bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culturally and Linguistically Competent Care of a Korean-American Child with Autism
Authors: Won Jung Wan , Krajicek Marilyn , Lee Haeok
Published: May 2004

Issues and Purpose: Health care providers need to understand and respond effectively to the cultural and linguistic needs brought by patients to the health care encounter. However, there is almost no research on the needs of immigrant children, especially children with mental disabilities. This case study of an autistic Korean immigrant child and his family illustrates the need for cultural and linguistic competence in providing care. Conclusions: This Korean immigrant child did not receive culturally and linguistically competent care. His diagnosis was delayed and his engagement in ongoing treatment was problematic. Language problems and unfamiliarity with the health care system posed difficulties for the child's caregivers in accessing and participating in care and community resources. The parents experienced guilt, conflict, frustration, and isolation from viable support communities, even the Korean-American religious community. Practice implications: Health care professionals need to provide culturally and linguistically competent care to help to decrease the disparities in health status and health care access. Health care providers must assess their own cultural viewpoints and biases while learning about the issues and needs of children from different cultures.
Talk, Loss, and Identity
Authors: Shakespeare Pam
Published: May 2004

This article examines some extracts of talk by older people diagnosed with dementing illnesses and explores the extent to which various features of their talk can be understood as some kind of loss. The data corpus consists of minimal responses, problematic repair work, and identity claims and counterclaims in occasioned talk. To elucidate its theme, the article uses the concept of full membership in an ethnomethodological sense and a conversational analytic typology of discourse, situated and transportable identities. The article concludes that while confusion is a recognizable and transient feature of ordinary talk, it may become a permanent part of the identity of some speakers.
Factors Affecting Learning During Health Education Sessions
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon , Wiczorek Marjorie , Walker Cheryl
Published: May 2004

Background noise and interruption were examined for their effects on learning health information. The final sample consisted of 48 college students randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a pretest-posttest, double-blind, 2×2 experiment comparing noise (noise/no noise) by interruption (interruption/no interruption). Students viewed one of four videotapes about safe antibiotic use and then completed the posttest. The group watching the videotape with no distraction learned significantly more than the group watching the videotape with noise and with interruption. The results suggest that distraction during health teaching adversely affects the ability to learn health information.
Taking Strategy Seriously
Authors: Whittington Richard , Jarzabkowski Paula , Mayer Michael , Mounoud ElÉonore , Nahapiet Janine , Rouleau Linda
Published: May 2004

Strategy is a pervasive and consequential practice in mostWestern societies. We respond to strategy’s importance by drawing an initial map of strategy as an organizational field that embraces not just firms, but consultancies, business schools, the state and financial institutions. Using the example of Enron, we show how the strategy field is prone to manipulations in which other actors in the field can easily become entrapped, with grave consequences. Given these consequences, we argue that it is time to take strategy seriously in three senses: undertaking systematic research on the field itself; developing appropriate responses to recent failures in the field; and building more heedful interrelationships between actors within the field, particularly between business schools and practitioners.
Academic Entrepreneurship
Authors: Glassman Alan M. , Moore Richard W. , Rossy Gerard L. , Neupert Kent , Napier Nancy K. , Jones Daryl E. , Harvey Michael
Published: May 2004

Given the disquieting changes in higher education worldwide, universities need new directions and ways of thinking about how to operate.In this article, we propose the notion of academic entrepreneurship, in which each employee pursues or supports those who pursue opportunities to build and improve their units, colleges, or universities.W e present ways that individual faculty members, program managers, department chairs, deans, and provosts can support academic entrepreneurship through helping to create opportunities, nurturing people who recognize and act on them, garnering resources to support opportunities, and creating a culture that supports the entrepreneurial activities of universities.
Building New Management Theory by Integrating Processes and Products of Thought
Authors: Mahoney Joseph T. , Sanchez Ron
Published: May 2004

