bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism design without quasilinearity
Authors: Kazumura Tomoya , Mishra Debasis , Serizawa Shigehiro
Published: April 2020

This paper studies a model of mechanism design with transfers where agents' preferences need not be quasilinear. In such a model, (i) we characterize dominant strategy incentive compatible mechanisms using a monotonicity property, (ii) we establish a revenueuniquenessresult (for every dominant strategy implementable allocation rule, there is a unique payment rule that can implement it), and (iii) we show that every dominant strategy incentive compatible, individually rational, and revenue‐maximizing mechanism must charge zero payment for theworstalternative (outside option). These results are applicable in a wide variety of problems (single object auction, multiple object auction, public good provision, etc.) under suitable richness of type space. In particular, our results are applicable to two important type spaces: (a) type space containing an arbitrarily small perturbation of quasilinear type space and (b) type space containing all positive income effect preferences.
Dynamic games with (almost) perfect information
Authors: He Wei , Sun Yeneng
Published: April 2020

This paper aims to solve two fundamental problems on finite‐ or infinite‐horizon dynamic games with complete information. Under some mild conditions, we prove the existence of subgame‐perfect equilibria and the upper hemicontinuity of equilibrium payoffs in general dynamic games with simultaneous moves (i.e., almost perfect information), which go beyond previous works in the sense that stagewise public randomization and the continuity requirement on the state variables are not needed. For alternating move (i.e., perfect‐information) dynamic games with uncertainty, we show the existence ofpure‐strategysubgame‐perfect equilibria as well as the upper hemicontinuity of equilibrium payoffs, extending the earlier results on perfect‐information deterministic dynamic games.
Bundlers' dilemmas in financial markets with sampling investors
Authors: Bianchi Milo , Jehiel Philippe
Published: April 2020

We study banks' incentive to pool assets of heterogeneous quality when investors evaluate pools by extrapolating from limited sampling. Pooling assets of heterogeneous quality induces dispersion in investors' valuations without affecting their average. Prices are determined by market clearing assuming that investors can neither borrow nor short‐sell. A monopolistic bank has the incentive to create heterogeneous bundles only when investors have enough money. When the number of banks is sufficiently large, oligopolistic banks choose extremely heterogeneous bundles, even when investors have little money and even if this turns out to be collectively detrimental to the banks. If, in addition, banks can originate low quality assets, even at a cost, this collective inefficiency is exacerbated and pure welfare losses arise. Robustness to the presence of rational investors and to the possibility of short‐selling is discussed.
EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL WEATHERING AND TEMPERATURE CYCLING ON THE ADHESION STRENGTH OF WATERBORNE ACRYLATE COATING SYSTEMS USED FOR WOODEN WINDOWS
Authors: Kristýna Šimůnková , Štěpán Hýsek , Eliška Oberhofnerová , Miloš Pánek , Hakan Fidan
Published: April 2020

The adhesion of coatings to wood is important for their long-term performance. In this study, the adhesion strength of water-based acrylate coatings used for wooden windows after exposure to artificial weathering (AW) and temperature cycling (TC) was investigated. The analysis of the adhesion quality of coatings was performed via a pull-off test and failure characteristics. The 3-layered and 4-layered white and brown acrylate dispersions from six different producers were compared and the effect of coating thickness on adhesion strength was investigated. The adhesion strength values proved to be very variable. After AW, the adhesion strength and its variability increased for all the samples. TC had no statistically significant effect on the adhesion strength values. White coating systems were initially characterized by lower adhesion strength, but after AW and TC, they reached higher adhesion strength values than brown ones. The overall highest adhesion after AW and TC was recorded for the coatings based on alkyd-acrylate hybrid basis (Producer 3), while the lowest adhesion variability after AW was measured for one type of tested acrylate coating (Producer 4). The effect of different layering on adhesion strength was not demonstrated in this study.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SHIPPING CONTAINER POTENTIALS FOR NET-ZERO RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Authors: Battaglia Laura , Lee Jeehwan
Published: April 2020

Recycled shipping containers have the potential to be successfully used as a net-zero ready home. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of a high-performance shipping container single-family housing project located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The project was awarded the Best Undergraduate Project in the Single-family division at the 2019 U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Decathlon Design Challenge.

The Hampton University Millennial Village Design Team designed a marketable net-zero ready container home for the ViBe Creative District in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Container Homes are not suitable for every homeowner, but they have a particular appeal to a generation of young and creative people across the country. For many municipalities in Virginia, where container housing is not readily accepted, the ViBe creative district has been having discussions with City code officials and local architects about the benefits. The Hampton University Millennial Village Design Team aimed to take advantage of the competition as an opportunity to explore a building construction method that is not widely seen in this part of the country. Testing design for net-zero readiness is a comprehensive way to understand how this type of construction performs from a building science standpoint. Collaboration with professional industry advisors helped the team to use research-based design methods to work on a unique project that the team believes will become a reality in the future.

