bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of chemoprevention of breast cancer using tamoxifen in a postmenopausal US population
Authors: Noah‐Vanhoucke Joyce , Green Linda E. , Dinh Tuan A. , Alperin Peter , Smith Robert A.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Previous cost‐effectiveness analyses of tamoxifen therapy account for breast cancer risk reduction during active treatment but not for its persistent protective effect after active treatment.

METHODS:

A detailed, continuous time, mathematical model of breast cancer and healthcare processes was used to simulate a postmenopausal population aged <55 years in a virtual trial comparing tamoxifen treatment with no treatment for lifetime follow‐up. Unlike previous work, the current model of tamoxifen therapy is based on a meta‐analysis of 4 randomized, placebo‐controlled chemoprevention trials with breast cancer risk reduction continuing for 10 years after treatment termination. Cancer incidence and survival data were derived from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results statistics. Noncancer disease incidences, quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) utility weights, and costs were derived from the literature.

RESULTS:

Tamoxifen treatment (vs no treatment) saved 29 QALYs in a population of 1000 postmenopausal women aged <55 years with an additional cost of $333,000 over the population's lifetime (average cost‐effectiveness ratio, $11,530 per QALY). Tamoxifen therapy, compared with no treatment, was cost saving when higher risk populations were targeted (5‐year risk ≥1.66%). The cost‐effectiveness results were sensitive to parameters that characterized menopausal symptoms and adverse side effects of tamoxifen.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that tamoxifen chemoprophylaxis for postmenopausal women aged <55 years is a cost‐effective health policy that reduces breast cancer incidence and improves life expectancy. Focusing on a postmenopausal population aged <55 years minimized the threat of adverse events associated with tamoxifen. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid Decomposition by Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes. Tetraruthenium Dodecacarbonyl Tetrahydride as an Active Intermediate
Authors: Czaun Miklos , Goeppert Alain , May Robert , Haiges Ralf , Prakash G. K. Surya , Olah George A.
Published: March 2011

The present Minireview covers the formation and the structural characterization of noble metal carbonyl and hydrido carbonyl complexes, with particular emphasis on ruthenium complexes using formic acid as a carbonyl and hydride source. The catalytic activity of these organometallic compounds for the decarboxylation of formic acid, a potential hydrogen storage material, is also reviewed. In addition, the first preparation of [Ru4(CO)12H4] from RuCl3 and formic acid as well as the catalytic activity of [Ru4(CO)12H4] for the decomposition of formic acid to hydrogen and carbon dioxide are presented.
Fast settling frequency synthesizer with two‐point channel control paths
Authors: Shin Sangho , Kang Sung‐Mo “Steve”
Published: March 2011

A frequency synthesizer with low‐power and very short settling time is introduced, which utilizes two‐point channel control paths. While the main‐path is the same as normal channel controls, a digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) with tunable gain is used for the compensation‐path to form a feed‐forward direct voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) control path. When the two paths are ideally matched, the two‐point control can show zero settling time regardless of the amount of frequency change. However, the settling time performance can be significantly degraded if there exists any mismatch between the two paths. In order to remove the mismatch, a simple compensation method combining a linearized VCO with a resistor‐loaded tunable DAC is presented. We show that the overall mismatch can be effectively tuned out by controlling the DAC load resistor, since the mismatch caused by process–voltage–temperature variations is dominated by the resistor variation. We have achieved near‐zero settling time for 75thinspaceMHz frequency jumping from 2.4 GHz even with the use of narrow phase‐locked loop (PLL) bandwidth of 20 kHz. When the phase noise at 1 MHz offset from 2.4 GHz is − 116.6dBc/ Hz, the total PLL power consumption using 0.18 µm CMOS technology is only 4.2 mW. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heads‐up: New roles for the fragile X mental retardation protein in neural stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Callan Matthew A. , Zarnescu Daniela C.
Published: March 2011

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited mental retardation and is caused by the loss of function for Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), a selective RNA‐binding protein with a demonstrated role in the localized translation of target mRNAs at synapses. Several recent studies provide compelling evidence for a new role of FMRP in the development of the nervous system, during neurogenesis. Using a multi‐faceted approach and a variety of model systems ranging from cultured neurospheres and progenitor cells to in vivoDrosophilaand mouse models these reports indicate that FMRP is required for neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, as well as regulation of gene expression. Here we compare and contrast these recent reports and discuss the implications of FMRP's new role in embryonic and adult neurogenesis, including the development of novel therapeutic approaches to FXS and related neurological disorders such as autism. genesis 49:424–440,2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation Mechanism of Head‐to‐Head Amidato‐Bridged Acetonylplatinum(III) Binuclear Complexes – Kinetic Evidence for π‐Coordination of the Enol Form of a Ketone in a Ligand Substitution Reaction
Authors: Fukushima Hiroyuki , Mori Hiroki , Arime Moritatsu , Iwatsuki Satoshi , Ishihara Koji , Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: March 2011

