bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One-Year Retention of Passive Integrated Transponders in Adult Muskellunge, and Applications to Broodstock Management
Authors: Jennings Martin J , Hatzenbeler Gene R , Kampa Jeffrey M
Published: October 2009

Muskellunge Esox masquinongy are long-lived fish that typically occur at low densities. Tracking the history of individuals used as broodstock allows accurate determination of the effective population size and is essential to meeting genetic objectives for management-oriented hatchery propagation programs. We tested the utility of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags for tracking individual muskellunge. We placed PIT tags in the cheeks of 291 adult muskellunge netted during the spring spawning season in two Wisconsin lakes. Partial fin clips were used as a secondary mark. The lakes were sampled during the following year, and 73 fish with fin clips were recovered in a sample of 271 fish. The one-year tag retention rate was 90.4% in the two lakes. Six fish without functional tags were examined for the presence of broken or malfunctioning tags, and all were missing tags. The use of PIT tags is feasible for adult muskellunge and is useful for maintaining individually based broodstock records.
Antropologia nos serviços de saúde: integralidade, cultura e comunicação
Authors: Oliveira Francisco Arsego de
Published: October 2009

A utilização de outras áreas do conhecimento no campo da saúde tem sido intensificada nos últimos anos. As Ciências Sociais de modo geral e a Antropologia Médica, especificamente, têm contribuído de maneira decisiva para a compreensão dos fenômenos relacionados ao processo saúde/doença, tanto individual como coletivamente. Neste artigo, o autor tece uma série de considerações buscando um melhor entendimento para a questão do atendimento de saúde, com ênfase na explicitação das formas de interação e comunicação entre esses serviços de saúde e seus usuários. O artigo conclui mostrando como o fato de centrar a prática médica no usuário e na sua cultura acaba trazendo benefícios para pacientes e profissionais, no sentido do resgate da humanização do cuidado e da integralidade da atenção à saúde.
Estudo comparativo da classificação do grau de perda auditiva em idosos institucionalizados
Authors: Kano Cristhiane Emy , Mezzena Lais Heloisa , Guida Heraldo Lorena
Published: October 2009

OBJETIVO: comparar os resultados audiológicos de idosos institucionalizados, levando-se em consideração duas classificações distintas. MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 40 idosos de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária superior a 60 anos. Após levantar a história clínica audiológica e de realizar otoscopia, foram obtidos os limares tonais (via aérea e via óssea) dos indivíduos, com o uso de audiômetro Eymasa, dentro de cabina acústica. RESULTADOS: demonstraram que a classificação proposta pela Recomendação 02/1 do Bureau International d'Audio Phonologie, foi mais sensível quanto a caracterização da perda auditiva na população idosa. CONCLUSÃO: a classificação utilizada pela Recomentação 02/1 é a que melhor representa o grau de perda auditiva nesta população, uma vez que leva em consideração além das freqüências da fala (500, 1k e 2kHz), a freqüência de 4 kHz para o cálculo da média.
Vivência de voz com profissionais de um hospital: relato de experiência
Authors: Penteado Regina Zanella , Stenico Edileine , Ferrador Fernanda Arancibia , Anselmo Neusa Cristina , Silva Pamela Cristina da , Pereira Priscila Fabiana Agostinho , Galdino Rose Mary Queiroz , Bragion Tânia Alessandra de Almeida
Published: October 2009

OBJETIVO: apresentar o relato de experiência de um grupo de Vivência de Voz realizado por fonoaudiólogos com profissionais e trabalhadores de um hospital. MÉTODOS: análise retrospectiva do processo de um Grupo de Vivência de Voz realizado com 20 profissionais de um hospital do interior de São Paulo, com foco analítico nos objetivos e atividades realizadas. RESULTADOS: foram contemplados os seguintes temas e objetivos: percepções dos sujeitos acerca da própria voz; uso profissional da voz e contextos e condições de trabalho; aquecimento vocal; impactos da voz/fala/comunicação/linguagem e da expressividade nas relações profissionais; possibilidades de mudanças. As ações educativas, contextualizadas nas condições, ambiente e organização do trabalho, possibilitaram gerar espaços de descobertas e de construção coletiva do conhecimento acerca do processo de trabalho no hospital e o grupo se mostrou como espaço social importante e efetivo para a sensibilização dos profissionais e trabalhadores do hospital em relação à voz/saúde vocal e aos seus impactos nas interações e nos processos comunicativos implicados no trabalho em saúde. CONCLUSÃO: afirma-se a importância da Fonoaudiologia na promoção de ambientes saudáveis e de processos comunicativos favoráveis à humanização das relações e melhoria do acesso e qualidade no acolhimento e atendimento em saúde.
Objetivos de organizações culturais sem fins lucrativos e suas fontes financiadoras
Authors: Hoffmann Samara Regina Bernardino , Silva Fabiula Meneguete Vides da , Dellagnelo Eloise Helena Livramento
Published: October 2009

