bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of calcium-containing compounds as catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids
Authors: Zotov Yu. L. , Zapravdina D. M. , Shishkin E. V. , Popov Yu. V.
Published: August 2023

Objectives. To investigate the catalytic activity of calcium-containing basic catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids in order to develop a low-waste technology for the production of multifunctional additives, as well as to assess the possibility of using the reaction products for the processing of polyvinyl chloride.

Methods. The consumption of oleic acid during synthesis was monitored using a titrimetric method of analysis with visual indication. The structure of the synthesized calcium-containing catalysts was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy; elemental analysis was additionally performed for calcium glyceroxide. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the resulting mixtures of oleic acid glycerides were carried out using chromato-mass spectrometry. A sample of a multifunctional additive was tested in a model formulation of a medical plastic compound based on polyvinyl chloride.

Results. It is shown that the catalytic activity of calcium derivatives in the reaction of esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids increases in the series СаО < Са(ОН)2 < Ca(C17H33COO)2 < Ca(C2H5O)2 < Ca(C4H9O)2 < Ca(C3H7O3)2, while the use of calcium glyceroxide as a catalyst in an amount from 1 to 6 mol % increases the conversion of carboxylic acid from 58 to 86% in 10 h of synthesis. However, varying the amount of calcium glyceroxide from 1.5 to 6 mol % results in no observed changes in the conversion of carboxylic acid. The multifunctional additive obtained by selecting calcium glyceroxide as a catalyst has a thermally stabilizing and plasticizing effect on the polymer composition. The introduction of the developed additive into the formulation of a polyvinyl chloride composition for medical purposes reduces the processing torque and time to reach the dry point. By combining these factors, energy costs during production were reduced by more than 11% compared to the control composition.

Conclusions. It is established that calcium alcoholates catalyze the reaction of esterification of glycerol with oleic (or higher) acid to increase the conversion of the initial substances and selectivity for the formation of monoglycerides as compared with calcium oxide, hydroxide, and oleate. By optimizing the ratio of glycerol : oleic acid : calcium glyceroxide at 1 : 1 : 0.015, the maximum conversion of oleic acid of up to 86% in 10 h was obtained via synthesis. The proposed method for esterification of glycerol with higher carboxylic acids in the presence of a calcium-containing catalyst avoids the stage of purification from the catalyst to obtain a composition with multifunctional additive properties for the processing of polyvinyl chloride.
Determination of chlorine-containing compounds in disinfectants using ion-exchange chromatography
Authors: Lapina E. A. , Zverev S. A. , Andreev S. V. , Sakharov K. A.
Published: August 2023

Objectives. To develop a method for the determination of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions in solution; to determine the limits of detection and quantitation for ClO−, Cl−, ClO2−, ClO3−, and ClO4− ions; to evaluate the applicability of the developed method and its suitability for disinfectant analysis.

Methods. Ionic chromatography using a conductometric detection system in isocratic elution mode.

Results. The method developed for chromatographic determination of chlorine-containing ions can be used to quantify the content of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions. In isocratic elution mode at 7.5 mM NaOH and a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, the content of chlorine-containing ions can be determined with high sensitivity. The presented method does not require the use of expensive equipment for the ultrasensitive analysis of the studied compounds.

Conclusions. A novel method for the simultaneous determination of hypochlorite, chloride, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate ions in case of their combined presence is proposed. The technique can be used to carry out routine control of the content of these disinfectant components during use, increasing their effectiveness at the same time as managing associated toxicological risks.
Pemanfaatan Lagu untuk Meningkatkan Perbendaharaan Kata Bahasa Inggris
Authors: Nurdin Nurdin , Yunansyahtika Ragil , Devi Maria Imaculata Zetta
Published: August 2023

Perbendaharaan kata bahasa Inggris adalah aspek penting untuk menunjang pemahaman bahasa Inggris para peserta didik. Kegiatan pengabdian mahasiswa kepada masyarakat yang diselenggarakan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan perbendaharaan kata bahasa Inggris di SD N 1 Daru, Tangerang. Kegiatan PMkM menggunakan metode pembelajaran fun-learning yaitu memberikan kosakata melalui lagu yang relevan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Lagu yang digunakan adalah twinkle-twinkle little star, Old MacDonald Had  Farm, dan Fruit Song. Tidak hanya berpatokan pada lirik lagu yang disediakan melainkan juga mengembangkan tema masing-masing lagu untuk lebih memperkaya perbendaharaan kata. Proses evaluasi yang dilakukan guna mengetahui hasil pemahaman para siswa dengan melakukan pengamatan pada respons siswa dan latihan menuliskan kosakata terkait materi yang telah diberikan. Setelah pengamatan respons siswa, hasil pekerjaan di koreksi dan dilakukan pengumpulan data, ditemukan bahwa mayoritas siswa telah berhasil mencapai keberhasilan tolok ukur kegiatan pengabdian. Kegiatan PMkM ini diharapkan dijadikan acuan oleh pihak mitra untuk berinovasi mengembangkan metode pembelajaran sesuai kebutuhan zaman.
Penguasaan Kosa Kata Bahasa Inggris melalui Alam Sekitar untuk Siswa SD Negeri 16 Percontohan Panyabungan
Authors: Harahap Sartika Dewi , Siregar Syamsiah Depalina , Umrina Rica , Hasibuan Sri Wahyuni
Published: August 2023

