bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION AND EXTRACTION PROCESS OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES FROM FOXGLOVE PLANTS
Authors: Febrianti Susi , Farhan Fathi , Juarfianti Juarfianti , Salfa Sabrina Audry , Elviona Rema , Kusuma Ika Meruya
Published: August 2024

Foxglove (Digitalis spp.) is a plant known for its cardiac glycoside content, which has been used in medicine for centuries. Cardiac glycosides, such as digoxin and digitoxin, are the main components that have a therapeutic effect on the cardiovascular system. This research examines the cardiac glycoside content of various Digitalis species, with a focus on extraction methods, isolation and characteristics of these compounds. Methods used include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The analysis results showed that Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata were the main sources of cardiac glycosides. Digoxin and digitoxin were isolated and identified as the main active components. Pharmacological studies show that this compound interacts with the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which increases cardiac contractility and is used in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias. Cardiac glycosides from the foxglove plant play an important role in cardiovascular therapy. Further research is needed to develop more efficient extraction methods and understand the deeper mechanisms of action, as well as potential side effects associated with long-term use.
PROTECTING GROUPS FOR ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Authors: Saleh Asmaa Najeeb Ahmad , Noori Khadija Nasser Mohammed , Sulamin Saja Huusin Ali , Hasan Ghufran Kadhum Abed , Mohammad Qahtan Adnan Jassim
Published: August 2024

A protecting group (English protecting group - therefore often referred to as common abbreviation in formula schemes PG) is in chemistry a substituent which, during a more complicated, multi-step chemical synthesis in a molecule is introduced to a specific functional group to protect temporarily and so an undesirable reaction to prevent this group. After the desired reaction has been carried out elsewhere on the molecule, the protective group is split off again. For many functional groups several possible protective groups are known which differ in their stability and the conditions for their cleavage. In the synthesis of special classes of compounds with repeating functional groups - usually biomolecules such as peptides, oligosaccharides or nucleotides - standard sets of protective groups have become established. Protecting groups have become an important tool in the synthesis of complex compounds today. The requirements for a protection group are quite high. This includes that it can be introduced specifically to a functional group with very good vield and that it must also be able to be split off yield and that it must also be able to be split off again under mild conditions. It should be possible to standardize the reaction conditions for both steps. In addition, the protective group must be stable under as many reaction conditions as possible. If possible, the resulting reaction products should be easily separable, and optimally the protective group reagent is also inexpensive. The broader the experience with a protective group, the better the predictability of the reactivity of the protective group.
ANTIBIOFILM SILVER NANOPARTICLES PRODUC BY ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Abdulrazz Mohammed aqeel , Abas Ismaal Jmia
Published: August 2024

coli bacteria were obtained from the soil near the Euphrates River in the northern region of Basra City and cultured on nutrient agar media. The bacterial isolate was subjected to purification and thereafter seen under a microscope. The study revealed that E. coli bacteria has the capacity to synthesize silver nanoparticles when combined with a 1 mM AgNO3 solution. The synthesis of AgNPs was deduced by examining the change in color of the reaction mixture. The UV-vis spectroscopy results indicated that the silver nanoparticles exhibited absorbance at a specific wavelength of 428 nm. Additionally, the FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of active groups in the silver particles, which played a role in maintaining their stability. The SEM and TEM studies revealed that the AgNPs exhibited a spherical morphology, with diameters ranging from 47.66 to 11.68 nm. A cubic crystal structure of silver was confirmed using an X-ray diffraction examination, while an EDX test indicated that the final product was silver (Ag). The antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against bacteria isolated from diseased patients was evaluated using the Well diffusion agar technique. It was shown that nano-silver effectively inhibited the development of the bacteria.The study utilized 96 well Microtiter plates to assess the inhibitory effect of AgNPs on biofilm development in harmful bacteria.
Research Progress in Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Kui Chengyu
Published: August 2024

The article reviews the research advances on halogen-free flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam (HFR-RPUF), mainly covering three categories of flame retardants: additive, reactive and coating. The additive category includes different types such as organic, inorganic, bio-based, microencapsulated, expandable graphite. The reactive category introduces some flame retardants that can react with isocyanate or hydroxyl groups. The coating category presents examples of some organic, inorganic and carbon nanomaterial flame retardants. The article analyzes the effects and factors of various flame retardants, and contrasts their strengths and weaknesses. Lastly, the article summarizes the characteristics and development directions of HFR-RPUF, and offers future perspectives and recommendations. The review aims to provide references for researchers in the field of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam.
Optimization Design of Automatic Tea Ceremony Teacup Equipment Based on TRIZ Principle
Authors: Wang Huayin , Sun Wei , Chen Dian , Xu Xinyu , Cheng Mohan , Gao Yiwen
Published: August 2024

