bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model
Authors: Yeo I.-Y. , Lee S. , Sadeghi A. M. , Beeson P. C. , Hively W. D. , McCarty G. W. , Lang M. W.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Winter cover crops are an effective conservation management practice with potential to improve water quality. Throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed (CBW), which is located in the mid-Atlantic US, winter cover crop use has been emphasized, and federal and state cost-share programs are available to farmers to subsidize the cost of cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of planting winter cover crops to improve water quality at the watershed scale (~ 50 km2) and to identify critical source areas of high nitrate export. A physically based watershed simulation model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was calibrated and validated using water quality monitoring data to simulate hydrological processes and agricultural nutrient cycling over the period of 1990–2000. To accurately simulate winter cover crop biomass in relation to growing conditions, a new approach was developed to further calibrate plant growth parameters that control the leaf area development curve using multitemporal satellite-based measurements of species-specific winter cover crop performance. Multiple SWAT scenarios were developed to obtain baseline information on nitrate loading without winter cover crops and to investigate how nitrate loading could change under different winter cover crop planting scenarios, including different species, planting dates, and implementation areas. The simulation results indicate that winter cover crops have a negligible impact on the water budget but significantly reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater and delivery to the waterways. Without winter cover crops, annual nitrate loading from agricultural lands was approximately 14 kg ha−1, but decreased to 4.6–10.1 kg ha−1 with cover crops resulting in a reduction rate of 27–67% at the watershed scale. Rye was the most effective species, with a potential to reduce nitrate leaching by up to 93% with early planting at the field scale. Early planting of cover crops (~ 30 days of additional growing days) was crucial, as it lowered nitrate export by an additional ~ 2 kg ha−1 when compared to late planting scenarios. The effectiveness of cover cropping increased with increasing extent of cover crop implementation. Agricultural fields with well-drained soils and those that were more frequently used to grow corn had a higher potential for nitrate leaching and export to the waterways. This study supports the effective implementation of cover crop programs, in part by helping to target critical pollution source areas for cover crop implementation.
Amalgamation in landslide maps: effects and automatic detection
Authors: Marc O. , Hovius N.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Inventories of individually delineated landslides are a key to understanding landslide physics and mitigating their impact. They permit assessment of area-frequency distributions and landslide volumes, and testing of statistical correlations between landslides and physical parameters such as topographic gradient or seismic strong motion. Amalgamation, i.e. the mapping of several adjacent landslides as a single polygon, can lead to potentially severe distortion of the statistics of these inventories. This problem can be especially severe in datasets produced by automated mapping. We present 5 inventories of earthquake-induced landslides mapped with different materials and techniques and affected by varying degrees of amalgamation. Errors on the total landslide volume and power-law exponent of the area-frequency distribution, resulting from amalgamation, may be up to 200 and 50%, respectively. We present an algorithm based on image and DEM analysis, for automatic identification of amalgamated polygons. On a set of about 2000 polygons larger than 1000 m2, tracing landslides triggered by the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the algorithm performs well, with only 2.7–3.6% wrongly amalgamated landslides missed and 3.9–4.8% correct polygons wrongly identified as amalgams. This algorithm can be used broadly to check landslide inventories and allow faster correction by automating the identification of amalgamation.
Aggregate breakdown and surface seal development influenced by rain intensity, slope gradient and soil particle size
Authors: Arjmand Sajjadi S. , Mahmoodabadi M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Aggregate breakdown is an important process which controls infiltration rate (IR) and the availability of fine materials necessary for structural sealing under rainfall. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different slope gradients, rain intensities and particle size distributions on aggregate breakdown and IR to describe the formation of surface sealing. To address this issue, 60 experiments were carried out in a 35 cm x 30 cm x 10 cm detachment tray using a rainfall simulator. By sieving a sandy loam soil, two sub-samples with different maximum aggregate sizes of 2 mm (Dmax 2 mm) and 4.75 mm (Dmax4.75 mm) were prepared. The soils were exposed to two different rain intensities (57 and 80 mm h-1) on several slopes (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20%) each at three replications. The result showed that the most fraction percentages in soils Dmax 2 mm and Dmax 4.75 mm were in the finest size classes of 0.02 and 0.043 mm, respectively for all slope gradients and rain intensities. The soil containing finer aggregates exhibited higher transportability of pre-detached material than the soil containing larger aggregates. Also, IR increased with increasing slope gradient, rain intensity and aggregate size under unsteady state conditions because of less development of surface seal. But under steady state conditions, no significant relationship was found between slope and IR. The finding of this study revealed the importance of rain intensity, slope steepness and soil aggregate size on aggregate breakdown and seal formation, which can control infiltration rate and the consequent runoff and erosion rates.
Are seasonal calving dynamics forced by buttressing from ice mélange or undercutting by melting? Outcomes from full-Stokes simulations of Store Glacier, West Greenland
Authors: Todd J. , Christoffersen P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We use a full-Stokes 2-D model (Elmer/Ice) to investigate the flow and calving dynamics of Store Glacier, a fast-flowing outlet glacier in West Greenland. Based on a new, subgrid-scale implementation of the crevasse depth calving criterion, we perform two sets of simulations: one to identify the primary forcing mechanisms and another to constrain future stability. We find that the mixture of icebergs and sea ice, known as ice mélange or sikussak, is principally responsible for the observed seasonal advance of the ice front. On the other hand, the effect of submarine melting on the calving rate of Store Glacier appears to be limited. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the glacier's calving dynamics are sensitive to seasonal perturbation, but are stable on interannual timescales due to the strong topographic control on the flow regime. Our results shed light on the dynamics of calving glaciers and may help explain why neighbouring glaciers do not necessarily respond synchronously to changes in atmospheric and oceanic forcing.
A Co-Regulatory Approach to Reasonable Network Management
Authors: Watal Aparna
Published: December 2014

