bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authorship and Love
Authors: Kittler Friedrich
Published: March 2015

This early essay from German media theorist Friedrich Kittler examines a number of epistemic shifts occurring in late 18th-century Germany, anticipating in both methodology and content his groundbreaking 1985 work Aufschreibesysteme [ Discourse Networks]. Of primary concern to Kittler here is the invention of what he calls (drawing upon Foucault) the ‘authorship-function’, product of a new constellation of medial, pedagogical and juridical forces. Alongside broader societal transformations (the transition from societies of the law to societies of the norm, the appearance of new sexualities), Kittler documents the emergence of the author in the late 18th century through analyses of new pedagogical practices (including the invention of hermeneutics), changes in childhood alphabetization, and new erotic relationships between authors and their readers.
On Friedrich Kittler’s ‘Authorship and Love’
Authors: Winthrop-Young Geoffrey
Published: March 2015

This article provides a short introduction to Friedrich Kittler’s 1980 essay ‘Authorship and Love’ by showing how it fits into the development of Kittler’s thought. The stark contrast between superficially similar scenes in Goethe’s Werther and Dante’s Divine Comedy, each of which is said to represent fundamentally different conceptualizations of authorship and love, is a revealing instance of Kittler's distinctive and polemical appropriation of French post-structuralism as well as of his subsequent switch from discourse analysis to media theory. Ultimately, ‘Authorship and Love’ even points ahead to Kittler’s final work on music and mimesis in ancient Greece.
‘The architecture of a probation office: A reflection of policy and an impact on practice’: A practitioner response
Authors: Harrison Tom
Published: March 2015

This article is in response to Jake Phillips’ article ‘The architecture of a probation office: A reflection of policy and an impact on practice’ ( Phillips, 2014 ). The author addresses a topic which has had little attention in probation. Working environments are much talked about by probation staff but this operates mainly at a local and immediate level: noise, decoration, location, mobility, technology, ergonomics, etc. Phillips broadens out the discussion to look at how changes to probation’s physical environment may be contributing to a ‘them and us’ attitude in staff towards their clients which runs counter to the current trend towards greater professional judgement and offender engagement. This article seeks to contribute to that debate by offering a practitioner’s view and exploring the use of other perspectives to gain a greater understanding of the impact of our working environments on probation practice.
Linking partner emotional support, partner negative interaction, and trauma with psychological distress
Authors: Cox Daniel W. , Buhr Erin E. , Owen Jess J. , Davidson Erin
Published: March 2015

While research evidence has consistently demonstrated the link between social relationships and psychological distress, there is debate over the strength of perceived emotional support compared with perceived negative interaction on psychological distress and whether the relation between social relationships and psychological distress is direct or moderating. In this study, we examined the relation between partner emotional support, partner negative interaction, and trauma on psychological distress. Our sample of married or romantically partnered people was drawn from a nationally representative U.S. data set ( N = 5,383). The direct effects of romantic partner emotional support and romantic partner negative interaction on psychological distress were evaluated and compared. Further, we evaluated the moderating effects of partner emotional support and partner negative interaction on the relation between trauma history and psychological distress. Hierarchical regression models revealed that (a) people exposed to trauma experienced greater psychological distress, (b) partner emotional support was linked with reduced distress, (c) partner negative interaction was linked with increased distress, (d) partner negative interaction accounted for more variance in psychological distress compared with partner emotional support, and (e) neither partner emotional support nor partner negative interaction moderated the relation between trauma and distress. These findings indicate that partner negative interaction has a stronger relation with psychological distress than partner emotional support. Further, they support the direct effects of social relationships on psychological distress over the moderating effects.
Eccentric exercise in adults with cardiorespiratory disease: a systematic review
Authors: Ellis Rachel , Shields Nora , Lim Kwang , Dodd Karen J
Published: March 2015

Objective:

To determine if eccentric exercise is effective, tolerable and safe for adults with chronic cardiorespiratory disease.

Data sources:

We searched electronic databases from inception until January 2015 (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscus, PEDro, Cochrane Central and AMED) supplemented by citation tracking and reference list scanning.

Review methods:

Included articles had to report effects of eccentric exercise, alone or as a primary component of intervention, of any intensity and duration, on adults with chronic cardiorespiratory disease. Trials needed to be reported as full text in a peer-reviewed journal and include control data (randomised, quasi-randomised and single group cross-over design trials). Any outcomes or comparison interventions were accepted. Methodological rigor was assessed using the PEDro scale.

Results:

Of 22 potentially relevant articles, 10 met inclusion criteria. They reported results from seven trials with a total of 112 participants across the diseases. PEDro scores were low (median 3). Eccentric exercise increased strength and mobility to comparable levels as concentric exercise, however, it did so with lower oxygen consumption (effect size as large as d = –3.07 (–4.12, –1.80)), and four-fold power output (effect size d = –3.60 (–5.03, –1.66)). There were no adverse events reported for eccentric exercise. Pain was avoided with familiarisation sessions and individual exercise prescription.

