bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENTS OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT OF THE OKHUIAHE RIVER, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OMOIGBERALE M. O. , EZENWA I. M. , ANDOKEREKA E. E.
Published: March 2023

The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb) were determined in surface water and sediments collected from designated stations on a stretch of Okhuiahe River (latitude 5.450N; 5.510E and longitude 6.150N; 6.220E), Edo State, Nigeria between May to October, 2011 using a Unican 929 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the surface water were Fe: 0.09 - 0.54 mg/l; Zn: 0.01-0.22 mg/l; Mn: 0.01-0.05 mg/l; Cu: 0.00-0.03 mg/l; Cr: 0.00-0.05 mg/l; Ni: 0.00-0.01 mg/l and Pb: 0.01-0.04 mg/l. These values which were in the order Fe> Zn>Mn>Pb> Cu> Ni> Cr showed significant difference (p<0.05) among the stations except Cr where no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed.While the average concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni at all stations were within the guidelines of NIS quality for drinking water, the concentrations ofFe at stations 3 and 4 and Pbat all stations did not compare favourably with the NIS quality for drinking water.In the sediment, the heavy metals ranges were Fe: 1.15-3.26 mg/kg; Zn: 0.62-1.86 mg/kg; Mn: 0.13-0.33 mg/kg; Cu: 0.00-0.77 mg/kg; Cr: 0.06-0.10 mg/kg; Ni: 0.01-0.50 mg/kg and Pb: 0.02-0.18 mg/kg. The heavy metals concentrations were in the order Fe> Zn>Mn> Cu> Cr>Pb> Ni. The concentrations of these heavy metals in the sediment were below the values obtained in unpolluted sediment. Assessment of the suitability of the river water for drinking and other domestic purposes using water quality index (WQI) indicated that the status of the water at stations 1 and 2 were good, while that of stations 3 and 4 were not suitable for drinking unless purified.
EFFECT OF MALARIA ON VISUAL ACUITY (V.A)
Authors: OSAIYUWU A. B. , OKAKA C. E.
Published: March 2023

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence and effect of malaria on visual acuity (V.A) in relation to age, sex and the level of parasitaemia in patients visiting the University of Benin Health Centre. The research was accomplished by examination of blood films of the patients for presence of malaria and measuring the visual acuity (V.A) and palpebral apertures of the patients. A total of 1,000 patients were examined to determine their visual acuity and palpebral aperture after confirmation of malaria parasite in their blood films. Both parameters were again measured after a two-week- recovery period and on a confirmation of the absence of malaria parasite in the blood film of the patient. Five hundred (500) patients served as control. The result showed a malaria prevalence rate of 32% with no sex predilection. Malaria had a statistically significant effect on visual acuity (t=21.22, p<0.05). The result also revealed that the effect of malaria on the patient‘s visual acuity was dependent on the age (r=0.373, p<0.05) and the sex of the subject (t=3.41, p<0.05). Also the level of parasitaemia had a significant effect on the patient‘s V.A (rs=0.485, p<0.05). There was also a statistically significant effect of malaria on the palpebral aperture (t=3.15, p<0.05). The study demonstrated clearly that poor visual acuity is a symptom of malaria disease and deteriorates with increase in parasitaemia and increase in age of the subject and also that the males are more affected than the females
THE EFFICACY OF Azadirachta indica (NEEM PLANT) LEAF POWDER AGAINST MAIZE WEEVIL, Sitophilus zeamais MOTSCHULSKY
Authors: OGEDEGBE A.B. O. , EVBUOMWAN E.
Published: March 2023

The experiment was set up to assess the insecticidal properties of Azadirachta indica (neem plant) leaf powder on Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD), using four replications each for two treatments and also four replications for the control (untreated), from December, 2012 to March, 2013 at the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. These were incubated for 46 days; the F1 progeny and weevil mortality were taken daily. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from 290C to 310C and 70% to 83% respectively. Mortality was highest (3.25) in 10g concentration and lowest (0.25) in the untreated (control). Progeny emergence was highest (187.50) in the untreated (control) and lowest (20.75) in the 10g concentration. The mean progeny emergence in the untreated maize grains was significantly different (P<0.05) from emergence in the treated grains. Analysis of variance showed that Azadirachta indica powders caused significant mortality to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. There was however, no significant difference between the concentrations, but there was significant difference (P<0.05) between the concentrations and the control. The study suggests that leaf powder of Azadirachta indica can be used as a good alternative to pesticides against Sitophilus zeamais.
MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CISPLATIN-INDUCED TESTICULAR DAMAGE IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: ATAMAN J. E. , BAXTER-GRILLO D.
Published: March 2023

