bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graph attention network-based fluid simulation model
Authors: Liu Qiang , Zhu Wei , Ma Feng , Jia Xiyu , Gao Yu , Wen Jun
Published: September 2022

Traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques deduce the dynamic variations in flow fields by using finite elements or finite differences to solve partial differential equations. CFD usually involves several tens of thousands of grid nodes, which entail long computation times and significant computational resources. Fluid data are usually irregular data, and there will be turbulence in the flow field where the physical quantities between adjacent grid nodes are extremely nonequilibrium. We use a graph attention neural network to build a fluid simulation model (GAFM). GAFM assigns weights to adjacent node-pairs through a graph attention mechanism. In this way, it is not only possible to directly calculate the fluid data but also to adjust for nonequilibrium in vortices, especially turbulent flows. The GAFM deductively predicts the dynamic variations in flow fields by using spatiotemporally continuous sample data. A validation of the proposed GAFM against the two-dimensional (2D) flow around a cylinder confirms its high prediction accuracy. In addition, the GAFM achieves faster computation speeds than traditional CFD solvers by two to three orders of magnitude. The GAFM provides a new idea for the rapid optimization and design of fluid mechanics models and the real-time control of intelligent fluid mechanisms.
Introduction: Importance of Systems Sciences and First Principles
Authors: Vallero Daniel A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces the role of physics in characterizing environmental quality and assessing risks to human populations and ecosystems. Physics underpins all scientific endeavors and must be properly applied to understand, control, and prevent pollution, and to protect the environment. Physical principles are the basis for how substances are released into the air, water and other environmental media, their transformation, transport, and fate in the environment, as well as the technologies needed to measure, model, and remediate the problems these substances my cause. Characterizing environmental conditions builds from the first principles of physics and sets the stage of actions to address pollution.
The Use of Higher-Order Nonlinearities: Experiments in Optical Media
Authors: Malomed Boris A.
Published: September 2022

This section aims to summarize, in a reasonably brief form, experimental results, which demonstrate the existence of stable and quasi-stable 2D solitons in nonlinear optics. All these objects are (2+1)-dimensional localized states observed in the spatial domain, i.e., essentially, as beams (single ones or arrayed beams in the case of solitons necklaces), which are uniform (or quasi-uniform) along the propagation direction (z), being self-trapped in the transverse (x, y) plane. As usual, the range of experimental findings is much narrower than the variety of theoretical predictions reported for the same settings (which are outlined in Chap. 3). In particular, while the existence of stable (2+1)D fundamental solitons is a well-established experimental fact, vortex solitons have been observed, thus far by Reyna et al. [Phys. Rev. A 93, 013840 (2016)], only in a transient quasi-stable form. In addition to that experimental result, the present chapter reports the creation of quasi-stable necklace-shaped arrays of beams carrying overall vorticity and rotating states in the form of a “propeller.” No experimental observation of stable (3+1)D spatiotemporal optical solitons, in any form, has been reported as yet {as mentioned in Chap. 1, spatiotemporal solitons of the effective (1+1+1)D type, i.e., ones self-trapped in the temporal (longitudinal) and one spatial (transverse) directions, were created in an optical medium with the quadratic (χ(2)) nonlinearity by Liu et al. [Phys. Rev. E 62, 1328–1340 (2000)]}.
Spatially Periodic Potentials (Lattices): Theory
Authors: Malomed Boris A.
Published: September 2022

The use of spatially periodic (lattice) potentials, such as the 1D, 3D, and radial ones, defined by Eqs. (1.63), (2.20), and (2.24), respectively, offers a universal framework for the stabilization of multidimensional solitons and solitary vortices, as well as bound states of solitons. The objective of this chapter is to summarize various theoretical results that demonstrate such possibilities. These findings are closely related to the topic of discrete optics, as the wave dynamics in media including sufficiently deep lattice potentials is very similar, in linear and nonlinear settings alike, to the wave propagation in arrays of discrete guiding channels (Lederer et al., 2008). In particular, the arrest of the collapse by periodic potentials makes the aborted blowup of the wave field similar to the effect of quasi-collapse which occurs in waveguiding arrays [Aceves et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 73–76 (1995)]. Particular results reported in this chapter include stabilization of 2D and 3D fundamental and vortical solitons by lattice potential with the full or reduced dimension (in particular, the 2D lattice is sufficient for the stabilization of 3D solitons), two-dimensional “supervortices” (ring-shaped chains of compact eddies with global vorticity imprinted onto the chains), 2D gap solitons, which demonstrate high mobility with an effective negative mass, 2D solitons stabilized by radial and quasi-periodic lattice potentials, and 2D vortex solitons in second-harmonic-generating media stabilized by lattice potentials.
Unexpected employee location is associated with injury during robberies
Authors: DeCelles Katherine A. , Kouchaki Maryam , Halevy Nir
Published: September 2022

