bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS BETWEEN THE TA‐PT‐TA‐AU METALLIZATION AND PTSI OHMIC CONTACTS
Authors: DAY H. M. , CHRISTOU A. , WEISENBERGER W. H. , HIRVONEN J. K.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktionen zwischen Si‐Substraten und einer stabilisierten Ta‐Au‐Metallisierung mit und ohne dazwischenliegender PtSi‐Schicht werden in Abhängigkeit von der Tempertemperatur bis zu 785°C untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLES PART 5, REACTIONS OF PHENYLISOTHIOCYANATE AND PHENYLISOCYANATE ON 2‐AMINO‐5‐CHLOROBENZOPHENONE AND ITS OXIME
Authors: LAHOTI R. J. , CHATTOPADHYAYA J. B. , RAMA RAO A. V.
Published: March 2016

Reaktion des Benzophenons (Ia) mit äquimolaren Mengen des Isothiocyanats (III) bzw. des Isocyanats (IV) führt zu dem Benzothiazin (II) bzw. dem Ureidobenzophenon (V).
ChemInform Abstract: KATALYISCHE FLUESSIGPHASEN‐OXIDATION ALKYLIERTER STICKSTOFFHETEROCYCLEN MIT OZON
Authors: TYUPALO N. F. , YAKOBI V. A. , BERNASHEVSKII N. V. , STEPANYAN A. A.
Published: March 2016

Die methylierten Heterocyclen (I) und (III) (analog auch 5‐Methyl‐, 1,3‐Dimethyl‐, 1,5‐Dimßethyl‐pyrazol, 2‐Methyl‐5‐äthyl‐pyridin) lassen sich in 70%igem wäßrigem H2SO4 in Gegenwart von MnSO4 und Cr,(SO4)3 bei 60‐80°C (Reaktionsdauer 1‐3 Std.) mit O3 zu den Carbonsäuren (II) bzw. (IV) oxidieren.
ChemInform Abstract: PERCHLORYL FLUORIDE, A FURTHER WARNING
Authors: ADCOCK W. , KHOR T. C.
Published: March 2016

Ein aus Benzocyclobuten (I), Kalium‐tert‐butylat und n‐Butyllithium bestehendes Gemisch wird bei ‐7 0°C mit Perchlorylfluorid (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN MIT ALUMINIUMALKYLEN 16. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON PHENYLAETHYL‐ALUMINIUMDICHLORIDEN MIT EINIGEN CARBONSAEUREDERIVATEN
Authors: REINHECKEL HEINZ , HAAGE KLAUS , LUDWIG HILMAR
Published: March 2016

Das Isomerengemisch von 1‐ (Ia) und 2‐Phenyläthyl‐A1‐dichlorid (Ib) überträgt Phenyläthylreste auf Carbonsäurechloride und ‐anhydride.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF PHENYLSULPHONYLACETIC ACID WITH ALDEHYDES
Authors: NAIDU M. S. , REDDY D. B.
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation zwischen Phenylsulfonylessigsäure (I) und den Aldehyden (II)‐ liefert die ungesättigten Sulfone (III) in guten Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: GEOMETRIC ISOMERISM OF 1‐METHYL‐2‐ACETYLVINYL ESTERS OF N‐ACYLATED AMINO ACIDS
Authors: KRUSZYNSKI MARIAN , KUPRYSZEWSKI GOTFRYD , PRZYBYLSKI JOZEF
Published: March 2016

Kondensation der acylierten Aminosäuren (Ia)‐(Id) mit Acetylaceton (Enolform) (II) liefert Gemische der E/Z‐isomeren Titelverbindungen (IIIa)‐(IIId) und (IVa) bis (IVd), die chromatographisch getrennt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. UND RK.‐VERHALTEN POLARER BINDUNGSSYSTEME 2. MITT.
Authors: NEIDLEIN R. , BOTTLER R.
Published: March 2016

Durch Spaltung der Methylenamide (I) mit Sulfurylchlorid (II) erhält man die C‐Chlor‐C‐äthylmercapto‐methylenamide (III), die sich mit zwei Mol Anilin zu den C‐Anilino‐Derivaten (V) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SULFUR CONTAINING DERIVATIVES OF CHALCONE PART 4, A NOVEL METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF THIOAURONES
Authors: UKAI S. , HIROSE K. , KAYANO M.
Published: March 2016

Die Chalkone (I) reagieren mit Phenylsulfenylchlorid (II) in Essigsäure in 69 ‐7 l%iger Ausbeute zu den Addukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: HALOMETHYL ‐ METAL COMPOUNDS PART 76, ALPHA‐BROMOCYCLOPROPYL DERIVATIVES OF TIN AND LEAD AS CYCLOPROPYLIDENE PRECURSORS
Authors: SEYFERTH D. , LAMBERT R. L. JUN.
Published: March 2016

Die Thermolyse der Cyclopropanderivate (I)‐(XI) wird in Cyclohexen untersucht, wobei nur das Norcaran‐Derivat (XI) unter den gewählten Bedingungen zur Übertragung von divalentem Kohlenstoff auf andere Olefinverbindungen (XIV), (XVI), (XVIII) und (XXI) verwendet werden konnte.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUM VERHALTEN UNGESAETTIGTER KETOXIME UNTER DEN BEDINGUNGEN DER BECKMANN‐UMLAGERUNG 4. MITT.
Authors: UNTERHALT B. , REINHOLD H. J.
Published: March 2016

Die Benzylalkylketone (I) werden mit Thiophenaldehyd und Furfural zu den Ketonen (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE UMSETZUNG DER MUCOCHLORSAEURE MIT ALKYLMERCAPTANEN IN SAUREM MEDIUM
Authors: BOBROVA T. I. , VOLODKOVICH S. D. , KUKALENKO S. S.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Mucochlorsäure (I) mit einer Reihe von Mercaptanen (II) entstehen entweder in Gegenwart von Phosphorsäure/Phosphorpentoxid oder in Benzol mit Schwefelsäure die Dichlor‐alkylthiofuranone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY OF 3‐AMINO‐3‐METHYLOXINDOLES
Authors: KORNET M. J. , THIO P. A. , MALONE N. , LUBAWY W. C.
Published: March 2016

