bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locally Bayesian learning in networks
Authors: Li Wei , Tan Xu
Published: February 2020

Agents in a network want to learn the true state of the world from their own signals and their neighbors' reports. Agents know only their local networks, consisting of their neighbors and the links among them. Every agent is Bayesian with the (possibly misspecified) prior belief that her local network is the entire network. We present a tractable learning rule to implement such
locally Bayesian learning: each agent extracts new information using the full history of observed reports in her local network. Despite their limited network knowledge, agents learn correctly when the network is a
social quilt, a tree‐like union of cliques. But they fail to learn when a network contains interlinked circles (echo chambers), despite an arbitrarily large number of correct signals.
Influence of submerged macrophytes on phosphorus in a eutrophic reservoir in a semiarid region
Authors: Barbosa Vanessa Virginia , Severiano Juliana dos Santos , De Oliveira Dayany Aguiar , Barbosa José Etham de Lucena
Published: February 2020

Phosphorus (P) is the main nutrient responsible for the harmful effects caused by the enrichment of aquatic systems, and submerged macrophytes play an important role in this process, since they can both remove and release this nutrient in environmental compartments. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of submerged macrophytes on P in the water, sediment, and water-sediment interface in a eutrophic reservoir in a semiarid region and to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of this nutrient in macrophyte tissue and that available in the different compartments. Were performed ten collection campaigns, in three reservoir locations: at the entrance of the Paraíba River; in the intermediate area between the river entrance and the dam and at the dam. We observed a difference in the P concentration inside and outside macrophyte banks, and this difference was determined by the abundance and intensity of macrophyte growth and decomposition. In sites with extensive vegetation banks and where decomposition was more intense, macrophytes released P to the water-sediment interface and sediment compartments. By contrast, in sites with smaller vegetation banks and where macrophytes did not show reduced abundance, P was removed from these compartments. The entry of new water originating from river water transfer was an important modifying factor of the physical and chemical characteristics and macrophyte abundance. The zone where the river enters the reservoir was the area most affected by the water transfer. The macrophyte decomposition in this zone resulted in the highest P concentration in the water-sediment interface and sediment compartments, which demonstrates the importance of macrophytes in the fertilization of water bodies and, consequently, in the eutrophication process. In turn, in the dam zone, where the macrophyte banks were more stable and without large variations in abundance, P was removed from the compartments. A relationship between P in macrophyte tissue and that available in the environment was observed, particularly at the water-sediment interface, indicating that this compartment was the main P source for these plants, which demonstrated that these plants store higher amounts of P in nutrient-rich sediment and water, functioning as an indicator of the nutritional status of a reservoir.
The Structural Equation Model of Intention to Discontinue Drinking Highly Caffeinated Beverage of Undergraduate Students
Authors: Lee Kyu Eun , Kim Yunsoo
Published: February 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test a model for intention to discontinuation drinking high caffeinated beverages among undergraduate students. This model was based on the Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Becker’s health belief model.Methods: Participants consisted of 201 undergraduate students. Data were collected by questionnaires from March 11 to May 24, 2019. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0, AMOS 22.0 program.Results: The assessment of the model indicated an acceptable fit (normed x2=1.65, goodness-of-fit index [GFI]=.83, adjusted GFI=.79, comparative fit index [CFI]=.92, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=.05, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=.91, normed fit index [NFI]=.87, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=.07). Perceived behavior control, subjective norm, the subjective attitude was found to have a significant direct effect on the intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. The variances of this model explained 45.3% of the variance in intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage.Conclusion: These results suggest that a need to increase awareness of adverse effects and potential risks of high caffeinated beverage consumption in undergraduate students. Besides, the university and government should provide education and campaigns to prevent excessive high-caffeinated beverage consumption.
Levels of Partnership between Nurses and Parents of Hospitalized Children and the Quality of Pediatric Nursing Care as Perceived by Nurses
Authors: Yoo So Yeon , Cho Haeryun , Kim Yae Young , Park Ji Hyeon
Published: February 2020

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship of the partnership between nurses and parents of hospitalized children with the quality of pediatric nursing care as perceived by pediatric nurses.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 90 nurses. The data collected were analyzed using the independent t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: The level of partnership between nurses and parents showed significant differences by nurses’ age (t=2.22, p=.029) and marital status (t=2.54, p=.013). The quality of pediatric nursing care was found to significantly differ by the nurses’ age (t=2.62, p=.013), marital status (t=4.17, p<.001), whether nurses had children (t=2.53, p=.020), pediatric ward work experience (t=2.43, p=.020), and total work experience (t=2.51, p=.016). The level of partnership between nurses and parents was positively correlated with the quality of pediatric nursing care (r=.48, p<.001).Conclusion: To improve the quality of nursing care for hospitalized children and their parents, it is important to consider the specific characteristics of pediatric nurses, whose clinical skills should be improved.
Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Sleeping Practices in Korea
Authors: Ahn Young Mee , Yang Kyung-moo , Ha Hong Il , Cho Jung Ae
Published: February 2020

