bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood body mass index is associated with the risk of adult hematologic malignancies in men—The best Gothenburg cohort
Authors: Celind Jimmy , Ohlsson Claes , Bygdell Maria , Martikainen Jari , Lewerin Catharina , Kindblom Jenny M
Published: April 2020

Hematologic malignancies are common and the incidence is increasing. Adult obesity has been associated with hematologic malignancies (HM), but the importance of body mass index (BMI) in childhood and during puberty has not been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution of BMI and height in childhood and during puberty for the risk of adult HM. 37 669 men born in 1946 to 1961 who had weight and height measured at 8 (childhood) and 20 (young adult age) years of age available from the BMI Epidemiology Study were included in the study. Pubertal BMI change was calculated as BMI at 20 years of age minus BMI at 8 years of age. Information on HM was retrieved from Swedish registers (459 cases of HM). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox regressions. Childhood BMI (HR 1.11 per SD increase [95% CI 1.02‐1.23]), but not pubertal BMI change, was associated with hematologic malignancies in a linear manner. Childhood BMI was, independent of childhood height, associated with the diagnostic entities Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (HR 1.14 [95% CI 1.00‐1.30]) and its largest subgroup diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (HR 1.31 [95% CI 1.03‐1.67]). Childhood height was associated with multiple myeloma (HR 1.30 [95% CI 1.04‐1.64]) independent of childhood BMI. We conclude that childhood but not puberty is the critical developmental period regarding future risk of HM and we suggest that elevated childhood BMI is a determinant of Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma.
Cancer cell‐specific protein delivery by optoporation with laser‐irradiated gold nanorods
Authors: Yao Cuiping , Rudnitzki Florian , He Yida , Zhang Zhenxi , Hüttmann Gereon , Rahmanzadeh Ramtin
Published: April 2020

The delivery of macromolecules into living cells is challenging since in most cases molecules are endocytosed and remain in the endo‐lysosomal pathway where they are degraded before reaching their target. Here, a method is presented to selectively improve cell membrane permeability by nanosecond laser irradiation of gold nanorods (GNRs) with visible or near‐infrared irradiation in order to deliver proteins across the plasma membrane, avoiding the endo lysosomal pathway. GNRs were labeled with the anti‐EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) antibody Erbitux to target human ovarian carcinoma cells OVCAR‐3. Irradiation with nanosecond laser pulses at wavelengths of 532 nm or 730 nm is used for transient permeabilization of the cell membranes. As a result of the irradiation, the uptake of an anti‐Ki‐67 antibody was observed in about 50 % of the cells. The results of fluorescence lifetime imaging show that the GNR detached from the membrane after irradiation.
Long‐term and in vivo assessment of Aβ protein‐induced brain atrophy in a zebrafish model by optical coherence tomography
Authors: Lin Yanping , Chen Tingru , Mao Guangjuan , Qiu Ting , Lan Yintao , Xiang Xiang , Huang Jie , Huang Jing , Lu Ting , Gan Shuqi , Sun Xiang‐Dong , Zhang Jian
Published: April 2020

In this study, a neurotoxicity model of zebrafish induced by amyloid beta (Aβ) protein was developed and evaluated in vivo by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Aβ protein and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were separately injected into the head of two groups of adult zebrafish (n = 6 per group). Congo‐red staining results confirmed that Aβ protein had penetrated into brain tissue. All zebrafish were imaged with OCT on the 0th, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th day postinjection. OCT images showed that PBS is not toxic to brain tissue. However, significant brain atrophy could be seen in the OCT images of zebrafish injected with Aβ‐protein that was verified by histological consequences. In addition, zebrafish in the model group showed memory decline in behavioral tests. This study verified the feasibility of in vivo long‐term assessment of Aβ protein‐induced brain atrophy in adult zebrafish by OCT that has great potential to be applied in the neurological diseases research.
Euryhalinity of subtropical marine and estuarine polychaetes evaluated through carbonic anhydrase activity and cell volume regulation
Authors: Castellano Giovanna C. , Lana Paulo da Cunha , Freire Carolina A.
Published: April 2020

Polychaete worms are widespread and diverse in marine and estuarine habitats subject to varying salinity, in areas influenced by tides, demanding physiological adjustment for internal homeostasis. They are typically considered and reported to be osmoconformers, but they are not often studied for their osmoregulation. Here, three species of polychaete worms from distinct coastal habitats have been investigated: the spionidScolelepis goodbody(intertidal in saline, exposed sandy beaches), the nereididLaeonereis culveri(estuarine polyhaline), and the nephtyidNephtys fluviatilis(estuarine oligohaline). The general objective here was to relate ecological aspects and physiology of the studied species. Constitutive whole body osmolality and carbonic anhydrase activity (CAA, relevant for osmoregulation, acid‐base balance and respiration) have been assayed. In addition, cell volume regulatory capacity (from whole body cell dissociation) was challenged under hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic shocks (50% intensity), with respect to isosmotic control.S. googdbodyandL. culveri, the two species from most saline environments (marine/estuarine), showed higher CAA thanN. fluviatilis, which, in turn, displayed a hyperosmotic gradient to water of salinity 15. Cells fromS. goodbodyandL. culverishowed regulatory volume decrease upon swelling, withS. goodbodyshowing the largest volume increase. As in other more studied marine invertebrate groups, polychaetes also show variability in their osmoregulatory physiology, related to distinct saline challenges faced in their coastal habitats.
Red Wine Extract Disrupts Th17 Lymphocyte Differentiation in a Colorectal Cancer Context
Authors: Chalons Pauline , Courtaut Flavie , Limagne Emeric , Chalmin Fanny , Cantos‐Villar Emma , Richard Tristan , Auger Cyril , Chabert Philippe , Schini‐Kerth Valérie , Ghiringhelli François , Aires Virginie , Delmas Dominique
Published: April 2020

