bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eavesdropping and Risk Assessment Between Lions, Spotted Hyenas and African Wild Dogs
Authors: Webster Hugh , McNutt John W. , McComb Karen
Published: January 2010

Vocalizing allows rapid transmission of detailed information beyond line of sight. However, the risk of eavesdropping by unintended receivers means there is also a potential cost to any vocalization. For fugitive species such as African wild dogs the potential cost of attracting dangerous competitors as eavesdroppers is especially significant. Experiments presented here demonstrate that eavesdropping lions Panthera leo were highly motivated to approach playbacks of wild dog Lycaon pictus vocalizations. As lions will kill any wild dogs they can catch, wild dogs risk paying high costs should their calls be detected. Lions were less likely to approach playbacks of spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta whoops, with responses split according to gender: male lions remained quick to approach hyena whoops, but females without accompanying males typically did not approach. Although hyenas seemed at least as capable as lions of detecting playbacks of wild dog calls, they were significantly less likely to subsequently approach them. Analogous to female lions faced with hyenas, the reluctance of hyenas to approach wild dogs may well derive from an assessment of the potential risks involved. We consider the hypothesis that wild dog twitters display counter‐adaptations against eavesdropping, but suggest that this species may best limit the risk of detection by avoiding areas where they are most likely to be overheard by lions.
Peripheral nerve field stimulation for pruritus relief in a patient with notalgia paraesthetica
Authors: Ricciardo Bernadette , Kumar Sandeep , O'Callaghan James , Boyce Zachary
Published: January 2010

This case study is presented to exemplify the application of peripheral nerve field stimulation in the treatment of recalcitrant notalgia paraesthetica. The patient was a 60‐year‐old woman with severe and disabling notalgia paraesthetica. The itch persisted despite the use of several medications – topical and oral. Following a successful trial of peripheral nerve field stimulation with a temporary electrode, two subcutaneous electrodes were inserted into the affected area with a battery implanted subcutaneously in her right buttock. The patient was reviewed at 5 months post implantation. She reported a greater than 85% improvement in her itch. She also reported a major improvement in her quality of life, with particular improvement in her ability to sleep through the night. This case illustrates the possible utilization of peripheral nerve field stimulation in the treatment of notalgia paraesthetica, which is a common yet poorly understood and treated condition. Replication and controlled studies are required to determine the general applicability of this approach.
Hyaluronic acid filler injections with a 31‐gauge insulin syringe
Authors: Lim Adrian C
Published: January 2010

Hyaluronic acid gel is a commonly used skin/soft tissue filler in cosmetic dermatology. Hyaluronic acid fillers are packaged in proprietary luer‐lock syringes that can be injected via a 30‐gauge, 27‐gauge or larger diameter needle depending on the consistency of the gel. A method of decanting proprietary hyaluronic acid fillers into multiple 31‐gauge insulin syringes for injection is described. The use of a 31‐gauge insulin syringe for filler injections can potentially enhance the injection process through more accurate product delivery and placement. This has the potential to produce a more balanced and symmetrical outcome for patients. Additional benefits include less injection pain, less bleeding/bruising and higher levels of patient satisfaction.
Clinical characteristics and mid‐term outcomes of acute myocardial infarction patients with prior cerebrovascular disease in an Asian population: Lessons from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry
Authors: Li Yong‐Jian , Rha Seung‐Woon , Chen Kang‐Yin , Jin Zhe , Minami Yoshiyasu , Wang Lin , Dang Qun , Poddar Kanhaiya L. , Ramasamy Sureshkumar , Park Ji‐Young , Oh Dong Joo , Jeong Myung Ho ,   the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry Investigators
Published: January 2010

1. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the impact of prior cerebrovascular disease (CVD) on the clinical characteristics and mid‐term clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the era of drug‐eluting stents.

2. Data from 12 914 patients with acute myocardial infarction who were enrolled in the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry were analysed retrospectively from November 2005 to December 2007. Prior CVD was defined as having had one or more events of ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack.

3. Of the 12 914 patients reviewed, 906 (7.0%) were found to have had prior CVD. Patients with CVD were older, were more likely to be women and were more likely to have hypertension and diabetes than those without CVD. Patients with prior CVD presented more often with non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction and higher Killip class than those without CVD. Furthermore, patients with CVD received less percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or thrombolysis compared with those without CVD. Although intensive medical therapy was equal in both groups, clinical outcomes at 8 months showed that patients with CVD had a higher incidence of cardiac death (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.76; P = 0.002) and total death (adjusted OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.25–1.81; P < 0.001) than those without CVD.

4. In conclusion, patients with prior CVD presented with worse clinical characteristics on admission and were less likely to receive PCI or thrombolysis than those without CVD. Given the poorer mid‐term clinical outcomes, more intensive and aggressive management shouldis recommended for patients with prior CVD to improve their long‐term clinical outcome.
Hypo‐osmotic swelling test and unexplained repeat early pregnancy loss
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudhindra M.
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To study the relationship of various sperm characteristics and hypo‐osmotic swelling test (HOS test) with repeat unexplained early pregnancy loss.