Die Bromierung der Indole (I) mit N‐Bromsuccinimid (NBS) liefert Gemische von Dibromderivaten (II), die nach der Umsetzung mit den Aminen (III) und Hydrierung der Derivate (IV) über Palladiumkohle die 3‐Amino‐3‐methyloxindole (V) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: N1‐NICOTINOYL‐ UND ‐ISONICOTINOYL‐PYRAZOLE
Authors: BONDAVALLI F. , LONGOBARDI M. , SCHENONE P.
Published: March 2016

Durch Acylierung entsprechender Pyrazole mit Nicotinsäure‐ bzw. Isonicotinsäurechlorid werden die Acyl‐pyrazole (I) erhalten, von denen lediglich (II) geringe depressive, muskelrelaxierende und antikonvulsive Wirkungen zeigt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE UND EINIGE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON ANTHRACHINONIMIDAZOLINEN
Authors: LOSKUTOV V. A. , KRUGLYAK T. I. , KONSTANTINOVA A. V. , FOKIN E. P.
Published: March 2016

Durch eine Kondensation des Diaminoanthrachinons (I) mit Aceton in Gegenwart von SnCl2 bei 25°C erhält man das Imidazolin (II), analog aus 2,3‐Diamino‐anthrachinon in Gegenwart von Essigsäure als Katalysator das Imidazolin (III) (Ausbeute 60%).
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION AND BEHAVIOUR OF 4‐OXAZOLIDONES PART 12, AN ADVANTAGEOUS METHOD FOR OBTAINING 2,5‐DIARYLOXAZOLES
Authors: MAKKAY C. , HIDISAN‐TAUTEAN L. , IONESCU M.
Published: March 2016

Isonitrosoacetophenon (I) kondensiert mit den Benzaldehyden (II) zu den Oxazol‐N‐ oxiden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BENZAZOLE 29. MITT. (2‐OXO‐BENZOXAZOLYL‐(3)‐METHYL)‐ESTER VON CARBONSAEUREN UND THIOCARBONSAEUREN
Authors: ZINNER H. , PINKERT H.
Published: March 2016

Im Rahmen biologischer Untersuchungen wird eine größere Anzahl der Titelverbindungen synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME 3‐(3,4‐METHYLENEDIOXYBENZOYL)‐AMINO‐2‐SUBSTITUTED‐IMINO‐4‐THIAZOLIDINONES
Authors: DEVANI M. B. , PATHAK U. S. , AMIN V. M.
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation der Thio‐semicarbazide (I) mit Chloressigsäure (II) werden die Titelverbindungen (III) dargestellt, die bis auf (IIId) antibakteriell wirksam sind (verschiedene Bakterienstämme; Tabelle der Aktivitäten).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMOTHERAPEUTISCHE NITROHETEROCYCLEN 20. MITT. 5‐SUBSTITUIERTE 2‐NITRO‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLE
Authors: HEINDL J. , SCHROEDER E. , KELM H.‐W.
Published: March 2016

Die Heteroarylsulfide (III) sind durch Umsetzung der Thiadiazolylbromide (I) mit den Heteroarylmercaptanen (II) zugänglich.
ChemInform Abstract: ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF THE EPIMERIC TROPANE ANALOGS OF MEPERIDINE, A PHYSICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: DAUM S. J. , MARTINI C. M. , KULLNIG R. K. , CLARKE R. L.
Published: March 2016

N‐Benzyl‐2,5‐bis‐chlormethyl‐pyrrolidin (I) reagiert mit Phenylacetonitril (II) zu den isomeren Kondensaten (IIIa) und (Va), aus denen durch Folgereaktionen an der Nitril‐ und der N‐Benzyl‐Gruppierung verschiedene pharmakologisch interessante Amine (IV) und (VI) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUIERTE 4‐PHENYL‐1‐(PYRAZOLYL‐(3)‐ALKYL)‐PIPERAZINE 2. MITT. EINFACHE SYNTHESE VON PYRAZOLYL‐(3)‐AETHYLAMINEN
Authors: POETSCH EIKE , KOPPE VOLKER
Published: March 2016

Am Beispiel des Beruhigungsmittels Mepiprazol (X) wird eine neue Synthese der Titelverbindungen, ausgehend von entsprechend modifizierten β‐Dicarbonylverbindungen (Chlorvinylketone oder Enaminketone) beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE SYNTHESE‐METHODE VON METHOTREXAT
Authors: PARRY DANIEL , MOREAU JEAN
Published: March 2016

Das bekannte Bromaceton.ylphthalimid (II) wird in verbesserter Ausbeute durch Bromierung des Phthalimids (I) in Gegenwart von Methanol und nachfolgende Hydrolyse erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOGENIERUNG VON 2‐DIHALOGENPHOSPHONYL‐ALKENYLISOCYANATEN
Authors: STUKALO E. A. , DOROSHENKO V. V. , MARKOVSKII L. N.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von Chlor oder Brom auf die Alkenylisocyanate (I) entstehen je nach den Versuchsbedingungen die Substanzen (II), (III), (IV) oder (V).
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION F SOME EIGHT‐MEMBERED HETEROCYCLIC PHOSPHINIC ACIDS
Authors: FREEDMAN L. D. , EZZELL B. R.
Published: March 2016

