bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil and Sediment Physics
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses how physical principles apply to unconsolidated materials. Soil and sediment hold pollutants as reservoirs. Pollutants move into, though, and out of these reservoirs according to fluid dynamic principles, The pollutants also change because of thermodynamics and rate laws and other chemical processes. This chapter also explains how land can be harmed by human activities, such as construction, agriculture, and transportation. These and other human activities lead to the release chemical contaminants, but they also result in landscape damage, such as soil erosion, habitat destruction and loss of resources, such as wetlands and coastal ecosystems.
Introduction
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

Volume 1 of this book introduced the physical laws, theories, principles, concepts, and equations that determine pollutant transport, transformation, and fate in the various environmental media and compartments, which sets the stage for applying sound science to treat and control the quantities of pollutants that reach these media and compartments. The chapters in Volume 2 introduce the ways that physical, chemical, and biological sciences can and must be applied to support and sustain effective environmental and public health assessments and decision making.
Role of Physics in Risk and Exposure Assessment
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the physical dynamic processes that occur within the body of a human or other creature. The dynamic forces and processes that move and alter the physical, chemical, and biological properties of contaminants and other substances in the environment also apply within an organism, although at different rates, in the same but a few additional fluids and, obviously, in a more confined system. Like the open environment, both the nature of the substance and that of its substrate, or carrier fluid, will determine the rate and fate within the organism. Discussions build on the previous chapter's dose-response curves, and toxicokinetics to explore the physical underpinnings of dose, routes and pathways of exposure and risk.
Physics of Pollution Control Technologies
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the physics that underly effective pollution control. Removal efficiencies are discussed for wastewater, contaminated ground water, drinking water, and air. Preliminary, primary, secondary, and advanced wastewater treatment approaches are explained from a physics perspective, as are airborne particulate matter and gas-phase pollutants.
Case Studies
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

Physical principles, laws, and theories undergird environmental science and engineering. Physics is a key to solving problems and addressing the many problems caused by pollution. To delve a bit further into these concepts, this chapter provides real-world cases as examples of principles at work in converting and transporting matter and energy for good or ill.
The Future: The Physics of Emerging Technologies
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the environmental implications of emerging technologies, especially synthetic biology and nanotechnology. Chemicals and biological agents that are new sources of public health and environmental problems are also explored. Finally, the chapter provides some insights into possible environmental physics applications that will likely be needed in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Malomed Boris A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers an introduction to the vast area of experimental and theoretical studies of solitons. The chapter is composed of two large sections. The first one provides a review of effectively 1D settings, before proceeding to solitons in two- and three-dimensional spaces. The body of theoretical and experimental results accumulated for 1D solitons is really large, with the most essential among them overviewed in the first section. For this reason, it is quite long. The exit to the realm of multidimensional solitons is offered in the second section of the chapter. Both sections are split into a number of subsections, which clearly define particular settings and problems addressed by them. In addition to its role as the gateway to the whole book, this chapter may be used by those who are interested in a reasonably short, but, nevertheless, sufficiently detailed introduction to the modern “soliton science.”
General practice experiences of Australia’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout: lessons for primary care reform
Authors: Wright Michael , Hoffman Rebekah , Petrozzi M. John , Wise Sarah
Published: September 2022

Objective The aim of this research was to explore the experiences of general practice in delivering Australia’s coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, and the impact on practice finances and workforce. Methods Eighteen semi-structured interviews with owners and practice managers of general practices in Greater Sydney between June and August 2021 were conducted. Results Practices reported early enthusiasm for the vaccine rollout and engaged in large-scale staffing and infrastructure adaptations to manage increased vaccination workload. Although some practices reported increased income related to vaccination, nearly all reported increased costs. Lack of timely and transparent communication between primary care and policymakers was a major concern for practices. Conclusions The success of Australia’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout relied on the goodwill of general practices. Participation in the COVID-19 vaccine rollout resulted in increased stress, increased administration workload, and reduced financial viability for many practices.
Avian community changes following drought-induced canopy collapse in a Mediterranean-type forest
Authors: Smithies Sean , Fleming Patricia A. , Bateman Philip W. , Hardy Giles E. St. J. , Dundas Shannon J.
Published: September 2022

