bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Management of Symptoms in Advanced Cancer: Experience in a Hospital-Based Continuing Care Unit
Authors: Hoskin P J , Hanks G W
Published: January 2017

The treatment received by 158 patients with advanced cancer admitted over one year to the Continuing Care Unit at the Royal Marsden Hospital has been reviewed. The unit is an integral part of the hospital and this is reflected in the fact that 46 patients (29%) received radiotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy or surgery in addition to symptomatic treatment for palliation of troublesome symptoms.

One hundred and thirty-one patients received oral morphine in doses ranging from 2.5 mg 4-hourly to 700 mg 4-hourly. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment required lower doses of morphine and there was a highly significant inverse relationship between morphine dose and age. Eighty-five patients (54%) received parenteral diamorphine at some time due to their inability to take oral morphine.

One hundred and twenty-three patients (78%) received a co-analgesic drug and anti-emetics were required by 78 patients (49% overall; 56% of those receiving morphine). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture and relaxation were employed in selected patients, and graduated compression sleeves were used to treat lymphoedema.

These data highlight the wide range of therapeutic options available to control the symptoms of advanced cancer and also indicate that tumoricidal treatments used in conjunction with symptomatic treatments may have a significant part to play.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Lloyd G A S
Published: January 2017

Seventy-five patients with a wide range of sinus disease have been investigated by magnetic resonance (MR): these included congenital conditions, allergic and inflammatory sinus disease, fungus infections, and the necrotizing granulomata. In addition, a variety of benign and malignant tumours have been examined, and in the more recent sinus malignancies the paramagnetic contrast agent, Gadolinium (Gd) DTPA (Schering Health Care) has been used.

This experience of magnetic resonance scanning has shown that it is superior to computed tomography in demonstrating the extent of malignant disease in the nose and sinuses; most especially when Gd DTPA is used, reaching an accuracy of over 96% by biopsy correlation. An additional advantage of this technique is the wide coverage of the head and neck for the assessment of malignant disease, provided by direct 3 plane imaging and the multislice facility. The main disadvantage of magnetic resonance of the sinuses is the poor demonstration of calcification and bone. For this reason the MR scans may need to be augmented by high resolution CT performed specifically to show bone detail.
Cavernous Haemangioma of the Head and Neck in the Adult
Authors: Sealy R , Barry L , Buret E , Stannard C , Binnewald B , Price B , Hill J
Published: January 2017

This paper reviews a personal experience of 51 cases seen over a 30 year period. Patients were treated in either a combined Head and Neck clinic or a Combined Ophthalmology clinic and a balanced view is thus represented. A method of grading the severity of the disease is described as well as a method of assessing response. This approach has not been proposed hitherto. It is generally concluded that the preferred treatment for small lesions is excisional surgery and for larger lesions carefully planned and highly localized radiation.
Road Traffic Accidents before and after Seatbelt Legislation-Study in a District General Hospital
Authors: Thomas J
Published: January 2017

Injuries among samples of car accident cases attending the Accident & Emergency (A & E) department of a District General Hospital (DGH) in the year before and after the introduction of seat belt legislation were classified applying the Abbreviated Injury Scale using information recorded in the patient case notes. Those who died or did not attend an A & E department were not included in the sampling frame.

The number of those who escaped injury increased by 40% and those with mild and moderate injuries decreased by 35% after seatbelt legislation. There was a significant reduction in soft tissue injuries to the head. Only whiplash injuries to the neck showed a significant increase.
Doing justice to the past
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe , Dunstall Andrew
Published: January 2017

In this article, we argue that the usual restriction of critical theory to ‘modern’ norms is subject to problems of coherence, historical accuracy and moral obligation. First, we illustrate how critical theory opposes itself to societies designated as pre-modern, through a summary of Honneth’s recognition theory. We then show how an over-emphasis on modernity’s normative novelty obscures counter-currents in ethical life that threaten the unity of the modern era. Those two steps prepare the main analysis: that the ‘exceptionalist’ modernism of critical theory distorts our view of history and ignores normative dimensions of the past. We show how medieval and early-modern societies in Europe experienced many conflicts and possessed institutions that create illuminating configurations with modern norms. As a result, we articulate several kinds of moral and political link to the past that should lead critical theorists to expand the historical reach of their analyses.
(Mis)construing null prepositions in L2 intergrammars: a commentary and proposal
Authors: Klein Elaine C.
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the ‘null prep phenomenon’ reported in several studies of the second language (L2) development of extraction constructions (e.g. Klein, 1993a, 1993b; Klein, 1995a, 1995b). In these studies, L2 learners of English who show subcategorization knowledge of verbs for their prepositional complements, often leave out the required preposition in corresponding interrogatives (and relative clauses as well). We review the theoretical and acquisition issues related to null prep and summarize a proposal by Dekydtspotter, Sprouse and Anderson (DSA, 1998) which posits that null prep grammars represent a generalized procedure in L2 development, that of early reliance on A-bar binding construals when the target grammar requires wh-movement. In a commentary, we argue against some of the evidence offered in support of the DSA’s proposal and offer an alternative analysis. Our proposal suggests that many L2 learners exhibit an interim stage of null operator movement in the development of interrogatives before undertaking obligatory overt wh-movement. This analysis sheds light on why null prep grammars occur among second although not first language learners of English.
The theoretical significance of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition
Authors: Hawkins Roger
Published: January 2017

