bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternative NF-κB Regulates RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis via Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Zeng Rong , Faccio Roberta , Novack Deborah V
Published: June 2015

Mitochondrial biogenesis, the generation of new mitochondrial DNA and proteins, has been linked to osteoclast (OC) differentiation and function. In this study we used mice with mutations in key alternative NF-κB pathway proteins, RelB and NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK), to dissect the complex relationship between mitochondrial biogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In OC precursors lacking either NIK or RelB, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) was unable to increase mitochondrial DNA or oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) protein expression, which was associated with lower oxygen consumption rates. Transgenic OC precursors expressing constitutively active NIK showed normal RANKL-induced mitochondrial biogenesis (OxPhos expression and mitochondria copy number) compared to controls, but larger mitochondrial dimensions and increased oxygen consumption rates, suggesting increased mitochondrial function. To deduce the mechanism for mitochondrial biogenesis defects in NIK-deficient and RelB-deficient precursors, we examined expression of genes known to control this process. PGC-1β (Ppargc1b) expression, but not PGC-1α, PPRC1, or ERRα, was significantly reduced in RelB–/– and NIK–/– OCs. Because PGC-1β has been reported to positively regulate both mitochondrial biogenesis and differentiation in OCs, we retrovirally overexpressed PGC-1β in RelB–/– cells, but surprisingly found that it did not affect differentiation, nor did it restore RANKL-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. To determine whether the blockade in osteoclastogenesis in RelB-deficient cells precludes mitochondrial biogenesis, we rescued RelB–/– differentiation via overexpression of NFATc1. Mitochondrial parameters in neither WT nor RelB-deficient cultures were affected by NFATc1 overexpression, and bone resorption in RelB–/– was not restored. Furthermore, NFATc1 co-overexpression with PGC-1β, although allowing OC differentiation, did not rescue mitochondrial biogenesis or bone resorption in RelB–/– OCs, by CTX-I levels. Thus, our results indicate that the alternative NF-κB pathway plays dual, but distinct, roles in controlling the independent processes of OC differentiation and OC mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, the inability of PGC-1β to drive mitochondrial biogenesis in OCs without RelB indicates a cell-type specificity in mitochondria regulation. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Numb Protects Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells From Bovine Serum Albumin‐Induced Apoptosis Through Antagonizing CHOP/PERK Pathway
Authors: Ding Xuebing , Ma Mingming , Teng Junfang , Shao Fengmin , Wu Erxi , Wang Xuejing
Published: June 2015

In recent studies, we found that Numb is involved in oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis of renal proximal tubular cells; however, its function on ER stress‐induced apoptosis in proteinuric kidney disease remains unknown. The objective of the present study is to explore the role of Numb in urinary albumin‐induced apoptosis of human renal tubular epithelial cells (HKCs). In this study, we demonstrate that incubation of HKCs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulted in caspase three‐dependent cell death. Numb expression was down‐regulated by BSA in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Knockdown of Numb by siRNA sensitized HKCs to BSA‐induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Numb protected HKCs from BSA‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, BSA activated CHOP/PERK signaling pathway in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner as indicated by increased expression of CHOP, PERK, and P‐PERK. Furthermore, knockdown of CHOP or PERK significantly attenuated the promoting effect of Numb on BSA‐induced apoptosis, while overexpression of CHOP impaired the protective effect of Numb on BSA‐induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Numb plays a protective role on BSA‐induced apoptosis through inhibiting CHOP/PERK signaling pathway in human renal tubular epithelial cells. Therefore, the results from this study provides evidence that Numb is a new target of ER‐associated apoptotic signaling networks and Numb may serve as a promising therapeutic target for proteinuric diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 163–171, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PRDM1, a Tumor‐Suppressor Gene, is Induced by Genkwadaphnin in Human Colon Cancer SW620 Cells
Authors: Kang Ho‐Bum , Lee Ha‐Reum , Jee Da Jung , Shin Su‐Hyun , Nah Seong‐Su , Yoon Sun Young , Kim Jae Wha
Published: June 2015

Genkwadaphnin (GD‐1) is isolated from the flower buds of Daphne genkwa Siebold et Zuccarini (Thymelaeaceae), and it has been used as a traditional Korean and Chinese medicine. In this study, the authors observe that GD‐1 inhibits the growth of the colon cancer cell line, SW620, through the up‐regulation of p21 expression in a PRDM1‐dependent manner. After treatment with GD‐1, the transcriptional repressor PRDM1 is prominently induced in SW620 cells. Furthermore, GD‐1 induce the phosphorylation of PKD1 and MEK and subsequently provide PRDM1 enhancement, resulting in the suppression of c‐Myc expression and the up‐regulation of p21. PKD1 knockdown using siRNA abrogates PRDM1 expression by GD‐1 and subsequently disrupts the regulation of c‐Myc and p21 expression. Treating SW620 cells with GD‐1 inhibits cell‐cycle progression and is characterized by the down‐regulation of c‐Myc followed by the up‐regulation of p21 expression. The up‐regulation of p21 by GD‐1 induces the growth arrest of the SW620 colon cancer cell line. Based on these data, the authors propose that GD‐1 has tumor‐suppressor activity that may contribute to the anti‐tumor effects of PRDM1 in colon cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 172–179, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells Angiogenic Potential by Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha
Authors: Zubkova Ekaterina S. , Beloglazova Irina B. , Makarevich Pavel I. , Boldyreva Maria A. , Sukhareva Olga Yu. , Shestakova Marina V. , Dergilev Konstantin V. , Parfyonova Yelena V. , Menshikov Mikhail Yu.
Published: June 2015