Scope

Scope: It is well established that immune response and inflammation promote tumoral progression. Immune cells communicate through direct contact or through cytokine secretion, and it is the pro‐inflammatory status that will tip the balance toward tumor progression or anti‐tumor immunity. It is demonstrated here that a red wine extract (RWE) can decrease inflammation through its action on the inflammasome complex. This study determines whether an RWE could impact other key actors of inflammation, including T helper 17 (Th17) immune cells in particular.

Methods and results

Methods and results: Using an RWE containing 4.16 g of polyphenols/liter of wine, it is shown that RWE decreases colorectal cancer cells in vitro and induces a reduction in colorectal tumor growth associated with a decrease in tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in vivo. The process of T‐lymphocyte differentiation in Th17 cells is altered by RWE, as revealed by the decrease in the expression of key actors controlling this process, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and retinoid acid‐related orphan receptor γt. This disruption is associated with an inhibition of inflammatory interleukin 17 secretion.

Conclusion

The data highlights the major involvement of Th17 immune cells in the biological effects of an RWE.
Inhibition of 5‐Lipoxygenase‐Derived Leukotrienes and Hemiketals as a Novel Anti‐Inflammatory Mechanism of Urolithins
Authors: Giménez‐Bastida Juan Antonio , González‐Sarrías Antonio , Espín Juan Carlos , Schneider Claus
Published: April 2020

Scope

Urolithins (Uro), gut microbial metabolites derived from ellagic acid (EA), reach significant concentrations in the human colon. Uro‐A exerts anti‐inflammatory activity in animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). It is hypothesized that Uro can modulate the biosynthesis of leukocyte‐derived inflammatory eicosanoids from the 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and 5‐LOX/COX‐2 pathways, relevant in the onset and progression of IBDs, including 5‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5‐HETEs), leukotriene‐B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and hemiketals (HKE2 and HKD2).

Methods and results

Leukocytes, obtained from six healthy donors, are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore A23187. Uro, at concentrations found in the human colon (1–15 µm), decrease eicosanoid biosynthesis and COX‐2 levels in the activated leukocytes. In contrast, EA and conjugated Uro (glucuronides and sulfates) are inactive. Uro‐A and isourolithin‐A reduce the formation of the 5‐LOX/COX‐2 products HKE2 and HKD2 through the COX‐2 pathway (down‐regulation of COX‐2 and PGE2), whereas Uro‐C reduces 5‐HETE and LTB4 via inhibition of 5‐LOX.

Conclusions

The results show that physiologically relevant colonic Uro target eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways. The effect on HKs and LTB4 formation is unprecedented and expands the knowledge on anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of Uro against IBDs.
Insulin hypersensitivity in type 1 diabetes: investigation and treatment with immunodepletion
Authors: Harvey John N , Cronin Michael , Arkwright Peter
Published: April 2020

A 12‐year‐old girl presented with type 1 diabetes which was well controlled for the first two years. Glycaemic control then markedly deteriorated with a very large increase in insulin requirement and the appearance of inflammatory nodules at injection sites. Immunoprecipitation studies showed this to be due to a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction with the generation of IgG autoantibodies binding to insulin itself. Trials of a wide range of different insulins and treatment with a hyposensitisation protocol provided no benefit. Following treatment with rituximab, antibody generation subsided. Since the clinical response was only partial she also received intravenous immunoglobulin. A reduced insulin requirement and better glycaemic control were achieved over time. These parameters have subsequently deteriorated again. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
Tertiary‐amine‐free, non‐planar, sulfone‐containing, tetrafunctional epoxy and its application as a high temperature matrix
Authors: Zhang Miaomiao , Miao Xuepei , Fu Jianwei , Bao Fei , An Xing , He Lifan , Li Xiaoyu , Meng Yan
Published: April 2020

