bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating Challenges and Seizing Opportunities: Pakistan’s Tightrope Walk Between Saudi Arabia and Iran
Authors: Siddiqa Arhama
Published: February 2025

The Saudi-Iran rivalry has been the topic of much discussion and debate for years and naturally more so in Pakistan, where the Kingdom is viewed as a longstanding ally and Iran is seen as an important neighbor. Rapidly changing global dynamics are resulting in countries to seek out sustainable economic linkages - consequently leading to a restructuring of alliances. In this respect, the China mediated rapprochement between Riyadh and Tehran, portends numerous possibilities for Pakistan. Using the hedging strategy, this paper will discuss Pakistan’s balancing strategy, when it comes to bilateral relations with both these countries as well as the challenges Islamabad has faced over the years. It will also summarize the opportunities of a potential long-term consensus between Riyadh and Tehran and illustrate how collaboration in domains such as food security and counterterrorism and projects within the purview of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) can form a baseline for a future trilateral partnership between Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Causal Relationship Between Relative Deprivation and Voting Behavior and Political Activism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Ismail Muhammad
Published: February 2025

This study examines how relative hardship affects voting and participating in politics in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has no tangible proof linking these elements. However, previous study evidence suggests a correlation. The research investigation analyzes regional survey responses to fill this gap. The statistical investigation included a face-to-face survey with 384 randomly chosen Pakistanis. Respondents were given questions about their voting and political participation and estimated relative deprivation with a standardized scale. The research investigation found that relative hardship affects Pakistani voting and political engagement. Participation in politics correlated more with relative disadvantage than voting. The research additionally showed that gender, residence, and household income did not significantly influence respondents' views. However, age and level of education strongly influenced participants' factor observations. The research presented here shows that relative deprivation strongly influences Pakistani political behavior in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Thus, tackling this problem may increase political engagement and voter knowledge in the region in question
ESTIMATION OF THE FIRST MATURITY SIZE OF SILVER BARB (Barbonymus gonionotus) IN SIDENRENG LAKE, SOUTH SULAWESI
Authors: Hasrianti Hasrianti , Puspito Gondo , Iskandar Budhi Hascaryo , Imron Mohammad , Mawardi Wazir
Published: February 2025

Silver barb is a popular introduced species in Sidenreng Lake, South Sulawesi. Its presence has been highly beneficial for local fishers due to its significant economic value. Fishers make this fish their primary target for fishing. The fishing activity for the silver barb was carried out year-round using gill nets with various mesh sizes, ranging from small to large (1.5”, 2”, 2.5”, 3”, and 3.5”). These activities have led to a decline in the fish population in the Lake. Therefore, information related to the fisheries biology of the fish is crucial. This study aims to determine the length at first capture (Lc), length at first maturity (Lm), and the appropriate gill net mesh size for catching suitable silver barb. The sample data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical tests. The study results showed that the size at capture for the silver barb in the Sidenreng Lake was Lc = 132.66 mm. Male and female fish reach their first length of maturity at fork lengths (FL) of 173.08 mm and 140.95 mm, respectively. The recommended gill net mesh size for catching suitable silver barb was 3”, as the average FL caught was larger than the Lm value.
Proste sposobyna dobre życie
Authors: Bukowska Anna A.
Published: February 2025

Na choroby otępienne cierpi ponad 55 mln ludzi na świecie. Badacze z wielu krajów postanowili sprawdzić, jak muzyka i literatura mogą wspierać codzienne funkcjonowanie osób z demencją i ich opiekunów.
Niedźwiedzie jaskiniowe jak ludzie
Authors: Nowakowski Dariusz
Published: February 2025

O tym, że niedźwiedzie w plejstocenie zapadały na różne choroby, możemy się dowiedzieć dzięki nowoczesnym badaniom materiału kopalnego.
W pogoniza wirusami
Authors: Pyrć Krzysztof
Published: February 2025

O pracy wirusologa i wyzwaniach w kontekście zmian klimatycznych opowiada prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Pyrć, kierownik laboratorium wirusologicznego BSL3+ w Małopolskim Centrum Biotechnologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego oraz członek Komitetu ds. Kryzysu Klimatycznego Polskiej Akademii Nauk.
Jeziora pod presją
Authors: Zawiska Izabela
Published: February 2025

Na jakość wódy w jeziorach wpływa wiele czynników. Znając je, możemy skutecznie przeciwdziałać ich degradacji.
Żyj 100 lat; komputerku!
Authors: Walter Bartosz
Published: February 2025

Programy komputerowe starzeją się tak samo jak organizmy żywe. Żeby działały bezawaryjnie, wymagają systematycznej konserwacji.
Lekkim krokiem
Authors: Zdrodowska Agnieszka , Kaczmarczyk Katarzyna , Piwowar Sylwia
Published: February 2025

Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie to uczelnia, której działalność jest silnie skoncentrowana na zdrowiu – zarówno edukuje przyszłych specjalistów, jak i prowadzi badania naukowe oraz działalność społeczną. AWF ma swój wkład w rozwój wiedzy i praktyk związanych ze zdrowiem, które mają realny wpływ na życie jednostek i całych społeczności.
Nauka; sport i zdrowie
Authors: Borkowska Joanna
Published: February 2025

