bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fmrp regulates neuronal balance in embryonic motor circuit formation
Authors: Barker Chase M. , Miles Kaleb D. , Doll Caleb A.
Published: June 2022

Motor behavior requires the balanced production and integration of a variety of neural cell types. Motor neurons are positioned in discrete locations in the ventral spinal cord, targeting specific muscles to drive locomotive contractions. Specialized spinal interneurons modulate and synchronize motor neuron activity to achieve coordinated motor output. Changes in the ratios of spinal interneurons could drastically alter motor output by tipping the balance of inhibition and excitation onto target motor neurons. Importantly, individuals with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and associated autism spectrum disorders often have significant motor challenges, including repetitive behaviors and epilepsy. FXS stems from the transcriptional silencing of the gene Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1), which encodes an RNA binding protein that is implicated in a multitude of crucial neurodevelopmental processes, including cell specification. We find that zebrafish fmr1 mutants generate surplus ventral lateral descending (VeLD) interneurons, an early-born cell derived from the pMN domain. These GABAergic interneurons are also associated with changes in synaptogenesis, as fmr1 mutants show increased early expression of the scaffold Gephyrin, but these postsynaptic sites fail to mature. Our work shows that Fmrp regulates the proportionate production of neurons that comprise early embryonic motor circuits. As VeLD interneurons are hypothesized to act as central pattern generators driving the earliest spontaneous movements, this imbalance could profoundly influence the formation and long-term function of motor circuits driving locomotion.
RNase E biomolecular condensates stimulate PNPase activity
Authors: Collins Michael , Tomares Dylan T. , Schrader Jared M. , Childers W. Seth
Published: June 2022

Bacterial Ribonucleoprotein bodies (BR-bodies) play an essential role in organizing RNA degradation via liquid-liquid phase separation in the cytoplasm of bacteria. BR-bodies mediate multi-step mRNA decay through the concerted activity of the endoribonuclease RNase E coupled with the 3’-5’ exonuclease Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase). Our pastin vivostudies indicated that the loss of PNPase recruitment into BR-bodies led to a significant build-up of RNA decay intermediates inCaulobacter crescentus. We reconstituted RNase E’s C-terminal domain together with PNPase to understand how RNase E biomolecular condensates can tailor the functions of PNPase. We found that PNPase catalytic activity is accelerated when colocalized with the RNase E biomolecular condensates. In contrast, disruption of the RNase E-PNPase protein-protein interaction led to a loss of PNPase recruitment into the BR-bodies and a loss of ribonuclease rate enhancement. We also found that BR-bodies could enhance the decay of select RNA substrates, as we observed a 3.4-fold enhancement of polyadenylic acid (poly(A)) degradation and no impact upon poly(U) degradation. Our investigation into the origins of the 3.4-fold rate enhancement for poly(A) decay indicates a combination of scaffolding and mass action effects impact due to the concentrated biomolecular condensate environment accelerating RNA decay. Consistent with our pastin vivowork, these studies suggest BR-bodies are sites of accelerated RNA decay that can shape the available transcriptome.
Cancer Cells in all EMT States Lack Rigidity Sensing Depletion of Different Tumor Suppressors Causes Loss of Rigidity Sensing in Cancer Cells
Authors: Simpson Chloe , Sundararajan Vignesh , Tan Tuan Zea , Huang Ruby , Sheetz Michael
Published: June 2022

Cancer cells have many different behaviors from epithelial to mesenchymal forms. We report here that 36 distinct tumor cell lines regardless of EMT form or other features lack the ability to sense rigidity and will grow on soft surfaces. In the majority of lines, cells were missing at least one protein needed for rigidity sensing (primarily tropomyosin2.1 (Tpm2.1) but also PTPN12, FilaminA (FLNA), and myosinIIA) while all had high levels of Tpm3. In the few cases where the major rigidity sensing components were present, those tumor cells were not able to sense rigidity. Thus, we suggest that tumor cells can lose the ability to sense rigidity by many different means and that the loss of rigidity sensing is sufficient to cause the transformed phenotype that enables targeted treatments.
Fine-scale dynamics of functional connectivity in the face processing network during movie watching
Authors: Levakov Gidon , Sporns Olaf , Avidan Galia
Published: June 2022

Face are naturally dynamic, multimodal and embedded in rich social context. However, mapping the face processing network in the human brain and its relation to behavior is typically done during rest or using isolated, static face images. The use of such contrived stimuli might result in overlooking widespread cortical interactions obtained in response to naturalistic context and the temporal dynamics of these interactions. Here we examined large-scale cortical connectivity patterns measured in response to a dynamic movie in a sample of typical adults (n=517), to determine how inter-subject functional connectivity (ISFC) relates to face recognition scores. We found a positive correlation with recognition scores in edges connecting the occipital visual and anterior temporal regions and a negative correlation in edges connecting attentional dorsal, frontal default, and occipital visual regions. These ISFC patterns resembled previous findings comparing individuals with congenital prosopagnosia to normal controls and the viewing of inverted compared to upright faces. To further examine these connectivity patterns, we developed a novel method that allows analysis of inter-subject stimulus-evoked node/edge responses at a single TR resolution. Using this method, we demonstrated that co-fluctuations in face-selective edges observed here and in previous work are related to local activity in core face-selective regions. Finally, correlating this temporal decomposition of the observed ISFC patterns to the movie content revealed that they peak during boundaries between movie segments rather than during the presence of faces in the movie. Our novel approach demonstrates how visual processing of faces is linked to fine-scale dynamics in attentional, memory, and perceptual neural circuitry.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2,2′-(phenylazanediyl)bis(1-phenylethan-1-one)
Authors: Naghiyev Farid N. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Safronenko Marina G. , Akkurt Mehmet , Khalilov Ali N. , Bhattarai Ajaya , Mamedov İbrahim G.
Published: June 2022