The author proposes that the FCC support the creation of an independent body under its supervision, composed of all stakeholders in the debate over “network neutrality” and “reasonable network management” to set and enforce norms and rules (co-regulation) related to traffic and content management issues. This proposal is grounded in the FCC's authority under Section 201(b) of the Communications Act. This proposal is positioned as a middle-ground between no regulation and excessive regulation, to avert a bandwidth “tragedy of the commons.”
Diversity Label: Exploring the Potential and Limits of a Transparency Approach to Media Diversity
Authors: Helberger Natali
Published: December 2014

With the rapid growth of digital content, meaningful media diversity depends on users and the choices they make. The challenge is no longer facilitating content, but capturing attention, which is not subject to regulatory control. Empowering users with information, as exemplified in consumer law, thus becomes a more important element in the regulatory toolbox. According to Professor Helberger, the informational approach to advancing the goals of media diversity needs more coherent and informed reflection. In particular, she suggests the usefulness of “diversity labels” in conjunction with self-regulation, an idea that deserves further exploration of its potential for stimulating the audience's appetite for diverse media content.
Information Policymaking in the United Kingdom: The Role of the Information Professional
Authors: Owen Barbara Buckley , Cooke Louise , Matthews Graham
Published: December 2014

Should a state have a single overarching national information policy? Currently for the United Kingdom, Buckley Owen, Cooke, and Matthews say no, and suggest that their analysis may be relevant elsewhere. Their conclusion is based on primary and secondary research including interviews with policymakers/implementers at the highest level. In their investigation into UK government policy on citizens' access to Public Sector Information, they map responsibility for eighteen different information policy issues across nine government departments, noting the diversity of the issues. Instead of a single rule, they offer a “framework” of elements, often representing cross-cutting issues, and offer suggestions for managing their coordination. They note the influence of experts and lobbyists on this process, and see a potential role for “information professionals” who know both technology and policy, with the relevant professional body playing a leading role. The authors conclude with ten recommendations for operationalizing their approach.
Challenging the Digital Gatekeepers: International Policy Initiatives for Free Expression
Authors: Hintz Arne
Published: December 2014

Can civil society interventions preserve openness on the Internet? Dr. Hintz presents an array of examples of successful policy advocacy for free and open communications, from both within and without formal structures. These are analyzed to show the technical, social, and political responses in resisting enclosures and restrictions on digital communications. The strategies, characteristics, and conditions of successful communications policy activism are laid out. The development of new legal proposals and legislative frameworks, along with participation in their construction, has been especially effective. While a broader collaborative approach has yet to emerge, civil society initiatives have in some cases successfully challenged attempts to curtail online communication, and initiated change towards more open communication environments.
Insight on Oversight: The Role of Information Commissioners in the Implementation of Access to Information Policies
Authors: Holsen Sarah , Pasquier Martial
Published: December 2014

What factors impede “Access to Information (ATI)” laws — or make them effective? Drawing on international experience and analyses of ten different countries, Holsen and Pasquier describe and analyze several different forms of ATI implementation. Factors considered include the oversight bodies' powers, independence, resources, and leadership. Special consideration is given to appeals processes and types of enforcement. In this context, the benefits of the “Information Commissioner” model have been found to outweigh its drawbacks.
Strategic Challenges for the European Telecom Sector: The Consequences of Imbalances in Internet Traffic
Authors: Liebenau Jonathan , Elaluf-Calderwood Silvia , Karrberg Patrik
Published: December 2014

The current business model of European telecommunications operators is unsustainable. According to Liebenau, Elaluf-Calderwood, and Karrberg, the old model does not reflect new architectures for the provision of digital services. It is economically unfeasible, they say, to continue to promote the idea of a “dumb pipe” industry alongside a services and content industry. However, network neutrality requirements could stand in the way of application-based charging, significantly hampering market development. To survive, operators need a new multi-sided strategy built around different modular types of traffic in order to link their business models to emerging Internet value chains.
Online and On Point: Broadband Usage in Canada and the United States
Authors: McConnaughey James , Neogi Prabir K. , Goldberg Rafi M. , Brocca Josie
Published: December 2014

Have we exhausted supply-side solutions to bridging the “digital divide?” The evidence suggests we may have, according to the four authors of this article. Comparing Canadian and American broadband penetration data, they find that eliminating the “availability gap” is a necessary but not sufficient condition to solving the adoption gap. An analysis of citizens' reasons for non-adoption suggests a basis for more emphasis on demand-side policies, especially with respect to low income, disadvantaged, or uncertain users.
ESSAY - Spectrum Synergy: Policy Opportunities to Promote Communications and Information Flow in Wireless Networks
Authors: Riley M. Chris
Published: December 2014

