bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Round Table: Showgirls
Authors: Lippit Akira Mizuta , Burch Noël , Noriega Chon , Osterweil Ara , Williams Linda , Shaefer Eric , Sconce Jeffrey
Published: February 2004

As recently as December, 2002, the New York Times' Elvis Mitchell referred to the "wreckage"of Showgirls (1995). Yet the Film Quarterly editorial board had just been galvanized by a discussion of the same film. Apparently there exists a number of secret and not-so-secret devotees of the film. Showgirls has, perhaps unexpectedly, served to stimulate scholarly thought around issues of camp, satire, class, gender, the fallen woman, showgirl musicals, trash cinema,sexploitation films, hedonistic criticism, and reading and teaching the film. Noël Burch, Akira Mizuta Lippit, Chon Noriega, Ara Osterweil, Eric Schaefer, Jeffrey Sconce, and Linda Williams have contributed to this discussion of the film. Perhaps Showgirls can still be rescued from the wreckage?
Wine, Place, and Identity in a Changing Climate
Authors: Pincus Robert
Published: February 2004

The traditional connections between wine and location reflect local climate. Climate change threatens these connections, and vintners have a wide range of responses to this impending problem. This article explores the source of the associations between wines and locales, and outlines the causes for global climate change. Three wine makers describe how they might adapt to a changed climate. Their responses run the gamut from adaptation in the vineyard aimed at maintaining current styles, to radical reinvention of the societal and legal structure of the local wine industry.
The conflict between the image and role of physics in South Korea
Authors: Kim Dong-Won
Published: February 2004

In South Korea, the physicist is popularly perceived as a theoretician who writes the laws of the universe in mathematical language rather than as an experimentalist who discovers or measures. In fact, since 1948 South Korea's governments have supported physics as an eminently practical route to the development of a nuclear arsenal, improvement of nuclear power plants, and the growth of South Korea's semiconductor industry. This article attempts to answer how and why this strange conflict between the image and role of physics emerged and continued in South Korea during the last half of the 20th century.
On the Performance of "Quia respexit ... omnes generationes" from J. S. Bach's Magnificat
Authors: Cammarota Robert M.
Published: February 2004

The modern-day custom of performing the 'omnes generationes' section from J. S. Bach's Magnificat twice as fast as the aria "Quia respexit" has its origins in Robert Franz's vocal and orchestral editions of 1864, the details of which were discussed in his Mittheilungen of 1863. Up until that time, 'omnes generationes' was inextricably connected to "Quia respexit" and formed part of the third movement of Bach's Magnificat. Moreover, when Bach revised the score in 1733, he added adagio to the beginning of "Quia respexit . . . omnes generationes," establishing the tempo for the whole movement. In this study I show that Bach's setting of this verse is in keeping with Leipzig tradition (as evidenced by the settings of Schelle, G. M. Hoffmann, Telemann, Kuhnau, and Graupner) and with early 18thcentury compositional practice; that he interpreted the verse based on Luther's 1532 exegesis on the Magnificat; that the verse must be understood theologically, as a unit; that the change in musical texture at the words 'omnes generationes' is a rhetorical device, not "dramatic effect"; and, finally, that there is no change in tempo at the words 'omnes generationes' either in Bach's setting or in any other from this period. An understanding of the early 18th-century Magnificat tradition out of which Bach's setting derives, with the knowledge of the reception of Bach's Magnificat in the mid 19th century, should help us restore Bach's tempo adagio for the movement.
Discurso médico, cultura higiénica y la mujer en la ciudad de México al cambio de siglo (XIX –XX)
Authors: Agostoni Claudia
Published: February 2004

This article explores why alongside sanitary legislation and public health works, Mexican physicians of the late nineteenth century attempted to transform the habits, customs and day to day activities of the population. It stresses the importance that the teaching of the principles of private and public hygiene had for the future of the country, how this education was to be carried out, and why some members of the medical profession believed that the hygienic education of mothers/women was an unavoidable requirement for the progress of the nation.

Este artículo analiza por qué durante las décadas finales del siglo diecinueve, el gremio médico mexicano consideraba que era absolutamente indispensable que los habitantes del país, y en particular las mujeres de la capital, contaran con una cultura de la higiene. No sólo era fundamental sanear y ordenar a la ciudad de México mediante obras de infraestructura sanitaria, y emitir leyes que regularan la salubridad de la nación, sino que era igualmente importante, y quizás más urgente, que los habitantes transformaran sus hábitos y costumbres de acuerdo con lo establecido por la higiene pública y privada. Asimismo, el artículo examina los métodos mediante los cuales se procuró crear una cultura de la higiene, y por qué la madre de familia fue considerada como una aliada imprescindible para la empresa de los higienistas.
Traversing the Mexican Odyssey: Reflections on Political Change and the Study of Mexican Politics
Authors: Williams Mark Eric
Published: February 2004

This essay explains how the peculiar properties of Mexico's political system helped shape the approach to the study of Mexican politics. It assesses some of the strengths and limitations of the scholarship this produced, examines the political changes that fueled Mexico's democratic transition, and assesses their implications both for Mexico's recent market reforms and the study of Mexican politics in general. It finds that the demise of single-party rule and fundamental changes in patterns of governance have opened new research avenues, and suggests an emerging research agenda in light of these developments.

