bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes in older people‐moving towards rational prescribing
Authors: Sinclair Alan
Published: February 2009

Our series Prescribing in older people gives practical advice for successful management of the special problems faced by this age group. Here, Professor Sinclair describes the rational management of type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
A finite element‐based approach for whole‐system simulation of packaging systems for their improved design and operation
Authors: Hicks Ben James , Mullineux Glen , Sirkett Daniel
Published: February 2009

The introduction of legislation to minimize packaging waste requires consumer goods manufacturers to use lighter‐weight materials and increase the use of recycled materials. This is demanding that machinery manufacturers provide highly flexible machines and tooling capable of handling these materials and new package designs. However, the ability of manufacturers to achieve this is all but prevented by a lack of fundamental understanding of machine–material interactions and an ability to generate such understanding. One way to overcome this is to use advanced simulation tools to represent the whole system including machine, process, materials and product.

A finite element‐based simulation has been created to represent the in‐process behaviour of a packing system. The simulation focuses on the critical transition between flattened and erected states of a carton. In order to successfully simulate such a complex process, there are a number of major challenges concerning the representation of packaging materials and their properties, changing material behaviour during processing, machinery simulation and process modelling (simulating the interfacial interactions that take place during processing).

The application of the whole‐system simulation for the purposes of improved design and operation are discussed with respect to four activities: design and set‐up of tooling, determination of optimal process settings, specification of material properties and the design of the pack. In all cases, a strong correlation was observed between the theoretical results and those obtained practically, thereby enabling quantitative understanding and quantitative rules to be generated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a proposal for a generic package development process
Authors: Bramklev C.
Published: February 2009

Globalization pressures have now caused significant changes in the way industrial enterprises are organized and how products are developed, manufactured and brought to market. In global enterprises, the handling, transportation and storage of parts, sub‐assemblies and final products demand for an efficient and effective development of the product–package‐system (PPS). The objective set in this paper is to present the development of a generic package development process that facilitates the establishment of integrated product and package development and also provides a more proactive and holistic approach to the development of new and innovative packages for the global market. In an extensive review of the package development literature and through five multiple case studies within the package manufacturing industry, results on the package development process are generated and, in this paper, presented and synthesized into an updated version of the package development process. The process consists of the phases package planning, package system development, package concept design, package design, production ramp‐up, package system integration and package system production ramp‐up. The package development model proposed here takes its starting point in the development of the package system, thus providing the holistic perspective needed for being truly generic. Being generic in the given context assures or at least facilitates the possibility to support the development of the new and innovative package systems and package designs needed in the product manufacturing industry to enhance competitiveness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arbitrary‐order darboux transformations for position‐dependent mass schrödinger equations with noncentral potential
Authors: Schulze‐Halberg Axel , Zamora‐Gallardo E. , Peña J. J.
Published: February 2009

We construct Darboux transformations of arbitrary order for separable Schrödinger equations in three dimensions with noncentral potentials and position‐dependent mass. The transformed solutions and the corresponding potentials are given in closed form. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Methods for incomplete Bessel function evaluation
Authors: Harris Frank E. , Fripiat J. G.
Published: February 2009

Presented here are detailed methods for evaluating the incomplete Bessel functions arising when Gaussian‐type orbitals are used for systems periodic in one spatial dimension. The scheme is designed to yield these incomplete Bessel functions with an absolute accuracy of ±1 × 10−10, for the range of integer orders 0 ≤ n ≤ 12 [a range sufficient for a basis whose members have angular momenta of up to three units (s, p, d, or f atomic functions)]. To reach this accuracy level within acceptable computation times, new rational approximations were developed to compute the special functions involved, namely, the exponential integral E1(x) and the modified Bessel functions K0(x) and K1(x), to absolute accuracy ±1 × 10−15. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Band gaps and the possible effect on impact sensitivity for some nitro aromatic explosive materials
Authors: Zhang Hong , Cheung Frankie , Zhao Feng , Cheng Xin‐Lu
Published: February 2009

The first principle density functional theory method SIESTA has been used to compute the band gap of several polynitroaromatic explosives, such as TATB, DATB, TNT, and picric acid. In these systems, the weakest bond is the one between an NO2 group and the aromatic ring. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) alone cannot predicate the relative sensitivity to impact of these four systems correctly. It was found that their relative impact sensitivity could be explained by considering the BDE and the band gap value of the crystal state together. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The influence of M…M attraction on nonlinear optical properties of (XMPH3)2 (X = F, Cl; and M = Au, Ag and Cu): A theoretical study
Authors: Sun Shi‐Ling , Yang Guo‐Chun , Qin Chun‐Sheng , Qiu Yong‐Qing , Yan Li‐Kai , Su Zhong‐Min , Wang Rong‐Shun
Published: February 2009

