bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole exome sequencing in a patient with uniparental disomy of chromosome 2 and a complex phenotype
Authors: Carmichael H , Shen Y , Nguyen TT , Hirschhorn JN , Dauber A
Published: November 2012

Whole exome sequencing and chromosomal microarrays are two powerful technologies that have transformed the ability of researchers to search for potentially causal variants in human disease. This study combines these tools to search for causal variants in a patient found to have maternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 2. This subject has a complex phenotype including skeletal and renal dysplasia, immune deficiencies, growth failure, retinal degeneration and ovarian insufficiency. Eighteen non‐synonymous, rare homozygous variants were identified on chromosome 2. Additionally, five genes with compound heterozygous mutations were detected on other chromosomes that could lead to a disease phenotype independent of the uniparental disomy found in this case. Several candidate genes with potential connection to the phenotype are described but none are definitively proven to be causal. This study highlights the potential for detection of a large number of candidate genes using whole exome sequencing complicating interpretation in both the research and clinical settings. Forums must be created for publication and sharing of detailed phenotypic and genotypic reports to facilitate further biological discoveries and clinical counseling.
Early biocompatibility of poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel barrier materials for guided bone regeneration. An in vitro study using human gingival fibroblasts (HGF‐1)
Authors: Dahlin Christer , Johansson Anna , Hoffman Maria , Molenberg Aart
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To evaluate the early cellular attachment and viability to modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels with the influence of arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) in an in vitro model system.

Material and methods

Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF‐1) were cultured on 6 different modalities of PEG hydrogel in hydrophobic polystyrene wells. A total of 7500 cells/well (10000 cells/cm2) were dispersed over the PEG filled wells and incubated in triplicates for 24 h, 7 and 13 days. Cell numbers were calculated by means of a NucleoCounter. Cell viability was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). For statistical analysis, nonparametric Kruska–Wallis test followed by Dunetts T3 test were used.

Results

All PEG modifications showed good biocompatibility, as demonstrated by low LDH values per cell at the earlier two time points. After 13 days, all PEG modifications showed significantly lower number of cells compared with the controls, and the MX60 configurations demonstrated significantly higher LDH/cell values compared with the other hydrogels.

Conclusions

Modifications of the physio‐chemical properties of PEG hydrogels and the addition of RGD and spacers influenced the initial cellular response of cultured HGF‐1 cells. With the exception of MX60 after 13 days, all PEG formulations performed similarly well. Early cellular response should be considered when developing PEG‐based material for clinical purposes.
Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia secondary to cutaneous extravasation of docetaxel: report of three cases
Authors: Gallo Elena , Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Navarro Raquel , Fraga Javier , García‐Diez Amaro
Published: November 2012

Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia is characterized by the metaplasia of cuboidal epithelial cells of the eccrine sweat ducts into squamous epithelial cells. It has been associated with several conditions including chemotherapy‐related bilateral dermatitis, an entity that can take place in body areas rich in eccrine glands, as well as in acral erythema related to chemotherapy. Only a few cases because of cutaneous extravasation of chemotherapy have been previously reported. We report three cases of eccrine squamous syringometaplasia secondary to extravasation of docetaxel.
A multicentre, multinational, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, phase 3 trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gemigliptin (LC15‐0444) in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yang S. J. , Min K. W. , Gupta S. K. , Park J. Y. , Shivane V. K. , Pitale S. U. , Agarwal P. K. , Sosale A. , Gandhi P. , Dharmalingam M. , Mohan V. , Mahesh U. , Kim D. M. , Kim Y. S. , Kim J. A. , Kim P. K. , Baik S. H.
Published: November 2012

Aim

This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor gemigliptin (LC15‐0444) 50 mg versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We conducted a 24‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase III trial in 182 patients (74 from Korea and 108 from India) with type 2 diabetes. After an initial 2 weeks of a diet and exercise programme followed by 2 weeks of a single‐blind placebo run‐in period, eligible patients were randomized to gemigliptin 50 mg or placebo, receiving the assigned treatment for 24 weeks. HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were measured periodically, and oral glucose tolerance test was performed at baseline and weeks 12 and 24.

Results

At week 24, gemigliptin treatment led to significant reductions in HbA1c measurements compared to placebo (adjust mean after subtracting the placebo effect size: −0.71%, 95% confidence interval: −1.04 to −0.37%). A significantly greater proportion of patients achieved an HbA1c <7% with gemigliptin than with placebo. The placebo‐subtracted FPG change from baseline at week 24 was −19.80 mg/dl. The overall incidence rates for adverse events were similar in the gemigliptin and placebo groups.

