bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Computational Study of Solid Si Target Dynamics under ns Pulsed Laser Irradiation from Elastic to Melting Regime
Authors: Papadaki Helen , Kaselouris Evaggelos , Bakarezos Makis , Tatarakis Michael , Papadogiannis Nektarios A. , Dimitriou Vasilis
Published: December 2023

The dynamic behavior of solid Si targets irradiated by nanosecond laser pulses is computationally studied with transient, thermοmechanical three-dimensional finite element method simulations. The dynamic phase changes of the target and the generation and propagation of surface acoustic waves around the laser focal spot are provided by a finite element model of a very fine uniformly structured mesh, able to provide high-resolution results in short and long spatiotemporal scales. The dynamic changes in the Si material properties until the melting regime are considered, and the simulation results provide a detailed description of the irradiated area response, accompanied by the dynamics of the generation and propagation of ultrasonic waves. The new findings indicate that, due to the low thermal expansion coefficient and the high penetration depth of Si, the amplitude of the generated SAW is small, and the time and distance needed for the ultrasound to be generated is higher compared to dense metals. Additionally, in the melting regime, the development of high nonlinear thermal stresses leads to the generation and formation of an irregular ultrasound. Understanding the interaction between nanosecond lasers and Si is pivotal for advancing a wide range of technologies related to material processing and characterization.
Crystal Structure, DFT Calculation, and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of the 1-(Cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-3-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one
Authors: Adardour Mohamed , Ait Lahcen Marouane , Hdoufane Ismail , Alanazi Mohammed , Loughzail Mohamed , Bouzidi Mousser Henia , Fleutot Solenne , François Michel , Cherqaoui Driss , Baouid Abdesselam
Published: December 2023

In this paper, we describe the synthesis and structural characterization of the 1-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-3-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (2) via IR, NMR (1H and 13C), and HRMS. The crystal structure of the isolated organic compound 2 was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results regarding the molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions within the crystal are in accordance with the DFT calculations and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
Auto-Segmentation and Quantification of Non-Cavitated Enamel Caries Imaged with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Abdelrehim Tamer , Salah Maha , Conrad Heather J. , Chew Hooi Pin
Published: December 2023

(1) Background: OCT imaging has been used to assess enamel demineralization in dental research, but it is not yet developed enough to qualify as a diagnostic technique in clinics. The current capabilities of most commercial acquisition software allow for visual and qualitative assessments. There is a need for a fast and verified batch-processing algorithm to segment and analyze demineralized enamel. This study suggests a GUI MATLAB algorithm for the processing and quantitative analysis of demineralized enamel. (2) Methods: A group of artificially demineralized human enamels was in vitro scanned under the OCT, and ROI frames were extracted. By using a selected intensity threshold colormap, Inter- (Ie) and Intra- (Ia) prismatic demineralization can be segmented. A set of quantitative measurements for the average demineralized depth, average line profile, and integrated reflectivity can be obtained for an accurate assessment. Real and simulated OCT frames were used for algorithm verification. (3) Results: A strong correlation between the automated and known Excel measurements for the average demineralization depth was found (R2 > 0.97). (4) Conclusions: OCT image segmentation and quantification of the enamel demineralization zones are possible. The algorithm can assess the future development of a real-time assessment of dental diagnostics using an oral probe OCT.
A Logistic Regression Model for Predicting the Risk of Subsequent Surgery among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Crohn’s Disease Using a Brute Force Method
Authors: Ogasawara Kohei , Hiraga Hiroto , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Hiraga Noriko , Higuchi Naoki , Hasui Keisuke , Ota Shinji , Maeda Takato , Murai Yasuhisa , Tatsuta Tetsuya , Kikuchi Hidezumi , Chinda Daisuke , Mikami Tatsuya , Matsuzaka Masashi , Sakuraba Hirotake , Fukuda Shinsaku
Published: December 2023

Surgery avoidance is an important goal in Crohn’s disease (CD) treatment and predicting the risk of subsequent surgery is important to determine adequate therapeutic strength for patients with newly diagnosed CD. Herein, we aimed to construct a prediction model for the risk of subsequent surgery based on disease characteristics at the patients’ initial visit. We retrospectively collected disease characteristic data from 93 patients with newly diagnosed CD. A logistic regression model with a brute force method was used to maximize the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (auROC) by employing a combination of potential predictors from 14 covariates (16,383). The auROC remained almost constant when one to 12 covariates were considered, reaching a peak of 0.89 at four covariates (small-bowel patency, extensive small-bowel lesions, main lesions, and the number of poor prognostic factors), and it decreased with increasing covariate size. The most significant predictors were small-bowel patency, extensive small-bowel lesions, and age or major lesions. Therefore, this prediction model using covariates may be helpful in determining the likelihood that a patient with newly diagnosed CD will require surgery, which can aid in appropriate treatment selection for high-risk patients.
Comparative Analysis of CT Texture in Lumbar and Femur and Its Correlation with Bone Mineral Density and Content over Time: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kim Min Woo , Noh Young Min , Huh Jung Wook , Seo Han Eol , Lee Dong Ha
Published: December 2023

