bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are comorbidities associated with differences in healthcare charges among lung cancer patients in US hospitals? Focusing on variances by patient and socioeconomic factors
Authors: Park Jeong-Hui , Kim Sun Jung , Medina Mar , Prochnow Tyler , Min Kisuk , Chang Jongwha
Published: March 2024

Objective

The clinical aspects of lung cancer patients are well-studied. However, healthcare charge patterns have yet to be explored through a large-scale representative population-based sample investigating differences by socioeconomic factors and comorbidities.

Aim

To identify how comorbidities associated with healthcare charges among lung cancer patients

Methods

We examined the characteristics of the patient sample and the association between comorbidity status (diabetes, hypertension, or both) and healthcare charge. Multivariate survey linear regression models were used to estimate the association. We also investigated sub-group association through various patient and socioeconomic factors.

Results

Of 212,745 lung cancer patients, 68.5% had diabetes and/or hypertension. Hospital charges were higher in the population with comorbidities. The results showed that lung cancer patients with comorbidities had 9.4%, 5.1%, and 12.0% (with diabetes, hypertension, and both, respectively) higher hospital charges than those without comorbidities. In sub-group analysis, Black patients also showed a similar trend across socioeconomic (i.e. household income and primary payer) and racial (i.e. White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander) factors.

Discussion

Black patients may be significantly financially burdened because of the prevalence of comorbidities and low-income status. More work is required to ensure healthcare equality and promote access to care for the uninsured, low-income, and minority populations because comorbidities common in these populations can create more significant financial barriers.
Home- vs gym-based exercise delivery modes of two multicomponent intensity training regimes on cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in adults with intellectual and developmental disability during the COVID-19 pandemic – a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Melo Xavier , Simão Bruno , Catela Catarina , Oliveira Isabel , Planche Sara , Louseiro Ana , Marôco João Luís , Oviedo Guillermo R , Fernhall Bo , Santa-Clara Helena
Published: March 2024

Background: We compared the effects of home- vs gym-based delivery modes of two 8-week supervised multicomponent intensity training regimes on cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in 17 adults with intellectual and developmental disability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were assigned to sprint interval training or continuous aerobic training, both incorporating resistance training. The intervention started with 8-weeks of online training (M1-M2), 1-month of detraining, plus 8-weeks of gym-based training (M3-M4). Results: Peak oxygen uptake decreased from M1-M2 and increased from M2-M4. Central arterial stiffness decreased between M1-M2, and M1-M4, along with peripheral arterial stiffness. Central systolic blood pressure decreased from M1-M2 only with sprint interval training. Conclusion: Home-based training minimized the negative impact of the lockdown on central arterial stiffness and central blood pressure, but it did not match the benefits on cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral arterial stiffness of a gym-based intervention, irrespective of the multicomponent intensity training regime. Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05701943.
A randomized controlled trial of medication adherence and management of risk factors for secondary prevention of stroke (MaMoRS) using a smartphone-based application
Authors: Babu Veena , Sylaja PN , Soman Biju , Varma Ravi Prasad , MS Manju , GL Geethu , Kumar B Suresh
Published: March 2024

Background:

There are little data on the use of smartphone-based applications for medication adherence and risk-factor control for the secondary prevention of stroke in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs).

Aims:

The aim was to determine whether a smartphone-based app improved medication adherence, risk-factor control, and provided health education to stroke survivors for lifestyle and behavioral modifications.

Methods:

An unblinded, single-center randomized controlled double arm trial with 1:1 allocation among stroke survivors was performed in South India. The primary outcome was medication adherence, with co-primary outcomes of lifestyle and behavioral factors and control of vascular risk factors, at 3 and 6 months.

Results:

Among 351 stroke survivors screened, 209 were recruited. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of the intervention (n = 105) group was 60 (12) years and that of the control (n = 104) group was 60 (10) years. In the primary outcome, mean medication adherence significantly improved in the intervention group with a between group difference of 0.735 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.419 to 1.050), p < 0.001. Being in intervention group (OR = 4.5; 95% CI = 2.3 to 8.9), stroke recurrence (OR = 3.3 (95% CI = 1.9 to 7.8)), and regular physician visits (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.0 to 4.4) were significant predictors of good medication adherence. Considering the co-primary outcomes, compared to the control group, participants in the intervention group had a greater improvement in self-reported healthy diet intake (p = 0.003), intake of fruits (p = 0.005), and were physically more active (p = 0.001). At 6 months, mean fasting blood sugar (p = 0.005) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol higher (p = 0.024) in the intervention group.

Conclusions:

The use of a mobile app is an effective method to improve medication adherence and risk-factor control in stroke survivors and is feasible in LMICs like India.