It is well known that the aurophilic attraction has great influence on spectra properties. There are certain relationships between spectra and nonlinear optical properties (NLO). Here, XMPH3, (XMPH3)2 (X = F, Cl; M = Au, Ag, and Cu) were taken as the examples to be investigated to study the relationship between NLO and M···M interactions. The NLO properties of XMPH3, (XMPH3)2 (X = F, Cl; M = Au, Ag, and Cu) were carried out with finite field/second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory method. The results show that polarizability tensors of dimers (αtot,d) and second‐order hyperpolarizability tensors of dimers (γtot,d) are significantly larger than αtot,m and γtot,m of corresponding monomers. It indicates that M…M interaction significantly increases αtot,d and γtot,d values. The analysis of the electronic transition shows that the charge transfer along M…M direction play the key role on increasing αtot,d and γtot,d. On the other hand, the βtot is significantly increased by changing ligands and is slightly influenced by M…M interaction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Artificial steps to stabilize mountain rivers: a post‐project ecological assessment
Authors: Comiti F. , Mao L. , Lenzi M. A. , Siligardi M.
Published: February 2009

This paper compares the ecological response of reaches treated with traditional (check dams, CDs) and morphologically based (artificial steps, ASs) grade‐control works installed in a mountain river, where an unmodified reach provided reference conditions. Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) retentiveness was measured at the reach scale using artificial leaf release experiments. Macroinvertebrate sampling was carried out by a Surber net at pool‐ and run‐type morphological units within the three reach types, and hydraulic and sediment characteristics were measured at each Surber sampling site. In addition to calculating a variety of parameters to describe hydrodynamic and macroinvertebrate characteristics within reaches and morphological units, biotic (Extended Biotic Index, IBE) and ecological (Fluvial Functionality Index, IFF) index scores were also calculated. Results averaged at the reach scale show that CPOM retention, macrobenthos taxa richness and diversity were higher in the presence of a natural bed morphology, whereas both types of grade‐control works alter CPOM dynamics and macroinvertebrate communities. However, ASs showed CPOM retention dynamics and macroinvertebrate richness and diversity that were closer to the unmodified reach than CDs. Analysis at the unit scale demonstrated strong links between hydraulic variables and macroinvertebrate parameters such as abundance, diversity and proportion of shredders (SHR). Overall, ASs seem to provide a good trade‐off between the need to limit channel incision whilst maintaining aquatic ecosystems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of adjacent stream reaches on the local ecological status of Central European mountain streams
Authors: Kail Jochem , Hering Daniel
Published: February 2009

Monitoring results show that restoring river habitats at a site scale does not necessarily lead to an improvement of the biological state. It has been widely stated that neglecting processes acting at the catchment scale such as diffuse nutrient or sediment inputs and a low recolonization potential are possible reasons for the relatively small ecological effect of many restoration projects. However, information on the influence of intermediate spatial scales is missing. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of adjacent up‐ and downstream reaches on a site's ecological quality, as determined by the invertebrate fauna.

We used invertebrate samples to assess the local ecological quality, land‐use data to describe the land‐use pressure in the upstream catchment and hydromorphological data as a proxy for the ecological status of the adjacent up‐ and downstream reaches. In the stream type investigated, upstream morphology has a significant effect on local ecological status, even when local habitat quality at the sample sites and land‐use pressure in the upstream catchment are considered as co‐variables in multivariate statistical analysis. This upstream effect is due to a positive effect of near‐natural reaches and a negative effect of heavily degraded reaches. The results indicate that upstream morphology is of similar importance to local habitat quality and is especially high in stream reaches with a medium local habitat quality. Since we used the morphological state upstream as a proxy for the ecological quality, we were not able to distinguish abiotic and biotic effects. However, there is some evidence that the upstream influence is at least partly due to biotic effects. We argue that this biotic effect is somewhat different from what is usually meant by recolonization or dispersal and is possibly due to the continuous input of a larger number of individuals.

We conclude that a third spatial scale—the adjacent upstream reaches several hundred metres to a few kilometres in length—should be considered in stream restoration and management besides local habitat quality and catchment scale processes. This upstream effect might be used to enhance urban streams by restoring upstream rural reaches where the potential for stream restoration is higher. Moreover, the results can be used as a first estimate of the maximum distance between stepping stones or near‐natural reaches to enhance the habitat connectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do parallel lines meet? How can pathway participation metrics and eigenvalue analysis produce similar results?
Authors: Mojtahedzadeh Mohammad
Published: February 2009

The search for tools and techniques aimed at model analysis has gained momentum in the system dynamics community during the last decade. A variety of approaches have been developed, modified and applied to replace or enhance the traditional intuitive‐based schemes for understanding the behavior of dynamic models according to their feedback structure. In spite of the diversity of the methods developed for model analysis, recent studies suggest that there is considerable convergence in the results they produce. This paper explores the metrics used by the pathway participation approach and eigenvalue elasticity analysis in order to explain how, despite the significant differences in the process of model analysis, they can produce similar and comparable results. The paper discusses the application of pathway participation metrics in four well‐known models that have been previously analyzed using the eigenvalue elasticity method. The case studies highlight some of the similarities and differences between the two approaches in detecting the dominant structure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wetting properties of polystyrene/divinylbenzene crosslinked porous polymers obtained using W/O highly concentrated emulsions as templates
Authors: Molina Ricardo , Vílchez Alejandro , Canal Cristina , Esquena Jordi
Published: February 2009