Non‐amine‐derived tetrafunctional epoxies have several advantages over the amine‐derivedN,N,N′,N′‐tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) in high temperature applications. Although two non‐amine‐derived tetrafunctional epoxies were developed in our laboratory, further improvements in toughness using less loading amount is still desirable. Thus, a tertiary‐amine‐free, non‐planar and triphenylmethane‐containing tetrafunctional epoxy (STFE) with a sulfone spacer was synthesized. When it was mixed with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), both thermal and mechanical performances outperformed TGDDM. Moreover, STFE modified system shows the highest toughness (35.7 kJ m–2) among three amine‐free and triphenylmethane‐containing epoxies at merely 5 wt% loading. Molecular simulation and thermomechanical analysis results suggest that the improved mechanical properties could be related to the geometry of the molecule and larger free volume. Despite a marginal drop inTg, the thermal degradation temperature is better than that of TGDDM/DDS. In addition, the moisture resistance of STFE/DGEBA/DDS is much better than that of TGDDM/DDS. Thus, STFE modified DGEBA could be a potential replacement for TGDDM in some high temperature applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Co‐Located or Freestanding Multi‐Trauma Orthopedic Rehabilitation
Authors: Farr Babak , Olver John , Fedele Bianca , McKenzie Dean
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Multi‐trauma rehabilitation is delivered in a variety of hospital settings. However, it is unclear whether the proximity of rehabilitation to acute services has an effect on rehabilitation outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate whether the primary outcomes of an inpatient multi‐trauma rehabilitation program (functional outcome and length of rehabilitation stay) are impacted when rehabilitation is delivered in a unit co‐located in an acute hospital compared with a unit located in a freestanding hospital. To also compare these outcomes at a national level using data provided by the Australasian Rehabilitation Outcomes Centre (AROC).

Design

Observational, retrospective audit study.

Setting

An inpatient, orthopedic, multi‐trauma rehabilitation unit that re‐located from an acute co‐located facility to a freestanding facility.

Patients

Patients following multi‐trauma injury admitted to the co‐located rehabilitation unit (n = 216) or after its relocation to the freestanding rehabilitation unit (n = 186).

Methods

Data were audited from the patients’ hospital medical records including demographics, injury characteristics, and rehabilitation outcome measures (Functional Independence Measure [FIM] and length of rehabilitation stay).

Outcome Measures

The primary outcome variables were motor FIM change (change in function between admission and discharge), FIM efficiency (functional gain per inpatient day), and length of rehabilitation stay.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the two settings in terms of motor FIM change (adjusted for admission motor FIM score) and motor FIM efficiency. In general, there was no statistically significant difference in length of rehabilitation stay between settings (median: 26 vs 27 days). At a national level, the majority of facilities offering inpatient multi‐trauma rehabilitation are co‐located. Nationally, freestanding units resulted in a slightly greater motor FIM change (difference between median changes adjusted for baseline = −.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.5, −0.6, P = .0012).

Conclusions

There were no differences observed in outcomes between multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs in either setting. Optimizing the individual components of a rehabilitation program and improving staff skill sets should be a focus going forward.
Correlation of Bone Mineral Density with Pulmonary Function in Advanced Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Lee Jang Woo , Cho Han Eol , Kang Seong‐Woong , Choi Won Ah , Suh Mi Ri , Kim Bitnarae
Published: April 2020

Background

A relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and physical function has been revealed in the general population and various diseases. However, there is a lack of research investigating the correlation between BMD and respiratory function, one of few measurable physical parameters in patients with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Objective

To determine whether pulmonary function parameters, including respiratory muscle strength, are related to BMD.

Design

Retrospective observational study.

Setting

A tertiary university hospital.

Patients

DMD patients who were over 20 years of age, nonambulatory, and supported by mechanical ventilators.

Methods

The patients' age, weight, and pulmonary function as well as the BMD of the first and the fourth lumbar vertebra were assessed. Pulmonary function includes forced vital capacity (FVC), unassisted and assisted peak cough flow (UPCF and APCF), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP).

Main Outcome Measures

A bivariate correlation for BMD and other pulmonary parameters was calculated, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine predictors of spine Z‐score.

Results

It was observed that the decrease in the spine BMD was not significantly correlated with age. However, the body mass index (BMI) and all parameters of pulmonary function were correlated with BMD. Partial correlation analysis adjusted by BMI showed that UPCF and APCF were powerful predictors of spine BMD.

Conclusions

The BMD of the lumbar spine correlated with BMI and PCF in patients with DMD at an advanced stage.
Anisotropy of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: threads and surface integrity
Authors: Ullah Rizwan , Akmal Jan Sher , Laakso Sampsa V. A. , Niemi Esko
Published: April 2020