This article advocates that more strategy researchers and managers become engaged in aninteractive, reciprocating research process, the objective of which is building pragmatic strategic management theory. To this purpose, the authors suggest how researchers and managers may engage in theory-building processes in which generalized theories of researchers and contextual theories of managers interactively evolve in a new model of double-loop learning. In particular, the authors suggest the following sequence of activities: (a) Researchers should propose integrative theories thought to be generally applicable; researchers and managers should then consider applicability of strategy theory to specific competitive contexts. (b) This strategic logic is then formulated by managers and applied to specific competitive contexts. (c) The market response leads to refining or to redefining the firm’s strategic logic. (d) The firm’s experience in formulating and in testing strategic logics inform researchers’ efforts to develop new strategy theory.
Multistakeholder Collaboration as Symbolic Marketplace and Pedagogic Practice
Authors: Everett Jeffery , Jamal Tazim B.
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the role of power in multistakeholder collaboration. It considers this form of organization from a nontraditional, Bourdieun perspective, which has the authors focus on the how of power and on the role of language in the constitution and the exclusion of voice. A case study—a collaboration convened by a scientific task force to resolve an environmental conflict in Canada’s Banff National Park—is introduced, and this is read off against a number of Bourdieu’s concepts, namely capital, field, habitus, and misrecognition, doxa, and symbolic violence. Through such a reading, the article offers insights into elements of both surface and deep-structure power. The article, by focusing on a science-driven, environmental multi-stakeholder collaboration, also challenges common-sense constructions of the environment and raises concerns over the presumed neutrality or nonpolitical nature of both scientific and economic discourse.
The “Americanization” of Management Education in Britain
Authors: Tiratsoo Nick
Published: May 2004

At first sight, Britain appears to have built its business and management education system firmly on American lines. Without any real provision in 1945, the country now has about 120 business schools and a big output of MBAs. Yet closer inspection reveals a more complicated picture, full of ebbs and flows, and sharp controversies. This article looks in detail at Britain’s trajectory and then examines its dynamics, focusing on the key players that shaped events, from governments to students. It argues that the evolution of the British system had little to do with rational debate about the merits of U.S. practice and instead often reflected the politics of prejudice and self-interest
Top Management Team Cohesion and Superior Industry Returns
Authors: Michalisin Michael D. , Karau Steven J. , Tangpong Charnchai
Published: May 2004

Empirical research of the resource-based view (RBV) is still in its embryonic stages. Existing studies show that certain resources are associated with firm performance, that firms appear to be unique bundles of resources, and that some resources appear relatively immobile—thus lending support to RBV’s main premise and its two assumptions. Another important step in systematically testing RBV is to test its main prescription that strategic assets (SAs) are sustainable sources of superior returns. The current research argues that top management team cohesion (TMTC) possesses the characteristics of an SA. Then, in a longitudinal study of 81 classroom simulation teams functioning as the top management teams of competing airlines, the authors show that TMTC is significantly associated with superior returns during the second half of the simulation. Hence, the results lend support to RBV.
Managing Racial Differences
Authors: Chrobot-Mason Donna
Published: May 2004

Potential sources of variance were examined to explain within-group differences in White managers’ abilities to manage non-White employees. Majority manager and minority employee survey responses were matched to form 142 superior-subordinate cross-race dyads. Ethnic identity development, ethnic group self-identification, education, and participation in diversity training were measured. Additionally, the relationship between ethnic identity and minority employee perceptions of managerial support were examined. Results show that almost 20% of the majority respondents defined their ethnicity as something other than White. Findings suggest that majority members who perceive themselves as a minority (e.g., German American) may have developed a higher ethnic identity as a result of exploring their own ethnic background. Although education and participation in diversity training were not related to ethnic identity development, a significant relationship was found between the interaction of manager and employee ethnic identity and managerial support. Implications for corporate diversity initiatives are discussed.
Walking the Walk and Talking the Talk
Authors: Goldberg Caren , Cohen Debra J.
Published: May 2004

The first aim of this study was to investigate the unique contributions (beyond objective qualifications) of verbal and nonverbal interviewing skills to recruiters’ assessments of applicants. The second aim was to examine whether applicant gender moderates these relationships. Using a sample of 311 recruiter-applicant dyads, we found that interviewing skills explained assessments beyond objective qualifications. Further, nonverbal skills were more strongly related to interview assessments than were verbal skills. Finally, we predicted that rational verbal skills would be more important for females than for males and that nonverbal skills would have a greater impact for males than for females. The former proposition was not supported; the latter was marginally supported.
Diversity and the Union
Authors: Bacharach Samuel B. , Bamberger Peter A.
Published: May 2004

Using a random sample of 1,475 nonexempt workers, we explore the potential spillover effects of demographic dissimilarity on two key elements of members’ union attachment, namely, union commitment and instrumentality. Consistent with similarity-attraction theory, our findings indicate that gender dissimilarity has a significant negative effect on union attachment. However, inconsistent with the findings of earlier studies focusing on dissimilarity and organizational attachment, our results indicate that increased dissimilarity alongother demographic dimensions may actually be associated with somewhat higher levels of union attachment, and that the effects of dissimilarity are not necessarily asymmetrical for majority and minority members of work groups.
Pretest/Posttest Use of the Life Styles Inventory for Outcomes Assessment of a Professional Master’s in Managerial Leadership Program
Authors: Skenes Robert E. , Honig Catherine A.
Published: May 2004

