bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences and Behaviour Problematised: The Establishment of Alcohol Misuse as an Object of Empirical Inquiry in Late 18th- and Early 19th-Century European Medicine
Authors: Ruuska Arto
Published: February 2013

Aims

This article discusses European medical thought on alcohol in the late 18th and early 19th centuries against the backdrop of concurrent transformations in the epistemological and social underpinnings of medicine at large.

Design

The article focuses on key medical works on alcohol written in the 1700s and early 1800s. The analysis draws on historical typologisations of medical practice and knowledge-formation (Ackerknecht, Jewson), and the notion of “working knowledges” (Pickstone).

Results

The defining feature of the era's medical thought on alcohol was that the issue began to be treated more rigorously in empirical terms. Doctors aspired to build an objective body of knowledge about diseases consequent on excessive drinking. The singling out of alcohol misuse as a special cause of diseases laid ground for viewing misuse itself as a phenomenon whose determinants and underlying dynamics were to be delineated in empirical terms. Remote causes of drinking were commonly traced to the socio-cultural sphere, which had a bearing on doctors' ideas on “alcohol addiction”, too.

Conlusions

Earlier historiography has identified medical thought on alcohol at the turn of the 19th century as the starting point of individualising disease concept of alcohol addiction. The proper legacy of the era is rather the establishment of alcohol-related phenomena as objects of empirical inquiry, and the articulation of socio-cultural embeddedness of alcohol-related pathologies.
Addiction, Agency and Affects – Philosophical Perspectives
Authors: Uusitalo Susanne , Salmela Mikko , Nikkinen Janne
Published: February 2013

Aims

In the recent neuroscientific research addiction has been defined as a brain disease in which the addict's brain is “hijacked”. The research indicates how the addictive cravings function in the brain's reward system. At the same time growing support has emerged to a view of addiction as a matter of choice. This viewpoint claims that those with addiction lack either willpower or the moral capacity to make the right decisions. In this article, we problematise these two models and argue that neither of them succeeds in providing successful and adequate means of tackling personal problems associated with agency and responsibility in relation to addiction.

Methods

The article uses means of social ethics and empirically informed analytical philosophy.

Results

After showing that the two prominent models are not sufficient in capturing the problematique of addictive behaviour, we propose a new approach called the affective choice model.

Conclusions

As the disease model and the choice model fall short, we illustrate why the affective choice model is more capable of capturing the problematique of addicts' agency than the existing models are.
Female Rock Stars and Addiction in Autobiographies
Authors: Oksanen Atte
Published: February 2013

Aim

This article analyses addiction and rehabilitation as described in the autobiographies, memoirs and diaries of famous female rock artists. The article shows how female artists portray rock culture, addiction and causes to addiction.

Material

The data includes 16 autobiographical books published between 1982 and 2010. These books were published first in English. Female rock artists are marked as the first authors, and all of the books use first-person narration.

Method

The analysis relies on thematic qualitative analysis and narratology. Data were encoded for addiction, object of addiction, rehabilitation and type of recovery from addiction. Gender was analysed as a separate category. In addition, narrative strategies used in the books were analysed.

Results

Addictions and rehabilitation are prevalent themes in autobiographical rock books written by female authors. Many authors write about their personal experiences of addiction and rehabilitation. Those authors who do not portray their personal problems with alcohol or drugs write about staying sober as a way of coping in the male-dominated rock world.

Conclusions

Rock ‘n’ roll mythology is changing. Rock artists no longer celebrate their excesses, but rather write about their negative experiences with alcohol and drugs. Rock narratives by female stars portray social and gendered settings which lead to addiction.
Assessment of the fate of some household micropollutants in urban wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Pasquini Laure , Munoz Jean-François , Rimlinger Nicole , Dauchy Xavier , France Xavier , Pons Marie-Noëlle , Görner Tatiana
Published: February 2013

Everyday domestic activity is a significant source of water pollution. The presence of six household micropollutants in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was assessed in wastewater and sludge. A multi-target analytical method was developed for the quantification of ibuprofen, erythromycin, ofloxacin, 4-nonylphenol, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan), and sucralose. The micropollutants were extracted from the liquid and solid phases and their concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. The efficiency of micropollutants’ removal within a conventional activated sludge process was assessed. From 50 % to 90 % of ibuprofen and erythromycin was removed from the wastewater liquid phase. Their removal can be attributed to biological degradation as they were not found adsorbed on the outlet sludge. Ofloxacin and triclosan were removed from the liquid phase with similar efficiencies; however, they were adsorbed on the sludge, so it was not possible to determine their removal mechanism (whether biodegradation or displacement to solid phase/sequestration). Sucralose was not removed from wastewater (3 μg L−1 in inlet and outlet liquid phase) and not adsorbed on the sludge. 4-Nonylphenol concentrations were sometimes higher in the WWTP outlet water; this may relate to the degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates in the wastewater treatment process. 4-Nonylphenol was always present in the outlet sludge.
Evaluation of the thermodynamics of a four level system using canonical density matrix method
Authors: Awoga Aladunjoye A. , Ikot Akpan A. , Ituen Eno E. , Akpabio Louis E.
Published: February 2013

