bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Biogas Quality through Circulated Water Scrubbing Method
Authors: Tira Hendry Sakke , Padang Yesung Allo , Mirmanto Mirmanto , Hendriono Hendriono
Published: July 2015

The dependence of human being on fossil fuels has decreased significantly the conventional energy resources. To overcome this problem it is required alternative substitute fuels which are cheap and accessible which biogas is one of the fuels. Nevertheless, the use of biogas has not yet been maximized because of the low calorific value which is produced from the process without purification. The circulated water absorption method is one mean of effective biogas purification. Under this method it is expected to increase the level of methane (CH4) and to reduce both the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In order to obtain the aim, the research was carried out under variations of water and biogas volumetric flow rate. The results show that the highest quality of biogas produced was under the variation of water volumetric flow rate of 15 lt/min with biogas volumetric flow rate of 1 lt/min which increased the level of methane (CH4) from 59.36 % to 62.8 % and decreased the carbon dioxide (CO2) content from 33.53 % to 26.8 %, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from 208.33 to 86 ppm. Lower biogas and water volumetric rates allowed longer contact between biogas molecule and absorbent. This resulted in an opportunity for absorbent more active to dissolve carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in biogas. These compounds then flowed outward of the scrubbing unit along with the absorbent. The research proved that the raw biogas purification by circulated water scrubbing method was an effective mean in enhancing the quality of biogas.
An Experimental Study on the Thickness of Stainless Steel as an Electrode in Alkaline Fuel Cell
Authors: Sucipta Made , Suardamana I. Made , Sugita I. Ketut Gede , Suarda Made , Astawa Ketut
Published: July 2015

An alkaline fuel cell (AFC) is a device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy and heat. Efforts to improve the performance of the AFC is continuously conducted, and one of the work that has been investigated in this study was to examine the effect of the use of stainless steel as an electrode in the AFC. More specifically, this study focuses on to the influence of the thickness of the stainless steel plates used as an electrode. During the experiments, the design of the AFC with a particular dimension has been prepared with the flow of hydrogen enters at the anode and the flow of oxygen enters at the cathode at a certain pressure. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used as an electrolyte with a particular concentration dissolved in the water. The experiment results showed that the variation in the thickness of the stainless steel plates used as an electrode significantly affect the performance of the AFC. Similar results were also obtained for the effect of KOH concentration in the electrolyte also provide significant impact on the performance of the AFC, especially from the electrical voltage and current obtained during the experiment.
Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
Authors: Suthanaya Putu Alit
Published: July 2015

Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province with the population of about 0.9 million. Denpasar City has experienced high increase in private vehicles use and long trip distance to reach activity locations. The objective of this study is to investigate the accessibility of residents to several activities location in Denpasar City. The activities considered in this study included shopping centers, schools and health facility. Accessibility values were calculated based on Hansen’s Index.This study found that the activities in Denpasar City were not evenly distributed. Several zones mainly located in the center of the city had high accessibility values whilst zones located in the north of Denpasar City had low accessibility values. This has caused long average trip distance travelled by resident of Denpasar City to reach location of activities. In order to reduce the average trip distance, a policy intervention is required to re-arrange location of activities in Denpasar City in the future in the form of mix-used development.
Experimental Research on Anti-Seismic Performance of the Plane Steel Frame Beam-Column Joints
Authors: Li Xu Feng , Wang Xin Wu
Published: July 2015

The force performance of semi-rigid nodes connection between rigid connection and hinged connection ,which has very high strength and rigidity, good ductility and energy dissipation capacity. At present, it is one of the hot topics in the study of steel structure. This article will study about type T and cross-shaped frame plane frame node characteristics by some experiments. And we will observe the deflection of the two kinds of nodes, the force transmission mechanism and the failure pattern under low reversed cyclic loading test.And then compare the failure mechanism of failure mode and ultimate deformation state and hysteretic performance of the two kinds of nodes, The test results show that the yield load and the yield displacement and energy dissipation coefficient and the equivalent viscous damping ratio of Cross nodes are all greater than type T nodes’. So in the design of steel structure, increasing the component’s constraint can help to improve the seismic performance and stability of the whole structure.
Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Property of  KLaF4:Ce3+ Nano Particle
Authors: Han Yan Xia , Li Qian Nan , Shen Hai Yun , Yang Qiu Hua
Published: July 2015

Ce3+doped cubic KLaF4system was synthesized by co-precipitation method. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The result indicated the nanoparticle diameter of KLaF4:Ce3+was 12.5 nm. The KLaF4:Ce3+had a stronger absorption at 250 nm, which could be explained by d elecronic transition of Ce3+. The maximum emission peak of KLaF4:Ce3+was 355 nm in its luminescent spectrum, and emission band of Ce3+also belonged to 5d→4f transition.
Lightweight Design for Frame Structure of a Mini-Battery Electric Vehicle
Authors: Wang Ting Ting , Zhang Hai Zhu
Published: July 2015