Context Extreme drought can result in the widespread die-off of forests and dramatically altered ecosystem structure. Such changes are likly to influence fauna using resouces within these forests. Aims Following a record hot and dry year/summer in 2010/11, large-scale canopy collapse occurred within a Mediterranean-type mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata)–marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest in south-west Western Australia. We investigated the effects of this collapse on bird assemblages in 2016, 5 years after the initial collapse. Methods We carried out bird surveys using a standardised search method for five paired drought-affected and adjacent healthy forest plots. Key results A total of 3042 records of 51 bird species were observed across all surveys. Overall, the pooled (mean ± s.d.) reporting rates for drought-affected plots (13.84 ± 0.60 individuals/survey) were significantly less than the reporting rates for healthy plots (34.44 ± 1.03 individuals/survey) (PERMANOVA: F1 = 54.94, R2 = 0.31, P = 0.001). Species diversity was also higher in healthy plots (t26 = 11.21, P < 0.001). Foliage-searching birds were the most abundant guild across all plots and were reported less often in drought-affected plots (t6 = 2.70, P < 0.04). Conclusions Drought-affected jarrah forest plots exhibited significant differences in bird assemblages compared to healthy plots. Overall, the drought-affected forest provides a less favourable habitat for birds compared to healthy forest. Implications With marked variability and extreme climate events predicted for the future, understanding the impacts of such changes will contribute to how we manage forest ecosystems.
Energy balance and hippo effector activity in endometrium and corpus luteum of early pregnant ewes
Authors: Aires Karine de Vargas , dos Santos Esdras Correa , da Silva Ana Paula , Zappe Igor Gabriel , de Andrade Leonardo Guedes , Amaral Carolina dos Santos , Fiorenza Mariani Farias , Gonçalves Paulo Bayard Dias , St-Jean Guillaume , Portela Valério Marques , Zamberlam Gustavo , Antoniazzi Alfredo Quites
Published: September 2022

Context The establishment of pregnancy in cows requires uterine activity regulation of the main Hippo signalling effector yes-associated protein 1 (YAP). It remains unknown (1) how YAP activity at the corpus luteum (CL) correlates with early pregnancy-related events in ruminants; and (2) if YAP activity in the uterus and CL can be affected by metabolic disorders that may lead to pregnancy failure in ruminants. Aims and methods To determine the effect of early pregnancy on total and phospho-YAP expression and its transcriptional activity in the CL, we compared non-pregnant vs pregnant ewes. To understand the YAP activity dysregulation with disorders that may result in pregnancy loss, we induced negative energy balance in pregnant ewes. Key results and conclusions Our main results indicate that early pregnancy alters the expression and activity patterns of YAP in the ovine CL but not in the endometrium. In addition, while our NEB-induced model fails to alter YAP activity at the endometrium level, we found that fasting during the first but not second week of pregnancy affects YAP activity in the CL of pregnant ewes. Implications The data presented herein provide considerable insight into the activity of a signalling pathway that may be a key player in pregnancy recognition and establishment in ewes.
Socially situated artificial intelligence enables learning from human interaction
Authors: Krishna Ranjay , Lee Donsuk , Fei-Fei Li , Bernstein Michael S.
Published: September 2022

Regardless of how much data artificial intelligence agents have available, agents will inevitably encounter previously unseen situations in real-world deployments. Reacting to novel situations by acquiring new information from other people—socially situated learning—is a core faculty of human development. Unfortunately, socially situated learning remains an open challenge for artificial intelligence agents because they must learn how to interact with people to seek out the information that they lack. In this article, we formalize the task of socially situated artificial intelligence—agents that seek out new information through social interactions with people—as a reinforcement learning problem where the agent learns to identify meaningful and informative questions via rewards observed through social interaction. We manifest our framework as an interactive agent that learns how to ask natural language questions about photos as it broadens its visual intelligence on a large photo-sharing social network. Unlike active-learning methods, which implicitly assume that humans are oracles willing to answer any question, our agent adapts its behavior based on observed norms of which questions people are or are not interested to answer. Through an 8-mo deployment where our agent interacted with 236,000 social media users, our agent improved its performance at recognizing new visual information by 112%. A controlled field experiment confirmed that our agent outperformed an active-learning baseline by 25.6%. This work advances opportunities for continuously improving artificial intelligence (AI) agents that better respect norms in open social environments.
Oxygen regulation of breathing is abolished in mitochondrial complex III-deficient arterial chemoreceptors
Authors: Cabello-Rivera Daniel , Ortega-Sáenz Patricia , Gao Lin , Muñoz-Cabello Ana M. , Bonilla-Henao Victoria , Schumacker Paul T. , López-Barneo José
Published: September 2022

Acute oxygen (O
2
) sensing is essential for adaptation of organisms to hypoxic environments or medical conditions with restricted exchange of gases in the lung. The main acute O
2
-sensing organ is the carotid body (CB), which contains neurosecretory chemoreceptor (glomus) cells innervated by sensory fibers whose activation by hypoxia elicits hyperventilation and increased cardiac output. Glomus cells have mitochondria with specialized metabolic and electron transport chain (ETC) properties. Reduced mitochondrial complex (MC) IV activity by hypoxia leads to production of signaling molecules (NADH and reactive O
2
species) in MCI and MCIII that modulate membrane ion channel activity. We studied mice with conditional genetic ablation of MCIII that disrupts the ETC in the CB and other catecholaminergic tissues. Glomus cells survived MCIII dysfunction but showed selective abolition of responsiveness to hypoxia (increased [Ca
2+
] and transmitter release) with normal responses to other stimuli. Mitochondrial hypoxic NADH and reactive O
2
species signals were also suppressed. MCIII-deficient mice exhibited strong inhibition of the hypoxic ventilatory response and altered acclimatization to sustained hypoxia. These data indicate that a functional ETC, with coupling between MCI and MCIV, is required for acute O
2
sensing. O
2
regulation of breathing results from the integrated action of mitochondrial ETC complexes in arterial chemoreceptors.
Coupling of microtubule bundles isolates them from local disruptions to set the structural stability of the anaphase spindle
Authors: Carlini Lina , Renda Fioranna , Pamula Melissa C. , Khodjakov Alexey , Kapoor Tarun M.
Published: September 2022