We consider a four-level system with two subsystems coupled by weak interaction. The system is in thermal equilibrium. The thermodynamics of the system, namely internal energy, free energy, entropy and heat capacity, are evaluated using the canonical density matrix by two methods. First by Kronecker product method and later by treating the subsystems separately and then adding the evaluated thermodynamic properties of each subsystem. It is discovered that both methods yield the same result, the results obey the laws of thermodynamics and are the same as earlier obtained results. The results also show that each level of the subsystems introduces a new degree of freedom and increases the entropy of the entire system. We also found that the four-level system predicts a linear relationship between heat capacity and temperature at very low temperatures just as in metals. Our numerical results show the same trend.
Barriers for incoming of international researchers in the Czech Republic
Authors: Daniel Ondřej
Published: February 2013

Since the last decade the Czech Republic has certain ambitions in restructuring of its economy by increasing its performance in RTDI. These efforts are not possible without capacity building of scientists and researchers community, and in particular income of international scientists to the Czech Republic. However, this need is slowed down by a number of obstacles that are partly sketched in this article. The author is using data collected during almost three years of work experience in one of the service organizations focusing on assisting international researchers. The present article offers a comparison of the Czech context with several other European countries, the interpretation of the issue on the basis of current social science theory and an overview of existing efforts to address the topic.
Smart specialisation as a new concept of the EU regional innovation policy
Authors: Čadil Vladislav
Published: February 2013

Smart specialisation is a main pillar of the Europe 2020 strategy, which creates the basic strategic framework for individual EU policies including the cohesion policy and the research, development and innovation policy for the new programming period. The concept can be defined as a discovery of national/regional strengths in the field of research, development and innovation. Its key characteristic is an accent on innovation and concentration of human and financial resources allocated to research and development into several globally competitive fields, which can become a basis for the next economic growth and prosperity. Each region or state should prepare new innovation strategies based on smart specialisation since such strategies are conditionality for negotiation of new operational programmes. Because the concept is relatively new in the Czech Republic, the article aims at introducing it on the basis of foreign literature and official EU documents, and discussing some problems that should be taken into account in designing the strategy.
Ki-67 Expression In Hepatocellular Carcinoma Developed On A Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Mocanu Elena , Broască V. , Severin Beatrice
Published: February 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide and a major cause of death in many countries. To evaluate the clinicopathological correlations of proliferative activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Ki-67 antigen expression was examined using immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody MIB1. Consecutive 40 patients who had undergone surgical resection for the treatment of HCC from January 2005 to December 2009 were enrolled in our study. The study group comprised 32 men and 8 women ranging from 27 to 76 (mean age, 54.6 SD±11.7) years of age. Expression of Ki-67 was negative in 22.5% of the 40 cases and Ki-67 positive expression “+”, “++”, “+++” was found in 11, 7 and 13 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma respectively. There are no statistically significant differences of the Ki-67 mean between age, sex distribution, dimension of the tumors, pattern of the tumor and Edmondson -Steiner grading.
University Students’ Reservations: About Dietetics as a Career Choice
Authors: Lordly Daphne
Published: February 2013

Purpose: Dietetics students’ reservations about their career choice were investigated.

Methods: In several dietetics programs in various provinces, an in-class or online survey was administered to students in the early or late stages of their education (n=397). Data were coded and analyzed, using descriptive statistics. Chi-square testing for independence was used to establish significant relationships.

Results: Forty-three percent (n=149) of those responding to the research question (n=344) indicated they had reservations about a dietetics career, primarily because of internship, salary, and employment concerns. Students enrolled in a coordinated internship/degree program experienced no reservations about internship. Students experienced fewer career reservations when they had made their career decision before grade 12, were influenced by a dietitian, or were in the later stages of their education.

Conclusions: Findings have implications for dietetics recruitment, retention, research, and education. An understanding of sources of reservations about career choice will allow policymakers, researchers, and educators to address issues to ensure that potential professionals are well informed about career components and that educational programs meet students’ needs.
Subependymal spread of recurrent glioblastoma detected with the intraoperative use of 5-aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Cage Tene A. , Pekmezci Melike , Prados Michael , Berger Mitchel S.
Published: February 2013

Recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) can occur locally or at distant sites within the brain. Though MRI is the standard imaging modality for primary and recurrent GBM, the full extent of diffuse lesions may not be appreciated on MRI alone. Glioblastomas with ependymal and/or subependymal spread are examples of diffuse infiltrative tumors that are incompletely seen on MRI. Some other adjuvant visualization technique such as intraoperative fluorescence-assisted 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) could be used to assist the surgeon in localizing the infiltrating tumor.

