bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the parotid gland associatedwith polycythemia
Authors: van Wingerden Jan J. , van Rensburg Pieter G. , Coetzee Barry P.
Published: February 2007

Although malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is thought to be the most common soft tissue tumor of late adult life, it is extremely uncommon in the parotid gland. A case of MFH in the parotid is reported, associated with polycythemia, which remitted following surgical extirpation of the tumor.
Fractures of the sphenoid bone
Authors: Ghobrial Wadie , Amstutz Samuel , Mathog Robert H.
Published: February 2007

Fractures of the sphenoid bone occur following injury to the orbit and base of the skull. Such fractures are important since they can cause loss of vision and damage to various neural and muscular tissues. Ocular injury is also commonly associated. This paper reviews the hospital records of 112 consecutive patients with fractures of the base of the skull for the cause, frequency of signs and symptoms, and treatment of the sphenoid bone injury. Various deformities and dysfunctions are correlated with imaging data and classified to describe specific clinical syndromes. Several cases of sphenoid bone fracture serve as examples of diagnostic and treatment techniques.
Epiglottitis in immunocompromised patients
Authors: Colman Marc F.
Published: February 2007

Modern medical oncology has made dramatic improvements in the prognosis of many malignancies. Many of the treatment regimens used by the chemotherapist have the potential to profoundly depress the immune system. At UCLA Medical Center, three patients developed epiglottitis secondary to the fungus Candida albicans, while profoundly immunocompromised. All three had severe pain and odynophagia. The patients were all managed medically and none went on to airway obstruction. The natural history of this process is reviewed.
Surgical treatment of oral cavity carcinoma
Authors: Silver Carl E. , Glackin Brigid K. , Brauer Richard J. , Lesser Martin L.
Published: February 2007

Ninety‐four squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, treated on the author's service between 1969 and 1981, were evaluated. The series included squamous cell carcinomas of various intraoral sites excluding the lips and hard palate. Survical of 60 mo was 70% for stage I, 65% for stage II, 45% for stage III, and 27% for stage IV carcinoma. Twenty‐four of 34 patients with “early” cancer (stages I and II) were treated by operation alone. Too few patients with “early” cancer were treated by combined irradiation and surgery to draw conclusions regarding relative efficacy of combination therapy. Sixty patients had “advanced” cancer (stages III and IV). Five‐year survival was 37% for patients treated by operation alone, 18% after salvage surgery after failed irradiation, and 60% for patients treated by operation combined with planned perioperative irradiation. Combination therapy appeared to improve control of locoregional disease as well as survival in patients with “advanced” cancer.
Verrucous carcinoma (Ackerman's tumor) of the larynx: Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations
Authors: Lundgren Jan A. V. , Van Nostrand A. W. Peter , Harwood Andrew R. , Cullen Ron J. , Bryce Douglas P.
Published: February 2007

Verrucous carcinoma (Ackerman's tumor) is a low‐grade malignant lesion with distinct clinical and pathologic features, distinguishing it from other well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Much of the confusion surrounding its natural history, response to therapy, and anaplastic transformation may be ascribed to the failure of critically reviewing accepted diagnostic criteria. A series of 44 patients with verrucous carcinoma of the larynx is presented, 18 of these being updated results of previously reported patients. Ackerman's tumor, although not radi‐oresistant, seems less radiosensitive than ordinary squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor's rounded, pushing margins and inability to metastasize would seem to favor endoscopic removal, saving partial laryngectomy procedures for those lesions that cannot be managed endoscopically. Extensive lesions that would require total laryngectomy for complete removal of the tumor should be treated by primary radiotherapy. It is our belief that total laryngectomy should only be performed in large lesions that fail to respond to radiotherapy and whenever medical consideration spreclude partial laryngectomy procedures.
Surgical approach to squamous carcinoma confined to the tongue and the floor of the mouth
Authors: Spiro Ronald H. , Spiro Jeffrey D. , Strong Elliot W.
Published: February 2007

This retrospective study concerns 105 patients treated between 1977 and 1981 who had resections of previously untreated squamous carcinomas that were localized to the oral tongue or the floor of the mouth. Almost 80% had simple peroral excisions. Elective lymphadenectomy was performed in about one‐third, all but one of whom had either T2 or T3 primaries or a surgical approach that involved entry into the neck. The determinate “cure” rate at 24 mo (median follow‐up 50 mo) was 86%. Ninety‐three percent and 78%, respectively, of those with T1 and T2 lesions remained alive and well after conservative operations, which yielded good functional results. Uncontrolled neck disease was evident in 10 of the 13 determinate patients who died as a result of their tumor. Although more of our patients with localized oral cancer now undergo elective lymphadenectomy when the primary is resected, T staging has not accurately predicted which patients are at greatest risk of metastasis. Preliminary data suggest that measurement of tumor depth may be a better way to select those patients who need elective neck therapy.
Acrylic frontal cranioplasty
Authors: Remsen Kenneth , Lawson William , Biller Hugh F.
Published: February 2007

