bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terrorism and the Infinite Bargaining Model
Authors: Farrow Alexander
Published: June 2020

From the Ku Klux Klan’s lynchings to al Qaeda’s World Trade Center attacks, terrorist organizations have historically exploited fear and destruction to achieve their end goals. Attacking both a nation’s government and population, terrorist organizations inflict damage on their intended audiences, or targets. This paper explores how terrorist organizations interact with their targets. In my analysis, I assume complete rationality and build an infinite bargaining model of political concession between both actors. I claim that terrorist organizations bargain with targets in the long run by increasing the payoffs for cooperation and decreasing the payoffs for noncooperation.
A New Silk Road
Authors: Li Siyao
Published: June 2020

No abstract available
Creating the Cult of Xi Jinping
Authors: Hart Brian
Published: June 2020

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party has used publicly displayed propaganda art as a means of maintaining power. During the early years of the PRC, propaganda posters played a large role in establishing a cult of personality around Mao Zedong. Today’s propaganda art seeks primarily to garner popular support for President Xi Jinping’s “China Dream” campaign. The China Dream, popularized by Xi in 2012, is a nebulous concept that shares many of the materialistic components of the “American Dream,” but simultaneously—and more importantly—emphasizes the Chinese nation’s rejuvenation to a position of wealth and power. China Dream art deviates significantly from Mao era posters and ideology by heavily incorporating ancient Confucian concepts and images. The art focuses not on communist values, but on moralistic ones drawn from the teachings of Confucius that emphasize hierarchy and filial piety. This paper argues that China Dream art is being used not only to create a new source of legitimacy for the Communist Party, but also to establish a cult of personality around President Xi Jinping. As a result, China is transforming into a leader state where the relationship between Xi Jinping and the people is becoming a relationship between ruler and ruled.
Angola, 1990-2000
Authors: Wilcox Eric
Published: June 2020

Four decades after independence from Portugal, Angola remains a country with significant barriers to good governance and social development. Although the state’s constitution established a multiparty democracy in the early 1990s, measures of high poverty and low state provision of public goods, in addition to high levels of corruption from the Angolan executive government headed by President José Eduardo dos Santos, do not equate with the proclaimed status of a democracy. Through an analysis of Angola’s attempts at and challenges in democratization, particularly in the decade of the constitutional change (1990–2000), I attempt to explain why the government has remained largely authoritarian. What specific factors are most significant in the discrepancy between legal framework on paper and politics in practice? Why, in the terms of Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, has Angola become a “successful failed state”? By tracing a history of the parastatal Sonangol, the complex system of petrodollar patronage, and the attempts of the executive government to constrain civil society, I explain how the growth of the Angolan oil industry is most responsible for the failure of democratization. With special attention to the rise of Angola’s oil dependence, measured by total oil rents as a share of gross domestic product, I hypothesize that the country’s GDP growth during the 1990s (my independent variable) will produce opposite trends in its level of democracy (my dependent variable, using Polity scores).
Temporal persistence of after-effects in the n-1 replication task
Authors: Sack Oliver Simon , Sutter Christine
Published: June 2020

In line with the theory of event coding, many studies on tool use show that perceived visual and haptic information interacts with action execution. In two experiments, we investigated the temporal persistence of after-effects within an event file, and after-effects in temporally overlapping event files with the n-1 replication task. Each trial consisted of two phases: In phase 1, participants moved a cursor with a pen on a covered tablet while a gain varied the relation between hand and cursor amplitude (Experiment 1). In phase 2, participants replicated the hand amplitude of phase 1 of the previous trial without visual feedback. Any systematic over- and undershoot would be indicative for after-effects. When the cursor amplitude varied and the hand amplitude remained constant, we did not find any after-effects but adjustment of the internal model. For varying hand amplitudes, after-effects appeared in terms of a contrast and assimilation effect between temporally overlapping event files and within an event file, respectively. In Experiment 2, we confirmed that the observed pattern of over- and undershoots fully reflect assimilation/contrast due to perception-action interaction. The findings extend the current view on the temporal stability of short-term binding in sensorimotor transformation tasks: In the n-1 replication task, after-effects appeared only in trials with varying hand amplitudes. We replicated the contrast effect and assimilation effect, and the assimilation effect persisted for up to approximately 20 s.
THE STATE OF LIVING RESOURCES STOCK AND FISHING IN THE PRIMORYE SUBZONE OF THE FAR EASTERN FISHERIES BASIN
Authors: Badaev Oleg , Boldyrev Vladimir , Kalchugin Pavel , Shabelsky Dmitriy , Izmyatinsky Denis
Published: June 2020

Object of research: resource potential, coastal and industrial fishing in the Primorye subzone. The purpose of the work is to assess the state of stock and fishing in the Primorye subzone. Result: According to long-term averaged data (2000-2018), more than 200 thousand tons of aquatic biological resources are undercought annually in the Primorye subzone. Today, the coast of the Primorye subzone is the most populated and infrastructural developed in the Russian Far East. The paper analyzes the state of living resources and fisheries. The reason for the low development is mainly the imperfection of management, as a result of which coastal fishing does not receive proper attention and development.
The Russian Futuristic Experiment: the Language of the Poetic Resistance
Authors: Kostova-Panayotova Magdalena
Published: June 2020