The whole molecule of the title compound, C22H19NO2, is generated by twofold rotational symmetry. The N atom exhibits a trigonal-planar geometry and is located on the twofold rotation axis. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O contacts with R
2
2(12) ring motifs, and C—H...π interactions, resulting in ribbons along the c-axis direction. van der Waals interactions between these ribbons consolidate the molecular packing. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the greatest contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (45.5%), C...H/H...C (38.2%) and O...H/H...O (16.0%) interactions.
Revisiting the effects of natural resources on income inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Avom Désiré , Ntsame Ovono Nesta , Ongo Nkoa Emmanuel
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the effects of natural resource rents on income inequality.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a panel quantile regression (QR) approach for 42 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1998–2018.

Findings

The results show that natural resource rents have a negative and statistically significant effect on income inequality. Regarding the types of resources, the results show that coal rents increase inequality, while forestry and oil rents reduce income inequality. The results also show that the effects of mining and gas rents vary along the income inequality distribution. Finally, the results reveal a negative and significant effect of natural resource rents on income inequality in all sub-regions except Southern Africa.

Practical implications

The results suggest that the SSA Governments should intensify the implementation of income redistribution policies such as family allowances to poor families with multiple children and public sector job creation. SSA policymakers should also increase access to electricity, and internet, and allocate a portion of oil revenues to create an intergenerational sovereign wealth fund.

Originality/value

First, few studies have analyzed the effects of various types of natural resource rents on income inequality. To this end, this study used the QR method to examine the impact of natural resource rents on inequality, by laying emphasis on various types of natural resources. This study takes into account the likely heterogeneity across countries that may exist when considering a sample such as SSA countries, by examining the effects in the different sub-regions that make up this part of Africa (Central Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa and East Africa).
Investor behavior and cryptocurrency market bubbles during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mnif Emna , Salhi Bassem , Mouakha Khaireddine , Jarboui Anis
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Cryptocurrencies lack fundamental values and are often subject to behavioral bias leading to market bubbles. This study aims to investigate the contribution of the coronavirus pandemic to the creation of market bubbles.

Design/methodology/approach

This study identifies four major cryptocurrency market bubbles by using the Phillips et al. (2016) (hereafter PSY) test. Subsequently, the co-movements of the coronavirus proxies with PSY measurement using the wavelet approach were studied.

Findings

Short-lived bubbles are detected at the beginning of the studied period, and more extended bubble periods are identified at the end. Besides, the empirical results show evidence of significant negative co-movement between each pandemic proxy and each cryptocurrency bubble measurement.

Research limitations/implications

Given the complex financial dynamics of the cryptocurrency markets due to some behavioral biases in some circumstances, investors can benefit from the date stamping of the bubbles bursting to make the best trading positions. In the same way, governments could support the healthy development of cryptocurrencies by preventing bubbles during such pandemics.

Originality/value

The financial bubble is commonly attributed to a change in investor behavior. Because traders and investors think they can resell the asset at a higher price in the future. This study explored the contribution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the creation of these bubbles by date stamping their occurrence and explosive periods. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first attempt that explores the contribution of the COVID-19 pandemic to the creation of bubbles caused by a change in the investors’ behavior.
Cavities excavated by woodpeckers limit populations of other cavity‐nesting birds
Authors: Walters Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2022

Research Highlight: Trzcinski, M., Cockle, K., Norris, A., Edworthy, A., Wiebe, K., & Martin, K. (2022). Woodpeckers maintain the diversity of cavity‐nesting vertebrates in a temperate forest. Journal of Animal Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365‐2656.13626. Whether populations of hole‐nesting birds are limited by the availability of cavities is a long‐standing, fundamental question in avian community ecology. The structure of cavity‐nesting communities, known as nest webs, includes links between tree species that provide natural holes and bird species that nest in those holes (secondary cavity nesters, SCNs), tree species that provide substrates for cavity excavation and bird species such as woodpeckers that create cavities using those substrates (primary cavity nesters, PCNs), and between PCNs and SCNs. Trzcinski et al. (2022) focus on the latter links and provide the most compelling empirical evidence to date that cavities created by PCNs specifically, as opposed to natural holes or holes generally, limit populations of SCNs. Using data from a long‐term study, the authors employ three analyses to separate effects of availability of cavities from environmental factors such as food, habitat features and host tree abundance, while controlling for annual variation and autocorrelation within sites, to isolate the relationship between excavated cavities and SCN numbers. They show that nest density of SCNs is positively related to PCN nest density the previous year, an indicator of availability of excavated cavities, and that the effect of PCNs is stronger when other variables are accounted for. North American coniferous forests such as that studied by Trzcinski et al. (2022) are exceptional in that excavated cavities comprise the vast majority of nesting holes. Whether their findings apply to other systems in which PCNs are a major source of cavities, or to particular PCN–SCN relationships in systems in which excavated cavities account for a much lower proportion of nesting holes remains to be investigated.
Comparison of abusive head trauma versus non‐inflicted subdural haematoma in infants: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Snelling Peter J , Aruljoe Thanasingam Anthony , Jones Philip , Connors Jan
Published: June 2022