Will consumers and democracy benefit or lose from future mobile policy? In this essay that introduces the “Spectrum for Democracy” special issue of Journal of Information Policy, Dr. Riley argues that the key question is whether national and international policy will facilitate or frustrate the opportunities that wireless presents. To address the biggest challenges, he advocates emphasis on “Super Wi-Fi,” increased competition, spectrum standardization, interoperable architectures, mobile broadband universal service, and resistance to state censorship. In the long-term, Riley says, spectrum management should move away from the current model to a completely opportunistic, software-defined cognitive radio technology.
From Revolution to Reform: Recommendations for Spectrum Policy in Transitional Tunisia
Authors: Chakchouk Moez , Kehl Danielle , Ben-Avie Jochai , Coyer Kate
Published: December 2014

Will the revolutionary changes of the “Arab Spring” result in more open and democratic media in the affected countries in the Middle East and North Africa? Using developments in Tunisia as a case study, the authors argue that democratically reformed media, Internet, and spectrum policies can lead to a more enabling and pluralistic environment that encourages new market entrants. Progress has been made, but ongoing challenges in structural and institutional reforms remain. The authors make a series of policy recommendations in the hope that Tunisia can be a model for its regional and global peers.
TABELAS DE PESO DA BIOMASSA DE COPAS DE PINUS TROPICAIS NA REGIÃO DE SACRAMENTO, MG
Authors: Pinheiro Gilberto Souza , Soares Ronaldo Viana
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
SURTO DE GEOMETRÍDEOS DESACICULADORES EM PINUS
Authors: Martins Air José , Pedrosa-Macedo José Henrique
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
SIXTH-TREE SAMPLING IN FOREST INVENTORIE
Authors: Pelz Dieter R.
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
COMPARAÇÃO DO CRESCIMENTO DE QUATRO ESPÉCIES EXÓTICAS EM SOLOS PODZÓLICOS NA AMAZÔNIA
Authors: Batista Manoel Pedro , Woessner Ronald Arthur
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
ASPECTOS DA PRODUÇÃO FLORESTAL DE Pinus spp. NA ÁFRICA DO SUL
Authors: Spiecker Heinrich
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
DENDEZEIRO (Elaeis guineensis) EM ASSOCIAÇÃO COM O "CUPIN DE TERRA SOLTA" Syntermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidade), UM MUTUALISMO INTERESSANTE
Authors: Nogueira Sebastião Bastos , Moura José Inácio Lacerda
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
A CIÊNCIA FLORESTAL E A HUMANIDADE
Authors: Silva João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da , Hosokawa Roberto Tuyoshi
Published: December 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
ALTERAÇÕES DE PAISAGENS RIBEIRINHAS: O CASO DO RIO PARAMOPAMA, ESTADO DE SERGIPE
Authors: Ribeiro Luísa Ferreira , Holanda Francisco Sandro Rodrigues , Araújo Filho Renisson Neponuceno de , Rocha Igor Pinheiro , Gois Suzilane Santos
Published: December 2014

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar as alterações da paisagem promovidas pela erosão marginal e verificar a eficácia da técnica de bioengenharia de solos na recuperação das margens de um trecho do rio Paramopama, localizado no município de São Cristóvão, estado de Sergipe. Para a avaliação da alteração da paisagem, classificada como de altíssimo, alto e baixo grau de antropização, foram analisadas séries fotográficas compreendidas no período de 1998-2008. As espécies que se estabeleceram com maior ocorrência foram as pertencentes à família Poaceae. Dentre os fatores responsáveis pela alteração da paisagem, destacaram-se a erosão e a instalação de dutos atravessando a calha do rio. No rio Paramopama, foram observados dois momentos distintos, um com altíssimo e outro com alto grau de antropização. A técnica de bioengenharia de solos mostrou-se eficiente no que se refere à recuperação da paisagem, além de prover condições para a recuperação do ecossistema ribeirinho.Palavras-chave: Margens de cursos d´água; recuperação de paisagem; antropização. AbstractRiverine landscape changes: case-study of Paramopama River, Sergipe State. This work aimed to analyze current changes caused by riverbank’s erosion, as well as to verify the effectiveness of soil bioengineering techniques on the landscape recovery applied to Paramopama River banks. In order to verify landscape’s changes, it analyzed a photographic set produced during the period of 1998-2008, which had been classified according to its degree of anthropization as very high, high and low degree. Species with higher occurrence were those belonging to botanic family of Gramineae. There were many factors to landscape change, erosion was the most important followed by disturbances caused by ducts installation across the river channel. At Paramopama River two different moments could be observed, firstly, a very high degree of anthropization followed by a high degree of anthropization. Soil bioengineering technique was efficient to landscape recovery, providing ecological conditions to ecosystem recovery.Keywords: Stream banks; landscape recovery; anthropization.
EFICÁCIA DE Beauveria bassiana PARA O CONTROLE DE Hedypathes betulinus EM ERVA-MATE, Ilex paraguariensis
Authors: Borges Larissa Rolim , Lazzari Sônia Maria Noemberg , Borges- Arriagada Lívia Rolim , Iede Edson Tadeu
Published: December 2014

