bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМЫ, РАСКРЫВАЮЩИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ХАРАКТЕРА ЧЕЛОВЕКА// Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences Journal 1(12), 2019/ OEAPS Inc.(Open European Academy of Public Sciences); Chief Editor Flora Bertrand - Berlin, Germany. 14.01.2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019. - pp. 16-20.
Authors: Атаев Бейбулат Салихович , Письменская Ольга Владимировна , Латышева Мария Александровна
Published: January 2019

В статье рассмотрены фразеологизмы, раскрывающие особенности человеческого характера, на примере английских и русских идиоматических выражений. Особое внимание удалятся проблеме перевода устойчивых сочетаний. Получен вывод, что дословный перевод идиом порой необъективен, поскольку фразеологизмы следует переводить как целостные единицы с учётом культурно-исторических особенностей их возникновения, а также контекста.
Comfort, peak load and energy: Centralised control of water heaters for demand-driven prioritisation
Authors: Roux Marcel , Apperley Mark , Booysen MJ
Published: January 2019

Recent advances in smart grid technology enable new approaches to address the problem of load control for domestic water heating. Since water heaters store energy, they are well-suited to load management. However, existing approaches have focused on the electrical supply side, ignoring the obvious link between the user and the grid: individual hot water consumption patterns. This paper proposes a load spreading approach in which water heaters compete for access to the heating medium. The proposed smart grid solution takes grid load limits, real-time temperature measurements, water usage patterns, individual user comfort, and heater meta-data into consideration. The scheduler only turns on the heaters with the highest level of need, but limits the number of on heaters to ensure that the grid load stays below a set limit for a set time. The method is evaluated by simulation against various heater set temperature levels, and for various load limits, and compared with ripple control and actual consumption measured in a field trial of 34 water heaters. The proposed algorithm reduces the load from 62kW to 20, 30, 40, and 50kW (vs. 106kW for full ripple control). The resulting number of unwanted cold events is fewer than for ripple control, and only slightly more than no control, while reducing the total energy by 14% from a user-optimised natural experiment.
EMPOWERING ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS IN MILLENNIAL ERA: THE ROLE OF ENGLISH PROGRAM FOR BIDIKMISI STUDENTS
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri
Published: January 2019

This study aims at exploring how BIDIKMISI students at the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Kudusperceive the empowerment of their academic writing skills through English programs undertaken by the campus.The study anchors in a qualitative research. Personal interviews, observation and documentation were used togather data. The result reveals that the strategies and ways of empowering academic writing cover developingcognitive skills of students by giving them academic literacy, activities of problem solving, and innovation thatwill attract them to use writing as systems of representation and communication. Another way of empoweringacademic writing done by lecturers is by collaborating to other English lecturers particularly those who teachReading in enhancing the academic writing skills of students at IAIN Kudus. Thus, the role of English programsis considerably meaningful for the acquisition of English language skills of BIDIKMISI students particularly inacademic writing skills. Furthermore, they are able to elicit a number of materials and information related toacademic writing including writing foundations, writing stages, writing elements, accuracy in writing, researchingand writing, academic reality, and articles publication. Interestingly, they are pursued to do a research and writejournal articles. This study suggests that lecturers should actively use technology and social media in millennialera such as Facebook, Blog, Instagram, and Youtube to engage students in the process of teaching academicwriting.
Developing an authentic project-based assessment model on sociology learning of senior high school students
Authors: Sylvia Ike
Published: January 2019

This article aims to describe an authentic project-based assessment model in improving students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) on Sociology learning. This study used a mix-method design that applied ADDIE procedural to gain valid and reliable outcomes. Data collection used multiple techniques involving guided-interviews, survey, validity test, item instrument sheet, HOTS multiple questions with students' elicitation and observation sheet. The study results revealed that: (1) A characteristic of the authentic project-based assessment modelrefers toextensive assessments such as performance, attitude, presentation, product, project, and comprehension. Both performance and attitude assessments used during the project assessment. (2) An implementation of the authentic project-based assessment model is valid and reliable after givingan experimental treatmentin the class of X IIS SMAN 1 Padang that related to cognitive, affective and skills area. (3) An authentic project-based assessment model increased students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) regarding critical thinking and problem-solving aspects, communication skill aspects, creativity and innovation aspects, and collaboration aspects.
Discourse Analysis of Politicians’ Social Media Posts Analisis Wacana Postingan Politikus dalam Media Sosial
Authors: Sylvia Ike , Azmi Alia , Mardhiah Desy
Published: January 2019

The use of social media, especially by political figures, can directly bridge communications between politicians and their constituents and other supportive or opposing parties. This study aims to analyze the posts of political figures’ social media using discourse analysis to convey explicit or implicit messages that can not be separated from political intentions. Discourse analysis helps to understand the meaning of message or text of the media regarding the messenger's social environment and relationships. The study found that three political figures with most followers in three most popular social media platforms--Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter--Prabowo Subianto, Ridwan Kamil, and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono represent their nationalism and Islamic identity in their social media posts. They also convey their opinions about the general political issues in spite of divisive political condition among public that is also visible among politicians.
Perubahan tingkat fatigue melalui latihan Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) pada pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronis yang menjalani hemodialisa
Authors: Herlina Santi
Published: January 2019

