bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osmolality values of previously frozen human milk from Guatemalan mothers: Effects of temperature range for thawing and of storage duration.
Authors: Burgunder Lauren , Scieszka Laura , Soto‐Mendez Maria J. , Maldonado Alejandra , Solomons Noel
Published: June 2021

Background

Freezing and thawing of milk alters a number of assay values and a practical perspective for osmolality is needed.

Objectives

To determine the consistency of osmolality values in human milk (Mosm) after varying frozen storage‐time and thawing protocols.

Methods

14 lactating women gave a 1st full‐breast expression after 90 min of nursing abstinence and 11 returned within a wk for a 2nd extraction. 3 aliquots were stored at ‐20oC: 1st brought to 21°C and measured within 1 wk; 2nd with same procedure ~10‐11 wks later; and 3rd warmed to 37oC in a water bath and then cooled to 21oC also at this later time. Single milk collections from 16 additional women were analyzed at the final time‐point by both thawing routines. Mosm was determined on a Vogel Löser 815 osmometer and expressed as mOsm/kg.

Results

For the subgroup of 25 samples measured twice after standard thawing (early and late), the respective Mosm medians were 288 mOsm/kg and 309 mOsm/kg (p=<0.001, Wilcoxon test). The Pearson r‐value was 0.772 (p=<0.001). This is consistent with the typical osmolality of ~300 mOsm/kg. The overall descriptive Mosm median for the 46 milk specimens measured after simple thawing was 308 mOsm/kg compared to 304 mOsm/kg; this 1.3% difference was significant (p=0.011). The Pearson correlation coefficient was r=0.847 (p=<0.001). 85% of values were within a band of ±5% of the median.

Conclusion

Minor variations in storage and handling produce significant, but not practically meaningful, differences for osmolality research with human milk.
Impact of Reducing Sugar‐Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Total Calorie and Sugar Intake
Authors: Collin Lindsay , Welsh Jean
Published: June 2021

Background and Objective

With increasing evidence of a positive association between sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and obesity, advising high consumers to reduce this consumption has become a leading prevention strategy. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact on total energy and sugar intake when habitual high consumers of SSBs reduce their intake.

Methods

A 3‐month crossover study was done among 22 overweight males and females ages 16‐21 who consumed >3 servings of SSBs daily at baseline. Subjects were instructed to replace all sweet beverages (SSBs, diet drinks, juices) with study provided bottled water (3 daily) for month 1 and either 100% apple juice or coke (order randomized) for months 2 and 3, but to otherwise continue with their usual diet and activity. Three 24‐hour dietary recalls (2 weekday and 1 weekend) were completed by phone to assess dietary intake during each of the beverage conditions. Energy and sugar intake between beverage conditions was compared using paired t‐tests.

Results

Mean total energy and sugar intake both decreased when baseline SSB intake was replaced with water, ‐337 kcal (p=0.008) and ‐64.3 g (p<0.001), respectively. When SSBs (caffeinated cola drink) were reintroduced total energy and added sugar both increased, +354 kcal (p=0.02), and +85.6 g (p<0.001), respectively compared to the water condition.

Conclusions

These results suggest that when SSBs are replaced with water, high consumers do not compensate by increasing consumption of other sources of sugars or energy. When sugar‐containing beverages replace water, both total sugar and total energy intake increase.
The Effects of Extended Fasting on Body Mass Index, Caloric Intake, and Metabolic Rate among Saudi Students
Authors: Alquraishi Mohammed , Marshall Autman , Henry Ruth , Robichaud Karen
Published: June 2021

The month of Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar where Muslims fast from dawn until dusk for 29 or 30 days. During the month of Ramadan Muslims around the world abstain from eating and drinking during day's hours except those who are bedridden or journeying and women who are bleeding due to menstruation or childbirth. The effects of fasting Ramadan on body mass index, caloric intake, and resting metabolic rate are heterogeneous. The differences in previous studies' findings are due in part to differences of the total amount of daily fasting time and the average number of fasting days. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to define the effects of fasting Ramadan on body mass index, daily caloric intake, and metabolic rate among Saudi students at Middle Tennessee State University. At the end of Ramadan, Saudi students lost 1.15 kg, while there was no change in resting metabolic rate. Moreover, the daily caloric intake for Saudi students during the month of Ramadan was lower compared to regular months.
Maternal Perceptions and Experiences with an Intervention to Increase Adherence to WHO‐Recommended Zinc (Zn) + Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) for Diarrhea Treatment in Western Guatemala
Authors: García Meza Rosario , Roche Marion , Vossenaar Marieke , Solomons Noel
Published: June 2021

Background

Diarrheal is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity among Guatemalan children. As Zn+ORS in diarrhea therapy has potential to save lives and reduce illness in children, it is recommended by the WHO. In Guatemala, little is known about Zn+ORS adherence and the influencing factors among caregivers

Objective

To understand caregivers' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that influence adherence to Zn+ORS for diarrhea treatment in children 蠄5y and how these were impacted by a Zn+ORS co‐packaging intervention

Methods

We report the qualitative findings from a larger community‐based randomized intervention trial, in which Zn+ORS was co‐packaged at the facility and provider counseling for diarrhea treatment was strengthened. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 40 caregivers of children <5y in 20 health posts in Western Guatemala

Results

Mothers perceived the co‐packaging of Zn+ORS as an added value and a motivation to adhere to treatment. Enablers to adherence included receiving respectful and treatment specific counseling in their mother tongue, treatment without‐cost, a good‐graphical explanation of dose and preparation, and home visits to follow‐up on child´s health improvement by health care representatives.

