bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where There's Smoke, There's Fire: the Effect of Truncated Testimony on Juror Decision‐making
Authors: Anderson Lakin , Gross Julien , Sonne Trine , Zajac Rachel , Hayne Harlene
Published: February 2016

In countries that allow child complainants of abuse to present their direct evidence via pre‐recorded videotape, the recording is sometimes truncated for relevance or admissibility purposes before it is presented to the jury. In two experiments, we investigated how this practice affects mock jurors' judgments of child credibility and defendant culpability when truncation omitted the child's less plausible allegations. Mock jurors read a transcript of a 6‐year‐old girl making an abuse allegation against the janitor at her school. Some jurors read this allegation only (truncated version), while others also read either one or two additional – but less plausible – allegations by the same child. Contrary to what we predicted, the presence of these additional allegations did not decrease jurors' belief in the core allegation, nor did it influence their judgments about the child complainant's honesty or cognitive competence. In fact, under at least one condition, reading additional, less plausible allegations made jurors more likely to pronounce the defendant guilty of the core allegation – even when jurors did not believe the additional allegations. This finding stands in stark contrast to prior research on jurors' evaluation of adults' testimony that includes implausible details. Future research in this area will help to elucidate the conditions under which the presentation of truncated testimony may or may not influence juror decision‐making. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of stem cells in the prevention and treatment of radiation‐induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Nevens Daan , Nuyts Sandra
Published: February 2016

Xerostomia is an important complication following radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer. Current treatment approaches are insufficient and can only temporarily relieve symptoms. New insights into the physiopathology of radiation‐induced xerostomia might help us in this regard. This review discusses the current knowledge of salivary gland stem cells in radiation‐induced xerostomia and their value in the prevention and treatment of this complication. Salivary gland stem cell transplantation, bone marrow‐derived cell mobilization, molecular regulation of parotid stem cells, stem cell sparing RT, and adaptive RT are promising techniques that are discussed in this study.
Is there a progression‐free survival benefit of first‐line crizotinib versus standard chemotherapy and second‐line crizotinib in ALK‐positive advanced lung adenocarcinoma? A retrospective study of Chinese patients
Authors: Cui Shaohua , Zhao Yizhuo , Dong Lili , Gu Aiqin , Xiong Liwen , Qian Jialin , Zhang Wei , Niu Yanjie , Pan Feng , Jiang Liyan
Published: February 2016

Although crizotinib has demonstrated promising efficacy and acceptable toxicity in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the available evidence in Chinese populations is currently limited. This study compared the progression‐free survival (PFS) of Chinese patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive, advanced lung adenocarcinoma who received first‐line crizotinib therapy with that of patients who received first‐line standard chemotherapy, and also the PFS benefit of first‐line versus second‐line crizotinib treatment. Data on 80 patients with ALK‐positive, advanced lung adenocarcinoma who received crizotinib or standard chemotherapy as first‐line treatments between June 2013 and December 2014 were retrospectively collected; 26 of the patients received crizotinib as second‐line therapy after progressive disease (PD) occurred on first‐line chemotherapy. Tumor responses were assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.1. The median PFS was 13.3 months (95% CI: 6.5–20.0 months) in patients who received first‐line crizotinib as compared with 5.4 months (95% CI: 4.4–6.5 months) in patients who received first‐line standard chemotherapy (adjusted hazard ratio for progression or death with crizotinib, 0.20; 95% CI: 0.11–0.36; P < 0.001). In patients who received second‐line crizotinib therapy, the median PFS was 9.9 months (95% CI: 6.4–13.4 months). The difference between first‐line and second‐line crizotinib treatment was not statistically significant (adjusted hazard ratio for progression, 0.56; 95% CI: 0.29–1.11; P = 0.092). Thus, there was a significant PFS benefit of first‐line crizotinib versus first‐line standard chemotherapy in Chinese patients with ALK‐positive lung adenocarcinoma. Additionally, crizotinib showed promising efficacy in patients who received it as second‐line therapy after PD had occurred on first‐line chemotherapy.
Essential Oil Composition of Three Globularia Species
Authors: Crkvenčić Maja , Dudaš Slavica , Jerković Igor , Marijanović Zvonimir , Poljuha Danijela , Pilepić Kroata Hazler
Published: February 2016

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Globularia cordifolia L., G. meridionalis (Podp.) O.Schwarz, and G. punctata Lapeyr. was characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Among the 33 identified compounds, the most abundant present in all investigated samples were oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol (2.9–47.0%), 6‐(1,5‐dimethylhex‐4‐enyl)‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐enone (8.2–40.9%), and fukinanolid (7.4–31.6%). Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and HCA) of the hitherto studied Globularia volatile compounds confirmed to some extent the assumed phylogenetic relationships of the Globularia species studied, including the close relationship between the morphologically similar species G. cordifolia and G. meridionalis, but also evidenced several discrepancies in the current classification of Globularia species.
Characteristic Steroids from the South China Sea Gorgonian Muricella sibogae and Their Cytotoxicities
Authors: Zhang Xing‐Wang , Tang Xu‐Li , Liu Bao‐Sheng , Li Ping‐Lin , Li Guo‐Qiang
Published: February 2016