Methods:  Semen samples from husbands of 74 couples with a history of repeat early pregnancy loss (group A) were analyzed according to World Health Organization criteria, and a HOS test was performed in each case. Semen samples from 65 husbands with proven fertility (group B) were also studied for comparison.

Results:  No statistically significant differences were noted in the age of the husbands, sperm concentration, sperm morphology and percent motile sperm between groups A and B. The mean HOS test scores of the two groups were significantly different (group A: 60.4%; group B: 76.9%; P = 0.01 [normal value: >60%]). In group A, 33.8% of cases (25/74) and in group B, 12.3% of cases (8/65) showed low HOS test scores.

Conclusion:  The sperm HOS test may be helpful to screen for any paternal factor associated with repeat embryonic or early fetal loss and in a resource‐poor setting, and may be utilized in any clinical laboratory.
Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time in thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing cesarean section
Authors: Matsubara Shigeki , Usui Rie , Ohkuchi Akihide , Okuno Satsuki , Izumi Akio , Watanabe Takashi , Seo Norimasa , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Hemorrhage is an important complication of heparin‐thromboprophylaxis after surgery. We attempted to clarify the incidence rate of prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), representative of hemorrhagic tendency, in Japanese women who received thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated subcutaneous heparin administration after cesarean section (CS). We also determined factors which affected postoperative APTT.

Methods:  We studied 280 women who were administered thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated subcutaneous heparin 5000 IU two times per day after CS. Postoperative APTT under heparin was measured and the incidence of its prolongation was determined. Preoperative APTT, blood loss during surgery, postoperative hematocrit, postoperative serum total protein level, and postpartum body weight were measured, and their correlation with postoperative APTT was determined.

Results:  Preoperative and postoperative APTT values were 28.3 (26.7–30.3) and 33.8 (31.0–37.5) seconds for median (interquartile range), respectively. Overall, 7.1% of patients showed ≥45 s postoperative APTT. Two patients (0.7%) showed ≥60 s APTT, one of whom suffered subcutaneous hemorrhage around the abdominal incision with complete healing. There were no other hemorrhagic complications. Preoperative APTT positively, and postpartum body weight inversely, correlated with postoperative APTT. The amount of blood loss, postoperative hematocrit, and postoperative serum total protein level did not correlate with postoperative APTT. No discernible deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred.

Conclusion:  Although 7.1% of women under heparin‐thromboprophylaxis showed a prolonged APTT that was 150% of the preoperative APTT, serious side effects were not observed. Subcutaneous administration of unfractionated heparin, if checking APTT prolongation 1 day after surgery, may be safe method of thromboprophylaxis after CS.
Influence of obstetric factors on the yield of mononuclear cells, CD34+ cell count and volume of placental/umbilical cord blood
Authors: Omori Atsuko , Manabe Mami , Kudo Kaori , Tanaka Kanako , Takahashi Kenji , Kashiwakura Ikuo
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Placental/umbilical cord blood (CB) has been used increasingly not only for transplantations, but also in the field of life science research. However, little information is available on the biological characteristics of CB units collected in rural areas because no medical facilities are affiliated with CB banks. Little attention has been paid to the collection of CB units in rural areas compared to CB collected in metropolitan areas. CB is a precious source for life science research due to the recent low birth rate in Japan. Therefore, to efficiently utilize CB units, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the optimum obstetric factors associated with a higher yield of mononuclear/CD34+ cells per CB unit.

Methods:  CB units were collected at a single hospital (Hirosaki National Hospital). A total of 126 CB units from 105 vaginal deliveries and 21 cesarean section deliveries were available for cell separation within 24 h. Mononuclear low‐density (LD) cells were separated using Ficoll‐Paque and then processed for CD34+ cell enrichment using magnetic cell sorting. Associations between the maternal/neonatal factors and the yield of LD/CD34+ cells were analyzed.

Results:  Despite the larger net weight of CB collected from cesarean section deliveries, the total number of LD cells collected from vaginal deliveries was significantly higher than that collected from cesarean section deliveries. The total number of LD cells per CB unit from primigravidae was significantly higher compared with that collected from from multigravidae.

Conclusion:  CB units from vaginal deliveries of primigravidae may be more favorable because they contain a higher yield of mononuclear cells.
Evaluation of the efficacy of constitutional array‐based comparative genomic hybridization in the diagnosis of aneuploidy using genomic and amplified DNA
Authors: Tan Niap H. , Palmer Rodger , Wang Rubin
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a new molecular technique that has the potential to revolutionize cytogenetics. However, use of high resolution array CGH in the clinical setting is plagued by the problem of widespread copy number variations (CNV) in the human genome. Constitutional microarray, containing only clones that interrogate regions of known constitutional syndromes, may circumvent the dilemma of detecting CNV of unknown clinical significance.

Methods:  The present study investigated the efficacy of constitutional microarray in the diagnosis of trisomy. Test samples included genomic DNA from trisomic cell lines, amplification products of 50 ng of genomic DNA and whole genome amplification products of single cells. DNA amplification was achieved by means of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) over 16 h.