For the performance assessment of a net-zero container house, several simulation tools were used to investigate the environmental impacts, daylight performance, envelope performance, Energy Use Intensity (EUI), Home Energy Rating System (HERS), and solar energy generation. As for energy standards and codes, the Virginia residential code (VRC) 2015, International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2015 and The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1-2013 for residential buildings were consulted to set each variable for the net-zero container house project. The Rem/Rate energy simulation software achieved the HERS index of 51 and 0 without and with the applications of roof photovoltaics, respectively.
FINDING EVIDENCE OF GREEN LEASING IN UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT-LEASED PROPERTIES
Authors: Yang Eunhwa , Guevara-Ramirez Juan Sebastian , Bisson Catherine
Published: April 2020

Although the term “green leasing” is not yet well defined, its primary purpose is clear. With an aim to create a collaborative environment through legal provisions between a building owner and a tenant, green leasing may ultimately help resolve the energy paradox in tenanted properties. Issues surrounding split-incentives are driven by a mismatch between owners' capital expenditures on improving building energy efficiency and an uncertainty of tenant or occupant behavior that might affect a building's energy consumption. Though some countries have started to develop guidelines promoting the adoption of green leasing, especially in government buildings and commercial real estate, implementation has not been overly successful globally. This study has two focuses, the first of which is to compare green leasing guidelines from various countries and to suggest six comprehensive categories of green leasing components: management relationships, information sharing, certificates, legal stipulations, financial factors, and operation. The second core area of research places government-tenanted properties' lease agreement contracts. The goal is to find any evidence in a legal condition between a building owner and a tenant, in this case federal government, to improve building energy efficiency with less environmental impact in the United States. The findings of the study indicated 41 out of 400 leases had green clauses. Three out of six categories proposed in this study were found in the U.S. government-tenanted properties, while the other three types were not shown. The findings of this study also suggest categories of green leasing clauses can contribute to defining green leasing and provide empirical evidence of green leasing in governmenttenanted properties. Ultimately, this study produces arguments for possible reasoning behind the employment of some green lease categories but the lack of use of others, specifically in the U.S. office market and government-tenanted buildings.
The Kyrenia II, the trireme Olympias, the papyrella : three different endeavours in nautical experimental archaeology
Authors: Tzalas Harry
Published: April 2020

This article is a brief description of why, how and to what extent the author was involved in three different Greek projects of experimental nautical archaeology in the 1980s : the Kyrenia II, an ancient Greek coaster, the trireme Olympias, an ancient Athenian warship, and the papyrella, a prehistoric papyrus raft.
Les différents ports du delta du Rhône au Haut Empire : modèle économique autour de la circulation et la diffusion des produits
Authors: Djaoui David
Published: April 2020

Les recherches menées par le DRASSM au large des Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer ont révélé une concentration exceptionnelle d’épaves située face à un ancien bras du Rhône, plus connu sous le vocable médiéval de Rhône Saint-Ferréol. Située face à cette embouchure, la mise en évidence d’une zone de mouillage associée à des structures portuaires permettait de défendre l’idée que le « complexe » des Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer constituait le seul véritable avant-port d’Arles. Avec la présence d’au moins trente épaves chargées de matières premières, j’ai développé l’hypothèse que le Rhône Saint-Ferréol était dévolu aux matières premières et que les navires chargés d’amphores, situés loin de la côte, devaient croiser au large pour éviter la Camargue. Cette réflexion a conduit à envisager que les autres bras du Rhône, que ce soit celui de Daladel et/ou celui d’Ulmet, devaient être non seulement navigables mais également réservés aux amphores.Cet article présente une première synthèse pour tenter de définir les différents ports potentiels qui pourraient assurer une circulation spécialisée des marchandises. L’intégration de l’ensemble de ces critères permettra de proposer un modèle économique à l’échelle du delta du Rhône selon lequel aussi bien Arles, les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, le golfe de Fos, l’anse Saint-Gervais que les autres embouchures du Rhône ne constitueraient non plus des « avant-ports » mais de véritables ports.
Les représentations de la navigation et du commerce dans les collections lapidaires de Narbonne
Authors: Lassalle Ambroise , Jézégou Marie-Pierre
Published: April 2020

Parmi les collections lapidaires de Narbonne un nombre important de bas-reliefs figurés d’époque romaine, certains portant des inscriptions, est recensé. Provenant de monuments funéraires parfois imposants, ces blocs ont été remployés dans les murailles de la cité depuis la fin de l’Antiquité. Cet article rassemble les représentations figurées qui se rattachent au commerce et au transport maritime, tout en permettant d’évaluer la place de ces activités au sein de la cité antique de Narbo Martius.
Odam – the quintessential sewn boat of India
Authors: Varadarajan Lotika
Published: April 2020