Conclusion:

Eccentric exercise is beneficial and at least comparable with traditional exercise in improving walking and strength for people with chronic cardiorespiratory disease. It was well tolerated and we identified no safety concerns for the use of this intervention for this population.
A systematic review of the economic evidence for interventions for family carers of stroke patients
Authors: Heslin Margaret , Forster Anne , Healey Andy , Patel Anita
Published: March 2015

Objectives:

To examine the economic evidence for interventions aimed at family carers of stroke patients.

Data sources:

Searches (limited to those published in English since 1990) were performed in key databases along with hand searches of relevant papers.

Review methods:

Papers were restricted to studies including any economic data (broadly defined) for any intervention targeting carers explicitly or explicitly referring to a carer element, beyond involving carers in the care or intervention for patients (i.e. more than just carers being invited to observe an intervention targeted at the patient). Two reviewers independently screened full papers and extracted data using guidance from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (cohort studies), the Delphi list (randomised controlled trials) and guidelines on economic quality from the British Medical Journal. Data were reviewed descriptively as meta analyses were inappropriate due to non-comparability of studies.

Results:

Ten papers were included in the review. These were heterogeneous in their design, intervention and economic analyses making comparison difficult. Only three of the ten papers included economic evaluations. All three reported that the intervention was less costly and had better or equivalent outcomes than the control comparator although two of these were based on the same intervention using the same dataset.

Conclusion:

There is some limited evidence that interventions for family carers of stroke patients are effective and cost effective. However, due to variation in the types of interventions examined, little can be concluded regarding implications for clinical practice.
Enriching trial justice for crime victims in common law systems
Authors: Doak Jonathan
Published: March 2015

The role of victims in the criminal trial has been subject to considerable critique in recent years. This article argues that scholarship and policy governing the treatment of victims and witnesses in ‘ordinary’ criminal trials within ‘settled’ societies may be substantially enriched by drawing lessons from the roles of, and practices affecting, victims within post-conflict societies. There is a clear need for policy-makers and law reformers to look beyond the familiar spheres of the domestic criminal process if the justice system is to become more effective, just and legitimate in the eyes of both victims and the wider public. This article draws on both theory and praxis on the role of victims within transitional justice, and contends that trial justice in common law systems may be enriched through centring processes on three key themes which are commonly emphasized in transitional justice frameworks, these being: (i) truth recovery; (ii) victim participation; and (iii) reparation.
Tianeptine in an experimental medicine model of antidepressant action
Authors: Cooper Charlotte M , Whiting Daniel A , Cowen Philip J , Harmer Catherine J
Published: March 2015

Changes in emotional processing have been shown following acute administration of a range of monoaminergic antidepressants, and may represent an important common neuropsychological mechanism underpinning their therapeutic effects. Tianeptine is an agent that challenges the traditional monoaminergic hypothesis of antidepressant action, though its exact mode of action remains controversial. Healthy volunteers were randomised to receive a single dose of tianeptine (12.5 mg) or placebo, and subsequently completed a battery of tasks measuring emotional processing, including facial expression recognition, emotional memory and attentional vigilance, as well as working and verbal memory. Tianeptine-treated subjects were less accurate at identifying facial expressions, though this was not valence specific. The tianeptine group also showed reduced positive affective memory and reduced attentional vigilance to positive stimuli. There were no effects on emotional categorization or non-emotional cognition. The negative biases in aspects of emotional processing observed following acute tianeptine administration are at variance with the positive biases generally seen after acute administration of conventional antidepressant drugs, despite tianeptine’s putative antidepressant efficacy. This is an intriguing finding in the context of the lack of consensus regarding tianeptine’s mechanism of action; however, it may be consistent with the reported ability of acute tianeptine to increase the re-uptake of serotonin.
Sleep is more sensitive to high doses of caffeine in the middle years of life
Authors: Robillard Rébecca , Bouchard Maude , Cartier Annick , Nicolau Laurence , Carrier Julie
Published: March 2015