Fatigue is a major complaint of patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis, which has a high value, so it will affect the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of PMR on the level of fatigue in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. This study used a quasi experiment design approach pretest-posttest control group. The number of respondents in the study were 32 patients divided into 2 groups: the 16 intervention group and 16 control group. The research concludes that there are significant differences on the level of fatigue in the intervention group between before and after PMR with p = 0.000. Suggested training PMR can be used as an independent nursing intervention in reducing fatigue in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.
THE USE OF LANGUAGE OF PEACE IN SOCIAL MEDIA AS A WAY TO PROMOTE A PEACEFUL LIFE
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri
Published: January 2019

is paper explores the importance of using language of peace in a social media and its eﬀects to promote the peaceful life. Nowadays, the eﬀects of language are undeniably extraordinary both for preserving or damaging a peace. In fact, language is oen taken for granted that leads to the problems from a linguistic perspective. One of these problems occurs in a social media in which the language users tend to show impolite languages or insinuation and ignore the readers. Further, they use words that may be accompanied by gestures, yelling, pictures, screaming, etc. As a result, it will lead to chaos, conﬂict, verbal and physical violence and possibly death. Considering this, the language users both the writers or speakers should be responsible for choosing the words and using acts of discourse that could mitigate the conﬂicts. In addition, they should be aware of the language use, pragmatic and sociolinguistic in a social practice to promote the peaceful life.
IBU-IBU ONLINE : ANTARA KUIS HUNTERS (KUTERS) DAN PELAKSANA FUNGSI DALAM KELUARGA
Authors: Hasmira Mira Hasti
Published: January 2019

Artikel ini mendeskripsikan keberfungsian keluarga pada lima keluarga ibuibu yang kecanduan internet, yang tergabung dalam kuters (kuis hunters) di Indonesia. Dalam artikel ini dijelaskan bahwa ibu-ibu kuters tergolong pengguna internet secara sehat karena masih melakukan komunikasi dan interaksi dengan orang-orang disekitar dengan baik dan memiliki komunitas “kopdar” dengan sesama kuters. Sedangkan terhadap anak-anak secara tidak sadar ibu telah memberikan sosialisasi sebagai pecandu internet dengan melibatkan anak dan suami dalam mengikuti berbagai kuis online, sehingga anak juga mengikuti kebiasaan perilaku ibu. Beberapa proses yang sangat mempengaruhi hasil interaksi antara anak-anak dengan ibu pecandu internet, yaitu: imitasi perilaku online, sugesti yang diberikan ibu, dalam proses identifikasi, dan simpati yang diwujudkan melalui sebuah kerjasama.
Pengenalan pada biomaterial
Authors: Hermawan Hendra
Published: January 2019

Biomaterial dipakai untuk membuat implan dan devais yang menggantikan bagian atau fungsi organ tubuh secara aman. Mayoritas implan menggunakan logam sebagai biomaterial untuk mendapatkan kombinasi kekuatan dan keuletan yang optimal. Arah perkembangan biomaterial menuju kombinasi dari superioritas mekanik logam dan biofungsionalitas dari keramik dan polimer untuk mencapai unjuk kerja klinik optimal dari implan. Indonesia akan mampu mencapai kemandirian nasional akan biomaterial dan alat kesehatan bemuatan teknologi tinggi berbasis riset ketika terjalin kerjasama antara pakar, industri lokal dan pemerintah.
Brief Inductions in Episodic Past or Future Thinking: Effects on Episodic Detail and Problem-Solving
Authors: Hallford David John , Carmichael Anna , Austin David W. , Dax Sam , Coulston Meg , Wong Aaron
Published: January 2019

Episodic specificity inductions, involving brief training in recollecting episodic details, have been shown to improve subsequent performance on tasks involving remembering the past, imagining the future and problem solving. The current study examined if specificity inductions targeting self-referential past or future episodic thinking would have dissociable effects on generating past and future episodic detail and problem solving. Sixty-three participants were randomised to either a past self-referential or future self-referential episodic induction. All participants also completed a control task. Participants randomised to the self-referential future thinking induction generated more episodic details on past and future narrative tasks compared to a control task, whereas participants randomised to a self-referential past thinking induction showed similar performance to the control task. When examining within-group performance of participants randomised to the past or future induction, we found some evidence of dissociable effects of inductions on narrative generation tasks, but not on problem solving outcomes. Our findings suggest that self-referential inductions may be useful for increasing episodic specificity, but that the temporal distance and direction of the induction matters. We discuss our results in the context of the potential clinical utility of this approach for populations vulnerable to autobiographical memory disruption.
Increasing Anticipatory Pleasure in Major Depression through Enhancing Episodic Future Thinking: A Randomized Single-Case Series Trial
Authors: Hallford David John , Sharma Manoj Kumar , Austin David W.
Published: January 2019

Depressed individuals have difficulty anticipating pleasure, which can impact motivation and functioning. One factor in this may be impairments in their episodic future thinking (EFT). This study examined whether enhancing EFT through increasing detail/vividness and mental imagery would increase anticipatory pleasure among individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. A randomized start-point, single case series design was used. Depressed outpatients (N = 7) completed surveys through the day over two weeks to nominate upcoming positive events and rate them on EFT detail/vividness, mental imagery, and anticipatory pleasure. At a randomized start-point, activities to enhance the detail/vividness and mental imagery for these upcoming events were introduced. Significant increases in detail and imagery were observed when EFT activities were introduced, which correlated with increases in how pleasurable it was thought the activities would be and how pleasurable it was thinking about them. Enhancing EFT may be a mechanism to increase anticipatory pleasure in depression. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Income Inequality and White-On-Black Racial Bias in the United States: Evidence from Project Implicit and Google Trends
Authors: Connor Paul Robert , Sarafidis Vasilis , Zyphur Michael , Keltner Dacher , CHEN Serena
Published: January 2019