The main Avant-garde trend in the first third of the 20th century, Futurism, through its various groups and creative personalities, upholds its own conception of art and creator, strives to give a contemporary image of the world, to reveal the hidden essence of things, the inner relation of the elements. According to Futurism, art is meant to change lives, but not as it seems in the writings of nineteenth-century realists: by influencing the rational and changing the mind of the reader. The development of a new artistic expression, in a new poetic language, the use of contemporary forms of artistic conditionality have become major tasks for the generation of poets and artists from the 1910s. Poet futurists reduce the language of literature to its traditional understandings, neglect its inherent rules and laws, because they accept it as something external to the subject, which impedes the expression of its essence. From the depiction of the object to its expression - this is how the break in the creative mind of the futuristic author can be characterized. The linguistic revolution, effected with poetic means by the futurists, is a desperate and utopian attempt to acquire the organic integrity of the world, thirsting for its transformation. Thanks to futurism, the register of poetic techniques was expanded in the 20th century and directions were created for the creation of new expressive means of writing poetic text.
A New Field on the Making in Turkish Academia: a few Issues Regarding the Turkic World Literatures Teaching and Research
Authors: Karakuş Ertuğrul
Published: June 2020

As a field and course, “Turkic World Literatures” covers Turkish literatures outside Turkey. However, in practice, it is seen to encompass new (contemporary-modern) literature field outside Turkey. This field is taught in Turkish higher education in different courses such as “Contemporary Turkic World Literatures”, “Turkic World Literatures”, “Comparative Turkic World Literatures” and “Azerbaijan/ Turkmenistan, etc. Literature Examples”. Nevertheless, there are some differences in practice and content when it comes to research in the field in general, and teaching in particular. This study discusses a few issues regarding Turkic World Literatures research and teaching and makes suggestions in conclusion. Within the framework of Turkic World Literatures course and research, “determination of the field’s scope”, “inter-field comparison” and “textual adaptation of contemporary literary theories and knowledge” are discussed.
Woman as a Stereotypical Image of National and Cultural Identity in the Context of Literary Comparativistics
Authors: Sioridze Marine , Svanidze Ketevan
Published: June 2020

People live in a world of stereotypes that exist everywhere, in all spheres of human life and activity. A stereotype is a cultural phenomenon, that can be found in any society in the form of centuries-old experience of a given society, transmitted from generation to genera-tion by images transformed in accordance with the era and the level of society develop-ment.The culture and literature of any nation contain a rich gallery of stereotypes. The existence of a stereotype without culture is inconceivable. And culture itself is a certain set of stereotypes that defines and, therefore, limits human actions.One of the priority areas of modern anthropocentric and human sciences is the study of the formation and functioning of gender stereotypes, the identification and analy-sis of their intercultural specificity. Contrary to the objectives of the aforementioned study, our multilateral research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of a woman, as repre-sentations of the stereotypical image of national-cultural identity in different literary eras. The present article deals with the study of the stereotypical image of a woman in medieval Western and Georgian literature.For this purpose we have identified and analyzed the rich material that exists in the culture and literature of different people. Our study is based on the depiction of a stereo-typical image of a woman from a different perspective, for example: woman - king, woman - diplomat, woman – public figure, woman - creator, woman - mother, woman - wife/lover, woman - strong/weak creature, woman - symbol of fidelity, etc.
Linguistics – between Law, Policy and Conflict
Authors: Gerginova Zlatka
Published: June 2020

The forty-second volume of Studien zur Slavistik (Hamburg 2018) - Linguistics as a Cross-ing Point in the discourse between Law, Politics, and Conflict (Linguistik als diskursive Schnittstelle zwischen Recht, Politik und Konflikt; Hrsg. Martin Henzelmann) – focuses on the mediating role of Linguistics between Law, Politics and historical concepts. The analysis is based on cases from Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Poland, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine.
The First World War and the Institutionalization of International Relations as an Academic Discipline
Authors: Stoilova Veronika
Published: June 2020

This paper focuses on the stimulating role of WW1 in the process of separation, establishment and institutionalization of international relations (IR) as an academic discipline in its own right. It is well documented that these processes began immediately after 1919 with the creation of IR departments in European and American universities where training in International relations, International law, International politics, and other specific disciplines in the larger area of IR was provided.Our main thesis is that the atrocities of the first European and world catastrophy led to a better understanding of the decisive role which the relations between national governments, and especially the relations between military alliances, played in the world political arena. This, in its turn, led to the realization that these relations should be the prime target of the investigations of specific disciplines which must have their legitimate share in Bachelor, Master and Doctoral programs.In this paper we also examine the significant role of the US President Woodrow Wilson, himself an outstanding academic authority, in International history and relations, and his efforts to raise awareness and to the establishing of IR departments as legitimate entities of university structures. Special emphasis is put on the hopes of the international community that through separating IR from Diplomatic history, Law, Politology and other kin disciplines, under the auspices of which IR had previously existed, the international political life could be significantly ‘humanized’ since the future diplomats, the international and governmental leaders will be trained in the IR departments in the spirit of humanistic values related to peace, stability and prosperity.
Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Voluntary Blood Donation Among Pharmacy Students; A Cross-Sectional Survey from Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Asghar Rida , Zeeshan Nageen , Sohaib Ahmed Umer , Munir Abu Bakar , Amjad Muhammad Arslan , Ahmad Sharjeel , Akbar Jamshaid
Published: June 2020

Objective: To determine the current knowledge and practices regarding voluntary blood donation among pharmacy (Pharm-D) students of Lahore, Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey was performed among Pharm-D students of two private and two public sector universities of Lahore, Pakistan in January 2018. Total 600 students were included in the study by convenient sampling technique. Data was gathered by a self-administered well-designed questionnaire and was analyzed by using SPSS version 23.