With the development of science and technology and the accelerated pace of society, people are increasingly pursuing a convenient way of life. The art of making tea in traditional Chinese tea culture, although rich in deep cultural heritage, is difficult to adapt its cumbersome steps to the modern fast-paced life. In order to solve this contradiction, this paper applies TRIZ theory to optimize the design of fully automatic tea cup equipment, aiming to realize the automation of the tea brewing process, while retaining the cultural essence of traditional tea art. Through the automation design of the steps of blancher, tea brewing and aroma shaking, combined with modern mechanical design and intelligent control technology, this study proposes an innovative fully automatic tea ceremony teacup equipment program. The solution not only improves the efficiency of tea brewing, but also ensures the quality of tea soup and the experience of traditional tea ceremony through careful design. Ultimately, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme are verified through kinematic analysis, prototype testing and user experience evaluation. This study is of great practical significance for the modernization and transformation of the traditional tea ceremony, and also provides a reference for the automation of other traditional processes.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Properties of Graphite-Phase Carbon Nitride Materials
Authors: An Shuyang
Published: August 2024

As a new semiconductor material, graphite-phase carbon nitride can be effectively used in the utilization of renewable energy and environmental pollution control. Because the preparation of graphite-phase carbon nitride is complicated with different optimization strategies in various industrial fields, the preparation and modification of graphite-phase carbon nitride are summarized in this paper. Combined with the excellent performance of graphite-phase carbon nitride in the band gap, specific surface area and stability, the research status of its modified materials in the photocatalytic hydrogen production, degradation of organic pollutants and antibacterial is analyzed. Finally, the future development trend of graphite-phase carbon nitride materials is prospected.
COMBATENDO A OBSOLESCÊNCIA PLANEJADA: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE POLÍTICAS SUSTENTÁVEIS DE ECONOMIA CIRCULAR
Authors: Giolo Junior Cildo , Saraiva José Sérgio , Ledier Aylon Lislene
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT: The phenomenon of planned or programmed obsolescence, in which products are intentionally designed to have a limited lifespan, has exacerbated environmental and social problems, contributing to rampant consumption and excessive waste generation. In contrast, the circular economy emerges as a promising model that challenges the traditional "produce-use-discard" system, encouraging practices of reuse, repair, renewal, and recycling of products and materials. This study addresses planned obsolescence from a legal perspective, investigating how public policies of the circular economy can be used to mitigate this issue within the current and proposed legal framework. The main objective of the research is to analyze the existing measures and their ability to tackle planned obsolescence while promoting circular economy practices. Through a comparative analysis, this study explores how different countries, including the European Union and Brazil, address the issue. The methodology employed combines a review of the literature and highlights established cases of successful circular economy initiatives. This qualitative approach allows for a deep understanding of the interactions between legislation and sustainability practices. The expected results include the identification of gaps in current legislation and the formulation of recommendations for policies that can strengthen the circular economy and discourage practices of planned obsolescence. The conclusions of this study are expected to significantly contribute to academic debate and the formulation of public policies, guiding decisions that promote a more sustainable future. Keywords: Planned Obsolescence; Circular Economy; Sustainability Practices; Public Policy.
O DIREITO À ALIMENTAÇÃO SUSTENTÁVEL: O BANCO DE ALIMENTOS DA CEASA/PA
Authors: Pinheiro dos Santos Junior Raimundo José , Fernandes Bacelar Jeferson Antônio , Castelo de Souza Bacelar João Marcos
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This paper aims to defend the CEASA/PA’s Food Bank as an alternative tackling the problem of food insecurity, defining the concept of Food Security and detailing national and international public policies on the matter, also positioning Food Security under the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda. Key words: Food security, human rights, right to food, food banks, sustainable development.
A CONVENÇÃO 190 DA OIT E O COMBATE À “FÁBRICA DE ADOECIMENTO” CAUSADA PELO ASSÉDIO MORAL NO MUNDO DO TRABALHO
Authors: Kugel Lazzarin Sonilde , Kugel Lazzarin Helena
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This article aims to analyze ILO Convention 190 and, especially, how the ratification of this international document, by Brazil, can represent the beginning of an effective fight against the phenomenon of moral harassment in labor relations. To do this, firstly, considerations are made about the irrationality that exists in the Brazilian labor system, in the face of unbridled competition; and about the context in which the practice of bullying (and the consequent emotional illness) fits into this logic. Secondly, ILO Convention 190 is analyzed, and its ratification is presented as a possible paradigmatic change – insofar as the imposition of norms is the first step towards establishing a concrete change in society.
Augmented Humanity: Cutting-Edge Technologies for Enhanced Abilities
Authors: Krishna Pasupuleti Murali
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This chapter, "Augmented Humanity: Cutting-Edge Technologies for Enhanced Abilities," delves into the transformative realm of human augmentation technologies, exploring their historical development, current state, and future potential. It begins with a historical overview, tracing the evolution of augmentation from early prosthetics to modern wearable technologies. The chapter then categorizes various types of augmentation technologies, including advanced prosthetics, neural interfaces, wearable technology, and genetic augmentation. Each category is examined in detail, highlighting the innovations and applications that enhance human abilities in healthcare, workplace, education, and daily life. Ethical and societal considerations are critically analyzed, addressing issues of equity, access, privacy, security, and the long-term implications for human identity and the future of work. The chapter concludes with a forward-looking perspective on emerging technologies, ongoing research, and potential future scenarios, emphasizing the interdisciplinary collaboration necessary to navigate the challenges and harness the benefits of human augmentation. This comprehensive exploration aims to provide a deep understanding of how cutting-edge technologies are reshaping human capabilities and the ethical landscape that accompanies these advancements. Keywords: Human Augmentation,Advanced Prosthetics,Neural Interfaces,Wearable Technology,Genetic Augmentation,Biohybrid Systems,Nanotechnology,Rehabilitation,Chronic Disease Management,Productivity Enhancement,Safety Improvements,Augmented Learning,Skill Development,Accessibility,Ethical Considerations,Data Privacy,Cybersecurity,Human Identity,Future of Work,Interdisciplinary Collaboration,Emerging Technologies,Societal Impact and Cutting-Edge Technologies.
Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja serta Lingkungan Kerja Fisik terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behaviour
Authors: Pono Nur Fajar
Published: August 2024