Wrześniowe wydarzenie w PAN Stacji Naukowej w Paryżu.
What Makes for a “Good” Supervisor?
Authors: Kopeć Mateusz
Published: February 2025

The tough challenges faced by most PhD students are rarely discussed. Even less attention is paid to the often-overlooked role of their supervisor in this process.
Simple Keys to Living Well
Authors: Bukowska Anna A.
Published: February 2025

More than 55 million people worldwide suffer from cognitive decline. Teams of researchers from various countries are exploring how music and literature can enhance the daily lives of such individuals with dementia and their caregivers.
Benefits of Embracing Multilingualism
Authors: Becker Anna
Published: February 2025

Recent studies show that valuing students’ multilingual backgrounds boosts self-esteem, social integration, and academic success. Recognizing their heritage helps foster a sense of identity and belonging, critical for mental health.
Software Longevity
Authors: Walter Bartosz
Published: February 2025

Just like living organisms, software undergoes ”aging” and requires regular maintenance to stay functional and adaptable.
Fit for the Future
Authors: Zdrodowska Agnieszka , Kaczmarczyk Katarzyna , Piwowar Sylwia
Published: February 2025

The Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw is dedicated to health-focused education, research, and community engagement. With a mission firmly rooted in promoting well-being, the university prepares future professionals, advances scientific knowledge, and promotes practices that have a meaningful impact on individuals and communities alike.
Science; Sports & Health
Authors: Borkowska Joanna
Published: February 2025

An event at the Polish Academy of Sciences Scientific Center in Paris.
CURRENT ROLE OF PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION THERAPY IN LYMPHEDEMA CARE: A SCOPING REVIEW OF PERSISTENT DEBATES AND NEW APPLICATIONS
Authors: Pandey S.K. , Ozmen B.B. , Morkuzu S. , Xiong Y. , Kemp E. , Chen W.F.
Published: February 2025

Access to trained lymphedema care providers remains limited making patient-driven management solutions essential. One such option, sequential intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), has gained traction as a supportive tool for lymphedema management. While newer IPC devices and innovative applications are being introduced to the market, questions regarding the safety and efficacy of this technology persist. This underscores the importance of reviewing current literature to understand IPC’s evolving role in lymphedema care and to identify existing knowledge gaps. A scoping review of literature was conducted across various databases using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The eligibility criteria included articles published in English language from database’s inception to June 2023, discussing IPC’s safety, and/or efficacy, and/or optimal modes and settings for lymphedema management. Review articles and case reports and original studies with unclear outcome measures were excluded. The review identified 49 eligible studies from an initial pool of 614 articles, consisting of 12 randomized controlled trials, 25 cohort studies, and 12 experimental studies. Most studies (44) focused on limb lymphedema, while five examined non-limb regions. Sample sizes varied widely, ranging from 10 to 718 participants, reflecting differences in studies’ power. Minor adverse events were reported in six studies, including transient skin irritation, paresthesia, and rare cases of genital edema. Efficacy data indicated that IPC, whether used with or without manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), improved limb volume, quality of life, and reduced infection rates, although results varied according to treatment protocols and limb type. The addition of IPC improved compliance of decongestive therapy and increased patient satisfaction. IPC sessions ranged from 45 to 120 minutes per day, conducted 3 to 7 days per week, with pressures set at 60 to 120 mmHg for lower limbs and 25 to 60 mmHg for upper limbs. Higher pressures were associated with more significant limb volume reduction in the lower limbs. A cost analysis indicated that IPC could potentially lead to healthcare savings by reducing infections and hospital admissions. IPC application also showed promising results in head and neck lymphedema, though results for trunk lymphedema were equivocal. Future research should aim to refine IPC protocols in different regions of the body and ascertain its long-term benefits.
Risk Factors Associated with Canine Heartworm Infection
Authors: Selby Lloyd A. , Corwin Robert M. , Hayes Howard M.
Published: February 2025

Risk factors associated with canine heartworm infection were determined by screening medical records from the Veterinary Medical Data Program of June 1964–May 1976. Data represented were from 14 colleges and schools of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada. A total of 3,655 dogs were infected. Intact male dogs 4 to 7 years old and of the larger hound breeds had the highest relative risk, whereas dogs of smaller breeds, those less than 2 years old, spayed females, and castrated males were at least risk.
Clinical Use of Echocardiography in the Domestic Cat
Authors: Pipers Frank S. , Hamlin Robert L.
Published: February 2025

Echocardiograms were obtained from unanesthetized cats positioned in left lateral recumbency. Information regarding chamber wall thickness, lumen dimensions, valve motion, and indices of contractility was obtained. In three cases, echocardiographic manifestations typical of cardiac dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and pericardial effusion were recorded. Unlike thoracic radiographs, which portray pulmonary features as well as a cardiac silhouette, the echocardiogram provided an opportunity to measure each component comprising the cardiac silhouette-namely, the pericardial sac, cardiac musculature, and the cardiac chambers.
Teratoma and Cyst Formation of the Equine Cryptorchid Testicle
Authors: Stick John A.
Published: February 2025

