bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Russian Ruble in International Transactions
Authors: Yarygina I. Z.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with topical issues in international relations of the Russian Federation on the basis of the increased use of the ruble as the currency contracts and payments. The work shows the coordinated support of economic actors, public institutions of countries-partners. Collaborate with international teams, according to the author of the article, the implementation of economic programs of mutual interest and reinforces the trend of creating a multipolar world. The analysis of problems of development cooperation partners countries in the monetary sphere and shows that the main causes hindering greater use of domestic currencies are: hard currency regulation; a rare use of letters of credit and guarantees, which increases the financial risk operations; significant transaction costs; asymmetrical measures, currency regulation, burdening the mutual interests of the parties. To expand the use of the ruble in international relations author offers take into account a number of factors, including the need for a priority international currency contracts to perform the basic functions of money abroad is a measure of the value, means of payment and means of hoarding. The author's position is presented about the prospects of State institutional policy. In particular, the conclusion: the experience of Bulgaria, Romania, Albania has shown that the main task of the departments responsible for implementing the monetary policy should be the containment of inflationary pressures associated, including overdue contributions to the budget. A key priority in such circumstances is to support solvent and transparent banking systems, which are the basis for international cooperation.
Increasing Trust in Banking and Developing Insurance System for Bank Deposits in Russia
Authors: Dmitriev I. V.
Published: June 2021

In this article the topical issues connected with changes are considered, occurring in the banking sector of Russia, the number of the operating credit organizations caused by essential reduction, intensive revocation of licenses on bank activity at the credit organizations Bank of Russia. According to the author, in this regard there is a number of the problems connected with sufficiency of a network of the operating credit organizations of requirement of ensuring economic growth, formation of the healthy competitive environment, sufficiency of Fund of insurance of deposits for providing guarantees to investors in case of bankruptcy of banks. In article, recent trends of insurance of deposits in the countries of EEC and the USA are considered. Taking into account the revealed tendencies problems of functioning of system of insurance of deposits of citizens in the Russian commercial banks are analyzed. To number of such problems are carried: insufficient volume of an insurance covering; concentration of deposits mainly in the large banks which are on the one hand, carriers of system risk, with another, - in which capitals participates the state, having thus subsidiary responsibility; limited set of functions of Agency and some other. Taking into account the carried-out analysis and an assessment of operating system of insurance of deposits it is offered: to develop the mechanism of overcoming of "moral" risk; increase of financial literacy of the population, in view of activity of some banks on advance in a segment of private investors of the products which aren't covered by system of guaranteeing; to define introduction of the mechanism of differentiation of contributions to the ASV insurance Fund depending on degree of riskiness of activity of participating bank of system, system modernization risk - the focused supervision as bases of stable functioning of the banking sector and its hotel institutes.
NATO's approach to the Libyan crisis in the events of the «Arab spring»
Authors: Repeshko E. A.
Published: June 2021

The modern system of international relations more often faces the conflicts of different tension which appear in different regions of the world. Conflicts of the beginning of XXI century are determined by different political, economic, national and confessional reasons. The system of international relations faced the crisis. This system had existed for many centuries and was adopted in the Westphalia Peace. The ending of the Cold War made the world see the new conditions whose distinctive feature was an increasing quantitative index of clashes. A number of political changes at the beginning of the current decade have resulted in changes of political regimes in these countries. On the whole, the process of peaceful political transformation was characteristic of the events of the so-called «Arabic spring». However, similar changes in Libya proved to have a different character causing military changes and NATO's military intervention. If the process of social uprising turned into protest-street disturbances in Egypt and Tunis, in Libya there was an armed overthrow of the authorities by the opposition supported by foreign states. The author touches upon the events of the Arabic spring which resulted in overthrowing Gaddafi's regime. NATO' policy was criticized in the course of military actions in Libya. The author considers NATO's views, particularly, that of the USA, France and Great Britain in terms of the Libyan crisis and its solutions. The study of the conflict mechanism, its nature will allow to estimate taken by the world measures influencing the modern system of international relations.
Social Responsibility of Business: Strategy and Innovations
Authors: Illina G. N.
Published: June 2021