The correction of contour defects of the frontal bone has been accomplished with a variety of autogenous and alloplastic materials. We report our experience in reconstructing 11 cases of congenital, traumatic, and postsurgical frontal defects with acrylic. The acrylic was cured intraoperatively within the defect in some patients, or prefabricated into a prosthesis and wired into position in others. The operative techniques for both methods of repair are detailed. The reconstruction was successful in all cases and there were no complications. The acrylic implant has been found to be well tolerated after 2–10 yr follow‐up. The value of the construction of a facial moulage is stressed, especially when restoration of the orbital rim is required.
Salivary duct carcinoma—A clinicopathologic study of 12 cases
Authors: Afzelius Lars‐Erik , Cameron W. Robert , Svensson Christer
Published: February 2007

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), a recently defined malignant tumor usually of major salivary glands, has probably been included in the group of adenocarcinomas, NOS. As yet, only a few descriptions of its clinical behavior have appeared. We have found 12 cases of SDC treated at our institution since 1970 and have reviewed their presentation and course. Despite total parotidectomy in most cases and radiotherapy in all, most patients have succumbed to their tumors, six with distant metastases. SDC appears to be a highly malignant tumor requiring aggressive combined therapy for locoregional control. The high incidence of systemic spread indicates a need for effective chemotherapy on an adjuvant basis.
Malignant hemangiopericytoma of the parapharyngeal space
Authors: Robb Peter J. , Singh Sukhpal , Hartley R. B. , Shaheen Omar H.
Published: February 2007

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular neoplasm, occasionally occurring in the head and neck region. Diagnosis is made histologically, but even then, it is difficult to predict the behavior of the tumor in an individual patient. The patient described in this report presented with symptoms of parapharyngeal compression due to such a tumor. It is believed that malignant hemangio‐pericytoma has not been previously reported in this site.
Surgery of massive fibrous dysplasia and osteoma of the midface
Authors: Ragab M. Ashraf , Mathog Robert H.
Published: February 2007

Since most bony lesions of the midface will stop growing or regress, it is generally not appreciated when fibrous dysplasia and osteoma occasionally continue to grow, causing functional and cosmetic problems. To demonstrate the potential of the disease processes and management options available to the surgeon, a series of patients with massive fibrous dysplasia and osteoma of the midface is reviewed. Most of the patients show a facial deformity alone or in combination with telecanthus, epiphora, ex‐ophthalmos, or nasal obstruction. Several types of radical and conservative surgical procedures are described to remove or control the bony lesions, to restore facial contour, and to reconstruct the sinuses, nasal passageways, lacrimal collecting system, and medial wall of the orbit.
Squamous cell carcinoma of salivary gland origin
Authors: Shemen Larry J. , Huvos Andrew G. , Spiro Ronald H.
Published: February 2007

A 30‐year retrospective analysis of 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the salivary glands was conducted, including 42 patients with parotid tumors and eight with submandibular lesions. Clinical staging, performed for 48 patients in whom adequate data were available, yielded the following results: Stage I, 17%, Stage II, 12%, Stage III, 71%. Surgery was the primary therapy in 45 patients (86%). The determinate “cure” rate at 5 and 10 years was 24 and 18%, respectively, for patients with parotid lesions and 20% for those with submandibular tumors. As with other malignant salivary gland tumors, advanced stage and pain as a presenting symptom were ominous findings. Locoregional recurrence was the usual site of failure in both parotid (51%) and submandibular (67%) cases. Radical surgical extirpation, preserving the facial nerve when possible, remains our treatment of choice. It is anticipated that planned postoperative radiotherapy will reduce our high locoregional recurrence rates.
Sphenoidotomy
Authors: Ghorayeb Bechara Y.
Published: February 2007

Because of the complex anatomic relations of the sphenoid, the surgical approach to this sinus was only introduced 100 years ago. There are three approaches to the sphenoid sinus: transethmoidal, transseptal, and transpalatal. We present a case report, and discuss surgical anatomy, with attention to the important anatomic relationship of the cavernous sinus and its contents. A variant of the classical, sublabial, transseptal approach is described as follows: a window is created in the face of the sphenoid. This approach is particularly applicable to the surgery of mucoceles and allows easy postoperative inspection of the sphenoid sinus.
Ultrasonographic study of the relation of metastatic nodes to the carotid artery
Authors: Yonetsu Kouichi , Ikemura Kunio
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonographic studies of the neck were performed in four patients with metastatic lymph nodes that exhibited limited mobility or fixation to the surrounding tissues on palpation to obtain information about the relationship of nodes to the carotid artery. Comparison of the ultrasonograms with the operative findings disclosed that when a metastatic lymph node adhered to the carotid artery, the lymph node pulsated with flattening of the carotid artery and the echoes between the metastatic lymph node and carotid artery were attenuated.
Immunoperoxidase characterization of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck
Authors: Mock Presley M. , Neal G. David , Aufdemorte Thomas B.
Published: February 2007

