bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Particularity of Stage Art Design in the Fashion Show
Authors: Chen Xiao Mei , Wu Bo Lin , Mu Yun
Published: October 2014

The fashion show was needed to inosculate clothing, music, dance, music, drama, art, sculpture and other arts as a whole,and conduct comprehensive art creation.The stage art design was a very important part in the fashion show, the artistic atmosphere of the show theme need to express can be rendered and created. The expression of fashion show on the clothing art beauty, dynamic beauty and static models walk the other beauty can be better presents,and more vitality. The overall effect on the fashion show has a crucial role.Therefore, this paper,the special elements of stage art design was analysesed,and the concrete application of the stage art design in the fashion show was explored.
Study of Three-Dimensional Self-Forming on Elastic Woven Fabric
Authors: Wang Xue Qin , Jin Zi Min , Li Jia Lin , Tu Yong Jian , Xian Xi Yong
Published: October 2014

For seamless fashion via the jacquard weaving, three dimensional forms for silhouettes of garments are critical research areas. Basic principles of three-dimensional weaving originate from manufacturing of apparel. Darts, tucks, and gathers are common approaches to changes of sectional areas.3D forms are usually achieved by cutting and sewing darts or pleats. In this paper, three-dimensional forms of one layer elastic fabric is to process a mono-layer fabric into some three-dimensional forms via the relative decrease and increase of partial areas on a piece of jacquard woven textile. This paper reports the basic principle and theoretical model for 3D form predicting. The experimental samples via jacquard basically coincided with the theoretical estimates.
Preparation and Characterization of Thermochromic Phase Change Nanofibers/ Woven Composite Material
Authors: Xia Xin , Zhang Yu , Li Qun Hua , Li Cong
Published: October 2014

In order to get a stable heat preserved property of temperature control textile, the sandwich structure of thermochromic phase change nanofibers/ woven composite materials was made by electrospinning, weaving and simple suture. In this material, the thermochromic powder acted as a temperature indicator, lauric acid is selected as phase change material. The morphologies and heat preserved property were characterized by SEM, a digital single lens camera and an increase-decreased temperature system test, respectively. The results showed that such composite materials exhibited an obviously heat preserved property; it took 17mins to decrease the temperature from 50 °C to 30 °C, which was 4 mins longer than the weaves.
Studies on Tensile and Shear Properties of 3D Six-Directional SiO2f/SiO2 Composites
Authors: Jiang Yun , Wan Zhen Kai
Published: October 2014

SiO2f/SiO2composites reinforced with 3D six-directional preform were fabricated by silicasol-infiltration-sintering method. To characterize the mechanical properties of the composites, mechanical testing was carried out under various loading conditions, including tensile and shear loading. All of the testing curves exhibited highly nonlinear behavior. The results indicated that the 3D six-directional braided SiO2f/SiO2composites exhibited superior tensile properties and good shear resistant. Therefore, the 3D six-directional braided composites developed can well meet the demands of the thermal structure component.
The Characterization of Silicon Powder Modified by Silane Coupling Agent and its Effect
Authors: Zhang Dong Dong , Wen Shao Guo , Wang Ji Hu , Wang Peng Zhu
Published: October 2014

Silicon powder is a kind of important nonmetallic mineral. It not only reduce the cost of polymer materials, but also can improve the performance of materials. In order to make silicon powder play a better role, this paper shows that surface modification of silicon powder by using the silane coupling agents KH550 and KH560. Through hydrophobic property, infiltrating performance, activation index, infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).It can be find that the evaluation and characterization of silicon powder modification effect. Comprehensive analysis shows that the modification effect is best,when KH550 and KH560 is the ratio of 1:2.
The Effect of Applying Methods of Fire Retardant on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Scrimber
Authors: Du Chun Gui , Song Jian Gang , Chen Yong Xing
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a study on the different applying methods of (NH4)2HPO4 fire retardant influence on physical and mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber. The results showed: the properties of bamboo scrimber would change with applying methods changing of fire retardant; the method of applying fire retardants before gluing would increase the part of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber, but it would increase the manufacturing cost of bamboo scrimber; the method of applying fire retardants after gluing would reduce the part of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber.
Influence of Sodium Oleate on Morphology of Semi-Hydrated Calcium Sulfate Whiskers and its Infrared Adsorption Performance
Authors: Wang Xiao Li , Li Xin Feng , Li Xiao An , Yu Ze Long , Li Jia Xing
Published: October 2014

Hydro-thermal method was used to prepare semi-hydrated calcium sulfate whiskers with sodium oleate as surfactant during the process of preparation and modification integration of calcium sulfate whiskers. Electronic biological microscope was adopted to observe the morphology of semi-hydrated calcium sulfate whiskers. FTIR was used to analyze the surface state of unmodified and modified semi-hydrated calcium sulfate whiskers. The experimental results showed that when the dosage of sodium oleate is less than 0.02%, the morphology of whiskers appears to be fibrous. Different sodium oleate dosages affect the morphology of semi-hydrated calcium sulfate whiskers remarkably and there exists chemisorption between sodium oleate and semi-hydrated calcium sulfate whiskers.
An Electrospun Polyimide Ultrathin Fiber Membrane for Particle Filtration of Hot Gas
Authors: Xie Jian Fei
Published: October 2014

