bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cartel Today
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 lays out some ideas for how the state system may develop in the future. The long-distance movement of both people and goods was far less common during the time that the state system was starting to develop than it is in today’s globalized world. These developments have challenged the system in many ways. The most important question of the 21st century is not how territory can be divided within the cartel of states, but whether such a cartel can continue to assert itself at a time when the value of governing lies more in mobile assets than in immobile assets tied to specific territorial locations.
The Old Faith in a New Nation
Authors: Gutacker Paul J.
Published: December 2022

Conventional wisdom holds that tradition and history meant little to nineteenth-century American Protestants, who relied on common sense and “the Bible alone.” Old Faith in a New Nation challenges this portrayal by recovering evangelical engagement with the Christian past. Even when they appeared to be most scornful toward tradition, most optimistic and forward-looking, and most confident in their grasp of the Bible, evangelicals found themselves returning, time and again, to Christian history. They studied religious historiography, reinterpreted the history of the church, and argued over its implications for the present. Between the Revolution and the Civil War, American Protestants were deeply interested in the meaning of the Christian past. This volume draws from hundreds of print sources—sermons, books, speeches, legal arguments, political petitions, and more—to show how ordinary educated Americans remembered and used Christian history. While claiming to rely on the Bible alone, antebellum Protestants frequently turned to the Christian past on questions of import: How should the government relate to religion? Could Catholic immigrants become true Americans? What opportunities and rights should be available to women? To African Americans? Protestants across denominations answered these questions not only with the Bible but also with history. By recovering the ways in which American evangelicals remembered and used Christian history, Old Faith in a New Nation shows how religious memory shaped the nation while also challenging the meaning of “biblicism.”
Fulfilling the Past
Authors: Gutacker Paul J.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 maps the ways in which pedagogies of Christian history were implicated in the project of national identity. This story begins with the American Sunday School Union, which published a history of Christianity adapted for young readers. The children’s history emphasized the failures of the Catholic past and, by way of contrast, the superiority of the American Protestant present. Religious history also featured prominently in women’s education. Female educators assigned Christian history in their curricula and published textbooks on the subject, including Emma Willard’s Universal History, which stressed the unique place of the United States in sacred history. At the same time, the Christian past offered resources to African Americans. During the 1820s–1830s, Black educators, publications, and institutions frequently appealed to Christian history in their arguments for educational advancement and racial equality. In Jacksonian America, the Christian past encouraged American exceptionalism—the belief that the United States enjoyed a unique, even ultimate, place in divine history—and worked both to support and subvert the construction of the nation as Anglo-Saxon and Protestant.
Liberating the Past
Authors: Gutacker Paul J.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 shows how Black abolitionists first produced a powerful antislavery historical argument by associating racial equality with early Christianity and blaming medieval Catholicism for chattel slavery. In the 1830s, white abolitionists also began producing historical arguments that Christianity had effectively abolished slavery in medieval Europe. These histories went uncontested until the 1840s, when controversy erupted over Pope Gregory XVI’s encyclical criticizing the slave trade. Abolitionists, proslavery politicians, and Catholic bishops argued over the pope’s writings, and in so doing pushed the question of slavery in Christian history to the forefront. By the time that Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists split over slavery, both anti- and proslavery factions were using the Christian past to condemn their counterparts. At stake in these rival narratives was not only the compatibility of Christianity and slavery, but also the religious and racial character of the nation.
Predicates and Predication
Authors: Stalnaker Robert
Published: December 2022

The acceptance of a regimented theory involves both an ontological commitment to the entities in the domain of the theory and a judgment that certain predicates to be applied to those entities are admissible predicates. This chapter is about predication: the criteria for admissibility and the compositional role of predicates in determining propositions, and in defining complex predicates in terms of their constituents. It is argued that the assumption that the sentences of a regimented language express proposition helps to sharpen these questions and to defend some answers to them. After discussing these general questions about predicates, the last part of the chapter addresses questions about the specific predicates of the theory of proposition: consistency, truth, and predicates defined in terms of them such as necessity and entailment.
Conclusion and Prospect
Authors: Zhu Victor
Published: December 2022