Implementing additive manufacturing in an industry, particularly for critical applications of lightweight aluminum (AlSi10Mg), requires part properties that are both accurate and precise to conform to the intent of a robust design. In this experimental study, the objective was to evaluate anisotropy in part properties (i.e., flatness, surface roughness, surface porosity, surface hardness, pre-hole shrinkage, drilling thrust force, and thread-stripping force) when the part orientation (i.e., print inclination and recoater angle) was independently changed. This study developed and investigated an innovative procedure for determining anisotropy in part properties. The part properties were evaluated by designing specific features on a tailor-made flat plate. The replicas of the aluminum plate were additively manufactured at varying orientations using two commercial EOS parameter sets for the laser-based powder bed fusion technique. Conventional measurement equipment was used to analyze all the part properties, except the thread-stripping force, which was measured using a custom-made setup. All the part properties indicated a considerable degree of anisotropy, excluding the drilling thrust force. The printing parameters dictate the significance of the anisotropy. The anisotropy in flatness and pre-hole shrinkage decreases with an increased substrate temperature and a decrease in energy input and thermal gradient. The presence of surface overlapping contours in the scan strategy and an increased energy input can reduce anisotropy in surface roughness and hardness. No significant anisotropy was detected when the recoater angle was changed. This study helps designers establish and substantiate design for additive manufacturing that is within the limits of appropriate anisotropy for a robust design.
Correction to: Advanced Modeling to Predict Pneumonia in Combat Trauma Patients
Authors: Bradley Matthew , Dente Christopher , Khatri Vivek , Schobel Seth , Lisboa Felipe , Shi Audrey , Hensman Hannah , Kirk Allan , Buchman Timothy G. , Elster Eric
Published: April 2020

In the original article, the units indicated on the y‐axes of Fig. 3 are incorrectly labelled. The correct label is pg/mL. Following is the corrected Fig. 3.
Evaluation of the inflammatory markers CCL8, CXCL5, and LIF in patients with anastomotic leakage after colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Klupp F. , Schuler S. , Kahlert C. , Halama N. , Franz C. , Mayer P. , Schmidt T. , Ulrich A.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Anastomotic leakage constitutes a dreaded complication after colorectal surgery, leading to increased morbidity and mortality as well as prolonged hospitalization. Most leakages become clinically apparent about 8 days after surgery; however, early detection is quintessential to reduce complications and to improve patients’ outcome. We therefore investigated the significance of specific protein expression profiles as putative biomarkers, indicating anastomotic leakage.

Methods

In this single-center prospective cohort study serum and peritoneal fluid samples—from routinely intraoperatively inserted drainages—of colorectal cancer patients were collected 3 days after colorectal resection. Twenty patients without anastomotic leakage and 18 patients with an anastomotic leakage and without other complications were included. Protein expression of seven inflammatory markers in serum and peritoneal fluid was assessed by multiplex ELISA and correlated with patients’ clinical data.

Results

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (CCL8/MCP-2), leukemia-inhibiting factor (LIF), and epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein (CXCL5/ENA-78) were significantly elevated in peritoneal fluid but not in serum samples from patients subsequently developing anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. No expressional differences could be found between grade B and grade C anastomotic leakages.

Conclusion

Measurement 3 days after surgery revealed altered protein expression patterns of the inflammatory markers CCL8/MCP2, LIF, and CXCL5/ENA-78 in peritoneal fluid from patients developing anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. Further studies with a larger patient cohort with inclusion of different variables are needed to evaluate their potential as predictive biomarkers for anastomotic leakage.
Reproductive interference and sensitivity to female pheromones in males and females of two herbivorous mite species
Authors: Sato Yukie , Alba Juan M.
Published: April 2020

Competitive interaction between sister species can be affected by reproductive interference (RI) depending on the ability of males to discriminate conspecific from heterospecific mates. We study such interactions in Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae. These spider mites co-occur on solanaceous plants in Southern Europe, and cause important yield losses in tomato crops. Previous studies using Spanish populations found that T. evansi outcompetes T. urticae, and that this is due to unidirectional RI of T. evansi males with T. urticae females. The unidirectional RI is attributed to differences in male mate preference for conspecific females between the two species. Also, differences in the propensity of interspecific web sharing in females plays a role. To investigate proximate mechanisms of this RI, here we study the role of female pheromones on male mate preference and female web sharing. We extracted pheromones from females of the two species, and investigated if males and females were arrested by the pheromone extractions in various concentrations. We observed that T. urticae males were more sensitive to the pheromone extractions and able to discriminate conspecific from heterospecific ones. Tetranychus evansi males, on the other hand, were less sensitive. Females from both species were arrested by conspecific pheromone extraction in lower concentrations. In conclusion, heterospecific mating by T. evansi males, which results in RI, can be explained by their lack of discrimination between female pheromones of the two species. Differences in the propensity of interspecific web sharing in females might not be explained by the pheromones that we investigated.
Mental Health Disparities Mediating Increased Risky Sexual Behavior in Sexual Minorities: A Twin Approach
Authors: Oginni Olakunle Ayokunmi , Jern Patrick , Rijsdijk Frühling Vesta
Published: April 2020

