bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
India's Foreign Trade in Cashew
Authors: Kutty P. Unneen
Published: January 2017

Cashew industry in India exports cashew kernels to more than 60 countries in the world. Since domestic production of cashew nuts is inadequate to meet the country's export and domestic consumption demands, the industry imports cashew nuts from other countries as well. The study makes an attempt to identify the recent trends in the domestic production and imports of cashew nuts, and exports of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid. The study finally brings out certain policy recommendations.
Preference Scaling via a Modification of Shepard's Proximity Analysis Method
Authors: Klemmer E. T. , Shrimpton N. W.
Published: January 2017

A method of scaling based on an iterative computer program is described. The program accepts as input any set of paired-comparison preference data and produces as output a one-dimensional scale of preference. The method is illustrated by application to actual data and the solution compared to that obtained by Thurstone's method on the same data. Finally, some remaining problems and present limitations of the method are described.
Correlates of Reaction Time to Startle
Authors: Thackray Richard I.
Published: January 2017

The present study was concerned with behavioral and physiological correlates of response time to high intensity, 'unexpected' auditory stimuli. Stimuli consisted of an initial 120 db startle tone followed by a series of 50 tones of 75 db and a final 120 db startle tone. Sub-jects responded by moving a control stick as rapidly as possible to the onset of each tone. Continuous recordings of heart rate and skin resistance were taken. Autonomic reactivity to the first intense stimulus was found to be positively correlated with response latency, while response time to the final intense stimulus suggests a negative relationship to autonomic levels and reactivity. The primary effect of the second high intensity tone was to significantly exaggerate pre-existing differences between individuals in their reaction time to the preceding moderate intensity stimuli. Possible relationships of this differential stress response to concepts of excitation and inhibition are briefly discussed.
Educating Industrial Designers
Authors: Crist Jack W.
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the status, objectives and procedures of contemporary industrial design education. It points out that professional designers are searching for meaningful and valid guidelines for the relatively new profession, and that current attitudes and practices in design education reflect this search. The major historical movements contributing to current industrial design training are reviewed briefly. The early marriage of industrial design and the visual arts is noted, as is the increasing interdisciplinary nature of industrial design education exemplified by its extension into many new but related fields such as human factors engineering. General descriptions of typical and atypical contemporary academic programs in industrial design education are presented. Reference is made to the important contribution of the professional association of industrial designers in support of design education, the Industrial Designers Society of America.
Type, Extent and Coding of Updated Symbolic Information
Authors: Vicino Frank L. , Andrews Robert S. , Ringel Seymour
Published: January 2017

This study concerned how information extraction and assimilation from dynamic visual displays are affected by three amounts of information presented (12, 18, or 24 units), three types of updating changes (“Adding”, “Moving,“ or “Removing“ units), three extents of changes (2, 4, or 6 units), and three ways of indicating updates (double-cue coding, single-cue coding and history hard copy.). Subjects were presented successive pairs of slides with the second slide containing the updates. Speed and accuracy of extracing and assimilating the updated information were recorded. It was found that: 1) Double-cue improved extraction 97%; assimilation 57%. 2) Single-cue coding improved extraction 68%, assimilation 47%. 3) Hard copy history did not aid extraction; improved assimilation only slightly. 4) Increasing the amount of information and extent of change degraded extraction and assimilation. 5) For assimilation, double-cue coding nullified the degrading effects of increasing amount of information. 6) In both tasks, the “Removed“ condition was easiest, “Added“ next, and the “Moved“ condition most difficult. Results indicate that major performance improvement can be achieved through coding without use of relatively costly color techniques.
The Effect of the Operator's Handedness on Some Directional Stereotypes in Control-Display Relationships
Authors: Chapanis Alphonse , Gropper Bernard A.
Published: January 2017

Recommendations about preferred directions of movement for controls and displays are based almost exclusively on right-handed persons. This experiment has studied some common control-display movement stereotypes to find out if these stereotypes are equally valid for left- and right-handed subjects. Our apparatus presented a scale that could be oriented horizontally or vertically. The numbers on the scale increased either right-to-left or left-to-right for the horizontal scales, or up-to-down or down-to-up for the vertical scales. The linkage between the movement of a control knob and the movement of the hairline on the scale was reversible so that a clockwise rotation of the knob could be made to move the hairline toward either end of the scale. We recorded (1) the direction of the first movement made by the subject on each trial, (2) the total number of reversal movements made on each setting, (3) the time taken to make a setting, and (4) the actual setting made (and so, of course, setting errors). We tested 64 subjects, 32 left-handed and 32 right-handed, each using his preferred and non-preferred hands. Significant differences were found in the time to make settings, the number of reversal movements, and errors in initial direction of movement as functions of handedness and the various apparatus relationships. In addition to overall differences between the performance of the left- and right-handed subjects, the two groups behaved differently on some measures when using their preferred and non-preferred hands.
Visual Factors in the Design of Computer-Controlled CRT Displays
Authors: Gould John D.
Published: January 2017

