bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thucydides and the Synchronous Pandemic
Authors: Papanikos Gregory T.
Published: December 2020

Thucydides survived the pestilence and gave a vivid portrayal of the Athenian Epidemic at the onset of the Peloponnesian War. He belongs to the rare group of historians who wrote history about events which had a personal experience. He was involved with the war (as an Athenian strategos) and with the epidemic (had survived an infection). His History of the Peloponnesian War is a textbook approach of how historical events and facts should be researched and described. His historical methodology is based on an orthological analysis of human behaviour. Such an approach enables the researcher to interpret existing stylized facts and personal involvements with reason and objectivity. Within this framework, this paper examines Thucydides exposition of the epidemic of 430 BCE by means of four hypotheses which underline his historical analysis of the pestilence. Then, I proceed with the verification of these hypotheses using the data generation process of the synchronous pandemic of 2020. My main conclusion is that despite technological progress made by human beings with the graceful assistance of Prometheus, human nature did not change as much as Thucydides so eloquently emphasized, prognosed and hoped. Evidence on synchronous pandemic supports Thucydides diagnosis of the human nature but does not vindicate him on the hypothesis (or may be his wish) that his history would be used by future generations to avoid making the same mistakes over and over again. So far, the same or similar faults seem unavoidable. It appears that these faults are embedded in human nature and cannot be avoided.
Лидеры Февральской революции 1917 года: почему М.В. Родзянко?
Authors: Николаев Андрей Борисович
Published: December 2020

Предлагаемая вниманию читателей статья посвящена роли председателя iv Государственной думы М.В. Родзянко в решающих днях Февральской революции, 27 февраля – 3 марта 1917 года. Известно, что Родзянко принимал активное участие в Февральской революции, но его участие традиционно считалось вынужденным, а самого председателя последней Думы называли «революционером поневоле». Основанием для этого служили, в первую очередь, воспоминания самого М.В. Родзянко, в которых он всячески подчеркивал, что встал на путь революции исключительно во имя спасения страны от развала и анархии, а династии – от гибели. Автор статьи подверг критике наиболее запоминающиеся и легко воспринимаемые читателями источники: воспоминания Родзянко, участников и современников событий – на основе выявленных и проанализированных им законодательных и делопроизводственных документов. В них Родзянко предстает в качестве безоговорочного лидера февральско-мартовских событий 1917 года.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIXING METHODS FOR TRACTION ELECTRIC MOTORS AND SEARCH FOR NEW TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Antipin Dmitriy , Vorobev Vladimir , Bondarenko Denis , Vetoshko T.
Published: December 2020

The problem of the possibility of creating a classification of methods for attaching traction electric motors of railway locomotives to the bogie frame is considered. As a result of the analysis, a classification has been proposed that makes it possible to systematize the design of traction motor suspensions for all known types of drives, as well as suspensions of axial gearboxes. use.
MOMENTAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING FORCES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS OF ORBITAL FACILITIES
Authors: Gorshkov Lev , Sof'in Aleksey , Urtmincev Igor' , Levandovich Aleksandr
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the torque method, according to the principles of which it is possible to determine the loads arising in the thin-walled shell of the hulls of orbital vehicles from the action of the internal pressure uniformly distributed over the area, normally oriented to the middle surface of the shell. In this case, the load on the shell consists of normal forces (longitudinal and circumferential), a transverse force that causes radial displacements in the shell, and a bending moment in the longitudinal plane of the object. The specified bending moment can occur during the manifestation of inertial forces (for example, the Coriolis force) during the transition of the orbital vehicle in height from one orbit to another in vertical directions normal to the orbit (rotational movements); the same rotary movements can cause inertial forces to appear when maneuvering spacecraft and rocket units at the same height (in conventionally horizontal directions). To determine the above loads and radial displacements of the shell, a mathematical algorithm is proposed based on the principles of the moment calculation method according to the scheme of an infinitely long shell, which is typical for orbital vehicle housings.
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO VIBROACOUSTIC DIAGNOSTICS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Authors: Voytov Viktor , Chepurnoy Yuriy , Shelud'ko Maksim
Published: December 2020

As part of the procedure for diagnosing technical devices operating at production facilities, the specialists of the department performed vibration diagnostic control of equipment at a number of enterprises in Kharkov and the Kharkov region. Using the example of diagnostics of the technical condition of diesel power units, we consider the formation of vibroacoustic characteristics of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and the features of an extended analysis of vibration parameters, identification of typical equipment defects.
SIMULATION OF LOADING OF THE BODY OF A DOUBLE-STOREY PASSENGER CAR IN A FOCAL FIRE WITH SPECIFIED CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Antipin Dmitriy , Bulychev Mihail , Petrov Gennadiy
Published: December 2020