Edwards’s Judeo-centric and cosmic millennial vision is far beyond America. At least three theological loci can be highlighted in Edwards’s millennialism: the greatness of God’s divine sovereignty, the magnificence of His glory, and the capaciousness of His kingdom. Edwards’s millennialism has certain contemporary relevance. First, Jürgen Moltmann also highlights the theological connection between Christology and eschatology, and their millennial hope provides an eschatological future for Israel. Second, Edwards’s deflation of the excess of imminent and America-centric millennial expectations may provide a corrective reading to the anticipation of a Sino-centric and Chinese-inaugurated millennial kingdom. This perspective also helps avoid centralizing space, people, and the present time of China in the millennial movements such as the Back to Jerusalem movement.
Introduction
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie
Published: December 2022

This first chapter describes the emergence of Women, Peace and Security norms and how these have influenced military practices. From the United Nations to NATO, the recognition that conflict has a differentiated impact on men, women, boys, and girls has gained ground. This normative shift has led to national and international initiatives to give women a greater say in conflict resolution and to offer better protections against sexual and gender-based violence, and has introduced gender analysis in support of more inclusive understandings of security. Inclusive security translates into more sustainable outcomes, the argument goes; but is this really the case? Because armed forces are often the first responders in conflict settings, what we witness is the militarization of gender norms, since operational effectiveness guides the execution of tasks.
Healing Hearts and Minds
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

Healing Hearts and Minds: A Holistic Approach to Coping Well with Congenital Heart Disease is a practical self-help guide written for adults affected by congenital heart disease, their loved ones, healthcare providers, and anyone with an interest in this population. The book is full of evidence-based, easy-to-understand information about living with a lifelong heart condition. It provides an overview of the unique psychological, emotional, and social challenges that can arise and is brought to life with real-life vignettes and quotations. The book aims to validate a normal response to the unique adversities members of this population can face while providing strategies to manage these potential challenges. Drawing on a range of psychological therapy tools and techniques, the book offers tips to help manage anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, physical symptoms, and medical procedures, while building resilience, finding hope, meaning, and connection. Further, information on supporting adults with congenital heart disease for loved ones and healthcare providers is included. The book is written by a chartered counseling psychologist and a clinical social worker who are both “pioneering” adult congenital heart disease survivors, each dependent since birth on cutting-edge cardiac medical science. Both authors have extensive experience in working therapeutically with the growing adult congenital heart disease population, contributing to the evidence base through academic publications. The book aims to meet a gap in addressing the psychological impact of living with a serious medical condition, lifelong from birth.
The Possible Impact of Having a Congenital Heart Condition
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 develops the reader’s understanding of the psychological, emotional, and social challenges that the congenital heart condition (CHC) population can face while recognizing that everyone with a CHC has a very different experience and story. Social inequalities and life challenges such as the potential impact of medical disruption to early attachment to significant caregivers, grief and loss (e.g., of a “normal” childhood), the impact of CHCs on relationships, social inclusion, self-image, education, career, finances and overall quality of life are explored. Further, medical challenges such as managing hospital visits, medical procedures, cardiac events, heart failure, implantable cardiac devices, medical uncertainty, COVID-19, and mental health prevalence are considered.
Weathering the Storm
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 develops the reader’s understanding of low mood, shame, grief, and anger. These feelings are normalized as an understandable response to the losses and adversities that can result from living with a congenital heart condition. Challenges such as missing out, difficulties having a family, feeling different, and facing discrimination are discussed, as well as unhelpful coping strategies such as denial, alcohol and drug use, and social withdrawal. The development of this distress into more serious mental health difficulties, often due to a lack of appropriate understanding and peer support, is also discussed. Red flag signs and symptoms of depression are listed.
Managing Unhelpful Thoughts and Behaviors
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

Grounded in a cognitive behavioral therapy approach, the focus of Chapter 7 is how to recognize and manage vicious cycles of unhelpful thinking and behaviors. Techniques to recognize and challenge any underlying negative core beliefs are provided while recognizing how these patterns may have developed to cope with difficult early experiences. Strategies such as thought challenging, behavioral activation, exposure hierarchy, and the use of humor are explored. Healthy coping strategies are offered to replace unhelpful coping habits such as worry-checking behaviors, avoidance, drugs, and alcohol. Common misconceptions about congenital heart conditions are also challenged. When to seek professional help is discussed, and red flag symptoms are listed.
Coping with Medical Procedures, Events, and Symptoms
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

Chapter 9 focuses on how to handle cardiac events, symptoms, and medical procedures, and it reviews the recommendations for specialized, lifelong cardiac care. The concept of becoming a patient expert and advocating for care is discussed, along with a review of the Affordable Care Act in the United States. Advice on preparing for medical appointments, cardiac procedures, and surgery by assembling a team, hospital self-care, stress reduction exercises, and visualization are all covered. Coping strategies for taking medication, dealing with COVID-19, deteriorating health, heart failure, and transplant are all discussed. Information on heart failure and heart transplant is provided in two personal interviews by Yale cardiologist Dr. Dan Jacoby and social worker Dawn Lorentson.
The Gifts of Congenital Heart Conditions
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

