bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative histological and histochemical studies on the adrenal gland of the albino and the Egyptian desert rats
Authors: Moussa Saiid M. , Moustafa Fatma A. , Geith Esma Z.
Published: February 2009

The adrenal gland of the albino rat and the Egyptian desert rodents Gerbillus pyramidum and Gerbillus gerbillus was subject to histological and histochemical studies. Compared to the albino rat, the adrenal gland of the Egyptian desert rat had a thicker capsule, its zona glomerulosa was thinner and more vacuolated, its cortex was sharply demarcated from the medulla which appeared in the form of packets of cells. Lipid droplets were larger and more numerous in the zona glomerulosa and no subglomerular zone was detected. Cholesterol and its esters were less marked in the outer cortex. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was more marked in the zona reticularis. The cholinesterase-reactive nervous network in the medulla was more complex and dense and the nerve cells were fewer. The significance of these differences is discused.
Herkunft und Funktion des globulären Leukozyten
Authors: Heine H. , Schaeg G.
Published: February 2009

The morphology of the globule leukocyte (GL) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy in normal (decidua of mouse placenta) and pathologically altered tissues (tumors of epidermis and mucous membrane in men). The results make it probable that the GL my originate from mast cells as well as from eosinophil granulocytes. The high content of basic proteins within the globules of GL has been interpreted as a nutritive function by this cell type to the surrounding tissue.
Further observations on the site of bone prospective areas in the chick embryo wing bud
Authors: Amprino R.
Published: February 2009

The portion of the pre-axial region of the wing bud anterior to the cranial boundary of the skeletogenous territory of the stylo-zeugopod, according to Stark and Searls’ recent maps, was surgically isolated in chicken embryos of the stages 18–25, and autoplastically grafted to the dorsal surface of the hind-limb bud or to the trunk. In other embryos of the same stages the cranial half or the cranial two thirds of the pre-axial region mentioned were isolated and heterotopically implanted. The experimental results consistently showed that the isolate contained a variously large portion of the presumptive radius and a significant part of the proximal half of the prospective humerus. In fact, the skeletal parts mentioned did not develop in situ in the donor wing while they differentiated, in general, in the implantation site. In this regard, the present research confirms data from previous experiments showing that Stark and Searls’ maps do not offer an accurate representation of the position and of the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive areas of the skeletal pieces of the wing. Our findings seem also to indicate that the major (or longitudinal) axis of the future radius is arranged along the proximodistal axis of the wing bud throughout the developmental stages mentioned; instead, the major axis of the future humerus undergoes a gradual shift, being first (stages 18–20) arranged nearly parallel to the bud base and getting more and more parallel to the proximodistal axis of the wing bud through stages 21–24. Besides, between stages 18 and 25 the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive skeletogenous territory of the zeugopod, and to a lesser extent of the stylopod, seems to undergo a slight relative reduction with respect to the cranio-caudal thickness of the whole wing bud; this might depend on a process of aggregation of the prospective skeletogenous cells into gradually denser and more defined precartilaginous blastemes.
Correlated ultrastructural and biochemical studies on the mechanisms of secretion of catecholamines
Authors: Echeverria Olga M. , Vázquez-Nin Gerardo H. , Chávez Beatriz
Published: February 2009

The frequency of dark-cored vesicles is compared with the content in catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and carotid body of normal and reserpine-treated cats. Reserpine produces important diminution in the content of catecholamines but the frequency of the dark-cored vesicles does not parallel this descent. In the carotid body there is no relation between the content in catecholamines and the number of granules. The diameter of the dark cores does not change with the number of secretion vesicles present in normal or treated specimens. It is concluded that there is not partial discharge of the content of the vesicles. An all-or-nothing mechanism of discharge of exocytotic type is proposed.
Histological changes following unilateral re-innervation of the circumvallate papilla of rat
Authors: State Fathy A.
Published: February 2009

The present work was designed to study the histological changes of the rat’s circumvallate papilla following unilateral glossopharyngeal re-innervation. Unilateral re-innervation was achieved by transection of the 9th nerve and avulsion of its central segment on the right side and crushing that of the left side. The latter was thus allowed to regenerate and to re-innervate the papilla. On the first 2 post-operative weeks, the nerve bundles at the base of the papilla and the subgemmal nerve plexus showed signs of Wallerian degeneration and concomitant disappearance of taste buds. On the 3rd post-operative week, the papilla was invaded by regenerating nerves and the primordial taste buds started to appear. From the 4th week onwards, the number of regenerating taste buds on the left outer, left inner and right inner trench walls was not significantly different from the sham-operated controls. The only buds which failed to reappear were those of the upper two thirds of the right outer trench walls. The newly formed buds were smaller in size than those of the sham-operated controls with a relative diminution of 30% of the number of intragemmal cells per section of taste bud.
Circumvallate papilla of dog following suture of the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves
Authors: State Fathy A.
Published: February 2009

