bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familienzeit als Schutzfaktor für emotionale Probleme und Verhaltensprobleme von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1
Authors: Milek Anne , Paz Castro Raquel , Zemp Martina
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 ist eine chronische Erkrankung, die oftmals im Kindesalter diagnostiziert wird und bei betroffenen Kindern mit einem erhöhten Risiko für diabetesbedingte emotionale Belastung und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten einhergeht. Familiäre Beziehungen spielen im Alltag diabeteskranker Kinder eine zentrale Rolle. Ziel dieser querschnittlichen Studie war es, zu untersuchen, inwieweit die Quantität gemeinsamer Eltern-Kind-Zeit als Schutzfaktor angesehen werden kann und mit weniger emotionalen Problemen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten des Kindes assoziiert ist. Wir gingen davon aus, dass die Eltern-Kind-Zeit vor allem dann als Schutzfaktor wirkt, wenn die gemeinsame Zeit als zufriedenstellend erlebt wird und keine diabetesbezogenen Eltern-Kind-Konflikte die gemeinsame Zeit beeinträchtigen. Es nahmen 83 Familien an der Studie teil. Die Eltern und das an Diabetes erkrankte Kind beantworteten unabhängig voneinander Fragen über kindliche emotionale Probleme bzw. Verhaltensprobleme, Fragen zur Eltern-Kind-Zeit und zu diabetesbezogenen Konflikten. Mehr Eltern-Kind-Zeit war mit weniger kindlichen Verhaltensproblemen aus Elternsicht korreliert. In Strukturgleichungsmodellen zeigte sich, dass diabetesbezogene Konflikte aus Kindersicht sowohl den Zusammenhang zwischen gemeinsamer Eltern-Kind-Zeit und emotionalen Problemen aus Kindersicht als auch zwischen gemeinsamer Eltern-Kind-Zeit und Verhaltensproblemen aus Elternsicht moderierten. Zudem fand sich ein Moderationseffekt für die elterliche Zufriedenheit auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Eltern-Kind-Zeit und Verhaltensproblemen aus Sicht der Eltern. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Kinder vor allem in den Familien von Eltern-Kind-Zeit profitieren, in denen weniger diabetesbezogene Konflikte auftreten. Praktische Implikationen für die Elternberatung und systemische Familientherapie werden diskutiert.
Familienaufstellung als Einzelintervention im Gruppensetting bei chronisch-psychosozialen Konflikten: Kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Wirksamkeit
Authors: Hunger-Schoppe Christina
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Familienaufstellungen als systemtherapeutische Einzelinterventionen im Gruppensetting sind vielfach Teil der Versorgung in psychiatrischen, psychologischen und psychotherapeutischen Einrichtungen. Sie dienen der räumlichen Inszenierung symptomatischer Beziehungsstrukturen in Familiensystemen entlang dem Anliegen einer oder eines Fallgebenden. Da Mitglieder des Familiensystems i.d.R. nicht anwesend sind, werden diese durch sogenannte Repräsentanten vertreten. Familienaufstellungsseminare umfassen meist 3-tägige Gruppen mit 26 Teilnehmenden, davon 15 Fallgebende. Bisher existiert kaum evidenzbasierte Forschung zu dieser Interventionsform. Daher diente eine randomisiert kontrollierte Studie (RCT) der Überprüfung ihrer kurzfristigen Wirksamkeit im Vergleich zu einer 4-monatigen Wartegruppe (Studie 1, n = 208), zur mittelfristigen Wirksamkeit für die Interventionsgruppe nach 8 und 12 Monaten (Studie 2, n = 104) und zur langfristigen Wirksamkeit nach 5 Jahren kumuliert für die Interventions- und Wartegruppe mit nachheriger Familienaufstellung (Studie 3, n = 137). Die Stichprobe wurde in der Allgemeinbevölkerung rekrutiert ( M = 48–52 Jahre, SD = 9–10; 79–84% Frauen). Es zeigten sich Verbesserungen nach 2 Wochen bzgl. des psychologischen (EB-45, FEP, K-INK; d = 0.46–0.55) und systembezogenen Funktionsniveaus (EXIS; d = 0.27–0.61) mit stabilen Effekten nach 4, 8 und 12 Monaten. Nach 5 Jahren zeigte sich das systembezogene Funktionsniveau ( d = 0.48) weiterhin stabil verbessert, hingegen das psychologische Funktionsniveau vergleichbar zur Baseline. Per-Protocol-Analysen unterstützten die Intention-to-Treat-Analysen. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Wirksamkeit von Familienaufstellungen hin und ermutigen zur Replikation und zu Studien mit klinisch beeinträchtigten Teilnehmenden, z.B. als Zusatzangebot stärker kognitiv ausgerichteter psychologischer Psychotherapien.
Heat Storage Effect on Evaporation Estimates of China's Largest Freshwater Lake
Authors: Gan Guojing , Liu Yuanbo
Published: September 2020