Objectives

To compare the characteristics of subdural haematoma (SDH) in children under the age of 2 years, between inflicted, otherwise known as abusive head trauma (AHT), and non‐inflicted aetiologies.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 37 cases of SDH in children under the age of 2 years presenting to the ED at an Australian tertiary children's hospital between January 2009 and December 2012 and been assessed by the Child Protection Unit. SDH aetiology was classified into AHT and non‐inflicted groups, based on child protection interagency outcome. These groups were compared to determine clinical associations with AHT.

Results

Of the 37 infants with SDH, 20 cases were deemed due to AHT, whereas 17 cases were determined to be non‐inflicted SDH (15 cases due to accidental trauma and two cases due to congenital benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space). SDH due to AHT was associated with antenatal maternal drug use, previous Department of Child Safety involvement, delayed presentation, history of seizures, floppiness or altered level of consciousness; extracranial findings of fractures, bruising or retinal haemorrhages; radiological findings of >5 mm depth, bilateral, inter‐hemispheric blood, posterior fossa blood and diffusion restriction; and outcomes of death or permanent disability. Non‐inflicted SDH was associated with witnessed injury, falls and scalp haematoma on imaging.

Conclusions

Infant SDH due to AHT accounts for high mortality and morbidity. Early identification of these patients in the ED with referral to specialised units that investigate for potential child abuse is essential.
Central role for p62/SQSTM1 in the elimination of toxic tau species in a mouse model of tauopathy
Authors: Ono Maiko , Komatsu Masaaki , Ji Bin , Takado Yuhei , Shimojo Masafumi , Minamihisamatsu Takeharu , Warabi Eiji , Yanagawa Toru , Matsumoto Gen , Aoki Ichio , Kanaan Nicholas M. , Suhara Tetsuya , Sahara Naruhiko , Higuchi Makoto
Published: June 2022

Intracellular accumulation of filamentous tau aggregates with progressive neuronal loss is a common characteristic of tauopathies. Although the neurodegenerative mechanism of tau‐associated pathology remains unclear, molecular elements capable of degrading and/or sequestering neurotoxic tau species may suppress neurodegenerative progression. Here, we provide evidence that p62/SQSTM1, a ubiquitinated cargo receptor for selective autophagy, acts protectively against neuronal death and neuroinflammation provoked by abnormal tau accumulation. P301S mutant tau transgenic mice (line PS19) exhibited accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles with localization of p62 mostly in the brainstem, but neuronal loss with few neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus. In the hippocampus of PS19 mice, the p62 level was lower compared to the brainstem, and punctate accumulation of phosphorylated tau unaccompanied by co‐localization of p62 was observed. In PS19 mice deficient in p62 (PS19/p62‐KO), increased accumulation of phosphorylated tau, acceleration of neuronal loss, and exacerbation of neuroinflammation were observed in the hippocampus as compared with PS19 mice. In addition, increase of abnormal tau and neuroinflammation were observed in the brainstem of PS19/p62‐KO. Immunostaining and dot‐blot analysis with an antibody selectively recognizing tau dimers and higher‐order oligomers revealed that oligomeric tau species in PS19/p62‐KO mice were significantly accumulated as compared to PS19 mice, suggesting the requirement of p62 to eliminate disease‐related oligomeric tau species. Our findings indicated that p62 exerts neuroprotection against tau pathologies by eliminating neurotoxic tau species, suggesting that the manipulative p62 and selective autophagy may provide an intrinsic therapy for the treatment of tauopathy.
Identification of genes associated with feather color in Liancheng white duck using FST analysis
Authors: Wang Lei , Yang Liubin , Yang Sendong , Jia Zijia , Cai Jinping , Rong Li , Wu Xueying , Fan Lingzhi , Gong Yanchang , Li ShiJun
Published: June 2022