Results:  The trisomic and sex chromosomes copy number imbalances in the genomic DNA were correctly identified by the constitutional microarrays. However, there was a failure to detect the trisomy in the amplification products of 50 ng of genomic DNA and whole genome amplification products of single cells.

Conclusion:  Using carefully selected clones, Spectral Genomics constitutional microarray was able to detect the chromosomal copy number imbalances in genomic DNA without the confounding effects of CNV. The diagnostic failure in amplified DNA samples could be attributed to the amplification process. The MDA duration of 16 h generated excessive amount of biases and shortening the duration might minimize the problem.
Do women's perceptions of care at the time of unexplained stillbirth influence their wishes for management in subsequent pregnancy? An Internet‐based empirical study
Authors: Robson Stephen J. , Leader Leo R. , Bennett Michael J. , Dear Keith B. G.
Published: January 2010

Aim:  The aim of this study was to examine women's perceptions of their care at the time of unexplained stillbirth, and whether these appear to affect wishes for management in subsequent pregnancy.

Methods:  An Internet‐based survey was conducted of women after unexplained stillbirth, seeking information about their perceptions of management, and their wishes for care in a subsequent pregnancy.

Results:  One hundred and five completed surveys were included in the study group. Only 18 respondents (17%) reported that the diagnosis was broken in an uncaring way. Twenty respondents (19%) felt ‘rushed into making decisions’. Almost all respondents (95%) felt that they were given adequate time with the baby after delivery. Fifty‐seven respondents (54%) consented to perinatal autopsy. Most women (93%) wanted additional testing in their next pregnancy, 81% wanted delivery before the due date, but only 26% wanted cesarean delivery next time.

Conclusion:  Women's perceptions of care at the time of an unexplained stillbirth did not appear to influence their wishes for management in the next pregnancy.
Leiomyosarcoma arising in a patient with prior mitotically active leiomyoma
Authors: Kim Jin Hwi , Choi Young Jin , Kim Dong Chul , Lee Sung Jong
Published: January 2010

Mitotically active leiomyomas exhibiting insignificant cytologic atypia (none to mild) with an increased mitotic count of 5–20 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields, and without coagulative tumor cell necrosis or atypical mitoses, tend to have a benign clinical course. We encountered a case of a mitotically active leiomyoma and malignant transformation after a total hysterectomy. The recurrent multiple abdominal masses were removed surgically; most of them were benign leiomyomas, but some were leiomyosarcomas. Although most mitotically active leiomyomas have a benign clinical course, these lesions can recur and have the potential for malignant transformation. Therefore, patients with mitotically active leiomyomas require close follow‐up.
BKCa currents are enriched in a subpopulation of adult rat cutaneous nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Lin , Mok Lee‐Peng , Katz Elizabeth J. , Gold Michael S.
Published: January 2010

The biophysical properties and distribution of voltage‐dependent, Ca2+ ‐modulated K+ (BKCa) currents among subpopulations of acutely dissociated DiI‐labeled cutaneous sensory neurons from the adult rat were characterized with whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques. BKCa currents were isolated from total K+ current with iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin or paxilline. There was considerable variability in biophysical properties of BKCa currents. There was also variability in the distribution of BKCa current among subpopulations of cutaneous dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. While present in each of the subpopulations defined by cell body size, IB4 binding or capsaicin sensitivity, BKCa current was present in the vast majority (> 90%) of small‐diameter IB4+ neurons, but was present in only a minority of neurons in subpopulations defined by other criteria (i.e. small‐diameter IB4−). Current‐clamp analysis indicated that in IB4+ neurons, BKCa currents contribute to the repolarization of the action potential and adaptation in response to sustained membrane depolarization, while playing little role in the determination of action potential threshold. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis of mRNA collected from whole DRG revealed the presence of multiple splice variants of the BKCa channel α‐subunit, rslo and all four of the accessory β‐subunits, suggesting that heterogeneity in the biophysical and pharmacological properties of BKCa current in cutaneous neurons reflects, at least in part, the differential distribution of splice variants and/or β‐subunits. Because even a small decrease in BKCa current appears to have a dramatic influence on excitability, modulation of this current may contribute to sensitization of nociceptive afferents observed following tissue injury.
Integrin α5β1 is necessary for regulation of radial migration of cortical neurons during mouse brain development
Authors: Marchetti Giovanni , Escuin Sarah , Van Der Flier Arjan , De Arcangelis Adèle , Hynes Richard O. , Georges‐Labouesse Elisabeth
Published: January 2010