Several theories predict that income inequality may produce increased racial bias, but robust tests of this hypothesis are lacking. We examined this relationship at the U.S. state level from 2004 to 2015 using Internal Revenue Service–based income-inequality statistics and two large-scale racial-bias data sources: Project Implicit (N = 1,554,109) and Google Trends. Using a multimethod approach, we found evidence of a significant positive within-state association between income inequality and Whites’ explicit racial bias. However, the effect was small, with income inequality accounting for 0.4% to 0.7% of within-state variation in racial bias, and was also contingent on model specification, with results dependent on the measure of income inequality used. We found no conclusive evidence linking income inequality to implicit racial bias or racially offensive Google searches. Overall, our findings admit multiple interpretations, but we discuss why statistically small effects of income inequality on explicit racial bias may nonetheless be socially meaningful.
Overcoming the deficiency of refugee mental health research
Authors: Kalfic Kristina , Mitchell Glenn , Ooi Lezanne , Schwab Sibylle , Matosin Natalie
Published: January 2019

The growing number of refugees and asylum seekers are one of the most significant global challenges of this generation. We are currently witnessing the highest level of displacement in history, with over 65 million displaced people in the world. Refugees and asylum seekers are at higher risk to develop mental illness due to their trauma and chronic stress exposures, and particularly post-migration stressors. Yet global and Australian psychiatric research in this area is greatly lacking, particularly with respect to our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of risk and resilience to mental illness in traumatised populations. In this Viewpoint, we explore the reasons behind the lack of refugee mental health research and use this context to propose new ways forward. We believe that scientific discovery performed with a multidisciplinary approach will provide the broad evidence-base required to improve refugee mental health. This will also allow us to work towards the removal of damaging policies that prolong and potentiate mental health deterioration among refugees and asylum seekers, which impacts not only on the individuals but also host countries’ social, economic and healthcare systems.
A dual-fMRI investigation of the iterated Ultimatum Game reveals that reciprocal behaviour is associated with neural alignment.
Authors: Shaw Daniel , Czekoova Kristina , Staněk Rostislav , Mareček Radek , Urbánek Tomáš , Spalek Jiri , Kopečková Lenka , Řezáč Jan , Brázdil Milan
Published: January 2019

Dyadic interactions often involve a dynamic process of mutual reciprocity; to steer a series of exchanges towards a desired outcome, both interactants must adapt their own behaviour according to that of their interaction partner. Understanding the brain processes behind such bidirectional reciprocity is therefore central to social neuroscience, but this requires measurement of both individuals’ brains during real-world exchanges. We achieved this by performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on pairs of male individuals simultaneously while they interacted in a modified iterated Ultimatum Game (iUG). In this modification, both players could express their intent and maximise their own monetary gain by reciprocating their partner’s behaviour – they could promote generosity through cooperation and/or discourage unfair play with retaliation. By developing a novel model of reciprocity adapted from behavioural economics, we then show that each player’s choices can be predicted accurately by estimating expected utility (EU) not only in terms of immediate payoff, but also as a reaction to their opponent’s prior behaviour. Finally, for the first time we reveal that brain signals implicated in social decision making are modulated by these estimates of EU, and become correlated more strongly between interacting players who reciprocate one another.
(Ideo)Logical Reasoning: Ideology Impairs Sound Reasoning
Authors: Gampa Anup , Wojcik Sean , Motyl Matt , Nosek Brian A. , Ditto Peter
Published: January 2019

Beliefs shape how people interpret information and may impair how people engage in logical reasoning. In 3 studies, we show how ideological beliefs impair people's ability to: (1) recognize logical validity in arguments that oppose their political beliefs, and, (2) recognize the lack of logical validity in arguments that support their political beliefs. We observed belief bias effects among liberals and conservatives who evaluated the logical soundness of classically structured logical syllogisms supporting liberal or conservative beliefs. Both liberals and conservatives frequently evaluated the logical structure of entire arguments based on the believability of arguments’ conclusions, leading to predictable patterns of logical errors. As a result, liberals were better at identifying flawed arguments supporting conservative beliefs and conservatives were better at identifying flawed arguments supporting liberal beliefs. These findings illuminate one key mechanism for how political beliefs distort people’s abilities to reason about political topics soundly.
Inequality’s Association with Poor Educational Outcomes in U.S. States Relates to Interest in Academic Shortcuts
Authors: Moshontz Hannah , Vuletich Heidi A. , Payne Keith , Marsh Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Regional income inequality is associated with poor academic outcomes. Using U.S. data (2005 - 2016), we explored whether inequality has psychological consequences that may harm student outcomes. Theoretically, income inequality causes excessive focus on immediate concerns, therefore we examined whether inequality is associated with increased interest in academic shortcuts, and whether interest in shortcuts explains the academic outcomes of 4th graders, 8th graders, and adults. We used state-level Google search frequencies to measure interest in academic shortcuts (e.g., “cliff notes”). Inequality was associated with 8th grade standardized test performance and adult high school degrees, but not 4th grade standardized test performance. Interest in academic shortcuts mediated the effect of inequality on 8th grade performance and high school degrees (with some caveats). Our analyses are consistent with theorized psychological consequences of inequality suggesting that it biases students’ focus on the present in ways that undermine their educational achievement and attainment.
Social decision‐making in the brain: Input‐state‐output modelling reveals patterns of effective connectivity underlying reciprocal choices.
Authors: Shaw Daniel , Czekoova Kristina , Gajdoš Martin , Staněk Rostislav , Spalek Jiri , Brázdil Milan
Published: January 2019