Conclusions

This study showed the efficacy and safety of gemigliptin 50 mg administered once daily as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes patients.
Left Ventricular Rotation and Twist Assessed by Four‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Healthy Subjects and Pathological Remodeling: a Single Center Experience
Authors: Lilli Alessio , Baratto Marco Tullio , Meglio Jacopo Del , Chioccioli Marco , Magnacca Massimo , Talini Enrica , Canale Maria Laura , Poddighe Rosa , Comella Alessandro , Casolo Giancarlo
Published: November 2012

Background: Left ventricular (LV) twist represents a main aspect of ejection. It is defined as the difference between the apical and basal rotation and can be assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). Twist may be underestimated when assessed by two‐dimensional‐echocardiography due to the difficulty of identifying the real apex. Aim of this study was to evaluate the LV twist by means of three‐dimensional (3D)‐STE and verify if the inclusion of the apex can modify the assessment of the global twist. Methods: LV volume acquisition with a fully sampled matrix array transducer was performed in 30 healthy subjects and 79 patients with cardiomyopathy secondary to different etiologies. Thirty‐nine patients had a LV ejection fraction (EF) ≥50% (Group A), 16 showed an EF between 40 and 50% (Group B), and 24 patients had an EF ≤40%(Group C). LV rotation was assessed by 3D‐STE at basal, medium, apical, and apical‐cap levels. Twist was computed considering the apex either at the apical level (TwistApi) or at the apical‐cap level (TwistAC). Results: LV rotation resulted to be progressively higher from base to apical‐cap (P < 0.0001) with a significant difference between the apex and the apical‐cap level (6.20 ± 3.90° vs. 10.23 ± 7.52°; P < 0.001). Such a difference was constantly found in all Groups (P < 0.01 for Group A, P < 0.05 for Group B and C). TwistApi was also significantly lower than TwistAC both in the overall population (6.2 ± 3.89° vs. 10.23 ± 7.51°; P < 0.001) and in the different subgroups (Controls: 9.61 ± 3.39° vs. 13.75 ± 6.51°; Group A: 10.49 ± 4.77° vs. 16.37 ± 8.49°; Group B: 6.67 ± 3.44° vs. 9.14 ± 5.55°; Group C: 33 ± 2.62° vs. 5.26 ± 3.74°; P < 0.05 for all the comparisons). Conclusions: Identification and inclusion of apical‐cap is relevant for twist assessment and can be carried out efficiently by 3D‐STE. The inclusion of the true apex in the calculation significantly affects the analysis of twist both in normal individuals and patients with different myocardial diseases.
The Effect of Smoking on Myocardial Performance Index in Middle‐Aged Males after First Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bacaksiz Ahmet , Kayrak Mehmet , Vatankulu Mehmet Akif , Ayhan Selim S. , Sonmez Osman , Akilli Hakan , Aribas Alpay , Ari Hatem , Ozdemir Kurtulus
Published: November 2012

Background: Cigarette smoking is associated with increased rates of coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction (MI). Paradoxically, smokers had lower mortality after MI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic smoking on myocardial performance index (MPI) in middle‐aged men after an acute MI. Material and methods: A total of 429 patients (325 smokers vs. 104 nonsmokers) presenting with acute ST elevation MI were enrolled in this study. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow of the infarct related artery was measured before and after the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and Gensini score was also calculated. Conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDI) were performed within 48–72 hours after onset of chest pain. Peak early (Em) and late (Am) diastolic velocities, peak systolic (Sm) mitral annular velocities and time intervals were recorded with TDI. The MPI, ratio of Em/Am, and E/Em were calculated. Results: Baseline demographic and angiographic characteristics such as Gensini score, pre and, post PCI TIMI flow were similar in 2 groups. In contrast, LV MPI was preserved among smokers (0.59 ± 0.15 vs. 0.66 ± 0.14, P = 0.01), and Em/Am values were also higher in smokers (0.84 ± 0.28 vs. 0.75 ± 0.31, P = 0.01). Independent predictors of impaired MPI (≥0.60) were determined as nonsmoking status (odds ratio 2.940, 95% CI 0.98–5.83, P = 0.05), left anterior descending artery stenosis (odds ratio 3.196, 95% CI 1.73–5.91 P = 0.001), and, age (odds ratio 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.22, P = 0.01). Conclusions: Despite similar demographic and angiographic characteristics, smoker males had a paradoxically better MPI after acute MI.
Left Main Coronary In‐Stent Intimal Hyperplasia and Hemodynamics as Detected by Contrast‐Enhanced Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Baglini Roberto , Amaducci Andrea , D'Ancona Giuseppe
Published: November 2012

Patients and methods: In‐stent hemodynamics were studied by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in a group of 54 patients after left main coronary artery stenting, during a 6‐month follow‐up. TEE was performed within 24 hours after stenting and at 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐up. Pulsed wave and color Doppler signals were enhanced by IV administration of Levovist. Results: Angiographic immediate success was obtained in all patients. No in‐hospital death occurred. Ten patients (18.4%) complained of recurrent angina at the follow‐up of 4.8 ± 1.2 months. Both TEE and coronary angiography confirmed in‐stent restenosis in all. Thirty‐nine patients (68.5%) remained symptoms free. Mean late loss in these patients was 0.69 ± 0.20 mm. A linear significant positive relation between mean late loss values and diastolic coronary velocity (r: 0.89, P < 0.001) was found. After 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up, PDV showed a significant increase in comparison with basal values (0.7 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.26 vs. 0.32 ± 0.2 cm/sec, P < 0.01). All patients with restenosis showed a significant increase of diastolic coronary velocity in comparison with basal values (2.89 ± 0.25 cm/sec, P < 0.001). Conclusion: TEE can predict the development of in‐stent intimal hyperplasia in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery stenting.
Informal musical activities are linked to auditory discrimination and attention in 2–3‐year‐old children: an event‐related potential study
Authors: Putkinen V. , Tervaniemi M. , Huotilainen M.
Published: November 2012