Data access statement:

Data used during the study are available from the corresponding author on request.

Trial registration:

The study is registered in Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2022/06/042980).
Beyond trauma: Positive postmemories among second- and third-generation North Korean war refugees
Authors: Jeon Ahrum
Published: March 2024

In this article, I discuss how children and grandchildren of North Korean war refugees who were displaced during the Korean War construct identity and belonging in relation to their North Korean heritage. Drawing from the concept of postmemory, I examine how their northern heritage is experienced, constructed, mediated, and even solidified across generations who did not directly experience the Korean War. Unlike existing literature that predominantly focuses on the traumatic aspects of postmemory, I found that one’s construction of postmemory also encompasses positive family memories. These affirming memories exist alongside traumatic ones, countering the overdetermined paradigm of trauma across memory studies. Thus, I propose alternative ways of remembering that capture a nuanced understanding of how the second and third generations construct positive postmemories alongside the traumatic memories of their ancestors.
Round table discussion: the management of idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome
Authors: McEachan Jane E. , Dahlin Lars B. , Ng Chye Yew , Ring David , Ruettermann Mike
Published: March 2024

Idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common neuropathy in the upper limb. Best evidence regarding the surgical management of this condition has evolved from anterior or submuscular transposition as the former reference standard, to in situ simple release. Differences of opinion remain regarding the timing of surgery, type of surgery and adjunctive surgery. Four surgeons with Level 5 expertise were asked to answer specific questions regarding this condition.
Outcomes of glenohumeral dysplasia after brachial plexus birth injury using the Sup-ER orthosis
Authors: Khabyeh-Hasbani Nathan , Feretti Ann Marie , Ferrante Victoria , Joshi Manisha , Gotleib-Horowitz Megan , Koehler Steven M.
Published: March 2024

We investigated the efficacy of the supination-external rotation (‘Sup-ER’) orthosis, designed as a non-operative treatment to maintain normal anatomical growth of the shoulder, on the progression of glenohumeral dysplasia in patients with brachial plexus birth injuries. The Sup-ER orthosis was fabricated for 20 infants diagnosed with glenohumeral dysplasia after brachial plexus birth injuries and its success in correcting glenohumeral dysplasia was confirmed by objective calculations of the alpha angle on serial ultrasound findings and improvement in Active Movement Scale scores. Of the 20 patients, 14 had successful resolution of glenohumeral dysplasia, confirmed by shoulder abduction, shoulder flexion, external rotation and supination, Active Movement Scale scores and improving alpha angle measurements. Failure to rectify glenohumeral dysplasia, evidenced by worsening ultrasound findings and Active Movement Scale scores, necessitated a change to operative management in six patients.

Level of evidence: IV
Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oil From the Leaves of Vernonia volkameriifolia DC.
Authors: Thinh Bui B. , Thin Dau B. , Ogunwande Isiaka A.
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves of Vernonia volkameriifolia DC., a Vietnamese plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The focus was on determining the chemical composition of the EO and assessing its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Methods

The EO obtained from V. volkameriifolia underwent comprehensive analysis using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify its chemical constituents. Antimicrobial activity was determined against eight microorganisms using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values calculated. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH and ABTS assays, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values indicating the potency of the EO.

Results

The main components of the V. volkameriifolia EO were identified as β-bisabolene (25.2%), β-pinene (19.1%), germacrene D (13.1%), and cis-β-elemene (11.4%). The EO exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with a MIC value of 200 μg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, it displayed activity against Candida albicans with a MIC value of 100 μg/mL. In antioxidant tests, the EO demonstrated notable potential, with IC50 values of 144.1 μg/mL and 179.8 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively.

Conclusion

This study represents the inaugural investigation into the EO extracted from the leaves of V. volkameriifolia. The identified chemical components, along with the demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, contribute valuable insights into the potential applications of V. volkameriifolia EO in pharmaceutical and therapeutic contexts. Further research can build upon these findings to uncover additional properties and applications of this EO.
Marine-Derived Bioactive Proteins and Peptides: A Review of Current Knowledge on Anticancer Potentials, Clinical Trials, and Future Prospects
Authors: Okeke Emmanuel Sunday , Okagu Innocent Uzochukwu , Chukwudozie Kingsley , Ezike Tobechukwu Christian , Ezeorba Timothy Prince Chidike
Published: March 2024