In this article social practicians of large Russian corporations, conditions of creation of social strategy by them are analyzed. The ambiguous treatment of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of subjects of interaction in system "business-society-state', a big range of economic, social, cultural problems which corporations need to consider at adoption of business solutions, is the soil for the conflict of interests and limits possibilities of development of business. New trends in practice of CSR of the Russian corporations concern change of character and essence of their social activity that reflects more adequate level of reflexivity business community of requirements of the changed society. Dynamics in approach of the Russian corporations to a choice of spheres of application of social investments, change of motivation of social and responsible behavior and interaction forms with authorities, public groups and movements is revealed. The most effective, from the point of view of business, model of interaction of business and the state is joint definition of priorities of social policy and those areas in which business can take active part. Large corporations start acting as initiators of dialogue and partner interaction with representatives of authorities and local communities, there are the social innovations initiated by business community and directed on increase of efficiency of social investments, development of social partnership and social business.
Dynamics of Professional and Communicative Tolerance in Educating International Relations Specialists
Authors: Temnitskiy A. L.
Published: June 2021

Under the conditions of the accelerated development of Russian economics, commercial sector and due to a great number of international private companies we can see the intensified problem of tolerance of future diplomats, international specialists, regarding to the system, its the main components such as political, economic, military. It is supposed, that in the modern student environment of future diplomats we can notice the exaltation of values of individual pragmatism and increasing the lack of sociality by deciding of questions about their present and future professional activity. Sociological researches carried out among the students of faculty of international affairs in 2002, 2007 and 2012 review different factors of professional and communicative tolerance. The author of this article markes and diagnoses the materially - pragmatic and art-substantial values of the chosen profession and it's given an interpretation of value orientations content on the categories of employment after the university graduation. Students' estimations define the personal competents of government employee, which are necessary for the successful carrier in the system of MFA of Russia. The interpretation and the real content of communicative tolerance levels are reviewed in the article. The ethnic component of communicative tolerance is studied separately. In conclusion of the article we can define the role of material differentiation of students in the context of communicative tolerance. According to the analyse it is confuted the initial supposition about the glorification of individual pragmatic values and shortage of social responsibility in the student environment. It was found out, that in the communicative tolerance the level of empathy in the personal contact is keeping to be prevalent and stable according to different years of survey. However, it is deduced, the occurred for 10 years the growth of students material welfare didn't contribute to the growth of communicative tolerance. On the whole, data analysis for 10 years of monitoring shows, that the balance of tolerant and intolerant factors regarding the selected profession and communicative practices is keeping to be the same in the student environment.
Transformation of the French external cultural policy concept at the turn of the century
Authors: Kosenko S. I.
Published: June 2021

The variety of conceptual aspects of the Frances's external cultural policy is considered in the article through adjustments introduced to it by different governments which staggered each other since 1980s. The modern concept of the French cultural diplomacy was a result of a long historic evolution in the framework of the traditional action of its governors aimed at protection of cultural identity and national interests of their country. From its genesis in the Middle Ages in the form of voluntary acts by its Monarchs and further by Republican Presidents this very concept was never translated into a basic programmatic document. It happened only in 1983 within specific historical circumstances in a form of a doctrinal paper entitled "External cultural project of France" elaborated and approved by the government of socialists. Since that time, conventionally speaking, the doctrine of the external cultural action of France could be divided in three stock ideas: cultural "shining", cultural exception and cultural diversity which alternated each other.
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Konstantin Ivanovich Mikulsky and his research
Authors: Article Editorial
Published: June 2021

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On Harmonizing the External Economic Policy among the Countries of the Common Economic Space: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Ratushnyak E. S.
Published: June 2021

The article provides the tax systems of the countries of the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, reveals the differences and identifies the need for harmonization and convergence of the structures and principles of taxation, the general tax reforms and harmonization of fiscal policies of member countries in order to increase the investment attractiveness and competitiveness of the national economies in the process of development and integration. The comparison of the existing tax systems of the three countries revealed differences affecting the implementation and development of the foreign economic activity of companies in terms of the common market, in particular, the main obstacles to doing business are high tax rates as well as different rates of value added tax (further - VAT) regarding indirect taxation, because this tax is the major budget revenue generating tax involved in the pricing and resulted in decreasing in the export potential of the country. One of the major exporters' obstacles of CU, revealed in the paper, is a VAT refund in export transactions, preventing the development of export activity, which reduces the competitiveness of CU on the foreign markets. The harmonization success of fiscal policy depends on the government, and the institution body taking the harmonization, - this paper looks at the necessity of such harmonization among the three countries of customs union, which at present has interstate form while supranational regulation of Eurasian Economic Commission is absent, since it does not have such empowerment. The paper finds the main tax policy directions of harmonization of customs union countries focused on eliminating of the barriers and for easy the implementation of a process for foreign trade enterprises, the development of the participating countries investment attractiveness, the enhancing the products competitiveness, the development of the export activities efficiency on the whole for the formation of the common customs area. In addition, the practicality of the tax ratio and customs legislation is revealed in this paper. It is important in order to fuel the growth of the integration economic performances and equal competitive conditions for participating countries to give consideration to the harmonization of the taxation of the three countries as one of the main directions of development of integration within the framework of the common economic space (further - CES).
On The New Russian Eastern Policy
Authors: Torkunov A. V.
Published: June 2021