Background: This research explores the application of morphometric texture analysis in chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans for determining Bone Mineral Content (BMC) and its temporal changes, both crucial in diagnosing osteoporosis. The study establishes an innovative approach to osteoporosis screening by leveraging Hounsfield Units (HUs) in CT scans to evaluate BMC, offering a comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based BMC. Methods: A total of 806 instances (encompassing 379 individuals) were meticulously compiled from a sole institution, during the period stretching from 6 May 2012 to 30 June 2020. In this detailed analysis, each participant was subjected to a pair of chest CT scans, sequentially pursued by a DXA scan, spread over two years. Focused records of BMC values at the inaugural lumbar vertebra (L1) were secured from both the DXA and CT axial slices across all instances. A meticulous selection process pinpointed the largest trabecular section from the L1 vertebral body, whereupon 45 distinctive texture attributes were harvested utilizing gray-level co-occurrence matrix methodologies. Utilizing these amassed 45 attributes, a regression architecture was devised, aiming to forecast the precise BMC values individually. Moreover, an alternative regression framework was engaged, leveraging 90 distinct features, to gauge the BMC fluctuations observed between the duo of scans administered to each participant. Results: The precision of the cultivated regression frameworks was scrupulously assessed, benchmarking against the correlation coefficient (CC) and the mean absolute deviation (MAE) in comparison to the DXA-established references. The regression apparatus employed for estimating BMC unveiled a CC of 0.754 and an MAE of 1.641 (g), respectively. Conversely, the regression mechanism devoted to discerning the variations in BMC manifested a CC of 0.680, coupled with an MAE of 0.528 (g), respectively. Conclusion: The innovative methodology utilizing morphometric texture analysis in CT HUs offers an indirect, yet promising, approach for osteoporosis screening by providing estimations of BMC and its temporal changes. The estimations demonstrate moderate positive correlations with DXA measures, suggesting a potential alternative in circumstances where DXA scanning is limited.
Detection of Factors Related to the Development of Osteochondritis Dissecans in Youth Baseball Players Screening
Authors: Teruya Shotaro , Ogawa Takeshi , Yamada Hiroki , Tsuge Hiromitsu , Michinobu Ryuhei , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Hara Yuki , Kamada Hiroshi , Yamazaki Masashi , Yoshii Yuichi
Published: December 2023

On-field screening for ‘elbow injury in baseball’, a condition commonly seen in youth baseball players, was conducted over two years on 160 elementary school students in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. This on-field screening was conducted in collaboration with the Ibaraki Prefecture High School Baseball Federation. Pitchers, catchers, symptomatic players, and players who had previously experienced elbow pain were given a comprehensive evaluation that included a physical exam and ultrasound. Out of the 135 students who were successfully screened, 10 were diagnosed with osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum (OCD). Notably, seven among these were asymptomatic. This assessment identified limited range of motion and pain when extending their elbow as significant risk factors for OCD. An attempt at on-field screening for baseball elbow injuries in collaboration with the local baseball federation was introduced. The risk factors for OCD were identified. Considering these factors, more efficient screening will be possible in the next attempt.
Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography Evaluation of Eyelid Skin Lesions
Authors: Di Stefani Alessandro , Cappilli Simone , Cuffaro Giovanni , Fionda Bruno , Pagliara Monica Maria , Paradisi Andrea , Ricci Costantino , Rossi Ernesto , Sammarco Maria Grazia , Schinzari Giovanni , Tagliaferri Luca , Blasi Maria Antonietta , Cinotti Elisa , Moro Alessandro , Savino Gustavo , Suppa Mariano , Peris Ketty
Published: December 2023

Background: Periocular malignancies may be clinically different from the examples arising at other sites, with possible delayed diagnosis and greater challenges for treatment and repair. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a recently developed technique characterized by an unprecedented capacity to acquire high-definition images in vertical and horizontal modes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the LC-OCT morphological features of a series of eyelid skin lesions, correlating them to histopathological findings. Methods: Patients with biopsy-proven equivocal skin lesion in the eyelid area, previously investigated by means of LC-OCT, were included in the study. Percentage overall agreement was estimated for LC-OCT and histopathological diagnosis for study cases. Results: A total of 51 patients (28 women, 23 men; mean age 66.4 years old), for a total of 51 skin lesions, were assessed. The histopathological diagnosis consisted of 30 malignant and 21 benign tumors. Different entities were characterized by peculiar findings in LC-OCT, alike to histopathological features, allowing for an accurate “in vivo” classification in almost all cases, with a diagnostic concordance with histopathology of 92.1% (47/51). Conclusions: By integrating this new imaging technique into the assessment of suspicious tumors in this area, diagnostic accuracy may increase, improving strategies adopted in multidisciplinary meetings and patient-centered care.
Inferior Vena Caval Measures Do Not Correlate with Carotid Artery Corrected Flow Time Change Measured Using a Wireless Doppler Patch in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Kenny Jon-Emile S. , Prager Ross , Rola Philippe , McCulloch Garett , Atwi Sarah , Munding Chelsea E. , Eibl Joseph K. , Haycock Korbin
Published: December 2023