Twenty‐four steroid‐based natural products, 9,10‐secosteroids (1–10), 1,4‐dien‐3‐one steroids (11–19), and 4‐en‐3‐one steroids (20–24), containing varying side‐chains, were isolated from the South China Sea gorgonian Muricella sibogae. The structures of one new 9,10‐secosteroid, sibogol D (1), and two new 1,4‐dien‐3‐one steroids, sibogols E and F (11 and 12), were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with the literature data. Cytotoxicities for all the isolates were evaluated against four selected tumor cell lines, HL‐60, HCT116, K562, and P388. Compounds 3, 9, and 13 exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against the HL‐60 cell line, with IC50 values ranging from 1.27 to 10.05 μM, and compound 3 was also cytotoxic against HCT116 with an IC50 value of 5.8 μM. The bioassay results also indicated a potential relationship between structural patterns and activity. The newly presented series of 1,4‐dien‐3‐one and 4‐en‐3‐one types of steroids relating to the unique 9,10‐secosteroids in biogenesis were found in this species for the first time, which is of considerable chemotaxonomic significance.
A Model of Information Carried over a Neuron Soma
Authors: Kier Lemont B. , Hall Lowell H.
Published: February 2016

A series of cellular automata models of amino acid side chains on a neuron soma membrane have been created to simulate their hydropathic influences on adjacent water molecules. The presence of pathways, referred to as water wires, is identified. These pathways are invoked as passage ways across a neuron soma of proton hopping carrying the information from dendrites to the axon hillock.
Reduced expressions of calmodulin genes and protein and reduced ability of calmodulin to activate plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase in the brain of protein undernourished rats: modulatory roles of selenium and zinc supplementation
Authors: Adebayo Olusegun L. , Khera Alka , Sandhir Rajat , Adenuga Gbenga A.
Published: February 2016

The roles of protein undernutrition as well as selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on the ability of calmodulin (CaM) to activate erythrocyte ghost membrane (EGM) Ca2+‐ATPase and the calmodulin genes and protein expressions in rat's cortex and cerebellum were investigated. Rats on adequate protein diet and protein‐undernourished (PU) rats were fed with diet containing 16% and 5% casein, respectively, for a period of 10 weeks. The rats were then supplemented with Se and Zn at a concentration of 0.15 and 227 mg l−1, respectively, in drinking water for 3 weeks. The results obtained from the study showed significant reductions in synaptosomal plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) activity, Ca2+/CaM activated EGM Ca2+ATPase activity and calmodulin genes and protein expressions in PU rats. Se or Zn supplementation improved the ability of Ca2+/CaM to activate EGM Ca2+‐ATPase and protein expressions. Se or Zn supplementation improved gene expression in the cerebellum but not in the cortex. Also, the activity of PMCA was significantly improved by Zn. In conclusion, it is postulated that Se and Zn might be beneficial antioxidants in protecting against neuronal dysfunction resulting from reduced level of calmodulin such as present in protein undernutrition. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory Effect of 8‐Halogenated 7‐Deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine Triphosphates on Human 8‐Oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine Triphosphatase, hMTH1, Activities
Authors: Yin Yizhen , Sasaki Shigeki , Taniguchi Yosuke
Published: February 2016

hMTH1 (8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanine triphosphatase) hydrolyzes oxidized nucleoside triphosphates; its presence is non‐essential for survival of normal cells but is required for survival of cancer cells. In this study, 8‐halogenated‐7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine triphosphate (8‐halogenated‐7‐deazadGTP) derivatives were synthesized. Interestingly, these triphosphates were poor substrates for hMTH1, but exhibited strong competitive inhibition against hMTH1 at nanomolar levels. This inhibitory effect is attributed to slower rate of hydrolysis, possibly arising from enzyme structural changes, specifically different stacking interactions with 8‐halogenated‐7‐deazadGTP. This is the first example of using nucleotide derivatives to inhibit hMTH1, thus demonstrating their potential as antitumor agents.
Electroreduction of Carbon Monoxide Over a Copper Nanocube Catalyst: Surface Structure and pH Dependence on Selectivity
Authors: Roberts F. Sloan , Kuhl Kendra P. , Nilsson Anders
Published: February 2016

The activity and selectivity for CO2/CO reduction over Cu electrodes is strongly dependent on the local surface structure of the catalyst and the pH of the electrolyte. Here we investigate a unique, Cu nanocube surface (CuCube) as a CO reduction electrode under neutral and basic pH by using online electrochemical mass spectroscopy (OLEMS) to determine the onset potentials and relative intensities of methane and ethylene production. To relate the unique selectivity to the surface structure, the CuCube surface reactivity is compared to polycrystalline Cu and three single crystals under the same reaction conditions. We find that the high selectivity for ethylene over the CuCube surface is most comparable to the Cu(1 0 0) surface, which has a cubic unit cell. However, the suppression of methane production over CuCube is unique to that particular surface. A basic pH is shown to enhance ethylene selectivity on all surfaces, and again the CuCube surface is unique.
Film Quality and Electronic Properties of a Surface‐Anchored Metal‐Organic Framework Revealed by using a Multi‐technique Approach
Authors: Liu Jianxi , Paradinas Markos , Heinke Lars , Buck Manfred , Ocal Carmen , Mugnaini Veronica , Wöll Christof
Published: February 2016

