bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory alterations following intermittent photostimulation of RVLM C1 neurons: Implications for long‐term blood pressure, breathing and sleep regulation in freely moving rats
Authors: Toledo Camilo , Andrade David C. , Diaz‐Jara Esteban , Ortolani Domiziana , Bernal‐Santander Ignacio , Schwarz Karla G. , Ortiz Fernando C. , Marcus Noah J. , Oliveira Luiz M. , Takakura Ana C. , Moreira Thiago S. , Del Rio Rodrigo
Published: August 2022

Aim

Sympathoexcitation and sleep‐disordered breathing are common contributors for disease progression. Catecholaminergic neurons from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM‐C1) modulate sympathetic outflow and have anatomical projections to respiratory neurons; however, the contribution of highly selective activation of RVLM‐C1 neurons on long‐term autonomic and breathing (dys)regulation remains to be understood.

Methods

To explore this relationship, a lentiviral vector carrying the light‐sensitive cation channel channelrhodopsin‐2 (LVV‐PRSX8‐ChR2‐YFP) was unilaterally injected into the RVLM of healthy rats. On the contralateral side, LVV‐PRSX8‐ChR2‐YFP was co‐injected with a specific immunotoxin (DβH‐SAP) targeted to eliminate C1 neurons.

Results

Intermittent photostimulation of RVLM‐C1 in vivo, in unrestrained freely moving rats, elicited long‐term facilitation of the sympathetic drive, a rise in blood pressure and sympatho‐respiratory coupling. In addition, photoactivation of RVLM‐C1 induced long‐lasting ventilatory instability, characterized by oscillations in tidal volume and increased breathing variability, but only during non‐rapid eye movement sleep. These effects were not observed when photostimulation of the RVLM was performed in the presence of DβH‐SAP toxin.

Conclusions

The finding that intermittent activation of RVLM‐C1 neurons induces autonomic and breathing dysfunction suggest that episodic stimulation of RVLM‐C1 may serve as a pathological substrate for the long‐term development of cardiorespiratory disorders.
Human lung vascular endothelium may limit viral replication and recover in time upon the infection with rhinovirus HRV16
Authors: Likońska Aleksandra , Gawrysiak Mateusz , Gajewski Adrian , Klimczak Kinga , Michlewska Sylwia , Szewczyk Robert , Gulbas Izabela , Chałubiński Maciej
Published: August 2022

Vascular endothelium is a semi‐permeable barrier that regulates the flow of nutrients, ions, cytokines and immune cells between blood and tissues. Barrier properties of endothelium, its ability to regenerate and the potential for secretion of inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in maintaining local tissue homeostasis. The lung vascular endothelial cells were shown to be infected by human rhinovirus (HRV) and generate antiviral, inflammatory and cytopathic responses. The current study reveals that in the long‐time manner, the lung vascular endothelium may efficiently limit the HRV replication via the IFN‐dependent 2′‐5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase 1 activation. This leads to the restoration of integrity accompanied by the up‐regulation of adherens and tight junctions, increase of metabolic activity and proliferation rate. Secondly, HRV16‐infected cells show delayed and transient up‐regulation of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietin 1 and 2, and neuropilin‐1, as well as VEGF receptors. The lung vascular endothelium infected with HRV may limit the infection, recover in time, and regain barrier properties and metabolic functions, thus leading to the restoration of integrated barrier tissue.
Quality of end‐of‐life care in multiple myeloma: A 13‐year analysis of a population‐based cohort in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Mohyuddin Ghulam Rehman , Sinnarajah Aynharan , Gayowsky Anastasia , Chan Kelvin K. W. , Seow Hsien , Mian Hira
Published: August 2022

Optimizing end‐of‐life (EOL) care for multiple myeloma (MM) represents an unmet need. An administrative cohort in Ontario, Canada was analysed between 2006 and 2018. Aggressive care was defined as two or more emergency‐department visits in the last 30 days before death, or at least two new hospitalizations within 30 days of death, or an intensive care unit (ICU) admission within the last 30 days of life. Supportive care was defined as a physician house‐call in the last two weeks before death, or a palliative nursing or personal support visit at home in the last 30 days before death. Among 5095 patients, 23.2% of patients received chemotherapy at EOL and 55.6% of patients died as inpatient. A minority received aggressive care at EOL [28.3%: autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), 20.4%: non‐ASCT], and a majority received supportive care at EOL (65.4%: ASCT, 61.5%: non‐ASCT). Supportive care was less likely to be received by those aged over 80 years and in lower‐income neighbourhoods. Supportive care at EOL increased from 56.0% in 2006 to 70.3% in 2018. Despite improvements, many patients with MM experience aggressive care at EOL. Even in a publicly funded health care system, disparities based on age, income and community size are present.
The decline of paid overtime working in Britain
Authors: Bell David N. F. , Hart Robert A.
Published: August 2022