Periode emas yang ada pada anak ditingkat sekolah dasar menjadi salah satu faktor dari keberhasilan penguasaan sebuah bahasa. Seperti halnya bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa daerah, bahasa Inggris dapat membaur bersama dalam pembelajaran anak diiringi dengan metode yang tepat. Berkenalan dengan alam sekaligus bahasa mampu memberi ruang konkret agar lebih mampu melekatkan kosa kata bahasa Inggris pada ingatan anak ditingkat sekolah dasar. Metode berbaur dengan alam sekitar, menyentuh benda-benda yang ada, berdiskusi disuasana alam serta menjadikan alam sekitar sebagai materi pembelajaran. Tujuan dari pengabdian kepada masayarakat ini adalah untuk memberikan ruang penguasaan kosa kata bahasa inggris di SD Negeri 16 Percontohan Panyabungan lebih dekat dan bebas. Kegiatan luar kelas yang mampu menambah kesegaran dalam belajar menjadi faktor pendukung proses penerapan dan pengaplikasiannya. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan dihalaman sekolah dengan membawa 41 siswa dari dua kelas langsung berbaur kepada alam sekitar. Hasil dari kegiatan tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa siswa dengan mudah mengenali setiap benda yang ada disekitar sekolah mereka dan mampu menyebutkan bahasa Inggrisnya.
Strategi Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Bahasa Inggris Siswa Tingkat Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Indasari Nur Laili , Amaliati Siti
Published: August 2023

Pada waktu sekarang ini, siswa di Sekolah Dasar diharapkan memiliki kemampuan yang bagus dalam bahasa Inggris. Hal ini menjadi tantangan tersendiri karena bahasa sehari-hari mereka bukanlah bahasa Inggris. Di sekolah, mereka hanya mendapatkan dua jam untuk mata pelajaran bahasa Inggris sementara mereka dituntut mampu mengerjakan ujian, lembar kerja, dan menguasai banyak kosakata. Kurangnya waktu dan kelemahan siswa pada kemampuan bahasa Inggris menjadi pertimbangan kami untuk melakukan pengabdian masyarakat dalam bidang pendidikan. Hal pertama yang dilakukan adalah dengan memberikan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris yang menyenangkan. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan motivasi, pemahaman, dan kemampuan siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris khususnya pada kemampuan berbicara melalui berbagai macam strategi pembelajaran. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini berupa pembelajaran secara gratis dengan kegiatan yang menyenangkan dan menarik. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa para siswa antusias dalam pembelajaran. Mereka termotivasi untuk belajar bahasa Inggris. Kemampuan mereka dalam memahami materi meningkat. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kemampuan mereka dalam merespon pertanyaan dan melakukan percakapan dalam bahasa Inggris.
`Workshop Penulisan Karya Tulis Ilmiah untuk Pemuda Karang Taruna BPI V Tangerang Selatan
Authors: Abdullah Varatisha Anjani
Published: August 2023

Karya Tulis Ilmiah (KTI) merupakan tulisan yang menjelaskan sebuah fenomena berdasarkan fakta, berlandaskan teori dalam memecahkan persolan yang diangkat. Kegiatan pelatihan KTI dapat meningkatkan kompetensi penulisan. Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini dilakukan sebagai upaya meningkatkan kompetensi menulis KTI Pemuda Karang Taruna RW 10 Bukit Pamulang Indah V Tangerang Selatan Banten. Kegiatan ini dilakuan secara virtual dengan mengundang anak muda di sekitar wilayah Bukit Pamulang Indah . Peserta secara aktif mengikuti pelatihan yang diselenggrakan oleh civitas akademika Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta pada 17 Maret, 31 Maret dan 14 April 2023. Hasil dari kegiatan PkM ini memberikan simpulan bahwa pada dasranya memiliki kompetensi menulis yang baik. Hal ini terbukti dari proses diskusi dua arah yang aktif serta penyelesaian tugas yang diberikan. Harapan dari kegiatan PkM ini menigkatnya kompetensi penulisan KTI pada anak muda khususnya para peserta kegiatan PKM sehingga KTI  yang mereka buat dapat bermanfaat untuk perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan.
Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Toleransi pada Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Rusmiati Elis Teti
Published: August 2023

Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Toleransi pada Anak Usia Dini ini bertujuan untuk membentuk sikap anak-anak yang lebih inklusif, saling menghormati, dan mampu hidup harmonis di tengah keragaman masyarakat. Melalui pemahaman nilai-nilai toleransi, anak-anak diharapkan dapat mengembangkan kemampuan untuk hidup secara harmonis dengan orang-orang yang berbeda latar belakang, budaya, agama, suku, ras, atau pandangan. Kegiatan ini melibatkan Penulis sebagai narasumber utama yang memberikan pemahaman tentang toleransi, berbagai metode interaktif, dan keterlibatan guru dan orang tua untuk mendorong pemahaman yang mendalam dan pembiasaan sikap Evaluasi dilakukan melalui observasi, kuesioner, dan wawancara. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan ini berhasil meningkatkan kesadaran anak-anak tentang nilai-nilai toleransi, memperluas pemahaman mereka tentang perbedaan, dan membantu mereka mengembangkan kemampuan komunikasi yang baik dan empati. Kesimpulannya, kegiatan PkM ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam membentuk karakter toleransi pada anak usia dini dan menciptakan dasar yang kuat untuk membangun masyarakat yang inklusif dan saling menghormati di masa depan.
Adaptation of foreign students to the Kazakh university
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Sanbayeva B.Zh. , Yessenova K.A. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: August 2023