The rise in cancer cases has prompted searching for novel and alternative sources of natural bioactive compounds with antitumor potential. Nearly three-quarters of our planet is covered by the ocean, the habitat of numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and sustainable alternative nutrient sources. The marine ecosystem is a rich reservoir of proteins and novel bioactive peptides with diverse biochemical and therapeutic potentials, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities. Marine peptides are valuable due to their high stability, bioactivity, and low immunogenicity. This review focused on tracking the recent progress in studying marine-derived peptides for potential cancer treatment. We have highlighted that some of these peptides have progressed to clinical trials in the last 2 decades, while many candidates were discontinued due to failure to exhibit therapeutic-relevant activities. Due to the results from old clinical trials, interest in marine sources for antitumor peptides has dwindled in recent years. We presented other possible limitations in this field and proposed attractive future research prospects. In conclusion, we emphasize the need for increased scientific attention to explore marine organisms’ untapped nutraceutical and bioactive natural products, particularly in uncovering their potential anticancer properties.
Subjective Causes for Failure to Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Yensen Katie , Mayfield Cory K. , Bolia Ioanna K , Palmer Ryan A. , Brown Michael , Kim Daniel R. , Abu-Zahra Maya S. , Kotlier Jacob L. , Webb Thomas , Cleary Emmett , Saboori Nima , Petrigliano Frank A. , Weber Alexander E.
Published: March 2024

Context:

While current literature has explored the outcomes of athletes who return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, less is known about the outcomes of those who are unsuccessful in returning to sport.

Objective:

To determine the rate of athletes who did not RTS after primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and to identify the specific subjective reasons for failure to RTS.

Data Sources:

A comprehensive search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted through April 2021.

Study Selection:

Eligible studies included those explicitly reporting the rate of failure for RTS after ACLR as well as providing details on reasons for athletes’ inability to return; 31 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2 to 4.

Data Extraction:

The reasons for failure to RTS referred to in our study are derived from those established previously in the studies included. Data were collected on the number of athletes, mean age, mean follow-up time, type of sport played, failure to RTS rate, and specific reasons for failure to return.

Results:

The weighted rate of failure to RTS after ACLR was 25.5% (95% CI, 19.88-31.66). The estimated proportion of psychosocial-related reasons cited for failure to RTS was significantly greater than knee-related reasons for failure RTS (55.4% vs 44.6%, P < 0.01). The most cited reason for failure to RTS was fear of reinjury (33.0%).

Conclusion:

This study estimates the rate of failure to RTS after ACLR to be 25.5%, with the majority of athletes citing fear of reinjury as the major deterrent for returning to sports. We highlight how factors independent of surgical outcomes may impact an athlete’s ability to return to play given that the predominant reason for no RTS after ACLR was unrelated to the knee.
Regulation (EU) 2018/1805: Mutual recognition of freezing and confiscation orders between efficiency and safeguards. “Proceedings in criminal matters” and non-conviction based confiscation
Authors: Maugeri Anna Maria
Published: March 2024

December 2020 saw the entry into force of Regulation 1805/2018, the adoption of which is a doubly important event: first, because it confirms the principle of mutual recognition in this sensitive area, following Framework Decision 2006/783/JHA; second, because it establishes mutual recognition by means of a directly applicable legislative measure, a Regulation, adopted in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure pursuant to Art. 82 (1) TFEU. In order to understand the scope of the Regulation – what types of domestic confiscation are covered – it is important to interpret the EU autonomous concept of “proceedings in criminal matters” (art. 1), “notwithstanding the case law of the European Court of Human Rights” (recital 13). To increase enforcement, it will be crucial to improve harmonisation through the new proposed Directive (May2022).
Human geography: Not ending but worlding the modern subject in new ways
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: March 2024

This commentary engages Bodden's (2023) ‘Working through our differences’ to draw out how contemporary frameworks of reasoning in human geography extend the limits of ‘thinkability’, expanding the world, of the modern subject. In response, I offer ‘Abyssal Geography’, critiquing how the discipline is not ending but worlding the modern subject in new ways.
Moving beyond ‘smart’: Uncovering traditional knowledge in informality
Authors: Prasad Deepti
Published: March 2024

In response to a variety of open questions and concerns raised by the set of commentaries on Prasad et al., this response offers clarifications and a way forward about, first, the need to re-conceptualise informality with smart urbanism and, second, the implications of understanding the interrelationship between informality and smart urbanism through traditional knowledge in the broader field of urban studies.
Endpoint cybersecurity: When smart devices turn stupid
Authors: Acton Thomas , Datta Pratim Milton
Published: March 2024