En este ensayo se explica la manera en que las propiedades peculiares del sistema político mexicano ayudaron a configurar el acercamiento al estudio de la política mexicana. Se valoran algunas de las ventajas y las desventajas en este enfoque, se examinan los cambios políticos que influyeron en la transición democrática méxicana y se analizan sus implicaciones en las reformas recientes del mercado y estudio de la política mexicana en general. El análisis concluye que, debido al cese de influencia del antiguo régimen del partido oficial y a los cambios fundamentales en los modelos de gobierno, se han abierto nuevas áreas de investigación, proponiendo un nuevo programa de investigación que tome en cuenta el giro de los nuevos acontecimientos.
"Tenía bríos y, aún vieja, los sigo teniendo": entrevista a Matilde Landeta
Authors: Arredondo Isabel
Published: February 2004

The interview with filmmaker Matilde Landeta (1910–1999) shows that moving up within the film union was conditioned by gender, and that such advancement was contingent upon the alliance or competition between the Mexican and North-American film industries. The interview also shows that in her films Landeta interpreted the Mexican meta-narratives, such as the Conquest, the Mexican Revolution and the Life of the Modern City, from a feminine point of view. Thus both Landeta's career and her filmic perspectives reflected her gendered position in the industry.

La entrevista con la cineasta mexicana Matilde Landeta (1910-1999) muestra que, durante los años cuarenta en México, el ser hombre o mujer afectaba la política de ascenso dentro del sindicato de cine y que dicha política dependía, a su vez, de la alianza o competencia entre las industrias de cine mexicana y norteamericana. La entrevista también prueba que, en sus películas, Landeta interpretó las metanarrativas mexicanas de la Conquista, la Revolución mexicana y la vida urbana moderna desde una perspectiva femenina. Por consiguiente, tanto su carrera como sus perspectivas fílmicas revelan su posición de mujer dentro de la industria.
The Demon Inside: Madre Conchita, Gender, and the Assassination of Obregón
Authors: Heilman Jaymie
Published: February 2004

This article considers the role of gender in the conviction and subsequent exoneration of Madre Conchita, a Mexican abbess accused of being the intellectual author of the 1928 assassination of President-elect Alvaro Obregón. By examining the discourse of state prosecutors, the essay demonstrates that the Mexican state mobilized arguments about gender to avoid the politically charged topic of religion during the final phases of the Cristero Rebellion. Conchita, in turn, used her own gendered discourse to assert her innocence in the years following her conviction. Conchita's case shows that gender was a useful and tremendously flexible political tool.

En este artículo se señala el papel del género en la condenación y exoneración de la Madre Conchita, una abadesa mexicana acusada de ser la autora intelectual del asesinato del Presidente-electo Alvaro Obregón en 1928. A través de un análisis del discurso de los fiscales del gobierno, en el ensayo se demuestra que el estado mexicano utilizó argumentos sobre el género para evitar el uso político de la religión durante las últimas fases de la rebelión cristera. Conchita, por otro lado, usó su propio discurso del género para declarar su inocencia en los años posteriores a su condenación. Al final, el género fue una herramienta política sumamente maleable y eficaz.
¿Nueva narrativa? Entrevista con David Toscana
Authors: Brescia Pablo A. J. , Bennett Scott M.
Published: February 2004

This interview with Mexican writer David Toscana ponders the current state of both Mexican and Latin American narrative and serves as an insight into his own works. Toscana's statements about the recurring themes in his narrative (failure, loneliness, characters put to the test, and a tendency to play with different time frames, especially in his novels) help illustrate some of the characteristics of his fiction, which, according to various critics, is one of the most promising today in Mexico. Also noteworthy are his comments about the tendency of writers from his generation (born in the 1960s and later) to reject the legacy of the "boom" writers. Toscana's own interest is to revisit history and tradition by constructing a different voice and a different vision, a new way of seeing and hearing both the past and the present.

Esta entrevista con el escritor mexicano David Toscana trata de explorar el estado actual de la narrativa mexicana y latinoamericana, amén de servir como una aproximación a la incipiente obra de este autor. Las respuestas de Toscana sobre los temas recurrentes en su literatura (el fracaso, la soledad, los personajes sometidos a pruebas y una tendencia a proponer diferentes marcos temporales, especialmente en sus novelas) subrayan algunos rasgos de su ficción, la cual, según la crítica especializada, es una de las más prometedoras en el panorama mexicano de hoy. De especial interés son los comentarios de Toscana sobre la tendencia de los escritores de su generación a rechazar el legado del "boom" latinoamericano. Toscana reacciona contra ese rechazo y propone una voz personal que vuelva a la historia y a la tradición y plantee una nueva manera de ver el pasado y el presente de México.
Fronteras y literatura: El periódico La Patria (El Paso, Texas, 1919-1925)
Authors: Rodríguez Blanca
Published: February 2004

This essay examines the contributions of the newspaper La Patria, published in El Paso, Texas, from 1919 to 1925, to the formation of a literary culture. Based on research in the archives of the paper's founder, Silvestre Terrazas, the essay discusses the political identity of the newspaper, its production and distribution, as well as various literary and journalistic genres given voice in the paper. The author also assesses the role of the Mexican press in the United States in establishing the foundation for the Spanish literary boom on both sides of the border. The study also attempts to rescue Mexican journalism born beyond our border.