(1) Background: The inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava (IVC), a non-invasive surrogate for right atrial pressure, is often used to predict whether a patient will augment stroke volume (SV) in response to a preload challenge. There is a correlation between changing stroke volume (SV∆) and corrected flow time of the common carotid artery (ccFT∆). (2) Objective: We studied the relationship between IVC collapsibility and ccFT∆ in healthy volunteers during preload challenges. (3) Methods: A prospective, observational, pilot study in euvolemic, healthy volunteers with no cardiovascular history was undertaken in a local physiology lab. Using a tilt-table, we studied two degrees of preload augmentation from (a) supine to 30-degrees head-down and (b) fully-upright to 30-degrees head down. In the supine position, % of IVC collapse with respiration, sphericity index and portal vein pulsatility was calculated. The common carotid artery Doppler pulse was continuously captured using a wireless, wearable ultrasound system. (4) Results: Fourteen subjects were included. IVC % collapse with respiration ranged between 10% and 84% across all subjects. Preload responsiveness was defined as an increase in ccFT∆ of at least 7 milliseconds. A total of 79% (supine baseline) and 100% (head-up baseline) of subjects were preload-responsive. No supine venous measures (including IVC % collapse) were significantly related to ccFT∆. (5) Conclusions: From head-up baseline, 100% of healthy subjects were ‘preload-responsive’ as per the ccFT∆. Based on the 42% and 25% IVC collapse thresholds in the supine position, only 50% and 71% would have been labeled ‘preload-responsive’.
Identifying and Supporting Giftedness and Talent in Schools—Introduction to a Special Collection of Research
Authors: Tirri Kirsi , Margrain Valerie
Published: December 2023

This Special Issue on “Identifying and Supporting Giftedness and Talent in Schools” contains 19 articles from differing international contexts: Australia, Austria, Finland, France, Greece, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, Turkey, and the USA [...]
Finnish Early Childhood Education Student Teachers’ Mental Images of the Environment
Authors: Hilander Markus
Published: December 2023

This article explores Finnish early childhood education student teachers’ mental images of the concept of the environment. The empirical dataset consists of drawings made by the student teachers (n = 106) and their written reflections (n = 40). A qualitative content analysis was performed on the drawings, utilizing the concepts of geography. Consequently, the elements of the natural environment, the built environment, public space, and private space in the drawings were explored. The results show that over half of the drawings do not depict any elements of the built environment, which is why these drawings depict the concept of nature rather than that of the environment. In everyday language, ‘nature’ is often regarded as a synonym for the ‘environment’. In addition, more than 80% of the drawings lacked people. The natural environment, instead, was depicted as ideal without any environmental problems. The results suggest that the student teachers do not associate people and the built environment with the concept of the environment, culminating in a lack of interaction between people and the environment. Therefore, the study recommends diversifying student teachers’ perceptions of the environment. Future teachers who have a better conceptual understanding of the environment are more likely to provide children with increased opportunities for exploring and investigating both the natural environment and the built environment.
Professional Ethos and Resilience in the Identity of Practicum Students during the Pandemic Context
Authors: Caballero-Julia Daniel , Sanchez-Martin Antonio , Hernández-Serrano María José , Herrarte-Prieto Lucia
Published: December 2023

Professional ethos encompasses individual factors such as attitudes and expectations, and commitment and responsibility, as well as other social factors related to collaboration or identification with role models. All of these factors are expressed in professional experiences and routines. Practicum experiences within teacher education programmes contribute to the initial expression and formation of students’ professional ethos. This study aims to analyse how the restrictions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the formation of future teachers’ professional ethos and their resilience skills. The study analyses the assessment discourse of the practicum during two academic years affected by the pandemic, involving a sample of n = 725 students. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Biplot and Reinert’s Alceste methods were employed to examine differences in the discourse based on gender and developmental changes over the two academic years. The results highlight the significant impact of limitations on routines as a determining factor. Additionally, both collaboration with professional tutors and innovation stood out as variables in the development of professional ethos. Gender differences revealed more negative expectations among female students, while, per year, there was a more positive evolution in learning expectations among male students. In conclusion, the practicum experiences during the pandemic-affected academic years facilitated the development of students’ professional ethos, emphasising resilient attitudes and solutions.
Primary School Pupils’ Use of Verb Collocations in Science Assessment: Patterns of Linguistic Behaviour by Language Background Factor
Authors: Buendía-Castro Míriam , Afitska Oksana
Published: December 2023

