bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphovascular Invasion Is Independently Associated With Overall Survival, Cause-Specific Survival, and Local and Distant Recurrence in Patients With Negative Lymph Nodes at Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Lotan Yair , Gupta Amit , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Palapattu Ganesh S. , Vazina Amnon , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Bastian Patrick J. , Rogers Craig G. , Amiel Gilad , Perotte Paul , Schoenberg Mark P. , Lerner Seth P. , Sagalowsky Arthur I.
Published: August 2005

Purpose

We hypothesized that bladder cancer patients with associated lymphovascular invasion (LVI) are at increased risk of occult metastases.

Methods

A multi-institutional group (University of Texas Southwestern [Dallas, TX], Baylor College of Medicine [Houston, TX], Johns Hopkins University [Baltimore, MD]) carried out a retrospective study of 958 patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer between 1984 and 2003. Of patients with transitional-cell carcinoma (n = 776), LVI status was available for 750. LVI was defined as the presence of tumor cells within an endothelium-lined space.

Results

LVI was present in 36.4% (273 of 750) overall, involving 26% (151 of 581) and 72% (122 of 169) of node-negative and node-positive patients, respectively. Prevalence of LVI increased with higher pathologic stage (9.0%, 23%, 60%, and 78%, for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively; P < .001). Using multivariate Cox regression analyses including age, stage, grade, and number of pelvic lymph nodes removed, LVI was an independent predictor of local (HR = 2.03, P = .049), distant (HR = 2.60, P = .0011), and overall (HR = 2.02, P = .0003) recurrence in node-negative patients. LVI was an independent predictor of overall (HR = 1.84, P = .0002) and cause-specific (HR = 2.07, P = .0012) survival in node-negative patients. LVI maintained its independent predictor status in competing risks regression models (P = .013), where other-cause mortality was considered as a competing risk. LVI was not a predictor of recurrence or survival in node-positive patients.

Conclusion

LVI is an independent predictor of recurrence and decreased cause-specific and overall survival in patients who undergo cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer and are node-negative. These patients represent a high risk group that may benefit from integrated therapy with cystectomy and perioperative systemic chemotherapy.
Hyperdiploidy Plus Nonamplified MYCN Confers a Favorable Prognosis in Children 12 to 18 Months Old With Disseminated Neuroblastoma: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study
Authors: George Rani E. , London Wendy B. , Cohn Susan L. , Maris John M. , Kretschmar Cynthia , Diller Lisa , Brodeur Garrett M. , Castleberry Robert P. , Look A. Thomas
Published: August 2005

Purpose

To determine predictive strength of tumor cell ploidy and MYCN gene amplification on survival of children older than 12 months with disseminated neuroblastoma (NB).

Patients and Methods

Of 648 children with stage D NB enrolled onto the Pediatric Oncology Group NB Biology Study 9047 (1990-2000), 560 children were assessable for ploidy and MYCN amplification. Treatment of patients older than 12 months varied; most receiving high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue. Infants received standard chemotherapy, depending on MYCN status and ploidy.

Results

Among stage D MYCN-amplified patients, 4-year event-free survival (EFS) ± SE had no prognostic significance for tumor cell ploidy for patients either younger than 12 months or ≥ 12 months old. However, among stage D nonamplified-MYCN patients, 4-year EFS for those with tumor hyperdiploidy (DNA index [DI] > 1) was clearly superior to those with diploidy (DI ≤ 1): younger than 12 months, 83.7% ± 4.4% (n = 87) versus 46.2% ± 13.8% (n = 13; P = .0003); and for 12- to 24-month-old children, 72.7% ± 10.2% (n = 22) versus 26.7% ± 13.2% (n = 16; P = .0092). Further analysis suggested better prognoses in the 12- to 18-month-old subgroup with hyperdiploid tumors (4-year EFS, 92.9% ± 7.2%) compared with the 19- to 24-month-old subgroup (4-year EFS, 37.5% ± 21.0%; P = .0037). In children older than 24 months, outcome was dire (< 20% long-term survival), regardless of ploidy or MYCN status.

Conclusion

Children 12 to 18 months old with metastatic NB had favorable outcomes with high-dose therapy if their tumors were hyperdiploid and lacked MYCN amplification. This subgroup may respond well to contemporary chemotherapy, and could be spared intensive myeloablative therapy with stem-cell rescue.
Wegener’s granulomatosis mimicking a parotid abscess
Authors: Jones G L , Lukaris A D , Prabhu H V , Brown M J K M , Bondeson J
Published: August 2005

We present the case of a previously healthy 59-year-old man who was under treatment for scleritis and episcleritis when he developed a parotid-gland swelling and pus-producing sinus. On surgical exploration, the features were those of a parotid abscess, but the lesion not only failed to heal post-operatively but increased in size very significantly. There was also severe necrotizing keratitis of the eyes. Due to clinical suspicion and a positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies test, Wegener’s granulomatosis was diagnosed and the patient successfully treated with cyclophosphamide and steroids. Previously, a number of cases of Wegener’s granulomatosis causing salivary-gland swelling have been reported in the literature; this is the first case in which the disease has masqueraded as a parotid abscess.
The Application of Aeroelastic Analysis Output Load Distributions to Finite Element Models of Wind
Authors: Knill Timothy J.
Published: August 2005

