bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How context affects transdisciplinary research: insights from Asia, Africa and Latin America
Authors: Schneider Flurina , Llanque-Zonta Aymara , Andriamihaja Onintsoa Ravaka , Andriatsitohaina R. Ntsiva N. , Tun Aung Myin , Boniface Kiteme , Jacobi Johanna , Celio Enrico , Diebold Clara Léonie , Patrick Laby , Latthachack Phokham , Llopis Jorge Claudio , Lundsgaard-Hansen Lara , Messerli Peter , Mukhovi Stellah , Tun Nwe Nwe , Rabemananjara Zo Hasina , Ramamonjisoa Bruno Salomon , Thongmanivong Sithong , Vongvisouk Thoumthone , Thongphanh Daovorn , Myint Win , Zaehringer Julie Gwendolin
Published: August 2022

Transdisciplinary research (TDR) has been developed to generate knowledge that effectively fosters the capabilities of various societal actors to realize sustainability transformations. The development of TDR theories, principles, and methods has been largely governed by researchers from the global North and has reflected their contextual conditions. To enable more context-sensitive TDR framing, we sought to identify which contextual characteristics affect the design and implementation of TDR in six case studies in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, and what this means for TDR as a scientific approach. To this end, we distinguished four TDR process elements and identified several associated context dimensions that appeared to influence them. Our analysis showed that contextual characteristics prevalent in many Southern research sites—such as highly volatile socio-political situations and relatively weak support infrastructure—can make TDR a challenging endeavour. However, we also observed a high degree of variation in the contextual characteristics of our sites in the global South, including regarding group deliberation, research freedom, and dominant perceptions of the appropriate relationship between science, society, and policy. We argue that TDR in these contexts requires pragmatic adaptations as well as more fundamental reflection on underlying epistemological concepts around what it means to conduct “good science”, as certain contextual characteristics may influence core epistemological values of TDR.
VEGF-A promotes the motility of human melanoma cells through the VEGFR1–PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Koizumi Koichi , Shintani Tomoaki , Hayashido Yasutaka , Hamada Atsuko , Higaki Mirai , Yoshioka Yukio , Sakamoto Akihiko , Yanamoto Souichi , Okamoto Tetsuji
Published: August 2022

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptors (VEGFR1 and R2) play important roles in the progression of malignant melanoma through tumor angiogenesis. However, it is not clear whether the VEGF-A/VEGFR1 signaling pathway is involved in the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells. Thus, the effect of VEGF-A on cell migration was investigated in human melanoma cell lines. Of several splicing variants of VEGF-A, VEGF165 is the most abundant and responsible for VEGF-A biological potency. VEGF165 facilitated the migration of melanoma cells in both a chemotactic and chemokinetic manner, but cell proliferation was not affected by VEGF165. VEGF165 also induced the phosphorylation of Akt. In addition, VEGF165-induced cell migration was inhibited significantly by VEGFR1/2 or a VEGFR1-neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, the downregulation of VEGFR1 via the transfection of VEGFR1-targeting antisense oligonucleotides suppressed VEGF165-induced cell migration. Moreover, wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) in the PI3K/Akt pathway, suppressed VEGF165-induced Akt phosphorylation and VEGF165-induced cell migration. These findings suggest that the motility of melanoma cells is regulated by signals mediated through the PI3K/Akt kinase pathway with the activation of VEGFR1 tyrosine kinase by VEGF165. Thus, the downregulation of signaling via VEGF-A/VEGFR1 might be an effective therapeutic approach that could prevent the progression of malignant melanoma.
A Comparative Analysis of the Definitions of Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria , Blanchard Alexander
Published: August 2022

In this report we focus on the definition of autonomous weapons systems (AWS). We provide a comparative analysis of existing official definitions of AWS as provided by States and international organisations, like ICRC and NATO. The analysis highlights that the definitions draw focus on different aspects of AWS and hence lead to different approaches to address the ethical and legal problems of these weapons systems. This approach is detrimental both in terms of fostering an understanding of AWS and in facilitating agreement around conditions of deployment and regulations of their use and, indeed, whether AWS are to be used at all. We draw from the comparative analysis to identify essential aspects of AWS and then offer a definition that provides a value-neutral ground to address the relevant ethical and legal problems. In particular, we identify four key aspects—autonomy; adapting capabilities of AWS; human control; and purpose of use—as the essential factors to define AWS and which are key when considering the related ethical and legal implications.
Explicit and Implicit Emotion Processing in the Cerebellum: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Pierce Jordan E. , Thomasson Marine , Voruz Philippe , Selosse Garance , Péron Julie
Published: August 2022