Electrospun membrane filters used to remove particles from hot gases were highly desired to meet the requirement of application in high temperature. Polyimide is a kind of high performance polymer, especially for excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance. In this paper, the polyimide precursor poly (amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized from 3,3’,4,4’-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and 4,4’-methylenedianiline (MDA), the polyimide (PI) ultrathin fiber membrane was fabricated by electrospinning and followed by thermal imidization. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectrometry (IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used for the characterizations of the polyimide ultrathin fiber Membrane, the tests show that the diameter of ultrathin fiber is uniform with an average size of around 400nm and the membrane is thermally stable at a high temperature of 500°C.
Study on the Advanced Treatment of Dyeing Wastewater by Photocatalytic-H2O2
Authors: Lan Hui Xia , Ma Ping , Zhang Jian , Li Hui Jie , Zhang Heng , Lan Shan Hong
Published: October 2014

The composition of dyeing wastewater is complicated, after biochemical treatment, the effluent COD is still unable to meet the emission standard. To achieve discharge standard that often require advanced treatment after biochemical. This paper investigated effect of pH, reaction time, ZnO dosage, dosage of H2O2on the effect of dyeing wastewater treatment by photocatalytic-H2O2, the results showed that the reaction time of 15 min, pH of 4, dosage of ZnO was 4 g/L, 30% H2O2dosage was 1 ml/L, the COD removal rate was highest, can reach more than 55%.
Research on Fault Diagnosis Monitoring System of Natural Gas Compressor
Authors: Nie Huan Huan , Wu Zhen Lu , Yu Guo Yan
Published: October 2014

In this paper the structure of natural gas compressor monitoring system was designed. All the register data in PLC could be obtained to meet the real-time requirement by an instruction of PPI protocol. The technical framework of system was introduced simply, and the parameter method for measuring was put forward in fault diagnosis of natural gas compressor.
Optimal Calculation of Non-Probabilistic Structure Reliability Index
Authors: Zhao Jia , Li Chang Hua , Lian Jun
Published: October 2014

The optimal calculaion of non-probabilistic structure reliability index is researched, where the minimum distance from the origin to the limit-state surface in the standard normal space is required. From the viewpoints of the global nolinear and local linear, it build the global approximate variational inequality. The primal coupled potential function is used to decide direction and step of searching. It is more effective in convergence and polynomials than the other methods in the related references. After a brief review, the method are compared through two numerical examples. It shows that the present method is effective and feasibility.
Study on the Acid Resistant Properties of Bio-Based Nylon 56 Fiber Compared with the Fiber of Nylon 6 and Nylon 66
Authors: Li Yue Ling , Hao Xin Min , Guo Ya Fei , Chen Xiao , Yang Yuan , Wang Jian Ming
Published: October 2014

The new kind of bio-based nylon 56 fiber has been synthesized by adipic acid and 1,5-pentanediamine, which was prepared by fermenting a variety of starch in straw. The resistance of the nylon 56 fiber to acid need to be studied because the problem of nylon fabrics often encounter reactions of chemical reagents in their processing, finishing and dressing. The factors of acid concentration, temperature and time affect the mechnical behavior of the fibers of nylon 56 ,nylon6 and nylon 66. Strength of all three nylon fibers have obvious decrease if treated in acetic acid concentration of 10 g/L, while have a straight line down if treated in acetic acid concentration of 100 g/L as time increases until to a half falling down at 120 minutes. Bio-based nylon 56 fibers treated in acetic acid concentration of 100 g/L for 30 minutes have a sharp reduction and almost lost its function at 50 minutes.
The Research of CAPP System Based on Knowledge Integration
Authors: Zhao Hong Zhi , Yuan Zhi Hua
Published: October 2014

After analyzing the present process design technology, the research integrates the present process design technology with CAPP system. In the paper CAPP system based on knowledge integration is introduced here. And the system’s framework, data structure, function and its’ work flow and design and realization methods are discussed in detail. With the application of the process design system integrated with knowledge, the knowledge of process design will be managed in a unified way and shared among it’s users. Thus the time spent on production research will be shortened, and the manufacturing facility will be improved.
Dyeing Properties of Gardenia Yellow, Lac Dye and Sodium Copper Chlorophyll for Wool
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Yan Juan , Xu Meng Xue
Published: October 2014

The dyeing of wool fabrics with three different natural dyes, gardenia yellow, lac dye and sodium copper chlorophyll was studied, and the important dyeing parameters such as pH of dyebath, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time were discussed. The good results were achieved when the dyeing was conducted at 90 °C for 60 min in a weakly acidic medium for gardenia yellow and lac dye, and under a neutral condition for sodium copper chlorophyll. In addition, the dyed and mordanted wool fabrics had higher color depth values, darker shades, and better color fastness than the dyed and unmordanted samples.
Influence of Ultrasonic on the Dying Properties of Cotton Fabric by Using Turmeric as Dye
Authors: Dong Feng Chun , Sun Ting Ting , Chen Li Zhu , Huang Gang , Jia Yong Tang
Published: October 2014