The structural design of wind turbine blades is a rapidly evolving technology. Finite element (FE) modelling is used extensively by structural designers to assess the behaviour of wind turbine blades under operational and extreme load conditions. This paper develops a method of transferring aerodynamic and inertial loads from the aeroelastic analysis output to the FE model. Once a procedure is developed and verified, case studies are undertaken using an FE model of a 34m blade. Loads are applied using the newly developed method and various FE analysis results compared to the same blade analysed under more traditional load application techniques. The case study clearly demonstrates that the method of applying loads can influence some types of analysis results significantly.
Load Alleviation on Wind Turbine Blades Using Variable Airfoil Geometry
Authors: Basualdo Santiago
Published: August 2005

A two-dimensional theoretical study of the aeroelastic behaviour of an airfoil has been performed, whose geometry can be altered using a rear-mounted flap. This device is governed by a controller, whose objective is to reduce the airfoil displacements and, therefore, the stresses present in a real blade. The aerodynamic problem was solved numerically by a panel method using the potential theory, suitable for modelling attached flows. It is therefore mostly applicable for Pitch Regulated Variable Speed (PRVS) wind turbines, which mainly operate under this flow condition. The results show evident reductions in the airfoil displacements by using simple control strategies having the airfoil position and its first and second derivatives as input, especially at the system's eigenfrequency. The use of variable airfoil geometry is an effective means of reducing the vibration magnitudes of an airfoil that represents a section of a wind turbine blade, when subject to stochastic wind signals. The results of this investigation encourage further investigations with 3D aeroelastic models to predict the reduction in loads in real wind turbines.
Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) Expression in Hematopoietic Cells and in Patients with Systemic Mastocytosis
Authors: Anlauf Martin , Schäfer Martin K.-H. , Schwark Thorsten , von Wurmb-Schwark Nicole , Brand Viktoria , Sipos Bence , Horny Hans-Peter , Parwaresch Reza , Hartschuh Wolfgang , Eiden Lee E. , Klöppel Günter , Weihe Eberhard
Published: August 2005

Uptake of monoamines into secretory granules is mediated by the vesicular monoamine transporters VMAT1 and VMAT2. In this study, we analyzed their expression in inflammatory and hematopoietic cells and in patients suffering from systemic mastocytosis (SM) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Normal human and monkey tissue specimens and tissues from patients suffering from SM and CML were analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry, radioactive in situ hybridization, real time RT-PCR, double fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. In normal tissue specimens, VMAT2, but not VMAT1, was expressed in mast cells, megakaryocytes, thrombocytes, basophil granulocytes, and cutaneous Langerhans cells. Further hematopoietic and lymphoid cells showed no expression of VMATs. VMAT2 was expressed in all types of SM, as indicated by coexpression with the mast cell marker tryptase. In CML, VMAT2 expression was retained in neoplastic megakaryocytes and basophil granulocytes. In conclusion, the identification of VMAT2 in mast cells, megakaryocytes, thrombocytes, basophil granulocytes, and cutaneous Langerhans cells provides evidence that these cells possess molecular mechanisms for monoamine storage and handling. VMAT2 identifies normal and neoplastic mast cells, megakaryocytes, and basophil granulocytes and may therefore become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of mastocytosis and malignant systemic diseases involving megakaryocytes and basophil granulocytes.
Genetic Relationships among Herpes-Like Viruses Isolated from Sturgeon
Authors: Kelley Garry O. , Waltzek Thomas B. , McDowell Terry S. , Yun Susan C. , LaPatra Scott E. , Hedrick Ronald P.
Published: August 2005

We report the identification of partial DNA polymerase gene sequences of seven herpes-like viruses found in sturgeon Acipenser spp. from North America and Europe. Phenetic comparisons using nucleic acid and deduced protein alignments divided the sturgeon herpes-like viruses into three genogroups. The first genogroup includes the previously described Acipenserid herpesvirus 1 (AciHV-1) and two new isolates from farmed white sturgeon A. transmontanus from California and wild white sturgeon from Idaho. The second genogroup contains the previously described Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) and a new isolate from wild white sturgeon found in Oregon. The third genogroup includes two viruses with identical amino acid sequences found in farmed white sturgeon from Italy and Canada. We propose to name the third sturgeon herpes-like genogroup Acipenserid herpesvirus 3 (AciHV-3). The phylogram used for comparing the relationships of these viruses shows strong bootstrap support (82%) for two separate clades among the sturgeon herpes-like viruses. One clade includes all the AciHV-1 isolates, whereas the other clade is divided into subclades. Interestingly, the subclade containing AciHV-2 branches outside the sister relationship between Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 and AciHV-3. An examination of the genogroups indicates that a prior hypothesis that AciHV-2 may have rapidly evolved from AciHV-1 is unlikely; instead, we suggest that AciHV-2 represents a more recent introduction of a new strain of virus to sturgeon farms in California. Lastly, the phylogenetic comparisons strongly suggest a pattern of spatial separation and independent evolution of the herpes-like viral genogroups found in sturgeon.
Quantification of contaminant sorption-desorption time scales from batch experiments
Authors: Cunningham Jeffrey A. , Deitsch James J. , Smith James A. , Reinhard Martin
Published: August 2005