Sustentado en el archivo de Silvestre Terrazas y en el periódico La Patria, este ensayo examina principalmente sus contribuciones a la formación de una cultura literaria. Se ofrece una semblanza de su filiación política y datos sobre su producción y distribución; informa sobre la difusión de algunos géneros literarios y periodísticos para concluir con una valoración de la prensa mexicana en los Estados Unidos, que sentó algunas bases para el auge literario en español en ambas fronteras.
La apicultura y el paisaje maya. Estudio sobre la fenología de floración de las especies melíferas y su relación con el ciclo apícola en La Montaña, Campeche, México
Authors: Porter Bolland Luciana
Published: February 2004

The important melliferous and polliniferous species of the La Montaña Region, found north of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in the state of Campeche, Mexico, were studied in relation to their flowering phenology and the beekeeping cycle. More than 100 plant species are used by bees, of which at least 67 genera and 31 families were identified. Honey production in this region depends to a great extent on the multiple flowerings of the forest, which contrasts with other areas of Yucatán where much of the honey produced depends on recently disturbed areas. At La Montaña, apiculture is an activity with a historical importance that today represents a viable alternative activity that could be compatible with the conservation of the natural resources.

Se estudiaron las especies melíferas y poliníferas importantes en la región de La Montaña, ubicada al norte de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Calakmul en Campeche, México, en relación a su fenología de floración y al ciclo apícola. Más de 100 especies de plantas son aprovechadas por las abejas, de las cuales se identificaron 67 géneros y 31 familias. La producción de miel en esta región depende en gran parte de las múltiples floraciones de la selva, a diferencia de otras zonas de la península donde mucha de la miel depende de especies de zonas recientemente perturbadas. En esta región, la apicultura es una actividad que históricamente ha sido importante, y actualmente pudiera tener un gran potencial como alternativa económica compatible con la conservación de la biodiversidad.
The Grammar of Ornament: Emily Dickinson's Manuscripts and Their Meanings
Authors: Mitchell Domhnall
Published: February 2004

Debates about editorial properties have been at the center of scholarship on Emily Dickinson since the 1981 publication of Ralph W. Franklin's two-volume The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson. Many critics now work from the assumption that autograph poems have primacy over their printed versions, and it has been suggested that to read Dickinson in any standard typographical edition is effectively to read her in translation, at one remove from her actual practices. More specifically, critics have claimed that the line arrangements, shapes of words and letters, and particular angle of dashes in the autographs are all potentially integral to a poem's meaning, making a graphic contribution to its contents. In this essay I set out to test the hypothesis of Dickenson's proleptic textual radicalism, by looking closely at features such as spacing, the physical direction of the writing, and letter shapes in handwritten lyric and epistolary texts. By systematic contextualization and cross-referencing, I hope to provide the historical scholar of manuscripts with a set of procedures - a critical apparatus - by which to measure the extent to which contemporary critical approaches to Dickinson's autograph procedures can reasonably be formulated as corresponding to the poet's own purposes.
The "Suppression" of Fanny Mendelssohn: Rethinking Feminist Biography
Authors: Kimber Marian Wilson
Published: February 2004

The idea that Felix Mendelssohn prevented his sister, Fanny Hensel, from publishing her compositions is central to biographical representations of her, including Françoise Tillard's Fanny Mendelssohn (1992) and Gloria Kamen's Hidden Music (1996). This story can be traced to nineteenth-century publications by male members of the Mendelssohn family and their desire to portray both siblings according to socially acceptable gender roles. Such origins challenge the assumption that the story of Fanny Hensel's "suppression" represents a modern feminist reinterpretation of her life. Instead, current treatment of Hensel relies on common biographical models for male composers; in her lack of a public career, she fits the Romantic stereotype of the neglected, suffering genius.