Keberhasilan organisasi maupun institusi tergantung pada kinerja karyawan sebagai sumber daya manusia yang juga merupakan elemen penting bagi mewujudkan visi, misi, dan tujuan sebuah instansi suwasta maupun negeri. Kinerja karyawan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, antara lain disiplin kerja, motivasi kerja dan lingkungan kerja fisik maupun Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) merupakan perilaku karyawan di luar tugas yang tercantum pada deskripsi pekerjaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara parsial maupun simultan pada penelitian dengan judul Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja dan Motivasi Serta Lingkungan Kerja Fisik Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Subyek dan obyek dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh pegawai Pegawai di Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Daerah Istiemwa Yogyakarta yaitu sebanyak 104 orang responden. Jenis penelitian menggunakan teknik kuantitatif dan teknik pengolahan data dalam penelitian menggunakan SmartPLS 3.3.3. Disiplin Kerja tidak mempunyai pengaruh dan signifikan terhadap Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dengan nilai P-Values 0,241>0.05. Motivasi tidak mempunyai pengaruh dan signifikan terhadap Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB dengan nilai P-Values 0,652>0.05. Lingkungan Kerja Fisik mempunyai pengaruh dan signifikan terhadap Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dengan nilai p – value sebesar 0,000< 0.05.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL LOCAL AND INTRODUCED GRAPE VARIETIES: RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF THEIR TECHNOLOGICAL SUITABILITY
Authors:   Scientific-Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking, Ministry of Agriculture, Baku, Azerbaijan, N. Shukurova Vusala
Published: August 2024

The article presents the findings from a study evaluating the morphological, biological and technological characteristics of various table and technical grape varieties cultivated in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The research adhered to the descriptors of the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV). The study reveals a wide range in the size of grape bunches, with medium, large and small bunches being predominant. Notably, the local and introduced varieties Arna-grna, Khindogny, Hamashara, Shirvanshahy and Moldova exhibited superior morphological traits such as mass, volume and size of bunches. Juice yield, a key indicator of technological suitability, ranged from 45.5% to 80.0%. The Shiraz variety had the lowest juice yield (45.8%), whereas the Moldova (76.8%) and Uni Blanc (80.0%) varieties had the highest. Most varieties had small berries, but Arna-grna (481 g), Gyanjavi (341 g) and Moldova (317 g) were considered medium. The sugar content in the berries was categorized as average, high or very high, with Shirvanshahy having the highest sugar content (25.0 g/100 cm3). The titratable acidity of the varieties was low to average, while the active acidity was mainly low.
Motivasi Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Dengan Metode CAR Kelas VII SMPN 3 Cipatat
Authors: Rohili Lili
Published: August 2024

Menumbuhkan motivasi belajar siswa merupakan salah satu teknik dalam mengembangkan kemampuan dan kemauan belajar. Motivasi dapat diartikan sebagai kekuatan seseorang yang dapat menimbulkan tingkat kemauan dalam melaksanakan suatu kegiatan. Kemauan baik yang bersumber dari dalam diri individu itu sendiri (motivasi intrinsik) maupun dari luar individu (motivasi ekstrinsik). Proses pembelajaran akan berhasil manakala siswa mempunyai motivasi dalam belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui motivasi belajar IPS pada SMPN 3 Cipatat. Dengan demikian dapat dilihat pada siklus I presentase skor untuk observasi guru 84%, observasi siswa 70% sedangkan pada siklus II prosentase skor untuk observasi guru 90% dan observasi siswa 84%. Dari hasil evaluasi mandiri pada siklus I nilai rata-rata 67,13 dan prosentase ketuntasan 62 , 50% sedangkan pada siklus II nilai rata-rata 77,88 dan prosentase ketuntasan 8 7,50%. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa motivasi siswa dalam belajar IPS diperoleh dari luar diri mereka sendiri yaitu seperti dari lingkungan dan teman. Sehingga guru perlu memberikan motivasi yang lebih agar keinginan siswa dalam belajar IPS muncul dari dalam diri mereka sendiri sehingga mereka akan lebih bersemangat dan giat untuk mencapai keberhasilan dalam belajar IPS
Does Business Ethics Disclosure Contribute to ESG Disclosure and ESG Performance on Firm Value?
Authors: Triwacananingrum Wijaya , . Rahmawati , . Djuminah , Probohudono Agung Nur
Published: August 2024