Liancheng white duck has two phenotypic traits: white feather and black beak–black foot, but the genes controlling these phenotypic traits are unknown. The objective of this study is to identify various candidate genes related to the plumage of Liancheng white duck. This study used F2 population construction generated between white Kaiya duck and Liancheng white duck and FST analysis between the dominant and recessive loci associated with the Liancheng white duck white feather in order to identify specific gene regions. As per the feather color statistics of the F2 population, it is estimated that there are about three or four genes controlling the white feather of Liancheng white ducks, and the FST results showed that four significant signals were found on chromosomes 4, 12, 13, and 21. Further annotation of these regions led to the identification of five genes involved in the melanin pathway, namely, KIT, CLOCK, MITF, CEBPA, and DOK5. Among them, CEBPA and DOK5 might be affecting the white feather traits of Liancheng white duck by regulating the melanin production and its transfer to the feather. The results provide insightful understanding into the genetic mechanisms of white feather in Liancheng white duck.
Association between serum vitamin D level during pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Chen , Wang Shaojie , Zhang Chao , Wu Xiaochang , Zhou Li , Zou Xuanmin , Guan Tianyue , Zhang Zhihua , Hao Jiahu
Published: June 2022

Problem

Previous studies had shown that there might be an association between serum vitamin D concentrations and the occurrence of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). However, the conclusions remained controversial. The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence for an epidemiological association between vitamin D and RSA.

Method of study

The literature search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Chinese databases. The I2 statistic was used to evaluate heterogeneity. Effect sizes were calculated using fixed or random effects models, including standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Then, we performed subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis.

Results

Fourteen studies from five countries were included. Based on the results, patients with RSA had lower vitamin D levels than controls (SMD = ‐1.48, 95% CI: ‐2.01, ‐.94, P < .001), and pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency (VDD) had a higher risk of developing RSA (OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 2.23, 7.25, P < .001). There was remarkable heterogeneity between studies (I2SMD = 97.3%, P < .001; I2OR = 82.2%, P < .001). The results of the subgroup analysis suggested that heterogeneity may be caused by the assay method, age and region. Sensitivity analysis showed the analysis results were robust.

Conclusion

Patients with RSA had lower serum vitamin D levels than normal pregnant women, and pregnant women with VDD might be at higher risk for RSA.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pregnant women and neonates with COVID‐19 in Northwest Mexico
Authors: Leon‐Sicairos Nidia , Angulo‐Zamudio Uriel A. , Pacheco‐Avila Mireya , Medina‐Ramirez Ivan , Velazquez‐Roman Jorge , Angulo‐Rocha Jorge , Martínez‐Villa Francisco A. , Flores‐Villaseñor Hector , Martinez‐Garcia Jesus J. , Sanchez‐Cuen Jaime , Garzon‐Lopez Oscar , Guel‐Gomez Martha , Cuen‐Diaz Hector Melesio , Barajas‐Olivas Mario Francisco , Campos‐Romero Abraham , Alcántar‐Fernández Jonathan , Esparza Marco A. Luna‐Ruiz , Canizalez‐Roman Adrian
Published: June 2022

Introduction

The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, which causes COVID‐19, has spread quickly worldwide, causing millions of cases and thousands of deaths. Some risk factors in the general population are related to the development of severe COVID‐19 or death, but in pregnant women and neonates, the information is limited.

Objective

To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pregnant women and neonates diagnosed with COVID‐19 by RT–PCR and serological tests, and analyze the relationship between the influenza vaccination and COVID‐19 symptoms in infected pregnant women in Sinaloa state.

Methods

We collected samples from 116 pregnant women and 84 neonates from the Women´s Hospital of Sinaloa. They were diagnosed with COVID‐19 by RT–PCR and serological tests (IgG), and sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded.

Results

A total of 11.2% (13/116) of the pregnant women were RT–PCR+, 25% (29/116) were IgG+ and 4.3% (5/116) were positive for both tests. Symptoms such as rhinorrhea (P = .04), cough (P = .02) and polypnea (P = .04) in pregnant women were related to COVID‐19, also leukocyte index was higher in pregnant women with COVID‐19 (P = .03), but the associations were lost after the Bonferroni correction. No laboratory parameters or underlying diseases were associated with COVID‐19, and most infected pregnant women had mild cases. We found an association between the influenza vaccine and less common COVID‐19 symptoms in pregnant women who were infected (P = .01). A total of 7.2% (6/84) of neonates were RT–PCR+, 35.7% (30/84) were IgG+, and there were no symptoms or underlying diseases associated with neonates who were infected. In conclusion, this work demonstrated that some symptoms were related to COVID‐19, most pregnant women and neonates had mild cases, and the influenza vaccine could decrease the severity of COVID‐19 cases in pregnant women.
Government‐led initiative increased the effective use of Kangaroo Mother Care in a region of North India
Authors: Jadaun Arun S. , Dalpath Suresh K. , Trikha Sonia , Upadhyay Ravi P. , Bhandari Nita , Punia Jaswant Singh , Rawal Manoj , Martines Jose Carlos , Bahl Rajiv , Agarwal Ramesh , Mazumder Sarmila
Published: June 2022

Aim

To learn how to achieve high‐quality, effective coverage of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), defined as 8 hours or more of skin‐to‐skin contact per day and exclusive breastfeeding in district Sonipat in North India, and to develop and evaluate an implementation model.