The authors report on a 56-year-old man who presented 7 years after initial resection of an occipital lobe GBM with imaging consistent with distant discrete foci of tumor recurrence. Because these foci were distant from the original resection cavity, there was concern for diffuse, infiltrative tumor elsewhere throughout the brain versus a distant multicentric recurrence. Therefore, the patient was given 5-ALA prior to surgery to aid in tumor detection intraoperatively. Using fluorescent visualization of the resection cavity, it was confirmed that there was subependymal and ependymal spread of the recurrent tumor along the lateral ventricle connecting the recurrence to the previous tumor site.

Magnetic resonance imaging may not completely detect the presence of diffuse tumor infiltrating the ependymal or subependymal spaces. Therefore, adjunct intraoperative use of fluorescence-assisted visualization with 5-ALA may be helpful in highlighting and detecting infiltrative tumor to accurately detect tumor burden and distinguish it from a separate multicentric recurrence.
Some Modular Relations Analogues to the Ramanujan’s Forty Identities with Its Applications to Partitions
Authors: Adiga Chandrashekar , Bulkhali Nasser
Published: February 2013

Recently, the authors have established a large class of modular relations involving the Rogers-Ramanujan type functions J(q) and K(q) of order ten. In this paper, we establish further modular relations connecting these two functions with Rogers-Ramanujan functions, Göllnitz-Gordon functions and cubic functions, which are analogues to the Ramanujan’s forty identities for Rogers-Ramanujan functions. Furthermore, we give partition theoretic interpretations of some of our modular relations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Membrane for the Removal of 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Authors: Yusof Nor , Zakaria Nor , Maamor Nor , Abdullah Abdul , Haron Md.
Published: February 2013

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared by bulk polymerization in acetonitrile using 2,4-dinitrophenol, acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and benzoyl peroxide, as the template, functional monomer, cross-linker, and initiator, respectively. The MIP membrane was prepared by hybridization of MIP particles with cellulose acetate (CA) and polystyrene (PS) after being ground and sieved. The prepared MIP membrane was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The parameters studied for the removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol included the effect of pH, sorption kinetics, and the selectivity of the MIP membrane. Maximum sorption of 2,4-nitrophenol by the fabricated CA membrane with MIP (CA-MIP) and the PS membrane with MIP (PS-MIP) was observed at pH 7.0 and pH 5.0, respectively. The sorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol by CA-MIP and PS-MIP followed a pseudo–second-order kinetic model. For a selectivity study, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, and phenol were selected as potential interferences. The sorption capability of CA-MIP and PS-MIP towards 2,4-dinitrophenol was observed to be higher than that of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, or phenol.
The Role of Lipid Domains in Bacterial Cell Processes
Authors: Barák Imrich , Muchová Katarína
Published: February 2013

Membranes are vital structures for cellular life forms. As thin, hydrophobic films, they provide a physical barrier separating the aqueous cytoplasm from the outside world or from the interiors of other cellular compartments. They maintain a selective permeability for the import and export of water-soluble compounds, enabling the living cell to maintain a stable chemical environment for biological processes. Cell membranes are primarily composed of two crucial substances, lipids and proteins. Bacterial membranes can sense environmental changes or communication signals from other cells and they support different cell processes, including cell division, differentiation, protein secretion and supplementary protein functions. The original fluid mosaic model of membrane structure has been recently revised because it has become apparent that domains of different lipid composition are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes. In this review, we summarize different aspects of phospholipid domain formation in bacterial membranes, mainly in Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. We describe the role of these lipid domains in membrane dynamics and the localization of specific proteins and protein complexes in relation to the regulation of cellular function.
Expression and Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 in the Mouse Mammary Gland
Authors: Cui Yingjun , Li Qingzhang
Published: February 2013

Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is important as a mesenchymal mediator of epithelial growth and morphogenesis. In this study, the expression and localization of the FGF10 protein were detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy during mouse postnatal mammary gland development. Mammary explants were cultured to investigate the functions of FGF10. The results revealed that FGF10 localizes mainly in the mesenchyme near the ductal epithelial cells and the alveolar epithelial cells of the mammary gland. Peak FGF10 expression levels were observed at lactation day 10. FGF10 induced FGFR2-IIIb expression in the mammary epithelium, except in virgin or pregnant mice. FGF10 promoted the proliferation of mammary gland epithelial cells and reduced apoptosis. FGF10 is important during the mouse mammary gland growth, development, and reconstruction, and its effects are mediated by FGFR2-IIIb.
Ecology and the Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: Roopnarine Peter
Published: February 2013

This paper develops mathematical models of the tragedy of the commons analogous to ecological models of resource consumption. Tragedies differ fundamentally from predator–prey relationships in nature because human consumers of a resource are rarely controlled solely by that resource. Tragedies do occur, however, at the level of the ecosystem, where multiple species interactions are involved. Human resource systems are converging rapidly toward ecosystem-type systems as the number of exploited resources increase, raising the probability of system-wide tragedies in the human world. Nevertheless, common interests exclusive of exploited commons provide feasible options for avoiding tragedy in a converged world.
Vergleich von Palpation und Elastographie an Schilddrüsenknoten
Authors: Happel C. , von Müller F. , Ackermann H. , Bojunga J. , Grünwald F. , Etzel M.
Published: February 2013