The cerebellum’s role in affective processing is increasingly recognized in the literature, but remains poorly understood, despite abundant clinical evidence for affective disruptions following cerebellar damage. To improve the characterization of emotion processing and investigate how attention allocation impacts this processing, we conducted a meta-analysis on task activation foci using GingerALE software. Eighty human neuroimaging studies of emotion including 2761 participants identified through Web of Science and ProQuest databases were analyzed collectively and then divided into two categories based on the focus of attention during the task: explicit or implicit emotion processing. The results examining the explicit emotion tasks identified clusters within the posterior cerebellar hemispheres (bilateral lobule VI/Crus I/II), the vermis, and left lobule V/VI that were likely to be activated across studies, while implicit tasks activated clusters including bilateral lobules VI/Crus I/II, right Crus II/lobule VIII, anterior lobule VI, and lobules I-IV/V. A direct comparison between these categories revealed five overlapping clusters in right lobules VI/Crus I/Crus II and left lobules V/VI/Crus I of the cerebellum common to both the explicit and implicit task contrasts. There were also three clusters activated significantly more for explicit emotion tasks compared to implicit tasks (right lobule VI, left lobule VI/vermis), and one cluster activated more for implicit than explicit tasks (left lobule VI). These findings support previous studies indicating affective processing activates both the lateral hemispheric lobules and the vermis of the cerebellum. The common and distinct activation of posterior cerebellar regions by tasks with explicit and implicit attention demonstrates the supportive role of this structure in recognizing, appraising, and reacting to emotional stimuli.
Burning, dumping, and site use during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic at Hohle Fels Cave, SW Germany
Authors: Marcazzan Diana , Miller Christopher E. , Conard Nicholas J.
Published: August 2022

Dumped deposits are a valuable source of information for inferring past behaviour. They provide insights into site maintenance, social organization and settlement dynamics. Hohle Fels Cave in SW Germany offers a unique opportunity to investigate the importance of dumping and site maintenance during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of the Swabian Jura. In this paper, we analyse anthropogenic deposits at Hohle Fels employing micromorphology and fabric analysis in order to reconstruct their formation and understand the human behaviours behind their accumulation. Our study indicates that dumping residues from combustion features in the interior of Hohle Fels Cave has a long history extending back to Neanderthal occupation at the site during the Middle Palaeolithic. Despite some reworking via down-slope movement, most of the features demonstrate that the site’s inhabitants dumped burnt material, which was previously the fuel for domestic hearths, in specific locations within the cave. The intentionality of the action and the characteristics of the features provide important information for reconstructing the mode and spatial organization of occupations at the site. The combustion features from the Middle Palaeolithic allow us to reassess the hypothesis that Neanderthals’ use of the site was less intense and documented a lesser degree of spatial patterning than subsequent Upper Palaeolithic occupations. This research also provides insight for examining the regional variability of pyrotechnology and site maintenance during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic.
Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental controls on concentric talus evolution in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain)
Authors: Peña-Monné José Luis , Sampietro-Vattuone María Marta , Picazo-Millán Jesús V.
Published: August 2022

The polyphasic evolution of the testimonial buttes in the central area of the Ebro basin (Los Monegros) is analysed. This is a semiarid area that favours high erosion rates. An evolutionary model of the Jubierre hills is presented that shows the environmental cycles represented by aggradational and degradative processes on the slopes that resulted in the present arrangement of talus flatiron rings. In the four studied cases, talus relicts are composed of detritic material from a disappeared caprock pediment. Four slope stages (S4 to S1) that formed under stable climate conditions are identified. Older stages (S4 and S3) are estimated by comparison with other talus flatirons in the region. The S2 stage contains Bronze Age archaeological remains and the radiocarbon age obtained was 1608–1446 years cal BC (2σ), while S1 is younger. A palaeoenvironmental interpretation was made for these aggradational stages (S4 to S1). The active erosion of these hills led to a relief inversion, and talus flatirons remain as the only features revealing the presence of the relict hills and past human occupations.
Irisin improves adiposity and exercise tolerance in a rat model of postmenopausal obesity through enhancing adipo-myocyte thermogenesis
Authors: Gheit Rehab E. Abo El , Younis Reham L. , El-Saka Mervat H. , Emam Marwa N. , Soliman Nema A. , El-Sayed Rehab M. , Hafez Yasser Mostafa , AbuoHashish Norhan Ahmed , Radwan Doaa A. , khaled Howayda E. , Kamel Samar , Zaitone Sawsan A. , Badawi Ghada A.
Published: August 2022

The prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, along with their healthcare costs, is rising exponentially. Irisin, an adipomyokine, may serve as a critical cross-organ messenger, linking skeletal muscle with adipose tissue and the liver to integrate the energy homeostasis under diet-induced obesity. We aimed to explore the putative role of irisin in the protection against obesity in a postmenopausal rat model by modulating energy expenditure (EE). Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) was performed. After 3 weeks of recovery, the OVX rats were classified according to their dietary protocol into rats maintained on normal diets (ND) (OVX) or high-fat diet (HFD) groups. The HFD-fed animals were equally divided into OVX/HFD, or irisin-treated OVX/HFD groups. Sham rats, maintained on ND, were selected as the control group. We evaluated anthropometric, EE, and molecular biomarkers of browning and thermogenesis in inguinal white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and the activity of the proteins related to mitochondrial long chain fatty acid transport, oxidation, and glycolysis. HFD of OVX further deteriorated the disturbed glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and the reduced irisin, thermogenic parameters in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and EE. Irisin treatment improved the lipid profile and insulin resistance. That was associated with reduced hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities and restored hepatic glycogen content. Irisin reduced ectopic lipid infiltration. Irisin augmented EE by activating non-shivering thermogenesis in muscle and adipose tissues and decreasing metabolic efficiency. Our experimental evidence suggests irisin’s use as a potential thermogenic agent, therapeutically targeting obesity in postmenopausal patients.

Graphical abstract

Irisin modulates the non-shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in postmenopausal model
“She Just Saw Me - She Didn’t Teach Me”: the perspectives of Australian Sudanese and South Sudanese youth on the student/teacher relationship in Australian schools
Authors: Macaulay Luke
Published: August 2022

In recent times, young people from Australian Sudanese and South Sudanese communities have received considerable negative racialised public and political attention. This publicity has the potential to negatively shape the perspectives of other Australians, which in turn can have adverse consequences for these youth in terms of their social experiences. Against the backdrop of hegemonically ‘white’ Australian school contexts, pre-determined negative perspectives have the potential to undermine social experiences, relationships, and the overall educational inclusion of these students. This qualitative study places the voices of the participants at the centre of the research to better understand Australian Sudanese and South Sudanese youths’ perspectives on their relationships with schoolteachers. A voice-centred relational methodology (VCRM) approach was used to analyse data and to present the findings of the study. The findings suggest that student/teacher relationships as experienced by Australian Sudanese/South Sudanese youth are, for the most part, negative. It was reported that these youth experience low academic expectations from their teachers and are held to disproportionately high levels of disciplinary accountability. In many instances these findings were linked by participants to forms of racial discrimination, which have the potential to impede their educational belonging.
The changing rationalities of Australian federal and national inclusive education policies
Authors: Nevill Thom , Savage Glenn. C.
Published: August 2022

Ideas and practices associated with inclusive education have featured prominently in the policies and reforms of successive Australian federal governments since the 1990s, yet there are limited historical analyses of these developments. This paper analyses federal and national inclusive education policies in Australia spanning from 1992 to the present. Drawing upon the concept of ‘political rationality’, the paper examines how the modes of reason underpinning inclusive education policies have evolved over time. Three distinct phases of policy development are identified, which we suggest are characterised by three dominant rationalities: (1) standardisation, (2) the neo-social and (3) personalisation. We argue that examining these rationalities reveals fundamental shifts in ways of thinking about and reasoning inclusive education in policy. We conclude by considering the implications of the different rationalities and single out the potential tensions emerging between rationalities of standardisation and personalisation as an area for future investigation.
The genesis of the teacher habitus—a longitudinal study with Swiss primary teacher students
Authors: Košinár Julia , Laros Anna
Published: August 2022

The teacher habitus concept offers a theoretical figure for the classification and interpretation of professionalization processes—especially from a vocational-biographical perspective. Milieu of origin and school biography are important for the genesis of the teacher’s habitus, since images of school life are already created in them, which are relevant for later professional action in the form of implicit orientations and explicit ideas. In the article, interview data from a longitudinal survey (3t) of primary teacher-students (N = 24), which were analyzed using the documentary method, are related to this concept. It turns out that the school biography is used as an argument for the choice of study, and frames the experience in the first internship. In the further course of the study, the professional requirements are increasingly classified against the background of one’s own skills and their concepts of the teaching profession. It can be seen, that students deal with requirements and arising crises and address their practice teacher in a very diverse way. Types of students and their habitus were identified at each time of the survey. For t2 (end of 2nd year) these were distinguished as: delimitation, extension, development, exploration and probation. On the basis of two contrastive case analyzes of the types “extension” and “development” it is shown how important one’s own school experience is and how differently the genesis of a teacher’s habitus takes place. The results illustrate the relevance of a (school) biographical reflection that should be given space to enable future teachers to access their implicit, action-guiding orientations and to make their own student habitus accessible to reflection.
Overcoming obstacles in Panama to starting a renal biopsy program in a rural area during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Courville Karen , Milord Rolando , Cerrud Jonathan , Bustamante Norman
Published: August 2022

Due to the many implemented restrictions, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has rendered some tasks more difficult, for instance, the evaluation of outpatients. Panama’s tertiary care hospital for kidney biopsy referral was transformed into a COVID-only hospital in order to assist the large number of COVID-19 patients. In order to face the impossibility of following patients with nephrotic or nephritic syndrome, a biopsy program was implemented in a southern province in Panama. Thirty kidney biopsies were carried out over a 1-year period. This experience shows that kidney biopsy programs, that are usually run only in large referral centers, can also be implemented in small nephrology centers, allowing to obtain accurate diagnoses and to guide correct treatment.
Characteristics and Formation Pathways of Iron- and Magnesium-Silicate-Hydrates and Smectites Under Natural Alkaline Conditions
Authors: Shimbashi Misato , Yokoyama Shingo , Kikuchi Ryosuke , Otake Tsubasa , Sato Tsutomu
Published: August 2022