A finite element model for the frame structure of mini-battery electric vehicle (mini-BEV) is established. The stress distributions of frame structure are calculated under three typical conditions. On this basis, the lightweight design of frame structure is presented, and then the new modified frame is carried out to take static analysis to validate the improvement program results show that the improved scheme is desirable.
Production of Utilizable Energy from Renewable Resources: Mechanism, Machinery and Effect on Environment
Authors: Mahato Neelima , Ansari Mohd Omaish , Cho Moo Hwan
Published: July 2015

The renewable energy sources had been known to humankind since the very beginning of the human civilization, though practiced in very primitive forms. The first civilization and subsequent greater civilizations, came up, existed, and flourished at or near river valley/basins. Rivers provided water for irrigation, domestic utilization, transportation; overall development of the entire civilization. In the latter years, the increase in the human population and certain revolutionary inventions and discoveries like fire, the wheel, and domestication of cattle and animals led the movement and spread of the human populations in the other parts of the globe far from river irrigated lands. Humans learnt to utilize underground waters and harvest rainwater for living and survival. In the course of development, there also increased demand for more energy and its storage so that it can be utilized as and when required. This brought humankind to discover the laws of thermodynamics, emergence of combustion engines, electromagnetic induction, electricity and storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. The development has been revolutionized since last few centuries with increasing demand of energy with growing industries and a faster life. Nowadays, because of massive exploitation of fossil resources for fuel and electricity, and concerns of global warming, exploring renewable energy alternatives are gaining momentum. Of many renewable resources, viz., sun, wind, water, geothermal, biomass, etc., the biomass energy is the most widely studied one in terms of both, published literature and wide social acceptance across the globe followed by solar and wind energy.The chapter presents the potential alternatives to non-renewable energy resources, mechanism and machinery to draw and exploit the energy in the usable or utilizable form; past, present, recent progresses and future scope of the ongoing researches on this subject. The chapter also deals with the relative merits or pros and cons of the massive and large scale installation of machinery to produce electricity from some of the noteworthy renewable energy resources, such as, wind, water and sun, which is affecting the local environment or natural habitats, flora and fauna; overall influence on the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
Hydrogen Storage by Physisorption: An Overview
Authors: Al-Ahmed Amir , Khan Mohammed Mumtaz A.
Published: July 2015

Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe and an energy carrier. It can be produced from several sources using various methods, such as, electrolysis of water or reforming of hydrocarbons like, natural gas can produce hydrogen in a big plant or fuelling stations. When it is produced using renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, or hydroelectric power, it supports the zero emissions approach. Hydrogen powdered electricity generation, whether it is for vehicles, or others, it can be carried out mainly in two ways: burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell. Above all, we need to have proper storage facility available at the production and as well as at the utilization site. There are several hydrogen storage technology available such as compressed storage; liquid hydrogen storage; metal hydrides, chemical hydride and by sorption in some porous medium. In this review article, some of the important finding in hydrogen storage materials for physical absorption methods has been discussed.
Acid-Base (Donor-Acceptor) Properties of Solids and Relations with Functional Properties
Authors: Sychov Maxim М. , Mjakin Sergey V. , Ponyaev Alexander I. , Belyaev Victor V.
Published: July 2015

Distribution of active surface centers (DAC) spectroscopy is applied to study acid-base properties of solids. Surface characteristics of solid influences interface interaction in which this solid participates. Efficient approach to consider such interactions is to view them as acid-base ones, since acid-base interactions determine adsorption and bonding of organic molecules to solid surface. Paper describes application of method to study surface properties of components of luminescent materials, catalysts, gas sensors, proton membranes and polymer composites, and it was shown that their functional properties strongly depend on distribution of acid-base active surface centers.
Chemical Bath Deposition of SnS Thin Films from the Solutions with Different Concentrations of Tin and Sulphur
Authors: Safonova Maria , Mellikov E. , Mikli Valdek , Kerm Karin , Revathi Naidu , Volobujeva O.
Published: July 2015

The aim of the current research was to study regularities of chemical bath deposition (CBD) of tin sulphide thin films as function of tin and sulphur concentrations in the solutions. SnS thin films were deposited onto Mo-, ITO-and TO-coated glass and onto borosilicate glass substrates at room temperature for 24 hours. The concentrations of sulphur and tin (ratio 1:1) in the deposition solution were varied from 0.01 M to 0.09 M. Films were characterized by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The structuraly best tin mono-sulphide films with good adhesion to the substrate were deposited at concentration of consituents in solution 0.03M. The films deposited at concentration of 0.01M had non-uniform and incomplete coverage of the surface on all used substrates whereas at tin and sulphur concentrations of 0.05M and higher films were peeling off of the substrate.
Investigation of Cu Species in CuBTC: Active Sites for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3
Authors: Li Chun Yan , Shi Yong , Zhang Hao , Xue Fang Hong
Published: July 2015