During social interactions, decision‐making involves mutual reciprocity—each individual's choices are simultaneously a consequence of, and antecedent to those of their interaction partner. Neuroeconomic research has begun to unveil the brain networks underpinning social decision‐making, but we know little about the patterns of neural connectivity within them that give rise to reciprocal choices. To investigate this, the present study measured the behaviour and brain function of pairs of individuals (N = 66) whilst they played multiple rounds of economic exchange comprising an iterated ultimatum game. During these exchanges, both players could attempt to maximise their overall monetary gain by reciprocating their opponent's prior behaviour—they could promote generosity by rewarding it, and/or discourage unfair play through retaliation. By adapting a model of reciprocity from experimental economics, we show that players' choices on each exchange are captured accurately by estimating their expected utility (EU) as a reciprocal reaction to their opponent's prior behaviour. We then demonstrate neural responses that map onto these reciprocal choices in two brain regions implicated in social decision‐making: right anterior insula (AI) and anterior/anterior‐mid cingulate cortex (aMCC). Finally, with behavioural Dynamic Causal Modelling, we identified player‐specific patterns of effective connectivity between these brain regions with which we estimated each player's choices with over 70% accuracy; namely, bidirectional connections between AI and aMCC that are modulated differentially by estimates of EU from our reciprocity model. This input‐state‐output modelling procedure therefore reveals systematic brain–behaviour relationships associated with the reciprocal choices characterising interactive social decision‐making.
An Assessment of the Measurement Validity of the Value-Relevant Involvement Scale
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

Two studies assessed the construct validity of the value-relevant involvement scale (Cho & Boster, 2005), (N = 308 and N = 285). Study 1 assessed the extent to which VRI was related to attitude structure and self-reports of behavior about a topic. Study 2 tested the extent to which VRI can predict reactions to counter-attitudinal messages. The data were consistent with the hypotheses proposing that VRI is associated with the strength of biased processing outcomes including perceiving bias in the source, the belief that the source’s supporters have been misled, and arguing about the topic on Facebook.
A Trim and Fill Examination of the Extent of Publication Bias in Communication Research
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

Publication bias can occur when a study is not published in an academic journal because the study did not find a statistically significant result. It can bias meta-analytic estimates upwards because the meta-analyses are missing studies that provide small estimates of the effect size under study. This paper describes the trim and fill technique of estimating the impact of publication bias on meta-analyses (Duval and Tweedie, 2000a, 2000b) and provides a worked example. A sample of 68 meta-analyses of communication research were tested for publication bias using the trim and fill technique. The results suggest that most communication meta-analyses are not substantially affected by publication bias.
A Meta-Analysis of the Functional Matching Effect Based on Functional Attitude Theory
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

The functional theory of attitudes (Katz, 1960) proposes that if persuasive messages target the reason why the audience possesses an attitude on that subject (the attitude’s function), such messages will be more persuasive than if they target a different function. The “functional matching” effect was tested by meta-analyzing 16 articles, which reported 38 relationships between matching and persuasiveness and had a combined sample of 1,460. The functional matching effect was consistently strong across all moderators (r = .37). The use of the self-monitoring scale to identify functions produced a somewhat smaller effect than the average. Research employing other means of identifying attitude functions is called for. No evidence was found consistent with publication bias. Future directions for functional attitude theory research based on these results are discussed.
A meta-analysis and an experiment investigating the effects of speaker disfluency on persuasion
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

A meta-analysis of the speech disfluency literature suggested that the relationship between speaker disfluencies and competence judgments may be mediated. The theory of elaborative resistance production (TERP; Turner & Banas, 2007) was then applied to the effects of disfluencies on speaker persuasiveness. An experiment was conducted such that 240 undergraduate students watched a short video in which a speaker was either high or low reward and produced 0, 1, or 2 verbal disfluencies. Evidence was found consistent with a causal chain running from speaker disfluency to attitude-defensive cognitions, then to ratings of speaker credibility, and then to message acceptance.
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceives a negative health outcome to be severe, perceives themselves to be susceptible to it, perceives the benefits to behaviors which reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceives the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine if measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug taking regimens v. other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables’ predictive power.
Meta-Analyses of Sex Differences in Responses to Sexual Versus Emotional Infidelity: Men and Women are More Similar than Different
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

From 54 articles, 172 effect sizes were meta-analyzed to determine whether men and women are differentially distressed by emotional versus sexual infidelity. Predictions were derived and tested from an evolutionary psychology (EP) perspective, a social–cognitive perspective, and the double-shot perspective. The data were not consistent with the EP predictions because men tended to respond in the predicted manner in only the U.S. student samples, whereas the rest of the data were largely consistent with the social–cognitive theory. Specifically, both sexes tended to be more upset by emotional than sexual infidelity when forced to choose which type of infidelity was more distressing. Both sexes indicated that sexual infidelity was more distressing than emotional when asked to rate their level of distress separately for each using continuous measures. The lesbian and gay samples were mostly consistent with the double-shot hypothesis because they tended to respond based on stereotyping grounded in the sex of their partner, paralleling heterosexuals in this regard. Analysis of the scenarios designed to test the double-shot hypothesis found somewhat smaller effects when the possibility of both types of infidelity was ruled out. These findings suggest that professionals seeking to address problems associated with jealousy in romantic relationships would profit from avoiding sex-linked assumptions about which aspect of infidelity is likely to be more upsetting.
A relative commitment approach to understand power in romantic relationships
Authors: Carpenter Christopher
Published: January 2019

In some romantic relationships, one partner has more power over joint decisions than the other. This study examines relative commitment as a key predictor of which partner has more power and developed a model based on classic interdependence theory. A survey was conducted (N = 324) using new measures of the key variables to test the model. When desire for control was high, relative commitment predicted self-perceived power, which predicted major and minor decision making as well as dominant conflict strategies. These results are consistent with the proposed modification of interdependence theory concerning desire for control.
Nipah Virus (NiV) Infection: Is Nepal Prepared for the Possible Outbreak?
Authors: Shrestha Dhiraj , Bhattachan Balkrishna
Published: January 2019