Conclusion

The co‐packaging of Zn+ORS and respectful counseling both increased the perceived value of regular diarrhea treatment. The intervention positively influenced mothers' adherence to the prescription and created demand for treatment

Financed by

Grand Challenges Canada & Micronutrient Initiative
Oxidative Stress in Healthy Subjects with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Martinez‐Carrillo Beatriz , Neri Marisol , Benitez Alejandra , Valdés‐Ramos Roxana , Escoto‐Herrera Jorge
Published: June 2021

WHO estimates that cardiometabolic diseases cause about 30% of deaths worldwide, Mexico is the second country with overweight/obesity. The presence of oxidative stress in healthy patients with cardiometabolic risk factors is poorly understood; therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the presence of oxidative stress in healthy subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors. The study was observational, descriptive, prospective, cross‐sectional with a sample of 49 healthy adult patients selected by non‐probabilistic sampling, medical history was evaluated and venous blood was obtained for plasma determination of carbonylated proteins.85.6% were female; the mean age was 40±11.1 years for women and 43.1±7.2 years for men. Lack of exercise was found in 53.1%, 25% were smokers, 96% had no diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or hypertension; 73.4% had a diagnosis of overweight/obesity. Cardiometabolic risk is present due to high waist circumference in 79.6%, and waist/hip ratio in 63%. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 116.98±12.01 mmHg and diastolic (DBP) was 74.63±10.66 mmHg. Carbonylated protein concentration in plasma was 0.457±0.025 nmol/mg of proteins. We found positive Pearson Correlations between: a) SBP/DBP and BMI diagnosis (0.399, p<0.017), age (0.035, p<0.035) and sex (0.362, p<0.010); and b) BMI with carbonylated proteins (0.376, p<0.008). Healthy subjects have high cardiometabolic risk in the presence of carbonylated proteins, associated with BMI. It is therefore important to reduce these risk factors and thereby prevent comorbidities.
Food Insecurity and Maternal Education on Complementary Feeding Practices in a Rural Village in Tanzania
Authors: Dawkins Norma , Shosho Neema , Mamiro Peter , Pace Ralphenia
Published: June 2021

Improper traditional complementary foods contribute to high levels of under nutrition among infants and young children in rural Tanzania. It occurs during transition from breast milk to solid foods. A survey was conducted to assess food availability, meal consumption patterns, and knowledge of mothers on effective complementary feeding practices followed by a 12‐week interactive nutrition education on correct complementary feeding practices. Study population consisted of 60 mothers and their infants and children. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS v.16.0 and nutritional indices, Z‐scores of height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height were calculated using WHO Anthro v. 3.2.2. Of the mothers surveyed 60% fed their children thin filtered porridge from refined maize flour as the first complementary food. Majority (94%) of household's main meal is ugali made from refine flour served with vegetable/legumes; 59% and 79 % rarely consume meat and fruits, respectively. Children were generally anemic Hb<11mg/dl, however, the intervention group showed increased weigh and a slight increase in Hb status. Infant and young children feeding practices were poorly practiced. Complementary foods introduced were low in energy and nutrient density and less in dietary diversity.There is an urgent need for education interventions to improve exclusive breastfeeding and traditional complementary foods based on locally available foods.
Development of a Monoclonal Antibody‐Based Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay for Alternaria Mycotoxin Iso‐Tenuazonic Acid in Food Products
Authors: Xiao Zhi‐Li , Wang Ya‐Li , Shen Yu‐Dong , Xu Zhen‐Lin , Dong Jie‐Xian , Wang Hong , Wang Feng , Yang Jin‐Yi , Lei Hong‐Tao Lei , Sun Yuan‐Ming
Published: June 2021

A sensitive and specific indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of Alternaria mycotoxins Iso‐tenuazonic acid (ITeA) is first described. The derivatized hapten ITeAHGA was coupled to bovine serum albumin as immunogen and the specific monoclonal antibody(MAb) was prepared. IC50 for ITeAH was 7.8 ng/mL and the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL.

image

Recovery values of food samples spiked with ITeA were determined

Matrix
spiked (ng/mL or ng/g)
icELISA found (ng/mL or ng/g)

Recovery± SDb (%)
CV (%)

apple
30
93.3 ± 10.2
10.9

juice
150
98.7 ± 9.8
9.9

300
109.8 ± 10.6
9.7

beer
150
89.1 ± 7.9
8.8

300
93.2 ± 8.2
8.8

720
82.3 ± 3.6
4.4

tomato
150
94.3 ± 9.7
10.3

ketchup
300
93.2 ±11.4
12.2

720
107.3 ± 6.5
6.1

and good relevance with standard HPLC‐MS/MS were obtained.

image
Resveratrol suppresses type 2 cytokine induction in basophilic mast cell and Th2 cell infiltration in PCA mice
Authors: Han Seon‐Young , Kang Young‐Hee
Published: June 2021

Cytokines released from mast cells, may play roles to initiate and maintain allergic responses. The high amount of cytokines accumulation can excite the late‐phase allergic responses, and it happens in consistence with migration of other leukocytes including neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. Therefore, this study was conducted to test the resveratrol effects on IgE‐mediated basophilic mast cell and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice via cytokine suppression. Basophilic mast cells were sensitized with anti‐dinitrophenyl‐immunoglobulin E (anti‐DNP‐Ig E) and then pre‐treated with 1‐25 uM resveratrol depending on treatments. The DNP‐human serum albumin antigen was subsequently stimulated and all cells were then sampled for analysis. Similar in vivo experiment was conducted due to oral administration of 10 mg/kg resveratrol to BALB/c mouse (n = 5). Resveratrol diminished the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐3, IL‐4, IL‐13 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)‐α in anti‐DNP‐IgE‐sensitized cells. Oral administration of 10 mg/kg resveratrol also reduced serum IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐13 and TNF‐α level, on the contrary high level of IL‐3, ‐4 and ‐13 and TNF‐a were determined when BALB/c were sensitized and then challenged to DNP‐HSA. All DNP‐HSA mouse had high Tyrosine kinase (Tyk) 2 and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT). Resveratrol alleviated T cell infiltration of ear and dorsal skin in mice. In summary, the results indicated that the resveratrol administration lightened Type 2 cytokine releases and then alleviated the cytokine‐mediated allergic responses.
Race‐Ethnic Differences in B‐Vitamin Biomarkers and Intake Among US Adults in NHANES 2003–2006
Authors: Pfeiffer Christine , Sternberg Maya , Rybak Michael , Lacher David
Published: June 2021