The classical metal-organic Frameworks CuBTC showed remarkable low temperature activity in selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3-SCR). It was found the conversion of NO can reach as high as 100% in the range 210-300 °C on the activated sample. The nature of the active Cu species among CuBTC in NH3-SCR based on the activity data were characterized by TEM, XPS, XRD, EPR and IR. This high activity is not only due to the unsaturated metal centers of the frameworks, but also to the presence of high-dispersed Cu2O particles. Both Cu2+ and Cu+ species are the active sites for NH3-SCR.
Preparation and Comparatively Evaluation of Phenylethyl Resorcinol-Loaded Nanocarriers: Nanoemulsions and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
Authors: Ma Chao Long , Hu Cai Biao , Ni Shi Lei , Qian Ai Rui , Xia Qiang
Published: July 2015

The aim of the present study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and nanoemulsions (NEs) with different lipid compositions for delivery of phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) and investigate the effect of the lipid composition on the performance of lipid-based nanocarriers. The optimized nanocarriers were evaluated by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), Laser diffraction (LD), encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release and in vitro penetration studies. The particle sizes of all the freshly prepared nanocarriers were in the range of 70-200 nm. PR-NLCs showed higher encapsulation efficiency than PR-NEs. A controlled-release behavior of PR-NLCs was observed in in vitro release studies. In vitro penetration studies demonstrated nanocarriers with smaller particles possessed higher penetration ability. According to the present study, nanocarriers with small particle sizes can be considered as a potential drug delivery system for typical application.
Hardening Palladium Using Hydrogen as a Catalytic Alloying Element
Authors: Chen Yu Zeng , Ma X.Y. , Shi X.H. , Liu Feng
Published: July 2015

Work hardening is one of the most widely used methods in strengthening metals by increasing dislocation density, which can be achieved by raising plastic strain and/or suppressing dynamic recovery of the dislocations upon plastic deformation. Based on the analyses on the data reported in our previous work in cold-rolled Pd-H system (Scripta Materialia, Vol. 68 (2013), p. 743), we propose a new strategy in hardening Pd using hydrogen as a catalytic element. It is shown that since the introduction of hydrogen facilitates dislocation formation and increases the dislocation density in Pd upon plastic deformation, subjected to a same deformation level and subsequent removal of hydrogen, Pd can obtain a higher hardness compared to that without hydrogenation before deformation. It is further pointed out that the proposed strategy may, in addition, be applied to other metals, which can dissolve a relatively large amount of hydrogen, e.g. magnesium, nickel and niobium.
Cellulase Production under Solid State Fermentation in Cashew Apple Bagasse by Trichoderma reesei LCB 48
Authors: da Silva Lins Simone Aparecida , de Sousa Conrado Líbia
Published: July 2015

Cellulases, among many enzymes, have been highlighted in several areas of expertise, such as food, textiles, pulp and paper and wastewater treatment of effluents and residues. There is also the challenge of producing biofuels, where currently cellulases have been widely applied in the production of cellulosic ethanol, where it is used during the stage of hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for conversion of cellulose to glucose. Studies have been developed in order to produce this enzyme through a process of solid state fermentation from lignocellulosic agroindustrial wastes, thus reducing the cost of enzyme production, and adding value to the residue. The aim of this work was to produce cellulases from the stalk of the cashew bagasse using Trichoderma reesei LCB 48. The study of the cellulase production was performed using 22 factorial design with central point in quadruplicate. The washed stalk of the cashew bagasse inoculated with T. reesei was evaluated for the production of cellulases with initial moisture contents of 45, 55 and 65% and in the presence of inorganic nitrogen ((NH4)2SO4) at concentrations 0.5, 0.75 and 1%. The fermentation was developed over 238 hours, and during this period the parameters analyzed were pH, moisture, AR and enzyme activity expressed in CMCase. Peak production of cellulase enzyme expressed in CMCase was achieved with 238 hours which value was 0.71 U/g (0.095 U/mL), under the conditions of 45% initial moisture content and 1% of nitrogen source. This activity was obtained in only one stage of the biotechnological process, the solid state fermentation; the next ones are concentration and purification. The using of experimental design methodology allowed us to observe the initial substrate moisture is the determining variable in the production of enzymes CMCases, and the minimum moisture level (45%) showed the highest production values of CMCase.
Diffusion Induced Changes in Eutectic Carbides in Wrought M2 High-Speed Steel at Austenitising
Authors: Chaus Alexander S. , Beznák Matej , Sahul Miroslav
Published: July 2015