The retelling of the "suppression" of Fanny Hensel represents a "story" in itself - a rescue plot in which modern women rediscover Hensel and somehow "save" her from historical neglect. This feminist recovery relies on the assumption that Hensel was forgotten, overlooking the numerous publications between 1830 and 1920 in which she appears. Centering Hensel's biography on her brother's influence rather than on her eventual publication of her music oversimplifies the larger historical situation for women composers, replacing the manifold issues surrounding gender and class with a single male villain. The difficulties encountered in telling the story of Hensel's life reveal a need for a feminist biography that balances an understanding of larger cultural constraints with recognition of individual female agency.
Rustling Reeds and Lofty Pines: Elgar and the Music of Nature
Authors: Riley Matthew
Published: February 2004

In contemporary Britain, the music of Elgar carries persistent associations with ideas of nature and a sense of place. Elgar scholarship has usually treated his utterances on the subject as biographical testimony, yet they also evoke a network of concepts inherited from myths, literary conventions, and the preoccupations of the Romantic movement. An awareness of this context yields new perspectives on his music, especially those passages that imitate the sound of wind, be it among reeds, trees, or across the strings of an Aeolian harp.
Passing—and Failing—in Late-Nineteenth-Century Russia; or Why We Should Care about the Cuts in Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto
Authors: Knapp Raymond
Published: February 2004

The traditional cuts in Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto include nearly half of a developmental passage in the first movement and a series of shorter cuts in the finale. The first-movement cut comes after the second tutti, a triumphant thematic culmination that rings false on two levels, since it is a "polonaise" in 4/4, and since there has been no first tutti. The developmental passage that follows seems to confirm Tchaikovsky's self-confessed weakness in handling large-scale forms, but may arguably constitute an "anti-development" that sets up a mincing violin variation, which, in falling between two versions of the orchestral tutti and rescuing the larger group from its developmental ineptitude, models a homosexuality closeted within the aristocracy (this structural grouping reappears in the original slow movement). The various instances of "passing" in this movement (the faux polonaise, the "second tutti," the "anti-development," and a gradually emergent octatonic element in the violin climax just before these events) relate to Tchaikovsky's own "passing" dilemma, both as a homosexual and as a Russian nationalist working within Germanic forms; his specific treatment reflects the fact that the concerto was composed between his disastrous marriage and his later affiliation with the imperial court. A particular marker for Tchaikovsky's musical "passing" is the blended octatonic passage in the main theme of the finale—which, however, forms the core of the series of traditional cuts in that movement.
Sustaining Charisma Mormon Sectarian Culture and the Struggle for Plural Marriage, 1852–1890
Authors: Elisha Omri
Published: February 2004

Through the latter half of the nineteenth century, Mormons in the United States engaged in a highly charged struggle to defend a religious principle—plural marriage (polygyny)—against political and cultural opposition among non-Mormon groups and institutions. The practice of plural marriage, however, remained statistically rare, hierarchical, and rooted in Victorian marriage and family norms. Moreover, the struggle took place as Mormon communities and businesses gradually assimilated to mainstream institutional and political economics. This article asks why, in light of such ambiguities, the Latterday Saints defended plural marriage with such vigor, capitulating only in the face of the most aggressive federal anti-polygamy legislation. I argue that plural marriage was a vital symbol of early Mormon sectarian identity, and that sustained activism in support of the principle allowed Mormons to embody the radical "peculiarity" of the church's charismatic origins. This has theoretical implications for an understanding of charisma as a complex and fundamentally socio-cultural phenomenon.
The Emergence of California in American Religious Historiography
Authors: Ernst Eldon G.
Published: February 2004

On Sunday, October 23, 1983, a notable event occurred in San Francisco. A celebration of music, word, and prayer commemorated the five-hundredth birthday of the great Protestant reformer, Martin Luther. Leaders of the Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Congregational, and Lutheran traditions took part in the service. Representatives of many other denominations marched in the processional singing “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God.” Choral settings from the Greek Orthodox service framed the liturgy. Most remarkable, the Roman Catholic archbishop of San Francisco opened the ceremony, and the event took place in St. Mary's Cathedral. Reformation-rooted Protestant Christianity thus was recognized by a broad panorama of world Christian traditions that had lived side by side for well over a century in the strongly Catholic City of Saint Francis by the Golden Gate.
Hasidism in the Age of Aquarius: The House of Love and Prayer in San Francisco, 1967–1977
Authors: Ariel Yaakov
Published: February 2004

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Americans encountered an unexpected group of people who, at first sight, seemed unreal: Hasidic hippies. Conceiving of Hasidic Judaism as being incompatible with the spirit of the era and of hippie culture as being far removed from the Jewish tradition, most Jews could not comprehend how anyone could try to amalgamate two such opposing cultures.

Many of the young Hasidic hippies were affiliated with or influenced by the House of Love and Prayer (HLP), a Jewish outreach center that operated in San Francisco between 1967 and 1977 and promoted the mixture of traditional Hasidic Judaism with the counter-culture. It represented a new generation in American religious life: the baby boomers, with their spiritual journeys and cultural preferences, which included attempts to unite religious traditions and cultural trends that just a few years earlier had seemed too different to bridge. The HLP promoted the return to tradition and the embracing of the mystical and supernatural elements of Judaism. Together with other groups that emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s, the HLP helped bring about a revolution in the practicing of the Jewish tradition, one that gave expression to the style and values of the Jewish members of the counterculture.
The Theater of the Civilized Self: Edmund Burke and the East India Trials
Authors: Ahmed Siraj
Published: February 2004