Tissue regeneration requires coordinated “teamwork” of growth factors, proteases, progenitor and immune cells producing inflammatory cytokines. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) might play a pivotal role by substituting cells or by secretion of growth factors or cytokines, and attraction of progenitor and inflammatory cells, which participate in initial stages of tissue repair. Due to obvious impact of inflammation on regeneration it seems promising to explore whether inflammatory factors could influence proangiogenic abilities of MSC. In this study we investigated effects of TNF‐α on activity of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC). We found that treatment with TNF‐α enhances ADSC proliferation, F‐actin microfilament assembly, increases cell motility and migration through extracellular matrix. Exposure of ADSC to TNF‐α led to increased mRNA expression of proangiogenic factors (FGF‐2, VEGF, IL‐8, and MCP‐1), inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6), proteases (MMPs, uPA) and adhesion molecule ICAM‐1. At the protein level, VEGF, IL‐8, MCP‐1, and ICAM‐1 production was also up‐regulated. Pre‐incubation of ADSC with TNF‐α‐enhanced adhesion of monocytes to ADSC but suppressed adherence of ADSC to endothelial cells (HUVEC). Stimulation with TNF‐α triggers ROS generation and activates a number of key intracellular signaling mediators known to positively regulate angiogenesis (Akt, small GTPase Rac1, ERK1/2, and p38 MAP‐kinases). Pre‐treatment with TNF‐α‐enhanced ADSC ability to promote growth of microvessels in a fibrin gel assay and accelerate blood flow recovery, which was accompanied by increased arteriole density and reduction of necrosis in mouse hind limb ischemia model. These findings indicate that TNF‐α plays a role in activation of ADSC angiogenic and regenerative potential. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 180–196, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TRPV5/V6 Channels Mediate Ca2+ Influx in Jurkat T Cells Under the Control of Extracellular pH
Authors: Tomilin Victor N. , Cherezova Alena L. , Negulyaev Yuri A. , Semenova Svetlana B.
Published: June 2015

Regulation of cytoplasmic free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i is a key factor for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in different cell types, including lymphocytes. During T lymphocyte activation as well as production of cytokines, sustained Ca2+ influx is essential, however, it remains unclear how this influx is regulated. Previously, we reported the expression and functional activity of calcium channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 and 6) in human leukemia Jurkat T cells. In this study, using single channel recordings, we found that activity of calcium channels TRPV5/V6 in Jurkat T cells is subject to strong control of external stimuli such as a low‐ or high‐pH stressor. We showed that extracellular acidic pH reduces the activity of TRPV5/V6 channels, whereas alkaline pH increases the activity of TRPV5/V6 channels in Jurkat T cells. Using calcium imaging, we found that Ca2+ influx in Jurkat T cells displayed sensitivity to extracellular pH, similar to that shown for the calcium channels TRPV5/V6. Double immunostaining of Jurkat T cells revealed that TRPV5 and TRPV6 channels colocalize with clathrin and the early endocytosis marker, EEA1. Moreover, we demonstrated that a specific inhibitor of clathrin‐dependent endocytosis, dynasore, blocked TRPV5/V6 activity, and Ca2+ influx into Jurkat T cells. Overall, our findings indicate that strong environmental cues may affect the intracellular calcium level in Jurkat T cells by influencing the traffic of TRPV5/V6 channels in lymphocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 197–206, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The “Mechanostat Theory” of Frost and the OPG/RANKL/RANK System
Authors: Tyrovola Joanna B. , Odont XX
Published: June 2015

Frost's great interest to elucidate the principles of action underlying skeletal deformities, during, and after growth, urged him to undertake an extensive study of the mammalian skeleton. He suggested that survival of the skeleton (but also of other tissues, such as fibrous tissue, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, cementum, or dentin) requires the functional coordination of modeling and remodeling. Modeling adapts bone to overloads, by enhancing additions of new bone and by changing bone architecture, and remodeling adapts bone to underloads by removing bone next to marrow and conserving normally used bone. There exists a mechanism that monitors bone metabolism (longitudinal growth, bone modeling, and remodeling activities) in relation to mechanical usage, the “mechanostat.” Recent literature has presented new information regarding the physiological procedure of osteoclast and osteoblast activation. It has been understood that the OPG/RANKL/RANK proteinic system regulates bone metabolism by exerting biological effects on osteoblasts or osteoclasts. The same proteinic network, also regulates alveolar remodeling during tooth movement, as well as physiological root resorption and root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim of the present review is the presentation and evaluation of recent information in the field of osteoclast and osteoblast biology, as regards to the “mechanostat theory” of Frost. An attempt will be made to elucidate, whether recent data can support this remarkable theory and reveal the biological mechanisms behind it. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2724–2729, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risks and Benefits of Bisphosphonate Therapies
Authors: Reyes Carlen , Hitz Mette , Prieto‐Alhambra Daniel , Abrahamsen Bo
Published: June 2015

