bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin, Organic, Semiconductor/Polymer Blends by Scanning Corona‐Discharge Coating for High‐Performance Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Jung Hee Joon , Shin Yu Jin , Park Youn Jung , Yoon Sung Cheol , Choi Dong Hoon , Park Cheolmin
Published: July 2010

A new thin‐film coating process, scanning corona‐discharge coating (SCDC), to fabricate ultrathin tri‐isopropylsilylethynyl pentacene (TIPS‐PEN)/amorphous‐polymer blend layers suitable for high‐performance, bottom‐gate, organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) is described. The method is based on utilizing the electrodynamic flow of gas molecules that are corona‐discharged at a sharp metallic tip under a high voltage and subsequently directed towards a bottom electrode. With the static movement of the bottom electrode, on which a blend solution of TIPS‐PEN and an amorphous polymer is deposited, SCDC provides an efficient route to produce uniform blend films with thicknesses of less than one hundred nanometers, in which the TIPS‐PEN and the amorphous polymer are vertically phase‐separated into a bilayered structure with a single‐crystalline nature of the TIPS‐PEN. A bottom‐gate field‐effect transistor with a blend layer of TIPS‐PEN/polystyrene (PS) (90/10 wt%) operated at ambient conditions, for example, indeed exhibits a highly reliable device performance with a field‐effect mobility of approximately 0.23 cm2 V−1 s−1: two orders of magnitude greater than that of a spin‐coated blend film. SCDC also turns out to be applicable to other amorphous polymers, such as poly(α‐methyl styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) and, readily combined with the conventional transfer‐printing technique, gives rise to micropatterned arrays of TIPS‐PEN/polymer films.
Iron‐Catalyzed Epoxidation of Aromatic Olefins and 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Schröder Kristin , Enthaler Stephan , Join Benoît , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2010

The combination of iron(III) chloride, pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid and formamidine ligands allows for the epoxidation of styrenes and conjugated dienes in excellent chemoselectivity and yields.
A Palladium Wall Coated Microcapillary Reactor for Use in Continuous Flow Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Hornung Christian H. , Hallmark Bart , Mackley Malcolm R. , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V.
Published: July 2010

Herein we describe the preparation of a novel continuous flow multi‐channel microreactor in which the internal surface has been functionalised with a palladium coating, enabling its use in catalytic heterogeneous liquid‐phase reactions. Simple chemical deposition techniques were used to immobilise palladium(0) on the channel wall surface of a polymeric multi‐capillary extrudate made from ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymer. The Pd coating of the microcapillaries has been characterised by mass spectrometry and light and electron microscopy. The functional activity of the catalytic Pd layer was tested in a series of transfer hydrogenation reactions using triethylsilane as the hydrogen source.
Ring Expansion versus Cyclization in 4‐Oxoazetidine‐2‐ carbaldehydes Catalyzed by Molecular Iodine: Experimental and Theoretical Study in Concert
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Cabrero Gema , Callejo Ricardo , Ruiz M. Pilar , Arnó Manuel , Domingo Luis R.
Published: July 2010

Molecular iodine (10 mol%) efficiently catalyzes the ring expansion of 4‐oxoazetidine‐2‐carbaldehydes in the presence of tert‐butyldimethylsilyl cyanide, or allylic and propargylic trimethylsilanes to afford protected 5‐functionalized‐3,4‐dihydroxypyrrolidin‐2‐ones with good yield and high diastereoselectivity, through a C3C4 bond cleavage of the β‐lactam nucleus. Interestingly, in contrast to the iodine‐catalyzed reactions of 3‐alkoxy‐β‐lactam aldehydes which lead to the corresponding γ‐lactam derivatives (rearrangement adducts), the reactions of 3‐aryloxy‐β‐lactam aldehydes under similar conditions gave β‐lactam‐fused chromanes (cyclization adducts) as the sole products, through exclusive electrophilic aromatic substitution involving the C3 aromatic ring and the carbaldehyde. In order to support the mechanistic proposals, theoretical studies have been performed.
Extremely Efficient Cross‐Coupling of Benzylic Halides with Aryltitanium Tris(isopropoxide) Catalyzed by Low Loadings of a Simple Palladium(II) Acetate/Tris(p‐tolyl)phosphine System
Authors: Chen Chi‐Ren , Zhou Shuangliu , Biradar Deepak Baburao , Gau Han‐Mou
Published: July 2010

Highly efficient coupling reactions of benzylic bromides or chlorides with aryltitanium tris(isopropoxide) [ArTi(O‐i‐Pr)3] catalyzed by a simple palladium(II) acetate/tris(p‐tolyl)phosphine [Pd(OAc)2/ P(p‐tolyl)3] system are reported. The coupling reactions proceed in general at room temperature employing low catalyst loadings of 0.02 to 0.2 mol%, affording coupling products in excellent yields of up to 99%. For benzylic bromides bearing strong electron‐withdrawing cyano (CN) or trifluoromethyl (CF3) substituents, the reactions require a higher catalyst loading of 1 mol%, or the reactions are carried out at 60 °C. The catalytic system also tolerates (1‐bromoethyl)benzene bearing β‐hydrogen atoms while using a catalyst loading of 1 mol% to afford the coupling product in a 70% yield.
Measurement and interpretation of cavitation noise in a hybrid hydrodynamic cavitating device
Authors: Quan Ke‐Ming , Avvaru Balasubrahmanyam , Pandit Aniruddha B.
Published: July 2010