Twenty-one Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 mg were categorized into three treatment groups- the control, saline and the cisplatin groups, each comprising of seven rats per group, to assess the effects of cisplatin-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. The control group received feed mash and water ad libitum, the saline group received equal volumes of physiological saline intraperitoneally with normal feeds and water, while the cisplastin group received 8 mg/kg body weight of cisplastin only for five days and had normal feeds and water for twelve weeks before sacrifice. The effects of these treatments on total sperm count, sperm motility, percentage live:dead sperm and on testicular and epididymal morphology of the Wistar rats were assessed. The results revealed total sperm count in the cisplatin group as significantly different from control (p<0.001), and the motile sperm count in the cisplatin group was also significantly different from control (p<0.001). Also, there was a greater percentage of dead sperm and more morphologically abnormal forms in the cisplatin group, compared to control. The testicular and epididymal sections of the saline treatment showed normal progression of the spermatogenic germ cell series and normal testicular interstitium. The sections of the testes from the cisplatin group had seminiferous tubules with atrophic changes, detached basement membrane from the seminiferous epithelium, inflammed interstitium with oedema, paucity of Leydig cells, vascular congestion and haemorrhage. The epididymis showed lumen with empty or scanty spermatozoa, necrosis and haemorrhage. These findings affirms the reality of severe gonadotoxicity associated with use of cisplatin as chemotherapeutic agent, especially in the male.
EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS (P. BEAUV) ON CISPLATIN-INDUCED CHANGES ON TESTICULAR AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF WISTAR RATS
Authors: ATAMAN J. E. , OSINUBI A. A. A.
Published: March 2023

Thirty-five Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 mg were categorized into five treatment groups- the control, saline, cisplatin, pre-cisplatin and the post-cisplatin groups, each comprising of seven rats per group, to assess the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis on cisplatin-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. The control group received feed mash and water ad libitum, the saline group received equal volumes of physiological saline intraperitoneally with normal feeds and water. The pre-cisplatin group was treated with 100mg/kg body weight of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis for twelve weeks before being treated with 8mg/kg of cisplatin intraperitoneally for five days. Sacrifice was done after another twelve weeks. Cisplatin group received 8 mg/kg body weight of cisplastin for five days without any extract treatment, but had normal feeds and water for twelve weeks before sacrifice. The post-cisplatin group had 8mg/kg body weight of cisplatin for five days before being treated with 100mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis for twelve weeks before sacrifice. The extract group received only the 100mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis for twelve weeks without any other treatment before sacrifice. The effects of these treatments on body weight, testicular and epididymal weight, testicular volume, total and motile sperm count, sperm motility, percentage live:dead sperm, hormonal and haematological parameters as well effects on testicular and epididymal cytoarchitecture of the Wistar rats were assessed.There were significant (p<0.05) changes in body weight, testicular and epididymal weight, testicular volume, sperm, hormonal and haematological parameters in the treatments, compared to control. The pre-cisplatin treatment group showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in the induced changes caused by cisplatin, compared to the post-cisplatin group. The findings of this investigation confirms the protective effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis on cisplatin-induced gonadotoxicity in male Wistar rats.
WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF OSSE RIVER, EDO STATE, NIGERIA, USING SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS.
Authors: EKHATOR O. , ALIKA F.
Published: March 2023

This paper reports a sixteen month investigation of the pattern of variation of the physico-chemical parameters of Osse River from January 2003 to April 2004.Water samples for physical and chemical analysis were collected into a 250ml container and analyzed at the chemistry division in Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR). The methods described by America Public Health Association were used for physical and chemical analysis. Seasonal fluctuations were recorded among the limnological variables. The driving forces for these fluctuations were the rainy and dry seasons.Apart from pH which was not significantly different (P>0.05), all other parameters studied where significantly different among the stations investigated (P<0.05)
PREVALENCE OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AMONG THE ELDERLY IN A POPULATION BASED STUDY
Authors: GEORGE G. O. , ATUANYA G. N.
Published: March 2023

Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is emerging a leading cause of legal blindness in the elderly, overtaking glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. A recent study carried out in the Optometry Clinic of the University of Benin over a period of twenty four months, using a population sample of nine hundred and forty eight (948) geriatric patients, showed that the prevalence of AMD among the elderly in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State is 10.55%. This is statistically significant (p<0.05), presenting AMD as an emerging public health concern. The Macular Disease Society defined Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as ?a primary disease of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with secondary degenerative effect upon the overlying retina and underlying choroidal vessels.? It is a progressive disorder of the macula which leads to the gradual loss of central vision needed for reading, writing, driving, watching television, recognizing faces and doing other fine tasks. AMD is of two types, atrophic and exudative and it can be detected during eye examination. Presently, the only known cure for atrophic AMD apart from taking dietary supplements is prescribing low vision aids. For exudative AMD, the recent treatment regimens approved by National Eye Institute (NEI) in America apart from Photocoagulation and Photodynamic therapy are drugs known as Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF). Since the loss of central vision adversely affects one‘s life, early detection and adequate management of AMD in the elderly are the keys to preserving and improving the vision of elderly patients.
CURATIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PALISOTA HIRSUTA ON NEPHROTOXICITY INDUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: IMAFIDON K. E. , OKUNROBO I. O. , OLADUGBA O. O.
Published: March 2023

This work was done to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Palisota hirsuta on nephrotoxicity induced by carbontetrachloride (CCl4). Biochemical analyses were carried out to determine the levels of creatinine, urea, total protein, chloride, carbonate using assay kits (products of Randox Laboratories Crumlin and Teco Diagnostics), sodium, potassium (method of Tietz,) and malondialdelyde (MDA) level (thiobarbituric acid assay) and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Consequently, twenty-five albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each, the animals were fed rats mash and water ad libitum. Group 1 (positive control) rats were administered only 0.5 ml/kg body weight of groundnut oil while groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with 0.5 ml/kg CCl4 and groundnut oil (1:1).The plant extracts were not administered to groups 1 and 2; while groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of extract respectively. Results showed increased levels of creatinine, urea, chloride, carbonate and malondialdelyde levels and reduced levels of total protein and SOD activity in the group induced with CCl4, but not given the drug extract (negative control). These effects were ameliorated at different dose levels of administration of the drug extract. This work therefore demonstrates the protective effect of P.hirsuta against nephrotoxicity induced by CCL4
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND FECUNDITY OF PARACHANNA OBSCURA (OPHIOCEPHALIFORMES: CHANNIDAE) IN OVIA RIVER, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Authors: OBOH I. P. , OMOIGBERALE M. O.
Published: March 2023