The evidence that native language acquisition is possible only because children are born with an innately-determined language faculty - Universal Grammar - is considerable. The evidence that the same innate ability is involved in second language acquisition (SLA) by older learners is superficially less clear. There are differences both in the context of acquisition and the nature of development. One recent approach suggests that only ‘poverty of the stimulus’ phenomena - where neither the first language (L1) nor the second language (L2) are possible sources for L2 representations - can provide incontrovertible evidence for Universal Grammar (UG) in SLA. I argue that while ‘poverty of the stimulus’ phenomena are important landmarks in theory development in SLA research, they are not the most compelling reason for assuming the involvement of UG. More compelling are attempts to explain L2-L1 differences. The latter are likely to lead to real progress, not only in understanding the nature of SLA but also the structure and organization of the language faculty itself.
Day-Case Surgery: A Viable Alternative for Surgical Treatment of Varicose Veins
Authors: Berridge D.C. , Makin G.S.
Published: January 2017

One hundred and forty-eight patients (164 limbs) who had varicose vein surgery by the same consultant surgeon 3–10 years previously were reviewed; 61 patients had surgery as an in-patient and 87 as a day-case. The patients were reviewed to assess the efficacy and acceptability of day-case varicose vein surgery.

There were no significant differences between the age and sex ratios of the patients. However, twice as many operations in the in-patient group included stripping of the long saphenous vein above the knee (χ2 = 4.2, P = 0.04). Fifteen in-patients had bilateral vein surgery as opposed to only one day-case patient.

Fifteen patients suffered complications most of which were minor and were evenly distributed including wound infections (nine), reactionary haemorrhage/haematoma (four), deep vein thrombosis (one) and pulmonary embolus (one). The convalescent period before returning to work was similar in the two groups (U= 953, P= 0.28).

The mean duration of stay for the in-patients was 3.9 ± 2.2 days. There was no significant difference in the period off work (day-case: 3.6 ± 2.0 weeks; in-patient: 4 ± 2.9 weeks), or in the length of follow-up (day-case: 6.01 ± 1.24 years; in-patient: 6.79 ± 1.71 years).

In the period before review 11 patients in the in-patient group and 13 patients in the day-case group had further surgery or sclerotherapy for recurrent symptomatic varicose veins.

At review five patients in the in-patient group and six patients in the day-case group had recurrent sapheno-femoral incompetence (χ2 = 0.1, P = 0.7). A total of 34 patients in both groups had recurrent varicose veins.

Only four (4.6%) of the day-case patients expressed a preference for in-patient treatment if they were to have further surgery and 21 (34%) of the in-patient group would prefer day-case surgery.

Day-case varicose vein surgery has not been shown to be inferior in terms of complications or recurrence rate. Patient acceptability is good and it is a viable alternative to in-patient treatment in suitable patients in areas with adequate district nurse facilities.
Acceptability and Safety of Out-Patient Sapheno-Femoral Ligation under Local Anaesthesia. A Report of 100 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Sugrue Michael , Mehigan Denis , Hederman William P.
Published: January 2017

The results of 100 consecutive Trendelenberg groin ligations performed during an 8-month period on 85 patients were assessed. Surgery was performed on an out-patient basis by one surgeon (M.S.) under local anaesthesia. All patients were recalled for review. Mean follow-up time was 4 months.

Operative pain was severe in two patients, moderate in 16, mild in 26 and absent in 56. Postoperative pain was severe in nine patients, moderate in 22, mild in 34 and absent in 55. There was one infection, one haematoma, and one acute haemorrhage needing re-operation. The average number of work days lost was four. There was no evidence of recurrent sapheno-femoral incompetence. Eighty of the 85 patients felt they had obtained a good result from the operation, and only three patients would not have undergone the operation again.

We conclude that out-patient sapheno-femoral ligation under local anaesthesia is acceptable to patients and has low morbidity.
Limited Blood Fluidity as a Contributory Factor of Venous Stasis in Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Ernst E. , Matrai A. , Marshall M.
Published: January 2017

Patients with chronic venous insufficiency were compared to matched controls in terms of blood and plasma viscosity, haematocrit, blood cell filterability, red cell aggregation, fibrinogen and ESR. The results show that in chronic venous insufficiency plasma viscosity and red cell aggregation are elevated, while blood cell filterability is reduced. Furthermore, the venous blood flow velocity (as determined by Doppler technique) correlates inversely with both plasma viscosity and red cell aggregation. We conclude that the systematic rheological abnormality increases the resistance to venous blood flow and may represent a contributory factor of venous stasis in this disorder.
The Incidence of Varicose Veins in Ireland
Authors: Henry Mary , Corless Catherine
Published: January 2017