Chromosome segregation requires load-bearing interactions across kinetochore fibers and antiparallel microtubule bundles, which constitute the spindle midzone. Mechanical properties of kinetochore fibers have been characterized during metaphase, when the mitotic spindle achieves steady state. However, it has been difficult to probe the mechanics of the spindle midzone that elongates during anaphase. Here, we combine superresolution expansion and electron microscopies, lattice light-sheet imaging, and laser microsurgery to examine how midzone organization sets its mechanics. We find that individual midzone bundles extend out to multiple positions across chromosomes and form multiple apparent microtubule-based connections with each other. Across the spindle’s short axis, these microtubule bundles exhibit restricted, submicrometer-amplitude motions, which are weakly correlated on <10s timescales. Severing individual midzone bundles near their center does not substantially affect positions of neighboring bundles, nor the overall structural stability of the midzone. In contrast, severing multiple midzone bundles or individual bundles at their chromosome-proximal ends significantly displaces neighboring microtubule bundles. Together, these data suggest a model wherein multiple midzone connections both reinforce its structure and mechanically isolate individual bundles from local perturbations. This feature sets the robust midzone architecture to accommodate disruptions, including those which result from lagging chromosomes, and achieve stereotypic outputs, such as proper chromosome separation.
Sphingosine kinases regulate ER contacts with late endocytic organelles and cholesterol trafficking
Authors: Palladino Elisa N. D. , Bernas Tytus , Green Christopher D. , Weigel Cynthia , Singh Sandeep K. , Senkal Can E. , Martello Andrea , Kennelly John P. , Bieberich Erhard , Tontonoz Peter , Ford David A. , Milstien Sheldon , Eden Emily R. , Spiegel Sarah
Published: September 2022

Membrane contact sites (MCS), close membrane apposition between organelles, are platforms for interorganellar transfer of lipids including cholesterol, regulation of lipid homeostasis, and co-ordination of endocytic trafficking. Sphingosine kinases (SphKs), two isoenzymes that phosphorylate sphingosine to the bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have been implicated in endocytic trafficking. However, the physiological functions of SphKs in regulation of membrane dynamics, lipid trafficking and MCS are not known. Here, we report that deletion of SphKs decreased S1P with concomitant increases in its precursors sphingosine and ceramide, and markedly reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with late endocytic organelles. Expression of enzymatically active SphK1, but not catalytically inactive, rescued the deficit of these MCS. Although free cholesterol accumulated in late endocytic organelles in SphK null cells, surprisingly however, cholesterol transport to the ER was not reduced. Importantly, deletion of SphKs promoted recruitment of the ER-resident cholesterol transfer protein Aster-B (also called GRAMD1B) to the plasma membrane (PM), consistent with higher accessible cholesterol and ceramide at the PM, to facilitate cholesterol transfer from the PM to the ER. In addition, ceramide enhanced in vitro binding of the Aster-B GRAM domain to phosphatidylserine and cholesterol liposomes. Our study revealed a previously unknown role for SphKs and sphingolipid metabolites in governing diverse MCS between the ER network and late endocytic organelles versus the PM to control the movement of cholesterol between distinct cell membranes.
Fast acrobatic maneuvers enable arboreal spiders to hunt dangerous prey
Authors: Aceves-Aparicio Alfonso , Narendra Ajay , McLean Donald James , Lowe Elizabeth C. , Christian Marcelo , Wolff Jonas O. , Schneider Jutta M. , Herberstein Marie E.
Published: September 2022

Spiders, the most specious taxon of predators, have evolved an astounding range of predatory strategies, including group hunting, specialized silk traps, pheromone-loaded bolas, and aggressive mimicry. Spiders that hunt prey defended with behavioral, mechanical, or chemical means are under additional selection pressure to avoid injury and death. Ants are considered dangerous because they can harm or kill their predators, but some groups of spiders, such as the Theridiidae, have a very high diversification of ant-hunting species and strategies [J. Liu et al.,Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 94, 658–675 (2016)]. Here, we provide detailed behavioral analyses of the highly acrobatic Australian ant-slayer spider,Euryopis umbilicata(Theridiidae), that captures much larger and defendedCamponotusants on vertical tree trunks. The hunting sequence consists of ritualized steps performed within split seconds, resulting in an exceptionally high prey capture success rate.
Direct visualization of translesion DNA synthesis polymerase IV at the replisome
Authors: Tuan Pham Minh , Gilhooly Neville S. , Marians Kenneth J. , Kowalczykowski Stephen C.
Published: September 2022