The ability to predict rates of contaminant sorption and desorption in the environment is essential in order to determine contaminant bioavailability, predict contaminant fate and transport, and assess risk. In this paper, we present a new method to determine sorption-desorption time scales from the temporal moments of batch experimental data. Here, the term time scale has a precise meaning: Time scales are defined in terms of the parameters of kinetic sorption models. The method can be implemented with either a diffusion-based model (tdiff = a2/15D) or a linear-driving-force model (tLDF = 1/k) for sorption kinetics and can be implemented with either a discrete or a continuous distribution of rate parameters. Three advantages to the new method are that the time scales tdiff or tLDF can be calculated directly without best-fitting the experimental data, the calculated sorption-desorption time scales are not dependent on an arbitrarily chosen distribution (e.g., the commonly used gamma or lognormal distributions), and the time scales implied by the analysis are consistent with the time scale of the actual experiment. We apply the method to previously reported experiments of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) sorption onto four natural sorbents. Comparing the newly calculated sorption-desorption time scales to those reported previously indicates a different order for the four sorbents with regard to DCB sorption rate. Further applications and limitations of the method are discussed.
Combined effects of the fungicide propiconazole and agricultural runoff sediments on the aquatic bryophyte Vesicularia dubyana
Authors: Wu Qinglan , Riise Gunnhild , Pflugmacher Stephan , Greulich K. , Steinberg Christian E. W.
Published: August 2005

Pesticides, firmly attached to the topsoil, might enter nearby watercourses at periods with high erosive loss of sediments. Therefore, exposure of aquatic organisms to these low mobility pesticides, in many cases, will coincide with a high sediment concentration. In this study, both individual and combined effects of propiconazole and runoff sediment on the aquatic model bryophyte Vesicularia dubyana are studied. Individual exposure to propiconazole induced responses in V. dubyana at rather low concentration levels (˜1 μg/L), showing that harmful effects of propiconazole potentially may occur in watercourses draining propiconazole-treated fields. Individual exposure to the sediment size fractions S1 (0.16–2 μm) and S2 (0.03–0.16 μm) caused plant stress at a concentration of 100 mg/L. The coarser fraction S1 showed strong inhibition effects on photosynthesis, probably due to light attenuation. Compared to S1, the suspension with the finer fraction S2 showed lower turbidity, higher nutrient content, and a higher proportion of sediment-bound propiconazole. The combined effects of propiconazole and suspended sediment are dependent on concentrations of sediment and propiconazole. At low sediment concentration (e.g., 100 mg/L), neither S1 nor S2 reduce the toxicity of propiconazole, as only 2% of propiconazole are bound to particles. An increase in sediment concentration decreases the bioavailable concentration of propiconazole; however, at the same time, this increases the turbidity, thereby inhibiting plant photosynthesis.
Validation of the narcosis target lipid model for petroleum products: Gasoline as a case study
Authors: McGrath Joy A. , Parkerton Thomas F. , Hellweger Ferdi L. , Di Toro Dominic M.
Published: August 2005

The narcosis target lipid model (NTLM) was used to predict the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of six gasoline blending streams to algae (Pseudokirchnereilla subcapitata, formerly Selenastrum capricornutum), juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and water flea (Daphnia magna). Gasolines are comprised of hydrocarbons that on dissolution into the aqueous phase are expected to act via narcosis. Aquatic toxicity data were obtained using a lethal-loading test in which WAFs were prepared using different gasoline loadings. The compositions of the gasolines were determined by analysis of C3 to C13 hydrocarbons grouped in classes of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, aromatics, cyclic alkanes, and olefins. A model was developed to compute the concentrations of hydrocarbon blocks in WAFs based on gasoline composition and loading. The model accounts for the volume change of the gasoline, which varies depending on loading and volatilization loss. The predicted aqueous composition of WAFs compared favorably to measurements, and the predicted aqueous concentrations of WAFs were used in the NTLM to predict the aquatic toxicity of the gasolines. For each gasoline loading and species, total toxic units (TUs) were computed with an assumption of additivity. The acute toxicity of gasolines was predicted to within a factor of two for algae and daphnids. Predicted TUs overestimated toxicity to trout because of experimental factors that were not considered in the model. This analysis demonstrates the importance of aliphatic hydrocarbon loss to headspace during WAF preparation and the contribution of both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons test to the toxicity of gasolines in closed systems and loss of aliphatics to headspace during WAF preparation. Model calculations indicate that satisfactory toxicity predictions can be achieved by describing gasoline composition using a limited number of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon blocks with different octanol-water partition coefficients.
Evolution of cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna
Authors: Ward Timothy J. , Robinson William E.
Published: August 2005