A simplified method has been developed for assessing the loading of the load-bearing systems of passenger cars under thermal loading with a fire spot with limited properties. A system of simplifications for realizing a combustion spot is substantiated. A method for its implementation is proposed. The description of the object of research is given with the necessary thoroughness of presentation. A finite element scheme has been developed and adapted, taking into account the application of thermal loads in the system of an industrial software complex that implements the finite element method. Verification of the finite element scheme was carried out taking into account full-scale normative experiments. A conclusion is made about the possibility of the applicability of the finite element scheme for the study. Numerical experiments have been carried out to assess the carrying capacity of the body of a double-deck passenger car when it is exposed to a combustion center with known thermal parameters. The experiments were built and performed in a finite element method system. The results of simulations in the affected zone of the alleged fire were obtained for the conditional spot of its location. Comparison of the results with the static loading mode of the car body is considered. The analysis of the results obtained is carried out. A conclusion is given on the effect of a small localization fire on the carrying capacity of the car body. The proposed method is evaluated taking into account the possibility of further use
FEATURES OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING BUOYANCY AND STRENGTH OF A BLOCK PONTON FOR VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS
Authors: Safonov Aleksandr , Shkaberin Vitaliy
Published: December 2020

The paper considers a technique for analyzing the strength and buoyancy of block pontoons for vertical cylindrical tanks used for storing liquid oil products. A model is proposed for performing calculations by the finite element method of a pontoon for buoyancy and strength, taking into account the action of pushing forces. The results of calculations on strength and buoyancy of an aluminum pontoon with foam-urethane filling BPA5000 are presented. It has been established that BPA5000 pontoons have sufficient strength and buoyancy, as regulated by GOST 31385-2016.
MECHANICS OF CONTACT IN THE GRINDING OF STEELS
Authors: Ivanova Tat'yana , Dement'ev Vyacheslav , Zaharov Oleg
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the consideration of the issues of contact interaction of a diamond grinding tool with the surface of the part. According to the research results, the actual contact areas were obtained, taking into account the sum of the actual contact areas of the touching bodies, through which the pressing force of the grinding wheel to the treated surface is transmitted, with elastic, plastic and elastic-plastic contacts. The obtained analytical dependences for calculating the geometric parameters of the contact of a diamond face tool with the workpiece surface being machined, allowing to describe, predict and control the power and resistance characteristics of the process on the processing conditions
Pensamento crítico em Universidades Ibero-americanas: Percursos educativos e perspetivas de formação
Authors: Rivas Sílvia F. , Saiz Carlos , Vieira Rui M.
Published: December 2020

El libro consta de cinco capítulos que describen investigaciones, capacitación e innovaciones sobre el PC en 5 países Iberoamericanos diferentes: España, Portugal, México, Colombia y Brasil. Su presencia se debe al hecho de que se presentaron trabajos de diversa naturaleza en el mencionado IV Seminario del PC de México. Los trabajos que constituyen este libro son el fruto de grupos de investigación (un total de 12 autores) que han trabajado, en su mayoría, principalmente en este campo durante más de 20 años. Existe una conciencia clara de la necesidad de un mayor esfuerzo de investigación en PC, al menos, por tres razones importantes: a) por alcanzar una cierta solidez y homogeneidad en sus ideas fundamentales, b) por disponer de herramientas de mejora de sus competencias, para que sean eficaces y homologables, y c) por su relevancia como agente en los cambios que necesita la educación, como consecuencia de las demandas nuevas provenientes de la revolución tecnológica y de comunicación, acaecidas en las últimas dos décadas. Tan convencido se está de la relevancia del PC en un ámbito clave como es la formación, al menos en Iberoamérica, que se llevan realizando desde hace algún tiempo congresos bianuales de PC; en particular, en el 2013 se ha comenzado a celebrar el I Seminario internacional sobre Pensamiento Crítico, teniendo lugar el IV en 2019.
Contos do Além III
Authors: Alencastro José
Published: December 2020

Leocádia questionava há muito os seus sentimentos, ela apenas tolerava o Anastácio, no passado até nutriu certa simpatia por ele, mas nunca o amara verdadeiramente. Com a monotonia crescente, perdida em suas ilusões, a frustração com o casamento foi se alastrando e Leocádia tomou uma decisão para preencher o vazio da sua vida, ela resolveu voltar a estudar. A novidade lhe trouxe alento, deixava as crianças na creche e ia feliz para a escola. Jovem e bonita rapidamente foi integrada na turma, despertando o interesse de vários rapazes, todos da sua idade, intrépidos e viris. Para eles, ter uma mulher casada no grupo acendia a veia da curiosidade e do desafio. E foi assim que apareceu o Rodolfo, ele um jovem bonito e atlético, sedutor, meio poeta e exímio no violão. Rodolfo deixava as meninas ouriçadas (O legado de Leocádia). Por causa do suposto negócio de prostituição, Luciano foi espancado por meia dúzia de homens, que ele nunca se prontificou a identificar, cumprindo com o código de honra dos Bastards de jamais cooperar com as autoridades policiais ou judiciárias. Mas a surra não sairia de graça, ele tinha uma imagem a zelar. Todos sabiam e tinham que continuar sabendo que ele era feroz e letal, dias depois os seis homens foram encontrados boiando no Rio Colorado, todos degolados (A hora de Luck Luciano).
Fascismo
Authors: Martinez Vinício Carrilho
Published: December 2020