Purpose: This study investigates whether Business Ethics Disclosure (BED) contributes to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and ESG performance, and how these factors influence firm value.Methods: Using data from publicly traded companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), we employ multiple regression analysis to examine the relationships between BED, ESG disclosure, ESG performance, and firm value.Findings: Our results indicate that BED significantly moderates the relationship between ESG disclosure and firm value. While ESG disclosure alone does not consistently impact firm value, the inclusion of BED enhances the positive effects of ESG practices on firm valuation.Novelty: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the moderating role of business ethics in the ESG performance-firm value nexus, offering new insights into the interplay between ethical disclosures and ESG outcomes.Research Implications: The findings suggest that companies should integrate ethical disclosures into their ESG strategies to improve firm valuation. Policymakers and regulators are encouraged to establish comprehensive reporting standards that include ethical practices to enhance transparency and investor confidence.
Effect of Restless leg syndrome on the sleep quality of medical students of university in rural Sindh
Authors: JAHAN NOOR , Mehmood Dr. Atif , Khan Dr. Naveed , Khan Dr. Faria
Published: August 2024

Background: Restless legs syndrome a neurological condition its symptoms appear with gnawing sensation, cramps and feels like unpleasant sensations during period of rest and mid of sleep. A set of criteria for a more consistent diagnosis of this condition, which frequently causes severe sleep problems, it was devised and published by the recently established International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) fifty years later the research has shown that, although its symptoms are preventable and manageable, but RLS is still under diagnosed since the IRLSSG criteria were published. Materials and methods: All medical students were considered as the population of the study. Convenient specific young adults selected a sample of 200 students. Besides that, students with a history of trauma and infection had exaggerated routines and recent viral infections also having pain with cramps in calf muscles, which increased during inactivity and rest at night. The questionnaires were administered from the students, with the permission of the ethical review committee of Bhitai dental & medical College Mirpurkhas. Informed consent-form taken. Data collection procedures were applied standard questionnaire used International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLLSG). The data were analyzed by SPSS-25. Percentage, mean, standard deviation, and chi-square were applied to measure the severity and overall score of RlS. Result: The medical students 119 were male and 81 female. Participants had demographic data mean of age 1.26, (SD=.544). 57.5% male, 42.5% female in the age group of 18–28. Sleep problem were found in male had moderate 25 (21.0%) and severe in 15 (12.6%) students, in very severe of RLS symptoms were less in count 13 (10.9%), A female participant was affected with RLS moderate 54 (27.0%), mild in 43 (21.5%), moderate RLS in 26 (32.1%) some participants in severe had low 30 (15.0%) RLS found, moreover participants had none 20 (24.5%) RLS symptoms. The significant valued (p=.296). Conclusion: It was concluded that RLS is a sleep disorder it mostly in male than female students. Severity of RLS symptoms mild to moderate among participants.
4.	Post-abortion Contraceptive Acceptance and Choice Determinants among Women Receiving Abortion Care at Saint Paul’s hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Asrat Matiyas , Bekele Delayehu , Rominski Sarah D.
Published: August 2024

Post-abortion Contraceptive Acceptance and Choice Determinants among Women Receiving Abortion Care at Saint Paul’s
hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Matiyas Asrat1, MD; Delayehu Bekele2, MD, MPH; Sarah D. Rominski3, PhD
1-2Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan
 
Abstract
Background: The Ethiopian DHS in 2016 estimates that 412 women died of pregnancy related causes for every 100,000 live births. In 2008, an estimated 382,000 induced abortions were performed in Ethiopia. To reduce rates of unplanned pregnancy and unsafe abortion, increased access to high-quality contraceptive care is needed.
Objectives: To determine the contraceptive acceptance rate and examine factors associated with choice of contraception, in particular modern and long acting methods, in women after an abortion.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Women who received post abortion care service and had induced abortion from January to June 2015 were included. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with acceptance and choice of method of contraceptives.
Major findings: A total of 552 women were included in the study; 90.6% of them adopted modern contraception post-abortion and 19% received long acting reversible contraceptives.
Multivariable analysis showed that being a housewife, married and parity greater than one had statistically significant association with the odds of adopting any modern method of contraception after abortion. Adoption of LARC was positively associated with being student, with parity greater than one and induced type of abortion.
Conclusion: The post abortion contraceptive acceptance rate was higher than other studies done in Ethiopia. Higher parity, being married and a housewife were independent predictors of modern contraceptive method acceptance. Induced abortion, higher parity and being student were significant predictors of adoption of LARC.
Keywords: Abortion, Contraception, Long acting reversible contraceptive, Choice, Ethiopia
 