With the proliferation of ever-cheaper IoTs (or smart devices) from smart doorbells to WiFi security cameras and baby monitors and hybrid work arrangements involving relaxed BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies, cybersecurity education must build awareness on the threats that endpoints pose. While securing corporate networks from cyberattack gains much attention, there is a dearth of educational material that exemplifies the processes by which endpoints are used in hacks, and how to build defenses against endpoint vulnerabilities. This teaching case provides a Defense in Depth (DiD) learning framework on how to defend industrial cyber-physical systems, digital infrastructure and assets. The case illustrates the applicability of a DiD framework independent of attack vector yet particular to endpoint vulnerabilities and shows how lessons from the past can help defend and mitigate future cyberattacks.
Vaccine hesitancy under the lens: Nigeria’s struggle against the worst diphtheria outbreak in decades
Authors: Gulumbe Bashar Haruna , Danlami Mohammed Bashar , Yusuf Abbas Bazata , Shehu Aminu , Chidiebere Obi
Published: March 2024

The resurgence of diphtheria in Nigeria, culminating in an outbreak surpassing previous records, has spotlighted the critical imperative for robust immunization policies amidst a milieu of vaccine hesitancy. This commentary delineates the multifaceted dimensions of the current diphtheria outbreak, which started in May 2022, juxtaposed against historical outbreaks, with a focal examination of the pervasive vaccine hesitancy and its underpinning sociocultural and systemic determinants. The discourse extends to a meticulous evaluation of Nigeria’s public health response, underlined by the synergy with international organizations, reflecting a global collaborative ethos in combating the diphtheria menace. A critical appraisal of the prevailing immunization policies unveils a necessity for strategic amendments to invigorate vaccination uptake, essential for curbing the diphtheria outbreak and enhancing public health resilience. The reflections herein advocate for a comprehensive, culturally resonant, and sustainable public health paradigm, encompassing a synergistic approach of policy fortification, community engagement, and international collaboration to navigate the challenges posed by vaccine-preventable diseases epitomized by the ongoing diphtheria outbreak. Through a synthesis of historical lessons, contemporary challenges, and global solidarity, this piece contributes to the broader discourse on enhancing immunization coverage and infectious disease control in Nigeria.
Analysis of China’s Smart Elderly Care Service Policy: Based on the Three-dimensional Framework
Authors: Sun Xiaokun
Published: March 2024

Faced with the severe situation of global population aging, smart elderly care services have become an effective way to solve the dilemma of elderly care. In recent years, the Chinese government has frequently issued policies to promote the rapid development of smart elderly care service. This paper constructs a three-dimensional analysis framework of “policy objective-policy tool-value chain” and uses content analysis method, which is a structured research method that analyzes the content of text, to analyze 126 policies at the national level of China’s Smart elderly care service from 2012 to 2022. Through the quantitative statistical analysis, this study finds that the distribution of policy objectives is uneven, the structure of policy tools is imbalanced, the support strength of each link of the value chains is different, and the cross-fitting effect of dimensions is insufficient. In the future, pay attention to the balanced development of the needs of the elderly; Promote the complementarity of various policy tools; Strengthen the systematization of all links of the value chains; Improve the fitting effect between policy objectives, policy tools and value chains, and strive to improve the weak points of each combination model.
Can we achieve equitable learning beyond hierarchical measurement? Challenges in the era of lifelong learning
Authors: Yamada Shoko
Published: March 2024

Since the UN passed its Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, there has been a seemingly commonsense equation between schooling and education, and access to quality schooling is considered to mean the assurance of educational rights. Against such an assumption, this paper demonstrates the complex nature of educational equity in the modern world, where the demands for knowledge are in constant flux. If the purpose of education is solely to acquire knowledge, learning can occur outside the institutionalized school system. However, individuals and societies place a high value on formal education and its credentials, which intensifies the competition for higher and better education. The simple equation of educational rights with schooling has a risk of fanning such thirst for credentials rather than equalizing opportunities. The author argues that the world culture of schooling and international tests have contributed to standardizing the popular aspiration globally along the axes of years in school and test results. In today’s dynamic world, individuals have to continue learning throughout their lives to catch up with changing demands for knowledge. Therefore, the concept of equity should be more in line with individuals’ motivations and contexts of learning than with the access to and quality of educational institutions.
Race and Cohort Differences in Family Status in the United States
Authors: Lim Misun , Samper Mejia Cristina
Published: March 2024

In this visualization, the authors show changes in family patterns by different race groups across two cohorts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born from 1957 to 1965) and 1997 (born from 1980 to 1984), the authors visualize the relationship-parenthood state distributions at each age between 15 and 35 years by race and cohort. The results suggest the rise of cohabiting mothers and the decline of married and divorced mothers among women born from 1980 to 1984. Black women born from 1980 to 1984 were more likely to experience single/childless and single/parent status compared with Black women born from 1957 to 1965. Although with some visible postponement in the recent cohort, white women in both cohorts were more likely to experience married/parent status than other race groups. The decline in married/parent status across the two generations was sharpest among Hispanic women. These descriptive findings highlight the importance of identifying race when discussing changes in family formation and dissolution trends across generations.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Self-directed Learning Readiness and Development in Medical Students
Authors: Roberts Megan , Darden Alix , Wiskur Brandt , Hill Molly
Published: March 2024

OBJECTIVES

Self-directed learning (SDL) competency is important for physicians to stay abreast of advances in their field and to provide the best available evidence-based care to their patients. Therefore, an essential responsibility of medical educators is to ensure the development of SDL skills in their students. The first objective of this study was to investigate longitudinally the degree to which medical students were ready to engage in SDL. The second objective was to examine students’ perceptions of their SDL development throughout training.