The influence of heat treatments on the microstructure of AISI M2 type high-speed steel obtained using conventional metallurgy has been studied. The primary focus was on the effects of austenitisation temperatures on the behaviour of the initial eutectic carbides during austenitisation. In order to investigate kinetics of both the microstructure and phase transformations in eutectic carbides upon heat treatments with respect to diffusion processes, different techniques of electron scanning microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry have been used. The effect of the austenitisation temperature on the primary austenite grain size, martensite microstructure and volume fraction, size distribution, and morphology of the primary carbides of eutectic origin as well as their behaviour during heat treatment in the wrought M2 high-speed steel was thoroughly investigated.
Modeling and Experimental Investigations of the Surface Layer Temperature of Titanium Alloys during AEDG Processing
Authors: Golabczak Andrzej , Golabczak Marcin , Konstantynowicz Andrzej , Swiecik Robert , Galant Marcin
Published: July 2015

Observing the latest manufacturing processes, the following tendencies can be noted: the gain of the energetic efficiency and shortening of the processing time with parallel preservation of the dimensions tolerance, shape tolerance and outer layer quality of the processed workpiece. Also the possibilities of gaining efficiency by rising criteria for process parameters are limited. It is mainly observed in the processing of hard machinable materials like titanium alloys or sintered carbides. Problems related to poor machinability were revealed during the final manufacturing processes using abrasive grinding [1,2]. In this work the results which have been presented are related to the influence by selected electrical parameters of the Abrasive Electrodischarge Grinding (AEDG) on the surface layer temperature of machined samples, in comparison to conventional grinding. Also the change in temperature during the AEDG has been depicted. The basis of this work is similar to the investigations of the deep grinding of surfaces of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V using CBN and a diamond grinding wheel. For the comparative evaluation of the conventional grinding and AEDG, measurements of the specific grinding energy, energy of the spark discharge and internal stresses in the surface layer have been used.
Characterization of Machining Damages Generated by a Piercing Process in CFRP Laminates
Authors: Ueshiba Shingo , Ogi Keiji , Shigematsu Yutaka , Saito Kei
Published: July 2015

This paper presents experimental examples of machining damages resulting from a piercing process in CFRP laminates. A circular perforation was formed in CFRP cross-ply specimen with a punch jig using different blade angles and two distinct dimensional conditions. Surface, cross-sectional, and internal changes to the CFRP specimens after the hole-punching were observed using optical microscopy and X-ray analysis to quantitatively evaluate damage, including delamination, around the perforation area. Results indicate that the optimum piercing is achieved when the blades are parallel to fiber direction at an elevated temperature with blade angles essentially irrelevant.
A Novel Cutting Concept of CFRP Composites for Extending the Life of Tool
Authors: Maegawa Satoru , Morikawa Yuta , Hayakawa Shinya , Itoigawa Fumihiro , Nakamura Takashi
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a novel concept for extending the life of the tools that are used in the milling process of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. Three types of tools were compared in milling tests; tool I: an uncoated tungsten carbide (WC-Co) tool, tool II: a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool, and tool III: a combination tool comprising a PCD layer surface with a thickness of 100 μm and a WC-Co substrate flank surface. The measurement of changes in cutting forces over cutting distance revealed that tool III had a better (tool) life performance than the other tools. Additionally, observation of changes in the edge profiles of the tools revealed that the effective edge sharpness of tool III remains constant during the milling tests. The difference between the wear rates of the PCD rake and WC-Co flank surfaces in tool III maintained a constant effective sharpness during the milling process, and it extended the tool life. Based on our findings, we concluded that using the difference between the wear rates of rake and flank surfaces is an effective technique for tool life extension in the milling process of CFRP laminates.
High Precision Turning of Hardened Steel by Use of PcBN Insert Sharpened with Short Pulse Laser
Authors: Mabuchi Yusuke , Itoigawa Fumihiro , Nakamura Takashi , Kawata Keiich , Suganuma Tetsuro
Published: July 2015

Precision grinding is one of the important processes for finishing of hardened steel parts. However, the grinding process might be quite costly providing the parts with shape complexity should be finished because a number of production steps are needed. Also, this process has some environmental issues, such as disposal of a large amount of grinding sludge and grinding fluid. Precision cutting would become a better alternative process to reduce cost and environmental burden because process steps can be simplified by use of CNC machine tools with PcBN cutting insert if deterioration of cutting tool edge by wear and chipping can be suppressed for long duration. In this study, to improve performance of a PcBN cutting insert, such as wear resistance and defect resistance by the applying of pulse laser processing to sharpen cutting edge in order to realize substitution of cutting for grinding. Precision cutting experiments for hardened steel are conducted by use of the PcBN insert with sharp and tough edges processed by pulsed laser and, for comparison, by use of the PcBN insert ground with diamond wheel. From the results of cutting experiments, it was found that precision cutting with PcBN insert processed by pulsed laser can provide a steady cutting state for a long cutting duration, and a smooth finished surface comparable to precision grindings.
A Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with ZnO-Coated TiO2 Electrode and Carbon Nanotubes Electrode for High Power Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Watanabe Takaharu , Fukutomi Shun , Taguchi Kozo
Published: July 2015