This paper is concerned with the important visual variables that determine image quality on computer-controlled CRT displays. A strategy is developed that leads to general conclusions about each variable even though most of these variables interact. For each variable considered, the recommended range of values is determined on the basis of experimental evidence and is compared with the values presently used on displays. Where discrepancies between these two exist, alternative solutions are mentioned. Conclusions are(i) presently used values of display luminance, chromaticity (color), and resolution are adequate; (ii) several displays flicker; (iii) characters are large enough but may be marginal in terms of number of elements; (iv) luminance contrast is not adequate.
Human Factors Applications in Medicine
Authors: Rappaport Maurice
Published: January 2017

The opportunity and the need to apply human factors concepts and techniques to problems in medicine are discussed. Directions in which such efforts should be exerted are described. Five specific problem areas considered include health manpower shortages, medical education shortcomings, medical information system needs, diagnostic and treatment instrumentation, and the effects of medical procedures on behavior and performance.
The Role of Human Factors in Dental Education
Authors: Lucaccini Luigi F. , Podshadley Dale W. , Kreit Leonard H.
Published: January 2017

Current projections of the growth in demand for dental treatment services in the United States indicate that the increase in demand anticipated by the end of the coming decade will far outstrip the expected growth in the number of practicing dental professionals. A significant increase in the productivity of the average practitioner is necessary if the anticipated demand for services is to be met. More efficient means of delivering high quality dental service must be developed and reflected in the training of dental and dental auxiliary students. Current research and development activities in dental education toward this goal are described. Some areas of dental education particularly amenable to human factors technology are considered. Suggestions are offered for means whereby the human factors community can become more closely acquainted with the goals of dental education programs and contribute effectively to the attainment of these goals.
Big Brother As Driver: New Demands and Problems for the Man at the Wheel
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B.
Published: January 2017

This is a speculative exposition of human factors problems which may accompany semi-automation of highway vehicles. It emphasizes the problems of manual control takeover from an automatic system under both normal and emergency conditions. The paper hypothesizes a new way to consider driver alertness in terms of stability margins of control theory, proposes a three-time-scale model of driver decision-making, and suggests two simulation techniques especially applicable to studying driver alertness and manual control takeover.
The Relative Importance of Contrast and Motion in Visual Detection
Authors: Petersen Harold E. , Dugas Doris J.
Published: January 2017

The relative roles of contrast and motion in the detection of targets were investigated using a television display of an artificial target inserted in several different backgrounds of varying complexity. Independent effects of both contrast and motion on the detectability of targets were found. The magnitude of these effects can be accounted for in the detection probability function by modifying the exponent with a linear contrast term and a second-power velocity term. At target speeds greater than about 5 deg/sec, the detection probability began to level off, probably due to interference of the boundaries of the display. Single-fixation experiments confirmed a larger detection field for moving targets than for static, but also demonstrated a gradual increase in the fixation time required to detect a target as a function of its distance from the fixation point.
Submarine Escape: Side, Tube, and Top Egress with Alternative Escape Appliances and Team Sizes
Authors: Ryack Bernard L. , Walters Gary B. , Rodensky Robert L.
Published: January 2017

Egress capability with the British Mark VII Submarine Escape Immersion Suit (SEIS) and the Steinke Hood was evaluated for one-, two-, and three-man teams from side-, tube-, and top-egress escape trunks. Top egress was considerably more rapid than either tube or side egress; tube egress was superior to side egress. Egress time increased linearly as a function of team size for both escape appliances. For tube and side egress, escape with the Steinke Hood was more rapid than with the SEIS; the SEIS was superior for top egress. Escape position of a subject within a team had no effect on egress time. When compared to side and tube egress, top egress results in a substantial reduction of total bottom time.
Application of Human Engineering Principles and Techniques in the Design of Electronic Production Equipment
Authors: Rosenthal Milton
Published: January 2017

The Human Engineering Group was asked to investigate a microwelding operation considered by management to be a critical problem area. The operation, involving manual welding and trimming of wire grids, was excessively demanding on human resources. In spite of hourly break periods, the operators complained of excessive fatigue, back strain, and leg pains. The Human Engineering Group, in conjunction with the Industrial Design Group, studied the problem and recommended a drastically revised work environment. The rationale for developing design solutions is discussed, followed by the translation of design concepts into hardware definitions. A description follows of the monitoring of the construction and operations performed on a prototype.
Monitoring an Automated System for a Single Failure: Vigilance and Task Complexity Effects
Authors: MOLLOY ROBERT , PARASURAMAN RAJA
Published: January 2017