Reactions of head‐to‐head (HH) α‐pyridonato‐ and pivalamidato‐bridged platinum(III) binuclear complexes withacetone were investigated kinetically. The reactions with acetone proceeded slowly to form acetonyl PtIII binuclear complexes in two steps. A mechanism, which involves π‐coordination of the enol form of acetone in the first step, followed by the π–σ bond conversion in the second step, is proposed. π‐Coordination of the enol was strongly supported by kinetic analyses of a ligand substitution reaction involving the pivalamidato‐bridged PtIII binuclear complex with (4‐hydroxyphenyl)pyruvic acid. Only the enol form was reactive towards the PtIII dimer complex.
Sulfuric Acid‐Catalyzed Regioselective Alkylation of Indoles and β‐Naphthols with Ketene Dithioacetal‐Based Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Wang Mang , Sun Shaoguang , Liang Deqiang , Liu Bangyu , Dong Ying , Liu Qun
Published: March 2011

A novel catalytic alkylation of indoles with allylic alcohols has been developed. Catalyzed by sulfuric acid (10 mol‐%), the reaction between indoles 2 and allylic alcohols 1 based on ketene dithioacetal affords polyfunctionalized indoles 3 in good to excellent yields with high regioselectivities under mild conditions. The catalytic carbon–carbon coupling reaction provides a facile method for the environmentally benign functionalization of indoles with the advantages of good regiochemistry, atom efficiency, easily available catalyst, good yields and the synthetic potential of the polyfunctionalized indole products. Thus, further transformation of the resulting indoles 3 into pyridoindolone derivatives 4 was investigated. The efficiency of this carbon–carbon coupling reaction of 1 with 2 under the catalysis of sulfuric acid is due to the efficient formation of the reactive intermediate I, which is a carbocation that is strongly stabilized by two alkylthio groups at the terminal of the carbon–carbon double bond. The extension of this catalytic strategy to the synthesis of β‐naphthols 5 was also achieved.
A New and Efficient Synthesis of Derivatives of Octahydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]pyrido[1′,2′‐a]imidazole
Authors: Rouchaud Anne , Braekman Jean‐Claude
Published: March 2011

When diethyl malonate was added to a solution of Δ1‐piperideine, generated in situ by oxidative desamination and decarboxylation of L‐lysine by N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS), formation of the unexpected tricyclic compound 6 (4‐diethylmalonyl‐octahydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]pyrido[1′,2′‐a]imidazole)was observed. The structure of 6 was deduced from analysis of its spectroscopic data and was confirmed both by chemical degradation and by total synthesis. We proved that 3‐bromo‐1‐piperideine was implicated in its formation. Moreover, based on this feature, a new and efficient synthesis of 6 was developed. The elaborated pathway was adapted to access derivatives related to 6 that differed in their C‐4 substituent.
Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acids Catalyzed by CuCl in Air at Room Temperature
Authors: Cheng Guanjun , Luo Meiming
Published: March 2011

Homocoupling of arylboronic acids has been successfully carried out by using the inexpensive simple copper salt CuCl as the catalyst in methanol to obtain symmetric biaryls in good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeds with a CuCl loading of 2 mol‐% under extremely mild conditions: in air, at room temperature, without the need of any additives such as base, oxidant, or ligand.
Socially motivated projection: Need to belong increases perceived opinion consensus on important issues
Authors: Morrison Kimberly Rios , Matthes Jörg
Published: March 2011

In three studies, we tested whether the need to belong would motivate people to perceive consensus for their opinions on important social issues. In Study 1, a nationally representative telephone survey, participants with a high dispositional need to belong perceived greater consensus for their opinions on immigrant naturalization than did those with a low need to belong. However, this relationship was strongest among participants who reported that the issue was personally important to them. In Study 2, participants primed with rejection‐related (versus acceptance‐related) words, and who reported high levels of issue importance, demonstrated greater false consensus for their opinions on a proposed alcohol tax increase. In Study 3, participants who received random feedback that they held a common (versus uncommon) opinion had a lower subsequent need to belong when the issue was important to them, suggesting that consensus perceptions can in fact mitigate belongingness needs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extremely large displacement dynamic analysis of elastic–plastic plane frames
Authors: Wang Ren‐Zuo , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan , Lin Bo‐Zhou
Published: March 2011

This paper presents a numerical analysis of large displacement responses of elastic–plastic plane frames under static and dynamic loads, by applying the vector‐form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE or V‐5) method. The VFIFE method defines the structure into a number of mass points, and applies Newton's second law and the internal force equilibrium to describe the motions of each mass point. By tracing the motions of all the mass points, it can analyze the large geometrical and material nonlinear changes during the motion of the structure without using the geometrical stiffness matrix and iterative procedures. Three different numerical examples are presented to demonstrate both the capability and the accuracy of the VFIFE method in a nonlinear dynamic analysis of frame structures with extremely large displacement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explicit Weight Stereotypes Are Curvilinear: Biased Judgments of Thin and Overweight Targets
Authors: Malloy Thomas E. , Lewis Beth , Kinney Lorin , Murphy Peter
Published: March 2011

Bias against overweight people is documented; however, little attention has been directed to bias against thin people. Theoretically, light and heavy bodies can invoke an affective mechanism leading to bias and avoidance of those different physically from the average. Participants (N = 62) rated six same or opposite sex targets varying randomly in weight. Ratings of traits and liking were curvilinear as a function of weight and showed bias against light and heavy targets. For heavy targets, negative affect predicted discriminatory behavioural intentions; stereotypes did not. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The Turkish Version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity in Adolescents
Authors: Yucel Basak , Polat Aslihan , Ikiz Tevfika , Dusgor Bengi Pirim , Elif Yavuz Ayse , Sertel Berk Ozlem
Published: March 2011