This article explores patterns of linguistic behaviour and challenges associated with low(er) linguistic competences in primary school learners in subject-specific areas of the curriculum. The study draws on science test data, specifically on two assessment tasks, collected from 209 primary school students, aged between 9 and 11 years (Key Stages 5 and 6 of the statutory framework for learning in England). The population sample is made up of learners from six state primary schools in Yorkshire and the Humber Region, UK. Some of the learners speak English as their mother tongue while others speak English as their second or third language. Learner test data were analysed in order to answer the following research questions: (1) What verb collocations do learners use when demonstrating their content knowledge on the topic of “separating solids and liquids” in Science? (2) Do English language learners (ELLs) and English native speaking learners (ENSs) use verb collocations differently? If so, what is the nature of these differences? The results revealed differences between linguistic performances in the two groups of learners. ENSs tended to produce natural collocations with motion verbs. ELLSs, however, faced challenges in producing idiomatic language. They also encountered more difficulties than ENSs in understanding assessment tasks’ instructions and/or in reporting subject-specific knowledge in response to the assessment tasks.
UHF Textronic RFID Transponder with Bead-Shaped Microelectronic Module
Authors: Jankowski-Mihułowicz Piotr , Węglarski Mariusz , Pyt Patryk , Skrobacz Kacper , Karpiński Karol
Published: December 2023

The idea of novel antennas and matching circuits, developed for radio frequency identification (RFID) passive transponders, and made on textile substrates, is presented in this paper. By manufacturing an RFID transponder by the means used in every clothing factory, we developed the concept of RFIDtex tags, which, as textronic devices, make a new significant contribution to the Internet of Textile Things (IoTT). The main feature of the device consists of the use of an uncommon inductively coupled system as the antenna feed element. The antenna is sewn/embroidered with a conductive thread, and the microelectronic module with an RFID chip is made in the form of a bead, using standard electronic technology. Finally, the construction of the RFIDtex tag is developed for easy implementation in production lines in the garment industry. The proposed inductive coupling scheme has not been considered anywhere, so far. The developed transponder is dedicated to operating in RFID systems of the ultra-high frequency band (UHF). The numerical calculations confirmed by the experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed coupling system between the antenna and the microelectronic module works properly and the RFIDtex device can operate correctly within a distance of several meters. The proposed design is based on the authors’ patent on the textronic RFID transponder (patent no PL 231291 B1).
A Powerful Prediction Framework of Fracture Parameters for Hydraulic Fracturing Incorporating eXtreme Gradient Boosting and Bayesian Optimization
Authors: Liu Zhe , Lei Qun , Weng Dingwei , Yang Lifeng , Wang Xin , Wang Zhen , Fan Meng , Wang Jiulong
Published: December 2023

In the last decade, low-quality unconventional oil and gas resources have become the primary source for domestic oil and gas storage and production, and hydraulic fracturing has become a crucial method for modifying unconventional reservoirs. This paper puts forward a framework for predicting hydraulic fracture parameters. It combines eXtreme Gradient Boosting and Bayesian optimization to explore data-driven machine learning techniques in fracture simulation models. Analyzing fracture propagation through mathematical models can be both time-consuming and costly under conventional conditions. In this study, we predicted the physical parameters and three-dimensional morphology of fractures across multiple time series. The physical parameters encompass fracture width, pressure, proppant concentration, and inflow capacity. Our results demonstrate that the fusion model applied can significantly improve fracture morphology prediction accuracy, exceeding 0.95, while simultaneously reducing computation time. This method enhances standard numerical calculation techniques used for predicting hydraulic fracturing while encouraging research on the extraction of unconventional oil and gas resources.
Experimental Investigation of Single-Cylinder Engine Performance Using Biodiesel Made from Waste Swine Oil
Authors: Khujamberdiev Ramozon , Cho Haeng Muk , Mahmud Md. Iqbal
Published: December 2023

The global push towards sustainable energy solutions has intensified research into alternative fuels, such as biodiesel. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from waste swine oil in comparison to traditional diesel fuel. Using an engine running at 75% load across a range of speeds (1200 rpm to 1800 rpm), various metrics such as Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and emissions including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), and smoke opacity were measured. The biodiesel demonstrated a higher BSFC (270 g/kWh) compared to diesel (245 g/kWh) but showed reduced Brake Thermal Efficiency (28.5% vs. 29.8%) compared to diesel. In terms of emissions, biodiesel blends recorded lower levels of CO, HC, and smoke opacity, but elevated levels of CO2 and NOx. The results indicate that while biodiesel from waste swine oil presents some environmental benefits, such as reduced CO, HC, and smoke emissions, challenges remain in terms of higher NOx emissions and less efficient fuel consumption.
Improved Isothermal Relaxation Current Measurement Based on Isolated Circuit for Nondestructive Evaluation of High-Voltage Cable Insulation
Authors: Gu Huangjing , Zhang Yongkang , Shen Bin , Liu Ziqi , Zhou Yunjie , Wang Xiaodi , Zhu Xinyang , Wang Yalin
Published: December 2023