In the process of using dye turmeric, the behavior of conventional dyeing and ultrasonic dyeing were compared. The processing of conventional dyeing and ultrasonic dyeing, such as dyeing time, dyeing temperature, pH value, and the amount of salt on the effect of K/S value, were investigated. The results show that the dye-uptake was greatly improved by using ultrasound. Meanwhile, the ultrasound dyeing was demonstrated more dominant in energy saving.
A Rapidly Enlarging Cutaneous Hemangioma in Pregnancy
Authors: Ma’ayeh Marwan , Purandare Nikhil , Harrison Michelle , Geary Michael P.
Published: October 2014

This is a case of a rapidly enlarging cutaneous pedunculated tumor on a patient’s thumb during her pregnancy. This was excised and identified as a hemangioma. A literature search identified a possible hormonal factor in causing an accelerated growth of this tumor.
Evaluation of Targeted Mass Cholera Vaccination Strategies in Bangladesh: A Demonstration of a New Cost-Effectiveness Calculator
Authors: Troeger Christopher , Sack David A. , Chao Dennis L.
Published: October 2014

Growing interest in mass vaccination with oral cholera vaccine in endemic and epidemic settings will require policymakers to evaluate how to allocate these vaccines in the most efficient manner. Because cholera, when treated properly, has a low case fatality rate, it may not be economically feasible to vaccinate an entire population. Using a new publicly available calculator for estimating the cost-effectiveness of mass vaccination, we show how targeting high-risk subpopulations for vaccination could be cost-effective in Bangladesh. The approach described here is general enough to adapt to different settings or to other vaccine-preventable diseases.
Assessment of performance of the inter-arrival time algorithm to identify ice shattering artifacts in cloud particle probes measurements
Authors: Korolev A. , Field P. R.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Shattering presents a serious obstacle to current airborne in-situ methods of characterizing the microphysical properties of ice clouds. Small shattered fragments result from the impact of natural ice crystals with the forward parts of aircraft-mounted measurement probes. The presence of these shattered fragments may result in a significant overestimation of the measured concentration of small ice crystals, contaminating the measurement of the ice particle size distribution (PSD). One method of identifying shattered particles is to use an interarrival time algorithm. This method is based on the assumption that shattered fragments form spatial clusters that have short interarrival times between particles, relative to natural particles, when they pass through the sample volume of the probe. The interarrival time algorithm is a successful technique for the classification of shattering artifacts and natural particles. This study assesses the limitations and efficiency of the interarrival time algorithm. The analysis has been performed using simultaneous measurements of 2-D optical array probes with the standard and antishattering "K-tips" collected during the Airborne Icing Instrumentation Experiment (AIIE). It is shown that the efficiency of the algorithm depends on ice particle size, concentration and habit. Additional numerical simulations indicate that the effectiveness of the interarrival time algorithm to eliminate shattering artifacts can be significantly restricted in some cases. Improvements to the interarrival time algorithm are discussed.
Materialität und Macht im Spiegel der Assemblage-Theorie: Erkundungen am Beispiel der Waldpolitik in Thailand
Authors: Mattissek A. , Wiertz T.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Nature and technology are at the core of many ongoing social transformations and political struggles. While constructivist approaches in general and poststructuralist theories in particular point to the discursive negotiation of materiality, they have so far failed to adequately account for its constitutive role in stabilizing and destabilizing social relations. We argue that theories based on a "flat ontology" offer a way to re-materialize social theory while keeping the sensitivity to power-knowledge relations that poststructuralist theories have developed. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari and recent discussions on Assemblage Theory in Human Geography, we sketch out a theoretical framework that conceptualizes the relations between symbolic and material entities in a non-deterministic way. Using the example of recent shifts in forest politics in Thailand under the influence of climate change policies, we discuss some of the empirical aspects that can be analyzed with the help of Assemblage Theory.
Concluding Commentary: Response to Eugene and Kiyo
Authors: White E. Jayne
Published: October 2014

At the risk of speaking on his behalf I could almost swear I heard Bakhtin laughing gleefully over my shoulder as I read this fascinating dialogue between Eugene and Kiyo.  His reason for this might be partly inspired by the glaring misunderstandings both men reveal through their associated interplay with key pedagogical concepts. While polemic in nature, it occurs to me, somewhat ironically, that each man makes the same careful, empirically located, argument from different cultural and philosophical standpoints. At the centre of their debate is the concept of pedagogy and its capacity to promote ‘authentic’ learning. Despite this shared agenda their interpretations of key terms are often at variance and, as a result, they passionately bang their heads against each other in vehement misunderstanding that makes for what Bakhtin (2004) would describe as “lively and expressive” debate (p. 24) on this topic.
Role of Probiotics Against Mycotoxins and Their Deleterious Effects
Authors: Vinderola Gabriel , Ritieni Alberto
Published: October 2014

Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. They commonly belong to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Fermented milks haven been used as the main vehicle, so far, for their delivery to consumers. Mycotoxins are secondary toxic fungal products with a long history of responsibility for foodborne disease outbreaks. Human and animals are continuously exposed to variable levels of these contaminants (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, patulin, zearalenone, among others) that occur naturally in the diet. The long term exposure might cause tissue and genetic damage. Certain probiotic strains can bind and remove mycotoxins from liquid media. Eukaryotic cell cultures showed that the complex probiotic-mycotoxin is less adhesive to enterocytes than the probiotic alone, then favouring maybe the elimination of this complex from the gut through feces. Probiotics were also shown capable of restoring some functions of the epithelial cells after the damage produced by mycotoxin exposure. Animal trials revealed that genetic damage and tissue oxidation might be also partially avoided by the oral administration of probiotics. Finally, human clinical trials conducted in people naturally exposed to mycotoxins in food that received probiotics, showed reduced levels of mycotoxin-DNA adducts in urine and in the content of mycotoxins in feces. However, it remains to know the fate of the ingested mycotoxins that were not found in feces. In vitro to in vivo evidence is gathering in order to determine the role of probiotics on the prevention or partial remediation of the damage induced by mycotoxins.
Soil Organic Matter Quality From Soils Cropped by Traditional Peasants
Authors: Canellas Luciano Pasqualoto , Spaccini Riccardo , Aguiar Natalia De Oliveira , Olivares Fabio Lopes
Published: October 2014

In this work we have analyzed soil samples from Oxisols collected from two traditional communities, one formed by Guarany Indians at South of Brazil and other by African descendants on North of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The content and fractional composition of humus was investigated and the isolated humic acids (HAs) were characterized by elemental composition, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-performance size exclusion chromatography. The bioactivity of HAs was evaluated considering the effects on root growth of maize seedlings. Chemical properties from adjacent soils under native forest were used as control samples. The local field sites matching the traditional cropping requirements, were characterized by higher soil chemical fertility and soil organic matter hydrophobicity, as compared to the land plots considered as inadequate by rural peasants. The HAs from cropped soils revealed significant differences in respect to content, hydrophobicity, biostimulation and molecular dimension. Although all humic extracts promoted, both, root growth and the stimulation of lateral root emergence over control, the HAs from preferential local sites, revealed a larger bioactivity response on root stimulation even at lower concentration. The assessment of soil quality issued by local farmers, showed a valuable fitting with bio-chemical fertility indicators and SOM hydrophobicity.
Het organiseren van de terugtocht: voorbereidende beschietingen
Authors: Schillemans Thomas , Frissen Paul
Published: October 2014

Organizing retreat

The state has been expanding throughout the twentieth century but now seems to be in retreat. This special issue addresses the question how central governments can organize their retreats. It is a theme with a double-sided focus. On the one hand, we will offer an empirical and theoretical state of the art of the ‘state of the state’. On the other hand, this special issue will thematise how a retreat of the state can be organized in a proper way. The special issue consists of eight different articles; some more theoretical and normative and others clearly empirical. Together the articles provide a colourful overview of the state of the Dutch state in the early 21st Century.
Een duwtje om over na te denken
Authors: Zuure Jasper
Published: October 2014

A nudge to think about: The promise of nudging for the retreating state

Nudging is currently high on the political agenda. The idea behind nudging is that the government can gently push citizens in the ‘good’ direction by anticipating their predictable irrational behaviour. In the Dutch discussion nudging often is seen as an instrument to influence citizens more. Therefore critics fear paternalism, manipulation and technocracy. However, we could also see nudging as a replacement of more coercive instruments. Then nudges might even offer chances for a state that is withdrawing under the condition that citizens have both the opportunity and the capability to make alternative choices in practice than the choices to which nudges aim. Therefore nudges by the government should not avoid reflective and conscious thinking processes, but rather stimulate deliberation and make citizens more aware of their decisions.
On the Numerical Solution of the Nonlinear Radiation Heat Transfer Problem in a Three-Dimensional Flow
Authors: Mushtaq Ammar , Mustafa Meraj , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed
Published: October 2014

The steady laminar three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet is investigated. The sheet is linearly stretched in two lateral directions. Heat transfer analysis is performed by utilizing a nonlinear radiative heat flux in Rosseland approximation for thermal radiation. Two different wall conditions, namely (i) constant wall temperature and (ii) prescribed surface temperature are considered. The developed nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs) are solved numerically through fifth-order Runge-Kutta method using a shooting technique. To ascertain the accuracy of results the solutions are also computed by using built in function bvp4c of MATLAB. The behaviours of interesting parameters are carefully analyzed through graphs for velocity and temperature distributions. The dimensionless expressions of wall shear stress and heat transfer rate at the sheet are evaluated and discussed. It is seen that a point of inflection of the temperature function exists for sufficiently large values of wall to ambient temperature ratio. The solutions are in excellent agreement with the previous studies in a limiting sense. To our knowledge, the novel idea of nonlinear thermal radiation in three-dimensional flow is just introduced here.
Crystal structure of PfRh5, an essential P. falciparum ligand for invasion of human erythrocytes
Authors: Chen Lin , Xu Yibin , Healer Julie , Thompson Jenny K , Smith Brian J , Lawrence Michael C , Cowman Alan F
Published: October 2014