The relation between informal musical activities at home and electrophysiological indices of neural auditory change detection was investigated in 2–3‐year‐old children. Auditory event‐related potentials were recorded in a multi‐feature paradigm that included frequency, duration, intensity, direction, gap deviants and attention‐catching novel sounds. Correlations were calculated between these responses and the amount of musical activity at home (i.e. musical play by the child and parental singing) reported by the parents. A higher overall amount of informal musical activity was associated with larger P3as elicited by the gap and duration deviants, and smaller late discriminative negativity responses elicited by all deviant types. Furthermore, more musical activities were linked to smaller P3as elicited by the novel sounds, whereas more paternal singing was associated with smaller reorienting negativity responses to these sounds. These results imply heightened sensitivity to temporal acoustic changes, more mature auditory change detection, and less distractibility in children with more informal musical activities in their home environment. Our results highlight the significance of informal musical experiences in enhancing the development of highly important auditory abilities in early childhood.
Daily exposure to cold phase‐shifts the circadian clock of neonatal rats in vivo
Authors: Yoshikawa Tomoko , Matsuno Ami , Yamanaka Yujiro , Nishide Shin‐ya , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2012

Maternal rhythms entrain the prenatal and neonatal circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) before light entrainment is established. However, the responsible time cues for maternal entrainment are not identified. To examine the role of cyclic changes of ambient temperature in maternal entrainment, blind neonatal rats carrying a clock gene (Per2) bioluminescence reporter were exposed to either of three ambient temperatures (10, 20 or 30 °C) during 6‐h maternal separation in the early light phase. Cold exposure was performed from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P5. On P6, the SCN was harvested and cultured for photometric monitoring of the circadian rhythm in Per2 expression. Here we demonstrate that the daily cold exposure phase‐delayed the circadian Per2 expression rhythms at P6 in a temperature‐dependent manner. Exposure to 10 °C produced the largest phase‐shift of 12.7 h, and exposure to 20 and 30 °C yielded moderate shifts of 4.1 and 4.5 h, respectively. There was no significant difference in the phase‐shifts between the latter two temperatures, indicating that ambient temperature is not the sole factor for the phase‐shift. Behavioral rhythms that developed after weaning reflected the phase‐shift of clock gene expression rhythm in the SCN. These findings indicate that a daily exposure to an ambient temperature of 10 °C during the neonatal period is capable of resetting the circadian clock in the SCN, but other factors yet unidentified are also involved in maternal entrainment.
Regulation of synaptic currents by mGluR2 at reciprocal synapses in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb
Authors: Taniguchi Mutsuo , Yokoi Mineto , Shinohara Yoshiaki , Okutani Fumino , Murata Yoshihiro , Nakanishi Shigetada , Kaba Hideto
Published: November 2012

The throughput of information from the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) to downstream structures is controlled by reciprocal dendrodendritic inhibition of mitral cells by granule cells. Given the high expression levels of mGluR2, a metabotropic glutamate receptor, in the AOB and the fact that the activation of mGluR2 permits the formation of a specific olfactory memory, we reasoned that mGluR2 might play an important role in regulating dendrodendritic inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulations of mGluR2 on synaptic responses measured from mitral or granule cells in slice preparations from 23‐ to 36‐day‐old Balb/c mice. To evoke dendrodendritic inhibition, a depolarizing voltage step from –70 to 0 mV or a threshold current stimulus adjusted to elicit action potential(s) was applied to a mitral cell using either a nystatin‐perforated or conventional whole‐cell configuration. We found that an agonist for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/mGluR3), DCG‐IV [(2S,1′R,2′R,3′R)‐2‐(2,3‐dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine], suppressed, whereas the mGluR2/mGluR3 antagonist LY341495 [(αS)‐α‐amino‐α‐[(1S,2S)‐2‐carboxycyclopropyl]‐9H‐xanthine‐9‐propanoic acid] enhanced dendrodendritic inhibition. Genetic ablation of mGluR2 markedly impaired the effects of DCG‐IV and LY341495 on dendrodendritic inhibition. DCG‐IV reduced both the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from granule cells. Additionally, DCG‐IV inhibited high‐voltage‐activated calcium currents in both mitral and granule cells. These results suggest that mGluR2 reduces dendrodendritic inhibition by inhibiting synaptic transmission between mitral cells and granule cells in the AOB.
Detection of atrial fibrillation in the post‐stroke setting: challenges and opportunities on the horizon
Authors: Seet R. C. S.
Published: November 2012

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Recurrence risk of congenital malformations in infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero
Authors: Campbell Ellen , Devenney Emma , Morrow Jim , Russell Aline , Smithson William Henry , Parsons Linda , Robertson Iain , Irwin Beth , Morrison Patrick J. , Hunt Stephen , Craig John
Published: November 2012

Purpose:  Use of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy is associated with congenital malformations and developmental delay. Previous studies have suggested that women who have had one child with a congenital malformation are at increased risk of having other children with malformations. We sought to confirm the magnitude of risk in a large cohort drawn from the United Kingdom Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register.