Zur Dignitätsbeurteilung von Schilddrüsenknoten steht neben der Sonographie seit einigen Jahren die Elastographie zur Verfügung. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Überprüfung einer statistisch signifikanten Korrelation zwischen Palpationsbefund und Elastographie sowie zwischen Szintigraphie und Elastographie. Patienten, Methoden: Die Auswertung von 97 solitären Schilddrüsenknoten (67 von Frauen im Durchschnittsalter von 63,0 ± 14,8 Jahren und 30 von Männern im Durchschnittsalter von 63,4 ± 18,5 Jahren) erfolgte farbkodiert nach einem Spektrum von blau (weich) über gelb nach rot (hart) (Sonix Touch, Firma Ultrasonix, Canada) mit einem 6–14-MHz-Linearschallkopf. Die Einteilung dieser Farbcodes erfolgte in Elastographie-Scores von ES 1 bis ES 4. Ergebnisse: 50 Knoten konnten nicht sicher palpiert werden, 47 wurden in die Kategorien „weich“ (n = 16), „indifferent“ (n = 24) und „hart“ (n = 7) eingeteilt. Es zeigten sich höhere Elastographie-Werte mit zunehmender Härte des tastbaren Knotens. Die Mediane der Elastographie-Score waren: weich ES 2, indifferent ES 2,5, hart ES 4. Eine statistisch signifikante Korrelation zwischen Palpationsbefund und Elastographie konnte mit dem Jonckheere-Terpstra-Test (p = 0,01) und der Spearmans-Rangkorrelation (p = 0,03) bestätigt werden. Eine Korrelation der Elastographie mit der szintigraphischen Speicherung fand sich nicht (p = 0,41). Schlussfolgerung: Bei palpablen Knoten korreliert der Tastbefund mit der Elastographie. Bei nicht tastbaren Knoten können mit der Messung zusätzliche Daten zu Elastizitätsunterschieden gewonnen werden, welche die weitere Diagnostik und Therapie beeinflussen können. Szintigraphisch gewonnene Informationen können nicht durch die Elastographie ersetzt werden.
Qatar : chance ou menace pour les intérêts français ?
Authors: Coustillière Jean-François
Published: February 2013

Reconnu depuis 1971 en tant qu’Etat indépendant, le Qatar a développé un dense réseau de relations internationales. L’adoption de cette dynamique de projection internationale répond à divers mobiles, notamment économiques et stratégiques. La France figure parmi les cibles de cet activisme international qatari. Cette relation entre la France et le Qatar constitue un révélateur de la politique étrangère du Qatar, mais elle en dévoile aussi des zones d’ombres qui soulèvent la question de la compatibilité avec la défense de nos intérêts nationaux.
El emprendimiento social y el desarrollo de valores cooperativos
Authors: Marin Aramís , Ramirez Juan Morua , Schmitt Christophe
Published: February 2013

Résumé Les chefs d’entreprise et les hommes d’affaires jouent un rôle important dans l’économie actuelle, et ils ont une certaine influence sur la politique moderne. Néanmoins, les récurrentes crises du capitalisme, avec leurs répercussions sur d’autres sphères de la vie quotidienne, ont favorisé la remise en question de la fonction de l’entrepreneur en tant qu’agent du changement qui peut retrouver l’aspect « social » perdu par l’économie. Sur cette base, les entrepreneurs sociaux prennent de la voix et de l’importance à différents points de vue, et posent comme piliers d’un nouveau modèle économique les principes de la solidarité, de la réciprocité, de la confiance, du travail en équipe et des autres valeurs coopératives qui mettent en question le paradigme de l’individualité, qui a été privilégié depuis des décennies. Cet article vise aussi à réfléchir, dans le contexte de la crise mondiale, sur l’existence d’une relation à double sens entre deux concepts : les valeurs communautaires et l’entrepreneuriat social. Ceux-ci cherchent à résoudre des problèmes sociaux autrement, se renforçant mutuellement dans une sorte de cercle vertueux dont le principal défi est de surmonter les chocs culturels permanents contre les structures dominantes.
Flexibility in Competency-Based Workplace Transition Programs: An Exploratory Study of Community Child and Family Health Nursing
Authors: Cusack Lynette , Gilbert Sandra , Fereday Jennifer
Published: February 2013

Background:

Successful transition to practice programs that use competency-based assessment require the involvement of all staff, especially those undertaking the preceptor role.

Methods:

Qualitative data were collected using interview methods. Participants were 14 newly employed nurses and 7 preceptors in the child and family community health service in South Australia. Participant narratives were recorded electronically, transcribed, and thematically analyzed using the paradigm of critical social science.