In three horses with abdominally retained testicles, teratomas with cyst formation were found. Bone development in the head of the epididymis, near the vascular supply of the tumor, was a consistent finding. Aspiration of the cystic portion of the tumor was necessary for surgical removal in two cases. Although germinal carcinoma cells have been suggested as the cause of teratomas, evidence of malignancy was not seen in any of the three tumors.
Basilar Skull Fractures in Three Horses
Authors: Stick John A. , Wilson Therese , Kunze Dolores
Published: February 2025

Of three horses with basilar skull fractures, two died within 48 hours. The remaining horse was euthanatized because of a locomotion deficit. Clinical signs included epistaxis followed by ataxia. In each case, occipital the basioccipital bone and ventral portion of the calvarium were involved in the fracture. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs or radiographic appearance of guttural pouches, or both.
Occlusion of Internal Carotid Artery in the Horse by Means of a Balloon-Tipped Catheter: Clinical Use of a Method To Prevent Epistaxis Caused by Guttural Pouch Mycosis
Authors: Freeman David E. , Donawick William J.
Published: February 2025

An intravascular procedure was used to occlude the internal carotid artery of two horses with epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis. In each horse, the affected internal carotid artery was ligated close to its origin. A balloon-tipped catheter was introduced into the artery distal to the ligature, and its tip was advanced beyond the site of infection. The balloon was then inflated so that the infected segment of artery was isolated from the cerebral vascular system. The catheters were removed at 14 and 51 days, and both horses were returned to training and racing. Neither horse had further episodes of epistaxis.
Hyperthyroidism in the Cat: Ten Cases
Authors: Holzworth J. , Theran P. , Carpenter J. L. , Harpster N. K. , Todoroff R. J.
Published: February 2025

In ten neutered crossbred cats 10 to 14 years old and of both sexes, hyperthyroidism was evidenced by hyperactivity, weight loss despite increased appetite, frequent defecation with bulky stools, thirst, polyuria, moderately elevated temperature, increased heart rate and size, sometimes with murmurs and arrhythmias, and palpable enlargement of one or both thyroid lobes. The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was confirmed on the basis of high serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). In seven cats (6 treated by total thyroidectomy, 1 studied at necropsy), both thyroid lobes were variably enlarged, mottled, cystic, or nodular; in three cats, only one lobe required removal. Adenomatous goiter was diagnosed microscopically in all. In two, there also were foci of adenocarcinoma and in two others, foci suggestive of adenocarcinoma.

Three of the nine cats having surgery were treated preoperatively to stabilize cardiac function. Most cats recovered from surgery rapidly and without complications but although every effort was made to spare at least one parathyroid gland in cats having bilateral thyroidectomies, two cats had transient signs of hypoparathyroidism, requiring careful monitoring of serum electrolytes and treatment with calcium and vitamin D2. All having bilateral thyroidectomies were subsequently maintained on treatment with l-thyroxine or, in one case, liothyronine (triiodothyronine).
Primary Hypoparathyroidism in the Dog
Authors: Sherding Robert G. , Meuten Donald J. , Chew Dennis J. , Knaack Kenneth E. , Haupt Kirk H.
Published: February 2025

Primary hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed in six dogs with profound hypocalcemia. Muscle tremors, tetany, generalized seizures, ataxia, and behavioral aberrations were the most common clinical signs. Lymphocytic parathyroiditis was found in four of five dogs that were biopsied. The serum concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was abnormally low in one dog in which it was measured. Treatment with vitamin D and calcium was successful in restoring and maintaining normal concentration of serum calcium in all six dogs. During treatment, large daily doses of vitamin D were required, dose response was unpredictable, serum calcium concentration fluctuated while treatment remained unchanged, and hypercalcemia occurred frequently.
Acetylcysteine for Treatment of Acetaminophen Toxicosis in the Cat
Authors: St. Omer Vincent V. , McKnight Edward D.
Published: February 2025

Acute acetaminophen intoxication in the cat was studied to characterize the antidotal profile of acetylcysteine. Toxicosis was associated with cyanosis, hyperventilation, depression, and facial edema. Abnormal laboratory findings were methemoglobinemia and elevated serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity.

In one trial, each of ten cats was given a 325-mg tablet of acetaminophen, then another after 4 hours. Five of the cats were given antidotal treatment with acetylcysteine (140 mg/kg, per os) at the time of the second dosing with acetaminophen and at 8-hour intervals thereafter for a total of three treatments. All treated cats survived. Two of the untreated cats died. In another trial, doubling each dose of acetaminophen (650 mg) proved fatal in all of four untreated cats. When antidotal therapy was initiated at the time of the second dosing with acetaminophen and repeated at 8- or 4-hour intervals for three treatments, two of four cats in each treatment group survived.