Evaporation of water bodies is significantly controlled by the available energy (net radiation Rn minus heat storage G). Compared to deep lakes or lakes in the high‐latitude or high‐altitude regions, the heat storage effects of shallow lakes in subtropical regions are less well studied. In this paper, we tested the heat storage effect on the latent heat fluxes estimation using the Priestley‐Taylor (PT) equation and numerical water temperature simulations in an ephemeral and shallow lake, Poyang Lake, in China. Results showed that the estimation bias was significantly correlated with heat storage changes (r = 0.97). Overlooking the impacts of the heat storage changes will induce an increase in the RMSE (root‐mean‐square error) of the evaporation estimation from 10.1 to 54.4 W m−2. Evaporation was overestimated in June and underestimated in August because the daytime Rn tended to be stored in water in June, whereas the heat storage during daytime tended to be released as nighttime evaporation in August, when the vapor gradient between the saturated surface and the air was generally larger than in other months. Water temperature simulations showed that the diurnal changes in the heat storage in the layer that were less than 2 m deep govern G of the total water column. PT estimation of a shallow lake can be improved if the temperature of the top 2 m of water is known. Also, from the modeling perspective, because G was linearly correlated with Rn (r = 0.77), a simple equation (a*Rn + b) that approximates the available energy can improve the evaporation estimate.
Human Vulnerability to Landslides
Authors: Pollock William , Wartman Joseph
Published: September 2020

Landslides pose a devastating threat to human health, killing thousands of people annually. Human vulnerability is a crucial element of landslide risk reduction, yet up until now, all methods for estimating the human consequences of landslides rely on subjective, expert judgment. Furthermore, these methods do not explore the underlying causes of mortality or inform strategies to reduce landslide risk. In light of these issues, we develop a data‐driven tool to estimate an individual's probability of death based on landslide intensity, which can be used directly in landslide risk assessment. We find that between inundation depths of approximately 1–6 m, human behavior is the primary driver of mortality. Landslide vulnerability is strongly correlated with the economic development of a region, but landslide losses are not stratified by gender and age to the degree of other natural hazards. We observe that relatively simple actions, such as moving to an upper floor or a prepared refuge space, increase the odds of survival by up to a factor of 12. Additionally, community‐scale hazard awareness programs and training for citizen first responders offer a potent means to maximize survival rates in landslides.
Understanding the Epidemic Course in Order to Improve Epidemic Forecasting
Authors: Jia Peng
Published: September 2020

The epidemic course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been differently divided according to its transmission pattern and the infection and mortality status. Unfortunately, such efforts for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have been lacking. Does every epidemic have a unique epidemic course? Can we coordinate two arbitrary courses into an integrated course, which could better reflect a common real‐world progression pattern of the epidemics? To what degree can such arbitrary divisions help predict future trends of the COVID‐19 pandemic and future epidemics? Spatial lifecourse epidemiology provides a new perspective to understand the course of epidemics, especially pandemics, and a new toolkit to predict the course of future epidemics on the basis of big data. In the present data‐driven era, data should be integrated to inform us how the epidemic is transmitting at the present moment, how it will transmit at the next moment, and which interventions would be most cost‐effective to curb the epidemic. Both national and international legislations are needed to facilitate the integration of relevant policies of data sharing and confidentiality protection into the current pandemic preparedness guidelines.
Extreme Pyroconvective Updrafts During a Megafire
Authors: Rodriguez B. , Lareau N. P. , Kingsmill D. E. , Clements C. B.
Published: September 2020

Airborne cloud radar reveals extreme wildfire updrafts (~60 m s−1) and downdrafts (~30 m s−1) rivaling those in supercell thunderstorms. These extreme vertical velocities occur through a 3‐km‐deep layer and below the base of a developing pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) cloud, which extends to the tropopause at 12 km. In situ aircraft sampling shows updrafts are linked to large temperature and moisture excesses but remain subsaturated at flight level (i.e., below cloud base). Parcel estimates using the in situ data help explain how these “hot‐moist” updrafts trigger the overlying pyroCb. The extreme vertical motions observed also pose a previously undocumented aviation hazard.
The Influence of Subsurface Conditions on the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Tropical SST and Rainfall in CFSv2 Reforecasts
Authors: Shukla Ravi P.
Published: September 2020

This study examines the potential impact of subsurface potential temperature and current conditions on the sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall over the tropical region using Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) ensemble seasonal reforecasts for 1958–2014. The climatological difference of earlier period (1958–78; P58‐78) and later period (1994–2014; P94‐14) in January initialized reforecasts (JIR) depicts mild‐warm SST over the equatorial eastern Pacific in January, but its magnitude becomes larger over there from May to August. The difference between JIR P58‐78 and P94‐14 depicts warm potential temperature (PT) up to 3°C over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific at depth from 155 to 70 m in January therefore 20°C isotherm of JIR P58‐78 in January tends to be deeper in the equatorial eastern Pacific than JIR P94‐14. The magnitude of equatorial undercurrent (EUC) in JIR P58‐78 is larger in the eastern Pacific at depth from 125 to 35 m from January to February than JIR P94‐14. Therefore, water upwelled to the surface through EUC was usually warm in January of JIR P58‐78. As lead months increase, the center of warm PT gradually moves upward in the eastern Pacific than its location in January, resulting in development of warm SST in the eastern Pacific in March. The difference between April initialized reforecasts P58‐78 and P94‐14 depicts warm PT up to 1.5°C in the eastern Pacific at depth from 135 to 35 m in April but as lead months increase, magnitude of warm PT gradually decreases, resulting in negligible difference SST over the eastern Pacific.
Structure of an Atmospheric River Over Australia and the Southern Ocean. Part I: Tropical and Midlatitude Water Vapor Fluxes
Authors: Rauber Robert M. , Hu Huancui , Dominguez Francina , Nesbitt Stephen W. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Zaremba Troy J. , Finlon Joseph A.
Published: September 2020