Bisphosphonates are the mainstay of osteoporosis treatment but also play a fundamental role in treating other bone diseases such as Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Pagets' disease, and in the prevention of adverse skeletal effects in certain cancers such as prostate cancer or multiple myeloma. In the last decades, the refinement of bisphosphonates and an increase in the number of new bisphosphonates commercialized has altered the clinical management of these diseases. Despite differences between randomized controlled trials and observational studies, overall all bisphosphonates licensed have proven to reduce the risk of fracture through the inhibition of bone resorption. Other beneficial effects include pain reduction in bone metastasis and potentially a decrease in mortality. However, the chronic nature of most of these disorders implies long‐term treatments, which can be associated with long‐term adverse effects. Some of the adverse effects identified include an increased risk of atypical femur fractures, osteonecrosis of the jaw, gastrointestinal side effects, or atrial fibrillation. The harm/benefit thinking and the constant update regarding these medications are vital in the day‐to‐day decision‐making in clinical practices. The aims of this review are to compile the basic characteristics of these drugs and outline the most important benefits and side effects and provide a clinical context as well as a research agenda to fill the gaps in our knowledge. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 20–28, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
QM/MM modeling of the hydroxylation of the androstenedione substrate catalyzed by cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1)
Authors: Viciano Ignacio , Castillo Raquel , Martí Sergio
Published: June 2015

CYP19A1 aromatase is a member of the Cytochrome P450 family of hemeproteins, and is the enzyme responsible for the final step of the androgens conversion into the corresponding estrogens, via a three‐step oxidative process. For this reason, the inhibition of this enzyme plays an important role in the treatment of hormone‐dependent breast cancer. The first catalytic subcycle, corresponding to the hydroxilation of androstenedione, has been proposed to occur through a first hydrogen abstraction and a subsequent oxygen rebound step. In present work, we have studied the mechanism of the first catalytic subcycle by means of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. The inclusion of the protein flexibility has been achieved by means of Free Energy Perturbation techniques, giving rise to a free energy of activation for the hydrogen abstraction step of 13.5 kcal/mol. The subsequent oxygen rebound step, characterized by a small free energy barrier (1.5 kcal/mol), leads to the hydroxylated products through a highly exergonic reaction. In addition, an analysis of the primary deuterium kinetic isotopic effects, calculated for the hydrogen abstraction step, reveals values (∼10) overpassing the semiclassical limit for the CH, indicating the presence of a substantial tunnel effect. Finally, a decomposition analysis of the interaction energy for the substrate and cofactor in the active site is also discussed. According to our results, the role of the enzymatic environment consists of a transition state stabilization by means of dispersive and polarization effects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Saturn Systems
Authors: U. Rehman Habib , McKee Nida A. , McKee Michael L.
Published: June 2015

Several ring systems (Saturn systems) have been studied using DFT methods that include dispersion effects. Comparison with X‐ray structures are made with three systems, and the agreement is quite good. Binding enthalpies and binding free energies in dichloromethane and toluene have been computed. The effect of an encapsulated lithium cation is accessed by comparing C60@(C6H4)10 and [Li@C60@(C6H4)10]+. The [Li@C60]+ cation is a much better acceptor than C60 which leads to greater donor–acceptor interactions and larger charge transfer from the ring to [Li@C60]+. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro
Authors: Mostafa Ibrahim Azza , Mohamed Elgharabawi Nesrine , Mohamed Makhlouf Manal , Yahia Ibrahim Omnia
Published: June 2015

Different therapeutic techniques have been developed for regeneration of articular cartilage injuries, but none has provided an optimal solution to their treatment. Human umbilical cord blood‐mesenchymal Stem Cells (HUCB‐MSCs) have been considered as promising alternative cell source for cartilage repair. Objectives: Examining the success rate of MSCs isolation from HUCB as well as chondrogenic differentiation potential of HUCB‐MSCs in vitro. Materials and methods: 32 UCB samples were collected, in addition to 5 bone marrow (BM) and 5 peripheral blood (PB) samples, taken as reference controls. Samples were used for mononuclear cells isolation from which MSCs were expanded under complete aseptic conditions, were verified morphologically and through the presence of CD44 and CD105, and absence of CD34. Results: Success rate of UCB‐MSCs isolation was (25%), a rate that was lower than those of PB (40%) and BM (80%). Accordingly, certain input parameters have been recommended for successful MSCs isolation from UCB. On selecting samples in which recommended parameters were fulfilled, success rate was increased to 72%. This was together with providing optimal experiment conditions; mainly type of expansion medium, success rate reached 80%. Then, successfully expanded MSCs were subjected to chondrogenic differentiation by culturing in pelleted micromass system in presence of transforming growth factor beta‐1 and chondrogenic medium devoid of fetal bovine serum to evaluate their ability to undergo chondrogenesis. Differentiation was verified microscopically using special stains, and proved by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction for expression of aggrecan and collagen II genes. In conclusion, in vitro differentiation into chondrocytes is possible from HUCB‐MSCs. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:667–675, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The orexinergic system in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and its regulation by dietary lipids
Authors: Varricchio Ettore , Russo Finizia , Coccia Elena , Mario Turchini Giovanni , Scott Francis David , Paolucci Marina
Published: June 2015