The present study examined the effects of task complexity and time on task on the monitoring of a single automation failure during performance of a complex flight simulation task involving tracking, fuel management, and engine-status monitoring. Two groups of participants performed either all three flight simulation tasks simultaneously (multicomplex task) or the monitoring task alone (single-complex task); a third group performed a simple visual vigilance task (simple task). For the multicomplex task, monitoring for a single failure of automation control was poorer than when participants monitored engine malfunctions under manual control. Furthermore, more participants detected the automation failure in the first 10 min of a 30-min session than in the last 10 min of the session, for both the simple and the multicomplex task. Participants in the single-complex condition detected the automation failure equally well in both periods. The results support previous findings of inefficiency in monitoring automation and show that automation-related monitoring inefficiency occurs even when there is a single automation failure. Implications for theories of vigilance and automation design are discussed.
Human Performance and Control of Multiple Systems
Authors: MURRAY STEVEN A. , CALDWELL BARRETT S.
Published: January 2017

Many systems involving multiple remote sensors or machines require a single operator to control more than one device simultaneously. Interface design issues for such systems can be formidable because the inherent complexity of multiple-platform control creates significant opportunities for operator confusion and overload. An exploratory study was conducted to examine some of these issues using a simulated industrial security task. The experiment manipulated the type of remote sensor (fixed-site or mobile), the number of displays that had to be monitored, and two types of event complexity (number of targets and redundancy of target images) using response time as the dependent measure. Results showed that significant performance penalties may be encountered in multiple-platform control and that these penalties accumulate at seemingly low levels of complexity.
Modular Programming in C: An Approach Suitable for Teaching
Authors: Velastin Sergio A.
Published: January 2017

Modular programming in C: an approach suitable for teaching

C has gained considerable popularity in the field of embedded computer systems. However, C is an inherently unsafe language that has resulted in unsafe practices. We present an evolutionary approach derived from the ADA ‘package’ concept. The method has been used in teaching as well as industrial environments.
Calculation of Forces in Dynamic Mechanical Systems: Driving point Impedance Approach
Authors: Asamoah F.
Published: January 2017

Calculation of forces in dynamic mechanical systems — driving point impedance approach

This paper extends the concept of driving point impedance used in analog electronic systems to dynamic mechanical systems. The similarity between the equations and the bus-impedance matrix equations in power systems is pointed out. Examples have been given to demonstrate the application of the method.
Pspice Simulation and Implementation of a Thyristor D.C. Chopper
Authors: Thomas F. , Nayar C. V. , Perahia J.
Published: January 2017

PSPICE simulation and implementation of a thyristor d.c. chopper

Simulation and laboratory results are presented of an SCR forced commutation d.c. chopper. Chopper and model operation are discussed and compared.
Levitation of the ‘Jumping Ring’ Using a Fuzzy Logic Controller
Authors: Barry Noel , Casey Richard , Power Mark
Published: January 2017

Levitation, using the principle of electromagnetic induction and the consequential force between two circuits, is employed to maintain a ring stationary above a coil. The a.c. output voltage to the coil is switched through a H bridge inverter with a fuzzy logic controller determining the amplitude level. Analysis is included.
Presentation of Global Behaviour of Nonlinear AC Power Systems Using Bifurcation Diagrams
Authors: Bodger P. S. , Irwin G. D. , Woodford D. A. , Gole A. M.
Published: January 2017

Operational voltage levels can force a.c. power systems into non-linear behaviour. The system global characteristics are presented in bifurcation diagrams, generated using an electromagnetic–transients program. They reveal the onset of ferroresonance, period-doubling and chaos when series capacitance is present between the supply and saturating transformers.
Amplifier Performance in Terms of Two-Port Parameters
Authors: Willis Jack
Published: January 2017

At high frequencies the complexity of the circuit representing a feedback amplifier is such that the concept of a feedback loop becomes meaningless, and an alternative means of checking the stability of the amplifier is needed. Representing the network as a two-port realises such a solution.
Natural Vibrations of Laminated Orthotropic Shells of Revolution
Authors: Dong S.B. , Selna L.G.
Published: January 2017

Frequencies and mode shapes of axisymmetric and asymmetric vibrations for laminated orthotropic shells of revolution are deter mined. The shell may be composed of an arbitrary number of bonded elastic orthotropic layers, each of which may have different properties and thickness. Finite element method, where the basic element is the conical frustum is employed to model the shell struc ture. First, the governing equations are formulated using nodal (generalized) coordinates, and then they are transformed into a system of reduced generalized coordinates. The direct solution of the eigenvalue problem is effected in this reduced system of generalized coordinates. The advantages of this method, which is related to the Rayleigh-Ritz technique, are twofold: Computational effort is con siderably reduced and the lowest eigenvalues and eigenvectors are found. Four examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy, speed, and versatility of this method.
Damage Extension in Carbon Fiber/PEEK Crossply Laminates under Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Wang H. , Vu-Khanh T.
Published: January 2017

Low-velocity impact in carbon fiber/PEEK crossply laminates has been studied by test and analysis. Emphases of the study were focused on the material properties which may control the damage extension of transverse crack and delamination. It was found that, considering the thermal residual stress and the crack constraining effect, extension of transverse cracks could not be predicted by the Strength of Materials approach. The impact-induced delamination could be characterized by the crack arrest concept of fracture mechanics. The delamination resulted from a Mode II-dominated unstable fracture, which occurred under displacement-controlled conditions and seemed to be arrested at a constant interlaminar fracture energy.