The Isothermal Relaxation Current (IRC) method, as a non-destructive condition evaluation method based on insulation dielectric response, has been applied in the maintenance of power cables. However, the relaxation current is usually conducted through the outer shield of the high-voltage wire, which will introduce the extra depolarization current into the test circuit, affecting the accuracy of the test results. Furthermore, most IRC cable measurements are single-phase, which means depolarization currents are measured for each cable separately. In order to improve the measurement accuracy and efficiency of the IRC test, this paper proposes an improved IRC measurement method based on an isolated circuit, which discharges the interference current from the high-voltage insulated wire back to the earth and reduces the measurement error of depolarization current. At the same time, a three-phase IRC simultaneous test system is designed, and the control software is developed. Furthermore, by verifying the accuracy of the test system, the independence of the single-phase circuit and the consistency of the three-phase circuit is achieved. The effect of depolarization time and temperature on the relaxation current is then explored to determine the suitable parameter of the IRC test. Finally, the IRC system is used to evaluate the aging state of 10 kV cables with various aging conditions in the air and water for the longest 12 months. Critical parameters such as aging factor and time constants are compared to investigate the aging characteristics of tested cables with various aging conditions in the air and water. The proposed method and research conclusions can provide helpful references for the non-destructive condition evaluation for high-voltage cable insulation.
Monitoring of Coastal Dunes and Lagoons: Important Ecosystems to Safeguard
Authors: Massarelli Carmine , Campanale Claudia , Uricchio Vito Felice
Published: December 2023

The coast of the Province of Brindisi, located in the south of Italy, is characterised by a large network of wetlands and coastal dunes of great ecological importance. These represent important habitats for flora and fauna, serving as feeding, breeding and migration areas for many bird species. Unfortunately, the state of health of some of these species is subject to various threats that put the ecological balance and local biodiversity at risk. It is essential to conduct regular and thorough monitoring over time to fully understand the presence of impacts on these ecosystems and to quickly take all necessary corrective measures to counter their main human-made threats, such as excessive urbanisation. This work reports the methods and results of the monitoring carried out along coastal dunes and a lagoon to identify their state of health and assess the presence of threatening factors capable of negatively altering their naturalness. The results indicate a situation of degradation affecting the coastal dunes but a good quality of the water resource. The study area is not currently affected by continuous monitoring programs and, therefore, we believe it is necessary to start a process in this sense, given the high naturalistic and historical value of the area. Finally, indications are provided to implement conservation measures to protect and preserve these precious coastal habitats, ensuring their survival for future generations.
The Use of Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery to Assist in the Monitoring of the Time Evolution of Challenging Coastal Environments: A Case Study of the Basilicata Coast
Authors: Ferrentino Emanuele , Famiglietti Nicola Angelo , Nunziata Ferdinando , Inserra Giovanna , Buono Andrea , Moschillo Raffaele , Memmolo Antonino , Colangelo Gerardo , Vicari Annamaria , Migliaccio Maurizio
Published: December 2023

This study focuses on a very complex environment, namely the Ionian coast of the Basilicata region, Southern Italy, which includes different kinds of beaches, river mouths and built-up areas. This complex environment is used as a test case to analyze the time variability of the coastline using measurements that were remotely sensed by the satellite European Copernicus Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mission. First, the accuracy of the coastline, extracted by the SAR, is discussed with respect to finer-spatial-resolution drone-based light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurements. Then, a time series of SAR dual-polarimetric measurements acquired by the European Copernicus mission is used to discuss the time variability of the coastline of the area of interest in a time period spanning from 2015 to 2021. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the SAR-based coastline is better than 15 m, which is reasonably good precision for monitoring the erosion/accretion processes that characterize the area of interest at a moderate scale. The estimated time variability of the extracted coastline suggests a dominant erosion process, which is always within 60 m.
Effect of Pretreatment Methods on the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products in Fried Shrimp
Authors: Wu Runlin , Jia Caihua , Rong Jianhua , Xiong Shanbai , Liu Ru
Published: December 2023

Fried shrimp are popular for their attractive organoleptic and nutritional qualities. However, consumers are more concerned about the safety of fried foods. To investigate the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in fried shrimp and provide pretreatment guidance for producing low-AGEs fried pacific white shrimp were treated with seven pretreatment methods before frying. The AGEs contents, physicochemical indicators, and their correlations in the fried shrimps’ interior, surface, and batter layer were analyzed. Results indicated that pretreatment methods influenced both Maillard and oxidation reactions by altering the basic compositions, which controlled the formation of AGEs. The highest and lowest AGEs contents were obtained in shelled shrimp with exscinded back and whole shrimp, respectively. The batter-coated treatment reduced the AGEs contents in samples but increased the oil content. Correlation analysis showed that lipid oxidation was the decisive chemical reaction to the formation of AGEs by promoting the generation of dicarbonyl compounds and their combination with free amino acids. Conclusively, the whole shrimp was suitable for producing fried shrimp with low AGEs, oil content, and desirable color.
A Sterile, Injectable, and Robust Sericin Hydrogel Prepared by Degraded Sericin
Authors: Zhang Yeshun , Wang Susu , Li Yurong , Li Xiang , Du Zhanyan , Liu Siyu , Song Yushuo , Li Yanyan , Zhang Guozheng
Published: December 2023