Millions of employees are victims of violent crimes at work every year, particularly those in the retail industry, who are frequent targets of robbery. Why are some employees injured while others escape from these incidents physically unharmed? Departing from prevailing models of workplace violence, which focus on the static characteristics of perpetrators, victims, and work environments, we examine why and when injuries during robberies occur. Our multimethod investigation of convenience-store robberies sought evidence from detailed coding of surveillance videos and matched archival data, preregistered experiments with formerly incarcerated individuals and customer service personnel, and a 3-y longitudinal intervention study in the field. While standard retail-industry safety protocols encourage employees to be out from behind the cash register area to be safer, we find that robbers are significantly more likely to injure or kill employees who are located there (versus behind the cash register area) when a robbery begins. A 3-y field study demonstrates that changing the safety training protocol—through providing employees with a behavioral script to follow should a robbery begin when they are on the sales floor—was associated with a significantly lower rate of injury during these robberies. Our research establishes the importance of understanding the interactive dynamics of workplace violence, crime, and conflict.
Polychotomous traits and evolution under conformity
Authors: Denton Kaleda K. , Liberman Uri , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: September 2022

Conformist and anticonformist transmission of dichotomous cultural traits (i.e., traits with two variants) have been studied both experimentally, in many species, and theoretically, with mathematical models. Signatures of types of conformity to polychotomous traits (with more than two variants; e.g., baby names and syllables in bird song) have been inferred from population-level data, but there are few models that include individual-level biases among more than two discrete variants. We generalize the standard dichotomous trait conformity model by Boyd and Richerson to incorporaten≥3role models andm≥2variants. Our analysis shows that in the case ofn=3role models, under anticonformity, the central polymorphic equilibriump*=(1m,…,1m)is globally stable, whereas under conformity, if initially the frequencies ofℓvariants are all equal to the maximum variant frequency in the population, there is global convergence to an equilibrium in which the frequencies of these variants are all1ℓand all other variants are absent. With a general numbernof role models, the same result holds with conformity, whereas under anticonformity, global convergence is not guaranteed, and there may be stable frequency cycles or chaos. If both conformity and anticonformity occur for different configurations of variants among thenrole models, a variety of novel polymorphic equilibria may exist and be stable. Future empirical studies may use this formulation to directly quantify an individual’s level of (anti)conformist bias to a polychotomous trait.
Bidirectional sequestration between a bacterial hibernation factor and a glutamate metabolizing protein
Authors: Ranava David , Scheidler Christopher M. , Pfanzelt Martin , Fiedler Michaela , Sieber Stephan A. , Schneider Sabine , Yap Mee-Ngan F.
Published: September 2022

Bacterial hibernating 100S ribosomes (the 70S dimers) are excluded from translation and are protected from ribonucleolytic degradation, thereby promoting long-term viability and increased regrowth. No extraribosomal target of any hibernation factor has been reported. Here, we discovered a previously unrecognized binding partner (YwlG) of hibernation-promoting factor (HPF) in the human pathogenStaphylococcus aureus. YwlG is an uncharacterized virulence factor inS. aureus. We show that the HPF–YwlG interaction is direct, independent of ribosome binding, and functionally linked to cold adaptation and glucose metabolism. Consistent with the distant resemblance of YwlG to the hexameric structures of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)–specific glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs), YwlG overexpression can compensate for a loss of cellular GDH activity. The reduced abundance of 100S complexes and the suppression of YwlG-dependent GDH activity provide evidence for a two-way sequestration between YwlG and HPF. These findings reveal an unexpected layer of regulation linking the biogenesis of 100S ribosomes to glutamate metabolism.
Unpredictable repeatability in molecular evolution
Authors: Das Suman G. , Krug Joachim
Published: September 2022

The extent of parallel evolution at the genotypic level is quantitatively linked to the distribution of beneficial fitness effects (DBFE) of mutations. The standard view, based on light-tailed distributions (i.e., distributions with finite moments), is that the probability of parallel evolution in duplicate populations is inversely proportional to the number of available mutations and, moreover, that the DBFE is sufficient to determine the probability when the number of available mutations is large. Here, we show that when the DBFE is heavy-tailed, as found in several recent experiments, these expectations are defied. The probability of parallel evolution decays anomalously slowly in the number of mutations or even becomes independent of it, implying higher repeatability of evolution. At the same time, the probability of parallel evolution is non-self-averaging—that is, it does not converge to its mean value, even when a large number of mutations are involved. This behavior arises because the evolutionary process is dominated by only a few mutations of high weight. Consequently, the probability varies widely across systems with the same DBFE. Contrary to the standard view, the DBFE is no longer sufficient to determine the extent of parallel evolution, making it much less predictable. We illustrate these ideas theoretically and through analysis of empirical data on antibiotic-resistance evolution.
In situ structural analysis reveals membrane shape transitions during autophagosome formation
Authors: Bieber Anna , Capitanio Cristina , Erdmann Philipp S. , Fiedler Fabian , Beck Florian , Lee Chia-Wei , Li Delong , Hummer Gerhard , Schulman Brenda A. , Baumeister Wolfgang , Wilfling Florian
Published: September 2022