Increased risky sexual behavior in sexual minorities relative to heterosexual individuals may be partly explained by mental health disparities, and both factors may be further jointly influenced by common genetic and environmental factors. However, these relationships have not been previously investigated. The objectives of the present study were to investigate mental health disparities as a mediator of the relationship between sexual orientation and risky sexual behavior, controlling for genetic and environmental effects in this relationship and testing for sex differences. Participants included 5814 twins from a Finnish twin cohort. Specified latent factors included sexual orientation, mental health indicators, and risky sexual behavior. Twin models were fitted to the factor structure of the data whereby a Cholesky decomposition on the factors was compared to a mediation submodel using OpenMx. Sex differences were tested in the final model. Phenotypically, mental health disparities partially mediated the relationship between sexual orientation and increased risky sexual behavior, with comparable effects in males and females. However, while this indirect route from sexual orientation to risky sexual behavior mainly contained transmitted genetic effects in males, there was a significant proportion of transmitted shared environmental effects in females. This is the first study to demonstrate that the mediation relationships between sexual orientation, mental health disparities, and risky sexual behavior are not confounded by genetic and environmental factors. The significant sex differences need to be recognized in future research and intervention design to improve sexual health in sexual minorities.
Access and allocation in climate change adaptation
Authors: Grecksch Kevin , Klöck Carola
Published: April 2020

As climate change impacts become increasingly apparent, adaptation becomes increasingly urgent. Accordingly, adaptation to climate change has shifted towards the centre of attention in both policy and research. In this article, we review the last 10 years of adaptation research (2008–2018), with a focus on work within the Earth System Governance network. We use the lens of access and allocation to structure our review and examine how adaptation affects, and is affected by, access to basic needs, basic rights, and decision-making on the one hand, as well as allocation of responsibilities, resources, and risks on the other. We find that questions of justice, equity, and fairness are fundamental to all dimensions of adaptation. The access perspective, for example, suggests that we need to assess vulnerability, understood broadly, while the allocation perspective focuses on questions of responsibility for being vulnerable, e.g. when people live, or move to, hazard-prone areas exposed to climate risk. This also relates to questions of who is responsible for selecting, implementing, and funding adaptation measures. Overall, we find that the framework of “access and allocation” and its subcategories offer a detailed approach to adaptation and adaptation research, but that it is not intuitive. The notion of “climate justice” seems to resonate more with both academic and policy debates.
Practice before theory? An approach for testing sequencing effects in pedagogical design
Authors: Natarajan Sukumar , McCullen Nick , Lo Steve , Coley David , Arja Omaimah Ali , Moran Francis
Published: April 2020

Engineering is a practical discipline, dedicated to the solution of problems through the sound application of principles derived from the natural sciences and mathematics. Engineering pedagogy has therefore to balance the need for learners to gain a deep understanding of the theoretical basis of the problem domain whilst grasping its practical implications. However, little is known as to the most effective sequence of delivery: is it better to begin with theory and build up to practice or vice versa? Here, we present the idea of testing this through a carefully designed pedagogical experiment. We begin by discussing the issues around the creation of a pedagogical experiment to answer such a question, and define the nature and scope of such experiments. We then create a formal framework within which such questions can be tested and present an experiment in the domain of architectural engineering that pilots this new approach. Finally, we discuss the utility of using such a framework to lead evidence-based discussions of pedagogical practice within the engineering education literature, and conclude that similar experiments could be, and should be, completed by other teams wanting to examine delivery order or other binary choice situations.
Urogenital Abnormalities in Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Authors: Pajno Roberta , Pacillo Lucia , Recupero Salvatore , Cicalese Maria P. , Ferrua Francesca , Barzaghi Federica , Ricci Silvia , Marzollo Antonio , Pecorelli Silvia , Azzari Chiara , Finocchi Andrea , Cancrini Caterina , Di Matteo Gigliola , Russo Gianni , Alfano Massimo , Lesma Arianna , Salonia Andrea , Adams Stuart , Booth Claire , Aiuti Alessandro
Published: April 2020

Background

Improved survival in ADA-SCID patients is revealing new aspects of the systemic disorder. Although increasing numbers of reports describe the systemic manifestations of adenosine deaminase deficiency, currently there are no studies in the literature evaluating genital development and pubertal progress in these patients.

Methods

We collected retrospective data on urogenital system and pubertal development of 86 ADA-SCID patients followed in the period 2000–2017 at the Great Ormond Street Hospital (UK) and 5 centers in Italy. In particular, we recorded clinical history and visits, and routine blood tests and ultrasound scans were performed as part of patients’ follow-up.

Results and Discussion

We found a higher frequency of congenital and acquired undescended testes compared with healthy children (congenital, 22% in our sample, 0.5–4% described in healthy children; acquired, 16% in our sample, 1–3% in healthy children), mostly requiring orchidopexy. No urogenital abnormalities were noted in females. Spontaneous pubertal development occurred in the majority of female and male patients with a few cases of precocious or delayed puberty; no patient presented high FSH values. Neither ADA-SCID nor treatment performed (PEG-ADA, BMT, or GT) affected pubertal development or gonadic function.

