bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TIN‐RICH SURFACES ON BRONZE–SOME EXPERIMENTAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: MEEKS N. D.
Published: August 2007

Tin‐rich surfaces found on bronze antiquities may be the result of man‐made or natural processes. The difficulties encountered in distinguishing between these processes are discussed and illustrated with reference to the surface structures obtained on experimentally tinned copper and bronze. Heat treatments were carried out on the experimental material to allow observation of the growth of the intermetallic compound layers on the surface, and of changes that occur at various significant temperatures. The experimental reduction of cassiterite directly onto the surface of copper and bronze is illustrated for the first time. Examples of tin‐rich surfaces found on various antiquities are illustrated and are compared with the experimental material for interpretation. Scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis were the primary tools used in this study.
RAW MATERIALS FOR MAKING PORCELAIN AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PORCELAIN WARES IN NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA IN ANCIENT TIMES
Authors: YANYI GUO
Published: August 2007

This is a review of the raw materials used for producing ancient traditional porcelains in the famous kiln areas of north and south China. The relation between the use of porcelain stone and the invention of Chinese porcelain is described. The characteristics of porcelain stone and kaolin and their important role in the development of southern porcelains are discussed. As porcelain stone, which mainly consists of quartz and sericite, occurs widely in south China, the ancient southern porcelains were of a highly siliceous nature. From the beginning of the Yuan through to the Qing Dynasty more and more kaolin was added to the bodies to improve the quality of Jingdezhen porcelain. The glazes in south China were prepared from a mixture of porcelain stone and grass‐plus‐wood ash or glaze ash, here defined as the ash made by calcining limestone with plant material. The raw materials used in the north for making porcelain bodies were mainly various kinds of clay minerals. Feldspar, quartz and dolomite or calcite were used for northern porcelain glazes.
METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS FROM SARAZM, TADJIKISTAN SSR
Authors: ISAKOV A. , KOHL P. L. , LAMBERG‐KARLOVSKY C. C. , MADDIN R.
Published: August 2007

Recent excavations of the Bronze Age site of Sarazm (35W2000 B.C., uncalibrated) were undertaken by a collaborative team of archaeologists from the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. The site is located in the Zeraoshan Valley in Tadjikistan SSR. A series of radiocarbon dates are presented as well as the analysis of 8 metallurgical samples. This Bronze Age site represents the easternmost extension in central Asia of an urban community with a rich metallurgical inventory.
APPLICATION OF MUONIC X‐RAYS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: DANIEL H. , HARTMANN F. J. , KÖHLER E. , BEITAT U. , RIEDERER J.
Published: August 2007

The first systematic study of archaeological objects with muonic X‐rays is reported. In this analysis every element is recognized. The elemental composition of Celtic glasses from Bavaria and Roman coins has been determined. By selecting the primary muon energies appropriately my part of the specimen, including interior parts, can be non‐destructively in estigated. Additionally surface layers may be analysed. Typical accuracies of quantitative analyses are a few per cent of elemental abundance.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 5
Authors: GOWLETT J. A. J. , HEDGES R. E. M. , LAW I. A. , PERRY C.
Published: August 2007

The fifth list of dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE ANALYSIS OF MARINE GASTROPODS FROM COASTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Authors: GOEDE A. , HITCHMAN M. A.
Published: August 2007

Shell samples of the marine gastropod Turbo sarmaticus have been examined to assess their potential for electron spin resonance (ESR) dating. The shells were found to be composed of aragonite. ESR analysis shows the presence of three radiation sensitive peaks. Equivalent dose (ED) values for two of the peaks have been determined for thirteen samples. When the two sets of ED values are plotted against each other, four distinct clusters are found that appear to represent four different age groups. The apparent age groups determined here are consistent with the stratigraphic record of the sites.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 6
Authors: HEDGES R. E. M. , HOUSLEY R. A. , LAW I. A. , PERRY C. , GOWLETT J. A. J.
Published: August 2007

The sixth list of dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator.
A METHOD FOR GROUPING POTTERY BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Authors: MOMMSEN H. , KREUSER A. , WEBER J.
Published: August 2007

A new similarity measure is proposed, the ‘dilution factor spread’ or, derived from it, a ‘goodness of fit’ parameter. This has the advantage that raw data without any transformation can be used, diluted samples are recognized and errors of individual concentration values can easily be included. The use of this similarity coefficient in multivariate cluster analyses to construct dendrograms is shown and compared with the use of the well‐known similarity measure of Euclidian distance in attribute space and of the cos θ measure.
DISCRIMINATING SOURCES OF MEDITERRANEAN MARBLES: A PATTERN RECOGNITION APPROACH
Authors: MELLO E. , MONNA D. , ODDONE M.
Published: August 2007

A computer‐based pattern recognition procedure has been applied to trace element data obtained from marble samples of different Mediterranean quarries. Nineteen elements, mostly hydromagmatic and rare earth elements were first determined by neutron activation analysis. These elemental concentrations are then used as the data for further multivariate analysis. The results indicate significant differences in chemical patterns of the marble sources.
LOCATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN MAGNETIC DATA BY CROSS CORRELATION
Authors: ALDER M. J.
Published: August 2007