In the recent past, a number of new methods of utilizing hydrodynamic cavitation to create more intense and energy efficient liquid processes have come into existence. However, it is technically challenging to characterize these processes either quantitatively or qualitatively (Patil NM, M. chemical engineering Thesis submitted to Mumbai University, India, 2001). In this work, a hybrid device producing more energy intensive cavitation has been described, which has a blade positioned in the back pressure zone (downstream side of the orifice plate). This method of cavitation production route has been quantitatively described in the form of hydrophone measured pressure signals. Fast Fourier Transform analysis (FFT) analysis has been applied to the signal obtained at various positions of the blade, and at different inlet and outlet (back) pressures. Qualitatively analysis in terms of cavity size distribution and the total number of cavitational bubbles has been conducted, using a slightly modified technique of inverse FFT reconstruction procedure originally developed by Avvaru and Pandit to model cavity size distribution. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Bayesian method for multirate data synthesis and model calibration
Authors: Shao Xinguang , Huang Biao , Lee Jong Min , Xu Fangwei , Espejo Aris
Published: July 2010

Data‐driven models are widely used in process industries for monitoring and control purposes. No matter what kind of models one chooses, model‐plant mismatch always exists; it is, therefore, important to implement model update strategies using the latest observation information of the investigated process. In practice, multiple observation sources such as frequent but inaccurate or accurate but infrequent measurements coexist for a same quality variable. In this article, we show how the flexibility of the Bayesian approach can be exploited to account for multiple‐source observations with different degrees of belief. A practical Bayesian fusion formulation with time‐varying variances is proposed to deal with possible abnormal observations. A sequential Monte Carlo sampling based particle filter is used for simultaneously handling systematic and nonsystematic errors (i.e., bias and noise) in the presence of process constraints. The proposed method is illustrated through a simulation example and a data‐driven soft sensor application in an oil sands froth treatment process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 1514–1525, 2011
Analysis of GWAS top hits in ADHD suggests association to two polymorphisms located in genes expressed in the cerebellum
Authors: Lantieri Francesca , Glessner Joseph T. , Hakonarson Hakon , Elia Josephine , Devoto Marcella
Published: July 2010

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder influenced by genetic factors. Several chromosomal regions with potential linkage and candidate genes associations have been reported, but findings are often inconsistent and non‐replicated. The few genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) carried out so far differ for study design and phenotypes analyzed, and did not detect any association significant at the genome‐wide level. In the present study we examined the top SNPs reported in the GWAS by Neale et al. 2008 in an independent cohort. Although our sample size is smaller (415 trios vs. 909), the power was sufficient to confirm the role of candidate markers in ADHD if a true association exists. Two out of 36 top SNPs were significant at α = 0.05 in our sample, although none was still significant after correction for multiple tests. These two SNPs are both located in genes coding for as yet uncharacterized proteins expressed in the cerebellum, XKR4 in 8q12.1, and FAM190A in 4q22.1. Three other FAM190A SNPs have TDT P‐values of <10−5 in our sample, a level of significance only reached by a total of five SNPs in our genome‐wide data. While these findings could be due to chance, we cannot exclude that these markers are indeed associated to disease risk. Remarkably, brain imaging studies have shown reduction of the posterior inferior cerebellar lobules volume of ADHD boys and girls compared to controls, persistent with age and not present in unaffected siblings, suggesting that the cerebellum may be directly related to pathophysiology of ADHD. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hunting strategies in wild common marmosets are prey and age dependent
Authors: Schiel Nicola , Souto Antonio , Huber Ludwig , Bezerra Bruna M.
Published: July 2010

We investigated the hunting strategies of wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to determine whether the strategies differed among animals of different age classes and/or prey type. The study was conducted in a fragment of Atlantic Rain Forest, situated 40 km from Recife (PE/Brazil). Twenty‐seven individuals from four social groups were observed. Captured prey items were divided into three categories. The hunting strategies of the common marmosets were ranked into four categories. The acquisition of larger prey (items more than 2.0 cm) involved the appropriate body movements and postures that concealed the approaching marmosets, whereas the acquisition of smaller prey (items under 2.0 cm) involved less concealing behaviors. Furthermore, adults and juveniles (age ≥5 months) were more capable of capturing larger prey than were younger (1–2 months) or older infants (3–4 months). Although older infants were successful in capturing certain prey, they often failed when they attempted to capture larger prey that jumped and/or used flight to escape. The results suggest that both the experience of the monkeys and escape behavior of the prey affect predation efficiency in wild common marmosets. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1039–1046, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcomes research in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Lessons learned from the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical assessment, research, and education database
Authors: Miller Robert G. , Anderson Fred , Brooks Benjamin Rix , Mitsumoto Hiroshi , Bradley Walter G. , Ringel Steven P. ,   ALS CARE Study Group
Published: July 2010

Objective

To examine the care of patients with ALS following the publication of the standardized recommendations for the management of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) published in 1999 by the American Academy of Neurology.