During the middle years of life, sleep becomes more fragile and its sensitivity to psychostimulants may increase. This study evaluated the effects of 200 mg and 400 mg of caffeine on sleep in young and middle-aged adults. The sleep of 22 young (23.5 ± 1.9 years) and 24 middle-aged (51.7 ± 11.5 years) adults was recorded using polysomnography in two conditions (placebo and caffeine) in a double-blind cross-over design. Compared to placebo, caffeine increased sleep latency, shortened total sleep duration and reduced sleep efficiency. At the higher dose, these effects were more pronounced in middle-aged than in young adults. Furthermore, the higher dose of caffeine increased absolute stage 1 sleep in young adults, whereas it decreased absolute stage 2 sleep in middle-aged adults. Caffeine also induced dose-dependent increases in relative stage 1 sleep and reductions in absolute and relative slow wave sleep and absolute rapid eye movement sleep in both age groups. There was no dose- or age-related modulation of the effects of caffeine on quantified electroencephalographic measures. These results indicate that, compared to young adults, middle-aged adults are generally more sensitive to the effects of a high dose of caffeine on sleep quantity and quality.
CT and microbiologic follow-up in primary multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Kim Wooil , Lee Kyung Soo , Kim Hyun Su , Koh Won-Jung , Jeong Byeong-Ho , Chung Myung Jin , Jang Hye Won
Published: March 2015

Background

Little attention has been paid to the initial and follow-up computed tomography (CT) features in primary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (pMDR-TB) setting.

Purpose

To describe serial CT findings and clinical course of pMDR-TB with antibiotic treatment.

Material and Methods

For the last 10 years, 340 MDR-TB patients were managed in a tertiary referral hospital. Among them, we included 44 (27 men, 17 women; mean age, 40 years; age range, 20–81 years) pMDR-TB patients; 37 treated with chemotherapy only and seven treated with medical therapy plus surgery. CT findings were evaluated regarding tree-in-bud sign, acinar nodule, peribronchial, segmental or lobar consolidation and cavity, and their extent. Sputum negative conversion rates and serial CT scores were assessed. To compare changes in disease extent between initial and follow-up CT studies, paired t-test was performed.

Results

Two most frequent patterns of lung abnormality were tree-in-bud sign (37 of 44, 84.1%) and acinar nodule (41 of 44, 93.2%). Among 37 patients treated with chemotherapy only, 36 showed negative sputum conversion within 3 months after second-line drug commencement, maintained for >12 months. The other seven undergoing surgery during medical treatment showed excellent outcome with negative conversion achieved within one month after surgery and maintained for >12 months. CT scores showed significant decrease on serial CT studies ( P < 0.001) in all.

Conclusion

In pMDR-TB, two most frequent abnormal CT patterns are tree-in-bud sign and acinar nodule. In 98% of patients, negative sputum conversion is achieved, and CT score also shows decrease in extent after TB chemotherapy.
Community Protection Policies and Repeat Sexual Offenses in Florida
Authors: Levenson Jill S. , Zgoba Kristen M.
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sexual offender management policies on sex crime repeat arrest rates in Florida. Aggregate data for the period 1990 to 2010 were provided by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. The repeat offense rate was defined as the proportion of arrests each year that were committed by individuals with a previous conviction in the same crime category. The average yearly repeat offense rate for sex crimes was 6.5%, which was consistently and significantly lower than rates for other crimes: 8.3% for non-sex assaults, 15.1% for robbery, 29.8% for drug offenses, and 11.6% for DUI. The average annual sexual repeat arrest rate prior to and after the implementation of sexual offender registration laws in 1997 was 4.9% and 7.5%, respectively, indicating a statistically significant increase. The average annual repeat arrest rates for non-sex assaults, robberies, drug crimes, and DUIs also increased after 1997. No significant differences were found when comparing the average annual percent change for sexual re-arrest (+3.47%) with non-sexual assault (+3.93%), robbery (−.73%), drug offenses (+1.59%), and DUI (+1.14). Sex crime repeat arrests in Florida do not appear to show a decline attributable to sex offender management policies implemented since 1997.
Intact Bone Vitality and Increased Accumulation of Nonmineralized Bone Matrix in Biopsy Specimens of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: Krause Matthias , Lehmann Daniel , Amling Michael , Rolvien Tim , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Püschel Klaus , Bohndorf Klaus , Meenen Norbert M.
Published: March 2015

Background:

Although commonly proposed to be the starting point of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD), avascular osteonecrosis (AVN) has been an inconsistent finding in histological studies. Analysis of early-stage lesions is required to elucidate the origins of OCD and justify proper treatment.

Purpose:

To analyze histological sections of JOCD lesions with special emphasis on bone vitality.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Of 64 patients with 74 JOCD lesions (20 females, mean age, 11.4 years; 44 males, mean age, 12.7 years), 34 required surgery because of lesion instability or failed nonoperative treatment. From 9 patients, 11 histological specimens were obtained. Lesions were classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). Two additional histological control sections were harvested from children without JOCD manifestation. Undecalcified histological sections were histomorphometrically analyzed. To analyze the skeletal health of the patients, biochemical analyses with special emphasis on bone metabolism were performed.