The virtually unlimited versatility and unparalleled level of control in the design of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) has recently been shown to also entail a potential for applications based on the electrical and electronic properties of this rich class of materials. At present, methods to provide reliable and reproducible contacts to MOF materials are scarce; therefore, we have carried out a detailed, multi‐technique investigation of an empty and loaded prototype MOF, HKUST‐1. Epitaxial thin films of this material grown on a substrate by using liquid‐phase epitaxy have been studied by cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance and their quality assessed. By using an ionic liquid as the electrolyte, it is shown that redox‐active molecules like ferrocene can be embedded in the pores, enabling a change in the overall conductivity of the framework and the study of the redox chemistry of guest molecules inside the MOF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of a Bio‐inspired Dithiolene Ligand and its Mo Oxo Complex
Authors: Porcher Jean‐Philippe , Fogeron Thibault , Gomez‐Mingot Maria , Chamoreau Lise‐Marie , Li Yun , Fontecave Marc
Published: February 2016

An original synthesis of the fused pyranoquinoxaline dithiolene ligand qpdt2− is discussed in detail. The most intriguing step is the introduction of the dithiolene moiety by Pd‐catalyzed carbon–sulfur coupling. The corresponding MoIVO complex (Bu4N)2[MoO(qpdt)2] (2) underwent reversible protonation in a strongly acidic medium and remained stable under anaerobic conditions. Besides, 2 was found to be very sensitive towards oxygen, as upon oxidation it formed a planar dithiin derivative. Moreover, the qpdt2− ligand in the presence of [MoCl4(tBuNC)2] formed a tetracyclic structure. The products resulting from the unique reactivity of qpdt2− were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Plausible mechanisms for the formation of these products are also proposed.
Red Phosphorescent Bis‐Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes with Fluorine‐, Phenyl‐, and Fluorophenyl‐Substituted 2‐Arylquinoline Ligands
Authors: Kim Jwajin , Lee Kum Hee , Lee Seok Jae , Lee Ho Won , Kim Young Kwan , Kim Young Sik , Yoon Seung Soo
Published: February 2016

Red phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes based on fluorine‐, phenyl‐, and fluorophenyl‐substituted 2‐arylquinoline ligands were designed and synthesized. To investigate their electrophosphorescent properties, devices were fabricated with the following structure: indium tin oxide (ITO)/4,4′,4′′‐tris[2‐naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2‐TNATA)/4,4′‐bis[N‐(1‐naphthyl)‐N‐phenylamino]biphenyl (NPB)/4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (CBP): 8 % iridium (III) complexes/bathocuproine (BCP)/tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3)/8‐hydroxyquinoline lithium (Liq)/Al. All devices, which use these materials showed efficient red emissions. In particular, a device exhibited a saturated red emission with a maximum luminance, external quantum efficiency, and luminous efficiency of 14200 cd m−2, 8.44 %, and 6.58 cd A−1 at 20 mA cm−2, respectively. The CIE (x, y) coordinates of this device are (0.67, 0.33) at 12.0 V.
New Perspectives for Old Clusters: Anderson–Evans Anions as Building Blocks of Large Polyoxometalate Frameworks in a Series of Heterometallic 3 d–4 f Species
Authors: Artetxe Beñat , Reinoso Santiago , San Felices Leire , Lezama Luis , Gutiérrez‐Zorrilla Juan M. , Vicent Cristian , Haso Fadi , Liu Tianbo
Published: February 2016

A series of nine [Sb7W36O133Ln3M2(OAc)(H2O)8]17− heterometallic anions (Ln3M2; Ln=La–Gd, M=Co; Ln=Ce, M=Ni and Zn) have been obtained by reacting 3 d metal disubstituted Krebs‐type tungstoantimonates(III) with early lanthanides. Their unique tetrameric structure contains a novel {MW9O33} capping unit formed by a planar {MW6O24} fragment to which three {WO2} groups are condensed to form a tungstate skeleton identical to that of a hypothetical trilacunary derivative of the ɛ‐Keggin cluster. It is shown, for the first time, that classical Anderson–Evans {MW6O24} anions can act as building blocks to construct purely inorganic large frameworks. Unprecedented reactivity in the outer ring of these disk‐shaped species is also revealed. The Ln3M2 anions possess chirality owing to a {Sb4O4} cluster being encapsulated in left‐ or right‐handed orientations. Their ability to self‐associate in blackberry‐type vesicles in solution has been assessed for the Ce3Co2 derivative.
Is It Easy to Be a Woman in Science?
Authors: Beletskaya I. P.
Published: February 2016

A total devotion to your science is the main component of success! In this Guest Editorial, I. P. Beletskaya, Professor of chemistry at Moscow State University and a board member of Chemistry—A European Journal, describes her perspective on being a woman in science and shares some personal insights into her career and life as a chemist.
Platinum–Copper Nanoframes: One‐Pot Synthesis and Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Yu Xiaofei , Li Lanlan , Su Yanqiu , Jia Wei , Dong Lili , Wang Dingsheng , Zhao Jianling , Li Yadong
Published: February 2016

Platinum–copper nanoframes were produced from copper nanoparticles by a one‐pot synthesis method. The growth mechanism was thoroughly studied by experiment and theoretical calculations. Owing to the unique structure, Pt‐Cu nanoframes exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity toward the electro‐oxidation of methanol compared to commercial Pt black.
An Ultra‐High Fluorescence Enhancement and High Throughput Assay for Revealing Expression and Internalization of Chemokine Receptor CXCR4
Authors: He Hua , Wang Xiaojuan , Cheng Tiantian , Xia Yongqing , Lao Jun , Ge Baosheng , Ren Hao , Khan Naseer Ullah , Huang Fang
Published: February 2016