Methods

Specific aspects of ALS patient management have been evaluated serially using a national Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Clinical Assessment, Research, and Education (ALS CARE) database to encourage compliance with these recommendations and to assure continuing quality improvement.

Results

The most recent analysis of 5,600 patients shows interesting epidemiological observations and treatment trends. Proper management of many ALS symptoms has increased substantially since the first publication of the guidelines, and awareness of pseudobulbar affect has increased. Other recommendations are underutilized: Only 9% undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, although this procedure was recommended in 22% of patients; and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was used by only 21% of patients despite being associated with improved 5‐year survival rates.

Interpretation

This observational database has been a useful tool in monitoring compliance with the standard of care for patients with ALS and may have resulted in greater adherence to guidelines. Ann Neurol 2009;65 (suppl):S24–S28
Collective Experimental Work in Information Science Teaching
Authors: Bottle R. T.
Published: July 2010

Because of the statistical nature of much information science research, a heuristic approach would frequently require much time consuming data collection. Although the student may gain little fresh insight into the system, problem, service, etc., under study, once the first few items of data have been examined, many more are required if the study is to have any statistical meaning. Experiments (equivalent to laboratory work in the sciences) should have their data collection part shared around the class and the students' collective results processed and discussed in a subsequent seminar. Sample experiments on edge punched cards, information content of titles, thesis literature, etc. are discussed.
Clinician Search for Information
Authors: Friedlander Janet
Published: July 2010

The use of a medical library by members of the faculty of a medical school was studied by questionnaire in an effort to ascertain the part the library played, among channels of communication, in work‐related information searches. The study described the population of users and the kinds of sources they utilized in an information search, in an effort to identify the factors influencing their choice of kinds of sources and leading to the possibility of predicting use of kinds of sources once the characteristics of the users were known. It brought out a high use of sources which are accessible and easy to use. The tabulations show the importance of co‐workers in informal communication. Low delegation of documentation tasks to libraries was apparent. The main user of the library studied was a clinician in the area of internal medicine who used journal articles about diseases for information to use in the treatment of his patients. The recommendations were made that journals should be shelved accessibly, with Index Medicus nearby. Books might be shelved less accessibly. Telephone access to the library is of major importance as is the provision of adequate photocopying facilities.
Prospects for Parallelism and the Computer Crunch
Authors: Carroll John M.
Published: July 2010

Presented is an exploration of parallel processing as it might be applied to three functions fundamental to information science: sorting, searching, and evaluation of a search prescription.
Opinion Paper: Euronet and its Effects on the U.S. Information Market
Authors: Brenner Everett H.
Published: July 2010

The startup of Euronet in 1979 may eventually result in increased hourly charges to U.S. on‐line users. This would arise from a drain‐off of European business; access for Europeans to U.S. data processors has been made artificially expensive by the telecommunication charge established by the Postal and Telecommunications Administrations of the European Economic Community countries. Since the major data bases on the Euronet system will be U.S. produced, a plea is made for concerted effort by U.S. data producers and users to assure competitive communication rates in Europe.
Man, Information, and Society: New Patterns of Interaction
Authors: Artandi Susan
Published: July 2010

Characteristic of today's socially, economically, and technologically complex society is an ever‐growing information output coupled with a constantly increasing reliance on information. Information is considered a resource and there is recognition of the political and economic value of information. Superimposed on the new information environment is a sophisticated information technology raising a variety of issues relating to such things as the freedom and privacy of the individual, its effect on those who interact with it, and the new social stratification system it seems to imply.
Planning and Budgeting for School Media Programs at the Building, District, and Regional Levels: O.R. in the Little Red Schoolhouse
Authors: Kraft Donald H. , Liesener James W.
Published: July 2010

The problems of resource allocation in the school library are analyzed and a practical operations research (O.R.) approach towards accountability is presented. A discussion of the nine‐step solution procedure is given, including the use of four planning instruments: inventory of services, preference form, data collection guide, and program costing matrix. The use of cost‐benefit analysis is shown to be helpful in determining the “best” allocation strategy. There is a presentation of implementation suggestions, and examples of the use of the methodology in actual school situations are given. Extensions of the work from building level school library media programs to district (system) and regional level learning resource (media) programs are also presented.
ANSI 239 Romanization Standards and “Reversibility”: A Dialog to Arrive at a Policy
Authors: Brandhorst Ted
Published: July 2010