This study examines two things about a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) to improve power conversion efficiency. One is how to make ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode. The other is how to make carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode. First, we considered the process of making the ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode of the DSSC. This ZnO coating of the DSSC is important for the increase of power conversion efficiency. The fabrication method of the ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode was simple dip coating. This method uses the immerse of the zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn (CH3COO2)・2H2O] solution. This method can make the cheap ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode. However, this method has a slightly negative effect, which is filling in holes of the porous TiO2 layer. We tried to improve this negative effect. We changed the concentration of a zinc acetate dehydrate solution from low to high. Also, we changed the immersing time of the zinc acetate dehydrate solution. We did the control of the band gap of ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode of DSSC for increasing power conversion efficiency. Second, we substituted CNT for counter electrodes to improve the performance of DSSC. As a manufacture method of CNT electrode, we used electrophoretic deposition (EPD). After that, we baked this CNT electrode and measured its specific surface area. We tried to improve specific surface area by changing baking temperature.
The Machinability of CFRP with Cutting Movement of End-Milling
Authors: Inoue Takashi , Hagino Masahiro , Tokuno Kazushige , Hiroshi Usuki , Miyamoto Junji
Published: July 2015

Recently, carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are expected to be used more in the aerospace and automotive industries, because of their outstanding lightweight material characteristics and tensile strength [1][2]. Underlying this are problems closely related to improvement of the earth’s environment. However, a mechanical property is influenced by the difference in the distribution state of the carbon fiber, and the adhesion intensity of the binding material. Moreover, they have the characteristic of intense anisotropy, strength wise depending on the orientation of the carbon fibers [3][4]. Therefore, CFRPs are considered difficult-to-machine materials [5], because the surface finish deteriorates according to the carbon fiber orientation. Establishing the optimal cutting conditions to solve such problems also from an economical viewpoint is essential. In our study, end milling operations of different carbon fiber orientation CFRP composite material were investigated with three kinds of different helix angle end mills. Evaluations were based on the surface finish, cutting force and cutting temperature. Moreover, the relationships between the carbon fiber orientation and the machining operations were determined. We earlier evaluated the machinability from the relationship between carbon fiber orientation and tool helix angle by down-cut milling to solve these problems [6]. In this study, machining operations of different carbon fiber orientation CFRP composite material were investigated with three kinds of different helix angle end mills by up-cut milling. Evaluations were based on the surface finish, cutting force and cutting temperature. Moreover, the results of this experiment were compared with the results of down-cut milling.
Tool Wear Characteristics in Near-Dry Cutting of Ni-Based Superalloy
Authors: Yamada Shinji , Maeda Yukio , Wakabayashi Tatsuya , Kamiya Kazuhide , Tanaka Hideaki , Kato Kazuya , Yazawa Takanori
Published: July 2015

Recently, high-combustion-efficiency jet engines have become required in the aircraft industry. High burning temperatures are necessary to maximize the combustion efficiency of jet engines. Inconel 718, which has excellent mechanical and chemical properties, has been selected for use in many jet engine parts. However, Inconel 718 is a difficult material to cut because of its low thermal conductivity. Consequently, wet cutting is typically used to reduce the heat generated in cutting Inconel 718. Wet cutting, which uses a large amount of cutting fluid, is costly and requires considerable energy for maintenance and disposal of the cutting fluid, making this cutting method environmentally unfriendly. To reduce the associated cost and environmental load, the near-dry cutting method, which uses a very small amount of cutting fluid, may be preferable for cylindrical cutting of Inconel 718. However, this method has some drawbacks, such as the cutting stock removal rate and the wear on cemented carbide tools. For example, the cutting stock removal rate is lower than with wet cutting because cutting edge fracture occurs easily in near-dry cutting. In this study, we conducted experiments to examine the relationships between the tool materials, cutting speed and tool fracture in near-dry cutting and wet cutting, and we compared the results obtained using the two cutting methods. We found that an S05-type cemented carbide coating can reduce tool wear. We also found that in the early stages of cutting, between cutting speeds of V = 50 and 90 m/min, the tool wear can be comparatively reduced.
Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Metal Components Repaired by Direct Metal Lamination
Authors: Takagi Hisataka , Abe Takeyuki , Cui Peng , Sasahara Hiroyuki
Published: July 2015