The article analyses the new Eastern foreign policy of Russia, which has been developing since 2011, and the realization of various projects within this policy. The author posits that world is undergoing profound and dynamic changes, which boil down to two interconnected processes: 1) economic power shift towards Asia-Pacific region, which will define in the near future the shape of the world system; 2) shift of the main political, economic and military contradictions in world politics to this region. These core changes in world politics are also effected by trends in development of Russia and its near abroad. For more than a quarter of the century Russia has been pursuing a regional leadership in building among post-soviet states a mutual space for common interests open for other members of international community. This policy became known as "new Russian Eastern policy" or a policy of Eurasian integration. Its main goal is to establish Eurasian economic union by 2015 which will open boarders of the member states for unrestricted movement of goods, services, capital and workers within the emerging regional market with the total volume of 170-180 million people. Russian leaders look forward to discussing with their European partners prospects for merging Eurasian and European unions into a single economic space stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. Conceptually the strategy of Eurasian integration stems from a belief in unity of economic, cultural, civilizational interests of the Eurasian member states with state interests in Asia and Asia-Pacific. Realization of the new Eastern policy will be accompanied by the long awaited development of the Russian Eastern regions.
Role of Global Food Security in the Common Agrarian Policy of the European Union
Authors: Shcherbak I. N.
Published: June 2021

The author devoted his research to the role of the global food security in the priorities of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (CAP). The research sheds light on the parameters of the Common Agricultural Policy and the basic steps on the path of its reform. The research demonstrates that the priorities of the EC are mainly concentrated on achieving food security for the member-states of the EC, its population and the interests of the agricultural sector. The modern challenges to the Global Food Security (global food crises of 2007-2009, acute food shortages and hunger in crises regions of Africa and chronic malnutrition) are placed high on the agenda of the CAP. In this situation, the EU is trying in the interests of stabilization of the world agricultural market to solve simultaneously the tasks of providing assistance for development and mitigation of the threats to the Global Food security. The deepening rift between the strategy of the CAP oriented towards promotion of agricultural export and real contribution of the EC to the Global Food Security and assistance for development is becoming more and more the most «vulnerable» place of the CAP.
The European Union's Mediterranean Policy in the Context of the "Arab Spring"
Authors: Latkina V. A.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the policy of the European Union aimed at the export of its democratic values, acquis communautaire and governance models to the neighbour countries in the Southern Mediterranean. The process of Europeanization reflects a particular case of global megatrend -democratization which in its turn positioned as democracy promotion through soft power instruments. From the EU point of view the goal of the Barcelona process launched in 1995 was to construct Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and common identity in order to promote democratic transitions in Southern Mediterranean. While the EU Foreign Policy in the Mediterranean region was historically conditioned by the security interests of the European Union, it suffered from securitization/democratization dilemma. The article analyses the process of external Europeanization in the Southern Mediterranean as a regional dimension of global democratization process in the context of Union for the Mediterranean development before and after the Arab Spring and new approach in the framework of the ENP Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean. The article proposes that the lack of political strategic vision in the EU toward the Arab democratic transition during 2011-2013 narrows its role as a transformative democratic power, hinders Europeanization/ democratization process in the macro-region of North Africa and Middle East and presents the EU with a new dilemma - to continue its traditional democratization policy or to shift towards a more pragmatic approach to cooperating with new Arab regimes.
International Criminalization of International Terrorizm
Authors: Volevodz A. G.
Published: June 2021