Methods

We conducted implementation research using a mixed‐methods approach, including formative research, followed by repeated, rapid cycles of implementation, evaluation and refinement until a model with the potential for high and effective coverage was reached. Evaluation of this model was conducted over a 12‐month period.

Results

Formative research findings informed the final implementation model. Programme learning was critical to achieve high coverage. The model included improving the identification of small babies, creating KMC wards, modification in hospitalisation criteria, private sector engagement and in‐built programme learning to refine implementation progress. KMC was initiated in 87% of eligible babies. At discharge, 85% received skin‐to‐skin contact care, 60% effective KMC and 80% were exclusively breastfed. At home, 7‐day post discharge, 81% received skin‐to‐skin care and 79% were exclusively breastfed in the previous 24 hours.

Conclusion

Achieving high KMC coverage is feasible in the study setting using a model responsive to the local context and led by the Government.
Mutation profiles in circulating cell‐free DNA predict acquired resistance to olaparib in high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Hu Dianxing , Guo Ensong , Yang Bin , Qin Xu , Fu Yu , Fan Junpeng , Zhuang Xucui , Yao Qianqian , Lu Funian , Li Wenting , Xiao Rourou , Wu Xue , Yang Xiaohang , Wang Zizhuo , Liu Chen , You Lixin , Zang Rongyu , Zhou Qi , Zhao Weidong , Chen Gang , Sun Chaoyang
Published: June 2022

Although resistance to poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) has gradually become a major challenge in the maintenance therapy for high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), there are no universal indicators for resistance monitoring in patients. A key resistance mechanism to PARPi is the restoration of homologous recombination repair (HRR), including BRCA reversion mutations and changes in DNA damage repair proteins. To explore mutation profiles associated with PARPi resistance, we undertook targeted 42‐gene deep sequencing of circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from HGSOC patients pre‐ and post‐treatment with olaparib maintenance therapy. We found that pathogenic germline mutations in the HRR pathway, including BRCA1/2, were strongly associated with improved clinical outcomes, and newly acquired MRE11A mutations significantly shortened the progression‐free survival (PFS) of patients. Furthermore, dynamic fluctuations of somatic mutation sites in CHEK2:p.K373E and CHEK2:p.R406H can be used for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of patients. MRE11A:p.K464R might be a vital driving factor of olaparib resistance, as patients with newly acquired MRE11A:p.K464R in post‐treatment cfDNA had significantly shorter PFS than those without it. These findings provide potential noninvasive biomarkers for efficacy evaluation and resistance monitoring of olaparib treatment, and lay the foundation for developing combination treatment after olaparib resistance.
High levels of chromosomal instability facilitate the tumor growth and sphere formation
Authors: Iemura Kenji , Anzawa Hayato , Funayama Ryo , Iwakami Runa , Nakayama Keiko , Kinoshita Kengo , Tanaka Kozo
Published: June 2022

Most cancer cells show chromosomal instability (CIN), a condition in which chromosome missegregation occurs at high rates. Growing evidence suggests that CIN is not just a consequence of, but a driving force for, oncogenic transformation, although the relationship between CIN and tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated. Here we found that conventional two‐dimensional (2D) culture of HeLa cells, a cervical cancer‐derived cell line, was a heterogenous population containing cells with different CIN levels. Although cells with high‐CIN levels (high‐CIN cells) grew more slowly compared with cells with low‐CIN levels (low‐CIN cells) in 2D monolayer culture, they formed tumors in nude mice and larger spheres in three‐dimensional (3D) culture, which was more representative of the in vivo environment. The duration of mitosis was longer in high‐CIN cells, reflecting their higher mitotic defects. Single‐cell genome sequencing revealed that high‐CIN cells exhibited a higher karyotype heterogeneity compared with low‐CIN cells. Intriguingly, the karyotype heterogeneity was reduced in the spheres formed by high‐CIN cells, suggesting that cells with growth advantages were selected, although genomic copy number changes specific for spheres were not identified. When we examined gene expression profiles, genes related to the K‐ras signaling were upregulated, while those related to the unfolded protein response were downregulated in high‐CIN cells in 3D culture compared with 2D culture, suggesting the relevance of these genes for their survival. Our data suggested that, although CIN is disadvantageous in monolayer culture, it promotes the selection of cells with growth advantages under in vivo environments, which may lead to tumorigenesis.
Multi‐system factors impacting youth justice involvement of children in residential out‐of‐home care
Authors: Baidawi Susan , Ball Rubini
Published: June 2022

Children placed in residential care are significantly over‐represented in youth justice systems. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with service providers, this exploratory study examines practice factors that impact on the criminalization of this group of children across multiple services and systems, including in the residential care environment, police, lawyers, courts and youth justice systems, as well as multi‐systems practice with this group in one Australian state. Positive outcomes were observed for children in residential care where well‐functioning care teams existed, as well as for children in therapeutic residential care settings. However, clear limitations were identified across all phases of children's youth justice system involvement, including placement with offending peers, the criminalization of behaviours of concern, greater use of remand and detention, limited support to navigate legal and youth justice processes, challenges to service collaboration, and limited applicability of sentencing considerations. The findings indicate a pervasive level of systemic disadvantage for this group of children, and imply that a holistic strategy underpinned by affirmative action across several systems will be necessary to address the ongoing criminalization of children in residential care.
Impact of the novel CYP2C:TG haplotype and CYP2B6 variants on sertraline exposure in a large patient population
Authors: Bråten Line Skute , Ingelman‐Sundberg Magnus , Jukic Marin M. , Molden Espen , Kringen Marianne Kristiansen
Published: June 2022