Direct metal lamination using arc discharge was applied to the repair of metal components such as metallic parts, dies and molds by adding equivalent metal to them. In this method, a heat-affected zone which has different mechanical properties from the base metal is formed near the laminated metal. This is because the rapid temperature change by welding heat input can cause phase transformation or metallic structure change. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the laminated metal, heat-affected zone and base metal after repair by direct metal lamination need to be explored. In addition, the region which needs to be repaired must be removed in advance because worn and defective parts aren’t adequate as the base for lamination of further layers. Thus, the most suitable removal shape for repair by direct metal lamination was investigated. Finally, the hardness distribution and toughness of the metal components after repair was explored. It was found that the hardness distribution of metal components after repair was uneven. However, the toughness of the heat-affected zone was found to be comparable to those of the laminated metal and the base metal.
Study of Electroplated Nickel Layer Thickness and Saw Parameters on Cutting Performance in Diamond Wire Sawing of Sapphire Ingots
Authors: Yeh Rong Hwei , Chen H.Y. , Lee Cheng Kuo , Tan A.H.
Published: July 2015

A production-scale multiwire saw machine and 4 inch sapphire ingots were used in this study. The diamond wire used in the study had a core diameter of 0.1mm with an attached diamond particle size of 8–12μm. This study uses the Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis on the key diamond wire parameters which are electroplated nickel layer thickness, diamond wire tension, diamond wire speed and sapphire ingot feed rate, in order to simultaneously optimize the cutting performance in the diamond wire sawing of sapphire ingots. Based on the analysis, the nickel layer thickness and wire speed are the first and second most significant factors with 31.7 and 29.9% effects on cutting performances. The optimal control factors were then simultaneously evaluated for Ra, material removal rate, diamond wire wear rate and TTV and were found at optimization to be 14 μm nickel layer thickness, 15NT wire tension, 800m/min wire speed and 0.2mm/min feed rate, respectively. Compared with current standard condition, this improved process obtained from the optimization of diamond wire electroplated nickel layer thickness and saw machine parameters in the diamond wire sawing of sapphire ingots can achieve a 33% lower Ra, a 20% lower diamond wear rate, a 13% lower TTV and a 20% higher material removal rate, simultaneously.
Development of a Computer Generation Holography for Generating Square Matrix Light Spots Applied to the Laser Patterning System
Authors: Sze Jyh Rou , Wei An Chi
Published: July 2015

A computer generation holography (CGH) is proposed herein to synthesize square-matrix light spots. Such a design of CGH is possible by reducing the 2-D problem to two 1-D problems. The both 1-D CGHs are designed with the conjugate-gradient method and verified with the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory. This quantized 8-levels CGH is fabricated by using optical contact lithography and reactive-ion etching techniques. Measurement demonstrates that the fabricated CGH has the desired optical function, i.e., it forms square-matrix light spots in the image plane at a distance of 40 mm from the CGH. The developed CGH can be applied to the laser patterning system by optical projection and direct etching.
Design of Shielding System for Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar Applications
Authors: Dong Tan Phuoc , Bui Huu Phu
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we propose a shielding system for impulse ground penetrating radar applications (GPR). The structure of shielding system is designed for our real impulse GPR application at 200 MHz central frequency for improving the deep penetration. The shielding system makes high quality of signal transmission from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna for impulse GPR system. It not only makes lowest T/R antenna coupling, high performance of antennas, preventing external noise but also reduces unnecessary air radiation which damages to the health of GPR user. A commercial absorbing material with a short thickness of 40mm is used to reduce the reflection of upper side of antenna in the cavity of shielding system. The design procedure is derived and its performance is explained. Shielding system is designed, simulated and optimized successfully in CST 2013 software. And it is fabricated with a good measurement results.
Thermal Conduction Measurement and Analysis for a Spaceborn Sensor
Authors: Chan Chia Yen , Wang Bill , Lin Chien Pao , Hsiao Tom , Huang Ting Ming
Published: July 2015

The present study is aimed at investigating the thermal conduction characteristics of a spaceborn sensor experimentally and computationally. The experimental measurement has been carried out in a high vacuum chamber with twenty selected thermal couples attached to the sensor module. The detailed internal thermal control design, material for heat release, temperature limit, and control logic of the sensor assembly have been described in the study. The total thermal resistance for the sensor has been evaluated from the experimental results of the steady state temperature distributions under a heat power of 5.5 W and the sensor heater power modulation has been obtained to keep the PT1000 within the accepted temperature range. Under the assumed temperature boundary conditions, the measured thermal resistances and the modulated sensor heater power, the maximum PT1000 temperature distribution is found to be 25.26 °C ± 3.44 °C with the finite element analysis. Heat loss has been evaluated for the invar mount of the sensor module. In addition, the overall orbit peak and average heater powers needed are 4.61 W and 1.61 W respectively.
On the Development of Blend Faces and Holes Recognition Algorithm for CAE Applications
Authors: Lai Jiing Yih , You Zi Wei , Chiu Yu Kai , Wang Ming Hsuan , Hsu Chia Hsiang , Tsai Yao Chen , Huang Chung Yi
Published: July 2015