Although antidotal therapy was associated with a return of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and methemoglobinemia values toward normal, only the methemoglobin value was a reliable prognostic indicator.
Milk and Meat Iodine Content: Relation to Human Health
Authors: Hemken R. W.
Published: February 2025

The amount of iodine consumed by human beings in the United States has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. Although there is no direct evidence of an increased human iodine toxicity problem because of the increased intake, there is some concern that if this trend continues, the greater iodine concentration may contribute to an increase in thyroid disorders. Because iodine content in milk has increased by 300% to 500% over the past 10 to 15 years, factors contributing to this increase have been studied. Organic iodine additions to the feed supply have contributed to large increases in iodine content in milk from some farms, and are considered the main factor contributing to the large increase in iodine content in milk values. Iodine teat dips and udder washes contribute to the increased iodine content of milk but generally do not result in increases of more than 150 μg/L. Iodine-sanitizing agents used on milking equipment or in milk transfer and storage equipment can contribute large amounts if improperly used, but the frequency of this problem is small. Iodine content in meat does increase with increased iodine intake, but the transfer of iodine to meat is relatively lower than it is to milk.
Design of Clinical Trials for New Drugs in Animals
Authors: Muser Rainer K.
Published: February 2025

Consideration of the intended purpose, an effort to ask specific questions that can be answered by specific data, selection of the correct values to be measured, and investigators who are able to conduct the study, will make it possible to design clinical studies properly.

The ethical need to avoid unnecessary suffering of experimental animals and rules and regulations in effect at the time of clinical trials will dictate certain aspects of the design. The type of product to be evaluated, its mode of administration, the type of animal in which the drug will be used, the type of investigator who will collect the data, and the individual who will use the drug, will determine the mechanical part of the protocol.

All of these factors need to be considered and discussed with all participants, which may include biostatisticians, regulatory authorities, investigators, and other individuals, to ensure that a rational design is chosen.
Disseminated Protothecosis with Central Nervous System Involvement in a Dog
Authors: Tyler D. E. , Lorenz M. D. , Blue J. L. , Munnell J. F. , Chandler F. W.
Published: February 2025

A 4-year-old mixed-breed spayed bitch was euthanatized after 2½ months of progressive neurologic disease. Prototheca organisms were identified by histopathology, culture, and electron microscopy. Specific fluorescent antibody procedures revealed two species—Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii. Organisms and pyogranulomatous lesions were found in the brain, spinal cord, right eye, kidneys, and heart.
Gastrointestinal complications associated with the use of atropine in horses
Authors: Ducharme Normand G. , Fubini Susan L.
Published: February 2025

Atropine sulfate was given at 2 dosages (0.044 mg/kg, 0.176 mg/kg) to clinically normal ponies in order to evaluate the drug’s effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal motility, as assessed by ausculation of borborygmus, was stopped 30 minutes after injection, but it gradually returned to normal within 12 hours. Signs of abdominal pain developed in 3 of 10 ponies. In 3 clinical cases of gastrointestinal disorder, prior atropine treatment was confusing to the diagnostician and resulted in delayed surgical treatment in 1 case. It was concluded that atropine should not be used for alleviation of intestinal spasm of horses.
Uroperitoneum in the foal
Authors: Richardson D. W. , Kohn C. W.
Published: February 2025

The case records of 22 foals with uroperitoneum were reviewed. The most common cause was a defect in the urinary bladder. A sex predilection for males was apparent. Clinical signs were tachycardia, tachypnea, and abdominal distention. The history pertaining to micturition was variable. Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperkalemia were marked. A reliable means of diagnosis was considered to be the demonstration of a wide disparity in serum and peritoneal fluid creatinine values. Surgical repair was successful in 11 of 18 cases, although surgical and anesthetic complications were common. Some of the defects were believed to be congenital.
Reticulography of the cow in dorsal recumbency: An aid in the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Authors: Ducharme Normand G. , Dill Stephen G. , Rendano Victor T.
Published: February 2025

The accuracy of radiographic evaluation of the reticulum for traumatic reticuloperitonitis was evaluated. In a retrospective study involving 30 cows that had been radiographed in standing position, the diagnosis of penetrating foreign body was made with certainty in only 3 of 19 cases in which foreign bodies were identified. In 8 cases, no foreign body was identified radiographically, but a foreign body was found at surgery. In a prospective study, 19 cows were radiographed in both the standing and dorsal recumbent (dorsal reticulography) positions; in 10 cases, the diagnosis made on the basis of the standing radiograph was changed because of the dorsal reticulographic findings. When compared with surgical or necropsy findings in 9 cases, dorsal reticulography was accurate in determining whether a radiopaque foreign body was embedded in the reticulum wall. Thus, dorsal reticulography was shown to be an accurate diagnostic method for evaluating cows with suspected traumatic reticulitis, whereas radiographs obtained in the standing position were relatively inaccurate.
Fibroblastic tumor of the premaxilla in two horses
Authors: Barber Spencer M. , Clark Edward G. , Fretz Peter B.
Published: February 2025

In 2 horses with rapidly growing, locally destructive tumors of the premaxilla, there was major disruption and displacement of some incisor teeth, with radiographic evidence of disruption of the premaxilla at the base of the tumors. In horse 1, most of the tumor was removed by incising it at its base, and the tumor bed was treated cryosurgically with 3 freeze-thaw cycles, using liquid nitrogen. The area healed by 2nd intention. The tumor was found to be a benign fibroblastic tumor, possibly a fibroma. After 4 years, there has been no recurrence. Horse 2 was euthanatized on the basis of a tentative biopsy diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma. Postmortem studies supported a diagnosis of fibrosarcoma without metastasis.
X-Chromosome monosomy (37,XO) in a Burmese cat with gonadal dysgenesis
Authors: Johnston Shirley D. , Buoen Lance C. , Madl James E. , Weber Alvin F. , Smith Frances O.
Published: February 2025