Cross correlation is a simple numerical calculation that involves two different data sets and enables a comparison to be made between them. This method is presented as an aid to finding the location of specific archaeological features in magnetic data. A simple example to locate a kiln target is given, and its probable depth estimated. Providing a mathematical model exists for an archaeological feature, its location within geophysical data may be obtained by means of this method.
MILLSTONE PROVENANCING USED IN TRACING THE ROUTE OF A FOURTH‐CENTURY BC GREEK MERCHANT SHIP
Authors: WILLIAMS‐THORPE O. , THORPE R. S.
Published: August 2007

A Greek merchant ship carrying a cargo of millstones, amphorae and bronze vessels was wrecked at Sec, off Mallorca, Spain. in about 375‐350 BC. Geochemical provenancing of the millstones helps in reconstructing the route of the ship and complements evidence from the amphorae. Thirty‐eight lava hopper‐rubber millstones and one Pompeian‐style rotary mill from the ship were sampled for provenancing. The hopper‐rubbers are mainly of basalt from the island of Pantelleria off North Africa in the Sicilian channel, one is from Nisyros off the Anatolian coast, and the Pompeian mill is of ignimbrite from Mulargia in Sardinia. The hopper‐rubbers are the most westerly examples known in the Mediterranean. and the Nisyros mill represents the first proven instance of millstone transport between the east and the west Mediterranean. The occurrence of the Pompeian mill in a fourth‐ceniury BC context is evidence of the use of this type a century earlier than previously thought. The Nisyros mill was probably taken on board at the start of the ship's voyage in the eastern Mediterranean, the Pantellerian mills may have been collected partly as ballast at Pantelleria, and the Mulargia mill was probably picked up at Carthage.
LIPIDS FROM SAMPLES OF SKIN FROM SEVEN DUTCH BOG BODIES: PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: EVERSHED R. P.
Published: August 2007

A combination of micro‐analytical techniques including thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC). and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCIMS) have been employed to study the lipid compositions of samples of skin from seven Dutch bog bodies. TLC showed that, while phospholipids have been degraded, other acyl lipids, for example triacylglycerols and steryl esters, may remain intact. GC and GC/MS analyses, following treatment of the total lipid extracts with acidified methanol, showed the presence of abundant fatty carboxylic acids and sterols. Molecular analysis by GC/MS allowed distinctions to be drawn between components originating from the bog body and the surrounding peat. Additionally, substances derived from microbial alteration of endogenous skin lipids and from the lipids of the micro‐organisms themselves can be distinguished.
ROMAN POTTERY FROM AUGUSTA PRAETORIA (AOSTA, ITALY): A PROVENANCE STUDY
Authors: MIRTI P. , ZELANO V. , ARUGA R. , FERRARA E. , APPOLONIA L.
Published: August 2007

Forty‐five sherds of Roman pottery, 21 terrae sigillutae and 24 common wares excavated in Augusta Praeroria, were analysed for 12 elements by atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and non‐linear mapping were performed on the analytical data in order to classify the objects in groups which could account for different provenances; soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) and K nearest neighbours (KNN) were used for solving doubtful assignments. The classification results indicate that local productions of terra sigillatu can be easily distinguished from the imported ones, and that common wares have compositional patterns which differ from those of both local and imported terrae sigillatue.
A SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE FOR QUARTZ AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE MATERIAL OF CYLINDER SEALS
Authors: SAX M. , MIDDLETON A. P.
Published: August 2007

A system of nomenclature for the consistent description of archaeological artefacts made from quartz has been developed, based upon published mineralogical texts. The system has been found to be useful in the description of cylinder seals from Western Asia and the results obtained suggest that the provision of consistent identifications may be valuable in tracing the evolution of material usage over time.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERIZATION OF MING‐DYNASTY PORCELAIN RESCUED FROM A SPANISH SHIPWRECK
Authors: MAZO‐GRAY V. , ALVAREZ M.
Published: August 2007

A radioisotope induced X‐ray fluorescence method was used to measure trace elements in Ming porcelain. Thirty pieces of blue‐and‐white Chinese porcelain, belonging to the Ch'eng Hua reign (AD 1465‐87) and rescued from a shipwreck, were analysed along with two fake reproductions. The measurement system consisted of an Si(Li) detector, a 109Cd annular source and a personal computer with a non‐linear fitting least‐square program. The relative intensity ratios of manganese, cobalt, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, and niobium were determined. Rb/Sr and Mn/Co ratios between two to five and two to four respectively correspond to antique porcelain.
ON SOME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE AND EUROPEAN RED WARES
Authors: ANDERS G. J. P. A. , JÖRG C. J. A. , STERN W. B. , ANDERS‐BUCHER N.
Published: August 2007

When in the seventeenth and eighteenth century Chinese red ware from Yixing was imported into Europe, imitations of that ware, some of them delusively similar to the originals, were made in the Netherlands, Saxony, and England. With non‐destructive energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis (ED‐XFA) the Chinese and different European red wares can be easily separated by comparing the patterns of their calcium oxide, manganese oxide, and lead contents. They also have density characteristics of their own.
A CHALCOLITHIC MACE HEAD FROM THE NEGEV, ISRAEL: TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: SHALEV S. , GOREN Y. , LEVY T. E. , NORTHOVER J. P.
Published: August 2007