In bacterial cells, DNA damage tolerance is manifested by the action of translesion DNA polymerases that can synthesize DNA across template lesions that typically block the replicative DNA polymerase III. It has been suggested that one of these translesion DNA synthesis DNA polymerases, DNA polymerase IV, can either act in concert with the replisome, switching places on the β sliding clamp with DNA polymerase III to bypass the template damage, or act subsequent to the replisome skipping over the template lesion in the gap in nascent DNA left behind as the replisome continues downstream. Evidence exists in support of both mechanisms. Using single-molecule analyses, we show that DNA polymerase IV associates with the replisome in a concentration-dependent manner and remains associated over long stretches of replication fork progression under unstressed conditions. This association slows the replisome, requires DNA polymerase IV binding to the β clamp but not its catalytic activity, and is reinforced by the presence of the γ subunit of the β clamp-loading DnaX complex in the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Thus, DNA damage is not required for association of DNA polymerase IV with the replisome. We suggest that under stress conditions such as induction of the SOS response, the association of DNA polymerase IV with the replisome provides both a surveillance/bypass mechanism and a means to slow replication fork progression, thereby reducing the frequency of collisions with template damage and the overall mutagenic potential.
Precision genome editing in the eye
Authors: Suh Susie , Choi Elliot H. , Raguram Aditya , Liu David R. , Palczewski Krzysztof
Published: September 2022

CRISPR-Cas-based genome editing technologies could, in principle, be used to treat a wide variety of inherited diseases, including genetic disorders of vision. Programmable CRISPR-Cas nucleases are effective tools for gene disruption, but they are poorly suited for precisely correcting pathogenic mutations in most therapeutic settings. Recently developed precision genome editing agents, including base editors and prime editors, have enabled precise gene correction and disease rescue in multiple preclinical models of genetic disorders. Additionally, new delivery technologies that transiently deliver precision genome editing agents in vivo offer minimized off-target editing and improved safety profiles. These improvements to precision genome editing and delivery technologies are expected to revolutionize the treatment of genetic disorders of vision and other diseases. In this Perspective, we describe current preclinical and clinical genome editing approaches for treating inherited retinal degenerative diseases, and we discuss important considerations that should be addressed as these approaches are translated into clinical practice.
Interactional reciprocity in human–dog interaction
Authors: Simonen Mika , Lohi Hannes
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the potential existence of
interactional reciprocity in human–dog interactions by analyzing
experimental data on situations where dog owners fail to produce
reciprocally modified actions for two minutes. We found that their
dogs soon realized the strangeness of the situation. While they
pursued missing feedback with touch, gaze and vocalizations, they
also addressed other humans and requested their attention.
Therefore, the dogs oriented to the lack of reciprocity and
attempted to repair it. We demonstrate that interactional
reciprocity in human–dog interactions can be breached, thus proving
its existence. Moreover, we show that it also returned when the
experiment ended. The findings are compared with mother–infant
experiments where evidence of interactional reciprocity has also
been found.
Friction stir welding of severely deformed copper sheets: Microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Yaghoubi Mohammad Amin , Anjabin Nozar
Published: September 2022

Friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at different tool rotation speeds of 1250 and 1600 rev min−1 on both annealed, and severely plastic deformed copper sheets via constrained groove pressing (CGP). Also, the effects of water cooling during FSW on weld properties of CGP-treated samples were investigated. It is found that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has a lower hardness value than the corresponding base metal due to the large grain growth. While the stir zone (SZ) shows a finer grain size with a higher hardness. Moreover, the results proved that in-process water cooling can effectively reduce grain growth in HAZ of CGPed samples and improve the weld strength by increasing the minimum hardness to about SZ hardness of the annealed sample.
Vestibular assessment and management
Authors: Sinha Sujeet Kumar , Singh Niraj Kumar
Published: September 2022

Objective

The objective of the present study was to find out the current practices in evaluating and managing vestibular disorders across the country by Audiologists in India.

Method

An e-survey was performed. A total of 31 questions were prepared for the survey. The survey questionnaire was circulated among 400 Audiologists. Out of 400 participants, 248 participants responded to the survey.

Results

Out of 248 participants, 111 participants reported performing vestibular testing. Most of the professionals worked in a corporate setup. Total patients with vestibular disorders reported to these setups ranged from 1-2 per month to 100–120 patients/month. Regarding the clinical tests, most participants reported performing the Romberg test, Fukuda stepping test, tests for cerebellar functioning and HINTS/HINTS plus in their setup for vestibular assessment and management. Regarding the barriers to vestibular assessment and management, most participants indicated that the lack of necessary training and experience to conduct vestibular assessment and management procedures was significant.