Results:

Five themes were identified that describe enablers as well as barriers to applying a flexible transition to practice program using competency-based assessment. These included flexibility in the program design, flexibility on the part of preceptors, flexibility to enable recognition of previous learning, flexibility in the assessment of competencies, and flexibility in workload.

Conclusion:

To ensure successful application of a transition to practice program using competency-based assessment, preceptors must understand the flexible arrangements built into the program design and have the confidence and competence to apply them.
Rate of Hypotony Following 25-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Gupta Naina , Punjabi Omar S. , Steinle Nathan C. , Singh Rishi P.
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report the rates of hypotony after 25-gauge vitrectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A retrospective review of 111 consecutive cases was performed in patients undergoing transconjunctival 25-gauge pars plans vitrectomy with either air or gas as a tamponade agent. The primary outcome measure was postoperative intraocular pressure less than 5 mm Hg. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to determine the statistical significance of continuous variables in association with rates of hypotony.

RESULTS:

The overall incidence of hypotony on postoperative day 1 was found to be 8.1%. The rate of hypotony was 16.7% in uveitis cases and 0% in routine macular surgery. The rate of hypotony in cases in which sutures were used was 41.7%, compared to 4% in cases in which sutures were not used (
P
= .001).

CONCLUSION:

Hypotony rates were significantly higher after 25-gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy in uveitis and some other conditions.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:155–159]
Spatial Education: Improving Conservation Delivery Through Space-Structured Decision Making
Authors: Moore Clinton T. , Shaffer Terry L. , Gannon Jill J.
Published: February 2013

Adaptive management is a form of structured decision making designed to guide management of natural resource systems when their behaviors are uncertain. Where decision making can be replicated across units of a landscape, learning can be accelerated, and biological processes can be understood in a larger spatial context. Broad-based partnerships among land management agencies, exemplified by Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (conservation partnerships created through the U.S. Department of the Interior), are potentially ideal environments for implementing spatially structured adaptive management programs.
Retail Development in Urban Canada
Authors: Buliung Ron , Hernandez Tony
Published: February 2013

During the last decade, rapid changes have occurred in the retail economy of North America that has brought about a functional transformation of retailing. Using data from a longitudinal database of commercial activity, this paper explores spatio-temporal patterns of retail development within Canada’s largest metropolitan region, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper provides an overview of the evolution of retailing in Canada and spatio-temporal analysis of the developing retail structure of the GTA. The work is situated within the branch of spatial statistics concerned with the description of spatial point processes. Bivariate kernel estimation and the G function are used to describe spatial patterns of retailing over time and by retail format type. The results highlight the wave of power centre retailing that swept across the GTA between 1996 and 2005. The paper concludes with a discussion of the gap between policy and planning and an emerging retail reality.
Scripted Collaboration to Leverage the Impact of Algorithm Visualization Tools in Online Learning
Authors: Foutsitzis Christos G. , Demetriadis Stavros
Published: February 2013

This work presents research evidence on the impact of a collaboration script to leverage the use of an Algorithm Visualization (AV) system as a tool for experimentation and reflection in the context of online collaboration. The objective of the authors’ effort is to improve the learning conditions when AV systems are used as online learning tools, avoiding situations where unguided collaboration may result in suboptimal peer interaction. Results from two studies are reported, where university students collaborated online following the steps of a reciprocal peer tutoring script and using two different AV systems to visualize their solutions on specific algorithm-related learning tasks. Discourse analysis based on an appropriately extended IBIS model and further statistical analysis indicate that the use of the collaboration script enhances the task-related peer interaction and consequently the intrinsic feedback that peers receive from interacting with the AV system, something expected to lead to improved learning outcomes. The implication for AV system designers is that the inclusion of a collaboration script component in the system design is strongly encouraged as a means to augment the expected benefits from online collaborative learning tasks.
TCR-Driven Transendothelial Migration of Human Effector Memory CD4 T Cells Involves Vav, Rac, and Myosin IIA
Authors: Manes Thomas D. , Pober Jordan S.
Published: February 2013

Human effector memory (EM) CD4 T cells may be recruited from the blood into a site of inflammation in response either to inflammatory chemokines displayed on or specific Ag presented by venular endothelial cells (ECs), designated as chemokine-driven or TCR-driven transendothelial migration (TEM), respectively. We have previously described differences in the morphological appearance of transmigrating T cells as well as in the molecules that mediate T cell–EC interactions distinguishing these two pathways. In this study, we report that TCR-driven TEM requires ZAP-70–dependent activation of a pathway involving Vav, Rac, and myosin IIA. Chemokine-driven TEM also uses ZAP-70, albeit in a quantitatively and spatially different manner of activation, and is independent of Vav, Rac, and mysosin IIA, depending instead on an as-yet unidentified GTP exchange factor that activates Cdc42. The differential use of small Rho family GTPases to activate the cytoskeleton is consistent with the morphological differences observed in T cells that undergo TEM in response to these distinct recruitment signals.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN CHILDREN: RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF PANCYTOPENIA
Authors: El Koumi Mohamed , Afify Mona , Al-Zahrani Salha
Published: February 2013