This study focuses on findings from one instrument used in an extensive, value-added outcomes assessment of a professional master’s in managerial leadership (the MS-ML) program. The longitudinal research project assessed the extent to which MS-ML students experienced beneficial change in intended skill areas and shifts in relevant attitudes as a function of participating in their degreeprogram. Results from preprogram/postprogr amadministrations of the Life Styles Inventory (LSI), a normed tool that measures self-image on 12 thinking and behavioral styles, revealed significant changes in the expected directions on 8 of the 12 scales. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of a longitudinal approach for assessing program out comes while also pointing to the LSI as a sensitive instrument for assessing attitudinal change over time.
EAM Outstanding Papers
Authors: Neal Judi
Published: May 2004

An overview of this special issue is provided, including a description of the Eastern Academy of Management’s (EAM’s) Outstanding Paper selection process and a brief description of the papers that received this recognition. These papers were peer reviewed for the EAM conference and peer reviewed again for this special issue of Group & Organization Management.
Adult Sexuality
Authors: Sharpe Thomasina H.
Published: May 2004

Sexuality is a complex and often confusing part of life, especially in respect to development. Each age brings a unique set of milestones and challenges. How one resolves those challenges has the potential to lead to outcomes ranging from great personal satisfaction to considerable pain. Sexuality is influenced by a combination of psychologic, social, and physiologic factors. A simple review of the literature reveals that there is no single unifying theory or approach to its development. At best, it is multidisciplinary and holistic, combining biologic, psychological, social, and cognitive disciplines and theories. This article addresses adult sexuality and its development from a multidisciplinary perspective.
Structural Family Therapy and its Implications for the Asian American Family
Authors: Kim Josephine M.
Published: May 2004

Asian American families often consist of the immigrant generation (parents) and the first generation (children). Because acculturation experiences vary for the different generations, conflict between family members may easily occur. Structural family therapy is presented as an approach that may be effective in helping Asian American families overcome the difficulties caused by differing acculturation experiences.
Modeling the Effects of Counselor-Trainees’ Perceptions of Early Childhood on Trainees’ Social Influence Attributes
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Skowron Elizabeth A. , Watts Richard E. , Parrillo Albert L.
Published: May 2004

Through structural equation modeling, this study investigates the effects of counseling students’perceptions of early-childhood experiences on their social influence attributes as rated by their instructors. Perceptions of early childhood had no effects on instructors’ratings of trainees’expertness or trustworthiness, but did have effects on ratings of attractiveness. This model provides a close statistical fit to the data. The model supports the theoretical position that trainees’ intrapersonal family-of-origin processes influence their interpersonal-emotional functioning in counseling. Results have consistencies and inconsistencies with theoretical frameworks used to explain the influences of family of origin on counselors’ functioning. Implications for counselor training and supervision are presented.
Forgiveness as a Ritual in Couples Therapy
Authors: Barnett J. Kelly , Youngberg Chris
Published: May 2004

A violation of trust in intimate relationships is one of the most difficult presenting problems for partners to overcome. It is also difficult for clinicians to assist in the process of restoring the relationship. This article offers a technique for couples therapy that applies the construct of forgiveness through the metaphorical enactment of a ritual. Forgiveness is defined as the giving up of one’s right to hurt another in return for being hurt. Using a case study, the authors present a technique that uses the common items of a flowerpot, potting soil, and bulbs to implement an intervention that facilitates forgiveness and growth.
Curing Problem or Pathological Gambling: Don’t Bet on It
Authors: Rotter Joseph C.
Published: May 2004

This review of literature on problem and pathological gambling provides the reader with some historical perspectives on gambling and its growth as an industry. The causes and effects of the identified disorders related to gambling are discussed with indications for therapeutic intervention.
Winnie-The-Pooh: A “Honey-Jar” for Me and for You
Authors: Kortman Sharon A. , Eckstein Daniel
Published: May 2004

Interaction styles and personality profiles were addressed in relationship to cooperative and reluctant expressions in behavior as identified in the Array Interaction Model. Inventories for self and for analyzing relationships to others were included for self-reflection and application to personal and family dynamics. Specific analogies were described with examples from the Disney characters of Winnie-the-Pooh, Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore. Theoretical foundations were presented with examples of therapeutic approaches to encourage personal development and bring out the best in self and others. Emphasis was placed on capitalizing individual strengths. Predicted stress responses and needs were identified for varying personality structures. Strategies focused on encouraging people to return to their cooperative responses for productive relationships and work. Implications were given for application to understanding self and others, valuing differences and learning to enjoy and experience life together.
Immigrant Chinese American Women: Negotiating Values and Perceptions of Self in the Cultural Borderlands of East and West: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lim Soh-Leong , Wieling Elizabeth
Published: May 2004