Adaptation of foreign students to the Kazakh university is a multifaceted process. To study the adaptation of foreign students to the university environment, adaptation to new climatic conditions, time, new education system, new language of communication, culture of a new country. On the research issue, an analysis of philosophical, social, psychological, pedagogical literature was carried out, direct and indirect observations were made, and survey methods were used. The study was conducted at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, where 42 students of the 1st year from abroad were subjected to external observation in the amount of 8 months and studied their adaptation to the university environment using the survey method. According to the results of the study, the process of social and pedagogical adaptation of foreign students to the Kazakh University and the problems that arise during their studies were identified. It was studied that the characteristics of socialization of foreign students in higher education institutions are influenced by such basic factors as language, education, accommodation, as well as interaction with teachers, etc. Using imperial methods, we identified the problems that prevent foreign students from adapting to Kazakhstan’s educational institution and proposed ways to solve them.
MMP-9 mRNA Expression and Bridging Fibrosis Progression in Toxic Liver Injury
Authors: Lebedeva Elena I. , Babenka Andrei S. , Shchastniy Anatoly T.
Published: August 2023

Developing liver disease treatments, in which fibrosis is a key pathogenetic link, still remains an urgent problem in hepatology. In the present study, the level of mmp-9 mRNA expression and the number of FAP+, -SMA+, CD45+ cells were analyzed at nine time points of fibrosis and cirrhosis. It was found that in the case of liver fibrosis, the choice of the optimal reference gene depended on the stage of fibrogenesis. When studying the specific stages rather than the entire process in a long-term experiment, it was shown that choosing an optimal reference gene has to be done additionally. In this case, the mmp-9 mRNA expression level should be considered as a marker of liver fibrosis initiation and development but not as that of cirrhosis progression. In the liver, two morphologically heterogeneous populations of myofibroblasts were simultaneously identified as able to synthesize various types of immunohistochemical markers. It was found that the FAP+ cells were the main contributor to the development of portal fibrosis and the initial stages of bridging fibrosis. In the selected experimental model, fibrosis initiation and the development stages preceding parenchyma restructuring were accompanied by a low level of inflammation.
Carcinoma do Laringe: Análise dos resultados de 57 pacientes, estádios III e IV, tratados com cirurgia e radioterapia radicais
Authors: Vieira Francisco Rego , Souhami Luis , Canary Paulo Cézar V. , Fernandes Erivelton F. , Kligerman Jacob
Published: August 2023

No período de janeiro de 1981 a dezembro de 1983,57 pacientes matriculados no Instituto Nacional de Câncer com carcinoma avançado do laringe foram tratados com cirurgia e radioterapia radicais. A região supraglótica foi a mais comumente atingida. A taxa de controle local foi de 79% e a sobrevida atuarial em 5 anos foi de 55%. Dez pacientes (17,5%) falharam à distância. O significado prognóstico do estádio T, comprometimento nodal, margens cirúrgicas e tempo decorrido entre a cirurgia e o início da radioterapia foi avaliado. Nenhum desses fatores influiu no controle loco-regional, mas os tumores N2 apresentaram pior sobrevida quando comparados aos N0 (36% vs 76% ; p = 0,02). Os achados desse estudo sugerem que a abordagem cirúrgica inicial deva ser mais conservadora e que a dissecção radical do pescoço não parece favorecer o controle local nem reduzir a mortalidade.
Atividade de Xantina-oxidase na Carcinogênese Induzida pela 1.2-dimetil-hidrazina
Authors: Affonso Ottilia R. , Souza Arthur Steenhagen R. , Asch Karen H. , Mitidieri Emílio
Published: August 2023

A 1,2-dimetil-hidrazina (DMH) induz a formação de tumores no intestino de ratos após aplicações semanais durante 20 semanas. As atividades de xantina-oxidase (XO) e xantina-desidrogenase (XD) variam de acordo com a distância ao longo do intestino. Nos animais injetados com DMH verificou-se uma diminuição da atividade enzimática exatamente na porção onde ocorre maior incidência tumoral. Anotou-se, também, um aumento da atividade XD em soro sanguíneo de ratos tratados com DMH.
Biópsía Percutânea nas Lesões Neoplásicas do Esqueleto
Authors: Garcia Filho Reynaldo Jesus
Published: August 2023

O autor discute novos conceitos a respeito das biópsias ósseas. Propõe a utilização das biópsias percutâneas nas lesões neoplásicas primárias ou secundárias do esqueleto. Apresenta a técnica do método fechado através de agulhas de diferentes calibres e formas, em 209 pacientes, em regime ambulatorial e sob controle radiográfico. O método mostrou-se seguro, econômico e relativamente indolor, fornecendo amostras de tecido suficientes para o diagnóstico histológico, citológico e bacterioscópico, com uma precisão de 85%. O método não impede a realização posterior de biópsias abertas e contribuiu sobremaneira para aumentaras indicações de cirurgias conservadoras que evitam a amputação.
Espectro de Atividade NK em um Pequeno Grupo Populacional Brasileiro
Authors: De La Rocque Lucia , Zalis Mariano , Goulart João , Rumjanek Vivian M.
Published: August 2023