After 20 years of the first Nipah Virus (NiV) outbreak in the world, it re-emerged as the outbreak in India. WHO has recognized NiV as a potent epidemic threat to human health. Both animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission of zoonotic NiV has been documented. Fruit bat of Pteropodidae family is the natural reservoir of the virus. Thus, the territorial habitat of these bats is the high risk zone of NiV outbreak. The symptoms are very nonspecific and the pathogenicity of NiV is yet to be fully understood. Diagnosis of NiV infection still relies on molecular techniques. Till date, no drugs or vaccines against NiV has been approved. Some research have presented arrays of the possible treatment and prevention option, but without sure shot implications. So, appropriate precautions are the only currently available prevention option. Nepal is yet to experience a NiV outbreak but that does not undermine the risk posed to the general population. High risk countries including Nepal should be well prepared to tackle the possible outbreak in future.
From Venice to Aleppo: Early Printing of Scripture in the Orthodox World
Authors: Kilpatrick Hilary
Published: January 2019

The Bible, as the etymology of the word indicates, refers not to one book but to many. The Christian Bible is made up of the Old Testament, that is, the Jewish Scriptures, and the New Testament; moreover, for some Churches, among them the Orthodox, certain books commonly called the Apocrypha , which were added to the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, also fonn part of the Bible. The Bible is thus a small library, and as is common in libraries, some books are more popular than others. Long before the introduction of printing, the varying degrees of importance accorded to different books of the Bible led to some of them being translated before others. For instance, in Anglo-Saxon England, interlinear glosses (i.e. crude word-by-word translations) were made of the Gospels and Psalms, and separate portions of the Bible, including the Gospels, were rendered into Old English (Anonymous 1997: 200). Likewise, the earliest known written translations of parts of the Bible into Arabic are of the Gospels and Psalms; they can be dated to the 8th century. Oral translations are older, going back to pre-Islamic times (Graf 1944: 114-115, 138; Griffith 2012: 123-126). By contrast, the first attempt to produce a complete Bible in Arabic occurred only in the l 61h century (Graf 1944: 89-90).
Cypriot Emigration to the United States of America (1910-1930)
Authors: Manitakis Nicolas , Michael Mikhalis N
Published: January 2019

loannis Tserkezis, born in 1874, in Mazotos, a village in the Larnaca district of Cyprus, came from a poor family and was sent by his father to Smyrna, in 1888, aged 14, to seek employment to strengthen the family's income. The young Greek Cypriot's family was counting on help that would be provided to the young immigrant by his uncle (on his father 's side), who had been living in that multicultural Ottoman city for a considerable length of time. Despite his uncle 's efforts, the search for employment proved fruitless, and thus, after a brief period of time, Tserkezis was forced to return to his native country. He was not disheartened, though. He continued his efforts to find employment abroad during the years that followed. In 1899, he made efforts to settle in Alexandria and in 1902 went back to Smyrna, but both ventures proved unsuccessful. Up until then Tserkezis had chosen to emigrate to the most common destinations for the Cypriots of the time. That is, to Egypt or countries within the Ottoman Empire (Tserkezis 1988: 13-101).
À propos de l'usage de l'ère sidonienne à Porphyréôn (Jiyeh et Nabi Younès) à l'époque protobyzantine
Authors: Abou Diwan Georges
Published: January 2019

L'ère civique inaugurée par Sidon en octobre 111 av. J.-C. a connu un usage Très prolongé. Son emploi est atteste sur le monnayage émis par cette cite (Abou Diwan 2010), sur une série d'inscriptions lapidaires d'époque romaine (JGLS XI, n°5 1, 2B « Haloua » ;JGLS XI, n° 4 « Deir el 'Achaiyer » ;JGLS XI, n° 5 « Kfar Ouq» ; JGLS XI, n° 7-8 « Aiha » ; JGLS XI, n° 12 « 'Ain Horshe » ; JGLS X I , n° 15 « 'Ain 'Ata » ;IGLS XI, n°s 20-26 «Rakhle » ;/GLSVI, n°2989 « Bab Mare ») et sur des mosaïques de pavement avec inscriptions grecques d’églises protobyzantines appartenant à la chora de Sidon (Tableau 1). L'ensemble de la documentation disponible e n'était pas en mesure de confirmer une modification du calendrier sidonien a l’époque romaine reporte dans l 'Hemerologium Florentinum (Kubitschek 1915).
صراع "اللبننة والعثمنة" على أرض المتصرفية (1912)
Authors: Mallah Abdallah
Published: January 2019

هل «لبنان عثماني أم أجنبي»؟ سؤال ضجت به أرجاء متصرفية جبل لبنان ومدينة بيروت" سنة ١٩١٢، وشغل الرأي العام المتابع للأوضاع في «لبنان). تطارحته الصحف اللبنانية والبيروتية على مدى أسابيع، ونردد رجعه في عواصم الدول العظمى" إبان الزيارة التى قام بها فصيل من الجند النظامي العثماني، المعسكر في بيروت، إلى بعبدا، مقر «حكومة المتصرفية اللبنانية» بنحو فاجا اللبنانيين. قامت الدنيا و لم تقعد، وعلا التنديد بالزيارة - المناورة، والتحذير من مغبة تكرارها. وانتشرت، في الوقت عينه، المخاوف من أن يكون المقصود من هذه المحاولة خرق نظام جبل لبنان وضرب امتيازاته... فما كانت دوافع هذه الزيارة؟ ولماذا ارتفعت الضجة عاليا وتناظرت الصحف بانفعال غير مسبوق منذ قيام نظام المتصرفية وتأسيس «الحكومة اللبنانية) في العام ١٨٦١؟ ولماذا اندلع السجال بين الصحف؟
فسيفساء كنيسة الملاك ميخائيل في حَورته رائعة من القرن الخامس للميلاد
Authors: Najjar Abdo
Published: January 2019