In this study, we report the distribution of orexin A (OXA), orexin B (OXB), and orexin receptor (OX2R) immunoreactive (ir) cells in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract of Oncorhynchus mykiss fed diets with different dietary fatty acid compositions. Trout were fed five iso‐energetic experimental diets containing fish oil, or one of four different vegetable oils (olive, sunflower, linseed, and palm oils) as the added dietary lipid source for 12 weeks. OXA, OXB, and OX2R immunoreactive neurons and nervous fibers were identified in the lateral and ventro‐medial hypothalamus. OXA, OXB, and OX2R ir cells were found in the mucosa and glands of the stomach and in the mucosa of both the pyloric cecae and intestine. OX2R ir cells were localized in the mucosa layer of both the pyloric cecae and intestine. These immunohistochemical (IHC) results were confirmed via Western blotting. Antibodies against preproorexin (PPO) crossreacted with a band of ∼16 kDa in the hypothalamus, stomach, pyloric cecae, and intestine. Antibodies against OX2R crossreacted with a band of ∼38 kDa in the hypothalamus, pyloric cecae, and intestine. The presence and distribution of OXA, OXB, and OX2R ir cells in the hypothalamus and gastrointestinal tract did not appear to be affected by dietary oils. The presence of orexin system immunoreactive cells in the stomach, pyloric cecae, and intestine of rainbow trout, but not in the enteric nervous system, could suggest a possible role of these peptides as signaling of gastric emptying or endocrine modulation, implying a main local action played by orexins. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:707–714, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining fluorescence and bioluminescence microscopy
Authors: Goda Kazuhito , Hatta‐Ohashi Yoko , Akiyoshi Ryutaro , Sugiyama Takashi , Sakai Ikuko , Takahashi Takeo , Suzuki Hirobumi
Published: June 2015

Bioluminescence microscopy has revealed that gene expression in individual cells can respond differently to the same stimulus. To understand this phenomenon, it is important to sequentially observe the series of events from cellular signal transduction to gene expression regulated by specific transcription factors derived from signaling cascades in individual cells. However, these processes have been separately analyzed with fluorescence and bioluminescence microscopy. Furthermore, in culture medium, the background fluorescence of luciferin—a substrate of luciferase in promoter assays of gene expression in cultured cells—confounds the simultaneous observation of fluorescence and bioluminescence. Therefore, we optimized conditions for optical filter sets based on spectral properties and the luciferin concentration based on cell permeability for fluorescence observation combined with bioluminescence microscopy. An excitation and emission filter set (492–506 nm and 524–578 nm) was suitable for green fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein imaging of cells, and >100 μM luciferin was acceptable in culture medium based on kinetic constants and the estimated intracellular concentration. Using these parameters, we present an example of sequential fluorescence and bioluminescence microscopic observation of signal transduction (translocation of protein kinase C alpha from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane) coupled with activation of gene expression by nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide B in individual cells and show that the gene expression response is not completely concordant with upstream signaling following stimulation with phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate. Our technique is a powerful imaging tool for analysis of heterogeneous gene expression together with upstream signaling in live single cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:715–722, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Picrosirius red staining protocol to determine collagen fiber orientations in vaginal and uterine cervical tissues by Mueller polarized microscopy
Authors: Nazac André , Bancelin Stéphane , Teig Benjamin , Haj Ibrahim Bicher , Fernandez Hervé , Schanne‐Klein Marie‐Claire , De Martino Antonello
Published: June 2015

Polarized microscopy provides unique information on anisotropic samples. In its most complete implementation, namely Mueller microscopy, this technique is well suited for the visualization of fibrillar proteins orientations, with collagen in the first place. However, the intrinsic optical anisotropy of unstained tissues has to be enhanced by Picrosirius Red (PR) staining to enable Mueller measurements. In this work, we compared the orientation mapping provided by Mueller and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopies on PR stained samples of vaginal and uterine cervix tissues. SHG is a multiphoton technique that is highly specific to fibrillar collagen, and was taken as the “gold standard” for its visualization. We showed that Mueller microscopy can be safely used to determine collagen orientation in PR stained cervical tissue. In contrast, in vaginal samples, Mueller microscopy revealed orientations not only of collagen but also of other anisotropic structures. Thus PR is not fully specific to collagen, which necessitates comparison to SHG microscopy in every type of tissue. In addition to this study of PR specificity, we determined the optimal values of the staining parameters. We found that staining times of 5 min, and sample thicknesses of 5 µm were sufficient in cervical and vaginal tissues. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:723–730, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silk fibroin for vascular regeneration
Authors: Wang Danyan , Liu Haifeng , Fan Yubo
Published: June 2015

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in today's world. Due to the lack of healthy autologous vessels, more tissue‐engineered blood vessels are needed to repair or replace the damaged arteries. Biomaterials play an indispensable role in creating a living neovessel with biological responses. Silk fibroin produced by silkworms possesses good cytocompatibility, tailorable biodegradability, suitable mechanical properties, and minimal inflammatory reactions. In addition, regenerated silk fibroin solutions can be processed into various forms of scaffolds such as films, fibers, tubes, and porous sponges. These features make silk fibroin a promising biomaterial for small‐diameter vascular grafts. The present article focuses on the applications of silk fibroin for vascular regeneration. A brief overview of the properties of silk fibroin is provided, following which the current research status and future directions of the main types of silk fibroin scaffolds for vascular regeneration are reviewed and discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 80:280–290, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Oxazolo[5,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines as a New Class of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Bakavoli Mehdi , Eshghi Hossein , Shiri Ali
Published: June 2015