O Necrofascismo é uma tipologia social, política, econômica, cultural, ambiental e antiética que reúne fortes traços do Fascismo clássico, do século XIX, como o anti-intelectualismo, o racismo, a caçada aos adversários políticos – transformados em inimigos do Estado e da sociedade –, a mitologia redentora e mantida por meio da propaganda e da mentira (negacionismo), o militarismo e o para-militarismo, a formação de aportes políticos que procuram aprisionar o Estado: as eleições de 2018 e de 2020 são exemplos claros das forças milicianas de poder. Quando observamos a ofensiva ideológica contra a ciência, a negação dos efeitos da pandemia e o movimento estatal pregador da anti-vacina, a aposta no vírus que não mata, a tal “gripezinha”, a doação de mais de um trilhão de reais ao sistema financeiro, as tentativas de militarização do Poder Político – sobretudo, coronéis e generais, da ativa e inativos –, o fogo deliberado na Amazônia e no Pantanal, além da tentativa de destruir os manguezais, vemos que o Necrofascismo é a encarnação do lema do falangismo espanhol: “Viva la muerte”. Isto, em suma, é o Necrofascismo, uma aposta coordenada no Fascismo, como meio, e na morte e degradação humana, como fim. O Fascismo Nacional, sob esta investidura falangista e agudizado enquanto Necrofascismo, abriu as portas para que o Homem Médio em sua Vida Comum abdique-se de si, dos seus direitos fundamentais, e revolte-se como um primata “Homini lupus homini”. O interesse preservado é o do capitalismo em sua forma mais predatória, fazendo jus ao Mefisto com toda sua Peste.
New and rare lichens and lichenicolous fungi species for Murmansk Region from Lapland Reserve
Authors: Urbanavichus G. P. , Urbanavichene I. N.
Published: December 2020

87 species of lichens and 14 species of lichenicolous fungi are cited as first recorded for Murmansk Region (31 species) or as very rare there. The annotated list is based on the authors’ collections made in 2003–2007 in the Lapland Reserve.
Parmelioid, cetrarioid and hypogymnioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) of Russia: first check-list and distribution data
Authors: Urbanavichus G. P. , Urbanavichene I. N.
Published: December 2020

The first list of 40 genera and 218 species of the monophyletic Parmelioid, Cetrarioid and Hypogymnioid clades mentioned for Russia is presented. Synonyms used at species rank in Russia and the dates of publication of all the names are provided. Distribution of the species in 14 large regions of Russia is given. Cetraria microphylla Elenkin is considered a new synonym of Anaptychia bryorum Poelt.
The first record of Scopelophila ligulata (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) for Siberia
Authors: Bardunov L. V.
Published: December 2020

The second record of Scopelophila ligulata (Spruce) Spruce (Pottiaceae) in Russia is reported. The irst record of the species is in the Southern Primorye (Russian Far East).
Liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) of the Bol’shaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve (Republic of Mariy El, Russia)
Authors: Konstantinova N. A. , Bogdanov G. A. , Savchenko A. N.
Published: December 2020

Bolshaya Kokshaga Nature Reserve is situated at the Middle Bolshaya Kokshaga River (the left tributary of the Volga River). Its area covers 21400 hectares, elevation ranges from 40 up to 160 m a. s. l. The compiled annotated list counts 50 hepatic species and 1 hornwort species including several rare species in the central European part of Russia (Cephaloziella elachista, Geocalyx graveolens, Odontoschisma denudatum) and 2 ones red listed in Europe (Frullania bolanderi, F. inflata). Ecology and some phytosociological peculiarities of the species are described. A comparison with the hepatic flora of Kerzhenskiy Nature Reserve is provided.
Dişil Sinema Dilinden İnşa Edilen Erkek(lik)ler: Pelin Esmer Sineması
Authors: GÜNGÖR KILIÇ Esra
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı, erkek egemenliğindeki sinema içerisinde dişil dilin inşa ettiği farklı erkek(lik) halleri ile eril dili kıran söylemleri açığa çıkarmaktır. Makalede örneklem olarak yönetmen Pelin Esmer'in 11'e 10 Kala (2009), Gözetleme Kulesi (2012) ve İşe Yarar Bir Şey (2017) filmleri seçilmiştir. Esmer, filmlerinde erkeklikleri filminin anlatısı içerisinde bir eleştiri unsurunun ana öznesi olarak kurmaktan ziyade kendi tikelliklerinde inşa etmektedir. Bu, onun sinemasını makale için önemli kılmaktadır. Dişil sinema olarak adlandırdığımız Esmer'in sinemasında inşa ettiği farklı erkeklik halleri, bu erkekliklerin birbirleriyle ve kadın karakterlerle ilişkiselliklerindeki dönüşümleri ve ataerkil hegemonik erkeklik davranışları ile ilişkili olarak üst-yapı karşısında sergiledikleri faillikleri; karakter odaklı bakış ile anlatı ve sinematografiyle birlikte nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden sosyolojik film analizinden yararlanılarak çözümlenmiştir. Bu analiz sonucunda, Esmer'in filmleri, hem klasik sinema anlatısına hem de belirlenimci eril dil söylemine alternatif bir dişil dil üreterek, farklı toplumsal cinsiyet inşalarının mümkün olabileceğini göstermiştir.
Hotel Managements’ Status of Meeting the Needs of Families With Children
Authors: YILDIRIM Ferda
Published: December 2020