Sertraline is a commonly used SSRI antidepressant drug, metabolized by CYP2C19 and CYP2B6, that exhibits a substantial interindividual variation in clinical response, of which only a part can be attributed to known genetic variants. In the current study we have examined the role of a newly discovered ultrarapid CYP2C:TG haplotype and CYP2B6 variants in order to identify the possible missing heritability for such variation in sertraline response in a large patient population (n = 840). Compared to the reference group (CYP2C19*1/*1, n = 160), sertraline exposure was increased by 128% in CYP2C19 PMs (n = 29, p < 0.001) but decreased by about 20% in CYP2C19 ultrarapid metabolizers (Ums) (homozygous carriers of CYP2C19*17 and/or CYP2C:TG haplotype) with the diplotypes CYP2C19*17/*17, CYP2C:TG/TG, or CYP2C19*17/CYP2C:TG (n = 135, p < 0.003, p = 0.022, p < 0.003, respectively). Interestingly, in patients carrying the increased function CYP2B6*4 allele, and also carrying the CYP2C19*17 and CYP2C:TG alleles (n = 10), sertraline exposure was 35.4% lower compared to the reference group, whereas in subjects being poor metabolizers (PM) in both the CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 gene, the sertraline concentrations were raised by 189%. In summary, the CYP2C19 variants including the CYP2C:TG haplotype had a significant impact on sertraline metabolism, as well as the CYP2B6*4, *6, and *9 alleles. Knowing the CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 genotype, including the CYP2C:TG haplotype status, can prospectively be useful to clinicians in making more appropriate sertraline dosing decisions
Hypoglycaemia and rebound hyperglycaemia increase left ventricular systolic function in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Andreasen Christine R. , Andersen Andreas , Hagelqvist Per G. , Lauritsen Julius V. , Jørgensen Peter G. , Engberg Susanne , Faber Jens , Hartmann Bolette , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Knop Filip K. , Vilsbøll Tina
Published: June 2022

Aim

To investigate echocardiographic changes during acute hypoglycaemia followed by recovery to hyperglycaemia or euglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

In a randomized crossover study, 24 patients with type 1 diabetes took part in two experimental study days, consisting of a hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic phase (5.0‐8.0 mmol/L) for 45 minutes followed by a hyperinsulinemic‐hypoglycaemic phase (2.5 mmol/L) for 60 minutes, and a recovery phase in either hyperglycaemia (20 mmol/L) or euglycaemia (5.0‐8.0 mmol/L) for 60 minutes. Cardiac function was evaluated with echocardiography during each phase.

Results

Acute hypoglycaemia increased all markers of left ventricular (LV) systolic function, including LV ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), GLS rate and peak systolic velocity of mitral annular longitudinal movement (s'; P < 0.001 for all). During the recovery phases, all markers of LV systolic function were increased during hyperglycaemia (P < 0.01 for all), and LVEF and GLS remained increased during euglycaemia (P = 0.0116 and P = 0.0092, respectively). The increment in LVEF during the recovery phase was greater during hyperglycaemia than euglycaemia (P = 0.0046).

Conclusions

Hypoglycaemia, recent hypoglycaemia, and overcorrection of hypoglycaemia to rebound hyperglycaemia increased LV systolic function in type 1 diabetes and may imply consideration of plasma glucose when evaluating LV function in patients with type 1 diabetes. An increase in LV systolic function may cause increased strain on the heart and partly explain the link between hypoglycaemia, high glycaemic variability and cardiovascular disease.
Life history consequences of climate change in hibernating mammals: a review
Authors: Wells Caitlin P. , Barbier Rebecca , Nelson Shelley , Kanaziz Rachel , Aubry Lise M.
Published: June 2022