In einer Ringschlußreaktion entsteht aus dem Dibromid (I) mit NaOH bzw. Na2S der cyclische Äther (IIa) bzw. der Thjoäther (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALI METAL TETRAPHENYLBORATE COMPLEXES WITH SOME MAKROCYCLIC, ′CROWN′, POLYETHERS
Authors: PARSONS D. G. , TRUTER M. R. , WINGFIELD J. N.
Published: March 2016

Abhängig vom Verhältnis der Reaktionspartner reagieren Na‐, K‐ und Cs‐tetraphenylborat und die cyclischen Polyäther zu den Titelkomplexen (I) bis (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: GROUP II B METAL COMPLEXES WITH N‐BENZYLGLYCINE (HIPPURIC ACID) AND THEIR AMINE ADDUCTS
Authors: MARCOTRIGIANO G. , PELLACANI G. C.
Published: March 2016

Die Metallkomplexe (I) wurden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Metallperchlorate mit Na‐hippurat in Äthanol und Dehydratation der zunächst gebildeten Hydrate bei 120°C dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SELENOCYANATODETHALLATION IN ORGANOTHALLIUM(III) COMPOUNDS
Authors: UEMURA SAKAE , TOSHIMITSU AKIO , OKANO MASAYA , ICHIKAWA KATSUHIKO
Published: March 2016

Arylthallium(III)‐Verbindungen (I) reagieren mit KSeCN und Cu‐sulfat oder mit Cuselenocyanat in Dioxan zu den Arylselenocyanaten (II) neben den Cyaniden (III) in geringer Menge.
ChemInform Abstract: AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF ORGANOLANTHANIDE COMPLEX CONTAINING THE ALLYL MOIETY (ETA(5)‐C5H5)2LNC3H5
Authors: TSUTSUI MINORU , ELY NEAL
Published: March 2016

Die gegen Feuchtigkeit und Luft, nicht aber gegen Wärme empfindlichen Titelverbindungen entstehen aus (n5‐C5H5), LnCl und Allyl‐Mg‐bromid bei ‐78°C in THF‐Äther und enthalten die Lanthanide Sm, Er, Ho.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐PI‐COMPLEXES OF BENZENE DERIVATIVES PART 6, BIS(ETA‐BENZENE)VANADIUM(‐I) ANION
Authors: ELSCHENBROICH CH. , GERSON F.
Published: March 2016

Die Reduktion des paramagnetischen Radikals Bis[n‐benzol]vanadin(O) mit Kalium in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln wie 1,2‐Dimethoxyäthan oder Hexamethylphosphortriamid liefert die Titelverbindung (I).
ChemInform Abstract: UEBERGANGSMETALL‐CARBEN‐KOMPLEXE 81. MITT. ALPHA‐METHOXYPHENYLACETONITRIL‐(PENTACARBONYL)‐CHROM(0) DURCH RK. VON PENTACARBONYL(METHOXY(PHENYL)‐CARBEN)CHROM(0) MIT KALIUMCYANID
Authors: FISCHER E. O. , FONTANA S. , SCHUBERT U.
Published: March 2016

Der Chromcarben‐Komplex (I) reagiert bei Zimmertemperatur in Methanol mit ‐ Kaliumcyanid zu dem Nitrilkomplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACKS ON TRICARBONYL(CYCLOOCTADIENYL)FE(0) CATIONS
Authors: SCHIAVON G. , PARADISI C. , BOANINI C.
Published: March 2016

Das Kation (II), dargestellt aus Cyclooctadien‐(l ,5)‐eisentricarbonyl und Triphenylmethyltetrafluoroborat, reagiert mit Azid‐, Methoxid‐ bzw. Jodid‐Ionen zu den Neutralkomplexen (I) bzw. (III), die mit anderen Liganden durch Substitution zu (IV) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RESOLUTION OF S‐(1‐FERROCENYLETHYL)THIOGLYCOLIC ACID, A NEW METHOD OF PREPARATION OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE 1‐FERROCENYLETHANOL
Authors: RATAJCZAK A. , MISTERKIEWICZ B.
Published: March 2016

Optisch inaktives Ferrocenyläthanol (I) wird in acetonischer Lösung mit Thioglykolsäure (II) in Gegenwart von Trifluoressigsäure zu S‐Ferrocenyläthylthioglykolsäure (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: KATALYTISCHES VERHALTEN VON ORGANOUEBERGANGSMETALLVERBINDUNGEN 1. MITT. ACYCLISCHE OLIGOMERISIERUNG VON BUTADIEN‐(1,3) MIT KOBALTVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: KERRINNES H. J. , LANGBEIN U. , LINDNER R. , TAEGER E.
Published: March 2016

Die Oligomerisierung von Butadien‐(1,3) in Gegenwart der definierten Co(I)‐Verbindungen (I)‐(III) als Katalysatoren wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: COBALT(III) COMPLEXES CONTAINING LARGE CHELATE RINGS PART 1, SYNTHESES AND PROPERTIES OF BIS(ETHYLENEDIAMINE)‐1,OMEGA‐DIAMINOALKANECOBALT(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: OGINO HIROSHI , FUJITA JUNNOSUKE
Published: March 2016

Die Komplexe (I), (II) als d,1‐ oder meso‐Isomeres, (IIIa) und (IIIb) werden durch Reaktion von cis‐ oder trans‐Dichloro‐bis‐[äthylendiamin]‐kobalt(III)‐chlorid mit endständigen Diaminoalkanen verschiedener Kettenlänge in DMSO bei verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDRIDOTRICHLOROSTANNATOCARBONYLBIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)PLATINUM(II), PTH(SNCL3)(CO)(PPH3)2, AS A SELECTIVE HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYST
Authors: HSU CHAO‐YANG , ORCHIN MILTON
Published: March 2016