The water‐soluble B‐vitamins folate, B‐6, and B‐12 are cofactors in 1‐carbon and amino acid metabolism. Low biomarker levels are associated with an increased risk for certain birth defects and/or chronic diseases. Serum folate (S‐FOL) and red blood cell folate (RBC‐FOL), serum pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxic acid (4PA), serum vitamin B‐12 (B‐12), and nutrient‐specific total vitamin intake (from diet based on one 24‐h recall and from supplements) were assessed as part of NHANES 2003–2006. We investigated race‐ethnic differences in these outcome variables in US adults (蠅20 y) stratified by nutrient‐specific supplement use. Spearman correlation coefficients between B‐vitamin biomarkers and total intake were mostly weak (r <0.4); correlations were slightly higher in supplement users (SUP+; 0.23 蠄 r 蠄 0.46) compared to nonusers (SUP‐; 0.17 蠄 r 蠄 0.35). In SUP+, non‐Hispanic whites (NHW) had higher S‐FOL, RBC‐FOL, and 4PA, while non‐Hispanic blacks (NHB) had higher B‐12 geometric mean levels compared to NHW and Mexican Americans (MA). In SUP+, total median folate intake was higher in NHW compared to NHB, but there were no race‐ethnic differences for vitamins B‐6 and B‐12. In SUP‐, NHB had lower S‐FOL, RBC‐FOL, PLP, and 4PA geometric mean levels compared to MA and NHW; NHW had lower B‐12 concentrations compared to MA and NHB. In SUP‐, total median intakes for folate, B‐6, and B‐12 were lowest in NHB and similar in NHW and MA. These preliminary data show that race‐ethnic intake patterns in B‐vitamins do not always match biomarker patterns.
Temporal dietary patterns derived from Spectral clustering and factor analysis are associated with diet quality using NHANES 1999‐2004.
Authors: Zhao Yanling , Hwang Youngha , Gelfand Saul , Delp Edward , Eicher‐Miller Heather
Published: June 2021

Objective

The study evaluated the relationship of temporal dietary patterns derived from a novel application of spectral clustering and factor analysis, to dietary quality among adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999‐2004).

Methods

NHANES adult participants (20‐65y) with a complete day‐one 24‐hour dietary recall were clustered based on proportional energy intake, time of eating, and number of eating occasions, using algorithms of spectral clustering analysis and factor analysis. The association between clusters and mean dietary quality, as indicated by the 2005 Healthy Eating Index (HEI), was evaluated using multiple linear regression and controlled for potential confounders.

Results

Mean dietary quality among the four clusters representing distinct temporal dietary patterns was significantly different (P<0.0001). The cluster representing a pattern with proportionally equivalent energy intake consumed at three evenly spaced intake occasions throughout the daytime had the highest HEI score (50.1±0.3, mean±SEM).

Implication

Knowledge of the temporal aspect of dietary patterns may enhance understanding of the relationship of diet to health within the context of daily patterns.

Funding

Purdue University
Diet Pattern and HEI‐2010 Score for US Adults Meeting Fiber Intake Recommendations NHANES 2001‐2010
Authors: McGill Carla , Birkett Anne
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to examine the diet pattern and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)‐2010 score for US adults meeting the Adequate Intake (AI) for fiber using NHANES 2001‐2010 (n=2,565). Weighted intakes of fiber and HEI‐2010 scores were calculated and food sources categorized according to the USDA FNDDS, 5.0. Food sources of fiber (% of total) for adults age 19+ years who met the AI for fiber were grain products (40.6%), vegetables (17.8%), dry beans/peas/legumes/nuts & seeds (17.1%), fruits (15.6%), meat/poultry/fish& mixtures (5%) and all other foods (3.9%). Grain products consumed (% of total) were grain mixtures/frozen plate meals/soups (27.2%), ready‐to‐eat cereals (RTEC)(22.5%), yeast breads/rolls (14.8%), quick breads (11.2%), crackers /salty snacks (9.3%), pastas (7.0%) and cakes/cookies/pies/pastries (6.7%). Overall, RTEC and grain mixtures/frozen plate meals/soupswith grain as a major ingredient accounted for 50% of all grain products consumed. The mean HEI‐2010 score for US adults meeting the AI for fiber was 61.05. The change in HEI‐2010 score for each quartile increase in fiber intake was +3.10 points. Grain products, including RTEC and mixtures, made a significant contribution to fiber intake for adults meeting the AI for fiber. HEI‐2010 scores for adults meeting the AI for fiber were higher than the mean score for the US population (age 2+ years) reported by USDA of 53.5 (based on NHANES 2007‐08). Increased fiber intake resulted in an increase in HEI‐2010 score of 3.10 for each fiber intake quartile, with grains and mixtures being important sources of fiber for US adults meeting the AI.

Funding support provided by the Kellogg Company
AEROBIC CAPACITY IMPROVE ALTERED COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME
Authors: Teixeira Okesley , Burini Franz , Moreto Fernando , Manda Rodrigo , Burini Roberto
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION

It is well stablished that Metabolic syndrome (MS) is consequence of sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition, hence modulated by physical activity

PURPOSE

To verify the effects of lifestyle modification program on the aerobic capacity of patients with MS

METHODS

From the data of 1,109 patients aged 35‐78 years 124 fullfiled the inclusion criteria of having all variables. These variables included values of clinical, treadmill Balke protocol‐(TE), anthropometric and bioquemistry. MS were defined by NCEP‐ATP III. Were offered 5 times a week of walking/jogging (3x/wk) and strenght training (2x/wk) during 20 weeks.

RESULTS

Men and women have incresead aerobic capacity in 18% and 20% respectively. With the exception of glucose and tryglicerides all others MS components had improvement: decrease waist circunference (104.0 ± 16.4 cm x 101.6 ± 15.2/95.2 ± 12.7 cm x 94.2 ± 12.1 cm), sistolic blood pressure (128.7 ± 13.4 mmHg x 123.4 ± 12 mmHg/127.5 ± 15.1 mmHg x 123.2 ± 13 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (80.5 ± 7,8 mmHg x 77.4 ± 7,1 mmHg/80 ± 8.3 mmHg x 77.7 ± 9.2 mmHg) and increase HDL‐C (41.5 ± 11.4 x 43.8 ± 11.4 mg/dL/48.9 ± 12.3 x 51.3 ± 11.3 mg/dL) for men and women respectively. After ẋ analysis we observed a decreased in prevalence of MS (p=0.0118). From regression analysis TE resolved MS in 3.18 (OR: 2.23‐4.56). When we adjust for gender and age TE resolved MS in 3.02 (OR: 2.09‐4.35) and when adjust for gender and age and body mass index TE resolved MS in 1.63 (OR: 1.08‐2.47)

CONCLUSION

Aerobic capacity had a strong, inverse and independent association with MS components. Men and women who are in the lowest quartile of TE had 1.63‐fold to resolve MS when adjusted for gender and age and body mass index
Effects of a 12‐Week Health and Fitness Program on the Health Status of University Police Officers
Authors: Cloutier Gregory , Morton Alvin , Pierson Mackenzie , Arguello Diego , Castaneda‐Sceppa Carmen
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine physiological and metabolic changes (e.g., blood pressure, lipid profile, aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength and power, and body composition) in healthy Campus Police Officers in response to a 12‐week health and fitness intervention combining: strength and power training (SPT), cardiovascular exercise (CVE), and nutrition education.

Methods

11 participants (8 males, 3 females) 37±10 years and BMI 30.6±3.0 kg/m2, completed 12 SPT and CVE sessions 3/week at a facility of their choice. Exercise sessions included: leg extension, combined with P‐box jumps and hamstring ball planks; chest press, combined with P‐push‐up hops and ball roll‐outs; shoulder press, combined with pull‐down; and abdominal curls on a ball. All participants performed 3 sets for each exercise at a resistance that solicited failure by 10‐12 repetitions, combined with an interval CVE on alternating days. Three nutrition education sessions were held during the 12‐week period.

Results

Total cholesterol, resting heart rate, leg power, and push‐up strength were significantly improved after the intervention (P<0.05). There was a trend for significant improvements in flexibility and sit‐and‐reach (P=0.09). No significant differences were observed between genders on any of the measures collected.

Conclusion

A 12‐week health and fitness intervention resulted in parallel gains in cardiovascular risk factors and power in both men and women police officers. More research is needed to determine if longer‐term programs like this will result in significant improvements in physiological and metabolic parameters known to influence health, fitness, and well‐being in this vulnerable population.
Relationships between body mass index (BMI) and the health status in elderly Mongolian subjects with COPD
Authors: Nakao Motoyuki , Ishihara Yoko
Published: June 2021

Background

We previously reported that the health status of overweight Chinese COPD patients were significantly better than those in normal weight patients, but not in Japanese patient. In this study, we examined the relationships between the health status and BMI in Mongolia, compared with those in China and Japan.
[Method] We examined factors affecting the health status of Mongolians from 2012 to 2013. Participants were local residents of 50‐79 years old (n=521). Health status was measured using COOP/WONCA charts, and information such as symptoms and medical history were reported by participants. Pulmonary function was measured by spirometer, and physician evaluated airflow limitation by GOLD criteria. Data of 782 subjects (399 Chinese, 383 Japanese) in the previous study were compared with those of Mongolian.
[Result] Healthy Mongolian subjects showed significantly higher BMI than those of healthy Japanese and Chinese. COPD patients in Mongolia and Japan, but not in China, showed significantly lower BMI than healthy subjects. BMI was inversely‐correlated with COPD GOLD stage health status only in Chinese male patients. There was no significant effect of BMI on health status and prevalence of respiratory symptoms among Mongolian and Japanese patients.

Conclusion

There was no difference in health status between healthy and COPD subjects in Mongolia and Japan. Despite of the difference of medical environment between Mongolia and Japan, the health statuses of patients were not correlated with BMI in Mongolia and Japan. There is limitation that the differences of proportion of severity of COPD between these three countries. Since Chinese COPD patients contained those with more advanced stage, it became a limitation for accurately compare patients across three countries.
Long‐term Diet Patterns Associated with MMSE Scores in Filipino Women
Authors: BORJA JUDITH RAFAELITA , DUAZO PAULITA , CINCO MARILYN , ADAIR LINDA
Published: June 2021

The role of diet in cognitive health has increasingly gained interest in recent years, with studies showing the protective effects of antioxidants and B‐vitamins against memory loss. The influence of fish consumption on cognition remains unclear. Age‐related cognitive decline is likely to gradually manifest over time and any association with diet may be best explained by looking at long‐term intakes. In this paper we examine long‐term diet patterns and their influence on Mini‐Mental Health Examination (MMSE) scores in 1408 Filipino women aged 43‐75 (22% 蠅 60) using data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Data from 24‐hr food recalls collected in 7 time points between 1983 and 2005 were used to define diet patterns. Mean (SD) score for the 30‐item MMSE was 23 (4.1) with significantly lower scores in women 蠅 60 (57% in this age group are classified as cognitively impaired). Multivariable regression models adjusted for age, education, socioeconomic status, urbanicity, BMI, energy, and intake levels in other food groups showed that long‐term high consumption of green vegetables was positively associated with MMSE [β=0.68, p<0.05]. Long‐term high seafood consumption was negatively associated with MMSE [β=‐0.68, p<0.05]. Findings from this community‐based study reveal potentials for diet‐based interventions for improving cognitive health.

NIH Grant No. 5R01AG039443
Balancing the Risk of Infant Low Birth Weight and Macrosomia: an Examination of Gestational Weight Gain or Weight Loss among Obese Women
Authors: Deputy Nicholas , Sharma Andrea , Kim Shin
Published: June 2021

The Institute of Medicine recommends gestational weight gain of 11‐20 pounds for all obese women; however, outcomes associated with gestational weight gain or loss (GWG) may vary by obesity class. Our objective was to examine the association between GWG and infant low birth weight (LBW; <2.5 kg) or macrosomia (蠅4.5 kg) by maternal obesity class using 2012 birth certificate data. Obesity class was defined as class I (BMI 30.0‐34.9 kg/m2), class II (BMI 35.0‐39.9) and class III (BMI 蠅 40.0). We included women who delivered full‐term (蠅37 weeks), singleton infants (n=604,362) and resided in 38 states that used the 2003 revised US Standard Certificate of live birth. We estimated the adjusted risk of LBW or macrosomia using multivariable logistic regression with 8 GWG categories (10 lb increments from ‐30 to 41+) and using predicted probabilities with a continuous GWG variable. The prevalence of LBW was 1.9% for all obesity classes; the prevalence of macrosomia varied by class (class I: 1.8%, II: 2.4%, III: 3.2%; p<0.05). For all obesity classes, compared to GWG of 11‐20 lbs, lower GWG increased risk of LBW (OR range=1.21‐2.64, 95% confidence intervals (CI) range=1.04‐3.81) and decreased risk of macrosomia (OR range=0.40‐0.79, CI range=0.29‐0.97) while higher GWG increased risk of macrosomia (OR range=1.40‐4.41, CI range=1.26‐4.80) and decreased risk of LBW (OR range=0.53‐0.92, CI range=0.49‐1.06). The lowest predicted probability for both outcomes was observed at GWG of 28, 17 and 5 lbs for class I, II and III, respectively. Optimal GWG to balance risk of LBW and macrosomia varies by obesity class, suggesting tailored recommendations are needed.
Vitamin D Status is Low in Mothers with Preeclampsia and Their Infants: a Case Control Study from Serbia
Authors: Djekic‐Ivankovic Marija , Weiler Hope , Jones Glenville , Kaufmann Martin , Kaludjerovic Jovana , Aleksic‐Velickovic Vesna , Mandic Ljuba , Glibetic Maria
Published: June 2021

Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25‐OH‐D3) concentration in pregnancy increases the risk of preeclampsia (PE) based on studies from countries with vitamin D fortification policy. The objective of this study is to determine if vitamin D intake and status is associated with PE in a country without vitamin D fortification. A case control study (n=62) of pregnancies with (case) and without (control) PE was conducted in Serbia in the winter. Maternal and cord blood samples from delivery were measured for plasma 25‐OH‐D3, 3‐epi‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D3) and 24,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25‐(OH)2D3) by LC‐MS/MS. Group differences were tested with ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test and P<0.05. Exogenous vitamin D intake was not different but women with PE delivered infants at younger mean gestational age and had lower plasma 25‐OH‐D3, 3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D3 and 24,25‐(OH)2D3 (table). Case infants were of lower birth weight (Case: 2622 ± 796 vs Control: 3388 ± 381 g, p<0.001), not different in total plasma 25‐OH‐D3 (Case: 9.38 ± 1.05 vs Control: 11.17 ± 0.99 ng/ml, p=1.000) but with higher proportion of 3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D3 (Case: 7.95 ± 0.22 vs Control: 7.01 ± 0.21 % of total 25‐OH‐D3, p=0.016). A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, defined by plasma 25‐OH‐D<12 ng/ml, was observed in 56% in mothers and 84% in infants. These data underscore the importance of prenatal supplementation and food fortification policy in Serbia.

Mothers’ characteristics
Control group n=32
Case groupn=30

mean
SD
mean
SD
P value

Age (years)
27.7
4.8
29.1
5.8
0.374

Vitamin D intake Supplemental (IU/day)
198.2
140.4
173.3
163.9
0.453

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)
37.7
0.5
36.3
2.1
0.029

25‐OH‐D3 (ng/ml)
16.09
5.65
11.23
5.12
0.002

3‐epi‐25‐OH‐D3 (ng/ml)
0.70
0.21
0.51
0.53
0.008

24,25‐(OH)2D3 (ng/ml)
0.80
0.34
0.76
0.57
1.000
Anti‐allergic effect of Ramalin from Ramalina terebrata in TNF‐α‐stimulated HaCaT and RBL‐2H3 cells
Authors: Jang Yeon Jeong , Pyo Suhkneung
Published: June 2021

Allergies are immediate hypersensitive responses to antigens and IL‐4 is involved in the initiation and development of allergic responses. The present study was undertaken to examine whether ramalin, an antioxidant compound from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata, has an inhibitory effect on allergic response in TNF‐α‐stimulated HaCaT and RBL‐2H3 cells. In this study, the results of Real‐Time PCR analysis showed that mRNA levels of IL‐18, MCP‐1, RANTES and CCL17 were suppressed by ramalin in TNF‐α‐treated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Western blot analysis also indicated that ramalin inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and phosphorylation of MAP kinases induced by TNF‐α. These results suggest that ramalin inhibits TNF‐α‐stimulated chemotactic cytokines through the suppression of NF‐κB signaling pathways and MAP kinase pathways. In addition, Real‐Time PCR analysis and ELISA showed that ramalin suppressed the mRNA levels and secretion of IL‐4. Expression of NFAT2 was also attenuated by ramalin in antigen‐mediated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL‐2H3) cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ramalin has an anti‐allergic effect and is a candidate for the therapeutic agent to treat allergy symptoms.
One in Every Five Women Misperceived Body Mass in a Sample of Young Adult and Mid‐Life Women Enrolled in a Weight Gain Prevention Intervention
Authors: Metzgar Catherine , Nickols‐Richardson Sharon
Published: June 2021

Inaccurate perception of body mass may be problematic for normal weight individuals who regard themselves as overweight and for overweight/obese individuals who regard themselves as normal weight. This study explored the prevalence of body mass misperception, or the discrepancy between perceived and actual body mass, in a sample of 81 women [mean±SD age: 31.4±8.2 y, body weight (BW): 76.1±19.0 kg, body mass index (BMI): 27.9±6.8 kg/m2] who enrolled in a 1‐year weight gain prevention study. Women answered the question, “Do you perceive yourself as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese?” Trained investigators measured current BW and standing height of participants; investigators used these values to estimate actual BMI. Body mass misperception was determined by comparing perceived BW classification versus actual BMI category and was recorded as overestimated, underestimated or accurately perceived. Forty‐two percent (n=34) of women were of normal BMI, 30.9% (n=25) were overweight and 27.1% (n=22) were obese; 38.3% (n=31) of women classified themselves as normal weight, 38.3% (n=31) as overweight, and 18.5% (n=15) as obese, while 4.9% (n=4) of women did not answer the question or chose more than one category. Of these 81 women, 77.9% (n=63) accurately perceived, 4.9% (n=4) overestimated and 12.3% (n=10) underestimated BMI (4.9%, n= 4, did not respond). Approximately 1 in every 5 women enrolled in the study misperceived body mass. Such misperception should be further explored as a barrier to appropriate BW control practices or awareness of physical health.

Funded by an Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station/National Institute of Food and Agriculture research grant (#1001251).
Dietary Energy Density and Changes in Waist Circumference Among Adult Women in Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Vargas Alberto , Adair Linda
Published: June 2021

Dietary energy density (DED) in low and middle income countries (LMIC) is rising with economic development and increased availability of fats and refined sugars. Understanding food consumption patterns contributing to DED may offer insights for obesity prevention and weight loss recommendations in LMIC. This study aimed to describe contributions of food groups to DED and examine how DED relates to changes in waist circumference (WC) from 1994 to 2012 in 1,670 adult Filipino women, ages 24‐58 y in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. We created four mutually exclusive groups based on median splits of DED and total energy intake: 1) low DED‐low EI (N= 532), 2) high DED‐low EI (N=304), 3) low DED‐high EI (N=304), and 4) high DED‐high EI (N=531). We used linear regression to estimate 18 y changes in WC related to DED‐EI group, adjusting for 1994 age, income, education, urbanicity, and occupational physical activity. Differences in food group % contributions to EI were tested with ANOVA. Women in groups 1‐4 consumed 76.5, 72.9, 71.3, and 62.9% calories from cereals & cereal products; 1.8, 0.82, 0.48, and 0.32% calories from green leafy & yellow vegetables; 10.3, 12.1, 16.9, and 24.3% calories from fish, meat & poultry; respectively: Group 2‐4 intakes all differed significantly from those of group 1 (p<0.001). WC significantly increased only in younger (<35y) women by 2.20 cm (95% CI: 0.02, 4.37) in group 2 compared to group 1 (p<0.05). Results suggest significant differences in the patterns of food consumption that contribute to DED in all groups, with implications for changes in WC only in younger women in the study population.
Effects of Dietary Protein Quantity and Source in Appetite Responses in Energy‐Restricted Overweight and Obese Adults
Authors: Li Jia , Armstrong Cheryl , Campbell Wayne
Published: June 2021

Weight loss is pivotal for improving obesity‐related comorbidities. Under ad libitum conditions, high‐protein diets reportedly aid weight loss partially by sustaining satiety. However, it is not clear during energy restriction (ER), how 1) protein quantity across the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) and 2) predominant protein source affect appetitive responses in overweight/obese adults adapted to such diets. In this study, 23F/11M overweight/obese adults (age 蠅21y, BMI 30.8±0.4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups with either lean pork/beef or soy/legume as the predominant protein source (30% total protein). Each subject consumed ER diets (‐750 kcal/d) containing 10%, 20%, or 30% energy from protein for 3 consecutive 4‐wk trials (in random order). At the end of each trial, perceived appetite ratings (fullness, hunger, and desire to eat) were measured using visual analog scales (0‐100mm) under free‐living (days 25‐27, waking hours) and in‐lab (day 28, for 4 hours post‐breakfast consumption) conditions with all foods and breakfast provided, respectively. Neither protein quantity nor predominant protein source affected appetite ratings, with the exception that during the 30% protein trial daily fullness was higher than during the 10% trial (areas under the curve: 638±45 vs. 582±43 mm*13h, P<0.05). Our results suggest that protein quantity within the AMDR, regardless of predominant source, has a minimal impact on daily and meal‐specific appetite during weight loss.