Understanding the behavior of secondary minerals under alkaline conditions is important for predicting the potential alteration of the constituent minerals in radioactive-waste disposal facilities. A previous study reported the formation of uncommon Fe- and Mg-bearing clays under natural alkaline conditions in the Philippines; these were referred to as iron-magnesium-silicate-hydrates (F-M-S-H) and nontronite-like minerals. The current study aimed to investigate the structural and chemical characteristics and to understand the formation pathways of these clays by performing a detailed characterization. F-M-S-H comprised tetrahedral–octahedral–tetrahedral (TOT) layers, imperfect interlayer hydroxide sheets, and interlayer Ca ions. The systematic changes in the characteristics of F-M-S-H at different sampling depths, such as the gradual decrease of the interlayer hydroxide sheets to form smectitic domains, were caused by the differing interaction periods between each sediment at different sampling depths and alkaline seepage. Furthermore, F-M-S-H was ferrous in form prior to oxidation. In contrast, a nontronite-like mineral comprised nontronite and part of an interlayer hydroxide sheet. This mineral was inferred to be formed under chemically different conditions from F-M-S-H, and probably formed in the presence of aqueous Fe3+ and Mg ions.
Small mammals in a mountain ecosystem: the effect of topographic, micrometeorological, and biological correlates on their community structure
Authors: Chirichella R. , Ricci E. , Armanini M. , Gobbi M. , Mustoni A. , Apollonio M.
Published: August 2022

An increasing number of studies have investigated spatial and temporal patterns in species richness and assemblage composition in mountain ecosystems along altitudinal gradients. Small mammals have been successfully used as indicators of environmental health and as proxies of biodiversity. However, information about the composition and distribution of species assemblages in the mosaic of habitat and rocky landform types at a high altitude is still lacking for most of the mountain regions. Through the use of live traps and camera trapping, we described the small mammal community living above the treeline of the Western Dolomites (Italian Alps), investigating the species richness, abundance of individuals and community composition in relation to topographic, micrometeorological, mesohabitat, and biological correlates. A total of five species and 50 individuals were sampled, analysed, and released. At the extremes of the analysed altitudinal range (i.e. 1900 vs 2900 m a.s.l.), community composition was completely different and species richness was related to elevation, steepness, and vegetation cover. At the same time, the taxonomic distinctness of ground-dwelling arthropods (namely carabid beetles and spiders), a proxy of habitat complexity, showed higher values in areas with a greater small mammal species richness. We found a positive effect of steepness and rocky landform type “carsism” on the number of captured individuals, showing the importance of the availability of shelters and underground burrows for the sampled species. As a confirmation of the altitudinal shift for these species in relation to the ongoing climate change, we detected a negative impact of sub-surface ground temperature on small mammal abundance during the monitoring period. In conclusion, small mammals represent an excellent model for understanding the evolutionary processes of ecosystems, population dynamics under changing environmental conditions, and habitat vulnerabilities.
Relationship Between Number of Oocytes Retrieved and Embryo Euploidy Rate in Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Cycles
Authors: Buerger Jonathan D. , Datla Jitesh , Minassian Shahab , Dreibelbis Sarah , Glassner Michael J. , Orris John J. , Clements Nicolle , Sheffy Alyssa , Anderson Sharon H.
Published: August 2022

This cohort study is aimed to determine if higher number of oocytes retrieved affects the rate of euploidy in the embryos of women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for in vitro fertilization (IVF) with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). A negative trend between the number of oocytes retrieved and embryo euploidy rate was observed using Visual Analytics software, especially when a higher number of oocytes were retrieved. After regression analysis, patient age was the only variable found to have a statistically significant negative effect (p < 0.0001) on euploidy rate in all regression models. Number of oocytes retrieved was not found to have a statistically significant effect on euploidy rate when analyzed per number of biopsied blastocysts (p = 0.5356), per number of oocytes retrieved (p = 0.1025), and per number of fertilized oocytes (p = 0.7241). The parameter estimates in the linear regression models were negative for number of oocytes retrieved. This study shows a statistically significant effect between patient age and embryo euploidy rate, which is already known. There is some evidence to suggest that higher number of oocytes retrieved may negatively impact the number of euploid embryos per number of oocytes retrieved based on the visual analytic graphs, p value approaching significance, and the negative parameter estimates in the regression models.
Genital Reconstruction following Fournier's Gangrene
Authors: Michael Panos , Peiris Bryony , Ralph David , Johnson Mark , Lee Wai Gin
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Fournier's gangrene is a urological emergency, comprising of type I necrotizing fasciitis resulting in anatomic defects affecting the perineum, perianal region, and external genitalia in both men and women, often requiring reconstruction.