Analysis and studying of the terrorism in all its facets is a complex entangled problem with less clear legal regulation that it might seem at first glance, especially after its transformation from local phenomenon into a world threat. Hitherto terrorism and actions connected to it have been criminalized by the majority of states. There are in modern criminal law whole systems of rules on criminal liability for terrorism which differs considerably from country to country. Terrorism has been criminalized in numerous international regional and universal antiterrorist legal instruments. The author notes that differences in definitions that are enshrined in them hinders international cooperation in criminal matters with respect to terrorist cases. Difficulties reside in the necessity to meet the dual criminality requirement and in the political offense exception. These difficulties can only be overcome through elaboration of a universally recognized definition of the notion of international terrorism and making it legally binding via its inclusion into a universal convention. The issue of definition of international terrorism is an important part of an efficient mutual assistance among states in fight against this crime. In this article the author accounts of actual ways of tackling by the international community of the issue of criminalization of international terrorism and of factors influencing them.
Anomie in the Complex Socium
Authors: Mescheryakova N. N.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the question of what changes should be made in the theory of social anomie, formulated by Emile Durkheim and developed by Robert Merton. This is necessary because modern society has entered a qualitatively new stage in its development and is characterized by the notion of a complex socium. Anomie in a simple socium can be defined as structural. Social system itself creates the conditions in which the destructive behavior is "normal" response to the social situation. Anomie of modern complex society can be defined as reflexive. Variety of value-normative systems leads to the fact that norms become an act of choice. Decision-making center has shifted to the level of the microcosm. They have become as unpredictable as social life in general.
The genesis of eternal values
Authors: Dolgov K. M.
Published: June 2021

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Integrity of reason and creativity
Authors: Glagolev V. S.
Published: June 2021

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Problems of transformation of values’ system in modern Japanese society
Authors: Izotova N. N.
Published: June 2021

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Instruments of manipulation of mass conscious in the beginning of XXI century (by the example of US cinema)
Authors: Zhemchugova O. A.
Published: June 2021

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Diego Velázquez's Kings, Buffoons and Philosophers in the Context of His Religious Paintings: the View from Russia (Philosophical-Anthropological Analysis)
Authors: Silantieva M.
Published: June 2021

The article is dedicated to the analysis of philosophic anthropology of the great Spanish artist of the 17th century Diego Velazquez. This anthropology is considered through the prism of the problems that set the life of contemporary Russia and its "reflections" in the present-day Russian artists' works. At that Velazquez's philosophical anthropology is reconstructed on the basis of his works. As a consequence, significant part of attention is paid to the method that allows performing such reconstruction. The author proceeds from the belief according to which not only written texts can be considered philosophically. The visual "texts" connected with certain world outlook component of art creative work undoubtedly possess definite semantics. Expressed by the language of art, such image lines contain intelligible sense component reconstruction of which can be subjected to strict scientific and philosophical analysis and corrected with its help. At that one should not think that the images are "translated" into "the text of words" - on the contrary, philosophical reconstruction implies not as "verbalization" of visual line as coherent to it logical mastering of the picture's sense (in this case) against the background of historical and historical-philosophical "scenery". The urgency of turning to this problem is brought about by the fact that a number of questions that found vivid and coherent (as philosophical-anthropological research shows) embodiment in Velazquez's creative work are extremely interesting for contemporary thinkers speaking the language of contemporary fine arts. "The topic of mirror" is among such questions and it deals with correlation of intellectual and rational in a person's consciousness, and, finally, there is the issue of the man as a bearer of moral principles. Comparison of attitudes shown by contemporary painting with Velazquez's ideas enables to trace the development of philosophical anthropology and in the area of its most significant categories - the man, society, consciousness, corporality, creative work, etc.
Education in the Arab Countries. from the Depth of Centuries to Our Days
Authors: Koukhareva E. V.
Published: June 2021

The process of acquiring knowledge and the methods of acquiring it through education and upbringing has a long history in the Arab world. In the pre-Islamic period it meant getting practical skills and relevant knowledge for surviving in the conditions of nomadic life. The main method of transferring knowledge was home education, imitation of the actions of adults and instructions of the elders. The adoption of Islam, at the time of prophet Mohammad, knowledge was presented in the form of divine revelation - Koran. The task of education changed towards learning the scriptures and truths of the new doctrine, spiritual and physical perfection of young people with the aim of their active participation in the spread of Islam. Among the ways of getting an education in that period, along with domestic education and private tutorials, there were two-level religious schools and military training. With the development and strengthening of the Arab Khaliphate, the educational system was perfected and there emerged pedagogical science. The schools of new type - madrasah - taught theological as well as secular subjects. The modern system of education in many Arab countries copies that of their former metropolies. Thus, the system of primary and secondary education in the countries of Maghreb described in the article, was formed under the influence of the French educational system, although in certain cases it takes into account specific national features.
The full Member of Academy of Sciences of the RF - Vladimir Alekseevich Vinogradov
Authors: Akhtamzyan A. A. , Sergeyev R. A.
Published: June 2021

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Sources - its Elements (A Sketch about Life and Activity of the Academician V. S. Myasnikov)
Authors: Ipatova A. S. , Tregubova D. D.
Published: June 2021