This study was performed to identify whether the hotel managements met the needs of families with children aged 0-18 years. The research covered 84 hotels which had management permit obtained from the Ministry of Health of Turkey, agreed to participate in the research and were located in the city centers of Sivas, Kayseri and Ankara provinces of Turkey. Data were gathered with a questionnaire, constructed by the researcher in the light of the relevant literature, was consisted of two parts. The first part is comprised of 10 questions about the properties of the hotels. The second part is consisted of 34 questions aiming to evaluate whether the hotels satisfy the hygiene, security, comfort, entertainment, culture and arts, health and nutrition needs of the families with children. In the research in which hotel managements were assessed solely on the basis of whether they had the competency to meet the needs of families with children. For the analysis percentage and frequency distributions were utilized. It was found that, of the hotels, 60.0% were on the main street, 81.2% had no garden, 67.5% had no grab bar in the swimming pool, bathroom and toilet, 71.3% had no warning sign, 32.5% had no power outlet with child protection, 32.5% had furniture design incompatible with children’s safety needs, 43.8% had no break-resistant glassware, 60.0% had faucets with easy open handle, 38.7% did not offer any form of health service and 72.6% had no club or playground for children.
Peluang, Tantangan dan Strategi Pengembangan UMKM di Indonesia Pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19
Authors: Safitri Indri
Published: December 2020

Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) merupakan salah satu unit usaha yang berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perekonomian di Indonesia. UMKM juga merupakan salah satu penyokong perekonomian di Indonesia khususnya pada masyarakat golongan bawah dan menengah. UMKM memiliki peran strategis dalam upaya pemerintah dalam mengatasi kemiskinan dan pengangguran, karena UMKM dapat menyerap tenaga kerja sehingga pengangguran akibat tidak terserapnya angkatan kerja dalam dunia kerja menjadi berkurang. Diawal tahun 2020, serangan pandemi COVID-19 telah memicu sentimen negatif terhadap berbagai lini bisnis khususnya bisnis UMKM. Dampak negatif akibat pandemi COVID-19 ini telah menghambat pertumbuhan UMKM. Indonesia yang didominasi oleh UMKM sebagai tulang punggung perekonomian nasional terdampak oleh adanya pandemi COVID-19, bukan hanya pada aspek produksi dan pendapatan saja, namun juga pada jumlah tenaga kerja yang harus dikurangi dan lain-lain. UMKM kurang memiliki ketahanan dan fleksibilitas dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 ini dikarenakan beberapa hal seperti tingkat digitalisasi yang masih rendah, kesulitan dalam mengakses teknologi dan kurangnya pemahaman tentang strategi bertahan dalam bisnis.
Tugas 2 Statistik Pendidikan
Authors: fajrin Muh fadli
Published: December 2020

Dengan mengucapkan alhamdulillahirabbil aalamiin Artikel Statistik pendidikan atau tugas 2 statistik pendidikan telah di selesaikan. Walaupun artikel ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna, tetapi saya mengharap kritikan yg membangun bagi bapak dosen untuk memperbaiki dan memodifikasi artikel yg saya buat untuk kedepannya. Sekian dan terimakasih, minallahil mustaan wa alaihittiqlan assalamua alaikum warahmatullahi wa barakatuh.
Kunci Memperoleh Bahagia
Authors: Sofanudin Aji
Published: December 2020

Apapun kegiatan kita sejatinya pastilah ada tujuannya. Termasuk juga hidup dan kehidupan kita. Pastilah ada tujuannya. Tentu, semua dari kita menginginkan kebahagiaan; kabahagiaan di dunia dan kebahagiaan di akhirat. Hasanah hasanah fi al-dunia dan hasanah fi al-akhirat. Bahagia di dunia dan juga bahagia di akhirat nanti. Bagaimana cara menggapai dua kebahagiaan tersebut ? tentu saja tidak lain dan tidak bukan dengan bertakwa. Hal ini telah disebutkan oleh Allah dalam al-Quran dalam surat al-A’raf 128: “...dan kesudahan yang baik adalah bagi orang-orang yang bertakwa."
Investigating Learning with Few Shot Data
Authors: Stefanie
Published: December 2020

In this project, I explore a teaching strategy called learning to teach (L2T) in which a teacher model could provide high-quality training samples to a student model. However, one major problem of L2T is that the teacher model will only select a subset of the training dataset as the final training data for the student. A learning to teach small-data learning strategy (L2TSDL) is proposed to solve this problem. In this strategy, the teacher model will calculate the importance score for every training sample and help student to make use of all training samples.
Emotions, reasoning, and mental health as predictors of behavior during three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Leblanc-Sirois Yanick , Gagnon Marie-Ève , Blanchette Isabelle
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has required people worldwide to adjust their behavior for several months in response to a crisis of rare proportions. Little is known about the specific factors that affected the progression of the public’s reactions during the pandemic. Individual factors associated with pandemic-related behavior in general, and compliance with public health measures in particular, are not firmly established. We undertook a survey of behavior, emotions, reasoning style, and mental health in the province of Quebec at the beginning, the peak, and the aftermath of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We recruited 530 responders from a convenience sample; 154 responders participated in all three surveys. Emotions were most intense at the beginning of the first wave of the pandemic, not at its peak. Responders’ compliance with three public health measures decreased between the peak and the aftermath of the first wave of the pandemic; however, mask wearing also became more common. Pandemic-related behavior in general, and compliance with public health measures specifically, were predicted by avoidance-related emotions evoked by the pandemic. Approach-related emotions linked to the societal response contributed specifically to the prediction of compliance with public health measures. In contrast, reasoning style and mental health did not as consistently predict behavior during the pandemic. Our research may help inform public health policy during other waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and future global health crises.
Learning to interpret novel eHMI: The effect of vehicle kinematics and eHMI familiarity on pedestrians' crossing behaviour
Authors: Lee Yee Mun , Madigan Ruth , Uzondu Chinebuli , Garcia Jorge , Romano Richard , Markkula Gustav , Merat Natasha
Published: December 2020