The African snakehead, Parachanna obscura (Gunther, 1861) is an important food fish in Nigeria and other West African countries. To provide useful biological data for management, samples were collected monthly between January, 2011 and December, 2011 from Ovia River Nigeria. The Length-weight relationship (LWR), sex composition and fecundity of the fish species were investigated. The fish total lengths ranged from 12.8 to 45.7cm, while the weights ranged from 12.0 to 838.1g. The LWR had a significant correlation and the growth exponent (b) for the species indicates isometric growth. The sex ratio was 1:1.15 (male: female) and was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the expected 1:1 distribution. Absolute fecundity ranged from 346 to 4586 eggs with a mean of 2073±179 eggs. Mean absolute fecundity increased with increasing fish length, fish body weight and ovary weight. The regressions of fecundity on total length, body weight and ovary weight of P. obscura were: Log F = 0.370 + 2.45 logTL (r=0.267; P>0.05), Log F = 1.790 + 0.607 logBW (r = 0.230; P>0.05) and Log F = 1.960 + 1.602 logOW (r = 0.536; P<0.001) respectively. Fecundity-ovary weight gave a better relationship in comparison with fecundity-total length and fecundity-body weight relationships.
STUDIES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SOME TELEOSTS OF THE RIVER JAMIESON, SAPELE, NIGERIA
Authors: OBOH I. P. , EDEMA C. U.
Published: March 2023

Study of the structure of the reproductive organ of some teleost fishes in River Jamieson, Sapele, was undertaken between July and September 2009. Length and weight measurements of fishes and gonads were determined. It was observed that testes were of two structural forms, threadlike and smooth in the Cichlidae, but branched lobules in catfishes (Bagridae and Mochokidae). Ovaries were sac-like and contained telolecital eggs. The gonads depicted breeding activities. Female catfishes Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (57.14%) Synodontis eupterus (75%) and (66.6%) were more abundant than males, while male Chromidotilapia guentheri (62.25%) exceeded females (37.50%).
LENGTH WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, CONDITION FACTOR AND ALLOMETRIC GROWTH PATTERN OF Machrobranchium vollenhovenii CAUGHT IN WARRI RIVER, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OLELE N. F. , IBEYON M. K. , ADAKA G. S.
Published: March 2023

Management parameters such as length-weight relationship, allometric growth patterns and condition factor are often required for the assessment of prawn stocks. Such assessment was conducive, also for the estimation of standing crop biomass in prawns when length-frequency data was accessible. Four hundred samples comprising 153 male and 247 female specimens of Machrobranchium vollenhovenii, caught in Warri River, were analyzed. Male specimens caught in this study were of smaller size range (43.0 to 179.0 mm) than the female specimens which had a higher size range (53.0 to 499.0 mm). Body weight range for female specimens 5.50 to 61.60 g was lower than those for males 6.80 to 86.70 g. A value of 1: 1.6 male to female sex ratio was established. Correlation co-efficience revealed a significant relationship (p<0.001) between total length and body weight for male specimens, where 'r' value was 0.644, whereas the female value which was not significant was 'r' =0.477). The condition factor (kn) was higher for male (0.64) than for female (0.48) specimens. A negative allometric growth pattern was observed in the specimens with a higher ?b’ value of 2.977 for males than females 2.609. Both values were less than 3, indicating that the specimens increased faster in length than their increase in weight. This study has enriched the data on this species, by providing information on parameters used for their effective management. Such information will have important implication towards their conservation, scientific culture and management procedures
PHOTOSTRESS RECOVERY TIME IN A DEFINED NIGERIAN POPULATION
Authors: OMOKHUA P. , GEORGE G.
Published: March 2023

In a randomized visual screening exercise carried out in Oredo Local Government area of Edo State, weinvestigated the Photo Stress Recovery Time (PSRT) of two hundred volunteers with age ranging from 11 to 70 (mean age of 33.30 ± 12.74years). Each subject was adapted to the ambient room lighting for 5minutes thereafter a flashlight was shone into the eye for 10 seconds; PRST was assessed immediately after the 10 seconds. Results indicated that the mean PSRT distribution in the sample population ranged from10.34 ± 4.21seconds to 46.98 ± 15.83seconds for all the age groups, with males having a slightly higher PSRT than females in all the age groups except the presbyopic age group. There was a positive relationship between age and PSRT which was highly significant (r = 0.96) with a linear regression equation of PSRT = 0.785 + 0.60(age). The maximum percentage mean differencein PSRT was 27.46± 1.83%. In conclusion therefore, this study has been able to establish age related PSRT scores in a definedhealthy Nigerian population thatmay serve as a quick reference for comparing normal physiological PSRT values and PSRT values arising from impending retinal/macular lesions.
CONCENTRATIONS OF GLYPHOSATE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENT AND FISH IN OSSIOMO RIVER, NIGERIA
Authors: TONGO I. , EWERE E. , JONATHAN T. , EZEMONYE L.
Published: March 2023