The share of paid‐for overtime hours within total paid‐for hours worked in Britain has declined from 5.4% to 2.0% between 1997 and 2020. We investigate this decline, focussing on its distribution across full‐time (f/t) and part‐time males and females and across 19 one‐digit industries. It is established that f/t males are dominant in the decline both of overtime working and overtime hours. We explore the implications of the decline on the share of overtime pay within total pay as well as on the gender pay gap. We test for economic, structural and cyclical influences on overtime working via a two‐part regression model that allows us to differentiate between the incidence of overtime working and weekly overtime hours of overtime employees. We examine how paid‐for overtime has varied with collective bargaining coverage, low pay, the 2008 financial crisis, the arrival of Covid‐19, job mobility and the public/private sector dichotomy. Combined marginal effects of changes in the incidence of overtime working and weekly overtime hours are also provided. The influence of the decline of collective bargaining in the last two decades on overtime working is highlighted using Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions.
Alternating time spent on social interactions and solitude in healthy older adults
Authors: Luo Minxia , Pauly Theresa , Röcke Christina , Hülür Gizem
Published: August 2022

Time spent on being with others (social interactions) and being alone (solitude) in day to day life might reflect older adults' agentic regulatory strategies to balance the needs to belong and to conserve energy. Motivated from a joint lifespan psychological and social relationship theoretical perspective, this study examined how time spent on social interactions and solitude alternatively unfolds within individuals in daily life, relating to individual differences in trait‐level well‐being and fatigue. Over 21 days, a total of 11,172 valid records of social interactions were collected from 118 older adults (aged 65–94 years) in a smartphone‐based event‐contingent ambulatory assessment study in Switzerland. On average, a social interaction episode lasted 39 min and a solitude episode lasted 5.03 hr. Multilevel models showed that, at the within‐person level, a longer‐than‐usual social interaction preceded and was followed by a longer‐than‐usual solitude episode. Moderator analyses showed that older adults with higher trait life satisfaction and lower trait fatigue spent even more time in social interactions after longer solitude episodes, amplifying the solitude‐then‐interaction association. Our findings suggest that whereas social interaction is a means to improve well‐being, solitude is also an integral part in older adults' daily life supporting energy recovery.
Review: Young people's recovery processes from mental health problems – a scoping review
Authors: Moberg Jennie , Skogens Lisa , Schön Ulla‐Karin
Published: August 2022

Background

Recovery from mental illness and mental health problems is relatively well‐researched among adults, but evidence that focuses on the recovery experiences of young people and what characterizes it is scarce. With this in mind, this article aims to map out the existing research in order to identify prevailing knowledge about the recovery of young people between the ages of 12 and 25.

Method

Drawing on scoping review methodology, this article is based on an analysis of 33 articles conducted in the USA, Australia, and Europe.

Results

Our findings reveal that young people express both similar and divergent lines of reasoning about recovery compared with adults. Our findings also indicate that young people often fluctuate in the way they view recovery, and that they thus tend to be ambivalent about what recovery means. Parents usually highlight the importance of professionals facilitating recovery, while care staff problematize the organizational frameworks available as aggravating circumstances for implementing personal recovery. Young people, parents, and care staff consistently describe recovery as a way to, despite lingering problems, enable a satisfying life.

Conclusions

Through this review, we outline the need for a more distinct focus on agency and participation in young people's recovery processes, at the same time as family involvement needs to be further investigated and operationalized.
Urban Rhapsody: Large‐scale exploration of urban soundscapes
Authors: Rulff Joao , Miranda Fabio , Hosseini Maryam , Lage Marcos , Cartwright Mark , Dove Graham , Bello Juan , Silva Claudio T.
Published: August 2022

Noise is one of the primary quality‐of‐life issues in urban environments. In addition to annoyance, noise negatively impacts public health and educational performance. While low‐cost sensors can be deployed to monitor ambient noise levels at high temporal resolutions, the amount of data they produce and the complexity of these data pose significant analytical challenges. One way to address these challenges is through machine listening techniques, which are used to extract features in attempts to classify the source of noise and understand temporal patterns of a city's noise situation. However, the overwhelming number of noise sources in the urban environment and the scarcity of labeled data makes it nearly impossible to create classification models with large enough vocabularies that capture the true dynamism of urban soundscapes. In this paper, we first identify a set of requirements in the yet unexplored domain of urban soundscape exploration. To satisfy the requirements and tackle the identified challenges, we propose Urban Rhapsody, a framework that combines state‐of‐the‐art audio representation, machine learning and visual analytics to allow users to interactively create classification models, understand noise patterns of a city, and quickly retrieve and label audio excerpts in order to create a large high‐precision annotated database of urban sound recordings. We demonstrate the tool's utility through case studies performed by domain experts using data generated over the five‐year deployment of a one‐of‐a‐kind sensor network in New York City.
Level of Detail Exploration of Electronic Transition Ensembles using Hierarchical Clustering
Authors: Thygesen Signe Sidwall , Masood Talha Bin , Linares Mathieu , Natarajan Vijay , Hotz Ingrid
Published: August 2022