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria in humans and is responsible for over 700,000 deaths annually. It is an obligate intracellular parasite and invades erythrocytes where it grows in a relatively protected niche. Invasion of erythrocytes is essential for parasite survival and this involves interplay of multiple protein–protein interactions. One of the most important interactions is binding of parasite invasion ligand families EBLs and PfRhs to host receptors on the surface of erythrocytes. PfRh5 is the only essential invasion ligand within the PfRh family and is an important vaccine candidate. PfRh5 binds the host receptor basigin. In this study, we have determined the crystal structure of PfRh5 using diffraction data to 2.18 Å resolution. PfRh5 exhibits a novel fold, comprising nine mostly anti-parallel α-helices encasing an N-terminal β-hairpin, with the overall shape being an elliptical disk. This is the first three-dimensional structure determined for the PfRh family of proteins.
Genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA from Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock used in northwestern Mexico
Authors: Mendoza-Cano Fernando , Grijalva-Chon José Manuel , Pérez-Enríquez Ricardo , Ramos-Paredes Josefina , Varela-Romero Alejandro
Published: October 2014

Shrimp cultivation in Mexico is based on the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, with a production of about 100,320 t in 2012. Postlarvae are produced in hatcheries, where the selection process is geared towards producing lineages with better productive parameters and resistance to some diseases; however, the crossing of related organisms may reduce genetic variability, resulting in inbreeding depression. In this study we analyzed the sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 425 shrimp from five hatcheries and of 29 wild whiteleg shrimp. The results suggest the presence of two dominant haplotypes in a monophyletic group of organisms used as broodstock and in wild whiteleg shrimp; this finding suggests a common origin. Low levels of genetic variability in some hatcheries highlight the importance of monitoring genetic diversity and supervising breeding programs to prevent loss of haplotypes.
Intra-thallus variation of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and phenolsulphatase activity in Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Phaeophyceae) from southern Spain
Authors: Abdala-Díaz Roberto Teófilo , Cabello-Pasini Alejandro , Márquez-Garrido Eugenia , López-Figueroa Felix
Published: October 2014

Intra-thallus variation in phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolsulphatase activity (EC 3.1.6.1) was studied in Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Phaeophyceae) from southern Spain. Significant differences in the content of phenolic compounds were found among apical, middle, and basal sections of the thallus of C. tamariscifolia. The concentrations of phenolic compounds and of phenolsulphatase activity were highest in the apical section and decreased toward the basal section. There was a highly significant correlation between the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant and phenolsulphatase activities in C. tamariscifolia. Phenol excretion and phenolsulfatase activity were significantly correlated with integrated irradiance. Cystoseira tamariscifolia grows in tightly packed turfs that promote auto-shading in the middle and basal sections of its thalli, and it is thus likely that the higher polyphenol content in the apical section of this species is a response to the higher exposure to ultraviolet radiation and photosynthetically active radiation relative to the middle and basal sections. These results suggest that this excretion of phenolic compounds might function as a protective mechanism serving as a radiation filter in the immediate surroundings of the C. tamariscifolia thalli.
How to Prepare Neuroanatomical Image Data
Authors: O'Connor Nathan , Tappan Susan , Glaser Jacob
Published: October 2014

As image data from a single neuroanatomical study can easily exceed tens of gigabytes, managing, analyzing, and presenting it is not trivial. Careful planning along multiple axes is required and includes the following: (1) Organizational methods developed for images should allow for easy and efficient access, selection, and potential reorganization of images. (2) Experimental information and other metadata should be readily available and accompany image data. (3) Even if a study's entire body of image data is made available, highlighting key results and preparing figures requires selecting image regions and resolutions, creating annotations, and adhering to publishing and community guidelines for image adjustments. Further, it may be necessary to assess Internet accessibility and infrastructure issues and to consider image formats appropriate for Web publishing. Finally, a strategy for robust, long‐term, and efficient storage of image data should be developed. This unit provides a guide for preparing neuroanatomical image data. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 69:1.21.1‐1.21.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seasonal variations of bio‐optical properties and their interrelationships observed by Bio‐Argo floats in the subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Xing Xiaogang , Claustre Hervé , Uitz Julia , Mignot Alexandre , Poteau Antoine , Wang Haili
Published: October 2014