Glyphosate concentrations were determined in water, sediment and fish (Brycinus macrolepidotus) samples from designated areas with intense agricultural activities along Ossiomo River, Nigeria. Three sampling stations were selected to reflect areas of possible sources of pollution. The pesticide analysis was carried out using Gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detector. Levels of glyphosate in water ranged from 0.004 – 0.006 mg/l, sediment, 0.008 – 0.015 mg/kg and fish, 0.010 – 0.034 mg/kg dw. The pesticide concentrations in fish were significantly (p<0.05) higher than water and sediment.The sediment log BSAFs (0.1– 0.4) were lower than the water log BCFs (0.4–0.8), an indication of the high affinity of glyphosate to sediments and lipid tissues. However, the observed glyphosate concentrations in the matrices were lower than the maximum contaminant level (MCL).Estimated health risk assessment indicated that glyphosate concentrations in the fish (Brycinus macrolepidotus) from Ossiomo River do not pose cancer risk to humans on consumption.
SUSCEPTIBILITY STUDIES OF SOME FOOD BORNE PATHOGENS TO GROWTH INHIBITORY COMPONENTS OF MANGIFERA INDICA (BARK), KHAYA SENEGALENSIS (ROOT/STEM BARK) AND SECURIDACA LONGIPEDUNCULATA (ROOT-BARK)
Authors: AGHIMIEN M. O. , OBIASHI V. , OMONIGHO S. E. , OMOROTIONWMAN B. B.
Published: March 2023

Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents. In this study, the susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli 0157.H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp. and Aspergillus flavus to the bioactive compounds in extracts of Khaya senegalensis, Mangifera indica and Securidaca longipedunculata were assayed using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts were also determined using standard methods. Zones of growth inhibition of the test organisms to methanol and aqueous extracts of test plants was used to ascertain susceptibility and it ranged from 8 – 30 mm (met) and 0 – 22 mm (aq) for K. senegalensis, 10 – 28 mm (met) and 0 – 23 mm (aq) for M. indica as well as 0 – 20 mm (met) and 3 – 20 mm (aq) for S. longipedunculata. S. aureus was the most susceptible to all three plant extracts with highest zone of inhibition of 30 mm in methanol extract of K. senegalensis and 23 mm to aqueous extract of M. indica. E. coli 0157 was most susceptible to K. senegalensis with 23 mm (met) and 22 mm (aq) but showed total resistance to aqueous extracts of S. longipedunculata. The fungus, A. flavus exhibited highest susceptibility to extracts of K. senegalensis with 23 mm (met) and 18 mm (aq) but was least sensitive to S. longipedunculata. P. aeruginosa was the least susceptible to extracts of all test plants. MIC of test plants ranged from 25 mg/ml – 100 mg/ml with K. senegalensis most effective at low concentration. All test organisms were more susceptible to plant extracts assayed than the conventional antibiotics normally used to treat infections caused by them. This suggests a great potential of these plants as new sources of more effective antimicrobial agents.
COMPARITIVE STUDY ON THE BACTERIAL QUALITIES IN TEARS BETWEEN HIV SEROPOSITIVE AND HIV SERONEGATIVE PERSONS IN BENIN CITY
Authors: ATUANYA G. N. , AJAYI O. B. , OSAIYUWU A. B.
Published: March 2023

HIV(Human immunodeficiency virus) is the etiological agent that produces the immunosuppression resulting in AIDS. The bacterial microbes from tears of HIV seropositive individuals were isolated and compared with those of HIV seropositive individuals. Tear samples were collected from 50 newly diagnosed subjects and from another 50 who were screened to be seronegative, all within the age range of 16-55 years (mean age 29 ± 0.78). Bacteriological analysis included isolation, characterization and enumeration of bacterial isolates found in tears. Microbial count was determined using the Miles and Misra serial dilution technique. Results were presented in tables and graphs and revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas auruginosa in all age groups irrespective of HIV status. Statistical analysis using the unpaired t-test revealed a statistical difference between the bacterial count in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative subjects. P < 0.05.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM AZIDE TREATMENTS ON PLANT SURVIVAL AND PERFORMANCE OF SOY BEAN (GLYCINE MAX) IN THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF A HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SOIL
Authors: IKHAJIAGBE B. , ANOLIEFO G. O. , MSHELBULLA P. B. , OMOREGBEE O.
Published: March 2023

The present study investigated the effects of sodium azide (NaN3) treatments on plant survival and performance of soy bean in the phytoremediation of a hydrocarbon polluted soil. Soil was previously polluted separately with waste petrol-engine oil (WPEO) and waste diesel-engine oil (WDEO) respectively at 0, 1, 2.5, and 5% w/w oil in soil for two months prior to cultivation of soybean in polluted and control soils. Seeds were pre-treated with 0.016% w/v NaN3 solution `for 1 hour before sowing in polluted and control soils. Results showed that performance of soybean was adversely affected by oil pollution; the effects being more in the WDEO-polluted soil than in the WPEO-polluted soil. Number of pods per plant reduced comparatively with increase in level of oil pollution. There were 40 pods per treated plants in 1% WPEO, 30 pods in 2% WPEO, 23 pods in 5% WPEO, 25 pods in 1% WDEO, 19 pods in 5% WDEO and 11 pods in 5% WDEO, compared to 59 pods in the control plants. The removal of treated soybean plants necessitated significant removal of heavy metal fractions of the polluted soil. The present study also showed that removal of soybean plants resulted in significant reductions in pollution indices (hazard quotient and contamination factors) used in the study. Although oil pollution of soil negatively impacted on plant survival and yield performances of soybean plants, plant survival and phytoremediative capability were however enhanced by pre-treatment with NaN3.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL QUALITIES OF WATER SOURCED FROM DIFFERENT TREATMENT TANKS AT A MUNICIPAL DAM LOCATED IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: IMARHIAGBE E. E. , OBAYAGBONA O. N.
Published: March 2023