A 37,XO-chromosome complement was detected in a 2½-year-old sable Burmese cat examined because of primary anestrus. The cat was smaller than its littermates; other somatic abnormalities associated with the XO karyotype in other species were not present. The ovaries, which did not respond to gonadotropin stimulation, contained inactive germinal epithelium (lacking follicles and primordial germ cells), which was similar to that of adult human patients with XO-gonadal dysgenesis.
Treatment of auricular hematoma, using a teat tube
Authors: Wilson James W.
Published: February 2025

Auricular hematomas in 35 dogs and 12 cats were treated with a drainage method utilizing a particular bovine teat tube. The method was easy to perform and required a minimum of expendable materials. Animals were quickly returned to normal activity, aftercare was simple, healing was rapid, and the healed ear was cosmetically acceptable. Complications that developed in 7 animals were related to the time of tube removal, and could be minimized in the future by following guidelines formulated from this study.
Cephalexin for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L.
Published: February 2025

Oral treatment with cephalexin resulted in bacteriologic cure in 24 of 25 (96%) dogs with urinary tract infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. All 25 of the isolates of K pneumoniae were susceptible in vitro to cephalexin at a concentration of ≤ 64 µg/ml, well below the mean concentration of cephalexin attained in the urine of clinically normal dogs given similar doses of this drug.
Effect of oxytetracycline administration on antibody response to Brucella abortus vaccination in calves
Authors: Smith Robert A. , Thedford T. R. , Espe B. H. , Woodson Paul D. , Burrows George E.
Published: February 2025

In 5- to 7-month-old dairy calves, concurrent oxytetracycline administration and subcutaneous vaccination with 109 Brucella abortus strain 19 organisms reduced the percentage of animals with detectable humoral antibodies to Brucella abortus, when compared with untreated vaccinated calves of the same age range. The reduction of antibody reaction in the card test was less than that associated with the injection of 109 heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 organisms.
Treatment of radial-ulnar and tibial fractures in cattle, using a modified Thomas splint-cast combination
Authors: Adams Stephen B. , Fessler John F.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study involving 15 cattle, radial-ulnar or tibial fractures were repaired with a modified Thomas splint combined with plaster cast. The cattle ranged in age from 1 day to 5 years and weighed from 46 to 775 kg. Eight cattle had radialulnar fractures and 7 had tibial fractures. The fractures healed in 14 cattle. The most frequent long-term complication was deviation of the involved long bones after healing. The degree of deviation decreased over several months’ time in most cases. Thirteen of the 14 cattle with healed fractures were used for breeding or milking and their capacity for those functions was not diminished.
Cranial tibial thrust: A primary force in the Canine stifle
Authors: Slocum Barclay , Devine Theresa
Published: February 2025

A cranially directed force identified within the canine stifle joint was termed cranial tibial thrust. It was generated during weight bearing by tibial compression, of which the tarsal tendon of the biceps femoris is a major contributor, and by the slope of the tibial plateau, found to have a mean cranially directed inclination of 22.6 degrees. This force may be an important factor in cranial cruciate ligament rupture and in generation of cranial drawer sign.
Seasonal variation in passive transfer of immunoglobulin G1 to newborn calves
Authors: Gay Clive C. , McGuire Travis C. , Parish Steven M.
Published: February 2025

Forty-eight-hour serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) were determined for 123 female calves born on 1 farm during a 12-month period and fed 2.8 L of colostrum by esophageal feeder within 2 hours of birth. Mean monthly serum IgG1 concentrations were lowest in the winter, and increased during the spring and early summer to reach their peak in September, after which they decreased. Eight of 64 calves (12.5%) bom from June through October had failure of passive transer of IgG1 (serum IgG1<8 mg/ml), whereas 27 of 58 (46.5%) bom from November through May had failure of passive transfer.
Automated serum chemical analysis in the foal
Authors: Rumbaugh G. E. , Adamson P. J. W.
Published: February 2025

Blood was collected from healthy Quarter Horse and Appaloosa foals at birth and at intervals until 18 weeks of age and then was processed in an automated system for serum chemical analysis, grouping the results by age. The test values were markedly different from those normally expected in adult horses. The greatest differences were in alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, and total bilirubin measurements. It was concluded that serum biochemical test results be compared with age-specific normal values before diagnoses are made in cases of illness.
Palatal myositis in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Authors: Blythe Linda L. , Cardinet George H. , Meagher Dennis M. , Brown Murray P. , Wheat John D.
Published: February 2025

The histologic and histochemical features of palatine muscles from 53 horses were studied; 25 of the horses were racehorses that had upper airway obstruction associated with dorsal displacement of the soft palate and 28 of the horses did not have any respiratory disorders and served as controls.