Um painel de atividade NK nos indivíduos normais de nossa população foi obtido através da realização de 221 ensaios em 40 indivíduos, sendo 26 do sexo masculino e 14 do sexo feminino; um padrão próprio de atividade NK para as pessoas testadas com maior freqüência foi encontrado, apesar da grande variabilidade intra-individual. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre a atividade NK de homens e mulheres e entre as diversas faixas etárias, sendo a literatura controversa em relação a esses parâmetros. Apesar do pequeno número de indivíduos testados, nossos dados coincidem com os obtidos de populações norte-americanas. A semelhança dos resultados apresentados pode decorrer do fato de a maioria de nossa amostra ser extraída de um padrão sócio-econômico elevado, não apresentando problemas de desnutrição, embora envolvesse pessoas de diferentes origens étnicas.
Exploring the Impact of Study Abroad on Students’ Intercultural Competence: The Case of Myanmar
Authors: San Cherry Kyaw , Htwe Khin Mar
Published: August 2023

Today’s increasingly heterogeneous world imposes demands on higher education institutions to develop university students’ intercultural competence (IC) so that they respond constructively to the cultural challenges of the 21st century. This study aims to explore the impact of short-term study abroad programs on the development of students’ intercultural competence. 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Myanmar undergraduates who participated in study-abroad programs to get an in-depth understanding of their study abroad experiences. Thematic analysis was employed to examine how these programs influence their attitudes toward the native culture, the host culture and cultural differences, and their intercultural interaction. The main findings reveal that study abroad enhances students’ IC, confirming the five elements of IC by Deardorff (2008): attitudes, knowledge and comprehension, skills, desired internal outcomes, and desired external outcomes, with an emerging aspect ‘recommendation’ based on ‘cultural reflection’. Specific implications are offered to university administrators and decision-makers of Myanmar higher education on the basis of the findings.
OUTSTAFFING: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN OPTIMIZING COSTS AND TAXES AND MINIMIZING BUSINESS RISKS
Authors:   National Forestry University of Ukraine, Kolinko Natalia , Volyanyk Halyna ,   National Forestry University of Ukraine, Shutka Svitlana ,   National Forestry University of Ukraine
Published: August 2023

The article discusses current issues regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using various types of outstaffing to optimize costs and taxes and minimize enterprise risks. It is noted that the main task of outstaffing is the reorganization of the economic model of the enterprise, which will lead to a decrease in money and labor costs, which will stimulate the efficiency of business processes. In accordance with this, the content of outstaffing, possibilities and problems of its use in modern conditions of Ukraine are revealed. The impossibility of using it at state-owned enterprises was noted. And the difference in the motivation of the service for citizens of Ukraine and foreign nationals is also emphasized. That is, for employees of Ukrainian subjects, outstaffing is used to minimize costs and optimize taxes, or to preserve a simplified taxation system, and for foreign employees, these are additional prerogatives in the form of protection against all personnel and migration risks, as well as from financial penalties for violation of migration legislation. Outstaffing services are classified in the article according to structural and formal features and information and content load. The stages of process-by-process implementation of outstaffing, depending on the option, are considered. The specifics of the contract conclusion scheme have been clarified. Depending on the type of contract, the types of outstaffing are presented: classic outstaffing – the company de jure reduces staff, but de facto – works in the usual mode; temporary staffing – temporary employment of an employee, which is associated with problems in the market or seasonality of production; leasing is a long-term contract.The article details and substantiates the advantages and disadvantages of the specified management accounting tool. The imperfection of the legislation regulating due processes is emphasized, as the specified legal acts provide only a brief definition, a description of the features and limitations of the investigated process, as well as obtaining a special permit by the service provider. That is, the activity of providing outstaffing services is currently not regulated by law in Ukraine.
Evaporation of process water from recycled containerboard mills
Authors: BÜRGMAYR STEFAN , TANNER JOANNE , BATCHELOR WARREN , HOADLEY ANDREW A.F.
Published: August 2023

The reduction of the specific effluent discharge volumes of paper mills leads to concentrated process waters that are difficult to treat. Evaporation is an effective water reclamation technology; however, its feasibility largely depends on the fouling behavior of the calcium rich process water. A pilot plant study was conducted to investigate fouling of an evaporator processing the production water from a recycled containerboard mill. The evaporator was operated continuously for five weeks at an evaporation temperature of 55°C and a differential temperature of 5°C, and with a recovery rate of approximately 90%. The calcium ion concentration of the circulating liquor exceeded 7,000 mg/L with a pH of 6. Despite the high fouling potential of the circulating liquor, the heat transfer coefficient did not decline over the investigated trial. The absence of deposits on large areas of the heating surfaces demonstrate that the process water does not generally form deposits under the conditions that were investigated. Calcium sulfate deposits were only found in areas where there was inadequate coverage of liquid over the heating surfaces. The findings show that evaporators can be used to effectively close the water system of recycled containerboard mills without fouling impacting the energy efficiency.
The remote diet intervention to reduce Long COVID symptoms trial (ReDIRECT): protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a remotely delivered supported weight management programme for people with Long COVID and excess weight, with personalised improvement goals
Authors: Haag Laura , Richardson Janice , Cunningham Yvonne , Fraser Heather , Brosnahan Naomi , Ibbotson Tracy , Ormerod Jane , White Chris , McIntosh Emma , O'Donnell Kate , Sattar Naveed , McConnachie Alex , Lean Michael E. J. , Blane David N. , Combet Emilie
Published: August 2023

Objectives: The Remote Diet Intervention to Reduce Long COVID Symptoms Trial (ReDIRECT) evaluates whether the digitally delivered, evidence-based, cost-effective Counterweight-Plus weight management programme improves symptoms of Long COVID in people with overweight/obesity.