فى سورية لا يوجد الكثير من الجداريات، لأن نوائب الزمان قد أودت تمعظمها، ولكن تزحر أرضيات كنائسها بلوحات من الفسيفساء غاية في الجمال، ثرية ف الألوان وذات ون رفيع. ونظا إلى أهمية هذا الفى ولكثرة انتشاره في سورية، رأينا من المكاسب أن نطلع القراء بواسطة هذا العمل المتواضع على نموذج من تلك المزوقات الجميلة، وقد اخترنا لأجل ذلاك أرضية كنيسة اللاك ميخائيل في قرية حورته التابعة لمدينة آفاما، وسنخص في هذا البحث فسيفساء ادم الثاي رائعة لو حات هذه الكنيسة.
Quelques anecdotes dérisoires tirées de l’historiographie maghrébo-andalouse du moyen-âge
Authors: Clément Francois
Published: January 2019

On ne peut pas dire que les ouvrages historiographiques médiévaux rédigés en arabe brillent par leur fantaisie, du moins si l'on en juge d'après ceux qui nous sont parvenus. Ce n'est d' ailleurs pas leur objet. Cette fantaisie qui devrait nous laisser entrevoir un peu de la vie des vivants d' alors, qui leur conserverait un peu de chair et de couleurs, on la trouvera plus facilement dans les textes pro- prement littéraires, "séances" (maqâmât), recueils d' anecdotes, contes, poésies. Certes, des récits merveilleux ( 'aga 'ib wa-àarâ' ib) agrémentent parfois les chroniques. Est-ce par souci de légèreté, de respiration dans un texte au demeu- rant très monotone, jusque dans ses prétentions littéraires - je pense ici aux exer- cices de virtuosité stylistique, comme l'emploi de la prose scandée (saà'), ou au jeu des références en tout genre, coraniques, poétiques, proverbiales, etc. ? Il est permis d'en douter. Car ces récits, même s'ils paraissent échapper à la trame du discours, obéissent néanmoins à son projet global, qui est de rendre compte d'un savoir entendu comme une somme d'informations (gumla min al-a&bâr), l'am- pleur de la collection rassemblée tenant lieu, bien souvent, de véritable connais- sance. Ne rien omettre semble donc être la devise de l'auteur, y compris lorsqu'il nous prévient qu'il en sait encore davantage, et c'est pourquoi il lui arrive de glisser dans l'assortiment qu'il nous tend une pièce suspecte que nous saurons, alertés par quelque formule convenue du type "je ne garantis rien" (wa-llâhu juger à sa juste valeur.
Bãq, an Inchoative Marker in Mardini Arabic
Authors: Grigore George
Published: January 2019

Mardini Arabic (spoken in Mardin, a vilayet in Southern Turkey) has a series of prefixes wich, combined with the extratemporal forms of the verb (imperfective and perfective), create an astonishing number of tenses and modes, compared to the classic Arabic or other dialects. There are: - ku - for present: ku-takal (you are eating now); bäq - for inchoative: bäq-takal (you began to eat); - ta - for the future: ta-takal (you will eat); - ka - (with its variants ken, ket, kal) for perfect (ex.: ka-akält - you ate) and past perfect (ex.: ken-ket-akält - you had eaten). The modalities of forming the two tenses are a lot more diverse and com- plicated and they are the subject of an extended study (Grigore, 1999) - ka + ta - for conditional: ka-ta-takal (you would eat); From all those verbal prefixes, I chose to present in this paper the results of my investigation on the development of this inchoative marker - bäq- in Mardini Arabic from the lexical item bäqa (to remain, to stay, to continue, to be;to keep on). This inquiry is based on texts in Mardini Arabic published by Otto Jastrow in 1969 (a and b) and by Hans-Jurgen Sasse in 1971, as well as on the record- ings effected by me among the small Mardini Arabian community in the last ten years in Bucharest.
يوم الشاعر نزار قباني في جامعة البلمند
Authors: Al'abyad Hasan
Published: January 2019

غاب نزار قباني، وغيابه شغل جامعة البلمند، كما شغلتها حياته. فما غاب نزار يوما عن جامعة البلمند، ففي أروقتها كان يحيا بأرائه ، وفى غرف التدريس فيها، وفى دوائرها، وعلى ألسنة أساتذتها ومسؤوليها وفي قلوبهم. كان اسمه يتردد، وتطرح قصائده وآراؤه ف الشعر والشر، وف دائرة اللغة العرية، بالذات، كان ماثلا يتناظر الأساتذة والطلاب في أرائه الشرية والشعرية، التي خرق بها جدار المألوف المتوارث، وما زال جرس قصائده يطرق الأسماع، إذ قلما تطرح مسألة محورها الشعر والتثر لا يكون نزار حاضرا فيها . وجامعة البلمند يعنيها، إلى جانب ما يعنيها من معارف وعلوم وتكنولوجيا حديثه، يعنيها الأدب نثرا وشعا، والأدباء والشعراء والنقاد، تقف على نتاجاتهم وآرائهم موقف المتفحص المتبصر في الأمور، فهي بحكم دورها الرائد في هذا الوطن وفي ما حوله من دنيا العرب ، تضطلع بمهات عظيمة تشكل خيوطا من نسج رسالتها الى ارتضتها لنفسها لتكون شاهدا على حركة الفكر والثقافة، وفاعلا فيها فعل الحاذق الماهر لتسهم في تيار الثقافة العامة وليكون لها ف هذا النسيج الثقافي خيوط تصفها وتبرز هوشها وانتمائها الوطني والإنساني البعيد عن كل فوية ومذهبة وطائفية، وقد تجسد كل هذا فى مناهجها وتوجهاتها وممارساتها وسلو كياتها ، فاحتضنت الثقافات المتنوعة فتفاعلت بين ظهرانيها، في جو ديمقراطي حر، وانصهرت مكونة ثقافة جوهرها الانتماء الوطني وأبعادها الانفتاح الإنساني .
الشعر السياسي في إدب نزار قباني
Authors: Najem Khristo
Published: January 2019