The incidence of varicose veins in the Irish adult population was studied. Using a questionnaire attached to the quarterly Economic Consumer Survey it was found that approximately 13% of Irish adults have varicose veins. Women out numbered men by 3:1 and the incidence in both sexes increased with age, 70% of sufferers being over 45 years. Also, those in standing employment and women who had had many pregnancies had a higher than average incidence for their age.
Results of Femoro-Femoral Vein Bypass Grafting with Temporary Arteriovenous Fistula for Femoro-Iliac Venous Thrombosis: Differences between Operations in the Acute and Chronic Phases
Authors: Ijima Hiroshi , Hirabayashi Kunihiko , Sakakibara Yuzura , Tsutsui Tatsuo , Mitsui Toshio , Hori Motokazu
Published: January 2017

Femoro-femoral vein bypass operation using a synthetic vascular graft with simultaneous construction of a temporary arteriovenous fistula (A-V f.) was performed in eight patients with acute femoro-iliac venous thrombosis after successful femoral thrombectomy but unsuccessful iliac thrombectomy; this operation was also performed in one patient with subacute thrombosis of the iliac vein and three patients with femoro-iliac post-phlebitic syndrome.

Of the first nine patients who underwent the operation in the acute or subacute phase of the disease, the synthetic vascular grafts remained patent after closure of the A-V f. in six (66.7%), and no recurrence of symptoms was observed in any of the nine, including those in whom the graft was occluded. However, the graft remained patent in only one (33.3%) of the three patients who underwent the operation in the chronic phase and no improvement in symptoms was observed in the patients with occluded grafts.

These differences in the results of bypass grafting are considered to be due to differences in the development of pelvic venous collaterals. The indications for this operation should be evaluated after close examination of the state of collateral vasculature.
Presidential Address to the Fifth European–American Symposium on Venous Disease, Vienna, November 1990
Authors: Cockett F.B.
Published: January 2017

Venous valves were first observed in the 1540s, but it was 90 years before valve research began in earnest. Some of the milestones in this research are discussed together with the current problems surrounding modern-day investigative and surgical procedures.
The Phlebographic Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thombosis — A Study in Observer Variation
Authors: Thomas M. Lea , Chan T.Y.K. , Wong W.L.
Published: January 2017

Three radiologists with varying experience, on two separate occasions, independently reviewed 161 lower limb phlebograms in 100 patients suspected of having deep vein thrombosis. A standard technique was used. Only two interpretations were made: either that thrombus was present or that it was not. To exclude agreement by chance, data was analysed both by calculation of percentage agreement and using the Kappa statistic. Intraobserver variation was not affected by re-examination of the same phlebogram by the same observer, suggesting that review is not necessary. In general the levels of agreement were similar between the three observers irrespective of their experience. Only in the ilio–femoral segment was there any significant disagreement between the most and the least experienced radiologist, probably because of less than ideal opacification. However, when the leg as a whole was considered there was similar level of agreement between the three observers. When chance agreement was not exluded, observers disagreed about the presence or absence of thrombus at some site in the limb in about 10% of examinations. We conclude from this study that the possibility of observer error in interpretation of a phlebogram should always be considered when managing patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
Ultrasound Windows to Abdominal and Pelvic Veins
Authors: Richardson G.D. , Beckwith T.C. , Sheldon M.
Published: January 2017

While ultrasound examination of leg veins has been largely accepted, assessment of the pelvic and lower abdominal veins has been largely ignored. The problem here is that the pelvic region contains important veins, which require assessment for deep vein thrombosis and pelvic and vulval varices, but these are superimposed by abdominal viscera. The need to assess the veins of the lower abdomen and pelvic cavity prompted us to develop a reproduceable technique of ‘windowing’ into the abdomen and pelvis to view certain veins. To view a certain vein, a nominated angle of approach from a particular anatomical point with the patient in a specific position will under most circumstances provide a sonic ‘window’ to that vein. There are eight of these such windows that can, in competent hands, be used to assess a variety of pelvic and lower abdominal veins.
A Study of Tourniquets in the Investigation of Venous Insufficiency
Authors: McMullin G.M. , Smith P.D. Coleridge , Scurr J.H.
Published: January 2017

Tourniquets are used extensively in the assessment of the venous system. They are employed not only for clinical tourniquet tests but are also used during examinations by Doppler ultrasound, plethysmography and venography, and during ambulatory venous pressure measurements. Surgical management is based on conclusions reached by the use of tourniquets. This study was undertaken to evaluate the pressure required to prevent reflux in the incompetent long saphenous vein. A total of 44 limbs with sapheno–femoral incompetence were studied. Duplex doppler ultrasound was used to detect retrograde flow within the long saphenous vein during inflation of a 2.5 cm wide pneumatic tourniquet applied around the thigh. The pressure required to prevent reflux, the diameter of the imaged vein and the circumference of the thigh were measured. The pressure required to prevent reflux varied from 40 mmHg to 300 mmHg. There was a correlation between this pressure and the circumference of the thigh ( r = 0.62 P < 0.001). There was no correlation with the diameter of the vein. In conclusion, tourniquets introduce a source of error into evaluation of venous disease.
Association between the Results of Foot Volumetry and Superficial and Deep Venous Incompetence as Demonstrated by Duplex Ultrasonography
Authors: Bradbury A. W. , Stonebridge P. A. , Callam M. J. , Ruckley C. V. , Allan P. L.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To examine the association between superficial and deep vein incompetence demonstrated by duplex ultrasonography and the results of foot volumetry.