We present a pipeline for the interactive visual analysis and exploration of molecular electronic transition ensembles. Each ensemble member is specified by a molecular configuration, the charge transfer between two molecular states, and a set of physical properties. The pipeline is targeted towards theoretical chemists, supporting them in comparing and characterizing electronic transitions by combining automatic and interactive visual analysis. A quantitative feature vector characterizing the electron charge transfer serves as the basis for hierarchical clustering as well as for the visual representations. The interface for the visual exploration consists of four components. A dendrogram provides an overview of the ensemble. It is augmented with a level of detail glyph for each cluster. A scatterplot using dimensionality reduction provides a second visualization, highlighting ensemble outliers. Parallel coordinates show the correlation with physical parameters. A spatial representation of selected ensemble members supports an in‐depth inspection of transitions in a form that is familiar to chemists. All views are linked and can be used to filter and select ensemble members. The usefulness of the pipeline is shown in three different case studies.
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, mental health and treatment need in the United States during COVID‐19
Authors: Subica Andrew M. , Guerrero Erick G. , Martin Tammy K. K. , Okamoto Scott K. , Aitaoto Nia , Moss Howard B. , Morey Brittany N. , Wu Li‐Tzy
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Before COVID‐19, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NH/PI) endured a heavy burden of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use in prior US data. Responding to reports that many NH/PI communities experienced severe COVID‐19 disparities that could exacerbate their ATOD burden, we partnered with NH/PI communities to assess the substance use patterns and treatment needs of diverse NH/PIs during COVID‐19.

Methods

Collaborating with NH/PI community organisations across five states with large NH/PI populations, we conducted a large‐scale investigation of NH/PI ATOD use, mental health and treatment need during COVID‐19. Between April and November 2021, NH/PI‐heritage research staff from our community partners collected data involving 306 NH/PI adults using several community‐based recruitment methods (e‐mail, telephone, in‐person) and two survey approaches: online and paper‐and‐pencil. Multivariate regressions were conducted to examine potential predictors of NH/PI alcohol use disorder and need for behavioural health treatment.

Results

During COVID‐19, 47% and 22% of NH/PI adults reported current alcohol and cigarette use, while 35% reported lifetime illicit substance use (e.g., cannabis, opioid). Depression and anxiety were high, and alcohol use disorder, major depression and generalised anxiety disorder prevalence were 27%, 27% and 19%, respectively. One‐third of participants reported past‐year treatment need with lifetime illicit substance use, COVID‐19 distress and major depression respectively associating with 3.0, 1.2, and 5.3 times greater adjusted odds for needing treatment.

Conclusions

NH/PI adults reported heavy ATOD use, depression, anxiety and treatment need during COVID‐19. Targeted research and treatment services may be warranted to mitigate COVID‐19's negative behavioural health impact on NH/PI communities.
Meta‐analysis of elevational changes in the intensity of trophic interactions: Similarities and dissimilarities with latitudinal patterns
Authors: Zvereva Elena L. , Kozlov Mikhail V.
Published: August 2022

The premise that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increasing latitudes and elevations is broadly accepted; however, whether these geographical patterns can be explained within a common theoretical framework remains unclear. Our goal was to identify the general pattern of elevational changes in trophic interactions and to explore the sources of variation among the outcomes of individual studies. Meta‐analysis of 226 effect sizes calculated from 134 publications demonstrated a significant but interaction‐specific decrease in the intensity of herbivory, carnivory and parasitism with increasing elevation. Nevertheless, this decrease was not significant at high latitudes and for interactions involving endothermic organisms, for herbivore outbreaks or for herbivores living within plant tissues. Herbivory similarly declined with increases in latitude and elevation, whereas carnivory showed a fivefold stronger decrease with elevation than with latitude and parasitism increased with latitude but decreased with elevation. Thus, although these gradients share a general pattern and several sources of variation in trophic interaction intensity, we discovered important dissimilarities, indicating that elevational and latitudinal changes in these interactions are partly driven by different factors. We conclude that the scope of the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis cannot be extended to incorporate elevational gradients.
Clinical and metabolic imaging features of late‐onset and early‐onset posterior cortical atrophy
Authors: Isella Valeria , Licciardo Daniele , Nastasi Giulia , Impagnatiello Valentina , Ferri Francesca , Mapelli Cristina , Crivellaro Cinzia , Musarra Monica , Morzenti Sabrina , Appollonio Ildebrando , Ferrarese Carlo
Published: August 2022

Background and purpose

Late‐onset (LO) and early‐onset (EO) dementia show neurobiological and clinical differences. Clinical and 18fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) features of LO and EO posterior cortical atrophy (LO_PCA, EO_PCA), the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD), were compared. LO_PCA patients were also compared with a group of patients with LO typical AD (tAD).