Objectives

The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the different reconstructive techniques for Fournier's gangrene.

Methods

A literature search was performed on PubMed with the search terms “Fournier”s gangrene” “genital reconstruction” and “Fournier's gangrene phalloplasty.” The European Association of Urology's guidelines on Urological infections were also consulted for recommendations.

Results

Reconstructive procedures include primary closure, scrotal advancement flaps, fasciocutaneous flaps, myocutaneous flaps, skin grafts, and phalloplasty. There is insufficient evidence to support that flaps lead to better outcomes than skin grafts, or vice versa, particularly for scrotal defects. Both techniques have been shown to have satisfactory aesthetic results, with good skin color match and natural scrotal contour. With regards to phalloplasty, there is a lack of data specifically relating to Fournier's gangrene, as most articles were addressed toward gender affirmation surgery. Furthermore, there is a lack of guidelines in both the immediate and reconstructive management of Fournier's gangrene. Lastly, the outcomes reported following reconstructive surgery have been objective rather than subjective, meaning that patient satisfaction was rarely recorded.

Conclusion

Further research is required in the field of reconstructive surgery specific to Fournier's gangrene, which should also take into consideration patient demographics and subjective reports regarding cosmesis and sexual function.
Motion design and visual communication in the era of ‘diffuse design’ paradigm: analysis and evaluation of a didactic experiment
Authors: Maselli Vincenzo , Panadisi Giulia
Published: August 2022

In recent years, co-creation and collaboration platforms to create and deliver new products and services have taken a step forward; this has led to the development of a new active involvement of users, who from co-designers have become independent designers, even if not experts. Co-design is dynamic and provides the tools to generate democratic design processes guided by the users themselves. The democratization of design tools is the premise for a new paradigm defined ‘Diffuse Design’ by Manzini (2015). This contribution explores the approaches of open design and open production with particular attention to the field of visual communication and the production of motion design artifacts. After an introduction to the co-design framework, the main open-production visual communication platforms are presented to offer an overview of the topic. Next, the potential of online platforms to enable non-designers to produce animated artifacts is explored by examining student projects in a motion design University course. The most significant outputs of the student experience are then described and critically analyzed. Finally, the conclusions investigate the different perspectives for reading the democratization of tools for creating visual artifacts and lay the foundations for future lines of research.
Long-time asymptotics of the modified KdV equation in weighted Sobolev spaces
Authors: Chen Gong , Liu Jiaqi
Published: August 2022

The long-time behaviour of solutions to the defocussing modified Korteweg-de Vries (MKdV) equation is established for initial conditions in some weighted Sobolev spaces. Our approach is based on the nonlinear steepest descent method of Deift and Zhou and its reformulation by Dieng and McLaughlin through$\overline {\partial }$-derivatives. To extend the asymptotics to solutions with initial data in lower-regularity spaces, we apply a global approximation via PDE techniques.
The social long-term care insurance model: comparing actor configurations across countries and time
Authors: Fischer Johanna
Published: August 2022

To date, social long-term care insurance (SLTCI) systems have been introduced in six countries globally: the Netherlands, Israel, Germany, Japan, Luxembourg and South Korea. Applying an actor-centred, multi-dimensional framework and fuzzy-set analysis, the present article investigates the typical characteristics and variations of these SLTCI schemes at introduction and today. In short, we find that the SLTCI model features dominant social contribution financing, a mix of for- and non-profit providers, and state regulation. In light of the relevance of corporate self-regulation often associated with social insurance systems, the dominance of state regulation is unexpected. The analysis also reveals considerable variance between cases, most notably concerning the extent of private individual actors’ involvement. While geographical proximity of countries does not explain differences between SLTCI systems, “temporal clusters” seem to partly drive the variation of SLTCI actor configurations.
Aerodynamic lift fluctuations of an airfoil in various turbulent flows
Authors: Li Mingshui , Zhao Yongfei , Yang Yang , Zhou Qiang
Published: August 2022

A combined theoretical and experimental investigation is conducted with the objective of evaluating the lift aerodynamic admittances of an airfoil in various turbulent flow fields. Current theoretical approaches and concepts are reviewed and extended, enabling us to use a strategy to measure the one-wavenumber aerodynamic admittance in the turbulent flow field. The key of the strategy is to separate the spanwise effect from the generalized aerodynamic admittances which can be directly determined by the one-dimensional lift spectrum and one-dimensional turbulent velocity spectrum. With this strategy, the experimental values of one-wavenumber aerodynamic admittances of a two-dimensional airfoil with a NACA 0015 profile in three turbulent flow fields are obtained. As expected, due to the influence of the spanwise effect, the generalized aerodynamic admittances vary with different turbulent flow fields, exhibiting a significant dependence on flow field, and are much less than the Sears function. Contrarily, the one-wavenumber aerodynamic admittances, which are obtained in three turbulent flow fields, are generally consistent, confirming that the one-wavenumber aerodynamic admittance is mainly related to the cross-sectional shape itself. The experimental values of one-wavenumber aerodynamic admittances are compared with the Sears function. The results of all cases indicate that the experimental results agree well with the Sears function at low frequencies, while decaying faster at high frequencies.
Modelled dynamic retreat of Kangerlussuaq Glacier, East Greenland, strongly influenced by the consecutive absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord
Authors: Barnett Jamie , Holmes Felicity A. , Kirchner Nina
Published: August 2022