During cerebral cortex development, post‐mitotic neurons interact with radial glial fibers and the extracellular environment to migrate away from the ventricular region and form a correct laminar structure. Integrin receptors are major mediators of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. Several integrin heterodimers are present during formation of the cortical layers. The α5β1 receptor is expressed in the neural progenitors of the ventricular zone during cerebral cortex formation. Using in utero electroporation to introduce short hairpin RNAs in the brain at embryonic day 15.5, we were able to inhibit acutely the expression of α5 integrin in the developing cortex. The knockdown of α5 integrin expression level in neural precursors resulted in an inhibition of radial migration, without perturbing the glial scaffold. Moreover, the same inhibitory effect on neuronal migration was observed after electroporation of a Cre recombinase expression plasmid into the neural progenitors of conditional knockout mice for α5 integrin. In both types of experiments, the electroporated cells expressing reduced levels of α5 integrin accumulated in the premigratory region with an abnormal morphology. At postnatal day 2, ectopic neurons were observed in cortical layer V, while a deficit of neurons was observed in cortical layer II–IV. We show that these neurons do not express a layer V‐specific marker, suggesting that they have not undergone premature differentiation. Overall, these results indicate that α5β1 integrin functions in the regulation of neural morphology and migration during cortical development, playing a role in cortical lamination.
Repetitive behavior and increased activity in mice with Purkinje cell loss: a model for understanding the role of cerebellar pathology in autism
Authors: Martin Loren A. , Goldowitz Dan , Mittleman Guy
Published: January 2010

Repetitive behaviors and hyperactivity are common features of developmental disorders, including autism. Neuropathology of the cerebellum is also a frequent occurrence in autism and other developmental disorders. Recent studies have indicated that cerebellar pathology may play a causal role in the generation of repetitive and hyperactive behaviors. In this study, we examined the relationship between cerebellar pathology and these behaviors in a mouse model of Purkinje cell loss. Specifically, we made aggregation chimeras between Lc/+ mutant embryos and +/+ embryos. Lc/+ mice lose 100% of their Purkinje cells postnatally due to a cell‐intrinsic gain‐of‐function mutation. Through our histological examination, we demonstrated that Lc/+↔+/+ chimeric mice have Purkinje cells ranging from zero to normal numbers. Our analysis of these chimeric cerebella confirmed previous studies on Purkinje cell lineage. The results of both open‐field activity and hole‐board exploration testing indicated negative relationships between Purkinje cell number and measures of activity and investigatory nose‐poking. Additionally, in a progressive‐ratio operant paradigm, we found that Lc/+ mice lever‐pressed significantly less than +/+ controls, which led to significantly lower breakpoints in this group. In contrast, chimeric mice lever‐pressed significantly more than controls and this repetitive lever‐pressing behavior was significantly and negatively correlated with total Purkinje cell numbers. Although the performance of Lc/+ mice is probably related to their motor deficits, the significant relationships between Purkinje cell number and repetitive lever‐pressing behavior as well as open‐field activity measures provide support for a role of cerebellar pathology in generating repetitive behavior and increased activity in chimeric mice.
Functional hemispheric asymmetries in humans: electrophysiological evidence from preterm infants
Authors: Mento Giovanni , Suppiej Agnese , Altoè Gianmarco , Bisiacchi Patrizia S.
Published: January 2010

In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging has allowed researchers to individuate the earlier morphological development of the right hemisphere compared with the left hemisphere during late‐gestational development. Anatomical asymmetry, however, does not necessarily mean functional asymmetry, and whether the anatomical differences between hemispheres at this early age are paralleled by functional specialisations remains unknown. In this study, the presence of lateralised electrical brain activity related to both pitch detection and discrimination was investigated in 34 prematurely‐born infants [24–34 gestational weeks (GWs)] all tested at the same post‐conceptional age of 35 weeks. By means of a frequency–change oddball experimental paradigm, with ‘standard’ tones at 1000 Hz (P = 90%) and ‘deviant’ tones at 2000 Hz (P = 10%), we were able to record higher right event‐related potential activity in the interval windows between 350 and 650 ms after stimulus onset. An explorative hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed the different distribution of the hemispheric asymmetry score in newborns < 30 weeks old. Here, we show electrophysiological evidence of the early functional right lateralisation for pitch processing (detection and discrimination) arising by 30 GWs, but not before, in preterm newborns despite the longer environmental sensorial experience of newborns < 30 GWs. Generally, these findings suggest that the earlier right structural maturation in foetal epochs seems to be paralleled by a right functional development.
Impact of dendritic spine preservation in medium spiny neurons on dopamine graft efficacy and the expression of dyskinesias in parkinsonian rats
Authors: Soderstrom Katherine E. , O’Malley Jennifer A. , Levine Nathan D. , Sortwell Caryl E. , Collier Timothy J. , Steece‐Collier Kathy
Published: January 2010