The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) is the self‐report questionnaire version of the Eating Disorder Examination Interview. The aim of the current study was to validate a Turkish version of the EDE‐Q in a sample of Turkish primary and high school students (626 girls and 299 boys) in Istanbul. Subjects also completed the Eating Attitudes Test, the General Health Questionnaire and the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, and they were weighed. Girls had higher scores on all EDE‐Q subtests. EDE‐Q scores increased as body mass ındex increased. EDE‐Q total score and subscales were highly correlated with the Eating Attitudes Test and the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, supporting its validity. A small test–retest reliability study provided satisfactory results. The present study suggests that the Turkish version of EDE‐Q is an acceptable, reliable and valid measure in nonclinical adolescent samples. More psychometric studies are needed concerning wider age ranges and various clinical samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Flow modelling in gravel‐bed rivers: rethinking the bottom boundary condition
Authors: Rameshwaran Ponnambalam , Naden Pamela S , Lawless Mark
Published: March 2011

A key problem in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of gravel‐bed rivers is the representation of multi‐scale roughness, which spans the range from grain size, through bedforms, to channel topography. These different elements of roughness do not clearly map onto a model mesh and use of simple grain‐scale roughness parameters may create numerical problems. This paper presents CFD simulations for three cases: a plane bed of fine gravel, a plane bed of fine gravel including large, widely‐spaced pebble clusters, and a plane gravel bed with smaller, more frequent, protruding elements. The plane bed of fine gravel is modelled using the conventional wall function approach. The plane bed of fine gravel including large, widely‐spaced pebble clusters is modelled using the wall function coupled with an explicit high‐resolution topographic representation of the pebble clusters. In these cases, the three‐dimensional Reynolds‐averaged continuity and Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the standard k − ε turbulence model, and model performance is assessed by comparing predicted results with experimental data. For gravel‐bed rivers in the field, it is generally impractical to map the bed topography in sufficient detail to enable the use of an explicit high‐resolution topography. Accordingly, an alternative model based on double‐averaging is developed. Here, the flow calculations are performed by solving the three‐dimensional double‐averaged continuity and Navier‐Stokes equations with the spatially‐averaged 〈k − ε〉 turbulence model. For the plane bed of fine gravel including large, widely‐spaced pebble clusters, the model performance is assessed by comparing the spatially‐averaged velocity with the experimental data. The case of a plane gravel bed with smaller, more frequent, protruding elements is represented by a series of idealized hypothetical cases. Here, the spatially‐averaged velocity and eddy viscosity are used to investigate the applicability of the model, compared with using the explicit high‐resolution topography. The results show the ability of the model to capture the spatially‐averaged flow field and, thus, illustrate its potential for representing flow processes in natural gravel‐bed rivers. Finally, practical data requirements for implementing such a model for a field example are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
As time goes by: Hippocampal connectivity changes with remoteness of autobiographical memory retrieval
Authors: Söderlund Hedvig , Moscovitch Morris , Kumar Namita , Mandic Marina , Levine Brian
Published: March 2011

The hippocampus is crucial for episodic autobiographical memory retrieval. Functional neuroimaging evidence suggests that it is similarly engaged in recent and remote retrieval when memories are matched on vividness and personal importance. Far fewer studies have investigated the nature of hippocampal‐neocortical coactivation in relation to memory remoteness. The purpose of this study was to examine hippocampal activity and functional connectivity as a function of memory age. Unlike most studies of autobiographical memory, we included autobiographical memories formed in the days and weeks before scanning, in addition to truly remote memories on the order of months and years. Like previous studies, we found that the hippocampus was active bilaterally regardless of memory age, with anterior activity increasing up to 1 yr and then decreasing, and with posterior activity being less sensitive to memory age. More importantly, hippocampal functional connectivity varied with memory age. Retrieving recent memories (≤1 yr) showed a late coactivation of the hippocampus and areas of the autobiographical memory network, whereas retrieving remote memories (10 yrs) showed an early negative coactivation of the hippocampus and left inferior frontal gyrus followed by a positive coactivation with anterior cingulate. This finding may reflect that the hippocampus is more strongly integrated with the autobiographical memory network for recent than for remote memories, and that more effort is required to recover remote memories. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyynes from Toona ciliata var. ciliata and Related Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Ning Jing , Di Ying‐Tong , Li Shi‐Fei , Geng Zhao‐Liang , He Hong‐Ping , Wang Yue‐Hu , Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Li Yan , Li Shun‐Lin , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: March 2011

A phytochemical investigation of Toona ciliata var. ciliata afforded three new polyynes, 1–3. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Only compound 3 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against the HL‐60 cell line with an IC50 value of 6.7±0.27 μM.
Splendidins A – C, Three New Clerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia splendens
Authors: Pan Zheng‐Hong , Cheng Jin‐Tang , He Juan , Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Peng Li‐Yan , Xu Gang , Sun Wei‐Bang , Zhao Qin‐Shi
Published: March 2011

Three new clerodane diterpenoids, splendidins A–C (1–3, resp.), were isolated from Salvia splendens, together with six known ones. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Splendidin C (3) was the first diterpenoid glucoside reported from this plant. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity; however, none of them were cytotoxic.
New Isoflavone C‐Glycosides from Pueraria lobata
Authors: Li Guo‐Hui , Zhang Qing‐Wen , Wang Lei , Zhang Xiao‐Qi , Ye Wei‐Cai , Wang Yi‐Tao
Published: March 2011