Revealing chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression, distribution, and internalization levels in different cancers helps to evaluate cancer progression or prognosis and to set personalized treatment strategy. We here describe a sensitive and high‐throughput immunoassay for determining CXCR4 expression and distribution in cancer cells. The assay is accessible to a wide range of users in an ordinary lab only by dip‐coating poly(styrene‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) spheres on the glass substrate. The self‐ assembled spheres form three‐dimensional photonic colloidal crystals which enhance the fluorescence of CF647 and Alexa Fluor 647 by a factor of up to 1000. CXCR4 in cells is detected by using the sandwich immunoassay, where the primary antibody recognizes CXCR4 and the secondary antibody is labeled with CF647. With the newly established assay, we quantified the total expression of CXCR4, its distribution on the cell membrane and cytoplasm, and revealed their internalization level upon SDF‐1α activation in various cancer cells, even for those with extremely low expression level.
Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Amination of Unactivated Internal Alkenes
Authors: Xiong Peng , Xu Fan , Qian Xiang‐Yang , Yohannes Yared , Song Jinshuai , Lu Xin , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: February 2016

A copper‐catalyzed oxidative amination of unactivated internal alkenes has been developed. The Wacker‐type oxidative alkene amination reaction is traditionally catalyzed by a palladium through a mechanism involving aminopalladation and β‐hydride elimination. Replacing the precious and scarce palladium with a cheap and abundant copper for this transformation has been challenging because of the difficulty associated with the aminocupration of internal alkenes. The combination of a simple copper salt, without additional ligand, as the catalyst and Dess–Martin periodinane as the oxidant, promotes efficiently the oxidative amination of allylic carbamates and ureas bearing di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes leading to oxazolidinones and imidazolidinones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested a hybrid radical–organometallic mechanism involving an amidyl radical cyclization to form the key C−N bond.
Lumineszenzdatierung als Schlüssel zur Vergangenheit
Authors: Schmidt Christoph , Zöller Ludwig
Published: February 2016

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt zunächst die Grundlagen der Lumineszenzdatierung. Erkenntnisse und Methoden aus der Festkörperphysik sowie aus der Radiochemie spielen dabei eine grundlegende Rolle. Die Art des datierten Ereignisses – letztmalige Erhitzung oder Belichtung – eröffnet ein breites Anwendungsspektrum dieser Methode für Zeiträume von 102 bis mehreren 105 Jahren. Durch die Zusammenarbeit von Datierern mit Geowissenschaftlern und Archäologen in den letzten etwa 50 Jahren stellen die verschiedenen Techniken der Lumineszenzdatierung heute ein unverzichtbares Hilfsmittel zur Lösung geowissenschaftlicher sowie kulturhistorischer Fragestellungen dar.
Smoking, cessation, and cessation counseling in patients with cancer: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Ramaswamy Apoorva T. , Toll Benjamin A. , Chagpar Anees B. , Judson Benjamin L.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Smoking is known to be carcinogenic and an important factor in the outcome of cancer treatment. However, to the authors' knowledge, smoking habits and smoking cessation counseling in patients with cancer have been poorly studied. The authors sought to analyze smoking habits among Americans diagnosed with cancer in a nationally representative dataset.

METHODS

The cancer supplement of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in 2010 was used to obtain information regarding self‐reported smoking behavior in a representative sample of the US population. Cancer history, smoking history, quitting behavior, cessation counseling, cessation approaches, and sociodemographic variables were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 27,157 individuals were interviewed for the NHIS in 2010, representing 216,052,891 individuals, 7,058,135 of whom had ever smoked and 13,188,875 of whom had been told that they had cancer. Approximately 51.7% of individuals diagnosed with cancer and who were active smokers reported being counseled to quit smoking by a health professional within the previous 12 months. Cancer survivors were no more likely to quit smoking than individuals in the general population. Those diagnosed with a tobacco‐related cancer were found to be no more likely to report quitting smoking than those with other types of cancers. Rates of quitting did not appear to vary based on the type of smoking cessation method used (P = .50).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with cancer, including those diagnosed with a tobacco‐related cancer, do not appear to be more likely to quit smoking than the general population. Only approximately one‐half of patients with cancer who smoke are counseled to quit. Smoking cessation in patients with cancer is an important area for intervention and investigation. Cancer 2016;122:1247–53. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Baseline glucocorticoids are drivers of body mass gain in a diving seabird
Authors: Hennin Holly L. , Wells‐Berlin Alicia M. , Love Oliver P.
Published: February 2016