The article opens with a preliminary introduction to the trade routes that existed in antiquity and the role of Indian trade as regards these routes. India could have played a passive role and allowed foreign merchants to handle her commerce. This did not happen as the sub-continent had the wherewithal to play an effective role. This article will concentrate on the ships that handled this trade. Mariners are more open to innovation than settled communities and there was a corpus of Indian Ocean maritime tradition built on mutual adaptation and absorption in which the Arabs and Chinese played a role. India’s achievements in astronomy and mathematics were reflected in some of the maritime devices that made seafaring a pragmatic enterprise with unacknowledged theoretical underpinnings. This is mirrored in the Lakshadweep odam, which undertook seafaring voyages until the 1970s. The odam was a sewn boat and its features will be delineated against a backdrop of the community that brought it into being.
Face au cyclone Irma ! Le rôle des populations dans la gestion de la crise à Saint-Martin (Petites Antilles, îles du Nord)
Authors: Defossez Stéphanie , Gherardi Monique
Published: April 2020

L’intense saison cyclonique 2017 dans l’Atlantique Nord a rappelé l’exposition de l’arc Antillais à ces phénomènes parfois dévastateurs, illustré par le cyclone Irma qui a provoqué de lourdes pertes sur les îles françaises de Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy. La phase post événement donne parfois lieu à un retour d’expérience (RETEX), lequel rend compte des étapes et processus de gestion de l’événement. Le RETEX est largement mené auprès des institutions mais laisse peu la parole aux populations. Cette étude relève d’un RETEX scientifique dans lequel la dimension individuelle de la gestion de crise souhaite être mise en avant, en interrogeant dans quelle mesure les individus participent-ils (ou non) à la gestion de crise (directement et indirectement) et comment ? À partir d’entretiens menés à Saint-Martin auprès des populations sinistrées, l’analyse des comportements et de l’implication des populations face au cyclone Irma a montré une bonne connaissance des phénomènes cycloniques et des consignes associées, ainsi qu’une préparation à traverser l’événement. Toutefois, Irma a dépassé l’aléa de référence (Luis, 1995) pour lequel les populations s’étaient préparées. Les dommages ont révélé et/ou exacerbé des vulnérabilités existantes lesquelles questionnent les processus de reconstruction.
Digital Transformation Process and the Capability and Capacity Implications for Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Anim-Yeboah Samuel , Boateng Richard , Odoom Raphael , Kolog Emmanuel Awuni
Published: April 2020

This study investigates the concept of the digital transformation process and related capability implications for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted, involving eight SMEs on an e-commerce platform in Ghana. The findings show that digital transformation among SMEs follows a four-stage process of digital technology initiation, changes to functions and processes, management of the resulting skills gap, and a strategic shift, which is also driven by managerial cognition, social capital development, human capital development, and organizational capacity building. These findings resulted in an inductively-derived process framework for the digital transformation of SMEs that expands the knowledge and understanding of digital transformation for SMEs. The study also provides users of digital platforms with dynamic managerial capability strategies for achieving digital transformation and effective e-commerce platform utilization in developing economies, which are essential for research, practice, and policy.
Entrepreneurship Education, Business Plan, and the Pyramid Principle
Authors: Marques João Paulo Coelho
Published: April 2020

This article focuses on the teaching of a business plan as a tool for entrepreneurship education through the structure of the pyramid principle, seeking to find out how this framework was used to teach the preparation and communication of the business plan. The case study involved 332 students grouped into 104 projects, developed as a part of the degree in management at the Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra for ten years. The study is qualitative and quantitative and shows that 97.1% of the projects were based on customer needs. The method of teaching students was to guide them to effectuation, implying the application of the contingency model to teach the business plan. However, only 28.4% of the students in the sample indicated an increase in awareness for entrepreneurship and 20.9% stated that learning how to prepare the plan would be useful in the future.
Leveraging Social Media in Facilitating Women Entrepreneurs in India
Authors: Bedarkar Madhura Manish , Mishra Mahima , Khatwani Ritesh Ashok
Published: April 2020

This article explores the role of social media in facilitating women entrepreneurs in India. It adopts a case study approach to explore the effectiveness of social media platforms in supporting women entrepreneurs. PULA (Pune Ladies), a closed Facebook Group, set up in 2015 for women in Pune, was selected as a case study. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted among 15 active women entrepreneurs of this group to explore the benefits received in terms of visibility, marketing opportunities, revenue generation, psychological benefits (sense of belongingness, self-confidence, motivation), and counselling to name a few. Their responses were analyzed for commonalities and divergences. The article finds that PULA not only offers a cost-effective platform for women entrepreneurs to showcase their products/services but also helps them in enhancing the visibility and financial performance of their businesses. The findings of this study will guide women entrepreneurs in leveraging social media platforms through greater visibility, networking and marketing their products/ services more efficiently.
Numerical Modelling of Pipeline Lateral Resistance in Rock Berms
Authors: Thusyanthan Indrasenan , Macaro Giulia , Mesmar Sultan , Guinard Mathieu
Published: April 2020