An interdisciplinary case study of the role of technology in ancient society is presented here based on a single copper object from the beginning of metallurgy in Israel during the late fifth to fourth millennium BC. This research is based on a combination of typological, chronological and technological analyses. The mace head is made of copper alloyed with arsenic and antitmony, cast in a ‘lost wax’ technique over a stone core. The metallurgical, metallographic and petrographic analyses not only help reconstruct the production technology but also shed light on fundamental questions concerning the origin, ore selection and function of this sophisticated type of metal production in prehistoric society.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A BOG BODY ADIPOCERE
Authors: EVERSHED R. P.
Published: August 2007

Chemical analyses were carried out on adipocere obtained from a bog body recovered from a peat bog at Meenybradden, County Donegal, Ireland. Chromatographic (thin‐layer chromatography and gas chromatography) and mass spectrometric analyses, combined with microanalytical chemical transformations, have yielded detailed compositional information. An absence of intact triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols indicates that hydrolysis is complete. Consequently the adipocere is composed mainly of fatty carboxylic acids. The high proportion of palmitic and stearic acids, together with depleted oleic acid content, indicates that extensive reduction and, possibly, β‐oxidation have occurred during burial in the peat bog. Hydration of the double‐bond in oleic acid has also occurred, as is shown by the formation of 10‐hydroxystearic acid. The monoenoic fatty carboxylic acids that are present, composed mainly of C18 and C16 compounds, comprise a mixture of positional isomers. The results are compared and contrasted with those obtained from previous studies of the lipid composition of other adipoceres and cadavers of archaeological interest.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF OBSIDIAN ARTEFACTS USING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES: INVESTIGATION OF PROVENANCE OF NEAR EASTERN ARTEFACTS
Authors: GRATUZE B. , BARRANDON J. N. , ISA K. AL , CAUVIN M. C.
Published: August 2007

A non‐destructive analytical method using both instrumental neutron activation and proton‐induced gamma ray emission techniques was developed to study the provenance of obsidian artefacts from Turkey, Syria and Iraq.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITIONAL DATA: APPLIED COMPARISONS FAVOUR STANDARD PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OVER AITCHISON'S LOGLINEAR CONTRAST METHOD
Authors: TANGRI D. , WRIGHT R. V. S.
Published: August 2007

There has been debate about whether standard principal components analysis is appropriate for the multivariate analysis of compositional data (e.g. oxide composition of glass), Loglinear transformation has been recommended by Aitchison as a prerequisite. This paper argues that previous comparisons of methodological merits have tended to circularity of argument by making assumptions about the form of a good multivariate result. To break the circularity of argument the authors have introduced randomized variables into five data sets. A good result must recognize these randomized variables as noise and place them near the centroid of the principal components scattergram of variable loadings. Standard principal components analysis is found to perform better than loglinear transformation in its ability to recognize the randomized variables. It is concluded that loglinear transformation tends to introduce spurious structure into a table of compositional data.

This paper is followed by a comment by M. J. Baxter.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STONE ARTEFACT MATERIALS AND THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT*
Authors: DOMANSKI M. , WEBB J. A. , BOLAND J.
Published: August 2007

Mechanical testing of lithologies used for stone tool manufacture has shown that fracture toughness is the most objective measure of the quality of raw materials shaped by either flaking or pecking/grinding. Materials amenable to pressure flaking and blade manufacture have low values of fracture toughness, whereas those shaped by pecking/grinding have high values. The fracture toughness test is also the most definitive for quantifying the improvement in flaking properties of materials subjected to intentional heat treatment. Cryptocrystalline and macrocrystalline siliceous lithologies demonstrate a well‐defined, gradual reduction in fracture toughness with increased temperature. When heated to optimum temperatures, their fracture toughness approaches that of obsidian, the lithology generally regarded as having the best flaking properties.
RQ‐MODE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC COMPOSITIONAL DATA*
Authors: NEFF H.
Published: August 2007

RQ‐mode principal components analysis (PCA) is a means for calculating variable and object loadings on the same axes, so that elements can be displayed along with data points on a single diagram. The biplots resulting from RQ‐mode PCA preserve both Euclidean relations among the objects and variance‐covariance structure. When used with data on the chemical composition of archaeological pottery, such biplots facilitate recognizing compositional subgroups and determining the chemical basis of group separation. RQ‐mode PCA is illustrated in this paper with neutron activation data on Mesoamerican Plumbate pottery.
ANALYSIS OF TILTING AT GOURNIA (CRETE) BY THE REPRESENTATIVE BLOCK METHOD: A GEOLOGICAL—ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE TO ANALYSE HISTORICAL TILTING*
Authors: WAMEL W. A. VAN , GAST J. J.
Published: August 2007

The walls and floors of the Minoan settlement of Gournia (Crete) have retained a perpendicular relationship since their construction between 3650 and 2025 BC. Their present orientation indicates that they were tilted in unison in an east‐south‐east direction. This was established by the reconstruction of a representative block, of which the side planes and the base plane were defined by the present orientation of the wall and floor remnants respectively. Stereographic projection methods, derived from geological practice, were used to determine the geometric elements and the orientation of the representative block.
K/AR DATING AS A MEANS OF SOURCING LEVANTINE EPIPALAEOLITHIC BASALT IMPLEMENTS
Authors: WEINSTEIN‐EVRON M. , LANG B. , ILANI S. , STEINITZ G. , KAUFMAN D.
Published: August 2007