 
 
(Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2018;10:35-48)
6.	A One-Year Review of Pelvic Organ Prolapse at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
Authors: Hurissa Tesfaye , Bekele Delayehu
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus and after hysterectomy the apex of the vagina through the vaginal canal. Different risk factors are incriminated as a cause including multi parity, heavy lifting and hypo estrogenic state like menopause.
Objective: To review the sociodemographic data, clinical profile and management of patients admitted with the diagnosis of pelvic organ prolapse at St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between December 1 2015 and November 30 2016.
Method: A facility based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profile, type of operation done and acute complication of the surgery. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 16.
Result: A total of seventy-four patients with POP were admitted and included in the study. Majority of patients with POP operated at St Paul’s hospital millennium medical college are Gurage in ethnicity 42 (57%), postmenopausal 48 (63.9%) and grandmultipara 44(59.4%). Vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy is the commonest surgical procedure done. The contribution of POP out of the major gynecologic operations done in SPHMMC during the study period was 15 %.
Conclusions: Pelvic organ prolapse contributes a significant percentage of major gynecologic procedure and more common among Gurage ethnicity. Further study in the more prevalent area to identify any peculiar risk factors and preventive strategies of the known risk factors is of great importance.
Key words: Pelvic organ prolapse, vaginal hysterectomy, Uterovaginal prolapsed
 
 
(Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2018;10:56-61)
PREVALENCE OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG MOTHERS AFTER CESAREAN DELIVERY IN ZEWDITU MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Gelaw Misganaw Worku , Abdela Ahmed
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Cesarean delivery is the most common major operation carried out in obstetrics; constituting about 15% of all deliveries worldwide. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most common infectious complications after cesarean delivery; which increase maternal morbidity and mortality, hospital stay and the cost of treatment. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of SSIs and associated factors among mothers after cesarean delivery.METHODS: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Zewditu Memorial Hospital from December, 2017 to April, 2018. A semi-structure questionnaire was used to collect data. Wound site was examined on the 3rd postoperative day and 1st postnatal visit. On the 14th and 30th postoperative day, each participant was contacted through telephone for any signs of wound infection. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were done to identify the association between predictors and SSIs. A level of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: A total of 474 pregnant women were included in this study. The prevalence of SSIs was 8.4%. About 95% of SSIs were developed within two weeks after caesarean section and 70% of them were developed after discharge from the hospital. In this study, SSIs were significantly associated with; contaminated wound (AOR=5.64; ; 95%CI, 2.45-10.60; p=0.028), multiple vaginal examination (AOR=5.24; 95%CI, 10.5 -36.2; p=0.001), rupture of membrane more than 12 hours (AOR=7.84; 95%CI, 4.25 -12.34; p=0.002), labor more than 12 hours (AOR=3.57; 95%CI, 1.92 -9.42; p=0.023) and anemia (AOR=16.34 ; 95%CI, 12.9 -30.4; p =0.024).CONCLUSION: In this study post-cesarean SSI was found to be high; and contaminated wound, multiple vaginal examination, rupture of membrane (>12 hours), prolonged labor (>12 hours) and anemia were significant predictors of SSIs.KEYWORDS: Cesarean section, Postpartum, Surgical site infection(Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health; 2018; 10; 4: 21-32)
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG URBAN AND RURAL ADOLESCENTS IN BAHIR DAR CITY ADMINISTRATION, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA
Authors: Azage Muluken , Ejigu Tadese , Mulugeta Yeshalem
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practice varies greatly from country to country, and within the countries. Ethiopia has adopted youth friendly reproductive health and sexual health services to improve the health of young people including adolescents. Credible evidence on MHM practice at community level after adoption of youth friendly service is limited.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess MHM practice among adolescent girls in urban and rural areas.METHODS: A community based comparative cross-sectional study design was employed in urban and rural kebeles of Bahir Dar city administration. Multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were entered in to SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics were used to describe data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of good menstrual hygiene practice.RESULTS: Safe MHM practice was 24.5% and did not show significant variation between urban and rural adolescent girls. However, significantly higher numbers of adolescent girls in the urban area used sanitary pads than the rural adolescent girls. Being older, attending formal education and educational status of participants’ mother were factors associated with safe MHM practice.KEYWORDS: menstrual, hygiene, practice, adolescent, girls, Ethiopia(Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health; 2018; 10; 4: 10-20)
DETERMINANTS OF ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AMONG MOTHERS WHO GAVE BIRTH FROM JAN 1-DEC 31/2015 IN JIMMA UNIVERSITY SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, CASE CONTROL STUDY, 2016
Authors: Yeshialem Eyosias , Abera Mulumebet , Tesfay Amanuel
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTBACkGROUND: Adverse pregnancy outcomes lead to serious health consequences to the mother and/or the baby. These Adverse birth outcomes; prematurity, low birth weight and still birth represent significant problems in both developing and developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To identify determinants of adverse pregnancy outcomes among deliveries takes place in Jimma University specialized hospital from January1 – December 31 / 2015. METHODS: The study was a facility based unmatched case-control study design conducted by reviewing mothers and newborn cards and registration log book who delivered in Jimma university specialized hospital from January 1 /2015 to December 31/2015, southwest Ethiopia. The study was done on randomly selected 86 cases and 258 controls using structured data collection checklist. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20 and multiple logistic regression statistical methods were used to identify the predictors. RESULT: Most of the cases 80.2 % and controls 82.9 % were between the age group of 20-34 years. Mothers who are referred for delivery service from other area are more than five times to have adverse pregnancy outcomes than mothers who are not referred, AOR=5.49 95% CI [2.80-10.76]. And mothers who had illness during current pregnancy are seven times to develop adverse pregnancy outcomes than controls, AOR=7.22, 95% CI = 1.65-31.58]. Mothers who attend ante natal care (ANC) were 83% less likely to have adverse pregnancy outcome, than mothers who didn’t attended ANC follow up, AOR = 0.17 95% CI [0.06-0.49]. Pregnant mothers who are anemic or had hemoglobin level of less than 11 gram/ dl are more than seven times to have adverse pregnancy outcomes than non-anemic pregnant mothers, AOR=7.29 95% CI=[2.85-18.67]. Additionally, women who had obstetric emergencies during current pregnancy, complications during current delivery, and multiple pregnancy are more than 18 times AOR =18.40[6.12-55.37], 2 times AOR=2.65[1.38-5.11] and 7 times AOR=7.59[1.49-38.65] to have adverse pregnancy outcomes than their counterparts respectively. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this study; referral, illness during current pregnancy, having ANC attendance, anemia during current pregnancy, complication during delivery, multiple pregnancy and having obstetric emergencies are statistically significant predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes.kEY WORDS: Adverse pregnancy outcome, Jimma (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health; 2019; 11;1:51-62)
Uterine perforation following abortion in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A case series study
Authors: Tekle Habtemariam , Kumbi Solomon
Published: August 2024

