bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREFERENCES FOR RURAL LAND SEVERANCE POLICIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: SMIT BARRY , FLAHERTY MARK
Published: March 2008

The increasing demand for residential land in rural Ontario has generated a widespread interest in land severance activity and policy. This paper examines resident preferences for alternative land severance policies using a paired comparison experiment. The analysis identifies those severance policies most preferred by township residents and characterizes groups of residents with similar preferences. Differences in policy preferences are more closely associated with residents' property size, income, and length of residence in the area than with whether they are farmers, countryside non‐farmers, or village dwellers.

La demande croissante d' espace résidentiel en Ontario rural est responsable pour l' intérêt grandissant envers le phénomène de détachement en parcelles et les politiques qui s'y rattachent. Le présent article examine les préférences des résidents d' un township ontarien envers différentes politiques de parcellement au moyen d' une méthode comparative. L' analyse des résultats identifie quelles sont les politiques de parcellement préférées et détermine des groupes de résidents qui ont des préférences semblables. Les différences au niveau des préférences des résidents en matière de politiques de parcellement sont plus particulièrement reliées à la grandeur des propriétés, le revenu, et la durée de résidence dans la région plutôt qu'avec leur statut résidentiel tel qu'exploitant agricole, habitant rural non‐fermier, ou villageois.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT TRENDS IN THE PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT IN CANADA
Authors: TAITDAVIS J.
Published: March 2008

The redistribution between 1961 and 1977 of shares in gross domestic product compels a reappraisal of traditional explanations for Canadian economic patterns. The main features of economic growth over this period confirm the explanatory value of the export base model of the development process. Traditional characterizations of core‐periphery relationships are compromised by weakening interprovincial complementarities and the articulation of residentiary industries in western Canada. Compromised as well is the notion that there is in Canada a wide disparity in regional per capita income, a disparity that has persisted with little change for many years.

La redistribution des portions provinciales du produit intérieur brut entre 1961 et 1977 se demande qu'on examine de nouveau les explications traditionnelles pour les transformations de l'économie spatiale. Au cours des seize années derniéres les caractéristiques principales du croissance économique rafferment l'utilité explicative du modéle « export‐base ». Les caractérisations traditionnelles du type centre‐périphérie sont compromises par l'affaiblissement des rapports complémentaires parrni les provinces et par l'articulation des structures provinciales économiques en Canada ouest. Compromise aussi est la notion qu'il existe au Canada de grandes disparités a l'échelle régionale dans le revenu par habitant, disparités qui ont persisté avec peu de variations depuis de nombreuses années.
SNOW pH AND DUST LOADING AT SCHEFFERVILLE, QUEBEC
Authors: DRAKE JOHN J. , MOORE T.R.
Published: March 2008

Problems of acid precipitation in association with industrial activity in areas such as the Great Lakes region are now well‐known (e.g. Hornbeck et al., 1977), and the Canadian Network for Sampling Precipitation (CANSAP) has established monitoring stations across Canada. In communities in northern Canada, however, especially in winter, a considerable amount of SO2 is liberated locally. It is therefore important to be able to separate local effects from the regional or continental ones, but most CANSAP stations utilize a single collector, the position of which may not be representative of the general conditions in the locality.

The Schefferville, Quebec, area presents a good opportunity to evaluate the local effects of a small area (˜ 1 km2) source in winteras no industrial activity other than ore‐extraction takes place. The only gaseous contaminants liberated locally are derived from fuel oil, and the only particulates come from well‐defined mine and dump areas.

Here we present measurements of snow pH and dust loading in the Schefferville area, consider the importance of local gaseous and particulate pollutants, compare these with pollutants from distant sources, and assess the significance of the pollution patterns.
Special Issue Tourism Management in Host Communities
Authors: Murphy Peter E.
Published: March 2008

The papers in this special issue were originally presented at the CAG annual meeting, May 1979, in a session entitled ‘Tourism in Canada: Research and Planning.’
THEORIES, PARADIGMS, MAPPING, AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
Authors: ST‐ONGE DENIS A.
Published: March 2008

A past‐president's address is a unique opportunity to reflect on one's experience in a discipline or to examine that discipline with a critical eye. This is best done during the brashness of youth or from the comfortable position of maturity. Obviously it is from the latter vantage point that I wish to probe this branch of science, geomorphology, which for twenty years has given me renewed intellectual challenges, beauty that only a field scientist has the privilege to behold, physical difficulties which result in a minimum of middle‐age bulge, and lessons in humility which keep proposed explanations honest.
THE MISSISSAUGA TRAIN DERAILMENT AND EVACUATION, 10–16 NOVEMBER 1979
Authors: Liverman Diana M. , Wilson John P.
Published: March 2008

The evacuation of a quarter of a million residents of the city of Mississauga, Ontario, in the aftermath of the derailment of a freight train carrying hazardous materials on 10 November 1979, was, at that time, the largest peacetime evacuation ever conducted in North America. It took place with little panic or injury, no deaths, and no apparent resistance to evacuation advice. Not surprisingly, then, the success of the Mississauga evacuation has attracted the interest, and raised the hopes, of emergency planners, governments, and industry officials in North America and many other countries. These groups want to understand the reasons for the success of the evacuation, and, if possible, to transfer the effective elements of the Mississauga emergency plans and response procedures to their own jurisdictions. Their concerns reflect the wider search for a model of public decision‐making under threat which would identify and link cirtical factors, decisions, and behaviour, and which would provide a framework for emergency planning and research.
Characteristics of Raised Cobble Ridges in the Terrace Bay Area of the North Shore of Lake Superior
Authors: Phillips Brian A.M.
Published: March 2008

Cobble features near Terrace Bay, Ontario, traditionally described as ‘raised beach ridges,’ are investigated to establish the extent to which they exhibit characteristics substantiating the assumption of a wave‐formed origin. Detailed examination of their plan orientation, profile, and pattern does indicate a wave‐formed origin, with little evidence of shore ice activity during their formation or of sub‐aerial modification since. Localized angular materials and topographic discontinuities suggest that surface morphology represents the compound effect of rare high magnitude storm wave events over the last three thousand years.

L'auteur étudie les formations de galets près de Terrace Bay, Ontario ‐ ce qu'on désigne généralement comme des «cretes de plage soulevée≫ ‐ afin d'établir dans quelle mesure elles présentent des caractéristiques qui permettent de justifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle elles seraient le résultat de Faction des vagues. De l'examen approfondi du plan vertical, du profil, et de la disposition des formations, on peut en effet conclure à une origine due à l'action des vagues; peu d'indices de l'action de la glace de rive durant la formation, ou de modifications subaériennes par la suite, ont été relevées. La présence de matériaux anguleux dans les environs et les discontinuités topographiques suggèrent que la morphologie de surface est le résultat de l'effet combiné, lors des derniers trois mille ans, de vagues de tempêtes exceptionnelles et d'une très grande puissance.
Residential Solar Space‐Heating Potential Across the United States and Southern Canada
Authors: Suckling Philip W.
Published: March 2008

Regions having high solar radiation are often considered to have to greatest potential for the use of solar energy in the space heating of buildings. Areas with severe cold climates and high energy demands are usually overlooked, because of the natural assumption that solar energy cannot be effective there, on its own. Yet, such a simple view may reduce the incentive for implementing solar energy technology in regions where its contribution can be very significant.

In this essay I provide a climatological evaluation of the potential for residential solar space heating across the contiguous United States and southern Canada. For analysis, long‐term mean climatological data will be used and certain house and solar collection system characteristics will be assumed and held constant for all locations. Note, however, that the performance of an individual solar system at a specific site requires a detailed simulation model (for example, see Klein et al., 1976) and comprehensive analysis of the solar climate (Hay, 1977). The simplified procedure in this study is intended to serve a broad energy planning purpose, by providing an assessment of the geographical regions where residential solar heating should be most encouraged.
The Problems of Adjusting to Slow Growth in the Niagara Region of Ontario
Authors: Gayler H.J.
Published: March 2008

During the 1970s it became clear that earlier forecasts of population increase and urban expansion in the Niagara region were too great. There has been a steady decline in the national birth rate since the 1950s and a decline locally in the rate of net in‐migration. Moreover, a worsening economic climate, increasing development costs, and greater planning restrictions have led to a decline in the rate of land conversion from rural to urban uses. These changing circumstances afford an opportunity to plan for more compact urban areas and thus protect the area's valuable agricultural land. However, attempts to achieve these ends have been constantly frustrated by a regional and local planning process which has been loath to recognize such a conservationist cause or the need to plan for slower growth. In this report I will review three issues: the changing trends in future urban growth in the Niagara region; the regional plan and the designation of future urban areas; and the problems that have contributed to conflict and delay in approving that plan.
Government‐Directed Money Flows and The Discordance Between Production and Consumption in Provincial Economies, 1961–1979
Authors: Davis J. Tait
Published: March 2008

The increasing scale of direct government intervention in money flows raises questions about the changing structure of Canada's space economy. Estimates of intersectoral and interprovincial money flows provide a basis for assessing the changing impact of govenment‐directed flows in final demand expenditure, in personal income composition, and in explaining the pattern of discordance between the production and consumption modes of provincial economies. Inferences are made also about the relevance of dominance rankings of urban centres controlling revenue flows in Canada's economic‐geographic system.

L'échelle croissante d'intervention directe du gouvernement dans les flux de l'argent soulbve des questions au sujet du changement de structure de l'économie spatiale du Canada. Les estimations des flux d'argent intersectoriels et interprovincaux donnent une base pour évaluer le changement d'impact des écoulements dirigés par le gouvernement vers les utilisateurs finals, la composition du revenus personnel, et par l'explication de l'echantillonage de dtsaccords entre les modes de production et de consommation des tconomies provinciaizs. Des interventions sont faites Cgalement au sujet de la pertinence des classements dominants des centres urbains par le contr6le des flux de revenus dans le systkme Ccono‐ghgraphique du Canada.
The Idealist Dispute in Anglo‐American Geography
Authors: Curry Michael
Published: March 2008

Leonard Guelke proposes an ‘idealist’ approach to geography. His critics see it as either irrelevant or incorrect. But both Guelke and his critics adopt a misguided approach to the problem of geographical explanation, assuming that the resolution of this or some other philosophical dispute will provide us with a theory which can then be applied in geography. An approach that begins not with philosophical theories but with the world of people and places will be more useful. The idea of ‘forms of life’ is offered as a focus for that concern and as a tool for criticizing Guelke and his critics.

Leonard Guelke propose une approche « idéaliste »à la géographie. Ses critiques considèrent ceci comme non pertinent et inexact. Mais Guelke et ses critiques adoptent une approche malencontreuse au problème de l'explication geographique, assumant que la résolution de tel ou tel débat philosophique fournira une théorie applicable à la geographie. Une approche qui ne commencerait pas pardes théories philosophiques mais pale rnonde des hommes et des lieux s'avèrerait plus utile. Nous proposons le concept de « formes de vie » (lebensform) comme un point de base en ce qui concerne cette approche et comme un outil avec lequel critiquer Guelke et ses détracteurs.
Changes in Secondary School Geography in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Wolforth John
Published: March 2008

Considerable changes took place in German secondary school geography during the 1970s. A largely descriptive and encyclopaedic approach came to be replaced by one characterized by its systematic attention to significant global themes and to a more rigorous methodology. Changes were influenced by the growing strength of German social geography, by developments in German educational theory, and by a growing interest in advances in Anglo‐American school geography. The role of three instruments of curriculum change is described ‐ the formal revision of the official syllabus, the textbook series, and the curriculum project ‐ and the links between them are traced.

De grands changements ont affecté l'enseignement de la geographie dans les écoles secondaires allemandes dans les années 1970. Une approche mettant I'accent sur des themes à la fois prtcis et globaux, et sur une méthodologie plus rigoureuse a remplacé une approche essentiellement descriptive et encyclopédique. Ces changements sont liés au renforcement de la géographie sociale allemande, aux développements invervenus dans la thkorie pidagogique allemande, et à l'intérêt portk, dans ce pays, aux progres de l'enseignement de la géographie dans le monde anglo‐amkricain. On y décrit le rôle joué par trois facteurs dans le changement des programmes: leur rkvision formelle, l'influence des ouvrages scolaires recommandés, et le produit fini issu de recherches approfondies. On y analyse aussi les relations entre ces trois pôles.
Research and Development in the Canadian Forest Product Sector ‐ Another Weak Link?
Authors: Hayter Roger
Published: March 2008

For over a decade the Science Council of Canada has argued with increasing conviction that Canada's industrial dilemmas stem from technological weaknesses that result primarily from high levels of foreign ownership (e.g. Cordell, 1971; Bourgault, 1972; Britton and Gilmour, 1978; Shepherd, 1980). Indeed, the council urges that only by adopting an industrial strategy explicitly based on the concept of technological sovereignty can Canada hope to ensure the international competitiveness of its economy and offer the employment opportunities appropriate to its stage of development. If such pleas are to be translated into comprehensive and coherent action, however, there is an admitted need for more sectoral studies to detail the effects of foreign ownership and provide an evaluation of existing capacilities necessary to the formulation of effective policies. In this paper, therefore, I will briefly compare research and development (r & d) in the forest product sectors of Canada and the United States. Since Canada's forest industries have long attracted foreign, and especially American, direct investments, such a comparison is considered to be particularly appropriate (Marshall et al., 1936: 35–55; Hayter, 1981a).
LAND PRICES IN ESSEX COUNTY, ONTARIO 1798 TO 1852
Authors: Clarke John , Brown David L.
Published: March 2008

This paper examines land prices in Essex County, Ontario, for the period to 1825 and from 1826 to 1852 in terms of overall accessibility to market and the physical environment. The prime source material was the Abstract Index to Deeds, and data drawn from this source were used in a series of multiple regression analyses. The results confirm the importance of accessibility. However, the physical environment did not affect land prices significantly. The article concludes by considering future refinements of the analysis.

L'article examine les prix des terres dans le comté d'Essex, Ontario pour la période jusqu’à 1825 et de 1826 à 1852 en ce qui concerne I'accessibilité générale, I'accessibilité au marché et I'environnement physique. La source principale de la recherche était l’Abstract Index to Deeds et les données de éette source étaient utilisées dans des regressions multiples. Les résultats affirment l'importance de l'accessibilité. Pourtant, l'environnement physique n'a pas eu une influence significantive sur les prix des terres. L'article se termine en considérant des ragginements futurs pour l'analyse.
NATIONAL PARKS AND INUIT RIGHTS IN NORTHERN LABRADOR
Authors: Stix John
Published: March 2008

The creation of national parks in the Canadian Arctic and subarctic is a relatively new development that has had profound effects on the land and people in the region. The aim of this paper is to examine the implications of a proposed national park in northern Labrador for the people, principally Inuit, who live in the area. This also requires a critical review of certain policies and assumptions of Parks Canada with respect to the establishment of northern parks.
LOSS OF FARMLAND IN SOUTH‐CENTRAL ONTARIO FROM 1951 to 1971
Authors: Crewson Daryll M. , Reeds Lloyd G.
Published: March 2008

The loss of farmland in four counties of south‐central Ontario was examined for the 1951–71 period, with the use of township census data. The study has indicated the need to be cautious regarding the accuracy of official statistics.

Regression analysis of the census data revealed that the best predictor of farmland loss was the extent of part‐time farming. Since 1971, the role of part‐time farming has changed greatly. The percentage of part‐time farmers is increasing steadily because off‐farm income is vital to the maintenance of the economic viability of farming today. In contrast to the 1950s and 1960s, the part‐time farmer now is often coming into full‐time farming rather than phasing out.

The results of this analysis present further evidence of the complexity of the loss‐of‐farmland problem and the variability of the findings that emerge from studies conducted for different periods
POLICY‐INDUCED DISTORTIONS IN SPATIAL COST SURFACES: THE CASE OF ONTARIO HYDRO
Authors: Davis J. Tait
Published: March 2008

Underlying much of location theory is a presumption that the costs and revenues of enterprise vary from place to place. Such variations describe spatial cost and revenue surfaces to which locational decisions may be referenced. Changes in Ontario Hydro's pricing practices between 1906 and 1981 illustrate the substantial impact of policy on three major sources of spatial variation in costs. In consequence, it appears that locational decisions are increasingly referenced to artificial, policy‐distorted cost surfaces. Prospects of achieving a spatially efficient configuration of economic activity appear to be severely compromised.

La «théorie d'emplacement » se fonde sur la présomption que les dépenses et les revenus d'une enterprise varient selon l'endroit ou elle est située. Le choix de l'emplacement d'un project est affecté par ces variations de couts d'espace et de possibilités de revenus. Les changements dans les practiques des prix d'hydro Ontario entre 1906 et 1981 illustrent les impacts considerables de cette politique sur trois sources principales de variations des couts. Il semble cependant que les décisions basées sur la «théorie d'emplacement » soient faussées d'autant plus que les couts se révélent irrealistes. Base sur cette théorie les chances de parvenir a une situation économique optimale apparaissent être sévérement compromises.
THE GEOGRAPHER AS PRACTITIONER: THE CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND DIFFICULTIES FACED BY THE ACADEMIC CONSULTANT
Authors: McLellan A.G.
Published: March 2008

As a professional and academic geographer in a Canadian university for the last fourteen years, I have become increasingly aware that there is a growing dichotomy between pure and applied research in physical geography. This breach has been discussed by numerous prominent figures in the field. Yet it is disquieting that many published statements amount to defences of the one or attacks on the other of these two aspects of the discipline. For example, Chorley has written: ‘Utilitarian approaches to geomorphology will either result in large‐scale work of which the intellectually‐sterile taxonomic mapping is the most depressing precursor, or in a piecemeal concentration on small‐scale realist systems. The construction of [realist] models in geomorphology may not be a secure base for geomorphological theory.’ To Hails, by contrast, ‘There seems little doubt that geomorphologists will be asked to resolve problems created by technological innovation and engineering design in the future … [Thus] the contribution of geomorphologists might be increased if the subject was taught in such a way that students were acquainted with the necessary techniques for scientific applied studies and the needs of the market place.’
THE GRAVITY MODEL AND HIERARCHICAL SPATIAL SYSTEMS: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Nader George A.
Published: March 2008

The gravity model in its basic forms postulates that the volume of interaction between two places will be positively related to the populations (masses) of the two places and inversely related to their distance apart. Although it is not strictly speaking a hierarchical model, it is often used to explain flows among places that constitute a hierarchical spatial system. This paper is specifically concerned with the effect of hierarchical spatial structure on the performance of the gravity model. Accordingly, I will examine first the effect of hierarchical structure on the volume of interaction between places and second the degree to which the gravity model incorporates these hierarchical effects. Third, suggestions will be made for the improvement of the gravity model's performance by an explicit incorporation of a hierarchical element. The performance of the gravity model will be examined for both one‐way and two‐way flows between places.
USER REACTIONS TO A VISITOR DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMME IN KILLARNEY PROVINCIAL PARK, ONTARIO: A REPLY
Authors: Morrison Kenneth E. , Priddle George B.
Published: March 2008

Rothacker expresses concern about an apparent methodological error that could lead to the possible adoption of inappropriate management policies. Rothacker fears we have neglected the possibility of user displacement, an interpretation that stems largely from our observation that ‘interviewing was focused on those areas of the park where recreational use was concentrated.’ We trust that the following explanation will clarify the situation and alleviate his concerns.
PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A REVIEW
Authors: May J.A.
Published: March 2008

Editors' note: A series of unfortunate circumstances led to the publication in our last issue (Vol. xxvi/4, pp. 367‐76) of an essay titled ‘Philosophy and Geography in the Seventeenth Century: A Review,’ containing a number of errors. The author was not provided with the opportunity of examining the proofs of the copy‐edited version of his manuscript and hence did not consent to the final version that was published. In order to rectify the situation, we are publishing here a complete version of the author's paper with his consent, and take this opportunity to apologize to him for any inconvenience and any unintended misrepresentation of his work that may have been caused through the publication of the previous version.
PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A COMMENT
Authors: Sitwell O.F.G.
Published: March 2008

At the end of his review essay occasioned by ‘the appearance of Margarita Bowen's Empiricism and Geographical Thought: From Francis Bacon to Alexander von Humboldt,’ J. A. May wrote: I think
PHILOSOPHY AND GEOGRAPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: A REPLY
Authors: May J.A.
Published: March 2008

So far as I can make out, Sitwell's comment on my essay says little that is relevant to its content. In fact he goes so far as to declare that my essay can in large part be ignored, presumably for purposes of gaining an understanding, or getting at the essence, of Margarita Bowen's book. I assume that Sitwell is writing a book review, more or less of the conventional sort, since he remarks that he is undertaking ‘a review of the type May chose not to write.’ I do not pretend for one moment that what I wrote is a book review. Perhaps it should not even have been called a ‘review essay.’ But Sitwell is not unaware of this, since he remarks that my ‘essay is almost bound to be taken as a review,’ which he regards as ‘unfortunate.’ Despite the fact that the tasks we have each undertaken are substantially different, and hence that our respective papers have little in common, I nevertheless think a few comments are in order.
Location‐Allocation Models for Control of Forest Fires by Air Tankers
Authors: Hodgson M. John , Newstead Robert G.
Published: March 2008

Four air tanker location‐allocation models are considered as tools for suppression of forest fires. The models are tested and compared using forest fire data for Alberta. The results show that fire location patterns can vary considerably over the short term and that not responding to such variation by optimally relocating air tanker groups could be very costly in terms of losses to fire. We argue that an improved location‐allocation model can serve as the heart of an optimal air tanker relocation system and suggest the basic requirements for developing such a model.

Quatre modèles localisation‐allocation pour avions‐citerne sont considérés comme des outils servant dans la lutte contre les incendies forestiers. Les différents modèles sont mis a l'tpreuve et comparts utilisant des données recuillies lors d'incendies forestiers survenus en Alberta. Les rtsultats obtenus montrent que les modèles de localisation de feu peuvent varier considérablement B court terme et que de ne pas se soucier de telles variations par une relocalisation optimale des groupes d'avions‐citerne pourait s'avérer trts couteux en terme de pertes dues aux incendies forestiers. Nous soutenons qu'un modtle localisation‐allocation amtliort peut constituer le coeur d'un systtme de relocalisation optimal pour avions‐citerne et suggérons les conditions fondamentales requises pour le dèveloppement d'un tel modèle.
Single‐Family House Values in Metropolitan Halifax, 1981
Authors: Millward Hugh
Published: March 2008

The overall pattern of home values in metropolitan Halifax has been strongly influenced by the early (mid‐nineteenth‐century) establishment of a prestige sector in the South End. This sector failed to develop outward due to the barrier of the Northwest Arm, which, paradoxically, was not bridged, since to have done so would have marred the original attraction of the sector. While nearly all ‘exclusive’ housing remains in pockets on or near the Arm, new prestige housing areas have been developed in the suburbs, wherever fine settings and the absence of wartime shacks allow. In particular, the presence of extensive ‘low‐value’ tracts south of Armdale has forced most new high‐value developments in Halifax to the north mainland. Finally, while public housing has tended only to reinforce the low‐value pattern established by 1950, publicly funded land developments, particularly Forest Hills, have created large peripheral areas of below‐median value.
VEGETATION AND RIVER CHANNEL DYNAMICS
Authors: Hickin Edward J.
Published: March 2008

The physical science of fluvial geomorphology is flawed because it ignores processes that are not easily quantifiable and physically or statistically manipulable. The influence of vegetation on river behaviour and fluvial geomorphology is a set of these processes. Vegetation may exert significant control over fluvial processes and morphology through five mechanisms: flow resistance, bank strength, bar sedimentation, formation of log‐jams, and concave‐bank bench deposition. Examples of these mechanisms, largely drawn from the Squamish River in British Columbia, are presented, and implications for future research are briefly discussed.

La science physique de la géomorphologie fluviale manque de précision du fait qu'elle ne tient pas compte des processus qui ne sont pas facilement quantifiables et matériellement ou statistiquement traitables. L'influence de la végétation sur le régime des rivières et la géomorphologie fluviale constitue un ensemble de tels processus. La végétation peut exercer un contrôle significatif des phénoménes fluviaux et de la morphologie fluviale à partir de cinq mécanismes de base: la résistance au courant, la solidité des rives, les couches de sédimentation, la formation de barrages de détritus végétaux, et les dépôts sur les parties concaves des rives. Des exemples de ces mécanismes à partir de l'étude de la rivière Squamish en Colombie brittanique sont ici présentéd, et les implications en ce qui concerne la recherche future sont discutées.
Rural Accessibility of General Practitioners: the Case of Bruce and Grey Counties, ONTARIO, 1901–1981
Authors: Joseph Alun E. , Bantock Peter R.
Published: March 2008

Using data from censuses and medical directories and various measures of availability and accessibility, trends in patterns of access at the two‐county and township level are considered against the backdrop of substantial changes in the spatial organization of rural areas and in systems of health care delivery. The results suggest that the negative impact of the decline in, and centralization of, general practitioner services available to the dispersed population of the region between 1901 and 1981 was only partly offset by increases in mobility. Individual rural localities fared differently, largely dependent on their location relative to the central place network.

A l'aide de donnkes provenant des recensements, des annuaires medicaux et de d'autres mesures de la disponibilite et de l'accessibilite, nous en venons h considerer, au niveau des deux comtts et des cantons, les types d'accts, tout en gardant en mtmoire les changements importants dans l'organisation spatiale des regions rurales et dans la dispensation des services de santt. Les resultats de notre etude impliquent que I'augmentation de la mobilite a tres peu compenst pour les effets negatifs decline et de la centralisation des services de medecine generale dispensts aux habitants eparpilles de la region entre 1901 et 1981. I1 est evident que le bien‐Ctre de chacune des localids rurales a varie grandement et dependait de leur emplacement par rapport au rtseau central.
Landscape Expression of the Evolution of Buddhism in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

The proposition that religious landscape is an expression of the ideology and world‐view of its makers is tested through the identification of historical shifts in the ideology and world‐view of Japanese Buddhism and concomitant shifts in the spatial order of Buddhist precincts. Focusing on temples in the Kyoto‐Nara region, ideological changes expressed in the site characteristics, orientation, structures and their spatial arrangements, and use of land in gardens are documented.

La proposition qui dCclare que le paysage religieux exprime l'idkologie et le point de vue mondial de ses createurs se met a l'epreuve par I'identification des changements histonques dans l'idkologie bouddhiste aussi que dans les variations spatiales des enceintes bouddhistes. L'Ctude, en examinant les temples de la region Kyoto‐Nara, documente les changements idkologiques manifestes par les caracteristiques de l'emplacement, l'orientation des edifices et I'usage de la terre aux jardins.
The Nineteenth‐Century Fisheries of the Hudson's Bay Company Trading Posts on Lake Superior: a Biogeographical Study
Authors: Goodier J.L.
Published: March 2008

Trading post personnel maintained records of natural and cultural phenomena, including data on fish and fishing. The Hudson's Bay Company posts on the north shore of Lake Superior developed a diverse fishery based on a rather complex association of species and stocks, especially lake trout, whitefish, and herring. In part learning from the Indians, the fishermen gained a fairly sophisticated understanding of the seasonal and spatial occurrences of fish aggregations. These are here summarized in text and table form and provide baseline data for fisheries which since the 1800s have been degraded and changed.

Les employés des comptoirs consignaient régulièrement les divers phénomènes culturels et naturels, y compris ceux qui relevaient des poissons et de la pêche. Les comptoirs de la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson au littoral nord du lac Supérieur ont développé une industrie de la pêche diversifiée basée sur des rapports assez complexes entre les espèces et les stocks de poissons, surtout de touladi, de grand corégone, et de cisco de lac. Tirant leurs connaissances en partie des Indiens, les pêcheurs ont réussi à bien comprendre les détails des occurences spatiales et saisonnières des aggrégations de poissons. Les données de leurs observations se présentent dans ce travail sous forme de textes et de tableaux, et fournissent les renseignements de base pour les pêcheries qui, depuis le 19e siècle, subissent des transformations et tiennent aujourd'hui une place moins importante dans l'industrie de la pêche.
REGIONAL AIR CARRIERS IN CANADA: NETWORK EVOLUTION AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
Authors: COURTNEY J.L.
Published: March 2008

Regional air carriers have grown from localized, smallscale operations in the early 1960s to national operations in the 1980s. Their expansion results from an interplay of technology, route networks, and regulation policy. Government policy on regulation first assigned regions in the 1960s and then, in the 1970s, promoted entry to trunk transcontinental routes. The initial concept of the air transport region must therefore be revised, as the role of the regional carriers now approaches that of the trunk carriers. Regulation remains a key determinant of market share, and deregulation could accelerate the convergence of regional and trunk carriers.

Dans les années soixantes, les lignes aériennes régionales n'entreprenaient que des activités locales, à petite échelle. Présentement, ces měmes lignes fonctionnent, de plus en plus, comme sociétes nationales. L'élargissement de ces lignes provient de l'interaction de plusieurs facteurs, en particulier la technologie, les réseaux aériens et la politique du gouvernement. Cette dernière a permis aux lignes régionales de passer, en 1970, d'un rǒle local à une présence nationale. Par conséquent, le concept original d'une région aérienne doit ětre revisé, puisque le rǒle de la ligne régionale s'approche de plus en plus de celui de la société nationale. La part du marché de chaque type de société se détermine par la réglementation imposée par le gouvernement, et la déréglementation pourrait accelerer la convergence des rǒles des sociétés régionales et nationales.
EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON WATER WITHDRAWALS IN METROPOLITAN TORONTO
Authors: COHEN STEWART J.
Published: March 2008

In this pilot study of water withdrawals in Metropolitan Toronto, a quantitative assessment of the impact of weather and climate variations on t 980‐3 water use is presented. Variations in daily water use were positively correlated with temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit, and negatively correlated with summer precipitation. This kind of information will be useful to policy makers, who will have to plan for a future climate that may be different from today's if the ‘greenhouse effect’ does indeed create a warmer, drier environment in the Great Lakes region.

On décrit une étude‐pilote sur les retraits d'eau dans le grand Toronto. Elle vise à quantifier l'effet des variations météorologiques et climatiques sur l'utilisation d'eau en 1980‐3. l'utilisation d'eau est directement proportionnelle à la température, à l'évapotranspiration éventuelle et au déficit en eau du climat, mais inversement proportionnelle aux précipitations d'été. Ce genre d'information sera utile aux autorités compétentes qui devront établir des plans en fonction d'un climat qui sera peut‐être différent de celui d'aujourd'hui, si l'éffet de serre’ engendre effectivement un milieu plus chaud et plus sec dans la région des Grands Lacs.
DISPARITÉS TERRITORIALES, JUSTICE SOCIALE ET POLITIQUES DE TRANSPORT AU XIXe SIÈCLE. LE CAS DES CHEMINS DE FER D';INTÉRÊT LOCAL AU LUXEMBOURG
Authors: KAYSER EDMOND
Published: March 2008

En privilégiant le dévelppement d'une industrie moderne et l'urbanisation au Luxembourg au xixe siècle, en transformant l'organisation de l'espace et en creant une hiérarchic nouvelle des voies de communication et des conditions d'accès, le chemin de fer fut source de désé quilibrer territoriaux et de conflits et tensions entre groupes et intérêts régionaux et entraîna une adaptation du système de transport qui transita par le système social. Pour des motifs de justice sociale l'Etat encouragea l'expansion ferroviaire sous forme de lignes d'intérêt local à voie étroite dans des secteurs à l'écart des grandes lignes. C'est un exemple, au xixe siècle, de l'intervention croissante des pouvoirs publics dans le domaine des transports, et de l'effet de facteurs sociaux sur le développement ferroviaire.

The railway was largely responsible for industrial and urban development, and transformed the spatial organization of Luxembourg in the nineteenth century. It led to a new hierarchy of transport routes and conditions of accessibility, and became a factor in spatial disparities, and a source of tension and conflict between regional interests. In reaction, and for reasons of social justice, the state embarked upon a program of rail expansion and encouraged the formation of a number of narrowgauge lines in regions not served by trunk lines. It is an early example of state involvement in transport development, and of the role of social factors in railway expansion.
UN NOUVEAU CADRE MÉTHO‐DOLOGIQUE POUR L‘ÉTUDE DE LA SÉGRÉGATION RÉSIDENT1ELLE APPLIQUÉÀ MONTRÉAL (1931‐71)
Authors: LANGLOIS ANDRÉ
Published: March 2008

Les études sur la ségrégation résidentielle, basée sur l' ethnie, utilisent généralement un cadre méthodologique comprenant des indices de ségrégation dont l' insensibilityéà certaines transformations importantes de l' espace ethnique peut être démontrée. De plus, la forte redondance de ces indices vient encore réduire la portée de leur utilisation. De nouveaux indices sont donc proposés lesquels, étant donné leur aspect complémentaire et non redondant, seront susceptibles de produire une analyse plus complète du phénomène de ségrégation résidentielle. En guise ? illustration, les indices proposés ont été utilisés dans une analyse de l' évolution de la ségrégation résidentielle ayant affecté certains groupes ethniques, à Montréal, durant la période 1931–1971.

The methodological approach in residential segregation studies is based essentially on the use of indexes such as D (dissimilarity index) and G (Gin; index). However, these are redundant indexes that measure only one aspect of segregation, its intensity. This paper proposes a new set of non‐redundant indexes that give better results as shown by their use in analysing the ethnic space of Montreal between 1931 and 1971
IDLE LAND IN GRENADA: A REVIEW OF ITS CAUSES AND THE PRG'S APPROACH TO REDUCING THE PROBLEM
Authors: BRIERLEY J.S.
Published: March 2008

A chronic feature of Caribbean agriculture is the extent to which potential arable land lies idle. Some of this region's densely populated islands have more than one‐third of their farmland in such a condition. Yet their populations have relied increasingly upon imported food for sustenance. During the 1970s this paradoxical situation was exemplified by Grenada, where possibly as much as 45 per cent of its farmland lay abandoned and imported food accounted for one‐third of the national import bill. This paper first surveys the underlying factors accounting for idle land in this nation and then outlines the programs pursued by the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) to reduce waste of this basic resource and, thereby, to effect a more stable economy.

Dans la scène agraire caraibe on trouve constamment des terres dormantes qui pourraient ětre cultivées. Quelques ǐles, des plus fortement peuplées de la région, ont plus du tiers de leurs terres ambles dans une telle condition. Toutefois, leurs habitants se fient de plus en plus sur la nourriture importée pour se soutenir. Cette situation paradoxale s'illustre par la Grenade, des années soixante‐dix, où jusqu'a 45 pour‐cent du terroir aurait été abandonné, en méme que la nourriture importée se payait du tiers du budget disponible pour défrayer toutes les importations requises dans ľǐle. Cette communication souligne ?abord les facteurs qui ont Créé cette situation en Grenade, et présente ensuite les grandes lignes des programmes adoptés, par le gouvernement révolutionnaire du peuple, pour couiger cette situation et pour diriger ľǐle vers une économie plus stable qu'au paravant.
CONTROL OF RESOURCES AND THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN ALBERTA
Authors: CHAPMAN KEITH
Published: March 2008

Recent petrochemical developments in Alberta are part of a global redistribution of the industry toward raw material locations. A small group of companies has secured control of these raw materials within Alberta and, as a consequence, the power to determine the future pattern of petrochemical development within the province. This pattern will reflect the requirements of the companies rather than the economic policy objectives of the Alberta government.

Les développements récents dans ľindustrie de la pétrochimie en Alberta font partie ?une redistribution globale de ľindustrie vers ses sources de matières premières. Un petit groupe de sociétés a réussi à prendre le contrǒle de ces matières premières en Alberta, et, par conséquent, le pouvoir de déterminer les directions dans lesquelles ľindustrie pétrochimique évoluera dans cette province. Dans une telle situation, la politique économique du gouvernement de ľAlberta cèdra la place aux besoins prioritaires déterminés par les sociétés elles‐měmes.
INSCAPE: LANDSCAPES OF THE MIND IN THE CANADIAN AND MEXICAN NOVELS OF MALCOLM LOWRY
Authors: Porteous J. Douglas
Published: March 2008

Positive ‘sense of place' in the regional novel is a frequent geographical theme, but the multivalent nature of the novelist's inscape, or landscape of the mind, has been neglected. Malcolm Lowry's positive evaluation of British Columbia and negative view of Mexico generate a polarity that inform all his later works. His portrayal of basic landscape elements such as seacoast, interior, house, garden, forest, mountain, and cavern is explored in terms of this eutopia.dystopia antinomy. The valency attached to these landscape elements is directly related to locale: for Lowry British Columbia is home, a Dantesque Paradise, while Mexico is away, an Inferno.
WAREHOUSE FUNCTIONS, INSURANCE PLANS, AND INNER‐CITY REVITALIZATION: A CANADIAN RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Tunbridge John E.
Published: March 2008

The inner city contains a variety of activities that may be broadly categorized as warehouse functions. They include wholesaling, storage, and related functions of a commercial, public, or institutional nature ‐ a miscellaneous assortment that forms a rather nebulous ‘grey zone' between the more fully researched components of the urban economy, notably retailing, offices, and manufacturing. These miscellaneous warehouse functions have been primarily identified with the margins of the central business district (cbd), and particularly with the ‘zone of discard,’ the area of delapidation away from which the cbd core has traditionally migrated.1 Such functions share fundamental characteristics: they are space‐consuming, typically truck‐dependent, concerned with market proximity, but relatively unconcerned with appearances.
THE ‘BLOB’
Authors: Sanderson Marie
Published: March 2008

Canada will remember 1985 as the year of the ‘Blob,’ that mixture of toxic chemicals found in the St Clair River that attracted national attention. The ‘Blob’ was discovered by divers from the Great Lakes Institute (gli) of the University of Windsor, who were engaged in taking samples of sediment from the bottom of the river. The oily sludge was found to be a mixture of nasty chemical compounds ‐ including dioxins. In the words of one government scientist, it was the most contaminated material ever found in the Great Lakes!

Traces of the dread dioxin were found in the drinking water of municipalities downstream, and citizens demanded action from all levels of government. Did the chemicals come from spills from Chemical Valley industries? or industrial sewers? or seepage from deep wells where chemical waste has been stored? Do these toxic contaminants bioaccumulate in the food chain? And what is their effect on humans? No one knows the answers to these questions, but the problems have not gone away. One important result has been a great increase in research efforts.

The Gli had been engaged for three years in research in the Essex region on four toxic contaminants — lead, cadmium, pcbs, and ocs (octachlorostyrene) under a contract with the federal Department of Environment. This research indicated that these contaminants are widespread in the sediments and clams of the rivers and Lake St Clair‐ and also in the soil and plants of the region. The latter finding is of concern, since recent research has shown that food (not drinking water) is the chief source of many contaminants to the human body. Since the ‘Blob’ findings, the Gli has received grants from the World Wildlife Fund and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment to pursue its research into toxic contaminants in the ecosystem.

The ‘Blob’ incident has been a justification for the existence of the Great Lakes Institute. It demonstrated that university institutes could bring to public attention environmental hazards that may be concealed or minimized by private companies and overlooked or condoned by government agencies. The multidisciplinary cli was formed at the University of Windsor in 1981 to provide an alternative to government research on the Great Lakes. In Ontario at that time there was no university‐based organization doing Great Lakes research, though all the Great Lakes states had such university institutes.
CANADIAN LANDFORM EXAMPLES ‐ 2 NIAGARA FALLS
Authors: Tinkler K.J.
Published: March 2008

Niagara Falls (Figure 1) merits discussion on at least three points: its role in eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century controversies about the age of the earth and the origin of valleys, the response of the gorge to regional deglaciation, and as an illustration, perhaps atypical, of the dynamics of waterfall recession.