Life‐history trade‐offs are influenced by variation in individual state, with individuals in better condition often completing life‐history stages with greater success. Although resource accrual significantly impacts key life‐history decisions such as the timing of reproduction, little is known about the underlying mechanisms driving resource accumulation. Baseline corticosterone (CORT, the primary avian glucocorticoid) mediates daily and seasonal energetics, responds to changes in food availability, and has been linked to foraging behavior, making it a strong potential driver of individual variation in resource accrual and deposition. Working with a captive colony of white‐winged scoters (Melanitta fusca deglandi), we aimed to causally determine whether variation in baseline CORT drives individual body mass gains mediated through fattening rate (plasma triglycerides corrected for body mass). We implanted individuals with each of three treatment pellets to elevate CORT within a baseline range in a randomized order: control, low dose of CORT, high dose of CORT, then blood sampled and recorded body mass over a two‐week period to track changes in baseline CORT, body mass, and fattening rates. The high CORT treatment significantly elevated levels of plasma hormone for a short period of time within the biologically relevant, baseline range for this species, but importantly did not inhibit the function of the HPA (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal) axis. Furthermore, an elevation in baseline CORT resulted in a consistent increase in body mass throughout the trial period compared to controls. This is some of the first empirical evidence demonstrating that elevations of baseline CORT within a biologically relevant range have a causal, direct, and positive influence on changes in body mass.
A Study of Route Assignment Strategy Based on Anticipatory Stigmergy
Authors: KANAMORI RYO , TAKAHASHI JUN , ITO TAKAYUKI
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we evaluate how to provide or control traffic information based on anticipatory stigmergy. Managing traffic congestion is one of the main issues for smart cities, and many efforts have been made to address it from the perspective of IT and transportation research. Recently, dynamic coordination methods have been made possible by using shorter term traffic information that can be gathered by probe vehicles or smartphones. Some attempts have been made to handle short‐term traffic information in which a stigmergy‐based approach is employed as an indirect communication method for cooperation among distributed agents and for managing traffic congestion. One drawback of these approaches is that handling near‐future congestion remains difficult because stigmergies basically represent past information. Therefore, we propose anticipatory stigmergy for sharing information about the near future and adequate driver allocation. All vehicles submit their near‐future intentions as anticipatory stigmergy in order to search for routes. Preliminary results demonstrate that anticipatory stigmergy with an assignment strategy functions well.
Charge‐Transfer Salts Based on a Dissymmetrical Cyano‐Substituted Tetrathiafulvalene Donor
Authors: Oliveira Sandrina , Santos Isabel C. , Lopes Elsa B. , Coutinho Joana T. , Pereira Laura C. J. , Belo Dulce , Rabaça Sandra , Almeida Manuel
Published: February 2016

Three salts of the dissymmetrical TTF derivative cyanobenzene‐ethylenedithio‐tetrathiafulvalene (CNB‐EDT‐TTF) with different anions, namely, (CNB‐EDT‐TTF)2[M(mnt)2] [M = Ni (1), Au (2); mnt = maleonitriledithiolate] and (CNB‐EDT‐TTF)FeBr4 (3) were prepared and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical conductivity measurements. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural with a crystal structure characterized by segregated chains of side‐by‐side donor dimers and acceptors, and compound 3 presents donors in dimerized stacks. In spite of the different structural types and stoichiometries, all of these compounds have C–N···H pairing interactions associated with R22(10) synthons between donors in nearby chains. All compounds are poor semiconductors, and the magnetic susceptibility of 1 is dominated by the contribution of the paramagnetic [Ni(mnt)2] anions with small antiferromagnetic interactions. The magnetic susceptibility of 3 is dominated by the paramagnetic FeBr4 anions and follows a Curie–Weiss law with a Weiss temperature θ = –19 K, which denotes significant antiferromagnetic interactions that are most likely mediated by the donors.
α‐Phosphonovinyl Arylsulfonates: An Attractive Partner for the Synthesis of α‐Substituted Vinylphosphonates through Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Reactions
Authors: Fang Yewen , Zhang Li , Jin Xiaoping , Li Jinjian , Yuan Meijuan , Li Ruifeng , Wang Tong , Wang Tao , Hu Hanjun , Gu Juejun
Published: February 2016

It has been demonstrated that a variety of α‐phosphonovinyl arylsulfonates with electron‐neutral, ‐donating, and ‐withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring could be conveniently and efficiently prepared. In the presence of a Pd(OAc)2/SPhos‐based catalyst, various organoboron compounds could be employed as the nucleophilic coupling partners, such as organoboronic acids, boronate esters, and organotrifluoroborates. The newly developed O‐centered electrophiles could couple with a multitude of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkylboron reagents, to give α‐substituted vinylphosphonates in moderate to excellent yields. Generally, the Suzuki reaction is tolerant of extensive substitution at the aromatic ring of both electrophilic and nucleophilic coupling partners. As in the case of the Suzuki reaction of 8‐quinolineboronic acid, proper choice of α‐phosphonovinyl arylsulfonates is critical to efficient coupling. Moreover, the prospect for application of this method to complex synthesis has been demonstrated through the coupling of estrone‐derived arylborons. The present protocol also features mild conditions and high efficiency.
Amygdala responses to quetiapine XR and citalopram treatment in major depression: the role of 5‐HTTLPR‐S/Lg polymorphisms
Authors: Ramasubbu Rajamannar , Burgess Ashley , Gaxiola‐Valdez Ismael , Cortese Filomeno , Clark Darren , Kemp Anne , Goodyear Bradley , Macqueen Glenda , Bech‐Hansen N. Torben , Foster Jane , Diwadkar Vaibhav A.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Genotype and drug pharmacology may contribute to variations in brain response to antidepressants. We examined the impact of two antidepressants with differential actions on serotonin transporter and the 5‐HHTLPR‐S/Lg polymorphisms on amygdala responses in major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

Caucasians with MDD were given either citalopram or quetiapine extended release for 8 weeks. Patients were genotyped for 5‐HTTLPR. Clinical efficacy was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. fMRI responses to negative emotional faces were acquired at baseline, week 1 and week 8. The outcome measure was change in amygdala responses at week 8.