Autophagosomes are unique organelles that form de novo as double-membrane vesicles engulfing cytosolic material for destruction. Their biogenesis involves membrane transformations of distinctly shaped intermediates whose ultrastructure is poorly understood. Here, we combine cell biology, correlative cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), and extensive data analysis to reveal the step-by-step structural progression of autophagosome biogenesis at high resolution directly within yeast cells. The analysis uncovers an unexpectedly thin intermembrane distance that is dilated at the phagophore rim. Mapping of individual autophagic structures onto a timeline based on geometric features reveals a dynamical change of membrane shape and curvature in growing phagophores. Moreover, our tomograms show the organelle interactome of growing autophagosomes, highlighting a polar organization of contact sites between the phagophore and organelles, such as the vacuole and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Collectively, these findings have important implications for the contribution of different membrane sources during autophagy and for the forces shaping and driving phagophores toward closure without a templating cargo.
Nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by an unmodified peptide targeting the prehairpin intermediate of the spike protein
Authors: Yang Kailu , Wang Chuchu , Kreutzberger Alex J. B. , Ojha Ravi , Kuivanen Suvi , Couoh-Cardel Sergio , Muratcioglu Serena , Eisen Timothy J. , White K. Ian , Held Richard G. , Subramanian Subu , Marcus Kendra , Pfuetzner Richard A. , Esquivies Luis , Doyle Catherine A. , Kuriyan John , Vapalahti Olli , Balistreri Giuseppe , Kirchhausen Tom , Brunger Axel T.
Published: September 2022

Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) challenge currently available coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies through epitope change on the receptor binding domain of the viral spike glycoprotein. Hence, there is a specific urgent need for alternative antivirals that target processes less likely to be affected by mutation, such as the membrane fusion step of viral entry into the host cell. One such antiviral class includes peptide inhibitors, which block formation of the so-called heptad repeat 1 and 2 (HR1HR2) six-helix bundle of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus interfere with viral membrane fusion. We performed structural studies of the HR1HR2 bundle, revealing an extended, well-folded N-terminal region of HR2 that interacts with the HR1 triple helix. Based on this structure, we designed an extended HR2 peptide that achieves single-digit nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in cell-based and virus-based assays without the need for modifications such as lipidation or chemical stapling. The peptide also strongly inhibits all major SARS-CoV-2 variants to date. This extended peptide is ∼100-fold more potent than all previously published short, unmodified HR2 peptides, and it has a very long inhibition lifetime after washout in virus infection assays, suggesting that it targets a prehairpin intermediate of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Together, these results suggest that regions outside the HR2 helical region may offer new opportunities for potent peptide-derived therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, and even more distantly related viruses, and provide further support for the prehairpin intermediate of the S protein.
Low dinosaur biodiversity in central China 2 million years prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
Authors: Han Fei , Wang Qiang , Wang Huapei , Zhu Xufeng , Zhou Xinying , Wang Zhixiang , Fang Kaiyong , Stidham Thomas A. , Wang Wei , Wang Xiaolin , Li Xiaoqiang , Qin Huafeng , Fan Longgang , Wen Chen , Luo Jianhong , Pan Yongxin , Deng Chenglong
Published: September 2022

Whether or not nonavian dinosaur biodiversity declined prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction remains controversial as the result of sampling biases in the fossil record, differences in the analytical approaches used, and the rarity of high-precision geochronological dating of dinosaur fossils. Using magnetostratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy, we establish a high-resolution geochronological framework for the fossil-rich Late Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Shanyang Basin of central China. We have found only three dinosaurian eggshell taxa (
Macroolithus yaotunensis
,
Elongatoolithus elongatus
, and
Stromatoolithus pinglingensis
) representing two clades (Oviraptoridae and Hadrosauridae) in sediments deposited between ∼68.2 and ∼66.4 million y ago, indicating sustained low dinosaur biodiversity, and that assessment is consistent with the known skeletal remains in the Shanyang and surrounding basins of central China. Along with the dinosaur eggshell records from eastern and southern China, we find a decline in dinosaur biodiversity from the Campanian to the Maastrichtian. Our results support a long-term decline in global dinosaur biodiversity prior to 66 million y ago, which likely set the stage for the end-Cretaceous nonavian dinosaur mass extinction.
c-MAF coordinates enterocyte zonation and nutrient uptake transcriptional programs
Authors: González-Loyola Alejandra , Bernier-Latmani Jeremiah , Roci Irena , Wyss Tania , Langer Jakob , Durot Stephan , Munoz Olivia , Prat-Luri Borja , Delorenzi Mauro , Lutolf Matthias P. , Zamboni Nicola , Verdeil Grégory , Petrova Tatiana V.
Published: September 2022