Several new derivatives of oxazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidine (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h) have been synthesized through the reaction of 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐methyl‐5‐nitropyrimidine (2) with aryl carboxylic acids in refluxing POCl3. Further treatment of compounds (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h) with hydrazine hydrate gave the hydrazine derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h) that were subsequently cyclized into a novel heterocyclic system, oxazolo[5,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5o, 5p) and (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d) on treatment with triethylorthoesters or carbondisulfide and alkylhalides, respectively.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Oxadiazine Insecticide Indoxacarb
Authors: Xu Defeng , Guan Jing , Xu Xing , Gong Shunze , Xu Hui
Published: June 2015

9‐Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl was a good protecting group in the field of chemical industry. In the present paper, a new approach for the synthesis of oxadiazine insecticides indoxacarb used 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl as protected group, and triphosgene for chloroformylation. A convenient synthesis of 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonylhydrazine can be achieved by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and hydrazine hydrate. 4a‐Methyl‐2‐(9‐fluorenylmethyl)‐7‐chloro‐indeno [1,2e][1,3,4]oxadia zine‐2,4a (3H,5H)‐dicarboxylate can be produced via ketone ‐hydrazine crosslink reaction and cyclization. A preparation of carbamic acid‐(chlorocarbonyl)‐[(4‐trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] me ester can be obtained by the chloroformylation of triphosgene. Finally, the deprotection of 9‐fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl and condensation with carbamic acid‐(chlorocarbonyl)‐[(4‐trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] me ester can afford indoxacarb in good yield. A new method for the synthesis of oxadiazine insecticides indoxacarb used 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐protected group to produce 9‐​fluorenylmethoxycarb​onylhydrazine, then through the ketone–hydrazine crosslink reaction, cyclization, deprotection, chloroformylation, and condensation in good yield.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Evaluation of Novel Uracil Derivatives Containing Benzothiazol‐2‐yl Moiety
Authors: Che Jian‐Yi , Meng Xiang‐Suo , Xu Xiao‐Yun , Jiang Shan , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Shi De‐Qing
Published: June 2015

In order to search for novel Protox inhibitors with high efficiency, broad‐spectrum activity, and safety to crops, commercially herbicide butafenacil was used as lead compound for further optimization, a series of title compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i were designed and synthesized by introducing benzothiazol‐2‐yl moiety into the uracil skeleton. The bioassays indicated that some of the target compounds displayed moderate herbicidal activities in the post‐emergence treatment.
Increased speed and image quality in single‐shot fast spin echo imaging via variable refocusing flip angles
Authors: Loening Andreas M. , Saranathan Manojkumar , Ruangwattanapaisarn Nichanan , Litwiller Daniel V. , Shimakawa Ann , Vasanawala Shreyas S.
Published: June 2015

Purpose

To develop and validate clinically a single‐shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) sequence utilizing variable flip angle refocusing pulses to shorten acquisition times via reductions in specific absorption rate (SAR) and improve image quality.

Materials and Methods

A variable refocusing flip angle SSFSE sequence (vrfSSFSE) was designed and implemented, with simulations and volunteer scans performed to determine suitable flip angle modulation parameters. With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval/informed consent, patients referred for 3T abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were scanned with conventional SSFSE and either half‐Fourier (n = 25) or full‐Fourier vrfSSFSE (n = 50). Two blinded radiologists semiquantitatively scored images on a scale from −2 to 2 for contrast, noise, sharpness, artifacts, cardiac motion‐related signal loss, and the ability to evaluate the pancreas and kidneys.

Results

vrfSSFSE demonstrated significantly increased speed (∼2‐fold, P < 0.0001). Significant improvements in image quality parameters with full‐Fourier vrfSSFSE included increased contrast, sharpness, and visualization of pancreatic and renal structures with higher bandwidth technique (mean scores 0.37, 0.83, 0.62, and 0.31, respectively, P ≤ 0.001), and decreased image noise and improved visualization of renal structures when used with an equal bandwidth technique (mean scores 0.96 and 0.35, respectively, P < 0.001). Increased cardiac motion‐related signal loss with full‐Fourier vrfSSFSE was seen in the pancreas but not the kidney.