An atmospheric river (AR) impacting Tasmania, Australia, and the Southern Ocean during the austral summer on 28–29 January 2018 during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study campaign is analyzed using a modeling and observational approach. Gulfstream‐V dropsonde measurements and Global Precipitation Measurement radar analyses were used in conjunction with Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with water vapor tracers to investigate the relative contributions of tropical and midlatitude moisture sources to the AR. Moisture associated with a monsoonal tropical depression became entrained into a midlatitude frontal system that extended to 60°S, reaching the associated low‐pressure system 850 km off the coast of Antarctica—effectively connecting the tropics and the polar region. Tropical moisture contributed to about 50% of the precipitable water within the AR as the flow moved over the Southern Ocean near Tasmania. The tropical contribution to precipitation decreased with latitude, from >70% over Australia, to ~50% off the Australian coast, to less than 5% poleward of 55°S. The integrated vapor transport (IVT) through the core of the AR reached above 500 kg m−1 s−1 during 1200 UTC 28 January to 0600 UTC 29 January, 1.29 times the average amount of water carried by the world's largest terrestrial river, the Amazon. The high IVT strength might be attributed to the higher water vapor content associated with the warmer temperatures across Australia and the Southern Ocean in austral summer.
Understanding Differences in California Climate Projections Produced by Dynamical and Statistical Downscaling
Authors: Walton Daniel , Berg Neil , Pierce David , Maurer Ed , Hall Alex , Lin Yen‐Heng , Rahimi Stefan , Cayan Dan
Published: September 2020

We compare historical and end‐of‐century temperature and precipitation patterns over California from one dynamically downscaled simulation using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model and two simulations statistically downscaled using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). We uniquely separate causes of differences between dynamically and statistically based future climate projections into differences in historical climate (gridded observations versus regional climate model output) and differences in how these downscaling techniques explicitly handle future climate changes (numerical modeling versus analogs). In these methods, solutions between different downscaling techniques differ more in the future compared to the historical period. Changes projected by LOCA are insensitive to the choice of driving data. Only through dynamical downscaling can we simulate physically consistent regional springtime warming patterns across the Sierra Nevada, while the statistical simulations inherit an unphysical signal from their parent Global Climate Model (GCM) or gridded data. The results of our study clarify why these different techniques produce different outcomes and may also provide guidance on which downscaled products to use for certain impact analyses in California and perhaps other Mediterranean regimes.
Multidecadal Measurements of UTLS Gravity Waves Derived From Commercial Flight Data
Authors: Wright C. J. , Banyard T. P.
Published: September 2020

Gravity waves (GWs) are key drivers of atmospheric dynamics, with major impacts on climate and weather processes. However, they are challenging to measure in observational data, and as a result no large‐area multidecadal GW time series yet exist. This has prevented us from quantifying the interactions between GWs and long–timescale climate processes. Here, we exploit temperatures measured by commercial aircraft since 1994 as part of the In‐Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) atmospheric chemistry research program to produce a novel 26‐year time series of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) GW measurements across most of the Northern Hemisphere. We analyze 90,342 flight hours (76.2 million flight kilometers) of data, typically at a temporal resolution of seconds and with high temperature precision. We show that GW activity in the Northern Hemisphere UTLS is consistently strongest north of and above the upper tropospheric jet. We also show that GW sources not typically observed in stratospheric data but assumed in model schemes, such as the Rocky Mountains, are visible at these altitudes, suggesting that wave momentum from these sources is deposited specifically between ∼200 and 50 hPa. Our data show no significant impact of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation, the Northern Annular Mode, or climate change. However, we do see strong evidence of links with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which modulates the measured GW signal by ∼25%, and weak evidence of links with the 11‐year solar cycle. These results have important implications for atmospheric process modeling and for understanding large‐scale climate teleconnections.
A Continental Study of Relationships Between Leaf N and P Stoichiometry and Solar Radiation Including its Direct, Diffuse, and Spectral Components
Authors: Ji Yongli , Zhou Peng , Peng Shijia , Huang Bei , Peng Shaolin , Zhou Ting
Published: September 2020