Based on in situ data sets collected using two Bio‐Argo floats deployed in the subpolar North Atlantic from June 2008 to May 2010, the present study focuses on the seasonal variability of three bio‐optical properties, i.e., chlorophyll‐a concentration ([Chla]), particle backscattering coefficient at 532 nm (bbp(532)), and particle beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm (cp(660)). In addition, the interrelationships among these properties are examined. Our results show that: (1) [Chla], bbp(532) and cp(660) are largely well coupled with each other in the upper layer, all being minimum in mid‐winter (January) and maximum in summer; (2) the backscattering coefficient presents an abrupt increase in late summer in the Icelandic Basin, likely due to a large contribution of coccolithophores following the diatom spring bloom; (3) the intercorrelations between the three bio‐optical properties are basically consistent with previous studies; (4) seasonal variation in the of [Chla] to cp(660) ratio exhibits a clear light‐dependence, most likely due to the phytoplankton photoacclimation.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyridinium Salts with an Iridium Phosphole Catalyst
Authors: Chang Mingxin , Huang Yuhua , Liu Shaodong , Chen Yonggang , Krska Shane W. , Davies Ian W. , Zhang Xumu
Published: October 2014

Iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N‐alkyl‐2‐alkylpyridinium salts provided 2‐aryl‐substituted piperidines with high levels of enantioselectivity. Simple benzyl and other alkyl groups successfully activated the challenging pyridine substrates toward hydrogenation. The use of the unusual chiral‐phosphole‐based MP2‐SEGPHOS was the key to the success of this approach which provides a versatile and practical procedure for the synthesis of chiral piperidines.
Entrapment of Elusive Guests within Metal‐Seamed Nanocapsules
Authors: Kumari Harshita , Jin Ping , Teat Simon J. , Barnes Charles L. , Dalgarno Scott J. , Atwood Jerry L.
Published: October 2014

Anions play a crucial role in locking alkali metals on the interior of metal–organic capsules that contain structural water gates. This role is further evidenced when stitching‐up the capsule seam, resulting in either expulsion or trapping of cesium ions depending on the anion employed.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Chemo‐, Regio‐, and Enantioselective Addition of 2‐Pyridones to Terminal Allenes
Authors: Li Changkun , Kähny Matthias , Breit Bernhard
Published: October 2014

A rhodium‐catalyzed chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselective addition of 2‐pyridones to terminal allenes to give branched N‐allyl 2‐pyridones is reported. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the hypothesis that the reaction was initiated from the more acidic 2‐hydroxypyridine form, and the initial kinetic O‐allylation product was finally converted into the thermodynamically more stable N‐allyl 2‐pyridones.
Synthesis and Unique Photoluminescence Properties of Nitrogen‐Rich Quantum Dots and Their Applications
Authors: Chen Xiuxian , Jin Qingqing , Wu Lizhu , Tung ChenHo , Tang Xinjing
Published: October 2014

Nitrogen‐rich quantum dots (N‐dots) were serendipitously synthesized in methanol or aqueous solution at a reaction temperature as low as 50 °C. These N‐dots have a small size (less than 10 nm) and contain a high percentage of the element nitrogen, and are thus a new member of quantum‐dot family. These N‐dots show unique and distinct photoluminescence properties with an increasing percentage of nitrogen compared to the neighboring carbon dots. The photoluminescence behavior was adjusted from blue to green simply through variation of the reaction temperature. Furthermore, the detailed mechanism of N‐dot formation was also proposed with the trapped intermediate. These N‐dots have also shown promising applications as fluorescent ink and biocompatible staining in C. elegans.
Cobalt Sulfide Nanosheet/Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites as Flexible Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Peng Shengjie , Li Linlin , Han Xiaopeng , Sun Wenping , Srinivasan Madhavi , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Cheng Fangyi , Yan Qingyu , Chen Jun , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: October 2014

Flexible three‐dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures have received tremendous interest recently because of their potential applications in wearable electronics, roll‐up displays, and other devices. The design and fabrication of a flexible and robust electrode based on cobalt sulfide/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (CoS2/RGO‐CNT) nanocomposites are reported. An efficient hydrothermal process combined with vacuum filtration was used to synthesize such composite architecture, which was then embedded in a porous CNT network. This conductive and robust film is evaluated as electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The synergistic effect of CoS2, graphene, and CNTs leads to unique CoS2/RGO‐CNT nanoarchitectures, the HER activity of which is among the highest for non‐noble metal electrocatalysts, showing 10 mA cm−2 current density at about 142 mV overpotentials and a high electrochemical stability.
Effective PHIP Labeling of Bioactive Peptides Boosts the Intensity of the NMR Signal
Authors: Sauer Grit , Nasu Daichi , Tietze Daniel , Gutmann Torsten , Englert Simon , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald , Buntkowsky Gerd
Published: October 2014

A series of novel bioactive derivatives of the sunflower trypsin inhibitor‐1 (SFTI‐1) suitable for hyperpolarization by parahydrogen‐induced polarization (PHIP) was developed. The PHIP activity was achieved by labeling with L‐propargylglycine, O‐propargyl‐L‐tyrosine, or 4‐pentynoic acid. 1H NMR signal enhancements (SE) of up to a factor of 70 were achieved in aqueous solution. We found that an isolated spatial location of the triple bond within the respective label and its accessibility for the hydrogenation catalyst are essential factors for the degree of signal enhancement.
A Reversible and Selective Inhibitor of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Ameliorates Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hernández‐Torres Gloria , Cipriano Mariateresa , Hedén Erika , Björklund Emmelie , Canales Ángeles , Zian Debora , Feliú Ana , Mecha Miriam , Guaza Carmen , Fowler Christopher J. , Ortega‐Gutiérrez Silvia , López‐Rodríguez María L.
Published: October 2014