O controle das pragas da erva-mate, dentre as quais a broca-da-erva-mate, Hedypathes betulinus, é limitado principalmente a técnicas silviculturais e catação manual, pois não é permitida a aplicação de agroquímicos nessa cultura. A fim de contribuir com informações para o controle biológico de H. betulinus, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos determinar a eficácia e o número de aplicações anuais do micoinseticida à base do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana para o controle dessa praga. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em uma área de erva-mate em monocultura, no município de Campo Alegre, SC, Brasil. O formulado foi pulverizado no tronco e na base das árvores, de acordo com um cronograma de duas ou três aplicações, em diferentes meses do ano. Constatou-se a eficácia com a utilização do formulado, sendo que os dados de captura das áreas tratadas diferiram estatisticamente da testemunha e do tratamento com catação manual. Contudo, não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos com duas e três aplicações, sendo capturados, respectivamente, 18,4% e 17,7% dos insetos marcados. Assim, apenas duas pulverizações com B. bassiana realizadas nos meses de novembro e fevereiro são eficientes para o controle de H. betulinus e manutenção do inóculo na área de erva-mate em monocultura.Palavras chave: Fungo entomopatogênico; controle biológico; flutuação populacional.AbstractBeauveria bassiana efficiency to Hedypathes betulinus control in yerba maté, Ilex paraguariensis. Yerba mate pest control, especially Hedypathes betulinus, is limited basically to silvicultural practices and insect removal, once application of chemical insecticides in such crop is not allowed. This research aimed to produce data for biological control of H. betulinus by evaluation of efficiency and number of applications of an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana formulation for control of such pest species. The experiment was carried out on a yerba maté monoculture area, in Campo Alegre county, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The fungus was sprayed on trees’ trunk, following a chronogram of two and three applications, in different months. Efficiency of B. bassiana formulation could be demonstrated by the number of recaptured insects in areas of application, which was statistically lower than the one in the control area. However, there was no significant difference between two and three fungus application, with, respectively 18.4% and 17.7% of recaptured insects. Thus, only two yearly B. bassiana applications, in November and February, are enough to control H. betulinus and keep inoculum in an area of yerba maté monoculture. Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi; biological control; insect fluctuation.
METODOLOGIA DE AVALIAÇÃO DA AGRESSIVIDADE DE ISOLADOS DE Sphaeropsis sapinea A Pinus taeda
Authors: Corrêa Paula Rachel Rabelo , Auer Celso Garcia , Santos Álvaro Figueredo dos , Higa Antonio Rioyei
Published: December 2014

Sphaeropsis sapinea é conhecido como importante patógeno em Pinus, causando seca de ponteiros e morte de árvores em plantios comerciais. No Brasil, o primeiro relato da ação de S. sapinea ocorreu na década de 1940, durante introdução de Pinus radiata no estado de São Paulo, dizimando totalmente os plantios. Com o objetivo de selecionar material genético resistente a essa doença no Brasil, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para avaliar a agressividade de isolados de S. sapinea em frutos de maçã e Pinus taeda. Três ambientes (estufas com diferentes regimes de irrigação), dois métodos de inoculação (com e sem injúria) e três métodos de reisolamento do fungo (meio BDA, câmara úmida em saco plástico e em gerbox úmido) foram testados. Resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (p<0,05)na agressividade dos isolados em frutos de maçã e em mudas de P. taeda. O melhor método de reisolamento foi a câmara úmida e o melhor ambiente para a incubação de mudas de P. taeda foi em estufa coberta com lona plástica, com duas aspersões diárias de 4 minutos. Outro resultado foi que injúria é necessária para inoculação de S. sapinea. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram diferenças significativas na agressividade e diversidade genética do patógeno em todos os hospedeiros testados.Palavras-chave: Fungo; inoculação; melhoramento genético; Pinus.AbstractEvaluation methodology of the aggressiveness of isolated of Sphaeropsis sapinea on Pinus taeda. Sphaeropsis sapineais known as an important pathogen of Pinus, causing tip blight and death of trees in commercial plantings. In Brazil, the first report of this disease was done in the 1940s, during introduction of Pinus radiata in São Paulo State, when these plantations were destroyed by S sapinea. In order to select material resistant to such disease in Brazil,a methodology was developed to evaluate aggressiveness in S. sapinea isolates on apple fruits and Pinus taeda. Three environments (greenhouse with different regimes of irrigation), two inoculation methods (with and without injury) and three methods of re-isolation of fungus (PDA medium, moist chamber in plastic bags and moist gerbox) had been tested. Results pointed to significant differences (p < 0,05) on aggressiveness in apple fruit and P. taeda seedlings. The better method to re-isolate was moist chamber in plastic bags and the better environment to incubate inoculated seedlings was greenhouse with two diary aspersion of four minutes. Other result was that injury is necessary for a good inoculation of S. sapinea. The characterization results have presented significant differences in relation to aggressiveness and genetic diversity of the pathogen in all tested hosts.Keywords: Breeding; fungus; inoculation; Pinus.
THE EFFECTS OF SUCCESSIVE THINNINGS ON THE HYPSOMETRIC FUNCTION FOR Pinus oocarpa STANDS
Authors: Machado Sebastião Do Amaral , Barros Dalmo Arantes de , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Acerbi Junior Fausto Weimar
Published: December 2014