Climatic shifts to warmer and often drier conditions are challenging terrestrial species worldwide. These shifts are occurring more rapidly at higher elevations and latitudes, likely causing disproportionate effects to mammalian hibernators there. While there is some information about how these species' ranges are responding to climatic shifts, we lack an understanding of how climate components are affecting species' life history variation, which is key to individual success and population‐level resilience. We reviewed the literature to identify the direction of life history responses to climate change in mammalian hibernators along three axes: latitudinal, elevational and temporal. We found 39 studies involving 27 species that reported climate effects on our four target life history traits – phenology, body mass/condition and growth, reproduction and survival. We found warmer temperatures are advancing hibernator phenology and increasing reproductive success. By contrast, warming and drying trends are having uncertain effects on body condition, and complex effects on survival – depending on season, age class, latitude and elevation. We found no pattern of significant climate‐trait outcomes by duration or decade of study. More research on drought conditions – particularly in relation to resource availability – would help inform hibernator susceptibility to increased drying trends expected to intensify globally. Notably, our results are highly biased towards small mammal hibernators in Northern Hemisphere alpine/mountain ecosystems, with few long‐term studies conducted on Southern Hemisphere hibernators. This review highlights that phenological shifts constitute one of the most obvious consequences of climate change, yet, the timing of life history events (e.g. timing of migration, reproduction, hibernation) remains poorly understood. Further integration of insights from physiologists, evolutionary biologists and population ecologists working on wild populations will improve our collective understanding of the effects of seasonal climatic shifts on mammalian hibernator life history traits, key drivers of their population‐level persistence.
Multiple Lines of Evidence for Estimating NSZD Rates Overlying a Shallow LNAPL Source Zone
Authors: Wozney Anne , Hers Ian , Stevenson Krista , Campbell Calista , Nickerson Nick , Gosse Colleen
Published: June 2022

Quantitative methods of monitoring natural source zone depletion (NSZD) via biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) are required to investigate source zone longevity and guide long‐term management of PHC impacted sites. Vadose zone NSZD processes can be monitored using analysis of surficial CO2 effluxes, soil‐gas gradients, and thermal gradients. This study describes an applied research and development program conducted at a former refinery site over a 4‐year period (2015 to 2019) on quantitative technologies for evaluation of NSZD of PHC light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) present within a shallow soil zone. A multiyear study using discrete CO2 efflux measurements from dynamic closed chambers was compared with estimates obtained using static traps and continuous monitoring using forced diffusion (FD) technology. Thermistor strings along a transect were used to monitor hourly thermal gradients and assess NSZD rates using the temperature gradient method. Discrete soil‐gas data were used to quantify the vertical oxygen gradient to estimate NSZD rates using the concentration gradient method (CGM). Results of discrete and continuous monitoring methods provide estimates of monthly NSZD rates that range seasonally from 80 to 1300 US gal/acre/year using radiocarbon corrected CO2 efflux method for decane (C10H22) equivalent, 120 to 1600 US gal/acre/year using CGM (for wet to dry conditions) and 400 to 2000 US gal/acre/year using the temperature gradient method. Both seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations contribute to variability in rates. Continuous methods are shown to provide for improved resolution of temporal variability and seasonal estimates, although discrete methods provide for improved spatial quantification.
Shade tree isolation in pastures modulates diversity of epiphyte‐dwelling spiders: The role of epiphyte biomass and species dispersal capacity
Authors: Quijano‐Cuervo Luis G. , Rao Dinesh , Escobar Sarria Federico , Dáttilo Wesley , Negrete‐Yankelevich Simoneta
Published: June 2022

In Mexico, most forest habitats have been lost, leaving mostly agroecosystems such as coffee plantations. In some areas, coffee plants are commonly planted under a closed canopy of shade trees and sometimes these coffee plantations are transformed into cattle pastures, in which scattered and isolated trees remain.

Isolated trees (i.e. trees without contact between their crowns) left in disturbed environments such as pastures represent an extreme of habitat reduction for tree‐dwelling organisms. However, these isolated trees can also be biodiversity reservoirs, serving as regeneration nuclei and connection points between terrestrial habitats.

In this study, we evaluated whether the alpha and beta diversities of epiphyte‐dwelling spiders differ between isolated trees in a pasture and shade trees (i.e. which sustain a continuous canopy above the crop) in a coffee plantation, and whether epiphyte biomass and differences in the dispersal capacity of the spider species could explain these changes.

We found that spider alpha diversity was almost 50% higher in isolated trees than in shade trees. Isolated trees had the highest epiphyte biomass and there was a positive relationship between spider diversity and epiphyte biomass in these trees but not in shade trees.

Spider community composition differed between tree conditions. We found that compositional similarity decreased and turnover increased with distance between trees only for spiders with low dispersal capacity in isolated trees.

The high subset of unique species and high species richness in isolated trees highlight their importance in preserving spider communities in agrolandscapes.
Pre‐processed fruits as raw materials: part II—process conditions, demand and safety aspects
Authors: Bhatkar Nikita S. , Shirkole Shivanand S. , Brennan Charles , Thorat Bhaskar N.
Published: June 2022

The demand for pre‐processed fruits has grown rapidly in recent years as a result of consumer attention towards fresh, healthy and convenient foods. Most of the fruits are available seasonally and they are perishable, so it is necessary to have a continuous supply of the fruits to avoid the blockages in the fruit processing industry. The review is written in the purview of this issue, and it presents pre‐processed fruits as a sustainable solution. The present review is part II of the series of articles on pre‐processed fruits as the raw material for various food industries. The fruits covered here are mango, pineapple, pear, olive and papaya. The article continues to emphasise the critical processing and storage condition for these fruits ranked higher in terms of their production quantity and economic value. The fruits are critically reviewed for their processing, storage and safety aspects along with key research findings of different processing techniques. The important safety aspects associated with such processed commodities are also discussed.
Cold sintering co‐firing of (Ca,Bi)(Mo,V)O4–PTFE composites in a single step
Authors: Li Yongqiang , Zheng Mupeng , Zang Moyan , Zhu Mankang , Hou Yudong
Published: June 2022