Conclusion

In summary, this report describes a high prevalence of cryptorchidism in a cohort of male ADA-SCID patients which could represent an additional systemic manifestation of ADA-SCID. Considering the impact urogenital and pubertal abnormalities can have on patients’ quality of life, we feel it is essential to include urogenital evaluation in ADA-SCID patients to detect any abnormalities, initiate early treatment, and prevent long-term complications.
Host preference and sorus location correlate with parasite phylogeny in the smut fungal genus Microbotryum (Basidiomycota, Microbotryales)
Authors: Kemler Martin , Denchev Teodor T. , Denchev Cvetomir M. , Begerow Dominik , Piątek Marcin , Lutz Matthias
Published: April 2020

The smut fungal genus Microbotryum (Microbotryales, Pucciniomycotina) contains species that parasitize plants from many different lineages of euasterids, with host specificity of individual parasite species in general being exceptionally high. Additionally, it has been shown that the location of spore production in some species is related to spore dispersal. In this phylogenetic study based on ITS and LSU rDNA data of 57 Microbotryum spp., host spectra and sorus location are mapped on the phylogeny of Microbotryum species in order to understand the macroevolutionary patterns of these two traits. We find that monophyletic parasite clades correspond well with monophyletic host clades and also that monophyletic parasite groups in general produce their spores in the same plant organ. Ancestral state reconstruction inferred the most probable ancestral trait for sorus location being leaves and the most probable ancestral host family for the genus Microbotryum as being the Polygonaceae. According to molecular analyses, a newly sequenced specimen of Ustilago ducellieri, a seed parasite on Arenaria leptoclados, previously treated as synonym of Microbotryum duriaeanum, belongs to a lineage distinct from specimens of M. duriaeanum. A new combination, Microbotryum ducellieri, is accordingly proposed. Taxonomic implications of the presented analyses for the genera Bauhinus and Haradaea are briefly discussed.
Fragility fractures in Europe: burden, management and opportunities
Authors:   for the International Osteoporosis Foundation, Borgström Fredrik , Karlsson Linda , Ortsäter Gustav , Norton Nicolas , Halbout Philippe , Cooper Cyrus , Lorentzon Mattias , McCloskey Eugene V. , Harvey Nicholas C. , Javaid Muhamamd K. , Kanis John A.
Published: April 2020

This report provides an overview and a comparison of the burden and management of fragility fractures in the largest five countries of the European Union plus Sweden (EU6). In 2017, new fragility fractures in the EU6 are estimated at 2.7 million with an associated annual cost of €37.5 billion and a loss of 1.0 million quality-adjusted life years.

Introduction

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass and strength, which increases the risk of fragility fractures, which in turn, represent the main consequence of the disease. This report provides an overview and a comparison of the burden and management of fragility fractures in the largest five EU countries and Sweden (designated the EU6).

Methods

A series of metrics describing the burden and management of fragility fractures were defined by a scientific steering committee. A working group performed the data collection and analysis. Data were collected from current literature, available retrospective data and public sources. Different methods were applied (e.g. standard statistics and health economic modelling), where appropriate, to perform the analysis for each metric.

Results

Total fragility fractures in the EU6 are estimated to increase from 2.7 million in 2017 to 3.3 million in 2030; a 23% increase. The resulting annual fracture-related costs (€37.5 billion in 2017) are expected to increase by 27%. An estimated 1.0 million quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were lost in 2017 due to fragility fractures. The current disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 1000 individuals age 50 years or more were estimated at 21 years, which is higher than the estimates for stroke or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The treatment gap (percentage of eligible individuals not receiving treatment with osteoporosis drugs) in the EU6 is estimated to be 73% for women and 63% for men; an increase of 17% since 2010. If all patients who fracture in the EU6 were enrolled into fracture liaison services, at least 19,000 fractures every year might be avoided.

Conclusions

Fracture-related burden is expected to increase over the coming decades. Given the substantial treatment gap and proven cost-effectiveness of fracture prevention schemes such as fracture liaison services, urgent action is needed to ensure that all individuals at high risk of fragility fracture are appropriately assessed and treated.
Thermal maturity evaluation using Raman spectroscopy for oil shale samples of USA: comparisons with vitrinite reflectance and pyrolysis methods
Authors: Kibria Md. Golam , Das Souvik , Hu Qin-Hong , Basu Asish R. , Hu Wen-Xuan , Mandal Subhadip
Published: April 2020

Thermal maturity is commonly assessed by various geochemical screening methods (e.g., pyrolysis and organic petrology). In this contribution, we attempt to establish an alternative approach to estimating thermal maturity with Raman spectroscopy, using 24 North American oil shale samples with thermal maturity data generated by vitrinite reflectance (VRo%) and pyrolysis (Tmax)-based maturity calculation (VRe%). The representative shale samples are from the Haynesville (East Texas), Woodford (West Texas), Eagle Ford and Pearsall (South Texas) Formations, as well as Gothic, Mancos, and Niobrara Formation shales (all from Colorado). The Raman spectra of disordered carbonaceous matter (D1 and G bands separation) of these samples were directly obtained from the rock chips without prior sample preparation. Using the Gaussian and Lorentzian distribution approach, thermal maturities from VR were correlated with carbon G and D1. We found that the Raman band separation (RBS) displayed a better correlation for equivalent VRe% than vitrinite reflectance VRo%. The RBS (D1–G) distance versus total organic carbon, free hydrocarbons from thermal extraction (S1), and the remaining hydrocarbon generating potential (S2) indicate that the RBS (D1–G) distance is also related to kerogen type. Data presented here from three methods of maturity determination of shale demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a quick and valid approach to thermal maturity assessment.
Capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines and integrated 3D electrodes for stretchable and conformable biosensor applications
Authors: Didier Charles , Kundu Avra , Rajaraman Swaminathan
Published: April 2020