METHODS

A 2-part study of preclinical and clinical medical students was carried out at a midwestern U.S. university. In Study A, a longitudinal assessment of preclinical medical students’ readiness to engage in SDL was conducted by administering an SDL readiness survey (SDLRS). In Study B, third- and fourth-year medical students were asked to reflect on their SDL development, in addition to completing the SDLRS.

RESULTS

After validating the Hendry and Ginns version of the SDLRS in preclinical medical students during Study A, we found that 3 of the 4 subscales remained constant over the 3 iterations of the survey while the self-determination subscale increased significantly between the first and third iteration of the survey. In Study B, an analysis of the clinical medical students’ comments indicated a perceived increase in their SDL abilities and a growing appreciation of SDL. However, the SDLRS scores of clinical students did not differ from the results observed in preclinical students in Study A.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the SDLRS indicated that the experience of students in our medical school has a positive influence on self-determination by the end of the preclinical years. Furthermore, analysis of the reflections of clinical students indicated ongoing development of SDL skills throughout their medical school training that were influenced by a wide range of experiences.
Modes of Being: Astonishment and openness in Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Herholdt-Lomholdt Sine Maria , Blenker Per , Mousing Camilla Askov
Published: March 2024

This paper stems from a two-year phenomenological action research project named Innovative and Entrepreneurial Formation (Bildung) in Professional Bachelor Education. The paper explores an entrepreneurial teaching experiment aimed at combining educational ideals of entrepreneurship education with educational ideals necessary to become a professional nurse. The educational ideals aimed for is sensitivity, imagination and courage to act. Through phenomenological analysis of one teacher`s lived experience description and a phenomenological interview with a student participating in the teaching experiment, the paper inquiries into modes of Being among students participating in the experiment from an ontological perspective. Furthermore, the paper investigates how these modes of Being can relate to entrepreneurial as well as professional purposes. By that, the teaching experiment is an example of a crossfertilization between entrepreneurship education and professional education that allows both to grow. The analysis reveals astonishment as a central existential experience of Being, while participating in the specific teaching experiment. The study also shows a phenomenological association between astonishment and openness, which entrepreneurship educators have searched for pedagogies to establish.
The Effect of Biological Sex on a County Pre-hospital Stroke Initiative
Authors: Rynor Helen , Nguyen Kelly , Oliva Jadthiel , Nirvanie-Persaud Lisa , Belnap Starlie C. , Rosa Felipe De Los Rios La
Published: March 2024

Background

Females are disproportionately affected by strokes when compared to males. This may be attributed to non-traditional stroke symptoms in females and stroke care sex variance. This study explored sex and ethnicity discrepancies in the FAST-ED and stroke outcomes.

Methods

An internal hospital registry created in 2017 evaluated EMS FAST-ED compliance and monitored patient outcomes. We assessed two cohorts, the 2017 cohort collected one year after FAST-ED implementation, and the 2019 cohort collected two years after FAST-ED implementation. Inclusion criteria included patients aged ≥18 years arriving via EMS as a stroke alert; walk-ins were excluded. EMS FAST-ED compliance, FAST-ED score, final diagnoses, door to needle time (DTN), door to puncture (DTP) time, and stroke treatment volumes were evaluated for sex differences.

Results

1,156 cases were analyzed, 638 (55%) were female. EMS FAST-ED compliance decreased by 17%, but did not differ by sex or ethnicity. EMS FAST-ED score was similar for females and males. Despite the similarity in FAST-ED score, females scored higher on the initial NIHSS ( F(1) = 6.25, p < .05) and discharge NIHSS ( F(1) = 8.588, p < .01). Those diagnosed with a stroke were 1.4 times more likely to be female (χ²wald = 6.21, p < .01, 95% CI [1.07–1.80]). Treatment rates did not vary between sex or ethnicity and overall DTN decreased by 10 minutes (2017 cohort M = 36 minutes, SE = 1.96; 2019 cohort M = 26 minutes, SE = 1.69).