AbstractObjective: determine incidence, describe patient characteristics, examine clinicalpresentation, associated complications and describe mode of management of cases withuterine perforation.Methods: Operation registry, abortion care logbook and patients’ clinical records werereviewed in a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between January 1, 1999 andDecember 31, 2000. Cases with laparatomy proven uterine perforation are described.Setting: obstetric and gynecologic department of a tertiary referral and teaching hospitalin Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Outcome measures: clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, site of perforation,mode of management, associated complications and outcome of treatment.Results: there were a total of 927 abortions of which 25 were laparatomy proven cases ofuterine perforation following unsafe abortion, making the prevalence 27/1000 abortions.Majority were fond to be single, nulliparous, young and dependent member of the family.In 36% (9/25) termination was attempted after 14 weeks of gestation. Plastic and metallicmaterials are used frequently. Eight of the cases came after seven days of interference.The main clinical presentations were: abdominal pain (100%), signs of peritonitis(100%), pallor (96%), fever (76%) and vaginal bleeding (76%). Common intraoperativefindings include abdominal abscess, adhesions, and inflamed ovaries and tubes. Frequentareas of perforation are posterior aspect of the body and cervico-isthmic region of theuterus. Drainage and lavage of the abdominal cavity (80%), hysterectomy (76%) andremoval of adnexa (60%) were mainstays of management. All cases had sepsis andperitonitis, 24 had anemia, nine suffered from adult respiratory distress syndrome andeight developed wound infection. Duration of hospital stay ranged from one to 45 days.The case fatality rate was 32% (8/25). Only six came back for follow up.Conclusion: Uterine perforation is associated with increasing number of complicationsincluding death. Physicians catering the health care of women with unsafe abortion shallexhibit a high index of suspicion for uterine perforation. (Ethiop. J. Repro Health May2007, 1(1):17-27)
A cross sectional study on prevalence of gender based violence in three high schools, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Lelisa Gelane , Yusuf Lukman
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background: Gender based violence (GBV) is a pervasive problem of most women all overthe world. Studies in our country and Africa have shown great burden of this incapacitatingproblem in women. Cultural norms and beliefs play important role in perpetuating thisproblem.Objective: This study was designed to determine the overall prevalence of GBV and itspatterns in three selected high schools in Addis Ababa.Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted with 377 female high schoolstudents in the selected high schools. Self administered structured questionnaires were used.Results: The study showed that 6.2% of the students have started sexual intercourse; and ofthese, 26.1% were raped cases. In addition 75.9% of the students reported being sexuallyharassed. Over 26% of the respondents have undergone female genital cutting (FGC). Theincidence of household violence in the study population was 13.6%. Of the partnered femalestudents 23% reported to have been physically abused by their partners.Conclusion: Social support and law enforcement to mitigate this significant public healthproblem should be prioritized by the government and other organizations working on women'swelfare.Keywords: Gender based violence, Rape, Female genital cutting
Knowledge, attitude and practice of screening for carcinoma of the cervix among reproductive health clients at three teaching hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Terefe Yifru , Gaym Ashebir
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Carcinoma of the cervix is one of the commonest cancers of women. It representsabout 12%of all cancers in females, and more than half of them die from it. There are clearevidences that cytological screening programs are effective in reducing morbidity and mortalityfrom the disease. Cancer prevention consciousness in developing countries is low and mostpatients seek consultation only at advanced stages.Objective: This survey was undertaken to elicit information on the knowledge attitude andpractice (KAP) of screening for carcinoma of the cervix (Pap smear) among reproductive health(RH) client a at three teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Tikur Anbessa, St Paul’s andGhandi Memorial.Method: - Across sectional descriptive KAP study was conducted on 276 RH clients attendingemergency and regular outpatient department (OPD) antenatal, postnatal, family planning andreferral clinics at the three hospitals. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was prepared and therespondents were interviewed by the principal investigator.Results: Most respondent (81.2%) had never heard of Pap smear screening. The source ofinformation for those who had heard about this test were health institutions for 65.4% of therespondents. Women who had heard about Pap smear screening were younger than those who hadnever heard of it. Only 6.5 % of all the respondent had ever had a Pap smear test. The reasonsgiven for not having the test were: no gynecologic symptoms (41.2%); don’t know the place were itwas done (32.4%); wait till older (14.7%). And consider it was not important (11.8%). For thosewho had ever had the test, the indication for undergoing the test were doctor / nurse consultation(72.2%)and personal initiative (20.7%). Women who had a Pap smear test had higher level ofeducation than those who never had a Pap smear. Almost all the respondents were willing toundergo the screening test in the future.Conclusion: The awareness and practice of the screening procedure of cervical cancer (Pap smear)among RH clients in Addis Ababa is very low. There is a need for intensifying health educationprovision on cervical cancer screening in the city.Keywords: Cervical cancer screening Pap smear, KAP on cervical cancer