The June 1977 issue of the Bulletin Of the American Society for Information Science (p. 35) carried a short position statement prepared by Ben Ami Lipetz, Chairman of the ASIS Standards Committee, on the subject of “Standards for Romanization of Languages That Use Non‐Roman Alphabets.” That statement is reproduced below with the permission of the Bulletin. The statement recommends that ANSI 239 reexamine the basic premises behind its romanization work, and that it establish “reversibility” as the guiding principle for all future work. Reversibility refers to the ability to transliterate both forward (from original to rendered version) and backward (from rendered version to original) without ambiguity or loss of information in either direction. The statement regards reversibility in transliteration as essential in an age of machine‐readable bibliographic records.
The Electronic Journal: A Progress Report
Authors: Turoff Murray , Hiltz Starr Roxanne
Published: July 2010

The concept of the journal is reexamined in the light of current computer‐communications technology. Four forms of electronic journals on the Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) are described as divergent examples of potential journal forms that could become prominent in the future. These are (1) an informal newsletter, (2) an unrefereed “Paper Fair, “ (3) a journal which replicates the traditional print‐based system, and (4) a highly structured inquiry‐response system. The economic imperatives which will force the replacement of current print‐based journals are reviewed. It is predicted that the next few decades will witness the emergence of networks of small computer systems dedicated to dispersed journal functions and under the control of the primary communities responsible for the creation of the information.
Information Policies of Developing Countries: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Rosenberg Victor
Published: July 2010

The information policies of developing and industrialized countries are created to protect the vital interests of the country. Brazil is used to illustrate various policies regulating information transfer, computer hardware, and computer software. Brazil's policies are compared with the policies of industrialized countries. The analysis illustrates some of the tradeoffs faced by information policymakers and planners in a developing country.
A Zipfian Model of an Automatic Bibliographic System: An Application to MEDLINE
Authors: Fedorowicz Jane
Published: July 2010

A Zipfian model of an automatic bibliographic system is developed using parameters describing the contents of Its database and its inverted file. The underlying structure of the Zipf distribution is derived, with particular emphasis on its application to work frequencies, especlaiiy with regard to the inverted files of an automatic bibliographic system. Andrew Booth developed a form of Zipf's law which estimates the number of words of a particular frequency for a given author and text. His formulation has been adopted as the basis of a model of term dispersion in an inverted file system. The model is also distinctive in its consideration of the proliferation of spelling errors in free text, and the inclusion of all searchable elements from the system's Inverted file. This model is applied to the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE. The model carries implications for the determination of database storage requirements, search response time, and search exhaustiveness.
Split Citation Identity: A Case Study from Economics
Authors: Cozzens Susan E.
Published: July 2010

Cited documents are concept symbols, that Is, authors cite works which embody ideas they discuss in their papers. Many documents are standard symbols for a single concept, but others are used in connection with multiple concepts. This study, which reviews such a case, reveals the cause of split citation identity: the use of the same document by different networks of researchers. In this case study, citations to a 1948 paper by Lawrence Klein and Herman Rubin are analyzed. The paper introduced the linear expenditure system. In the period 1975–1977, it was being used in connection with two different phrases and two different bibliographic references by two networks of researchers, one dealing with consumer demand systems and the other with the extended linear expenditure system. This article discusses the implications of split citation identity for the analysis of citations to individual articles.
Videodisc Technology
Authors: Marsh Fred E.
Published: July 2010

Major areas of videodisc systems technology are Identified and briefly described. The operation, reliability, storage capacities, and applications of two laser systems are presented in detail. These systems include (1) the consumer optical videodisc used in the distribution of films and tutorial types of educational programs and (2) the high‐density storage optical digital disc used for both digital and image storage. The versatility of the optical digital disc is illustrated by its capabilities to digitize a large collection of bibliographic data and to image process the full text of energy documents. The development and application of videodiscs is one of several technologies that will have a profound Impact on our society. It is one of the first major areas of modern consumer electronics in which the U.S. has assumed a dominant role. As advances in this field are made, possibilities of new methodologies in information storage and retrieval will evolve.
On the Heterogeneity and Classification of Author Self‐Citations
Authors: Lawani Stephen M.
Published: July 2010

The heterogeneity of author self‐citations is highlighted and a systematic scheme for their classification is presented. Self‐citations are either synchronous or diachronous and each of these classes or genera has four subclasses or species. The distribution of self‐citations among the four species is governed by a number of factors including collaborative tendencies in the discipline or research specialty and the relative statuses of the collaborating authors. The classification of self‐citations may be applied to study aspects of research collaboration and the matter of egotism in scholarly work.
Automatic Classification of Harris Survey Questions: An Experiment in the Organization of Information
Authors: Dillon Martin
Published: July 2010

This article describes an ongoing project in the automatic classification of Louis Harris survey questions. The purpose of the project is to explore the feasibility of automatically organizing the questions in a form that can be usefully presented to researchers and to investigate the problems associated with automatic classification of natural language text. In general, the experiment reported here supports the belief that an important application of automatic classification is to transform an intractable mass of data into a structure suitable for further human processing.
Value‐Added Processes in the Information Life Cycle
Authors: Taylor Robert S.
Published: July 2010