Conclusion

vrfSSFSE increases speed at 3T over conventional SSFSE via reduced SAR, and when combined with full‐Fourier acquisition can improve image quality, although with some increased sensitivity to cardiac motion‐related signal loss. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1747–1758.
Arsenic resistance and accumulation by two bacteria isolated from a natural arsenic contaminated site
Authors: Pandey Neha , Bhatt Renu
Published: June 2015

Forty‐three indigenous arsenic resistant bacteria were isolated from arsenic rich soil of Rajnandgaon district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India by enrichment culture technique. Among the isolates, two of the bacteria (As‐9 and As‐14) exhibited high resistance to As(V) [MIC ≥ 700 mM] and As(III) [MIC ≥ 10 mM] and were selected for further studies. Both these bacteria grew well in the presence of arsenic [20 mM As(V) and 5 mM As(III)], but the isolate As‐14 strictly required arsenic for its survival and growth and was characterized as a novel arsenic dependent bacterium. The isolates contributed to 99% removal of arsenic from the growth medium which was efficiently accumulated in the cell. Quantitative estimation of arsenic through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer revealed that there was >60% accumulation of both As(V) and As(III) by the two isolates. Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis showed a fourfold increase in bacterial cell volume when grown in the presence of arsenic and the results of Transmission Electron Microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy proved that such an alteration was due to arsenic accumulation. Such arsenic resistant bacteria with efficient accumulating property could be effectively applied in the treatment of arsenic contaminated water.
Biochar‐induced formation of Zn–P‐phases in former sewage field soils studied by P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy
Authors: Wagner Anne , Kaupenjohann Martin , Hu Yongfeng , Kruse Jens , Leinweber Peter
Published: June 2015

Biochar is proposed as a soil amendment for metal immobilization. Studies on former sewage field soils have indicated that biochar addition immobilized Zn, probably by the precipitation of Zn phosphates. Direct evidence of the presence of these mineral phases was still lacking. We investigated the colloidal precipitate obtained after ultracentrifugation of the soil‐water extract a biochar particle and a corresponding bulk soil sample from a sewage field soil that had been amended with 5% (w/w) biochar by P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy. The P K‐edge XANES spectrum of a colloidal precipitate visually resembled spectra of a synthetic Zn phosphate [Zn3(PO4)2] and of hopeite (Zn[6]Zn2[4]PO4·4H2O). Spectra evaluation by principal component analysis (PCA) and linear combination fitting (LCF) confirmed the presence of Zn‐P‐phases in the colloidal precipitate and, to a lesser extent, in the biochar and bulk soil sample. The P speciations varying in differently sampled soil compartments point to a small‐scale heterogeneity of the biochar‐induced P transformation processes.
The seasonal influence of olive mill wastewater applications on an orchard soil under semi‐arid conditions
Authors: Steinmetz Zacharias , Kurtz Markus Peter , Dag Arnon , Zipori Isaac , Schaumann Gabriele Ellen
Published: June 2015

Olive oil production generates large amounts of olive mill wastewater (OMW). OMW has a high nutrient content and could serve as fertilizer, but its fatty and phenolic constituents induce soil water repellency, phytotoxicity, and acidification. An appropriate season of OMW application may mitigate negative consequences while preserving beneficial effects. In order to investigate this, a field study was conducted, in which OMW was applied to an olive orchard in Israel either in winter or summer. Soil–water interactions (water drop penetration time, hydraulic conductivity), soil physicochemical parameters, phenolic compounds, and soil biological activity (bait‐lamina test) were determined 12 to 18 months after OMW application. The results showed elevated K+ contents in all treatments, but all other soil properties of winter treatments were comparable to the control, which suggested a certain recovery potential of the soil when OMW is applied in winter. By contrast, summer treatments revealed a ten‐fold higher soil water repellency, a three‐times lower biological activity, and a four‐fold higher content of phenolic compounds, independently of whether the soil was kept moist by irrigation or not. Thus, the OMW constituents were neither degraded nor leached by winter rain when applied during the hot season. Further research is needed to distinguish leaching and biodegradation effects, and to understand the development of the composition and degradation kinetics of organic OMW constituents.
Article Alerts: items from 2011, Part II
Authors: Hafdahl Adam R
Published: June 2015

This sixth ‘Article Alerts’ installment's print component includes 100 methodological articles about research synthesis published in 2011. Since the preceding installment, more than 2100 items have been added to the archive component, mostly from 2010 to 2011, and identifying codes have been added to more than 2400 previous archive items. The associated online library, available for free via CiteULike, now contains 2000 items from this feature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen dynamics in permafrost thaw lakes: Anaerobic bioreactors in the Canadian subarctic
Authors: Deshpande Bethany N. , MacIntyre Sally , Matveev Alex , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: June 2015

Permafrost thaw lakes occur in high abundance across the subarctic landscape but little is known about their limnological dynamics. This study was undertaken to evaluate the hourly, seasonal, and depth variations in oxygen concentration in three thaw lakes in northern Quebec, Canada, across contrasting permafrost regimes (isolated, sporadic, and discontinuous). All lakes were well stratified in summer despite their shallow depths (2.7–4.0 m), with hypoxic or anoxic bottom waters. Continuous automated measurements in each of the lakes showed a period of water column oxygenation over several weeks in fall followed by bottom‐water anoxia soon after ice‐up. Anoxic conditions extended to shallower depths (1 m) over the course of winter, beginning 18–137 d after ice formation, depending on the lake. Full water column anoxia extended over 33–75% of the annual record. There was a brief period of incomplete spring mixing with partial or no reoxygenation of the bottom waters in each lake. Conductivity measurements showed the build‐up of solutes in the bottom waters, and the resultant density increase contributed to the resistance to full mixing in spring. These observations indicate the prevalence of stratified conditions throughout most of the year and underscore the importance of the fall mixing period for gas exchange with the atmosphere. Given the long duration of anoxia, subarctic thaw lakes represent an ideal environment for anaerobic processes such as methane production. The intermittent oxygenation also favors intense methanotrophy and aerobic bacterial decomposition processes.
Global drivers of parasitism in freshwater plankton communities
Authors: Valois Amanda E. , Poulin Robert
Published: June 2015