Results: The level of knowledge among majority respondents (61.3%) about different aspects of blood donation was found to be good. The results revealed that despite having good knowledge, a significant number of the respondents (65.2%) were not practicing blood donation. The major reasons identified for poor blood donation practice were inconvenient environment and lack of facilities for the donors.

Conclusion: There exists a gap in converting the good knowledge of respondents into practice of voluntary blood donation. Effective programs should be initiated to promote and aware people regarding the necessity of blood donation.
The level of use of public relations tools and evaluation of their impact on the reputation of chemical companies from the perspective of the Czech public
Authors: Jelinkova Martina Jelinkova , Lostakova Hana , Machackova Katerina
Published: June 2020

The article presents the results of primary quantitative research aiming to determine the extent to which PR tools are used by chemical companies towards the public (wide and local) in the Czech Republic. It was found that, in the opinion of the respondents, the natural publicity of the company through word of mouth and media information has the greatest influence on public opinion, while the influence of social networks has not been appreciated yet. An important contribution of the paper may be the identification of the extent of use of a complex set of PR tools in the areas of information publicity, events and corporate social responsibility initiatives (CSR) recommended by literature to support business reputation among the public. Thus, it was possible to identify PR tools often used by companies, albeit not very effective, and vice versa, those PR tools that are perceived to be effective, but not yet widely used in practice. The application of research results will facilitate a better allocation of company resources among PR tools in order to more effectively meet the company’s PR objectives towards the public. The research was conducted through the electronic questioning method and involved 53 marketing and PR managers of chemical companies in the Czech Republic.
Logistics and international trade development relationship: evidence of European Union member states
Authors: Mačiulytė-Šniukienė Alma , Burinskienė Aurelija
Published: June 2020

International trade (IT) is recognised as one of the driving forces for business and the growth of countries’ economic. The amount of IT flows is contributed by the “logistics revolution”. According to the conceptual approach, the development of transportation modes, logistics infrastructure may facilitate in-ternational trade. However, it remains unclear whether logistic performance changes contribute to IT flows since the number of researches that examine the effect of logistic performance on IT is limited. So, this paper aims to determine whether the flows of IT are contingent on logistics performance. The research re-lies on panel data of 28 European Union (EU) Member States (MS) over 2007–2016. The results of our investigation confirmed that the changes of logistics performance positively related to IT flow of EU MS, but this impact differs across countries.
Assessment of sellers’ manipulative behavior by customers and sellers in the context of generations X, Y and Z
Authors: Štefko Róbert , Frankovský Miroslav , Kovaľová Jana , Birknerová Zuzana , Zbihlejová Lucia
Published: June 2020

In the field of business and trade, we encounter concepts of manipulation and persuasion in the sense of trying to convince someone by applying certain pressure to the mind, opinions, emotions, and behavior, with an aim to cause change. However, literature provides only little information aimed specifically at the manipulative approach of sellers to customers. The purpose of the presented paper is, therefore, to study manipulative behavior of sellers as one of the important determinants of success in business behavior. The research focuses on assessing the manipulative behavior of sellers by customers and by sellers. Data was collected by means of the TBQ-C(r) questionnaire for customers (Trading Be-havior Questionnaire – Customers/revision) and TBQ-S(r) for sellers (Trading Behavior Questionnaire – Sellers/revision). Results confirmed the existence of statistically significant differences in the assess-ment of this behavior from the perspective of customers and sellers, as well as between individual genera-tions. In terms of generations, Generation X customers expressed a higher level of agreement with the recognition of manipulative elements in the behavior of sellers, as opposed to Generation Z, i.e. older cus-tomers are more able to recognize the elements of manipulation in the behavior of sellers. In the group of sellers, there was also a significant difference detected between the responses of the Generation Z and Generation Y respondents. Generation Y sellers expressed a higher level of agreement with the use of ma-nipulative elements of sellers, as opposed to Generation Z, i.e. younger sellers tend to use manipulative el-ements in their behavior the least. Acquired findings suggest the necessity to approach the issue of sellers’ manipulation in a wider context, particularly taking into account the situational and cultural conditions.
Selected problems of public administration officials
Authors: Kamrádová Lucie , Sciskalová Marie
Published: June 2020