20 adult dogs were classified into five groups; in two animals of each group hypoglossal-glossopharyngeal suturing was done. In the other two animals glossopharyngeal nerve transection with concomitant central segment avulsion was done and these two animals were used as controls. The animals of the five groups were sacrificed at 4-week intervals starting by the first group on the 4th post-operative week and ending by the fifth group on the 20th week; the circumvallate papillae were studied. On the 4th week following either operative procedure, few taste buds persisted on the circumvallate papillae. Invasion of the papillae by regenerating hypoglossal fibres from the 8th week onwards was not followed by any appreciable increase in the number of taste buds. The difference in number of taste buds between hypoglossal-glosso-pharyngeal suture and glossopharyngeal avulsion procedures was not statistically significant, from the 8th weeks following cross-innervation the reaction for acetylcholinesterase was more intense than in denervated papillae which showed a persistent weakly positive reaction up to the 20th post-operative week.
Effect of corticotropin, steroidogenic inhibitors and hypophysectomy on the nuclear volumes of fasciculata cells in the rat adrenal cortex
Authors: Sharawy M. , Penney David P.
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this investigation was to measure quantitatively nuclear volumes in outer fasciculata cells in adrenal glands of rats subjected to chronic stimulation of steroido-genesis by ACTH, or to chronic inhibition of functional activity by hypophysectomy or by injection of the steroidogenic inhibitors, U-8113 (p-aminophenyl butanone) and SU-4885 (metopirone). Nuclear volumes, after a recovery period from those effects, were also measured. Chronic daily administrations of ACTH for 7, 14, and 30 days led to a progressive, statistically significant increase in nuclear volumes of fasciculata cells. These changes were found to have been reversed 14 days after discontinuation of hormone treatment. Hypophysectomy resulted in a significant decrease in nuclear volumes. The steroidogenic inhibitors SU-4885 and U-8113 had a biphasic effect on the nuclear volumes with an early decrease and subsequent increase to normal values. Since a decrease in nuclear volumes in the adrenal glands of inhibitor-treated subjects occurred in the presence of cellular hypertrophy and a significant increase in adrenal weights, it is concluded that changes in nuclear volumes can be positively correlated with the secretory activity of the cell rather than with the sizes of cells or glands.
Analysis of the sexual dimorphism in the basiocciptal portion of the dog’s skull
Authors: Trouth C.O. , Winter S. , Gupta K.C. , Millis R.M. , Holloway J.A.
Published: February 2009

Sexual differences in the basioccipital portion of the skull of dogs have been described and an index is presented which reliably predicts the sex of the skull. 92 dolichocephalic skulls (44 male, 48 female) from mongrel dogs were used. In the basioccipital region of the male skulls, a triangular area, which extends from the basion to a line joining the medial-most points of the two jugular foramina, appears narrow and elevated. The pharyngeal tubercle is also prominent. In female skulls the rostral angle of this triangle is wider and the triangular area seems smoother and flat. The anterior half of the female basioccipital portion is wider and smoother than in the male skull. In order to quantify the observed differences, four indices were calculated. All of the indices were statistically significant. However, only index IV could be reliably used in predicting the sex of an unknown skull: breadth IV × 100 Index IV = length II was derived from breadth IV (distance between the two temporo-occipital fissures at their lateralmost points) and length II (distance between the basion and a line drawn between the two medialmost points of the jugular foramina in the midline). Values of less than 123 for male and greater than 136 for female placed the skulls in their proper sex group. Skulls that had intermediate values could be placed in correct sex grouping only in conjunction with strong observational criteria. It is suggested that in absence of such strong observational criteria these skulls may belong to immature or castrate animals.
Sexual dimorphism in metacarpal dimensions and body size of Mexican school children
Authors: Himes John H. , Malina Robert M.
Published: February 2009

The hypothesis that patterns of sexual dimorphism in transverse dimensions of the metacarpal only reflect sex differences in body size was investigated in a sample of 324 Mexican school children 6.00–10.99 years of age. Several patterns of sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal dimensions are seen with regard to stature and weight. Sex differences in medullary diameter and percent cortical area are not related to sexual dimorphism in body size, while sex differences in cortical thickness are related to, but not fully explained by, differences in body size. Dimorphism in metacarpal diaphyseal diameter is related to differences in body size, but, at a constant body size and age, boys still have significantly larger diaphyseal diameters than girls. Finally, sexual dimorphism in cortical area is closely associated with sex differences in body size.
Distribution of epithelia and glands of the nasal septum mucosa in the rat
Authors: Katz Sima , Merzel José
Published: February 2009