Methods:  The United Kingdom Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register is a prospective, observational registration and follow‐up study set up to determine the relative safety of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. We have extracted data for those women who prospectively registered more than one pregnancy and calculated the recurrence risks for fetal malformations.

Key Findings:  Outcome data were available for 1,534 pregnancies born to 719 mothers. For women whose first child had a congenital malformation there was a 16.8% risk of having another child with a congenital malformation, compared with 9.8% for women whose first child did not have a malformation (relative risk 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.96). The risk for recurrence was 50% for women who had had two previous children with a congenital malformation. There was a trend toward a higher risk for recurrent malformations in pregnancies exposed to valproate (21.9%, relative risk 1.47, 95% CI 0.68–3.20) and topiramate (50%, relative risk 4.50, 95% CI 0.97–20.82), but not for other drugs such as carbamazepine and lamotrigine. Recurrence risks were also higher for pregnancies exposed to polytherapy regimens and for those where the dose of antiepileptic drug treatment had been increased after the first pregnancy.

Significance:  Women who have had a child with a malformation are at increased risk of having other children with malformations. This is in keeping with previous reports that have suggested that genetic influences may be one of the factors determining the teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drugs.
Cause‐specific mortality among patients with epilepsy: Results from a 30‐year cohort study
Authors: Trinka Eugen , Bauer Gerhard , Oberaigner Willi , Ndayisaba Jean‐Pierre , Seppi Klaus , Granbichler Claudia A.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: Death rates of patients with epilepsy are two to three times higher than expected. The aim of our study was to further delineate the causes and the patterns of premature death in patients with epilepsy.

Methods: We included all patients who were prospectively enrolled between 1970 and 1999 in our epilepsy outpatient clinical database. Patients were followed until death or December 31, 2003. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using reference rates from the same region.

Key Findings: After 48,595 person years of follow‐up, 648 of 3,334 patients had died, resulting in an overall SMR of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0–2.4). The highest SMRs were for patients aged 26–45 years (6.8, 95% CI 3.8–11.2) and with symptomatic epilepsies (3.1, 95% CI 2.3–4.9); those for cryptogenic causes (2.2, 95% CI 1.6–3.1) were also elevated, whereas those for idiopathic causes were not increased (2.7, 95% CI 0.7–7.0) after 2 years of follow‐up. SMRs for patients with persistent seizures (3.3, 95% CI 2.6–4.4) were higher than those for seizure‐free patients (1.4, 95% CI 0.8–2.3). The highest cause‐specific SMRs were for epilepsy (91.6, 95% CI 66.3–123.4), brain tumors (22.7, 95% CI 15.7–31.8), and external causes (2.4, 95% CI 1.8–3.3) at end of study period.

Significance: Epilepsy patients have a higher‐than‐expected risk of death throughout life and especially during the first 2 years following diagnosis. Standardized mortality rates were especially high in younger patients and in patients with symptomatic epilepsies. Persistent seizures are strongly related to excess mortality.
Anatomic and neuromuscular characterisation of the equine cricothyroid muscle
Authors: Reesink H. L. , Hermanson J. W. , Cheetham J. , Mu L. , Mitchell L. M. , Soderholm L. V. , Ducharme N. G.
Published: November 2012

Reasons for performing study

As part of investigation into laryngeal stability and reanimation using functional electrical stimulation, the cricothyroid muscle might be utilised to increase laryngeal cross‐sectional area in horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. For optimal electrode placement and muscle recruitment, the neuroanatomy and excitability of the equine cricothyroid muscle needs to be defined.

Objectives

To describe the anatomy, innervation and function of the equine cricothyroid muscle and its contribution to laryngeal diameter.

Methods

Seventeen equine larynges were collected at necropsy and 12 were grossly dissected. Seven larynges (five grade 1, two grade 4) were prepared for immunohistochemistry following gross dissection and 5 larynges were prepared for special staining: acetylcholinesterase staining of motor endplates (n = 3) and Sihler's staining (n = 2). Three larynges were stimulated following in situ cadaver dissection and 2 larynges were removed and stimulated ex vivo.

Results

Three neuromuscular compartments, each innervated by a primary nerve branch of the external branch of the cranial laryngeal nerve, were identified in all larynges. Stimulation of each neuromuscular compartment resulted in ventral displacement of the thyroid cartilage with respect to the cricoid cartilage, thereby increasing dorsoventral height of the rima glottis.

Conclusions

The equine cricothyroid muscle has 3 distinct neuromuscular compartments with discrete innervation, fibre type distribution and muscle fibre sizes. All neuromuscular compartments tense the vocal cords by increasing dorsoventral height of the rima glottis through ventral displacement of the thyroid cartilage with respect to the cricoid cartilage.