The aim of the article is to present the position of public administration officials with a focus on the Czech Republic as an example of good practice. In today’s globalized society, the term clerk (or official) appears in a rather negative connection, following the organizational structure and bureaucratic apparatus. However, it is difficult to identify from the perspective of the media and the society itself what the view of the officials themselves on their profession and the difficulty of this profession is. The aim of the paper is to describe the position of the official and his/her performance connected with the view of the difficulty of this profession. The paper uses quantitative research methods through a questionnaire survey in public administration aimed at officials as respondents. Other methods used in the paper are analysis, comparison and description. All these methods of research give an overview of the selected view of officials on the performance of their profession in the selected group.
Framework for evaluating the relationship between the omnichannel online sales approach and performance outcome in the case of niche products
Authors: Urbaitytė Viktorija , Ulbinaitė Aurelija
Published: June 2020

Transformation from electronic commerce business model to social commerce business model empowered manufacturers of niche products to start retail businesses which are operating solely online. The selection of an online sales approach is a part of the online sales process which determines how end customers will be reached. Moreover, the online sales approach determines performance outcome, hence, this selection should be done after meticulous evaluation. This research, after a systematic comparative analysis of the academic literature, explores the omnichannel online sales approach and its relationship with performance outcome in the case of niche products and proposes a theoretical framework for the evaluation of this relationship. The theoretical framework includes financial and qualitative (customer satisfaction and customer loyalty) criteria which allow to evaluate performance outcome created by the omnichannel online sales approach in a holistic way. The performance outcome evaluation results can be used in the decision-making process when deciding whether the chosen omnichannel online sales approach meets the expectations of a business and its customers.
Visual identities of Polish towns and cities. What they communicate and represent in practiced logos
Authors: Adamus-Matuszyńska Anna , Dzik Piotr
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the research is the empirical verification of the authors’ hypothesis that the logo or City Visual Identity System (CVIS) is the indicator of marketing and branding orientation of a particular self-government. The first objective of the article is to present an empirical base for city logo examination taking into account the visual signs of Polish towns used in promotional activities. The second objective is to analyse the content of logo. To reach the objectives the authors examined 335 cities’ logo in Poland using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. During the research 211 (63%) of the cities surveyed used the logo in promotional practice. The study confirms the hypothesis that the city’s logo can be used as a preliminary indicator of the local government’s marketing orientation. The content analysis indicates that marketing activities are based primarily on resources (Ger. Substanz) of cities, not on products offered.
Study of different data science methods for demand prediction and replenishment forecasting at retail network
Authors: Iurasov Aleksei , Stanelyte Giedre
Published: June 2020

The demand prediction becoming an essential tool to remain or even lead in the competitionamong the retail businesses. A well-done demand prediction model could help retailer to track the level ofinventory, orders and sales in the most effective way in which the best results could be achieved. However,there are many different methods and opinions of how to create a demand prediction model. In this paper,we will analyse the most commonly used methods of Linear regression, Logistic Regression, ProbabilisticNeural Network, Bayesian Additive Regression Trees, Random Forest and Fuzzy Logic with their specificationsand limitations found in studies of authors. After review performed all methods will be compared accordingto characteristics selected. Moreover, in order to get more practical results the accuracy of LogisticRegression and Random Forest methods will be compared based on data of milk sales collected from retailnetwork. For constructing of decision support system for retail network, we need to go beyond demandprediction one-step to replenishment forecasting. It was concluded that there is no best method to forecastreplenishment and results can differ based on the data and conditions analysing. In every situation authorsseeking to select the method with the highest accuracy and the lowest number of errors possible. Limitationsof research: limited number of goods and stores included in the modelling.
Methodology for calculating adverse health effects in Latvia
Authors: Urbans Mihails , Malahova Jeļena , Jemeļjanovs Vladimirs
Published: June 2020

Calculating the value of life and adverse health effect is necessary for developing public policyin providing compensation to families of victims of fatal accidents; it is also needed to create reasonablesafety measures for the public, and enable the functioning of life insurance and healthcare systems. Nomethods for assessing the value of life of a person have so far been developed in Latvia. The study wascarried out to determine how much an average person’s life costs in the event of an accident associatedwith the early death of a person, as well as the possible inpatient medical care for the victim in Latvia andsee the general adverse health effect calculation methods. The methods for estimating the value of life ofan average person are very different, that is why authors make a comparison of the estimated value of lifeand the cost of medical treatment.
Discourses on body positivity: a fluid body image concept based on the case study of Jenna Kutcher instagram account
Authors: Pollaccia Laura , Kreicbergs Toms , Andersone Ieva
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this research was to understand the concept of body positivity and changes in body image ideals. Authors analyzed how Jenna Kutcher, an Instagram influencer, was able to carry on the ideal of body positivity. Body positivity is a concept that shows support and appreciation towards all body types without discrimination on size or aesthetical appearance. This research focused mainly on the topic on changes in body image ideals, and the discourses related to them, that emerged in Jenna’s posts and in her comments. The research was built on the literature review on body image and explored the importance of self-acceptance and self-satisfaction when considering the sense of attractiveness in individuals. Comments and posts were collected, coded an analyzed in accordance with a qualitative method of analysis. The research discussed how Jenna Kutcher was able to partially positively influence her audience through the use of the narratives in her pictures and the development of discourses around the body.
Developments of the European Union's export directions in the context of the US-EU trade war
Authors: Solnyškinienė Jolanta , Černis Beata
Published: June 2020