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the enzyme responsible for the inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG). MAGL inhibitors show analgesic and tissue‐protecting effects in several disease models. However, the few efficient and selective MAGL inhibitors described to date block the enzyme irreversibly, and this can lead to pharmacological tolerance. Hence, additional classes of MAGL inhibitors are needed to validate this enzyme as a therapeutic target. Here we report a potent, selective, and reversible MAGL inhibitor (IC50=0.18 μM) which is active in vivo and ameliorates the clinical progression of a multiple sclerosis (MS) mouse model without inducing undesirable CB1‐mediated side effects. These results support the interest in MAGL as a target for the treatment of MS.
Elemental Sulfur Disproportionation in the Redox Condensation Reaction between o‐Halonitrobenzenes and Benzylamines
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Ermolenko Ludmila , Retailleau Pascal , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: October 2014

The disproportionation of elemental sulfur at moderate temperatures is investigated in the redox condensation involving o‐halonitrobenzenes 1 and benzylamines 2. As a redox moderator, elemental sulfur plays the dual role of both electron donor and acceptor, generating its lowest and highest oxidation states: S−2 (sulfide equivalent) in benzothiazole 3 and S+6 (sulfate equivalent) in sulfamate 4, and filling the electron gap of the global redox condensation process. Along with this process, a cascade of reactions of reduction of the nitro group of 1, oxidation of the aminomethyl group of 2, metal‐free aromatic halogen substitution, and condensation finally led to 2‐arylbenzothiazoles 3.
Control of the Transition between Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa States by the Redox State of the Proximal FeS Cluster in the Catalytic Cycle of [NiFe] Hydrogenase
Authors: Tai Hulin , Nishikawa Koji , Suzuki Masayuki , Higuchi Yoshiki , Hirota Shun
Published: October 2014

[NiFe] hydrogenase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of H2. The electrons produced by the H2 cleavage pass through three Fe–S clusters in [NiFe] hydrogenase to its redox partner. It has been reported that the Ni‐SIa, Ni‐C, and Ni‐R states of [NiFe] hydrogenase are involved in the catalytic cycle, although the mechanism and regulation of the transition between the Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa states remain unrevealed. In this study, the FT‐IR spectra under light irradiation at 138–198 K show that the Ni‐L state of [NiFe] hydrogenase is an intermediate between the transition of the Ni‐C and Ni‐SIa states. The transition of the Ni‐C state to the Ni‐SIa state occurred when the proximal [Fe4S4]p2+/+ cluster was oxidized, but not when it was reduced. These results show that the catalytic cycle of [NiFe] hydrogenase is controlled by the redox state of its [Fe4S4]p2+/+ cluster, which may function as a gate for the electron flow from the NiFe active site to the redox partner.
Influence of recycling of poly(lactic acid) on packaging relevant properties
Authors: Hopmann Christian , Schippers Sebastian , Höfs Christopher
Published: October 2014

The most promising representative of biodegradable plastics in packaging applications is polylactide (PLA). Despite this, there is only a small market of PLA in Europe. Reasons for that are the high price of PLA raw material and the lack of knowledge of the behavior in packaging applications. It has a number of peculiarities so producers of plastics packaging hesitate to use it. Like other polyesters, it can degrade at increased temperatures in the presence of moisture by hydrolysis whereby it loses its physical and chemical properties. In all production processes, production waste is generated (i.e., stamping grids or edge trim). In most cases, this waste is used. It is not known in detail, how an internal recycling process will influence the final product properties. One problem is hydrolysis by which the production waste is partially degraded. Target of this study is to analyze the recycling process of PLA within the context of necessary process adaptions and the effects upon ecological efficiency. Films for packaging containing multiple types and amounts of production waste will be produced by extrusion and tested concerning their mechanical properties. The analysis of the recycling behavior showed that internal PLA production waste is well suitable for recycling. The influence of the recycling on the molecular weight is negligible. The effect on the viscosity and thus on the extrusion process is higher. Packaging relevant properties like mechanical or optical properties are hardly influenced. Especially recycling with a recycling quota of up to 50% has an insignificant effect on the film properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41532.
Potential ship strikes and density of humpback whales in the Abrolhos Bank breeding ground, Brazil
Authors: Bezamat Carolina , Wedekin Leonardo L. , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C.
Published: October 2014

Ship strikes are one of the major threats to large whales worldwide. The potential impact from increasing vessel traffic therefore is a concern for the future of the Brazilian humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) population.

In order to evaluate the risk of collision between large vessels and humpback whales along coastal shipping routes in the region of the Abrolhos Bank – the most important breeding ground for the species in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean – commercial vessels were used as platforms of opportunity to monitor the coastal shipping routes.

Humpback whale density along coastal routes was estimated through multiple covariate line‐transect ‘distance sampling’. The number of potential collisions per year was estimated using a model based on vessel size and speed, track lengths, population density and the surfacing behaviour of whales.