Potential relevance

Simultaneous functional electrical stimulation of the cricothyroid and dorsal cricoarytenoid muscles may enhance laryngeal cross‐sectional area in horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
The mycobacterial binuclear iron monooxygenases require a specific chaperonin‐like protein for functional expression in a heterologous host
Authors: Furuya Toshiki , Hayashi Mika , Semba Hisashi , Kino Kuniki
Published: November 2012

The mimABCD gene clusters in Mycobacterium smegmatis strain mc2155 and Mycobacterium goodii strain 12523 encode binuclear iron monooxygenases that oxidize propane and phenol. In this study, we attempted to express each mimABCD gene cluster in a heterologous host. The actinomycetous strain Rhodococcus opacus B‐4, which is phylogenetically close to Mycobacterium, was selected as the host. Each mimABCD gene cluster was cloned into the Rhodococcus–Escherichia coli shuttle vector, pTip‐QC2, and then introduced into R. opacus cells. Although whole‐cell assays were performed with phenol as a substrate, the transformed R. opacus cells did not oxidize this substrate. SDS/PAGE analysis revealed that the oxygenase large subunit MimA was expressed in the insoluble fraction of R. opacus cells. We found that a gene designated mimG, which lies downstream of mimABCD, exhibits similarity in the amino acid sequence of its product with the products of genes encoding the chaperonin GroEL. When the mimG gene was cloned and coexpressed with each mimABCD gene cluster in R. opacus strain B‐4, this host successfully acquired oxidation activity towards phenol. SDS/PAGE and western blotting analyses demonstrated that MimA was clearly soluble when in the presence of MimG. These results indicated that MimG played essential roles in the productive folding of MimA, and that the resulting soluble MimA protein led to the active expression of MimABCD.
Characterizing the potential habitat of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Mediterranean Sea, at different life stages
Authors: GIANNOULAKI M. , IGLESIAS M. , TUGORES M. P. , BONANNO A. , PATTI B. , DE FELICE A. , LEONORI I. , BIGOT J. L. , TIČINA V. , PYROUNAKI M. M. , TSAGARAKIS K. , MACHIAS A. , SOMARAKIS S. , SCHISMENOU E. , QUINCI E. , BASILONE G. , CUTTITTA A. , CAMPANELLA F. , MIQUEL J. , OÑATE D. , ROOS D. , VALAVANIS V.
Published: November 2012

Identification of the potential habitat of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) at different life stages in relation to environmental conditions is an interesting subject from both ecological and management points of view. For this purpose, acoustic data from different seasons and different parts of the Mediterranean Sea along with satellite environmental and bathymetry data were modelled using generalized additive models. Similarly, egg distribution data from summer ichthyoplankton surveys were used to model potential spawning habitat. Selected models were used to produce maps presenting the probability of anchovy presence (adults, juveniles and eggs) in the entire Mediterranean basin, as a measure of habitat adequacy. Bottom depth and sea surface chlorophyll concentration were the variables found important in all models. Potential anchovy habitats were located over the continental shelf for all life stages examined. An expansion of the potential habitat from the peak spawning (early summer) to the late spawning season (early autumn) was observed. However, the most suitable areas for the presence of anchovy spawners seem to maintain the same size between seasons. Potential juvenile habitats were associated with highly productive inshore waters, being less extended and closer to coast during winter than late autumn. Potential spawning habitat in June and July based on ichthyoplankton surveys overlapped but were wider in extent compared with adult potential habitat from acoustics in the same season. Similarities and dissimilarities between the anchovy habitats as well as comparisons with sardine habitats in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea and other ecosystems with higher productivity are discussed.
Regional unified model‐based leaf unfolding prediction from 1960 to 2009 across northern China
Authors: Xu Lin , Chen Xiaoqiu
Published: November 2012

Using first leaf unfolding data of Salix matsudana, Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila, and Prunus armeniaca, and daily mean temperature data during the 1981–2005 period at 136 stations in northern China, we fitted unified forcing and chilling phenology models and selected optimum models for each species at each station. Then, we examined performances of each optimum local species‐specific model in predicting leaf unfolding dates at all external stations within the corresponding climate region and selected 16 local species‐specific models with maximum effective predictions as the regional unified models in different climate regions. Furthermore, we validated the regional unified models using leaf unfolding and daily mean temperature data beyond the time period of model fitting. Finally, we substituted gridded daily mean temperature data into the regional unified models, and reconstructed spatial patterns of leaf unfolding dates of the four tree species across northern China during 1960–2009. At local scales, the unified forcing model shows higher simulation efficiency at 83% of data sets, whereas the unified chilling model indicates higher simulation efficiency at 17% of data sets. Thus, winter temperature increase so far has not yet significantly influenced dormancy and consequent leaf development of deciduous trees in most parts of northern China. Spatial and temporal validation confirmed capability and reliability of regional unified species‐specific models in predicting leaf unfolding dates in northern China. Reconstructed leaf unfolding dates of the four tree species show significant advancements by 1.4–1.6 days per decade during 1960–2009 across northern China, which are stronger for the earlier than the later leaf unfolding species. Our findings suggest that the principal characteristics of plant phenology and phenological responses to climate change at regional scales can be captured by phenological and climatic data sets at a few representative locations.
Psychometric assessment of the Chinese version of the decisional conflict scale in Chinese women making decision for breast cancer surgery
Authors: Lam Wendy W. T. , Kwok Marie , Liao Qiuyan , Chan Miranda , Or Amy , Kwong Ava , Suen Dacita , Fielding Richard
Published: November 2012