Through K/Ar dating of basalt implements from two Mount Carmel late Epipalaeolithic sites and samples of locally occurring basalts, it was possible to demonstrate clearly that the prehistoric inhabitants of these sites did not utilize the locally available Upper Cretaceous (88–77 My) basalts. The dates of the basalt implements are of Tertiary‐Quaternary age (3.7‐<0.250 My) which suggests the exploitation of basalt exposures at least 60 km east of the sites. This is the first direct evidence for long‐distance exchange/trade of an essential raw material in the Levant as early as 13000 BP.
SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF RED STAINS AFFECTING THE CARRARA MARBLE FAÇADE OF THE CERTOSA OF PAVIA
Authors: BRUNI S. , CARIATI F. , BIANCHI C. L. , ZANARDINI E. , SORLINI C.
Published: August 2007

The nature of the large red stains exhibited on the Carrara marble elements of the Certosa of Pavia façade was investigated by means of spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Although previous microbiological analysis has demonstrated the presence on the stone of a bacterial strain identified asMicrococcus roseus,that is capable of carotenoid production, it has been ascertained in the present study that an inorganic pigment, namely Pb3O4, is responsible for the observed coloration. On small green spots, the presence of photosynthetic micro‐organisms has been demonstrated by microbiological analysis and confirmed by resonance Raman spectroscopy.
A BRONZE SCULPTURE ATTRIBUTED TO LOUIS‐SIMON BOIZOT AND PLATINUM COATING METHODS
Authors: BEWER F. G. , SCOTT D. A.
Published: August 2007

During the examination of the sculpture of Medea Rejuvenating Aeson attributed to Louis‐Simon Boizot (1743–1809), X‐ray fluorescence analysis revealed, surprisingly, that the outer surface of the brass cast was patinated with platinum. Research into the history of platinum coating methods revealed that chemical techniques for the deposition of platinum from solution were in use before the advent of electroplating. Some experimental work to replicate the patination technique of electrochemical replacement plating of platinum based on recipes from the nineteenth century is described. The technical evidence suggests that a late eighteenth‐century date for the sculpture is reasonable.
CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS ON NATIVE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS FROM THE GREAT BASIN REGION, U.S.A.: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: FOX A. , HERON C. , SUTTON M. Q.
Published: August 2007

Although documentary evidence provided by ethnographers makes reference to the source of adhesives, sealants, dyestuffs and medicines used by the communities of the Great Basin, much of it is sporadic and unspecified. However, observations of amorphous deposits surviving on stone tools, ceramics, basketry and wooden artefacts have prompted an investigation of their identity, procurement and use. The aim initially is to study samples from a number of archaeological and ethnographic contexts from the region. Comparative material includes higher plant and insect resins. The study provides a unique opportunity to document use patterns in plant and animal resources in the Great Basin region.
RELIABILITY AND REPEATABILITY IN DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: TESTS USING THE FLETCHER ARCHIVE OF PANEL‐PAINTING DATA
Authors: HILLAM J. , TYERS I.
Published: August 2007

Research into the dates of timber used for art‐historical objects has provided a large data set on which to test standard dendrochronological techniques. Some 177 sets of tree‐ring measurements, originally analysed by the late Dr J. M. Fletcher at Oxford University, have been re‐examined independently in the tree‐ring laboratories at the University of Sheffield and the Museum of London Archaeology Service. The results show a high level of agreement between the laboratories. In contrast, many of the dates produced by Dr Fletcher for the paintings are not confirmed. The two different approaches described here also resulted in remarkably similar internal groupings of the dated material. These groupings probably reflect the provenance of the timbers and suggest that two different areas of the eastern Baltic supplied the bulk of the material with smaller quantities of panels originating in Britain and central Europe.
ONLY TIME WILL TELL: A REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY OF DIRECT ROCK ART DATING
Authors: BEDNARIK R. G.
Published: August 2007

Epistemology has not kept pace with the progress experienced in the direct dating of rock art. This paper reviews the experimental methods that have been developed in recent years. While many do provide important information about the possible age of rock art, it is of concern that the precipitate archaeological interpretations these data are used for are often not warranted. Some are attributable to not understanding the severe qualifications that apply to most dating results, others perhaps to over‐enthusiasm on the part of some researchers. The introduction of archaeological dynamics into direct dating of rock art threatens the reliability of this young methodology. Some of the pitfalls are considered in this paper, and a general rationale for the direct dating of rock art is developed.
BLOOD AS A BINDING MEDIUM IN A CHUMASH INDIAN PIGMENT CAKE
Authors: SCOTT D. A. , NEWMAN M. , SCHILLING M. , DERRICK M. , KHANJIAN H. P.
Published: August 2007