IN FEBRUARY 1788 EDMUND BURKE OPENED the impeachment of Warren Hastings, the East India Company's first Governor-General, for the crimes that his administration had committed in India with a four-day-long speech before the House of Lords, and London's fashionable society bought tickets as if attending theater. Referred to as ''the greatest public sensation of the seventeen-eighties, ''the impeachment brought more attention than any other contemporary event to the complicated relationships of the British nation-state and its young empire in India and, more broadly, of the principles of civil society and the early modern history of imperialism. Burke's Indian speeches constitute a much longer and more intense engagement with the fundamental question that he believed the French Revolution also posed: would the modern civil society that the late eighteenth century was clearly in the process of shaping subordinate the private interests of commerce to the public virtues of landed wealth, thereby preserving national progress, or would it subordinate property to the unchecked power of capitalism, thereby making the merchant's private ethic the basis of the nation's public life and precipitating national degeneration? While the Reflections on the Revolution in France claim that the civil self is the product of national traditions, Burke's speeches and writings on British India suggest that the civil self is in fact merely a performance that masks degeneracy. Indeed, Burke's performance in the impeachment, with its own exaggerated theatricality, represented the very basis of civil society, sympathy, in terms of a set of unmistakably legible signs. Burke assumed the role of a character easily recognizable to his fashionable audience, the male protagonist of sentimental fiction, unable to control his emotions in the face of women's suffering. His very theatricality suggested that the basis of civil society lies neither in reason nor in historical development, but rather in social mimicry, giving the lie to his own theory of civil progress.
"I(t) could not choose but follow": Erotic Logic in The Changeling
Authors: Haber Judith
Published: February 2004

IN ACT 3 OF THOMAS MIDDLETON and William Rowley's The Changeling, in a scene that recalls and revises Beatrice Joanna's earlier "seduction" of the loathsome De Flores, De Flores makes evident his intention to commit rape. Beatrice kneels and sues for deliverance, but he refuses, raises her, and, as she shivers in mute fear, declares:

'Las how the turtle pants! Thou'lt love anon

What thou so fear'st and faint'st to venture on.

(3.4.169-70)

These lines are clearly meant to recall the epithalamium from Ben Jonson's masque Hymenaei, composed to celebrate the scandalous marriage of Frances Howard and the Earl of Essex. By repeating Jonson's invocation to marital consummation at the end of a rape scene, Middleton does something similar to what the passage itself does—insists, that is, on the coincidence of fear and desire, of virgin and whore, of marriage and rape. And while the playwright makes the connection between these apparent opposites explicit, he seems to be merely spelling out paradoxes and problems that are already present in Jonson's poem and in the epithalamic tradition in general.

This essay explores how The Changeling anatomizes, criticizes, and simultaneously participates in the assumptions implicit in that tradition. Here and in his other plays, Middleton succeeds, through a complex network of allusions, in foregrounding the frightening male fantasies at the heart of the tradition. At the same time, the play's powerful manipulation of dramatic structure enables it, in contrast to lyric and other nondramatic versions of those fantasies, to paper over the contradictions it uncovers, presenting its culture's nightmares in their most compelling form.
Cultivating Spiritual Sight: Jacob Riis's Virtual-Tour Narrative and the Visual Modernization of Protestant Homiletics
Authors: Jackson Gregory S.
Published: February 2004

While Jacob Riis has long been situated in the secular wing of turn-of-the-century reform, this study locates the aesthetic and narrative devices of his work within a neglected tradition of Protestant homiletics. Linking his stereopticon presentations to the allegories and interactive strategies of eighteenthand nineteenth-century sermons, Jackson demonstrates how Riis used modern technology to make traditional modes of religious pedagogy newly relevant to Progressive Era campaigns for social reform. Rather than distancing viewers from the plight of the indigent, as many critics have argued, Riis's photographs sought to convert audiences to the cause of reform by offering new means of spiritual and social identification.
Eighteenth-Century Wetware
Authors: Riskin Jessica
Published: February 2004

This essay explores a similarity between the way people approached the relation of life to machinery during the second half of the eighteenth century, and the way they have been exploring this relation during the second half of the twentieth century and turn of the twenty-first. The essay describes a moment of intense interest in producing artificial life, from the 1730s to the 1790s, examines what set the projects of this moment apart from previous and subsequent ways of conceiving the relations between animal and artificial machinery,and closes with some speculation about the similarity between the two epochs in the history of artificial life, then and now.
L'ars dictaminis, survivances et déclin, dans la moitié nord de l'espace français dans le Moyen Age tardif (mil. XIIIe-mil. XVe siècles)
Authors: Vulliez Charles
Published: February 2004