Chapter 11 focuses on some of the psychological benefits that have been reported after certain adverse or traumatic experiences, and it explores the concept of posttraumatic growth. Many individuals report having changed priorities, spiritual growth, a greater appreciation for living life, the ability to develop closer relationships, increased empathy for others, and having a clearer view of what is most important in their lives after living with a congenital heart condition. Tips on nurturing post traumatic growth are outlined. The connections among resilience, mental health, gratitude and congenital heart conditions are addressed. Findings on the quality of life of individuals with a congenital heart condition and the “disability paradox” are included.
Class-Related Conflicts, 1945–1969
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

Three chapters in this book are devoted to analyzing US struggles related to class inequality. This chapter discusses the 1945–1969 period, during which social conflicts contributed to significant progress toward greater equality. It focuses first on labor-management relations and then on contentions regarding federal programs to reduce poverty. Some corporate leaders viewed labor relations as a zero-sum circumstance, with gains by one side coming at the expense of the other. Union leaders and their supporters stressed the possible mutual benefits achievable through collective bargaining. Conflicts between the United Auto Workers (UAW) and automobile corporations are analyzed. Then the opposing forces during the War on Poverty are examined, considering the goals and means used by the contenders and the progress made to reduce poverty.
African American Advances and Backlashes, 1970–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines conflicts relating to changes in the status of African Americans between 1970 and 2022, following the struggles analyzed in chapter 5. Overall, Whites have become increasingly tolerant of and sympathetic to African Americans, and diversity is increasingly valued, despite a backlash of resentment among some White supremacists. Also in this chapter, attention is given to conflicts that pertain to reducing inequality in education, housing, justice, and well-being. Some conflicts are latent, while others are conducted largely through legal and political processes. In others, overt nongovernmental actions of protest or intimidation occur, and even recourse to destructive violence is sometime made.
Conflicts about Gender and Other Collective Identities, 1945–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on women as persons sharing a collective identity that has status, and who struggled for greater equality in their status ranking. Although based on biology, human cultures vary in assigning many different roles for men and women, and those roles have different prerogatives and rights. They also share many roles and the prerogatives and rights associated with them. In the United States, since 1945, as had happened before, many women fought to extend their rights and equalize them with those of men. A major arena for those fights was in the labor market, which would have implications for many other spheres. A broad social movement arose, with various organizations setting specific goals to be won. In many ways, the goals and the methods were constructive, relying heavily on persuasion and setting goals that would have shared benefits with men. The results were transformative for American society, with global implications. The chapter also analyzes conflicts around the emergence of LGBTQ identities.
The Era of Stop & Frisk
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 describes the role of stop & frisk as one of America’s predominant crime control strategies. During the past 25 years, American policing moved from a focus on responding to crimes in progress or (more often) already committed toward proactive strategies for preventing or deterring future crimes from occurring in the first place. Rather than cleaning up in the aftermath of crime, police have taken responsibility for its occurrence. This seemed to work for a while, but during the 2000s violent crime rose. Police now had responsibility for crime, and this led almost inevitably to more heavily targeted and aggressive police tactics. This book considers stop & frisk as an organizational strategy for responding to violent crime. While it is true that cops have always made stops, this chapter traces its rise as the predominant strategic response to crime in Chicago during 2010.
Twenty-first Century Crime
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 sets the scene for stop & frisk, describing trends in crime in Chicago. After peaking in 1991, crime in the city declined steadily for more than 20 years. Then this welcome trend came to a halt. At the time, the spike in shootings and gun murders in Chicago during 2014–2015 was almost unique among large American cities. Residents could no longer be reassured their fear of crime was unfounded. Gun violence began to change in character. More shots were being fired, and they involved higher-caliber and more deadly firearms. Most of the gun-related crimes that were spiking remained unsolved. This in turn threatened the city’s standard business model for policing: to respond quickly when called, conduct investigations, identify suspects, and make arrests. When this model stopped working, there was concern the deterrent value of the criminal justice system itself was at risk, and this did not bode well for the city’s safety. Political pressure to “do something” mounted, and one strategy that promised to fill the breech was increasing stop & frisks. By the mid-2010s the city’s police and political leaders found it an attractive option.
Police Versus the Community?
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 turns to the police side of police–community relations. From the police point of view, the public was one of their problems. They thought their relationship with the citizenry was bad, people did not understand them or their job, and people could not be trusted. They were disdainful of two key community institutions providing public and democratic oversight of the police: the news media and political leaders. This chapter documents the importance of where they worked in shaping officers’ views of the community and their job. One was the racial composition of their beat. White, Hispanic, and African American officers alike were likely to see their views of right and wrong aligned with residents of largely White neighborhoods. Community context also affected whether officers felt acting in accordance with the principles of procedural justice could work. Again, this seemed a standard more relevant in predominately White neighborhoods. A second contextual factor was where cops were making stops. Officers working in high intensity stop & frisk beats felt overworked and more at risk—two of the banes of police work. They also perceived themselves as most estranged from the community and the least likely to have anything in common with residents. The wedge between police and the community in Chicago was largest in the places where potentially abrasive encounters between them were concentrated.
The Great Crime Spike of 2016
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 captures the city’s continuing agony during 2016–2018. The third largest violent crime surge in Chicago’s modern history quickly followed the collapse of stop & frisk, leading many to tie the two together. This chapter documents which crimes spiked. It then reports the conclusions of a detailed statistical analysis of the impact of stop & frisk on shootings and killings over its entire span, beginning in 2004. This involved developing measures of many of the factors that could have been competing to drive violence both up and down. The chapter comes to the uncomfortable-for-some conclusion that stops had deterrent value but (uncomfortable for others) only a very moderate impact. The effects of stop & frisk lay well within the range of other proactive policing interventions that have been carefully and positively evaluated. This is a range of impact in which possible tradeoffs among proven policing strategies can be debated, and where other important social and political values could be accommodated.
The Origins of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

