bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childrenite in South-West England
Authors: Braithwaite R. S. W. , Cooper B. V.
Published: December 2006

Synopsis

Childrenite (Fe,Mn)AlPO4,(OH)2.2H2O, the iron-rich end-member of the childrenite-eosphorite diadochic series, was first discovered by Brooke (1823) on specimens from near Tavistock in Devon. Subsequently it has been recorded from a small number of other British localities, mostly in the Tavistock area, and also from near St. Austell in Cornwall, and from one locality in Cumbria. The Sir Arthur Russell collection, now in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), has specimens from a few additional localities, all near Tavistock, and the Geological Museum, Institute of Geological Sciences, has a specimen from Wheal Jane, near Truro.
Synmetamorphic uranium mineralization from Tiraun, Graubünden, Switzerland
Authors: von Pechmann E. , Bianconi F.
Published: December 2006

Petrographic, microscopic, and X-ray investigations of a uranium occurrence near Tiraun, Graubünden, Switzerland, are described. The uranium mineralization occurs in greenschist facies metamorphic rocks of the Tavetsch massif and consists essentially of uraninite of various habits with minor chalcopyrite, linnaeite, millerite, galena, marcasite, pyrite, hematite, magnetite, and skutterudite. The ore structure, characterized by concentrations along foliation planes, boudinage, and rotated (helicitic) textures of uraninite porphyroblasts, is indicative of a synmetamorphic (Alpine) remobilization, recrystallization and enrichment of the ore, which was probably derived from an original ‘protore’ in psephites and psammites (? sandstone-type mineralization) of at least Variscan age. The synmetamorphic emplacement of the ore took place under medium- to high-temperature conditions (approx. 350–400°C), as demonstrated by the lattice constants of the uraninite phases and by the ore paragenesis. Late to postmetamorphic tectonism resulted in a partial remobilization (over cm distances) and redistribution of the ore along veinlets that cut the foliation planes. The characteristics of the ore from Tiraun are similar to those from the synmetamorphic ore from Preit, northern Italy, as described by Cevales (1961).
The mineralogy and genesis of uranium in rhyolitic ignimbrites of precambrian age from Duobblon, Sweden
Authors: Smellie John A. T.
Published: December 2006

The Duobblon rhyolitic ignimbrites, of middle Precambrian age are 60 m thick. They consist of at least three flows with varying degrees of welding and have undergone devitrification, producing lithophysal and spherulitic textures. They are overlain by thick fluviatile red-bed-type conglomerates and sandstones, which in turn are capped by terrestrial acid volcanics.

Uranium enrichments of up to 3000 ppm U occur within two or three peneconcordant tabular horizons which are mostly lithophysae-bearing. Fission-track investigations of the ignimbrites and overlying conglomerates and sandstones, which supplement earlier mineralogical studies, show that U occurs as fine pitchblende disseminations; as complex uranotitanates associated with Fe-Ti-Mn oxides; and as coatings associated with matrix sericite. Small amounts of O are present in such primary accessory minerals as sphene, apatite, and zircon.

It is suggested that oxidizing U-bearing solutions, generated partly during devitrification of the ignimbrites and partly from the overlying volcano-sedimentary pile, produced the U enrichments with later sulphide deposition, along the more permeable lithophysal horizons in the ignimbrites.
Lattice structural variation in K-feldspar megacrysts of associated charnockite and alkali granite
Authors: Iball D. R. , Hubbard F. H.
Published: December 2006

The perthite megacrysts from charnockitic and non-charnockitic members of a sialic intrusive complex in the Varberg area of south-west Sweden have been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction. The extent of Al/Si order in the K-feldspar host lattices of the megacrysts is restricted in all but the major alkali granite differentiate. A direct relationship between the hydration state of the containing rock and the degree of order of the megacryst lattices is indicated. High lattice strain is common to all the megacrysts but decreases progressively with increasing triclinicity.
Atomic arrangements on the twin boundaries of crystals of calcite and aragonite
Authors: Wooster W. A.
Published: December 2006

By constructing ball-and-spoke models an attempt has been made to arrive at the atomic arrangements on the twin boundaries of four twins of calcite and one of aragonite. The Miller indices of the twins of calcite are (111), (110), (100) and (11). The twin plane in aragonite is (110). Each of the models of calcite twins has the same plane for twin plane and composition plane, and in each case it is a true mirror plane. Aragonite has a pseudo glide plane parallel to (110) gliding in the [001] direction. By making this pseudo symmetry element into a true glide plane a good model of the twin is obtained. In the (111), (110) and (100) twins of calcite all the CO3 groups in the composition plane are parallel to it. In the (11) twin the composition plane contains only CO3 groups and these are perpendicular to it.
Chromian mica from Sierra Nevada, Spain
Authors: Martín-Rabios J. D. , Rodriguez-Gallego M.
Published: December 2006

Synopsis

Emerald green chromian 2M1 mica occurs in metamorphosed and metasomatized limestones, related to serpentinic rocks from Sierra Nevada, Spain. Chemical analysis gave: SiO2 44.51, Al2O3 27.60, TiO2 0.17, Cr2O3 3.35, Fe2O3 1.76, FeO 0.07, MnO 0.00, MgO 8.59, Li2O 0.03, Rb2O 0.01, BaO 0.01, CaO 1.71, Na2O 0.40, K2O 7.86, H2O 4.21 = 100.28. Optic properties are: pleochroism X blue, Y green, Z bluish green; refractive indices: α=1.562, β=1.611, γ=1.616 (yellow light); inclined dispersion, r > v. Orientation: second order mica. Refined parameters are a = 5.2116(6), b = 9.045(2), c = 19.97(2)Å, β = 95.7(3)°. The structure is discussed and an order in the octahedral M(1) sites is observed, but no ordering in the tetrahedral T(1) and T(2) cations is detected. The mica described is a mariposite with anoma-lously high contents of Ca and Mg.
Mantle-derived dunite and lherzolite nodules from Ubekendt Ejland, west Greenland Tertiary province
Authors: Larsen Jørgen Gutzon
Published: December 2006