In current urban traffic, pedestrians attempting to cross the road at un-signalised locations are thought to mostly use implicit communication, such as deceleration cues, to interpret a vehicle’s intention to yield. There is less reliance on explicit driver- or vehicle-based messages, such as hand/head movements, or flashing lights/beeping horns. With the impending deployment of Automated Vehicles (AV), especially those at SAE Level 4 and 5, where the driver is no longer in control of the vehicle, there has been a surge in interest in the value of new forms of communication for AVs, for example, via different types of external Human Machine Interfaces (eHMIs). However, there is still much to be understood about how quickly a novel eHMI affects pedestrian crossing decisions, and whether it provides any additional aid, above and beyond implicit/kinematic information from the vehicle. The aim of this between-participant study, funded by the H2020 interACT project, was to investigate how the combination of kinematic information from a vehicle (e.g. Speed and Deceleration), and eHMI designs, play a role in assisting the crossing decision of pedestrians in a cave-based pedestrian simulator. Using an existing, well-recognised, message for yielding (Flashing Headlights - FH) as a benchmark, this study also investigated how quickly a novel eHMI (Slow Pulsing Light Band – SPLB) was learned. To investigate the effect of eHMI visibility on crossing decisions, the distance at which each eHMI was perceivable was also measured. Results showed that, compared to SPLB, the FH led to earlier crossings during vehicle deceleration, especially at lower approaching speeds, and smaller time gaps. However, although FH was visible earlier than SPLB, this visibility does not appear to be the only reason for earlier crossings, with message familiarity thought to play a role. Participants were found to learn the meaning conveyed by FH relatively quickly, crossing around 1 second earlier in its presence (compared to the no eHMI condition), across the three blocks of trials. On the other hand, it took participants at least one block of 12 trials for the new SPLB signal to affect crossing, which only accelerated crossing initiations by around 200ms, compared to the no eHMI condition. The role of comprehension, long-term exposure, and familiarity of novel messages in this context is therefore important, if AVs are to provide safe, trustworthy communication messages, which will enhance traffic flow and efficiency.
Amount of Learning and Signal Stability Modulate Emergence of Combinatorial Structure and Iconicity in Novel Signaling Systems
Authors: Kempe Vera , Panayotov Nikolay , Gauvrit Nicolas , Cunningham Sheila J , Tamariz Monica
Published: December 2020

Iterated language learning experiments that explore emergence of linguistic structure in the laboratory vary considerably in methodological implementation, limiting generalizability of findings. Most studies also restrict themselves to exploring the emergence of combinatorial and compositional structure in isolation. Here, we use a novel signal space comprising binary auditory and visual sequences and manipulate amount of learning and temporal stability of these signals. Participants had to learn signals for meanings differing in size, shape and brightness; their productions in the test phase were transmitted to the next participant. Across transmission chains of 10 generations each, Experiment 1 varied how much learning of auditory signals took place, and Experiment 2 varied temporal stability of visual signals. We found that combinatorial structure emerged most reliably with greater amount of learning and when signals were temporally stable. Iconicity emerged with reduced amount of learning, as opportunity for rote-memorization appeared to hamper exploration of the iconic affordances of the signal space. However, emergence of combinatoriality and iconicity in these entirely unfamiliar signaling systems was too fragile to allow for compositional signal-meaning mappings to emerge, so learnability did not improve over the course of transmission. These findings underscore the importance of systematically manipulating training conditions and signal characteristics in iterated learning language learning experiments and suggest that combinatorial structure and iconicity may be a prerequisite for emergence of compositional structure in novel signaling systems.
A Note on the Structural Change Test in Highly Parameterized Psychometric Models
Authors: Huth Karoline , Waldorp Lourens , Luigjes Judy , Goudriaan Anneke , van Holst Ruth , Marsman Maarten
Published: December 2020

Equal parameter estimates across subgroups is a substantial requirement of statistical tests. Ignoring subgroup differences poses a threat to study replicability, model specification, and theory development. One powerful statistical method that allows testing for parameter invariance is structural change tests. A core element of those tests is the empirical fluctuation process. In the case of parameter invariance, the fluctuation process asymptotically follows a Brownian bridge. This asymptotic assumption further provides the basis for inference. However, in this paper, we show that the empirical fluctuation process does not follow a Brownian bridge in small samples. Thus, methods of obtaining the sampling distribution are incorrect, and the p-value misspecified. Therefore, we implement an alternative solution to obtaining the sampling distribution - permutation approaches. Permutation approaches obtain the sampling distribution through resampling of the dataset, avoiding unmet distributional assumptions. We show that the permutation approach solves the issue of the misspecified sampling distribution and increases power, therefore serves as a superior method to standard asymptotic approximations of the sampling distribution.
Depression Associated with APOE Status and Hippocampal Volume but not Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with a History of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Vervoordt Samantha , Arnett Peter , Engeland Christopher Gerald , Hillary Frank
Published: December 2020