Dopamine deficiency associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) results in numerous changes in striatal transmitter function and neuron morphology. Specifically, there is marked atrophy of dendrites and dendritic spines on striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN), primary targets of inputs from nigral dopamine and cortical glutamate neurons, in advanced PD and rodent models of severe dopamine depletion. Dendritic spine loss occurs via dysregulation of intraspine Cav1.3 L‐type Ca2+channels and can be prevented, in animal models, by administration of the calcium channel antagonist, nimodipine. The impact of MSN dendritic spine loss in the parkinsonian striatum on dopamine neuron graft therapy remains unexamined. Using unilaterally parkinsonian Sprague–Dawley rats, we tested the hypothesis that MSN dendritic spine preservation through administration of nimodipine would result in improved therapeutic benefit and diminished graft‐induced behavioral abnormalities in rats grafted with embryonic ventral midbrain cells. Analysis of rotational asymmetry and spontaneous forelimb use in the cylinder task found no significant effect of dendritic spine preservation in grafted rats. However, analyses of vibrissae‐induced forelimb use, levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and graft‐induced dyskinesias showed significant improvement in rats with dopamine grafts associated with preserved striatal dendritic spine density. Nimodipine treatment in this model did not impact dopamine graft survival but allowed for increased graft reinnervation of striatum. Taken together, these results demonstrate that even with grafting suboptimal numbers of cells, maintaining normal spine density on target MSNs results in overall superior behavioral efficacy of dopamine grafts.
In vivo confocal neuroimaging (ICON): non‐invasive, functional imaging of the mammalian CNS with cellular resolution
Authors: Prilloff Sylvia , Fan Jingyun , Henrich‐Noack Petra , Sabel Bernhard A.
Published: January 2010

With in vivo confocal neuroimaging (ICON), single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be visualized non‐invasively, repeatedly, in real‐time and under natural conditions. Here we report the use of ICON to visualize dynamic changes in RGC morphology, connectivity and functional activation using calcium markers, and to visualize nanoparticle transport across the blood–retina barrier by fluorescent dyes. To document the versatility of ICON, we studied the cellular response to optic nerve injury, and found evidence of reversible soma swelling, recovery of retrograde axonal transport and a difference in calcium activation dynamics between surviving and dying RGCs. This establishes ICON as a unique tool for studying CNS physiology and pathophysiology in real‐time on a cellular level. ICON has potential applications in different research fields, such as neuroprotection/regeneration, degeneration, pharmacology, toxicity and drug delivery.
Modulation of decision‐making in a gambling task in older adults with transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Boggio Paulo Sérgio , Campanhã Camila , Valasek Cláudia A. , Fecteau Shirley , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Fregni Felipe
Published: January 2010

Cognitive performance usually declines in older adults as a result of neurodegenerative processes. One of the cognitive domains usually affected is decision‐making. Based on our recent findings suggesting that non‐invasive brain stimulation can improve decision‐making in young participants, we studied whether bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the right and left prefrontal cortex of older adult subjects can change balance of risky and safe responses as it can in younger individuals. Twenty‐eight subjects (age range from 50 to 85 years) performed a gambling risk task while receiving either anodal tDCS over the right and cathodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anodal tDCS over the left with cathodal tDCS over the right DLPFC, or sham stimulation. Our main finding was a significant group effect showing that participants receiving left anodal/right cathodal stimulation chose more often high‐risk prospects as compared with participants receiving sham or those receiving right anodal/left cathodal stimulation. This result is contrary to previous findings in young subjects, suggesting that modulation of cortical activity in young and elderly results in opposite behavioral effects; thus supporting fundamental changes in cognitive processing in the elderly.
Intracellular Ca2+ release‐dependent inactivation of Ca2+ currents in thalamocortical relay neurons
Authors: Rankovic Vladan , Ehling Petra , Coulon Philippe , Landgraf Peter , Kreutz Michael R. , Munsch Thomas , Budde Thomas
Published: January 2010

Neuronal Ca2+ channels are rapidly inactivated by a mechanism that is termed Ca2+‐dependent inactivation (CDI). In this study we investigated the influence of intracellular Ca2+ release on CDI of high‐voltage‐activated Ca2+ channels in rat thalamocortical relay neurons by combining voltage‐clamp, Ca2+ imaging and immunological techniques. Double‐pulse protocols revealed CDI, which depended on the length of the conditioning pulses. Caffeine caused a concentration‐dependent increase in CDI that was accompanied by an increase in the duration of Ca2+ transients. Inhibition of ryanodine receptors and endoplasmic Ca2+ pumps (by thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid) resulted in a reduction of CDI. In contrast, inhibition of inositol 1,4,5‐tris‐phosphate receptors by intracellular application of 2‐aminoethoxy diphenyl borate or heparin did not influence CDI. The block of transient receptor potential channels by extracellular application of 2‐aminoethoxy diphenyl borate, however, resulted in a significant reduction of CDI. The central role of L‐type Ca2+ channels was emphasized by the near‐complete block of CDI by nifedipine, an effect only surpassed when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+ and chelated by 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′,‐tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). Trains of action potential‐like stimuli induced a strong reduction in high‐voltage‐activated Ca2+ current amplitude, which was significantly reduced when intracellular Ca2+ stores were made inoperative by thapsigargin or Ba2+/BAPTA. Western blotting revealed expression of L‐type Ca2+ channels in thalamic and hippocampal tissue but not liver tissue. In summary, these results suggest a cross‐signalling between L‐type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors that controls the amount of Ca2+ influx during neuronal activity.
Subclasses of oligodendrocytes populate the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Vinet Jonathan , Lemieux Philippe , Tamburri Albert , Tiesinga Paul , Scafidi Joseph , Gallo Vittorio , Sík Attila
Published: January 2010

