bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the Reliability of a Measure of Motivation to Engage With Telehealth Technology
Authors: Dewar Alexis R. , Bull Tyler P. , Sproat Jessica M. , Reyes Natalie P. , Malvey Donna M. , Szalma James L.
Published: September 2016

Telehealth systems and devices allow for the exchange of important healthcare data between users and practitioners (Malvey & Slovensky, 2014). To date, there has been little research on the motivation underlying engagement and adoption of telehealth systems. Given this, the present study tested a new measure, the mHealth Technology Engagement Index (mTEI), across two student samples ( N = 191). Participants interacted with two types of telehealth devices or two types of telehealth interfaces, then reported their motivation to engage with these devices or interfaces. The purpose of this research was to establish the reliability of the mTEI and validate its usefulness across differing devices and interfaces. We also discuss the importance of developing a measure based on strong theoretical support.
A Biologically-Assisted Curved Muscle Model of the Lumbar Spine
Authors: Hwang Jaejin , Knapik Gregory G. , Dufour Jonathan S. , Marras William S.
Published: September 2016

Biomechanically-assisted models have been developed to estimate spine tissue loads in vivo and used to assess the potential risk of injuries in workers. However, most biomechanical models represented trunk muscles as straight-lines vectors acting between a muscle origin and insertion. Even though straight-line muscles behaved reasonably well in simple dynamic occupational tasks, this assumption could be problematic in complex multidimensional dynamic tasks that include highly asymmetric or extreme bending postures. Previous efforts at developing curved muscle models were not empirically validated or tested under dynamic loading conditions. Hence, the accuracy of spine tissue load estimations of such models has not been well documented. In this study, a curved muscle representation was developed and validated to overcome this concern. The objective of this study was to investigate the model fidelity of a biologically-assisted curved muscle model during complex dynamic lifting tasks. Twelve subjects (7 males and 5 females) participated in this study. Subjects performed dynamic lifting tasks as a function of load weight, load origin, and load height to simulate complex lifting activities from extreme and highly dynamic postures. The moment matching measures were calculated to evaluate how well model estimated the spinal moment of L5/S1 compared to measured spinal moments in terms of correlation (R2) and average absolute error (AAE). The model demonstrated good repeatability and very good model fidelity between various experimental conditions. The mean and standard deviations of multi-planar R2 were 0.85 (0.07), with 78% of all trials (411/528) having R2 > 0.8. For the multi-planar normalized AAE (%), mean and standard deviations were 12.1% (3.9), with 80% of all trials (425/528) having AAE < 15%. The results of this study indicated that curved muscle representation in the biologically-assisted model was an empirically reasonable approach to estimate accurate spine tissue loads of the lumbar spine during complex occupational circumstances.
Using Heart Rate Variability to Assess Operator Mental Workload in a Command and Control Simulation of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Jasper Phillip , Sibley Ciara , Coyne Joseph
Published: September 2016

Unmanned systems will play an increased role in the future beyond military application including but not limited to: search and rescue, border patrol, homeland security, and natural disaster relief operations. Current models of unmanned system operations, such as those used for unmanned aerial vehicles, require multiple operators to control a single vehicle. This multioperator-single vehicle ratio will soon shift to a multioperator-multivehicle model as the number of unmanned systems increase and work in unison to complete a mission. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of a physiological measure i.e. heart rate variability (HRV), to assess operator workload in a single operator-multivehicle command and control simulation. An internally developed command and control simulator is described and observed effects of mental workload on HRV are reported. Results suggest that HRV can be used to assess operator workload during a command and control simulation of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles.
Effects of Mobile Phone Dependence on Driver Distraction
Authors: Kass Steven J. , Jarstad Alex , VanWormer Lisa
Published: September 2016

This study investigated the distracting effect that the mere presence of a mobile phone could have on simulated driving performance when drivers can hear a phone notification, but are unable to respond to it. A sample of 45 participants, categorized as either low or high mobile phone dependent, were randomly assigned to either a group that received a phone notification while driving in a simulator or to a control group. Both groups drove two scenarios, with the experimental group receiving, but not attending to, a phone call during the second scenario. Drivers who received the phone call veered off the road more often than drivers in the control group regardless of mobile phone dependency. Highly dependent drivers drove faster, were involved in more collisions, and drove over the centerline more frequently than less phone dependent drivers.
Motivation is Important in Game-Based Memory Recall
Authors: Dewar Alexis R. , Denues Kody L. , Szalma James L.
Published: September 2016