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Academician Boris Nikolaevich Topornin (29.12.1929 - 05.07.2005)
Authors: Ponizova E. V.
Published: June 2021

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Professor Narinsky Mikhail Matveevich - the Head of the Department of the International Relations and Foreign Policy of Russia
Authors: Degoev V. ..
Published: June 2021

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Anfilov Viktor Aleksandrovich - veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Military Historian
Authors: Akhtamzyan A. A. , Monin S. M.
Published: June 2021

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION IN ITALY
Authors: Tsareva E. J.
Published: June 2021

During the last decade, migration flows have greatly affected the Italian economy and demography. The trend is growing, not only because of the ideal geographic position for transit, but also due to the Italian economic structure, and business interest: Cheap labour is greatly in demand among employers. The increasing number of migrants has created a certain imbalance in different spheres of life and society. The middle-aged population in Italy is ever growing, thus migrants play an important role in filling the workforce depletion as well as flooding the labor market. The effects of migration cannot be viewed as either positive or negative. In the recent decade, Italy has been pursuing a tight budgetary policy regarding its obligations under the Economic and Monetary Union. At the same time, the government realizes the necessity of radical restructuring of the national market, both taking measures to encourage entry of fully qualified migrants and by restricting illigal or low-skilled immigrants. The state faces a number of problems, such as job placement and assimilation of migrants into society. Some of the objectives are to provide them with the employment, cultivate European values and teach them Italian. While migrants are relevant, the shadow sector of the economy - sheltering iltygals - is growing. The economy and the budget suffer, and the external debt is growing. The article presents the data on the demographic situation in Italy. It analyzes the correlation between the migrants and the indigenous people in the labor market. Special attention is focused on socioeconomic consequences of immigration in Italy. International experience in general and Italian in particular are highly important to improving the migration policy, developing systems of internal and external control of the migration processes, illegal migration control, and a quota system; the government even takes note of fertility among migrants. A comprehensive analysis of these trends seems promising toward improving the Italian migration policy.
VIRTUAL REALITY: U.S. INFORMATION SECURITY THREATS CONCEPT AND ITS INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION
Authors: Batueva E. V.
Published: June 2021

The development of ICT and the formation of the global information space changed the agenda of national and international security. Such key characteristics of cyberspace as openness, accessibility, anonymity, and identification complexity determined the rise of actors in cyber space and increased the level of cyber threats. Based on the analyses of the U.S. agencies' approach, the author defines three major groups of threats: use of ICT by states, criminals and terrorists. This concept is shared by the majority of the countries involved in the international dialogue on information security issues and is fundamental for providing cyber security policy on both national and international levels. The United States is developing a complex strategy for cyber space that includes maximization of ICT's advantages in all strategically important fields as well as improvement of national information systems and networks security. On the international level the main task for the American diplomacy is to guarantee the U.S. information dominance. The United States is the only country that takes part practically in all international and regional fora dealing with cyber security issues. However process of the development of a global cyber security regime is not going to be fast due to countries' different approaches to key definitions and lack of joint understanding of cyber security issues as well as due to the position of the countries, among all the United States, that are not interested in any new obligatory international norms and principles. Such American policy aims at saving the possibility of using cyberspace capacity in reaching political and military goals, thus keeping the global leadership.
THE SUNNI-SHI'ITE RIVALRY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Kuznetsov A. A.
Published: June 2021

The article "The Sunni-Shi'ite rivalry and its influence on the geopolitical situation of the Middle East" is dedicated to the sectarian conflicts in the Middle East region in last 30 years. Author considers the Islamic revolution of 1979 in Iran as the point of departure of this conflict. Author of the article makes a difference between the Shi'ite Islamic revolutionary doctrine of Khomeini and the Salafi Islamic fundamentalism of Saudi Arabia. Author realizes the analysis of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1980-1988. This analysis is emphasized on the regional geopolitical situation and positions of the outside actors (Saudi Arabia, USA, France, Germany). Then it is covered the American invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its geopolitical consequences. To the author's mind this aggression and further empowerment of the Shi'ite majority reduced to the civil war in Iraq and exacerbation of the sectarian conflict. Author of the article considers these events as a part of the geopolitical rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia to unfold in the areas of Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.
KAZAKHSTAN AND THE BALTIC STATES: STUDY OF FOREIGN PRESENCE IN EDUCATION
Authors: Ivanova N.
Published: June 2021