It was found that the thermoplastic APC-2 composite exhibits the same damage modes as epoxy composites under low velocity impact. Both the matrix-controlled damage and the fiber-controlled penetration may become the dominant failure mode, depending on the stacking sequence of the laminate. The residual stress in the thermoplastic laminates is as high as half of the transverse strength of the unidirectional material. The crack constraining effect tends to increase the in situ transverse strength of the lamina as the lamina thickness decreases. Considering the residual stress and crack constraining effect, the transverse crack extension cannot be predicted by the Strength of Materials approach. The crack arrest concept of fracture mechanics seems to be a useful approach to predict the extension of impact-induced delamination. The delamination resulted from a Mode II-dominated unstable fracture, which occurred under displacement-controlled conditions and seemed to be arrested at a constant interlaminar fracture energy. By assuming the delamination arrest at about the time of maximum impact load, the delamination arrest toughness could be evaluated from the test data of [05/905/05] laminates. The delamination arrest toughness is also found to be close to the Mode II-propagation toughness of the material.
A Laminate Design for Elastic Properties of Symmetric Laminates with Extension-Shear or Bending-Twisting Coupling
Authors: Fukunaga Hisao , Sekine Hideki
Published: January 2017

A laminate design method for elastic properties of symmetric laminates with extension-shear or bending-twisting coupling is presented using lamination parameters which give a complete expression of laminate configurations. The elastic properties of Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios and shear modulus are represented on the lamination parameter plane. A general method is also developed for determining laminate configurations corresponding to lamination parameters. The graphical representation clarifies the relation between laminate configurations and elastic properties. Effects of extension-shear coupling on in-plane elastic properties are discussed. The elastic properties of Young's moduli and shear modulus have the maximum values when the coupling terms vanish. Two design examples are also presented which utilize bending-twisting couplings. One is concerned with the control of a cross-coupling parameter in an aeroelastic tailoring of a composite wing, and the other is concerned with the shear buckling optimization of a symmetric laminated plate.
A Behavioral Model of Coalition Formation
Authors: Lee Mushin , Rosenthal Howard
Published: January 2017

The 1951 elections for the French National Assembly permitted the formation of distinct formalized coalitions in each of 95 multimember districts. The resulting coalition outcomes are analyzed via a behavioral model that emphasizes real-time constraints that are largely ignored by formal game theory. Other major features of the model include: (1) coalitions are built incrementally and without defection until a coalition controls a majority of the votes; (2) offers to prospective partners are constrained by a graph that represents ideological and other constraints; (3) offers are made probabilistically, proportional to the votes controlled by the potential allies; (4) reciprocated offers are necessary and sufficient for a coalition to form. Estimated with data from districts with five or fewer coalescable parties or lists, the model is validated on districts with six parties or lists. The model has modest explanatory power, its major failure suggesting the influence of political forces at the national level that are beyond the scope of the district level model. Quite speculatively, these national forces may have been essential to preventing De Gaulle's coming to power in 1951. The model attests to both ideological and opportunistic facets of Fourth Republic politics.
Cooperation and Group Size in the N-Person Prisoners' Dilemma
Authors: Bonacich Phillip , Shure Gerald H. , Kahan James P. , Meeker Robert J.
Published: January 2017

This study explores the relationship between group size and member cooperation when individual and group interests conflict. Existing theories incorrectly imply that larger groups should experience more difficulty in providing “public goods” (goods whose benefits are not confined to the purchaser). A theoretically based typology that identifies nine systematic patterns associated with changes in group size and parameters of individual and group payoff structure is presented. The typology describes nine different ways in which group size can affect cooperation in the provision of public goods. In a computer-administered experiment using three of these nine types and group sizes of three, six, and nine, 90 college students were given sequences of opportunities to choose between “cooperation” (which benefited everyone) and “noncooperation” (which benefited the chooser but harmed everyone else). For one of these types, a counter-intuitive but theoretically predicted positive relationship between group size and cooperation was found. Two explanations for a theoretically unexpected negative relation between group size and cooperation in the other conditions are developed, one based on Steiner's concept of a conjunctive task, the other based on the decreasing information value of responses in larger groups.
Abnormal Fundal Appearances in a Case of Poisoning by a Cyanide Capsule
Authors: Buchanan I. S. , Dhamee M.-S. , Griffiths F. E. D. , Yeoman W. B.
Published: January 2017

A case of poisoning by potassium cyanide is described, in which life was maintained for 37 hr 30 min prior to death. The nature of the capsule containing cyanide seems to be unique. A new clinical sign is presented in which the appearances of the fundi were characteristic and reversible.