Motivation has been found to direct our attention across a number of studies. In the literature, this phenomenon is referred to as motivated cognition. The present study seeks to extend the work on motivated cognition to an applied setting: video gaming. We measured memory recall performance on a 20-minute game-based attention task. Forty-nine (27 females; 22 males) undergraduate students viewed a sequence of four game-based videos that required them to monitor the video for a number of enemy threats and non-threats, as well as contextual information. The results indicated that those higher in intrinsic motivation were more likely to correctly detect and subsequently recall threat, non-threat, and contextual information. Gamers significantly outperformed non-gamers in this task across all performance measures. We concluded that motivated cognition is indeed influenced by individual differences such as motivation and interest in the activity.
Recognizing the Role of Consistency in a Delayed Memory Task
Authors: Schwark Gayle , Rice Stephen , Busche Lisa , Trafimow David
Published: September 2016

Past research on short-term memory decay has found that participants are more efficient at remembering information when the delay between stimuli presentation and recall is short as opposed to long. In the current study we used Potential Performance Theory (PPT) to identify the role that both random and systematic factors play in observed memory performance over a delay. We presented participants with a string of letters followed by either a 2-second or 16-second delay. Following the delay, participants were presented with a two alternative forced choice (2AFC) display where they were asked to determine whether the matching string was in the first or second display. The findings indicate that inconsistency is primarily responsible for the decrements in observed performance that can be seen over a time delay. Theoretical and practical applications are discussed.
Time To Decide: To Call or Not to Call 911 During Weather Crises
Authors: Whitmer Daphne E. , Sims Valerie K. , Bailey Shannon K.T. , Schroeder Bradford L.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to measure response and reaction time (RT) to call 911 for five weather emergencies in order to determine whether participants considered them “serious” enough to call for help. Past research has shown that people fail to take emergency warnings seriously, possibly due to past experience and poor risk assessment. Participants were asked if they would call 911 if they witnessed weather emergencies. Response and RT were recorded. Results showed that participants did not agree on whether to call 911, showing a 50-50 split on most decisions. Participants were fast to indicate they would call 911 for tornadoes and hurricanes. No sex differences in RTs were found, but there was some variation within each sex. Fast RTs were predicted by news exposure, suggesting that recent experience is influential on one’s mental model, processing speed, and decision-making. Future research should use professionals and emergency personnel as a comparison group to this sample of young adults and further examine reasons why people decide to call 911.
Examining Measures of Mental Workload Across Cognitive- and Sensory-Based Vigilance Tasks
Authors: Fraulini Nicholas W. , Claypoole Victoria L. , Dewar Alexis R. , Szalma James L.
Published: September 2016

Vigilance refers to the ability of an observer to detect signals over a prolonged period of time. An important component of vigilance is the performance decrement, in which a decline in the correct detection of critical signals occurs as a function of time on task (e.g., Becker, Warm, Dember, & Howe, 1994). Typically, this decline in performance is accompanied by high perceived workload and stress (Warm, Parasuraman, & Matthews, 2008). One problem with traditional measures of mental workload, however, is these measures do not always converge on a single factor of workload. Instead, analyses indicate that workload is most likely multi-faceted (Matthews, Reinerman-Jones, Wohleber, Lin, Mercado, & Abich, 2015). The present research sought to compare two measures of mental workload, the NASA-TLX and Multiple Resource Questionnaire (MRQ), in terms of their respective abilities to measure mental workload in two different types of vigilance tasks (cognitive and sensory). We examined the factor analytic structure of both measures, as well as the intercorrelations of each measure’s scales. We also examined how the validity and reliability of each measure changed based on task type. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) revealed the factor analytic structure of each mental workload measure to vary depending on task type. The scales of the NASA-TLX combined into one factor for the cognitive task, while the sensory task saw these same scales split between task-related and operator-related sources of workload. EFA for the MRQ scales revealed an emphasis on spatial resources in the sensory condition, whereas the cognitive condition evoked several factors involving the senses (auditory, location, visual). Reliability scores, measured using Cronbach’s α, were high for the MRQ for the cognitive and sensory tasks (α = .840 and α = .866, respectively). Reliability for the NASA-TLX, though, differed markedly for the two tasks, with α = .790 in the cognitive task but α = .439 in the sensory task. Finally, intercorrelations between the two measures showed the cognitive task to bring about both higher intercorrelations within each scale, as well as higher correlations between the scales, than the sensory task. Taken together, our results indicate that the NASA-TLX and MRQ are measuring different constructs depending on the task. Our work extends the results of Matthews et al. (2015) by showing that task parameters should be considered when choosing how to evaluate mental workload. It appears that some measures are reliable only in specific contexts.
Effects of Social Facilitation on Perceived Workload, Subjective Stress, and Vigilance-Related Anxiety
Authors: Claypoole Victoria L. , Dewar Alexis R. , Fraulini Nicholas W. , Szalma James L.
Published: September 2016