A fim de compreender as mudanças no contexto das organizações culturais, apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre as transformações nos objetivos de dois grupos teatrais sem fins lucrativos de Florianópolis-SC e sobre a influência que os critérios requeridos pelas fontes financiadoras podem ter exercido neste processo. Quatro importantes categorias de análise guiaram a pesquisa: grupo teatral, objetivos, fontes de financiamento e critérios de avaliação de desempenho, orientando as entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com os responsáveis pelas respectivas organizações e a observação constante das pesquisadoras em encontros, reuniões, ensaios e apresentações de espetáculos envolvendo as organizações pesquisadas. A pesquisa, predominantemente qualitativa e longitudinal gerou reflexões ante os dados coletados, com destaque para a história do Erro Grupo, que apresentou um forte distanciamento de seus propósitos iniciais ao longo de sua trajetória, por direcionar suas ações à captação de recursos junto às fontes financiadoras em detrimento de sua dedicação às atividades teatrais.
La dinámica de las firmas: un análisis desde la economía del conocimiento
Authors: Ramirez Ospina Duvan Emilio
Published: October 2009

Este documento hace un análisis de la transformación estructural de dos sectores de la economía; para su desarrollo se hace un recorrido por la construcción teórica que diversos autores han realizado sobre conceptos como la sociedad del conocimiento, sociedad de la información, la sociedad en red, la economía del conocimiento y cómo influye en las dinámicas productivas de los territorios y de las firmas, contiene también un análisis de los indicadores pertinentes para determinar si hay un avance hacia una transformación estructural que evidencie el acercamiento de las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMES) con la innovación tecnológica, las Tecnologías de Información y la Comunicación (TIC's), la Investigación y Desarrollo en los procesos y los productos de las empresas. También se hace referencia al trabajo de campo elaborado con las pymes de los sectores alimentos (biotecnología) y textil-confección (diseño) en Medellín-Valle del Aburrá y Manizales- Villamaría. Se presenta una nota metodológica, describiendo el proceso, el enfoque, los métodos y las herramientas utilizadas para el análisis de la información, seguido de la descripción estadística y análisis de los factores más representativos en dichas pymes con referencia a la transformación estructural basada en la economía del conocimiento.
A imagem de executivos na mídia: um estudo com jornais de Québec
Authors: Rodrigues Andréa Leite , Morin Estelle , Strehlau Suzane
Published: October 2009

Morin, Giroux e Pauchant (2001) elaboraram uma pesquisa sobre a identificação de práticas de reconhecimento profissional com executivos do Ministério da Saúde e Serviço Social da Província de Québec, no Canadá. No estudo, os executivos revelaram não sentirem reconhecimento pela sua atuação profissional por parte da população, a qual seria influenciada tanto pela mídia eletrônica quanto impressa, fato que os desmotivava, corroborando, assim, processos de esgotamento psíquico e de perda de sentido do trabalho. A partir dessa constatação, realizamos um estudo para identificar a imagem veiculada pelos jornais sobre trabalho dos executivos de alto nível da Rede de Saúde e Serviço Social de Québec (RSSSQ). Analisamos as notícias de 10 jornais quebequenses publicadas no período 1993-2003. O método empregado foi o de natureza qualitativa, utilizando-se duas técnicas de pesquisa: a construção de corpus de textos e a análise de conteúdo. A constatação foi a de que os jornais veicularam uma imagem pública dos executivos associada às idéias de vítima, de recursos e de reivindicação. Ao final, este artigo oferece breves sugestões para que a mídia possa ser uma co-produtora de significados positivos em relação aos executivos da RSSSQ.
Sobre o sentido do trabalho fora do enclave de mercado
Authors: Dourado Débora Paschoal , Holanda Luciana Araujo de , Silva Michelaine Machado Maciel da , Bispo Danielle de Araújo
Published: October 2009

Ao longo do processo civilizatório, o trabalho adquiriu significados diversos para a humanidade, assumindo formas peculiares de organização e materialidade de acordo com o contexto histórico. Na sociedade contemporânea, o trabalho tende a ocupar um lugar central na vida das pessoas. Com base no pressuposto de que os estudos sobre o trabalho fundamentam-se na atual concepção do trabalho moderno associado ao âmbito das empresas, propôs-se, na presente pesquisa, investigar qual(is) o(s) sentido(s) que indivíduos atuantes em organizações fora do enclave do mercado - mais especificamente em organizações de cultura popular - atribuem ao trabalho. Para responder ao problema posto, utilizou-se o método qualitativo, mais propriamente a história oral, mediante entrevista narrativa com a dirigente de uma organização de cultura popular afro-brasileira. Encontraram-se indícios de que há uma possibilidade de trabalho distinta do modelo empresarial e de que categorias como espiritualidade, resistência, cidadania podem explicar seu sentido. O trabalho, para a protagonista da história pesquisada, é uma atividade autodeterminada, externa à relação dinheiro-mercadoria, que gera realização pessoal e da comunidade onde mora/trabalha.
Educação, empregabilidade e mobilidade social: convergências e divergências
Authors: Lemos Ana Heloisa da Costa , Dubeux Veranise Jacubowski Correia , Pinto Mario Couto Soares
Published: October 2009