Hematological complications in brucellosis are common. Pancytopenia, although mainly reported in adults has also been described in children with brucellosis. This investigation was conducted to estimate the relative frequency of pancytopenia in children with brucellosis. This study was carried out in Al-Khafji region, Saudi Arabia. Sixty patients with brucellosis, were enrolled in the study. At enrollment, the following investigations were performed: CBC, blood culture and BM, aspiration was carried out in all patients with pancytopenia, to exclude malignancy. Obtained results revealed that: out of 60 children with brucellosis, 50 (83%) ingested raw animal milk and 45% had a positive family history of brucellosis. The commonly presenting symptoms and signs included; excessive sweating (68%), bone aches (62%), chills (55%), arthritis (32%), and hepatosplenomegaly. The most commonly detected hematological manifestations included; anemia (in 43%), leukopenia (in 38%) and leukocytosis (in 20%). Meanwhile, pancytopenia was detected in 11 patients (18%). Positive blood culture for brucella was seen in 38% (23 patients). melitensis from 21 patients was cultured in vitro. Out of 9 BM cultures, 3 were positive for B. melitensis and 6 cultures were negative. Out of 11 patients with pancytopenia, 9 patients (82%) presented with bone aches and weakness, 7(64%) presented with sweating and chills, 6(55%) of patients had petechiea and purpura, 5 (46%) had splenomegaly and 5 (46%) had hepatomegaly
First towns of the Fraser estuary: a brief history of Fraser valley Halkomelem society
Authors: Kew M
Published: February 2013

Human settlement and town-centred living in the Fraser River delta preceded the arrival of Europeans by thousands of years; however, Euro-Canadian colonizers and their descendants have continued to think of the land as having been unsettled and unused when they
arrived. Such thinking facilitated settlement and pushed aside the original people. Reappraising First Nations history is an important step in rethinking human relationships to the delta. It informs us of alternative forms of social organization, different ideas about human relationships to
resources, and other ways of using resources. Re-examining First Nations history in the delta is an important way to begin to enlarge our view of alternatives for the future. Their long history of stable and bountiful use of the land may not provide a model to be re-created, but it can serve as an
example to focus thinking about the underpinning concepts of 'sustainability'.
Metropolitan Vancouver: an economic gateway to the Pacific Rim
Authors: Davis H C , Hutton T A
Published: February 2013

During the twentieth century, the metropolitan Vancouver economy has undergone a substantial transformation from a centre of administrative, distributive, and commercial services for the province to its present position as a gateway to the increasingly integrated
network of urban economies on the Pacific Rim. Two related phenomena have been central to this transformation and are expected to continue well into this century: a restructuring of the metropolitan economy and a reorientation of the economy's export markets.
The restructuring of the Vancouver economy has resulted primarily from a shift of the region's employment from the extractive and manufacturing activities to service activities. This shift has resulted in the rise to dominance of producer services, those professional and technical services that are
informationintensive and require a highly skilled labour force. As producer services become increasingly valued in global markets, their export from the region continues to expand.
Sedimentary processes and their environmental significance: lower main channel, Fraser River estuary
Authors: Kostaschuk R A , Luternauer J L
Published: February 2013

Sedimentary processes in the main channel of the Fraser River estuary are controlled by river discharge and sediment load, tidal conditions, and the intrusion of salt water into the channel. Many contaminants are adsorbed on mud particles that are transported in
suspension and deposited within the estuary and in the Strait of Georgia. Contaminants within sediment pass into the food chain and have been found in elevated levels in birds, mammals, and fish. The construction industry dredges sand from the bed of the estuary,
and channelization has confined sand movement to a narrow corridor within the channel. Most sand deposition occurs at the river mouth, contributing to slope failures that are hazardous to a lighthouse and jetty. Sand that once replenished sediment lost to coastal erosion of the tidal flats is now
lost by sediment flows to deep water. This loss of sand affects intertidal habitat and may increase slope erosion elsewhere on the delta.
Risk Factors Associated with Clinical Malaria Episodes in Bangladesh: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Haque Ubydul , Glass Gregory E. , Bomblies Arne , Hashizume Masahiro , Mitra Dipak , Noman Nawajish , Haque Waziul , Kabir M. Moktadir , Yamamoto Taro , Overgaard Hans J.
Published: February 2013