Conclusions

The FAST-ED demonstrated equitable implementation and scoring among a diverse population, regardless of sex or ethnicity. Additionally, patients were equally likely to receive treatment, while benefiting from a decrease in DTN times.
Large Language Models and the Future of Organization Theory
Authors: Cornelissen Joep , Höllerer Markus A. , Boxenbaum Eva , Faraj Samer , Gehman Joel
Published: March 2024

In this editorial essay, we explore the potential of large language models (LLMs) for conceptual work and for developing theory papers within the field of organization and management studies. We offer a technically informed, but at the same time accessible, analysis of the generative AI technology behind tools such as Bing Chat, ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini, to name the most prominent LLMs currently in use. Our aim in this essay is to go beyond prior work and to provide a more nuanced reflection on the possible application of such technology for the different activities and reasoning processes that constitute theorizing within our domain of scholarly inquiry. Specifically, we highlight ways in which LLMs might augment our theorizing, but we also point out the fundamental constraints in how contemporary LLMs ‘reason’, setting considerable limits to what such tools might produce as ‘conceptual’ or ‘theoretical’ outputs. Given worrisome trade-offs in their use, we urge authors to be careful and reflexive when they use LLMs to assist (parts of) their theorizing, and to transparently disclose this use in their manuscripts. We conclude the essay with a statement of Organization Theory’s editorial policy on the use of LLMs.
Fresh Osteochondral Allograft to Medial Femoral Condyle With Proximal Tibial Opening Wedge Osteotomy
Authors: Shoemaker Evan P. , Tollefson Luke V. , Olson Conner , Kennedy Nicholas I. , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: March 2024

Background:

Contributors to knee degeneration include mechanical axis malalignment, patellar maltracking, meniscal deficiency, and tibiofemoral instability. Full-thickness osteochondral defects in young, active patients can lead to significant pain and instability. The gold standard treatment for large (>2 cm2) osteochondral defects is an osteochondral allograft (OCA) which addresses the pathologic articular cartilage loss and underlying bone deficiency. While biologic failure of fresh OCAs is reported, the majority of early failures are attributed to unaddressed mechanical malalignment in the coronal plane. Proximal tibial osteotomy (PTO) corrects malalignment thereby unloading the affected medial compartment and the newly placed OCA, improving long-term survivability.

Indications:

OCAs are indicated for isolated osteochondral defects and lesions in active young patients. PTO is indicated for patients with varus malalignment who risk potential graft failure of the affected medial compartment.

Technique Description:

The articular cartilage defect is identified, and a guide pin is drilled in the center. The defect is templated and scored around the margins. A reamer is used to drill to a total depth of 7 to 8 mm. The recipient site is then dilated for graft insertion. On the donor graft, the harvest site is outlined and drilled to the proper diameter. Careful measurement is utilized to ensure graft depth measurements match the recipient site. Once sized, the graft is tapped into place obtaining an anatomic fit along its entire periphery. The osteotomy is performed by using guide pins to delineate the plane cutting the tibia. Fluoroscopy confirmed the osteotomy site and angle. A spacing plate was securely inserted with screws, with placement confirmed by fluoroscopy.

Results:

Fresh OCAs can restore osteochondral defects. PTO corrects malalignment and unloads the affected medial compartment, decreasing the risk of revision graft failure or total knee arthroplasty.

Discussion:

Clinical and biomechanical studies that compared isolated and concomitant procedures demonstrated that OCA with PTOs had significantly greater survival rates. Significant malalignment increases the risk of graft failure. It remains unclear whether concomitant osteotomy with osteoarticular allografts leads to increased complication risk; inherent risks remain associated with individual procedures. In adolescents, simultaneous corrective osteotomy along with fresh OCA may delay arthroplasty and associated ambulatory restrictions.

Patient Consent Disclosure Statement:

The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.
A Review of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Synovitis and the Important Role of the Nuclear Protein, High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1)
Authors: DiFabio Vincent E. , Mirdamadi Eman , Kim Sangyoon
Published: March 2024