Rock berms are used for many different offshore pipeline applications such as protection from anchors and trawlers, mitigation against pipeline global buckling and improvement of pipelines on-bottom stability. Understanding the lateral resistance provided by rock berms to pipelines is essential for all the above applications. This paper presents insights into lateral resistance of rock berms restraining pipelines by finite element analyses. Pipelines of various diameters (0.2 m-1.5 m) within typical rock berm geometries were modelled in PLAXIS 2D to evaluate the peak lateral resistance provided by the rock berm to the pipe. The finite element model was validated against available full-scale test data. The results of the numerical analyses demonstrate that the peak lateral resistance of a pipeline in rock berm depends mainly on the unit weight and the frictional properties of the rock, while the mobilization to reach the peak resistance is dependent on the rock berm stiffness. Based on the results from this study, a simplified design chart is presented which provides the lower bound peak lateral resistance for a given pipe diameter under typical rock berm with cover to top of pipe in the range of 0.3 m to 1 m. This design chart could be used by engineers undertaking preliminary design assessment of pipelines in rock berms.
Reliability of Very Large Crude Carrier and Single Anchor Leg Mooring Buoy Mooring System During Squall Event
Authors: Khodr Rabih Ali , Shiban Riyadh Saad , Nawaz Bassim Abdulhadi , Mistry Saleem Parvez
Published: April 2020

Mooring systems are integral and sophisticated components of offshore terminals, which are vital elements of the hydrocarbon supply chain. The significant risks to asset integrity and personnel safety associated with compromised mooring systems makes it of paramount importance to evaluate their reliability in multiple scenarios. Because much larger hawser forces occur during sudden changes of wind direction than during steady-state storm conditions, fully-coupled hydrodynamic analyses and simulations were conducted for a 420,000 DWT tanker connected to a single anchor leg mooring (SALM) buoy when subjected to a sudden squall event. The global performance of the SALM and tanker coupled model was evaluated based on consistent analysis of extremes while solving the equations of motion for a system of rigid bodies, each oscillating in six-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) in time domain. The dynamic model conveniently and consistently calculated and documented vessel responses for motion and mooring tension under the environmental conditions specified in each loadcase. A range of wind, wave, and current headings were analyzed to capture the most onerous design conditions for the tanker; and the maximum vessel motions, and mooring line tensions were determined. The analyses were carried out for the vessel in its loaded and ballasted conditions, as well as for two water depths.

Results showed that in winds over 50 knots, weathervaning of the tanker to the position of least resistance produced mooring and motion responses exceeding the safe working envelope, while break-out due to tautening of the bow's mooring hawsers occurred in winds over 77 knots. Significant buoy overtopping was also observed during the 3-hour time domain simulations. Mitigations to avoid break-outs and maintain a safe-working environment included a constant stern thrust of 50 tonnes throughout the loading/offloading operations, resulting in a 30% reduction of the total bow mooring force.
Arctic Subsea Flowline Repair – An Innovative Success
Authors: DeGeer Duane , Paulin Mike , Cowin Todd , Caines Jonathan , Budde Michael , Ullal Varun
Published: April 2020

The Eni Nikaitchuq field development on the North Slope of Alaska consists of the Spy Island Drillsite (SID) artificial island, tied back to shore at the Oliktok Point Pad (OPP) production facility via a 3.6-mile-long buried offshore flowline bundle which contains a 14x18-in pipe-in-pipe (PIP) production flowline. In late 2017, the presence of internal corrosion was detected in the 14-in production flowline, and a repair of the line was performed. This paper presents the work performed to complete the repair, and the engineering and construction challenges overcome by the project team to ensure a timely and reliable repair was executed.

The engineering work was initiated in early 2018 and included initial integrity checks of the 14-in flowline, followed by an evaluation of feasible repair options, and the selection of the preferred repair option, which was to install a 10-in steel linepipe inside of the original 14-in flowline to create a pipe-in-pipe-in-pipe (PIPIP).

The selected repair methodology allowed the total repair project to be undertaken in six months, from the time of repair concept definition to restart of production. Actual production downtime was limited to only seven weeks, with the insertion of the 10-in repair pipe itself taking only ten days. Production has been successfully ongoing since completion of the repair and resumption of operations at Nikaitchuq.