Macroporous polystyrene/divinylbenzene (PS‐DVB) monoliths were obtained using highly concentrated W/O emulsions as templates. These monoliths are of interest due to the high potential applications for catalysis, scaffolds for tissue engineering, filters, membranes, or drug delivery systems. Dynamic wetting behavior through the polymer monolith is directly related to contact angle. For this reason, in this paper we investigate the relationship between contact angle, morphology, and chemical composition of the dense skin layer and the highly porous interior surface of PS‐DVB porous monoliths.

Whereas the dense skin layer exhibits a Wenzel regime using water as wetting liquid, the highly porous interior surface exhibits a Cassie–Baxter regime. This behavior is correlated with the roughness observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, the observed contact angle hysteresis seems to indicate that factors other than surface roughness should be taken into account. For this reason, chemical composition was also studied by elemental microanalysis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The differences in chemical composition observed between the dense skin layer and the highly porous interior surface, according to the wetting model for a heterogeneous surface proposed by Johnson and Dettre, seems also to contribute to the wetting hysteresis. The different wetting between the dense skin layer and the highly porous interior surface results in a dual wettability phenomenon, in which a liquid wets the dense skin layer and does not penetrate into the highly porous interior of the PS‐DVB monoliths. This phenomenon can be of relevance in absorption or desorption processes such as in drug delivery processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint optimization of energy allocation and routing problems in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Chu‐Fu , Ding Jen‐Wen , Lee Chun‐Chia
Published: February 2009

Energy allocation problems and routing problems are both important research issues in the wireless sensor network (WSN) field. The former usually aims at considering how to allocate a certain number of sensor devices in a sensing region to form a WSN so that the objective function value (e.g., the network connectivity or the network lifetime) of the constructed network is optimized. For the message routing problem in WSNs, researchers tend to consider how to find an energy conservable message transmission routing scheme for notifying the supervisor of the WSN when an event occurs. Till now, many solutions have been proposed for the above two categories of optimization problems. However, unifying the above two network optimization problems to maximize the network lifetime, to the best of our knowledge, still lacks related research. This paper considers a joint optimization problem for energy allocation and energy‐aware routing called thejoint optimization of energy allocation and routing problem(JOEARP) for a hierarchical cluster‐based WSN. We propose an exact algorithm to provide the optimum solution for the JOEARP. The simulation results show that this solution performed better in prolonging the network lifetime of a WSN in a real situation, compared to other compositions of conventional energy allocation schemes with some known routing algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and expression analysis of a gene cluster for nitrate assimilation from the yeast Arxula adeninivorans
Authors: Böer Erik , Schröter Anja , Bode Rüdiger , Piontek Michael , Kunze Gotthard
Published: February 2009

In Arxula adeninivorans nitrate assimilation is mediated by the combined actions of a nitrate transporter, a nitrate reductase and a nitrite reductase. Single‐copy genes for these activities (AYNT1, AYNR1, AYNI1, respectively) form a 9103 bp gene cluster localized on chromosome 2. The 3210 bp AYNI1 ORF codes for a protein of 1070 amino acids, which exhibits a high degree of identity to nitrite reductases from the yeasts Pichia anomala (58%), Hansenula polymorpha (58%) and Dekkera bruxellensis (54%). The second ORF (AYNR1, 2535 bp) encodes a nitrate reductase of 845 residues that shows significant (51%) identity to nitrate reductases of P. anomala and H. polymorpha. The third ORF in the cluster (AYNT1, 1518 bp) specifies a nitrate transporter with 506 amino acids, which is 46% identical to that of H. polymorpha. The three genes are independently expressed upon induction with NaNO3. We quantitatively analysed the promoter activities by qRT–PCR and after fusing individual promoter fragments to the phytase (phyK) gene from Klebsiella sp. ASR1. The AYNI1 promoter was found to exhibit the highest activity, followed by the AYNT1 and AYNR1 elements. Direct measurements of nitrate and nitrite reductase activities performed after induction with NaNO3 are compatible with these results. Both enzymes show optimal activity at around 42°C and near‐neutral pH, and require FAD as a co‐factor and NADPH as electron donor. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adhesion‐Related Complications Are Common, But Rarely Discussed in Preoperative Consent: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Rajab Taufiek Konrad , Wallwiener Markus , Talukdar Sabrina , Kraemer Bernhard
Published: February 2009

Background

Peritoneal adhesions are recognized as an important cause for patient morbidity, but complications related to adhesions occur relatively late after the original operation. Therefore preoperative consent may not adequately reflect the proportions of the problem.

Methods

A total of 200 patients admitted for intraperitoneal operations at six hospitals were prospectively reviewed to identify whether adhesion‐related complications were documented as possible adverse events in their respective consent forms.