Conclusions

There is a lot of variability in assessment and management procedures among the professionals. There is a need to make uniform protocol across the country, and the vestibular assessment and management should be included as a separate course in their curriculum.
Spatiotemporal control of actomyosin contractility by MRCKβ signaling drives phagocytosis
Authors: Zihni Ceniz , Georgiadis Anastasios , Ramsden Conor M. , Sanchez-Heras Elena , Haas Alexis J. , Nommiste Britta , Semenyuk Olha , Bainbridge James W.B. , Coffey Peter J. , Smith Alexander J. , Ali Robin R. , Balda Maria S. , Matter Karl
Published: September 2022

Phagocytosis requires actin dynamics, but whether actomyosin contractility plays a role in this morphodynamic process is unclear. Here, we show that in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), particle binding to Mer Tyrosine Kinase (MerTK), a widely expressed phagocytic receptor, stimulates phosphorylation of the Cdc42 GEF Dbl3, triggering activation of MRCKβ/myosin-II and its coeffector N-WASP, membrane deformation, and cup formation. Continued MRCKβ/myosin-II activity then drives recruitment of a mechanosensing bridge, enabling cytoskeletal force transmission, cup closure, and particle internalization. In vivo, MRCKβ is essential for RPE phagocytosis and retinal integrity. MerTK-independent activation of MRCKβ signaling by a phosphomimetic Dbl3 mutant rescues phagocytosis in retinitis pigmentosa RPE cells lacking functional MerTK. MRCKβ is also required for efficient particle translocation from the cortex into the cell body in Fc receptor–mediated phagocytosis. Thus, conserved MRCKβ signaling at the cortex controls spatiotemporal regulation of actomyosin contractility to guide distinct phases of phagocytosis in the RPE and represents the principle phagocytic effector pathway downstream of MerTK.
Balancing cell polarity PARts through dephosphorylation
Authors: Barros-Carvalho André , Morais-de-Sá Eurico
Published: September 2022

How cells spatially organize their plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm remains a central question for cell biologists. In this issue of JCB, Calvi et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202201048) identify PP1 phosphatases as key regulators of C. elegans anterior–posterior polarity, by counterbalancing aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of PAR-2.
Cryo-FIB for TEM investigation of soft matter and beam sensitive energy materials
Authors: Long Daniel M , Singh Manish Kumar , Small Kathryn A , Watt John
Published: September 2022

Primarily driven by structural biology, the rapid advances in cryogenic electron microscopy techniques are now being adopted and applied by materials scientists. Samples that inherently have electron transparency can be rapidly frozen (vitrified) in amorphous ice and imaged directly on a cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), however this is not the case for many important materials systems, which can consist of layered structures, embedded architectures, or be contained within a device. Cryogenic focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) lift-out procedures have recently been developed to extract intact regions and interfaces of interest, that can then be thinned to electron transparency and transferred to the cryo-TEM for characterization. Several detailed studies have been reported demonstrating the cryo-FIB lift-out procedure, however due to its relative infancy in materials science improvements are still required to ensure the technique becomes more accessible and routinely successful. Here, we review recent results on the preparation of cryo-TEM lamellae using cryo-FIB and show that the technique is broadly applicable to a range of soft matter and beam sensitive energy materials. We then present a tutorial that can guide the materials scientist through the cryo-FIB lift-out process, highlighting recent methodological advances that address the most common failure points of the technique, such as needle attachment, lift-out and transfer, and final thinning.
An optimized infinite time-evolving block decimation algorithm for lattice systems
Authors: Xu Junjun
Published: September 2022

The infinite time-evolving block decimation algorithm (iTEBD) provides an efficient way to determine the ground state and dynamics of the quantum lattice systems in the thermodynamic limit. In this paper we suggest an optimized way to take the iTEBD calculation, which takes advantage of additional reduced decompositions to speed up the calculation. The numerical calculations show that for a comparable computation time our method provides more accurate results than the traditional iTEBD, especially for lattice systems with large on-site degrees of freedom.
A first-principles study on remote van der Waals epitaxy through a graphene monolayer on semiconductor substrates
Authors: Hou Rui , Yang Shenyuan
Published: September 2022

To investigate the mechanism of remote epitaxy, where the overlayer can follow the same crystalline structure as the underlying semiconductor substrate through a thin two-dimensional interlayer, we systematically study the potential fluctuations of graphene covered Si, GaAs, and GaN substrates from first-principles. We find that the uneven semiconductor surface, the distorted graphene, and the non-uniform interface charge transfer make significant contributions to the potential fluctuation. The semiconductor substrate with different surface reconstructions and orientations will generate different potential fluctuations through the graphene interlayer. We also calculate and compare the adsorption of adatoms on graphene covered substrates. The adsorption energies of adatoms not only depend on their distances to the underlying semiconductor surface, but are also sensitive to the direction of the charge transfer at the graphene/substrate interface. Changing the semiconductor reconstruction or orientation could even reverse the order of the adsorption energies of cation and anion adatoms by reversing the interface charge transfer direction, leading to a change in the growth orientation of the overlayer. Our study improves the understanding of the mechanism of remote epitaxy, and reveals that it is possible to control the initial nucleation and orientation of overlayers by changing the semiconductor reconstructions and/or orientations in remote epitaxy.
Scattering and fusion reaction dynamics of O + Zr system around Coulomb barrier
Authors: Dash C. , Swain R. R. , Tripathy G. , Naik I. , Sahu B. B.
Published: September 2022