A qualificação profissional tem sido alardeada como um diferencial para a inserção no mercado de trabalho dos egressos de cursos de graduação. Com base em premissas típicas da teoria do capital humano, considera-se o investimento em educação estratégico para impulsionar a ascensão social dos indivíduos e potencializar o crescimento econômico da sociedade. Todavia, a análise do estudo de Bourdieu (1988) acerca da mobilidade social da sociedade francesa na década de 1970 leva ao questionamento dessa suposta relação causal entre formação e empregabilidade, na medida em que revela outros vetores que influenciam a ascensão social dos indivíduos. Segundo o autor, as classes econômica e culturalmente mais favorecidas oferecem mais acessos a posições de maior potencial no mercado de trabalho a seus descendentes do que as da base do estrato social. Esta investigação teve como objetivo testar a validade das proposições de Bourdieu, a partir de uma pesquisa feita com 98 formandos e egressos de um curso de administração de empresas de uma renomada IES do Rio de Janeiro. Como conclusão, foi possível identificar relações entre as origens desses egressos e sua inserção no mercado de trabalho, ligando a bagagem cultural e econômica de sua família, às empresas e aos postos aos quais ascenderam.
Pluralismo, pós-estruturalismo e "gerencialismo engajado": os limites do movimento critical management studies
Authors: Paula Ana Paula Paes de , Maranhão Carolina Machado Saraiva de Albuquerque , Barros Amon Narciso de
Published: October 2009

O objetivo deste artigo é questionar o pluralismo do movimento critical management studies (CMS), apontar os limites do pós-estruturalismo como epistemologia crítica, denunciar os riscos de uma crítica alinhada com o "gerencialismo engajado" e apontar caminhos para o debate sobre a teoria e a prática no movimento crítico. Para isso, definimos as principais características do pós-estruturalismo, questionando seu caráter crítico, e problematizamos a questão do pluralismo no movimento CMS. Em seguida, analisamos como alguns dos representantes deste movimento defendem o "gerencialismo engajado" através de uma performatividade crítica, fazendo um uso inadequado de algumas formulações pós-estruturalistas. Discutimos então os caminhos para a prática na crítica, resgatando o conceito de práxis e afirmando a importância da educação como forma de despertar consciências e reconstituir o ativismo social e político. Concluímos destacando que o pós-estruturalismo deveria ser resgatado com maior seriedade, de modo a se constituir um novo movimento teórico para abrigar suas contribuições, preservando o caráter crítico.
Bloch, Gramsci e Paulo Freire: referências fundamentais para os atos da denúncia e do anúncio
Authors: Misoczky Maria Ceci Araujo , Moraes Joysi , Flores Rafael Kruter
Published: October 2009

A apropriação e aproximação das formulações de Ernst Bloch, Antonio Gramsci e Paulo Freire constituem parte importante das reflexões que compartilhamos em nosso coletivo de trabalho, que tem como tema de estudo organização e práxis libertadora. Neste artigo fazemos uma apresentação de nossas leituras situadas destes autores, seguida de um exercício de aproximação entre suas formulações. A realidade como processo histórico e a libertação do ser humano das condições de opressão (materiais e intelectuais) estão presentes nas obras dos três autores. Para Freire a libertação do oprimido é também a libertação do opressor; para Gramsci os subalternos devem tornar-se hegemônicos pela concepção de uma nova direção intelectual e moral que seja comprometida com o mais alto valor do ser humano: a própria existência; para Bloch a libertação é imanente à existência humana. Por conseguinte, a libertação também é concebida pelos três autores como um processo, da mesma forma que a hegemonia, que nunca é total, fixa ou definitiva, ou a realidade que está sendo o tempo todo. Bloch, Gramsci e Freire autorizam posições que vinculam a crítica ao sistema com a utopia presente e concreta, em nossa aprendizagem na interação com os movimentos e lutadores sociais.
A modernidade e a pós-modernidade servidas em dois jantares
Authors: Tenório Fernando Guilherme
Published: October 2009

Os conceitos de modernidade e pós-modernidade são discutidos em dois cenários gastronômicos, respectivamente nas cidades de Rio de Janeiro de final de século XIX e Recife em meados do século XX. O objetivo central da discussão é apontar a importância de ambos conceitos nos estudos organizacionais sob a perspectiva teórico-crítica.
Caregivers—Who Copes How?
Authors: Chappell Neena L. , Dujela Carren
Published: October 2009

Within gerontological caregiving research, there is a major emphasis on stresses and burdens of this role. Yet there has been little attention directed toward the coping strategies that caregivers engage in to cope with this role and the factors that influence their adoption of different coping strategies. This article examines coping strategies and change in coping strategy over a 1-year period. In particular the differential importance of caregiver capacity (such as social support, health, and personality) compared with careload (such as hours of caregiving and need of the care recipient) is examined within a path model. Data came from a purposive sample of caregivers experiencing heavy demands. Overall, problem-focused coping is used more often than emotion-focused coping (either positive or negative) or seeking social support, but caregivers use all types simultaneously. Caregiver capacity, specifically neuroticism, is the strongest predictor of problem-focused coping with those high in neuroticism less likely to use this strategy. High neuroticism also predicts less use overall and negative emotion-focused coping strategies. Few significant predictors emerge of change; those that did were caregiver capacity, not careload variables. The use of all coping strategies, except seeking social support which remained stable, decreased over a 1-year period.
Immigration, Diversity, and Welfare Chauvinism
Authors: Freeman Gary P.
Published: October 2009