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Korea remains a poorly-understood subject for both professionals and the public. Recent reports have emphasized ethnic differences in SIDS rates, suggesting that making adjustments in child-rearing practices may contribute substantially to SIDS reduction. Two of the three major risk factors for SIDS-vulnerability of the infant and exogenous factors-need to be understood in particular depth due to their broad scope and sociocultural grounding. This paper presents substantial issues regarding preterm birth and male gender on infants’ vulnerability to SIDS in Korea. Practices of caring for healthy infants are addressed in the context of sleeping practices, including sleeping position, bedding arrangements, sleeping on the floor, the back-to-sleep position, high indoor temperatures and ondol floor heating, and swaddling. Professional and social awareness about how to reduce SIDS should be raised by promoting a better understanding of risk factors in the context of ethnic and cultural variations in child-rearing practices.
Evaluating community health worker education policy through a National Certificate (Vocational) Primary Health qualification lens
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Michelle N.S. , Marcus Tessa S.
Published: February 2020

Background: In 2018, the South African National Department of Health (NDoH) published a 5-year policy framework and strategy for Ward-Based Primary Healthcare Outreach teams to improve team management and leadership and support service delivery. In the same year, the World Health Organization (WHO) published guidelines on health policy and system support to optimise Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes.Aim: This article aims to assess the National Certificate (Vocational), or NC(V), Primary Health qualification in terms of the education and training guidelines and recommendations of the 2018 NDoH and WHO policy documents.Setting: The qualification was initiated in 2013 at 12 Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges across South Africa. The evaluation covered the period 2013–2017.Methods: Pragmatic qualitative enquiry was used to examine the context, design, implementation and outcomes of the qualification. Data collection involved document reviews, key informant in-depth interviews and focused group discussions, and individual reflections with respondents from one part-time and two full-time offerings at two colleges. Analyses of emergent themes were interpreted using appropriate models and theoretical frameworks.Results: The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) created and implemented a standardised, curriculated national programme for CHW education that structured theoretical and practical learning over time to ensure assimilation of content and its application in practice.Conclusion: NC(V) Primary Health, as a single, national, quality-assured qualification for CHWs, meets WHO 2018 guidelines and recommendations, NDoH training needs and CHWs learning expectations, especially when offered part-time. Despite the termination of the programme, it remains a relevant option for CHWs in South Africa and elsewhere.
Geographic Information System Based on Mobile Agent
and Ontology
Authors: Ashwaq Maghraby Ashwaq Maghraby
Published: February 2020

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an important
distributed information resource. GIS technology is being utilized in
many areas of research. Based on the concept of agent, we introduce a
multi-agent architecture to develop a GIS Multi-Agent System based
on Ontology (GISMAO) that enables cooperation to assist different
users to locate and retrieve spatial GIS file information in large
networks based on ontological relationship between GIS concepts.
GISMAO consists of two subsystems: Gathering subsystem; and
Query subsystem. The Gathering Sub-System is used to collect spatial
GIS files information from remote locations, and to store them in the
server. Ontology is used to represent concepts and relations that are
common concepts in the domain. The Query Sub-System is used to
help the user in his/her daily work with the GIS; it works as a GIS
retrieval (query) tool. The objective of this system is to demonstrate
how the agents can cooperate to transparently locate and retrieve GIS
information. To prove the concept, a partial implementation of this
framework has been carried out using some modules and libraries of
Java, Aglet, Jena and AltovaXML.
Domestic Water Quality in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Maged H. Hussein Maged H. Hussein
Published: February 2020

Due to water resources shortage in Saudi Arabia, the water
authority relies on intermittent water supply system. In this system,
the city is divided into a number of small sectors, and water is pumped
rotationally between the sectors according to an operational schedule.
The frequency of water pumping to a given sector varies from several
days to weeks. Between the intermittent water supply, pipes remain
empty and dry for long periods. Consumers construct the underground
storage water tanks to meet their demands. Lack of sewerage systems
in many areas with high water table in the city lead to the presence of
cesspools near the underground storage water tanks. Potential leakage
of polluted water into the distribution network is very high and the
pipe system is exposed to the pressure of contaminated surrounding
water table. These factors enhance the risk of drinking water
contamination. The first objective of this study is to assess the quality
of domestic water supply in Jeddah. One hundred and thirteen water
samples were collected in a five-month period between January and
June 2009. Thirteen parameters were evaluated and compared to the
maximum level of the WHO and Gulf standards for un-bottled
drinking water. The results showed a compliance with the drinking
water standards regarding the physical and chemical parameters,
except five samples which have exceeded the maximum allowable
limit for iron. The bacteriological results showed that up to 60% of the
samples were contaminated with total coliform. The second objective
is to evaluate the suitability and reliability of the most purchased
domestic water purification units (point-of-use) POU, and to select the
suitable water purification unit for the residential water in Jeddah.
Unit III, which consists of fiber filters, activated carbon filter and the
ultraviolet UV- Sterilizer of ultraviolet (UV), was found to be suitable
for domestic use in Jeddah
Satisfiability in Big Boolean Algebras via Boolean-Equation Solving
Authors: Ali M. Ali Rushdi Ali M. Ali Rushdi
Published: February 2020