Der Chlorokomplex (I) reagiert in Äther mit SnCl2 ‐ 2 H2O zum Derivat (II), das suspendiert in Benzol im Autoklaven mit CO und H, zum Titelderivat (III) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: FIVE‐COORDINATE ETHYLENE COMPLEXES OF PLATINUM(II) CONTAINING DIFFERENT TYPES OF N‐DONOR BIDENTATE LIGANDS
Authors: MARESCA L. , NATILE G. E. , CATTALINI L.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von Kalium‐trichloro‐äthylen‐platinat (Zeises Salz) mit Diiminen, sowie aliphatischen und aromatischen Diaminen in Methanol bei 0°C liefert die Titelkomplexe (I), die sich unter Abgabe des Äthylens zu quadratisch‐planaren Verbindungen zersetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF METHYL IODIDE WITH SOME DIMERIC ORGANO‐PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: PUDDEPHATT R. J. , UPTON C. E. E.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung der dimeren Platin(II)‐Komplexverbindungen (I) und (IV) mit Methyljodid verläuft bei Raumtemperatur über die Zwischenstufen (II), (V) und (VI), wobei die Zwischenstufe (V) isoliert werden konnte.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO CADINANE‐ AND AMORPHANE‐TYPE SESQUITERPENOIDS VIA ANNELATION OF CYCLOHEXANONE DERIVATIVES WITH (E)‐2‐METHYL‐3‐HEPTEN‐5‐ONE. A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF (+‐)‐CADINENE DIHYDROCHLORIDE
Authors: PIERS EDWARD , PHILLIPS‐JOHNSON WYNONA M.
Published: March 2016

Die Anellierung des Heptenons (I) mit dem Enamin (II) liefert ein 7 : 3‐Gemisch der Oktalone (III) und (IV) (83% Gesamtausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: PERIODATE OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF NITROGEN‐CONTAINING GLYCOSIDES AND THEIR 4,6‐O‐BENZYLIDENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: FIALKIEWICZOWA ZOFIA
Published: March 2016

Perjodat‐Oxidation des Glucosyl‐anilins (I) liefert in einem Gleichgewichtsgemisch das tricyclische Acetal‐hemiacetal (II) sowie wenig der freien Aldehydformen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF THE 6BETA‐HYDROXY METABOLITES OF NALTREXONE AND NALOXONE
Authors: CHATTERJIE N. , INTURRISI C. E. , DAYTON H. B. , BLUMBERG H.
Published: March 2016

Naltrexon (Ia) und Naloxon (IIa) werden mit Formamidin‐sulfinsäure zu (Ib) bzw. (IIb) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEIC ACID RELATED COMPOUNDS PART 16, DIRECT FLUORINATION OF URACIL NUCLEOTIDES USING TRIFLUOROMETHYL HYPOFLUORITE
Authors: ROBINS MORRIS J. , RAMANI G. , MACCOSS MALCOLM
Published: March 2016

Das Nucleotid (I) wird durch Trifluonnethylhypofluorid und basische Behandlung des zunächst gebildeten Addukts zum Fluoruracil (II) fluoriert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF 5′‐PHOSPHATES AND CYCLIC 3′,5′‐PHOSPHATES DERIVED FROM BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE NUCLEOSIDES
Authors: HONG C. I. , TRITSCH G. L. , MITTELMAN A. , HEBBORN P. , CHHEDA G. B.
Published: March 2016

Aus den entsprechenden Ribonucleosiden (I) entstehen mit Phosphoroxychlorid und Triäthylphosphat Phosphate wie (II), die zu (III) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N(10)‐METHYL‐4‐THIOFOLIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: ELLIOTT R. D. , TEMPLE C. JUN. , FRYE J. L. , MONTGOMERY J. A.
Published: March 2016

Das 2‐Amino‐pyrimidinon (Ia) wird zu (Ib) acetyliert und über (II) in die Chlorverbindungen (IIIa) und (IIIb) übergeführt, die mit (IV) kondensiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN, AN ACCIDENTAL POISENING EPISODE IN HORSE ARENAS
Authors: CARTER C. D. , KIMBROUGH R. D. , LIDDLE J. A. , CLINE R. E. , ZACK M. M. JUN. , BARTHEL W. F. , KOEHLER R. E. , PHILLIPS P. E.
Published: March 2016

Öl, das zur Staubkontrolle auf Reitplätzen ausgesprüht wurde und 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlordibenzodioxin (I) enthielt, verursachte die Vergiftung mit letalem Ausgang von vielen Vögeln und Säugetieren, speziell Pferden.
Validation of Ionospheric Tomography Using Residual Minimization Training Neural Network
Authors: HIROOKA SHINJI , HATTORI KATSUMI
Published: March 2016

A numerical simulation has been performed to evaluate the performance of ionospheric tomography using the residual minimization training neural network (RMTNN) method. The results indicate that reconstruction with high precision is possible when the standard deviation of the noise is about 2.5% or less of the average value of the observed data (slant total electron content [STEC]). Moreover, in the daytime, when the value of STEC becomes large, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) increases and the reconstruction accuracy becomes high; at night when the SNR falls, conversely, it becomes low. The results of detectability tests show that the RMTNN method has a good performance at about F‐layer height with shape and peak intensity reconstruction. In conclusion, the newly developed RMTNN ionospheric tomography is effective in reconstructing the 3D electron density distribution from realistic STEC data in the daytime, and is able to estimate images around the F‐layer.
Contemporary management of acute right ventricular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology
Authors: Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Mebazaa Alexandre , Čelutkienė Jelena , Bettex Dominique , Bueno Hector , Chioncel Ovidiu , Crespo‐Leiro Maria G. , Falk Volkmar , Filippatos Gerasimos , Gibbs Simon , Leite‐Moreira Adelino , Lassus Johan , Masip Josep , Mueller Christian , Mullens Wilfried , Naeije Robert , Nordegraaf Anton Vonk , Parissis John , Riley Jillian P. , Ristic Arsen , Rosano Giuseppe , Rudiger Alain , Ruschitzka Frank , Seferovic Petar , Sztrymf Benjamin , Vieillard‐Baron Antoine , Yilmaz Mehmet Birhan , Konstantinides Stavros
Published: March 2016