L'espace français occupe une place originale dans l'histoire de l'ars dictaminis médiéval. Postérieure dans son essor d'un bon demi-siècle au foyer bolonais, l'école française a eu un rôle décisif dans l'orientation donnée à cet ars, A la charniére des XIIe et XIIIe siécles, vers des finalités praticiennes—un apprentissage de la rédaction des documents de nature diplomatique. Ce trait, spécialement affirmé dans des foyers comme Tours, Orléans, Meungsur-Loire, tend à s'estomper dans la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, tandis que s'amorce ce que l'on peut considérer comme une phase de déclin. S'il est difficile, pour des raisons documentaires, de prendre la mesure exacte de ce dernier et de recenser efficacement les lieux d'enseignement ou de pratique du dictamen encore productifs dans la moitiénord de la France au Moyen Age tardif, il convient cependant de nuancer quelque peu cette notion de déclin, en soulignant la vitalité relative encore à cette époque du foyer parisien, ranimé en quelque sorte, à la fin du XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècle, par la venue de quelques grands maitres italiens itinerants dont Laurent d'Aquilée est le plus célèbre, mais non le seul. Il reste plus difficile de s'interroger, lorsque déclin il y a effectivement, sur la place des raisons liées à l'évolution générale: de la société et des études intellectuelles et sur celles spécifiques, comme peut-étre à Orléans, à l'évolution de la discipline elle-même.
L'ars dictaminis nel Quattrocento italiano: eclissi o persistenza?
Authors: Alessio Gian Carlo
Published: February 2004

Con particolare riferimento alle norme tramandate dai manuali composti tra la seconda meta dell'XI secolo e la fine del Quattrocento vengono individuate ed esaminate nel loro manifestarsi in testi rappresentativi del genere le linee di sviluppo dell'ars dictaminis. Questo consente di accertare che nel XV secolo l'ars dictaminis mantiene ancora un ruolo primario non solo come normativa per la scrittura dell'epistola ma anche come corpus di regole riferibili alla composizione di qualsiasi testo, scritto ed orale; in questo periodo la normativa contenuta nei trattati si compone di una mescolanza di elementi tradizionali, che provengono soprattutto dalla trattatistica del XIII secolo, e di innovazione, attraverso spunti dottrinari che hanno la loro prima origine nel XIV secolo.
L'éloge paradoxal, entre virtuosité et construction idéologique: le cas de l'Éloge de la négligence de Fronton
Authors: Fleury Pascale
Published: February 2004

Cet article propose un questionnement surla valeur des éloges paradoxaux et plus particulièrement sur les visées de l'Éloge de la négligence de Fronton Comme l'éloge frontonien est irrémédiablement fragmentaire, il nous a fallu nous reposer sur des éléments internes àla pièce et présents dans l'ensemble du corpus frontonien. L' étude des champs mé taphoriques nous a permis d'etablir des liens non-négligeables entre l'idée de négligence et celle de la Nature, qui est associée par le rheteur de façon constante àla rhétorique. Ce constat nous permet de conclure àla valeur apologétique de l'Éloge de la négligence, qui s'inscrit dans la querelle, omniprésente dans le corpus, entre philosophie et rhétorique. Dès lors, bien que l'éloge paradoxale possède des aspects ludiques, on peut déduire du cas frontonien que le sous-genre de l'éloge sert bien souvent des visées sérieuses et persuasives.
''Fair Terms and a Villain's Mind'': Rhetorical Patterns inThe Merchant of Venice
Authors: Freeman Jane
Published: February 2004

In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare draws on several aspects of the classical rhetorical tradition so widely studied in Renaissance England. The main characters have distinctive rhetorical styles: Launcelot and the would-be witty courtiers are rhetorically characterized by vices of language, Shylock by rhetorical questions and figures of repetition, and Portia by figures of thought. A close examination of the characters' rhetorical traits reveals significant similarities between Shylock's language and that of Declamation 95 in Sylvain's The Orator, and between Portia's forensic strategy and the classical theory of status. Written in the mid-1590s, The Merchant of Venice illustrates the very uses and abuses of rhetoric described in Henry Peacham's revised version of The Garden of Eloquence (1593).
Caussin's Passion and the New History of Rhetoric
Authors: Gross Daniel M.
Published: February 2004

Nicolaus Caussin's Eloquentia sacrae et humaneae parellela (1619) forges a distinctly modern history of rhetoric that ties discourse to culture. What were the conditions that made this new history of rhetoric possible? Marc Fumaroli has argued that political exigency in Cardinal Richelieu's France demanded a reconciliation of divergent religious and secular forms of eloquence that implicated, in turn, a newly "eclectic" history of rhetoric. But political exigency alone does not account for this nascent pluralism; we also need to look at the internal dynamics of rhetorical theory as it moved across literate cultures in Europe. With this goal in mind, I first demonstrate in this article how textbooks after the heady days of Protestant Reformation in Germany tried in vain to systematize the passions of art, friendship, and politics. Partially in response to this failure, I then argue, there emerged in France a new rhetoric sensitive to the historical contingency of passionate situations. My claim is not simply that rhetoric is bound to be temporal and situational, but more precisely that Caussin initiates historical rhetorics: the capacity to theorize how discourse is bound to culture in its plurality and historical contingency.
Las presencias de la Reto´rica en la obra de Alfonso Reyes: Esbozo de una evolucio´n
Authors: Houvenaghel Eugenia
Published: February 2004