Pathologic features observed included myonecrosis, phagocytosis, mononuclear cell infiltration of perimysial connective tissue, alkaline phosphatase-positive myofibers, and myofibers with cytoarchitectural changes that included irregular staining of the intermyofibrillar sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic masses. These histopathologic features were judged to be indicative of myositis. Those features were found in both control horses and horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate; however, their prevalence was higher in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. For the control horses as well as the horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate, the inflammatory changes were more prevalent in older horses. The finding of myositis suggests that palatal muscle weakness may contribute to the development of dorsal displacement of the soft palate; however, the myositis might have been secondary to trauma associated with displacement of the soft palate. We could not distinguish between these 2 possibilities.

A large number of horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate also had concurrent pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. Extension of the mucosal inflammatory changes associated with pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia into the underlying palatine muscle might have accounted for the myositis.
Fenbendazole treatment of pregnant bitches to reduce prenatal and lactogenic infections of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum in pups
Authors: Burke T. Michael , Roberson Edward L.
Published: February 2025

A granulated formulation of fenbendazole was tested in a total of 23 treated and control, pregnant, parasite-free Beagle bitches experimentally infected with Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. The drug was administered to each treated bitch once daily in canned dog food at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight. Each of 2 treatment regimens tested was initiated on the 40th day of pregnancy One regimen involved daily treatment continuing through the 14th postpartum day and it resulted in 89% fewer ascarids and 99% fewer hookworms in pups born to medicated bitches, as compared with pups born to unmedicated controls. The other regimen of treatment, which was stopped on the day of parturition, was less effective in reducing ascarid and hookworm burdens (64% and 88% reductions, respectively).

Three to 5 bitches from each of the treatment and control groups were allowed to whelp a 2nd litter without further treatment or further exposure to parasite infections. Hookworm burdens in 2nd-litter pups born of bitches that had initially received fenbendazole through the 14th postpartum day were significantly lower (P < 0.01; 85% reduction), when compared with the 2nd-litter control pups. All other parasite burdens were not significantly different.

It was concluded that granulated fenbendazole is effective in reducing burdens of Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in newborn pups when the bitch is treated during the last third of pregnancy, especially when treatment (50 mg/kg/day) extends from the 40th day of pregnancy through the 14th postpartum day.
Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve disease in six horse
Authors: Power H. T. , Watrous B. J. , Lahunta A. de
Published: February 2025

In 6 horses, clinical signs of illness implicated a lesion involving the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. One horse had signs of otitis externa. Five horses had radiographic changes primarily involving periosteal bony proliferation of the stylohyoid bone at its articulation with the temporal bone. Five horses improved with antibiotic therapy. Otitis media-interna was found at necropsy of one horse.
Cytauxzoonosis in bobcats
Authors: Glenn Bertis L. , Kocan A. Alan , Blouin Edmour F.
Published: February 2025

Blood from 4 wild-trapped bobcats (Lynx rufus rufus) with naturally occurring infection by an intraerythrocytic piroplasm morphologically indistinguishable from the piroplasm form of Cytauxzoon felis was inoculated parenterally into domestic cats. None of the bobcats had signs of disease at the time of capture or subsequently, but all remained parasitemic. Erythroparasitemia developed in all 4 of the domestic cats inoculated with parasitemic bobcat blood. One of the domestic cats later died and had gross and histologic lesions characteristic of those reported in naturally occurring and experimentally induced fatal cytauxzoonosis of domestic cats. The other 3 cats remained parasitemic but otherwise appeared healthy. One of these cats was subsequently inoculated with virulent Cytauxzoon of domestic cat origin and it died within 14 days. Two of the bobcats, including the one whose blood induced fatal cytauxzoonosis in the domestic cat, were similarly inoculated but remained without apparent ill effects. Schizogenous tissue forms of Cytauxzoon organisms were not found in tissues from any of the 4 bobcats or in tissues from the 2 parasitemic domestic cats that were not inoculated with the virulent organism. The results demonstrated that the bobcat is a natural host for the organism that causes fatal cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats and provides presumptive evidence that the naturally occurring bobcat piroplasm may be the intraerythrocytic form of C felis.
Clinical trials with canine distemper vaccines in exotic carnivores
Authors: Montali Richard J. , Bartz Curtis R. , Teare J. Andrew , Allen Jandel T. , Appel Max J. G. , Bush Mitchell
Published: February 2025

Two types of killed canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine and a modified-live cdv vaccine were clinically evaluated in four species of exotic carnivores. In 16 trials in which 13 red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) were given the killed vaccine, only 1 animal had a virus-neutralization titer that exceeded 1:100. A red panda given modified-live cdv vaccine deemed safe for gray foxes and ferrets died of bacterial pneumonia 16 days later. There was no pathologic evidence of canine distemper in that panda. The same modified-live vaccine proved to be immunogenic and safe in 12 bush dogs (Speothos venaticus), 5 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and 3 fennec foxes (Fennecus zerda) in which virus-neutralization titers often exceeded 1:512 and persisted for several months after vaccination.
Esophageal/gastric leiomyoma in the laboratory Beagle
Authors: Culbertson R. , Branam J. Edward , Rosenblatt L. S.
Published: February 2025