Vigilance, or sustained attention, refers to the capability of an individual to maintain attention to a stimulus over extended periods of time. Typically, vigilance tasks are associated with high levels of workload and stress, which manifests as less task engagement, and greater distress. Several factors have been shown to affect vigilance and its associated workload and stress (i.e. signal saliency, task difficulty, etc.). However, one factor that has been neglected in previous research on workload, stress, and anxiety is the presence of someone in a supervisory role during the task. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to determine how the presence of a supervisory figure influenced perceived workload, stress, and anxiety that is associated with vigilance tasks. It was hypothesized that the presence of a supervisory figure would decrease workload and distress, and would increase the levels of anxiety, when compared to a non-supervisor.
The Impact of Cognitive Load on Volitional Running
Authors: Blakely Megan J. , Wilson Kyle , Russell Paul N. , Helton William S.
Published: September 2016

The effects of physical activity on cognition and the effects of cognitive load on physical activity are complex. Both the nature of the physical activity and cognitive task may influence the interactive effects of performing a physical task while also performing a cognitive task. In a previous study examining the impact of increasing cognitive load on outdoor running speed and the impact of outdoor running on cognitive performance, Blakely et al. (2015) found running speed decreased as cognitive load increased. They also found that the impact of running itself on cognitive performance occurred when the cognitive task was itself demanding (high cognitive load). In the current study we expanded on this previous research by improving the experimental task to rule out peripheral sensory, not central or executive, interference and by incorporating heart rate measures and VO2 max estimates. Twelve runners completed five conditions, two seated cognitive tasks (one low load and one high load), two dual running cognitive tasks and one run only. Results were similar to the original experiment, as the cognitive task became more difficult, voluntary running speed decreased. Also the effects of running on cognitive performance (counting) were found only when the cognitive task was high load.
Driver Performance in a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control String
Authors: Inman Vaughan W. , Jackson Steven , Philips Brian H.
Published: September 2016

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) has been proposed as a method to increase highway capacity and possibly enhance safety. Two experiments were conducted in a driving simulator to verify that drivers with CACC would effectively monitor the system’s longitudinal control and override the system in the event that greater braking authority was needed than the system was designed to provide. In the first experiment, the emergency response of drivers with the CACC was compared with that of drivers who manually controlled following distance within a string of vehicles. The CACC group experienced markedly fewer crashes and had longer mean time-to-collision. The second experiment examined whether the CACC safety benefit was the result of the CACC system’s limited automatic braking authority, an auditory alarm, or both. The results suggest that both auto-braking and an auditory alarm are necessary to achieve a crash reduction benefit, although the alarm alone may promote less severe collisions.
Anthropometric Classification of Human Hand Shapes in Korean Population
Authors: Jee Soo-Chan , Lee Yu Shin , Lee Joong Hee , Park Sunghwan , Jin Byungki , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: September 2016

Hand tools designed without the anthropometric perspective lead to lower performance and safety. This study suggests a statistical hand shape classification with Korean anthropometric data. A total of 321 anthropometric data were used for this study. To investigate hand types, 27 anthropometric hand variables normalized by the stature of each participant and factor analysis and cluster analysis were conducted. As a result, three major factors were deduced: factors of hand breadth, palm length, and finger length. Additionally, four hand types were determined: (a) a spacious hand with short fingers, (b) a hand with short palm with above average fingers, (c) a long palm and fingers, and (d) a narrow hand and short fingers. In the male population, the spacious hand with short fingers type was dominant while the narrow hand and short fingers type was dominant in the female population. These results are expected to be preliminarily utilized in design for the Korean population.
Applying Multimedia Learning Principles to Design Effective Mobile Training
Authors: Marraffino Matthew D. , Johnson Cheryl I.
Published: September 2016

In the training literature, little empirical research has been devoted to the design of effective mobile-based instruction for training transfer. In this experiment, we tested the applicability of a multimedia learning design principle, the redundancy principle, in the context of a highly interactive tablet-based simulation for training m4 rifle disassembly procedures. In the narration condition, the simulation included oral instructions describing each disassembly step, while the narration and text condition included onscreen text in addition to the simulation and oral instructions. While we found no significant differences on a written recall test or a training transfer test of disassembling a physical rifle, the narration condition reported higher satisfaction and usability ratings than the narration and text condition. These results indicate that multimedia design principles apply to more complex platforms and procedural tasks.
Individual Differences in Middle School and College Students’ Texting
Authors: Schroeder Bradford L. , Whitmer Daphne E. , Bailey Shannon K. T. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: September 2016