The Mexican diplomat Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959) was notable in the cultural panorama of Spanish America in the first half of the 20th century for his acquaintance with classical rhetoric, a discipline rarely studied at that time in that part of the world. This article distinguishes four aspects of rhetoric throughout Reyes' oeuvre: (i) a vulgar sense, (ii) an erudite sense, (iii) classical theories, (iv) and modern applications. In his early work, Reyes uses rhetoric in a pejorative and vulgar sense. Around the year 1940, Reyes starts to show a lively interest in rhetoric, opts definitively for an erudite sense of the term, and initiates the study of the classical art of persuasion. In his third phase, Reyes gains deeper knowledge of rhetoric, lectures on the subject, and explains his favorite orators andtheorists. Finally,his use of rhetoric reveals a commitment to the reality of Spanish America. Reyes' rhetoric is an "actualised" and "Americanised" version that shows the possibilities of the classical art of persuasion in Spanish American society.
Wollstonecraft's Dislocation of the Masculine Sublime: A Vindication
Authors: SKOLNIK CHRISTINE M.
Published: February 2004

Reéusumé: Cet article explore certains des contextes rhétoriques et des caractéristiques stylistiques des plus importantes oeuvres de Wollstonecraft tenant compte de la publication récente de recherches bibliographiques ainsi que de la théorie contemporaine sur le genre. Comme rhéteur de sexe féminin, en marge d'une culture rhétorique masculine Wollstonecraft s'identifie avec ses contemporains masculins mème si elle dédaigne le rôle que plusieurs d'entre eux soulignent pour son genre; par conséquent, elle adopte les identités ainsi que les stratégies rhétoriques masculins et féminins dans son oeuvre. Cette utilisation de divers identités variés est une caractéristique intégrale de sa rhétorique dans son contexte socio-culturel, et en quelques sortes représentatif de la rhétorique des marges.
Innovations and Compilations: Juan Gil de Zamora'sDictaminis Epithalamium
Authors: McNABB RICHARD
Published: February 2004

Abstract: This essay brings to light a previously untranslated Latin medieval rhetorical treatise from Castile and León—Juan Gil de Zamora's letter writing manual Dictaminis Epithalamium, or The Marriage Song of Letter-Writing (c. 1277). Juan Gil (c. 1240–c. 1318) was among the first writers in Castile and León to compose a rhetorical treatise on the technical elements of composition. I outline the theoretical and technical elements of Juan Gil's ars dictaminis. Following an explication of his theory, I historicize the Dictaminis Epithalamium within the western European rhetorical tradition and within the established dictaminal genre. I argue that Juan Gil develops a new rhetoric for letter writing—one incorporating innovations as well as compilations of ideas from the Italian and French schools of letter-writing.
Narrating Nursing Jurisdiction: “Atrocity Stories” and “Boundary‐Work”
Authors: Allen Davina
Published: February 2004

Sociologists have long recognized that the division of labor is, at its root, a process of social interaction. Although “negotiations” figure centrally in symbolic interactionist studies of work, relatively little attention has been given to the ways in which the structure of workplace talk contributes to the social constitution of occupations. Drawing on the insights of discourse and conversation analysis, this article examines occupational atrocity stories and considers how they accomplish boundary‐work in the hospital setting. I focus on the stories British nurses told about doctors and use data generated in ethnographic research into the routine accomplishment of nursing jurisdiction. I conclude with some general observations about how the detailed analysis of stories and storytelling can contribute to the wider study of social group formation.
Spiritual Gatekeepers: Time and the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults
Authors: McCallion Michael J. , Maines David R.
Published: February 2004

This article addresses the process of initiation into the Catholic Church by analyzing in‐depth interviews with parish‐based professional initiation coordinators. The formal title given to this process of initiation by the Church since Vatican II is the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA). Since the RCIA's promulgation, the Church has hired a host of lay and religious professionals to coordinate its implementation at the parish level. Our analysis focuses on the temporal sequencing and the problem of duration of initiation. The data show that both city and suburban coordinators adapted the Church's mandated length of time for initiation in different ways as they negotiated covenantal and contractual social relations among RCIA participants.
Time and Postmodernism
Authors: Dickens David R. , Fontana Andrea
Published: February 2004

In this essay we discuss changes in the cultural meaning and significance of time in postmodernism. We begin by examining the experience of time and space in the Middle Ages and its radical alteration following the Renaissance. After a relatively brief period of optimism during the Enlightenment regarding the scientific control over time and space, a new crisis beginning in the mid‐nineteenth century emphasized the increasing disjuncture between external, objective notions of time and the way time was experienced subjectively. We argue that the current literature on time and post‐modernity is best understood in this context, where earlier disequilibriating effects brought about by modern technologies are exacerbated by new developments in transportation and communications technology. Here we discuss the particular effects on topics of interest to social scientists such as changes in notions of personal identity and the effacement of historical time. We conclude with a call for more empirically grounded work on questions concerning time in postmodernism. We lament the paucity of concrete data as well as the excess of useless polemics and recommend several researchers already conducting work in this field.
Rock ‘n’ Roll Music as a Timepiece
Authors: Kotarba Joseph A.
Published: February 2004