A partial wave scattering matrix for the total effective complex potential of nucleus nucleus collisions is proposed to easily analyze the angular variations of elastic scattering and fusion cross-sections simultaneously with a unique potential. The expectation value of the imaginary part of the potential calculated using the distorted waves from the full potential in the elastic channel accounts for

. This is equated to the sum of the cross-sections due to absorption in different regions of the potential where the imaginary part is actively present. The potential is taken as energy independent and features a weakly absorbing nature, which supports the resonance states in various partial wave trajectories. Therefore, these resonances show oscillatory behavior changes with respect to energy

. In this paper, we discuss elastic scattering and fusion cross-sections in conjunction with the results of

for the

system.
Probing the interaction between 2D materials and oligoglycine tectomers
Authors: Tripathi Manoj , Garriga Rosa , Lee Frank , Ogilvie Sean P , Graf Aline Amorim , Large Matthew J , Lynch Peter J , Papagelis Konstantinos , Parthenios John , Cebolla Vicente L , Jurewicz Izabela , Dalton Alan B , Muñoz Edgar
Published: September 2022

Heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) materials using graphene and MoS2 have enabled both pivotal fundamental studies and unprecedented sensing properties. These heterosystems are intriguing when graphene and MoS2 are interfaced with 2D sheets that emulate biomolecules, such as amino-terminated oligoglycine self-assemblies (known as tectomers). The adsorption of tectomer sheets over graphene and MoS2 modulates the physicochemical properties through electronic charge migration and mechanical stress transfer. Here, we present a systematic study by Raman spectroscopy and tectomer-functionalised scanning probe microscopy to understand mechanical strain, charge transfer and binding affinity in tectomer/graphene and tectomer/MoS2 hybrid structures. Raman mapping reveals distinctive thickness dependence of tectomer-induced charge transfer to MoS2, showing p-doping on monolayer MoS2 and n-doping on multilayer MoS2. By contrast, graphene is n-doped by tectomer independently of layer number, as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interfacial adhesion between the amino groups and 2D materials are further explored using tectomer-functionalised probe microscopy. It is demonstrated here that these probes have potential for chemically sensitive imaging of 2D materials, which will be useful for mapping chemically distinct domains of surfaces and the number of layers. The facile tectomer-coating approach described here is an attractive soft-chemistry strategy for high-density amine-functionalisation of atomic force microscopy probes, therefore opening promising avenues for sensor applications.
Recent progress in synthesis and surface modification of nickel-rich layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Li Jing , Zhong Wentao , Deng Qiang , Zhang Qimeng , Yang Chenghao
Published: September 2022

Nickel-rich layered oxides have been identified as the most promising commercial cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the poor cycling stability of nickel-rich cathode materials is one of the major barriers for the large-scale usage of LIBs. The existing obstructions that suppress the capacity degradation of nickel-rich cathode materials are as a result of phase transition, mechanical instability, intergranular cracks, side reaction, oxygen loss, and thermal instability during cycling. Core–shell structures, oxidating precursors, electrolyte additives, doping/coating and synthesizing single crystals have been identified as effective methods to improve cycling stability of nickel-rich cathode materials. Herein, recent progress of surface modification, e.g. coating and doping, in nickel-rich cathode materials are summarized based on Periodic table to provide a clear understanding. Electrochemical performances and mechanisms of modified structure are discussed in detail. It is hoped that an overview of synthesis and surface modification can be presented and a perspective of nickel-rich materials in LIBs can be given.
Time-dependent decrease in fault strength in the 2011–2016 Ibaraki–Fukushima earthquake sequence
Authors: Wimpenny Sam , Forrest Natalie , Copley Alex
Published: September 2022