The present study surveyed a sample of middle school students on their technology habits, with a primary focus on texting behaviors. A secondary sample of college students was surveyed as a comparison group to examine individual differences in texting behaviors. Results indicate that college students text more frequently than middle schoolers; however, college students’ texting behaviors decrease in frequency as they get older, whereas middle schoolers’ texting behaviors increase in frequency. Females also generally reported texting more frequently than males. Extraversion was found to be predictive of texting in the middle school sample, but both Extraversion and Neuroticism were found to be predictive of texting in the college sample. Results are discussed in the context of previous research and with respect to human factors and developmental psychology, such that the study of technology use could offer insight into the social development of adolescents and young adults.
The Application and Extension of the Human-Animal Team Model to Better Understand Human-Robot Interaction: Recommendations for Further Research
Authors: Kapalo Katelynn A. , Phillips Elizabeth , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: September 2016

In order to create effective human-robot teams, robots must possess social capabilities that match the expectations of their human teammates. However the ability of robots to approximate human capacities is limited due to technological constraints. Human-animal teams have thus been suggested as a suitable analog for modeling teaming between humans and non-humans. Due to the limited capacity for animals to express their intentions, it follows that human-animal relationships can provide a basic framework for understanding how humans interpret information from teammates with limited social faculties. The purpose of this paper is provide research recommendations to identify specific areas in which human-animal teams can be used to model human-robot teams and to provide suggestions for investigating this model empirically in the context of social interaction.
Informing the Development of a Safety and Performance Metric Selection Toolkit
Authors: Woods Amanda , Iwig Chelsea , Dinh Julie , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2016

Ensuring safety and optimal performance in Long Distance and Duration Exploration Missions (LDDEM) is critical to enabling success in future missions. However, selecting appropriate metrics for assessing safety and performance remains a challenge. The current research endeavor aims to address this challenge through the development of a metric selection tool architecture. Prior to the current facet of metric toolkit development, a systematic review of NASA documents and literature aided in identifying overarching themes for measuring human-automation interaction. However, many of the studies found in this literature review, were not specific to the spaceflight domain. Since this toolkit is being constructed to serve a specific audience – NASA designers and engineers – it is critical that the toolkit be designed based on their unique needs and preferences. Therefore, so as to inform toolkit design and development for the spaceflight domain, structured interviews were conducted with NASA employees to enhance effectiveness of the measurement selection apparatus. Interviews were coded to detect trends in responses and incorporate feedback into the next prototype design stage. Results provided insight into design features, measurement challenges, current procedures, and work environmental factors that will be integrated into the current toolkit. Respondent feedback implications and future directions for toolkit improvement are discussed.
Of Mental States and Machine Learning
Authors: Besta Andrew , Wartaa Samantha F. , Kapaloa Katelynn A. , Fiorea Stephen M.
Published: September 2016

Using research in social cognition as a foundation, we studied rapid versus reflective mental state attributions and the degree to which machine learning classifiers can be trained to make such judgments. We observed differences in response times between conditions, but did not find significant differences in the accuracy of mental state attributions. We additionally demonstrate how to train machine classifiers to identify mental states. We discuss advantages of using an interdisciplinary approach to understand and improve human-robot interaction and to further the development of social cognition in artificial intelligence.
Short Vigilance Tasks are Hard Work Even If Time Flies
Authors: Finomore Victor S. , McClernon Christopher K. , Amick Jason R. , Pee Derrick , Funke Gregory J. , Warm Joel S.
Published: September 2016

Vigilance research has found that observers find the task to be unpleasant and mentally demanding (Warm, Finomore, Vidulich, & Funke, 2015). However sustained attention plays a critical role in numerous operational settings where human operators must monitor automated human-machine systems in the event of potential problems. The current study extended the work from Dillard and his colleagues (Dillard, Warm, Funke, Vidulich, Nelson, Eggemeier, et al., 2013) who explored if there are other dimensions that might affect the workload associated with performing a vigilance task. The area that they explored was the temporal context of the vigilance task on its effects on task performance and perceived mental workload. Borrowing from a temporal manipulation procedure developed by Sackett and colleagues (Sackett, Meyvis, Nelson, Converse & Sackett, 2010) in which they manipulated perceived time progression (PTP) of the participant while they performed a cognitive task. Sackett et al., (2010) manipulated the PTP by developing their studies to deceive the participant into thinking the task they were performing was longer or shorter than the actual time. Upon completion of the task, participants filled out questionnaires related to the hedonic and temporal evaluation of the task. Participants that were told the task was longer than they actually participated for (time flies conditions) rated times as flying and the task more as more enjoyable.
The Ergonomic Impact of Swype
Authors: Sonaike Ibukun A. , Bewaji Tosin A. , Ritchey Paul , Peres S. Camille
Published: September 2016

