bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

There is currently no cure for bipolar disorder (BD). However, people can recover with proper treatment and lead a satisfying, normal life. Treating BD focuses on controlling and preventing the manic and/or depressive symptoms. Mood stabilizers are the first line of treatment for BD, most often in conjunction with psychosocial therapy. This chapter presents the medications commonly prescribed for treating children and adolescents diagnosed with BD along with their possible side effects. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, family-focused therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy are also presented. Chapter 14 returns to the case studies presented in Chapter 13 and describes the real-life outcomes along with questions for class discussion.
Children and Adolescents with Mental Illness and the Education System
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

Since schools play an important role in addressing children’s mental illness and in giving necessary support to children, parents and caregivers have to understand their children’s rights and the laws and regulations that can protect children within school settings. Two federal laws mentioned in this chapter are the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which requires the educational system to give eligible children with disabilities the same opportunities as children without disabilities, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Schools are required to accommodate children with disabilities to make sure they receive the same education and resources as their peers. In addition to these laws, school social work professionals working with children with mental health issues need to develop intervention plans that best meet the needs of each specific child. This chapter provides a list of relevant evidence-informed intervention strategies that social workers can refer to in their future practice.
Making Infrastructures Audible
Authors: Devine Kyle , Boudreault-Fournier Alexandrine
Published: January 2021

The editorial introduction to this book offers an intellectual and political proposition for studying the media infrastructures of music and sound. It provides a summary of existing infrastructural scholarship across media studies, anthropology, science and technology studies, and other fields. It also describes the work of infrastructural analysis in relation to music and sound studies. Key concepts and approaches include examining supporting casts and operating in a deflationary mode, as well as adopting a mediatic perspective on the infrastructures of music and sound in order to understand the broad technosocial conditions that give rise to these cultural forms in the first place. Certain aspects of musical culture are described in terms of cultural techniques. There is also a section on the histories of notation, paper, ink, and publishing as media infrastructures of music and sound. Ultimately, the introduction lays the groundwork for a book that is about humble things and ordinary people—deeply hidden, plainly obvious, and everywhere powerful infrastructures of music and sound. The goal is to make infrastructures audible. For it is at this level—the level of supply chains, circulatory systems, and waste streams—where scholars can confront some of the most pressing dilemmas regarding the conditions of music, and the human condition more generally.
Sonopolis
Authors: Tom Western
Published: January 2021

Infrastructures connect activism, sound, and citizenship. This chapter listens to the ways that infrastructures are generative: how they emerge from, produce, and permit different forms of political subjectivity. In Athens, citizenship is claimed and contested at street level. The author tells three stories from Athens, understood as a sonopolis, a center of political action, where citizenships are performed and protested in sound. The first story picks up from this introduction, focusing on amplification, belonging, and asking who sings the city. The second story tells of solidarity networks, and the infrastructural interventions of a community wi-fi network providing internet access to refugee housing projects. The third story is a collection of small events, listening to the everyday sonic practices of people navigating borders in the city, and their uses of mobile phones as tools of broadcast and transmission. The characters in these stories are various and multifarious: activists and hacktivists from various places, the state and municipality, the UN’s refugee agency, grassroots solidarity organizations, service providers, power supplies and the struggles over them, as well as the tools and technologies that are used to sound out claims of social citizenship. Combined, the stories show how infrastructures and citizenships are never fixed or finished. They are instead projects of competing imaginaries. In the sonopolis, migrant activisms disarticulate borders between citizens and noncitizens. In the sonopolis, infrastructures and belongings are bound together, made audible, contested and rerouted, produced and productive, emergent, iterative, adaptive, activist, creative, and fragile.
Electronic Music and the Problem of Electricity
Authors: Steingo Gavin
Published: January 2021