Knowledge of the environmental factors affecting leaf element stoichiometry patterns can reveal nutrient fluxes of ecosystems and their responses to global change. However, understanding of continental patterns of leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in relation to solar radiation is still insufficient. We compiled available data on leaf N and P concentrations for over 1,500 species of Chinese terrestrial plants extracted from publications and acquired surface solar radiation related indexes including global radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVB), and other related climate indexes for 173 sites to explore the relationships between leaf N and P stoichiometry and solar radiation especially including its direct, diffuse, and spectral components for the first time at a continental scale. We found that leaf N and P concentrations were positively related to global radiation and direct radiation but negatively related to diffuse radiation. Leaf N and P concentrations were positively related to PAR but negatively related to UVB. Solar radiation had both direct associations and indirect associations mediated by temperature, precipitation, and so on with leaf N and P stoichiometry; furthermore, the direct associations, when solar radiation was indicated by spectral components, were greater than the indirect associations. So when predicting the effects of global dimming on ecosystem nutrient fluxes, we must distinguish the roles of direct, diffuse, and spectral components of solar radiation. Our study has implications for all future macroecological researches involving the effects of solar radiation on ecosystems.
Assessing CLUBB PDF Closure Assumptions for a Continental Shallow‐to‐Deep Convective Transition Case Over Multiple Spatial Scales
Authors: Huang Meng , Xiao Heng , Wang Minghuai , Fast Jerome D.
Published: September 2020

Assumed‐PDF (probability density function) higher‐order turbulence closures (APHOCs) are now widely used for parameterizing boundary layer turbulence and shallow convection in Earth system models (ESMs). A better understanding of the resolution‐dependent behavior of APHOCs is essential for improving the performance of next‐generation ESMs with intended horizontal resolutions finer than 10 km. In this study, we evaluate the PDF family of Analytic double‐Gaussian 1 implemented in Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) over a range of spatial scales (Dx) from 2 to 100 km. A 120‐km‐wide large eddy simulation (LES) for a continental convection case during 2016 Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols, and Land‐Ecosystems (HI‐SCALE) field campaign serves as benchmark to evaluate the PDF closure using an off‐line approach. We find during the shallow convection period, the CLUBB PDF closure tends to produce positive biases of cloud properties and liquid water flux near cloud base for all scales of analysis. It produces negative biases for these variables near cloud top that are more severe for Dx larger than 25 km. Results show that replacing the CLUBB‐parameterized moisture and temperature skewnesses with LES‐derived ones can fix most of the biases if clipping of input moments is allowed to prevent the occurrence of unrealizable solutions. Overall, the performance of the PDF closure is better for smaller Dx = 2–5 km than for larger Dx = 50–100 km; for a given grid spacing, it is better when the convective clouds become deeper in the late afternoon. Likely causes for the resolution dependence and implications for improving the PDF closure are discussed.
ARRT Development for the Upcoming Human Exploration Missions
Authors: Hu S. , Monadjemi S. , Barzilla J. E. , Semones E.
Published: September 2020

The health risks of space radiation present big challenges to space exploration, with the possibility of large Energetic Solar Particle Events (ESPEs) inducing Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) during upcoming Artemis missions. An operational software Acute Radiation Risks Tool (ARRT) was developed to directly use measurements from onboard dosimeters to project organ doses during times of increased radiation exposure, so that any possible ARS risks of the astronauts can be modeled and monitored in real time using a data stream at the astronaut location. To enable ARRT to handle variant scenarios of any possible ESPEs in an automatic manner for mission operation, two data sets were employed in developing its modules, one involving historical solar protons recorded over the past four decades and the other using the real‐time telemetry readings of dosimeters onboard International Space Station (ISS). Though vastly different in terms of data cadence, smoothness, and data gaps, all events in these data sets can be correctly processed to output organ doses and ARS risks and generate flight notes for communication within the Flight Control Team (FCT). All these tasks are completed with close interactions between multiple modules developed with many state‐of‐the‐art facilities of full stack web applications. This work demonstrates that ARRT meets the requirement to project radiation exposure and to provide clinical guidelines in very short time steps as the ESPE unfolds, even for the longest event in data sets, making this tool eligible to be tested during the upcoming unmanned Artemis mission and utilized in future space exploration.
Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study
Authors: Yu Hui , Lin Liangbin , Zhang Zhiqiang , Zhang Huiyuan , Hu Hongbo
Published: September 2020

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to regulate the expression of various proinflammatory genes and also serve as the critical mediator for inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway occurs through a handful of TNF receptor superfamily members. Since the activation of this pathway involves protein synthesis, the kinetics of non-canonical NF-κB activation is slow but persistent, in concordance with its biological functions in the development of immune cell and lymphoid organ, immune homeostasis and immune response. The activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in these pathways. Emerging studies indicate that dysregulated NF-κB activity causes inflammation-related diseases as well as cancers, and NF-κB has been long proposed as the potential target for therapy of diseases. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge and updates on the mechanisms of NF-κB pathway regulation and the potential therapeutic application of inhibition of NF-κB signaling in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
Developing a data-driven algorithm for guiding selection between cognitive behavioral therapy, fluoxetine, and combination treatment for adolescent depression
Authors: Gunlicks-Stoessel Meredith , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , VanZomeren Adrienne , Ma Sisi
Published: September 2020