The application of sericin hydrogels is limited mainly due to their poor mechanical strength, tendency to be brittle and inconvenient sterilization. To address these challenges, a sericin hydrogel exhibiting outstanding physical and chemical properties along with cytocompatibility was prepared through crosslinking genipin with degraded sericin extracted from fibroin deficient silkworm cocoons by the high temperature and pressure method. Our reported sericin hydrogels possess good elasticity, injectability, and robust behaviors. The 8% sericin hydrogel can smoothly pass through a 16 G needle. While the 12% sericin hydrogel remains intact until its compression ratio reaches 70%, accompanied by a compression strength of 674 kPa. 12% sericin hydrogel produce a maximum stretch of 740%, with breaking strength and tensile modulus of 375 kPa and 477 kPa respectively. Besides that, the hydrogel system demonstrated remarkable cell-adhesive capabilities, effectively promoting cell attachment and, proliferation. Moreover, the swelling and degradation behaviors of the hydrogels are pH responsiveness. Sericin hydrogel releases drugs in a sustained manner. Furthermore, this study addresses the challenge of sterilizing sericin hydrogels (sterilization will inevitably lead to the destruction of their structures). In addition, it challenges the prior notion that sericin extracted under high temperature and pressure is difficult to directly cross-linked into a stable hydrogel. This developed hydrogel system in this study holds promise to be a new multifunctional platform expanding the application area scope of sericin.
The Formulation and Evaluation of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel and Cymbopogon flexuosus Linn Essential Oils Emulgel for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Authors: Kola-Mustapha Adeola Tawakalitu , Aliu Miracle Halima , Bello Ronke Hadiyat , Adedeji Oluwakorede Joshua , Ghazali Yusuf Oluwagbenga
Published: December 2023

The global concern regarding the occurrence of antifungal resistance to synthetic conventional azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis, along with the associated side effects, is significant. Consequently, the pursuit for substitutes such as natural therapies has ensued. Essential oils, derived from plants, have been extensively researched and found to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. This study aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy of two essential oils, both alone and in combination, against Candida albicans. Essential oils were formulated into an emulgel separately and as combinations. The essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Cymbopogon flexuosus were used in this study. The resulting emulgel formulations were characterized for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Physiochemical properties such as pH, viscosity, and appearance were also determined. The prepared emulgels were thereafter observed for stability over a period of 1 month. The MIC of Melaleuca alternifolia was seen to be 50 µL/mL while Cymbopogon flexuous was seen to be more potent at 25 µL/mL against C. albicans exhibiting strong synergistic effect at 0.4. The emulgel formed was white in color, smooth on skin, and had the odor of the essential oils, which is sweet to the nose. The pH of the formulations with the essential oils were acidic in the range of 3.70–3.83, making them suitable for vagina application. The emulgels had viscosities ranging from 4417.6 to 8968.7 mPas, owing to the thickness of the essential oils contained. The emulgel formulation with the combination of essential oils was more potent that the two with individual essential oils; furthermore, the one with Cymbopogon flexuous was more potent than the one with Melaleuca alternifolia. Based on the properties of the formulated emulgels and their activity against the test organism, the preparations have significant potential in the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Research on the Pathogenesis of Cognitive and Neurofunctional Impairments in Patients with Noonan Syndrome: The Role of Rat Sarcoma–Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway Gene Disturbances
Authors: Braun-Walicka Natalia , Pluta Agnieszka , Wolak Tomasz , Maj Edyta , Maryniak Agnieszka , Gos Monika , Abramowicz Anna , Landowska Aleksandra , Obersztyn Ewa , Bal Jerzy
Published: December 2023

Noonan syndrome (NS) is one of the most common genetic conditions inherited mostly in an autosomal dominant manner with vast heterogeneity in clinical and genetic features. Patients with NS might have speech disturbances, memory and attention deficits, limitations in daily functioning, and decreased overall intelligence. Here, 34 patients with Noonan syndrome and 23 healthy controls were enrolled in a study involving gray and white matter volume evaluation using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), white matter connectivity measurements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) probability distributions were calculated. Cognitive abilities were assessed using the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales. Reductions in white matter connectivity were detected using DTI in NS patients. The rs-fMRI revealed hyper-connectivity in NS patients between the sensorimotor network and language network and between the sensorimotor network and salience network in comparison to healthy controls. NS patients exhibited decreased verbal and nonverbal IQ compared to healthy controls. The assessment of the microstructural alterations of white matter as well as the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis in patients with NS may shed light on the mechanisms responsible for cognitive and neurofunctional impairments.
Association of Lower Extremity Muscle Strength and Function with Renal Resistive Index in Individuals with and without Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Nishitani Natsumi , Kosaki Keisei , Mori Shoya , Matsui Masahiro , Sugaya Takeshi , Kuro-o Makoto , Saito Chie , Yamagata Kunihiro , Maeda Seiji
Published: December 2023