The article assesses which countries in the world are most suitable for export such goods as aluminum, steel, cheese, and meat from the European Union in the context of the European Union – US trade wars. The theoretical study is designed to identify factors that promote the export and import of goods and to identify factors that can be used for further multicriteria research. An investigation using multi-criteria methods, EDAS, TOPSIS and SAW, revealed alternative export countries in the context of the EU-US trade war. The calculated RCA index showed the competitiveness of the analyzed products: aluminum, steel, cheese and meat in the selected countries. Another step was a forecast of exports of the analyzed goods and also was made conclusions to which countries are most suitable to export aluminum,steel, meat, and cheese in the context of the European Union-US trade war.
On the Gamma-Ray Emission of W44 and Its Surroundings
Authors: Peron Giada , Aharonian Felix , Casanova Sabrina , Zanin Roberta , Romoli Carlo
Published: June 2020

We present the analysis of 9.7 yr Fermi-LAT  data of the middle-aged supernova remnant W44 and the massive molecular gas complex that surrounds it. We derived a high-quality spectral energy distribution of gamma-radiation of the shell over three decades. The very hard spectrum below 1 GeV supports the earlier claims regarding the hadronic origin of radiation. We also confirm the presence of two extended γ-ray structures located at two opposite edges of the remnant along its major axis. Based on the high-resolution gas maps, we demonstrate that the gamma-ray structures are caused by the enhanced cosmic-ray density rather than the gradient of the gas distribution. We argue that the revealed cosmic-ray “clouds” suggest an anisotropic character of the escape of high-energy particles from the shell along the magnetic field of the remnant.
A Very Young Radio-loud Magnetar
Authors: Esposito P. , Rea N. , Borghese A. , Zelati F. Coti , Viganò D. , Israel G. L. , Tiengo A. , Ridolfi A. , Possenti A. , Burgay M. , Götz D. , Pintore F. , Stella L. , Dehman C. , Ronchi M. , Campana S. , Garcia-Garcia A. , Graber V. , Mereghetti S. , Perna R. , Castillo G. A. Rodríguez , Turolla R. , Zane S.
Published: June 2020

The magnetar Swift J1818.0–1607 was discovered in 2020 March when Swift detected a 9 ms hard X-ray burst and a long-lived outburst. Prompt X-ray observations revealed a spin period of 1.36 s, soon confirmed by the discovery of radio pulsations. We report here on the analysis of the Swift burst and follow-up X-ray and radio observations. The burst average luminosity was L
burst ∼ 2 × 1039 erg s−1 (at 4.8 kpc). Simultaneous observations with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR three days after the burst provided a source spectrum well fit by an absorbed blackbody (

= (1.13 ± 0.03) × 1023 cm−2 and kT = 1.16 ± 0.03 keV) plus a power law (Γ = 0.0 ± 1.3) in the 1–20 keV band, with a luminosity of ∼8 × 1034 erg s−1, dominated by the blackbody emission. From our timing analysis, we derive a dipolar magnetic field B ∼ 7 × 1014 G, spin-down luminosity

erg s−1, and characteristic age of 240 yr, the shortest currently known. Archival observations led to an upper limit on the quiescent luminosity <5.5 × 1033 erg s−1, lower than the value expected from magnetar cooling models at the source characteristic age. A 1 hr radio observation with the Sardinia Radio Telescope taken about 1 week after the X-ray burst detected a number of strong and short radio pulses at 1.5 GHz, in addition to regular pulsed emission; they were emitted at an average rate 0.9 min−1 and accounted for ∼50% of the total pulsed radio fluence. We conclude that Swift J1818.0–1607 is a peculiar magnetar belonging to the small, diverse group of young neutron stars with properties straddling those of rotationally and magnetically powered pulsars. Future observations will make a better estimation of the age possible by measuring the spin-down rate in quiescence.
A Serendipitous Discovery of GeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Supernova 2004dj in a Survey of Nearby Star-forming Galaxies with Fermi-LAT
Authors: Xi Shao-Qiang , Liu Ruo-Yu , Wang Xiang-Yu , Yang Rui-Zhi , Yuan Qiang , Zhang Bing
Published: June 2020

The interaction between a supernova ejecta and the circumstellar medium drives a strong shock wave that accelerates particles (i.e., electrons and protons). The radio and X-ray emission observed after the supernova explosion can be interpreted as synchrotron emission from accelerated electrons. The accelerated protons are expected to produce GeV–TeV gamma-ray emission via proton–proton collisions, but the flux is usually low since only a small fraction of the supernova kinetic energy is converted into the shock energy at the very early time. The low gamma-ray flux of the nearest supernova explosion, SN 1987A, agrees with this picture. Here we report a serendipitous discovery of a fading GeV gamma-ray source in spatial coincidence with one of the nearest and brightest supernova—SN 2004dj from our gamma-ray survey of nearby star-forming galaxies with Fermi-LAT. The total gamma-ray energy released by SN 2004dj is about 6 × 1047 erg. We interpret this gamma-ray emission arising from the supernova ejecta interacting with a surrounding high-density shell, which decelerates the ejecta and converts ∼1% of the SN kinetic energy to relativistic protons.
Hyphalus shiyuensis sp. nov. from Xisha Islands, China (Coleoptera, Limnichidae, Hyphalinae)
Authors: Liu Zhen-Hua , Xie Qiang , Jia Feng-Long
Published: June 2020