Treating adolescent depression effectively requires providing interventions that are optimally suited to patients’ individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, we aim to develop an algorithm that matches patients with optimal treatment among cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), fluoxetine (FLX), and combination treatment (COMB). We leveraged data from a completed clinical trial, the Treatment for adolescents with depression study, where a wide range of demographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures were collected from adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder prior to treatment. Machine-learning techniques were employed to derive a model that predicts treatment response (week 12 children’s depression rating scale-revised [CDRS-R]) to CBT, FLX, and COMB. The resulting model successfully identified subgroups of patients that respond preferentially to specific types of treatment. Specifically, our model identified a subgroup of patients (25%) that achieved on average a 16.9 point benefit on the CDRS-R from FLX compared to CBT. The model also identified a subgroup of patients (50%) that achieved an average benefit up to 19.0 points from COMB compared to CBT. Physical illness and disability were identified as overall predictors of response to treatment, regardless of treatment type, whereas baseline CDRS-R, psychosomatic symptoms, school missed, view of self, treatment expectations, and attention problems determined the patients’ response to specific treatments. The model developed in this study provides a critical starting point for personalized treatment planning for adolescent depression.
Arsenic trioxide enhances the chemotherapeutic efficiency of cisplatin in cholangiocarcinoma cells via inhibiting the 14-3-3ε-mediated survival mechanism
Authors: Jin Ming , Wu Liunan , Chen Shuai , Cai Rong , Dai Yi , Yang Haojun , Tang Liming , Li Yuan
Published: September 2020

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most frequent primary liver carcinoma with high degrees of malignancy and mortality. Chemotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of CCA, however, the low chemotherapeutic efficiency leads to a bottleneck. So unraveling the potential mechanisms to enhance the efficiency (reduced the dosage and enhanced the effects of chemotherapy drugs) and identifying alternative therapeutic strategies in CCA are urgently needed. Here, we found that, in CCA cells, when cisplatin (CDDP) displayed anti-tumor effects, it activated 14-3-3ε simultaneously, which in turn formed a survival mechanism via the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI-3K/Akt). However, low concentrations of arsenic trioxide (ATO) could disrupt such survival mechanism and enhanced the efficiency. For the molecular mechanisms, ATO attenuated 14-3-3ε at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional (ubiquitination degradation) levels. Such repressive effect blocked the activation of PI-3K/Akt, and its downstream anti-apoptotic factors, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and survivin. Collectively, our present study revealed that the synergistic effects of ATO and CDDP could be a novel approach for enhancing the efficiency, which provides an innovative therapeutic vision for the treatment of CCA.
Dissipation of electron-beam-driven plasma wakes
Authors: Zgadzaj Rafal , Silva T. , Khudyakov V. K. , Sosedkin A. , Allen J. , Gessner S. , Li Zhengyan , Litos M. , Vieira J. , Lotov K. V. , Hogan M. J. , Yakimenko V. , Downer M. C.
Published: September 2020

Metre-scale plasma wakefield accelerators have imparted energy gain approaching 10 gigaelectronvolts to single nano-Coulomb electron bunches. To reach useful average currents, however, the enormous energy density that the driver deposits into the wake must be removed efficiently between shots. Yet mechanisms by which wakes dissipate their energy into surrounding plasma remain poorly understood. Here, we report picosecond-time-resolved, grazing-angle optical shadowgraphic measurements and large-scale particle-in-cell simulations of ion channels emerging from broken wakes that electron bunches from the SLAC linac generate in tenuous lithium plasma. Measurements show the channel boundary expands radially at 1 million metres-per-second for over a nanosecond. Simulations show that ions and electrons that the original wake propels outward, carrying 90 percent of its energy, drive this expansion by impact-ionizing surrounding neutral lithium. The results provide a basis for understanding global thermodynamics of multi-GeV plasma accelerators, which underlie their viability for applications demanding high average beam current.
Fundamental dissipation due to bound fermions in the zero-temperature limit
Authors: Autti S. , Ahlstrom S. L. , Haley R. P. , Jennings A. , Pickett G. R. , Poole M. , Schanen R. , Soldatov A. A. , Tsepelin V. , Vonka J. , Wilcox T. , Woods A. J. , Zmeev D. E.
Published: September 2020

The ground state of a fermionic condensate is well protected against perturbations in the presence of an isotropic gap. Regions of gap suppression, surfaces and vortex cores which host Andreev-bound states, seemingly lift that strict protection. Here we show that in superfluid 3He the role of bound states is more subtle: when a macroscopic object moves in the superfluid at velocities exceeding the Landau critical velocity, little to no bulk pair breaking takes place, while the damping observed originates from the bound states covering the moving object. We identify two separate timescales that govern the bound state dynamics, one of them much longer than theoretically anticipated, and show that the bound states do not interact with bulk excitations.
CD36 facilitates fatty acid uptake by dynamic palmitoylation-regulated endocytosis
Authors: Hao Jian-Wei , Wang Juan , Guo Huiling , Zhao Yin-Yue , Sun Hui-Hui , Li Yi-Fan , Lai Xiao-Ying , Zhao Ning , Wang Xu , Xie Changchuan , Hong Lixin , Huang Xi , Wang Hong-Rui , Li Cheng-Bin , Liang Bin , Chen Shuai , Zhao Tong-Jin
Published: September 2020