Attention is redirected to the inability of most people to identify cyanide by smell.
Traumatic Air Embolism
Authors: Bowen David A. LL. , Sycamore E. McKim
Published: January 2017

A case is reported of fatal air embolism resulting from a fracture of the right mandible which was treated surgically by wiring the teeth to immobilize the fracture and extract a broken second premolar tooth. During the procedure cardiac arrest occurred. At autopsy examination large quantities of frothy air were found, widely distributed in the heart, pulmonary artery and cerebral vessels, consistent with air entering the circulation through the mandibular canal which traversed the fracture line.
Bullet Embolism to the Heart
Authors: Sivanesan S.
Published: January 2017

A bullet was recovered from the heart of a man who had been shot in the left arm. It had passed through the arm, the chest wall, diaphragm and the left external iliac vein to enter the circulation.
Disclosure of Medical Notes
Authors: Dua-Agyemang J. E.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the application of ss. 31 and 32 of the Administration of Justice Act 1970: the effect of courts' interpretations on cases involving disclosure of medical notes and what plaintiffs must consider before bringing an action on disclosure of medical notes.
Postoperative Mercury Poisoning
Authors: Cross J. D. , Dale I. M. , Elliot H. L. , Smith H.
Published: January 2017

Three mercury poisonings (two fatal), following the use of mercuric chloride solution for peritoneal lavage during operations for the removal of cancerous growths, are described. The concentrations of mercury measured in the tissues from these cases are consistent with those found in poisoning by injection, inhalation and ingestion.
The Medico-Legal Expert—Past, Present and Future
Authors: Cameron J. Malcolm
Published: January 2017

One must remember the maxim of Giovanni Battista Morgangni, the father of morbid anatomy that: ‘Those who have dissected or inspected many bodies have at least learnt to doubt, whilst those who are ignorant of anatomy and do not take the trouble to attend to it are in no doubt at all’.
The Law Relating to Pornography: A Psychological Overview
Authors: Yaffé Maurice
Published: January 2017

The law relating to pornography, that is, sexually explicit material, is presently under review. Decisions regarding reform are complex, due in part to the fact that it is one of those emotive subjects involving moral judgements and often a double standard. The twenty-year history of the 1959 Obscene Publications Act is reviewed along with other relevant legislation, and examples of prosecutions during this period are used to illustrate psychological issues and defence arguments. Recommendations are made with respect to changes in the law.
Xylometazoline Poisoning—Report of a Case
Authors: Vanezis Peter , Toseland P. A.
Published: January 2017

A case is reported in which intravenous selfadministration of xylometazoline hydrochloride solution, (a nasal decongestant), resulted in a fatality.
Shaking as a Culpable Cause of Subdural Haemorrhage in Infants
Authors: Benstead J. G.
Published: January 2017

Attention is focused on the effect of violence which leaves little or no trace in those too young to complain: three illustrative cases are described.
Neither Guilty Nor Insane
Authors: Low N. Cranston
Published: January 2017

The case of Mrs May Clarke, whose verdict of guilty to a shoplifting charge was quashed by the Appeal Court, is quoted together with others to illustrate the clinical findings of short-lived periods of confused thinking in patients suffering from depression.

The opinion is expressed that shoplifting is a suicide-equivalent in these cases, and it is urged that the proposal of the Butler Committee to introduce a verdict of ‘not guilty on evidence of mental disorder’ should be extended to lesser offences such as shoplifting.
Victims of Violence: A Demographic and Clinical Study
Authors: Kee M. , Bell P. , Loughrey G. C. , Roddy R. J. , Curran P. S.
Published: January 2017

This study is an attempt to evaluate the psychiatric sequelae in victims of violence in Northern Ireland between 1979 and 1984. Seven hundred and nineteen consecutive referrals for medico-legal reports were investigated using detailed analysis of case records. These clients were all seeking compensation for psychological injury allegedly sustained following a violent incident.

Details of demographic data, diagnosis and utilization of treatment services were recorded. Clients showed a high rate of anxiety and depressive reactions and neuroses, with notable infrequency in the diagnosis of hysteria and phobic neurosis. A large number of people were prescribed drugs, a significant percentage continuing to take these for over one year.

The significance of these results is discussed with regard to the issues of compensation neurosis and ‘nervous shock’.
Firearm Fatalities in Victoria, Australia 1988
Authors: Selway R
Published: January 2017

A study of all the firearm fatalities in the state of Victoria, Australia is presented for the year 1988.

The overall incidence was 138 (3.24 per 100,000) of which 71% were suicides, 24% homicides, 2% accidental and 2% undetermined.

Twice as many males were homicide victims as females. The female homicide victims being mainly shot by their husbands. 47% of homicides were of a domestic nature, while 15% were criminals shot by police. Only 3 women shot themselves compared with 11 who were victims of homicide.