Mesh generation is one of the key factors affecting computational efficiency and accuracy in finite element analysis.More and more software provides modules for automatic meshes generation. Owing to the complexity and variety of the shape on a CAD model, it needs the recognition of specific features to enhance the success of meshes generation. Holes are one of the fundamental features in 3D CAD models and appear in various types of form. The aim of this study is to present a method for the recognition of different kinds of holes. The primary concept of the proposed algorithm is to detect blend faces first, and then search for holes in accordance with the loop data in the B-rep model. The procedures for the recognition of blend faces and holes are described. Several examples are also presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Preparation of Nanocrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride Coating by Magnetron Sputtering Method
Authors: Liu Zhao Zhi , Xu Feng , Zhang Xu Hui , Zuo Dun Wen
Published: July 2015

Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) has wide application prospect in the field of high performance cutting tool, for its outstanding mechanical properties. In this paper, the cBN coating was synthesized on cement carbide by chemical vapor deposition nanocrystalline diamond interlayer in radio frequency magnetron sputtering system. The SEM, FTIR and AFM were used to investigate the microstructure, purity and morphology of the cBN film. The research was carried out on the effect of the deposition parameters on the cBN content in the film. High temperature and high pressure locally in the substrate is an important factor of transformation of cubic phase BN from hexagonal phase BN. There is a narrow optimization parameters window in cBN synthesis by ion bombardment assist radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. The good quality of cBN film can be obtained by a combination of moderate substrate bias voltage and gas pressure, high substrate temperature and a certain N2 partial pressure.
Analysis of Action Viscous Torsional Vibration Damper of the Crankshaft Based on Transverse Vibration the Engine Block
Authors: Dziurdź Jacek , Pakowski Radosław
Published: July 2015

The article presents an example of research results of the mechanical vibrations of the internal combustion engine with a viscous torsional vibration damper of the crankshaft for different values of the viscosity of silicone oil. A comparison of the crankshaft torsional vibration and the transverse vibration motor body was made. There was proposed the use of the information contained in the transverse vibration signals in order to determine the changes in the technical condition of the viscous damper (changes in viscosity of silicone oil fillingthe damper). Accepting the argument which assumes that there exists the coupling vibration and torsional shaft bent in transverse vibration signals, there should appear symptoms associated with changes in the torsional vibrations. In order to prove this thesis there was conducted active research experiment. Measurements of transients during engine acceleration were made. There was presented the example of the results of measurements of the crankshaft torsional vibrationand the transverse vibration of the motor body.
Application of a Continuous Wavelet Transform for the Diagnosing of Excessive Valve Clearance of the Combustion Engine
Authors: Figlus Tomasz , Wilk Andrzej
Published: July 2015

Combustion engines are the components of means of transport which during service are exposed to the occurrence of excessive clearances. The diagnosing of the condition of the engine requires developing methods which could be useful during both continuous and single checks of the engine. Application of measurements and acoustic signal processing may facilitate a quick diagnosis of the engine without any additional disassembly work. As part of the study, research was conducted to develop a non-invasive method of diagnosing excessive clearance of the combustion engine. Based on the recorded acoustic signals of the combustion engine and reference signals of the momentary crankshaft position, a method was developed to diagnose an increased valve clearance in the combustion engine. In this method, processing of the recorded acoustic signals by means of the continuous wavelet transform was applied together with a comparison of their instantaneous energy, depending on the crankshaft rotation angle and timing angles, as well as the scale parameters of time and frequency distributions.
Problems of Mathematical Modeling of the Marine Diesel Engine Working Cycle for the Diagnostic Purposes
Authors: Cwalina Aleksy , Kniaziewicz Tomasz , Zacharewicz Marcin
Published: July 2015

In the paper the first phase of a mathematical model construction of processes occurring in the cylinder during the working cycle of marine internal combustion engine is presented. The physical model of the mechanical and thermodynamic processes taking place when marine diesel engine drives a synchronous generator is described. In addition, assumptions of the mathematical model developed for marine engine diagnostics are discussed. The input parameters of the model and some simplifying assumptions have been presented. In parallel with the mathematical model, a computer program was created to facilitate carrying out the calculations. Descriptions of the mathematical model and a computer program are illustrated by means of graphs of selected parameters of combustion engine as a function of rotation angle of the crankshaft.
Systematic descriptions, paleoecology and correlations of the late paleozoic subfamily spiriferellinae (brachiopoda) from the Yukon Territory and the canadian arctic archipelago
Authors: Waterhouse J B , Waddington J
Published: July 2015