Design:

Duplex ultrasonography was used to detect superficial and deep venous incompetence. Foot volumetry was used to determine expulsion fraction (expelled volume/total foot volume, EF, %) and half-refilling time (HRT, seconds).

Setting:

Hospital outpatients attending the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

Patients:

Forty-three patients with venous ulcer disease.

Results:

EF, obtained with tourniquet occlusion of superficial veins, in patients without deep vein incompetence was not significantly different from EF in patients with either femoral vein incompetence (FVI), popliteal vein incompetence (PVI) or both. HRT in patients without deep vein incompetence was significantly higher than HRT in patients with FVI ( p < 0.02), PVI ( p < 0.01) and both FVI and PVI ( p < 0.03, Wilcoxon signed rank test). EF and HRT values obtained without tourniquet occlusion were unrelated to the presence or absence of deep vein incompetence. There was no relationship between the results of foot volumetry and superficial vein incompetence.

Conclusions:

The results of foot volumetry are related to deep, but not superficial, venous incompetence as demonstrated by duplex ultrasonography.
Topographical Structural Variations of the Human Long Saphenous Vein and its Age-Related Remodelling as Revealed by Correlated Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Caggiati A. , Macchiarelli G. , Familiari G.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To study topographical variations of the healthy human long saphenous vein structure and its age-related changes.

Methods:

One hundred and forty-four specimens taken at different levels from 36 long saphenous veins were studied by correlated light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

Continuous remodelling occurs in the wall of the long saphenous vein during the progress of life. In young subjects, the intima was narrow, circular muscular cells were present only in the media, and a rich elastic framework was evident in all the three tunicae. A progressive increase in collagen content and longitudinal musculature accompanied by a reduction in elastic tissue was observed in relation to ageing. Furthermore, at all ages, the saphenous vein wall thickened in its caudal portion due to a greater cellular proliferation and deposit of extracellular matrix.

Conclusions:

The topographical variations in saphenous wall structure as well as its age-related remodelling likely represent the parietal reaction to the physiological hydrostatic load related to the vertical pasture.
A Comparison of Lorazepam, Diazepam and Placebo in Anxiety States
Authors: Okasha A , Sadek A
Published: January 2017

Lorazepam was compared to diazepam and placebo under double-blind conditions in an ambulatory and hospitalized patient population suffering from anxiety symptoms. Lorazepam was significantly superior to placebo and measurably superior to diazepam in anxiolytic effect; diazepam was also significantly superior to placebo but to a lesser degree. Although lorazepam was more potent on a weight for weight basis than diazepam, fewer ataxic effects attended its use.
Treatment of Arthritis in General Practice A Comparison between Benorylate and Indomethacin
Authors: Jaffé Gabriel
Published: January 2017

In a double-blind controlled trial two groups of 40 patients with rheumatoid or osteo-arthritis were treated for two weeks with indomethacin or benorylate. Benorylate was as effective as indomethacin in relieving symptoms but side effects were substantially less.
Changes in Oxidative Metabolism of Guinea Pig Brain Cortex Slices in the Presence of Meso-Inositol Hexanicotinate and Nicotinic Acid
Authors: Joanny P , Balansard P , Legros J
Published: January 2017

Both nicotinic acid and meso-inositol hexanicotinate significantly decrease oxygen uptake of isolated guinea-pig cerebral cortex. This inhibition is tentatively correlated to the already described protective effect against hypoxia produced by these compounds in vivo.
Undesired Effects in Slow Intravenous Infusion of Clomipramine (Anafranil)
Authors: Micev V , Marshall W K
Published: January 2017

The side-effects of forty-six patients are studied in this trial, and comparisons are made between female and male groups. The most persistent and troublesome side-effects are emphasized. Intravenous treatment was better tolerated than oral therapy. Valium given in conjunction with Anafranil reduced the severity and incidence of side-effects.
Susceptibility of 327 Clinical Isolates to Netilmicin
Authors: Digranes Asbjörn , Östervold Birgit , Madsen Sigvard Tschudi , Solberg Claus Ola , Haeger Knut
Published: January 2017

Netilmicin, a semisynthetic derivative of sisomicin, was tested against 327 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-negative enteric bacilli. Seventy-two per cent of the isolates were inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 μg netilmicin per ml, and 93% of the isolates were susceptible to 4 μg per ml or less. The MICs of netilmicin and gentamicin for 24 Providencia and 38 Pseudomonas isolates were compared. The activity of netilmicin closely paralleled that of gentamicin, 46% of the Providencia isolates and 32% of the Pseudomonas isolates not being inhibited by 4 μg per ml of either drug.
A Comparison of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Sisomicin and of Fourteen Other Antibiotics
Authors: Pitzus E , Ghinelli P , Turano A , Romano F , Cadenelli G P
Published: January 2017