Small intestinal villi are structural and functional units present in higher vertebrates and uniquely adapted to nutrient absorption. Villus enterocytes are organized in transcriptional “zones” dedicated to specialized tasks such as absorption of specific nutrients. We report that the transcription factor c-MAF is expressed in differentiated lower and mid-villus enterocytes and is a target of BMP signaling. Maf inactivation perturbed the villus zonation program by increasing carbohydrate-related transcripts while suppressing transcripts linked to amino-acid and lipid absorption. The formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, shuttling dietary fat to chylomicrons, was impaired upon Maf loss indicating its role in dietary lipid handling. Maf inactivation under homeostatic conditions expanded tuft cells and led to compensatory gut lengthening, preventing weight loss. However, delayed Maf−/− enterocyte maturation impaired weight recovery after acute intestinal injury, resulting in reduced survival. Our results identify c-MAF as a regulator of the intestinal villus zonation program, while highlighting the importance of coordination between stem/progenitor and differentiation programs for intestinal regeneration.
Intestinal epithelial c-Maf expression determines enterocyte differentiation and nutrient uptake in mice
Authors: Cosovanu Catalina , Resch Philipp , Jordan Stefan , Lehmann Andrea , Ralser Markus , Farztdinov Vadim , Spranger Joachim , Mülleder Michael , Brachs Sebastian , Neumann Christian
Published: September 2022

The primary function of the small intestine (SI) is to absorb nutrients to maintain whole-body energy homeostasis. Enterocytes are the major epithelial cell type facilitating nutrient sensing and uptake. However, the molecular regulators governing enterocytes have remained undefined. Here, we identify c-Maf as an enterocyte-specific transcription factor within the SI epithelium. c-Maf expression was determined by opposing Noggin/BMP signals and overlapped with the zonated enrichment of nutrient transporters in the mid-villus region. Functionally, enterocytes required c-Maf to appropriately differentiate along the villus axis. Specifically, gene programs controlling carbohydrate and protein absorption were c-Maf–dependent. Consequently, epithelial cell–specific c-Maf deletion resulted in impaired enterocyte maturation and nutrient uptake, including defects in the adaptation to different nutrient availability. Concomitantly, intraepithelial lymphocytes were less abundant, while commensal epithelial cell–attaching SFB overgrew in a c-Maf–deficient environment, highlighting the close interdependence between the intestinal epithelium, immune system, and microbiota. Collectively, our data identified c-Maf as a key regulator of SI enterocyte differentiation and function, essential for nutrient, immune, and microbial homeostasis.
Thermoelectric signature of Majorana zero modes in a T-typed double-quantum-dot structure
Authors: Wang Cong , Wang Xiao-Qi
Published: September 2022

The thermoelectric effect of the system is theoretically investigated, by coupling Majorana zero mode to the T-typed double-quantum-dot-structure in different ways. It is found that when a single Majorana zero mode is coupled to one of the quantum dots (QDs), the thermoelectric efficiency is suppressed due to the leakage of Majorana zero modes into the QDs. When the Majorana zero mode is coupled to QD2, the suppression of the thermoelectric efficiency is more serious than that of QD1. Furthermore, when two Majorana zero modes are introduced simultaneously, suppression of the thermoelectric effect still takes place. We believe that such results can be candidates for the detection of Majorana bound states and help us understand the role of Majorana zero mode in thermoelectricity.
Topological photonic states in gyromagnetic photonic crystals: Physics, properties, and applications
Authors: Chen Jianfeng , Li Zhi-Yuan
Published: September 2022

Topological photonic states (TPSs) as a new type of waveguide state with one-way transport property can resist backscattering and are impervious to defects, disorders and metallic obstacles. Gyromagnetic photonic crystal (GPC) is the first artificial microstructure to implement TPSs, and it is also one of the most important platforms for generating truly one-way TPSs and exploring their novel physical properties, transport phenomena, and advanced applications. Herein, we present a brief review of the fundamental physics, novel properties, and practical applications of TPSs based on GPCs. We first examine chiral one-way edge states existing in uniformly magnetized GPCs of ordered and disordered lattices, antichiral one-way edge states in cross magnetized GPCs, and robust one-way bulk states in heterogeneously magnetized GPCs. Then, we discuss the strongly coupling effect between two co-propagating (or counter-propagating) TPSs and the resulting physical phenomena and device applications. Finally, we analyze the key issues and prospect the future development trends for TPSs in GPCs. The purpose of this brief review is to provide an overview of the main features of TPSs in GPC systems and offer a useful guidance and motivation for interested scientists and engineers working in related scientific and technological areas.
Lepton mass matrix from double covering of A
4 modular flavor symmetry*
Authors: Okada Hiroshi , Orikasa Yuta
Published: September 2022

We study a double covering of modular

flavor symmetry. To this end, we construct lepton models for canonical and radiative seesaw scenarios. Using irreducible doublet representations, heavier Majorana fermion masses are characterized by one free parameter that would differentiate from

symmetry. symmetry. Through χ square numerical analysis, we demonstrate that both scenarios produce some predictions in case of normal hierarchy reproducing neutrino oscillation data. However, no solution satisfies the neutrino oscillation data in case of radiative seesaw of inverted hierarchy.
A Lightweight Deep Learning Framework for Galaxy Morphology Classification
Authors: Wu Donglin , Zhang Jinqu , Li Xiangru , Li Hui
Published: September 2022