For the past twenty years, South African popular music has been dominated by electronic genres such as house, kwaito, and hip-hop—especially among the Black population living in and around major urban centers. Based on fieldwork in the townships of Soweto, this chapter focuses on a fundamental condition of possibility for any kind of electronic music: electricity. Since 2008, South Africa has experienced massive problems with its electricity infrastructure. These problems resulted in widespread rolling blackouts between 2008 and 2009, and since 2014 the situation has worsened. The chapter asks what becomes of electronic music in a context where access to electricity is radically unreliable, if not completely absent. What do musicians do when the electricity supply stops? What kinds of affect become impossible, and what kinds of affect are generated? How do power outages impact a musician’s relationship to citizenship and to the state? The chapter traces the lines of connection between informal home studios and Eskom (South Africa’s state-owned electricity utility) as way of listening to and for infrastructure—developing a critique regarding the tropes of invisibility and breakdown in infrastructural research along the way. It further illuminates the ways that electronic musicians in South Africa are compelled to engage the very material basis of their activities. With this approach, the meaning of the term “electronic music” is revealed to be much more than a generic or stylistic description. In South Africa, electronic music refers first and foremost to its material constitution as electrical energy.
Methodological and Procedural Considerations
Authors: Barner John R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the methodological and procedural aspects of capital litigation. Through a historical and chronological review of legal precedent and procedural changes to capital litigation, it addresses the legacy of change and highlights the era when, due to the Supreme Court decisions in Furman v. Georgia (1972) and Gregg v. Georgia (1976), a moratorium on the death penalty was issued and the constitutionality of capital punishment was under direct judicial scrutiny nationwide. Additional attention is paid to post-Gregg decisions that have transformed capital procedure, limited or expanded its scope, or changed the legal, social, or clinical criteria upon which capital decisions can be based. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the human rights issues brought up by capital punishment in the United States, as well as implications for social workers and other helping professions working within the capital context.
The Criminalization of Poverty
Authors: Larrison Christopher R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the criminalization of poverty and how the criminal justice system is influenced by issues of race and gender. The high rate of incarceration among African American people both parallels and intersects with the disproportionately high rate of poverty. Small fines, fees, and administrative charges have been used since the founding of the United States (U.S.) to perpetuate such poverty, thereby creating an intergenerational feature rooted in the history of this country’s legal system. To wit, the smallest of fees and fines can become cumulative over time and create substantial financial burdens that increase the likelihood of prison time for minor infractions of the law, loss of a vehicle used to maintain employment, and denial of access to federal and state programs ranging from federally supported education loans to access to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistant Program. Moreover, the increasing trend toward work requirements attached to assistance programs effectively stunts individuals’ and families’ opportunity for upward social mobility, exacerbating social stratification. Social workers should advance reformation efforts using a structuralist approach.
The Relevance of Trauma and Secondary Trauma to Death Penalty Cases
Authors: Painter Robyn
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the relevance of trauma and secondary trauma to death penalty investigations and investigators. U.S. Supreme Court case law recognizes severe trauma in a client’s life history as a powerful mitigating factor. However, uncovering and working effectively with someone else’s most traumatic moments is a delicate and difficult process in the best of circumstances. This chapter outlines recent case law in this area, practical considerations for capital defense teams, and best practices for establishing rapport and investigating your client’s past trauma. Prophylactic measures practitioners can take for preventing their own secondary trauma is also discussed.
Easy Ontology, Two-Dimensionalism, and Truthmaking
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: January 2021

Amie Thomasson argues that ontology is easy. That there are tables (e.g.) is settled by a mixture of conceptual analysis—to discover under what conditions the concept ‘table’ is appropriately deployed—and straightforward empirical observation—looking in my kitchen to see that those conditions are met. There is, then, no distinctively metaphysical work to be done in settling whether there are tables, according to Thomasson. This paper agrees with Thomasson that it is easy to establish that tables exist and gives a two-dimensionalist defense of this claim. However, it argues that a distinctively metaphysical question remains: what must the world be like to make it the case that tables exist? It defends this view against objections from Thomasson, and draws out some morals concerning the project of ontology.
Ontological Pluralism and Notational Variance
Authors: Whittle Bruno
Published: January 2021

Ontological pluralism is the view that there are different ways to exist. It is a position with deep roots in the history of philosophy, and in which there has been a recent resurgence of interest. In contemporary presentations, it is stated in terms of fundamental languages: as the view that such languages contain more than one quantifier. For example, one ranging over abstract objects, and another over concrete ones. A natural worry, however, is that the languages proposed by the pluralist are mere notational variants of those proposed by the monist, in which case the debate between the two positions would not seem to be substantive. Jason Turner has given an ingenious response to this worry, in terms of a principle that he calls ‘logical realism’. This paper offers a counter-response on behalf of the ‘notationalist’.
Some Consequences of Physics for the Comparative Metaphysics of Quantity
Authors: Baker David John
Published: January 2021