Although many people assume that left and right are natural categories, they are actually social constructs that were invented in France, and came to America, at specific points in history. After the Russian Revolution, politicians, intellectuals, and historians increasingly referred to mainstream politics in left–right terms and, by the mid-1930s, the terms “left,” “liberal,” and “progressive” had become associated with the more expansive government approach of the Democrats, while “right” and “conservative” had become associated with the more restricted government approach of the Republicans. Liberals justified the New Deal using a narrative of “change” and “reform,” and starting in the late 1940s, conservatives began justifying their opposition to the New Deal using the language of “tradition” and “preservation.” Thus, by the early 1950s, the ideological system that persists to this day was in place: there were ideological labels (“liberal” and “conservative”) bound up with an ideological political spectrum (“left” and “right”) that was attached to ideological political parties (Democratic and Republican).
The Consequences of Left and Right
Authors: Lewis Hyrum , Lewis Verlan
Published: December 2022

Ideological essentialism is taking a terrible toll on our collective well-being by causing severe intellectual, moral, and political damage. Essentialism reduces our cognitive ability. By giving the illusion that ideology is about principle instead of tribes, essentialism turns people into ideologues, and ideologues are generally more given to sloppy thinking than non-ideologues. Essentialism also generates unnecessary prejudice and hostility. It pits a heroic, enlightened side against a villainous, foolish side. Those who disagree are “others” we can demean, feel superior to, and belittle. Finally, essentialism threatens democracy itself. When a citizen views politics as a Manichean struggle between left and right, between good and evil, then there is no reason to embrace pluralism and tolerate differences of political opinion.
The Unfinished Journey
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2022