Objective

The decisional conflict scale (DCS) measures the perception of uncertainty in choosing options, factors contributing to decision conflict and effective decision making. This study examined the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the DCS in Hong Kong Chinese women deciding breast cancer (BC) surgery.

Method

A Chinese version of the 16‐item DCS was administered to 471 women awaiting initial consultation for BC diagnosis. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the factor structure. Internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validities of the factor structure were assessed.

Results

CFA revealed the original factor structure of the DCS showed poor fit to this sample. Exploratory factor analysis revealed an alternative three‐factor structure, Informed and Values Clarity, Uncertainty and Effective Decision and Support, was optimal. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.51 to 0.87. Correlations between decision‐making difficulties and satisfaction with medical consultation demonstrated acceptable convergent validity. Construct validity was supported by correlations between decision regret and psychological distress. Discriminant validity was supported by differentiation between delaying and non‐delaying decision‐makers.

Conclusions

The three‐factor DCS‐14 is a valid and practical measure for assessing decisional conflict in deciding BC surgery. It shows good potential for use in assessing decision satisfaction for women diagnosed with BC.
The power of information: health information and UK agendas
Authors: Carlyle Ruth , Grant Maria J.
Published: November 2012

The Department of Health published a new health information strategy in May 2012. The document provides a framework for health information in England over the next 10 years. Health information developments in England, however, do not mirror developments in other parts of the United Kingdom. This article is a personal reflection on the new health information strategy in England, including comparison with developments in the other UK nations.
Evaluation of physico‐chemical properties, trace metal content and antioxidant activity of Indian honeys
Authors: Kamboj Rajni , Bera Manav Bandhu , Nanda Vikas
Published: November 2012

In this study, effect of plant sources viz. Gossypium hirsutum, Coriander sativum, Murraya koenigii and Dalbergia sisso on twelve physico‐chemical properties, phenolic content, flavonoids content as well as on trace mineral (Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cd and Pb) contents of honey were investigated and compared. All the physico‐chemical values were in the range of approved limits of European Commission Regulation and the source of honey had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on physico‐chemical properties, phenol content, flavonoid content and trace mineral content. The results of positive correlations between physico‐chemical properties (colour and antioxidant properties) and compositional components (phenols and flavonoids content) established that antioxidant properties were dependent on source of honey rather than on colour of honey. Pattern recognition methods such as principal component analysis and linear discriminate analysis were performed to classify honey on the basis of physico‐chemical properties, phenolic content, flavonoids content and trace metal content. The variables proline and lead exhibited higher discrimination power.
Hydrolysis degree, peptide profile and phenylalanine removal from whey protein concentrate hydrolysates obtained by various proteases
Authors: Silvestre Marialice P. C. , da Silva Maitê C. , de Souza Mariana W. S. , Silva Viviane D. M. , de Aguiar Marcos J. B. , Silva Mauro R.
Published: November 2012

The action of various proteases was tested for preparing whey protein concentrate (WPC) hydrolysates with high degree of hydrolysis (DH), appropriate peptide profiles and reduced phenylalanine (Phe) content. The peptide profile analysis included the fractionation of hydrolysates by size‐exclusionHPLC. The rapid correct fraction area method was used to quantify the components of the chromatographic fractions. Activated carbon (AC) was used to remove Phe, and its efficiency was evaluated by measuring the amount of Phe by second‐derivative spectrophotometry. The results showed that theDHofWPChydrolysates increased and that the protease fromAspergillus oryzaeyielded the highestDHvalue. This protease also produced the best peptide profile, that is, the highest di‐ and tripeptide content (16.14%), the highest amounts of free amino acids (18.43%) and the lowest amount of large peptides (18.76%). The proteases from bothA. oryzaeandBacillus subtilisproduced the highest Phe removals (79.0 and 77.8%, respectively).
Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anti‐lipase activity of Origanum vulgare and Lippia turbinata essential oils
Authors: Quiroga Patricia R. , Grosso Nelson R. , Lante Anna , Lomolino Giovanna , Zygadlo Julio A. , Nepote Valeria
Published: November 2012

