Travis Lee , Wiklendt Lukasz , Costa Marcello , Brookes Simon J. H. , Hu Hongzhen , Keating Damien J. , Spencer Nick J.
Published: September 2017

The gastrointestinal tract contains its own independent population of sensory neurons within the gut wall. These sensory neurons have been referred to as intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and can be identified by immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in mice. A common feature of IPANs is a paucity of fast synaptic inputs observed during sharp microelectrode recordings. Whether this is observed using different recording techniques is of particular interest for understanding the physiology of these neurons and neural circuit modeling. Here, we imaged spontaneous and evoked activation of myenteric neurons in isolated whole preparations of mouse colon and correlated recordings with CGRP and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, post hoc. Calcium indicator fluo 4 was used for this purpose. Calcium responses were recorded in nerve cell bodies located 5–10 mm oral to transmural electrical nerve stimuli. A total of 618 recorded neurons were classified for CGRP or NOS immunoreactivity. Aboral electrical stimulation evoked short-latency calcium transients in the majority of myenteric neurons, including ~90% of CGRP-immunoreactive Dogiel type II neurons. Activation of Dogiel type II neurons had a time course consistent with fast synaptic transmission and was always abolished by hexamethonium (300 μM) and by low-calcium Krebs solution. The nicotinic receptor agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (during synaptic blockade) directly activated Dogiel type II neurons. The present study suggests that murine colonic Dogiel type II neurons receive prominent fast excitatory synaptic inputs from hexamethonium-sensitive neural pathways.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myenteric neurons in isolated mouse colon were recorded using calcium imaging and then neurochemically defined. Short-latency calcium transients were detected in >90% of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons to electrical stimulation of hexamethonium-sensitive pathways. Putative sensory Dogiel type II calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive myenteric neurons may receive widespread fast synaptic inputs in mouse colon.
Design and validation of a tissue bath 3-D printed with PLA for optically mapping suspended whole heart preparations
Authors: Entz Michael , King D. Ryan , Poelzing Steven
Published: September 2017

With the sudden increase in affordable manufacturing technologies, the relationship between experimentalists and the designing process for laboratory equipment is rapidly changing. While experimentalists are still dependent on engineers and manufacturers for precision electrical, mechanical, and optical equipment, it has become a realistic option for in house manufacturing of other laboratory equipment with less precise design requirements. This is possible due to decreasing costs and increasing functionality of desktop three-dimensional (3-D) printers and 3-D design software. With traditional manufacturing methods, iterative design processes are expensive and time consuming, and making more than one copy of a custom piece of equipment is prohibitive. Here, we provide an overview to design a tissue bath and stabilizer for a customizable, suspended, whole heart optical mapping apparatus that can be produced significantly faster and less expensive than conventional manufacturing techniques. This was accomplished through a series of design steps to prevent fluid leakage in the areas where the optical imaging glass was attached to the 3-D printed bath. A combination of an acetone dip along with adhesive was found to create a water tight bath. Optical mapping was used to quantify cardiac conduction velocity and action potential duration to compare 3-D printed baths to a bath that was designed and manufactured in a machine shop. Importantly, the manufacturing method did not significantly affect conduction, action potential duration, or contraction, suggesting that 3-D printed baths are equally effective for optical mapping experiments.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article details three-dimensional printable equipment for use in suspended whole heart optical mapping experiments. This equipment is less expensive than conventional manufactured equipment as well as easily customizable to the experimentalist. The baths can be waterproofed using only a three-dimensional printer, acetone, a glass microscope slide, c-clamps, and adhesive.
Muscle sympathetic nerve responses to passive and active one-legged cycling: insights into the contributions of central command
Authors: Doherty Connor J. , Incognito Anthony V. , Notay Karambir , Burns Matthew J. , Slysz Joshua T. , Seed Jeremy D. , Nardone Massimo , Burr Jamie F. , Millar Philip J.
Published: September 2017