Three new isoflavone C‐glycosides, along with two known isoflavone O‐glycosides, were isolated from the roots of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 4′,7‐dihydroxy‐3′‐methoxyisoflavone 8‐C‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)]‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (1), 4′,7‐dihydroxy‐3′‐methoxyisoflavone 8‐C‐[β‐d‐apiofuranosyl‐(1→6)]‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (2), and 8‐C‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐4′,7‐dihydroxy‐3′‐methoxyisoflavone 4′‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (3) on the basis of spectroscopic methods, especially 2D‐NMR and MS analyses. The known compounds isolated were identified by comparison of their physical and spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature.
Caragisides A – C, New Isoflavone Glucosides from Caragana conferta with Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Nisar Khan Amna , Fatima Itrat , Malik Abdul , Rasheed Huma
Published: March 2011

Caragisides A–C (1–3, resp.), three new isoflavone glucosides, were isolated from the BuOH sub‐fraction of the EtOH extract of the whole plant of Caragana conferta, along with ononoside (4), reported for the first time from this species. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including MS and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1–3 showed significant inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Synthesis of Dialkyl 2‐(Alkylamino)‐4,9‐dihydro‐9‐oxocyclohepta[b]pyran‐3,4‐dicarboxylates
Authors: Azizian Javad , Ramazani Ali , Haji Mohammad
Published: March 2011

Dialkyl 2‐(alkylamino)‐4,9‐dihydro‐9‐oxocyclohepta[b]pyran‐3,4‐dicarboxylates are prepared in a one‐pot three‐component reaction of alkyl isocyanide, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate, and α‐tropolone (=2‐hydroxycyclohepta‐2,4,6‐trienone). The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature and under neutral conditions to afford tropolone derivatives in high yield.
Two New Flavonoids from the Rhizomes of Abacopteris penangiana
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang , Ruan Jinlan , Jin Jing , Zhu Chenchen , Yu Yang
Published: March 2011

A new flavan‐4‐ol glycoside, abacopterin K (1), and a new dihydrochalcone glycoside, abacopterin L (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Abacopteris penangiana. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses and chemical evidences. The novel glucosylation pattern of abacopterin K consisting of two ‘glucose‐fused’ dioxepine ring moieties is found for the first time within natural flavonoids.
Novel Four‐Component Approach for the Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized 1,4‐Dihydropyridines in Aqueous Media
Authors: Hadjebi Melika , Hashtroudi Mehri S. , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza , Balalaie Saeed
Published: March 2011

The four‐component reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (=dimethyl but‐2‐ynedioate; DMAD), aromatic aldehydes, and malononitrile (=propanedinitrile) leads to polyfunctionalized 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives. The reaction proceeds at room temperature and in the presence of a catalytic amount (20%) of (NH4)2HPO4 as a base in aqueous media.
Chemical Constituents from Fruits and Stem Bark of Celtis australis L.
Authors: Badoni Ruchi , Kumar Semwal Deepak , Rawat Usha , Singh Maniyari Rawat Mohan
Published: March 2011

Four triterpenoids named (9β,31R)‐9,25‐cyclo‐30‐propylhopan‐31‐ol (1), (3β)‐3‐hydroxy‐30‐propylhopan‐31‐one (2), (3β)‐oleanan‐3‐ol (3), and (3β,9β)‐9,25‐cycloolean‐12‐en‐3‐yl β‐D‐glucofuranoside (4), a steroid named (3β,9β,14β)‐14‐hydroxy‐9,19‐cyclocholan‐3‐yl β‐D‐glucopyranoside (5), and an anthraquinone named 6‐hydroxy‐5,7,8‐trimethoxy‐9,10‐dioxo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracen‐2‐yl acetate (6) have been isolated from the fruits and bark of Celtis australis (Ulmaceae), along with apigenin, quercetin, and its glucoside. Their structures were elucidated by means of chemical and spectral analysis including COSY, NOESY, and HMBC experiments.
Synthesis of a Novel Series of 2,3‐Disubstituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones as a Product of a Nucleophilic Attack at C(2) of the Corresponding 4H‐3,1‐Benzoxazin‐4‐one
Authors: El‐Hashash Mahr A. , El‐Badry Yaser A.
Published: March 2011

A new series of 2,3‐disubstituted quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives was synthesized by nucleophilic attack at C(2) of the corresponding key starting material 2‐propyl‐4H‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐4‐one (Scheme 2). The reaction proceeded via amidinium salt formation (Scheme 3) rather than via an N‐acylanthranilimide. The structure of the prepared compounds were elucidated by physical and spectral data like FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
New Eremophilenolides from Senecio dianthus
Authors: Li Yan‐Hui , Zhou Yan , Suolang Gesang , Bianba Ciren , Ding Li‐Sheng , Feng Hui
Published: March 2011