Results

Adhesion‐related complications were documented in 8.5% (n = 17) of consent forms (bowel obstruction n = 8, requirement for further operations n = 5, difficult reoperation n = 1, pain n = 3). A direct relationship with adhesions was noted in n = 9 of these consent forms.

Conclusions

Preoperative informed consent does not adequately reflect the magnitude of adhesion‐related problems. These findings have immediate implications for clinical practice.
Modification of Blood Vessel Diameter following Perivascular Application of Botulinum Toxin-A
Authors: Arnold Peter B. , Campbell Chris A. , Rodeheaver George , Merritt Wyndell , Morgan Raymond F. , Drake David B.
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that perivascularly applied botulinum toxin-A (BTX) increases the diameter of treated blood vessels in a rat femoral vessel exposure model. Six adult Sprague–Dawley rats were used and bilateral femoral artery and vein exposures were performed. Five units of BTX were applied to the experimental side and an equal volume of sterile saline was applied to the control side. Digital images of the vessels were obtained at the following time points: pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, and postoperative days (POD) 1, 14, and 28. Vessel diameters were equivalent at baseline and immediately following application of BTX and saline. The BTX artery was significantly larger than the control artery on POD 1 and 14. The BTX treated artery was significantly larger than all other vessels on POD 14 ( p<0.05) as well as all prior time points ( p<0.01). Direct perivascular application of BTX increases the diameter of rat femoral vessels as early as POD 1. The affect is most robust on POD 14 where the artery was significantly larger than all other vessels at all time points. It is likely that the increased diameter of blood vessels results in an increased blood flow across the area of dilation. Such an increase in flow may serve to improve end-organ perfusion in microvascular procedures.
A Rare Nodular Fasciitis Involving the Finger: A Case Report
Authors: Sano Kazufumi , Hashimoto Tomohisa , Kimura Kazumasa , Ozeki Satoru
Published: February 2009

This is a report of a 43-year-old man with nodular fasciitis of the little finger. Nodular fasciitis with its feature of rapid growth and aggressive histological appearance is often mistaken for a malignant neoplasm and rarely involves fingers.
Ziliopathien
Authors: Harris P.C. , Czarnecki P.G.
Published: February 2009

Zilien erfüllen viele unterschiedliche Funktionen, sie dienen als Mechano-, Chemo- und Osmosensoren und spielen bei zahlreichen Signalwegen, für eine adäquate Organentwicklung, für die Aufrechterhaltung der Gewebehomöostase und bei grundsätzlichen Entwicklungsprozessen eine wichtige Rolle. Die meisten Zelltypen im Körper weisen primäre Zilien auf, motile Zilien kommen v. a. im Respirationstrakt, ependymal in den Hirnventrikeln sowie auf Eileiterepithelien vor. Mit einem Funktionsverlust der Zilien einhergehende Krankheiten werden als Ziliopathien bezeichnet. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige Erkrankungen, wie die primäre ziliäre Dyskinesie (PCD) oder polyzystische Nierenerkrankungen (PKD) und hier insbesondere die ADPKD (autosomal-dominante PKD), vorgestellt. Zudem werden die bisher identifizierten Gene, die bei der Pathogenese von Ziliopathien eine Rolle spielen, vorgestellt. Dabei verursachen viele der Genmutationen mehr als nur eine Erkrankung, und viele der aufgeführten Merkmale kommen bei verschiedenen Krankheiten vor.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in the Shoulder and Wrist Joints of Asymptomatic Elite Athletes
Authors: Fredericson Michael , Ho Charles , Waite Brandee , Jennings Fabio , Peterson Jeffrey , Williams Christina , Mathesonn Gordon O.
Published: February 2009

Objective

To characterize abnormalities on magnetic resonance images (MRI) in the shoulder and wrist joints of asymptomatic elite athletes to better define the range of “normal” findings in this population.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects

Division IA collegiate volleyball players (n=12), swimmers (n=6), and gymnasts (n=15) with no history of injury or pain and normal physical examination results.

Interventions

None.

Main Outcome Measures

Grade of severity of MRI changes of the shoulder and wrist joints. A 3‐ to 4‐year follow‐up questionnaire was administered to determine the clinical significance of the asymptomatic findings.

Results

All athletes demonstrated at least mild imaging abnormalities in the joints evaluated. Shoulder: Volleyball players had moderate and severe changes primarily in the labrum (50% moderate, 8% severe), rotator cuff (25% moderate, 17% severe), bony structures (33% moderate), and tendon/muscle (25% moderate, 8% severe). Swimmers had moderate changes primarily in the labrum (83% moderate) and ligament (67% moderate). Wrist: All gymnasts had changes in the wrist ligaments (40% mild, 60% moderate), tendons (53% mild, 47% moderate), and cartilage (60% mild, 33% moderate, 7% severe). Most gymnasts exhibited bony changes (20% normal, 47% mild, 26% moderate, 7% severe), the presence of cysts/fluid collections (80%), and carpal tunnel changes (53%). Swimmers had no wrist abnormalities. At follow‐up interview, only 1 swimmer and 1 volleyball player reported shoulder problems during the study. Additionally, only 1 gymnast reported a wrist injury during their career.