Results

Citalopram had no effect on amygdala responses in MDD patients with S/Lg alleles at weeks 1 and 8 compared with baseline, whereas it induced changes in amygdala responses in LL homozygotes. By contrast, quetiapine decreased amygdala responses at both time points in S/Lg carriers, and changes in amygdala responses at week 8 correlated with a reduction in depression scores. The small number of LL homozygotes in quetiapine group was a limitation. Efficacy of both treatments was comparable.

Conclusions

These preliminary data suggest that pharmacological mechanisms and genetics need to be considered in the development of neuroimaging markers for the evaluation of antidepressant treatments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological response of an afforested catchment in a Mediterranean humid mountain area: a comparative study with a natural forest
Authors: Nadal‐Romero Estela , Cammeraat Erik , Serrano‐Muela María Pilar , Lana‐Renault Noemí , Regüés David
Published: February 2016

The effects of afforestation on water resources are still controversial. The aim of this paper is to (i) analyse the hydrological response of an afforested area in the Central Pyrenees and (ii) compare the hydrological response of an afforested area with the response observed in a natural undisturbed forest. The Araguás catchment was cultivated until the 1950s, and then afforested with pines in an effort to control the active degradation processes. The hydrological response was variable and complex, because the discharge was generated by a combination of distinct runoff processes. The hydrological response showed that (i) afforestation produced moderate peak discharges, stormflows and recession limbs, and long rising limbs; (ii) no one single variable was able to explain the hydrological response: rainfall volume and intensity did not explain the hydrological response and antecedent rainfall and initial discharge (indicating antecedent moisture conditions) did play an important role; (iii) seasonal differences were observed suggesting different runoff generating processes; and (iv) the effect of forest cover on peak discharges became less important as the size of the hydrological event increased. The stormflow coefficient showed a clear seasonal pattern with an alternation between a wet period, when the catchment was hydrologically responsive, and a dry summer period when the catchment rarely responded to any event, and two transitional periods (wetting and drying). Compared with a natural forest, the afforested area recorded greater flows and peak discharges, faster response times and shorter recession limbs. Afforestation reduces the water yield and the number of floods compared with non‐vegetated areas and abandoned lands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fecal Calprotectin: Diagnostic Accuracy of the Immunochromatographic CalFast Assay in a Pediatric Population
Authors: Radillo Oriano , Pascolo Lorella , Martelossi Stefano , Dal Bo Sara , Ventura Alessandro
Published: February 2016

Background

Fecal calprotectin is a noninvasive marker for bowel diseases and it is high valuable to follow disease activity in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the recently introduced immunochromatographic assay CalFast in comparison to the well‐known ELISA tests for calprotectin assay to obtain a rapid diagnosis of bowel inflammation in pediatric patients.

Methods

CalFast was tested in parallel to the classic ELISA tests CalPrest and PhiCal (gold standards for the calprotectin determination) on 148 fecal samples from pediatric subjects including 104 healthy subjects, 29 with CD, and 15 with UC.

Results

In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of CalFast, CalPrest, and PhiCal were 86.4%, 88.6%, and 93.2% and 86.6%, 74%, and 64.4%, respectively. The area under the curve, obtained from receiver operating characteristic analysis, indicated the lack of significant difference among all the kits used.

Conclusion

The immunochromatographic assay demonstrated good diagnostic predictive values, comparable to those of the ELISA methods, and may represent a valid alternative in order to save operators' time. The test, in fact, has a short turnaround time and does not need a specific ELISA instrumentation.
Limits to preference and the sensitivity of choice to rate and amount of food
Authors: Aparicio Carlos F. , Baum William M. , Hughes Christine E. , Pitts Raymond C.
Published: February 2016

Studies of choice holding food‐amount ratio constant while varying food‐rate ratio within sessions showed that local changes in preference depend on relative amount of food. The present study investigated whether sensitivity of choice to food‐rate ratio and sensitivity to food‐amount ratio are independent of one another when food‐rate ratios are varied across sessions and food‐amount ratios are varied within sessions. Food deliveries for rats’ presses on the left and right levers were scheduled according to three different food‐rate ratios of 1:1, 9:1, and 1:9; each food‐rate ratio lasted for 106 sessions and was arranged independently of seven food‐amount ratios (7:1, 6:2, 5:3, 4:4, 3:5, 2:6, and 1:7 food pellets) occurring within sessions in random sequence. Each amount ratio lasted for 10 food deliveries and was separated from another by a 60‐s blackout. Sensitivity to rate ratio was high (1.0) across food deliveries. Sensitivity to amount ratio was low when food rates were equal across alternatives, but was high when rate ratio and amount ratio opposed one another. When rate ratio and amount ratio went in the same direction, choice ratio reached an elevenfold limit which reduced sensitivity to approximately zero. We conclude that three factors affect sensitivity to amount: (1) the limit to preference, (2) the equal effect on preference of amounts greater than four pellets, and (3) the absence of differential effects of switches in amount in the equal‐rates (1:1) condition. Taken together, these findings indicate that rate and amount only sometimes combine independently as additive variables to determine preference when amount ratios vary frequently within sessions.
Gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution of 99mTc‐cefotaxime sodium in preclinical models of bacterial infection and sterile inflammation
Authors: Ilem‐Ozdemir Derya , Asikoglu Makbule , Ozkilic Hayal , Yilmaz Ferda , Hosgor‐Limoncu Mine , Ayhan Semin
Published: February 2016

99mTc‐cefotaxime sodium (99mTc‐CEF) was developed and standardized under varying conditions of reducing and antioxidant agent concentration, pH, radioactivity dose, and reducing agent type. Labeling studies were performed by changing the selected parameters one by one, and optimum labeling conditions were determined. After observing the conditions for maximum labeling efficiency and stability, lyophilized freeze dry kits were prepared accordingly.