With the construction of large telescopes and the explosive growth of observed galaxy data, we are facing the problem to improve the data processing efficiency while ensuring the accuracy of galaxy morphology classification. Therefore, this work designed a lightweight deep learning framework, EfficientNet-G3, for galaxy morphology classification. The proposed framework is based on EfficientNet which integrates the Efficient Neural Architecture Search algorithm. Its performance is assessed with the data set from the Galaxy Zoo Challenge Project on Kaggle. Compared with several typical neural networks and deep learning frameworks in galaxy morphology classification, the proposed EfficientNet-G3 model improved the classification accuracy from 95.8% to 96.63% with F1-Score values of 97.1%. Typically, this model uses the least number of parameters, which is about one tenth that of DenseNet161 and one fifth that of ResNet-26, but its accuracy is about one percent higher than them. The proposed EfficientNet-G3 can act as an important reference for fast morphological classification for massive galaxy data in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
Subhalo Abundance and Satellite Spatial Distribution in Milky Way-Andromeda-like Paired Haloes
Authors: Li Kemeng , Shao Shi , He Ping , Gu Qing , Wang Jie
Published: September 2022

We study the subhalo and satellite populations in haloes similar to the Milky Way (MW)-Andromeda paired configuration in the Millennium II and P-Millennium simulations. We find subhaloes are 5%–15% more abundant in paired haloes than their isolated counterparts that have the same halo mass and large-scale environmental density. Paired haloes tend to reside in a more isotropic environment than isolated haloes, the shear tensor of their large-scale tidal field is possibly responsible for this difference. We also study the thickness of the spatial distribution of the top 11 most massive satellite galaxies obtained in the semi-analytic galaxy sample constructed from the Millennium II simulation. Moreover, satellites that have lost their host subhaloes due to the resolution limit of the simulation have been taken into account. As a result, we find that the difference in the distribution of the satellite thickness between isolated and paired haloes is indistinguishable, which suggests that the paired configuration is not responsible for the observed plane of satellites in the MW. The results in this study indicate the paired configuration could bring some nonnegligible effect on the subhalo abundance in the investigation of the MW’s satellite problems.
Lung cancer subtype diagnosis using weakly-paired multi-omics data
Authors: Wang Xingze , Yu Guoxian , Wang Jun , Zain Azlan Mohd , Guo Wei
Published: September 2022

Motivation

Cancer subtype diagnosis is crucial for its precise treatment and different subtypes need different therapies. Although the diagnosis can be greatly improved by fusing multiomics data, most fusion solutions depend on paired omics data, which are actually weakly paired, with different omics views missing for different samples. Incomplete multiview learning-based solutions can alleviate this issue but are still far from satisfactory because they: (i) mainly focus on shared information while ignore the important individuality of multiomics data and (ii) cannot pick out interpretable features for precise diagnosis.

Results

We introduce an interpretable and flexible solution (LungDWM) for Lung cancer subtype Diagnosis using Weakly paired Multiomics data. LungDWM first builds an attention-based encoder for each omics to pick out important diagnostic features and extract shared and complementary information across omics. Next, it proposes an individual loss to jointly extract the specific information of each omics and performs generative adversarial learning to impute missing omics of samples using extracted features. After that, it fuses the extracted and imputed features to diagnose cancer subtypes. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that LungDWM achieves a better performance than recent competitive methods, and has a high authenticity and good interpretability.

Availability and implementation

The code is available at http://www.sdu-idea.cn/codes.php?name=LungDWM.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The role of community health worker-based care in post-conflict settings: a systematic review
Authors: Werner Kalin , Kak Mohini , Herbst Christopher H , Lin Tracy Kuo
Published: September 2022

Countries affected by conflict often experience the deterioration of health system infrastructure and weaken service delivery. Evidence suggests that healthcare services that leverage local community dynamics may ameliorate health system-related challenges; however, little is known about implementing these interventions in contexts where formal delivery of care is hampered subsequent to conflict. We reviewed the evidence on community health worker (CHW)-delivered healthcare in conflict-affected settings and synthesized reported information on the effectiveness of interventions and characteristics of care delivery. We conducted a systematic review of studies in OVID MedLine, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINHAL) and Google Scholar databases. Included studies (1) described a context that is post-conflict, conflict-affected or impacted by war or crisis; (2) examined the delivery of healthcare by CHWs in the community; (3) reported a specific outcome connected to CHWs or community-based healthcare; (4) were available in English, Spanish or French and (5) were published between 1 January 2000 and 6 May 2021. We identified 1976 articles, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen countries were represented, and five categories of disease were assessed. Evidence suggests that CHW interventions not only may be effective but also efficient in circumventing the barriers associated with access to care in conflict-affected areas. CHWs may leverage their physical proximity and social connection to the community they serve to improve care by facilitating access to care, strengthening disease detection and improving adherence to care. Specifically, case management (e.g. integrated community case management) was documented to be effective in improving a wide range of health outcomes and should be considered as a strategy to reduce barrier to access in hard-to-reach areas. Furthermore, task-sharing strategies have been emphasized as a common mechanism for incorporating CHWs into health systems.
Tissue- and cell-specific whole-transcriptome meta-analysis from brain and retina reveals differential expression of dystrophin complexes and new dystrophin spliced isoforms
Authors: García-Cruz César , Aragón Jorge , Lourdel Sophie , Annan Ahrmad , Roger Jérôme E , Montanez Cecilia , Vaillend Cyrille
Published: September 2022