A histotopographic study of the nasal septum mucosa in rats was made using semi-serial sections stained with PAS-hematoxylin, reconstructed in form of maps representing the structure in a sagittal plane. The stratified squamous, respiratory and olfactory epithelia and Masera’s organ cover 14.8, 43.6, 41.6 and 1.8%, respectively, of the septal surface (117.1 mm2). In the vestibular region, only ducts of PAS-negative glands of the respiratory region are found, and below the septum there is the infraseptal gland with PAS-negative acini. In the respiratory region, PAS-negative acinous glands form two groups: the superior and the inferior one occupying 10.5 and 1.5%, respectively, of the septal area. PAS-positive acinous glands are in the inferior half of the respiratory region and in a small anteroinferior portion of the olfactory region. Besides goblet cells broadly distributed, the respiratory epithelium presents scattered intraepithelial PAS-positive glands which are concentrated in the anterior portion and close to the nasopharyngeal duct. In the olfactory region prevail Bowman’s PAS-positive glands which are also present in the mucosa of Masera’s organ, but are not seen in the olfactory mucosa of Jacobson’s organ. In the latter, PAS-positive glands are found in the respiratory mucosa. Globular leukocytes, cells of connective tissue origin, are constantly infiltrating the superior regions of the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, being more numerous in female rats.
Structure and postnatal organization of heretofore uninvestigated and infrequent ossifications of the sella turcica region
Authors: Lang Johannes
Published: February 2009

A heretofore unreported spine, which protrudes into the pituitary fossa, has been described and recorded. Complete and incomplete ‘sella bridges’, their angle formations with the planes of the head, dimensions and sutures have been detailed and their origin postulated. The development and formation of the carotico-clinoid foramina have been exhibited and interpreted. Developmental stages of the ophthalmic canals have been elicited. An ossified trigeminus bridge has been measured and its origin elucidated. The supracochlear cartilages have been traced from their appearance in the new-born to their supposed fate (os suprapetrosum).
Silberimprägnation nach Rio Hortega an aufgeklebten Paraffinschnitten
Authors: Jabonero Vicente , Jabonero Nicolás
Published: February 2009

Rio Hortega’s silver impregnation techniques were meant and developed for frozen sections. They offer real advantages even if they are employed for impregnation of paraffin sections. The authors have tried to transform these methods, and the results have been excellent. Further communications will follow to describe the transformation of other methods and variants.’
Functionally induced alteration of adult scapular morphology
Authors: Doyle William John
Published: February 2009

The dependence of the growth and development of the scapula on its functional matrix has been clearly defined by a number of experimental studies. Early modifications of this functional matrix may result in an altered scapular morphology [Howell, 1917]. Further, extreme developmental muscular hypofunction results in an increase in scapular breadth and a decrease in length [Riesenfeld, 1966; Doyle, 1976]. However, these studies have been confined to the scapular growth period and no findings have been published on the effect of scapular hypofunction in adults. The present paper addresses this problem. Adult scapular hypofunction in the rat was produced by unilateral amputation of the upper arm. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) differences in intraindividual scapular breadth dimensions are reported. Further, an increase in the relative instability of the scapular length dimension was observed. No differences in gross scapular morphology resulted from the hypo-functional condition. It is concluded that the functional matrix of the scapula determines a unique morphology during the course of development. Once established, scapular morphology is relatively fixed and only unstable dimensions such as breadth are predictably responsive to a changed matrix.
Microscopic anatomy of the scrotum, testis with its excurrent duct system and spermatic cord of Didelphis azarae
Authors: Nogueira J.C. , Godinho H.P. , Cardoso F.M.
Published: February 2009

The authors give a description of the microscopic anatomy of the scrotum, testis and its excurrent duct system and the structures of the spermatic cord. The scrotal skin of Didelphis azarae is hairy with the surface marked by shallow grooves and spotted with black pigmented areas. Clear cells and mitotic figures are frequently seen in the basal region. The sweat glands are tubular, apocrine, with alcian-blue- and PAS-positive secretion, presenting large myoepithelial cells. The tunica dartos is poorly developed. The tunica vaginalis is constituted by three layers, presenting patches of melanocytes in variable extensions. The tunica albuginea is composed preponderantly of collagen and thin elastic fibers without muscle fibers. The interstitial tissue presents connective cells and a large number of Leydig cells. Mast cells were not observed. The tunica propria of the seminiferous tubuli is fibroelastic with two or three layers of elongated cells. The straight tubuli are divided into three different portions lined by epithelium with variable height. These tubuli at the mediastinum join each other to form a single duct near the cranial pole of the testis. The extratesticular segment of the efferent duct divides initially into two and then into three or four smaller liexuous ductuli to constitute the head of the epididymis. The spermatic cord shows a well-developed cremaster muscle. A collagenous fibrous band separates the muscle from the deferent duct and vessels. Mast cells are observed among the muscle fibers of the cremaster and the tunica adventitia of the blood vessels.
The effect of laser on the developing rodent retinas
Authors: Yew Davi T. , Chan Yau-wa
Published: February 2009

The effect of laser on the developing retinas of the rodents was studied. The visual cell layers and “the inner nuclear layers were involved.
Features of the prosimian wrist joint in relation to hominoid specializations
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: February 2009

The wrist joint of lemuroid and lorisoid prosimians is examined in relation to variations among higher primates, particularly the specializations characteristic of hominoids. The lorisines Nycticebus and Perodicticus share a metrically defined primitive morphopattern with other prosimians and cercopithecine monkeys, showing little convergence on apes in carpal bone and distal radius and ulna shape.
Effect of vincristine on the histological structure of taste buds
Authors: State Fathy A. , Hamed Mohamed S. , Bondok Adel A.
Published: February 2009