Hyphalus shiyuensissp. nov. is described from Xisha Islands of China, which represents the ninth species and provides new distribution information for this unique intertidal genus. Brief comparisons between the new species and the known species are given. An updated key to the species of genus Hyphalus is provided.
Montrer l’art contemporain à la télévision en France. Dispositifs de médiation (1960-2013)
Authors: de Montgolfier Clémence
Published: June 2020

Alors que dans les années 1960, les programmes télévisés sur les arts constituaient une partie significative du jeune paysage audiovisuel français, ces derniers ont progressivement disparu de nos écrans pour être aujourd’hui visibles uniquement « la nuit et l’été ». Les programmes télévisés qui montrent l’art contemporain dans le champ des arts plastiques produisent une double médiation entre les œuvres et les téléspectateurs : celle de l’exposition et celle de sa médiation audiovisuelle. Quelles sont alors les spécificités de ces dispositifs de monstration des œuvres d’art ? Nous analyserons leur évolution depuis 1960 et montrerons qu’ils situent leur objet, les œuvres d’art contemporain, dans une double contrainte du fait même de leur recontextualisation : une promesse de transparence de la médiation d’un côté, et une promesse d’intensification de la densité de leur médiation, plus opaque, de l’autre.
Auto-évaluation de ses émotions à 4 et 5 ans : une adaptation de l’entretien de Carroll et Steward
Authors: Laurent Geneviève , Ensink Karin , Miljkovitch Raphaële
Published: June 2020

Cette étude pilote avait pour objectif de développer un outil d’évaluation de la compréhension de ses propres émotions par les enfants de 4 et 5 ans et d’en examiner les propriétés psychométriques. L’instrument proposé, l’Entretien sur les émotions modifié (EE-M), est une adaptation de l’entretien de Carroll et Steward (1984). Il a été testé auprès de 50 enfants âgés de 4 et 5 ans dont la moitié présentait un problème d’agressivité et l’autre moitié était un groupe contrôle apparié. Les résultats montrent que l’EE-M possède de bonnes propriétés psychométriques, à savoir une bonne fidélité inter-juges et une consistance interne satisfaisante. Les liens entre cet entretien et la compréhension des émotions d’autrui suggèrent en outre une validité discriminante satisfaisante. La validité du construit a été confirmée par des liens attendus avec l’agressivité et la régulation émotionnelle. Les résultats sont par ailleurs cohérents avec ce que l’on sait de la séquence développementale de la compréhension des émotions.
La gouvernance territoriale de l’innovation
Authors: Pin Clément
Published: June 2020

Cet article propose une contribution à la littérature sur la gouvernance territoriale à partir de l’étude d’un type d’action publique locale de soutien à l’innovation, une politique de cluster. Peu étudié dans le champ de la science politique, ce type de politique est ici analysé sous l’angle des policy feedbacks afin de questionner ses effets sur la politique locale. Le cadre théorique mobilisé croise l’analyse des logiques de coordination verticale liées à la recomposition des rapports centre-périphérie (politique nationale des pôles de compétitivité) et l’analyse des logiques de coordination horizontale liées à l’affirmation de la gouvernance urbaine (dans le contexte parisien). À partir du cas d’un cluster parisien (Cap Digital), de sa genèse à son évolution sur une durée de dix ans, l’article analyse la mise en œuvre de la politique française des pôles de compétitivité et ses effets en termes de légitimation de groupes sociaux et d’orientation de l’action publique locale. La recherche aboutit à un double résultat : elle permet d’identifier les mécanismes matériels et cognitifs par lesquels se traduit localement le jeu compétitif d’une politique nationale ; elle montre comment ces mécanismes concourent à la différenciation politico-économique du territoire parisien. Le recours à la notion de gouvernance territoriale de l’innovation permet de synthétiser ces deux résultats.
Entrepreneurs de métropole
Authors: Parnet Christophe
Published: June 2020

Cet article revient sur la mobilisation d’un groupe d’intérêt territorial, composé de représentants patronaux, mobilisé en faveur de la mise en place d’une institution métropolitaine sur le territoire marseillais. Cette mobilisation, qui débute au milieu des années 2000, trouve un écho favorable avec le vote de la loi MAPTAM en 2014 qui créé la métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence. Au carrefour d’une sociologie des groupes d’intérêts et de celle des réformes territoriales, l’analyse consiste à montrer les logiques de structuration d’un « petit monde patronal », dont les larges ressources, tant expertes que relationnelles, n’ont pas suffi, dans un premier temps, à orienter les choix de la grande majorité des élus locaux, réfractaires à une institution métropolitaine intégrée. Il faut attendre 2012 et l’intervention décisive de l’État, à la recherche de soutiens locaux afin de court-circuiter l’opposition des élus, pour que le rôle de ces représentants patronaux soit légitimé. Cette légitimation, plus stratégique qu’idéologique, a néanmoins des effets très concrets en termes d’intégration d’une certaine frange des intérêts économiques dans les instances de régulation de la métropole.
La Régie Renault et ELF en compétition (1955-1968) : du début de la politique des partenariats aux accords de préconisation
Authors: Casaert Benoît
Published: June 2020