Results:

Histologically, no osteonecrosis was visible in any of the cases. Osteocyte distribution was similar among OCD lesions and controls. ICRS OCD I lesions (n = 6) showed no intralesional separation. In ICRS OCD II and III lesions (n = 5), there was a subchondral fracture concomitant with histological characteristics of active repair mechanism (increased bone formation: osteoid volume P = .008, osteoblast number P = .046; resorption: osteoclast number P = .005; and tissue fibrosis compared with controls). Instead, in ICRS OCD I lesions, subchondral osteoid volume ( P = .010) and osteoblast number ( P = .046) were significantly increased compared with controls; however, no active repair mechanisms (no increased bone resorption or fibrous tissue) were detected, suggesting a focal lack of mineralization. Fifty-seven of 64 patients (89.1%) showed a vitamin D deficiency. The median vitamin D serum level of the patients with ICRS OCD I lesions was 13.6 µg/L.

Conclusion:

In the present study, osteonecrosis was not found in histological specimens of JOCD. As a secondary finding, focal accumulations of nonmineralized bone matrix indicating a lack of mineralization in ICRS OCD I lesions were revealed. This finding correlated with a low level of vitamin D in the affected children.
Older Patients’ Recall of Lifestyle Discussions in Primary Care
Authors: Bardach Shoshana H. , Schoenberg Nancy E. , Howell Britteny M.
Published: March 2015

Despite the known benefits of engaging in healthy diet and physical activity across the life span, suboptimal diet and physical inactivity are pervasive among older adults. While health care providers can promote patients’ engagement in health behaviors, patient recall of recommendations tends to be imperfect. This study sought to better understand older adults’ recall of dietary and physical activity discussions in primary care. One hundred and fifteen adults aged 65 and older were interviewed immediately following a routine primary care visit on whether and what they recalled discussing pertaining to diet and physical activity. Compared against transcripts, most patients accurately recalled their diet and physical activity discussions. The inclusion of a recommendation, and for diet discussions longer duration, increased the likelihood of patient recall for these health behavior discussions. These findings suggest that specific recommendations and an extra minute of discussion, at least for dietary discussions, increase the likelihood of accurate patient recall.
Opening a Non-exit State
Authors: Stola Dariusz
Published: March 2015

This article presents the passport policy of communist Poland, from the late 1940s to 1980. In the late 1940s, the policy and the institutions that implemented it were given objectives and forms similar to those in the USSR. This Soviet-type policy was in principle a non-exit policy; issuing a passport was an exception that required a solid justification. However, after 1953, following the Soviet Thaw, Polish leaders gradually relaxed the restrictions on exit, which allowed for massive outflows, mainly to Germany and Israel, and for development of temporary mobility, mainly within the Soviet bloc. In the late 1950s, the Polish party restricted emigration but it did not return to the Stalin-era non-exit model. The party developed a new, complex passport policy, which favorably viewed mobility within the bloc and was selective toward travel to the West. This allowed international mobility to expand to a mass scale and become part of the lived experience of millions of Poles. The police apparatus that implemented the policy also expanded and evolved into a complex bureaucratic machinery, but to its end it combined the features of a Weberian bureaucracy with the characteristics of a revolutionary, extralegal “secular arm of the party.”
A Cultural Shift in the 1970s
Authors: Keck-Szajbel Mark
Published: March 2015

This essay explores how an international project between socialist nations unraveled transnationally. I explain the cultural shift toward taboo topics in the 1970s and argue that the shift was forced by two factors: first, the rise of a new generation of youngsters unaffected by World War II, and second the relative ease of transnational mobility. Starting in 1972, Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia allowed citizens to travel more freely in a project called the “borders of friendship.” Exploring changes in the representations of World War II and what was later to be called the Holocaust in literature; in the celebration of rock music and film; and at international happenings, I argue that teenagers starting in the 1970s were raised with an increased sense of acceptance not only of their history but also their state. Critically, however, they also gained a greater sense of ideological irony: just as it became more acceptable to discuss taboo topics like Stalinization or the expulsion of Germans, so too was their understanding that deviations from strict ideology were more accepted.
A methodology for evaluating the turbocompound potential for an automotive engine
Authors: Ismail Youssef , Chesse Pascal , Chalet David , Menegazzi Pascal
Published: March 2015

This paper deals with the exhaust energy recovery in internal-combustion engines; it aims to describe existing evaluation methodologies of exhaust energy recovery and to compare their results with a suggested methodology which is developed in this work. The novelty of the suggested methodology is that it shows all the different potentials of energy recovery. It covers both theory and real applications with a comparison of both of these. At the beginning of the paper, the methodologies described in the literature are introduced. Next, different potentials of exhaust energy recovery are calculated. Then, a complete methodology is developed to evaluate the potential of the exhaust energy recovery by turbocompounding. This methodology is described and applied to a 2 l diesel engine through numerical simulations. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the results.
Experimental investigation of spray characteristics in model combustor
Authors: Yingwen Yan , Longfei Dang , Rong Xu
Published: March 2015