This phenomenological study looked at how immigrant Chinese American women negotiate differences in values and perceptions of the self in the cultural borderlands of East andWest. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 women. Participants were raised in the East and are now residing and raising their children in aWestern context. Predominant themes that emerged were the contradictions and ambiguities experienced in the struggle to be both adaptive and culturally appropriate in the new context. Also, it was found that organizing principles remained largely unchanged over the two generations. The experiences of these women suggest that assimilation is a long-term and ongoing process.
An Examination of Gender and Ethics in Family Counseling: A Case Study Approach—Part 1
Authors: Forrest Alan , Steigerwald Fran
Published: May 2004

This article is the first of a two-part series addressing the ethical handling of gender issues in family counseling. Acase is discussed in which a couple, striving for greater equity, need some guidance from a counselor. The values of the clients and the counselor do not clash. Rather the ethical handling is based on the need for the counselor to understand the impact of gender in relationships and to be gender sensitive in working with the couple.
Home-Based Family Therapy: A Misunderstanding of the Role and a New Challenge for Therapists
Authors: Cortes Liliana
Published: May 2004

The family therapy field has hesitantly incorporated the home-based family therapy modality. Today, there are a number of agencies offering home-based family therapy in response to the increasing need to reach out to multifaceted problem families and to ensure the continuity and effectiveness of treatments. Nonetheless, there is little research and literature supporting this approach, and no clear guidelines for home-based therapy practice have been developed to date. Many academic institutes fail to train therapists in this area, despite the fact that it is a growing market trend. This article examines the literature describing home-based therapy, provides an analysis of its weaknesses and strengths, and formulates some considerations for therapists interested in its practice.
Gaps and Reconnections in the Mother–Adult Child Relationship
Authors: Shaw Holly E. , Magnuson Sandy
Published: May 2004

This article features a therapeutic counseling technique that can be used with clients who struggle with painful relationships with their mothers. Instead of focusing solely on unmet needs, this technique helps clients gain more realistic perceptions of their mothers, with the premise that clearer perceptions will lead to honesty and acceptance. On the basis of Bowen’s theory of intergenerational family therapy, the strategy provides a context and common language for examining mothers’ strengths and shortcomings. In addition to the authors’ “gaps” technique, other family systems strategies to help clients reconnect with their mothers are briefly described. Although the counseling technique is explained in the context of mother-child relationships, it is equally applicable to other important family-oforigin relationships, including fathers and their adult children.
Ernest Lawrence Rossi: Self-Rehabilitation: Using Consciousness to Modify the Structure and Function of Body and Soul
Authors: Carlson Jon
Published: May 2004

In the early years, Ernest Lawrence Rossi devoted himself to writing a series of books about hypnosis, including casebooks, manuals, and collections of papers. He next began developing a therapeutic approach that was responsive to mind-body interactions in the healing process. Along these lines, he published The Psychobiology of Mind-Body Healing; Mind-Body Therapy; The February Man; Ultradian Rhythms in Life Processes; The Symptom Path to Enlightenment; Dreams, Consciousness, Spirit; and most recently The Psychobiology of Gene Expression. It is in his latest work that Rossi presents the theory and research related to optimizing creativity and brain growth through an integrative approach that combines hypnosis, alternative medicine, and psychoimmunology. This presentation of his ideas represents the culmination of his life’s work devoted to treating the mind-body connection in people’s experiences. Rossi is based in LosOsos, California, where hemaintains a private practice.
Healthy Relationships: Where’s the Research?
Authors: Young Mark A.
Published: May 2004

The author reviewed research on healthy couple relationships from the past decade. Few research articles exist targeting healthy relationships within the context of couple relationships. The existing research on healthy relationships targets a variety of populations other than couples, for example, relationships involving adolescent sexual assault and teacher-child relationships. To obtain a description of a healthy couple relationship, the review was expanded to include concepts such as marital happiness, marital stability, and marital quality. The existing literature on couple relationships has focused more on the use of stability or quality as a means of defining couple relationships than on examining healthy couples specifically. Research on marital quality is reviewed, and the results are compared in an attempt to describe a healthy couple relationship.
It’s All in the Family: Family Counseling for Depressed Children
Authors: Crethar Hugh C. , Snow Kim , Carlson Jon
Published: May 2004