À la fin des années 1950, la Régie Renault ne considère pas la compétition automobile comme son image de marque. Pierre Dreyfus a recours à une politique des partenariats. La Régie s’associe avec Gordini en 1957 et fait d’Alpine son client dès 1955. Mais les relations entre Renault et ses partenaires ne vont pas sans heurts : durant les années 1957-1962 pour Gordini, durant les années 1965-1967 pour Alpine. Seul Gordini bénéficie des commandes de moteurs effectuées par la Régie. Mais cette dernière n’entend pas financer les activités de compétition d’Alpine, son client, qui doit s’en remettre au parrainage de Shell-Berre. Cette situation dure jusqu’aux accords de préconisation du 30 avril 1968 signés entre la Régie Renault et le nouveau groupe pétrolier d’État Elf-ERAP, né en 1965 dans le cadre de la politique gaulliste d’affirmation de la souveraineté nationale en matière pétrolière face aux majors anglo-saxons. La marque Elf voit le jour à l’issue d’une campagne publicitaire retentissante en 1967 : « l’Opération Ronds Rouges ». L’année suivante, Renault et Elf s’associent avec des intérêts communs. La Régie voit en Elf un groupe dynamique à la pointe en recherche-développement. Elf s’engage à racheter à la Régie la Société des Huiles Renault déficitaire. Enfin, Renault s’engage à faire bénéficier Elf de l’ensemble de son réseau, le premier de France et à préconiser les huiles et lubrifiants Elf. En échange, Elf financera les activités de compétition automobile de la Régie. C’est le début d’une longue et fructueuse association entre la marque au Trépan et celle au Losange.
« Il faudrait laisser nos associés aller au feu les premiers » : risques, incertitudes et prudence dans l’industrie du gaz au Cameroun (1980-1983)
Authors: Pokam Kamdem Moïse Williams
Published: June 2020

Au début des années 1980, l’État du Cameroun s’associe aux compagnies pétrolières Elf, Mobil, Pecten et Total pour étudier les possibilités de liquéfier le gaz naturel et de l’exporter vers le marché européen. Les associés se retrouvent entre 1980 et 1983 en conseil de gérance de la société en formation pour évaluer l’avancement du projet et déterminer ainsi leur implication dans sa réalisation. Face aux incertitudes issues de ces négociations, ces compagnies émettent cependant des doutes sur la viabilité économique de cette initiative. En s’appuyant notamment sur les archives du groupe Total, l’évocation des discussions entre les différents acteurs permet d’expliquer l’attitude prudente des compagnies pétrolières et l’échec de ce projet.
Image et visage. Sur l’interdit de la représentation dans la philosophie d’Emmanuel Levinas (2)
Authors: Bernard-Nouraud Paul
Published: June 2020

Cet article en deux volets entend situer la critique de l’image qui traverse la philosophie d’Emmanuel Levinas et tend même à structurer au moins en partie son approche du visage. Il s’agit par conséquent de décrire dans un premier temps les conditions dans lesquelles s’amorce cette critique et de montrer combien elle continue à désorienter l’esthétique moderne depuis ses fondements. Dans un second temps toutefois, il appert qu’en cherchant ainsi à dégager le visage du soupçon d’image qui pèse encore sur lui, Levinas signale la prégnance de l’image à chacune des étapes de sa conceptualisation du visage, révélant finalement en creux le contexte historique dans l’ombre duquel il a placé son œuvre.
L’Autre Scène de Jean-François Lyotard
Authors: Haselden Francis
Published: June 2020

Cet article propose de redécouvrir un court film réalisé par Jean-François Lyotard, intitulé L’Autre Scène. Une telle œuvre souligne l’originalité d’un philosophe qui refuse de séparer la théorie de la pratique. En partant de l’influence de la théorie freudienne sur la production du film, il s’agira de voir comment celui-ci a permis l’élaboration du concept d’« acinéma », mais aussi de comprendre le silence énigmatique de Lyotard au sujet de son premier travail filmique.
Effets stratégiques de la qualité des éléments de preuve dans une procédure accusatoire
Authors: Fluet Claude , Lanzi Thomas
Published: June 2020

Dans une procédure accusatoire, il incombe aux parties de prouver les faits relatifs à leurs prétentions. La recherche de preuve étant coûteuse, chaque partie n’investit dans cette activité qu’en fonction des bénéfices qu’elle en attend. Nous analysons l’effet d’une amélioration de la qualité des preuves potentielles sur le risque d’erreur judiciaire. Ce risque diminue si la demande de preuve des parties n’est pas trop élastique et si celles-ci ont peu de marge de manœuvre dans le tri des éléments qu’elles décident de communiquer. Cependant, lorsque les parties peuvent trier ces éléments à des fins stratégiques, nous montrons que le scepticisme rationnel du juge, combiné aux effets sur la recherche de preuve, peut alors conduire à plus d’erreurs judiciaires. Classification JEL  : D82, K41.
Care Levels, Settlement Outcomes, and the Sophistication of Present-Biased Plaintiffs
Authors: Friehe Tim , Rössler Christoph
Published: June 2020