Scattered dunite and lherzolite nodules occur in one of the youngest basanitoid lavas on Ubekendt Ejland. They have protogranular to porphyroclastic textures. The dunites are composed of olivine (Fo93.2−91.9b), enstatite (En93.4−92.8) low in Al2O3 and CaO, and Cr-spinel (61-13% Cr2O3 and 3–55% Al2O3). A solitary lherzolite module has olivine (Fo94.7–94.1), enstatite (En94.7–94.2), Cr-rich spinel, Ti-phlogopite (11% TiO2), and hyalophane. Petrographic evidence suggests that the two latter minerals have not been introduced by magmatic injection from the host in spite of the refractory nature of the coexisting phases, and metasomatic processes prior to the last deformation are therefore indicated. Partial melting of such mantle material would presumably produce small amounts of alkaline liquids even at very high temperatures. Another lherzolite nodule from a lamprophyre dyke has minerals with lower Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios which, together with its preserved igneous textures, suggest a high-pressure precipitate. The lowest well-esablished equilibrium temperatures of 700–830°C for both dunites and lherzolites indicate a pressure regime of 12-17 kbar, according to the oceanic geotherm, whereas unrealistically high pressure (20–5 kbar) are suggested using the continental shield geotherm.
Roeblingite: new chemical data
Authors: Dunn Pete J. , Norberg Julie A. , Leavens Peter B.
Published: December 2006

New chemical analyses of roeblingite from Franklin, New Jersey, and Långban, Sweden, are presented. The average composition of Franklin roeblingite is SiO2 24.9, CaO 23.8, SrO 2.4. MnO 2.4, PbO 30.2 SO3 10.4, H2O 6.13%, Sum = 100.23%. The data support space group C2/m and suggest the formula is (Ca,Sr)12 (Mn,Ca)2Pb4(SO4)4Si12O28(OH)20, if there is ordering on the site of rank 2.
Mineralization in the Bonser vein, Coniston, English Lake District: mineral assemblages, paragenesis, and formation conditions
Authors: Stanley C. J. , Vaughan D. J.
Published: December 2006

The Bonser vein, one of the most productive sources of copper in the English Lake District, contains a mineral assemblage comprising quartz, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, stilpnomelane, magnetite, pyrrhotine, pyrite, marcasite, native bismuth, bismuthinite, laitakarite, joseite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and cosalite. The phases pyrrhotine, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, laitakarite, joseite, and cosalite were analysed by electron microprobe. The occurrence of laitakarite is the first reported in the British Isles. Textures of the ore and gangue minerals show that the vein minerals were deposited successively in open voids. The sequence of deposition was of quartz forming throughout, early chlorite and stilpnomelane with some dolomite and calcite, magnetite as the earliest opaque phase, followed by arsenopyrite, pyrrhotine, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and marcasite; the bismuth- and lead-bearing minerals were the last to form.

The data on the coexisting phases and their compositions have been used to estimate the temperatures of mineralization and the activities of sulphur and oxygen. Magnetite and arsenopyrite appear to have formed at 350–400% with aS2 reaching 10−12 to 10−14 atm. and aO2 around 10−24 to 10−29 atm. The assemblage of quartz, chlorite, stilpnomelane, calcite, dolomite, pyrrhoine, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and (late) arsenopyrite was probably deposited at ∼ 240°C, with aS2 decreasing to 10−15 to 10−16 atm and aO2 to 10−38) to 10{su−44 atm. The later minerals probably formed at temperatures as low as 200°C and under similar conditions of sulphur and oxygen activity.
Cooling rate studies of rocks from two basic dykes
Authors: Corrigan G. M.
Published: December 2006

Synopsis

Nucleation and crystal growth of plagioclase have been studied in two basaltic melts by one atmosphere, constant-rate and variable-rate cooling experiments using the wire-loop technique (Donaldsonet al., 1975). Constant-rate cooling studies indicate that the length of the incubation period prior to nucleation varies systematically with the degree of supercooling and with the cooling rate. Attempts to determine the rates at which the marginal parts of two dykes (from the Isle of Arran, SW Scotland) cooled, by the attempted reproduction of the natural textural features, in constant-rate cooling experiments suggest that for one of the dykes, plagioclase phenocrysts at the contact could have grown at a cooling rate of approximately 3°C/hour and the groundmass plagioclase laths at faster cooling rates in excess of 10°C/hour. For the other dyke the plagioclase laths in the rocks 0.5 cm from the dyke contact probably grew at rates slower than 2°C/hour. Attempts to validate experimentally the Jaeger (1957) cooling model for the two dykes suggest that the dykes cooled at much slower rates than the theory predicts.
Autometasomatic gneisses of the Currywongaun-Doughruagh syntectonic intrusion, Connemara Ireland
Authors: Angus N. S. , Kanaris-Sotiriou R.
Published: December 2006