The large DMD gene encodes a group of dystrophin proteins in brain and retina, produced from multiple promoters and alternative splicing events. Dystrophins are core components of different scaffolding complexes in distinct cell types. Their absence may thus alter several cellular pathways, which might explain the heterogeneous genotype–phenotype relationships underlying central comorbidities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, the cell-specific expression of dystrophins and associated proteins (DAPs) is still largely unknown. The present study provides a first RNA-Seq-based reference showing tissue- and cell-specific differential expression of dystrophins, splice variants and DAPs in mouse brain and retina. We report that a cell type may express several dystrophin complexes, perhaps due to expression in separate cell subdomains and/or subpopulations, some of which with differential expression at different maturation stages. We also identified new splicing events in addition to the common exon-skipping events. These include a new exon within intron 51 (E51b) in frame with the flanking exons in retina, as well as inclusions of intronic sequences with stop codons leading to the presence of transcripts with elongated exons 40 and/or 41 (E40e, E41e) in both retina and brain. PCR validations revealed that the new exons may affect several dystrophins. Moreover, immunoblot experiments using a combination of specific antibodies and dystrophin-deficient mice unveiled that the transcripts with stop codons are translated into truncated proteins lacking their C-terminus, which we called N-Dp427 and N-Dp260. This study thus uncovers a range of new findings underlying the complex neurobiology of DMD.
Warming Accelerates the Onset of the Molecular Stress Response and Increases Mortality of Larval Atlantic Cod
Authors: Oomen Rebekah A , Knutsen Halvor , Olsen Esben M , Jentoft Sissel , Stenseth Nils Chr , Hutchings Jeffrey A
Published: September 2022

Synopsis

Temperature profoundly affects ectotherm physiology. Although differential thermal responses influence fitness, thus driving population dynamics and species distributions, our understanding of the molecular architecture underlying these responses is limited, especially during the critical larval stage. Here, using RNA-sequencing of laboratory-reared Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae of wild origin, we find changes in gene expression in thousands of transcripts consistent with a severe cellular stress response at both ambient and projected (+2°C and +4°C) temperatures. In addition, specific responses to stress, heat, and hypoxia were commonly identified in gene ontology enrichment analyses and 33 of the 44 genes comprising the minimum stress proteome of all organisms were upregulated. Earlier onset of the stress response was evident at higher temperatures; concomitant increased growth and mortality suggests a reduction in fitness. Temporal differences in gene expression levels do not correspond to differences in growing degree days, suggesting negative physiological consequences of warming beyond accelerated development. Because gene expression is costly, we infer that the upregulation of thousands of transcripts in response to warming in larval cod might act as an energetic drain. We hypothesize that the energetically costly stress response, coupled with increased growth rate at warmer temperatures, leads to faster depletion of energy reserves and increased risk of mortality in larval cod. As sea surface temperatures continue to rise over the next century, reduced fitness of Atlantic cod larvae might lead to population declines in this ecologically and socioeconomically important species. Further, our findings expand our understanding of transcriptomic responses to temperature by ectothermic vertebrate larvae beyond the critical first-feeding stage, a time when organisms begin balancing the energetic demands of growth, foraging, development, and maintenance. Linking the molecular basis of a thermal response to key fitness-related traits is fundamentally important to predicting how global warming will affect ectotherms.
Analyzing green view index and green view index best path using Google street view and deep learning
Authors: Zhang Jiahao , Hu Anqi
Published: September 2022

As an important part of urban landscape research, analyzing and studying street-level greenery can increase the understanding of a city’s greenery, contributing to better urban living environment planning and design. Planning the best path of urban greenery is a means to effectively maximize the use of urban greenery, which plays a positive role in the physical and mental health of urban residents and the path planning of visitors. In this paper, we used Google street view to obtain street view images of Osaka City. The semantic segmentation model is adopted to segment the street view images and analyze the green view index (GVI) of Osaka City. Based on the GVI, we take advantage of the adjacency matrix and Floyd–Warshall algorithm to calculate GVI best path, solving the limitations of ArcGIS software. Our analysis not only allows the calculation of specific routes for the GVI best paths but also realizes the visualization and integration of neighborhood urban greenery. By summarizing all the data, we can conduct an intuitive feeling and objective analysis of the street-level greenery in the research area. Based on this, such as urban residents and visitors can maximize the available natural resources for a better life. The dataset and code are available at https://github.com/Jackieam/GVI-Best-Path.
New and Persistent Sedative-Hypnotic Use After Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Cogan Jacob C , Raghunathan Rohit R , Beauchemin Melissa P , Accordino Melissa K , Huang Yongmei , Elkin Elena B , Melamed Alexander , Wright Jason D , Hershman Dawn L
Published: September 2022

Background

Sedative-hypnotic medications are used to treat chemotherapy-related nausea, anxiety, and insomnia. However, prolonged sedative-hypnotic use can lead to dependence, misuse, and increased health-care use. We aimed to estimate the rates at which patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer become new persistent users of sedative-hypnotic medications, specifically benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics (Z-drugs).