This article illustrates how to treat children and their families from an integrative family systems approach. First, the authors provide a brief overview of family systems perspective and how various systems approaches have been found to be effective for children and adolescents with depression. The authors then stress the importance of applying systems perspective in a holistic sense whereby all of the various social domains that have an affect on the children and their depression are addressed. Such application includes consultation with the schools and broader social contexts.
The Guiding Self-Ideal Questionnaire (GSIQ): 12 Personality Relationship Implications
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Shapiro Stan
Published: May 2004

The guiding principle is a term Alfred Adler used to describe the way earlier formulative decisions move us toward our desired goals. The authors have devised a questionnaire to help identify some of the different ways we go about meeting our goals. Twelve reoccurring personality themes include such issues as early formulative experiences, the strengths of the priority, challenges of the preferences, and suggestions for better understanding your partner’s profile.
Sonority and Climate in a World Sample of Languages: Findings and Prospects
Authors: Fought John G. , Munroe Robert L. , Fought Carmen R. , Good Erin M.
Published: May 2004

In a world sample (N = 60), the indigenous languages of tropical and subtropical climates in contrast to the languages spoken in temperate and cold zones manifested high levels of sonority. High sonority in phonetic segments, as found for example in vowels (versus consonants), increases the carrying power of speech sounds and, hence, audibility at a distance. We assume that in the course of daily activities, the speakers in warm/hot climates (a) are often outdoors due to equable ambient temperatures, (b) thereby frequently transmit messages distally, and (c) transmit such messages relatively intelligibly due to the acoustic and functional advantages of high sonority. Our conceptual model is similar to that of population biology, where there are well-known correlations between climate and somatic variables, and where it is assumed that communicative modalities and behaviors are selected or designed for success in specific habitats. We also take up possible alternative hypotheses and consider directions for future research.
Personality and Culture Revisited: Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture
Authors: Hofstede Geert , McCrae Robert R.
Published: May 2004

“Culture and personality” was a focus of anthropology and psychology in the first half of the 20th century. It was concerned with traditional and preliterate societies and drew many of its constructs from psychoanalysis. In this article, we note that taxonomies of personality traits and cultural values developed independently since 1980 have created new possibilities for exploring the topic. The Five-Factor Model of personality is a universally valid taxonomy of traits. The IBM study (conducted by Hofstede) dimensions of culture represent a well-validated operationalization of differences between cultures as manifested in dominant value systems. In reanalyses of recently reported data, mean personality scores from 33 countries were significantly and substantially correlated with culture dimension scores. We discuss environmental and temperamental explanations for these associations and suggest directions for future research, including replications, experimental simulations, acculturation studies, and research on the interaction of traits and culture in shaping human lives.
Why Not to Expect a “World State”
Authors: Johnson Amber Lynn
Published: May 2004

Predicting future sociopolitical developments requires a different strategy than projecting existing trends into the future. Projection assumes stability in the boundary conditions under which systems operate, whereas predicting the future requires some understanding of the structure and function of the types of entities under consideration. States are organized to coordinate communication and effort among their component parts and to facilitate communication and coordination with other systems. Although organizational properties of states must accomplish these tasks, an entity at the global scale, with no external systems, would not be expected to be organized this way. Thus, one may question the logic of projecting trends in the size and number of states to anticipate the date at which another type of entity may appear.
Decentralization Policy: An Opportunity for Strengthening Fisheries Management System?
Authors: Satria Arif , Matsida Yoshiaki
Published: May 2004

Decentralization is considered the most appropriate form of fisheries governance in which to enable local governments to fundamentally control local fishing by a community-based fisheries management (CBFM) system. The CBFM systems in Indonesia were established and rooted in traditional fishing communities. Nevertheless, the role of these systems has been somewhat undermined by the central government because political decision states that marine areas must be nationally owned. In the decentralization era, however, these traditional systems may be reconsidered as the main social and cultural capital of fisheries management, particularly for coastal fisheries. Based on a case study in Lombok Barat, this article reveals some positive impacts of decentralization policy: state recognition to CBFM systems, devolution of fisheries management to the local people, and strengthening of CBFM systems. These impacts show that decentralization can be an external factor for strengthening the CBFM system.
Sustainable Consumption in the United Kingdom: The “Responsible” Consumer and Government at “Arm’s Length”
Authors: Hobson Kersty
Published: May 2004

The project of “sustainable consumption” encompasses broader concerns about how individual well-being and quality of life have been superceded by the quest for sustained economic growth. In 1999, the current UK Labour government revised their sustainable development approach, conceptually placing “people at the centre” and arguing for holistic strategies, thereby suggesting some redress of the above concerns. In light of this conceptual shift, this article inquires about the current state of sustainable consumption policy and practice in the United Kingdom. Focusing on the ideological foundations underpinning Labour’s approach to sustainable consumption, it highlights how the individual “rational” consumer is ascribed with responsibility for creating sustainable consumption patterns. In this environment, Labour chooses to practice sustainability at “arm’s length,” doing little to challenge the profligate resource consumption that typifies the United Kingdom today.
Disruption in the Inhibitory Architecture of the Cell Minicolumn: Implications for Autisim
Authors: Casanova Manuel F. , Buxhoeveden Daniel , Gomez Juan
Published: May 2004