The culturable microbial profile of water and biofilms associated with the internal walled surface of different treatment tanks at the Benin City water dam facility were investigated using techniques such as serial dilution and pour plate methods. The physiochemical attributes of the stored water were determined using methods which included the use of appropriate meters and titrimetery.The pathogenicity of the biofilm bacterial isolates was determined using the rabbit ileal loop assay. The mean heterotrophic bacterial, fungal and coliform counts ranged from 0.2 × 102cfu/ml to 9.3 × 105cfu/ml, 3.7 ×105 cfu/ml to 6.7 ×105cfu/ml and 18 MPN/100 ml to 180 MPN/100 ml respectively. Several microbial isolates which included Bacillus sp.,Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella mobilis, Micrococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp, Aeromonas sp, Klebsiella sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicilliumsp., Fusariumoxysporum, Neurospora sp., Mucorsp. and Rhizopus stolonifer were present in both the water and swabbed tank walls. There was fluid accumulation in ileal loops inoculated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis whilst fluid accumulation was absent in ileal loops seeded with P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae and B. subtilis respectively.The pH and turbidity readings ranged from 6.6 to 7.2 and 2 NTU to 10 NTU. The authorities managing the water dam facility should improve on their current treatment and disinfection methods
MICROBIAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL BIOREACTOR FROM COCA COLA AND GUINNESS BREWERIES IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE
Authors: OKOLAFOR F. I. , EKHAISE F. O.
Published: March 2023

The microbiological and physicochemical qualities of the bioreactors used in Guinness Brewery and Coca Cola Company in Benin City were investigated using the standard microbiological methods. Three sampling points in the bioreactor that is, point of entrance of effluent to the bioreactor, midpoint of the bioreactor and point of exit of treated effluent were used for the study. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 1.40 ± 0.21 to 1.80 ± 0.76 –x107cfu/ml of for sampling point A, 1.17 ± 0.09 to 1.80 ± 0.90 for sampling point B and 1.27 ± 0.47 to 3.43 ± 0.21 for sampling point C. The mean result obtained for the total fungal counts ranged from 2.00 ± 0.46 to 2.00 ± 0.69 –x 107cfu/ml for sampling point A, 1.63 ± 0.43 to 2.27 ± 0.48 for sampling point B and 1.33 ± 0.13 2.17 ± 0.29 for sampling point C. The Microbial isolates isolated include Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Corynebacteria spp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Enterobacterae rogenese, Bacillus substilis, while the fungal isolates are Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergilius flavous, Aspergilius niger, Mucor and Chlonophoral. The result of the physicochemical parameters showed pH values ranged from 6.24 – 7.09, COD 135 – 385, BOD 30.4 – 108, TDS 506 – 824, TSS 87 – 108. SO4, PO4 had values ranging between 22 and 25 and 99.8 and 104 respectively. Some of the physicochemical parameters had values falling within the permissible limits while others were shown to be above the permissible limits.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF BALLAST WATER ON Clarias gariepinus JUVENILES
Authors: OLORUNFEMI D. I. , OKIEIMEN E. A. , OTANIYEN O.
Published: March 2023

The indiscriminate discharge of ballast water into the aquatic environment could bioaccumulate in the food chain and pose serious problems for animal and human health. Biological monitoring involving the use of aquatic organisms provides good indication of environmental pollution by toxic materials in wastewaters. In this study, Clarias gariepinus juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of ballast water under laboratory conditions to determine the 96 h LC50 value. The acute toxicity of exposed juveniles was found to be 28.1 ml/L with lower and upper confidence limits of 3.59 ml/L and 20.80 ml/L respectively. Juveniles showed abnormal behaviours including restlessness, erratic swimming, loss of balance, respiratory distress and death. The degrees of the abnormalities were directly proportional to the ballast water concentration.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) IN STORAGE
Authors: OMOGBAI B. A. , ONOKWAI O. E.
Published: March 2023

The chemical composition and microbial burden of freshwater prawn was determined at different storage temperatures (00C, 4±10C, and 28±20C) for 5 days using standard microbiological techniques. Microbial isolates found in freshwater prawn samples include: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Aspergillus flavus. The proximate analysis of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre and ash content were 29.18%, 59.64%, 2.10%, 5.11% and 3.47% respectively for fresh samples. After 5 days of storage at 28±20C, the carbohydrate content increased to 60.21% and the Protein content decreased to 29.97%. The pH at 00C increased from 7.50 to 8.56 and from 7.75 to 8.72 at 4±10C over the 10-day storage period. Microbial burden of freshwater prawn sample stored at 28±20C had the highest increase, from 3.8 log10CFU/g on fresh sample to 8.1Log10CFU/g after 2 days. The organism Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence (100%) while Salmonella spp. had the least occurrence (33.3%). The public health implications of these organisms are discussed
SINGLE CELL PROTEIN PRODUCTION FROM PLANTAIN AND BANANA PEELS
Authors: OMOGBAI B. A. , NNANA M. E.
Published: March 2023