Mass loss at the Greenland Ice Sheet is influenced by atmospheric processes controlling its surface mass balance, and by submarine melt and calving where glaciers terminate in fjords. There, an ice mélange – a composite matrix of calved ice bergs and sea ice – may provide a buttressing force on a glacier terminus and control terminus dynamics. Kangerlussuaq Glacier is a major outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet, for which recent major retreat events in 2004/2005 and 2016–2018 coincided with the absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord. To better understand the response of Kangerlussuaq Glacier to climatic and oceanic drivers, a 2D flowline model is employed. Results indicate that an ice mélange buttressing force exerts a major control on calving frequency and rapid retreat. When an ice mélange forms in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, it provides stabilising forces and conditions favourable for winter terminus re-advance. When it fails to form during consecutive years, model results indicate that Kangerlussuaq Glacier is primed to retreat into the large overdeepenings in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, and to terminus positions more than 30 km farther inland, implying that excessive mass loss from Kangerlussuaq Glacier by the year 2065 cannot be excluded.
Harnack inequality for the nonlocal equations with general growth
Authors: Fang Yuzhou , Zhang Chao
Published: August 2022

We consider a class of generalized nonlocal $p$-Laplacian equations. We find some proper structural conditions to establish a version of nonlocal Harnack inequalities of weak solutions to such nonlocal problems by using the expansion of positivity and energy estimates.
Manuscript Discoveries and Debates over Orthodoxy in Early Christian Studies: The Case of the Syriac Poet-Theologian Jacob of Serugh
Authors: Forness Philip Michael
Published: August 2022

The uncovering of manuscripts over the last one hundred years has repeatedly changed how early Christian history is told. With no signs of this trend abating, this article seeks to take stock of how scholars respond to manuscript discoveries by focusing on three debates over the orthodoxy of an early Christian figure that extend over two hundred and fifty years. New manuscript evidence sparked no less than three debates over the christological views of the Syriac author Jacob of Serugh (d. 520/521) from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries. In the first debate, the arrival of manuscripts in Western Europe led to a conflict between the Maronite scholars who viewed Jacob as a Chalcedonian thinker and certain textual evidence that suggested otherwise. The second debate began in the late nineteenth century after manuscripts from Egypt arrived in London that contained Jacob’s extensive epistolary corpus, which includes clear expressions of non-Chalcedonian, miaphysite christology. A new acquisition by the Vatican Library in the mid-twentieth century featured a previously unknown homily that included two lines that could be interpreted in a Chalcedonian manner. This inspired several Western scholars to dig yet deeper into the manuscripts to resolve this long-standing debate over his christological views. The focused analysis of the pendulum swings initiated by manuscript discoveries in the scholarly discourse surrounding Jacob of Serugh serves as a mirror for self-reflection on the way that scholars discuss a past whose many unknowns still await discovery.
Primary care triaging of head and neck cancer referrals using the head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2: impact on a tertiary head and neck service
Authors: Li L , Tikka T , Morton C , Chan C , Hayois L , Henderson M , Hastie C , Lee L , Porteus L , Nixon I
Published: August 2022

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the use of the head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 in a primary care setting and to evaluate the impact of the risk calculator on the number of referrals stratified by urgency and cancer yield.

Method

Referrals between April 2019 and August 2019, April 2020 and July 2020 (pre-risk calculator) and August 2020 and July 2021 (post-risk calculator) were analysed. Referral urgency, head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 score, cancer diagnosis, cancer type and further investigations were recorded.

Results

The 2023 patient encounters were analysed; there were 1110 (55 per cent) referrals before head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 use and 913 (45 per cent) after head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 use. A higher proportion of older (p < 0.001) and male (p < 0.013) patients were seen post-head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 use. All cancer cases were seen on the urgent suspicion of cancer pathway post-head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 use; however, a higher proportion of patients were seen as urgent suspicion of cancer (51.1 vs 83.5 per cent; p < 0.001). Overall, the cancer diagnosis rate increased from 2.7 to 4.1 per cent.