It is believed that this is the first time such a repair has been successfully undertaken, where a steel flowline several miles long has been installed inside of an existing flowline and serves as a good example of how innovative engineering and construction methodologies can be reliably implemented in the Arctic.
Hydrate Blockage Assessment in a Pilot-Scale Subsea Jumper
Authors: Kumar Asheesh , Di Lorenzo Mauricio , Kozielski Karen , Glénat Philippe , F. May Eric , M. Aman Zachary
Published: April 2020

In subsea production operations, wellhead jumpers are one of the subsea facilities more liable to the formation of hydrate blockages during restart operations. To manage hydrate formation and optimize the amount of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (e.g. mono-ethylene glycol; MEG) injected, a newly-constructed jumper-like facility (the HyJump flowloop) has been developed in Perth, to simulate shut-down and restart operations over a range of superficial gas velocities.

The test section of the flowloop has a unique geometry to mimic subsea jumpers, with three low points and two high points standing 13′ 2″ tall. The test section is fitted with twelve pressure and temperature sensors spread regularly, a MEG sensor, a valve to simulate the wellhead choke, and a viewing window. In each test, the jumper low points were loaded with aqueous solutions of MEG (0 to 30 wt%) and pressurized with domestic Perth natural gas at a pressure of 1200 psig and pipeline temperature ranging from 41°F to 25.8°F (+5 to -4°C).

The extent of hydrate restrictions or blockages was evaluated through the dynamic pressure drop behavior observed throughout the flowloop. A closer assessment of the pressure drop trace during gas restart suggests that the severity of the hydrate restriction decreases as the MEG content is increased above 10 wt%. Further, our preliminary experimental results illustrate that severe hydrate deposition in the jumper could be completely avoided by injecting MEG at concentrations above 20 wt%. This corresponds to an approximately 50% reduction in MEG content, where ≈38 wt% MEG dosage was required for complete thermodynamic hydrate inhibition at the pressure and temperature conditions used in this trial.

Our unique flowloop facility offers new insight toward hydrate formation in complex subsea jumper-like geometries. Our findings may assist operators in controlling the extent of hydrate formation and deposition in jumper geometries, by optimizing the MEG injection and subsequently supporting lower-CAPEX tieback development concepts.
Innovative Control of the Placement of Concrete Armour Units
Authors: Nicolas Thebaud , Yoann Bugnet , Thierry Mouquet
Published: April 2020

The control of monolayer concrete armour units on coastal protection breakwaters can be time and cost consuming, especially underwater.

Such controls occur frequently on construction projects which last for several years, or during the operation and maintenance of such structures. On top of that, the complexity of this type of projects - usually coastal constructions such a dike easily exceeds 6000 units/km - requires precision and productivity for the control inspections.

As a result, specific control solutions have been developed on the NRL project to inspect the breakwater during its construction.
Improving Mooring Reliability Through Risk Based Monitoring and Inspection
Authors: Wang Suqin Sue
Published: April 2020

Over the last decades, a number of mooring incidents have been reported in the public domain by conference papers and safety alerts. Mooring chain corrosion and fatigue have been reported as dominant incident triggers for these mooring incidents. Corrosion development is closely related to the locations of the mooring site. Fatigue is related toenvironmental conditions as well as mooring configuration for the mooring line load.

This paper provides a review of the environmental conditions and water quality at offshore mooring sites. Important factors affecting mooring line load and load bearing capacity (mooring line degradation) are investigated. The ship-shaped FPSOs,as a dominant type of floating installationsand with more than two hundred of them currently in service,are the focus of this paper. The performance and uncertainties associated with the mooring system of the ship-shaped FPSO are evaluated.The paper provides recent industry advances onmooring performance simulations, monitoring and mooring incident identification techniques. It is recommended that risk-basedmonitoring and inspectionof mooring system can play an important role in improving mooring reliability and operational efficiency. The key elements includeidentifying critical directions of environmental loads, most loaded mooring lines, and the segments of the mooring line thatsubject to heavy corrosions. Systematical data collection, data sorting,data sharing and optimization of algorithm for anomalyidentification play important roles in effective monitoring.
Standardization of Additive Manufacturing for Oil and Gas Applications
Authors: Vendra Lakshmi , Malkawi Ameen , Avagliano Aaron
Published: April 2020

As Additive Manufacturing (AM) progresses forward to industrial production, there is a predominant need for standardization to ensure consistency and reliability. Development of industry accepted standards and guidelines is necessary for qualification and certification of AM parts across several industries. AM affords several advantages when compared to conventional manufacturing, including weight reduction, part consolidation, design freedom and inventory reduction, and has demonstrated its potential in industries such as aerospace. Since it is a relatively new manufacturing technology, there is a lack of testing and inspection procedures specific to AM, which hinders the development of standards. Existing testing procedures were developed for traditionally manufactured parts that are not directly applicable to AM processes. A number of Standards Development Organizations are working towards developing guidelines and standards for various processes in the AM value chain. An overview of the current status of Standard Development Organization's activities in the field of AM will be presented, focusing on gaps and industry specific requirements. Specifically for applications in oil and gas, pertinent standards need to be developed to enhance operational and environmental safety, efficiency and sustainability.
The Digital Twin in a Brownfield Environment: How to Manage Dark Data
Authors: Pawlewitz Jan , Mankel Alexander , Jacquin Steven , Basile Natalia
Published: April 2020

This paper addresses the challenges of creating a reliable and accurate as-operated digital twin for a brownfield process plant. Besides massive amounts of information spread over silos, there is so-called "dark data", which is a type of unstructured/untagged data in different formats: 1D (datasheets, lists, records), 2D (drawings, logical connectivity), 3D (physical layout, sizes). This paper describes an approach/solution that makes it possible to validate, connect and make use of this data.

The solution described in this paper was developed collaboratively between Siemens and Bentley Systems. Using a combination of tools and experience from both companies, it is now possible to leverage traditionally inaccessible data to create a single digital twin. The paper will not focus on the solution itself, but rather the process and steps that operators can employ to aggregate, contextualize, validate, and visualize their data so that it can be used to make quicker/more informed decisions.

The solution is an open, cloud-based platform that federates data sources, provides functionalities in the form of microservices, and facilitates the management of the digital twin of the asset, throughout its entire lifecycle. The solution was built as a set of microservices including collaborative process engineering and functional asset information management (i.e., 1D information such as specifications and data sheets and 2D schematics), and 3D design and physical asset modeling. It also contains information management from asset and project management perspectives, including maintenance history, reliability data, and failure mode analyses as well as analytics services and the capability to trace back versions. Many functionalities draw on software that has been used extensively across process industry for many years.

The user is able to use pre-existing 3D plant models or projects authored in most available 3D design tools and mix and match those with models based on photogrammetry or 3D point clouds to create a "reality mesh." The portal accommodates the need for an up-to-date version of accurate asset data, which is critical to making the correct maintenance-related and operational decisions quickly as well as the requirement for historical snapshots (essential to engineering purposes and project progress reviews).

This approach is key in that it enables O&G operators to solve the challenge of creating a digital twin without disruption to the existing physical or virtual environment. Combining 1D, 2D, and 3D in a single environment provides functional context to physical representations and vice versa. The more "dark data" that can be made visible, tagged, validated, and linked to other information, the more valuable and context-rich information will become.
Sensor Ball: An Autonomous Untethered Logging Platform
Authors: Buzi Erjola , Seren Huseyin Rahmi , Deffenbaugh Max , Turner Robert , Ssafwany Ali
Published: April 2020

Downhole conditions of oil and gas reservoirs change with time. Monitoring this change is critical to enhance hydrocarbon recovery from the reservoir. Conventionally, downhole measurements of physical and chemical properties of downhole formation fluids are taken using wireline logging or using permanent downhole sensors. Wireline logging is a complex operation that requires several miles of wireline cable, a winch, a crane and a specialized crew that knows how to operate this equipment [1]. In addition, a blowout preventer, a lubricator and a specialized crew to install and operate are needed. The complexity and cost of wireline operations makes it difficult to acquire reservoir data frequently. The other alternative for gathering downhole data more frequently is installing permanent sensors or optical fibers in the well [2-3]. However, due to the harsh downhole conditions, these sensors need to be extremely reliable and continuously maintained. Moreover, surface data acquisition systems for these sensors increase their cost significantly and reduces their applicability to every well. Both methods have their own limitations and there is a need for more practical and less expensive oil field instruments for well logging. Engineering small, inexpensive and robust logging instruments has its own challenges.

Solving these challenges has been the main focus area of Sensors Development Team at Aramco Research Center in Houston. This paper describes one of the concept ideas that was successfully engineered and tested in our facility and successfully deployed and retrieved in the field in Saudi Arabia in collaboration with our EXPEC ARC and Northern Area Production Engineering and Well Services Divisions in Saudi Arabia.
Benefits of Removing Subsea Control Boundaries
Authors: Kristiansen Karstein Berge , Mæland Sigbjørn
Published: April 2020

This paper focuses on the benefits of removing existing control boundaries between subsea system components/parts and the automation setup located topsides on the platform (or onshore). The paper describes the communication architecture of existing subsea control systems used today and proposes a new architecture with boundaries removed. This new setup would utilize the same physical (i.e. fiber-optic) communication channels as present systems.

For illustrative purposes, a use case for the proposed system will be presented on an anti-surge setup for a subsea pump/compressor. Existing subsea control systems today are intended for and used to control hydraulic valves in subsea production setups. The design and behavior of these systems make them not optimal for anti-surge control (among other applications). Interfaces and communication protocols used in the proposed use case are based on open industry standards, resulting in a vendor-agnostic system with no proprietary or company-specific solutions, and no boundary between the subsea and topside/onshore located parts.

Potential benefits of the proposed system would include reduced latency, along with the combining of several measured values for increased accuracy over a larger scale, illustrated with an anti-surge example. This could enable operators to realize cost savings through optimization and increased production over the life of the installation. As the paper will describe, the system also has the potential to reduce both CAPEX and OPEX.
Execution of a Megaproject: Delivering the Johan Sverdrup Development Ahead of Schedule and Under Budget
Authors: Thorsen Terje , Bokn Trond , Meling Trond Stokka , Bjarke Therese , Veire Gunnar , Vølstad Janne , Hanssen Ståle
Published: April 2020

The first phase of the giant Johan Sverdrup project started-up in October 2019, several months ahead of schedule, more than 30% under budget and with a very good safety record. This paper focuses on the execution of phase 1 of this mega-project – from the concept selection and engineering phase, to the global contracting strategy, through the construction across up to 30 building sites globally and until the end of the completions phase offshore Norway – attempting to explain what went well and why, and highlighting potential lessons of relevance to other offshore mega projects on the NCS and globally.

Among other things, the paper looks at the impact of different variables in explaining the improvements made during the execution of the project – market effects, procurement strategies, scope optimization and execution performance. The paper then shows that while market effects played an important role – in part reflecting a project being sanctioned at the beginning of the recent oil and gas downturn – the true driver of the success of the project is found elsewhere.

As phase II of the Johan Sverdrup development is already underway, the paper also looks at efforts made to sustain these drivers of success into the second phase of the project. The paper also describes which parts of the improvement journey that may not be necessarily replicable in the next stage of the megaproject.
Strategies to Advance Offshore EOR Developments
Authors: Poulsen Anette , Jackson Adam C , Dwarakanath Varadarajan , Thach Sophany
Published: April 2020

When setting out to deploy chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) solutions in challenging offshore environments, it is important to recognize that unknown uncertainties may exist. These, when identified and characterized through adequate surveillance, can provide valuable learnings. Deployment strategies and chemical solutions therefore need to be flexible and robust under a range of scenarios, some of which will only become apparent once encountered. Many EOR papers have been published on the screening and selection of chemicals for pilots. The work discussed herein applies these solutions to field testing with described strategies. We have developed a process for setting pilot strategies to build on experience and advance chemical deployment for EOR processes (polymer and surfactants). We share lessons learned from some of our offshore tests and present a deployment plan for scale up. The field data collected ranges from short term injectivity tests (spanning days) to large scale multi-well operations (spanning years) that ultimately expand to full field chemical flooding.
Coupled Testing of Floating Wind Turbines in Waves and Wind Using Winches and Software-in-the-Loop
Authors: Antonutti Raffaello , Poirier Jean-Charles , Gueydon Sébastien
Published: April 2020

In 2017 the authors conducted an experimental hydro-aero-dynamic (station-keeping) campaign in MARIN's Offshore Basin aimed at validating its floating offshore wind turbine simulation tools. Since wind turbine dynamics cannot be readily downscaled in presence of Froude-scaled hydrodynamics, a bespoke coupling approach was developed. This was based on real-time load actuation using a winch system jointly with simulation software running on a data feed from the basin acquisition system. The result was a software-in-the-loop experimental setup allowing to introduce controlled aerodynamic loading in the tests based on both the model's live response and simulated turbine physics. The software involved in this campaign, specifically developed for this task, is a customised version of NREL FAST, a standard open-source wind turbine simulator. Software-in-the-loop strategy emerges as a viable option to introduce multi-physical coupling in floating wind turbine tests in a controlled way.
Probabilistic Seismic Inversion for Shallow Site Characterization on the Hydrate Ridge Area
Authors: Son Jungrak , Esmailzadeh Saba , Jun Inok
Published: April 2020

Geophysical seismic surveys have been applied to marine geo-site characterization to create images of the complex geological conditions under the seafloor. Accurate knowledge of the ground conditions is critical for geo-risk assessment purposes such as mapping shallow gas hydrate deposits, over-pressured zones, or geological anomalies. Traditional seismic reflection profiling is a relatively fast and flexible method of processing seismic data to recover information on the spatial variation in facies boundaries and subsurface structure. However, the method usually does not provide quantitative information on the composition of the sediments and their physical properties. Seismic inversion is a method to convert the wave signals from time-to space-domain and derive specific material properties by using iterative numerical modeling. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic seismic inversion scheme to recover the vertical profiles of the shallow soil bulk density from marine seismic survey data. This acoustic impedance inversion is based on the geophysical seismic convolution method and the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rj-MCMC) method. The rj-MCMC is a recently developed stochastic sampling technique that allows the modeling to free the number of layers under the seafloor. Hence the number of soil units is estimated from the data in an objective manner. We applied this new approach to a single trace of post-stack seismic data, collected from the Hydrate Ridge area on the west coast of Oregon. Since the purpose of this shallow seismic inversion is to support the design of the offshore foundation, we focused on the relatively short length of seismic signals near the seafloor. The inverted results of the bulk densities along the depth compare well with the field measurements performed at the nearby drilled borehole. This study introduces an advantage of the probabilistic seismic inversion approach to support shallow marine site characterization from low-frequency data, and we discuss the benefits of this new approach on geotechnical site characterization.
Developing an Offshore Greenfield by Exploration and Development Integration-A Case Study of LD Oilfield
Authors: Ma Kuiqian
Published: April 2020

Many onshore oilfield development practices have proved that the integration of exploration and development is an effective way to avoid risks and improve benefits which is marked by phased development. However, the development of offshore oil and gas fields must rely on offshore production facilities such as floating production storage offloading (FPSO) units as well as production platforms. Once the offshore oil production platform is in place, future exploration, development and production operations must be carried out within a certain range of platform. The biggest challenge for offshore oilfield phased exploration and development is that the platform is far from potential oil and gas resources. Any drilling, evaluation, and development activities within the coverage of the platform are subject to the platform's design throughput, external transport capacity, number of well slots, etc.
The Successful Completion of a Lower Tertiary Well with Depleted Zones Utilizing Single Trip Multi-Zone Technology
Authors: Techentien Bruce W. , Le Boeuf Chad P. , Knighten Jasper M. , Navaira Gilbert , Lanceslin Donald R.
Published: April 2020

The Lower Tertiary play in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) was identified and completion approaches were developed in the early 2000s to address the complexities of the formation. The use of single-trip multi-zone completion technology was identified as a cost-effective solution to the stacked pay and has been applied by many operators in the GoM (Clarkson et al. 2008, Burger et al. 2010, Grigsby et al. 2016). As these fields have matured, some operators have experienced formation pressure depletion in some of the pay intervals within the proposed completion, challenging this common completion method.

The nature of a single-trip multi-zone completion dictates 1) all of the zones to be completed are perforated at the same time, and 2) the pressure gradients of these zones are similar enough that the well can be controlled by the well fluids. Early in the planning of this project, several of the zones within the pay interval of the target well were identified as depleted, which could result in fluid-loss-related control issues.

This paper will present a revised completion methodology to address the depletion problem. It will focus on the planning process, execution, and results of this type completion. It will review the identification of the problem, the different options identified to solve the problem, the planning that went into the preparation for the completion, the challenges that were seen during the completion process, and the results of the completion.

It is believed that although the challenge of depletion within the Lower Tertiary is new to this development, this situation will become more common as the Lower Tertiary fields are produced. It is the hope that this paper will assist the industry in dealing with this challenge.
Managing Your Digital Transformation
Authors: Rahimian Omeid
Published: April 2020

An enterprise's digital transformation is more than just curating a modern website and cultivating an online presence; a successful digital transformation increases the value of the company, provides employees with direction and motivation, and makes acquiring new customers easier. While the value of such an undertaking is obvious, the methods for creating and sustaining a digital transformation may be less well known.

There are two components to an enterprise's successful digital transformation: correct project selection and proper implementation. Project selection addresses the issue of "analysis paralysis" (too many options and not enough resources) and project implementation highlights the framework used by Project Management Professionals (PMPs). To select projects that will yield meaningful results, two criteria must be understood: the needs of the company's employees (what does the employee need; what do they see as the company's greatest weaknesses or areas for improvement?), and the company's needs based on its strategic objectives. Project implementation, as described by the PMP framework, is part of the Project Management Institute's (PMI) Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). This framework includes 49 processes, which begins with initiating the project and identifying stakeholders and ends with a formal acceptance of the deliverables and project sign off. While the PMP framework is not new, the methods laid out here are more commonly seen within the manufacturing and construction disciplines (PMI, 2017). This paper will demonstrate the value of applying the structured PMP approach to digital transformation projects in the marketing discipline.

Furthermore, such digital transformations not only depend on proper project selection and implementation, but on creating a digital presence both internally (for employees) and externally (for the public). Successfully transforming a company's internal and external digital presence will require a tailored approach specific to the enterprise, which is why using project selection methods and proper input criteria is of paramount importance.

This paper provides functional managers, project managers, and project coordinators with the tools and methods necessary to implement standard project management practices in order to enable and sustain a company's digital transformation.