This paper studies Satisfiability (SAT) in finite atomic Boolean algebras larger than the two-valued one B2, which are
named big Boolean algebras. Unlike the formula ݃(ࢄ (in the SAT problem over B2, which is either satisfiable or unsatisfiable, this
formula for the SAT problem over a big Boolean algebra could be unconditionally satisfiable, conditionally satisfiable, or unsatisfiable
depending on the nature of the consistency condition of the Boolean equation {݃(ࢄ = (1}, since this condition could be an identity, a
genuine equation, or a contradiction. The paper handles this latter SAT problem by using a conventional method and a novel one for
deriving parametric general solutions, and subsequently utilizing expansion trees for generating all particular solutions of the
aforementioned Boolean equation. Each of these two methods could be cast in pure algebraic form, but becomes much easier to
visualize and comprehend when presented via the natural map of a big Boolean algebra, which (for historical reasons) is called the
variable-entered Karnaugh map (VEKM). In the classical method, the number of parameters used is minimized and compact solutions
are obtained. However, the parameters belong to the underlying big Boolean algebra. By contrast, the novel method does not attempt
to minimize the number of parameters used, as it uses independent parameters belonging to the two-valued Boolean algebra B2 for
each asserted atom in the Boole-Shannon expansion of the formula ݃(ࢄ .(Though the method produces non-compact expressions, it is
much quicker in generating particular solutions. The two methods are demonstrated via two detailed examples.
On the Relation between Boolean Curve Fitting and the Inverse Problem of
Boolean Equations
Authors: Ali M. Rushdi Ali M. Rushdi
Published: February 2020