Methods

Thirty‐seven LO_PCA patients (onset age ≥ 65 years), 29 EO_PCA patients and 40 tAD patients who all underwent a standard neuropsychological battery were recruited; PCA patients were also assessed for the presence of posterior signs and symptoms. Brain FDG‐PET was available in 32 LO_PCA cases, 23 EO_PCA cases and all tAD cases, and their scans were compared with scans from 30 healthy elderly controls. Within the entire PCA sample FDG uptake was also correlated with age at onset as a continuous variable.

Results

The main difference between the two PCA groups was a higher prevalence of Bálint–Holmes symptoms in EO cases, which was associated with the presence of severe bilateral occipito‐temporo‐parietal hypometabolism, whilst LO_PCA patients showed reduction of FDG uptake mainly in the right posterior regions. The latter group also showed mesial temporal hypometabolism, similarly to the tAD group, although with a right rather than left lateralization. Correlation analysis confirmed the association between older age and decreased limbic metabolism and between younger age and decreased left parietal metabolism.

Conclusions

The major involvement of the temporal cortex in LO cases and of the parietal cortex in EO cases reported previously within the AD spectrum holds true also for the visual variant of AD.
International consensus recommendations for management of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) including febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): Summary and clinical tools
Authors: Wickström Ronny , Taraschenko Olga , Dilena Robertino , Payne Eric T. , Specchio Nicola , Nabbout Rima , Koh Sookyong , Gaspard Nicolas , Hirsch Lawrence J. ,   the International NORSE Consensus Group
Published: August 2022

Objective

To develop consensus‐based recommendations for the management of adult and pediatric patients with new‐onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE)/febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) based on best available evidence and expert opinion.

Methods

The Delphi methodology was followed. A facilitator group of nine experts was established who defined the scope, users, and suggestions for recommendations. Following a review of the current literature, recommendation statements concerning diagnosis, treatment, and research directions were generated that were then voted on using a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 9 (strongly agree) by a panel of 48 experts in the field. Consensus that a statement was appropriate was reached if the median score was greater than or equal to 7, and inappropriate if the median score was less than or equal to 3.

Results

Overall, 85 recommendation statements achieved consensus. The recommendations are divided into five sections: (1) disease characteristics; (2) diagnostic testing and sampling; (3) acute treatment; (4) treatment in the post‐acute phase; and (5) research, registries, and future directions in NORSE/FIRES. These are summarized in this article along with two practical clinical flowsheets: one for diagnosis and evaluation and one for acute treatment. A corresponding evidence‐based analysis of all 85 recommendations alongside responses by the Delphi panel is presented in a companion article.

Significance

The recommendations generated by this consensus can be used as a guide for the diagnosis; evaluation; and management of patients with NORSE/FIRES; and for planning of future research.
Lactic acid bacteria and Staphylococcus carnosus fermentation as a means for eliminating 4‐alkyl branched odour fatty acids of mutton jerky and its effect on other quality characteristics
Authors: Zhou Jiaying , Ying Yubin , Peng Jianbin , Su Ping , Chen Jianchu , Hu Yaqin
Published: August 2022

Lactiplantibacilllus plantarum (Lp), Pediococcus pentosaceus (Pp) and Staphylococcus carnosus (Sc) were applied to remove the odour fatty acid, and the effect on quality characteristics of mutton jerky was investigated. The results showed that the mixed strains, especially the Lp + Pp + Sc treatment, had a strong ability to remove odour. Under the action of microbial enzymes, the three main fatty acids (4‐methyloctanoic acid, 4‐ethyloctanoic acid and 4‐methylnonanoic acid) that form the odour of mutton were hydrolysed. After fermentation, the water activity and moisture content of the mutton jerky decreased, making it easier to preserve. The colour also became redder and brighter, and the shear force decreased, making it easier to chew. Also, the variety of volatile flavour substances increased which may derive from amino acid metabolism (such as 2‐heptanaldehyde), β‐lipid oxidation (1,7,7‐trimethyl‐heptanone) and esterification (such as ethyl benzoate). The fermentation group showed an increase in the overall sensory score, for appearance, colour, taste and texture scores, and an increase in consumer friendliness. In conclusion, lactic acid bacteria and S. carnosus were helpful in the removal of odour and improvement of physicochemical properties of mutton jerky.
Longitudinal study of wound healing status and bacterial colonisation of Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium diphtheriae in epidermolysis bullosa patients
Authors: Fuentes Ignacia , Yubero María Joao , Morandé Pilar , Varela Carmen , Oróstica Karen , Acevedo Francisco , Rebolledo‐Jaramillo Boris , Arancibia Esteban , Porte Lorena , Palisson Francis
Published: August 2022