Methods: Baseline randomised, non-blinded design with 240 participants allocated in a 1:1 ratio either to continue usual care or to add the remotely delivered Counterweight-Plus weight management programme, which includes a Counterweight dietitian supported delivery of 12 weeks total diet replacement, food reintroduction, and long-term weight loss maintenance. Randomisation is achieved by accessing a web-based randomisation system incorporated into the study web portal developed by a registered Clinical Trials Unit. We are using an innovative approach to outcome personalisation, with each participant selecting their most dominant Long COVID symptom as their primary outcome assessed at six months. Participants in the control arm enter the weight management programme after six months. We are recruiting participants from social media and existing networks (e.g., Long COVID Scotland groups), through newspaper advertisements and from primary care. Main inclusion criteria: people with Long COVID symptoms persisting > three months, aged 18 years or above, body mass index (BMI) above 27kg/m2 (>25kg/m2 for South Asians). The trial includes a process evaluation (involving qualitative interviews with participants and analysis of data on dose, fidelity and reach of the intervention) and economic evaluation (within-trial and long-term cost-utility analyses).

Anticipated results: The recruitment for this study started in December 2021 and ended in July 2022. Project results are not yet available and will be shared via peer-reviewed publication once the six-months outcomes have been analysed.

Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12595520
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Legal Studies Beyond Both Disciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: August 2023

The label “interdisciplinary” has been very useful for critical legal scholars seeking to distinguish their work from doctrinal research and teaching. Its pragmatic value, however, is not matched by precision in meaning, largely because is not clear whether law is a discipline that could or should be synthesized with other disciplines. After a reflection on the difficulties of determining whether law is indeed a discipline, the article concludes that critical legal scholars could benefit from abandoning both disciplinary ambitions and interdisciplinary claims as anything other than gestures conveying institutional projects and priorities. The term that is suggested as a replacement is the more modest “infradisciplinary," which has the virtue of evoking law’s venerable pre-disciplinary past.
Law as Language
Authors: Constable Marianne
Published: August 2023

This paper proposes understanding law as language. Doing so offers an alternative both to jurisprudential accounts of law as a system of rules and to sociological accounts of law as effective (or ineffective) social power. Part II shows how approaching law as language takes doctrine and legal texts seriously, as speech acts of claiming that do things, rather than as nounlike rules or their application. Such an approach recognizes that legal actions or events of claiming are “imperfect” in a grammatical sense: practical knowledge of law is incomplete, continual and interruptible, while legal acts occur more and less well under particular conditions. Understanding law this way, part III shows, also enables one to critique narrow approaches to law as “policy” or as exclusively a problem-solving tool or instrument. The paper not only argues that law may be thought of as language then. It ultimately suggests another law: that we are creatures of language.
Radbruch’s Rechtsstaat and Schmitt’s Legal Order: Legalism, Legality, and the Institution of Law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille
Published: August 2023

This article forages the fruits of Radbruch’s Legal Philosophy of 1932, taking into account his writings after the horrors of National Socialism in Germany. This contribution builds on the findings of my chapter concerning Radbruch’s inquiry into the origins of the criminal law, in Foundational Texts in Modern Criminal Law. In that chapter I present the rise of the sovereign state as a precondition for a Rule of Law that institutes a balancing act between the different powers of the state. In the current article I briefly present the rise of the Rule of Law in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, exemplified by the rise of the German Rechtsstaat, the French État de Droit and the Anglo-American Rule of Law. This provides the background for a discussion of the contribution that Radbruch’s antinomian concept of law can make to a better understanding of the difference between legalism and legality. I argue that a mistaken view on legality informs the prevalent confusion around the notion of the Rule of Law. The investigation is complemented with the introduction of a procedural conception of both law and the Rule of Law, taking the discussion beyond formal and substantial conceptions of both. Finally, I integrate an analysis of Schmitt’s keen attention to the institution of law, observing that legalism and legality align with different institutionalizations, different legal orders and different modes of existence of law and the Rule of Law.
Calculating Crime and Punishment: Unofficial Law Enforcement, Quantification, and Legitimacy in Early Imperial China
Authors: Korolkov Maxim
Published: August 2023