Methods

Using the MarketScan health-care claims database, we identified sedative-hypnotic–naïve patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Patients who filled 1 and more prescriptions during chemotherapy and 2 and more prescriptions up to 1 year after chemotherapy were classified as new persistent users. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds of new persistent use and associated characteristics.

Results

We identified 22 039 benzodiazepine-naïve patients and 23 816 Z-drug–naïve patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy from 2008 to 2017. Among benzodiazepine-naïve patients, 6159 (27.9%) filled 1 and more benzodiazepine prescriptions during chemotherapy, and 963 of those (15.6%) went on to become new persistent users. Among Z-drug–naïve patients, 1769 (7.4%) filled 1 and more prescriptions during chemotherapy, and 483 (27.3%) became new persistent users. In both groups, shorter durations of chemotherapy and receipt of opioid prescriptions were associated with new persistent use. Medicaid insurance was associated with new persistent benzodiazepine use (odds ratio = 1.88, 95% confidence interval = 1.43 to 2.47) compared with commercial or Medicare insurance.

Conclusions

Patients who receive sedative-hypnotic medications during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer are at risk of becoming new persistent users of these medications after chemotherapy. Providers should ensure appropriate sedative-hypnotic use through tapering dosages and encouraging nonpharmacologic strategies when appropriate.
Automated galaxy–galaxy strong lens modelling: No lens left behind
Authors: Etherington Amy , Nightingale James W , Massey Richard , Cao XiaoYue , Robertson Andrew , Amorisco Nicola C , Amvrosiadis Aristeidis , Cole Shaun , Frenk Carlos S , He Qiuhan , Li Ran , Tam Sut-Ieng
Published: September 2022

The distribution of dark and luminous matter can be mapped around galaxies that gravitationally lens background objects into arcs or Einstein rings. New surveys will soon observe hundreds of thousands of galaxy lenses and current labour-intensive analysis methods will not scale up to this challenge. We develop an automatic Bayesian method, which we use to fit a sample of 59 lenses imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. We set out to leave no lens behind and focus on ways in which automated fits fail in a small handful of lenses, describing adjustments to the pipeline that ultimately allows us to infer accurate lens models for all 59 lenses. A high-success rate is key to avoid catastrophic outliers that would bias large samples with small statistical errors. We establish the two most difficult steps to be subtracting foreground lens light and initializing a first approximate lens model. After that, increasing model complexity is straightforward. We put forward a likelihood cap method to avoid the underestimation of errors due to pixel discretization noise inherent to pixel-based methods. With this new approach to error estimation, we find a mean ∼1 per cent fractional uncertainty on the Einstein radius measurement, which does not degrade with redshift up to at least z = 0.7. This is in stark contrast to measurables from other techniques, like stellar dynamics and demonstrates the power of lensing for studies of galaxy evolution. Our PyAutoLens software is open source, and is installed in the Science Data Centres of the ESA Euclid mission.
Stability of urea in astrophysical ices. A laboratory study of VUV irradiation and high-energy electron bombardment
Authors: Herrero Víctor J , Tanarro Isabel , Jiménez-Serra Izaskun , Carrascosa Héctor , Muñoz Caro Guillermo M , Maté Belén
Published: September 2022

The recent detection of urea in the interstellar medium raises questions about its stability in different astronomical environments. In this work, we have studied the stability of urea ices and urea/water ice mixtures under vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV; 6.3–10.9 eV) irradiation and high-energy (5 keV) electron bombardment at 30, 100, and 200 K. The evolution of the ices was monitored with infrared spectroscopy. CO2, HNCO, and OCN− were identified as reaction products in the 30 K samples. At the higher temperatures CO2 and HNCO were hardly found in the processed ices. The measurements provided destruction cross-sections and allowed the derivation of radiation yields, G100, and half-life doses for urea. G100 values were found to be low (≈3.6–0.3 molecules/100 eV) both for VUV photons and high-energy electrons with electrons being slightly more efficient for the destruction of the molecule. These low G100 values are likely due to favourable mechanisms of energy dissipation or urea recombination. The stability of urea under irradiation increases with temperature which suggests that higher mobility improves the repair mechanisms. Estimates based on these laboratory data indicate that urea should be stable (≈108–109 yr) against irradiation in cold dense clouds and hot cores. It would not survive long (≈103–104 yr) on the bare surface of a Kuiper belt object, but would be well protected (≈109 yr) against radiation below a 30 $\mu$m ice layer. The high resistance of the molecule to radiation damage makes it a good candidate for prebiotic chemistry.
Morphology modulation of artificial muscles by thermodynamic-twist coupling
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Li Jiatian , Li Sitong , Zhang Guanghao , Wang Run , Liu Zhongsheng , Chen Mengmeng , He Wenqian , Yu Kaiqing , Zhai Wenzhong , Zhao Weiqiang , Khan Abdul Qadeer , Fang Shaoli , Baughman Ray H , Zhou Xiang , Liu Zunfeng
Published: September 2022