The Currywongaun and Doughruagh masses of northern Connemara represent a section through a syntectonic, partially layered intrusion formed of ultrabasic cumulates all having plagioclase of around An94. Differentiation and contamination of the magma from which these cumulates were precipitated ultimately produced an acid residuum which was responsible for the hydrous metasomatism of the earlier formed ultrabasic rocks resulting in the extensive formation of quartz-amphibole-anorthite gneisses in the petrogenetically ‘upper’ parts of the intrusion. Coexisting Ca-rich and Ca-poor amphiboles in the gneisses are interpreted as ‘frozen’ reaction intermediates that were in local equilibrium. The bulk-rock chemical data presented confirm that the compositions of the quartz-rich gneisses can be attributed almost entirely to the addition of Si to the ultrabasic rocks, coupled with the removal of Mg and Ca. The data also suggest that Zr, which reaches around 1000 ppm in some of the gneisses, may have been ‘mobile’ under these conditions of hydrothermal metasomatism.
An occurrence of rare-earth-rich eudialyte from Ascension Island, South Atlantic
Authors: Harris C. , Cressey G. , Bell J. D. , Atkins F. B. , Beswetherick S.
Published: December 2006

A mineral closely resembling eudialyte in single crystal X-ray pattern and chemistry has been found in one granite block from the 5 Mile Post area on Ascension Island. To our knowledge, eudialyte has not previously been recognized in this suite of granites although they contain two other rare zirconium silicates, dalyite and vlasovite. Textural evidence suggests that the eudialyte, which is remarkable for its high yttrium and REE content, crystallized from very late-stage magmatic fluids. Rare-earth patterns are only slightly fractionated (CeN/YN = 1.8–2.5) compared with those of allanites and sphenes from Skye granites which presumably have similar parageneses. In contrast, the whole-rock REE pattern shows greater enrichment of light REE (CeN/YN ∼ 10). This difference in REE pattern is considered to be due to the effects of REE and other element complexing related to the peralkalinity of the granite liquid.
The crystal morphology of plagioclase feldspar produced during isothermal supercooling and constant rate cooling experiments
Authors: Corrigan G. M.
Published: December 2006

The crystal morphology of plagioclase feldspar in seven mafic rocks has been studied by isothermal supercooling and constant rate cooling experiments at 1 atmosphere using the ‘wire-loop’ suspension method. There is a systematic variation in crystal morphology with supercooling (−ΔT), but the transitions between the different morphologies are gradual, and consecutive forms sometimes occur together. As −ΔT increases, the sequence of plagioclase morphology is generally laths → skeletal forms → fan spherulites. During isothermal supercooling the position of the plagioclase morphological fields is shown to be dependent on −ΔT, superheating (+ΔT), and also on time to a greater or lesser degree. Variations in melt composition and viscosity affect the position and slope of the boundaries of the fields. In the constant rate cooling experiments, the morphological type is dependent on the cooling rate and can be used to a limited extent as an indicator of the range of supercooling over which the first crystals nucleated and grew.
Appraisal of the Ferguson method and the linear model using Δ(bc), Δ(b*c*), Δ(αγ), Δ(α*γ*) to estimate tetrahedral Al-contents in alkali feldspar
Authors: Blasi Achille
Published: December 2006

The new method proposed by Ferguson (1980, 1981) for estimating the T-site occupancies in K-rich feldspars from lattice constants is discussed and compared with the linear model using the structural indicators Δ(bc), Δ(b*c*), Δ(αγ), Δ(α*γ*). The latter method appears to be considerably more effective in view of its wider application to alkali feldspars of different compositions and structural states. Ferguson's (1980, 1981) method has been conceived for K-rich feldspars alone and may produce results that tend to be more erroneous the further a K-rich feldspar lies from the two-step ordering paths involved in the formulation of the determinative procedure itself.
Evaluation of stream sediment data for favourability of uranium mineralization in Tertiary granitic plutons of the Alaska Range
Authors: Beyth Michael , McInteer Carlotta
Published: December 2006

Favourability of uranium mineralization in six tertiary granitic plutons of the Alaska Range in the Talkeetna and Mt McKinley quadrangles was studied. The uranium concentrations of drainage sediment samples, which were collected and analysed by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory for the National Uranium Resources Evaluation, were statistically evaluated and compared to those of the surrounding area using factor and cluster analyses. The results of this study suggest that five of the six plutons under consideration are likely to contain uranium mineralization. These plutons are probably a potential source rock for uranium in the region.
Occurrence and significance of awaruite in the Dras ultramafics, Kashmir Himalaya, India
Authors: Radhakrishna T. , Divakara Rao V. , Krishna Rao J. R. S.
Published: December 2006

A new occurrence of awaruite, from India, is reported in the ultramafic units of the Dras area which form part of the Indus Suture ophiolites in Kashmir Himalaya. Its formation in these rocks suggests a low-temperature process of serpentinization. Ni and Fe released from olivine and/or pyroxene must have formed awaruite peragenetically next to magnetite and pentlandite.
Eggonite (Kolbeckite, Sterrettite), ScPO4 · 2H2O
Authors: Hey M. H. , Milton Charles , Dwornik Edward J.
Published: December 2006

Synopsis

The curious history of the mineral eggonite is reviewed, and two new occurrences are described. The original specimens, for which Schrauf gave good morphological and optical data in 1879, with a tentative suggestion that it was a cadmium silicate, were fakes; the tiny crystals of the new mineral were glued on to hemimorphite specimens from Altenberg, Belgium. In 1929, Zimanyi edited and published observations by Krenner, who found the mineral on silver ores from Felsöbánya, Hungary, added to Schrauf's physical data, and identified it as an aluminium phosphate. It was not until 1959 that Mrose and Wappner showed that it is scandium phosphate, ScPO4 · 2H2O, and essentially identical with kolbeckite, described by Edelmann in 1926 as a phosphate and silicate of beryllium, aluminium, and calcium from Saxony, and with sterrettite, described by Larsen and Montgomery in 1940 as an aluminium phosphate from Fairfield, Utah.

In 1980 the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, while accepting the identity of the three minerals and rejecting the name sterrettite, were almost equally divided over the names eggonite and kolbeckite, which are thus both acceptable; since eggonite has 47 years priority, we suggest that it should have preference.

The available physical and chemical data on eggonite are summarized and added to, and two new occurrences, at Potash Sulfur Springs, Arkansas, and at Sakpur, Gujarat, India, are described.
High-pressure metamorphism between the pelagonian Massif and Vardar Ophiolite Belt, Yugoslavia
Authors: Majer Vladimir , Mason Roger
Published: December 2006

A reported occurrence of metamorphic rocks containing sodic pyroxenes, in the transition zone between the Pelagonian Crystalline Massif and the Vardar Ophiolite Belt, in Macedonia, Yugoslavia, has been re-investigated, and pyroxenes, micas, plagioclase, and clinozoisite analysed by microprobe. The presence of the high-pressure metamorphic assemblage quartz + omphacite+albite is confirmed, giving the first definite indication of blueschist-facies metamorphic conditions in Yugoslavia.
The distribution of lithium in some Cornish minerals: ion microprobe measurements
Authors: Wilson G. C. , Long J. V. P.
Published: December 2006

Ion microprobe analyses of Li are presented for minerals of the Variscan granites and related rocks of west Cornwall. Together with electron microprobe data these provide insight into the behaviour of Li during the protracted late- and post-magmatic history of the granites. The role of the Mg-Fe tourmaline series is emphasized in this exploratory study.
New data on georgiadesite
Authors: Roland C. Rouse  , Pete J. Dunn
Published: December 2006

The chemistry and crystallography of type georgiadesite from Laurion, Greece, have been reexamined using electron microprobe analysis along with powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Georgiadesite is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 13.803(10), b = 7.910(2), c = 10.812(4) Å, and β = 102.68(3)°. No twinning was observed. The probable chemical formula is either Pb16(AsO4)4Cl14O2(OH)2 or Pb16(AsO4)4Cl14(OH)6. The calculated densities for these formulae are 6.39 and 6.44 g/cm3, respectively, compared to a measured value of 6.3 + 0.3 g/cm3
Karroo basalts of southern Malawi and their regional petrogenetic significance
Authors: Macdonald R. , Crossley R. , Waterhouse K. S.
Published: December 2006

Karroo basaltic lavas of southern Malawi are divided into two groups on the basis of stratigraphy, petrography, and the data from 20 newly analysed rocks. A lower group of porphyritic lavas is notably rich in plagioclase phenocrysts and has contents of K, Ti, P, Ba, and Zr unusually high for tholeiitic basalts. They are overlain by an upper group of aphyric or sparsely microphyric lavas whose chemistry is more normal for tholeiites and is comparable with that of the Karroo dolerite dykes in Malawi. Though they outcrop in the northern part of the Karroo province, the lavas and dykes have chemical characteristics more similar to southern province rocks, adding some complexity to the concept of geochemical provinces established by earlier workers. Inter-suite variations in incompatible trace element contents and ratios indicate that the basalts of each group were derived from heterogeneous mantle sources.
The geochemistry of hydrothermal and pelagic sediments from the Galapagos Hydrothermal Mounds Field, D.S.D.P. Leg 70
Authors: Moorby S. A. , Cronan D.S.
Published: December 2006

Over 200 sediment samples taken from ten holes drilled in the Galapagos Hydrothermal Mounds Field during D.S.D.P. Leg 70 have been analysed for twenty-one elements. The three main sediment lithologies recognized are siliceous carbonate ooze, Mn-oxide crust, and an Fe-rich silicate (nontronite), the latter two being of hydrothermal origin. The major element composition of the hydrothermal deposits is similar in each mound hole, suggesting that formation conditions and hydrothermal solution composition have been constant both geographically and with time. The large variations which occur in the concentration of some trace elements in the Mn-oxide crusts and in transition metal ratios in the nontronite compared with the pelagic ooze suggests a hydrothermal supply to the mounds of Li, Mo, Pb, and Ba in addition to Mn, Fe, and silica.

The data are compatible with suggestions that the nontronite formed at depth in the pelagic sediment blanket by replacement of biogenic ooze, whilst the Mn crusts formed at or near the sediment-water interface. Pelagic sediments in the mounds which have not been replaced are similar in composition to pelagic sediments from non-mounds holes.
A reappraisal of chloritoid-bearing phyllites in the Forland Complex rocks of Prins Karls Forland, Spitsbergen
Authors: Manby G. M.
Published: December 2006

In the Forland Complex chloritoid is restricted to the grey and green phyllites which characterize the Scotia and Peachflya groups. The textures and compositions of the rocks and constituent minerals are described and discussed in an attempt to assess how metamorphism, deformation, and chemistry have influenced the stability of chloritoid.
The Structural behaviour of tetrahedral framework compounds—a review. Part I. Structural behaviour
Authors: Taylor D.
Published: December 2006

Tetrahedral framework compounds, as defined in this paper, generally exist as tilted and distorted versions of ideal fully expanded structures at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. How pressure, temperature, and composition (P, T, and X) affect the tilting and distortion is critically reviewed. Although P, T, and X are generally regarded as analogous variables in their effect on framework structures there is reason to believe that they have different structural effects. In particular, an important, and frequently neglected, thermal effect is the apparent shortening of the framework bonds by the anisotropic thermal motion of the framework oxygens. The effects of P, T, and X on displacive transformations in framework compounds are reviewed with particular reference to the disordered alkali feldspars and the leucites. It seems probable from the available evidence that displacive transformations do not take place at a critical size of the framework. Displacive transformations can take place with or without a volume discontinuity and hysteresis. Furthermore, the effects of P, T, and X on a solid-solution series with a displacive transformation can be different, one variable causing a volume discontinuity and another a smooth transition.
Crystal-liquid partition coefficients for pyroxene, spinels, and melilite, in slags
Authors: Wearing E.
Published: December 2006