Support: National Cattleman's Beef Assoc.; National Pork Board; NIH UL1TR001108.
Obesity and Mortality among Chinese HBV Carriers
Authors: Lin Wen‐Yuan , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Davidson Lance , Huang Kuo‐Chin
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES

Both obesity and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection increase the risk of death. Little information reported the relationship between obesity and the risk of death among HBV carriers in Chinese. We aimed to determine the association between obesity and all‐cause mortality among Chinese HBV carriers.

METHODS

We prospectively examined the association between obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) and the risk of death among 20,011 adult HBV carriers in Taiwan. Cox regression analyses were used for this association.

RESULTS

During the follow‐up period, 671 participants died and 79 of them (11.8%) were liver‐related. The lowest risk of all‐cause death in relation to BMI was observed at a BMI of 23.0 to 24.9 (mean BMI=24.0±0.6kg/m2). Both underweight and general obesity were associated with an increased risk of death.

CONCLUSIONS

Both underweight and obesity were associated with an increased risk of death. A mean BMI of 24 was observed to relate to the lowest risk for all‐cause death among Chinese HBV carriers.
Effects of Milk Protein Concentrate on Energy Restriction‐Induced Changes in Body Composition and Indices of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Zhou Jing , Kim Jung Eun , Campbell Wayne
Published: June 2021

This study assessed the effects of higher protein intake achieved using milk protein concentrate (MPC) on body composition and metabolic health. We conducted a 20‐wk randomized, double blind study (4‐wk weight maintenance baseline and 16‐wk energy restricted intervention with 750 kcal/d energy deficit) with 44 subjects (12M:32F, age 52 ± 7 y, BMI 30.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2) assigned to either a normal (NP, n=23) or high (HP, n=21) protein diet (0.8 vs. 1.5 g protein•kg‐1 baseline body weight•d‐1). The HP diet had 0.7 g•kg‐1•d‐1 MPC. At weeks 4 and 20, body (DEXA) and muscle (MRI) composition, waist circumference (WC), morning resting blood pressure (BP), 24‐h BP, fasting plasma glucose (Glu), insulin (Ins), triglyceride (TG), LDL‐cholesterol (C), and HDL‐C were assessed. Higher protein intake did not influence changes in these parameters, except BP. 24‐h systolic and diastolic BP decreased in HP (‐5.5 ± 1.9 and ‐3.2 ± 1.1 mmHg), but remained stable in NP (1.3 ± 1.9 and 0.1 ± 1.1 mmHg). The same pattern of changes also occurred in awake (trend for diastolic), sleep and morning BPs. Over time, subjects lost weight (‐8.2 ± 2.9 kg), fat mass (FM) (‐7.0 ± 2.5 kg), FM% (‐4.6 ± 2.1%), lean mass (LM) (‐1.2 ± 1.1 kg), and gained LM% (4.3 ± 2.0%). They also lost thigh intermuscular (IMAT) and subcutaneous (SubQ) adipose tissue areas, (‐1.4 ± 1.0 and ‐22 ± 11 cm2), fat area% (IMAT + SubQ, ‐3.6 ± 1.8%), muscle area (MA, ‐6.8 ± 4.6 cm2), and gained MA% (3.2 ± 1.6%). WC, BP, Glu, Ins, HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐ ß, LDL‐C, TG and HDL‐C all improved over time. A MPC‐based higher protein diet supported weight loss‐induced improvements in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome, and enhanced changes in BP.

Support: National Dairy Council, NIH (UL1TR001108), Purdue Ingestive Behavior Research Center.
Urinary sugars excretion as an estimate of sugars intakes is limited in its relationship to cardio‐metabolic risk factors
Authors: Kruimer Devonia , Te Morenga Lisa , Mann Jim
Published: June 2021

Background

Conclusive evidence on the role of free sugars intakes in cardio‐metabolic disease development is confounded by bias in self‐reported measures of intake.

Objective

To examine associations between urinary sugars excretion as an objective biomarker for free sugars intakes and cardio‐metabolic risk factors.

Methods

In an 8‐wk intervention study, participants consumed different beverages (orange juice, sugar sweetened beverages, diet soft drink, or milk). For the analyses we used data of 41 participants. Linear regression was used to examine urinary sugars excretion against body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and biochemical indicators (CRP, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TAG, insulin, uric acid, AST, and ALT).

Results

Urinary fructose excretion was associated with total cholesterol (B=0.009; p=0.031). Change in urinary sucrose and fructose together was associated with waist circumference (B=0.014; p=0.033). When corrected for baseline measures and sex, the change in urinary sucrose and urinary fructose were not associated with BMI, blood pressure, or percentage body fat, nor was urinary sucrose excretion associated with any of the biochemical indicators. Changes in urinary sugars excretion and self reported values were not associated with treatment (p=0.964 and p=0.536 respectively).

Conclusion

The results of this study show no convincing evidence for the change in sugars intakes and the association with cardio‐metabolic risk factors.
Has honey different short‐term metabolic effects than glucose:fructose mixtures? A pilot human study
Authors: Despland Camille , Campos Vanessa , Walther Barbara , Kast Christina , Tappy Luc
Published: June 2021

A high fructose diet can cause hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic insulin resistance. In this study, we assessed whether honey may have different metabolic effects than an isomolar glucose:fructose mixture due to its polyphenols and antioxidant content.

Eight healthy male volunteers were studied in a randomized, crossover design after 7 days on a weight‐maintenance, low fructose diet (control, C), or on isocaloric diets in which 25% complex carbohydrates were substituted with either acacia honey (HON; fructose:glucose ratio = 1.7) or 15.7% fructose and 9.3% glucose (FG). During all three dietary conditions, a day‐long metabolic profile was obtained, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGT) with dual glucose isotope (oral 13C‐ , iv 6,6 2H2 glucose) was performed.