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an inherited disorder characterised by skin fragility and the appearance of blisters and wounds. Patient wounds are often colonised or infected with bacteria, leading to impaired healing, pain and high risk of death by sepsis. Little is known about the impact of bacterial composition and susceptibility in wound resolution, and there is a need for longitudinal studies to understand healing outcomes with different types of bacterial colonisation. A prospective longitudinal study of 70 wounds from 15 severe EB patients (Junctional and Recessive Dystrophic EB) from Chile. Wounds were selected independently of their infected status. Wound cultures, including bacterial species identification, composition and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) antibiotic susceptibility were registered. Wounds were separated into categories according to their healing capacity, recognising chronic, and healing wounds. Hundred‐one of the 102 wound cultures were positive for bacterial growth. From these, 100 were SA‐positive; 31 were resistant to Ciprofloxacin (31%) and only seven were methicillin‐resistant SA (7%). Ciprofloxacin‐resistant SA was found significantly predominant in chronic wounds (**P < .01). Interestingly, atoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae (CD) was identified and found to be the second most abundant recovered bacteria (31/101), present almost always in combination with SA (30/31). CD was only found in Recessive Dystrophic EB patients and not related to wound chronicity. Other less frequent bacterial species found included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococus spp. and Proteus spp. Infection was negatively associated with the healing status of wounds.
An amorphous superionic conductor Li3PS4‐xLiBr with high conductivity and good air stability by halogen incorporation
Authors: Wang Guoda , Dong Pingping , Liang Bo , Lin Changgui , Shen Xiang , Dai Shixun , Jiao Qing
Published: August 2022

An amorphous superionic conductor is a promising solid electrolyte (SE) with excellent ionic conductivity and high energy density, which would be promising candidates for all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries. However, these advantageous features alone are difficult to achieve large‐scale practical applications. Having a simple, effective synthetic route and good air stability is also critically important for SEs. Here, Li3PS4–xLiBr glass SE with high conductivity was obtained by simple mechanical milling and subsequent short‐term low‐temperature treatment. The site disorder between S2− and Br− anions facilitates ionic transport. Our comparison of air stability before and after doping with halogen revealed that Br− doping well reduced the production of H2S gas and improved the air stability of the SE.
Evaluation of probiotic potential of autochthonous lactobacilli strains isolated from Zabuli yellow kashk, an Iranian dairy product
Authors: Vasiee Alireza , Falah Fereshteh , Mortazavi Seyed Ali
Published: August 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential and anti-biofilm activity of five lactobacilli strains which isolated and identified from an Iranian product.

Methods and Results

Five lactobacilli strains, which were isolated from Zabuli yellow kashk, were evaluated for the presence of probiotic properties, such as resistance to low pH, resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, bile salt tolerance, hydrophobicity, and auto- and co-aggregation. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility, adherence to Caco-2 cells (human colon cancer cell line), anti-adhesion activity, ability against biofilm formation and biofilm degradation of mentioned strains against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1707 were assessed. All the strains tested showed acceptable characteristics, but Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TW57-4 appeared of particular interest. Some probiotic properties of this strain were similar and in some cases higher than the commercial probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (standard sample). Cholesterol assimilation and radical-scavenging activity of Lpb. plantarum TW57-4 were 70.2% and 62.3%, respectively. The adhesion degree of Lpb. plantarum TW57-4 was 10.6%. Applying competition and inhibition assay, this strain showed 55.3% and 62.3% of competition and inhibition activity in adhesion of P. aeruginosa PTCC 1707 to the intestinal cells, respectively.

Conclusions

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that Lpb. plantarum TW57-4 strain can be used as a promising candidate for in-vivo studies with the aim of developing new probiotic starter cultures.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The present study furthers our understanding of lactobacilli strains behaviour after consumption to establish their beneficial effects.
Interpreting treatment effect size from single case experimental design data: a preliminary analysis of differential effects of treatments designed to increase or decrease behaviour
Authors: Richman D. M. , Barnard‐Brak L. , Watkins L.
Published: August 2022

Background

Estimates of treatment effect size from single case experimental design (SCED) data may be impacted by the direction for treatment effects (i.e. ascending or descending slope for the dependent variable). Estimating effect sizes for treatments designed to decrease behaviour are potentially more restricted because the intended direction for treatment is zero (i.e. an absolute basal). Conversely, effect sizes for interventions that increase behaviour are less restricted due to a relatively unconstrained ceiling from a pure measurement standpoint (i.e. no absolute ceiling). That is, treatments that increase behaviour have a broader range of possible effect size values as the ceiling is only limited by demand characteristics and the learners' skills and motivation to exhibit the behaviour.

Method

The current study represents a preliminary analysis of the mean and range of SCED effect sizes for treatments designed to either increase or decrease target behaviour. A within‐case Cohen's d measure that was developed for SCED data was used to estimate treatment effect sizes.

Results

Results indicated that the mean and range of effect size values for treatments that increased behaviour were significantly greater compared with treatments that decreased behaviour.