This paper explores the similarities and differences between two prominent problems in
the mathematics of Boolean functions. The first of these problems is that of Boolean curve fitting
(BCF), also known as Boolean interpolation, which deals with constructing a curve 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝐗)
through a number of points z𝑘 = 𝑓(𝐗𝑘
) where 𝑘 = 1,2, … , 𝑚. The second problem is the Inverse
Problem of Boolean equations (IPBE), which constructs a Boolean function whose zeroes are all
known. While the problem of Boolean curve fitting might require a consistency condition for its
solution, the Inverse Problem of Boolean equations might use a consistency condition as an input.
Without a consistency condition, the Inverse Problem of Boolean equations can be viewed as a
special case of the problem of Boolean curve fitting, provided the specified points z𝑘 are the only
zeros of 𝑓(𝐗). Our findings are illustrated via a detailed typical example.
CCN characteristics during the Indian Summer Monsoon over a rain-shadow region
Authors: Jayachandran Venugopalan Nair , Varghese Mercy , Murugavel Palani , Todekar Kiran S. , Bankar Shivdas P. , Malap Neelam , Dinesh Gurunule , Safai Pramod D. , Rao Jaya , Konwar Mahen , Dixit Shivsai , Prabha Thara V.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Continuous aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) measurements carried out at the ground observational facility situated in the rain-shadow region of the Indian sub-continent are illustrated. These observations were part of the Cloud-Aerosol Interaction Precipitation Enhancement EXperiment (CAIPEEX) during the Indian Summer Monsoon season (June to September) of 2018. Observations are classified as dry-continental (monsoon break) and wet-marine (monsoon active) according to air mass history. CCN concentrations measured for a range of supersaturations (0.2–1.2 %) are parameterized using Twomey's empirical relationship. CCN concentrations even at low (0.2 %) supersaturation (SS) were high (> 1,000 cm-3) during continental conditions associated with high black carbon (BC~2,000 ng m-3) and columnar aerosol loading. During the marine air mass conditions, CCN concentrations diminished to ~ 350 cm-3 at 0.3 % SS and low aerosol loading persisted (BC~900 ng m-3). High CCN activation fraction (AF) of ~ 0.55 (at 0.3 % SS) were observed before the monsoon rainfall, which reduced to ~ 0.15 during the monsoon and enhanced to ~ 0.32 after that. Mostly mono-modal aerosol number-size distribution (NSD) with a mean geometric mean diameter (GMD) of ~ 85 nm, with least (~ 9 %) contribution from nucleation mode (
Sensitivities of the MJO Forecasts on Configurations of Physics in the ECMWF Global Model
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi , Wedi Nils  P.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Sensitivities of MJO forecasts to various different configurations of physics are examined with the ECMWF global model, IFS. A motivation behind this study is to explore a possibility of interpreting the MJO as a nonlinear free wave under active interactions with Rossby waves from and to higher latitudes. With this motivation in mind, various momentum dissipation terms as well as diabatic heating are selectively turned off over the tropics for the range of the latitudes 20° S–20° N, and it is examined how physical tendencies control the MJO dynamics. The former include eddy diffusivities as well as dissipations by both shallow and deep convection. The reduction of momentum dissipations tends to improve the MJO forecasts, but the effects are hardly additive, and their total removals rather lead to a rapid decay of the MJO, illustrating the complexity of interactions between the physics.
Wide Discrepancies in the Magnitude and Direction of Modelled SIF in Response to Light Conditions
Authors: Parazoo Nicholas C. , Magney Troy , Norton Alex , Raczka Brett , Bacour Cédric , Maignan Fabienne , Baker Ian , Zhang Yongguang , Qiu Bo , Shi Mingjie , MacBean Natasha , Bowling Dave R. , Burns Sean P. , Blanken Peter D. , Stutz Jochen , Grossman Katja , Frankenberg Christian
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Recent successes in passive remote sensing of far-red solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) have spurred development and integration of canopy-level fluorescence models in global terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) for climate and carbon cycle research. The interaction of fluorescence with photochemistry at the leaf- and canopy- scale provides opportunities to diagnose and constrain model simulations of photosynthesis and related processes, through direct comparison to and assimilation of tower, airborne, and satellite data. TBMs describe key processes relating to absorption of sunlight, leaf-level fluorescence emission, scattering and reabsorption throughout the canopy. Here, we analyze simulations from an ensemble of process-based TBM-SIF models (SiB3, SiB4, CLM4.5, CLM5.0, BETHY, ORCHIDEE, BEPS) at a subalpine evergreen needleleaf forest near Niwot Ridge, Colorado. These models are forced with tower observed meteorological data, and analyzed against continuous far-red SIF and gross primary productivity (GPP) partitioned eddy covariance data at diurnal and synoptic scales during the growing season (July–August 2017). Our primary objective is to summarize the site-level state of the art in TBM-SIF modeling over a relatively short time period (summer) when light, structure, and pigments are similar, setting the stage for regional- to global-scale analyses. We find that these models are generally well constrained in simulating photosynthetic yield, but show strongly divergent patterns in the simulation of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), absolute GPP and fluorescence, quantum yields, and light response at leaf and canopy scale. This study highlights the need for mechanistic modeling of non-photochemical quenching in stressed and unstressed environments, and improved representation of light absorption (APAR), distribution of sunlit and shaded light, and radiative transfer from leaf to canopy scale.
Frequency and magnitude variability of Yalu River flooding: Numerical analyses for the last 1000 years
Authors: Sheng Hui , Gao Jian Hua , Kettner Albert J. , Shi Yong , Xue Chengfeng , Wang Ya Ping , Gao Shu
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Accurate determination of past flooding characteristics is necessary to effectively predict future flood disaster risk and the dominant controls. However, understanding the role of environmental forcing on past flooding frequency and magnitude is difficult due to the deficiency of observations and too short measurement time series. Here, a numerical model HydroTrend, that generates synthetic time series of daily water discharge at a river outlet, is applied to Yalu River to: (1) reconstruct annual peak discharges over the past 1000 years and estimate flood annual exceedance probabilities; (2) identify and quantify the impacts of climate change and human activity (runoff yield induced by deforestation and dam retention) on the flooding frequency and magnitude. Climate data obtained from meteorological stations and ECHO-G climate model output, morphological characteristics (hypsometry, drainage area, River length, slope and Lapse rate) and hydrological properties (groundwater properties, canopy interception effects, cascade reservoirs retention effect and saturated hydraulic conductivity) are form the significant reliable model inputs. Monitored for decades and some proxies on ancient floods allow for accurate calibration and validation of numerical modeling. Simulations match well present-day monitored data (1958–2012) and historical flood events literature records (1000–1958). They indicate that flood frequencies of Yalu River increased during AD 1000–1940, followed by a decrease until the present day. Frequency trends were strongly modulated by climate variability, particularly by intensity and frequency of rainfall events. The magnitudes of larger floods, events with a return period of 50 to 100 years, increased by 19.1 and 13.9 %, respectively, due to climate variability over the last millennium. Anthropogenic processes were found to either enhance or reduce flooding, depending on the type of the human activities. Deforestation increased the magnitude of larger floods by 19.2–20.3 %, but the construction of cascade reservoirs in AD 1940 significantly reduced their magnitude by 36.7 to 41.7 %. We conclude that under intensified climate change and human activity in the future, effective river engineering should be considered, particularly for small and medium-sized mountainous river systems, which are at higher risk of flood disasters due to their relatively poor capacity for hydrological regulation.
Coastal Sea Level rise at Senetosa (Corsica) during the Jason altimetry missions
Authors: Gouzenes Yvan , Léger Fabien , Cazenave Anny , Birol Florence , Bonnefond Pascal , Passaro Marcello , Nino Fernando , Almar Rafael , Laurain Olivier , Schwatke Christian , Legeais Jean-François , Benveniste Jérôme
Published: February 2020