Conclusion

The head and neck cancer risk calculator version 2 had high sensitivity in cancer diagnosis. More studies are required to optimise the predicted versus actual cancer probability gap.
Meeting report: plant-rich dietary patterns and health
Authors: Woodside Jayne V. , Sun Qi , de Roos Baukje , Rimm Eric B. , Hu Frank B. , Heinen Mirjam M. , McEvoy Claire T. , Piernas Carmen , Scheelbeek Pauline F. D. , Rushton Jonathan , Ensaff Hannah , Brennan Sarah F. , Brennan Lorraine
Published: August 2022

Dietary patterns (DP) rich in plant foods are associated with improved health and reduced non-communicable disease risk. In October 2021, the Nutrition Society hosted a member-led conference, held online over 2 half days, exploring the latest research findings examining plant-rich DP and health. The aim of the present paper is to summarise the content of the conference and synopses of the individual speaker presentations are included. Topics included epidemiological analysis of plant-rich DP and health outcomes, the effects of dietary interventions which have increased fruit and vegetable (FV) intake on a range of health outcomes, how adherence to plant-rich DP is assessed, the use of biomarkers to assess FV intake and a consideration of how modifying behaviour towards increased FV intake could impact environmental outcomes, planetary health and food systems. In conclusion, although there are still considerable uncertainties which require further research, which were considered as part of the conference and are summarised in this review, adopting a plant-rich DP at a population level could have a considerable impact on diet and health outcomes, as well as planetary health.
Inactivity and obesity: consequences for macrophage-mediated inflammation and the development of cardiometabolic disease
Authors: Bishop Nicolette C. , Wadley Alex J. , Hamrouni Malik , Roberts Matthew J.
Published: August 2022

Obesity and dyslipidaemia are strongly associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases including CVD, stroke, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While these conditions are preventable, they are leading causes of mortality globally. There is now overwhelming clinical and experimental evidence that these conditions are driven by chronic systemic inflammation, with a growing body of data suggesting that this can be regulated by increasing levels of physical activity and reducing sedentary time. In this review we address the role of macrophage-mediated inflammation on the development of cardiometabolic diseases in individuals with overweight and obesity and how reducing sedentary behaviour and increasing physical activity appears to lessen these pro-inflammatory processes, reducing the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. While loss of subcutaneous and visceral fat mass is important for reducing chronic systemic inflammation, the mediating effects of increasing physical activity levels and lowering sedentary time on the development of inflamed adipose tissue also occur independently of changes in adiposity. The message that weight loss is not necessary for the benefits of physical activity in lowering chronic inflammation and improving health should encourage those for whom losing weight is difficult. Additionally, while the health benefits of meeting the recommended physical activity guidelines are clear, simply moving more appears to lower chronic systemic inflammation. Reducing sitting time and increasing light physical activity may therefore provide an alternative, more approachable manner for some with overweight and obesity to become more active, reduce chronic inflammation and improve cardiometabolic health.
Runaways London: Historical Research, Archival Silences and Creative Voices
Authors: Al-Amoudi Fahad , Birch Kate , Newman Simon P.
Published: August 2022

This article explores how popular historical knowledge and understanding can be deepened by collaboration between historians, creative artists, and editors, publishers and those who support and develop the creative arts. Historical research into enslaved people who escaped in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century London reveals much about their enslavers but very little about the enslaved people themselves. However, archival gaps and silences can be imaginatively filled, and those who engage with the historically inspired creative work can explore the nexus of historical research and artistic creativity. In this article the authors (a historian and two members of the creative industry) detail how their ‘Runaways London’ collaboration developed, and how the work of poets and artists, premised on extensive historical research, deepens our understanding of race and slavery in British history, achieving something that is beyond the reach of historical research and writing alone.
BOUNDARY BLOW-UP SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS INVOLVING THE INFINITY LAPLACIAN
Authors: LI CUICUI , LIU FANG , ZHAO PEIBIAO
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we study the boundary blow-up problem related to the infinity Laplacian
$$ \begin{align*}\begin{cases} \Delta_{\infty}^h u=u^q &\mathrm{in}\; \Omega, \\ u=\infty &\mathrm{on} \;\partial\Omega, \end{cases} \end{align*} $$

where
$\Delta _{\infty }^h u=|Du|^{h-3} \langle D^2uDu,Du \rangle $
is the highly degenerate and h-homogeneous operator associated with the infinity Laplacian arising from the stochastic game named Tug-of-War. When
$q>h>1$
, we establish the existence of the boundary blow-up viscosity solution. Moreover, when the domain satisfies some regular condition, we establish the asymptotic estimate of the blow-up solution near the boundary. As an application of the asymptotic estimate and the comparison principle, we obtain the uniqueness result of the large solution. We also give the nonexistence of the large solution for the case
$q \leq h.$
The 1871 Mexican Criminal Code as the missing piece in the history of criminalizing violations of the laws of war
Authors: Atilano Tania Ixchel
Published: August 2022