10 adult rabbits were arranged in five batches, 2 animals of nearly the same body weight in each group. 1 animal in each group was injected with vincristine sulfate whereas the other animal was similarly injected with the dissolving medium and used as a control. The animals were sacrificed 2 days after the last injection, and the areas containing the circumvallate and foliate papillae were examined. Injection of vincristine was followed by a decrease in number and in cell contents of vallate and foliate taste buds. Most of the taste buds which persisted after vincristine injection were full of necrotic debris which represented the remnants of degenerated cells. Possible reasons for degeneration of taste buds after vincristine injections were put forewards.
The effects of zinc and copper salts on Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idellus
Authors: Wong M.H. , Luk K.C. , Choi K.Y.
Published: February 2009

The effects of zinc and copper salts on the survival of the two species of freshwater fish, common carp,- Cyprinus carpio, and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, were investigated. It was discovered that the levels of tolerance to the concentration of the metals were species-specific. Cyprinus carpio was found to be more susceptible to copper, whereas Ctenopharyngodon idellus was more susceptible to zinc. In general, copper was more toxic than zinc, as revealed by the survival times. The body and the gills of dead fish seemed to be covered by a veil-like film which looked like coagulated mucus and which was formed by the heavy-metal ions reacting with some constituents of the mucus secreted by the gill. The histopathological assessment of the gill and liver of Cyprinus carpio was also carried out. Particles were observed around the gills of the dead fish treated with zinc and copper salts, although no other major changes were found in the gill. Several histopathological changes were observed in the livers, including the presence of particles. The symptoms of the liver suggested that the internal injury was also an important feature of the intoxicants.
Untersuchungen zur Verteilung von Enzymen des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels im Periost des Humerus von Ratten ausgewählter Altersgruppen
Authors: Fischer G.
Published: February 2009

In the periosteum of newborn, 8-, 30- and 60-day-old albino rats, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase and succinate dehydrogenase were found. The enzymes of the investigated age groups show remarkable differences in reaction. β-Glucuronidase reacts distinctly in the cells of the cambium layer of 8- and 30-day-old animals. β-Galactosidase reacts very differently in the cell layers of the periosteum of albino rats in all age groups. The reaction of succinate dehydrogenase we found above all in the cambium cells, the preosteoblasts and the osteoblasts.
Myelination and cholinesterase activity of chick embryo spinal cord
Authors: State Fathy A. , El-Eish Hamdy I. , Hamed Mohamed S.
Published: February 2009

This work was undertaken to study the myelination and cholinesterase activity of the developing white matter of chick embryo spinal cord from the 6th day of incubation until hatching. Myelination of the white matter was always preceeded by the aggregation of neuroglial cells. The sequence of myelination in the cervical and thoracic segments was from before backwards, whereas in the lumbosacral segments it was from behind forewards. Myelination of the ventral column extended craniocaudally, whereas in the posterior column is extended caudocranially. True cholinesterase activity was encountered in the spinal white matter only before and during the process of myelination and was closely associated with the sites of neuroglial aggregations. No pseudocholinesterase activity could be seen in the white matter before myelination. However, during the period of active myelination, enzymatic activity was seen only at the sites of formed myelin and after myelination of all tracts; the whole white matter reacted positive for the enzyme. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Blutgefässversorgung des Handkahnbeins
Authors: Fasol P. , Munk P. , Strickner M.
Published: February 2009

For investigation of the vascular supply of the os scaphoideum we produced post mortem injection specimens of hands with latex milk. The extraosseous vessels were prepared macroscopicaliy and microscopically. The intraosseous vascular distribution was represented by cleared specimens (Spalteholz technique). A branch of the arteria radialis or of the ramus dorsal is arteriae radialis enters the dorsal face in the middle and distal third by several foramina nutricia. This artery effects the blood supply almost completely. Other vessels entering the navi-cular bone are small calibrated and only sometimes demonstrable. The proximal third of the scaphoideum shows no artery entrance.
Ultrastructure of reticulum cells in the bone marrow
Authors: Biermann A. , Von Keyserlingk Graf
Published: February 2009

In this study the attempt was made to classify the reticulum cells of the bone marrow on the basis of electron-microscopic findings. The basis of the differentiation was the ability of the cells to phagocytize substances or not. For two cell types the intracytoplasmic filaments were used as distinctive marks. The following classification resulted: (a) phagocytic reticulum cells, (b) undifFerentiated reticulum cells, (c) fibrous reticulum cells of type I, which contain filaments of 4–8 nm diameter and are located near the blood sinus of the bone marrow, (d) fibrous reticulum cells of type II, which contain intracytoplasmic filaments of 10 nm diameter; since these cells contain neutral fat bodies, the possibility of a reversible conversion to fat cells has to be assumed and (e) fibroblasts, cells which synthesize the substance of the extracellular space. A connexion of reticulum cells to haematopoietic functions or to stem cell functions could not be found.
Pars nervosa hypophyseos in chronic audiovibratory stress
Authors: Miline R. , Devečerski V. , Marjanov M. , Milin J. , Kecman M.
Published: February 2009