A diverse laboratory population of Daphnia magna Straus was established by combining individuals from eight sources. Artificial selection for increased resistance to the acute toxic effects of cadmium was performed, and after eight generations, the average median effective concentration increased from 61 to 180 μg/L. No differences in life span, offspring production, time to first brood, number of offspring in the first brood, or intrinsic rate of population increase (r) were observed between the cadmium-adapted population and the controls under ideal conditions or under conditions of temperature or feeding ration stress, but cadmium-adapted daphnids were smaller. Control and cadmium-adapted populations were equally sensitive to copper and malathion, but the cadmium-adapted population was less sensitive to lead and more sensitive to phenol. Analysis of amplified fragment-length polymorphisms indicated a significant decrease in genetic diversity in the cadmium-adapted population. Although the evolved cadmium resistance would allow adapted populations to exist in areas where cadmium concentrations would be toxic to unadapted populations, the decreased genetic diversity, smaller size, and increased sensitivity to at least one other toxicant could reduce the probability of long-term survival even in the absence of future cadmium exposure.
Determination and distribution of alkyl ethoxysulfates and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in coastal marine sediments from the Bay of Cadiz (southwest of Spain)
Authors: Lara-Martín Pablo A. , Gómez-Parra Abelardo , González-Mazo Eduardo
Published: August 2005

The distribution of the two main anionic surfactants manufactured and used in the world, alkyl ethoxysulfates (AES) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), has been studied in sediments from a salt marsh and an estuary of the Bay of Cadiz (southwest of Spain). The identification and quantification of AES and LAS was carried out after automated Soxhlet extraction with methanol, followed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry. The latter procedure permitted the unequivocal identification of every LAS homologue as well as the AES homologues of up to 16 carbon atoms in their alkyl chain and of up to 12 ethylene oxide groups. Recoveries were in the range of 51% to 84% and limits of detection from 1 to 5 μg/kg. We have focused our attention particularly on AES because, in spite of their great use, these compounds have received less attention than LAS and their occurrence has not been described in marine environmental samples. Alkyl ethoxysulfates concentration values range between 100 and 400 μg/kg in the topmost layer of sediments at the sampling areas. The relative distribution of AES homologues shows higher percentages for the longer alkyl chain homologues in sediments as well as for the shorter ethoxymers. A decrease in LAS concentrations has been found relative to past studies in one of the sampling areas as a consequence of the reduction of urban wastewater discharges.
Using aquatic macroinvertebrate species traits to build test batteries for sediment toxicity assessment: Accounting for the diversity of potential biological responses to toxicants
Authors: Ducrot Virginie , Usseglio-Polatera Philippe , Péry Alexandre R. R. , Mouthon Jacques , Lafont Michel , Roger Marie-Claude , Garric Jeanne , Férard Jean-François
Published: August 2005

An original species-selection method for the building of test batteries is presented. This method is based on the statistical analysis of the biological and ecological trait patterns of species. It has been applied to build a macroinvertebrate test battery for the assessment of sediment toxicity, which efficiently describes the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate biological responses to toxicants in a large European lowland river. First, 109 potential representatives of benthic communities of European lowland rivers were selected from a list of 479 taxa, considering 11 biological traits accounting for the main routes of exposure to a sediment-bound toxicant and eight ecological traits providing an adequate description of habitat characteristics used by the taxa. Second, their biological and ecological trait patterns were compared using coinertia analysis. This comparison allowed the clustering of taxa into groups of organisms that exhibited similar life-history characteristics, physiological and behavioral features, and similar habitat use. Groups exhibited various sizes (7–35 taxa), taxonomic compositions, and biological and ecological features. Main differences among group characteristics concerned morphology, substrate preferendum and habitat utilization, nutritional features, maximal size, and life-history strategy. Third, the best representatives of the mean biological and ecological characteristics of each group were included in the test battery. The final selection was composed of Chironomus riparius (Insecta: Diptera), Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae), Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculidae), Valvata piscinalis (Gastropoda: Valvatidae), and Sericostoma personatum (Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae). This approach permitted the biological and ecological variety of the battery to be maximized. Because biological and ecological traits of taxa determine species sensitivity, such maximization should permit the battery to better account for the sensitivity range within a community.
Influence of food limitation on the effects of fenvalerate pulse exposure on the life history and population growth rate of Daphnia magna
Authors: Pieters Barry J. , Paschke Albrecht , Reynaldi Sebastián , Kraak Michiel H. S. , Admiraal Wim , Liess Matthias
Published: August 2005