The contribution of central command to the peripheral vasoconstrictor response during exercise has been investigated using primarily handgrip exercise. The purpose of the present study was to compare muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) responses during passive (involuntary) and active (voluntary) zero-load cycling to gain insights into the effects of central command on sympathetic outflow during dynamic exercise. Hemodynamic measurements and contralateral leg MSNA (microneurography) data were collected in 18 young healthy participants at rest and during 2 min of passive and active zero-load one-legged cycling. Arterial baroreflex control of MSNA burst occurrence and burst area were calculated separately in the time domain. Blood pressure and stroke volume increased during exercise ( P < 0.0001) but were not different between passive and active cycling ( P > 0.05). In contrast, heart rate, cardiac output, and total vascular conductance were greater during the first and second minute of active cycling ( P < 0.001). MSNA burst frequency and incidence decreased during passive and active cycling ( P < 0.0001), but no differences were detected between exercise modes ( P > 0.05). Reductions in total MSNA were attenuated during the first ( P < 0.0001) and second ( P = 0.0004) minute of active compared with passive cycling, in concert with increased MSNA burst amplitude ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.005, respectively). The sensitivity of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA burst occurrence was lower during active than passive cycling ( P = 0.01), while control of MSNA burst strength was unchanged ( P > 0.05). These results suggest that central feedforward mechanisms are involved primarily in modulating the strength, but not the occurrence, of a sympathetic burst during low-intensity dynamic leg exercise.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscle sympathetic nerve activity burst frequency decreased equally during passive and active cycling, but reductions in total muscle sympathetic nerve activity were attenuated during active cycling. These results suggest that central command primarily regulates the strength, not the occurrence, of a muscle sympathetic burst during low-intensity dynamic leg exercise.
Effect of tapering after a period of high-volume sprint interval training on running performance and muscular adaptations in moderately trained runners
Authors: Skovgaard Casper , Almquist Nicki Winfield , Kvorning Thue , Christensen Peter Møller , Bangsbo Jens
Published: September 2017

The effect of tapering following a period of high-volume sprint interval training (SIT) and a basic volume of aerobic training on performance and muscle adaptations in moderately trained runners was examined. Eleven (8 men, 3 women) runners [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 56.8 ± 2.9 ml·min−1·kg−1; mean ± SD] conducted high-volume SIT (HV; 20 SIT sessions; 8–12 × 30 s all-out) for 40 days followed by 18 days of tapering (TAP; 4 SIT sessions; 4 × 30 s all-out). Before and after HV as well as midway through and at the end of TAP, the subjects completed a 10-km running test and a repeated running test at 90% of vV̇o2max to exhaustion (RRT). In addition, a biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle was obtained at rest. Performance during RRT was better ( P < 0.01) at the end of TAP than before HV (6.8 ± 0.5 vs. 5.6 ± 0.5 min; means ± SE), and 10-km performance was 2.7% better ( P < 0.05) midway through (40.7 ± 0.7 min) and at the end of (40.7 ± 0.6 min) TAP than after HV (41.8 ± 0.9 min). The expression of muscle Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA)α1, NKAβ1, phospholemman (FXYD1), and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA1) increased ( P < 0.05) during HV and remained higher during TAP. In addition, oxygen uptake at 60% of vV̇o2max was lower ( P < 0.05) at the end of TAP than before and after HV. Thus short-duration exercise capacity and running economy were better than before the HV period together with higher expression of muscle proteins related to Na+/K+ transport and Ca2+ reuptake, while 10-km performance was not significantly improved by the combination of HV and tapering.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-duration performance became better after 18 days of tapering from ~6 wk of high-volume sprint interval training (SIT), whereas 10-km performance was not significantly affected by the combination of high-volume SIT and tapering. Higher expression of muscle NKAα1, NKAβ1, FXYD1, and SERCA1 may reflect faster Na+/K+ transport and Ca2+ reuptake that could explain the better short-duration performance. These results suggest that the type of competition should determine the duration of tapering to optimize performance.
Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-6 in Escherichia coli lung infection model in mice
Authors: Lee Taehyung , Packiriswamy Nandakumar , Lee Eunhee , Lucas Peter C. , McCabe Laura R. , Parameswaran Narayanan
Published: September 2017

G protein-coupled receptor kinase-6 (GRK6) is a serine/threonine kinase that is important in inflammatory processes. In this study, we examined the role of GRK6 in Escherichia coli-induced lung infection and inflammation using GRK6 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Intratracheal instillation of E. coli significantly enhanced bacterial load in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of KO compared with WT mice. Reduced bacterial clearance in the KO mice was not due to an intrinsic defect in neutrophil phagocytosis or killing but as a result of reduced neutrophil numbers in the KO BAL. Interestingly, neutrophil numbers in the lung were increased in the KO compared with WT mice, suggesting a potential dysfunction in transepithelial migration of neutrophils from the lungs to the bronchoalveolar space. This effect was selective for lung tissue because peritoneal neutrophil numbers were similar between the two genotypes following peritoneal infection. Although neutrophil expression of CXCR2/CXCR3 was similar between WT and KO, IL-17A expression was higher in the KO compared with WT mice. These results suggest that enhanced neutrophil count in the KO lungs but reduced numbers in BAL are likely due to transepithelial migration defect and/or altered chemokines/cytokines. Together, our studies suggest a previously unrecognized and novel role for GRK6 in neutrophil migration specific to pulmonary tissue during bacterial infection.
Effect of Biodegradable Scleral Plugs Containing Curcumin on Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhou Nalei , Zhang Bin , Ma Jingxue
Published: September 2017