Conclusion

Asymptomatic elite athletes demonstrate MRI changes of the shoulder (swimmers and volleyball players) and wrist (gymnasts) similar to those associated with abnormalities for which medical treatment and sometimes surgery are advised. Given the somewhat high frequency of these asymptomatic findings, care must be taken to correlate clinical history and physical examination with MRI findings in these patients with symptoms.
A Prospective, Masked 18‐Month Minimum Follow‐up On Neurophysiologic Changes In Persons with Spinal Stenosis, Low Back Pain, and No Symptoms
Authors: Haig Andrew J. , Yamakawa Karen S.J. , Parres Christopher , Chiodo Anthony , Tong Henry
Published: February 2009

Objectives

To describe neurophysiologic changes over time in persons with and without spinal complaints and to assess whether paraspinal denervation predicts change in stenosis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical course.

Design

Prospective, controlled, masked trial.

Setting

University spine program.

Participants

Persons aged 55 to 80 years, screened for polyneuropathy and determined on clinical examination to have spinal stenosis, mechanical low back pain, or no spinal symptoms.

Interventions

A comprehensive codified history was obtained and subjects underwent physical examination, ambulation testing, masked electrodiagnostic testing including paraspinal mapping, and MRI, repeated at greater than 18 months. This study presents detailed technical information and additional analyses not reported previously.

Main Outcome Measurements

Change in electrodiagnostic findings. Among persons with clinical stenosis, relationship of change in paraspinal mapping scores to MRI findings and clinical changes.

Results

Of 149 initial subjects, 83 (79.3% of eligible subjects) repeated testing at 20 (±2 SDs) months. No significant change in limb muscle spontaneous activity or motor unit pathology was noted in any group. In 23 persons with initial diagnosis of stenosis, paraspinal mapping electromyography related to change in diagnosis over time (analysis of variance F = 3.77, P = .037), but not to most initial magnetic resonance imaging measurements or to change in spinal canal diameter.

Conclusions

Clinical spinal stenosis is neurophysiologically stable in most persons. Paraspinal electromyographic changes reflect large changes in clinical course, but neither neurophysiologic nor clinical changes relate to change in spinal geometry over 20 months.
Review of the use of throat packs in nasal surgery
Authors: Jaiswal V , Bedford G C
Published: February 2009

Background:

Throat packs are employed in nasal surgery to prevent contamination of the upper aerodigestive tract. Their use is thought to reduce the risk of aspiration and post-operative nausea and vomiting. However, use of throat packs may also be accompanied by increased throat pain. In order to inform our clinical practice, the evidence base for throat pack insertion was reviewed.

Method:

A search was made of the Pubmed database from the 1950s to March 2008. Four randomised, controlled, clinical trials were reviewed.

Results:

All the trials had significant methodological weakness. In all but one, no power calculations were done. There were inconsistencies in the measurement of pain and heterogeneity of rhinological procedures. The one adequately powered trial could not demonstrate a difference in post-operative nausea and vomiting with the use of throat packs (β error = 20 per cent).

Conclusion:

Further, adequately powered trials are required involving patients undergoing rhinological procedures with a higher risk of blood contamination (e.g. functional endoscopic sinus surgery), in order to provide definitive evidence on the morbidity of throat packs in rhinological procedures.
Hell and divine reasons for action
Authors: SWAN KYLE
Published: February 2009

Escapism, a theory of hell proposed by Andrei Buckareff and Allen Plug, explicitly relies on claims about divine reasons for action. However, they say surprisingly little about the general account of reasons for action that would justify the inferences in the argument for escapism. I provide a couple of plausible interpretations of such an account and argue that they help revive the ‘Job objection’ to escapism that Buckareff and Plug had dismissed.
Reply to Cameron
Authors: SHEEHY PAUL
Published: February 2009

Ross Cameron has argued that the modal realism of David Lewis furnishes the theist with the resources to explain divine necessity. Cameron is successful in identifying two theistic strategies, but neither is attractive in light of a commitment to modal realism. The first theistic strategy is to treat God as an abstract entity in the same way that the modal realist treats pure sets. This is undermotivated in light of the nominalistic spirit of modal realism. The second strategy is to regard God as enjoying trans-world identity because the divine nature can possess no accidental intrinsic properties. This approach raises a problem of how one is to understand the notion of actuality.
De-territorializing and Re-territorializingLotus: Sovereignty and Systematicity as Dialectical Nation-Building in Early Republican Turkey
Authors: ÖZSU UMUT
Published: February 2009