Oligodendrocytes are the myelin‐forming cells of the central nervous system that facilitate transmission of axonal electrical impulses. Using transgenic mice expressing 2′,3′ cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase (CNPase)‐enhanced green fluorescent protein, a three‐dimensional reconstruction tool and analysis, we illustrate that three morphologically different oligodendrocyte types exist in the hippocampus. Those of the ramified type have the most numerous processes, the largest cell body, occupy the largest area and form beaded‐like structures, due to mitochondria aggregates, along the processes. Stellar‐shaped oligodendrocytes have smaller cell bodies and their processes cover a significantly smaller area. Those of the smooth subtype have a small cell body with at most two processes. In addition to these types, a large number of oligodendrocytes were found that faintly express CNPase‐enhanced green fluorescent protein. More than 50% of the faint type colocalized with NG2 and 91% with oligodendrocyte transcription factor‐2, whereas 94% of NG2‐immunoreactive and 45% of oligodendrocyte transcription factor‐2‐immunoreactive cells were faintly CNPase‐enhanced green fluorescent protein positive. Based on the complexity of the overall structure, the three types probably represent stages of a maturation process such that one subtype can morph into another. Thus, the least complex ‘smooth’ cell would represent the youngest oligodendrocyte that matures into the stellar type and eventually progresses to become the most complex ramified oligodendrocyte. Investigation of the distribution pattern revealed that the highest density of oligodendrocytes was found in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare and the hilar region. The distribution analysis of oligodendrocyte subclasses revealed a tendency for different cell types to segregate in large non‐overlapping areas. This observation suggests that morphologically, and possible functionally, different oligodendrocytes are topographically segregated.
The contribution of human cortical area V3A to the perception of chromatic motion: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: McKeefry D. J. , Burton M. P. , Morland A. B.
Published: January 2010

Area V3A was identified in five human subjects on both a functional and retinotopic basis using functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. V3A, along with other visual areas responsive to motion, was then targeted for disruption by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) whilst the participants performed a delayed speed matching task. The stimuli used for this task included chromatic, isoluminant motion stimuli that activated either the L−M or S−(L+M) cone‐opponent mechanisms, in addition to moving stimuli that contained only luminance contrast (L+M). The speed matching task was performed for chromatic and luminance stimuli that moved at slow (2°/s) or faster (8°/s) speeds. The application of rTMS to area V3A produced a perceived slowing of all chromatic and luminance stimuli at both slow and fast speeds. Similar deficits were found when rTMS was applied to V5/MT+. No deficits in performance were found when areas V3B and V3d were targeted by rTMS. These results provide evidence of a causal link between neural activity in human area V3A and the perception of chromatic isoluminant motion. They establish area V3A, alongside V5/MT+, as a key area in a cortical network that underpins the analysis of not only luminance but also chromatically‐defined motion.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BETTING AND LOTTERY PLAY
Authors: FORREST DAVID , GULLEY O. DAVID , SIMMONS ROBERT
Published: January 2010

We apply a novel daily time series data set of daily turnover from one of Britain’s leading bookmakers to analyze potential substitution between lottery play and bookmaker betting. We find some evidence that bettors do substitute away from horse race, soccer and numbers betting when the effective price of lottery tickets is unusually low, that is, when there is a rollover or other special draw. This substitution has a highly specific pattern of timing that varies by sector. Our results further suggest that bettors rationally engage in forward‐looking substitution within their betting portfolios. (JEL D12, L83)
CONTEST DESIGN AND OPTIMAL ENDOGENOUS ENTRY
Authors: FU QIANG , LU JINGFENG
Published: January 2010

This paper derives the effort‐maximizing contest rule and the optimal endogenous entry in a context where potential participants bear fixed entry costs. The organizer is allowed to design the contest under a fixed budget with two strategic instruments: the value of the prize purse and a monetary transfer (entry subsidy/fee) to each participating contestant. The results show that the optimally designed contest attracts exactly two participating contestants in its unique subgame perfect equilibrium and extracts all the surplus from participating contestants. The direction (subsidy or fee) and amount of the monetary transfer depend on the magnitude of the entry cost. (JEL C7, D7)
THAT’S NEWS TO ME! INFORMATION REVELATION IN PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATION MARKETS
Authors: ZHE JIN GINGER , KATO ANDREW , LIST JOHN A.
Published: January 2010

Using sportscard grading as an example, we employ field experiments to investigate the informational role of professional certifiers. Empirical results suggest three patterns: first, the grading certification provided by the first professional certifier offers new information to inexperienced traders but adds little information to experienced dealers. This implies that the certification may reduce the information asymmetry between informed and uninformed parties. Second, compared with the incumbent, new entrants adopt more precise signals and use finer grading cutoffs to differentiate from the incumbent. Third, our measured differentiated grading cutoffs map consistently into prevailing market prices, suggesting that the market recognizes differences across multiple grading criteria. (JEL D8, C93)
THE KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION FUNCTION FOR UNIVERSITY PATENTING
Authors: GURMU SHIFERAW , BLACK GRANT C. , STEPHAN PAULA E.
Published: January 2010