Objective: To examine the relationship between depression and cognitive ability, genetic risk, and hippocampal differences in an older sample of adults with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method: 121 participants with a history of moderate, severe, or complicated mild TBI were included. All participants underwent buccal swabs for genetic testing, a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, surveys, and 46 participants underwent MRI scanning. Results: APOE e4 carrier status significantly predicted clinically significant depressive symptomatology on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) with an odds ratio of 3.63, and carriers presented with a higher mean GDS score. GDS was not predictive of scores on measures of executive function, list learning delayed recall, or retention. Although GDS score was initially associated with poorer confrontation naming scores and story memory delayed recall, these effect sizes were small, and this variance was better accounted for by age and cognitive reserve. Higher GDS scores were also associated with decreased hippocampal volume. Conclusions: APOE carrier status was predictive of depression in a sample of older adults with a history of TBI a mean of 10 years post-injury. Depressive symptoms were also associated with decreased hippocampal volume but did not predict cognitive deficits in the examined domains above and beyond the effects of age and cognitive reserve. These results indicate that despite the relationship between depression and biological risks for decline, depressive symptoms in older adults with moderate to severe TBI may not lead to exacerbated cognitive decline, which is better predicted by other factors (e.g., cognitive reserve).
Origins of values differences: A two-level analysis of economic, climatic and parasite stress explanations in the value domain
Authors: Fischer Ronald
Published: December 2020

What variables are associated with cross-cultural differences in values at the individual level? In this study, the statistical effect of variables associated with ecological demands and available economic and cognitive resources on self-reported values are investigated in two independent samples to test the replicability of effects. Values are operationalized using a ten-item version inspired by Schwartz’ value theory. The effects of national wealth, climatic demands, availability of cool water and parasite stress at the national level are used to predict value scores of individuals within nations using nationally representative data from all inhabited continents (k = 49 & k = 58; Ns = 64,491 & 81,991). Using mixed-effect models, new insights into individual- and nation-level dynamics in value scores are provided. First, the paper extends previous cultural theories to the individual level by investigating the effects of education and personal income as individual-level resources. Both personal income and education have strong direct effects on value scores. Second, higher education acts as a cognitive resource which turns climatic demands into challenges, effectively unpackaging nation-level theorizing with individual level dynamics. Third, contrary to previous nation-level research, parasite stress was not a significant predictor of individual-level values. Forth, supporting recent theorizing, individuals located in cool water regions reported significantly higher self-transcendence values. Fifth, the effects of wealth on openness values were convergent and reinforcing across levels (higher wealth is associated with more openness values), but operated in opposing directions for self-transcendence values (national wealth is associated with self-transcendent values, individual wealth is associated with self-enhancing values). The current patterns suggest that cultural research needs to pay more attention to individual vs nation-level dynamics and increase replication efforts with independent samples.
A multilevel meta-analysis on the causal effect of ANS training on symbolic math performance
Authors: Qiu Kailun , Chen Edward , Wan Sirui , Bailey Drew H
Published: December 2020

We performed a meta-analysis of approximate number system (ANS) training studies to investigate the strength of the causal effects of practicing ANS related tasks on symbolic math performance. Across 33 effect sizes from 11 studies involving 754 participants, for which neither the treatment nor control group received symbolic training, we found a small non-significant and sensitive effect of ANS training on symbolic math task performance (g = .11, CI[-0.01, 0.22]; PEESE adjusted g = -.04, CI[-0.58, 0.50]). Some heterogeneity was accounted for by participant age, with larger estimates for adults than for children. Estimates did not vary significantly by ANS training type, training duration, and control group type. An exploratory analysis on the transfer effects of ANS training on untrained non-symbolic tasks suggests weak support for the key auxiliary assumption that ANS training has substantial effects on a general ANS, indicating that the training literature may not adequately represent theories of how ANS influences symbolic number performance.
The Opposition of Surprisal and Semantic Similarity in the Prediction of Language Processing: Evidence from Eye-tracking Data
Authors: Sun Kun , Nixon Jessie S.
Published: December 2020