A retrospective analysis of 18 cases of extramedulary plasma‐cytoma (EMP) was done to characterize the type of immuno‐globulin being synthesized by the neoplastic cells. The immunoperoxidase stain can be performed on previously fixed tissue and offers a means of predicting the likelihood of progression to multiple myeloma (MM). Tumors producing lgG make up the majority of cases of EMP in the literature and only 9% have progressed to MM. Smaller numbers of tumors producing other immunoglobulin classes have been studied, but it is clear that their prognosis is much more grave.
Monocytes and impaired leukocyte migration inhibitory factor production in head and neck squamous carcinoma
Authors: Beauchamp Mark L. , Wolf Gregory T.
Published: February 2007

Impaired cell‐mediated immunity has been consistently associated with head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC). Previous work has implicated monocytes in this impairment. The present study shows that in a subgroup of untreated patients with advanced HNSC, monocytes are responsible for impaired in vitro lymphokine (leukocyte migration inhibitory factor) production. In view of recent studies suggesting interactions between lymphokines and monocytes in the immune response, the present findings may be relevant to future immunotherapeutic approaches.
Reactive changes in the mandible in the presence of squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: McGregor Alan D. , MacDonald D. Gordon
Published: February 2007

A series of 80 mandibles, which were removed as part of composite resections for primary intraoral squamous cell carcinoma, was examined. Of these, 58 were nonirradiated and 22 were previously irradiated. Several changes were observed in the non‐irradiated mandible in response to invading tumor. Deposition of new bone was obvious on the periosteal and endosteal surfaces. Osteoclastic resorption of bone was prominent and there was replacement of hemopoietic marrow by fibrous tissue. By contrast, it was found in the irradiated specimens that osteo‐blastic activity was absent but that osteoclastic activity persisted. The hemopoietic marrow was replaced by fibrous tissue. The lack of osteoblastic activity was interpreted as being due to irradiation. The extent of these changes and their relationship to the invading tumor have implications for both surgeon and pathologist.
Evoked electromyography of the eleventh nerve and trapezius muscle
Authors: Hillel Allen D. , Dobie Robert , Little James
Published: February 2007

Values and criteria for abnormality of the eleventh nerve evoked electromyography (EEMG) have been determined. The nerve conduction velocity and duration appear to be relatively consistent from subject to subject. Amplitude of response, while varying significantly from subject to subject, remains relatively constant when the right shoulder is compared to the left shoulder and when a retest is performed.
Studying the performance and agility of individuals using cooperative and competitive incentives
Authors: Yauch Charlene A. , Wright Paul
Published: February 2007

Cooperation and competition have frequently been compared to determine the impact on performance measures such as productivity and quality. A modern characteristic that is sought after is agility, which is defined as success in a turbulent environment. This research builds on past studies of cooperation and competition by including agility as a key performance measure. An experiment was conducted in which a group of individuals with cooperative incentives and another group with competitive incentives experienced alternating stable and turbulent environments. Statistically significant differences were found for completion times and overall scores for the stable versus turbulent trials, and for product quality and cleanliness for the cooperative versus competitive treatments. The cooperative individuals scored better in every category except agility. These results suggest that individuals working cooperatively can create higher quality products; however, competitive incentives may help achieve agility. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 105–115, 2007.
Worker flexibility and its perceived contribution to performance: The moderating role of task characteristics
Authors: Molleman Eric , van den Beukel Annick
Published: February 2007

This study examined the relationship between worker flexibility in team‐based work and its perceived contribution to efficiency, work quality, and innovation, and the moderating role of task autonomy, skill utilization, and task monotony. Four‐hundred ninety‐four employees from 113 teams in 15 organizations completed and returned questionnaires. Skill utilization proved to be positively related to perceived contribution of flexibility to efficiency, work quality, and innovation. Furthermore, skill utilization strengthened the positive relationships between worker flexibility and its perceived contribution to efficiency and work quality and weakened the negative relationship between worker flexibility and its perceived impact on innovation. Task monotony was negatively related to the perceived quality benefits of being flexible. In addition, it weakened the positive relationship between worker flexibility and its perceived contribution to both efficiency and quality and strengthened the negative relationship with the perceived impact of flexibility on innovation. Task autonomy was positively related to the perceived contribution of flexibility to innovation and weakened the negative relationship between worker flexibility and the perceived innovation benefits of being flexible. The authors conclude that skill utilization and lack of monotony are important issues in relation to worker flexibility on all performance objectives that were considered, whereas task autonomy seems especially relevant when innovation is a key issue. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 117–135, 2007.
Knowledge acquisition for the development of an upper‐body work‐related musculoskeletal disorders analysis tool
Authors: Nunes Isabel Lopes
Published: February 2007

ERGO_X is a fuzzy expert system that supports workstation ergonomic analysis and provides advice on corrective measures aimed at improving the overall quality of the ergonomic design. ERGO_X was designed in a modular way to make further developments easier and to allow the selection of different ergonomic analysis contexts. The modularity feature mainly is a result of the knowledge base modular structure. Each module was built as a multilevel tree fuzzy relation. This relation reflects the interaction between attributes that are used to evaluate the level of severity of the relevant risk factors that are present at the analyzed workstation. The aim of this study is to address some aspects related to the knowledge acquisition process involved in the development of the ERGO_X knowledge base. In this regard, the author refers to her knowledge engineering activities in the development of a work‐related musculoskeletal disorder module. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 149–162, 2007.
Novel Triterpenoids from Microtropis triflora with Antitumor Activities
Authors: Wang Kui‐Wu , Zhang Hong , Pan Yuan‐Jiang
Published: February 2007