The chapter examines the experience of Black Americans today, focusing on both the progress achieved since Brown v. Board of Education and the obstacles that remain. While the nation fared better with Brown and affirmative action than without them, despite Brown’s commitment to integrated schools, many observers continue to wonder why, seven decades on, school segregation persists. They note that Black Americans, more than any other group, still endure discrimination—not just by the police, but in employment, access to credit and capital, access to housing, access to quality educational and healthcare facilities, and, indeed, across virtually every facet of their lives.
Legal Philosophy and the Nature of Law
Authors: Dickson Julie
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins to consider the issue of whether one important part of legal philosophy can seek to identify and explain the nature of law. It explores aspects of the idea that law is something that exists in our social reality, and that has a character that legal philosophy attempts to identify and explain. It considers what might need to be the case in order for law—a socially constituted and human-made entity—to have a nature, and to have properties which make law into what it is. It outlines some initial considerations relevant to the issue of whether law has a nature: the necessary/contingent distinction; the sense in which law exists in our social reality; and factors which may tell in favour of law having a nature. It concludes with a plea to understand legal philosophical claims about the nature of law in a metaphysically modest and domain-apt manner.
Aquaculture terminology and basic concepts
Authors: Kültz Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Advancement of aquaculture depends on a thorough understanding of the ecological value of clean water as its main resource. Therefore, ecologically sustainable aquaculture must be properly incentivized to achieve maximal production yield while minimizing reliance on ecosystem services, and maximizing animal welfare and the ratio of food security versus food waste. Seafood is produced by capture fisheries and aquaculture, but only aquaculture continues to increase to keep step with a growing human population and increased per capita consumption. Most aquaculture is practised in freshwater while most capture fisheries take place in the oceans. Mariculture represents aquaculture in seawater and brackish water. Aquaculture systems are diverse, including extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, open, closed, sea ranching, restocking, mono- and polyculture, and multi-trophic integrated approaches. Currently, the most common aquaculture systems are open semi-intensive ponds, cage, and flow-through systems, which rely heavily on common property ecosystem services. Domestication of many aquatic species has started at the beginning of the twentieth century, although some carp (koi, goldfish) have been domesticated for much longer. Animal aquaculture development is now paralleled by the development of methods for growing cell-based seafood, which does not require animal husbandry but relies on aquatic animal cell lines.
Domestication of aquaculture species
Authors: Kültz Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Domestication alters genotypes and phenotypes of organisms by changing the selection pressures experienced in captivity compared to those found in natural habitats. Domestication causes significant genetic (and epigenetic) changes in aquatic animals within just a few generations and is often biased towards artificial selection of production traits (growth), but also has potential for reducing the ecological footprint of production and improving animal welfare. Traditional crossbreeding utilizes genetic or physical markers to select for desirable phenotypes (traits), which can be induced by imposing environmental stress on gametes. Stress alters karyotypes (i.e. chromosome structure and ploidy [chromosome copy number]). Genetic engineering represents a rapid way of manipulating genomes with molecular tools that permanently alter the DNA of engineered organisms and their offspring. Two types of genetic engineering are common: 1) insertion of foreign DNA into the genome (random or transposase mediated); and 2) gene targeting/editing (requires specific nucleases). Genetic engineering creates genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are invaluable models for basic research to establish causality between genotype and phenotype. The commercial production of GMOs has benefits that must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against their pitfalls. Pleiotropy of genes renders assessment of GMO impacts on organisms, ecosystems, and food security difficult and consumer acceptance of GMOs is low. Stock enhancement and sea ranching rely on releasing, rather than confining, hatchery-raised offspring. They require elaborate genetic management plans. Post-release monitoring of genetic diversity of restocked populations is facilitated by physical and genetic markers but restocking impacts are unpredictable.
Overview of aquaculture species diversity
Authors: Kültz Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Aquaculture species diversity is much greater than that of farmed terrestrial species and they occupy more diverse positions within the network of life. The species that form the network of life are classified by the discipline of taxonomy founded by Carl von Linné, who introduced the unambiguous binomial nomenclature of species. Taxonomic classification of species within higher-level categories in the network of life is based on their phylogenetic (ancestral) relationships that can be revealed by comparing their genomes. Many aquatic animals are used for aquaculture, but three taxa dominate: fish (class of subphylum vertebrates), molluscs (a phylum), and crustaceans (subphylum of phylum arthropods). Although many aquatic species are being cultured, only a handful of fish, mollusc, and crustacean species are produced at high quantity and account for most of global seafood production. Freshwater fish, in particular carp, contribute most to aquaculture yields. A single marine species of crustaceans (Western whiteleg shrimp) accounts for more than half of crustacean aquaculture, the remainder being contributed mostly by freshwater crayfish and prawns. Molluscs are farmed almost exclusively by mariculture with cupped oysters such as the Pacific (Japanese) cupped oyster dominating mollusc aquaculture for production of seafood. Aquaculture production of marine seaweed has tripled since the turn of the millennium but its exact contribution to seafood production is difficult to estimate because of alternative uses.
Mollusc aquaculture
Authors: Kültz Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Mollusc aquaculture accounts for 22% of animal aquaculture and 60% of animal mariculture. Most aquaculture molluscs are bivalves, although some are gastropods, notably abalone. Bivalves develop via the trochophore, veliger, and pediveliger larval stages. After attachment, the pediveliger metamorphoses into spat. Mollusc aquaculture is divided into two major phases: 1) spat collection and juvenile development and 2) grow-out. Often the first phase is performed in intensive hatcheries while grow-out is by extensive mariculture. Extensive grow-out methods are on-bottom culture, off-bottom culture on poles or racks, and suspension culture using anchored rafts or long horizontal lines. Oysters dominate mollusc aquaculture production, and the Japanese cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is the species with the highest seafood yield. Aquaculture mussels are represented by marine species of the genera Mytilus and Perna. Unlike oysters and mussels, clams prefer soft sediment substrate into which they can burrow. The Japanese carpet shell (Venerupis philippinarum) is a clam and represents the second- most produced aquaculture species of mollusc. Commercial aquaculture also produces several species of scallops, which are free-living bivalves. Commercially important pearl mussels include the freshwater triangle shell (Hyriopsis cumingii) while most marine pearl oysters belong to the genus Pinctada. Abalone are aquaculture gastropods produced for restocking declining natural populations, to process their large foot muscle as seafood, and to make jewellery. Aquaculture bivalves are filter feeders and considered extractive species. However, they are heterotrophs that generate organic waste and mollusc aquaculture approaches differ widely in their ecological sustainability.
Abiotic parameters
Authors: Kültz Dietmar
Published: December 2022