Expectations or predictions about upcoming content play an important role during language comprehension and processing. One important aspect of recent studies of language comprehension and processing concerns the estimation of the upcoming words in a sentence or discourse. Many studies have used eye-tracking data to explore computational and cognitive models for contextual word predictions and word processing. Eye-tracking data has previously been widely explored with a view to investigating the factors that influence word prediction. However, these studies are problematic on several levels, including the stimuli, corpora, statistical tools they applied. Although various computational models have been proposed for simulating contextual word predictions, past studies usually preferred to use a single computational model. The disadvantage of this is that it often cannot give an adequate account of cognitive processing in language comprehension. To avoid these problems, this study draws upon a massive natural and coherent discourse as stimuli in collecting the data on reading time. This study trains two state-of-art computational models (surprisal and semantic (dis)similarity from word vectors by linear discriminative learning (LDL)), measuring knowledge of both the syntagmatic and paradigmatic structure of language. We develop a `dynamic approach' to compute semantic (dis)similarity. It is the first time that these two computational models have been merged. Models are evaluated using advanced statistical methods. Meanwhile, in order to test the efficiency of our approach, one recently developed cosine method of computing semantic (dis)similarity based on word vectors data adopted is used to compare with our `dynamic' approach. The two computational and fixed-effect statistical models can be used to cross-verify the findings, thus ensuring that the result is reliable. All results support that surprisal and semantic similarity are opposed in the prediction of the reading time of words although both can make good predictions. Additionally, our `dynamic' approach performs better than the popular cosine method. The findings of this study are therefore of significance with regard to acquiring a better understanding how humans process words in a real-world context and how they make predictions in language cognition and processing.
Counter-mapping citizenship: bordering through domicide in Calais, France
Authors: Van Isacker Travis
Published: December 2020

This thesis analyses how anti-migrant domicide functions as a technology of citizenship in Calais, France. Evictions, destructions, and securitisations exclude 'non-citizen' migrants from this border city, defining those allowed to exist within it as citizens by contrast. They also destroy the physical infrastructures, social communities, and political solidarities facilitating migrants' irregular journeys to the UK. Thus, the erasure of irregular migrants' autonomous home-spaces reproduces citizenship while reasserting it as the determinant of who can freely exist in, or move beyond, Calais. However, anti-migrant domicide also produces unconventional citizenships beyond nationality or status. The thesis analyses two examples---environmental and humanitarian citizenship---to show how citizen communities in Calais can reconfigure themselves around alternative, nominally more inclusive, sets of values while continuing to exclude irregular migrants. In these cases citizens define themselves either against migrants who are perceived as failing to fulfil citizenship's substantive criteria, or through migrants who are the object of citizen-defining humanitarian or environmentalist performances. While not immediately excluded by their status, migrants 'non-citizens' because of their racialisation in Calais' racist environment and how this has been compounded by the effects of domicide against them.Counter-mapping in this project takes three different forms: cartographic, presenting a map of domicide between 2009-19; narrative, elaborating descriptions of select case studies in Calais' anti-migrant domicidal history; and conceptual, demonstrating how citizenship is produced by these exclusionary spatial interventions. These three modes are combined to map how migrants' spatial exclusion from Calais' 'spaces of citizenship' and their socio-political exclusion reciprocally reinforce one-another.While countering progressive conceptions of citizenship by showing how all citizenship forms analysed in Calais are constituted through migrants' exclusion, the thesis raises questions for the continued invocation of citizenship politics in scholarly analyses of resistance to the border regime. It also argues for the need to (re)create spaces of anti-citizenship as part of struggles for free movement for all. These spaces prefigure coalitional relations beyond citizenship categories, and provide toe-holds from which to resist their institutionalisation in bordering technologies.
It’s not all About the Peers: Reintroducing School Context to the School Segregation Literature
Authors: Borgen Solveig Topstad
Published: December 2020

This paper investigates the effect of attending immigrant-dense schools on student outcomes, which consists of the joint effect of immigrant peers and school context. The sorting of students into schools is not random, and a large immigrant peer effect literature uses school fixed effects to eliminate selection bias. However, keeping schools fixed also eliminates the effect of the school context and is accordingly unsuited to estimate the total effect of attending immigrant-dense schools. By using both a value-added approach and by drawing on application data to manage selection bias, this paper demonstrates that attending immigrant-dense upper secondary schools in Norway negatively affect students’ completion of academic tracks, even though a school fixed effects model indicates no immigrant peer effects. These findings suggest that immigrant-dense schools affect students in other ways than through mere peer exposure, and that research on the consequences of school segregation should take into account the effect of both school context and peers.
Moving Beyond Linear Regression: Implementing and Interpreting Quantile Regression Models with Fixed Effects
Authors: Rios-Avila Fernando , Maroto Michelle Lee
Published: December 2020

Quantile regression (QR) provides an alternative to linear regression (LR) that allows for the estimation of relationships across the distribution of an outcome. However, as highlighted in recent research on the motherhood penalty across the wage distribution, different procedures for conditional and unconditional quantile regression (CQR, UQR) often result in divergent findings that are not always well understood. In light of such discrepancies, this paper reviews how to implement and interpret a range of LR, CQR, and UQR models with fixed effects. It also discusses the use of Quantile Treatment Effect (QTE) models as an alternative to overcome some of the limitations of CQR and UQR models. We then review how to interpret results in the presence of fixed effects based on a replication of Budig and Hodges's (2010) work on the motherhood penalty using NLSY79 data.
Breastfeeding Outcomes, Maternal Support, and Postpartum Depression Symptomology
Authors: Kraus Rachel , Ferrell Jason D.
Published: December 2020