Background:Shape writing is relatively new technology for on-screen keyboards that enable users of mobile touch-screen devices to input text by drawing continuous lines. With growth of touch-screen device usage, there has risen the need to investigate potential risks that may occur during prolonged usage. Objective: The biomechanical strain on upper limb muscles were assessed while study-participants used Swype technology on a tablet touch screen device and compared with traditional/regular input methods. Methods: Study-participants performed typing tasks (email and text) using Swype and regular input methods under counterbalanced conditions with sEMG data collected to measure muscle activity during tasks. Results: Email & Text had the same exertion for all muscles except the Extensor. The interaction between task and muscle was significant, F (1.6, 27.5) = 15.39, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.48. The interaction between muscle, task and method was also significant, F (2.19, 37.19) = 3.6, p = 0.03, ηp2= 0.18. Exertion was lower for Swype but with marginal significance. Overall, Email resulted in less dynamic activity than Text with Main effects F(1, 17) = 10.07, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.37. Extensor has more dynamic activity than other muscles with main effect F(1.8, 29.9) = 16.51, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.49. Conclusion: Results indicate that Swype presents no more biomechanical strain than regular input for most muscles. Swype may result in less exertion for the Extensor muscles in the lower arm. This may be particularly true for tasks requiring interactions like those found in the email task.
The Usability of Academic Advising forms
Authors: Diederiks Yasaman , Figueroa Ivonne
Published: September 2016

Universities provide students with a myriad of resources intended to help them understand their degree progress including the opportunity to attend academic advising. Yet, students often forget the information that they receive soon after their appointment, even when provided with an advising form. In the present study, George Mason University’s Department of Psychology contracted the authors to uncover why students have difficulty understanding the current advising form and to identify those top issues. Following pilot testing, a larger usability test was developed that tested student’s understanding of the seven most common questions that a typical advising meeting addresses. Twenty-five students completed a series of usability tasks and pre and post surveys in order to gauge their level of understanding of the current and a redesigned advising form. Differences between the current and redesigned form and questions were found. Implications for redesigned form are discussed and recommendations are provided.
The Extreme Environment of High Altitude Gas Ballooning
Authors: McNeese Nathan J. , Cooke Nancy J. , Shope Steven , Knobloch Ashley
Published: September 2016

Extreme environments often profoundly impact one’s cognition and subsequently the ability to make accurate and correct decisions. Although we are beginning to understand how these environments impact individual and team cognition, more specific work conducted in real extreme environments is needed to further understand this relationship. In this paper, we present data collected in the extreme environment of gas ballooning. Recently, the Two Eagles gas ballooning project set two absolute world records: longest duration in a gas balloon and longest distance in a gas balloon. During this project, our research team was able to collect cognitive abilities data and data on the effects of multiple stressors in the environment. We present the overall project along with some insights from the data. We also highlight lessons learned from attempting to collect data in an extreme environment.
A Bayesian-Influence Model for Error Probability Analysis of Combine Operations in Harvesting
Authors: Du Yu , Dorneich Michael , Steward Brian , MacKenzie Cameron A
Published: September 2016

Harvesting is one of the most important agricultural operations because it captures the value from the entire cropping season. In modern agriculture, grain harvesting has been mechanized through the combine harvester. A combine harvester enables highly productive crop harvesting. Combine harvesting performance depends on the highly variable skill of combine operators and associated operator error. An approach was developed to analyze the risk of the combine harvesting operation as it relates to operator error. Specifically, a risk analysis model was built based on a task analysis from operator interviews and estimates of the probability of operator error. This paper employs a Bayesian approach to assess risks in combine operation. This approach applies a Bayesian Belief Network to agriculture operations, which represents a new application for this risk analysis tool. Sensitivity analysis of different errors and operator skill levels was also performed. The preliminary results indicate that a reduction of human operator action errors can substantially improve the outcomes of the human-machine interaction.
Negative stimuli may improve visuospatial working memory
Authors: Wilson Kyle M. , Russell Paul N. , de Joux Neil R. , Blakely Megan J. , Helton William S.
Published: September 2016

The impact of negative affect on working memory performance is unclear. Visuospatial and verbal working memory are critical in many settings, but may be impaired during exposure to negative stimuli. In Experiment 1, the impact of task-irrelevant negative picture stimuli on verbal compared to visuospatial working memory performance was investigated. Unexpectedly, visuospatial memory performance was superior for trials containing negative stimuli than trials with neutral stimuli. The impact of negative picture stimuli on visuospatial working memory was further examined in Experiment 2. Performance was again superior for negative stimuli relative to neutral stimuli. While much previous research has reported that negative affect is disruptive of visuospatial working memory, the improved performance found here is consistent with other research particularly where negative or arousing stimuli are thought to increase the pool of available processing resources or effort. Implications for contexts where working memory demands occur alongside distressing stimuli are discussed, as well as future research suggestions.
Video Game Play and Effect on Spatial Knowledge Tasks Using an Augmented Sand Table
Authors: Schmidt-Daly Tarah N. , Riley Jennifer M. , Amburn Charles R. , Hale Kelly S. , David Yacht P.
Published: September 2016