В статье исследуется иностранное присутствие в сфере образования в странах Прибалтики и Казахстане. Образование как средство (инструмент) «мягкой силы» влияет на формирование ценностей и мировосприятия граждан других стран. В образовании стран Прибалтики наиболее активны ЕС и Россия, в Казахстане - США, Турция, Китай, ЕС и Россия. В статье подробно описываются форматы сотрудничества в сфере образования, используемые названными странами. Предложенный анализ представляется актуальным, поскольку для России важно изучение опыта взаимодействия как с соотечественниками, так и опыта «мягкого» взаимодействия со странами, где проживают соотечественники. Не менее ценно исследование опыта воздействия на Казахстан и Прибалтику со стороны третьих государств и сравнение его с российским, возможность применения универсальной стратегии и практик «мягкого» воздействия в отношении стран-объектов. Результаты исследования показывают, что Латвия, Литва, Эстония и Казахстан выступают странами-объектами по отношению к третьим странам: либо они импортируют образовательные услуги, либо абитуриенты из этих стран получают образование за рубежом. В случае со странами Прибалтики предоставление третьими странами образовательных услуг привело к некоторым негативным результатам, и этот опыт для Казахстана, который в настоящее время ещё формирует систему взаимодействия с внешней средой в данной сфере, должен представляться интересным. Россия присутствует в сфере образовательных услуг как стран Прибалтики, так и Казахстана. Однако если в случае с Казахстаном взаимодействие основывается на осознанном интересе и реализуется в формате взаимовыгодного сотрудничества, то в случае с Латвией, Литвой и Эстонией присутствие России в сфере образования является несистемным в силу непростых двусторонних отношений.
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FINANCIAL LAW OF TUNISIA
Authors: Ryzhkova E. A.
Published: June 2021

Переворот 14 января 2011 г. приводит к серьёзным изменениям в тунисском обществе, результатом которых стало принятие «Малой конституции». Данный акт был призван урегулировать политические отношения в стране, непосредственно же финансовые вопросы он практически не затрагивал. Поэтому в октябре 2011 г. созывается Учредительное собрание, работа которого завершилась принятием 26 января 2014 г. новой Конституции Туниса и закреплением в ней основных идей «арабской весны». Главным достижением данного Основного закона следует считать существенное расширение прав и свобод тунисских граждан. Кроме того, конституция уделила достаточно много внимания финансово-правовым вопросам, умело сочетая в их разработке новации зарубежной правовой мысли и фундаментальные основы мусульманского права, в частности принципа справедливости. Отдельные положения этого документа стали новаторскими и в мировом масштабе. В данном случае речь идёт о положениях, трактовавших борьбу с налоговым мошенничеством и коррупцией, что было одним из требований Второй жасминовой революции. Особо следует отметить, что положения конституции носят отнюдь не декларативный характер. Её статьи следует воспринимать как констатацию реальных достижений продолженного курса на гармоничное развитие человека и эффективную финансовую политику в Тунисе. Начиная с Пакта 1857 г. и вплоть до Конституции 2014 г. государство считало основной своей задачей расширение статуса человека, признание за ним полного объёма прав и свобод, искоренение всех форм дискриминации и создание прочных финансовых основ для благополучного развития тунисского общества. Анализ преобразований конституционных основ общества, в том числе финансового права в Тунисе начала ХХI в., даёт ключ к пониманию векторов будущей эволюции и других мусульманских стран, пока что отстающих от этого государства в законотворческой деятельности и в интеграции в мировое сообщество.
REFORM OF THE RUSSIAN ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGISLATION: OECD ECONOMIC CONDITION OR LEGAL IMPORTANCE
Authors: Sidorenko E. L.
Published: June 2021

In this paper we define the prospects for the criminalization of promises and offers a bribe to a foreign official or an official of a public international organization in the Russian criminal law. Despite the increased interest in the problem of implementation of international law in the national legal system, many aspects of the topic studied. These include punishment, the possibility of establishing criminal liability for bribery. OECD anti-corruption standards considered in working with three positions: through Russia ratified the convention, through the analysis of the experience of the criminalization of bribery of foreign public officials in foreign legislation and from the perspective of the established system of national criminal and administrative law. The paper presents a systematic analysis of the proposal and the promise of a bribe as socially dangerous acts. Refined methods of implementation of anti-corruption standards in the Russian legislation. Problems has led to widespread use of the system, comparative law and documentary approaches. The paper concludes formulate concrete proposals to improve the criminal law and identifies strategic directions of modern anti-corruption policy.
RUSSIA'S PARTICIPATION IN MULTILATERAL MECHANISMS IN EAST ASIA
Authors: Stapran N. V.
Published: June 2021