Abstract. In the context of the ESA Climate Change Initiative project, we are engaged in a regional reprocessing of high-resolution (20 Hz) altimetry data of the classical missions in a number of coastal zones worldwide. It is done using the ALES (Adaptive Leading Edge Subwaveform) retracker combined with the X-TRACK system dedicated to improve geophysical corrections at the coast. Using the Jason-1 & 2 satellite data, high-resolution, along-track sea level time series have been generated and coastal sea level trends have been computed over a 14-year time span (from July 2002 to June 2016). In this paper, we focus on a particular coastal site where a Jason track crosses land, Senetosa, located south of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea, for two reasons: (1) the rate of sea level rise estimated in this project increases significantly in the last 4–5 km to the coast, compared to what is observed further offshore, and (2) Senetosa is the calibration site for the Topex/Poseidon and Jason altimetry missions, equipped for that purpose with in situ instrumentation, in particular tide gauges and GNSS antennas. A careful examination of all the potential errors that could explain the increased rate of sea level rise close to the coast (e.g., spurious trends in the geophysical corrections, imperfect intermission bias estimate, decrease of valid data close to the coast and errors in waveform retracking) has been carried out, but none of these effects appear able to explain the trend increase. We further explored the possibility it results from real physical processes. Change in wave conditions was investigated but wave set up was excluded as a potential contributor because of too small magnitude and too localized in the immediate vicinity of the shoreline. Preliminary model-based investigation about the contribution of coastal currents indicates that it could be a plausible explanation of the observed change in sea level trend close to the coast.
Narrativa web en las noticias sobre celebridades: sintaxis multimedia y redes sociales como fuente de información
Authors: Álvarez-Monsiváis Edrei
Published: February 2020

Ofrecer entretenimiento e información en una misma narrativa es una de las particularidades de las noticias web sobre celebridades. Por ello, los medios dedicados al espectáculo han buscado integrar recursos multimedia para cumplir con esta condición. El presente estudio analiza de qué manera los medios web interesados por las celebridades integran los recursos digitales disponibles en la presentación de sus noticias. Para este propósito, se realizó un análisis de contenido a 670 noticias de ocho sitios web mexicanos, los cuales fueron clasificados en tres rubros: periódicos, revistas y portales. Entre los hallazgos obtenidos se encuentra la preponderancia de la fotografía, hipervínculos y videos para conformar las noticias. Asimismo, se describe un significativo porcentaje de noticias que ubican a las publicaciones en redes sociales como centro de la información de la nota. Dichos resultados repercuten en la actividad del periodista de espectáculos para desarrollar habilidades tecnológicas y estar en constante monitoreo de las cuentas de Instagram, Youtube y Twitter.
El pluralismo polarizado ante la nueva política y el columnismo digital
Authors: Carratalá Adolfo , Valera-Ordaz Lidia
Published: February 2020

El modelo de pluralismo polarizado del sistema mediático español se caracteriza por un periodismo ideológicamente alineado con los principales partidos políticos. Ello se ha traducido en que, en los géneros de opinión, la interpretación sosegada haya sido sacrificada en favor de un discurso dirigido a enjuiciar la realidad y movilizar ideológicamente a las audiencias. Este trabajo aborda las posibles transformaciones en el sistema mediático español como consecuencia de la irrupción de nuevos partidos y de los medios digitales. Con ese objetivo, se han sometido a un análisis cualitativo las columnas de opinión publicadas en dos de los principales cibermedios españoles, Eldiario.es, donde firma Ignacio Escolar, y El Confidencial, donde publica José Antonio Zarzalejos, durante la campaña electoral de diciembre de 2015. Los resultados apuntan a que, si bien los columnistas favorecen la voluntad interpretativa, todavía perviven elementos centrales del pluralismo polarizado y se evidencian alineamientos partidistas.
De las síntesis informativas a los resúmenes para altavoces inteligentes, desafíos al periodismo radiofónico de carácter local
Authors: Kischinhevsky Marcelo
Published: February 2020

El artículo, de carácter exploratorio, busca delinear los desafíos al periodismo radiofónico, sobre todo local, ante la emergencia de los altavoces inteligentes, altavoces accionados por voz presentes en los hogares del 18% de los norteamericanos, según la encuesta The Infinite Dial, divulgada en marzo de 2018 por Edison Research y Triton. El 29% de los propietarios del dispositivo –alrededor de 15 millones de personas– utilizan funcionalidades como Flash/News Briefing, en que resúmenes de noticias se presentan al oyente a través de los asistentes de voz. Se discute en qué medida esta nueva forma de intermediación de contenidos de carácter radiofónico acarrea riesgos a la diversidad de voces en el ecosistema mediático, debido a la necesidad de acuerdos entre emisoras de radio y fabricantes de altavoces inteligentes –gigantes como Amazon y Google– para asegurar la oferta actualizada de estas nuevas formas de síntesis informativa.
Cyber Media and Diversity Issues in Indonesia
Authors: Harry Susanto Eko , Loisa Riris , Junaidi Ahmad
Published: February 2020