Two unprecedented norfriedelane‐type triterpenoids, triflora lactone (1) and triptocalline B (2), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the stalks of Microtropis triflora Merr. et Freem., together with five known compounds (3–7). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric data (Tables 1 and 2). The new compounds were found to be cytotoxic against human cervical squamous carcinoma (Hela) cells, with IC50 values of 21.6 and 17.6 μg/ml, respectively.
Novel Alkaloids from Stemona sessilifolia
Authors: Qian Jie , Zhan Zha‐Jun
Published: February 2007

Two new alkaloids, sessilifolines A (1) and B (2a), were isolated from the stems of Stemona sessilifolia, together with three known alkaloids, tuberstemonine (3), sessilifoliamide A (4), and stemoninoamide (5). Their structures were established by mass‐spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, especially 2D‐NMR techniques.
Optimization of Glycosylation Reactions in a Microreactor
Authors: Geyer Karolin , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: February 2007

Glycosylations are notoriously difficult reactions that require extensive optimization regarding the type of anomeric leaving group, solvent, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Described is the use of a silicon‐based microreactor to screen reaction conditions and to scale‐up synthetic procedures. For the first time, glycosyl phosphates were employed in a microreactor. The optimized reaction conditions were successfully transferred to a batch process.
Five Aromatics Bearing a 4‐O‐Methylglucose Unit from Cordyceps cicadae
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Wei , Xuan Li‐Jiang
Published: February 2007

Five new aromatics bearing a 4‐O‐methylglucose unit, namely 3‐methoxy‐1,4‐hydroquinone 1‐(4′‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside) (=4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl 4‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside; 1), 3‐methoxy‐1,4‐hydroquinone 4‐(4′‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside) (=4‐hydroxy‐2‐methoxyphenyl 4‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside; 2), vanillic acid 4‐(4′‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside) (=3‐methoxy‐4‐[(O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]benzoic acid; 3), 5‐methoxycinnamic acid 3‐O‐(4′‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside) (=(2E)‐3‐{3‐methoxy‐5‐[(4‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]phenyl}prop‐2‐enoic acid; 4), and naphthalene‐1,8‐diol 1,8‐bis(4′‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside) (=naphthalene‐1,8‐diyl bis(4‐O‐methyl‐β‐glucopyranoside; 5), were isolated from the cultivated Cordyceps cicadae mycelia, together with thirteen known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of the sugar units were not determined.
Convective heat transfer and pressure drop of a tube with internal longitudinal fins
Authors: Wu Feng , Lin Mei , Tian Lin , Wang Qiuwang , Luo Laiqin
Published: February 2007

The fluid flows and heat transfer characteristics of a tube with internal longitudinal fins were investigated experimentally and numerically. The realizable turbulence model was adopted to simulate the problem, whose results indicate a good agreement with the measured data. Compared with the circular annulus tube, it was shown that the internal longitudinal finned tube provides excellent heat transfer performance greater than those of the circular annulus tube, with a great increase of simultaneous pressure drops. Furthermore, there exists a critical Reynolds number, about 1500, when the Reynolds number is less than the critical value, and the Nusselt number of an internal longitudinal finned tube will be smaller than that of a circular annulus tube in laminar flow. On the other hand, the transition Reynolds number for a tube with internal longitudinal fins from laminar to turbulent is greatly decreased due to the existence of internal longitudinal fins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(2): 57–65, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20147
Comparing the performance of a 2‐D finite element and a 2‐D finite volume model of floodplain inundation using airborne SAR imagery
Authors: Horritt M. S. , Di Baldassarre G. , Bates P. D. , Brath A.
Published: February 2007

The performances of a finite volume model (SFV) and finite element model (TELEMAC‐2D) in reproducing inundation on a 16 km reach of the river Severn, United Kingdom, are compared. Predicted inundation extents are compared with 4 airborne synthetic aperture radar images of a major flood event in November 2000, and these are used to calibrate 2 values of Manning's n for the channel and floodplain. The four images are shown to have different capacities to constrain roughness parameters, with the image acquired at low flow rate doing better in determining these parameters than the image acquired at approximately peak flow. This is assigned to the valley filling nature of the flood and the associated insensitivity of flood extent to changes in water level. The level of skill demonstrated by the models, when compared with inundation derived using a horizontal water free surface, also increases as flow rate drops. The two models show markedly different behaviours to the calibration process, with TELEMAC showing less sensitivity and lower optimum values for Manning's n than SFV. When the models are used in predictive mode, calibrated against one image and predicting another, SFV performs better than TELEMAC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil moisture monitoring on a steep hillside
Authors: Kim Sanghyun , Lee Heysun , Woo Nam C , Kim Joon
Published: February 2007