This research aimed to test the hypothesis that successive thinnings mischaracterize the hypsometric function, and that after some thinnings the average height of the plots or of the stand () is an unbiased estimate of the remaining tree heights (hi), that is, ĥi =  . The data were obtained from Duraflora S. A. in Agudos, State of São Paulo. This data set came from the measurement of diameters and respective heights of 1,100 trees equitably distributed in 11 different treatments with ages ranging from 5 to 25 years, and number of thinnings varying between 0 (zero) and 6. The Stoffels model, previously fitted to all treatments, was used to observe the behavior of the following factors: coefficient of multiple determination (R²), standard error of estimate in percent (Syx %), distribution of residuals, and the significance of the b0 and b1 coefficients in each one of the equations. After tests it was confirmed the hypothesis that average height is a precise estimate of hi for the oldest treatments with more than 4 thinnings. This means low Syx % and unbiased estimates, that is, good distribution of residuals.Keywords: Hypsometric curves; management regimes; plantations; Pinus oocarpa.ResumoEfeitos de desbastes sucessivos sobre a função hipsométrica em povoamentos de Pinus oocarpa Shiede. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo testar a hipótese que desbastes sucessivos descaracterizam a função hipsométrica e que após alguns desbastes a altura média da parcela ou do povoamento () é uma boa estimativa das demais alturas (ĥi), isto é, ĥi = . A base de dados utilizada para testar a hipótese formulada proveio de plantios de Pinus oocarpa, pertencentes à empresa Duraflora S.A., situada no município de Agudos, sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo. Esta base consistiu da altura e diâmetro de 1100 árvores distribuídas igualmente em 11 tratamentos, com variação de idades e número de desbastes. Visando atingir aos objetivos, foi primeiramente ajustado o modelo de Stoffels, separadamente para cada um dos 11 tratamentos, com o fim de observar a tendência dos coeficientes de determinação múltiplos (R2), do erro padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx %), a distribuição dos resíduos e a significância dos coeficientes de interseção (b0) e de inclinação (b1) em cada uma das equações. Após proceder as análises conclui-se que a medida que se aumenta o número de desbastes os R² vão se tornando cada vez mais baixos , porém os Syx % foram sempre inferiores a 10%. Palavras-chave: Curva hipsométrica; regimes de manejo; plantações; Pinus oocarpa.
VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DO FLUXO DE CO2 DO SOLO EM POVOAMENTO DE EUCALIPTO
Authors: D’Andréa Alexandre Fonseca , Silva Marx Leandro Naves , Freitas Diego Antonio França de , Curi Nilton , Silva Carlos Alberto
Published: December 2014

A matéria orgânica do solo armazena a maior parte do carbono contido nos sistemas terrestres do planeta, sendo a maioria encontrada nos solos com floresta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o fluxo de CO2 do solo e a sua variabilidade espacial em povoamento de Eucalyptus sp. Foram avaliados o fluxo de CO2 do solo, fatores ambientais (evaporação de água, temperatura e umidade do solo), atributos relacionados à fertilidade (pH, soma de bases e alumínio trocável), estrutura (densidade do solo e porosidade total) e matéria orgânica do solo (carbono orgânico total e carbono da biomassa microbiana). Análises de correlação linear simples indicaram que parte da variabilidade espacial do fluxo de CO2 do solo pode ser explicada pelo efeito conjunto do teor de carbono orgânico do solo, da biomassa da serapilheira e da presença de árvores no terreno, indicativas da participação de fatores bióticos no processo. No entanto, o fluxo de CO2 do solo é um fenômeno de natureza complexa, não sendo possível identificar um único atributo do solo ou do ambiente que, isoladamente, explique sua variação no espaço.Palavras-chave: Matéria orgânica; fatores ambientais; fertilidade; carbono; respiração do solo.AbstractSoil CO2 flux spatial variability on eucalyptus manmade forest.  The organic matter on soil retains most of carbon contained in the planet terrestrial systems, specially in forest soils. The aim of this work was to quantify soil CO2 flux and its spatial variability on Eucalyptus sp. manmade forest. In order to that, soil CO2 flux, environmental factors (water evaporation, soil temperature and moisture), fertility attributes (pH, bases sum and exchangeable aluminum), structure (bulk density and total porosity), and soil organic matter (total organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) were evaluated. Simple linear correlation analyses indicated that part of the spatial variability of soil CO2 flux can be explained by the associated effect of soil organic carbon amount, litter biomass and presence of trees, indicatives of participation of biotic factors in the process. However, the soil CO2 flux is a complex phenomenon, been impossible to identify a single soil or environmental attribute, which, individually, could explain its spatial variability. Keywords: Organic matter; environmental factors; fertility; carbon; linear correlation.
Opening Eyes Wide Shut: Genre, Reception, and Kubrick’s Last Film
Authors: RANSOM AMY J.
Published: December 2014

Disturbing both stylistically and thematically, refusing ever to do what is expected of him though sometimes infiltrating traditional cinematic genres … as a visionary film-maker bringing his most personal obsessions to life on the screen of his fantasy, [Kubrick] has been able to apprehend the underlying tensions of his period and tap its collective unconscious.

Michel Ciment (43)

Receiving Stanley Kubrick–however one chooses to define him–has never been a simple task.