Acute right ventricular (RV) failure is a complex clinical syndrome that results from many causes. Research efforts have disproportionately focused on the failing left ventricle, but recently the need has been recognized to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of RV anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, and of management approaches. Right ventricular mechanics and function are altered in the setting of either pressure overload or volume overload. Failure may also result from a primary reduction of myocardial contractility owing to ischaemia, cardiomyopathy, or arrhythmia. Dysfunction leads to impaired RV filling and increased right atrial pressures. As dysfunction progresses to overt RV failure, the RV chamber becomes more spherical and tricuspid regurgitation is aggravated, a cascade leading to increasing venous congestion. Ventricular interdependence results in impaired left ventricular filling, a decrease in left ventricular stroke volume, and ultimately low cardiac output and cardiogenic shock. Identification and treatment of the underlying cause of RV failure, such as acute pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute decompensation of chronic pulmonary hypertension, RV infarction, or arrhythmia, is the primary management strategy. Judicious fluid management, use of inotropes and vasopressors, assist devices, and a strategy focusing on RV protection for mechanical ventilation if required all play a role in the clinical care of these patients. Future research should aim to address the remaining areas of uncertainty which result from the complexity of RV haemodynamics and lack of conclusive evidence regarding RV‐specific treatment approaches.
Personalizing Learning
Authors: watts margit misangyi
Published: March 2016

In this first chapter, the editor explains why she feels this volume's topic is important and timely, and describes some of her own epiphanies regarding what is needed to make learning meaningful for students.
Educational Success and Surrounding Culture
Authors: Walters Garrison
Published: March 2016

The curriculum, instruction, and services we provide in schools, colleges, and universities matter a lot, but if we continue to ignore our students’ “surrounding culture,” progress toward a more educated nation will continue to be disappointing.
Project‐Based Learning in Colleges of Business: Is It Enough to Develop Educated Graduates?
Authors: Smith Penny Pence , Gibson Lindsey A.
Published: March 2016

This chapter focuses on project‐based learning in colleges of business, a concept that offers the student a “hands‐on” approach to knowledge by working on actual projects with business community organizations. However, it may take more than such partnerships to assure graduates become “educated people” as well as those vocationally trained. Solutions to balancing theoretical and universal knowledge with practical application are explored.
Making Learning Meaningful: Engaging Students in Ways That Matter to Them
Authors: Kuh George D.
Published: March 2016

Among the better predictors of persistence is goal realization, the ability of a student to articulate in their own words why they are in college and what they intend to do with their education. This chapter explores the importance of goal realization to student success and the kinds of policies and practices that when enacted well can help students make meaning of and appreciate the relevance of their experiences inside and outside the classroom to their personal circumstances.
After the Doors Opened: Asking Why at a New Community College
Authors: Evenbeck Scott , Merians Linda E.
Published: March 2016

This chapter describes some of the major principles, practices, and processes involved in designing and founding a new community college dedicated to improving student outcomes by doing things differently.
SnoVault and encodeD: A novel object-based storage system and applications to ENCODE metadata
Authors: Hitz Benjamin C. , Rowe Laurence D. , Podduturi Nikhil R. , Glick David I. , Baymuradov Ulugbek K. , Malladi Venkat S. , Chan Esther T. , Davidson Jean M. , Gabdank Idan , Narayanan Aditi K. , Onate Kathrina C. , Hilton Jason , Ho Marcus C. , Lee Brian T. , Miyasato Stuart R. , Dreszer Timothy R. , Sloan Cricket A. , Strattan J. Seth , Tanaka Forrest Y. , Hong Eurie L. , Cherry J. Michael
Published: March 2016

The Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) project is an ongoing collaborative effort[1–6] to create a comprehensive catalog of functional elements initiated shortly after the completion of the Human Genome Project[7][1]. The current database exceeds 6500 experiments across more than 450 cell lines and tissues using a wide array of experimental techniques to study the chromatin structure, regulatory and transcriptional landscape of theH. sapiensandM. musculusgenomes. All ENCODE experimental data, metadata, and associated computational analyses are submitted to the ENCODE Data Coordination Center (DCC) for validation, tracking, storage, unified processing, and distribution to community resources and the scientific community. As the volume of data increases, the identification and organization of experimental details becomes increasingly intricate and demands careful curation. The ENCODE DCC[8–10] has created a general purpose software system, known as SnoVault, that supports metadata and file submission, a database used for metadata storage, web pages for displaying the metadata and a robust API for querying the metadata. The software is fully open-source, code and installation instructions can be found at:http://github.com/ENCODE-DCC/snovault/(for the generic database) andhttp://github.com/ENCODE-DCC/encoded/to store genomic data in the manner of ENCODE. The core database engine, SnoVault (which is completely independent of ENCODE, genomic data, or bioinformatic data) has been released as a separate Python package.