Abiotic parameters that are critical for aquaculture include temperature, photoperiod, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), pH, and water hardness. Temperature controls metabolic and growth rates through the Q10 effect. Temperature control is only feasible in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and heating is easier and more economical than cooling. Photoperiod is critical for reproduction and can be manipulated in hatcheries to maximize fecundity and shorten breeding intervals, enable continuous feeding, and prevent hypoxia. Turbidity is a measure of undissolved (suspended) particles and a direct indicator of water quality and eutrophication. Salinity is a measure of the concentration of dissolved inorganic ions (salts) while osmolality includes the concentration of both inorganic ions and organic osmolytes in aqueous fluids. Many aquaculture animals have relatively wide salinity and temperature-tolerances, that is, they are euryhaline and eurythermal, have been selected for high environmental resilience during domestication, and perform well in captivity under a wide range of conditions. DO concentration must be monitored closely in all aquaculture systems because it is much lower than oxygen levels in air and subject to daily fluctuations; DO should always be maintained at or near saturation levels and hypoxia must be avoided by using aeration devices. Dissolved CO2, pH, and water hardness are closely interrelated abiotic parameters referred to as the aquatic carbonate system. This system is strongly impacted by liming, which is a common procedure before stocking aquaculture ponds.
Introduction
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

The subject of random or stochastic processes analysis is a very important part of scientific inquire. The terms stochastic and random process are used interchangeably. Random processes are used as mathematical models for a large number of phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, information theory, economics, environmental science and others. Each subject is described and problems are implemented in the R code, with real data collected in experiments performed by the authors or taken from the literature. With this intent, the reader can promptly apply the analysis to her or his own data, making the subject operational. Consistent with modern trends in university instruction, the book make readers active learners, with hands-on computer experiments directing readers through applications of random process analysis (RPA).
Poisson Processes
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

Poisson’s processes are presented. Derivation of the well-known distribution is presented as well as homogeneous and non homogeneous Poisson processes are discussed. The distribution of rare events is discussed and examples are presented.
Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

The analysis of random processes requires a thorough understanding of spectrum and noise analysis. In Chapter 6, Fourier transforms for deterministic and stochastic time series are presented, with application to spectrum analysis. The spectrum analysis for stochastic signal is presented with application to white and coloured noise. The Singular Spectrum Analysis technique is also presented, for analysis and removal of trend.
Bayesian Inference and Stochastic Processes
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

Chapter 8 focus on a cornerstone of modern statistics, Bayesian inference. Here Bayesian inference is applied for description of autoregressive processes. After introducing the main concepts, examples applied to real data of temperature and CO2 concentration in Antarctica, as well as radar detection, are presented. Bayesian analysis of the Poisson process is presented with the waiting-time paradox. The Chapter ends with an application to lighthouse detection as a remarkable example of Bayesian inference.
Genetic algorithms: an evolutionary-based global random search
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

Random process are used as tools for random search in minimization algorithm, as an alternative to gradient-based searching algorithm used for instance in least square optimization. Genetic algorithms are presented in the Chapter 9, with application to non linear fitting, autoregressive moving average models. As an example of improved optimization with respect to other approaches, the travelling salesman problem is here solved with genetic algorithms.
Spatial Analysis
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: December 2022