Two near-identical Mw 5.8 earthquakes in 2011 and 2016 ruptured the Mochiyama Fault in the Ibaraki–Fukushima region of Japan. The unusually short repeat time between the two earthquakes provides a rare opportunity to estimate the evolution of stress on a fault through an earthquake cycle, as the stress drop in the first earthquake provides a reference value from which we can infer variations through time in the stresses required to cause earthquake rupture. By combining observations of crustal deformation from GPS, InSAR and seismology with numerical models of stress transfer due to coseismic deformation and post-seismic relaxation, we demonstrate that the rupture area on the Mochiyama Fault could only have been reloaded by up to 50–80 per cent of the 2011 earthquake stress drop (3–10 MPa) between that event and the subsequent 2016 earthquake. Most of this reloading was caused by afterslip around the rupture area driven by stress changes from the 2011 Mochiyama and Tohoku-oki earthquakes. We therefore infer that the Mochiyama Fault became weaker in the intervening 6 yr, with at least a 1–5 MPa drop in the shear stresses needed to break the fault in earthquakes. The mechanism(s) that led to this weakening are unclear, but were associated with extensive aftershock seismicity that released a cumulative moment similar to the 2011 main shock. Temporal changes in fault strength may therefore play a role in modulating the timing of moderate-magnitude earthquakes.
First insights into the ISM at z > 8 with JWST: possible physical implications of a high [O iii] λ4363/[O iii] λ5007
Authors: Katz Harley , Saxena Aayush , Cameron Alex J , Carniani Stefano , Bunker Andrew J , Arribas Santiago , Bhatawdekar Rachana , Bowler Rebecca A A , Boyett Kristan N K , Cresci Giovanni , Curtis-Lake Emma , D’Eugenio Francesco , Kumari Nimisha , Looser Tobias J , Maiolino Roberto , Übler Hannah , Willott Chris , Witstok Joris
Published: September 2022

We present a detailed analysis of the rest-frame optical emission line ratios for three spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at z > 7.5. The galaxies were identified in the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Early Release Observations field SMACS J0723.3 − 7327. By quantitatively comparing Balmer and oxygen line ratios of these galaxies with various low-redshift ‘analogue’ populations (e.g. Green Peas, Blueberries, etc.), we show that no single analogue population captures the diversity of line ratios of all three galaxies observed at z > 7.5. We find that S06355 at z = 7.67 and S10612 at z = 7.66 are similar to local Green Peas and Blueberries. In contrast, S04590 at z = 8.50 appears to be significantly different from the other two galaxies, most resembling extremely low-metallicity systems in the local Universe. Perhaps the most striking spectral feature in S04590 is the curiously high [O iii] λ4363/[O iii] λ5007 ratio (RO3) of 0.048 (or 0.055 when dust-corrected), implying either extremely high electron temperatures, >3 × 104 K, or gas densities >104 cm−3. Observed line ratios indicate that this galaxy is unlikely to host an AGN. Using photoionization modelling, we show that the inclusion of high-mass X-ray binaries or a high cosmic ray background in addition to a young, low-metallicity stellar population can provide the additional heating necessary to explain the observed high RO3 while remaining consistent with other observed line ratios. Our models represent a first step at accurately characterizing the dominant sources of photoionization and heating at very high redshifts, demonstrating that non-thermal processes may become important as we probe deeper into the Epoch of Reionization.
Effects of Percutaneous and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Endogenous Pain Mechanisms in Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rodriguez Lagos Leonardo , Arribas-Romano Alberto , Fernández-Carnero Josué , González-Zamorano Yeray , Laguarta Val Sofía
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The main aim was to determine the effects of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on endogenous pain mechanisms in patients with musculoskeletal pain.

Design

A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

The search was conducted on March 1, 2022, in the EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Medline, and SCOPUS databases. Randomized controlled trials comparing the use of transcutaneous or percutaneous electrostimulation with a placebo, control group, or standard treatment in patients with musculoskeletal pain were included. Outcome measurements were quantitative sensory testing somatosensory variables like pressure pain threshold (PPT), conditioned pain modulation, and temporal summation of pain. The pooled data were evaluated in Review Manager 5.4.

Results

Twenty-four randomized controlled trials (n = 24) were included in the qualitative analysis and 23 in the meta-analysis. The immediate effects of PENS and TENS on local PPTs were significant, with a moderate effect size (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34 to 0.72; P < 0.00001). When only studies with a lower risk of bias were analyzed, the heterogeneity decreased from I2 = 58% (P < 0.00001) to I2 = 15% (P = 0.01), and a decrease in the overall effect was observed (SMD 0.33; 95% CI: 0.7 to 0.58). The short-term effects on local PPTs were not significant when compared with the control group (P = 0.13). The mid-term effects on local PPTs were significant, showing a large effect size (SMD 0.55; 95% CI: 0.9 to 1.00; P = 0.02). The immediate effects on conditioned pain modulation were significant, with a large effect size (SMD 0.94; 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.41; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

PENS and TENS have a mild–moderate immediate effect on local mechanical hyperalgesia in patients with musculoskeletal pain. It appears that these effects are not sustained over time. Analyses suggest an effect on central pain mechanisms producing a moderate increase in remote PPT, an increase in conditioned pain modulation, but further studies are needed to draw clearer conclusions.
Stewardship of Patient Genomic Data: A Policy Statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)
Authors: Best Robert G. , Khushf George , Rabin-Havt Sara Schonfeld , Clayton Ellen Wright , Grebe Theresa A. , Hagenkord Jill , Topper Scott , Fivecoat Jaime , Chen Margaret , Grody Wayne W. ,   on behalf of the ACMG Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues Committee
Published: September 2022

(Abstracted from Genet Med 2022;24:509–511)