The modular arrangement of the neocortex is based on the cell minicolumn: a self-contained ecosystem of neurons and their afferent, efferent, and interneuronal connections. The authors’ preliminary studies indicate that minicolumns in the brains of autistic patients are narrower, with an altered internal organization. More specifically, their minicolumns reveal less peripheral neuropil space and increased spacing among their constituent cells. The peripheral neuropil space of the minicolumn is the conduit, among other things, for inhibitory local circuit projections. A defect in these GABAergic fibers may correlate with the increased prevalence of seizures among autistic patients. This article expands on our initial findings by arguing for the specificity of GABAergic inhibition in the neocortex as being focused around its mini- and macrocolumnar organization. The authors conclude that GABAergic interneurons are vital to proper minicolumnar differentiation and signal processing (e.g., filtering capacity of the neocortex), thus providing a putative correlate to autistic symptomatology.
Induced Gamma-Band Activity and Human Brain Function
Authors: Kaiser Jochen , Lutzenberger Werner
Published: May 2004

Oscillatory activity in the gamma-band range has been related both to gestalt perception and to cognitive functions such as attention, learning, and memory. After giving a brief account of recent findings from electroencephalography and intracortical recordings, the present review will focus on spectral activity in the magnetoencephalogram. Here, gamma-band effects are topographically more local and involve higher frequencies than in the electroencephalogram. Bottom-up-driven auditory spatial mismatch detection elicits gamma-band activity over posterior parietal cortex, whereas auditory pattern mismatch processing leads to gamma-band enhancements over anterior temporal and inferior frontal regions. These topographies support representations of auditory spatial and pattern information in the putative dual auditory “where” and “what” pathways, respectively. During top-down-guided auditory spatial and pattern-working memory tasks, prefrontal gamma-band increases are observed in addition to activations over putative auditory stream areas. Moreover, stimulus maintenance in working memory is accompanied by coherence increases between sensory and prefrontal regions. Gamma-band topographies in magnetoencephalogram are highly comparable with hemodynamic brain imaging studies but yield additional information on the temporal dynamics of activations and connectivity patterns. In summary, magnetoencephalographic gammaband activity revealed both local synchronization patterns and cortico-cortical interactions accompanying cognitive processes at a good spatial and high temporal resolution.
Neuroenergetics: Calling Upon Astrocytes to Satisfy Hungry Neurons
Authors: Pellerin Luc , Magistretti Pierre J.
Published: May 2004

Classical neuroenergetics states that glucose is the exclusive energy substrate of brain cells and its full oxidation provides all the necessary energy to support brain function. Recent data have revealed a more intricate picture in which astrocytes play a key role in supplying lactate as an additional energy substrate in register with glutamatergic activity.
Oligodendrocyte Precursors on the Move: Mechanisms Directing Migration
Authors: Jarjour Andrew A. , Kennedy Timothy E.
Published: May 2004

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells traverse long distances to reach their axonal targets. The molecules that influence their migration include a combination of short-range attractants and repellents and long-range chemoattractants and chemorepellents. Here, the authors review mechanisms that direct oligodendrocyte precursor cells as they migrate throughout the developing CNS.
Reorganization of Human Cerebral Cortex: The Range of Changes Following Use and Injury
Authors: Elbert Thomas , Rockstroh Brigitte
Published: May 2004

Animal and human research over the past decades have increasingly detailed the brain’s capacity for reorganization of neural network architecture to adapt to environmental needs. In this article, the authors outline the range of reorganization of human representational cortex, encompassing 1) reconstruction in concurrence with enhanced behaviorally relevant afferent activity (examples include skilled musicians and blind Braille readers); 2) injury-related response dynamics as, for instance, driven by loss of input (examples include stroke, amputation, or in blind individuals); and 3) maladaptive reorganization pushed by the interaction between neuroplastic processes and aberrant environmental requirements (examples include synchronicity of input nurturing focal hand dystonia). These types of neuroplasticity have consequences for both understanding pathological dynamics and therapeutic options. This will be illustrated in examples of motor and language rehabilitation after stroke, the treatment of focal hand dystonia, and concomitants of injury-related reorganization such as phantom limb pain.
Brain Circuits Regulating Energy Homeostasis
Authors: Horvath Tamas L. , Diano Sabrina , Tschöp Matthias
Published: May 2004