Laboratory ecotoxicity tests may not adequately evaluate the effects of pesticides, because they often do not include more environmentally relevant conditions, such as pulsed toxicant exposures and low food conditions. Therefore, we tested the effects of a pulse of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate (FV) on the life history and population growth rate (r) of the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The daphnids were subjected to a 24-h pesticide pulse exposure (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 3.2 μg/L) under high and low food conditions and were monitored for 21 d. Chemical analysis showed that at t = 1 h, the nominal FV concentrations were reduced by 50 to 66%. Fenvalerate decreased survival and growth in the week following pulse exposure. Age at first reproduction increased, with consequent adverse effects on cumulative reproduction per living female and, therefore, on r. Thus, a short-term exposure of FV caused a long-term reduction on r as a result of increased mortality and a delay in development. Low food conditions exacerbated the effects of the FV exposure on juvenile survival and growth during the first week. This caused a much stronger reduction in r under low food conditions. We concluded that a pulsed FV exposure may result in long-term reduction of r that can be predicted only with more environmentally relevant toxicity tests, as described in the present study.
Nondestructive pollution exposure assessment in the european hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): I. Relationships between concentrations of metals and arsenic in hair, spines, and soil
Authors: D'Havé Helga , Scheirs Jan , Mubiana Valentine Kayawe , Verhagen Ron , Blust Ronny , De Coen Wim
Published: August 2005

Conventional metal exposure assessment in terrestrial mammals is generally based on organ analyses of sacrificed animals. Few studies on mammals use nondestructive methodologies despite the growing ethical concern over the use of destructive sampling. Nondestructive methods involve minimal stress to populations and permit successive biomonitoring of the same populations and individuals. In the present study we assessed metal exposure of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) by investigating relationships between concentrations of metals (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and As in soil samples and in hair and spines of hedgehogs. Samples were collected in seven study sites along a metal pollution gradient, characterized by decreasing total soil Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations with increasing distance from a nonferrous metallurgic factory. For a number of elements, soil contamination was related both to distance to the smelter and to habitat. Soil concentrations were positively related to levels in hair and spines for Ag, As, Cd, and Pb and thus to hedgehog exposure. Metal concentrations in soil did not relate to metal concentrations in hair and spines for essential elements (e.g., Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn), except Co in hair and soil. Our results demonstrate that, at least for nonessential elements, concentrations in soils can be used to predict contamination of these elements in hedgehogs or vice versa. Furthermore, hedgehog exposure increased toward the smelter and was higher for hedgehogs foraging in grasslands than for animals foraging in the forest. Moreover, we believe that hair and spines are promising tools in terrestrial wildlife exposure assessment studies of metals and As.
The Prestige oil spill. I. Biodegradation of a heavy fuel oil under simulated conditions
Authors: Díez Sergi , Sabaté Jordi , Viñas Marc , Bayona Josep M. , Solanas Anna M. , Albaigés Joan
Published: August 2005

In vitro biodegradation of the Prestige heavy fuel oil has been carried out using two microbial consortia obtained by enrichment in different substrates to simulate its environmental fate and potential utility for bioremediation. Different conditions, such as incubation time (i.e., 20 or 40 d), oil weathering, and addition of an oleophilic fertilizer (S200), were evaluated. Weathering slowed down the degradation of the fuel oil, probably because of the loss of lower and more labile components, but the addition of S200 enhanced significantly the extension of the biodegradation. n-Alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, alkylbenzenes, and the two- to three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were degraded in 20 or 40 d of incubation of the original oil, whereas the biodegradation efficiency decreased for higher PAHs and with the increase of alkylation. Molecular markers were degraded according to the following sequence: Acyclic isoprenoids < diasteranes < C27-steranes < ββ-steranes < homohopanes < monoaromatic steranes < triaromatic steranes. Isomeric selectivity was observed within the C1- and C2-phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes, pyrenes, and chrysenes, providing source and weathering indices for the characterization of the heavy oil spill. Acyclic isoprenoids, C27-steranes, C1- and C2-naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, and dibenzothiophenes were degraded completely when S200 was used. The ratios of the C2- and C3-alkyl homologues of fluoranthene/pyrene and chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene are proposed as source ratios in moderately degraded oils. The 4-methylpyrene and 3-methylchrysene were refractory enough to serve as conserved internal markers in assessing the degradation of the aromatic fraction in a manner similar to that of hopane, as used for the aliphatic fraction.
Impacts of nonpoint inputs from potato farming on populations of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus)
Authors: Gray Michelle A. , Curry R. Allen , Munkittrick Kelly R.
Published: August 2005

The potential influence of agricultural activity, particularly potato cultivation, on slimy sculpin populations (Cottus cognatus) was examined at 19 rivers of New Brunswick, Canada. Comparisons with forested streams resulted in differences in fish density, size, and reproductive performance. Young-of-the-year (YOY) sculpin were present only at two of 11 agricultural sites, though they were present at all nine forested sites. Sediment deposition was greatest at agricultural sites, with increased fine sediments deposited. Larger, coarse sands were deposited at two sites with active forest operations. Temperature had a stronger correlation than sedimentation with sculpin size and density in the agricultural region. Agricultural catchments were warmer than in forested catchments (median = 16.0 and 13.3°C, respectively). Body size of slimy sculpin was correlated positively and YOY densities correlated negatively with temperature, and sites with temperatures ≥25°C were devoid of YOY sculpin. Our data indicate there is a significant effect of temperature on slimy sculpin populations in rivers of potato farming areas, highlighting the importance of examining indirect factors when investigating possible impacts of nonpoint source agricultural inputs. Indirect factors such as sediment deposition and temperature need to be considered in order to discriminate accurately the chronic impacts of agricultural chemicals on fish populations.
Dynamics of metal subcellular distribution and its relationship with metal uptake in marine mussels
Authors: Ng Tania Y-T. , Wang Wen-Xiong
Published: August 2005