In the nervous part of the hypophysis, significant decrease in the quantity of neurosecretion, hypertrophy, and frequent findings of mitosis of adenopituicytes occur under the influence of noise and vibrations. In chronic audiovibratory stress, the phenomenon of hyperplasia of adenopituicytes and intracytoplasmic presence of structural elements of neurosecretory fibres in disintegration are noticeable. Heterogeneity of neurosecretory fibres is characteristically manifested in the presence of dilated Herring bodies with preserved structure, occurrence of nerve swellings very variable in structure, with numerous polymorphous inclusions and autolytic bodies, or with large vacuoles, few secretory granules and few mitochondria. There are some endings of neurosecretory fibres with many clear microvesicles and few granules, as well as the endings abounding only in clear microvesicles, particularly in pericapillary spaces. The results obtained point to strong stress-inducing effects of noise and vibrations upon the nervous part of the hypophysis.
Successive stimulation of major cell groups in bone marrow
Authors: Prindull Gregor , Prindull Brigitte , Yoffey Joseph M.
Published: February 2009

The existence of pluripotential haemopoietic stem cells raises the possibility of stem cell competition when two or more differentiating stimuli are given either simultaneously or in close succession. The experiments now reported deal with the effects on guinea pig bone marrow of successive stimulation and they fall into two groups. In one group, erythropoiesis was first stimulated by means of hypoxia, after which granulopoiesis was stimulated by the intraperitoneal injection of typhoid vaccine. In another group, these two stimuli were given in the reverse order. Bone marrow changes were evaluated both quantitatively and by differential counts. The experimental animals were compared with controls given only one stimulus, either hypoxia or vaccine, and also with normal untreated animals. As judged by the output of granulocytes or erythrocytes, no stem cell shortage developed in the experimental animals. A marked fall in transitional cells in the bone marrow of the experimental animals is consistent with the view, though not affording actual proof, that the pluripotential stem cells are to be found in the transitional cell compartment.
Mitotic index of the Langhans’ cells in the normal human placenta from the early stages of pregnancy to the term
Authors: Tedde Giovanni , Tedde Piras Alessandra
Published: February 2009

The mitotic index of the Langhans’ cells of the normal human placenta has been evaluated from, the 6th week of pregnancy until the term. The index is very high from the 6th to the 10th week, and afterwards it decreases quickly. However, some dividing cells are present also in placentas of 30–32 weeks. The high number of mitotic cells is considered to be related to the increase of the syncytial layer more than to the HCG production. This latter would be independent of the proliferative activity of the Langhans’ cells and is probably affected by some humoral factors.
Relation between collagen fiber orientation and age of osteon formation in human tibial compact bone
Authors: Vincentelli Raúl
Published: February 2009

The predominant collagen fiber orientation in newly formed osteons was determined by polarized light microscopy. Osteons were classified into five categories according to the proportion of their cross section formed by dark lamellae. In dark lamellae most fibers run longitudinally or on a steep spiral while they follow a circular or shallow spiral course in light lamellae. Types 1 and 2 are ‘light’ osteons; types 4 and 5 are ‘dark’, and type 3 is ‘intermediate’. A significant correlation was found between the predominant collagen fiber orientation in osteons and the age at which their formation occurs. Significant differences were found also in the collagen fiber orientation in osteons among the different quadrants of the same bone.
Dermotoxicity of the mosquito repellent related to rabbit ears
Authors: Wong M.H. , Yew D.T.
Published: February 2009

A commercial brand of mosquito repellent which contains dimethyl phthalate and diethyltoluamide was found causing various forms of dermatitis in rabbit ears.
Die Gefässversorgung des Plexus myentericus (Auerbach) im Dünndarm von Schwein und Katze
Authors: Stach Werner
Published: February 2009

The ganglia of the plexus myentericus (Auerbach) have their own self-acting vascularization in the form of periganglionic capillary networks. As to the architecture and density, they are quite different from the intramuscular capillary bed. Just as the arterial trunk and arcade vessels, the terminal arterioles and sphincter capillaries running into the periganglionic capillary network are innervated by noradrenergic axons. Together with periganglionic arteriovenous short circuits, this means favorable prerequisites for a functionally adapted blood supply of the ganglia. The specific arrangement of intramuscular vessels and the plexus Auerbach effects the maintenance of the close topographic and functional relations between both systems in all cases of changes of the shape of the intestinal wall.
The taste buds of Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew)
Authors: Purwar R.S. , Prakash R.
Published: February 2009

Taste buds were generally found on the posterior side of the tongue. Neural elements (nerve fibres, mainly thick myelinated, and ganglia arranged in a chain-like fashion) participated in the innervation of the taste buds. Cholinesterase activity was much marked in the bottom of the taste buds, while the marginal surface showed no such activity.
Peripheral pathway of proprioceptive fibres from feline extra-ocular muscles
Authors: Sivanandasingham P.
Published: February 2009