Zooplankton and phytoplankton communities play host to a wide diversity of parasites, which have been found to play a significant role in a number of ecosystem processes, such as facilitating energy transfer and promoting species succession through altering interspecific competition. Yet we know little about the mechanisms that drive parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Recent mathematical models have shown how habitat can shape parasite dynamics through influencing the efficacy of parasite transmission; however, these predictions have yet to be tested at larger ecological scales. Here, we present a comparative analysis of parasitism in planktonic communities, assembling data from a range of host and parasite taxa, habitat types, and geographic regions. Our results suggest that the prominent depth‐prevalence relationship observed in studies on Daphnia in temperate lakes of North America is applicable to a wide range of aquatic habitats, hosts, and parasites; however, differences in transmission strategies between parasites can lead to considerable variation in parasite dynamics. Observational studies which incorporate a diversity of habitat types will be important in uncovering the mechanisms which underlie this relationship. In particular, more experimental work on transmission stage survivability and infectivity in aquatic environments will be necessary before we can make accurate predictive models of parasite spread in these ecosystems.
Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia secondary to cryolipolysis: An underreported entity?
Authors: Singh Selina M. , Geddes Elizabeth R.C. , Boutrous Sean G. , Galiano Robert D. , Friedman Paul M.
Published: June 2015

Background and Objective

Cryolipolysis is a non‐invasive, safe, and effective treatment for localized fat reduction. Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH) is a rare adverse effect in which patients develop painless, firm, and well‐demarcated tissue masses in the treatment areas approximately 3–6 months following cryolipolysis. The incidence of PAH has been estimated at 0.0051% or 1 in 20,000 treated patients. We report two cases of PAH seen in our practice, which may suggest the incidence is greater than previously reported.

Study Design/Patients and Methods

A 44‐year‐old man underwent cryolipolysis for unwanted fat in the pectoral region. At 4 month follow‐up, the patient had well‐demarcated tissue growth in the treatment areas. He elected to undergo additional cryolipolysis treatment to the areas. Two months later, he was found to have further tissue growth in the treatment areas. The patient then underwent corrective treatment with liposuction. A 52‐year‐old man underwent cryolipolysis for unwanted lower abdominal fat. At one year follow‐up, he had a well‐demarcated, subcutaneous mass on the lower abdomen corresponding to the treatment site. The patient elected to undergo corrective treatment with liposuction. Adipose tissue samples from the treated and non‐treated areas, for control, were collected, processed, and stained to evaluate cellularity and tissue structure.

Results

In our practice, the incidence of PAH is 0.47% or 2 in 422 cryolipolysis treatments. This is 100 times greater than the device manufacturer's reported incidence. Histopathologic examination of the subcutaneous tissue mass showed an increased number of adipocytes, fibrosis, and scar tissue in the treated areas when compared to controls. No lipoblasts, a marker of malignant neoplastic proliferation, were identified on the histopathologic examination of the affected tissues.

Conclusion

The incidence of PAH is likely underreported. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action. By understanding the pathogenesis, this rare adverse effect may be avoided, or even utilized as a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of congenital or acquired lipodystrophy. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:476–478, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐Culture of Human Endothelial Cells and Foreskin Fibroblasts on 3D Silk–Fibrin Scaffolds Supports Vascularization
Authors: Samal Juhi , Weinandy Stefan , Weinandy Agnieszka , Helmedag Marius , Rongen Lisanne , Hermanns‐Sachweh Benita , Kundu Subhas C. , Jockenhoevel Stefan
Published: June 2015

A successful strategy to enhance the in vivo survival of engineered tissues would be to prevascularize them. In this study, fabricated silk fibroin scaffolds from mulberry and non‐mulberry silkworms are investigated and compared for supporting the co‐culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human foreskin fibroblasts. Scaffolds are cytocompatible and when combined with fibrin gel support capillary‐like structure formation. Density and interconnectivity of the formed structures are found to be better in mulberry scaffolds. ELISA shows that levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released in co‐cultures with fibrin gel are significantly higher than in co‐cultures without fibrin gel. RT PCR shows an increase in VEGFR2 expression in mulberry scaffolds indicating these scaffolds combined with fibrin provide a suitable microenvironment for the development of capillary‐like structures.
Mussel‐Inspired Modification of Nanofibers for REST siRNA Delivery: Understanding the Effects of Gene‐Silencing and Substrate Topography on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Neuronal Commitment
Authors: Low Wei Ching , Rujitanaroj Pim‐On , Lee Dong‐Keun , Kuang Jinghao , Messersmith Phillip B. , Chan Jerry Kok Yen , Chew Sing Yian
Published: June 2015