We examined the dynamics of subcellular distribution of metals (Cd, Ag, and Zn) in the marine green mussel Perna viridis by partitioning the metals into the insoluble fraction (IF), heat-sensitive proteins (HSP), and metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) during metal uptake and elimination. Variations in metal uptake and elimination then were correlated with the subcellular distributions of these metals. The IF and HSP were the first ligands to bind with the metals during the dissolved exposure, and more metals were found in the HSP when the metal influx rate was higher. However, to minimize toxicity, metals were redistributed from HSP to MTLP afterwards. The subcellular distribution of metals was dependent of the exposure route in the mussels. During dietary metal exposure, the metals attained equilibrium before they were assimilated and the metal assimilation efficiency was independent of the metal partitioning in different subcellular fractions. During the efflux, metals in the soluble fraction mediated depuration, whereas metals in the insoluble fraction acted as a final storage pool. Redistribution also may occur between the metal-sensitive and inactive pools without significant depuration as a secondary protective mechanism. We further demonstrated that the higher efflux rate of Ag and Cd was related to a higher partitioning in the MTLP and a lower partitioning in the IF. Our study shows that subcellular pools other than MTLP were involved in immediate metal handling in the bivalves. The wide dynamics of subcellular metal distribution suggests that the relevance of individual subcellular fractions is dependent on the exposure pathway.
Modulation of uranium bioaccumulation by hypoxia in the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea: Induction of multixenobiotic resistance protein and heat shock protein 60 in gill tissues
Authors: Tran Damien , Bourdineaud Jean-Paul , Massabuau Jean-Charles , Garnier-Laplace Jacqueline
Published: August 2005

The influence of hypoxia on the bioaccumulation of uranium in the clam Corbicula fluminea was investigated in ecologically relevant conditions. The cellular impact at the gill-tissue level was assessed by analyzing the induction of multixenobiotic resistance protein (MXR) and heat shock protein 60. Analyses were performed at three biological levels. First, at the organism level, uranium induced a significant decrease in the valve open duration under normoxia, but not under hypoxia, in which oxygen drive imposed an increase of the valve open duration. Second, at the tissue level, the uranium bioaccumulation rate in the gills was higher under hypoxia than under normoxia. Third, at the cellular level, MXR was induced by uranium but not by hypoxia. The threshold of tissular uranium concentration triggering MXR induction was between 3 and 5 nmol/g. On the contrary, Hsp60 was induced by hypoxia but not by uranium.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Potentially Preventable Readmissions: The Case of Diabetes
Authors: Jiang H. Joanna , Andrews Roxanne , Stryer Daniel , Friedman Bernard
Published: August 2005

Objectives. Considerable differences in prevalence of diabetes and management of the disease exist among racial/ethnic groups. We examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and hospital readmissions for diabetes-related conditions.

Methods. Nonmaternal adult patients with Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance coverage hospitalized for diabetes-related conditions in 5 states were identified from the 1999 State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Racial/ethnic differences in the likelihood of readmission were estimated by logistic regression with adjustment for patient demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic characteristics and hospital attributes.

Results. The risk-adjusted likelihood of 180-day readmission was significantly lower for non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics across all 3 payers or for non-Hispanic Blacks among Medicare enrollees. Within each payer, Hispanics from low-income communities had the highest risk of readmission. Among Medicare beneficiaries, Blacks and Hispanics had higher percentages of readmission for acute complications and microvascular disease, while Whites had higher percentages of readmission for macrovascular conditions.

Conclusions. Racial/ethnic disparities are more evident in 180-day than in 30-day readmission rates, and greatest among the Medicare population. Readmission diagnoses vary by race/ethnicity, with Blacks and Hispanics at higher risk for those complications more likely preventable with effective postdischarge care.
Maternal Obesity and Diabetes as Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Among 4 Racial/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Rosenberg Terry J. , Garbers Samantha , Lipkind Heather , Chiasson Mary Ann
Published: August 2005

Objectives. We examined associations between obesity, diabetes, and 3 adverse pregnancy outcomes—primary cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and low birth-weight (LBW)—by racial/ethnic group. Our goal was to better understand how these associations differentially impact birth outcomes by group in order to develop more focused interventions.

Methods. Data were collected from the 1999, 2000, and 2001 New York City birth files for 329988 singleton births containing information on prepregnancy weight and prenatal weight gain. Separate logistic regressions for 4 racial/ethnic groups predicted the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with diabetes. Other variables in the regressions included obesity, excess weight gain, hypertension, preeclampsia, and substance use during pregnancy (e.g., smoking).

Results. Chronic and gestational diabetes were significant risks for a primary cesarean and for preterm birth in all women. Diabetes as a risk for LBW varied by group. For example, whereas chronic diabetes increased the risk for LBW among Asians, Hispanics, and Whites (adjusted odds ratios=2.28, 1.69, and 1.59), respectively, it was not a significant predictor of LBW among Blacks.