As part of a study of Chumash Indian pigments, some black pigment cakes have been examined. One pigment cake was characterized as soot by polarized light microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared microscopy showed that the binder was proteinaceous. Protein determination was followed by examination using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis which showed a characteristic suite of amino acids to be present, proportionally similar to blood. The blood identification was confirmed by immunological analysis. The binder was shown to be a mixture of human and animal blood, the animal being pronghorn antelope. This is the first successful identification of a binding medium from a Chumash Indian pigment cake.
INFRARED STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DATING OF ARCHAEOSEDIMENTS
Authors: LANG A. , WAGNER G. A.
Published: August 2007

In this study the feasibility of infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) for dating loessic colluvial sediments, deposited as a result of human activity, is investigated. It is demonstrated that the ‘IRSL‐clock’is reset after a few minutes of daylight exposure even under foggy weather conditions. Samples of independently known age were taken at the Neolithic Bruchsal Aue site in south‐west Germany. Different laboratory procedures are tried and a method is suggested (narrow wave‐length band in the blue, preheat at 220° C for 5 min) to overcome age underestimates. This laboratory technique yielded archaeologically reasonable ages for colluvial sediments and hollow fillings. The IRSL‐ages demonstrate that the deposition of the colluvia is related to soil erosion triggered by human activities, such as wood clearing and agriculture. The successful dating of archaeosediments has a great potential for applications in environmental archaeology as well as in geomorphology and in particular for the reconstruction of man‐landscape interactions in central Europe.
DATING ANCIENT LIME MORTARS BY GEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: VENDRELL‐SAZ M. , ALARCÓN S. , MOLERA J. , GARCÍA‐VALLÉS M.
Published: August 2007

This paper proposes a method of dating based on the study of the mineralogy and geochemistry of lime mortars. If the mortars used in constructing the various parts of a building are made from limestones of distinct geochemistry (minor elements) and mineralogy (clay content), such differences should be identifiable in their compositions. Furthermore, if some parts of the building can be reliably dated, the mortars used in their construction can be compared with mortars taken from parts of the building whose dates are unknown. Under certain conditions, a relationship can be established between the mortars, and a date may be proposed. An experimental procedure, based on identification of mortar phases, is proposed. The method was tested on two historical monuments, built in the eleventh to twelfth and nineteenth centuries respectively, which illustrate different dating problems.
PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS AT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES: AN OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHOD AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
Authors: SÁNCHEZ A. , CAÑABATE M. L. , LIZCANO R.
Published: August 2007

The application of phosphorus analysis to archaeological contexts can be considerably improved through ultrasonic extraction and the statistical evaluation of results through an analysis of variance. Such tools make the archaeological application of phosphorus analysis faster as well as more economical and coherent. This paper describes the features of these tools and provides a practical case: the Late Neolithic—Early Copper phase of the site ‘Polideportivo’in Martos, southern Spain.
REVIEW ARTICLE USE‐WEAR ANALYSIS: THE STATE OF THE ART
Authors: GRACE R.
Published: August 2007

This paper is a review of the recent developments in use‐wear analysis. The focus is on some key issues: polish formation, quantification of use‐wear, residue analysis and the way these related themes have affected methods of use‐wear analysis. A brief history of the development of use‐wear analysis is presented and a discussion of blind tests, expert systems (explained at length in the ‘Appendix’) and how use‐wear analysis can be incorporated into the chaîne opératoire approach to the interpretation of Stone Age sites.
In Defense of Milton's Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio
Authors: Miller Leo
Published: August 2007

John Milton's Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio was extremely popular during his lifetime, but 20th‐century critics have not admired or paid much attention to this tract in support of the English
Entertainments for the French ambassadors at the court of Henry VIII
Authors: Richardson Glenn
Published: August 2007

Vous avez raison de me porter envie d'etre avec un si gentil Prince … car je suis traicté icy, non pas comme Ambassadeur mais comme Prince du pays, logé en la maison dudict Sieur Roy et quand je le veoys veoir tousjours mangeant à sa table.1
REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: CLOUGH CECIL
Published: August 2007

Guglielmo Ebreo of Pesaro, De pratica sen arte tripudii: On the Practice or Art of Dancing. Edited, with facing‐page translation into English, and introduced by Barbara Sparti; poems translated by Michael Sullivan.
Welfare Effects of Banning Genetic Information in the Life Insurance Market: The Case of BRCA1/2 Genes
Authors: Hoy Michael , Witt Julia
Published: August 2007