The fermentative ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to grow and produce biomass protein from pretreated plantain and banana peels as substrate was studied. Plantain peels had a moisture content of 6.95±0.05%, ash (22.33±0.01%), protein (7.10±0.10%), fat (6.18±0.04%), crude fibre (13.99±0.20%) and carbohydrate (43.45±0.10%). The banana peels had corresponding values of 6.70±0.00%, 8.45±0.02%, 4.90±0.05%, 1.65±0.01%, 11.70±0.10% and 66.60±0.70% in that order. During fermentation the pH decreased from 4.1 to 2.3 and 2.5 in the plantain and banana peel media, while the titratable acidity increased from 0.7 to 4.1 and 3.5 in the plantain and banana peel media respectively. There was a higher yield of biomass with the plantain peels which gave a maximum cell density of 2.973 (OD) on the 7th day compared to the banana peels which reached the peak on the 7th day with a maximum cell density of 2.492.The yeast population increased during the fermentation period from 6.69Log10cfu/ml to 7.58Log10cfu/ml in the plantain and 6.69Log10cfu/ml to 7.53Log10cfu/ml in banana peel media respectively. The dry mass of S. cerevisiae harvested from plantain and banana peel medium per 100 ml were 2.71±0.01g and 4.28±0.06g with protein contents of 13.95±0.71% and 11.70±0.50% with plantain peel media having the higher yield
BIOACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MUSHROOM Rigidoporus lignosus (Klot) IMAZEKI
Authors: OMOGBAI B. A. , IDEHEN A.
Published: March 2023

The antagonistic effect of hot and cold water extracts of Rigidoporus lignosus was investigated in-vitro against some pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The extracts showed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the hot and cold water extracts against Staphylococcus aureus were 16g/150ml and 20g/150ml respectively. For Candida albicans, the MIC of the hot and cold water extracts were 16g/150ml and 14g/150ml respectively.The MIC of E. coli was 20g/150ml for both cold and hot water extracts.The extracts did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cold water extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 20g/150ml. The hot water extract showed an MBC greater than 20g/150ml for this organism. The MBC of E coli for both hot and cold water extract was >20g/150ml.With cold water extract, the MBC for C. albicans was 16g/150ml but >20g/150ml using hot water extract.The lowest zone of inhibition against C. albicans was 6.00± 00mm at 6hours using 20g/150ml of either hot or cold water. This organism had the widest zone of inhibition of 12.67± 0.33mm at 24 hours using hot water. The next was E coli with a zone diameter of 12.36±0.09mm at 72hours using hot water extract. This was not significantly different (P=0.05) from that of S.aureus (12.33±0.33mm) at 24 hours using 16g/150ml. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed it to contain flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids which are probably responsible for its biological activity. Both hot and cold water extracts of the mushroom Rigidoporus lignosus will be helpful in managing bacterial and fungal infections or employed as food preservative.
HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN FOODS AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS IN MAN
Authors: EDOSOMWAN E. U. , AINERUA M. O. , ADEBAYO P. O.
Published: March 2023

The increasing demand for food safety has accelerated research regarding the risk associated with food consumption contaminated by heavy metals. Various studies have been carried out to access the level of heavy metals in food. These studies are necessary because heavy metal accumulation occurs in the body tissues gradually reaching a level causing various irritations and ailments in the short and long term because they have been found to be cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals and man. Various researches conducted in the field of toxicology revealed that most food sampled had heavy metals present with some exceeding the standards set by various regulatory bodies. Because of their effects on man, various treatment processes have been put forward which includes using plants to remove these heavy metals from the body and the use of drugs (chelation therapy). It is however recommended that manufacturing processes and soil which serve as medium of contamination should be monitored as well as the food itself. This work is aimed at reviewing heavy metal contamination in foods and their health effects in man
HISTO-AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF PLEUROTUS TUBERREGIUM AGAINST LEAD INDUCED HEART, SPLEEN AND LOWER GUT DAMAGE IN ALBINO RAT
Authors: ENAGBONMA B. J. , EKAYE S. , TAWARI-FUFEYIN P. , OSEMWEGIE O.
Published: March 2023

This study evaluates ameliorative effect of Pleurotus tuberregium on the effects of lead (Pb) using different concentrations of Pleurotus tuberregium /growers mash feed mixture in 90 Albino rats divided into six groups with three replicates (with 5 rats per group) for 21days pre-experimental stage for proper acclimatization. There after all the experimental groups were exposed to 0.1 g/l of lead daily for 21days. At the end of exposure period, lead salt was discontinued for 21and 42days post-experimental stage. Tissues of heart, spleen and lower gut were then collected and subsequently analyzed for the structural changes at every 21days interval. The tissues of the pre-experimental stages showed normal tissues as those of the control except in the lower gut which showed ileal mucosa with chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and muscularis propria. However, the experimental groups, showed observable damages to the tissues of heart (with transmural oedoma and myocardial degeneration, interstitial haemorrhage and coronary vascular hypertrophy), spleen(with focal activated follicles and sinus hyperplasia.) and lower gut (have ileal mucosa with focal atrophy and normal muscularis propria) which improved in the post experimental stages after 21 and 42 days with increased Pleurotus tuberregium content in the feed. The results of this study demonstrated that P .tuberregium may ameliorate lead toxicity in heart, spleen and lower gut tissues
TREATMENT WITH FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL HERBICIDE INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.
Authors: ODJEGBA V. J. , ADEBISI A. A.
Published: March 2023