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential nutrients, but how they are transported into cells remains unclear. Here, we show that FAs trigger caveolae-dependent CD36 internalization, which in turn delivers FAs into adipocytes. During the process, binding of FAs to CD36 activates its downstream kinase LYN, which phosphorylates DHHC5, the palmitoyl acyltransferase of CD36, at Tyr91 and inactivates it. CD36 then gets depalmitoylated by APT1 and recruits another tyrosine kinase SYK to phosphorylate JNK and VAVs to initiate endocytic uptake of FAs. Blocking CD36 internalization by inhibiting APT1, LYN or SYK abolishes CD36-dependent FA uptake. Restricting CD36 at either palmitoylated or depalmitoylated state eliminates its FA uptake activity, indicating an essential role of dynamic palmitoylation of CD36. Furthermore, blocking endocytosis by targeting LYN or SYK inhibits CD36-dependent lipid droplet growth in adipocytes and high-fat-diet induced weight gain in mice. Our study has uncovered a dynamic palmitoylation-regulated endocytic pathway to take up FAs.
Straightforward preparation of supramolecular Janus nanorods by hydrogen bonding of end-functionalized polymers
Authors: Han Shuaiyuan , Pensec Sandrine , Yilmaz Dijwar , Lorthioir Cédric , Jestin Jacques , Guigner Jean-Michel , Niepceron Frédérick , Rieger Jutta , Stoffelbach François , Nicol Erwan , Colombani Olivier , Bouteiller Laurent
Published: September 2020

Janus cylinders are one-dimensional colloids that have two faces with different compositions and functionalities, and are useful as building blocks for advanced functional materials. Such anisotropic objects are difficult to prepare with nanometric dimensions. Here we describe a robust and versatile strategy to form micrometer long Janus nanorods with diameters in the 10-nanometer range, by self-assembly in water of end-functionalized polymers. The Janus topology is not a result of the phase segregation of incompatible polymer arms, but is driven by the interactions between unsymmetrical and complementary hydrogen bonded stickers. Therefore, even compatible polymers can be used to form these Janus objects. In fact, any polymers should qualify, as long as they do not prevent co-assembly of the stickers. To illustrate their applicative potential, we show that these Janus nanorods can efficiently stabilize oil-in-water emulsions.
Estimating retention benchmarks for salvage logging to protect biodiversity
Authors: Thorn Simon , Chao Anne , Georgiev Kostadin B. , Müller Jörg , Bässler Claus , Campbell John L. , Castro Jorge , Chen Yan-Han , Choi Chang-Yong , Cobb Tyler P. , Donato Daniel C. , Durska Ewa , Macdonald Ellen , Feldhaar Heike , Fontaine Joseph B. , Fornwalt Paula J. , Hernández Raquel María Hernández , Hutto Richard L. , Koivula Matti , Lee Eun-Jae , Lindenmayer David , Mikusiński Grzegorz , Obrist Martin K. , Perlík Michal , Rost Josep , Waldron Kaysandra , Wermelinger Beat , Weiß Ingmar , Żmihorski Michał , Leverkus Alexandro B.
Published: September 2020

Forests are increasingly affected by natural disturbances. Subsequent salvage logging, a widespread management practice conducted predominantly to recover economic capital, produces further disturbance and impacts biodiversity worldwide. Hence, naturally disturbed forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world, with consequences for their associated biodiversity. However, there are no evidence-based benchmarks for the proportion of area of naturally disturbed forests to be excluded from salvage logging to conserve biodiversity. We apply a mixed rarefaction/extrapolation approach to a global multi-taxa dataset from disturbed forests, including birds, plants, insects and fungi, to close this gap. We find that 75 ± 7% (mean ± SD) of a naturally disturbed area of a forest needs to be left unlogged to maintain 90% richness of its unique species, whereas retaining 50% of a naturally disturbed forest unlogged maintains 73 ± 12% of its unique species richness. These values do not change with the time elapsed since disturbance but vary considerably among taxonomic groups.
Body fatness and mTOR pathway activation of breast cancer in the Women’s Circle of Health Study
Authors: Cheng Ting-Yuan David , Omilian Angela R. , Yao Song , Sanchez Pamela V. , Polk Latasia Z. , Zhang Weizhou , Datta Susmita , Bshara Wiam , Ondracek Rochelle Payne , Davis Warren , Liu Song , Hong Chi-Chen , Bandera Elisa V. , Khoury Thaer , Ambrosone Christine B.
Published: September 2020

Energy imbalance has an important role in breast cancer prognosis. Hyperactive mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is associated with breast tumor growth, but the extent to which body fatness is associated with mTOR pathway activities in breast cancer is unclear. We performed immunostaining for mTOR, phosphorylated (p)-mTOR, p-AKT, and p-p70S6K in tumor tissue from 590 women (464 African Americans/Blacks and 126 Whites) with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer in the Women’s Circle of Health Study. Anthropometric measures were taken by study staff, and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Linear regressions were used to estimate percent differences in protein expression between categories of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, fat mass, fat mass index, and percent body fat. We observed that BMI ≥ 35.0 vs. <25 kg/m2 was associated with 108.3% (95% CI = 16.9%–270.9%) and 101.8% (95% CI = 17.0%–248.8%) higher expression in p-mTOR and normalized p-mTOR, i.e., p-mTOR/mTOR, respectively. Quartiles 4 vs. 1 of waist/hip ratio was associated with 41.8% (95% CI = 5.81%–89.9%) higher mTOR expression. Similar associations were observed for the body fat measurements, particularly in patients with estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) tumors, but not in those with ER+ tumors, although the differences in associations were not significant. This tumor-based study found positive associations between body fatness and mTOR pathway activation, evident by a p-mTOR expression, in breast cancer. Our findings suggest that mTOR inhibition can be a treatment strategy to prevent the recurrence of these tumors in obese individuals.
Diagnostic utility of whole-genome sequencing for nephronophthisis
Authors: Larrue Romain , Chamley Paul , Bardyn Thomas , Lionet Arnaud , Gnemmi Viviane , Cauffiez Christelle , Glowacki François , Pottier Nicolas , Broly Franck
Published: September 2020

Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the molecular diagnosis of individuals affected by genetic kidney diseases. Indeed, rapid genetic testing in individuals with suspected inherited nephropathy has not only important implications for diagnosis and prognosis but also for genetic counseling. Nephronophthisis (NPHP) and related syndromes, a leading cause of end-stage renal failure, are autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the variable presentation and considerable locus heterogeneity with more than 90 genes described as single-gene causes. In this case report, we demonstrate the utility of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for the molecular diagnosis of NPHP by identifying two putative disease-causing intronic mutations in the NPHP3 gene, including one deep intronic variant. We further show that both intronic variants, by affecting splicing, result in a truncated nephrocystin-3 protein. This study provides a framework for applying WGS as a first-line diagnostic tool for highly heterogeneous disease such as NPHP and further suggests that deep intronic variations are an important underestimated cause of monogenic disorders.
3D hindlimb joint mobility of the stem-archosaur Euparkeria capensis with implications for postural evolution within Archosauria
Authors: Demuth Oliver E. , Rayfield Emily J. , Hutchinson John R.
Published: September 2020

Triassic archosaurs and stem-archosaurs show a remarkable disparity in their ankle and pelvis morphologies. However, the implications of these different morphologies for specific functions are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis into the locomotor abilities of a stem-archosaur applying 3D modelling techniques. μCT scans of multiple specimens ofEuparkeria capensisenabled the reconstruction and three-dimensional articulation of the hindlimb. The joint mobility of the hindlimb was quantified in 3D to address previous qualitative hypotheses regarding the stance ofEuparkeria. Our range of motion analysis implies the potential for an erect posture, consistent with the hip morphology, allowing the femur to be fully adducted to position the feet beneath the body. A fully sprawling pose appears unlikely but a wide range of hip abduction remained feasible—the hip appears quite mobile. The oblique mesotarsal ankle joint inEuparkeriaimplies, however, a more abducted hindlimb. This is consistent with a mosaic of ancestral and derived osteological characters in the hindlimb, and might suggest a moderately adducted posture forEuparkeria. Our results support a single origin of a pillar-erect hip morphology, ancestral to Eucrocopoda that preceded later development of a hinge-like ankle joint and a more erect hindlimb posture.
Cooperation, social norm internalization, and hierarchical societies
Authors: Lozano Pablo , Gavrilets Sergey , Sánchez Angel
Published: September 2020

Many animal and human societies exhibit hierarchical structures with different degrees of steepness. Some of these societies also show cooperative behavior, where cooperation means working together for a common benefit. However, there is an increasing evidence that rigidly enforced hierarchies lead to a decrease of cooperation in both human and non-human primates. In this work, we address this issue by means of an evolutionary agent-based model that incorporates fights as social interactions governing a dynamic ranking, communal work to produce a public good, and norm internalization, i.e. a process where acting according to a norm becomes a goal in itself. Our model also includes the perception of how much the individual is going to retain from her cooperative behavior in future interactions. The predictions of the model resemble the principal characteristics of human societies. When ranking is unconstrained, we observe a high concentration of agents in low scores, while a few ones climb up the social hierarchy and exploit the rest, with no norm internalization. If ranking is constrained, thus leading to bounded score differences between agents, individual positions in the ranking change more, and the typical structure shows a division of the society in upper and lower classes. In this case, we observe that there is a significant degree of norm internalization, supporting large fractions of the population cooperating in spite of the rank differences. Our main results are robust with respect to the model parameters and to the type of rank constraint. We thus provide a mechanism that can explain how hierarchy arises in initially egalitarian societies while keeping a large degree of cooperation.
Alteration of salivary microbiome in periodontitis with or without type-2 diabetes mellitus and metformin treatment
Authors: Sun Xiaoyu , Li Meihui , Xia Li , Fang Zhaohui , Yu Shenjun , Gao Jike , Feng Qiang , Yang Pishan
Published: September 2020