In this study, we promote neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through scaffold‐mediated sustained release of siRNA targeting RE‐1 silencing transcription factor (REST). Poly (ϵ‐caprolactone) nanofibers were surface modified with mussel inspired DOPA‐melanin (DM) coating for adsorption of REST siRNA. DM modification increased siRNA‐loading efficiency and reduced the initial burst release. Fiber alignment and DM modification enhanced REST knockdown efficiencies. Under non‐specific differentiation condition, REST silencing and fiber topography enhanced MSC neuronal markers expressions and reduced glial cell commitment. Such scaffolds may find useful applications in enhancing MSCs neuronal differentiation under non‐specific conditions such as an in vivo environment.
PEGylation to Improve Protein Stability During Melt Processing
Authors: Lee Parker , Towslee Jenna , Maia João , Pokorski Jonathan
Published: June 2015

Biopharmaceuticals are some of the most effective drugs on the market, however, delivery remains a challenge. Melt processing is a viable protein encapsulation method because it is solvent free, is high throughput, and yields very high encapsulation efficiencies. Problematically, proteins can lose activity during melt processing due to high heat and shear forces. Covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol), or PEGylation, has been widely used to increase thermal stability and prevent aggregation in solution. This study explored the effect of PEGylation on protein stability during melt processing using lysozyme and PLGA. The results indicate that PEGylation increases the retained activity of lysozyme, increases dispersion in the melt, and reduces the biphasic release profile in melt processed systems.
No Apparent Correlation of kp with Steric Hindrance for Branched Acrylates
Authors: Kockler Katrin B. , Haehnel Alexander P. , Fleischhaker Friederike , Schneider‐Baumann Maria , Misske Andrea M. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: June 2015

The Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate coefficient, kp, are determined via the pulsed laser polymerization—size exclusion chromatography (PLP‐SEC) method for five branched acrylates (tert‐butyl (tBA), isobornyl (iBoA), benzyl (BnA), 2‐ethylhexyl (EHA), and 2‐propylheptyl acrylate (PHA)) in 1 m solution in butyl acetate (BuAc) to complete the series, published by Haehnel et al. in 2014, of branched acrylates (isononyl (INA‐A), tridecyl (TDA‐A and TDN‐A), heptadecyl (C17A), and henicosyl acrylate (C21A)) in solution that do not show a trend in kp. Furthermore, the propagation rate coefficients of the branched acrylates in 1 m solution are critically compared with the branched acrylates in bulk as well as branched methacrylates. A summary of the trends and family‐type behavior for the linear and branched (meth)acrylates as well as methacrylates with cyclic ester side chains is provided. For the branched acrylates in 1 m solution, no clear trends of the propagation rate coefficients, kp, or Arrhenius parameters A and EA are detectable and—in contrast to the corresponding methacrylates—there is no family‐type behavior observed in solution as well as in bulk.

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Polypeptide‐b‐Poly(Phenyl Isocyanide) Hybrid Rod‐Rod Copolymers: One‐Pot Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Cell Imaging
Authors: Shi Sheng‐Yu , He Ya‐Guang , Chen Wei‐Wei , Liu Na , Zhu Yuan‐Yuan , Ding Yun‐Sheng , Yin Jun , Wu Zong‐Quan
Published: June 2015

Hybrid rod‐rod diblock copolymers, poly(γ‐benzyl L‐glutamate)‐poly(4‐cyano‐benzoic acid 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐cyclohexyl ester) (PBLG‐PPI), with determined chirality are facilely synthesized through sequential copolymerization of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate N‐carboxyanhydride (BLG‐NCA) and phenyl isocyanide monomers bearing chiral menthyl pendants using a Ni(cod)(bpy) complex as the catalyst in one‐pot. Circular dichroism and absorption spectra reveal that each block of the block copolymers possesses a stable helical conformation with controlled helicity in solution due to the induction of chiral pendants. The two diastereomeric polymers self‐assemble into helical nanofibrils with opposite handedness due to the different chiral induction of the L‐ and D‐menthyl pendants, confirmed by transmission electron micro­scopy (TEM). Deprotection of the benzyl groups of the PBLG segment affords biocompatible amphiphilic diblock copolymers, poly(L‐glutamic acid)‐poly(4‐cyano‐benzoic acid 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐cyclohexyl ester) (PLGA‐PPI), that can self‐assemble into well‐defined micelles by cosolvent induced aggregation. Very interestingly, a chiral rhodamine chromophores RhB(D) can be selectively encapsulated into the chiral polymeric micelles, which is efficiently internalized into living cells when directly monitored with a confocal microscope. This contribution will be useful for developing novel rod‐rod biocompatible hybrid block copolymers with a controlled helicity, and may also provide unique chiral materials for potential bio‐medical applications.

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Remote‐Controllable Explosive Polymer Multilayer Tubes for Rapid Cancer Cell Killing
Authors: Wu Zhiguang , Gao Changyong , Frueh Johannes , Sun Jianming , He Qiang
Published: June 2015

Gold nanoshell‐functionalized polymer multilayer tubes can be used as potent therapeutic agents for remote killing of cancer cells in a controlled manner due to the emerging pressure wave and tube fragments piercing the cell wall. The explosion is based on rapid evaporation of water inside the tubes caused by photothermal effects. The mechanism of explosion is presented in theory and experiment. The explosion of the tubes depends on the absorption coefficient and size of the gold nanoshells in the tubes, whereby the placement of the gold particles inside or outside of the tubes has no obvious effect on the explosive properties.

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