Information systems are a series of formal processes by which the potential usefulness of a specific message being processed is enhanced, i.e., value is added. Energy, time, and money must be invested to change useless data to productive knowledge, a value‐added process. Because ultimately usefulness, i.e., the determination of value, must rest with the user, it is necessary to describe the environments from which problems arise which require information for resolution. From an understanding of these environments, we can develop a better sensitivity to the users' perceptions of their benefits and costs as they use information systems. The aim of this article is to develop a different way of looking at information systems in which the information use becomes the prime design factor rather than technology and content.
Untersuchungen über Reflexionsnebel am Palomar Sky Survey II. Statistische Bearbeitung
Authors: Dorschner J. , GürTLER J.
Published: July 2010

Aus der Hubble‐Beziehung für Reflexionsnebel im Palomar Sky Survey werden Schlüsse auf die Albedo des interstellaren Staubes gezogen. Die Verteilung an der Sphäre, die Größenverteilung der Reflexionsnebel und die Häufigkeit der Spektraltypen der beleuchtenden Sterne werden untersucht. Die theoretischen Berechnungen der wahren Größe und der Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit von Reflexionsnebeln stimmen gut mit den Beobachtungen überein. Bei den Reflexionsnebeln in der Orion‐Assoziation wird ein kosmogonischer Zusammenhang zwischen Stern und Staubwolke vermutet.
Beobachtungsergebnisse an Bedeckungsveränderlichen
Authors: Pohl E. , Kizilirmak A.
Published: July 2010

Von 52 Bedeckungsveränderlichen werden 61 lichtelektrisch bestimmte und 102 visuell beobachtete Minima mitgeteilt.
Der Lichtwechsel von TZ Persei, AH Herculis und EM Cygni
Authors: Beyer M.
Published: July 2010

Visuelle Helligkeitsschätzungen der den U Geminorum‐Sternen und Novae verwandten eruptiven Veränderlichen TZ Per, AH Her und EM Cyg liefern recht aufschlußreiche Lichtkurven, die sich über fast 2 Jahrzehnte erstrecken und neben gemeinsamen Merkmalen auch charakteristische Unterschiede aufweisen. Ob die in der Art von CN Orionis etwas regelmäßiger und ohne gelegentliches Verweilen in einem bestimmten Normallicht wechselnden Veränderlichen HA Her und EM Cyg den Z Camelopardalis‐Sternen zugeordnet werden dürfen, erscheint zweifelhaft.
Sternbedeckungen durch den Mond 1966
Authors: Ahnert P.
Published: July 2010

Das Jahr 1966 war in Sonneberg in bezug auf die nächtliche Bewölkung das ungünstigste seit vielen Jahren. Während in den Jahren 1960 bis 1965 durchschnittlich 24 Sternbedeckungen pro Jahr erfaßt werden konnten, waren es 1966 nur 12.
Observations of 5 Old Supernovae
Authors: Rudnicki K.
Published: July 2010

Alte Filme des 45‐cm (18‐Zoll) Palomar‐Schmidt‐Teleskops der Supernovae 1937b (Z–24), 1937e (Z–28), 1940d (Z–37), 1941b (Z–40) und der Supernova von Frl. Klein (1938) wurden bearbeitet.
Contribution to the solution of the three‐body problem in power series form
Authors: Sconzo Pasquale
Published: July 2010

After reviewing the existing procedures for solving the three‐body problem by convergent power series, the author develops two algebraic methods in terms of the independent variable which is either the time t or Levi‐Civita's regularizing variable u.

These power series solve in Weierstrass' and Painlevé's sense the problem formulated in its greatest generality, since no restrictions at all are made on the order of magnitude of masses and none of the three bodies is restricted to moving along a prescribed conic section. Besides, the reference system used is a tridimensional Cartesian one. In the t‐domain, the expressions for the high‐order derivatives of the coordinates are computed using repeatedly Leibnitz's rule for derivatives of products of functions. In the u‐domain, an extremely simple successive approximation procedure is established by means of a single recursion formula which requires elementary operations to be performed on polynomials of increasing degrees.
Zur Bewegung und Verdampfung von Graphitteilchen in der Umgebung von Kohlenstoffsternen
Authors: Fiedemann ChR. , Schmidt K.‐H.
Published: July 2010

Former investigations on the evolution of graphite particles in the atmospheres of carbon stars are continued. The particles are accelerated by the radiation pressure of the stars up to 108 cm s−1. At these high velocities the sputtering of the grains by the impinging atoms of the interstellar gas takes place reducing the radii of the graphite particles. Several frequency distributions of the radii are determined from the frequency of the carbon stars in dependence on their effective temperatures. Two of these distributions of the radii are able to explain the observed extinction curve supposing that the graphite particles are making up only a small fraction of the interstellar dust. About a quarter of the graphite particles originating in the carbon stars leaves the galaxy.
Der Lichtwechsel von GM Cassiopeiae und KL Aquilae
Authors: Beyer M.
Published: July 2010