According to comparativist theories of quantities, their intrinsic values are not fundamental. Instead, all the quantity facts are grounded in scale-independent relations like “twice as massive as” or “more massive than.” I show that this sort of scale independence is best understood as a sort of metaphysical symmetry—a principle about which transformations of the non-fundamental ontology leave the fundamental ontology unchanged. Determinism—a core scientific concept easily formulated in absolutist terms—is more difficult for the comparativist to define. After settling on the most plausible comparativist understanding of determinism, I offer some examples of physical systems that the comparativist must count as indeterministic, although the relevant physical theory gives deterministic predictions. Several morals are drawn. In particular: comparativism is metaphysically contingent if true, and it is most natural for a comparativist to accept an at-at theory of motion.
How to Be a Relationalist
Authors: Dasgupta Shamik
Published: January 2021

Relationalism in metaphysics leads to indeterminism and non-locality in physics. This is widely thought to be a problem for relationalism, but here I argue that it is in fact a?virtue. More specifically, I distinguish two senses in which a physical theory can be indeterministic and non-local. Relationalism does imply indeterminism and non-locality in one sense, but this is a virtue since indeterminism and non-locality in this sense is precisely what empirical observation confirms. There is a second sense of the terms on which indeterminism and non-locality would be a problem, but I argue that relationalism does not imply indeterminism or non-locality in that sense. With respect to indeterminism and non-locality, then, relationalism gets things exactly right. This defense of relationalism rests on distinguishing these two senses of indeterminism and non-locality. Since both terms are intimately connected to metaphysical possibility, this requires distinguishing two species of the latter. The distinction between two senses of metaphysical possibility I offer may be of interest to metaphysicians regardless of its bearing on relationalism, determinism, and locality.
Knowledge
Authors: Della Rocca Michael
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 begins by showing how the explanatory demand with regard to knowledge—what is it in virtue of which a given state is a state of knowledge?—drives so much work in epistemology. As in the cases of the chapters on substance and action, this chapter argues that leading theories of knowledge all fail to meet this explanatory demand. Theories examined include contextualist and non-contextualist theories, as well as knowledge-first theories. Authors criticized include Goldman, Dretske, DeRose, Lewis, Stanley, and Williamson. With the help of another Bradleyan regress argument, the underlying problem in each case is revealed to be the presupposition that one is dealing with differentiated or relational knowledge. As before, the way out of these difficulties is to make a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to knowledge: all is knowledge and there is no differentiated knowledge.
Paradox and the Joy of Self-Undermining
Authors: Della Rocca Michael
Published: January 2021

If the notion of differentiated metaphysical explanation is ruled out as incoherent for the reasons given in chapter 8, then one is not entitled to employ the notion of metaphysical explanation as has been done throughout this book. Thus, the arguments of the earlier chapters are self-undermining. The self-undermining and paradox that is welcomed here is akin to the self-undermining character of Wittgenstein’s claims in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. In throwing away the ladder in the spirit of Wittgenstein, one strips one’s arguments of unintelligible, relational import and one abjures any attempt to make words and sentences match or correspond to an independent world. Freed of this burden of attempted matching, we and our words and sentences are happily now free to play. This brief chapter closes with an exploration of what the significance of this self-undermining Parmenidean Ascent is for us, why it matters.
The Taming of Philosophy
Authors: Della Rocca Michael
Published: January 2021

The biggest source of resistance to the Parmenidean Ascent is the implausibility of its radically monistic conclusions. Philosophers have been taught to avoid at almost any cost any such implausible or counterintuitive results. Thus, to complete the defense of the Parmenidean Ascent, it is necessary to weaken the hold of the method of intuition and the related reliance on common sense. This chapter outlines various forms of the method of intuition to be found in thinkers as diverse as Bealer, Lewis, Sider, and also Rawls with his method of reflective equilibrium. The method of intuition is shown to be both unduly conservative and also arbitrary with regard to which opinions are favored. The chapter then explores the historical factors behind the rise of the method of intuition. Here the focus is on the reaction against Bradley by the early analytical philosophers, Moore and Russell, who question-beggingly reject Bradley’s commitment to the PSR.
Television Memory
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 shows how memory is shaped across the media landscape, and between its ownership and political elites. Then how event and spectacle challenge media memory in the media landscape. It used to be said that media outlets did not so much tell viewers what to think, rather what to think about. Today with billions of consumers driving waves and surges of opinion and snapshots of local life across global networks of users, that picture has been dramatically distorted. Insurgents make use of live event transmission. Speed is a rich concept and increasingly the unifying factor of all symbolic communication. Live-ness is its handmaid. It carries codes that audiences internalise; they manipulate different conceptions of time and memory. Propaganda of the Deed freeze-frames time, interrupting the continuity of the moment and public memory carried in the media universe.
The New Strategic Operating Concept
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

Propaganda of the Deed has become the new strategic operating concept for insurgents in the 21st century. Chapter 8 highlights why. Increased media competition and appetite for dramatic images to gain audience attention parallels individuals’ ability to self-generate political and social messages at low cost due to digital technologies. Economic and technological globalization have unlocked new spaces for insurgents and revolutionaries to occupy and exploit with new images and ideas. The central strategic operating concept acquires force where insurgent groups have the technical means to distribute messages but also the electronic and physical networks of dissemination where their ideas can gain traction. Through these networks, messages circumvent friction and move from a position of control or more appropriately, management, to a vicarious, self-generating life form where protest and militancy produce their own dynamic.
Conclusion
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

Propaganda of the Deed and its capture and projection of violent images as metaphors for historical grievance act as a lightning rod in the contemporary media landscape. Its role has been transformed since its emergence as a late 19th century weapon of anarchist insurgency. The speed of digital technologies and low cost, mass access to consumer technologies of communication sit at the heart of this change. Globalization; increased mass; the Digital Revolution; the mapping of virtual networks onto physical social networks; and the dominance of communications in today’s politics converge to make a complex environment. Added to this, the speed of communications moves messaging from the local to the global, and from tactical to strategic levels in an instant.
Afterword
Authors: Bolt Neville
Published: January 2021

Capturing the mood of the times and written in the winter of 2020, the author reflects on complex changes to our societies driven by and contained within the prevalence of violent images. These now form part of the daily rhetoric absorbed by casual consumers of information. But mobilisers and influencers also feed them systematically into both popular, spontaneous protest and organized militancy and insurgency. From white supremacist atrocity in New Zealand to the tragedy of the suffering wrought by Islamic State in Syria to street protests by #blacklivesmatter in the Unites States, we witness the winds of change that are contributing to violent images and Propaganda of the Deed serving as political weathervanes and lightning rods for insurgency, revolution, and protest in the 21st century.
La Problématique
Authors: Klitgaard Robert
Published: January 2021

An immersion in academic anthropology provides its own culture shocks. Anthropologists have long studied and celebrated indigenous ways of life, diversity, and endogenous change. Yet when asked how to apply that knowledge to make the world better, the question itself becomes the problematic. Whose knowledge, whose idea of better, and who exactly is doing the applying? At the same time, many development practitioners and economists wave away culture as beyond their purview and, anyway, not scientific. If culture is important for many practical reasons and people have been studying culture for many years in many ways, why have the practical applications been so meager and difficult?
Culture and Corruption
Authors: Klitgaard Robert
Published: January 2021

Corruption and culture interact in ways that shed light on broader issues of culture and development. New statistical analyses show how various measures of corruption are strongly associated with cultural indicators. These associations lead to fallacious inferences, such as that cultural patterns of corruption imply cultural causation or indicate the need for a wholesale change of culture. It is more helpful to think of clashes of cultural norms within countries. The practical challenge is to reform systems so that the norms opposing harmful corruption have more scope, the norms favoring it less. Also, some “cultures of corruption” can be understood with the help of game theory—and this approach leads to helpful anti-corruption measures. We don’t have to try to “change our culture” to reduce corruption, but we do have to take our culture into account in design and implementation of anti-corruption initiatives. Examples are drawn from Brazil, Niger, and South Sudan.
Introducing Headless Relative Clauses and the Findings from Mesoamerican Languages
Authors: Caponigro Ivano
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter pursues several goals. First, it introduces the characters at the center of the volume: both the main characters, i.e., varieties of headless relative clauses, and the equally important supporting characters, i.e., headed relative clauses and wh- interrogative clauses. The next chapters can, therefore, assume that the reader is already familiar with these core constructions and just focus on their manifestations in the specific languages under investigation. Second, this chapter presents the definitions, methodologies, and tests that the authors have adopted, so that each subsequent, language-specific chapter can make use of them without further introduction or justification. In doing so, this chapter also fulfills a third goal: to provide a concise guide to scholars who are interested in pursuing further investigation of headless relative clauses in Mesoamerican and other languages. Fourth, the current chapter aims to highlight commonalities and differences in the findings from the other chapters and discusses how those findings contribute to the current understanding of headless relative clauses typologically and theoretically and of human language in general.
Headless Relative Clauses in Southeastern Tepehuan (O'dam)
Authors: Salido Gabriela García
Published: January 2021

Varieties of headless relative clauses in the Uto-Aztecan language Southeastern Tepehuan (O’dam) are discussed, together with two related constructions: wh- interrogative clauses and headed relative clauses. O’dam encodes relative clauses using two strategies: nominalization and finite clause formation. Unlike most of the Uto-Aztecan family, O’dam uses the nominalization strategy only in ritual speech. Elsewhere, the language uses the general subordinator particle na to introduce all types of embedded clauses: adverbial, completive, and relative. This mode of subordination is typologically interesting for the Uto-Aztecan family because it results in an innovative strategy: finite clauses instead of nominalization. O’dam distinguishes between headed and headless relative clauses. Unlike headed relative clauses, headless relative clauses in O’dam lack a nominal head and require a wh-word. Two main varieties are attested: free relative clauses (maximal and existential, but not free choice) and light-headed relative clauses.
Headless Relative Clauses in Acazulco Otomi
Authors: Hernández-Green Néstor
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes two types of headless relative clauses in Acazulco Otomi: free relative clauses and light-headed relative clauses. Interrogative and headed relative constructions are briefly introduced as well, in order to highlight similarities and differences with headless relative constructions. Most data in the chapter were obtained from a corpus of Acazulco Otomi, and these were complemented by data from direct elicitation. Some interesting findings are: (a) the free-choice constructions of the language have a dedicated morpheme xo, which even occurs without a wh-word; (b) the deictic pro-forms used in headless relative clauses seem to have two degrees of grammaticalization according to the type of construction they appear in; and (c) all Acazulco Otomi headless relative constructions must have either a light head or a wh-word, in contrast to other Otomi languages, which accept headless relatives without such elements.
Headless Relative Clauses in Matlatzinca
Authors: Palancar Enrique L. , Martínez Leonardo Carranza
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, a rich array of headless relative clauses in Matlatzinca (Atzincan, Oto-Pamean, Oto-Manguean; Mexico) is presented, mainly based on the patterns found in a corpus of natural data from spontaneous narratives and conversations by fluent native speakers. While free relative clauses are attested in the language, by far the most common type of headless relative clause is an asyndetic clause, i.e., a clause with no complementizer or relative pronoun. Maximal and existential free relative clauses are only found with the wh- words for ‘who,’ ‘what,’ and ‘where,’ but free-choice free relative clauses apparently also allow for the wh-word for ‘how much.’
Headless Relative Clauses in Q'anjob'al
Authors: Toledo (B’alam) Eladio Mateo
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the first ever description and analysis of headless relative constructions in Q’anjob’al, a Mayan language spoken in Guatemala. It focuses on headless relative clauses (which lack a nominal head, regardless of other material in the head domain) and briefly touches on headed relative clauses. Headless relative clauses are productive in Q’anjob’al. The language distinguishes three kinds of free relative clauses (maximal, existential, and free choice) and three other kinds of headless relative clauses: non-free headless relative clauses headed by pronouns, determiners, or nothing at all. All free relative clauses have the same morpho-syntax, but non-free headless relative clauses differ morpho-syntactically from them and from each other. Wh- interrogative clauses are compared to relative constructions due to their similarities. Relative constructions with a pronominal head are argued to be neither light-headed relative clauses nor any other kind of headless relative clause.
Headless Relative Clauses in Ch'ol
Authors: Álvarez Juan Jesús Vázquez , Coon Jessica
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys headless relative clauses in Ch’ol, a Mayan language spoken in the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. Ch’ol is rare among Mayan languages in possessing a special morpheme found with relativized nouns, the second position clitic = bä. While this morpheme is required for relativized argument nouns, it is not present in free relatives, which suggests a different derivation for this class of construction. Maximal (definite) and existential (indefinite) free relatives are described. They both make use of a fronted wh-expression and lack the morpheme = bä. Maximal and existential free relatives in Ch’ol appear identical to one another in structure. Following existing studies on other languages, it is argued that the different interpretations of these clauses are a result of the environments in which they appear. Finally, Ch’ol has two different types of constructions in which a determiner element is followed by a headless relative: one corresponding to the = bä structure and one corresponding to the free relative structure. The former is proposed to be a regular headed relative clause with an unpronounced head, as has elsewhere been argued for Yucatec. The latter, on the other hand, corresponds to a free relative structure with an added determiner element.
The First Barriers in the Human Genetic Engineering Debate
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with a brief history of the eugenics debates up until the 1950s, when the human genetic engineering debate emerged. Midcentury genetic scientists wanted to make distinctions between themselves and the now vilified eugenicists, so they created two barriers: the somatic/germline and the disease/enhancement barrier. Above both was “somatic gene therapy,” which became ethically acceptable, and the subject of medical research. The chapter continues by showing how these barriers were weakened over the decades by both a change in our scientific knowledge and the dominant values used in the debate. By the end of the 20th century they remained standing on the slope, albeit in weakened form.
Conclusion
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: January 2021

The conclusion begins by summarizing the history of barriers on the slippery slope of the human gene editing debate. A number of more meta-issues that the overall analysis has raised are discussed. First, the chapter analyses whether any barrier can hold in this debate, or whether what is allowable will slide down the slope as our technological abilities grow. The second issue is whether a barrier could be anchored in expertise and authority, instead of rules. This may be possible outside of the United States. Third, the reader is reminded that there is a group of participants in the debate who do not see a slide toward dystopia but a climb to a utopian future. Finally, the chapter discusses generalizations about barriers on slippery slopes that could be applied to other debates.
‘A Giant Afraid of its Shadow’
Authors: Zoubir Yahia H.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Algeria’s foreign policy from the perspective of the concept of “middlepowermanship.” As a middle power, Algeria has adopted many roles to protect its national interests and the preservation of its regime. The main argument in this chapter is that Algeria was destined to be a middle power, but for reasons that will be elucidated, policymakers have refrained from advancing the state as a middle power with the potential of being a regional hegemon in the Maghreb-Sahel region. Thus, the objective is to highlight the lingering difficulty in adequately classifying Algeria’s foreign policy and to understand why such a major country is unwilling to play a regional and international role concomitant with its military and economic capacities.
The UAE
Authors: Hassan Islam
Published: January 2021

Middle powers rise at times of instability in the international or regional orders. Two sets of middle powers, namely the traditional and the so-called “emerging” middle powers, came to being during and after the Cold War, respectively. On the one hand, traditional middle powers, such as Australia and Canada, emerged during the Cold War. On the other hand, emerging middle powers ascended after the Cold War, and are not the traditional “good citizens” but controversial reformists with independent foreign policy portfolios, and they are becoming increasingly vocal in world affairs.
Human Mobility in the Middle East
Authors: Babar Zahra
Published: January 2021

Between the two poles of moving purely out of choice or moving because one has no other option but to leave, there are a variety of circumstances and nuanced motivations that lie somewhere in the middle. No matter what the personal or circumstantial drivers and reasons that propel it, migration on an annual basis occurs for millions of people. The term “migration” is itself used to describe varied and complex patterns of human mobility that occur internally within a state or region, as well as those taking place across borders, internationally, and trans-continentally. Migration can be applied to the categories of people moving as a result of their own agency, voluntarily, and as an individual or familial choice. It can also be used to describe the categories of those having to move by force or under duress, and this includes the mobility experiences of forced migrants, internally displaced persons, refugees, and asylum-seekers.
“The World Forgot Us and Europe Doesn’t Want Us”
Authors: Schmidinger Thomas
Published: January 2021

When the so-called “Islamic State” (IS) attacked Iraq’s Nineveh Governorate, the region’s religious minorities became victims of genocide and displacement. This chapter focuses on the region of Sinjar (Kurdish: Şingal) and the displacement of the Yazidi (Kurdish: Êzîdî) along with other religious minorities living there. The displacement of these groups directly resulted from their vulnerability as religious minorities. IS targeted them as religious minorities, and their current problems as internally displaced persons (IDPs) also resulted from their status as relatively small communities without a historically strong political lobby or military force.