The activities of sisomicin and of fourteen other antibiotics have been compared for their inhibitory activity on all the different strains of bacteria isolated from a 3,000 bed hospital. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed in liquid medium and expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations. The tests were performed over a period of four months. The results are discussed.
Multi-Centre Double-Blind Comparison of Terfenadine Once Daily versus Twice Daily in Patients with Hay Fever
Authors: Henauer S. , Hugonot L. , Hugonot R. , Kurzeja A. , Gastpar H. , Rauch-Riedelsheimer B. , Beaumont D. , Köhler M.
Published: January 2017

This double-blind, randomized multi-centre study was designed to compare efficacy and tolerability of 120 mg terfenadine taken once daily (in the morning) with the established regimen of 60 mg terfenadine taken twice daily in the treatment of seasonal rhinitis. Two comparable groups, a total of 191 hay fever patients, were treated for 1 week. Symptom severity was assessed by the investigators before and at the end of the treatment (visual analogue scale), and daily by the patient (four-point rating scale). All symptoms improved to a similar degree in both groups. Differences between the two groups were not statistically significant, except for nasal symptoms in three cases as assessed by the visual analogue scale in one centre (better relief in the group given 120 mg terfenadine once daily). Tolerability was good and similar in both groups. The data presented show that in the treatment of hay fever 120 mg terfenadine given once daily is an effective, convenient and well tolerated alternative to the regimen of 60 mg terfenadine given twice daily.
Ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Lotti T. , Mirone V. , Imbimbo C. , Russo A.
Published: January 2017

Twenty patients (15 males; five females) aged 11–70 years, with urinary tract infections were treated with one 250 mg tablet of ciprofloxacin every 12 h for 5–10 days. Clinical response to this treatment was the complete disappearance of symptoms in 85% of cases and the elimination of the micro-organism responsible for infection. In only three patients, who all had urinary calculus in addition to an infection, clinical failure of the therapy occurred and the causative micro-organism persisted. Tolerance to the therapy was excellent in this study, no adverse reactions connected with the treatment being reported.
Glyceryl Trinitrate as a Hypotensive Agent in Middle-Ear Surgery
Authors: Eltringham R. J. , Littlejohns P. A. , Young P. N. , Robinson J. M.
Published: January 2017

A total of 47 patients having microsurgery of the middle-ear under general anaesthesia received an infusion of glyceryl trinitrate to produce controlled hypotension. The operating field was evaluated by the surgeon by means of a simple scoring system. Using this technique satisfactory conditions were achieved in all patients without complications.
Enterococcus Lactic Acid Bacteria Strain SF68 and Lactulose in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Controlled Study
Authors: Loguercio C. , Blanco C. Del Vecchio , Coltorti M.
Published: January 2017

Forty cirrhotic patients with non-advanced hepatic encephalopathy were randomly allocated into groups which were given orally either two capsules three times daily of a preparation of Enterococcus lactic acid bacteria strain SF68 or 30 ml lactulose four times daily. The patients were evaluated over a 10-day course of treatment and for 10 days post-treatment. The Enterococcus SF68 preparation proved to be as effective as lactulose in lowering blood ammonia, and in improving mental state and psychometric performance. Moreover, the effects of Enterococcus SF68, contrary to that of lactulose, persisted longer after treatment withdrawal. Some patients reported diarrhoea and abdominal pain with lactulose. Lactulose is a standard therapy in the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. In this study, however, the use of the Enterococcus SF68 preparation was shown to offer advantages over lactulose in these patients.
Blood and Tissue Fluid Levels of a New Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Preparation of Nabumetone
Authors: Torre D. , Sampietro C. , Maggiolo F.
Published: January 2017

The pharmacokinetic properties of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation of nabumetone have been studied in both plasma and extravascular fluids. The skin suction blister technique was used on six healthy volunteers on two separate occasions and gave good, reproducible results. A single oral dose of 1 g nabumetone achieved significant blood and skin suction blister fluid concentrations. The partition index (area under the concentration curve for the skin suction blister/area under the concentration curve for blood) showed that the orally administered drug was well diffused within the body.
Staphylococcus Species on the Skin Surface of Infant Atopic Dermatitis Patients
Authors: Higaki S , Morimatsu S , Morohashi M , Yamagishi T , Hasegawa Y
Published: January 2017

The Staphylococcus species present in microbiological samples from the facial skin of 10 infants with atopic dermatitis and eight healthy infants were studied. S. aureus colonization was detected on the cheek and nose skin of most of the infants with atopic dermatitis (9/10 and 7/10, respectively). Among the coagulase-negative staphylococci found, S. epidennidis was detected commonly on the skin of healthy infants; several other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were found on the skin of infants with atopic dermatitis and of healthy infants.
High Expression of Multidrug Resistance-1 (MDR-1) and its Relationship with Multiple Prognostic Factors in Gastric Carcinomas in Patients in Turkey
Authors: Gürel S , Yerci Ö , Filiz G , Dolar E , Yilmazlar T , Nak S G , Gülten M , Zorluoglu A , Memik F
Published: January 2017