For decades, increasingly sophisticated methods have been designed to address the problem of the involvement of the brain in the physiology of energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity. A vast number of experimental observations have been made from novel genetic and physiologic approaches that allowed the identification of metabolic hormones and their relationship to key peptidergic systems in the brain. Although the central integration of afferent signals reflecting acute and chronic energy requirements is becoming clearer, the blueprint of the central regulation of energy expenditure is not known. This review offers a look at central neuronal circuitries that are implicated in metabolism regulation and strongly suggests that without a blueprint, attempts to intervene and control energy balance will remain futile.
Social Support Following Perinatal Loss
Authors: Kavanaugh Karen , Trier Darcie , Korzec Michelle
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this project was to examine parents’ descriptions of the ways family and friends supported them after they had experienced a perinatal loss. For this project, a secondary analysis of data from two phenomenological studies on perinatal loss was performed. A combined total of 62 interview transcripts from 22 mothers and 9 fathers were examined. Data analysis included identifying all statements in the interview transcripts that pertained to the ways that family and friends supported parents. The modes of supportive behavior (emotional, advice/feedback, practical, financial, and socializing) in Vaux’s theory of social support served as a useful framework for presenting the findings. Parents received emotional support most frequently. Findings from the current study provide data for health care professionals to use to provide guidance to family and friends of bereaved parents.
Protective Care: Mothering a Child Dependent on Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Judson Lorie H.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of the study was to examine the process of mothering a child who is dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN). Nineteen mothers of children who were currently or had been recently dependent on PN were interviewed to determine the practice and interpretation of their mothering role. Recorded tapes were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. The resulting theory of protective care is composed of three phases: gaining control, taking control, and maintaining control. The categories of committing to care, watching over, challenging the system, promoting normalcy, putting life into perspective, and celebrating the positive, characterize the antecedents, strategies, and consequences of protective care. This grounded theory will enable nursing professionals to anticipate and address the needs of mothers of children dependent on PN who are being cared for at home.
Social Role Experiences of Women Living with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Plach Sandra K. , Stevens Patricia E. , Moss Vicki A.
Published: May 2004

This study was designed as the qualitative arm of a larger quantitative study (N = 156) of the relationships among social role quality, physical health, and psychological well-being of women living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A subset of 20 midlife and late-life women from this larger sample participated in semistructured interviews with the specific aims of investigating how fulfilling they found social roles to be, including their spouse, mother, worker, and homemaker roles, while contending with RA, and what circumstances made social role experiences more positive. The results of the current followup qualitative study illustrate how difficult it can be to fulfill social roles during exacerbations of the illness in their formative adult years. The circumstance that best facilitated their positive experience in social roles was the unburdening of social role obligations as they grew older. Implications for nursing practice are discussed.
Ambivalent Grandmothers Raising Teen Daughters and Their Babies
Authors: Sadler Lois S. , Clemmens Donna A.
Published: May 2004

The study’s purpose was to describe the experience of young grandmothers in families with teen mothers. Cross-sectional surveys and phone interviews were conducted with a multiethnic sample of 25 mothers or guardians of teen mothers enrolled in an urban high school. Participants and their daughters completed measures of mother-daughter conflict, self-esteem, and motherdaughter relationships. Adescriptive thematic analysis was conducted with grandmothers’ transcribed responses to open-ended interview questions. 69% of grandmothers rated their overall relationship with their daughters as positive, and 46% indicated an improved relationship since the birth of the baby. Areas of mother-daughter conflict included childrearing decisions, time with friends, household chores, and teens’ choices/priorities. Interview data revealed themes of identity confusion in young grandmothers, the many stresses of early grandparenthood, pride and joy in grandchildren, family social support, and limited coping resources. Community and home-based multigenerational parent support interventions may address some of these grandmothers’ concerns.
Effects of Online Reading on Popular Science Comprehension
Authors: Macedo-Rouet Mônica , Rouet Jean-François , Epstein Isaac , Fayard Pierre
Published: May 2004

The present study examines the effects of print and online presentations of a multiple document report on reader’s comprehension, perception of cognitive load, satisfaction, and attention. We hypothesized that users of online media would show poorer results compared with print users. An experimental protocol was used to assess readers’performance using print and online versions of a popular science magazine report. Hypertext led to higher perceived cognitive load and poorer comprehension of the complementary documents. The results suggest that presenting graphics in long hypertexts increases effort and reduces text legibility. The present data offer support for theories of disorientation and cognitive load in hypermedia learning.
Effective Communication of Science in a Culturally Diverse Society
Authors: Manzini Sibusiso
Published: May 2004