This chapter analyzes the living conditions and political framework in which these IDPs and refugees must survive and presents their personal perspectives from inside and outside of Iraq. Interviews were centered on the following questions: What conditions prevent Yazidi, Christians, and other groups from returning to Sinjar? What are their perspectives on building a future in the region? What would they need in order to return and rebuild their homes? And how
do the displaced adherents of the different religious groups interpret the 2014 genocide within a longer history of perceived genocidal acts against religious minorities in the area?
Transcending Dystopia
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Transcending Dystopia features pioneering research on the role music played in its various connections to and contexts of Jewish communal life and cultural activity in Germany from 1945 to 1989. As the first history of the Jewish communities’ musical practices during the postwar and Cold War eras, it tells the story of how the traumatic experience of the Holocaust led to transitions and transformations, and the significance of music in these processes. As such, it relies on music to draw together three areas of inquiry: the Jewish community, the postwar Germanys and their politics after the Holocaust (occupied Germany, the Federal Republic, the Democratic Republic, and divided Berlin), and the concept of cultural mobility. Indeed, the musical practices of the Jewish communities in the postwar Germanys cannot be divorced from politics, as can be observed in their relations to Israel and United States. On the grounds of these conceptual concerns, selective communities serve as case studies to provide a kaleidoscopic panorama of musical practices in worship and in social life. Within these pillars, the chapters in this volume cover a wide spectrum of topics, from music during commemorations, on the radio and in Jewish newspapers, to synagogue concerts and community events; from the absence and presence of cantor and organ to the resurgence of choral music. What binds these topics tightly together is the specific theoretical inquiry of mobility. Interdisciplinary in scope and method, the book builds on recent scholarship in Cold War studies, cultural history, German studies, Holocaust studies, and Jewish studies.
Introduction Against All Odds
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In an interview upon his arrival in New York on December 17, 1945, Leo Baeck (1873–1956) assertively proclaimed: “The history of German Jews has ended once and for all.”1 A spiritual leader who embodied German Jewish culture at its core, Baeck was not the only one to announce the end of an era, which musically implied the definitive end of ...
Out of the Depths
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Upon its refoundation in 1945, the Jewish community in Munich, the second largest in occupied Germany, became a center for a new musical life that from the outset differed from the one prior to 1933. Eastern European cantors became active in the community and influenced its musical practices. However, Kurt Messerschmidt, one of the community’s central figures until his emigration in 1950, stemmed from Berlin. He not only served as cantor, but also devoted himself to causes that fostered tolerance and interfaith dialogue, motivated by his goal to combat anti-Semitism, still virulent at the time. He did so through interfaith concerts and unique musical collaborations.
The End of Dystopia?
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

While the year 1945 marked a turning point in the sense of a new beginning for Jewish communities, the immediate postwar period was by no means a clear break with the past. Ruptures—in the sense of historical and cultural breaks—affecting the course of Jewish culture had, in fact, occurred earlier. As such, the postwar period saw a unique dialectic between changes in the aftermath of the Holocaust and a cultural persistence, which drew on historical musical models and practices that gave way to cultural mobility. As such, musical life in the Jewish communities appears as a brief epilogue to a glorious pre-Nazi past. The peculiar dialectic between cultural change and persistence is an indicator of the complexities the Jewish community faced in reestablishing itself after the Holocaust and for a provisional new beginning.
Returning and Leaving
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Starting with the reinauguration of Westend Synagogue with organ, choir, and cantor, the Jewish community of Frankfurt am Main and its music practices during the 1950s serve as a case study to show a continuous dialectic between cultural change and persistence, which marked Jewish life in the Federal Republic at large during the postwar period. As such, the community provides an example of the threefold process of returning, rebuilding, and redefining which affected the establishment of its cultural life. This can be observed in several areas of musical practice. In synagogue service it pertained to the role of the cantor, choir, and the organ as an artifact most closely associated with liberal German Jewry. Outside of service, it concerned musical programs in the context of communal events and to a lesser extent commemoration. Each uniquely embodies and exemplifies facets of cultural mobility and its others.
Werner Sander and the Formation of the Leipziger Synagogalchor
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Werner Sander’s establishment of the Leipziger Synagogalchor as a concert choir with Jewish repertoire was relatively independent from any institutions. From his founding of the choir in 1962 to his death in 1972, Sander developed with the choir a repertoire of nearly eighty works of synagogue music and forty titles of Yiddish and Hasidic music, as well as Hebrew folklore. Under his baton, the choir performed three to four times a year, and from 1968 on assumed a steady role in the musical life of the GDR, both inside and outside the Jewish community. In spite of pressure, Sander preserved the secularity and independence of the ensemble by never overtly defining it or creating specific or lasting alliances, in a spatial mobility that navigated between different venues—synagogue, church, concert hall, and radio station. In this way, he ensured Jewish music’s cultural survival under unique and changing conditions, preserving this musical heritage for the Jewish community and transmitting it to the wider public.
The Anniversary Year of 1971 and the Dawn of Détente
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In 1971 the Jewish communities of East and West Berlin celebrated their three-hundredth anniversary. The anniversary year coincided with a juncture during which the two halves of the divided city sought greater proximity and thus was framed by noteworthy political and cultural events. East Berlin’s anniversary celebrations were intertwined with two commemorations. These publicly and very visibly perpetuated the image of Jews as victims of fascism. In parallel, East Berlin saw the premiere of the long-awaited local production of Fiddler on the Roof. On the other side of the Wall, the Jewish community had reached a comfortable and high plateau with regular cultural events in its community center. It offered an ever-expanding cultural program, with a broad variety of concerts and recitals. In clear contrast to East Berlin, the West Berlin community offered a rich array of anniversary events that displayed the community’s alliance with Israel, the United States, and West Germany.
The Rise of the Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