الشعر السياسي في أدب نزار قباني لا يرتد إلى زمن مراهقته ومطلع شبابه كما هي حاله مع شمر الغزل. ولذا انتقده الباحثون قديما على إهمال هذا الجانب الأدي. إن مؤلفاته الأولى كادت تخلو بكاملها من معاناة السياسة لولا تلك القصيدة الموسومة بإخيز وحشيش وقمر) التي أحدثت ضجة في الخمسينات من هذا القرن. انطلق نزار ف هذه القميدة من انتقاد قاس للعالم العب الذي أضاع دولة فلسطين . ولعل يقظته كانت إثر حرب حزيران التى فجرت قصيدته العصماء "هوامش على دفتر النكسة" عام ١٩٦٧ ، وفيها تبخيس للذات العريية مع شعور بالذنب ورغبة في جيل غاضب يقضي على جميع المهزومين: "نريد جيلا يفلح الآفاق / وينكشن التاريخ من جذوره / وينكشن الفكر من الأعماق. هكذا اعتمد شاعرنا تبخيس الذات وسيلة لاحمال مصابه. فهو جزم من هذا العالم المتراجع نحو الوراء، والناطق بضمير المتكلم في صيغة الجمع. أما سبق وسمعناه يرثي جمال عبد الناصر بقوله:" قتلناك ياآجر الأنبياء. هو يشعر أنه متورط بمؤامرة قل هنا البطل. صحيح أن ذاته الفردية غير واضحة في سياق مشاعر الذنب، إلا أن ذاته الجماعية تشمل كل الأفراد، وهي ذات غادرة قضت على المثل الأعلى بنظر الشاعر، فبعدما حاول نزار أن يتباهى بإبهال التاريخ العري، وجد نفسه يائسا من الحلم وزاهدا بالآمال المستحيلة. ذلك أن حكاية امهد القديم تناثرت مع الزمن ولم يبق منها غير صدى يرجعه الأحفاد الجبناء تعزية لآلاف الهزائم وتغطية لعار القصور والمهانة:" وداعا قريش / وداعا كليب / وداعا مضر". إن الوداع تعبير صريح عن فك الإرتباط بالذات العريية، فمنذ توفي الرسول و"ذات" العرب سائرة في جنازة. وطبيعي أن يعاد النظر بكتابات المؤرخ الذي مات منذ قرون. وقد دون هذه المراجعة في قصيدة عنوانها: "قراءة ثانية لمقدمة ابن خلدون"، هذا الشك بالتاريخ جعل صاحبنا مفتقرا الى الوردة الحمراء بعدما ولى زمان الجلنار.
جدلية الحداثة/التراث في شعر نزار قباني (المرأة نموذجا)
Authors: Hammoud Mohammad Al Abed
Published: January 2019

مقدمة يقول نزار أنه "ضد القفز من نوافذ التاريخ دون مظلة" ويرى أن الحداثة طابور طويل جقا يقف فيه الشعراء في أمكتهم الني يحددها التاريخ . . . وأن عظمة الشاعر أو حداثته أو خطورته.. . يقررها الو جدان العام. .. وتحكم فها محكمة شمية لا تقل الرشوة ولا وهذه المعكمة الشعرية الشعبية. . . هي وحدها التى تستطيع أن تأخذ الشاعر إلى الإبتزاز. ٠ . المجد، أو تأخذه إلى السجن، وعلى هذا الأساس فإن تسعين بالماية من شعراء الحداثة سيذهبون إلى السجن: فإلى أين سنذهب بنزار أو مع نزار؟! لنتفق بادىء ذي بده أن نزارا محق عندما يقول أن القفز من نوافذ التاريخ دون مظلة انتحار . أما ثقته بعدالة "المحكمة الشعرية الشعبية" فأمر قابل لنقاش ، بل وحتى للرد والرفض . ذكر أفلاطون ان إدراك الجمال يكون على مرحلتين: المرحلة الأولى مرحلة الحس ويصل إليها المعجبون عن طريق النظر والسمع وهؤلاء هم الغالب في كل أمة ، يعجبون بالأشكال والصور والألوان والأصوات وكل ما دخلت في تركيبه هذه الأشياء من آثار الفن . والمرحلة الثانية مر حلة إدراك كنه الجمال والتى يسميها أفلاطون مرحلة المعرفة لما فيها من إدراك الحقيقة، وهى مرحلة لا يصل إليها إلا القادرون على التفكير الحر فى الجمال المطلق، وهم قليلون، يدر كون هذا النوع من الجمال المتجلي في الأشياء الجميلة فيستطيعون إدراكه مجردا عن هذه الأشياء. ومن يتصدى لواقع العالم العري اليوم يتبين له ان الجمهور العري ما برح يعجب بالموسيقى الإيقاعية الشديدة القصف ، وبالمعاني التقريرية السهلة الواضحة، وبكل ما يمكن أن يندرج محت عنوان عريض واسع هو الانفعال والإثارة والتهيج وسائر ما نصحو منه على شبه حواء روحي ونفسي .
اللامألوف في تجربة نزار قباني
Authors: Trad Georges
Published: January 2019