Drug resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of gastric cancer. In Turkey, gastric carcinoma is the second most common cancer and, because the rate of early diagnosis is low, chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of the disease. We aimed to investigate expression of the multidrug resistance-1 gene (MDR-1) and its relationship with multiple prognostic factors in gastric cancers. Between 1996 and 1998, a total of 55 patients (37 men and 19 women; median age 55 years) were studied. Sections from specimens of gastric carcinomas were immunohistochemically stained to detect P-glycoprotein (which is associated with MDR-1 expression). We found MDR-1 expression in 48 (87%) of the patients. None of the multiple prognostic factors, including histological type of tumour, correlated with expression of MDR-1. Patients who had low MDR-1 expression had better survival. We conclude that the expression of MDR-1 in gastric cancer is high in Turkey, and this may be related to poor prognosis.
Exacerbation of Murine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis in Gnotobiotic F344/N Rats by Sendai Virus Infection
Authors: Schoeb T. R. , Kervin K. C. , Lindsey J. R.
Published: January 2017

Six- to eight-week-old gnotobiotic F344/N rats were inoculated intranasally with 100.2 colony-forming units of Mycoplasma pulmonis or were sham inoculated, then one week later were given 100.2 50% tissue culture infective doses of Sendai virus or sterile medium. Groups of rats were killed immediately after virus inoculation and three, five, ten, and 20 days later. Lesions in nasal passages, middle ears, larynxes, tracheas, and lungs from half of the rats in each group were subjectively scored. Organs from the other rats were quantitatively cultured for M. pulmonis and for Sendai virus. Rats given Sendai virus alone had mild, patchy, necrotizing rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis, but not bronchiolitis or interstitial pneumonia. M. pulmonis alone induced mild lesions of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis including mild to moderate suppurative rhinitis, otitis media, laryngitis, and tracheitis with submucosal lymphoid accumulation and epithelial hyperplasia, but not lung lesions. Rats given M. pulmonis and Sendai virus had severe lesions characteristic of advanced mycoplasmal disease throughout the respiratory tract, including suppurative bronchitis with extensive lymphoid accumulations and epithelial hyperplasia; some rats also had suppurative pneumonia and bronchiectasis. Larger numbers of M. pulmonis colony-forming units were in rats given Sendai virus, but there was no statistically significant difference in Sendai virus infectious units between rats also given M. pulmonis and those given virus only.
Pathogenesis of Placentitis in the Goat Inoculated with Brucella abortus. I. Gross and Histologic Lesions
Authors: Anderson T. D. , Meador V. P. , Cheville N. F.
Published: January 2017

Pregnant goats were given Brucella abortus intravenously or in uterine arteries, and tissues from the uterus and placentae were examined at various post-inoculation intervals to study mechanisms of placental infection. Placentitis was present by 5 days post-inoculation and abortions occurred within 11 days. B. abortus was identified in placentae by light microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. B. abortus was first seen in erythrophagocytic trophoblasts of the placentome. Subsequently, high numbers of B. abortus were seen in periplacentomal chorioallantoic trophoblasts. Trophoblast necrosis, chorioallantoic ulceration, and large numbers of B. abortus in chorionic villi were present in later stages of infection. These results suggest that entry and replication of B. abortus in trophoblasts precede placentome and fetal infection and that trophoblasts are the source of B. abortus for these tissues. Experimental caprine brucellosis closely resembles bovine and ovine brucellosis and it provides a model to study the intracellular development of B. abortus in trophoblasts.
Citrinin Mycotoxicosis in the Rabbit: Ultrastructural Alterations
Authors: Hanika C. , Carlton W. W. , Hinsman E. J. , Tuite J.
Published: January 2017

Citrinin was given to rabbits as a single oral dose of 120 or 67 mg/kg. Rabbits were killed at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours post dosing, and the kidneys were fixed by intravascular perfusion. Ultrastructural alterations were evident by 4 hours after treatment. In the proximal tubule, alterations were brush border disruption, cytoplasmic rarefaction, and swelling of interdigitating processes. At higher doses, mitochondria were condensed and distorted. Medullary and straight cortical distal tubules had marked distention of the intercellullar spaces and disorganization of interdigitating processes. Changes in cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts were similar but less severe. Renal alterations were suggestive of damage to membrane structure and/or transport functions and interference with cellular bioenergetics. Leukocytic infiltration was associated with damaged tubules indicating a contribution of inflammation to the development of the lesions.
A Neoplasm of Globule Leukocytes in a Cat
Authors: Honor D. J. , De Nicola D. B. , Turek J. J. , Render J. A. , Serra D. A.
Published: January 2017

A neoplasm involving the ileo-cecal-colic junction, thymus, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes of a 7-year-old domestic cat was composed of dense sheets of round to oval mononuclear cells with oval to indented nuclei, moderate amounts of cytoplasm, and variable numbers of round eosinophilic granules. These granules are brown to black in phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin-stained sections and stain variably with the periodic acid-Schiff stain. They are 0.8 to 1.5 μm in diameter, limited by a single unit membrane, and have variable electron density. Light microscopic cellular morphology and staining characteristics as well as ultrastructural features of these cells are consistent with feline globule leukocytes. Morphologic features of the neoplastic cells in the present case are similar to those of the only other reported neoplasm of globule leukocytes which also involved the intestine of a cat.
Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Owl Monkey
Authors: Broderson J. R. , Chapman W. L. , Hanson W. L.
Published: January 2017