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Emergency Contraception among Female Bahir Dar University Students, Northwest Ethiopa
Authors: Zelke Getnet , Zemenay Zelalem , Weldwgerima Berhanemeskel
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Unwanted pregnancy has many negative consequences on the health and wellbeing of women. Emergency contraception (EC) plays an important role in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy and contributes in the reduction of unnecessary maternal deaths due to complications of unsafe abortion.Objective: The aim of the study was to assess knowledge and practice (KAP) of female students in Bahir Dar University.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 6 to 11, 2008 among female students in Bahir Dar University. Data was collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. A total of 400 female female students were enrolled in this study. The collected data was cleared manually and analyzed using Epi-Info version 3.4.3 software package. The result of the study was presented by tables and percentage.Results: Among the total of 400 respondents 386 (96.5 %) have knowledge about family planning, 334 (83.5%) heard about EC. Awareness about EC was found relatively higher among natural than social students (OR 1.82, X2 3.54). The main source of information on EC and family planning was dominantly from family member and mass media. Out of 334 respondents, who were aware about EC, only 129 (73.4 %) used EC. Two hundred forty-nine (62.3%) of the respondents believe that their religion has influence to their attitude towards EC use.Conclusion: Majority of the respondents heard about EC and family planning, however there is a great knowledge and attitude gap among respondent as they lacked detailed information and specific knowledge about EC. In order to increases knowledge about EC and to bring attitudinal change among female University students there should be continuous education on family planning and specific information about EC and establishment of family planning club is recommended.Keywords: Emergency contraception; knowledge, attitude and practice; female university students; Bahir Dar University; Ethiopia.
A Five-Year Analysis of Histopathological Results of Cervical Biopsies Examined in a Pathology Department of a Teaching Hospital (2003-2007)
Authors: Nega Balkachew , Gebrehiwot Yirgu , Kiros Kasshaun , Ergete Wondwossen
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background: Cervical biopsies are widely used for the diagnosis of various lesions of the cervix. Early diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant cervical lesions are in turn associated with increased chance of long term survival.
Objectives: the aim of the study was to elucidate the pattern of cervical pathologies encountered at the Department of pathology, Addis Ababa University.
Methods: Retrospective review of biopsy request forms and reports examined at the Department of Pathology in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital from 2003-2007
Results: The most common biopsy finding was cervical neoplasia (n=2312, 64%). Ninety four percent (n=2182of the cancers wee squamous cervical cancer (SCC), while to remaining were adenocarcinoma (n=104,4%) and adensoquamous (n=26,1.1%) carcinoma. Cervical intraepiothelidal neoplasia (CIN) was found in 8.6% (n=354) of the biopsies. The mean age of cervical cancers at diagnosis was 48years. Chronic cervicitis was the commonest benign lesion (n=698, 16.8%).
Conclusion: the majority of the diagnoses of cervical cancer were made late at the invasive stage of the disease process. Screening programs focused on early detection and treatments are recommended.
ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF PMTCT SERVICES IN PRIVATE FOR-PROFIT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Mesfin Eyasu , G/Egziabher Tigist , Abdulkadir Abdulfetha Abdosh
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background: Private health institutions are rapidly expanding in our country, making significant contributions to improve access to health care, particularly to the urban population. Provision of comprehensive PMTCT services by the sector is one potential and crucial area in the fight against HIV/AIDS. However, the involvement of the sector in the national PMTCT program in negligible.
Objective: to assess the status of PMTCT service provision in private for-profit maternal and child health (MCH) special clinics, MCH hospitals and general hospitals in Ethiopia.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2008 in private health institutions in all regions and two city administrations of Ethiopia.
Result: A total of 40 eligible health institutions were visited with a response rate of 97.5% Most facilities, 27 (69%.2%), were located in Addis Ababa, None of the facilities were providing comprehensive PMTCT service package of the 172 service providers directly involved in at least one of the reproductive health care services in the target facilities, none were providing  a complete package of the PMTCT services to their  clients and only 64(37.2%) of them had ever taken in service training on PMTCT. All institution, however, were willing to participate in future efforts and activates to initiate or improve the PMTCT services according to the national guideline.
Conclusion and recommendations: the findings reflect the huge missed opportunity in addressing PMTCT service needs among the increasing number of women visiting private health facilities. It could have been also a good entry point to reach not only pregnant women who come for antenatal follow up but other family members who are in need of HIV/AIDS care/services also. There is high need and strong commitment for providing PMTCT services in the private health institutions. Immediate action, by all concerned governmental nongovernmental stake holders, should be taken to work together and meet the badly needed support if we are to achieve the national shared vision.
PROGRAM BRIEFS
Authors: Kelbessa Addisu
Published: August 2024