From the aerial parts of Senecio dianthus, four new eremophilenolides (1–4, resp.) and one new eremophilenolide alkaloid (5), of the relatively uncommon eremophilenoid‐type sesquiterpenoid lactones, were isolated together with three known sesquiterpenoid lactones, 10β‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (6), 8β,10β‐dihydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (7), and 10α‐hydroxy‐1‐oxoeremophila‐7(11),8(9)‐dien‐12,8‐olide (8). On the basis of IR, MS, and NMR data, particularly 2D‐NMR analyses, the structures of the new compounds were established as: 2β‐(angeloyloxy)‐10β‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (1), 6β‐(angeloyloxy)‐10β‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (2), 2β‐(angeloyloxy)‐8β,10β‐dihydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (3), 2β‐(angeloyloxy)‐8α‐hydroxyeremophila‐7(11),9(10)‐dien‐12,8β‐olide (4), and 8β‐amino‐10β‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (5). In addition, the relative configuration of 1 was corroborated by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Two Antioxidant Alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L.
Authors: Liu Dianyu , Shen Tao , Xiang Lan
Published: March 2011

Two alkaloids, oleraceins F and G, were isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., and their structures were determined as methyl (2S)‐6‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐2,3‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐1‐[(2E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl]‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxylate and methyl (2S)‐6‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐2,3‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐1‐[(2E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl]‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxylate, based on their spectroscopic data. Oleraceins F and G exhibited scavenging activity against 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, with EC50 values of 21.00 and 37.69 μM, respectively.
Synthesis of Flavin–Calix[4]arene Conjugate Derivatives
Authors: Sayin Serkan , Uysal Akkuş Gülderen , Cibulka Radek , Stibor Ivan , Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: March 2011

The synthesis of two new flavin substituted calix[4]arene derivatives, 9 and 10, is described. The first flavin substituted calix[4]arene derivative 9 was synthesized by the reaction of 3‐methylalloxazine (5) with 25,27‐bis(3‐bromopropoxy)‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐5,11,17,23‐tetra(tert‐butyl)calix[4]arene (4) in high yield (92%). The other derivative 10 was prepared from 3‐methylalloxazine‐1‐acetic acid (7) and 25,27‐bis(3‐cyanopropoxy)calix[4]arene (3). All new compounds were characterized by a combination of FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and elemental‐analysis techniques.
Reactions of Verbenol Epoxide with Aromatic Aldehydes Containing Hydroxy or Methoxy Groups in the Presence of Montmorillonite Clay
Authors: Il'ina Irina V. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Mikhalchenko Oksana S. , Korchagina Dina V. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: March 2011

The reactions of (−)‐cis‐verbenol epoxide with a number of aromatic aldehydes containing OH and/or MeO groups in the presence of montmorillonite K10 clay have been studied. Several new O‐containing heterocyclic compounds with different frameworks, including compounds with a previously unknown octahydro‐2H‐4,6‐(epoxymethano)chromene framework, have been synthesized. Introduction of one donor substituent in the benzaldehyde molecule led to a decrease in the total yield of intermolecular by formed products, while the introduction of two and more substituents led to an increase in the yield of these products.
Dimorphamides A – C, New Polyphenolic Amides from Atriplex dimorphostagia
Authors: Karim Aman , Fatima Itrat , Hussain Saghir , Malik Abdul
Published: March 2011

Dimorphamides A–C (1–3, resp.), three new polyphenolic amides, have been isolated from the BuOH‐soluble fraction of the whole plant of Atriplex dimorphostagia, along with two known compounds, thymidine and N‐[(E)‐feruloyl]tyramine. Their structures have been determined on the basis of spectral studies.
Terpenoids from the Chinese Liverwort Chiloscyphus polyanthus
Authors: Xie Chun‐Feng , Sun Bin , Guo Dong‐Xiao , Gao Jian , Qu Jian‐Bo , Lou Hong‐Xiang
Published: March 2011

A new diterpene, (7α,11β,14β,16R)‐7,11,14‐trihydroxy‐ent‐kaur‐15‐one (1), and a new sesquiterpene, polyanthuslide (2), were isolated from the Chinese liverwort Chiloscyphus polyanthus. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, and the configuration of 2 was established by X‐ray crystallographic analysis.
Two New Abietane Diterpenoids from the Stems of Clerodendrum kaichianum P. S. Hsu
Authors: Xu Mingfeng , Shen Lianqing , Wang Kuiwu , Du Qizhen
Published: March 2011

Two new abietane diterpenoids, named 17‐hydroxyteuvincenone G (1) and 17‐hydroxyteuvincen‐5(6)‐enone G (2), together with four known diterpenoids, were isolated from the stems of Clerodendrum kaichianum P. S. Hsu. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS analyses, and by comparison with literature data. The new compounds showed significant cytotoxicities against the HL‐60 and A‐549 tumor cell lines.
Nucleotides. Part LXXIX
Authors: Hermann Christoph , Kvassiouk Evgeny , Pfleiderer Wolfgang
Published: March 2011

Two series of new ribonucleoside 3′‐phosphoramidites (see 36–42) carrying the photolabile [2‐(2‐nitrophenyl)propoxy]carbonyl group at the 5′‐O‐position were synthesized and characterized as monomeric building blocks for photolithographic syntheses of RNA chips. Base protection was achieved in the well‐known manner by the 2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) and the [2‐(4‐nitrophenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl (npeoc) group. The carbohydrate moiety carried in addition the 2′‐O‐(tetrahydro‐4‐methoxy‐2H‐pyran‐4‐yl) group for blocking the 2′‐OH function.
Recharge sources and hydrogeological effects of irrigation and an influent river identified by stable isotopes in the Motril‐Salobreña aquifer (Southern Spain)
Authors: Duque C. , López‐Chicano M. , Calvache M. L. , Martín‐Rosales W. , Gómez‐Fontalva J. M. , Crespo F.
Published: March 2011