The chief aim of this article is to unearth, explicate, and contextualize the various techniques on which Mahmut Esat, Turkey's agent before the Permanent Court of International Justice in theLotuscase, drew in order to narrate a fresh understanding of Turkish ‘nationhood’ during a period of intense vulnerability for the newly established Republic. The argument advanced by Turkey in this case – that it need not demonstrate the existence of a specific jurisdictional exception in international law in order to proceed with its prosecution of the French captain of theLotus, a French vessel – has often been dismissed as an example of cynical apologetics. Nevertheless, a close reading of Turkey's pleadings reveals that it was inclined to oscillate between a variety of universalistic and particularistic approaches, Esat litigating theLotuswith an eye to exploiting the schism that lies at the heart of the concept of ‘civilization’ so as to submit Turkey to the normative authority of the international legal system while bolstering its positive power as an independent sovereign state. More specifically, it was by merging two modes of reasoning – the one prizing systematicity, the other prioritizing sovereignty – that Esat sought to construct a new, robustly reconciliatory identity for the ‘Turkish nation’, one that would enable it to embrace its commitment to international order by securing its place in ‘la civilisation contemporaine’ while amplifying the ambit of its autonomy as ‘un état civilisé’.
Two for the Price of One: Attempts by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia to Combine Retributive and Restorative Justice Principles
Authors: MCGONIGLE BRIANNE N.
Published: February 2009

This article illustrates how the ECCC is struggling to combine successfully two distinct institutional responses to crimes, by being both a criminal tribunal, with its formal rules of procedure and focus on retributive justice, and a quasi-truth and reconciliation commission, with its more flexible approach to participatory rights for victims and focus on reconciliation. The article highlights the advantages and challenges of adopting a ‘two for the price of one’ model within the Cambodian context and uses the experiences of the ECCC to underscore important lessons for future ad hoc and hybrid courts.
Epidemiological surveillance ofCampylobacter jejuniin chicken, dairy cattle and diarrhoea patients
Authors: HUANG J. L. , XU H. Y. , BAO G. Y. , ZHOU X. H. , JI D. J. , ZHANG G. , LIU P. H. , JIANG F. , PAN Z. M. , LIU X. F. , JIAO X. A.
Published: February 2009

Campylobacter jejuniof different subtypes were identified in chicken, dairy cattle and diarrhoea patients in China from 2005 to 2006, using multiplex PCR and RFLP. The results indicated that, of the three types of samples,C. jejuniwas most frequently detected in poultry of the three types of samples, with an average isolation rate of up to 18·61% and a flock contamination rate of 86·67%. The average incidence ofC.jejuniin overall cattle and environmental samples, milk cows, heifers and diarrhoea patients was 7·77, 5·02, 8·70 and 4·84%, respectively. A higher prevalence was detected in outpatients than ward patients (P<0·01), and in patients aged <7 years than in older patients (P<0·01). The 265 isolates ofC.jejuniwere classified into 20 distinct types by PCR–RFLP analysis of theflaAgene, with the genotype distribution in humans overlapping that in poultry and cattle. This suggests that certainC. jejunistrains circulate between humans and domestic animals such as cattle and poultry.
MALL Technology: Use of Academic Podcasting in the Foreign Language Classroom
Authors: Abdous M’hammed , Camarena Margaret M. , Facer Betty Rose
Published: February 2009

Integrating Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) technology (personal multimedia players, cell phones, and handheld devices) into the foreign language curriculum is becoming commonplace in many secondary and higher education institutions. Current research has identified both pedagogically sound applications and important benefits to students. In this paper, we present the results of an initial study which compares the academic benefits of integrating podcasts into the curriculum against using them as a supplemental/review tool. The study’s findings indicate that when instructors use podcasts for multiple instructional purposes (e.g., to critique student projects and exams, for student video presentations, for student paired interviews, to complete specific assignments, dictations, in roundtable discussions, or for guest lectures), students are more likely to use this technology and to report academic benefits. While the study is limited by small sample sizes and by some within-group variation in instructional techniques, the study provides initial evidence that podcast technology has the potential to provide greater benefits if it is used more than simply as a tool for reviewing. The study’s positive findings indicate that additional research to examine the effects of specific instructional uses of podcast technology is merited.
Mobile blogs in language learning: making the most of informal and situated learning opportunities
Authors: Comas-Quinn Anna , Mardomingo Raquel , Valentine Chris
Published: February 2009

The application of mobile technologies to learning has the potential to facilitate the active participation of learners in the creation and delivery of content. Mobile technologies can also provide a powerful connection between a variety of formal and informal learning contexts and can help to build a community of learners. However these versatile tools present challenges to educators and learners alike. The paper discusses the pedagogical challenges that result from the introduction of mobile technologies in language learning in the context of an intensive week of study abroad. We describe and evaluate a pilot project that uses mobile blogging to promote a constructivist, situated and informal learning experience of the foreign language and culture based on theories of active learning. We aim to encourage interaction and a sense of community among learners outside formal educational environments and in different locations as we ask them to engage with the foreign culture by capturing, sharing and reflecting on their experiences for their peers.
A survey of Internet-mediated intercultural foreign language education in China
Authors: Wang Liang , Coleman James A.
Published: February 2009