Studies identifying TMJ synovitis biomarkers are few and far between. During the late 1990s, Chuck Milam’s oxidative stress and re-perfusion models elucidated the molecular mechanisms of TMJ synovitis which centrally involves the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, a new understanding of TMJ synovitis has been developed given the fields current knowledge on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and most notably, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Among these molecular markers, the oxidation of HMGB1 plays a key role in promoting pathological inflammation. In this perspective, we explore the role of HMGB1 during TMJ synovitis and how a traumatized TMJ responds to different HMGB1 post translational modifications (PTMs). Specifically, synovial inflammation will be explored in the context of how different PTMs of HMGB1 directs leukocytes to produce chemokines or cytokines. We will also look at the different modifications of HMGB1 molecule via Reduction Oxygenation Reactions. These recently identified mechanisms provide a suitable addition to the currently understood molecular actions of TMJ synovitis noted by Milam and others in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We will then conclude with a discussion on the use of antibodies to the HMGB1 molecule for a variety of conditions: cancers, sepsis, liver disease, traumatic brain injuries and early intervention for joint synovitis along with the use of different delivery modalities.
Late cytomegalovirus disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation: significance of novel transplantation techniques
Authors: Sadowska-Klasa Alicja , Özkök Sezen , Xie Hu , Leisenring Wendy , Zamora Danniel , Seo Sachiko , Sheldon Jordan , Lee Stephanie J. , Jerome Keith R. , Green Margaret L. , Boeckh Michael
Published: March 2024

Preemptive therapy (PET) and letermovir prophylaxis are effective in preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease within the first 100 days after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) but are associated with late-onset CMV disease. We retrospectively examined the clinical manifestations, risk factors, prevention algorithm, and outcome of late CMV disease in CMV seropositive day 100 survivors transplanted between 2001-2017 (PET cohort) and 2018-2021 (letermovir cohort). There were 203 episodes of late CMV disease among 2469 day 100 survivors, and the estimated cumulative incidence of first late CMV disease was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2-8.3) with no difference between the PET (7.4%; 95% CI, 6.4-8.6) and the letermovir group (5.4%; 95% CI, 3.2-8.3). Thirty-seven patients (1.5%) had a second episode of CMV disease. In multivariable Cox regression models, posttransplant cyclophosphamide was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal CMV disease. CMV viremia or disease detected before day 100, corticosteroid treatment after day 100 at dose ≥1 mg/kg, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, lymphopenia, HLA-mismatched related donor status, were also associated with late CMV disease. HLA-mismatched donor status and late use of corticosteroids (≥1 mg/kg) were risk factors for late CMV disease recurrence. Late CMV disease occurred most frequently in a setting of prolonged low-level untreated viremia and was independently associated with death by 2 years after HCT. In summary, late CMV disease continues to occur in the present era. Improved prevention strategies for late CMV disease are needed.
Comparative transcriptome and coexpression network analysis reveals key pathways and hub candidate genes associated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) drought tolerance
Authors: Shi Huimin , Hou Jianhua , Li Dandan , Hu Haibo , Wang Yanxia , Wu Yang , Yi Liuxi
Published: March 2024

Background

Drought severely limits sunflower production especially at the seedling stage. To investigate the response mechanism of sunflowers to drought stress, we utilized two genotypes of sunflower materials with different drought resistances as test materials. The physiological responses were investigated under well-watered (0 h) and drought-stressed conditions (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h).

Results

ANOVA revealed the greatest differences in physiological indices between 72 h of drought stress and 0 h of drought stress. Transcriptome analysis was performed after 72 h of drought stress. At 0 h, there were 7482 and 5627 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves of K55 and K58, respectively, and 2150 and 2527 DEGs in the roots of K55 and K58, respectively. A total of 870 transcription factors (TFs) were identified among theDEGs, among which the high-abundance TF families included AP2/ERF, MYB, bHLH,and WRKY. Five modules were screened using weighted gene coexpressionnetwork analysis (WGCNA), three and two of which were positively and negatively, respectively, related to physiological traits. KEGG analysis revealedthat under drought stress, “photosynthesis”, “carotenoid biosynthesis”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “ribosome”, “carotenoid biosynthesis”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “protein phosphorylation” and “phytohormone signaling” are six important metabolic pathways involved in the response of sunflower to drought stress. Cytoscape software was used to visualize the three key modules, and the hub genes were screened. Finally, a total of 99 important candidate genes that may be associated with the drought response in sunflower plants were obtained, and the homology of these genes was compared with that in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings could lead to a better understanding of drought tolerance in sunflowers and facilitate the selection of drought-tolerant sunflower varieties.
A national perspective on cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqahtani Bader A. , Alenazi Aqeel M.
Published: March 2024

Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are common chronic conditions that lead to morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are no recent national or regional reports about CVDs in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the national and regional prevalence rates of CVDs among the Saudi population.

Methods

This study used data from an ongoing household health survey conducted by the General Authority for Statistics in 2017. The survey sample comprised 24,012 homes that were determined to be a representative sample of the population and dispersed throughout the 13 administrative areas. A self-reported diagnosis of CVD was collected by asking subjects if they had been diagnosed by a physician.

