bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Excavation of Nympsfield Long Barrow, Gloucestershire
Authors: Clifford Elsie M.
Published: February 2015

The Nympsfield long barrow is situated in the parish of Frocester, but is less than a mile to the north-west of Nympsfield village. The boundaries of the Parish, the Rural District and the Union, run from north to south down the centre of the field, called ‘Buckholt End,’ in which it lies. The position of the barrow is latitude 51° 42′ 35″ and longitude 2° 17′ 54″ (six-inch O.S., Gloucs. XLIX S.W.) and its height 750 feet above sea level. Ninety yards to the east of the barrow there is a road, marked by Grundy as a ‘ridgeway,’ which now runs from Selsley Hill to Uley (fig. 1). The underlying rock is the Inferior Oolite, a formation separable into numerous sub-divisions, here including, in descending order, Clypeus Grit, Upper Trigonia Grit and Upper Freestone. The greater part of the barrow, if not the whole of it rests on Clypeus Grit.
Early Iron Age Site at Southcote, Reading
Authors: Piggott C. M. , Seaby W. A.
Published: February 2015

Denton's pit, Southcote, is situated about one mile to the west of Reading, immediately to the south of the Great West Road. The map references are as follows:—

6 inch. Berkshire 37 N.W. Lat. 51° 26′ 40″ N. Long. 1° 0′ 0″ w.

1 inch. 5th Edition, Sheet 113. Square 1,070–1,075 E. 1,295–1,300 N.

Geological. Sheet 268. (1 inch).
Inferences on the Problem of the Pleistocene Climate of Palestine and Syria drawn from Flora, Fauna and Stratigraphy
Authors: Picard L.
Published: February 2015

Setting aside the cosmological and meteorological speculations on the reconstruction of the climate of the south-eastern Mediterranean countries in the Pleistocene epoch, the bases of which are somewhat inadequate, there remains only geological evidence for the interpretation of that epoch. This evidence includes the information yielded by sediments: in the first place, those terrestrial types of soils which are the strongest indicators of climate influences and in the second place, the fauna and flora, in so far as types with enhanced power of climatological reaction are in any way recognisable. In 1932, I discussed the significance of the soils and will dwell on this subject at the end of this paper. My present task is mainly concerned with an attempt to submit the Pleistocene livingworld—within the limits of our present knowledge—to a critical investigation and to reconcile the results with our previous conclusions.
Studies on the Palaeolithic Succession in England No. I: The Barnham Sequence
Authors: Paterson T. T.
Published: February 2015

The discovery of a prolific palaeolithic site near Cambridge, led to an examination of its relationship to other sites in England, and it seemed that the time was approaching for a general survey of the palaeolithic succession in this country concerned with open stations of a period prior to that already dealt with by Dr Garrod and Dr Grahame Clark. To this end it is intended to devote a series of papers, to be published consecutively in this journal, descriptive of various industries in the light of the latest evidence, both geological and prehistoric.

The first paper, hereunder, is given over to a description and analysis of the palaeolithic site mentioned, for, as will be demonstrated, it has been found essential to the main thesis on succession. The sequence in East Anglia will be chosen for initial study, partly because it is a region with which the author is best acquainted, and also because it has been found to form a distinct cultural province, more nearly related, indeed, to Belgium and Germany than to southern England and France. The contacts between these provinces are many and it will be the whole purpose of one of this series of articles to show these connections by cultural and geological correlations. Therefore, references to comparable industries will be left out of the discussion of the finds following the description, and will be treated fully in an appropriate chapter at a later date.
A Comparison of the Pleistocene of East Anglia with that of Germany
Authors: Zeuner Friedrich E.
Published: February 2015

For many years, Professor P. G. H. Boswell has studied the Pleistocene deposits of East Anglia and, from time to time, published most illuminating reviews summarising the progress of work and discussing the possible relations to the corresponding deposits of other districts (especially 1931, 1932, 1936). In his Presidential Address to the Prehistoric Society last year, he paid particular attention to a problem which has often been attacked but not yet solved satisfactorily, namely the correlation of East Anglia with the Continent; and he suggested, as a possible way out of the difficulties, the correlation of the Hunstanton Boulder Clay with Würm 2, the Upper Chalky Drift with Würm 1, the Great Chalky Boulder Clay with Riss, the North Sea Drift with Mindel, and the later Crag deposits containing a cold fauna, with Günz. He admitted, however, that such a correlation would ‘bring other difficulties in its train.’
The Timber Monument at Arminghall and its Affinities
Authors: Clark Grahame
Published: February 2015

Of all the monuments of remote antiquity in the British Isles none are more impressive, both by reason of their size and of the purposes which they served, than the structures of which Stonehenge, Avebury and Woodhenge are the most famous examples. In this paper it is my purpose first of all to record the investigation of a new monument of the ‘henge’ class—to use the convenient term adopted by Mr Kendrick—situated in the parish of Arminghall immediately south of the city of Norwich, and, secondly, to consider its date, purpose, affinities, and origin in relation to material published from other sites.
The Pleistocene Succession in the Lower parts of the Thames Valley
Authors: King W. B. R. , Oakley K. P.
Published: February 2015

The object of the present communication is to demonstrate the relationships which, in the light of present knowledge, appear to exist between the various Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Lower and Middle Thames Valley. For this purpose two cross-sections of the valley have been drawn indicating the relative positions of the deposits which occur at various localities as though they were all present in two localities, one in the Lower, and one in the Middle Thames.