The 1953 separation of the Jewish community of Berlin had no immediate consequences for the West Berlin cohort. The divorce neither impacted religious pluralism nor cultural diversity, and communal affairs continued with nearly no breaks. For the next decades, West Berlin would host the only Jewish community on German soil in which different denominations had their own spaces organized under one umbrella. What united them was a small pool of cantors that rotated (though the cantorial office faced challenges as well). The social and cultural life of the West Berlin community revolved around the community center at Fasanenstraße and the adult education center. Interfaith collaborations are noteworthy as vital site of cultural mobility in which Jewish music and its others was transferred, exchanged, or shared between various audiences and performers, Jewish or otherwise.
Toward a New Communal Future
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

The changing musical practices of the Jewish community in West Berlin are traced through the later 1980s, only to look again at Berlin at large and its two communities side-by-side. In spite of ideological differences, the East and West Berlin communities came closer, and generally music and culture mirrored the political rapprochement. In the final years of Divided Germany, a Jewish-music festival culture emerged on either side of the curtain, which reveals commonalities and differences between the Berlin communities. If the image of the Iron Curtain suggests a strict East–West separation, the Wall as its physical manifestation had begun to crumble with contacts between the Jewish communities across borders. Indeed, small parts of the Wall fell long before the significant date in history in a slow process that began in the early 1980s and reached a pivotal point in 1989.
Introduction
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

The Introduction lays out the groundwork for the book. It introduces the topic and the author’s argument, provides an overview of the problem at hand, and surveys the existing literature. The book argues that far from a clear and complete break from the past, Iran’s security thinking and policies since the Islamic Revolution have been marked by key elements of continuity. This continuity, Tabatabai posits, is due to the country’s lessons learned from its historical experiences, to include war and peace, as well as diplomatic efforts, which have shaped the contours of Iranian decision-makers’ thinking for generations.
The Revolution
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the Islamic Revolution. It explores the roots of the revolution and the forces that shaped it. In particular, the chapter focuses on the elements of Iran’s national and internal security policies that both helped usher in the Islamic Republic and those that the assumptions the revolution reinforced within Iran’s leadership and populace.
They Were Expendable
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the Iran-Iraq War and its implications for Iran’s security thinking and military affairs. It posits that the country’s experience with the wars it fought in the Qajar era shaped its thinking as pertaining to this conflict and that the Iran-Iraq War in turn has drawn the contours of much of Iran’s security thinking since then. The chapter also assesses how the war led to the Islamic Republic following in on the Shah’s footsteps and resuming and accelerating many key programs and projects started decades prior.
Union
Authors: Edling Max M.
Published: January 2021

The preamble’s promise of “a more perfect union” suggests that the US Constitution of 1787 aimed to reform the less than perfect union established by the Articles of Confederation of 1781. The framers’ understanding of union was grounded in early modern political ideas about confederations, and their call for reform in their analysis of the flaws of the articles. Their reform of the American union was characterized by both change and continuity. Although the Constitution laid the basis for a federal government founded on popular sovereignty and capable of acting independently of the states, the fundamental purpose of the American union and the remit of the federal government remained the management of intraunion and international affairs. In the reformed American federal union the states still retained the power to regulate the social, economic, and civic life of their citizens and inhabitants with only limited supervision and control from the federal government.
What Is Sonata Theory?
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

This chapter lays out the most foundational, generative concepts behind Sonata Theory. These include: the role of the listener or analyst in helping to produce a “meaning” or reading for the work; genre theory and dialogic form (individual works in dialogue with implicit or conceptual norms); differences between generic types and individual exemplars (tokens) of those types, the latter linked with the rise of aesthetic perception; successive action zones (in the exposition, P, TR, S, and C—primary theme, transition, secondary theme, and closing zone) within a musically narrative journey; the structural role of cadences and cadence attainment; keys, layouts, and tonal confirmation; rotation theory (themes and their ordered succession); Sonata Theory’s outreach to other, differing methodologies as complements; the importance of not reducing Sonata Theory to an inelastic or mechanical method.