Abstract

We investigate whether regulations that ban insurance companies from access to individuals' genetic tests are likely to lead to substantial adverse selection costs for the specific example of the so‐called breast cancer (BRCA1/2) genes. Using a data set including economic, demographic, and relevant family background information to simulate the market for 10‐year term life insurance, we find generally only modest adverse selection costs associated with such a regulatory ban. However, for family background groups that are at high risk for carrying one of these genes, the efficiency cost of adverse selection may be significant should the test become widely adopted.
Analysis of Participating Life Insurance Contracts: A Unification Approach
Authors: Gatzert Nadine , Kling Alexander
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Fair pricing of embedded options in life insurance contracts is usually conducted by using risk‐neutral valuation. This pricing framework assumes a perfect hedging strategy, which insurance companies can hardly pursue in practice. In this article, we extend the risk‐neutral valuation concept with a risk measurement approach. We accomplish this by first calibrating contract parameters that lead to the same market value using risk‐neutral valuation. We then measure the resulting risk assuming that insurers do not follow perfect hedging strategies. As the relevant risk measure, we use lower partial moments, comparing shortfall probability, expected shortfall, and downside variance. We show that even when contracts have the same market value, the insurance company's risk can vary widely, a finding that allows us to identify key risk drivers for participating life insurance contracts.
Factors Influencing Clinical Outcomes After Revascularization in the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP)
Authors: Pepine Carl J. , Bourassa Martial G. , Chaitman Bernard R. , Davies Richard F. , Kerensky Richard A. , Sharaf Barry , Knatterud Genell L. , Forman Sandra A. , Pratt Craig M. , Staples Edward D. , Sopko George , Conti C. Richard
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background and Aim The Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot is the first randomized trial where revascularization involved choice of either coronary bypass or angioplasty used in an early or a delayed symptom‐driven approach. One‐year outcomes were favorable (reduced recurrent ischemia and adverse outcomes) for an early revascularization strategy (within 4 weeks), compared with an early medical strategy when revascularization was delayed until symptom‐driven. This ancillary study examined variables influencing outcomes after these 2 revascularization approaches (early vs. delayed until symptom‐driven). Methods: Participants were clinically stable coronary disease patients with stress‐induced and daily life ischemia who underwent revascvularization. Characteristics associated with clinical outcomes occurring within the year following revascularization were examined using Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 262 patients received revascularization; 170 in the early approach and 92 in the delayed symptom‐driven approach. Thirty‐three patients had adverse outcomes (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization) during l‐year follow‐up. The most important independent predictor of improved outcome during the follow‐up year was attempted revascularization of ≥ 66% of vessels with significant stenosis for the early (risk ratio [RR] 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.67) and the delayed (RR 0.21, CI 0.08–0.58) approaches. Factors such as age, stress test results, and coronary angiographic findings did not predict clinical outcome. Conclusions: Our findings are important in the planning of a large trial with longer follow‐up.
Self‐Expanding Endovascular Stent‐Graft Implant for Treatment of Descending Aortic Diseases
Authors: Stolf Noedir A. G. , Fernandes Paulo M. Pêgo , Souza Luciano R. , Moitinho Rilson , Arteaga Edmundo , Jatene Adib D.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: Aneurysms and dissections involving the descending thoracic aorta and the distal portion of the aortic arch are difficult to resolve surgically. The introduction of endovascular self‐expanding stent‐grafts has simplified the operation. Given the complications associated with their peripheral placement, we explored the feasibility of surgical insertion. Methods: Thirteen patients underwent surgical insertion of a stent‐graft into the aortic arch via longitudinal aortotomy. Six patients had aneurysms (ruptured in two, and seven dissections (acute in two, ruptured in one). Five patients also underwent associated procedures including aortic valve replacement (one), ascending aorta replacement (two), arch replacement (one), and coronary artery bypass (one). Results: There was one intraoperative death due to ascending aortic dissection, and two hospital deaths due to multiple complications. Of ten patients discharged, one died 3 months postoperatively. The remaining survivors are well, and imaging studies confirmed adequate correction of the aortic disease. Conclusions: The use of this technique simplifies the operation and treatment of particular cases of aortic disease. The observed morbidity and mortality are due to factors independent of the technique.
Use of Extrafascially Harvested Radial Artery for Coronary Artery Revascularization: Technical Considerations
Authors: Kulshrestha Pankaj , Rao Lokeswara , Garb Jane L. , Rousou John A. , Engelman Richard M. , Wait Richard B.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: The use of the radial artery for coronary artery revascularization was abandoned due to its tendency for spasm; the revival was attributed to improved harvesting technique as well as the use of calcium channel blockers. Methods: Between February 1996 and June 1997, the radial artery graft was used in 77 of 89 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Only the patients with positive Allen's test or forearm deformity were denied the use of the radial artery. We used an extrafascial, no‐touch technique using low‐strength electrocautery for harvesting the radial artery. Calcium channel blockers were not used in any of these patients. Results: There were no early deaths. No patient sustained perioperative myocardial infarction or required intra‐aortic balloon pump. Only one patient required inotropic agents. Three noncardiac late deaths occurred during the follow‐up of 6 to 24 months. No early or late ischemic or functional forearm disability was reported in any of the patients. Conclusions: The radial artery is easy to harvest and safe to use routinely. When harvested extrafascially, diltiazem infusion may not be necessary. Maximal arterial‐global revascularization using the left internal thoracic artery‐to‐left anterior descending coronary artery and radial artery‐to‐circumflex artery system may improve the early and long‐term results.
Complete Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve Including the Role of Airway Stenting
Authors: Dodge‐Khatami Ali , Backer Carl L. , Holinger Lauren D. , Baden Harris P. , Mavroudis Constantine
Published: August 2007