As many of the more important deposits in the Lower Thames are represented to the north and south of the river in the Dartford area, we have drawn the one section as if our ideal locality occurred in that neighbourhood. In this section, therefore, the relative altitudes of the various beds above and below present river level are those which are found in that part of the Thames basin. In tributary valleys, or in other parts of the main valley these altitudes are not of course necessarily maintained. In cases where deposits belonging to a particular stage have not been preserved in the Dartford area, but occur in a neighbouring part of the valley, or in a tributary valley, their position in the composite section has been roughly gauged by a process of extrapolation. Similarly when dealing with the Middle Thames, we have drawn our ideal section as though all the deposits occurred in one section of the valley in the neighbourhood of Iver.
The Excavation of Long Barrow 163a on Thickthorn Down, Dorset
Authors: Drew C. D. , Piggott Stuart
Published: February 2015

The culture of the Neolithic Age in Britain established itself particularly firmly in the chalk districts which have their centre in, and radiate from, Salisbury Plain, as is shown by the distribution of some of the most characteristic monuments of the culture, the Long Barrows. Here the open or thinly wooded downland offered every advantage for the pasture of flocks and herds and for early experiments in agriculture, while flint, essential for the tools and weapons of the time, was readily obtainable.

One extension of the chalk, running south-west from Salisbury, forms the great ridge of the Dorset downs. This ridge falls abruptly on its northern side, but to the south it slopes more gently, and is furrowed by a number of pleasant valleys, which eventually find their way to the sea either at Christchurch or Poole Harbours.

At Blandford, the ridge is cleft by the narrow valley of the River Stour, and the whole area between Salisbury and Blandford lies within the ancient bounds of Cranborne Chase.

On this part of the ridge, which rises to 911 feet at Win Green, is an important concentration of Long Barrows. They number 32, and all except four of them are on the southern slopes, roughly between the 400 and 200 feet contours. They are frequently, but not always, situated on the summit of the spurs of the main ridge which separate one side valley from another.
Field Archaeology of the Royston District
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: February 2015

The impact of a new technique upon a branch of science continues to be felt long after the first shock. Air-photography revolutionized the study of prehistoric fields and the excavation of individual sites, such as Caistor-by-Norwich, Woodhenge Arminghall, and the Ditchley Roman villa. It will, in the near future, revolutionize the study of distributions, itself quite a new subject. In my book Man and his Past (Oxford, 1921, pp. 128–153). I pointed out that the distribution-pattern of ‘loose finds,’ such as beakers and flat bronze axes, was free from the defect inherent in the distribution-pattern of objects fixed in the soil, such as megaliths, which may be removed by agricultural operations. ‘Camps’ and barrows are subject to the same limitations as indicators of population-areas; they may be destroyed by agriculture—prehistoric, mediaeval and modern; and there are many instances where such destruction is known to have occurred. They can both, however, be recovered by air-photography, which thereby rectifies the distortion of the distribution-map based solely on ground-work.
Mesolithic Flints from the Submerged Forest at West Hartlepool
Authors: Trechmann C. T. , Kennard A. S.
Published: February 2015

The submerged forest or peat bed on the Durham coast situated between Hartlepool and West Hartlepool and extending along the shore southwards towards Seaton Carew and northwards beneath the sand dunes has been known for many years. The main portion of it occupies a depression between two outcrops of Magnesian Limestone, the easterly one forming the isolated mass of rock on which the old town of Hartlepool is built and the westerly one being the edge of the main outcrop of the same rock on which West Hartlepool stands. To the south the Triassic red sandstone which is faulted down beneath a covering of boulder clay appears on the shore at Longscar Rock and Seaton Carew.
Notes on Excavations in England, the Irish Free State, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, during 1936
Authors: Clark J. G. D. , Leask H. G. , Evans E. Estyn , Childe V. Gordon , Grimes W. F.
Published: February 2015

The authors of these notes acknowledge the ready co-operation of the numerous excavators who have contributed information concerning their work carried out during the present year.
The Darmsden Flint Implements
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: February 2015

Since my first paper was published nineteen years ago on the Darmsden deposit and implements, a good deal more is known about the geology of the site, while there has been collected a series of implements exhibiting a wider range of types than that described in 1916. It appears, therefore, in view of the interest taken in the primitive industry of Darmsden, that the time is opportune for the publication of another paper which will set forth the present state of our knowledge of this industry and of the deposit in which it is found.
The Place of Origin of the Windmill Hill Culture
Authors: Hawkes Jacquetta
Published: February 2015