The chemistry of spinels, plagioclase, and iron-rich, normally zoned pyroxene and melilite from some metallurgical slags has been investigated by electron microprobe analysis. Minor element partition coefficients, some of which are composition-dependent, have been calculated from the analytical data. The pyroxene/liquid partition coefficients range from 4.03 to 0.03 in the order Ti/Zr, Al, Mn, Zn, Ba, Sn, Na, reflecting increasing incompatibility. The spinel/liquid partition coefficients range from 40.89 to 0.02 but in the order Ti, Ni, Mg/Zn, Al, Mn, Cu, Sn, Zr. However, Sn becomes very compatible when the pyroxene and spinels crystallize in association with cassiterite. Melilite greatly discriminates against the incorporation of minor elements into its crystal structure. The crystallization of these phases produces residual liquids enriched in Na, Mn, Zn, Sn, Ba, W, and Pb.
Cr Mica from the Precambrian Erris Complex, NW Mayo, Ireland
Authors: Max Michael D. , Treloar P. J. , Winchester J. A. , Oppenheim M. J.
Published: December 2006

Cr micas identified as chrome phengites occur in association with other Cr-rich minerals in a peculiar schist which lies along a complex shear zone within the pre-Caledonian Erris Complex. The schist generally has a chaotic internal structure but locally there is a crude planar mineralogical zoning with a serpentinebearing zone structurally above a Cr mica zone. Chemical analyses indicate that the schist is a tectonic derivative of a mixture of rock with a pronounced metasomatic character.
Babingtonite, fluorapophyllite and sphene from Harcourt, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Birch W. D.
Published: December 2006

Small crystals of babingtonite and rare sphene occur in a coarse-grained aggregate of fluorapophyllite, stilbite, and calcite, infilling a late-stage cavity in granodiorite from Harcourt, Victoria. This is the first reported occurrence of babingtonite in Victoria. The assemblage crystallized from fluids in which Ca and F were significant and under P–T conditions of the order of 0.5 kbar, 100–150°C. Some of the fluorapophyllite has been altered to opaline silica suggesting that the residual solutions were acidic.
A ferric iron equivalent of hematolite from Sterling Hill, New Jersey and Långban, Sweden
Authors: Dunn Pete J. , Peacor Donald R.
Published: December 2006

An unnamed Fe3+analogue of hematolite is described from Sterling Hill, New Jersey and Långban, Sweden. Eight microprobe analyses are in good agreement with ratios derived from a prior analysis which yielded: Al2O30.24, Fe2O310.85, MgO 10.61, MnO 41.76, As2O36.65, As2O515.29, H2O 13.23 (rem. = 1.63), sum = 100.26 %. Single-crystal study indicated that this compound is hexagonal witha= 8.28 Å, but the value ofccould not be well-defined due to complex polytypism giving rise to diffuse and poorly resolved reflections alongc*. In one case, a value ofc= 72.69 Å was dominant. All values that could be determined were multiples of approximately 12 Å. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are: 2.400(100), 1.563(100), 6.09(80), 3.42(50), and 5.13(50). This compound is dark red and occurs as platy hexagonal crystals in clusters associated with a wide variety of species in varied assemblages. It remains unnamed because of the ambiguity arising from polytypism.
Munirite, naturally occurring sodium vanadium oxide hydrate, a new mineral
Authors: Butt K. A. , Mahmood K.
Published: December 2006

Munirite was found in the sandstones of Siwaliks formation of mid-Miocene to Pleistocene age. It occurs as small globular clusters of acicular crystals (2 to 3 mm long). Analysis gave V2O5 67.46, N2O 22.91, and H2O 10.26%. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern shows remarkable similarity to a synthetic compound NaVO3 · 1.9H2O (Lukacs and Strausievici, 1962).
Zeophyllite from Monte Somma, Vesuvius, Italy
Authors: Passaglia Elio , Porcelli Cesare
Published: December 2006

Zeophyllite, a rare calcium silicate, occurs at Monte Somma, Italy, as milky-white, slightly fibrous spherules associated with apophyllite on the surface of pumice in a welded tuff dated 472 AD. The chemical analysis and the indexed powder pattern, along with the chemical formula and unit cell dimensions calculated from these data, are given. The deficiency of Ca and Si cations and the abundance of (OH) and F anions in the chemical formula calculated on the basis of 38 anions (O + F) is interpreted as due to the presence of (O4H4) substituting for (SiO4) tetrahedra and of fluorine instead of oxygen atoms in two anionic sites.
Thermodynamic mixing properties of pyrrhotine, Fe1_XS
Authors: Powell Roger
Published: December 2006

Published data from pyrrhotine-vapour equilibrium experiments are used to make inferences concerning the high-temperature thermodynamic mixing properties of pyrrhotine. Darken's quadratic formalism provides the justification for plotting activity of sulphur data against (1−X)2, where X is used in Fe1−XS to express the composition of non-stoichiometric pyrrhotine. Such plots show that the thermodynamic behaviour of pyrrhotine appears to be different on either side of X = 0.125, the Fe7S8 composition.
Silver substitution into synthetic zinc, cadmium, and iron tetrahedrites
Authors: Pattrick R. A. D. , Hall A. J.
Published: December 2006