Mothers need education to make the best decisions for herself, her new baby, and her family. Research on pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period is important because it can provide knowledge to make those decisions. The purpose of the current study is to fill a gap in the literature regarding postpartum depression symptomology by controlling for the interrelatedness between breastfeeding outcomes and maternal support, and then examine how they independently predict postpartum depression symptomology. The research question is: How does breastmilk production, number of months breastfeeding, and quality of maternal support predict postpartum depression symptomology. Participants (N = 58) were social media volunteers who completed measures of breastmilk production, number of months breastfeeding, quality of maternal support, and postpartum depression symptomology. A multiple regression analysis revealed that breastmilk production and number of months breastfeeding were not predictors of postpartum depression symptomology; however, quality of maternal support was a strong, negative predictor of postpartum depression symptomology. Results and implications are discussed.
Prawo właściwe dla zobowiązań deliktowych wynikających z naruszenia zasad ochrony danych osobowych przyjętych w RODO
Authors: Świerczyński Marek
Published: December 2020

Disputes arising from international data breaches can be complex. Despite the introduction of new, unified EU regulation on the protection of personal data (GDPR), the European Union failed to amend the Rome II Regulation on the applicable law to non-contractual liability and to extend its scope to the infringements of privacy. GDPR only contains provisions on international civil procedure. However, there are no supplementing conflict-of-law rules. In order to determine the applicable law national courts have to apply divergent and dispersed national codifications of private international law. The aim of this study is to propose an optimal conflict-of-law model for determining the applicable law in case of infringement of the GDPR’s privacy regime.
You and I . . . We’re the Same: Men and Women outside the Romance Pact
Authors: Kanjere Anastasia
Published: December 2020

L’auteure étudie la dynamique racisée et genrée qui caractérise les rôles principaux tenus par une femme blanche et un homme noir, phénomène narratif auquel les chercheurs n’ont pas accordé jusqu’à maintenant l’attention qu’il mérite. Elle s’appuie sur les exemples tirés de quatre films : The Pelican Brief ( L’Affaire Pélican) (1993), The Long Kiss Goodnight ( Souviens-toi Charlie) (1996), I, Robot ( Les Robots) (2004), et Hancock (2008). Le tabou hollywoodien auquel obéit la représentation d’histoires d’amour interraciales fait en sorte que les relations entre les deux personnages sont nécessairement asexuées ; l’analyse des textes mène l’auteure à la conclusion que ce sont les exigences qu’impose le rôle de compagnon romantique du personnage masculin qui limitent et circonscrivent la performance de genre du personnage féminin. Définissant quatre thèmes — similarité, intimité, flexibilité dans les rôles de genre et délimitation —, l’auteure montre que, dans la distanciation provisoire par rapport à l’hétéronormativité patriarcale représentée dans ces textes, les moments d’égalitarisme, d’intensité et d’intimité entre les personnages masculin et féminin sont possibles. Le dernier thème, celui de la délimitation, circonscrit cette transgression du pacte de l’histoire d’amour, ce qui ramène ultimement la narration du récit étudié à un hétérosexe approuvé, racialement homogène.
Fotovoltaik Enerji Kaynaklı İkili Yapılı Flyback Dönüştürücünün Fuzzy-Tuned PI ve Fractional PID Tipi Denetleyicilerle Gerilim Kararlılığının Karşılaştırılması
Authors: ZENK Hilmi
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada, fotovoltaik güneş enerjisi üretim sistemi tarafından kontrolü için Fuzzy-tuned PI ve Fractional PID tabanlı kontrolörler ile dual yapılı flyback dönüştürücü tasarımı sunulmuştur. Fotovoltaik güneş enerjisi sisteminde ortam sıcaklığı ve güneş radyasyonu seviyeleri değiştiğinden yükler bu değişkenlikten etkilenir. Sistemdeki yüklerin talep ettiği değişken DC gerilim ihtiyacını karşılamak için tasarlanan bu yeni dual flyback dönüştürücü yapısını kullanılarak etkin bir gerilim kontrolü yapıabileceği gösterilmiştir. Dual flyback dönüştürücünün tasarımı ve kontrolü sırasıyla Fuzzy-tuned PI ve Fraksiyonel PID denetleyicisi ile gerçekleştirildi. Sistem verimliliği ve kararlılığı, bu iki farklı kontrolör türünün etkisi altında karşılaştırıldı. Kararlı ve geçici durumlarda sistem performansı çalışmaların teorik tutarlılığını vurgulamak için çalışmalar MATLAB-SIMULINK ortamında gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Growing Metalwork Craft Businesses through the Lens of Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Arikpo Sampson Venatius  , Aede Hatib Musta'amal  , Ogumbe Boniface Ekwok  , Otu Aniema Edet
Published: December 2020

Abstract

The problems of unemployment and poverty among technical education graduates require students to develop employability skills. One way of solving these problems is through the effective teaching of entrepreneurship education, especially at technical-based higher institutions. The research adopted the narrative review approach that seeks to give an understanding of current knowledge on the rationale of metalwork craft, the concept of entrepreneurship education, school-based enterprise and their usefulness for graduates’ employment and productivity in Nigerian. The review showed that entrepreneurship education in the Nigerian higher education institutions seems to be more about creating entrepreneurship awareness, as against the practical approach, which is a means for developing entrepreneurship skills. Some challenges were highlighted that impede the successful implementation of entrepreneurship studies in Nigeria and recommendations made towards the practical realization of entrepreneurship education in our higher institutions.