Visceral leishmaniasis developed in eight owl monkeys ( Aotus trivirgatus) after intravenous inoculation with a Khartoum strain (WR378) of Leishmania donovani. Six monkeys died within 93 days, and two monkeys recovered from the disease. Clinically, signs were weight loss, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Hematologic findings included anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytosis. Analysis of serum or plasma revealed hyperbilirubinemia, azotemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and altered hemostasis. All monkeys developed positive antibody titers to promastigotes of L. donovani and had increases in immunoglobulins M and subsequently G. Liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes were the principal organs containing numerous parasitized macrophages. The owl monkey was highly susceptible to L. donovani infection and should be a useful animal model for the study of visceral leishmaniasis.
The Morphology and Behavior of Feline Cutaneous Mastocytomas
Authors: Wilcock B. P. , Yager J. A. , Zink M. C.
Published: January 2017

Correlation of histopathology with the behavior of cutaneous mastocytomas in 85 cats revealed two distinct histologic subtypes which were predictive of biologic behavior. The first subtype comprised 65 cats of various breeds which had solitary, discrete, dermal tumors composed of slightly atypical mast cells. Most tumors in this group were histologically and behaviorally benign. However, seven solitary tumors with marked anisocytosis and mitotic activity recurred or spread to other sites within 2 to 3 months. The second subtype occurred in 18 cats which had discrete subcutaneous nodules composed primarily of histiocyte-like cells with equivocal cytoplasmic granularity after staining with toluidine blue. They were identified as mast cells by electron microscopy. Seventeen of the 18 affected cats were Siamese. The histiocytic mastocytomas occurred predominantly in young cats (<4 years) and were usually multiple. In the four cats of this group for which we have prolonged follow-up data, the tumors underwent apparently spontaneous regression within 2 years of initial tumor detection. Two other cats had tumors which contained mixtures of mast cell and histiocytic morphologies.
Feline Leukemia Virus-associated Enteritis—A Condition with Features of Feline Panleukopenia
Authors: Reinacher M.
Published: January 2017

Infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was demonstrated immunohistologically in 218 necropsied cats suffering from enteritis. The animals were divided into three groups according to histopathological criteria. The first group exhibited the signs of feline panleukopenia in intestine, lymphoid tissues, and bone marrow. Only 1.6% of these animals were FeLV-infected. The animals of the second group had histopathological alterations as seen in cats suffering from feline panleukopenia, but these were found only in the intestine and not in lymphoid tissues or bone marrow. Of these 71.9% were infected with FeLV. The third group consisted of all other cats suffering from enteritis of which 6.3% were FeLV-positive. The association between FeLV infection and the lesions seen in the animals of group 1 (feline panleukopenia) and group 3 (other types of enteritis) is statistically not significant whereas the alterations exhibited by the cats of group 2 are significantly FeLV-associated. Cats with FeLV-associated enteritis (group 2) are of a mean age of about 2.5 years and are significantly older than animals with feline panleukopenia which are of a mean age of about half a year. Thus a FeLV-associated enteritis exists as a histopathologically recognizable condition which sometimes might be mistaken for feline panleukopenia in routine post-mortem investigations.
The Cutaneous Histology of Dermatomyositis in Collie Dogs
Authors: Gross T. L. , Kunkle G. A.
Published: January 2017

Cutaneous lesions of 36 collie dogs affected with dermatomyositis were reviewed. The most common histologic features were follicular atrophy and perifollicular inflammation in 30 dogs, which correlated with alopecia clinically. Other less common findings included formation of colloid bodies, basal cell vacuolation, and subepidermal vesiculation. Results indicated that the most diagnostic cutaneous histologic features of dermatomyositis may be follicular atrophy and inflammation.
Ultrastructural Pathology of Bordetella avium Infection in Turkeys
Authors: Arp L. H. , Fagerland J. A.
Published: January 2017

One-day-old turkeys were infected intranasally with Bordetella avium, and tracheas were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy at 1 to 5 weeks post-inoculation (PI). The predominant ultrastructural lesions were progressive loss of ciliated epithelium with replacement by nonciliated cells, bacterial colonization of ciliated cells, membrane-bound crystalline inclusions in cytoplasm of epithelial cells, depletion of mucous granules, and distortion of tracheal rings and the mucosal surface. Tracheal surface exudates consisted of mucus, necrotic cells, heterophils, and fibrin. Ciliated cells were replaced by immature cuboidal cells characterized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum with small numbers of electron-dense mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm. Bacterial surfaces were rough and contained numerous pleomorphic, knob-like structures, 20–50 nm in diameter. Other changes included enlarged mucosal gland openings, cell extrusion marks, pleomorphic microvilli, and cells with small numbers of short cilia.
Pathology of Campylobacter jejuni Abortion in Sheep
Authors: Hedstrom O. R. , Sonn R. J. , Lassen E. D. , Hultgren B. D. , Crisman R. O. , Smith B. B. , Snyder S. P.
Published: January 2017