Immigration is the driving force behind the rapidly growing ethnic, racial, and religious diversity of Western welfare states. This essay reviews research on the effects of immigration and diversity on the political support for redistributive social programs. A growing body of scholarship finds negative relationships between indicators of ethnic heterogeneity and measures of immigration, on the one hand, and attitudes towards welfare measures and state expenditures on welfare, on the other. Responding to these results, scholars have searched for mediating factors that slow or reverse these effects. As empirical studies multiply it is important to develop theories to make sense of the data. I discuss in-group and out-group theory, reciprocal altruism, and the neoDarwinian theory of ethnic nepotism. I argue that while no theory has been shown to be clearly superior to the others, neoDarwinism is the most comprehensive and should not be dismissed because of its pessimistic implications for immigration, diversity, and welfare states.
Defining the Circle of We: American Identity and Immigration Policy
Authors: Citrin Jack , Wright Matthew
Published: October 2009

This article analyzes survey data that establishes a connection between how ordinary citizens conceive of American identity and their preferences for immigration policy. The distinction between ethnocultural and liberal images of America matters for public preferences about how many and what kind of immigrants should enter the United States.
A Rebuttal to O'Connor
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio
Published: October 2009

Sergio Fabbrini rebuttals O'Connor's review of Fabbrini's book America and Its Critics: Virtues and Vices of the Democratic Hyperpower.
Immigration Reform: Strategies for Legislative Action
Authors: Marquez Benjamin , Witte John F
Published: October 2009

This paper deals with the current prospects and potential problems with passage of immigration reform. Rather than recommend legislative and programmatic changes that many other commentators have posed, this paper discusses the possible legislative strategies for accomplishing changes in an immigration system that most believe is in dire need of reform. Specifically it asks if the various complex issues involved in immigration should be considered as separable and discrete issues, subject to serial and incremental legislation, or, as currently being conceived by the Obama administration, as a comprehensive package of reforms. We begin by describing and analyzing the core set of issues defining immigration policy. We then discuss various theories of issue preferences and how those theories have implications for the choice of relevant strategies for the immigration debate. Finally we present evidence based on recent congressional voting patterns and the positions taken by the most important interest groups.
Inferior Vena Cava Aneurysm
Authors: Woo Karen , Cook Patrick , Saeed Mohsin , Dilley Ralph
Published: October 2009

Aneurysms of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are exceedingly rare; less than 50 cases have been reported in the world literature. Owing to the paucity of data regarding the natural history of IVC aneurysms, there is no consensus on their treatment. This case report describes the evaluation of an IVC aneurysm in a 56-year-old male, briefly discusses the embryologic development of the IVC, and revisits the question of whether surgical intervention is indicated in these patients.
Isolated Superficial Temporal Artery Dissection Masquerading as Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Delis Aristidis , Pollard Claire M. , Prasad Anil , Sobonya Richard E. , León Luis R.
Published: October 2009

A 79-year-old male presented with symptoms suggesting giant cell arteritis (GCA) and elevation of acute-phase reactants. Bilateral superficial temporal artery (STA) biopsies were negative for GCA. However, the right-sided biopsy showed a STA dissection.

Spontaneous isolated STA dissection has never been reported previously. The pertinent available literature is also discussed.
Cutdowns for Totally Implantable Access Ports to Central Veins
Authors: Kulaylat Mahmoud , Karakousis Constantine P.
Published: October 2009

For insertion of totally implantable access ports, with the catheter end in the superior vena cava, the percutaneous (Seldinger) technique is commonly used. Of cutdowns, the cephalic vein cutdown is the most popular one (success rate about 80%), followed by the external jugular vein cutdown. Our preliminary experience suggests that internal jugular vein and basilic vein cutdowns have the anatomic features to prove both of them superior to the cephalic vein cutdown.
Urgent Carotid Endarterectomy for Patients with Unstable Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Outcomes
Authors: Patterson Benjamin O. , Holt Peter J. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Thompson Matt M. , Loftus Ian M.
Published: October 2009

Current evidence suggests that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) performed within 2 weeks of symptoms produces better long-term results than if it is delayed. Urgent endarterectomy following unstable presentations such as crescendo transient ischemic attack (cTIA) or progressive stroke has been associated with variable results. The evidence for this treatment strategy required reviewing. A systematic review of articles related to urgent CEA between 1980 and 2008 was performed. For cTIA, there was an odds ratio of 5.6 (95% confidence interval 3.3–9.7, p ≤ .0001) for combined stroke or death compared with surgery for “standard” indications. For unstable stroke, the odds ratio was 5.5 (95% confidence interval 3.1–9.3, p ≤ .0001). Patients with unstable neurologic presentations are at higher risk of complications if operated on urgently. Clearer definitions would help more precise patient selection to avoid inadvertently operating on patients with an unacceptably high risk of poor outcome.
Percutaneous Access with Closure Devices and Iliac Extension Limbs Allows Safe Repair of Common Iliac Artery Aneurysm Repair as an Outpatient Procedure
Authors: Mukherjee Dipankar , Hashemi Homayoun
Published: October 2009