We aimed to explore the effects of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypoglycemic therapy on the salivary microbiome in periodontitis patients and identify the potential salivary micro-biomarker for the early warning of T2DM. Saliva samples were collected from healthy individuals (Health), periodontitis patients (P), T2DM patients, periodontitis patients with T2DM (DAP), and DAP patients treated with Metformin (Met). Samples were determined by16S rRNA gene sequencing. 29 phyla, 322 genera, and 333 species of salivary microbiome were annotated. Compared to the Health group, the P and DAP group showed a significantly higher diversity of saliva microbiota, while the T2DM and Met group had no significant difference in microbial abundance but showed a trend of increasing diversity. Other than well-known periodontitis-inducing pathogens, the proportion of Prevotella copri, Alloprevotella rava, and Ralstonia pickettii, etc. were also significantly increased in periodontitis patients with or without T2DM. After effective glycemic control, the abundance of Prevotella copri, Alloprevotella rava, Ralstonia pickettii, etc. decreased in periodontitis patients with companion T2DM. The accuracies of the classification models in differentiating Health-vs.-P, DAP-vs.-P, and T2DM-vs.-P were 100%, 96.3%, and 98.1%, respectively. Hypoglycemic therapy could reconstruct the saliva microbiota and hence improve the localized conditions of diabetes patients with periodontitis.
An unusual type I ribosome-inactivating protein from Agrostemma githago L.
Authors: Weise Christoph , Schrot Achim , Wuerger Leonie T. D. , Adolf Jacob , Gilabert-Oriol Roger , Sama Simko , Melzig Matthias F. , Weng Alexander
Published: September 2020

Agrostemma githago L. (corn cockle) is an herbaceous plant mainly growing in Europe. The seeds of the corn cockle are toxic and poisonings were widespread in the past by consuming contaminated flour. The toxic principle of Agrostemma seeds was attributed to triterpenoid secondary metabolites. Indeed, this is in part true. However Agrostemma githago L. is also a producer of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). RIPs are N-glycosylases that inactivate the ribosomal RNA, a process leading to an irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis and subsequent cell death. A widely known RIP is ricin from Ricinus communis L., which was used as a bioweapon in the past. In this study we isolated agrostin, a 27 kDa RIP from the seeds of Agrostemma githago L., and determined its full sequence. The toxicity of native agrostin was investigated by impedance-based live cell imaging. By RNAseq we identified 7 additional RIPs (agrostins) in the transcriptome of the corn cockle. Agrostin was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and characterized by MALDI-TOF–MS and adenine releasing assay. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive analysis of ribosome-inactivating proteins in the corn cockle and complements the current knowledge about the toxic principles of the plant.
Inductor coil of the highest possible $$\mathbf {Q}$$
Authors: Rikhter A. , Fogler M. M.
Published: September 2020

The geometry of an inductor made of a long thin wire and having the highest possible Q-factor is found by numerical optimization. As frequency increases, the Q-factor first grows linearly and then according to a square-root law, while the cross-section of the optimal coil evolves from near-circular to sickle-shaped.
Cerebral diffusion kurtosis imaging to assess the pathophysiology of postpartum depression
Authors: Sasaki Yuri , Ito Kenji , Fukumoto Kentaro , Kawamura Hanae , Oyama Rie , Sasaki Makoto , Baba Tsukasa
Published: September 2020

Postpartum depression (PPD), a main cause of maternal suicide, is an important issue in perinatal mental health. Recently, cerebral diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. There are, however, no reports using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) for evaluation of PPD. This was a Japanese single-institutional prospective study from 2016 to 2019 to examine the pathophysiological changes in the brain of PPD patients using DKI. The DKI data from 3.0 T MRI of patients one month after delivery were analyzed; the patients were examined for PPD by a psychiatrist. The mean kurtosis (MK), FA and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated from the DKI data and compared between PPD and non-PPD groups using tract-based spatial statistics analysis. Of the 75 patients analyzed, eight patients (10.7%) were diagnosed as having PPD. In the PPD group, FA values in the white matter and thalamus were significantly lower and MD values in the white matter and putamen were significantly higher. The area with significant differences in MD value was more extensive (40.8%) than the area with significant differences in FA value (6.5%). These findings may reflect pathophysiological differences of PPD compared with MDD.
The anti-apoptotic Coxiella burnetii effector protein AnkG is a strain specific virulence factor
Authors: Schäfer Walter , Schmidt Teresa , Cordsmeier Arne , Borges Vítor , Beare Paul A. , Pechstein Julian , Schulze-Luehrmann Jan , Holzinger Jonas , Wagner Nicole , Berens Christian , Heydel Carsten , Gomes João Paulo , Lührmann Anja
Published: September 2020

The ability to inhibit host cell apoptosis is important for the intracellular replication of the obligate intracellular pathogenCoxiella burnetii, as it allows the completion of the lengthy bacterial replication cycle. Effector proteins injected into the host cell by theC. burnetiitype IVB secretion system (T4BSS) are required for the inhibition of host cell apoptosis. AnkG is one of these anti-apoptotic effector proteins. The inhibitory effect of AnkG requires its nuclear localization, which depends on p32-dependent intracellular trafficking and importin-α1-mediated nuclear entry of AnkG. Here, we compared the sequences ofankGfrom 37 C. burnetiiisolates and classified them in three groups based on the predicted protein size. The comparison of the three different groups allowed us to identify the first 28 amino acids as essential and sufficient for the anti-apoptotic activity of AnkG. Importantly, only the full-length protein from the first group is abona fideeffector protein injected into host cells during infection and has anti-apoptotic activity. Finally, using theGalleria mellonellainfection model, we observed that AnkG from the first group has the ability to attenuate pathology during in vivo infection, as it allows survival of the larvae despite bacterial replication.