The findings of the previous study (1976) involving orbital operations in 12 cats have been confirmed in this study involving intracranial operations in 20 more cats. The perikarya of origin of afferent fibres from feline extra-ocular muscles have been clearly localised to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The functional subdivision in the nucleus that was noted earlier has been reaffirmed. Thus the caudal or pontine part was the location of cell bodies from the lateral rectus muscle, the intermediate part contained those from the superior oblique, while the other muscles were represented by cell bodies in the rostral part, there being some degree of overlap in the last two zones. In every instance the representation was shown to be bilateral and the total ratio of cellular representation was in the region of 4:1 (ipsilateral-contralateral). The peripheral pathway of the proprioceptive fibres has been shown to be exclusively along the oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves which are therefore sensorimotor.
Study on the morphology of the gall-bladder of the goat
Authors: Hatami-Monazah H. , Abdallah O.
Published: February 2009

200 gall-bladders of goat were studied for histology and histochemistry. The lining epithelium is tall columnar with striated border. The glands are mucous and serous, and the secretion of both surface and glands is a polyssaccharide-protein complex. The regional differences at neck, body and fundus of the gall-bladder are described. Few enterochromaffin cells with granules, which are PAS-positive and contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, are encountered at the wedge between the granular epithelial cells and the cells lining the crypts. The relationship between these cells and lymphocytic infiltration is discussed. The thick circular muscle layer at the neck region is considered a sphincter of the gall-bladder.
Seasonal changes in the testes of a hill stream teleost, Garra gotyla (Gray)
Authors: Shrestha Tej Kumar , Khanna S.S.
Published: February 2009

The cephalic, middle and posterior regions of the testes in Garra gotyla are identical in structure and function. The spermatogenetic activity starts in the month of October reaching its peak in April and May. Spawning takes place in June and July followed by a brief resting period. Spermiation appears to be intermittent. Six stages of spermatogenesis have been described. New crop of germ cells appears to arise from the resting spermatogonia. Both the interstitial and the lobule boundary cells were observed. The gonosomatic index shows correlation between the rise in water temperature and the volume of the testes.
Origin and development of the septum primum
Authors: Fonollá Puerta , Llorca Orts
Published: February 2009

Based on the study often hearts of human embryos from the Orts Llorca collection in Madrid, comprising stages 12–17 of O’Rahilly, the origin ofthe septum primum was analyzed. The septum referred to has its origin in the dorsocaudal part of the common auricle starting from the cells of the lower cushion which makes contact with the wall of the auricle referred to. The closure of the atrioventricular canal is due to the introduction of the spina vestibuli of the septum primum between the two endocardial cushions. The foramen primum is formed in the human species in the same way as in the rest of the most highly developed vertebrates.
Intracerebral displacement of basal ganglia following septal cannulation
Authors: Choudhury Roy , Williams T.H.
Published: February 2009

The effects of septal cannulation on the displacement of basal ganglia form the basis of the present communication. In experimental rats, in which a cannula is chronically implanted for 30 days between the medial and lateral septal nuclei by stereotaxic procedures, considerable shift of the basal ganglion is always observed on the operated side. The displacement takes place along the long axis of the ganglion either rostrally or caudally. Besides gross asymmetry in their relative sizes, no histological differences are observed between the ganglia of the two sides. Control animals, in which the cannula is withdrawn immediately after the septal lesion, manifest similar, but less pronounced movements of the basal ganglia. The probable underlying mechanisms for such intracerebral shifts are discussed and the role of indirect mechanical forces is outlined. The extraordinary degree of plasticity of the subcortical nuclear masses in terms of mobility is also emphasized.
Electron-microscopic study of the rat masseter muscle following injection of lidocaine
Authors: Seibel Hugo R. , Dolwick Melvin F. , Bush Francis M. , Craig Shirley S.
Published: February 2009

The ultrastructure of rat masseter muscle was examined at 15 min, 1 and 6 h, and 1 and 2 days following a single injection of 2% lidocaine. Lesions developed within 15 min. The plasma membrane was disrupted and invaginated. The nuclei were pyknotic and the mitochondria appeared swollen. The myofibrils separated and became disoriented. By 1 and 6 h, these changes were severe. By 1 day, the macrophages appeared in damaged myofibers. The presence of a few presumptive myoblasts signaled the onset of regeneration. By 2 days, presumptive myoblasts formed within the basement membrane. The basal lamina proved most resistant to injury. Regeneration of masseter muscle following the damage produced by lidocaine appeared discontinuous in nature. The singly nucleated presumptive myoblasts seemed to arise within the lesions.
A model of the pancreas to illustrate its development
Authors: O'Rahilly Ronan , Müller Fabiola
Published: February 2009

The preparation is described of a simple anatomical model to illustrate the fusion of the dorsal and ventral components and their ducts, as well as some important topographical relationships of the adult organ.
Quantitative studies on the development of the bronchi and bronchial glands of the pig from birth to maturity
Authors: Baskerville A. , Cox C.S. , Stirrup J.A.
Published: February 2009