Augmented-reality (AR) can be used to supplement current analog technology (e.g. traditional Sand Table EXercises; STEX) used in training spatial knowledge and tactical decision making in the U.S. military. By utilizing an Augmented REality Sand table (ARES), an effectiveness evaluation was executed in order to scientifically evaluate performance on spatial knowledge tasks across three mediums (paper map, Google Earth©, and ARES). Post hoc analyses performed on demographic data revealed significant individual difference factors between those who reported playing video games often and those who reported playing rarely or not at all. Video game players performed better than non-video game players on distance estimation tasks and when they were utilizing computer-based tools. Additionally, participants who rated themselves as good or excellent video game players saw significant value and utility in an augmented-reality solution. These results benefit the cumulative research base both in multimodal learning literature and in video game play on cognition and visuospatial alteration.
Better off Alone
Authors: Sall Robert J , Feng Jing
Published: September 2016

It is well known that traffic collisions can easily occur when a driver’s attention is consumed by task irrelevant information (e.g. cellphone, or billboards). Is it possible though that drivers will fail to identify certain hazards or traffic signals because their focus is consumed by other, equally, pertinent events on the road? In order to answer this question, the present study adopted a simulated driver awareness task which used Satisfaction of Search to show that when drivers are faced with a single low-salience hazard, they will be significantly more likely to identify it then if presented alongside another high-salience hazard. The results indicated that highly salient objects may actually prevent drivers from being able to locate other targets on the road, regardless of their relevance.
Acceptance of Self-driving Cars
Authors: Nees Michael A.
Published: September 2016

Despite enthusiastic speculation about the potential benefits of self-driving cars, to date little is known about the factors that will affect drivers’ acceptance or rejection of this emerging technology. Gaining acceptance from end users will be critical to the widespread deployment of self-driving vehicles. Long-term acceptance may be harmed if initial acceptance is built upon unrealistic expectations developed before people interact with these systems. A brief (24-item) measurement scale was created to assess acceptance of self-driving cars. Before completing the scale, participants were randomly assigned to read short vignettes that featured either a realistic or an idealistic description of a friend’s experiences during the first six months of owning a self-driving car. A small but significant effect showed that reading an idealized portrayal in the vignette resulted in higher acceptance of self-driving cars. Potential factors affecting user acceptance of self-driving cars are discussed. Establishing realistic expectations about the performance of automation before users interact with self-driving cars may be important for long-term acceptance.
An Investigation of Trust in a Cyber Security Tool
Authors: Brown Preston , Christensen Kallan , Schuster David
Published: September 2016

Trust has been identified as an important variable in the effective use of automated tools, including cyber security tools. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate factors affecting trust in a cyber-security tool. Undergraduate participants were asked to perform a simplified network intrusion monitoring task with the help of a software agent. The reliability of the software agent was manipulated at three levels (60%, 80%, and 100% reliability). Results indicated that trust increased as the automation increased in reliability. However, contrary to our hypotheses, performance decreased as the automation increased in reliability. Implications for future research on the antecedents of trust in human-automation interaction in cyber security are discussed.
Human Systems Integration
Authors: Cooke Nancy J. , McNeese Nathan J. , Shope Steven M.
Published: September 2016

Human Systems Integration (HSI) is a discipline in which human capabilities and limitations across various dimensions are considered in the context of the design and evaluation of a dynamic system of people, technology, environment, tasks, organization, and other systems with the ultimate goal of achieving system resilience and adaptation, approaching joint optimization. An HSI perspective is described in the context of the Two Eagles mission, in which two pilots crossed the Pacific Ocean in a gas balloon. The two pilots set both the record for the longest duration and for the longest distance in a gas balloon. The system extended far beyond the balloon and the two pilots. It was complex and distributed around the world. There were many challenges associated with HSI issues, which are detailed in this paper and exemplify the value of a systems perspective.
Determining Instantaneous Centers of Rotation for Finger Joints Through Different Postures Using the Iterative Closest Point Algorithm (ICP)
Authors: Figueroa Rosemarie , Armstrong Thomas J. , Woolley Charles , Sun Luqin , Zhou Wenxuan , Sebastin Sandeep
Published: September 2016