In a colony of 306 laboratory Beagles, gastric leiomyoma was diagnosed at necropsy (n = 69) and by biopsy (n = 1). The prevalence in males and females was nearly identical (23% and 22%, respectively). The neoplasm was strongly age related (P<0.001) and was seen in 82.4% of dogs aged 17 to 18 years. In contrast to malignant gastric tumors that generally are found in the distal two thirds of the stomach, the leiomyomas were found at the esophageal/gastric junction in 94% of cases. Clinical signs could not be specifically attributed to these masses, though their recognition was important in the differential diagnosis from other more serious gastric neoplasms.
Epizootic of parainfluenza-3 virus infection in gibbons
Authors: Martin David P. , Kaye Harold S.
Published: February 2025

A laboratory-housed breeding colony of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) experienced an epizootic of upper respiratory tract disease characterized by lethargy, anorexia, coughing, and serous rhinorrhea. Signs were more severe in adults than in offspring, and all animals recovered without complications. Base-line, acute, and convalescent sera from the most severely affected gibbons were tested for antibodies against a wide spectrum of infectious agents. For personnel known to have had contact with the gibbons, testing for the same agents was done on base-line sera and sera obtained at the same time as the acute and convalescent sera were obtained from the gibbons. Rising titers against parainfluenza-3 virus were detected in 6 of 7 gibbons tested. An increase in titer was not seen in the sera of personnel.
Calicivirus-induced vesicular disease in cetaceans and probable interspecies transmission
Authors: Smith Alvin. W. , Skilling Douglas E. , Ridgway Sam
Published: February 2025

A calicivirus isolated from cetaceans is a new serotype designated cetacean calicivirus Tursiops-1 (CCV-Tur-1). It appears to have spread from an initially infected Atlantic bottlenose dolphin to a California sea lion, and was then carried by the sea lion to a second facility several miles away, where a second dolphin became infected and developed vesicular skin lesions that eroded, leaving shallow ulcers. Cetaceans and pinnipeds belong to separate orders, so this finding of interspecies transmission demonstrates the potentially broad host spectrum for yet another calicivirus.
Serologic survey of California wild hogs for antibodies against selected zoonotic disease agents
Authors: Clark R. K. , Jessup D. A. , Hird D. W. , Ruppanner R. , Meyer M. E.
Published: February 2025

Blood samples were collected from trapped or hunter-killed wild hogs (Sus scrofa) in 4 areas of California. Sera were tested for antibodies against 7 zoonotic disease agents. Antibodies against Brucella sp were detected in 21 (15%) of 136 samples. Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii were found in 50% of the collected samples (67 of 135 tested). Of the 135 wild hogs screened for pseudorabies virus, 4 (3%) were seropositive. Leptospira interrogans antibodies were discovered in 118 (87%) of the 136 samples tested. Of the 130 samples screened for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium complex, 111 (85%) were seropositive. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were detected in 17 (13%) of 135 wild hogs. Antibodies against Yersinia pestis were found in 9 (15%) of 59 sera tested.
Myodegeneration in Kentucky white-tailed deer
Authors: Tramontin Robert R. , Giles R. C. , Hong C. B. , Newman Louis E.
Published: February 2025

Skeletal or cardiac myodegeneration, or both, was observed in 4 free-ranging female white-tailed deer that were found dead or recumbent and unable to rise. Gross pathologic findings included white or chalky streaks in heart or skeletal musculature. Degeneration, necrosis, and mineralization were observed microscopically in affected striated muscles. Although the precise cause of myodegeneration was not determined, changes were considered compatible with nutritional or exertional myopathy.
Companion animals and the elderly: A state-of-the-art summary
Authors: Wilson Cindy C. , Netting F. Ellen
Published: February 2025

The human/animal relationship exhibited by the elderly and their pets has limitations as well as potentials. The functions of a pet as a companion and social facilitator in pet-facilitated psychotherapy include serving as a cotherapist for facilitation of rapport, providing companionship, substituting for close interpersonal relationships (ie, significant others), enhancing the health status of a variety of target groups, increasing opportunity for sensory stimulation, and providing emotional support and a sense of well-being. Available information was limited because few studies have been replicated, data were not validated, and previous studies were restricted mainly to institutionalized or therapeutic environments. Implications for future research include use of animals for companionship and to promote the physical, social, and emotional health of the elderly.
Clinicopathologic findings in dogs and cats with ethylene glycol intoxication
Authors: Thrall Mary Anna , Grauer Gregory F. , Mero Kendall N.
Published: February 2025

Clinicopathologic findings were retrospectively evaluated in 26 cats and 24 dogs with ethylene glycol intoxication. Common clinical signs were ataxia, depression, vomiting, and hypothermia. Characteristic alterations in the hemogram and serum chemical profile included neutrophilia, lymphopenia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, and decreased whole blood bicarbonate. Common urinalysis findings included isosthenuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, calcium oxalate and hippurate crystalluria, and the presence of renal epithelial cells, white blood cells, and granular and cellular casts in the urine sediment. The high death rate (78%) was attributed to delays in presentation, diagnosis, and therapy.
Nasal aspergillosis and penicilliosis in dogs: Results of treatment with thiabendazole
Authors: Harvey Colin E.
Published: February 2025