Fluazifop-p-butyl is an aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicide used for broad-spectrum weed control in Phaseolus vulgaris and other legume crops. In this study, field experiment was conducted to evaluate some physiological responses of Phaseolus vulgaris to herbicide treatment. Parameters measured includes: whole plant biomass, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, relative water content of the leaves, carbohydrate content of the leaves, and antioxidant enzymes activities. The results showed that fluazifop-P-butyl significantly decreased the plant biomass, relative water content of the leaves, total chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents of the treated plant compared with the control. In contrast, there was a significance increase in malondialdehyde level as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results of this work showed that herbicides caused physiological disorders in non-target plants by inducing oxidative stress that may lead to poor growth and yield.
CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON NIGERIAN VERNONIA ADOENSIS LOWE & SOLADOYE
Authors: OMOIGUI I. D. , AROMOSE O. S. A.
Published: March 2023

Nigeria, the study area lies between latitude 40 and 140 north of the equator and between longitudes 30 and 150 east of the Greenwich meridian with two major landforms- lowlands and highlands. The vegetation is made up of forests in the southern part and savanna in the northern part. The major soil types are ferruginous tropical soils, lithosols, vertisols, regosols, ferrasols and alluvial soils. Cytological and morphological studies were carried out on Nigerian Vernonia adoensis Lowe & Soladoye. Chromosome counts of n=10 was obtained for Vernonia stenostegia while V. tenoreana and V. kotschyana had n=9 which differed from earlier report. Pollen fertility test revealed that the 3 different species had normal regular bivalent pairing during meiosis, suggesting that they were diploids and hybridization was not responsible for their differences. Anonocytic stomata withagenous ontogeny was observed in all the 3 species, the epidermal walls of the 3 species differed from each other, the presence of contiguous stomata in V. tenoreana and the presence of eglandular multicellular trichomes in V. stenostegia and V. tenoreana is reported for the first time. the achenes of the 3 species differed from each other. Ecological, morphological and cytological observations have been discussed. They have proved that the habit and habitat preference is not responsible for their differences and thus V. adoensis was actually 3 species lumped together.
POST AESTIVATION DYNAMICS OF THE MALE AND HERMAPHRODITIC REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF GIANT AFRICAN LAND SNAILS (ARCHACHATINAMARGINATA): HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: OMOYAKHI J. M. , OKHALE O. E.
Published: March 2023

The male reproductive organs and hermaphrodite ducts of the Giant African Land Snail (Archachatinamarginata) were examined histologically and histochemically at 0, 3 and 6 weeks post aestivation. The transverse section of the tissue of little hermaphrodite duct aestivated for 6 weeks (control) resulted in clear, wide and highly branched lumen lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelium. The post aestivation section at the 3rd week did not differ substantially. At the 6th week post aestivation, the muscular wall took a wavy and more branching appearance. The common hermaphrodite duct revealed a conspicuous intercellular spaces and sparse composition of the cellular components. The lumens were inflated with thick peripheral walls. The post aestivation sections tended toward recovery with much cellular prominence with discernible boundaries. The vas deferens generallyappeared organized with respect to segmentations and arrangement in the control. Adherence of cell mass and granules were typical features of the 6th week aestivated tissue. At arousal, these features diminished with farther dispersed cells and loosed connective tissues. Thepenis displayed multiplied and larger cell mass with clear lumen and increasing peripheral thickness. It can therefore be concluded that tissues of the male and hermaphroditic organs retained their firm conformation for six weeks dormancy period, Ca and lipid droplet regressed considerably. At arousal no substantial rejuvenation was attained 3rd week post aestivation but at the 6th week, adjustment toward reproductive preparation was observed with considerable calcium built up.
MARKET SURVEY OF ANIMALS COMMONLY USED AS BUSH MEAT IN OLUWO MARKET, EPE IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA: HOW LONG WILL THERE BE SUSTAINABILITY OF EXPLOITED WILDLIFE SPECIES?
Authors: ONADEKO A. B. , SALIU J. K. , OKPARA O. I.
Published: March 2023

The trade of bush meat in Oluwo Market, Epe at Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State was investigated. Eleven animal species from three different classes (Amphibia, Reptilia and Mammalia) of vertebrates were found to be commonly used as bush meat. Xenopus muelleri (frog) was the most abundant animal species traded in the market followed by Crocidiora sp (shrew) and Cephalophus maxwelli (antelope) each having a weekly sale of about 30 individuals. Bitis sp (viper), Pelusioscasteneus (turtle) and Varanus niloticus (monitor lizard) were the least abundant traded animals with a weekly sale of eight, ten and ten respectively. Pertaining to ethnozoological uses, different parts of animal species were used to cure diseases, appease witches, prevent accidents, protect against evil and seek marital partner. Other traders (34%) were the highest customers of bush meat followed by the consumers (22%) and the hotel and restaurant owners (22%). Students and researchers (8%) were the lowest group of customers patronizing the bushmeat trade. Analysis of Variance showed that there was no significant difference between nutritional contents of the various bush meat species at (df= 3; P< 0.005). Appreciating the importance of bush meat both economically and ethnozoologically, it is not only imperative to emphasize and educate all stakeholders in this trade the importance of its conservation and sustainable use, but to also offer efforts that would provide alternative source of protein. Given the present trend of exploitation, many wildlife species may undergo local extinction if urgent measures are not taken
STABILITY STUDIES OF SOME ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS ACTIVITIES AGAINST SELECTED PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI SPORES
Authors: OTEGWU T. C. , ADESHINA G. O. , EHINMIDU J. O.
Published: March 2023