Results

The prevalence of CVDs among the Saudi population aged 15 years and older was 1.6% (n = 236,815). The prevalence is higher in males at 1.9% compared to females at 1.4%. Age is a significant factor, with a gradual increase in CVD prevalence until the age of 50, followed by a sharp rise. The prevalence among the age group (≥ 65 years) was the highest, recording 11% (n = 93,971), followed by the age group (60–64 years) which reached 6.5% (n = 31156.71), and the lowest prevalence was found in the age group (< 40 years) as 1.2% (n = 108,226). When considering regional differences, Makkah has the highest prevalence at 1.9% (n = 85,814), followed by Riyadh at 1.7% (n = 79,191). Conversely, Najran has the lowest prevalence at 0.76% (n = 332), with the Northern Border Region having the second lowest rate at 1,46% ( n = 4218) These findings underscore the importance of considering both demographic and regional factors in addressing and managing cardiovascular health in Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion

This study provides the most recent estimates of the national and regional prevalence rates of CVDs in Saudi Arabia. The findings suggest that CVDs are more common among older adults, males, and residents of the Makkah region. This information can be used to inform public health policies and interventions to reduce the burden of CVDs in Saudi Arabia.
Randomized controlled trial of a positive emotion regulation intervention to reduce stress in family caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease: protocol and design for the LEAF 2.0 study
Authors: Leong Caroline A. , Summers Amanda , Grote Veronika , Jackson Kathryn , Dowling Glenna , Snowberg Kari , Cotten Paul , Cheung Elaine , Yang DerShung , Addington Elizabeth L. , Moskowitz Judith T.
Published: March 2024

Background

Caring for a loved one with Alzheimer’s disease can be stressful, resulting in poorer emotional and physical health among family caregivers. Although supportive resources for caregivers are available, distance, caregiver health, and the daily demands of caregiving are barriers to access. Based on research demonstrating the importance of positive emotions in coping with stress, our previous trial showed that dementia caregivers who participated in facilitated, web-based delivery of a positive emotion regulation intervention called LEAF (Life Enhancing Activities for Family caregivers) experienced increased positive emotion and decreased depression and anxiety. Building on this evidence, the LEAF 2.0 study aims to test whether web-based, self-guided delivery can confer similar benefits for caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.

Methods

This paper presents the design and methods for LEAF 2.0, a 3-arm web-based randomized controlled trial (N = 500) in which family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are randomized to (1) the LEAF intervention facilitated remotely via the web (N = 200), (2) the LEAF intervention self-guided online (N = 200), or (3) an emotion reporting control (N = 100), which then crosses over to the intervention after approximately 6 months, half to the facilitated arm and half to the self-guided arm. We aim to (1) compare the effect of the facilitated and self-guided LEAF positive emotion interventions to an emotion reporting control condition on AD caregiver well-being (positive emotion, depression, anxiety, and perceived stress) and secondary outcomes (caregiving burden, caregiving self-efficacy, positive aspects of caregiving, quality of care, and AD patient quality of life); (2) assess whether effects are mediated by improvements in positive emotion or other aspects of caregiver well-being; and (3) test whether caregiver age or gender or the care recipient’s dementia severity moderates the effects of the intervention.

Discussion

If demonstrated to be effective, LEAF can be widely disseminated and ultimately have a significant impact on the stress experienced by AD caregivers and the well-being of people living with Alzheimer’s disease.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03610698.
The effect of social pension on health-related quality of life of the rural older people: a panel study from China
Authors: Liu Siyuan , He Hong , Gao Hanzhi
Published: March 2024

Background

Social pensions, social assistance systems for older people in rural areas, have been put into place in many nations and have positively impacted health. The long-term health consequences of social pension programs in China are uncertain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term health consequences of the new rural social pension (NRSP) for the rural older people in China.

Methods

Based on the 2011 and 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we compared the scores on eight Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) subscales of the rural older people before and after participation in the NRSP. The propensity score matching and difference-in-difference methods were used in data analysis. We also conducted a heterogeneity analysis for subgroups with different characteristics and pension enrolment times.

Results

The NRSP significantly enhanced scores on physical functioning, role-physical, and self-rated mental health of old rural participants by 1.90 (p < 0.01), 2.05 (p < 0.01), and 2.93 (p < 0.05), respectively. After excluding newly enrolled individuals, the beneficial health effects of the NRSP remained significant. There were no significant changes due to NRSP in the other five scores on the HRQoL subscale of the rural older people. The NRSP had more health benefits for older people in underdeveloped areas without formal schooling.

Conclusions

The NRSP reduced health disparities and had long-term benefits on the physical and mental health of the rural older people. We suggest continuously expanding the NRSP throughout rural China and further improving the social support system to enhance the overall quality of life of the rural older people. Comparable social pension programs aimed at underprivileged groups could also be conducted in other low- or middle-income nations.