The true benefits of endovascular therapy will be realized when treatment for common vascular conditions can be performed effectively and safely, with minimal morbidity and in a cost-effective manner. We describe three cases of common iliac artery aneurysm repair performed as an outpatient procedure without problems. This was done in a cost-effective manner and with a high degree of patient satisfaction.
Aortofemoral Bypass to Bridge End-Stage Renal Disease Patients with Severe Iliac Calcification to Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Davins Meritxell , Llagostera Secundino , Jimenez Rocio , Rosales Antonio , Romero Josep Maria , Diaz Joan Manuel
Published: October 2009

Patients undergoing hemodialysis have a lower survival rate than those who receive a kidney transplant. Mortality among hemodialysis patients is approximately 14.5% compared with 1.5% for transplant recipients. One of the exclusion criteria for renal transplant is severe iliac artery calcification. We performed an aortofemoral bypass in these patients to make them eligible for renal transplantation. Eleven patients were selected to receive an aortofemoral bypass. All had severe calcification of iliac arteries. Eight patients required a bypass from the thoracic aorta and two from the infrarenal level. Revascularization was successful in 10 patients. Patency was 100%. Surgery could not be performed in one owing to severe calcification of the femoral artery. One patient died owing to gastrointestinal bleeding. Two patients developed complications; one needed a splenectomy, and the other developed meningitis and paralytic ileus. To date, four patients have received transplants, and the viability of the transplanted kidney is good in all cases. Renal transplantation is the only method known to improve survival and quality of life for hemodialysis patients. We consider that if patients with severe iliac calcification are well informed of the morbidity and mortality risk of an aortic bypass, this intervention can be justified in this setting.
Review of Current Theories for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathogenesis
Authors: Nordon Ian M. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Holt Peter J. , Loftus Ian M. , Thompson Matthew M.
Published: October 2009

Atherosclerotic plaques are a feature of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Atherosclerosis and AAA appear to share similar risk factors. These observations have led to the conclusion that AAAs are a consequence of advanced atherosclerosis.

This review explores current theories regarding the pathogenesis of AAA and their implications for treatment.

A systematic literature search was conducted using the search terms abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, pathogenesis, and systemic disease. Articles were categorized according to the association of AAAs with atherosclerosis, arteriomegaly, peripheral aneurysm, systemic expression, genetics, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and systemic disease. Twenty-nine articles reporting changes in the systemic vasculature associated with AAA and 12 articles examining the shared risk factor hypothesis were identified.

There is insufficient evidence to confirm that AAAs are the result of advanced atherosclerosis. The bulk of evidence points to AAA disease being a systemic disease of the vasculature, with a predetermined genetic susceptibility leading to a phenotype governed by environmental factors.
Pediatric Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Practical Considerations and Future Prospects
Authors: Shell Richard , Nicol Kathleen
Published: October 2009

Despite the utilization of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in children since the early 1970s, several challenges remain once the procedure is complete. These include little documentation on normal controls, the limitations due to the size of the patient, and uniform processes for assessment. It was not until 1995 that a taskforce on pediatric BAL was formed by the European Respiratory Society, and to our knowledge, they remain the only committee evaluating the process [ 1 ]. We examined our procedures and reviewed the literature in an attempt to document the most fruitful practices that would allow improved data comparison and introduce possible investigations.
EduPolitical Research: Reading Between the Lines
Authors: Willis Arlette Ingram
Published: October 2009

This article presents a counternarrative informed by personal, critical, and qualitative perspectives, written in response to articles on effective classroom literacy instruction for improved academic performance published in March 2009 in Educational Researcher. Classroom literacy instruction is a complex undertaking that must include an understanding of local communities, schools, and classroom contexts, especially in culturally and linguistically diverse and low-income schools. Edu political research refers to the intersection of education research and federal intervention that informs education policy. A way out of the quicksand of unresolved debates over epistemology, pedagogy, and methodological and analytical approaches to effective classroom literacy instruction, teacher–student interactions, and student performance is a collaborative effort to create dense theories of instruction informed by a broad body of knowledge.
A Lot of Students and Their Teachers Need Support: Using a Common Framework to Observe Teacher Practices Might Help
Authors: Pianta Robert C. , Hamre Bridget K.
Published: October 2009

The authors take the opportunity to respond to the commentaries (this issue of Educational Researcher) that were written regarding their article (in the March 2009 issue of Educational Researcher) summarizing the conceptual and empirical basis for using standardized approaches to observing teachers’ practices in classrooms and the potential that such approaches have for addressing some concerns about youngsters’ early literacy development. In this response, their intent is to clarify what appear to be points of misunderstanding and to add some details that could be helpful in interpreting their earlier article. They do not use citations for their assertions; the points made in this response requiring such documentation are made in the original article and are cited there, Interested readers can pursue those references.
Back to the Future: Contrasting Scientific Styles in Understanding Reading
Authors: Connor Carol McDonald , Schatschneider Christopher , Morrison Frederick J. , Ponitz Claire Cameron , Piasta Shayne B. , Fishman Barry J. , Crowe Elizabeth Coyne , Glasney Stephanie , Underwood Phyllis S.
Published: October 2009