Hands are primary means by which we perform activities of daily living, work, and leisure. This work is concerned with development of a kinematic model for predicting hand posture and product and manual work design. Anatomical parameters of the hand bones were obtained by medical imaging, to determine instantaneous centers of rotation of finger joints. Posture data is captured from different grasping postures of the same hand. This work focuses specifically on the joints of the phalange 3.
A Situation Judgment Test for Military Multicultural Decision-Making: Initial Psychometric Studies
Authors: Reinerman-Jones Lauren , Matthews Gerald , Burke Shawn , Scribner David
Published: September 2016

Like other organizations with a global reach, the US military faces challenges associated with multicultural teaming. Cultural differences in norms for work and social relationships may impair decision-making. This article reports the initial stages of the development of a Situation Judgment Test (SJT) for multicultural decision-making ability. SJTs may have greater validity than self-reports of competence. An initial SJT was developed on the basis of critical incidents in multinational operations recounted by military Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). Study 1 examined psychometric properties of the SJT in an internet sample of 250 predominantly civilian respondents. Study 2 collected data from 61 US and coalition partner Warfighters participating in a joint exercise. Findings confirmed the reliability of the assessment across different populations, and established a gradation of item difficulty. Civilian and military samples show somewhat similar response patterns suggesting that multicultural decision-making may reflect shared Western values. Implications for assessment and training are discussed.
Bridging the Gap between Population Needs and Barriers into Onsite Clinic Use
Authors: Ostovari Mina , Yu Denny , Xie Shan , Ye Qing , Katare Bhagyashree , Adibuzzaman Mohammad , Musselman Kenneth J. , Nateghi Roshanak , Shield Cleveland G. , Yih Yuehwern
Published: September 2016

Providing occupational care in worksite clinics has been a common service offered by employers specifically among companies with high incidence of hazardous events. In recent years, onsite clinics have expanded their services to non-occupational care. Various types of employers such as universities have started providing care to employees and their dependents through onsite clinics. The purpose of this pilot study is to assess health claim data of a self-insured public university to identify patient-population factors, such as demographic and health conditions, that may influence the utilization of health services offered by the onsite clinic. Common health services and health conditions were compared for patients using onsite clinic and for patients that choose to use offsite providers. Potential hypotheses based on the presented descriptive comparisons are proposed to further distinguish population health needs and potential barriers on onsite clinic usage. Preliminary findings and methodology in this pilot study can help improve healthcare services provided by onsite clinics and lead to more patient-centered healthcare delivery.
Change Detection for Measuring Attention Allocation
Authors: Ulrich Thomas A. , Werner Steffen , Boring Ronald
Published: September 2016

Attention allocation is an important component of situation awareness and is often assessed with eye tracking. A series of pilot studies were performed to examine a novel approach to evaluating attention in complex three dimensional environments that pose challenges to eye tracking methodologies. This novel approach involves integrating change detector objects into an existing interface to assess attention allocation within the interface. Three pilot studies examined the effectiveness of prototype change detector objects in conjunction with a primary manual tracking task. Change detection accuracy and response times were measured between change detectors located at systematically varying distances from the manual tracking task locus of attention. The results provide evidence for this approach to differentiate between interface regions and their associated attention allocation while completing a primary task. Future efforts will focus on examining the effectiveness of these change detectors in assessing attention allocation during a simulated nuclear process task using a microworld simulation environment.
Fair? I Don’t Care: Examining the Moderating Effect of Workplace Cynicism on the Relationship Between Interactional Fairness and Perceptions of Organizational Support From a Social Exchange Perspective
Authors: Collins Brian J.
Published: September 2016

This article examines how workplace cynicism moderates the relationship between interactional fairness and perceptions of organizational support (POS). Using a sample of full-time employees, I found a positive, direct effect between interactional fairness and POS. Furthermore, the moderating effect suggests the relation between interactional fairness and POS was stronger for less cynical employees. Incorporating a social exchange framework, this article discusses how the typically positive effect of interactional fairness is lost on cynical employees. This result was confirmed using a controlled scenario-based protocol, which replicated the results of the field study. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Kurtosis prediction of bearing vibration signal based on wavelet packet transform and Cauchy kernel relevance vector regression algorithm
Authors: Fei Sheng-wei
Published: September 2016