Conclusions

Results are discussed in terms of developing standards, or best practices, specific to interpreting effect size values and meeting quality control requirements for inclusion of the data set in future SCED meta‐analytic studies estimating treatment effect size. Specifically, preliminary results suggest that benchmarks for low, medium and high SCED effect size values need to be developed separately for treatments that increase or decrease levels of the dependent variable.
Microglia‐dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits
Authors: Guedes Joana R. , Ferreira Pedro A. , Costa Jéssica M. , Cardoso Ana L. , Peça João
Published: August 2022

Microglia are tissue‐resident macrophages responsible for the surveillance, neuronal support, and immune defense of the brain parenchyma. Recently, the role played by microglia in the formation and function of neuronal circuits has garnered substantial attention. During development, microglia have been shown to engulf neuronal precursors and participate in pruning mechanisms while, in the mature brain, they influence synaptic signaling, provide trophic support and shape synaptic plasticity. Recently, studies have unveiled different microglial characteristics associated with specific brain regions. This emerging view suggests that the maturation and function of distinct neuronal circuits may be potentially associated with the molecular identity microglia adopts across the brain. Here, we review and summarize the known role of these cells in the thalamus, hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. We focus on in vivo studies to highlight the characteristics of microglia that may be important in the remodeling of these neuronal circuits and in relation to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Predictors of professional burnout and fulfilment in a longitudinal analysis on nurses and healthcare workers in the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Guastello Andrea D. , Brunson Jason Cory , Sambuco Nicola , Dale Lourdes P. , Tracy Natasha A. , Allen Brandon R. , Mathews Carol A.
Published: August 2022

Aims and objectives

(1) To investigate the vulnerability of nurses to experiencing professional burnout and low fulfilment across 5 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic. (2) To identify modifiable variables in hospital leadership and individual vulnerabilities that may mitigate these effects.

Background

Nurses were at increased risk for burnout and low fulfilment prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Hospital leadership factors such as organisational structure and open communication and consideration of employee opinions are known to have positive impacts on work attitudes. Personal risk factors for burnout include symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Methods

Healthcare workers (n = 406 at baseline, n = 234 longitudinal), including doctors (n = 102), nurses (n = 94), technicians (n = 90) and non‐clinical administrative staff (n = 120), completed 5 online questionnaires, once per month, for 5 months. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires on professional fulfilment and burnout, perceptions of healthcare leadership, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants were recruited from various healthcare settings in the southeastern United States. The STROBE checklist was used to report the present study.

Results

Both at baseline and across the 5 months, nurses working during the COVID‐19 pandemic reported increased burnout and decreased fulfilment relative to doctors. For all participants, burnout remained largely steady and fulfilment decreased slightly. The strongest predictors of both burnout and fulfilment were organisational structure and depressive symptoms. Leadership consideration and anxiety symptoms had smaller, yet significant, relationships to burnout and fulfilment in longitudinal analyses.

Conclusions

Burnout and reduced fulfilment remain a problem for healthcare workers, especially nurses. Leadership styles and employee symptoms of depression and anxiety are appropriate targets for intervention.

Relevance to clinical practice

Leadership wishing to reduce burnout and increase fulfilment among employees should increase levels of organisational support and consideration and expand supports to employees seeking treatment for depression and anxiety.
Efficacy of non‐pharmacological interventions in pain relief and opioid consumption after cardiac surgery: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Maobai , Ni Ruping , Huang Shunmin , Yang Xin , Lin Qinghua , Lin Pengtao , Yang Jing
Published: August 2022

Objective

To investigate and rank the evidence for the efficacy of non‐pharmacological interventions in relieving pain after cardiac surgery using comprehensive comparisons.

Background

Although several previous systematic reviews and meta‐analyses showed that non‐pharmacological interventions effectively control and reduce pain after cardiac surgery, none quantitatively compared the effect of these different types of interventions.

Design

Systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses for Network Meta‐Analysis guidelines.

Methods

Six databases were searched from inception to April 2021 to collect all published evidence from randomised clinical trials. One author extracted the relevant information from the eligible trials; a second author independently reviewed the data. Before analysing the extracted data, two investigators independently assessed the quality of the included studies. Conventional meta‐analysis was conducted using either fixed‐ or random‐effects models according to statistical heterogeneity. The Bayesian network meta‐analysis was conducted using the consistency model.

Results

We identified 42 randomised clinical trials comparing 14 groups with 4253 patients. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupressure, music and massage were effective for pain relief, with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation being associated with the best probability of successful pain relief after cardiac surgery (cumulative ranking curve surface, 0.97; probability, 77.03%). Acupressure (cumulative ranking curve surface, 0.79; probability, 30.69%) was the second‐best option. However, there was no evidence that any pair‐up intervention significantly reduced opioid use or anxiety.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupressure, music and massage may effectively alleviate postoperative cardiac pain, with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation representing the best choice for pain relief.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this network meta‐analysis can guide patients after cardiac surgery and healthcare providers to make optimal decisions in managing postoperative cardiac pain.