The relative frequency of accidental shooting deaths is the lowest recorded, a surprising finding in a state where hunting is such a common pastime.
1. Lethal Cardiac Tamponade Due to Aortotomy Wound Dehiscence after Cardiac Valve Replacment: A Forensic Presentation
Authors: Patel F
Published: January 2017

Lethal cardiac tamponade due to aortotomy wound dehiscence after cardiac valve replacement (CVR) are apparently unreported in the recent literature. An uncommon example of delayed non-valvular lethal complication of CVR occurring in the early out-patient period is reported here.

The forensic aspects of wound dehiscence in cardiovascular surgery for cardiac valve replacement are discussed, and complemented by a study of the fracture ends of suture material in wound breakdown associated with the suture failure.
3. Fabry's Disease – A Rare Cause of Sudden Death
Authors: Sivaloganathan S
Published: January 2017

A case of Fabry's disease, an X-linked in-born error of metabolism, presenting as a sudden death in an elderly female, is reported, along with a review of the literature. The pathological findings of the cellular vacuolation and the characteristic inclusion bodies in the tissues are described.
1. Neuroleptic Induced Sudden Death — A Case Report and Critical Review
Authors: Dolan Mairead , Boyd Cameron , Shetty Girish
Published: January 2017

A case report illustrates possible pathophysiological mechanisms of sudden death in psychiatric patients. Difficulties with the tendency to implicate phenothiazines as the cause of death are discussed in light of evidence that the death investigation and autopsy are often incomplete. Some suggestions are made to reduce the risk of a fatal outcome following a violent incident.
2. Suicide by Self-Strangulation Whilst under Observation
Authors: Kennedy N M J , Whittington R M , White A C
Published: January 2017

Two cases are reported of individuals who committed suicide after they had been identified as being acutely at risk of killing themselves. Self-strangulation by a ligature fashioned from the subjects' clothes was the mechanism of suicide in both cases. One death occurred in a police station and the other on an acute psychiatric ward. These cases highlight the need for those formulating policies concerning the supervision of the suicidal individual to pay attention to the minutiae of detail. In particular, a case is made for those at risk of suicide to be prevented from sleeping with their head covered by blankets.
Drug Abuse Deaths in Glasgow in 1992 — A Retrospective Study
Authors: Cassidy Marie T , Curtis Michael , Muir Gillian , Oliver John S
Published: January 2017

A survey of 62 drug deaths in Glasgow showed a wider age range than expected (16–49), a high male to female ratio (44:18) and, where mode of employment had been recorded, a high degree of unemployment (91%). The majority of deaths occurred near centres of known supply. Although a number occurred in the family home, a large proportion were not at the place of residence. In only two cases was morphine detected alone. The majority of the deaths were from combinations of drugs, primarily with benzodiazepines.
Doctors' Holding Power in Practice: Section 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Hall A D , Puri B K , Stewart T , Grahame P S
Published: January 2017

Section 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 (England and Wales) is a commonly used short term power of detention often implemented by junior medical staff, which has no statutory right of appeal. There is little published analysis of its use in clinical practice. A detailed case note study of its use in a psychiatric service with a large catchment area is presented.

Fifty-seven per cent of the patients detained under s.5(2) were female. Affective psychosis was over-represented in detained females, while schizophrenia and paranoid states were over-represented in males.

Eight per cent of s.5(2) detentions were initiated via the nurses' holding power, s.5(4). None of these patients were subsequently regraded to s.2 or 3, which may be accounted for by the finding that personality disorder and alcohol dependence were more commonly diagnosed in this subgroup.

Of s.5(2) detainees, none of those with a non-psychotic disorder were regraded to s.2 or 3.

Three patients had not accepted in-patient admission prior to implementation of s.5(2). Moreover, 38 per cent of all s.5(2) detentions took place within 24 hours of admission. Patients with a psychotic disorder were more likely to be detained within 24 hours of admission. Doubts regarding the validity of consent to voluntary admission in these patients are raised.
Transfer Delays in a Special Hospital Population
Authors: Dolan M , Shetty G C
Published: January 2017

Forty-four cases referred for transfer/trial leave from a Special Hospital in the latter part of 1989 were followed up and their progress on 1 January 1992 was examined. Thirty-four were accepted but only 19 moved out to psychiatric units offering treatment under conditions of lesser security. Three of the original 44 patients were discharged by Mental Health Tribunals and one has died. Twenty-three have never left maximum security. Factors largely beyond the control of Special Hospital consultants accounted for most of the delay in the transfer procedure. Fifty-eight per cent of the total time taken for transfer was attributable to delays by regional/district services in the assessment, response and admission of cases. Noticeable delays in receiving Home Office recommendations were also encountered in restricted cases. Suggestions for improving current standards are made.
Maximum and Medium Security: The Interface
Authors: Smith Jeanette , Tomison Arden , James Adrian , Donovan Martin
Published: January 2017