Background: This study aimed to explore the inhibitory effect of biodegradable scleral plugs containing curcumin on rabbits with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Materials and Methods: The biodegradable scleral plugs containing curcumin were prepared by dissolving PLGA [poly(lactide-co-glycolide)] and curcumin. In total, 30 rabbits were divided into 2 groups: the model group received a vitreous injection of self-blood, and the treatment group received a vitreous injection of self-blood plus biodegradable scleral implants containing 1.5 mg of curcumin. On days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the operation, clinical observations and PVR classifications were performed. Then, after vitreous samples were collected, different cytokines were detected using antibody chip technology. Results: The scleral plug was 5 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter. Clinical observation showed marked inflammation in the model group. The development grade of PVR in the treatment group was lower than that in the model group (p < 0.05). The outcome of antibody chip technology showed that the expression levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, leptin, MMP-9, NCAM, and TNF-α in the treatment group at different time points were significantly lower than those in the model group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Curcumin might have great potential as a therapeutic agent for PVR by inhibiting various inflammatory factors.
Pertubação Obsessivo-Compulsiva e Religião: Uma Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Couto Maria Beatriz , Morgado Pedro
Published: September 2017

Introdução: A relação entre perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva e religião tem vindo a ser estudada, quer na perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva com temas de religião quer nas outras formas de expressão da doença. Com este estudo pretendeu-se analisar a forma como as crenças religiosas podem influenciar as obsessões e compulsões de cada paciente, e vice-versa. Métodos: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa na PubMed seguida da aplicação de diversos critérios de acordo com as regras PRISMA para revisão sistemática. Foram selecionados 14 artigos que foram interpretados e relacionados entre si. Resultados: Verificou-se que existe uma estreita relação entre a religião e a perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva, existindo, contudo, um pequeno número de estudos que não confirma esta associação. A relação entre a religião e a perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva pode ser conceptualizada como causa ou como consequência, verificando-se que diferentes tipos de crenças têm diferentes efeitos no pensamento e, por esse meio, influenciam a apresentação clínica da doença. Discussão: Em suma, a perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva é fortemente influenciada pelas crenças religiosas dos pacientes. Futuras investigações poderão ajudar a esclarecer esta interação com vista a melhor compreender e tratar os doentes com elevados níveis de religiosidade.
FSHR and LHR Expression and Signaling as Well as Maturation and Apoptosis of Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes Following Treatment with FSH Receptor Binding Inhibitor in Sheep
Authors: Wei Suocheng , Shen Xiaoyun , Gong Zhuandi , Deng Yingying , Lai Luju , Liang Haoqin
Published: September 2017

Background/Aims: Currently, it remains unknown whether FSH receptor binding inhibitor (FRBI) influences follicular development and reproduction functions in humans and animals. The present study aimed to investigate FRBI effects on in vitro maturation (IVM) and apoptosis of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) of sheep, to determine the effect of FRBI on mRNA and protein levels of FSHR and LHR in COCs, and to elucidate the signal pathway of FRBI effects. Methods: COCs were in vitro cultured for 24h in the IVM media supplemented with varying concentrations of FRBI (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40µg/mL) and FSH (10IU/mL). The harvested COCs were observed under an inverted microscope and maturation rates of COCs were determined. Real time RT-PCR and Western blotting were utilized to detect mRNA and protein levels of FSHR and LHR. The concentrations of FSH, LH and caspase-3 were determined using especial ELISA kits for sheep, respectively. Results: Maturation rates of COCs decreased gradually as FRBI concentrations increased from 0 to 40µg/mL, reaching a bottom value of 23.76% of the FRBI-4 group. The maximal apoptosis rate was detected in the FRBI-4 group. IP3 contents of FRBI-3 and FRBI-4 groups were reduced as compared to control group (CG) and FSH groups (P<0.05). Levels of FSHR protein of FRBI-3 and FRBI-4 groups as well as LHR protein of FRBI-4 group were significantly less than that of CG and FSH group. FSH contents of four FRBI treatment groups were gradually decreased along with the supplementation doses of FRBI. Caspase-3 contents of FRBI groups were reduced with a maximum reduction of the FRBI-2 group. Conclusion: Our results revealed supplement of FRBI into IVM media could dose-dependently decrease the maturation rate and increase apoptosis rate of sheep COCs. A lower dose of FRBI treatment slightly promoted IP3 production, but a higher dose of FRBI reduced IP3 production. FRBI suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of FSHR and LHR in sheep COCs. Our study will help to therapy effectively ovarian diseases, improve ovarian and follicular functions, and further to promote fertility of humans and animals.
Sex Differences in the Utilization and Outcomes of Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Chaker Zakeih , Badhwar Vinay , Alqahtani Fahad , Aljohani Sami , Zack Chad J. , Holmes David R. , Rihal Charanjit S. , Alkhouli Mohamad
Published: September 2017