This essay outlines three practical issues to consider in order to communicate science effectively in a multicultural society. These are (1) recognition of all cultures in the development of science, (2) equitable use of language in science communication, and (3) mutual critique between science and culture. The essay emphasizes the viewthat public accessibility into and participation in science are matters of basic human rights, justice, and equity.
Report: Community-based, Participatory Research in Lawrence, Massachusetts, Flags Environmental Health Hazards and Fuels Education and Action
Authors: Latowsky Gretchen
Published: May 2004

Collaboration among community residents, environmental scientists, and local health agencies and providers in the Casa de Salud (Health House) project informs the environmental health agenda for Lawrence, Massachusetts, a largely Latino-populated city suffering from industrial decline, antiquated rental housing, and myriad environmental hazards. For example, when Casa learned from residents that localbotanicas sold mercury in capsules for ritual purposes, the project conducted a community-based, participatory research study that documented and described extensive mercury use among Spanish-speaking residents; in response, the Casa project partners generated educational outreach activities in Spanish and English. This report describes this community-based, participatory research study.
Report: Helping Researchers Make the Case for Science
Authors: Brown Christine P. , Propst Stacie M. , Woolley Mary
Published: May 2004

Research!America, the largest not-for-profit alliance of groups and individuals in the United States dedicated to public out reach about research, conducts a number of programs for researchers as part of its commitment to step up the frequency and effectiveness of communication about science to elected officials, the media, and the public. This report describes these programs, emphasizing how they help scientists promote an open dialogue with journalists about research and its benefits. Data from surveys commissioned by Research!America and Sigma Xi, an international scientific honorary society, are incorporated. Scientists’accountability and accessibility to the public whose interests they serve are also discussed, as are techniques for becoming effective advocates for increased funding in medical and health research.
The Development of Risk Communication
Authors: Gurabardhi Zamira , Gutteling Jan M. , Kuttschreuter MargÔt
Published: May 2004

This article describes the development of risk communication in the environmental and technological domain by systematically analyzing the literature as it is available through scientific journals. In total, 349 articles published between 1988 and 2000 were analyzed, with three research questions in mind: How can we characterize the risk communication literature? Do trends exist in risk communication literature? and What do scientific indicators tell us about the nature of the published papers on risk communication? The articles were sampled from the online databases ofWeb of Science. Results indicate that risk communication currently is dominated by a few important writers from the Western world and one very influential journal, and that desk research/narrative essays are published most frequently. This article also observes a steadily climbing number of publications, scientists from various backgrounds, and identifiable nodes of high production. Several recommendations for future developments in risk communication are made.
Design of an Actuated Flexible Arm for Improved Vibration Properties
Authors: Moallem M. , Patel R. V. , Khorasani K.
Published: May 2004

In this paper, a multi-objective optimization index is introduced for improving the dynamic behavior of an actuated structurally flexible arm through geometric shape design. The improvement in the dynamic behavior is achieved by defining a vector optimization cost function. This cost function is associated with the frequency of the lowest system zero when joint angles are taken as outputs, the gain sensitivity of open-loop system modes, and the gain sensitivity of the closed-loop system modes at its transmission zeros. Moreover, a general relationship is obtained between the system pole and zero locations. In particular, it is shown that the magnitude of each system zero is smaller than a corresponding flexural mode and thus the smallest zero always occurs before the smallest pole and should therefore be considered in structural shape design. The design method is applied for finding an optimized structural shape for a single-link flexible arm. The optimized link is shown to yield superior robustness and performance characteristics in a closed-loop system when compared to the non-optimized uniform link. Thus, simpler control schemes can be utilized for the optimized flexible-link system compared to the non-optimized case.
Dynamic Response of a Supported Beam to Oscillatory Moving Masses
Authors: Mackertich Seroj
Published: May 2004

The dynamic response of an elastically supported infinite beam to oscillatory moving masses has been investigated. The moving velocity and distance between the masses was assumed to be constant. The solution is presented within the framework of a beam theory, which includes the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia.
Machine Condition Monitoring Using Signal Classification Techniques
Authors: Pan M. Ch. , Sas P. , Van Brussel H.
Published: May 2004

Two signal classification approaches, based on Wigner-Ville distribution and extended symmetric Itakura distance, are proposed to post-process the time-frequency representations (TFRs) of vibration signatures, with the final aim to arrive at an automated procedure of machine condition monitoring. Three synthetical signals are used to evaluate and compare the classification performance of these techniques. Some related computation issues, such as characters of different TFRs and weighted window length, are discussed. Experimental case studies, joint fault diagnosis, are realized.