Fuel spray characteristics in a swirl-cup model annular combustor are investigated. In order to better quantify and distinguish the diameters and numbers of the fuel droplets, and their size distributions, image-processing technologies are applied for raw images of fuel spray field. These techniques include gradation processing, edge detection, smooth disposal, outline extraction and picture disposal. Experimental results show that the proposed image-processing technologies demonstrate an effective method for the characterization of the fuel spray field in the studied gas turbine combustor. Parametric studies were also conducted to investigate the influences of different inlet parameters such as inlet air temperature, inlet air flux and fuel air ratio on the spray field. It was found that the fuel atomization becomes better with the increase of inlet air temperature and fuel air ratio; however, the change of inlet air flux has a minimum effect on the spray field.
Aeroelastic control of non-rotating and rotating wings using the dynamic stiffness modulation principle via piezoelectric actuators
Authors: Nitzsche Fred , D’Assunção Douglas , De Marqui Junior Carlos
Published: March 2015

Carleton University’s Rotorcraft Research Group is working on the development of an active rotor control system that incorporates a mechanism for helicopter blade pitch dynamic stiffness modulation at the root, the Active Pitch Link. This system overcomes stroke limitations of smart material and attains superior performance for helicopter rotor-induced vibration reduction. The system was tested at the whirl tower facility and this article reports the achievements obtained with a dynamically similar hinged rotor blade model. Up to 100% reduction in the transmitted loads occurred at the target 2/rev frequency when the blade was excited by a transversal jet to mimic the asymmetric flow of the helicopter rotor in forward flight. An open-loop control algorithm optimized to a target higher-harmonic frequency of the rotor also minimized the impact on the rotor fundamental cyclic control frequency at 1/rev. In another experiment at University of São Paulo, semi-passive control techniques using shunted piezoelectric materials were investigated for the aeroelastic control of fixed wings. Flutter oscillations of a typical section were controlled out over a range of airflow speeds. Finally, the similarity between both control techniques is discussed and recognized that they are based on a dynamic stiffness modulation control principle.
Defining Creative Ideas
Authors: Litchfield Robert C. , Gilson Lucy L. , Gilson Paul W.
Published: March 2015

Organizational creativity research has focused extensively on distinguishing creativity from routine, non-creative work. In this conceptual article, we examine the less considered issue of variation in the type of creative ideas. Starting from the premise that creativity occurs along a continuum that can range from incremental to radical, we propose that unpacking variation in the mix of novelty and two common conceptions of usefulness—feasibility and value—results in seven meaningfully different types of creativity. We group these types of creativity into four creative continua scaled according to novelty to provide an organizing framework for future research.
Enhancing adaptability of amoeboid robot by synergetically coupling two decentralized controllers inspired by true slime mold
Authors: Umedachi Takuya , Horikiri Shunya , Kobayashi Ryo , Ishiguro Akio
Published: March 2015

Autonomous decentralized control is a key concept for understanding the adaptive and versatile behaviors of living systems. To establish a design methodology for such a controller for robotic systems, we have proposed a fully decentralized control system, inspired by biochemical oscillators in true slime mold ( Physarum polycephalum), which allows a modular robot to exhibit adaptive and versatile behaviors. However, in real living systems, many adaptation mechanisms with different time constants co-exist without conflict in the body (e.g., reflex, learning, growth and evolution); this contributes to the amazingly resilient and intelligent behaviors of living systems. It is well known that in true slime mold, long time-scale morphological changes coexist with the oscillatory behavior stemming from biochemical oscillators. In the present study, we have designed a mathematical model and real physical robot in which two decentralized controllers are incorporated. Numerical and experimental results show that by combining the controllers with different time constants, a robot can use the proposed model to successfully negotiate a narrow aisle by deforming its body shape dynamically.
New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Chen Alyssa Y. , Sokol Sarah S. , Kress John P. , Lat Ishaq
Published: March 2015

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been extensively studied in postoperative critically ill surgical patients, but little literature exists to describe the outcomes of patients in the medical intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives: To determine the incidence of new-onset AF in patients admitted to a medical ICU and if new-onset AF was associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study of all adult patients admitted to the medical ICU at an academic medical center for >24 hours between December 2008 and April 2010. Collected data included past medical history, incidence of new-onset AF, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, organ failure, length of stay in the ICU and hospital, and in-hospital and 60-day survival. Results: A total of 741 patients were included. New-onset AF occurred in 53 patients (7.2%). In-hospital mortality was significantly greater for patients with new-onset AF (45% vs 16%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.21, 95% CI 1.07-4.54, P = 0.032), as was 60-day mortality (51% vs 23%; adjusted OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.01-3.91, P = 0.047). Patients with new-onset AF experienced greater ICU (6 ± 10.2 days vs 3 ± 3.6 days, P < 0.01) and hospital (15 ± 19 days vs 7 ± 9 days, P < 0.01) lengths of stay. Conclusions: Medical ICU patients who developed new-onset AF experienced a 2-fold increase in the odds of in-hospital mortality and death at 60 days. Further research investigating contributing factors to new-onset AF and potential treatments is warranted.
Distress in Caregivers of a Family Member With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Crowe Allison , Brinkley Jason
Published: March 2015