Because of large differences in the processing temperature windows between ceramics and polymers, the single‐step co‐sintering of microwave dielectric ceramic–polymer substrates remains challenging. In this work, a dense (Ca0.65Bi0.35)(Mo0.65V0.35)O4 (CBMVO) ceramic was first prepared through cold sintering at 150°C, under a uniaxial pressure of 300 MPa for 60 min with Li2MoO4 (LMO) as a transient low‐temperature solvent. Cold‐sintered CBMVO–5 wt% LMO ceramic shows excellent microwave dielectric properties: εr ∼ 11.4, Q × f ∼ 7070 GHz, τf ∼ −7.4 ppm/°C. Moreover, the optimized cold sintering process enabled the preparation of a layered co‐sintered (2–2 type) CBMVO–polytetrafluoroethylene composite, which maintained excellent microwave dielectric properties and showed a good heterogeneous interface bonding. The proposed cold sintering co‐firing of ceramic–polymer composites in a single step shows great potential for application in the seamless integration between ceramics and polymer substrates.
Continuous glucose monitoring system profile of women diagnosed as gestational diabetes mellitus by International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria and labeled as normoglycemic by alternate criteria in early pregnancy
Authors: Gupta Yashdeep , Singh Charandeep , Goyal Alpesh , Mani Kalaivani , Bharti Juhi , Singhal Seema , Kachhawa Garima , Kulshrestha Vidushi , Kumari Rajesh , Mahey Reeta , Sharma Jai B , Malhotra Neena , Bhatla Neerja , Khadgawat Rajesh , Tandon Nikhil
Published: June 2022

Aims/Introduction

We aimed to evaluate and compare continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)‐based glycemic parameters in women in early pregnancy (<20 weeks of gestation) who were classified as: (i) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), but normoglycemia by alternate (UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Canadian Diabetes Association and Diabetes in Pregnancy Study group of India) criteria; and (ii) normoglycemia by both (IADPSG and alternate) criteria.

Material and Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, eligible women underwent standard 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, followed by the placement of a CGMS. Glycemia‐related parameters were calculated using the standard approach for CGMS data in pregnancy.

Results

We enrolled 96 women at 14.0 ± 3.2 weeks of gestation. Of the women diagnosed as GDM by IADPSG criteria, 34.2%, 26.3% and 44.7% were classified as normoglycemic by UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Canadian Diabetes Association and Diabetes in Pregnancy Study group of India criteria, respectively. Mean 1‐h postprandial glucose and time above range were significantly higher in women who were GDM by IADPSG, but normoglycemia by Canadian Diabetes Association criteria, compared with women with normoglycemia using both criteria. Similarly, mean 1‐h postprandial glucose, 2‐h postprandial glucose, peak postprandial glucose, 1‐h postprandial glucose excursion and time above range were significantly higher in women who were not identified as GDM by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria. Finally, women missed by the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study group of India criteria had significantly higher mean 1‐h postprandial glucose, 2‐h postprandial glucose, peak postprandial glucose, postprandial glucose excursion, 24‐h glucose and time above range parameters.

Conclusions

More than one‐quarter of women diagnosed as GDM by IADPSG criteria are not identified by alternate criteria. Such women are significantly different from normoglycemic women in terms of several CGMS‐based glycemic parameters of clinical significance.
Lethal effect of ethanol on Solenopsis invicta Buren and economic fish
Authors: Song Shicheng , Liang Mingrong , Wang Lei , Xu Yijuan
Published: June 2022

The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, is an invasive pest species worldwide in many countries and regions. At present, its control mainly depends on synthetic insecticides. Although synthetic insecticides have the advantages of efficacy and convenience, their widespread use has a negative impact on the diversity of local arthropods. Ethanol is widely used as a disinfectant and has been consumed by people, but its insecticidal effect has not yet been evaluated. Here, the control effect of ethanol on the RIFA and its toxicity on four fish species were evaluated. The results exhibited that mortalities of all tested adult castes reached 100% after soaking in 70% v/v ethanol solution for one hour. All reproductive and worker pupae survived at 60% v/v ethanol treatment. In the soaking plus fumigation experiment, all adult castes and brood except female pupae were sensitive to 30% v/v ethanol solution. Conversely, female pupae showed the highest resistance to ethanol. More than 60% v/v ethanol concentration was needed to cause its 100% mortality. In the field experiment, 25% v/v and 50% v/v ethanol solution resulted in 70% and 80% reduction of mound 14 d after drench treatment, respectively. The ethanol vapour in the nest soil was higher than 80 ppm after 72 h of mound drench in the field with 25% v/v ethanol solution. Moreover, 30% v/v ethanol solution did not adversely affect the survival of four fish species exposed to the solution for a short time. This study suggests that mound drench can be alternatively employed with ethanol as a green organic solvent to control RIFA.