This study reported the chemical composition, phenolic content, antioxidant and anti‐lipase activity of oregano and Lippia essential oils. The major compounds found in oregano essential oil were γ‐terpinene (32.10%), α‐terpinene (15.10%), p‐cymene (8.00%) and thymol (8.00%). In Lippia essential oil, α‐limonene (76.80%) and 1,8‐cineole (4.95%) represented the major compounds. Oregano essential oil had higher phenolic content (12.47 mg gallic acid mL−1) and DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 0.357 μg mL−1) than Lippia essential oil (7.94 mg gallic acid mL−1 and IC50 0.400 μg mL−1, respectively). Both essential oils had similar antioxidant indexes (about 1.2) determined by Rancimat. Moreover, oregano essential oil had also higher anti‐lipase activity (IC50 5.09 and 7.26 μg mL−1). Higher phenolic content in the essential oils was related with higher scavenging and anti‐lipase activities. Oregano and Lippia essential oils could be used as natural antioxidants on food products.
The Wage Gap between Foreign and Spanish Nationals in Spain: an Analysis Using Matched Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Ignacio García‐Pérez J. , Muñoz‐Bullón Fernando , Prieto‐Rodríguez Manuela
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we analyse wage differences between foreign and Spanish nationals in Spain. This analysis is relevant because Spain has witnessed a sharp increase in the proportion of foreign workers over the past decade. In our analysis, we explicitly account for unobserved heterogeneity at firm level, a situation which occurs when relevant covariates (for example, those connected to a specific firm's production process) are not included in the model because they are unmeasurable, unobservable or unavailable for the researcher. When accounting for such heterogeneity, our results show that wage gaps between foreign nationals from developing countries and Spanish nationals range between −6.35 per cent and −11.30 per cent. We also find that wage differences, between Spanish nationals and others in the same firm and job, are substantially greater for almost every group of low‐tenured foreign workers and also for those holding open‐ended contracts.
Warfarin‐related intracerebral haemorrhage: better outcomes when reversal includes prothrombin complex concentrates
Authors: Hanger H. C. , Geddes J. A. A. , Wilkinson T. J. , Lee M. , Baker A. E.
Published: November 2012

Background

Warfarin‐related intracerebral haemorrhage (WRICH) has high mortality. Haematoma expansion is prolonged in WRICH and independently predicts worse outcomes. Guidelines recommend prompt reversal of the warfarin coagulopathy, but evidence of benefit is lacking.

Aims

To determine whether the introduction of a WRICH reversal protocol (late 2008), which includes prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC), improves outcomes

Methods

All patients presenting with WRICH between January 2004 and July 2010 were included. Retrospective case note and radiology review was performed, collecting data on intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) severity, degree and timeliness of reversal, and patient outcomes. Cox's proportional hazards analysis was used to compare outcomes associated with and without PCC after controlling for ICH severity.

Results

Eighty‐eight patients were included (27 treated palliatively). Mean international normalised ratio was 2.9. Vitamin K, PCC and fresh frozen plasma were given alone or in combination to 68, 23 and 44 patients, and mean time from computed tomography scanning to administration was 2.2, 3.3 and 3.1 h respectively. Four patients received PCC pre‐protocol (none before 2007), two during development and seventeen patients post‐protocol. Those who received PCC had improved survival (P < 0.001). After controlling for ICH score, hazard ratio for death was 0.27 (P < 0.01) for use of PCC. Survival tended to be greater with earlier administration of PCC (P = 0.053). Despite improved survival, discharge domicile and function were not significantly worse.

Conclusions

PCC reversal was associated with improved survival without worsened disability. Delays in administration may have reduced the potential benefits.
Recent advances in understanding viral evasion of type I interferon
Authors: Taylor Kathryne E. , Mossman Karen L.
Published: November 2012

The type I interferon (IFN) system mediates a wide variety of antiviral effects and represents an important first barrier to virus infection. Consequently, viruses have developed an impressive diversity of tactics to circumvent IFN responses. Evasion strategies can involve preventing initial virus detection, via the disruption of the Toll‐like receptors or the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG‐I) ‐like receptors, or by avoiding the initial production of the ligands recognized by these receptors. An alternative approach is to preclude IFN production by disarming or degrading the transcription factors involved in the expression of IFN, such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), or ATF‐2/c‐jun, or by inducing a general block on host cell transcription. Viruses also oppose IFN signalling, both by disturbing the type I IFN receptor and by impeding JAK/STAT signal transduction upon IFN receptor engagement. In addition, the global expression of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) can be obstructed via interference with epigenetic signalling, and specific ISGs can also be selectively targeted for inhibition. Finally, some viruses disrupt IFN responses by co‐opting negative regulatory systems, whereas others use antiviral mechanisms to their own advantage. Here, we review recent developments in this field.
Clinical and radiographic outcomes of the use of four dressing materials in pulpotomized primary molars: a randomized clinical trial with 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fernández Cristina Cuadros , Martínez Sandra Sáez , Jimeno Francisco Guinot , Lorente Rodríguez Ana I. , Mercadé Montse
Published: November 2012

Background

Although multiple materials have been suggested for pulpotomized primary molars, there is no reliable evidence of the superiority of one particular type.

Aim

To compare the effectiveness of formocresol (FC), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), ferric sulphate, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as pulp dressing agents in primary molars after 2 years.