Fasting triglyceride concentrations were not different between all three conditions (C:1.08±0.25 mmol/L control; HON:1.06±0.26, FG: 0.97±0.24). Postprandial TG responses were higher with HON and FG than with C, but there was no difference between HON and FG. 2‐hour blood glucose concentration during OGT was C:4.1±0.3 mmol/L, HON: 4.6±0.4, and FG: 4.3±0.3 (NS). Suppression of hepatic glucose output after oral glucose was the same in all three conditions (C: ‐69.9±4.4%, HON: ‐72.5±4.1, FG: ‐65.8±5.9, NS).

These results indicate that in young healthy male a) consumption of a weight‐maintenance diet containing 25% energy as honey or as a fructose‐glucose mixture slightly increases postprandial triglyceride, but does not alter glucose tolerance nor suppression of hepatic glucose production, and b) the metabolic effects induced by honey and glucose‐fructose are not significantly different.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Modified for Diabetes
Authors: Peairs Abigail , Hess Melody , Shah Amy , Couch Sarah
Published: June 2021

Objective

To utilize a modified DASH diet (mDASH) to minimize glucose variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Previous testing of a traditional DASH diet resulted in a greater standard deviation (SD) and lability index (LI) compared to a usual diet since the DASH diet had a lower percentage of energy from fat (21% compared to 36% on a usual diet). Thus, we tested a reformulated DASH diet with increased fat (30% of energy), a level which still complies with the American Diabetes Association guidelines for meal planning.

Methods: Eleven adolescents with T1D (11‐17y) recruited from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center consumed their usual diet first and then a mDASH diet. Each diet was given for 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor.

Results: mDASH was higher in fruits, vegetables, fiber, protein, magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin E (all p<0.01), and vitamin C (p=0.02), while lower in sodium (p<0.01) than usual intake. No significant differences in average blood glucose (BG), SD, LI, low BG index, high BG index, or glycemic risk assessment in diabetes equation. Postprandial (PP) glucose indices were lower on mDASH (average BG at 2h PP (p=0.026), and there was a trend for less time spent with BG >140 mg/dL (p=0.10), although also a trend for more time spent <70mg/dL (p=0.078), overall suggesting reduced BG excursions.

Conclusions

Minimizing daily BG excursions has long term cardiovascular benefits thus, the mDASH may be useful to reduce cardiovascular risk in this high risk group.

Support: Institutional Clinical and Translational Science Award, NIH/NCRR Grant # 8UL1TR000077
Frequent Consumption of Meals Prepared Outside Home Influence Dietary Adequacy and Diversity in Korean Adults
Authors: Lee Kyung Won , Song Won O. , Cho Mi Sook
Published: June 2021

Frequent consumption of foods prepared outside home has become a common lifestyle in Korea. We aimed to identify sociodemographic characteristics of and dishes consumed most often by those who eat >2 meals/day prepared outside home (“eat‐out group”) and their dietary adequacy and diversity in comparison with those who ate home prepared meals (“eat‐in group”). Data are from 24‐h recalls of 4,915 Korean adults, aged 20‐65 years and participated in the KNHANES 2007‐2009. Eat‐out group tended to be men, single, employed, more educated and from higher income group (all, p<0.01) than eat‐in group. Frequently selected meals prepared outside home were fried and grilled, and accompanied by alcohol, carbonated beverages, and coffee, while home prepared meals were boiled and steamed. Compared to eat‐in group, eat‐out group consumed more one‐dish meals such as ramen, udon, and bibimbap, and noodle dishes; had higher energy intakes (2076 vs. 2358 Kcal in men only) with higher % of energy from protein (15 vs. 23%) and fat (14 vs.16%) and lower intake of dietary fiber, potassium, and vitamin C. Overall, DVS and DDS were higher in eat‐out group, more prominently in men than in women. Differences were recognized in lifestyles, sociodemographic characteristics and long‐term health outcomes associated with consuming home‐made meals vs. > 2 meals prepared outside home. Nutritional education on the effect of cooking methods, diet quality and health status may need to be addressed with eat‐out lifestyles. Supported by the Globalization of Korean Foods R&D program, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea (911046‐1).
Factors Responsible for National School Lunch Program Participants' Entree Selections
Authors: Haley‐Zitlin Vivian , Peckham Janet , Kropp Jaclyn , Granberg Ellen , Anderson Annie , Mroz Tom
Published: June 2021

New National School Lunch Program (NSLP) guidelines were introduced to improve NSLP participants' health. Positive impacts depend upon students choosing lunch options promoting optimal health. Our study assessed the likelihood of entrée selection by SC elementary students as a function of entrée nutrient content, socio‐economic & demographic characteristics. SL entrées (n=279,698) were examined Spring, 2013 (66 days) using Point of Sale (POS) data in a suburban SC school district after guidelines' implementation (excluding sodium). Entrée options (3/day; n=37) were offered in rotation w/a fixed, daily vegetarian option. The school district posts entrée kcal, total fat (gm), protein (gm), CHO (gm) & sodium (mg) information. Mixed logit modeling assessed likelihood of entrée selection. Results were increased probability of entrée selection w/increasing fat or protein content & decreased probability w/increased entrée CHO or sodium content. Sodium preference increased w/age (grades K‐5). Preference for higher fat entrées was noted in free lunch recipients: Full‐price lunch recipients choose higher protein entrées. Nutritional content of selected entrées varied systematically by socio‐economic & demographic characteristics. A data subset was evaluated using Nutritionist ProTM to further assess entrées nutrient content. Entrée fatty acid profile was significantly different for free & paid lunch recipients (p<0.05). Multiple analyses are needed to access the impact of the new NSLP guidelines and best determine how to maximize NSLP outcomes.