The limits and effect on cell size of silver substitution into synthetic tetrahedrite, Cu10(Zn,Fe,Cd2) Sb4S13, are investigated for comparison with natural tetrahedrite. The limit of Ag substitution into natural zincian tetrahedrite is ∼ 4 atoms per half unit cell and into iron tetrahedrite ∼ 6.5 atoms (with rare exceptions). The cell size of natural tetrahedrite increases with increasing Ag content up to 4 atoms but decreases with further Ag substitution. The highest Ag substitution achieved in synthetic tetrahedrites was 4.7 atoms in Zn2-tetrahedrite, 7.02 atoms in Cd2-tetrahedrite and 6.80 atoms in Fe2-tetrahedrite. The cell size of synthetic tetrahedrites shows a continuous increase with increasing Ag content, the largest cell size ofa= 10.927 Å being in the Cd2-tetrahedrite with 7.02 atoms Ag. The iron content of tetrahedrite systematically increased from 1.1 to 2.0 atoms per half unit cell tetrahedrite with increase from 0 to ∼ 4 atoms Ag. The different limit of Ag substitution between Zn2and Cd2tetrahedrite can be explained by size constraints on the expanding structure. An explanation is given for a limit of 7 atoms Ag substitution in tetrahedrite using a combined electron band/molecular orbital approach.
Sulphur isotopes in metamorphosed Precambrian Fe-Pb-Zn-Cu sulphides and baryte at Aggeneys and Gamsberg, South Africa
Authors: von Gehlen K. , Nielsen H. , Chunnett I. , Rozendaal A.
Published: December 2006

Sulphur isotope ratios in sulphides and baryte from stratabound and stratiform orebodies in a metavolcanic-sedimentary sequence in Namaqualand were found, in part, to be extreme for Precambrian sulphur. Black Mountain, Aggeneys, in the west gave an average for the sulphides of δ34S = +8.9±3.7‰ (9 samples), an average for barytes of +20.6±4.3‰ (3 samples). Broken Hill, Aggeneys, in the centre gave an average for the sulphides of δ34S = +19.8±3.1‰ (19 samples). Gamsberg, in the east, gave an average for the sulphides of δ34S = +29.2±1.8‰ (24 samples), and an average for barytes of +35.4±0.2‰ (2 samples). The δ34S values increase eastward. Their range is strongly on the positive side and does not centre around zero. The Gamsberg barytes and most Gamsberg sulphides have more positive δ34S values than those reported for other Precambrian sulphides and sulphates. We interpret the above sulphur isotope range as being mainly due to the varying contributions of submarine-exhalative sulphide sulphur with δ34S close to zero and bacterially(?) reduced sulphate with strongly positive δ34S, apparently from evaporites in the east. Metamorphism of amphibolite facies grade has partly isotopically re-equilibrated the ore minerals, as indicated by galena-pyrrhotine and sulphide-baryte isotope temperatures from single specimens, but has not destroyed the primary sulphur isotope range indicating pre-existing sulphate concentrations.
Sphalerite composition in relation to deposition and metamorphism of the Foss stratiform Ba-Zn-Pb deposit, Aberfeldy, Scotland
Authors: Moles Norman R.
Published: December 2006

Sphalerite is a common constituent of the mineralized rocks and host metasediments of the Foss baryte-base metal deposit, located near Aberfeldy in the central Scottish Highlands. Microprobe analyses of sphalerite show a wide range in minor element content (0–17 mol. % FeS, 0–3 mol. % MnS), and sphalerites of contrasting composition are often found in the same rock. This suggests that equilibrium domains in some rocks were minute (< 1 mm), during regional metamorphism. Pressures derived from the selective application of the sphalerite geobarometer are consistent with other mineralogical evidence of peak metamorphic pressures in the range 7–10 kbar, at 540–580 °C. However, there is considerable evidence of partial retrograde re-equilibration of sphalerite, by continued buffering with pyrite+ pyrrhotine and by outward diffusion of iron. Marginal depletion of Fe and Mn in sphalerite within coarse carbonate rocks is attributed to partitioning reactions following recrystallization. Sphalerite which has retained its pre-metamorphic composition shows systematic variations in composition through profiles of mineralized beds, which may be related to depositional environments. Bimodal primary compositions can be explained by precipitation of zinc sulphides under the contrasting chemical environments of hydrothermal vents and cooler, exhaled brine layers on the sea floor.
The interpretation of pyrrhotine-pentlandite- tochilinite-magnetite-magnesite textures in serpentinites from Mount Keith, Western Australia
Authors: van de Vusse R. , Powell Roger
Published: December 2006

The ultramafic-hosted disseminated nickel sulphide deposit at Mount Keith, Western Australia, originally consisted of sulphide droplets and chrome spinels interstitial to olivine. During cooling, the sulphide droplets crystallized to pentlandite-pyrrhotine. Hydration and carbonation caused rimming and replacement of pentlandite-pyrrhotine by tochilinite, magnetite, and magnesite. These textures are interpreted in terms of diffusion between serpentinite matrix and the sulphide blebs.
Metamorphic features in Appalachian massive sulphides
Authors: Craig James R.
Published: December 2006

Massive stratiform and stratabound sulphide bodies in the central Appalachians exhibit a wide variety of metamorphic features which are typical of similar deposits world-wide. The ores occur as lens- to plate-like bodies which are concordant with the enclosing meta-sediments and volcanics and are interpreted as products of Late Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic submarine volcanism. Sulphide mineralization ranges from pyritic to pyrrhotinic bodies with variable, but Zn- and Cu-dominant, base-metal contents. The deposits have been subjected to metamorphism ranging from greenschist to amphibolite grade. The metamorphism has been pervasive and has resulted in thorough recrystallization of most ores and intense deformation of pyrrhotinic ores, but does not appear to have significantly altered original sulphide assemblages. Recrystallization has homogenized most sulphide minerals including pyrite and sphalerite, so that any original compositional zoning is no longer seen. The presence of chalcopyrite has apparently promoted an increase in grain size and has facilitated post-metamorphic retrograde re-equilibration. Consequently, sphalerite geobarometry is not reliable in Cu-bearing assemblages. Pyrrhotines, mostly hexagonal, have re-equilibrated to low temperatures but commonly display pressure twins and kink-banding, apparently due to the late stages of deformation. Characteristic mineralogical changes in the host rocks include changes in the abundance of minerals, changes in the Fe: Mg ratios, and the presence of gahnite.
Rare earth element distribution in a metasomatic zoned ultramafic pod from Fiskenaesset, West Greenland
Authors: Fowler M. B. , Williams C. T. , Henderson P.
Published: December 2006