In this study, a soil monitoring system for a hillslope with steep relief and shallow soil depth was designed and installed to represent efficiently the spatial and temporal features of soil moisture. The study was conducted on a mountainous hillslope of the Sulmachun catchment (northeastern South Korea). The positions of soil moisture sensors were determined through a sequential procedure including intensive geomorphologic surveying of the study area, surface and subsurface terrain analysis, and inverse surveying. Using 26 sensors, soil moisture data from 11 locations were measured and recorded at hourly intervals over 380 h from 6 to 22 November 2003. Soil moisture response patterns were captured for a few consecutive rainfall events. The monitoring results are discussed in the context of soil moisture variations with terrain attributes. The immediate recharge and fast recession after a peak are the primary features of soil moisture in the upper zone. Stability and significant storage increase are distinct characteristics of soil moisture in the buffer zone and the flow path zone respectively. Spatial distribution of temporal soil moisture variations can be characterized in terms of recession, stability and recharge depending upon the topographic classification of a hillslope for this approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry of meteoric diagenesis in carbonate islands of the northern Bahamas: 2. Geochemical modelling and budgeting of diagenesis
Authors: Whitaker Fiona F. , Smart Peter L.
Published: February 2007

Geochemical characterization and numerical modelling of surface water and ground water, combined with hydrological observations, provide quantitative estimates of meteoric diagenesis in Pleistocene carbonates of the northern Bahamas.

Meteoric waters equilibrate with aragonite, but water‐ rather than mineral‐controlled reactions dominate. Dissolutional lowering of the undifferentiated bedrock surface is an order of magnitude slower than that within soil‐filled topographic hollows, generating small‐scale relief at a rate of 65–140 mm ka−1 and a distinctive pocketed topography. Oxidation of organic matter within the subsoil and vadose zones generates an average P of 4·0 × 10−3 atm, which drives dissolution during vadose percolation and/or at the water table. However, these dissolution processes together account for <60% of the average rock‐derived calcium in groundwaters pumped from the freshwater lens. The additional calcium may derive from oxidation of organic carbon within the lens, accounting for the high P of the lens waters. Mixing between meteoric waters of differing chemistry is diagenetically insignificant, but evapotranspiration from the shallow water table is an important drive for subsurface cementation.

Porosity generation in the shallow vadose zone averages 1·6–3·2% ka−1. Phreatic meteoric diagenesis is focused near the water table, where dissolution generates porosity at 1·4–2·8% ka−1. Maximum dissolution rates, however, are similar to those of evaporation‐driven precipitation, which occludes porosity of 4·0 ± 0·6% ka−1. This drives porosity inversion, from primary interparticle to secondary mouldic, vug and channel porosity. In the deeper freshwater lens, oxidation of residual organic carbon and reoxidation of reduced sulphur species from deeper anaerobic oxidation of organic carbon may generate porosity up to 0·06% ka−1.

Meteoric diagenesis relies critically on hydrological routing and vadose thickness (controlled by sea level), as well as the geochemical processes active. A thin vadose zone permits direct evaporation from the water table and drives precipitation of meteoric phreatic cements even where mineral stabilization is complete. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine stream–lake network in Switzerland
Authors: Robinson Christopher T. , Matthaei Sebastian
Published: February 2007

Water source and lake landscape position can strongly influence the physico‐chemical characteristics of flowing waters over space and time. We examined the physico‐chemical heterogeneity in surface waters of an alpine stream‐lake network (>2600 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland. The catchment comprises two basins interspersed with 26 cirque lakes. The larger lakes in each basin are interconnected by streams that converge in a lowermost lake with an outlet stream. The north basin is primarily fed by precipitation and groundwater, whereas the south basin is fed mostly by glacial melt from rock glaciers. Surface flow of the entire channel network contracted by ∼60% in early autumn, when snowmelt runoff ceased and cold temperatures reduced glacial outputs, particularly in the south basin. Average water temperatures were ∼4 °C cooler in the south basin, and temperatures increased by about 4–6 °C along the longitudinal gradient within each basin. Although overall water conductivity was low (<27 µS cm−1) because of bedrock geology (ortho‐gneiss), the south basin had two times higher conductivity values than the north basin. Phosphate‐phosphorus levels were below analytical detection limits, but particulate phosphorus was about four times higher in the north basin (seasonal average: 9 µg l−1) than in the south basin (seasonal average: 2 µg l−1). Dissolved nitrogen constituents were around two times higher in the south basin than in the north basin, with highest values averaging > 300 µg l−1 (nitrite + nitrate‐nitrogen), whereas particulate nitrogen was approximately nine times greater in the north basin (seasonal average: 97 µg l−1) than in the south basin (seasonal average: 12 µg l−1). Total inorganic carbon was low (usually <0·8 mg l−1), silica was sufficient for algal growth, and particulate organic carbon was 4·5 times higher in the north basin (average: 0·9 mg l−1) than in the south basin (average: 0·2 mg l−1). North‐basin streams showed strong seasonality in turbidity, particulate‐nitrogen and ‐phosphorus, and particulate organic carbon, whereas strong seasonality in south‐basin streams was observed in conductivity and dissolved nitrogen. Lake position influenced the seasonal dynamics in stream temperatures and nutrients, particularly in the groundwater/precipitation‐fed north‐basin network. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epstein‐barr virus genotypes in NPC biopsies from North Africa
Authors: Bouzid M. , Djennaoui D. , Dubreuil J. , Bouguermouh A. , Ellouz D. , Abdelwahab J. , Decaussin G. , Ooka T.
Published: February 2007