After the end of the Cold War Russia has significantly increased its participation in multilateral mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific region and is clearly trying to become a significant player in regional institution-building. For two post-Cold War Russia decades was involved in almost all the basic mechanisms of multilateral cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. However, often Russia isn't perceived by Asian partners as an equal participant in the Asia-Pacific region, it is felt particularly in the area of multilateral economic cooperation. Russia's entry into the WTO (2011) and the formation of the Common Economic stimulated Russia's engagement in multilateral economic structures. Russia's inclusion in the negotiating framework of ASEM (2010) and EAS (2011) perceives that Asian countries are willing to see Russia as a full member not only in regional processes, but also globally. The main stimulus for the revision of the Asian direction of foreign policy and the role of Siberia and the Far East appears during APEC summit in Vladivostok in 2012. The APEC summit demonstrated the geostrategic importance of the development of the Russian Far East and Siberia, as a key element of Russia's inclusion in the mechanisms of regional cooperation, on the other hand, it became clear that without the participation of foreign partners effective development of the Far Eastern territories is hardly possible. Large-scale investment and infrastructure projects in the Far East has already significantly revived the situation in the region opening new opportunities for multilateral cooperation.
THE PRINCIPLES OF PHONOLOGICAL WORD STRUCTURE COMPARISON OF RUSSIAN AND CHINESE LANGUAGES
Authors: Aleksakhin A. N.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the phonological structure of words of Russian and Chinese languages. With phonological point of view the word as a Central significant unit of language is a sequence of consonants and vowel phonemes. A comparative study shows that the phonological structure of the Russian words prevail consonant phonemes and the phonological structure of the Chinese words prevail vowel phonemes. The phonological system of the Russian language is characterized by consonant dominant, and the phonological system of the Chinese language Mandarin is characterized by vocal dominant. In the vowel system of the Russian language there are six vowel phonemes, in the vowel system of the Chinese language Mandarin there are thirty-one vowel phonemes. The typical sound pattern of words of the Chinese language consists of vowel combinations. The strong (vowels differ in different effective modes of vocal cords) vowels are implemented in the even phonological position; the weak vowels are implemented in the left and right odd phonological positions of the syllabic matrix 0123. Consonant phonemes of the Chinese language are implemented only in the zero phonological position. The Sound variety of simple one-syllable words of the Chinese language is constructed by oppositions: twenty-five consonants in the zero position, thirty-one strong vowel phonemes in the even position, as well as three weak vowels in the left odd position and five weak vowels in the right odd position . The typical distribution of consonant and vowel phonemes is shown in the following examples of words: 0123 - guai «obedient», gudi «rotate», guài «strange». The opposition of weak vowels with a derivative phonological zero is also an effective method of making words: guai «obedient» - gai «must» - gua « blow» - ga «a dark corner». Both Russian and Chinese Synharmonia variety of sound words is supported by five derivative phonological zeros that are phonetically in Russian and Chinese are implemented by weak vowels. It is demonstrated for the first time that the Vowel harmony (Synharmonia) is a universal means for phonetic cel'nooformlennost' (phonetic unity) of words in Russian and Chinese languages.
PROBLEMS OF DIPLOMACY IN THE PROCESS OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION
Authors: Durdyyeva A. A.
Published: June 2021

Nowadays regionalization and integration are key trends in international relations. The creation of alliances and international organizations and the establishment of contractual relations in various spheres have acquired global dimensions. Among such prominent integration groupings as the EU, ASEAN, APEC, NAfTa, MERCOSUR, the African Union and others, one of the most ambitious is the project of the Eurasian Union, which is aimed at the economic, cultural and political integration of states in the CIS area. The evolution of the EAU from idea to the main stages of implementation took quite a lot of time. The modern political initiative proceeding from the leaders of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus represents a mature legal form, which actually reflects the historically prevalent tendency of the post-Soviet peoples to associate with each other. The successful functioning of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space were preconditions to the project of the Eurasian Union. The Union State of Russia and Belarus and Organization of the Collective Security Treaty associations played a particular role in structuring the EAU. Today the establishment of the Union has become one of the defining trends of Russian policy. The basic stages of integration are completed; however, a large number of the economic and political challenges of the future EAU are still to be faced. One of the stumbling blocks is the problem of choosing the model of the future Eurasian diplomacy. The appearance of the chosen model is actually confronted with inevitable and sometimes unforeseen obstacles. The integration experience of other international organizations (primarily in legal, diplomatic and economic spheres) will help to overcome them. In particular, considerable experience has been gained by the European Union. Despite a number of political, cultural and economic constraints, the possibility of transferring the EU diplomatic system to the EAU can't be rejected. The EAU establishment through the legal, economic and political mechanisms used by the EU in elaborating its diplomatic system may lead to a unique system of diplomatic cooperation. The EU experience analysis and the possibility to prevent its mistakes will allow the EAU to make use of the existing integration, political and economic resources more efficiently on its way toward establishment.
A PROBLEM OF OPENING OF THE SECOND FRONT IS IN EUROPE: LOOK AFTER SEVEN DECADES
Authors: Paderin A. A.
Published: June 2021