This paper examines transfer delays for patients moving between medium and maximum security hospitals. Delays appear to be getting shorter and Special Hospitals in particular respond very quickly to requests for admission. Recommendations are made for further improvements in transfer procedures. The authors argue that with closer working relationships between clinicians in Special Hospitals and Regional Secure Units, and the new proactive approach to transfers, the system will become increasingly flexible and responsive. Consequent improvements in the quality of care in Special Hospitals are anticipated, making the arguments for closing them, in turn, less convincing.
The Outcome of Psychiatric Recommendations to Courts
Authors: Hosty Gary , Cope Rosemarie
Published: January 2017

The case notes, court reports and outcomes of 699 consecutive out-patient referrals to a forensic service for court reports, related to criminal offences, were examined. The relationship between rejection of psychiatric recommendations to the court and a number of different variables was examined. Age, sex and ethnicity were found to be unrelated to rejection rates. Referrals from defence solicitors, certain offences and certain diagnoses were found to be over-represented among those cases in which such recommendations were rejected.
Custodial Suicide in Australia: A Comparative Study of Different Populations
Authors: Morrison Shona
Published: January 2017

Research on custodial suicide has run into immense difficulties in its attempt to identify common characteristics of the suicide-prone inmate. In 1993, Haycock recognized these difficulties and called for comparative research to delineate the different risks posed by different sorts of confined populations. This paper contrasts the characteristics of different categories of confined inmates based on data collected by the Australian Institute of Criminology on deaths in custody within Australia between the years 1980 and 1993, inclusive. This form of research will lead to a greater understanding of the phenomenon of custodial suicide and the establishment of better preventive strategies tailored to the needs of specific groups and organizations.
Traumatic Baso-Brainstem Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Authors: Patel F
Published: January 2017

Traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage is an uncommon disorder that is well described in the forensic literature. The aetiology traditionally has been a relatively minor blunt trauma which is sustained typically at the level of the base of head and injures the arterial system to the brain. The site of trauma may be occult and not always demonstrable.

In the case discussed, an acute baso-brainstem subarachnoid haemorrhage was caused by a severed extracranial vertebral artery due to a stabwound injury to the upper neck. A gravitational factor and alcohol intoxication, which might contribute to the basal intracranial haematoma, is given a novel thought.
HCV and HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates
Authors: Stopka Thomas J. , Marshall Clark , Bluthenthal Ricky N. , Webb David S. , Truax Steven R.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

In California, injection drug users (IDUs) comprise the second leading risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cases. Innovative disease screening and prevention activities are needed to improve disease surveillance and to guide appropriate public health responses. This study tested the hypothesis that offering HIV counseling and testing (C&T) concurrently with HCV C&T will increase HIV C&T rates among IDUs.

Methods.

From February through June 2003, HIV and HCV C&T were integrated in five California local health jurisdictions. HIV C&T and disclosure rates among IDUs were monitored when HIV C&T was offered alone during a baseline phase and when offered with HCV C&T during an intervention phase.

Results.

Among IDUs, HIV C&T rates were significantly higher when HIV and HCV C&T were offered together (27.1%, 354/1,305) than when HIV C&T services were offered alone (8.4%, 138/1,645) ( p,0.05). HIV disclosure rates increased from 54.3% (75/138) when only HIV test results were disclosed to 71.8% (254/354) when HIV test results were disclosed concurrently with HCV test results ( p,0.05). HCV prevalence among IDUs tested ranged from 23% to 75% at the five project sites. Integrating HIV and HCV C&T increased overall C&T time required for staff and clients and increased stress among counselors due to the number of positive test results (HCV) given to clients.

Conclusions.

Study results suggest that integrating HIV and HCV C&T can increase disease screening rates among IDUs. Careful planning of integrated staff activities and schedules is recommended.
Methods of Generating State Revenue for Breast Cancer Prevention and Early Detection: An Analysis of Pink Dollars
Authors: Eyler Amy A. , Dodson Elizabeth A. , Chalifour Stephanie , Brownson Ross C.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

We assessed income tax check-offs, specialty license plates, and lottery tickets as ways states raise funds for the early detection and prevention of breast cancer.

Methods.

We conducted an inventory of state legislation allowing these revenue-generating methods, and collected and compared information on each initiative. We conducted logistic regression analyses to compare these methods with state breast cancer mortality rates.

Results.

Eighteen states had programs for contributions through an income tax check-off. Revenue for tax check-offs and plates is influenced by state population. The median annual revenue for the income tax check-off was $115,000. Twenty-six states had breast cancer license plates generating more than $4.1 million in revenue. The extra cost of the plates ranged from $20 to 75 (mean = $37). Only Illinois offered a state breast cancer lottery ticket, which raised $4 million from 2005 to 2009. States with medium or high breast cancer mortality rates were 2.5 times more likely to offer breast cancer specialty license plates than states with low breast cancer mortality rates; however, we found no statistically significant difference in breast cancer mortality tertiles by income tax check-off.