In this rejoinder to Willis, Smagorinsky, and Douglas (this issue of Educational Researcher), the authors discuss how many of the points raised by Willis and Smagorinsky regarding their original article, which appeared in the March 2009 issue of Educational Researcher, are concerned less with the methods themselves than with different styles of science. The authors of this rejoinder examine their differing styles of science, using Stanovich’s 2003 framework, and call for consilience and the understanding that multiple perspectives and methods are needed to solve the important and perplexing problems that students and teachers will face in the 21st century.
Sharpening Our Focus in Measuring Classroom Instruction
Authors: Douglas Karen
Published: October 2009

This commentary highlights convergent themes from four articles in the March 2009 issue of Educational Researcher on measuring classroom instruction. Classroom instruction is a complex enterprise that occurs at the intersection of teachers, students, and texts within the surrounding classroom, school, and community environments. Progress in studying the complexity of classroom instruction on a large scale relies on our ability to pose research questions at the appropriate levels of analysis and to attempt to answer the questions using rigorous methods. These articles contribute to this task by sharing theoretical and practical viewpoints based on systematic programs of mixed methods research. The value of this body of research is reinforced through evidence of its impact on teaching practices and student learning.
Collaborative Distributed Scheduling Approaches for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Niu Jianjun , Deng Zhidong
Published: October 2009

Energy constraints restrict the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with battery-powered nodes, which poses great challenges for their large scale application. In this paper, we propose a family of collaborative distributed scheduling approaches (CDSAs) based on the Markov process to reduce the energy consumption of a WSN. The family of CDSAs comprises of two approaches: a one-step collaborative distributed approach and a two-step collaborative distributed approach. The approaches enable nodes to learn the behavior information of its environment collaboratively and integrate sleep scheduling with transmission scheduling to reduce the energy consumption. We analyze the adaptability and practicality features of the CDSAs. The simulation results show that the two proposed approaches can effectively reduce nodes’ energy consumption. Some other characteristics of the CDSAs like buffer occupation and packet delay are also analyzed in this paper. We evaluate CDSAs extensively on a 15-node WSN testbed. The test results show that the CDSAs conserve the energy effectively and are feasible for real WSNs.
A Radio-Aware Routing Algorithm for Reliable Directed Diffusion in Lossy Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kim Yong-Pyo , Jung Euihyun , Park Yong-Jin
Published: October 2009

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), transmission errors occur frequently due to node failure, battery discharge, contention or interference by objects. Although Directed Diffusion has been considered as a prominent data-centric routing algorithm, it has some weaknesses due to unexpected network errors. In order to address these problems, we proposed a radio-aware routing algorithm to improve the reliability of Directed Diffusion in lossy WSNs. The proposed algorithm is aware of the network status based on the radio information from MAC and PHY layers using a cross-layer design. The cross-layer design can be used to get detailed information about current status of wireless network such as a link quality or transmission errors of communication links. The radio information indicating variant network conditions and link quality was used to determine an alternative route that provides reliable data transmission under lossy WSNs. According to the simulation result, the radio-aware reliable routing algorithm showed better performance in both grid and random topologies with various error rates. The proposed solution suggested the possibility of providing a reliable transmission method for QoS requests in lossy WSNs based on the radio-awareness. The energy and mobility issues will be addressed in the future work.
Immune Response to Chlamydophila abortus POMP91B Protein in the Context of Different Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP); Role of Antigen in the Orientation of Immune Response
Authors: Le Moigne Vincent , Robreau Georges , Mahana Wahib
Published: October 2009

In a previous study, we used bacterial flagellin to deliver antigens such as p27 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a host immune system and obtained a potent Th1 responsecompared to those obtained with Freund’s adjuvant and DNA immunization. In the current study, using a POMP91B antigen of Chlamydophila abortus, a human and animal pathogen, as a model, we found that this antigen is unable to promote Th1 response. However, this antigen, unlike others, was able to induce a good Th2 response and IL-4 production after immunization by recombinant protein in Freund’s adjuvant or in phosphate buffered saline. Our results suggest that immune response is not only dependent on the immunization adjuvant, but also dependent on the nature of antigen used.
The Natural Selection of Herpesviruses and Virus-Specific NK Cell Receptors
Authors: Sun Joseph  C. , Lanier Lewis  L.
Published: October 2009

During the co-evolution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and natural killer (NK) cells, each has evolved specific tactics in an attempt to prevail. CMV has evolved multiple immune evasion mechanisms to avoid detection by NK cells and other immune cells, leading to chronic infection. Meanwhile, the host has evolved virus-specific receptors to counter these evasion strategies. The natural selection of viral genes and host receptors allows us to observe a unique molecular example of "survival of the fittest", as virus and immune cells try to out-maneuver one another or for the virus to achieve détente for optimal dissemination in the population.
From Backlot to Runaway Production: Exploring Location and Authenticity in Film-Induced Tourism
Authors: Frost Warwick
Published: October 2009