Jason Sperb (“Their Eyes” 125)
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus open surgery for treatment of staghorn stones in pediatric patients
Authors: EL-Nahas Ahmed R. , Shokeir Ahmed A , Shoma Ahmed M , Eraky Ibrahim , Sarhan Osama M , Hafez Ashraf T , Dawaba Mohamed S , Elshal Ahmed M , Ghali Ahmed M , EL-Kenawy Mahmoud R
Published: December 2014

Introduction: We compare percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgery in the treatment of staghorn stones in children.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic records of children who underwent treatment for staghorn stones between September 2000 and August 2013. They were divided between Group 1 (patients who underwent PCNL) and Group 2 (patients who underwent open surgery). We compared stone-free and complications rates, need for multiple procedures, and hospital stay.Results: The study included 41 patients (35 boys and 6 girls), with mean age 7.4 ± 3.1 years (range: 2–15). Of these 41 patients, 26 had unilateral renal stone and 15 had bilateral renal stones. The total number of treated renal units was 56: 28 underwent PCNL and 28 underwent open surgery. The complication rate was comparable for both groups (32% for open surgery vs. 28.6%, p = 0.771). Multiple procedures were more needed in PCNL group (60.7% vs. 32% in open surgery, p = 0.032). The stone-free rate was 71.4% after PCNL and 78.6% after open surgery (p = 0.537). A significant difference was observed in shorter hospital stay after PCNL (5 vs. 8.8 days, p < 0.001). Our study’s limitations include its retrospective design and relatively small sample size.Conclusions: For the treatment of staghorn stones in children, PCNL was comparable to open surgery in complication and stone-free rates. PCNL had the advantage of a shorter hospital stay and open surgery showed a decreased need for multiple procedures.
Enhanced recovery pathway for radical prostatectomy: Implementation and evaluation in a universal healthcare system
Authors: Abou-Haidar Hiba , Abourbih Samuel , Braganza David , Al Qaoud Talal , Lee Lawrence , Carli Franco , Watson Deborah , Aprikian Armen G. , Tanguay Simon , Feldman Liane S. , Kassouf Wassim
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Enhanced recovery pathways are standardized, multidisciplinary, consensus-based tools that provide guidelines for evidence-based decision-making. This study evaluates the impact of the implementation of a clinical care pathway on patient outcomes following radical prostatectomy in a universal healthcare system.Methods: Medical charts of 200 patients with prostate cancer who underwent open and minimally invasive radical prostatectomy at a single academic hospital from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. A group of 100 consecutive patients’ pre-pathway implementation was compared with 99 consecutive patients’ post-pathway implementation. Duration of hospital stay, complications, post-discharge emergency department visits and readmissions were compared between the 2 groups.Results: Length of hospital stay decreased from a median of 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 4 to 3 days) days in the pre-pathway group to a median of 2 (IQR 3 to 2 days) days in the post-pathway group regardless of surgical approach (p < 0.0001). Complication rates, emergency department visits and hospital readmissions were not significantly different in the pre- and post-pathway groups (17% vs. 21%, p = 0.80; 12% vs. 12%, p = 0.95; and 3% vs. 7%, p = 0.18, respectively). These findings were consistent after stratification by surgical approach. Limitations of our study include lack of assessment of patient satisfaction, and the retrospective study design.Conclusions: The implementation of a standardized, multidisciplinary clinical care pathway for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy improved efficiency without increasing complication rates or hospital readmissions.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the testis: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Marzouk Karim , Alyami Fahad , Merrimen Jennifer , Bagnell Scott
Published: December 2014

This is a case of a 68-year-old male who presented with a chief compliant of a testicular mass, which was discovered to be a metastatic lesion of undiagnosed renal cell carcinoma. A computed tomography scan revealed a large right renal mass and multiple pulmonary metastasis. Shortly after diagnosis, the patient was initiated on systemic therapy and received a cytoreductive nephrectomy. We discuss the details of this case as well as a pertinent review of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the testes.
Update on medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral stones: Beyond alpha-blockers
Authors: Bos Derek , Kapoor Anil
Published: December 2014

Medical expulsive therapy (MET) has been described as an effective conservative treatment option in the initial management of small distal ureteral stones. Therapies that have been investigated include alpha-blockers, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, and most recently phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5) inhibitors. While alpha-blockers are currently the only recommended monotherapy, corticosteroids have received increased attention as a potential useful adjunct in the medical management of distal stones. PDE5 inhibitors are a novel treatment alternative, requiring further investigation. This review provides an overview of recent MET best practices, with a focus on novel therapies beyond alpha blockers.
Rice Bran Oil Distillate, a Choice for Gamma-Oryzanol: Separation and Oxidative Stability Study
Authors: Jaiswal Swapnil G. , Pradhan Subhalaxmi , Patel Madhumita , Naik Malaya , Naik Satyanarayan
Published: December 2014