The need for genomic research is a firmly held value of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), as this can lead to discovery for the improvement of health outcomes and patient experience. However, an exchange of deidentified genomic data presents a potential opportunity for breach of privacy.
Adoptive Cell Therapy in Gynecologic Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Son Ji , George Goldy C. , Nardo Mirella , Krause Kate J. , Jazaeri Amir A. , Biter Amadeo B. , Hong David S.
Published: September 2022

(Abstracted from Gynecol Oncol 2022;165:664–670)

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy that has shown promising results in hematologic malignancies and some solid tumors. In ACT, autologous immune cells are extracted, expanded, and stimulated or engineered for reinfusion alongside growth factors to augment in vivo anticancer activity.
Trauma System Support to Facilitate Recovery
Authors: Stinner Daniel , Hendrickson Sarah B. , Vallier Heather A.
Published: September 2022

Trauma is a major public health issue. Orthopaedic trauma surgeons are skilled in the acute management of musculoskeletal injury; however, formal training and resources have not been devoted to optimizing recovery after trauma. Recovery entails addressing the biomedical aspects of injury, as well as the psychological and social factors. The purposes of this study were to describe existing programs and resources within trauma centers, developed to promote psychosocial recovery. Supporting research data will be referenced, and potential barriers to program implementation will be discussed. The American College of Surgeons has mandated screening and treatment for mental illness after trauma, which will raise the bar to highlight the importance of these social issues, likely enabling providers to develop new programs and other resources within their systems. Provider education will promote the informing of patients and families, with the intent of enhancing the efficiency and scope of recovery.
Systemic therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the second-line setting: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Liao Yang , Hou Haifeng , Han Zhenhua , Liu Ying
Published: September 2022

Objectives:

To perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the survival benefit and safety profile of current available second-line treatment options of metastatic renal cell carcinomav.

Methods:

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were systematically researched for eligible articles which were published before July 20, 2021. Studies comparing overall/progression free survival (OS/PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and/or adverse events (AEs) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinomav were included.

Results:

Nine trials (with 4911 patients) were finally included for final network meta-analysis. Cabozantinib, lenvatinib, and lenvatinib plus everolimus were associated with significantly better PFS, OS, and ORR compared with everolimus, and lenvatinib plus everolimus emerged as the best option. As for grade 3 to 4 AEs, nivolumab showed significantly lower risk of AEs compared with everolimus. Other included treatments were associated with significantly increased risk of AEs. When comprehensively assessed the efficacy and safety of included treatments based on the ranking analysis of PFS, ORR, and grade 3 to 4 AEs, lenvatinib plus everolimus, cabozantinib, and nivolumab showed superior efficacy over other treatments, with relatively lower risk of grade 3 to 4 AEs.

Conclusions:

Among all included therapies, Lenvatinib plus everolimus was identified as the most effective treatment approach, with the best PFS, OS, and ORR. nivolumab was associated with decreased incidence of grade 3 to 4 AEs among included treatment therapies. When comprehensively evaluated the efficacy and safety of included treatment options, lenvatinib plus everolimus, cabozantinb, and nivolumab were associated with better survival benefits and lower risk of AEs. Future studies should focus on the direct comparison of different second-line treatment in real-world populations.
Clinical features of different stage subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
Authors: Linazi Gu , Abudureyimu Shajidan , Zhang Jingjing , Wulamu Abudukadier , Maimaitiaili Miyesier , Wang Baolan , Bakeer Banu , Xi Yanling
Published: September 2022

Subacute combined degeneration (SCD), caused by vitamin B12 disorders, leads to severe degeneration of the spinal cord. Thus, it is significant to make timely diagnosis and treatment options of SCD. The objectives were to summarize clinical features of different sate SCD. Clinical data of 42 SCD patients of spinal cord were retrospectively analyzed, which were classified into early stage, middle stage and late stage SCD. Among the patients, 9 were classified into early stage, 22 into middle stage, and 11 into late stage SCD. Total cholesterol and hemoglobin levels were relatively higher in late stage SCD. In contrast, mean corpusular volume (MCV) level was higher in early stage SCD. There were typical abnormalities only in 8 patients on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a dynamia was a common neurological abnormality in all patients. Importantly, the differences in abnormal findings in anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) testing, visual acuity and fundus testing were statistically significant in different stage SCD (P < .05). There were correlation between most variances with SCD stage. Strikingly, there existed close relationship between enhanced levels of blood glucose (r = −0.289, P = .066), glycated hemoglobin (GHB) (r = −0.288, P = .068) and homocysteine (r = −0.563, P = .000), abnormal visual findings (r = 0.309, P = .049) and megaloblastic anemia (r = −0.295, P = .061) with different SCD stage, among which abnormal visual findings were closely associated with middle stage SCD. Moreover, levels of total cholesterol, blood glucose, homocysteine and abnormal finding of visual acuity were significant in diagnosis and clinical staging of SCD (P < .05). Although MRI scanning and serum vitamin B12 level were widely used for SCD diagnosis, neurological examination and homocysteine level may be more potentially valuable indexes for SCD diagnosis and staging.