The genotypes of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) were investigated in North African nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies, nasopharyngeal chronic inflammation (NCI) biopsies, and saliva of healthy individuals from Algeria and Tunisia where there is an intermediate incidence of NPC. The prevalence of A‐type virus in NPC, NCI biopsies and saliva of healthy individuals was found in these regions by means of a PCR assay. Restriction enzyme polymorphism analysis by Southern blotting revealed that all North African EBV variants have a conserved restriction site on BamHI W'‐1′ and XhoI LMP gene. No additional BamHI enzyme site on the BamHI‐F fragment was observed; however, the presence of an extra BamHI site on the BamHI‐H fragment giving 2 H1 and H2 fragment‐like EBV M‐ABA strains was found. All EBV strains present in NPC or NCI biopsies at all ages were homogeneous in these polymorphisms and no correlation was observed between the EBV genotypes from NPC patients and clinical stages of the cancer. These characteristics revealed a significant difference between the EBV variants common in Chinese NPC and those in North African NPC.
Intestinal differentiation and p53 gene alterations in barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Moore Jason H. , Lesser Eric J. , Erdody David H. , Natale Ronald B. , Orringer Mark B. , Beer David G.
Published: February 2007

The development of esophageal adenocarcinoma is frequently associated with intestinal‐type Barrett's metaplasia. Barrett's metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinomas were examined for expression of the intestinal brush‐border‐associated hydrolase aminopeptidase N (APN). APN mRNA was detected by utilizing the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in 50% of Barrett's metaplasia specimens and in 26% of esophageal adenocarcinomas. APN protein was detected by utilizing immunohistochemistry in 84% of Barrett's metaplasia specimens and in 71% of adenocarcinomas, although a decrease or loss of APN protein was sometimes observed in dysplastic Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinomas. Alterations in the p53 tumor‐suppressor gene have previously been found in both dysplastic Barrett's mucosa and esophageal adenocarcinomas. The same specimens analyzed for APN were examined for the nuclear accumulation of the p53 protein. Utilizing immunohistochemistry, p53 staining was detected in 42% of Barrett's metaplasia specimens, most of which were dysplastic, and in 58% of adenocarcinomas. In the samples positive for p53 protein, gene mutations in exons 5, 7 and 8 were detected by utilizing single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) in 1 Barrett's metaplasia specimen and 6 adenocarcinomas. In Barrett's metaplasia, there was an inverse correlation between APN protein expression and p53 protein accumulation (p < 0.05) suggesting a link between genetic alterations and loss of this marker. The analysis of markers of intestinal differentiation with markers of disease progression may prove to be a useful approach for studying carcinogenesis in Barrett's metaplasia.
Internalization and excretion of epidermal growth factor‐dextran‐associated radioactivity in cultured human squamous‐carcinoma cells
Authors: Olsson Pär , Lindström Annelie , Carlsson Jörgen
Published: February 2007

Certain tumour cells, such as squamous carcinomas and gliomas, can have an increased number of epidermal‐growth‐factor (EGF) receptors. The EGF receptors can in these cases be targets for toxic conjugates with specific binding. EGF‐based toxic conjugates are potential targeting agents. We have analyzed the internalization and excretion of 125I administered in the form of 125 I‐EGF‐dextran in squamous‐carcinoma A431 cells. 125I‐EGF without dextran was used for comparison. A431 cells have large numbers of EGF receptors and are capable both of recycling and of degradation of internalized receptor‐ligand complexes. The binding of 125I‐EGF‐dextran and 125I‐EGF was receptor‐specific, since both ligands competed with non‐radioactive EGF for binding. The amount of internalized 125I as a function of time increased continuously within 24 hr following administration of radioactivity as 125I‐EGF‐dextran. The time pattern was quite different when 125I‐EGF without dextran was applied. In the latter case, the amount of internalized radioactivity decreased already after a few hours, probably depending on degradation of EGF. Pre‐incubation of the cells with 125I‐EGF‐dextran or 125I‐EGF and analysis of retained and released 125I activity at different times after washing showed that the 125I activity was retained for longer periods of time when EGF‐dextran was used instead of EGF. About 30% of the internalized 125I activity was retained after 24 hr when EGF‐dextran was used, compared with excretion of nearly all the radioactivity within 5 hr when EGF was used. In some experiments a high concentration of non‐radioactive EGF, 5 μg/ml, was given to the cells after pre‐incubation with 125I‐EGF‐dextran. This changed the retention and excretion patterns, so that a larger amount of 125I was excreted in the macromolecular fraction and a smaller amount of 125I activity was retained in the cells. Gel chromatography of the 125I activity released into the culture medium showed that the variations in molecular weight were larger after administration of a high concentration of non‐radioactive EGF, most likely due to partial degradation of EGF‐dextran. The results regarding excretion are in conformity with a model of competition between recycling of EGF‐dextran‐EGF‐receptor complexes and “trapping” of EGF‐dextran in the lysosomes followed by slow degradation. For targeting purposes, it is worth noting that the radioactivity administered in the form of 125I‐EGF‐dextran had a longer retention time than when 125I‐EGF without dextran was used, and that the retention and excretion rates could be modified by post‐treatment with the receptor ligand itself.
Secretion of extracellular matrix‐degrading proteinases is increased in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Moser Tammy L. , Young Timothy N. , Rodriguez Gustavo C. , Pizzo Salvatore V. , Bast Robert C. , Stack M. Sharon
Published: February 2007