Design

One hundred primary molars requiring pulp treatment were allocated randomly to the control (FC) and experimental groups (MTA, ferric sulphate, and NaOCl). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Statistical analysis using Fischer's exact test was performed to determine the significant differences between groups.

Results

In the FC and MTA groups, 100% of the available teeth were clinically successful at all follow‐up appointments. In the NaOCl group, one clinical failure was found at 18 months, and two clinical failures in the ferric sulphate group were noted at 12 and 24 months, but no significant differences were found among the groups (P = 0.41). No significant differences in radiographic success were found among all the groups at 24 months of follow‐up (P = 0.303).

Conclusions

No statistically significant differences among the four materials were found at 24 months suggesting that NaOCl may be an appropriate substitute for FC.
Advantage of meditation over exercise in reducing cold and flu illness is related to improved function and quality of life
Authors: Obasi Chidi N. , Brown Roger , Ewers Tola , Barlow Shari , Gassman Michele , Zgierska Aleksandra , Coe Christopher L. , Barrett Bruce
Published: November 2012

Please cite this paper as:Obasiet al.(2012) Advantage of meditation over exercise in reducing cold and flu illness is related to improved function and quality of life. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 00(0), 00–00.

Purpose To examine whether apparent advantages following training in meditation over exercise can be attributed to specific symptoms, functional impairments, or quality‐of‐life indicators assessed by the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS‐24).

Methods Results from the randomized controlled trial “Meditation or Exercise for Preventing Acute Respiratory Illness” showed mean global severity and total days of illness were worse in control (358, 8·9) compared with exercise (248, 5·1) or meditation (144, 5·0). Global severity of illness was estimated using area under the curve from daily self‐reported severity scores on the WURSS‐24. For this project, we estimated within‐group WURSS item‐level severity and between‐group effect sizes (Cohen’s “d” statistic)relative to control. The item‐level effect sizes were grouped into (i) symptom and (ii) function and quality of life domains.

Results Among the three groups, mediators showed the lowest severity estimates for 21 of 22 WURSS items. Item‐level Cohen’s “d” indicated most benefit was evident in WURSS items representing function and quality of life. Compared with exercise, meditation fostered larger reductions in illness severity, although due mostly to improved function and the quality of life domain (d = −0·33,P < 0·001) compared with symptom domain (d = −0·22,P < 0·001).

Conclusions The apparent advantage of training in meditation over exercise for reducing cold and flu illness is explained more by improved function and quality of life than by a reduction in symptom severity.
Sorption of Streptococcus suis on various soil particles from an Alfisol and effects on pathogen metabolic activity
Authors: Zhao W. Q. , Liu X. , Huang Q. Y. , Rong X. M. , Liang W. , Dai K. , Cai P.
Published: November 2012

The potential contamination of soil environments by pathogens from agricultural manures has received great attention in recent years. However, few studies of the sorption and metabolic activity of pathogens on soil particles have been conducted to date. In this study, we investigated the sorption of pathogen Streptococcus suis on various soil particles from an Alfisol as a function of pH and calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration. S. suis metabolic activity in the presence of different soil particles was also studied by micro‐calorimetric techniques. The amount of S. suis sorbed followed the order: inorganic clay > organic clay > inorganic silt > organic silt > inorganic sand > organic sand. Zeta potentials of S. suis were negative over the experimental conditions and increased with the decrease of pH or the increase of Ca2+ concentrations. A gradual decrease in the sorption of S. suis on soil particles was observed with the increase of pH from 4.0 to 9.0. Increasing Ca2+ concentrations (0–1 mm) resulted in an increase of S. suis sorption on clays, silts and sands, while larger Ca2+ concentrations (20–50 mm) depressed S. suis sorption on silts and sands. The exponential growth of S. suis was stimulated by silts and sands, but inhibited by clays. Our results show that electrostatic forces play a major role in the sorption behaviour and that an additional non‐DLVO type interaction (electrosteric repulsion) occurs at large Ca2+ concentrations. Different sorption affinities of S. suis on soil particles may be the dominant factor influencing S. suis activities.
High‐temperature laser‐scanning confocal microscopy as a tool to study the interface instability during unsteady‐state solidification of low‐carbon steel
Authors: NIKNAFS S. , PHELAN D. , DIPPENAAR R.
Published: November 2012

Solidification microstructure is a defining link between production techniques and the mechanical properties of metals and in particular steel. Due to the difficulty of conducting solidification studies at high temperature, knowledge of the development of solidification microstructure in steel is scarce. In this study, a laser‐scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) has been used to observe in situ and in real‐time the planar to cellular to dendritic transition of the progressing solid/liquid interface in low carbon steel. Because the in situ observations in the laser‐scanning confocal microscopy are restricted to the surface, the effect of sample thickness on surface observations was determined. Moreover, the effect of cooling rate and alloy composition on the planar to cellular interface transition was investigated. In the low‐alloyed, low‐carbon steel studied, the cooling rate does not seem to have an effect on the spacing of the cellular microstructure. However, in the presence of copper and manganese, the cell spacing decreased at higher cooling rates. Higher concentrations of copper in steel resulted on an increased cell spacing at the same cooling rates.