This article analyzes the rules and practices of unofficial law enforcement as reflected in recently excavated legal manuscripts from the Qin and Western Han periods (221 B.C.-9 C.E.). I argue that, apart from limiting the potential abuses of the system such as excessive use of violence and arbitrary accusations, these regulations pursued an important ideological goal. By establishing encompassing, number-based hierarchies of crime, punishment, reward, and responsibility, legislators sought to make the society “legible” not only for the state but also for its common members, which was essential for legitimation of the empire in the eyes of its subjects. Early empires’ effort to promulgate number-based matrices for various social situations, including judicial ones, was an effective solution to the problem of legitimizing imperial order by offering people an effective mechanism of improving their social standing and boosting wealth through participation in the legal institutions. Even when attempting to manipulate the system, individuals implicitly recognized the official legislation as a source of practical taxonomies to structure thinking about obligation, responsibility, and limits of legitimate self-interested behavior.
The “Mau Mau” Legal Hearings and Recognizing the Crimes of the British Colonial State: A Limited Constitutive Moment
Authors: Balint Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This paper considers the changing capacity of law to hear cases of “historical injustice,” in particular crimes of colonialism, and the role of the hearing of these claims in law in provoking or supporting limited constitutive change. In 2009, the British law firm Leigh Day & Co. brought a civil action for damages for personal injuries on behalf of five Kenyan claimants, for harms suffered in detention under the British colonial administration in Kenya between 1952 and 1960. The action was brought against the British government, through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, for their part in the creation and maintenance of the system of torture during the period of the “Emergency” in Kenya. Heard in the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom, the hearing determined that the case could proceed to trial, yet was settled in 2013 by the British government. The paper considers how we may understand this hearing as part of a moment of limited constitutive legal and social change in the recognition of the injustice of the system of the British Empire, and considers the case within the context of the current discussions in Britain around British colonial responsibility for the broader harms of Empire, together with broader reparations claims for slavery and colonialism.
Stasis and Bellum Civile: A Difference in Scale?
Authors: Lange Carsten Hjort
Published: August 2023

David Armitage’s new monograph Civil Wars: A History in Ideas (2017) will undoubtedly long remain a standard reference work. It presents readers with a vision of civil war as part of the longue durée. The argument might be further strengthened, however, if a more inclusive Greco-Roman approach to ancient civil war is accepted. This essay focuses on stasis vs. bellum civile, the origins of the concept of civil war, the approach of later Roman writers (such as Appian and Cassius Dio) to the concepts of stasis and bellum civile, and, finally, the question of what makes a civil war a civil war. Whatever concepts were used, the Romans were not the first to experience internal war as a civil war—that is, a war between the citizens of a polity.
Queering Queer Legal Studies: An Unreconstructed Ode to Eve Sedgwick (and Others)
Authors: Cossman Brenda
Published: August 2023

The essay explores the extant field queer legal studies and maps the multiple meanings of “queer” deployed within it. I distinguish queer from LGBT, but resist any further disciplining of the term. I propose instead an understanding of queer legal studies as a sensibility. Neither a prescription nor a pronouncement, the article is written as an ode to Eve Sedgewick, her axioms and her reparative readings. I offer the essay as a celebration of queer legal studies to date and of its hopeful potentialities into an unknown future.
Transparency in the Digital Environment
Authors: Koivisto Ida
Published: August 2023

In this Editor’s Introduction to the CAL Special Issue on “Transparency in the Digital Environment,” I discuss some of its overarching themes and underlying concerns. I also present the eight articles that constitute this issue: What kinds of manifestations can transparency as an idea have in the digital environment? Transparency has proven to be a normatively attractive concept in ethical and legal debates of automated decision-making, data protection, platform governance, artificial intelligence, and so on. In many of them, the recurring worry is this: Who is accountable for the functioning of algorithmic systems? How can we know how these systems work? By way of an answer, transparency is often considered the solution. However, although we worry similarly about accountability in both analog and digital contexts, the latter poses technological, regulatory, and ethical challenges, which may not always find a perfect counterpart in the analog environment. I show how the articles in this special issue represent three different approaches to transparency: reformative, performative, and conceptual. I conclude that we should continue critical discussion on the big words that dominate the current debates of legitimacy in the digital environment.
“Transparency Washing” in the Digital Age: A Corporate Agenda of Procedural Fetishism
Authors: Zalnieriute Monika
Published: August 2023

Contemporary discourse on the regulation and governance of the digital environment has often focused on the procedural value of transparency. This article traces the prominence of the concept of transparency in contemporary regulatory debates to the corporate agenda of technology companies. Looking at the latest transparency initiatives of IBM, Google and Facebook, I introduce the concept of “transparency washing,” whereby a focus on transparency acts as an obfuscation and redirection from more substantive and fundamental questions about the concentration of power, substantial policies, and actions of technology behemoths. While the “ethics washing” of the tech giants has become widely acknowledged, “transparency washing” presents a wider critique of corporate discourse and neoliberal governmentality based on procedural fetishism, which detracts from the questions of substantial accountability and obligations by diverting the attention to procedural micro-issues that have little chance of changing the political or legal status quo.
Introduction: The Philosophies of Comparative Law
Authors: Siliquini-Cinelli Luca , Husa Jaakko
Published: August 2023