The biochemical events associated with tumor invasion involve localized degradation of the basement membrane by tumor‐associated proteinases. In this study, we have characterized the proteinase secretion profiles of 5 ovarian epithelial carcinoma cell lines (DOV 13, OVCA 420, OVCA 429, OVCA 432, OVCA 433) as well as normal ovarian epithelial cells. Immunocapture assays demonstrated that all 5 carcinoma cell lines produce both secreted and surface‐associated plasminogen activator. Urinary‐type plasminogen activator (u‐PA) production was one order of magnitude greater than production of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA). Furthermore, t‐PA secretion by normal ovarian epithelial cells was not detectable, whereas u‐PA production was 17‐to 38‐fold lower than in ovarian carcinoma cells. Western‐blotting analysis demonstrated that u‐PA was secreted as the single chain form (scu‐PA) when cells were cultured in serum‐free medium. Incubation of plasminogen with ovarian carcinoma cell‐conditioned medium resulted in direct activation of the Zymogen to plasmin. Furthermore, following incubation of cells with plasminogen, plasmin was eluted from the cell surface, indicating that ovarian carcinoma cells contain binding sites for plasminogen/plasmin which are accessible to surface‐associated plasminogen activators. In addition to plasminogen activators, metalloproteinases were also produced by DOV 13, OVCA 429 and OVCA 433 cells. DOV 13 cells produce a 68‐kDa metalloproteinase similar to matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) whereas a 92‐kDa enzyme similar to MMP‐9 is secreted by OVCA 429 and 433. Together, ovarian carcinoma‐associated plasminogen activators and metalloproteinases catalyze the hydrolysis of the major basement membrane protein components, type‐IV collagen, type‐IV gelatin, laminin and fibronectin. The enhanced proteolytic capability of ovarian carcinoma cells relative to normal ovarian epithelium suggests a biochemical mechanism by which invasion and spread of ovarian epithelial carcinoma may be mediated.
Foetal loss and infant deaths in families of children with soft‐tissue sarcoma
Authors: Hartley Ann L. , Birch Jillian M. , Blair Valerie , Kelsey Anna M. , Jones Patricia H. Morris
Published: February 2007

Distribution of miscarriages, stillbirths and infant deaths in the families of a population‐based series of children with soft‐tissue sarcoma was examined in relation to index case histology (rhabdomyosarcoma or other soft‐tissue sarcoma) and to the possible presence of genetic predisposition to cancer in the families (Li‐Fraumeni syndrome or neurofibromatosis). Reproductive loss was not related to index histology (miscarriages, p = 0.3; all losses, p = 0.6) but was significantly higher in “genetic” rather than “sporadic” families (miscarriages, p = 0.02; all losses, p = 0.01). However, excess reproductive loss was not a feature of families with the Li‐Fraumeni syndrome, but appeared to be concentrated in the families affected by neurofibromatosis.
Serum micronutrients in relation to pre‐cancerous gastric lesions
Authors: Zhang Lian , Blot William J. , You Wei‐Cheng , Chang Yun‐Sheng , Liu Xian‐Qiu , Kneller Robert W. , Zhao Lei , Liu Wei‐Dong , Li Ji‐You , Jin Mao‐Lin , Xu Guang‐Wei , Fraumeni Joseph F. , Yang Chung S.
Published: February 2007

Serum levels of retinol, beta‐carotene, ascorbic acid, alphatocopherol, selenium, ferritin, copper, and zinc were assayed for approximately 600 adults aged 35 to 64 with pre‐cancerous gastric lesions in an area of China with one of the world's highest rates of stomach cancer. Previous studies have shown that the cancers generally are preceded by chronic atropic gastritis (CAG), intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia. Concentrations of beta‐carotene and ascorbic acid were significantly lower among individuals with IM than among those whose most severe lesion was superficial gastritis or CAG. The associations with IM for these nutrients were strong and independent. In combination, the odds of CAG progressing to IM were only 1/6 as high among those with upper tertile levels of beta‐carotene and ascorbic acid as among those with lower tertile levels of both nutrients. The serum levels of beta‐carotene and ascorbic acid were similar for individuals having IM with or without accompanying dysplasia. Risk of IM was also somewhat increased among those with low serum ferritin, but no significant effects were observed in multivariate analyses for the other nutrients assayed. The findings point to a major influence of specific nutrient deficits in the mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis in this high‐risk area.
p53 protein over‐expression and p53 gene abnormalities in HIV‐1‐related non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: De Re Valli , Carbone Antonino , De Vita Salvatore , Gloghini Annunziata , Maestro Roberta , Gasparotto Daniela , Vukosavljevic Tamara , Boiocchi Mauro
Published: February 2007