Accurate prediction for kurtosis of bearing vibration signal is helpful to find out the fault of bearing as soon as possible. Kurtosis prediction of bearing vibration signal based on wavelet packet transform and Cauchy kernel relevance vector regression algorithm is presented in this article. Here, kurtosis of bearing vibration signal can be decomposed into several sub-signals with different frequency ranges based on wavelet packet transform; the prediction models of these decomposed signals can be established by the Cauchy kernel relevance vector regression models with their respective appropriate embedding dimensions, and grid method is used to select the appropriate kernel parameter of each Cauchy kernel relevance vector regression model. The experimental results show that it is feasible for the proposed combination scheme to improve the prediction ability of Cauchy kernel relevance vector regression algorithm for kurtosis of bearing vibration signal.
ASPREE-NEURO study protocol: A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of low-dose aspirin on cerebral microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities, cognition, and stroke in the healthy elderly
Authors: Ward Stephanie A , Raniga Parnesh , Ferris Nicholas J , Woods Robyn L , Storey Elsdon , Bailey Michael J , Brodtmann Amy , Yates Paul A , Donnan Geoffrey A , Trevaks Ruth E , Wolfe Rory , Egan Gary F , McNeil John J
Published: September 2016

Rationale

Cerebral microbleeds seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging are markers of small vessel disease, linked to cognitive dysfunction and increased ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risk. Observational studies suggest that aspirin use may induce cerebral microbleeds, and associated overt intracranial hemorrhage, but this has not been definitively resolved.

Aims

ASPREE-NEURO will determine the effect of aspirin on cerebral microbleed development over three years in healthy adults aged 70 years and over, participating in the larger ‘ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE)’ primary prevention study of aspirin.

Sample size

Five hundred and fifty-nine participants provide 75% power (two-sided p value of 0.05) to determine an average difference of 0.5 cerebral microbleed per person after three years.

Methods and design

A multi-center, randomized placebo-controlled trial of 100 mg daily aspirin in participants who have brain magnetic resonance imaging at study entry, one and three years after randomization and who undergo cognitive testing at the same time points.

Study outcomes

The primary outcome is the number of new cerebral microbleeds on magnetic resonance imaging after three years. Secondary outcomes are the number of new cerebral microbleeds after one year, change in volume of white matter hyperintensity, cognitive function, and stroke.

Discussion

ASPREE-NEURO will resolve whether aspirin affects the presence and number of cerebral microbleeds, their relationship with cognitive performance, and indicate whether consideration of cerebral microbleeds alters the risk-benefit profile of aspirin in primary prevention for older people.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613001313729.
Reporting rape: Victim perspectives on advocacy support in the criminal justice process
Authors: Brooks Oona , Burman Michele
Published: September 2016

Concerns about the criminal justice response to rape have prompted the development of victim advocacy services across a range of jurisdictions, yet research evidence about the nature, meaning and value of advocacy remains limited. This article draws upon a study evaluating an innovative advocacy model introduced in Scotland to assist reporting rape to the police. Findings from interviews with nine victims highlight the importance of advocacy that is independent of statutory and criminal justice agencies. However, it is argued that this does not mitigate the need for specialization or reform in the criminal justice response to rape and, further, that the distinction between advocacy at an individual and societal level represents a false dichotomy.
‘Reality’ Television Critique in Israel: How ‘Quality’ Became ‘Morality’
Authors: Lavie Noa
Published: September 2016

‘Reality’ television is a global and highly popular television phenomenon. Despite its public and academic critique as cultural ‘trash’, the genre enjoys great economic legitimacy. In recent years, other ‘trashy’ television genres, such as soap operas, have gained aesthetic-artistic legitimacy alongside their economic legitimacy. Taking a Bourdieusian approach and using the discourse about Israeli ‘reality’ shows as a case study, this article addresses the question of whether a similar process is evident in television critics’ attitudes towards reality television. Using quantitative and qualitative content analysis of reviews of ‘reality’ shows between 2003 and 2014, the article shows that the main question debated in such reviews is the genre’s morality rather than its aesthetic value: for Israeli critics, it is the moral attributes of these shows, not their aesthetic or artistic worth, which determine their ‘quality’.
Testicular cancer and self-examination
Authors: Kaya Eymen
Published: September 2016

Testicular cancer is a malignancy of the male testicles. In the developed world, the incidence of testicular cancer is increasing every year. Although several risk factors have been identified, the cause of testicular cancer remains unknown. Chemotherapy has revolutionised the treatment and prognosis of this cancer, giving it the highest cure rate for any solid tumour. This article aims to inform readers of the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer that may be encountered during a busy consultation, and the most effective way of referring a suspected malignancy to secondary care. It also discusses potential complications and sequelae of treatment, as well as the role of testicular self-examination in practice.
Management of leg ulcers
Authors: Wright Lucie J
Published: September 2016

This article aims to describe a methodical approach to leg ulcer management in the primary care setting. The key information that is required from history and examination will be reviewed. The three main types of ulcers – venous, arterial and diabetic – will then be examined in more detail and the management of each will be discussed.