Simple method for radiolabeling of CEF with 99mTc has been developed and standardized. Labeling efficiency of 99mTc‐CEF was assessed by both radio thin‐layer chromatography and radio high‐performance liquid chromatography and found higher than 90%. The labeled compound was found to be stable in saline and human serum up to 24 h. Two different freeze dry kits were developed and evaluated. Based on the data obtained from this study, both products were stable for 6 months with high labeling efficiency. The prepared cold kit was found sterile and pyrogen free. The bacterial infection and sterile inflammation imaging capacity of 99mTc‐CEF was evaluated. Based on the in vivo studies, 99mTc‐CEF has higher uptake in infected and inflamed thigh muscle than healthy thigh muscle.
Does the morphology of the ear of theChinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) show “Subterranean” characteristics?
Authors: Pleštilová Lucie , Hrouzková Ema , Burda Hynek , Šumbera Radim
Published: February 2016

In spite of the growing interest in rodents with subterranean activity in general and the spalacids (Spalacidae) in particular, little is known about the biology of most members of this clade, such as the Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis). Here, we analyzed the ear morphology ofR. sinensiswith respect to hearing specialization for subterranean or aboveground modes of communication. It is well‐known that ecology and style of life of a particular species can be reflected in morphology of its ear, its hearing and vocalization, so we expect that such information could provide us insight into its style of life and its sensory environment. The ratio between the eardrum and stapedial footplate areas, which influences the efficiency of middle ear sound transmission, suggests low hearing sensitivity, as is typical for subterranean species. The cochlea had 3.25 coils and resembled species with good low frequency hearing typical for subterranean mammals. The length of the basilar membrane was 18.9 ± 0.8 mm and its width slowly increased towards the cochlear apex from 60 to 85 μm. The mean density of outer hair cells was 344 ± 22 and of inner hair cells 114 ± 7.3 per 1 mm length of the organ of Corti, and increased apically. These values (except for relatively low hair cell density) usually characterize ears specialized for low frequency hearing. There was no evidence for an acoustic fovea. Apart of low hair cell density which is common in aboveground animals, this species has also relatively large auricles, suggesting the importance of sound localization during surface activity. The ear of the Chinese bamboo rat thus contains features typical for both aboveground and subterranean mammals and suggests that this spalacid has fossorial habits combined with regular aboveground activity. J. Morphol. 277:575–584, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted imaging analysis of diffusion and microperfusion in grading gliomas and comparison with arterial spin labeling for evaluation of tumor perfusion
Authors: Shen Nanxi , Zhao Lingyun , Jiang Jingjing , Jiang Rifeng , Su Changliang , Zhang Shun , Tang Xiangyu , Zhu Wenzhen
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To determine the utility of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in grading gliomas and compare IVIM perfusion metrics with arterial spin labeling (ASL)‐derived cerebral blood flow (CBF).

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐two patients with pathologically confirmed gliomas underwent IVIM and ASL imaging at 3.0T. IVIM perfusion‐related diffusivity (D*), perfusion fraction (f), product of f and D*(f×D*), true diffusivity (D), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were obtained to distinguish glioma grades. The CBF derived from pseudocontinuous ASL within the solid tumor was compared and correlated with IVIM perfusion metrics for grading of gliomas. Values were also normalized to the contralateral normal‐appearing white matter. Receiver‐operating characteristic was performed to determine diagnostic efficiency. The reliability was estimated with intraclass coefficient, coefficient of variance, and Bland–Altman plots.

Results

IVIM perfusion metrics and CBF were significantly higher in the high‐grade than the low‐grade gliomas (P < 0.001), ADC and D were significantly lower in the high‐grade than the low‐grade gliomas (P < 0.001). f×D* differed significantly between grades II through IV (P < 0.05 for all). The other metrics showed significant difference between grade II and grade III (P < 0.05 for all). Area under the curve (AUC) was largest for f×D* in distinguishing high‐grade from low‐grade gliomas (AUC = 0.979, P < 0.001) and between grade II and grade III (AUC = 0.957, P < 0.001). f×D* improved diagnostic performance of CBF in grading gliomas and showed strong correlation with CBF (r = 0.696, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

IVIM‐derived metrics are promising biomarkers in preoperative grading gliomas. IVIM imaging may be an additive method to ASL and ADC for evaluating tumor perfusion and diffusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:620–632.
About electrochemical stability and biocompatibility of two types of CoCr commercial dental alloys
Authors: Gălăţeanu B. , Golgovici F. , Hudita A. , Stan M. , Dinescu S. , Costache M. , Demetrescu I. , Popescu A.
Published: February 2016