Trial registration

PROSPERO CRD42021246183.
Efficacy of discontinuing the use of low‐dose aspirin at 28 weeks of gestation for preventing preeclampsia
Authors: Kawaguchi Haruna , Kanagawa Takeshi , Yamamoto Ryo , Sasahara Jun , Okamoto Yoko , Mitsuda Nobuaki , Ishii Keisuke
Published: August 2022

Aim

Low‐dose aspirin (LDA) has been shown to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia (PE). Previous studies have focused on the timing of LDA initiation, but no study to date has assessed the timing of LDA discontinuation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of LDA when LDA is initiated between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation and continued until 28 weeks of gestation.

Methods

This prospective cohort study with historical controls investigated singleton pregnancies that were at a high risk for PE. High‐risk factors were defined as a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, obesity, and high normal blood pressure in the first trimester. We performed adjustments using propensity score matching (PSM) for each indication of LDA, maternal age, primiparity, and assisted reproductive technology.

The primary outcome was the incidence of PE. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of preterm PE, fetal growth restriction (FGR), preterm birth, fetal malformation, and maternal postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

Results

A total of 203 and 543 participants were assigned to the LDA and control group, respectively. After PSM, there was no significant difference in the incidence of PE (22.0% vs. 16.8%; p = 0.20), preterm PE (12.0% vs. 13.1%; p = 0.76), FGR (7.9% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.17), or preterm birth (17.3% vs. 15.7%; p = 0.68). There was also no significant increase in maternal PPH or in the incidence of fetal malformations.

Conclusion

Discontinuing the use of LDA at 28 weeks of gestation did not result in a lower incidence of PE and FGR.
Landscape genomics of the American lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Dorant Yann , Laporte Martin , Rougemont Quentin , Cayuela Hugo , Rochette Rémy , Bernatchez Louis
Published: August 2022

In marine species experiencing intense fishing pressures, knowledge of genetic structure and local adaptation represent a critical information to assist sustainable management. In this study, we performed a landscape genomics analysis in the American lobster to investigate the issues pertaining to the consequences of making use of putative adaptive loci to reliably infer population structure and thus more rigorously delineating biological management units in marine exploited species. Toward this end, we genotyped 14,893 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in 4190 lobsters sampled across 96 sampling sites distributed along 1000 km in the northwest Atlantic in both Canada and the USA. As typical for most marine species, we observed a weak, albeit highly significant genetic structure. We also found that adaptive genetic variation allows detecting fine‐scale population structure not resolved by neutral genetic variation alone. Using the recent genome assembly of the American lobster, we were able to map and annotate several SNPs located in functional genes potentially implicated in adaptive processes such as thermal stress response, salinity tolerance and growth metabolism pathways. Taken together, our study indicates that weak population structure in high gene flow systems can be resolved at various spatial scales, and that putatively adaptive genetic variation can substantially enhance the delineation of biological management units of marine exploited species.
Manipulating expectancies in optometry practice: Ocular accommodation and stereoacuity are sensitive to placebo and nocebo effects
Authors: Vera Jesús , Redondo Beatriz , Ocaso Elena , Martinez‐Guillorme Sara , Molina Rubén , Jiménez Raimundo
Published: August 2022

Introduction

There is scientific evidence that an individual's beliefs and/or expectations play a role in the behavioural and physiological response to a given treatment. This study aimed to assess whether the dynamics of the accommodative response and stereoacuity are sensitive to experimentally induced placebo and nocebo effects.

Methods

Nineteen healthy university students performed three experimental sessions (placebo, nocebo and control) in randomised order, with the dynamics of the accommodative response (magnitude and variability), stereoacuity and subjective measures being assessed in all sessions. For the experimental manipulation, participants ingested an inert capsule that was alleged to have positive (white capsule, placebo condition) or negative (yellow capsule, nocebo conditions) effects on the human physiology. In the control condition, participants did not ingest a capsule.

Results

The data revealed that the variability of accommodation was sensitive to experimentally induced placebo and nocebo effects, showing a more stable accommodative response for the placebo compared with the nocebo condition (corrected p‐value = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.60). In addition, better stereoacuity was found with the placebo, compared with the nocebo (corrected p‐value = 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.69) and control (corrected p‐value = 0.03, Cohen's d = 0.59) conditions. Successful experimental manipulation was confirmed by the analysis of subjective perceptions.

Conclusions

These findings provide evidence that manipulating expectations about the efficacy of an inert treatment affect the dynamics of the accommodative response (variability of accommodation) and stereoacuity. The results have important applications in both clinical and research outcomes, where individuals´ beliefs/expectations could modulate the visual function.
Association of Autonomic Activation with traumatic reminder challenges in posttraumatic stress disorder: A co‐twin control study
Authors: Perez Alday Erick A. , Da Poian Giulia , Levantsevych Oleksiy , Murrah Nancy , Shallenberger Lucy , Alkhalaf Mhmtjamil , Haffar Ammer , Kaseer Belal , Ko Yi‐An , Goldberg Jack , Smith Nicholas , Lampert Rachel , Bremner J. Douglas , Clifford Gari D. , Vaccarino Viola , Shah Amit J.
Published: August 2022