Films may represent one place but be made at another. In the early years of filmmaking, quite elaborate sets were constructed on studio backlots. In recent years, runaway productions have represented the United States while being shot in other countries. The dissonance between film
setting and film location raises the question of which is more likely to attract tourists. It also suggests that tourists may have difficulties with authenticity. This article seeks to examine these issues by taking a historical approach to the changing ways in which location has been used
by filmmakers over time.
The efficient synthesis of dibenzo[d,d′]benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene and cyclopenta[1,2-b:4,3-b′]bis(benzo[d]thiophen)-6-one
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Zhu Sheng , Shi Jianwu , Wang Hua
Published: October 2009

With 3,3′-bi[benzo[b]thiophenyl] as starting material, dibenzo[d,d′]benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene, a [5]heterohelicene, was synthesized efficiently in 60% yield via formylation and McMurry reaction. Cyclopenta[1,2-b:4,3-b′]bis(benzo[d]thiophen)-6-one, another interesting helical ketone, was also prepared in 79% yield via deprotonation and ketonization of 3,3′-bi[benzo[b]thiophenyl]. In addition, the single-crystal structure of dibenzo[d,d′]benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene and UV–vis spectra of both title compounds are described.
Social segregation in male, but not female yearling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Hassett Janice M. , Rupp Heather A. , Wallen Kim
Published: October 2009

Males and females of many species sex‐segregate, ranging from complete separation of habitats to social segregation within the same space, sometimes varying across seasons and lifespan development. Mechanisms for such segregation are not well understood, though some have suggested that sex differences in preferred juvenile behaviors lead to greater behavioral compatibility within than between sexes. This within‐sex behavioral compatibility may be the source of sex‐segregation. As juvenile behavioral sex differences are well‐documented in rhesus monkeys, we examined sex‐segregation patterns of yearling rhesus monkeys engaged in three different types of behavior: rough play, parallel play, and grooming. We observed male and female rhesus yearlings from five stable long‐term age‐graded social groups of 67–183 animals. Behavioral observations were designed to collect equal numbers of rough play, grooming, and parallel play bouts. In addition, sex composition and proximity to adults was recorded for each bout. Across all behaviors, more all‐male groups and fewer mixed sex‐groups were observed than expected by chance. All‐female groups occurred at the level expected by chance. Thus, males sex‐segregated regardless of type of behavior, while females did not sex‐segregate. Female groups were observed in proximity to adults more often than expected by chance. These results suggest that behavioral compatibility may produce sex‐segregation in male yearling rhesus monkeys, possibly preparing males and females for different social roles and segregation as adults. Am. J. Primatol. 72:87–92, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded nuclear antigen‐1 immune responses predict conversion to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lünemann Jan D. , Tintoré Mar , Messmer Brady , Strowig Till , Rovira Álex , Perkal Héctor , Caballero Estrella , Münz Christian , Montalban Xavier , Comabella Manuel
Published: October 2009

Objective

The aims of the study were to determine the immune responses to candidate viral triggers of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CISs), and to evaluate their potential value in predicting conversion to MS.

Methods

Immune responses to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and measles were determined in a cohort of 147 CIS patients with a mean follow‐up of 7 years and compared with 50 demographically matched controls.

Results

Compared with controls, CIS patients showed increased humoral (p < 0.0001) and cellular (p = 0.007) immune responses to the EBV‐encoded nuclear antigen‐1 (EBNA1), but not to other EBV‐derived proteins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to other virus antigens and frequencies of T cells specific for HCMV and influenza virus gene products were unchanged in CIS patients. EBNA1 was the only viral antigen with which immune responses correlated with number of T2 lesions (p = 0.006) and number of Barkhof criteria (p=0.001) at baseline, and with number of T2 lesions (p = 0.012 at both 1 and 5 years), presence of new T2 lesions (p = 0.003 and p = 0.028 at 1 and 5 years), and Expanded Disability Status Scale score (p = 0.015 and p = 0.010 at 1 and 5 years) during follow‐up. In a univariate Cox regression model, increased EBNA1‐specific IgG responses predicted conversion to MS based on McDonald criteria (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.2 [1.2‐4.3]; p = 0.003).

Interpretation

Our results indicate that elevated immune responses toward EBNA1 are selectively increased in CIS patients and suggest that EBNA1‐specific IgG titers could be used as a prognostic marker for disease conversion and disability progression. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:159–169
A sodium channel gene SCN9A polymorphism that increases nociceptor excitability
Authors: Estacion Mark , Harty T. Patrick , Choi Jin‐Sung , Tyrrell Lynda , Dib‐Hajj Sulayman D. , Waxman Stephen G.
Published: October 2009

Sodium channel NaV1.7, encoded by the SCN9A gene, is preferentially expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons, where it amplifies small depolarizations. In studies on a family with inherited erythromelalgia associated with NaV1.7 gain‐of‐function mutation A863P, we identified a nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide polymorphism within SCN9A in the affected proband and several unaffected family members; this polymorphism (c. 3448C&T, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms database rs6746030, which produces the amino acid substitution R1150W in human NaV1.7 [hNaV1.7]) is present in 1.1 to 12.7% of control chromosomes, depending on ethnicity. In this study, we examined the effect of the R1150W substitution on function of the hNaV1.7 channel, and on the firing of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in which this channel is normally expressed. We show that this polymorphism depolarizes activation (7.9–11mV in different assays). Current‐clamp analysis shows that the 1150W allele depolarizes (6mV) resting membrane potential and increases (∼2‐fold) the firing frequency in response to depolarization in DRG neurons in which it is present. Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the NaV1.7 channel may influence susceptibility to pain. Ann Neurol 2009;66:862–866
Hippocampal interictal spikes disrupt cognition in rats
Authors: Kleen Jonathan K. , Scott Rod C. , Holmes Gregory L. , Lenck‐Santini Pierre Pascal
Published: October 2009