In all educational contexts, technological developments and changes in pedagogical theory mean that any picture of current practice and attitudes must be dynamic. In many countries, the learning outcomes of foreign language courses now include intercultural communicative competence (ICC), although the precise model for teaching ICC varies even across the English-speaking world. Internet-mediated approaches are widely used to support intercultural learning. In China, the geographical scale of the country and the speed and extent of contemporary socio-economic evolution, allied to long-established and distinctive cultures of learning, make the interface of new technologies and intercultural learning objectives particularly interesting and significant. A small-scale study of college teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of intercultural classroom instruction, with a special focus on Internet mediation, was conducted in mid-2007, using questionnaires and semi-structured questions, to explore the professional, personal and technical issues associated with Internet-mediated learning of languages and cultures. The results show that textbooks remain the predominant authority, while Internet tools are used as a source of information rather than a means of communication. Findings suggest recognition by teachers and students of the potential of the medium, and of the validity of intercultural goals for foreign language classes, although there are some divergences between the views of teachers and students. However, it is suggested that national policy, local incentives and resources and above all educational traditions do not yet allow optimal use of Internet-mediated approaches.
Peer Feedback Through Blogs: Student and teacher perceptions in an advanced German class
Authors: Dippold Doris
Published: February 2009

Recent years have seen the emergence of Web2.0, in which users are not only passive recipients of the featured content, but actively engaged in constructing it. Sites such as ‘Facebook’ and ‘Myspace’ are typical examples of this, as are blogs that allow users to present themselves online, to write about their daily lives or even to establish themselves as an authority on a particular subject. Due to the opportunities for self-reflection and interactive learning offered by blogs, they have also become one of the emerging tools in language pedagogy and higher education. At the same time, peer feedback is a technique that is increasingly used by educators instead of, or in addition to, tutor feedback, due to its potential to develop students’ understanding of standards, to initiate peer feedback, and to engage the student in the process of learning and assessment.

This paper is concerned with the question to what extent blogs can facilitate peer feedback and what issues need to be addressed for them to be a valuable tool in this process. After reviewing the recent literature on peer feedback and the specific issues emerging from providing feedback through computer mediated communication (CMC) technologies, the paper presents the results from a pedagogic research project in an advanced German language class in which blogs were used for this purpose. Drawing on students’ blogs as well as the responses given by students in questionnaires and focus groups and responses by experienced tutors in interviews, the paper argues that blogs are potentially valuable tools for peer feedback, but entail the need to address specific issues regarding the choice of CMC tool for feedback tasks, training in the use of interactive online tools and the roles of teachers and students.
Dissonance Arousal and Persistence in Attitude Change
Authors: Sénémeaud Cécile , Somat Alain
Published: February 2009

If dissonance theory rightly predicts short-term attitude changes, it has yet to prove its ability to predict long-term changes. Therefore, this paper will try to assess the persistence in attitude change following dissonance arousal in an induced-compliance paradigm. To this end, undergraduate students took part in two induced-compliance experiments (N = 52 in Study 1 and N = 40 in Study 2) following a 2 (free choice vs. no choice) X 2 (time of measure: short vs. long term) mixed design. The attitude change was measured immediately after the counterattitudinal essay and one month later. The results suggest that dissonance-provoked attitude change is durable over time. In fact, only the participants in the free-choice condition changed their attitude in the short term; their attitude change persisted one month after the experimental situation.
A Generalizability Study of Time Discounting: Some People React More Strongly to Domain Differences Than Others
Authors: König Cornelius J.
Published: February 2009

Whereas individual differences in the degree of time discounting have been found to be meaningfully related to important outcome variables, some researchers have reported evidence that individual differences in time discounting cannot be generalized among domains - a phenomenon called domain independence. However, the Participant × Domain interaction and its importance in relation to the main effect of domain have never been studied. In the present paper, generalizability analysis is used for the first time to separate the sources of variance in time discounting choices (into differences between participants, domains, magnitudes, delays, and their interactions). Results show that the most important source of variance is the Participant × Domain interaction. Differences between participants and between magnitudes were also important. Thus, several sources of variance in time discounting choices should be acknowledged. Most importantly, people seem to differ in their reaction to domains.
Auswirkungen eines Klinikaufenthaltes auf die soziale Unsicherheit im Kindesalter
Authors: Ahrens-Eipper Sabine , Lässig Wolfgang
Published: February 2009