Background

Studies assessing the differential impact of sex on outcomes of aortic valve replacement (
AVR
) yielded conflicting results. We sought to investigate sex‐related differences in
AVR
utilization, patient risk profile, and in‐hospital outcomes using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Methods and Results

In total, 166 809 patients (63% male and 37% female) who underwent
AVR
between 2003 and 2014 were identified, and 48.5% had a concomitant cardiac surgery procedure. Compared with men, women were older and had more nonatherosclerotic comorbid conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation/flutter, and anemia but fewer incidences of coronary and peripheral arterial disease and prior sternotomies. In‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in women (5.6% versus 4%,
P
<0.001). Propensity matching was performed to assess the impact of sex on the outcomes of isolated
AVR
and yielded 28 237 matched pairs of male and female participants. In the propensity‐matched groups, in‐hospital mortality was higher in women (3.3% versus 2.9%,
P
<0.001). Along with vascular complications and blood transfusion (6% versus 5.6%,
P
=0.027 and 40.4% versus 33.9%,
P
<0.001, respectively). Rates of stroke, permanent pacemaker implantation, and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis were similar (2.4% versus 2.4%,
P
=0.99; 6% versus 6.3%,
P
=0.15; and 1.4% versus 1.3%,
P
=0.14, respectively). Length of stay median and interquartile range were both similar between groups (7±6 days). Rates of nonhome discharge were higher among women (27.9% versus 19.6%,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

Women have worse in‐hospital mortality following
AVR
compared with men. Coupled with the accumulating evidence suggesting higher magnitude of benefit of transcatheter
AVR
over
AVR
in women, women should perhaps be offered transcatheter
AVR
over
AVR
at a lower threshold than men.
Civil Wars & the Post–Cold War International Order
Authors: Jones Bruce D. , Stedman Stephen John
Published: September 2017

By the standards of prosperity and peace, the post–Cold War international order has been an unparalleled success. Over the last thirty years, there has been more creation of wealth and a greater reduction of poverty, disease, and food insecurity than in all of previous history. During the same period, the numbers and lethality of wars have decreased. These facts have not deterred an alternative assessment that civil violence, terrorism, failed states, and numbers of refugees are at unprecedentedly high levels. But there is no global crisis of failed states and endemic civil war, no global crisis of refugees and migration, and no global crisis of disorder. Instead, what we have seen is a particular historical crisis unfold in the greater Middle East, which has collapsed order within that region and has fed the biggest threat to international order: populism in the United States and Europe.
Civil Wars & Transnational Threats: Mapping the Terrain, Assessing the Links
Authors: Patrick Stewart
Published: September 2017

Among the primary strategic rationales for U.S. policy engagement in war-torn states has been the assumption that internal violence generates cross-border spillovers with negative consequences for U.S. and global security, among these transnational terrorism, organized crime, and infectious disease. Closer examination suggests that the connection between internal disorder and transnational threats is situation-specific, contingent on an array of intervening factors and contextual conditions. Taken as a cohort, war-torn states are not the primary drivers of cross-border terrorism, crime, and epidemics, nor do they pose a first-tier, much less existential, threat to the United States. Of greater concern are relatively functional states that maintain certain trappings of sovereignty but are institutionally anemic, thanks to endemic corruption and winner-take-all politics. Ultimately, the most important U.S. stakes in war-torn countries are moral and humanitarian: namely, the imperative of reducing suffering among fellow members of our species.