Rice bran oil distillate is one among the secondary products produced during refining of rice bran oil. Rice bran oil distillate is a source of several micronutrients and natural antioxidants like Gamma-oryzanol, tocopherols etc. The aim of the present study was to separate Gamma-oryzanol from distillate and utilize it as a stabilizer for edible oil. In order to achieve this aim crystallization process was applied to obtain oryzanol rich concentrate. Further purification of oryzanol was achieved through column chromatography. Fractions of Gamma-oryzanol were quantified through HPLC which gives 0.83% yield. Separated Gamma-oryzanol was used to study the stability of pea nut and linseed oil using rancimat. The experiments were carried out in rancimat at varying temperature (110-130 ºC) and concentration (100-300 ppm). Stability of both the oil was found to be directly proportional to the Gamma-oryzanol concentration and inversely proportional to the temperature.
Beyond the Usual Definition of Diversity
Authors: Duncan Kari
Published: December 2014

Most of our water supply and distribution facilities, including the river intake, water treatment plant, and transmission mains, were long overdue for replacement and expansion. Keeping the system running had been a daily struggle since I had accepted the plant manager position in 2005. We were taking appropriate action to address the issue. We had added the position of a water conservation specialist and started a rigorous water conservation program in late 2007.
How to “MURV” Water Utility Plans Into Action and Success
Authors: Mumm Jason
Published: December 2014

The difference between a successful master utility plan and an unsuccessful one lies in how each plan uses the available resources in reaction to changing circumstances.
Management Tools to Optimize Pipeline Longevity
Authors: Grigg Neil S.
Published: December 2014

Water transmission and distribution systems require careful management for effective operations to sustain healthy and viable cities. This article explains how information‐based management tools can help renewal programs by supporting preparation of strong business cases founded on reliable data and credible analysis.
Drought Demand Management: One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Atwater ew , Cruz Johnathan , Lee James K. , Atwater Patrick
Published: December 2014

Weathering the financial risks and water supply management issues precipitated by a drought‐constrained supply is possible when utility managers use the customer information they have available to select appropriate drought response policy tools.
Should Water Providers Hedge Weather Risk?
Authors: Coleman D. Matthew , Leurig Sharlene , Hughes Jeffrey
Published: December 2014

Water providers may be able to manage natural revenue volatility caused by weather events by using weather risk transfer contracts to offset utility revenue loss.
Revisión teórica de la agencia publicitaria en la cultura digital
Authors: Del Río Pérez Jorge , Kaufmann Argueta Jürg
Published: December 2014

Tim Bourne (2014) advierte de  una serie de cambios en el mercado publicitario como el surgimiento de nuevos competidores, nuevas oportunidades y prioridades de comunicación y cambios en las ventas y en la distribución. En este panorama, la tecnología juega un papel omnipresente y es el motor capaz de inspirar hacia nuevas innovaciones y evoluciones. El objetivo del presente artículo es resaltar los aspectos fundamentales en la transformación de la industria publicitaria y de la agencia de publicidad como consecuencia de los efectos de la digitalización. Para ello, y tras una revisión de los trabajos publicados en revistas científicas españolas y extranjeras, en el presente trabajo se describen las características principales de la comunicación publicitaria en la cultura digital y, cómo en este nuevo entorno mediático, han surgido nuevas formas de entender la comunicación y la creatividad publicitaria. A continuación se resaltarán las principales transformaciones que las agencias de publicidad deben realizar para seguir cumpliendo con su función dentro del entorno digital. Por último, y aunque existen pocos estudios que investiguen los cambios que se han producido en los procesos de trabajo creativos dentro de las agencias (Sasser, Scott y Kilgour, 2013), se esbozan algunas características de la agencias del futuro.
Uso de las aplicaciones para móviles como recurso creativo: el caso del Festival de Cannes
Authors: Martínez Sáez José , García Cubells Rosario
Published: December 2014

Si es innegable cómo Internet ha revolucionado el mundo en que vivimos, merece la pena destacar el papel de los dispositivos móviles en el impulso de la colonización digital que vivimos. Dispositivos que nacieron como teléfonos pero que actualmente con la capacidad funcional de los denominados smartphones y las tablets nos permiten hacer muchas más cosas que hablar por teléfono. Por lo que refiere a su impacto sobre el sistema publicitario, ya hace más de una década que se vaticinaban incrementos anuales de más de dos dígitos porcentuales en la inversión en márquetin móvil. Los vaticinios no se han cumplido, ya que los incrementos porcentuales en la inversión en publicidad móvil han sido mucho más modestos. Sin embargo, la sofisticación de los dispositivos sí que ha permitido el desarrollo por parte de las marcas de aplicaciones (apps en el argot) de la más diversa índole. El objetivo de nuestra investigación es indagar hasta qué punto las aplicaciones desarrolladas por las marcas en sus campañas están imbricadas en la creatividad de las mismas. Para el logro del objetivo acudiremos al análisis de contenido como técnica de investigación para lo cual realizaremos una aproximación taxonómica que nos permita categorizar el fenómeno estudiado. Como el universo a estudiar es inabarcable hemos centrado el corpus de la investigación en el Festival de Cannes en su categoría de Mobile Marketing en su edición de 2014. La elección de ese certamen viene dada por su posición central y referente de la creatividad mundial.
La « ville durable » précipitée dans le monde arabe : essai d’analyse généalogique et critique
Authors: Barthel Pierre-Arnaud , Clerc Valérie , Philifert Pascale
Published: December 2014