Objective

Cognitive impairment is common in epilepsy, particularly in memory function. Interictal spikes (IISs) are thought to disrupt cognition, but it is difficult to delineate their contribution from general impairments in memory produced by etiology and seizures. We investigated the transient impact of focal IISs on the hippocampus, a structure crucial for learning and memory and yet highly prone to IISs in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

Methods

Bilateral hippocampal depth electrodes were implanted into 14 Sprague‐Dawley rats, followed by intrahippocampal pilocarpine or saline infusion unilaterally. Rats that developed chronic spikes were trained in a hippocampal‐dependent operant behavior task, delayed‐match‐to‐sample. Depth‐electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during 5,562 trials among five rats, and within‐subject analyses evaluated the impact of hippocampal spikes on short‐term memory operations.

Results

Hippocampal spikes that occurred during memory retrieval strongly impaired performance (p < 0.001). However, spikes that occurred during memory encoding or memory maintenance did not affect performance in those trials. Hippocampal spikes also affected response latency, adding approximately 0.48 seconds to the time taken to respond (p < 0.001).

Interpretation

We found that focal IIS‐related interference in cognition extends to structures in the limbic system, which required intrahippocampal recordings. Hippocampal spikes seem most harmful if they occur when hippocampal function is critical, extending human studies showing that cortical spikes are most disruptive during active cortical functioning. The cumulative effects of spikes could therefore impact general cognitive functioning. These results strengthen the argument that suppression of IISs may improve memory and cognitive performance in patients with epilepsy. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:250–257
Triptan‐induced latent sensitization: A possible basis for medication overuse headache
Authors: De Felice Milena , Ossipov Michael H. , Wang Ruizhong , Lai Josephine , Chichorro Juliana , Meng Ian , Dodick David W. , Vanderah Todd W. , Dussor Gregory , Porreca Frank
Published: October 2009

Objective

Identification of the neural mechanisms underlying medication overuse headache resulting from triptans.

Methods

Triptans were administered systemically to rats by repeated intermittent injections or by continuous infusion over 6 days. Periorbital and hind paw sensory thresholds were measured to detect cutaneous allodynia. Immunofluorescent histochemistry was employed to detect changes in peptidic neurotransmitter expression in identified dural afferents. Enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay was used to measure calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) levels in blood.

Results

Sustained or repeated administration of triptans to rats elicited time‐dependent and reversible cutaneous tactile allodynia that was maintained throughout and transiently after drug delivery. Triptan administration increased labeling for CGRP in identified trigeminal dural afferents that persisted long after discontinuation of triptan exposure. Two weeks after triptan exposure, when sensory thresholds returned to baseline levels, rats showed enhanced cutaneous allodynia and increased CGRP in the blood following challenge with a nitric oxide donor. Triptan treatment thus induces a state of latent sensitization characterized by persistent pronociceptive neural adaptations in dural afferents and enhanced responses to an established trigger of migraine headache in humans.

Interpretation

Triptans represent the treatment of choice for moderate and severe migraine headaches. However, triptan overuse can lead to an increased frequency of migraine headache. Overuse of these medications could induce neural adaptations that result in a state of latent sensitization, which might increase sensitivity to migraine triggers. The latent sensitization could provide a mechanistic basis for the transformation of migraine to medication overuse headache. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:325–337
Boron: Elementary Challenge for Experimenters and Theoreticians
Authors: Albert Barbara , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: October 2009

Many of the fundamental questions regarding the solid‐state chemistry of boron are still unsolved, more than 200 years after its discovery. Recently, theoretical work on the existence and stability of known and new modifications of the element combined with high‐pressure and high‐temperature experiments have revealed new aspects. A lot has also happened over the last few years in the field of reactions between boron and main group elements. Binary compounds such as B6O, MgB2, LiB1−x, Na3B20, and CaB6 have caused much excitement, but the electron‐precise, colorless boride carbides Li2B12C2, LiB13C2, and MgB12C2 as well as the graphite analogue BeB2C2 also deserve special attention. Physical properties such as hardness, superconductivity, neutron scattering length, and thermoelectricity have also made boron‐rich compounds attractive to materials research and for applications. The greatest challenges to boron chemistry, however, are still the synthesis of monophasic products in macroscopic quantities and in the form of single crystals, the unequivocal identification and determination of crystal structures, and a thorough understanding of their electronic situation. Linked polyhedra are the dominating structural elements of the boron‐rich compounds of the main group elements. In many cases, their structures can be derived from those that have been assigned to modifications of the element. Again, even these require a critical revision and discussion.