We estimate a knowledge production function for university patenting using an individual effects negative binomial model. We control for Research and Development expenditures, research field, and the presence of a Technology Transfer Office. We distinguish between three kinds of researchers: faculty, postdoctoral scholars (postdocs), and PhD students. For the latter two, we also distinguish by visa status. We find patent counts to relate positively and significantly to the number of PhD students and number of postdocs. Our results also suggest that not all graduate students and postdocs contribute equally to patenting but that contribution is mediated by citizenship and visa status. (JEL C25, O31, O32, O34, O38)
INCENTIVES AND OUTCOMES IN A STRATEGIC SETTING: THE 3‐POINTS‐FOR‐A‐WIN SYSTEM IN SOCCER
Authors: MOSCHINI GIANCARLO
Published: January 2010

I exploit a major structural change that has occurred in world soccer to study the impact of incentives on outcomes in a strategic setting. A game‐theoretic model is developed that captures some essential strategic elements of soccer vis‐à‐vis the number of points awarded to a win. The observable implications of the model are tested using a large data set that spans 30 years and 35 countries. The empirical results support the theoretical model and show that the 3‐point system has led to a statistically significant increase in the expected number of goals and a decrease in the fractions of drawn matches. (JEL C72, L83, C23)
ADAM SMITH’S CONCEPT OF SELF‐COMMAND AS A SOLUTION TO DYNAMIC INCONSISTENCY AND THE COMMITMENT PROBLEM
Authors: KHALIL ELIAS L.
Published: January 2010

How is rationality related to morality and the emotions? In response to Hume, Smith argues that sympathy is about the attenuation, rather than the escalation, of original emotions because sympathy involves judgment. Sympathy means that the spectator understands an emotion felt by the principal by placing him or herself in the principal’s shoes. Such understanding would not take place unless the principal’s emotion is proper in that the principal has attenuated the pitch of the emotion via self‐command, that is, via rational choice. Smith’s notion of sympathy solves the commitment problem: agents command their emotions, which include the temptation to cheat their future selves and others, in order to receive approval. (JEL B12, D01, D64)
COLLECTION SALES: GOOD OR BAD FOR JOURNALS?
Authors: ARMSTRONG MARK
Published: January 2010

This article discusses the impact of collection sales (i.e., the bundling of several journals for sale by publishers to libraries) on journals. The advent of electronic journal distribution implies that bundling is an efficient sales strategy and can act to extend the reach of a journal. Current arrangements are discussed and shown to lead to tensions between commercial publishers and nonprofit journals. The article argues that nonprofit journals should not necessarily abandon collection sales programs. Rather, nonprofit journals may benefit from withdrawing from commercial publishers which distribute their own for‐profit journals, and joining together to be distributed by less commercial publishers who set relatively low prices for their collections. (JEL D82, L31, L42, L82)
THE ECONOMICS OF TERRORISM
Authors: INTRILIGATOR MICHAEL D.
Published: January 2010

This paper treats terrorism as aneconomic phenomenon—as a way to understand it and to control it. It uses the tools of substitution, innovation, and cycles and concludes by noting the importance of intelligence and that the most valuable approach to defeating terrorism is that of denying resources to the terrorists rather than attempting to protect assets at risk. It notes that we are probably not any safer than before the implementation of the post–9/11 strategies and emphasizes that new initiatives must be undertaken to prevent terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction.
On scientists’ discomfort in fisheries advisory science: the example of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluations
Authors: Kraak Sarah B M , Kelly Ciaran J , Codling Edward A , Rogan Emer
Published: January 2010

Scientists feel discomfort when they are asked to create certainty, where none exists, for use as an alibi in policy‐making. Recently, the scientific literature has drawn attention to some pitfalls of simulation‐based fisheries management‐strategy evaluation (MSE). For example, while estimates concerning central tendencies of distributions of simulation outcomes are usually fairly robust because they are conditioned on ample data, estimates concerning the tails of distributions (such as the probability of falling below a critical biomass) are usually conditional on few data and thus often rely on assumptions that have no strong knowledge base. The clients of scientific advice, such as the European Commission, are embracing the mechanization of the evaluation of proposed Harvest Control Rules against the precautionary principle and management objectives. Where the fisheries management institutions aim for simple answers from the scientists, giving ‘green/red light’ to a proposed management strategy, the scientists are forced into a split position between satisfying the demands of their advisory role and living up to the standards of scientific rigour. We argue against the mechanization of scientific advice that aims to incorporate all relevant processes into one big model algorithm that, after construction, can be run without circumspection. We rather encourage that fisheries advice should be a dynamic process of expert judgement, incorporating separate parallel concurrent, lines of scientific evidence, from quantitative and qualitative modelling exercises and factual knowledge of the biology and the fishery dynamics. This process can be formalized to a certain degree and can easily accommodate stakeholder viewpoints.
E‐GOVERNMENT SERVICE INNOVATION IN THE SCOTTISH CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Kinder Tony
Published: January 2010

