bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beredte Körper - bewegte Seelen
Authors: Thurner Christina
Published: May 2015

Die Wahrnehmung von Tanz ist stets mit entsprechenden Diskursen gekoppelt. ›Äußere‹ Bewegung auf der Bühne und ›innere‹ im Zuschauerraum werden da nicht nur be-schrieben, vielmehr wird eine wechselseitige, doppelte Bewegung zwischen Akteuren und Rezipienten jeweils er-schrieben. Die angestrebte Wirkung wird gewissermaßen vor-geschrieben. An Texten aus tanzästhetischen Umbruchzeiten von 1700 bis 1900 zeigt das Buch, wie sich mit Referenz auf andere Künste spezifische Poetiken der Tanzkunst etabliert und wie bestimmte textuelle Verfahren zu einer Mythisierung von Tanz beigetragen haben, die bis heute fort-geschrieben wird.
Poetik des zeitgenössischen Tanzes
Authors: Louppe Laurence
Published: May 2015

Die »Poetik des zeitgenössischen Tanzes« gilt seit ihrem erstmaligen Erscheinen 1997 als Standardwerk der gegenwärtigen französischsprachigen Tanzforschung. Laurence Louppe verdichtet ästhetische und theoretische Elemente der Annäherung an verschiedene choreographische Entwicklungen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Als Poetik versteht sie ein Denken, das sie über das Aufkommen des zeitgenössischen Tanzes, seine Grundlagen und Lesarten entwickelt hat. Ihre Aktualität gewinnt die Untersuchung, die nun erstmals in deutscher Übersetzung vorliegt, durch den Rückgriff auf die Quellen der verschiedenen Tanzmodernen, die in ihren Fundamenten befragt werden, ebenso wie durch den spezifischen Standpunkt der Autorin, die sich - Beobachterin von und Eingebundene in die Praxis des zeitgenössischen Tanzes - ihrem Gegenstand auf außergewöhnliche Weise nähert.
Kommunikative Gleichheit
Authors: Madureira Miriam Mesquita Sampaio de
Published: May 2015

Aus den intersubjektivitätstheoretischen Folgen von Hegels früher Modernitätsdiagnose lässt sich nicht nur eine Freiheitskonzeption gewinnen, die als Alternative zur modernen, »atomistischen« Freiheit verstanden werden kann, sondern auch eine andere Auffassung der Gleichheit. Dieses Buch zeigt in Anknüpfung an zeitgenössische Ansätze wie Axel Honneths Anerkennungstheorie und David Millers Gerechtigkeitsauffassung, wie sich mit dem Begriff einer komplexen, auf die Strukturen von Anerkennungsverhältnissen bezogenen, »kommunikativen« Gleichheit die normative Bedeutung von Gleichheit hervorheben lässt.
Kants Ästhetik im Zeitalter der Photographie
Authors: Richtmeyer Ulrich
Published: May 2015

Pierre Bourdieu zufolge gibt es in der allgegenwärtigen Photographie keine Ästhetik. Leitend sind vielmehr soziale Distinktionen, die auch den gesamten Bildgebrauch (das ›Knipsen‹, Manipulieren, Vorführen und Versenden) bestimmen. Diese radikale These wird hier mit philosophischen (Immanuel Kant) und phänomenologischen (Roland Barthes) Analysen zum ästhetischen Urteil konfrontiert. Dabei erweist sich gerade die Schnittstelle zwischen Bild und öffentlicher Sprache als das entscheidende Initial ästhetischer Wahrnehmungen und unverbrauchter Diskurse. Kants sensus communis und die photographischen Utopien von Walter Benjamin und Vilém Flusser zielten auf diesen thematischen Ort, dem die Studie eine interdisziplinäre Analyse widmet. Damit wird erstmalig der Status ästhetischer Interjektionen in der photographischen Kultur begründet.
Der digitale Autor
Authors: Hartling Florian
Published: May 2015

Das Internet ist ein demokratisches Medium - jeder kann Texte publizieren, der »schreibende Leser« ersetzt den traditionellen Autor. So lauten gängige - aber falsche - Vorstellungen, wenn von Literatur im Netz die Rede ist. Stattdessen ist mit dem Boom der Netzliteratur ein Aufleben des Autors im Internet zu beobachten, zusammen mit traditionellen Formen des Literaturbetriebs. Dieses Buch liefert eine erste systematische Analyse der Bedingungen von Autorschaft im Internet. Damit widmet es sich einem Problem, das für die neuere medientheoretische Diskussion und die methodische Entwicklung der Medienwissenschaft von großer Bedeutung ist.
Performativität als medienpädagogische Perspektive
Authors: Hoffarth Britta
Published: May 2015

Verschiebung und Wiederherstellung von Bedeutung - diese Doppelbewegung des Performativen versucht das Buch in Bezug auf die Frage nach der (Re-)Produktion von Verhältnissen der Differenz im Kontext von Medien und Medienaneignung zu präzisieren. Unter Berücksichtigung dekonstruktivistischer, diskurstheoretischer und in den Cultural Studies entwickelter Begriffe und Ideen werden verschiedene Perspektiven auf das Verhältnis von »Medium« und »Subjekt« vorgeschlagen. Das Ziel dieser erläuternden Verknüpfungen ist es, einen medienpädagogischen Raum zu erkunden, in dem die Verstricktheit des medialen Textes, seiner Aneignung sowie seines pädagogischen Handelns in vielfältige Differenzverhältnisse zum Thema werden kann.
Die Entdeckung der indigenen Moderne
Authors: Bender Cora
Published: May 2015

Dieser Band untersucht die Rolle indianischer Medien, vor allem Radio und Zeitungen, bei der politisch stürmischen Herausbildung einer souverän gestalteten indigenen Wissenskultur der Gegenwart - mit einem eigenen Bildungssystem und einer erneuerten und vielfältigen Festkultur. Im Mittelpunkt der Feldforschung steht die knapp 5000 Einwohner starke Ojibwe-Reservation Lac Courte Oreilles im Nordwesten des US-Bundesstaates Wisconsin. Ihr Beispiel zeigt, dass die Ureinwohner Nordamerikas bereits seit Langem in der Moderne leben - in einer eigenen, spezifisch indigenen Variante der Moderne.
The Influence of the Semantic Material on the Assessment of Speech Reception Threshold
Authors: Krenz Magdalena , Wicher Andrzej , Sęk Aleksander
Published: May 2015

To determine speech intelligibility using the test suggested by Ozimek et al. (2009), the subject composed sentences with the words presented on a computer screen. However, the number and the type of these words were chosen arbitrarily. The subject was always presented with 18, similarly sounding words. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the number and the type of alternative words used by Ozimek et al. (2009), had a significant influence on the speech intelligibility. The aim was also to determine an optimal number of alternative words: i.e., the number that did not affect the speech reception threshold (SRT) and not unduly lengthened the duration of the test. The study conducted using a group of 10 subjects with normal hearing showed that an increase in the number of words to choose from 12 to 30 increased the speech intelligibility by about 0.3 dB/6 words. The use of paronyms as alternative words as opposed to random words, leads to an increase in the speech intelligibility by about 0.6 dB, which is equivalent to a decrease in intelligibility by 15 percentage points. Enlarging the number of words to choose from, and switching alternative words to paronyms, led to an increase in response time from approximately 11 to 16 s. It seems that the use of paronyms as alternative words as well as using 12 or 18 words to choose from is the best choice when using the Polish Sentence Test (PST).
Harmonized European human biomonitoring in small countries: Challenges, opportunities and lessons learned in Cyprus and Luxembourg from the DEMOCOPHES study
Authors: Katsonouri A. , Fischer M.E. , Hadjipanayis A. , Arendt M. , Lavranos G. , Hoffmann L. , Maurer-Chronakis K. , Guignard C. , Fragopoulou C. , Cocco E. , Anastasi E. , Pilavakis D. , Efstathiou E. , Demetriou L. , Hadjiefthychiou A. , Demetriou E. , Aerts D. , Casteleyn L. , Biot P. , Kolossa-Gehrin M. , Den Hond E. , Schoeters G. , Castaño A. , Esteban M. , Fiddicke U. , Exley K. , Sepai O. , Gutleb A.C.
Published: May 2015

Background: To advance human biomonitoring (HBM) for policy support in Europe, a harmonized approach was developed (COPHES project, FP7 2009- 2012) and evaluated in 17 countries (DEMOCOPHES project, Life+, 2010-2012). Cyprus (CY) and Luxembourg (LU) tested the hypothesis that the COPHES European Protocol is applicable to small countries.Materials and methods: In 2011-12, the European Protocol was adopted and tested by CY and LU for the harmonized biomonitoring of 60 children and their mothers for cadmium, phthalates and cotinine in urine and for mercury in scalp hair in two sampling areas (urban, rural). Results: Both small countries achieved the preset goals for recruitment, sample collection and analysis, which allowed for the first time the assessment of children’s and mothers’ exposures to the selected chemicals in comparison with other countries. Capacity building was accomplished and communication actions were particularly effective, with both countries taking advantage of their small size to access participants, policy makers, other stakeholders and the press. Time constrains and requirements for capacity building were limiting factors. Conclusion: The COPHES European Protocol for HBM surveys is attainable in small countries. The following elements are fundamental in the design of a harmonized European HBM program, from the perspective of small countries: (a) consultation with and active involvement of the implementing countries, (b) flexibility for national decisions, while not compromising harmonization, (c) elaboration of standardized methods, procedures and documents (d) quality assurance mechanisms, (e) means of training and support.
Genetic variability and biogeography of the widespread red alga Hypnea flexicaulis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) based on rbcL and cox1 sequences
Authors: Geraldino Paul John L. , Boo Ga Hun , Boo Sung Min
Published: May 2015

Hypnea flexicaulis is a carrageenophyte red alga that commonly occurs on various substrata in the lower intertidal of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. To examine the genetic variability within the species and the relationships of genetic lineages to contemporary distribution, we analyzed plastid rbcL and mitochondrial cox1 genes from specimens collected in eight countries. Phylogenetic trees of rbcL revealed a monophyly of H. flexicaulis. In the cox1 tree, H. flexicaulis comprised four genetic groups: one group was dispersed throughout the Indo-Pacific region, and the remaining three lineages were geographically localized to Australia, India, and the Philippines. Thus, the contemporary distribution of H. flexicaulis may result from a mixture of modern current flows, anthropogenic agents, and historical dispersal events.
Preparation of optically active 4-substituted γ-lactones by lipase-catalyzed optical resolution
Authors: Shimotori Yasutaka , Hoshi Masayuki , Inoue Keita , Osanai Takeshi , Okabe Hayato , Miyakoshi Tetsuo
Published: May 2015

Optically active 4-substituted γ-lactones (3 and 4) were synthesized effectively using lipase-catalyzed optical resolution. N-methyl-4-hydroxyalkanamides (rac-1a–i) as substrates were prepared from N-methylsuccinimide. The alkylation of N-methylsuccinimide using Grignard reagents generated from various alkyl halides followed by reduction resulted in N-methyl-4-hydroxyalkanamides. The optical resolution of rac-1a–g was performed using Novozym 435-catalyzed stereoselective acetylation. The stereoselective preparation of 4-substituted γ-lactones (3 and 4) possessing various side chains such as isopentyl, phenyl, and phenethyl groups was achieved with more than 90% enantiopurity.
Existence and Exponential Stability of the Unique Almost Periodic Positive Solution for Discrete Nicholson’s Blowflies Model
Authors: Yao Zhijian
Published: May 2015

This paper deals with a discrete Nicholson’s blowflies model. By using contraction mapping fixed point theorem, we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of unique almost periodic positive solution. Moreover, we investigate exponential stability of the almost periodic positive solution by Liapunov functional. We obtain new results and complement the previously obtained results in the past literatures.
Study on the Complex Neuron Model’s Reduction and Its Dynamic Characteristics
Authors: Peng Yueping
Published: May 2015

In the paper, based on the theory of neurodynamics, the nine-dimensional one-compartment complex model of CA1 pyramid neuron developed by David Golomb [J. Neurophysiol., 96 (2006), 1912–1926] is reduced, and the two-dimensional reduced neuron model is obtained for the first time. According to the definition of the minimal model, the nine-dimensional complex dynamic model has first be reduced to the minimal models. Then the minimal model is reduced into the two-dimensional model by the model reduction theory of neurodynamics and the polynomial regression algorithm. Finally, dynamic characteristics of the two-dimensional reduced neuron model are analyzed and discussed in detail by the neurodynamic analysis methods. When the stimulation current gradually increases from zero, the two-dimensional reduced neuron model undergoes the saddle-node bifurcation. It is equivalent to a bistable integrator and has the common dynamic properties of the integrator such as definite threshold value and class 2 neural excitability. The investigation provides a simple and convenient method to investigate deeply the high-dimensional complex neuron model’s dynamic characteristics and functions by the neurodynamic theory. Moreover, it is helpful to know the dynamic characteristics of the hippocampal neuron.
The effect of Terminalia chebula extract vs. silver sulfadiazine on burn wounds in rats
Authors: Nasiri Ebrahim , Hosseinimehr Seyed Jalal , Azadbakht Mohammad , Akbari Jafar , Enayati-fard Reza , Azizi Sohail
Published: May 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula in the treatment of hot water-induced burn wounds and to compare the results with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) in rats.

Methods: Five groups of ten rats were burned with hot water. Animals were administrated with topical cream at control, normal saline, 5 %, 10 % T. chebula extracts and standard SSD creams. Several parameters were assessed, including wound area, visual inspection of wound, bacteriology assessment, percentage of wound contraction and histopathological examination.

Results: The average area of wound on 10th day was 11.2 ± 3.3, 11 ± 3.2, 8.5 ± 2.3, 9.5 ± 4.2 and 5.1 ± 2.2 cm2 for SSD1 %, base cream, normal saline, herbal extract 5 % and 10 %, respectively. T. chebula 10 % cream exhibited lower wound size than SSD1 % and control groups at 10th day post burn injury. On day 15, the percentage of wound contraction in T. chebula was 5 % and 10 % more than 18 % and 53 % in comparison to SSD1 % group, respectively. Histopathological results exhibited well-formed horizontally oriented collagen fibers for appropriate tension. Strength of scar on burned tissue was better in T. chebula 5 % and 10 % as compared with control and SSD groups.

Conclusions: The results of this study showed that T. chebula extract was capable of accelerating wound healing in rats by wound contraction, and had beneficial effects more than SSD 1 % cream in the management of burn injury.
The birth of the adjective class as a problem of translation
Authors: Alfieri Luca
Published: May 2015

This paper seeks to analyze the translation of grammatical terminology. One of the main differences between the Greek-Latin parts of speech theory and that of traditional later European linguistics (from Port Royal onwards) lies in the existence of the adjective as an independent word class. The paper examines the definitions of the categories of noun, verb and epithet/adjective from Dionysius Thrax through the 17th century, with the aim of showing that the birth of the adjective as an independent word class, along with the stabilization of the labels nomen substantivum and adjectivum with reference to the common noun and the adjective, hides a problem in meta-semiotic translation. Specifically, the issue concerns the translationreinterpretation of Aristotle’s metaphysics in light of Neo-platonic ontology during the Middle Ages, as well as its influence on the reinterpretation-translation of the Greek-Latin parts of speech theory between Late Antiquity and the Renaissance.
The extended variant of the bond valence–bond length correlation curve for boron(III)–oxygen bonds
Authors: Sidey Vasyl
Published: May 2015

The extended variant of the bond valence (s)–bond length (r) correlation curve for boron(III)–oxygen bonds has been closely approximated using the three-parameter function s = [k/(r – l)] – m, where s is measured in valence units (vu), r is measured in Å, k = 0.53 Å·vu, l = 0.975(1) Å and m = 0.32 vu. The function s = exp[(r
0 – r)/b] traditionally used in the modern bond valence model requires the separate set of the bond valence parameters (r
0 = 1.362 Å; b = 0.23 Å) in order to approximate the above s–r curve for the bonds shorter than ∼1.3 Å.
Rogue Waves and New Multi-wave Solutions of the (2+1)-Dimensional Ito Equation
Authors: Tian Ying-hui , Dai Zheng-de
Published: May 2015

A three-soliton limit method (TSLM) for seeking rogue wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equation (NEE) is proposed. The (2+1)-dimensional Ito equation is used as an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. As a result, two rogue waves and a family of new multi-wave solutions are obtained. The result shows that rogue wave can be obtained not only from extreme form of breather solitary wave but also from extreme form of double-breather solitary wave. This is a new and interesting discovery.
La planeación y el presupuesto como sistemas simbólicos articulados a los procesos de resistencia campesina: análisis de una organización a partir de los referentes teóricos de Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Cardona Hernández Juan David , Hinestroza Rojas Yuliana
Published: May 2015

En aras de ampliar los marcos para el entendimiento del rol que desempeña la contabilidad en las organizaciones, se propone, a partir de los elementos conceptuales del teórico francés Pierre Bourdieu, analizar la situación de una organización de resistencia campesina, identificando la articulación de la planeación y el presupuesto con el proceso social que se gesta desde la comunidad, buscando evidenciar la forma en que la disciplina opera en un contexto con lógicas cualitativamente divergentes a las predominantes en el ámbito organizacional de la empresa privada. De esto, se entienden la planeación y el presupuesto como sistemas simbólicos donde se inscriben lógicas que permiten la cognición y la comunicación, en un proceso en el cual se imbrican las relaciones de poder. Producto de unas formas particulares de relacionamiento, la contabilidad es entendida como un conocimiento en el cual la realidad es recreada y construida, lo cual se inscribe en el marco de unas relaciones de poder específicas que trascienden y penetran en la construcción de lo social, más allá de los marcos netamente económicos y financieros.
Electrochemical Kinetic of a Low Carbon Steel in Seawater at Different Flow Speed
Authors: Carmona A. , Orozco-Cruz R. , Mejía-Sánchez E. , Contreras A. , Galván-Martínez R.
Published: May 2015

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) corrosion study of API X70 steel was carried out in synthetic seawater with different rotation speeds using a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) to control the hydrodynamic conditions at room temperature, atmospheric pressure and 24 h of exposure time. A superficial analysis through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the corrosion type. The rotation speed used was 0 rpm (static condition), 1000, 3000 and 5000 rpm (turbulent flow). The results show that the turbulent flow conditions affect directly the corrosion rate (CR) of the steel, because all values of the CR under turbulent flow conditions are higher than the CR values at static conditions. In addition, it is important to point out that at turbulent flow conditions, the CR increased as the rotation speed also increased. The morphology of the corrosion in all experiments was localized corrosion.
The Role of Calcareous Soils in SCC of X52 Pipeline Steel
Authors: Contreras A. , Quej-Aké L. M. , Lizárraga C. R. , Pérez T.
Published: May 2015

Susceptibility to external stress corrosion cracking (ESCC) of API X52 pipeline steel in calcareous soil containing different moisture content has been investigated using slow strain rate tests (SSRT). This type of soil is common of the state of Campeche Mexico and has a pH around 8. The results indicate that X52 pipeline steel was susceptible to external SCC only in the saturated calcareous soil, showing some micro cracks in the gage section of the SSR specimen. It was observed that some micro cracks were found at the bottom of micro-pits. Which indicate that first develop a pit and this evolved with time and micro-strain like a crack. Few micro cracks were observed as initiation of SCC close to surface failure. The mechanism of SCC may be influenced by formation and rupture film of carbonates.
Effect of Li-doping on Photoluminescence of Screen-printed Zinc Oxide Films
Authors: Khomenkova L. , Kushnirenko V. , Osipenok M. , Avramenko K. , Polishchuk Y. , Markevich I. , Strelchuk V. , Kladko V. , Borkovska L. , Kryshtab T.
Published: May 2015

Undoped and Li-doped ZnO films were fabricated by screen printing approach on sapphire substrate. The effect of Li doping and annealing temperature on the luminescent, optical, electrical and structural properties of the films has been investigated by the photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering, conductivity, Atomic Force microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The XRD study revealed that the films have polycrystalline wurtzite structure with grain sizes ranging from 26 to 38 nm. In the undoped ZnO films, the increase of annealing temperature from 800 to 1000 °C resulted in the increase of the grain sizes, film conductivity and the intensity of the ultraviolet PL. The introduction of Li of low concentration of 0.003 wt % at 800 °C or 900 °C allows producing the low-resistive films with enhanced ultraviolet PL and reduced density of crystalline defects. Highly doped films (with 0.3 wt % of Li) were found to be semi-insulating with deteriorated PL properties irrespectively of the annealing temperature. It is shown that introduction of Li in the ZnO films affects their PL spectra mainly via the evolution of the film crystallinity and the density of intrinsic defects.
MgO Nanomaterials Improve Fibroblast Adhesion and Proliferation
Authors: Hickey Daniel J. , Webster Thomas J.
Published: May 2015

Magnesium (Mg) plays an important role in the body mediating cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, bone apatite structure and density, and nucleic acid chemistries. While Mg has been investigated as a biomaterial for bone applications, it has not been studied for applications within soft tissues. This study investigated, for the first time, the response of fibroblasts to magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles for soft tissue engineering applications. Primary human dermal fibroblasts were cultured both on tissue culture polystyrene in media supplemented with MgO nanoparticles as well as on poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA)-MgO nanoparticle composites. As this study was conducted concurrently with a study aimed at bone tissue engineering, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanomaterials were used for comparison. Results showed for the first time that fibroblasts adhered onto MgO-containing composites roughly three times better than HA-PLLA samples and roughly 4.5 times better than plain PLLA samples. Fibroblasts also proliferated to statistically higher densities when cultured in medium supplemented with MgO nanoparticles compared to un-supplemented medium and medium supplemented with HA nanoparticles. These preliminary results together suggest that MgO nanoparticles should be further investigated as materials to improve the regeneration of soft tissues as well as bone.
Late-Season Weed Escape Survey Reveals Discontinued Atrazine Use Associated with Greater Abundance of Broadleaf Weeds
Authors: Recker Ross A. , Mitchell Paul D. , Stoltenberg David E. , Lauer Joseph G. , Davis Vince M.
Published: May 2015

Atrazine has been used for control of many weeds, primarily broadleaf weeds, in U.S. corn fields since 1957. Recently, the adoption of glyphosate-resistant corn hybrids have led to glyphosate eclipsing atrazine as the most commonly used herbicide in corn production. However, the evolution and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds is a major concern. Atrazine use in Wisconsin is prohibited in 102 areas encompassing 0.49 million ha where total chlorinated residues were found in drinking water wells at concentrations > 3 μg L−1. Atrazine has been prohibited in many of those areas for > 10 yr, providing an opportunity to evaluate weed community composition differences due to herbicide regulation. In question, has the abundance of broadleaf weeds increased, coupled with an increased reliance on glyphosate, where atrazine use has been discontinued? To answer this, an online questionnaire was distributed to Wisconsin growers in June and then weeds present in 343 fields in late July through mid-September in 2012 and 2013 were counted. Data were summarized for frequency, uniformity, density, and relative abundance to compare weed community composition in fields with discontinued vs. recent atrazine use. Growers used glyphosate in 70 vs. 54% of fields with discontinued vs. recent atrazine use, respectively (P = 0.021). Moreover, broadleaf weeds were found more frequently, (73 vs. 61%; P = 0.03), they had 50% greater in-field uniformity (P = 0.002), and density was 0.4 vs. 0.19 plants m−2(i.e., twofold greater; P < 0.0001) in discontinued vs. recent atrazine-use fields. Changes were most evident with troublesome glyphosate-resistant broadleaf weeds such asAmaranthusspecies and giant ragweed. In conclusion, weed community composition consisted of more broadleaf weeds in fields where atrazine has not been used in the recent decade coupled with greater glyphosate use. These results provide evidence of negative long-term implications for glyphosate resistance where growers increased reliance on glyphosate in place of atrazine.
Microbial nitrogen cycling response to forest‐based bioenergy production
Authors: Minick Kevan J. , Strahm Brian D. , Fox Thomas R. , Sucre Eric B. , Leggett Zakiya H.
Published: May 2015

Concern over rising atmospheric CO2and other greenhouse gases due to fossil fuel combustion has intensified research into carbon‐neutral energy production. Approximately 15.8 million ha of pine plantations exist across the southeastern United States, representing a vast land area advantageous for bioenergy production without significant land‐use change or diversion of agricultural resources from food production. Furthermore, intercropping of pine with bioenergy grasses could provide annually harvestable, lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks along with production of traditional wood products. Viability of such a system hinges in part on soil nitrogen (N) availability and effects of N competition between pines and grasses on ecosystem productivity. We investigated effects of intercropping loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on microbial N cycling processes in the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. Soil samples were collected from bedded rows of pine and interbed space of two treatments, composed of either volunteer native woody and herbaceous vegetation (pine–native) or pure switchgrass (pine–switchgrass) in interbeds. An in vitro15N pool‐dilution technique was employed to quantify gross N transformations at two soil depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm) on four dates in 2012–2013. At the 0–5 cm depth in beds of the pine–switchgrass treatment, gross N mineralization was two to three times higher in November and February compared to the pine–native treatment, resulting in increased NH4+availability. Gross and net nitrification were also significantly higher in February in the same pine beds. In interbeds of the pine–switchgrass treatment, gross N mineralization was lower from April to November, but higher in February, potentially reflecting positive effects of switchgrass root‐derived C inputs during dormancy on microbial activity. These findings indicate soil N cycling and availability has increased in pine beds of the pine–switchgrass treatment compared to those of the pine–native treatment, potentially alleviating any negative effects of N competition between pine and switchgrass. We expect that reduced soil C in the pine–switchgrass treatment, effects of pine and switchgrass rooting on soil C availability, and plant N demand are major factors influencing soil N transformations. Future research should examine rooting architecture in intercropped systems and the effects on soil microbial communities and function.
Recovery of African wild dogs suppresses prey but does not trigger a trophic cascade
Authors: Ford Adam T. , Goheen Jacob R. , Augustine David J. , Kinnaird Margaret F. , O'Brien Timothy G. , Palmer Todd M. , Pringle Robert M. , Woodroffe Rosie
Published: May 2015

Increasingly, the restoration of large carnivores is proposed as a means through which to restore community structure and ecosystem function via trophic cascades. After a decades‐long absence, African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) recolonized the Laikipia Plateau in central Kenya, which we hypothesized would trigger a trophic cascade via suppression of their primary prey (dik‐dik, Madoqua guentheri) and the subsequent relaxation of browsing pressure on trees. We tested the trophic‐cascade hypothesis using (1) a 14‐year time series of wild dog abundance; (2) surveys of dik‐dik population densities conducted before and after wild dog recovery; and (3) two separate, replicated, herbivore‐exclusion experiments initiated before and after wild dog recovery. The dik‐dik population declined by 33% following wild dog recovery, which is best explained by wild dog predation. Dik‐dik browsing suppressed tree abundance, but the strength of suppression did not differ between before and after wild dog recovery. Despite strong, top‐down limitation between adjacent trophic levels (carnivore–herbivore and herbivore–plant), a trophic cascade did not occur, possibly because of a time lag in indirect effects, variation in rainfall, and foraging by herbivores other than dik‐dik. Our ability to reject the trophic‐cascade hypothesis required two important approaches: (1) temporally replicated herbivore exclusions, separately established before and after wild dog recovery; and (2) evaluating multiple drivers of variation in the abundance of dik‐dik and trees. While the restoration of large carnivores is often a conservation priority, our results suggest that indirect effects are mediated by ecological context, and that trophic cascades are not a foregone conclusion of such recoveries.
Population‐level consequences of herbivory, changing climate, and source–sink dynamics on a long‐lived invasive shrub
Authors: van Klinken R. D. , Pichancourt J.-B.
Published: May 2015

Long‐lived plant species are highly valued environmentally, economically, and socially, but can also cause substantial harm as invaders. Realistic demographic predictions can guide management decisions, and are particularly valuable for long‐lived species where population response times can be long. Long‐lived species are also challenging, given population dynamics can be affected by factors as diverse as herbivory, climate, and dispersal. We developed a matrix model to evaluate the effects of herbivory by a leaf‐feeding biological control agent released in Australia against a long‐lived invasive shrub (mesquite, Leguminoseae: Prosopis spp.). The stage‐structured, density‐dependent model used an annual time step and 10 climatically diverse years of field data. Mesquite population demography is sensitive to source–sink dynamics as most seeds are consumed and redistributed spatially by livestock. In addition, individual mesquite plants, because they are long lived, experience natural climate variation that cycles over decadal scales, as well as anthropogenic climate change. The model therefore explicitly considered the effects of both net dispersal and climate variation. Herbivory strongly regulated mesquite populations through reduced growth and fertility, but additional mortality of older plants will be required to reach management goals within a reasonable time frame. Growth and survival of seeds and seedlings were correlated with daily soil moisture. As a result, population dynamics were sensitive to rainfall scenario, but population response times were typically slow (20–800 years to reach equilibrium or extinction) due to adult longevity. Equilibrium population densities were expected to remain 5% higher, and be more dynamic, if historical multi‐decadal climate patterns persist, the effect being dampened by herbivory suppressing seed production irrespective of preceding rainfall. Dense infestations were unlikely to form under a drier climate, and required net dispersal under the current climate. Seed input wasn't required to form dense infestations under a wetter climate. Each factor we considered (ongoing herbivory, changing climate, and source–sink dynamics) has a strong bearing on how this invasive species should be managed, highlighting the need for considering both ecological context (in this case, source–sink dynamics) and the effect of climate variability at relevant temporal scales (daily, multi‐decadal, and anthropogenic) when deriving management recommendations for long‐lived species.
The importance of plant genotype and contemporary evolution for terrestrial ecosystem processes
Authors: Fitzpatrick Connor R. , Agrawal Anurag A. , Basiliko Nathan , Hastings Amy P. , Isaac Marney E. , Preston Michael , Johnson Marc T. J.
Published: May 2015

Plant genetic variation and evolutionary dynamics are predicted to impact ecosystem processes but these effects are poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that plant genotype and contemporary evolution influence the flux of energy and nutrients through soil, which then feedback to affect seedling performance in subsequent generations. We conducted a multiyear field evolution experiment using the native biennial plant Oenothera biennis. This experiment was coupled with experimental assays to address our hypothesis and quantify the relative importance of evolutionary and ecological factors on multiple ecosystem processes. Plant genotype, contemporary evolution, spatial variation, and herbivory affected ecosystem processes (e.g., leaf decay, soil respiration, seedling performance, N cycling), but their relative importance varied between specific ecosystem variables. Insect herbivory and evolution also contributed to a feedback that affected seedling biomass of O. biennis in the next generation. Our results show that heritable variation among plant genotypes can be an important factor affecting local ecosystem processes, and while effects of contemporary evolution were detectable and sometimes strong, they were often contingent on other ecological factors.
Statistical integration of tracking and vessel survey data to incorporate life history differences in habitat models
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Watanuki Yutaka , Hazen Elliott L. , Nishizawa Bungo , Sasaki Hiroko , Takahashi Akinori
Published: May 2015

Habitat use is often examined at a species or population level, but patterns likely differ within a species, as a function of the sex, breeding colony, and current breeding status of individuals. Hence, within‐species differences should be considered in habitat models when analyzing and predicting species distributions, such as predicted responses to expected climate change scenarios. Also, species' distribution data obtained by different methods (vessel‐survey and individual tracking) are often analyzed separately rather than integrated to improve predictions. Here, we eventually fit generalized additive models for Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas using tracking data from two different breeding colonies in the Northwestern Pacific and visual observer data collected during a research cruise off the coast of western Japan. The tracking‐based models showed differences among patterns of relative density distribution as a function of life history category (colony, sex, and breeding conditions). The integrated tracking‐based and vessel‐based bird count model incorporated ecological states rather than predicting a single surface for the entire species. This study highlights both the importance of including ecological and life history data and integrating multiple data types (tag‐based tracking and vessel count) when examining species–environment relationships, ultimately advancing the capabilities of species distribution models.
Effects of large‐scale gold mining on migratory behavior of a large herbivore
Authors: Blum Marcus E. , Stewart Kelley M. , Schroeder Cody
Published: May 2015

Loss of migratory corridors has been identified as an important ecological issue among species that exhibit long‐distance migration worldwide. Increased mineral exploration and development has raised the level of concern over the protection of terrestrial migration routes for ungulates. Mineral exploration and other types of development may adversely affect migratory corridors for large herbivores, but little is known about functional effects on migratory behavior and resource selection. To address these important questions we examined movement patterns and resource selection to understand the effects of an operating gold mine on migratory pathways of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). We captured and applied radio collars to female mule deer (n = 43) on the migratory pathway and in the proximity of an active mine in the Ruby Mountains of eastern Nevada. We used Brownian Bridge Movement Models to delineate stopover sites for each individual during both the autumn and spring migrations. We calculated linear efficiency of movement along the migration path and movement rate between stopover locations outside and within the mining area to determine the effects of the mine on movement patterns. We also used resource selection functions to determine if mule deer avoided areas with extensive excavation and disturbance of the land surface when navigating through the mine complex. Our results indicated greater linear efficiency of movement along the migration path and movement rates between stopover locations outside the mine when compared with movement through the mine complex. Additionally, mule deer that migrated through the mine complex avoided the highest disturbance levels by spending the majority of their time in undisturbed habitat patches. These results suggest an increase in energy expenditure of mule deer navigating through highly disturbed areas, which may have fitness consequences for migratory animals. Such increases in energy expenditure during migration may decrease survival or productivity of migratory populations of large, terrestrial mammals.
Clinical and cost–effectiveness of insulin degludec: from clinical trials to clinical practice
Authors: Evans Marc , McEwan Phil
Published: May 2015

The increasing prevalence of diabetes presents one of the greatest challenges to healthcare provision in modern times, with the cost of treating diabetes and its related complications representing a significant proportion of healthcare expenditure. In recent years, many new therapeutic entities have been developed with the aim of improving glycemic control, and thus slowing the development of micro- and macrovascular complications. Insulin degludec is a new-generation basal insulin analog with an ultra-long duration of action and low day-to-day and hour-to-hour intrapatient variability in blood glucose-lowering action. In this review, we consider evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies demonstrating the clinical benefits and cost–effectiveness of insulin degludec and its potential for improving patient care.
Bringing cohort studies to the bedside: framework for a ‘green button’ to support clinical decision-making
Authors: Gallego Blanca , Walter Scott R , Day Richard O , Dunn Adam G , Sivaraman Vijay , Shah Nigam , Longhurst Christopher A , Coiera Enrico
Published: May 2015

When providing care, clinicians are expected to take note of clinical practice guidelines, which offer recommendations based on the available evidence. However, guidelines may not apply to individual patients with comorbidities, as they are typically excluded from clinical trials. Guidelines also tend not to provide relevant evidence on risks, secondary effects and long-term outcomes. Querying the electronic health records of similar patients may for many provide an alternate source of evidence to inform decision-making. It is important to develop methods to support these personalized observational studies at the point-of-care, to understand when these methods may provide valid results, and to validate and integrate these findings with those from clinical trials.
Use of geometric morphometrics to differentiate selected lines of Carniolan honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) in Serbia and Montenegro
Authors: Rasic Sladjan , Mladenovic Mica , Stanisavljevic Ljubisa
Published: May 2015

In a selection of honeybees from autochthonous ecotypes, different lines must
be identified. Honeybee lineages are usually distinguished by classical
morphometrics and molecular markers, but these approaches are both costly and
time-consuming to implement. Recognition of the purity of races is very
important for regional and country regulations to allow a sustainable
conservation of the huge variety of local honeybees. A geometric morphometric
approach has been frequently used. In this work, honeybee samples were
collected from stationary apiaries (belonging to the centers for honeybee
queen selection) from two different Serbian areas: Vrsac (northeastern
Serbia, mostly flatland) and Vranje (southern Serbia, mostly mountainous),
and two different Montenegrin areas: Bijelo Polje (northern Montenegro,
mountainous region) and Sutomore (southern Montenegro, coastal region). Each
sample consisted of 150 honeybee workers, collected from 10 hives (15
specimens each). On the honeybee left forewings, a total of 19 vein
intersections were used to determine the differences among the honeybees
using MorphoJ 1.4a software. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) slightly
separated the honeybee lines into one overlapping cloud of specimens at the
individual level. The first canonical variable (60.57% of the total
variability) discriminated mainly between Bijelo Polje and Sutomore honeybee
lines. Therefore, on the colony level, CVA separated all four groups of
breeding honeybee lines. The results show that geometric morphometrics are
reliable in the discrimination of honeybee lines within subspecies only at
the colony level.
Adaptive management? Observations of knowledge coordination in the communication practice of Swedish game management
Authors: Hallgren Lars , Westberg Lotten
Published: May 2015

Modern management of natural resources is guided by the normative theory of adaptive management (AM). Behind this theory lies a strong, albeit implicit, expectation that organisations aiming for AM have the capacity to communicate in a way that facilitates the required coordination of the knowledge perspectives involved. The aim of this article is to discuss the extent to which the communication practice of Swedish game management organisations facilitates coordination of knowledge corresponding to AM. Based on operationalizations of communicative rationality and agonistic pluralism, we use the concepts ‘discursive closure’ and ‘discursive opening’ to investigate how the coordination of knowledge is carried out through communication in relatively recently established organisations, the Swedish Game Management Delegations (GMDs). We analyse four communication episodes from GMD meetings and notice that multiple perspectives were expressed (discourse openings) but were not evaluated in a communicative rational way before being closed. The consequences of these closures were that knowledge perspectives with potential relevance, but with unclear validity for game management, were not elaborated upon, in terms of their truth, intelligibility, legitimacy or sincerity, which inhibited AM. The concepts of discursive closure and discursive opening proved useful for investigating communicative capacity. An important question which needs to be addressed to improve communicative capacity for AM is whether it would be practically possible to keep to the agenda and rules of the GMD meetings and still admit discursive openings about differences in perspectives.
Using postcolonial scholarship to address equity in transnational higher education
Authors: Sidhu Ravinder
Published: May 2015

This article uses postcolonial scholarship to understand the knowledge and cultural politics that underpin Australian-provided transnational higher education (TNHE) programmes in Singapore and Malaysia. A case is made for TNHE practices to develop an 'engaged pedagogy' and 'ethics of care' as it relates to transnational students in postcolonial spaces. Through this, the article seeks to respond to broader criticisms directed at international education's limited engagement with equity and social justice.
Fecundity and gonadosomatic index of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) from a stocking pond of a hatchery at Faridpur, Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir MA , Quddus MMA
Published: May 2015

Fecundity, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and ova diameter of the cyprinid fish Kalibaush (Labeo calbasu,Ham.) were studied from a closed water hatchery pond, Faridpur district during April 2007 to March 2008. Fecundity of the fish ranged from 37454 to 427030 with an average 230242. The maximum fecundity was from a fish with total length of 51.3 cm and 1785 g in weight and minimum from a fish with a total length of 32.5 cm and 720 g in weight. The number of ova present per gram of body weight was 213.13 and the number of ova present per gram of ovary weight was 1359.17. It was observed that the fish spawned once in a year with one spawning peak in the month of July as indicated by the values of both ova diameter (1.3± 0.04) and gonadosomatic index (1.68± 0.11 and 18.58 ± 0.06) respectively. The relationship between fecundity and other variables (Total length, body weight and gonad weight) was linear and significant (P<0.01).Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(1): 43-48, 2013
Prevalence of Trichuris trichiura among the children of age under five years
Authors: Ahmed Tahmina , Khanum Hamida , Hossain Anwar
Published: May 2015

A total of 2880 stool samples of children (under 5 years old) were examined during January to June 2006. The rate of infection of Trichuris trichiura was 5.27%. The highest prevalence was 10.18%, among the children of 2-3 years and none (zero) among 0-1 years. The male children (6.11%) were more infected than the female (4.27%). The mixed infection of T. trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides (26.31%) was higher than the T. trichiura and Giardia sp. (10.52%). The highest rate of infection (6.74%) was found in June and lowest in January (4%).Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(1): 97-103, 2013
Is the Asset Transfer of Public Leisure Facilities in England an Example of Associative Democracy?
Authors: Nichols Geoff , Forbes Deborah , Findlay-King Lindsay , Macfadyen Gordon
Published: May 2015

In England, public sports facilities and libraries provided by local government are being transferred to management and delivery by volunteers. The catalyst for this development has been reductions in local government budgets. However, case studies explore if this asset transfer “offers a way of restoring the ideal of committed public service in the face of widespread bureaucratic failure and retreat”, as a form of associative democracy and empowerment of both the volunteers and those for whom the services are provided.
Exponential Outer Synchronization between Two Uncertain Time-Varying Complex Networks with Nonlinear Coupling
Authors: Wu Yongqing , Liu Li
Published: May 2015

This paper studies the problem of exponential outer synchronization between two uncertain nonlinearly coupled complex networks with time delays. In order to synchronize uncertain complex networks, an adaptive control scheme is designed based on the Lyapunov stability theorem. Simultaneously, the unknown system parameters of uncertain complex networks are identified when exponential outer synchronization occurs. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoretical results.