Little is known about how international humanitarian law has developed around the world, other than in Europe and the USA. However, it is a topic worth researching, as it may reveal new connections, causalities and the previously unknown origins of legal institutions. Mexico is a good example of how the rules of war developed differently in different countries, since – as early as 1871 – it incorporated the law of war in its domestic criminal law. This article will explore how the idea of criminalizing violations of the laws of war flourished in nineteenth-century Mexico. A combination of factors including foreign interventions, civil wars, the liberal convictions of the drafters of the Mexican Criminal Code and their will to achieve the rank of “civilized nations” led to the creation of the crime “violations of the duties of humanity”. This development was a milestone in the history of pursuing individual criminal responsibility for violations of the laws of war and, therefore, is a missing piece in its history.
Genetic variations of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D	supplementation interaction in relation to serum vitamin D and metabolic traits:	a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ghiasvand Reza , Rashidian Ali , Abaj Faezeh , Rafiee Masoumeh
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Background: It is now becoming increasingly recognized that the effects of vitamin D supplementation may vary by several factors including vitamin D deficiency status, ethnicity, and/or the presence of genetic variants, which affect individual responses to supplementation. This study investigates the interaction between metabolic traits and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25OHD) concentration with 4 polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) including BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, FokI, and vitamin D supplementation. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of papers until August 2021 on PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Embase about the association between functionally relevant VDR variants and vitamin D supplementation on circulating 25OHD and metabolic traits. Results: A total of 2994 cases from 16 randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies were included in meta-analyses. There were no significant changes in the serum concentrations of 25OHD and metabolic traits after vitamin D supplementation in different variants of BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene in the overall analysis (p>0.05). However, the results showed there is significant interaction between these above VDR polymorphisms and vitamin D supplement on serum 25OHD level after subgroup analyses based on the study duration, gender, age, BMI, health status, Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium, PCR, and race (p<0.05). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrates that the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25OHD and metabolic traits is independent of genetic variants of the VDR gene (BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI). However, future trials should consider inter-individual differences and, in particular, should aim to clarify whether certain subgroups of individuals may benefit from vitamin D supplementation in the context of metabolic health.
The Performance of the ERA‐Interim and ERA5 Atmospheric Reanalyses Over Weddell Sea Pack Ice
Authors: King John C. , Marshall Gareth J. , Colwell Steve , Arndt Stefanie , Allen‐Sader Clare , Phillips Tony
Published: August 2022

We use meteorological measurements from three drifting buoys to evaluate the performance of the ERA‐Interim and ERA5 atmospheric reanalyses from the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts over the Weddell Sea ice zone. The temporal variability in surface pressure and near‐surface air temperature is captured well by the two reanalyses but both reanalyses exhibit a warm bias relative to the buoy measurements. This bias is small at temperatures close to 0°C but reaches 5–10°C at −40°C. For two of the buoys the mean temperature bias in ERA5 is significantly smaller than that in ERA‐Interim while for the third buoy the biases in the two products are comparable. 10 m wind speed biases in both reanalyses are small and may largely result from measurement errors associated with icing of the buoy anemometers. The biases in downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation are significant in both reanalyses but we caution that the pattern of bias is consistent with potential errors in the buoy measurements, caused by accumulation of snow and ice on the radiometers. Overall, our study suggests that, with the exception of near‐surface temperature, both reanalyses reproduce the buoy measurements to within the limits of measurement uncertainty. We suggest that the significant biases in near‐surface air temperature may result from the simplified representation of sea ice used in the reanalysis models, and we recommend the use of a more sophisticated representation of sea ice, including variable ice and snow thicknesses, in future reanalyses.
The “Polar Vortex” Winter of 2013/2014
Authors: Cohen Judah , Agel Laurie , Barlow Mathew , Furtado Jason C. , Kretschmer Marlene , Wendt Vivien
Published: August 2022

The term “polar vortex” remained largely a technical term until early January 2014 when the United States (US) media used it to describe an historical cold air outbreak in eastern North America. Since then, “polar vortex” has been used more frequently by the media and the public, often conflating circulation features and temperatures near the surface with only partially related features at the tropopause and in the stratosphere. The polar vortex in its most common scientific usage refers to a hemispheric‐scale stratospheric circulation over the Arctic that is present during the Northern Hemisphere cold season. Reversal of the zonal mean zonal winds circumnavigating the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV), termed major sudden stratospheric warmings, can be linked to mid‐latitude cold air outbreaks. However, this mechanism does not explain the cold US winter of 2013/2014. This study revisits the winter of 2013/2014 to understand how SPV variability may still have played a role in the severe winter weather. Observations indicate that anomalously strong vertical wave propagation occurred throughout the winter and disrupted, but did not fully break, the SPV. Instead, vertically propagating waves were reflected back downward, amplifying a blocking high near Alaska and downstream troughing across central North America, a classic signature for extreme cold air outbreaks across central and eastern North America. Thus, the association of the term “polar vortex” with winter 2013/2014, while not justified by the most common usage of the term, serves as a case study of the wave‐reflection mechanism of SPV influence on mid‐latitude weather.