Conclusion.

Revenue-generating breast cancer initiatives can be successful strategies for states to raise funds for breast cancer prevention and early detection programs. Although these initiatives can generate revenue, amounts are variable due to population differences, the number of other plates/check-offs/lotteries offered, and the choice to decrease donations during difficult economic times. State breast cancer mortality rates may influence the availability of these initiatives.
Follow-up Testing for Hepatitis C Virus Infection: An Analysis of Massachusetts Surveillance Data, 2007–2010
Authors: Barton Kerri , Church Dan , Onofrey Shauna , Cocoros Noelle , DeMaria Alfred
Published: January 2017

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) identified cases of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection reported from 2007 through 2010 to assess evidence of appropriate follow-up testing for the diagnosis of active HCV infection. Surveillance data were used to assess the number of people with reported HCV who had an antibody test and nucleic acid test (NAT) for HCV, to determine the time between tests, and to identify demographic characteristics. Out of the 34,005 cases of HCV reported with laboratory results during the study period, 45% ( n=15,279) had only an antibody test reported and 55% ( n=18,726) had a NAT reported, with differences by age, gender, and region of residence. Nearly half of those with reported cases of HCV infection in Massachusetts did not have a NAT reported to MDPH, indicating that these individuals may not have received appropriate diagnostic testing. Analysis of demographics suggests differences by age, gender, and region.
Drug Overdose Surveillance Using Hospital Discharge Data
Authors: Slavova Svetla , Bunn Terry L. , Talbert Jeffery
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

We compared three methods for identifying drug overdose cases in inpatient hospital discharge data on their ability to classify drug overdoses by intent and drug type(s) involved.

Methods.

We compared three International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code-based case definitions using Kentucky hospital discharge data for 2000–2011. The first definition (Definition 1) was based on the external-cause-of-injury (E-code) matrix. The other two definitions were based on the Injury Surveillance Workgroup on Poisoning (ISW7) consensus recommendations for national and state poisoning surveillance using the principal diagnosis or first E-code (Definition 2) or any diagnosis/E-code (Definition 3).

Results.

Definition 3 identified almost 50% more drug overdose cases than did Definition 1. The increase was largely due to cases with a first-listed E-code describing a drug overdose but a principal diagnosis that was different from drug overdose (e.g., mental disorders, or respiratory or circulatory system failure). Regardless of the definition, more than 53% of the hospitalizations were self-inflicted drug overdoses; benzodiazepines were involved in about 30% of the hospitalizations. The 2011 age-adjusted drug overdose hospitalization rate in Kentucky was 146/100,000 population using Definition 3 and 107/100,000 population using Definition 1.

Conclusion.

The ISW7 drug overdose definition using any drug poisoning diagnosis/E-code (Definition 3) is potentially the highest sensitivity definition for counting drug overdose hospitalizations, including by intent and drug type(s) involved. As the states enact policies and plan for adequate treatment resources, standardized drug overdose definitions are critical for accurate reporting, trend analysis, policy evaluation, and state-to-state comparison.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies
Authors: Michie R. I. C. , Peters R. H. , Taylor W.
Published: January 2017

Nonwoven fabrics have been prepared by bonding viscose or nylon webs with natural rubber latex. The method of preparation adopted has been shown to give a reasonably reproducible material. From the effect of binder content on the stress-strain behavior of viscose fabrics it is concluded that as the binder level is increased the amount located between fibers at junction points increases until the stage is reached where the mechanical properties of the binder become reflected in the properties of the fabric. At very low binder content, fabric drape may improve considerably, but at the expense of virtually complete loss of strength.
Lanthionine Formation in Wool during Treatments with Sodium Thiosulfate
Authors: Vassiliadis A.
Published: January 2017

When wool is treated in alkaline solutions of sodium thiosulfate, cystine is degraded and at the same time lanthionine is formed. The cleavage of cystine is shown to be partly due to the S-nucleophilic attack of the disulfide bond by the thiosulfate anion, and partly to the effect of the high alkalinity of the solution. The formation of lanthionine is assumed to take place by means of a bimolecular displacement side reaction between the decomposition products of cystine formed by the nucleophile, namely cysteine and cysteinethiosulfonic acid.
The Dye-Staining of Micro-Organisms: A Review
Authors: McKay R. B.
Published: January 2017

The staining of micro-organisms is an essential feature of microscopy and is also an important aspect of solution adsorption. The present article is an attempt to arouse the interest of physical chemists in the subject of staining mechanisms, which has been to some extent neglected. The general physical and chemical features of the cells of micro-organisms are described in broad terms. The more common staining techniques are described and their mechanisms discussed from the chemist's point of view.