The paper features an original case study of integration of the Scottish criminal justice information systems, charting the ten‐year history of the project. After briefing referencing international e‐government experience, it critically assesses e‐government in the UK, arguing that following an auspicious start laying infrastructure, e‐government now focuses on cost‐saving process improvements and is less successful at inter‐organisational integration and citizen interactions, responding poorly to the challenges of interactive Internet (Web2) and service interoperability. Surveying literature on the use of project management techniques, it argues that popular e‐government tools prescribe closed innovation when more open innovation frameworks (Chesbrough, 2006) may be appropriate to e‐government. Two themes emerge: that the nature of e‐government project management is closed rather than open and secondly, that e‐government is often inadequately conceptualised in technical and organisational terms.
VISION AND PRACTICE OF E‐GOVERNMENT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: Nasi Greta , Frosini Francesca
Published: January 2010

With the internet expanding rapidly in the 1990s, most of the reform agendas of Western countries embedded information technologies in their vision for change (Heeks, 1999; and Holmes, 2001). Existing studies into the diffusion of e‐government has mainly centred on the USA and exposed a limited diffusion of digital delivery systems. This paper focuses on e‐government by way of the adoption and use of ICT and internet for the delivery of information and services and explores the extent to which local governments endorse the e‐government agenda by looking at the strategies and policies of municipalities and their actual use of e‐government for the delivery of services and information. The paper utilizes data from a survey conducted during the winter of 2005‐2006, addressed to the Chief Information Officers at Italian MUs with a population greater than 40,000. The results show that despite a certain degree of endorsement in terms of strategies for e‐government, the use of e‐government for the delivery of services is still quite limited.
Pregabalin in partial seizures: a pragmatic 21‐week, open‐label study (PREPS)
Authors: Ryvlin P. , Kälviäinen R. , Von Raison F. , Giordano S. , Emir B. , Chatamra K.
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose:  Pregabalin has demonstrated efficacy in controlled trials as adjunctive treatment in patients with refractory seizures.

Methods:  This open‐label, 21‐week study in adults with at least two partial seizures in the last 2 months, who were inadequately controlled with one to three antiepileptic drugs, evaluated pregabalin 150–600 mg/day (dosed twice daily). The study comprised a prospective or retrospective 8‐week baseline phase, and 9‐week dose optimization and 12‐week maintenance periods. The primary assessment was the mean percentage change in 28‐day seizure frequency between baseline and end‐point (last 12 weeks of treatment, last observation carried forward, modified intention‐to‐treat population).

Results:  Four hundred and seventy‐six patients from Europe were included in this study (51% men; mean age/epilepsy duration 40.1/24.1 years). The median baseline seizure frequency was 5.5/28 days. Amongst the patient population, 78% completed the 21‐week treatment period; 7% discontinued for lack of efficacy and 12% because of adverse events (AEs). The mean last pregabalin dose was 359 mg/day. The mean (95% CI) reduction in seizure frequency was 36% (31%; 41%). The median reduction was 33%, and 39% of patients had a ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency. There were 19% and 8% of patients free of seizures during their last 4 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. The three most common AEs were dizziness (17%), somnolence (13%) and weight increase (13%).

Conclusions:  This open‐label study of pregabalin demonstrated efficacy that was consistent with that observed in previous controlled epilepsy trials. Pregabalin was well tolerated. The AE profile was also consistent with that reported in previous trials.
The clinical utility of MRI in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown origin
Authors: Engbers H. M. , Nievelstein R. A. J. , Gooskens R. H. J. M. , Kroes H. Y. , Van Empelen R. , Braams O. , Wittebol‐Post D. , Hendriks M. M. W. B. , Visser G.
Published: January 2010

Introduction:  Neuroimaging of the brain in the diagnostic work‐up of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders is a matter of continuing debate. Recommendations range from performing brain imaging in all patients with neurodevelopmental disorders to performing an MRI only in those with indication on clinical examinations. Important indications for neuroimaging are head size abnormalities and focal neurological findings.

Methods:  Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown origin (n = 410), referred to a specialized tertiary diagnostic center for neurodevelopmental disorders were included in a retrospective analysis. A 1‐day work‐up, including an MRI of the brain was performed. Studied were the: (i) yield of MRI scans of the brain and (ii) associations of specific clinical symptoms/signs with abnormal and diagnostic MRI scans.

Results:  (i) In 30.7% of the 410 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 126), abnormal MRI scans were observed, leading to an etiological diagnosis in 5.4% of the patients (n = 22). (ii) Pyramidal disorders (P = 0.001), epilepsy (P = 0.04) and an abnormal head circumference (P = 0.02) were associated with an abnormal MRI scan. The presence of one of the following neurological symptoms/signs: movement disorders, pyramidal disorders, epilepsy, or an abnormal head circumference was associated with a diagnostic MRI scan (P < 0.001) (diagnostic MRI % in neurological versus no neurological symptoms/signs, 13.0% versus 1.9%).

Conclusion:  Neuroimaging of the brain in a tertiary care center for patients with neurodevelopmental disorders of unknown origin is useful, especially in case of neurological symptoms/signs.