Sixteen species of the brachiopod subfamily Spiriferellinae Waterhouse are described from the Upper Carboniferous and Early to Middle Permian beds of the Yukon Territory and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. New taxa are Spiriferella primaeva n. sp., S. yukonensis
n. sp., S. leviplica n. sp., Eridmatus petita n. sp., Elivina cordiformis n. sp., Plicatospiriferella canadensis n. gen., n. sp., and Alispiriferella ordinaria (Einor) n. gen. The remaining species are all shared with the Soviet Union and/or Arctic islands such as Greenland and Spitzbergen, apart
from the poorly known species S. arctica (Haughton). Spirifere lla tibetana of Chernyshev not Diener in the Urals is renamed Elivina tschemyschewi, and Spiriferella saranae Chernyshev not de Verneuil is renamed S. barkhatovae n. sp. It is shown that pustules formed on the shell surface at roughly
weekly intervals and that mature shells lived for up to four years. Some species tolerated a wide range of lithofacies, whereas others were restricted to a muddy or silty seafloor. A few spiriferellin species commonly were sympatric: Alispiriferella ordinaria (Einor) with S. saranae (de Verneuil),
and Timaniella harkeri Waterhouse with Spiriferella loveni (Diener) or S. keilhavii (von Buch). The common species were relatively long lived through three to four brachiopod zones and moderately widespread over the globe. They also tolerated some range in temperature, but they avoided glaciated
regions near the South Pole in east Australia, the highly saline Zechstein Sea, and paleotropical realms such as Armenia and China, though appearing at some paleotropical horizons in Laos, Fergana and Texas. A summary of world distribution and interrelationships shows several major lineages in
Spiriferella. The predominant one included the widespread Spiriferella saranae (de Verneuil), which may have evolved later into two other widespread species, S. keilhavii (von Buch) and S. rajah (Salter). Another, less dominant, lineage with short incurved umbo included Spiriferella pseudodraschei
Einor and other forms restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Yet another suite of species with round-crested fold (S. wimani) ranged into both hemispheres. Eridmatus Branson was chiefly a Middle and Late Carboniferous genus of limited distribution, closely allied to Spiriferella. Elivina Frederiks
was of modest significance but ranged widely, whereas the short-lived Middle Permian genus Timaniella Barkhatova was restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Alispiriferella also was limited to the Northern Hemisphere, as was Plicatospiriferella.
Influence of reward preferences in attracting, retaining, and motivating knowledge workers in South African information technology companies
Authors: Bussin Mark , Toerien Wernardt C.
Published: July 2015

Purpose: The world of work is evolving and the nature of relationships between knowledge workers and their employers has changed distinctly, leading to a change in the type of rewards they prefer. The nature of these preferences in the South African, industry-specific context is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to deepen understanding of the reward preferences of Information technology (IT) knowledge workers in South Africa, specifically as these relate to the attraction, retention and motivation of knowledge workers.Design: The research design included a quantitative, empirical and descriptive study of reward preferences, measured with a self-administered survey and analysed using non-parametric tests for variance between dependent and independent groups and non-parametric analysis of variance.Findings: This study found that there are specific reward preferences in knowledge workers in the IT sector in South Africa and that these preferences apply differently when related to the attraction, retention and motivation of employees. It identified the most important reward components in the competition for knowledge workers and also demonstrated that demographic characteristics play a statistically significant role in determining reward preferences.Practical implications: The study’s findings show that a holistic approach to total rewards is required, failing which, companies will find themselves facing increased turnover and jobhopping. Importantly, the study also highlights that different rewards need to form part of knowledge workers’ relationship with their employer in three different scenarios: attraction, retention and motivation.
Black carbon emissions from Russian diesel sources: case study of Murmansk
Authors: Evans M. , Kholod N. , Malyshev V. , Tretyakova S. , Gusev E. , Yu S. , Barinov A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a potent pollutant because of its effects on climate
change, ecosystems and human health. Black carbon has a particularly
pronounced impact as a climate forcer in the Arctic because of its effect on
snow albedo and cloud formation. We have estimated BC emissions from diesel
sources in the Murmansk Region and Murmansk City, the largest city in the world
above the Arctic Circle. In this study we developed a detailed inventory of
diesel sources including on-road vehicles, off-road transport (mining,
locomotives, construction and agriculture), ships and diesel generators.
For on-road transport, we conducted several surveys to understand the
vehicle fleet and driving patterns, and, for all sources, we also relied on
publicly available local data sets and analysis. We calculated that BC
emissions in the Murmansk Region were 0.40 Gg in 2012. The mining industry is
the largest source of BC emissions in the region, emitting 69 % of all BC
emissions because of its large diesel consumption and absence of emissions
controls. On-road vehicles are the second largest source, emitting about
13 % of emissions. Old heavy duty trucks are the major source of
emissions. Emission controls on new vehicles limit total emissions from
on-road transportation. Vehicle traffic and fleet surveys show that many of
the older cars on the registry are lightly or never used. We also estimated
that total BC emissions from diesel sources in Russia were 50.8 Gg in 2010,
and on-road transport contributed 49 % of diesel BC emissions.
Agricultural machinery is also a significant source Russia-wide, in part
because of the lack of controls on off-road vehicles.