This introductory essay outlines the Special Issue’s aims and contents. After having offered a general overview of the development and state of comparative law as a discipline, it introduces the reader to the issue’s articles. The issue features articles by leading scholars and emerging researchers that make significant contributions to the academic debate on the current status and future directions of comparative legal analysis and methodologies of research. More particularly, combining theoretically-oriented essays with empirical accounts of socio-cultural, pluralist dynamics of ordering from the Global South (i.e., Latin America) and Asia (i.e., Japan), it takes a further step towards molding a body of interdisciplinary, pluralist, critical, and contextual comparative legal scholarship by (a) critically exploring what “philosophies” have been informing and shaping its development over the past few decades, and (b) suggesting possible new directions of thought for an age, such as ours, characterized by increasing regulatory density and complexity, and geopolitical instability. It is by meaningfully embracing this critical, interdisciplinary, and pluralist spirit that this Special Issue moves away from reductionist understandings of the comparative enterprise and speaks of “philosophies” of comparative law.
Mối quan hệ giữa tường thuật kế toán và khả năng sinh lợi của các công ty niêm yết tại Việt Nam
Authors: Lê Thị Hải Bình
Published: August 2023

Mục đích của nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá mối quan hệ giữa giọng điệu cảm xúc trong các nội dung tường thuật của báo cáo thường niên và khả năng sinh lợi của các công ty có quy mô lớn. Dữ liệu nghiên cứu được thu thập từ 177 công ty phi tài chính hàng đầu niêm yết trên thị trường chứng khoán Việt Nam trong 7 năm, từ 2015-2021 với 1.239 quan sát. Bằng việc áp dụng phương pháp hồi quy GLS, kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra tác động tích cực của khả năng sinh lợi đến giọng điệu cảm xúc trên báo cáo thường niên. Từ đó, tác giả đề xuất được một số khuyến nghị hữu ích cho các nhà quản lý doanh nghiệp, các nhà đầu tư và người sử dụng thông tin khác. Đây là nghiên cứu đầu tiên ở Việt Nam đề cập đến mối quan hệ này và đầu tiên ứng dụng xử lý ngôn ngữ tự nhiên kết hợp học sâu trong khoa học máy tính để đo lường giọng điệu cảm xúc trên báo cáo thường niên bằng tiếng Việt.
Impact of Collateral Circulation on Futile Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Anterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Jeon Yoo Sung , Kim Hyun Jeong , Roh Hong Gee , Lee Taek-Jun , Park Jeong Jin , Lee Sang Bong , Lee Hyung Jin , Kwak Jin Tae , Lee Ji Sung , Ki Hee Jong
Published: August 2023

Objective : Collateral circulation is associated with the differential treatment effect of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke. We aimed to verify the ability of the collateral map to predict futile EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke.Methods : This secondary analysis of a prospective observational study included data from participants underwent EVT for acute ischemic stroke due to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and/or the middle cerebral artery within 8 hours of symptom onset. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent predictors of futile recanalization (modified Rankin scale score at 90 days of 4–6 despite of successful reperfusion).Results : In a total of 214 participants, older age (odds ratio [OR], 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 3.67; p<0.001), higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.21; p=0.004), very poor collateral perfusion grade (OR, 35.09; 95% CI, 3.50 to 351.33; p=0.002), longer door-to-puncture time (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.14; p=0.009), and failed reperfusion (OR, 3.73; 95% CI, 1.30 to 10.76; p=0.015) were associated with unfavorable functional outcomes. In 184 participants who achieved successful reperfusion, older age (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.44 to 3.67; p<0.001), higher baseline NIHSS scores (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.22; p=0.006), very poor collateral perfusion grade (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.42 to 17.37; p=0.012), and longer door-to-reperfusion time (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.15; p=0.003) were associated with unfavorable functional outcomes.Conclusion : The assessment of collateral perfusion status using the collateral map can predict futile EVT, which may help select ineligible patients for EVT, thereby potentially reducing the rate of futile EVT.
The Effect of Therapeutic Communication on the Level of Self-Esteem in the Elderly: A Case Study of the Laut Dendang Village in the Percut Sei Tuan District
Authors: Pasaribu Masdalifah , Lubis Zulfahri , Siregar Muhammad Kevin Humala Sakti , Fitria Aida , Ma'ruf Amar
Published: August 2023

Therapeutic communication helps patients solve problems, reduce emotional and mental burdens, and take effective action, while self-esteem is an individual's evaluation of their ability, meaningfulness, success, and worth. This study examines how therapeutic communication affects elderly self-esteem in Laut Dendang Village in Percut Sei Tuan District. This study uses pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental design. This study has 62 participants. Purposive sampling yielded 17 respondents. The Paired T-test demonstrated that therapeutic dialogue affects senior self-esteem in Laut Dendang Village in Percut Sei Tuan District. The data analysis shows a mean value of and a p-value of 0.000. (2.100). Therapeutic dialogue raised self-esteem 2.1%. Therapeutic dialogue improves self-esteem in elderly Laut Dendang Village residents in Percut Sei Tuan District. This message substantially impacts weak and powerless self-confidence.
Association among Timing of First Visit, Antenatal Care Frequency, and Anaemia Gravidarum during the Peak Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hani Salsabilla Permata , Kuntari Titik
Published: August 2023