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms remain unclear. Autonomic dysfunction, associated with higher CVD risk, may be triggered by acute PTSD symptoms. We hypothesized that a laboratory‐based trauma reminder challenge, which induces acute PTSD symptoms, provokes autonomic dysfunction in a cohort of veteran twins. We investigated PTSD‐associated real‐time physiologic changes with a simulation of traumatic experiences in which the twins listened to audio recordings of a one‐minute neutral script followed by a one‐minute trauma script. We examined two heart rate variability metrics: deceleration capacity (DC) and logarithmic low frequency (log‐LF) power from beat‐to‐beat intervals extracted from ambulatory electrocardiograms. We assessed longitudinal PTSD status with a structured clinical interview and the severity with the PTSD Symptoms Scale. We used linear mixed‐effects models to examine twin dyads and account for cardiovascular and behavioral risk factors. We examined 238 male Veteran twins (age 68 ± 3 years old, 4% black). PTSD status and acute PTSD symptom severity were not associated with DC or log‐LF measured during the neutral session, but were significantly associated with lower DC and log‐LF during the traumatic script listening session. Long‐standing PTSD was associated with a 0.38 (95% confidence interval, −0.83,‐0.08) and 0.79 (−1.30,‐0.29) standardized unit lower DC and log‐LF, respectively, compared to no history of PTSD. Traumatic reminders in patients with PTSD lead to real‐time autonomic dysregulation and suggest a potential causal mechanism for increased CVD risk, based on the well‐known relationships between autonomic dysfunction and CVD mortality.
Parenting young adults across social class: A review and synthesis
Authors: van Stee Elena G.
Published: August 2022

Research on parental involvement has traditionally focused on social class differences in parenting behavior throughout early childhood and K‐12 schooling. Yet there is mounting evidence that similar class divides persist as children exit high school and progress through young adulthood. This review examines parents' roles in young adults' lives, focusing on class differences in non‐financial forms of involvement. These processes are often hidden from public view and have received less attention in prior reviews. Beginning with the transition out of high school, I discuss current research on parents' roles in relation to five traditional young adult milestones: finishing school, finding a job, leaving the family home, getting married, and becoming a parent (Furstenberg, 2010). The findings underscore that understanding the transition to adulthood requires understanding young adults' relationships with parents.
Investigation of scan delays for CT evaluation of inner wall layering and peak enhancement of the canine stomach and small intestine using a 20 second fixed‐injection‐duration and bolus tracking technique
Authors: Siow Jia Wen , Chau Jennifer , Podadera Juan M. , Makara Mariano
Published: August 2022

Many gastrointestinal diseases affect the mucosal layer, suggesting that on computed tomography (CT) examination, detection of consistent inner wall layering of the gastrointestinal tract may aid in detection of disease. Changes in wall enhancement can also characterise specific diseases and provide prognostic information. The objectives of this mixed retrospective and prospective analytical study were therefore to identify the scan delays for peak detection of canine stomach and small intestinal inner wall layering and enhancement when using a 20 s fixed‐injection‐duration and bolus tracking technique. For each patient, 700 mg I/kg iohexol was administered intravenously. Bolus tracking was used to determine aortic arrival. Diagnostic scans were performed after a post‐aortic arrival scan delay. Postcontrast CT series were grouped according to post‐aortic arrival scan delay: 5 s (n = 17), 10 s (n = 18), 15 s (n = 23), 20 s (n = 10), 25 s (n = 6), 30 s (n = 14), 35 s (n = 17), 40 s (n = 24), and 180 s (n = 60). The stomach and small intestine were assessed for the presence of a contrast‐enhancing inner wall layer and wall enhancement. Statistical modeling showed that the scan delays for peak inner wall layering and enhancement were 10 and 15 s for the small intestine, respectively, and 40 s for the stomach. For the injection protocol used in this study, assessment of the canine gastrointestinal tract may use scan delays of 10–15 s and 40 s.
Synthesis of ultrathin heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC films by pyrolysis of molecular layer deposition polyamide films on Si
Authors: Amashaev Rustam R. , Alikhanov Nariman M.-R. , Ismailov Abubakar M. , Abdulagatov Ilmutdin M.
Published: August 2022

Polyamide films were grown on Si(111) using a molecular layer deposition (MLD) process with 1,2-ethylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride precursors at 120 °C. Synthesized polyamide films on Si(111) were then pyrolyzed in vacuum (10−7 Torr) to yield crystalline SiC thin films. High-resolution transmission electron microscope images of heat-treated samples showed the heteroepitaxial nature of the synthesized 3C-SiC (β-SiC) with respect to the Si(111) substrate. Raman, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of single-crystal SiC films. Samples pyrolyzed at 1300 °C showed defects attributed to Si sublimation. Formation of highly conformal SiC film after pyrolysis was demonstrated using Bosch-processed Si trenches. The thicknesses of 3C-SiC films obtained after pyrolysis were linearly dependent on the number of MLD cycles used to deposit polyamide films.