Cyber media research in its relation to diversity is part of mass communication study particularly cyber media journalism which emerges fast nowadays. In the framework of political democracy in Indonesia, coverage and news coverage on diversity issues depend on the characteristics of the cyber media. Therefore, it is possible that the information being received can differ from one to another cyber media. Since cyber media have speed of information dissemination, they should be able to disseminate messages in accordance with the essential and importance of diversity. This does not disregard definitely that information from cyber media become reference for public to behave and take actions. This study aims to describing the meaning of cyber news coverage, describing cyber news coverage from the aspect of newsworthiness, reviewing the use of news coverage information, and analyzing various news coverage topics in cyber media. As the result, this study found the number of words related to cyber media attention to diversity issues, cyber news coverage that puts forward verification and newsorthiness, and different news coverage topics of diversity issues in each cyber media.
La figura del presentador de informativos: Un estudio durante el Régimen de Franco (1956–1975)
Authors: Zamora Martínez Patricia , Berrocal Gonzalo Salomé
Published: February 2020

Este artículo presenta un estudio de los presentadores del telediario desde el inicio de las primeras emisiones de Televisión Española en 1956 hasta la muerte del general Franco en 1975. La metodología utilizada es el análisis de contenido y la entrevista semiestructurada. Para el análisis se emplea una plantilla de codificación original que mide aspectos de la comunicación verbal y no verbal de cada locutor-presentador de la muestra examinada, así como las características escénicas del telediario; mientras que el método de la entrevista se aplica a algunos de los presentadores de la época. El trabajo contextualiza la historia de la televisión durante los años del Régimen de Franco.
Translation of the ‘Landscape Architecture’ Into Chinese and How to Build the Discipline of Landscape Architecture in China?
Authors: Wei Heyi , Jiang Wenhua
Published: February 2020

The translation and connotation of landscape architecture (LA) caused a lot of controversy in academia when the term ‘LA’ was introduced to China. In this study, we summarized the different opinions of Chinese scholars based on the origin, evolution, and professional contents of LA, which can be divided into ‘Jing Guan Jian Zhu’ (Chinese Pinyin), ‘Jing Guan She Ji’, and ‘Feng Jing Yuan Lin’. Finally, this article provides strategies and suggestions for enhancing the development of LA when the first-level discipline is established in China, and the aim is to narrow the gap with the international community.
Cultivating Citizen Readers: Clemence Dane’s Historical Essays in Good Housekeeping
Authors: Deen Stella
Published: February 2020

Clemence Dane’s interwar book pages for Good Housekeeping promote women’s reading history and reading across historical periods; they cultivate reader citizens poised to increase their agency in interwar cultural, professional, and public spheres. Good Housekeeping in the 1920s routinely published the views and experiences of prominent and accomplished women; and Dane’s book essays exemplify feminist periodical writers’ confidence in newly enfranchised women, whose citizenship Dane extended to the stewardship of good books.
Geochemistry of Acid Mine Waters
Authors: Nordstrom D. Kirk , Alpers C.N.
Published: February 2020

There are about a dozen major hydrogeochemical processes that can account for the chemical composition of most natural waters. One of these is the oxidation of pyrite, a process at least as important a source of sulfate in natural waters as seawater and sea spray, gypsum dissolution, and atmospheric emissions. The natural process of pyrite oxidation is fundamental to the supergene alteration of ore deposits, the formation of acid-sulfate soils, and the development of acidity and metal mobilization in natural waters. As mineral deposits continue to be mined, and inactive or abandoned mines with their associated waste-rock and tailings piles continue to be exposed to weathering, large concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals will continue to be found in both surface waters and ground waters. Nearly 5 × 1010 tons of mining and mineral processing wastes had been generated in the United States as of 1985 and about 109 tons continue to be generated each year (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985). A more recent estimate indicates that there may be more than 500,000 inactive or abandoned mine sites in the U.S. (Lyon et al., 1993). Hazardous mine sites in serious need of remediation are probably much fewer but may still range in the thousands. Inventories of mineral resources, mine sites, and their associated environmental hazards are being assembled at various scales by federal and state agencies to better assess the magnitude of the problem.
Metal Sorption on Mineral Surfaces
Authors: Smith Kathleen S.
Published: February 2020

Sorption reactions, involving both inorganic and organic particulates, are an important control on the transport and fate of many trace elements in natural systems. Understanding the controls on trace-element concentrations in waters is critical for a number of applications including the transport of contaminants and nutrients, geochemical prospecting, agriculture, municipal and industrial water treatment, and bioavailability to name a few. This chapter provides an overview of metal sorption on mineral surfaces and gives examples of predictive modeling of metal- sorption reactions in mine-drainage systems.