Cross-sectional areas of bronchi and bronchial glands of pigs aged from 1 day to 10 months were measured using image analysis. Growth of the bronchial glands was slow for the first month of life, reached a maximum between 1 and 3 months, and slowed again after 5 months. Mucous gland sizes fell into two groups, one included the apical, cardiac and accessory lobes, the other the diaphragmatic lobes. From birth to maturity the percentage increase in mucous gland area of all lobes was very similar. For the anterior lobes, mucous glands and bronchial lumina grew in direct proportion to each other. Up to 1 month of age the bronchial lumina of the diaphragmatic lobes grew but the glands did not. Later, glands and lumina grew in direct proportion. From birth to maturity the percentage increase in bronchial cross-sectional area was similar for all lobes.
Morphological differentiation of the fossil dinosaur bone cells
Authors: Pawlicki Roman
Published: February 2009

The investigation was carried out on the fossil dinosaur bone from before 80 million years. Samples for examination were prepared with specially elaborated methods. Thus the isolated osteocytes of the dinosaur bone, which had previously undergone natural fossilizing processes, were obtained. This permitted their morphological assessment. On the basis of the images obtained in the light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopes, two types of osteocytes were distinguished. Type I was characterized by an elongated shape, its length exceeding the width several times; the mean dimensions of this osteocyte amounted to 28.8/7.03 µm. Type II was shorter, its mean dimensions being equal to 20.28/6.88 µm. Moreover, two types of osteocytes processes were differentiated: the first was represented by thick processes, so-called ‘axial processes’, whose diameter ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 µm, and which, as a rule, departed from the pole of the cell. They ran farther from the mother cell body to more distant osteocytes. The other type consisted of thin processes departing from various points of the cell body in no particular arrangement but always extrapolarly. They branched off in a close vicinity of the mother osteocyte. Their diameter ranged between 0.076 and 0.35 µm.
Root formation in ectopically transplanted teeth of the frog Rana pipiens
Authors: Howes Robert I.
Published: February 2009

In the second part of an experimental study of the behavior and fate of the roots of ectopically transplanted frog teeth the comparative aspects of the tooth root and its tissue composition were examined. Experimental results showed that the root or pedicel area of the frog tooth was an intrinsic part of the tooth. The tooth was capable of growth to normal size and shape with or without the presence of underlying bone. When compared with existing descriptive evidence and analysis it was determined that the best terminology for the amphibian root tissues would be dentin right up to the point of attachment where cellular basal bone is seen. This is because it is an intrinsic part of the tooth, is formed on the pulpal side of the root sheath, and is formed by odontoblasts. Because of the above observations, the original Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath appeared both homologous and analogous with the mammalian sheath, but since all the root tissues were under this sheath, no tissues homologous to any of the paradental tissues of cementum, periodontal ligament, or alveolar bone could be found except when the root sheath injury resulted in induction of an acellular tissue upon the outer surface of dentin.
Die uteroovarielle Gefässversorgung der Albinoratte
Authors: Schröder E.
Published: February 2009

The utero-ovarian vascularisation of the non-pregnant rat was investigated, described and morphometrically evaluated. The ovarian and uterine arteries anastomose together giving up a ramus ovaricus. The leaving of these vessels from their main trunks varies to each body side, just as their length and width. Several segmental arteries arise from each uterine artery to the corpus uteri also side-specifically. Coiled circular arteries are found. The uterine cervical vascularisation is described separately. Different regulating effects on the function of the vessels are discussed.
Adrenergic terminal structures in the mesentery of mammals
Authors: Khaisman E.B. , Borodulya A.V.
Published: February 2009

This work is devoted to the study of adrenergic terminal structures in the mesentery of mammals (cat, dog). The investigation was performed with the Falck-Hillarp method of catecholamine fluorescence microscopy on total stretch mesentery preparations. The investigation showed that richly developed perivascular plexus constitute the basis of the adrenergic innervation system of the mesentery. In numerous points of these plexuses, single adrenergic fibers or polyaxonal structures are observed to issue into nonvascular areas of the mesentery where after repeated dichotomic division they pass into the preterminal and terminal parts. Being constructed on the principle of extended or restrained arborizations, these innervating structures have a morphological similarity with free sensory nerve endings. In this connection, the question of the possible existence of the sensory (afferent) links in the catecholamine-containing vegetative nerve plexuses is discussed.
Ependyma and supraependymal structures in some areas of the fourth ventricle in the rat
Authors: Kiss A. , Mitro A.
Published: February 2009