Conclusions. In this large, population-based study, obesity and diabetes were independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, highlighting the need for women to undergo lifestyle changes to help them control their weight during the childbearing years and beyond.
Variation in elemental intensities among teeth and between pre‐ and postnatal regions of enamel
Authors: Dolphin Alexis E. , Goodman Alan H. , Amarasiriwardena Dulasiri D.
Published: August 2005

Microspatial analyses of the trace element composition of dental enamel are made possible using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). Fine spatial resolution, multielement capabilities, and minimal sample destruction make this technique particularly well‐suited for documenting the distribution of elements in sequentially calcifying layers of enamel. Because deciduous enamel forms from week 13 in utero up to 9 months postnatally (thereafter essentially becoming inert), the application of LA‐ICP‐MS allows for the retrospective measurement of prenatal and early postnatal trace‐element uptake during a critical period of child development. In this study, we compared intra‐ and intertooth intensities of 25Mg, 57Fe, 66Zn, 68Zn, 88Sr, 138Ba, and 208Pb via LA‐ICP‐MS of 38 exfoliated deciduous incisors and canines donated by 36 participants in the Solís Valley Mexico Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program (NCRSP). Pre‐ and postnatal comparisons within teeth showed significant increases (P < 0.001) and greater variation in the abundance of all isotopes in postnatal enamel, with the exception of a decrease in 25Mg (P < 0.001) and constant values for 88Sr (P = 0.681). Conversely, comparisons by tooth type and mouth quadrant revealed few significant differences between teeth of the same individual. We argue that more variation in the trace element composition of teeth occurs across developmental areas within a tooth than among different teeth of the same person. This study further demonstrates that sequentially calcifying areas of enamel have different chemical concentrations. The results support the use of microspatial analyses of enamel for understanding changes in nutrition, pollution, and residence. Am J Phys Anthropol., 2005 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between physique characteristics and hand skeletal aging status
Authors: Kalichman Leonid , Malkin Ida , Kobyliansky Eugene
Published: August 2005

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between skeletal aging traits (obtained from evaluation of hand radiographs) and physique characteristics, including indices of obesity, skeletal size, muscular development, and the somatotypes of Heath and Carter (1967) and of Deriabin (1985). To achieve our aims, we used multiple regression analysis, and Pearson's and canonical correlation analyses. The studied population comprised 629 males and 561 females aged 18–90 years, all members of the Chuvasha (Russian Federation). The present study provides evidence for a connection between hand bone aging traits and physique characteristics. The cortical index showed a small but significant correlation with adiposity and the index of overall physique, but bone mineral density (BMD) traits were not correlated with the index of overall physique. Deriabin's set of somatotypes was significantly correlated with BMD, but could explain only 2% of its variation. Significant correlations of the hand osteoarthritis trait were observed with indices of adiposity. Also observed were statistically significant canonical correlations with both sets of somatotypes, which enabled us to predict 2–3% of hand osteoarthritis variation by a combination of somatotype components. Osseometric score evinced statistically significant correlations with most indices of physique as well as with a combination of somatotype components. These findings may prove helpful in epidemiological studies, because they show that body composition is the factor that is statistically significantly associated with skeletal aging. Am J Phys Anthropol., 2005 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Admixture analysis of a rural population of the state of Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: Bonilla Carolina , Gutiérrez Gerardo , Parra Esteban J. , Kline Christopher , Shriver Mark D.
Published: August 2005

We studied 156 individuals of Native American descent from the city of Tlapa in the state of Guerrero in western Mexico. Most individuals' ethnicity was either Nahua, Mixtec, or Tlapanec, but self‐identified Mestizos and individuals of mixed ethnicities were also included in the sample. We typed 24 autosomal, one Y‐chromosome, and four mitochondrial ancestry‐informative markers (AIMs) to estimate group and individual admixture proportions, and determine whether the admixture process involved directional gene flow between parental groups. When genetically defined (GD) Mestizos were excluded from the analysis, Native American ancestry represented ∼98% of the population's gene pool, while European and West African ancestry represented ∼1% each. Maternally inherited markers also showed an exceptionally high Native American contribution (98.5%), as did the paternally inherited marker, DYS199 (90.7%). We did not detect genetic structure in this population using these AIMs, which appears consistent with the homogeneity of the sample in terms of admixture proportions. The addition of GD Mestizos to the sample did not produce a considerable change in admixture estimates, but it had a major effect on population structure. These results show that the population of Tlapa in Guerrero, Mexico, has experienced little admixture with Europeans and/or West Africans. They also show that the impact of a small number of admixed individuals on an otherwise homogeneous population might have profound implications on subsequent ancestry/phenotype analysis and mapping strategies. We suggest that heterogeneity is a major characteristic of Mexican populations and, as a consequence, should not be disregarded when designing epidemiological studies of Mexican and Mexican American populations. Am J Phys Anthropol., 2005 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of hydrogen‐dependent denitrification under varying pH and temperature conditions
Authors: Rezania B. , Cicek N. , Oleszkiewicz J.A.
Published: August 2005