We explore the capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines (µserpentines) and utilize these structures to develop dynamic 3D microelectrodes for potential applications in in vitro, wearable, and implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The device incorporates optimized 3D printed µserpentine designs with out-of-plane microelectrode structures, integrated on to a flexible Kapton® package with micromolded PDMS insulation. The flexibility of the optimized, printed µserpentine design was calculated through effective stiffness and effective strain equations, so as to allow for analysis of various designs for enhanced flexibility. The optimized, down selected µserpentine design was further sputter coated with 7–70 nm-thick gold and the performance of these coatings was studied for maintenance of conductivity during uniaxial strain application. Bending/conforming analysis of the final devices (3D MEAs with a Kapton® package and PDMS insulation) were performed to qualitatively assess the robustness of the finished device toward dynamic MEA applications. 3D microelectrode impedance measurements varied from 4.2 to 5.2 kΩ during the bending process demonstrating a small change and an example application with artificial agarose skin composite model to assess feasibility for basic transdermal electrical recording was further demonstrated.
A highly efficient red-emitting luminescent paper-based chemosensor for hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Mini Parvathy , Springer Maximilian A. , Grace Michael R. , Dennison Genevieve H. , Tuck Kellie L.
Published: April 2020

The first discrete bimetallic europium(iii)/copper(ii) complex for the fast, sensitive and selective luminescent detection of both aqueous and gaseous hydrogen sulfide is described.
An Alternative Treatment of Pseudogynecomastia in Male Patients After Massive Weight Loss
Authors: Hardy Krista L , Stark Ran , Small Kevin H , Kenkel Jeffrey M
Published: April 2020

Background

There has been an increase in body contouring procedures following massive weight loss (MWL), including male breast reduction procedures. Treating male chest deformity after MWL using standard mastopexy techniques often leads to suboptimal results.

Objectives

The authors describe a technique to treat pseudogynecomastia using a modified elliptical excision and nipple-areola complex (NAC) transposition on a thinned inferior dermal pedicle as an alternative to conventional techniques.

Methods

A retrospective chart review from January 2011 to January 2019 identified a total of 14 male patients who underwent excision of pseudogynecomastia using the described technique.

Results

Patients were characterized by age, method of weight loss, pre-weight loss body mass index (BMI), post-weight loss BMI, total weight loss, grade of pseudogynecomastia, and concurrent procedures performed. Patients were followed for a period ranging from 3 months to 1.5 years (average, 8.1 months). Pre-weight loss BMI and post-weight loss BMI averaged 52.0 kg/m2 and 29.6 kg/m2, respectively. The average weight lost was 79.72 kg and the average total amount of tissue removed was 2615 g. All patients had concurrent procedures with an average operative time of 274 minutes. Four out of 14 patients (28.6%) experienced minor complications, which included asymmetry, delayed wound healing, seroma, and hyperpigmentation. There were no wound infections, hematomas, flap necrosis, or dysesthesia.

Conclusions

Due to several cosmetic advantages and low complication profile, our technique using a modified elliptical excision and NAC transfer on an inferior dermal pedicle is an attractive option for treating male chest deformity after MWL.

Level of Evidence: 4
Racialised uneven development and multiple exposure: sea-level rise and high-risk neighbourhoods in Stockton, CA
Authors: Liévanos Raoul S
Published: April 2020

This article advances a conceptual framework that illuminates how racialised uneven development inscribes overlapping and interacting risks from climate, environmental and economic riskscapes into ‘high-risk neighbourhoods’. Drawing on archival sources, geographic information systems and qualitative comparative analysis, it examines the production of high-risk neighbourhoods in Stockton, CA. With significant scholarly and practical implications, the findings reveal how different historical configurations of devalued racialised people and places, adverse housing market incorporation and displacement, and unequal flood protections are associated with elevated risk of exposure to climate-related sea-level rise in Stockton’s high-risk neighbourhoods.
Silhouetting the Self and Society: An Interview with Neelum Saran Gour
Authors: Das Chhandita , Tripathi Priyanka
Published: April 2020