Chapter 11 addresses a topic that is not traditionally described in books about random processes: spatial analysis. It is nevertheless an important subject dealing with the application of statistical concepts to properties varying in space. The Chapter provides an introduction to geostatistical concepts and then present a novel approach, where spatial and temporal analysis are combined into a stochastic analysis of spatio-temporal processes. At the end of the chapter, the optimization procedure for spatial parameter is computed also with genetic algorithm, showing the possibility of connecting and applying various techniques presented in the book.
Pulled East
Authors: Meijer Hugo
Published: December 2022

Among Europe’s three major powers, France retains the largest foothold in the Asia-Pacific in the form of overseas territories, exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and forward deployed forces—largely as the by-product of its colonial history. This chapter examines the evolution of French foreign and security policy in the Asia-Pacific since 1989. It shows that China’s growing assertiveness after 2009—and French policymakers’ perceptions of it—has been the central driver of change in French foreign and security policy in the region. Specifically, rising economic interests in the region and, crucially, heightened threat perceptions of the People’s Republic of China have pulled France strategically into the Asia-Pacific. The first two sections examine the key drivers of France’s security policy in the Asia-Pacific, namely its economic interests in the region and its threat perceptions of China respectively. The subsequent two sections show how these drivers have, in turn, caused Paris’s policy goals and instruments to change over time.
Rigour
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

What is rigour? What is it meant to achieve? Suppose the defining features of a rigorous process to be not-trivial, auditable, rule-based, precise, integrable, and based on a valid argument. Using randomised controlled trials as an example, we argue that it is not enough to satisfy such requirements. What these can establish is very narrow in scope. They do not of themselves make it likely, let alone guarantee, results that are reliable for most of what we want to do with science, for example, predicting the outcome when you put a policy into action. This is a problem with all such methods, not just RCTs: they can, even if successful, merely certify through rigour the truth of very narrow claims. The reliability that science delivers requires more than such certification.
Introduction
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the main argument and structure of the book.
The School at Ajmeri Gate
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui Atyab
Published: December 2022

This book is a story of an educational institution situated at Ajmeri Gate, Delhi, just outside what was once known as Shahjahanabad—the Anglo Arabic School. This book explores an educational journey that has its beginnings nearly three centuries ago. Prior to the existence of this school, the campus at Ajmeri Gate had housed the Ghaziuddin madrasa and the famed Delhi College. The book documents the journey of the school from its inception in the late 19th century, its progress in the first half of the 20th century and finally it’s shutting down at the time of partition. The story then moves on to the school’s subsequent regeneration in post-independent India and analyses its journey ever since. It also explores the complex relationship between the school and the community it seeks to serve. In telling the story of the Anglo Arabic School a number of stories are unpacked. Today the school offers a solace to the ‘Delhiwalas’—a remnant of the bygone days. A reminder of the community’s glory and grandeur. With many generations of families having studied here the story of this school is as much about the Muslim community as it is about an educational institution. ‘The School at Ajmeri Gate’ provides a nuanced understanding of the working of an educational institution catering to the largely marginalized sections of the Muslim community. It is also a record of the complexities that arise in attempting to bring about change in a Muslim institution in a ghettoised setting. The insights it provides are illuminative and challenge many of the dominant perceptions of the reasons for Muslim educational backwardness. For those willing to bring about reform, this study draws attention to where it is needed most.
Founding of an Institution and Its Journey
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab
Published: December 2022

Chapter I, Founding of an Institution and Its Journey, is about the founding of the institutions on the campus of Madrasa Ghaziuddin. The establishment of the Anglo Arabic School in 1872 and its growth till 1947 has been explored. The chapter discusses in brief about the founder of the madrasa, Ghaziuddin Khan, the establishment of the Delhi College and its shutting down to give way to the establishment of a college at Lahore. The setting up of the school in 1872 and its shifting to the campus at Ajmeri gate is discussed. The chapter goes on to discuss the controversy around the shias and sunnis at the college and the Itimaduddaulah fund. Progress of the school and the performance of the students provide interesting information. Appointment of C. Eyre Walker as the principal, the growth of the institution to a degree college and the setting up of a girls’ school with an endowment made by a resident of Meerut, Mohammed Ahmad. There is a brief discussion on the relationship of the school with institutions like the Jama Masjid and the Fatehpuri Mosque committees and the financial support extended by them to the school in times of need. The inauguration in 1938 of a new ‘Anglo Arabic College and Schools Society’ and the passing of the control of the schools and college in the hands of the Muslim community of Delhi.
Managing Affairs
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab
Published: December 2022