Measurement of the stable isotopes oxygen‐18 and deuterium in water is an important tool to characterize aquifer recharge sources. In the driest areas of the Mediterranean, this application is of special interest due to the scarcity of water and the resulting common incidence of human influence on natural hydrological systems. The Motril‐Salobreña detrital aquifer (southern Spain) is a clear example of such an impact as inhabitants have designed irrigation systems and a dam was recently built across the course of the Guadalfeo River, which feeds the aquifer. The sampling of (river or ground) water has allowed the determination of stable isotope contents (oxygen‐18 and deuterium), both temporally and spatially, and the relative importance of the main recharge sources in certain sectors. In addition, we were able to infer seasonal trends and to improve existing knowledge of the main flow paths and the position of a seasonal groundwater divide. Data analysis shows evaporation plays a minor role (despite the high temperatures in the zone), scarce rainwater influence, and the overwhelming contribution of recharge from the Guadalfeo River and from the carbonate aquifer (Escalate aquifer) in contact with the Motril‐Salobreña aquifer. Irrigation return flow during the summer months comprises the main recharge due to the significant volumes of water that infiltrate. The construction of the dam will almost certainly entail great changes in the current dynamics of the hydrogeology of the Motril‐Salobreña aquifer; therefore, knowledge of its behaviour is crucial in order to carry out sustainable use of its groundwater resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exome resequencing combined with linkage analysis identifies novel PTH1R variants in primary failure of tooth eruption in Japanese
Authors: Yamaguchi Tetsutaro , Hosomichi Kazuyoshi , Narita Akira , Shirota Tatsuo , Tomoyasu Yoko , Maki Koutaro , Inoue Ituro
Published: March 2011

Massively parallel sequencing of target regions, exomes, and complete genomes has begun to increase the opportunities for identifying genetic variants underlying rare and common diseases dramatically. Here we applied exome resequencing to primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) to identify the genetic causality of the disease. Two Japanese families having PFE were recruited and examined by genome-wide linkage study and subsequently exome analyses. Linkage analyses of these two families comprising eight affected individuals and two unaffected individuals revealed linkage signals at 10 loci with a maximum LOD score of 1.5. Four affected individuals in one family were pooled and further processed for exome analysis, followed by massive parallel sequencing. After three-step filtering including annotation and functional expectation, three variants were found to be candidates for PFE. Among the three variants, only a novel variant of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor gene (PTH1R), R383Q, was cosegregated in the first PFE family. Accordingly, we screened the gene for variants at all coding exons and the respective intron-exon boundaries in the second family and two sporadic individuals with PFE. We also identified a novel missense variant, P119L, cosegregating in the second family and missense variants P132L and R147C in the sporadic cases. These variants all were in the highly conserved region across zebrafish to chimpanzee and not observed in 192 unrelated controls, supporting the pathogenicity of the variants. The combination of linkage and exome analyses employed in this study provides a powerful strategy for identifying genes responsible for Mendelian disorders. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Pharmacotherapy of compulsive hoarding
Authors: Saxena Sanjaya
Published: March 2011

Compulsive hoarding is a common and potentially disabling disorder. This article reviews studies of the effects of hoarding on response to serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medications in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as recent studies of pharmacotherapy specifically for patients with the compulsive hoarding syndrome. Taken together, the results of these studies indicate that the “conventional wisdom” that compulsive hoarding does not respond well to SRI treatment is wrong. SRIs appear to be as effective for compulsive hoarders as for nonhoarding OCD patients. A case is presented of a compulsive hoarding patient who responded well to pharmacotherapy with a novel agent. Symptom improvement from pharmacotherapy of compulsive hoarding appears to be at least as great as that resulting from cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT). However, the combination of pharmacotherapy and CBT for compulsive hoarding is likely more effective than either treatment alone. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 67:1–8, 2011.
The peacock's train (Pavo cristatus and Pavo cristatus mut. alba) II. The molecular parameters of feather keratin plasticity
Authors: Weiss Ingrid M. , Schmitt Karl P. , Kirchner Helmut O.K.
Published: March 2011

Thermal activation analysis of plastic deformation of peacock tail feathers, by temperature changes and stress relaxation, gave for the keratin cortex an activation enthalpy of 1.78±0.89 eV and an activation volume of 0.83±0.13 nm3, for both the blue and the white subspecies. These values suggest that breaking of electrostatic bonds is responsible for plasticity in feather keratin. These might be bonds between keratin and nonkeratinous matrix or keratin–keratin cross‐links. The mechanical properties of the rachis cortex are surprisingly uniform along the length of the feathers. J. Exp. Zool. 315:266–273 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gynandromorphs as indicators of modularity and evolvability in ants
Authors: Yang Andrew S. , Abouheif Ehab
Published: March 2011