Database URL:https://www.encodeproject.org/
Extent of EMT promotes invasive, contact-induced sliding on progressively narrower fiber-like tracks
Authors: Milano Daniel F. , Muthuswamy Senthil K. , Asthagiri Anand R.
Published: March 2016

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process by which cells acquire invasive properties that enable escape from the primary tumor. Complete EMT, however, is not required for metastasis: circulating tumor cells exhibit hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal states, and genetic perturbations promoting partial EMT induce metastasisin vivo. An open question is whether and to what extent intermediate stages of EMT promote invasiveness. Here, we investigate this question, building on recent observation of a new invasive property. Migrating cancer cell lines and cells transduced with prometastatic genes slide around other cells on spatially-confined, fiber-like micropatterns. We show here that low-dosage/short-duration exposure to TGFβ induces partial EMT and enables sliding on narrower (26 µm) micropatterns than untreated counterparts (41 µm). High-dosage/long-duration exposure induces more complete EMT, including disrupted cell-cell contacts and reduced E-cadherin expression, and promotes sliding on the narrowest (15 µm) micropatterns. These results demonstrate that EMT is a potent inducer of cell sliding, even under significant spatial constraints, and EMT-mediated invasive sliding is progressive, with partial EMT promoting intermediate sliding behavior. Our findings suggest a model in which fiber maturation and partial EMT work synergistically to promote invasiveness during cancer progression.
Policy Frameworks Influencing Outdoor Water‐use Restrictions
Authors: Milman Anita , Polsky Colin
Published: March 2016

Water‐use efficiency in the United States (U.S.) has improved in recent years. Yet continued population growth coupled with increasingly conservation‐oriented regulatory frameworks suggest that residential water suppliers will have to realize additional efficiency gains in coming decades. Outdoor water‐use restrictions (OWRs) appear to be an increasingly prevalent demand‐side management policy tool. To date little research has investigated the policy mechanisms that govern OWR adoption and influence the prevalence of OWRs. This article fills this gap with an assessment of state‐level policies influencing local‐level restrictions on residential outdoor water use in each of the 48 contiguous U.S. states, and with a detailed illustration of the cross‐scalar dynamic of one state's policy framework in practice. An examination of the implementation of OWRs in 24 neighboring towns in Massachusetts across the 2003‐2012 period indicates the interplay between state‐level and local‐level policies leads to OWRs implementation over extended time‐periods, even when drought conditions are not present. This finding suggests OWRs are being used as a tool for general‐purpose water conservation rather than as a stopgap measure justified by temporary water shortage conditions. Future research should investigate how local‐level water savings vary with differing state‐level approaches.
Tangled‐up and blue: releasing the regulatory chokehold on take‐home naloxone
Authors: Winstanley Erin L.
Published: March 2016

Commentary to: Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures?
Radical red tape reduction by government supported nasal naloxone: the Norwegian pilot project is innovative, safe and an important contribution to further development and dissemination of take‐home naloxone
Authors: Lobmaier Philipp P. , Clausen Thomas
Published: March 2016

Commentary to: Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures?
Replacing qualitative life‐history traits by quantitative indices in parasitoid evolutionary ecology
Authors: Boivin G. , Ellers J.
Published: March 2016

Life‐history traits, which describe the various aspects of the life cycle of a species, can be either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative traits are likely to adapt to gradual changes in the environment of a species, whereas qualitative traits, which refer to traits that are discontinuous in their variation, pose constraints on the evolution of a species. Traits that are described as qualitative may indeed represent discontinuous characteristics or they can be the result of an oversimplification in the description of the life history of a species. The ovigeny index, which describes the temporal distribution of egg production for a species, has replaced a qualitative life‐history trait and has been an important contribution in our understanding of the reproductive ecology of insect parasitoids. We propose here that several other qualitative life‐history traits, currently used to describe the evolutionary ecology of insect parasitoids, could advantageously be replaced by quantitative life‐history traits. Although replacing these qualitative life‐history traits will require devising indices that are biologically and ecologically meaningful, the potential gain in our understanding of the evolutionary forces that have shaped the diversity of life‐history strategies of insect parasitoids is important and would fully warrant this effort.
Nutritional integration between insect hosts and koinobiont parasitoids in an evolutionary framework
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. , Malcicka Miriama
Published: March 2016

Mark Jervis was one of the world's foremost experts on life history and development strategies in parasitoids. He held a special place for the nutritional ecology of immature and adult parasitoids; his work on adult nutritional ecology and reproduction is considered seminal. Here, we discuss aspects of parasitoid growth and development, focusing on species that attack feeding, growing hosts (so‐called koinobiont parasitoids). We provide a simple graphical model illustrating how selection pressures can alter host usage strategies, employing growth trajectories as a useful comparative tool. Furthermore, we discuss how the recent evolution of the hemolymph‐feeding strategy in koinobionts has enabled these parasitoids to greatly expand the suitable size range of hosts, as well as providing additional adaptive functions such as gregarious development, resource sharing, and the use of the dying host as a ‘bodyguard’ against predators and hyperparasitoids. Overall, we conclude that koinobionts exhibit a wide array of strategies in exploiting and utilizing variably sized hosts in response to a suite of quite divergent selection pressures that influence their growth, development, and survival.
Simultaneous assessment of key properties of arid soil by combined PXRF and Vis–NIR data
Authors: Weindorf D. C. , Chakraborty S. , Herrero J. , Li B. , Castañeda C. , Choudhury A.
Published: March 2016

Arid soil is common worldwide and has unique properties that often limit agronomic productivity, specifically, salinity expressed as soluble salts and large amounts of calcium carbonate and gypsum. Currently, the most common methods for evaluating these properties in soil are laboratory‐based techniques such as titration, gasometry and electrical conductivity. In this research, we used two proximal sensors (portable X‐ray fluorescence (PXRF) and visible near‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (Vis–NIR DRS)) to scan a diverse set (n = 116) of samples from arid soil in Spain. Then, samples were processed by standard laboratory procedures and the two datasets were compared with advanced statistical techniques. The latter included penalized spline regression (PSR), support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF) analysis, which were applied to Vis–NIR DRS data, PXRF data and PXRF and Vis–NIR DRS data, respectively. Independent validation (30% of the data) of the calibration equations showed that PSR + RF predicted gypsum with a ratio of performance to interquartile distance (RPIQ) of 5.90 and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 4.60, electrical conductivity (1:5 soil : water) with RPIQ of 3.14 and RPD of 2.10, Ca content with RPIQ of 2.92 and RPD of 2.07 and calcium carbonate equivalent with RPIQ of 2.13 and RPD of 1.74. The combined PXRF and Vis–NIR DRS approach was superior to those that use data from a single proximal sensor, enabling the prediction of several properties from two simple, rapid, non‐destructive scans.
The effect of change in soil volume on organic matter distribution in a volcanic ash soil
Authors: Tonneijck F. H. , Velthuis M. , Bouten W. , Van Loon E. E. , Sevink J. , Verstraten J. M.
Published: March 2016