Im Sinne einer selektiven Prävention psychischer Störungen ist es notwendig, Personen zu identifizieren, die aufgrund sozialer oder biologischer Faktoren ein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entwicklung einer psychischen Störung aufweisen. Klinikaufenthalte im Kindesalter werden seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts als mögliche psychosoziale Risikofaktoren diskutiert. In dieser Studie wurde die Auswirkung eines Klinikaufenthaltes auf die soziale Unsicherheit untersucht, einen starken Prädiktor für die spätere Entwicklung von psychischen Störungen, insbesondere von Angststörungen und Depression. Zu zwei Messzeitpunkten wurden bei 42 Kindern zwischen sechs und 13 Jahren die Konstrukte „Soziale Unsicherheit“, „Sozialbeziehungen“ und „Selbstwertgefühl“ im Selbst- und Elternurteil erfasst. Verglichen wurden eine Gruppe gesunder Kinder, chronisch kranker Kinder in ambulanter Behandlung und chronisch kranker Kinder in stationärer Behandlung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen keine negativen bzw. positiven Veränderungen der sozialen Unsicherheit, der Sozialbeziehungen und des Selbstwertgefühls. Die erhobenen Auffälligkeiten decken sich mit den Prävalenzraten aktueller epidemiologischer Studien. Ein Klinikaufenthalt allein stellt nach den Befunden der vorliegenden Untersuchung keinen psychosozialen Risikofaktor (mehr) dar.
Ressourcenorientierte Diagnostik – eine Leerformel oder nützliche Perspektive?
Authors: Petermann Franz
Published: February 2009

Unter Ressourcen versteht man aktuell verfügbare Potenziale eines Kindes oder seiner Umgebung, die seine Entwicklung unterstützen. Auch psychotherapeutische Prozesse können durch die Aktivierung von Ressourcen optimiert werden. Bislang gelingt es jedoch nur vage, aus einem Katalog möglicher Individual- und umfeldbezogener Ressourcen die optimalen für die Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu identifizieren und zu spezifizieren. Valide entwicklungs- und therapiebezogene Erhebungsverfahren müssen noch erstellt werden. Eine realistische Option auf eine ressourcenorientierte Diagnostik besteht jedoch; Hinweise für den Weg dorthin werden gegeben.
Das Lateral Preference Inventory: Itemhomogenität der deutschen Version
Authors: Büsch Dirk , Hagemann Norbert , Bender Nils
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung. Das Lateral Preference Inventory (LPI, Coren, 1993 ) soll die bevorzugte Seite für die Dimensionen Händigkeit, Füßigkeit, Äugigkeit und Ohrigkeit ermitteln. In dieser Pilotstudie wurde mit N = 540 Versuchspersonen (n = 303 männlich, n = 237 weiblich) im Alter von 17 bis 37 Jahren (M = 22.1, SD = 2.7) die Konstruktvalidität auf Itemebene (Itemhomogenität) der deutschen Version des LPI untersucht. Die Seitigkeitsdimensionen wurden inferenzstatistisch mit dem ordinalen Mixed-Rasch-Modell und dem latenten Klassenmodell überprüft. Erst die Eliminierung der Antwortkategorie „egal” führt zu einer zufriedenstellenden Konstruktvalidität auf Itemebene. Für die Seitigkeitsdimensionen lässt sich jeweils eine 2-Klassen-Lösung ermitteln, mit der Personen in Rechtstypen und Mischtypen eingeteilt werden können. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung des LPI aufgezeigt.
Rapid headward erosion of marsh creeks in response to relative sea level rise
Authors: Hughes Zoe J. , FitzGerald Duncan M. , Wilson Carol A. , Pennings Steve C. , Więski Kazimierz , Mahadevan Amala
Published: February 2009

Tidal creeks in Cape Romain, South Carolina, are extending rapidly onto the established marsh platform producing an unusual morphology, which remains self‐similar in time. A time‐series of aerial photographs establishes that these channels are headward eroding at an approximate rate of 1.9 m/yr. The rapid rate of headward erosion suggests that the marsh platform is in disequilibrium and unable to keep pace with high local relative sea level rise (RSLR >3.2mm/yr) through accretionary processes. Biological feedbacks play a strong role in the morphological development of the creeks. Dieback of vegetation coupled with intense burrowing by crabs produces a bare and topographically depressed region beyond the channel head toward which the channel head extends. We examine the mechanisms producing this headward extension and pinnate channel morphology, and report a new pattern of creek incision in a regime of rapid RSLR.
Real‐time testing of the on‐site warning algorithm in southern California and its performance during the July 29 2008 Mw5.4 Chino Hills earthquake
Authors: Böse M. , Hauksson E. , Solanki K. , Kanamori H. , Heaton T. H.
Published: February 2009

The real‐time performance of the τc‐Pd on‐site early warning algorithm currently is being tested within the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). Since January 2007, the algorithm has detected 58 local earthquakes in southern California and Baja with moment magnitudes of 3.0 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.4. Combined with newly derived station corrections the algorithm allowed for rapid determination of moment magnitudes and Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) with uncertainties of ±0.5 and ±0.7 units, respectively. The majority of reporting delays ranged from 9 to 16 s. The largest event, the July 29 2008 Mw5.4 Chino Hills earthquake, triggered a total of 60 CISN stations in epicentral distances of up to 250 km. Magnitude predictions at these stations ranged from Mw4.4 to Mw6.5 with a median of Mw5.6. The closest station would have provided up to 6 s warning at Los Angeles City Hall, located 50 km to the west‐northwest of Chino Hills.