Dans cet article, nous considérons une action en responsabilité civile dans laquelle les parties prenantes au litige (demandeur et défendeur) sont potentiellement victimes du biais d’immédiateté. Il s’agit d’étudier, dans ce cadre, l’effort de précaution de l’auteur du dommage et les incitations des demandeurs, d’une part, à intenter une action en justice et, d’autre part, à être conciliants lors d’un éventuel règlement amiable. Les principaux résultats montrent que la présence d’un tel biais chez les demandeurs les rend moins enclins à aller en justice et plus modérés quant à leur demande d’indemnisation lors de la négociation avant procès. Le défendeur est ainsi incité à réduire son effort de précaution ex ante , ce qui augmente la probabilité d’occurrence d’un accident à l’équilibre. Nous supposons par ailleurs que le demandeur peut être naïf ou sophistiqué quant à la manière dont il appréhende son biais. Le degré de sophistication augmente alors la distorsion de la probabilité d’accident d’équilibre.
Judiciarisation de la santé et incitations à la prévention des professionnels et établissements de santé : une réflexion sur l’évolution du droit français
Authors: Chopard Bertrand , Roussey Ludivine
Published: June 2020

La loi Kouchner du 4 mars 2002 souhaitait encourager la résolution amiable des litiges médicaux avec la mise en place de nouvelles instances extrajudiciaires : les commissions régionales de conciliation et d’indemnisation. Dans le même temps, elle posait la responsabilité pour faute des professionnels et établissements de santé comme le régime de principe. Dans cet article, nous étudions comment ces deux changements dans la procédure de résolution des litiges ont pu influencer le comportement de prévention des professionnels et établissements de santé au travers notamment des indemnisations versées et des incitations des patients à aller en justice, et ce, en présence d’une asymétrie d’information quant à la valeur exacte du dédommagement obtenu par le patient en cas de procès. Classification JEL  : K32.
Itinéraire d’accès au logement vacant en situation d’imperfection du marché
Authors: Koe Minfede Raoul
Published: June 2020

Nous examinons les déterminants du choix de l’itinéraire d’accès à l’information du logement locatif vacant au Cameroun. Nous démontrons que la dispersion de l’information est à l’origine d’une impossible approche rationnelle des mécanismes du marché immobilier résidentiel dans les contextes urbains marqués par le poids dominant de la production informelle. Nous utilisons un modèle multinomial emboîté à partir duquel nous formalisons les décisions des ménages à travers quatre itinéraires d’information. Le choix de l’itinéraire d’accès à l’information est influencé par les anticipations d’imputation des coûts financiers et d’opportunité liées au temps de recherche, le revenu, le niveau d’éducation et la taille du ménage. Dans un contexte de production informelle des logements, l’accès à l’information se fait à travers trois canaux principaux : les membres de la famille vivant sous le même toit, le réseau social et les intermédiaires immobiliers informels.
Quelle cible d’inflation pour les pays de l’UEMOA ?
Authors: Sall Abdoul Khadry
Published: June 2020

L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à la détermination d’une cible d’inflation pour les pays de l’UEMOA 1 . Le seuil optimal d’inflation, défini comme le niveau d’inflation qui maximise la croissance économique, pour chaque pays de l’UEMOA est déterminé de manière endogène en s’appuyant sur la méthode à effet de seuil développée par Hansen [1996, 2000]. Testé sur des données couvrant la période 1980-2016, le modèle suggère une relation non linéaire dans les pays de l’UEMOA. En se basant sur les effets positifs ou de neutralité de l’inflation sur la croissance, nous trouvons un taux d’inflation optimal dans deux cas : 1,6 % au Burkina Faso, 7,5 % au Togo. Dans quatre cas, nous notons un intervalle d’indifférence : l’inflation, pour être optimale, doit être comprise entre 1,3 % et 6,9 % en Côte d’Ivoire, entre 1,8 % et 5,4 % au Mali, entre 0 et 6,2 % au Sénégal, inférieure à 4 % au Niger. Dans le seul cas du Bénin, la modélisation ne permet pas de caractériser un taux d’inflation optimal. Les pertes de croissance susceptibles d’être engendrées par l’utilisation de la cible d’inflation de 2 % définie par le Comité de politique monétaire en lieu et place du taux optimal d’inflation seraient nulles dans tous les pays, à l’exception du Togo. L’approche de la BCEAO semblerait globalement pertinente. Joint à celui du Bénin, le cas du Togo incite aussi à mieux identifier les déterminants de la croissance dans les pays de la zone.
La valeur au croisement du rapport salarial et de l’ordre monétaire. Propositions à partir du cas allemand (1974-1999)
Authors: Bellon Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Les approches monétaires de la valeur peinent à saisir la dimension symbolique de la monnaie comme équivalent général. Cette dimension se comprend comme la capacité de la monnaie à faire référence à un collectif qui lui donne sa force sociale comme médium de la valeur. À partir de l’analyse de l’ordre monétaire allemand entre 1974 et 1999, nous formulons l’hypothèse que la forme monétaire d’équivalent général ne peut se comprendre sans réintroduire la relation salariale et nous proposons des pistes de recherche pour articuler valeur, monnaie et rapport salarial.