Volcanic ash soil contains large stocks of organic matter per unit area. A large proportion of organic matter is stored in the subsoil; therefore, a thorough understanding of its vertical distribution is needed to predict the effects of change in climate and land use. Faunal bioturbation is often cited as the dominant process that affects the vertical distribution of organic matter. An additional but often overlooked process is change in the volume of the soil. Such change might affect the vertical distribution of organic matter by changing the position of the soil surface, which can affect the soil‐forming processes related to depth, such as weathering, decomposition, bioturbation and rooting. We calculated the change in volume with geochemical mass balance equations, and showed the effect of change in soil volume on the vertical distribution of organic matter using a dynamic model. Then we evaluated the plausibility of the model concept with an independent model for parameter identification and through a model sensitivity analysis. Results show that volume change is a major soil‐forming process that determines the vertical distribution of organic matter in volcanic ash soil as the active bioturbation zone moves upwards in response to soil thickening.
Are you a budding academic writer?
Authors: Grant Maria J. , Bonnett Penny , Sutton Anthea , Marshall Audrey , Murphy Jeannette , Spring Hannah
Published: March 2016

Academic writing can seem a daunting prospect although with the right support and information it can be more achievable than you think. In this first set of editorial comments of 2016, editors from all sections of the Health Information and Libraries Journal outline the origins of the individual section of the journal which they oversee and highlight some of the things you might want to consider when thinking of submitting your writing for publication.
Firm‐Size Wage Gaps along the Formal‐Informal Divide: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Balkan Binnur , Tumen Semih
Published: March 2016

Observationally equivalent workers are paid higher wages in larger firms. This fact is often called the “firm‐size wage gap” and is regarded as a key empirical puzzle. Using microlevel data from Turkey, we document a new stylized fact: The firm‐size wage gap is more pronounced for informal (unregistered) jobs than for formal (registered) jobs. To explain this fact, we develop a two‐stage wage‐posting game with market imperfections and segmented markets, the solution to which produces wages as a function of firm size in a well‐defined subgame‐perfect equilibrium. The model proposes two explanations. First, taxes on formal employment generate a wedge between formal and informal size wage gaps. Thus, government policy can potentially affect the magnitude of the firm‐size wage gaps. The second explanation features a market‐based framework with strategic interactions. Relative to small firms, large firms typically post higher wages for both formal and informal jobs. A high‐wage formal job attracts a larger pool of applicants than a high‐wage informal job. The larger pool of applicants for the formal job, in turn, allows the firm to somewhat lower the initial wage offer, while this second‐round effect is negligible for informal jobs. As a result, size differentials are lower in formal jobs than informal jobs. We argue that the observed patterns in the use of social connections in job search and heterogeneity in job preferences can be used to justify the validity of this second mechanism.
Labor Unions and Political Mobilization: Diminishing Returns of Repetitious Contact
Authors: Lamare J. Ryan
Published: March 2016

Voter mobilization by unions has garnered some attention from scholars, and is seen as an important political tool. Unions often mobilize voters repeatedly across several campaigns; however, the literature treats mobilization as a singular event. This paper empirically analyzes turnout of 85,064 registered voters over 14 months at five election intervals in Los Angeles, exploring whether union‐led mobilization is subject to diminishing returns across multiple elections. Results indicate that diminishing returns occur; three or more contacts are no more beneficial than one or two. Contact in recent elections is more effective than distant contact, and results differ slightly by contact type.
The Structure of Hiring Costs in Germany: Evidence from Firm‐Level Data
Authors: Muehlemann Samuel , Pfeifer Harald
Published: March 2016

This paper analyzes the structure of hiring costs of skilled workers in Germany. Using detailed and representative firm‐level data on recruitment and adaptation costs of new hires, we find that average hiring costs amount to more than 8 weeks of wage payments (€4700). The structure of hiring costs is convex, as an increase in the number of hires by 1 percent increases hiring costs by 1.3 percent. We find moderate effects of labor market institutions on the magnitude but none on the structure of hiring costs. Furthermore, we provide evidence in favor of monopsony power in the German labor market.
Gene mutation‐based and specific therapies in precision medicine
Authors: Wang Xiangdong
Published: March 2016

Precision medicine has been initiated and gains more and more attention from preclinical and clinical scientists. A number of key elements or critical parts in precision medicine have been described and emphasized to establish a systems understanding of precision medicine. The principle of precision medicine is to treat patients on the basis of genetic alterations after gene mutations are identified, although questions and challenges still remain before clinical application. Therapeutic strategies of precision medicine should be considered according to gene mutation, after biological and functional mechanisms of mutated gene expression or epigenetics, or the correspondent protein, are clearly validated. It is time to explore and develop a strategy to target and correct mutated genes by direct elimination, restoration, correction or repair of mutated sequences/genes. Nevertheless, there are still numerous challenges to integrating widespread genomic testing into individual cancer therapies and into decision making for one or another treatment. There are wide‐ranging and complex issues to be solved before precision medicine becomes clinical reality. Thus, the precision medicine can be considered as an extension and part of clinical and translational medicine, a new alternative of clinical therapies and strategies, and have an important impact on disease cures and patient prognoses.
An approximation of occupational lifetime UVR exposure: algorithm for retrospective assessment and current measurements
Authors: Wittlich M. , Westerhausen S. , Kleinespel P. , Rifer G. , Stöppelmann W.
Published: March 2016

Background

Since non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been adopted as an occupational disease in Germany, in any single suspected case a retrospective estimation of the outdoor workers’ occupational UVR exposure is mandatory.