Articulés à une institutionnalisation progressive du développement urbain durable (DUD), beaucoup de nouveaux chantiers ont été ouverts dans les pays du monde arabe et commencent à se décliner en programmes d’action depuis les années 1990-2000. Ils peuvent être interprétés de manières ambivalentes et contradictoires. D’un côté, l’appropriation du DUD à travers des actions innovantes (programmes d’énergies renouvelables, projets d’éco-quartiers, nouvelles certifications etc.) sert la préservation d’un ordre et la bonne image d’un pouvoir, fût-il autoritaire. De l’autre côté, une véritable conduite de changement de l’action urbaine est amorcée et portée par des acteurs situés dans les « appareils » (agences publiques, ministères, etc.) ou en dehors de ceux-ci (bureaux d’études, associations, ONG), même si nous en soulignons les limites en l’état actuel des choses : éclatement des initiatives qui ne font pas ou peu réseau, invention à peine amorcée de réponses ad hoc qui traduiraient une « endogénéisation » du DUD, par là même différente du travail de reprise des réponses élaborées dans les pays du Nord, et impact encore limité des premiers projets dans la mesure où peu encore était construit et visible en 2012.
Environnement et construction du bien commun local : l’apport de l’analyse du discours
Authors: Farah Jihad
Published: December 2014

La question environnementale s’impose aujourd’hui à des espaces de gouvernance en mutation. Elle est en même temps actrice et révélatrice de l’évolution de logiques de gouvernance et de leur capacité à constituer des espaces de gestion du bien commun, notamment à l’échelle locale. En mobilisant une grille d’analyse du discours dans la tradition foucaldienne ainsi que les travaux de Boltanski et Thévenot sur la justification, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique pour saisir la dynamique d’évolution de la gouvernance locale sous le poids de la question environnementale au Liban. À la lumière de notre analyse, la transition environnementale au niveau local est plus un processus dynamique qui complexifie les paysages de gouvernance locale et fragmente les espaces de construction du bien commun, qu’un processus linéaire d’élargissement de ces espaces.
Une mise à l’épreuve des politiques énergétiques tunisiennes : diffusions et territorialisation de l’usage domestique de l’énergie solaire en milieu urbain
Authors: Benalouache Nadia
Published: December 2014

La Tunisie a mis en place un ensemble de dispositifs pour encourager l’usage de l’énergie solaire. Ces initiatives s’inscrivent dans une dynamique globale de promotion du Développement Durable mais répondent également à la recherche d’une autosuffisance énergétique nationale. Cette politique gouvernementale favorise clairement la consommation d’énergie solaire par les ménages, sous deux formes principales : thermique et photovoltaïque. La diffusion des applications solaires domestiques dans les pratiques urbaines est analysée à partir d’une cartographie des ventes d’équipements dans le Grand Tunis et de trois enquêtes de terrain auprès des entreprises du secteur et des ménages tunisiens équipés.
La vie sociale des oeuvres d’art dans les espaces publics : une étude des publics au square Saint-Louis
Authors: Vernet Laurent
Published: December 2014

Quels types de rapports les usagers des espaces publics ont-ils avec les oeuvres d’art qui y sont installées? Cet article porte sur les publics des oeuvres d’art dans les espaces publics. Il s’appuie sur la définition que fait la sociologie urbaine des espaces publics pour comprendre les contributions de ces oeuvres à la vie sociale et à la culture urbaines. Dans le cadre d’une recherche exploratoire, le cas du square Saint-Louis de Montréal a permis de mettre cette proposition à l’épreuve. L’observation filmée a été utilisée pour documenter et analyser différents registres d’interaction qu’entretiennent les publics avec deux oeuvres d’art commémoratives qui s’y trouvent.
Edward Hopper comme contempteur de la ville : un malentendu?
Authors: Salomon Cavin Joëlle
Published: December 2014

Dans cet article, je cherche à comprendre ce qui permet de qualifier un artiste, décrypté à travers ses oeuvres plastiques voire ses écrits, comme hostile à la ville. L’héritage transcendantaliste, le contexte urbain délétère et finalement le contenu même des oeuvres semblent désigner Edward Hopper comme contempteur de l’urbain. Cependant, la similitude des scènes urbaines et rurales remet en cause cette analyse. L’ambivalence de l’oeuvre, surtout en l’absence d’explications de l’artiste, à l’instar de nombreux textes identifiés comme anti-urbains, montre les limites de ce type d’’interprétation. Ce n’est finalement pas l’oeuvre elle-même mais la façon dont elle est citée qui la rende anti-urbaine.
La ville sous les haut-parleurs ou le rap comme critique urbanistique et paysager
Authors: Koci Simon
Published: December 2014

L’art urbain est-il également critique de l’urbain? En plus d’être un produit de la ville, de l’évoquer, de lui rendre hommage à bien des égards, l’art urbain peut-il être et doit-il être critique des formes et de l’habitabilité des villes? Ces questions, qui interrogent la portée aménagiste des arts de la ville, serviront à conduire ce présent article vers le contexte spécifique qu’il prétend sonder : les cités HLM de France. Discours subversif et vindicatif, fondamentalement urbain, le rap alors même qu’il révèle la condition habitante qui a cours dans les grands ensembles, mène également de front une critique de l’univers HLM qui porte celui qui s’y attarde vers des chemins tout aussi inédits que tragiques.