Alteration of the p53 tumor‐suppressor gene was studied in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) from HIV‐I‐infected patients. p53 protein was over‐expressed in 10 out of the 45 (22%) cases analyzed, mainly clustering in the small‐non‐cleaved‐cell (SNC) (5/19) and Ki‐l+ anaplastic large‐cell (ALC) (3/8) subtypes, according to previous findings on HIV‐1 ‐unrelated NHLs. p53‐positive small‐non‐cleaved‐cell lymphomas presented a diffuse or clustered pattern of p53‐positive neoplastic cells consequent upon p53‐gene mutations. In contrast, in Ki‐1 + ALC lymphomas p53 immunohistochemical reactivity was limited to scattered tumor cells, and no p53‐gene alterations could be detected. These results suggest that p53‐gene alterations play a role in the lymphomagenetic process of a fraction of HIV‐I‐related SNC NHLs, however with a frequency no different from that observed in HIV‐I ‐unrelated NHLs of the same sub‐type. In HIV‐I‐related Ki‐I+ ALC lymphomas, mechanisms different from gene alterations might be implicated in over‐expression of p53 protein.
Cripto, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, is over‐expressed in human pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Friess Helmut , Yamanaka Yoichiro , Büchler Markus , Kobrin Michael S. , Tahara Eiichi , Korc Murray
Published: February 2007

Cripto is a 188 amino‐acid protein containing a central segment that shares amino‐acid sequence homology with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF‐α). The EGF receptor, EGF and TGF‐α are expressed in the normal human pancreas, and are over‐expressed in human pancreatic cancer. Therefore, in the present study we sought to determine whether cripto is found in the normal human pancreas and whether its expression is altered in pancreatic cancer. Because chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with interstitial fibrosis similar to that observed in pancreatic cancer, we also examined cripto expression in pancreatic tissues from patients with CP. In the normal pancreas, cripto immunoreactivity was found at moderate levels in most ductal cells and was present very faintly in a rare acinar cell. In 26 of 58 pancreatic cancers, cripto immunoreactivity was present in many cancer cells. Its presence was associated with advanced tumor stage, but not with shorter post‐operative survival. Cripto was also present in acinar and ductal cells adjacent to the cancer cells, and in many ductal and atrophic acinar cells in the CP samples. Northern blot analysis revealed a marked increase in cripto mRNA levels in the cancer and CP samples. By densitometry, there was a 11 ‐ and 4‐fold increase in cripto mRNA levels in pancreatic cancer and CP respectively. Southern blot analysis did not reveal an increase in gene copies encoding cripto either in cancer or in CP. These findings indicate that cripto expression may contribute to disease progression in pancreatic cancer, and implicate cripto in the histopathological alterations that occur in the pancreas both in cancer and in CP.
High density of somatostatin receptors in veins surrounding human cancer tissue: Role in tumor‐host interaction?
Authors: Reubi Jean Claude , Horisberger Ursula , Laissue Jean
Published: February 2007

Somatostatin receptors were detected in peritumoral veins of various human cancer tissue specimens. Vascular and neoplastic tissue from 14 colonic adenocarcinomas, 13 carcinoids, 6 renal‐cell carcinomas and 7 malignant lymphomas were analyzed for somatostatin receptors by use of quantitative receptor autoradiography. In colonic carcinoma specimens, the peritumoral vessels expressed a high density of somatostatin receptors, whereas the neoplastic tissue itself was receptor‐negative in many cases. In contrast, the incidence and density of somatostatin receptors in peritumoral vessels was low in well‐differentiated gastrointestinal and bronchial carcinoids, in contrast to the high density of such receptors in the carcinoid tumor tissue. Autochthonous vessels surrounding other tumors such as renal‐cell carcinomas or malignant lymphomas also frequently expressed somatostatin receptors. In all cases, the somatostatin receptors were localized in veins, particularly in the smooth‐muscle cell layer. They exhibited specific and high‐affinity binding of somatostatin‐14, somatostatin‐28 and octreotide, suggesting a preferential expression of the SSTR2 receptor subtype. Since the vessels of normal non‐neoplastic human tissues, e.g. of intestine or lymphatic organs, have few somatostatin receptors, the increased somatostatin receptor expression in peritumoral vessels observed in this study may be linked to the neoplastic process itself. The results suggest that somatostatin and somatostatin receptors may play a regulatory role for hemodynamic tumor‐host interactions, possibly involving tumor stroma generation, tumor environment, angiogenesis and, particularly, vascular drainage of poorly differentiated neoplasms.