Age-related loss of lower extremity muscle strength is pronounced in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In contrast, an increase in intrarenal flow pulsatility results in initial age-related changes in renal hemodynamics, leading to the development of CKD. To date, it remains unclear whether lower extremity muscle strength determines elevated renal flow pulsatility. This study aimed to determine the association of lower extremity muscle strength and function with intrarenal hemodynamics in individuals with and without CKD. One hundred seventy-six individuals without CKD (aged 63 ± 9 years) and 101 individuals with CKD (aged 66 ± 8 years) were included in this study. Using Doppler ultrasound, the renal resistive index (RI) was measured as a parameter of renal hemodynamics. Knee extensor muscle strength (KES), gait speed (GS), and the 30 s chair stand test (30s-CST) were used to measure lower extremity muscle strength and function. Multivariate analyses showed that GS and 30s-CST scores were independent determinants of renal RI, whereas the KES score was not associated with renal RI in individuals with and without CKD. In the two-way analysis of covariance, renal RI was the highest in individuals with CKD who had lower KES, GS, and 30s-CST scores. Reduced lower extremity muscle strength and function are independent determinants of elevated renal flow pulsatility in individuals with and without CKD.
The Interface between the State and NGOs in Delivering Health Services in Zimbabwe—A Case of the MSF ART Programme
Authors: Magocha Blessing , Molope Mokgadi , Palamuleni Martin , Saruchera Munyaradzi
Published: December 2023

An over-reliance on donor funding for HIV/AIDS healthcare services remains a concern in Africa. This study, therefore, explores the partnership between the Zimbabwean government and an international non-governmental organisation in delivering HIV/AIDS healthcare services. An interpretivist paradigm and descriptive phenomenological design were used to elicit the opinions, perceptions, and experiences of forty purposively sampled key informants. Thematic analysis was employed using ATLAS.ti version 7.1.4 to analyse the data. The differences in terms of policies, structures, and administrative issues between the partners identified challenges in the implementation of the programme. This was demonstrated through the reversal of the gains attained in prevention, care, and treatment. This raises concerns for increased risk of defaulters, drug resistance, and deaths. Therefore, the partners in this endeavour should negotiate an aligned approach for the efficient delivery of HIV/AIDS healthcare services.
The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety
Authors: Perez-Lua Fabiola M. , Chan-Golston Alec M. , Burke Nancy J. , Young Maria-Elena De Trinidad
Published: December 2023

Farmworkers in the U.S. experienced high rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their workplace may have been a significant place of exposure to the novel coronavirus. Using political economy of health theory, this study sought to understand how organizational aspects of the agricultural industry and broader socioeconomic and political conditions shaped farmworkers’ COVID-19 workplace safety during the pandemic. Between July 2020 and April 2021, we conducted and analyzed fourteen in-depth, semi-structured phone interviews with Latinx farmworkers in California. Findings show that regulatory oversight reinforced COVID-19 workplace safety. In the absence of regulatory oversight, the organization of the agricultural industry produced COVID-19 workplace risks for farmworkers; it normalized unsafe working conditions and the worker—rather than employer—responsibility for workplace safety. Under these conditions, farmworkers enacted personal COVID-19 preventative practices but were limited by financial hardships that were exacerbated by the precarious nature of agricultural employment and legal status exclusions from pandemic-related aid. Unsafe workplace conditions negatively impacted workplace camaraderie. Study findings have implications for farmworkers’ individual and collective agency to achieve safe working conditions. Occupational safety interventions must address the organizational aspects that produce workplace health and safety inequities and disempower farmworkers in the workplace.
Potential Protective Effects of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) against In Vitro Toxicity Induced by Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead) on SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Mallamaci Rosanna , Storelli Maria Maddalena , Barbarossa Alexia , Messina Giovanni , Valenzano Anna , Meleleo Daniela
Published: December 2023

Spirulina, a filamentous microalga, is used all over the world as a nutraceutical dietary supplement. Recent studies have focused on examining its chelating activity and antioxidant properties, especially as a candidate for protection against neurotoxicity caused by heavy metals. The MTT test and LDH assay were used to examine the viability of the SH-SY5Y cells for 24, 48, and 72 h, to Cd, Hg, and Pb, individually or in combination with Spirulina, and the effects of necrotic cell death. In comparison to the control group, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells decreased after 24 h of exposure, with Cd being more toxic than Hg and Pb being less lethal. The effects of heavy metal toxicity on cell survival were ranked in order after 72 h under identical experimental circumstances as follows: Hg, Pb, and Cd. The viability of the cells was then tested after being exposed to Spirulina at doses of 5 at 50 (%v/v) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. SH-SY5Y cells that had been treated with mixtures of heavy metals and Spirulina underwent the same assay. Cell viability is considerably increased by using Spirulina treatments at the prescribed periods and doses. Instead, the same procedure, when applied to SH-SY5Y cells, caused the release of LDH, which is consistent with the reduction in cell viability. We demonstrated for the first time, considering all the available data, that Spirulina 5, 25, and 50 (%v/v) enhanced the number of viable SH-SY5Y cells utilized as a model system for brain cells. Overall, the data from the present study provide a first insight into the promising positive role of Spirulina against the potentially toxic effects of metals.
Expanding Genotype–Phenotype Correlation of CLCNKA and CLCNKB Variants Linked to Hearing Loss
Authors: Yun Yejin , Park Sang Soo , Lee Soyoung , Seok Heeyoung , Park Seongyeol , Lee Sang-Yeon
Published: December 2023