Obgleich die δ Cephei‐Sterne GM Cas und LK Aql ähnliche Perioden und Spektra haben, zeigen sie doch große Unterschiede im Ablauf ihres Lichtwechsels. Während KL Aql ziemlich gleichförmige und periodische Helligkeitschwankungen aufweist, zeigt die Lichtkurve des Sterns GM Cas von Epoche zu Epoche einen starken Wechsel in ihrer Gestalt, Höhe und Länge.
The brightness of the galactic radio loops at 1420 MHz: Some indications for the existence of Loops V and VI
Authors: Borka V. , Milogradov‐Turin J. , Urošević D.
Published: July 2010

In this article we use 1420 MHz data to demonstrate the likely reality of Galactic radio Loops V and VI. We further estimate distances and spectral indices for both these and the four main radio loops. In the cases of Loops I–IV, radio spectral indices are calculated from the mean brightnesses at 1420 and 820/404 MHz. The spectral indices of Loops V and VI are obtained from T –T plots between 1420 and 408 MHz. Using the supernova remnant (SNR) hypothesis for the origin of radio loops, distances are calculated from the surface brightnesses and the angular diameters at 1420 MHz. We also study how results for brightnesses and distances of radio loops agree with current theories of SNR evolution. For this purpose, the ambient density and initial explosion energy of the loops are discussed. We also discuss applications of different Σ–D relations. The results obtained confirm a non‐thermal origin and nearby locations for the Galactic radio loops. Therefore, we have indications that they are very old SNRs that evolve in low ambient densities, with high initial explosion energies. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast detection of chaotic behavior in galactic potentials
Authors: Karanis G.I. , Vozikis Ch.L.
Published: July 2010

In the present paper we apply a new method of distinction between ordered and chaotic motion in galactic potentials. The method uses the Fourier Transform of a series of time intervals each one representing the time that elapsed between two successive points on the Poincaré surface of section. Examples of the methods ability to achieve an early and clear detection of an orbit's behavior are provided using two galactic potentials. The new method can also be applied in order to have an early distinction between ordered and sticky orbits. The method is generalized in order to be used in models with more than two dimensions. Finally we have tried to find an one‐number index to give us the nature of the orbit instead of checking by eye the whole spectrum. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new period determination for the close PG1159 binary SDSS J212531.92–010745.9
Authors: Schuh S. , Traulsen I. , Nagel T. , Reiff E. , Homeier D. , Schwager H. , Kusterer D.‐J. , Lutz R. , Schreiber M.R.
Published: July 2010

Methods to measure masses of PG1159 stars in order to test evolutionary scenarios are currently based on spectroscopic masses or asteroseismological mass determinations. One recently discovered PG1159 star in a close binary system may finally allow the first dynamical mass determination, which has so far been analysed on the basis of one SDSS spectrum and photometric monitoring. In order to be able to phase future radial velocity measurements of the system SDSS J212531.92–010745.9, we follow up on the photometric monitoring of this system to provide a solid observational basis for an improved orbital ephemeris determination. New white‐light time series of the brightness variation of SDSS J212531.92–010745.9 with the Tübingen 80 cm and Göttingen 50 cm telescopes extend the monitoring into a second season (2006), tripling the length of overall observational data available, and significantly increasing the time base covered. We give the ephemeris for the orbital motion of the system, based on a sine fit which now results in a period of 6.95573(5) h, and discuss the associated new amplitude determination in the context of the phased light curve variation profile. The accuracy of the ephemeris has been improved by more than one order of magnitude compared to that previously published for 2005 alone. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The empirical upper limit for mass loss of cool main sequence stars
Authors: Lednicka A. , Stȩpień K.
Published: July 2010

The knowledge of mass loss rates due to thermal winds in cool dwarfs is of crucial importance for modeling the evolution of physical parameters of main sequence single and binary stars. Very few, sometimes contradictory, measurements of such mass loss rates exist up to now. We present a new, independent method of measuring an amount of mass lost by a star during its past life. It is based on the comparison of the present mass distribution of solar type stars in an open cluster with the calculated distribution under an assumption that stars with masses lower than Mlim have lost an amount of mass equal to ΔM. The actual value of ΔM or its upper limit is found from the best fit. Analysis of four clusters: Pleiades, NGC 6996, Hyades and Praesepe gave upper limits for ΔM in three of them and the inconclusive result for Pleiades. The most restrictive limit was obtained for Praesepe indicating that the average mass loss rate of cool dwarfs in this cluster was lower than 6 × 10–11 M⊙/yr. With more accurate mass determinations of the solar type members of selected open clusters, including those of spectral type K, the method will provide more stringent limits for mass loss of cool dwarfs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling a Maunder minimum
Authors: Brandenburg A. , Spiegel E.A.
Published: July 2010