Campylobacter jejuni was inoculated intravenously into pregnant ewes on gestation days 114 and 123 to reproduce ovine abortion. All ewes aborted 7–12 days post-inoculation. High numbers of C. jejuni were isolated from ewe tissues (caruncle, bile, cecal feces), fetal tissues, and placenta. C. jejuni colonies were identified in caruncles and placenta by light microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. Histologically, inoculated ewes had a severe purulent endometritis with vasculitis. Placentas from inoculated ewes and field cases showed necrosis and purulent inflammation; however, placentas from inoculated ewes had large numbers of bacterial colonies compared to few bacteria found in field cases. Histologically, only one fetus from the inoculated ewes showed lesions (purulent bronchopneumonia), whereas all fetuses from field cases had a distinct bronchopneumonia, and one fetus showed multifocal hepatic necrosis. These results suggest that C. jejuni (serotypes Penner 1 and Lior 2) is an important abortifacient organism for sheep.
Crossed lines
Authors: Forrell Lisa
Published: January 2017

New UK legislation will undo a centuries-old tradition protecting private individuals against state intrusions
The banishing
Authors: Molano Alfred
Published: January 2017

One million displaced Colombians are caught in the crossfire of a politics of eviction that goes back centuries. They rarely return home
The emerald lords
Authors: Sanders Richard
Published: January 2017

Colombia's emerald zone is a bizarre, medieval world, marooned in the mountains and ruled by the gun
Yusef in the dock
Authors: Smyth Gareth
Published: January 2017

'My city does not contain me, nor my country,' claims Marcel Khalife, but his song still landed him in a Beirut court
Blocking the Flow
Authors: Walker Harvey
Published: January 2017

Broadcasting and Détente by Gerhard Wettig Hurst and Co London £5.50
Fractured state
Authors: Arthur Charles
Published: January 2017

In the face of widespread criticism, President Aristide and the US embassy are making common cause in defence of the June election
The film they tried to kill
Authors: Bruni Laura
Published: January 2017

The commercial release, in June, of a video containing live archive footage of executions, provoked a knee-jerk outburst in the British press and sent it to the top of the video hit parade
Beauty goes East
Authors: Maryniak Irena
Published: January 2017

New world, new image. US beauty consultants head for Moscow bearing a smile
Democracy lite
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: January 2017

Last year's electoral campaign in the USA was of ‘historic dullness’, analysts agree. Despite a propaganda blitz which included almost 1,400 hours of TV campaign ads, the two leading presidential candiates failed to engage with the issues. In the end the main issue for the voters was which candidate they disliked the least
Voice of hope
Authors: Suu Kyi Aung San
Published: January 2017

Burma's opposition leader talks of faith, hope, money and the power of the powerless in Burma
All rights reserved
Authors: Moorehead Caroline
Published: January 2017

The worldwide clamour for truth and justice, for human rights for all, has never been louder. But so is the cry of those subjected to the ever-growing range of abuses
Verapamil Reduces Coronary Endothelium Damage and Cardiomyocyte Necrosis but not Apoptosis after Ischemia and Reperfusion: Ex Vivo Study in Rat Hearts
Authors: Di Napoli P. , Taccardi A. A. , Grilli A. , Felaco M. , Di Gioacchino L. , De Caterina R. , Barsotti A.
Published: January 2017

We tested the hypothesis of beneficial effects of the calcium-blocker verapamil in a model of ischemia-reperfusion, and investigated its effects against coronary microcirculation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Isolated working rat hearts were subjected to 15 min global ischemia and 22–180 min reperfusion in the presence or absence of verapamil (0.25 μM). We evaluated creatinephosphokinase (CK) in coronary effluent, heart weight changes, microvascular permeability (extravasation of fluoresceinelabeled albumin), ultrastructural alterations, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling technique). In this model, 0.25 μM verapamil significantly reduced myocardial damage, CK release and vascular hyperpermeability, concomitant with a reduction in endothelial and cardiomyocyte lesions; on the contrary, 0.25 μM verapamil was unable to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, in the absence of perfusing granulocytes, the acute administration of a pharmacologically relevant verapamil concentration reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevents coronary endothelial cell and cardiomyocyte necrotic cell death but it is unable to reduce apoptotic cell death in isolated working rat hearts.
Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation and Risk Factors
Authors: Riccioni G. , De Santis A. , Cerasa V. , Menna V. , Di Ilio C. , Schiavone C. , Ballone E. , D'Orazio N.
Published: January 2017

Atherosclerosis (AT) is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, fibrous materials, and mineral in the arteries. Although many generalized or systemic risk factors predispose to its development, AT affect various regions of the circulation preferentially and yields distinct clinical manifestations depending on the particular circulatory bed affected. The progression of AT is currently believed to involve the interaction of endothelium, monocytes, and leukocytes, as well as the influences of cytokines, oxidized lipoproteins, hypertension, tobacco use, dyslipidemia, homocystinemia, and genetic determinants.