During the peak of the 2011 breeding season, whale density on the coastal route between Belmonte and Caravelas was estimated to be 0.085 whales km‐2and between Caravelas and Barra do Riacho, 0.023 whales km‐2.

The three commercial vessels operating in coastal waters between Belmonte and Barra do Riacho had the potential to collide with 25 humpback whales in total, and kill 17 of these, during the 2011 breeding season.

As vessel traffic increases in the Abrolhos Bank region and humpback whale population grows, the likelihood of a vessel collision will increase.

A simple and effective framework to study how changes in whale density will affect their vulnerability to ship strikes, and ensure the suitability of alternative shipping routes is presented, while evaluating whether additional mitigation measures are necessary, such as speed limits in areas or periods with higher densities of whales.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energieeffiziente Kühlung und thermischer Raumkomfort: Erfahrungen aus dem Langzeitmonitoring von 42 Bürogebäuden
Authors: Kalz Doreen , Herkel Sebastian , Sonntag Martin , Pfafferott Jens
Published: October 2014

In 35 deutschen und 7 europäischen Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden wurden auf Basis von Monitoringkampagnen über mehrere Betriebsjahre Raum‐ und Außentemperaturwerte in zeitlich hoher Auflösung erfasst und der thermische Raumkomfort im Sommer standardisiert nach der Komfortnorm DIN EN 15251:2007‐08 detailliert ausgewertet. Ergänzt wird die Auswertung um Kurzzeitmesskampagnen über zwei sehr warme Wochen im Sommer in unsanierten bzw. teilsanierten Bürogebäuden, errichtet im Zeitraum von 1960 bis 1975. Die untersuchten Gebäude mit ihrem jeweiligen Kühlkonzept lassen sich in sechs Kategorien einteilen: ohne Kühlung, passive, luftgeführte und wassergeführte Kühlung sowie Mixed‐mode‐Kühlung und Vollklimatisierung. Im Quervergleich aller Gebäude werden die Kühlkonzepte gleichermaßen nach dem thermischen Raumkomfort und thermischen Kühlenergiebezug bewertet. Detaillierte Komfortuntersuchungen nach der Europäischen Komfortnorm DIN EN 15251:2007‐08 geben Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit der eingesetzten Kühltechnologien in den jeweiligen Klimazonen. Daraus lassen sich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Planungspraxis und den Gebäudebetrieb ableiten.

Energy efficient cooling and thermal comfort for office buildings − long‐term monitoring in 42 buildings. Long‐term monitoring campaigns were carried out in 35 German and 7 European office and administrative buildings, recording the operative room and ambient air temperature in fine time resolution. Further, short‐term monitoring campaigns over two hot weeks in summer were conducted in non or partially retrofitted office buildings in Germany, built from 1960 to 1975. The buildings studied can be divided into six categories according to the cooling concept employed: without cooling, passive, air‐based and water‐based cooling, mixed‐mode cooling and full air conditioning. Thermal comfort in summer is evaluated in detail using a standardized methodology in accordance with the comfort standard DIN EN 15251:2007‐08. Thermal comfort is quantified by measurements of operative room temperatures and local meteorological conditions. In addition, useful cooling energy and electricity consumption were recorded. It is clearly demonstrated that it is feasible and valuable to compare different cooling strategies based on a consistent methodology. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied in day‐to‐day practice in the planning, commissioning and operation of buildings since these parameters are well‐established and easily accessible.
Highlights from the United States Food and Drug Administration's public workshop on the development of animal models of pregnancy to address medical countermeasures in an “at‐risk” population of pregnant women: Influenza as a case study
Authors: Williams Denita , Basavarajappa Mallikarjuna S. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Morris Suzanne , Mattison Donald ,   on behalf of the Animal Models of Pregnancy Working Group
Published: October 2014

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other federal agencies partner to ensure that medical countermeasures (e.g., drug therapies and vaccines) are available for public health emergencies (FDA, 2014). Despite continuing progress, providing medical countermeasures and treatment guidelines for certain populations (e.g., pregnant women) is challenging due to the lack of clinical and/or animal data. Thus, a workshop was convened to discuss animal models of pregnancy for the evaluation of disease progression and medical countermeasures. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:806–810, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent bioanalytical methods for quantification of third‐generation cephalosporins using HPLC and LC‐MS(/MS) and their applications in pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Jin Hyo‐Eon , Jin Su‐Eon , Maeng Han‐Joo
Published: October 2014

Third‐generation cephalosporins are semi‐synthetic antibiotics with enhanced activity against Gram‐negative organisms. The cephalosporins in biological samples are mostly determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). In recent years, numerous bioanalytical methods have been developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of cephalosporin quantification using the powerful LC‐MS/MS systems that are common in research laboratories. This review article presents recently developed bioanalytical methods by HPLC or LC‐MS(/MS) for 12 third‐generation cephalosporins, including five oral third‐generation cephalosporins, and further discusses their application in pharmacokinetic studies of animals and humans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.