For the expired time of seventy years historiography of this comprehensive problem was enriched with a large number of researches in our country and in western countries. The author associate himself with those historians, who support the origin of idea about the efficient strategy of attack against enemy simultaneously from different directions by the defeat of Germany, against which in the years of world war first two-front war was going: Russian army - from the east and Anglo-Franco-American soldiers from the west. The concept «second front» in its modern meaning, as it was suggested in the article, came into use widely since 1941 due to the beginning of German aggression against the USSR. In author's opinion, it is fully grounded historically, that front, formed by the Anglo-American troops in Normandy, for example, was called not norman or western, but «second». As it is generally known, to the summer of 1944 western allies have already conducted battle actions in North Africa, Italy, on the Pacific Ocean and in South-east Asia. Moreover, in war process their activity in battles with enemy increased both in the air, and at the seaside. However, as author shows, the USSR decision-makers persevering defended the other way, leading to more rapid victory over an aggressor - to the opening by allies of the second front in Europe. Both for the western politicians and for the allied command armies it was abundantly clear, but for Anglo-American decision-makers such choice was unacceptable. The article deals with the view of the reasons of such position of allies. Thus, an author relies not only on the results of his personal study of a problem but also onto a large extent of researches both domestic and foreign historians. Therefore he answers on the row of concrete questions, such as Why did the second front in Europe became reality only on the fifth year of Second world war? What led soviet government to strive so persistently for its fastest opening? What underplots of western allies did determine their attitude toward the problem of opening of the second front?
Strategic Interests of Germany in the Balkans at the Turn of 20-21 Centuries
Authors: Latkov A.
Published: June 2021

After the reunification of Germany and the transition of some countries of central and Eastern Europe under the control of the West, radical changes in the European political system have occurred. Germany turned into a powerful state and began to provide the strategy for independent foreign policy, in which the regional policy in the Balkans, Caucasus and Middle East took the significant place. Germany tried to expand its influence to the countries of Balkan Peninsula, in alliance with Austria-Hungary against Russia, as well as in the beginning of 21st century. However, in the end of 20th century, after several failures in the foreign policy, Germany turned to Russia. Despite its expansionist policy, Germany had to coordinate every step with international organizations or even transfer them issues of conflict resolution in the region. Constantly competing with its allies (mainly the U.S. and UK), Germany was trying to build its foreign policy strategy in the way of increasing its influence in the strategically important region.
Models of Russia's Participation in Regional Economic Integration
Authors: Ushkalova D. I.
Published: June 2021

The article analyses models and mechanisms of Russia's participation in integration processes in Post-Soviet space in recent years. The article examines the model of integration of Customs Union Common Economic Space Eurasian Economic Union and particular mechanisms of its realization. It also examines key challenges to further development of integration in the frameworks of Eurasian Economic Union including exhausting of short-term and medium-term integration effects against a background of low level of economic cooperation and the lack of effective mechanism of interest coordination and decisionmaking similar to qualified majority. It concludes that deterioration of mutual trade dynamics in Customs Union is determined by fundamental factors, first of all, exhausting of medium-term integration effects which lead to extension of mutual trade immediately after Customs Union creation but do not change its qualitative characteristics in long-term outlook. The author shows an absence of significant long-term integration effects which were based on increase of domestic market capacity due to a modification of economic structure. It is founded that appearance of such long-term integration effects is possible only in the context of coalescence of national economies at the microlevel based on development of system of communications between enterprises including intrasectoral industrial cooperation. The article also analyses results of realization of Russia's strategy of interaction with states beyond Eurasian Economic Union based on open regionalism concept. The paper presents recommendation on perfection of tools of integration in and outside Eurasian Economic Union. In particular, creation of system of decentralized organizations is proposed, for the implementation of specific cooperation projects in selected areas, taking into account the multiplier effect of such a "point-aimed" action/