It is important to determine the effect of changing environmental conditions on the microbial kinetics for design and modeling of biological treatment processes. In this research, the kinetics of nitrate and nitrite reduction by autotrophic hydrogen‐dependent denitrifying bacteria and the possible role of acetogens were studied in two sequencing batch reactors (SBR) under varying pH and temperature conditions. A zero order kinetic model was proposed for nitrate and nitrite reduction and kinetic coefficients were obtained at two temperatures (25 ± 1 and 12 ± 1°C), and pH ranging from 7 to 9.5. Nitrate and nitrite reduction was inhibited at pH of 7 at both temperatures of 12 ± 1 and 25 ± 1°C. The optimum pH conditions for nitrate and nitrite reduction were 9.5 at 25 ± 1°C and 8.5 at 12 ± 1°C. Nitrate and nitrite reduction rates were compared, when they were used separately as the sole electron acceptor. It was shown that nitrite reduction rates consistently exceeded nitrate reduction rates, regardless of temperature and pH. The observed transitional accumulation of nitrite, when nitrate was used as an electron acceptor, indicated that nitrite reduction was slowed down by the presence of nitrate. No activity of acetogenic bacteria was observed in the hydrogenotrophic biomass and no residual acetate was detected, verifying that the kinetic parameters obtained were not influenced by heterotrophic denitrification and accurately represented autotrophic activity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bridging environmental issues with new product development
Authors: Berchicci Luca , Bodewes Wynand
Published: August 2005

Studies dealing with environmental issues in product development have made significant progress explaining how firms can develop greener products that succeed on the market. Intriguingly, although a large number of tools and methods have been developed that supposedly help firms develop greener products, it is less common to draw on established theories on product innovation. This may explain why firms that have tried to develop more sustainable products have had mixed experiences. Environmental new product development (ENPD) and new product development (NPD) literature is reviewed to develop a model that helps explain the complexity of greening and the challenges product development teams face in their attempts to incorporate environmental issues into product development. This paper emphasizes that scholars need to incorporate environmental issues into established theories on NPD. Adapting existing theoretical models may help practitioners in their struggle to integrate the E into NPD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Electrochemical Deposition onto Self‐Assembled Monolayers: New Insights into Micro‐ and Nanofabrication
Authors: Schilardi Patricia L. , Dip Patricio , dos Santos Claro Paula C. , Benítez Guillermo A. , Fonticelli Mariano H. , Azzaroni Omar , Salvarezza Roberto C.
Published: August 2005

Pattern transfer with high resolution is a frontier topic in the emerging field of nanotechnologies. Electrochemical molding is a possible route for nanopatterning metal, alloys and oxide surfaces with high resolution in a simple and inexpensive way. This method involves electrodeposition onto a conducting master covered by a self‐assembled alkanethiolate monolayer (SAMs). This molecular film enables direct surface–relief pattern transfer from the conducting master to the inner face of the electrodeposit, and also allows an easy release of the electrodeposited film due their excellent anti‐adherent properties. Replicas of the original conductive master can be also obtained by a simple two‐step procedure. SAM quality and stability under electrodeposition conditions combined with the formation of smooth electrodeposits are crucial to obtain high‐quality pattern transfer with sub‐50 nm resolution.
Thermodynamic Properties of Molecular Borane Amines and the [BH4‐][NH4+] Salt for Chemical Hydrogen Storage Systems from ab initio Electronic Structure Theory.
Authors: Dixon David A. , Gutowski Maciej
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Visible Absorption Spectrum of OBrO, Investigated by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy.
Authors: Fleischmann Oliver C. , Meyer‐Arnek Julian , Burrows John P. , Orphal Johannes
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Standard Entropy of Formation of SnMg2 at 298 K
Authors: Morishita M. , Koyama K.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Unique Site‐Selective Reaction of Ketones with New Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents Based on a Tetraphenylmethane Structure.
Authors: Dohi Toshifumi , Maruyama Akinobu , Yoshimura Misaki , Morimoto Koji , Tohma Hirofumi , Shiro Motoo , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Lewis Acid Mediated [1,3] Ring Contraction of 2,5‐Dihydrooxepins as a Route to Polysubstituted Cyclopentenes.
Authors: Nasveschuk Christopher G. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Carbonyl Ylides to Aldimines: A Three‐Component Approach to syn‐α‐Hydroxy‐β‐amino Esters.
Authors: Torssell Staffan , Kienle Marcel , Somfai Peter
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Remarkably Efficient Oxidative Coupling of N,N‐Dialkylarylamines in Water Mediated by Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate.
Authors: Xi Chanjuan , Jiang Yanfeng , Yang Xianghua
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aryl Sulfones: A New Class of γ‐Secretase Inhibitors.
Authors: Teall Martin , et al. et al.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3‐Phenyl‐4‐oxopyrano[2,3‐a]carbazoles (Indoloisoflavones).
Authors: Vandana T. , Prasad K. J. Rajendra
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aromatization of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines with Selenium Dioxide.
Authors: Cai Xiao‐hua , Yang Hai‐jun , Zhang Guo‐lin
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.