The ClC-K channels CLCNKA and CLCNKB are crucial for the transepithelial transport processes required for sufficient urinary concentrations and sensory mechanoelectrical transduction in the cochlea. Loss-of-function alleles in these channels are associated with various clinical phenotypes, ranging from hypokalemic alkalosis to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) accompanied by severe renal conditions, i.e., Bartter’s syndrome. Using a stepwise genetic approach encompassing whole-genome sequencing (WGS), we identified one family with compound heterozygous variants in the ClC-K channels, specifically a truncating variant in CLCNKA in trans with a contiguous deletion of CLCNKA and CLCNKB. Breakpoint PCR and Sanger sequencing elucidated the breakpoint junctions derived from WGS, and allele-specific droplet digital PCR confirmed one copy loss of the CLCNKA_CLCNKB contiguous deletion. The proband that harbors the CLCNKA_CLCNKB variants is characterized by SNHL without hypokalemic alkalosis and renal anomalies, suggesting a distinct phenotype in the ClC-K channels in whom SNHL predominantly occurs. These results expanded genotypes and phenotypes associated with ClC-K channels, including the disease entities associated with non-syndromic hearing loss. Repeated identification of deletions across various extents of CLCNKA_CLCNKB suggests a mutational hotspot allele, highlighting the need for an in-depth analysis of the CLCNKA_CLCNKB intergenic region, especially in undiagnosed SNHL patients with a single hit in CLCNKA.
Lanthanide Contraction in LnF3 (Ln = Ce-Lu) and Its Chemical and Structural Consequences: Part 2: Specialized Empirical System of R3+ (R = Y, La, and 14 Ln) and F1− Ionic Radii for RF3 Series
Authors: Sobolev Boris P. , Sulyanova Elena A.
Published: December 2023

A specialized empirical (Spec-zd Emp) system of ionic radii (SIR) for R = Y3+, La3+, Ln3+, and F1− (R rare earth elements (REE)) was derived from the dependence of lanthanide contraction (LC) on the atomic number (Z) of lanthanides (Ln). LC decreased the radius of the cation with increasing Z. The structures of t-RF3 (LaF3-NdF3, “pseudo t-SmF3”) of the LaF3 type, 11 β-LnF3 (Ln = Sm-Lu), and β-YF3 of the β-YF3 type were studied. The empirical basis of the shortest (F-F)min and (R-F)min distances was calculated from the structural data for the RF3 complete series. The dependence of (F-F)min on Z reached saturation at Z = 67 (Ho). The base F1− radius r− = 1.2539(16) Å was calculated as the arithmetic mean of five (F-F)min in LnF3 with Ln = Ho-Lu. For the LnF3 series with Ln contributions up to 75 % wt., the dependence of (Ln-F)min on Z reflected the non-uniformity of the 4f orbital filling. SIR was calculated as the difference in the empirical constants of RF3 (ionic radii of (R,Ln)3+ (r+) and F1− (r−)), the change in which was continuous over the series and did not depend on the type of structure: r+ = (ZR-F)min − ½(F-F)min (Z = 57–71). The changes in LC in the LnF3 series were described by a third-degree polynomial. LC reduced r+ by 24% (percentage relative to less) from 1.1671(16) Å (La3+) to 0.9439(17) Å (Lu3+). In the Spec-zd Emp SIR, r+ were constants that did not require corrections for a coordination number (CN). A comparison of r+ in the Spec-zd Emp SIR with other SIRs was performed.
Synthesis of Novel Phosphorus-Containing Derivatives of 1,3,4-Trimethylglycoluril via the Birum–Oleksyszyn Reaction
Authors: Gorbin Sergey I. , Bakibaev Abdigali A. , Tuguldurova Vera P. , Kotov Andrey V. , Sysoev Gleb O. , Potapov Andrei S. , Pavlov Dmitry I. , Malkov Victor S. , Knyazev Alexey S. , Kurgachev Dmitriy A. , Michalchenkov Mark V.
Published: December 2023

This work presents the synthesis of a new compound, 1-[aryl-(diphenylphosphono)methyl]-3,4,6-trimethylglycolurils, via the interaction of benzaldehyde and its mononitro- and monohydroxyderivatives with 1,3,4-trimethylglycoluril and triphenylphosphite. By varying the reaction conditions and the catalysts, the obtained product yields ranged from satisfactory to good. The diastereomers formed during the reaction were separated by semipreparative HPLC on the C18 stationary phase. The isolated diastereomers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, and the structures of the diastereomers were confirmed using a single-crystal X-ray crystal structure analysis and quantum chemical calculations.