The most recent views on the origin of the Windmill Hill culture have been set out by Mr Stuart Piggott in the last Proceedings of this Society. The point he stresses significantly is that the origin of the Windmill Hill, or Neolithic A culture cannot any longer be regarded as a single one; already in the earlier, A1 phase, there are at least two distinct elements present, which when combined and influenced by the Peterborough culture produced the later A2 phase. He is willing tentatively to accept the possibility of the close relationship that I suggested last year between the A1 element represented by the plain, baggy pots of the lowest levels at the type station, Hembury, and elsewhere, and the néolithique ancien, or Cortaillod culture, of the Swiss Lakes. The second element is represented by carinated bowls of his form D and G with lip diameter greater than that of the shoulder, but apparently by nothing else. If it is agreed to accept a distinct origin for the simple ‘baggy’ A1 pottery, which carries with it the associated interrupted ditch camps and antler combs, the D–G bowls are clearly left alone. Piggott demonstrates how these bowls can be derived by an admirable typological sequence directly from the tulip-beaker of the well-known Michelsberg culture centred on Switzerland and the Rhine. The tulip-beaker grows more sharply shouldered and shallower, and, therefore, more nearly conforming to the D–G bowls as one passes down the Rhine from south to north. But for this typological and geographical series Piggott claims absolutely no chronological significance. Surely such a denial must make the whole story meaningless ? Either the low carinated form developed from the tall tulip-beaker as the culture extended northwards and is therefore appreciably later in beginning than the tall form, although this persisted along side it, or else it did not, and the two forms need have no connection with one another–a reductio ad absurdum.
Tuberculosis incidence in the Irish Traveller population in Ireland from 2002 to 2013
Authors: O'TOOLE R. F. , JACKSON S. , HANWAY A. , O'DONNELL J. , COMISKEY C. M. , ROGERS T. R. , O'FLANAGAN D.
Published: February 2015

The health status of the Irish Traveller ethnic minority is low compared to the general population in Ireland in terms of infant mortality rates and life expectancies. Respiratory disease is an area of health disparity manifested as excess mortalities in Traveller males and females. In this study, we examined the available data with regard to tuberculosis (TB) notifications in Ireland from 2002 to 2013. We found an increase in TB notifications in Irish Travellers from 2010 onwards. This resulted in a crude incidence rate for TB in Irish Travellers that was approximately threefold higher than that of the white Irish-born population in 2011 and 2012. An outbreak of TB in Irish Travellers in 2013 increased this differential further, but when outbreak-linked cases were excluded, a higher incidence rate was still observed in Irish Travellers relative to the general population and to white Irish-born. The mean age of a TB patient was 26 years in Irish Travellers compared to 43 years in the general population, and 49 years in white Irish-born. Based on available data, Irish Travellers exhibit a higher incidence rate and younger age distribution of TB compared to white Irish-born and the general population. These observations emphasize the importance of routine use of ethnicity identifiers in the management of TB and other notifiable communicable illnesses in Ireland. They also have implications for the orientation of preventive services to address health disparities in Irish Travellers and other ethnic minority groups.
THE LEVEL AND DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, ACCORDING TO FRANÇOIS QUESNAY
Authors: Milanovic Branko
Published: February 2015

The paper uses the data from François Quesnay's writings to derive a social table for pre-revolutionary France and estimate the level and distribution of income. It formalizes Quesnay’s thinking about the process of production and situates it within the modern national accounting framework. Quesnay’s estimates are compared with some contemporary and recent estimates of eighteenth-century French incomes and inequality.
MILL’S FOURTH FUNDAMENTAL PROPOSITION ON CAPITAL: A PARADOX EXPLAINED
Authors: Kates Steven
Published: February 2015

John Stuart Mill’s Fourth Fundamental Proposition Respecting Capital, first stated in 1848, had become an enigma well before the nineteenth century had come to an end. Never challenged in Mill’s own lifetime and described in 1876 as “the best test of a sound economist,” it has become a statement that not only fails to find others in agreement, but fails even to find an internally consistent interpretation that would make clear why Mill found it of such fundamental importance. Yet the fourth proposition should be easily understood as a continuation of the general glut debate. Economists led by Malthus had argued that demand deficiency was the cause of recession and a body of unproductive consumers was needed to raise the level of demand if everyone who wished to work was to find employment. Mill’s answer was that to buy goods and services would not increase employment, or, in Mill’s own words, “demand for commodities is not demand for labour.”
XRMA and ToF-SIMS Analysis of Normal and Hypomineralized Enamel
Authors: Melin Lisa , Lundgren Jesper , Malmberg Per , Norén Jörgen G. , Taube Fabian , Cornell David H.
Published: February 2015

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental disturbance of the enamel. This study presents analyses of hypomineralized and normal enamel in first molar teeth diagnosed with MIH, utilizing time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry area analyses and X-ray microanalysis of area and spot profiles in uncoated samples between gold lines which provide electrical conductivity. Statistical analysis of mean values allows discrimination of normal from MIH enamel, which has higher Mg and lower Na and P. Inductive analysis using complete data sets for profiles from the enamel surface to the enamel–dentin junction found that Mg, Cl and position in the profile provide useful discrimination criteria. Element profiles provide a visual complement to the inductive analysis and several elements also provide insight into the development of both normal and MIH enamel. The higher Mg content and different Cl profiles of hypomineralized enamel compared with normal enamel are probably related to a relatively short period during the development of ameloblasts between birth and the 1st year of life.
REMARKS ON NAIVE SET THEORY BASED ONLP
Authors: OMORI HITOSHI
Published: February 2015

Dialetheism is the metaphysical claim that there are true contradictions. And based on this view, Graham Priest and his collaborators have been suggesting solutions to a number of paradoxes. Those paradoxes include Russell’s paradox in naive set theory. For the purpose of dealing with this paradox, Priest is known to have argued against the presence of classical negation in the underlying logic of naive set theory. The aim of the present paper is to challenge this view by showing that there is a way to handle classical negation.
How Do Emotional Restrictions Affect the Use of Humor? A Behavior Genetic Analysis of Alexithymia and Humor Styles
Authors: Atkinson Breanna E. , Lipton Debra , Baughman Holly M. , Schermer Julie A. , Harris Juliette , Vernon Philip A.
Published: February 2015

This article reports the first behavioral genetic study of relationships between alexithymia and four styles of humor: affiliative, self-enhancing, self-defeating, and aggressive. A total of 509 MZ pairs and 264 DZ pairs of twins completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). Consistent with our predictions, alexithymia correlated negatively with affiliative and self-enhancing humor and positively with self-defeating and aggressive humor. All but one of the 16 phenotypic correlations that we report are significant at the 0.01 level. Also consistent with our predictions, the phenotypic correlations between alexithymia and humor styles were primarily attributable to correlated genetic factors and to a lesser extent to correlated non-shared environmental factors. Correlated shared environmental factors had no significant effect. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
Hyperthermia restores apoptosis induced by death receptors through aggregation-induced c-FLIP cytosolic depletion
Authors: Morlé A , Garrido C , Micheau O
Published: February 2015

TRAIL is involved in immune tumor surveillance and is considered a promising anti-cancer agent owing to its limited side effects on healthy cells. However, some cancer cells display resistance, or become resistant to TRAIL-induced cell death. Hyperthermia can enhance sensitivity to TRAIL-induced cell death in various resistant cancer cell lines, including lung, breast, colon or prostate carcinomas. Mild heat shock treatment has been proposed to restore Fas ligand or TRAIL-induced apoptosis through c-FLIP degradation or the mitochondrial pathway. We demonstrate here that neither the mitochondria nor c-FLIP degradation are required for TRAIL-induced cell death restoration during hyperthermia. Our data provide evidence that insolubilization of c-FLIP, alone, is sufficient to enhance apoptosis induced by death receptors. Hyperthermia induced c-FLIP depletion from the cytosolic fraction, without apparent degradation, thereby preventing c-FLIP recruitment to the TRAIL DISC and allowing efficient caspase-8 cleavage and apoptosis. Hyperthermia-induced c-FLIP depletion was independent of c-FLIP DED2 FL chain assembly motif or ubiquitination-mediated c-FLIP degradation, as assessed using c-FLIP point mutants on lysine 167 and 195 or threonine 166, a phosphorylation site known to regulate ubiquitination of c-FLIP. Rather, c-FLIP depletion was associated with aggregation, because addition of glycerol not only prevented the loss of c-FLIP from the cytosol but also enabled c-FLIP recruitment within the TRAIL DISC, thus inhibiting TRAIL-induced apoptosis during hyperthermia. Altogether our results demonstrate that c-FLIP is a thermosensitive protein whose targeting by hyperthermia allows restoration of apoptosis induced by TNF ligands, including TRAIL. Our findings suggest that combining TRAIL agonists with whole-body or localized hyperthermia may be an interesting approach in cancer therapy.
A pro-apoptotic function of iASPP by stabilizing p300 and CBP through inhibition of BRMS1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity
Authors: Kramer D , Schön M , Bayerlová M , Bleckmann A , Schön M P , Zörnig M , Dobbelstein M
Published: February 2015

The p53 family and its cofactors are potent inducers of apoptosis and form a barrier to cancer. Here, we investigated the impact of the supposedly inhibitory member of the apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53, iASPP, on the activity of the p53 homolog TAp73, and its cofactors p300 and CBP. We found that iASPP interacted with and stabilized the histone acetyltransferase p300 and its homolog CBP upon cisplatin treatment. Vice versa, iASPP depletion by shRNA resulted in decreased amounts of p300 and CBP, impaired binding of p300 and TAp73 to target site promoters, reduced induction of pro-apoptotic TAp73 target genes, and impaired apoptosis. Mechanistically, we observed that the p300-regulatory E3 ubiquitin ligase BRMS1 could rescue the degradation of p300 and CBP in cisplatin-treated, iASPP-depleted cells. This argues that iASPP stabilizes p300 and CBP by interfering with their BRMS1-mediated ubiquitination, thereby contributing to apoptotic susceptibility. In line, iASPP overexpression partially abolished the interaction of BRMS1 and CBP upon DNA damage. Reduced levels of iASPP mRNA and protein as well as CBP protein were observed in human melanoma compared with normal skin tissue and benign melanocytic nevi. In line with our findings, iASPP overexpression or knockdown of BRMS1 each augmented p300/CBP levels in melanoma cell lines, thereby enhancing apoptosis upon DNA damage. Taken together, destabilization of p300/CBP by downregulation of iASPP expression levels appears to represent a molecular mechanism that contributes to chemoresistance in melanoma cells.
p21-activated kinase 1 determines stem-like phenotype and sunitinib resistance via NF-κB/IL-6 activation in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Y , Liu H , Xu L , An H , Liu W , Liu Y , Lin Z , Xu J
Published: February 2015

The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a serine/threonine kinase that orchestrates cytoskeletal remodeling and cell motility, has been shown to function as downstream node for various oncogenic signaling pathways to promote cell proliferation, regulate apoptosis and accelerate mitotic abnormalities, resulting in tumor formation and invasiveness. Although alterations in PAK1 expression and activity have been detected in various human malignancies, its potential biological and clinical significance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains obscure. In this study, we found increased PAK1 and phosphorylated PAK1 levels in tumor tissues according to TNM stage progression. Elevated phosphorylated PAK1 levels associated with progressive features and indicated unfavorable overall survival (OS) as an independent adverse prognosticator for patients with RCC. Moreover, PAK1 kinase activation with constitutive active PAK1 mutant T423E promoted growth, colony formation, migration, invasion and stem-like phenotype of RCC cells, and vice versa, in PAK1 inhibition by PAK1 kinase inactivation with specific PAK1 shRNA, dead kinase PAK1 mutant K299R or allosteric inhibitor IPA3. Stem-like phenotype due to sunitinib administration via increased PAK1 kinase activation could be ameliorated by PAK1 shRNA, PAK1 mutant K299R and IPA3. Furthermore, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) activation was found to be responsible for PAK1-mediated stem-like phenotype following sunitinib treatment. Both IL-6 neutralizing antibody and IPA3 administration enhanced tumor growth inhibition effect of sunitinib treatment on RCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results unraveled that oncogenic activation of PAK1 defines an important mechanism for maintaining stem-like phenotype and sunitinib resistance through NF-κB/IL-6 activation in RCC, lending PAK1-mediated NF-κB/IL-6 activation considerable appeal as novel pharmacological therapeutic targets against sunitinib resistance.
Pin1 inhibits PP2A-mediated Rb dephosphorylation in regulation of cell cycle and S-phase DNA damage
Authors: Tong Y , Ying H , Liu R , Li L , Bergholz J , Xiao Z-X
Published: February 2015

Inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) has a key role in tumorigenesis. It is well established that Rb function is largely regulated by a dynamic balance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Although much research has been done to understand the mechanisms and function of RB phosphorylation, the regulation of Rb dephosphorylation is still not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Pin1 has an important role in the regulation of Rb function in cell cycle progression and S-phase checkpoint upon DNA damage. We show that the Rb C-pocket directly binds to the Pin1 WW domain in vitro and in vivo, and that the phosphorylation of Rb C-pocket by G1/S Cyclin/Cyclin-dependent kinase complexes is critical for mediating this interaction. We further show that Rb-mediated cell cycle arrest and Rb-induced premature cellular senescence are effectively inhibited by Pin1 expression. In addition, DNA damage induces Rb dephosphorylation in a PP2A-dependent manner, and this process is inhibited by Pin1. Furthermore, the overexpression of Pin1 promotes Rb hyperphosphorylation upon S-phase DNA damage. Importantly, both the Pin1 WW domain and isomerase activity are required for its effect on S-phase checkpoint. Moreover, the overexpression of Pin1 is correlated with Rb hyperphosphorylation in breast cancer biopsies. These results indicate that Pin1 has a critical role in the modulation of Rb function by the regulation of Rb dephosphorylation, which may have an important pathological role in cancer development.
A statistically inferred microRNA network identifies breast cancer target miR-940 as an actin cytoskeleton regulator
Authors: Bhajun Ricky , Guyon Laurent , Pitaval Amandine , Sulpice Eric , Combe Stéphanie , Obeid Patricia , Haguet Vincent , Ghorbel Itebeddine , Lajaunie Christian , Gidrol Xavier
Published: February 2015

MiRNAs are key regulators of gene expression. By binding to many genes, they create a complex network of gene co-regulation. Here, using a network-based approach, we identified miRNA hub groups by their close connections and common targets. In one cluster containing three miRNAs, miR-612, miR-661 and miR-940, the annotated functions of the co-regulated genes suggested a role in small GTPase signalling. Although the three members of this cluster targeted the same subset of predicted genes, we showed that their overexpression impacted cell fates differently. miR-661 demonstrated enhanced phosphorylation of myosin II and an increase in cell invasion, indicating a possible oncogenic miRNA. On the contrary, miR-612 and miR-940 inhibit phosphorylation of myosin II and cell invasion. Finally, expression profiling in human breast tissues showed that miR-940 was consistently downregulated in breast cancer tissues
ycf1, the most promising plastid DNA barcode of land plants
Authors: Dong Wenpan , Xu Chao , Li Changhao , Sun Jiahui , Zuo Yunjuan , Shi Shuo , Cheng Tao , Guo Junjie , Zhou Shiliang
Published: February 2015

A DNA barcode is a DNA fragment used to identify species. For land plants, DNA fragments of plastid genome could be the primary consideration. Unfortunately, most of the plastid candidate barcodes lack species-level resolution. The identification of DNA barcodes of high resolution at species level is critical to the success of DNA barcoding in plants. We searched the available plastid genomes for the most variable regions and tested the best candidates using both a large number of tree species and seven well-sampled plant groups. Two regions of the plastid gene ycf1, ycf1a and ycf1b, were the most variable loci that were better than existing plastid candidate barcodes and can serve as a barcode of land plants. Primers were designed for the amplification of these regions and the PCR success of these primers ranged from 82.80% to 98.17%. Of 420 tree species, 357 species could be distinguished using ycf1b, which was slightly better than the combination of matK and rbcL. For the well-sampled representative plant groups, ycf1b generally performed better than any of the matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA. We concluded that ycf1a or ycf1b is the most variable plastid genome region and can serve as a core barcode of land plants.
Clocking the anisotropic lattice dynamics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by four-dimensional ultrafast transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Cao Gaolong , Sun Shuaishuai , Li Zhongwen , Tian Huanfang , Yang Huaixin , Li Jianqi
Published: February 2015