The ependyma was investigated in five areas of the rat ventricle system by means of both light and electron microscopy. The columnar, cuboidal and flattened types of the ependymal cells were mainly seen. All of them were seen in the fourth ventricle, while in the aqueductus cerebri and in the central canal the flattened type of the cell was lacking. An unusual variation as to the form of the ependymal cells was found on the roof of the fourth ventricle. Three groups of intraventricular structures were found in all investigated parts of the ventricle system: supraependymal globular structures containing irregularly arranged cristae, supraependymal protrusions appearing as homogeneous contents, and nerve profiles including nerve endings and nerve axons. The morphological characteristics of the ependyma and intraventricular profiles in the fourth ventricle allow to suppose a certain role of these structures in the exchange of various materials between the CSF, ependyma and neuropile.
Histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of mongoose salivary glands
Authors: Poddar S. , Jacob S.
Published: February 2009

The histology and mucosubstance histochemistry of the mongoose salivary glands were studied. Histologically, the mongoose salivary glands were generally similar to those in other carnivores (dog, cat and ferret). The mucosubstance histochemistry demonstrated considerable variations in the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands in comparison to the other carnivores. The parotid gland contained carboxylated mucin which was sialidase-resistant. Granules in a few cells also contained sulphated mucin. Both submandibular and sublingual glands contained mainly carboxylated sialomucin which was sialidase-labile except in a few cell, some neutral mucin but no sulphated mucin. The molar and zygomatic glands were similar to those in the other carnivores. They contained both sulphated and carboxylated mucins but no neutral mucin. The carboxylated mucin was sialidase-resistant.
Observations on living rat spermatogenic cells in different developmental stages
Authors: Söderström Karl-Ove , Parvinen Martti
Published: February 2009

In the seminiferous tubules of the rat, as in most mammalian species, the developing germ cells form associations with constant cell composition. These cellular associations or stages follow each other in a regular manner along the seminiferous tubules giving rise to the seminiferous epithelial wave. When a freshly isolated unstained seminiferous tubulus of the rat is subjected to transillumination under a stereomicroscope, the different segments of the seminiferous epithelial wave absorb light in a characteristic manner permitting their recognition. Using this technique, small segments with accurately known cell composition can be isolated and studied in living state with phase-contrast microscopy. In several cases, the phase-contrast microscopy gives more information about the cell morphology than conventional histological methods. In this study all major developmental steps from early spermatogonia to mature spermatids have been described. The findings of the present study can be used as reference material in the evaluation and identification of the various cell types of the seminiferous tubules obtained, e.g. by the Staput fractionation method. In addition, the findings may be helpful in the evaluation of spermatogenic and Sertoli cells in culture conditions.
Post-hatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken
Authors: Boya J. , Calvo J.
Published: February 2009

The authors studied the evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallusgallus) from hatching until 34 months of age. They describe the progressive decrease of the follicular cavities and the appearance of solid-looking cavities. The stroma increases with age, dividing the pineal parenchyma into territories of small caliber.
Proprioceptive afferent fibers in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI
Authors: Abo-El-Enene M.A.
Published: February 2009

The purpose of the present works was to clarify whether the cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry proprioceptive afferent fibres from the extrinsic ocular muscles. In sheep the picture is now clear. The cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry many large proprioceptive fibres (12–16 μm) to the central nervous system. These nerves also contain many small fibres of the y-range (2–6 μm) which innervate the intrafusal muscle fibres in the spindles. In man the picture is still vague: most of the spindles are not typical, the large proprioceptive fibres (12–16 μm) and the small y-fibres (2–6 μm) are very few in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI. It is to be concluded that in sheep the cranial nerves III, IV and VI are not purely motor nerves to the extrinsic ocular muscles, but they also carry many of the large fibres of the proprioceptive function. In man, such large fibres are not found and the pathway of proprioceptive afferents from the orbital muscles is still not certain.
A rare origin of the superior thyroid artery
Authors: Smith Stephen D. , Benton Robert S.
Published: February 2009

In the course of a classroom dissection of a negro male (height: 167 cm; weight: 56.8 kg), an anomalous right superior thyroid artery was noted. It arose from the common carotid artery 27 mm proximal to the bifurcation into external and internal carotids. Previous reports indicate that the incidence of origin of the superior thyroid from the common carotid or its bifurcation varies from 5 to 45%, depending on the population sampled. Moreover, a low origin is more common in females than males, and appears approximately twice as often on the left as on the right. Previous reports also indicate that the origin is only very rarely more than 1 cm proximal to the bifurcation, only one case having been reported of an origin 25 mm proximal. The present case appears to be the most proximal origin so far recorded, and the first far proximal origin in negroes. The implications of such a low origin for surgical approach to the thyroid are considerable.
An improved embalming procedure for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver for anatomical study
Authors: Bradbury S.A. , Hoshino K.
Published: February 2009

A successful embalming procedure necessary for long-lasting preservation of the cadaver and its subsequent anatomical dissection has been undertaken in our laboratory. In short, the procedure consists of a preembalming treatment with blood clot disperser, removal of blood clots, drainage of blood, and arterial embalming with an embalming machine via both carotid and femoral triangles of the body. The embalming fluid is prepared from methyl alcohol and a small amount of formalin as the fixatives, ethylene glycol as a preservative, and liquefied phenol as a mould preventive. Coloring of the blood vessels is also useful in their identification. Other matters relevant to embalming problems are also discussed.