Forty-seven dogs with nasal aspergillosis or penicilliosis were treated with thiabendazole (20 mg/kg orally for 6 weeks). Nasal turbinectomy was performed on 26 of the dogs. Six months or more later, 43% of the dogs were clinically normal or considerably improved; results were better in dogs not treated surgically. It was concluded that thiabendazole at a dosage of 20 mg/kg is not an effective treatment for nasal aspergillosis or penicilliosis in dogs.
Acute toxicosis in swine associated with excessive dietary intake of vitamin D
Authors: Long Gerald G.
Published: February 2025

Acute toxicosis developed in a group (n = 35) of fattening hogs and replacement gilts that had excessive vitamin D3 inadvertently added to their feed. All of the pigs were lethargic, and emesis was evident in about half of the pigs 1 to 2 days after they consumed the feed. On the 2nd day, 3 of the pigs died. The remaining pigs were given a different ration. Five additional pigs died during the next 2 weeks. Clinical toxicosis also was observed in 1 of 2 feeder pigs fed the suspect feed in the laboratory and in 2 of2 pigs fed the suspect feed by the company that had mixed the feed.

Gross necropsy findings consistently observed were hemorrhagic gastritis and diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Myocardial degeneration and nephrosis were seen in, respectively, 1 of 6 and 4 of 6 pigs necropsied. Histologically, necrosis and mineralization of variable severity were observed in the fundic gastric mucosa, lungs, kidneys, bone, heart, and small blood vessels of the lungs and heart. Less necrosis and more mineralization were observed in pigs that survived longer than 6 days.

The 2 pigs fed the suspect feed in the laboratory had increased concentrations of serum calcium from the 3rd to the 9th days or the 1st to the 3rd days, after feeding the suspect feed. Serum phosphorus concentrations were increased from the 1st until the 2nd or 3rd day, and serum magnesium concentrations were increased from the 1st or 2nd to the 3rd day after feeding the suspect feed. The blood urea nitrogen concentrations were not excessive except in the sample taken at the time of death from 1 pig. The blood urea nitrogen values and the severity of the gastric and pulmonary lesions in comparison with the renal lesions suggested that tissue necrosis was due to a direct toxic effect and not secondary to renal disease.
Perforated abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cows
Authors: Palmer Jonathan E. , Whitlock Robert H.
Published: February 2025

Case records of adult dairy cattle with abomasal ulcers admitted to the University of Pennsylvania from 1968 through 1980 were evaluated. Of 6,385 adult dairy cattle admitted during that period, 69 had abomasal ulcers of clinical importance. Of 43 ulcers that had perforated, 17 were associated with local peritonitis and 22 were associated with diffuse peritonitis; 4 had perforated so recently that peritonitis had not had time to develop. Perforated ulcers were found in 40 cows that had recently calved (32 cows with ulcers that had perforated within 4 weeks after calving) and often had concurrent disease(s) (39 cows with at least one other disease). Ten cows with local peritonitis survived, whereas only 2 of the cows with diffuse peritonitis survived.
Studies on equine infectious anemia virus transmission by insects
Authors: Issel Charles J. , Foil Lane D.
Published: February 2025

There are several factors involved in the mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia (eia) virus by insects. Large hematophagous insects, especially tabanids, which feed from extravascular sites (ie, pool feeding) appear to be the most efficient vectors. The biology of the host-seeking and bloodfeeding behavior of the vectors are important variables that have been overlooked in the mechanical transmission of pathogens like eia virus. The biology, population levels, and diversity of the vectors, in addition to the clinical status and proximity of eia virus-infected horses maintained with susceptible animals are all important variables that contribute to eia virus transmission in nature.
Intra-Articular Corticosteroid- and Exercise-Induced Arthropathy in a Horse
Authors: Owen Rh. ap Rh. , Marsh J. A. , Hallett F. R. , Lumsden J. H. , Johnson J.
Published: February 2025

Methylprednisolone acetate was injected repeatedly into both intercarpal joints of a horse that had a 3rd carpal bone fracture in 1 limb. Synovial fluid from intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of both limbs were obtained serially for study.

Arthropathy developed in the fractured joint following prolonged corticosteroid therapy and exercise. In the corticosteroid-injected normal joint, the hyaluronic acid concentration initially decreased, then increased. A depletion in cartilage matrix was seen at necropsy, 175 days after onset of treatment.

Determination of total protein content in synovial fluid gave the earliest indication of impending arthropathy, but viscosity studies in association with determination of hyaluronic acid concentration gave a definitive assessment of joint integrity.
Lymphosarcoma and associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses
Authors: Reef virginia B. , Dyson Sue S. , Beech Jill
Published: February 2025

Three horses with equine lymphosarcoma were examined because of clinical signs including chronic weight loss, respiratory distress, peripheral edema, and chronic colic. Clinicopathologic findings included evidence of an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia also was diagnosed in 1 of the horses and suspected in another.

One horse died in spite of treatment, 1 died 5 hours after surgical removal of a tumor encircling the jejunum, and 1 was euthanatized because of deteriorating condition. Necropsy of each horse revealed extensive neoplastic infiltration of peripheral lymph nodes and abdominal or thoracic viscera with neoplastic lymphocytes.