Chapter III, Managing Affairs, examines the arrangement of the school in its post-independence period—its management, its affiliation, its finances—simply put, its systems and structures. How does the school operate and what are the legalities under which it functions are discussed and analysed here. The various pinpricks which the institution faces vis-à-vis its financial resources, relationship with the Directorate of Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, the tenuous minority character, interference by Waqf board and various stakeholders are reflected. The community, the alumni, and the local petty politicians too see themselves as a defender of the legacy of the institution. This poses a challenge. Frequent rifts and clashes are thus inevitable. As a consequence, the smooth and seamless functioning of the institution is adversely impacted.
Challenges: Conflict and Drama
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab
Published: December 2022

Chapter VI titled Challenges: Conflict and Drama discusses the conflicts and challenges faced by the school in its journey since independence. Their range is varied—from the unauthorized occupation of the campus by teachers and staff to the forced entry into the school grounds by devotees of the dargah; from the presence of a red light area in the vicinity of the school to the sale of liquor just outside its gate; from spats with the Delhi Development Authority officials to spats with the community; from bureaucratic diktats of the Directorate of Education to the politics played out by the Waqf Board; and elections fought for positions in the Governing Body—all this and much more have kept the management of the school embroiled in controversy on a near regular basis. Truancy, mischief, and other disruptions and distractions faced by the school are discussed. The setting up of the Anglo Arabic Model School on the same campus and issues related to its recognition too are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Khan Razak
Published: December 2022

The introduction to the book explores the historiography of Muslim identity and princely state politics in colonial India. It points at the existing frameworks and raises new questions and approaches on the issue of local history, identifications, belonging and public culture. It highlights the importance of locality and space in order to understand Muslim identities, politics and histories. The argument is that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories as nation and region, and attempt to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the specificities of historical re-negotiations of politics and identity by Muslims in South Asia. This book does so by focusing on the histories and politics of Muslims in Rampur—the last Muslim-ruled princely state in the colonial United Provinces.
Courtly Modernity
Authors: Khan Razak
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 critiques the historical amnesia created by the stereotype about Nawabi rule as “decadent” and the reformist discourse of Rampur as “Harampur” or place of decadence and illegality. The chapter points at the cultural creativity of Nawab Hamid Ali Khan in re-inventing his rule by recasting the patronage tradition, away from the court towards an emergent national public culture. A close look at these local histories of patronage of “cultural artefacts” especially of manuscript, music, and medicine showed the different historical and cultural landscapes in which Rampur existed not in the periphery, but as a centre (markaz) of cultural politics. It also shows the limits of mapping Rampur only within the space of Muslim princely states; Rampur, it emerges, was connected with not just Muslim principalities, but through cultural networks with other princely states and British India.
Short- and long-term responses of leaf day respiration to elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: Sun Yan Ran , Ma Wei Ting , Xu Yi Ning , Wang Xuming , Li Lei , Tcherkez Guillaume , Gong Xiao Ying
Published: December 2022

Evaluating leaf day respiration rate (RL), which is believed to differ from that in the dark (RDk), is essential for predicting global carbon cycles under climate change. Several studies have suggested that atmospheric CO2 impacts RL. However, the magnitude of such an impact and associated mechanisms remain uncertain. To explore the CO2 effect on RL, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants were grown under ambient (410 ppm) and elevated (820 ppm) CO2 mole fraction ([CO2]). RL was estimated from combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements using the Kok method, the Kok-Phi method, and a revised Kok method (Kok-Cc method). We found that elevated growth [CO2] led to an 8.4% reduction in RL and a 16.2% reduction in RDk in both species, in parallel to decreased leaf N and chlorophyll contents at elevated growth [CO2]. We also looked at short-term CO2 effects during gas exchange experiments. Increased RL or RL/RDk at elevated measurement [CO2] were found using the Kok and Kok-Phi methods, but not with the Kok-Cc method. This discrepancy was attributed to the unaccounted changes in Cc in the former methods. We found that the Kok and Kok-Phi methods underestimate RL and overestimate the inhibition of respiration under low irradiance conditions of the Kok curve, and the inhibition of RL was only 6%, representing 26% of the apparent Kok effect. We found no significant long-term CO2 effect on RL/RDk, originating from a concurrent reduction in RL and RDk at elevated growth [CO2], and likely mediated by acclimation of nitrogen metabolism.