Malaria is endemic to Bangladesh. In this longitudinal study, we used hydrologic, topographic, and socioeconomic risk factors to explain single and multiple malaria infections at individual and household levels. Malaria incidence was determined for 1,634 households in 54 villages in 2009 and 2010. During the entire study period 21.8% of households accounted for all (n = 497) malaria cases detected; 15.4% of households had 1 case and 6.4% had ≥ 2 cases. The greatest risk factors for malaria infection were low bed net ratio per household, house construction materials (wall), and high density of houses. Hydrologic and topographic factors were not significantly associated with malaria risk. This study identifies stable malaria hotspots and risk factors that should be considered for cost-effective targeting of malaria interventions that may contribute to potential elimination of malaria in Bangladesh.
Clinic–Epidemiologic Study of Human Infection by Granada Virus, a New Phlebovirus within the Sandfly Fever Naples Serocomplex
Authors: Navarro-Marí José María , Gómez-Camarasa Cristina , Pérez-Ruiz Mercedes , Sanbonmatsu-Gámez Sara , Pedrosa-Corral Irene , Jiménez-Valera María
Published: February 2013

Granada virus (GRV), a new phlebovirus within the Naples serocomplex, has been recently described in phlebotomine sandflies from Spain. The presence of anti-GRV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was investigated by indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) and neutralization test (NT) in 920 serum samples from the Granada population. By IFA, an overall GRV seroprevalence of 15.8% (N = 145) was observed, significantly increasing up to 65 years. NT was positive in 18% of anti-GRV IFA-positive samples. IgG antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV), a hyperendemic phlebovirus within Granada province, were detected in 40% of anti-GRV–positive cases. Anti-GRV IgM antibodies were detected in 36 (6.6%) of 547 acute-phase serum samples from individuals with febrile illness, exanthema, and/or acute respiratory infection. All positives were anti-TOSV IgM-negative. GRV may infect humans, with most cases being asymptomatic. The codetection of anti-GRV and anti-TOSV IgG antibodies could be attributable to cross-reactivity or exposure to the same transmission vector.
The masquerade of death macabre in the North: strange revolutionary aesthetics in Nigeria
Authors: Chinaka Psalms
Published: February 2013