The distribution of REE in a zoned ultramafic pod formed by incomplete re-equilibration of ultrabasic and quartzofeldspathic reactant compositions has been studied. Transport of the heavy REE (HREE) as well as the light REE (LREE) over several metres has occurred during the diffusion-controlled metasomatism of the protolith mineral assemblages. The largest resultant concentration range (Eu) exceeds two orders of magnitude. In general, REE abundances increase towards the marginal zones, and differences between the behaviour of LREE, middle REE (MREE) and HREE subgroups are observed. LREE are least mobile in the aqueous transporting medium. Complexing by carbonate ligands is probably not an important factor in this system, and the final REE distribution is thought to be governed largely by the crystal structure of the major zonal minerals.
Magnesian högbomite in a sapphirine-bearing rock from the Fiskenaesset region, W. Greenland
Authors: Ackermand D. , Windley B. F. , Herd R. K.
Published: December 2006

Högbomite occurs in a 20 × 80 cm gedrite-rich lens between meta-volcanic amphibolite and anorthosite at the top of the Fiskenaesset Complex in the Angnertussoq area 13 km SE of Fiskenaesset. Between coarse prismatic gedrites there are dusters with chlorite, spinel, sapphirine, rutile, högbomite and corundum. Högbomite forms 200 µm grains often associated with rutile, surrounded by spinel and sapphirine but never in contact with gedrite. Usually sapphirine forms rims on spinel and contains relict gedrite. Corundum is intergrown with spinel and sapphirine. Reactions suggested by the textures are: 1. Gedrite + spinel + rutile → sapphirine + högbomite + chlorite. 2. Sapphirine → chlorite + corundum + spinel. 3. Högbomite → rutile + corundum + spinel. In some areas without rutile or högbomite the reaction gedrite + spinel + ? → sapphirine + chlorite took place.

Mg/(Mg + Fe + Mn) ratios are in the following order: sapphirine (0.95–0.92) > chlorite (0.94) > hornblende (∼ 0.91) > anthophyllite (∼ 0.86) > gedrite (∼ 0.86) > spinel (0.77–0.74) > högbomite (0.75–0.71). Högbomite usually has an anhydrous total of c. 98 %; on the basis of 31 oxygens and with total Fe as FeO one representative analysis has Mg 4.59, Fe 1.73, Zn 0.02, Ni 0.05, Al 14.78, Cr 0.02, Ti 1.2 atoms per formula unit.
Mineralogical and petrological studies of Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments from southern England and their relevance to radioactive waste disposal
Authors: Milodowski A. E. , Wilmot R. D.
Published: December 2006

A sequence of sedimentary rocks from the Lower Chalk to the Oxford Clay has been studied as part of a reasearch programme into the feasibility of the disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes in argillaceous strata. The preservation of aragonite in such rocks suggests that little groundwater movement has occurred through the bulk of these clays and this would imply that most groundwater movement is likely to occur along any fractures that may be present. Such fractures may interconnect with adjacent aquifer units along which most transport of radionuclides would occur. In these sediments the presence of smectitic clay minerals would strongly influence their retention of radionuclides by sorption and ion-exchange reactions. Compaction, calcite cementation, calcite dissolution and the diagenesis of biogenic silica have influenced the porosity and permeability of the rocks. These processes have also controlled the chemistry of many pore surfaces in contact with groundwater and these in turn will affect groundwater chemistry, and the nature of interactions with transported radionuclides.
An investigation of olivine crystal growth in a picrite dyke, using the fission track method
Authors: Henderson Paul , Sélo Madeleine , Storzer Dieter
Published: December 2006

A picrite dyke with an olivine-bearing chilled margin and an olivine-rich centre has been used to test for the presence of a boundary layer around rapidly grown olivine crystals and for any variations in the olivine/melt partition coefficient for uranium as a result of probably different crystal growth rates. The technique of fission-track mapping is shown to be suitable for this kind of study despite the very low uranium concentrations in the olivines. A boundary layer appears to be present around some olivine crystals but it is not a consistent feature. Uranium partition between olivine and melt was not affected by different crystal growth rates, as revealed by different crystal morphologies.
Baghdadite, a new calcium zirconium silicate mineral from Iraq
Authors: Al-Hermezi H. M. , McKie D. , Hall A. J.
Published: December 2006

Baghdadite, a new calcium zirconium silicate mineral has been found in melilite skarn in contact with banded diorite, from the Qala-Dizeh region, NE Iraq. Electron microprobe analysis yielded: SiO2 = 29.26, ZrO2 = 27.00, TiO2 = 2.11, Fe2O3 = 0.11, Al2O3 = 0.03, MgO = 0.05, CaO = 41.44, Na2O = 0.02, sum = 100.02 wt. %. The mineral contains about 0.16% HfO2. This analysis calculates to Ca3.00(Zr0.89Ti0.11)(Si1.98Fe0.01)O9 which leads to the ideal formula Ca3Zr[O2|Si2O7]. X-ray single crystal study showed it to be monoclinic with space group P21/a. The unit cell dimensions are: a = 10.42(2), b = 10.16(2), c = 7.36(1) Å, β = 91.1°, Z = 4 and cell volume = 779.04 Å3. The seven strongest lines in the powder diffraction pattern are (d,I,hkl): 7.30 (45)(110), 3.23 (80)(130), 3.04 (75)(2̄02), 2.98 (85)(202), 2.88 (70)(320,212), 2.84 (100)(230), 1.702 (40)(522). It is colourless, lustre vitreous, no cleavage and VHN50 = 725–783 kg mm−2 with H ∼ 6. Calculated density = 3.48 g cm−3 which is very close to 3.46 measured density of a synthetic Ca3ZrSi2O9. It is optically biaxial, positive, 2 V ∼ 72°, dispersion indiscernible. The cathodoluminescence colour is dull grey with a greenish tint. Refractive indices: α= 1.652, β = 1.658, γ = 1.670. The crystal habit is stumpy prismatic and a contact twin with b as twinning axis is observed. Optic orientation: α = c, β//b, γ = a.
Mantle-derived sapphirine
Authors: Griffin W. L. , O'Reilly S. Y.
Published: December 2006