Abstract Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with absent pulmonary valve (APV) represents an extreme form of tetralogy where pulmonary insufficiency and mild annular stenosis often results in massive pulmonary arterial (PA) dilatation. The aneurysmal left and right PAS often compress the adjacent trachea and bronchi, leading to airway obstruction and respiratory failure in infancy. Between 1991 and 1997, 11 patients underwent a single stage repair of TOF and APV using a valved (10 patients) or nonvalved (1 patient) homograft conduit and PA reduction arterioplasty. There was one (1/11 [9.1%]) perioperative and one (9.1%) late death. Both deaths were related to airway complications. Morbidity associated with postoperative respiratory complications and ventilator‐dependency due to underlying tracheobronchomalacia is an important problem. Intermediate follow‐up shows a high incidence of reintervention for conduit stenosis and/or insufficiency and tracheobronchial compression. These infants also required multiple hospitalizations for recurrent respiratory infections secondary to their tracheobronchomalacia. Stenting of the right and left main bronchi with balloon expandable metallic stents is a new experimental therapy that has been useful in two recent patients with respiratory failure despite satisfactory intracardiac repair. It may provide an attractive alternative therapy to prolonged mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure in patients with severe tracheobronchomalacia. Complete repair with a valved homograft conduit and reduction pulmonary arterioplasty in infancy at the time of diagnosis is the procedure of choice for infants with TOF with APV. With this approach the patient outcome is essentially determined by their airway status and airway management.
Surgery for Aortic Regurgitation Caused by Behcet's Disease: A Clinical Study of 11 Patients
Authors: Ando Motomi , Okita Yutaka , Sasako Yosikado , Kobayashi Junjiro , Tagusari Osamu , Kitamura Soichiro
Published: August 2007

Abstract Surgical treatment for aortic regurgitation (AR) caused by Behcet's disease is difficult due to the need to manipulate fragile, inflamed tissue. Valve detachment following aortic valve replacement (AVR) and suture detachment are serious postoperative complications. We investigated the surgical results in 11 patients. Between 1981 and July 1999,11 patients, 9 males and 2 females, with AR caused by Behcet's disease underwent surgery. The age of these patients ranged from 33 to 60 years (mean, 45 ± 8 years). The surgical procedures for AR were AVR in six patients and valved conduit operation in five patients. No patient died during the hospital stay. In a follow‐up period ranging from 3 to 204 months (mean, 93 ± 64 months) two patients died. Prosthetic valve detachment or suture detachment necessitating redo‐operation occurred in four patients (36%) who then underwent a valved conduit procedure as a reoperation. Prosthetic valve detachment was higher in patients with AVR than in patients with a valved conduit operation. Valved conduit reconstruction is indicated in patients with AR caused by Behcet's disease in whom prevention of valve detachment is difficult even by current valve fixation methods.
Myocardial Inflammatory Cell Infiltrates in Cases of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Light Microscopic, Immunohisto‐chemical, and Virological Analyses of Myocardium Specimens obtained by Partial Left Ventriculectomy
Authors: Terasaki Fumio , Okabe Makoto , Hayashi Tetsuya , Fujioka Shigekazu , Suwa Michihiro , Hirota Yuzo , Kitaura Yasushi , Kawamura Keishiro , Isomura Tadashi , Suma Hisayoshi
Published: August 2007

Abstract Objective: Partial left ventriculectomy was introduced for the treatment of refractory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). To determine the presence and degree of inflammatory cell infiltrates in DCM and the correlation between the underlying myocardial injury and early clinical outcomes after the operation, we performed histopathological, immunohistochemical, and virological studies of the resected myocardium.

Methods: Posterolateral walls of the left ventricle from 13 idio‐pathic DCM patients (9 males and 4 females; mean age = 53 ± 14 years) were examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the interstitial fibrosis and of the infiltrating inflammatory cells were conducted. For the immunohistochemistry, leukocyte surface markers and antibodies to adhesion molecules and cytokines were used. The histopathological findings were compared with the clinical results, including outcome within 1 year, and pre‐ and postoperative hemodynamic data. Genomic analysis of the myocardium with polymerase chain reaction was performed for en‐terovirus, mumps, influenza A, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis C virus.

Results: (1) The three patients who died of cardiac insufficiency after surgery had a higher count of infiltrating inflammatory cells than the eight survivors (32.1 ± 10.4 vs 16.3 ± 11.9 cells/mm2, p = 0.07). The severity of interstitial fibrosis (percent fibrosis) did not differ significantly between these two groups (28.3 f 15.0 vs 24.0 ± 11.7%). (2) In patients who died of myocardial dysfunction, focal accumulations of lymphocytes were common, in which cytotoxic/suppressor T cells and helper/inducer T cells were observed. (3) Enterovirus genome was detected in the myocardium of two patients, both of them died after surgery.