The emergence of humanistic geographers like Tim Cresswell, Edward Relph, and Yi-Fu Tuan from the 1970s onwards redefined the meaning of ‘place’, through extensive emphasis on human experience within and beyond the physical landscape. Since then ‘place’ has stretched its domain and traversed the terrains of various disciplines, including literary study and production. Discussing ‘place’ in relation to how the acclaimed Indian writer Neelum Saran Gour represents Allahabad shows how she reframes the ‘cultural geography’ of the city. While decoding her literary spaces, this interview focusses on the multidimensional concept of ‘place’ from geographical and social–cultural perspectives and how Allahabad, or any other place like Allahabad for that matter, becomes an extension of the writer’s ‘self’ and its inhabitants. This interview also explicates how Gour conceives the invisibilities of multicultural North Indian society in terms of its various linguistic and gendered identities. In turn, Gour’s work moves from regional singularity to represent ‘Indianness’ more broadly.
Poor Oral Health and Inflammatory, Hemostatic, and Cardiac Biomarkers in Older Age: Results From Two Studies in the UK and USA
Authors: Kotronia Eftychia , Wannamethee S Goya , Papacosta A Olia , Whincup Peter H , Lennon Lucy T , Visser Marjolein , Kapila Yvonne L , Weyant Robert J , Ramsay Sheena E
Published: April 2020

Background

We examined the association of objective and subjective oral health markers with inflammatory, hemostatic, and cardiac biomarkers in older age.

Methods

Cross-sectional analyses were based on the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) comprising British men aged 71–92 years (n = 2,147), and the Health, Aging and Body Composition (HABC) Study comprising American men and women aged 71–80 years (n = 3,075). Oral health markers included periodontal disease, tooth count, dry mouth. Inflammatory biomarkers included C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in both studies, and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibrin D-dimer, high-sensitivity Troponin T (hsTnT), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) only in the BRHS.

Results

In both studies, tooth loss, was associated with the top tertile of CRP—odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) are 1.31 (1.02–1.68) in BRHS; and 1.40 (1.13–1.75) in the HABC Study, after adjusting for confounders. In the HABC Study, cumulative (≥3) oral health problems were associated with higher levels of CRP (OR [95% CI] =1.42 [1.01–1.99]). In the BRHS, complete and partial tooth loss was associated with hemostatic factors, in particular with the top tertile of fibrin D-dimer (OR [95% CI] = 1.64 [1.16–2.30] and 1.37 [1.05–1.77], respectively). Tooth loss and periodontal disease were associated with increased levels of hsTnT.

Conclusions

Poor oral health in older age, particularly tooth loss, was consistently associated with some inflammatory, hemostatic, and cardiac biomarkers. Prospective studies and intervention trials could help understand better if poor oral health is causally linked to inflammatory, hemostatic, and cardiac biomarkers.
The multi-dimensional approach to drug-induced states: A commentary on Bayne and Carter’s “dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state”
Authors: Fortier-Davy Martin , Millière Raphaël
Published: April 2020

Bayne and Carter argue that the mode of consciousness induced by psychedelic drugs does not fit squarely within the traditional account of modes as levels of consciousness, and favors instead a multi-dimensional account according to which modes of consciousness differ along several dimensions—none of which warrants a linear ordering of modes. We discuss the assumption that psychedelic drugs induce a single or paradigmatic mode of consciousness, as well as conceptual issues related to Bayne and Carter’s main argument against the traditional account. Finally, we raise a set of questions about the individuation of dimensions selected to differentiate modes of consciousness that could be addressed in future discussions of the multi-dimensional account.
Mild to moderate partial sleep deprivation is associated with increased impulsivity and decreased positive affect in young adults
Authors: Saksvik-Lehouillier Ingvild , Saksvik Simen Berg , Dahlberg Johanna , Tanum Tiril K , Ringen Heidi , Karlsen Håvard Rudi , Smedbøl Trine , Sørengaard Torhild Anita , Stople Mailen , Kallestad Håvard , Olsen Alexander
Published: April 2020

The effects of mild–moderate partial sleep deprivation on affective and cognitive functioning were evaluated in a naturalistic home environment, mimicking short sleep typically caused by demands from work or society. A total of 52 healthy individuals aged 18–35 was included in an 11-day study protocol. Participants slept at home, and sleep patterns were observed using actigraphs and sleep diaries. After maintaining habitual sleep for 7 days, the participants were asked to sleep 2 hours less than their average sleep duration for the last three nights of the study protocol. A not-X continuous performance test was administered at 9 am (± 90 minutes) on days 1, 4, 8 (habitual sleep), 9 and 11 (sleep deprivation). Performance-based measures included response accuracy and speed. Participant-reported measures included how well the participants felt they performed and how exhausted they were from taking the test, as well as positive and negative affect. There was a significant change in reaction time, number of commission errors, subjective performance, subjective exertion, and positive affect across the visits. Specifically, there was a linear decrease in reaction time, performance, and positive affect throughout the study, and a significant quadratic trend for commissions and exertion (first decreasing, then increasing after sleep deprivation). The univariate tests for omissions and negative affect were not significant. We conclude that sleeping 1.5–2 hours less than usual leads to faster response speed, but more commission errors and decreased positive affect. This indicates that individuals become more impulsive and experience less positive affect after a period of short sleep.