Fungi infections have been implicated as one source of yam tuber spoilage. The effects of temperature, pH and storage duration on antifungal activities of selected combined antifungal agents were investigated using the agar-well diffusion and agar dilution method against Aspergillus niger spores. The test combine antifungal agents are: Fluconazole/Sodium propionate (5000/5000?g/ml), Terbinafine Hcl/ Sodium propionate (500/5000?g/ml), ketoconazole / Sodium propionate (2000/5000?g/ml), Fluconazole / Griseofulvin (5000/5000?g/ml), ketoconazole / Griseofulvin (2000/5000?g/ml) and Terbinafine Hcl/ Griseofulvin (500/5000?g/ml). The combined antifungal agents activities at 25 - 70 ºC varies while at neutral & alkaline pH the antifungal activities of the chemical agents remained relatively unaffected. There was no significant changes in the antifungal activities of the test combined agents against Aspergillus niger spores at p>0.05 throughout the period of the six months of investigation. The significant of these finding with relation to stability of the chemical for preserving yam tubers is discussed in this work.
IN VITRO ANTIBIOGRAM OF SELECTED BACTERIA ISOLATES TREATED WITH AQUEOUS Hibiscus sabdariffa LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: AZIEGBEMHIN S. A. , APPAH J. O. , UGBOAJA M. J.
Published: March 2023

This research was undertaken to investigate the in vitro antibacterial properties of aqueous Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extract against some selected reference bacterial strains. The initial disc diameter was 5mm. Zones of inhibition produced by aqueous Hisbiscus sabdariffa leaf extract ranged from 1mm at 500mg/ml to 13mm at 1000mg/ml. No zone of inhibition  was however produced at 62.5 to 250mg/ml against L. MonocytogenesATCC7644, S. typhimuriumATCC14028, S. flexneri ATCC120233 and Proteus vulgaris ATCC10315respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of H. Sabdariffa was observed to be 500mg/ml against L. Monocytogenes Scott A, S. typhimuriumATCC14028, S. flexneri ATCC120233 and Proteus vulgaris ATCC10315while it was 750mg/ml against L. monocytogenes ATCC7644, E. coli ATCC29214, S. aureus ATCC29213, and B. cereus ATCC145719.The research shows that the aqueous H. sabdariffa leaf extract has potential invitro antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial isolates and supports claims of its medicinal value
GROWTH RESPONSE, YIELD AND MINERAL NUTRIENT RELATIONS OF Capsicum frutescens L. EXPOSED TO SIMULATED ACID RAIN
Authors: EGUAGIE M. O. , BAMIDELE J. F.
Published: March 2023

Studies on the effect of simulated acid raid rain (pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and control pH 5.6) on the growth, yield and mineral nutrient relations of Capsicum frutescens (chilli pepper) was carried out. Simulated acid rain (SAR) prepared by adding sulphuric acid and nitric acid in the ratio 3:1 to distilled water to get the desired pH, was sprayed to the plants. The experimental result indicated that under the stress of simulated acid rain, growth parameters which include plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of the test plant and stem girth decreased with decreasing pH values. Leaf area and fruit production were also affected. Nutrient analysis of the leaves shows a decline in macro nutrients such as Na, P, K and Ca with increasing acidity levels. Simulated acid rain induced morphological changes including chlorosis, necrotic lesions which were noticed on leaf surfaces.
PRELIMINARY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND EVALUATION OF THE CYTOTOXICITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF MUCANA PRURIENS LINN. (FABACEAE)
Authors: IGBINADUWA O. P. , OKEKE O. U.
Published: March 2023

The increasing interest on ethno medicine for the discovery of therapeutic agents has caused the increased scientific quest to investigate the phytochemical, biochemical and possible ethno medicinal importance of Mucana pruriens (devil beans). This work evaluated the cytotoxicity of the leaves of Mucana pruriens. The Bench-top assay method was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, and the chloroform and petroleum ether fractions of the leaves of M. pruriens leaf administered to tadpoles of Ranicepsranninus at concentrations of 20, 100, 200, 400 and 600 ?g/ml respectively. After 24 hours, the crude ethanol extract gave the highest activity by producing mortality of 5.56 ± 0.33% at concentration of 200 ?g/ml which increased to 100% at concentrations of 400 and 600 ?g/ml. The chloroform fraction produced mean death of 5.56 ± 0.33% at concentration of 200 ?g/ml, 44.44 ± 0.33% at concentrations of 400 ?g/ml and 83.33± 0.88% at 600 ?g/ml. The petroleum ether fraction did not exert any mortality on the tadpoles. The crude ethanol extract had the highest mortality against the tadpoles and the cytotoxic activity is dose dependent. This study shows that the ethanol extract of Mucana pruriens posses cytotoxic activity and could be useful against tumour cells and might be a useful lead in the development of drugs for the management of tumor related diseases.