We introduce on/off intermittency into a mean field dynamo model by imposing stochastic fluctuations in either the alpha effect or through the inclusion of a fluctuating electromotive force. Sufficiently strong small scale fluctuations with time scales of the order of 0.3–3 years can produce long term variations in the system on time scales of the order of hundreds of years. However, global suppression of magnetic activity in both hemispheres at once was not observed. The variation of the magnetic field does not resemble that of the sunspot number, but is more reminiscent of the10Be record. The interpretation of our results focuses attention on the connection between the level of magnetic activity and the sunspot number, an issue that must be elucidated if long term solar effects are to be well understood. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of 180 mT static magnetic fields on diabetic wound healing in rats
Authors: Jing Da , Shen Guanghao , Cai Jing , Li Feijiang , Huang Jinghui , Wang Yuqing , Xu Qiaoling , Tang Chi , Luo Erping
Published: July 2010

Diabetic wound (DW) problems are becoming a formidable clinical challenge due to the sharp increase in the diabetic population and the high incidence of DW. Static magnetic field (SMF) therapy, an inexpensive and accessible noninvasive method, has been proven to be effective on various tissue repairs. However, the issue of the therapeutic effect of SMF on DW healing has never been investigated. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of a 180 mT moderate‐intensity gradient SMF on DW healing in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Forty‐eight 3‐month‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats (32 diabetic and 16 non‐diabetic rats) were assigned to three equal groups: normal wound, DW, and DW + SMF groups. An open circular wound with 1.5 cm diameter was created in the dorsum. The wound was covered with a dressing and the magnet was fixed on top of the dressing. On days 5, 12, and 19, four rats of each group were euthanized and gross wound area, histology and tensile strength were evaluated. The wound area determination suggested that SMF significantly increased the healing rate and reduced the gross healing time. This result was further confirmed by histological observations. The wound tensile strength, reflecting the amount and quality of collagen deposition, increased to a larger extent in the DW + SMF group on days 12 and 19 compared with the DW group. The results indicated that 180 mT SMF presented a beneficial effect on DW healing, and implied the clinical potential of SMF therapy in accelerating DW repair and releasing the psychological and physical burdens of diabetic patients. Bioelectromagnetics 31:640–648, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 50‐Hz magnetic field exposure on hormone secretion and apoptosis‐related gene expression in human first trimester villous trophoblasts in vitro
Authors: Sun Wenjun , Tan Qiu , Pan Yongmiao , Fu Yiti , Sun Huilan , Chiang Huai
Published: July 2010

Evidence from epidemiological and animal studies showed that exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MF) could produce deleterious effects on reproduction. In order to investigate the possible mechanism of MF exposure on reproductive effects, first trimester human chorionic villi at 8–10 weeks' gestation were obtained, and trophoblasts were isolated, cultured, and exposed to a 50‐Hz MF for different durations. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone in the culture medium was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The mRNA levels of apoptosis‐related genes bcl‐2, bax, caspase‐3, p53, and fas in trophoblasts were analyzed using real‐time RT‐PCR. The results showed that exposure of trophoblasts to MF at 0.2 mT for 72 h did not affect secretion of hCG and progesterone from these cells. There was also no significant change in secretion of these hormones when trophoblasts were exposed to a 0.4 mT MF for 48 h. However, MF significantly inhibited hCG and progesterone secretion of trophoblasts after exposure for 72 h at 0.4 mT. Results of apoptosis‐related gene expression analysis showed that, within 72 h of exposure at 0.4 mT, there was no significant difference between MF exposure and control on the expression pattern of each gene. Based on results of the present experiment, it is suggested that exposure to MF for a longer duration (72 h) could inhibit secretion of hCG and progesterone by human first trimester villous trophoblasts, however, the effect might not be related to trophoblast apoptosis. Bioelectromagnetics 31:566–572, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological effects of resveratrol
Authors: Kalantari Heibatullah , Das Dipak K.
Published: July 2010

Resveratrol is naturally present in certain fruits and vegetables including grape skins and especially in red wine. Similar to red wine, resveratrol possesses diverse biochemical and physiological properties including anti‐inflammatory and immunomulatory activities as well as wide range of health benefits ranging from chemoprevention to cardioprotection. Recent studies implicated that resveratrol also possesses antiaging properties. The present review describes some of the important physiological properties of resveratrol that accounts for its diverse physiological actions.
Role of mitochondrial ion channels in cell death
Authors: Ryu Shin‐Young , Peixoto Pablo M. , Teijido Oscar , Dejean Laurent M. , Kinnally Kathleen W.
Published: July 2010

Ion channels located in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes are key regulators of cellular signaling for life and death. Permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes is one of the most critical steps in the progression of several cell death pathways. The mitochondrial apoptosis‐induced channel (MAC) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) play major roles in these processes. Here, the most recent progress and current perspectives about the roles of MAC and mPTP in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization during cell death are presented. The crosstalk signaling of MAC and mPTP formation/activation mediated by cytosolic Ca2+ signaling, Bcl‐2 family proteins, and other mitochondrial ion channels is also discussed. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate opening and closing of MAC and mPTP has revealed new therapeutic targets that potentially could control cell death in pathologies such as cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Alleviation of doxorubicin‐induced toxicities by anthocyanin‐rich bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract in rats and mice
Authors: Choi Eun Hye , Park Jae Hwan , Kim Mi Kyung , Chun Hyang Sook
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanin‐rich bilberry extract (BE) with highly antioxidative potential against doxorubicin (Dox)‐induced toxicity in rat and mouse models. Sprague‐Dawley rats treated with Dox (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) showed marked body weight loss, increased abdominal ascites and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) level, serum and cardiac lipid peroxidation, myocardial histopathological damage, and depletion of cardiac glutathione (GSH). Dietary supplementation with 1% BE significantly reduced serum lipid peroxidation and increased cardiac creatine phosphokinase activity and total GSH level compared with the levels in the Dox control rats (P < 0.05). Serum GOT and cardiac lipid peroxide levels did not change significantly after BE treatment. Morphologic examination revealed that Dox‐induced myocardial damage was also significantly suppressed in rats fed with the 1% BE diet. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of BE for 10 days to mice treated with Dox (10 mg/kg) partially restored the Dox‐induced changes by increasing red blood cell and bone marrow cell counts, and hemoglobin level. Although the protective effects of BE were insufficient to completely counteract the toxic effects of Dox, these results suggest that BE supplementation provides moderate protection against Dox‐induced cardiac and hematopoietic damage.
Human tongue neuroanatomy: Nerve supply and motor endplates
Authors: Mu Liancai , Sanders Ira
Published: July 2010

The human tongue has a critical role in speech, swallowing, and respiration, however, its motor control is poorly understood. Fundamental gaps include detailed information on the course of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve within the tongue, the branches of the XII nerve within each tongue muscle, and the type and arrangement of motor endplates (MEP) within each muscle. In this study, five adult human tongues were processed with Sihler's stain, a whole‐mount nerve staining technique, to map out the entire intra‐lingual course of the XII nerve and its branches. An additional five specimens were microdissected into individual muscles and stained with acetylcholinesterase and silver staining to study their MEP morphology and banding patterns. Using these techniques the course of the entire XII nerve was mapped from the main nerve to the smallest intramuscular branches. It was found that the human tongue innervation is extremely dense and complex. Although the basic mammalian pattern of XII is conserved in humans, there are notable differences. In addition, many muscle fibers contained multiple en grappe MEP, suggesting that they are some variant of the highly specialized slow tonic muscle fiber type. The transverse muscle group that comprises the core of the tongue appears to have the most complex innervation and has the highest percentage of en grappe MEP. In summary, the innervation of the human tongue has specializations not reported in other mammalian tongues, including nonhuman primates. These specializations appear to allow for fine motor control of tongue shape. Clin. Anat. 23:777–791, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accessory bands of the hamstring tendons: A clinical anatomical study
Authors: Yasin M.N. , Charalambous C.P. , Mills S.P. , Phaltankar P.M.
Published: July 2010

Gracilis and semitendinosus tendons are commonly used as grafts in ligamentous reconstruction. Awareness of accessory bands of these tendons is essential in preventing inadvertent diversion of the tendon harvester into the main tendon resulting in premature tendon amputation and inadequate tendon graft. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of these accessory bands. Twenty five patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons were included. The number of accessory bands and distance of the most proximal band from the distal periosteal insertion point on the tibial crest was recorded for both gracilis and semitendinosus. In most cases gracilis had two accessory bands; the average distance of the most proximal band from the tibial crest insertion being 5.1 cm. Semitendinosus had three bands in most cases, the average distance of the most proximal band from the tibial crest insertion being 8.1 cm. Five (20%) semitendinosus but no gracilis tendons had an accessory band originating greater than 10 cm from the tibial crest insertion. Semitendinosus had more accessory bands compared to gracilis. A significant proportion (20%) of semitendinosus and none of the gracilis tendons had bands originating greater than 10 cm proximal to the tibial crest insertion. This knowledge about the accessory bands of the hamstrings can guide toward safe harvesting of these tendons. Clin. Anat. 23:862–865, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A set of computer aided automatic control experiments for undergraduate students
Authors: Buğday Yusuf , Efe Mehmet Önder
Published: July 2010

In a typical control systems course, students are expected to develop the notion of open loop and closed loop first. Under the feedback, traditional control theory offers many elegant solutions to control problems yet teaching those concepts experimentally is an art. This article describes how the notion of feedback control could be developed by utilizing a computer aided experimental setup available at the laboratories of TOBB University of Economics and Technology. A DC motor control system is considered and step by step development of the understanding of feedback control is explained. Didactic aspect is taken care of throughout the manuscript and extensions to research are emphasized. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 300–312, 2013