المكان: قاعة "الأسمبلى هول" - الجامعة الأميركية - بيروت . الزمان: ربيع العام ١٩٩٦ . الحدث: الشاعر نزار قباني يلبي دعوة خريجي الجامعة ويقرا من شعره القديم والجديد. الأجواء: بضع مثات من المحظوظين تمكنوا من الدخول. أما آلاف عشاق شعره فقد اضطروا الى افتراش العشب والممرات داخل المبنى وحوله. في زاوية أولى من الصالة شاعر مخضرم من أبرز رواد الحداثة الشعرية العربية اللقطة: طرح نفسه من خلال تجاوز طريقة نزار الشعرية وبنى اسلوبه على انقاضها. وفى زاوية ثانية ناقد كلاسيكي لا يزال في نهاية القرن العشرين يطبق طريقه الجمحي والعسكري وابن رشيق ف مقاربته للنصوص ويعتبر قباني مارقا في تاريخ الشعر العري. الاثنان جاها، كل من جهته، ليحضرا امسية نزار كي لا يفوتهما الدفق الشعري الطالع من الاسمبلي هول". الاستتاج: هذا هو نزار قباني في تجسيده اللامألوف بحيث يقبل عليه الموغلون في التغيير والغارقون في التقليد على حد سواء. ذلك انه يعطي ما لا يمكن العثور على مثله في مكان آخر . إنه مقدم الشع اللامألوف والتجربة التي لا نقع على مثلها في مكان شعري عربي آخر . هذه المغايرة هي سره الأكبر، قد يعجبنا وقد لا يعجبنا. لكنه يبقى غير مألوف في الحالين . قد نعتبره مار قا على الشعرية العريية وقد نصنفه جامدا في حر كة الحداثة. لا بهم. لكننا جميعا نعترف بصوته المختلف. ولولا مثل هذا الاعتراف البديهي لما كان بين المحظوظين داخل الاسمبلي هول" ذلك الشاعر الموغل في الحداثة، على بعد أمتار من ذلك الناقد النائم في التقليد!
الحاجة العربية الى الفلسفة
Authors: Wehbe Moussa
Published: January 2019

الىاجة الرغبة الكلام على الحاجة العربية إلى الفلسفة جزء من الكلام على الحاجة الى الفلسفة بعامة ، ولذا اود بدها تداول مألتين: هل ثمة حاجة إلى الفلسفة، فان نعم، كيف تكون هذه الحاجة ممكنة؟ الؤال، رغم شكله ووقعه فى الاذن العربية، ليس سؤالا استفهاميا والا جابة عنه تتطلب لا وصفا لشيء قائم بل استنباطا لشروط الامكان (امكان ما هو قائم). وبصياغة اخرى: كيف يجب ان يكون العقل الذي به حاجة إلى الفلسفة. وكيف يجب ان تكون الفلسفة التى تكون ثمة حاجة اليها! كيف نفهم ان تكون حاجة إلى الفلسفة ان جدت؟
أحكام نحوية في ميزان النقد
Authors: Al Zein Abdefattah
Published: January 2019

كان لنا، من قبل، نافذة للنقد نفذنا منها إلى علم الأصوات، فنقدنا بعض المصطلحات الصوتية التى أطلقها أهل اللغة، القدامى منهم والمحدثون!"). أما اليوم فلنا نافذة أخرى، هي للنقد أيضا، سننفذ منها إلى علم النحو بل عالمه، تحدونا على ذلك رغبة في إماطة اللثام عن بعض الأحكام التي نرى أن أصحابها من النحاة واللغويين ، قد عثروا معا إذ أطلقوها وعمموها، فكان حكم ميزاننا عليها: أنها جاءت أقرب إلى النقصان والخطا منها إلى الكمال والصواب. وإن كان لنا، في هذا البحث، نقد للأحكام هذه، فمرجعنا في ما سنذهب إليه ، نصوص اللغة نفسها المستقرة في بطون الكتب، ومبادئ علم الأصوات بما له من علاقة وطيدة بعلوم اللغة الأخرى ولا سيما علم النحو.
Theory and practice of language education of technical universities students
Authors: Krasnoshchekova Galina Alekseevna
Published: January 2019

The monograph "Theory and Practice of Language Education for Students of Technical Universities" summarized many years of experience in a technical university, presents the author's concept of the fundamentalization of language education for students in non-linguistic universities, embedded in the process of teaching students a foreign language to prove its effectiveness. In the first chapter of the monograph, the author describes the new requirements for proficiency for a foreign language specialists, written into the federal state educational standard of the new generation for higher education; problems that arise while teaching students foreign languages in technical universities, and ways to solve these problems. The methodological basis for the concept of the fundamentalization of language education of technical university students and the creation of conditions necessary for the implementation of this concept are described in details. The second chapter describes the modern system of teaching foreign languages of technical university students, the multi-level structure and content of language education at each stage of this structure, as well as the methods of teaching all types of students' speech activity using innovative communication and information technologies. The author of the monograph describes the important role of the teacher in the process of teaching students a foreign language, creating modern educational content that provides the learning process. The monograph contains scientific and methodological recommendations on the development and use of original pedagogical technologies, new forms of working with students using computer capabilities, creating computer training programs for self-study work of students, writing professionally oriented textbooks in foreign languages. The implementation of this system of training of technical university students proved its effectiveness, as evidenced by the results of experimental training conducted at the Department of Foreign Languages at the Southern Federal University. The quality of student learning improved due to the implementation of the concept of the fundamentalization of language education and modern educational technologies into the educational process.