Gynandromorphs, individuals that display a mosaic of male and female tissues or cell populations, have been extensively documented in solitary and social insects for over 100 years. Yet the evolutionary significance of gynandromorphs has remained obscure. Here we describe our discovery of a gynandromorph in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole whose pattern of bilateral head mosaicism occurs repeatedly across a wide range of ant species. Based on our findings, we propose that gynandromorphs and other mosaic forms may provide new insights into the modularity and evolvability of morphological traits. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:313–318, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered electrocortical brain activity after ACL reconstruction during force control
Authors: Baumeister Jochen , Reinecke Kirsten , Schubert Michael , Weiß Michael
Published: March 2011

Afferent proprioceptive information from the knee joint may be altered due to a reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which could result in changes of cortical activity. The aim of the study is to look if force sensation and cortical activation measured by EEG are influenced by an ACL‐reconstruction when performing a force reproduction task. Nine patients after ACL reconstruction and nine healthy controls were asked to reproduce 50% of their maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) reproduction. EEG power values related to frequency bands and the error in reproduction were collected while performing the force reproduction. The aberration error demonstrated no significant differences between groups. The cortical activity results in significant higher frontal Theta power during the force reproduction task with the reconstructed limb (F3 and Fz: p < 0.05) of the ACL group compared to the controls. The EEG was able to measure changes in electrocortical activity after ACL‐reconstruction in force reproduction, whereas performance data was not affected. The results were discussed in terms of differences in attentional control with involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex related to higher frontal Theta power in the ACL patients. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1383–1389, 2011
WGM microresonators: sensing, lasing and fundamental optics with microspheres
Authors: Ward J. , Benson O.
Published: March 2011

Glass microsphere resonators that support optical resonances known as whispering‐gallery modes are unique tools for studying and exploiting optical effects under extremely well controlled conditions. In this paper, a review focusing mostly on glass microsphere resonators is presented. First, a brief historical background is given in which we see how the state‐of‐the‐art has grown from novel optical resonators to the ultrahigh Q cavities used in cutting‐edge experiments. After the basic properties of microsphere resonators are outlined we will discuss some of the recent experiments involving microsphere resonators, although some discussion involving polymeric microspheres is also included. The use of doped and undoped microspheres in optical signal processing, optical sensing and quantum optics is highlighted. Finally, there is a brief review of recent optomechanical experiments that use microspheres.
Single quantum dot nanolaser
Authors: Strauf S. , Jahnke F.
Published: March 2011

Recent theoretical and experimental progress on nanolasers is reviewed with a focus on the emission properties of devices operating with a few or even an individual semiconductor quantum dot as a gain medium. Concepts underlying the design and operation of these devices, microscopic models describing light‐matter interaction and semiconductor effects, as well as recent experimental results and lasing signatures are discussed. In particular, a critical review of the “self‐tuned gain” mechanism which gives rise to quantum‐dot mode coupling in the off‐resonant case is provided. Furthermore recent advances in the modeling of single quantum dot lasers beyond the artificial atom model are presented with a focus on the exploration of similarities and differences between the atomic and semiconductor systems.
Detailed characterisation of isomers present in polyalphaolefin dimer and the effect of isomeric distribution on bulk properties
Authors: Scheuermann Sebastian S. , Eibl Sebastian , Bartl Peter
Published: March 2011

This study has been conducted with the aim to gain detailed insight into the chemical nature of polyalphaolefin dimer (PAO dimer, C20H42). By using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, a large number of isomers the complex mixture consists of has been identified; the variety of structural motifs ranges from a homologous series of almost linear vicinal dimethyloctadecanes to highly branched isomers such as 6,7‐dibutyldodecane. However, the mixture is characterised by the presence of isomers, which exhibit an intermediate degree of branching. Furthermore, a generally applicable protocol has been established to determine the relative content of these isomers. This protocol has then been applied to analyse samples from different PAO dimer batches, and a correlation between isomeric distribution and bulk properties, namely the viscosity–temperature behaviour, has been found. It turns out that the viscosity of PAO dimer depends less on temperature if the amount of weakly branched and almost linear isomers increases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodynamic suppression of Enterococcus faecalis using the photosensitizer mTHPC
Authors: Kranz Stefan , Guellmar Andre , Völpel Andrea , Gitter Burkhard , Albrecht Volker , Sigusch Bernd W.
Published: March 2011

Background and Objectives

Enterococcus faecalis is frequently found in persistent endodontic infections. In this context, the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) could become a modern alternative to existing antibacterial treatment approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aPDT on E. faecalis using the photosensitizer (PS) 5,10,15,20‐tetra(m‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) enriched in liposomes.

Materials and Methods

Enterococcus faecalis was cultivated in Schaedler submerged culture for 24 hours, then isolated and adjusted in PBS to 108 cells/ml. The bacterial suspension was pipetted into a black microtitration plate and incubated for 15 minutes in the dark with mTHPC in various concentrations (10, 30, and 50 µM). The photosensitized suspensions were subjected to laser light (652 nm) at a light fluence of 100 J cm−2 (test group A). In addition, the suspension sensitized with 50 µM mTHPC was irradiated with 25, 50, and 75 J cm−2 (test group B). The following controls were used: non‐irradiated bacterial suspension in the absence of mTHPC (C); irradiated bacterial suspension in the absence of mTHPC (D); non‐irradiated bacterial suspension incubated with mTHPC (E). Dilution series (100–10−6) were made of all groups and applied on Schaedler agar. After anerobic cultivation (4 days), the colony‐forming units (CFU/ml) were determined.