Recent advances in the four-dimensional ultrafast transmission electron microscope (4D-UTEM) with combined spatial and temporal resolutions have made it possible to directly visualize structural dynamics of materials at the atomic level. Herein, we report on our development on a 4D-UTEM which can be operated properly on either the photo-emission or the thermionic mode. We demonstrate its ability to obtain sequences of snapshots with high spatial and temporal resolutions in the study of lattice dynamics of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This investigation provides an atomic level description of remarkable anisotropic lattice dynamics at the picosecond timescales. Moreover, our UTEM measurements clearly reveal that distinguishable lattice relaxations appear in intra-tubular sheets on an ultrafast timescale of a few picoseconds and after then an evident lattice expansion along the radial direction. These anisotropic behaviors in the MWCNTs are considered arising from the variety of chemical bonding, i.e. the weak van der Waals bonding between the tubular planes and the strong covalent sp2-hybridized bonds in the tubular sheets.
Pangea breakup and northward drift of the Indian subcontinent reproduced by a numerical model of mantle convection
Authors: Yoshida Masaki , Hamano Yozo
Published: February 2015

Since around 200 Ma, the most notable event in the process of the breakup of Pangea has been the high speed (up to 20 cm yr−1) of the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. Our numerical simulations of 3-D spherical mantle convection approximately reproduced the process of continental drift from the breakup of Pangea at 200 Ma to the present-day continental distribution. These simulations revealed that a major factor in the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent was the large-scale cold mantle downwelling that developed spontaneously in the North Tethys Ocean, attributed to the overall shape of Pangea. The strong lateral mantle flow caused by the high-temperature anomaly beneath Pangea, due to the thermal insulation effect, enhanced the acceleration of the Indian subcontinent during the early stage of the Pangea breakup. The large-scale hot upwelling plumes from the lower mantle, initially located under Africa, might have contributed to the formation of the large-scale cold mantle downwelling in the North Tethys Ocean.
Future projection of radiocesium flux to the ocean from the largest river impacted by Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Adhiraga Pratama Mochamad , Yoneda Minoru , Shimada Yoko , Matsui Yasuto , Yamashiki Yosuke
Published: February 2015

Following the initial fall out from Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), a significant amount of radiocesium has been discharged from Abukuma River into the Pacific Ocean. This study attempted to numerically simulate the flux of radiocesium into Abukuma River by developing the multiple compartment model which incorporate the transport process of the radionuclide from the ground surface of the catchment area into the river, a process called wash off. The results from the model show that the sub-basins with a high percentage of forest area release the radionuclides at lower rate compared to the other sub-basins. In addition the results show that the model could predict the seasonal pattern of the observed data. Despite the overestimation observed between the modeled data and the observed data, the values of R2 obtained from 137Cs and 134Cs of 0.98 and 0.97 respectively demonstrate the accuracy of the model. Prediction of the discharge from the basin area for 100 years after the accident shows that, the flux of radiocesium into the Pacific Ocean is still relatively high with an order of magnitude of 109 bq.month−1 while the total accumulation of the discharge is 111 TBq for 137Cs and 44 TBq for 134Cs.
SIRT2 is involved in the modulation of depressive behaviors
Authors: Liu Rui , Dang Wei , Du Ying , Zhou Qiong , Jiao Kai , Liu Zhaohui
Published: February 2015

Exposure to chronic stress produces negative effects on mood and hippocampus-dependent memory formation. SIRT2 alteration has been reported in mood disorders; however, the role of SIRT2 in depression remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether SIRT2 can restore stress-induced suppression of neurogenesis in a rat chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression. Sucrose preference test, home-cage locomotion, forced swim test and elevated plus maze were used to determine the role of SIRT2 in CUS model. To further determine the hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to the role of SIRT in mediating the antidepressant-like behavior, rats were exposed to X-irradiation to disrupt the process of hippocampal neurogenesis. CUS decreased expression of the SIRT2 protein in the hippocampus. Treatment with the antidepressant fluoxetine reversed the CUS-induced SIRT2 change. Furthermore, inhibiting SIRT2 by tenovin-D3 resulted in depression-like behaviors and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. Conversely, overexpression of SIRT2 by the intra-hippocampal infusion of recombinant adenovirus vector expressing mouse SIRT2 reversed the CUS-induced depressive-like behaviors and promoted neurogenesis. Disrupting neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus by X-irradiation abolished the antidepressant-like effect of Ad-SIRT2-GFP. These findings indicate that hippocampal SIRT2 is involved in the modulation of depressant-like behaviors, possibly by regulating neurogenesis.
Role of Co-Vapors in Vapor Deposition Polymerization
Authors: Lee Ji Eun , Lee Younghee , Ahn Ki-Jin , Huh Jinyoung , Shim Hyeon Woo , Sampath Gayathri , Im Won Bin , Huh Yang–Il , Yoon Hyeonseok
Published: February 2015