Engender Health is a leading global reproductive health organization that works in 27 countries e train local health professionals to provide high quality care to women and families to partner with governments and communities to make sure that every pregnancy is planned, every child is wanted, and every mother has the best chance of survival.
Review of Hysterectomies done for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasias (CIN) in a teaching referral Hospital
Authors: Abbas Ferid , Birara Malede , Bekele Delayehu
Published: August 2024

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women in Ethiopia. The country has no formal cervical cancer screening program. There is limited cytological service and no clear guideline as to how to manage cases of CIN. Outpatient local ablative therapies are usually not available and hysterectomies are sometimes used as one option of definitive management.
Objectives: To review hysterectomies done primarily for management of CIN diagnosed using pap-smear and or cervical Punch biopsy.
Methodology: Eight years retrospective document (November 2004 - January 2013) on all hysterectomies performed for
CIN at St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was reviewed. The review employed a structured questionnaire to collect important variables from the medical records.
Results: A total of 2,163 hysterectomies were performed in the 8 years period of which73 (3.37%) were performed for
CIN. Sixty medical records were available for review (82% retrieval rate). The degree of abnormality of the pap smear were 16(26.7%) CIN I, 17(28.3 %) CIN II and 13(21.7%) CIN III. Three cases(5%) each have a pap report of LSIL and HSIL respectively. The rest eight have CIN diagnosed by punch biopsy. Pre-operative biopsy of the cervix was done in 36 (60%) of patients. Histological studies from the hysterectomy specimen was done for 50 (83.3%) of the patients and showed 9 (18%) normal, 12 (24%) CIN I, 11 (22%) CIN II, 7 (14%) CIN III, 6 (12%) invasive cancer and 5(10%) others. Fifty five (91.7%) of hysterectomies were done abdominally and 5(8.3%) vaginally. The mean hospital stay was 9.07 days. Post-operative complications include anemia 9(15%), UTI 7(11.7%) and superficial wound infection in 6 (10%).
Conclusion: Hysterectomy is being used in the management of CIN lesions including those assessed as low grade lesions.
Large number of patients did not have a pre-operative cervical biopsy before hysterectomy, even in those Pap smear showed high grade lesions. It is high time to introduce outpatient treatment modalities of CIN rather than using hysterectomy as a primary treatment modality due to the fact that morbidity and unnecessary burden on the health care system (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health, 2014, Volume 7(1),42-48).
PROGRAM BRIEFS ESOG - WATCH Project
Authors: Kebede Milion
Published: August 2024

Women And Their Children’s Health (WATCH) project is three and half years contract awarded to Ethiopian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecol- ogists (ESOG) through Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canadian (SOGC) to achieve DFATD’s (Former CIDA) intended goal of im- proving maternal, neonatal and children health for underserved rural population in Ethiopia.