Results

Enterococcus faecalis was suppressed completely after incubation with 50 µM mTHPC and illumination with 100 J cm−2. Photodynamic treatment with 10 and 30 µM mTHPC caused reduction in CFU by 5.8 and 6.7 log‐units. The application of an energy fluence <100 J cm−2 resulted in a decline of antibacterial efficiency. Irradiation of the non‐photosensitized solution showed no suppressing impact. Incubation of the PS without additional irradiation caused a maximal reduction in CFU by 1.5 log‐units.

Conclusion

The results show that aPDT using the PS mTHPC incorporated in liposomes could be a new approach to adjuvant treatment of endodontic infections with E. faecalis. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:241–248, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HSQC–ADEQUATE correlation: a new paradigm for establishing a molecular skeleton
Authors: Martin Gary E. , Hilton Bruce D. , Blinov Kirill A.
Published: March 2011

Various experimental methods have been developed to unequivocally identify vicinal neighbor carbon atoms. Variants of the HMBC experiment intended for this purpose have included 2J3J‐HMBC and H2BC. The 1,1‐ADEQUATE experiment, in contrast, was developed to accomplish the same goal but relies on the 1JCC coupling between a proton–carbon resonant pair and the adjacent neighbor carbon. Hence, 1,1‐ADEQUATE can identify non‐protonated adjacent neighbor carbons, whereas the 2J3J‐HMBC and H2BC experiments require both neighbor carbons to be protonated to operate. Since 1,1‐ADEQUATE data are normally interpreted with close reference to an HSQC spectrum of the molecule in question, we were interested in exploring the unsymmetrical indirect covariance processing of multiplicity‐edited GHSQC and 1,1‐ADEQUATE spectra to afford an HSQC–ADEQUATE correlation spectrum that facilitates the extraction of carbon‐carbon connectivity information. The HSQC–ADEQUATE spectrum of strychnine is shown and the means by which the carbon skeleton can be conveniently traced is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurophysiological study in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
Authors: Pilo Belen , Blas Gema de , Sobrido Maria Jesus , Navarro Carmen , Grandas Francisco , Barrero Francisco J. , Moya Miguel Angel , Jimenez‐Escrig Adriano
Published: March 2011

Introduction:

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal‐recessive disease due to mutations of the 27α‐hydroxylase. It is characterized by cataracts, xanthomas, and neurological manifestations. Polyneuropathy has been reported, although it is unclear whether it is axonal or demyelinating. Methods: We report clinical and neurophysiological results of 13 patients with CTX diagnosed in Spain. Results: In 8 patients (62%), peripheral neuropathy was demonstrated (4 demyelinating, 3 axonal, and 1 mixed; 3 predominantly motor and 5 sensorimotor). All patients had clinical signs/symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Upper limb somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were affected in 38% of patients, and lower limb SSEPs in 67%. Fifty percent of patients had delayed brainstem auditory evoked potentials, and 43% had affected visual evoked potentials. Discussion: In this series, polyneuropathy was predominantly sensorimotor and demyelinating. Neurophysiological studies correlated only partially with clinical follow‐up. Therefore, we recommend neurophysiological follow‐up studies only if clinical symptoms are present. Muscle Nerve 43: 531–536, 2011
Protection of human muscle acetylcholinesterase from soman by pyridostigmine bromide
Authors: Maselli Ricardo A. , Henderson John D. , Ng Jarae , Follette David , Graves Gregory , Wilson Barry W.
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Pretreatment with pyridostigmine bromide (PB) of human intercostal muscle fibers exposed to the irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor soman was investigated. Methods: Muscles were pretreated with 3 × 10−6 M PB or saline for 20 minutes, then exposed to 10−7 M soman for 10 minutes. Results: AChE of muscles treated with soman alone was inhibited >95%. In contrast, PB pretreatment of soman‐exposed bundles protected 20% of AChE activity. AChE of bundles exposed to PB alone recovered after 4 hours, but bundles exposed to both PB and soman did not. Soman‐induced reduction of resting membrane potentials and increment of amplitudes and decay times of miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) were partially corrected by PB pretreatment. Conclusions: In vitro pretreatment of human muscles with PB protected up to 20% of muscle AChE and ameliorated some deleterious effects on endplate physiology induced by soman. Muscle Nerve 43: 591–595, 2011
Outcome of plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis: Delayed therapy is not favorable
Authors: Mandawat Aditya , Mandawat Anant , Kaminski Henry J. , Shaker Zaid A. , Alawi Aws A. , Alshekhlee Amer
Published: March 2011

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the in‐hospital mortality and complication rates after early and delayed initiation of plasma exchange (PLEX) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: Our cohort was identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for the years 2000 through 2005. Early treatment was defined as therapy with PLEX administered within the first 2 days from hospital admission. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed. Results: One thousand fifty‐three patients were treated and included in the analysis. A delay in receiving PLEX was associated with higher mortality (6.56% vs. 1.15%, P < 0.001) and increased complications (29.51% vs. 15.29%, P < 0.001). Adjusted analysis showed increased mortality [odds ratio (OR) 2.812; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.119–7.069] and complications (OR 1.672; 95% CI 1.118–2.501) with delayed PLEX therapy. Conclusions: Delaying PLEX therapy for MG by more than 2 days after admission may lead to higher mortality and complication rates, and thus prompt therapy is warranted. Muscle Nerve 43: 578–584, 2011