A xenolith from the Delegate breccia pipe (New South Wales, Australia) contains sapphirine in equilibrium with aluminous clinopyroxene, garnet, and plagioclase (An48). This unusual assemblage probably developed from a clinopyroxene (±spinel ± plagioclase) cumulate during cooling from > 1400°C to c. 1000°C at pressures near 15 kbar. The sapphirine is close to the 7:9:3 composition, suggesting that bulk composition is more important than P-T conditions in determining the stoichiometry of natural sapphirines. A similar occurrence of sapphirine has also been recorded in mantlederived xenoliths from the Stockdale kimberlite in Kansas. Re-examination of sapphirine granulites from Finero suggests that their primary assemblages and origin may have been similar to those of the Delegate xenolith. Sapphirine is clearly stable under upper-mantle conditions in Ca-Al-Mg-rich bulk compositions.
Silver mineralization at the Vale das Gatas tungsten mine, Portugal
Authors: Gaspar O. , Bowles J. F. W. , Shepherd T. J.
Published: December 2006

The Vale das Gatas tungsten mine is situated at the contact between Hercynian granite and Cambrian-Precambrian crystalline schists a few kilometers north of the village of Sabrosa, near Vila Real, in northern Portugal. Wolframite has been the principal product of the mine although several other metals of economic interest are known to occur there. The silver content of the ores was attributed by earlier workers to the presence of tetrahedrite and schapbachite, whilst this work shows matildite, pavonite, acanthite, and argyrodite to be present, together with Ag-bearing galena. The textures and compositions of these phases are described with preliminary results of fluid inclusion studies.
Growth twinning in phacolite
Authors: Akizuki Mizuhiko , Konno Hiroshi
Published: December 2006

Phacolite from Mitaki, Sendai City, Japan, has a core of penetration-twinned chabazite. The crystal has a convex (0001) face on which many twin individuals are produced by a two-dimensional nucleation mechanism, resulting in complicated twinning during growth. Both the r and the faces repeat finely during growth because of twinning, resulting in {112̄3} sectors with polysynthetic twinning. Finally, single structures nucleate on the crystal edges [211̄] and develop along the (112̄3) face, penetrating each other near the centre of the face.
An explanation of optical variation in yugawaralite
Authors: Akizuki Mizuhiko
Published: December 2006

Yugawaralites from two localities in Japan consist of growth sectors with variable 2V values and extinction angles. The optical variations cannot be explained on chemical grounds because the mineral shows very little chemical variation but they can be explained on the basis of Al/Si ordering. The v{021} sectors (Pa setting) are composed of optically triclinic bands, and the k{110} sector consists of both triclinic bands and monoclinic homogeneous domains. An electrostatic charge of the Al/Si ordered structure is balanced along a two-dimensional atomic arrangement exposed on the side face of a growth step. If the Si tetrahedron is produced after the calcium ion, the Si ion will be replaced during growth by an Al ion due to the local effect of the calcium ions. When a side plane of growth steps of yugawaralite is not normal to the (010) glide plane, a symmetrical equivalence of two Si sites with respect to the Ca ion will be lost at the surface, and as a consequence ordering will occur and the symmetry of crystal will be reduced. The monoclinic, homogeneous sector might be produced on the very finely kinked surface. The space group of the triclinic sector will be P1, while that of the monoclinic sector will be Pc.
Deerite from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Worthing M. A.
Published: December 2006

Deerite in two meta-ironstones from Papua New Guinea coexists with quartz-albite-riebeckite-dannemorite-magnetite-spessartine-stilpnomelane-apatite-Ca/Mn carbonates and quartz-albite-crossite-ilmenite-spessartine-stilpnomelane-apatite respectively. Geochemical comparisons in the system FeO-MnO-MgO suggest that the P.N.G. deerites most closely resemble Franciscan types. However, the metamorphic assemblages more closely resemble Alpine types indicating metamorphism close to the lower P-T limit of deerite stability. Consistent differences in whole-rock and internal oxidation ratios between the two specimens suggest that fo2 may be important in determining deerite chemistry. A redox equation is suggested linking changes in deerite internal oxidation ratio with variable OH content.
A miniclave for experiments up to 4 kbar and 1200 °C used to study REE-carbonate glasses
Authors: Jones A. P. , Maaloe S.
Published: December 2006

Glasses quenched from synthetic REE-carbonatite liquids in recent Tuttle bomb experiments require fast cooling rates. To study these glasses further, an internally-heated miniclave has been developed to increase quench rates and extend the operating P-T range of standard Tuttle bombs. The Haskel miniclave can achieve simultaneous P and T of up to 1200°C at 4 kbar for small diameter (1–2 mm) samples. Gas (Argon) pressure is supplied by a small intensifier unit and heating by an internal platinum-wound furnace. Because of the relatively small thermal mass, run temperatures can be reached within a few minutes and quench rates approach those of solid media apparatus.