Anaemia gravidarum is a health problem that affects pregnancy outcomes. Antenatal care is an effort to screen high-risk pregnancies to provide earlier appropriate management. In 2021, the pandemic forced people to limit their activities, including antenatal care (ANC) visits. The study aimed to explain the association among the timing of the first visit, ANC frequency, and incidence of anaemia gravidarum. The case-control study used the medical record data from Puskesmas Godean 2. The subjects were 30 pregnant women with anaemia in the case group and 30 non-anaemic pregnant women in the control group. The dependent variable was the incidence of anaemia gravidarum. Other variables included age, occupation, and education of the mother, partner’s education, parity status, pregnancy spacing, nutritional status, and history of comorbidities. The chi-square and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. It was found that ANC frequency of less than four times and first visit (K1) after passing the first trimester of gestational age increased the risk of anaemia gravidarum (p-value <0.05).  Efforts to increase awareness of the importance of immediate first ANC visit and frequency of ANC visits need to be made to reduce the risk of anaemia gravidarum.
Tuberculosis Related Ischemic Stroke : A Case Report
Authors: Pinzon Rizaldy Taslim , Vidyatama Veren Amoreta
Published: August 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tubercle Bacilli. In 15-20 % cases of active pulmonary TB, infection spreads to extrapulmonary foci, including the nervous system complications. Ischemic stroke related tuberculosis without meningitis is rare. We report a 74-year-old female presented with rapid onset confusion, unconsciousness, and left hemiparesis. She had been recently diagnosed with active TB 3 months ago and treated with combination anti tuberculosis regiment. Her recent acute neurological manifestations began within 24 hours prior to admission in the hospital. The brain CT showed  middle cerebral artery territory infarction. The risk factors tracing found no significant abnormality. The only abnormal finding was high CRP. This report describes rare case of a patient with active TB and who presented with acute ischemic stroke.
The Role of Body Mass Index, Hemogblobin Levels in Women Giving Birth to Neonatal Weight
Authors: Tantowi Linda Yanuana Fanida , Wardani Dita Pratiwi Kusuma , Kurniawan  , Ambarwati Dewi
Published: August 2023

Maternal nutritional status is monitored with BMI and is also one of the factors that have an impact during pregnancy. Poor nutrition before and during pregnancy leads to decreasing hemoglobin levels and low birth weight infants. This study aims to determine the correlation between hemoglobin levels and BMI of mothers giving birth to the weight of newborns at the Puskesmas Kebumen II, Kebumen District. This research used a retrospective study with medical record data collected from January to April 2022. This research involved 50 patient mothers giving birth at Puskesmas Kebumen II, Kebumen District. The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient test. The results are BMI and newborn weight (p = 0.061, r = 0.367), hemoglobin levels, and newborn weight (p=0.852; r= -0.025). There was no correlation between BMI and hemoglobin levels to newborn weight at Puskemas Kebumen II, Kebumen District.
of Ethanol Extract of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) on the Lipid Profile and Malondialdehyde of Dyslipidemic Rats
Authors: Dewi Ratih Handayani  , Sari Sylvia Mustika Sari , Darojat Muhammad Danil Hadyan , Permatasari Elok Yana , Djamaludin Maman
Published: August 2023

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia conditions and malondialdehyde (MDAs) increased can cause oxidative stress. Cinnamon contains antioxidant compounds that have a hypolipidemic effect. This study aimed to determine the effect of cinnamon bark ethanol extract on triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and MDA in dyslipidemic rats. In this study, rats were divided into five groups, a negative control group: which received standard feed, a positive control group: which received a high-fat diet and PTU, the groups that received a high-fat diet, PTU, cinnamon bark ethanol extract (EECB) 125 mg/Kg BW, 250 mg/Kg BW, 500 mg/Kg BW. The results of the analysis showed a decrease in triglyceride levels in all groups given EECB (p <0.05). Total and LDL cholesterol levels decreased in the 125 mg/Kg BW EECB group, and malondialdehyde decreased in the 500 mg/Kg BW EECB group (p <0.05). HDL levels did not increase.  The ethanol extract of cinnamon bark was able to improve lipid profiles because it contains cinnamaldehyde and quercetin that can inhibit HMG CoA reductase activity, as well as flavonoids, tannins, and cinnamate which are able to reduce triglyceride and MDA levels.

Keywords: cinnamon, dyslipidemia, malondialdehyde, lipid profile.
Current Approach of Small Field Electron Beam for Head and Neck Cases
Authors: Ulya Syarifatul , Ryangga Dea , Wibowo Wahyu Edy , Nasution Nuruddin , Pawiro Supriyanto Ardjo
Published: August 2023

Regarding the increasing use of small-field photons in clinical treatment, in this study, we investigate the use of small-field electron beams in clinical treatment. This study aimed to evaluate small-field electron beam dosimetry of the nasopharyngeal, thyroid, and ethmoid sinus carcinoma cases. Dose measurement was done using EBT3 film. In nasopharyngeal cases with a homogenous area and irregular surface, the dose discrepancies for 6 MeV energy were unpredictable except for the 5×5 cm2 field size. For all energies in 5×5 cm2 field size, the dose discrepancies were less than 3%. In these cases, we found that a smaller electron beam field will increase the percentage of the dose discrepancy. This is caused by the effect of the lateral scatter disequilibrium in a small field electron beam. For ethmoid sinus cases, dose discrepancy depends on the field size and inhomogeneity of bone and tissue organ. Based on the evaluation of doses on the spinal cord, chiasm, and larynx (OAR), it can be seen that these organs received a very small dose. From this result, a small field electron beam is recommended for cases with a homogeneous target. However, in cases with a heterogenous target, further investigation is needed.