Polypyrrole (PPy)/cellulose (PPCL) composite papers were fabricated by vapor phase polymerization. Importantly, the vapor-phase deposition of PPy onto cellulose was assisted by employing different co-vapors namely methanol, ethanol, benzene, water, toluene and hexane, in addition to pyrrole. The resulting PPCL papers possessed high mechanical flexibility, large surface-to-volume ratio and good redox properties. Their main properties were highly influenced by the nature of the co-vaporized solvent. The morphology and oxidation level of deposited PPy were tuned by employing co-vapors during the polymerization, which in turn led to change in the electrochemical properties of the PPCL papers. When methanol and ethanol were used as co-vapors, the conductivities of PPCL papers were found to have improved five times, which was likely due to the enhanced orientation of PPy chain by the polar co-vapors with high dipole moment. The specific capacitance of PPCL papers obtained using benzene, toluene, water and hexane co-vapors was higher than those of the others, which is attributed to the enlarged effective surface area of the electrode material. The results indicate that the judicious choice and combination of co-vapors in vapor-deposition polymerization (VDP) offers the possibility of tuning the morphological, electrical and electrochemical properties of deposited conducting polymers.
Other Approaches and the Commercialisation of Sustainable Carbonaceous Material Technology
Authors: White Robin J. , Budarin Vitaliy L. , Shuttleworth Peter S.
Published: February 2015

To conclude the book, this chapter aims to provide the reader with an overview of a number of developing approaches to the production of porous carbons from sustainable precursors. Discussion will focus predominantly on the production of carbon-based materials from bacterial cellulose, lignins, tannins and finally to examine the possibility of employing ionic liquids. The relative merits of the approaches discussed will also be highlighted. The use of the resulting carbons synthesised based on these approaches in applications including energy storage, energy generation and purification/remediation will also be briefly discussed. Finally, the chapter will conclude with an overview of the latest developments regarding the commercialisation of the approaches to the synthesis of porous carbons from sustainable precursors discussed in this book will also be provided.
Raman microspectroscopy of noncancerous and cancerous human breast tissues. Identification and phase transitions of linoleic and oleic acids by Raman low-temperature studies
Authors: Brozek-Pluska Beata , Kopec Monika , Surmacki Jakub , Abramczyk Halina
Published: February 2015

We present the results of Raman studies in the temperature range of 293–77 K on vibrational properties of linoleic and oleic acids and Raman microspectroscopy of human breast tissues at room temperature.
Mercaptopropyl-functionalized nanoporous silica as a novel coating for solid-phase microextraction fibers
Authors: Shamizadeh Mohammad , Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Shamsipur Mojtaba , Hashemi Payman
Published: February 2015

In this study, nanoporous mercaptopropyl-functionalized SBA-15 is synthesized and used, for the first time, as SPME fiber coating.
Reductive dismantling and functionalization of carbon nanohorns
Authors: Voiry Damien , Pagona Georgia , Canto Elisa Del , Ortolani Luca , Morandi Vittorio , Noé Laure , Monthioux Marc , Tagmatarchis Nikos , Penicaud Alain
Published: February 2015

Aggregated carbon nanohorns (CNHs) spontaneously dismantle in organic solvents upon reduction with potassium naphthalenide; the reduced CNHs can be further functionalized via addition of electrophiles.
The template-assisted synthesis of polypyrrole hollow microspheres with a double-shelled structure
Authors: Niu Chunyu , Zou Bingfang , Wang Yongqiang , Chen Lin , Zheng Haihong , Zhou Shaomin
Published: February 2015

Double-shelled polypyrrole hollow microspheres were synthesized via a novel template-assisted concept, using iron oxide hollow microspheres as both the sacrificial template and initiator in acidic solution.
Theoretical investigation on the mechanism and dynamics of oxo exchange of neptunyl(vi) hydroxide in aqueous solution
Authors: Yang Xia , Chai Zhifang , Wang Dongqi
Published: February 2015

Oxo-exchange of neptunyl(vi) hydroxide: three possible mechanisms.
Tunable upconversion luminescence in self-crystallized Er3+:K(Y1−xYbx)3F10 nano-glass-ceramics
Authors: Chen Daqin , Zhou Yang , Wan Zhongyi , Yu Hua , Lu Hongwei , Ji Zhenguo , Huang Ping
Published: February 2015

Transparent Er3+:K(Y1−xYbx)3F10 nano-glass-ceramics with tunable green-red upconversion luminescence were fabricated via glass self-crystallization for the first time.
Sensitivity enhancement by population transfer in Gd(iii) spin labels
Authors: Doll Andrin , Qi Mian , Pribitzer Stephan , Wili Nino , Yulikov Maxim , Godt Adelheid , Jeschke Gunnar
Published: February 2015

Frequency-swept chirp pulses with bandwidths > 1 GHz rearrange electron spin populations in the S = 7/2 spin of Gd(iii) ions for better sensitivity, as demonstrated with distance measurements between Gd(iii) ions.
Design of electrocatalysts for oxygen- and hydrogen-involving energy conversion reactions
Authors: Jiao Yan , Zheng Yao , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: February 2015

This review provides insights into theoretical and experimental electrochemistry toward a better understanding of a series of key energy conversion reactions.
Two novel octamolybdate nanoclusters as catalysts for dye degradation by air under room conditions
Authors: Najafi Mahnaz , Abbasi Alireza , Masteri-Farahani Majid , Janczak Jan
Published: February 2015

Two new octamolybdate-based hybrid materials as catalysts for the wet air oxidation of dyes under mild conditions.
Raman studies of A2MWO6 tungstate double perovskites
Authors: Andrews R. L. , Heyns A. M. , Woodward P. M.
Published: February 2015

The Raman spectra of A2MWO6 double perovskites with various symmetries have been studied.
Impact of boiling on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of green vegetables consumed in the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Vinha Ana F. , Alves Rita C. , Barreira Sérgio V. P. , Costa Anabela S. G. , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P.
Published: February 2015

The effect of boiling (10 minutes) on eleven green vegetables frequently consumed in the Mediterranean diet was evaluated.
STEM-EELS analysis of multipole surface plasmon modes in symmetry-broken AuAg nanowire dimers
Authors: Schubert Ina , Sigle Wilfried , van Aken Peter A. , Trautmann Christina , Toimil-Molares Maria Eugenia
Published: February 2015

We experimentally demonstrate the coupling of multipole surface plasmon modes in asymmetrical AuAg nanowire dimers by STEM-EELS and compare the results to finite element simulations.
Photovoltaic effect in individual asymmetrically contacted lead sulfide nanosheets
Authors: Dogan Sedat , Bielewicz Thomas , Lebedeva Vera , Klinke Christian
Published: February 2015

Asymmetrically contacted lead sulfide nanosheets show photovoltaic effect. The nanosheets’ height has a decisive impact on the device performance.
Si/Ag composite with bimodal micro-nano porous structure as a high-performance anode for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Hao Qin , Zhao Dianyun , Duan Huimei , Zhou Qiuxia , Xu Caixia
Published: February 2015

A bimodal porous Si/Ag composite is easily fabricated by etching an SiAgAl alloy in HCl solution, and performs excellently for lithium storage.
Developing principles for predicting ionic liquid effects on reaction outcome. The importance of the anion in controlling microscopic interactions
Authors: Keaveney Sinead T. , Haines Ronald S. , Harper Jason B.
Published: February 2015

Predictable changes in the rate constant of a condensation reaction were seen as the solvent composition was varied. The cation–nucleophile interaction could be controlled in a predictable manner; activation parameters varied linearly with the H-bond acceptor ability of the anions used.
Rh(iii)-catalyzed direct C–H/C–H cross-coupling of quinones with arenes assisted by a directing group: identification of carbazole quinones as GSKβ inhibitors
Authors: Moon Youngtaek , Jeong Yujeong , Kook Daehyuk , Hong Sungwoo
Published: February 2015

Rh-catalyzed direct cross-coupling of various (hetero)arenes with quinones is developed. This protocol is effective for a broad range of substrates and a wide range of directing groups.
Well-defined supramolecular polymers based on orthogonal hydrogen-bonding and host–guest interactions
Authors: Yang Zhishuai , Shi Yonggang , Chen Wen , Wang Feng
Published: February 2015

Two architecturally controlled supramolecular polymers have been fabricated via the concurrent integration of orthogonal non-covalent recognition motifs, demonstrating significant chain topological-dependent supramolecular polymerization behaviors.
Guest dependent reversible single-crystal to single-crystal structural transformation in a flexible Gd(iii)-coordination polymer
Authors: Pal Tapan K. , De Dinesh , Neogi Subhadip , Bharadwaj Parimal K.
Published: February 2015

We describe a 3D flexible Gd(iii)-coordination polymer, constructed from a linear carboxylate ligand, which shows reversible single-crystal to single-crystal “guest-responsive fitting” of the channels and carboxylate shift process, upon inclusion of aldehyde guests.
Aerobic oxidation of cyclohexanones to phenols and aryl ethers over supported Pd catalysts
Authors: Zhang Zhenzhong , Hashiguchi Taishin , Ishida Tamao , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Honma Tetsuo , Ohashi Hironori , Yokoyama Takushi , Tokunaga Makoto
Published: February 2015

ZrO2 supported palladium catalysts promoted the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexanones to give phenols and aryl ethers.
A facile method to enhance ferroelectric properties in PVDF nanocomposites
Authors: Abolhasani Mohammad Mahdi , Zarejousheghani Fatemeh , Cheng Zhenxiang , Naebe Minoo
Published: February 2015

PVDF/Nanoclay physical compatibilization a facile method to enhance ferroelectric properties.
Reversibly cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(amino acid)s copolymer micelles: a promising approach to overcome the extracellular stability versus intracellular drug release challenge
Authors: Li Yuling , Wang Sai , Zhu Dandan , Shen Yuling , Du Baixiang , Liu Xiaojun , Zheng Yuanlin
Published: February 2015

Reversibly shell cross-linked micelles based on a lipoic acid (LA) decorated triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)-b-poly(l-phenylalanine) have been developed for efficient intracellular delivery of DOX.
Spectrofluorimetric study of phenolic endocrine disruptors in cyclodextrin media
Authors: Pellegrino Vidal Rocío B. , Ibañez Gabriela A. , Escandar Graciela M.
Published: February 2015

The strong interaction between bisphenol A, 4-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol and selected cyclodextrins is demonstrated through a spectrofluorimetric study. The formed complexes would be interest in analytical areas based on green chemicals.
Encapsulation of gold nanoparticles with PHB based on coffee ring effect
Authors: Yadav Ramdayal , Balasubramanian K. , Wang Xungai
Published: February 2015

The hydrodynamic process of ring formation has been utilized to encapsulate gold nanoparticles in the matrix of PHB using an ink jet printing technique.
Tunable regioselective synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives via aza-Wittig cyclization and dimroth-type rearrangement
Authors: Wang Tao , Xiong Jun , Wang Wenjuan , Li Rou , Tang Xiaoli , Xiong Fei
Published: February 2015

A novel tunable regioselective synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives via aza-Wittig/Ag(i) or base-promoted tandem reaction has been developed. This approach provides a concise way to construct this derivatives under mild condition.