Objective

The aim of this study was to introduce the recent German standard procedure as a mathematical algorithm for retrospectively estimating individual occupational UVR lifetime exposure. In addition, to present results of exemplary on‐the‐job UVR dosimetry measurements on outdoor workers during their various occupational activities. These dosimetry data form the basis of the mathematical model for UVR exposure estimation.

Methods

On‐the‐job personal dosimetry in various outdoor professions was conducted using the GENESIS‐UV measurement system for individual UVA/UVB exposure assessment. The algorithm is derived from the results of these pars pro toto exemplary dosimetric measurements. For retrospective UVR lifetime estimation in suspected cases, a standardized patient interview serves as input and delivers all necessary information for using the algorithm. With defined factors, an individual adjustment is achieved.

Results

Inserting the data derived from the patient interview, the algorithm shows to be feasible to calculate the lifetime UVR exposure retrospectively. As an example, an assessment for a 67‐year‐old agricultural teacher with three distinct occupational UVR exposure episodes is calculated.

Conclusion

The presented algorithm has proven to facilitate the anamnestic procedure to estimate the lifetime UVR dose of exposed outdoor workers. With a recently developed computer‐based tool, standardized interviews of suspected workers with NMSC become simple. UVR dose as well as matching of requirements for recognition as an occupational disease in an individual worker are calculated automatically. Furthermore, with ongoing on‐the‐job measurements, a database is created to continuously adjust the algorithm's reference values for the various UVR‐exposed occupations. In addition, a job exposure matrix UVA/UVB is created as a pivotal tool for improved health and safety of outdoor workplaces and prevention of occupational actinic damage to the skin.
Measuring the Macroeconomic Impact of Monetary Policy at the Zero Lower Bound
Authors: WU JING CYNTHIA , XIA FAN DORA
Published: March 2016

This paper employs an approximation that makes a nonlinear term structure model extremely tractable for analysis of an economy operating near the zero lower bound for interest rates. We show that such a model offers an excellent description of the data compared to the benchmark model and can be used to summarize the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policy. Our estimates imply that the efforts by the Federal Reserve to stimulate the economy since July 2009 succeeded in making the unemployment rate in December 2013 1% lower, which is 0.13% more compared to the historical behavior of the Fed.
An Experiment on Retail Payments Systems
Authors: CAMERA GABRIELE , CASARI MARCO , BORTOLOTTI STEFANIA
Published: March 2016

We develop a novel theoretical and experimental framework to study adoption and use of cash versus electronic payments in retail transactions. The design allows us to assess the behavioral impact of sellers' service fees and buyers' rewards from using electronic payments. In the experiment, buyers and sellers faced a coordination problem, independently choosing a payment method before trading. Sellers readily adopted electronic payments but buyers did not. Eliminating service fees or introducing rewards significantly increased adoption and use of electronic payments. Buyers' economic incentives were crucial for the diffusion of electronic payments but cannot fully explain their adoption choices.
Performance of the Life Insurance Industry Under Pressure: Efficiency, Competition, and Consolidation
Authors: Bikker Jacob A.
Published: March 2016

This article investigates efficiency and competition in the Dutch life insurance market by estimating unused scale economies and measuring efficiency‐market share dynamics during 1995–2010. Large unused scale economies exist for small‐ and medium‐sized life insurers, indicating that further consolidation would reduce costs. Over time average scale economies decrease but substantial differences between small and large insurers remain. A direct measure of competition confirms that competitive pressure is lower than in other markets. We do not observe any impact of increased competition from banks, the so‐called investment policy crisis or the credit crisis, apart from lower returns in 2008.
Urban civic pride and the new localism
Authors: Collins Tom
Published: March 2016

Civic pride relates to how places promote and defend local identity and autonomy. It is often championed as a key value and aspiration of local government. This paper argues that civic pride has been under‐examined in geography, and in particular the emotional meanings of pride need to be better understood. In response, I present an emotional analysis of civic pride and discuss its role in British cities, particularly in the context of urban regeneration and the UK's new localism agenda. In the latter part of the paper I provide a case study of Nottingham in England, where I employ a discourse analysis of recent urban policy and local media to examine how civic pride is being mobilised and contested in the city. Examining civic pride is important because it shapes and reflects the political values that local governments stand for and provides a basis for thinking about how emotions are used strategically (and problematically) in urban policy. This paper complements and challenges existing literature on cities by showing how civic pride shapes, but also obscures, the ideological politics of local government and how, as geographers, we might consider more seriously the ways forms of power, identity and inequality are reproduced and contested through emotions such as pride.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of African diploid barbs, ‘Barbus’, and allies in Africa and Asia (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)
Authors: Ren Qiu , Mayden Richard L.
Published: March 2016

African diploid barbs (‘Barbus’, Clypeobarbus, Barboides, etc.) are a group of small cyprinids with a body size less than 20 cm and widely distributed in drainages across Africa. These species constitute a significant component of African freshwater fish fauna. This study is the first to focus on the molecular systematics and biogeography of African diploid barbs ‘Barbus’ and its African and Asian allies using both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. We test for monophyly of groups, determine interspecific relationships and estimate the time of divergence of 52 species of ‘Barbus’ and allies using two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes. Resulting trees demonstrate that ‘Barbus’ and allies (Systomus, Barboides, Clypeobarbus and African tetraploid barbs) form a strongly supported clade; however, ‘Barbus’ is not resolved as monophyletic. Divergence time analyses identify the separation between Systomus and ‘Barbus’ plus African allies may have occurred around 26 MYA. In addition to the phylogenetic results, these findings highlight the need for more thorough taxonomic and systematic studies on ‘Barbus’ and allies using morphological and additional molecular data and greater taxon sampling, including the type species of the genus Enteromius, ‘Barbus’ potamogalis.