In the late 1960s, all manner of assaults were directed between the Biafran secessionists and their Nigerian counterparts. As a result, unresolved ethnic, economic and socio-political lines exposed the “harvest” of the 1966–70 revolution. This harvest of corruption and military rule spilled into the 1980s and 90s creating resistant groups until the millennium age which ushered in new revolutionary tactics. Between 1970 when the revolution was officially declared ended till date, Nigerians have been made to harvest “proceeds” of both the colonial and postcolonial “legacies” which many critics pin down on bad leadership. For instance, while the steaming smoke from the battle nozzles of the Niger Delta revolutionaries is yet to fade away, the Northern region, under the violence of Boko Haram (Western Education is forbidden/sinful) has caused panic in the political arena. Against the backdrop of the current “global awakening,” this paper, through some critical works and Nigerian fictional artefacts, takes a careful examination of one particular aspect of this “harvest,” particularly the disillusionment and subsequent reactions of the people in various revolutionary garbs. The paper concludes that the amnesty antidote offered by the Nigerian leadership is simply a toothless escapist remedy. The position of this exploration is that the current militants or revolutionaries in any of the Nigerian geopolitical zones are reactive hydra-monsters created by a failing system where the national wealth has been hijacked by a few. Until this wealth is justly distributed, more chameleonic colours of revolutionaries are bound to emerge from the same system.
Receptor modelling of secondary and carbonaceous particulate matter at a southern UK site
Authors: Charron A. , Degrendele C. , Laongsri B. , Harrison R. M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Complementary approaches have been taken to better understand the sources and their spatial distribution for secondary inorganic (nitrate and sulphate) and secondary organic aerosol sampled at a rural site (Harwell) in the southern United Kingdom. A concentration field map method was applied to 1581 daily samples of chloride, nitrate and sulphate from 2006 to 2010, and 982 samples for organic carbon and elemental carbon from 2007 to 2010. This revealed a rather similar pattern of sources for nitrate, sulphate and secondary organic carbon within western/central Europe, which in the case of nitrate, sulphate, organic carbon and secondary organic carbon, correlated significantly with EMEP emissions maps of NOx, SO2, and VOC respectively. A slightly more southerly source emphasis for secondary organic carbon may reflect the contribution of biogenic sources. Trajectory clusters confirm this pattern of behaviour with a major contribution from mainland European sources. Similar behaviours of, on the one hand, sulphate and organic carbon and, on the other hand, EC and nitrate showed that the former are more subject to regional influence than the latter in agreement with the slower atmospheric formation of sulphate and secondary organic aerosol than for nitrate, and the local/mesoscale influences upon primary EC. However, careful analysis of back trajectories and Concentration Field Maps indicates a strong contribution of mainland European sites to EC concentrations at Harwell. In a separate study, measurements of sulphate, nitrate, elemental and organic carbon were made in 100 simultaneously collected samples at Harwell and at a suburban site in Birmingham (UK). This showed a significant correlation in concentrations between the two sites for all of the secondary constituents, further indicating secondary organic aerosol to be a regional pollutant behaving similarly to sulphate and nitrate.
Retrieving wind statistics from average spectrum of continuous-wave lidar
Authors: Branlard E. , Pedersen A. T. , Mann J. , Angelou N. , Fischer A. , Mikkelsen T. , Harris M. , Slinger C. , Montes B. F.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The aim of this study is to experimentally demonstrate that the time-average Doppler spectrum of a continuous-wave lidar is proportional to the probability density function of the line-of-sight velocities. This would open the possibility of using cw lidars for a precise determination of the second-order atmospheric turbulence statistics. An atmospheric field campaign and a wind tunnel experiment are carried out to show that the use of an average Doppler spectrum instead of a time series of velocities determined from individual Doppler spectra significantly reduces the differences with the standard deviation measured using ordinary anemometers, such as ultra-sonic anemometers or hotwires. The proposed method essentially removes the spatial averaging effect intrinsic to the cw lidar systems.
Variability of ionospheric TEC during solar and geomagnetic minima (2008 and 2009): external high speed stream drivers
Authors: Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Tsurutani B. T. , Mannucci A. J. , Mlynczak M. G. , Hunt L. A. , Runge T.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. We study solar wind–ionosphere coupling through the late declining phase/solar minimum and geomagnetic minimum phases during the last solar cycle (SC23) – 2008 and 2009. This interval was characterized by sequences of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs). The concomitant geomagnetic response was moderate geomagnetic storms and high-intensity, long-duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events. The JPL Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) software and the GPS total electron content (TEC) database were used to calculate the vertical TEC (VTEC) and estimate daily averaged values in separate latitude and local time ranges. Our results show distinct low- and mid-latitude VTEC responses to HSSs during this interval, with the low-latitude daytime daily averaged values increasing by up to 33 TECU (annual average of ~20 TECU) near local noon (12:00 to 14:00 LT) in 2008. In 2009 during the minimum geomagnetic activity (MGA) interval, the response to HSSs was a maximum of ~30 TECU increases with a slightly lower average value than in 2008. There was a weak nighttime ionospheric response to the HSSs. A well-studied solar cycle declining phase interval, 10–22 October 2003, was analyzed for comparative purposes, with daytime low-latitude VTEC peak values of up to ~58 TECU (event average of ~55 TECU). The ionospheric VTEC changes during 2008–2009 were similar but ~60% less intense on average. There is an evidence of correlations of filtered daily averaged VTEC data with Ap index and solar wind speed. We use the infrared NO and CO2 emission data obtained with SABER on TIMED as a proxy for the radiation balance of the thermosphere. It is shown that infrared emissions increase during HSS events possibly due to increased energy input into the auroral region associated with HILDCAAs. The 2008–2009 HSS intervals were ~85% less intense than the 2003 early declining phase event, with annual averages of daily infrared NO emission power of ~ 3.3 × 1010 W and 2.7 × 1010 W in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The roles of disturbance dynamos caused by high-latitude winds (due to particle precipitation and Joule heating in the auroral zones) and of prompt penetrating electric fields (PPEFs) in the solar wind–ionosphere coupling during these intervals are discussed. A correlation between geoeffective interplanetary electric field components and HSS intervals is shown. Both PPEF and disturbance dynamo mechanisms could play important roles in solar wind–ionosphere coupling during prolonged (up to days) external driving within HILDCAA intervals.
CellTracker Green labelling vs. Rose Bengal staining: CTG wins by points in distinguishing living from dead anoxia-impacted copepods and nematodes
Authors: Grego M. , Stachowitsch M. , De Troch M. , Riedel B.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Hypoxia and anoxia have become a key threat to shallow coastal seas. Much is known about their impact on macrofauna, less on meiofauna. In an attempt to shed more light on the latter group, in particular from a process-oriented view, we experimentally induced short-term anoxia (1 week) in the Northern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, and examined the two most abundant meiofauna taxa – harpacticoid copepods and nematodes. Both taxa also represent different ends of the tolerance spectrum, with copepods being the most sensitive and nematodes among the most tolerant. We compared two methods: CellTracker Green (CTG) – new labelling approach for meiofauna – with the traditional Rose Bengal (RB) staining method. CTG binds to active enzymes and therefore colours live organisms only. The two methods show considerable differences in the number of living and dead individuals of both meiofauna taxa. Generally, RB will stain dead but not yet decomposed copepods and nematodes equally as live ones. Specifically, RB significantly overestimated the number of living copepods in all sediment layers in anoxic samples, but not in any normoxic samples. In contrast, for nematodes, the methods did not show such a clear difference between anoxia and normoxia. Surprisingly, RB overestimated the number of living nematodes in the top sediment layer of normoxic samples, which implies an overestimation of the overall live nematofauna. For monitoring and biodiversity studies, the RB method might be sufficient, but for more fine-scaled (days, hours, tipping points) studies, especially on hypoxia and anoxia where it is necessary to resolve the course of events, CTG labelling is a better tool. Moreover, it clearly highlights the surviving species within the copepod or nematode community. As already accepted for foraminiferal research, we demonstrate that the CTG labelling is also valid for other meiofauna groups.