The word “sorption” is a general term that describes removal of a solute from solution to a contiguous solid phase and is used when the specific removal mechanism is not known. “Sorbate” or “adsorbate” refers to the solute that sorbs on the solid phase. “Sorbent” or “adsorbent” is the solid phase or substrate onto which the sorbate sorbs. “Adsorption” refers to the two-dimensional accumulation of an adsorbate at a solid surface. In the case of “surface precipitation,” there is a three-dimensional accumulation of sorbate at the solid surface. The term “absorption” is used when there is diffusion of the sorbate into the solid phase. Absorption processes usually show a significant time dependency. Sposito (1986) and Jenne (1998) provide a more detailed description of these terms. In this chapter, the term adsorption is used when describing laboratory studies with simple, well-characterized systems, and when discussing models that have been developed to describe adsorption phenomena.
Field Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Samples for Unstable and Selected Stable Constituents
Authors: Ficklin W.H. , Mosier E.L.
Published: February 2020

Water is an important agent in the chemical weathering of mineral deposits, mine tailings, waste rock, settling ponds and landfills, and in the dispersion of contaminants from these sources into the aquatic environment. The vast numbers of possible mineral assemblages and the complex chemical reactions that accompany mineral-water interactions result in a limitless variety of fluid compositions. For example, the variability in compositions of mine-drainage waters from a variety of active and inactive metal mines with diverse geologic characteristics are listed in Table 12.1.

In assessing water-quality characteristics, considerable care must be administered during the collection, preservation, and analysis of water samples. Analytical results from an improperly collected sample are at best questionable and at worst worthless. An excellent manual that documents field data collection and analysis procedures used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for water and fluvial sediments has been published by Fishman and Friedman (1989). Other equally authoritative manuals on water analysis are available (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992; American Public Health Association et al., 1992; United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1983). The purpose of this chapter is to describe a number of field sampling and analysis techniques that are commonly used in acid-mine drainage and related mining-environmental water studies. Many of the techniques described here are for on-site measurements; others are for analysis of selected constituents that can be determined in the field, but that are more practically determined in the laboratory. For each method given, the general points covered are application, principle of the method, apparatus and reagents required, and a detailed description of the method including interferences, sample collection and preservation protocol, and reporting units and significant figures.
The Hydrogeochemistry of a Nickel-Mine Tailings Impoundment—Copper Cliff, Ontario
Authors: Coggans C.J. , Blowes D.W. , Robertson W.D. , Jambor J.L.
Published: February 2020

The Copper Cliff tailings disposal area near the town of Copper Cliff, Ontario (Fig. 21.1) has been used continuously since 1936 and constitutes one of the largest mine disposal areas in the world. The six tailings impoundments within the disposal area cover 21 km2, accounting for more than 10% of all sulfide mine tailings in Canada (Feasby et al., 1991).

Approximately 35,000 t/day of ore from the Sudbury Igneous Complex, a fine-to-medium-grained noritic to gabbroic rock locally containing up to 60 wt% sulfides, is mined by INCO Ltd. and processed at the Copper Cliff mill. Monoclinic and hexagonal pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS), pentlandite ((Ni,Fe)9S8), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), pyrite (FeS2), and cubanite (CuFe2S3) comprise the bulk of the sulfides. Minor concentrations of cobalite (CoAsS), nickelite (NiAs), galena (PbS), and millerite (NiS) are present (Hawley and Stanton, 1962; Naldrett, 1984). Approximately 95% of the copper and 80% of the nickel are recovered in the milling process, and the remainder is discharged to the impoundments with the bulk tailings (INCO Ltd. staff, personal commun., 1991).
Natural Attenuation of Acidic Drainage from Sulfidic Tailings at a Site in Washington State
Authors: Lambeth R.H.
Published: February 2020

Ground and surface water can be contaminated by the transport of soluble oxidation products from sulfidic mine waste impoundments. A program was designed whereby an impoundment that contained sulfidic waste was studied to characterize pore water in the impoundment and to determine the fate of metals as they were transported downgradient. From this information a method to control dissolved metal transport was identified.

An appropriate field site where a sulfidic tailings impoundment was releasing heavy metals into an unconsolidated aquifer was identified and characterized over a 2.5 year period. Twenty-four piezometers and two lysimeters were installed upgradient from, within, and downgradient from the impoundment. Water samples were analyzed for 12 dissolved constituents, and field measurements for pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, temperature, alkalinity, and conductivity were made. Dissolution probably results from oxidation of sulfide minerals in the unsaturated tailings; infiltration transports the oxidation products downward through the saturated tailings into the underlying aquifer. Beneath the impoundment, the acidic water is partially neutralized by calcareous strata; pH-sensitive species precipitate as do some oxidized species. Continuing attenuation downgradient from the impoundment correlates mostly to precipitation of and sorption by oxidized mineral species.
A Case Study on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Removal of Manganese by Wetland Processes
Authors: Clayton L.A. , Bolis J.L. , Wildeman T.R. , Updegraff D.M.
Published: February 2020

Constructed wetlands have been utilized to passively remove metals and raise the pH of acid mine drainage. Manganese is typically the most difficult metal to remove from solution due to the high pH (>8) required to form insoluble manganese precipitates. A study of the removal of manganese by wetland processes was conducted using two guidelines. A microbial ecosystem approach was used to select and test reasonable candidates for passive treatment. Also, a staged design approach consisting of laboratory and bench-scale studies was conducted to examine manganese removal by aerobic versus anaerobic constructed wetland processes. Aerobic laboratory experiments found that common green algae (pond scum) removed large concentrations of manganese from solution and raised the pH through photosynthesis. Aerobic bench-scale reservoirs were constructed containing green algae (predominantly Cladophora) and mine drainage that had passed through an anaerobic constructed wetland, but still contained 32 mg/1 Mn. Static and flow tests were conducted so that manganese was consistently removed to NPDES standards (2 mg/l). Manganese (oxide) coatings on the Cladophora appear to be an important removal mechanism. Four anaerobic bench-scale reactors were constructed, however, only the reactors containing a composted manure substrate achieved manganese removal to the NPDES standard for a significant portion of the experiment. In conclusion, manganese removal from severe acid mine drainage through the use of constructed wetlands requires a two-stage process. An aerobic algal pond appears to be a promising treatment method.
Geochemical and Biogeochemical Controls on Element Mobility in and Around Uranium Mill Tailings
Authors: Landa E.R.
Published: February 2020

Uranium-bearing ores are mined and milled as the first step in the nuclear fuel cycle. Milling consists of the mechanical and chemical processes that concentrate the uranium fraction from the ore. In conventional uranium milling, the ore is crushed and leached with either alkali or acid. Ores with limestone contents greater than 15% are generally leached under alkaline conditions with sodium carbonate-bicarbonate, whereas most other ores are leached with sulfuric acid. The uranium extracted by the leaching solution is concentrated by solvent extraction or ion exchange and subsequent precipitation (generally with ammonia) of a uranium concentrate (80-85% U3O8), referred to as “yellow cake.” For details regarding variants in the milling process, the reader is referred to Merritt (1971), International Atomic Energy Agency (1980), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1983).
Biooxidation Pretreatment of Refractory Sulfidic and Sulfidic-Carbonaceous Gold Ores and Concentrates
Authors: Brierley J.A.
Published: February 2020

Bacterial oxidation of refractory sulfidic gold ores and concentrates can be used as a pretreatment process to enhance the recovery of gold. Sulfide minerals that occlude gold, such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite, are biooxidized by acidophilic, chemolithotrophic bacteria. The biooxidation process results in the solubilization of the sulfide minerals with increased exposure of gold for subsequent recovery using standard metallurgical processes such as cyanide leaching. The mineralogy of the refractory gold ore determines the effectiveness of the biooxidation process. The ore must possess sufficient iron sulfide to support the bacterial growth and carbonate minerals, which can consume the acid, must be absent or present in such low concentrations that the biooxidation will result in a net production of acid. Several mining operations currently utilize biooxidation as a pretreatment process for refractory gold ore concentrates. Research and development are in progress to extend the use of biooxidation for pretreatment of lower grade sulfidic, refractory ores.
Ore Reserve Estimates in the Real World
Authors: Stone John G. , Dunn Peter G.
Published: February 2020

In Simplest Terms, the work of the mineral industry may be defined as the search for and production of some naturally occurring mineral substance useful for some specific purpose, and as such, that substance is both a defining element of and the underlying basis for our existence as a species.

The fundamental requirement for any venture designed to extract a mineral substance from the ground is the presence of a reserve of that substance, and the estimation of the quantity and quality of the available reserve is the single most important step in the development of a mineral discovery. In fact, the basic purpose of ore reserve estimation is to provide the first step in the evaluation of a business opportunity:

… all financial calculations can be no more than the transposition of the ore reserve estimate into other terms.

(King et al., 1982, p. 65)

Prior to roughly 1970, there was little or no standardization of nomenclature regarding the various levels of reliability attached to estimates of mineral resources or reserves, and quite frequently the same term was applied to estimates of widely differing reliabilities, made for widely different purposes. It was generally accepted that the term “ore” should be restricted to material having at least a remote possibility of economic viability, and that the terms “proven” or “measured,” “probable” or “indicated,” and “possible” or “inferred” should be used to denote estimates based on progressively less reliable data. In 1980, based on modifications of a standardized system proposed in 1976, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) published a revised classification system (Fig. I-1), in which the term “resources” was applied to an overall “concentration of [a] naturally occurring solid, liquid or gaseous material in or on the earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction from the commodity is currently or potentially feasible.” The term “reserves” was restricted to “that part of an identified resource that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria ...[and] may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics” (USBM … USGS, 1980, p. 2).

In 1996, the United Nations proposed a three dimensional scheme for the classification of resources and reserves (Fig. I-2) that assigns a numerical degree of reliability to each of three axes, representing economic, feasibility, and geologic elements of the evaluation (United Nations, 1996; Kirk, 1998).