This essay illustrates the value of time in understanding baby boomers' experiences of rock ‘n’ roll. In a distinctively interactionist style, I use time as a sensitizing concept in my research on this phenomenon. The orientation that guides this research is methodological tourism, by which the researcher treats something as common and taken‐for‐granted as rock ‘n’ roll music in everyday life as strange if not exotic. Structurally, songs about time constitute the most visible temporal structures in the world of rock ‘n’ roll. Interactionally, I will argue that the concept of the cohort is more useful than that of the decade for an interpretive analysis of musical nostalgia, a key feature of the phenomenon in question. Illustrations of the reflexive relationship between rock ‘n’ roll and time in middle age include using awareness of recent deaths of rock ‘n’ roll performers to interpret the existential significance of aging; using rock ‘n’ roll songs as benchmarks for significant events such as birthdays and anniversaries, as well as gift giving for these events; and using rock ‘n’ roll music to pass the time.
Holocaust Remembrance and Heidelberg
Authors: Blatt Martin H.
Published: February 2004

The author recounts his September, 2001, visit to Heidelberg, Germany, with his mother, Molly Blatt. The author and his mother participated in a program for the city's "former Jewish citizens," those Jews who fled the Nazi regime between 1938 and 1945, who could bring a companion of their choice. The essay reviews the program's highlights and the activities and reactions of mother and son on this journey exploring history, memory, and contemporary Germany. The terrible events of September 11, 2001, in the United States, which coincided with the opening day of the program, added a nightmarish quality to the visit. However, mother and son, in very different ways, had positive experiences.
Structural changes and mechanical performance of recycled poly(vinyl chloride) bottles exposed to ultraviolet light at 313 nm
Authors: Sombatsompop N. , Sungsanit K.
Published: February 2004

The structural changes and mechanical performance of virgin poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) bottle (VB) compounds blended with postconsumer PVC bottles collected from a specified factory (RB‐F) and houses (RB‐H), were examined before and after UV irradiation at 313‐nm UV wavelength for different periods of time up to 28 days. The results indicated that, when exposed to UV light, the RB‐F/VB blends containing greater conjugated double bonds with higher yellowness index appeared to exhibit better mechanical performance than that of the RB‐H/VB blends. It was found that the amount of conjugated double bonds was not a linear function of the discoloration level of PVC compounds. Tensile strength of the VB compounds was not affected when incorporated with RB‐F recyclate, but progressively decreased with increasing RB‐H recyclate. An optimum concentration for RB recyclates to be added into the virgin compound was recommended for obtaining a maximum impact strength. Both tensile and impact strengths decreased with increasing UV exposure time, a severe degradation being obvious after a UV exposure time of 21 days. Hardness was not affected significantly by the addition of PVC recyclate, but increased with increasing UV exposure time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 84–94, 2004
Biodegradation of physicochemically treated LDPE by a consortium of filamentous fungi
Authors: Manzur A. , Limón‐González M. , Favela‐Torres E.
Published: February 2004

Samples of low density polyethylene previously subjected to physicochemical treatments–thermal treatment (TT) at 105 and 150°C or accelerated aging treatment (AAT)–were subjected to biodegradation by a consortium of four fungi during 9 months. Morphological, structural, and surface changes and mineralization were evaluated. TT samples showed decreases in the onset melting temperature (To), melting point (Tm), relative crystallinity (Φ), and mean crystallite size (L110). The degradation products in all treated samples were carbonyl and double bonds groups. The biological treatment (BT) affected the properties of all treated samples. To at 3 months decreased with respect to sample at 0 months; the changes were higher in TT samples; the samples then remained without significant changes. Increases in Φ were observed in TT samples within a 3‐month BT, after which reductions occurred. After a 9‐month BT, increases in L110 were registered in all samples (up to 2.6 nm). The highest mineralization value (3.26%) was obtained with the AAT. The reported changes suggested that the fungi mainly digest the amorphous phase of polyethylene in the first stage of the experiment, but later they also digest small crystals. Superficial growth of microorganisms occurred, and penetration of hyphae was observed in most oxidized samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 265–271, 2004
Control of particle size and carboxyl group distribution in soap‐free emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate–ethyl acrylate–acrylic acid
Authors: Kang Kai , Kan Cheng You , Du Yi , Liu De Shan
Published: February 2004

Polymer microspheres with narrow size distribution and with carboxyl groups on their surfaces were synthesized by soap‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and acrylic acid (AA), and the distribution of –COOH in the latex was determined by conductometric titration. Effects of ingredients on polymerization, latex particle size (Dp), and its distribution, and the distribution of –COOH were investigated. Results showed that monomer conversion and the amount of embedded –COOH (Ea) decreased, and Dp increased with increasing amounts of NH4HCO3. The amounts of surface –COOH (Sa) and water –COOH (Fa) and the number of –COOH on each square centimeter of the particles' surface (Sd) increased with increasing amounts of NH4HCO3 and AA. With the increase of initiator (APS) and AA, Dp deceased. Ea increased with the increase of AA. Fa increased and then remained constant, and Sd decreased with the increase of initiator. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 433–438, 2004