The present paper is an investigation of two commercial Co‐Cr dental alloys, named Wirobond 280 and Wirobond C. The two alloys have similar composition; the difference is made by the small amount of Ga and Mn existing in Wirobond 280. The electrochemical behavior of the alloys was tested in the artificial Erikson saliva at different temperatures between 25 and 55 °C. The electrochemical methods used have been the potentiodynamic polarization and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The investigation have been performed in the presence of two different fluoride ions concentrations and permitted to compute corrosion rate and the energy activation. In order to complete the tests the cell response has been studied in vitro. The stability of Wirobond 280 alloy is correlated with the greater cell viability and with a smaller level of ROS in comparison with the Wirobond C alloy. Regarding fluoride doping effect, based on the experimental data, we can conclude that NaF increases the corrosion rate of the Wirobond 280 and decrease the corrosion rate in the case of the Wirobond C. The study established that the Wirobond 280 alloy is the one with best properties.
Inhibition of aluminum alloy corrosion in electrolytes by self‐assembled fluorophosphonic acid molecular layer
Authors: Telegdi J. , Luciano G. , Mahanty S. , Abohalkuma T.
Published: February 2016

This paper presents the use of self‐assembled molecular (SAM) layers of fluorophosphonic acids developed on aluminum surface. The SAM monolayers were adsorbed from ethanol solution, characterized by surface morphology visualized by atomic force microscopy, and by the wettability by contact angle measurements. The anti‐corrosion efficiency of the nanolayers was determined by ex situ AFM measurements and by electrochemical techniques, which indicated the importance of the fluorophosphonic acid concentration and of the film formation time in the molecular deposition process. The morphological change with or without nanolayers caused by the corrosive environment was in accordance with the electrochemical results.
“Guest‐host” intercalate of double‐walled carbon nanotube with tricarbonyl (cyclopentadienyl)manganese
Authors: Mykhailenko O. V. , Prylutskyy Y. I. , Komarov I. V. , Strungar A. V. , Tsierkezos N. G.
Published: February 2016

The positioning of tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)manganese molecules in double‐walled (5.5)@(10.10) carbon nanotubes depending on their concentration and temperature was studied using the methods of molecular dynamics, semi‐empirical quantum‐chemical parameterized model number 3 and Monte‐Carlo. The molecules were found to form stable bonds with the carbon nanotubes walls, with a tendency between intercalate stability and the carbon nanotubes structure. A temperature increase (above ˜460 K) causes gradual bond ruining followed by extrusion of interwall intercalate. Further temperature increase up to 600–750 K is characterised with intercalate external surface desorption, stabilising the whole system and keeping the interwall intercalate only. Double‐walled carbon nanotubes UV‐spectra depending on the intercalate concentration and association constant of the “double‐walled carbon nanotubes‐intercalate” system were calculated. A combination of unique optical, electrical and magnetic behaviour of cyclopentadienyl complexes with their ability to form high‐stable intercalate with carbon nanotubes opens a prospect of their application in nanotechnology.
Reduction of molecular oxygen on the surface of transition metal complex oxide
Authors: Katashynski A. S. , Barsukov V. Z. , Khomenko V. G.
Published: February 2016

Ab initio quantum‐chemical calculations have been carried out for the electronic structures of molecular clusters and adsorption complexes to model physical and chemical adsorption of molecular oxygen on the surface of nickel‐cobalt and iron‐cobalt mixed oxides (spinels). The quantum‐chemical calculations were done using the Hartree‐Fock‐Roothan self‐consistent field MO LCAO formalism in the 6–31 basis set of Gaussian functions. It was shown that the value of adsorption energy of hydrogen peroxide influences the mechanism of oxygen reduction: at lower adsorption energies oxygen is reduced by the two‐electron mechanism, which is followed by desorption of the peroxide molecule formed. At higher adsorption energies the reduction of oxygen occurs via the four‐electron mechanism up to water formation. An explanation was proposed that the catalytic reaction of oxygen reduction proceeds on average via a 3.7‐electron mechanism, which is confirmed experimentally.
Parkinson's disease‐related fatigue: A case definition and recommendations for clinical research
Authors: Kluger Benzi M. , Herlofson Karen , Chou Kelvin L. , Lou Jau‐Shin , Goetz Christopher G. , Lang Anthony E. , Weintraub Daniel , Friedman Joseph
Published: February 2016

Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Since fatigue was first described as a common feature of PD 20 years ago, little progress has been made in understanding its causes or treatment. Importantly, PD patients attending the 2013 World Parkinson Congress voted fatigue as the leading symptom in need of further research. In response, the Parkinson Disease Foundation and ProjectSpark assembled an international team of experts to create recommendations for clinical research to advance this field. The working group identified several areas in which shared standards would improve research quality and foster progress including terminology, diagnostic criteria, and measurement. Terminology needs to (1) clearly distinguish fatigue from related phenomena (eg, sleepiness, apathy, depression); (2) differentiate subjective fatigue complaints from objective performance fatigability; and (3) specify domains affected by fatigue and causal factors. We propose diagnostic criteria for PD‐related fatigue to guide participant selection for clinical trials and add rigor to mechanistic studies. Recommendations are made for measurement of subjective fatigue complaints, performance fatigability, and neurophysiologic changes. We also suggest areas in which future research is needed to address methodological issues and validate or optimize current practices. Many limitations in current PD‐related fatigue research may be addressed by improving methodological standards, many of which are already being successfully applied in clinical fatigue research in other medical conditions (eg, cancer, multiple sclerosis). © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society