Human muscles can grow and change their length with body development; therefore, artificial muscles that modulate their morphology according to changing needs are needed. In this paper, we report a strategy to transform an artificial muscle into a new muscle with a different morphology by thermodynamic-twist coupling, and illustrate its structural evolution during actuation. The muscle length can be continuously modulated over a large temperature range, and actuation occurs by continuously changing the temperature. This strategy is applicable to different actuation modes, including tensile elongation, tensile contraction and torsional rotation. This is realized by twist insertion into a fibre to produce torsional stress. Fibre annealing causes partial thermodynamic relaxation of the spiral molecular chains, which serves as internal tethering and inhibits fibre twist release, thus producing a self-supporting artificial muscle that actuates under heating. At a sufficiently high temperature, further relaxation of the spiral molecular chains occurs, resulting in a new muscle with a different length. A structural study provides an understanding of the thermodynamic-twist coupling. This work provides a new design strategy for intelligent materials.
Inflammatory Political Campaigns and Racial Bias in Policing
Authors: Grosjean Pauline , Masera Federico , Yousaf Hasin
Published: September 2022

Can political rallies affect the behavior of law enforcement officers toward racial minorities? Using data from 35 million traffic stops, we show that the probability that a stopped driver is Black increases by 5.74% after a Trump rally during his 2015–2016 campaign. The effect is immediate, specific to Black drivers, lasts for up to 60 days after the rally, and is not justified by changes in driver behavior. The effects are significantly larger among law enforcement officers whose estimated racial bias is higher at baseline, in areas that score higher on present-day measures of racial resentment, those that experienced more racial violence during the Jim Crow era, and in former slave-holding counties. Mentions of racial issues in Trump speeches, whether explicit or implicit, exacerbate the effect of a Trump rally among officers with higher estimated racial bias.
History of Discovery and Environmental Role of Ice Nucleating Bacteria
Authors: Lindow Steven
Published: September 2022

The phenomenon of biological ice nucleation that is exhibited by a variety of bacteria is a fascinating phenotype, which has been shown to incite frost damage to frost-sensitive plants and has been proposed to contribute to atmospheric processes that affect the water cycle and earth's radiation balance. This review explores the several possible drivers for the evolutionary origin of the ice nucleation phenotype. These bacteria and the gene required for this phenotype have also been exploited in processes as diverse as reporter gene assays to assess environmentally responsive gene expression in various plant pathogenic and environmental bacteria and in the detection of foodborne human pathogens when coupled with host-specific bacteriophage, whereas ice nucleating bacteria themselves have been exploited in the production of artificial snow for recreation and oil exploration and in the process of freezing of various food products. This review also examines the historical development of our understanding of ice nucleating bacteria, details of the genetic determinants of ice nucleation, and features of the aggregates of membrane-bound ice nucleation protein necessary for catalyzing ice. Lastly, this review also explores the role of these bacteria in limiting the supercooling ability of plants and the strategies and limitations of avoiding plant frost damage by managing these bacterial populations by bactericides, antagonistic bacteria, or cultural control strategies.
Detection and Species Differentiation of Neopestalotiopsis spp. from Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in Florida Using a High-Resolution Melting Analysis
Authors: Rebello Carolina S. , Wang Nan-Yi , Marin Marcus V. , Baggio Juliana S. , Peres Natalia A.
Published: September 2022

Since 2017, a new Neopestalotiopsis sp. has been reported causing severe Pestalotia leaf spot (PLS) outbreaks in Florida. The threat of this new species has forced several strawberry growers to destroy their fields early in the season. The need for a fast and accurate diagnosis of PLS came from growers’ concerns and the fact that PLS symptoms can be easily confused with leaf spots caused by other pathogens. Moreover, although N. rosae can be isolated from symptomatic tissues, it is not as aggressive as the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. in Florida. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay to accurately detect and differentiate Neopestalotiopsis spp. associated with strawberry and validate this assay for its practical application in a plant diagnostic clinic. Two sets of primers were designed based on the partial beta-tubulin gene (β -tub) and by cross-comparison of their HRM results. This molecular assay was able to differentiate Neopestalotiopsis spp. into three groups: the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. associated with PLS outbreaks, N. rosae, and other Neopestalotiopsis spp. represented by several other species within the genus. The HRM assay had a detection limit of 10 pg of genomic DNA or 10 conidia and was found to be efficient and accurate to be implemented in our plant diagnostic clinic, allowing for a quick turnaround of results.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .