bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetohydrodynamic convectons
Authors: Lo Jacono David , Bergeon Alain , Knobloch Edgar
Published: November 2011

Numerical continuation is used to compute branches of spatially localized structures in convection in an imposed vertical magnetic field. In periodic domains with finite spatial period, these branches exhibit slanted snaking and consist of localized states of even and odd parity. The properties of these states are analysed and related to existing asymptotic approaches valid either at small amplitude (Cox and Matthews, Physica D, vol. 149, 2001, p. 210), or in the limit of small magnetic diffusivity (Dawes, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 570, 2007, p. 385). The transition to standard snaking with increasing domain size is explored.
Direct numerical simulation of the flow over a sphere at Re = 3700 – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Rodriguez Ivette , Borrell Ricard , Lehmkuhl Oriol , Perez Segarra Carlos D. , Oliva Assensi
Published: November 2011

In the published article Rodriguez et al. (2011) one of the author’s names was misspelled and should have read Ricard Borrell.
Simulation of total dietary iodine intake in Flemish preschool children
Authors: Vandevijvere Stefanie , Lin Y. , Moreno-Reyes R. , Huybrechts I.
Published: November 2011

The aim of the present study was to calculate the distribution of total iodine intake among Flemish preschoolers and to identify the major sources contributing to iodine intake. A simulation model using a combination of deterministic and probabilistic techniques was utilised. Scenario analyses were performed to assess iodine intake via dairy products, industrially added iodised salt in bread and discretionarily added iodised household salt. Relevant data from 3-d estimated dietary records of 696 preschoolers 2·5–6·5 years old were used. Usual iodine intakes were calculated using the Iowa State University method. With a more generalised utilisation of iodised salt in bread (44 % of the bakers in 2011 instead of 12 % in 2002), mean iodine intake increased from 159 to 164 μg/d using the McCance and Widdowson's food composition table and from 104 to 109 μg/d using the German food composition table. The percentage of preschoolers with an iodine intake below the estimated average requirement (65 μg/d) decreased from 5–12 to 4–9 %, while the percentage of preschoolers with an iodine intake above the tolerable upper intake level (300 μg/d) remained constant (0·3–4 %). Mean iodine intake via food supplements was 4·2 μg/d (total population) and 16·9 μg/d (consumers only). Both in 2002 and 2011, sugared dairy products, milk and iodised salt (21·4, 13·1, and 8·7 %, respectively in 2011) were the main contributors to total iodine intake. In conclusion, dietary iodine intake could still be improved in Flemish preschoolers. The use of adequately iodised household salt and the more generalised use of iodised salt by bakers should be further encouraged.
THE GREEK-PLAY BISHOP: POLEMIC, PROSOPOGRAPHY, AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY PRELATES
Authors: BURNS ARTHUR , STRAY CHRISTOPHER
Published: November 2011

Discussions of classical scholarship and of the Anglican church in Victorian England have both at times identified an ‘age of the Greek-play bishop’ during which there was a close relationship between classical distinction and episcopal promotion. Closer investigation reveals few prelates fitting the description. This article explains this paradox by tracing the idea of the ‘Greek-play bishop’ across a variety of nineteenth-century literatures, in the process suggesting the significance more generally of the migration of ideas between overlapping Victorian print cultures. The article demonstrates how the concept originated in the radical critique of Old Corruption around 1830, before in the 1840s and 1850s satirists (notably Sydney Smith) adopted it in ad personam assaults on two bishops, J. H. Monk and C. J. Blomfield. In the 1860s, the concept became a less polemical category in the context of more wide-ranging analyses of the composition of the episcopate, gradually acquiring an elegiac aspect as new intellectual challenges arose to Victorian Christianity. By 1900, the ‘Greek-play bishop’ had begun to find the place in the conceptual armoury of historians of the nineteenth-century church that it would hold for much of the twentieth century, its polemical origins long forgotten.
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PAROLE IN DEPRESSION-ERA NEW YORK
Authors: CAMPBELL JAMES
Published: November 2011

In the first half of the twentieth century, parole in the Deep South of the United States was part of a nexus of penal mechanisms providing white employers with a pliant black labour force. By contrast, in New York, which was at the forefront of innovations in parole policy, there was a surprising interracial consensus among white parole administrators and politicians, civil rights activists, and black prisoners themselves that the African American community was integral to parole administration and success. This article explores why different constituencies supported this consensus through debates on parole in the black press and via the desperate, and invariably futile, letters that prisoners wrote to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). These sources also indicate that, for black prisoners in New York, African American influence over the parole system was routinely constrained by widespread black poverty, racial segregation, and discrimination in employment.
‘MACMILLAN, VERWOERD, AND THE 1960 ‘WIND OF CHANGE’ SPEECH
Authors: DUBOW SAUL
Published: November 2011

Just over fifty years ago, Prime Minister Macmillan made an extensive tour of Africa, culminating in his ‘wind of change’ speech in Cape Town, 1960. This article traces Macmillan's progress through Africa with particular emphasis on his intervention in South African politics. It offers a novel reading of the ‘wind of change’ speech, arguing that the message was far more conciliatory with respect to white South African interests than is usually assumed. Pragmatism rather than principle was always the prime consideration. Far from being cowed by Macmillan's oratory or his message, Verwoerd stood up to Macmillan and, at least in the eyes of his supporters, gave as good as he got. The shock of the ‘wind of change’ speech was more evident in Britain and in British settler regions of Africa than in South Africa. Macmillan's advisers had an inflated view of the import of the speech and in many ways misread Verwoerd's brand of Afrikaner nationalism. One of the consequences of the speech was to embolden Verwoerd politically, and to prepare him for the declaration of republican status in 1961 and departure from the commonwealth.
A SUBSTITUTE END FOR SOCIALISM? F. A. HAYEK AND KEYNESIAN FULL-EMPLOYMENT POLICY
Authors: FARRANT ANDREW , McPHAIL EDWARD
Published: November 2011

This paper provides a caveat to Ben Jackson's article ‘At the origins of neo-liberalism’. Though agreeing with Jackson that many early market liberals did not particularly object to Keynesian policy and the nascent welfare state, we make use of archival and published material to help shed light on F. A. Hayek's assessment of Keynesian policy. In particular, we argue that Hayek had adopted a negative view of Keynesian policy and the welfare state as early as the mid- to late 1940s.
Course trajectories of unipolar depressive disorders identified by latent class growth analysis
Authors: Rhebergen D. , Lamers F. , Spijker J. , de Graaf R. , Beekman A. T. F. , Penninx B. W. J. H.
Published: November 2011

Background

Current classification of unipolar depression reflects the idea that prognosis is essential. However, do DSM categories of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder (Dysth) and double depression (DD=MDD+Dysth) indeed adequately represent clinically relevant course trajectories of unipolar depression? Our aim was to test DSM categories (MDD, Dysth and DD) in comparison with empirically derived prognostic categories, using a prospectively followed cohort of depressed patients.

Method

A large sample (n=804) of out-patients with unipolar depression were derived from a prospective cohort study, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Using latent class growth analysis (LCGA), empirically derived 2-year course trajectories were constructed. These were compared with DSM diagnoses and a wider set of putative predictors for class membership.

Results

Five course trajectories were identified, ranging from mild severity and rapid remission to high severity and chronic course trajectory. Contrary to expectations, more than 50% of Dysth and DD were allocated to classes with favorable course trajectories, suggesting that current DSM categories do not adequately represent course trajectories. The class with the most favorable course trajectory differed on several characteristics from other classes (younger age, more females, less childhood adversity, less somatic illnesses, lower neuroticism, higher extraversion). Older age, earlier age of onset and lower extraversion predicted poorest course trajectory.

Conclusions

MDD, Dysth and DD did not adequately match empirically derived course trajectories for unipolar depression. For the future classification of unipolar depression, it may be wise to retain the larger, heterogeneous category of unipolar depression, adopting cross-cutting dimensions of severity and duration to further characterize patients.
Assessing the Added Value of an EU Agency for Aviation Safety
Authors: Schout Adriaan
Published: November 2011

Irrespective of the level of government, public officials increasingly face the challenge of evaluating and making choices between more instruments. Agencies are intended to be a new and different type of governance instrument offering prospects for stronger input from experts, greater transparency and depoliticised decisions. Using ‘legitimacy’ as the framework, this study compares an agency (European Aviation Safety Agency) to comitology and its predecessor (a sui generis intergovernmental regulatory network). Although EASA is often heralded as a major change, the conclusions here are that its predecessor was quite effective and that comitology has been greatly improved and could have been explored as alternative instrument. Therefore, the agency solution was neither unavoidable nor necessarily better.
Utilitarianism and Recourse to War
Authors: SHAW WILLIAM H.
Published: November 2011

Despite the enormous impact that war and the threat of war have had on human well-being, utilitarians have had surprisingly little to say about when, if ever, we may fight wars. Discussion of this question has been dominated by realism, pacifism and just war theory. This article takes some preliminary steps toward remedying this situation. I begin by spelling out what I call the Utilitarian War Principle (UWP). After presenting some considerations in its favour and answering some possible objections to it, I compare UWP with pacifism and with the principles ofjus ad bellumfound in the work of contemporary just war theorists. I argue that adherents of UWP should treat those principles as secondary moral principles, which, although subordinate to UWP, can and should guide its application and which, in turn, should be refined and revised with this goal in mind.
Wishful Thinking in Moral Theorizing: Comment on Enoch
Authors: VAN SOMEREN GREVE ROB
Published: November 2011

David Enoch recently defended the idea that there are valid inferences of the form ‘it would be good if p, therefore, p’. I argue that Enoch's proposal allows us to infer the absurd conclusion that ours is the best of all possible worlds.
Is landscape architecture?
Authors: Leatherbarrow David
Published: November 2011

I was not the first to pose this question; it was first asked in print by Garrett Eckbo, one of the most important landscape architects in America in the twentieth century. One could equally reverse the question and ask: ‘Is architecture landscape?’. In either formulation the question is about the relationship between two arts that are normally understood as separate professions these days. In fact, Eckbo was not the first to puzzle over this issue, even if his exact formulation had no antecedents. The question had already been posed in the nineteenth century, when landscape architecture emerged as a distinct discipline. The early theorists of the field, Humphry Repton and John Claudius Loudon in England, Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy in France, and Andrew Jackson Downing in the USA, all wondered about the relationships between these two practices – if indeed they were two. The professional accrediting and licensing bodies that were formed subsequently tried to settle the matter and institutionalise the distinction. But the question may be older, for it is possible to say that the distinction between these disciplines, at least the suggestion of fundamental differences, was debated even earlier in the eighteenth century. The cases I have in mind include the Abbé Laugier and William Chambers; the first compared the routes through a forest to the streets of a town, while the second used landscape aesthetics to evaluate the merits of a building's facade. Despite this tradition and indeed maybe because of it, the questions these theorists asked have not disappeared in our time.
Fuzzy Rule Based Classification and Quantification of Graphite Inclusions from Microstructure Images of Cast Iron
Authors: Prakash Pattan , Mytri V.D. , Hiremath P.S.
Published: November 2011

The quantification of three classes of graphite inclusions in cast iron, namely, nodular, flake, and irregular, is the most important process in the foundry industry. This classification is based on the ISO 945 proposed morphology of graphite inclusions. This work presents a novel solution for automatic quantitative analysis of graphite inclusions into the three mentioned classes. The proposed work comprises three stages, namely, preprocessing of micrographs, classification of graphite inclusions, and then quantification of inclusions in each class. An effort has been made in this work to propose a minimum set of features to represent graphite inclusion morphology. The method employs just two geometric shape descriptors: the diameter ratio and the area ratio. A fuzzy rule based classifier is built using known feature values that are efficient in the classification of the three classes of graphite inclusions. The proposed method is automatic, fast, and provides the basis for determining many more morphological parameters that can be determined with the least effort. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with the manual method. It is observed that the results obtained from the proposed method are useful in the optimization of cast iron manufacturing in the foundry industry.
Profitability of organic and conventional soybean production under ‘green payments’ in carbon offset programs
Authors: Singerman Ariel , Delate Kathleen , Chase Craig , Greene Catherine , Livingston Michael , Lence Sergio , Hart Chad
Published: November 2011

Emphasis on reducing emissions from the greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) has increased in recent years in the USA, primarily for industry, transportation, energy and agricultural sectors. In this study, we utilized on-farm data collected by the USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), secured under an agreement with the USDA-Economic Research Service (ERS) to analyze the profitability of organic and conventional soybean production, based on changes that ‘green payments’ in a cap-and-trade system would introduce in agricultural markets in the USA. In particular, the analysis focused on establishing whether organic producers would be better positioned to sequester carbon (C) and reap the benefits of the C-offset scheme compared to conventional producers, given the differences in costs, management practices and environmental benefits between organic and conventional production methods. We estimated several changes in profitability of soybean producers according to management practices, incentives for the generation of offset credits, and increase in energy input prices that a potential cap-and-trade system may introduce in future agricultural markets in the USA. Survey data suggested that even with lower yields, conventional producers could profit from converting to organic agriculture, given organic price premiums. In addition, taking into consideration both direct and indirect costs, average cost for conventional-till (CT) organic soybean production was approximately 9% lower than no-till (NT) conventional production. With a C market and payments for soil C sequestration through potential Clean Energy legislation, additional profit could be accrued by organic producers, because organic production would have 28% greater ton CO2 eq. acre−1 yr−1 sequestration than conventional NT. Thus, the environmental benefits from GHG reduction could incentivize increased conversion from conventional to organic production across the USA.
The growth effects of institutional instability
Authors: BERGGREN NICLAS , BERGH ANDREAS , BJØRNSKOV CHRISTIAN
Published: November 2011

We study the effects of institutional instability on growth. Using principal components analysis, we construct measures of institutional quality and instability from the political risk index of the International Country Risk Guide. A panel-data analysis of 132 countries during 1984–2004 reveals that institutional quality, especially with regard to the legal system and the protection of property rights, is positively linked to growth. As for institutional instability, we find evidence of a positive relationship in rich countries but a negative link in poor countries, suggesting that instability may reduce problems of institutional sclerosis in the former and that instability primarily entails an increase in transactions costs and uncertainty in the latter.
DEDEKIND AND HILBERT ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE DEDUCTIVE SCIENCES
Authors: KLEV ANSTEN
Published: November 2011

We offer an interpretation of the words and works of Richard Dedekind and the David Hilbert of around 1900 on which they are held to entertain diverging views on the structure of a deductive science. Firstly, it is argued that Dedekind sees the beginnings of a science in concepts, whereas Hilbert sees such beginnings in axioms. Secondly, it is argued that for Dedekind, the primitive terms of a science are substantive terms whose sense is to be conveyed by elucidation, whereas Hilbert dismisses elucidation and consequently treats the primitives as schematic.
Using discharge data to reduce structural deficits in a hydrological model with a Bayesian inference approach and the implications for the prediction of critical source areas
Authors: Frey M. P. , Stamm C. , Schneider M. K. , Reichert P.
Published: November 2011

A distributed hydrological model was used to simulate the distribution of fast runoff formation as a proxy for critical source areas for herbicide pollution in a small agricultural catchment in Switzerland. We tested to what degree predictions based on prior knowledge without local measurements could be improved upon relying on observed discharge. This learning process consisted of five steps: For the prior prediction (step 1), knowledge of the model parameters was coarse and predictions were fairly uncertain. In the second step, discharge data were used to update the prior parameter distribution. Effects of uncertainty in input data and model structure were accounted for by an autoregressive error model. This step decreased the width of the marginal distributions of parameters describing the lower boundary (percolation rates) but hardly affected soil hydraulic parameters. Residual analysis (step 3) revealed model structure deficits. We modified the model, and in the subsequent Bayesian updating (step 4) the widths of the posterior marginal distributions were reduced for most parameters compared to those of the prior. This incremental procedure led to a strong reduction in the uncertainty of the spatial prediction. Thus, despite only using spatially integrated data (discharge), the spatially distributed effect of the improved model structure can be expected to improve the spatially distributed predictions also. The fifth step consisted of a test with independent spatial data on herbicide losses and revealed ambiguous results. The comparison depended critically on the ratio of event to preevent water that was discharged. This ratio cannot be estimated from hydrological data only. The results demonstrate that the value of local data is strongly dependent on a correct model structure. An iterative procedure of Bayesian updating, model testing, and model modification is suggested.
Tracing airborne particles after Japan's nuclear plant explosion
Authors: Takemura Toshihiko , Nakamura Hisashi , Nakajima Teruyuki
Published: November 2011

The powerful Tohoku earthquake and consequent tsunami that occurred off the east coast of Japan on 11 March 2011 devastated dozens of coastal cities and towns, causing the loss of more than 15,000 lives and leaving close to 4000 people still missing. Although nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, located on the Pacific coast, stopped their operation automatically upon the occurrence of the Mw 9.0 quake [Showstack, 2011], the cooling system for nuclear fuel broke down. From 12 to 16 March, vapor and hydrogen blasts destroyed the buildings that had contained the reactors, resulting in the release into the atmosphere of radioactive materials such as sulfur‐35, iodine‐131, cesium‐134, and cesium‐137, which collectively can cause harmful health effects such as tissue damage and increased risk of cancer (particularly in children), depending on dose. Most of those materials emitted from the power plant rained out onto the grounds within its vicinity and forced tens of thousands within a 20‐kilometer radius to evacuate (residents to the northwest of the site within about 40 kilometers also were moved from their homes). Some of the radioactive materials were transported and then detected at such distant locations as North America and Europe, although the level of radiation dose was sufficiently low not to affect human health in any significant manner.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: November 2011

Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute, in Oakland, Calif., received the 2011 Ven Te Chow Award from the International Water Resources Association (IWRA). The award is named in honor of IWRA founder Ven Te Chow.
Developing community cyberinfrastructure for integrating water data
Authors: Schreuders Kim , Tarboton David , Arrigo Jennifer
Published: November 2011

CUAHSI Conference on Hydrologic Data and Information Systems; Logan, Utah, 22–24 June 2011 Data about water come from many sources—government agencies, academic sources, and nongovernmental organizations. Advancing water science requires discovering, integrating, and analyzing data from these diverse sources as well as collaboration between different Earth science disciplines and computer and information scientists.
Advancing research and applications with lightning detection and mapping systems
Authors: MacGorman Donald R. , Goodman Steven J.
Published: November 2011

Southern Thunder 2011 Workshop; Norman, Oklahoma, 11–14 July 2011 The Southern Thunder 2011 (ST11) Workshop was the fourth in a series intended to accelerate research and operational applications made possible by the expanding availability of ground‐based and satellite systems that detect and map all types of lightning (in‐cloud and cloud‐to‐ground). This community workshop, first held in 2004, brings together lightning data providers, algorithm developers, and operational users in government, academia, and industry.
Learn about AGU's Congressional Science and Mass Media Fellowships at Fall Meeting
Authors: Hankin Erik
Published: November 2011

Have you ever considered spending the summer as a science reporter in a mass media outlet or working for a member of Congress on Capitol Hill for a year? During a luncheon at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, learn about the AGU Congressional Science Fellowship and Mass Media Fellowship and how to apply for these opportunities. At the luncheon, this year's AGU Congressional Science Fellows, Rebecca French and Ian Lloyd, will discuss their experiences working in Congress. French, who received her Ph.D. in geosciences from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, is working for Sen. Bernie Sanders (I‐Vt.), while Lloyd, a recent Ph.D. graduate of Princeton, is working for Sen. Jeff Merkley (D‐Oreg.). Over the next year, French and Lloyd will advise and assist the senators on some Earth science issues and other matters.
Organization and role of AGU's section‐based Education and Public Outreach committees
Authors: Manduca Cathryn A. , Asher Pranoti
Published: November 2011

Understanding Earth and space science is important not only to AGU members. It is also critical to citizens making decisions in their private lives, to voters, and to policy makers and government officials whose actions shape global societies. AGU's education and outreach activities aim to bring Earth and space science to the world beyond the scientific community (see AGU's strategic plan: http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml). To support these objectives, some AGU sections have formed a specific Education and Public Outreach (E/PO) committee or working group (http://www.agu.org/education/professionals.shtml). These groups engage in activities that range from interacting with teachers to supporting media releases.
Lakes an important source of carbon emissions
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2011

Around the world, vast detector networks track the transfer of carbon as it flows through the ecosystem, moving among the atmosphere, terrestrial surface, and organic matter. These carbon flux measurements are integral to understanding the role of various ecosystem components in the global carbon cycle and to performing accurate carbon accounting. But when precipitation or other processes pull large volumes of organic matter from the land into nearby lakes, this carbon effectively disappears from the carbon budget if gas fluxes over the lake surface are ignored, which they traditionally have been. Using eddy covariance measurements, Huotari et al. tracked the flow of carbon into and out of Lake Valkea‐Kotinen in southern Finland from the spring of 2003 until the autumn of 2007. They found that the lake was a net source of carbon, emitting between 70 and 100 grams of carbon per square meter per year. When compared against the role of the surrounding forest, which was a net carbon sink, the lake's emissions were enough to offset about 10% of the forest's annual carbon storage. The authors found that the strongest controlling factor on the lake carbon emission rate was the stability of the lake's temperature stratification. Strong winds, heavy precipitation, and seasonal changes that increase water mixing were linked to stronger carbon fluxes. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048753, 2011)
Linking Arctic amplification and local feedbacks
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2011

Climate simulations show that as the Earth warms, the Arctic warms more than the average global warming. However, models differ on how much more the Arctic warms, and although scientists have proposed a variety of mechanisms to explain the Arctic warming amplification, there is no consensus on the main reasons for it. To shed light on this issue, Hwang et al. investigated the relationship between Arctic amplification and poleward energy transport and local Arctic feedbacks, such as changes in cloud cover or ice loss, across a group of models. The researchers noted that differences in atmospheric energy transport did not explain the ranges of polar amplification; rather, models with more amplification showed less energy transport into high latitudes. The authors found that decreasing energy transport is due to a coupled relationship between Arctic amplification and energy transport: Arctic amplification reduces the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient, which strongly decreases energy transport. They suggest that this coupled relationship should be taken into account in studies of Arctic amplification. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048546, 2011)
Thermokarst lakes expand and drain laterally as permafrost degrades
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2011

In Arctic regions, thermokarst lakes form and expand from thawing permafrost or melting of ice. However, as lakes expand they have a tendency to drain laterally. Jones et al. surveyed the extent of thermokarst lakes in the continuous permafrost zone in the Cape Espenberg lowland of northwestern Alaska's Seward Peninsula using high‐resolution remote sensing imagery during 1950–1951, 1978, and 2006–2007. They found that most thermokarst lakes have been expanding at an average rate of 0.3 meter per year as permafrost degrades, with rates relatively stable over the 56‐year observation period. When viewed from above, a ring of expansion along most lake margins was visible; however, several ver y large lakes drained laterally during this observation period as the expanding lakes encountered a topographic drainage gradient. The authors report that this pattern of particularly large lakes being more prone to drainage resulted in more land area gain than land area loss since 1950 and may represent a carbon sink as these drained basins begin to accumulate peat.
Channel cross‐section geometry affects basin response
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2011

In river networks the shape of a cross section affects streamflow characteristics. Mejia and Reed developed an analytical framework to study the role of channel and floodplain cross‐section geometry in basin‐scale hydrologic response. They applied their analysis to a case study using data for the Illinois River basin. The researchers found that the form of the cross section can have a major influence on basin response and that cross‐section geometry plays different roles depending on whether flows are in a channel or a floodplain. The framework could be useful for incorporating channel and floodplain geometry into hydrologic models. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2010WR010375, 2011)
Magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling at Jupiter: A parameter space study
Authors: Ray L. C. , Ergun R. E. , Delamere P. A. , Bagenal F.
Published: November 2011

Jupiter's main auroral emission is a signature of the current system that transfers angular momentum from the planet to radially outward moving Iogenic plasma. Ray et al. (2010) developed a steady state model of this current system which self‐consistently included the effects of a field‐aligned potential, Φ∥, and an ionospheric conductance modified by precipitating electrons. The presented parameter space study extends their model to explore how variations in the auroral cavity density and temperature, magnetospheric mass loading rate, and background ionospheric Pedersen conductance affect the current system and resulting auroral emission. We show that while the solutions found by Ray et al. (2010) vary with changes in the system parameters, the gross general trends remain similar to the original solutions. We find that, for an outer constraint of I100 = 86 MA, the high‐latitude electron temperature and density have a lower limit of ∼1.5 keV and an upper limit of ∼0.01 cm−3, respectively, in order for solutions to be consistent with observations of Jupiter's auroral emission. For increases in the radial mass transport rate and an outer constraint of = 75 kV the auroral emission brightness increases.
Unpacking Intuition: A Process and Outcome Framework
Authors: Gore Julie , Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: November 2011

In recent years, the topic of intuition has become an important focus of attention in psychology. It is often assumed to be a unitary construct; however, recent research suggests that intuition is multifaceted. This article disaggregates intuition by discriminating between domain-general mechanisms and domain-specific processes of intuiting and primary types of intuition and secondary types of intuition. The theoretical relationships between and within processes and types are examined and analyzed at behavioral and information processing levels, noting the importance in advances in social cognition research. As a result of this analysis, we provide a conceptual framework that connects intuitive processes and outcomes. The article concludes by outlining some of the implications of the framework and in particular highlights future methodological challenges faced by intuition researchers in laboratory and organizational field settings.
Measure Twice, Cut down Error: A Process for Enhancing the Validity of Survey Scales
Authors: Gehlbach Hunter , Brinkworth Maureen E.
Published: November 2011

For years psychologists across many subfields have undertaken the formidable challenge of designing survey scales to assess attitudes, opinions, and behaviors. Correspondingly, scholars have written much to guide researchers in this undertaking. Yet, many new scales violate established best practices in survey design, suggesting the need for a new approach to designing surveys. This article presents 6 steps to facilitate the construction of questionnaire scales. Unlike previous processes, this one front loads input from other academics and potential respondents in the item-development and revision phase with the goal of achieving credibility across both populations. Specifically, the article describes how (a) a literature review and (b) focus group–interview data can be (c) synthesized into a comprehensive list to facilitate (d) the development of items. Next, survey designers can subject the items to (e) an expert review and (f) cognitive pretesting before executing a pilot test.
Food Physical Chemistry and Biophysical Chemistry (v2)
Authors: Baianu I. C.
Published: November 2011

Food Physical Chemistry is considered to be a branch of Food Chemistry^1,2^ concerned with the study of both physical and chemical interactions in foods in terms of physical and chemical principles applied to food systems, as well as the applications of physical/chemical techniques and instrumentation for the study of foods^3,4,5,6^. This field encompasses the "physiochemical principles of the reactions and conversions that occur during the manufacture, handling, and storage of foods"^7^. Two rapidly growing, related areas are Food Biotechnology and Food Biophysical Chemistry.
Role of Co-crystals in the Pharmaceutical Development Continuum
Authors: Schultheiss Nate , Henck Jan-Olav
Published: November 2011

Over the last ten years, the number publications, along with scientific conferences and workshops, outlining the advancement of design strategies, growing methods, analytical characterization techniques, and physicochemical property enhancements of co crystals has continued to increase significantly. Multi-component crystalline systems are not new to the pharmaceutical world, but only recently has the term ‘co-crystal’ been used in this field to describe materials containing two or more non-ionized components existing in one, independent crystalline lattice. Within the last decade solid-state researchers have focused on making co-crystals from pharmaceuticals, because they allow modifications to be introduced to the crystal structure of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, API (which in turn can alter its physical and chemical properties) without compromising its intended biological activity. This chapter will highlight and discuss the physical and chemical property improvements that have been achieved through co-crystalline materials of APIs, particularly focusing on stability, solubility, and bioavailability, and will attempt to put these activities within the context of the pharmaceutical development continuum.
Application of Mechanochemistry in the Synthesis and Discovery of New Pharmaceutical Forms: Co-crystals, Salts and Coordination Compounds
Authors: FrišČiĆ Tomislav , Jones William
Published: November 2011

In the past decade mechanochemical methodologies, such as neat grinding and liquid-assisted grinding, have been demonstrated to be a highly efficient means of both synthesising and screening for pharmaceutical co-crystals. This chapter provides an overview of these mechanochemical methodologies, their applications to date, an overview of mechanistic details and a brief comparison with more conventional co-crystallisation methods based on solution crystallisation and slurrying. In addition to the use of mechanosynthesis in the context of pharmaceutical co-crystals, its application for pharmaceutical salt synthesis and screening is also described, as well as recent applications in the synthesis of metal–organic derivatives.
Application of Phase Diagrams in Co-crystal Search and Preparation
Authors: Rager Timo , Hilfiker Rolf
Published: November 2011

Typical selection criteria for co-crystal formers include toxicological considerations, physico-chemical properties such as water solubility, and the functional groups that are available for interaction with the substance to be co-crystallized (e.g., a drug substance). Some degree of predictability for the formation of a crystalline multi-component compound is often claimed for certain combinations of functional groups. The expression crystal engineering has been coined for this strategy and combined with the concept of synthons from organic chemistry. Computer modeling may further improve the predictive potential based on interaction energies and steric aspects.

Thermodynamic considerations offer a complementary approach for targeted co-crystal search and development. They can provide selection criteria for suitable co-crystal formers and can also help to predict the most promising preparation conditions. This includes the potential to reduce experimental effort in co-crystal search and crystallization optimization significantly. Phase diagrams are the method of choice for visualizing the thermodynamic relationships and simplifying their application. Phase diagrams are thus a powerful and intuitive tool for planning co-crystal screenings and crystallization optimizations.
Recovering the past in Jodhaa Akbar: Masculinities, Femininities and Cultural Politics in Bombay Cinema
Authors: Khan Shahnaz
Published: November 2011

As the dominant media institution in South Asia, Bombay cinema's cultural production of narratives, images and spectacle plays a crucial role in the effort to consolidate and project definitions of the nation. Moreover, such images are exported to the South Asian diaspora worldwide as part of the processes associated with the globalized cultural product referred to as Bollywood. This discussion examines the production and reception of the 2008 film Jodhaa Akbar both as process and product of complex historical, cultural and political nation-building projects in which gender plays a central role.
Neither Here Nor There: The Reproductive Sphere in Transnational Feminist Cinema
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: November 2011

This article examines representations of motherhood in three transnational feminist films: Anayansi Prado's Maid in America (2004), Sabiha Sumar's Silent Waters (2002) and Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis (2007). While these films differ at the levels of genre and style as well as in terms of their production contexts, they each feature several scenes that engage the tension between distance and proximity, separation and unity – an always unresolved tension integral to the reproductive sphere. Each film also provides at least one close-up shot of a mother's hands preparing food for her charge. Tracing Mary Ann Doane's explication of the close-up shot's engagement with the capitalist logic of the microcosm and macrocosm, I will show how the aforementioned films resignify what Doane identifies as the close-up's compensation for the loss of unity in modernity. The recurring image of a mother's labouring hands interrogates the false unity of the capitalist macrocosm, while also complicating the purportedly separate microcosm in which modern subject can touch and hold a given commodity. These films show that transnational mothers are simultaneously held within the immobile space of reproduction – owned and exploited by the larger structures that depend on their labour – while also actively recreating the cultures that render them invisible.
Weblogistan Goes to War: Representational Practices, Gendered Soldiers and Neoliberal Entrepreneurship in Diaspora
Authors: Shakhsari Sima
Published: November 2011

In this article, which is based on twenty four months of combined online and off-line ethnographic research, I show the way that some Iranian diasporic bloggers use their weblogs as entrepreneurship resources during the ‘war on terror’. Through a discourse analysis of a documentary film about Weblogistan and interviews with diasporic Iranian bloggers in Toronto, I argue that Weblogistan is implicated in discourses of militarism and neoliberalism that interpellate the representable Iranian blogger as a gendered neoliberal homo oeconomicus. The production of knowledge about Iran in transnational encounters between the media, think tanks, policy institutions and the Iranian diasporic self-entrepreneurs, relies on gendered civilizational discourses that are inherently tied to the ‘war on terror’. Following feminist scholars who have theorized militarism and gender, I argue that dominant representations of Weblogistan produce different gendered subject positions for Iranian bloggers. Although the masculine blogger soldier takes freedom to Iran through his active participation in proper politics (enabled by his freedom of speech in North America and Europe), the woman blogger finds freedom of expression in writing about sex and telling the truth of her sex in a confessional mode. It is in this war of representation that women bloggers negotiate their subjectivity while shuttling in and out of local and global politics, as subjects of politics (markers of freedom and oppression) and political abjects (not worthy of political participation).
Inhabiting Or Occupying the Web?: Virtual Communities and Feminist Cyberactivism in Online Spanish Feminist Theory and Praxis
Authors: Puente Sonia Núñez , Jiménez Antonio García
Published: November 2011

This article examines the relationships between gender and technology in Spanish feminist praxis online and argues that different perspectives on online feminist community-building offer distinct responses to cyberactivism, which is considered central to sustaining efforts for social change. To ascertain whether Spanish virtual communities and cyberactivism have the potential to address the challenges posed by the relations between gender and technology, we analyse feminist scholar Remedios Zafra's theoretical proposals, and the different ways in which this theory intersects with the cyberactivism put forth by two feminist web portals, Ciudad de Mujeres and Mujeres en Red. We will discuss to what degree particular Spanish feminist theory and practice online adapts to or challenges utopianism regarding the liberating potential of technology. We will also examine how, in the face of critical arguments about such liberatory possibilities, two options present themselves for women's effective use of technology: inhabiting or occupying the web through the construction of feminist communities online.
Communicative Spaces of Their Own: Migrant Girls Performing Selves Using Instant Messaging Software
Authors: Leurs Koen , Ponzanesi Sandra
Published: November 2011

In this article, we argue how instant messaging (IM) is actively made into a communicative space of their own among migrant girls. Triangulating data gathered through large-scale surveys, interviews and textual analysis of IM transcripts, we focus on Moroccan-Dutch girls who use instant messaging as a space where they can negotiate several issues at the crossroads of national, ethnic, racial, age and linguistic specificities. We take an intersectional perspective to disentangle how they perform differential selves using IM both as an ‘onstage’ activity through which they express their communal, public and global youth cultural belongings and as a ‘backstage’ activity through which they articulate their individual, private and intimate identity expression. Instant messaging appears to be a space where they can strategically (re-)position themselves. The relationship between the online world of IM and the off-line world is shown to be intricate and complex; at certain points, both worlds overlap and at others they diverge. Despite all existing constraints that are both related to gender restrictions, often disenfranchised family backgrounds, religious dictums, and surveillance by parents, siblings and peers, which affect Moroccan-Dutch girls in specific ways, IM is also understood as a unique space for exerting their agency in autonomous, playful and intimate ways.
Thoughts on Long-Term Energy Supplies: Scientists and the Silent Lie
Authors: Bartlett Albert A
Published: November 2011

The worlds population continues to grow. Shouldnt physicists care?
Material in rare meteorites may pre-date solar system
Authors: Rothenberg Marian S.
Published: November 2011

The discovery of anomalously high proportions of oxygen 16 in certain rare meteorites has led to speculation that these meteorites may contain remnants of material with a separate nucleosynthetic history from the bulk of the solar system. This material appears to be present in meteoritic inclusions that have been analyzed by Robert N. Clayton, Lawrence Grossman and Toshiko K. Mayeda, all geochemists at the University of Chicago, and may represent interstellar dust grains that somehow survived the formation of the solar system without being vaporized or homogenized.
Two new bubble chambers may be last big ones
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: November 2011

The world's largest bubble chamber, the 15-foot device at the National Accelerator Laboratory, was operated successfully at the end of September, and in October it ran with its 30-kG magnet at 86% of full field, using the 300-GeV repetition rate. Earlier this year the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) began operating at CERN and is now being used for physics runs; it is a 3.70-meter device. These machines, together with the Argonne 12-foot chamber and the Brookhaven 7-foot chamber, may be the last generation of big bubble chambers to be built, according to Charles Peyrou, who heads the track-chambers division at CERN and Nicholas P. Samios of Brookhaven, who has many years of bubble-chamber experience.
A look at the Chicago meeting
Authors: Golden James
Published: November 2011

A special Topical Conference on Energy will be the outstanding feature of the 1974 joint annual meeting of the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers. Entitled “Physics Opportunities in Energy Problems,” the Conference will present a variety of problem areas where physics might be of benefit in easing the current energy crisis.
Sources of gravity waves
Authors: Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: November 2011

The discovery of many possible sources of gravitational radiation, such as neutron stars, compact x-ray sources, rapidly rotating binary novae and the violent events occurring in quasars and galactic nuclei, has opened a new era of general-relativity physics. In the 1960's nearly all workers in the field considered the detection of gravitational radiation “exceedingly unlikely.” From this pessimistic estimate the balance of opinion has shifted to the optimistic view that gravitational radiation, a crucial prediction of Einstein's general theory of relativity, is now within reach of current experimental techniques.