It is well documented that mental illness influences not only the person diagnosed but also the family. The following study explored distress in 169 caregivers of a family member with serious mental illness (SMI). Factors such as time spent caregiving, type of familial relationship, mental health treatment, and income were explored as they associated to caregiver depression and family discord. Regression models suggested that caregiving for a son or daughter or devoting 20 hr a week or less to caregiving was associated with lower distress levels. Higher numbers of difficult behaviors exhibited by the person diagnosed were associated with higher family discord. The Mental Illness Distress Scale demonstrated some capacity to measure distress related to having a family member with SMI.
Environmental Science in the Media
Authors: Kortenkamp Katherine V. , Basten Bianca
Published: March 2015

Media reports of environmental science often give equal weight to opposing viewpoints, which can make the science seem more controversial than it actually is. The current study extended the research in this area by examining whether discrediting one expert viewpoint would minimize false perceptions of controversy. Participants ( N = 247) read articles about environmental risks containing one viewpoint, two balanced viewpoints, or two viewpoints with one discredited. Results showed that a discredited opposing viewpoint often influenced risk and uncertainty perceptions in similar ways to a balanced opposing viewpoint, implying that this tactic may not necessarily minimize false perceptions of controversy.
Hunting stability of high-speed railway vehicles on a curved track considering the effects of steady aerodynamic loads
Authors: Zeng Xiaohui , Wu Han , Lai Jiang , Sheng Hongzhi
Published: March 2015

Aerodynamic loads may have effects on the hunting stability, and the factor of curved track makes it more complicated. Therefore, considering the steady aerodynamic loads generated by crosswind and airflow in the opposite advancing direction of train, the hunting stability of high-speed railway vehicle on a curved track is studied in this paper. The changes of gravitational restoring force and creep coefficients which are caused by aerodynamic loads are considered, and the change of equilibrium position due to aerodynamic loads, centrifugal force and the factor of curved track is also in consideration. A mathematical model of a high-speed railway vehicle during curve negotiation with aerodynamic loads is set up. A program based on the model is written and verified. Using this program, the linear critical speed considering the effects of aerodynamic loads is determined by the eigenvalue analysis. This paper investigates the critical speeds in three aerodynamic conditions. Considering the aerodynamic loads, the dependence of critical speed on curve radius and super-elevation is analyzed, and the impact of aerodynamic loads on instability mode is analyzed as well. In addition, this paper obtains the dominant factors affecting critical speed and the variation tendency of critical speed with primary longitudinal stiffness by orthogonal experiments. The results show that the critical speed decreases or increases while the wind is blowing to outer rail or inner rail respectively. The aerodynamic loads produce obvious effects on the instability mode. The variation tendency of critical speed dependence on curve radius in the conditions with aerodynamic loads keeps consistent with the case without aerodynamic loads. It is seen from the orthogonal experiments that, aerodynamic loads and curve radius are the dominant factors affecting linear critical speed of vehicle on a curved track, and the linear critical speed decreases with the increasing of primary longitudinal stiffness.
The African-American Entrepreneur–Crime Drop Relationship
Authors: Parker Karen F.
Published: March 2015

Although much of the urban violence literature focuses on the link between urban disadvantage and crime rates, in this article we explore the relationship between African-American entrepreneurship and rates of juvenile violence, net of the effects associated with labor market shifts and the concentration of disadvantage within these areas. That is, Black-owned businesses have increased considerably over time but have largely been neglected in the criminological literature. After generating two distinct measures of Black entrepreneurship, we test to see if Black-owned businesses were significant to the documented decline in juvenile violence in larger U.S. cities from 1990 to 2000. We find an inverse relationship between entrepreneurship and juvenile arrests involving violence across multiple cities in 1990 and 2000. Furthermore, when estimating a pooled cross-sectional time-series design, the growing presence of African-American businesses is a significant contributor to the change (decline) in Black youth violence during the period of the 1990 crime drop, while the rate of paid employees in Black firms remained unrelated to Black youth violence. In changing economic times, we discuss the importance of exploring ways to capture the presence of African-Americans in the urban economy.
Data Collection Opportunities and Challenges for Skilled Construction Labor Demand Forecast Modeling
Authors: Rasdorf William , Hummer Joseph E. , Vereen Stephanie C.
Published: March 2015

Forecasting skilled construction labor demand ensures that the construction industry can train and supply an adequate workforce. Crucial to developing reliable forecasts is the collection of accurate and consistent data on which to base projections. This article summarizes research efforts to formally identify and collect quality economic and construction industry data intended for use in a labor forecast model. The methodology used to collect data for five key independent variables ( interest rate, material price, construction output, productivity, and real wage) and a dependent variable ( labor demand) from a variety of data sources is discussed. An assessment of the availability and quality of the data is made, and recommendations are given on how it can be improved. With these recommendations, more extensive data collection can be undertaken to produce accurate and consistent data. Doing so will provide the construction industry with more meaningful skilled labor data to support accurate forecasts for planning, recruitment, and retention efforts. This article fills a significant void in addressing construction industry data.
Influence of grain boundary cementite induced by gas nitriding on the rolling contact fatigue of alloyed steels for gears
Authors: Le Marion , Ville Fabrice , Kleber Xavier , Cavoret Jérôme , Sainte-Catherine Marie C , Briancon Laurence
Published: March 2015

It is well-known that rolling contact fatigue life can be increased by modifying gear surfaces. For instance, gas nitriding is a thermochemical treatment enhancing superficial hardness, and introducing compressive residual stresses but nitriding alloys can lead to the precipitation of cementite at grain boundaries. In this study, experiments were performed on a twin-disc machine to investigate the influence of the microstructure of nitrided layers on rolling contact fatigue failure modes. Nitrided layers with small grains, thin and short grain boundary cementite filaments showed better resistance to surface originated pitting compared with nitrided layers with coarse precipitates, for similar mechanical properties in terms of hardness and residual stresses. Moreover, examinations carried out on cross sections throughout crack networks revealed the influence of these precipitates on the propagation of rolling contact fatigue cracks, which is at the origin of the differences in performance between thin and coarse microstructures.
Is organizational complexity the way to improve medical care? Unscientific reflections from going to the doctor in Cleveland and Paris
Authors: White Joseph
Published: March 2015

Conventional wisdom suggests that health care will provide better value if physicians are replaced by other caregivers and care is provided less in “silos” and more in “integrated” organizations. By this standard French care appears backwards compared to American care. Yet that does not seem to make US care more efficient or effective. This perspective reviews some differences in practice and suggests why the conventional wisdom should be tested with research.
Role socialization theory
Authors: Richards K Andrew R
Published: March 2015

Much has been learned about the socialization of physical education (PE) teachers using occupational socialization theory (OST). However, important to understanding any socialization process is explaining how the roles that individuals play are socially constructed and contextually bound. OST falls short of providing a comprehensive overview of how the role of the PE teacher is defined and negotiated within schools. The purpose of this paper is to present role socialization theory as a new approach to understanding teacher socialization that integrates elements of OST and role theory. Role socialization seeks to explore: (a) the ways in which the occupational role of the PE teacher is socially constructed and contextually bound in a school setting; (b) how individuals are attracted to, prepared for, and socialized into PE teaching and coaching roles; and (c) how socialization influences the ways in which role-sets view the role of the PE teacher as a member of the school community.
Mapping letters from the future: Exploring narrative processes of imagining the future
Authors: Sools Anneke M , Tromp Thijs , Mooren Jan H
Published: March 2015

This article uses Letters from the Future (a health promotion instrument) to explore the human capacity of imagining the future. From a narrative perspective, letters from the future are considered to be indicative of a variety of forms through which human beings construct and understand their future selves and worlds. This is consistent with an interpretive approach to understanding the human mind, which offers an alternative for the current dominant causal-explanatory approach in psychology. On the basis of qualitative analysis of 480 letters from the future, collected online from a diverse group of Dutch and German persons, we first identified five narrative processes operating in the letters: imagining, evaluating, orienting, expressing emotions and engaging in dialogue. Second, using comparative analysis, we identified six types of how these processes are organized in the letters as a whole. These types differ regarding functionality (which of the five processes was dominant); temporality (prospective, retrospective and present-oriented); the extent to which a path between present and future was described; and the vividness of the imagination. We suggest that these types can be used in narrative health practice as ‘pathways’ to locate where letter writers are on their path to imagine the future, rather than as a normative taxonomy. Future research should focus on how these pathways can be used to navigate to health and well-being.
Problem gambling and help seeking among Chinese international students: Narratives of place identity transformation
Authors: Li Wendy Wen , Tse Samson
Published: March 2015

This article uses examples of problem gambling and help seeking among Chinese international students in New Zealand to demonstrate place identity transformation. Two-wave narrative interviews were conducted with 15 Chinese international students. Place identity among participants is shown to be a process that features the transformation of participants’ identity. While the casinos in which the Chinese international students gambled gave rise to negative place identities, positive place identities facilitated the participants to change their problematic gambling. Through the investigation of place identity transformation, this article promotes a strength-based, non-labelling approach to intervention for people who are concerned about their gambling behaviours.
Collective stories and well-being: Using a dialogical narrative approach to understand peer relationships among combat veterans experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Caddick Nick , Phoenix Cassandra , Smith Brett
Published: March 2015

Using a dialogical narrative approach, this original research explored how combat veterans experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder made sense of peer relationships with other veterans and what effects these relationships had on their well-being. Interviews and participant observations were conducted with 15 male combat veterans (aged 27–60 years) and one member of the civilian emergency services, the majority of whom were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic exposure in a range of armed conflicts. All participants were part of a surfing charity for veterans experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Data were rigorously analysed using a dialogical narrative analysis (DNA). Findings revealed the collective story that veterans used to make sense of peer relationships within the group. This collective story worked for the veterans to shape their experiences of well-being by fostering camaraderie, stimulating deeper connections and countering the negative effects of post-traumatic stress disorder. Potential therapeutic effects of the collective story were also identified. This article extends previous knowledge on combat veterans and social relationships and advances the field of narrative health psychology through the empirical application of a sophisticated dialogical narrative approach.
A breath of fresh air: Images of respiratory illness in novels, poems, films, music, and paintings
Authors: Kaptein Ad A , Meulenberg Frans , Smyth Joshua M
Published: March 2015

The nature and severity of respiratory disease are typically expressed with biomedical measures such as pulmonary function, X-rays, blood tests, and other physiological characteristics. The impact of respiratory illness on the sufferer, however, is reflected in the stories patients tell: to themselves, their social environment, and their health care providers. Behavioral research often applies standardized questionnaires to assess this subjective impact. Additional approaches to sampling patients’ experience of respiratory illness may, however, provide important and clinically useful information that is not captured by other methods. Herein, we assert that novels, poems, movies, music, and paintings may represent a rich, experiential understanding of the patient’s point of view of asthma, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and tuberculosis. Examination of these works illustrates the broad range and major impact of respiratory illness on patients’ quality of life. We suggest that examining how illness is represented in various art forms may help patients, their social environment, and their health care providers in coping with the illness and in humanizing medical care. Medical students’ clinical skills may benefit when illness experiences as expressed in art are incorporated in the medical curriculum. More generally, Narrative Health Psychology, Narrative Medicine, and Medical Humanities deserve more attention in education, training, and clinical care of (respiratory) physicians, medical students, and other health care professionals.
Narrative health psychology: Once more unto the breach
Authors: Sools Anneke M , Murray Michael , Westerhof Gerben J
Published: March 2015

In this editorial, we position narrative health psychology as a variety of narrative psychology, a form of qualitative research in health psychology, and a psychological perspective that falls under the interdisciplinary term narrative health research. The aim of this positioning is to explore what are the most important features of the proposed approach and how they are relevant. We illustrate each positioning with the scope and diversity of narrative health psychology brought together in this special issue. Finally, we reflect on where narrative health psychology is now and how it could develop in the future.
When is it ok to tell patients they are overweight? General public’s views of the role of doctors in supporting patients’ dieting and weight management
Authors: Hart Jo , Yelland Sophie , Mallinson Alice , Hussain Zarah , Peters Sarah
Published: March 2015

The objective was to explore the general public’s views on the role of health professionals in the management of weight with diet and the implementation of behaviour change. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. An inductive grounded theory approach utilised a coding framework; recurring concepts/themes explored in future interviews and thematic saturation achieved. Two themes summarised views on the role of health professionals in supporting dieting and weight management: responsibility to initiate talk and what patients expect. Individuals perceive health professionals as having a role in their weight management. Individuals have disparate views about responsibility for initiation of weight management talk.
Legitimacy, self-interpretation and genre in media industries: A paratextual analysis of travel guidebook publishing
Authors: Alacovska Ana
Published: March 2015

This article presents a paratextual analysis of a genre-specific case of the book publishing industry, namely that of travel guidebook publishing. Paratexts refer to all the ‘accompanying’ textual instances that gravitate around, but never completely pertain to, the ‘primary’, authorial text. In contrast to prevalent theorisations of paratexts as simultaneous hermeneutic and marketing frameworks that regulate a reader’s interpretive practices (reception) and/or media purchasing habits (consumption), I suggest that paratexts are vehicles through which media production companies engage in auto-communication, that is, self-interpret with a view to legitimating an ethical, virtuous and authentic institutional self. I furthermore suggest that a media company’s paratextual legitimation efforts unfold in reference to the genre, under the label of which its media products are produced, promoted and distributed. Genres are central to media institutions’ legitimacy, while the paratext is the principal conduit through which legitimation is conveyed.