Conclusions: Inflammatory cell infiltrates or active myocarditis appear in some cases to play an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of clinically diagnosed DCM. There is a possibility that those patients with a more severe or ongoing inflammatory process might have poor outcomes after partial left ventriculectomy.
Intraoperative Assessment of Acute Hemodynamic Changes After Partial Left Ventriculectomy
Authors: Koenig Steven , Shafie Mohammad , Pearson Anthony , Laureano Mary Ann , Cerrito Pat , Ewert Daniel , Schroeder Mark , Dowling Robert D.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Partial left ventriculectomy (PLV) has been introduced as an alternative surgical therapy for patients with end‐stage dilated cardiomyopathy. The physiological benefits of PLV are relatively unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of PLV by measuring cardiac function before and after PLV. Aortic and left ventricular pressures and aortic flow were measured in eight patients. Continuous, beat‐to‐beat data were recorded and compared pre‐PLV and post‐PLV with and without inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusions. PLV increased cardiac output (0.93 ± 0.5, p = 0.01) as a result of increased stroke volume (5.12 ± 4.24, p = 0.06) and heart rate (14.5 ± 8.44, p = 0.02). Contractility (± dP/dt, 240.33 ± 74.28, p = 0.001) and external work (650.8 ± 320.4, p = 0.01) were also improved. Left ventricular end‐diastolic elastance (0.15 ± 0.14, p = 0.10) nearly doubled after PLV. Our results indicated an improved cardiac function as measured by increased cardiac output, stroke volume, ejection fraction (EF), and contractility.
Acute Mechanical Valve Thrombosis of the St. Jude Medical Prosthesis
Authors: Katircioglu S. Fehmi , Ulus A. Tulga , Yamak Birol , Ozsoyler Ibrahim , Birincioglu Levent , Tagdemir Oguz
Published: August 2007

Abstract From 1986 to 1996, 2585 patients underwent valve replacement with the St. Jude medical prosthesis. Sixty experienced mechanical valve thrombosis. Seventeen of 60 patients (28.3%) had isolated aortic valve replacements, 33 had isolated mitral valve replacements (55%), and 10 had double valve replacements (16.7%) (aortic and mitral valve replacement). All patients who underwent reoperation for mechanical valve thrombosis were functional Class III or IV. Against medical advice, systemic anticoagulation with warfarin sodium had been discontinued or used only intermittently. Thus, anticoagulant activity was not adequate. The diagnosis of thrombosis was made by clinical examination, laboratory findings, and echocardiography and cineradiography. Of the 60 patients, 9 patients died early after surgery or before discharge. Most of the deaths were attributed to low cardiac output. The overall hospital mortality was 15%. The overall 10‐year actuarial survival rate was 82.8 ± 1.6%. In our study, reoperation for thrombosed mechanical prosthesis was not an independent parameter determining mortality. Age was the only statistically important hospital mortality predictor. Of this group, 90% suffered mechanical valve obstruction within the first 5 years after operation. These results suggest that valve re‐replacement appears to be a suitable surgical treatment for thrombosis of mechanical prosthetic valves, especially in the young. In these patients subsequent anticoagulation management is necessary.
Predictive Value of Preoperative Serum Cholinesterase Concentration in Patients with Liver Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hirata Nobuaki , Sawa Yoshiki , Matsuda Hikaru
Published: August 2007

Abstract Objective There are an increasing number of patients with severe liver dysfunction subjected to open heart surgery. This retrospective study was designed to assess operative results and clarify the degree of liver injury in patients with liver dysfunction undergoing open heart surgery. In addition, determinants influencing their prognosis were assessed. Methods In a 9‐year period from 1988 to 1996, we operated on 31 patients with posthepatitis liver dysfunction and 16 with chronic passive congestion of the liver. This group was 2.3% and 1.6% of the 1368 patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the same period. We compared several perioperative factors between survivors and nonsurvivors to determine risk factors affecting mortality. Results In the group with posthepatitis liver dysfunction, the postoperative course of 5 patients among 31 (16.1%) was poor. Serum cholinesterase concentration was lower only in the nonsurvivor group (nonsurvivor vs survivor: 1979 ± 949 vs 3515 ± 1424 lU/l, p < 0.05). All patients with cholinesterase < 2000 IU/L died. The duration of CPB (212 ± 53 vs 150 ± 54 minutes, p < 0.03) and ACC time (151 ± 38 vs 96 2 40 minutes, p < 0.02) was longer in the nonsurvivor group. In the group with chronic passive congestion, the postoperative course of 5 of 16 (31.3%) patients with valvular disease was poor. Serum cholinesterase concentration was lower only in the nonsurvivor group (nonsurvivor vs survivors: 2006 ± 435 vs 3483 ± 1442 IU/L, p < 0.021, and all patients with cholinesterase < 2000 IU/L died. Postoperative bleeding was greater in the nonsurvivor group (3327 ± 2106 vs 1428 ± 643 mL, p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis including the described pre‐ and intraoperative factors identified only serum cholinesterase concentration (F = 9.18) as significant. Conclusions A low value of preoperative serum cholinesterase (< 2,000 IU/L) is thought to be the predictor of prognosis after open heart surgery in patients with severe posthepatitis and congestive liver dysfunction. operative factors (cardiopulmonary time in posthepatitis liver dysfunction and postoperative bleeding in the congestive liver dysfunction) also influenced the prognosis.
Reoperative Median Sternotomy Using a Cast Spreader
Authors: Kulshrestha Pankaj , Garb Jane L. , Rousou John A. , Engelman Richard M. , Wait Richard B.
Published: August 2007

Abstract Repeat median sternotomy carries a high mortality rate secondary to a higher incidence of injury to the underlying vital structures. The reported incidence of reentry accidents may be as high as 6% to 10%. We describe a new technique of redo sternotomy using a nitrogen‐powered oscillating saw and a cast spreader. The new technique was used for 89 consecutive cases without any incidence of injury to the underlying structures. The use of a case spreader during repeat median sternotomy may enhance the safety of reentry.